THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
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FICIAL
EEKLY RECORD
VOLUME XXXVI: Numbers 915-939
January 7-June 24, 1957
IITED STATES
IREIGN POLICY
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Correction for Volume XXXVI
The Editor of the Bulletin wishes to call atten-
tion to the followiug error in volume XXXVI :
February 25, page 295 : The sentence beginning
at the bottom of the first column should read, "The
second historical fact which I ask you to remember
as we explore the international scene of today is
the emergence of international communism as the
one great, aggressive threat to the liberties of man-
kind."
INDEX
Volume XXXVi, Numbers 915-939, January 7-June 24, 1957
Ac-id-grade fluorspar, escape-clause relief held unneces-
sary, 369
Aden:
Commercial samples and advertising material, exten-
sion of international convention (1952) to facili-
tate importation to, 548
Formation of ijrotectorate, 519
Adenauer, Konrad, 719, 955, 961, 965
Advertising material and commercial samples, interna-
tional convention (1952) to facilitate importation of,
156, 548, 868
Advisory Committee on the Arts, designation of chair-
man, 193
Aerial inspection and ground control. See under Dis-
armament
Afghanistan :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 443
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 380, 990
Economic and technical assistance, U.S., interim re-
port on Ambassador Richards' mission, announce-
ment and joint communique, 724, 729
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prisoners
of war, wounded and sicU, and civilians, 203
Soviet-bloc aid to, 14
Africa (see also individual countries) :
Economic trends in, address (Bowie), 836
Educational exchange, U.S. program for, statement
(Murphy), 666
Emergence of, in world affairs, report to the President
(Nixon), 635
Importance to free world, statement (Nixon), 436
Africa, South-West, conditions in territory of, statement
(Knowland) and General Assembly resolution, 195,
196
Agricultural surpluses, U. S., use in overseas programs :
Agreements with —
Austria, 949 ; Brazil, 102, 118, 136 ; Burma, 42 ; Chile,
746, 773; China, Republic of, 156; Colombia, 731,
868 ; Ecuador, 381, 42G ; Finland, 950 ; Greece, 290,
337, 590; Haiti, 337; Iceland, 709, 710; Iran, 337,
426; Israel, 746; Italy, 290, 381, 670, 710; Japan,
290 ; Korea, 203, 289, 338, 830 ; Peru, 220, 829, 909 ;
Poland, 1003, 1033 ; Spain, 381, 710 ; Thailand, 118,
290, 548; Turkey, 242, 381, 910; Yugoslavia, 290,
630
Agricultural surpluses — Continued
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act:
Administration of. Executive order, 905
President's 5th semiannual progress report to Con-
gress, 183
Discussions with Poland regarding surplus commodi-
ties, proposed, 299
Export license applications for shipments to Poland,
134
Statements : Humphrey, 236 ; Kotschnig, 785
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act
See under Agricultural surpluses
Agriculture :
European common market area, question of agricul-
tural policy, statement (Corse), 864
Food and Agriculture Organization, functions, state-
ment (Phillips), 627, 628
Plant protection convention, international, question of
U.S. approval, statement (Phillips) , 627
U.S.-Mexican cooperative efforts, address (Rubottom),
314
World food reserve, U.S. position on establishment of,
statement (Humphrey) and General Assembly
resolution, 233, 235
Aid to foreign countries. See Economic and technical
aid and Military assistance
Air Force mission, agreements with —
Chile, extending 1951 agreement, 242
Haiti, extending 1949 agreement, 156
Air navigation and transport. See Aviation
Air pollution. Technical Advisory Board on, progress re-
port to IJC, 696
Aircraft. See Aviation
Aldrich, Winthrop, 157
Algerian question. General Assembly actions concerning:
Address and statements : Dulles, 304 ; Lodge, 421 •
Wadsworth, 422 ; Wilcox, 690
Resolutions, 422
Admittance to and residence in U.S., proposed legisla-
tion concerning, 248, 249
Chinese nationals in U.S., U.S. position regarding re-
turn to Communist China and Taiwan, 261
Convention (1929) regarding status of, 241
Members of U.S. Armed Forces, President's recom-
mendation to Congress for naturalization of, 250
Index, January fo June 7957
1039
Allison, John M., 470
Allowances for U.S. Government civilians serving over-
seas, 110
Allyn, Stanley C, 72, 779
Al-Saud, Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz, 135, 308
Alsike clover seed. President aslis study of tariff quota
on, 584
Ambassadorial tallis at Geneva (U.S.-Communist China),
progress of negotiation on release of American pris-
oners and renunciation of force principle, address
(Jones), 267
American Council on NATO, message (Eisenhov^er), 252
American Doctrine, U.S. policy of economic and mili-
tary assistance and the question of use of armed
forces to counter Soviet aggression in the Near
and Middle East :
Addresses and statements: Dulles, 303, 533; Eisen-
hower, 436; Jones, 265: Merchant, 258; Murphy,
477, 522, 650; Rountree, 758, 077
Congressional action regarding :
President's message to Congress, S3
Statements: Dulles, 126, 129, 170, 172, 173, 304, 480;
Eisenhower, 480; Hill, 131
Texts of joint resolutions, 128 (proposed), 481
Israeli support of, announcement, 968
Mission of Ambassador James P. Richards:
Appointment as Special Assistant to the Presi-
dent, 130, 480
Departure of mission and delegation listed, 481, 526
Results of mission, addresses and statements :
Khalidy, 731; Richards, 730, 763, 841, 969; Roun-
tree, 977
Texts of communiques, 725, 731, 763, 844, 968
Views of members of Baghdad Pact, 217, 730
American Principles and the United Nations, address
(Hoffman), 51
American Republics. See Latin America, Inter-American,
and iH<livi(iual countries
American States, Organization of. See Organization
of American States
American war graves, agreement extending 1947 agree-
ment with the Netherlands, 630
Amity, economic relations, and consular rights, treaty
with Iran, 009
Anglo-American financial agreement (1945), amend-
ment of:
Current actions, 548, 1033
President's messages to Congress regarding, 169, 492
Statement (Kalijarvi), 625
Text of amendment, 492
Antarctica, U.S. concern over Soviet presence in, state-
ment (Dulles), 535
Antofagasta, agreement with Chile for establishment and
operation of weather station at, 630, 710
ANZUS Treaty, 494, 495
Aqaba, Gulf of («ee also Israeli hostilities) :
International character of, statements (Dulles), 484,
487
Israeli views on, 562
1040
Aqaba, Gulf of — Contiuueu
Right of innocent passage through :
Statements: Dulles, 400, 402, 404, 405, 598; Lodge,
432
Report (Hammarskjold), 272
U.S. aide memoire, 393
U.S. position on, address and statement: Lodge, 326;
Wilcox, 558
■Withdrawal of Israeli forces from :
Report (Hammarskjold), 394
U.S. position, address and statements: Dulles, 401,
483; Eisenhower, 388, 389, 390; Hagerty, 393;
White House, 391
Arab-Israeli dispute («ee also Suez Canal problem) :
Arms supply to the Middle East, renunciation of,
Soviet proposal and U.S. reply, 523, 520
Background data, addresses (Murphy), 515, 650
Israeli dispute with Syria, statements (Lodge), 1029
Israeli hostilities with Egypt. Sec Israeli hostilities
Palestine refugees, iielief and rehabilitation of, state-
ments (Lord) and text of General Assembly resolu-
tion, 5S5, 587, 589
U.N. role, address (Wilcox), 556, 559
U.S. views, addresses and statements : Dulles, 9, 172,
173, 9G5 ; Merchant, 257, 261 ; Murphy, 521
Arab States, political situation in, address (Murphy), 518
Arbitral Tribunal and Mixed Commission, Germany,
multilateral agreement amending administrative
agreement (1954) concerning, 156
Arctic areas, proposal for aerial inspection zones in,
statements (Dulles), 894
Argentina :
Aliens, convention (1929) regarding status of, 241
Export-Import Bank loan, 418
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, convention,
agreements relative to money orders and parcel
post, final protocols, and regulations of execu-
tion, 710
Arias Espinosa, Ricardo M., 54
Armaments (see also Atomic energy, nuclear weapons;
Disarmament; and Guided missiles) :
Arms buildup in Far East, address (Jones), 267
Arms for peace, address (Dulles), 716
Arms shipments to Middle East, renunciation of, Soviet
proposal and U.S. reply, 523, 526
Free-world need for, address (Macomber), 412
International control and reduction of, addresses and
statements : Bowie, 837 ; Lodge, 227, 423 ; Pomeroy,
697 ; text of U.S. memorandum, 231
Military strength of Communist-bloc countries, address
(Murphy), 476
Weapons supply to Republic of Korea, U.S. considera-
tion of, statement ( Dulles) , 898
Weapons system in NATO countries, U.S. policy, ex-
cerpt from report to Congress (Eisenhower), 934
Armand, Louis, 2.")0, 300
Armed forces :
Geneva conventions (1949), treatment of, 203, 670, 949
NAC communique regarding use of, 840
Deparfment of Sfofe Bulletin
Amiert forces — Continued
Reduction of:
Soviet declaration concerning, 91, 92
U.S. proposal, statement (Lodge), 227; text of U.S.
memoraiulum, 231
SEATO countries, training exercises, 499
Withdrawal of foreign forces from Egypt {see also
under Israeli hostilities), 216
Armed Forces, U.S. :
Air Force agreement with U.K. amending 19.56 agree-
ment regarding construction of military housing
and community facilities, 630
Alien members. President's recommendations to Con-
gress for naturalization of, 250
Atomic weapons, accessibility to U.S. forces in Pacific,
537
In Europe, maintenance of strength of, statement
(Dulles), 3
International naval review, U.S. invitation to celebrate
founding of American Colonies, 319
Military missions, U.S., abroad. See Military missions
Troops overseas, problems regarding, statements
(Dulles, Wilson), 9G.3, 1000
Arts, Advisory Committee on the, designation of chair-
man, 193
Asakai, Koichiro, 1013
Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia («ee also Far East
and individual countries) :
Civilization and culture, common foundations of East
and West, statement (Allyn), 72
Collective security (see also Southeast Asia Treaty Or-
ganization), ANZUS Treaty, 494, 40.5
Colombo Plan, communique and Cith annual report of
Consultative Committee, 30, 31. 204
Communist subversion in :
SEATO efforts to counter, 497, 527
Text of foreword to War or Peace (Dulles), 602,
603
U. S. efforts to counter, addresses and statement:
Dulles, .535; Jones, 265, 266; Murphy, 477, 478;
Robertson, 995
ECAFB. See Economic Commission for Asia
Economic, social, and cultural progress and coopera-
tion in, 500, 501
Economic Development Fund, President's Asian, 786
Economic trends in, address (Bowie), 836
Hungarian revolution, Asian position on, 264
International organizations, membership in, list of
countries, 374
U.S. policy, address (Jones), 263
Aswan Dam («ee also Suez Canal), relationship to seiz-
ure of Suez Canal, statements (Dulles), 535, 641,
645
Atlantic Community (see also North Atlantic Council and
North Atlantic Treaty Organization) :
Growth and development of:
Address and statement: Eisenhower, 640; Norstad,
254
Report of Committee of Three on Non-Military Co-
operation in NATO, 18
D.S.-U.K. views on, 561
Atlantic fisheries, northwest, protocol amending inter-
national convention (1949), current actions, 203, 670,
829, 909, 990, 1032
Atomic energy, nuclear weapons :
Accessibility to U.S. forces in the Pacific, 537
Control and limitation, international :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, relationship to
international control, statements : Dulles, 878, 879 ;
Wilcox, 890
Soviet proposals, 92, 229
U.S. policy, address (Bowie), 837; statement
(Lodge), 226; texts of U.S. memorandum and note.
230, 902
NAC communique regarding use of, 840
Necessity for production of, excerpt from President's
budget message to Congress, 164, 165
Testing of:
Eniwetok and IJikini inhabitants compensated for
leaving homes, 101
Japanese note of protest and U.S. replies, 901
Relationship to disarmament, statement (Dulles),
770
U.S.-U.K. views, statements (Dulles), 4S4, .590, 601;
text of joint communique, 562
Atomic ener.gy, peaceful uses of:
Agreements with —
Australia, 990; Belgium, 289; Canada, 509; Den-
mark, 420 ; Dominican Republic, 78 ; Ecuador, 990 ;
Germany, Federal Republic of, 426 ; Guatemala,
789; Iran, 509, 629; Iraq, 1033; Norway, 469, 470;
Portugal, 1033; Sweden, 548; Switzerland, 290;
Thailand, 630
EURATOM. See Atomic Energy Community
German Federal Minister for Atomic Affairs, visit to
U.S., 538
Inter-American Nuclear Energy Commission, proposal
to establish, statement (Eisenhower) and announce-
ment, 1014, 1010
2d International Atomic Energy Conference, invita-
tion to convene in Chicago, 708
U.S. programs for development :
Address and statements : Berding, 808 ; Kotschnlg,
786 ; Lodge, 226
President's message and report to Congress, ex-
cerpts, 164, 165, 939
U.S. memorandum, 230
Atomic energy, radiation effects on human health, U.S.-
U.K. views on, 562
Atomic Energy Agency, International :
Relationship to U.N., text of General Assembly resolu-
tion concerning, 240
Statute, current actions, 203, 241, 380, 625, 609, 709,
745, 829, 909, 990, 1032
U.S. participation in, question of:
Addresses and statements : Berding, 809 ; Dulles,
878, 898; Eisenhower, 124; Wadsworth, 880; Wil-
cox, 887
Statute, transmittal to U.S. Senate, letter (Eisen-
hower), report (Dulles), summary of statute,
015, 616, 618
Index, January to June 1957
1041
Atomic Energy Community, European :
Nuclear power target, publication of report on, 901
U.S. position, addres.s (Murphy), 649
U.S.-German views on, joint communiques, 491, 956
Visit of EURATOM committee to U.S. :
Invitation, letters (Dulles, Spaak), 29
Announcement, 250
White House statement and text of communique, 306
Atomic Energy Conference, 2d Internationa], Invitation
to convene in Chicago, 708
Atomic energy information, tripartite (U.S., U.K.,
Canada) policy on declassification of, statement
(Strauss), 35
Atoms for peace. See Atomic energy, peaceful uses of;
and Atomic Energy Community
Attorne.v General, U.S., action concerning Hungarian
refugees, statement (Eisenhower), 96
Australia :
Air transport, consultations on agreement with U.S.,
909
ANZUS Treaty, 494, 495
Atomic energy, civil uses, agreement with U.S. for
cooperation, 990
GATT, 5th protocol of rectifications and modifications
to texts of schedules, 156
Naval vessels, agreements with U.S. concerning financial
arrangements for furnishing of supplies and serv-
ices, 203
Whaling convention (1946), international, protocol
amending, 710
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 549
Austria :
Export-Import Banlj loan, 491
Hungarian refugees in. See Hungarian refugees
President of Austria, death of, cablegram (Eisen-
hower), 134
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 949
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 909
GATT, procfes verbal and amending protocols, 470,
590, 829
OTC, agreement on, 590
State treaty, 241
Universal copyright convention (1952), with proto-
cols, 709
Auto travel, international. See Travel
Aviation :
Aerial inspection and ground control. See under
Disarmament
Civil Aviation Organization, International. See Inter-
national Civil Aviation Organization
Internatonal civil aviation, review of U.S. policy, ad-
dress (Kalijarvi), 1011
Soviet airspace, alleged violation by U.S. planes, U.S.
and Soviet notes, 135
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air navigation services in Faroe Islands, Greenland,
and Iceland, agreements on joint financing, 380, 548
Air services, agreement amending annex to 1946
agreement with U.K. providing for additional route
to Barbados, 204
Air services transit, international agreement (1944),
709
Aviation — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Air transport agreements with —
Australia (consultations), 909; Iran, 198, 199
(text), 203; Korea, 790, 825 (text) ; Mexico, 548,
575 (text) ; Netherlands, 579, 710, 746, 747 (text),
1013 ; Syria, 846, 809 ; Switzerland, 590
Aircraft, imported, agreement and arrangements
concerning certificates of airworthiness, with —
France, 203 ; Norway, 426
Civil aviation, international convention (1944) on,
and amending protocol, 289, 909
Transportation by air, international, convention and
protocol (1929) for unification of rules relating
to, 829
U.S.-U.K. air talks adjourned, 437
Azores, agreement with Portugal extending 1951 agree-
ment relating to use of facilities in, 670
Baghdad Pact:
Importance of, U.S. views, 520, 534
Middle East situation, Moslem members' views, text of
communique, 216
Military Committee, U.S. delegation, 989
Ministerial Council, U.S. observer delegation to 3d ses-
sion, 989
U.S. participation in military and economic aspects,
question of, announcement and statements (Rich-
ards, Khalidy), 724, 730, 731; U.S.-U.K. com-
munique, 561
Bahamas long range proving ground facilities, agreements
with U.K. regarding, 157, 790
Bailey, Sen. Josiah W., 1021, 1022, 1023
Balke, Siegfried, 538
Baltic States:
Anniversary of independence, statement (Dulles), 347
Soviet aggression in, address (Merchant), 260
Bank for Reconstruction and Development. See Inter-
national Bank
Barbados :
Air services, agreement amending annex to 1946 agree-
ment between U.S. and U.K. providing for addi-
tional routes to, 204
Commercial samples and advertising material, interna-
tional convention (1954) to facilitate importation
of, extension to, 548
Barco, James W., 460
Bataan, anniversary of fall of, messages (Eisenhower,
Garcia), 679
Belgium :
European common market and free trade area. See
European common market
Minister for Foreign Affairs, visit to U.S., 250
Tariff negotiations (GATT) with U.S., 581
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air navigation services in Iceland, Greenland, and
Faroe Islands, agreements on joint financing of,
548
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1955 power reactor agrcpiuont with U.S., 289
IFC, articles of agreement, 203
Mutual defense assistance, agreement amending an-
nex B to 1950 agreement with U.S., 949
1042
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
Belgium — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1954) on,
829
U. S. Ambassador, confirmation, 630
Bellegarde, Dantes, 540
Belo Horizonte, Brazil, opening of U.S. consulate, 950
Benson, George Charles S., 36
Berding, Andrew H., 030, 805
Berle, Adolf A., Jr., 1022, 1023
Berlin :
Position vis-a-vis East and West, addresses (Eleanor
Dulles), 175,606, 978
Wheat agreement (1956), international, application to
Land Berlin, 1033
Berman, Edward, 424
Bermuda meeting of Heads of Government, U.S.-U.K.
exchange of views : joint communique with annexes,
561; statements (Dulles), 595, 645
Bicycles, U.S. tariff policy regarding, 369
Bikini and Eniwetok, former inhabitants compensated
for leaving homes, 101
Bliss, Don C, 950
Blyley, Katherine G., 36
Board of Foreign Scholarships, appointments, 36
Bohlen, Charles E., 869
Bolivia :
Economic stabilization program, U.S. support for, 103
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 630
Bonds, German Dollar, Validation Board for :
Establishment, 444
Report ( Sept. 1, 1955-Aug. 31, 1956) , 447
Bonsai, Philip W., 630
Bowie, Robert R., 835
Bowman, Linn B., 424
Brazil :
Industrial development, excerpt from report to Con-
gress (Eisenhower), 937
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural surpluses agreement with U.S., 102, 118
Copyright protection of literary, artistic, and scien-
tific works, agreement with U.S., 668, 670
Guided missiles facility, agreement with U.S. for
establishment of, 289, 316
IFO, articles of agreement, 203
Loan agreement with U.S. for economic develop-
ment, 1.36
Submarines, agreement with U.S. for loan of, 203
Telecommunication convention (1952) international,
final protocol, and additional protocols, 1033
U.S. consulate at Belo Horizonte, opening, 950
Bricker amendment, statement (Dulles), 304
British Commonwealth, Foreign Relations, volume on,
published, 550
British Guiana, extension of international convention
(1952) to facilitate importation of commercial
samples and advertising material to, 548
British Honduras, extension of international convention
(19.52) to facilitate importation of commercial
samples and advertising material to, 548
Broadcasting. See Telecommunications
Bruce, David K. E., 549
Buchanan, Wiley T., 338
Budget, U.S., fiscal year 1958 :
President's message to Congress and report to American
people, 163, 875
Statement (Dulles), 795
Building for Peace, address (Murphy) , 647
Bulganin, Nikolai, 89
Bunker, Ellsworth, 510
Burma :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S. amend-
ing 1956 agreement, 42
Economic cooperation, agreement with U.S., 746
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 203
Slavery, protocol amending 1926 convention, 909
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 950
Burns, John H., 869
Butter oil and butter substitutes, quota on imports, an-
nouncement and proclamation, 817
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (see also Soviet
Union) :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 709
Cultural property, convention and protocol (1954) for
protection in event of armed conflict, and regula-
tions of execution, 1032
Cabot, John M., 1033
Caicos and Turks Islands, extension of civil aircraft serv-
ice to, U.S.-U.K. agreement, 157
Calendar of international meetings, 37, 193, 372, 541, 740,
906
Cambodia :
Opium, protocol regulating production, trade, and use
of, 710
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 290
Cameroons, British, political and economic progress In,
statement (McGregor), 822
Cameroons, French, political developments in, statement
(Sears), 820
Canada :
Ambassador to Egypt (E. H. Norman), announcement
and exchange of U.S.-Canadian notes concerning,
539, 694
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 893
Atomic energy information, declassification of, tri-
partite policy (U.S., U.K., Canada), statement
(Strauss), 35
International Joint Commission (U.S.-Canada), execu-
tive meeting of, 695
Tariff concessions on potatoes, GATT, negotiations with
U.S. on, 360, 773
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air navigation services in Iceland, Greenland, and
Faroe Islands, agreements on joint financing, 548
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending 1955
agreement with U.S. for cooperation concerning,
509
Fisheries in Fraser River system, protocol to 1930
convention with U.S. for protection, preservation,
and extension of, 76, 118, 1033
Fur seals. North Pacific, interim convention on con-
servation of, 337, 376, 377 (text)
GATT, 5th protocol of rectifications and modifications
to texts of schedules, 1033
Index, January to June 1957
1043
Canada — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Haines-Fairbanks pipeline, defense agreement witti
U.S. providing for maintenance of, 242
Navigation improvements in connecting channels of
Great Lakes, agreements vifith U.S., 42, 509, 746
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocol amending 1949
International convention for, 670
Canary Islands, establishment of U.S. consular agency
in, 338
Cape Frances Viejo, agreement with Dominican Republic
for establisliment of long range radio aid to naviga-
tion station, 574, 590
Caribbean Commission, meeting and U.S. delegation, 948
Carpenter, I. W., Jr., 540
Carroll, Mr. and Mrs. Kevin, 654
Cartwright, Robert F., 667
Ceylon, agreement with U.S. providing for reciprocity
on nonimmigrant visas and fees, 289
Chapin, Seldin, 759
Charter of the United Nations. See United Nations
Charter
Chaves, Osvaldo, 54
Chile :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 540
Economic stabilization program, U.S. support of,
statement (White), 773
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement amending 1956
agreement with U.S., 746
Air Force mission, agreement extending 1951 agree-
ment with U.S., 242
IFC, articles of agreement, 789
Opium, protocol (1953) regulating production,
trade, and use of, 949
Military assistance, agreement with U.S. regarding
disposition of equipment and materials, 203
Weather stations, agreement with U.S. for estab-
lishment and operation of, 630, 710
WMO, convention, 868
China, Communist :
Aggression in the Far East, address (Robertson), 298
Atomic Energy Agency, International, question of
representation in, statement and address: Wads-
worth, 881 ; Wilcox, 892
Economic development, U.S. views on ECAFE report,
statement (Kotschnig), 783
Geneva ambassadorial talks with U.S., progress of
negotiation on release of American prisoners and
renunciation of force principle, address (Jones), 267
Relationship to Soviet Union, statement (Dulles), 768
Strength of, vis-a-vis SEATO nations, statement
(Dulles), 600
Subversive activities against Taiwan, address (Jones),
267
Support of Soviet policies, address (Murphy), 478
Travel of American newsmen to, U.S. policy:
Announcement, 54
Statements: Dulles, 301, 305, 48.'5, 488, 000, 610, 768,
771, 895, 967 ; Murphy, 664
U.N. membership, question of, U.S. views, 7, 298, 603
China, Communist — Continued
U.S. nationals in Communist China and Chinese na-
tionals in U.S., U.S. views on return to their re-
spective countries, 2G1
U.S. policy of nonrecognition, address and statements:
Dulles, 404, 531, 536; Robertson, 297
U.S. trade policy toward, 301, 772, 967
China, Republic of :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, representation
in, statement and address: Wadsworth, 881; Wil-
cox, 892
Chinese nationals in United States, U.S. views on re-
turn to Taiwan, 262
Renunciation of force principle, application to Taiwan
area, discussions at Geneva ambassadorial talks,
267, 268
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural surpluses, agreement amending 1956
agreement with U.S., 156
Defense facilities, agreement with U.S. to facilitate
construction, 78
Investment guaranties, agreement amending 1952
agreement with U.S., 949
Medical research, agreement amending 1955 agree-
ment with U.S. providing for U.S. Navy unit in
Taipei, 156
Naval craft, small, agreement amending 1954 agree-
ment with U.S. relating to loan of, 1033
U.S. Air Force missile unit, stationing in Taiwan, 854
U.S. economic and military assistance to, excerpt from
report to Congress (Eisenhower), 936, 937
U.S. policy, addresses and statements : Dulles, 531,
641, 903, 964, 967 ; Jones, 267 ; Robertson, 297
Chiriboga V., Jos6 R., 36
Christmas Island, British nuclear tests on, statement
(Dulles), 484
Civil aviation. See Aviation.
Civil Aviation Organization, International : See Inter-
national Civil Aviation Organization
Civilian persons, Geneva convention (1949) relative to
protection in time of war, 203, 670, 949
Civilian Service Organization, agreements with U.S. re-
lating to disbandmeut of German element of, 830
Civilians, U.S. See U.S. citizens
Claims :
Denmark, legislative proposal for payment for ships
requisitioned by U.S. in World War II, 1020
German external debts, progress in settling, 444
German dollar bonds. Validation Board Report, 447
Interhandel issue, U.S. position on Swiss claim, texts
of notes and memorandum, 350
Lend-lease and reciprocal aid and surplus war prop-
erty, agreement further extending joint statement
(1945) with U.K. relating to settlement for, 1033
Polish-American, proposal for negotiation for settle-
ment of, announcement, joint statement, and ex-
change of notes, 1003. 1005, 1007
Tort claims, proposed settlement under Information
and Educational Exchange Act, 570
War damage claims against Italy, 670, 901
Claxton, Philander P., Jr., 12
1044
Department of State Bulletin
Climatology, Commission for, WMO, 2d session :
Article (Landsberg), 612
U.S. delegation, 153
Coal and Steel, European Community for. President of
High Authority to visit U.S., 040
Coal mining officials, Polish, visit to U.S., 611
Coe, Robert D., SC9
"Cold war," article and statement : Dulles, 5 ; Oechsner,
571
Collective security (see also Mutual defense, Mutual se-
curity, and National security) :
Asia (sec also Southeast Asia Treaty Organization),
ANZUS Treaty, 494, 405
Development and value of, foreword to War or Peace
(Dulles), 602
Europe. See European security and North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
Far East, agreements in, address (Murphy), 651
Near and Middle East. See Baghdad Pact
U.S. views on :
Addresses and statements : Dulles, 171, 494, 676,
715 ; Eisenhower, 917 ; Murphy, 478
President's message and report to Congress, excerpts,
124, 934
U.S.-U.K. views on, text of communique, 561
Colllgan, Francis J., 990
Collum, Robert S., 721
Colombia :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 731,
868
Educational exchange program, agreement with U.S.,
156, 381
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 1033
U.S. recognition of provisional government, 901
Colombo Plan, 8th meeting of Consultative Committee,
communique, and 5th annual report, 30, 31, 204
Columbia River diversion project, progress report by the
IJC, 696
Commerce : See Trade
Commercial relations, U.S. and other countries. See
Economic policy and relations, U.S. : Tariff policy,
U.S. ; Tariffs and trade, general agreement on ; and
Trade
Commercial samples and advertising material, interna-
tional convention (1952) to facilitate importation
of, 156, 548, 868
Commercial treaties. See Trade: Treaties
Committee for Reciprocity Information, 359, 360, 581,
583
Committee of Three, report on nonmllitary cooperation
in NATO, 17, 18, 27
Common marlcet. See European common market
Communications. See Telecommunications
Communism, international (.tee also China, Communist;
and Soviet Union) :
Communist-bloc countries, military strength of, 476
Continuing threat of, addresses, report, and statement:
Dulles, 495 ; Eisenhower, 211, 436, 875 ; Robertson,
684, 685, 686
Problems of, statement (Dulles), 50
Propaganda tactics, address and statement : Berding,
807 ; Dulles, 171
Communism, international — Continued
Subversive activities in —
iVfrica, report (Nixon), 638
Asia, addresses: Jones, 205, 266; Murphy, 477, 478,
651 ; Robertson, 295, 382, 995 ; foreword to War or
Peace (Dulles), 602, 603; excerpts from SEATO
report, communique, and statements (Dulles),
497, 527, 529
East Germany, addresses (EleanorDulles), 175, 605,
978
Iran, address (Chapin), 761
Korea, statement (Greenbaum), 141, 142, 143, 144
_ Latin America, address (Robertson), 857
Near and Middle East (see also American Doctrine),
addresses: Merchant, 257; Murphy, 6.50; Roun-
tree, 756, 974, 975
U.S. efforts to counter through mutual security pro-
grams, address, message, and statement: Dulles,
675 ; Eisenhower, 915, 920
Conant, James B., 290
Conferences and organizations, international (see also
subject), calendar of meetings, 37, 193, 372, 541, 740,
906
Congress, U.S. :
Addresses by —
Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, 956,
958
President of Viet-Nam, 8.52
Bipartisan conference of President Eisenhower with
leaders of Congress, SS
Canadian Ambassador to Egypt, Senate Internal Se-
curity Subcommittee allegations regarding, 539
Documents relating to foreign policy, lists of, 137,
221, 290, 371, 506, 629, 774, 818, 941, 1028
Legislation, proposed :
Anglo-American financial agreement (1954), amend-
ment of. President's message of transmittal and
text of amendment, 492; statement (Kalijarvi),
625
Atomic Energy Agency, International, question of
U.S. participation, address and statements: Dulles,
878 ; Wadsworth, 880 ; Wilcox, 887
Bricker amendment, statement (Dulles), 304
Immigration and Nationality Act, revision of, mes-
sage (Eisenhower), 247
Loyalty clearance procedure of Americans employed
by international organizations, statement (Wil-
cox), 56
Middle East proposals, question of economic and
military assistance and the use of armed forces
to counter Soviet aggression in. See American
Doctrine
Mutual security program for 1958, message and
statements: Dulles, 675, 926; Eisenhower, 920;
Richards, 973
Payment to Denmark for ships requisitioned by U.S.
in World War II, 1020
Plant protection convention, international, state-
ment (Phillips), 627
State Department appropriations, appeal for partial
restoration of proposed cuts, statement (Dulles),
795
Index, January to June 1957
1045
Congress, U. S. — Ck)ntiiiued
Legislation, proposed — Continued
U.S. Information and Educational Exchange Act of
1948, amendments, 5G6
Wheat agreement (195G), international, approval of,
article (Highby), 318, 382
Middle East, congressional study of U.S. policy in,
statement (Dulles), 300
Presidential messages, reports, etc. See Eisenhower,
Dwight D. : Messages, letters, and reports to Con-
gress
Consular rights, amity, and economic relations, treaty
with Iran, 909
Consular rights, friendship, and commerce, treaty with
El Salvador, 548
Consular service, U.S. See Foreign Service
Consultative Committee for Economic Development In
South and Southeast Asia, 8th meeting, communique,
and 5th annual report, 30, 31, 204
Cook Islands, including Nine, application of international
convention (1952) to facilitate importation of com-
mercial samples and advertising material to, 868
Copyright :
Literary, artistic, and scientific works, reciprocal
agreement with Brazil, 668, 670
Universal copyright convention (1952), with protocols,
380, 548, 669, 709
Cornerstone ceremony for new State Department build-
ing, 116
Cornwall Island, agreement with Canada relating to
dredging of north channel of, 42
Correspondents, U.S. See Newsmen, U.S.
Corse, Carl D., 779n, 863
Costa Rica, OAS role in settlement of dispute with
Nicaragua, 858
Cotton Advisory Committee, International, 16th plenary
meeting, U.S. delegation, 908
Cotton textiles :
Question of exports to U.S. :
Italian announcement, 220
Japanese program, 218
U.S. position, announcement and letter (Eisenhower),
219 ; statement (Dulles), 303
Velveteen fabrics, postponement of action on tariff on
imports of, 105, 370
Coulter, Eliot B., 722
Council of Ministers, SEATO. See under Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization
Cuba:
Collisions at sea, regulations (1948) for preventing, 949
Investment receipts, agreement with U.S. providing
guaranties against inconvertibility of, 381
Universal copyright convention (1952), with protocols,
669
U.S. Ambassador, resignation (Gardner), 910; con-
firmation (Smith), 1033
Cultural property, convention and protocol (1954) for pro-
tection in event of armed conflict, 289, 470, 1032
Cultural relations :
Convention (1954) for promotion of inter-American re-
lations, 380
Limitations on, statements : Cartwright, 667 ; Murphy,
663
U.S. cooperation with —
American universities, 573; Mexico, 313; NATO
countries, 25; SEATO countries, 501, 503, 528;
Thailand, 442 ; Turkey, 214
Cumming, Hugh S., Jr., 426
Customs :
Customs procedures, U.S., simplification of, excerpts
from President's economic report to Congress, 224
Customs tariffs, convention (1890) creating interna-
tional union for publication of, and protocol, 470,
589, 829
Gift parcels for Hungary, removal of import duties, 134
Inspection, facilitation of, excerpt from U.S. report to
the U.N. Secretary-General concerning interna-
tional travel, 152, 153
Private road vehicles, convention (1954) on temporary
importation of, 42, 829
Touring, convention (1954) concerning facilities for,
42, 829
Cyprus :
Commercial samples and advertising material, interna-
tional convention (1952) to facilitate importation
of, extension to, 548
Negotiations concerning, U.S. views and text of General
Assembly resolution, 54, 507, 508
Czechoslovakia :
American air attach^, alleged intrusion into restricted
area, text of U.S. note, 940
Safety of life at sea, convention (1948) on, 829
U.S. protest of interference with visitors to American
Embassy, 11
Dammam, port of, agreement with Saudi Arabia for im-
provement of, 680, 681
Debts, German external, progress in settlement:
Article (Fickett), 444
Report of Validation Board for German Dollar Bonds
(Sept. 1, 1955-Aug. 31, 1956), 447
Defense (see also Mutual defense and Mutual security) :
Agreements relating to, with —
Canada, 242; Iceland, 100, 157, 382; Portugal, 221,
670
Guided missiles. See Guided missiles
Offshore procurement, agreements relating to, with —
Federal Republic of Germany, 337, 789 ; Spain, 157
Patent rights and technical information for defense
purposes, agreements for exchange of, with —
France, 547, 590 ; Turkey, 830
U.S.-U.K. talks, test of joint communique, 255
Defense Department:
Administration of military assistance programs, pro-
posed, 801
Budgetary recommendations, message to Congress
(Eisenhower), 923
Girard case, joint statement with State Department
concerning, 1000
Defense support. See Mutual security
1046
Department of State Bulletin
De Galindez, Jesus, 1027, 1028
De la Maza, Octavio, 221, 611, 1026, 1027
Delaney, George P., 1032
De Moya, Alonzo Manuel, 1013
Denmark :
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1955 agreement with U.S., 426
GATT, protocols amending and proems verbal, 789, 829
ICJ, statute, declaration recognizing compulsory juris-
diction deposited, 289
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1954) on,
829
OTC, agreement on, 789
Ships requisitioned by the U.S. in World War II, pro-
posed payment for, 1020
U.S. Ambassador, resignation, 869
De Seynes, Philippe, 11
De Torrents, Henry, 719
Dhahran Airfield (Saudi Arabia) :
Agreement with Saudi Arabia regarding, 309, 680, 710
Discrimination against U.S. airmen stationed at,
question of, statement (Dulles), 770
Development loan fund, U.S., proposal for, addresses,
statement, and message : Dillon, 802 ; Dulles, 927 ;
Eisenhower, 918, 923
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 771, 851
Dillon, C. Douglas, 549, 800, 946
Diplomatic representatives, U.S., abroad. See under
Foreign Service
Diplomatic representatives in U.S. :
Hungarian assistant military and air attach^ declared
persona non grata, U.S. note, 983
Presentation of credentials : Afghanistan, 443 ; Canada,
893; Chile, 540; Dominican Republic, 1013;
Ecuador, 36 ; Haiti, 540 ; Honduras, 181 ; Japan,
1013 ; Libya, Panama, Paraguay, 54 ; Switzerland,
719
Soviet assistant military attach^ declared persona non
grata, announcement and U.S. note, 181
Disarmament (see also Armaments, Armed Forces, and
Disarmament Commission, U.N.) :
Aerial inspection and ground control, U.S. and Soviet
positions :
Address and statements : Berding, 809 ; Dulles, 894,
895, 899, 900, 965, 906, 967 ; Lodge, 71, 225, 423
Correspondence between President Eisenhower and
Premier Bulganin, 89
Excerpt from state of the Union message, 124
Soviet declaration, 90
U.S. memorandum, 230
General Assembly consideration of :
Address and statements : Lodge, 225 ; Wilcox, 691
Texts of Committee I resolution and U.S. memoran-
dum, 230
London talks :
Progress on negotiations, statements (Dulles, Hag-
erty, Stassen), 767, 772
U.S. representatives, 538
Nuclear weapons, control of. See Atomic energy
Relationship to Federal Republic of Germany :
Joint declaration (Adenauer, Elsenhower), 956
Statements (Dulles), 894, 895, 900, 961, 965, 966, 967
U.S.-U.K. views on need for, 562
Disarmament Commission, U.N. {see also Disarmament) :
Composition and organization, 538
Enlargement of, U.S. views, statement (Lodge), 229
List of documents, 742
Displaced persons. See Hungarian refugees, Intergov-
ernmental Committee, and Refugees
Dominican Republic :
Ambassador to U. S., credentials, 1013
Murphy, Gerald Lester, disappearance of. See Mur-
phy, Gerald Lester
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, civU uses of, agreement with U.S. for
cooperation concerning, 78
GATT, 6th protocol of supplementary concessions,
590
Long range radio aid to navigation station, agree-
ment with U.S. for establishment of, 574, 590
Universal postal convention (1952), 745
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 950
Double taxation on income, agreements for avoidance of,
with—
Honduras, 316, 337, 426 ; Japan, 574, 630, 867
Drain, Richard D., 426
Drees, Willem, 580
Dreier, John C, 811
Drew, Gerald A., 790, 859
Drugs, narcotic, protocol (1953) regulating production,
trade, and use of opium, 42, 710, 949
Dulles, Eleanor, 175, 605, 978
Dulles, John Foster :
Addresses and statements :
Algerian question, need for exchange of views, 304
American Doctrine, 126, 129, 170, 303, 304, 480, 533
Antarctica, U.S. concern over Soviet presence in, 535
Aqaba, Gulf of, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 483, 484, 487,
598
Arab-Israeli dispute, 9, 172, 173, 965
Aswan Dam, 535, 641, 645
Atomic Energy Agency, International, question of U.S.
participation, 878, 898
Atomic weapons, accessibility to U.S. forces in the
Pacific, 537
Australia-U.S., mutuality of interests in world af-
fairs, 494
Baghdad Pact, importance of, 534
Baltic States, anniversary of independence, 347
Bermuda conference, results of, 595
Bricker amendment, 304
British Prime Minister resignation, 130
Central America, U.S. relations with, 598
"Cold war," resumption of, 5
Communist China :
Admission to U.N., 7
Recognition of, 404, 536
Strength vis-a-vis SEATO nations, 600
Trade with, 301
Travel of U.S. newsmen to, 301, 305, 485, 488, 600,
646, 768, 771, 895, 967
Congressional review of Middle East policy, 300
Cornerstone ceremony for new State Department
building, 116
Dhahran Airfield, question of discrimination against
U.S. airmen stationed at, 770
Index, January to June 1957
1047
Dulles, John Foster — Continued
Addresses and statements — Continued
Disarmament, 767, 772. 894, 895, 899, 900, 961, 965,
966, 967
Dynamic peace, 715
East- West trade, controls on, 403
French Prime Minister, visit to U.S., 440
Gaza Strip, 401, 483, 484, 543, 562, 646
German reunification and disarmament, relationship
between, 894, 89.5, 900, 961, 965
German-U.S. talks, 484, 489
Girard case, 963, 964, 1000
Guided missiles, U.S., deployment of, 596
Hungary, question of U.S. military aid to, 533
Indonesia, relationship to SEATO countries, 483
Indonesia, U.S. views on internal development of, 536
"Innocent passage," meaning of, 400
International law, relationship to peace and justice,
402
Iran, independence of, 768
Israeli hostilities with Egypt, 300, 305, 391, 394, 402,
405, 434, 482, 483, 562, 596, 646
Japan, admission to U.N., 6
Japanese textiles, 303, 484
Kashmir dispute, 305, 306
Korea, Republic of, question of supply of modem
weapons to, 898
Korean armistice. Communist violations of, 645
Malaya, discussions at Bermuda conference, 645
Marshal Tito, proposed visit to U.S., 7, 304
Mutual security program, 675, 716, 926
NAC Ministerial Meeting, 804, 8.39
Near and Middle East :
American Doctrine. See American Doctrine, supra
Communist aggression, 132
Foreign-aid technicians, question of return, 486
Franco-American views on, 485
Hammarskjold mission, 595
Situation in, 533
U.S. aid, question of resumption of, 485, 486
Nuclear testing, U.S.-U.K. views on, 596, 601
Nuclear tests, U.K., on Christmas Island, 484
Nuclear tests and disarmament, relationship be-
tween, 770
Oil pipeline in Middle East, proposed international,
600
Oil shortage in Europe, 303
Okinawa and Ryulcyu Islands, U.S. policy on return
to Japan, 766
Passports, question of executive denial, 485
Philippine President, death of, 563
Philippines, negotiations regarding U.S. bases in,
487, 533, 536
Poland, question of U.S. aid, 7, 599, 646
Quemoy and Matsu Islands, U.S. policy on defense of,
641
Satellite nations, U.S. views, 3, 8, 464, 766
SEATO Council of Ministers meeting (3d), 493, 529,
531, 532, 534
1048
Dulles, John Foster — Continued
Addresses and statements — Continued
Sharm el-Sheikh, withdrawal of Israeli forces from,
599
Southeast Asia, continuing threat of Communist
aggression, 535
Soviet Union, relationship to satellite nations and
Communist China, 768
State Department appropriations, appeal for partial
restoration of proposed cuts, 795
Suez Canal problem. See under Suez Canal problem
Suez Canal Users Association, question of forma-
tion of, 644
Syria, question of U.S. aid to, 964
Taiwan, U.S. policy, 963, 964, 967
Tiran, Straits of, 401, 402, 404, 405, 486, 488, 562,
599, 646
Tripartite agreement (1950), U.S. policy concern-
ing, 304
U.N. Emergency Force, 483, 484, 487, 536, 596, 598
U.S. Ambassador to Ireland, appointment of, 770,
771
U.S. forces in Europe, maintenance of strength of, 3
U.S. responsibilities in new year, 50
Correspondence, messages, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 616
EURATOM group invited to U.S., 29
Income tax, protocol supplementing 19.54 conven-
tion with Japan, 867
Japan's admission to U.N., 39
Truman Doctrine, 10th anniversary of, 417
Discussions and meetings :
Arab States, representatives of, 434
Germany, Federal Republic of. Foreign Minister of
the, joint communique, 490
Immigration and nationality laws, delegation of
authority, 157
News conferences, 3, 300, 400, 482, 533, 595, 641, 765, 894,
961
War or Peace, new editions published, 601
Dun, Rt. Rev. Angus, 116
Durbrow, Elbridge, 549
Dynamic Peace, address (Dulles), 715
East-West contacts. See Exchange of persons
East-West trade:
Communist China, U.S. trade policy toward, 301, 772,
9G7
Controls on, U.S. position, statement (DuUes), 403
East Germany, tenuous trade position of, address
(Eleanor Dulles), 608
Poland. See under Poland
Eban, Abba, 394, 397, 399
ECAFB. See Economic Commission for Asia and the Far
East
ECE. See Economic Commission for Europe
Economic and Social Council, U.N. :
Documents, lists of, 155, 509, 614, 709, 789
International travel, resolution on development of, 146
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
Economic and technical aid to foreign countries (see also
Agricultural surpluses, American Doctrine, Colombo
Plan, Export-Import Bank, International Banli, In-
ternational Cooperation Administration, Mutual
security and other assistance programs, Underdevel-
oped countries, and United Nations : Technical
assistance program) :
Addresses and statement : Kalijarvi, 406, 661 ; Kotsch-
nig, 786 ; Macomber, 413
Africa, recommendations for U.S. policy toward,
report (Nixon) , «S7, 639
Aid to—
Asia, 268, 500; Bolivia, 103; Burma, 746; Chile, 773;
Ethiopia, 830; Iceland, 100; Iraq, 1033; Latin
America, 565, 733 ; Libya, 746 ; Morocco, 746 ; Near
and Middle East, 975; Saudi Arabia, 680, 710;
Tunisia, 670
Communist aid to Southeast Asia, 498
Iran, continuation of aid to, 654
Legislative proposals regarding, statement (Dulles),
677, 678
Middle East, U.S. and Soviet views on, texts of notes,
524, 525, 526
Poland, negotiations with U.S. See under Poland
Soviet program of. See under Soviet Union
Technical training in tourism, 147
Thailand, appreciation of aid expressed, 442
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, U.N. :
Economic development activities, statement (Kotsch-
nig), 780
Industry and Trade, ECAFB Committee on, meeting
and U.S. delegation to 9th session, 508
Economic Commission for Europe, U.N. :
Natural gas, meeting of working party on problems of,
424
12th session, confirmation of U.S. delegate, 779
Economic Commission for Latin America, U.N., confir-
mation of U.S. representative to 7th session, 989
Economic Development Fund, President's Asian, 786
Economic development fund, U.S. proposal for, addresses,
statement, and message: Dillon, 802; Dulles, 927;
Eisenhower, 918, 923
Economic development in South and Southeast Asia, com-
munique and 5th annual report of Consultative Com-
mittee (Colombo Plan), 30, 31, 204
Economic policy and relations, U.S. {see also individual
countries) :
Aid to foreign countries. See Agricultural surpluses.
Economic and technical aid, Export-Import Bank,
and Mutual security
Domestic economy, statement (Kotschnig), 784
East- West trade. See East- West trade
European common market. See European common
market
Foreign economic policy :
Development loan fund, U.S., proposal for, addresses,
statements, and message : Dillon, 802 ; Dulles, 927 ;
Eisenhower, 918, 923
Implementation in the Par East, address (Robert-
son), 998
President's economic report to Congress, excerpts,
223
Economic policy and relations — Continued
Foreign economic policy — Continued
Principles of, addresses: Kalijarvi, 659; Murphy,
943
Trade agreements program, 1st annual report to Con-
gress on operation of (Eisenhower), 363
Underdeveloped countries, addresses and statement:
Dillon, 802; Dulles, 716; Eisenhower, 917; Hoff-
man, 239, 240
U.S. views on changing aspect of, address (Kali-
jarvi), 1009
OTC. See Trade Cooperation, Organization for
Tariff policy. See Tariff policy, U.S.
Economic relations, consular rights, and amity, treaty
with Iran, 909
Economic stabilization program in Bolivia, U.S. support
of, 103
ECOSOC. See Economic and Social Council, U.N.
Ecuador :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 36
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 381,
426
Atomic energy, civil uses of, research reactor agree-
ment with U.S., 990
Educational exchange programs, agreement with
U.S. for financing, 830
Trade agreement with U.S., termination of, 371
Universal copyright convention (1952), with proto-
cols, 548
Weather station, agreement with U.S. for establish-
ment and operation of, 830, 949
Education («ee also Educational exchange program) :
American-sponsored schools abroad, assistance to, 189
Board of Foreign Scholarships, appointments, 36
Cold War and the Universities, article (Oechsner), 571
Economic development of Turkey, role of education in,
address (Warren), 214
Educational information, license regulations simplified
on exports of, 317
Latin America :
Educational opportunities for women, address ( Stew-
art), 861
UNESCO meeting on primary education in, U.S. dele-
gation, 424
Women, educational opportunities for, statement
(Hahn), 704
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, U.N. :
Constitution, 42, 203
Educational opportunities for women, report on, state-
ment (Hahn), 705
Executive Board, U.S. delegation to 47th session, 546
General Conference, 9th session, statements (AUyn),
72
Latin America, meeting on primary education in, U.S.
delegation, 424
Educational Exchange, U.S. Advisory Commission on,
designation of chairman of Advisory Committee on
the Arts, 193
Index, January to June 1957
1049
Educational exchange program, international (see also
Education)
Agreements with —
Colombia, 156, 381; Ecuador, 830; Finland, 42; Ice-
land, 425, 630; Ireland, 547, 630; Paraguay, 668,
746; Thailand, 241, 290; Turkey, 242
Amendments to U.S. Information and Educational Ex-
change Act of 1948, proposed, 566
Cultural exchange program with SEATO countries,
inauguration of, 503
Funds derived from agricultural surpluses, use in ex-
change program, 189
Inter-university projects, article (Oechsner), 572
Program for mutual understanding, statement (Mur-
phy), 666
Provisions in Anglo-American financial agreement
(1945), as amended, regarding exchange program,
statement (Kalijarvi), 626
State Department appropriations, effect of proposed
cuts in, statement (Dulles), 798
Turkish-American programs, address (Warren), 214
Egypt :
Arab-Israeli dispute. See Arab-Israeli dispute
Dispute with Israel. See Israeli hostilities
Economic and political problems, U.S. position, address
(Murphy), 517
Minorities in, reported mistreatment of, statement
(Wadsworth), 106
Soviet-bloc aid to, 14
Suez Canal problem. Sec Suez Canal
Travel to, U.S. lifts restrictions, 654
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Private road vehicles, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 829
Customs facilities for touring, convention (1954)
concerning, 829
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 290
U.S. negotiations with, statement (Dulles), 405
Eisenhower, Dwight D. :
Addresses and statements :
British Prime Minister, resignation, 130
Foreign policy and foreign aid, 846
Hungarian refugees, action by Attorney General con-
cerning, 96
Hungary's national holiday, 538
Inaugural address, 211
India, visit of Prime Minister to U.S., 47
Inter-American Committee of Presidential Repre-
sentatives, 1014
Israeli hostilities with Egypt, 387
Marshall plan, 10th anniversary, 1002
Mutual security programs and waging of peace, 915
National security and cost of waging peace, 875
NATO, 8th anniversary, 640
Near and Middle East, Communist aggression in, 132
Philippine President, death of, 563
:Saudi Arabia, visit of King to U.S., 308
Tiet-Nam, visit of President to U.S., 8.54
AVorking for a world of peace and justice, 435
.American Doctrine. See American Doctrine
Eisenhower, Dwight D. — Continued
Correspondence and messages :
Air transport negotiations with the Netherlands, 580
American Council on NATO, 252
Austrian President's death, cablegram to Chancellor
of Austria, 134
Bataan, 15th anniversary of fall of, 679
British Prime Minister, exchange of greetings on ap-
pointment, 174
Disarmament and reduction of international tension,
correspondence with Soviet Premier Bulganin, 89
Ghana, recognition of, 489
Greek-Turkish aid program, 10th anniversary, 539
Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, 433
Japan, admission to U.N., 39
Pakistan, anniversary as republic, 563
U.S.-Thai relations, 442
Executive orders. See Executive orders
Meetings :
Congressional leaders, bipartisan conference with, 88
Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, y.'iS
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 561
Messages, letters, reports to Congress :
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act,
5th semiannual progress report, 183
Anglo-American financial agreement (1945), amend-
ment of, 492
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 615
Budget message, 163
Cotton textiles, escape-clause relief held imnecessary,
219
Cotton velveteen fabrics, postponement of action on
tariff on imports of, 105
Groundfish fillets, rejection of tariff increase, 56
Immigration and Nationality Act, recommended re-
visions, 247
Income tax, protocol supplementing 19.54 agreement
with Japan, 867
International economic situation, excerpts from eco-
nomic report, 222
Mutual security program, 11th semiannual report,
excerpts, 931
Mutual security program for 1958, 920
OTC, proposed U.S. membership, 657
Safety pins, request for further import data, 701
State of the Union, excerpts, 123
Straight pins, decision against increase in tariff on,
702
Trade agreements program, 1st annual report on
operation of, 363
Tung oil imports, study on effects of, 585
Violins and violas, decision against increase in tariflC
on, 703
President's Committee for Hungarian Refugees Relief,
text of final report, 984
Proclamations. See Proclamations
Eisenhower, Milton S., 11, 565
Eisenhower Doctrine. See American Doctrine
Election observers, U.S., Rumanian refusal to admit, 213
Electronics industry and munitions control, address
(Pomeroy), 697
1050
Deparimenf of Sfafe Bulletin
El Salvador:
Friendship, commerce and consular rights, treaty with
U.S., 548
Universal postal convention (1952), 909
Elbrick, C. Burke, 382
Eniwetok and Bikini, former inhabitants compensated
for leaving homes, 101
Escapee program, U.S., assistance to Hungarian refugees,
655, 721
Espaillat, Brig. Gen. Arturo R., 1027, 1028
Estonia :
Anniversary of independence, statement (Dulles), 347
Soviet aggression in, address (Merchant), 260
Ethiopia :
Economic assistance, agreement vplth U.S., 830
Universal postal convention (1952), G30
U.S. aid in teacher-training program, 938
U.S. Ambassador, resignation (Simonson), 790; con-
firmation (Bliss), 950
U.S. economic and military assistance, joint communi-
que regarding Ambassador Richards' mission, 763
Etzel, Franz, 250, 306
EURATOM. See Atomic Energy Community, European
Europe (see also individual countries) :
Aerial inspection zones in. See under Disarmament
Collective security. See European security and North
Atlantic Treaty Organization
Common market and free trade area. See European
common market
Eastern Europe :
Developments in, U.S. vievrs, address (Murphy), 649
Soviet policies in, U.S.-U.K. views on, 561
U.S. intervention in, Soviet allegation, statement
(Knowland), 463
Foreign Relations, volume on, published, 550
International organizations, membership in, list of
countries, 374
Refugees. See Hungarian refugees, Intergovernmental
Committee for European Migration, and Refugees
and displaced persons
Unity of, U.S.-German views, 956 ; U.S.-U.K. views, 561
Western Europe:
Economic consequence of closing of Suez Canal, state-
ment (Merrill), 34
Free enterprise, development of, address (Kalijarvi),
COO
Free-world policy toward, address (Bowie), 837, 838
Fuel program for, EURATOM proposal, statement
and communique, 306
Oil shortage in, U.S. position, address and statement:
Dulles, 303 ; Merchant, 258
U.S. policy toward, statement and addresses : Dulles,
3 ; Holmes, 343 ; Murphy, 649
Europe, Economic Commission for. See Economic Com-
mission
European Atomic Energy Community. See Atomic En-
ergy Community
European common market and free trade area :
Exchange of U.S. views regarding, with—
France, 438 ; Germany, Federal Republic of, 491, 956 ;
U.K., 561
European common market — Continued
Relationship to GATT and OTC, address and state-
ment : Corse, 863 ; Kalijarvi, 816
U.S. position on, 182, 224, 649, 813, 814
European Community for Coal and Steel, President of
High Authority to visit U.S., 640
European Migration, Intergovernmental Committee for.
See Intergovernmental Committee
European recovery plan (Marshall plan), 10th anni-
versary, 1002
European security («ee also North Atlantic Treaty Or-
ganization) :
Study of problem. 491, 537
U.S. proposal, Soviet rejection of, address (Holmes),
345
Exchange of information. See Information, exchange of ;
and Technical information
Exchange of persons (see also Cultural relations and
Educational exchange) :
Exchanges between East and West Germany, 606
Latin American women, visit to U.S., 862
Need for increase in, excerpt from President's message
to Congress, 169
Polish coal mining oflBcials, visit to U.S., 611
U.S. elections observers, Rumanian refusal to admit, 213
U.S. exchanges with satellite nations, statement (Mur-
phy), 666
Exchange rate, Polish, establishment, announcement and
exchange of notes, 1003, 1006
Executive oi-ders:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act
(19.54), administration of, 905
Joint Mexican-United States Defense Commission,
amendment to U.S. membership-appointment sec-
tion, 59
Operations Coordinating Board, transfer to National
Security Council, 504
Export-Import Bank, U.S. :
Aid to underdeveloped countries, statement and address
(Hoffman), 239, 330
Assistance in stabilizing economy of Chile, 773
Exemption from double taxation on interest from loans
and investments in Japan, protocol regarding, 574
Extension of credit to U.K., 29
Lending activities —
Excerpts from President's budget message and eco-
nomic report to Congress, 109, 224
Policies in Latin America, addresses (Rubottom),
311, 733
Loans to —
Argentina, 418 ; Austria, 491 ; Honduras, 315 ; Nica-
ragua, 104
Exports, U.S. (see also Tariffs and trade, general agree-
ment on ; and Trade) :
Agricultural surpluses :
Export license applications for shipment to Poland,
134
Shipments under the Agricultural Trade Develop-
ment Act, excerpts from 5th semiannual progress
report to Congress, 184, 191, 192
Gift parcels to Hungary, regulations regarding, 134
Technical data, simplification of license regulations, 317
External debts, German, settlement of, 444, 447
Index, January to June 1957
1051
Falc6n Dam, U.S.-Mexlcan cooperative effort, address
(Rubottom), 314
Falkland Islands, extension of international convention
(1952) to facilitate importation of commercial sam-
ples and advertising material to, 548
FAO. See Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations
Far East (see also Asia and individual countries) :
Communist activities in, addresses : Murphy, 651 ; Rob-
ertson, 295, 382, 995
ECAFE. See United Nations Economic Commission
for Asia and the Far East
Increase in U.S. travel to, 504
Farland, Joseph S., 950
Faroe Islands, agreement on joint financing of air navi-
gation services in, 380, 548
Fawzi, Mahmoud, 776
Federal Republic of Germany. See Germany, Federal
Republic of
Fernando de Noronha, Island of, agreement with Brazil
for establishment of guided missiles facility on, 289,
316
Ferrocerium and other cerium alloys, escape-clause relief
held unnecessary, 369
Fickett, Lewis P., Jr., 444
Fiji, extension of international convention (1952) to fa-
cilitate importation of commercial samples and ad-
vertising material to, 548
Finance Corporation, International (see also Inter-
national Bank), articles of agreement, 203, 789
Fingerprinting :
Legislation concerning, proposed, excerpt from Presi-
dent's message to Congress, 249
Purpose of, excerpt from U.S. report to U.N. Secre-
tary-General, 151
Finland :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 950
Air services transit, international agreement (1944),
709
Educational exchange programs, agreement amending
1952 agreement with U.S., 42
GATT, 6th protocol of supplementary concessions, 203
Fish and fisheries :
Conservation problems, statement (Greenbaum), 64
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, appoint-
ment of U.S. commissioner, 908
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocol amending inter-
national convention (1949), current actions, 203,
670, 829, 909, 990, 1032
Sockeye salmon fi.sheries, protocol to 1930 convention
with Canada for protection, preservation, and ex-
tension of, in the Fraser River system, 76, 118, 1033
Fitzgerald, Rufus H., 193
Flake, Wilson C, 950
Folger, John Clifford, 630
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
functions, statement (Phillips), 627, 628
Food reserves, world, U.S. position on establishment of,
statement (Humphrey), 234
Foreign Affairs, Report to the Founder on, address (Rob-
ertson), 682
Foreign aid, U.S. (see also Agricultural surpluses; Eco-
nomic and technical aid ; Economic policy and rela-
tions, U.S. ; Mutual security ; Underdeveloped coun-
tries; and individual countries) :
Foreign aid and foreign policy, remarks (Eisenhower),
846
Question of resumption of in Middle East, statements
(Dulles), 485, 486
Foreign buildings program, U.S., provisions in Anglo-
American financial agreement (1945), as amended,
regarding, statement (Kalijarvi), 626
Foreign economic policy, U.S. See Economic policy ana
relations, U.S.
Foreign policy, U.S. :
Consultations with allies, question of, statement (Dul-
les), 4
Development and objectives, addresses : Eisenhower,
435; Holmes, 343; Macomber, 411; Murphy, 648;
Robertson, 682
Documents. See under Congress
Guiding principles, addresses: DuUes, 715; Murphy,
942
Foreign policy and foreign aid, remarks (Eisenhower),
846
Formulation of, address (Murphy), 475
Increasing public knowledge of, address (Berding), 805
Legislation. See under Congress
Policy toward Eastern Europe, statement (Knowland),
464
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1939, Volume II,
General, The British Commonwealth, and Europe,
published, 550
Foreign Scholarships, Board of, appointments, 36
Foreign Service (see also State Department) :
Allowances for American overseas personnel, address
(Lethco), 110
Ambassadors, confirmations, 290, 382, 470, 510, 549, 790,
809, 950, 1033
Ambassadors, resignations, 157, 290, 381, 670, 790, 869,
910
Appropriations, appeal for partial restoration of pro-
posed cuts, statement (Dulles), 795
Consular agency in Canary Islands, establishment, 338
Consular jurisdiction of the Saarland, change from
Strasbourg, France, to Frankfort, Germany, 157
Consulate general at Accra, Ghana, elevation to em-
bassy status, 489
Consulate general at Aleppo, establishment, 42
Consulates, establishment at —
Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 950
Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, 910
Diplomatic representation abroad, recommendation for
increase in Africa, report (Nixon), 636, (J39
Embassy at Prague, U.S. protest of interference with
visitors to, 11
Examination announced, 549
Foreign Service fees revised, 381
Minister to Hungary, return from Budapest, 441
Foi-eign Service Institute :
Advisory Committee, meeting of, 830
Effect of appropriations cuts on operation of, statement
(Dulles), 798
1052
Department of State Bulletin
Foreign trade. See Trade
Formosa. See China, Republic of
France :
Algeria. See Algerian question
Cameroon, French, political developments in, 820
European common market and free trade area. See
European common market
French nationals in Egypt, reported mistreatment of,
106
Saarland, change in consular jurisdiction from Stras-
bourg, France, to Frankfort, Germany, 157
Suez Canal problem. See Suez Canal
Togoland, French, General Assembly action to send
study commission to, statements (Nash) and text
of resolution, 282, 285
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Aircraft, imported, arrangement with U.S. relating
to certificates of airworthiness, 203
Arbitral Tribunal and Mixed Commission, agreement
amending administrative agreement of 1954 con-
cerning, 156
German assets in Italy, memorandum of understand-
ing regarding, 669
German as.sets in Thailand, agreement relating to
disposition of, 337
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (19.54) on,
829
Patent rights and technical information for defense
purposes, agreement with U.S. for exchange of,
547, 590
WMO, notification regarding application of conven-
tion to the Saarland, 090
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 549
Visit of Premier to U.S., text of joint statement (Eisen-
hower, Alollet), remarks (Dulles, Nixon, MoUet),
and oflBcial party, 438
Eraser River salmon fisheries, protocol to 1930 conven-
tion with Canada for protection, preservation, and
extension of, 76, 118, 1033
Free enterprise, encouraging development abroad, ad-
dress (Kalijarvl), 6.59
Free trade area. See European common market
Free World, Tasks Ahead for the, address (Bowie), 835
Friendship, commerce, and consular rights, treaty with
El Salvador, 548
Fulbrlght Act See Educational exchange program
Fur seals, North Pacific, interim convention on conserva-
tion of, 337, 376, 377 (text)
Gambia, extension of international convention (1952) to
facilitate importation of commercial samples and ad-
vertising material to, 548
Garcia, Carlos P., 680
Gardner, Arthur, 910
GATT. See Tariffs and trade, general agreement on
Gaza Strip (see also Israeli hostilities) :
Background of political organization of, address (Mur-
phy), 517
Deployment of UNEP troops. See under United Na-
tions Emergency Force
Egyptian belligerency in, U.S. position, statement (Dul-
les), 646
Index, January to June 1957
180212—68 3
Gaza strip — Continued
Future status, U.S. position, statement (Lodge), 432
U.S.-Israeli views, agreed statement (Dulles, Meir), 562
U.S.-U.K. views on, 561
Withdrawal of Israeli forces from :
Israeli position on, U.S. views: aide memolre, 392;
statement (Dulles), 401
U.N. Secretary-General's reports regarding 394, 544
U.S. position, address and statements : Dulles, 483, 484,
543; Eisenhower, 388, 389; Hagerty, 393; Lodge,
326, 431, 543 ; White House, 391 ; Wilcox, 558, 550
General agreement on tariffs and trade. See Tariffs and
trade
General Aniline and Film Corporation, 350
General Assembly, U.N. {see also United Nations) :
Algerian question. See Algerian question
British Togoland, approval of union with Gold Coast,
statements (Nash), 106, 108
Cyprus, resumption of negotiations on, U.S. views,
statement (Wadsworth), 507
Documents, lists of, 1.54, 468, 742
Eastern Europe, Soviet allegation of U.S. intervention
in, text of draft resolution, 464
French Togoland, decision to send commission to study
situation in, statements (Nash), 282
Functions and composition of, address (Wilcox), 688
Hungarian question. See Hungarian question
Israeli hostilities with Egypt. See under Israeli hos-
tilities
Korea, unification and rehabilitation of, statement
(Greenbaum), 141
Resolutions :
Address (Wilcox), 689, 690
Algerian question, 423
Atomic Energy Agency, International, 240
British Togoland, union with Gold Coast, 109
Cyprus, resumption of negotiations on, 508
Disarmament, 230
French Togoland, decision to send study commission
to, 285
Hungarian question, 140
Korea, reunification and rehabilitation, 143
South- West Africa, question of, 196
U.N. conference on law of the sea, convocation of, 61
U.N. Emergency Force, 70, 327
U.N. Relief Works Agency for Palestine Refugees,
589
World food reserve, 235
Withdrawal of Israeli forces from Egypt, 270, 327
U.N. Emergency Force, actions regarding. See under
United Nations Emergency Force
Geneva ambassadorial talks, U.S.-Communist China,
progress of negotiation on release of American pris-
oners and renunciation of force principle, address
(Jones), 267
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prisoners of
war, wounded, sick and shipwrecked, and civilians,
203, 670, 949
Genocide, convention (1948) on prevention and punish-
ment of crime of, 42
George, Walter F., 88, 347
Gerety, Pierce J., 157
1053
German Dollar Bonds, Validation Board for :
Establishment, 444
Report (Sept. 1, 1955-Aug. 31, 1956), 447
Germany :
Berlin. See Berlin
External debts, prewar, settlement of, 444, 447
German assets In —
Italy, memorandum of understanding regarding, 669
Thailand, agreement on disposition of, 337
Reunification :
Four-Power Working Group studies problem, 491, 537
NAG communique, 840
Relationship to disarmament, statements (Dulles),
894, 80.5, 000
U.S.-German talks: address (Adenauer), 959; joint
communique (Dulles, von Brentano), 490; joint
declaration (Eisenhower, Adenauer), 955, 956;
statements (Dulles), 484, 489
U.S.-U.K. views, 561
Validation Board for German Dollar Bonds, 444, 447
Germany, East, Soviet activities in, addresses: Eleanor
Dulles, 175, 605, 978 ; Murphy, 649
Germany, Federal Republic of :
Chancellor, visit to U.S., 719, 955
European common market and free trade area. See
European common market
Federal Minister for Atomic Affairs, visit to U.S., 538
Foreign Minister, visit to U.S., 490
Rearmament of, necessity for, address (Holmes), 345
Relationship of Federal Republic to first-stage agree-
ment on disarmament, statements (Dulles), 894,
895, 961, 965
Saarland, change in consular jurisdiction from Stras-
bourg, France, to Frankfort, 157
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air navigation services in Iceland, Greenland, and
Faroe Islands, agreements on joint financing, 548
Arbitral Tribunal and Mixed Commission, multi-
lateral agreement amending administrative agree-
ment of 1954 concerning, 156
Army and navy personnel, agreements with U.S. re-
lating to training of, 78
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1956 agreement with U.S., 426
Civilian Service Organization, agreements with U.S.
relating to disbandmont of German element of, 830
GATT, 6th protocol of supplementary concessions,
710
Naval vessels or small craft, agreement with U.S.
relating to loan of, 990
Offshore procurement, agreements with U.S. relating
to, 337, 789
Wheat agreement (1956), International, application
to Lund Berlin, 1033
U.S. Ambassador, resignation (Conant), 290; confirma-
tion (Bruce), 549
Ghana («ee also Gold Coast) :
Importance of, report (Nixon), 635
Independence ceremonies, U.S. delegation and remarks
(Nixon), 348, 436
1054
Ghana — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Civil aviation, international, convention (1944) on,
909
ICJ, statute, 630
Telecommunication convention (1952), international,
1033
U.N. Charter, 630
WHO, constitution, 829
WMO, convention, 868
Union of independent Gold Coast with British Togo-
land, General Assembly approval of, statements
(Nash), 106, 108; text of resolution, 109
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 950
U.S. recognition, announcement and message (Eisen-
hower), 489
Gibraltar, extension of international convention (1952)
to facilitate Importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Giordanl, Francesco, 250, 306
Girard, William S., 963, 964, 1000
Gleason, Thomas H., 810
Gold Coast (see also Ghana), extension of international
convention (1952) to facilitate importation of com-
mercial samples and advertising material to, 548
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Great Lakes :
Navigation improvements in connecting channels,
agreements with Canada regarding, 42, 509, 746
Water pollution, progress report by IJC on elimination
of, 696
Greece :
Greek-Turkish aid program, 10th anniversary, letters;
Dulles, Truman, 417 ; Eisenhower, 539
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements amending and
supplementing 1956 agreement with U.S., 290, 337,
590
Civil aviation, international, protocol amending cer-
tain articles of 1944 convention on, 42
Naval vessels, supplies and services, agreement with
U.S. concerning financial arrangements for the fur-
nishing of, 337
U.S. economic aid. Ambassador Richards' mission to
the Middle East, address (Richards) and text of
joint communique, 841, 844
Greenbaum, Edward S., 60, 141, 332
Greenland and Faroe Islands, agreement on joint financ-
ing of air navigation services in, 380, 548
Gross, Fulgence, 665n
Groundfish fillets, escape-clause relief held unnecessary,
55, 369
Guatemala :
Atomic energy, civil uses of, research reactor agree-
ment with U.S., 789
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 669
Communist penetration, U.S. aid in combating, address
(Eisenhower), 918
Telecommunication convention (1952), international,
with protocols, 1033
Trade agreement with U.S., termination, 371
Universal postal convention (1952), 909
Department of State Bulletin
Guided missiles (see also Outer-space projectiles) ;
Agreement with Brazil for establishment of facility for,
289, 316
Deployment of U.S. missiles, statements (Dulles, Hag-
erty), 596
U.S. Air Force guided missile unit on Taiwan, agree-
ment with Republic of China for stationing of, 854
U.S.-U.K. agreement on, 561
Gulf of Aqaba. See Aqaba
Hagerty, James C, 393, 596, 768n, 772
Hahn, Mrs. Lorena B., 704
Haiti :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 540
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air Force mission, agreement extending 1949 agree-
ment with U.S., 156
Drought assistance, agreement with U.S., 337
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prisoners
of war, wounded and sick, and civilians, 949
U.S. Ambassador, 790, 859
U.S. recognition of new government, 53, 399, 859
Haines-Fairbanljs pipeline, defense agreement with Can-
ada providing for maintenance of, 242
Hammarskjold, Dag :
Correspondence and reports :
Hungarian question, 10, 139
Suez Canal problem, 778
Withdrawal of Israeli forces from Egypt, 271, 273,
275, 394, 544
Mission to the Middle East, progress of, statement
(Dulles), 595
Hannah, Norman B., 590
Hanes, John W., Jr., 426, 990
Hare, Raymond A., 290
Hartman, Douglas W., 447
Hatters' fur. President decides against study of tariff on,
585
Hawaii, concern over British nuclear tests on Christmas
Island, statement (Dulles), 484
Heads of Government meeting, proposed, U.S. and So-
viet views, 89, 93
Heads of Government meeting at Bermuda, U.S.-U.K.
exchange of views : joint communique with annexes,
561; statements (Dulles), 595, 645
Health and sanitation :
Health certificates and inspection, excerpt from U.S.
report to U.N. Secretary-General concerning inter-
national travel, 151, 152, 153
Malaria eradication :
Campaign in Mexico, address (Rubottom), 315
Program for the Western Hemisphere, announcement,
1016 ; statement and remarks : Eisenhower, 1014 ;
Milton Eisenhower, Mora, Soper, 565
Health Assembly, World, (see under World Health Or-
ganization)
Health Organization, World. See World Health Organ-
ization
Henderson. Loy W., 989
Herter. Christian A., 426, 747, 960, 1020
Highby. L. I., 318, 382
Hildreth, Horace A., 670
Hill, Robert C, 131, 73G, 950, 1017
Hoffman, Paul G., 51, 236, 328
Hoghland John S., 2d, 1033
Holmes, Julius C, 343
Honduras :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 181
Dispute with Nicaragua, OAS role in settlement of,
announcement, address (Rubottom), and statement
(Dreier), 811, 857
Double taxation on income, agreement with U.S. for
prevention of, 316, 337, 426
Inter-American Highway, Export-Import Bank loan
for extension of, 315
Hong Kong, extension of international convention (1952)
to facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Houghton, Amory, 549
Housing, military family, use of foreign currencies for
construction, rent, or procurement of, 187
Housing and community facilities for use of U.S. Air
Force, agreement amending 1956 agreement with
U.K. for construction of, 630
Humphrey, George M., 961
Humphrey, Hubert H., 233, 280
Hungarian question :
Developments in Hungary (October 1956-February
1957), letter (Lodge), 865
Question of U.S. military aid, statement (Dulles), 533
Refugees. See Hungarian refugees
Soviet activities in Hungary 259, 465, 649, 654
Soviet and U.S. views, letter (Eisenhower) and Soviet
declaration concerning, 89, 90.
U.N. actions regarding :
Addresses ( Wilcox ), 556, 557, 690, 692
Efforts for withdrawal of Soviet forces, 85
Establishment of special U.N. committee to investi-
gate and report, 138
U.S. position and significance to Asia, address (Jones),
264
Hungarian refugees :
Agreement between U.S. and Austria relating to relief
for, 949
ICEM efforts for resettlement, 109, 743
President's proposals, recommendation, and action con-
cerning, 96, 125, 247, 933
Report to the President (Nixon) , 94
U.N. appeal for assistance to, 10
U.S. assistance to, 9, 337, 442, 720, 984
Hungary :
Import duties removed on gift parcels for, 134
Military and air attach^ declared persona non grata,
text of U.S. note, 983
National holiday, statement (Eisenhower), 538
Postal cancellation stamp, U. S. reply to Hungarian
protest to use of, texts of notes, 849
Rebellion in. See Hungarian question
Refugees. See Hungarian refugees
Soviet policies in, U.S.-U.K. views, 561
U.S. military attach^, U.S. rejection of Hungarian
charges against, text of note, 810
U.S. Minister, return from Budapest, 441
Index, January lo June J 957
1055
ICA. See International Cooiwrntion Administration
lOAO. See International Civil Aviation Organization
Iceland :
Agricultural commodities, agreement vpith U.S. for
financing sales of, 709, 710
Air navigation services in Iceland, Greenland, and
Faroe Islands, agreements on joint financing of,
380, 548
Defense negotiations with U.S., announcement, agree-
ment on defense negotiations, and agreement on
setting up defense standing group, 100, 157, 382
Educational exchange, agreement with U.S., 425, 630
Trade agreement with U.S. relating to tuna canned in
brine, 371
U.S. loan to finance imports, 100
ICEM. See Intergovernmental Committee for European
Migration
ICJ. See International Court of Justice
IFC. See International Finance Corporation
lUah, Abdul, 135
ILO. See International Labor Organization
Immigration and Nationality Act :
Administration by Bureau of Security and Consular
Affairs, delegation of authority, 157
Provision for discretionary parole into U.S. of aliens,
96»
Recommended revision of, message to Congress
(Eisenhower), 247
Immigration into U.S. («ce also Vi.sas), iwtentialities of,
addre.ss (Coulter), 722
Imports (see also Customs; Tariff policy, U.S.; Tariffs
and trade, general agreement on ; and Trade) :
Butter oil and butter substitutes, quotas on U.S. im-
ports, proclamation, 817
Commercial samples and advertising material, inter-
national convention (1952) to facilitate Importa-
Hon, 156, 548, 868
Oil, consideration of U.S. import program, 370
U.S. loan to finance imports into Iceland, 100
Income tax, conventions for avoidance of double taxation
on. See Double taxation
India :
Industrial development, excerpts from report to Con-
gress (Eisenhower), 937
International Banli loan, 102
ICJ, statute, notification of withdrawal of compulsory
jurisdiction deposited, 509
Kashmir dispute. See Kashmir
Lend-lease silver debt repayment to U.S., remarks
(Turnage), 1002
Prime Minister, visit to U.S., 47
Soviet-bloc aid, 13
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 510
Weights and measures, convention (1875) for creation
of international office of, 509
Indonesia :
IFC, articles of agreement, 203
Internal development, U.S. views, 536
Relationship to SEATO countries, statement (Dulles),
483
Soviet-block aid, 13
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 470
Industrial property, convention on the protection of, 118
Industry and Trade, ECAFE Committee on, meeting and
U.S. delegation to 9th session, 508
Information, exchange of («ee also Technical informa-
tion) :
Atomic energy information, provision of the statute
of the International Atomic Energy Agency re-
garding, 883
Cooperation between members of NATO, excerpt from
report of Committee of Three on Non-Military
Co-operation in NATO, 25
Educational information, license regulations simplified
on exports of, 317
Need for increase in, excerpt from President's budget
message to Congress, 169
Information Agency, U.S. See United States Information
Agency
Information and Educational Exchange Act (1948),
proposed amendments, statement (Lightner), 506
Information program, U.S., recommendations for improve-
ment in Africa, report (Nixon), 639
Inland Transport Committee (ILO), U.S. delegation to
6th session, 546'
Inspection proposals, mutual. See under Disarmament
Inter-American Commission for Women, work of, 861
Inter-American Committee of Presidential Representa-
tives, 11, 479, 735, 858, 1014
Inter-American cultural relations, convention for promo-
tion of, 380
Inter-American Highway :
Export-Import Bank loans for extension of, to:
Honduras, 315 ; Nicaragua, 104
Progress in completing, 311, 314, 564
Inter-American Nuclear Energy Commission, proposed
establishment, statement (Eisenhower) and an-
nouncement, 1014, 1016
Inter-American problems. See Latin America
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, role of,
857
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, appointment
of U.S. commissioner, 908
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration :
Council and Executive Committee, 5th and 6th sessions,
announcements, article (Warren), and U.S. dele-
gations, 109, 656, 743
Hungarian refugees, assistance to, 721
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization,
convention, 380
Interhandel issue, U.S. position on arbitration of, texts of
notes and memorandum, 350
International Atomic Energy Agency : See Atomic Energy
Agency, International
International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-
ment (see also International Finance Corporation) :
Lending activities, importance of, excerpts from Presi-
dent's economic report to Congress, 224
Loans to — •
India, 102; Iran, 217; Japan, 101, 130; Latin
America, 733 ; Mexico, 312
U.S. alternate governor, confirmation, 946
1056
Department of Slate Bulletin
International Civil Aviation Organization :
Jet Operations Kequiremeuts Panel, U.S. delegation to
2(1 meeting, 198
Protocol concerning meetings of the Assembly, 42, 289
International Cooperation Administration {see also Eco-
nomic and teclinical aid and Mutual security) :
Excerpt from President's report to Congress, 932, 936,
939
Statement (Hoffman), 329
International Cotton Advisory Committee, 16th plenary
meeting, U.S. delegation. 908
International Court of Justice :
Admission of new members, 42, 630
Question of seeking advisory opinion on principle of
innocent passage through Gulf of Aqaba, 598
Statute of :
Declaration recognizing compulsory jurisdiction, 241,
242, 289, 789, 949
List of signatories, 78
Notification of withdrawal of recognition of compul-
sory jurisdiction, 470, 509, 949
International Finance Corporation {see also International
Bank), articles of agreement, 203, 789
International Joint Commission (U.S.-Canada), execu-
tive meeting, 695
International Labor Organization :
Inland Transport Committee, U.S. delegation to 6th
session, 546
International Labor Conference, U.S. delegation to 40th
session, 1031
International Labor Office, U.S. delegation to 134th
session, 468
International law :
Innocent passage {see also Aqaba and Tiran), mean-
ing of, statement (Dulles), 400
Law of the sea, proposed U.N. conference on, 60
Relationship of peace and justice with, address and
statement : Dulles, 402 ; Eisenhower, 389
International Monetary Fund :
Monetary activities, Importance of, excerpts from
President's economic report to Congress, 224
U.K. arranges to buy U.S. dollars, announcement and
statement (Jacobsson), 28
U.S. alternate governor, confirmation, 946
International naval review, invitations to, 349
International organizations {see also subject) :
Calendar of meetings, 37, 193, 372, 541, 740, 906
Membership in, lists of countries, 78, 374
Protocol concerning application of universal copyright
convention (1952) to works of, 380, 669, 709
Question of legislation on loyalty of Americans em-
ployed by, statement (Wilcox), 57
International Organizations Employees Loyalty Board,
functions of, 58
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, 76
International telecommunication convention (1952), 203
International Union for the Publication of Customs Tar-
iffs, convention (1890) creating and protocol modify-
ing, 829
Investment of private capital abroad :
Africa, opportunity in, report (Nixon), 637
Investment guaranties, agreements with —
China, Republic of, 949 ; Cuba, 381 ; Luxembourg,
118 ; Turkey, 426
Latin America, addresses : Hill, 737 ; Murphy, 652 ;
Rubottom, 733, 734
Mexico, address (Rubottom), 312
Underdeveloped countries, address (Hoffman), 328,
331
U.S. views on, address, report, and statements : Eisen-
hower, 222, 223; Hoffman, 238; Kalijarri, 661;
Kotschnig, 783, 785, 786, 787
Iran :
Historical development and U.S. relations with, ad-
dress (Ghapin),759
International Bank loan, 217
Murder of U.S. technicians, 654
Soviet threat to, address (Murphy), 520
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 337,
426
Air tran.sport, agreement with U.S., 198, 199 (text),
203
Amity, economic relations, and consular rights,
treaty with U. S., 909
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement with U.S.,
509, 629
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prison-
ers of war, wounded and sick, and civilians, 670
IFC, articles of agreement, 203
Telecommunication convention (1952), international,
203
U.S. economic and technical assistance :
Address (Eisenhower), 918
Continuation of, 654
Interim report on Ambassador Richards' mission,
announcement and joint communique, 724, 727
Iraq:
Crown Prince, announcement of visit to U.S., 135
Iraq Development Board, U.S. member, 5(53
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement with U.S.,
1033
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 203
Economic assistance, agreement with U.S., 1033
IFC, articles of agreement, 203
U.S. economic and technical assistance, interim report
on Ambassador Richards' mission, announcement
and joint communique, 724, 730
U.S. relations with, 519
Ireland :
Educational exchange program, agreement with U.S.,
547, 630
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1949) on,
829
U.S. Ambassador, appointment and confirmation, 770,
771, 869
Israel :
Arab-Israeli dispute. See Arab-Israeli dispute and
Israeli hostilities
Index, January fo June 1957
1057
Israel — Continued
Establishment of, and problems confronting, address
(Murphy), 516,517
Existence of, U.S. policy regarding, statement (Dulles),
3(M)
Suez Canal problem. See Suez Canal
Support of U.S. Policy in Middle East, announcement
and Israeli communique, 968
Travel to, U.S. lifts restrictions, 654
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement amending 1055
agreement with U.S., 740
Air navigation services in Iceland, Greenland, and
Faroe Island.s, agreements on financing, 548
Israeli hostilities with Egypt (see also Aqaba, Gaza
Strip, Sharm el-Sheikh, Tiran, and United Nations
Emergency Force) :
Baghdad Pact, Moslem members' views, text of com-
munique. 216
Egyptian belligerency toward Israel, question of, state-
ments (Dulles), 596,646
Sanctions against Israel, U.S. position on the question
of use of, statements (Dulles), 300, 402, 405
U.S.-Israeli views on, agreed statement (Dulles, Meir),
562
Withdrawal of Israeli forces from Egypt :
General Assembly actions and deliberations :
Letter (Eisenhower), 433
Reports and note (Hammarskjold), 271, 273, 275,
395, 544
Resolutions, 270, 327
Statements : Hammarskjold, 544 ; Lodge, 269, 270,
271, 325, 431, 543
U.S. position, address, annoiuicement, and state-
ments : Dulles, 305, 391, 394, 434, 482, 483 ; Eban,
394 ; Eisenhower, 387 ; Hagerty, 393 ; State Depart-
ment, 392 ; White House, 391 ; Wilcox, 558
Italy :
European common market and free trade area. See
European common market
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements amending 1956
agreement with U.S., 290, 381, 670, 710
Air navigation services in Iceland, Greenland, and
Faroe Islands, agreements on joint financing, 548
Atlantic fisheries, northwest, protocol amending in-
ternational convention (1949), 1032
German assets in Italy, memorandum of understand-
ing regarding, 669
IFC. articles of agreement, 203
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organiza-
tion, convention, 380
War damage claims, memorandum of understanding
with U.S., 670, 901
U.S. Ambas.sador, confirmation, 290
Velveteen textiles, control of exports to U.S., 220
Jacobason, Per, 28
Jamaica, extension of international convention (19.52)
to facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Jainmu, State of. See Kashmir
Japan :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 1013
Atomic and nuclear explosions, protests against and
U.S. replie.s, texts of notes, 901
Cotton textiles, control of exports to U.S., 218, 303
Free-world policy toward, address (Bowie), 837, 838
Girard case, 963, 964, 1000
Industrial development, excerpt from report to Con-
gress ( Eisenhower ) , 937
International Bank loans, 101, 136
Joint Japan-U.S. Committee, 1000, 1001
Military defense program, progress of, excerpt from
report to Congress (Kisenhower), 936
Okinawa and Ryukyu I.slands, U.S. policy on return
to Japan, statement (Dulles), 766
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural surpluses, agreement supplementing un-
derstandings to 19.56 agreement with U.S., 290
Double taxation on income, protocol supplementing
1954 convention with U.S., 574, 630, 867
Fnr seals, North Pacific, interim convention on con-
servation of, 337, 376, 377 (text)
GATT, accession to, report to Congress (Eisen-
hower), 365
GATT, 6th protocol of supplementary concessions, 289
ICJ, statute, 42
Mutual defense assistance, agreement providing for
financial contributions for U.S. administrative and
related expenses, 790
Nonimmigrant passport visa fees, agreement with
U.S. for reciprocal waiver of, 746
U.N. Charter, 42
AVhaling convention (1946), international, protocol
amending, 990
U.N. membership, letters and statements : Eisenhower,
39 ; Dulles, 6, 39 ; Lodge, 39, 40
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 290
U.S. relations with, statement (Dulles), 963
Jarring, Gunnar V., 4.o7, 459
Jefferson, Thomas, 682
Jerbi, Suleiman, 54
Jet Operations Requirements Panel (ICAO), U.S. dele-
gation to 2d meeting, 198
Jews in Egypt, reported mistreatment of, statement
(Wadsworth), 106
Joint Commission, International (U.S.-Canada), execu-
tive meeting, 695
Joint Mexican-U.S. Defense Commission, Executive or-
der concerning designation of U.S. members, 59
Joint U.S.-Japan Committee, 1000, 1001
Jones, Howard P., 263, 790
Jones, John Wesley, 510
Jones, Richard Lee, 07, 286
Jordan :
Communist penetration, U.S. aid in combating, address
(Eisenhower), 919
Establishment of, and problems confronting, address
(Murphy), 516, 517
Independence of, statements (Dulles, Hagerty, White).
768, 708n
1058
Department of State Bulletin
Jordan — Continued
Relief supplies and packages, agreement with U.S. re-
lating to duty-free entry and defrayment of inland
transportation charges, 590
Travel to, U.S. lifts restrictions, 654
Justice, International Court of. See International Court
Kalljarvi, Thorsten V. :
Addresses, remarks, and statements :
Anglo-American financial agreement (1945), 625
Economic negotiations between Poland and U.S.,
1004, 1008
Foreign economic policy, U.S., 406, 659, 813, 1009
Confirmation as Assistant Secretary of State, 5-19
Karoly, Meszaros, 983
Kashmir dispute :
Security Council consideration of, statements: Barco,
460; Lodge, 231, 457, 462; resolutions, 232, 462
(proposed), 463
U.S. views, statements (Dulles), 3(15, 300
Kenya, extension of international convention (1952) to
facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Khalidy, Awnl, 731
Knowland, William F., 195, 463
Koerner, Theodor, 134
Kootenai River project, progress report by the IJC, 696
Korea :
Armistice agreement. Communist violations of, address
and statements : Dulles, 645, 898 ; Greenbaum, 143 ;
Jones, 267
U.N. actions regarding, statements (Greenbaum), 141,
332; foreword to War or Peace (Dulles), 602 ; Gen-
eral Assembly resolution, 143
Korea, Republic of :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 203,
289, 338, 830
Air transport, agreement with U.S., 790, 825 (text)
Exchange rate, foreign, discussions with U.S., 220
U.S. military assistance to, excerpts from report to Con-
gress (Eisenhower), 935
Kotlicki, Henryk, 1004, 1008, 1009
Kotschnig, Walter M., 508, 780
Krebs, Max V., 590
Krylov, Maj. Yuri P., 181
Kuwait, oil resources of, 519
Labor :
Migratory labor, agreement extending 1951 agreement
with Mexico, 118
Trade uniouism in Africa, growth of, report (Nixon),
638
Union membership and equal pay for women, state-
ment (Hahn), 706
Labor Organization, International. See International
Labor Organization
Land reclamation in Japan, International Bank loan for,
136
Landsberg, Helmut E., 153, 612
Lange, Halvard, 18
Laos:
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 241
Geneva conventions (1940) on treatment of prisoners
of war, wounded and sick, and civilians, 203
TransiX)rtation by air. International, couveuLion and
protocol (1929) for unification of rules relating
to, 829
U.S. policy regarding, text of note, 771
Latin America {see also Inter- American, Organization of
American States, and individual countries) :
Caribbean Commission, meeting and U.S. delegation,
948
Economic and trade relations with U.S., addresses:
Hill, 730 ; Murphy, 652
Economic Commission for, confirmation of U.S. repre-
sentative to 7th session, 989
Economic Interdependence in the Americas, address
(Rubottom), 732
Malaria eradication. See under Health and sanita-
tion
Pan American Day and Pan American Week, 1956,
proclamation, 443
Pan American games (1959), statements: Carpenter,
540 ; Rubottom, 539
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, convention,
final protocols, regulations of execution, and agree-
ments relative to parcel post and money orders,
242, 425, 426, 710
Primary education in, U.S. delegation to UNESCO
meeting on, 424
U.S. relations with, address and statement : Dulles, 598 ;
Rubottom, 855
Women in Latin America, Widening Horizons for,
address (Stewart), 860
Latvia :
Anniversary of independence, statement (Dulles), 347
Soviet aggression in, address (Merchant), 260
Law, international. See International law
Law Commission, International, 00
Law of the sea, proposed U.N. conference on, statement
(Greenbaum) and text of resolution, 60
Lebanon :
IFC, articles of agreement, 203
U.S. economic and military assistance, interim report
on Ambassador Richards' mission, announcement
and joint communique, 724, 725
Wheat agreement (1956), international, 590
Leeward Islands, extension of international convention
(19.52) to facilitate importation of commercial
samples and advertising material to, 548
Legislation. See under Congress
Lend-lease, silver debt repayment by India, remarks
(Turnage), 1002
Lend-lease and reciprocal aid, agreements with U.K. re-
lating to settlement of, 169, 492, 5-18, 625, 1033
Less developed countries. See Underdeveloped countries
Lethco, Joseph W., 110
Lewis, William S., 307
Liberia, agreement with U.S. for transfer of property
located at Roberts Field, 338
Index, Janugry fo June 1957
1059
Libya :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 54
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Civil aviation, international, protocol amending cer-
tain articles of the 1954 convention on, 42
Development assistance, agreement with U.S., 746
Slavery convention (1926), 548
U.S. economic and military assistance, Ambassador
Richards' mission to the Middle East, announce-
ment, address (Richards), and texts of joint com-
muniques, 724, 726, 841, 845
U.S. relations with, address (Murphy), 520
Lighter flints, escape-clause relief held unnecessary, 369
Lightner, E. Allan, Jr., 566
Linen toweling, escape-clause relief held necessary, 369
Loans, International Bank. See International Bank
Loans, U.S. («ee also Export-Import Bank) :
Multilateral trade and economic development, loans for,
excerpt from report to Congress (Eisenhower), 187
Private enterprise abroad, use of loans in promoting,
excerpt from report to Congress (Eisenhower), 938
London agreement on German external debts (1953) :
Progress achieved in implementation of, article
(Fiekett),444
Validation Board, report on activities (Sept. 1, 1955-
Aug. 31, 19.56), 447
Lord, Mrs. Oswald B., 585, 587
Lithuania :
Anniversary of independence, statement (Dulles), 347
Soviet aggression in, address (Merchant), 260
Lodge, Henry Cabot :
Correspondence :
Hungary, developments in, 865
Suez Canal problem, request for meeting of Security
Council, 776
Statements:
Algerian question, 421
Disarmament, U.S. position, 71, 225, 423
Ghana, admission to U.N., 490
Hungarian refugees, U.S. contribution to U.N. for
assistance to. 9
Himgary, establishment of U.N. committee to in-
vestigate and report on conditions in, 138
Israeli-Syrian dispute, 1029
Japan, admission to U.N., 39, 40
Kashmir dispute, 231, 457, 462
Suez Canal problem, 775, 987, 988
Withdrawal of Israeli forces from Egypt, 269, 270,
271, 325, 431, 543
London talks on disarmament. See under Disarmament
Loyalty Board, International Organizations Employees,
functions, 58
Luxembourg :
European common market and free trade area. See
European common market
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 241
Investment guaranties, agreement with U.S. provid-
ing for, 118
Mutual defense assistance, agreement amending an-
nex B of 1950 agreement with U.S., 868
Luxembourg — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Private road vehicles, customs convention (1954)
concerning temporary importation of, 42
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs fa-
cilities for, 42
MacArthur, Douglas, II, 290
Mackinsen, Paul, 665n
Macmillan, Harold, 174
Macomber, William B., Jr., 411
Magsaysay, Ramon, 563
Malaria eradication. See under Health and sanitation
Malaya :
Bermuda conference discussion of, statement (Dulles),
645
Commercial samples and advertising material, inter-
national convention (1952) to facilitate importa-
tion of, extension to Malaya, 548
Malta, extension of iuternational convention (1952) to
facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Maritime Consultative Organization, Intergovernmental,
convention, 380
Maritime policy, U.S., address (Hill), 1017
Marshall, Gen. George C, 1002
Marshall plan, 10th anniversary, message (Eisenhower),
1002
Martino, Gaetano, 18
Mashkantsev, Gennadi F., 719
Matsu and Quemoy Islands, U.S. policy on defense of,
statement (Dulles), 641
Mauritius, extension of international convention (1952)
to facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, ,548
Mayer, Ren6, 640
McCardle, Carl W., 381, 400
McColium, Robert S., 204, 655
McConaughy, Walter P., 950
McGregor, Robert G., 819, 822
McLeod, Scott, 109, 656, 770, 869
Medical research, agreement amending agreement with
Republic of China providing for U.S. Navy unit in
Taipei, 156
Mein, J. Gordon, 950
Meir, Mrs. Golda, 562
Merchant, Livingston T., 256
Merchant Marine, U.S., address (Hill), 1017
Merchant Marine Act (1930), 1017
Merrill, Robert T., 34
Meteorological Organization, World. See World Meteor^
ological Organization
Meteorology. See Weather
Mexico :
Joint Mexican-U.S. Defense Commission, Executive or-
der concerning designation of U.S. members, 59
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air transport, agreement with U.S., 548, 575 (text)
Austrian state treaty, 241
Migratory labor, agreement extending 1951 agree-
ment with U.S., 118
1060
Department of State BuUetin
Mexico — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Standard-band broadcasting channels, agreement
with U.S., 288, 290, 315
Universal copyright convention, and protocol, 380
U.S. relations with, address (Rubottoui), 310
Middle East. Sec Near and Middle East
Migratory labor, agreement extending 1951 agreement
with Mexico, 118
Military assistance (see also Military missions, Mutual
defense, aitd Mutual security) :
Advantages of, address (Eisenhower), 917
Chile, agreement regarding disposition of equipment,
materials, and property, 203
Near and Middle East (see also American Doctrine),
address (Rountree), 975
Saudi Arabia, agreement regarding, 309, 680, 710
Yugoslavia, continuation of aid to, 936, 939
Military bases, negotiations with Philippines regarding,
statements (Dulles), 487, 533, 536
Military family housing, use of foreign currencies for con-
struction, rent, or procurement of, 187
Military housing and community facilities for use of U.S.
Air Force, agreement amending 1956 agreement with
U.K. for construction of, 630
Military missions, U.S. :
Agreements regarding, with^
Haiti, 156; Nicaragua, 510; Peru, 868; Venezuela,
426
Air Force missile unit on Taiwan, stationing of, 854
Military program, U.S. See Defense, Mutual defense.
Mutual security, and National security
Minorities in Egypt, reported mistreatment of, statement
(■\Vadsworth),106
Missiles. See Guided missiles and Outer-space projec-
tiles
Mixed Armistice Commission, 1029, 1030
Mixed Commission and Arbitral Tribunal, Germany,
multilateral agreement amending administrative
agreement of 1954 concerning, 156
Mod, Peter, 466
Mollet, Guy, 438
Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 260
Monetary Fund, International. See International Mone-
tary Fund
Mora, Jos6 A., 565
Morocco :
Economic aid, U.S., Ambassador Richards' mission to
the Middle East, address (Richards) and text of
joint communique, 841, 845
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 203
Customs tariffs, convention (1890) creating Interna-
tional union for publication of, and protocol modi-
fying, 829
Economic, technical, and related assistance, agree-
ment with U.S., 746
ICT, statute, 42
Tangier, status of, final declaration and annexed pro-
tocol of international conference on, 242
U.N. Charter, 42
UNESCO, constitution, 42
WMO, convention, 156
Index, January to June 1957
Munitions control and the electronics industry, address
(Pomeroy), 697
Murphy, Gerald Lester :
Disappearance in Dominican Republic, 221
Documents regarding, received from Dominican Gov-
ernment, 349, 405
Status of case, statement (Rubottom) before Senate
Foreign Relations Committee, 1025
U.S. request for reopening of case, announcement and
text of U.S. note, 610
Murphy, Robert, 475, 515, 647, 663, 942
Muscat and Oman, U.S. relations with, 519
Mutual defense assistance agreements (see also Military
missions), with —
Belgium, amending annex B of 1950 agreement, 949
China, Republic of :
Defense facilities, agreement facilitating construc-
tion of, 78
Small naval craft, agreement amending 1954 agree-
ment relating to loan of, 1033
U.S. Air Force missile unit on Taiwan, stationing of,
854
Germany, Federal Republic of, training of army and
navy personnel, 78
Japan, providing for financial contribution for U.S.
administrative and related expenses, 790
Luxembourg, amending annex B of 1950 agreement,
868
Spain, disposition of equipment and materials, 42
U.K., disposition of equipment and materials furnished
by U.S., 1033
Mutual defense treaties and agreements (see also ANZUS
Treaty, Baghdad Pact, Collective .security. Defense,
Mutual security. North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) :
Joint Mexican-U.S. Defense Commission, Executive
order concerning designation of U.S. member, 59
Worldwide arrangements to counter Communist expan-
sion, address (Macomber), 412
Mutual security and other assistance programs (see also
Agricultural surpluses. Economic and technical aid.
Military assistance, and Mutual defense) :
Defense support to ECAFE countries, statements
(Kotschnig),783, 788
Greek-Turkish aid program, 10th anniversary, letters
(Eisenhower), 539
Investment guaranties, agreements with —
China, Republic of, 949 ; Cuba, 381 ; Luxembourg,
118 ; Turkey, 426
Marshall plan, 10th anniversary, message (Eisen-
hower), 1002
Near and Middle East. See American Doctrine
New approach, need for, addresses and statements :
Berding, 809; Dillon, 800; Dulles, 675, 716; Eisen-
hower, 915 ; Murphy, 478, 944
1957 program, excerpts from President's 11th semi-
annual report (July 1-Dec. 31, 1956) to Congress
and letter of transmittal, 931
1958 program :
Address and statement : Dulles, 926 ; Richards, 972
President's address to the Nation, 876
President's messages to Congress, 163, 920
1061
Mutual security — Continued
Program to counter Soviet-bloc economic penetration of
free world, address (Claxton), 12
Mutual Security Appropriation Act (1957), proviso on par-
ticipation in U.N. technical assistance program, 410
NAC. See North Atlantic Council
Nagy, Imre, 466
Najib-Ullah, 443
Narcotic drugs, protocol (1953) regulating production,
trade, and use of opium, 42, 710, 949
Nash, Frank C, 106, 108, 282
National security (see also Collective security. Mutual
defense, and Mutual security) :
Interloclting elements of, address (Murphy), 475
President's address to the Nation concerning, 875
President's message to Congress, 164, 165, 370
National Security Council :
Functions, 476
Transfer of Operations Coordinating Board to, an-
nouncement and Executive order, 504
Nationalism, problems arising from development of, ad-
dresses, message, and statements : Bovcie, 836 ;
Eisenhower, 123, 847; Murphy, 516; Eountree, 756,
974 ; Sears, 820
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Natural gas, meeting of ECB working party on problems
in Europe, 424
Naval Review, International, invitations to, 349
Naval vessels, agreements for furnishing supplies and
services to, with —
Australia, 203 ; Greece, 337
Naval vessels or small craft, agreements relating to loan
of, with —
China, Republic of, 1033 ; Germany, Federal Republic
of, 990 ; Spain, 670
Navigation improvements in connecting channels of Great
Lakes, U.S.-Canadian agreements, 42, 509, 746
Near and Middle East (see also individual countries) :
American Doctrine. See American Doctrine
Arab-Israeli dispute. See Arab-Israeli dispute
Baghdad Pact. See Baghdad Pact
Foreign aid, U.S., question of resumption of, statement
(Dulles), 485
General Assembly action regarding, address (Wilcox),
689, C92
Hammarskjold mission to the Middle East, progress of,
statement (Dulles), 595
Historical study of U.S. policy in, statement (Dulles),
300
Israeli hostilities with Egypt. See Israeli hostilities
Map, in color, facing p. 128
Northern tier states, U.S. partners in collective defense,
address (Murphy), 520
Oil pipeline, proposed international, statement (Dulles),
600
Palestine refugees, relief and rehabilitation of, state-
ments (Lord) and General Assembly resolution,
585, 587, 589
Situation in, U.S. views, addresses, report, and state-
ments : Dulles, 51, 533 ; Eisenhower, 932 ; Hill, 131 ;
Murphy, 447, 515 ; Rountree, 755, 973 ; Wilcox, 558
Near and Middle East — Continued
Suez Canal problem. See Suez Canal
Travel to, U.S. lifts restrictions, 654
Tripartite agreement (1950), U.S. policy concerning,
statement (Dulles), 304
U.S. exchange of views regarding, with —
France, joint statement (Eisenhower, MoUet), 438
Germany, Federal Republic of, joint communique,
491
Saudi Arabia, joint communique, 308
Soviet Union, notes and Soviet draft declaration, 523
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 47
Nelson, Wesley R., 564
Netherlands :
European common market and free trade area. See
European common market
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air transport, negotiations and agreement with U.S.,
579, 710, 746, 747 (text), 1013
American war graves, agreement extending 1947
agreement with U.S., 630
IFC, articles of agreement, 203
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1954) on,
829
Wheat agreement (1956), international, 670
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 630
Neutralism :
SEATO countries' views on, 529
U.S. views, address (Robertson), 999
Newsmen, U.S., question of travel to Communist China :
Announcement, 54
Statements: Dulles, 301, 305, 485, 488, 600, 646, 768,
771, 895, 967 ; Murphy, 664
New Zealand :
ANZUS Treaty, 494, 495
Commercial samples and advertising material, inter-
national convention (1952) to facilitate importa-
tion of, 868
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 790
Niagara Falls project, progress report by the IJC, 695
Nicaragua :
Disputes with Costa Rica and Honduras, OAS role in
settlement of, announcement, address (Rubottom),
and statement (Dreier), 811, 857, 858
Export-Import Bank loan, 104
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 380
Military missions, agreement with U.S. regarding
duties of, 510
Sugar agreement (1953), international, 470
Universal postal convention (19.">2), iS68
Nigeria, Federation of, extension of international con-
vention (1952) to facilitate importation of commer-
cial samples and advertising material to, 548
Nile River, importance of, report (Nixon), 630
Nine, application of international convention (1952) to
fat'ilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to. 868
1062
Department of State Bulletin
Nixon, Richard M. :
Remjirks :
Departure for Africa, 43fi
Visit of Freneli Premier to U.S., 439
Visit of Indian Prime Minister to U.S., 47
Reports to the President :
iVfrica, emergence of, G35
Hungarian refugees, providing for the needs of, 94
Visit to Ghana, U.S. delegation to independence cere-
monies, 348
Non-self-governing territories (see also Self-determina-
tion and Trust territories), French vievk's on asso-
ciation with European common marliet, 438
Norman, E. H., .538, 694
Norstad, Gen. Lauris, 2.51
North Atlantic Council (see also Atlantic Community and
North Atlantic Treaty Organization) :
Ministerial Council meeting :
Departure statement (Dulles) and U.S. delegation,
804
Results of meeting, excerpts from President's report
to Congress, 934; statement (Dulles), 839
Text of communique, 840
Resolutions :
Peaceful settlement of disputes between members of
NATO, 17
Report of the Committee of Three on Non-Military
Co-operation in NATO, 17
North Atlantic oceans stations, agreement (1954) on, 829
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (see also Atlantic
Community and North Atlantic Council) :
Addresses, message, report, and statement: Eisen-
hower, 252, 640, 934 ; Holmes, 344 ; Norstad, 251
Committee of Three on Non-Military Co-operation, re-
port of, 18
National Information OflBcers, 4th conference, U.S. del-
egation, 468
Scholarship award, 720
U.S. exchange of views regarding, with —
France, joint statement (Eisenhower, Mollet), 439
Germany, Federal Republic of : joint communique,
491; joint declaration (Eisenhower, Adenauer),
956
United Kingdom, joint communique, 561
North Borneo, extension of international convention
(1952) to facilitate importation of commercial sam-
ples and advertising material to, 548
North Pacific fur seals, interim convention on conserva-
tion of, 337, 376, 377 (text)
Northern tier pact. See Baghdad Pact
Northern tier states, U.S. partners in collective defense,
address (Murphy), 520
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocol amending interna-
tional convention (1940), current actions, 203, 670,
829, 909, 990, 1032
Norway :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Aircraft, imported, agreement with U.S. providing
for certificates of airworthiness, and arrangements
terminating 1933 agreement, 426
Atomic energy, peaceful uses of, agreement with U.S.
for cooperation, 469, 470
Norway — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
GATT, 6th protocol of supplementary concessions,
203
ICJ, statute, declaration recognizing compulsory ju-
risdiction deposited, 242
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1954) on,
829
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocol to international
convention (1949) for, 909
Road traflSe, convention (1949) on, with annexes, 745
Slavery convention (1926), protocol amending, and
annex, 745
Whaling convention (1946), international, protocol
amending, 746
U.S. Ambassador, resignation (Strong), 381; confirma-
tion (Willis), 950
Nucker, Delmas H., 101
Nuclear energy. See Atomic energy
Nuclear Energy Commission, Inter-American, proposal to
establish, statement (Eisenhower) and announce-
ment, 1014, 1016
OAS. See Organization of American States
O'Boyle, Archbishop Patrick A., 117
Ocean stations, North Atlantic, agreement (1954) on, 829
O'Connor, Roderic L., 950
Oechsner, Frederick Cable, 571
Offshore procurement, agreements relating to, with —
Federal Republic of Germany, 337, 789; Spain, 157
Oil:
Crisis in Iran, address (Chapin) , 761
Pollution of seas by oil, meeting of National Commit-
tee on, and appointment of committee chairman,
349
Supply to Western Europe, problem of. See under
Suez Canal problem
U.S. import programs, consideration of, 370
Okinawa, U.S. policy on return to Japan, statement
(Dulles), 766
Oman and Muscat, U.S. relations with, 519
"Open skies" proposals for aerial inspection. See under
Disarmament
Operations Coordinating Board :
Functions of, 476
Transfer to National Security Council, announcement
and Executive order, 504
Opium, protocol (1953) regulating production, trade, and
use of, 42, 710, 949
Organization for Trade Cooperation. See Trade Cooper-
ation, Organization for
Organization of American States :
Nicaraguan-Honduran conflict, consideration of, an-
nouncement and statement (Dreier), 811
Peacemaking role, address (Rubottom), 857, 858
Strengthening of, announcement and statement (Eisen-
hower), 1014
Organizations, international. See International organi-
zations
Orphans and displaced persons, propo.sed legislation con-
cerning admittance to U.S., message to Congress
(Eisenhower), 248,249
OTC. See Trade Cooperation, Organization for
Index, January to June 1957
1063
Otepka, Otto F., 790
Outer-space projectiles (see also Guided missiles), U.S.
proposal for control of :
Statements (Lodge), 227, 423
Text of U.S. memorandum, 231
Pact of Mutual Cooperation. See Baghdad Pact
Pakistan :
Anniversary of establishment as republic, message
(Eisenhower), 563
Collective defense measures, 520
Community development program, 038
Kashmir dispute. See Kashmir dispute
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 829
ICJ, statute, notice of withdrawal of compulsory
jurisdiction deposited, 470
U.S. Ambassador, resignation, 670
U.S. economic and military assistance, interim report
on Ambassador Richards' mission, announcement
and joint communique, 724, 728
Palestine {see also Arab-Israeli dispute and Israeli hos-
tilities), partition of, address (Murphy), 516
Pan American Day and Pan American Week, 1956, proc-
lamation, 443
Pan American games (1959), statements: Carpenter, 540;
Rubottom, 539
Panama :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 54
Canal Zone, U.S. annual payment for use of, 443
Sugar agreement (1953), international, 868
Wheat agreement (1956), international, 42
Paraamlnosalicylic acid and salts, escape-clause relief
held unnecessary, 369
Paraguay :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 54
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Cultural relations, inter- American convention (1954)
on, 380
Educational exchange, agreement with U.S., 668, 746
Relief supplies and packages, duty-free entry and
exemption from internal taxation of, agreement
with U.S., 746
Parker, Cola G., 1032
Passamaquoddy Bay power project, progress report by
the IJC, 696
Passports (see also Visas) :
Definition and issuance of, statements : Cartwright,
667 ; Murphy, 663, 664
Executive denial, question of, statement (Dulles), 485
Passport regulations, clarification of, excerpt from U.S.
report to U.N. Secretary-General concerning inter-
national travel, 147, 151, 152. 153
Policy for travel to Communist China, 54, 305, 485
Responsibilities of Secretary of State in issuance of,
statement (Dulles), 896
Special clearance fees reduced, 904
Validation of travel to certain Middle Eastern coun-
tries, 654
Patent rights and technical Information for defense pur-
poses, agreements for exchange of, with —
France, 547, 590 ; Turkey, 830
Patterson, Richard S., 204
Peace :
Addresses and remarks : Adenauer, 959 ; Bowie, 837 ;
Dulles, 715; George, 347; Murphy, 647
President's addresses, remarks, and report regarding,
211, 435, 846, 875
War or Peace, new editions published, 601
Pearson, Lester B., 18
Penghu, U.S. policy on defense of, statement (Dulles),
641
Persons, exchange of. See Cultural relations. Educa-
tional exchange, and Exchange of persons
Peru :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 829,
909
Army mission, agreement amending 1956 agreement
with U. S., 868
Nonimmigrant passport visas and visa fees, agree-
ments with U.S. relating to, 746
Universal postal convention, 949
U.S. aid, 220
Weather station, agreement with U.S. for establishment!
and operation of, 909, 950
Pescadores Islands. See Penghu
Petroleum. See Oil
Philippines :
Bataan, anniversary of fall of, messages (Eisenhower,
Garcia), 679
Death of Philippine President, statements (Eisenhower,
Dulles), 563
Relief supplies and packages, agreement with U.S. fon
duty-free entry and tax exemption, 338
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 869
U.S. military bases, negotiations on, statements
(Dulles), 487, 533, 536
U.S. mutual security aid, excerpt from report to Con-
gress (Eisenhower), 938, 939
Phillips, Christopher H., 240, 627
Phleger, Herman, 550
Pibulsonggram, P., 442
Plant protection convention, international, question of
U.S. approval, statement (PhilUps), 627
Poland :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S. regard-_
ing, 1005, 1007 (proposed), 1033
Agricultural surpluses, U.S., export license applica-
tions for shipments to Poland, 134
Coal mining officials, visit to U.S., 611
Economic negotiations with U.S. :
Invitation to open discussions, 299
Polish and U.S. delegations, 440
Progress of negotiations, statements (Dulles), 7, 599^
64G
Results of negotiations, announcement, joint state-
ment, texts of agreements, exchanges of notes, and
statement and remarks (Kalijarw, Kotlicki), 1008
Political developments in, address (Murphy), 649
Pomeroy, Leonard H., 697
Popper, David H., 990
1064
Department of State Bulletin
Portugal :
Atomic energy, civil uses of. agreement amending 1955
agreement with U.S.. 10.S.3
Azores, agreement extending 1951 agreement with U.S.
regarding use of facilities in, 670
Defense agreement, negotiations with U.S. postponed,
221
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocol amending inter-
national convention (1!)49) for, 203
Safet.y of life at sea, application of 1948 convention to
Portuguese territories, 829
Postal cancellation stamp, U.S. reply to Hungarian pro-
test to use of, texts of notes, 849
Postal convention (1952), universal, current actions, 630,
745, 868, 909, 949
Postal service to Hungary, resumption of, 135
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, convention, final
protocols, regulations of execution, and agreements
relative to parcel post and money orders, 242, 425,
426, 710
Potatoes, tariff negotiations with Canada concerning,
360, 773
Presidential Representatives, Inter-American Committee
of, 11, 479, 735, 858, 1014
President's Asian Economic Development Fund, 786
President's Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief, text
of final report, 984
["risoners of war :
Geneva convention (1949) relative to protection and
treatment of, 203, 670, 949
Korea, failure of Communists to account for missing
UXC prisoners of war, 143
Proclamations by the President :
Rutter oil and butter substitutes, import quotas on, 817
Copyright arrangement with Brazil, 669
Pan American Day and Pan American Week, 1907, 443
World trade week, 1957, 079
Propaganda, Communist tactics, address and statement:
Berding, 807 ; Dulles, 171
Property, cultural, convention and protocol for protec-
tion in event of armed conflict, and regulations of
execution, 1032
Property, industrial, convention (1934) for the protec-
tion of, 118
Property, war surplus, lend-lease and reciprocal aid, and
claims, agreement further extending the joint state-
ment (1954) with United Kingdom relating to settle-
ment for, 1033
Property claims, American-Polish, proposal for negotia-
tion for settlement of, announcement, joint state-
ment, and exchange of notes, 1003, 1005, 1007
Property located at Roberts Field, agreement with
Liberia for transfer of, 338
Public relations, importance in promoting peace, address
(Berding), 805
Publications :
Congress, lists of documents relating to foreign policy,
137, 221, 290, 371, 506, 029, 774, 818, 941, 1029
State Department :
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1939, Vol. II,
General, The British Commonwealth, and Europe,
published, 550
Publications — C(mtinued
State Department — Continued
Lists of recent releases, 157, 206, 242, 338, 382, 670,
790, 869, 910, 950, 1033
The Secretaries of State: Portraits and Biographical
Sketches, published, 204
Treaties in Force: A List of Treaties and Other
International Agreemetits of the United States,
published, 202
Translation, publication, and distribution of books and
periodicals, funds for, 189
United Nations, lists of current documents, 41, 154,
468, 509, G14, 709, 742, 788
War or Peace, new editions published, 601
Puerto Montt, agreement with Chile for establishment
and operation of weather station at, 630, 710
Puga, Mariano, 540
Quemoy and Matsu Islands, U.S. policy on defense of,
statement (Dulles), 641
Quintero, agreement with Chile for establishment and
operation of weather station at, 630, 710
Race discrimination in U.S., effect on African nations,
report (Nixon), 636
Radiation, atomic energy, efi:ects on human health,
U.S.-U.K. views on, 562
Randall, Harold M., 989
Rawinsonde observation stations. See Weather : Weather
stations
Raymond, John M., 510
Read, James M., 10, 11
Reciprocity Information, Committee for, 948
Reconstruction and Development, International Bank for.
See International Bank
Refugee Fund, U.N. See United Nations Refugee Fund
Refugee Relief Act, total visa issuance under, 03
Refugees and displaced persons (see also Hungarian ref-
ugees. Intergovernmental Committee, and United
Nations Refugee Fund) :
Asylum to victims of Communist persecution, proposed,
excerpt from state of the Union message, 125
Copyright convention (1952), universal, protocol 1, ap-
plication of convention to works of refugees and
stateless persons, 548, 669, 709
East Germany, refugees from, addresses (Eleanor
Dulles), 177, 609
Escapee program, U.S., role in resettling refugees, 655
Palestine refugees, relief and rehabilitation of, state-
ments (Lord) and General Assembly resolution,
585, 587, 589
Reinhardt, G. Frederick, 549
Relief and rehabilitation. See Agricultural surpluses,
Economic and technical aid, Hungarian refugees.
Refugees, and individual countries
Relief supplies and packages, agreements relating to duty-
free entr.y, defrayment of inland transportation
charges, and tax exemption, with^
Jordan, 590 ; Paraguay, 746 ; Philippines, 338
Representation allowances, need for increase in appro-
priations, 798
Richards, James P. See American Doctrine : Mission of
Ambassador Richards
ndex, January to June 1957
1065
Richmond, Vice Adm. Alfred C, 349
Rio Treaty (Inter- American Treaty of Reciprocal Assist-
ance ) , role of, 857
Road traffic, convention (1949) on, with annexes, 745
Road vehicles, private, customs convention (1954) on
importation of, 42, 829
Robertson, Norman A., 893
Robertson, Walter S., 295, 382, 682, 995
Rountree, William M., 755, 973
Ruanda-Urundi, political and economic progress in, state-
ment (McGregor), 819
Rubottom, Roy R., Jr., 310, 589, 855, 1025
Rumania :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 745
Customs tariffs, protocol modifying 1890 convention
for creation of international union for publication
of, 589
Independence of, 80th anniversary, 850
Parliamentary elections, U.S. observers refused admis-
sion, 213
Russell, Francis H., 790
Ryukyu Islands, U.S. policy on return to Japan, state-
ment (Dulles), 766
Saarland :
Change in consular jurisdiction from Strasbourg,
France, to Frankfort, Germany, 157
Convention of WMO, notification by France regarding
application of, 990
Safety of life at sea, convention (1948), 829
Safety pins, President requests further data on imports
of, 701
St. Clair River, navigation improvements in, U.S.-Cana-
dian agreement, 746
St. Helena, extension of international convention (1952)
to facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Saint John River Basin project, progress report by the
IJC, 696
St. Marys River, navigation improvements in, U.S.-Ca-
nadian agreement, 746
Sakai, Mrs. Naka, 1000
Salans, Carl Fredric, 720
Salmon fisheries, sockeye, protocol to 1930 convention
with Canada for the protection, preservation, and
extension of, in the Fraser River system, 76, 118,
1033
Samoa, Western, application of international convention
to facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 868
Sandys, Duncan, 255
Sanitation. See Health and sanitation
Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, establishment of American con-
sulate, 910
Sarawak, extension of international convention (1952)
to facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Satellite nations {see alio Soviet-bloc countries) :
Developments in, addresses and statements : Dulles,
50 ; Macomber, 414 ; Murphy, 476
East-West contacts. See Exchange of persons
East- West trade. See East- West trade
Satellite nations— Continued
Soviet policies in :
Addresses and statement : Dulles, 768 ; Murphy, 477^
649
U.S.-U.K. views, 561
U.S. intervention in, Soviet allegation, statement.
(Knowland), 463
U.S. policy regarding, addresses and statements r
Bowie, 839 ; Dulles, 3, 8, 717, 706 ; Murphy, 943
Satterthwaite, Joseph C, 510
Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz Al-Saud, 135, 308
Saudi Arabia :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Customs tariffs, convention (1890) creating interna-
tional union for publication of, and protocol, 470
Dharan Airfield and related military and economie
matters, agreement with U.S., 309, 680, 710
Telecommunication convention (1952), international,
203
U.S. airmen stationed in, question of discrimination
against, statement (Dulles), 770
U.S. economic and military a.ssistance, interim report
on Ambassador Richards' mission, announcement
and joint communique, 724, 731
U.S. relations with, 518
Visit of King to U.S., announcement, text of com-
munique, exchange of greetings, and list of official
party, 135, 308
Scientific information, license regulations simplified on
exports of, 317
Sea, law of the, proposed U.N. conference, statement
(Greenbaum) and General Assembly resolution, 60,
61
Sears, Mason, 820
Seas, oil pollution of, appointment of national committee
chairman for study on, 349
SBATO. See Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Sebald, William J., 549
Secretaries of State: Portraits and Biographical Sketches,
published, 204
Security Council, U.N. :
Documents, lists of, 154, 468, 742
Kashmir dispute. See Kashmir dispute
Membership, U.S. position on question of expansion
of, statement (Humphrey), 280
Resolutions on Kashmir dispute, 232, 463
Role in world problems, addresses (Wilcox), 555, 688'
Suez Canal problem. See under Suez Canal problem
Self-determination :
Cameroons, progress toward self-government, state-
ments : McGregor, 822 ; Sears, 820
Kashmir, problem of. See Kashmir
Togoland. See Togoland
U.S. views, remarks (Eisenhower), 847
Seychelles, extension of international convention (1952)
to facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Sharni el-Sheikh {see also Israeli hostilities) :
Israeli position on, note and report (Ilammarskjold),
273, 275
U.S. position on, address (Wilcox), 558
1066
Department of State Bulletin
Sharm el-Sheikh— Continued
Withdrawal of Israeli forces from :
Reports (Hammarskjold), 394, 545
Statements : Dulles, 599 ; Lodge, 543
U.S. aide memoire, 392
Ships and shipping:
Merchant shipping, need for alleviating shortage of,
statement (Jlerrill), 34
Payment to Denmark for ships requisitioned by U.S.
during World War II, statement (Herter), 1020
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Collisions at sea, regulations (1948) for preventins
949 ^'
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organiza-
tion, convention, 380
Merchant vessels, agreement between U.S. and Vene-
zuela relating to exemption from port require-
ments, 510
Naval vessels. See Naval vessels
Navigation improvements in connecting channels of
the Great Lakes, U.S.-Canadian agreements, 42
509, 746
Safety of life at sea, convention (1948) on, 829
Submarines, agreement with Brazil for loan of, 203
U.S. maritime policy, address (Hill), 1017
Sierra Leone, extension of international convention
(1952) to facilitate importation of commercial sam-
ples and advertising material to, 548
Simonson, Joseph, 790
Sinai peninsula. See Israeli hostilities
Singapore, extension of international convention (1952)
to facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Skaupy, Walther, 448
Slavery convention (1926), and protocol amending, cur-
rent actions, 548, 745, 909
Smith, Earl E. T., 1033
Smith-Mundt Act. See Information and Educational Ex-
change Act
Social progress in SEATO countries, 501
Societe Internationale pour Participations Industrielles
et Commerciales S. A., 350
Somaliland Protectorate, extension of international con-
venUon (1952) to facilitate importation of commer-
cial samples and advertising material to, 548
Soper, Fred L., 565
South Africa, Union of. See Union of South Africa
South America. See Latin America
South and Southea.st Asia. See Asia
South Pacific Commission, review conference, U.S. dele-
gation, 778
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization :
Council of Ministers, 3d meeting :
Announcement and U.S. delegation, 493
Final communique, 527
Statements (Dulles), 493, 529, 531, 532
Cultural exchange program, U.S., inauguration of, 503
Military progress, excerpts from President's report to
Congress, 935
Purpose of, statement (Dulles), 534
ndex, January to June 1957
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization— Continued
2d annual report, 496
Strength of, vis-a-vis Communist China, statement
(Dulles), 600
Soviet Union (see also Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re-
public, Communism, Disarmament, East-West trade,
Satellite nations, and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist
Republic) :
Aggression in the Middle East, U.S. efforts to counter.
See American Doctrine
Airspace over Vladivostok, alleged violation by over-
flight of U.S. planes, U.S. and Soviet notes, 135
Antarctica, U.S. concern over Soviet presence in, 53S
Baltic states, Soviet actions toward, address and state-
ment : Dulles, 347 ; Merchant, 260
East Germany, Soviet activities in, addresses: Eleanor
Dulles, 175, 605, 978 ; Murphy, 649
Economic strength and potential, address (Bowie), 835
Economic trade policy, U.S. views, addresses and state-
ment : Claxton, 12 ; Kalijarvi, 659 ; Kotschnig, 787 ;
Rountree, 974
European security system, Soviet rejection of, address
(Holmes), 345
Foreign policy, development of, and free world efforts
to counter, addresses and statements: Dulles, 6,
530; Bowie, 838; Claxton, 15; Holmes, 343;
Macomber, 411 ; Murphy, 477 ; Robertson, 295, 382
Hungary, Soviet activities in. See Hungarian question
Internal problems with Communist system, address
(Hill), 133
Kashmir dispute, Soviet position on, statements
(Barco), 460,461
NATO, Soviet opposition to, address (Norstad) and
NAC communique regarding, 251, 252, 840
Soviet assistant military attach^ and embas.sy employee
in U.S. declared persona non grata, announcements
and U.S. notes, 181, 719
Subversive activities. See under Communism
Travel ban on embassy personnel in, announcement and
text of U.S. note of protest, 985
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 709
Cultural property, convention and protocol for pro-
tection in event of armed conflict, 289
Fur seals. North Pacific, interim convention on con-
servation of, 337, 376, 377 (text)
U.N. membership, Soviet position regarding Korea and
Viet-Nam, statements (Greenbamn), 332
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 1033
U.S. attaches, expulsion of, statement (White), 307
U.S. intervention in Eastern Europe, Soviet allegation,
statement (Knowland), 463
Soviet-bloc countries (see also East- West trade and
Satellite nations) :
Economic diplomacy in free world, analysis of technique
of, address (Claxton), 12
Military strength of, addres.s (Murphy), 476
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 29, 250
1067
Spain :
Agricultural conmiodilies, agreement amending 1956
agreement with U.S., 381, 710
Mutual defense assistance, agreement with U.S. on dis-
position of equipment and materials, 42
Naval vessels or small craft, agreement with U.S. re-
lating to loan of, 670
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocol amending Inter-
national convention (1949) for, 829
Offshore procurement, agreement amending memo-
randum of understanding (19.54) with U.S. relating
to, 157
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, convention,
final protocols, regulations of execution, and agree-
ments relative to parcel post and money orders,
242, 425, 426, 710
Spano, Bartholomew S., 198
Specialized agencies, U.N. {see also name of agency),
developing cooperation through the, remarks,
(Wilcox), 197
Stassen, Harold E., 538, 772
State Department (see also Foreign Service) :
Administrator, Bureau of Security and Consular Af-
fairs, delegation of authority to perform functions
in connection with immigration and nationality
laws, 157
Appointments and designations, 204, 338, 382, 426, 510,
590, 670, 790, 869, 950, 990, 1033
Appropriations, appeal for partial restoration of pro-
posed cuts in, statement (Dulles), 795
Assistant Secretaries of State, confirmations : Berding,
630 ; Elbrick, 382 ; Kalijarvi, 549
Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning, resig-
nation (Bowie), 910
Confirmations, 382, 426, 549, 630
Cornerstone ceremony for new State Department
building, 110
Counselor, confirmation (Reinhardt), 549
Foreign Service examination, announced, 549
Legal Adviser, resignation (Phleger), 550
Publications. See under Publications
Resignations, 157, 381, 550, 910
Under Secretary of State, confirmation (Herter), 426
State of the Union message, excerpts, 123
Stateless persons and refugees :
Protocol concerning application of universal copyright
convention (19.52) to works of, 548, 669, 709
Treatment of stateless persons in Egypt, concern re-
garding, statement (Wadsworth), 106
Status lists of international agreements, 78
Steel production in Japan and India, International Bank
loans for, 101, 102
Stewart, C. Allan, 860
Stimpson, Harry F., Jr., 510
Stockwell, Charles W., 308
Storey, Robert G., 36
Straight pins, President decides against increase in tariff
on, 702
Straits of Tiran. See Tiran
Strategic materials, stockpiling of, excerpt from Presi-
dent's budget message to Congress, 167
1068
Strauss, Lewis L., 35
Strom, Carl W., 290
Strong, L. Corrin, 381
Student-exchange program. See Educational exchange
Stump, Adm. Felix B., 493
Submarines, agreement with Brazil for loan of, 203
Sudan :
American Doctrine for Middle East, joint communique
regarding Ambassador Richards' mission 764
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
ICJ, statute, 42
U.N. Charter, 42
UNESCO, constitution, 203
Suez Canal problem [see also Israeli hostilities ana
United Nations Emergency Force) :
Addresses and statements : Dulles, 5, 7, 172, 303, 305,
306, 403, 404, 405, 482, 485, 486, 488, 489, 535, 536,
537, 597, 600, 601, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 756,
898, 965; Eisenhower, Mollet, 438; Jones, 264;
Lodge, 775, 987, 988 ; Merchant, 256 ; Merrill, 34
American use of the canal, statement (Dulles), 644
Aswan Dam, relationship to seizure of the canal, state-
ments (Dulles), 535, 041, 645
British-French-Israeli military action against Egypt:
Soviet views, letter (Bulganin), 89, 90, 91
U.S. views, address and statement: Dulles, 5; Mer-
chant, 256
Withdrawal of forces from Egypt, views of Moslem
members of Baghdad Pact, 216
Clearance and opening of the canal :
Advance of U.S. funds for, text of U.S. note, 105
Statements (Dulles), 5, 7, 403, 405, 482, 480, 489, 601
Economic ramifications in Europe and the Near East
of closing of the canal, 34. 932
Economic sanctions against Egypt, question of, state--
ment (Dulles), 643
Israeli right of passage through the canal, statements!
(Dulles), 306, 404, 488, 042, 898
Oil supply to Western Europe, problem of :
Alternate supply routes, question of, statementai
(Dulles), 597, 600
U.S. shipments, 258, 303
Operation of the canal, statements: Dulles, 485, 537,
705 ; Eisenhower, Mollet, 438
Security Council considerations regarding operation*
of the canal, statements and letters: Fawzi, 776;
Hammarskjold, 778; Lodge, 775, 776, 987, 988
Seizure of the canal, U.S. views, statement (Dulles),
536
Settlement of the problem :
Joint communique (U.S.-U.K.) regarding, 561
Statements (Dulles), 172, 305, 482, 642, 646, 905
Significance to U.S.-Asian relations, address (Jones),
264
Suez Canal Users Association :
Council meeting, 845
Formation of, statement (Dulles), 644
Sugar agreement (1953), internaUonal, 470, 868
Suoniela, Arnie J., 908
Surplus agricultural commodities. Sec Agricultural
surpluses
Department of Sfofe Bulletin
Sweden :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air navigation services in Iceland, Greenland, and
Faroe Islands, agreements on joint financing, 548
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending 1956
agreement with U.S., 548
GATT, 0th protocol of supplementary concessions, 156
ICJ, statute, declaration of compulsory jurisdiction de-
posited, 789
International conference in Tangier, final declaration
and annexed protocol, 242
Whaling convention (1946), international, protocol
amending, 1033
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 1033
Switzerland :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 719
Interhandel issue, U.S. position on arbitration of, texts
of notes and memorandum, 350
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air transport, exchange of notes approving inter-
pretation of 1945 agreement with U.S., 590
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement with U.S. for
cooperation concerning, 290
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 709
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1954) on,
829
Opium, protocol for regulating cultivation, production,
trade, and use of (1953), 42
Trade agreement, supplementary, with U.S., 371
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 869
Syria :
Dispute with Israel, statements (Lodge) regarding,
1029
Pipeline in, views of Moslem members of Baghdad Pact
on destruction of, 217
Travel to, U.S. lifts restrictions, 654
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air transport, agreement with U.S. amending annex
to 1947 agreement, 846, 869
Telecommunication convention (19.52), international,
final protocol, and additional protocols, 1033
U.S. aid to, question of, statement (Dulles), 9C4
U.S. consulate general at Aleppo, establishment, 42
Taiwan. See China, Republic of
Tanganyika, extension of international convention (1952)
to facilitate Importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Tangier, status of, final declaration of international con-
ference on, and annexed protocol, 242
Tansey, Hubert E., 308
Tariff policy, U.S. (see also Customs and Tariffs and
trade, general agreement on) :
Acid-grade fluorspar, escape-clause relief held unneces-
sary, 309
Alsilie clover seed. President asks study of tariff quota
on, 584
Bicycles, escape-clause action regarding, 369
Excerpts from President's economic report to Congress,
223
Ferrocerium and other cerium alloys, escape-clause re-
lief held unnecessary, 369
Index, January to June J 957
Tariff policy, U.S. — Continued
Groundflsh fillets, escape-clause relief held unnecessary,
55, 369
Hatters' fur. President decides against study of tariff
on, 585
Linen toweling, escape-clause relief hold necessary, 581,
369
Paraaminosalcylic acid and salts, escape-clause relief
held unnecessary, 369
Problems in development of, address (Kalijarvi), 1011
Safety pins. President requests further import data on,
701
Straight pins, President decides against increase in
tariff on, 702
Tuna canned in brine, increase in import duty, 371
Tung oil, President orders investigation of effects of
imports of, 585
U.S. Foreign Service fees, revision of tariff of, 381
Velveteen fabrics, postponement of action on tariff on
imports of, 1005, 370
Violins and violas. President decides against increase
in tariff on, 703
Watches and watch movements, escape-clause action
regarding, 371
Woolen and worsted fabrics, revision of tariff quota, 54
Tariffs, customs. See Customs
Tariffs and trade, general agreement on (see also Trade
Cooperation, Organization for) :
"Geneva wool reservation," definition of, 55
Import-restrictions policy, con.sultations on, 359
Intersessional Committee, meeting and U.S. dele-
gates, 779
Japan, accession to GATT, 365
9th session (1955), review of objectives and results,
report to Congress (Eisenhower), 364
Proems verbal of rectification concerning protocol
amending part I and articles XXIX and XXX,
protocol amending preamble and parts II and III,
and protocol of organizational amendments, 470,
789
Protocol of organizational amendments, 470, 789
Protocol of rectification to French text of, 590, 829
Protocols amending, 470, 789
Rectifications and modifications to texts of schedules,
5th protocol, 156, 1033
Relationship to European common market, address and
statement : Kalijarvi, 816 ; Corse, 863
Supplementary concession, 6th protocol, 156, 203, 289,
500, 710, 829
Tariff concessions, question of extension under article
XXVIII, 946
Tariff concessions on potatoes, negotiations between
U.S. and Canada, 360, 773
Tariff negotiations between U.S., U.K., and Belgium,
581
U.S. trade agreements program, relationship to GATT,
President's report to Congress, 363
Taxation. See Double taxation
Taylor, Henry J.. 869
Teberg, Col. D. E., 940
Technical Advisory Boards, reports to the IJC, 696
1069
Technical aid to foreign countries. See Economic and
technical aid
Technical assistance, U.N. See under United Nations
Technical information (see also Information, exchange
of):
Exchange of, importance in economic development, ad-
dress (Kalijarvi), 408
Export control of technical information regarding mu-
nitions, address (Pomeroy), 699
License regulations simplified on exports of, 317
Patent rights and technical information for defense
purposes, agreements for exchange of, with—
France, 547, 590 ; Turliey, 830
Telecommunications :
International telecommunication convention (1952),
with protocols, 118, 203, 1032
Long range radio aid to navigation station, agreement
with Dominican Republic for establishment, 574,
590
Standard-band broadcasting channels, agreement with
Mexico on use of, 288, 290, 315
Tension, international, correspondence (Eisenhower, Bul-
ganin) and Soviet declaration concerning, S9, 90
Territorial waters and related matters, law of the sea,
proposed U.N. conference, statement (Greenbaum),
60; text of General Assembly resolution, 61
Textiles. See Cotton textiles
Thailand :
Economic and technical aid, U.S., appreciation of, let-
ters (Eisenhower, Pibulsonggram ) , 442
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S. re-
garding, 118, 548
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1956 agreement with U.S., 630
Educational exchange program, agreement amending
19.")0 agreement with U.S., 241, 290
German assets in Thailand, agreement relating to
disposition of, 337
Thompson, Llewellyn B., 1033
Tiran, Straits of (.see also Israeli hostilities) :
Deployment of U.N. Emergency Force at, address and
statements: Lodge, 326, 544; Wilcox, 558, 559
Innocent passage through, question of :
Communique (Dulles, Meir), 562
Report (Hammarslijold), 394, 397
Statements: Dulles, 401, 402, 404, 40.5, 599, 646;
Lodge, 432
International character of, U.S. position, statement
(Dulles), 486
Islands in, question of occupancy, statement (Dulles),
4S8
Tito, Marshal, 7, 304
Tobacco sales to U.K. and construction of military hous-
ing and community facilities for U.S. Air Force,
agreement amending 1956 agreement with U.S., 030
Tobago, extension of international convention (1952) to
facilitate importation of commercial samples and ad-
vertising material to, 548
Todd, Col. J. C, 810
Togoland, British, General Assembly approval of union
with Gold Coast, statements (Nash) and resolution,
106, 108, 109
Togoland, French, General Assembly action to send study
commission to, statements (Nash) and resolution,
282, 285
Tokelau Islands, application of International convention
(19.j2) to facilitate importation of commercial sam-
ples and advertising material to, 868
Tourism. See Travel, international
Trade (see also Agricultural surpluses; Cotton textiles;
East- West trade ; Economic policy ; European com-
mon market; Exports, U.S.; Imports; Tariff policy,
U.S. ; Tariffs and trade, general agreement on ; and
Trade Cooperation, Organization for) :
Arms traffic, U.S. and international control of, address
(Pomeroy), 697
Communist disruptive activities, SEATO report, 498
ECAFE region, U.S. and Soviet trade with, statement
(Kotschnig), 788
Foreign trade policy, U.S., addresses, message, report)
and statement: Eisenhower, 124, 222; KalijarvU
662, 813 ; Kotschnig, 784
Latin America, U.S. trade with, addresses : Murphy
652 ; Rubottom, 732, 734
Mexico, U.S. trade with, address (Rubottom), 312
Relationship to peace, address (Dulles), 716
Soviet-bloc trade promotion in the free world, addreai
(Claxton), 12
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Commercial samples and advertising material, inten
national convention (1952) to facilitate importai
tion of, 156, 548, 868
Friendship, commerce and consular rights, agree<
ment with El Salvador, .548
U.S. trade agreements program. 1st annual report tii
Congress on operation of (Eisenhower), 363
U.S. loans for the development of, 187
U.S. maritime policy, address (Hill), 1017
Wheat, international trade transactions in, articli
(Highby), 218, 219, 323, 382
World trade week (1957), proclamation, 679
Trade Agreements, Interdepartmental Committee on, 582
947
Trade Agreements Committee (TAG), functions, 1011
Trade and Industry, ECAFE Committee on, meeting an«
U.S. delegation to 9th session, 508
Trade Cooperation, Organization for :
Agreement on, current actions, 590, 7S9
Relationship to European common market and fret
trade area, 810
U.S. membership, question of, excerpts from Presi
dent's messages and report to Congress, 124, 166
657
Trade fairs, U.S. participation in, 186
Trade unionism in Africa, growth of, report (Nixon)
638
Trading with the Enemy Act, relevance to travel to Com
munist China, 54
1070
Department of Sfofe BwHefiV
Travel, international (sec also Intel-- American Highway,
Passports, and Visas) :
Alien tourists, President's recommendations to Con-
gress regarding admittance to U.S., 249
American citizens, limitations on travel abroad, state-
ments : Murphy, G63 ; Cartwright, 667
Communist China, question of travel of U.S. newsmen
to. See under China, Communist
Far East, increased U.S. travel to, 504
Latin America, importance of tourism in, address
(Rubottom), 733, 735
Middle East, U.S. lifts restrictions on travel to certain
countries in, 654
Policy and practices in the field of, excerpt from U.S.
report to the U.N. Secretary-General and ECOSOC
resolution, 145, 146
Road traffic, convention (1940) on, with annexes, 745
Road vehicles, private, customs convention (1954) on
temporary Importation of, 42, 829
Soviet Union, travel ban on embassy personnel in, an-
nouncement and U.S. note of protest, 985
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs fa-
cilities for, 42, 829
Treaties, agreements, etc., international {for specific
treaty, see country or subject) :
Collective defense treaties and arrangements, impor-
tance and development of, statement (Dulles), 171
Current actions on, listed, 42, 78, 118, 156, 203, 241,
289, 337, 380, 425, 470, 509, 548, 589, 630, 669, 709,
745, 789, 829, 868, 909, 949, 990, 1032
Treaties in Force: A List of Treaties and Other Inter-
national Agreements of the United States, pui-
lished, 202
Trinidad, extension of international convention (1952) to
facilitate importation of commercial samples and ad-
vertising material to, 548
Tripartite Agreement (19.50), U.S. policy on, statement
(Dulles), 304
Troops, U.S. See Armed forces, U.S.
Tropical Tuna Commission, Inter-American, appointment
of U.S. commissioner, 908
Trucial States, 519
Truman, Harry S., 417
Truman Doctrine, 10th anniversary, letters : Dulles,
Truman, 417 ; Eisenhower, 539
Trust territories, U.N. :
Cameroons, British and French, progress toward self-
government, statements : McGregor, 822 ; Sears, 820
Gold Coast. See Gold Coast and under Ghana
Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the, compensation
to former inhabitants of Bikini and Eniwetok, 101
Ruanda-Urundi, review of progress in, statement
(McGregor), 819
Togoland. See Togoland
Tru.steeship Council, U.N. {see also Trust territories),
lists of documents, 155, 509, 788
Tuna canned in brine, U.S. import policy regarding, 371
Tuna Commission, Inter-.:Vmerican Tropical, appointment
of U.S. commissioner, 908
Tung oil. President orders investigation of effects of im-
ports of, 585
Tunisia :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 203
Economic and technical assistance, agreement with
U.S., 670
Genocide, convention (1948) on prevention and
punishment of the crime of, 42
ICJ, statute, 42
Telecommunication convention (1952), international,
118
UNESCO, constitution, 42
U.N. Charter, 42
WMO, convention, 242
U.S. economic aid. Ambassador Richards' mission to
the Middle East, address (Richards) and text of
joint communique, 841, 845
Turkey :
Economic development, contributions of Turkish- Ameri-
can cultural relations to, address (Warren), 214
Greek-Turkish aid program, 10th anniversary, letters :
Dulles, Truman, 417 ; Eisenhower, 539
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements supplementing
agreements with U.S., 381, 910
Commercial samples and advertising material, inter-
national convention (1952) to facilitate importa-
tion of, 156
Educational exchange, agreement amending 1949
agreement with U.S., 242
GATT, protocol of rectification to French text, 829
IFC, articles of agreement, 203
Investment guaranties, agreement with U.S. provid-
ing for, 426
Patent rights and technical information for defense,
agreement with U.S. to facilitate interchange of,
830
U.S. economic and military assistance, interim report
on Ambassador Richards' mission, announcement
and joint communique, 724, 720
Turks and Caicos Islands, extension of civil aircraft
service to, U.S.-U.K. agreement, 157
Turnage, William V., 1002
Tyler, William R., 510
Twining, Gen. Nathan F., 989
Two- Way Streets Around the World, address (Kalijarvi),
406
Uffelman, Paul R., 307
Uganda, extension of international convention (1952) to
facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic {see also Soviet
Union), convention (1954) and protocol for protec-
tion of cultural property in event of armed conflict,
470
Underdeveloped countries («ee also Investment of private
capital abroad) :
Africa, emergence of, report (Nixon), 635
Economic assistance to, Soviet program of. See under
Soviet Union
Index, January to June 1957
1071
Underdeveloped countries — Continued
Economic development, U.S. position, addresses and
statements: Bowie, 838; Dillon, 802; Dulles, 927;
Hoffman, 23G ; Kalijarvi, 660, 661, 662
Industrialization of, address (Hoffman), 328
Soviet-bloc economic diplomacy in, analysis of tech-
niques, address (Claxton), 12
Spirit of nationalism in, remarks (Eisenhower), 847
U.N. technical assistance program. See under United
Nations
U.S. aid to, address, message, remarks, and report:
Dulles, 717 ; Eisenhower, 848, 921, 936
UNESCO. See Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-
ganization, U.N.
Union of South Africa :
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute of, 1032
IFC, articles of agreement, 789
Whaling convention (1946), international, protocol
amending, 829
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See Soviet Union
United Kingdom :
Air talks with U.S. adjourned, 437
Atomic energy information, declassification of, tripar-
tite policy (U.S., U.K., Canada), statement
(Strauss), 35
Bermuda meeting of Heads of Government, U.S.-U.K.
exchange of views, joint communique, with an-
nexes, 1561; statements (Dulles), 595, (>45
British nationals in Egypt, reported mistreatment of,
statement (Wadsworth), 100
Cyprus. See Cyprus
Defense talks with U.S., text of joint communique, 255
European common market and free trade area. See
European conmion market
Financial arrangements with IMP and Export-Import
Bank, announcements and statement (Jacobsson),
28
Foreign Relations, volume on British Commonwealth,
published, 550
Gold Coast. See Gold Coast and also under Ghana
Guided missiles, U.S., deployment in U.K., statements
(Dulles, Hagarty), 596
Nuclear tests on Christmas Island, statement (Dulles),
484
Prime Minister Eden, resignation, statements (Dulles,
Eisenhower), 130
Prime Minister Macmillan. appointment, exchange of
letters with Pre.sident Eisenhower, 174
Tariff negotiations (GATT) with U.S., 581
Togoland, British, General Assembly approval of union
with Gold Coast, statements (Nash) and text of
resolution, 106, 108, 109
Trade with Communist China, U.S. views of U.K. policy
on, 967
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air services, agreement amending annex to 1946
agreement with U.S. providing for additional route
to Barbados, 20^1
Air services, agreement amending 1955 agreement
with U.S. extending service to the Turks and
Caicos Islands, 157
1072
United Kingdom — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Anglo-American financial agreement (1945), amend-
ment of, 169, 492, 548, 625, 1033
Arbitral Tribunal and Mixed Commission, multi-
lateral agreement amending administrative agree-
ment (1954) concerning, 156
Bahamas long range proving ground, agreement
amending 1950 agreement with U.S., 790
Commercial samples and advertising material, exten-
sion to various colonies and possessions of inter-
national convention (1952) to facilitate importa-
tion of, 548
GATT, 6th protocol of supplementary concessions,
289
German assets in Italy, memorandum of understand-
ing regarding, 669
German assets in Thailand, agreement relating to dis-
position of, 337
ICJ, statute, 949
Lend-lease and reciprocal aid, surplus war property,
and claims, agreement further extending the joint
statement (1945) with U.S. relating to settlement,
1033
Mutual defense assistance, agreement with U.S. fori
disposition of equipment and materials, 1033
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocol amending 19491
international convention for, 670
Tobacco sales to U.K. and construction of military^
housing and community facilities for U.S. Air
Force, agreement amending 1956 agreement with
U.S., 630
Whaling convention (1946),
amending, 949
U.S. Ambassador, resignation
firmation (Whitney), 382
United Nations :
Addresses :
Administrative and Budgetary
United Nations (Jones), 286
American Principles and the United Nations (Hoff-
man), 51
The United Nations and Public Understanding (Wil-
cox), 555
The United Nations and Responsibilities for the Fm
ture (Wilcox), 688
Admission of new members : Ghana, 630 ; Japan, 6. 39
42 ; Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, 42
Charter. See United Nations Charter
Disarmament. See Disarmament and Disarmament
Commission, U.N.
Documents, lists of, 41, 154, 468, 509, 014, 709, 742, 788
General Assembly. See General Assembly
Hungarian question. See Hungarian question
Hungarian refugees, U.S. contribution to U.N. for, i
Kashmir dispute. See Kashmir dispute
Membership in U.N. and U.N. organizations, lists ol
countries, 78, 374 I
Membership question, U.S. position : ]
Conmmnist China, statements and foreword to Wai
or Peace (Dulles), 7, 531, 603
Department of Sfafe Bu//ef/ii
international, protocol
(Aldrich), 157; con-
Problems of the
Diiitcfl Nations — Coiitiuuod
Meinbersbip question — Continued
Korea, Republic of, statements (Greenbaum), 144,
332
New members, address ( Wilcox ) , 559
Viet-Nam, statement (Greenbaum), 332
Near and Middle East, actions in settlement of dispute
in. See under Arab-Israeli dispute, Israeli hos-
tilities, and Near and Middle East
Kelationship to the International Atomic Energy
Agency, text of General Assembly resolution, 240
Security Council. See Security Council
Specialized agencies (see also name of agency), devel-
oping cooperation through the, remarks (Wilcox),
11)7
Technical assistance program :
Soviet-bloc financial contributions to, address (Clax-
ton), 14
U.S. financial contributions to, statement (Dulles),
030
U.S. participation in, addresses : Hoffman, 330 ; Kali-
jarvi, 409
Trust territories. See Trust territories and Trustee-
ship Council
U.N. conference on law of the sea, proposed, statement
(Greenbaum) and General Assembly resolution,
60, 61
U.S. support of, address (Dulles), 718
U.S. views on function of, addresses and remarks :
Bowie, 837; Eisenhower, 435, 847; Murphy, 652,
943
United Nations Charter :
Amendments to, desirability of, foreword to War or
Peace (Dulles), 603
List of signatories, 78
United Nations Command (Korea), 143
United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, 11th
session, statements (Hahn), 704
United Nations Economic and Social Council. See Eco-
nomic and Social Council, U.N.
United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the
Far East :
Committee on Industry and Trade, meeting and U.S.
delegation to 9th session, 508
Economic development activities, statement (Kot-
schnlg), 780
Dnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe :
Natural gas, meeting of working party on problems
of, 424
12th session, confirmation of U.S. delegate, 779
Jnited Nations Economic Commission for Latin America,
confirmation of U.S. representative to 7th session,
9S9
Jnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-
ganization. See Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
United Nations Emergency Force (see also Israeli hos-
tilities and Suez Canal problem) :
Deployment of :
General Assembly action regarding :
Addresses and statements : Eisenhower, 388, 389 ;
Lodge, 2G9, 270, 326, 432, 543; Wilcox, 091
Note and reports (Hammarskjold), 271, 274, 275,
276, 277, 278, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 544
Resolution, 327
U.S. views, statements (Dulles), 483, 484, 536, 596,
598 ; aide memoire, 392
Financing of, address and statements (Jones), 66, 288;
General Assembly resolution, 70
Question of withdrawal of participating members,
statement (Dulles), 487
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization,
functions, statement (Phillips), 627, 628
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, assist-
ance to Hungarian refugees, 721
United Nations Refugee Fund (UNREF) :
4th session of Executive Committee, functions and U.S.
delegation, 240
5th session of Executive Committee and Standing Pro-
gram Subcommittee, U.S. representatives, 990
U.S. makes final 19-56 payment to, 337
United Nations Relief Works Agency (UNRWA), aid to
Palestine refugees, U.S. views, statements (Lord)
and General Assembly resolutions, 585, 587, 589
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Pales-
tine, report on Syrian complaint against Israel, 1029
United Nations Trusteeship Council. See Trusteeship
Council, U.N.
United States citizens and nationals :
Claims. See Claims
Alurder of U. S. citizens in Iran, 654
Protection of:
Communist China, detention and release of U.S. ci-
vilians and question of travel of American news-
men to. See under China, Communist
Disappearance of U.S. citizen in the Dominican Re-
public. See Murphy, Gerald Lester
Girard, William S., 963, 964, 1000
ICA efforts during Middle East crisis, 932
Responsibility of President and Secretary of State,
statement (Murphy), 663, 664
United States Information Agency :
Administration of the Agricultural Trade Development
and Assistance Act of 195-'i, 005
Proopsals concerning, state of the Union message, 125
United States Merchant Marine, U.S. maritime policy,
address (Hill), 1017
United States Navy medical research unit, Taipei, agree-
ment amending agreement with Republic of China
providing for, 156
Universal copyright convention (1952), with protocols,
current actions, 380, 548, 669, 709
Universal postal convention (1952), current actions, 630,
745, 868, 909, 949
Uruguay, Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, con-
vention and agreements relating to parcel post and
money orders, 42.5, 426
U.S.S.R. See Soviet Union
Index, January to June 1957
1073
Validation Board for German Dollar Bonds :
Establishment, 444
Report (Sept. 1, 1955- Aug. 31, 1956), 447
Vandenberg, Sen. Arthur H., 1022
Van der Beugel, E. H., 747
Velveteen fabrics. See Cotton textiles
Venezuela :
Air Force mission, agreement extending 1953 agree-
ment with U.S., 426
Army mission, agreement extending 1951 agreement
with U.S., 426
Atomic Energy Agency, International, statute, 625
IFC, articles of agreement, 203
Merchant vessels, agreement with U.S. relating to ex-
emption from port requirements, 510
Vessels. See Naval vessels and Ships and shipping
Viet-Nam :
Communist threat to, address (Jones), 260, 267
Economic and political progress, U.S. support of, ad-
dress ( Murphy ) , 945
Industrial property, convention (1934) for the protec-
tion of, 118
U.N. membership and unification of, U.S. and Soviet
positions, statements (Greenbaum), 332
U.S. aid, 937
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 549
Visit of President to U.S., announcement, joint state-
ment, address to Congress, exchange of greetings
(Diem, Eisenhower), and members of official party,
771, 851
Villeda Morales, Ramon, 181
Violas and violins, President decides against increase in
tariff on, 703
Visas (.see also Passports) :
Changes in and clarification of regulations concerning
issuance of, excerpt from U.S. report to U.N.
Secretar.v-General, 145, 149, 150, 151
Issuance of immigrant and nonimmigrant visas during
19SC, 418
Issuance uuder Refugee Relief Act, 93
Passport visas and visa fees, agreements relating to,
with —
Ce.ylon, 289 ; Japan, Peru, 746
Relationship of issuance of visas to immigration into
the U.S., address (Coulter), 722
Von Brentano, Heinrich, 490, 719
Voorhees, Tracy S., 442
Wadsworth, James J., 106, 422, 507, 880
Wailes, Edward Thompson, 441
Walmsley, Walter Newbold, 778
War damage claims against Italy, memorandum of under-
standing and final date for filing, 670, 901
War graves, American, agreement extending 1947 agree-
ment with the Netherlands, 630
War or Peace foreword to new editions, 001
War victims, Geneva conventions (1949) relative to pro-
tection and treatment of, 203, 670, 949
Ward, Robert E., Jr., 670
Warren, Fletcher, 214
Warren, George L., 743
Weather :
Climatology, international cooperation in, article
(Landsberg), 612
Weather stations, agreements for establishment and
operation of, with —
Chile, 630, 710 ; Ecuador, 830, 949 ; Peru, 909, 950
Weather stations, North Atlantic, agreement (1954)
on, 829
Weights and measures, convention (1875) for creation
of international ofiice, 509
West, George L., Jr., 510
Western Samoa, application of international convention
to facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 868
Whaling convention (1946), international:
Amendments to schedule, 289
Protocol amending, current actions, 710, 746, 829, 949,
990, 1033
Wheat agreement (1956), international:
Article (Highby), 318, 382
Current actions, 41, 42, 590, 670, 1033
Wheat Council, International, 318, 319, 321, 382
White, Francis, 1033
White, Lincoln, .54, 307, 768n, 773
Whitehouse, Charles, 590
Whitney, John Hay, 382
WHO. See World Health Organization
Wieland, William A., 1033
Wilcox, Francis O., 57, 197, 555, 688, 887, 1031
Wilkins, J. Erne.st, 468, 1031
Willis, Frances E., 950
Willson, Clifford, 563
Wilson, Brewster, 654
Wilson, Charles E., 2.55, 1000
Windward Islands, extension of international convention
(1952) to facilitate importation of commercial sam-
ples and advertising material to, 548
WMO. See World Meteorological Organization
Women, United Nations Commission on Status of, 11th
session, statements (nahu),704
Women in Latin America, widening horizons for, address
(Steward), 800
Woolen and worsted fabrics, revision of U.S. tariff quota,
54
World Bank. See International Bank
World food reserve, U.S. policy on establishment of, state-
ment (Humphrey), 233
World Health Assembly. See under World Health
Organization
World Health Organization:
Constitution, 829
World Health Assembly, 10th, meeting and U.S. dele-
gation, 823
World Health Assembly, 11th, invitation to convene in
U.S., 708
World Meteorological Organization :
Commission for Climatology, 2d session, U.S. delega-
tion and article (Landsberg), 153, 612
Convention, current actions, 156, 242, 868, 990
Worsted and woolen fabrics, revision of U.S. tariff
quota, 54
1074
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
Wounded and sick, Geneva conventions (1949) relative
to treatment in time of war, 203, C70, 949
Yemen :
Ambassador Richards' mission to the Middle East,
statement regarding, 763
Development of, address (Murphy), 519
Yugoslavia :
Agricultural commodities, agreements amending 1956
agreement with U.S., 290, 630
American consulate at Sarajevo, establishment, 910
Yugoslavia— Continued
Marshal Tito, proposed visit to U.S., statements
(Dulles), 7, 304
U.S. military assistance to, announcement and excerpt
from report to Congress (Eisenhower), 03G 939
Young, Philip, 630
Zanzibar, extension of international convention (1952) to
facilitate importation of commercial samples and
advertising material to, 548
ZeUerbach, James David, 290
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Publication 6620
Released June 1958
For sale by the Superintendent of Doeuments, U. S. Oovemment Printing Office
Washington 25, D. C. - Price 25 cents
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
liii-l
f]
Y RECORD
a STATES
3N POLICY
Vol. XXXVI, No. 915 January 7, 1957
SECRETARY DULLES' NEWS| CONFERENCE OF
DECEMBER 18 3
MUTUAL SECURITY AND SOVIET FOREIGN AID •
fey Philander P. Claxton, Jr J2
ADMISSION OF JAPAN TO THE UNITED NATIONS
• Messages From President Eisenhower and Secretary Dulles
and Statements by Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. . . 39
COLOMBO PLAN NATIONS REVIEW ECONOMIC
PROGRESS • Fin«/ Communique and Extract From
Annual Report 3Q
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THREE ON NON-
MILITARY CO-OPERATION IN NATO 18
For index see inside back cover
Bnston Public Lftrary
3uperin«''n'''>nt of Documents
JAN 2 9 1957
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XXXVI, No. 915 • Pcblication 6433
January 7, 1957
For Sftle by the Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Qoverament Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C.
Price:
82 issues, domestic $7.60, foreign $10.26
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Note: Contents of this publication are not
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The Department of State BULLETIN,
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issued by the White House and the
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Secretary Dulles' News Conference of December 18
Press release 624 dated December 18
Following is the Depai'tment of State's release
of Secretary Dulles^ news conference of December
18.
Secretary Dulles: I am very glad to be back
here again after a little absence. I want to take
this occasion to again pay public tribute to the
capable and dedicated work that was done by
Acting Secretary Hoover during my absence.
Also, because we may not meet again before
Christmas, I want to wish you all a merry
Christmas.
Now, if you have questions.
U.S. Forces in Europe
Q. Mr. Secretary, there has been a lot of speoit-
lation about the possibility of some kind of posi-
tive response by the United States to a reference
in Premier Bulganin's disarmament message on
November 17 about reducing forces in Europe.^
I think that he suggested: one, cutting back and,
two, eventually removing all forces. Can you
say what kind of response might be made to this
idea or what the possibility for action in this field
is?
A. Well, I cannot forecast at this time to you
the precise terms of the reply that will be made
by President Eisenhower to Premier Bulganin.
Actually, I believe that the suggested reply is be-
ing considered by the Standing Committee of the
North Atlantic Treaty Coimcil in pursuance to
our policy of exchanging views about these things
with the allies most directly concerned. I think
I can say this, that there is no plan, and I think
there will be no suggestion in the reply, that our
strength in Europe will be reduced. We dis-
cussed that matter rather fully at the Nato meet-
ing and in our discussion of the new directive to
be given to our military authorities. And the
'U.N. doc. A/3366.
Januory 7, 1957
assumption is that the United States strength in
Europe will continue. That doesn't mean that
there may not be some adjustment or streamlining
of the divisions because that is a program that is
being considered by the Defense Department in
relation to all our divisions everywhere as part
of the effort to make them more mobile and better
adapted to modem warfare and new weapons.
But there is no planning now in contemplation for
reducing United States strength in Europe.
Q. Mr. Secretary, could I put the question this
way: You have long said that mxiny things are
afoot in the Soviet Union, and the evidence is
clear that this is true in the satellites. There seems
also to be a general feeling here that the satellite
situation has changed — the military equation — be-
cause the Russians no longer can count on the
satellite troops in a conflict with the West. Is this
an opportunity to make soine new approach on a
European political settlement, and, if that were
true, loould that involve some alteration of the
military posture of the two sides?
A. I would think that, if developments within
the satellite nations took such a turn that they
became genuinely independent nations, that would
justify a general review of the situation. The
United States has made clear — I expressed it in the
speech which I gave at Dallas at the end of Oc-
tober, I think it was ^ — and President Eisenhower
said the same thing shortly thereafter, that the
United States has no purpose at all to turn these
satellite countries into our allies, in the sense that
we have no desire to surround the Soviet Union
with a band of hostile states and to revive what
used to be called the cordon sanitaire, wliich was
developed largely by the French after the First
World War with a view to circling the Soviet
Union with hostile forces. We have made clear
our policy in that respect in the hope of facilitat-
" BuxLETiN of Nov. 5, 1956, p. 695.
ing in that way an evolution — a peaceful evolu-
tion — of the satellite states toward genuine inde-
pendence. So far there has not been any response
to that sufficient to justify, I believe, any basic re-
appraisal of the military position. It is of course
quite true that the situation has changed — the
equation has changed — that, whereas perhaps a
couple years ago the Soviet Union felt, and we
perhaps felt, that the Soviet could count on 60 or
more divisions from the satellite forces to fight on
its side, it now looks as though the Soviets could
not count on them fighting on their side. They
might be shooting m the other direction, and it
might require a subtraction in the Soviet forces to
balance that factor in the equation. Nevertheless,
even taking that into account, the potential Soviet
strength in Europe is so large that even after, as
I say, taking that into account, the problem of
military balance does not yet permit, in my opin-
ion, and in the opinion of our military advisers, of
any reduction in the strength of Nato forces in
Europe.
Q. Mr. Secretary, are you then saying that the
continued partition of Germany and the complete
indepeTidence of all satellite states are prerequi-
sites of any American acceptance of an all-Europe
security treaty?
A. Well, I am saying this: I think that if
there were a genuine independence of the satellite
countries that would certainly facilitate the kind
of a review that had been suggested. I also would
say that we are not prepared to review the mili-
taiy situation on the continent of Europe on any
basis which presupposes a line drawn through
Germany and which implies the continued par-
tition of Germany.
Q. Mr. Secretary, do you feel, after your visit
to Paris, that there has been something of a re-
establishment of the good feeling that existed pre-
viously to the Suez crisis with our allies?
A. I think there is no doubt at all but what
relations are better than before I went to Paris
and had the talks that took place within the Nato
Council and also the talks tliat took place outside
of the Nato Council. I would not go so far as to
say that there are still no scars that remain — no
differences of opinion about past performance.
But the best way to forget the past is to be plan-
ning for the future. That is a rule that I think ap-
plies to life in all its aspects, including inter-
national life. As we think about the future and
plan for the future together, there tends to be a
healing of the old wounds, and I think that process
is under way.
Q. Mr. Secretary, there has been some sugges-
tion that possibly one of the great boons which
might come from the visit of Mr. Nehru to this
country woxdd be an eventual settlement of the
problem in the Middle East. Can you give us
any comment about that, or any indication of
what the talks are apt to lead to, sir?
A. No, I'm sorry to say that I do not feel that
I can comment upon Prime Minister Nehru's visit
here while the visit is still in process. I have not
yet had a chance to talk with the President be-
cause he is on his way back now from Gettysburg,
and I don't know what has transpired there. I
had my own talk with Prime Minister Nehru on
Sunday afternoon. But while the talks are going
on I prefer not to comment upon them.
Question of Consultation With Allies
Q. Mr. Secretary, to what degree is the United
States committed by your cojnmitments in th&
Paris meeting to consult vnth its allies, and to
what degree is it not committed to consult with its
allies on international problems?
A. Well, I made clear there that, as far as con-
sultation went, we were prepared to consult fully
with our allies about any of our problems or any
of oxir policies in any part of the world. I said
that our policies were known, there was nothing
secret about them, and we would be glad to discuss
them, explain them, and if any of our allies had
any suggestions to make we would be glad to take
them into account. And I said that applied to
our policies whether in relation to the Far East,
or the Near East, or this American Hemisphere.
Now, then, I made another point, however,
which was that in these areas we are bound by
treaty to take action in certain contingencies. All
of that is known in advance. It is known, for ex-
ample, and I pointed out in Paris, that we are
bound by treaty with the liepublic of China on
Taiwan to join with it to defend Taiwan and the
Pescadores in the event of attack. If that attack
occurs, we will have to comply with our treaty
obligations. The time to discuss that policy, if
they want to discuss it, is now, and we are pre-
pared to discuss it now, ;ind. indeed, I did expmuid
Deparimeni of Sfafe Bulletin
it a year ago, I think, to the Nato Council. There-
fore, we are prepared to discuss and counsel with
them about policies anywhere. But where action
is required we cannot agree to suspend action to
which we are bound by treaty with other allies.
We cannot suspend action to comply with that
treaty in order at that stage to discuss it with the
Nato allies.
I would like to add one thought here because
there is a good deal of misunderstanding, I found,
in Paris on this question of consultation. It is as-
sumed that our complaint about the British and
the French is primarily because they failed to con-
sult with us, or with the Nato Council. That is
not the case. It is qtiite true that the actual at-
tack occurred without our knowledge and came
as a complete surprise to us. But there had been
prior consultation about this matter for nearly
3 months. The views of the United States were
fully known as to why we were opposed to this.
We had discussed it during the three trips that I
made to London, beginning with my first trip there
the end of July. It had been discussed with the
British and French Ministers when we met here
at the Security Council meeting. The matter had
been fully discussed; they knew our views; they
knew why we were opposed to any such action.
And our complaint is not that there was not a
discussion of these matters; not that we had not
had an opportunity to make our views known —
the point was that we considered that such an at-
tack under the circumstances would violate the
charter of the United Nations and would violate
article 1 of the North Atlantic Treaty itself, which
requires all the parties to that treaty to renounce
the use of force and to settle their disputes by
peaceful means. That is our complaint : that the
treaty was violated; not that there was not con-
sultation. And we made perfectly clear that as
far as we are concerned we want to live up to our
treaty obligations, as we understand them. We
are prepared to explain those obligations, to give
our interpretations of them, so there is no lack of
understanding about what our policies are. But
if we are bound by treaty to do something, or if we
are bound by treaty not to do something, we expect
to conform to those treaties. Those treaty obli-
gations are not themselves a matt<;r of discussion
in the sense that we will have to submit to the
Nato Council whether or not we comply with our
treaties.
Clearing Suez Canal
Q. Mr. Secretary, it seems to he generally
agreed that Europe's economic difJicuUies will in-
crease in direct proportion to the length of time
the Suez Canal remains closed. There are some
diflic^dties regarding the clearing of the canal
right now in which Egypt and the United Nations
and Britain and France are particularly involved.
Do we have a deadline which we have set hy which
the canal must be cleared, and, whether we have
or tnhether we have not, lohat are we doing to per-
suade Mr. Nasser to cooperate in this venture?
A. Well, there is no deadline that I know of
fixing a date by which the canal must be cleared.
It would be quite impossible to have such a dead-
line because the engmeers who are studying the
matter don't have the slightest idea yet of the full
nature of the obstacles or how long it will take to
clear the obstacles. Therefore, to have a deadline
for completion would be physically and tecluii-
cally impossible. Now we are, of course, deeply
concerned that the canal shall get back into opera-
tion just as soon as possible. That is a matter of
economic and financial concern to the nations of
Europe, to the nations of Asia, and to the United
States itself, which is carrying some of the finan-
cial burdens of this interruption. Therefore, our
national interest and our interaational interest
is that the canal shall get back into operation as
soon as possible. There are a great many practical
and psychological problems that are involved, and
our belief is that the best way to get that result
is to give backing to the Secretary-General, who
has been entrusted with the primary responsi-
bility in this matter. He has competent people as
his advisers. We are always at his disposal to
give any advice that he thinks he can usefully get
from the United States. But we are backing Mr.
Hammarskjold in this matter as the best way to
get the job done.
Policy on "Cold War"
Q. Mr. Secretary, there are reports from Mos-
cow, from Western correspondents and diplomats
there, that the Soviet Governtnent appears to have
reached an operational assumption that this Gov-
ernment in Washington desires and intends a
resumption of the cold war. Would you please
clarify for us the actual policy of this Government
in respect to that matter?
January 7, J 957
A. Well, I can say very categorically that the
United States does not desire "a resumption of the
cold war." Of course, this phrase "cold war" is
a somewhat ambiguous phrase, and I don't expect
you would find the definition of it if you turn to
Webster's Dictionary or the Oxford Dictionary.
So there is always a question of definition when
there are used somewhat loose phrases of this sort.
But the change in the atmosphere that has oc-
curred since the Geneva conference is not due to
any action of the United States that I am aware
of; certainly, not due to any desire upon our part.
It has been due to Soviet action. It has tried to
stir up trouble in the Near East, to try to obstruct
a settlement of the Near East problems at these
Suez conferences. It was always the apparent
policy of the Soviet Foreign Minister to try to
see to it that no agreement was reached between
Egypt and the British and the French. And
whenever it looked like an agreement might be
near at hand it was the Soviet Government carry-
ing on propaganda in the Arab countries which
fought against and denounced the proposed set-
tlement, making it very difficult indeed for the
Arab countries to accept the settlement. Then,
of course, we know the tragic events of Hungary.
I may say, also, of course, there was the fact that
at the Geneva summit conference there was a very
definite agreement that Germany should be re-
unified by free elections. That agreement was
torn up. All of those have created an impression
as to the Soviet policy which seems to be not read-
ily reconcilable with what they indicated at
Geneva. Between the actions that have been taken
with respect to the Geneva agreement about Ger-
many, the policies in the Near East, and the
policies in Hungary, it doesn't look very much as
though the Soviet Union wanted really to develop
friendly relations with the free world. But the
responsibility for that, I think, lies wholly upon
the Soviet Union, and there is no desire or plot-
ting on our part to bring that about.
Q. Mr. Secretary^ has Britain told the United
States that it intends to cut its NATO troop com-
mitment hy about perhaps 50 percent?
A. Well, there has been a discussion in Paris at
the Nato meeting, and in some of the talks that
took place in more restricted gi-oups as a by-
pi'oduct of the Council meeting, that the situation
would call for a reconsideration of the United
Kingdom forces on the continent of Europe. You
may recall that at tlae time when the pledge of
those forces was made, at the time of the London
and Paris Accords and the making of the Brussels
Treaty, or revision of the Brussels Treaty, the
British pledge contained a reference to the possi-
bility of financial considerations justifying a re-
consideration of that pledge.^ I think there is a
feeling that the financial position of the United
Kingdom at the present time does justify some
reconsideration of that pledge, and the reconsider-
ation is being given. There has been no decision
as yet as to what will take place.
Q. Mr. Secretary, we know that France and
Bntain need crude oil and fuel oil, and we know
that they have a shortage of gasoline. Now we
stand ready to give them everything they need, and
we have even a surplus of tanker bottoms at pres-
ent to carry this to them. Why is it they hxive
informed this Goveimment they do not want to
take any gasoline lohen they have a shortage?
A. Well, I am afraid you are out of my depth.
I didn't know that tliey had given such
information.
Q. Well, if you donH know it, then mayhe they ,
haverOt. 1
A. I don't claim to be omniscient. There are
lots of things happen that I don't know about. j
Q. We have been told in other press conferences
by officers of this administration that Britain and
France didn't want gasoline.
A. It may be tliat their primary desire may be
in the form of crude oil [and do their own
refining].*
Japan's Admission to U,N.
Q. Mr. Secretary, today and perhaps by this
time Japan is scheduled to become the 80th mem-
ber of the United Nations. Would you have any
comment about her accession to membership in
the United Nations?
A. I just got word that Japan has been ad-
mitted to the United Nations by a vote of 77 in
favor and no oppositions. That is an event which
the United States very greatly welcomes. We
have been seeking that for several years. The
road has been rockj' because of the Soviet veto
that was imposed for so long.
'lUA.. Oct. 11, 1954, p. 520.
' Uracketed phrase added to transcript.
Department of State Bulletin
You will perhaps recall my very special interest
in the Japanese situation because of the part I
had in negotiating the Treaty of Peace with
Japan. We expressed at that time the hope that
Japan would quickly be admitted to the United
Nations. Japan is surely entitled to take its place
in that grouping of the family of nations. We
are confident that Japan, by its presence there,
will strengthen the United Nations, that its part
will be constructive. So it is not only a result to
which the Japanese are entitled and which we are
very glad to see happen; it is also a result that the
United Nations is entitled to, and that is a point
too for which we are gratified.
Q. Mr. Secretary, what is your attitude toward
the latest Soviet jyrojjosal for admitting Com-
munist China into the United Nations?
A. Well, I would hope that that is an academic
question. The United States stands firmly op-
posed to the admission of Communist China to the
United Nations. I don't think I need perhaps to
give all the reasons here, but I think they are
ample. They have been expressed earlier at the
United Nations General Assembly, and there has
been no change in our views since then.
Q. Mr. Secretary, can you give us any indica-
tion of what sort of a foreign-aid 'program is being
studied noio with a vieio to requests lohich will he
made to the coTning session of Congress — for in-
stance, will there he any possibility of economic
aid for Poland? Will there he any request for
some sort of a little Marshall plan for Western
Europe?
A. I would not be able to comment upon the
prospective budget which is in preparation. All
of the Departments in the Government are under
strict injunction not to comment about the budget
until it is approved by the President and can be
communicated to the Members of Congi'ess. I
would say that, quite apart from the details of the
budget, and as to the policy involved, it is, I think,
well known that the United States has made con-
tact with the new Polish Government with a view
to ascertaining whether there is any mutually ac-
ceptable program whereby we could give assist-
ance to Poland which would assist it to maintain
its growing independence. But it is unlikely that
the amount of that would be a major factor in the
budget that we are considering. Tliere is no plan
that I am aware of being prepared which w^ould
represent what might be called "a little Marshall
plan."
Q. Mr. Secretary, would you try to clarify a
point on troops in Europe? You have said this
morning that ive oppose and are not considering
a reduction in military strength and that we will
not accept a line dividing Germany hut that this
does not preclude a possible adjustment or stream-
lining of forces. Does this, hoioever, mean that
we will not consider a bilateral pullhack of forces
from Germany with the objective of the unifwa-
tion of Germany?
A. I do not see any present likelihood of that
becoming a practical proposition.
Possibility of Visit by Marshal Tito
Q. Mr. Secretary, woxdd you favor an early visit
to the United States by Marshal Tito?
A. Well, I think that it would serve a useful
piu-pose if there were a visit from Marshal Tito.
There are things which might usefully be talked
over, I think, in that way. As you know, I went
myself to Brioni and talked with Marshal Tito a
year ago last November,^ and I found that that
was a worthwhile conversation. Many things that
we talked about then have proved of utility and
have indicated an understanding by Marshal Tito
of some of the satellite problems which has been
confirmed by subsequent events. I think that was
a useful talk, and I would think that there might
be utility again in such a talk at a high level.
Q. Has a decision been wnade to invite him,, sir?
A. Well, sympathetic consideration is being
given to it, although there has not yet been a for-
mal invitation with the fixing of a date, nor indeed
do we know definitely that the idea will ever come
to consummation. The visit is in the process of
detailed development, you might say, at this
stage.
Q. Mr. Secretary, there appears to he in West-
em Europe still some residue of the feeling that,
while we pressed the British and French and the
Israelis very hard to comply with the United Na-
tions, loe have not exerted an equal pressure on
the Egyptians to cooperate in both a long-range
settlement of the canal problem and in clearing the
canal. Noio, what could you say on this point spe-
= Bulletin of Nov. 21, 1955, p. 833.
January 7, 1957
cifwaUy, and including what our views are on
whether the canal clearing operations should begin
even before all foreign forces are withdrawn from
Egypt?
A. Well, on the last point, I would say that in
a sense the canal clearing operations are already
under way. Of course, they have been for some
time under way in the portion of the canal which
is under the control or was under the control of
the British and the French. They have also be-
gun in the other part of the canal, because there
is going on there the engineering exploratory work
which must precede any actual physical work of
clearing the canal. You have got to know where
the obstacles are, what the nature of the obstacles
is, you have got to plan as to what you try to do
with them, whether you take them away or shift
them, what you do.
There is an area of plamiing there which must
precede the physical attacking of the problem.
That is under way at the present time, under the
direction of General Wlieeler. And I believe that
that work then will go on without any interruption
as the British and French withdrawal is com-
pleted.
Now, the question of whether or not British
units will be used there is a highly complicated
problem, but I believe there will be no serious in-
terruption of the work because, as I say, this en-
gineering survey and planning has to take place
first.
Status of Satellites
Q. Mr. Secretary, you have spoken today of
the military equation, of the contemplated reply
of this Government to the Bulganin letter, and.
also of consultation in Paris with our NATO
allies. Are we or do we have in the making any
startling new proposals to take the initiative at
this time, as some people say, of opporfujiify for
the free world?
A. Well, I would not want to characterize our
plans as being startling or new, as far as that is
concerned. The developments are taking place.
We have great hope that they will result in a very
important change in the international picture. I
doubt whether that change that we hope for can be
advanced by anything that is very startling. I
have alre^idy indicated that the United States is
very openminded to any suggestions that might be
made as to the status — whether neutralization or
otherwise — of satellite countries which would take
away any fear, I would hope, by the Soviet Union
that it would be physically or militarily endan-
gered if it facilitated this evolution to independ-
ence.
Now, tliat is a basic policy position which has
been enunciated by the President and me in the
past. It has not been developed further because
there has been no particular response to it. But
I would hope that perhaps, through that line of
thinking, we might at some stage help to produce
a situation which would be better from every-
body's standpoint, also including the Soviet
Union.
I had a talk about 6 montlis ago, I think, with
one of the leading figures in Europe, who knew a
great deal about the satellite situation. And he
was saying to me, "It's vei-y important that this
satellite situation should develop in such a way
that the Soviet Union is surrounded by friendly
countries." And I said, "We have no desire what-
ever that the Soviet Union shall be surrounded
by nnfx-iendly countries. But," I said, "that is
not a matter which is m our control as much as it
is in the control of the Soviet Union." I said,
"Unless they move fast, they are going to find
that they are going to be surromided by un-
friendly peoples and consequently in the long run
by unfriendly governments. They have got to
move fast or else events will get out of their
control."
I said that 6 months ago. And that is the way
things have gone. But they haven't gone that
way because the United States wanted them to go
that way. We would have liked to have seen the
evolution in a more complete and orderly way,
and we are entirely prepared to make it as clear
as can be that the United States has no desire to
capitalize upon this situation as part of any pro-
gram of a hostile character against the Soviet
Union.
Q. Is it correct, sir, to assume from, what you
are saying about the satellite areas that it is this
Government's position that this is essentially a
unilateral Soviet problem, that \ce are not pre-
pared to negotiate with the Russians over the
status of the satellites or of their forces in the
satellites in relation to the Western forces in
Western Europe?
A. Well, the Soviet Union has alwaj's taken the
position that this was a matter it could deal with
Department of Stale Bulletin
and it was no matter that they are. willing to dis-
cuss with us. You will recall at the summit
meeting President Eisenhower raised this prob-
lem in liis opening speech,® and Chairman Bul-
ganin in his reply, as they went around the table,
said, "Tliis is a matter which we ai'e gomg to deal
with ourselves and we do not admit of any dis-
cussions with anybody about it." ' Now, that is
their decision. If at any time the Soviet Union
wanted any more formal expression of our views,
we would always be glad to give it to them.
Q. But in the Bulgardn, the last Bulganin
letter, there loas a reference to possible relation-
ship between the Wavsaio military setup a^id
NATO. Is this a negotiable possibility from our
side?
A. Not in terms of an equating of the Warsaw
Pact and Nato, no. That is not the context within
which I think the problem ought to be discussed
because the Warsaw Pact is totally different from
Nato. We would not want to recognize or seem
to give sanctity to that Warsaw Pact, which in
fact is not a device for providing mutual security
for those countries but is a device for perpetuating
Soviet control over those countries.
Q. Mr. Secretary, in your considered judgment,
is there hope for a peaceful settlement between
Israel and her Arab neighbors, particularly
Egypt, in the near future, in view of the continued
refusal of these neighbors to recognize IsraeVs
sovereignty, and if so, in what way can the United
States prove a helpful force for peace?
A. Certainly the United States has hope for a
settlement of the political problems, economic
problems, refugee problems, and the like in that
area. Our basic position remains pretty much the
same, or I think I can say the same, as was ex-
pressed in the speech on this subject which I made
on the 26th of August of last year.* Of course,
events since then have led to our hopes being con-
siderably deferred. And the atmosphere at the
present moment is not, I'm afraid, conducive to
bringing about such a settlement at an early date.
But the efforts of the United States will continue
to be made for a settlement along the lines of my
August 26th statement.
" Ihid., Aug. 1, 1955, p. 171.
' For text of Mr. Bulganin's opening aiidress at the
Geneva summit conference, see The Geneva Conference
of Heads of Oovernment, July 18-2S, 1955 (Department
of State publication 6046), p. 35.
' Bulletin of Sept. 5, 1955, p. 378.
Additional U.S. Contribution to U.N.
for Hungarian Refugees
WHITE HOUSE ANNOUNCEMENT
White House press release dated December 15
The President announced today that the United
States will contribute $4 million to the Secretary-
General of the United Nations to be used for as-
sistance to Hungarian refugees.
The contribution is in response to a resolution
of the U.N. General Assembly and a joint appeal
for help issued by the Secretary-General and the
U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees [see
below].
An earlier United States contribution of $1
million was made to the United Nations for the
same purpose on November 13, 1956.^ Since that
time, the influx of refugees from Hungary into
Austria has continued, and more than 130,000 have
escaped into Austria from their homeland.
The additional contribution of $4 million from
the United States wiU assist the Austrian Govern-
ment, working in cooperation with the High Com-
missioner, the International Red Cross, and other
intergovernmental and voluntary agencies, in
meeting the heavy demands placed upon the Re-
public of Austria by the arrival of these refugees.
In announcing this contribution, the President
said that the U.S. Government was proud to join
with other governments, through the United Na-
tions, in providing additional means to carry on
the humanitarian work of assistance to the Hun-
garian refugees. He also expressed admiration
for the generous and efficient assistance being
given the refugees by the Federal Government of
Austria and by intergovernmental and private
organizations.
STATEMENT BY HENRY CABOT LODGE, JR.
U.S. REPRESENTATIVE TO THE U.N. '
It gives me great pleasure to present to you tlus
check of $4 million as a contribution by the United
States Government for aid to Hungarian refu-
gees. It comes in response to the resolutions
passed by the United Nations General Assembly
^ U.S./U.N. press release 2515 (not printed).
" Made on presenting the second U.S. contribution for
Hungarian refugee relief to U.N. Secretary-General Dag
Hammarskjold on Dec. 17 (U.S. /U.N. press release 2560).
January 7, 1957
and to the subsequent appeals made by you and
the Hif^h Commissioner for Refugees asking gov-
ernments and organizations to contribute gener-
ously.
Over 130,000 men, women, and children have so
far fled from their homeland ; their plight is seri-
ous and their care is a legitimate concern of all
United Nations members. These people are only
seeking the basic human freedoms declared by the
United Nations Charter to be the birthright of all
and the basis for an enduring peace.
Because of the heartfelt and efficient assistance
being given to the Hungarian refugees on their
arrival in Austria by the Austrian jjeople through
their Government and the various humanitarian
organizations there, we expect that a very large
part of our contribution will go to the Austrian
Government.
And I would like to add this further thought :
Wliile the United States Government has now con-
tributed $5 million through the United Nations
to aid Hungarian refugees, much more is still
needed. The Secretary-General has appealed for
a $10 million fund as a minimum necessary to meet
immediate requirements.
I hope that all who sympathize with the gallant
people of Hungary will back up their convictions
with practical assistance.
TEXTS OF U.N. APPEALS TO GOVERNMENTS AND
NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR
REFUGEE AID
Appeal to Governments
U.N. press release dated November 29
Following is the text of a telegram addressed today to
all governments members of the United Nations and to the
Oovernments of the Federal Repuhlic of Oermany, Japan,
the Repuhlic of Korea, Monaco, San Marino, Suntzerland,
the Vatican, and, Viet-Nam hy the Secretary-General and
the United Nations Deputy High Commissioner for
Refugees.
Please bring following attention your Government :
Wish gratefuU.v acknowledge generous efforts being
made by many governments in implementation of Gen-
Assembly resolution A/Res/398 " concerning assistance to
refugees from Hungary, and have honour request that im-
mediate attention be given subsequent resolution A/Res/-
409 ' adopted by GenAssembly on 21 November at its
eleventh session and transmitted by me to your Permanent
Representative on 26 November. This resolution urges
governments and non-governmental organizations "To
' Bui-LETiN of Nov. 19, 19!J6, p. 807.
'IMd., Dee. 3, 1956, p. 871.
make contributions to the SecGen, the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees or other appropriate
agencies for the care and resettlement of Hungarian refu-
gees and to coordinate their aid programmes in consulta-
tion with the Office of the High Commissioner."
A situation of the utmost urgency has now developed.
In a communication to the SecGen, the Permanent Repre-
sentative of Austria to UNations wrote on 26 November
"The Hungarians streaming into Austria at the present
time arrive deprived of any means and in a state of ex-
haustion. They have to be cared for immediately, to be
fed and clothed. The Austrian Federal Government, in
cooperation with everyone willing to help, is undertaking
all possible efforts to accommodate these unfortunate
people as quickly as possil)le. But, in spite of all the
desperate efforts on the part of the Austrian authorities
and the Austrian people to cope with this difficult problem,
Austria cannot do it alone. She necessarily depends on
generous joint immediate help from other countries." The
Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees in a report
(Document A/3371) submitted on 19 November estimated
original cost of care for refugees then expected to remain
in Austria for six months. At that time, only some
thirtyfour thousand refugees had arrived and minimum
number expected to remain for six months was estimated
at twenty thousand. As of 28 November, the Office of the
High Commissioner reports that approximately ninetytwo
thousand arrivals had so far been recorded, as against
approximately twentytwo thousand departures. The
High Commissioner's original estimate of the number of
refugees likely to remain in Austria therefore requires
substantial upward revision, bearing in mind the time ele-
ment involved in completing arrangements for resettle-
ment, and the reluctance of many refugees to move again
pending clarification of the situation in their home coun-
try. In light of information available at that time, origi-
nal estimate of High Commissioner's office was that
6,530,000 dollars would be minimum sum required to pro-
vide for expected twenty thousand refugees in Austria
during six months, in addition to aid provided on emer-
gency basis by Red Cross and other agencies. Already
on 21 November, the growing influx of refugees made it
necessary to submit an addendum to this original report
and estimate pointing out that it was obvious that original
figtires no longer applied and concluding "Any appeal
following GenAssembly action would have to be based on
new estimates."
While it is still not possible to estimate exactly dimen-
sions of problem over next six months, it is now considered
in light of present information as to number of refugees
in Austria and those likely to be moved elsewhere in im-
mediate future, and offers of assistance already communi-
cated to the SecGen and the Deputy High Commissioner,
that not less than a further ten million dollars will be
required for meeting minimum needs for estimated sixty
thousand Hungarian refugees for next six months.
We would tlierefore be grateful to receive at your earli-
est convenience an indication of any further assistance
you are prepared in this emergency to make available to
the SecGen or to the Office of the High Commissioner for
Refugees. We would request precise indications of the
nature and extent of such assistance, whether in cash or
in tlie form of temporary asylum or resettlement offers.
10
Department of State Bulletin
Dag Hammarskjold SecGen and James Read Deputy
High Commissioner for Refugees.
Appeal to Nongovernmental Organizations
U.N. press release dated November 29
FoUowiny is the text of a letter sent today to non-
governmental oryanizations active in aiding refugees bij
Philippe de Seynes, Under-Secretary in charge of relief
to the Hungarian people, and James M. Read, United
Nations Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees.
We wish to draw your attention to paragraphs 3 and 4
of resolution 409, adopted by the General Assembly on
21 November 1950, relating to the situation of refugees
from Hungary.
A copy of this resolution is enclosed.
The paragraphs referred to read as follows:
"3. Urges governments and non-governmental organi-
zations to make contributions to the Secretary-General,
to the High Osmmissioner for Refugees or to other ap-
propriate agencies for the care and resettlement of Hun-
garian refugees, and to coordinate their aid programmes
in consultation with the OflBce of the High Commissioner ;
"4. Requests the Secretary-General and the High Com-
missioner fur Refugees to make an immediate appeal to
both governments and non-governmental organizations to
meet the minimum present needs as estimated in the re-
port of the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugee.«i
to the Secretary-General and authorizes them to make
sub.sequent appeals on the basis of plans and estimates
made by tlie High Commissioner with the concurrence of
his Executive Committee."
An urgent appeal for contributions for aid to Hun-
garian refugees over the next six months has been trans-
mitted to governments.
The appeal stresses not only the extreme urgency of the
need but also recognizes the inadequacy of resources
available to the Government of Austria for dealing with
this problem.
We are gratefully aware of the deep sympathy of
organizations and individuals around the world for these
new victims of tragedy and express the hope that non-
governmental organizations and private citizens will sup-
plement the funds provided by governments with mone-
tary contributions or offers of material aid.
In the light of the needs referred to above, and in ac-
cordance with paragraphs 3 and 4 of resolution 409, it
would be appreciated if non-governmental organizations
would inform the Secretary-General and the United Na-
tions High Commissioner for Refugees of the nature and
extent of any contributions they may be able to make.
We acknowledge with deep gratitude the service to refu-
gees which many voluntary agencies have rendered for a
long period of years. While recognizing the great need
for the continuation of their long-standing programmes to
refugees, we express the confident hope that these agen-
cies will urgently increase their aid programmes so as to
render maximum additional help to these new refugees.
Yours sincerely,
Philippe de Seynes James M. Read
Under-Secretary Deputy United Nations
in charge of Relief High Commissioner
to the Huni/arian People for Refugees
Interference by Czechoslovak Police
With Visitors to U.S. Embassy
Folloioing is the substantive portion of a note
sent iy the U.S. Em hassy at Prague to the Czecho-
slovak Foreign Office on December 7.
It has been noted for some weeks that uniformed
police stationed at the entrance to the chancery
liave been interfering with visitors to the Embassy,
requiring them to produce identity documents,
making notes from such documents and on occa-
sion questioning them. The interference even ex-
tended to American citizens and members of other
diplomatic missions in Prague attempting to enter
the chancery.
The Embassy considers this action entirely un-
warranted and requests that action be taken to
bring about its prompt termination.
Representatives of American Presidents
To Hold Second Meeting
Press release 630 dated December 21
The State Department announced on December
21 that the next meeting of the Inter- American
Committee of Presidential Representatives will
convene in Washington on January 28, 1957. Of-
ficial notification of the date has been sent to all
representatives of the American Presidents by the
Committee's secretariat, which is located in the
Department of State.
The Committee was formed as a result of the
proposal advanced by President Dwight D. Eisen-
hower at the Panama Meeting of American Presi-
dents last July.^ At that time the Presidents
agreed to name personal representatives to form a
committee for the purpose of drawing up recom-
mendations on strengthening the Organization of
American States through increased activities in
the economic, social, financial, technical, and
atomic energy fields.
The representative of the President of the
United States is Milton S. Eisenhower, president
of the Jolins Hopkins University, who was elected
chairman of the Committee at its first session, held
at Washington September 17-19, 1956.=
' Buixetin of Aug. 6, 19.56, p. 219.
° For text of communique issued following the first ses-
sion, see ibid., Oct. 1, 1956, p. 513.
Jonuory 7, 7957
11
Mutual Security and Soviet Foreign Aid
by Philander P. Claxton, Jr.
Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Congressional Relations
Until the events of the last few weeks in Eastern
Europe and the ]\Iiddle East there seemed to be,
since the death of Stalin and particularly since
the summit meeting a year ago and the 20th Party
Congress last February, a new trend in Soviet
foreign policy. This new trend was apparent in
all East-West relations as a marked campaign to
make the declared Soviet policy of "competitive
coexistence" seem plausible. It was particularly
apparent in Soviet policies and behavior toward
the so-called underdeveloped countries, especially
certain countries of Asia, where the Sino-Soviet
bloc countries have been engaged \i\ an unprec-
edented drive to establish good relations by offers
of increased trade, credits, and technical assistance.
My purpose tonight is to examine with you the
main outlines of this new Soviet economic diplo-
macy — and its significance to our friends in the
world and to ourselves — as it has developed over
the last 3 years. The indications have been that
the new policy of economic penetration was in-
tended to be of some extended duration. I be-
lieve that for the purpose of this evening's discus-
sion — as well as for tentative planning purposes —
it may be considered as still underlying the present
violence. It must be recognized, however, that
Soviet behavior in Hungary and in the Middle
East crisis suggests that Soviet diplomacy may
be entering a new, tougher phase which would re-
quire substantial revision of this assumption.
Let us consider first the magnitude and form of
the Sino-Soviet bloc's economic offensive.
' Address made before the 9th annual cross-examination
tournament at the University of Pittsbur.nh, Pittsl)urgh,
I'a., on Dec. 7.
There have been three principal economic means
which the bloc has employed to expand its ties
with free-world countries: (1) its trade-promo-
tion drive, (2) its offers of credit, and (3) its tech-
nical assistance.
Trade-Promotion Drive
The trade-promotion drive by the end of August
of this year had achieved 203 trade and payments
agreements between bloc and nonbloc countries.
This represented nearly double the number of such
agreements in force at the end of 1953, with most
of the increase accounted for by underdeveloped
countries. These bilateral agreements generally
specify the level of trade and types of conunodities
for which the two countries will provide official
trading facilities. They do not assure that trade
will reach the specified levels, and in actual prac-
tice exchanges have often been much lower.
However, bloc trade with the free world during
the first quarter of this year was moving at an
annual rate of over $5 billion, of which $1.5 bil-
lion was with the iniclerdeveloped countries. On
the bloc side, the European satellites accounted
for a little over half of the trade; the U.S.S.R.,
one-third; and Communist China, 15 percent.
Bloc trade witli the underdeveloped countries is
distributed as follows: countries in South Asia
and tlie Far East, 22 percent; those in tlie Middle
East and independent Africa, 28 percent; Latin
America, 30 percent; and the underdeveloped
countries of nonbloc Europe, 20 percent. In all
regions the percentage gains over the level of
trade 2 years ago are substantial. On the other
hand, there are relatively few countries where
12
Department of Stale Bulletin
bloc trade represents as much as 10 percent of total
foreign trade of tlie free country. The notable
exceptions are Afghanistan, Yugoslavia, Iceland,
Burma, Egypt, and Turkey, and in some instances
these countries have for some years had fairly
significant trading relations with the bloc.
In its trade drive, the bloc has capitalized on
the desire of underdeveloped countries to expand
their foreign markets for their major products
and to stabilize their export earnings. It has
widely publicized its willingness to take surplus
commodities on long-term contracts and has given
the impression that it is sometimes willing to pay
premium prices. In return it offers manufactured
goods of types which are not produced in adequate
quaiUity in underdeveloped countries and are ur-
gently needed to meet the targets of ambitious
economic development programs.
Trade promotion has been pushed energetically
througli diplomatic channels as well as large num-
bers of traveling missions and an increasing num-
ber of permanent trade offers. Bloc use of local
advertising media has expanded noticeably in
Latin America and the Near East, and participa-
tion in trade fairs has grown impressively. This
year bloc countries are expected to participate in
131 fairs and exhibitions in 37 free-world coun-
tries. Unlike most of the earlier bloc efforts, in
wliicli general trade offers reflected propaganda
objectives more than any real desire to do busi-
ness, the present campaign appears to represent
a serious drive to expand markets for a wide va-
riety of bloc products.
While these efforts must be credited with a con-
siderable degree of success, the sailing has not
been entirely smooth. For example, some of the
underdeveloped countries which have sold or bar-
tered their products to the bloc countries have been
disillusioned to find that the bloc countries have
thus put the same goods back in the market in
competition with the original seller! More im-
portant is the growing recognition throughout the
free world of the inflexibility and other disad-
vantages of bloc barter trading. In addition much
of the optimism regarding sales to the Commu-
nists at favorable prices has proved unwarranted.
Tlie Soviets are generally hard traders. This is
illustrated by the Burmese experience. Burma's
rice crop is its major foreign-exchange earner.
Burma was delighted when the bloc offered to
buy its surplus rice in barter for goods produced
by bloc membei-s. This arrangement, originally
hailed as a great benefit to Burma, has turned out
to be anything but a gain, since the products of-
fered in return by the bloc are overpriced and
have not always been of the types which the Bur-
mese wanted most urgently. In Latin America,
as another example, the countries with the largest
exports to the bloc have found themselves in the
position of creditors since the goods offered by the
bloc have had relatively limited appeal to their
importers.
Foreign Lending by U. S. S. R.
Let us now turn from the trade promotion as-
pect of the new Soviet economic diplomacy to its
most dramatic feature : the large-scale entry into
the foreign lending field. After years of de-
nouncing foreign aid as an unvarnished instru-
ment of Western imperialism, the U.S.S.R. and
European satellites have now signed agi-eements
to extend to 11 underdeveloped countries about
$1.4 billion in credit for the purchase of Soviet-
bloc goods and technical services — including arms.
This is more than double the level of a year ago.
The largest single beneficiary is Yugoslavia,
which, as a Communist country, is a special case.
With the exception of Yugoslavia, the emphasis
of this lending drive has been on the underdevel-
oped nations of the Near East and South Asia.
Three of these nations, Egypt, India, and
Afghanistan, together with Yugoslavia, account
for the bulk of the total agreed credits. Credits
to India, which have exceeded $100 million, were
raised 2 weeks ago by another $126 million.
Indonesia also has recently accepted an offer of a
$100 million line of credit. In addition, firm
offers totaling about $150 million are under con-
sideration by other underdeveloped countries.
The U.S.S.R. is providing a little over half of the
credits extended and the European satellites the
remainder. Recently, even Communist China en-
tered the foreign-assistance field with agreements
to provide grants to Cambodia and Nepal. But
grants are the exception. Soviet-bloc aid is prac-
tically all in the form of credits ; and, in at least
one case where a gift was involved, the recipient
at the same time gave the U.S.S.R. a return gift.
Major emphasis is placed on the claim that these
credits have "no strings," and the appeal of the
credits is enhanced by the fact that they ordinarily
carry an interest rate of only 2 to 2.5 percent.
Moreover, the bloc's terms usually provide for
repayment in local currency or commodities.
January 7, 1957
13
This feature, however, may hold some later sur-
prises to diminish the early joy of the borrowers.
No prices have been agreed on for the commodities
to be furnished as repayment, and if the Soviets
should choose to drive a hard bargain, the gains
from low interest rates could prove highly
illusory.
The composition of Soviet-bloc credits reveals
a fairly wide variety of projects for developing
industry, power, transport, and mineral resources
as well as facilities for scientific research and
education. Several important agreements in-
volve military items and training. For example :
In the case of Egypt, bloc members are supplying
in part under credit arrangements substantial
quantities of arms, a ceramics factory, a power
plant, large bridges, railway engines, coaches and
freight cars, and other heavy equipment. In the
case of Afghanistan, bloc countries are providing,
also in part under credit terms, construction of
automotive maintenance shops, an irrigation sys-
tem, two airports, some oil storage depots, a
cement plant, water-supply improvement, and a
variety of small industrial plants. In each case
the project has been skillfully devised to have a
particular appeal to the recipient country, and it
must be recognized that, initially at least, the
psychological impact of the assistance has been
substantial. This, of course, illustrates one of the
main features of Soviet tactics : Since the Krem-
lin's purpose is to achieve political objectives and
it has no real desire to promote balanced long-term
growth in nonbloc areas, it has not insisted on
economic justification for projects. The bloc may
even consider that its economic leverage will be
increased in countries which borrow more than
they will be able to repay. However, again we
should not underestimate the favorable impression
which the Soviets have made on most of the re-
cipients by the speed with which they have com-
pleted loan negotiations and moved to implement
agreements, and by the quality of equipment and
technical service furnished thus far.
Technical Assistance Programs
The third instrument used by the bloc in its
economic offensive is its program of technical
assistance to certain underdeveloped countries.
Although still small by U.S. standards, these
activities have been increasing steadily, and bloc
technicians are now at work in 14 different imder-
14
developed coimtries performing a wide variety of
technical services. In Egypt, Afghanistan,
India, Burma, and other underdeveloped coun-
tries, bloc tecluiicians are assisting in local eco-
nomic-development projects, such as mining,
transportation, heavy uidustry, and manufactur-
ing, and sometimes appear in general advisory
capacities to governments. Arms experts from
the bloc have appeared in Egypt. Moreover, a
o-rowing number of individuals from under-
developed countries have accepted Communist in-
ducements to go to the bloc countries for training.
It should not be assumed that this program is
merely a disguised espionage operation. On the
other hand, we can assume that no opportunity
will be lost for trying to create a favorable dis-
position toward the Soviet system.
Wliile the Soviets have been expanding their
direct teclmical-assistance activities, they have
also reversed their former policy of refusing to
participate in the United Nations Technical As-
sistance Program.
Since the summer of 1953, the Soviet bloc has
contributed $5.2 million to the United Nations
Technical Assistance Program. Of the t«tal bloc
contribution of $5.2 million, the U.S.S.R. has
made available $4 million.
The bloc contributions have been used for the
supply of bloc equipment and experts, for study
tours, and for fellowships within the Soviet bloc.
In 1955 approximately $1.3 million was spent, al-
most all of which was for the supply of bloc
equipment. For 1956, projects are approved
which use approximately $3.2 million, of which
about $1.8 million is for roadbuilding, insect con-
trol, and other types of equipment. Six study
tours are scheduled, and 41 experts are to be
supplied by the bloc under the 1956 United
Nations program. The most ambitious project
using bloc technical-assistance funds, however, is
the technological institute in Bombay sponsored
by the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (Unesco), for which the U.S.S.E.
is providing $1.5 million.
All of these activities represent significant
changes in the bloc's pattern of behavior in the
foreign economic field up to the death of Stalin.
'Wliy have the Soviet Union and its satellites now
undertaken them? Is the explanation economics?
I^et us consider first the expansion of trade. The
goal of economic self-sufHciency, or autarchy, has
traditionally been a paramount factor in Soviet
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
planniiifi, and it is still too early to conclude that
bloc planners have changed theii" economic think-
ing in any radical way. However, some greater
degree of flexibility rather than rigid adherence
to the self-sufficiency concept is apparent. Since
trade is still very small in relation to bloc gross
national product, we may well see a continuing
bloc ell'ort to increase trade with nonbloc comitries
substantially above current levels. However, it
is still most unlikely that the U.S.S.R. would
willingly allow trade to reach a point where any
important sector of the economy becomes depend-
ent on foreign supplies.
Political Aspects of Economic Offensive
It is more difficult to find a convincing economic
rationale for the bloc's external-credit programs.
The goods and services provided under these pro-
grams represent a diversion of resources which
may eventually be repaid, but it is difficult to
imagine that the program has much appeal to the
huge areas within the bloc which are still very
much underdeveloped. Some observers have
speculated that, since the loans are to be repaid
in commodities, the bloc may be attempting to
assure its future supplies of such items. In other
cases credits may be considered necessary as a
means of entering new markets traditionally
oriented to the West. Such considerations can-
not be ruled out completely, but they do not pro-
vide any satisfactory explanation for the type and
size of progi-am undertaken in the past 2 years.
For these answers we must turn to the political
sphere and examine the economic offensive in the
broader context of overall Soviet foreign policy
and diplomacy.
Since Stalin's death Communist strategy abroad
has been significantly altered. Especially since
the summit meeting in 1955, the U.S.S.R. has
seemed anxious to avoid a general war, no doubt
in recognition of the almost unlimited destructive-
ness of nuclear weapons. The Kremlin has not
only modified the tone of its propaganda and offi-
cial statements in the direction of greater em-
phasis on peaceful coexistence ; it has encouraged
cultural and technical exchanges with Western
countries ; it has granted greater freedom to West-
ern tourists and correspondents ; and Soviet lead-
ers like Bulganin and Khrushchev made ostensibly
friendly visits to a number of non-Communist
countries. After years of delay a peace treaty
was concluded with Austria, and overtures were
made to bring Yugoslavia back into the Com-
munist fold. Finally, at the 20th Party Congress
Stalin was expressly denounced and the doctrine
of separate national roads to socialism was pro-
claimed.
What we saw then was a Soviet communism
anxious to avoid war but nevertheless bent, as
befoi'e, on expansion — expansion by means still
aimed at the overthrow of existing institutions but
carrying a minimum risk of forceful retaliation by
non-Communist countries. Such a policy must
find expression on many levels other than military.
Even though the U.S.S.R. continues to put vast
resources of materials and technology into the
arms race and Soviet theoreticians are occupied
in trying to reconcile peaceful coexistence with
the revolutionary nature of communism, its ex-
ternal policies strive to convince the world that
the U.S.S.R. is peaceful.
In the underdeveloped areas, the U.S.S.R. has
promoted its campaign for respectability by a
wide variety of new as well as old-fashioned kinds
of diplomacy. One weapon of Soviet strategy in
these areas is anticolonialism, a hypocritical op-
position to the colonial policies — past and pres-
ent — of the Western powers, and an attempt to
associate the U.S.S.R. with the legitimate na-
tional aspirations of colonial and newly independ-
ent peoples. Offers of arms to Egypt, Afghani-
stan, and Syria may actually be intended to foment
local hostilities in the Middle East, but they are
represented as demonstrating the U.S.S.R.'s
desire to assist these countries in their fight against
colonialism.
Next to nationalism, the dominant motivation
of the governments and peoples of most underde-
veloped countries is their desire for economic
progress — generally at a rate more rapid than their
domestic resources can support. The Soviet pur-
pose seems to be to convince these peoples that a
fi-ee private-enterprise system cannot provide
rapid economic growth whereas, by following the
Soviet model, industrialization can be achieved
quickly, without remaining or becoming subservi-
ent to Western capitalism. In Marxist theory and
propaganda, capitalism has always been identified
with colonialism, and the underdeveloped coun-
tries, especially the newly independent countries
of Asia and Africa, are urged to reject both.
How should we consider these Soviet economic
activities? Intrinsically they are not wrong or
January 7, 7957
15
dangerous. The U.S. has made substantial con-
tributions to the economic growth of the less de-
veloped areas and has encouraged other comitries
to do likewise. Moreover, we have eagerly sought
the elimination of the Iron Curtain between the
Communist bloc and the free world and would
hope that honest economic contacts could help to
achieve this result. The danger be^iomes evident
only when we examine the ohjectwes and motives
that so plainly underlie Soviet economic offers and
all other Soviet maneuvers.
Mr. Klirushchev himself has provided the free
world with a clear warning in his frank statement
to the Supreme Soviet early this year : "... we
never renounced," he said, "and we will never re-
nounce our ideas, our struggle for the victory of
communism." At another time he said — no more
plainly but a little more colorfully — that the
TJ.S.S.E. will stop being Communist when shrimp
learn to whistle.
Does the danger in the Soviet economic offen-
sive lie then merely in the fact that it may serve
Soviet interests? I think not. Our aid programs
are also intended to serve our proper national in-
terest.. But, as Secretary Dulles said several
months ago: ". . . the crucial question is: "Wliat
are those interests and how are they intended to be
served ?" - He added :
Our interests will be fully served if other nations main-
tain their independence and strengthen their free insti-
tutions. We have no further aims than these. We want
a world environment of freedom. We have shown this,
time after time, by electing to give freedom where we
could have had conquest. Our historic policy, reflecting
the will and the views of our own free people, is wholly
compatible with the interests of the less developed coun-
tries as their leaders themselves have expressed them.
Implications for U.S. Policy
How seriously must we take this new Commu-
nist strategy? Let me cite the warning of the
members of the U.S. delegation to the last meeting
of tlie United Nations General Assembly. After
watching the activities of the Soviets and learning
the reactions of representatives of other countries
tliey issued this statement : ^
The present period in history may one day he recog-
nized as a major turning point in the struggle between
Communism and freedom. It appears to be clearly a
" Bulletin of Mar. ,';, 10.^6, p. 3G;1.
= lUd., Jan. 2.3, 19r.6, p. 117.
shift in the cold war, in which economic and social prob-
lems have moved to the forefront. . . .
We believe that the United States must counter these
Soviet efforts. We can succeed, not by outbidding Com-
munism in sheer amounts of economic aid, but by making
newly independent and newly articulate peoples feel that
they can best satisfy their wants by becoming and re-
maining part of the community of free nations.
We welcome more emphasis on economic and educa-
tional endeavors, for we have a proven experience in
these fields.
We are in a contest in the field of economic develop-
ment of underdeveloped countries which is bitterly com-
petitive. Defeat in this contest could be as disastrous
as defeat in an armaments race.
We could lose this economic contest unless the country
as a whole wakes up to all its implications.
It is significant that two members of the Foreign
Affairs Committee of the House of Representa-
tives [Representatives Brooks Hays and Chester
E. Merrow] were on the delegation which made
this statement and that it was later released to the
public by Secretary Dulles with the approval of
President Eisenhower.
We need have no concern that the leaders of the
newly independent nations of the Near and Far
East will be unaware of the dangers of economic
dependence on the Soviet Union. At the same
time their people are insistent upon progress
toward higher standards of living. They know
that in {\\e short space of their own lives the Soviet
Union has risen from a backward area to a great
industrial power. They aie perhaps only dimly
aware of the cost of this achievement in human
misery and loss of liberty. They see and they
envy and admire the industrial progress. They
want to equal it in their own nations. They will
inevitably compel their leaders to turn to the Com-
munist bloc for help unless they find it from an-
other source. •
There are, of course, other sources of help avail-
able. Private capital investment, with the tech-
nical assistance which accompanies it, is and will
continue to be a major source. Such lending in-
stitutions as our own U.S. Export-Import Bank
and the International Bank are also significant
sources. Our mutual security program, with its
development assistance, technical cooperation, de-
fense support, and military assistance, has been
and is an important source of help.
This brings us back to where we started, for the
future of this program is now under consideration
by a Citizens Advisory Committee appointed by
tlie President, by several of the great committees
16
Deporfmenf of Sfofe Bulletin
of the Congress, and by the Nation itself as ex-
emplified by the discussions which you have been
holding here this week.* I would not suggest for
a minute that these reviewers think of our own
mutual security program as an item-by-item — or
even a generalized — response to the new Soviet
economic drive. If anything, the reverse is
true — the Soviet effort is a flattering imitation of a
bold design we have originated and carried out
with great success. The lesson for the future is
to be ourselves and to shape our helpful efforts to
the genuine needs of our friends. Meanwhile, we
may keep in mind as a central thought the words
of tlie President in his message to Congress earlier
this year : ^
"The mutual security program is vitally impor-
tant to our people. Its cost is not disproportionate
to our Nation's resources and to our national in-
come. That cost is a low price to pay for the se-
curity and vastly greater chances for world peace
which the program provides.
"The mutual security program is an indispen-
sable part of our national effort to meet affirm-
atively the challenge of all the forces which
threaten the independence of the free world and
to overcome the conditions which make peace in-
secure and progress difficult."
Whereas the parties have further undertaken to seek
to eliminate conflicts in their international economic
policies and will encourage economic collaboration be-
tween any or all of them ;
WiiEREAB NATO unity and strength in the pursuit of
these objectives remain essential for continuous co-
operation in military and non-military fields ;
The North Atlantic Council:
Reaffirms the obligations of all its members, under
Article I of the Treaty, to settle by peaceful means any
dispute between themselves ;
Decides that any such disputes which have not proved
capable of settlement directly be submitted to good ofiices
procedures within the NATO framework before member
governments resort to any other international agency
except for disputes of a legal character appropriate for
submission to a judicial tribunal and those disputes of
an economic character for which attempts at settlement
mii,'ht best be made initially in the appropriate specialised
economic organizations ;
Recognises the right and duty of member governments
and of the Secretary General to bring to its attention
matters which in their opinion may threaten the solidar-
ity or effectiveness of the Alliance ;
Empowers the Secretary General to offer his good
oflSces informally at any time to member governments
involved in a di.spute and with their consent to initiate
or facilitate procedures of inquiry, mediation, concilia-
tion, or arbitration ;
Authorises the Secretary General where he deems it
appropriate for the puniose outlined in the preceding
paragraph to use the assistance of not more than three
permanent representatives chosen by him in each instanca
NATO Council Resolutions
Following are the texts of two resolutions re-
leased hy the NATO Information Division on
December llf. after their adoption hy the North
Atlantic Council during its Ministerial Session
at Paris December 11-H. {For the text of a
communiqiie released at the close of the session,
see Bulletin of December 24--31, page 981.)
Resolution on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
and Differences Between Members of the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization
Whereas the parties to the North Atlantic Treaty,
under Article I of that treaty, have undertaken "to
settle any international disputes in which they may be
involved by peaceful means in such a manner that in-
ternational peace and security and justice are not en-
dangered" ;
' For an account of the studies being made, see "Foreign
Aid Under the Microscope," by Thorsten V. Kalijarvi,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs, ihid.,
Nov. 5, 1956, p. 723.
^Ibiii., Apr. 2, 1906, p. 550.
Resolution on the Report of the Committee of Three
on Non-Military Co-operation in NATO
Whereas the North Atlantic Council at its meeting in
Paris on 5th May established a Committee composed of
the foreign ministers of Italy, Canada and Norway to
advise the Council on ways and means to improve and
extend NATO co-operation in non-military fields and to
develop greater unity within the Atlantic Community ;
Whereas the Committee of Three has now reported on
the task assigned to it and has submitted to the Council
a number of recommendations on such ways and means
to improve and extend N.\TO co-operation in non-military
fields ;
The North Atlantic Council:
Takes note of the Report of the Committee of Three
and
Approves its recommendations ; and
Invites the Council in Permanent Session to implement
in the light of the comments made by governments the
principles and recommendations contained in the Report ;
and
Invites the Secretary General to draw up for considera-
tion by the Council such further specific proposals as may
be required for the implementation of these recommenda-
tions and to report periodically on the compliance with
these recommendations by governments.
Authorises the Committee of Three to publish their re-
port.
ianuaty 7, 1957
411962—57 3
17
Report of the Committee of Three on Non-Military Co-operation in NATO
Following is the text of the report made to the North
Atlantic Council by the Committee of Three (Foreign
Ministers Gaetano Martina of Italy, Balvard Lange of
Norway, and Lester B. Pearson of Canada) as released
by the NATO Information Division at Paris on December
14, at the conclusion of the North Atlantic Council
meeting.
Chapter 1: General Introduction
The Committee on Non-Military Co-operation, set up
by the North Atlantic Council at its session of May, 1956,
was requested : "to advise the Council on ways and means
to improve and extend NATO co-operation in non-military
fields and to develop greater unity within the Atlantic
Community".
2. The Committee has interpreted these terms of refer-
ence as requiring it (1) to examine and re-deflne the ob-
jectives and needs of the Alliance, especially in the light
of current international developments; and (2) to make
recommendations for strengthening its internal solidarity,
cohesion and unity.
3. The Committee hopes that the report and recom-
mendations which it now submits will make NATO's
purely defensive and constructive purposes better under-
stood in non-NATO countries ; thereby facilitating and
encouraging steps to lessen international tension. The
events of the last few months have increased Oils tension
and reduced hopes, which had been rai.sed since Stalin's
death, of finding a .secure and honourable basis for com-
petitive and ultimately for co-operative coexistence with
the Communist world. The effort to this end, however,
must go on.
4. Inter-allied relations have also undergone severe
strains. The substance of this report was prepared by
the Committee of Three in the course of its meetings and
inter-governmental consultations last September. Subse-
quent events have reinforced the Committee's conviction
that the Atlantic Community can develop greater unity
only by working constantly to achieve common policies by
full and timely consultation on issues of common con-
cern. Unless this is done, the very framework of co-oper-
ation in NATO, which has contributed so greatly to the
cause of freedom, and which is so vital to its advancement
in the future, will be endangered.
5. The foundation of NATO, on which alone a strong
superstructure can be built, is the political obligation
that its members have taken for collective defence : to
consider that an attack on one is an attack on all, which
will be mot by the collective action of all. There is a
tendency at times to overlook the far-reaching importance
of this commitment ; especially during those periods when
the danger of having to invoke it may seem to recede.
6. With this political commitment for collective defence
as the cornerstone of tlie foreign and defence policies
of its members, NATO has a solid basis for existence.
It is true, of course, that the ways and means by which
tlie obligation is to be discharged may alter as political
or strategic conditions alter; as the threat to peace
changes its character or its direction. However, any
variations in plans and strategic policies which may be
required need not weaken NATO or the confidence of its
members in NATO and in each other ; providing, and the
proviso is decisive, that each member retains its will and
its capacity to play its full part in discharging the po-
litical commitment for collective action against aggres-
sion which it undertook when it signed the Pact; pro-
viding also — and recent events have shown that this is
equally important — that any changes in national .strategy
or policy which affect the coalition are made only after
collective consideration.
7. The first essential, then, of a healthy and develop-
ing NATO lies in the whole-hearted acceptance by all its
members of the political commitment for collective de-
fence, and in the confidence which each has in the will
and ability of the others to honour that commitment if
aggression should take place.
S. This is our best present deterrent against military
aggression ; and consequently the best assurance that
the commitment undertaken will not be engaged.
9. However, this deterrent role of NATO, based on
solidarity and strength, can be discharged only if the
political and economic relations between its members
are co-operative and close. An Alliance in which the
members ignore each other's interests or engage in po-
litical or economic conflict, or harbour su.spicions of each
other, cannot be effective either for deterrence or de-
fence. Recent experience makes this clearer than ever
before.
10. It is useful, in searching for ways and means of
strengthening NATO unity and understanding, to recall
the origin and the aims of the Organization.
11. The Treaty which was signed in Washington in
]04!l was a collective response — we had learned that a
purely national respon.se was iusutficient for security —
to tlie fear of military aggression by the forces of the
ITSSR and its allies. These forces were of overwhelm-
ing strength. The threat to Greece, the capture of
Czechoslovakia, the blockade of Berlin, and the pressure
against Yugoslavia showed that they were also
aggressive.
18
Department of Stale Bulletin
12. While fear may have been the main urge for the
creation of NATO, there was also the realisation — con-
scious or instinctive — that in a shrinking nuclear world
it was wise and timely to bring about a closer association
of kindred Atlantic and Western European nations for
other than defence pui-poses alone ; that a partial pooling
of sovereignty for mutual protection should also promote
[)rogress and co-operation generally. There was a feel-
ing among the governments and peoples concerned, that
this closer unity was both natural and desirable; that
the common cultural traditions, free institutions and
democratic concepts which were being challenged, and
were marked for destruction by those who challenged
them, were things which should also bring the NATO
nations closer together, not only for their defence but
for their development. There was, in short, a .sense of
Atlantic Community, alongside the realisation of an im-
mediate common danger.
13. Any such feeling was certainly not the decisive or
even the main impulse in the creation of NATO. Never-
theless, it gave birth to the hope that NATO would grow
beyond and above the emergency which brought it into
being.
14. The expression of this hojie is found in the Preamble
and in Articles 2 and 4 of the Treaty. These two Articles,
limited in their tenns but with at least the promise of
the grand design of an Atlantic Community, were in-
cluded because of this insistent feeling that NATO mnst
become more than a military alliance. They reflected
the very real anxiety that if NATO failed to meet this
test, it would disappear with the immediate crisis which
produced it, even though the need for it might be as
great as ever.
15. From the very beginning of NATO, then, it was
recognized that while defence co-operation was the first
and most urgent requirement, this was not enough. It
has also become increasingly realised since the Treaty
was signed that security is today far more than a mili-
tary matter. The strengthening of political consultation
and economic co-operation, the development of resources,
progress in education and public understanding, all these
can be as important, or even more important, for the
protection of the security of a nation, or an alliance, as
the building of a battleship or the equipping of an anny.
16. These two aspects of security — civil and military —
can no longer safely be considered in watertight com-
partments, either within or between nations. Perhaps
NATO has not yet fully recognised their essential inter-
relationship, or done enough to bring about that close
and continuous contact between its civil and military
sides which is essential if it is to be strong and enduring.
17. North Atlantic political and economic co-operation,
however, let alone unity, will not be brought about in a
day or by a declaration, but by creating over the years
and through a whole series of national acts and policies,
the habits and traditions and precedents for such co-
operation and unity. The process will be a slow and
gradual one at best ; slower than we might wish. We can
be satisfied if it is steady and sure. This will not be the
case, however, unless the member governments — espe-
cially the more powerful ones — are willing to work, to a
much greater extent than hitherto, with and through
NATO for more than purposes of collective military
defence.
18. While the members of NATO have already devel-
oped various forms of non-military co-operation between
themselves and have been among the most active and con-
structive participants in various international organiza-
tions, NATO as such has been hesitant in entering this
field, particularly in regard to economic matters. Its
members have been rightly concerned to avoid duplica-
tion and to do, through other existing international
organizations, the things which can best be done in that
way.
19. Recently, however, the members of NATO have been
examining and re-assessing the purposes and the needs
of the Organization in the light of certain changes in
Soviet tactics and policies which have taken place since
the death of Stalin, and of the effect of the present tur-
moil in Eastern Europe on this development.
20. These changes have not diminished the need for
collective military defence but they have faced NATO
with an additional challenge in which the emphasis is
largely non-military in character. NATO must recognize
the real nature of the developments which have taken
place. An Important aspect of the new Soviet policies
of competitive coexistence is an attempt to respond to
positive initiatives of the Western nations aimed at im-
proving, in an atmosphere of freedom, the lot of the
economically less developed countries, and at establishing
a just and mutually beneficial trading system in which
all countries can prosper. The Soviet Union is now ai>
parently veering towards policies designed to ensnare
these countries by economic means and by political sub-
version, and to fasten on them the same shackles of Com-
munism from which certain members of the Soviet bloc
are now striving to release themselves. The members of
NATO must maintain their vigilance in dealing with this
form of penetration.
21. Meanwhile some of the immediate fears of large-
scale all out military aggression against Western Europe
have lessened. This process has been facilitated by evi-
dence that the Soviet Oovernment have realised that any
such all out aggression would be met by a sure, swift and
devastating retaliation, and that there could be no victory
in a war of this kind with nuclear weapons on both sides.
With an increased Soviet emphasis on non-military or
para-military methods, a review is needed of NATO's
ability to meet effectively the challenge of penetration
under the guise of coexistence, with its emphasis on con-
flict without catastrophe.
22. Certain questions now take on a new urgency.
Have NATO's needs and objectives changed, or should they
be changed? Is the Organization operating satisfactorily
in the altered circumstances of 1956? If not, what can
be done about it? There is the even more far-reaching
question : "Can a loose association of sovereign states
hold together at all without the common binding force
of fear'/".
23. The Committee has been examining these questions
in the light of its firm conviction that the objectives which
governments had in mind when the Pact was signed re-
main valid ; that NATO is as important now to its member
states as it was at that time.
January 7, 1957
19
24. The first of these objectives — as has already been
pointed out — is security, based on collective action -with
adequate armed forces both for deterrence and defence.
25. Certainly NATO unity and strength in the pursuit
of this objective remain as essential as they were in 1949.
Soviet tactics may have changed ; but Soviet armed might
and ultimate objectives remain unchanged. Moreover, re-
cent events in Eastern Europe shovf that the Soviet Union
will not hesitate in certain circumstances to u.se force and
the threat of force. Therefore the militai-y strength of
NATO must not be reduced, thougli its character and
capabilities should be constantly adapted to changing cir-
cumstances. Strengthening the political and economic
side of NATO is an essential complement to — not a sub-
stitute for — continuous co-operation in defence.
26. In spite of these recent events Soviet leaders may
place greater emphasis on political, economic and propa-
ganda action. There is no evidence, however, that this
will be permitted to prejudice in any way the maintenance
of a high level of military power in its most modern form
as a base for Soviet activity in these other fields.
27. We should welcome changes in Soviet policies if
they were genuinely designed to ease international ten-
sions. But we must remember that the weakening and
eventual dissolution of NATO remains a major Com-
munist goal. We must therefore remain on guard so
long as Soviet leaders persist in their determination to
maintain a ijreponderance of military power for the
achievement of their own political objectives and those
of their allies.
28. This brings us again to the second and long-term
aim of NATO : the development of an Atlantic Community
whose roots are deeper even than the necessity for com-
mon defence. This implies nothing less than the per-
manent association of the free Atlantic peoples for the
promotion of their greater unity and the protection and
the advancement of the interests which, as free democra-
cies, they have in common.
29. If we are to secure this long-term aim, we must
prevent the centrifugal forces of opposition or indiiler-
ence from weakening the Alliance. NATO has not been
destroyed, or even weakened, by the threats or attacks
of its enemies. It has faltered at times through the
lethargy or complacency of its members ; through dissen-
sion or division between them ; by putting narrow national
considerations above the collective intere.st. It could be
destroyed by these forces, if they were allowed to
subsist. To combat these tendencies, NATO must be used
by its members, far more than it has been used, for
sincere and genuine consultation and cooperation on
questions of common concern. For this purpose, resolu-
tion is more important than resolutions; will than words.
30. The problem, however, goes deeper than this. NATO
countries are faced by a political as well as a military
threat. It comes from the revolutionary doctrines of
Communism which have by careful design of the Com-
munist leaders over many years been sowing seeds of
fahsehood concerning our free and democratic way of life.
The best answer to such falsehoods is a continuing demon-
stration of the superiority of our own institutions over
Communist ones. We can show by word and deed that
we welcome political progress, economic advancement and
orderly social change and that the real reactionaries of
this day are these Communist regimes which, adhering
to an inflexible pattern of economic and political doctrine,
have been more successful in destroying freedom than in
promoting it.
31. We must, however, realise that falsehoods concern-
ing our institutions have sometimes been accepted at face
value and that there are those, even in the non-Commu-
nist world, who under the systematic influence of Com-
munist propaganda, do not accept our own analysis of
NATO's aims and values. They believe that while NATO
may have served a useful defensive and deterrent role
in the Stalinist era, it is no longer necessary, even for the
f-ecurity of its members ; that it is tending now to become
an agency for the pooling of the strength and resources
of the "colonial" powers in defence of imperial privileges,
racial superiority, and Atlantic hegemony under the
leadership of the United States. The fact that we know
these views to be false and unjustified does not mean that
NATO and its governments should not do everything they
can to correct and counteract them.
32. NATO should not forget that the influence and in-
terests of its members are not confined to the area covered
by the Treaty, and that common interests of the Atlantic
Community can be seriously affected by developments
outside the Treaty area. Therefore, while striving to
improve their relations with each other, and to strengthen
and deepen their own unity, they should also be con-
cerned with harmonising their policies in relation to other
areas taking into account the broader interests of the
whole international community ; particularly in working
through the United Nations and elsewhere for the main-
tenance of international peace and security and for the
solution of the problems that now divide the world.
33. In following this course, NATO can show that it is
more than a defence organization acting and reacting to
the ebb and flow of the fears and dangers arising out of
Soviet polic.v. It can prove its desire to co-operate fully
with other members of the international community in
bringing to reality the principles of the Charter of the
United Nations. It can .show that it is not merely con-
cerned with preventing the cold war from deteriorating
into a shooting one ; or with defending itself if such a
tragedy should take place ; but that it is even more con-
cerned with seizing the political and moral initiative to
enable all countries to develop in freedom, and to bring
about a secure peace for all nations.
34. Our caution in accepting without question the
pacific character of any Soviet moves, our refusal to
dismantle our defences before we are convinced that
conditions of international confidence have been restored,
will, particularly after the events in Ilun^'ary. be under-
stood by all people of sincerity and gocxi will. What
would not be understood is any unwillingness on our part
to seek ways and means of breaking down the barriers
with a view to establishing such confidence.
3.">. The cominu; together of the Atlantic nations for
good and constructive purposes — which is the basic prin-
ciple and ideal underlying the NATO concept — mnst
rest on and grow from deei)er and more permanent fac-
tors than the divisions and dangers of the last ten years.
It is a historical, rather than a contemporary, develop-
20
Department of State Bulletin
ment and if it is to achieve its real purpose, it must be
considered in that light and the necessary conclusions
drawn. A short-range view will not suffice.
3G. The fundamental historical fact underl.vin.g tliis
development is that the nation state, l)y itself and relying
exclusively on national iwlicy and national power, is in-
adequate for progi'ess or even for survival in the
nuclear a.ge. As the founders of the North Atlantic
Treaty foresavr, the growing interdependence of states,
politically and economically as well as militarily, calls
for an ever-increasing measure of international cohesion
and co-oi)eration. Some states may be able to en.iuy a
degree of political and economic independence when
things are going well. No state, however powerful, can
guarantee its security and its welfare liy national action
alone.
37. This basic fact underlies our report and the recom-
mendations contained therein which apjiear in the
subsequent chapters.
38. It has not been diflScult to make these recommenda-
tions. It will be far more difficult for the member
governments to carry them into effect. This will re-
quire, on their part, the firm conviction that the trans-
formation of the Atlantic Community into a vital and
vigorous political reality is as important as any purely
national purpose. It will require, above all, the will
to carry this conviction into the realm of practical govern-
mental policy.
Chapter S: Political Co-operation
I. Introduction
39. If there is to be vitality and growth in the concept
of the Atlantic Community, the relations between the
members of NATO must rest on a solid basis of confidence
and understanding. Without this there cannot be con-
structive or solid political co-operation.
40. The deepening and strengthening of this political
co-operation does not imply the weakening of the ties of
NATO members with other friendly countries or with
other international associations, particularly the United
Nations. Adherence to NATO is not exclusive or restric-
tive. Nor should the evolution of the Atlantic Commu-
nity through NATO prevent the formation of even closer
relationships among some of its members; for instance
within groups of European countries. The moves toward
Atlantic co-operation and European unity should be
parallel and complementary, not competitive or conflicting.
41. Effective and constructive international co-opera-
tion requires a resolve to work together for the solution
of common problems. There are special ties between
NATO members, special incentives and security interests.
Which should make this task easier than it otherwise
would be. But its successful accomplishment will de-
pend largely on the extent to which member governments,
in their own policies and actions, take into consideration
the interests of the Alliance. This requires not only the
acceptance of the obligation of consultation and co-opera-
tion whenever necessary, but also the development of
practices by which the discharge of this obligation be-
comes a normal part of governmental activity.
42. It is easy to profess devotion to the principle of
political — or economic — c-onsultation in NATO. It is
difficult and has in fact been shown to be impossible, if the
proper conviction is lacking, to convert the profession into
practice. Consultatidn within an alliance means more
than exchange of information, tliough that is necessary.
It means more than letting the N.\T() Council know about
national decisions that have already been taken ; or try-
ing to enlist support for those decisions. It means the
discussion of problems collectively, in the early stages of
policy formation, and before national positions become
fixed. At best, this will result in collective decisions on
matters of common interest affecting the Alliance. At
the least, it will ensure that no action is taken by one
member without a knowledge of the vie«s of tlie others.
II. Consultation on Foeeign Policies
A. Scope and Character of Political Consultation
43. The essential role of consultation in fostering
political co-operation was clearly defined by an earlier
NATO Committee on the North Atlantic Community in
1951:
". . . The achievement of a closer degree of co-ordina-
tion of the foreign policies of the members of the North
Atlantic Treaty, through the development of the 'habit of
consultation' on matters of common concern, would greatly
strengthen the solidarity of the North Atlantic Com-
munity and increase the individual and collective capacity
of its members to serve the peaceful purposes for which
NATO was established. ... In the political field, this
means that while each North Atlantic government retains
full freedom of action and decision with respect to its
own policy, the aim should be to achieve, through ex-
changing information and views, as wide an area of
agreement as possible in the formulation of policies as a
whole.
"Special attention must be paid, as explicitly recog-
nised in Article 4 of the Treaty, to matters of urgent and
immediate importance to the members of NATO, and to
'emergency' situations where it may be necessary to con-
sult closely on national lines of conduct affecting the
interests of members of NATO as a whole. There is a
continuing need, however, for effective consultation at an
early stage on current problems, in order that national
policies may be developed and action taken on the basis
of a full awareness of the attitudes and interests of all
the members of NATO. While all members of NATO have
a responsibility to consult with their partners on appro-
priate matters, a large share of responsibility for such
consultation necessarily rests on the more powerful mem-
bers of the Community."
44. These words were written five years ago. They
hold true now more than ever before. If we can say that
they have not been ignored by NATO we must also recog-
nise that the practice of consulting has not so developed
in the NATO Council as to meet the demands of political
changes and world trends. The present need, therefore,
is more than simply broadening the scope and deei>ening
the character of consultation. There is a pressing re-
quirement for all members to make consultation in NATO
an integral part of the making of national policy. With-
out this the very existence of the North Atlantic Com-
munity may be in jeopardy.
4.5. It should, however, be remembered that collective
discussion is not an end in itself, but a means to the end
of harmonising policies. Where common interests of the
Atlantic Community are at state consultation should al-
January 7, 1957
21
ways seek to arrive at timely agreement on common lines
of policy and action.
46. Siicli agreement, even with the closest possible co-
operation and consultation, is not easy to secure. But
It is essential to the Atlantic Alliance that a steady and
continuous effort be made to bring it about. There can-
not be unity in defence and disunity in foreign policy.
47. There are, of cour.se, certain practical limitations
to consultation in this field. They are sufficiently ob-
vious in fact to malie it unnecessary to emphasise them in
words. Indeed the danger is less that they will be min-
imised or evaded than that they will be exaggerated and
used to justify practices which unnecessarily ignore the
common interest.
48. One of these limitations is the hard fact that ulti-
mate responsibility for decision and action still rests on
national governments. It is conceivable that a situation
of extreme emergency may arise when action must be
talven by one government before consultation is possible
with the others.
49. Another limitation is the difficulty, and indeed the
unwisdom, of trying to specify in advance all the subjects
and all the situations where consultation is necessary;
to separate by area or by subject the matters of NATO
concern from those of purely national concern ; to define
in detail the obligations and duties of consultation. These
things have to work themselves out in practice. In this
process, experience is a better guide than dogma.
50. The essential thing is that on all occasions and in
all circumstances member governments, Isefore acting or
even before pronouncing, should keep the interests and
the requirements of the Alliance in mind. If they have
not the desire and the will to do this, no resolutions or
recommendations or declarations by the Council or any
Committee of the Council will be of any great value.
51. On the assumption, however, that this will and this
desire do exist, the following principles and practices in
the field of political consultation are recommended:
(a) members should inform the Council of any de-
velopment which significantly affects the Alliance. They
should do this, not merely as a formality but as a pre-
liminary to effective political consultation;
(b) both individual member governments and tlie
Secretary General should have the right to raise for dis-
cussion in the Council any subject which is of common
NATO interest and not of a purely domestic character ;
(c) a member government should not, without adequate
advance consultation, adopt firm policies or make major
political pronouncements on matters which significantly
affect the Alliance or any of its members, unless circum-
stances make such prior consultation obviously and
demonstrably impossible ;
(d) in developing their national policies, members
should take into consideration the interests and views of
other governments, particularly those most directly con-
cerned, as expressed in NATO consultation, even where
no community of view or consensus has been reached in
the Council;
(e) where a consensus has been reached, it should be
reflected in the formation of national policies. When for
national reasons the consensus is not followed, the govern-
22
ment concerned should offer an explanation to the Coun-
cil. It is even more important that where an agreed and
formal recommendation has emerged from the Council
discussions, governments should give it full weight in
any national actions or policies related to the subject of
that recommendation.
B. Annual Political Appraisal
52. To strengthen the process of consultation, it is rec-
ommended that Foreign Ministers, at each Spring meet-
ing, should make an appraisal of the political progress of
the Alliance and consider the lines along which it should
advance.
53. To prepare for this discussion, the Secretary Gen-
eral should submit an annual report :
(a) analysing the major political problems of the Alli-
ance;
(b) reviewing the extent to which member governments
have consulted and co-operated on such problems :
(c) indicating the problems and possible developments
which may require future consultation, so that difficulties
might be resolved and positive and constructive initiatives
taken.
54. Member governments, through their Permanent Rep-
resentatives, should give the Secretary General such in-
formation and assistance, including that of technical ex-
perts, as he may require in preparing his report.
C. Preparation for Political Consultation
55. Effective consultation also requires careful plan-
ning and preparation of the agenda for meetings of the
Council l)oth in Ministerial and permanent session. Po-
litical questions coming up for discussion in the Council
should so far as practicable be previously reviewed and
discussed, so that representatives may have background
information on the thinking both of their own and of
other governments. When appropriate, drafts of reso-
lutions should be prepared in advance as a basis for dis-
cussion. Additional preparatory work will also be re-
quired for the annual political appraisal referred to in the
preceding section.
56. To assist the Permanent Representatives and the
Secretary General in discharging their responsibilities
for political consultation, there should be constituted
under the Council a Committee of Political Advisers from
each delegation, aided when necessary by specialists
from the capitals. It would meet under the chairman-
ship of a member of the International Staff apiwinted by
the Secretary General, and would include among its re-
sponsibilities current studies such as those on trends
of Soviet policy.
III. Peaces'ITl Settlement of Inter-Member Disputes
57. In tlie development of effective political co-opera-
tion in NATO, it is of crucial importance to avoid serious
inter-member disputes and to settle them quickly and
satisfactorily when they occur. The settlement of such
disputes is in the first place the direct responsibility of
the meml)er governments concerned, under both the
Charter of the United Nations (Article 3:?) and tlie
Department of State Bulletin
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 1). To clarify NATO's
responsibilities in dealing with disputes which have not
proved capable of settlement directly and to enable NATO,
if necessary, to help in the settlement of such disputes,
the Committee recommends that the Council adopt a reso-
lution under Article 1 of the Treaty on the following
lines :
(a) reaffirming the obligation of members to settle
by peaceful means any dispute between themselves;
(b) declaring their intention to submit any such dis-
putes, which have not proved capable of settlement
directly, to good offices procedures within the NATO
framework before resorting to any other international
agency ; except for disputes of a legal character appro-
priate for submission to a judicial tribunal, and those dis-
putes of an economic character for which attempts at
settlement might best be made initially in the appropriate
specialised economic organization ;
(c) recognising the right and duty of member gov-
ernments and of the Secretary General to bring to the
attention of the Council matters which in their opinion
may threaten the solidarity or effectiveness of the Al-
liance ;
(d) empowering the Secretary General to offer his good
offices informally at any time to the parties in dispute,
and with their consent to initiate or facilitate procedures
of enquiry, mediation, conciliation, or arbitration ; and
(e) empowering the Secretary General, where he deems
it appropriate for the purpose outlined in (d) above, to
use the assistance of not more than three Permanent
Representatives chosen by him in each instance.
IV. Pabuamentary Associations and the PAHiXAMEaj-
TABT Conference
58. Among the best supporters of NATO and its pur-
IKJses are those Members of Parliament who have had a
chance at first hand to see some of its activities and to
learn of its problems, and to exchange views with their
colleagues from other parliaments. In particular, the
formation of national Parliamentary Associations and
the activities of the Conference of Members of Parlia-
ment from NATO countries have contributed to the de-
velopment of public support for NATO and solidarity
among its members.
59. In order to maintain a close relationship of Par-
liamentarians with NATO, the following arrangements
are recommended :
(a) that the Secretary General continue to place the
facilities of NATO headquarters at the disposal of Par-
liamentary Conferences and give all possible help with
arrangements for their meetings;
(b) that invited representatives of member govern-
ments and the Secretary General and other senior NATO
civil and military officers attend certain of these meetings.
In this way the parliamentarians would be informed on
the state of the Alliance and the problems before it, and
the value of their discussions would be increased.
Chapter 3: Economic Co-operation
I. Introduction
60. Political co-operation and economic conflict are not
reconcilable. Therefore, In the economic as well as in
the political field there must be a genuine desire among
the members to work together and a readiness to consult
on questions of common concern based on the recognition
of common interests.
61. These common economic interests shared by the
members of NATO call for :
(a) co-operative and national action to achieve healthy
and expanding economies, both to promote the well-being
and self -confidence of the Atlantic peoples and to serve as
the essential support for an adequate defence effort;
(b) the greatest possible freedom in trade and pay-
ments and in the movement of manpower and long-term
capital ;
(c) assistance to economically underdeveloped areas
for reasons of enlightened self-interest and to promote
better relations among peoples ; and
(d) policies which will demonstrate, under conditions
of competitive coexistence, the superiority of free institu-
tions in promoting human welfare and economic progress.
62. A recognition of these common NATO interests, and
collective and individual effort to promote them, need not
in any way prejudice close economic relations with non-
NATO countries. Economic, like political co-operation, is
and must remain wider than NATO. At the same time,
the NATO countries have an interest in any arrangements
for especially close economic co-operation among groups
of European member nations. It should be possible — as
it is desirable — for such special arrangements to promote
rather than conflict with the wider objectives of Article 2
of our Treaty, which are of basic importance to the stabil-
ity and well-being, not only of the North Atlantic area,
but of the whole non-Communist world.
II. Nato and Other Organizations
63. While the purposes and principles of Article 2 are
of vital importance, it is not necessary that member coun-
tries pursue them only through action in NATO itself.
It would not serve the interests of the Atlantic Community
for NATO to duplicate the operating functions of other
international organizations designed for various forms
of economic co-operation.' NATO members play a major
part in all these agencies, whose membership is generally
well adapted to the purposes they serve.
' The outstanding instances are the Organization for
European Co-operation (OEEC) (which includes all
NATO countries as fuU or associate members and four
others) ; the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) ; the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ; the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD) ; the International Finance Corporation (IFC) ;
and the various other United Nations agencies including
the Economic Commission for Europe. Several NATO
members participate actively in the Colombo Plan for
promoting economic development in Asia. Most members
are taking an active part in technical assistance pro-
grammes and are also participating in discussions of pro-
posals for the creation of a Special United Nations Fund
for Economic Development (SUNFED). [Footnote in
the original.]
January 7, 1957
23
64. Nor do there now appear to be significant new areas
for collective economic action requiring execution by
NATO itself. In fact, the common economic concerns of
the member nations will often best be fostered by con-
tinued and increa.sed collaboration both bilaterally and
through organizations other than NATO. This collabo-
ration should be reinforced, however, by NATO consulta-
tion whenever economic issues of .special interest to the
Alliance are involved ; particularly those which have
political or defence implications or affect the economic
health of the Atlantic Community as a whole. This, in
turn, requires a substantial expansion of exchange of
information and views in NATO in the economic as well
as in the political field. Such economic consultation
should seek to secure a common approach on the part of
member governments where the questions are clearly re-
lated to the political and security interests of the Alliance.
Action resulting from such a common aijproaeh, however,
should normally be taken by governments either directly
or through other international organizations.
65. NATO, as such, should not seek to establish formal
relations with these other organizations, and the har-
monising of attitudes and actions should be left to the
representatives of the NATO governments therein. Nor
is it necessary or desirable for NATO members to form a
"bloc" in such organizations. This would only alienate
other friendly governments. There should, however, be
consviltation in NATO when economic i.ssues of special
political or strategic importance to NATO arise in other
organizations and in particular before meetings at which
there may be attempts to divide or weaken the Atlantic
Alliance, or prejudice its interests.
III. Conflicts in Economic Policies of NATO Countries
66. NATO has a positive interest in the resolution ot,
economic disputes which may have iwlitical or strategic
repercussions damaging to the Alliance. These are to be
distinguished from disagreements on economic policy
which are normally dealt with through direct negotiations
or by multilateral discussions in other orgauization.s.
Nothing would be gained by merely having repeated in
NATO the same arguments made in other and more tech-
nically qualified organizations. It should, however, be
open to any member or to the Secretary General to raise
in NATO issues on which they feel that consideration
elsewhere is not making adequate progress and that NATO
consultation might facilitate solutions contributing to the
objectives of the Atlantic Community. The procedures
for peaceful settlement of political disputes discussed in
the previous chapter should also be available for major
disputes of an economic character which are appropriate
for NATO consideration.
IV. Scientific and Technical Co-opbSlAtion
67. One area of special importance to the .\tlantic
Community is that of science and technology. During the
last decade, it has become ever clearer that progress in
this field can be decisive in determining the security of
nations and their position in world affairs. Such progress
is also vital if the Western world is to play its proper role
in relation to economically underdeveloped areas.
68. Within the general field of science and technology,
there is an especially urgent need to Improve the quality
and to increase the sui»ply of scientists, engineers and
technicians. Responsibility for recruitment, training and
utilisation of scientific and technical personnel is prima-
rily a national rather than an international matter. Nor
is it a responsibility solely of national governments. In
the member countries with federal systems, state and
provincial governments play the major part, and many of
the universities and institutes of higher learning in the
Atlantic area are independent institutions free from de-
tailed control by governments. At the same time, prop-
erly designed measures of international co-operation
could stimulate individual member countries to adopt
more positive policies and, in some cases, help guide them
in the most constructive directions.
60. Certain activities in this connection are already be-
ing carried out by other organizations. Progress in this
field, however, is so crucial to the future of the Atlantic
Community that NATO members should ensure that every
pos.sibility of fruitful co-operation is examined. As a
first concrete step, therefore, it is recommended that
a conference be convened composed of one or at the most
two outstanding authorities, private or governmental,
from each country in order:
(a) to exchange information and views concerning the
most urgent problems in the recruitment, training and
utilisation of scientists, engineers and technicians, and
the best means, both long-term and short-term, of solving
those problems ;
(b) to foster closer relations among the participants
with a view of continued interchange of experience and
stimulation of constructive work in member countries ;
and
(c) to propo.se specific measures for future interna-
tional co-operation in this field, through NATO or other
international organizations.
V. Consultation on Economic Problems
70. It is agreed that the Atlantic Community has a
positive concern with healthy and accelerated develop-
ment in economically underdeveloped areas, both inside
and outside the NATO area. The Committee feels, how-
ever, that NATO is not an appropriate agency for ad-
ministering programmes of assistance for economic
development, or even for systematically concerting the
relevant i)olieies of member nations. What member
countries can and should do is to keep each other and
the Organization informed of their programmes and
policies in this field. When required NATO should review
the adequacy of existing action in relation to the in-
terests of the Alliance.
71. The economic interests of the Athmtic Community
cannot be considered in isolation from the activities and
policies of the Soviet bloc. The Soviets are resorting all
too often to the use of economic measures designed to
weaken the Western Alliance, or to create in other areas
a high degree of dependence on the Soviet world. In this
situation it is more than ever imiH)rtant that NATO
countries actively develop their own coiislructive commer-
cial and financial policies. In particular, they should
avoid creating situations of which the Soviet bloc coun-
tries might take advantage to the detriment of the At-
lantic Coninuinity and of other non-Communist countries.
In this wliolc Held ol' comiietitive economic coexistence
24
Department of State Bulletin
member countries should consult tosether more fully In
order to determine their course deliberately and with the
fullest jiossible knowledge.
72. There has been a considerable evolution in NATO's
arrangements for regular economic consultation. In
addition, a number of econoniic matters have been brought
before the Council for consideration on an ad hoc basis.
No substantial new machinery in this field is called for.
Hovever, in view of the extended range of topics for
regular exchange of information and consultation de-
scribed above, there should be established under the Coun-
cil a Committee of Economic Advisers. This group should
be entrusted with preliminary discussion, on a systematic
basis, of the matters outlined above, together with such
tasks as may be assigned by the Council or a[)proved by
the Council at the Committee's request. It would absorb
any continuing function of the Committee of Technical
Advisers. Since its duties would not be full-time, mem-
ber governments could be represented normally by oflicials
mainly concerned with the work of other international
economic organizations. Membership, however, should be
flexible, the Committee being composed, when appropriate,
of specialists from the capitals on particular toi>ics under
consideration.
Chapter 4: Cultural Co-operation
73. A sense of community must bind the people as well
as the institutions of the Atlantic nations. This will
exist only to the extent that there is a realisation of their
common cultural heritage and of the values of their free
way of life and thought. It is important, therefore, for
the NATO countries to promote cultural cooperation
among their peoples by all practical means In order to
strengthen their unity and develop maximum support
for the Alliance. It is particularly Important that this
cultural co-operation should be wider than continental.
This, however, does not preclude particular governments
from acting on a more limited multilateral or even bi-
lateral basis to strengthen their own cultural relations
within the broader Atlantic framework. The Committee
welcomes the measures for cultural co-operation within
the Atlantic Community which have been initiated by
private Individuals and non-governmental groups. These
should be encouraged and increased.
74. To further cultural collaboration, the Committee
suggests that member governments be guided by the fol-
lowing general principles :
(a) government activities in this field should not dupli-
cate but should support and supplement private efforts;
(b) member governments should give priority to those
projects which require joint NATO action, and thus con-
tribute to a developing sense of community;
(c) in developing new activities in the cultural field,
NATO can most fruitfully place the main emphasis on in-
spiring and promoting transatlantic contacts ;
(d) there should be a realistic appreciation of the
financial Implications of cultural projects.
7.'i. In order to develop public awareness and under-
standing of NATO and the Atlantic Community, the
Council should work out arrangements for NATO courses
and seminars for teachers.
76. NATO and its member governments should broaden
their support of other educational and related activities
such as the NATO Fellowship and Scholarship Pro-
gramme ; creation of university chairs of Atlantic .studies ;
visiting professorships ; government-sponsored pro-
grammes for the exchange of persons, especially on a
transatlantic basis : use of NATO information materials
in schools ; and establishment of special NATO awards
for students.
77. Governments should actively promote closer rela-
tions between NATO and youth organizations and a spe-
cialist should be added to the International Staff in this
connection. Conferences iinder NATO auspices of repre-
sentatives of youth organizations such as that of .July
1950 should be held from time to time.
78. In the interests of promoting easier and more fre-
quent contacts among the NATO peoples, governments
should review and, if possible, revise their foreign ex-
change and other policies which restrict travel.
79. In view of the Importance of promoting better un-
derstanding and goodwill between NATO service person-
nel, it would be desirable, in co-operation with the mili-
tary authorities, to extend exchanges of such personnel
beyond the limits of normal training progi-ammes. Such
exchanges might, as a first step, be developed by govern-
ments on a bilateral basis. In addition, member govern-
ments should seek the assistance of the Atlantic Treaty
Association and other voluntary organizations in the fur-
ther development of such exchanges.
80. Cultural projects which have a common benefit
should be commonly financed. Agreed cultural projects
initiated by a single member government or a private or-
ganization, such as the recent seminar held at Oxford or
the Study Conference sponsored by the Atlantic Treaty
Association on "the Role of the School in the Atlantic Com-
munity", should receive financial support from NATO
where that is necessary to supplement national resources.
Chapter 5: Co-operation in the Irrformatioii Field
81. The jjeople of the member countries must know
about NATO if they are to support it. Therefore they
must be informed not only of NATO's aspirations, but of
its achievements. There must be substance for an effec-
tive NATO information programme and resources to carry
it out. The public should be informed to the greatest
possible extent of significant results achieved through
NATO consultation.
82. NATO information activities should be directed pri-
marily to public opinion in the NATO area. At the same
time an understanding outside the NATO area of the
objectives and accomplishments of the Organization is
necessary if it is to be viewed sympathetically, and if its
activities are not to be misinterpreted.
83. The important task of explaining and reporting
NATO activities rests primarily on national information
services. They cannot discharge this task If member gov-
ernments do not make adequate provisions in their na-
tional programmes for that purpose. It is essential, there-
fore, that such provision be made. NATO can and should
assist national governments in this work. The promotion
January 7, 1957
25
of information about and public understanding of NATO
and the Atlantic Community should, in fact, be a joint
endeavour by the Organization and its members.
84. One of NATO's functions should be to co-ordinate
the work of national information services in fields of
common interest. Governments should pool their experi-
ences and views in NATO to avoid differences in evalua-
tion and emphasis. This is particularly important in the
dissemination of information about NATO to other coun-
tries. Co-ordinated policy should underline the defensive
character of our Alliance and the importance of its non-
military aspects. It should cover also replies to anti-
NATO propaganda and the analysis of Communist moves
and statements which affect NATO.
85. In its turn, the NATO Information Division must be
given the resources by governments as well as their sup-
port, without which it could not discharge these new
tasks — and should not be asked to do so.
86. In order to facilitate co-operation between the
NATO Information Division and national information
services, the following specitic measures are recom-
mended :
(a) an Officer should be designated by each national
information service to maintain liaison with NATO and
to be responsible for the dissemination of NATO informa-
tion material ;
(b) governments should submit to NATO the relevant
information programmes which they plan to implement,
for discussion in the Committee on Information and Cul-
tural Relations. Representatives of national informa-
tion services should take part in these discussions ;
(c) within the NATO Information Division budget, pro-
vision should be made for a translation fund so that
NATO information material can be translated into the
non-official languages of the Alliance, according to reason-
able requirements of the member governments ;
(d) NATO should, on request, provide national services
with special studies on matters of common interest.
87. The journalists' tours sponsored by NATO should
be broadened to include others in a position to influence
public opinion, such as trade union and youth leaders,
teachers and lecturers. Closer relations between private
organizations supporting NATO and the NATO Informa-
tion Division should also be encouraged. ■
Chapter 6: Organization and Functions
88. The Committee considers that NATO in its present
form is capable of discharging the non-military functions
required of it. Structural changes are not needed. The
machine is basically satisfactory. It is for governments
to make use of it.
89. At the same time, certain improvements in the
procedures and functioning of the Organization will be
required if the recommendations of this report are to be
fully implemented. The proposals in this Chapter are
submitted for this purpose.
A. Meetings of the Council
90. More time should be allowed for Ministerial Meet-
ings. Experience has shown that, without more time.
Important issues on the agenda cannot be adequately con-
sidered. Decisions concerning some of them will not be
reached at all, or will be reached only in an unclear form.
91. Efforts should be made to encourage discussion
rather than simply declarations of policy prepared in ad-
vance. Arrangements for meetings should be made with
this aim in view. For most sessions, the numbers present
should be sharply restricted. In order to facilitate free
discussions, when Ministers wish to speak in a language
other than French or English, consecutive translation into
one of these official languages should be provided by inter-
preters from their own delegations.
92. Meetings of Foreign Ministers should be held when-
ever required and occasionally in locations other than
NATO Headquarters. Ministers might also participate
more frequently in regular Council meetings, even though
not all of them may find it possible to attend such meetings
at the same time. The Council of Permanent Representa-
tives has powers of effective decision : in other words, the
authority of the Council as such is the same whether gov-
ernments are represented by Ministers or by their Per-
manent Representatives. Thus there should be no firm or
formal line between Ministerial and other meetings of the
Council.
B. Strengthening the Links Between the Council and
Member Governments
93. It is indispensable to the kind of consultations en-
visaged in this report that Permanent Representatives
should be in a position to speak authoritatively and to
reflect the current thinking of their governments. Dif-
ferences in location and in constitutional organization
make impossible any uniform arrangements in all mem-
ber governments. In some cases it might be desirable to
designate a high official in the national capital to be con-
cerned primarily with NATO affairs. The purpose would
be to help both in fostering NATO consultations whenever
national policies impinge on the common interests of the
Atlantic Community, and in translating the results of
such consultations into effective action within the national
governments.
94. To ensure the closest possible connection between
current thinking in the governments and consultations in
the Council, there might be occasional Council meetings
with the participation of specially designated officials or
the permanent heads of foreign ministries.
C. Preparation for Council Meetings
95. Items on the agenda of Ministerial Meetings should
be thoroughly examined by Permanent Representatives
and releveiit proposals prepared before Ministers meet.
For this purpose it may be found desirable for govern-
ments to send senior experts to consult on agenda items
before the meetings take place.
96. The preparation of questions for discussion in the
Council should be assisted by appropriate use of tlio ■
Council's Committees of Political and Economic Advisors.
(Recommendations on the establishment of these Comr
mittees are set forth in Chapter 2, paragraph 56, and
Chapter 3, paragraph 72.)
97. In the case of consultations on special subjects,
more use should be made of senior experts from national
capitals to assist permanent delegations by calling them,
on an ad hoc basis, to do preparatory work. Informal
26
Department of State Bulletin
discussions iiraong sppcialists witL oorrcspoudiug resiKin-
sibilities are a partitularly valuable means of concerting
governmental attitudes in the early stages of policy forma-
tion.
98. Member governments should make available to one
another through NATO "basic position material" for back-
ground information. This would help the Alliance as a
whole in the consideration of problems of common con-
cern and would assist individual governments to under-
stand more fully the reasons for the position adopted by
any member country on a particular issue which might
be its si)ecial concern, but which might also affect in
varying degrees other members of NATO.
D. The Secretary General and the International Staff
09. To enable the Organization to make ite full con-
tribution, the role of the Secretary General and the In-
ternational Staff needs to be enhanced.
100. It is recommended that the Secretary General pre-
side over meetings of the Council in Ministerial, as he
does now in other sessions. Such a change with respect
to the conduct of the Council's business would follow
naturally from the new responsibilities of the Secretary
General, arising out of the recommendations of this re-
port. It is also warranted by the Secretary General's
unique opportunities for becoming familiar with the
problems and the activities of the Alliance as a whole.
101. It would, however, still be desirable to have one
Minister chosen each year as President of the Council in
accordance with the present practice of alphabetical rota-
tion. This Minister, as President, would continue to have
especially close contact with the Secretary General dur-
ing and between Ministerial ileetings, and would, as at
present, act as the spokesman of the Council on all formal
occasions. He would also preside at the formal opening
and closing of Ministerial sessions of the Council.
102. In addition :
(a) the Secretary General should be encouraged to
propo.se items for NATO consultation in the fields covered
by this report and should be responsible for promoting and
directing the process of consultation ;
(h) in view of these resiwnsibilities, meml)er govern-
ments should undertake to keep the Secretary General
fully and currently informed through their permanent dele-
gations of their governments' thinking on questions of
common concern to the Alliance ;
(c) attention is also called to the additional respon.si-
hilities of the Secretary General, recommended in connec-
tion with the annual political appraisal (Chapter 2, para-
graph 52) and the peaceful settlement of disputes (Chap-
ter 2, paragraph 57).
103. The effective functioning of NATO depends in large
measure on the etficiency, devotion and morale of its Secre-
tariat. Acceptance of the recommendations in this report
would impose on the Secretariat new duties and resiwnsi-
bilities. Governments must, therefore, be prepared to
give the International Staff all necessary support, both in
finance and personnel. If this is not done, the recom-
mendations of the report, even if accepted by governments,
will not be satisfactorily carried out.
Palais de Chaillot
Paris, XVIe.
January 7, J 957
Annex
Comnvittec of Three
I'urnml liccord of Proceedings
The Committee of Three, consisting of Dr. Gaetano
Marti no (Italy), Mr. Halvard Lange (Norway) and Mr.
Lester H. Pearson (Canada) was established by the North
Atlantic Council in Ministerial Session on 5th May, 1956,
with the following terms of reference :
". . . to advise the Council on ways and means to im-
prove and extend NATO co-ojieration in non-military
fields and to develop greater unity within the Atlantic
Cou)munit.v."
2. The Committee held its first meetings from 20th to
22nd .lune. 1956, at NATO Headquarters in Paris. Dur-
ing these discussions, the procedure to be followed by the
Committee was established, and it was decided to send
a Ciuestionnaire to each NATO member government in
order to obtain its views on a number of specific problems
with respect to co-operation in the political, economic,
cultural and infonnatlon fields and regarding the organi-
zation and functions of NATO. In addition, the Com-
mittee issued a memorandum containing explanatory
notes and guidance to assist countries in the preparation
of their replies to the Questionnaire. The Questionnaire
was circulated on 2Sth June, 1956, and governments were
requested to submit their replies by 20th August.
8. The Committee reassembled in Paris on 10th Sep-
tember, 1956, and held a series of meetings lasting until
the 22nd of that month. After having examined and
analysed the replies to the Questionnaire, the Committee
held consultations with each member country individually.
The pui-pose of these consultations was to clarify, where
necessary, the position taken by governments in their re-
plies, and to discuss with the representatives of other
governments in a preliminary way certain views of the
Committee.
4. The consultations took place in tlie following order :
Wednesday, 12th September a. m. Iceland (represented
by Mr. H. G. Andersen, Permanent Representative of
Iceland to the North Atlantic Council) ; p. m. Turkey
( represented by Mr. N. Birgi, Secretary General of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs).
Thursday, 13th September a. m. The Netherlands (repre-
sented by Mr. .1. W. Beyen, Minister for Foreign Af-
fairs) ; p. m. Greece (represented by Mr. E. Averof,
Minister for Foreign Affairs).
Friday, 14th September a. m. Belgium (represented by
Mr. P. H. Spaak, Minister for Foreign Affairs) ; p. m.
Germany (represented by Professor Hallstein, Secre-
tary of State for Foreign Affairs).
Monday, 17th Septeml)er a. m. Luxembourg (repre.sented
by Mr. M. J. Bech, Prime Minister and Minister for For-
eign Affairs) ; a. m. France (represented by Mr. C.
Pineau, Minister for Foreign Affairs) ; p. m. United
States (represented by Senator George, special repre-
sentative of President Eisenhower) ; p. m. Portugal
( represented by Mr. P. Cunha, Minister for Foreign
Affairs).
Tuesday, 18th September a. m. Denmark (represented by
Ernst Christiansen, Deputy Foreign Minister) ; p. m.
United Kingdom (represented by Mr. Anthony Nutting,
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs).
5. In addition the Committee met with the following
groups :
27
(a) On Wednesday, 12th September, meeting with the
Standing Committee of the Conference of Members of
Parliament from NATO countries, consisting of the fol-
lowing persons :
Belgium Mr. Frans Van Cauwelaert
Mr. A. (le Meeler
Canada Senator, the Hon. Wishart McL.
Robertson, P. C.
France Mr. Maurice Schumann
Germany Herr F. Berendsen
Dr. Richard Jaeger
Netherlands Mr. J. J. Fens
Mr. J. L. Kranenburg
Mr. E. A. Vermeer
Turkey Colonel Seyfi Kurtbek
United Kinsdom.. Colonel Walter Elliott, C.H., M.C., M.P.
United States Congressman Wayne L. Hays, M.C.
(b) On Saturday, 15th September, meeting with the
Atlantic Treaty Association, represented by :
Count Morra, Chairman
Dr. Nord, Vice-Chairman
Dr. Flynt, Vice-Chairman and
Mr. John Eppstein, Secretary General
and a number of delegates from national member or-
ganizations.
(c) On Tuesday, 18th September, meeting with Gen-
eral Billotte and Mr. Barton, representing the Signa-
tories of the Declaration of Atlantic Unity.
6. As a result of these consultations a draft report to
the Council was prepared. In this work the Committee
benefited from the expert advice of three special con-
sultants. They were Professor Lincoln Gordon ( Harvard
University), Professor Guide Carli (Rome) and Mr.
Robert Major (Oslo).
7. The Committee met again in New York on 14th
November and re-examined the report in the light of
the important world events which occurred in the in-
terval since its September meeting. The Committee,
after approving the report, furnished the other Foreign
Ministers with an advance copy, preparatory to con-
sideration of the report by the North Atlantic Council.
British Arrangements With
Monetary Fund and Eximbani<
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND ANNOUNCE-
MENT, DECEMBER 10
The Government of the United Kingdom has
made arrangements with the International Mone-
tary Fund under which it may purchase with ster-
ling, from the Fund, up to the amount of its quota
of U.S.$1,300 million. These aiTangements fall
into two parts:
(i) a drawing of U.S.$561,470,000 ; and
(ii) a stand-by arrangement under which up to
the equivalent of U.S.$738,530,000 in foreign cur-
rencies may be purchased with sterling at any time
during the next twelve months.
Tlie United Kingdom Government purchased a
total of U.S.$300 million from the Fund in 1947
and 1948. These sums have since been fully re-
paid, partly by repurchase by the United Kingdom
and partly by purchases of sterling by other
members.
STATEMENT BY IMF MANAGING DIRECTOR
PER JACOBSSON, DECEMBER 10
The drawing of $561,470,000 is intended to add
to the monetary reserves of the United Kingdom
to meet payments requirements. This amount will
be at the immediate disposal of the United King-
dom.
The stand-by arrangement, on the other hand,
will make available the equivalent of $738,530,000
in Fund member currencies to be used at any time
during the next twelve months at the request of
the United Kingdom, to supplement the amount
immediately transferred.
In the speech of the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer, Mr. Macmillan, on December 4, and in
its representations to the Fund the United King-
dom Government has made clear that it intends
to maintain the rate of the pound sterling at its
present parity and to avoid the reimposition of
external controls. To this end the United King-
dom Government has announced that it will follow
fiscal, credit and other policies designed to
strengthen the economy, both internally and ex-
ternally.
The pursuit of such policies will clearly promote
the objectives of the Fund. For this reason, and
in view of the special importance of sterling as a
worldwide reserve and trading currency, the Fimd
has approved a transaction of this magnitude. It
has done so in the firm belief that the action
taken will permit the policies and measures of the
United Kingdom to continue to operate and thus
effectively contribute to the restoration of the
strong balance-of-paj'inents position which had
been emerging in the first half of 1956.
In this connection it should be pointed out that
the trading position of the United Kingdom lias
been and continues to be essentially sound. In the
course of 1956, pressure on the economy was eased
under the impact of the monetary and fiscal meas-
ures and the benefit of investments over the past
few years now coming to fruition. The credit
squeeze was showing good results, the rise in prices
had been checked, and exports, including those to
28
Department of State Bulletin
tlie dollar markets, had reached record levels. A
state of equilibrium had almost been achieved.
From the end of July, however, the balance-of-
payments position came under pressure. The
pressure was not caused by weakness in the current
account, but reflected a decline in confidence whicli
caused remittances of sterling to be delayed and
payments through sterling to be accelerated.
Since sterling serves as a means of payments for
half the world's commercial transactions, it is a
currency particularly susceptible to tliese influ-
ences. It is for the purpose of reversing this trend
against a world-wide trading currency that the
International Monetary Fund has today approved
support on such a massive scale.
EXIMBANK ANNOUNCEMENT, DECEMBER 21
The Export-Import Bank and the British Em-
bassy announced on December 21 that the bank had
authorized a line of credit of $500 million in favor
of the British Government to be available for the
United Kingdom's dollar requirements for United
States goods and services, including dollar re-
quirements for petroleum.
The line of credit will he made against the U.K.
Government holding of United States dollar se-
curities. It will be available for a period of 12
months. Repayments will begin 3 years after
each disbursement and will be made in semiannual
installments over 4% years thereafter. Interest
on each disbursement will be chargeable at 41^
percent, payable semiannually.
U.S. Extends Invitation to
Euratom Committee
Press release 629 dated December 21
The Department of State and the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs in Brussels on December 21 re-
leased the text of a letter from the Secretary of
State to Paul-Henri Spaak, Foreign Minister of
Belgium and President of the Intergovernmental
Conference for the Commnon Market and EU-
RATOM, together with a translation of the let-
ter's reply, concerning an invitation hy the U.S.
Government to a group of three distinguished
Europeans uiorhing on a program of atomic en-
ergy development in connection with EURATOM
to visit the United States. The texts of tlie letters
follow.
Secretary Dulles to Foreign Minister Spaak
Degkmhek 10, 19r)6
Mt dear Mk. President: We have noted with
great interest the decision of the Brussels Con-
ference to appoint three "AVise Men" whose task
it is to establish production targets in the field of
nuclear energy for Euratom, the rate at which
nuclear power stations can be installed, and the
means and resources needed for the achievement
of a common program.
In the past, both the President and I have in-
dicated the sympathetic support of this country
for the efl^orts of the Six Nations to develop an
integrated atomic energy community. Not only
would a successful Euratom contribute impor-
tantlj' to the goal of a closer and mutually bene-
ficial association of Western European states, but
such a community could do much to further the
development of the peaceful uses of atomic energy,
the encouragement of which has been a major
objective of this country over the last several
years.
I would appreciate, therefore, your extending
an invitation to the "Wise Men", on behalf of the
Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and
myself, to come to the United States in the course
of their study in order that United States Gov-
ernment otKcials and American private groups can
assist them in every appropriate way in carrying
out their important mission.
Sincerely yours,
John Foster Dulles
His Excellency
Paul- Henri Spaak,
President of the
Intergovernmental Committee
for the Common Marhet
and EURATOM,
Brussels.
Mr. Spaak to Secretary Dulles
December 19, 1956
Mr. Secretary : The letter that you kindly sent
to me on December 10 has received my full atten-
tion. I have brought it to the attention of the
Committee of the Chiefs of Delegation of the
Conference for the Common Market and Eura-
tom, which met at Paris on December 13.
The Committee was very pleased at the evidence
of interest that the American Government con-
tinues to show in the efforts of the Six Nations to
ianuary 7, 1957
29
create an atomic community. It decided with
pleasure to forward to the three Wise Men the
invitation in which you and the Chairman of the
Atomic Energy Commission invite them to visit
the United States in order to complete their work.
I have just learned that Messrs. Etzel, Giordani
and Armand ^ gratefully accept this invitation
and that they plan to go to the United States dur-
ing the course of the month of Januaiy.
Please accept, Mr. Secretary, the assurances of
my highest consideration.
P. H. Spaak
The Honorable
John Foster Dulles,
Secretary of State,
Washington.
Colombo Plan Nations Review
Economic Progress
Press release 622 dated December 17
Following are the texts of a communique issued
on Decemher 8 at Wellington, New Zealand, by
the Consultative Committee of the Colombo Plan
for Cooperative Econo?nio Development of South
and Southeast Asia at the conclusion of its eighth
meeting, and of an extract from the Committee''s
annual report. Walter S. Robertson, Assistant
Secretary for Far Eastern Affairs, headed the
U.S. delegation to the Consultative Committee
meeting. Member governments of the Commit-
tee are: Australia, Burma, Cambodia, Canada,
Ceylon, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Nepal,
New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippi7ies, Thailand,
the United Kingdom together with Malaya and
British Borneo, the United States, and Yiet-Nwm.
COMMUNIQUE OF DECEMBER 8
1. The eighth meeting of the Consultative Com-
mittee, representing the member Governments of
the Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic
' Franz Etzel, Vice President of the High Authority of
the European Coal and Steel Community ; Francesco
Giordani, President of the Italian National Research
Committee and former President of the Italian National
Committee for Nuclear Research ; Louis Armand, Presi-
dent of the French National Railway System aud Chair-
man of the Industrial Equipment Committee of the
French Atomic Energy Commission.
Development in South and South East Asia, was
held in Wellington from 4 to 8 December 1956.
2. The meeting reviewed the progress, and con-
sidered the problems of development, during the
past year, in the countries of the area and sur-
veyed the present economic position of the individ-
ual countries, and of the region as a whole. An
assessment was made of some of the tasks ahead
for the countries of the Colombo Plan in South
and South East Asia. A draft report prepared
by officials in a preliminary meeting from 19 No-
vember to 1 December 1956 was discussed by Min-
isters who approved the text of the Fifth Annual
Eeport, for publication in member comitries'
capitals on or after 15 January 1957. The dis-
cussions were full, frank and cordial and not the
least value of the meeting lay in the friendly per-
sonal association between the representatives of
the member Governments.
3. In the region as a whole several significant
advances were made in both the planning and
execution of economic development programmes
during the fifth year of the Colombo Plan. In
1955-56, there was progress in the development of
the area as a whole, although this progress was
not uniform. National income continued to rise
at a rate slightly in excess of population growth.
Most of the Colombo Plan countries in 1955-56
contributed to and benefited from the continued
expansion in world industrial production and
trade. Agricultural production, on balance
showed a little improvement over the previous
year ; there was an increase in mining output, par-
ticularly in petroleum production in the area.
Significant progress was made in industrial pro-
duction as a result of greater utilization of exist-
ing equipment and expanded facilities resulting
from new investment.
4. The past year has been, in a measure, a turn-
ing point in the progress of the Asian members
of the Colombo Plan. Many countries have re-
cently formulated new or renewed national plans
and others have given continuing attention to im-
proving the planning and execution of their pub-
lic investment projects. For 1955-56, the aim was
to expend an estimated £791 million on develop-
ment in the public sector in countries of the area
and for 1956-57 it is the intention to raise the level
of expenditure by over a quarter. The greater
part of this cost of development in the public
sector is being provided through the efforts of the
people of the area. In addition to governmental
30
Deparfmenf of Sfafe Bulletin
development projects, private investment is mak-
ing an important contribution especially in agri-
culture and small-scale industries.
5. In 1955-56 assistance from contributing mem-
ber governments of the Plan, from international
institutions and from other agencies, was greater
than in previous years and the rate at which it
was used on specific projects was accelerated.
External capital assistance in addition to supple-
menting the countries' own resources has a value
of generating further domestic investment. It
was recognized that there is an important place for
private external investment as a means of obtain-
ing capital inflow, particularly because of the
technical knowledge it brings with it and its
flexibility.
6. One of the main obstacles to balanced eco-
nomic development in the Colombo Plan area is
the lack of skilled personnel. Much can be done
through capital projects to raise productivity, but
without adequate technical skills the fullest use
may not be made of new possibilities opened up
by higher soil fertility, electric power and new
machinery. The main emphasis in improving
social services such as health and education, too,
must lie with trained staff, helped by modern
equipment. For these reasons, successive meet-
ings of the Consultative Committee have stressed
the need for the training of students of the area
in the more developed countries and the sending
of experts to the area. The committee found this
year that one of the fruits of the Colombo Plan has
been the ability of some countries of the area to
send experts to, and receive trainees from their
neighbours, and noted that additional opportuni-
ties for such intra regional assistance will increase,
as development progresses and more experience is
obtained.
7. Since 1950, teclinical assistance has been
extended to approximately 11,000 trainees, while
about 4,000 experts have been provided.
8. The Committee took note of the progress re-
ported by the United States on a proposal for a
regional nuclear center to be located in Manila.^
The United States informed the committee of the
future steps to be taken in consultation with the
members of the Colombo Plan; it was also indi-
cated that the United States was prepared to
contribute approximately $20 million to the estab-
' For text of a statement made by Mr. Robertson at
the meeting, see Bulletin of Dec. 17, 1956, p. 957.
lishment of the center subject to mutually satisfac-
tory arrangements being worked out with other
participating countries. Canada reported on
progress in the construction of the Canada-India
Reactor. This Reactor is being established at
the Indian Atomic Energy Research Centre near
Bombay.
9. Two major aspects of development during the
period under review were noted: first, the en-
deavours of countries to attain higher rates of
economic growth while preserving the economic
and social stability required to make that growth
continuous and its results enduring; and second,
the need for flexibility in the execution of plans.
In some countries, post-war rehabilitation is still
to be completed, or other difficulties are still to be
overcome, and it is only now that they are be-
gimiing to find themselves in a position to formu-
late development plans. For others, the task
is now to move forward from the economic and
social basis already provided by their own efforts
and by cooperation within the Colombo Plan.
10. These and other problems in the tasks ahead
have been discussed in the Annual Report for
1956. Member governments of the Colombo Plan
are confident that their friendly and willing co-
operation will continue in facing the difficulties
and challenges that lie ahead in the building of
a new life for the countries of South and South
East Asia.
EXTRACT FROM ANNUAL REPORT
Some Tasks Ahead
1. The Annual Reports of the Consultative Committee
review the general economic situation and development
progress and prospects of South and South East Asia.
Such reviews of the past and assessments of the future
focus attention on certain problems relating to the future
development of the countries of the area which warrant
consideration.
2. The 1955 Annual Report," for instance, found wide
differences in the economic situation of the countries of
the area, that much development work remained to be
done, that while the need for external resources remained,
the problem of mcbilising domestic resources was of para-
mount importance, and that certain economic problems,
common to the region, had been thrown into sharper
focus. These issues were broadly stated and drawn out
in a necessarily tentative way ; only the passage of time
would permit more definite conclusions.
3. Another year of experience makes it possible to
" For an extract from this report, see ibid., Dec. 12,
1955, p. 995.
January 7, 1957
31
delineate issues further and draw provisional conclusions
regarding some of the problems common to the area.
These may be summarized as follows :
(a) While further progress in the economic growth
of the region has been made in the past year countries
have become aware of the increasing need for maintain-
ing flexibility in furthering their development pro-
grammes, while consolidating existing gains.
(b) In spite of considerable economic growth in past
years, the problem of developing suflScient opportunities
for productively employing the ever increasing human
resources of the area remains.
(c) Varying stages and forms of development and
the wide range of experience within the region provide
new opportunities for cooperation among the countries
of South and South East Asia.
(d) Future development will tend to require more
complex and difficult decisions in such matters as the
extent to which the fruits of development can and should
be devoted to consumption rather than investment, the
pattern of investment, and the impact of a country's de-
velopment programme upon its external situation and
the economic life of other countries.
(e) The task ahead will require the mobilization of
additional developmental energies in both the public and
the private sectors.
(f ) While the flow of external resources to the coun-
tries in the region has so far been largely in forms of
grants, increased opportunities may develop for drawing
on foreign private investment and on public and private
loans as sources of external capital.
4. The years ahead will require increasing attention
to the problems of maintaining flexibility in development
programmes while consolidating existing advances and
continuing development. For many countries in South
and South East Asia, the economic growth process has
involved the planning and programming of resources over
long periods of time. The implementation of programmes,
however, is dependent upon the availability of requisite
resources at the right time, in the right place, and in the
right combination. Sometimes these resources are not
available because of crop failures, foreign exchange strin-
gencies, and imf oreseen shortages of equipment and skilled
personnel. Under these circumstances, there is a need
for flexibility in programmes. Plans provide a broad
framework of overall objectives as flexible guides to future
policies and action. Constant vigilance will be required
to ensure that appropriate adju.stments are made to meet
changed conditioas. It is also necessary in this connec-
tion to refer to the possibility of taking steps towards the
building of defences within the economies of the countries
of the region to enable them to sustain their development
despite short-term upsets like drought, floods etc.
5. Countries in the region may find it necessary to give
Increasing attention not only to flexibility in the imple-
mentation of programmes, but also to the more general
problem of consolidating existing achievements while
continuing to move forward.
G. Countries of the area also find it necessary to devote
increasing attention to creating new opportunities for
employing their expanding labour force. Available infor-
mation tends to indicate that development progress may
not be providing employment opportimities commensurate
with the growth of the labour force. On the other hand,
employment opportunities provided by development may
not be fully utilized because of the limited availability
of necessary skills and talents in the labour force. Future
programmes, recognizing both the social and economic
exigencies of the situation, are seeking to devote increased
attention to creating additional work facilities for the
presently unemployed or under-employed, as well as pro-
viding needed training for an expanding labour force.
Some countries may seek a partial solution to this current
and long-term problem through increased emphasis upon
industrialisation and greater labour mobility ; others may
concentrate on additional work opportunities for under-
employed agricultural workers; others may devote a por-
tion of their development efforts to projects employing
a great deal of labour. The means and varied possible
approaches to resolve this difficult situation will, in the
years ahead, provide an additional body of common experi-
ence upon which all countries may be able to draw.
7. Development progress in South and South East Asia,
provides a wide range of experience differing from coim-
try to country. Some countries, for example, are well
advanced in the implementation of long-range develop-
ment programmes. Others are still engaged in the initial
task of assessing resources and determining programme
priorities. Continued developmental efforts and progress
under differing situations in the countries of the area
have produced, in a number of ways, opportunities for
interchanges of uuitual interest. Some countries have
successfully utilised a particular approach or overcome
an important obstacle which other countries are about
to encounter in some phase of their development. Begin-
nings have already been made in exchanging experiences
in the resolution of particular problems. It is noted, for
instance, that one country of the area which has pioneered
in community development projects is now responding to
the request of another memlier for assistance in initiating
such a progi-amme.
8. Another beginning in the interchange of experience
within the area is in the field of training and education.
Countries of the area are develoiiing skiUs and training of
interest to each other. This experience is, in many in-
stances, already being shared with others in the area.
In some cases, the various experience or techniques de-
veloped within the area may have greater applicability
and effectiveness than similar experience obtained else-
where. Out of these opportunities provided by a grow-
ing body of economic experience within the area, it may be
found that assistance for many of South and South East
Asia's development problems can come from the region
itself.
9. The informal consultation which has been pursued
for many years in Consultative Committee meetings can
further assist in this process. Continuing progress in all
countries will provide further ideas and problems which
can be exchanged profitably with other member countries.
Increasingly, aid-recipient countries of the area are also
becoming aid-donor countries, particularly in the field of
technical assistance. No clear pattern has emerged as to
the ultimate extent or intensity of such mutual coopera-
tion but it appears that an opportunity is i)resent in which
all could participate and from which all could gain. It
32
Department of State Bulletin
is clear that there is considerable scope for .greater re-
gional cooperation in South and South East Asia.
10. The experience of the past year has confirmed once
again the importance of viewing the process of develop-
ment and implementation of programmes in the broadest
possible context. Programmes for expanding economic
growth are generally conceived in terms of stated objec-
tives relating to the internal economic situation, such as
percentage increases in national income, production tar-
gets, employment opportunities, and export availabilities.
While in many Instances the validity of these objectives
is derived from important domestic considerations, their
realization is often dependent upon external factors be-
yond the control of the developiug country. Many coun-
tries of the area find that effective development therefore
requires consideration of the proposed programme in a
broad setting. On the one hand, there is the genuine de-
sire on the part of many countries to undertake indus-
trialization in order to utilize locally available material
resources and to create new employment opportunities.
There is a natural and laudable desire on the part of
countries to diversify in order to achieve a balanced econ-
omy. On the other hand, there is the problem of equating
internal programmes with external resources availabili-
ties in such a way as to achieve objectives without engen-
dering critical balance of payments difficulties. It should
be borne in mind that any development programmes which
lead to an impairment of the export earnings of a country
or the prosperity of its trading partners are likely to be
self-defeating in the long run. The past decade has wit-
nessed an increasingly discernible movement towards
higher levels of world trade. Development can aid this
movement and profit from it. In the years ahead, as the
Colombo Plan countries of South and South East Asia,
with more than one-fourth of the world's population, un-
dertake larger development programmes, the task of con-
sidering programmes from the standpoint of both the in-
ternal and external impact will become more necessary
and, in some instances, more difficult. It is, however, a
consideration essential to sound development progress.
11. The review of the past year has focused attention
on the all-important relationship between consumption
and investment. In the future, as development outlays
increase, the maintenance of a balanced relationship be-
tween consumption and investment will have greater im-
iwrtance and become increasingly difficult to achieve. In-
creased consumption is one of the tangible benefits of de-
velopment and indeed, in a region with very low levels
of living, it may be regarded as an important factor in
increasing productivity. Too great an increase in invest-
ment without a corresponding increase in consumption
tends to create strains and stresses which threaten finan-
cial stability, particularly in view of the continuing in-
crease in the population of the region. On the other hand,
a point can be reached when too great a consumption
increase threatens to curtail investment and the future
rate of growth. This problem of devising appropriate
fiscal and other measures to permit a reasonable increase
in both consumption and investment constitutes one of
the most difficult tasks for the Governments of the coun-
tries of the region.
12. There is no simple solution for resolving the prob-
lem posed by the respective roles of consumption and in-
vestment. Many countries, as part of the initial phase
of development, have encouraged investments which, in
one way or another, in agriculture or industry, re.sult in
the availability of more consumer goods in the short term.
With a relatively sound base they have undertaken ex-
penditure on larger, slower-yielding investment projects
with a view to promoting a faster pace of development
in the future. This emphasis, however, is not adequate
in itself and has to be supplemented by corresponding
fiscal and other measures. Such measures have an im-
portant bearing on the mobilization and allocation of re-
sources in a developing country.
13. The task of mobilising resources is a continuing one.
Past experience in the area indicates that early emphasis
is on mobilising resources for those projects which the
government plans and directs, such as roads and other
basic facilities. At the same time, it becomes necessary
and desirable to maximise the efforts and productivity
of all parts of the economy. It is essential, therefore, to
bring forth, through training, administrative and financial
measures, a more widespread initiative throughout the
economy. This kind of initiative can be stimulated by a
variety of means, including effective policies on the part
of governments. Establishment or installation of basic
facilities will support the economic efforts of individuals,
groups and communities. Farm-to-market roads, for in-
stance, will provide increased outlets for greater output
by the individual producer. The assured availability of
power can result in the establishment of industrial facili-
ties by private resources. The availability of adequate
financial facilities, or programmes of land reform, can
provide incentives for the release of new energies in the
agricultural and industrial sectors.
14. Development requires a variety of resources, the
greater part of which has necessarily to be mobilized
internally by the developing coimtry itself. External
capital has, however, made a significant contribution to
development by supplying goods and services not available
for mobilization domestically in the countries of South
and South East Asia. Capital to the Colombo Plan area
has taken the form principally of grants and loans by
governments, private foreign investment and loans from
international financial Institutions. As economic advances
art made in the area, opportunities arise for greater resort
to private investment and to private and public lending
agencies as sources of external capital.
15. This assessment of the problems and Issues of the
future which arise out of a review of the past tends to
underscore the value of the Consultative Committee as a
forum for an annual exchange of views. Experience this
year indicates that the desirability of such consultation in-
creases rather than diminishes as development progress
is made In South and South East Asia. The Committee
clearly affords increasing opportunities for an increased
interchange of experiences on common problems. As the
Colombo Plan enters its sixth year there is renewed cour-
age, confidence and determination to move ahead in the
economic betterment of South and South East Asia. The
record of achievement set forth in this Report gives reason
to believe that, however great may be the difficulties
ahead, they will be overcome.
January 7, 1957
33
Need for Alleviating Shortage
of Merchant Shipping
Statement by Robert T. Merrill
Chief of the Shipping Division ^
My name is Eobert T. Merrill. I am here at the
kind invitation of the Federal Maritime Board
to present on behalf of the Department of State
certain considerations which lead the Department
to believe that the United States public interest
would be served by a decision to place in operation
as soon as possible a number of vessels presently
in the Maritime Administration's laid-up fleet.
The Department is aware of and appreciates the
reasoning which led the Congress in the Merchant
Sales Act of 1946 to "sterilize" the unsold war-
built vessels in the laid-up fleet, prescribing defi-
nite standards wliich must apply as a condition
to breaking them out for operation. One of these
standards, prescribed in section 5 (e), is that the
Board be of the opinion that the operation of the
vessels is required in the public interest.
Although the Department believes that vmder
normal circumstances the provision of shipping
services, both here and abroad, is a business best
governed by the free play of economic forces, it is
convinced that in the existing situation we are
facing an emergency in shipping where the supply
is grossly inadequate for the transport of neces-
sary commercial cargoes and of programs spon-
sored by United States Government agencies.
This situation of extreme shortage has led to the
spiraling of rates to levels which will adversely
affect the economic structures of friendly import-
ing countries and which will not contribute to
the long-term benefit of the countries providing
the shipping services or of the shipping companies
themselves.
The Department also would be reluctant to
recommend the activation of vessels where the
period of emergency could be so short that the
proportion of break-out expense which might be
recovered from operation would be dispropor-
tionately small, even when the betterment of the
vessels due to break-out is considered. In this
instance, liowever, it believes that the period dur-
ing which the vessels are needed will be sufficiently
long for the Government to recoup the costs in-
volved.
Some of the foreign countries affected by the
present shortage of ships were allies of this country
in World War II. Some have been assisted in the
recovery of their economies by moneys appropri-
ated for Marshall plan aid and subsequent recov-
ery progi'ams because the Congress considered
their recovery to be in the United States public
interest. Some are parties, together with the
United States, to North Atlantic Treaty joint de-
fense arrangements. The Board previously has
determined that the carriage of coal from the
United States to specific friendly countries is in
the United States public interest (the Isbrandtsen
case, doc. no. M-67). Under present circum-
stances the economies of a number of friendly
countries would be jeopardized by the shipping
shortage which has developed due to the closing
of the Suez Canal.
Estimates as to coal exports from the United
States, which have been widely quoted in connec-
tion with the Board's decision of October 3 to
charter 30 ships to American Coal Shipping, Inc.,
run over 40 million tons for 1956, 50 million tons
for 1957, and as high as 100 million tons in 1960.
European industrial production has been increas-
ing, and fuel is needed to support that increase.
Shipments from the United States of agricultural
products, including grain, are well in advance of
normal due to the Public Law 480 programs, and
create an additional demand for bulk carriers.
New construction of ships has not kept pace with
the trend of exports and imports. For some time
there has been little or no idle tonnage on the mar-
kets ; every ship offered was soon employed. From
the short- and long-range viewpoint, it does not
appear that the release of a reasonable number of
vessels from the laid-up fleet will adversely affect
the emplojanent of privately owned vessels,
whether American or foreign.
The closing of the Suez Canal has complicated
the situation, especially the need for tankers, but
also for dry-cargo vessels. European firms cap-
able of converting from oil to coal are doing so.
Late in November the President approved the re-
activation of the Middle East Emergency Com-
mittee, which will permit United States oil com-
panies to do joint planning in the movement of
petroleum supplies without penalty under the
antitrust laws." This should enable up to 500,000
barrels per day of additional oil to be transported
from the United States Gulf aiid from Caribbean
■ Made on Dec. 10 before the Federal Maritime Board.
- Bulletin of Dec. 17, 1956, p. 953.
34
Department of State Bulletin
ai'eas to Western Europe. There is a shortage
of dry-cargo vessels as well as of tankers, and
more will be needed to meet the minimmn fuel
requirements of friendly countries. The Suez sit-
uation not only has raised rates but has increased
the distances many ships must travel and so has
increased the general need for more tonnage.
Estimates as to the time that will elapse before
the canal is in full operation run as high as 6
months, although partial restoration of operation
may be possible sooner.
The coal charter rate from Hampton Roads to
the continent of Europe is now well in excess of
$15 per ton. "Wlien we add to that $11, for the
mine price of the coal plus the cost of bringing it
to Hampton Eoads, we have over $26-per-ton coal
at seaports in Belgium and Holland and possibly
$40 coal by the time it reaches the consumer. The
European economy simply cannot function effec-
tively on the basis of such high-priced fuel, and it
is obvious that much of the recovery that has been
accomplished with the assistance of the Marshall
plan and subsequent enactments will be lost and
that countries closely linked to us through Nato
and other arrangements will be faced with a ser-
ious problem unless something is done to relieve
the shortage of shipping which is a primary cause
of such high rates. Moreover, we may well
jeopardize the export market for coal, which on
a continuing basis depends on our ability to de-
liver large tonnages at stable and competitive
rates. If the rates are to increase still further,
this would not be likely to attract more ships to
the transport of coal because there are now no
ships available unless taken from other necessary
employment.
The Department is not favoring any particu-
lar application for the assignment of vessels. It
believes that the Board and the Maritime Ad-
ministration, in consultation when necessary with
agencies responsible for the transport of Govern-
ment programs, can best determine the number of
ships needed to ease the shortage and can best
work out, in accordance with the provisions of
existing statutes, the terms and conditions of their
employment. The Department hopes, however,
from the standpoint of the foreign-relations re-
sponsibilities entrusted to it, that an adequate
nvunber of presently laid-up ships will be made
available as soon as possible to meet the present
and anticipated needs.
U. S., U. K., and Canada Declassify
Additional Atomic Energy Data
SUxtement hy Lewis L. Strauss
Chairman, U.S. Atomic Energy Comrmssion'^
AEC press release dated December 12
A large additional volume of technical informa-
tion essential to the development of a civilian nu-
clear industry here and abroad is authorized for
open publication under a revised policy covering
the declassification of atomic energy information
in the United States, Great Britain, and Canada.
The information declassified by the new guide,
now approved by the three nations, relates to all
phases of nuclear power from ore recovery and
fabrication of fuel elements to the design and op-
eration of plants for the chemical recycling of
spent fuel elements from civilian reactors.
The new policies covering tripartite declassifica-
tion involve many areas of nuclear activity. How-
ever, of prime interest to American industry is the
newly authorized declassification of civilian power
reactor information.
Data on concepts, physics, chemistry, compo-
nents, and other aspects of these reactors have been
available through previous tripartite declassifica-
tion actions. Major release of research reactor
data dates back to November 1950. Many cate-
gories of restricted data have been available to
cleared individuals and organizations in this coun-
try under the Atomic Energy Commission's Civil-
ian Access Permit Program.
The latest action will permit publication of a
large portion of that information which hitherto
has been governed by access permits. For ex-
ample, among the facilities that become declassi-
fied under the new guide is our first full-scale
civilian nuclear power plant now nearing com-
pletion at Shippingport near Pittsburgh, Pa.;
also, the experimental sodium reactor at Santa
Susana, Calif.; the second-stage homogeneous
reactor at Oak Ridge, Tenn. ; and several others.
However, the access permit program remains
as an important aid to the continued integration
of U.S. industry and management in the atomic
energy program on a free competitive basis.
In addition, and clearly related to the reactor
data wliich will become available, is the declassi-
* Similar announcements were released simultaneously
at London and Ottawa.
January 7, 1957
35
fication of the tecluiology of heavy-water manu-
facture ; final stages of the separation of zirconium
and hafnium-two metals used in reactors; and
the liquid thennal diffusion process of isotope
separation, which may be used to make slightly
enriched uranium fuel.
Of interest to our friends abroad, especially
those now participating in the program of co-
operation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy
through bilateral agreements, is the fact that pur-
suant to today's actions the United States can
now effectively cooperate with other friendly
nations on an unclassified basis for civil power
purposes. This will greatly facilitate the con-
clusion of agreements for cooperation.
Uranium mining operators, underwriters, and
investors in the United States and in other ura-
nium-producing countries will benefit by the re-
moval of all tripartite restrictions on the publica-
tion of statistics on overall uranium ore reserves
and present and future ore-concentrate production
figures. The Morld uranium industry, which now
represents a private investment of many million
dollars, will be able to participate in planning for
nuclear power development.
The revision of the guide is tlie result of the long
study by the three nations of the security of in-
formation, jointly held, on nuclear data growing
out of their wartime cooperation in atomic energy
development.
As reports, drawings, and other materials ai'e
reviewed and declassified under the new guide
and published, a substantial volume of informa-
tion on peaceful uses of atomic energy will be
added to the already large store of declassified
data.
Today's announcement does not mean that all
the newly declassified data will become available
immediately, nor does it mean that the several
hundred firms who now have classified material
in their files, under the access permit program,
will receive immediate notices as to exactly which
data are declassified.
However, the Conmiission will move ahead rap-
idly in its review of classified information of in-
terest to industry. The Commission expects to
institute shortly an accelerated review program
similar to the one (hat examined over 30,000 docu-
ments and reports early this year. Following this
accelerated review, publication will be encouraged
and the most useful of the declassified material
should be available within 6 months or less.
The information to be released will provide a
practical basis for enlarging and improving high
school, college, and university curricula on nu-
clear science and engineering, and textbook pub-
lisher will be enabled to produce new, updated
texts and general study aids on nuclear energy
applications.
A like opportunity is opened up for the general,
teclinical, and business press to provide a wider
scope of information to those readers who need to
know more about nuclear energy and its uses.
We are confident that the benefits of the actions
announced today will have equal application in
the United Kingdom and Canada. For the
United States, the new large volume of informa-
tion to be declassified shoidd speed the develop-
ment of ci\nlian nuclear power here at home and
at the same time enable us to be of greater as-
sistance to other nations in fulfilling the broad
aims of President Eisenhower's atoms-for-peace
program.
Applications of atomic energy in the reactor
field which are primarily of military interest con-
tinue classified.
Letters of Credence
Ecu-ador
The newly appointed Ambassador of Ecuador,
Jose R. Chiriboga V., presented his credentials to
President Eisenhower on December 19. For the
text of the Ambassador's remarks and the text of
the President's reply, see Department of State
press release 627.
Board of Foreign Scholarships
The President on December 18 appointed the
following to be members of the Board of Foreign
Scholarships for terms expiring September 22,
1959: Katherine G. Blyley (reappointment),
George Charles S. Benson, and Robert G. Storey.
36
Deparfmenf of Sfafe Bulletin
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
Calendar of Meetings '
Adjourned During December 1956
UNESCO General Conference: 9th Session New Delhi Nov. 5 -Dec. 5
ITU International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Com- Geneva Nov. 22-Dec. 7
mittee (CCIT) : Preliminary Study Group.
Customs Cooperation Council: 9th Session Brussels Nov. 26-Dee. 1
U.N. ECE Housing Committee: 13th Session atid Working Parties. Geneva Nov. 26-Dec. 1
1st Inter-American Technical Meeting on Housing and Planning . BogotA Nov. 26-Dec. 7
U.N. ECE Steel Committee and Working Parties Geneva Dec. 3-7
FAO Plant Protection Committee for Southeast Asia and Pacific Bangkok Dec. 3-7
Region: 1st Meeting.
FAO/WHO Technical Meeting on Food Additives Rome Dec. 3-10
ITU International Telephone Consultative Committee (CCIF): Geneva Dec. 3-14
18th Plenary Assembly (Final Meeting).
ICAO Panel on Aircraft Rescue and Fire-fighting Equipment at Montreal Dec. 3-14
Aerodromes.
International Wheat Council: 21st Session London Dec. 4-5
Consultative Committee for Economic Development in South and Wellington, New Zealand . . . Dec. 4-8
Southeast Asia (Colombo Plan): Ministerial Meeting.
UNESCO Executive Board: 46th Session New Delhi Dec. 6 (1 day)
American International Institute for the Protection of Childhood: Montevideo Dec. 8-10
Semiannual Meeting of Directing Council.
ITU International Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCIT): Geneva Dec. 8-14
8th Plenary Session (Final Meeting).
Symposium on Tropical Cyclones Brisbane, Australia Dec. 10-14
FAO European Contact Group on the Uses of Isotopes and Radi- Wageningen, Netherlands . . . Dec. 10-14
ation in Agricultural Research: 1st Meeting.
U.N. ECE Inland Transport Committee Geneva Dec. 10-14
Caribbean Commission: 23d Meeting Barbados, British M'^est Indies. Dec. 10-15
U.N. ECE Coal Committee Geneva Dec. 10-15
U.N. Trusteeship Council: Special Session New York Dec. 10-18
FAO Working Partv on Price Support Svstem Rome Dec. 10-21
U.N. ECE/FAO Conference on European Statisticians on 1960 Rome Dec. 10-21
Census Preparations.
International Tin Studv Group: Management Committee . . . . London Dec. 11 (1 day)
NATO Council: Ministerial Session Paris Dec. 11-14
SEATO Studv Group on Skilled Labor Bangkok Dec. 13-19
U.N. ECAFE Railway Subcommittee: 5th Session of Working Bangkok Dec. 13-19
Party on Railway Track Sleepers.
International Sugar Council: Special Session London Dec. 14 (1 day)
ITU International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Com- Geneva Dec. 15-22
mittee (CCIT): 1st Plenarv Assemblv of New CCIT (former
CCIT and CCIF combined)".
U.N. Economic and Social Council: Resumed 22d Session . . . . New"iork Dec. 17-21
In Session as of December 31, 1956
North Pacific Fur Seal Conference Washington Nov. 28, 1955-
U.N. General Assembly: 11th Session New York Nov. 12, 1956-
Scheduled January l-March 31, 1957
ICAO Special North Atlantic Fixed Services Meeting Montreal Jan. 3-
ICAO Panel on Visual Aids to Approach and Landing: 1st Meeting. London Jan. 7-
> Prepared in the OflSce of International Conferences, Dec. 21, 1956. Asterisks indicate tentative dates. Following
is a list of abbreviations: UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; ITU, Inter-
national Telecommunication Union; CCIT, formerly Comity consultatif international t616graphique, now Comite inter-
national ta^graphique et tel^phonique (CCIT and CCIF combined) ; U.N., United Nations; ECE, Economic Commission
for Europe; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization; WHO, World Health Organization; ICAO, International Civil
Aviation Organization; NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization; SEATO, Southeast Asia Treaty Organization;
ECAFE, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; ECOSOC, Economic and Social Council; ICEM, Intergovern-
mental Committee for European Migration; WMO, World Meteorological Organization; UPU, Universal Postal Union;
ILO, International Labor Organization; UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund.
January 7, 1957 37
Calendar of Meetings — Continued
Scheduled January 1-March 31, 1957— Continued
U.N. ECOSOC Transport and Communications Commission: 8th New York . . Jan 7-
Session.
U.N. ECE^d Hoc Working Party on Standardization of Conditions Geneva Jan 7-
of Sale for Citrus Fruit.
FAO Committee on Commodity Problems: Working Party on Colombo, Ceylon . . Jan 8-
Coeonut and Coconut Products.
ICEM Working Party Geneva. . Jan 8-
WHO Executive Board: 19th Session Geneva! . . Jan 14*-
WMO Commission for Climatology: 2d Session Washington. Jan 14-
U.N. ECE Committee on Agricultural Problems: 8th Meeting . . Geneva Jan 14-
^?X^^^ ^°'''''"^ ^'^'^y °" ^'^'^ '^''''°^P°''*' °^ D'*°g<^''°"s *^oods . Geneva ' ' ' Jan 14-
ICAO Panel on Future Requirements of Turbo-jet Aircraft: 2d Montreal Jan 21-
Meeting.
U.N. ECE/FAO International Consultation on Insulation Board, Geneva. . . . Jan 21-
Hardboard, and Particle Board.
WMO Regional Association I (Africa): 2d Session Las Palmas, Canary Islands. . Jan 21-
Conference for Coordmation of Very High Frequency Maritime The Hague Jan 21-
Mobile Frequencies in Certain High Traffic Areas of the North
and Baltic Seas.
U;N. Refugee Fund Standing Program Subcommittee: 4th Session . Geneva Jan. 23-
Inter- American Committee of Presidential Representatives: 2d Washington. . Jan 28-
Meeting.
UPU Executive and Liaison Committee: Airmail Subcommittee . Luxor, Egypt Jan 29-
International Sugar Council: 1 1th Session London . Jan 29-
U.N. Refugee Fund Executive Committee: 4th Session Geneva. ........ . Jan 29-
U.N. ECAFE Inland Transport Committee: 6th Session .... Bangkok .......... Feb 15-
U.N. ECOSOC Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination New York ......... Feb 18-
and Protection of Minorities.
ILO Governing Body: 134th Session (and Committees) Geneva Feb. 25-
U.N. ECOSOC Population Commission: 9th Session New York .....'.'..'. Feb 25-
U.N. ECE ^d //oc Working Party on Gas Problems: 2d Session . Geneva. .......... Feb! 25-
International Atomic Energy Agency: Preparatory Commission . . New York ! ! ! Februarv
Inter- American Travel Congresses: Permanent Executive Com- Lima, Peru ' Februarv*
mittee. ' '
U.N. ECOSOC Committee on Nongovernmental Organizations . . New York Mar 4-
UNICEF Executive Board and Program Committee New York . ! ! ! ! ! Mar 5-
U.N. ECAFE Industry and Trade Committee: 9th Session . . . Bangkok ...!!!!!! Mar 7-
U.N. Trusteeship Council: 19th Session New York ! ! Mar! 10-
FAO ^d Hoc Meeting on Grains Rome !!!!!! Mar 11-
ILO Inland Transport Committee: 6th Meeting Hamburg Mar 11-
?l'^^^.*-'°"""'-^'^'^^'''^*'"^ Canberra, Australia ! ! ! ! ! Mar! 11-
ICAO Aerodromes, Air Routes, and Ground Aids Division: 6th Montreal Mar. 12-
Session.
FAO Committee on Commodity Problems: 28th Session Rome Mar. 18-
Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Safety and Health: Geneva. .!!!!!!!!! Mar! 18-
3d Session.
U.N. ECAFE Commission: 13th Session Bangkok Mar. 18-
U.N. ECOSOC Commission on Status of Women: 11th Session. . New York . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Mar! 18-
U.N. ECE Coal Committee Geneva ! ! ! ! ! Mar! 18-
ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Geneva !!!!!! Mar 25-
Recommendations: 27th Session.
FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission: 4th Session Bandung, Indonesia March
FAO Teak Subcommission: 2d Session Bandung, Indonesia . . ! ! ! March
ILO Committee on Forced Labor: 2d Session Geneva March or April
38 Department of Slate Bulletin
Admission of Japan to the United Nations
The U.N. General Assemhly on December 18 voted to admit Japan to
memhership in the United Nations. The vote was 77 in favor, non^ opposed
{Hungary and the Union of South Africa were absent) . Japan thu^ became
the 80th member of the U.N.; the Assembly on November 12 had unani-
7nousIy approved the admission of Sudan, Morocco, and Tunisia.
Following are texts of congratulatory messages from President Eisen-
hower to Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama and from Secretary Dulles to
Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu, together with statements made by
U.S. Representative Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., in the Security Council during
the debate on Japanese membership and in the General Assembly following
the vote. {See also Secretary Dulles'' remarks at his December 18 news
conference, page 6.)
PRESIDENT EISENHOWER TO MR. HATOYAMA
White House press release dated December 18
His Excellency
Ichiro Hatotama,
Prime Minister of Japan,
Tokyo.
Dear Mr. Prime Minister: Please accept my
heartfelt congratulations to the Japanese Govern-
ment and people upon Japan's achieving long-
deserved membership in the United Nations. All
free nations repose in this organization their con-
fidence for the peaceful future of mankind. The
membership of Japan makes this concept more
meaningful than ever before. The American
people rejoice in the action of the General Assem-
bly today and welcome Japan as a new and worthy
associate in the world's struggle for peace.
Sincerely,
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
SECRETARY DULLES TO MR. SHIGEMITSU
Press release 626 dated December 18
His Excellency
Mamoru Shigemitsu,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
Dear Mr. Minister : I am profoundly gratified
to welcome Japan as a member of the United
Nations. This marks a step for which the Japa-
nese and American peoples have been waiting
since the conclusion of the peace treaty of con-
ciliation signed at San Francisco in 1951. I know
that we can now look forward to the exertion of
Japan's prestige and influence within the United
Nations forum in the vigorous defense of freedom.
Sincerely,
John Foster Dulles
AMBASSADOR LODGE IN THE SECURITY COUN-
CIL, DECEMBER 12
U.S./U.N. press release 2552
The United States has a high regard for the
influence, the culture, and the great contribution
to civilization of the great Japanese nation. We
have long been aware of the contribution to the
strengthening of international peace and secm'ity
and to the other purposes of the charter which
Japan could make as a member of the United
Nations. We are sure that the voice of Japan
will be a significant addition to the growing par-
ticipation and responsibility of Asian and of other
countries in the United Nations. We also have
a great regard and liking for her distinguished
representative here, Ambassador [Tosliikazu]
Kase.
For all these reasons we have looked forward
January 7, 1957
39
with keen anticipation — and, I might say, im-
patience — to a meeting of the Security Council at
which the application of Japan to become a
member of the United Nations would at last re-
ceive the unanimous endorsement which it de-
serves. On four occasions since 1952, the United
States, together with the great majority of the
Secui-ity Coimcil, has voted for and sponsored
Japan's membership in the United Nations and
has tried to be of every possible service to the
Japanese Government in assisting it to obtain
its rightful place. The gi-ave injustice that has
excluded Japan from the United Nations has
long needed correction, and we have tried to leave
no stone unturned.
Mr. President, I hope and trust that this meet-
ing this morning is the meeting which we have
so long awaited and which will mark Japan's
entrance. The question before the Council is the
application of Japan for membersliip in the
United Nations. It is a question on which, if I
am not mistaken, every member of the Security
Coimcil has now taken an affirmative stand. Our
duty is therefore simple enough.
Since this question has been waiting for more
than 4 years, I tnist that now we can act upon it
immediately and that the General Assembly can
ratify the action of the Security Council in the
immediate future and welcome Japan as the 80th
member of the United Nations.'
AMBASSADOR LODGE IN THE GENERAL ASSEM-
BLY, DECEMBER 18
U.S. delegation press release 2564
It is the greatest pleasure to extend a warm
welcome and the greetings of the United States
of America to the newest member of the United
Nations, a country with one of the oldest civiliza-
tions in the world — Japan.
Out of the productive springs of Japanese
culture have come some of the finer tilings of life
which have benefited tlie entire world. Classical
Japanese drama, the delicate feelings of Japanese
art, the simple beauty of their architecture, and
^ The Security Council voted unanimously to recommend
to the General Assembly that Japan be admitted (U.N.
doc. S/3758).
the subtlety of their poetry have enriched tlie
lives of all humanity.
With the addition of Japan to our membership,
also, we bring into our midst not only an ancient
civilization but also a country with an advanced
technology and a modern outlook. Tliis advanced
level of technology will enable Japan to contribute
gi'eatly to the industrial development of less de-
veloped areas. As an industrial nation with a
large international trade, Japan can be expected
to contribute in many different ways to the work
of the United Nations.
Japan began its ties with the modern world a
century ago. The United States was actively in-
volved in these new contacts from the very begin-
ning, and our relations, with the exception of the
tragic period of the Second World War, have
been cordial and close. We confidently believe
they will continue thus in the future. We are
glad at the thought that a few years ago Mr.
Dulles, who is now our Secretaiy of State, per-
sonally undertook the negotiations which resulted
in the peace treaty with Japan which restored
JajDan to its proper sovereign role in the com-
munity of nations.
The steady and vigorous efforts of many gov-
ernments and many people have finally resulted
in Japanese admission to this great world forum
after it had been unjustly denied its rightful
place for many years by a clear-cut abuse of
the veto. Let me in particular pay tribute to the
imtiring efforts of the distinguished representa-
tive from Peru, Ambassador Belaunde, through
his chairmanship of the Good Offices Committee.
The part that he played was indispensable and is
a monument to his sagacity and statesmanship.
As representative of the host government, I
extend a cordial greeting to the distinguished
Foreign Minister of Japan, Mr. Shigemitsu, and
assure him that the United States delegation to
the United Nations is looking forward to the con-
structive contributions which I am confident the
Japanese delegation will render to the United
Nations on all of the complicated issues with
which we must deal.
Mr. President, tlie admission of tliis great
nation marks a gi-eat day for the United Nations.
It will greatly increase the influence, vigor, and
the value of our organization.
40
Department of Slate Bulletin
Current U.N. Documents:
A Selected Bibliography
Economic and Social Council
Technical Assistance Committee. Expanded Programme
of Technical Assistance. Administrative and opera-
tional services costs. Report of the Technical Assistance
Board. E/TAC/54, October 31, 1956. 16 pp. mimeo.
Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Pro-
tection of Minorities. Date, Duration and Agenda of
any Further Conference of Non-Governmental Organi-
zations Interested in the Eradication of Prejudice and
Discrimination that may be Convened. Report of the
Secretary-General on the results of his consultations
with non-governmental organizations. E/CN.4/Sub.2/-
180, November 5, 10.56. 42 pp. mimeo.
Transport and Communications Commission. Situation
with Respect to Ratification of the Convention on Road
Traffic (1949). E/CN.2/176, November 6, 19.56, and
E/CN.2/176/Corr.l, November 8, 1956. 8 pp. mimeo.
Transport and Communications Commission. Regional
Developments in the Field of Inland Transport. Note
by the Secretary-General. E/CN.2/175, November 10,
1956. 22 pp. mimeo.
Transport and Communications Commission. Co-ordina-
tion of the Activities of Specialized Agencies in the Field
of Transport and Communications. Note by the Secre-
tary-General. E/CN.2/178, November 10, 1956. 14 pp.
mimeo.
Transport and Communications Commission. Co-ordina-
tion of Inland Transport. Note bv the Secretary-Gen-
eral. E/CN.2/182, November 13, 1956. 8 pp. mimeo.
Transport and Communications Commission. Informa-
tion on Technical Assistance Activities in the Field of
Transport and Communications. Note by the Secretary-
General. E/CN.2/184, November 13, 1956. 17 pp.
mimeo.
Transport and Communications Commission. Passports
and Frontier Formalities. Note by the Secretary-Gen-
eral. E/CN.2/1S5, November 14, 1956. 24 pp. mimeo.
Negotiation of an Agreement with the International
Finance Corporation. E/2935, November 20, 1956. Note
by the Secretary-General. 1 p. mimeo.
TREATY INFORMATION
Status of Deposit of Acceptances
of International Wheat Agreement
Press release 62S dated December 20
The International "VVlieat Agreement of 1956
has been formally accepted by govermnents re])re-
senting well over the required two-thirds of the
wheat sales and purchases guaranteed in the agi'ee-
ment.^
'For text of agreement, see S. Exec. I, 84th Cong., 2d
sess. ; for texts of President Eisenhower's message of
transmittal to the Senate and Secretary Dulles' report to
the President on the agreement, see Buixetin of .July 2,
1956, p. 26.
The U.S. Government is tlie depositary for in-
struments of acceptance and accession. December
1 was the deadline for the deposit of instruments
by those countries which had in July notified the
United States of intention to accept the agreement.
On or before December 1, instruments of accept-
ance of the agreement were deposited with the
Government of the United States by the follow-
ing "importing country"' signatory governments
listed in annex A to article III : Austria, Belgium,
Bolivia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominican Repub-
lic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Federal Rejjub-
lic of Germany, Greece, Guatemala, India, Ire-
land, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Liberia, Mexico,
New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Peru, Philip-
pines, Portugal, Switzerland, Union of South
Africa, Vatican City State, and Yugoslavia.
On or before December 1, instruments of acces-
sion to the agreement were deposited with the Gov-
ernment of the United States by the following
"importing country" nonsignatory governments in
accordance with article XXI of the agreement:
Cuba, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Saudi
Arabia, Spain, and Venezuela. (Panama depos-
ited its instrument of acceptance on December 14,
1956, having been gi-anted an extension of time
for that purpose by the International Wlieat
Council.)
On or before December 1, instruments of ac-
ceptance of the agreement were deposited with
the Government of the United States by the fol-
lowing "exporting country" signatory govern-
ments listed in amiex B to article III : Argentina,
Australia, Canada, France, Sweden, and the
United States of America.
Present membership of the agreement accounts
for 100 percent of the guaranteed sales and ap-
proximately 85 percent of the guaranteed pur-
chases listed in the agreement.
The agi-eement is in force pursuant to para-
graph 3 of article XX thereof, wherein it is pro-
vided that organizational and administrative por-
tions of the agreement enter into force as of July
16, 1956, and the portions of the agreement relating
to "rights and obligations" take effect from
August 1, 1956.
The 1956 agreement prolongs for a period of
3 years, with certain modifications, the arrange-
ments with respect to purchases and sales of wheat
first established by the International "Wlieat
Agreement of 1949 and renewed with modifica-
tions in 1953. The stated objective of this agree-
January 7, 1957
41
ment, and its predecessors, is to "assure supplies
of wheat to importing countries and markets for
wlieat to exporting countries at equitable and
stable prices."
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Automotive Traffic
Conveution concerning customs facilities for touring.
Done at New York June 4, 1954.'
Ratification deposited: Luxembourg, November 21, 1956.
Customs convention on temporary importation of private
road vehicles. Done at New York June 4, 1954.'
Ratification deposited: Luxembourg, November 21,
1956.
Aviation
Protocol amending articles 48 (a), 49 (e), and 61 of the
convention on international civil aviation (TIAS 1591)
by providing that sessions of the Assembly of the Inter-
national Civil Aviation Organization shall be held not
less than once in 3 years instead of annually. Done
at Montreal June 14, 1954.
Ratifications deposited: Libya, December 6, 1956;
Greece, December 12, 1956.
Entered into force: December 12, 1956.
Genocide
Convention on prevention and punishment of the crime
of genocide. Done at Paris December 9, 1948. Entered
into force January 12, 1951.^
Accession deposited: Tunisia, November 29, 1956.
Narcotic Drugs
Protocol for limiting and regulating cultivation of the
poppy plant, production of, international and wholesale
trade in, and use of opium. Done at New York June 23,
1953.'
Ratification deposited: Switzerland, November 27, 1956.
United Nations
Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the Inter-
national Court of Justice. Signed at San Francisco
June 26, 1945. Entered into force October 24, 1945.
59 Stat. 1031.
Admission to memhership: Morocco, Sudan, and
Tunisia, November 12, 1956; Japan, December 18,
1956.
Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization. Done at London November
16, 1945. Entered into force November 4, 1946. TIAS
1580.
Signatures : Tunisia, October 9, 1956; Morocco, Novem-
ber 7, 1956.
Acceptances deposited: Morocco, November 7, 1956;
Tunisia, November 8, 1956.
Wheat
International wheat agreement, 1956. Open for signature
at Washington through May 18, 1956. Entered into
force July 16, 1956, for parts 1, 3, 4, and 5, and August
1, 1956 for part 2.
Acceptance deposited: Panama, December 14, 1956.
Proclaimed ^y the President: December 11, 1956.
BILATERAL
Burma
Agreement amending the agricultural commodities agree-
ment of February 8, 1956, as amended (TIAS 3498,
3628). Effected by exchange of notes at Rangoon De-
cember 4, 1956. Entered into force December 4, 1956.
Canada
Agreement relating to the dredging of the north channel
of Cornwall Island. Effected by exchange of notes at
Ottawa November 7 and December 4, 1956. Entered
into force December 4, 1956.
Finland
Agreement amending the preamble and articles 1 and 8 of
the agreement of July 2, 1952 (TIAS 2555), for financing
certain educational exchange programs. Effected by
exchange of notes at Helsinki November 30, 1956.
Entered into force November 30, 1956.
Spain
Agreement for disposition of equipment and materials
furnished by the United States under the Mutual De-
fense Assistance Agreement of September 26, 1953
(TIAS 2849), and no longer required by Spain. Ef-
fected by exchange of notes at Madrid November 27,
1956. Entered into force November 27, 1956.
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
' Not in force.
- Not in force for the United States.
Consular Offices
The Department of State announced on December 14
that, effective December 12, 1956, a Consulate General
was established at Aleppo, Syria. Alfred Atherton is the
principal officer at Aleppo.
42
Department of State Bulletin
January 7, 1957
Index
Vol. XXXVI, No. 915
American Republics. Representatives of Ameri-
can Presidents To Hold Second Meeting ... 11
Asia. Colombo Plan Nations Review Economic
Progress (texts of communique and report ex-
tract) 30
Atomic Energy
U.S. Extends Invitation to Euratom Committee
(Dulles, Spaak) 29
U.S., U.K., and Canada Declassify Additional
Atomic Energy Data (Strauss) 35
Canada. U.S., U.K., and Canada Declassify Addi-
tional Atomic Energy Data (Strauss) .... 35
Czechoslovakia. Interference by Czechoslovak Po-
lice With Visitors to U.S. Embassy (text of
note) 11
Department and Foreign Service
Board of Foreign Scholarships 36
Consular Offices 42
Economic Affairs
British Arrangements With Monetary Fund and
Eximbank (Jacobsson) 28
Colombo Plan Nations Review Economic Progress
(texts of communique and report extract) . . 30
Need for Alleviating Shortage of Merchant Ship-
ping (Merrill) 34
Ecuador. Letters of Credence ( Chiriboga ) ... 36
Educational Exchange. Board of Foreign Scholar-
ships 36
Europe
Secretary Dulles' News Conference of Decem-
ber 18 3
U.S. Extends Invitation to Euratom Committee
(Dulles, Spaak) 29
France. Secretary Dulles' News Conference of De-
cember 18 3
Germany. Secretary Dulles' News Conference of
Decemberl8 3
Hungary. Additional U.S. Contribution to U.N. for
Hungarian Refugees (Lodge, Read, Hammar-
skjold, De Seynes) 9
Japan
Admission of Japan to the United Nations (Eisen-
hower, Dulles, Lodge) 39
Secretary Dulles' News Conference of Decem-
ber 18 3
International Organizations and Meetings
Calendar of Meetings 37
Colombo Plan Nations Reviev? Economic Progress
(texts of communique and report extract) . . 30
NATO Council Resolutions 17
Report of the Committee of Three on Non-Military
Co-operation in NATO 18
Mutual Security. Mutual Security and Soviet For-
eign Aid (Claxton) 12
Near East. Secretary Dulles' News Conference of
December 18 3
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO Council Resolutions 17
Report of the Committee of Three on Non-Military
Co-operation in NATO 18
Secretary Dulles' News Conference of Decem-
ber 18 3
Presidential Documents. Admission of Japan to
the United Nations 39
Refugees and Displaced Persons. Additional U.S.
Contribution to U.N. for Hungarian Refugees
(Lodge, Read, Hammarskjold, De Seynes) ... 9
Syria. Consular Offices 42
Treaty Information
Current Actions 42
Status of Deposit of Acceptances of International
Wheat Agreement 41
U.S.S.R.
Mutual Security and Soviet Foreign Aid (Clax-
ton) 12
Secretary Dulles' News Conference of Decem-
ber 18 3
United Kingdom
British Arrangements With Monetary Fund and
Eximbank (Jacobsson) 28
Secretary Dulles' News Conference of December IS . 3
U.S., U.K., and Canada Declassify Additional
Atomic Energy Data (Strauss) 35
United Nations
Additional U.S. Contribution to U.N. for Hungar-
ian Refugees (Lodge, Read, Hammarskjold,
De Seynes) 9
Admission of Japan to the United Nations (Eisen-
hower. Dulles. Lodge) 39
Current U.N. Documents 41
Yugoslavia. Secretary Dulles' News Conference of
DecemberlS 3
Name Index
Atherton, Alfred 42
Chiriboga V., Jos6 R 36
Claxton, Philander P., Jr 12
De Seynes, Philippe 11
Dulles, Secretary 3,29,39
Eisenhower, President 39
Hammarskjold, Dag 10
Jacobsson, Per 28
Lange, Halvard 18
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr 9,39,40
Martino, Gaetano 18
Merrill, Robert T 34
Pearson, Lester B 18
Read, James M 10,11
Spaak, Paul-Henri 29
Strauss, Lewis L 35
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: December 17-23
Releases may be obtained from the News Division,
Department of State, Washington 25, D. C.
Subject
Colombo Plan communique.
Educational exchange.
Dulles : news conference.
Members of Nixon party.
Dulles : message to Shigemitsu.
Ecuador credentials (rewrite).
Status of Wheat Agreement accept-
ances.
DuUes-Spaak letters concerning
EURATOM.
Meeting of Inter-American Committee
of Presidential Representatives.
*Not printed.
tHeld for a later issue of the Bulletin.
No.
Date
622
12/17
*»J23
12/18
624
12/18
t62.5
12/18
626
12/18
627
12/19
628
12/20
629
12/21
630
12/21
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1957
the
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Government Printing Office
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several aspects of the compelling problem of disarmament, "the
limitation, regulation, and control of arms." The pamphlet, based
on an address by Francis O. Wilcox, Assistant Secretary for Inter-
national Organization Affairs, covers the following topics :
the nature and urgency of the problem;
disarmament as a safeguard of the national security;
disarmament as an integral part of national policy;
major periods of negotiations;
the present status of disarmament negotiations;
prospects for disarmament.
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the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printijig Office,
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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XXXVI, No. 916
January 14, 1957
UNITED STATES RESPONSIBILITIES IN NEW YEAR
• Statement by Secretary Dulles 50
VISIT OF PRIME MINISTER NEHRU OF ENfDIA • Texts
of Joint Statement, Greetings Exchanged With President
Eisenhower and Vice President Nixon, and Mr. Nehru's
Address to the Nation 47
QUESTION OF LEGISLATION ON LOYALTY OF
AMERICANS EMPLOYED BY INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS • Statement by Assistant Secretary
Wilcox 57
AMERICAN PRINCIPLES AND THE UNITED NATIONS
• by Paul G. Hoffman 51
NINTH SESSION OF UNESCO GENERAL CONFER-
ENCE • Statements by Stanley C. Allyn 72
PROPOSED U.N. CONFERENCE ON LAW OF THE SEA
• StatementbyEduxtrdS.Greenbaum and Text of Resolution 60
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XXXVI, No. 916 • Publication 6434
January 14, 1957
For sale by the Superintendent ot Documents
U.S. Qovernment Printing Office
Washington 26, D.O.
Pbick:
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Single copy, 20 cents
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approved by tho Director of the Bureau ot
the Budget (January 19, 1956).
Note: Contents of this publication are not
copyrighted and Items contained herein may
be reprinted. Citation of the Dep.\rtment
Ot State Bulletin as the source will be
appreciated.
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by the
Public Services Division, provides the
public and interested agencies of
the Government tcith information on
developments in the field of foreign
relations and on the work of the
Department of State and the Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
lected press releases on foreign policy,
issued by the White House and the
Department, and statements and ad-
dresses made by the President and by
the Secretary of State and other offi-
cers of the Department, as well as
special articles on various phasea of
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tions of the Department. Informa-
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and international agreements to
which the United States is or may
become a party and treaties of gen-
eral international interest.
Publications of tlie Department,
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tional relations are listed currently.
Visit of Prime Minister Nehru of India
Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of I?idia,
made an oficial visit to Washington from Decem-
ber 16-20. Following are the joint statement
issued by the Prime Minister and President Eisen-
hower at the close of the visit, texts of the greet-
ings exchanged between the Prime Minister and
Vice President Nixon at the National Airport and
between the Prime Mmister and the President at
the White House, and the text of Mr. Nehru's ra-
dio and television address to the Nation on Decem-
ber 18.
JOINT STATEMENT
White House press release dated December 20
Prime Minister Nehru and President Eisen-
hower liad long anticipated a personal meeting to
discuss current world problems. In tliree days
in Washington and a day at the President's farm
at Gettysburg, they were afforded in a completely
informal atmosphere the opportunity for full and
frank talks on a wide range of problems of in-
terest and concern to both countries.
The talks confirmed the broad area of agree-
ment between India and the United States, which
are bound together in strong ties of friendship de-
riving from their common objectives and their ad-
herence to the highest principles of free democ-
racy. The principles and policies of the
Governments of India and the United States have
evolved on the basis of respect for the dignity of
man and of the need to improve the welfare of the
individual.
The Prime Minister and the President are con-
vinced that the greater understanding of their re-
spective policies reached at tliese talks will fa-
cilitate the constant efforts of India and the United
States towards the achievement of peaceful and
friendly intercourse among nations in accordance
with the principles of the United Nations.
WELCOME AT NATIONAL AIRPORT
White House press release dated December 16
Greetings by Vice President Nixon
Mr. Prime Minister, it is a very great honor for
me to extend on behalf of President Eisenhower
and the American people a very warm welcome to
you and to the members of your party ^ on the oc-
casion of your visit to the United States.
This visit has a great deal of significance for a
number of reasons. This is a decisive moment in
history. You represent the largest democracy in
the world, and the United States is the second
largest democracy in the world ; and while as free
and independent sovereign nations our Govern-
ments do not always agree on policy, we have and
share a common dedication and devotion toward
developing the kind of a world in which individ-
uals can be free, in which nations can be independ-
ent, and in which peoples can live together in
peace. And we know that the conversations that
you have with President Eisenhower, with other
members of our Government, will contribute not
onJy to better understanding between our two
Governments and our two peoples but to the cause
of world peace, based on freedom and justice, to
which we are all devoted.
We only regret that your visit here is brief, that
you cannot see more parts of our country ; but I
can assure you that all of our 167 million American
citizens share this expression when I say we are
glad to have you with us, and, while you are here,
this certainly will be your home.
' The Prime Minister was accompanied by Mrs. Indira
Gandhi, his daughter ; G. L. Mehta, Indian Ambassador
to the U.S., and Mrs. Mehta; N. R. Pillai, Secretary Gen-
eral, Ministry of External Affairs and Commonwealth
Relations ; M. O. Mathai, Special Assistant to the Prime
Minister ; and the following personal assistants : Om
Prakash, N. Sreeraman, and Abdul Hamid.
January 14, 7957
47
Reply by Prime Minister Nehru
Mr. Vice President, I am deeply grateful to you
for your welcome and for what you have said. It
is a great happiness to me to come here for the
second time to this great country/ and I consider
it a great privilege that I should have the oppor-
tunity to meet the President and talk to him at
this rather important and even, perhaps, critical
moment in our history.
You mentioned, Mr. Vice President, the ideals
that govern this great Eepublic, the ideals of inde-
pendence and individual freedom. I can assure
you that we, in India, adhere to those ideals and
that we are going to continue to adhere to them,
whatever else may befall us.
We believe in the freedom of the individual, the
freedom of the human spirit. And in many other
things, too, I have found that there is so much in
common, even though we are separated by half
the world, between this great Eepublic and the
Republic of India.
And so I thank you again, Mr. Vice President,
and I should like to express my gratitude to the
President for his gracious invitation to me to come
here.
WELCOME AT WHITE HOUSE
White House press release dated December 16
Greetings by President Eisenhower
Mr. Prime Minister, this is an event to which I
have long looked forward. It is a privilege and
an honor to welcome you to this land — and to this
house.
I speak for the American people and the Govern-
ment when I say that we hope you will find your
trip here most enjoyable — that you and your
daughter will have a visit that is full of interest.
We thank you for coming.
Reply by Mr. Nehru
Mr. President, I am deeply gi-ateful to you for
the gracious invitation which has brought me here
and for your kind words. I have been looking for-
ward to this visit for a long time, and now that I
am here I feel happy to be not only your guest, Mr.
President, but among the American people who
are so very friendly and hospitable.
' Mr. Nehru first visited the U.S. in October 1949.
I look forward to these few days here. I am
only sorry that my visit is a short one.
Thank you, sir.
ADDRESS BY MR. NEHRU, DECEMBER 18
Friends, I am emboldened to address you in
this intimate fashion because of the friendship
and hospitality which you, the citizens of the
United States, have showered upon me. I have
come to your great country on a brief visit at the
gracious invitation of your President, whose hu-
manity and whose distinguished and devoted
services to the cause of peace have won for him a
unique place among the statesmen of the world.
I am happy to be here, and my only regret is that
I can only stay a few days and have no opportunity
of meeting many of you personally.
Five years ago a professor of an American
university visited me in Delhi and gave me a gift
which I have treasured greatly. This was a mold
in brass of Abraham Lincoln's right hand. It is
a beautiful hand, strong and firm and yet gentle.
It has been kept ever since on my study table, and
I look at it every day, and it gives me strength.
This may, perhaps, give you some idea of our
thinking and our urges in India. For, above all,
we believe in liberty, equality, the dignity of the
individual, and the freedom of the human spirit.
Because of this we are firmly wedded to the demo-
cratic way of life and, in our loyalty to this cause,
we will not falter. Nearly 7 years ago we consti-
tuted our country into a republic and gave to our-
selves a constitution based on these principles and
guaranteeing the fundamental human rights of
freedom of the individual, equality of man, and
the rule of law.
Five years ago we had general elections in our
country for our central Parliament as well as for
our State Assemblies. These elections were organ-
ized on a vast scale by an authority free of gov-
ernment control, so as to insure that they were
free and impartial. Early next year we are going
to have another general election in which 200 mil-
lion voters are entitled to participate. You will
realize the vastncss of these elections when I tell
you that there will be 1,200,000 polling booths, so
that no voter need have to go far to give his vote.
As you know, India is a big country, with a
population of 370 million, one-seventh of the total
population of the world. It is a country steeped in
48
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
liistory and tradition, with a civilization nearly as
old as recorded time and a culture nourished on its
own soil and blended happily with those of other
peoples and of other lands. This year we cele-
brated in India and in many other countries the
2,500th anniversary of a very great son of India,
the Buddha, who gave us a message of peace and
compassion.
Toleration and Understanding
Througli the centuries India has preached and
practiced toleration and understanding and has
enriched human thought, art and literature, phi-
losophy and religion. Her sons journeyed far and
wide, braving the perils of land and sea, not with
thoughts of conquest or domination but as mes-
sengers of peace or engaged in the commerce of
ideas as well as of her beautiful products. During
these millennia of history India has experienced
both good and ill, but throughout her checkered
history she has remembered the message of peace
and tolerance. In our own time tliis message was
proclaimed by our great leader and master, Ma-
hatma Gandlii, who led us to freedom by peaceful
and yet effective action on a mass scale.
Nine years ago we won our independence
through a bloodless revolution, in conditions of
honor and dignity both to ourselves and to the
erstwhile rulers of our country. We in India to-
day are children of this revolution and have been
conditioned by it. Although your revolution in
America took place long ago and the conditions
were different here, you will appreciate the revo-
lutionary spirit which we have inherited and
which still governs our activities. Having at-
tained political freedom, we are earnestly de-
sirous of removing the many ills that our country
suffers from, of eliminating poverty and raising
the standards of our people and giving them full
and equal opportunities of growth and
advancement.
India is supposed to be given to contemplation,
and the American people have shown by their
history that they possess great energy, dynamism,
and the passion to march ahead. Something of
that contemplative spirit still remains in India.
But at the same time the new India of today has
also developed a certain dynamism and a passion-
ate desire to raise the standards of her people.
But with that desire is blended the wish to adhere
to the moral and spiritual aspects of life.
Economic Development
We are now engaged in a gigantic and exciting
task of achieving rapid and large-scale economic
development of our country. Such development,
in an ancient and imderdeveloped country such as
India, is only possible with purposive planning.
True to our democratic principles and traditions,
we seek, in free discussion and consultation as well
as in implementation, the enthusiasm and the will-
ing and active cooperation of our people. We com-
pleted our first Five- Year Plan 8 months ago, and
now we have begun on a more ambitious scale our
second Five- Year Plan, which seeks a planned de-
velopment in agriculture and industry, town and
country, and between factory and small-scale and
cottage production. I speak of India because it is
my country and I have some right to speak for her.
But many other countries in Asia tell the same
story, for Asia today is resurgent, and these coun-
tries which long lay under foreign yoke have won
back their independence and are fired by a new
spirit and strive toward new ideals. To them, as
to us, independence is as vital as the breath they
take to sustain life, and colonialism, in any form,
or anywhere, is abhori'ent.
The vast strides that technology has made have
brought a new age of which the United States of
America is the leader. Today the whole world is
our neighbor and the old divisions of continents
and countries matter less and less. Peace and
freedom have become indivisible, and the world
cannot continue for long partly free and partly
subject. In this atomic age peace has also become
a test of human survival.
Recently we have witnessed two tragedies which
have powerfully affected men and women all over
the world. These are the tragedies in Egypt and
Hungary. Our deeply felt sympathies must go
out to those who have suffered or are suffering,
and all of us must do our utmost to help them and
to assist in solving these problems in a peaceful
and constructive way. But even these tragedies
have one hopeful aspect, for they have demon-
strated that the most powerful countries cannot
revert to old colonial methods or impose their
domination over weak countries. World opinion
has shown that it can organize itself to resist such
outrages. Perhaps, as an outcome of these trage-
dies, freedom will be enlarged and will have a more
assured basis.
January 14, 1957
49
Peace Is India's Aim
The preservation of peace forms the central aim
of India's policy. It is in the pursuit of this policy
that we have chosen the path of nonalinement in
any military or like pact or alliance. Nonaline-
ment does not mean passivity of mind or action,
lack of faith or conviction. It does not mean sub-
mission to what we consider evil. It is a positive
and dynamic approach to such problems that con-
front us. We believe that each country has not
only the right to freedom but also to decide its
own policy and way of life. Only thus can true
freedom flourish and a peojile grow according to
their own genius.
We believe, therefore, in nonaggression and non-
interference by one counti-y in the affairs of
another and the growth of tolerance between them
and the capacity for peaceful coexistence. We
think that by the free exchange of ideas and trade
and other contacts between nations each will learn
from the other and truth will prevail. We there-
fore endeavor to maintain friendly relations with
all countries, even though we may disagree with
them in their policies or structure of govermnent.
We think that by this approach we can serve not
only our country but also the larger causes of
peace and good fellowship in the world.
Between the United States and India there had
existed friendly and cordial relations even before
India gained her independence. No Indian can
forget that in the days of our struggle for freedom
we received from your country a full measure of
sympathy and support. Our two Republics share
a common faith in democratic institutions and the
democratic way of life and are dedicated to the
cause of peace and freedom. We admire the
many qualities that have made this country gi-eat
and, more especially, the humanity and dynamism
of its people and the great principles to which the
fatliers of the American Revolution gave utter-
ance. We wish to learn from you and we plead
for your friendship and your cooperation and
sympathy in the great task that we have under-
taken in our own coimtry.
I have had the great privilege of having long
talks with the President, and we have discussed
many problems which confront the world. I can
tell you that I have greatly profited by these
talks. I sliall treasure their memory, and they
will help me in many ways in my thinking. I
sincerely hope that an opportunity may be given
to us before long to welcome the President in our
own country and to demonstrate to him tlie high
respect and esteem in which we hold him.
We have recently witnessed grievous trans-
gressions of the moral standards freely accepted
by the nations of the world. During tliis period
of anxiety and distress the United States has
added greatly to its prestige by upholding wor-
thily the principles of the charter of the United
Nations.
The danger of war is not past, and the future
may hold fresh trials and tribulations for hu-
manity. Yet, the forces of peace are strong and
the mind of humanity is awake. I believe that
IJeace will triumph.
We are celebrating in this season the festival
of peace and good will, and soon the New Year
will come to us. May I wish you all a happy New
Year and express the hope that this year will see
the triumph of peace and freedom all over the
world.
United States Responsibilities
in New Year
Statement by Secretary Dulles
Press release 638 dated December 28 for release December 31
A New Year always brings new opportunities
and fresh hope. This year there are reasons for
hope.
All the world now knows that Soviet commu-
nism is not the "wave of the future." The future
belongs to those who exercise their God-given
right to believe, to think, and to choose. That has
been most dramatically demonstrated by the heroic
people of Hungary. Despite 11 years of Soviet
indoctrination, the people rebel and thousands
contribute their life blood so that the torch of
liberty burns bright for all to see.
In Poland, and in satellite countries generally,
there is a rising tide of patriotism and insistence
upon governments that will serve the people and
respect great national traditions.
In free countries the Communist parties which
have been part of international communism show
signs of wanting to think for themselves.
Within the Soviet Union itself the people in-
creasingly demand more personal security, more
intellectual freedom, and more enjoyment of the
fruits of their labor.
So, we can welcome the New Year.
But the future is not without its dangers. The
50
Department of State Bulletin
rulers of Soviet Russia are still powerful, and
they still seek success. That is notably the case in
the Middle East, where Soviet propaganda vigor-
ously offers communism to those who want free-
dom and well-being.
The United States has a major responsibility
to help to prevent the spread to the Middle East
of Soviet imperialism. That area is immensely
important to all freedom-loving. God-fearing
people. There are to be found the lioly shrines
which symbolize the faith of three great religions.
There are the resources, the channels of communi-
cation which serve vitally the welfare of the
peoples of the Middle East and of other regions.
During the coming year the United States will
have to accept an increasing responsibility to assist
the free nations of the Middle East, and elsewhere,
to maintain their freedom and to develop their
welfare. We must live by the Golden Rule. By
so serving others we serve ourselves.
American Principles and the United Nations
hy Paul G. Hoffman
U.S. Representative to the General Assembly ^
For the past several weeks I have shared with
the distinguished ambassadors on the dais partic-
ipation in the 11th General Assembly of the United
Nations. It has been an exciting and reward-
ing experience. I have learned at first hand how
dedicated the overwhelming percentage of the
delegates are to the cause of peace and how com-
plete is their agreement with President Eisen-
hower's statement that the United Nations is our
one best hope for peace. I have sensed also on
the part of most of the delegates a keen desire to
build greater unity among the people of the world
and an appreciation of the fact that unity can come
only with better understanding.
May I speak personally for just a moment of
my own eagerness to learn more about the tradi-
tions, the philosophy, and the culture of Asia.
You know much that I would profit by. I have
been fascinated at the General Assembly as I have
observed the dignity, the kindness, and the tran-
quillity with which Prince Wan presides over
those turbulent sessions. Miss Wolf, the dynamic
secretary of the National Council, tells me that
the Asian teachers who are supported by the Coun-
' Address made before the National Council of Asian
Affairs at New York, N. Y., on Dec. 6 (U.S. delegation
press release 2545).
cil are making an indelible impression on their
students. Perhaps, if I had had an Asian as a
teacher when I was young, I would understand the
basis of Prince Wan's serenity.
To my admission that my comprehension of
Asia is limited may I add that it is only recently
that I have come to have some understanding of
the deep sources of strength in our own free society
in these United States. I recognize that every
nation must forge out its own way of life, but per-
haps you will find something of interest in my
story.
What Makes America Great?
Wlien I was administrator of the Marshall plan,
I was operating under a congressional directive
to "sell America" to the countries we were helping.
I took on the assignment with enthusiasm and
built up a sales story along standardized lines.
I thought it was quite effective. It was full of
facts about the high standards of living enjoyed
by our workers and farmers and the opportunities
for everyone in education and in social and cul-
tural life — all supported with statistics about our
thousands of schools and factories and the millions
of automobiles, radio and television sets, and tele-
phones we owned.
Januaty 14, 1957
51
The people who heard me seemed impressed, but
somewhere along the line I became uneasy. My
story failed to take into account one very obvious
fact — that America was a great country in the
times of Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln, long
before we had high standards of living, long be-
fore we had our radios and telephones and, yes,
even our automobiles. I had been dealing with
effects and not causes.
We have, I believe, every reason to be thankful
for the fact that, with one-sixteenth of the world's
population and approximately one-sixteenth of its
natural resources, we turn out one-third of the
world's total goods and one-half of all its manu-
factured products; that in America people of
widely different origins and divergent beliefs work
together so effectively for their common good;
and that we have even made higher education
available to practically every citizen who wants it.
But the important question is : How did this all
come about? Certainly not because we are a mas-
ter race, because there is no such thing as a master
race. We are in fact an amalgam of races. Any-
one who has traveled about the world is well aware
that the potential for growth and development is
astounding within all people, wherever they are,
whatever their color, their religion, or their race.
We all know brilliant Chinese, Japanese, Burmese,
Negroes, and Indians ; wise Catholics, Jews, Prot-
estants, Moslems, and Buddhists. No race or na-
tion has a monopoly on talent or genius. Some of
the biggest men, intellectually, come from the
smallest nations.
This forces one conclusion — that the United
States has become strong and highly productive
because more people since the beginning of our
country have had a greater opportunity to grow
and develop than in any other country of which
I have knowledge. As a natural consequence we
have had more than our share of individuals who
have acquired initiative, imagination, and drive,
which are so essential to a country's progress.
The most important question : What has brought
this all about? To find the answer we must go
back to the founding of the Republic. Our Found-
ing Fathers were profound believers in the dignity
and worth of the individual. Many of them were
deeply religious, holding all men to be children
of God with certain inalienable rights as individ-
uals. And even the few wlio were not in the formal
sense of the word religious shared the conviction
that society must serve the individual — that any-
thing else would be a tragic return to serfdom.
They had in mind the creation of a society in
wliich there would be not only equality but cer-
tainty of opportunity for everyone — a society
whose every child would be born with the oppor-
tunity to realize fully his capacities not only to
make a good living but for intellectual and spirit-
ual growth.
Individualism and Voluntarism
To give reality to this concept, they set forth
two gi-eat principles that were to be the guidelines
of the new nation.
First was the guaranty of freedom and justice
for the individual. In our Bill of Rights, we
Americans were guaranteed that our Government
would not interfere with our right to speak freely
on any subject we chose ; to assemble freely with
others for any peaceful purpose ; to worship God
in our own way; to be equal with every other
American before the law ; to be secure in our per-
sons and our property ; to be free from unreason-
able arrests or detention without real cause; and
to a fair public trial if accused of any crime.
The second great principle was the limitation
of powers of the Government. The Founding
Fathers, thinking of the supreme rights of the in-
dividual, were deeply concerned about power.
They would have agreed fully with Lord Acton's
assertion that "power tends to corrupt and ab-
solute power corrupts absolutely."
They were therefore careful to provide devices
for a wide diffusion of decision making. It was
not to be the power of government alone to make
decisions affecting the lives of the governed. Gov-
ernment in fact was to make as few decisions as
possible and the governed as many as possible.
A large field was left open to tlie individual for
voluntary action.
So it is that we Americans every day make de-
cisions that help determine the course of our own
lives and we join with others to make decisions of
mutual importance to us. Our forefathere willed
us not only the privilege but the responsibility of
voluntary determination.
And voluntarism has flourished almost from the
day the Nation was founded. We organize on a
voluntary basis to improve our schools, our towns,
our health, our spiritual life, our industries, our
local and national economies.
This fact has, I believe, had much to do with our
becoming a strong society. It is quite inevitable
tliat a society conunitted to the two principles of
52
Department of Slate Bulletin
individualism and voluntarism would carry on
most of its business activities under a system of
free enterprise. Neither governmental monopo-
lies nor private cartels square with these concepts.
However, the businessmen of America recognize
that there are areas in which i^ublic enterprise best
serves the public interest.
Not for a moment would any American claim
that we have as yet realized the goals set forth for
us by our forefathers. America is still unfinished
business. Nevertheless we can say, I believe, that
each generation since the founding of the Republic
has brought expanded opportunities for our
growth and development materially and spirit-
ually. We can say with assurance that this free
society does encourage growth.
I shall never forget a comment made to me by a
friend of mine who had spent the greater part of
a year observing the progress in a totalitarian
society. Wlien he returned, I asked him the usual
stupid question — whether the country he had just
visited could achieve the material goals it had set
for itself. His answer startled me. He said,
"Yes, I believe so," but he added, "At what a cost !"
He meant, of course, that the impact of their ruth-
less system on people of that country was devas-
tating. It produced goods but withered the souls
of men.
Opportunities Before United Nations
In closing, let me add my voice to that of many
others in stressing two major opportunities that
lie before the United Nations — and of course be-
fore the peoples of the world.
First, I submit that the United Nations must
work to promote and foster a common understand-
ing among the nations of the world as to what we
mean by such words as "rightness," "morality,"
and "justice." True, they are difficult of precise
definition, and the mores of one people may not
be the mores of another people; but there are a
number of basic human concepts on which all
right-minded people agree. In every religion
with wliich I am familiar we find such imderlying
concepts : thou shalt not steal ; thou shalt not kill ;
and do unto others as you would have done unto
yourself. However we may say these words, or
in whatever language we express them, we mean
much the same thing.
Furthermore, the area of agreement on what
is right and what is wrong is expanding. Under
the charter of the United Nations the use of ag-
gression as an instrumentality of national policy
is outlawed. The fact that aggression has been
labeled as immoral has not, of course, put an end
to its use.
During the last few years all of us have wit-
nessed events which were essentially tragic and
were essentially in violation of the moral con-
cepts we have been talking about tonight. We
have seen the tragedy of Korea; we have seen
tension arise in many parts of the world. We
have seen this world come close to open and wide-
sjjread conflict in the Middle East, and we have
watched and listened with agony to the events in
Himgary. Nevertheless, the general agreement
that aggression is immoral represents a distinct
advance.
The United Nations has acted in these crises to
mobilize public opinion, but not always with the
speed it should and not always with the imanimity
among its members that is such a vital factor. If
fires are to be put out, the fire department must get
to the fire — and get there fast. If world opinion
is to be crystallized quickly against aggi-ession
when aggi'ession takes place, all right-minded
nations from all parts of the world should imite
in deploring the aggression. The key words in
our minds today should be neither East nor West,
but right or wrong.
These are truly days to try men's souls. The
dangere are great, but so are our opportunities.
We can, if we act wisely and take full advantage
of the fact that Egypt, Great Britain, France,
and Israel have accepted the good offices of the
United Nations, move toward a just and hiunane
solution of the problems of the Middle East. We
can, in the situation in Hungary, despite the fact
that the United Nations has been flouted, take
appropriate action in the General Assembly to
make it clear once and for all that decent people
evei-ywhere will neither ignore nor condone bru-
tality. We can, I sincerely believe, if we act
courageously, start laying the foundation for the
first enduring peace with honor and justice that
this world has ever known.
Recognition of Haitian Government
Press release 631 dated December 24
The U.S. Embassy at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on
December 24 informed the Foreign Minister of
Haiti, Jean Price-Mars, that the U.S. Government
has recognized the new Government of Haiti.
January 14, 1957
53
U.S. Views on British Formula
for Self-Government for Cyprus
Statement hy Lincoln White
Acting Chief, News Division ^
The United States has noted with sympathetic
interest the long and earnest labors of Lord Kad-
cliffe to find a formula for self-government for
Cyprus. The making by the United Kingdom of
proposals for self-government could be the first
step toward an eventual peaceful and generally
acceptable final solution of the Cyprus problem.
The formula now produced by Lord Kadcliffe
seems to be unacceptable in certain respects by
some who are concerned with the matter. Never-
theless, the United States still hopes that our three
allies who, together with the people of Cyprus, are
deeply concerned with this issue, will strive to
agree upon a way of moving together toward a
solution which is so important to themselves and
to the entire free world.
Passports of Newsmen in Red Ciiina
Valid Only for Return to U.S.
Press release 639 dated December 28
The Department of State has learned that three
United States newsmen have gone to Communist
China despite the fact that the passports issued
to them for travel abroad were specifically marked
not valid for travel to Communist China. They
did this although the U.S. Government opposes
travel by American citizens to an area where their
fellow citizens are held as political hostages and
where the United States cannot provide normal
diplomatic and consular protection. As a result
of this misuse of the passports issued to them, their
passports will be made valid only for return to the
United States. Their cases are being called to the
attention of the Treasury Department in view of
the relevant provisions of the Trading With the
Enemy Act.
It should be clearly understood that in taking
this action the United States is not motivated by
any desire to deny to the American public in-
formation about Communist China. As the De-
partment of State noted on August 7, 1956,^ the
Chinese Communists have created a special im-
' Made to correspondunts on Dec. 27.
= Bulletin of Aug. 20, 1U56, p. 313.
pediment to the travel of Americans in the area
which they control. They have imprisoned
American citizens and employed them as political
hostages for bargaining purposes. This obstacle
to travel by Americans has not yet been removed
despite our efforts to secure the release of the
Americans now imprisoned.
Letters of Credence
Libya
The newly appointed Ambassador of Libya,
Suleiman Jerbi, presented his credentials to Presi-
dent Eisenhower on December 26. For the text of
the Ambassador's remarks and the text of the
President's reply, see Department of State press
release 634.
Panama
The newly appointed Ambassador of Panama,
Ricardo M. Arias Espinosa, presented his creden-
tials to President Eisenliower on December 26.
For the text of the Ambassador's remarks and the
text of the President's reply, see Department of
State press release 632.
Paraguay
The newly appointed Ambassador of Paraguay,
Osvaldo Chaves, presented his credentials to Pres-
ident Eisenhower on December 28. For the text
of the Ambassador's remarks and the text
of the President's reply, see Department of State
press release 636.
Imports of Woolen Fabrics
Press release 633 dated December 26
The 1957 low-duty tariff quota on imports of
woolen and worsted fabrics will be a single, an-
nual tariff quota, not apportioned by quarters,
countries, or otherwise, the Department of State
announced on December 26.
A "low-duty tariff quota" is one which, instead
of setting an absolute limit on imports, sets a limit
only on the amount that can enter at a specified
rate. If and when such a quota is exceeded, any
additional imports for the rest of the year pay a
higher rate. The United States, effective Oc-
tober 1, 1956, established such a quota on woolen
and worsted fabrics, invoking the "Geneva wool
54
Department of State Bulletin
fabric reservation" in the General A^-eement on
Tariffs and Trade.
In response to suggestions that tliis quota be
apportioned, a pubhc notice was issued by the
Committee for Reciprocity Information on No-
vember 19, 1956, inviting views with regard to
methods of applying the tariff quota for 1957.^
Opinions were souglit particularly on the desira-
bility of allocating the annual tariff quota by
quarters. The Government agencies concerned,
after considering tlie various statements sub-
mitted, and other information, concluded that allo-
cation by quarters or otherwise would lead to
greater uncertainties for the trade and less orderly
marketing tlian would be the case under a single,
annual tariff quota.
The amount of the tariff quota for 1957 will be
announced in the first quarter of the year, as soon
as possible after 1956 production figures are avail-
able. Under the formula established in the reser-
vation to tariff paragraphs 1108 and 1109 (a) in
schedule XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade, the tariff quota for 1957 will be not
less than 5 percent of the average annual U.S.
production of similar fabrics in the years 1954-56.
For the final quarter of 1956 the tariff quota of
3.5 million pounds was established. This 3.5 mil-
lion pounds is one-quarter of a quantity (14 mil-
lion pounds) which was determined by tlie Presi-
dent to be not less than 5 percent of average an-
nual U.S. production of similar fabrics for the
calendar years 1953-55.
In reciprocal tariff negotiations in 1947 the
United States reduced the ad valorem rate on wool
fabrics dutiable imder tariff paragraphs 1108 and
1109 (a) to 20 or 25 percent, depending on the type
of fabric. However, at the same time, the "Ge-
neva wool fabric reservation" was written into the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This
reservation gave the United States the right to
make the reduced rate applicable to a quantity
not less than 5 percent of average annual U.S.
production of similar fabrics in the 3 iimnediately
preceding calendar years. Imports of these
fabrics in excess of such an amount may be subject
to an ad valorem duty rate no higher than 45
percent ad valorem. These ad valorem rates
ai"e in addition to specific (cents-per-pound) rates
which are compensatory for the rate of duty
on raw wool and which do not change under
the reservation.
'■ Bulletin of Dec. 3, 1956, p. 887.
January 14, 1957
President Decides Against Increase
in Tariff on Groundfish Fillets
White House (Augusta, Ga. ) press release dated December 10
The President announced on December 10 that
he has decided against a tariff increase as recom-
mended by the U.S. Tariff Conmiission in the
groundfish fillets "escape clause" case.
The President, in identical letters to the chair-
men of the Senate Finance and House Ways and
Means Committees, said he was "not persuaded
that, on balance, the proposed duty increase
would constitute a sound step in resolving" the
difficulties confronting the domestic groundfish
fishing industry. "Because of that conviction," the
President continued, "I have decided in view of all
of tlie factors bearing on this case that I cannot ac-
cept the Tariff Commission's recommendations."
The President in his letters to tlie chairmen said
that he was "reluctant to impose a barrier to our
trade with fi"iendly nations unless such action is
essential and clearly promising of positive, pro-
ductive results to the benefit of the domestic indus-
try in question. My reluctance to impose such a
barrier is heightened in this case because the other
nations concerned are not only our close friends,
but their economic strength is of strategic impor-
tance to us in the continuing struggle against the
menace of world communism." Canada, Iceland,
and Norway are the principal exporters of ground-
fish fillets to the United States.
The President also said that "it might well be,
in fact, that the proposed duty increase would only
further complicate the industry's basic problems."
The President said that "bold and vigorous steps"
should be taken now "to provide root solutions for
the industry's problems." The President noted
that legislation signed into law by him earlier this
year was designed to assist the domestic industry
in improving its competitive position. The Presi-
dent said that "the Administration's examination
into the industry's problems has continued beyond
the enactment of these laws." He said, "these
studies . . . look toward the development of addi-
tional opportunities for promoting the well-being
and sound management of all of our fish and wild-
life resources, including our commercial fisheries
resources. These further efforts should be of as-
sistance to the domestic groundfish fishing indus-
try in its search for solutions to the fmidamental
problems it faces."
The U. S. Tariff Commission in its report to the
55
President on October 12 ^ found, as a result in
part of the customs treatment reflecting the trade
agreement concession applying to groundfish
fillets, that they are being imported into the
United States in such increased quantities as to
cause serious injury to the domestic industry.
The Tariff Commission in its report recommended
that imports of gi'oundfish fillets now dutiable at
1%0 per pound should be made dutiable at
2.81250 per pound and that those now dutiable at
21/^0 per pound should be made dutiable at 3.750
per pound.
The Tariff Commission's investigation and
report were made pursuant to section 7 of the
Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951, as
amended.
The Tariff Commission's recommendation in
this case was unanimous, but, as the President
pointed out in. his letter to the chairmen of the
two committees, "It is the Tariff Commission's
responsibility in these matters to investigate and
report to the President any finding of serious
injury or threat of serious injury within the
meaning of the law. It is the President's respon-
sibility, on the other hand, to consider not only
the question of injury and measures recommended
for its relief, but also all other pertinent factors
bearing on the security and well-being of the
nation."
President's Letter to Chairmen of Congressional
Committees'
December 10, 1956
Dear Mr. Chairman : On October twelfth the
United States Tariff Conunission, pursuant to
Section 7 of the Trade Agreements Extension Act
of 1951, as amended, submitted to me a report of
its findings and recommendations in the gi-ound-
fish fillets "escape clause" case. The Conunission
found, as a result in part of the customs treatment
reflecting the trade agreement concession applying
to these products, that they are being imported
into the United States in such increased quantities
as to cause serious injury to the domestic industry.
The Commission accordingly recommended that
' Copies of the report may be obtained from the U.S.
Tariff Commission, Washington 25, D. C.
' Addressed to Senator Harry Flood Byrd, chairman of
the Senate Committee on Finance, and Representative
Jere Cooper, chairman of tlie House Ways and Means
Committee.
those imports of groundfish fillets presently duti-
able at 1%0 i^er pound should be dutiable at
2.81250 per pound, and that those dutiable at 21/00
per pound should be dutiable at 3.750 per pound.
It is the Tariff Commission's responsibility in
these matters to investigate and report to the
President any finding of serious injury or threat
of serious injury within the meaning of the law.
It is the President's responsibility, on the other
hand, to consider not only the question of injury
and measures recommended for its relief, but also
all other pertinent factors bearing on the security
and well-being of the nation.
As an aspect of national policy dedicated to
fostering the security and economic growth of
the United States, this nation seeks to encourage
in all feasible ways the continued expansion of
beneficial trade among the free nations of the
world. In view of this policy I am, as I have said
before, reluctant to impose a barrier to our trade
with friendly nations unless such action is essential
and clearly promising of positive, productive re-
sults to the benefit of the domestic industry in
question. My reluctance to impose such a bar-
rier is heightened in this case because the otlier
nations concerned are not only our close friends,
but their economic strength is of strategic impor-
tance to us in the continuing struggle against the
menace of world communism.
I have analyzed this case with great care. I am
fully aware that the domestic groundfish fishing
industry is faced with serious problems, but I am
not persuaded that, on balance, the proposed duty
increase would constitute a sound step in resolving
those difficulties. Because of that conviction, I
have decided in view of all of the factors bearing
on this case that I cannot accept the Tariff Com-
mission's recommendations. It might well be, in
fact, that the proposed duty increase would only
further complicate the industry's basic problems.
Over the years, the consumption of groundfish
fillets has shown a persistent upward trend, con-
sumption rising to a record level in 1955. This
trend is expected to continue; the United States,
by all indications is heading toward a further
increased population and a greater expansion of
its economy. If, as this growth takes place, there
is a proportionate increase in requirements for
fisli and fish products in the United States, the
domestic demand for these products will more than
exceed the present combined total of domestically
caught fisli plus imports. This is an encouraging
56
Deparfment of State Bulletin
prospect which the domestic industry should pre-
pare to exjjloit.
At the same time, I recognize that beset as it is
with problems ranging from the age of its vessels
to competition with other food products, the fish-
ing industiy of the United States will experience
difficulties in the years ahead, despite the bright
prospects for increased consumption of fish and
fish products, miless bold and vigorous steps are
taken now to provide root solutions for the in-
dustry's problems. To this end, the Administra-
tion last year proposed and I signed into law
several bills designed to assist the industry in im-
proving its competitive position. These laws
include provisions for increased fmids for re-
search and market development programs, edu-
cational grants, and a $10 million revolving loan
fund for vessel and equipment improvement
purposes.
The Administration's examination into the
industry's problems has continued beyond the en-
actment of these laws. These studies, in which
we are benefitting from consultations with State
and local officials and private groups, look toward
the development of additional opportunities for
promoting the well-being and sound management
of all of our fish and wildlife resources, including
our commercial fisheries resources. These further
efforts should be of assistance to the domestic
groimdfish fishing industry in its search for solu-
tions to the fundamental problems it faces. They
should also help the industry to improve its posi-
tion without the imposition of further trade re-
strictions which might actually discourage needed
improvements.
This approach is consistent with our objective
of achieving a dynamic, expanding, free enter-
prise economy and also accords with our national
policy of seeking the highest attainable levels of
mutually profitable and beneficial trade and in-
vestment among the countries of the free world.
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
Question of Legislation on Loyalty of Americans
Employed by International Organizations
Statement iy Francis 0. Wilcox
Assistant Secretary for Intei^national Organization Affairs ^
I wish to preface my remarks by saying I appre-
ciate the consideration shown by the subcommittee
in permitting me to choose the time most conven-
ient for my appearance. I also appreciate the
opportunity extended me to comment on the ques-
tion of the desirability of legislation dealing with
the loyalty measures to be applicable to American
nationals employed by, or seeking employment
with, public international organizations.
This is not the first opportunity the Department
of State has had to comment on legislation of the
type now under consideration. In 1953 the De-
partment, when commenting on S. 3, observed
that it seemed in the best interest of the United
States to give the executive procedure a thorough-
' Made on Dec. 17 before the Internal Security Subcom-
mittee of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary.
going ti-y and that the question of any legislative
approach to the problem be held in abeyance
pending an assessment of the results produced
imder that procedure. In 1955 the Department,
then commenting on S. 782 and having had the
benefit of seeing the results of the Executive order
procedure, recommended that legislation was un-
necessary. The Department observed that the
objective of S. 782 had already been achieved
imder the Executive order procedure.
As I see it, the objectives of the Congress and
of the executive branch in these matters are iden-
tical. There are two principal objectives. First,
we should seek to have additional top-flight
Americans employed by international organiza-
tions. Second, and equally important, these
Americans must be people of the highest loyalty
and integrity. In order to achieve these objec-
January 14, 1957
57
tives we must be certain that the loyalty clearance
procedure satisfies loyalty and security needs
witliout creating any unnecessary obstacles to the
recruitment of qualified Americans. An un-
wieldy process, or major changes at this time,
could discourage Americans from seeking em-
ployment with international organizations. Also,
international organizations might tend to exclude
Americans from their employment programs
simply to avoid becoming involved in protracted
or new and untried procedures. In order to con-
tinue to receive the maximum cooperation from
the organizations concerned, it seems best that we
adhere to a procedure which they have accepted.
It seems to me that any departure from the pro-
cedure now in effect would needlessly reopen to
public international debate the question of this
Government's obligation to respect the independ-
ent character of international secretariats.
Since January 9, 1953, the loyalty clearance of
Americans employed by, or seeking employment
with, public international organizations has been
accomplished under the provisions of Executive
Order 10422,^ as amended by Executive Order
10459 ^ on June 2, 1953. The Executive order, as
amended, assigns specific areas of responsibility
to the International Oi'ganizations Employees
Loyalty Board and to the Department of State.
Since Judge Henry S. Waldman, Chairman of the
International Organizations Employees Loyalty
Board, is scheduled to appear before the subcom-
mittee, I shall confine my statement to the Depart-
ment of State's functions pursuant to the terms of
the Executive order.
The Executive order designates the Secretary
of State as the channel through which personnel
forms are to be routed to the Loyalty Board by the
individual employee or applicant. In practice,
with the concurrence of the Loyalty Board, some
international organizations forward the personnel
forms directly to the Loyalty Board. The Secre-
tary of State is also the channel through which
the Loyalty Board forwards its advisory deter-
minations to the executive heads of the interna-
tional organizations. These determinations are
made by the Loyalty Board upon the basis of re-
ports of investigation which the Board retains.
Thus, in this connection, the Department of State
■ Bulletin of Jan. 12, 1953, p. 62.
' Ibid., June 22, 1953, p. 882.
acts as a courier. It does not evaluate either the
reports of investigation or the advisory determi-
nations.
As we are all aware, the Executive order has no
binding force and effect upon international organ-
izations. An advisory determination, whether
favorable or adverse, submitted to the executive
head of an organization is for, and I quote the
Executive order, "his use in exercising his rights
and duties with respect to the personnel." The
decision as to whether a given employee, or ap-
plicant for employment, meets the required stand-
ard of integi-ity is made by the executive head.
The most important function exercised by the
Department of State, in order to give force and
effect to the provisions of the Executive order,
relates to the arrangements negotiated with the
executive heads of organizations employing, or
contemplating the employment of, American na-
tionals. Following the issuance of the Executive
order in January 1953, the Department of State
negotiated arrangements with the organizations
concerned. The arrangements, in substance, pro-
vide that employees of American nationality, or
American nationals seeking employment, execute
appropriate personnel forms for submission to the
Loyalty Board. Furthermore, under the arrange-
ments, the executive heads of the organizations
take into consideration the Loyalty Board's ad-
visory determination in deciding whether to em-
ploy or retain the American concerned.
The Department of State and the International
Organizations Employees Loyalty Board have
worked together closely to give full effect to the
intent of the Executive order. In the light of the
experience gained since January 1953, it is the
Department's considered opinion that the Execu-
tive order's mandate has been carried out. The
Department of State and the Loyalty Board work-
ing together have, wlierever necessary, and with-
out sacrificing the intent of the Executive order,
overcome the administrative problems which
arose. We have also been successful in establish-
ing machinery which permits the expeditious com-
pletion of the investigative procedure without
unduly hampering the recruitment and employ-
ment of qualified Americans.
It has been the expressed desire of both the ex-
ecutive branch and the legislative brunch that more
Americans obtain employment with international
organizations. In fact, in appearances before
58
Department of Stale Bulletin
committees of both the Senate and the House, I
am frequently asked if we are doing everything
possible to encourage and increase the employment
of Americans by international organizations.
The Department of State is convinced that the
goal is being met within the spirit and intent of
the Executive order. It is the Department of
State's considered opinion also that legislation of
the type proposed in 1953 and 1955 — I refer to
S. 3 and S. 782 — would add nothing to the safe-
guards contained in the Executive order. Indeed,
it would have an adverse effect on the recruitment
and employment of Americans by international
organizations. I feel very strongly that legisla-
tion which would serve to supplant the Executive
order procedure would set the United States back
2 or 3 years in its efforts to see qualified, competent
Americans of high integi-ity on the payroll of in-
ternational organizations in which the United
States participates.
The basic reason for my conclusion is that we
have spent 3 years in setting up and improving
a working system. The organizations have grad-
ually come to understand it and to work with us
under it. If we change this system, as the draft
bills would have done, we would create new prob-
lems and have to start the difficult process all over
again. Moreover, there are a number of coun-
tries in these organizations which have been
critical of us all along. We have now largely
succeeded in overcoming these criticisms. It
would not now be in the national interest to pur-
sue a course which would again stir up this criti-
cism and ill will.
For these reasons the Department of State is
opposed to proposals such as those under dis-
cussion. I am certain that Mr. Waldman's
presentation and analysis of the Executive order
procedure will make it abundantly clear that the
procedure has served to overcome the conditions
which existed prior to 1953, whereby employment
with international organizations could be obtained
without proper and adequate review of infor-
mation.
In closing, Mr. Chairman, I wish to emphasize
tliat the United States remains determined that
there should be no question regarding the loyalty
or integrity of our citizens who hold positions
with international organizations and that they
sliould be sound and responsible Americans. We
have done and shall continue to do everything we
can to this end. I think it is fair to state that
we have made remarkable progi'ess since this
problem came into sharp focus in 1952. The pro-
cedure we have today serves the best interests of
the United States. We believe this procedure
will continue to meet the common objectives of
the Congress and of the executive branch.
IVIembership of Mexican-U.S.
Defense Commission
Executive Order 10692'
Amendment of Executive Order No. 90S0 To Provide foe
THE Designation of Members of the Joint Mexican-
United States Defense Commission by the Secretabt
op Defense
By virtue of the authority vested in me as President
of the United States it is ordered as follows :
Section 1. The third paragraph of Executive Order
No. 9080 of February 27, 1942,' authorizing the creation
of the Joint Mexican-United States Defense Commission,
is hereby amended to read as follows :
"The United States membership of the Commission
shall consist of an Army member, a Navy member, and
an Air Force member, each of whom shall be designated
by the Secretary of Defense and serve during tlie pleasure
of the Secretary. The Secretary shall designate from
among the United States members the chairman thereof
and may designate alternate United States members of
the Commission."
Sec. 2. The amendment made by section 1 hereof shall
not be construed as terminating the tenure of any person
who is a member, chairman, or alternate member of the
United States section of the Commission on the date of
this order, but such tenure may be terminated by the
Secretai-y of Defense.
The White House,
December 22, 1956.
> 21 Fed. Reg. 10325.
" 7 Fed. Reg. 1607.
January 14, 1957
59
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
Proposed U.N. Conference on Law of the Sea
Statement hy Edward S. GreerAaum
U.S. Representative to the General Assembly ^
The United States delegation has been extreme-
ly interested in the general debate wliich is now
drawing to a close on the International Law Com-
mission's report on the law of the sea.^ At the
outset I would like to take tliis opportunity to
subscribe to the eloquent tribute that my col-
leagues have paid to the International Law Com-
mission for its work in preparing this report. I
can do so with complete detachment and sincerity
because I have had no part in this magnificent
work. The Committee has indeed been fortunate
in having some of the distinguished members of
the Commission assist us in our discussions here.
Included among them is the able rapporteur, Pro-
fessor Francois, who has made so great a contri-
bution to the formulation of this report. The
United States Government believes that the Law
Commission's report constitutes a major contri-
bution to the solution to the problems of the sea,
a subject which has occupied scholars for so many
years — a subject which in our troubled world of
today is becoming of ever-increasing importance.
The solution of these problems is of the greatest
importance to all the nations of the world, and
we as lawyers have the responsibility of carrying
out this important task. In so doing we will be
fulfilling a fundamental principle of the United
Nations, which is to seek solutions of internation-
al disputes or situations "in conformity with the
principles of justice and international law." The
'Made in Committee VI (Legal) on Dec. 14 (U.S.
delegation press release 2557).
= U.N. doc. A/3159.
report now before us affords us a challenging op-
portunity to formulate rules of international law
in this vitally important field.
How can this best be done? We believe by
acting favorably upon the recommendations of
the International Law Commission. According-
ly, the United States delegation, along with 21
other states, has joined in cosponsoring the reso-
lution which is now before the Committee,^ which
would implement the recommendation of the
International Law Commission that an inter-
national conference of plenipotentiaries should be
convened to examine the law of the sea. The
United States has cosponsored this resolution be-
cause of our view that reference of the whole sub-
ject of the law of the sea to a conference is the
only effective method of dealing with the problem.
Since we do not believe that the Sixth Com-
mittee should make any decisions on substantive
naatters at this time, tlie United States delegation
will not comment in detail upon all aspects of the
73 draft articles which have been submitted by
the Commission. However, during om* general
debate much has been said by other delegations
on many of the major questions involved. In
tlie interest of recording our own views on some
of these questions I will discuss briefly a few of
tlic major points covered in the Commission's re-
port. In so doing I fully realize that, after the
extremely interesting and illmninating remarks
that you have heard from so many distinguished
" U.N. doc. A/C. 6/L. 385.
60
Department of Stale Bulletin
Text of Resolution Convoking Conference on Law of the Sea
U.N. doc. A/C.6/L.398
The Ocncral Assembly,
Hamng received the report of the International Law
Commission covering the work of its eighth session,
which contains draft articles and commentaries on the
law of the sea,
Recalling that the General Assembly in resolution
798 (VIII) of 7 December 1953, "having regard to the
fact that the problems relating to the high seas, terri-
torial waters, contiguous zones, the continental shelf
and the superjacent waters were closely linked together
juridically as well as physically", decided not to deal
with any aspect of those matters until all the problems
involved had been studied by the International Law
Commission and reported upon by it to the General
Assembly,
Cenisldering that its resolution 899 (IX) of 14 De-
cember 1954 - requested the International Law Commis-
sion to submit its final report on these subjects In
time for the General Assembly to consider them "as
a whole" at its eleventh session,
Talcing into account also paragraph 29 of the Com-
mission's report wherein "the Commission considers —
and the comments of Governments have confirmed this
view — that the various sections of the law of the sea
hold together, and are so closely interdependent that
it would be extremely difficult to deal with only one
part and leave the others aside",
1. Expresses its appreciation to the Commission for
its valuable work on this complex subject ;
2. Decides, in accordance with the recommendation
contained in paragraph 28 of the Commission's report,
that an international conference of plenipotentiaries
should be convoked to examine the law of the sea,
taking account not only of the legal but also of the
technical, biological, economic and political aspects of
the problem, and to embody the results of its work in
one or more international conventions or such other
instruments as it may deem appropriate ;
3. Recommends that the conference should study the
question of free access to the sea of landlocked coun-
tries, as established by international practice or
treaties ;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to convoke such
a conference at Rome early in March 1958 ;
5. Invites all States Members of the United Nations
and States members of the specialized agencies to
participate in the conference and to include among
their representatives experts competent in the fields
to be considered ;
6. Invites the interested specialized agencies and
inter-governmental bodies to send observers to the
conference ;
7. Requests the Secretary-General to invite appro-
priate experts to advise and assist the Secretariat in
preparing the conference, with the following terms of
reference :
(a) to obtain in tlie manner which they think most
appropriate from the invited Governments any further
provisional comments the Governments may wish to
make on the Commission's report and related matters,
and to present to the conference in systematic form
any comments made by the Governments and the rele-
vant statements made in the Sixth Committee in the
eleventh and previous sessions of the General Assem-
bly;
(b) to present to the conference recommendations
a)ncerning its method of work and procedures, and
other questions of an administrative nature ;
(c) to prepare or arrange for the preparation of
working documents of a legal, technical, scientific or
economic nature in order to facilitate the work of the
conference ",
8. Requests the Secretary-General to arrange also for
the necessary staff and facilities which would be re-
quired for the conference, it being understood that the
technical services of such experts as are needed will
be utilized ;
9. Refers to the conference the Commission's report
as the basis for its consideration of the various prob-
lems involved in the development and codification of
the law of the sea ; and also the verbatim records of
the relevant debates in the General Assembly, for con-
sideration by the conference in conjunction with the
Commission's report ;
10. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to
the conference all such records of world-wide or re-
gional international meetings as may serve as official
background material for its work ;
11. Calls upon the invited Governments and groups
thereof to utilize the time remaining before the opening
of the conference for exchanges of views on the con-
troversial questions relative to the law of the sea ;
12. Expresses the hope that the conference will be
fully attended.
' Introduced on Nov. 27 (A/C.6/ L..385) ; adopted by
Committee VI, as amended, on Dee. 20 by a vote of
65-1 (Ic-eland).
- For text, see Bulletin of Jan. 10, 1955, p. 64.
ianuaty 14, 1957
412329—57 3
61
delegates, it is difficult to contribute new ideas or
make worthwhile remarks that have not already
been presented. Nevertheless, we venture the
hope that the few comments that we would like
to make may be helpful.
Breadth of the Territorial Sea
First of all, Mr. Chairman, I would like to refer
to the question of the breadth of the territorial
sea. In the report of the Commission covering the
work of its seventh session, the Commission con-
sidered that "international law does not require
states to recognize a breadth [of territorial sea]
bej'ond three miles." The United States considers
that this is the true legal situation and indeed feels
that it would be unrealistic, in the absence of gen-
eral agreement upon a breadth of territorial
waters in excess of 3 miles, to expect states which
adhere to this traditional limit to recognize uni-
lateral attempts of other states to appropriate
large areas of what had theretofore been recog-
nized as high seas. There is universal agreement
that each state is entitled to a territorial sea of a
breadth of 3 miles, but, as has been evidenced by
the debates of the past days, there is wide disagree-
ment as to the legality of claims to territorial seas
in excess of 3 miles.
There have been several statements that this
3-mile rule is an obsolete one. It has been sug-
gested that because it is an old rule it is no longer
A^alid for the modern world. My Government cer-
tainly does not accept this point of view. Our
attitude on the breadth of the territorial sea is
based in large part upon our traditional and
strong adherence to the principle of the freedom
of the sea, a principle imder which the oceans of
the world are to be open freely to the ships of all
nations, large and small, and under which princi-
ple the strong nations are prevented from assert-
ing their power to control the seas at the expense
of the weak. We do not think that changes have
occurred on the international scene which require
the abandonment of the 3-mile rule. It is, of
course, correct to argue that we should not blindly
follow a rule of law merely because it has persisted
for many years. AVe do not argue that a law
should be retained just because it is ancient, but
neither do we Ijelieve that a law must be regarded
as obsolete and should be abandoned just because
it is ancient. On the contrary, there is a strong
presumption that a long accepted rule of law has
valid and sound reasons for persisting throughout
the years.
The rules of the road are examples of rules of
conduct which have an ancient origin but which
continue to have validity in modern times. The
Ten Commandments are ancient, but that does not
mean that they are obsolete. Tlie teachings of the
Koran are old, but that does not make them in-
valid today.
I do not mean to suggest that the 3-mile rule is
on a plane with or of the same character as the
laws laid down in the Ten Commandments or the
Koran. "Wliat I do mean to say is that those who
advocate changing a rule that has been upheld
throughout the years have the heavy burden of
demonstrating that the rule has outlived its use-
fulness and can no longer be upheld. They also
have the burden of demonstrating that the ob-
jectives sought cannot be accomplished in some
other way. With specific reference to the question
of the breadth of the territorial sea, those who seek
to justify extending the 3-mile limit must justify
restricting the freedom of the seas. Every mile
by which the territorial sea is widened encroaches
to that extent upon the extent of the high seas and
thereby lessens the freedom of the seas. The In-
ternational Law Commission emphasizes this
point in article 27 of the draft, where it states that
"the high seas being open to all nations, no State
may validly purport to subject any part of them
to its sovereignty."
I do not, of course, mean to implj' that the ques-
tion of the extent of the territorial sea should not
be examined in the light of some of tlie arguments
which have been advanced in favor of expanding
the 3-mile rule. There have been a number of
reasons advanced, some of which the United States
regards with sympathy, in support of the claims
for increasing the rights on the part of coastal
states over areas of the sea off their coasts. How-
ever, the United States view is that none of the
reasons which have been advanced leads to the
conclusion that the o-mile rule of international law
must be changed to allow for a wider breadth of
territorial sea. The problems which generally
concern a large number of coastal states, particu-
larly as they involve the fish stocks oft' their coasts,
may be met, we believe, by means other tliun
through extensions of the territorial sea.
The United States delegation has been dis-
62
Department of State Bulletin
turbed to hear the position which was tiiken dur-
ing the debates by several other delegations, that
each state possesses the right to establish unilat-
erally and according to its conception of its own
best interests whatever breadth of territorial sea
it desires. Of course, it must be clear to anyone
who asserts this position that inherent in it is the
possibility of conflict with the states who could
not accept an outward extension of a territorial
sea which another state might claim.
Carried to its logical conclusion this concept
would result in complete chaos and the disappear-
ance of the freedom of the seas. As I have stated
before, Mr. Cliairman, it is universally accepted
that states are entitled to a 3-mile breadth of ter-
ritorial sea. It is in the interest of maintaining
this general acceptance and of avoiding interna-
tional controversy over diverse claims to terri-
torial seas that the United States strongly
supports the attempt through a conference to ar-
rive at solutions. With regard to the alleged
right of each state unilaterally to delimit its ter-
ritorial sea, it is pertinent to recall tlie statement
made by the International Court of Justice in the
Norwegian fisheries case which establishes the
lack of validity of such an extreme position :
The delimitation of sea areas has always an interna-
tional aspect ; it cannot be dependent merely upon the will
of the coastal State as expressed in its municipal law.
Although it is true that the act of delimitation is neces-
sarily a unilateral act, because only the coastal State is
competent to undertake it, the validity of the delimita-
tion with regard to oiher States depends upon interna-
tional law.
Work of Inter-Americiin Conferences
Now, Mr. Chairman, I should like to refer briefly
to the work of the Inter- American Council of
Jurists, which met in Mexico City in the early
part of 1956 ^ and of the Inter-American Special-
ized Conference, which met at Ciudad Trujillo a
month later.* I refer to these two conferences
because we have heard reference to them, in some
of the other statements which have been presented,
which may have inadvertently given a wrong im-
pression to some delegates. It is important that
this Committee understand that the Mexico City
resolution of the Inter-American Council of
* For an account of the meeting, see B0i,LETrisr of Feb.
20, lO.'iC. p. 296.
' Ibid., May 28, 1956, p. 894.
Jurists, which contains the novel notion that each
state is free to determine its territorial waters,
provided that it does so within "reasonable" limits,
was merely a "preparatory study." The Council
had been requested to make this study in prepara-
tion for a plenipotentiary conference which was
held the following month at Ciudad Trujillo.
This preparatory study was not approved by the
later conference. Instead, the conference simply
resolved to record the fact that "the states repre-
sented at this conference take dili'erent positions
with respect to the breadth of the territorial sea"
and recommended that the American States con-
tinue "diligently to examine" the matter "with a
view to finding satisfactory solutions." The
United States Government, therefore, considers
that the Mexico City resolution cannot be regarded
as the expression of the position of the American
Republics on the question of the breadth of the
territorial sea. As the delegates of several x\jneri-
can Republics have correctly stated, the only of-
ficial position of the Organization of American
States is the resolution of the Ciudad Trujillo
conference."
Before I leave the subject of the territorial sea,
Mr. Chairman, I would like to urge the members
of the U.N. to give very careful consideration to
any proposals the final eif ect of which would be to
restrict the freedom of the seas. In this day of
improved metliods of transportation and com-
munication, which have served to bring nations
ever closer together, it is vitally important that
the international highways of the sea and of the
superjacent air should not be brought imder the
domination or control of national states. Any
proposals which would residt in restricting the
freedom of the seas would not be progress but
rather a retrogression to tliose past eras when the
high seas were under the domination of national
states. We sincerely believe that the doctrine of
the freedom of the seas, in its widest implications,
is the principle fairest to all, large and small.
Any purported widening of the territorial sea
will to that extent impinge upon the freedom of
the seas. As the International Law Commission
states in article 27,
Freedom of the high seas comprises, inter alia,
1. Freedom of navigation,
2. Freedom of Ashing,
3. BYeedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines,
4. Freedom to fly over the high seas.
■ Ihid., p. 897.
January 14, J 957
63
This means that when a coastal state purports
to extend its territorial waters it in effect says to
all other states, "You may no longer have freedom
to navigate, to fish, to lay cables and pipelines, or
to fly over these waters." We firmly believe tliat
the legitimate needs of coastal states can be ade-
quately met without their taking drastic action
which involves these consequences.
In defense of extreme claims to territorial seas,
it has been stated that their objective is only the
control of natural resources of such seas and that
freedom of navigation will not thereby be inter-
fered with, since under international law foreign
vessels have a right of innocent passage through
the territorial sea. It will be evident at once that
there is quite a difference between freedom of navi-
gation on the high seas and the right of innocent
passage through the territorial sea. Once a ship
leaves the high seas and enters the territorial sea
of another state the exclusive jurisdiction of its
own state ceases and it becomes subject to the laws
and regulations of the sovereign of the tei-ritorial
sea. Although the ship has a right of innocent
passage, this right is circumscribed by a number
of restrictions, which an examination of articles 15,
16, 17, and 18 of the International Law Commis-
sion's draft will indicate and which it is not neces-
sary to discuss in detail here. Not only is this
right restricted, but in certain circumstances the
right of innocent passage may be temporarily sus-
pended altogether. Of course the coastal state is
the judge, at least in the first instance, as to when
these conditions exist.
As I have noted earlier in my statement, Mr.
Chairman, the reasons which appear to be most
frequently advanced in support of extensions of
the territorial sea relate to questions concerning
high-seas fisheries, and they seem in particular to
be based upon the concern on the part of coastal
states over the possibility of depletion of high-seas
fisheries and the desire to take measures for their
conservation. The United States Government is
in sympathy with this concern on the part of
coastal states, and we acknowledge that special rec-
ognition must be given to their interests in con-
serving the resources of the high seas adjacent to
their territorial seas. In this connection we note
that the International Law Commission, in its
draft articles on high-seas fisheries, has made what
we consider to be very useful proposals for taking
account of the special interests of the coastal states.
We believe that there exists a very real hope for ,
an agreement satisfactory to most states, under
which all legitimate national interests in the fish
stocks of the high seas will be taken into account.
As my delegation is particularly interested in the
fishery articles as proposed by the Commission, I
would like at this point to comment briefly on cer-
tain aspects of tliis part of the Commission's
report.
Commission's Proposals on Fisheries
During the past several days a number of state-
ments have been made by delegates that the pur-
pose of certain claims to sovereignty over great
widths of the seas was solely for the conservation
of natural resources. Article 50 of the Law Com-
mission's report defines the term "conservation,"
a definition derived from the report of the 1955
Rome Conference on Conservation of the Living
Resources of the Sea.'' It is the understanding of
ray Government that the objective of the Law
Commission articles on fisheries is to assure such
"conservation" tliroughout all areas of the high
seas — those areas adjacent to the territorial waters
of states as well as the more offshore areas. To
the extent, then, that fishery articles achieve this
objective, they take care of the conservation prob-
lem in a satisfactory manner without the neces-
sity for extensions of sovereignty.
My Government has carefvilly studied the fish-
ery articles and is of the opinion that, with some
modifications to meet certain practical problems of
conservation, administration, and management,
the articles will provide a solution for the con-
servation issues. Many of the proposals included
in these articles are contained in one form or
another in present successful fishery conservation
conventions or are derived from the experience
obtained in the operation of these conventions.
Thus there is evidence that this is a practical ap-
proach to the conservation problem. The Law
Commission articles are particularly promising in
this respect, for they include certain procedures,
designed to assure the effective operation of the
conservation proposals, which are more fully de-
veloped than in existing conventions. The effec-
tiveness of these provisions would be true whether
the methods of fishing are by small boats or by
long-range mechanized fleets. My Government
' U.N. doc. A/Conf. 10/5/Rev. 2.
64
Department of Stale Bulletin
believes that a careful, objective study of these
articles will lead others to substantially these same
conclusions.
Before leaving this subject, I might add that,
if the purpose of the claims of certain countries
to sovereignty over broad areas of the sea is other
than conservation, then the proposed Ilc fishery
articles might not satisfy such other purpose.
Question of Arbitration
Objections have been voiced by some delegates
to the Law Commission proposals for obligatory
arbitration. I am inclined to believe that in some
cases at least these objections are based on a
misunderstanding of the nature of the differ-
ences to be arbitrated and of the type of arbitra-
tion proposed.
The articles provide that the fishing states regu-
late and restrict their fishing activities when re-
quired for the purposes of conservation and that
imder certain specified conditions these states
agree that their fishermen on the high seas be sub-
ject to the regulatory conservation measures of
other states, measures in whose formulation they
would have no voice. Under other specified con-
ditions unilateral conservation action by the
coastal state would be authorized. The Commis-
sion suggests specific criteria to be used in deter-
mining the reality of the conditions specified for
each situation.
As the reasons for these proposals are better un-
derstood, we can be optimistic that most fishing
states will be prepared to subject themselves, al-
though perhaps reluctantly, to these new and in
some cases drastic limitations on their historic
sovereign rights, but only if they can be assured
that in fact the stipulated conditions exist. To
provide this assurance, the Law Commission pro-
poses that, when the existence of these conditions
is questioned and other means of determining the
facts fail, the question shall be referred to an arbi-
tral commission of the type defined. It should
be noted that the arbitral procedures referred to
in the Ilc articles do not preclude resort to other
methods of peaceful settlement which may be
fomid agreeable to the parties in dispute. It is
only when other methods fail or are not desired
by the parties that the Ilc arbitral procedure
would be utilized. The term "arbitral commis-
sion" itself seems somewhat of a misnomer, for the
commission has more of the nature of a factfinding
body than of the traditional arbitral body. The
fxmction of the "arbitral commission," as proposed
by the Law Commission, is to determine whether
or not the specified conditions exist. It should
also be noted that, under the International Law
Commission's jiroposals, the parties to the dispute
would themselves participate in setting up the
"arbitral commission."
I believe it is most probable that a full under-
standing of the problem dealt with and a thorough
study of the factfinding procedure proposed by the
International Law Commission will result in gen-
eral support of such procedure as an equitable solu-
tion. Certainly, without a procedure such as this,
most states could not be expected to accept the pro-
posed restrictions on their sovereign rights. Fur-
thermore, if states agree on the conditions that
justify the subjection of their nationals while op-
erating on the high seas to the conservation regula-
tions of other states, then there appears to be no
valid reason why they should object to a procedure
designed to best determine whether such condi-
tions exist. We ask those who object to this pro-
posal : how else should these disputes be resolved ?
The Continental Slielf
Turning now to the question of the continental
shelf, my delegation has listened with interest to
the discussion of this subject and particularly to
the references which have been made to the procla-
mation respecting the natural resources of the
subsoil and seabed of the continental shelf which
was issued by the President of the United States
on September 28, 1945.^ While it may not have
been the first made by any state with respect to the
shelf, this proclamation did constitute what may
be regarded as a landmark in the development of
international law in tliis field. Before the issu-
ance of this proclamation there was what might
be regarded as a void in international law with
respect to the exploitation of the continental shelf.
With the development of techniques making prac-
ticable the development of the resources of the
shelf, it was deemed necessary that attention be
given to the development of international law
with respect to the activities of states in exploiting
the resources of the shelf. Under the proclama-
tion the United States regards "the natural re-
sources of the subsoil and seabed of the continental
' Bulletin of Sept. 30, 1945, p. 484.
January 14, 1957
65
shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the
coasts of the United States as appertaining to tlie
United States, subject to its jurisdiction and con-
trol." This claim was, we believe, based upon
considerations which strongly support the con-
clusion that control of the development of the
continental shelf should reside in the coastal state.
The reasons supporting this conclusion, as sum-
marized in the proclamation, are :
1. The effectiveness of measures to utilize or
conserve the resources of the shelf is contingent
upon cooperation and protection from shore.
2. The continental shelf may be regarded as an
extension of the land-mass of the coastal nation
and thus naturally appurtenant to it.
3. The resources frequently form a seaward ex-
tension of a pool or deposit lying within the
territory.
4. Tlie interest of self-protection compels the
coastal nation to keep close watch over activities
off its shores which are of the nature necessary for
the utilization of these resources.
In making this proclamation, the United States
was careful not to violate the established principle
of freedom of the seas as it applied to the high
seas above the shelf. The proclamation expressly
states that "the character as high seas of the waters
above the continental shelf and the right to their
free and unimpeded navigation are in no way thus
affected." It thus specifically rejects the concept
of asserting sovereignty over the high seas. Fol-
lowing upon the United States proclamation, thei-e
came a series of proclamations on the part of other
states laying claim to the continental shelf. Some
of these proclamations, which have been repre-
sented as being based upon the United States
proclamation, differ in at least one important re-
spect from the United States proclamation, that
is, they claim not only the shelf but also the super-
jacent waters. In the view of the United States,
areas of the high seas cannot be appropriated by
the coastal state in connection with what may
otherwise be a legitimate claim to the continental
shelf.
Mr. Chairman, several times during the general
debate we have heard reference to the Law Com-
mission's definition of piracy as set out in article
39 of the report. As a part of the discussion of
this subject the Committee has had to listen to
charges of alleged support on the part of the
United States Navy for alleged acts of piracy in
66
the China seas. There have also been allegations
of coercion on the part of the United States Gov-
ernment with respect to some of the seamen from
the seized ships who came to the United States.
These charges were and are categorically denied.
The United States Government merely desires to
remind the Committee that this subject was taken
up and fully answered at the Assembly during its
9th session in 1954.^ With respect to the charges
of coercion of the seamen in question I would like
to affirm that the United States Government ex-
tended asylum to these men at their own request.
This, of course, was not the first, nor I dare say
will it be the last, occasion on which persons in
similar circumstances have seized the opportunity
to escape to freedom.
I would also like to note briefly the references
which have been made to the question of testing
nuclear weapons on the high seas. My Govern-
ment, Mr. Chairman, is firmly convinced that
whatever testing we have been responsible for has
not been contrary to any rule of international law.
However, this is not the appropriate place to dis-
cuss this important question. It has serious polit-
ical elements, and it is our view that it should be
considered as a part of the overall problem of dis-
armament. As you know, it is a subject of discus-
sion and consideration elsewhere in the United
Nations.
Mr. Chairman, the discussion which we have
had on the Commission's report has been a long
and exceedingly thorough one. The report of the
International Law Commission, which should
serve as the basis for further consideration of
matters relating to the law of the sea, has been in
the hands of the member governments for only
a relatively short time. The matters involved
need to be considered by many departments within
each government, and there will need to be ade-
quate time to complete diplomatic preparations
before a real possibility of reaching agreement
among states may be said to exist. These con-
siderations are especially valid with regard to
those states which have recently been admitted
to the organization and which therefore have had
even less time to prepare their positions on the
problems involved. For all these reasons, Mr.
Chairman, the United States delegation is strongly
of the view that the proper decision which the As-
sembly should take now is to convene a special
"Ibid., Dec. 27, 11)54, p. 996.
Department of Slate Bulletin
conference such as that which has been recom-
mended by the International Law Conmiission in
paragraph 28 of the Commission's report.
In connection with the proposal to convene a
conference, there has been made the suggestion
that a preparatory commission of governmental
representatives be establislied to assist the Secre-
tary-General in his preparations for the confer-
ence. It has even been suggested that this com-
mission might consider the substance of the
subjects to be taken up at the conference for the
purpose of preparing proposals in addition to
those which we already have in the Law Commis-
sion's report. The United States Government
does not favor a suggestion of this sort, particu-
larly as it pertains to the possibility of further
substantive study by the proposed committee. It
is our view that the Law Commission's excellent
report provides the best material to serve as the
basis for the deliberations of the conference. The
Law Commission's report is the product of many
years of arduous and thorough study by highly
qualified persons. The work of jireparing this
study was entrusted to the Commission by the
Assembly. It is our view, Mr. Chairman, that the
Secretary-General should be entrusted with the
task of preparing the convening of the conference,
in consultation with such experts as he considers
advisable.
We share the feeling of some delegates that it is
regi-ettable that a delay is necessary, but on bal-
ance we agi-ee with the arguments that further
time is needed for the careful preparation that
will be required on the part of all participants,
including particularly the newly admitted
members of the United Nations. Accordingly, we
believe that the spring of 1958 is a suitable time
for the proposed conference. It is our feeling
that such a date will in the long run expedite
rather than hinder our work and bring to an early
fulfillment the objectives we have in mind. "We
have no preference as to the place and will gladly
accept whatever decision is made on this subject.
In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I want again to
stress the importance of maintaining an open
mind toward the coming conference. My dele-
gation agrees with the position taken by several
other delegations that such an attitude is essential
for its success. We should not blindly adhere to
a position that we may have taken in debate to
meet some specific point. We are not now trying
to decide what is the law of the sea, nor what it
should be. That is not our present task. We are
about to vote on a proposal that an inteniational
conference of plenipotentiaries be held for that
purpose. If it is held, its task will be to try to
establish the law of the sea, including the breadth
of the territorial sea, which the International Law
Commission suggests, in article 4 of its report,
"should be fixed by an international conference."
That determination should be made in the light
of all the pertinent facts — technical, biological,
economic, political, as well as historical and legal.
Our present task is to do everything possible to
enable that conference to perform its important
duties successfully. It is our purpose to try to
aid in that task.
Financing of United Nations
Emergency Force
Following are texts of statements made in Com-
mittee V {Administrative and Budgetary) on
December 6, 6, and 17 iy Richard Lee Jones, U.S.
Rejn'esentative to the General Assembly.
STATEMENT OF DECEMBER 5
U.S. delegation press release 2547
I listened with great interest to the statement
made by the representative of the Secretary-Gen-
eral on December 3 ^ concerning the apportionment
of the expenses incurred for the United Nations
Emergency Force. I noted with satisfaction the
Secretary-General's analysis of the situation and
his recommendation = that the United Nations ex-
penses for this operation be apportioned on the
basis of the regular scale of assessments applying
to the financial year 1957.
The United States Government lends its full
support to the Secretary-General's recommenda-
tions concerning the financing of Unef and will
cooperate in their implementation energetically
once they are approved by the General Assembly.
We are all, I am sure, inspired by the additional
effort made by so many nations to contribute di-
rectly and without charge to this great cause in
the form of troops, materiel, and services. Of
' U.N. doc. A/C.5/687 dated Dec. 3.
° For text of the Secretary-General's reiwrt on admin-
istrative and financial arrangements for UNEF, see U.N.
doc. A/3383 dated Nov. 21.
ianuaty 14, 7957
67
special note, I think, is the contribution of a non-
member, the Swiss Federal Government, in de-
fraying the cost of air transportation in the
amount of approximately $500,000. Consistent
with the measures taken by these contributing na-
tions, the United States has agreed to contribute,
without charge, substantial facilities for the trans-
portation of members of the Unef and to author-
ize the use of equipment received by certain mem-
bers under various United States aid programs.
It is hoped that even more nations will be
prompted to lend direct assistance. The United
States for its part stands prepared to assume addi-
tional burdens, outside the common costs budget,
commensurate with those that may be undertaken
by other nations.
STATEMENT OF DECEMBER 6
D.S. delegation press release 2548
Our delegation has listened with great interest
to the views expressed by other delegations on the
problem of financing the United Nations Emer-
gency Force. We are very sympathetic with the
concern which has been expressed by a number of
delegations over their ability to pay their share
of the initial $10 million appropriation. We real-
ize that, for a nmnber of countries, this additional
cost of their membership in the United Nations
will be a real burden.
Nevertheless, Mr. Chairman, we share the view
of many others here that this is an obligation
which the organization must face, which is in-
separable with the spirit of the charter. The vote
establishing the Unef ^ was an overwhelming ex-
pression of the membership of the organization,
and we can only conclude that the members should
be prepared to support their words and votes with
deeds.
We know of no more reasonable basis for reflect-
ing these facts and for sharing the common costs
of Unef than the scale of assessments for the regu-
lar budget. Certainly, it is improper and imprac-
tical to ask the Secretary-General to develop new
scales which are political in nature.
This is an important decision we are called upon
to take. The application of the scale to this cost
will be an indication of the real maturity which
the United Nations is achieving.
Many governments, including my own, must
' Fur text of resolution establishing UNEF, see Bulle-
tin of Nov. 19, 1956, p. 793.
accept financial obligations subject to normal con-
stitutional procedures, that is, the appropriation
of fmids. This is a totally different view fi-om
that which has been expressed by several delega-
tions, that they do not consider themselves bound
by any action of the General Assembly with re-
spect to the United Nations Emergency Force.
This latter view, of course, we cannot accept. We
must view the matter as the responsibility of all of
us who are jjartners in tliis great organization.
In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I would like to
reaffirm the support of the United States Govern-
ment for the prmciple laid before us by the
Secretary-General.
STATEMENT OF DECEMBER 17
D.S. delegation press release 2559
As one of the sponsors of the amendments con-
tained in document A/C.5/L.411,* I wish to make
one final statement to this Committee before the
vote. It is my duty to emphasize to my dis-
tinguished colleagues the deep concern which my
Government feels over tliis issue, both from the
point of view of principle and of practical diplo-
macy and administration. We are concerned
now with a decision affecting the strength and
prestige and future action of this Assembly.
Six weeks ago, acting with the dispatch re-
quired by the situation, the General Assembly
took a decision to establish an Emergency Force
and authorized the Secretary-General to enter
into commitments with respect to it. Almost 4
weeks ago the Secretary-General presented a re-
port on administrative and financial arrange-
ments with respect to a Force wliich was already
in being.
Three weeks ago the General Assembly author-
ized commitments for that Force up to $10 million
to be undertaken in the name of the United
Nations.^ Representatives here have had 3 weeks
in which to secure instmctions so that they could
vote on the third important step in this process —
the assessment of those costs.
The world is waiting for this Assembly to back
up its commitments, for this Assembly to assume
* This proposal, cosponsored by Canada, Norway, and
the U.S., later joined by Finland, would amend a 19-power
draft resolution (U.N. doc. A/C.5/L.410) calling for the
appointment of a nine-member committee to consider fur-
ther the question of financing UNEF.
" Bulletin of Dec. 10, 19r)G, p. 91S.
68
Deparfment of State Bulletin
its responsibilities. The world has its eyes on the
future. Can the organization be expected to act,
to fulfill its promises? Until now we have pre-
sented only a promise of postponement.
Over the weekend, Mr. Chairman, we have all
heard that the lives of certain, members of our
Emergency Force in Egypt have been imperiled.
T^liat can we expect to be the reaction of troops
of that Force, some of whom volunteered for
service, should they learn that, while they were
risking their lives, members of this organization
were declining to give to this operation the finan-
cial support which is required ?
Canada, Norway, and the United States have
offered these amendments to the draft resolution
contained in document A/C.5/L.410 because, in
our opinion, that resolution is not adequate to deal
with the present situation. For the reasons I
have mentioned we cannot avoid our responsi-
bility merely by creating a committee to study
the matter in all its aspects as this resolution pro-
poses. We must take a basic decision now con-
cerning the financing of the expenses which the
Secretary-General has been authorized to make,
and this is what is proposed in the first operative
paragraph of the amendments.
No matter how much we may rationalize, Mr.
Cliainnan, I believe that all of us who consider
this problem seriously must come to the conclusion
tliat the Secretary-General was correct when he
proposed that this Committee decide to assess
member states on the basis of the regular scale of
assessments to secure funds up. to the amount of
$10 million. I have read again the statement
made in this Committee on behalf of the Secre-
tary-General 2 weeks ago, reafiirmmg liis original
recommendation. That reasoning is convincing.
Members would do well to ask themselves whether
they can reject it.
Several days ago, Mr. Chairman, I had a con-
versation with a representative of one of the
smaller countries, who had taken a serious look
at this problem. He made an analysis of the sit-
uation before us which, I believe, warrants care-
ful consideration — particularly by certain smaller
countries which are somewhat inclined to believe
that they should not pay their regular share of
the common costs of this enterprise and that the
so-called great powers should pay all or practically
all the Unef costs.
This representative, whom I shall not identify —
I shall refer to him as Ambassador X — pointed
out that his country was not happy at the prospect
of paying an assessment for Unef, both because of
financial problems involved and because it felt that
it bore no particular responsibility for the events
which had occurred so far away in Egypt and
which necessitated the creation of Unef. But
Ambassador X went on to say his Govermnent
would pay its regular assessment because the ac-
tion by the General Assembly in creating Unef
was of great historical importance in that it es-
tablished a method for dealing with threats to the
peace which his Government strongly favored.
The creation of Unef represented common action
through the United Nations rather than unilat-
eral action by great powers to deal with threats to
world peace as they alone thought best.
Ambassador X stated that this common action
through the United Nations — rather than mii-
lateral great-power action — was what his country
and other small countries most earnestly desired.
They wished to have a voice in a decision which
could bring on or which could avoid another great
world conflict. This involved, said Ambassador
X, a willingness on the part of small coimtries to
pay their share of the costs of an action on which
they had had an opportunity to speak and vote.
If they declined to pay their fair share and insisted
that the great powers assume the burden of pay-
ment, then they could not expect that those powers
would long contiime, in situations threatening the
peace, to seek United Nations action — action in
which they had but one vote — as opposed to
unilateral action, which they could hope to control.
In other words, smaller countries could not expect
to enjoy the possibility of controlling policies by
their votes without assuming the burdens resulting
from the execution of these policies.
Mr. Chairman, I suggest that the analysis of the
situation made by this distinguished representa-
tive warrants careful consideration. The prin-
ciple involved is very clear. Nevertheless, as I
have stated on several occasions, my Government
recognizes that, in the present situation, a fully
logical and inflexible application of the principle
might well present financial problems to certain
small countries. Therefore my Government, like
a number of other member and nonmember govern-
ments, has made and is continuing to make large
voluntary contributions [such as transportation,
materiel, etc.] to ease the financial burden on the
memberslup as a whole.
We have appointed a United Nations Com-
January 14, 1957
69
mander [Maj. Gen. E. L. M. Burns] and have given
him a task. He must have some basic financial
resources under his direct control — for his own
headquarters and for the costs of those basic com-
mon items which will hold his force together.
Beyond this, voluntaiy contributions are necessary
and appropriate. But I must state frankly that
such contributions can be expanded to the benefit
of the entire membei-ship only if this organization
indicates a willingness to share equitably the com-
mon expenses of Unef which we have authorized
the Secretary-General to make. I can say that,
unless the organization is willing to assess all
members on the regular scale up to $10 million, my
Government will find it most difficult to justify
further voluntary contributions. On the other
hand, if this assessment is voted, my Government
hopes to be able to expand voluntary contrilnitions
and will expect other governments in a position to
do so to follow a similar course. Only if this is
done is there a real hope that the common costs
subject to regular assessment can be kept at $10
million.
But, some ask, what will happen if the common
costs exceed $10 million? We have agreed, Mr.
Chairman, to the creation of a nine-member com-
mittee to study this problem and to recommend
how to finance any costs in excess of $10 million.
Tlie creation of this committee, of course, implies
that it may explore and recommend various meth-
ods of financing the excess, including all possi-
bilities of voluntary contributions as well as the
possibility of an assessment of members on a scale
different from the regular scale of assessments.
No one can say now what is a reasonable and ap-
propriate method of financing since we do not
know what the excess will be or even if there will
be an excess of common costs. And I might add
that the newly created committee will not be able
to make helpful recommendations until it has re-
ceived detailed estimates from the Secretary-Gen-
eral. Accordingly, I suggest that, before approv-
ing January 20 as the date for the committee to
report, M-e ask the representative of the Secretary-
General when helpful estimates might be
available.
Finally, Mr. Chairman, with reference to the
proposed amendments, a number of delegations
have asked the sponsors to dro]) the proposed
second operative paragraph, which reads:
Decides further, tliat this decision shall be without
prejudice to the sul)sequ('iit upportioumeiit of any expenses
in excess of $10 million which may be incurred in connec-
tion with UNEF.
There appear to be some doubts about the im-
plications of this paragraph, and, although we
believe it would be helpful to retain it, we are
prepared to withdraw it and accordingly request
that it not be put to the vote.
Mr. Chairman, I wish to say one more word to
my colleagues. This vote we are about to take is
one of the most important — perhaps the most im-
portant — we have ever had in this Committee. It
involves tlie question of whether the member gov-
ernments really believe in common action to pre-
serve the peace. It involves the question of
wliether member governments will assume the
burden of decisions which the General Assembly
takes. Accordingly, it involves the entire future
of the organization as an instrument of collective
security. There are many eyes upon us at this
time, and the entire world will note what we do.
I trust that no one will take lightly the responsi-
bility which is ours today.
RESOLUTION ON ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINAN-
CIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR UNEF'
U.N. doc. A/Res/448
The General AssemWy,
Recallhifi its resolutions 1001 (ES-I) of 7 November
1956 and A/Res/412 of 26 November 1956,
Empliasixing the fact that expenses incurred by the
Secretary-General under the resolutions of the General
Assembly are without prejudice to any subsequent deter-
minations as to responsibilities for situations leading to
the creation of the United Nations Emergency Force and
to ultimate determination as to claims established as a
result of expenses arising in connexion therewith,
Considering that the Secretary-General in his report
(A/3302) of 4 November 1956, particularly in paragraph
15, has stated that the question how the Force should be
financed requires further study,
Considering that the Secretary-General, in his reports
(A/3383 and A/C.5/687) dated 21 November and 3 Decem-
ber 1956, has recommended that the expenses relating to
° Adopted in Committee V on Drc. 20 by a vote of 57 to 8
(Soviet bloc), with 9 abstentions (Bolivia, Cambodia,
Egypt, Greece, Israel, Italy, Turkey, Union of South.
Africa, U. K. ). Hungary, Laos, Morocco, Nepal, Nica-
ragua, and Tunisia were absent. Twenty-five nations
joined in sponsoring the final draft, which incorporated
the original draft resolution contained in A/C.5/L.410
viith the amendments suggested by Canada, Finland, Nor-
way, and the U.S. (A/C.5/L.411 ). The resolution was
adopted in the plenary session on Dec. 21 by a vote of 62
to S, with 7 abstentions.
70
Deparlmenf of Sfafe Bulletin
the Force should be apixirtioned in the same luaiiner as the
expenses of the Organization,
Considering further that several divergent vievrs, not
yet reconciled, have been held by various Member States
on contributions or on the method suggested by the Secre-
tary-General for obtaining such contributions,
Considcriny that the Secretary-General has already
been authorized to enter into commitments for the ex-
penses of the Force up to an amount of $10 million,
Considering further that the matter of allocation of the
expenses of the Force beyond $10 million necessitates fur-
ther study in all its aspects,
1. Decides that the expenses of the United Nations Emer-
gency Force, other than for such pay, equipment, supplies
and services as may be furnished without charge by Mem-
ber Governments, shall be borne by the United Nations and
shall be apportioned among the Member States, to the ex-
tent of $10 million in accordance with the scale of assess-
ments adopted by the General Assembly for contributions
to the annual budget of the Organization for the financial
year 10.")" ;
2. Decides further that this decision shall be without
prejudice to the subsequent apportionment of any ex-
penses in excess of $10 million which may be incurred in
connexion with the Force :
3. Decides to estalilish a Committee composed of Canada,
Ceylon, Chile, El Salvador, India, Liberia, Sweden, Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of
America to examine the question of the apportionment of
expenses of the Force in excess of $10 million. This
Committee shall take into consideration, among other
things, the discussions on this matter at the Genera! As-
sembly, and shall study the question in all its aspects,
including the possibility of voluntary contributions, the
fixing of maximum amounts for the expen.ses of tlie Emer-
gency Force that, with prior approval by the General As-
sembly, could be established on each occasion, and the
principle or the formulation of scales of contributions
different from the scale of contributions by Member States
to the ordinary budget for 1957. The Committee will
present its report as soon as possible.
U.S. Determination To Seek
Agreement on Disarmament
Statement hy Henry Cohot Lodge ^ Jr.
U.S. Representative to the United Nations ^
"We have before us today a factual report,- pre-
pared by the Secretariat, on the subject of dis-
armament. The United States supports the
adoption of this draft report and its transmission
to the General Assembly for its consideration.
The General Assembly as a whole will, in a few
weeks, conduct a review of this record, and it
would not be useful to attempt substantive debate
in this Commiasion.
Certain features of the record, however, before
us deserve notice.
One is the thoroughness with which this Com-
mission has itself reviewed during 195G the work
of its subcommittee. The United States as a
member of the Commission welcomes and will in
every way encourage the further development of
this trend. In this connection we note, too, the
importance of the contributions of all its
members, not merely those who are members of
the subcommittee.
The United States welcomes, too, evidence of
movement on the part of the Soviet Union toward
positions that give greater hope for the sound
agreement that is so profoundly in the interest
alike of the Soviet Union, of the United States,
of the membere of this Commission, and of the
world. As I have already said in the General
Assembly,' the United States notes with some
hope recent indications that the Soviet Union ap-
pears willing to consider aerial inspection as a
positive factor in the problem of armaments.
Even as we review the record of the year be-
hind us, the United States loolvs primarily to the
year ahead and to the opportunities for progress
that it may aiford.
The United States is prepared to renew its effort
to I'each a sound, safeguarded agreement for the
reduction and regulation of armaments and aimed
forces. Such an agreement with effective inspec-
tion would be in mutual interests of all nations.
It would lessen the danger of war. It would re-
duce the burdens of armaments. It would ease the
nuclear threat. It would facilitate advance in
the conditions of living of all peoples. It would
accelerate the progress of the atoms-for-pcace
program for the benefit of mankind. It would
create a better atmosphere for solving difficult
political questions.
We are aware of the difficulties. But we are
determined, with sincerity and persistence, to seek
agreement. We are ready thoughtfully to con-
'Made in the Disarmament Commission on Dec. 20
(U.S. /U.N. press release 2570).
' U.N. doc. A/3470 dated Dec. 20. The report is in the
form of a covering letter from the Commission chairman,
Sir Pierson Dixon of the United Kingdom, to the Secre-
tary-General, requesting him to transmit to the Security
Council and the General Assembly the third report of
the Disarmament Subcommittee (U.N. doc. DC/83 dated
May 4, 19.56) and the records and relevant documents
of the Disarmament Commission meetings.
'U.S. delegati(m press release 252G dated Nov. 22 (not
printed).
January 14, 1957
71
sider proposals of all governments, and we will
take furtlier initiative to reach an agreement
which would advance the prospects of a just and
lasting peace.
The United States therefore, Mr. Chairman,
will propose that a meeting of the Disarmament
Subcommittee be held in March after the end of
the current session of the General Assembly.
Ninth Session of UNESCO General Conference
Statements hy Stanley C. Allyn
Chairman, U.S. Delegation
FoUoioing is the text of a statement made on
November 9 hy Stanley C. Allyn, chairman of the
U.S. delegation, at the ninth session of the General
Conference of the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization, which met
at New Delhi, India, November 5 to December 5,
together loith a statement released hy Mr. Allyn
at New York on December 9 folloiving his return
from the conference.
STATEMENT OF NOVEMBER 9
Mr. President and my fellow delegates : In the
name of my Government and of our delegation to
this conference I wish to thank the Government
and the people of India for the painstaking prep-
aration that has gone into the conference arrange-
ments. Tlie United States delegation is deeply
grateful to our hosts for their hospitality. The
cordial atmosphere which pervades this splendid
capital city provides an ideal setting for a fruitful
meeting.
Our delegation has come to New Delhi eager to
listen, to learn, and to contribute what it can to
the deliberations of the conference. We know we
will be rewarded by this experience and that this
conference will produce concrete results.
It is further gratifying to be the guests of a
nation so historic, so rich in culture and noble
traditions. Our delegation is also aware of
India's bi'illiant accomplishments within the
framework of its Five- Year Plan, and its social re-
forms of the past 9 years have captivated the
imagination of the American people.
It is particularly fitting that the member states
chose New Delhi as the site for this General
Conference. Asia contains lialf the world's popu-
lation. The whole area is in the process of an
evolution with great significance for peoples
everywhere.
Asia has been called the cradle of civilization.
Here man first created and practiced the arts of
writing, arithmetic, and mapmaking. Here is the
origin of languages like Sanskrit, Hebrew, and
others which are the foundation of Western cul-
ture. Asians gave things their names, developed
the almanac and the calendar, invented the
wheel. No great religion on earth is foreign to
this area. From Asia, peoples and cultures trav-
eled west, leaving their imprint on the shores of
the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.
Sometimes there is a tendency to emphasize the
differences and misunderstandings between Asia
and the West, while overlooking the many essen-
tial values we possess in common. For example,
most of tlie new Asian governments have empha-
sized the democratic process, the equality of man
before the law, and the importance of individual
rights. These principles have long been the foun-
dation of most of the Western systems of govern-
ment, wliich liave not liesitated to defend these
principles when the need arose.
72
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
Here then, rather than difference, is agreement
on essentials.
We both believe in constitutional representative
government and the democratic process. We be-
lieve in responsible legislatures; in judiciaries in-
dependent of political pressure; and we insist
that our Government officials be accountable to
the people.
Nevertheless, as Prime Minister Nehru has al-
ready pointed out so movingly, over our peaceful
assembly there is a shadow of political tension and
armed conflict. We fully associate ourselves with
the Prime Minister's concern that in the Middle
East and in Hungary the peace of the world is in
jeopardy. We share the hope of all that the cease-
fire in Egypt will lead to an enduring peace and
that the heroic revolt in Hungary will bring true
independence to that country.
Increasing Importance of UNESCO
The situation is grave, but it would be still more
serious if we were to abandon our task in the face
of these depressing events. To those who believe
in the goals of Unesco, the present crisis is another
proof of the continuing, if not indeed of the in-
creasing, importance of Unesco. Temporary fail-
ures and setbacks do not disprove the validity of
our objectives. They merely spotlight how much
more we need to do.
We should, of course, recognize that there will
always be differences of viewpoints and differ-
ences in methods of reaching similar objectives.
Unescx) offers a forum in which a frank exchange
of views can take place.
To a representative of the American community,
such a frank exchange is welcome. Within our
country we have a great diversity of cultural, so-
cial, and economic institutions and groups, all of
which enrich our lives. This diversity is a dis-
tinguishing characteristic of American society.
We welcome new ideas from every source, and it
is no more valid to place a single label on the
American society than it is to place a single label
on the different Asian cultures and ways of life.
The use of terms like capitalism, socialism, free
enterprise, and state ownership grossly oversim-
plifies the complex societies in which all of us live.
The American people have evolved a dynamic
economy which has supplied material things in
great abundance and at the same time has brought
a full flowering of human freedom. The sharing
of the national pi'oduct by investors and workers,
the cooperation of management and labor, the
partnership roles of public ownership and private
enterprise, the personal participation in the gov-
erning process by the individual citizens — all
these are part and parcel of the American society.
The basic conflict in the world today is not so-
cialism versus capitalism. It is the conflict of
freedom versus the lack of freedom. It is the
question of the freedom of men and of nations
to choose for themselves the kind of life — political,
social, cultm*al, religious, and economic — they
want to live. In this conflict the United States
stands for freedom and the dignity of man. It is
only those who would deny this freedom to others
who are the ideological opponents of democracies,
whether they be Asian or Western and regardless
of their economic systems.
UNESCO's role is to try to bring about a mutual
understanding of the great diversities which char-
acterize our respective societies. But it is not
its function to try to resolve political differ-
ences. These are the proper concern of other U.N.
organizations.
Our organization — Unesco — is now 10 years
old. The catalog of its accomplisliments is a long
one, but it is no cause for any relaxation of effort.
Let us say, rather, that it is a base for future
progress.
Problems Confronting UNESCO
The educational, scientific, and cultural prob-
lems which still confront us are tremendous. We
need only study Unesco's program to be impressed
with its magnitude.
We know that children in schools are outnum-
bered by children who have no schools. Illiteracy
is widespread. Despite the great strides of science
we have been able to do little about converting
arid and semiarid lands to productive purposes.
Social scientists have only begun their explora-
tions of the causes of international tension, of dis-
crimination of many kinds, and of the capacity of
societies to adapt to teclinological change.
In the days ahead we will take up the question
of an improved mutual understanding of Asian
and Western cultures. We will discover in this
area alone a truly massive array of unexplored
problems and possibilities. The Director General
[Luther Evans] has presented us with program
proposals that build solidly on past experience.
January 14, 1957
73
He and the secretariat deserve our full support.
In the view of tlie United States delegation the
Director General has made a sound recommenda-
tion in the selection of three vital areas of work
for the development of long-term projects. The
acceleration of teacher training in Latin America
will aid nearly a third of Unesco's membership.
The promotion of research on increasing the pro-
ductivity of arid regions grapples with a world-
encircling problem affecting more than 40 member
nations. The development of mutual apprecia-
tion of Asian and Western cultures is of interest
to all nations represented here.
The United States expects to participate fully in
these major projects and to derive benefit from
them. Americans have long been interested in
the history, the arts, the traditions, the philos-
ophies, and the peoples of Asia. This interest has
grown rapidly since 1945. Some of our great
foundations have imdertaken programs for the
exchange of scholars, for the development of re-
search on Asian cultures, for the training of lan-
guage specialists, and for a host of other activities.
More than 50 American universities have special
study programs dealing with one or more of the
cultural areas of Asia. Some 800 organizations
and institutions are carrying on activities related
to this area.
Last spring the United States National Com-
mission was host to a distinguished group of cul-
tural leaders from 10 countries of South and
Southeast Asia. I am delighted to see some of
them at this conference. They toured the United
States from San Francisco on our west coast to
Boston on our east coast, visited our universities
and cultural centers, lived in our cities, saw our
farms and our factories ; and they came to know
our people.
It is not for us to say what our Asian visitors
learned from this experience, but we can say that
the impact on American participants was signifi-
cant.
In a few months our National Commission will
publish a report of this conference which will be
made available to Unesco.
In 1957 our National Commission will hold a
nationwide conference, perhaps in San Francisco,
to discuss the development of mutual appreciation
of the cultures of Asia and the West as exemplified
by the major project on this subject.
74
Hope for the Future
We look forward to the next 2 years of Unesco's
work with hope and confidence. The growing in-
fluence of the organization should enhance the
prestige of Unesco and attract more active cooper-
ation on the part of the member states, a coopera-
tion indispensable to achieving our common
objectives.
We pledge to Unesco the continuing support of
our Government and National Commission.
We are committed to the principles expressed
in the constitution of Unesco, principles which
harmonize with those in our own Constitution and
Bill of Rights. In accordance with these prin-
ciples this conference must zealously guard the
continued integrity of the organization and its
program. There must be no attempt to distort
its resolutions or work plans for political or propa-
ganda purposes.
The support of my country for Unesco is linked
to our support of the United Nations itself. A few
days ago our President took occasion to review
the position of the United States Government
toward the United Nations, in view of the present
crisis in the Middle East and the dark events in
Eastern Europe. He said :
The processes of the United Nations . . . are not ex-
hausted. ... I am even more deeply convinced that the
processes of the United Nations need further to be de-
veloped and strengthened. . . . The passionate longing
for peace on the part of all peoples of the earth compels
us to speed our search for new and more effective instru-
ments of justice. ... To our principles guiding us in
this quest we must stand fast. In so doing we can honor
the hopes of all men for a world in which peace will truly
and justly reign.'
Neither are the processes of Unesco exhausted.
The potential of the organization has scarcely
been tapped. Despite the impressive achievements
of 10 years of effort we all know that we have only
begun.
But our task is not to seek the spectacular vic-
tory ; ours is the slow, methodical, and sometimes
thankless task of him who plants trees in the hope
that future generations will reap the fruit of his
labor.
As we carry on the work of this conference here
in New Delhi, we are deeply conscious of the
spirit of tlie father of the Indian nation, Mahatma
' Bulletin of Nov. 12, 195(5, p. 743.
Department of Stale Bulletin
Gandhi, who throughout his life proclaimed the
essential unity and dignity of man, the goals for
■which the whole Unesco program strives.
RETURN STATEMENT
I have just returned from New Delhi and the
Ninth General Conference of the U.N. Edu-
cational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
The conference met to determine the U.N. Edu-
cational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's
progi-am and budget for the next 2 yeai^s — 1957
and 1958. The conference met in the midst of
the crises in Hungary and the Middle East. Thus
what was supposed to be a nonpolitical meeting
was inevitably affected by the political reper-
cussions of events several thousand miles away.
These political overtones greatly complicated the
business of the meeting.
I have come away from the conference with a
number of impressions. I have no way of telling
the extent to which the good will shown the U.S.
delegation reflects the feelings of the people of
the various nations toward the United States.
But if it is in any way indicative of popular feel-
ing — for example, in South and Southeast Asia —
I would be optimistic about the prospect for the
American position in the region as well as for an
improvement in Asian-American relations.
It may not be generally realized here, but the
regard of the less developed nations for Unesco
is heartening. Their needs, particularly in the
field of education, are urgent. Unesco offers
them an opportunity to meet some of these edu-
cational and cultural needs without potentially
embarrassing commitments. They look to the
United States for vigorous and positive leader-
ship in Unesco.
Role of U.S. in UNESCO
Unesco liolds an immense potential for the
United States. If in our participation in Unesco
we offer the leadership and the constructive ap-
proach expected from us, we have an opportimity
to build warm and durable relations in areas that
are vital to us in many ways. Furthermore, we
have a chance to demonstrate that we can act as
an effective force for peace in line with one of our
basic foreign policy objectives. In my view
Unesco offers a unique instrument to help attain
this objective.
I would like also to underscore a secondary
American interest of a highly practical nature
that we may sometimes overlook, perhaps because
it is indirect. Unesco's most effective work is
done in education — helping establish formal
school systems where there are none, teacliing
adults, and providing fundamental education,
which is really down-to-earth instruction in better
living. The educational level of a country and
its standard of living are closely related. Wliere
you find widespread illiteracy, you find per capita
incomes of a hundred or two hundred dollars a
year. Raise the educational level, and the pro-
ducing and buying power of the country follows
it up. So, to put this on a business basis, the
Unesco program helps build production and mar-
kets by improving conditions of living. And we
all know that depressed economies are vulnerable
to Communist exploitation.
Soviet attempts in New Delhi to turn the confer-
ence into a sounding board for political propa-
ganda were promptly identified for what they
were and met with determined resistance from a
vast majority of the delegations, which deeply
resented such tactics. Hence, despite these inter-
ruptions, a good deal was accomplished.
Emergency educational aid to the damaged
school systems in Hungary and the Middle East
was approved by acclamation. The three so-called
major projects also were incorporated into the
program. This represents a step toward a much-
needed concentration of Unesco's energies and
resources.
Major Projects
In the light of what I have said, I don't think I
need comment on the first major project — the
program to extend primary education in Latin
America.
The second major project — arid-zone research —
is a question of much concern to many member
states, including this countiy. This effort has
been romantically described as ''making the desert
bloom." The description is an overstatement.
The initial efforts of the ecologists, meteorologists,
geologists, and other specialists attacking the
2)roblem of the desert will be directed at discover-
ing ways and means of checking its spread. In
January 14, 1957
75
addition, Unesco will facilitate a poolin": of
knowledge on matters relating to the productivity
of arid regions.
The third major project aims at improving cul-
tural I'elations between Asia and the West. Ob-
viously, in an effort of this sort much planning
and study is required. For the 2 years to come,
this project will be in the experimental or pilot
stage to discover effective methods of operation.
UNESCO, here, is tackling an extremely coinplex
and very important problem, and measurable, re-
sults may be some time in coming.
My connection with Unesco at New Delhi has
convinced me that the organization has under-
taken worthwhile work not being covered by any
other agency. Its efforts are not only for the gen-
eral good but are directly in this Nation's interest.
We need Unesco and Unesco needs us.
I have not gone into details of the New Delhi
conference, but I hope that our delegation's official
report, which will be available shortly, will be
read by many Americans.
TREATY INFORMATION
United States and Canada Sign
Salmon Conservation Agreement
Press release 637 dated December 28
DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
The United States and Canada signed at Ot-
tawa on December 28 a protocol to the Sockeye
Salmon Convention of 1930 ^ placing the pink
salmon of the Fraser River System under the
terms of the convention. Signing on behalf of the
United States were Ambassador Li\'ingston T.
Merchant and William C. Herrington, Special As-
sistant for Fisheries and Wildlife to the Under
Secretary of State. Minister of Fisheries James
Sinclair signed for Canada.
The protocol amends the 1930 convention in a
• Treaty Series 918.
number of ways. Its most important change is to
place the pink salmon of the Fraser River System
under the jurisdiction of the International Pacific
Salmon Fisheries Commission. The Commission,
which was established in 1937, consists of three
representatives each from the United States and
Canada. It has had since 1937 the responsibility
for the investigation and management of the
Fraser River sockeye salmon. Its success in the
sockeye fisheries has been outstanding.
The Commission will now have the same powers
of research and regulation over pink salmon as it
has over sockeye salmon. It is charged with so
regulating the pink-salmon fisheries as to achieve
maximum sustainable productivity of the pink-
salmon stocks. At the same time it must, as far
as is possible, divide the catch equally between the
United States and Canadian fishermen. The con-
vention area remains unchanged. It covers Juan
de Fuca Strait, part of Georgia Strait, the Fraser
River System, and an area of the high seas of the
Pacific Ocean. The Fraser River pink salmon,
which make their spawning runs every 2 years
through the straits, account for much of the $10
million pink-salmon catch made every other year
by the fishermen of Washington and British
Columbia.
Other modifications made by the protocol in
the convention include an increase in the size of
the Commission's Advisory Committee and a
greater flexibility in the Commission's power to
issue regulations in certain areas. The protocol
also provides for intensive investigation by the
Commission and by research agencies on both sides
of the border of all pink-salmon stocks which enter
convention waters. The protocol calls for a
United States-Canadian Government meeting in
its seventh year of operation for a review of re-
search findings and a consideration of further ar-
rangements for pink-salmon conservation.
The protocol is subject to the advice and consent
to ratification of the Senate. It will enter into
effect upon the exchange of ratifications by the
two Governments.
TEXT OF PROTOCOL
Protocol Between the United States of America and
Canada to the Convention for the Protection, Pres-
ervation AND Extension of the Sockeye Salmon
Fisheries in the Fraser River System, Signed at
Washington on the 2GTn Day of May-, 1930.
76
Department of State Bulletin
The Government of the United States of America and
the Government of Canada, desiring to coordinate the
programs for the conservation of the socl^eye and pink
salmon stocks of common concern by amendment of the
Convention between the United States of America and
Canada for the Protection, Preservation and Extension
of the Sockeye Salmon Fisheries in the Fraser River
System, signed at Washington on the 26th day of May,
1930, hereinafter referred to as the Convention,
Have agreed as follows :
ARTICLE I
The Convention as amended by the present Protocol
shall apply to pink salmon with the following exception :
The understanding stipulated in the Protocol of Ex-
change of Ratifications signed at Washington on the 2Sth
day of July, 1937, which provides that "the Commission
shall not promulgate or enforce regulations until the
scientific investigations provided for in the Convention
have been made, covering two cycles of sockeye salmon
runs, or eight years ;" shall not apply to pink salmon.
ARTICLE II
The following words shall be deleted from the first
sentence of Article IV of the Convention :
". . . that when any order is adopted by the Commis-
sion limiting or prohibiting taking sockeye salmon tn any
of the territorial waters or on the High Seas described
in paragraph numbered 1 of Article I, such order shall
extend to all such territorial waters and High Seas, and,
similarly, when in any of the waters of the United States
of America embraced in paragraph numbered 2 of Arti-
cle I, such order shall extend to all such waters of the
United States of America, and when in any of the Cana-
dian waters embraced in paragraphs numbered 2 and 3
of Article I, such order shall extend to all such Canadian
waters, and provided further. . . ."
ARTICLE III
The following paragraph shall be added to Article VI
of the Convention :
"All regulations made by the Commission shall be sub-
ject to approval of the two Governments with the excep-
tion of orders for the adjustment of closing or opening of
fishing periods and areas in any fishing season and of
emergency orders required to carry out the provisions of
the Convention."
ARTICLE IV
Article VII of the Convention shall be replaced by the
following Article :
"The Commission shall regulate the fisheries for sockeye
and for pink salmon with a view to allowing, as nearly
as practicable, an equal portion of such sockeye salmon
as may be caught each year and an equal portion of such
pink salmon as may be caught each year to be taken by
the fishermen of each Party."
ARTICLE V
Paragraph (3) of the understandings stipulated in the
Protocol of Exchange of Ratifications signed at Washing-
ton on the 28th day of July, 1937, shall be amended to
read as follows :
"That the Commission shall set up an Advisory Com-
mittee composed of six persons from each country who
shall be representatives of the various branches of the
industry including, but not limited to, purse seine, gill
net, troll, sport fishing and processing which Advisory
Committee shall be invited to all non-executive meetings
of the Commission and shall be given full opportunity to
examine and to be heard on all proposed orders, regula-
tions or recommendations."
ARTICLE VI
1. The Parties shall conduct a coordinated investigation
of pink salmon stocks which enter the waters described
in Article I of the Convention for the purpose of determin-
ing the migratory movements of such stocks. That part
of the investigation to be carried out in the waters de-
scribed in Article I of the Convention shall be carried out
by the Commission.
2. Except with regard to that part of the investigation
to be carried out by the Commission, the provisions of
Article III of the Convention with respect to the sharing
of cost shall not apply to the investigation referred to
in this Article.
3. The Parties shall meet in the seventh year after the
entry into force of this Protocol to examine the results
of the investigation referred to in this Article and to
determine what further arrangements for the conserva-
tion of pink salmon stocks of common concern may be
desirable.
ARTICLE VII
Nothing in the Convention or this Protocol shall pre-
clude the Commission from recording such information
on stocks of salmon other than sockeye or pink salmon as
it may acquire incidental to its activities with respect
to sockeye and pink salmon.
ARTICLE VIII
The present Protocol shall be ratified and the exchange
of the instruments of ratification shall take place in Ot-
tawa as soon as possible. It shall come into force on the
day of the exchange of the instruments of ratification.
In witness whereof the undersigned, duly authorized
by their respective Governments, have signed this Proto-
col and have aflixed thereto their seals.
Done in duplicate at Ottawa this 28th day of December
1956.
FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
LiviNosTON T. Merchant
Wm. C. Hebrington
FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF
CANADA :
James Sinclaib
January 74, 1957
77
status Lists
Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice
Signed at San Francisco June 26, 1945. Entered into force October 24, 1945. 59 Stat. 1031
Party
Afghanistan . . .
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burma
Byelorussian S. S. R
Cambodia ....
Canada
Cevlon
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica ....
Cuba
Czechoslovakia . .
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador ....
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Greece
Guatemala ....
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Effective date
Nov. 19
1946
Dec. 14
1955
Oct. 24
1945
Nov. 1
1945
Dec. 14
1955
Dec. 27
1945
Nov. 14
1945
Oct. 24
1945
Dec. 14
1955
Apr. 19
1948
Oct. 24
1945
Dec. 14
1955
Nov. 9
1945
Dec. 14
1955
Oct. 24
1945
Oct. 24
1945
Nov. 5
1945
Nov. 2
1945
Oct. 24
1945
Oct. 24
1945
Oct. 24
1945
Oct. 24
1945
Dec. 21
1945
Oct. 24
1945
Oct. 24
1945
Nov. 13
1945
Dec. 14
1955
Oct. 24
1945
Oct. 25
1945
Nov. 21
1945
Oct. 24
1945
Dec. 17
1945
Dec. 14
1955
Nov. 19
1946
Oct. 30
1945
Sept. 28
1950
Oct. 24
1945
Dec. 21
1945
Dec. 14
1955
May 11
1949
Party
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Laos ■
Lebanon
Liberia
Libya
Lu.xembourg
Mexico
Morocco
Nepal
Netherland.s
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Rumania
Saudi Arabia
Spain
Sudan
Sweden
Syria
Thailand
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukrainian S. S. R
Union of South Africa
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Yemen
Yugoslavia
EBective
Dec.
14,
Dec.
18,
Dec.
14,
Dec.
14,
Oct.
24,
Nov.
2,
Dec.
14,
Oct.
24,
Nov.
7,
Nov.
12,
Dec.
14,
Dec.
10,
Oct.
24,
Oct.
24,
Nov.
27,
Sept
30,
Nov.
13,
Oct.
24,
Oct.
31,
Oct.
24,
Oct.
24,
Dec.
14,
Dec.
14,
Oct.
24,
Dec.
14,
Nov.
12,
Nov.
19,
Oct.
24,
Dec.
16,
Nov.
12,
Oct.
24,
Oct.
24,
Nov.
7.
Oct.
24,
Oct.
24,
Oct.
24,
Dec.
18,
Nov
15,
Sept
30,
Oct.
24
1955
1956
1955
1955
1945
1945
1955
1945
1945
1956
1955
1945
1945
1945
1945
1947
1945
1945
1945
1945
1945
1955
1955
1945
1955
1956
1946
1945
1946
1956
1945
1945
1945
194,-1
1945
1945
1945
1945
1947
1945
Current Actions
BILATERAL
China
Agreement to facilitate construction of defense facilities
as provided in agreements of January 30 and February
9, 1951 (TIAS 2298), and October 23 and November 1,
1952 (TIAS 2712). Effected by exchange of notes at
Taipei November 21, 1956. Entered into force Novem-
ber 21, 1956.
Dominican Republic
Agreement for cooperation concerning civil uses of atomic
energy. Signed at Washington June 15, 1956.
Entered into force: December 21, 1956 (day on which
each Government received from the other written
notification that it had complied with statutory and
constitutional requirements) .
Germany
Agreement relating to the training of German Army per-
sonnel pursuant to the llutual Defense Assistance
Agreement of June 30, 1955 (TIAS 3443). Effected by
exchange of notes at Bonn December 12, 1956. Entered
into force December 12, 1956.
Agreement relating to the training of German Navy per-
sonnel iiursuaut to the Mutual Defense Assistance Agree-
ment of June 30, 19.55 (TIAS 3443). Effected by ex-
change of notes at Bonn December 12, 1956. Entered
into force December 12, 1956.
78
Department of State Bulletin
January 14, 1957
Index
Vol. XXXVI, No. 916
American Principles. American Principles and tlie
United Nations (Hoffman) 51
Canada. United States and Canada Sign Salmon
Conservation Agreement (Department announce-
ment, text of protocol) 76
China. Passports of Newsmen in Red China Valid
Only for Return to U.S 54
Communism. United States Responsibilities in
New Year (Dulles) 50
Congress, The
President Decides Against Increase in Tariff on
Groundfish Fillets 55
Question of Legislation on Loyalty of Ameri-
cans Employed by International Organizations
(Wilcox) 57
Department and Foreign Service. Question of
Legislation on Loyalty of Americans Employed by
International Organizations (Wilcox) .... 57
Disarmament. U.S. Determination To Seek Agree-
ment on Disarmament (Lodge) 71
Economic Affairs
Imports of Woolen Fabrics 54
President Decides Against Increase in Tariff on
Groundfish Fillets 55
United States and Canada Sign Salmon Conserva-
tion Agreement (Department announcement, text
of protocol) 76
Haiti. Recognition of Haitian Government ... 53
India. Visit of Prime Minister Nehru of India
(Eisenhower, Nixon, Nehru) 47
International Law. Proposed U.N. Conference on
Law of the Sea (Greenbaum, text of resolution) . 60
International Organizations and Meetings
Ninth Session of UNESCO General Conference
(Allyn) 72
Question of Legislation on Loyalty of Americans
Employed by International Organizations (Wil-
cox) 57
Libya. Letters of Credence (Jerbi) 54
Mexico. Membership of Mexican-U.S. Defense
Commission (text of Executive order) .... 59
Near East
Financing of United Nations Emergency Force
(Jones, text of resolution) 67
United States Responsibilities in New Tear
(Dulles) 50
U.S. Views on British Formula for Self-Government
for Cyprus (White) 54
Panama. Letters of Credence (Arias Espinosa) . 54
Paraguay. Letters of Credence (Chaves) ... 54
Presidential Documents
Membership of Mexican-U.S. Defense Commission . 59
President Decides Against Increase in Tariff on
Groundflsli Fillets 55
Visit of Prime Minister Nehru of India 47
Treaty Information
Current Actions 78
Status Lists 78
United States and Canada Sign Salmon Conserva-
tion Agreement (Department announcement, text
of protocol) 76
United Kingdom. U.S. Views on British Formula
for Self-Government for Cyprus (White) ... 54
United Nations
American Principles and the United Nations
(Hoffman) 51
Financing of United Nations Emergency Force
(Jones, text of resolution) 67
Ninth Session of UNESCO General Conference
(Allyn) 72
Proposed U.N. Conference on Lave of the Sea
(Greenbaum, text of resolution) (JO
Signatories of U.N. Charter and Statute of Inter-
national Court of Justice 78
U.S. Determination To Seek Agreement on Dis-
armament (Lodge) 71
Name Index
Allyn, Stanley C 72
Arias Espinosa, Ricardo M 54
Chaves, Osvaldo 54
Dulles, Secretary 50
Eisenhower, President 47, 48, 55, 59
Greenbaum, Edward S 60
Hoffman, Paul G 51
Jerbi, Suleiman 54
Jones, Richard Lee 67
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr 71
Nehru, Jawaharial 47, 48
Nixon, Richard M 47
White, Lincoln 54
Wilcox, Francis O 57
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: December 24-30
Releases may be obtained from the News Division,
Department of State, Washington 25, D. C.
No. Date
Subject
631 12/24
Recognition of new Haitian Govern-
ment.
632 12/26
Panama credentials (rewrite).
633 12/26
Imports of woolen fabrics.
634 12/26
Libya credentials (rewrite).
*635 12/28
Cornerstone laying ceremony.
636 12/28
Paraguay credentials (rewrite).
637 12/28
Pink salmon conservation agreement
with Canada.
638 12/28
Dulles : year-end statement.
639 12/28
U.S. newsmen in Communist China,
ed.
*Xot print
U. S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 15S7
the
« BOSTON 17, MASS
United STATts
Government Printing Office
DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
Washington 25, D. C.
OFFICIAL. BUSINESS
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOIL
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, 9300
(GPO)
The Search for Disarmament
Publication 6398
20 CenU
Department
of
State
TJie Search for Disarmwment, a 35-pag6 pamphlet, discusses
several aspects of the compelling problem of disarmament, "the
limitation, regulation, and control of arms." The pamphlet, based
on an address by Francis O. Wilcox, Assistant Secretary for Inter-
national Organization Affairs, covers the following topics :
the nature and urgency of the problem;
disarmament as a safeguard of the national security;
disarmament as an integral part of national policy;
major periods of negotiations;
the present status of disarmament negotiations;
prospects for disarmament.
Copies of The Search for Disarmarnent may be purchased from '
the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C, at 20 cents each.
Order Form
To: Supt. of Documents Please send me copies of The Search for Disarmament.
Govt. Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C.
Name:
Street Address ;
Enclosed And:
City, Zone, and State:
(cash, theck, or
money order).
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XXXVI, No. 917
January 21, 1957
PRESIDENT ASKS FOR AUTHORIZATION FOR U.S.
ECONOMIC PROGRAM AND FOR RESOLUTION
ON COMMUNIST AGGRESSION IN MIDDLE
EAST • Message of the President to the Congress .... 83
PROVIDING FOR THE NEEDS OF THE HUNGARIAN
REFUGEES • Report to President Eisenhower by Vice
President Nixon 94
CORRESPONDENCE OF PRESIDENT EISENHOWER
AND PREMIER BULGANIN CONCERNING RE-
DUCTION OF INTERNATIONAL TENSION AND
DISARMAMENT 89
CORNERSTONE CEREMONY FOR NEW DEPART-
MENT OF STATE BUILDING 116
ALLOWANCES FOR AMERICAN OVERSEAS PER-
SONNEL • by Joseph W. Lethco 110
KK
JTED STATES
REIGN POLICY
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XXXVI, No. 917 • Publication 6436
January 21, 1957
For Bale by the Superintendent o( Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 26, D.C.
Price:
62 Issues, domestic $7.60, [orelgn $10.26
Single copy, 20 cents
The printing of this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of
the Budget (January 19, 1965).
Note: Contents of this publication are not
copyrighted and Items coutalned herein may
be reprinted. Citation of the Department
or State Bdlletin as the source will be
appreciated.
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by the
Public Services Division, provides the
public and interested agencies of
the Government with information on
developments in the field of foreign
relations and on the work of the
Department of State and the Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
lected press releases on foreign policy,
issued by the White House and the
Department, and statements and ad-
dresses made by the President and by
the Secretary of State and other offi-
cers of the Department, as well as
special articles on various phases of
international affairs and the func-
tions of the Department. Informa-
tion is included concerning treaties
and international agreements to
which the United States is or may
become a party and treaties of gen-
eral international interest.
Publications of the Department,
United Nations documents, and legis-
Intive material in the fieUl of inter-
national relations are listed currently.
President Asks for Authorization for U.S. Economic Program
and for Resolution on Communist Aggression in IVIiddle East
MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE CONGRESS'
To THE Congress of the United States :
First may I express to you my deep apprecia-
tion of your courtesy in giving me, at some incon-
venience to yourselves, this early opportunity of
addressing you on a matter I deem to be of grave
importance to our country.
In my forthcoming State of the Union Message,
I shall review the international situation gener-
ally. There are worldwide hopes which we can
reasonably entertain, and there are worldwide
responsibilities which we must carry to make cer-
tain that freedom — including our own — may be
secure.
There is, however, a special situation in the
Middle East which I feel I should, even now, lay
before you.
Before doing so it is well to remind ourselves
that our basic national objective in international
affairs remains peace — a world peace based on
justice. Such a peace must include all areas, all
peoples of the world if it is to be enduring. There
is no nation, great or small, with which we would
refuse to negotiate, in mutual good faith, with
patience and in the determination to secure a bet-
ter understanding between us. Out of such under-
standings must, and eventually will, grow confi-
dence and trust, indispensable ingredients to a
program of peace and to plans for lifting from
us all the burdens of expensive armaments. To
promote these objectives our government works
tirelessly, day by day, month by month, year by
year. But until a degree of success crowns our
efforts that will assure to all nations peaceful ex-
' Delivered before a joint session of the Senate and the
House of Representatives on Jan. 5 (White House press
release) ; H. Doe. 46, 85th Cong., 1st sess.
istence, we must, in the interests of peace itself,
remain vigilant, alert and strong.
I.
The Middle East has abruptly reached a new
and critical stage in its long and important his-
tory. In past decades many of the coimtries in
that area were not fully self-governing. Other
nations exercised considerable authority in the
area and the security of the region was largely
built around their power. But since the First
World War there has been a steady evolution
toward self-government and independence. This
development the United States has welcomed and
has encouraged. Our country supports without
reservation the full sovereignty and independence
of each and every nation of the Middle East.
The evolution to independence has in the main
been a peaceful process. But the area has been
often troubled. Persistent cross-currents of dis-
trust and fear with raids back and forth across
national boundaries have brought about a high
degree of instability in much of the Mid East.
Just recently there have been hostilities
involving Western European nations that once
exercised much influence in the area. Also the
relatively large attack by Israel in October has
intensified the basic differences between that nation
and its Arab neighbors. All this instability has
been heightened and, at times, manipulated by
International Communism.
II.
Kussia's rulers have long sought to dominate the
Middle East. That was true of the Czars and
it is true of the Bolsheviks. The reasons are not
January 27, 1957
83
hard to find. They do not affect Russia's security,
for no one plans to use the Middle East as a base
for aggression against Russia. Never for a mo-
ment has the United States entertained such a
thought.
The Soviet Union has nothing whatsoever to
fear from the United States in the Middle East,
or anywhere else in the world, so long as its riders
do not themselves first resort to aggression.
That statement I make solemnly and
emphatically.
Neither does Russia's desire to dominate the
Middle East spring from its own economic interest
in the area. Russia does not appreciably use or
depend upon the Suez Canal. In 1955 Soviet
traffic through the Canal represented only about
three fourths of 1% of the total. The Soviets
have no need for, and could provide no market for,
the petroleum resources which constitute the prin-
cipal natural wealth of the area. Indeed, the
Soviet Union is a substantial exporter of petroleum
products.
The reason for Russia's interest in the Middle
East is solely that of power politics. Considering
her announced purpose of Communizing the world,
it is easy to understand her hope of dominating
the Middle East.
This region has always been the crossroads of the
continents of the Eastern Hemisphere. The Suez
Canal enables the nations of Asia and Europe to
carry on the commerce that is essential if these
countries are to maintain well-rounded and pros-
perous economies. The Middle East provides a
gateway between Eurasia and Africa.
It contains about two thirds of the presently
known oil deposits of the world and it normally
supplies the petroleum needs of many nations of
Europe, Asia and Africa. The nations of Europe
are peculiarly dependent upon this supply, and
this dependency relates to transportation as well
as to production. This has been vividly demon-
strated since the closing of the Suez Canal and
some of the pipelines. Alternate ways of trans-
portation and, indeed, alternate sources of power
can, if necessary, be developed. But these can-
not be considered as early prospects.
These things stress the immense importance of
the Middle East. If the nations of that area
should lose their independence, if they were domi-
nated by alien forces hostile to freedom, that
would be both a tragedy for the area and for many
other free nations whose economic life would be
subject to near strangulation. Western Europe
would be endangered just as though there had
been no Marshall Plan, no North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. The free nations of Asia and Af-
rica, too, would be placed in serious jeopardy.
And the countries of the Middle East would lose
the markets upon which their economies depend.
All this would have the most adverse, if not dis-
astrous, effect upon our own nation's economic
life and political prospects.
Then there are other factors, which transcend
the material. The Middle East is the birthplace of
three great religions — Moslem, Christian and
Hebrew. Mecca and Jerusalem are more than
places on the map. They symbolize religions
which teach that the spirit has supremacy over
matter and that the individual has a dignity and
rights of which no despotic government can right-
fully deprive him. It would be intolerable if the
holy places of the Middle East should be subjected
to a rule that glorifies atheistic materialism.
International Communism, of course, seeks to
mask its purposes of domination by expressions of
good will and by superficially attractive offers of
political, economic and military aid. But any free
nation, which is the subject of Soviet enticement,
ought, in elementary wisdom, to look behind the
mask.
Remember Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In
1939 the Soviet Union entered into mutual assist-
ance pacts with these then independent countries ;
and the Soviet Foreign Minister, addressing the
Extraordinary Fifth Session of the Supreme So-
viet in October 1939, solemnly and publicly de-
clared that "we stand for the scrupulous and
punctilious observance of the pacts on the basis
of complete reciprocity, and we declare that all
the nonsensical talk about the Sovietization of the
Baltic countries is only to the interest of our com-
mon enemies and of all anti-Soviet provocateurs."
Yet in 1940, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were
forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union.
Soviet control of the satellite nations of Eastern
Europe has been forcibly maintained in spite of
solemn promises of a contrary intent, made during
World War II.
Stalin's death brought hope that this pattern
would change. And we read the pledge of the
Warsaw Treaty of 1955 that the Soviet Union
would follow in satellite countries "the principles
of mutual respect for their independence and
84
Department of State Bulletin
sovereignty and non-interference in domestic af-
fairs." But we have just seen the subjugation of
Hungary by naked armed force. In tlie aftermath
of this Hungarian tragedy, world respect for and
belief in Soviet promises have sunk to a new low.
International Communism needs and seeks a
recognizable success.
Thus, we have these simple and indisputable
facts :
1. The Middle East, which has always been
coveted by Eussia, would today be prized more
tlian ever by International Communism.
2. The Soviet rulers continue to show that they
do not scruple to use any means to gain their ends.
3. The free nations of the Mid East need, and
for the most part want, added strength to assure
their continued independence.
III.
Our thoughts naturally turn to the United Na-
tions as a protector of small nations. Its charter
gives it primary responsibility for the maintenance
of international peace and security. Our country
has given the United Nations its full support in
relation to the hostilities in Hungary and in
Egypt. The United Nations was able to bring
about a cease-fire and withdrawal of hostile forces
from Egypt because it was dealing with govern-
ments and peoples who had a decent respect for
the opinions of mankind as reflected in the United
Nations General Assembly. But in the case of
Hungary, the situation was different. The Soviet
Union vetoed action by the Security Council to
require the withdrawal of Soviet armed forces
from Hungary. And it has shown callous indif-
ference to the recommendations, even the censure,
of the General Assembly. The United Nations
can always be helpful, but it caimot be a wholly
dependable protector of freedom when the am-
bitions of the Soviet Union are involved.
IV.
Under all the circumstances I have laid before
you, a greater responsibility now devolves upon
the United States. We have shown, so that none
can doubt, our dedication to the principle that
force shall not be used internationally for any ag-
gressive purpose and that the integrity and inde-
pendence of the nations of the Middle East should
be inviolate. Seldom in history has a nation's
dedication to principle been tested as severely as
ours during recent weeks.
There is general recognition in the Middle East,
as elsewhere, that the United States does not seek
either political or economic domination over any
other people. Om- desire is a world environment
of freedom, not servitude. On the other hand
many, if not all, of the nations of the Middle East
are aware of the danger that stems from Inter-
national Communism and welcome closer coopera-
tion with the United States to realize for them-
selves the United Nations goals of independence,
economic well-being and spiritual growth.
If the Middle East is to continue its geographic
role of uniting rather than separating East and
West; if its vast economic resources are to serve
the well-being of the peoples there, as well as that
of others; and if its cultures and religions and
their shrines are to be preserved for the uplifting
of the spirits of the peoples, then the United States
must make more evident its willingness to support
the independence of the freedom-loving nations of
the area.
V.
Under these circumstances I deem it necessary
to seek the cooperation of the Congress. Only
with that cooperation can we give the reassurance
needed to deter aggression, to give courage and
confidence to those who are dedicated to freedom
and thus prevent a chain of events which would
gravely endanger all of the free world.
There have been several Executive declarations
made by the United States in relation to the Mid-
dle East. There is the Tripartite Declaration of
May 25, 1950,= followed by the Presidential as-
surance of October 31, 1950, to the King of Saudi
Arabia.^ There is the Presidential declaration of
April 9, 1956, that the United States will within
constitutional means oppose any aggression in the
area.* There is our Declaration of November 29,
1956, that a threat to the territorial integrity or
political independence of Iran, Iraq, Pakistan or
Turkey would be viewed by the United States with
the utmost gravity.^
Nevertheless, weaknesses in the present situation
and the increased danger from International Com-
munism, convince me that basic United States
policy should now find expression in joint action
- Bulletin of June 5, 1950, p. 886.
'A letter expressing U.S. interest In the independence
of Saudi Arabia, delivered by U.S. Ambassador Raymond
A. Hare at tlie time he presented his credentials.
' Bulletin of Apr. 23, 1956, p. 668.
" Ibid., Dec. 10, 1956, p. 918.
January 2J, 1957
85
by the Congress and the Executive. Furtliermore,
our joint resolve should be so couched as to make
it apparent that if need be our words will be
backed by action.
VI.
It is nothing new for the President and the
Congress to join to recognize that the national
integrity of other free nations is directly related
to our own security.
We have joined to create and support the se-
curity system of the United Nations. We have
reinforced the collective security system of the
United Nations by a series of collective defense
arrangements. Today we have security treaties
with 42 other nations which recognize that their,
and our, peace and security are intertwined. We
have joined to take decisive action in relation to
Greece and Turkey and in relation to Taiwan.
Thus, the United States through the joint action
of the President and the Congress, or, in the case
of treaties, the Senate, has manifested in many
endangered areas its purpose to support free and
independent governments — and peace — against
external menace, notably the menace of Interna-
tional Communism. Thereby we have helped to
maintain peace and security during a period of
great danger. It is now essential that the United
States should manifest through joint action of the
President and the Congress our determination to
assist those nations of the Mid East area which
desire that assistance.
The action which I propose would have the
following features.
It would, first of all, authorize the United States
to cooperate with and assist any nation or group
of nations in the general area of the Middle East
in the development of economic strength dedicated
to the maintenance of national independence.
It would, in the second place, authorize the
Executive to undertake in the same region pro-
grams of military assistance and cooperation with
any nation or group of nations which desires such
aid.
It would, in the third place, authorize such as-
sistance and cooperation to include the employ-
ment of the armed forces of the United States to
secure and protect the territorial integrity and
political independence of such nations, requesting
sucli aid, against overt armed aggi-ession from any
nation controlled by International Communism.
These measures would have to be consonant with
the treaty obligations of the United States, includ-
ing the Charter of the United Nations and with
any action or reconomendations of the United Na-
tions. They would also, if armed attack occurs, be
subject to the overriding authority of the United
Nations Security Council in accordance with the
Charter.
The present proposal would, in the fourth place,
autliorize the President to employ, for economic
and defensive military purposes, sums available
under the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as
amended, without regard to existing limitations.
The legislation now requested should not include
the authorization or appropriation of funds be-
cause I believe that, under the conditions I suggest,
presently appropriated funds will be adequate for
the balance of the present fiscal year ending June
30. I shall, liowever, seek in subsequent legisla-
tion tlie authorization of $200,000,000 to be avail-
able during each of the fiscal years 1958 and 1959
for discretionary use in the area, in addition to the
other mutual security programs for the area here-
after provided for by the Congress.
VII.
This program will not solve all the problems of
the Middle East. Neither does it represent the
totality of our policies for the area. There are
the problems of Palestine and relations between
Israel and the Arab States, and the future of the
Arab refugees. There is the problem of the future
status of the Suez Canal. These difficulties are
aggravated by International Communism, but
they would exist quite apart from that threat. It
is not the j^urpose of the legislation I propose to
deal directly with these problems. The United
Nations is actively concerning itself with all these
matters, and we are supporting the United Na-
tions. The United States has made clear, notably
by Secretary Dulles' address of August 26, 1955,
that we are willing to do much to assist the United
Nations in solving the basic problems of Palestine.
The proposed legislation is primarily designed
to deal with the possibility of Communist aggres-
sion, direct and indirect. There is imperative
need that any lack of power in tlie area should be
made good, not by external or alien force, but by
the increased vigor and security of the independ-
ent nations of the area.
Experience shows that indirect aggression rarely
if ever succeeds where there is reasonable security
against direct aggression ; where the goverimient
86
Deparfmeni of Sfafe Bulletin
possesses loyal security forces, and where economic
conditions are such as not to make Communism
seem an attractive alternative. The program I
suggest deals with all three aspects of tliis matter
and thus with the problem of indirect aggression.
It is my hope and belief that if our purpose be
proclaimed, as proposed by the requested legisla-
tion, that very fact will serve to halt any con-
templated aggression. We shall have heartened
the patriots who are dedicated to the independence
of their nations. They will not feel that they
stand alone, imder the menace of great power.
And I should add that patriotism is, throughout
this area, a powerful sentiment. It is true that
fear sometimes perverts true patriotism into
fanaticism and to the acceptance of dangerous en-
ticements from without. But if that fear can be
allayed, then the climate will be more favorable
to the attainment of worthy national ambitions.
And as I have indicated, it will also be necessary
for us to contribute economically to strengthen
those countries, or groups of countries, which have
governments manifestly dedicated to the preser-
vation of independence and resistance to subver-
sion. Such measures will provide the greatest
insurance against Communist inroads. Words
alone are not enough.
VIII.
Let me refer again to the requested authority
to employ the armed forces of the United States
to assist to defend the territorial integrity and
the political independence of any nation in the
area against Communist armed aggression. Such
authority would not be exercised except at the de-
sire of the nation attacked. Beyond this it is my
profound hope that this authority would never
have to be exercised at all.
Nothing is more necessary to assure this than
that our policy with respect to the defense of the
area be promptly and clearly determined and de-
clared. Thus the United Nations and all friendly
governments, and indeed governments which are
not friendly, will know where we stand.
If, contrary to my hope and expectation, a sit-
uation arose which called for the military appli-
cation of the policy which I ask the Congress to
join me in proclaiming, I would of course main-
tain hour-by-hour contact with the Congress if it
were in session. And if the Congress were not in
session, and if the situation had grave implica-
tions, I would, of course, at once call the Congress
into special session.
In the situation now existing, the greatest risk,
as is often the case, is that ambitious despots may
miscalculate. If power-hungry Communists
should either falsely or correctly estimate that the
Middle East is inadequately defended, they might
be tempted to use open measures of armed attack.
If so, that would start a chain of circumstances
which would almost surely involve the United
States in military action. I am convinced that
the best insurance against this dangerous contin-
gency is to make clear now our readiness to coop-
erate fully and freely with our friends of the
Middle East in ways consonant with the purposes
and principles of the United Nations. I intend
promptly to send a special mission to the Middle
East to explain the cooperation we are prepared
to give.
IX.
The policy which I outline involves certain bur-
dens and indeed risks for the United States.
Those who covet the area will not like what is pro-
posed. Already, they are grossly distorting our
purpose. However, before this Americans have
seen our nation's vital interests and human free-
dom in jeopardy, and their fortitude and resolu-
tion have been equal to the crisis, regardless of
hostile distortion of our words, motives and
actions.
Indeed, the sacrifices of the American people
in the cause of freedom have, even since the close
of World War II, been measured in many billions
of dollars and in thousands of the precious lives
of our youth. These sacrifices, by which great
areas of the world have been preserved to free-
dom, must not be thrown away.
In those momentous periods of the past, the
President and the Congress have united, without
partisanship, to serve the vital interests of the
United States and of the free world.
The occasion has come for us to manifest again
our national unity in support of freedom and to
show our deep respect for the rights and independ-
ence of every nation — however great, however
small. We seek not violence, but peace. To this
purpose we must now devote our energies, our de-
termination, ourselves.
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
The WnrrE House
January 5, 1957
January 21, 1957
87
President's Bipartisan Conference
Witli Congressional Leaders
White House press release dated January 1
The President met on January 1 with the leaders
of both political parties in the Senate and the
House of Representatives for a bipartisan confer-
ence on foreign policy, mutual security, and na-
tional defense.
During the meeting the leaders also received
from the Vice President a review of his report
to the President on the Hungarian refugee
situation.
The President thanked the leaders for the bi-
partisan cooperation he had always received from
them in the field of foreign affaire.
The Secretary of State then reviewed world de-
velopments, particularly during the last 6 months.
He expressed the opinion that the position of inter-
national conununism liad deteriorated throughout
the world and that the United States at the same
time had moved into a position of great opportu-
nity for world leadership for peace and stability
as well as for world responsibility.
The President and the Secretary of State then
discussed in more detail the Middle East situation.
The President asserted that the Middle East was
a vitally important area to the entire world. To
help that area remain free the President rec-
ommended that the Congress join with him in
serving notice to the world that the United States
would resist any Communist aggression in that
area.
Specifically, he requested the leaders: (1) to
authorize an enlarged program of economic aid
to the nations in that area by authorizing addi-
tional monies for the President's Emergency Fund
which would be used for that purpose, and (2) to
support a congressional resolution which would
be designed to deter Communist armed aggi-ession
in the Middle East area.
A general discussion then followed. It was
agreed that the matter should be promptly dealt
with on the basis of an early Presidential message
to the Congress and hearings by the appropriate
congressional committees.
The Director of the International Cooperation
Administration then reviewed for the leaders the
program for the coming year in mutual assistance,
including mutual military support and economic
and technical assistance for our allies and friends.
The Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff next outlined the 1958
program of the Defense Establishment of the
United States and the measures which they deemed
necessary to protect the Nation against attack and
to insure peace in the world.
The Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commis-
sion followed with a review of the United States'
participation in the President's atoms-for-peace
program through the international atomic pro-
gram of the United Nations.
The Director of the United States Information
Agency stressed the importance of the agency's
program to present to the peoples of the world
America's position in maintaining peace and work-
ing for cooperation with all fi-iendly nations.
The Secretary of Commerce urged congressional
approval for participation by the United States
in the Organization for Trade Cooperation
(Otc).
Walter F. George Appointed
Special Assistant to President
Tlie President on January 4 appointed AValter
F. George to be Special Assistant to the President
with the personal rank of Ambassador.
88
Department of State Bulletin
Correspondence of President Eisenhower and Premier Bulganin Concerning
Reduction of International Tension and Disarmament
THE PRESIDENT TO PREMIER BULGANIN
White House press release dated January 2
December 31, 1956
Dear Mr. Chairman : I have given careful con-
sideration to the declaration by the Soviet Gov-
ernment to which you had invited my attention in
your letter of November 17, 1956, but find myself
in basic disagreement with the analysis of your
government as it relates to the source of inter-
national tension.
The people of the United States cannot accept
the declaration's attempt to dismiss as "a slander-
ous campaign" the world's indignant reaction to
the Soviet armed actions against the people of
Hungary. While the Soviet Government has not
responded to the constructive recommendations of
the United Nations with respect to Himgary, the
parties at dispute in the Middle East have ac-
cepted the assistance of the United Nations. A
similar response by the Soviet Union to the reso-
lutions of the United Nations concerning Hungary
would constitute a significant step toward the re-
duction of the tensions to which the Soviet decla-
ration addresses itself.
Your government's statement suggests that the
strategic situation in Western Europe is now
advantageous to the armed forces of the Soviet
Union. This statement does not seem calculated
to relieve international tensions. Moreover, I am
convinced in the light of my long association with
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization that it is
fully capable of carrying out its mission of col-
lective defense.
You suggest further meetings of heads of gov-
ernment. I could agree to a meeting whenever
circumstances would make it seem likely to accom-
plish a significant result. But, in my opinion,
deliberations within the framework of the United
Nations seem most likely to produce a step forward
in the highly complicated matter of disarmament.
Accordingly the United States will make further
proposals there.
I take hope from your apparent willingness to
consider aerial inspection as a positive factor in
the problem of armaments. Much to my regret,
however, your government's declaration does not
signify willingness to seek agreement on the basic
element of my Geneva proposal of averting sur-
prise attack through aerial inspection of the cen-
ters of our military power.
The United States is giving this and your other
disarmament proposals careful study. We are
prepared to discuss them, as well as the further
United States proposals, in forthcoming meetings
of the Disarmament Subcommittee.
You may be sure that our government will
continue its efforts in behalf of effective control
and reduction of all armaments. It will be my
never-ending purpose to seek a stable foundation
for a just and durable peace in the mutual interest
of all nations.
Sincerely,
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
PREMIER BULGANIN TO THE PRESIDENT
The Kremlin
Moscow
November 17, 1956
Dear Mr. Pkesidext: The military attack on
Egypt has brought on a serious aggravation of the
international situation. In consideration of this
fact it is the duty of all states and especially those
countries which bear the basic responsibility for
the preservation of peace to find means for the
solution of questions in dispute through negotia-
tions.
In this dangerous moment for the cause of peace
ianvary 2?, 1957
89
the Soviet Government considers it essential to
appeal to the governments of all countries and in
the first instance to the governments of the great
powers to unite their efforts for their adoption of
urgent measures directed towards the prevention
of war, cessation of the arms race and the solution
of questions in dispute by peaceful means.
In sending to you the declaration of the Soviet
Government on the question of disarmament and
reduction of international tension my colleagues
and I express the hope that the U.S.A. and you
personally, Mr. President, will examine with all
attention the proposals of the Soviet Government
set forth in the declaration.
Btjlganin
Declaration of the Soviet Government Concerning
the Question of Disarmament and Reduction of
International Tension
November 17, 1956
The armed attack of England, France and Israel on
Egypt has created a situation dangerous for the cause of
peace and has placed before the peoples In all sharpness
the question of the threat of a third world war. It is
known that in the above-mentioned countries large scale
measures have been carried out for the mobilization of
ground, naval and air forces, for calling up reserves, for
mobilization of Industry, transportation, and lines of com-
munication for servicing military needs. Thus in these
countries in essence has been created a wartime situation,
especially if it is taken into consideration that in all
countries of the North Atlantic bloc (NATO) rabid mili-
tary propaganda has been unleashed. The aggressive
actions of England, France and Israel against Egypt, the
military measures undertaken by them, and the situation
of war hysteria have created a real danger of expansion
of the conflict with the utilization of the destructive means
of the latest military equipment.
The unprovoked aggression against Egypt naturally
mobilized the peoples of the East In rising to the defense
of Egypt, which is struggling for its vital national inter-
ests, for independent national existence, and thereby for
the defense also of its own national independence.
As a result of the heroic opposition of the Egyptian
people, and in the face of the growing indignation of the
entire world against the military venture in the Middle
East, which has been condemned by the United Nations,
the organizers of aggressive war have been forced to
cease military operations against Egypt. Nevertheless,
It is impossible to consider that the real military danger
has been removed and that a military fire will not flame
with still greater force. The basis for the concern of the
peoples is the fact that at the present time the armed
forces and military equipment of England and t'Yance are
being concentrated on Cyprus and also in Port Said, wliich
was occupied by Anglo-French forces even after the dec-
laration by England and France concerning the cease
fire, and consequently in violation of the obligations under-
taken by them before the entire world.
For the realization of their military plans for the Mid-
dle East, England and France have transferred to the
region of military actions large formations including
those which were on the territory of Western Germany.
The French Government in addition has transferred a
significant portion of its army to the region of North
Africa for the purpose of suppressing the national libera-
tion movement in Algeria.
As a result of military actions against Egypt, the Suez
Canal has been put out of operation for a long period;
oil pipelines passing across the territory of Arab coun-
tries have been destroyed; there have been disrupted
communications, which have vitally important signifi-
cance for England, France and other countries of P^urope,
particularly taking into account that all this has led to
the cessation of transportation of oil to Europe through
the Mediterranean Sea. Thus for England, France and
other Western European countries .serious difficulties have
been created in the receipt of liquid fuel, so essential for
industry of these countries and having decisive military
significance, insofar as without liquid fuel in contempo-
rary conditions military equipment is dead and armies
cannot fight.
Thus, the military adventure against Egypt has led to
a serious weakening not only of the political but also of
the military strategic positions of England, France and
Europe and to a serious weakening of all the military
forces of the North Atlantic bloc on the European con-
tinent. It is not without reason that, in official circles
and the press of the Western powers, it is noted with
alarm that a very delicate situation has been created for
the organizers of the aggression against Egypt in con-
nection with the fact that their principal armed forces
are concentrated in the region of the Near East and in
North Africa while those forces which are in Euroi)e re-
main without sufficient equipment.
There comes to attention the fact that those circles of
the Western powers who are responsible for the aggres-
sion against Egypt attempt at the present time, through
fabrications concerning the aggressive intention of the
Soviet Union in the Middle East and Europe, both to dis-
tract attention from the fact of the open aggression com-
mitted against Egypt and thereby to hide the collapse
which this adventure has suffered.
Attempts are being made to fan with regard to the
Soviet Union a slanderous campaign in connection with
the collapse of the counterrevolutionary military plot
against People's Hungary, which is, as has now become
completely clear, an integral part of the general plot of
the imperialists against the peace and security of the
peoples, both in the Middle East and in Europe. All sorts
of fabrications are being spread concerning an alleged
concentration of Soviet troops undertaken in various
countries of Eastern Europe, unusual movements of So-
viet forces to the western and southern borders of the
U.S.S.It., etc. All this is utilized by certain circles in
the West for a rebirth of the cold war, for an ever greater
increase of the arms race in the countries of N.\TO, this
basic aggressive grouping which has been openly used
90
Department of State Bulletin
in recent times for the preservation and reestablishment
of tlie shameful system of colonial repression.
The creation of this tense situation, including the in-
tensification of the arms race, is advantageous in the first
instance to tlie monopolists of the United States, England
and France, who are squeezing out fabulous profits from
military orders. Such a situation permits them also to
preserve at high levels the taxes on the working people
who are bearing on their shoulders the main burden of
expenditures for armament and for preparation for
ground, naval and air warfare.
Thus on the one hand it is recognized that the Anglo-
French-Israeli aggression against Egypt has created a
complicated situation for Western Europe and for NATO
as a whole. On the other hand, to the Soviet Union is
ascribed all sorts of clumsy schemes in regard to Western
Europe, the Middle East, etc., and war hysteria is inflated
by every means.
However, those who rush to such means have got them-
selves completely entangled.
If the Soviet Union were actually guided by any sort
of attendant considerations, the situation which has arisen
for it from the point of view of the relation of forces be-
tween the powers, and had the aggressive intentions which
are attributed to it, then it would seem that the Soviet
Union could utilize the situation which has been created
at the i)re.sent time for attack against the armed forces
of the Atlantic bloc and could have achieved the military
objectives ascribed to It in regard to Western Europe
even without the use of modern nuclear weapons and
rockets.
It can be stated directly that at the present time the
strategic situation in Western Europe is advantageous
to the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union to an even
greater degree than that obtaining at the end of the
Second World War, when the mobilized and armed Soviet
Army could have become consolidated in all of Western
Europe if the Soviet Union had pursued such an aim.
But, at the end of the Second World War as at the
present time, the U.S.S.R. did not and does not have any
other aims than the preservation and strengthening of
peace, which the i)eoples of all countries long for.
Only during the past year the Soviet Government has
unilaterally undertaken major reduction of its armed
forces by 1,840,000 men, has cut its military budget by
almost 10,000,000,000 rubles, and has liquidated its military
bases in Port Arthur and Porkkala Udd. Contrary to
the false propaganda of the Western powers, it is not
carrying out any kind of mobilization or movement of its
troops to its borders. Its troops are occupied with their
military tasks and are found at their customary bases.
The Soviet people are engaged in peaceful, creative labor
in the broad expanses of newly assimilated virgin lands,
on gigantic construction projects of the sixth five-year
plan, in the laboratories and the scientific institutes, in
the various fields of culture, art, and science.
The Soviet Government declares that the Soviet Union
has always been and remains an opponent of deciding
controversies and disagreements between states by means
of war. It has always been guided and is guided by the
Leninist policy of peaceful coexistence of states, regard-
less of the differences in their social and state systems.
In its relations with other states the Soviet Government
is guided by the decisions of the historic 20th Congress
of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in which
there was openly stated to the whole world the negative
attitude of the U.S.S.R. toward war as a means of re-
solving international controversies and in which its clear
position on the principles of the coexistence of socialist
countries with capitalist countries was set forth.
The Soviet state has stood and henceforth will firmly
stand on the.se basic positions, since this proceeds from
the very nature of the socialist state, the basic task of
which is the raising of the living standard of Its people
and the development of the productive forces of society,
free from the fetters of capitalist productive relations.
It is possible to ensure this not under conditions of war
but under conditions of a peaceful development permitting
the utilization of the inexhaustible possibilities of raising
the socialist economy, culture, and science.
There are no social groups and classes in the Soviet
Union which would become rich by war and a military
situation and which would be interested in the arma-
ment race, in the seizure of foreign territory, and in the
unleashing of aggressive wars.
It is well known that Russia has been transformed in
a short historical period from a backward agrarian
country into a powerful industrial state, possessing all
the conditions and resources for a further rapid upsurge
of its economy, for the raising of the material welfare
and the cultural level of the Soviet people. The fact
that the volume of Industrial production of the U.S.S.R.
has increased by more than twenty times during the past
25 years while the volume of industrial productions of
all capitalist countries has increased less than twofold
during the same period bears witness to the unprece-
dented rate of growth of the economy of the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union possesses an enormous territory,
colossal deposits of coal, petroleum, iron ore, and non-
ferrous metals ; inexhaustible reserves of power re-
sources, including the newest methods of producing elec-
tric energy through the use of atomic raw materials. The
planned economy of the Soviet Union guarantees a normal
market for manufactured goods, and therefore the
U.S.S.R. is not faced with the problem of conquering
markets for its goods. Its economic relations with other
states are built on the foundation of equal rights and
mutual advantage which provides the possibility for nor-
mal exchange of goods in the interest of the further rais-
ing of the national economy.
The peoples of the Soviet Union, having taken the path
of socialism and having achieved unprecedented successes
In the development of its national economy and culture,
could be convinced by this experience that the socialist
system is the most progressive and provides the possi-
bility of such development of national economy in the
U.S.S.R. as well as in the other socialist states as in-
evitably will guarantee the victory of socialism in peace-
ful economic competition with capitalism. The Soviet
people are engaged in the solution of the task of catching
up with and overtaking the most developed capitalist
January 21, 1957
91
countries according to the level of per capita production
of industrial goods. The Soviet jieople are confident that,
relying on a powerful technology and the great advantages
of the socialist economic system, they can in a short his-
torical period attain that many-sided development of the
material and spiritual forces of man, and that harmony
of social life which the building of communism will bring.
The Soviet Government is profoundly convinced that
the interests of the Soviet people in the preservation and
strengthening of peace completely coincide with interests
of all other peoples of both the West and East. They
need not atom bombs nor tanks and cannon but clothing,
food, housing, schools for children, and a quiet and secure
future. The peoples of the underdeveloped countries want
to put an end to age-old backwardness, poverty, and the
wretched heritage of colonial oppression.
The events of recent times in the Near East have
graphically shown how great are the forces interested in
the preservation of peace and ready to restrain aggressors
with all resolution. At the same time, these events have
shown that the aggressive circles of certain powers are
prepared in the name of their narrow interests to throw
peace into the abyss of a new world war, threatening the
peoples with new military conflicts fraught with serious
consequences for mankind.
This is why the Soviet Union at this moment of responsi-
bility is again raising its voice for the cessation of the
armaments race, for the prohibition of atomic and hydro-
gen weapons, and for the prohibition of tests of these
weapons.
For the purpose of the practical and speediest realiza-
tion of these demands, in which all peoples are vitally
Interested, the Soviet Government proposes :
(1) To reduce in the course of two years the armed
forces of the Soviet Union, the United States of America,
and China to 1-1.5 million men for each of these states,
the armed forces of England and France to 650,000 men
each, and those of each of the remaining states to 150,000-
200,000 men.
As a first step to this, to reduce in the course of the
first year, the armed forces of the Union of Soviet So-
cialist Republics, the United States of America, and China
to 2.5 million men and the armed forces of England and
France to 750 thousand men for each of these states.
The above-mentioned countries should reduce their
armaments accordingly.
(2) To effect in the course of the above-mentioned
period the ban of atomic and hydrogen weapons, with
the cessation of the production of nuclear weapons, the
ban on tlieir use, full destruction of stocks of these
weapons, and their elimination from the armaments of
states.
As a first step, to cease immediately the testing of
atomic and hydrogen bomb.s.
(3) To re<luee during 1957 by one-third the armed
forces of the United States of America, the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, England, and France stationed
on the territory of Geniiany, with establishment of appro-
priate control for this reduction.
(4) To carry out during 1957 the significant reduction
of the armed forces of the United States of America,
England, and Franc-e stationed on the territory of coun-
tries participants in NATO, and the armed forces of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics stationed on the ter-
ritory of member-countries of the Warsaw Pact.
(5) To liquidate in the course of two years, foreign
army, naval, and air bases on the territories of other
states.
(6) To curtail the military expenditures of govern-
ments in the course of two years, corresponding to the
reduction of armed forces and annaments, banning of
atomic and hydrogen weapons, and the liquidation of for-
eign military bases on the territories of other states.
(7) For observation of the carrying out by the states
of the obligations undertaken by them concerning dis-
armament, to establish a strict and effective international
control, utilizing all necessary rights and functions for
this purpose.
For the purpose of preventing a sudden attack by one
state on another, to establish on the territory of states,
on a reciprocal basis, control posts in large port.s, rail-
road junctions, highways, and airports, which will see
that no dangerous concentration of armed forces and
armaments takes place.
The Soviet Government has already repeatedly ex-
pressed its attitude toward the proposal about the so-
called plan for aerial photography and declared that this
proposal does not decide either the problem of controlling
disarmament or preventing aggression.
Considering, however, that the proposal for aerial
photography is presented as a condition for reaching
agreement on disarmament questions, which creates seri-
ous obstacles for achieving such an agreement, the Soviet
Government for the purpose of facilitating the quickest
achievement of agreement is prepared to consider the
question of using aerial photography in the area in Europe
where basic military forces of the North Atlantic Pact are
located and in countries participating in the Warsaw
Pact to a depth of 800 kilometers to the East and West
from the line of demarcation of the above-mentioned mili-
tary forces, if there is agreement of the appropriate
states.
In proposing the realization of the above-mentioned
measures, the Soviet Government considers that after
their implementation it is necessary to raise the question
about the complete liquidation of armed forces and arma-
ments of all types with retention by states of only such
contingents of militia (police) which are necessary for
assuring internal security and the security of frontiers.
The Soviet Government, true to its policy of guarantee-
ing peace and desiring to create confidence among i>eoples
that armaments will never be used for deciding disputes
among states, again proposes to conclude a pact of non-
aggression among countries belonging to the North Atlan-
tic Alliance and the countries of the Warsaw Pact. Such
a pact, considering that among its members would be the
Soviet Union and the United States of America, that is,
the states having the most powerful armed forces, would
radically change the entire international situation, aiding
the reduction of international tension and the creation
of trust among states.
Since the examination in U.N. agencies of disarmament
questions has so far not led to any real results in deciding
the question of reducing armaments and prohibiting atomic
92
Department of State Bulletin
weapons, the Soviet Government considers it necessary,
along with the continuation of efforts in this direction in
agencies of the U.N., to seek more effective means for
settling these problems. Considering that the present
international situation dictates the necessity for taking
immediate measures for the purpose of preventing war and
stopping the armaments rate, the Soviet Government con-
siders it appropriate to convoke a conference of heads of
governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
the United States of America, England, France, and India,
as was proposed by the President of the Swiss Confedera-
tion.' Such a conference could assist achievement of
agreements on questions dealing with the problem of
disarmament.
The successful conduct of a conference of heads of gov-
ernments of the five states could prepare for the convoca-
tion of a wider conference for examination of these ques-
tions, in which the heads of government of all countries
participating in NATO and in the Warsaw Pact could
take part. The Soviet Government considers it desirable
that such a conference should also be attended by the
heads of government of a series of other countries and,
first of all, the Chinese People's Republic, India, Yugosla-
via, Indonesia, and Burma, which are not either in the
Warsaw Pact or in such military groups as NATO, SEATO,
or the Baghdad Pact.
If difficulties are encountered in convoking a confer-
ence of the heads of government of the five powers, then
in the opinion of the Soviet Government the convocation of
the cited broader conference would meet the interests of
reducing international tension and improving the inter-
national situation.
The Soviet Government considers it necessary with all
seriousness to underscore the fact that before the world
at pre.sent are two paths : either the path of terminat-
ing the cold war, rejecting the policy of "positions of
strength," disarmament, and the creation of all condi-
tions for the peaceful coexistence of states with different
economic and social systems, or the continuation of the
armaments race, the continuation of the cold war — the
path leading to an unpreeedentedly burdensome and de-
structive war which would bring to the entire world inesti-
mable calamities and sufferings.
The Soviet Government has stood and stands for the
position that in the world there are no controversial prob-
lems which could not be settled peacefully taking into
account the legitimate interests of the appropriate states.
As for existing ideological disagreements, they cannot
be the basis for exacerbation of relations among states,
for propaganda of war, and even more for application of
force of one state against another state. Such disagree-
ments can and must be decided by means of a struggle of
ideas, in which the advantages of one ideology or other,
also of one economic system or other, will be proven by
the very course of historical development.
Submitting its proposals for disarmament, which are
dictated by the interests for preserving and strengthening
peace among peoples, the Soviet Government expresses
the confidence that they will be supi>orted by all who strive
not in words but in deeds for the liquidation of the danger
of a new war and for the strengthening of universal peace.
Total Visa Issuance Under
Refugee Relief Act
Press release 2 dated January 3
The issuance of visas under the Refugee Relief
Act of 1953 ended on December 31, 1956. Tenta-
tive statistics received by the Department of State
from posts abroad report a total visa issuance of
189,967. This figure reflects complete issuance of
all visas permitted in all categories of the law plus
worldwide orphan issuance where there were a
sufficient number of sponsored applicants to meet
the requirements. A breakdown of the tentative
final figures by category as established in the
Refugee Relief Act is as follows :
' Bulletin of Nov. 26, 1956, p. 839.
Sec. 4(a) (1) - German Ethnic Expel-
lees residing in Germany and
Austria
Sec. 4(a) (2) - Escapees from Behind
the Iron Curtain in Germany and
Austria
Sec. 4(a) (3) - Escapees from Behind
the Iron Curtain in NATO Coun-
tries, Turkey, Iran
Sec. 4(a) (4) - Anders Poles in British
Isles
Sec. 4(a) (5) and (6) - (Combined by'
the Graham Amendment) - Italian
Refugees and Preference Category
Relatives
Sec. 4(a) (7) and (8) - (Combined by'
the Graham Amendment) - Greek
Refugees and Preference Category
Sec. 4(a) (9) 'and '(10) - (Combi'ne'd by'
the Graham Amendment) - Dutch
Refugees and Preference Category
Relatives
Sec. 4(a) (11) - European Refugees
in the Far East
Sec. 4(a) (12) - Asian Refugees from'
Communism in the Far East . .
Sec. 4(a) (13) - Chinese Refugees with'
Chinese National Passports . . . .
Sec. 4(a) (14) - Palestine Refugees in
the Near East
Sec. 5(a) - Orphans Adopted by United
States Citizens
Authorized
65, 000
35, 000
10, 000
2,000
60, 000
17, 000
17, 000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
Issued
38, 662
35, 000
10, 000
2,000
60, 000
17, 000
15, 403
902
3,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
January 21, 1957
93
Providing for tlie Needs of the Hungarian Refugees
REPORT TO PRESIDENT EISENHOWER BY VICE PRESIDENT NIXON, JANUARY 1, 1957
Introduction
This report deals only with a symptom, and not
with the basic problem. No matter how well we
care for the victims of oppression, the guilt of
those who drove them from their homes, who
killed their fellow-countrymen and who today
keep their nation in slavery must never be
forgotten.
The revolt of the courageous people of Hun-
gary against their oppressors is one of the most
significant events in the history of mankind.
Without plan or organization they rose up in final
revulsion against the subjugation and cruelty
which has been imposed upon them. What they
did and are doing was not in vain for, by their
deeds, they sounded the death knell of interna-
tional Communism for all the world to hear.
In a discussion confined as is this report to the
present plight of the Hungarian refugees, we
recognize that we are not dealing with the basic
question of how freedom is to be provided for
Hungary. Compliance by the U.S.S.R. with
the resolution of the United Nations ^ calling for
the removal of Soviet troops from Hungary is the
only adequate and permanent solution to that
problem, and to the problems which face the Hun-
garian people. Solutions short of this must be
considered temporary and basically not satis-
factory.
On the basis of a first-hand survey ^ of the
Hungarian refugees from the time they cross the
border into Austria until they leave the Camp Kil-
mer Reception Center, I submit the following
findings and recommendations :
' For text, see Bulletin of Nov. 19, 1956, p. 803.
Number and Character of Refugees
Approximately 155,000 refugees have crossed
the border between October 23, 1956 and January
1, 1957. An average of approximately 800 per
day are coming across the border at this time.
(See Appendix 1)
The quality of the people who fled Hungary is
of the highest order. For the most part they were
in the forefront of the fight for freedom and fled
only when the choice was death or deportation
at the hands of the foreign invaders or temporary
flight to a foreign land to await the inevitable
freedom for Hungary. The large majority are
young people — students, technicians, craftsmen
and professional people. There are many family
units, including a large number of children. (See
Appendix 2)
The majority of the refugees who have been
interviewed say that they left Hungary because
of fear of liquidation or of deportation. The
number of floaters and of those who left Himgary
purely for economic reasons is relatively small.
The majority of those who have been inter-
" Mr. Nixon left Washington for Vienna on Dec. 18 and
returned to Washington on Dec. 24. He visited the Camp
Kilmer Reception Center on Dec. 27. The Department of
State announced on Dec. 18 (press release 625) that the
Vice President's party included Representative Bob Wil-
son ; William P. Rogers, Deputy Attorney General ; John
B. Hollister, Director, International Cooperation Admin-
istration ; Robert L. King, Dwight S. Porter, and H. G.
Torbert, Jr., Department of State; and LiOie G. Gaunt,
Secretary to the Vice President. Lowell T. Coggeshall,
Special Assistant to the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare, and George Katona, Professor of Psychology,
University of Michigan, traveled separately and joined
the party in Austria.
94
Department of State Bulletin
viewed to dcate have expressed a desire to return
to Hungary in the event of a change of government
which would make it safe for tliem to do so.
The problem of checking the security back-
grounds of the refugees is not as difficult as usual,
due to the fact that in addition to the usual docu-
mentary evidence available in such cases, direct
evidence is being volunteered by other refugees
who are well-informed as to the identity of spies
and agents in their communities.
I am convinced that if the screening process
which is presently in effect is continued the Hun-
garian refugees who are admitted to the United
States will present no significant risk of inter-
nal subversion in this country.
Talcing all the above factors into consideration,
I believe that the countries which accept these
refugees will find that, rather than having as-
sumed a liability, they have acquired a valuable
national asset. As Mr. Herbert Hoover said on
December 27, 1956, "The Hungarian refugees have
proved by their courage and sacrifice that they
are the traditional sort of persons who make
Americans."
Disposition of Refugees to Date
88,000 of the 155,000 refugees have been reset-
tled in countries other than Austria, as of Janu-
ary 1. Of this 88,000, 15,000 have gone to the
United States, and 73,000 have been accepted in
other countries.
Of the 67,000 who are in Austria at this time, the
Austrian Government had indicated that approxi-
mately 30,000 could be assimilated into the Aus-
trian economy, provided some assistance was given
to Austria for the construction of housing and
other facilities to provide for them during an ad-
justment period.
This leaves a minimum of 37,000 in Austria at
the present time for whom homes must be found
in other countries.
Estimate of Eventual Total Refugee Movement
How long the exodus of refugees from Hungary
into Austria will continue will depend upon what
happens in Hungary. If the character of the
Hungarian Government were to change so that a
degree of freedom were to be provided for the
Hungarian people, there is little question but that
the number of refugees leaving Hungary would
be substantially reduced, and there is also no ques-
tion but that many of those who have left Hun-
gary would return.
There is also the possibility that the Hungarian
Government might decide to step up its efforts to
close the border, and, in that event, the number of
refugees leaving Hungary probably would be sub-
stantially reduced.
Another factor which must be taken into account
in analyzing the total problem is that some of the
73,000 who have gone to other countries did so
with the understanding that they were going there
temporarily and would eventually have the oppor-
tunity to go to the United States.
The President has stated that the United States
would accept within this country those who went
to other countries with such an understanding.
"Wliile the total number of refugees in the above
categories can not be estimated with any degree
of certainty, there can be but one conclusion. The
United States and other free nations must take
substantially more refugees than they have agreed
to take up to this time.
Recommendations as to Future United States
Policy on Accepting Additional Refugees
It has been suggested that the United States
should announce at this time that it would take
a fixed additional nmnber of refugees.
Another suggestion that has been made is that
the United States should agree to take a certain
percentage of all Hungarian refugees who are
presently in Austria, and of those who may come
to Austria from Hungary in the future.
I have concluded that it would not be wise for
the United States to be tied down either to a fixed
percentage or a fixed number.
It should be our policy, along with other free
nations of the world, to take our full share of
these escapees from Communist tyranny.
We should not place a ceiling on what we will
do in fulfilling our traditional national mission
of providing a haven of refuge for victims of
oppression. In addition, because of the uncer-
tainty of the situation witliin Hungary, it is not
possible for us to make any accurate estimate of
what such a fixed number should be.
For us to agree to take a percentage of all ref-
ugees is also unrealistic. Conditions change
within the various countries which might provide
homes for refugees, and our policy should be flex-
ible enough to take such changes into accoimt.
January 21, 1957
95
Attorney General To Parole
Refugees Until Congress Acts
Statement hy President Eisenhower
White House press release dated January 1
The Attorney General will continue to parole
Hungarian refugees into the United States until
such time as the Congress acts. This action, in my
opinion, is clearly in the national interest. It will
prevent a stoppage of the flow of these refugees and
will permit the United States to continue, along
with the other free nations of the world, to do its
full share in providing a haven for these victims
of oppression.
Our policy should be based on the following
principles :
1. All free nations should share to the extent
of their capabilities in the responsibility for re-
settling refugees. Both through the United Na-
tions, and through noraial diplomatic channels,
the government of the United States should work
toward the realization of this objective. The U.S.
Escapee Program, the Intergovernmental Com-
mittee for European Migration, and the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, all of
which are engaged in various phases of resettle-
ment activity, should receive support from us for
this purpose.
2. Until Congress passes appropriate legisla-
tion, admission of Hungarians to the United States
should be continued under the parole procedures
now in effect.^ Most of these admissions should
continue to apply to Hungarians in Austria to
relieve the pressure in that country. However,
some should be reserved for the Hungarians now
in temporary asylum in Western Europe outside
'Sec. 212 (d) (5) of the Immigration and Nationality
Act reads as follows : "The Attorney General may in his
discretion parole into the United States temporarily un-
der such conditions as he may prescribe for emergent
reasons or for reasons deemed strictly in the public in-
terest any alien applying for admission to the United
States, but such parole of such alien shall not be regarded
as an admission of the alien and when the purposes of
such parole shall, in the opinion of the Attorney General,
have been seiTed the alien shall forthwith return or be
returned to the custody from which he was paroled and
thereafter his case shall continue to be dealt with in the
same manner as that of any other applicant for admis-
sion to the United States."
of Austria, with the understanding that they
would eventually be admitted to the United States.
Preference within this latter group should be
given at this time primarily to those with rel-
atives in this country. To this end, we should
begin taking applications from the refugees out-
side of Austria. U.S. diplomatic representatives
in the countries who are now offering asylum
should wherever possible work out arrangements
whereby refugees from Austria could be received
in those countries to replace those we take for re-
settlement in the United States.
3. An amendment to the Inunigration and Na-
tionality Act should be presented to the Congress
for immediate consideration which would :
a. Regularize the status of Hungarian refugees
brought into the United States under the parole
procedure, and
b. Provide flexible authority to grant admission
to this country of additional numbers of Hmigar-
ian and other refugees from Communist persecu-
tion, through the use of non-quota visas within an
annual ceiling.
Such a provision should take into account the
escapees who left Hungary before October 23,
1956, and the meritorious cases of those from
other Eastern European countries who can not be
resettled in the United States because of the termi-
nation of the Refugee Relief Program and the
lack of any other legislative authority for their
admittance.
c. I strongly urge the enactment of the amend-
ments to the Immigration and Nationality Act
proposed by the President to the Eighty-fourth
Congress.* Such amendments would provide ade-
quate flexibility in our immigration policy to meet
more fully our world responsibilities. For ex-
ample, it would permit consideration for certain
escapees from Communism other than those in
Eastern Europe, including Chinese Nationalists
wlio have had to flee from the Communist Govern-
ment in their country.
4. It has been suggested that no change in the
law is needed and that the whole problem of
refugees from Communist countries can be
handled adequately under the parole provisions of
the present Act.
While the Attorney General has interpreted the
parole provisions so as to cover the 15,000 Hun-
garian refugees who have been admitted up to this
* Bulletin of Feb. 20, 1956, p. 275.
96
Department of State Bulletin
time, and while I believe that the applications of
additional Hungarian refugees should be proc-
essed under that provision between now and the
time the Congress has an opportunity to con-
sider amendments to the Act, tlie circumstances
and the limits under which this provision should
be applied in the future should be spelled out by
the Congress.
As the Attorney General has stated, neither he
nor any other administrative official should have
unlimited authority to admit aliens to the United
States on a parole basis. It is obvious that such
power, if arbitrarily used, could completely cir-
cumvent tlie basic purposes and objectives of the
Immigration Law.
Economic Assistance by the United States
Our govermiiental aid for care and maintenance
of Hungarian refugees has been partially directed
tlirough the United Nations. We should continue
our participation with the other free nations in
this United Nations effort in order to secure the
most effective combination of our resources. But
it will be necessary, also, to deal directly with the
Austrian government and relief agencies on vari-
ous aid matters, particularly those involving ex-
penditures afl'ecting the Austrian economy.
In connection with economic assistance to
Austria, it should be pointed out that the cost to
the Austrian government has been considerable
up to this time. Austria is a relatively small coun-
tr}' of approximately seven million people. It has
a housing shortage. Its economic recovery,
though remarkable, was impeded by the long occu-
pation of the country, ended only last year. Its
budgetary capabilities are already strained. A
substantial refugee program was present in
Austria prior to this new influx from Hungary
and most facilities were already overflowing. It
cost approximately one dollar a clay to feed each
refugee and in addition substantial amounts must
be found to improve or renovate existing build-
ings, to provide internal transportation, furniture,
medical care, and related costs.
The refugees arrive destitute with no posses-
sions but the clothes on their backs and they re-
quire some additional clothing and the basic
amenities needed for living. Although much
financial aid has come from the charitable or-
ganizations, particularly the Red Cross Societies,
and much more will be given through their help,
January 21, 1957
412770—57 3
the fact remains that the residual financial burden
falls on the Austrian government. This will in
turn require the help of other governments, includ-
ing our own.
The League of Red Cross Societies, of which the
American Red Cross is a member, has assumed re-
sponsibility for care and maintenance of 35,000
refugees in the larger camps in Austria. The
funds which we have transmitted to the United
Nations (five million dollars) have been divided
between the Austrian Government and the Lickoss
based on their respective needs and requirements.
.Vdditional financial assistance to Licross thi'ough
the United Nations will be required and should be
provided.
It is also recommended that the governmental
agencies concerned continue to explore the maxi-
mum use of surplus agricultural commodities both
for the food i"equirements of the refugees as well
as for the generation of counterpart funds which
might be used for some of the cash requirements
for the relief program.
Most of the cash contributions from our gov-
ernment have up to now been made from the
P^mergeiicies Fund provided in Section 401 of the
Mutual Security Act. Current estimates are that
presently appropi'iated funds will be adequate to
provide for foreseeable costs of the Hungarian Re-
lief Program for this fiscal year — until July 1,
1957.
The United States voluntary agencies may in
this emei-gency period need limited governmental
financial aid to assist them in the resettlement
program in this country. This assistance would
not ordinarily be required, but the sudden influx
of Hungarian refugees has in the case of certain
agencies placed particularly severe demands on
their financial resources which they are unable to
meet through the voluntary contributions avail-
able to them. To the extent that private contribu-
tions are not available there is no alternative but
to provide support through government funds.
Coordination of the activities of the voluntary
agencies and the Federal Government concerned
with refugee resettlement in the United States
sliould continue to be the responsibility of the
President's Committee on Hungarian Refugee Re-
lief. The Committee, under the able direction of
Mr. Tracy Voorhees, has done an admirable job.^
" For a list of the full committee, see ibid., Dec. 24-31,
1956, p. 980.
97
General Comments
This report is not intended to cover all phases
of the refugee problem. A more detailed report
has already been submitted orally to the President
and additional data on economic assistance will be
submitted by Mr. Hollister.
After a thorough examination of the placement
procedures at the Kilmer Reception Center, I am
convinced that there is no question but that the
American economy can easily and profitably as-
similate into our economy the refugees from Hun-
gary who are entering the United States. (See
Appendix 3)
This report would not be complete without pay-
ing tribute to the work of the voluntary agencies
who have provided an inspiring example in the
best American tradition of extra-governmental
charity in welfare work. They moved in quickly
when the refugees first began leaving Hungary.
They provided food, clothing and care in the first
chaotic days. They are processing the i-efugees
for their movement out of Austria and it is to
them that we look for the successful resettlement
of Hungarian as well as other Iron Curtain refu-
gees in the United States and other countries.
They deserve the continued generous financial
support of the American people.
I should also like to pay tribute to the American
governmental officials who have worked willingly
and ably night and day during these last two
months. Our Ambassador to Austria and his staff,
and the staffs of the Immigration and Naturaliza-
tion Service, the Public Health Service, and the
Department of Labor have all done a superb job.
The contribution of the United States Armed
Forces in instituting and running the air and sea
lifts has been in the best traditions of their re-
spective services. I saw no more striking example
of the generous spirit of America than the activi-
ties of the wives of Armed Forces personnel who
arranged to provide special care for refugees at
the various installations through which the refu-
gees passed on their way to the United States.
Another example is the soup kitchen run by the
wives of American governmental personnel in
Vienna where three to four thousand I'efugees are
fed daily. These are only examples of similar ac-
tivities at the various installations where Ameri-
can personnel are assigned to this problem.
In conclusion, it is essential that in our neces-
sary and understandable concern over the immedi-
ate problem of providing for the needs of refugees
we not lose sight of the historical significance of
this mass migi-ation of people from an area of
slavery to an area of freedom. The Communist
leaders thought they were building a new order
in Hungary. Instead they erected a monument
which will stand forever in history as proof of the
ultimate failure of International Communism.
Those people, both inside and outside of Hungary,
who had the courage to expose by their actions
this evil ideology for what it is deserve all the
gratitude and support which we in the Fi'ee World
are so willingly giving today.
Status Report op Hungarian Refugee Situation,
Austria
Appendix 1
Rep*
(as of 31 December 1956, 0700 Hours)
1. Total influx into Austria 28 October 1956 to
date 155, 085
2. Total number arrived in Austria last 24
hours 1 711
3. Total number residing in Austria as of 31
December 1956 . 67, 008
4. Movements:
Curmda-
Hve total
Country Quota moved
Total 87, 572
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
)8.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Switzerland . . .
Germany. . . .
Holland ....
France
Sweden ....
United Kingdom
Australia. . . .
Canada ....
U.S.A
Belgium ....
New Zealand . .
Ireland ....
Luxembourg . .
Italy
Spain
Denmark . . .
Brazil
Colombia . . .
Chile
South Africa . .
Norway ....
Argentina . . .
Iceland ....
Israel
2 10, 000
13, 552
3 5, 000
Unlimited
4,000
Unlimited
5,000
Unlimited
21, 500
3, 000
1, 000
1,000
200
4,000
10, 300
10, 934
2, 920
8,395
3,993
12, 866
1,055
7, 635
19, 668
3,019
66
530
189
3,451
1,000
3,000
1, 000
1,000
500
1,000
2,000
1,000
47
148
528
20
52
756
' Arrivals in Austria. Daily average by weeks for
December.
Number
per day
1st week 2, 532
2nd week 1, 724
3rd week 1, 185
4th week 866
Last 3 days 714
2 6,000 on a temporary basis.
> 2,000 on a temporary b.isis.
Unltod States Dopartmont of Justiop
ImmlfTOtlon and .Naturalization Service
98
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
Appendix 2
Recent Hungarian Refugees and Parolees Admitted
TO THE United States by Major Occupation Group
(received and processed in Central OflSce through
December 28, 1956)
Occupation group
Total
Professional, technical, and kindred workers. .
Farmers and farm managers
Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm
Clerical and kindred workers
Sales workers
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers. . .
Operatives and kindred workers
Private household workers
Service workers, except private household. . .
Farm laborers
Laborers, except farm and mine
No occupation
Housewives
Retired
Students
Children under 14 years of age
Not reported
Number
9,253
1, OGO
112
121
557
100
1,963
1,538
65
244
99
435
2,959
746
6
602
1,565
40
Recent Hungarian Refugees and Parolees Admitted
BY Sex, Age, and Marital or Family Status
(received in Central Office through December 28, 1956)
United States Department of Justice
Immigration and Naturalization Service
Total
Age:
Under 5 years
5-9 years
10-14 years
15-19 years
20-29 years
30-39 years
40-49 years
50-59 years
60 years and over
Not reported
Marital status — refugees only:
Single
Married
Widowed
Divorced
Unknown
Family status — parolees only:
Principal applicant ....
Spouse
Child
Unknown
Total
Males
9,253
6,028
572
298
611
320
461
2.38
1, 309
955
3,310
2,354
1,762
1,099
865
561
281
170
71
28
11
5
3,205
2, 458
1,932
1,084
81
27
197
128
22
16
2,339
1, 859
629
24
847
432
1
. . . .
Females
3,225
274
291
223
354
956
663
304
111
43
747
848
54
69
6
480
605
415
1
Appendix 3
Kilmer Refugee Status Summary
(as of December 30, 1956)
Month
December
Date
1 Saturday .
2 Sunday. .
3 Monday .
4 Tuesday .
5 Wednesday
6 Thursday .
7 Friday . .
8 Saturday .
9 Sunday. .
10 Monday .
11 Tuesday .
12 Wednesday
13 Thursday.
14 Friday . .
15 Saturday .
16 Sunday. .
17 Mondav .
18 Tuesday .
19 Wednesday
20 Thursday.
21 Friday . .
22 Saturdav .
23 Sunday." .
24 Monday .
25 Tuesday .
26 Wednesday
27 Thursday.
28 Fridav . .
29 Saturday .
30 Sunday. .
#of
planes
arrived
2
3
3
4
4
3
o
4
5
8
7
15
7
12
5
17
o
6
5
11
12
8
22
9
13
9
8
7
#of
refugees
arrived
149
143
211
218
277
290
207
224
292
359
494
417
,025
466
694
330
, 101
124
416
313
709
740
517
, 406
597
870
596
473
491
#of
refugees
departed
90
90
57
108
1.56
62
97
223
144
384
161
163
239
55
202
117
256
365
400
519
341
229
169
282
186
316
823
575
542
445
Total
planes
arrived
13
13
15
18
21
25
29
32
35
39
44
52
69
74
81
93
98
115
117
123
128
139
151
159
181
190
203
212
220
227
Total
refugees
received
951
951
058
269
487
764
054
261
485
777
136
630
047
072
538
232
562
663
787
203
516
225
965
482
888
485
355
951
424
915
Total
refugees
departed
583
613
730
838
994
1, 056
1, 153
1, 376
1, 520
1,904
2, 065
2, 228
2,467
2, 522
2, 724
2, 841
3,097
3, 462
3,862
4, 381
4,722
4,951
4, 120
5, 402
5, 588
5, 904
6,727
7, 302
7,844
8,289
Total
refugees
on band
33
315
329
431
493
782
975
885
965
873
1,071
1, 402
580
2, 550
2,814
3, 391
3,465
4, 201
3, 925
3, 822
3, 794
4,274
4,845
5, 080
6, 300
6, 581
6,628
6,649
6,580
6,626
January 21, 1957
99
U.S.-lcelandic Defense Negotiations
DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
The Department of State announced on Decem-
ber 6 (press release 610) that the Governments
of the United States and of Iceland have agreed
that recent developments in world affairs and the
continuing threat to the security of Iceland and
the North Atlantic community call for the pres-
ence of defense forces in Iceland under the United
States-Iceland Defense Agreement of May 5, 1951,
and therefore that the discussions requested by the
Government of Iceland concerning the revision of
the agreement and the withdrawal of the defense
force should be discontinued.^
It has also been decided to set up a group for
high-level consultation between the two Goveni-
ments on matters affecting defense aiTangements.
In this manner it is hoped that future problems
can be reviewed and disposed of as they develop
and that the need for formal negotiations under
article VII of the agreement can be avoided.
The North Atlantic Council has been informed
of the foregoing and has welcomed the arrange-
ments which have been reached.
These agreements are embodied in two ex-
changes of notes in Keykjavik on December 6 be-
tween U.S. Ambassador John J. Muccio and the
Icelandic Minister of Foreign Aifairs, Gund-
mundur I. Gundmundsson. The substantive parts
of the two exchanges read as follows.
AGREEMENT ON DEFENSE NEGOTIATIONS
Becognizing the traditional principles expressed by the
Government of Iceland upon its adherence to the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization relating to the stationing
of forces in Iceland and the fact that final decision as to
the presence of the defense forces in Iceland rests witli
the Govcrnnieut of Iceland, the Governments of Iceland
and the United States have held discussions concerning
the revision of the Defense Agreement and the with-
drawal of the defense force and have reached an under-
standing that the recent development of the world affairs
and the continuing threat to the security of Iceland and
the Nortli Atlantic community call for the presence of
defense forces in Iceland under the Defense Agreement
and therefore decided :
1. That discussions concerning the revision of the De-
fense Agreement for the purpose of the withdrawal of
' F(ir background, see Bulletin of July 30, 1956, p. 192 ;
Aug. 20, 1956, p. 306 ; and Oct. 15, 1956, p. 580.
the Defense Force will be discontinued until notice is
given according to paragraph 2 below.
2. That the six-month period of notice provided for in
Article VII of the Defense Agreement will start to run
when either Government gives notice.
3. That a Standing Group will study defense needs in
the light of the development of world conditions and
make recommendations to the Governments how to meet
these problems.
AGREEMENT SETTING UP ICELAND DEFENSE
STANDING GROUP
An Iceland Defense Standing Group consisting of not
more than three senior representatives of each Govern-
ment will be constituted for the following purposes :
I. to consult from time to time as to the defense needs
of Iceland and the North Atlantic area, to consider ar-
rangements appropriate to meeting such needs, and, tak-
ing into account the general political and military situa-
tion, to make recommendations to the two governments ;
II. to make preparations ccmsistent with military
readiness for a broader participation by Icelandic na-
tionals in the performance of functions connected with
defense in.sofar as fpialitied personnel are available, and to
assure the establishment of training programs appropriate
to this purpose ;
III. to endeavor to resolve general problems of policy
with regard to the relations between the Icelandic people
and the Defense Force.
United States Loan to Iceland
Will Finance Imports
The International Cooperation Administration
announced on December 28 the conclusion of a $4
million loan to the Iceland Bank of Development
to finance essential general imports into Iceland.
The loan, which was requested in order to continue
Iceland's economic development program, is guar-
anteed by the Government of Iceland.
The loan, to be administered by the Export-
Import Bank of Washing-ton, will include some
$000,000 in Danish kroner and Dutch guilder
owned by the United States, chiefly as a residt of
prior years' sales of surplus U.S. agricidtural com-
modities to Denmark and to the Netherlands for
local currencies. The balance of about $3.4 mil-
lion will be in dollars.
Tlie loan is repayable in doHars at 3 ])ercent
interest, or in either Danish kroner, Dutch guilder,
or Icelandic krona at 4 percent interest. The term
of the loan is for 22 years, including a 2-year
grace period on principal repaymenls but with no
grace for interest payments.
100
Department oi State Bulletin
Funds for the dollar part of the loan will be
drawn from the Special Presidential Fund author-
ized by Congress for such use as the President
determines is important to the security of the
United States.
People of Eniwetok and Bikini
Compensated for Leaving Homes
The Office of the High Commissioner of the
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands at Guam
announced on November 25 that the people of
Eniwetok and Bikini have been compensated for
moving from their home islands in order to facili-
tate the atomic experiments of the United States
in the Western Pacific.^ The announcement
stated that formal settlement had been made with
the former residents of Bikini and Eniwetok, now
living at Kill and Ujelang respectively, whereby
they are being provided with trust funds and cash
amounting in all to half a million dollars, and
other considerations in addition. The settlement
marks the satisfactory culmination of U.S. efforts
to provide adequate compensation for the people
who left their familiar habitat for new homes on
other islands, in order to provide a testing ground
for atomic power.
Terms of the trust agreement amount to $300,-
000 for the Bikinians now located at Kill and
$150,000 for the people of Eniwetok now living
at Ujelang. Also, both groups have been given
land-use rights to their present island homes, plus
an additional $25,000 already delivered in cash to
each group, and other considerations. In return,
the United States is given land- use rights to Bikini
and Eniwetok.
The additional considerations include land-use
rights to certain small islands adjacent to their
present home in the case of the Kilians, and also a
50-foot boat which they will use in transporting
passengers and copra, the dried meat of the coco-
nut, between Kili Island and nearby Jaluit Atoll.
The High Commissioner, Delmas H. Nucker,
reported that he had conferred personally with
both the former Bikinians and the people of Eni-
wetok and that, in compliance with the wishes of
' Tlie aniioimcement was transmitted to the U.N. Secre-
tary-General by the U.S. Representative to the United
Nations on Dec. 14 and was circulated on Dec. 26 (U.N.
doc. T/129.5).
each group, the Trust Territory Government has
agreed to establish the respective trust fmids,
make the additional payments in cash, and give
other considerations. Word that all contracts
carrying out the terms of these agreements had
been formally signed by the people of Ujelang and
Kili, and the initial cash payments delivered, was
received at the High Commissioner's office at
Guam by dispatch from the Marshall Islands,
where a representative of the Trust Territory
Government had signed the papers on behalf of the
Trust Territory Administration.
The Trust Territory Administration for almost
10 years has been assisting the former Bikini and
Eniwetok residents to become established in their
new islands. During this period a subsistence and
education progi'am has been carried on to insure
their welfare and well-being.
"It is gratifying to be able to report that the
people of Kili and Ujelang were in total accord
with the terms of settlement,"' the High Commis-
sioner stated following his return from discussions
with the relocated families. "Their satisfaction
was demonstrated to me during our recent con-
ferences, both of which closed on assurances of
complete satisfaction."
The payments for land use by the United States
were a subject of discussion at the annual U.N".
Trusteeship Council hearings on trust territory
affairs in June 1956. The amicable settlement of
these Bikini and Eniwetok claims by mutual as-
.sent of all parties gives material proof of the
United States' fulfillment of its obligations in con-
nection with the Marshall Islands experiments. It
also marks a step forward in trust territory ad-
ministration.
World Bank Loans for Steel
Production in Japan and India
LOAN TO JAPAN
The World Bank on December 19 announced a
loan of $20 million to finance part of the cost of
constructing a modern strip mill at the Kawasaki
Steel Corporation's plant near Tokyo. The loan
was made to the Japan Development Bank, a gov-
ernment agency which supplies long-term credit
for industrial development in Japan and acts as
January 2J, 1957
101
an instrument for governmental guaranty of pri-
vate borrowing abroad. The Development Bank
will I'elend the proceeds of the loan to the privately
owned Kawasaki Corporation.
The First National City Bank of New York is
participating in the loan, witliout the World
Bank's guaranty, to the extent of $1,252,000, rep-
resenting the first two maturities falling due in
May and November 1960.
The rapid industrial growth that Japan is now
exi>eriencing has created a shortage of iron and
steel, and increased output of tliese products is es-
sential to meet domestic demand. Furthermore,
tlie steel industry supplies materials for exported
products such as machinery and transportation
equipment, which are an important factor in
Japan's foreign excliange earnings.
Kawasaki, formerly a division of the Kawasaki
Dockyard Company, has been producing steel
since 1918. It is now one of tlie largest steel pro-
ducers in Japan. Until recently it had no blast
furnaces and its steel production was based almost
entirely on purchased scrap; its principal prod-
ucts were ship plate and steel sheet. In 1950 it
became a separate company and undertook iron-
making and the expansion of its steel works to en-
able it to become a fully integrated producer.
Space for such expansion was not available at its
main works in Kobe, and the company decided to
locate its new plant at Chiba on Tokyo Bay, where
it would have ready access to the country's prin-
cipal industrial area.
The first stage of construction at Chiba was
completed in 1954 ; it consisted of a blast furnace,
open hearth furnaces, and a high-capacity slab-
bing mill. The second stage, now to be undertaken
with the assistance of the bank loan, will be the
construction at Chiba of finisliing facilities, con-
sisting of semicontinuous hot and cold strip mills.
LOAN TO INDIA
The World Bank on December 20 announced a
loan equivalent to $20 million in various curren-
cies for the expansion of steel production in India.
The loan was made to the Indian Iron and Steel
Company, Ltd. (Iisco), a privately owned Indian
company whose steel works are situated at Burn-
pur in West Bengal. The loan will help to finance
additional rolling capacity so that Iisco will be
able to increase its output of semifinished and fin-
ished steel to 800,000 tons annually. Iisco is
India's second largest steel producer, and the out-
put of its plant accounts for about a third of
India's present steel production.
The emi^hasis in India's second Five- Year Plan
is on the expansion of industry and transport, and
tlie development of iron and steel production is
tlie outstanding feature of tlie industrial program.
India is in a particularly good position to produce
steel. An abundance of conveniently located raw
material — iron ore, coal, manganese, and lime-
stone — and a plentiful supply of labor enable it to
produce steel at costs as low as any in the world.
The bank has now lent a total equivalent to
$126.5 million to increase iron and steel produc-
tion in India. This is the second loan to Iisco;
the first, $31.5 million, was made in December
1952. The other steel loan, $75 million, was made
to the Tata Iron and Steel Company, Ltd., in June
1956. The loans are assisting in expansion pro-
grams which will enable the two private com-
panies to produce 2.3 million tons of finished steel
annually. In addition the Government is building
three plants which will have a total production of
2.2 million tons annually. The combined output
of the two companies and the Government plants
is the target for Indian steel production to be
achieved by 1961 under the second Five- Year
Plan.
Surplus Commodity Agreement
Signed With Brazil
Press release 640 dated December 31
The United States and Brazil on December 31
sifnied an aoreement authorizing the sale to Brazil
through private U.S. traders of wheat, edible oils,
lard, and dairy products to a total value of $138,-
700,000, including ocean freight. These sales are
being made under authority and provisions of the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance
Act of 1954, as amended. The agreement was
signed in the office of Secretary of Agriculture
Ezra T. Benson by Ernani do Amaral Peixoto,
Brazilian Ambassador to the United States, and
by Acting Deputy Under Secretary of State for
Economic Affairs Thorsten V. Kalijarvi.
The agreement provides that payment for the
commodities under the sales program will be made
in Brazilian currency. A part of tlie currency
accruing will be earmarked for loans designed to
102
Department of State Bulletin
contribute to Brazil's economic development and
will be payable in dollars or Brazilian currency
under the terms of a supplemental loan agreement.
The balance will be reserved for the use of the
United States in Brazil.
Support for Bolivian Economic
Stabilization Program
ICA ANNOUNCEMENT
The International Cooperation Administration
annoimced on December 14 that, in its bilateral
program with Bolivia, Ica is making available $10
million to assist in the Bolivian Government's
stabilization program. Further support for this
program is being provided by means of a standby
arrangement of $7.5 million with the International
Monetary Fund and an exchange agreement for
$7.5 million with the United States Treasury.
Monetary stabilization is part of a long-range
program for bringing about a balance in Bolivia's
overall economic position. The program has been
prepared by the Bolivian National JNIonetary Sta-
bilization Council, headed by Bolivia's President,
Hernan Siles Zuazo, aided by three U.S. financial
advisers and in consultation with a recent Inter-
national Monetary Fund mission to Bolivia.
In view of the gravity of the present economic
situation, the Bolivian Government has under-
taken a comprehensive economic stabilization pro-
gram, including a fundamental reform of the ex-
change system as well as comprehensive internal
stabilization measures. Bolivia will institute
sources of new revenue through increased taxes
and will put into effect a tariff reform and a reduc-
tion of the expenditures of the Government and
autonomous agencies.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
The Treasury Department announced on De-
cember 14 that Under Secretary of the Treasury
W. Efindolph Burgess, the Bolivian Ambassador.
Victor Andrade, and the President of the Central
Bank of Bolivia, Franklin Antezana Paz, have
signed an exchange agreement designed to sup-
port a comprehensive Bolivian program for abol-
ishing trade and exchange controls and attaining
increased economic stability.
The Bolivian Government proposes to introduce
a free exchange market in which the value of its
currency unit, the boliviano, will be determined by
basic supply and demand forces; it proposes to
discontinue all foreign-exchange and import con-
trols. The Bolivian authorities will operate a
stabilization fund to minimize exchange rate fluc-
tuations arising from temporary or erratic influ-
ences but not to resist fundamental changes dic-
tated by market forces.
The Bolivian Government has announced sup-
porting domestic measures including increased
taxes, strict control of bank credit, and reduction
of expenditures bj^ the Government and govern-
mental agencies.
In connection with these economic reforms the
Bolivian authorities have entered into a standby
arrangement with the International Monetary
Fund. Further important support for the Boli-
vian stabilization effort will be provided by the
International Cooperation Administration, which
has arranged to allocate a specific portion of U.S.
aid to Bolivia for direct support of the Bolivian
stabilization effort.
The Treasury Exchange Agreement supple-
ments these arrangements. It provides that the
Bolivian authorities may request the U.S. Ex-
change Stabilization Fund to purchase bolivianos
up to an amount equivalent to $7.5 million, should
the occasion for such purchase arise. Bolivia
would subsequently repurchase for dollars any
bolivianos so acquired by the Treasury.
MONETARY FUND ANNOUNCEMENT
The International Monetary Fund announced
on December 14 that the Government of Bolivia
has consulted the fund i-egarding a comprehensive
economic stabilization program which is being
put into effect on December 15, 1956.
It provides for a fundamental reform of the
exchange system and procedui-es for exchange
stabilization. Major adjustments will be made
in the fields of taxes, tariffs, Government expendi-
tures, wages, and social security. Price controls
will be I'emoved and measures will be adopted to
eliminate the deficits of the principal Govern-
ment-owned enterprises.
Bolivia's new exchange system will be based on
January 21, 1957
103
a unified, fluctuating excliange rate, in place of
the complex multiple rates that previously ex-
isted. Trade and exchange restrictions are being
removed. The Central Bank of Bolivia intends
to permit the boliviano to find an appropriate
level in a free market as quickly as possible. The
Bolivian authorities intend to intervene in the
market whenever necessary to avoid excessive
variations arising from temporary factore.
To support Bolivia's stabilization efforts the
fund has agreed to a 1-year standby arrangement
under which Bolivia may purchase foreign cur-
rencies from the fund equivalent to U.S.$7.5
million. The fund is informed that Bolivia has
also concluded an exchange agreement for $7.5
million with the United States Treasury and an
arrangement with the International Cooperation
Administration of the United States which makes
available $10 million for the same purpose.
The fmid expects to remain in close touch with
the Bolivian authorities during the period of its
standby agreement.
Eximbank Loan to Nicaragua
for I liter- American Highway
A loan of $2 million to assist Nicaragua in com-
pleting its section of the Inter- American Highway
in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Public
Roads was announced on December 27 by Lynn U.
Stambaugh, first vice president of the Export-Ira-
port Bank.
The loan will aid Nicaragua in building 107
miles of the Inter-American Highway across that
country from Honduras to Costa Eica. The high-
way will extend 1,.590 miles from the Texas border
through Central American countries to Panama
City. The Central American portion is being
built by U.S. grants for two-thirds of the cost, each
country paying one-third of the total.
Eximbank authorized a $9.,5 million loan to
Costa Rica in 1955 to complete the Inter- American
Highway across that country by 1958.^ The
Nicaraguan project will be completed about July
1959, barring contingencies.
At the jiresent time 135 miles of the highway
liave been built in Nicaragua, from Sebaco, 65
miles northeast of Managua, to Rivas, 70 miles
' Bulletin of Nov. 28, 1955, p. 898.
104
southeast of Managua. This section of the high-
way also was assisted by a $2 million Eximbank
loan, made in 1951, which has been repaid.
The new project calls for construction and com-
pletion of 85 miles of highway between Sebaco
and El Espino on the Honduran border and 22
miles of highway betAveen Rivas and Penas
Blancas on the Costa Rican border.
Improvement of the section of the highway from
Sebaco to El Espino is expected to stimulate the
marketing of high-altitude coffee and to some ex-
tent lumbering, as well as to encourage through
commercial traffic from Honduras. Improvement
at the southern end of the highway, between Rivas
and Penas Blancas, is expected to develop and
expedite traffic between the port of San Juan del
Sur and the Managua area, assist the development
of cattle ranching in this section of Nicaragua, and
facilitate tlirough traffic to Costa Rica.
For both these sections, permanent surfacing
of the road is expected to alleviate substantially
maintenance problems of the present gravel road,
which is badly damaged by the pounding taken
during the rainy season from November through
May.
Nicaragua's economy has achieved a satisfactory
position during the last 6 years. A combination
of favorable export prices for coft'ee and other
goods and of sounder economic policies has re-
sulted in substantial development of the country
accompanied by a relatively stable internal and ex-
ternal financial position. Increases in internal
investment have been mostly in the private sec-
tor of the economy, assisted bj' government credits
to enable expanded investment in agi'iculture.
Total cost of completing the Inter-American
Highway in Nicaragua is estimated at $8.5 million
and will be met as follows :
U.S. grant $5.7 million
Nicaragua's share 2.8 "
EXIMBANK loan 2.0
Provided by Nicaragua 8 "
Existing administrative arrangements provide
that the Government of Nicai-agua will disburse
loan funds under the supervision and fiscal con-
trol of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads for con-
struction, engineering, and incidental expenses re-
quired for the project.
The loan will be repaid in semiannual install-
ments over a 15-year period, commencing not later
than August 1, 1959.
Deparimenf of Stale Bullelin
President Postpones Action
on Tariff on Cotton Velveteen
White House press release dated December 21
The President on December 21 informed the
chairmen of the Senate Finance and House Ways
and Means Committees that he was extendmg the
period of his consideration of the escape-clause
case relating to the tariff on imports of cotton
velveteen fabrics.
In its report on this case, dated October 24,
1956, the U.S. Tariff Commission recommended
an increase in the duty on such imports. In
identical letters to the chairmen of the two com-
mittees, the President said, "The Tariff Commis-
sion's report is imder intensive consideration in
the Executive Branch. Because of the nature
of the issues involved, however, it is now ap-
parent that these studies will require more
time than is usually necessary in these matters."
The President said he was extending the period
of his consideration "somewhat beyond the cus-
tomai-y sixty-day period which in this case expires
December 24, 1956."
President's Letter to Chairmen of Congressional
Committees '
December 21, 1956
Dear Mr. Chairman : On October 24, 1956, the
United States Tariff Commission, pursuant to Sec-
tion 7 of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of
1951, as amended, submitted to me a report of its
findings and recommendations with respect to im-
ports of cotton velveteen fabrics.
The Tariff Commission's report is under inten-
sive consideration in the Executive Branch. Be-
cause of the nature of the issues involved, how-
ever, it is now apparent that these studies will
require more time than is usually necessary in
these matters.
I am, therefore, extending the period of my
consideration of the Tariff Commission's report
somewhat beyond the customaiy sixty-day period
■which in this case expires December 24, 1956.
This letter is to notify you, in conformance with
the provisions of the law, why I shall not take
action within that period.
Sincerely,
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND CONFERENCES
U.S. To Advance Funds
for Clearing Suez Canal
n.S./U.N. press release 2575 dated January 3
Following is the text of a note sent on January 2
hy the Representative of the United States of
America to the Secretary-General of the United
Nations dealing with the question of advancing
funds to defray the expenses of Suez Canal
clearance.
The Kepresentative of the United States of
America to the United Nations presents his compli-
ments to the Secretary General of the United Na-
tions and has the honor to refer to his note dated
December 25, 1956,^ regarding advances of funds to
defray the expense of initial work in clearing the
Suez Canal.
The Government of the United States is deeply
interested in the reopening of the Canal as a mat-
ter of urgency in order to contribute to the preser-
vation of peace, the strengthening of the economies
of Members of the United Nations, and the free
flow of international commerce.
The Government of the United States is pre-
pared to advance, in accordance with terms and
arrangements to be worked out with the Secretary
General, funds up to the amount of five million
dollars in response to the Secretary General's
appeal for advances to assure the payment of
expenses involved in the initial work of clearing
the Canal.^ It is the understanding of the Govern-
ment of the United States that the Secretary Gen-
eral is seeking to obtain a maximum of advances
on the same basis from the Governments of other
United Nations Members, and that the Govern-
ment of Egypt has given its assurance that the
United Nations will have the full cooperation of
that Government in the execution of its part in the
Canal clearing operations.
' Addressed to Harry Flood Byrd, chairman of the
Senate Committee on Finance, and Jere Cooper, chairman
of the House Ways and Means Committee.
' Not printed.
"On Jan. 8 the United States advanced $5 million for
this purpose, to be transferred to the International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development as fiscal agent of the
United Nations (U.S./U.N. press release 2578).
ianva^i 27, 1957
105
The Government of the United States has noted
the offer from the Secretary General to provide
further information concerning the matter of
advance of funds, and will wish to confer with the
Secretary General on the terms and arrangements
to be made regarding an advance by the United
States.
Treatment of Minorities in Egypt
Statement hy James J. Wadsworth
U.S. Representative to the General Assembly ^
The United States has received information
concerning the treatment of certain nationals and
stateless persons in Egypt which occasions con-
cern. It has not yet been possible to evaluate this
information fully. Nor has it been possible to
obtain a clarification of some aspects of the situa-
tion wliich are still obscure.
The information which is presently available to
the United States indicates that an indeterminate
number of persons, including British and French
nationals and persons of Jewish origin in Egypt,
have been subjected to pressure and intimidation
and, in some instances, have been ordered de-
ported. While recognizing the right of any gov-
ernment to take measures which are necessary in
the interests of its security, the United States must
express its concern at any unwarranted pressures
exerted against a minority. The United States
Ambassador in Cairo has been requested to bring
to the attention of the Government of Egypt the
concern of the American people over these reports.
The United States hopes that everything pos-
sible will be done to insure that measures will not
be employed which will discriminate unjustly
against human beings merely because of racial or
religious grounds or on the basis of foreign na-
tionality.
Finally, Mr. President, may I suggest that the
matter we are now discussing is not one which is
likely to benefit from prolonged discussion here.
Certainly it will not benefit from any intemperate
discussion. That is why, without in any way
wanting to cut off the speakers that follow me, I
would suggest that we bring this phase of the dis-
cussion to an early end.
Assembly Approves Union of
British Togoland With Gold Coast
Following are texts of statements made by Frank
C. Nash, U.S. representative to the General Assem-
bly, during the debate in Committee lY (Trustee-
ship) and in plenary on the future of British Togo-
land, together with the Assembly's resolution on
the subject.
STATEMENT IN COMMITTEE IV
If the recommendation of the Trusteeship Coun-
cil is endorsed by the General Assembly, as we
earnestly hope it will be, the action will mark the
end of nearly half a century of international tute-
lage over the peoples of British Togoland. It will
be a heretofore unprecedented action, and we must
therefore be sure that the United Nations, for its
part, will be acting responsibly and in accord with
the principles, goals, and objectives of its charter.
We of this Committee are asked, in effect, to
agree with the Administering Authority and the
Trusteeship Council that it is the will and desire
of the people of British Togoland that the trust
agreement should be terminated in favor of inte-
gration with a soon to become independent Gold
Coast. We are assured that this is the desire of
the majority of the people of British Togoland by
the United Nations Plebiscite Commissioner, who
has informed us that the plebiscite was held in an
atmosphere of freedom, impartiality, and fairness.
We have followed with close attention the very
clear and effective presentations made by the vari-
ous oral petitioners for their respective pomts of
view. Let me say, first of all, that we were very
favorably impressed with the ability and talent as
well as the moderation and restraint shown by the
petitioners, all of which augurs well for the politi-
cal leadership of this part of West Africa.
After weighing the pros and cons, the United
States delegation feels that the recommendation
of the Trusteeship Council is the right one, and
we are pre^^ared to vote for any resolution which
invites the Administering Authority to take the
remaining steps necessary to give effect to the will
of the Togolese people. In doing so, we are fully
aware that some of the people of British Togoland
would have preferred some delay and that others
'Made in plenary session on Dec. 21 (U.S. delegation
press release 2572).
106
' Made on Nov. 28 (U. S. delegation press release 2530).
Department of State Bulletin
would have preferred a different coui'se of action.
But we believe that this minority, for many of
whose views we have sympathy and respect, will
understand that democratic processes require ac-
ceptance of majority decisions and that they will
yield graciously to this representative principle.
We are the more ready to support this view be-
cause we have full confidence that the Gold Coast
Government, under tlie able and distinguished
leadership of Prime Minister Nkrumah, will give
every consideration to the interests and welfare
of all the people of Togoland.
Mr. Chairman, in this action we are taking one
of the most significant steps in the history of the
United Nations. It is a step which fulfills the
promise of freedom and justice which was under-
taken in 1918 when the principle of international
tutelage was first enunciated. Before that time, it
was the practice that victors in war were en-
titled to annex the territorial spoils of war and
that colonies would pass from one rule to another
as if they were mere chattels or pawns on an in-
ternational chessboard. I am proud to say that
it was an American statesman. President Wood-
row Wilson, who strongly enunciated the novel
doctrine that, in adjusting colonial claims, "the
interests of the population concerned must have
equal weight with the equitable claims of the gov-
ernment whose title is to be determined." This
principle led to the foundation of the mandates
system, which later developed into the present
trusteeship system. Tlie effects of this principle
of international responsibility have had repercus-
sions far beyond the trust territories to which they
had immediate application. Never again will the
conscience of the free world permit the weaker
peoples and smaller nations to be treated as if
they were the mere tools and pawns of the more
powerful.
Mr. Chairman, our decision with respect to
British Togoland, taken at a time when the light
of freedom is once again being smothered in cer-
tain other parts of the world, is an occasion for
renewed confidence and dedication. Freedom,
dignity, and equality are inalienable rights which
all men are created to enjoy. The suppression of
these rights anywhere is an ignoble act which has
the inevitable effect of reducing, in some degree,
the freedom of all men everywhere.
First of all, we of the United States delegation
wish to congi-atulate the people of British Togo-
land, who have been freely granted the right to
choose their destiny and have cast their lot with
their independent neighbors and friends of the
Gold Coast.
Secondly, we wish to pay tribute to the Admin-
istering Authority, the United Kingdom, which
has proved once again that, wherever their influ-
ence and administration have extended, people
have been taught to respect the principles of
democratic or parliamentary government, free-
dom of speech and assembly, respect for minority
rights, judicial procedures, and other basic con-
cepts of self-government. The United Kingdom
has discharged its trust well and fully deserves
the approbation of the United Nations for a task
excellently accomplished.
Next, we would like to congratulate the Gov-
ernment and the people of the Gold Coast — soon
to be called Ghana — who have set an example of
right conduct between the stronger and the less
strong. Had they followed the unliappy example
of some nations, they might have attempted to
take coercive steps to assimilate these neighboring
people in British Togoland. But instead they
have fully respected the rights of their neighbors
and have trusted to persuasion and example to
bring about a freely chosen cooperative relation-
ship.
Finally, we wish to pay tribute to the United
Nations, without at the same time forgetting the
pioneering efforts of the League of Nations, for
having carried out faithfully and effectively the
difficult task of international supervision over this
territory for nearly half a century, for having
offered advice and assistance to the Administering
Authority, for having carefully examined any
grievances advanced by the inhabitants of Togo-
land, for having sent periodic visiting missions
to the territory, and, finally, for having set
up the heretofore imprecedented plebiscite super-
vision under the competent direction of Senor
Espinosa ^ and thus paved the way for the final
action which we are now about to take.
Mr. Chairman, there are many difficult prob-
lems before the United Nations, and we have grave
and sufficient reasons for anxiety and discourage-
ment. But in consummating these final steps to-
ward the freedom and independence of the people
of Togoland we have every reason to hope for the
future. We believe that this event will have
'Eduardo Espinosa y Prieto of Mexico.
January 27, 7957
107
salutary eifects throughout the whole non-self-
governing world, and we hope that it will serve
as an example of the orderly and peaceful way
by which a formerly colonial territorj' can attain
self-government or independence.
STATEMENT IN PLENARY SESSION 3
The vote which we are about to take is unique
in the annals of the United Nations. "We are for
the first time taking the final action by which a
trust territory will achieve the status of independ-
ence — in this case by a freely chosen integration
with a neighboring country which is about to
achieve its own independence. Although this As-
sembly is directly concerned only with the trust
territory of British Togoland, its indirect interest
and concern with the new forthcoming State of
Ghana is very great. Ghana, we hope, will be one
of the new members of the United Nations in the
near future.
This action, Mr. President, is significant in the
view of my delegation because it marks the first
termination of a trusteeship agreement, one which
in one form or another has existed for nearly half
a century. We are thus bringing to an end a trus-
teeship and replacing it by independence. The
role of the United Nations in this development
has, in our opinion, been most significant, and in
particular we wish to pay tribute to the expert
work and indefatigable energy of Senor Espinosa
as the agent of this United Nations in supervising
the plebiscite by which the people of British Togo-
land freely chose to join the new State of Ghana.
The United States, Mr. President, will vote in
favor of terminating the trusteeship agreement
and integrating British Togoland with the new
State of Ghana because this is the free choice of
the people of British Togoland. This body must,
in our opinion, affirm and reaffirm the right of the
people in any part of the world to make such a
free choice.
Unfortunately, another type of imperialism has
emerged in certain areas which has had the effect
of suppressing former independent societies and
peoples and subjugating them to a cruel and heart-
less form of alien rule. We have been struggling
with such a situation in these Assembly halls dur-
ing the past several weeks. It is one of the strik-
"Made on Dec. 13 (U. S. delegation press release 2555).
ing paradoxes of our time that, just as the old
colonialism is giving way, a new and worse form
of imperialism is being imposed upon people who
deserve a better way of life.
Mr. President, I cannot conclude these remarks
without saying a word about the opinion of my
delegation concerning the magnificent accom-
plishments of the Administering Authority, the
United Kingdom, with the supervision of the
trusteeship system. We have seen with our own
eyes how the Administering Authority has
brought a knowledge not only of modern medi-
cine, education, and government administration
but has instilled in the people under its charge
knowledge and experience in truly democratic gov-
ernment, honesty in administration, impartial
judicial procedures, respect for minority rights,
and many other principles and practices which
form the basis for trulj' self-governing institu-
tions. In fact, it is not too much to say that,
wherever the influence of the United Kingdom has
extended, whether in my own country or those in
Africa or elsewhere, they have through that in-
fluence reflected these principles which have be-
come enshrined as the rule of law and practice in
those countries.
And now in welcoming — as we hope the action
being taken today by this General Assembly will
welcome — Togoland and the new State of Ghana
in a day not too distant in the futui-e we hope,
my delegation would like to pay tribute to Prime
Minister Nkrumah and his colleagues for the way
in which they have facilitated the good relations
between the Togolese people and the present Gold
Coast. We would, however, Mr. President, also
like to utter one note of caution. It has been
evident, from the words of cei-tain of the oral
petitioners from this area of Africa to which I
have been listening during the past weeks in the
Fourth Committee, that there are some West Af-
ricans who are somewhat dissatisfied with the de-
cision of the General Assembly. One of these
dissident groups seeks a federal form of govern-
ment in Ghana; another seeks a form of inde-
pendence for both British and French Togoland.
We would strongly urge these groups to accept
the principle that political maturity seeks to
achieve political change by peaceful means and to
operate on the democratic premise that minorities
should yield to majorities as long as there is a
complete freedom for the minorities to seek to be-
come in the majority.
108
Department of State Bulletin
We. are confident, Mr. President, as I conclude
these remarks, that the soon to be independent
people of the new State of Ghana, including the
people of British Togoland, will prove themselves
to be responsible, progressive, and politically ma-
ture and thus play a major role as a strong, free,
and democratic state which can be an example for
the entire world.
TEXT OF RESOLUTION'
U.X. doc. A/Res/425
The General Assembly,
RecaUing that, by resolution {M4 (X) of 15 December
1955,' it recommended, in pursuance of Article 76 b of the
Cliarter of the United Nations, that a plebiscite be organ-
ized and conducted in the Trust Territory of Togoland
under British administration by the Administering Au-
thority in consultation with and under the supervision of
a United Nations Plebiscite Commissioner, in order to
ascertain the wishes of its inhabitants in regard to the
union of their Territory with an independent Gold Coast
or otherwise,
Having received the report of the United Nations Plebi-
scite Commissioner ' on the organization, conduct and re-
sults of the plebiscite and having noted, in particular, the
conclusion contained in the report that the plebiscite was
held in an atmosphere of freedom, impartiality and fair-
ness.
Having also received the report of the United Kingdom
Plebiscite Administrator,'
Xoting that the majority of the inhabitants of the Trust
Territory participating in the plebiscite have expressed
themselves in favour of the union of the Territory with
an independent Gold Coast,
Noting also the recommendation of the Trusteeship
Council in its resolution 1496 (XVIII) of 31 July 1956
that appropriate steps be taken, in consultation with the
Administering Authority, for the termination of the Trus-
teeship A.greement for the Territory to become effective
upon the attainment of independence by the Gold Coast,
Having been informed by the Administering Authority
that it is the intention of the United Kingdom Government
that the Gold Coast shall become independent on 6 March
1957,
1. Expresses its approval of the union of the Territory
of Togoland under British administration with an inde-
pendent Gold Coast and accordingly invites the Adminis-
* Adopted on Dec. 13 by a vote of 63 to 0, with 9 ab-
stentions.
' BtTLLETiN of Jan. 16. 1956, p. 102.
* A/3173 and Add.l.
' Official Records of the Trusteeship Council, Eight-
eenth Session, Annexes, agenda item 12, doc. T/1269
and Add.l.
tering Authority to take such steps as are necessary to
this end ;
2. Resolves, with the agreement of the Administering
Authority, that, on the date on which the Gold Coast
becomes independent and the union with it of the Territory
of Togoland under British administration takes place, the
Trusteeship Agreement approved by the General Assembly
in its resolution 63 (I) of 13 December 1946 shall cease to
be in force, the objectives of trusteeship having been
attained ;
3. Requests the Government of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland to notify the Secre-
tary-General as soon as the union of the Territory of
Togoland under British administration with an independ-
ent Gold Coast has been effected ;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to communicate to
all Jlembers of the United Nations and to the Trusteeship
Council at its nineteenth session the notification by the
Government of the United Kingdom referred to in para-
graph 3 above.
U.S. Delegations to
International Conferences
ICEM Executive Committee
The Department of State announced on Janu-
ary 4 (press release 4) that Scott McLeod, Admin-
istrator of the Bureau of Security and Consular
Affairs, will represent the United States at a spe-
cial meeting of the Executive Committee of the
Intergovernmental Committee for European Mi-
gration (Icem) to be held at Geneva, Switzer-
land, beginning on January 14, 1957. The meet-
ing, called to consider the problems of moving
Himgarian refugees in 1957, will follow a meeting
of the five-nation working group of Australia,
Brazil, Italy, Netherlands, and the United States
which has been called for January 8 to consider
the financing of refugee movements.
With funds supplied by 27 member govern-
ments, Icem in 1956 organized the transportation
of over 89,000 Hungarian refugees from Austria
and will continue tliis service in 1957.
ISIr. McLeod will be accompanied by George L.
Warren, Adviser on Kefugees, Department of
State.
On the initiative of the United States, Icem was
established in 1951 to help relocate Europe's sur-
plus manpower and refugees. The principal
places of relocation providing new homelands and
jobs are in Australia, Canada, Latin America, and
the United States.
fanuary 2 J, 7957
109
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
Allowances for American Overseas Personnel
hy Joseph W. Lethco ^
Each American company having personnel on
duty in foreign areas has its own personnel policy,
and any nonsalary benefits provided for those em-
ployees must fit the pattern established in the over-
all personnel operation. It would be presump-
tuous of me to expect that my remarks in this
meeting will provide, or lead to, solution of a
specific type of problem for all companies repre-
sented or a general solution to all allowance prob-
lems of one company.
"Wliat I should like to do is to discuss some of the
allowances available to employees of the Depart-
ment of State assigned to foreign areas and the
reasons why each allowance is necessary. Time is
too limited to permit any discussion of general
personnel policies or some of the fringe, nonallow-
ance benefits that may be available. The allow-
ances to be explained are available to employees
of other United States Government agencies, with
a few exceptions.
To understand the concept and administration
of the various allowances it is necessary to bear in
mind the group of employees eligible to receive
them. In addition to being an employee of the
United States Government, the recipient of an
allowance must be an American citizen and a
civilian, and must be stationed in a foreign area.
At present there are about 30,000 such employees.
Excluded are employees of American contractors
on Government jobs, alien employees, the Govern-
ment employees in United States territories and
possessions, and military personnel (who, of
course, have a separate allowance system) .
* Address made before the National Foreign Trade Con-
vention at New York, N.Y., on Nov. 26. Mr. Lethco is
Assistant Chief, Allowances Division, Office of Personnel.
Another fact fundamental to our allowance
system is that an employee's salary while on for-
eign duty is the same as in the United States.
There is no increase in salary provided for the
man going overseas and, conversely, no reduction
on return to the United States. Most of the allow-
ances provided are for the purpose of offsetting
costs incident to the overseas assignment.
Another important factor is the mobility of
Government service in foreign areas. The result
of frequent moving is additional expense to the
Government and to the employee.
For the purposes of this discussion. Govern-
ment allowances may be grouped into three
categories :
(1) those necessary to cover costs of moving
the employee and his family from one post of as-
signment to another ;
(2) those payments needed to cover job-con-
nected expenses; and
(3) allowances related to the post of assignment.
Costs of Changing Posts
The move from one post to another forces cer-
tain indirect costs on the employee, but the Govern-
ment assumes most of the direct expenses. The
transportation of the employee and his family are
paid, and in lieu of actual expenses for subsistence
a fixed rate of per diem is paid to the employee for
himself and each member of his family. Travel
per diem stops upon arrival at the post of assign-
ment.
The employee's effects are packed and shipped
at Government expense within certain weight
110
Department of State Bulletin
limits, the maximum varying from 4,000 pounds
gross for the low-paid employee having no family
to 18,000 pounds for the high-salaried employee
with family. If an employee cannot use his ef-
fects at the new post — for example, if he is to
occupy Government-owned and -furnished quar-
ters — the unused effects may be stored in lieu of
shipment. There is provision, also, for storing of
effects in an emergency, such as civil disturbances,
acts of nature, and so on, and for a maximum of 3
months at a new post while the employee is locat-
ing a place to live.
Some of the more or less indirect costs incurred
by an employee in the course of a transfer are not
offset by the transportation, shipping, and storage
provisions. In a change of residence there will
be the cost of changing certain pieces of furniture
that do not fit the new house or apartment, the
insurance on goods shipped (the Government does
not insure them against damage or loss) , and many
other minor expenses. If the old post and the
new are in different climates, a partial change of
wardrobe may be necessary. The Department off-
sets part of these indirect costs through payment
of a transfer allowance varying in amounts from
$100 paid to the single employee transferring be-
tween posts in the same climatic zone to $400 for
the employee with wife and children who moves
into a different climatic zone. The transfer al-
lowance is payable on transfer to Washington
from a foreign post. In all cases, it is a one-time,
lump-sum payment.
Job-Related Costs
There are two payments available to the em-
ployee for expenses directly related to his assign-
ment : the representation allowance and the official
residence allotment. I will touch very briefly on
those because they are not of primary interest to
this group. The representation allowance is to
defray costs of official entertaining, purchase of
suitable tokens for presentation on appropriate
occasions, et cetera. In short, it is to reimburse
employees for necessary expenses incurred in pro-
moting the interests of the United States and is
limited to funds appropriated specificallj' for rep-
iresentation purposes.
The chief of mission, his deputy, and occasion-
ally other high-ranking representatives of the
lUnited States at a foreign post must maintain res-
lidences suitable to their official stations and
thereby incur costs beyond what they would have
in another capacity at the post. The additional
costs may be repaid to them by the Department
from the Official Residence Expenses allotment.
Allowances Based on Post of Assignment
Let us now turn to the benefits needed for the
employee because of the post to which he is as-
signed. The first of these, known as the hurdship
differential, is not related to cost but to environ-
mental conditions and can be covered very briefly.
The hardship differential is additional salary
paid to employees assigned to posts involving
extraordinarily difficult living conditions, ex-
cessive physical hardship, or notably unhealthf ul
conditions. These payments are based upon liv-
ing conditions, not on living costs. Examples of
difficult living conditions might be a local popu-
lation that is extremely anti-American, or lack of
recreational facilities or places of interest. Phys-
ical hardship might result from wholly inadequate
housing, extremely hot or cold climate or excessive
humidity, limited variety of foods available, or no
running water and electricity. Notably unhealth-
ful conditions are self-explanatory.
Hardship must exist to a relatively liigli degree
at a post before a differential is payable; less than
one-third of the posts now established cari-y a dif-
ferential payment for the employee. Employees
are expected to overlook considerable hardship as
part of the self-sacrifice necessarily involved in
overseas service. The rates of additional payment
are 10, 15, 20, or 25 percent of base pay, the latter
being the legal limit. This compensation for serv-
ice at a hardship post may appear, at first glance,
to be added money in the bank. However, expe-
rience has shown that the additional money is
spent to help offset the conditions at the post or to
take frequent vacation trips to resort or rest
areas. The employee may buy air-conditioners if
the climate is very hot and humid. Following or
during a tour of duty at an unhealthful post
tliere may be large medical costs on behalf of
members of liis family. There are many uses for
the salary differential other than the savings bank.
Allowances and Post Cost Levels
Let us now focus attention on those allowances
that are directly related to the maintenance costs
for the employee and his family at a post. From
the standpoint of both the employee and the ex-
lanuary 21, 1957
111
penditure of Government funds the most impor-
tant of these is the quarters allowance.
Quarters Allowance. By law the Government is
required to furnisli the employee in foreign areas
free housing in the form of Government-owned
or -rented quarters, including heat, light, and fuel,
or pay him an allowance in lieu thereof. For
most employees, the quarters allowance represents
the only financial inducement for foreigii service.
All other allowances merely offset costs incurred
because of foreign assignments. With his housing
costs at the post being paid, he has, in effect, a
bonus equivalent to the amount he would spend
for housing while serving in Washington.
The maximum rates for a post are based on the
actual costs incurred by all employees at a post
and vary, for the individual, by grade and family
status. The employee receives only the amount
he actually spends for rent, heat, light, and fuel
up to the maximmn and pays from his own pocket
any amount by which his costs exceed the maxi-
mum for his grade and family status. The maxi-
mums are adjusted as cost reports for all per-
sonnel at a post indicate that an adjustment is
warranted but are seldom set high enough to give
complete coverage of all costs of all personnel
at the post. We believe that there may be a tend-
ency for the individual receiving the allowance
to be less careful with turning off lights, holding
heating costs down, and so on, than he would be if
he were paying the bills. Therefore, we consider
that reimbursement of 85 to 90 percent of expendi-
tures is adequate. As a general policy, the maxi-
mums are set at levels that will provide that per-
centage of reimbursement to a majority of person-
nel at the post.
Several American firms have obtained the quar-
ters classifications of posts on a continuing basis.
We hojoe that they have been useful. Anyone
utilizing our quarters classifications should check
with us as to the representativeness of the class.
In certain posts where the Government staff re-
porting costs is very small the level may not be
truly indicative of the average rent level. There
are also a number of posts where all United States
employees, or the majority of them, reside in
Government-owned or -leased quarters, and as a
result the quarters classification is either nominal
or not indicative of average costs.
Temporary Lodging. When the employee ar-
rives at a post, he spends some time locating and
renting a liouse or apartment, and his furniture
may not arrive untU later. During this time he
and his dependents, if any, usually live in a hotel,
with room costs that exceed what the quarters
allowance would be if he were paid that allow-
ance. During that time, instead of paying him a
quarters allowance, the Department of State and
several other agencies pay what is known as a tem-
porary lodgings allowance. Again it is a maxi-
mum rate, with reimbursement of actual costs for
room rent up to the maximum. It varies by num-
ber and ages of the employee's family and is based
on the hotel rates for rooms only, no food or other
costs are included. It terminates at the end of 3
months or upon occupation of residence quarters,
whichever is sooner. Even if the employee is un-
able to locate permanent quarters and continues
to live in a hotel, the regular quarters allowance
replaces the temporary at the end of the 3-month
period. Neither the temporary nor the regular
quarters allowance is paid concurrently with
travel per diem.
Post Allowance. As I have said, the quarters
allowance or its substitute, the temporary lodging,
is paid to all employees, regardless of their post
of assignment, except when free quarters are fur-
nished. However, the quarters allowance induce-
ment to serve abroad will not solve the problems
of the employee assigned to Moscow, whose wife
finds that a dozen eggs cost $i.80 at the kolkhoz
market, or the employee in Caracas, who must pay
$4.65 for a carton of regular cigarettes. The post
allowance is designed to serve as a balancing factor
to keep salaries worth what they would be at home.
The basic principle is that an employee at the post,
spending his salary and post allowance, will be
able to purchase goods and services equivalent to
those he could purchase in Washington with his
salary only. No post allowance is paid in most
areas of the world where costs ai'e at or below
Washington levels.
It is through the process of determining the com-
parative cost of living at the foreign post in rela-
tion to like costs in Washington that the Depart-
ment produces the figures that are believed to be
most useful to the American businessman. They
are the cost-of-living indexes (excluding quarters
costs) that are being furnished at regular inter-
vals to the National Foreign Trade Council for
distribution. To understand and use those in-
dexes it is necessaiy to understand something of
112
Department of Stale Bulletin
the basic information and procedures that go into
their production.
With the premise established that a comparison
of living costs is necessary, the first step is to ob-
tain information on the price levels. It is not
feasible to price all things for which the family
must spend ; so a sampling technique is necessary.
The list of articles or services to be priced has cer-
tain characteristics that are important : (1) each
article selected has a generic value in that it repre-
sents the cost level of a group of related articles —
for example, the price of bread represents the
relative level for all baked goods; (2) each article
selected must be available for pricing tliroughout
the world; (3) the final list must be a minimum
consistent with accurate measurement. The net
result is that we collect about 700 prices at each
foreign post and in Washington.
It is important that the prices collected repre-
sent the actual level at the post — neither bare sub-
sistence nor luxury. Because of the different
grades, sizes, and so forth on the market in differ-
ent parts of the world, it is not possible to select
articles exactly comparable; therefore, detailed
specifications are not used. We ask for prices of
beef — not for sirloin steak, New York style cut.
For each article priced we secure the highest, the
lowest, and a middle price at each outlet. Using
the example of beef, the three prices at a store
might be for tenderloin, stew beef, and a chuck
roast.
The selection of stores to be included in the
sample is on the same basis, that is, a high-priced,
a mediiun-priced, and the lowest level at which
an American can trade. We do not price the hole-
in-the-wall store in the slum area in which an
American cannot be expected to make purchases.
The same type of pricing, that is, three levels of
stores and three prices for each article in each
store, is done in Washington. All prices are re-
ported in the local currency and in local sizes or
weights.
The first step in computing the indexes in the
Washington office is to convert reported prices,
sizes, and weights to American units, using the ex-
change rate at which the Government employee
purchases local currency. For example, pesos per
kilogram become cents per pound. Then the
median of the prices for an article at the post is
compared with the Washington median for the
same article. Use of the median instead of the
arithmetic average prevents distortion by one ex-
treme price, either high or low.
Applying the Washington expenditure pattern
to these price ratios gives us a comparison of the
actual jarice level at the post with that of Wash-
ington. This comparison is published in the Na-
tional Foreign Trade Council's bulletins as the
'■'■local relative" ; that is, the relative level of prices.
However, we cannot stop here and call that local
relative a comparison of living costs. If a visit
to the doctor costs $5 in Washington and $5 at
the post, the price relative is 100. But if the em-
ployee must see the doctor twice as often at the
post, then the cost of doctors at the post is double
that of Washington, or $10. It is necessary to
take into account that added usage, or "use fac-
tor," by increasing the weight, or importance, of
medical care at certain posts.
The use factor adjustments vai-y by post for the
different segments of the budget. Most areas of
the world do not have the conveniences that are
common in the United States. A few of these
are the modern supermarket with its abundance
of all kinds of foods, including many that are
ready to serve, laundries and cleaning establish-
ments, good medium-priced restaurants, and the
many home appliances that cannot be used because
of inadequate electricity or wiring or gas, or be-
cause of the type of home constiiiction. The cli-
mate and health conditions vai-y, and not the least
important factor is the local customs to which
Americans must confonn in some degi'ee.
The weight for domestic help must be increased
to allow for the sei*vants necessary to do the work
of laundering and cleaning, marketing, and the
increased housework due to lack of modern con-
veniences. In certain areas, a caste system or
other local customs may require more servant help.
The servants' maintenance adds to the food bill
and the clothing budget. Lack of refrigeration
in a hot, humid climate increases food spoilage and
requires f urtlier added weight for the food budget.
That same climate causes rapid deterioration of
clothing and household textiles, or a very cold
climate may require more and heavier clothing.
Crude laimdry and cleaning methods will de-
crease further the life expectancy of textiles of all
kinds.
As we have previously mentioned, the health
and sanitation conditions at some posts require
more visits to the doctor, thereby increasing medi-
Januar/ 27, 1957
113
cal costs. For some posts, a weighting factor may
be decreased; for example, if no adequate restau-
rants are available a higher percentage of meals
are eaten at home. In that case the weight for
"food away from home" is decreased and, concur-
rently, the volume of food purchased for prepara-
tion at home is increased slightly. In short,
every effort is made to reflect conditions having a
bearing on living costs.
When all the use factors have been applied to
the price ratios for the post and the results com-
bined into an average figure, we have a cost-of-
living index for the post on the basis of Washing-
ton as 100. That index is shown in the Trade
Council's bulletin as the HoccU' index''' and repre-
sents the relative cost of following a typically
American expenditure pattern with all goods and
services, including imports, purchased on the local
market. It is the comparison most commonly
used by those American firms who are making any
use of our data.
For the Government employee it is necessary to
bring into the picture the effect of any special
facilities that may be available to him. These
include any commissary that may be at the post,
any free import privileges he may enjoy, and the
volume of goods purchased elsewhere and shipped
to the post, either by individual or group order or
brought with him at the time he is assigned to the
post. These facilities vary from post to post, just
as the use factors differ for the various areas.
The prices paid through each facility and the local
market are combined by the relative importance
of each and the resulting averages processed in the
same way as previously described for local prices
only. This produces the "effective relative" and
"effective index" for the Government employee,
comparable to the "local relative" and the "local
index." The "effective index" is the basis for any
post allowance for the Government employee.
As stated previously, the local index is the figure
most commonly used by private industry. For
most posts it shows higher costs than the effective
index. For a few posts, the effective may be
higher because certain goods used by Americans
are not available locally and the cost of im-
porting them has been included. The local in-
dex has omitted their cost if no substitutes are
available. Some firms utilize the higher of the
two indexes, on the basis that their employees will
have to import the same goods as the Government
man. However, the effective index may have been
reduced because of some special facility, with the
result that it is not as high as it would be for the
private citizen. You might wish to make some
upward adjustment to compensate for that condi-
tion. It would usually be small.
An element that is very important and must
always be considered is the exchange rate.
Obviously, the relatives and indexes are valid only
when an employee can obtain local currency for
his dollars at the same rate as that used in the
index computations. If a company uses a rate
different from that shown in the N.F.T.C. publi-
cation, the local index may be adjusted by applica-
tion of the ratio of the rates. That will not hold
true for the effective index, which may reflect some
purchases in dollars or with a different currency
in another country. In indexes furnished to the
Council or to a private company, the exchange
rates on which they are based are always included.
Spendable Income. We have noted that the ef-
fective index is the guide to a post allowance. If
costs at the post are 10 percent above Washington
levels, the employee needs 10 percent more money
to spend than he would have in Washington ; hence
we increase his "spendable income" by 10 percent
in the form of a post allowance. Spendable in-
come is that part of base salary remaining after
subtracting taxes and savings. The Government
employee pays United States income tax regard-
less of the post of assignment and is exempt from
foreign income taxes. His savings represent dol-
lars left in this country and include retirement
deductions and life insurance premiums, as well
as any other savings. The average by salary i
group is derived from a study of Federal employee
expenditures, which shows that, as base pay in-
creases, the proportion of it used for day-to-day
living expenses decreases. For example, the man
and wife with income of $4,250 use almost 85 per-
cent, or $3,600, for direct living costs ; but, if the
income is $12,000, only 60 percent, or $7,200, is
necessary for such expenses. The rest goes for sav-
ings and taxes unaffected by costs. The single man
spends about 25 percent less. As the post allow-
ance is an equalizing payment, it is based on that
which is to be equalized, that is, that part of his
salary that the employee needs to use for living
expenses at his post — the spendable income. There :
are small additional payments for children,
roughly appi'oximating the product of the post
114
Department of State Bulletin
index times the taxable income deduction for a
dependent.
The post allowance is a flat rate of payment;
that is, the employee does not have to account
for the use made of it. It is payable only at those
posts where costs are in excess of Washington.
It is effective the day the employee arrives at the
post. "We have recently added a small additional
amount, known as the supplementary post allow-
ance, to be paid on behalf of each member of the
family in excess of two, for the purpose of offset-
ting part of the cost of eating in the hotel or res-
taurants while the employee is locating permanent
quarters. The supplementary portion stops when
the employee and family move into housekeeping
quarters or at the end of 3 months after arrival
at the post, whichever is soonest.
Education Allowance
There are two other allowances to meet unusual
costs that must be borne by the employee. The
most important of these is the education allow-
ance. An employee stationed in the United States
has the American public school system available
for educating his children at little or no cost. He
is entitled to comparable education services while
on foreign duty. In many areas of the world the
cost of educating a child is a major expense, and
the Government assists in defraying those costs
for children in grades 1 through 12. Maximum
rates of allowances, by grades, are established for
each post for home study courses, the local school,
and, if the local school is inadequate, for attend-
ance at the nearest adequate school away from the
post. In the latter case, room, board, and round-
trip transportation are included. A school is con-
sidered adequate if a child finishing a specified
grade at that school can successfully pursue his
studies in the next higher grade in the American
public schools.
An employee is free to select any school and any
method of education for his child but will not re-
ceive an allowance in excess of costs incurred or
the maximum rate prescribed for his post for the
applicable method of education, whichever is less.
If the employee wishes to send his child to the
United States for secondary education, the Gov-
ernment will pay the cost of one round trip from
the post. In that case, no education allowance is
payable. The round-trip travel is payable also
for college education.
January 21, 1957
Separation Allowance
The other allowance related to living cost is
that paid when it is necessary for the employee to
maintain his wife and any minor children outside
the country of his assignment. It is paid only
when the Government determines that it is neces-
sary — never solely at the request of the employee.
Posts are not classified for this allowance. If the
Government refuses permission for the family to
accompany the employee to his post, as in an area
of civil strife where the danger is great, the allow-
ance will be paid automatically. Otherwise, each
request is handled individually and decision made
on its merits. The amount is based on the size of
the family and the employee's salary and offsets
part of the additional cost of maintaining separate
establishments. In addition to separate mainte-
nance for his family, the employee may receive
other allowances to which he is entitled as an em-
ployee without dependents at his post.
Conclusion
We have touched on various allowances in which
this gi-oup might be interested. I would like to
refer to certain elements that bear on the sub-
ject that were touched lightly or not at all.
(1) Each allowance is designed for a specific
purpose and is not payable across the board to all
employees. In the Government-owned residence,
no quarters allowance is payable. No post allow-
ance is paid in over half the foreign posts. Under
no circumstances is it possible for an employee to
receive concurrently all the allowances mentioned
here today.
(2) Salaries of Government employees are not
changed because of changes in posts of assignment.
The salaries are established by law. We make up
for special conditions through allowances. In the
low-cost areas the unchanged salary means a break
for the employee. Rotation of assignment pre-
vents any great windfall for anyone.
(3) The cost-of-living indexes are applicable
only for Americans. They cannot be used for
nationals of any other country, because expendi-
ture patterns and preferences would be different.
We pay a post allowance to employees in Paris, but
there is no doubt that a Frenchman would find
living in Washington far more expensive than in
Paris.
(4) The information I have given you on com-
115
putation of the indexes shows that all comparisons
are relative to Washington. That means that
post indexes cannot be used to show changes in
cost over a period of time unless they are adjusted
by changes in the Washington index over the same
period. Since Washington is always 100 in the
measurement process, it is necessary to use the
trend reported for Washington by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics in any adjustments of that nature.
Also, the measurement procedures do not produce
dollar-and-cent budgets for a post, either for the
total or for groups of items within the total. To
produce such data would require adjustment of the
Washington base budget from the data of the
expenditure survey and then application of the
post ratios.
(5) And, finally, let me say that we are ready to
assist American private industry in any way pos-
sible. As previously mentioned, we want the user
to be familiar with the data. We hesitate to fur-
nish data to anyone who we feel is not aware of its
limitations. As many of you already know, we
gladly answer correspondence or discuss problems
at our office or by telephone. Sitting down at the
table and going over problems in detail has proved
to be the best method of reaching an imder-
standing.
We are proud of what we believe to be the most
comprehensive collection of worldwide data on liv-
ing costs that can be found in this country or else-
where. The methodology used is considered by
experts, both Government and private, to be as
equitable as poasible for consistent worldwide ap-
plication. This is supported by a recent report of
a major research organization after detailed analy-
sis of the Department's methods and similar prac-
tices by several American firms. The report con-
tains the following statement:
Of all the methods studied, the more comprehensive,
thorough and refined is tliat employed by the State Depart-
ment. . . . The State Department local index is the liest
available measurement of overseas living costs applied to
an American expenditure pattern and weighted to allow
for local customs.
I would like to conclude with another quota-
tion. This is from the letter of a newspaper re-
porter to his liome oUice, which had just inaugu-
rated a new system of cost-of-living allowances.
I want to tell you, and you can tell Mr.
-, that
I am filled with admiration for the new living allowance
formula. The arbitrary nature of most living allowances
has upset me over and over in the past; it is good to get
these things definitely taped down.
This, of course, does not make me happy about having
my living allowance cut in half. However, I have no
doubt that if you keep track of the State Department index
you will very soon find that the allowance here should be
raised again.
He was right. The allowances at that post were
raised 30 days later.
Cornerstone Ceremony for New
Department of State Building
TRANSCRIPT OF CEREMONY
Press release 8 dated January 5
Invocation hy the Rt. Rev. Angus Dun:
Lord God of Hosts, Father of all nations, with-
out whom we build in vain, bless the work which
we here begin and all who will labor here to pre-
serve our liberties, to maintain the rightful in-
terests of our people and a righteous order among
the nations. Grant that with malice toward none,
with charity for all, with firmness in the right as
Thou dost give us to see the right, we may strive
to fulfill Thy purpose for us and to achieve a just
and lasting peace with all nations.
Deliver us from self-righteousness and from the
pretense of being moved by motives loftier than we
have yet been granted. Give us a better under-
standing of the heritage and hopes of other
peoples. Save us from seeking to impose our ways
of life upon them. We remember especially those
lands and peoples, heirs with us of common liber-
ties, who are now in bondage. Open to us the
ways in which we may set forward their deliver-
ance without bringing the devastation of war on
them and Thy world.
Give us a just understanding even of those we
count as our enemies. Keep us mindful that there
is that in us which C4Ui make us Thy enemies.
And as we need Thy forgiveness, teach us to for-
give. All of which we ask in the name of Him who
gave Himself to heal our broken hiunanity, Thy
Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
Secretary Dulles :
Mr. President, distinguished guests, and fellow
members of the Department of State: You, Mr.
116
Department of State Bulletin
President, are about to lay the cornerstone of the
new building of the Department of State and then
you will go to address the Congress of the United
States with reference to matters of the Middle
East. These two events are not without relation-
ship to each other. Your address will indicate
how gi'eatly have grown the interests and the re-
sponsibilities of the United States, and this new
building now to be begim will indicate the efforts
of the Department of State and of the Foreign
Service of the United States to be more fully re-
sponsive to those great and growing responsi-
bilities.
There has, indeed, been a growth. The first
Secretary of the United States for Foreign Affairs,
Robert Livingston, had his office in Philadelphia.
There was a total staff of four, including the
Secretary himself. The total salary of the four
was $6,000, and they were housed in a building 12
feet wide by 30 feet deep. The next Secretary of
State was Thomas Jefferson, and by that time the
staff had grown to six. And then there came the
first Secretary of State to be here in Washington,
John Marshall. By that time the staff had grown
to nine. Today the staff is about 7,500, and it is
scattered through 29 different buildings here in
the District of Columbia. That obviously is an
inefficient arrangement, and Congress has been
wise enough and foresighted enough to recognize
that fact and has appropriated the funds to enable
this new building to be begun and we hope quickly
carried to completion so that we shall all be housed
in the same building.
ilr. President, you will be laying this corner-
stone with the exact original trowel which was
used by George Washington to lay the cornerstone
of the National Capitol 164 years ago. And I
think that makes it appropriate that on this occa-
sion we should go back and reread what George
Washington said in his farewell address about the
pui-poses and objectives of the United States in
relation to foreign affairs. After recapitulating
some of our problems, he summarized in these
words :
It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant
period a great nation to give to mankind the magnanimous
and too novel example of a people always guided by an
exalted justice and benevolence.
Mr. President, to that great ideal I, in the name
of the Department of State and all of its members
and of the Foreign Service of the United States,
rededicate ourselves. That, indeed, is a great
goal, and we for our part shall do all we can to
realize it.
A t this point the President of the United States
and the Secretary of State assisted in laying the
co7'nerstone.
Benediction by the Most Rev. Patrick A.
O'Boyle:
In the Name of the Father and of the Son and
of the Holy Ghost, Amen.
Almighty and eternal Father, we humbly in-
voke Thy blessing upon this historic ceremony.
In this critical hour of the world's history, so
fraught with danger to the very foundations of
civilization, we dedicate this building to Your
gi-eater honor and glory and to the cause of last-
ing peace and friendship among the nations and
the peoples of the world. We ask You, Lord, to
bless the efforts of our beloved nation toward this
long-awaited goal. Help us to be humble and
magnanimous in the use of our enormous wealth
and power; but help us, too, to have the courage
of our convictions and to stand firm for what is
right and just in the field of international rela-
tions. Help our representatives in the Depart-
ment of State and in the United Nations to strive
with manly fortitude toward the establislunent of
an international order founded on justice, inspired
by charity, and buttressed by a code of interna-
tional law and international etliics. In Thy infi-
nite mercy and goodness, hasten the day when the
suffering peoples of the world may enjoy economic
and political security together with that full meas-
ure of freedom to which every human being is
entitled and without which life is hardly worth
the living.
Conscious of our own unworthiness, we implore
Thy mercy on a sinful world in the Name of Thy
Divine Son, the Prince of Peace, Wlio Himself
has taught us the i^erfect prayer: Our Father,
Who art in Heaven, hallowed be Thy Name ; Thy
Kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is
in Heaven. Give us this day our daily bread and
forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who
trespass against us, and lead us not into tempta-
tion but deliver us from evil. Amen.
Tfie National Anthem was played hy the Ma-
rine Corps Band, and the President of the United
States and Secretary of State departed.
January 27, 7957
117
DEPOSIT OF DOCUMENTS
The Department of State announced on Janu-
ary 2 (press release 1) that Secretary Dulles that
day had placed documents of historical U.S. for-
eign-policy interest in a copper box in prepara-
tion for the laying of the new State Department
building cornerstone by President Eisenhower on
January 5. The box was to be placed in a niche
in the foundation and sealed in by the corner-
stone.
The documents contained in the box were
selected by the Department's Historical Division
with a view to giving to a future generation an
insight into the operations and policies of the
Department in the mid-20th century, and also into
the international setting and problems of the
times.^
HISTORIC TREASURES USED IN CEREMONY
Among the national treasures used by President
Eisenhower in laying the cornerstone of the new
Department of State building, according to a De-
partment announcement of January 4 (press re-
lease 5), was the silver trowel which George
Washington used to lay the cornerstone of the
U.S. Capitol building on September 18, 1793.
Another national treasure — the desk of Thomas
Jefferson, upon which he wrote the Declaration
of Independence — -was used as the resting place
for the trowel before it was handed to the Presi-
dent for the ceremony.
The trowel was loaned by the Alexandria-Wash-
ington Lodge No. 23, A. F. and A. M., of Alex-
andria, which maintains custody of it. It was
made by John Diiffey, a silversmith of Alexandria,
Va., specifically for the Capitol cornerstone cere-
mony. It has since been used on other historic
occasions, including the laying of the cornerstone
of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial by President
Roosevelt on November 15, 1939.
The Thomas Jefferson desk, loaned by the Na-
tional Museum, was designed by Mr. Jefferson and
' The issue of the Bulletin which was selected for in-
clusion was that for Nov. 19, 1956, containing among
other items the statute of the International Atomic En-
ergy Agency, letters exchanged by President Eisenhower
and Soviet Premier Bulganin and by the President and
Israeli Prime Minister Ben-Gurion, and General Assembly
statements and resolutions on the Middle Eastern and
Hungarian questions.
made for him by Benjamin Eandolph of Pliiladel-
phia. It was in the custody of the Department of
State for a number of years, was turned over to
the Library of Congress in 1921, and shortly there-
after was entrusted to the keeping of the National
Museum.
TREATY INFORMATION
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Property
Convention for the protection of industrial property.
Signed at London June 2, 1934. Entered into force
August 1, 1938. 53 Stat. 1748.
Adherence effective: Viet-Nam, December 8, 1956.
Telecommunications
International telecommunication convention. Signed at
Buenos Aires December 22, 1952. Entered into force
January 1, 1954. TIAS 3266.
Accession deposited: Tunisia, December 14, 1956.
BILATERAL
Brazil
Agricultural commodities agreement pursuant to title I
of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance
Act of 1954, as amended (68 Stat. 454, 455; 69 Stat. 44,
721). Signed at Washinston December 31, 1956. En-
tered into force December 31, 1956.
Canada
Protocol to the convention for the protection, preservation
and extension of the soclieye salmon fisheries in the
Eraser River system of May 26, 1930 (50 Stat. 1355).
Signed at Ottawa December 2S, 1956. Enters into force
on the date of exchange of instruments of ratification.
Luxembourg
Agreement providing for investment guaranties authorized
by sec. 413 (b) (4) of the Mutual Security Act of 1954,
as amended (68 Stat. 832, 846; 70 Stat. 558). Effected
by exchange of notes at Luxembourg November 26 and
December 7, 1956. Entered into force December 7, 1956.
Mexico
Agreement exteudiiicc the migratory labor agreement of
August 11, 1951 (TIAS 2331), as amended. Effected by
exchange of notes at Mexico December 20, 1956. En-
tered into force December 20, 1956.
Thailand
A,i;reemeut amending the surplus agricultural commodi-
ties agreement of June 21, 1955 (TIAS 3200) by pro-
viding for sale of dairy products to Thailand. Effected
by exchange of notes at Bantikol; December 14, 1956. ;
Entered into force December 14, 1956.
118
Department of State Bulletin
anuary 21, 1957
Index
Vol. XXXVI, No. 917
Urica. General Assembly Approves Union of British
ToKoIand Wltli Gold Coast (Nash, text of resolution) . 100
Vtomic Energy. People of Eniwetok and Biliini Compensa-
ted for Leaving Homes 101
Jolivia. Support for Bolivian Economic Stabilization
Program 103
3razil. Surplus Commodity Agreement Signed With Bra-
zil 102
Congress. The
president Aslts for Authorization for U.S. Economic Pro-
gram and for Resolution on Communist Aggression in
Middle East 83
President Postpones Action on Tariff on Cotton Velvet-
een 105
President's Bipartisan Conference With Congressional
Leaders 88
>epartment and Foreigrn Service
Allowances for American Overseas Personnel (Lethco) . 110
;;ornerstone Laying for New Department of State Build-
ing 116
)isarmament. Correspondence of President Eisenhower
and Premier Bulganin Concerning Reduction of Inter-
national Tension and Disarmament 89
Economic A£Fairs
Sximbanlv Loan to Nicaragua for Inter-American High-
way 104
'resident Postpones Action on Tariff on Cotton Velvet-
een 105
Support for Bolivian Economic Stabilization Program . 103
Surplus Commodity Agreement Signed With Brazil . . 102
Jnited States Loan to Iceland Will Finance Imports . . 100
World Bank Loans for Steel Production in Japan and
India 101
5gypt
Dreatment of Minorities in Egypt (Wadsworth) . . . 106
J.S. To Advance Funds for Clearing Suez Canal (text of
note) 105
lungary
attorney General To Parole Refugees Until Congress Acts
(Elsenhower) 96
'rovlding for the Needs of the Hungarian Refugees
(Nixon) 94
celand
J.S.-Icelandic Defense Negotiations 100
iJnited States Loan to Iceland Will Finance Imports . . 100
India. World Banl^ Loans for Steel Production In Japan
j and India 101
ntemational Organizations and Meetings. ICEM Execu-
I tive Committee (delegate) 109
apan. World Banl^ Loans for Steel Production in Japan
, and India 101
Intual Security
'resident Aslis for Authorization for U.S. Economic Pro-
gram and for Resolution on Communist Aggression in
Middle East 83
i.S.-Icelandlc Defense Negotiations 100
fear East. President Asks for Authorization for U.S. Eco-
nomic Program and for Resolution on Communist Ag-
gression in Middle East 83
Nicaragua. Eximbank Loan to Nicaragua for Inter-Ameri-
can Highway 104
"lon-Self-Governing Territories
Jeneral Assembly Approves Union of British Togoland
With Gold Coast (Nash, text of resolution) .... 106
'eople of Eniwetok and Bikini Compensated for Leaving
Homes 101
lorth Atlantic Treaty Organization
I.S.-Icelandic Defense Negotiations 100
Presidential Documents
Attorney General To Parole Refugees Until Congress
Acts 96
Correspondence of President Elsenhower and Premier Bul-
ganin Concerning Reduction of International Tension
and Disarmament 89
President Asks for Authorization for U.S. Economic Pro-
gram and for Resolution on Communist Aggression in
Middle East 83
Refugees and Displaced Persons
Attorney General To Parole Refugees Until Congress Acts
(Eisenhower) 98
ICEM Executive Committee (delegate) 109
Providing for the Needs of the Hungarian Refugees
(Nixon) 94
Total Visa Issuance Under Refugee Relief Act .... 93
Treaty Information
Current Actions 118
Surplus Commodity Agreement Signed With Brazil . . 102
U.S.-Icelandic Defense Negotiations 100
U.S.S.R.
Correspondence of President Elsenhower and Premier Bul-
ganin Concerning Reduction of International Tension
and Disarmament 89
President Asks for Authorization for U.S. Economic Pro-
gram and for Resolution on Communist Aggression in
Middle East 83
United Nations
Assembly Approves Union of British Togoland With Gold
Coast (Nash, text of resolution) 106
Treatment of Minorities in Egypt (Wadsworth) . . . 106
U.S. To Advance Funds for Clearing Suez Canal . . . 105
World Bank Loans for Steel Production in Japan and
India 101
Name Index
Bulganin, Nikolai 89
Dulles, Secretary 116
Dun, Angus 116
Eisenhower, President 83, 89, 96, 105
George. Walter F 88
Lethco, Joseph W 110
McLeod, Scott 109
Nash, Frank C 106
Nixon, Richard M 94
O'Boyle, Patrick A 116
Wadsworth, James J 106
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: December 31-January 6
Releases may be obtained from the News Division,
Department of State, Washington 25, D.C.
Press releases issued prior to December 31 which
appear in this issue of the Bulletin are Nos. 610 of
December 6 and 625 of December 18.
No.
640
Date
12/31
1/2
1/3
Subject
Surplus commodity agreement with
Brazil.
Cornerstone documents deposited (re-
write).
Visa issuance under Refugee Relief
Act.
Gerety resignation (rewrite).
McLeod to represent U.S. at ICEM
(rewrite).
President to use historic treasures in
cornerstone laying (rewrite).
McCollum appointment (rewrite).
Cornerstone ceremonies.
tHeld for a later issue of the Bulletin.
t3
4
1/3
1/4
5
1/4
t6
S
1/5
1/5
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1957
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Washington 25, D. C.
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
The Quest for Peace
This 35-page album-style pamphlet presents quotations from
President Eisenhower and Secretary of State Dulles highlighting
the major steps in the search for peace through the security and
unity of the free world.
The quotations from the President and the Secretary of State
set forth problem and action on the following subjects :
Atoms for Peace
Austrian Treaty
Bipartisanship
Captive Peoples
Change of Soviet Policy
China
Deterrence of War
European Unity
Foreign Trade
Germany Enters Nato
Indochina
International Communism
Iran
Korea
Latin America
1. Communist Penetration in
Latin America
2. Economic Development in
Latin America
3. Organization of American
States
4. Strengthening Inter-
American Friendship
Less Developed Countries —
Target of Soviet Communism
Seato (Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization)
Spanish Bases
Trieste Settlement
Copies of The Quest for Peace may be purchased from the
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Vol. XXXVI, No. 918 January 28, 1957
THE STATE OF THE UNION • Message of the President
to the Congress ^Excerpts) 123
MIDDLE EAST PROPOSALS • Statement by Secretary
Dulles (with map) 126
A STEP TOWARD STABILITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• by Assistant Secretary Hill 131
GENERAL ASSEMBLY ESTABLISHES COMMITTEE
TO INVESTIGATE AND REPORT ON CONDITIONS
IN HUNGARY • Statement by Ambassador Henry Cabot
Lodge, Jr., Report by Secretary-General, and Text of
Resolution 138
THE KOREAN PROBLEM IN THE GENERAL ASSEM-
BLY • Statement by Edward S. Greenbaum and Text of
Resolution 141
U.S. POLICY AND PRACTICES IN THE FIELD OF
INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL • Report to the U.N. Sec-
retary-General 145
STATER
POLICY
For index see inside back cover
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Vol. XXXVI, No. 918 • Publication 6441
January 28, 1957
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by the
Public Services Division, provides the
public and interested agencies of
the Government with information on
developments in the field of foreign
relations and on the irork of the
Department of State and the Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
lected press releases on foreign policy,
issued by the White House and the
Department, and statements and ad-
dresses made by the President and by
the Secretary of State and other
officers of the Department, as icell as
special articles on various pluises of
international affairs and the func-
tions of the Department. Informa-
tion is included concerning treaties
and international agreements to
tchich the United States is or may
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eral international interest.
Publications of the Department,
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national relations are listed currently.
rhe State of the Union
MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE CONGRESS (EXCERPTS)i
fo THE Congress of the United States :
I appear before the Congress today to report on
he State of the Union and the relationships of
he Union to the other nations of the world. I
ome here, firmly convinced that at no time in the
listory of the Republic have circumstances more
mphatically underscored the need, in all echelons
pf government, for vision and wisdom and
esolution.
You meet in a season of stress that is testing
he fitness of political systems and the validity of
lolitical philosophies. Each stress stems in jDart
rom causes peculiar to itself. But every stress
5 a reflection of a universal phenomenon.
In the world today, the surging and under-
tandable tide of nationalism is marked by wide-
pread revulsion and revolt against tyranny,
njustice, inequality and poverty. As individuals,
oined in a common hunger for freedom, men and
mmen and even children pit their spirit against
;uns and tanks. On a larger scale, in an ever
lore persistent search for the self-respect of
uthentic sovereignty and the economic base on
i'liich national independence must rest, peoples
ever old ties; seek new alliances; experimenf^-
smetimes dangerously- — in their struggle to sat-
jfy these human aspirations.
Particularly, in the past year, this tide has
hanged the pattern of attitudes and thinking
tnong millions. The changes already accom-
lished foreshadow a world transformed by the
pirit of freedom. This is no faint and pious
ope. The forces now at work in the minds and
earts of men will not be spent through many
ears. In the main, today's expressions of
'Delivered on Jan. 10 (White House press release) ;
. Doc. 1, Soth Cong., 1st sess.
nationalism are, in spirit, echoes of our fore-
fathers' struggle for independence.
This Kepublic cannot be aloof to these events
heralding a new epoch in the affairs of mankind.
Our pledged word, our enlightened self-interest,
our character as a Nation commit us to a high role
in world affairs: a role of vigorous leadership,
ready strength, sympathetic understanding.
The State of the Union at the opening of the
8oth Congress continues to vindicate the wisdom
of the principles on which this Republic is
founded. Proclaimed in the Constitution of the
Nation and in many of our historic documents,
and founded in devout religious convictions, these
principles enunciate:
A vigilant regard for human liberty.
A wise concern for human welfare.
A ceaseless effort for human progress.
Fidelity to these principles, in our relations with
other peoples, has won us new friendships and has
increased our opportimity for service within the
family of nations. The appeal of these principles
is universal, lighting fires in the souls of men
everywhere. We shall continue to uphold them,
against those who deny them and in counselling
with our friends.
The existence of a strongly armed imperialistic
dictatorship poses a continuing threat to the free
world's and thus to our own Nation's security and
peace. There are certain truths to be remembered
here.
First, America alone and isolated cannot assure
even its own security. We must be joined by the
capability and resolution of nations that have
proved themselves dependable defenders of free-
dom. Isolation from them invites war. Our se-
^nuary 28, 1957
123
curity is also enhanced by the immeasurable inter-
est that joins us with all peoples who believe that
peace with justice must be preserved, that wars of
aggression are crimes against humanity.
Another truth is that our survival in today's
world requires modern, adequate, dependable mili-
tary strength. Our Nation has made great strides
in assuring a modern defense, so armed in new
weapons, so deployed, so equipped, that today our
security force is the most powerful in our peace-
time history. It can punish heavily any enemy
who undertakes to attack us. It is a major deter-
rent to war.
By our research and development more efficient
weapons- — some of amazing capabilities — are being
constantly created. These vital efforts we shall
continue. Yet we must not delude ourselves that
safety necessarily increases as expenditures for
military research or foi'ces in being go up. In-
deed, beyond a wise and reasonable level, which
is always changing and is under constant study,
money spent on arms may be money wasted on
sterile metal or inflated costs, thereby weakening
the very security and strength we seek.
National security requires far more than mili-
tary power. Economic and moral factors play
indispensable roles. Any program that endangers
our economy could defeat us. Any weakening of
our national will and resolution, any diminution
of the vigor and initiative of our individual citi-
zens, would strike a blow at the heart of our
defenses.
The finest military establishment we can pro-
duce must work closely in cooperation with the
forces of our friends. Our system of regional
pacts, developed within the Charter of the United
Nations, sei'ves to increase both our own security
and the security of other nations.
This system is still a recent introduction on the
world scene. Its problems are many and difficult,
because it insists on equality among its members
and brings into association some nations tradition-
ally divided. Kepeatedly in recent months, the
collapse of these I'egional alliances has been pre-
dicted. The strains upon them have been at times
indeed severe. Despite these strains our regional
alliances have proved durable and strong, and dire
predictions of their disintegration have proved
completely false.
With other free nations, we should vigorously
prosecute measures that will promote mutual
strength, prosperity and welfare within the free
world. Strength is essentially a product of eco-
nomic health and social well-being. Conse-
quently, even as we continue our programs of mili-
tary assistance, we must emphasize aid to oui
friends in building more productive economies
and in better satisfying the natural demands oi
their people for progress. Thereby we shall movf
a long way toward a peaceful world.
A sound and safeguarded agreement for oper
skies, unarmed aerial sentinels, and reduced arma-
ment would provide a valuable contribution to
ward a durable peace in the years ahead. Anc
we have been persistent in our effort to reach sucl
an agreement. We are prepared to make furthe:
proposals in the United Nations. We are willin<
to enter any reliable agreement which would re
verse the trend toward ever more devastating
nuclear weapons; reciprocally provide against th,
possibility of surprise attack ; mutually control thi
outer space missile and satellite development ; an(
make feasible a lower level of armaments am
armed forces and an easier burden of military ex
penditures. Our continuing negotiations in thii
field are a major part of our quest for a confiden.
peace in this atomic age.
This quest requires as well a constructive attil
tude among all the nations of the free world tc
ward expansion of trade and investment, that ca
give all of us opportunity to work out economi
betterment.
An essential step in this field is the provision c
an administrative agency to insure the orderl
and proper operation of existing arrangement
under which multilateral trade is now carried oi
To that end I urge Congressional authorizatio
for United States membership in the propose
Organization for Trade Cooperation, an actio
which will speed removal of discriminatio
against our export trade.
We welcome the efforts of a number of our Emx
pean friends to achieve an integrated communit
to develop a common market. We likewise we
come their cooperative effort in the field of atomi
energy.
To demonstrate once again our unalterable pui
pose to make of the atom a peaceful servant o
humanity, I shortly shall ask the Congress to ai
thorize full United States participation in tbi
International Atomic Energy Agency.
World events have magnified both the respop
sibilities and the opportunities of the Unite-
States Information Agency. Just as, in recen
124
Department of State Bu/fef/i
lonths, the voice of communism has become more
shaken and confused, the voice of truth must be
more clearly heard. To enable our Information
Agency to cope with these new responsibilities and
opportunities, I am asking the Congress to in-
crease appreciably the appropriations for this
program and for legislation establishing a career
service for the Agency's overseas foreign service
officers.
The recent historic events in Hungary demand
that all free nations share to the extent of their
capabilities in the responsibility of granting asy-
lum to victims of Communist persecution. I re-
quest the Congress promptly to enact legislation
to regularize the status in the United States of
Hungarian refugees brought here as parolees. I
shall shortly recommend to the Congress by special
message the changes in our immigration laws that
I deem necessary in the light of our world
responsibilities.
The cost of peace is something we must face
boldly, fearlessly. Beyond money, it involves
changes in attitudes, the renunciation of old preju-
dices, even the sacrifice of some seeming self-inter-
est.
Only five days ago I expressed to you the grave
concern of your government over the threat of
Soviet aggression in the Middle East.= I asked
for Congi'essional authorization to help counter
this threat. I say again that this matter is of vital
and immediate importance to the Nation's and
the free world's security and peace. By our pro-
posed programs in the Middle East, we hope to
assist in establishing a climate in wliich construc-
tive and long-term solutions to basic problems of
the area may be sought.
From time to time, there will be presented to
the Congress I'equests for other legislation in the
broad field of international affairs. All requests
will reflect the steadfast purpose of this Admin-
istration to pursue peace, based on justice. Al-
though in some cases details will be new, the under-
lying purpose and objectives will remain the same.
All proposals made by the Administration in
this field are based on the free world's unity. This
unity may not be immediately obvious unless we
examine link by link the chain of relationships
that binds us to evei'y area and to every nation.
In spirit the free world is one because its peoples
uphold the right of independent existence for all
= Bulletin of Jan. 21, 1957, p. 83.
nations. I have already alluded to their economic
interdependence. But their interdependence ex-
tends also into the field of security.
First of all, no reasonable man will question
the absolute need for our American neighbors to
be prosperous and secure. Their security and
prosperity are inextricably bound to our own.
And we are, of coui'se, already joined with these
neighbors by historic pledges.
Again, no reasonable man will deny that the
freedom and prosperity and security of Western
Europe are vital to our own prosperity and se-
curity. If the institutions, the skills, the man-
])ower of its peoples were to fall under the domina-
tion of an aggressive imperialism, the violent
change in the balance of world power and in the
pattern of world commerce could not be fully
compensated for by any American measures, mili-
tary or economic.
But these people, whose economic strength is
largely dependent on free and uninterrupted
movement of oil from the Middle East, cannot
prosper — indeed, their economies would be se-
verely impaired — should that area be controlled
by an enemy and the movement of oil be subject
to its decisions.
Next, to tlie Eastward, are Asiatic and Far
Eastern peoples, recently returned to independent
control of their own affairs or now emerging into
sovereign stateliood. Their potential strength
constitutes new assurance for stability and peace
in the world — if they can retain their independ-
ence. Should tliey lose freedom and be domi-
nated by an aggressor, the world-wide effects
would imperil the security of the free world.
In short, the world has so shrunk that all free
nations are our neighbors. Without cooperative
neighbors, the United States cannot maintain its
own security and welfare, because :
First, America's vital interests are world-wide,
embracing both hemispheres and every continent.
Second, we have community of interest with
every nation in the free world.
Third, interdependence of interests requires a
decent respect for the rights and peace of all
peoples.
These principles motivate our actions within
the United Nations. There, before all the world,
by our loyalty to them, by our practice of them,
let us strive to set a standard to which all who
seek justice and who hunger for peace can rally.
January 28, 7957
125
May we at home, here at the Seat of Govern-
ment, in all the cities and towns and f annlands of
America, support these principles in a personal
effort of dedication. Thereby each of us can help
establish a secure world order in which oppor-
tunity for freedom and justice will be more wide-
spread, and in which the resources now dissipated
on the armaments of war can be released for the
life and growth of all humanity.
When our forefathers prepared the immortal
document that proclaimed our independence, they
asserted that every individual is endowed by
his Creator with certain inalienable rights. As
we gaze back through history to that date, it is
clear that our nation has striven to live up to
this declaration, applying it to nations as well as
to individuals.
Today we proudly assert that the government
of the United States is still committed to this
concept, both in its activities at home and abroad.
The purpose is Divine; the implementation is
human.
Our country and its government have made mis-
takes — human mistakes. They have been of the
head — not of the heart. And it is still true that
the great concept of the dignity of all men, alike
created in the image of the Almighty, has been
the compass by which we have tried and are try-
ing to steer our course.
So long as we continue by its guidance, there
will be true progress in human affairs, both among
ourselves and among those with whom we deal.
To achieve a more perfect fidelity to it, I sub-
mit, is a worthy ambition as we meet together
in these first days of this, the first session of the
85th Congress.
DwiGHT D. ElSENHOWEK
The Whtpe House
January 10, 1957
Middle East Proposals
Statement by Secretary Dulles '
Since World War II, the United States has had
to meet a series of critical situations with strong
measures backed with national unity.
In 1947 the Congress adopted a major program
for military and economic aid to Greece and
Turkey, then menaced by Communist aggression.
In 1948 the Congi-ess adopted the European Ke-
covery Program (Marshall plan) in order to sus-
tain freedom and independence in Europe.
In 1949 we entered into the North Atlantic
Treaty alliance.
In 1950 the United States fought in Korea
against Communist armed aggression.
In 1953 we made a mutual defense treaty with
the Re]:)ub] ic of Korea.
In 1954 we endorsed the Caracas Declaration
calling for action in this hemisphere against in-
ternational communism.
' Made before tlie House Committee on Foreign Aflaira
on Jan. 7 (press release 7).
In 1954 we signed the Southeast Asia Collective
Defense Treaty.
In 1955 the Congress authorized the President
to employ the armed forces of the United States
for the protection of Taiwan and Penghu and re-
lated areas, and later that year we ratified a
mutual defense treaty with the Republic of Cliina,
These are a few of the momentous steps which
the United States has taken during the past dec-
ade, as one area after another was menaced by
the direct and indirect aggression of the forces of
international communism.
Basic U.S. Position
The dangers have been met in different ways,
as circumstances dictated. In some cases there
was economic aid alone. In some cases there was
both economic and military aid. In some cases
we dealt only with the military aspect of the
problem. Also in some cases there was action by
126
Department of State Bulletin
the Congress by legislation. In some cases there
was action by treaty processes. And in some
cases the Executive acted with the tacit acquies-
cence of the Congress.
But though the needs have been different and
the constitutional methods have been different,
there have been basic underlying similarities.
In each case we proceeded from the premise that,
as it was put by President Truman in his Greek-
Turkey message, "totalitarian regimes imposed
upon free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression,
undermine the foundations of international peace
and hence the security of the United States." ^
Also, all our treaty and legislative action has
been designed to promote peace by making clear
our position in advance and thus to deter aggres-
sion and to prevent dangerous miscalculations by
would-be aggressors.
Also, in each case our resolve has been impressive
because of the national unity which expressed it.
Also, in each case where we have so acted, we
have in fact preserved freedom.
The Threat to the Middle East
Today we concern ourselves with the Middle
East. Few if any of us doubt that it would be a
major disaster for the nations and peoples of the
JSIiddle East, and indeed for all the world, if that
area were to fall into the grip of international
communism.
It would be a political disaster for the nations
of the Middle East because then those nations,
like the European satellites, would lose the na-
tional independence which they so ardently desire
and which now they are beginning to exercise in
full measure.
It would be an economic disaster to them. The
principal economic asset of the area is petroleum,
and only the free nations offer an adequate market.
It would be a disaster for the peoples of the
Middle East because they are deeply religious
peoples and their spiritual suffering would be
grievous if they were subjected to the fate of
other religious peoples who have fallen under
the rule of atheistic, materialistic cominunism.
The disaster would spread far beyond the con-
fines of the Middle East itself. The economies
of many free-world countries depend directly up-
on natural products of the Middle East and on
transportation through the Middle East. And,
"Bulletin (supplement) of May 4, 1947, p. 829.
January 28, 1957
indirectly, the entire free-world economy is con-
cerned. Western Europe is particularly depend-
ent upon the Middle East. The vast sacrifices the
United States has made for the economic recovery
of Europe and military defense of Europe would
be virtually nullified if the Middle East fell under
the control of international communism.
Finally, a Communist breakthrough in the Mid-
dle East would encourage the Soviet rulers to
resort everywhere to more aggressive policies. It
would severely weaken the pressures within the
Soviet world for more liberal policies. It would
be a severe blow to the strugghng peoples of
Hungary and Poland who are so valiantly striv-
ing for more independence. It would undo,
throughout the world, much of the benefit of the
earlier actions I have recalled.
For all these reasons, the United States must do
whatever it properly can to assist the nations of
the Middle East to maintain their independence.
No Single Formula
The question of what to do is extraordinarily
difficult. The area is much divided among itself.
There is a high degree of disunity between the
Arab States and Israel, a disaccord which has
been heightened by the recent Israeli military
action in Egypt. There is much disunity as be-
tween Arab States themselves. There is suspicion
against any outside force lest it be a de-vice to re-
impose colonialism. That suspicion has been
heightened by recent events which impair what
have been mutual relations between the Middle
East and Europe. There is the problem of the
Suez Canal.
It is not feasible to find a simple answer to the
question of how the United States can help to keep
the area free. It is hard to help in one direction
without creating suspicion in another. No single
formula will solve all the problems of the Middle
East. They will have to be attacked in a variety
of ways, as we have steadily sought to do and will
continue to do. But the evolution of events now
requires us to add a new element to reinforce our
other actions in the area.
President Eisenhower's Recommendation
After the most thorough consideration. Presi-
dent Eisenhower has concluded, and has recom-
mended to the Congress, that action be taken which
will first of all make unmistakably clear that
127
Proposed Resolution on Economic and Military Cooperation in Middle East
JOINT RESOLUTION
To authorize the President to undertalte economic
and military cooperation with nations in the general
area of the Middle East in order to assist in the
strengthening and defense of their independence.
Whereas a primary purpose of the United States
in its relations with all other nations is to develop and
sustain a just and enduring peace for all, in accordance
with the Charter of the United Nations ; and
Whereas the peace of the world and the security of
the United States are endangered as long as interna-
tional communism and the nations it controls seek by
threat of military action, use of economic pressure,
internal subversion, or other means to attempt to bring
under their domination peoples now free and inde-
pendent ; and
Whereas such danger now exists in the general area
of the Middle East : Therefore be it
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assemhled.
That the President be and hereby is authorized to co-
operate with and assist any nation or group of nations
in the general area of the Middle East in the develop-
ment of economic strength dedicated to the mainte-
nance of national independence.
Sec. 2. The President is authorized to undertake.
In the general area of the Middle East, military as-
sistance programs with any nation or group of nations
of that area desiring such assistance. Furthermore, he
is authorized to employ the Armed Forces of the United
States as he deems necessary to secure and protect the
territorial integrity and political independence of any
such nation or group of nations requesting such aid
against overt armed aggression from any nation con-
it is the policy of the United States, declared by
the Congress and the President, to cooperate with
the nations of the Middle East to maintain their
independence.
It -would in the second place authorize the
President to assist any nation or group of na-
tions in that general area in the development of
economic strength dedicated to the maintenance
of national independence.
It would in the third place authorize the Presi-
dent to undertake military assistance programs
with any such nation or group of nations, if they
desire such assistance.
It would in the fourth place authorize the Presi-
dent to emi)loy the armed force of the United
States to secure and protect the territorial integ-
rity and political independence of any such nation
or group of nations requesting such aid against
trolled by international communism ; Provided, That
such employment shall be consonant with the treaty
obligations of the United States and with the Charter
of the United Nations and actions and recommenda-
tions of the United Nations; and, as specified in Article
51 of the United Nations Charter, measures pursuant
thereto shall be immediately reported to the Security
Council and shall not in any way affect the authority
and responsibility of the Security Council to take at
any time such action as it deems necessary in order
to maintain or restore international peace and security.
Sec. 3. The President is hereby authorized, when
he determines that such use is important to the se-
curity of the United States, to use for the purposes
of this joint resolution, without regard to the provi-
sions of any other law or regulation, not to exceed
$200,000,000 from any appropriations now available
for carrying out the provisions of the Mutual Security
Act of 1954, as amended. This authorization is in
addition to other existing authorizations with respect to
the use of such appropriations.
Sec. 4. The President shall within the month of Jan-
uary of each year rejjort to the Congress his action
hereunder.
Sec. 5. This Joint Resolution shall expire when the
President shall determine that the peace and security
of the nations in the general area of the Middle East
are reasonably assured by international conditions cre-
ated by action of the United Nations or otherwise.
' H.J. Res. 117, 85th Cong., 1st sess., introduced on
Jan. 5 by Representative Thomas S. Gordon, chairman
of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and referred to
the committee.
overt armed aggression from any nation controlled
by international communism.
In order to enable the President tlie better to
carry out economic and military assistance pro-
grams, it is proposed that from funds already
appropriated by past mutual security legislation
up to $200 million may be used in the President's
discretion for the Middle East, this authority to
be supi^lementary to his present discretionary au-
thority under existing legislation. This does not
involve the authorizing or appropriating of any
additional money. We seek greater flexibility in
respect of funds already appropriated so tliat the
peace ammunition already provided by the Con-
gress can be more freely and effectively used in
what has, since last June, become an area of
greater need than was then anticipated. The
matter of funds for future fiscal vears will be
128
Department of Stale Bulletin
dealt with later, as outlined by the Presidential
message.
The authority to use the armed forces of the
United States is designed to apply to cases of
overt armed aggression coming from some nation
"controlled by international communism." That
phrase is taken from the Mutual Security Act.
Any employment of armed force would be con-
sonant with the United Nations Charter and the
other treaty obligations of the United States,
notably the provision found in the charter of the
United Nations and in our security treaties that
we shall refrain in our international relations
from a threat or use of force against the territorial
integrity or political independence of any state.
Furthermore, such use of force would be subject
to article 51 of the charter of the United Nations,
whicli recognizes the inherent right of collective
self-defense if an armed attack occurs but which
goes on to provide that the exercise of this right
of self-defense shall in no way affect the authority
and responsibility of the Security Council to take
such action as it deems necessary in order to main-
tain or restore international peace and security.
Coordination with the United Nations would be
further assured by a provision that any United
States use of force shall be consonant with the
actions and recommendations of the United
Nations.
The proposed legislation is in the judgment of
our President necessary to meet the danger.
The danger can take any one or more of several
forms. There is the possibility of open armed
attack. There is the possibility of subversion,
a danger which is increased if there be a sense
of insecurity. There is the danger that economic
conditions be such as to make communism seem
an attractive choice. Any program, to be ade-
quate, must be prepared to meet all three of these
dangers and any combination of them. Also,
those needs cannot be met under present con-
ditions unless we make clear now, in relation to
the Middle East, what we have already made clear
in relation to so many areas; namely, that armed
Communist attack would have to be met, if need
be, by the armed force of the United States.
Is there, in fact, doubt that the United States
would, sooner or later, react with force if Com-
munist-controlled governments used open force to
conquer the Middle East? "Would it not then
be obvious that the United States itself was in
process of being imperiled? Would not action
be the overwhelming will of the Congress and of
the Nation ? But if that be so, the time to make
clear our resolve is now. Only thus can we ade-
quately serve the cause of freedom and of peace.
You may feel — I do feel — that there is in fact no
doubt as to what the Congress would do if inter-
national communism set out on a piecemeal con-
quest of the world by war. But imtil the Con-
gress has actually spoken, there is doubt in the
Middle East and there may be doubt in the Soviet
Union. If those doubts persist, then the danger
persists and grows. If we elect to wait and see
and then decide, the waiting period will greatly
heighten vulnerability to both direct attack by
overwhelming force and to indirect aggression.
And we shall not have deterred the aggression.
Only if Congress quickly dispels doubts, only if
it puts the stamp of its approval upon a rounded
program of economic and military assistance and
reassurance for the Middle East, will it have
done the maximum it can do to preserve peace
and freedom.
The purpose of the proposed resolution is not
war. It is peace. The purpose, as in the other
cases where the President and the Congress have
acted together to oppose international com-
munism, is to stop world war III before it starts.
Secretary Dulles Comments
on "Short Form" Resolution
Press release 11 dated January 9
At the hearing held by the Foreign Affairs
Committee of the House of Representatives on
January 9 on the pending Middle East joint reso-
lution, Secretary Dulles was requested to comment
upon a suggested "short form" resolution which
had been reported in the press.^ The Secretary
said that the purposes of the author seemed to
coincide with those expressed in the proposed
joint resolution (H. J. Kes. 117) but that he had
doubts regarding the "short form" on the follow-
ing points:
1. It could be interpreted as designed to estab-
' "The United States refrards as vital to her Interest
the preservation of the independence and intesiity of the
states of the Middle East and, if necessary, will use her
armed forces to that end."
January 28, 1957
129
lish unilaterally a United States protectorate over
the area, irrespective of the desires or requests of
the countries themselves, and as such it might
well be resented in the area.
2. In dealing with the use of United States
armed forces to preserve the independence and
integrity of the states of the Middle East, the
"short form" would not limit such use to defense
against armed attack, which under article 51 of the
United Nations Charter is the basis for collective
self-defense.
3. It seems to call for United States armed
action to preserve the integrity of all the Middle
East states not merely against a Connnunist armed
attack but against any external attack, and thus
it might, for example, have required United States
military intervention in the fighting which oc-
curred last year.
4. It would seem to call for military action to
overthrow a regime brought into power from
without even though no violence were used. This
would raise a question of the conformity of such
action with our U.N. Charter obligations and the
interpretation of the charter which was adopted
by the United States at the United Nations emer-
gency Assembly last October and November.
5. It would not actually grant the President any
authority with respect to the use of armed forces
even to protect a state of the area, at its request,
against Commimist armed attack.
6. It does not touch at all upon the economic
phase of the problem, which is of extreme impor-
tance and urgency.
7. It entirely ignores the U.N. and the impor-
tance of coordinating any national action with
the authority conferred upon the U.N. by the
charter.
James P. Richards Appointed
Special Assistant to President
White House press release dated January 7
The President on January 7 appointed James
P. Richards of South Carolina, former chairman
of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, as
Special Assistant to the President with personal
rank of Ambassador. Mr. Richards' duties will
be to advise and assist the President and the Sec-
retary of State on problems of the Middle Eastei-n
area.
In this capacity Mr. Richards will head a special
group of State Department, Defense Department,
and International Cooperation Administration of-
ficials to implement certain aspects of the Govern-
ment's policies in relation to the Middle East, par-
ticularly as they may develop pursuant to the Pres-
ident's request to the Congress for a joint declara-
tion of policy. In addition to advising on policy
problems, it is expected that Mr. Richards will
travel to the Middle Eastern area in order to assist
in the development of administration planning for
the area.
Resignation of Sir Anthony Eden
as British Prime Minister
statement by President Eisenhower
White House press release dated January 9
I have just been informed of the official an-
nouncement of the resignation of Sir Anthony
Eden as head of Her Majesty's Government in the
United Kingdom.
Sir Anthony is an old and good friend. During
the days of World War II and since, there have
been few periods when he and I were not engaged
in the study of some problem common to our two
countries. Through the years I have developed
for him a great respect and admiration.
As Foreign Minister and then as Prime Minis-
ter, Sir Anthony has been a dedicated leader in
the cause of freedom. He is a staunch believer
in the need for unity among the conununity of
free nations, especially between his coiintry and
ours.
Mrs. Eisenhower and I extend to him and to
Lady Eden our hopes that Sir Anthony will soon
fully recover his health so that he may have
many useful years of happiness ahead.
Statement by Secretary Dulles
Press release 12 dated January 9
It is a matter of deep regret that Sir Anthony
Eden has felt compelled to lay down the arduous
duties of his office because of health. I have
myself known Sir Anthony for many years, and
we were closely associated during the period when
he was Foreign Minister and I was Secretary of
State. We attended together many international
conferences and always cooperated closely. Also
130
Department of Stale Bulletin
since he became Prime Minister I have had several
opportunities to see and work with him.
This friendly association has been a privilege to
me and through it I came to admire and respect
his ability and effective dedication to the cause
of freedom in the world and unity between the
free nations, particularly between the United
Kingdom and the United States. I hope that the
opportunity for a rest which will now come to Sir
Anthony will assure him many years of happiness
and the possibility of his continuing to contribute
to the common cause of freedom.
A Step Toward Stability in the IVIiddie East
by Robert C. HUl
Assistant Secretary for Congressional Relations ^
As you know, North Carolina has been humor-
ously termed a "valley of humility between two
mountains of conceit." It goes without saying
that this great State, with its booming and ever-
growing industry and its forward-looking atti-
tude, has no reason to be humble. Quite the con-
trary, it has every reason to be proud of its herit-
age and confident in its future.
Nevertheless, humility stands out as a true vir-
tue in this day and age, when dictators and proph-
ets of various "isms" strut with vain arrogance on
the world stage. Khrushchev and Bulganin have
now taken off the garb with which they sought to
fool what they believe to be Little Red Riding
Hoods of the free world into thinking they are
peace-loving characters. In Hungary they showed
that their teeth were as sharp and jagged as ever.
Set against the superegos who endanger world
peace or who play around the edges with com-
munism, humility is a heartening virtue. It is
certainly possessed by our beloved President,
Dwight D. Eisenhower. In recent decades, we
have witnessed Chief Executives who have acted
in the foreign field by decrees called Executive
orders. At times they have strained the Presiden-
tial powers and acted by fiat. President Eisen-
hower has, throughout his period of office, recog-
' Address made before the Chamber of Commerce at
Henderson ville, N. C, on Jan. 12 (press release 18 dated
Jan. 11).
nized that, under the Constitution, there are three
coequal branches of Govermnent — the executive,
judicial, and legislative. Rather than attempting
to infringe upon tlie rights of Congress, he has
sought to bring it into every important aspect of
our foreign policy.
That is why, in another of the world situations
with which he has dealt so skillfully, this time the
crisis in the Middle East, the President has turned
to Congress and asked it for the authority neces-
sary to keep out the Communist colonizers and
to assist in the just solution of the international
problems in the general area of the Middle East.
As Assistant Secretary of State for Congres-
sional Relations, it is my duty and my privilege
to work with the Congress on matters affecting our
foreign affairs. I have found in the Senate and
the House men and women who keenly are aware
of the beliefs of their constituents and earnestly
and sincerely try to carry out their wishes. I have
found that the Members of the Senate and the
House put our Nation's welfare above partisan
politics in matters of international relations.
There is no doubt that Americans admired the
leadership provided by President Eisenhower and
Secretary Dulles from the start of the Suez crisis.
They admired the President's refusal to be stam-
peded by any of the nations involved. They ad-
mired him for refusing to tolerate aggression in
any form. This stand won him worldwide support
January 28, 7957
131
in the United Nations. It convinced the nations
of the world and of the Middle East that the
United States did not intend to see their sover-
eignty destroyed. President Eisenhower thus
brought the prestige of the United States to a new
high.
The next phase with regard to the Middle East
logically begins.
The Communist Threat
Under United Nations insistence, Britain and
France have withdrawn their forces from Suez.
With the way thus cleared, we can assist in deal-
ing with many of the basic problems. The chief
of these, as the President and Secretary of State
have stressed time and time again to Congress,
is the Communist threat in this general area.
The Soviet Union has striven mightily for more
than two generations to get a foothold, and then
gain control, of the rich and strategic Middle East.
Eussian interest in the Persian Gulf area has
been a geopolitical factor since the days of the
Czars. The Soviet leaders have sought, with in-
creasing activity, to dominate this area, which is
not only a strategic crossroads of the world but
wherein lie two-thirds of the free world's oil
reserves.
In 1955 President Eisenhower asked for au-
thority to employ American armed forces to pro-
tect Formosa, then immediately threatened by at-
tack. There were those who predicted this would
lead at once to wai". Yet this stern warning de-
livered jointly by the President and the Congress
that the United States was prepared to meet force
with force proved effective and remains effective
in the Far Eastern area today.
The United States is equally determined not
to stand idly by and permit Communist colonial-
ism to absorb this vital area or its now independent
people of varying races. The problem of assuring
the free movement of the world's commerce
through Suez, and the many other challenging
problems in this fast-changing area, cannot be
solved unless the Communist threat is removed.
As in the case of Formosa, it is only fair to let
the would-be aggressor know the American peo-
ple's determination, as expressed by the President
and implemented by the Congress, not to permit
interference in the affairs of the free nations of the
Middle East.
President Eisenhower, in his address to the joint
session of Congress exactly one week ago today,^
pointed out that
The Soviet Union has nothing whatsoever to fear from
the United States in the Middle East, or anywhere else
in the world, so long as its rulers do not themselves first
resort to aggression. . . . Neither does Russia's desire
to dominate the Middle East spring from its own eco-
nomic interest in the area. Russia does not appreciably
use or depend upon the Suez Canal. . . . The Soviets have
no need for, and could provide no market for, the petro-
leum resources which constitute the principal natural
wealth of the area.
Then the President told the Congress the real
motivation for would-be Soviet aggression. He
stated :
The reason for Russia's interest in the Middle East is
solely that of power politics. Considerins her announced
purpose of Communizing the world, it is easy to under-
stand her hope of dominating the Middle East.
Later, on January 7, Secretary Dulles told the
House Committee on Foreign Affairs:^
... a Communist breakthrough in the Middle East
would encourage the Soviet leaders to resort everywhere
to more aggressive policies. It would severely weaken
the pressures within the Soviet world for more liberal
policies. It would be a severe blow to the struggling
peoples of Hungary and Poland who are so valiantly
striving for more independence.
The President informed the Congress that
Experience shows that indirect aggression rarely if
ever succeeds where there is reasonable security against
direct aggression.
As a matter of fact, the House Select Committee
on Soviet Aggression — after a careful study of
every satellite taken over by the Red bosses and
also the non-Russian parts of the Soviet Union
absorbed — reported tliat none was ever swallowed
up "without the use or threat of use of the Red
Army."
The President also informed the Congress that
safeguards against aggression included posses-
sion by local governments of loyal security forces
and '"economic conditions such as not to make
Communism seem an attractive alternative."
The actual resolution as introduced in Congress
bj' the new and distinguished chairman, Thomas
Gordon, of the House Foreign Affaii-s Committee
is so explicit that I propose to read its salient
parts. They are short and to the point, imple-
menting the policy the President requested.
■ Bulletin of Jan. 21, 1957, p. 83.
' See p. 126.
132
Deparfment of Sfafe Bulletin
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of Ameriea in Connress assemUed,
That the President be and hereby is authorized to co-
operate with and assist any nation or group of nations
in the };eneral area of the Middle East in the develop-
ment of economic strength dedicated to the maintenance
of national independence.
Sec. 2. The President is authorized to undertake, in
the general area of the Middle East, military assistance
programs with any nation or group of nations of that
area desiring such assistance. Furthermore, he is au-
thorized to employ the Armed Forces of the United
States as he deems necessary to secure and protect the
territorial integrity and political independence of any
such nation or group of nations requesting such aid against
overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by
International communism: Provided, That such employ-
ment shall be consonant with the treaty obligations of
the I'nited States and with the Charter of the United
Nations and actions and recommendations of the United
Nations: and, as specified in article 51 of the United Na-
tions Charter, measures pursuant thereto shall be imme-
diately reported to the Security Council and shall not in
any way affect the authority and responsibility of the
Security Council to take at any time such action as it
deems necessary in order to maintain or restore inter-
national peace and security.
Sec. 3. The President is hereby authorized, when he
determines that such use is important to the security of
the United States, to use for the purposes of this joint
resolution, without regard to the provisions of any other
law or resulation, not to exceed $200,000,000 from any ap-
propriations now available for carrying out the provisions
of the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended. This
authorization is in addition to other existing authoriza-
tions with respect to the use of such appropriations.
May I comment that our aims are, in the tra-
dition and spirit of the United States, sincere and
noble. That small gallery of critics who feed
upon sensationalism and misrepresentation can-
not distort these principles.
As many times in our history this is a moment
when we can be especially proud of our country
and of the institutions which have made us strong
and free and thus able to project into this world,
long ridden with ancient hates and prejudices, a
touch of something new and better for mankind.
For this reason I am certain that the Congress
of the United States will adopt the President's
program for the Middle East. For this reason I
am certain that the American people will give it
the same full and enthusiastic support they have
given the President himself.
Crumbling Facade of Soviet State
We see the contrast to our own system of free-
dom and free enterprise in the crumbling facade of
ianuaty 28, 1957
the Soviet slave state. This police state has posed
to the world as a leader of a "new idea." But
what, I ask, is new about tyranny, regimentation,
and a planned economy so rigid that it has proved
it can never work? This system is, in truth, long
outmoded. It goes back before the Dark Ages.
All that is different in the Soviet system is the
form of the sales technique— and even that is
not very new because deceit and lies have been
tried before with dismal failure. This technique
is to promise everything to everyone; then, if you
take over the people, you put them in chains.
The Communist system has begun to crack. The
Hungarian revolt proved that men hunger to be
free. It proved that this desire to be free is
stronger than the indoctrination by the Com-
munists driven home to them since their child-
hood. It is stronger than self-interest. It is
stronger than life itself. The Hungarian patriots
showed the world that they prefer to die for
freedom than to live under Communist tyranny.
If the Soviet troubles were limited to Hungary,
it might not be too difficult a task for the Kremlin's
uneasy masters. After all, one big country can
crush a smaller defenseless one. But the Kremlin
faces the fact there is a gradual stirring in all the
satellites, as well as in the U.S.S.R. itself. Let us
not forget that almost half the people of the Soviet
Union are not Russian. These non-Russians de-
test their Russian masters.
Anyone could have told the bosses of a so-called
new system that bureaucracy and a rigid economic
system always had uncorrectable faults. Louis
XVI and Marie Antoinette found that out on the
guillotine. Why have the Communists been
plundering rich Hungary of meat and wheat if
their collective farms are doing well? Wliy are
they plundering other satellites to the starvation
point? Obviously, the collective farm system is a
failure.
It may not be a quick process, but the Com-
munist police state is dying at its roots. Secre-
tary Dulles has repeatedly made clear that in-
ternal troubles which may well lead to greater
freedom are developing. They are developing far
beyond hopes and expectations. The trouble
within the Red orbit is serious. I am sure Con-
gress and the American people are aware of this.
History shows that police states with their rigid
patterns must expand to live. That is why it is
important to prevent such Soviet expansion in the
Middle East or anywhere else. That is another
133
reason why I am so confident that Congress will
act on the Middle East resolution with due de-
liberation and resolve.
In contrast to the failing Soviet system, let us
look at our own. The free expression of our di-
vergent views permits us under our traditions of
freedom to come up with something approaching
the right answer to problems — and to correct our
errors quickly after we have made them.
The United States is committed to constant
progress ; we are not afraid of change within the
flexibility of the wise system our forefathers con-
ceived. That is why we in the United States live
better today tlian any people at any time in all
history. I think we should take pride in our
accomplishments rather than analyzing ourselves
too much or concentrating upon the soft points
in our national life, which we constantly seek to
change.
We should be proud to be patriots even though
there has been a campaign for several decades to
make patriotism an evil word. We must all be
patriots these days. For a nation as strong as
ours, unified through pride in its heritage, beliefs,
and accomplishments, cannot be defeated. It will
play a new role in creating a better and a peaceful
world for all mankind.
One cannot deny that these Middle East prob-
lems are tremendously difficult, rooted in centuries
of hatred and misunderstanding. They will not
be solved overnight by any administration — Re-
publican or Democratic. But I say that, regard-
less of the painstaking, frustrating days ahead,
the President's request to Congi-ess is an essential
step toward the clierished goal of stability and
understanding in this vital region. As such it
deserves the firm support of all Americans —
Democrats and Republicans — for only by such
unity will our great Nation exert moral leader-
ship whicli is vital to the survival of Western
democracy and the welfare of all mankind.
Death of Austrian President
The White House on January 5 inade public the
following cablegram from President Eisenhower
to Chancellor Julius Raab of Austria.
I wish to express to the people of Austria and
to you personally my profound sympathy and that
of the people of the United States at the death of
President Koerner.'
DwiQHT D. Eisenhower
' President Theodor Koerner died on Jan. 4.
U.S. To Permit Licensing to Poland
of Surplus Farm Commodities
The Department of Commerce annoimced on
January 5 that it now will give consideration to
applications for licenses to export surplus agricul-
tural commodities to Poland for U.S. dollars at
world market prices. Apart from this action with
regard to Poland, the general policy prohibiting
exports of subsidized agricultural products has not
been changed for Soviet-bloc countries, although
at some future time consideration may be given to
applications for exports of such commodities to
certain other Eastern European countries. Public
announcement will be made if, and when, such a
decision is taken.
The policy change permits the licensing to Po-
land of surplus agricultural commodities subsi-
dized or sold by the Commodity Credit Corpora-
tion for export, for U.S. dollars at world market
prices. To the extent that Poland wishes to make
such purchases, this relaxation should permit that
country to utilize these commodities for the benefit
of the Polish people.
Hungary Lifts Import Duties
on Gift Parcels
The Bureau of Foreign Commerce of the De-
partment of Commerce reported on January 9
that the Hungarian Government has announced
that gift parcels sent to Hungary will be admitted
duty free. Hungarian authorities have advised
that until further notice gift parcels addressed to
individuals and organizations in that country will
not be subject to customs duties. Such parcels
may contain any mailable article needed by the
addressee and his family, such as clotliing, non-
perishable foods, and medicines. Items in com-
mercial quantities are not permitted.
U.S. export controls permit shipment of gift
packages up to $50 in value by mail to all foreign
countries except Communist China and North
Korea, without the necessity of applying for in-
dividual export licenses. The packages may con-
tain only those items normally sent as gifts, such
as food, toilet articles, and civilian clothing. Cer-
tain sulfonamide and antibiotic drug preparations
may be included in the parcel provided their value
does not exceed $25. All other drugs in dosage
form may be shipped up to the full $50 limitation.
134
Department of State Bulletin
Only one parcel a week may be sent by any one
donor to any one donee.
Mail service to Hungary, which was discon-
tinued on November 23, now has been resumed, the
U.S. Postmaster General has announced. Gift
packages should conform to Post Office regula-
tions as to size, weight, and permitted contents.
Alleged Overflight of Soviet Area
by American Planes
U.S. NOTE OF JANUARY 11
Press release 14 dated January 11
Following is the text of a note delivered on
January 11 to the Embassy of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics in Washington, D.C.
The Department of State informs the Embassy
of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics that the
latter's unnumbered note dated December 15, 1956,
concerning an alleged overflight of the Vladivos-
tok area by three American planes on December
11, 1956, has been given careful attention.
With respect to the alleged violation of Soviet
air space, a thorough investigation has revealed
that the only authorized United States Air Force
flights in the general area of the Sea of Japan
were normal training activities.
If, however, the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics would offer information to enable positive
identification of aircraft allegedly involved, or
otherwise establish proof of the allegation, the
United States Government would be pleased to
conduct a further study of the matter.
Departscent of State,
Washington, D. C.
SOVIET NOTE OF DECEMBER 15
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-
lics considers it necessary to advise the Government of
the United States as follows :
According to precisely determined data, on December
11, 1956, between 13:07 and 13:21 o'clock, Vladivostok
time, three American jet planes, type B-57, coming from
the direction of the Sea of Japan, south of Vladivostok,
violated the national boundary of the U.S.S.R. by invad-
ing the air space of the Soviet Union. These planes pene-
trated the air space over the territory of the U.S.S.R. in
the Vladivostok area. Good weather prevailed in the area
violated, with good visibility, which precluded any possi-
bility of the loss of orientation by the fliers during their
flight.
This violation by American planes of the air space of
the Soviet Union cannot be regarded as other than a pre-
meditated act on the part of the military authorities of
the U.S.A. with the clear aim of reconnaissance, which
cannot help leading to the aggravation of the interna-
tional situation in the Far East.
The Government of the Soviet Union strongly protests
to the Government of the U.S.A. against this gross viola-
tion of the air space of the Soviet Union by American
planes and insists that the Government of the U.S.A. take
measures to punish the guilty parties and to prevent any
future violations of the national boundaries of the U.S.S.R.
by American planes.
The Soviet Government considers it necessary to state
that in case of any repetition in the future of violations
of the air space of the U.S.S.R. by American planes, the
Government of the United States of America will have to
bear the full responsibility for the consequences of such
violations.
King of Saudi Arabia
To Visit United States
White House press release dated January 7
The King of Saudi Arabia, His Majesty Saud
Ibn Abdul al-Aziz Al Saud, has accepted the Pres-
ident's invitation to visit the United States. The
King and his party will visit Washington Jan-
uary 30, 31, and February 1. ,.
This visit is the first state visit of 1957 and marks
the first time a reigning monarch of Saudi Arabia
has visited the United States. The visit has been
under consideration for several months. The
President and the King are expected to discuss the
problems of the Middle East area which are of
mutual interest to the two countries.
Crown Prince Abdul lllah of Iraq
To Visit United States
Press release 17 dated January 11
His Royal Highness Crown Prince Abdul lUah
of Iraq has indicated his interest in visiting the
United States and will pay an informal visit to
this country early in February. During the
course of the visit he will call on U.S. officials in
Washington for discussions of current Middle
Eastern problems.
January 28, J 957
135
This will be the Crown Prince's third visit to
the United States. As Regent of Iraq, he paid
a state visit in 1945 and accompanied King Faisal
of Iraq on his state visit in 1952.
World Bank Loan to Japan
for Land Reclamation
The World Bank announced on December 19
that documents had been signed that day for a
loan equivalent to $4.3 million in various cur-
rencies to assist in the execution of land reclama-
tion projects in Japan and to increase imports of
dairy cattle. Most of the loan will be used to im-
port equipment which will be operated on pilot
projects to test the feasibility of land reclamation
in Japan by the application of modern mechanical
methods.
The reclamation will be carried out in three dif-
ferent areas of northern Japan: Kamikita in
northern Honshu, the Konsen plain in eastern
Hokkaido, and the Ishipari River valley in west-
ern Hokkaido. The projects are expected to re-
duce the time and cost involved in transforming
an initial 54,000 acres of presently uncultivated
land into productive farm areas suitable for mixed
farming. If, as expected, mechanized land recla-
mation proves successful in the pilot areas, the
methods developed should be applicable on a
larger scale in many other areas of Japan.
The loan was made to the Agricultural Land
Development Machinery Public Corporation and
is guaranteed by the Government of Japan. The
corporation was established by the Japanese Gov-
ernment in 1955. While its initial operation will
be in the nature of pilot projects, ultimately its
activities will be extended to large-scale reclama-
tion. The loan is for a term of 15 years and bears
interest of 5 percent, including the 1 percent com-
mission charged by the bank. Amortization will
begin November 1, 1959.
Japan has a pressing need to open new lands to
cultivation so that the production of food can be
increased. Although its population of 90 million
numbers more than half that of the United States,
Japan's land area is only one-twentieth as large,
and, because of the mountainous terrain, much of
this land is unsuitable for cultivation. At present
Japan imports about one-fifth of its food require-
ments, and, with the population growing at the
rate of one million a year, output of food will need
to be increased by 15 percent within 10 years if the
present situation is not to worsen. Presently cul-
tivated land is already intensively used, and it is
mainly by developing unused lands for agriculture
that Japan can hope to avoid a growing food
deficit. This is well understood in Japan, and in
recent years the Government has been devoting
about 12 percent of its total expenditure to the
support and increase of agricultural production.
The projects which the bank's loan will assist are
part of this effort.
Japan has at least 2.5 million acres of potentially
arable land which for various reasons have not
been brought under cultivation. Recent efforts to
reclaim portions of this acreage have been con-
fined to settling farmers on the land and support-
ing tliem wliile they attempted to clear and pre-
pare areas for agriculture by their own hand labor.
Much of the land is covered with scrub growth or
hai'dwood trees so that clearance has been labor-
ious and slow. Following a visit by a bank agri-
cultural mission in 1954, Japan decided to estab-
lish pilot projects to test the feasibility of large-
scale and rapid reclamation of this type of land
by the use of modern clearing and earth-moving
equipment.
Neither the natural increase of domestic cattle
nor the numbers imported have been sufficient to
meet Japan's increasing demand for dairy prod-
ucts in the postwar years. To provide additional
stock for existing farms and for new farms to be
established on reclaimed lands, Japan needs to
import an additional 2,500 head of cattle annually
for several years. The bank loan will enable the
Government to import 5,000 head of dairy breed-
ing cattle over a period of about 2 years and thus
encourage the growth of mixed fanning in Japan.
The cattle will be imported from Australia.
U.S. Farm Surpluses Finance
Development Loan for Brazil
The International Cooperation Administration
announced on January 8 that tlie United States
has signed a loan agreement with Brazil wliich
will provide the equivalent of $117,895,000 in Bra-
zilian cruzeiros over the next 3 years to further
Brazil's economic development. Funds for this
loan will come from sales of U.S. wheat and other
farm products to Brazil under title I of the Agri-
cultural Trade Development and Assistance Act
of 1954, as amended (Public Law 480).
With proceeds from these sales a line of credit
136
Department of State Bulletin
is being established for the National Bank for
Economic Development, an agency of the Bra-
zilian Government, to be used for loans to govern-
mental, mixed, and private enterprises which are
within the scope of the development program of
Brazil. Through this loan capital will be pro-
vided to expand Brazil's hydroelectric energy out-
put, railroad transportation facilities, and iron
and steel production. Included will be loans for
such specific projects as construction of the Furnas
Dam and other work in the Kio Grande River
basin; expansion of power production and other
sites of the Siio Francisco River basin, including
the Tres Marias project ; and construction of a new
railway line between Passo Fundo and General
Luz in Rio Grande do Sul.
The Brazilian Government is undertaking a
wide range of development projects essential to
the country's economic growth. Much of the
planning and work now under way to increase
industrial and agricultural production and to im-
prove Brazil's transportation network is being
carried out along guidelines set forth by the Joint
Brazil-United States Economic Development
Commission some 3 years ago. The National
Bank for Economic Development, the Brazilian
Government lending agency which will channel
the loan funds to development enterprises in Bra-
zil, is itself an outgrowth of one of the Joint Com-
mission's recommendations.
This loan agreement supplements an agricul-
tural commodities agreement signed De<«mber
31, 1956,' which authorized the sale for local
currency of $138.7 million worth of U.S. surplus
farm products — mostly wheat — to Brazil.
Formal signing of the loan agreement took
place on January 7. It was signed for Brazil
by Ernani do Amaral Peixoto, Brazilian Am-
bassador to the United States, and for the United
States by Hawthorne Arey, a director of the
Export-Import Bank of Washington, which
executes and administers collection of Ica loans.
According to terms of the agreement, the total
• Bulletin of .Ian. 21, 1957, p. 102.
cruzeiro equivalent of $117,895,000 will be dis-
bursed in three annual installments — the first be-
ing $32,980,000. Other provisions call for repay-
ment of the loan by Bi'azil over a 40-year period,
with interest at 4 percent if repaid in cruzeiros
and 3 percent if repaid in U.S. dollars.
This is the largest economic development loan
thus far extended a Latin American Republic un-
der provisions of title I of the Agricultural Trade
Development and Assistance Act. A previous
transaction provided for extension of a $31.3 mil-
lion development loan to Brazil, and other loans
have been or are being negotiated with Argentina,
Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru.
Congressional Documents
Relating to Foreign Policy
84th Congress, 2d Session
United States Aid Operations in Iran. Hearings before
a subcommittee of the House Committee on Govern-
ment Operations. May 2-July 16, 1956. 1,268 pp.
Legislative History of the Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations. S. Doc. 150, July 26, 1956. 84 pp.
Development of the Upper Columbia River Basin, Canada
and the United States. S. Rept. 2831, December 10,
1956. 2 pp.
Foreign Policy and Mutual Security. Draft report sub-
mitted to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs pur-
suant to a committee resolution providing that the Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs shall examine and reappraise,
under the direction of the chairman, the objectives,
methods, and results of the foreign policies and pro-
grams of the United States involved in the Mutual Se-
curity Act and related legislation, together with hear-
ings held by the Committee on Foreign Affairs October
9-November 28, 1956. December 24, 1956. 367 pp.
[Committee print.]
85th Congress, 1st Session
Sixteenth Semiannual Report on Educational Exchange
Activities. Letter from chairman. United States Ad-
visory Commission on Educational Exchange, transmit-
ting the 16th semiannual report on the educational ex-
change activities conducted under the United States
Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948,
for the period January 1 through June 30, 1956, pur-
suant to Public Law 402, 80th Congress. H. Doc. 40,
January 3, 1957. 4 pp.
Middle East Situation. Address of the President of the
United States delivered before a joint session of the
Senate and the House of Representatives. H. Doc. 46,
.lanuary 5, 1957. 8 pp.
January 28, 1957
413691 — 57 3
137
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
General Assembly Establishes Committee To Investigate
and Report on Conditions in Hungary
Following are texts of a statement on the Hun-
garian question hy Henry Cahot Lodge, Jr.^ U.S.
Representative to the General Assembly; a report
hy U.N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold ;
and a resolution adopted hy the Assembly on
January 10.
STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR LODGE'
More than 2 months have passed since the Soviet
Union attacked the Hungarian people with mas-
sive force. Since that time the General Assembly
has repeatedly turned its attention to the situa-
tion in that terror-stricken little country. It has
set forth its objectives, clearly and unequivocally,
in a series of resolutions — objectives which have
been totally and flagrantly disregarded by the
Soviet Government and by the existing Hun-
garian authorities. In a climactic action the
United Nations has even gone so far as to condemn
the Soviet oppression of Hungary and to do so by
an overwhelming vote.^
We now confront another aspect of this tragic
ease. On November 16 last, the Secretary-
General, pursuant to the resolution adopted by
the Assembly on November 4,' appointed a com-
mittee of three investigators to look into the
situation caused by the Soviet intervention in
Hungary.
There is now before us, in document A/3485,
a report by the Secretarj^-General on the in-
vestigation with which he has been charged
1 Made in plenary on Jan. 9 (TJ.'S. delegation press
release 2.582).
•U.N. doc. A/Re8/424 (Bulletin of Dec. 24-31, 1956,
p. 979).
•U.N. doc. A/Ke8/393 (Bulletin of Nov. 19, 1956, p.
803).
by the Assembly. The Secretary-General has
reached two major conclusions.
The first is :
So far there has heen no possibility for representatives
of the United Nations to malie direct observations in
Hungary, nor has the co-operation necessary for the
investigations been forthcoming from Governments di-
rectly concerned.
And here is a second quotation :
. . . the Assembly may now wish to establish a special
ad. hoc committee which would take over the activities
of the group of investigators established by the Secretary-
General, and follow them up under somewhat broader
terras of reference.
Now, Mr. President, the United States believes
that these observations of the Secretary-General
deserve serious and urgent consideration by the
Assembly. We believe that the members of the
United Nations must continue to focus attention
on the problem of Hungary. The valiant Hun-
garians must not think they have been forgotten.
Indeed, they must know that they will be always
remembered so long as men prize human liberty.
To this end, we should receive the fullest infor-
mation regarding the situation created by the
attack of the Soviet Union on the Hungarians and
on the developments which relate to the recom-
mendations of the General Assembly on this
subject.
We believe that this objective can best be ac-
complished by the creation of a committee of
governments to be charged with investigating and
with reporting on these matters to the present
session of the Assembly and thereafter as appro-
priate. Since we are convinced of the gi-eat im-
portance of direct observation in Hungary, we
think that this committee should be authorized
to establish such observation in Hungary and
138
Department of State Bulletin
elsewhere, as well as to collect evidence, testimony,
and information which will enable it to report
fuUy.
If the delegates will forgive a personal note,
but one which I think is pertinent, I would like
to say that earlier this week 1 visited the Hun-
garian refugee center at Kilmer, N. J., an hour
from here. My visit lx)tli touched and inspired me.
In the first place, these people were fine-looking
men and women. With them were many smaU
children who were truly beautiful. Here they
were 3,000 miles from their native land. And
why? Because they were citizens of a small
country, who wanted to five their lives in peace
and freedom and who were prevented from doing
so by their colossal neighbor to the east.
To say that these obviously God-fearmg, sim-
ple, industrious people were Fascists, counter-
revolutionaries, or Horthyists — ^to use the phrases
of the Soviet speakers — is as untrue and as fan-
tastic to anyone who takes the trouble to go and
see these people for himself as it is to supj)ose that
the Russian revolution was the last revolution
which will ever occur on this earth.
We must hope that the Soviet rulei's will see
that what they have done in Hungary is not only
morally indefensible but that it constitutes a total
failure even when looked at from the solely prac-
tical gi-oimds of Soviet strategy.
The plight of the Hungarian people is of vital
interest to us all, and particularly, if I may say
so, to that majority of the human race which lives
in small countries and which wants to be able to
live in peace and freedom without oppression from
more powerful neighbors, because what can hap-
pen to one can happen to another.
The United States, therefore, after considering
the issues arising from the Secretary-General's
report, has cosponsored with other delegations a
resolution which would entrust the mandate I
have described to a committee of five governments
and which would call upon all member states to
give every possible assistance to the committee in
the fulfillment of its task. Adoption of this reso-
lution will reaffirm the objectives which we have
previously endorsed and provide the Assembly
with a means of insuring a flow of information on
developments in Hungary.
The resolution is self-explanatory. We are
sure that this action will be supported by this As-
sembly. This action may not be spectacular, but
it will surely be useful because it will be a cease-
less vehicle for trutli and we know that the truth
is mighty and will prevail.
We therefore urge its speedy adoption so that
the committee which it establishes can turn
promptly to its important work.
REPORT BY SECRETARY-GENERAL
U.N. doc. A/3485 dated January B
In a report to the General Assembly (A/3403),
30 November 1956, the Secretary-General gave an
interim account of action taken by him on the
basis of various resolutions adopted by the Gen-
eral Assembly concerning the withdrawal of for-
eign troops from Hungarian territory and related
questions, including that of deportations, and con-
cerning investigations of the situation caused by
foreign intervention in Hungary. Humanitarian
activities, including assistance to refugees, have
been dealt with mainly in other reports.
In his report, 30 November, the Secretary-
General drew the attention of the General Assem-
bly specifically to the steps taken for investigation
and observation of the developments in Hungary.
As announced to the General Assembly, 16 Novem-
ber (A/3359), a group of three had been estab-
lished by the Secretary-General to assist him in
fulfilling the investigatory duties with which he
had been charged by the General Assembly. This
group consisted of Mr. O. Gundersen, Mr. A. Lall,
and Mr. A. Lleras. The Secretary-General
wishes to include in the present report an account
of the views expressed by this group concerning
the nature of and conditions for the investigations
with which it was charged.
The group presented to the Secretary-General,
15 December 1956, the following note :
Referring to our conversation with you yesterday when
we exchanged views regarding the task of investigation
which you asked us to undertake in pursuance of Assem-
bly resolution A/Res/393 dated 4 November 1956 and in
accordance with your Information to the General Assembly
(A/33-j9) of 16 November 1956, we would like briefly to
state our views at the present stage.
Already in the first conversation we had with you we
noted that the resolution of the General Assembly of 4 No-
vember 1956 appeared to envisage the process of investi-
i;ation, observation and reporting as a unified one. More-
over, that resolution, as also subsequent resolutions of the
General Assembly, called on the Governments concerned
to assist in the process of fact-finding and assessment of
the Hungarian situation. While we immediately set out
to examine the material made available to us in New York
we found that it did not contain sufficient evidence for a
January 28, 1957
139
broad-based investigation of the events that had taken
place in Hungary- We found ourselves, as it were, in
possession of a fringe of the material vfhich we would
have reijuired for the kind of assessment of the situation
which we felt that the General Assembly had had in view.
In short, what we have looked at is the available and
generally known material which does not put us In a posi-
tion to add anything signilicant to what is common knowl-
edge about the situation in Hungary. We have also taken
note of the fact that as a result of your approaches in
pursuance of General Assembly resolution A/Res/413 '
dated 4 December lOoG only one country of those requested
has found it possible to offer facilities for observation.
Until it is possible to open up further sources of reliable
material through observation on the spot in Hungary and
by the co-operation of the Governnjents directly concerned,
there would be little purpose in our attempting an assess-
ment of the present situation or of recent events. In
these circumstances the question arises as to whether it
is not best for the process of investigation to be suspended
for the present, and for the matter to be re-examined at
a later stage.
Serious consideration should be given to the
conchision of the group that short of access to
reliable material, provided through observation
on tlie spot in Hungary and by the co-operation
of the Governments directly concerned, there
would be little purpose in attempting an assess-
ment of the present situation or of recent events.
So far there has been no possibility for repre-
sentatives of the United Nations to make direct
observations in Hungary, nor has the co-operation
necessary for the investigations been forthcoming
from Governments directly concerned. The only
source of new and direct information, under these
circiunstances, possibly available might be hear-
ings with refugees from Hungary, conducted, in
the first place, in neighbouring coimtries.
The Government of Austria has declared itself
prepared to receive observers for such a purpose.
Offers to the United Nations to send observers for
hearings with refugees have been received from
the United States of America and Italy. Some
additional points of significance might be estab-
lished through hearings with refugees in these
countries, but, in order to yield results of value,
such hearings nuist be extensive and organized
in a juridically satisfactory form.
Tlie Secretary-General continues, on his part, to
try to further tlie aims of the General Assembly,
pursuant to paragraph 5 of the last resolution
on the Hungarian question.^ He has, under pres-
ent circimistances and pending also the result of
efforts along other lines, hesitated now to initiate,
himself, further investigatory activities, includ-
ing liearings with refugees.
The Secretary-General has felt that this might
be the proper time for a reconsideration of the
form to be given to the investigatory activities.
In view of the active and continued concern of
the General Assembly for the development, the
Assembly may now wish to establish a special ad
hoc committee which would take over the activities
of the group of investigators established by the
Secretary-General, and follow them up under
somewhat broader terms of reference.
Such a committee should obviously serve as an
organ of the General Assembly for a continued
observation of developments in relation to Hun-
gary in all those respects which may be of rele-
vance to the Assembly. The work of a committee
with such a mandate might facilitate for the
General Assembly the consideration of matters
relating to Hungary beyond what could be
achieved through an investigation of the kind with
which the Secretary-General has been charged.
The committee, if established, should report di-
rectly to the General Assembly. It would be en-
titled to all the assistance and facilities which the
►Secretariat might provide for it in the fulfilment
of its task.
RESOLUTION ADOPTED ON JANUARY 10 •
U.N. doc. A/Res/449
The General Assemblij,
Recalling its previous resolutions on the Hungarian
problem,
Reafflrming the objectives contained therein and the
continuing concern of the United Nations in this matter.
Having received the report of the Secretary-General of
5 January 1957 (A/3485),
Desiring to ensure that the General Assembly and all
Members of the United Nations shall be in pos.session of
the fullest ami best available information regarding the
situation created by the intervention of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Kepublics, through its use of armed force
and other means, in the internal affairs of Hungary, as
well as regarding devclopnietits relating to the recommen-
dations of the General Assembly on this subject,
' BtTLLETiN of Dec. 17, 1956, p. 963.
■• U.N. doc. A/Res/424.
' Si>ons()recl by Argentina, Relglum. Canada, Chile, Co-
lomliia, the Iioiiiinican Republic, El Salvador, France, Ire-
land, Italy, .lapan, Liberia, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Pakistan, Peru, the rhilippincs, ypain, Sweden,
Thailand. Turkey, U.K., and U.S. ; adopted on Jan. 10 by
a vote of 59 to 8 (Soviet bloc), with 10 abstentions.
140
Department of State Bulletin
1. Estublishts, for the above-mentioned puriwses, a Spe-
cial Committee, composed of representatives of Australia,
Ceylon, Denmark, Tunisia, and Uruguay, to investigate,
and to establish and maintain direct observation in Hun-
gary and elsewhere, talcing testimony, collecting evidence
and receiving information, as appropriate, in order to re-
port its findings to the General Assembly at its present
session, and thereafter from time to time to prepare ad-
ditional reports for the information of Members of the
United Nations and of the General Assembly If it is in
session ;
2. Calls upon the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
and Hungary to co-opei-ate in every way with the Com-
mittee and, in particular, to permit the Committee and its
staff to enter the territory of Hungary and to travel
freely therein ;
3. Requests all Member States to assist the Committee
in any way appropriate in its task, making available to
it relevant information, including testimony and evidence,
which Members may possess, and assisting it in securing
such information ;
4. Invites the Secretary-General to render the Com-
mittee all appropriate assistance and facilities;
5. Calls upon all Member States promptly to give effect
to the present and previous resolutions of the General
Assembly on the Hungarian problem;
6. Reaffirms its request that the Secretary-General con-
tinue to take any initiative that he deems helpful in re-
lation to the Hungarian problem, in conformity with the
lirinciples of the Charter of the United Nations and the
resolutions of the General Assembly.
The Korean Problem in the General Assembly
Statement hy Edward S. Greenbaum
U.S. Representative to the General Assembly ^
The United States believes that the increase in
world tensions arising from the situations in the
Middle East and Eastern Europe should not be
allowed to obscure the importance of the United
Nations responsibility in the Korean situation.
On the contrary, this increased tension makes it
more urgent to find solutions to these problems.
The United Nations has long been vitally con-
cerned with the Korean problem. Collective ac-
tion by the United Nations in meeting Commmiist
aggression in Korea was without precedent in the
history of this organization. We cannot forget
the suffering of the Korean people and the heavy
casualties of United Nations forces on behalf of
Korean peace, imity, and freedom.
However, for 10 years the efforts of the United
Nations to seek a settlement of the Korean prob-
lem have run head on against constant Communist
resistance. We all know this history. The in-
flexible and rigid Communist attitude has frus-
trated past efforts to reach a solution. The result
has been continued suffering in Korea. But we
'Made in Committee I (Political and Security) on Jan.
4 (U. S. delegation press release 2577).
hope and believe that United Nations efforts will
succeed. They must not fail.
Past discussions here have established clearly
that the primary problem in Korea is political
unification of the country. Military and political
tensions would cease to exist if unification was
effected. Conversely, until unification is achieved,
the Korean situation will remain a potential dan-
ger to world peace.
The Geneva conference of 1954 is the principal
term of reference in approaching the Korean
problem today. Fifteen nations which had par-
ticipated in the military action in response to the
appeal of the United Nations, in concert with the
Republic of Korea, enunciated at the Geneva con-
ference two fundamental principles which they
believed provided the basis of a Korean settlement
consistent with the objectives of the United Na-
tions. They are :
1. The United Nations, under its Charter, is fully and
rightfully empowered to take collective action to repel
aggression, to restore i)eace and security, and to extend
its good oflSces to seeking a peaceful settlement in Korea.
2. In order to establish a unified, independent and
January 28, 1957
141
democratic Korea, genuinely free elections should be held
under United Nations supervision, for representatives in
the National Assembly, in which representation shall be
in direct proportion to the indigenous population in
Korea.''
The Communist side rejected these principles.
It advanced instead various formulae for unifica-
tion that would have assured a North Korean re-
gime veto to the formation of any unified govern-
ment that was not established under Communist
domination. In particular, the Communists op-
posed any plan for United Nations supervision of
the elections and demanded withdrawal of foreign
forces as a first step toward unification.
Since the Geneva conference of 1954, this As-
sembly has twice overwhelmingly endorsed the
principles enunciated by the nations representing
the United Nations Command side as providing
an equitable basis for a Korean settlement. Nev-
ertheless the Chinese Communists and the North
Korean regime have not changed their position.
This is established in the opening portion of the
report of the United Nations Commission for the
Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea.^
Progress in Republic of Korea
Despite the failure to achieve peaceful unifica-
tion of the country, the Republic of Korea has
continued to develop the representative character
of its government. There has been the free ex-
pression of the popular will. A strong two-party
system is clearly emerging. We see this confirmed
in the Uncubk report. We are encouraged to note
in the Uncubk report that progressive evidence
of the deepening of democratic roots has con-
tinued.
1956 saw the pattern of progress maintained.
This is eloquently demonstrated by the 1956 elec-
tions for President and Vice President on May 15.
President Syngman Rhee was reelected by a sub-
stantial majority, but the opposition Democratic
Party, formed by a merger of various opposition
groups, secured the election of its candidate,
Chang Myon, as Vice President. Subsequentlj^,
the administration party, the Liberal Party, won
in the great majority of elections for provincial
and local positions. The Uncurk report gives
complete information as to how more than 7 mil-
lion free Koreans voted.
« Bulletin of June 28, 1954, p. 973.
" U.N. doc. A/3172.
Since this Assembly in 1947 first called for free
elections throughout Korea under United Nations
auspices as a basis for Korean unification, three
national legislative elections, as well as various
local and provincial and presidential elections,
have been held. All of these have been under the
observation of the United Nations Commission.
This wholesome demonstration of free elections
should be contrasted with what has taken place
in North Korea. There has never been any United
Nations observation in the north. There we
merely have the bald announcement by the North
Korean regime that local and provincial elections
were held on November 20 and 27, 1956. But we
have no means of confirming this. How does the
General Assembly know that these elections ac-
tually took place? Under what conditions and
with what results ? Were such elections in North
Korea only a repetition of the carefully staged
demonstrations which occurred in North Korea
before hostilities began in 1950? No elections
have been held for an assembly in North Korea
since 1948, when the Commimists excluded the
United Nations Commission and refused to par-
ticipate in free elections under United Nations ob-
servation throughout Korea. The delegates will
recall that it was on the basis of these staged elec-
tions in 1948 that the Communists pretended to
represent the whole of the Korean peoJDle. If the
Communists wish to demonstrate good faith, the
elections announced for North Korea this year
afford an excellent opportunity for them to do so.
Pending a political settlement of the Korean
problem, the military forces of the United Nations
Command remain in the field, facing those of
North Korea and the Chinese Communists. The
armistice of 1953 established an effective cease-fire.
During these 3 years no more than minor incidents
have disturbed that cease-fire.
The reinforcement provisions of the armistice,
however, which were designed to maintain a bal-
ance between the forces in the field, have not been
observed by the Communist side. They have vio-
lated these provisions cynically in many respects.
The most obvious and serious of tlie many viola-
tions relates to the introduction of combat aircraft.
It is a well-known fact, established bj' aerial
photographs in the closing hours of the Korean
hostilities, that the Communist side did not have
any combat aircraft in North Korea at the time
of the signing of the armistice agreement. Yet
142
Department of State Bulletin
the Communists now have a strong air force in
North Korea numbering approximately 750
planes; half of them are jets. They offer no ex-
planation of the entry of these aircraft. Not im-
til January 1956 did they present any report on
aircraft to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Com-
mission, and then they merely reported destruc-
tion of aircraft whose presence in North Korea
was previously denied by the Communist side.
They have still reported no entries or departures
of combat aircraft.
The United Nations Command, which itself con-
tinues carefully to observe the reinforcement pro-
visions of the armistice agreement, has repeatedly
called upon the Communist side in the Military
Armistice Commission to correct these obvious de-
faults with respect to the repoi'ting and reinforce-
ment provisions of the armistice agreement.
In May of this year the United Nations Com-
mand was impelled, after long negotiation and
consultation, to take action on the problem of the
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, which
is closely related to the problem of Communist
violation of the reinforcement provisions of the
armistice agreement. The United States, in its
capacity as the Unified Command, reported on
August 15 in detail to the U.N. on this action.*
Prisoners of War
There is another armistice problem about which
I wish to speak briefly. It is the failure of the
Communist side to account for United Nations
Command prisoners of war and the continued
Communist detention of Korean and foreign ci-
vilians. At this time, when the Chinese Commu-
nists have recently annomiced adherence to the Ge-
neva conventions governing the treatment of
prisoners of war and of civilians, though with the
same qualifying reservations attached by the
U.S.S.K., it should be noted that in Korea they are
still defying both the letter and spirit of those con-
ventions and of the armistice agi-eement.
i\Iore than 3 years after the signing of the ar-
mistice agreement, the Communist side still has
not given a satisfactory accounting for United Na-
tions Command prisoners of war as required by the
armistice agreement. The United States is con-
tinuing to press for an accounting of some 450 per-
sonnel, of whose fate we have reason to believe the
Text of Resolution on Korea '
U.N. doc A/ReB/452(A)
The General Assembly,
Havinp noted the report of the United Nations
Commission for the UniUcation and Rehabilitation
of Korea (A/3172),
Recalling resolutions 811 (IX) and 910 (X) of
11 December 1954 and 29 November 1955 re-
spectively,
Noting that the Armistice Agreement of 27 July
1953 remains in effect,
1. Reaffirms that the objectives of the United Na-
tions are to bring about by peaceful means the es-
tablLshment of a unified, independent and demo-
cratic Korea under a representative form of govern-
ment, and the full restoration of international peace
and security in the area ;
2. Urges that continuing efforts be made to
achieve these objectives in accordance with the
fundamental principles for unification set forth by
the nations participating in the Korean Political
Conference, held at Geneva in 1954, on behalf of the
United Nations and reaffirmed by the General As-
sembly in resolutions 811 (IX) and 910 (X) ;
3. Calls upon the United Nations Commission for
the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea to con-
tinue its work in accordance with existing resolu-
tions of the General Assembly and to observe and
report on elections throughout Korea, and calls upon
all States and authorities to facilitate this activity
on the part of the Commission ;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to place the
Korean question on the provisional agenda of the
twelfth session of the General AssemlJly.
' Sponsored by the U.S. (U.N. doc. A/C.1/L.158) ;
adopted by Committee I on Jan. 8 by a vote of 57
to 8 (Soviet bloc), with 13 abstentions; adopted by
the General Assembly on .Tan. 11 by a vote of 57-8-9.
* Bm-LETiN of Sept. 3, 1956, p. 390.
January 28, 7957
Communist side has knowledge. The United
States is not the only government suffering from
this situation. Other governments which contrib-
uted military forces to the United Nations Com-
mand also have personnel for whom no accounting
has been given. Most of the unaccounted person-
nel were in the military services of the Republic
of Korea. There is substantial evidence that a
great number are still being detained by the North
Korean regime.
Refugees escaping from the North Korean area
continue to bring eye-witness reports regarding
such personnel. Also held by the North Korean
regime are thousands of South Koreans who were
removed from South Korea during the hostilities.
This Communist detention of prisoners of war
143
and Korean and foreign civilians is a continuing
and cruel injustice. The suffering of the individ-
uals immediately affected and anguish of their
families and associates are of deep concern to my
Goverimient.
At its 10th session, the General Assembly re-
quested India to report to this session on the prog-
ress made toward the final settlement of the ex-
prisoners of war in neutral countries. It has done
so.° It reports that 88 ex-prisoners refused re-
patriation and chose settlement in neutral coun-
tries. These ex-prisoners were taken to India
pending their final disposition. The disposition
of these individuals is now near completion as a
result of ari'angements that have been made for
their settlement in neutral countries of their
choice. It is gratifying that most of the ex-
prisoners will be able to start a new life as free men
in their newly adopted covmtries.
Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina generously of-
fered to accept for permanent resettlement former
prisoners wlio desired to go to Latin America.
Most ex-prisoners who so opted have already emi-
grated to these countries or are waiting for final
arrangements to be completed. The United States
wishes to express its appreciation to the Govern-
ments of Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina for their
humanitarian and generous offers to accept these
ex-prisoners for settlement. It also desires to re-
cord its appreciation to the Government of India
and the Secretary -General for their efforts in mak-
ing the necessary arrangements for this resettle-
ment.
Question of U.N. Membership
Mr. Chairman, no review of developments in
Korea should ignore one other recent development.
I refer to the strong and increasingly widespread
expressions by many Koreans asking for the early
admission of the Republic of Korea to membership
■ U.N. doc. A/3203.
in the United Nations. Recently a representative
of the Republic of Korea presented to the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations a petition con-
taining millions of signatures of Koreans who look
to the day when the Republic of Korea will be
represented here as a full member of this organiza-
tion. Although the Republic of Korea belongs to
various specialized agencies of the United Na-
tions, it has been excluded from membership in this
body by the arbitrary veto of the Soviet Union.
The United Nations approved the establishment
of the Republic of Korea as an independent gov-
ernment. The General Assembly on previous oc-
casions has reconunended the admission of the Re-
public of Korea to the United Nations. Morally
and legally it is entitled to membership. The
United States urges its early admission to the
United Nations.
In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I should like to
make a few brief observations regarding the reso-
lution submitted by my delegation. The United
States is vitally concerned that the sacrifices which
were made by its troops and the troops of other
nations in Korea shall not be in vain. It knows
that all the nations who joined with it in the task
of turning back aggi'ession share this feeling. It
is for that reason that we have offered a draft reso-
lution which records our determination that the
United Nations will continue the task it started
and "establish a unified, independent, and demo-
cratic Korea."
We regard this resolution as an important one.
We hope that it can be adopted by this Committee
speedily and with wide support. By so doing this
Committee will enable the United Nations to re-
affirm unequivocally its objectives in Korea. Such
action will make clear that the objective of a free,
independent, unified Korea remains paramount
in our minds. Such action will also make clear
that this objective should be achieved in a way
consistent with the principles of the Geneva con-
ference. To do less would be to sliirk the re-spon-
sibility which is ours.
144
Department of State Bulletin
U.S. Policy and Practices in the Field of International Travel
Following is a report submitted by the United
States to the U.N. Secretary-General on action
taken by this country to facilitate international
travel.^
The following data is related to correspondingly
numbered paragraphs of resolution 563 XIX :
1. (a) The United States has examined and
found beneficial the effect of increased tourism on
its internal economy and on international trade,
and is continuously engaged in encouraging fur-
ther increases. As the proponent of numerous
declarations relative to the desirability of increas-
ing tourism, in various international forums, the
United States believes its strong endorsement of
the intent of this resolution is well known.
1. (b) The tourist facilities in the United
States are believed to be in an advanced state of
development. As of interest in support of this,
United States domestic travel has attained a
volume of $15 billion annually, encouraged by the
transportation, hotel and other facilities, and
stimulated by the numerous and varied attractions.
Eecent statistics show the expenditures by United
States citizens abroad to have reached a total of
$1.6 billion.
' Excerpt from annex II of a report by the Secretary-
General (U.N doc. E/2n33, dated Nov. 23, 1956) to the
23d session of the Economic and Social Council, made in
rosponse to a resolution passed during the 19th session of
ECOSOC (see box). The document contains five sec-
tions: I. Introduction; II. Summary of Comments of
Governments Concerning Measures Taken in Response to
ECOSOC Resolution 563 (XIX) ; III. Action by Interna-
tional Organizations; IV. International Tourist Statis-
ti s; and V. Conclusion; also, three annexes containing
the Secretary-General's note to the various countries re-
questing information, the texts of the replies of the Gov-
ernments, and information about the World Health Or-
ganization's activities relating to development of Inter-
national travel. The U.S. report is entitled: "Informa-
tion Concerning Action in the United States for Inclusion
in the Report of Secretary-General to the 23rd Session
of the Economic and Social Council, Pursuant to Resolu-
tion 563 XIX of 31 March 1955."
1. (c) Implementation of the suggestion that
adequate support be given official organizations
engaged in the development of tourism has taken
place. Commencing 1 July 1956 the International
Travel Division in the Department of Commerce
has been provided with funds by congressional
appropriation to promote international travel. In
this same framework a Travel Advisory Commit-
tee has been formed composed of 30 executives of
the principal tourism organizations in private in-
dustry. In addition there has been established an
Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign Travel
with membership from all the executive agencies
concerned with international travel or with border
crossing formalities. Full co-operation between
government and private agencies is thereby
attained.
1. (d) All United States embassies have been
instructed to negotiate with the Governments to
which they are accredited to work out broad agree-
ments which will facilitate travel on a reciprocal
basis and thereby assure to Americans the rights
and privileges which the United States is offering
to foreigners.
Among the changes are the following :
1. A non-immigrant visa may be valid for any
number of visits within a period of four years and
with no fee. Two years was the previous maxi-
mum validity. (A United States passport has a
maximum validity of four years.)
2. A non-immigrant visa may be revalidated
up to four years without a formal application.
The previous period was two years.
3. A non-immigrant visa may be revalidated
within a year, rather than three months as pre-
viously required. This is to facilitate the travel
of those who reside long distances from the United
States and could hardly be expected to pay another
visit to the United States within a short period of
time.
4. Consular officers have been instructed that
they may issue a non-immigrant visa valid for two
January 28, 1957
145
Development of International Travel
U.N. doc. E/Resolutlon 563 (XIX) '
The Economic and Social Council,
Baving considered the proposal made by the
United States of America concerning the develop-
ment of international travel, its present increas-
ing volume and future prospects (document
E/26S8),"
Recognizing the importance of international
travel in promoting International understanding and
cultural relationships, in fostering international
trade, in furthering economic development and in
contributing towards the improvement of balances
of payment,
Taking into account the useful work already per-
formed in this field by national, international and
regional organizations, including the United Na-
tions and its regional economic commissions,
1. Invites States Members of the United Nations
and of the specialized agencies :
(a) To examine the beneficial effect which in-
creased tourism could have on their internal
economy, and the part it plays in International
trade ;
(b) To survey their tourist facilities to determine
existing deficiencies, and to encourage the develop-
ment of transportation, hotel and other needed fa-
cilities, amenities and attractions;
(c) To give adequate support to the official or-
ganizations engaged in the development of tourism,
and to encourage their co-operation with private
agencies in this field;
entries in cases where this may be required when
an alien wishes to visit the United States, proceed
to a third country, and then return to the United
States on his way home. Heretofore, in some in-
stances an alien has been required to wait some
time in the third country before he could get the
visa to return to his home through the United
States. The new provision for a round-trip visa
will facilitate the travel of these people.
5. Wliere foreign countries require single entry
visas on a reciprocal basis, the Department pro-
poses a joint agreement to allow citizens of both
countries to buy at any one time as many such
visas, or entries, as he may desire. Now he must
go to the issuing office every time he wants to make
a trip.
6. Heretofore, one type of visa has been required
for a businessman and another type for a tourist
for pleasure. Tlie Department, after consultation
with the Immigration and Naturalization Service,
has instructed consuls to issue visas valid both for
(d) To simplify wherever practicable the entry
and exit procedures and formalities applicable to
tourists, and to co-operate in the development of
international travel arrangements designed to fa-
cilitate tourism ;
(e) To encourage the exchange of technical ad-
vice between countries possessing well-developed
tourist programmes and facilities and those with
less experience ;
2. Requests the organs of the United Nations and
the appropriate specialized agencies to give favour-
able consideration to constructive projects which
are within their competence and are designed to
increase tourist facilities and to promote travel ;
3. Requests the Secretary-General to study the
statistics available relating to tourist travel and to
report to the Statistical Commission as early as
possible with a view to the establishment of uni-
form definitions, standards and methods;
4. Further invites the non-governmental organiza-
tions concerned with tourism to continue and in-
crease their efforts to promote international travel ;
5. Further requests the Secretary-General to sub-
mit to the Council at its twenty-third session a re-
port on the measures taken in response to this
resolution.
^ For a statement on this resolution by the U.S.
representative in ECOSOC, see Bulletin of May 2,
1955, p. 741.
" Ibid., Mar. 21, 1955, p. 491.
business and for pleasure where no fees are re-
quired, or where the fees for the two different types
of visas are the same. If any other country
charges different fees for these two types of visas,
American consular officers may now issue a visa
valid both for business or for pleasure, if the alien
desires to pay the higher fee.
7. The Department has also provided that
aliens may have their names registered and main-
tained on quota waiting lists and still be issued
non-immigrant visas for bona fide visits, with the
proviso that any violation of non-immigrant status
will result in the removal of the name from the
quota waiting list. Further, the name may not be
reinstated as of the date of original priority.
8. In co-operation with other agencies of Gov-
ernment, the Department is adopting a new and
simplified application form for a non-immigrant
visa. Questionnaire forms and preliminary ap-
plication blanks wliich have been used in the past
and which have slowed up the issuance of non-
146
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin i
immigrant visas will now be used only when it is
necessary to mail them to persons living some dis-
tance from the Consulate.
9. A bill endorsed by the Department is pending
in Congress which would eliminate the issuance of
fee stamps and the Department has under con-
sideration a simplified system of recording fees
in an efl'ort to speed up the process of issuing a
visa.
The United States also participates actively in
numerous organizations interested in the develop-
ment of international tourism. Through the or-
ganizations and by other means the United States
actively seeks international arrangements to fa-
cilitate tourism. In 1956 the United States rati-
fied the United Nations Conventions on Customs
Facilities for tourists' personal effects and
automobiles.
1. (e) The United States has offered to Latin
American Governments tlirough the International
Cooperation Administration, advice and technical
assistance on the broad problems of expanding
tourism, and it is now in a position to provide tech-
nical assistance for other countries in the field of
tourism, if adequate justification therefore is
demonstrated. The International Cooperation
Administration is prepared to finance limited
amounts of technical assistance to countries par-
ticipating in the Mutual Security Program. It is
willing, for example, to undertake technical train-
ing of foreign nationals and the sending of Ameri-
can experts overseas to provide consultation and
training in technical aspects of tourism. These
are the types of activities which the U.S. Govern-
ment has already carried out to some extent in the
Mutual Security Program.
Eelation Between the Practices of the United
States and the Recommendations of the Meet-
ing OF Experts To Prepare for a World Con-
ference ON Passports and Frontier Formalities
(Geneva, 14-25 April 1947) ^
U.S. Status as of 1 July 1956
There follows a statement of the practices fol-
lowed by the United States Government as of 1
July 1956 and of the extent to which the United
States is willing to go to conform to the specific
' For an article on this meeting, see Bttlletin of June
22, 1947, p. 1201.
January 28, J 957
recommendations and conclusions agreed to by the
Meeting of Experts :
I. Documents'
A. Passports
(i) With regard to American citizens traveling
abroad there is no permanent provision of law
under which passports are required for such travel
either to depart from or enter into the United
States. As a war-time measure, however, regu-
lations were instituted requiring passports of all
United States nationals, with certain exceptions,
departing from or entering into the United States
after 15 January 1942. Shortly after the sur-
render of Japan these regulations were amended
to permit United States nationals to travel with-
out passports between the United States and for-
eign territories in the Western Hemisphere.
With regard to aliens entering the United
States, the Government of the United States had
concluded, prior to the Meeting of Experts at
Geneva, bilateral emergency arrangements with
respect to citizens of Canada and Mexico entering
the United States temporarily. It has been the
experience of this Government that bilateral agree-
ments abolishing the passport requirement for
travel between countries are appropriate between
countries having common frontiers. Under such
circumstances, the exclusion or deportation of an
alien to his country of nationality, whenever these
measures are necessary, is relatively easy to
accomplish.
However, with regard to aliens coming into the
United States from countries which do not have a
common boundary with the United States this
Government has not found it possible to conclude
satisfactory bilateral or multilateral agreements
for the reciprocal waiver of passport requirements
primarily because foreign governments have not
been willing to agree to receive back into their
territory all persons who may have entered the
United States from such territory regardless of
their nationality or citizenship status. Such a
provision would of necessity be part of any agree-
ment because aliens coming to the United States
from non-contiguous countries must be deported
when ( 1 ) upon arrival they are found not to be en-
' The headings and numbers correspond to the text of
the recommendations of the 1947 Meeting of Experts on
Passports and Frontier Formalities reproduced in the
Appendix to Annex I. [Footnote in the original.]
147
titled to admission as hona fde non-immigrants
under the laws and regulations of the United
States and (2) after arrival they become deport-
able either for overstaying their period of admis-
sion or because of objectionable activities in this
country. If such aliens were not in possession of
valid passports, the Government of the United
States would be subjected to considerable expense
and delay in arranging for their deportation.
The current United States practice of requiring
passports for aliens arriving in the United States
from non-contiguous territories provides this
country with a reasonable assurance that some
foreign country will receive the alien whenever
he becomes deportable. Any bilateral or multi-
lateral agreement abolishing the passport re-
quirements would have to provide the same assur-
ance to the United States Government.
For these reasons the Government of the United
States concurs in the conclusion of the Meeting of
Experts at Geneva that the abolition of the pass-
port requirements of aliens generally is not fea-
sible at present except upon basis of reciprocal
bilateral or multilateral agreement.
(ii) The "international-type" of passport
recommended by the Conferences of 1920 and 1926
in a somewhat simplified form is issued by the
United States.
( ill ) The present form of passport issued by the
United States was adopted many years ago as
being the simplest form of document for inter-
national travel. The non-immigrant card does
not simplify the passport regime because it sets
up two passport systems, non-immigrant and other
passports, and it complicates the issuance of a
passport by requiring the issuing authority to
determine tlie non-immigrant intent of the appli-
cant for such a passpoi't and officially warrant
the purpose of the holder. This is a much more
complex matter than the official establishment of
the identity and nationality required in connexion
with the current passport regime.
While the United States does not propose to
change its procedure relative to the use of the
passport indicated in (ii) above, it is prepared
to recognize a tourist card issued by a foreign
country (sncli as tluit recommended in Resolution
I of tiie Till 1(1 Inter-American Travel Congress
of Rarilociie, 1949), provided such card contains
all the information necessary for a document of
148
identity and nationality, and bears a valid visa
issued by a United States consular officer.
The United States has developed a simplified
border-crossing procedure for use by Mexicans,
Canadians, British subjects domiciled in Canada,
aliens permanently residing in the U.S., and
United States citizens in travel to and from Can-
ada and Mexico for short visits. This has been
possible due to the common borders between these
countries and the United States and the existence
of an understanding that any visitors from their
territory found to be inadmissible will be received
back.
(iv) The United States cannot under present
legislation issue a "collective passport". However,
it does issue a passport to include members of a
family group. The Government of the United
States also on occasion provides special facilities
for group movements into the United States.
(v) An American passport may be issued for
any period up to two years, thereafter the pass-
port may be renewed for a period or periods not
exceeding two years. Thus, it has a potential va-
lidity of four years from the date of issue. It is
the present practice of the United States to issue
passports valid for the full period of two years
and to renew them for a similar period in the
absence of good reason for limiting the documents
to a shorter period. The United States considers
it impracticable to issue a passport for so long a
period as five years since, under the Immigration ;
and Nationality Act, the nationality of the United
States may be lost by the performance of a num-
ber of acts or the fulfillment of certain conditions
and it is considered desirable that an American
citizen who is abroad or intends to travel abroad
present his case to an appropriate American ofli-
cial at least every two years to determine his na-
tionality status. After an American national has
been issued one passport, subsequent passports are
obtainable expeditiously and with much less
formality.
(vi) In time of peace, the United States issues
passports to nationals of this country valid for
travel in all foreign countries in the absence of
good reasons for restricting their validity for use
in certain countries or areas and subject, of course,
to compliance with the regulations of foreign!
countries.
(vii) The fee of $9.00 which is charged for the
Deporfmenf of Sfafe Bu//ef/ni
issuance of an American passport approximates
the cost of issuing such a document and the serv-
ices connected therewith in tlae United States and
on the part of diplomatic and consular officers of
the United States abroad.
(viii) The United States lias constantly sought
to make it possible for American nationals to
apply for passports with as little burden and in-
convenience as possible. Applications for pass-
ports may be made before passport agents in
Washington, D.C., New York, N.Y., San Fran-
cisco, Calif., Boston, Mass., New Orleans, La.,
Chicago, 111.,* and before clerks of all Federal
courts and clerks of all state courts having author-
ity to naturalize aliens. There are about 3800
such courts conveniently located througliout the
United States. Applications for passports by per-
sons residing in American Samoa, Guam, Hawaii,
Puerto Rico, and the "Virgin Islands may be made
to the chief executive of these islands. Abroad,
American nationals may apply for passports in
all American diplomatic and consular offices.
Each applicant for a passport, whether in the
United States or abroad, is obliged under the law
to make initial formal applications to any of these
offices in person and under oath. Applications for
renewals may be made in writing. United States
passport application forms have been revised to
make the application procedure simpler and faster.
B. Visas
(i) The Government of the United States does
not normally require exit visas or departure per-
mits of aliens seeking to leave the United States.
However, as a preliminary formality at the point
of departure, a form of exit control is exercised to
insure payment of Federal income tax liabilities.
(ii) Although the Meeting of Experts at
Geneva declined to recognize a distinction between
countries which have, and those which do not have
a quota system for immigrants so far as the ques-
tion of abolishing non-immigrant visa require-
ments is concerned, the Delegation of the United
States did not agree that there should be no such
distinction. The Government of the United States
supports that view.
The United States has recommended that en-
trance and transit visas should be abolished by
countries having no quantitative immigration re-
strictions.
The United States has waived the visa require-
ment for non-immigrant travel by Canadians and
for certain Mexican citizens.
Pursuant to the President's Directive of 26 May
1954 to facilitate international travel," the valid-
ity period of most types of non-immigrant visas
has been extended by bilateral negotiation on a
reciprocal basis to forty-eight months for na-
tionals of fifty-seven countries.
However in general the waiver of visa require-
ments for many countries is impracticable for the
following reasons :
Inadmissible aliens and quota immigrants in ex-
cess of the immigration quotas are now stopped at
their foreign source. The demand for visas under
the quotas is increasing and many quotas are over-
subscribed. In such a situation experience shows
that many aliens attempt to evade quota restric-
tions by seeking to enter the United States in the
guise of non-immigrants. Except for the pres-
ent non-immigrant visa system many thousands
of immigrants would arrive at ports of entry in
the United States and seek entry in a non-immi-
grant status. Some would be admitted tempo-
rarily and would have to be apprehended and de-
ported for overstaying the period of their admis-
sion, while many others would have to be excluded
and returned to the countries whence they came,
at great cost to the Government of the United
States and the transportation companies.
Furthermore, unless aliens desirous of proceed-
ing to the United States are first examined by of-
* On Oct. 1, 1956, a new passport agency was opened
at Los Angeles, Calif. (Bulletin of Oct. 8, 1956, p. 565).
"The directive, in the form of a memorandum from the
President to the Departments of State, Commerce, Justice,
and the Treasury, reads as follows :
"In my message to the Congress on the subject of foreign
economic policy I emphasized the importance of inter-
national travel both for its cultural and social advan-
tages to the free world and for its great economic sig-
nificance. In my message I stated that I would instruct
the appropriate agencies and departments, at home and
abroad, to consider how they can facilitate international
travel. I made specific note that these agencies would
be requested to simplify procedures where practicable
relating to customs, visas, passports, exchange or mone-
tary restrictions, and other regulations that sometimes
harass the traveler. I request that you take appropri-
ate steps on these and related matters, consistent with
your responsibilities in this field, to encourage inter-
national travel consonant with the national interest."
January 28, J 957
149
ficers of this Government stationed abroad the
sole inspection will take place only after the aliens
shall have arrived at a port of entry in the United
States. Such inspection would impose a greater
burden than that now resting upon the immigra-
tion authorities at our ports, with the result that
many more aliens than at present under the exist-
ing system of visa requirements would be subjected
to protracted delays at a port of entry in the
United States.
(iii) The Government of the United States
takes the same position with respect to transit visa
requirements as it has taken regarding the visa
requirements in the cases of other classes of non-
immigrants and for the same reasons. Visas are
waived in the case of passengers directly transit-
ing the United States without stopover upon ap-
propriate bonding agreement concluded between
the air, ship, or rail transportation line concerned
and the Attorney General, as well as in certain
other cases.
(iv) Pui-suant to the President's Directive of
26 May 1954 to facilitate international travel, the
validity of most types of non-inmiigrant visas has
been extended by bilateral negotiation on a re-
ciprocal basis to a maximum validity period of
forty-eight months in the cases of nationals of
fifty-seven countries. The validity of one or more
types of non-immigrant visas for a period of
twenty-four months is in eifect in seven countries.
The validity of multiple-entry types of non-immi-
grant visas for a period of twelve months is in ef-
fect in nine countries and for six months in six
countries. United States law permits increase of
the validity period to forty-eight months through
negotiation, based upon reciprocity.
Multiple-entry visas are authorized for nation-
als of all except twenty-five countries and United
States law likewise permits extension of this type
to these countries through negotiation based upon
reciprocity.
As a further aid to travel, a system of revalida-
tion for the period allowed in the initial visa is in
effect. Permanent residents of the United States
who are aliens may obtain, prior to departure, a
re-entry permit for use in lieu of a visa.
(v) The Government of the United States fol-
lows completely this practice and has done so for
many years.
(vi) The Government of the United States
follows completely the practice of nondiscrimi-
nation with regard to fees for visas. By law the
fee for an immigrant visa is $25, while the fee for
non-immigrant visas is based upon reciprocity.
Through extensive renegotiation of mutual agree-
ments in the last year, the large majority of non-
immigrant visas are issued without any fee what-
soever. The United States is willing at all times
to enter into a reciprocal agreement with any of
the remaining countries for a waiver or reduction
of such visa fees. The schedule of all visa fees is
available together with the tariff of all consular
fees which is posted as required by law at each
United States consulate.
(vii) The Government of the United States is
quite willing to abolish all non-immigrant visa fees
on a bilateral or multilateral basis. On this basis
it has concluded a number of agreements with other
countries for the reciprocal waiver or reduction
of non-immigrant visa fees.
(viii) The Govermnent of the United States
has simplified its visa procedure as far as is com-
patible with the requirements of public health and
security. The visa application has been reduced
to a size comparable to an ordinary postcard.
All typewritten entries are made on one side of
the abbreviated application form. The number of
signatures has been reduced to a minimum. The
preparation of the application requires only a few
minutes.
There is never any discrimination against iona
fde visitors for legitimate commercial business.
(ix) Authority is delegated by law to consular
officers of the United States to issue entrance visas
and transit visas. Reference to "Washington is
made in certain specified cases wherein the Depart-
ment of State considers that an advisory opinion
is necessary prior to the issuance of a visa.
(x) This has invariably been the practice of
the United States.* A diplomatic or consular
officer of the United States has always had author-
ity to grant a visa to an alien who applies at liis
office but does not reside in his district. In the
case of an alien who is appl5'ing for a visa outside
of his home district in order to evade investigation,
or when facilities for investigating the applicant
are not available, a diplomatic or consular officer
of the United States may, in his discretion, decline
' The recommendation reads as follows :
"Diplomatic and consular authorities should be em-
powered in special circumstances to grant visas to persons
not domiciled in their area."
150
Department of State Bulletin
to accept jurisdiction of the case and refer the
alien to the diplomatic or consular officer in the
alien's home district.
(xi) The United States employs the device of
fingerprinting to secure a positive identification
record which directly contributes to the simplifi-
cation of travel formalities. It makes possible
the free movement of aliens admitted into the
United States from place to place without burden-
some police control over or notification of the
police autliorities regarding their movements.
Contrary to the practice followed in some coim-
tiies which do not require fingerprinting, the
United States maintains no system of internal
police registration.
(xii) The personal appearance of applicants
for visas for the United States is required. Expe-
rience has shown that many aliens attempt to
evade quota restrictions by seeking to enter in the
guise of non-immigrants. The personal appear-
ance of applicants for non-immigrant visas at the
diplomatic or consular office in such circiun-
stance is a step in the determination of the pur-
pose of the applicant. Applicants for visas must
also subscribe to their application under oath be-
fore the diplomatic or consular officer and must
be fingerprinted before visas are issued originally
to them. The Government of the United States
therefore cannot adopt the procedure recom-
mended in this respect by the Meeting of Experts.
However, in the revalidation of visas of persons
who were previously registered and fingerprinted
in connexion with the issuance to them of visas
which they have used to enter the United States,
neither personal appearance nor fingerprinting as
a general rule is required under the revalidation
plan.
(xiii) Non-immigrant travelers are required to
present a valid foreign passport. If the consul
deems it necessary they may be required to undergo
a physical examination or present a police certifi-
cate or present evidence that they are not likely
to become a public charge while in the United
States. The interrogation of the applicant is
as brief and the processing of applicants is as ex-
peditious as the circumstances and volume permit.
(xiv) The maximum period for which an alien
may be admitted to the United States in immedi-
ate and continuous transit is 29 days. The term
"immediate" contemplates a reasonably expedi-
tious departure of the alien in the normal course
of travel as the elements permit and assumes a
prearranged itinerary without any unreasonable
layover privileges. There is provision in certain
cases for a waiver of the usual requirements to
permit transit through the United States.
(xv) In some cases group visas may be granted
or the visa requirements may be waived on an
emergency basis. Collective or group visas usu-
ally may not be issued, as the individual registra-
tion and fingerprinting requirements cannot be
waived if a visa is granted. If the visa require-
ments are waived no registration or fingerprinting
is required except in the case of an alien who re-
mains in the United States for more than 29 days.
This seems to be a more practicable and satisfac-
tory arrangement for the United States than that
suggested by the Meeting of Experts.
(xvi) This has always been the practice in the
United States.' The immigration authorities at a
port of entry may obtain an emergency waiver of
the passport or visa requirements by telephoning
to the Secretary of State at the traveller's expense.
Such waivers are usually granted on an emergency
basis if there is a valid reason why the traveller
has no passport or visa and if the alien concerned
is otherwise admissible into the United States.
(xvii) While generally the visa regulations be-
come effective upon publication in the Federal
Register, the Government of the United States
consistently gives public knowledge through pub-
lication of all substantive and procedural rules
which it deems to be affected with the public in-
terest. This is required under the Federal Reg-
ister Act of 1935 and the Administrative Proce-
dure Act.
(xviii) The Government of the United States
never charges supplementary fees, official or un-
official, in connexion with the issuance of visas.
Persons desiring to have documents notarized by
diplomatic or consular officers of the United States
are required to pay a notarial fee, but this is not
a part of the visa service. It is usually performed
in cases where no visa services whatever are in-
volved.
C. Other Dociunents
(i) The United States Government is honour-
' The recommendation reads as follows :
"In exceptional cases where the traveller has arrived,
by any means of transport, without a visa, the frontier
authorities should be permitted to regularize the position
by appropriate means."
January 28, 1957
151
ing valid international certificates of inoculation
and vaccination in accordance with the interna-
tional conventions, when such certificates are
validated by the health authority of either the
country of issuance or sub-division thereof, or by
a physician designated by such health authority.
Presentation of these certificates expedites quar-
antine clearance when evidence of immunity is
required.
(ii) For a large majority of non-immigrants no
deposit whatever is required. A bond is required
only in those cases where there is some doubt as
to whether the alien visitor will be able to effect
his return to the country whence he came or there
is a question as to whether he is a bona fide visitor.
In this latter case, a bond is required to guarantee
departure. This procedure is not intended nor
does it in effect constitute a denial of facilities for
persons who are not well-to-do.
II. Frontier Formalities
(a) It is the policy of the United States Gov-
ernment to carry out frontier control activities
as expeditiously as possible. To this end the
United States has centralized all controls at each
point of entry.
Passport control on the land borders is carried
out by immigrant inspectors who board trains
prior to their arrival at the border for inspection
purposes. On arrivals at seaports, passport con-
trol is performed on board vessel at the time it
arrives at the dock.
With regard to the inspection of baggage, such
inspection is accomplished on board trains en
route from Canada and Mexico or at the point of
foreign origin wherever the traffic warrants the
assignment of officers for this purpose. Baggage
arriving by highways is inspected alongside the
vehicle or on premises adjacent to the highway.
Experience has shown that customs inspection of
passengers' baggage on board ships is not prac-
ticable. The United States is exploring the possi-
bility of establishing inspection staffs at certain air
traffic centres outside this country to perform
frontier formalities at points of departure for
the United States in order to expedite air traffic
when there are no intervening stops. Such in-
spection with respect to immigration has already
been instituted at Montreal and Toronto, Canada,
which precludes additional immigration examina-
tions at United States ports of arrival.
In the field of air transportation, frontier for-
malities at United States airports have been sim-
plified and expedited to a very high degree, due in
large part to the approval and implementation by
the United States Government of practically all
of the provisions of Annex 9 to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation. The value of this
Annex in the facilitation of international air
transportation is already reflected in the reduced
cost of operating United States airlines, through
savings in man-hours and reduction in the number
of forms used in connexion with international
flights. As member States in the International
Civil Aviation Organization implement to a
greater degree the provisions of Annex 9, further
savings to all carriers may be expected.
The United States has no frontier formalities
with regard to currency control since there are no
restrictions on the import or export of currency.
With regard to sanitary control, the United
States has concluded a bilateral agreement with
Canada whereby in the absence of quarantinable
diseases in cither country quarantine inspection is
waived. With regard to approved passenger ves-
sels arriving at the port of New York on regular
schedules a medical officer aboard (as a member of
the ship's staff) performs the quarantine inspec-
tion and certifies by radio as to the safety of per-
sons and things aboard the vessel from the stand-
point of health considerations. Arrangements
have been reached with Canada for the carrying
out of frontier formalities with regard to sanitary
control at single frontier ports where authorities
of both countries can-y out their duties, or where
authorities of one country carry out control
measures for both countries. In addition, the
United States Government has stationed medical
officers in foreign countries to examine applicants
for visas in order to expedite their entry into the
United States.
(b) In the United States the responsible author-
ities endeavour to provide adequate facilities and
staffing to handle international traffic, and con-
siderable effort is being put forth constantly to
effect improvements.
A. Police Control
(i) An alien entering the United States is not
subject to police and registration formalities sub-
sequent to his entrance. In so far as inunigration
inspection is concerned there is but one entry
made in an alien's passport and that is made by
a rubber stamp.
152
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
(ii) Passports of travellers entering or passing
through the United States are not taken from
them, retained, or impounded by this Government
except in unusual individual cases.
B. Currency Control and Facilities for Exchang-
ing Money
( i ) The United States has no restrictions on the
import or export of foreign exchange.
(ii) The United States Government has estab-
lished local committees composed of the local
representatives of Government agencies, transport
companies and businessmen who are actively en-
gaged in developing travel facilities at ports of
entry.
C. Customs Inspection of Luggage
(i) The United States Government has con-
stantly endeavoured to simplify customs and plant
quarantine inspection procedures, and is prepared
to participate in any international survey of exist-
ing practices with the view to achieving interna-
tional uniformity.
(ii) (See views under "II. Frontier Formali-
ties;', (a))
(iii) (a) Facilities are available in the United
States for examining incoming and, when exami-
nation is required, outgoing shipments of baggage
at interior points where customs facilities are
maintained, provided the shipments are trans-
ported from or to the border point in bond.
(b) The United States Government is exploring
the possibility of extending this practice.
(c) Baggage passing through the United States
I in bond is opened for inspection only under most
unusual circumstances.
(iv) The United States Government publishes
and distributes gratuitously pamphlets of customs
information for travellers. Placards containing
such information are also posted in customs offices
on the land frontiers.
D. Public Health Inspection
The United States Government levies no charge
for the medical examination of crew and passen-
gers with their baggage. United States Public
Health regulations place specific responsibilities
upon carriers coming into the United States with
regard to pre-embarkation precautions and meas-
ures en route which materially reduce the need
for inspection of clothes and baggage for disease
vectors and insects when crew or passengers have
embarked in or passed through endemic areas.
Wlien examination is required upon arrival, it is
conducted as rapidly as possible by or under the
supervision of the Public Health Authorities.
The United States is in accord with the views
expressed in the two paragraphs of the final rec-
ommendation.*
U.S. Delegations to
International Conferences
Commission for Climatology, World Meteorological
Organization
The Department of State announced on January
10 (press release 13) that the Commission for
Climatology of the World Meteorological Organi-
zation (Wmo) will hold its second session at Wash-
ington, D.C., January 14 to 26, 1957, at the invi-
tation of the U.S. Government.
The U.S. Government will be represented by
the following delegation :
Principal Delegate
Helmut E. Landsberg, chairman, Director, OflSce of Clima-
tology, U. S. Weather Bureau
Delegates
Woodrow C. Jacobs, Director of Climatology, Air Weather
Service, U.S. Air Force, Andrews Field
Herbert C. S. Thorn, Chief Climatologist, Office of Clima-
tology, U.S. Weather Bureau
Advisers
Joseph W. Berry, Climatologist for State of Colorado, U.S.
AA''eather Bureau, Denver, Colo.
William H. Haggard, Chief, Climatic Advisory Services
Branch, Office of Climatology, U.S. Weather Bureau
Harold B. Harshbarger, Chief, Climatic Field Services
Branch, Office of Climatology, U.S. Weather Bureau
Lt. Cmdr. Russell M. Jonson, USN, Assistant for Clima-
tology, Office of Chief of Naval Operations, Department
of the Navy
John J. Keyser, Technical Assistant for Climatology, Of-
fice of Chief of Naval Operations, Department of the
Navy
' The paragraphs read as follows :
"As a final recommendation, the meeting desires to sug-
gest that the Economic and Social Council should, after
a suitable interval, consider the desirability of a further
meeting of experts being convened to review the position
which has then been reached, and if possible to make rec-
ommendations which may lead to further progress.
"The meeting expresses the hope that in the event of
such a future meeting of experts being held, a still larger
number of governments may find it possible to be repre-
sented."
January 28, 1957
153
AVilliam L. Molo, Chief, Data Integration Branch, Data
Control Division, Directorate of Climatology, Air
Weather Service, U.S. Air Force, Andrews Field
Paul H. Putnins, Acting Chief, Foreign Areas Section,
Office of Climatology, U.S. Weather Bureau
Robert W. Schloemer, Assistant to Director, Office of
Climatology, U.S. Weather Bureau
William C. Spreen, Chief Technical Consultant, Climatic
Analysis Division, Directorate of Climatology, Air
Weather Service, U.S. Air Force, Andrews Field
The Commission for Climatology is one of eight
technical commissions established by the Wmo at
its first congress in 1951. A similar commission
had been in existence since 1929 as part of the In-
ternational Meteorological Organization, the
predecessor body founded in 1878 which Wmo
replaced. The Wmo is a specialized agency of the
United Nations with a membership that now em-
braces 69 states and 26 territories. Each Wmo
member is entitled to participate in the work of
the technical commissions and to be represented
at sessions of the commissions. C. Warren
Thornthwaite of the United States was elected
president of the Commission for Climatology at
the first Wmo congress and was reelected at the
first session of the Commission in 1953.
The Commission for Climatology studies mete-
orological observation and network requirements
for climatological investigation of surface and
upper-air conditions and the application of cli-
matic data to the activities and well-being of the
peoples of the world.
The agenda for the second session of the Com-
mission includes a review of technical regulations,
use of aircraft meteorological observations for
climatological purposes, earth-temperature in-
vestigations, development of an international
guide to climatological practices, reporting of
rainfall intensities for hydrology, and scientific
lectures and discussions.
Current U.N. Documents:
A Selected Bibliography
Security Council
Cablegram Dated 10 December 1956 from the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of the Mongolian People's Republic
Addressed to the President of the Security Council.
S/3757, December 11, 1956. 1 p. mimeo.
Letter Dated 20 December 1956 from the Chairman of the
Disarmament Commission Addressed to the Secretary-
General. S/3760, December 20, 1956. 2 pp. mimeo.
Letter Dated 2 January 1957 from the Minister for For-
eign Affairs of Pakistan Addressed to the President of
the Security Council. S/3767, January 2, 1957. 4 pp.
mimeo.
General Assembly
Regulation, Limitation and Balanced Reduction of AU
Armed Forces and All Armaments ; Conclusion of an
International Convention (Treaty) on the Reduction
of Armaments and the Prohibition of Atomic, Hydro-
gen and other Weapons of Mass Destruction. Letter
dated 17 November 1956 from the Secretary-General of
the delegation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-
lics to the eleventh session of the General Assembly,
addressed to the President of the General Assembly
[enclosing a statement by the Soviet Government on
disarmament and the lessening of international ten-
sion]. A/3.366, November 17, 1956. 10 pp. mimeo.
Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees. Statement made by the Deputy High Com-
missioner for Refugees at the 690th meeting [of the
Third Committee]. A/C.3/L.507, November 24, 1956.
13 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special Ses-
sion of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 November
1956. Aide memoire dated 21 November 1956 trans-
mitted to the Secretary-General from the Permanent
Mission of France to the United Nations.
A/3400/Add.l, November 27, 1956. 2 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special Ses-
sion of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 November
19.56. Letter dated 27 November 1956 from the Minis-
ter for Foreign Affairs of Israel, addressed to the Pres-
ident of the General Assembly. A/3398, November 28,
1956. 2 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special Ses-
sion of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 November
1956. Letter dated 27 November 1956 from the Princi-
pal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, ad-
dressed to the Secretary-General. A/3399, November
28, 1956. 3 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special Ses-
sion of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 November
1956. Letter dated 27 November 1956 to the Secretary-
General from the Chairman of the French delegation
to the eleventh session of the General Assembly.
A/3400, November 28, 1956. 2 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special
Session of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 Novem-
ber 1956. Administrative and financial arrangements
for the United Nations Emergency Force. Twenty-
second report of the Advisory Committee on Adminis-
trative and Budgetary Questions to the eleventh session
of the (General Assembly. A/3402, November 30, 1956.
7 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by the Second Emergency Special
Session of the General Assembly from 4 to 10 November
1956. Report of the Secretary-General. A/3403, No-
vember 30, 19.")6. 6 pp. mimeo.
Ueiiatriation of Greek Cliildren. Communication dated
14 November lOliO from the International Committee
of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies.
A/."422, l>ecember 4, 1956. 5 pp. mimeo.
System of Travel and Subsistence Allowances to Members
of Organs of the United Nations. Report of the Fifth
Committee. A/3426, December 5. 1956. 14 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by tlie First Emergency Special !
Session of the General Assembly frcmi 1 to 10 Novem- '
lier 1956. Letter dated 11 December 19."6 from the
Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom of '
Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United
Nations, addressed to tlie President of the General
Assembly. A/344."i, December 12, 1956. 1 p. mimeo.
Question Considered by tlie First Emergency Special '.
Session of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 Novem-
154
Deparfmenf of State Bulletin
ber 1956. Administrative and financial arrangements
for the United Nations Emersency Force : possible
claims in respect of death or disability attributable to
service with the Emergency Force. Thirty-fifth report
of the Advisory Committee on Admini.strative and
Budgetary Questions to the eleventh session of the
General Assembly. A/3456, December 14, 1956. 4 pp.
niimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special
Session of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 Novem-
ber I'.loli. I^etter dated 13 December 1056 from the
Chairman of the Delegation of Israel, addressed to the
President of the General Assembly. A/3457, December
14, 1!)."j6. 2 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special Ses-
sion of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 November
1956. Letter dated 14 December 1056 from the Chair-
men of the Missions of Egj'pt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon,
Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia
and Yemen to the eleventh session of the General As-
sembly addressed to the President of the General As-
sembly. A/3458, December 14, 1956. 2 pp. mimeo.
The Togoland Unification Problem and the Future of the
Trust Territory of Togoland under British administra-
tion. Special report of the Trusteeship Council. Ad-
dendum to part II : The future of Togoland under French
administration. A/3169/Add.l, December 19, 1956. 115
pp. mimeo.
Question of the Frontier Between the Trust Territory of
Somaliland under Italian administration and Ethiopia.
Report of the Italian Government on the progress of
direct Italo-Ethiopian negotiations for delimiting the
frontier between the Trust Territory of Somaliland
under Italian administration and Ethiopia. A/3463,
December 19, 1956. 19 pp. mimeo.
Regulation, Limitation and Balanced Reduction of All
Armed Forces and All Armaments. Conclusion of an
International Convention (Treaty) on the Reduction of
Armaments and the Prohibition of Atomic, Hydrogen
and other Weapons of Mass Destruction : Report of the
Disarmament Commission. Letter dated 20 December
1956 from the Chairman of the Disarmament Commis-
sion, addressed to the Secretarj'-General. A/3470, De-
cember 20, 1956. 2 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special Ses-
sion of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 November
1956. Letter dated 18 December 1056 from the Perma-
nent Representative of Israel to the United Nations,
addressed to the Secretary-General. A/3474, Decem-
ber 21, 1956. 2 pp. mimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special Ses-
sion of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 November
1956. Letter dated 21 December 1956 from the Per-
manent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations,
addressed to the Secretary-General. A/3478, Decem-
ber 21, 1956. 1 p. mimeo.
Question Considered by the First Emergency Special Ses-
sion of the General Assembly from 1 to 10 November
1956. I-etter dated 31 December 1956 from the Per-
manent Representative of Israel to the United Nations,
addressed to the Secretary-General. A/3483, December
31, 1956. 3 pp. mimeo.
Trusteeship Council
The Future of the Trust Territory of Togoland under
French Administration. Memorandum by the Adminis-
tering Authority. T/1290, December 6, 1956. 18 pp.
mimeo.
The Future of the Trust Territory of Togoland under
French Administration. Report of the Referendum
Administrator in Togoland on the popular consultation
of 28 October 1956. T/1292, December 8, 1950. 75 pp.
mimeo.
Conditions in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
Note verbale dated 14 December 1956 from the Repre-
sentative of the United States of America to the Secre-
tary-General. T/1295, December 26, 1956. 3 pp. mimeo.
Economic and Social Council
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. Re-
port of the Railway Sub-Committee (fourth session) to
the Inland Transport Committee (sixth session).
E/CN.ll/Trans/120 (E/CN.ll/Trans/Sub.1/46), AprU
25, 1956. 59 pp. mimeo.
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. Com-
mittee on Industry and Trade. Report of the Second
Meeting of the Worliing Party of Senior Geologists on
the Preparation of a Regional Geological Map for Asia
and the Far East (5 to 9 June 1956, Tokyo, Japan).
E/CN.ll/IcS:T/126, August 22, 1956. 18 pp. mimeo.
United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on a Sup-
plementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the
Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to
Slavery. Text of tlie Supplementary Convention on the
Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions
and Practices Similar to Slavery. E/Conf.24/20, Sep-
tember 4, 1956. 8 pp. mimeo.
Final Act of the United Nations Conference of Plenipo-
tentiaries on a Supplementary Convention on the Aboli-
tion of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and
Practices Similar to Slavery. B/Conf.24/22, Septem-
ber 4, 1956. 6 pp. mimeo.
Commission on Human Rights. Sub-Commission on Pre-
vention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.
Study of Discrimination in Education. E/CN.4/Sub.2/
181, November 7, 1956. 248 pp. mimeo.
Commission on Human Rights. Sub-Commission on Pre-
vention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.
Study of Discrimination in the Matter of Religious
Rights and Practices: Progress Report by the Special
Rapporteur. E/CN.4/Sub.2/lS2, November 12, 1956.
32 pp. mimeo.
Development of International Travel, its Present Increas-
ing Volume and Future Prospects. Note and Addendum
to the note by the Secretary-General. E/2933,
E/2933/Add.l, and E/2933/Add.2, November 23, De-
cember 20, 1056, and January 3, 1957. 168 pp. mimeo.
Population Commission. Tentative Programme of Work
on Population Studies for 1957-19.58 (Memorandum sub-
mitted by the Seceretary-General). E/CN.9/140, No-
vember 26, 1956. 9 pp. mimeo.
Commission on Human Rijihts. Sub-Commission on Pre-
vention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.
Memorandum on the Principal Activities of UNESCO
in the Field of Prevention of Discrimination and Pro-
tection of Minorities since the Eighth Session of the
Sub-Commission. E/CN.4/Sub.2/183, November 28,
1956. 3 pp. mimeo.
Population Commission. Regional Population Studies
(Memorandum submitted bv the Secretary-General).
E/CN.9/138, November 29, 1956. 11 pp. mimeo.
Technical Assistance. Report of the Technical Assist-
ance Committee. E/2938, December 5, 1956. 21 pp.
mimeo.
Commission on Human Rights. Freedom of Information.
Note by the Secretary-General. E/CN.4/732, Decem-
ber 7, 1056. 10 pp. mimeo.
Negotiation of an Agreement with the International Fi-
nance Corporation. E/2940, December 10, 1956. 2 pp.
mimeo.
Negotiation of an Agreement with the International Fi-
nance Corporation. Report by the President of the
Council. E/2043, December 17, 1956. 3 pp. mimeo.
Population Commission. 1960 World Populaticm Census
Programme. Report on the results of regional meet-
ings held during the last quarter of 1956. (Prepared
by the Secretary-General) E/CN.9/135/Add.l, Decem-
ber 19, 1056. 30 pp. mimeo.
Provisional Agenda for the Twenty-third Session of the
Economic and Social Council. Note by the Secretary-
General. E/2946, January 4, 1957. 7 pp. mimeo.
January 28, 1957
155
TREATY INFORMATION
Educational Exchange Agreement
With Colombia
Press release 9 dated January 9
The Governments of Colombia and the United
States on January 9 signed an agreement putting
into operation a program of educational exchanges
authorized by the Fulbright Act. The signing
took place at Bogota, with Jose Manuel Rivas Sac-
coni, Foreign Minister of Colombia, representing
his Government and C. Montagu Pigott, Charge
d'Affaires of the United States in Colombia, rep-
resenting the Government of the United States.
The agreement provides for the expenditure of
Colombian currency up to an aggregate amount
of the peso equivalent of $500,000 received from
the sale of surplus agricultural products in Co-
lombia to finance exchanges of persons between
the two countries to study, do research, teach, or
engage in other educational activities. The pur-
pose of the program is to furtlier the mutual un-
derstanding between the peoples of Colombia and
the United States by means of these exchanges.
Under the terms of the agreement a Commis-
sion for Educational Exchange between the
United States and Colombia will be established
in the latter country to facilitate the administra-
tion of tlie program. The Commission's Board
of Directors will consist of six members with
equal representation as to Colombian and United
States citizens in addition to the United States
Ambassador, who will serve as honorary chair-
man. All recipients of awards under the pro-
gram authorized by the Fulbright Act are selected
by the Board of Foreign Scholarships, whose
members are appointed by the President of the
United States. The Board maintains a secre-
tariat in the Department of State.
Witli the signing of this agreement, Colombia
becomes the 34th country to participate in the
educational exchange program initiated 10 years
ago under authority of the Fulbright Act. Edu-
cational exchanges between Colombia and the
United States have been carried out for a number
of years under the Act for Cooperation between
the American Republics, the Smith-Mundt Act,
and other legislation. The new agreement will
considerably augment the present number of
exchanges.
After the members of the Commission have been
appointed and a program has been formulated,
information about specific opportunities to par-
ticipate in the exchange activities will be released.
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Germany
Agreement amending the administrative agreement of De-
cember 1, 19.04 (TIAS 3233), concerning the Arbitral
Tribunal and the Mixed Commission under the agree-
ment on German external debts (TIAS 2792) by pro-
viding for the transfer of the seat of the Tribunal and
the Commission from Bremen to Koblenz. Signed at
Bonn November 30, 19156, by the Federal Republic of
Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, and
France. Entered into force November 30, 1956.
Trade and Commerce
International convention to facilitate the importation of
commercial samples and advertising material. Dated
at Geneva November 7, 1952. Entered into force No-
vember 20, 19.")5.'
Accession deposited: Turkey, December 8, 1956.
Fifth protocol of rectifications and moditications to texts
of schedules to the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade. Done at Geneva December 3, 1955.'
Sii/nature: Australia, December 20, 1956.
Sixth protocol of supplementary concessions to the Gen-
eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Done at Geneva
May 23, 1956. Entered into force June 30, 195G. TIAS
3,591.
Schedules of concessions entered into force: Sweden,
January 1, 1957.
Weather
Convention of the World Meteorological Organization.
Done at Washington October 11. 1947. Entered into
force March 23, 1950. TIAS 2052.
Accession deposited: Morocco, January 3, 1957.
BILATERAL
China
Agreement amending the surplus agricultural commodi-
ties agreement of August 14, 1956 (TIAS 3G6G). Ef-
fected by exchange of notes at Taipei October 5 and 12,
1956. Entered into force October 12, 19,56.
Agreement amending the agreement of March 30, April
26, and October 14, 19.55 (TIAS 3493), for a United
States Navy Medical Research Unit in Taipei. Effected
by exchange of notes at Taipei December 27, 1956. En-
tered into force December 27, 1956.
Haiti
Agreement extending the Air Force Mission agreement of
January 4. 1949, as extended (TIAS 1SG3, 2S07). Ef-
fected by excliange of notes at Washington December
3, 19.56, and January 7, 1957. Entered into force Janu-
ary 7, 1957.
' Not in force for the United States.
' Not in force.
156
Department of State Bulletin
Iceland
Agreement to discontinue the discussions for revision of
the defense agreement of May 5, 1951 (TIAS 2266),
and to establish an Iceland Defense Standing Group.
Effected by exchanges of notes at Reykjavik December
6, 1006. Entered into force December 6, 1056.
Spain
Agreement amending article 17 of the memorandum of
understanding of July 30, 1954 (TIAS 3094), relating
to otTshore procurement by revising the effective date
of the no-profits provisions. Effected by exchange of
notes at Madrid December 21 and 27, 19.56. Entered
Into force December 27, 1956.
United Kingdom
Agreement amending the agreement of July 11 and 22,
1955 (TIAS 3379), providing for regular use by civil
aircraft of certain facilities in the Bahama Islands
long-range proving ground for guided missiles by ex-
tending the civil aircraft service to the Turks and
Caicos Islands. Effected by exchange of notes at Wash-
ington December 6, 1056, and January 4, 1957. Entered
into force January 4, 1957.
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
Resignations
Wlnthrop W. Aldrich as Ambassador to Great Britain.
For text of Mr. Aldrich's letter to the President and the
President's reply, see White House press release dated
December 27.
Pierce J. Gerety, as Deputy Administi-ator for the
Refugee Relief Act, effective February 1. For an ex-
change of correspondence between Secretary Dulles and
Mr. Gerety, see press release 3 dated January 3.
Delegation of Authority'
rublic Notice 149
By virtue of the authority vested in the Secretary of
State by section 4 of the act of May 26, 1949 (63 Stat. Ill ;
5 U. S. C. 151c) and in accordance with the provisions of
section 104 (b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act
(66 Stat. 174; 8 U. S. C. 1104), there is delegated to the
Administrator, Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs,
the authority to perform all the functions conferred upon
the Secretary of State by section 359 of the Immigration
and Nationality Act (66 Stat. 273; 8 U. S. C. 1502).
Dated : December 20, 1956.
For the Secretary of State.
Lot W. Hendf.bson,
Deputy Under Secretary for Administration
Consular Offices
The Saarland, formerly under the informal consular
jurisdiction of the Consulate at Strasbourg, France, was
placed under the consular jurisdiction of the Consulate
General at Frankfort, Germany, on January 1, 1957.
PUBLICATIONS
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Participation of the United States Government in Inter-
national Conferences— July 1, 1954-June 30, 1955. Pub.
6335. International Organization and Conference Series
I, 31. X, 269 pp. 70^.
A volume designed to serve as a record of the official
participation of the United States Government in multi-
lateral international conferences and meetings of inter-
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June 30, 1955.
New Opportunities in the U.S. Foreign Service. Pub.
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force March 1, 1956.
Parcel Post— Postal Union of the Americas and Spain.
TIAS 3654. 47 pp. 20^.
Agreement, final protocol, and regulations between the
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Money Orders— Postal Union of the Americas and Spain.
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Agreement and final protocol between the United States
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November 9, 1955. Entered into force March 1, 1956.
January 28, 1957
157
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Agreement between the United States of America and the
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1956 ; operative retroactively March 13, 1956.
Relocation of Roosevelt Bridge. TIAS 366S. 3 pp. 5^.
Agreement lietween the United States of America and
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Emergency Flood Relief Assistance. TIAS 3669. 2
pp. 50.
Agreement t>etween the United States of America and
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Agreement and detailed regulations between the United
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Agreement between the United States of America and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland —
Signed at Washington November 1, 1956. Entered into
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Agreement between the United States of America and
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amended and supplemented — Signed at Helsinki October
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Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council. TIAS 3674. 7 pp. 10(f.
Agreement between the United States of America and
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland —
Amending agreement of February 11, 1946, as amended.
Exchange of notes — Signed at Washington October 17
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Defense — Loan of Vessels and Small Craft to China.
TIAS 3676. 6 pp. 50.
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Exchange of notes — Dated at Taipei October 16 and 20,
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. TIAS 3677.
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Protocol of rectification to the French text of agreement
of October 30, 1947, between the United States of America
and other governments — Dated at Geneva June 15, 1955.
Entered into force October 24, 1956, with respect to recti-
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Double Taxation — Taxes on Estates and Inheritances.
TIAS 3678. 21 pp. 150.
Convention between the United States of America and
Italy — Signed at Washington March 30, 1955. Entered
into force October 26, 1956.
TIAS 3679. 36 pp.
Double Taxation — ^Taxes on Income.
15(*.
Convention between the United States of America and
Italy — Signed at Washington March 30, 1955. Entered
into force October 26, 1956 ; operative retroactively
January 1, 1956.
Status of Tangier. TIAS 3680. 16 pp. 10(f.
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at Tangier October 29, 1956. Entered into force October
29, 1956.
Surplus Agricultural Commodities. TIAS 3684. 3 pp. 5^.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Spain, amending agreement of March 5, 1956. Exchange
of notes — Signed at Madrid September 20 and 28, 1956.
Entered into force September 28, 1956.
Surplus Agricultural Commodities. TIAS 3685.
100.
9 pp.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Spain — Signed at Madrid October 23, 1956. Entered into
force October 23, 1956.
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: January 7-13
Releases may be obtained from the News Divi-
sion, Department of State, Washington 25, D.C.
Press release is.sued prior to January 7 which
appears in this issue of the Bulletin is No. 3 of
January 3.
No. Date Subject
7 1/7 Dulles : statement before House For-
eign Affairs Committee.
9 1/9 Educational exchange agi'eement with
Colombia.
*10 1/9 Educational exchange.
11 1/9 Dulles : comments on "short form" res-
olution on Middle East.
12 1/9 Dulles : Eden resignation.
13 1/10 Delegation to Climatology Commission
(rewrite).
14 1/11 Note to U.S.S.R. on alleged overflight of
American planes.
tl5 1/11 Buchanan appointment (rewrite).
tl6 1/11 Colombo Plan annual report.
17 1/11 Iraqi crown prince to visit U.S.
18 1/11 Hill : "A Step Toward Stability in the
Middle East."
*Not printed.
tlleld for a later issue of the Bulletin.
158
Deparfment of State Bulletin
January 28, 1957 I n d
Agriculture
U.S. Farm Surpluses Finance Development Loan
for Brazil 136
U.S. To Permit Licensing to Poland of Surplus
Farm Commodities 134
Austria. Death of Austrian President (Eisen-
hower) 134
Brazil. U.S. Farm Surpluses Finance Development
Loan for Brazil 136
I Colombia. Educational Exchange Agreement With
Colombia 156
< Communism
Middle East Proposals (Dulles, map) 126
A Step Toward Stability in the Middle East (HiU) . 131
Congress, The
Congressional Documents Relating to Foreign
Policy 137
Middle East Proposals (Dulles, map) 126
Proposed Resolution on Economic and Military
Cooperation in Middle East 128
Secretary Dulles Comments on "Short Form" Reso-
lution 129
The State of the Union (Eisenhower) 123
Department and Foreign Service
C'linsular Offices 157
Iit'legation of Authority 157
.lames P. Richards Appointed Special Assistant to
President 130
Rt'siiaiations (Aldrich, Gerety) 157
Economic Affairs
U.S. Farm Surpluses Finance Development Loan
for Brazil 136
U.S. Policy and Practices in the Field of Interna-
tional Travel (U.S. report to U.N. Secretary-
General) 145
U.S. To Permit Licensing to Poland of Surplus
Farm Commodities 134
World Bank Loan to Japan for Land Reclamation . 136
Educational Exchange. Educational Exchange
Agreement With Colombia 156
France. Consular Offices 157
Germany. Consular Offices 157
Hungary
General Assembly Establishes Committee To In-
vestigate and Report on Conditions in Hungary
(Lodge, Hammarskjold, text of resolution) . . 138
Hungai-y Lifts Import Duties on Gift Parcels . . 134
Immigration and Naturalization. Delegation of
Authority 157
International Organizations and Meetings. Com-
mi.'ision for Climatology, World Meteorological
Organization (delegation) 153
Iraq. Crown Prince Abdul Illah of Iraq To Visit
United States 135
Japan. World Bank Loan to Japan for Land
Reclamation 136
Korea. The Korean Problem in the General Assem-
bly (Greenbaum, text of resolution) 141
e X Vol. XXXVI, No. 918
Middle East
James P. Richards Appointed Special Assistant to
President 130
Middle East Proposals (Dulles, map) 126
I'roposed Resolution on Economic and Military
Cooperation in Middle East 128
Secretary Dulles Comments on "Short Form" Reso-
lution 129
A Step Toward Stability in the .Middle East ( HiU) . 131
Poland. U.S. To Permit Licensing to Poland of
Suri)lus Farm Commodities 134
Presidential Documents
Death of Austrian President 134
Resignation of Sir Anthony Eden as British Prime
Minister 130
The State of the Union 123
Publications. Recent Releases 157
Refugees and Displaced Persons. Resignations
(Gerety) 157
Saudi Arabia. King of Saudi Arabia To Visit
United States 135
Science. Commission for Climatology, World Mete-
orolotrical Organization (delegation) 153
Treaty Information
Current Actions 155
Educational Exchange Agreement With Colombia . 156
U.S.S.R.
Alleged Overflight of Soviet Area by American
Planes (texts of notes) 135
A Step Toward Stability in the Middle East (Hill) . 131
United Kingdom
Resignation of Sir Anthony Eden as British Prime
Minister (Eisenhower, Dulles) 130
Resignations (Aldrich) 157
United Nations
Commission for CUmatology, World Meteorological
Organization (delegation) 153
Current U.N. Documents 154
General Assembly Establishes Committee To In-
vestigate and Report on Conditions in Himgary
(Lodge, Hammarskjold, text of resolution) . . 138
The Korean Problem in the General Assembly
(Greenbaum, text of resolution) 141
U.S. Policy and Practices in the Field of Interna-
tional Travel (U.S. report to U.N. Secretary.
General) 145
World Bani Loan to Japan for Land Reclamation . 136
Name Index
Al Saud, Saud Ibn Abdul al-Aziz 135
Aldrich, Winthrop W 157
Dulles, Secretary 126, 129, 130
Eden, Anthony 130
Eisenhower, President 123, 130 134
Gerety, Pierce J 157
Greenbaum, Edward S 141
Hammarskjold, Dag 139
Hill, Robert C 131
Illah, Abdul 135
Koerner, Theodor 134
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr 133
Richards, James P 130
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The Quest for Peace
This 35-pjige album-style pamphlet presents quotations from
President Eisenhower and Secretary of State Dulles highlighting
the major steps in the search for peace through the security and
unity of the free world.
The quotations from the President and the Secretary of State
set forth problem and a.ction on the following subjects:
Atoms for Peace
Austrian Treaty
Bipartisanship
Captive Peoples
Change of Soviet Policy
China
Deterrence of War
European Unity
Foreign Trade
Germany Enters Nato
Indochina
International Communism
Iran
Korea
Latin America
1. Communist Penetration in
Latin America
2. Economic Development in
Latin America
3. Organization of American
States
4. Strengthening Inter-
American Friendship
Less Developed Countries —
Target of Soviet Communism
Sea TO (Southeast Asia Treaty
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Trieste Settlement
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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XXXVI, No. 919
February 4, 1957
RECORD
BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT (Excerpts) . . 163
THE COMMUNIST THREAT TO THE MIDDLE EAST •
Statement by Secretary Dulles 170
THE MEANING OF BERLIN FOR THE FREE
WORLD • by Eleanor Dulles 175
AIR TRANSPORT AGREEMENT WITH IRAN
SIGNED • Department Announcement and Text of
Agreement 198
FIFTH PROGRESS REPORT ON THE AGRICUL-
TURAL TRADE DEVELOPINIENT AND ASSIST-
ANCE ACT 183
POLICf
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XXXVI, No. 919 • Publication 6444
Fd>ruary 4, 1957
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents
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Washington 25, D.O.
Price:
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Note: Contents ol this publication ar« not
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appreciated.
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by tlie
Public Services Division, provides the
public and interested agencies of
the Government with information on
developments in the field of foreign
relations and on the work of the
Department of State and tlie Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
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Department, and statements and ad-
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Budget Message of the President
EXCERPTS FROM MESSAGE
To the Congress of the United States:
I am presenting with this message my recom-
mended budget for the United States Government
for the fiscal year 1958, which begins next July 1.
This is the fourth budget which I have trans-
mitted to the Congress.
In my first budget message— that for the fiscal
year 1955 — I emphasized the administration's de-
termination to chart a course toward two impor-
tant fiscal goals — balanced budgets and tax reduc-
tions.
Seductions in spending evidenced in the 1955
budget made possible a large tax reduction and tax
reform program.
The 1956 budget was balanced.
The 1957 budget will be balanced.
A balanced budget is proposed for 1958.
I believe this policy of fiscal integrity has con-
tributed significantly to the soundness of our Na-
tion's economic growth and that it will continue
to do so during the coming fiscal year.
Budget Totals
[Fiscal years. In billions]
195fi
actual
1957
estimate
1968
estimate
Budget receipts
Budget expenditures ....
$68. 1
66. 5
$70. 6
68. 9
$73.6
71.8
Budget surplus . . .
1.6
1.7
1.8
This budget is for the first fiscal year of my sec-
ond term in office. In making plans for the com-
ing year, I have been guided by the following na-
tional objectives :
' H. Doc. 16, 85th Cong., 1st sess. ; transmitted on Jan.
IG. The message, together with summary budget state-
ment, is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. ;'
price $1.50.
february 4, 1957
1. Peace, justice, and freedom for our own and
other peoples ;
2. Powerful Armed Forces to deter and, if need
be, to defeat aggression ;
3. A healthy and growing economy with pros-
perity widely shared ;
4. Enhancement of individual opportunity and
the well-being of all our people ;
5. Wise conservation, development, and use of
our great natural resources ;
6. Fiscal integrity;
7. A well-balanced choice of programs at home
and abroad ; and
8. Increasing international trade and invest-
ment essential to the growth of the economies of
the United States and the rest of the free world.
We have made considerable progress toward
these goals. We will continue this progress in the
years ahead.
Budget Programs and Performance
By far the largest part of the budget for the
coming fiscal year, 63 percent, will be devoted to
maintaining and improving our own defenses and
to strengthening the defenses and economies of
other nations in the interest of collective security
and world peace. Civil benefits will account for
24 percent of budget expenditures ; interest, 10 per-
cent ; and all other operations, administration, and
contingencies, 3 percent.
Protection, including collective secttrity. — ^As
a simple matter of self-preservation, we must
maintain our own strength and promote world
stability by helping to build up the strength of
friendly nations. At the same time, we must ac-
tively advance our other efforts for lasting peace
and inform the world in aU appropriate ways of
our peaceful aims.
The new and more powerful weapons which are
being delivered to our Armed Forces in increasing
163
Budget Expenditures by Purpose
[Fiscal years. In blUions]
1956
actual
1957
estimate
1958
estimate
Protection, including collec-
tive security
Civil benefits
Interest
Civil operations and admin-
istration
$42. 4
15. 3
6.8
2.0
$42. 7
16. 5
7.3
2.3
.2
$45.3
16.9
7. 4
1.8
. 4
Total
66.5
68.9
71.8
quantities and varieties are much more costly to
produce, operate, and maintain than the weapons
they are replacing. Furthermore, we are now en-
gaged in the development of a whole new family
of even more advanced weapons for all the serv-
ices. Large expenditures will be required to bring
these weapons into use. During the transition,
we must continue to purchase enough of the cur-
rent types to preserve our readiness until the effec-
tiveness of the advanced weapons is demonstrated
in tests. Despite these upward pressures on ex-
penditures, future defense costs must be held to
Expenditures for Protection, Including Collective
Security
[Fiscal years.
In blUlons]
1966
actual
1957
estimate
1958
estimate
Major''national security pro-
grams:
Department of De-
fense — military func-
tions
Mutual security pro-
gram — military . . .
Atomic Energy Com-
mission
Stockpiling and defense
production expansion .
$35.8
2.6
1.7
.6
$36.
2.6
1.9
. 4
$38.0
2.6
2.3
.4
Subtotal
40.6
41.0
43.3
Related programs:
Mutual security pro-
g r a m — e c o n o m i c ,
technical, and other .
United States Informa-
tion Agency
Federal Civil Defense
Administration . . .
Selective Service Sys-
tem
1.6
. 1
. 1
(')
1.5
. 1
. 1
(■)
1.8
. 1
. 1
Subtotal
1.8
1.7
2.0
Total
42.4
42.7
45.3
' Loss than 60 million dollars.
164
tolerable levels. Effective action must be taken to
improve efficiency and to maintain a proper bal-
ance between expenditures for future military
strength and expenditures for current readiness.
The introduction of new equipment and weapons
with vastly greater combat capability is also hav-
ing a powerful impact on concepts of military
strategy, tactics, and organization. The combat
power of our divisions, wings, and warships has
increased to such an extent that it is no longer
valid to measure military power in terms of the
number of such units.
I have given careful consideration to the many
complex factors which enter into the development
of a well-balanced military structure. I am con-
vinced that the defense programs and funds for
their support as recommended in this budget pro-
vide a wise and reasonable degree of protection
for the Nation.
Our nuclear weapons and our ability to employ
them constitute the most effective deterrent to an
attack on the free nations. We shall continue
to expand our nuclear arsenal until an agreement
has been reached for reduction and regulation
of armaments under safeguarded inspection
guaranties.
At the same time, we are increasing the portion
of the production of fissionable materials allocated
to peaceful uses at home and abroad and we look
forward to the day when all production may be
used for peaceful purposes. This budget pro-
vides for increased effort on power reactor develop-
ment and on new uses of atomic energy in biology,
medicine, agriculture, and industry. It will also
make possible greater sharing of our peaceful
atomic energy developments with other nations
through the atoms-for-peace program.
World events continue to demonstrate the value
of our programs of mutual assistance. Continued
assistance, both military and economic, to friendly
nations will provide the essential margin beyond
their own resources needed to support anc
strengthen their defenses and their economies,
The intensified worldwide conflict of ideas also
requires a further increase in our programs ol
international information.
Legislative Program
As has already been indicated in the State of the
Union message, continuation of military and
Department of State Bulletin
economic assistance to the free nations of the world
is a keystone of the administration's efforts to
promote peace, collective security, and well-being
for all peoples. Essential complements of these
assistance programs are steps to increase interna-
tional trade and investment. Both can be ma-
terially advanced by taking the actions necessary
to avoid unfair tax duplications on business con-
ducted overseas and by the prompt enactment of
legislation approving United States membership
in the proposed Organization for Trade Coopera-
tion. This administrative agency will greatly aid
the orderly operation of existing arrangements
governing multilateral trade to help prevent dis-
crimination and restrictions against our foreign
commerce.
Although necessity forces us to keep ever in
mind the destructive power of nuclear weapons,
it is equally essential that we keep in mind the
firm determination of the United States to share
the fruits of its efforts to develop the peaceful uses
for atomic energy. Seventy-two nations have now
signed the charter of the International Atomic
Energy Agency, which was established under the
auspices of the United Nations. Prompt action
by the Congress is needed to authorize full partici-
pation by the United States in the work of this
Agency. The United States has offered for dis-
tribution through this Agency 5,000 kilograms of
fissionable uranium 235 out of the 20,000 kilograms
previously offered for atomic research and power
uses in other nations, as part of our atoms-for-
peace program.
The other proposals which are parts of the ad-
ministration's legislative program are discussed
in my analysis of the budget. The fact that they
are not included in this summary presentation in
no way detracts from their importance or the
strength of my recommendation that they be con-
sidered and enacted by the Congress in its present
session.
Analysis of the Budget
I am presenting my budgetary recommendations
in greater detail under nine major program head-
ings in the analysis of the budget which follows
this message. The Economic Report will contain a
further discussion of some of these proposals.
It is always difficult to make plans and forecast
expenditures a year or more in advance. This is
particularly true when historic events are taking
place in Eastern Europe, when United Nations
forces are deployed in the Middle East, when un-
certainties abound in other parts of the world, and
when in our own land economic change is contin-
uous. This budget has taken into account present
conditions and developments which today appear
most likely at home and abroad. It provides funds
for all necessary Government activities on a.
reasonable scale, and efforts will continue to be
made by every executive department and agency
to improve efficiency and to maintain expenditures
well within the budget estimates. It is a carefully
balanced budget — balanced in its receipts and ex-
penditures, balanced in its choice of programs. I
consider it well adapted to the needs of the present
and the future.
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
January 16, 1957.
EXCERPTS FROM THE PRESIDENT'S ANALYSIS
OF THE BUDGET
Major National Security
Events in recent months have dramatized the
need for strong collective security. The military
strength of the United States is a bulwark for
world peace and freedom. A large share of the
budget must go to maintain the Nation's military
forces in their present high state of readiness and
to introduce new weapons. Also, effective sup-
port must be given to the defense forces of other
nations. Advances in nuclear technology must
be applied to improving national defense and, in
increasing degree, to peacetime uses in the United
States and the rest of the free world.
Development and control of atomic energy. —
Until an agreement for limitation of armaments
is negotiated and an effective inspection system is
functioning, this Nation will continue to inci'ease
the number and variety of nuclear weapons. In
the fiscal year 1958, emphasis will be placed on
weapons for tactical purposes and weapons with
reduced radioactive fallout. The substantial
present effort to develop military propulsion re-
actors will be continued.
Efforts to develop the peaceful uses of atomic
energy will be greatly increased, particularly the
febtvary 4, 1957
165
Major National Security
(Fiscal years. In millions]
Program or agency
New obllgatlonal authority
Expenditures
1956 actual
1967 estimate
1958 estimate
1956 actual
1957 estimate
1958 estimate
Gross budget expenditures:
Department of Defense — military functions:
Direction and coordination of defense .
$13
15,517
7,354
9,648
654
$15
17, 690
7,645
10, 200
637
200
$17
16, 481
8,539
10,517
688
2,258
$14
16, 749
8,702
9,745
582
$14
16, 890
8,581
9,732
637
150
$17
17, 472
9, 131
Navy defense
Other central defense activities ....
T*rono9pd for later transmission
10, 349
714
347
Total, Department of Defense. . . .
Development and control of atomic energy:
Present orotrram
33, 187
1,179
36, 387
1,961
38, 500
2,400
120
130
' i, 450'
35, 791
1,651
36, 005
1,940
38, 031
2,310
30
Stockpiling and defense production expan-
521
1,016
2,018
791
2,611
759
2,600
650
Mutual security program — military;
Present Droerram
2, 100
500
Total
Deduct applicable receipts:
DpDartment of Defense — militarv functions.
35, 903
40, 366
43, 600
40, 845
(')
203
41, 303
5
334
43, 621
31
255
Net buderet exDenditures
40, 641
40, 965
43, 335
' Less than one-half million dollars.
development of reactors to produce atomic power
at competitive prices.
This budget provides for increased effort by the
Atomic Energy Commission to explore new power
reactor concepts, to fabricate and operate reactor
experiments, and to develop the basic reactor
technology essential to the Nation's progress and
leadership in the field. Increased support will
also be given to the growing activities by private
industry and public power bodies in power reactor
development.
In the belief that basic responsibility for con-
struction of large-scale commercial power reactors
should not have to be assumed by the Federal
Government, no funds for construction of new
large-scale reactors are proposed in this budget.
A number of new proposals from non-Federal in-
terests are now being developed. However, if ac-
ceptable proposals for non-Federal construction of
promising reactor types do not materialize within
a reasonable time, a request will be made to the
Congress for funds for direct construction by the
Federal Government.
As a further and necessary step to facilitate in-
dustry's investment in atomic powerplants, legis-
lation will again be proposed to authorize the
Government to supplement commercially available
insurance against liability arising from possible
nuclear accidents.
More resources will be applied to the longer
term effort to develop thermonuclear power re-
actors. Increased research is planned for 1958 on
the problems arising from the numerous and ex-
tensive applications of atomic energy, such as re-
actor safety, radioactive waste disposal, and the
biological eflFects of radiation. At the same time,
support of research in nuclear physics and in new
uses of atomic energy in biology, medicine, agri-
culture, and industry will be strengthened. Also,
the budget provides for increases in equipment
grants and in teacher training to improve educa-
tion in nuclear technology and to help alleviate
the shortage of nuclear scientists and engineers.
In order to help other nations develop their
own atomic energy programs, the 1958 budget pro-
vides for training centers in the United States and
abroad, equipment grants, and other technical as-
sistance from appropriations for the Atomic
Energy Commission and the mutual security pro-
gram. Four nations have already accepted and
many others are expected to accept the United
States offer to share the costs of building research
reactors. A number of nations have indicated
interest in procuring power reactors in this coun-
166
Departmenf of Sfa/e Bulletin
try, and the Export- Import Bank will consider
applications for loans to finance such procurement.
The budget also includes funds for United States
participation in a second world conference on the
peaceful uses of atomic energy to be held in
calendar year 1958.
Stockpiling and defence production. — By the
end of the current fiscal year, the stockpile of
strategic and critical materials, such as rubber,
aluminum, copper, and nickel, will have reached
a value greater than 6 billion dollars. Further ac-
quisitions toward the stockpile objectives will be
limited in most instances to (1) materials for
which contracts have already been made; (2)
materials which can be procured at favorable
prices and which will serve to maintain the mobi-
lization base; and (3) materials obtained in ex-
change for surplus agricultural products.
Mutual security program, military. — The armed
forces of 38 countries receive military equipment
and training through the military assistance por-
tion of the mutual security program. This as-
sistance bolsters the military forces of coimtries
faced with a threat of external aggression or in-
ternal subversion.
Military assistance plans for the fiscal year 1958
have been related to the plans for this Nation's
military establishment. As in the case of United
States forces, a large part of the funds will be
used for new types of weapons for air defense.
In the fiscal years 1957 and 1958, an increasing
amount of military assistance equipment is to be
furnished on a reimbursable rather than a grant
basis. Changes in legislation will be recom-
mended to facilitate these sales.
The level of unexpended balances for military
assistance will have been reduced for 5 successive
years. The Department of Defense has made sig-
nificant improvements in tlie operation of this pro-
gram in this fiscal year, especially in the timing of
orders and the utilization of funds.
The new obligational authority of 2,450 million
dollars recommended in this budget for military
assistance has been included as an appropriation to
the President, as in previous years. Considera-
tion is being given as to what pattern of appropria-
tions will best serve the aims of the Government in
pi'oviding military assistance.
International Affairs and Finance
The United States can work toward its goal of
lasting peace by continuing to help its friends over-
MuTUAL Secubitt Peoqbam
[Fiscal years. In millions]
Budget eipendltures
Recom-
mended
1966
actual
1957
estimate
1958
estimate
new obli-
gational
authority
for 1958
Military: '
Present program .
Proposed legisla-
$2,611
$2, 600
$2, 100
500
1,150
600
$2, 450
1,950
Economic, technical,
and other: '
Present program .
Proposed legisla-
1,587
1,500
Total
4, 198
4, 100
4,350
' 4, 400
' Budget expenditures for military assistance do not
reflect proceeds from sale of military equipment previously
procured with military assistance funds, since these pro-
ceeds go directly into miscellaneous receipts of the Treas-
ury.
2 Discussed in the international affairs and finance sec-
tion of this analysis. Excludes investment guaranty
program.
' Compares with new obligational authority of 2,703
million dollars in 1956 and 3,767 million dollars in 1957,
excluding investment guaranty program.
seas protect their freedom from foreign domina-
tion and better their economic conditions. This
budget is designed to do that. It also provides
funds to promote international understanding
through a wider exchange of ideas and persons,
and to extend a helping hand to refugees from
tyranny and victims of famine.
In the conduct of our international affairs it is
necessary to allow for appropriate flexibility in
choosing the proper channel to meet each particu-
lar situation. In many instances the most effective
way to achieve United States objectives, particu-
larly in the political area, is to work through the
United Nations. In other instances it may be
more effective to utilize regional organizations
such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
and the Organization of American States. The
Government will, of course, continue to conduct a
major part of its economic and military assistance
bilaterally, by dealing directly with other govern-
ments through conventional channels, including
the Export-Import Bank. In addition, the Inter-
national Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-
ment and the International Monetary Fund will
imdoubtedly continue their active and sound pro-
grams of lending for economic development and of
strengthening the exchange systems of their mem-
bers, relying in part on the capital subscriptions
and guaranties of the United States Government.
February 4, 1957
167
International Apfaibs and Finance
[Fiscal years. In millions]
Program or agency
Budget expenditures
1966 actual
1967 estimate
1958 estimate
Recommended
new obligatlonal
authority for 1968
Gross budget expenditures:
Economic and technical development:
Mutual security program — economic, technical, and
other:
Present program
Proposed legislation
Investment guaranty program
Export-Import Bank
Emergency commodity assistance (Department of
Agriculture)
Other
Foreign information and exchange activities:
United States Information Agency
Department of State
President's Special International Program
Conduct of foreign affairs (Department of State and other).
$1, 587
$1, 500
6
212
94
22
86
20
5
120
7
776
127
69
103
21
9
155
$1, 150
600
13
670
45
32
128
29
18
194
$1, 950
94
27
144
35
20
189
Total
Deduct applicable receipts:
Investment guaranty program .
Export-Import Bank
2,151
3
302
2,767
5
379
2,878
6
427
» 2, 460
Net budget expenditures
1,846
2,382
2,444
Compares with new obligatlonal authority of 2,123 million dollars in 1956 and 2,233 million dollars in 1957.
The United States Government will also work
through the many private welfare organizations
operating abroad.
The Government's varied overseas activities
have been, and are being, regularly reviewed.
For example, recommendations to improve our
mutual security operations are being developed
by the President's Citizen Advisers on the Mutual
Security Program. Special studies are also being
conducted by the Senate Foreign Relations and
House Foreign Affairs Committees. A special
message on the mutual security progi'am will be
sent to the Congi-ess after due consideration has
been given to the recoimnendations and studies
that have been completed.
Mutual security program, economic, technical,
and other. — In oi'der that the United States may
continue to help cooperating comitries to develop
their economies and to meet the burdens of main-
taining military strength, the budget provides for
an appropriation of 1,950 million dollars for the
fiscal year 1958 for the nonmilitary portion of the
mutual security program. The military assist-
ance portion of the mutual security program was
discussed in the major national security section of
this analysis. Total appropriations recommended
for the two portions together in 1958 are 4,400
million dollars, compared with 3,804 million
dollars enacted for 1957 and 4,860 million dollars
recommended for 1957 one year ago in the 1957
budget.
Expenditures for economic assistance are esti-
mated at a moderately higher level in the fiscal
year 1958 than in the current fiscal year, carrying
on our help in the development of the economic
potential of less developed countries. Many of
these countries have recently won their independ-
ence. Such development should add to the sta-
bility of their institutions, and tend to remove
long-run causes of international friction. A sig-
nificant part of the expenditures for economic de-
velopment will be in the form of loans.
When the special message on mutual security
is presented to the Congress, the mutual security
appropriations recommended in this budget will
be identified with specific activities, insofar as the
kinds and amounts of assistance can be reasonably
forecast. However, there are many changing :
situations in the world today and it is necessary '
to be able to meet these situations quickly and
flexibly. The amount recommended for the eco-
nomic portion of the Mutual Security Program
includes certain funds to be appropriated on this :
basis.
Middle East. — An important example of this
type of changing situation was discussed in the
168
Department of State Bulletin
recent message on the Middle East.- The message
emphasized the importance of that area of the
world and recommended policies designed to
strengthen the countries of that area. Currently
available funds can be used to meet 1957 require-
ments. The reconmiended 1958 appropriations of
4,400 million dollars for the total mutual security
program include 200 million dollars to be avail-
able for discretionary use in tlie Middle East, in
addition to the specific country programs for the
area. In order to make most effective use of these
funds, especially in relation to solving some of
the current problems, it is essential that adequate
flexibility be permitted in their use.
International investments aiid loans.- — Loans by
the Export-Import Bank for development projects
and for assisting the export of United States goods
are expected to continue at a high level in the
coming fiscal year.
The estimated increase since 1956 in expendi-
tures of the Bank results both from the current
rate of loans and from reduced estimates of pri-
vate participation in the Bank's loans because of
attractive alternative private investment oppor-
tunities in the United States. Despite rising col-
lections of the Export-Import Bank from loan
repayments, the increase in expenditures is esti-
mated to result in a change from net receipts of
90 million dollars in the fiscal year 1956 to net ex-
penditures of 243 nullion dollars in 1958. Wliile
this budget proposes no increase in the Bank's
presently available borrowing authority, it may
later become necessary to request some increase in
borrowing authority to meet future needs.
The International Monetary Fund will be the
major source of funds to strengthen the reserve
position of the United Kingdom at the present
time. The Fund is an international organization
to which the United States has made substantial
amounts of capital available in the past. There-
fore, a drawing on these funds does not appear as
an expenditure in the budget now.
The Export-Import Bank recently announced a
line of credit against securities to the United
Kingdom for the purchase of United States
products.
'■ Bulletin of Jan. 21, 1957, p. 83.
The Government of the United Kingdom has
also sought a waiver of the 81 million dollar inter-
est payment that was due last month under the
terms of the Anglo-American Financial Agree-
ment of 1945 and the related lend-lease and sur-
plus property settlement. The exact applicability
of the waiver provisions is now not clear. Since
there have been changes in the conditions en-
visaged at the time the agreement was signed,
recommendations will shortly be made to the Con-
gress for appropriate modification of the present
language of the Agreement so as to carry out the
spirit of the original intention. This interest
payment has been excluded from the estimates of
receipts for the fiscal year 1957.
Foreign information and exchange activities. —
The intensified worldwide ideological conflict em-
phasizes the importance of the role of both the
Government and private organizations in exchang-
ing information, persons, and ideas abroad. Over-
seas information services and cultural exchanges
are designed to facilitate sympathetic understand-
ing of Ajnerican life, culture, and institutions by
other peoples. Another major role of these pro-
grams is to demonstrate to the people of other na-
tions the way in which American policies and ob-
jectives are in keeping with their own aspirations.
This budget recommends that expenditures in
the fiscal year 1958 for the entire range of foreign
information and exchange activities — including
exchanges under the Fulbright and Smith-Mundt
legislation, and cultural and trade fair programs
abroad — be increased by 42 million dollars over
the 1957 estimate. This will permit extension of
this work within the free world, especially in Asia
and Africa, as well as providing more information
to those peoples not yet free. Emphasis will be
placed on person-to-person contacts on both official
and unofficial levels.
Conduct of foreign affairs. — The tasks of the
Department of State have been steadily extended,
both in Washington and in a growing number of
overseas posts. The budget recommendations con-
tinue to strengthen the staff and facilities of the
Department. Estimated expenditures in 1958 for
the conduct of foreign affairs, including buildings,
are 194 million dollars, 40 million dollars more
than in 1957.
febrwary 4, 7957
169
The Communist Threat to the Middle East
Statement by Secretary Dulles '
I appear before you in support of President
Eisenhower's urgent request that the Congress
and the President, acting in unison througli a
joint resolution, should promptly take certain
steps to prevent international communism taking
over the Middle East.^
The Danger
We all, I know, recognize that the Middle East
is a vital part of the free world. The people there
have aspirations for liberty such as have always
struck a responsive chord in the hearts of the
American people. Much of the world's livelihood
depends on the natural resources and avenues of
trade of the Middle East. And there are to be
found the holy places of three great religions.
It would be abhorrent and dangerous if that
area were ruled by international commimism.
Yet that is the present danger.
The Middle East has always been coveted by
the rulers of Russia. That was true in the days
of the Czars. It is more than ever true of Soviet
communism. Also today it seems to Communist
rulers that events have played into their hands
and that a great victory is almost within their
grasp. And indeed their confidence is not with-
out basis.
Military Aspects
Soviet ground, naval, and air forces are sta-
tioned in the areas adjacent to the Middle East—
' Made before a Joint session of the Foreign Relations
and Armed Services Committees of the Senate on Jan.
14 (press release 19).
'For text of the President's special message to Con-
gress on .Ian. 5 and of the proposed resolution on the
Middle East, see Bullctin of Jan. 21, 1957, p. 83, and
Jan. 28, 10.57, p. 128.
Bulgaria, the Black Sea, the Ukraine, the Cau-
casus, and Central Asia. These Soviet forces are
of a size, and are so located, that they could be
employed at any time with a minimum of warn-
ing. This fact is nothing new. But today it
takes on new implications.
There has been a change in the possible deter-
rent role of certain Western European nations.
Until recently they provided a serious deterrent
to Communist aggression against the Middle
East. But for a variety of reasons — psychologi-
cal, financial, and political — this no longer meets
the needs.
Another new factor is evidence that the Com-
munist rulers may now be thinking in terms of
possible "volunteer" operations in the Middle East,
such as the Chinese Communists perpetrated in
Korea.
No one can reliably predict whether, and if so,
when, there would be Communist armed aggres-
sion, but three things are known : ( 1 ) the Com-
munist capability, (2) the temptation, (3) the
lack of any moral restraints.
The existence of such a threat, unless it be effec-
tively deterred, creates fear, uncertainty, and
greater opportimity for subversion to succeed.
We saw open armed aggression against the Repub-
lic of Korea. We have recently seen it again
against Hungary. And in 1948 we saw the Com-
munists take over Czechoslovakia from within,
an operation aided by the presence of Red armies
without, against which there was no deterrent.
Such dangers reemerge today in relation to the
Middle East.
Economic Aspects
Superimposed on the latent military threat is
a new and dangerous economic blow to the Middle
East. The closing of the Suez Canal and of pipe-
170
Department of State Bulletin
lines deprives oil-producing and oil-transiting
countries of revenues upon which their govern-
ments depend. The impact of this loss is only
now beginning to be felt because tax and royalty
payments usually lag behind the actual produc-
tion and movement of oil. In addition, there are
important losses due to the sharp decline in travel
expenditures and dislocation of commerce. This
development is of a magnitude which could en-
danger orderly government and create conditions
ripe for the type of takeover at which interna-
tional communism is most adept.
Subversive Aspects
Communist propaganda is vigorously at work.
Its Arab-langiiage radio bombards the area. The
output has recently gone up by 50 percent. Com-
munist sentiments find their way into the Arab
press and radio of certain countries. The Soviet
Union is portrayed as the "savior" of the area
as against Western imperialism and as against
Israel's alleged expansionist ambitions. Nothing
is said about Hungary.
There is ample evidence of Communist infiltra-
tion into certain areas, particularly organized
labor; and there are plottings of assassinations
and sabotage to gain Communist ends. Local
Communists have recently obtained small arms,
where such arms were made available, for what it
was thought might be house-to-house fighting.
Arab refugees, nearly one million in number, are
a special target for Communist propaganda.
The Need
Thus the Middle East area is at once en-
dangered by potential military threats against
which there is now no adequate deterrent, by a
rapidly mounting financial and economic crisis,
and by subversive efl'orts which seek advantage
from exceptional opportunities arising out of re-
cent events. This adds up to a new and grave
danger.
It behooves us as a Nation to marshal all ap-
propriate assets to meet the danger.
I say "all" because halfway measures will not
suffice. We dare not risk doing less than all we
properly can.
I say "appropriate" because obviously the
measures we take must not recall colonialism or
imply any hostility to the aspirations of the
peoples of the area. They must be measures
which we take only as they are desired by the
nations of the Middle East to help them be free
and strong. Furthermore, our policies must ac-
cord with the principles and purposes of the
United Nations, and we should welcome and re-
inforce United Nations action wherever it can
suffice.
U.S. Basic Principles and Practice
President Truman, in his Greek-Turkey mes-
sage to the Congress on March 12, 1947, laid down
a basic proposition. He said "totalitarian re-
gimes imposed upon free peoples, by direct or
indirect aggression, undermine the foundations
of international peace and hence the security of
the United States." We have ever since pro-
ceeded on that premise.
The Vandenberg Resolution of June 11, 1948,
outlined, in general terms, acceptable procedures.
It called for the "progressive" development of
collective defense arrangements, the association
of the United States with them where its national
security was affected, and "making clear" United
States "determination to exercise the right of in-
dividual or collective self-defense imder article
51 [of the United Nations Charter] should any
armed attack occur affecting its national security."
The principle laid down by President Truman
and the procedure indicated by the Vandenberg
Resolution have in fact been used. Collective
defense arrangements have been "progressively"
applied, and our determination to act for collec-
tive self-defense has been "made clear" by joint
action of the President and the Congress in many
specific situations.
Thus in 1948 the President and the Senate
joined to make the North Atlantic Treaty. In
1951 we joined to extend the North Atlantic
Treaty area to include Greece and Turkey. In
1954 we joined to extend the treaty to the Fed-
eral Republic of Germany.
In 1955 we joined to make the Southeast Asia
Collective Defense Treaty to protect that part
of the world against Communist aggression.
In 1955, through a joint resolution passed by
the Congress and signed by the President, we
made clear our determination to exercise with the
Republic of China the right of collective self-
defense as regards Taiwan, Penghu, and related
areas.
Between 1951 and 1955 the Senate and the Pres-
ident made other multilateral and bilateral de-
fense arrangements covering the Philippines,
February 4, 1957
171
Australia and New Zealand, Japan, Korea, and
the Eepublic of China.
Thus, when danger from international com-
munism became acute, the President and the Con-
gress, or the Senate, have acted together to meet
the danger.
Also, it may be observed, when that has hap-
pened the danger has subsided and peace has
prevailed.
The time has now come when, in accordance
with past practice, the President and the Congress
should act together in relation to the Middle East.
President Eisenhower's Proposals
The President has asked the Congress of the
United States now to authorize the use of armed
forces of the United States to secure and protect
the territorial integrity and political independ-
ence of the nations of the Middle East which
request such aid. Thereby we will have taken
the first indispensable step to preserve the area,
both against such attack and also from the dire
consequences of the nations of the Middle East
feeling exposed to the danger of such an attack.
The President has, in the second place, asked
tlie Congress to reaffirm our willingness to assist
the nations of the area so desiring to build up
appropriate security forces of their own. Lim-
ited local forces, well-equipped and loyal, are an
essential ingredient of defense, particularly as
against subversion. This can be achieved with-
out an arms race between the Arab States and
Israel. We remain opposed to that, as declared
by the Tripartite Declaration of May 25, 1950.
By assisting where desired the maintenance of
security forces to maintain internal order and to
provide some initial resistance to attack from
without where that is a danger, the United States
will have taken the second indispensable step to
assist the nations of the area to maintain their
independence and to combat subversion.
Finally, the President has asked the Congress
for greater facilities to provide financial assist-
ance in the area. This is perhaps most important
of all. The assistance may have to be along lines
somewhat different than was contemplated when
the mutual security program was presented to the
Congress a year ago.'
We are not yet in a position to say just what
the new needs are. These will be ascertained by
a mission to be headed by Mr. Richards.' But
it can now be said with certainty that the needs
are far more urgent and probably will be quite
different from what was foreseen a year ago.
We do not ask the Congress for more money
for the current fiscal year. Let me emphasize
that fact, which seems not yet fully understood.
We do not now ask Congress for one dollar more
of authorization or appropriation. The problem
of funds for 1958 will be dealt with independently
of this pending legislation. But we do need more
flexibility in the use of what has already been
authorized and appropriated for 1957. If the
Congress agrees to that, it and the President will
have taken together the third indispensable step
to enable the United States to help the nations
of the Middle East maintain their freedom.
Problems Other Than of Communist Source
There are, of course, many important problems
of the area whicli are not dealt with by the pro-
posals which the President has laid before you.
There are problems relating to the Suez Canal,
and problems arising out of unstable and un-
friendly Arab-Israel relations.
All these matters are receiving urgent consid-
eration, but they do not seem to require legisla-
tive action at this time.
The United Nations has now assumed primary
responsibility for solving certain of these prob-
lems, and the able Secretary-General of the
United Nations is actively working on them. We
are giving these United Nations efforts our full
support. We are encouraged to believe that cer-
tain of the problems to which I have alluded will
thus be brought to a satisfactory conclusion. Al-
ready the orderly withdrawal of United Kingdom
and French forces has been effected, and Israeli
withdrawal from Egypt is under way. The Suez
Canal is being efficiently cleared. The Secretary-
General is seeking to bring about an early re-
sumption of talks about the future status of the
canal, in accordance with the six principles which
were unanimously adopted by the Security Coun-
cil last October and agreed to by Egypt.* He is
'Ibid., Apr. 2, 105C, p. S^.
' Former Representative James P. Richards. For the
announcement of his appointment as Special Assistant
to the President, see Bi'li.etin of Jan. 28, l!>o7, p. ISO.
° Ibid., Oct. 22, 1956, p. CKJ.
172
Department of Stale Bulletin
also well aware of the problems of transit through
the Gulf of Aqaba and the status of the Gaza
Strip.
Since last spring he has been working actively
on stabilizing the armistice lines, pursuant to a
United States-sponsored resolution.
There are also the more basic problems of Arab-
Israel relations. These include the establishment
of permanent boundaries, the settlement of refu-
gees, and the undertaking of major water and
irrigation developments. The United States has
made clear its willingness to make a large contribu-
tion to the settlement of these matters, preferably
through the United Nations. That United States
position was expressed in my address of August
26, 1955, and, as indicated by President Eisen-
hower in his special message of January 5, 1957,
the United States adheres to those proposals.
Wlien such a program becomes practical of ac-
complishment, that would require Senate treaty
action and congressional appropriations. But,
unhappily, the time for that is not yet here.
There is, of course, interconnection between
present unsettlements in the area and Communist
opportunities in the area. The Communists fo-
ment unsettlement, and so long as unsettlements
exist Communist opportunities exist. The United
States believes that no effort should be spared to
solve the problems of the area. But we do not
take the pessimistic view that, unless and until
these problems can be solved, nothing can use-
fully be done to prevent the area being taken over
by international communism.
On November 1, 1956, in introducing the United
States cease-fire resolution in the United Nations
General Assembly,* I recalled the problems and
the provocations of the area, and I said :
... All of us, I think, would hope that out of this
tragedy there should come something better than merely
a restoration of the conditions out of which this tragedy
came about. . . . Surely this organization has a duty to
strive to bring about that betterment.
I can say to you today that the United Nations
organization is indeed striving to bring about
that betterment — and so is the United States.
The proposals now before you in no way cut
across or replace these efforts being made by the
United Nations and by our own Government to
solve the problems of the Middle East. On the
" Ihid., Nov. 12, 1956, p. 751.
February 4, 1957
contrary, these proposals, if adopted, will help to
eradicate malignant influences which are striving,
with some success, to make these problems in-
soluble.
The Role of the Congress
What the President has laid before the Congress
is the aspect of the situation with which the United
Nations cannot adequately deal, and with which
the President cannot adequately deal without help
from the Congress.
Experience indicates that a nation rarely, if
ever, loses its independence (1) if that nation is
not exposed to oj^jcn armed attack by overwhelm-
ing force; (2) if it has loyal and adequately
equipped forces for at least internal security;
and (3) if the economic situation does not seem
hopeless.
The United Nations cannot itself adequately in-
sure those conditions. For example, the Soviet
Union exercises veto power in the Security Council
and it defies General Assembly recommendations.
That is a gap that the United Nations itself cannot
close.
But just as the United Nations cannot depend-
ably create these conditions, so the President can-
not adequately do so without the concurrence of
the Congress.
'\Aliatever may be the correct constitutional view
of the authority of the President to use the Armed
Forces of the United States, the fact is that the
Soviet rulers feel more deterred if the Congress
has spoken. Also the fact is that the peoples who
are subjected to threat feel more secure if the
Congress or, in the case of treaties, the Senate
has spoken.
We are dealing here not with a theory but with
a fact. The fact is that, in a situation where we
need to use all the assets we possess, there is an
asset which the Congress of the United States
can contribute, if it will. That asset may prove
decisive in the result.
It is also the fact that the Mutual Security Act
and relative appropriation acts create a maze of
conditions which are no doubt useful and which
can be complied with in the ordinary case. But
we are not dealing with an ordinary case. We are
dealing with an emergency situation created by
a sudden stoppage of vital revenues upon which
orderly government depends. There needs to be
greater discretion in the President to get things
173
done. Here again Congress can make a contri-
bution which may be vital, and this without its
costing the American taxpayer a single cent more.
Finally, there is need that there be joint action
by the President and the Congress which will deal
as a rounded whole with the three vital aspects of
the situation, namely: (1) military deterrents
against armed aggression from without ; (2) mili-
tary assistance to maintain security within; and
(3) economic assistance to prevent the breakdown
of orderly government.
It has been said that the desired results can
partially be achieved without new legislation and
that the President's proposals involve some dupli-
cation. That may be so. But even so, there will
be immense practical gain if the Congress will
join with the President to express, in a new single
act, the purpose of our Nation in relation to the
new situation which has come about since the
Congress was last in session.
Conclusion
Let me repeat and reemphasize the gravity of
the present situation.
In many respects the last year has seen a
weakening of international communism on several
fronts. But this is a situation where he who wins
the last test wins all. I do not say that this is
the last test, although it could well be the decisive
test in the struggle between communism and free-
dom. Certainly, if the Middle East loses its free-
dom, the result will be to nullify a great part of
the efforts and sacrifices which have been made
by the free peoples in recent years and inter-
national communism will have gained a great
and perhaps decisive victory. On the other hand,
if the Middle East stays free, we can reasonably
look forward to gains for freedom throughout all
the world. And "all" includes the present Soviet
and Cliinese Communist part of the world.
I can assure you that the leaders of international
communism will take every risk that they dare to
take in order to win the Middle East. Already
they have made that clear.
When the stakes are so great, I do not believe
the Congress of tlie United States should play,
or wants to play, merely the role of an observer.
It possesses assets, perhaps decisive assets, to
throw into the struggle. That is what the Presi-
dent has pointed out in his special message to the
Congress, and I do not doubt that the Congress
will respond.
President Exchanges Greetings
With British Prime Minister
Following is an exchange of letters between
President Eisenhower and the new Prime Minister
of the United Kingdom, Harold Macmillan, made
public by the White House on January 15.
President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Macmillan
Dear Harold, I send my warmest congratula-
tions to you on becoming Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom. Your distinguished career is
well known on this side of the Atlantic, and has
earned our widespread respect. My own warm
admiration stems, as you know, from our associa-
tion in North Africa and through the succeeding
years. For me that association has been as agree-
able as it has been productive.
I feel confident you will bring to your new task
the same vision, determination and sympathetic
understanding you have shown in tiie past. For
myself, and for the people of the United States,
let me wish you every success in carrying out the
great responsibilities which now devolve upon you
as Prime Minister.
With warm regard,
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
Prime Minister Macmillan to President Eisenhower
My dear Friend, Thank you for your kind mes-
sage. I too have warm and vivid memories of the
time when we worked together in North Africa,
and of our association since then. You know how
much importance I attach to the friendship be-
tween tlie peoples of Britain and tlie United States,
not least because of my own personal links with
your country. I look forward to working with
you once again to further this friendship.
With all good wishes,
Harold Macmillan
174
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
The Meaning of Berlin for tlie Free World
hy Eleanor Dulles
Special Assistant to the Director, Office of German Affairs^
Never has the meaning of Berlin for the free
world been more apparent than since the Hun-
garian revolution. When one compares the situ-
ation in East Germany with that in Hungary, one
sees the main reasons why East Germany, though
persistently and strongly anti-Communist, has not
exploded into bloody revolt.
The primary reasons, which merit careful con-
sideration in any appraisal of the facts in the
East-West struggle in Germany, are all related to
Berlin. In Berlin the Western allies have given
political guaranties against abandonment of the
territory to Soviet aggression and have reinforced
this with various types of aid. This firm position
gives hope not only to the people of Berlin but
to all Germans, including those now under Com-
munist domination, that there is a future in free-
dom. There is in Berlin a door, an escape hatch,
through which refugees have been fleeing to the
West without cessation and with relatively little
interference or danger for more than 6 years.
Moreover, the East Berliners, in close contact
with West Berlin and envying them their collec-
tive bargaining and other civil rights, tried to
assert their demands in June 1953 and learned
through costly experience that revolt in Berlin and
in the provinces would be repressed brutally with
tanks and guns. This lesson of 3 years ago has
taught them the more difficult road to freedom
that is patient, unflagging endurance and the con-
servation of strength until the time of their de-
liverance comes.
Those living in the East, constantly aware of
' Address made before a combined meeting of the World
Affairs Council, the League of Women Voters, and the
Bryn Mawr Club at Albany, N. Y., on Jan. 17 (press
release 27).
the 22 divisions of the Soviet occupying force, con-
tinue to think of themselves as Germans, as anti-
Communists, and as free men. They rely on sup-
port from the West, maintaining their contacts
for flight, if necessity requires, and remember that
there can be no quick solution to their problems.
Their safety valve through Berlin serves to pre-
serve their leaders among the flow of refugees for
the day of reunification and reconstruction. They
learned their lesson in restraint in the revolt in
June 1953, which was touched oif in Berlin but was
carried on in more than 260 cities and towns.
Germans learned then the dangers of premature
revolt just as the rest of the world learned of
German determination to be free.
There is no one who can predict with certainty
whether or not the suppressed hatred of commu-
nism in the East Zone might now flare up into
open resistance if conditions worsened. There is
reason to think that the Soviets know and fear
this danger. They have made repeated promises
of improved economic conditions. In January
1957 they summoned the stooge Communist
leaders of the zone to Moscow and gave them new
assurances of "independence." They had earlier,
in July, offered to cut the cost of occupation by
50 percent in 1957, which slightly lessened the
heavy financial burdens on the economy of the
East Zone. They have recently announced that
food rationing would end soon. They liave indi-
cated the further development of heavy indus-
tries, partly as an aid to defense and partly to
increase national income. They have endeavored
to give an illusion of sovereignty to the area but
have followed each halfhearted gesture by new
and irksome restrictions on freedom of action.
The residents of the East will be hard to de.-
February 4, 1957
175
ceive. None of the Soviet offers to improve their
lot will be taken at face value unless they result
in some tangible improvements. They can not
onlyaneasure and assess with some degree of ac-
curacy what goes on in the East Zone but also
compare any slight change with the notable prog-
ress of "West Berlin.
An Island City
It is hard to realize the strangeness of the sit-
uation of this island city. There is no parallel
in the world for its isolated and significant lo-
cation. It lies 100 miles from the nearest Western
free territory. It can be reached from "Western
Germany and the outside world through long,
narrow corridors available for rail, road, airpaths,
and barge traffic. There are times when even
these agreed roads to Berlin are harassed by
Soviet obstructions and delays. Through subter-
fuge and on various pretexts freight, passengers,
and barges have from time to time been halted.
Air flight into Berlin is over three agreed air-
paths 10 miles wide. Many residents of Berlin,
lacking the money for air travel and afraid that
they may be kidnaped if they travel by surface,
are virtually prisoners in the city. Yet, in spite
of these difficulties, with the help of the "Western
allies and of the Federal Republic, the city has
begim to prosper. Thus in 1957, surrounded and
restricted, threatened and harassed, the workers
are earning more money, production is increasing,
exports from the city have steadily moimted, and
the facilities and cultural life of Berlin have in-
creased in a brilliant fashion.
The city serves as a place of comparison and for
exchange of information. Through Berlin,
knowledge of the outside world, including changes
in Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia, is widely
known. RIAS, the radio voice of Berlin, de-
scribes the world today for millions in the sur-
rounding territory.
The statistics tell part of the story, but it is more
evident in the bearing and attitude of the people.
Unemployment is still a serious problem, largely
because of the 50,000 white-collar workers
stranded when the city ceased to be the capital.
Nevertheless, imemployment is now about 10 per-
cent of the labor force, and the total number of
jobless, as compared with more than 30 percent
4 years ago, has been cut by two-thirds. Pro-
duction, which was reduced by war devastation.
removals of machinery, and by the blockade, fell
to less than a third of its prewar levels. It has
now quadrupled, bringing the standard of living
of most of the people to near prewar levels.
This striking economic improvement in "West
Berlin stands as an impressive contrast to the stark
conditions prevailing in East Berlin and even
worse conditions in the rest of the Soviet-occupied
territory. There clothing is shabby, the goods are
coarse, there are only thick, heavy working shoes,
tools are defective, food supplies are inadequate.
There are virtually no meat, butter, or eggs.
Sugar, potatoes, and cheese are hard to come by.
Fuel conditions are deplorable. Fuel is lacking
for homes and factories. The main buildings are
falling into dilapidation tlu'ough lack of repairs.
Such basic items as electric light bulbs, aspirin, and
textiles are in severe shortage. Passenger cars in
East Germany are rarely seen on the roads.
A Chance for Respite
Tlie comparison between East and "U^est in Ber-
lin affects general conditions and attitudes in East
Germany in various ways. Above all, it gives a
living example of the practical failure of com-
munism. It gives a chance for those who want to
buy an occasional article of luxury or necessity to
meet their needs in West Berlin, or by going
through Berlin in West Germany.
The visits to Berlin are of incalculable im-
portance for those from the East. Like men sub-
merged in darkness and despair, many hundreds of
thousands come to the city for a breath of fresh air.
The usual attendance of East Zone residents at the
industrial faire held every September in Berlin
has been well over 500,000. Since these visitors
are allowed certain special privileges when they
show their identification papers, the statistics are
relatively accurate.
Li addition to the industrial fair, there are the
cultural festival, the film festival, the agricultural
fair, and certain May Day events, the Green Week,
and other special events to which hundreds of
thousands are invited. Although some persons
cross directly into the Federal Republic, on the
whole the larger number go in and out of Berlin
because of the relative ease with which they can
cross both the zonal and sector border at tliat point.
These men, women, and children go back to their
homes with the feeling that the door to freedom
is not shut, that they can make contact with their
176
Department of State Bulletin
friends and relatives, and that they can from time
to time enjoy the advantages of Western economic
and cultural life.
It is certain that this chance to get a few days'
relief from the police-state and the oppressive con-
ditions in the Soviet-occupied zone is one of the
main functions wliich Berlin serves. It is signifi-
cant that no such relief was available in Budapest
or in Wai-saw — no period of restoration of mind or
spirit was available. Thus, as the pressure rose
among these brave anti-Communist people, the ex-
plosion was inevitable. Contrariwise, this is one
of the reasons why in East Germany there is an im-
flagging but guarded resistance to tyranny but no
recent tendency to violence or open revolt.
The Flight of the Refugees
Another reason here for the absence of revolu-
tion in East Gennany which relates to the open
door of Berlin is the flight of the refugees.
The world has been immeasiirably impressed and
stirred by the tragedy of the flight of the refugees
from Hungary. It is fitting that tliis tribute of
understanding and compassion should be paid to
the brave people who have left their homes and
taken the risks that come not only with crossing the
border but also with the struggle of starting a new
life on alien soil.
It is important also at this time, as questions
are raised as to the future of Germany, to under-
stand the meaning of the continued flow of ref-
ugees from the Soviet-occupied zone of Grermany to
the West. This large and continuing flight, now
reacliing more than 1,600,000 persons, is unprece-
dented in history. Most of the refugees go first
to Berlin. There they can enter easily; only oc-
casionally is one kidnaped or killed trying to
escape. If they come singly or in pairs, and if
they do not attempt to take possessions with them,
they can usually pass from East Zone to East
Sector and from East Sector to West Sector un-
noticed and unchallenged.
This large-scale and continuing movement of
people from East Germany has a meaning similar
to and not less significant than the flow of refugees
from Hungary. It indicates that conditions under
dictatoi-sliip are for most people intolerable and
that in general those who make a deliberate choice
to stay are of heroic proportions. Only a few
who are very young or very old can endure the
Communist-imposed regime. It is true, of course,
February 4, 1957
414388—57 3
that there are in the zone, as in every community,
some who are unaware or indifferent to all but
the simplest phj'sical aspects of life. Of this
minority, one need not speak. There is reason to
think their number in East Germany is a small
percent of the 17 million living there. The strik-
ing fact is that week in and week out, over a
period of more than 6 years, thousands of persons
have crossed from the Communist-dominated area
into Berlin to make their new and, they hope,
temporary homes in the West.
Many forget that, before the refugee flow began
in 1950, the West Germans were forced to accept
9 million persons expelled from the former Ger-
man territories, and they have given refuge to
more than a quarter of a million escapees from
other countries. It was not realized when these
arrangements were made some 6 or 7 years ago
that there would be an additional burden on the
German economy and an additional problem for
the social system of 1,600,000 refugees in vohmtary
flight from the zone.
Thus, the total of these refugees from dictator-
sliip, coming mostly through the city of Berlin, has
been in excess of any voluntary movement of
people from their homes at any time in recent
history.
Each person who crosses into Berlin testifies
in a dramatic fashion to the failure of communism.
He is wagering his future, the present welfare of
his family, and the fate of his children that the
freedom of the West is his best hope. Some are
only vaguely aware of the political meaning of
the choice they are making. Some flee from fear,
some from hunger, some in anger, and some in
defiance. All are making what is perhaps the
supreme decision of their lives and one which
cannot be reversed. Moreover, it is known that
few of these people wish to cross the ocean to the
Western Hemisphere because they intend to retm-n
to their homes in East Germany. Because of the
very regularity and familiarity of administrators
and newsmen with the crossing over of these thous-
ands, because the story of this imbroken stream
of refugees has been told before, the full impact
of the situation has been to some extent forgotten.
Only with the sudden explosion in Hungary has
the spotlight of world opinion again been turned
on the million and a half pitiful and courageous
people.
The questions which are being asked every-
177
where about the refugees are much the same. For
instance, the questions and answers in Vice Presi-
dent Nixon's report " are strikingly apt in con-
nection with tlie refugees from East Germany.
The quality of the people who fled Hungary Is of the
highest order. For the most part they were in the
forefront of the flght for freedom and fled only when
the choice was death or deportation at the hands of the
foreign invaders or temporary flight to a foreign land
to await the inevitable freedom for Hungary. The
large majority are young people — students, technicians,
craftsmen and professional people. There are many
family units, including a large number of children.
The majority of the refugees who have been inter-
viewed say that they left Hungary because of fear of
liquidation or of deportation. The number of floaters
and of those who left Hungary purely for economic
reasons is relatively small.
The majority of those who have been Interviewed to
date have expressed a desire to return to Hungary in
the event of a change of government which would make
it safe for them to do so.
The problem of checking the security backgrounds of
the refugees is not as difficult as usual, due to the fact
that in addition to the usual documentary evidence
available in such cases, direct evidence is being volun-
teered by other refugees who are well-informed as to
the identity of spies and agents in the communities. . . .
Taking all the above factors into consideration, I be-
lieve that the countries which accept these refugees will
find that, rather than having assumed a liability, they
have acquired a valuable national asset.
In Germany, as in the case of Hungary, the
types of people are in the majority young, healthy,
and able-bodied. They are good workmen, good
students, and competent professional men. "While
they have not engaged in active armed combat
against the Communists, they have left their
homes because they did not think they could live
a decent and free life. They are also in the fore-
front of the fight for freedom. They would like
to go back and reconstruct a liberated homeland.
They have left everything behind. They know
not what sacrifices they may have to endure before
a hoped-for return.
Berlin has served these people well. By the
accident of location, in spite of Soviet attempts
to isolate the city, they find safe haven and trans-
portation to what is a new and untried situation
in the outside world. If they could not slip into
the city and become safe in this slielter among
fellow Germans, when the longer zonal border was
closed, one can be relatively sure that some type
of rebellion would have broken out. Just before
' Bulletin of Jan. 21, 1957, p. 94.
178
the breaking point of desperation they have a
choice wliich tliey consider consistent with the
long-run aims of their nation, which safeguards
at least the basic needs of their families, and
wliich offers an opportunity for constructive work
without the risks of a bloody revolt against over-
whelming military forces.
This opening in the Iron Curtain has served
as a place where the issues could be reviewed. It
has been a point where wise counsel could influence
the more rebellious and where information of
world events can be disseminated. It is thus one
of the main reasons why there has not been an up-
rising in East Germany this year. The early
manifestations of this uprising were stimulated
by miscalculations as to the extent to which
Stalin's death might permit a softening of Soviet
jjolicy. Thus tliei-e was a desperate hope among
the workers that they could win concessions.
There were after the announcement of the "new
course" some improvements in economic con-
ditions. Tlierefore the increased demands for
production and the setting of new norms with
lower wages sparked an explosion.
The Uprising of June 1953
The uprising of June 16 spread like a flash fire
through the zone on June 17. It started spon-
taneously when a group of stonemasons building
the walls of the huge apartment houses on what is
still called Stalin Allee began to talk over their
working conditions. Then approximately 100
men decided to go in a body and ask for better
worlring conditions and wages. They had been
refused once; they would try again. They
marched down the street in the workmen's smoclts.
They were rebuffed at the administration build-
ing in Leipziger Strasse, they were joined by
others, and in anger at the rejection of their plea,
began to tear down the Communist signs and burn
them. Soon there were thousands of demonstra-
tors and a few small buildings were set on fire.
Some young men at the Brandenburg Gate
managed to climb to the top and tear down the
Communist flag. They shouted, "We will not
be slaves." Then the tanks appeared and later
shooting began, followed by soldiei-s, and more
than 2,000 rioters, stunned and horrified, were
pushed from the street over the sector border.
News of the revolt spread by telephone, radio,
and by persons traveling from town to town. By
Department of Stale Bulletin
June 17 more than 260 towns and villages were
striking or resisting in various forms. Men
demonstrated by burning propaganda signs, by
striking, and by demanding civil rights, their
intense desire for personal independence and
decent living. The magnitude of the revolt and
its meaning has not been fully understood to this
day. In some towns the uprising lasted as long
as 3 weeks. Communication and information
with the West was cut off by the military.
The cry was heard for free votes, more food,
independence for the individual, freedom from
forced labor, and reunification with the rest of
Germany. It was heard in Jena, Weimar, Dres-
den, and Leipzig and in scores of other cities.
Political prisoners were set fi-ee by the demon-
strators. Soviet barracks were burned; work
stopped throughout the zone. Karl Marx City
was on strike.
Only the universal presence of the Kussian
Army forced men behind bai"s, into the mines and
workshops. Guns and tanks stopped the spread
of the revolution.
The scars remain to this day, but the heroism of
June 1953 is not forgotten. The Soviets learned
of the force of resistance to tyranny which had
been latent. They met this threat to their control
by bringing in food and supplies and meeting a
few of the demands, but also by shifting troops to
protect their positions in an alien land. The Ger-
mans demonstrated to the world their will for
freedom but also learned the bitter cost of revolt
against military might. They have had to recall
this lesson many times as they have faced the
months of waiting for reunification.
Focus for Western Support
All the influences on the East Zone radiating
from Berlin take on their meaning in the light of
the large Soviet forces which have shown no in-
clination to loosen their grasp, and the Allied
declarations in support of Berlin. Three times in
the last 4 years have the allies repeated their as-
surance that "the security and welfare of Berlin
and the maintenance of the position of the Three
Powers there are regarded by the Three Powers
as essential elements of the peace of the free
world in the present international situation. Ac-
cordingly they will maintain armed forces within
the territory of Berlin as long as their responsi-
bilities require it. They therefore reaffirm that
they will treat any attack against Berlin from any
quarter as an attack upon their forces and them-
selves." ^
Thus there is in East Germany more than else-
where a direct and face-to-face opposition of
forces. There is the armed might of communism,
and there is the sense that inevitably the forces of
democracy and the free world so visible and strong
in Berlin will eventually win freedom for those
who are willing to endure for their freedom long
years of waiting.
The words of the Western allies would have
little meaning unless they were backed vip by con-
crete evidence of the intention of assisting Berlin
and by the presence of Allied soldiers and the oc-
cupying commission in Berlin. Even the Nato
statement of December 16, 19.55,* would not neces-
sarily be understood in East Germany without the
presence in Berlin of our men, who have been both
symbols and representatives of the Allied forces,
before, during, and after the Berlin blockade.
The Allied military forces in Berlin are few in
number. There is no secret as to this fact. It is
not the numbers that count, however, as to their
significance and the fact that an attack on such
small forces is equivalent in the eyes of the powers
represented to an attack upon themselves in their
homelands. They have a meaning in Berlin simi-
lar to that of the U.N. forces in the Middle East.
They stand for justice and international coopera-
tion and the will to resist aggression.
Concern for the welfare of Berlin has been made
manifest abundantly by material help. This has
been seen during the years of the European re-
covery program and has been continued in the
form of moderate grants of aid every year down
to the present.
This aid has been employed to rebuild the basic
utilities during the first years of dire need and
then to reconstruct and equip the very considerable
plant of this manufacturing center. During all
the years since 1947 considerable fmids from the
United States and from the Federal Republic of
Germany have been put into low-cost housing and
buildings for which there is a general need. The
gap caused by bombing and wartime deterioration
' See the tripartite declarations of May 27, 1952 {ibid.,
June 9, 1952, p. 897), and Oct. 3, 1954 {ibid., Oct. 11, 1954,
p. 521), and the tripartite agreement of Oct. 23, 1954
{ibid., Nov. 15, 1954, p. 731).
* Ibid., Dec. 26, 1955, p. 1047.
February 4, 1957
179
has resulted in an acute shortage which has not
yet been fully overcome. Wlierever the U.S.
funds have got into a new or reconstructed build-
ing, there are found on the wall three symbols, the
Berlin Bear, the sliield of the Federal Kepublic,
and the U.S. colors, so that throughout the city the
extensive and continuing help of the United
States can be seen and recognized.
In addition to such basic help to the economic
and social life of the city, there have been at least
four notable projects which have been greeted
with special appreciation by the Berliners and
which are particularly spectacular from the point
of view of the visitor from the East.
The first of these is the Free University. It
was started when, during the blockade, the city
authorities refused to buckle under to Communist
threats and stayed with the West, moving their
headquarters to West Berlin. At that time a few
houses were taken as a nucleus for a f i-ee university.
Around these small original buildings has now
grown up an impressive university for more than
9,000 students. A fine libi-ary with various audi-
toriums has been given by Henry Ford II to the
university. Another striking example of aid has
been our assistance to the extent of 30 percent of
the cost to a $6 million fashion center for the gar-
ment industry, one of the principal sources of in-
come and employment in the city. And in addi-
tion we have given the city of Berlin a large and
modern library. Now a conference hall for free
assemblage and free speech is being built near the
old Eeiclistag by the Americans with German help.
Thus the meaning of Berlin for respite, escape,
and a focus of Western support is crucial to the
type of resistance which will be found in the East
Zone.
"The Flash Point of Revolt"
An examination of the situation as seen from
Berlin is that there is in every community a flash
point at which there will be an explosion, beyond
which revolt is inevitable. The explosion comes
under a given amount of pressure and after a de-
gree of desperation has been reached. Although
this critical point may not come at the very lowest
point of oppression, but when there is an expecta-
tion of change, it still comes sooner if hope of an
end to the indignities and privations of the regime
is gone. It comes later and only after extreme acts
of tyranny if there is a reasonable prospect of
gaining ultimate release.
In the case of East Germany the dangers are
compounded by the proximity of Poland and the
complex influences of conditions there. It is
widely thought that any disturbance occurring in
the Soviet-occupied zone would be such a threat
to a whole system of Communist relations that dire
results would follow a revolt. There is probably
no place behind the Iron Curtain where the con-
sequences would be so immediate and far-
reaching.
For the residents of the East Zone this point
of explosion is less likely to be reached and there
is less inclination to take the most desperate risks
as long as Berlin serves as a safety valve. As
long as the people who come and go can have res-
pite under conditions of mental and physical
ease, they can endure their lot and maintain their
inner sense of ultimate deliverance. As long as
several millions of the 17 million or more living
under Soviet control can travel to the West and
return, they are not likely to take desperate meas-
ures and sacrifice themselves in a defiant gesture.
If living conditions do not seriously deteriorate
below present levels, if food, fuel, and clothing
continue to support life even at the present drab
and cheerless level, they will continue their ap-
pearance of submission and only the more vulner-
able individuals will flee from their homes or at-
tempt to rebel openly. Thus, the low flash point
of a Hungary will not be reached in Germany if
the Communist rule does not become more op-
pressive and if Berlin remains an oasis to which
they can go in considerable numbers.
If, however, access to Berlin were seriously
hampered or if the restrictions and police meas-
ures should become markedly worse, the lower
flash point of revolt would be reached in East
Germany as in Hungary.
The potential of resistance is vital and strong in
the minds and hearts of the East Germans. They
have not, through inadvertence or as the result
of delusion, surrendered any essential right. The
churches are full. The desire for education is
manifest. The stories of the refugees are full of
e^jisodes of outspoken criticism and varied re-
quests for greater freedom, even to the point of in-
curring great risks.
Westerners, when they go into the zone, are
welcomed. Visitors from outside are told in no
uncertain terms of the views of the East Germans
toward the Soviet overlords. "N^Hien opportunity
offers, as when they journeyed vmder threat of re-
180
Department of Stale Bulletin
prisal to Berlin during the food-package program
in 1953, they show coiu'age and anticommunism
to an extent not widely realized.
It is the hope of everyone who knows these
people that Soviet harassment will not drive them
to this final point, that the repressed force will
not erupt, and that they can hold their present
attitude of endurance over the necessary period
of trial.
All of the peace-loving peoples who look to a re-
unified, strong, and democratic Germany hope
most earnestly that the pressure on East Germany
will be relaxed so that the danger of a revolt is
diminished. Similarly, it is to be hoped that
those who find themselves in acute danger can
continue to flee to the West to become the leaders
of the future. Every lessening of the human op-
pression, every increase in communication and
contacts between East Europe and the West, is in
the interest of a better world and a quicker restora-
tion of the basic human rights. We salute those
who remain and endure. We salute those who,
though they are forced to flee, continue their loyal
fight for those who are still in the homeland.
A summarization of the meaning of Berlin is
thus to keep the faith of the East Germans alive
and to make plain to the outside world that the
East Zone is in no sense absorbed into the Com-
munist bloc. The fact that there is restraint and a
surface calm is no indication of a reorientation
toward Russia. It does not take a second June 17
to prove this. The contacts in and through Berlin
give evidence that communism has made little
progress there.
The conclusion which must guide United States
policy, and which undoubtedly influences current
Soviet planning, is that there is a flash point and,
when this is reached, the explosion comes. If,
however, there are ways of relieving conditions,
if people, even though against the Communist
regime, see hope of gradual adjustment and better
conditions in the future, they will avoid the more
desperate bloody revolt. Let us hope the East
Berliners can be spared this costly ordeal.
Soviet Attache Declared
Persona Non Grata
Press release 23 dated January 15
Department Announcement
The Department of State announced on Janu-
ary 15 that it had declared Maj. Yuri P. Krylov,
Soviet Assistant Military Attache, persona non
grata and had informed the Soviet Charge
dAffaires ad interim that Major Krylov should
depart from the United States immediately. The
Soviet Charge was informed that Major Krylov
had engaged in activities incompatible with his
diplomatic status by improperly purchasing quan-
tities of electronic equipment. On various oc-
casions. Major Ki-ylov had purchased such ma-
terials through American intermediaries. In ad-
dition, Major Krylov had attempted to purchase
classified military information.
Text of U.S. Note
The Department of State informs the Embassy
of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics that
the Government of the United States has ascer-
tained that Major Yuri P. Krylov, Assistant Mili-
tary Attache of the Embassy of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, has engaged in higloly
improper activities incompatible with his diplo-
matic status.
Major Krylov's continued presence in the
United States is no longer considered acceptable
and the Embassy is requested to arrange for his
immediate departure.
Letters of Credence
Honduras
The newly appointed Ambassador of Honduras,
Ramon Villeda Morales, presented his credentials
to President Eisenhower on January 18. For the
text of the Ambassador's remarks and the text of
the President's reply, see Department of State
press release 29.
February 4, 1957
181
U.S. Views on European Common
Market and Free Trade Area
Press release 21 dated January 15
Belgium, France, the German Federal Kepiiblic,
Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands have been
engaged in negotiations with a view to establish-
ing a common market among them. The common
market would involve the elimination of substan-
tiallj^ all of the barriers to trade among these six
countries and the establishment by them of a com-
mon external tariff toward outside countries. The
United Kingdom has expressed a desire to asso-
ciate itself with the envisaged six-country common
market in a free-trade-area relationship. Under
this arrangement barriers to trade between the
United Kingdom and the six coimtries of the com-
mon market would be eliminated on a wide range
of products. However, the United Kingdom
would continue to maintain its own tariff against
countries outside the fi'ee trade area, and the six
countries of the common market would do the same
with their unified tariff. Other Western Euro-
pean coimtries have indicated an interest in asso-
ciating themselves with these arrangements on a
basis similar to that of the United Kingdom.
Following is a statement of U.S. policy with re-
spect to the proposed European common market
and free trade area. This is a summary of views
which have been communicated to the governments
concerned.
The attitude of the United States with respect to
current Western European proposals for a com-
mon market and free trade area is determined by
two traditional policies of the U.S. Government:
our consistent support of moves to further the po-
litical and economic strength and cohesion of
Western Europe within an expanding Atlantic
community and our long-standing devotion to
progress toward freer nondiscriminatory multi-
lateral trade and convertibility of currencies.
It is in the light of these complementary objec-
tives that the United States welcomes the initia-
tives for a conmion market and free trade area in
Western Europe. The details of the common-mar-
ket treaty are being worked out in negotiations
now taking place in Brussels among Belgium,
France, the German Federal Kepublic, Italy, Lux-
embourg, and the Netherlands ; the governments of
these countries have indicated that it is their in-
tention that the common market which they envis-
age should result in the expansion of their trada
not only with each other but also with other
countries.
A European common market based on pro-
visions which hold the promise of attaining this
objective will have the support of the United
State-s. This would be consistent with U.S. sup-
port of such arrangements as the General Agree-
ment on Tariffs and Trade and the Articles of
Agreement of the International Monetary Fund,
both of which have as their objective the expan-
sion of nondiscriminatory multilateral trade.
Certain aspects of the common-market arrange-
ments will be of particular interest to the LT.S.
Government: those relating to agriculture, those
having a bearing on the liberalization of import
controls affecting dollar goods, and measures both
public and private which bear on international
trade. The European market for agricultural ex-
ports from the United States is important, and we
will wish therefore to study carefully the possible
impact of coimnon- market arrangements on it.
The progress which Western European countries
have made in recent years in liberalizing imports
from the dollar area has been encouraging; it is
hoped that this progress will be continued as
rapidly as the circumstances permit. Since the
six countries are also participants in the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, it is assumed
that such import restrictions as may be found
necessary to maintain will be consistent with the
standards of the general agreement.
The United Kingdom has made Imown its pre-
liminary decision to associate itself with the
common-market countries in a free-trade-area ar-
rangement. The association of the United King-
dom in such an arrangement would further
strengthen the unity of the Atlantic Community
and the free world. The United States hopes that
such free-trade-area arrangements as may be con-
cluded among the proposed common market, the
United Kingdom, and other Oeec countries would
also encourage the expansion of international
trade from which all of the free-world countries,
and not only those participating in the common
market and free trade area, would benefit.
In summary it is our hope and expectation that
the negotiations on the common market and free
trade area will be carried forward and concluded
in such a manner that from these European ini-
tiatives will come a new contribution to the unity
and prosperity of Europe and the Atlantic Com-
nuniity and to the welfare of the entire fx'ee world.
182
Department of State Bulletin
Progress Report on the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act
FIFTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT ON ACTIVITIES UNDER PUBLIC LAW 480, JULY 1-DECEMBER 31, 1956 <
President's Message of Transmittal
To the Congress of the United States:
I am transmitting herewith the fifth semi-annu-
al report on activities carried on under Public
Law 480, 83d Congress, as amended, outlining
operations under tlie act during the period July 1
through December 31, 1956.
DwiGHT D. Eisenhower
The White House, January H, 1957.
Introduction
This report deals with activities under the sev-
eral Public Law 480 programs during the first 6
months of fiscal year 1957. During the period
covered by this report. Public Law 962 amended
title I of the act, increasing its authority from
$1,500 million to $3,000 million, exempting the
sales of fi*esh fruit and fruit products from the
cargo preference laws, and adding subsection (j)
to section 104 to provide assistance to activities and
projects authorized by section 203 of the United
States Information and Education Act of 1948,
as amended. In addition, the Mutual Security
Act of 195G amended title I by adding subsection
(i) to section 104 to finance the translation, pub-
lication, and distribution of books and periodicals,
including Government publications abroad. Pub-
lic Law 962 amended title II of the act permitting
the transfer of surplus agricultural commodities
abroad for "extraordinary" relief requirements in
addition to the transfers already authorized.
The authority under this act, as amended, ex-
pires June 30, 1957. Tlie conditions wliich
prompted this special legislation will exist
beyond that date. Accordingly, early in this ses-
sion of Congress a limited extension of the act will
be recommended.
Summary
During the period July-December 1956, pro-
graming of surplus agricultural commodities
under the three titles of the act totaled $1,657.2
million, bringing to $4,677.1 million the total
amount of programs since the beginning of oper-
ations imder the act.
Since the beginning of tlie program, agreements
for the sale of agricultural commodities for for-
eign currency under title I total $2,826.1 million
at an estimated Ccc cost ^ ($1,938.2 million at
export market value), of which $1,324.1 million
($894.2 million at export market value) represents
agreements signed during the period covered by
this report.
Shipments under title I since the beginning of
the program total about $850 million at export
market value, of which approximately $345
million represented shipments during the July-
December 1956 period.
Cumulative authorizations for famine relief
and other assistance abroad under title II of the
act totaled $280 million at Ccc cost, of which $62
million was authorized during this period. Cu-
' White Hou.se press release dated Jan. 14 ( H. Doc. 50,
85th Cong., 1st sess.). For texts of the first four semi-
annual reiwrts, see Bhi-letin of Jan. 31, 1955, p. 200 ; Aug.
1, 1955, p. 107 ; Jan. 23, 1956, p. 130 ; and Aug. 6, 1956,
p. 230.
^As used in this report, CCC cost represents the cost
of commodities to the Commodity Credit Corporation,
including investment, processing, handling, and other
costs. Export market value reflects the price at which
these commodities are sold to foreign buyers under the
program. The export market value figures are less than
the CCC cost for those commodities for which sijecial
export programs have been developed for dollar as well
as foreign currency sales to meet competition in inter-
national trade. [Footnote in original.]
February 4, 1957
183
mulative donations for foreign and domestic relief
through non-profit voluntary agencies and inter-
governmental organizations under title III of the
act amounted to $826 million at Ceo cost, of which
$123.7 million was donated during this period.
Cumulative barter contracts entered into under
title III amounted to $745 million at export
market value, of which $147.4 million represents
contracts entered into during this period. Al-
though the figures cited for the different programs
are not comparable, the amoimts shown give an
indication of the value of commodities being
moved or committed imder these programs.
Title I. Foreign Currency Sales
AGREEMENTS SIGNED
Nineteen agreements, or supplements to agree-
ments, involving a Ccc cost of approximately
$1,324.1 million, were entered into with 14 coun-
tries during the period July-December 1956. The
commodity composition, export market value, and
Ccc cost of these agreements are shown in Table I.
TABLE I
CoMMODiTT Composition op Agreements Signed
July-December 1956
TABLE II
Commodity Composition of all Agreements Signed
Through December 31, 1956
Commodity
Unit
Approximate
quantity
Export
market
value
CCC
cost
Wheat and wheat flour . .
Bushel ....
. . do . . . .
1270,031,000
Ml, 689, 000
8, 446, 000
873, 700
21, 629, 000
63,673,000
603, 405, 000
78,054,000
Million
dollars
439.2
17.6
51.4
12.5.0
16.8
11.4
92.7
18.9
Million
dollars
728.0
28 6
Rice
Cwt
Bales
Pound ....
. . do . . . .
109 8
Cotton
188 7
Tobacco
16 8
19 5
Fats and oils
. . do
92 7
. . do . . . .
18.9
773.0
121.2
1, 202. 9
Ocean transportation . . .
121 2
Total, including ocean
894.2
1,324.1
transportation.
1 Wheat and wheat equivalent of flour.
« Corn, 9,678,000 bushels; oats, 1,092,000 bushels; barley, 919,000 bushels.
Seventy-eight agreements, or supplements to
agreements, with a total Ccc cost of $2,826.1
million, have been entered into with 30 countries
since the inception of the program. The com-
modity composition, export market value, and
Ccc cost of these agreements are shown in Table
II.
SHIPMENTS
Title I shipments since the beginning of the pro-
gram totaled approximately $850 million at ex-
Commodity
Unit
Approximate
quantity
Export
market
value
CCC
cost
Wheat and wheat flour . .
Feed grains
Bushel ....
. . do . . . .
■431,90.5,000
! 6.5, 917, 000
19,012,000
2,566,000
15,400
148,734,000
142,828,000
130,044,000
1, 597, 977. 000
3, 000, 000
37, 000
80,940,000
55,000
Million
dollars
713.3
8.5.8
120.0
384.8
.3
40.3
98.0
31.4
248.5
1.2
.3
3.1
2.5
Million
dollars
1,2.54.9
130.9
Rice . . .
Cwt
Bales ....
. . do . . . .
236.9
Cotton
540.3
.3
Meat products
Pound . . .
. . do . . . .
40.3
98.0
Dairy products ...
. . do . . . .
51.6
. . do . . . .
257.2
Poultry
. . do . . . .
1.2
Dry edible beans
Fruits and vegetables . . .
Seeds
Cwt
Pound ....
Cwt
.3
3.1
2.5
Total commodities . .
1,729.5
208.7
2,617.4
Ocean transportation . . .
208.7
Total
1,938.2
2,826.1
' Wheat and wheat equivalent of flour.
2 Feed wheat, 2,234.000 bushels: com, 27,095,000 bushels; oats, 6,843,000
bushels; barley, 24,960,000 bushels; grain sorghums, 5,795,000 bushels.
port market value through December 31, 1956, of
which about $345 million represented shipments
made during the reporting period. The export
market value of commodities programed under all
agreements signed through December 31, 1956,
was approximately $1,729.5 million (excluding
ocean transportation costs).
Except for cotton, substantially all of the com-
modities programed through June 30, 1956, had
been exported by December 31, 1956. The large
carryover of cotton from fiscal year 1955 and 1956
agreements was reduced by heavy shipments dur-
ing the reporting period. This reduction resulted
principally from the Ccc cotton export program
to sell cotton at competitive prices.
Shipments since the beginning of the program
through December 31, 1956, totaled about 7.5 mil-
lion metric tons, of which about 3 million metric
tons were shipped during the reporting period.
Increases in Government export programs and
increased world trade resulted in a serious short-
age of privately owned U.S.-flag commercial ves-
sels. This situation was aggravated by the closing
of the Suez Canal. The Federal Maritime Board,
in November and December, authorized the release
of 70 Government-owned vessels for use by U.S.
operators in transporting agricultural commodi-
ties.
USUAL MARKETINGS
In accordance with the provisions of title I re-
quiring reasonable safeguards that sales of agri-
cultural commodities for foreign currencies shall
184
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
not displace our usual marketings or be unduly
disruptive of world market prices, appropriate
assurances have been obtained from governments
with ■which agreements have been negotiated.
Also, sales for foreign currencies under title I
have been made at the price level no lower than
that for commodities available for export sales for
dollars.
CURRENCY USES
Under agreements entered into during the July-
December 1956 period the dollar values of planned
foreign currency uses for the ten purposes speci-
fied in section 104 of the act are shown in Table
III.
TABLE III
Planned Uses of Foreign Curbenct Under Agree-
ments Signed During July-December 1956
Million
dollar
equiva-
lent
Percent
of total
Ap-lcultural market development (sec. 104 (a)) ' . . .
Purchases of strategic material (sec. 104 (b)) '
11.0
1.3
Common defense (sec. 104 (c))
65.3
6.6
54.0
182.1
571.9
2.0
1.7
4.6
6 2
Purchase of goods for other countries (sec. 104 (d))'. . .
Grants for balanced economic development and trade
among nations (sec. 104 (e)) . .
.6
6 1
Payment of United States obligations (sec. 104 (0) '. .
Loans for multilateral trade and economic development
(sec. 104 (g))
20.5
64 4
International educational exchange (sec. 104 (h)) '. . .
Translation, publication, and distribution of books
and periodicals (sec. 104 (i)) ■
.2
.2
Assistance to American-sponsored schools, libraries,
and community centers (sec. 104 (j))
.6
Total
2 888.2
100
• Inorder to provide flexibility in the use of funds, many agreements provide
that a specified amount of local currency proceeds may be used under sec.
104 (a), (b), (0, (h), and (i). In some instances, possible uses under sec.
104 (d) are also included in this category. Therefore, estimates based on the
best information now available are indicated above under subsections (a),
(b), (h), and (i). Balances not otherwise distributed are Included under
subsection (f). This distribution is subject to revision when allocations
have been completed.
' Includes ocean transportation financed by CCO except for estimated $6
million difTerential in the Indian agreement for which no rupee deposits
will be required.
Agricultural marJcet development. — Section 104
(a) : A part of the foreign currencies accruing
from title I sales is being used to assist the develop-
ment and expansion of foreign markets for United
States agricultural products.
Market development projects are initiated and
carried out in close cooperation with United States
and foreign trade groups in a manner designed to
be beneficial to both groups. In most cases, the
United States Government ftirnishes part of the
foreign currencies required for the projects and
supervises the activities. The United States trade
group carries out the project and provides for the
necessary dollar costs. The cooperating foreign
trade gi'oup meets part of the local costs.
This procedure gives private traders in the
United States and abroad the opportimity to work
together on the problems of expanding old and
developing new commercial mai'kets for United
States agricultural commodities on a continuing
basis. It ensures that projects are beneficial to
both the United States and the foreign country.
During the period July-December 1956, over 20
projects were approved providing for commitment
of about $2 million equivalent in foreign curren-
cies. This brings total commitments to about $4.1
million equivalent as of December 31, 1956. The
U.S. farm commodities to be promoted abroad un-
der these projects are cotton, wheat and flour, beef
cattle, dairy cattle, soybeans, tobacco, fruit, tallow,
dairy products, poultry and eggs.
Types of activities included in these projects are
visits by foreign trade representatives, consumer
preference surveys, advertising and public rela-
tions programs, market surveys, exhibitions and
demonstrations, merchandising and other special-
ized training in marketing. Arrangements were
made for these activities to take place in twenty
countries.
Three new types of projects undertaken during
the reporting period follow :
(1) A team of German food inspection experts
was brought to the U.S. to acquaint them with ac-
cepted American pure-food standards and meth-
ods of food preservation. A basis for a better un-
derstanding was sought so that more U.S. proc-
essed agricultural products may be admitted into
Germany ;
(2) A world-wide survey of prices of agricul-
tural commodities at producer, wholesale, and re-
tail levels was started. The study should permit
simultaneous price comparisons of specific com-
modities at particular stages of marketing. It is
expected to show where there are price advantages
to the U.S. in international trade for particular
commodities and to indicate the countries in which
market development activities would be most
fruitful. A private research firm with world-
wide branches has been employed to make the
study; and
(3) Arrangements were made whereby the U.S.
fruit export trade contributed pictorial material
for an illustrated catalog to be printed in Austria
for distribution there and in other countries. The
48-page booklet in color should serve to introduce
various U.S. fruit items to foreign importers.
February 4, 7957
185
Trade fairs: Market development projects are
also conducted through participation in interna-
tional trade and food fair's. During calendar year
1956, U.S. agricultural exhibits under Public Law
480 were shown at trade and food fairs with a total
attendance of nearly 7,500,000. Exhibits in pros-
pect for the early part of 1957 include Verona,
Italy ; Barcelona, Spain ; and Tokyo, Japan.
United States exhibits in these fairs are organ-
ized cooperatively with private agricultural trade
groups. In general, exhibit ideas, technical per-
sonnel, and display materials for the agricultural
exhibits are provided by the trade groups. The
Government organizes and manages the exhibits ;
rents the space ; provides for the design, construc-
tion, and operation of the exhibits ; ships necessary
materials and commodities; and provides travel
and per diem for industrial technicians and com-
modity specialists participating in the joint effort.
Trade fairs serve to acquaint large numbers of
people with the quality and availability of U.S.
agricultural products. It permits many prospec-
tive customers to see, taste, and feel these products
for the first time.
The largest agricultural exhibit during the
July-December 1956 period was at the British
Food Fair in London, August 28-September 15.
At this major fair, with a total attendance of more
than 500,000, the U.S. featured meat, lard, frozen
poultry, dairy products, grain products, rice, and
frozen foods. Samples distributed included f i-ank-
furters, cheese, milk solids, doughnuts, and orange
juice made from frozen concentrate. Five repre-
sentatives of U.S. agricultural trade associations
assisted with the exhibit and used the occasion to
establish contacts with British trade leaders.
Smaller agricultural displays held during the
period were in connection with Department of
Commerce exhibits at Vienna, Austria ; Salonica,
Greece ; Zagreb, Yugoslavia ; Bangkok, Thailand ;
and, for the second successive year, Bogota, Co-
lombia. The Bogota exhibit of wheat and flour
and the Bangkok exhibit of recombined milk were
arranged in direct support of the work of U.S.
market development teams operating in those
countries.
Purchase of strategic materials. — Section 104
(b) : No local currency was earmarked for this
purpose under title I agi'eements entered into
during the reporting period. The total amount of
local currency earmarked to date for the purchase
of strategic materials is $7.2 million.
Common defense. — Section 104 (c) : This section
of the act jirovides that local currency proceeds of
sales may be used to procure military equipment,
materials, facilities, and services for the common
defense. During the reporting period, $55.3 mil-
lion equivalent was earmarked for this purpose.
This brings the total amoimt planned for common
defense to $221.3 million for agreements signed
with Brazil, the Eepublic of China (Taiwan),
Iran, Korea, Pakistan, and Yugoslavia. The use
of $20.5 million equivalent has been authorized so
far, including about $14.5 million worth of rupees
to Pakistan and $6 million worth of hwan to Korea.
In Pakistan the funds provided are being used
primarily to meet military construction and Paki-
stani troop support costs. Currency available in
Korea is being used to bolster the military position
of the Eepublic of Korea.
Purchases of goods for other friendly coun-
tries.— Section 104 (d) : This section provides that
the U.S. may use local currency proceeds of siirplus
commodity sales to purchase goods and services for
other friendly countries. Sales agreements may
eannark specific amounts or may provide that un-
sjiecified portions of sales proceeds which will be
set aside for U.S. uses may be used for this purpose.
The act provides that, unless the requirement is
waived, dollar reimbursement must be made to
Ccc if loc