The Atari 2600, originally called the Atari VCS, is the godfather of
modern videogame systems, and helped spawn a multi-billion dollar industry.
Atari sold over thirty million of the consoles, and together with other
companies sold hundreds of millions of games. Cartridges for the system
were produced across three decades, and there are still new games being
produced today. But it almost didn't happen.

In the early 1970s, video arcade games gained commercial success
for the first time. The American public was introduced to Pong, Tank,
and other interactive video games which populated amusement parks, bars,
and arcades. The games were successful enough to create interest for home
versions, so in 1975 Atari released Home Pong and it was a smash hit.
Other companies such as Magnavox and Coleco followed suit and released
their own dedicated console games. Then in 1976, Fairchild Camera and
Instrument introduced the Channel F system, the first cartridge based
home video game system. The industry recognized that cartridge systems
were the future of video gaming, and began development in that direction.
In January 1977, RCA released the Studio II, another cartridge based system,
although it only projected in black and white and seemed to be focused
on educational titles. Then, on September 11, 1977, the Atari
VCS (Video Computer System), with an initial offering of nine
games, was made available at both Macy's and Sears. This system, later renamed the Atari 2600, would come to dominate
the industry for many years.

Sears Video Arcade (clone)

Because of oversupply, the Christmas season of 1977 was very rough on
the video game industry, and the Atari 2600 was the only system that managed
to emerge unscathed. Atari enjoyed strong sales in 1978 and a fantastic
holiday season, as Atari released more games such as Outlaw,
Space
War, and Breakout.
Internally however, Atari was at odds. Nolan Bushnell, the inventor of
pong and founder of Atari, wound up leaving the company and purchased
Pizza Time Theater, which later became the successful Chuck E. Cheese!
In 1979 Atari continued their trend and released 12 more games which met
with continued success. However, Atari was now facing some stiffer competition
from the Mattel Intellivision and the Magnavox Odyssey2.

Atari needed a mega-hit in 1980 in order to squash the competition, and
they found it in the home version of a game from Japan called Space Invaders.
It was so popular that people were buying the Atari 2600 just so they
could play Space
Invaders at home - the first videogame 'killer-app'. Following that,
Atari released Adventure,
which was the first video game to contain an Easter
Egg - placing an object in a certain area revealed the programmers
name, Warren
Robinett. 1980 was important for another reason - the creation of
the first ever third party software producer, Activision.
The company was formed by four Atari employees who were unsatisfied with
the working conditions at the company. They released four games initially:
Dragster,
Fishing
Derby, Checkers
and Boxing.
The games were very well received by the public, and revealed that the
Atari 2600 was capable of better games than Atari themselves had been
producing. Atari tried to prevent Activision from selling games, but they
failed and Activision grossed $70 million that year.

Standard Joystick

By 1981, the video game industry was basically a horse race between the
2600 and the Intellivision. While the Intellivision was technologically
superior in some respects, the 2600 continued to lead in sales. Atari
released the home version of Asteroids,
which was a huge success. Inspired by the success of Activision, another
software development group called Imagic
was formed. They would not release any games until 1982 however. Another
company, Games
by Apollo, was formed in Texas and released several titles that year.

Coleco
entered the market in 1982 with the release of the graphically superior
Colecovision. To combat this new system, Atari produced the 5200,
a technologically comparable system. The 2600 dropped $100 in price in
order to remain competitive. Then a company called Arcadia
released a peripheral called the Supercharger which played games in an
audio cassette medium. This allowed for multiple loads and expanded the
2600s capabilities. Atari released Pac-Man
and E.T.
that year, two incredibly hyped games which were critical flops. Although
Pac-Man sold many copies, it was considered to be a poor translation of
the arcade hit. However, there were many fantastic games produced for
the 2600 during this period, and it was still selling strong.

Ever
since the inception of Activision, Atari had been fighting to keep third
parties from producing cartridges which they felt were stealing profits
from them. Finally the issue was settled when Atari agreed to allow third
party manufacturing in exchange for a royalty. Suddenly software companies
began popping up all over, and 1982 saw releases from companies like Venturevision,
Spectravision,
Telesys,
CBS,
20th
Century Fox, US
Games, M
Network, Tigervision,
Data
Age, Imagic
and Coleco.
There was even a company that released a line of X-Rated games for the
2600 called Mystique.
The year was financially successful for Atari, however there seemed to
be a glut of software. Although there were many quality titles still produced,
there was an increasing number of rushed games as manufacturers attempted
to cash in on the craze.

More
companies jumped on the band wagon in 1983. Zimag,
Ultravision,
Amiga,
and others were also producing games and peripherals. It seemed as if
there was just too much product to meet the demand, and as it turned out
there was. By the end of the year, companies began folding. US Games,
Data Age, Games by Apollo, Telesys and others all closed their doors from
poor sales. A video game crash was occurring, and all companies were taking
it on the chin.

For the Atari 2600, 1984 was a much more subdued year and the price of
the system had now dropped to $40-$50. Many were saying that the video
game industry was dead. However, Atari surprised everyone by announcing
the release of the 7800,
and also promising more 2600 games with improved graphics and sound. Unfortunately,
neither of these things happened in 1984 because Atari sold their home
video game division to Jack Tramiel who believed that home computers would
replace video game systems. No further mention of the 2600 or 7800 was
made that year, and it appeared that those systems might be dead.

1985
was another very quiet year for Atari and video games in general, although
a few games were released for the 2600 by third party companies. Activision
produced Cosmic
Commuter and Ghostbusters,
but with little fanfare or marketing, these games did not sell well. However,
because of the huge game library and cheap price, Atari still sold over
a million 2600 consoles in 1985.

There were very few plans for home video game systems by any company
in 1986, since the market appeared to be dead. Then, to most peoples
surprise, Nintendo brought the NES to America and it was a smash hit,
proving that video games still had a place in the US. Atari decided that
maybe it would be a good idea to release the 7800 units it had in storage,
and produce some more 2600 games. Initially, the 7800 was released with
only 3 games available, although it was compatible with the entire 2600
library. They also redesigned the 2600 as the 2600 Jr., a machine with
the same abilities, but a new look and marketing campaign. It was sold
for less than $50.

Atari 2600 Jr.

Video games were once again selling phenomenally in 1987. Atari released
several new titles, including Jr.
Pac-Man, and also licensed a number of games from other companies
such as Donkey
Kong and Q*Bert.
These new titles sold for $10-$15. Interestingly, a number of titles began
appearing again from third party companies such as Epyx,
Froggo,
and Exus.
It seemed that the 2600 was not dead yet! In 1988, Atari rehired Nolan
Bushnell and announced a number of new titles, including Secret
Quest, a game written by Steve
DeFrisco but sold under Nolan's name in the hope of increasing sales.
Atari continued to manufacture these games until 1989. However, it was
apparent that the 2600, a decade after its introduction, was finally at
the end of its run. Although it was still produced and marketed outside
of the US, the Atari 2600 finished its run in America. No other console
has had such a long history or sold as many systems in the U.S.

Today, the 2600 still has a large number of fans who remember the countless
games played over the years, and the years to come. There are even games
being produced today by hobbyists, often in cartridge format with a full
color label and an accompanying manual. Finally, the recent trend in retrogaming
has introduced many more video game fans to the 2600, and it continues
to live on 24 years after its release!