Figure 2.

The real-time observation of RhoA GTPase being recruited to the parasitophorous vacuole
membrane (PVM) following T. gondii tachyzoites invasion (1000×). (A-F) Starting from 0 min after the tachyzoites being added to the COS-7 cells transfected
with pECFP-RhoA-WT, the invasion of tachyzoites into the host cell was visualized
under a confocal microscope and pictures were taken at 5 min intervals. The CFP-tagged
RhoA on the host cell membrane is recruited to the PVM at the same time as the tachyzoites
started to invade the host cell (A, pink arrowhead). The accumulation of the RhoA to the PVM continued with the invasion
of the tachyzoite into the host cell (B-D, pink arrowhead), until the whole tachyzoite was totally recruited into the host
cell (E, white and yellow arrowhead). The loading of the RhoA GTPase onto the PVM continued
after the tachyzoite was totally within the host cell, in this case, probably through
the means of diffusion from the host cell cytosol (E-H, white and yellow arrowhead). The green fluorescence and the DIC images showing the
observation of the invasion processes are provided in Additional file 1: Data S1 and Additional file 2: Data S2. Bar: 10 μm.