The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished conditioned response is called:

A.

generalization

B.

spontaneous recovery

C.

secondary reinforcement

D.

latent learning

E.

shaping

2.

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reqards is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates:

A.

shaping

B.

latent learning

C.

delayed reinforcement

D.

spontaneous recovery

E.

modeling

3.

A Skinner box is a(n):

A.

soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noise

B.

aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors

C.

"slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement of human gambling practices

D.

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

E.

television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning

4.

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a:

A.

negative reinforcer

B.

punishment

C.

conditioned stimulus

D.

delayed reinforcer

E.

secondary reinforcer

5.

For the most rapid acuisition of a CR, the CS should be presented:

A.

shortly after the CR

B.

shortly after the US

C.

shortly before the US

D.

at the same time as the US

E.

shortly before the CR

6.

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates:

A.

respondent behavior

B.

operant conditioning

C.

observational learning

D.

latent learning

E.

spontaneous recovery

7.

In classical conditioning, the _____________ signals the impending occurrence of the ____________.

A.

US; CS

B.

UR; CR

C.

CS; US

D.

CR; UR

E.

US; CR

8.

Laurie's thumbsucking has become havitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of:

A.

generalization

B.

extinction

C.

classical conditioning

D.

latent learning

E.

operant conditioning

9.

A geometric figure is most likely to become sexually arousing if presented shortly:

A.

after an appropriate UR

B.

after an appropriate US

C.

before an appropriate UR

D.

before an appropriate US

E.

after an appropriate CS

10.

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle, but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates:

A.

shaping

B.

conditioned reinforcement

C.

spontaneous recovery

D.

discrimination

E.

negative reinforcement

11.

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by a stimuli similar to the CS is called:

A.

spontaneous recovery

B.

conditioned reinforcement

C.

latent learning

D.

generalization

E.

shaping

12.

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the vaule of:

A.

primary reinforcement

B.

classical conditioning

C.

spontaneous recovery

D.

operant conditioning

E.

latent learning

13.

Bandura's experiments indicate that ____________ is important in the process of learning

A.

shaping

B.

generalization

C.

modeling

D.

respondent behavior

E.

secondary reinforcement

14.

Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their negative interpretations of events?

A.

drug therapy

B.

client-centered therapy

C.

systematic desensitization

D.

cognitive therapy

E.

light exposure therapy

15.

Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?

A.

shaping

B.

delayed reinforcement

C.

observational learning

D.

immediate reinforcement

E.

classical conditioning

16.

IN order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as:

A.

classical conditioning

B.

delayed reinforcement

C.

latent learning

D.

generalization

E.

shaping

17.

Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustarates the importance of __________ in operant conditioning.

A.

secondary reinforcers

B.

cognitive processes

C.

biological predispositions

D.

intrinsic motivation

E.

spontaneous recovery

18.

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a __________ reinforcer.

A.

positive

B.

negative

C.

secondary

D.

partial

E.

delayed

19.

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bedwetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate:

A.

shaping

B.

generalization

C.

spontaneous recovery

D.

secondary reinforcement

E.

the overjustification effect

20.

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to go into 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the _________________ of the patient's fear.

A.

generalization

B.

latent learning

C.

shaping

D.

extinction

E.

negative reinforcement

21.

The transmission of cultural fads and fashions best illustrates the impact of:

A.

respondent behavior

B.

immediate reinforcement

C.

spontaneous recovery

D.

primary reinforcers

E.

observational learning

22.

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light:

A.

five seconds before the food

B.

a half-second before the food

C.

at precisely the same time as the food

D.

a half-second after the food

E.

five seconds after the food

23.

Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit:

A.

respondent behavior

B.

continuous reinforcement

C.

latent learning

D.

spontaneous recovery

E.

intrinsic motivation

24.

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

A.

intrinsic motivation

B.

respondent behavior

C.

spontaneous recovery

D.

operant conditioning

E.

latent learning

25.

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?

A.

latent learning

B.

partial reinforcement

C.

spontaneous recovery

D.

generalization

E.

discrimination

26.

The removal of electric shock is to the reciept of good grades as ____________ is to ____________.

A.

delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer

B.

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

C.

discrimination; generalization

D.

partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

E.

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

27.

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is:

A.

Thorndike

B.

Deci

C.

Skinner

D.

Bandura

E.

Pavlov

28.

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate whe stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates:

A.

spontaneous recovery

B.

continuous reinforcement

C.

latent learning

D.

generalization

E.

habituation

29.

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of:

A.

habituation

B.

spontaneous recovery

C.

classical conditioning

D.

observational learning

E.

operant conditioning

30.

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

A.

Garcia

B.

Skinner

C.

Watson

D.

Bandura

E.

Pavlov

31.

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his suprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates:

A.

delayed reinforcement

B.

latent learning

C.

spontaneous recovery

D.

shaping

E.

discrimination

32.

After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcoholism may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of _____________ in classical conditioning.

A.

biological predispositions

B.

generalization

C.

negative reinforcement

D.

cognitive processes

E.

spontaneous recovery

33.

The predicability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ____________ in conditioning.

A.

shaping

B.

discrimination

C.

generalization

D.

cognitive processes

E.

intermittent reinforcement

34.

Compared with apartment dwellers whose landlords pay their electricity costs, those apartment dwellers who pair their own electric bills use less electricity. This most clearly illustrates that consumer electricity usage is influenced by:

A.

operant conditioning

B.

classical conditioning

C.

observational learning

D.

spontaneous recovery

E.

latent learning

35.

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote:

A.

shaping

B.

survival

C.

extrinsic motivation

D.

prosocial behavior

E.

social interaction

36.

A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ______________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ____________ reinforcement.