AbstractThe present articles focus is on the effect of verbal and visual stimuli on memory. Verbal and visual stimuli have profound influence on our cognitive processes and perception. Twenty participants were split into 2 groups, 10 picture accompanied and 10 non-picture accompanied. The non-picture group were read a list of 10 words (5 concrete and 5 abstract) and then asked to free recall. The picture group were also read a list of 10 picture accompanied words (5 concrete and 5 abstract) and asked to free recall. The hypothesis was not supported, as results were insignificant for remembering a picture word verus a non-picture word. There was also no change in results when the word was either concrete or abstract.Effects of Verbal and Visual Stimuli on Memory

Language is a universal phenomenon. We all are born with the ability to speak and understand language. We are able to understand visual representations of words and meanings, i.e. crosswalk lights and restrooms signs. Studies that we would interpret as being concerned with verbal referential meaning have appeared under such titles as linguistic determinism, stimulus predifferentiation, and acquired distinctiveness of cues. The term linguistic determinism can be understood by Whorf's (1956) hypothesis that language determines thought in the sense that it codes and categorizes the environment for the individual. Meaning that language has an influence on cognitive processes and perception

An overwhelming majority of experiments have involved the presentation of stimuli to the eyes, ears, or both. Brown, Cowan, & Saults (2004) studied the manner in which stimuli are processed and remembered often depends heavily on the sensory modality of stimulation. The immediate recall of word lists is usually superior for spoken, as opposed to printed, presentations. Modality effects have often been examined within the context of immediate serial recall (Brown, Cowan, & Saults, 2004). Despite over 50...

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...The Impact of Mere Exposure Effect on VisualStimuli Discussion This experiment tests whether visual exposure positively alters preference for the test visualstimuli and secondly, the impact of repetitive exposure on the preference. The results support both the hypotheses – that conscious (supraliminal) and unconscious (subliminal) exposure increase liking towards the test visualstimuli and secondly, increasing the number of exposures positively correlates with affinity for the stimuli. The two hypotheses were tested using visible and suppressed geometric visual patterns. The data attained showed decreasing preference for the stimuli in the following order of exposure – conscious, unconscious and no prior exposure. The findings indicate that the impact is least in the nonexposed, less but still present in the subconscious exposure and most in the conscious, leading to the deduction that affinity for a stimulus occurs even without conscious cognition, the mere exposure effect, which is explained in greater detail below. The first hypothesis is supported by Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc (1980), who tested the relationship between unconscious exposure and preference, and showed that positive reactions towards test stimuli were quicker for affect compared to cognitive, which led to the conclusion that...

...Wednesday 11th February 2015
Problem:
● Aim:-The aim of this experiment is to investigate whether students from Mrs
Carlson’s Year Thirteen Statistics class have better visual or auditory memory
capabilities.The purpose of this experiment is to determine the difference of
memorizing visually or memorizing auditory. To examine the significance of this
difference, an inference will be made using randomization to observe an effect
betweenVisual and Auditory, which will be fulfilled by doing a memory test.
● Hypothesis:-For this experiment I predict that the group that has to memorize
visually will accomplish more words than the group that memorizes visually
becausestudy shows ​
a natural visual scene is interconnected spatially whereas an
auditory stimulus in interconnected serially This leads to differences in our ability to
recall the event and in the amount of information needed to recognize a visual or
auditory event among distracting environment. If one chooses to look at the amount
of information stored, then it would be the case that our visual information would
win because of the rich representation of the world our visual system gives us.
Plan:
● Design:- This type of experiment is called randomization. Participants of the
experiment were given a piece of paper with either an ‘A’ or ‘V’ this determined
which group participants were...

...us about why our memories are not always accurate.
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Constructing memories is something that begins with encoding information at a basic level of sensory input where the information is held just long enough...

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James Kosiol
Focus Question
What is the effect of a timed visualstimuli (45 seconds), in the form of flashing coloured lights (White 0/s (control), White and Black 1/s, Blue 2/s, Red 3/s, Green 4/s and Multicoloured 5/s) on the heart rate of the viewer?
Table of Contents
1.Design
1.1 Defining the Problem
Focus Question
What is the effect of a timed visualstimuli (45 seconds), in the form of flashing coloured lights (White 0/s (control), White and Black 1/s, Blue 2/s, Red 3/s, Green 4/s and Multicoloured 5/s) on the effect of the fight or flight response measured by the heart rate of the viewer?
Hypothesis
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Christina Varela
Abstract
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Introduction
We chose this topic to see if the exposure to an auditory distraction would have an effect on memory recall. Many people claim that they have trouble remembering things when they are distracted by auditory stimuli. We wanted to see if an auditory distraction as minimal as the sound of a beat could have an effect on memory when trying to recall words shown on a screen for a short...

...The Effect of a Schema on Memory
Psychology MSc, University of Hertfordshire
Abstract
Schema Theory is a principle in which cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors. According to schema theory the knowledge we have stored in our memory is reorganised into a set of schemas which is based upon our general knowledge and our previous experience. Experiments have proved that despite seeing and interacting with an object almost every day, our ability to remember said object is greatly influenced by the schemas we already have. This experiment will be conducted in an almost identical way to that of French and Richards and look at the effect of schemas on memory. It was predicted that participants use their previous knowledge of Roman numerals to mistakenly draw the clock. This experiments used a between-participants, experimental design as all the participants were in three separate conditions which were then compared. In condition one and two the told to look at a clock and either forewarned that they would be tested or not, the clock was taken away and they had to reproduce it. In the last condition the clock was left in front of them when they had to reproduce it. The findings of this experiment showed that schematic knowledge of the Roman numeral system strongly influenced the participants’ drawings when drawing them from memory, but it was not strong...

...ISU VerbalVisual Essay!
Theme: Escape to freedom
“Perhaps it was true. Maybe Allah lived only in my land, with the homelanders. Maybe he didn’t live on the toubabu’s ship or in the toubabu’s land. I said nothing.” (Page 86)
Aminata was eleven years old at the time. She was stuck on the ship with now where to go. Captured by the toubabu, she felt that she would never escape to freedom. She felt very desperate, to the point where she started to disbelieve in her lord, the almighty god that her father prayed towards, and felt that she should too. This proves to us the state the captives were in at the time they were captured. Whenever she would try to praise Allah, a toubabu would strike her from the back and knock her on the floor. Aminata was very diligent and never thought that her right to pray and follow her religion would ever be taken away from her, but now away from Bayo, she had nothing-not even her freedom-.
Reading between the lines in the quote, Aminata has been calling onto her lord seeking for his help. She believed that no man could help her out of this situation, but also believed that the god that created all mankind could help her. She felt hopeless when situations were only getting worse, instead of getting better. She believed her lord would become her saviour, as she was one of the very few on the ship who followed the religion of Islam. Meena was heartbroken and felt down because in time she needed help, no...

...Children's memory increases because of the effects of rehearsal, speed of processing information, experience, and overall brain development, although the accuracy of memory may not be developed until much later in middle and late childhood (Santrock, 2008). Children are prone to the power of suggestion, wherein an adult can plant memories in the child by describing or discussing an event (Santrock, 2008).
Attention develops with age as well. Infants and young children may fixate on novel experiences and objects, although attention develops later in childhood and throughout adolescence (and further). The cognitive capacity to attend to tasks decreases with age (late adulthood), however, especially as complexity increases (Santrock, 2008). In effect, as adults age, it becomes more difficult to effectively multi-task - age effects the ability to attend to a variety of tasks simultaneously. Although older adults may function adequately when performing tasks with undivided attention, when attention is divided, they perform less effectively (Santrock, 2008).
Aging also effectsmemory. As brain structures shrink, older adults have a slightly limited capacity to remember. Santrock (2008), however, found that although the speed of semantic memory declines, the ability to ultimately retrieve the memory does not. Furthermore, implicit...

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