Generalization In Aversive Decision Making Tied To Increased Anxiety

New insights into how the human brain uses past experiences and generalizes them to future events, helping us safely navigate the world around us, come from a recent University of Cambridge study.

The ability to generalize is an important survival technique, but over-generalizing from bad events could explain why some people fear and then avoid scenarios that are not actually dangerous. This over-avoidance has been identified as a significant factor in anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, chronic pain and depression.

“If eating a particular food in the past has made you ill, it is likely you will want to avoid eating similar-looking or smelling foods in the future. We wanted to look at how people decide whether or not to avoid particular situations, how this information is represented in the brain, and whether people who generalize more from negative events tend to be more anxious,”

lead author Agnes Norbury, Research Associate at the University of Cambridge, said.

The Cost Of Safety

Norbury and her team took two groups of people.

26 did a test in the lab while having an MRI scan of their brain, and 482 did the test online. Both groups were presented with different flower-like shapes on a screen, some of which were “safe” and some of which were “dangerous”.

To avoid a dangerous shape, the participants could hit an escape button. If they didn’t do this, those in the lab group would receive an electric shock, and those doing the test online would lose some of their online cash stake.

However, hitting the escape button also came at a cost — of either receiving additional shocks at the end, or losing more money.

This test allowed the researchers to see when people were over-generalizing and hitting the escape button too much. They then used mathematical models to reconstruct how people decided to avoid the situation when faced with images similar to those they associated with pain or loss, and combined this with the brain scans and questionnaires about psychological symptoms.

Negative Generalization

They found that people were more likely to generalize from negative events, compared to safe or neutral outcomes. In addition, different parts of the decision-making process were linked to activity in different brain regions, including areas involved in vision, fear response and safety learning, namely the primary sensory cortex, anterior insula, amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

They also found that those people who generalized more from the negative events (pain or loss) reported a greater experience of anxious feelings and intrusive thoughts (negative thoughts that enter your mind against your will and are hard to get rid of).

“We hope that these findings will contribute to a greater understanding of the thought processes that underlie anxiety in some people. Our results show the benefits of analysing complex behavioral processes such as generalization into separate components that can be examined and linked back to brain activity and symptoms. By better understanding what causes these symptoms in different cases, we might be able to tailor treatments more effectively to people with anxiety in future,”

said senior author Dr. Ben Seymour, Clinical Research Associate at the University of Cambridge.

The results uncover distinct mechanisms that govern generalization in avoidance learning, and demonstrate how specific individual differences within them can produce anxiety.