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1. ___ Medicaid 2. ___ Great Society 3. ___ Elementary and Secondary Education Act 4. ___ Volunteers in Service to America (AmeriCorps) 5. ___ Medicare 6. ___ War on Poverty 7. ___ Corporation for Public Broadcasting a. National health insurance program for people over age 65 b. Like a 2 nd New Deal c. Provided $1.3 billion to schools in poor areas d. Free health care for the needy e. A domestic version of the Peace Corps f. Produced educational television programming g. Johnson’s plan to help the poor of America h. Large # of reforms to improve America

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 Show me you understand these events (e.g. what happened when and where, their impact/effects, if and how they’re connected, etc.): ◦ Brown v. Board of Education ◦ Montgomery Bus Boycott ◦ Little Rock Nine  Complete a draft for Tuesday Use the Twitter OR Facebook format to do the following

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1. T/F: Brown v. Board made all segregation illegal in America. 2. How were the Little Rock Nine like Jackie Robinson? 3. What is a boycott? Why did African Americans boycott the bus company in Montgomery, Alabama? How did it end? Warm-up: Discuss answers. Use notes.

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 What are some ways to create change when most of the people around you want things to stay the same?  When you’re finished, write the following in your notes section: Unit: The 1960s LT 2: Civil Rights Nonviolent Resistance Jot down ideas

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 “Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical (unrealistic) and immoral (morally wrong). It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all. It is immoral because it seeks to humiliate the opponent rather than win his understanding; it seeks to annihilate rather than to convert. Violence is immoral because it thrives on hatred rather than love.”—MLK, Jr. If you were in the position of African Americans in the 1960s, would you buy this? Why nonviolence? King explains

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 Could you use nonviolent resistance? Do you agree with the message behind it? ◦ Keep in mind the things you’d be facing in the South as well as the goal of nonviolent resistance Discuss

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What do you think a sit-in is? Can you think of a fairly recent example of a nationwide sit-in?

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1. T/F: The Montgomery Bus Boycott helped reduce the fear of standing up to those in power. 2. What is nonviolent resistance? What is its goal and how is it supposed to achieve that goal? 3. What do the SCLC, SNCC, and CORE, each stand for and what do they have in common? 4. What is a sit-in? Warm-up: discuss using notes if necessary

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1. “Don’t strike back if cursed or abused. 2. Don’t laugh out. 3. Don’t hold conversations with your fellow workers. 4. Don’t leave your seats until your leader has given you instructions to do so. 5. Don’t block entrances to the stores and the aisles. 6. Show yourself courteous and friendly at all times. 7. Sit straight and always face the counter. 8. Report all serious incidents to your leader. 9. Refer all information to your leader in a polite manner. 10. Remember love and nonviolence.”

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 Bob Moses, an African American, on seeing a photo in the newspaper of the Greensboro sit-in: ◦ “The students in that picture had a certain look on their faces, sort of sullen, angry, determined. Before, the Negro in the South had always looked on the defensive, cringing. This time they were taking the initiative. They were kids my age, and I knew this had something to do with my own life.” The effect of the sit-ins

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1. What was the goal of nonviolent or passive resistance? 2. What is a sit-in? 3. What happened at a Woolworth’s in Greensboro, NC, and what was the effect? Warm-up: discuss with the person closest to you

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1. T/F: The Montgomery Bus Boycott, sit-ins, and freedom rides, are all examples of effective nonviolent resistance. 2. What is the significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Woolworth sit-in? In other words, what impact do they have on the civil rights movement? 3. What are the freedom rides? What’s the point? What happens when the riders get to Birmingham, Alabama? Warm-up: discuss

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Notes: What happens in Birmingham and Mississippi? American Experience: Freedom Riders American Experience: Freedom Riders

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 Effect:  Bus desegregation is finally enforced  Success inspires many to actively participate in civil rights movement “Black folks always lived in fear of white folks. And now they’re seeing young people defying white people. And so we helped to get rid of that impotence.” Freedom Rides

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1. Police respond nonviolently by jailing all protesters 2. Lack of violence means no news coverage 3. Protest fails Failed Protest in Albany, Georgia, 1961 “Protest becomes an effective tactic to the degree that it [brings forth] brutality and oppression from the power structure.” —Bayard Rustin, civil rights activist If this is true, then what should the activists do?

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Into the lion’s den… “The worst city for race in the whole United States”

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“As for [police chief] Bull Connor and the City of Birmingham, it was true that they constituted the hardest and most mean-spirited establishment in the South. Yet if we beat them on their own home grounds, we might be able to prove to the entire region that it was useless to resist desegregation, that its time had finally come. To win in Birmingham might well be to win in the rest of the nation. So in the long run the gamble [of confronting violence in Birmingham] might actually save time and lives in our struggle for equality.” —Ralph Abernathy, civil rights activist Why go to Birmingham?

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 As weeks go by, number of protesters declines  To save the protest, leaders suggest using schoolchildren ◦ “A boy from high school, he can get the same effect in terms of being in jail, in terms of putting pressure on the city, as his father—and yet there is no economic threat on the family because the father is still on the job.” —James Bevel, civil rights activist Birmingham protest April-May 1963

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“One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the slaves, yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free…. Are we to say…that this is the land of the free, except for Negroes, that we have no second-class citizens, except Negroes…? Now the time has come for the nation to fulfill its promise… Those who do nothing are inviting shame as well as violence. Those who act boldly are recognizing right as well as reality…” —JFK, announcing that he will be proposing a civil rights law to Congress

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1. What impact does the Montgomery Bus Boycott, sit-ins, and freedom rides, have on the civil rights movement? 2. Explain how the civil rights movement shifts from activism in the courts to activism in the streets 3. Explain “violence = progress” and connect the Children’s March to JFK Warm-up: discuss