In 1963 I made an analogue computer which I used to make transformations on a drawing.
I used it to do a series of drawings based upon the paintings of several old masters.
[Klee, Durer, Ingres, Picasso, Goya, and Mondrian.] I had this concept of making transformations
on a drawing for nearly 40 years. In fact some of the oil paintings I did in 1960-63 illustrate
my fascination with the notion of transformations.

In 1964 I learned the digital computer had been interfaced to a graphics output device.
I followed with a course in programming. Then I began producing my first completely
digital images.

The drawing device or analogue computer for doing transformations on a drawing was
based upon a pantograph. It was able to represent directly measurable quantites and
the results could be replicated. Ordinarily, a pantograph was used for copying a plane
figure to a desired scale, consisting of styluses mounted on four jointed rods in the form
of a parallelogram with extended sides.

I did a variation where I altered the way the device
did the change in scale such that my original drawing was transformed in an X or Y direction.
I also was able to reverse the orientation of the source drawing. I first made a line
drawing interpretation of a famous artist's work. At one end of the pantograph device I traced
the line drawing.

Between my end of the extended sides and the end with the ink pen, I altered
the behavior of the rods to achieve the transformations. These drawings were made in 1963 the
year before I discovered the potential of the digital computer and a graphics output device.