Patho & Pharmo 2 Hypertension Wk 1

The flashcards below were created by user
kattravels
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.

What is the normal range of blood pressure?

120/80

What is an elevated BP?

Hypertension.

How many adults suffer from High BP?

1 in 4

Why is High BP known as the silent disease?

It is known by this description due to the fact you don't know you have it until something goes wrong.

When can a change in lifestyle be a form of medication?

Grade 1 -2

Describe the difference between dystolic and systolic?

Dystolic is when the heart is at rest so between beats.

Systolic is a measure of pressure whilst the heart is beating.

What other name is primary hypertension known as?

Essential.

Which classification of Hypertension has the most number of reported cases?

Primary 90% & Secondary 10%

What is normal BP regulation?

Cardiac Output (CO) x Peripheral Resistance

Explain the neural control in BP?

Nueral control is fast acting and short in duration. It involves the baro receptors and the autonomic nervous system which regulate CO and vasoconstriction.

Explain Hormonal control in BP?

Hormonal action takes time and is normally long in duration. Renin is secreted from the kidneys converted to Angiotensin in the liver when this is converted to Angiotensin2 this has a vasoconstriction effect on the lungs. Therefore reducing O2 delivery in the blood that goes to the heart making it beat faster. Aldosterone is released which increases the retention of Sodium and water increasing blood volume and CO. Catecholamines which cause vasoconstriction.

Name the 4 mechanisms of primary hypertension?

Increased Blood Volume

Increased activity of the Sympathetic Nervous System

Increased Renin Angiosterone System

Increased Renal Sodium (Na+) retention

Name some of the risk factors for grade 1hypertension?

Family history - Multiple genes may be a precusor to stress but no common genes.

Age - Dystolic BP increases up to 50 then decreases from 60yrs onwards. Systolic increases throughout life.

Adrenaline/Nor-adrenaline - High production of secretions from tumors equal vasoconstriction effects BP.

What is Aortic Coarctation?

This is narrowing of the aorta near its exit from the heart which in turn may activate the Renin-agiostensin system due to reduced renal BF. This defect may be evident in noenate when associated with patent ductus arteriosis. In adult form it is not associated to PDA.

Can oral contraceptives create hypertension?

Yes. The combination pill can increase angiostensin and aldosterone levels. BP should be monitored. if >35yrs and has other cardiovascular risk factors.

Is hypertension common during pregnancy?

Yes. If BP is 140/90 then there are a few pregnancy related hypertension.

Preeclampsia - if > 20wks gestation symptoms are edema and protein in urine.

Gestational - 1st pregnancy up to 12 wks post-partum. No protein in the urine.

What is Pulmonary Hypertension?

When the pulmonary arterioles constrict if the alveli they supply are poorly ventalated and display Hypoxia.

In (COPD) Chromic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder restrictive disease and high altitude exposure due to the decreased function of the hypoxic lung.

Left heart failure due to blood congestion in the pulmonary venous drainage into the left atrium is impaired.

What is Orthostatic Hypertension?

This is when an individual goes from lying down to sitting or standing quickly causing blood flow to pool in the feet. reduced BF from the brain equals vertigo causing falls.

Name the four main anti-hypertensives?

A - Angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitors

B - Beta Blockers

C - Calcium channel antagonists

D - Diuretics

Name 2 meds that are ARA. Describe the action of the angiotensin receptor antagonists?

Prazosin & Phentolamine are typical names often choosen in a crisis as they are fast acting.They are active on the arterioles and venules. Side effects Postural Hypertension, fatigue, sexual disfunction, diarrhoea can occur.

Explain the difference between Carvedilol and Atenolol?

Carvedilol - Non selcetive BB and has alpha1 antagonist activity.

Atenolol - Selective BB. Suppresses renin/angiotensin system.

What is the main aim of Diuretics?

Fluid Loss - ECF Loss -BV loss- BP lowering

BP=CO x TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance)

What does Frusemide do?

Causes decreased potassium levels when it takes the water

Acts on the medullary part of henle loop

Lowers tonicity of medullary interstitium

It is a loop diuretic - Most effective and common

Why would Thiazides be a drug of choice?

Acts on the cortical segments of Henle Loop. Higher up in the loop.

More concentrated fluid enters the tubule

Less water reabsorption

Electrolyte loss is a possible problem

2nd diuretic perscribed to counter balance potassium loss

Why would an osmotic diuretics only be given via IV route?

They will give you rocket fuel as they don't metabolise, as it has a laxatise effect.