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The Roman Empire: The Roman Empire -Key Concepts-
I. The First Emperor: Augustus Caesar: I. The First Emperor: Augustus Caesar His Dilemma The Solution His Rise to Power The Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Lepidus, Marc Antony Victory over Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium (31 BCE)
II. The Creation of the Principate: II. The Creation of the Principate “Restoration” of the Republic “Augustus” “Princeps” “Imperator” Maintaining the façade of the Republic
II. The Creation of the Principate (cont): II. The Creation of the Principate (cont) “Father of the Country” (2 BCE) Supported by the Roman Legions -- “Praetorians” Some partnership with the Senate
II. Creation of the Principate (cont): II. Creation of the Principate (cont) Caesar and provincial administration The cult of Roma et Augustus “Pontifex Maximus” The role of his wife, Livia
II. Creation of the Principate (cont): II. Creation of the Principate (cont) Augustus’ campaigns on the frontier --Varus and the Battle of Teutoburger Forest (9 AD) Begins practice of adopting successor as a son: Tiberius (step-son)
III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors: III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors Most emperors were competent, not corrupt --Nero, Caligula and Domitian Reduction of the power of the Senate The “spectacle” of Emperor Caligula
III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors (cont): III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors (cont) The “spectacle” of Nero Emperor did not have to be Italian Vespasian and the Flavians Pattern of defensive military strategy Keeping the peace within the Empire
III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors (cont): III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors (cont) Taxation within the Empire The “Five Good Emperors”: The Antonines --Marcus Aurelius --Commodus --Severus The Roman Legions as a garrison force
IV. The Pax Romana: Signs of Unity: IV. The Pax Romana: Signs of Unity Peace Trade Network Roman Roads Imperial Bureaucracy Emperor Worship Luke 1 Census Spread of Greco-Roman Culture Roman citizenship “Acta”: Newsheets
V. Life in the City of Rome: V. Life in the City of Rome Peace outside; poverty and crowding inside Living in insulae Public baths Sanitation problems
V. Life in the City of Rome (cont): V. Life in the City of Rome (cont) Engineering problems for Insulae Problems of Fire and Crime “Bread and Circuses” --Free grain --chariot races --Circus Maximus
V. Life in the City of Rome (cont): V. Life in the City of Rome (cont) Gladiatorial contests -- “Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutant” --editor --retiarius --secutor Other ludi Arches built throughout the city
V. Life in the City of Rome (cont): V. Life in the City of Rome (cont) Treatment of Women and Slaves Roman realism versus Greek idealism Romans emphasized the interior of their buildings while the Greeks emphasized the exterior of their buildings
VI. Communicating the Emperor’s Image: VI. Communicating the Emperor’s Image Coins as political advertising Buildings communicate the majesty and deity of the Emperor Idealized sculptures of Augustus Caesar Decline in imperial rivals
VII. Celebrated Ideals in Imperial Literature: VII. Celebrated Ideals in Imperial Literature Golden Age of Latin Literature: 100 BCE-14 AD Virgil’s Aeneid—testimony to Roman greatness Livy’s History of Rome Elegant, humanistic and worldly in both content and style
VIII. Roman Medicine: VIII. Roman Medicine The major issue of fertility Roman contraceptives Similar to Hellenistic therapies Not much respect for doctors Most famous court physician: Galen (129-199 AD)
IX. Life as a Roman Legionnaire: IX. Life as a Roman Legionnaire Organization and Terms of Service --Centurion Payment and the origins of the word “salary” --900 sesterces pay per year Additional units of non-citizens The fitness of Roman soldiers
IX. Life as a Roman Legionnaire (cont): IX. Life as a Roman Legionnaire (cont) The importance of the Roman roads Warfare with Germanic tribesmen Germanic warriors as auxiliary forces Marcus Aurelius and the settlement of Germanic people in Roman territory --The Meditations

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