Aflatoxins contaminate approximately 25% of agricultural products worldwide. They can cause liver failure and liver cancer. Kenya has experienced multiple aflatoxicosis outbreaks in recent years, often resulting in fatalities. However, the full extent of aflatoxin exposure in Kenya has been unknown. Our objective was to quantify aflatoxin exposure across… (More)

BACKGROUND
Several approaches have been used for measuring HIV incidence in large areas, yet each presents specific challenges in incidence estimation.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
We present a comparison of incidence estimates for Kenya and Uganda using multiple methods: 1) Epidemic Projections Package (EPP) and Spectrum models fitted to HIV prevalence… (More)

Allele and genotype frequencies of the −174G/C polymorphism (rs1800795) in the regulatory region of the IL6 gene, which encode anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6, were determined in seven populations representing five ethnic groups from the European part of Russia (440 individuals), as well as in small cohorts that represent populations from 24… (More)

OBJECTIVE
To identify factors associated with prevalent HIV in a national HIV survey in Kenya.
METHODS
The Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey was a nationally representative population-based sero-survey that examined demographic and behavioral factors and serologic testing for HIV, HSV-2 and syphilis in adults aged 15-64 years. We analyzed questionnaire and… (More)

BACKGROUND
The interpretation of HIV prevalence trends is increasingly difficult as antiretroviral treatment programs expand. Reliable HIV incidence estimates are critical to monitoring transmission trends and guiding an effective national response to the epidemic.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
We used a range of methods to estimate HIV incidence in South Africa:… (More)