1.
Norbert-Bertrand Barbe
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Norbert-Bertrand Barbe is a French art historian, semiologist, artist and writer. He was born in 1968 and has a degree in art history. He is an Honorary Member of the Nicaraguan Academy of Language,1995, Prize Arts and Letters of France in Novel section and Essay section. He is the author of more than 1200 articles, published in national print media and magazines, and on internet. As editor, he published more than two hundred books, more than fifty such as author, and about ten as a translator. So he is the first and only translator and editor to the French of the classics of Nicaraguan literature, like Salomón de la Selva, Alfonso Cortés, Ernesto Cardenal. The theoretical books by Norbert-Bertrand Barbe are accessible on the main University libraries around the world, Barbe textbooks have been commented on in national media and magazines specialized in France and England. They served as a basis for thesis in La Sorbonne and in Nicaragua in the Catholic University UNICA, Barbe was also the organizer of the I International Congress on Panosfky, and the editor of the Acts proceeding of the Congress. In poetry and art, his work has evolved from a naturalistic expressionism to decomposition formal and narrative questions, particularly through the shocker pop and he is co-founder of the movement Kites and Any Name, founder of the journal Go Home and founder of Bes editions. As a theorist, his path is defined by its interdisciplinarity, 2/ Mirroring macro phenomena from micro. 3/ The comprehensive approach to the development and structural evolution of the mentality to the contemporary one studied in its works. In books, Culture Lodge, The Construction of the Me, Literary origins of contemporary thought, Nothingness in contemporary thought,4 / The iconological approach to contemporary art and motifs as minimal units of meaning to assume the abstract work as a historical phenomenon readable since his time. 5 / The study of modern and contemporary architecture as a not just concrete and practical of using necessities. Diary of anxiety on university campus, illustrator of, The Washtub Farce, The strange disappearance of the hood of Santa Claus. Columnist of, El Nuevo Diario, La Prensa Literaria, El Nuevo Amanecer Cultural, Critique d’Art. Creator of the columns Shall We Talk About Cinema de El Nuevo Diario, Prize Arts and Letters of France in novel and essay. He participated as guest poet at the Poetry International Festival of San Salvador, Havana and Granada,2010, Rational Works, Casa de los Tres Mundos, Granada. 2009, Do not Be Late, event for New Year, Zona Hippo, Managua As an illustrator and publisher, Illustration of a piece of French medieval theater. Another picture book, The strange disappearance of the hood of Santa Claus, illustrator of poem book Mourn someone sees me in a dream by Francisco Ruiz Udiel, Not Anymore From XTepetl, No 4-5-7 triple, from August to December 2006

2.
Charles-Jean Baptiste Bonnin
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Bonnin, Charles-Jean Baptiste Progressive French thinker, theorist, and framer of the modern discipline of Public Administration. From Bonnin’s written work a political and intellectual activity is clear. His academic works credit him as a forerunner of public, constitutional, actually, his ‘Social Doctrine’ situates him amongst the initiators of the science later known as Sociology. He also practiced parliamentary review and was interested in educational problems, Auguste Comte described Bonnin as a “mature and energetic man, a person with a spontaneous deep kinship for positivism and in whom we can find the true spirit of the Revolution”. Bonnin was born in Paris, in a family with roots in Burgundy and he studied at the Collège des Quatre-Nations, and afterwards served the French administration as an official in the Seine department. His true vocation was born early during his youth, thanks to the works of Montesquieu, Mably, Bacon, Fénelon and Cornelius and he met Auguste Comte in 1829, becoming his friend until his death. Amongst many references to him during his lifetime, the work of M. Lemonier stands out and it is entitled Notice Historique, ‘Historical Record’, and heads the work named Pensées, ‘Thoughts’, of C. J. B. This document was promoted by Bonnin and, maybe, was reviewed by him also, inside of the French administration files some references to him can be found, like his possible membership to franc-masonry. Also, by these files we know that he spent thirteenth months in prison due to passages of his book Études Législatives, ‘Legislative Studies’. However, this is thanks to the edition produced by Mexico’s Fondo de Cultura Económica in 2004. Nowadays, his countrymen are paying him the tribute he deserves, georges Langrod rightly claimed that “the science of administration, in the modern sense of the expression, was born in France in the nineteenth century. Its pioneer was Charles-Jean Bonnin, author of ‘Principles of Public Administration’, whose first edition dates back to 1808. Likewise, Jacques Chevallier and Dániele Loschak have commented that “he can be considered the founder of French administrative science. ”Nevertheless, Charles-Jean Bonnin is more than that, much more. Most recently, Jacqueline Morand-Devillier suggested a reprint of his ‘Principles’, notwithstanding, this publication was made in the year 2004, not in France but in Mexico. Chronological account of his writings, beginning with his magnum opus, Principes d’Administration Publique, Principes dAdministration Publique, por servir a l’Études des Lois Administratives, et Considérations sur l’Importance et la Nécessité d’un Code Administratif, suvies du Project de ce Code. Obvrage utile aux Préfets, Sous-Préfets, Maires et Adjounts, aux Membres des Conseils généraux de départaments, de préfectures, d’arrondissemenns, a Paris, chez Clement Frères, Libraires. Extracto dos Principios Fundamentaes do Sistema Administrativo de Franca por M. Bonnin, francisco Soares Franco, Deputado ás Cortes Ordinarias. Versión italiana de Antonio di Crescenzi y Michele Saffioti, compendio de los Principios de Administración

3.
Jean Bodin
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Jean Bodin was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty, he was also a writer on demonology. Bodin lived during the aftermath of the Protestant Reformation and wrote against the background of conflict in France. Bodin was successively a friar, academic, professional lawyer, an excursion as a politician having proved a failure, he lived out his life as a provincial magistrate. Bodin was born near Angers, possibly the son of a master tailor and he received a decent education, apparently in the Carmelite monastery of Angers, where he became a novice friar. Some claims made about his life remain obscure. There is some evidence of a visit to Geneva in 1547/48 in which he became involved in a heresy trial, the records of this episode, however, are murky and may refer to another person. He obtained release from his vows in 1549 and went to Paris and he studied at the university, but also at the humanist-oriented Collège des Quatre Langues, he was for two years a student under Guillaume Prévost, a little-known magister in philosophy. His education was not only influenced by an orthodox Scholastic approach but was apparently in contact with Ramist philosophy. Later in the 1550s he studied Roman law at the University of Toulouse, under Arnaud du Ferrier and his special subject at that time seems to have been comparative jurisprudence. Subsequently he worked on a Latin translation of Oppian of Apamea, under the patronage of Gabriel Bouvery. Bodin had a plan for a school on humanist principles in Toulouse, from 1561 he was licensed as an attorney of the Parlement of Paris. He continued to pursue his interests in legal and political theory in Paris, publishing significant works on historiography, stories placing Bodin again in Paris and in danger during the St. Bartholomews Day massacre in 1572 are late reports and unverifiable, his whereabouts at that time are unknown. Bodin became a member of the circles around the Prince François dAlençon. He was the intelligent and ambitious youngest son of Henry II and he withdrew his claim, however, in favor of his older brother Henry III who had recently returned from his abortive effort to reign as the King of Poland. Alençon was a leader of the faction of political pragmatists. After the failure of Prince François hopes to ascend the throne and he attempted to exert a moderating influence on the Catholic party, and also tried restrict the passage of supplemental taxation for the king. Bodin then retired from life, he had married in February 1576

4.
Sylviane Agacinski
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Sylviane Agacinski-Jospin is a French philosopher, feminist, author, professor at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales, and wife of Lionel Jospin, former Prime Minister of France. Agacinskis parents were immigrants from Poland, and her sister is French actress Sophie Agacinski, Agacinski is the mother of a son by philosopher Jacques Derrida, who directed the EHESS, and she became the stepmother of Lionel Jospins two children with their marriage. Agacinski met Jospin in 1983, at her sister Sophies wedding and she stayed on the sidelines in Jospins candidacy for president in 1995, but was much more active in his candidacy for president in 2002. At that time she changed her name to Agacinski-Jospin to bow to the will of the people, shes cited as writing, We want to keep the freedom to seduce and be seduced. There will never be a war of the sexes in France, in her 1998 book, media related to Sylviane Agacinski at Wikimedia Commons

5.
Gilles Bernheim
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Gilles Uriel Bernheim is a French rabbi who was formerly the Chief Rabbi of France. Born in Aix-les-Bains, Savoie, in 1952, he was elected by the assembly of the Central Consistory chief rabbi of France on 22 June 2008. Until then, he had been rabbi of synagogue de la Victoire, the Chief Rabbi of France was respected as a scholar not only in the Jewish community but in the wider academic world. However, he resigned as rabbi in April 2013 before his term had ended, amid revelations of plagiarism. He succeeded chief rabbi Joseph Sitruk and he was very critical of the lifting of the excommunication of bishop Richard Williamson. The French Government appointed him Knight in the Légion dhonneur, on 10 April 2009, bernheims father was a wood seller and died when Bernheim was 14. His mother, Berthe, née Klein, is a pupil of Antoinette Feuerwerker and was a teacher of mathematics. His wife is a psychoanalyst, and he is the father of four children, gilles Bernheim was a student of Séminaire israélite de France in Paris. Bernheim acknowledged that his 2011 book “40 Jewish Meditations” contained one passage that his ghostwriter plagiarized without Bernheim’s knowledge, “I have been fooled, ” he wrote. I apologize to the authors whose texts have been copied, to the people who have read these meditations, the agrégé title required passing a rigorous examination that was necessary for becoming a professor of philosophy. While he may not have claimed to hold that qualification. Le Figaro reported that “there was heavy pressure” on the part of unnamed officials from the Jewish community for Bernheim to resign, on 11 April 2013 he resigned as chief rabbi. Avec le cardinal Philippe Barbarin, prix Spiritualités dAujourdhui 2008 Noublions pas de penser la France, Stock,2012 Forward. com JTA. org

6.
Maine de Biran
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François-Pierre-Gonthier Maine de Biran, usually known simply as Maine de Biran, was a French philosopher. Maine de Biran was born at Bergerac, the name Maine he assumed from an estate called Le Maine, near Mouleydier. After studying with distinction at Périgueux, he entered the guards of King Louis XVI of France. He entered politics and was part of the Conseil des Cinq Cents, on the breaking up of the gardes du corps Biran retired to his patrimonial inheritance of Grateloup, near Bergerac, where he avoided the excesses of the French Revolution. It was at this period that, to use his own words and he began with psychology, which he made the study of his life. After the Reign of Terror, Maine de Biran took part in politics, after the restoration of the monarchy, he became treasurer to the chamber of deputies, retiring during each autumn recess to study at home. The exact date of his death is uncertain, a treatise on the analysis of thought was never printed. But the publication by Édouard Naville of the Œuvres inédites de Maine de Biran, at first a sensualist, like Condillac and John Locke, next an intellectualist, he finally became a mystical theosophist. The Essai sur les fondements de la psychologie represents the stage of his philosophy. Maine de Birans early essays in philosophy were written from the point of view of Locke and Condillac, dealing with the formation of habits, he is compelled to note that passive impressions do not furnish a complete or adequate explanation. For it he proposed to substitute the genetic method, whereby human conscious experience might be exhibited as growing or developing from its basis in connection with external conditions. In the last stage of his philosophy, Biran distinguished the animal existence from the human, and both from the life of the spirit, in which human thought is brought into relation with the supersensible, divine system of things. Altogether Birans work presents a remarkable specimen of deep metaphysical thinking directed by preference to the psychological aspect of experience. This confusion of force of nature and cause occurred often throughout the book, “hen he speaks of causes, he hardly ever puts cause alone, but almost always says cause ou force…. ”Schopenhauer believed that the confusion was intentional. Biran was conscious of identifying two disparate concepts in order to be able to use of either of them according to the circumstances. Therefore, he purposely equated cause with force in order to keep the present in the reader’s mind. Œuvres de Maine de Biran Vol. I, philipp Albert Stapfer James Mark Baldwin Implicit cognition References Maine de Biran, The British Quarterly Review, Vol.44, October 1866, pp. 301–346. Maine de Biran and his Philosophy, The Methodist Review, Vol.44,1862, hallie, Philip P. Maine de Biran, Reformer of Empiricism, 1766–1824

7.
Firmin Abauzit
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Firmin Abauzit was a French scholar who worked on physics, theology and philosophy, and served as librarian in Geneva during his final 40 years. Abauzit is also notable for proofreading or correcting the writings of Isaac Newton, Firmin Abauzit was born of Huguenot parents November 11,1679 at Uzès, in Languedoc. Abauzit at an early age acquired great proficiency in languages, physics, in 1698, he traveled to Germany, then to Holland, where he became acquainted with Pierre Bayle, Pierre Jurieu and Jacques Basnage. Proceeding to England, he was introduced to Sir Isaac Newton, the reputation of Abauzit induced William III to request him to settle in England, but he did not accept the kings offer, preferring to return to Geneva. There, from 1715 he rendered assistance to a society that had been formed for translating the New Testament into French. He declined the offer of the chair of philosophy at the University of Geneva in 1723 and he assisted in the French language New Testament in 1726. In 1727, he was granted citizenship in Geneva, and he accepted the office of librarian to Geneva. It was while he was in Geneva in his years that he authored many of his works. Here also was the city of his death past the age of 87, Abauzit was a man of great learning and of wonderful versatility. Whatever chanced to be discussed, it used to be said of Abauzit that he seemed to have made it a subject of particular study, among his acquaintances, Abauzit claimed Rousseau, Voltaire, Newton, and Bayle. Little remains of the labours of this giant, his heirs having, it is said, destroyed the papers that came into their possession. A few theological, archaeological, and astronomical articles from his pen appeared in the Journal Helvetique and elsewhere and he wrote a work throwing doubt on the canonical authority of the Apocalypse, which called forth a reply from Dr Leonard Twells, and was published in Denis Diderots Encyclopédie. He also edited and made additions to Jacob Spons Histoire de la republique de Geneve. A collection of his writings was published at Geneva in 1770, debus, Allen G. Calinger, Ronald S. Collins, Edward J. Kennedy, Stephen J. eds. World Whos Who in Science, A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists From Antiquity to the Present, chicago, IL, The A. N. Marquis Company. Hoiberg, Dale H. ed. Abauzit, Firmin, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Abauzit, Firmin. Geneve, Chez Barde, Manget & Compagnie, Imprimeurs-Libraires, miscellanies of the Late Ingenious and Celebrated M. Abauzit on Historical, Theological, and Critical Subjects. Bibliotheca biblica, a select list of books on sacred literature, with biographical, critical

8.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
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Jean-Baptiste le Rond dAlembert was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. Until 1759 he was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclopédie, DAlemberts formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation is named after him. The wave equation is referred to as dAlemberts equation. Born in Paris, dAlembert was the son of the writer Claudine Guérin de Tencin and the chevalier Louis-Camus Destouches. Destouches was abroad at the time of dAlemberts birth, days after birth his mother left him on the steps of the Saint-Jean-le-Rond de Paris church. According to custom, he was named after the saint of the church. DAlembert was placed in an orphanage for foundling children, but his father found him and placed him with the wife of a glazier, Madame Rousseau, Destouches secretly paid for the education of Jean le Rond, but did not want his paternity officially recognized. DAlembert first attended a private school, the chevalier Destouches left dAlembert an annuity of 1200 livres on his death in 1726. Under the influence of the Destouches family, at the age of twelve entered the Jansenist Collège des Quatre-Nations. Here he studied philosophy, law, and the arts, graduating as baccalauréat en arts in 1735, in his later life, DAlembert scorned the Cartesian principles he had been taught by the Jansenists, physical promotion, innate ideas and the vortices. The Jansenists steered DAlembert toward a career, attempting to deter him from pursuits such as poetry. Theology was, however, rather unsubstantial fodder for dAlembert and he entered law school for two years, and was nominated avocat in 1738. He was also interested in medicine and mathematics, Jean was first registered under the name Daremberg, but later changed it to dAlembert. The name dAlembert was proposed by Johann Heinrich Lambert for a moon of Venus. In July 1739 he made his first contribution to the field of mathematics, at the time Lanalyse démontrée was a standard work, which dAlembert himself had used to study the foundations of mathematics. DAlembert was also a Latin scholar of note and worked in the latter part of his life on a superb translation of Tacitus. In 1740, he submitted his second scientific work from the field of fluid mechanics Mémoire sur la réfraction des corps solides, in this work dAlembert theoretically explained refraction. In 1741, after failed attempts, dAlembert was elected into the Académie des Sciences

9.
Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens
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Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis dArgens was a French philosopher and writer. An arch-opponent of the Catholic Church, intolerance and religious oppression, he had to flee his native France, in 1724 he accompanied the French ambassador on a journey to Constantinople, where he lived for a year. After an adventurous youth, he was disinherited by his father and he also wrote six novels, the best known of which is Thérèse Philosophe. He was invited by Frederick the Great to his court where he spent the part of his career. He was appointed a Royal Chamberlain and Director of the Belles-Lettres section of the Academy and he married a Berlin actress, Mlle Cochois and had one daughter. DArgens returned to France in 1769, and died near Toulon on January 11,1771, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Argens, Jean Baptiste de Boyer

Norbert-Bertrand Barbe is a French art historian, semiologist, artist and writer. He was born in 1968 and has a …

French art historian Norbert-Bertrand Barbe at a reception in his honor in January 2009 at the American University in Managua. From left to right: Dr. Carlos Tunnermann-Bernheim, President of the Nicaraguan Center of Writers (CNE) and Dr. Norbert-Bertrand Barbe. In the background (white): the poet Father Ernesto Cardenal, honorary President of the CNE.