the natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning

Unconditioned response (UCR)

the unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

a formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.

neutral stimulus

baby grabbing onto something naturally

stimulus generalization

the occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but the other, similar stimuli as well

stimulus discrimination

the occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli

Who developed Behaviorism

John Watson

Watson wanted to study what?

obvservable behaviors rather than mental processes

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what did the baby albert study demonstrate?

reflexive responses

what was the CR in watsons baby study

fear of the white rat

how long can it take for taste aversion to be produced?

24 hours

the coyote study

using taste aversion to make coyotes stop eating livestock by injecting a drug that produces nausea into the carcass of an animal.

law of effect

a positive effect will become strengthened and a negative effect weakens responses

what did skinner say that the operant is

actively emitted behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences

Memory

mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time

encoding

the process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system

storage

the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time

retrieval

the process of recovering information stored so that we are consciously aware of it

how long does long term, short term and sensory memory last?

LT-potentially permanent

STM- 20 seconds

SM- 1/4 to 3 seconds

short term memory

the active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds

auditory sensory memory

echoic memory meaning a brief memory that is like an echo

how much information can you hold in long term memory

unlimited capacity for information

types of long term memory

procedural memory

episodic memory

semantic memory

explicit memory

implicit memory

tip of the tongue

memories that you can think of but cant quite remember

misinformation effect

a memory distortion phenomenon in which a peron's existing memories can be altered if th

encoding failure

the inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long term memory

retroactive interference

forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward acting memory interference

proactive interference

forgetting in which an old memory interferes wtih remembering a new memory; forward acting memory interference

source confusion

a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten

schema

organized pattern of thought or behavior

long term potentiation

a long lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.

cognition

the mental activities involved in acquiring retaining and using knowledge

trial and error

a problem solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work

algorithm

a problem solving strategy that involves following a specific rule procedure or method that inevitably produces the correct solution

problem solving

thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available.

insight

the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved

stereotype threat

a psychological predicament in which fear that you will evaluated in terms of negative stereotype about a group to which you belong creates anxiety and self doubt lowering performance in a particular domain that is important to you

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