William Francis Cowper-Temple, 1st Baron Mount TemplePC (13 December 1811 – 16 October 1888), known as William Cowper (pronounced "Cooper") before 1869 and as William Cowper-Temple between 1869 and 1880, was a British Liberal statesman.

Cowper-Temple was involved in the 1870 Education Act which set up Board Schools (state primary schools, run by elected local school boards) throughout England. He was responsible for the Cowper-Temple clause, an amendment which became Section 14 of the Act. In order to overcome the concerns of Nonconformists that their children might be taught Anglican doctrine, the clause proposed that religious teaching in the new state schools be non-denominational, which in practice meant learning the Bible and a few hymns. Section 7 of the Act also gave parents the right to withdraw their children from any religious instruction provided in board schools, and to withdraw their children at that or other times to attend any other religious instruction of their choice.[5]

When his mother died in 1869, he inherited a number of estates under his stepfather's will, and so took that year under Royal licence the additional surname of Temple. The properties included a 10,000 acre estate on Sligo's Mullaghmore peninsula with its unfinished Classiebawn Castle, commissioned by his stepfather, which he completed by 1874. In 1880 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Mount Temple, of Mount Temple in the County of Sligo.[6] This was a revival of the junior title held by the Viscounts Palmerston, which had become extinct along with the viscountcy on his stepfather's death in 1865.

Lord Mount Temple was twice married. He married firstly Harriet Alicia, daughter of Daniel Gurney, in 1843. After her early death the same year, he married secondly, in 1848, Georgina Tollemache, daughter of Admiral John Richard Delap Tollemache, and a sister of the 1st Baron Tollemache. Both marriages were childless. He died on 16 October 1888, aged 76, at his home of Broadlands, Hampshire, and was buried at nearby Romsey.[1] His peerage became extinct on his death. Lady Mount Temple died in October 1901, aged 79.[8]

1.
Privy Council of the United Kingdom
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Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, otherwise, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the British Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the sovereign and it is closely related to the word private, and derives from the French word privé

2.
Secretary of State for Health
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Her Majestys Principal Secretary of State for Health is a UK cabinet position responsible for the NHS. Health services in Northern Ireland have always had separate arrangements from the rest of the UK, the first Boards of Health were created by Orders in Council dated 21 June 14 November, and 21 November 1831. In 1848, a General Board of Health was created with the First Commissioner of Woods, in 1854, this Board was reconstituted and the President appointed separately. However, the Board was abolished in 1858 and its function of overseeing the local boards was transferred to a new Local Government Act Office within the Home Office, from 1871, that function was transferred to the new Local Government Board. The Ministry of Health was created in 1919 as a reconstruction of the Local Government Board, Local government functions were eventually transferred to the Minister of Housing and Local Government, leaving the Health Ministry in charge of Health proper. From 1968, it was amalgamated with the Ministry of Social Security under the Secretary of State for Social Services, until a de-merger of the Department of Health, jeremy Hunt remained in post after Theresa May became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Colour key, Whig Conservative Radical Peelite Liberal Labour Unionist National Labour National Liberal

3.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive

4.
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, KG, GCB, PC, FRS was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century. For most of 1830 to 1865 he dominated British foreign policy when Britain was at the height of her power and he succeeded to his fathers Irish peerage in 1802. He became a Tory MP in 1807, and was made Secretary at War in 1809 and he held the job until 1828, entering the cabinet in 1827 when George Canning became Prime Minister. Less than a later he resigned with other Canningites. In opposition he switched his focus to foreign policy, and he was Foreign Secretary when the Whigs were in power, dealing with a succession of crises in Europe and beyond. Some of his actions, now sometimes termed liberal interventionist, were highly controversial at the time. In 1852 he became Home Secretary in Aberdeens coalition government, the Peelites having insisted on Russell getting the Foreign Office and he passed various social reforms but opposed electoral ones. He had two periods in office, 1855–1858 and 1859–1865, before dying at almost 81, a few months after winning an election with an increased majority. He remains, to date, the last Prime Minister to die in office and his policies regarding India, Italy, Belgium and Spain had long-term impact, while his policies toward France, the Ottoman Empire, and the United States proved more ephemeral. He was a master of public opinion, achieved by stroking British nationalism and his weaknesses include mishandling of personal relations, and long-standing disagreements with the Queen over the royal role in determining foreign policy. Palmerston built a popular following among the British electorate, by promoting himself, British nationalism. He assiduously fostered the press, which gave him very favourable coverage, Queen Victoria and most of the political leadership distrusted him, but his popular strength prevailed. Henry John Temple was born in his familys Westminster house to the Irish branch of the Temple family on 20 October 1784, Henry was to become the 3rd Viscount Palmerston. His family derived their title from the Peerage of Ireland and his father was Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston, and his mother Mary, daughter of Benjamin Mee, a London merchant. From 1792 to 1794, the young future Lord Palmerston accompanied his family on a long Continental tour, whilst in Italy Palmerston acquired an Italian tutor, who taught him to speak and write fluent Italian. He was educated at Harrow School, admiral Sir Augustus Clifford, 1st Bt. was a fag to Palmerston, Viscount Althorp and Viscount Duncannon and later remembered Palmerston as by far the most merciful of the three. Palmerston was often engaged in fights and fellow Old Harrovians remembered Palmerston as someone who stood up to bullies twice his size. Palmerstons father took him to the House of Commons in 1799, Palmerston was then at the University of Edinburgh, where he learnt political economy from Dugald Stewart, a friend of the Scottish philosophers Adam Ferguson and Adam Smith

5.
Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover
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Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover PC, known as Sir Benjamin Hall between 1838 and 1859, was a Welsh civil engineer and politician. The famous Big Ben may have named for him. Hall was a son of an industrialist Benjamin Hall and he was a Sheriff of Monmouthshire in 1826. He was elected Member of Parliament for Monmouth in May 1831, however, he was successfully re-elected for the same constituency in December 1832. In 1837 he was returned for Marylebone and the year he was created a baronet. He served under Lord Aberdeen and then Lord Palmerston as President of the Board of Health between 1854 and 1855 and was sworn of the Privy Council in 1854, in 1855 he introduced an Act of Parliament which led to the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works. He became First Commissioner of Works the same year and was responsible for many environmental and he oversaw the later stages of the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament, including the installation of the 13. 8-tonne hour bell, Big Ben, in the clock tower. He was a man and many attribute its name to him. Through his wife, Hall inherited the Llanover estate in Monmouthshire and he remained as First Commissioner of Works under parliament until the Whigs lost power in 1858. The following year he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Llanover, of Llanover, from 1861 to 1867 he was Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire. Lord Llanover married Augusta, daughter of Benjamin Waddington of Ty Uchaf, Llanover, only one of their daughters reached adulthood. Augusta married Arthur Jones of Llanarth and their son was Ivor Herbert, 1st Baron Treowen. Lord Llanover died in April 1867, aged 64, when the baronetcy, lady Llanover survived him by almost thirty years and died in January 1896. Oxford DNB http, //web. ukonline. co. uk/gwenynen. gwent/benhall-III. htm Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Sir Benjamin Hall The Story of Big Ben

6.
William Monsell, 1st Baron Emly
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William Monsell, 1st Baron Emly PC was an Anglo-Irish landowner and Liberal politician. He held a number of positions between 1852 and 1873, notably as President of the Board of Health in 1857 and as Postmaster General between 1871 and 1873. Monsell was born to William Monsell, of Tervoe, Clarina, County Limerick, in 1843 he helped found St Columbas College in Whitechurch, now part of Dublin. Monsell served as the Sheriff of County Limerick in 1835, in 1847, he was elected Member of Parliament for County Limerick as a Liberal, and represented the constituency until 1874. In 1850, he became a Roman Catholic and thereafter took a prominent part in Catholic affairs, in 1852 Monsell was appointed Clerk of the Ordnance by Lord Aberdeen, a post he retained until 1857, the last two years under the premiership of Lord Palmerston. In 1855 he was sworn of the Privy Council and he was also Lord Lieutenant of County Limerick between 1871 and 1894 and Vice-Chancellor of the Royal University of Ireland between 1885 and 1894. On 12 January 1874 Monsell was raised to the peerage as Baron Emly and he lost much of his popularity in Ireland during his later years, because of his opposition to the Irish National Land League and to the home rule movement in Ireland. His work being chiefly parliamentary, he wrote little, but published some articles in the Home and Foreign Review and a Lecture on the Roman Question. He married firstly Lady Anna Maria Charlotte Wyndham-Quin, only daughter of Windham Quin, 2nd Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, in August 1836, Lord Emly died in April 1894, aged 81. Dictionary of National Biography,1901 supplement​, matthew Potter, William Monsell of Tervoe 1812–1894 Catholic Unionist, Anglo-Irishman, Foreword by Gearóid O Tuathaigh. The Life and Times of William Monsell, First Baron Emly of Tervoe 1812–1894, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by William Monsell

7.
Charles Adderley, 1st Baron Norton
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For others named Charles Adderley, see the Charles Adderley navigation page Charles Bowyer Adderley, 1st Baron Norton KCMG PC DL JP was a British Conservative politician. Charles Bowyer Adderley was the eldest son of Charles Clement Adderley, offspring of an old Staffordshire family, Adderley inherited Hams Hall, Warwickshire, and the valuable estates of his great-uncle, Charles Bowyer Adderley, in 1826. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1838, in 1841, Adderley entered the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for North Staffordshire, retaining his seat until 1878, when he was created Baron Norton. Adderleys ministerial career began in 1858, when he was appointed President of the Board of Health, Norton was a strong churchman and especially interested in education and the colonies. Adderley joined the Canterbury Association on 27 March 1848 and was a member of the management committee from the beginning, in 1852/53, he paid ₤500 towards the costs of the closure of the association. In 1842 he married Julia Anne Eliza, oldest daughter of Chandos Leigh, 1st Baron Leigh and his eldest son Charles Leigh Adderley succeeded him in the barony. Another son, the Hon. James Granville Adderley, vicar of Saltley, Birmingham and his daughter Isabel married in 1876 Vauncey Harpur Crewe of Calke Abbey, later 10th Baronet. Adderley Street is a street in Cape Town, South Africa. In 1850, the Mayor of Cape Town, Hercules Jarvis, Adderley must be one of the few people to have two streets named after him in a single town, Adderley Street and Norton Street, both in Uppingham, Rutland where he owned property. In Birmingham, Adderley donated 8 acres of land to create Adderley Park and he also donated land for the construction of St Saviours Church, Saltley, St Peters College, Saltley and the reformatory on the Fordrough, later called Norton Boys Home. Adderley Head, a headland between Lyttelton Harbour and Port Levy, near Canterbury, New Zealand, is named for him, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Charles Adderley Archival material relating to Charles Adderley, 1st Baron Norton

8.
Paymaster General
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Her Majestys Paymaster General or HM Paymaster General is a ministerial position in the United Kingdom. When the post is held by a minister in HM Treasury it ranks third in the Treasury, after the Chancellor of the Exchequer, from 1848 to 1868, the post was held concurrently with that of Vice-President of the Board of Trade. The longest-serving holder of the post was Dawn Primarolo, whose portfolio covered HM Revenue, the incumbent Paymaster General is Ben Gummer, who is also the Minister for the Cabinet Office. The Paymaster General was formerly in charge of the Office of HM Paymaster General, funds which were made available from the Consolidated Fund were then channelled into OPG accounts, from where they were used by the relevant body. OPG operated a range of accounts and banking transaction services, including cheque and credit, BACS. Integration of OPG accounts held with commercial banks was provided by the private company Xafinity Paymaster, the post is now therefore usually combined with another role. 1836–1841 Edward Stanley 1841 Sir Edward Knatchbull, Bt, since then the OPG website redirects to the new GBS site, Government Banking Service

9.
Vice-President of the Board of Trade
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The office of Vice-President of the Board of Trade was a junior ministerial position in the government of the United Kingdom. The office was created in 1786 and abolished in 1867, from 1848 onwards the office was held concurrently with that of Paymaster-General. The office was succeeded by that of Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, notable holders of the office include Lord Grenville, William Ewart Gladstone, Lord Goderich and the Earl Granville. Committee of the Privy Council for trade and plantations 1786–1870, General department, office-Holders in Modern Britain Vol. III, Officials of the Board of Trade 1660–1870

10.
James Wilson (businessman)
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Wilson was born in Hawick in the Borders. His wealthy father William Wilson owned a mill, and his ancestors were local sheep farmers. He was the fourth of 15 children, of whom 10 reached adulthood and his mother died when James was young. A successful disciplined autodidact scholar from a Quaker family, he was destined to be a schoolmaster, after considering studying for election to the Faculty of Advocates, against his family religion, he decided to be schooled in economics. So at the age of 16, he became an apprentice in a hat factory, later, his father then bought the business for him and his elder brother, William. They left Scotland and moved to London, England, when James was 19, the brothers established a manufacturing factory—Wilson, Irwin & Wilson—that they dissolved in 1831. Wilson continued in the line of business with much success. During the economic crisis of 1837, he lost most of his wealth when the price of indigo fell, by 1839 he sold most of his property and avoided bankruptcy. However, in 1853 he founded The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, Wilson was generally opposed to privileging the Church of England, the secret ballot when it was proposed in 1853, and the Corn Laws. He wrote a pamphlet titled Influences of the Corn Laws, as all classes of the community. It slowly received positive feedback and Wilsons fame had grown and he then went on writing on currency, and especially The Revenue, or, What should the Chancellor do. He started to write for newspapers, including the Manchester Guardian, in 1843 he established The Economist as a newspaper to campaign for free trade, and acted as Chief editor and sole proprietor for sixteen years. His overarching goal to end vested interests in The Empires parliament wherever these promoted poverty or starvation as the Corn Laws most notably had done, an article Wilson wrote in opposition to the Ten Hours Bill was criticised by Karl Marx for misunderstaning profit and the working day. The Economist is still published today, now with a circulation of over 1.6 million globally. Wilson entered the House of Commons as Liberal Member of Parliament for Westbury, Wiltshire, because of his economic experience, prime minister Lord John Russell appointed him Secretary of the Board of Control in 1848, a post he held until the government fell in 1852. He then served as Financial Secretary to the Treasury between 1853 and 1858, firstly in Lord Aberdeens coalition government and secondly in Lord Palmerstons first administration, in 1857 he was returned to Parliament for Devonport. He again briefly held office under Palmerston as Paymaster-General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade between June and August 1859 and was sworn of the Privy Council the same year. In August 1859 Wilson resigned these offices and his seat in parliament to sit as the member of the Council of India

11.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
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Scion of one of the most powerful aristocratic families, his great achievements, says A. J. P. Nevertheless Russell led his Whig Party into support for reform, he was the architect of the great Reform Act of 1832. As Prime Minister his luck ran out and he headed a government that failed to deal with a famine in Ireland that caused the loss of a quarter of its population. Taylor concludes that as minister, he was not a success. Russell was born small and premature into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy, as a younger son of a Duke, he bore the courtesy title Lord John Russell, but he was not a peer in his own right. He was, therefore, able to sit in the House of Commons until he was made an earl in 1861, after being withdrawn from Westminster School due to ill health, Russell was educated by tutors. He attended the University of Edinburgh,1809 and 1812, he did not take a degree, during his continental travels, Russell had a 90-minute meeting with Napoleon in December 1814 during the former emperors exile at Elba. Russell entered the House of Commons as a Whig in 1813, in 1819, Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform, and led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. When the Whigs came to power in 1830 in Earl Greys government, Russell entered the government as Paymaster of the Forces, and was soon elevated to the Cabinet. He was one of the leaders of the fight for the Reform Act 1832. In 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp, succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer and this appointment prompted King William IV to terminate Lord Melbournes government, the last time in British history that a monarch dismissed a prime minister. Nevertheless Russell retained his position for the rest of the decade, during his career in Parliament, Lord John Russell represented the City of London. Taylor emphasises Russells central role in the expansion of liberty and in leading his Whig Party to a commitment to a reform agenda. In 1845, as leader of the Opposition, Russell came out in favour of repeal of the Corn Laws, in June the following year the Corn Laws were repealed but only by virtue of Whig support. The same day Peels Irish Coercion Bill, which the Whigs did not support, was defeated, Russell became Prime Minister, this time Grey not objecting to Palmerstons appointment. Russell’s government introduced reforms such as the Ten Hours Act and measures to improve the training of teachers and his premiership was frustrated, however, because of party disunity and infighting, and he was unable to secure the success of many of the measures he was interested in passing. He fought with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, whose belligerence, in 1847 Palmerston provoked a confrontation with the French government by undermining the plans of the Spanish court to marry the young Spanish Queen and her sister into the French royal family. The Government prevailed but Palmerston came out of the affair with his popularity at new heights since he was seen as the champion of defending British citizens anywhere in the world, Palmerston was forced to resign when he recognised Napoleon IIIs coup of 2 December 1851, without royal approval

12.
John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland
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John James Robert Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland, KG, GCB, PC, known as Lord John Manners before 1888, was an English statesman. Rutland was born at Belvoir Castle, the son of John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland by Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Frederick Howard. Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland was his elder brother and he was educated at Eton College, then entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1836. At Cambridge, he was a member of the University Pitt Club and he graduated MA in 1839, and was later awarded the honorary degrees of LLD by the same university in 1862, and DCL by Oxford in 1876. He wrote two books of poetry, Englands Trust and Other Poems, published in 1841, and English Ballads and Other Poems, the 1841 book contains his famous quote, Let wealth and commerce, laws and learning die, But leave us still our old Nobility. The 1850 book contains his poem A Legend of Haddon Hall, in 1841 Rutland was returned for Newark in the Tory interest, along with William Ewart Gladstone, and sat for that borough until 1847. Subsequently, he sat for Colchester, 1850–57, for North Leicestershire, 1857–85, in the early 1840s Manners was a leading figure in the Young England movement, led by Benjamin Disraeli. He accompanied the latter on a tour of English industrial areas in 1844, advocated public holidays, factory reforms, during the three short administrations of Lord Derby he sat in the cabinet as First Commissioner of Works. In 1852 he was admitted to the Privy Council, on the return of the Conservatives to power in 1874 he became Postmaster-General under Disraeli, and was made GCB on his retirement in 1880. He was again Postmaster-General in Lord Salisburys administration, 1885–86, and was head of the department when sixpenny telegrams were introduced, finally, in the Conservative government of 1886–92 he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1891 and in 1896 he was honoured when he was made Baron Roos of Belvoir. He was patron of Saint Martins League for letter carriers and he there and then donated a cash prize of £1 to the committee, who awarded it to the winner of a running race. He was a member of the council of the fourth National Olympian Games that were held, again at Much Wenlock, in 1883 he was president of Wenlock Olympian Games themselves that year. Rutland married firstly Catherine Louisa Georgina, daughter of George Marley and they had one child, Henry John Brinsley Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland Catherine died in April 1854. Rutland married secondly Janetta, daughter of Thomas Hughan, in 1862 and they had seven children, including, Lord Edward William John Manners Lord Cecil Reginald John Manners Lord Robert William Orlando Manners, an officer in the Kings Royal Rifle Corps. Lady Victoria Alexandrina Elizabeth Dorothy Manners Lady Elizabeth Emily Manners Rutland succeeded to the dukedom of Rutland in March 1888, the Duchess of Rutland died in July 1899. Rutland survived her by seven years and died on 4 August 1906, aged 87 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Rutland Pedigree at Genealogics. org

13.
Brocket Hall
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Brocket Hall is a Grade I-listed classical country house set in a large park at the northern end of the urban area of Hatfield in Hertfordshire, England. The estate is equipped with two courses and seven smaller listed buildings, apart from the main house. The freehold on the estate is held by Baron Brocket, the Club Corporation of Asia currently holds the property on a long leasehold which will only expire in the middle of the 21st century. Sir Matthew Lamb, 1st Baronet, purchased the estate in 1746, complete with Brocket Lea and he built the hall as it is seen today around 1760 to the designs of the architect Sir James Paine. Brocket Hall is a red brick neoclassical house in a fine landscape setting with a Palladian bridge. The interior of the house is not on a grand scale but the exceptions are the main staircase. The walls are lined with silk, the furniture was made by Chippendale, the ceiling was painted by Francis Wheatley. The cost of one room is recorded as £1,500 which equated to more than the cost of a substantial mansion at the time. Among these other buildings are an early 17th century house, which now incorporates a restaurant called Auberge du Lac, Brocket Lea. The park surrounds the hall which is set in parkland with the remains of scattered parkland trees. The parkland is since the mid-1990s largely overlain by golf courses and is bounded by substantial woodland belts, on the parkland site were two predecessors, the first of which was built in 1239 as Watership or Durantshide manor early held variously of Hatfield Manor and the Bishop of Ely. One of these was built about 1430, whereas in 1413 John Mortimer held Waterships it is known in 1477 Thomas Brockett held both manors. The family continued to occupy both - being in 1553 home to Sir John Brocket, a spice importer and Captain of Queen Elizabeth’s personal guard. His daughter Mary was the heiress to the estate who married Thomas Reade, Sir Matthew Lambs son was Peniston Lamb, 1st Viscount Melbourne and he was often visited at Brocket Hall by the Prince Regent, who had a liaison with Lady Melbourne. The next owner was William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, who was Queen Victorias first Prime Minister from 1835–41 and his wife, Lady Caroline, infamously had an affair with Lord Byron causing Lord Melbourne much embarrassment. On Lambs death, the passed to his sister, Emily, whose second husband was another Prime Minister. On Emilys death, the hall passed to Emilys grandson by her first marriage, Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper, though it was his younger brother, Henry. In 1893, Lord Mount Stephen, formerly of Montreal, leased Brocket Hall from the 7th Earl for the remainder of his lifetime

14.
Broadlands
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Broadlands is an English country house, located in the civil parish of Romsey Extra, near the town of Romsey in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England. The original manor and area known as Broadlands has belonged to Romsey Abbey since before the time of the 11th-century English Norman Conquest, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Broadlands was sold to Sir Francis Fleming in 1547. His granddaughter married Edward St. Barbe, and the remained the property of the St. Barbe family for the next 117 years. Sir John St Barbe, 1st Baronet made many improvements to the manor but died without progeny having bequeathed it to his cousin Humphrey Sydenham of Combe, Dulverton. In the chancel of Ashington Church, Somerset, is a monument of grey and white marble, inscribed, Here lies Sir John St. Barbe, possessed of those amiable qualities, which birth, education, travel, greatness of spirit, and goodness of heart, produce. Interred in the vault lies his second wife Alice Fiennes, aunt to the prefent Lord Say. His first was Honour, daughter of Colonel Norton and he died at his seat of Broadlands in Hampshire Sept.7,1723, leaving for his only heir and executor Humphrey Sydenham, esq. of Combe in Somerfetshire, who ordered this marble to his memory. When Sydenham was ruined by the 18th-century South Sea Bubble, he proceeded to sell Broadlands to Henry Temple and it was the latter who began the deformalisation of the gardens between the river and the house and produced the the gentle descent to the river. Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston had requested that Brown go there and seize upon the capabilities of the earlier Tudor, between 1767 and 1780, William Kents earlier deformalising work was completed, as well as further landscaping, planting, clearing and riverside work. Broadlands was the estate of the nineteenth century prime minister Henry John Temple. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip spent their honeymoon at Broadlands in November 1947, Earl Mountbatten, in 1981, the newly married Prince and Princess of Wales also spent the first three days of their honeymoon at Broadlands, travelling to the estate by train from London Waterloo. Broadlands is occupied by Lord and Lady Brabourne, Norton Knatchbull, 8th Baron Brabourne is the grandson of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. Should the title pass from the 2nd Countess Mountbatten on death to her son, grade I listed buildings in Hampshire List of gardens in England List of historic houses in England Turner, Roger. Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape

15.
Liberal Party (UK)
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The Liberal Party was a liberal political party which was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century. The party arose from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and Radicals favourable to the ideals of the American, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had formed four governments under William Gladstone. Despite splitting over the issue of Irish Home Rule, the party returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory, by the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives main rival. The party went into decline and by the 1950s won no more than six seats at general elections, apart from notable by-election victories, the partys fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP–Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party in 1981. At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, at the 1987 General Election, its vote fell below 23% and the Liberal and Social Democratic parties merged in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. A splinter group reconstituted the Liberal Party in 1989 and it was formed by party members opposed to the merger who saw the Lib Dems diluting Liberal ideals. Prominent intellectuals associated with the Liberal Party include the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the economist John Maynard Keynes, the Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs, who had their origins in an aristocratic faction in the reign of Charles II, and the early 19th century Radicals. The Whigs were in favour of reducing the power of the Crown, although their motives in this were originally to gain more power for themselves, the more idealistic Whigs gradually came to support an expansion of democracy for its own sake. The great figures of reformist Whiggery were Charles James Fox and his disciple, after decades in opposition, the Whigs returned to power under Grey in 1830 and carried the First Reform Act in 1832. The Reform Act was the climax of Whiggism, but it brought about the Whigs demise. As early as 1839 Russell had adopted the name of Liberals, the leading Radicals were John Bright and Richard Cobden, who represented the manufacturing towns which had gained representation under the Reform Act. They favoured social reform, personal liberty, reducing the powers of the Crown and the Church of England, avoidance of war and foreign alliances, for a century, free trade remained the one cause which could unite all Liberals. This allowed ministries led by Russell, Palmerston, and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen to hold office for most of the 1850s and 1860s, a leading Peelite was William Ewart Gladstone, who was a reforming Chancellor of the Exchequer in most of these governments. The formal foundation of the Liberal Party is traditionally traced to 1859 and this was brought about by Palmerstons death in 1865 and Russells retirement in 1868. After a brief Conservative government Gladstone won a victory at the 1868 election. The establishment of the party as a membership organisation came with the foundation of the National Liberal Federation in 1877. John Stuart Mill was a Liberal MP from 1865 to 1868, for the next thirty years Gladstone and Liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as prime minister four times, called the Grand Old Man later in life, Gladstone was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the working class and to the lower middle class

16.
Earl Cowper
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Earl Cowper was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1718 by George I for William Cowper, 1st Baron Cowper, his first Lord Chancellor, with remainder in default of male issue of his own to his younger brother, Spencer Cowper. He was the great-grandson of William Cowper, who was created a Baronet, of Ratling Court in the County of Kent, the latter was succeeded by his grandson, the second Baronet. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the aforementioned William Cowper, the third Baronet, in 1706 Lord Cowper married as his second wife Mary Clavering, daughter of John Clavering, of Chopwell, County Durham. Lord Cowper was succeeded by his son, the second Earl and he assumed the additional surname of Clavering. Cowper married Lady Henrietta, younger daughter of Henry de Nassau dAuverquerque, 1st Earl of Grantham, a relative of the Dutch House of Orange-Nassau, and he was allowed by George III to bear this title in Great Britain. Lord Cowpers second son, the fifth Earl, was a Fellow of the Royal Society, the latter was succeeded by his eldest son, the sixth Earl. He represented Canterbury in Parliament and served as Lord Lieutenant of Kent, Lord Cowper married the Hon. Anne Florence, daughter of Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey and 6th Baron Lucas. In 1859 she succeeded her father as 7th Baroness Lucas and they were both succeeded by their son, the seventh Earl and eighth Baron Lucas. He was a Liberal politician and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland between 1880 and 1882, in 1871 managed to obtain a reversal of the attainder of the Scottish Lordship of Dingwall, which had been under attainder since 1715, and became the 4th Lord Dingwall as well. Lord Cowper was childless and on his death in 1905 the baronetcy of Ratling Court, the barony of Cowper, the viscountcy, the earldom and the Princely title became extinct. He was succeeded in the barony of Lucas of Crudwell and the lordship of Dingwall by his nephew, see Baron Lucas, several other members of the family may also be mentioned. Spencer Cowper, younger son of the second Baronet and brother of the first Earl, was a politician, William Cowper-Temple, 1st Baron Mount Temple, was the second son of the fifth Earl. The Hon. Henry Cowper, second son of the sixth Earl, was Member of Parliament for Hertfordshire for many years

17.
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
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William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC, FRS, usually addressed as Lord Melbourne, was a British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary and Prime Minister. He is best known for his intense and successful mentoring of Queen Victoria, at ages 18–21, but he was kind, honest and not self-seeking. Melbourne was dismissed by King William IV in 1834, the last British prime minister to be dismissed by a monarch. Born in London in 1779 to an aristocratic Whig family, William Lamb was the son of The 1st Viscount Melbourne and Elizabeth, Viscountess Melbourne, though his paternity was questioned. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he fell in with a group of Romantic Radicals that included Percy Bysshe Shelley, against the background of the Napoleonic Wars, Lamb served at home as captain and major in the Hertfordshire Volunteer Infantry. In 1805 he succeeded his brother as heir to his fathers title and married Lady Caroline Ponsonby. The next year he was elected to the British House of Commons as the Whig MP for Leominster, for the election in 1806 he was moved to the seat of Haddington Burghs and for the 1807 election he successfully stood for Portarlington. The resulting scandal was the talk of Britain in 1812, eventually the two reconciled and, though they separated in 1825, her death in 1828 affected him considerably. In 1816 Lamb was returned for Peterborough by Whig grandee Lord Fitzwilliam and he told Lord Holland that he was committed to the Whig principles of the Glorious Revolution but not to a heap of modern additions, interpolations, facts and fictions. He therefore spoke against parliamentary reform and voted for the suspension of habeas corpus in 1817 when sedition was rife, lambs hallmark was finding the middle ground. Though a Whig, he accepted the post of Chief Secretary for Ireland in the moderate Tory governments of George Canning and Lord Goderich. Upon the death of his father in 1828 and his becoming The 2nd Viscount Melbourne, of Kilmore in the County of Cavan and he had spent 25 years in the Commons as a backbencher and was not politically well known. When the Whigs came to power under Lord Grey in November 1830 Melbourne became Home Secretary in the new government, during the disturbances of 1830–32 he acted both vigorously and sensitively, and it was for this function that his reforming brethren thanked him heartily. The disturbances over reform in 1831–32 were countered with the enforcement of the usual laws, after Lord Grey resigned as Prime Minister in July 1834, the King was forced to appoint another Whig to replace him, as the Tories were not strong enough to support a government. Melbourne was the man most likely to be acceptable to the King and hold the Whig party together. Melbourne hesitated after receiving from Grey the letter from the King requesting him to him to discuss the formation of a government. Melbourne thought he would not enjoy the work that accompanied the office of Premier but he did not want to let his friends. According to Charles Greville, Melbourne said to his secretary, Tom Young, I am in many minds as to what to do

18.
Eton College
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Eton College /iːtən/ is an English independent boarding school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, near Windsor. It educates more than 1,300 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years and it was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor, making it the 18th oldest Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference school. Eton is one of the seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows, who appoint the Head Master and it contains 25 boys houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members of the teaching staff, which numbers some 155. Almost all of the pupils go on to universities, about a third of them to Oxford or Cambridge. The Head Master is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron was the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, about 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, Eton has been described as the most famous public school in the world, and been referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The Good Schools Guide called the school the number one public school, adding that The teaching. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, Eton today is a larger school than it has been for much of its history. In 1678, there were 207 boys, in the late 18th century, there were about 300, while today, the total has risen to over 1,300. Eton College was founded by King Henry VI as a charity school to free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to Kings College, Cambridge. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster, when Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land. He persuaded the then Pope, Eugene IV, to grant him a privilege unparalleled anywhere in England, the school also came into possession of one of Englands Apocalypse manuscripts. Legend has it that Edwards mistress, Jane Shore, intervened on the schools behalf and she was able to save a good part of the school, although the royal bequest and the number of staff were much reduced. Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Etons first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, as the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors

19.
Royal Horse Guards
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The Royal Regiment of Horse Guards was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, part of the Household Cavalry. As the regiments uniform was blue in colour at the time, it was nicknamed the Oxford Blues, in 1750 the regiment became the Royal Horse Guards Blue and eventually, in 1877, the Royal Horse Guards. The regiment served in the French Revolutionary Wars and in the Peninsular War, two squadrons fought, with distinction, in the Household Brigade at the Battle of Waterloo. In 1918, the regiment served as the 3rd Battalion, Guards Machine Gun Regiment, during the Second World War the regiment was part of the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment. The Royal Horse Guards was amalgamated with the Royal Dragoons to form the Blues and it was re-raised in the wake of the Venner Riots by King Charles II on creation of what would become the British Army on 26 January 1661. King Charles II offered the colonelcy of the new regiment to the Earl of Oxford, there were three Troops, Kings Troop was at Canterbury, but one was usually at Southwark. Henry Comptons Troop, posted at Bagshot, was responsible for protecting the Navy Office at Portsmouth and they were used to round up prisoners. Early policing included the arresting of contraband tobacco smuggled from the colonies, Sir Henry Jones was a puritan dismissed from the service, but returned to London in 1673, raised a regiment to go to the Siege of Maastricht, where he was killed. The Royal Horse Guards were wealthy gentlemen, sons of the well-to-do, by 1685, Charles II was paying the guards £283,000. But the Blues deployed almost entirely outside London, in 1666, in disciplinary disputes officers appealed to the Privy Council, the highest executive body in the kingdom. The Earl of Oxford was still Colonel of the Blues when the Army Board met for the first time on 5 August 1670. In 1670, a broke, Captain Gerard, who had assaulted Sir John Coventry MP for sneering at the Courts mistresses, was found to have misappropriated large sums of pay for false musters. The Life Guards were more catholic and under Yorks influence, whereas the Protestant illegitimate Duke of Monmouth by 1674 was Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, the champion of Protestantism had more support in the country and amongst the Blues. However fears of absolutism and dismissals of catholic officers undermined morale they being incapable of employment, the successful police work of the Blues may have saved the Treasury money and urged upon the King abandonment of a Pro-French foreign policy. Monmouths popularity and support of the Blues, led to his dismissal in 1679, a chief conspirator was Sir Thomas Armstrong of the Blues, who had served in Holland with Earl of Oxford, Colonel of the regiment. Armstrong fled abroad, as did Lord Grey, the plotters and former Guards officers William, Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney were escorted to the scaffold by sentries of the Life Guards. When the King opened the Oxford Parliament of 1681, the Blues were deputed to guard the road to London, on 14 March Charles entered the town with a large bodyguard of Life Guards, occupying several places in the town. Five troops of 250 horse men were posted along the road at intervals in Brentford, Uxbridge, Colnbrook, Henley, Dorchester, but some like Henry Cornwall adhered to principle during the reactionary era, resigning in 1689 because his loyalty to the Crown was not a religious conviction

20.
Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)
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See Captain for other versions of this army and marines rank. Captain is an officer rank of the British Army and Royal Marines. The rank is equivalent to a lieutenant in the Royal Navy, the rank of captain in the Royal Navy is considerably more senior and the two ranks should not be confused. In the 21st-century British Army, captains are appointed to be second-in-command of a company or equivalent sized unit of up to 120 soldiers. A rank of second captain existed in the Ordnance at the time of the Battle of Waterloo, from 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force maintained the junior officer rank of captain. RAF captains had a rank based on the two bands of a naval lieutenant with the addition of an eagle and crown above the bands. It was superseded by the rank of lieutenant on the following day. Badges of rank for captains were introduced on 30 January 1855 and were worn on shoulder epaulets, after the Crimean War a new rank system was introduced which contained the first complete rank insignia in British Army history. A captains rank insignia was worn on the collar and displayed a crown, the rank insignia were returned to the shoulder boards in 1880 for all officers in full dress, when the system of crowns and stars was reorganised. From this time, until 1902, a captain had just two stars, the 1902 change gave captains three stars, which continues to be used. In addition to the badges, officers ranks were also reflected in the amount. Based on equivalent naval ranks, captains had two rings of braid, in the case of Scottish regiments, the rings were around the top of the gauntlet-style cuff and the badges on the cuff itself. During World War I, some took to wearing similar jackets to the men, with the rank badges on the shoulder. This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an alternative, being made permanent in 1920 when the cuff badges were abolished

21.
Whigs (British political party)
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The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Whigs origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute monarchy. The Whigs played a role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were the standing enemies of the Stuart kings and pretenders. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715, and remained dominant until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760. The Whig Supremacy was enabled by the Hanoverian succession of George I in 1714, the Whigs thoroughly purged the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal profession, and local offices. The Partys hold on power was so strong and durable, historians call the period from roughly 1714 to 1783 the age of the Whig Oligarchy. The first great leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government through the period 1721–1742, his protégé was Henry Pelham, who led from 1743 to 1754. Both parties were founded on rich politicians, more than on votes, there were elections to the House of Commons. The Whig Party slowly evolved during the 18th century, later on, the Whigs drew support from the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants, while the Tories drew support from the landed interests and the royal family. The term Whig was originally short for whiggamor, a term meaning cattle driver used to describe western Scots who came to Leith for corn. In the reign of Charles I the term was used during Wars of the Three Kingdoms to refer derisively to a faction of the Scottish Covenanters who called themselves the Kirk Party. It was then applied to Scottish Presbyterian rebels who were against the Kings Episcopalian order in Scotland, Whig was a term of abuse applied to those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. The fervent Tory Samuel Johnson often joked that the first Whig was the Devil, the Whigs, under Lord Shaftesburys leadership, wished to exclude the Duke of York from the throne due to his Catholicism, his favouring of monarchical absolutism and his connections to France. They believed the Duke, if allowed to inherit the throne, would endanger the Protestant religion, liberty, the first Exclusion Bill was supported by a substantial majority on its second reading in May 1679. In response, King Charles prorogued Parliament and then dissolved it and this new parliament did not meet for thirteen months, because Charles wanted to give passions a chance to die down. When it met in October 1680, an Exclusion Bill was introduced and passed in the Commons without major resistance, Charles dissolved Parliament in January 1681, but the Whigs did not suffer serious losses in the ensuing election. The next Parliament first met in March, at Oxford, but Charles dissolved it only after a few days, when he made an appeal to the country against the Whigs, and determined to rule without Parliament. In February, Charles had made a deal with the French King Louis XIV, without Parliament, the Whigs gradually crumbled, mainly due to the Rye House Plot

22.
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen
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The Aberdeen ministry was filled with powerful and talented politicians, whom Aberdeen was largely unable to control and direct. Despite trying to avoid this happening, it took Britain into the Crimean War, aberdeens career was dominated by foreign policy, but his experience did not prevent the slide towards the Crimean War. His personal life was marked by the loss of parents by the time he was eleven, and of his first wife after only seven years of a happy marriage. His daughters died young, and his relations with his sons were difficult, before his marriage he travelled extensively in Europe, including Greece, and he had a serious interest in the classical civilisations and their archaeology. On his return to Britain in 1805 he devoted much time, after the death of his wife in 1812 he became a diplomat, almost immediately being given the important embassy to Vienna while still in his twenties. After holding the position for two years, followed by another role, by 1841 his experience led to his appointment as Foreign Secretary again under Robert Peel for a longer term. This was despite his being a bad speaker, which mattered far less in the House of Lords. Nonetheless his Peelite colleague, later himself Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone, I have loved others, but never like him. Born in Edinburgh on 28 January 1784, he was the eldest son of George Gordon, Lord Haddo, son of George Gordon and his mother was Charlotte, youngest daughter of William Baird of Newbyth. He lost his father in 1791 and his mother in 1795 and was brought up by Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville and he was educated at Harrow, and St Johns College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in 1804. Before this, however, he had become Earl of Aberdeen on his grandfathers death in 1801, on his return to England, he founded the Athenian Society. In 1805, he married Lady Catherine Elizabeth, daughter of John Hamilton, in December 1805 Lord Aberdeen took his seat as a Tory Scottish representative peer in the House of Lords. In 1808, he was created a Knight of the Thistle, following the death of his wife from tuberculosis in 1812 he joined the Foreign Service. He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria, in the company of the Austrian Emperor, Francis II he was an observer at the decisive Coalition victory of the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, he had met Napoleon in his earlier travels. Aberdeen was greatly affected by the aftermath of war which he witnessed at first hand and he wrote home, The near approach of war and its effects are horrible beyond what you can conceive. The whole road from Prague to was covered with full of wounded, dead. The shock and disgust and pity produced by such scenes are beyond what I could have supposed possible. the scenes of distress, I have been quite haunted by them. Returning home he was created a peer of the United Kingdom as Viscount Gordon, of Aberdeen in the County of Aberdeen, and made a member of the Privy Council

23.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
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It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster

24.
Elementary Education Act 1870
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The Elementary Education Act 1870, commonly known as Forsters Education Act, set the framework for schooling of all children between the ages of 5 and 12 in England and Wales. It was drafted by William Forster, a Liberal MP, and it was introduced on 17 February 1870 after campaigning by the National Education League, in Birmingham, Joseph Chamberlain, not yet a Member of Parliament, was a prominent campaigner on the issue. However, like many grassroots Liberals he opposed the bill because it was open to the possibility of subsidising Church of England schools with taxpayers money and it was one of the Elementary Education Acts 1870 to 1893. A driving force behind the Act was a perceived need for Britain to remain competitive in the world by being at the forefront of manufacture, the Act was not taken up in all areas and would be more firmly enforced through later reforms. There were objections to the concept of universal education, one was because many people remained hostile to the idea of mass education. They claimed it would make labouring classes think and that classes would think of their lives as dissatisfying. Others feared that handing children to an authority could lead to indoctrination. Some poor people feared that education would equip people to defraud or mislead those without an education. Another reason was the vested interests of the Church and other social groups, the churches were funded by the state with public money to provide education for the poor and these churches did not want to lose that influence on youth. The Act established the foundations of English elementary education, the state became increasingly involved and after 1880 attendance was made compulsory for children until they were 13 years old, with various exemptions. The Act was passed partly in response to political factors and it also came about due to demands for reform from industrialists, who feared Britains status in world trade was being threatened by the lack of an effective education system. Under the 1870 Education Act, Local authorities were required to make returns of the number of children in their area and this was done by comparing the results of a census of existing school places with the number of children of school age recorded in the Census. If there was a shortfall, a board for the district would be created. These Boards were to provide education for children aged 5–13. Board Members were elected by the ratepayers under a system of cumulative voting, each voter could choose three Board Members from a list of candidates, and those with the highest number of votes were chosen for the existing number of seats available. A voter could cast all their votes for one person and this was known as plumping and ensured that religious minorities could ensure some representation on the Board. The franchise was different from national elections, since female householders could vote, the Boards financed themselves by a precept added to either the local poor rate or the municipal rate. They were also eligible to apply for funding in the form of a government loan

25.
Mullaghmore, County Sligo
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Mullaghmore is a village on the Mullaghmore peninsula in County Sligo, Ireland. It is a holiday destination, characterised by ocean views. It is in the barony of Carbury and parish of Ahamlish, from the 17th to the 19th century it was part of the large estate belonging to the Temple family in north Sligo. The land, some 12,000 acres, was granted to Sir John Temple, 1st Viscount Palmerston, the 3rd Viscount, Henry John Temple, better known as Lord Palmerston, began the building of the castle of Classiebawn, a baronial style house standing on the peninsula. He also built the harbour in the village, which was designed by the marine engineer Alexander Nimmo. It was built between 1822 and 1841, the Temples were mostly absentee landlords, with the estate being run initially by middlemen, and later by land agents, such as Stewart and Kincaid, a Dublin firm with offices in Sligo. Thus, in May 1862, a Sligo newspaper reported, In accordance with a custom of some years standing, whose passages and outfit has been provided by his Lordship. They consist of young girls, and twenty young men. Families who were unable to support themselves. Who had asked the favour of being sent out and this day, for Liverpool, en route for America. Classiebawn was a holiday retreat of Admiral of the Fleet Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, the last Viceroy of India. In 2007 it hosted the final stage of Rally Ireland, Mullaghmore is one of the best big wave surfing locations in the world. On 8 March 2012, surfers and windsurfers from all over the world rode waves up to 15 metres high off Mullaghmore Head. These waves were about five metres less than the tallest wave recorded in Ireland in County Donegal on 13 December 2011. The waves in Mullaghmore were generated by a weather system nicknamed the Viking storm leading to the best big wave conditions in the area for the month of March for 15 years. Some riders suffered bruising as well as bones and surf boards. A North American low pressure system moved east and combined with another cyclone in the Western Atlantic and this system moved into an area off the coast of Ireland that already had high waves owing to a series of strong systems the previous week. In addition, an anticyclone over the Azores created a large pressure gradient in the North Atlantic that directed a strong fetch towards Ireland

26.
Classiebawn Castle
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The current castle was largely built in the 19th century. It was designed in the Baronial style by J. Rawson Carrol, a Dublin-based architect and it comprises a gabled range with a central tower topped by a conical roofed turret. The land, which belonged to the OConnor Sligo, was confiscated by the English Parliament to recompense the people concerned in putting down an Irish rebellion. Around 10,000 acres of land on which Classiebawn now stands was granted to Sir John Temple, the property passed down to The 3rd Viscount Palmerston, the statesman who served as both British Prime Minister and British Foreign Secretary. It was this Lord Palmerston who commissioned the building of the current Classiebawn Castle, the house was not complete on his death in 1865, but was completed in 1874 by his stepson and successor, The Rt. The latter died childless in 1888 and the passed to his nephew, The Hon. Evelyn Ashley. Evelyn Ashley spent some time each year and on his death in 1907 was succeeded by his only son. In 1916 the house was cleared and remained empty until 1950. After his wifes death in 1960, Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, Classiebawn castle by Lord Mountbatten Liam Collins, An aristocrat, a beef baron and the castle they both came to love, Independent. ie,19 May 2016

27.
Baron Mount Temple
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Baron Mount Temple was a title that was created twice in British history, both times in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came on 25 May 1880 when the Liberal politician the Honourable William Cowper-Temple was made Baron Mount Temple and he was born William Cowper, the second son of Peter Clavering-Cowper, 5th Earl Cowper by his wife the Honourable Emily, sister of The 2nd Viscount Melbourne. Emily married as her second husband The 3rd Viscount Palmerston, a man who would serve as British Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, an Anglo-Irish peer, died in 1865 when the viscountcy and his junior title of Baron Temple, of Mount Temple, became extinct. Lord Mount Temple died without issue on 16 October 1888 when the peerage became extinct, however, it was revived on 13 January 1932 when his great-nephew, the Conservative politician, Wilfrid Ashley, was made Baron Mount Temple, of Lee in the County of Southampton. However, Lord Mount Temple had no sons and the title became extinct on his death on 3 July 1939, Broadlands passed through Edwina Ashley into the Mountbatten, now Knatchbull family. William Francis Cowper-Temple, 1st Baron Mount Temple Wilfrid William Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple Viscount Palmerston Earl Cowper Earl of Shaftesbury Broadlands Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages

28.
Counties of Ireland
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The counties of Ireland are sub-national divisions that have been, and in some cases continue to be, used to geographically demarcate areas of local government. These land divisions were formed following the Norman invasion of Ireland in imitation of the then in use as units of local government in the Kingdom of England. The older term shire was historically equivalent to county, the principal function of the county was to impose royal control in the areas of taxation, security and the administration of justice at the local level. Cambro-Norman control was limited to the southeastern parts of Ireland. The powers exercised by the Cambro-Norman barons and the Old English nobility waned over time, new offices of political control came to be established at a county level. In the Republic of Ireland, some counties have been resulting in the creation of new counties. Along with certain defined cities, counties form the basis for the demarcation of areas of local government in the Republic of Ireland. Currently, there are 26 county level,3 city level and 2 city and county entities – the modern equivalent of counties corporate – that are used to demarcate areas of government in the Republic. In Northern Ireland, counties are no longer used for local government, upon the partition of Ireland in 1921, the county became one of the basic land divisions employed, along with county boroughs. The word county has come to be used in different senses for different purposes, in common usage, many people have in mind the 32 counties that existed prior to 1838 – the so-called traditional counties. However, in usage in the Republic of Ireland, the term often refers to the 28 modern counties. The term is also conflated with the 31 areas currently used to demarcate areas of government in the Republic of Ireland at the level of LAU1. In Ireland, usage of the county nearly always comes before rather than after the county name, thus County Roscommon in Ireland as opposed to Roscommon County in Michigan. The former Kings County and Queens County were exceptions, these are now County Offaly and County Laois, the abbreviation Co. is used, as in Co. There appears to be no official guidance in the matter, as even the local council uses all three forms, the synonym shire is not used for Irish counties, although the Marquessate of Downshire was named in 1789 after County Down. Parts of some towns and cities were exempt from the jurisdiction of the counties that surrounded them and these towns and cities had the status of a County corporate, many granted by Royal Charter, which had all the judicial, administrative and revenue raising powers of the regular counties. The political geography of Ireland can be traced with accuracy from the 6th century. At that time Ireland was divided into a patchwork of petty kingdoms with a political hierarchy which

29.
County Sligo
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County Sligo is an Irish county and part of the province of Connacht. It is located in the Border Region, Sligo is the administrative capital and largest town in the county. Sligo County Council is the authority for the county. The population of the county is 65,393 according to the 2011 census making it the 3rd most populated county in the province and it is noted for Benbulben Mountain, one of Ireland’s most distinctive natural landmarks. The county was formed in 1585, but did not come into effect until the chaos of the Nine Years War ended. Its boundaries reflect the Ó Conchobhair Sligigh overlordship of Lower Connacht as it was at the time of the Elizabethan conquest and this overlordship consisted of the tuatha, or territories, of Cairbre Drumcliabh, Tír Fhíacrach Múaidhe, Tír Ollíol, Luíghne, Corann and Cúl ó bhFionn. Each of these was made into an English style barony, Carbury, Tireragh, Leyny, Tirerril, Corran. The capital of the newly shired county was placed at Sligo, archaeological studies suggest that Sligo may have been one of the earliest places of human settlement in Ireland. The megalithic cemetery of Carrowmore is located in County Sligo, famous medieval manuscripts written in County Sligo include the Book of Ballymote, the Great Book of Lecan, and the Yellow Book of Lecan. The patron of the Annals of the Four Masters was Ferghal O Gadhra of Coolavin in south County Sligo and this crest was adopted by Sligo County Council in 1980. The design on the shield, which shows an open book on which there is a Celtic Cross. These refer to early works as the Books of Ballymote and Lecan. The escallop shells sprinkled on the refer to the origin of the word Sligeach -- a place abounding in shells. The boars head refers to the boar of Benbulben in the Diarmuid. The colour scheme of the crest incorporates the Sligo GAA colours of black, Sligo County Council is the governing body for the county. It is divided into five Local Electoral Areas Ballymote, Dromore, Sligo-Drumcliff, Sligo-Strandhill, there are 25 members elected to Sligo County Council. Sligo is part of the Sligo–North Leitrim constituency and has three representatives in Dáil Éireann, Tony McLoughlin, John Perry and Michael Colreavy, Yeats said, the place that has really influenced my life most is Sligo. He is buried in North County Sligo, Under Ben Bulben, County Sligo has a long history of traditional music

30.
Viscount Palmerston
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Viscount Palmerston was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 12 March 1723 for Henry Temple, who subsequently represented East Grinstead and he was made Baron Temple, of Mount Temple in the County of Sligo, at the same time, also in the Peerage of Ireland. He was succeeded by his grandson, the 2nd Viscount, who represented seven constituencies in the House of Commons and served as a Lord of the Admiralty and Lord of the Treasury. On his death the titles passed to his son, the 3rd Viscount, at his death in 1865 the 3rd Viscount was granted a state funeral, the fourth non-royal to be given this honour. Lord Palmerston was childless and the barony and viscountcy became extinct on his death, the Temple family descended from Peter Temple, of Dorset and Marston Boteler. Peter Temples younger son Anthony Temple was the founder of the Irish branch of the family from whom the Viscounts Palmerston descended and his son Sir William Temple was secretary to Sir Philip Sidney and the Earl of Essex and afterwards provost of Trinity College, Dublin. Sir Williams son, Sir John Temple, was Master of the Rolls in Ireland, the latter was the father of Sir William Temple, a diplomat, and Sir John Temple, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons and father of the first Viscount Palmerston. The third Viscount Palmerston married the Honourable Emily Lamb, sister of Prime Minister Lord Melbourne and widow of Peter Clavering-Cowper, in 1880 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Mount Temple, a revival of the junior title held by the Viscounts Palmerston. He was childless and the peerage became extinct on his death in 1888, however, it was revived once again in 1932 in favour of his great-nephew, Wilfrid Ashley. He had no sons however and the title became extinct again upon his death in 1938 and his daughter, the Honourable Edwina, wife of Lord Louis Mountbatten, inherited Broadlands

31.
George MacDonald
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George MacDonald was a Scottish author, poet, and Christian minister. He was a figure in the field of fantasy literature. His writings have been cited as a literary influence by many notable authors including W. H. Auden, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Walter de la Mare, E. Nesbit. C. S. Lewis wrote that he regarded MacDonald as his master, Picking up a copy of Phantastes one day at a train-station bookstall, a few hours later, said Lewis, I knew that I had crossed a great frontier. G. K. Chesterton cited The Princess and the Goblin as a book that had made a difference to my whole existence, even Mark Twain, who initially disliked MacDonald, became friends with him, and there is some evidence that Twain was influenced by MacDonald. In addition to his fairy tales, MacDonald wrote several works on Christian apologetics including several that defended a view that has described as Christian Universalism. George MacDonald was born on 10 December 1824 at Huntly, Aberdeenshire and his father, a farmer, was one of the MacDonalds of Glen Coe, and a direct descendant of one of the families that suffered in the massacre of 1692. The Doric dialect of the Aberdeenshire area appears in the dialogue of some of his non-fantasy novels and his paternal grandfather had supported the publication of an Ossian edition, the controversial Celtic text believed by some to have contributed to the starting of European Romanticism. MacDonald’s step-uncle was a Shakespeare scholar, and his paternal cousin another Celtic academic, MacDonald grew up in the Congregational Church, with an atmosphere of Calvinism. MacDonald graduated from the University of Aberdeen, and then went to London, later he was engaged in ministerial work in Manchester, leaving that because of poor health. After a short sojourn in Algiers, he settled in London, MacDonald was also for a time editor of Good Words for the Young. I write, not for children, he wrote, but for the child-like, whether they be of five, or fifty, MacDonald also published some volumes of sermons, the pulpit not having proved an unreservedly successful venue. He would go on, after his success, to do a lecture tour to significant acclaim, in the United States. MacDonald was acquainted with most of the luminaries of the day, a surviving group photograph shows him with Tennyson, Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Trollope, Ruskin, Lewes. Carroll, one of the finest Victorian photographers, also created portraits of several of the MacDonald children. MacDonald was also friends with John Ruskin, and served as a go-between in Ruskins long courtship with Rose La Touche, while in America he was befriended Longfellow and Walt Whitman. Hence most of my extracts are taken from the three volumes of Unspoken Sermons, I know hardly any other writer who seems to be closer, or more continually close, to the Spirit of Christ Himself. Hence his Christ-like union of tenderness and severity, nowhere else outside the New Testament have I found terror and comfort so intertwined

32.
John Tollemache, 1st Baron Tollemache
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Born John Jervis Halliday, he was the son of Admiral John Richard Delap Halliday, eldest son of Lady Jane Halliday, youngest daughter and co-heir of Lionel Tollemache, 4th Earl of Dysart. His mother was Lady Elizabeth Stratford, daughter of John Stratford, 3rd Earl of Aldborough, little is known of his education and it is thought that he received a private education which did not lead to university. He inherited considerable wealth, including Helmingham Hall in Suffolk and estates in Northamptonshire, Cheshire and Ireland. Tollemache served as High Sheriff of Cheshire for 1840 and was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Cheshire South from 1841 to 1868. In 1876 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Tollemache, Lord Tollemache married Georgina Louisa Best, daughter of Thomas Best, in 1826, they had five children together. After her death in 1846, he married Eliza Georgiana Duff, daughter of Sir James Duff, in 1850, Lord Tollemache died in December 1890, aged 85, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son from his first marriage, Wilbraham Frederic Tollemache. The eldest son from his marriage, the Hon. John. R. D. Tollemache, married Eleanor Starnes, the daughter of Hon. Henry Starnes and his wife, Lady Tollemache, who was 24 years younger than her husband, died in 1918. Tollemache was the largest landowner in Cheshire, owning 28,651 acres and his estate exceeded those of the Duke of Westminster who owned 15,138 acres, Lord Crewe with 10,148 acres and Lord Cholmondeley with 16,992 acres. He was considered to be an estate manager, William Ewart Gladstone described him as the greatest estate manager of his day. He was generous to his tenants and advocated improvement of their social conditions and he believed in a self-reliant labouring class and made popular the idea of his tenants having a cottage with sufficient land to keep a few animals. His catch-phrase for this was three acres and a cow, a policy he carried out in Framsden, the village of Helmingham Hall. In addition to building many cottages with land attached he built over 50 farmhouses, on this project he spent £280,000. Tollemaches major building project was a home in the form of a Norman-style castle, Peckforton Castle. It cost around £60,000, and is described as the last serious fortified home built in England, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by John Tollemache Peerage. com

33.
Romsey
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Romsey is a small market town in the county of Hampshire, England. It is 7 miles northwest of Southampton,11 miles southwest of Winchester and 17 miles southeast of Salisbury, neighbouring the village of North Baddesley, just over 18,000 people live in Romsey, which has an area of about 1.90 sq mi. Romsey is one of the towns in the Test Valley Borough and lies on the River Test. Romsey Abbey, the largest parish church in Hampshire, dominates the centre of the town, Romsey is twinned with Paimpol in Brittany, France, and Battenberg, Germany. The name Romsey is believed to have originated from the term Rūms Eg, rūm is probably an abbreviated form of a personal name, like Rūmwald. The first abbey at Romsey was founded by the Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Elder in 907 for his daughter, Princess Aelflaed, King Edgar the Peaceful re-founded the abbey under the Rule of Benedict in 967, appointing as abbess a noblewoman named Merewenna. Merewanna was given charge of King Edgars step-daughter, Aethelflaed, who served as abbess herself. Both Merewenna and Aethelflaed are revered as saints, the village swelled alongside the religious community. The Vikings sacked Romsey in 993, burning down the church, but the village recovered, and the abbey was rebuilt in stone in about 1000. The religious community flourished as a seat of learning, especially for the children of the nobility, a market was established outside the abbey gates. The Domesday Book of 1086, which identifies three mills in the village, provides the earliest record of the watermills that have played a part in Romseys history as an industrial town. The body of King William II Rufus was carried through Bell Street in Romsey on its way to Winchester, after he had killed whilst hunting in the New Forest. Between 1120 and 1140, the Normans built the abbey building that is Romsey Abbey today on the site of the original Saxon church. By 1240,100 nuns lived in the convent, King Henry I granted Romsey its first charter. This allowed a market to be held every Sunday, and an annual fair in May. In the 13th century, Henry III permitted a fair in October. The lucrative woollen industry appears to have powered Romseys growth during the Middle Ages, wool was woven and then fulled or pounded with wooden hammers whilst being washed. It was dyed, and then exported from nearby Southampton, Romsey continued to grow and prosper until plague struck the town in 1348-9

34.
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
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He was a son of Cropley Ashley-Cooper, 6th Earl of Shaftesbury and older brother of Anthony Henry Ashley-Cooper. G. F. A Best in his biography Shaftesbury writes that and he saw little of his parents, and when duty or necessity compelled them to take notice of him they were formal and frightening. This difficult childhood was softened by the affection he received from his housekeeper Maria Millis and she told him bible stories, she taught him a prayer. Despite this powerful reprieve, school became another source of misery for the young Ashley, Shaftesbury himself shuddered to recall those years, The place was bad, wicked, filthy, and the treatment was starvation and cruelty. Ashley was elected as the Tory Member of Parliament for Woodstock in June 1826 and was a supporter of the Duke of Wellington. After George Canning replaced Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister, he offered Ashley a place in the new government, despite Ashley having been in the Commons for only five months. Ashley politely declined, writing in his diary that he believed that serving under Canning would be a betrayal of his allegiance to the Duke of Wellington, the Committee examined many witnesses concerning one of his madhouses in Bethnal Green, called the White House. Ashley visited this on the Committees behalf, the patients were chained up, slept naked on straw, and went to toilet in their beds. They were left chained from Saturday afternoon until Monday morning when they were cleared of the accumulated excrement and they were then washed down in freezing cold water and one towel was allotted to 160 people, with no soap. It was overcrowded and the meat provided was that nasty thick hard muscle a dog could not eat. When in February 1828 Robert Gordon, Liberal MP for Cricklade, introduced a bill to put these recommendations into law, Ashley seconded this and he wrote in his diary, So, by Gods blessing, my first effort has been for the advance of human happiness. Fright almost deprived me of recollection but again thank Heaven, I did not sit down quite a presumptuous idiot, Ashley was also involved in framing the County Lunatic Asylums Act 1828 and the Madhouses Act 1828. Through these Acts fifteen commissioners were appointed for the London area and given powers of licensing and inspection. In July 1845 Ashley sponsored two Lunacy Acts, ‘For the Regulation of lunatic Asylums’ and ‘For the better Care and Treatment of Lunatics in England and they originated in the Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy which he had commended to Parliament the year before. These Acts consolidated and amended previous lunacy laws, providing better record keeping and they also ordered, instead of merely permitting, the construction of country lunatic asylums with and establishing an ongoing Lunacy Commission with Ashley as its chairman. In support of measures, Ashley gave a speech in which he claimed that although since 1828 there had been an improvement. He cited the case of a Welsh lunatic girl, Mary Jones, the room was extremely filthy and was filled with an intolerable smell. She could only squat in a bent position in the room, in early 1858 a Select Committee was appointed over concerns that sane persons were detained in lunatic asylums

35.
The Cooper Temple Clause
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The Cooper Temple Clause were an English alternative rock band, formed in Wokingham, Berkshire in 1998. The band released three albums before announcing their split on 24 April 2007, following the departure of Daniel Fisher. After signing a deal with the RCA label in 2000 and putting out several singles and EPs, their debut album See This Through. 2003s follow-up, Kick Up the Fire, and Let the Flames Break Loose, achieved the international recognition on the strength of the singles Promises, Promises. The Cooper Temple Clause left RCA in 2006, signing to Sanctuary Records for the release of their third album Make This Your Own. The band were named after the Cowper-Temple clause, the first part of the name of which is pronounced, as in the bands name, the clause was inserted into the Elementary Education Act 1870, which established compulsory primary education in England and Wales. The clause, a compromise on the matter of funding for schools, was named after its proposer. During many of their interviews, the band would make up various stories related to the origin of their name. An example of this can be seen in an interview by Supersweet TV. The bands debut album, See This Through and Leave was released on 11 February 2002, three singles were released from the album, Lets Kill Music, the double-A side Film-Maker // Been Training Dogs, and Who Needs Enemies. The album was released on CD, limited edition double CD, international CD, the Limited edition double CD contained 3 extra songs and live versions of Panzer Attack and Lets Kill Music. It was well received by critics and reached number 27 in the UK Albums Chart, the album, which saw the band record for the first time at their own studios Bleak House, had a different style to it and increasingly incorporated electronic sounds into tracks. Its two singles, Promises, Promises and Blind Pilots achieved the international recognition, with Promises, Promises reaching number 19 on the UK Singles Chart. The album was hailed by fans and critics alike and reached number 5 in the UK Albums Chart, in September 2005, bassist Didz Hammond left the band to join ex-Libertine Carl Barât in the band Dirty Pretty Things. The Cooper Temple Clause issued a statement on their website confirming Didzs departure. However Hammond is credited as playing bass on two of Make This Your Owns eleven tracks, Damage and What Have You Gone And Done, after many setbacks including a change in record label, and the loss of Didz Hammond, the bands third album was significantly delayed. It was finally released on 22 January 2007 and entitled Make This Your Own and it included the singles Damage, Homo Sapiens, Waiting Game and Head. The album saw Fisher and Bellamy having a role in vocals

Liberal poster c.1905-10, Clockwise from the left: Joseph Chamberlain abandons his commitment to old age pensions; Chancellor Austen Chamberlain threatens duties on consumer items which had been removed by Gladstone (in the picture on the wall); Chinese indentured labour in South Africa; John Bull contemplates his vote; Joseph Chamberlain and Arthur Balfour (who favoured retaliatory tariffs) wearing top hats