Every polynomial is locally Lipschitz. More explicitly, take your example $f(x) = 2x^3 - 4x^2 + 5$. Then
$$
|f(x)-f(x_0)| = |(x-x_0) 2(x^2+x_0 x+x_0^2) - (x-x_0)4(x+x_0)| \le |x-x_0| L
$$
for a suitable value of $L$ obtained by using $|x|<|x_0|+\delta$ and the triangle inequality. You can then take $\delta=\varepsilon/L$.

In general, use that $x^n-x_0^n= (x-x_0)(x^{n-1}+x_0 x^{n-2} + \cdots + x_0^{n-2}x+x_0^{n-1})$ to factor $x-x_0$ out of $f(x)-f(x_0)$.

If you know how to prove that the identity function $f(x) = x$ is continuous, then by the algebra of continuous functions you have every polynomial continuous as they are just linear combinations of power functions i.e. $x^n$. If we have $f(x)=x$ continuous, then by the algebra of continuous functions $f\cdot f$ is continuous yielding $x^n$ continuous for any $n\in \mathbb{N}$