Sound scientific
explanation of Seung-Hui Cho's shooting spree at Virginia Tech on April
16 is the best way to honor those who died. Good may come from the evil
of that day if careful study of the facts yields more knowledge of why
such tragedies occur and how to prevent them.

The panel appointed by Gov. Tim Kaine to review the killings may or may
not produce such knowledge. Here are eight questions to ask of the panel's
report, to be released next week:

• Will it portray the massacre as a horror beyond compare or as
an horrific example of a class of events? Learning requires the latter:
systematic comparison of this massacre with other ones, critical study
of reports on them, identification of similarities and differences, and
fresh insight beyond what is already known.

• Assuming the report takes this comparative approach, in which
category of horrific events will it place this massacre? Panel Chairman
Gerald Massengill led Virginia's response to the 9/11 attack on the Pentagon.
Panel member Tom Ridge, former secretary of homeland security, has also
been preoccupied with killings by Islamic terrorists. A war-on-terror
mindset may thus shape the panel's report.

Let's hope not. Except in the death toll, Cho's mass murder was in a
class apart from terrorist attacks. People who kill themselves and others
out of too much belongingness -- too much surrender of self to a fanatic
group -- differ categorically from those who do the same thing out of
too little belongingness, out of estrangement from the groups enclosing
them. Middle Eastern suicide bombers are in the former category, Cho is
in the latter.

• WILL THE PANEL'S report chalk up Cho's crime only to personal
pathology, or will it weigh evidence for a situational explanation? A
crime like his is often attributed simply to the perpetrator's defective
character. He is seen as a madman, monster, or psychopath. The truth is
seldom that simple.

Cho had no record of violence in his 23 years. He was shy and withdrawn,
like thousands of other Americans who never harm anyone. Not until December
2005 did Cho come to the attention of mental-health professionals at Virginia
Tech. Even then, he was not diagnosed as dangerous to anyone but himself.
Specific circumstances probably turned Cho's harmless introversion into
lethal rage. What were they?

• Will the report scrutinize indications of Cho's possible humiliation
in Virginia Tech's English department in the fall of 2005? From facts
uncovered by journalists, this appears to have been a turning point in
Cho's life.

Most people who go postal have been ganged up on by superiors and peers
in the workplace. The snowballing collective aggression ("workplace
mobbing" is the technical term) can be triggered by many things.
Being an oddball is often enough. The result, in a tiny but momentous
fraction of cases, is extreme counter-aggression of the kind Cho enacted
with devastating effect.

The instructor in Cho's creative writing class that fall was no part-time
adjunct but Nikki Giovanni, a literary icon, a recipient of more than
20 honorary degrees, a distinguished professor with prestige and fame
enough to disgrace a student utterly. Cho clashed with her over his cap
and sunglasses. She expelled him. Department chair Lucinda Roy approved
of this and tutored Cho separately. Roy has said Cho felt he had been
deeply wronged.

Will the Massengill report recount in detail what transpired in that
creative writing class? Will it reflect interviews with all the students?
Was Cho really photographing women's legs with his cell phone, or was
this malicious gossip? Two women complained to police that fall about
e-mails Cho sent them. Were these students from the English department,
maybe even that same class? What did Cho write in those e-mails? Why was
Cho not thrown out of his other classes?

• WILL THE Massengill report reflect investigation of the social
dynamics of Virginia Tech's English department? A senior professor there,
poet Anne Cheney, died in 2001, having complained of humiliation by colleagues.
Will the report weigh the significance of Cheney's and perhaps others'
experience in Cho's home department?

• Will the report reveal whether Cho justified his murders by
specific references in notes and video clips to alleged persecutors? Killers
who have been mobbed at work usually do this. Precisely what did Cho say
in the letter he sent to the English department just before his killing
spree?

• Will the preventive measures recommended in the report pertain
only to campus security, crisis intervention, and emergency response,
or in addition, to the social causation of murder-suicides in workplaces?
We obviously need to know the most effective technical means of thwarting
anyone plotting murder. Even more, we need to know how to prevent conditions
that breed murderous intent.

• Finally, will the Massengill report get beyond pointing fingers
of blame? The one person criminally responsible for the Virginia Tech
massacre was Seung-Hui Cho, and he is dead. A comprehensive, evidence-based
explanation of his murders looks to the future -- toward policies, procedures,
and practices that bring out the best in people rather than the worst.

These eight questions are a guide for assessing how much sound, useful
knowledge the panel's soon-to-be-released report contains.

ENDNOTE, November 2007: This electronic
publication of the original article from the Richmond Times-Dispatch
(24 August 2007) reflects correction of information on Anne Cheney's
death and on the assessment of Cho by mental-health professionals.