Negative Correlation

What is a Negative Correlation?

A negative correlation is a relationship between two variables that move in opposite directions. In other words, when variable A increases, variable B decreases. A negative correlation is also known as an inverse correlation.

Two variables can have varying strengths of negative correlation. The variable A could be strongly negatively correlated with B and may have a correlation coefficient of -0.9. This means that for every positive change in unit of variable B, variable A experiences a decrease by 0.9. As another example, these variables could also have a weak negative correlation. A coefficient of -0.2 means that for every unit change in variable B, variable A experiences a decrease, but only slightly, by 0.2.

Negative, Positive, and Low Correlation Examples

Let’s start with a graph of a perfect negative correlation. As you can see in the graph below, the equation of the line is y = -0.8x. This means that if Stock Y is up 1.0%, stock X will be down 0.8%. This relationship is perfectly inverse, as they always move in opposite directions. Learn more about this in CFI’s online financial math course.

Now let’s look at a graph with a perfect positive correlation. In the graph below you can that if Stock Y is up 1.0%, Stock X is up 1.6%. Learn about correlations in CFI’s online financial math course.

Finally, let’s look at another example, this time of two low correlated assets. As you can see, the dots are very dispersed and none of them lie on the line of best fit. For these two stocks, there is almost no correlation between the return of Stock Y and the return of Stock X. The two securities move completely independent of one another.

Benefits of Negatively Correlated Assets in Portfolios

The concept of negative correlation is important for investors or analysts who are considering adding new investments to their portfolio. When market uncertainty is high, a common consideration is re-balancing portfolios by replacing some securities that have a positive correlation with those that have a negative correlation.

The portfolio movements offset each other, reducing risk and also return. After the market uncertainty has diminished, investors can start closing offset positions. An example of negatively correlated securities would be a stock and put option on the stock, which gains in value as the stock’s price falls.

Negative Coefficient

A pair of instruments will always have a coefficient that lies between -1 to 1. A coefficient below zero indicates a negative correlation. When two instruments have a correlation of -1, these instruments have a perfectly inverse relationship. If instrument A moves up by $1, instrument B will move down by $1.

In another example, if the correlation between the EUR/USD exchange rate and the USD/CHF exchange rate has a coefficient of -0.85, for every 100 points the EUR/USD moves up, the USD/CHF will move down by 85.

Additional resources

Risk and returnRisk and ReturnIn investing, risk and return are highly correlated. Increased potential returns on investment usually go hand-in-hand with increased risk. Different types of risks include project-specific risk, industry-specific risk, competitive risk, international risk, and market risk.

Credit default swapsCredit Default SwapA credit default swap (CDS) is a type of credit derivative that provides the buyer with protection against default and other risks. The buyer of a CDS makes periodic payments to the seller until the credit maturity date. In the agreement, the seller commits that, if the debt issuer defaults, the seller will pay the buyer all premiums and interest

Efficient market hypothesisEfficient Markets HypothesisThe Efficient Markets Hypothesis is an investment theory primarily derived from concepts attributed to Eugene Fama's research work as detailed in his 1970