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Outgoing U.S. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar on Friday announced decisions on oil shale research and development in Colorado, proposing new requirements that companies prove the viability of oil shale extraction before seeking full development rights on federal public lands.

If the companies can prove their techniques can produce oil and from oil shale at commercial rates, then they can pursue additional federally owned land for development, according to the decision.

The department also is seeking comments on four options on the royalty rates that might be charged on oil shale production, a flash point of controversy in the 2008 plan put forward by the outgoing President George W. Bush’s administration.

“This plan maintains a strong focus on research and development to promote new technologies that may eventually lead to safe and responsible commercial development of these domestic energy resources,” Salazar said in a statement. “It will help ensure that we acquire critically important information about these technologies and their potential effects on the landscape, especially our scarce water resources in the West.”

Salazar is slated to leave the department in late March. Sally Jewell, president and CEO of outdoor-gear retailer Recreational Equipment Inc., has been nominated to succeed him.

“We think this is a common sense approach,” Saul said during a conference call with reporters Friday. “We want to congratulate the Interior on making what I think is a sound decision to require research first, before commercial leasing. But this is a dry, fragile and incredibly rich area. We urge the greatest of caution on activity that’s potentially as devastating to water, wildlife and landscape as large-scale oil shale mining.”

The reserves of crude oil locked in underground oil shale formations in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming have lured research and development efforts for decades.

Supporters of oil shale have said the rock layers could be a significant supply of domestic crude oil — if the thick, sludgy kerogen in the rocks could be heated to release the crude oil.

The U.S. oil shale resources in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming could hold 1.23 trillion barrels of oil, five times the proven reserves of Saudi Arabia, according to the federal Bureau of Land Management.

But critics say commercial-scale oil shale production could harm Colorado’s environment and require too much water in a state that’s enduring drought conditions.

“We continue to maintain that ‘research first’ is a necessary and sound policy,” David Abelson, the oil shale policy advisor with Boulder-based Western Resource Advocates, said in an interview with the Denver Business Journal.

“[But] we also remain concerned about making available more than 650,000 acres [for commercial leases] for an industry that doesn’t yet exist on a commercial scale. Let’s see what the research leases show, and if there’s a need, at a future point, for commercial leases, let’s make that decision at that time and see what land is available," Abelson said.

Of the four options on royalty rates presented Friday, Abelson said he favored having a floor of 12.5 percent ­— identical to the royalty rate for oil and gas production from federally owned land.

The 2008 plan had royalty rates of zero for the first three years of production, rising to 12.5 percent over 13 years, Abelson said.

There are several existing research and development leases on federally owned land in Colorado and Utah.

Of the five 160-acre research leases issued during President Bush’s administration, four are in Colorado and one lease is in Utah. That lease in Utah is held by Enefit American Oil, a subsidiary of the Estonian national energy company.

In Colorado, three leases from the Bush administration are held by Shell Exploration and Production Co., an arm of Royal Dutch Shell plc (NYSE: RDS.A), and a fourth held by Rifle-based American Shale Oil LLC (AMSO).

The BLM issued two more research leases in Colorado in November 2012, under President Barack Obama’s administration. Those 160-acre leases are held by ExxonMobil Exploration Co. and Natural Soda Holdings, Inc.

Carolyn Tucker, spokeswoman for Shell in Colorado, said Friday that the company is continuing its research into oil shale production and it welcomed Salazar's announcement and request for comments.

"They bring more regulatory certainty to our ongoing research efforts and to an emerging industry that has made great progress toward responsibility developing the vast oil shale resources in the United States," Tucker said.

Both of Colorado's U.S. senators praised the new oil shale plan.

“The Interior Department’s finalized plan for oil shale marks a continued commitment to research and development of new technologies,” U.S. Senator Michael Bennet (D), said in a statement.

“Our state is well aware of what can happen if we rush into oil shale development. This plan will help ensure that any future commercial development of oil shale in Colorado will be done in a way that protects the environment and the surrounding communities. Any development of energy resources must consider the importance of our precious water resources, which are critical to farmers, ranchers, and our state’s economy.”

Said U.S. Sen. Mark Udall (D), in a statement: “The Interior Department’s plan will ensure that commercial oil shale development is feasible and sustainable before leases are issued. It also will make sure that we do not sacrifice our most precious resource, water, in pursuit of oil shale development. We need a balanced, aggressive energy strategy, but being smart about resource utilization will ultimately help us win this race.”