Japanese Nationalism and Militarism

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Transcript of Japanese Nationalism and Militarism

Japanese Nationalism and MilitarismThe impact of nationalism and militarism on Japan's foreign policy: the origins, 1853-1930

Key Concept:CausationSignificanceKey Questions:Assess the origins of Japanese nationalism and militarismExamine the reasons for Japan following an expansionist foreign policy in the 19th centuryDefinitionsWhat were the origins of Japanese nationalism and militarism?nationalism: when the people of a country strongly support the interests of their own nation, possibly to the detriment of the interests of other nationsmilitarism: when a government or the people of a country believe that it is necessary to have a strong military in order to both defend and to promote the interests of their countrythe Shogun: Since 1192, Japan had been ruled by a feudal military dictatorship called the bakufu. Although the emperor was still officially the ruler, in practice the power lay in the hands of the Shogun who was a military dictator. Beneath the Shogun were the daimyo or feudal lords, and under the daimyo were the samurai or warriors.The effects of the First Sino-Japanese War on nationalism and militarismJapan after 1900How did international events contribute to the growth of nationalism and militarism?Why was Manchuria so important to Japan?How did Japan benefit from the First World War?The results of the First World War for JapanJapanese immigration to the USAJapan in the 1920sHow peaceful was Japan in the 1920s?The Washington Treaty SystemWhat problems did Japan face in 1920s?Several factors contributed to the growth of nationalism:the determination to transform Japan into a Western-style power and equality with Western powersbelief in its destiny as the leader of Asianeed for raw materials and to secure East Asian markets; stop other countries from doing the sameneed for strategic securitythe actions of the Western powersgrowing support for militarism and expansionismThe Origins of Militarism and Nationalism (cont.)link nationalism with an imperialist foreign policy as Japan took over territoriesJapanese expansion depended on military action and policy decisionsJapanese nationalism started in the middle of the 19th centurythe policy of the Shogun was to shield Japan from the threat of Christianityin 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in JapanTreaty of Kanagawapower was given to the emperor (Meiji)modernization dissolved the feudal systemreforms"rich country,strong military"Sino-Japanese WarTreaty of ShimonosekiTriple Intervention- Germany, Russia, and France forced Japan to give up the Liaodong PeninsulaRussia took the Liaodong Peninsula for itselfGermany secured control over the Shandong ProvinceGreat Britain and France seized Chinese port citiesMilitary success and the anger of giving up land to western powers encouraged the growth of nationalism and militarismmilitary expansion increased from 1895-1905 and became the center of their governmentindustrial production soaredAmur River Society- patriotic society that promoted expansion on the mainlandAnglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)- first military alliance between a Western and non-Western nationJapan went to war against Russia in 1904 over their conflicting interests in Korea and Manchuriasuccessful in land battles and even more so for the war at seaRussia were forced to accept the Treaty of PortsmouthJapan gained control of Korea, South Manchuria, Port Arthur, railways in Manchuria, and south Sakhalin IslandJapan gained respect from the West and Asia; Japan became a role modelSome worried about the impact of imperialism on society because of the cost of war had an impact on the economy and there was a demand for a stronger army and fleet Manchuria is the area of China closest to JapanIt was agriculturally rich with minerals and four times larger than JapanProvided space for Japan's growing populationIt could act as a buffer from the threat of Russiaopportunity for Japan to expand its influenceJapan demanded German territory in China and when it was ignored, Japan declared war on Germanyseized German military bases in the Shandong Peninsula and occupied Germany's South Pacific possessions"Twenty-One Demands"China had to agree to the Japanese occupation of the Shandong Peninsula and grant special commercial privileges in ManchuriaChina could not lease any coastal territory to other powerssharp reaction from the US, Britain, and Japanese governmentdemands were modifiedJapan supplied goods to the Allies and to Asian markets; exports flourishedJapan became more self-sufficientThe Bolshevik Revolution Japan sent 70,000 men to support the Whites and stayed in Russia longer than France, the US, and Britainforced to withdraw in 1922led to mistrust of Japan and unrest in their governmentsecured the former German Pacific Islands and the Shandong PeninsulaJapan bcame the main naval power in the Western PacificNot a full member of the Western powers because it did not establish racial equality clauses stated in the League of NationsJapanese immigration to the US greatly increased after 1900Worked in unskilled jobs and faced discrimination"the yellow peril"drove anti-Japanese lawsJapanese could not become US citizens and in some states could not own landThe 1924 Immigration Act made Japan the only country not to be allowed any quota of immigration into the USA fragile democracy1. A fragile democracy2. Opposition to Shidehara's internationalism and the growing influence of the military on foreign policy3. A growing economyWhat was the role of political instability in China in encouraging Japanese nationalism before the 1930s?Four-Power Treatyended the Anglo-Japanese Alliancethe US, Britain, France, and Japan were to confer if there was a crisis in the PacificFive-Power Naval Treatylimited the tonnage of the US, British, French, Japanese, and Italian navies Nine-Power TreatyJapan, US, Britain, France, Italy, China, Portugal, Belgium, and the Netherlands were to respect China's integrity, independence, and abide by the "open-door" principlesJapan agreed to return the German concessions in Shandong seized during WWISourcesThe Move to Global War pgs. 14-28influeneced by the ambassador to Washington, Shidehara Kijuro, Japan adopted internationalism during the 1920skeep good relations with the USseek economic advancement in ChinaAt the Washington Conference of 1921, the US replaced the Anglo-Japanese Treaty with the Four-Power TreatyNine-Power Treaty Five-Power Treatydemocratic reforms were fragilesupport for political parties was lost (election law violations and financial scandals)the parties ties with big businesses in the cities made people suspiciousfear of left-wing radicalismthe Peace Prevention Law clamped down on anyone who opposed Japanese political structureaimed at the Communist Partythe two laws extended the franchise and limited the public's right to engage in discussionHow much freedom should we allow?Opposition to internationalismconservative groups and the army opposed "an Anglo-Saxon iron-ring preventing Japan from expanding abroad"continued aggressive policy in Chinaconservative's dislike was confirmed with the US immigration lawsnew Emperor, Hirohito, was praised with the revival of nationalism and Japan's special destiny in the worldGrowing economic crisiseconomic boom of the war years lasted until 1921unemployment, industrial unrest, and strikeslarge divide between the city and rural areasthe price of rice fell because of good harvests and cheap imported riceorganizations were suppressed by the policepolitical system was unpopular because it favored zaibatsu and landlordsthe Stock Market Crash in 1929repression rather than democracy China was forcibly opened up for trade in the westChina became a semi-colonial countryloss of the Opium Wars led to economic, military, and legal gains by the European powerstechnically independent, but at the mercy of other powers and treatiesJapan did not want to be left out when the Europeans began to divide up ChinaJapan's security depended on China and KoreaChina was weak and divided even after a revolution in 1911the main political force in 1920, was the Guomindang Nationalist Party (GMD)rivalry between the GMD and the Communist Party of China (CCP) would cause further instability