Ted Grant

A Coup in Britain?

Revelations of a 1968 Plot—a Glimpse of the Totalitarian Threat

In March 1981 the Sunday Times carried an article which indicated that
there were suggested preparations for a military coup d’état in Britain
in 1968 at the time of the Wilson government. Allegations of a plot to
overthrow the Labour government were seriously investigated by MI5, the
secret internal security service, but Wilson himself apparently only found
out the full details in 1975. However, Lady Falkender, formerly Marcia
Williams, Wilson’s political secretary, told the Sunday Times (29 March
1981) that she and Sir Harold “had a suspicion that something was
going on.” They were particularly alarmed when in January—and again
in June—1974 the army put a “ring of steel” around London’s
Heathrow Airport, allegedly directed against an unspecified
“terrorist threat”.

“Lady Falkender said that it ‘was horrible—like a Michael Caine
movie. Harold was worried about the business when the troops did an
anti-terrorist exercise at London Airport. He said to me: “Have you
thought that they could be used in a different way? They could turn that
lot against the government—totally.” It was scary. Like 1984.’
… she named the late Earl Mountbatten as a prime mover in the plan,
assisted by ‘elements’ in the army and the city. ‘Mountbatten had a map on
the wall of his office showing how it could be done. Harold and I used to
stand in the State Room at Number 10 and work out where they would put the
guns. We reckoned they would site them in the Horse Guards,’ she
said.” (Sunday Times, 31 March 1981)

The Sunday Times referred to the memoirs of Hugh Cudlipp, the Deputy
Chairman of IPC, who later took over from Cecil King as boss of the Mirror
newspaper group. In his book Walking on the Water, Cudlipp tells of
King’s discussions with leading politicians and industrialists about the
“imminent fall” of Wilson’s government and the possible
alternative. In particular, Cudlipp gave some details of a meeting between
King, Cudlipp, Sir Soley Zuckerman (the government’s chief scientific
adviser), and Lord Mountbatten, at the latter’s London flat on 8 May 1968.
“Cecil King,” reported the Sunday Times, “asked Mountbatten
to serve at the head of an alternative government once Wilson had been
ousted. Cudlipp also described how Lord Zuckerman stormed out of the room
crying: ‘This is rank treachery. I’ll have nothing to do with it.’”

Naturally, because of the furore aroused, all the parties to the plot
have attempted to deny the facts. Wilson, who would have been asked for
an explanation in the labour movement, first kept quiet about it and then
later attempted to deny what happened. But Zuckerman let the cat out of
the bag when he confirmed that he made the statement attributed to him by
Cudlipp. A mere tête-à-tête among friends would not have provoked such
an outburst.

Just like Lieutenant-Colonel Tejero’s attempted coup d’etat in Spain on 23 February
1981, which despite its serious character had aspects of comic opera about
it, so the lunatic attitude of these gentlemen in suggesting a coup in
Britain, at that time, is an indication of the lengths that the ruling
class will be prepared to go to under difficult and serious conditions.
The ruling class at the top is split, as last week’s statement by 368
prominent academic economists opposing the government’s monetarist policy
shows. There is no agreement as to which way to turn.

On the one hand, Margaret Thatcher correctly points out that all the
other policies have been tried out and found wanting. The only difference
with hers is that it will have an even more disastrous effect than the
policies of the last thirty years. Those policies, based on Keynesian
economics, were introduced because the deflationary policies of the kind
now being adopted again by Thatcher and Joseph led to the catastrophe of
the slump of 1931. Their present policies have now led to a deepening of
the slump of 1980–81. They threaten to lead to a catastrophe for British
capitalism with unemployment of over 3 million. Deflation and inflation
are merely two sides of the same coin. They saw that on the road of
capitalism there is no way out for the economy or for the working class.
No capitalist policy can solve the crisis of capitalism.

Yet, if in 1968 and again in 1974 there were serious elements of the
ruling class already suggesting a criminal conspiracy against a
right-wing Labour government, we can imagine what will be the position in
the future. In another article Militant (6 March 1981) showed how Airey
Neave, the Tory MP assassinated in 1979, had suggested to MI5 and the
secret services that they should act to prevent the coming to power of
Tony Benn, if he were to replace Callaghan as party leader. This was at a
time when the situation was far less serious than it is now.

According to the Sunday Times one major-general and a number of
military men were involved, and as the paper comments: “None was
subsequently charged, none of the military men involved in the plot was
disciplined.” When Callaghan, who was then the Home Secretary, was
asked by reporters, he refused to make any comment on the allegations.
This indicates that the allegations are correct. Had a grouping of
ordinary working-class privates conspired against the government of the
day they would have been disciplined, and possibly even sentenced to long
terms of imprisonment—whereas these military gentlemen were not even
charged!

This shows the situation that could possibly develop in Britain at a
time of economic and political crisis. In 1968 the situation was not at
all of the serious character that it is at the present time. Yet even
against the right-wing Wilson government plots of this character were
actually being organised by elements of the military and the City of
London. In the plot of Cecil King, it has recently been reported in an
article in the Evening Standard, Sir Oswald Mosley, the former fascist
leader, was to be included in a government with Mountbatten! Thus the web
of the conspiracy spread quite far.

The splitting of the Labour Party by the Council For Social Democracy,
now the Social Democratic Party, has been a deliberate plot on the part of
capital to try and weaken the Labour Party and prevent it coming to power.
This is because the Labour Party membership and that of the trade unions
have begun to move towards the left. In 1974 there were articles in The
Times which indicated vaguely suggestions of a coup to try and keep the
working class in order at the time of the miners’ strike. A whole series
of inspired articles appeared in The Times, and an extremely reactionary
conservative journalist in the United States, William Buckley, wrote an
article suggesting that the military in Britain were preparing for a coup.

Suggestions of this sort evaporated when in The Times one of the
capitalist historians pointed out, in effect, what Napoleon had long ago
explained: that you can do anything with bayonets except sit on them. The
historian wrote about the Kapp Putsch, when the military attempted to
seize power in Germany in 1920. The reply of the workers was a general
strike which paralysed the government. Even the civil servants
participated. Nothing moved, there were no communications and the
government did not even have a typist or clerk. The army generals were
compelled to march out of Berlin and hand power back to the Social
Democratic government. This douche of cold water put a stop to the talk of
a coup at that particular time.

Nevertheless, on the television General Kitson has been interviewed
indicating that it might be necessary for the military to “take over
against terrorist plots and conspiracies” which might develop in
Britain! This could be the pretext on the part of the military, as it was
the pretext for action on the part of the military in Spain. Again, a cold
douche of reality was given to this situation when The Times correspondent
interviewed some non-commissioned officers, sergeants and corporals, and
some of the privates in the army. The soldiers, preserving anonymity,
explained that their officers were incapable of organising a dance, never
mind a coup d’état. All the work of the army, they explained, was done by
the rank and file, especially the non-commissioned officers, the sergeants
and corporals.

However, while the reports might seem a question of fantasy and
infantile dreams on the part of the military officers in Britain, and of
those elements of the City and big business who would like to try and
discipline the working class as they have been disciplined in Chile,
nevertheless it is necessary for the advanced, active layers in the labour
and trade union movement to take such warnings seriously.

World capitalism is entering a new period of crisis unexampled since
the 1930s. The economic boom and upswing of the 1950 to 1975 period is now
over; a long period of crisis, of short booms and slumps, opens up. The
ruling class can no longer afford the luxury of increases in the standards
of living of the working class, except for very temporary periods. This
will mean an intensification of the class struggle to a level never
reached in the history of Britain and of other countries in the West in
the past. The same instability which has affected the colonial or
ex-colonial countries during the course of the last 30 years—with a
whole series of coups, counter-coups, revolutions, and counter-revolutions—now also opens up for the countries of the West. This is shown by what
happened in Spain in the recent period.

In the past, the argument has been that while these things happen in
other countries, it is impossible in Britain. Yet these revelations of
conspiracies and plots on the part of various military generals and big
business personalities are an indication that with the deepening crisis of
capitalism, the ruling class in desperation could take to this road, if
they saw that there was no other way out. The fact that a Conservative
member of the Shadow Cabinet, Airey Neave, who was very close to Margaret
Thatcher, should raise the question of a conspiracy to prevent Tony Benn
from becoming prime minister is an indication that Tory politicians would
be prepared to take action along these lines.

In 1911 the Tory Party actually supported the treason of Sir Edward
Carson, leader of the Ulster Unionists and a former Tory minister, who
mustered 100,000 Ulster Volunteers to block the Liberal government’s Irish
Home Rule Bill. Under the new historical conditions, the tops of the Tory
Party could behave in exactly the same way.

The fact that it was Mountbatten who was involved in this projected
conspiracy is not an accident. Mountbatten was very close to the Royal
Family, an uncle in fact of the Queen’s consort, Prince Philip. The ruling
class has been very careful to preserve the monarchy’s powers of veto.
This was shown when they were used in November 1975 in Australia—through
Sir John Kerr, the Governor-General appointed by the Queen—for the
dismissal of the Labour government led by Gough Whitlam. In the same way
in Britain, the monarchy still formally has the power to select who should
be prime minister and the power to dismiss a prime minister and the
government. In the event of a royalist plot of the character that has been
suggested, the monarchy could be used at a time of desperation on the part
of the ruling class exactly as it was used in Australia to dismiss the
government there.

What is really revolting is the hypocrisy of the press, and especially
of the television and radio. These hypocrites have retailed the statements
of the Council for Social Democracy—Shirley Williams, Rodgers, Owen and
the others—in attacking the Militant tendency as being “undemocratic”.
Yet these gangsters would be quite prepared to turn to the use of force
against the working class if that seemed to be the only way to preserve
the profits, income, power and privileges of the capitalists.

The one thing that blocks the way for a peaceful transformation of
society in Britain is the attitude precisely of the Social Democrats and
of their counterparts in the Solidarity group of Labour MPs. They do not
wish to provoke the ruling class by suggesting a change in society. Yet
all the developments of the last decade have been an indication of the
stormy road that lies ahead for the working class. Millions of unemployed.
No way out for the youth. Lowered real wages for the working class as a
result of inflation, or as a result of an “incomes policy”, as advocated
in an alternative by Healey and the Solidarity MPs. Even powerful sections
of the working class like the miners, the water-workers and others have
not gained wage increases to compensate for the rate of inflation,
especially when one takes into account the tax deductions from their
wages.

A new period opens up in which only the transformation of society will
solve the problems of the working class. What is necessary is for a Labour
government to operate on the policy which is advocated by Militant. Break
the power of big business by taking over the major companies and organise
production on the basis of a plan. Unless this is done it will be
inevitable that in desperation the ruling class will try and solve the
problems of their shattered system at the expense of the standards of
living and of the rights of the working class.

The price of liberty is eternal vigilance, it has been said! All the
class rights which the working class possesses—the right to strike, the
right to organise, the right to free speech, the right of free press—were
not granted voluntarily by the ruling class, but were only gained as the
result of the struggle of the working class. Even the right to vote freely
can be taken away by the Tories and the ruling class when it threatens
their system. We see already how they have prepared to abandon the old
system and return to proportional representation in a desperate attempt to
put a brake on a leftward-moving Labour government.

The working class, in defence of their rights and interests, can only
rely on the trade unions and the Labour Party. The working class can rely
only on their own power and strength, their own organisation and their own
consciousness and solidarity. It was only this power which led to the
defeat of the Heath government by the miners in February 1981. Thatcher in
panic drew back from a confrontation with the miners over pit closures,
because the working class is a thousand times more powerful than it was at
the time of the general strike in 1926.

What is necessary is the realisation among the active layers of the
trade union and labour movement of the need for a socialist change of
society as a pressing problem. This in its turn can be carried to the mass
of the working class and prevent this nightmare of plots and
counter-plots, of conspiracies and the other developments which show, as
far as the ruling class is concerned, what is lurking in the background.
They are thirsting for revenge to try and teach the working class a
lesson. If they have failed to do so up to the present time it is because
of the fear of the strength of the organisations of the working class.

Unless this strength is organised to change society then inevitably,
not only in Britain but in other countries of the West, similar
conspiracies will take place. Failure to transform society can lead to a
situation where civil war in Britain becomes possible. The working class
will never tamely accept the taking away of their rights. They will react
as the Spanish workers reacted at the time of the civil war in 1936. They
will defend all their rights, including the right to vote, and will not
accept their being taken away without a struggle.