MINES: Linda Greene, left, and Linda Manning, employees at Death Valley National Park, walk near a mesh-covered mine. The park has more abandoned mines than any other in the nation. Illustrates MINES (category a) by David Kelly (c) 2008, Los Angeles Times. Moved Monday, Nov. 10, 2008. (MUST CREDIT: Los Angeles Times photo by Irfan Khan.) Linda Greene, left, and Linda Manning, employees at Death Valley National Park, walk near a mesh-covered mine. The park has more abandoned mines than any other in the nation. Illustrates MINES (category a) by David Kelly (c) 2008, Los Angeles Times. Moved Monday, Nov. 10, 2008. (MUST CREDIT: Los Angeles Times photo by Irfan Khan.) less

MINES: Linda Greene, left, and Linda Manning, employees at Death Valley National Park, walk near a mesh-covered mine. The park has more abandoned mines than any other in the nation. Illustrates MINES (category ... more

MINES: Linda Greene checks an abandoned Death Valley mine. She tries to balance the mines' educational benefit with concerns for public safety.^^Illustrates MINES (category a) by David Kelly (c) 2008, Los ... more

MINES: Linda Greene checks an abandoned Death Valley mine. She tries to balance the mines' educational benefit with concerns for public safety.^^Illustrates MINES (category a) by David Kelly (c) 2008, Los ... more

Photo: Irfan Khan, Los Angeles Times

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Abandoned mines a deadly hazard on public land

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Here in ghostly Skidoo, the holes and tunnels are everywhere, nearly a thousand of them puncturing mountains and cratering the desert. Cold winds blow through darkened shafts. Bats flutter in and out at twilight.

Linda Manning, an expert on abandoned mines at Death Valley National Park, peered into a tunnel braced by beams near the old mining camp.

"It kind of gives me the creeps," she said as dank air rushed over her. "These timbers are probably over 100 years old. You never know when they've reached their tipping point."

No other park in the nation has as many abandoned mines as Death Valley. Officials put the number between 10,000 and 50,000, or about a third of all hazardous mines within the national park system.

Now Death Valley and other parks are under increasing pressure to reduce the risks of those mines, risks that include falling, drowning, explosion and asphyxiation. At least 33 people have died between 1999 and 2007 in accidents in abandoned mines on federal and private land, experts say.

Many of the openings are all but invisible.

"We are gravely concerned that the Department of the Interior has put the public's health and safety at risk by not addressing hazards posed by abandoned mines on federal lands," said a report by the department's inspector general in July. "We identified serious environmental and safety hazards where members of the public have been killed, injured or exposed to dangerous environmental contaminants."

California parks have the highest number of abandoned mines, with Death Valley followed by Mojave National Preserve and Joshua Tree National Park.

In September, Death Valley closed the defunct Keane Wonder Mine after the report cited a family with a toddler playing near a collapsing opening. In 1984, a visitor fell 30 feet down a shaft in the mine and died.

The park, the largest in the nation, warns visitors about the dangers, but the message isn't always clear.

At the entrance to a mine shaft here large enough to stand in, signs bearing skull and crossbones warn of death from falling, suffocating and explosion, but a trail leads visitors to the opening. Mines, in fact, are often highlighted on park maps.

"I share the concern about mixed messages, of doing tours of mines and then telling people they cannot go into them," said Manning, a wildlife biologist who helps identify and mitigate mines in the park. "The signs say 'stay out,' but you can see the trails go right to it."

Special gates, netting

Some of the most dangerous mines have been fitted with bat gates that keep people out and let wildlife in. Others have metal netting stretched over openings.

The financially strapped National Park Service estimates the total cost of making mines safe at about $233 million, with an immediate need for $60 million. Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., has introduced legislation to establish a cleanup fund by requiring all hard-rock mining firms operating on public land to pay a 4 percent royalty on existing operations and 8 percent on new ones.

Not if, but when

"It's not a matter of if we have another death, but when," said Mike Cipra, California Desert Program manager with the National Parks Conservation Association. "This year, Death Valley got no money for mine reclamation. All national parks are competing for that money. There is an $8 billion maintenance backlog in the national parks."

The job is daunting, especially in Death Valley.

Miners once moved like termites over this harsh landscape, blasting and boring their way through sand and rock. Everything was taken - uranium, silver, talc, borax.

When the earth stopped yielding its treasures, the miners simply packed up and went away, leaving gaping holes behind.

Deciding how to balance this rich if treacherous history with public safety is complicated, said Linda Greene, who works for the park's cultural and natural resources department.

"Mining has been going on in Death Valley for more than 100 years," she said. "They are good educational spots, and we consider that when we decide whether to close them or not."

Old gold camp

Greene and Manning were searching for old mines in the remnants of Skidoo, once home to 700 people and one of the most productive gold camps in California. The site is one of dozens scattered across an epic, near-biblical landscape.

It didn't take long to find mines. Some were mere holes in the ground, others yawning chasms in the desert crust. Trails led to a largely intact old mine, with signs warning visitors not to enter.

"The floors can easily collapse," said Greene, examining the relic. "Last spring a volunteer found a case of dynamite nearby, which is highly unstable."

The most menacing mines are just deep gouges in the earth, often more than 50 feet deep and 30 feet across, propped open by timbers. Metal netting stretches over some, while others remain exposed. Climbers are known to rappel down the sides into the darkness below.

"I'd like to cover all of this with some cable netting, but I don't have the money," Manning said.

Historical value

Greene saw the danger - but also an opportunity for people to learn.

"To me, it's an interesting example of early mining technology," she said. "If you fill up the hole, you can't imagine how they worked. If we could make it safe for tourists and for education, that would be great."

Death Valley officials are working to minimize the worst hazards, but with money scarce, this is often done piecemeal.

"We would like to hire a crew and inventory all the mines and while doing that begin the closing process as well," Manning said. "Without people on staff to do this, we are relying on finding partners. Putting a bat gate up is a couple thousand dollars. If it could be done in-house, it would be half the price."

Little action in Mojave

In the Mojave National Preserve, a lack of money has meant little movement in addressing some 600 sites. The inspector general's report said mine shafts on some roads there are "large enough to swallow entire vehicles" but have no fences or warning signs. Sites have been identified and prioritized, but few have been made safe, the report said.

Praise for Joshua Tree

Joshua Tree National Park was praised by the inspector general for using volunteers to map mine sites and for finding cheap ways to install bat gates and other mine covers.

"We have about 300 openings, and about 120 are considered very hazardous," said Luke Sabala, who heads the park's abandoned-mine program. "All of the mines close to roads and trails are our No. 1 priorities. We have taken care of almost all of those."

So far, Joshua Tree's mines have caused no deaths or injuries. But the job of securing them is a big one.

"These mines have been here a long time," Sabala said. "Mining is the legacy all of us land managers have been left to deal with."