Gungunhana, also spelled Gungunyana (born c. 1850—died Dec. 23, 1906, Terceira Island, Azores [now an autonomous region of Portugal]) Southern Africanking who ruled the last great independent African kingdom, Gaza, which from 1885 until 1889 was located on the Sabi River (also called Save) in what is now eastern Zimbabwe; after 1889 it was located on the lower Limpopo River in what is now southern Mozambique. He tried to maintain his independence by playing the European powers against one another but was finally conquered by the Portuguese.

A grandson of the founder of Gaza, Soshangane, and son of Mzila, Gungunhana became king in 1885. Gungunhana found himself under increasing pressure from the Portuguese and soon asked for British protection, which was refused. He encouraged contacts with other Europeans, hoping to gain time in which to build up his own strength, but these contacts lost him the loyalty of many of his people. In 1890 he signed an agreement with Cecil Rhodes’s British South Africa Company, but the British government, fearful of diplomatic repercussions with Portugal, disallowed it. War finally broke out with the Portuguese in 1895, and Gungunhana was defeated at the Battle of Coolela and captured at Chaimite. He died in exile in the Azores.

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