The present study was carried out to investigate the gastro-protective effect of aqueous extracts of ginger، cinnamon and their combination، on gastric acid secretion and healing of acute gastric ulcer induced by aspirin in male rats in doses of 100 and 200mg/kg after 2 weeks of prevention on oxidative stress markers and biomarkers of gastric ulcer (gastric ulcer index، gastric juice acidity، gastric juice volume). As well as histopathological examination of stomach was also performed. Fifty six adult male Wister rats were divided into seven equal groups as follows: Group 1: negative control group، Group 2: positive control group، Groups 3، 4، 5 and 6 were orally given ginger and cinnamon aqueous extracts in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt، respectively، Group 7: orally given the combination of ginger and cinnamon in a dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt. At the end of the experimental period all groups were given aspirin 200 mg/kg b. wt.، to induce peptic ulcer، except group 1. The results showed that oral administration of ginger، cinnamon aqueous extracts and their combination for 2 weeks significantly improved gastric juice volume، decreased the gastric juice acidity and gastric ulcer index in depended manner، oxidative stress markers were significantly improved as compared to the control positive group. Histopathological examination of the stomach showed alleviation of histological degeneration changes caused by aspirin. It could be concluded that oral administration of ginger and cinnamon aqueous extracts and their combination may be useful in the management of gastric ulcer. The study recommended that، intake of ginger and cinnamon aqueous extracts and their combination may be beneficial for patients suffering from acute gastric ulcer.

Obesity is one of the important health problems worldwide، which is dramatically growing among taxi drivers. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity and some associated risk factors among taxi drivers in Zahedan، Iran. This cross sectional study was randomly performed among 1100 taxi drivers aged 21- 72 years. Weight، height، body mass index (BMI)، waist circumference (WC) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were measured as simple screening tools for evaluation of overweight، obesity and abdominal obesity. Results showed that according to BMI cut-offs، the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 37.9 and 14.3 %، respectively (P <0.0001). The presence of abdominal obesity based on the WC and WHtR was16.4 and 62.4 %، respectively (both P<0.0001).Predictive factors for obesity /abdominal obesity were persons aged 31-50 years، physical inactivity، levels of education and driving experience over 5 years.In conclusion، the prevalence of abdominal obesity using WHtR among taxi drivers was higher than expected. Since little studies on abdominal obesity using WHtR has been done in taxi drivers، it is suggested that further research be performed to evaluate this parameter.

Nowadays، multilevel inverters have become more attractive for their initial usage in high-voltage and high-power applications. This paper presents the analysis and the design of a three-phase cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel inverters (CHB-MLI) for three and five level based on Newton-Raphson technique for harmonic reduction in Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) application. The performance of the inverters output to reduce harmonics is crucial for DVR applications. Two DC sources were applied for two types of CHB-MLI multilevel inverters these types of inverters were used Newton-Raphson technique as their controllers. The main aim of this thesis had been to design، model، construct and conduct laboratory testing upon CHB-MLI of a three and five level prototype for DVR application. The Designed of suitable Multilevel Inverters are very important for DVR purposes so that the AC output voltage waveform of the Inverters have no highly contents of harmonics during energy conversion process from DC to AC of the proposed inverters. The Digital Signal Processing (DSP) TMS320F2812TT was used as a tool in order to create the coding based on Newton-Raphson technique controller.

This study investigated the implications of instability of some selected macro-economic indicators on stock market returns in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to analyse the level of significant relationships of the dependent variable-stock market returns represented by the Nigerian stock exchange All-share price index and independent variables comprised of some selected macroeconomic variables. A quantitative research approach with a time series data covering the periods 1987 to 2014 were used in the study. Vector Error Correction test (VERC) model، VAR Granger’s causality test، variance decomposition and impulse response function were applied to test the five hypotheses arising from the research objectives. Also some tests، using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root and Johansen’s Co-integration tests، were executed to establish the validity of the model assumptions. From the unit root stationarity test conducted، all the variables were co-integrated at the 1(1) – meaning that they were all stationary at first difference. The major findings from the study include، that much of the movements in stock returns can be explained by historic trends in the Nigerian stock market than from macroeconomic conditions which accounted for less than 10% especially within the first 9 quarters after the shock. The study further showed that RGDP، Exchange Rate and Treasury Bills Rate were found to have significant impact on stock market returns. Interestingly، the study revealed that international crude oil price had no significant relationship nor co-integrated with stock market returns. We therefore recommend a long term policy package that should focus on the stabilization of real and macroeconomic policy variables in the Nigerian economy. Also، institutional and operational reforms in the country’s capital market are inevitable for the level of efficiency in the market to be enhanced. Investors in Nigerian stock market should not only rely on the historic trend in the market for the explanation of changes in stock market returns but should also accommodate the core macroeconomic variables in their predictions.

This study examined the extent farmers’ co-operatives in Enugu state accessed commercial and micro-finance banks’ credit in 2011. The study equally sought to establish the effect of institutional credit guidelines on societies that had access to credit and those that did not and the determinants of access to credit. Multi-stage، purposive and random sampling techniques were used to collect primary data for the study. Nine LGAs were purposively selected; out of which 111 active farmers’ co-operatives were randomly sampled. Twenty commercial banks and 20 micro-finance banks were also، purposively and randomly sampled respectively. The total sample size was 151. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were employed to achieve the objectives. Means، percentage، Access Index (AI)، Multiple Regression (OLS) and Likert Scale rating were equally used to realize the objectives. Results showed that institutional credit guidelines negativelyaffected both farmers’ societies with access and those without. However، those without access were more constrained. Extents of access and inclusion were very minimal (17.3%) and (24.3%) respectively. Determinants of access were: age of co-operatives، equity capital، asset value، educational level of members، interest rates، cost of processing credit and value of collateral، minimum account balance، number of days used for processing credit and number of documents required. It was recommended that co-operative administrators pay adequate attention to co-operatives’ socio-economic characteristics. Also، formal lenders’ credit policies and guidelines should be checkmated by the Federal Government.

This study which was carried out in Taraba State، Nigeria investigated the resource productivity and technical efficiency of groundnut farmers in the State. Data for the study were obtained using a structured questionnaire administered to a total of 270 small scale groundnut farmers. Farm size، seed، family labour and use of agrochemicals were the factors that affected the technical efficiency of the farmers. In the case of allocative efficiency، farming experience، literacy level and family size were found to be significant. The level of profit made by the farmers was influenced by costs of seed، labour، transport and storage. The average scores for technical، allocative and economic efficiencies were 0.77، 0.70 and 0.54 respectively. The groundnut farmers were، therefore، not economically efficient. Improvement in their efficiency levels requires that attention be given to their costs of operation and their socioeconomic characteristics.

various conditions. In these systems sending information and correspondence between hubs must be secure keeping in mind the end goal to secure information we utilize compelling techniques like dependable information combination to control byzantine assault. we utilize q – out –of-m administer which give best brings about controlling assaults and false caution rate under various appropriated frameworks. q-to-m administer is done which can be connected to extensive systems. Keeping in mind the end goal to check with expansive size systems ideal plan parameters are checked with little size systems utilizing pursuit and after that get combination parameters for extensive size systems by finding a direct connection between plan parameters and size of system. With these outcomes we can discover issues in existing frameworks are unraveled. powerful adaptable dispersed information combination strategies which can work in various conditions and control malignant hubs. Keeping in mind the end goal to execute this we utilize a shut shape answer for q –out-of-m plan where we utilize focal breaking point algorithm.by examining shut and liner strategies where add up to assaults from vindictive hubs and false alert rate is decreased.

The cloud cannot purchase their own hardware they promote the idea of leasing remote resources that frees from permanent maintenance prices and eliminate the burden of hardware. Cloud technology reduces price of installation by removing further hardware applications that require to be supplementary to super pc however fulfills enlisting. To the resources required. Through the new idea of “scaling-by credit card”. The idea of hardware virtualization will represent a big breakthrough automatic and scalable preparation of advanced scientific code. The resources through business relationships contains specialised knowledge Centre corporations in providing reliable services that existing grid infrastructure fail to deliver. For scientific applications there exist many integrated environments for clear programming and high performance. during this the user composes progress application at a high level of abstraction employing a UML graphical modeling tool. The abstract progress is given in an exceedingly XML kind to middleware services for clear execution on to the grid. Clouds promote the idea of leasing remote resources instead of shopping for own hardware، that frees establishments from permanent maintenance prices and eliminates the burden of hardware deprecation. Clouds eliminate the physical overhead value of adding new hardware similar to work out nodes to clusters or supercomputers and also the monetary burden of permanent over-provisioning of sometimes required resources. Through a brand new idea of “scaling-by credit-card”، Clouds promise to instantly scale up/down associate degree infrastructure consistent with the temporal wants during a value effective fashion. the idea of hardware virtualization will represent a big breakthrough for the automated and ascendible readying of advanced scientific software package and might conjointly considerably improve the shared resource utilization.

The wide deployed Virtual personal Network (VPN) technology permits roaming users to make Associate in Nursing encrypted tunnel to a VPN server، which، henceforth، permits roaming users to access some resources as if that pc were residing on their home organization’s network. though VPN technology is incredibly helpful، it imposes security threats on the remote network as a result of its firewall doesn't grasp what traffic is flowing within the VPN tunnel. to handle this issue، we have a tendency to propose V-Guard، a framework that permits a policy owner and missive of invitation owner to collaboratively verify whether or not therequest satisfies the policy while not the policy owner knowing the request and therefore the request owner knowing the policy. we have a tendency to initial gift Associate in Nursing economical protocol، known as X-hash، for oblivious comparison، that permits 2 parties، wherever every party includes a variety، to check whether or not they have constant variety، while not revealing their numbers to every alternative. Then، we have a tendency to gift the V-Guard framework that uses X-hash because the basic building block. the fundamental plan of V-Guard is to initial convert a firewall policy to non overlapping numerical rules so use X-hash to envision whether or not missive of invitation matches a rule. examination with the Cross-Domain Cooperative Firewall (CDCF) framework، that represents the state-of-theart، V-Guard isn't solely safer however additionallyorders of magnitude additional economical. On real-life firewall policies، for process packets، our experimental results show that V-Guard is 3 to four orders of magnitude quicker than CDCF.

A Novel Rough Set Based Congestion Control Technique for the Effective Routing in WSNR. Regin , T. Menaka DeviPage 1512Abstract Full Text [PDF 380KB]

Congestion control is deemed to be one in all the foremost vital problem in Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) that is consist of resource constraint specification and also the range of deployed nodes. Congestion is caused by several factors such as node buffer overflow، channel contention، packet collision، transmission، transmission rate and many more. Congestion results packet loss or the blocking of new connections، queuing delay in networks. The proposed Rough Set based Congestion Control (RSCC) system that enables the section of stable routes to transmit packets that manage traffic condition during high congestion period in wireless sensor networks which achieves Rough Set Creation Algorithm (RSCA) and routing model. The Rough Set Creation Algorithm (RSCA) accepts the inputs from training dataset and produces the reduced dataset. The routing model directs the alternative directions while congestion occurs based on traffic rate in the networks. The simulation result shows that the performance of our scheme is better in terms of packet delivery rate، number of packets drop and delay.

The problem of controlling the liquid level and flow rate in the presence of nonlinearity and disturbance justifies the need for developing adaptive control schemes. This paper focuses on developing Indirect Adaptive Control(IAC) strategies for an interacting liquid level Multi Input Multi Output(MIMO) process، which is predominant in most of process industries. A mathematical model that comprises of four discrete transfer functions for each of the operating regions is obtained. These models are estimated using Recursive Least Square Estimation algorithm(RLSE). Self Tuning Controllers(STC) which is a class of IAC are designed and implemented through simulation on the model of the chosen process.

Clustering of wireless sensor nodes has proven to be an efficient method of conserving energy of the overall wireless sensor networks. In this clustered scenario، under diversified conditions، any node can drain its energy abruptly. When the wireless sensor nodes move around with random mobility، it is possible that there can be a sudden upsurge in data traffic in a particular region. The cluster-head node in these regions may be subjected to overloading of data processing. They collect data from their member nodes and forward them to other cluster-heads so that collected data can reach the base station. If cluster-heads lose energy، the data they collected may get lost and the nodes connected to them may get disconnected from the entire network. Therefore placement of cluster-heads should be efficient enough that they should have optimally dense nodes connected to them. We propose a dynamic cluster-head election scheme based on residual energy، distance from base station and distance between candidate cluster-heads and its member nodes. This cluster-head election and subsequent deployment ensures optimal usage of the energy reserve. We analyzed the network behavior in terms of energy efficiency and packet delivery rate. Our results showed that through rotating the cluster-head، the network conserved considerable amount of energy and also ensured data integrity.

In this paper we introducing novel Handover Communication cared (HCC) handover method for increase the efficiency and quality of handover with different level speed of mobile nodes and well verse analytical model for heterogeneous network. We study the optimization of network performance in communication based on admission control system communication errors and frequent handover in heterogeneous wireless network. HCC Handover methods predict the level of nodes speed and divide into three types of speed nodes: compatible speed، acceptable speed and over speed. Based on these mobile nodes speed classifications، network types، context level، node energy، type of services are handover to effective communication where often handover possible. Simulations models results show that the Handover Communication Card and proposed handover algorithm are significantly improving the performance of the network communication in terms of the handover failure، unable to do handover due to high speed and avoid interrupted or unnecessary handover. Also the result shows class of network throughput higher than existing methods.

Fuzzy systems and neural networks-based control methodologies have emerged in recent years as a promising way to approach nonlinear control problems. Fuzzy and neural control، in particular، had an impact in the control community because of their simplicity and feasibility to use heuristic control knowledge for control problems. The integration of fuzzy logic with neural network techniques has resulted in what is commonly referred to as neuro-fuzzy systems. These systems use fuzzy rules as the underlying structure and then apply neural techniques to learn the rule parameters. A neuro-fuzzy approach for the design of neural tuned fuzzy control is proposed for spherical tank process in two phases. Firstly، the data set is partitioned automatically into a set of clusters. Then a fuzzy if-then rule is extracted from each cluster to form a fuzzy rule base. Secondly، a fuzzy neural network is constructed accordingly and parameters are tuned to increase the precision of the fuzzy rule base. This network is able to learn and optimize the rule base of a sugeno like fuzzy inference system using Hybrid learning، which combines gradient descent and least square estimation algorithm.

Measurement of level، temperature، pressure and flow parameters are very vital in all process industries. The model for such system is identified and validated. Real-time industrial processes are subjected to variation in parameters and parameter perturbations، which sometimes makes the system unstable. Determination of tuning of the PI controller parameters continues to be important as these parameters have a great influence on the stability and performance of the control system. Most of the industrial processes are complex and nonlinear in nature resulting into their poor performance when controlled by traditional tuned PI controllers. The need for improved performance of the process has led to the development of adaptive controllers. So the control engineers are on look for automatic tuning procedures. In this work، a Radial Basis Function Neural Network based PI controller is proposed for a spherical tank process [1، 2]. The controller structurehas been outlined and its performance is demonstrated on a spherical tank. The control of liquid level in a spherical tank is non-linear due to the variation in the area of cross section of the tank with its change in shape. The model of the process is identified using standard step signal based on system identification technique and it will be approximated to first order process (FOPTD) model. Based on the model obtained RBFNN-PI controller is designed [3] and its performance is compared with gain scheduling controller in simulation.

We propose an algorithm for the robust segmentation of natural images based on their texture and other features apart from the prevailing contours. As the natural images has homogeneous textures، an optimal segmentation is possible if the clusters are properly formed based on edges (contours) as well as textures. But most of the methods are sensitive to noise and other artifacts، segmentation and formation of cluster based on the textures may not be possible as easy. Hence we propose to model the homogeneous pattern of the natural image as a Gaussian distribution to achieve optimal segmentation. To validate the segmentation algorithm، the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset is being used and the simulations are carries out in MATLAB 2012a. From the output segmented image، it is clear that the algorithm performs segmentation on natural images and its robustness is clear both subjectively and objectively.

This paper deals with the design of dc-dc Cuk converter. The converter operation is monitored and controlled by using conventional control technique. The output voltage is step down with the help of Cuk converter. Thus the converter is operating in buck mode، which is achieved by reversing the diode direction. The experimentally validated theoretical results of this paper provide an improved understanding of the dynamics of the converter beyond the linear regime and this may lead to less conservative control design and newer applications. In this paper، the converter operation is analyzed for typical switch-mode power supply applications، where the input voltage varies widely but the output voltage is fixed and is well regulated.