Following the fall of Sebastopol
and subsequent end of the
Crimean War (1854-56), the Russian Czar turned to the outside world to help
raise the warships sunk in the harbor. Two American companies responded, one
from Massachusetts and another from Pennsylvania. As per the articles below, the
Boston Relief and Submarine Company (or simply the Boston
Submarine Company) and the Philadelphia
Submarine Mining Company enjoyed mixed success in the Crimea. The largest
problem was the condition of the lost vessels--some had already been old and
worn out when they slipped beneath the waves, and none had benefited from the
attention of the teredo worms that bore into their hulls while underwater. While
Eakins and Wickersham are mentioned only once (in a November article,
written the previous August, 1857) the series of reports gives a good idea of
the technology available to divers before the Civil War, as well as the problems
they encountered.

New
York HeraldMarch 3, 1857
[From the Boston Traveler, Feb. 28]

Raising of
the Russian War Vessels at Sebastopol.
THE YANKEE EXPEDITION TO SEBASTOPOL - CONTRACT TO RAISE SIXTY-FOUR VESSELS
OF WAR - CONDITION OF THE VESSELS - MAGNITUDE OF THE UNDERTAKING - THE
REBUILDING OF SEBASTOPOL, ETC., ETC.

A
few years since the combined nations of England and France dispatched to the
shores of the Crimean a powerful and warlike expedition to exterminate and
destroy. In a month or two an expedition will sail from the shores of this
country for the same destination, but unlike the expedition first names, its
purpose is to rescue and preserve.

It
has been before briefly stated that Mr. John E, Gowen, of Boston, had obtained
from the Russian government, the contract to raise from the waters of the
harbor of Sebastopol the numerous vessels of war which were sunk there when
the allied armies were besieging that spot long famous in the history of the
world. The magnitude of this contract has not been fully understood in this
country. Mr. Gowen has heretofore been favorably known to the world by his
success in raising the United States steamship Missouri from the waters of the
bay of Gibraltar, a performance which engineers from England and other
countries had attempted in vain. It happened that while at Gibraltar a Russian
came into the harbor in a damaged condition. To the relief of this vessel Mr.
Gowen sent a number of his men, refusing any compensation, and it is probable
that this act of courtesy, with the fame obtained by Mr. Gowen in the bringing
up of the Missouri, [moved] the Russian government at the time they
contemplated raising their sunken fleet to send for him, which was don through
the Russian Minister in this country.

Mr.
Gowen accordingly went to St. Petersburg, had a number of interviews with the
Grand Duke Constantine, and then proceeded across the country to Sebastopol
for the purpose of making a personal investigation of the condition of the
ships. He was engaged in this business for several months, having a Russian
steamer at his disposal. Here he descended with his sub marine armor to the
bottom of the harbor and examined the sunken vessels. He found that the
channel of the harbor was in the middle with banks upon both sides, that of
the north being of sand, and that upon the south of mud. In the sand there
were no worms; in the mud they were quite plentiful. Of course the vessels
exposed t the attacks of the worms are now of but little value; but it
fortunately happens that but a small portion, comparatively, were sunk where
they would suffer from the attacks of these worms.

When
the English and French approached Sebastopol, the Russians, to protect their
harbor, sunk at the entrance, between Forts Alexander and Constantine, two of
the 120 gun ships, two of the 88 gun, two frigates and two corvettes. The line
occupied by these sunken vessels was about three-quarters of a mile long, the
water being sixty feet deep. The vessels sunk here were among the poorest in
the fleet. In the great gale that was so fatal to the English and French
vessels in the Black Sea, this line was so much disturbed, that the allies, if
they had known it, could easily have obtained an entrance to the harbor. This
caused the Russians to sink a second line between Fort Michael and Fort
Nicholas, about a mile inward. When the Redan was captured by the allies, all
the balance of the fleet was sunk, preparatory to abandoning the place. The
following is a list of the vessels sunk.--

15

line-of-battle ships

1

boom ship

7

frigates

1

ten gun yacht

5

corvettes

23

transports

10

brigs of war

15

steamers of war

5

schooners of war

19

merchant ships

5

tenders

In all 106 vessels

The
machinery of the steamers of war, before being sunk, was carefully covered
with a preparation of tallow to prevent injury from the water. They were
scuttled by boring three inch augur holes near the water line, and all this
was done before the English and French appeared before the place, for the
Russians did not entertain the idea of defending it, and one division of the
army had advanced nine miles on the Perekop road, when word was brought that
the English and French, instead of entering the city, had halted outside, and
were fortifying their position. It was then that the Russian army returned,
built the earth redoubts, and made that long and stubborn defence which has
rendered the name of Sebastopol so famous. Thus the Russian officials at
Sebastopol now tell the story. Mr. Gowen examined thirty ships, made a plan of
the harbor and adjacent country, and returned to St. Petersburg. He found that
there were no less than thirteen competitors for the contract from France and
England, among the former being the company known as Credit Mobilier. The
government finally concluded to make the contract with Mr. Gowen on the most
liberal terms, which cannot fail, we think, to be amply remunerative. The
value of the ships sunk is said to be sixty-five million dollars, and he has a
certain portion of the value of each ship raised at the moment it is placed in
the hands of the Russian government.

The
expedition which sails from this country will consist of two vessels, one of
which leaves Philadelphia about the 1st of April, and the second soon after.
The number of persons engaged to accompany it from this country is about one
hundred and fifty, the well known shipbuilder of this city, S.F. Holbrook,
Esq., being one of the superintendents. There will be also, shipbuilders,
caulkers, machinists, engineers, &c. Some of the hydraulic machinery for
raising the vessels is of the most colossal description, one cylinder alone
weighing 54,000 lbs.; indeed it must be so, for some of the vessels to be
raised are of 5,000 tons burthen. The value of the material to be furnished by
the Russian government to be used in the raising of the fleet, will be about a
million and a half dollars, and the time occupied in performing the contract
will, it is thought, be about eighteen months to two years.

At
Kertch there are also some five or six Russian vessels sunk, which are
included in the contract, and in the harbor of Sebastopol there are some
$800,000 worth of chains and anchors, which the English and French threw
overboard from inability to carry them off. In addition to the expedition from
this country, the Russian government bind themselves to furnish from three
thousand to five thousand men, whose pay from Mr. Gowen, as usual in that
country, will not be more than twenty-five cents per day, they
"finding" themselves. Take it altogether, it is the greatest
contract-submarine or otherwise-ever entered into, and it will be with pride
and pleasure that the countrymen of Mr. Gowen and his associates will hear of
their entire success in the undertaking. Mr. G., as is well known, is a
self-made, enterprising Yankee, who, though comparatively a young man, has
travelled in nearly every country upon the globe.

Mr.
Gowen, who was at Sebastopol in November last, gives us some interesting
particulars from that now famous city. The Russian government are engaged in
rebuilding it. Before the siege it was quite a populous place, containing, it
is supposed, about sixty thousand persons. When Mr. Gowen was there, there
about six thousand people in the place. Several thousand laborers were then
engaged upon the works, and the number was to be largely increased. The old
city was famous for its narrow streets, like Boston; the new city will be
built in squares, like Philadelphia. It is also said that there are
restrictions against the erection of wooden buildings. The forts about the
city, according to the examinations of Mr. Gowen, are only about half
destroyed. Of the immensity of the warlike material scattered with so much
profuseness about this celebrated spot, some idea may be formed from the fact
that the Russians have already gathered over sixteen thousand tons of shot and
shell, and yet they are still so thickly scattered around that it is
impossible to tread without touching them. There are, however, no dead bodies
to be seen, they having been all carefully buried.
There was one spot visited by Mr. G., of melancholy interest. It was a deep
ravine, formerly crossed by a bridge. Into this ravine, the bodies of two
thousand Russian, French and English, killed in one of the more fatal battles,
had been placed, and covered with earth. A wooden cross above has a brief
inscription, telling of the slaughtered thousands thus rudely entombed
beneath.

The
country between Moscow and Sebastopol, for eight hundred miles, Mr. Gowen
describes as level and quite luxuriant. Wheat in some places sells as cheap as
eight cents a bushel, and hay a dollar a ton. The climate, at the time he was
there, was both beautiful and salubrious-one of the best, he thinks, he ever
visited. In connection with his contract, Mr. Gowen is entrusted with a
commission which may result greatly to the benefit of the country.
He has been requested by the Russian government to bring with him specimens of
our iron work, in the form of agricultural implements, tools of various kinds,
machinery, &c. Mr. G. has given orders for the manufacture of articles of
various kinds in this city, New York, Albany and other places. So far as is
possible, the Russian government and people prefer to trade with this country
in preference to England, for their hatred of the English is as intense as
ever.
While at Sebastopol, Mr. Gowen says there were large numbers of French and
English arriving. They were the relatives and friends of those who had fallen
in the conflict, and were on a pilgrimage to find if possible the graves of
the beloved dead. In many cases the last resting place of the soldiers and the
name of the deceased were cut in rude characters, but in others the dead were
buried in one undistinguishable mass, rendering identification impossible.
We are informed that many of the friends of Mr. Gowen, both in this country
and in England, propose, during the performance of the contract, to visit
Sebastopol, with the double object of seeing the place and witnessing the
performance of this most stupendous undertaking.

Sailing
of the Boston Expedition for Raising the Sunken Fleet at Sebastopol

The
Boston Submarine Company have for some time past been vigorously engaged
in pushing forward their preparations for raising the sunken ships at
Sebastopol, under an arrangement made at St. Petersburg, by Colonel G. W.
Lane; and on Saturday last, the day fixed for sailing, one of the vessels
of the expedition, the “Silver Key,” cast loose from the wharf,
and took her departure for the Black Sea. She was freighted entirely with
machinery and apparatus adapted to raising ships and other submarine
operations, and is commanded by Captain Joseph C. Currier, well known as
one of our most reliable shipmasters.

The
screw steamer “General Knox,” another vessel of the expedition,
is already in the Black Sea. Numerous mechanics, and the best divers in
the United States, are on their way with several complete sets of
submarine armor, ample apparatus for blasting, and a Gwynne Pumping
Engine, capable, when driven to its full capacity, of discharging
one thousand barrels of water per minute! By means of this wonderful
machine, a sunken vessel, even in 80 feet of water, (the deepest part of
the harbor of Sebastopol is only sixty-six feet), can be pumped out,
filled with air, and thus raised, without the slightest injury. Upwards of
thirty large sunken steamers have been raised by this new and admirable
process, in the U.S., within the last two years, and it is a noticeable
fact that in no case has it failed of success. It is not necessary to
attempt to make a sunken vessel perfectly tight. Leaks admitting one
thousand gallons per minute, are of no consequence where the engine will
discharge as many barrels in the same time.

In
raising the steamer “Knickerbocker” in September last, from the
bottom of the Hudson river, by this process, two air ports, each ten
inches square, were purposely left open, in addition to the other leaks,
and yet in just one hour and fifteen
minutes she was afloat, ready to be towed to New York. This included
all the stoppages required to keep her upright as she rose. The actual
working time of the pump was just twenty
minutes. She was a steamer of the largest class, 300 feet long and 32
feet beam, and until taken hold of by the Boston Submarine Company, was
regarded as a hopeless case. These facts are attested by Mr. F. W. Moore,
of the U.S. Navy, who, with Mr. W. Lee, Chief-Engineer of the Company,
superintended the operation.

Mr.
Lee, who has probably had a more varied and extensive experience in
submarine engineering than any other person in America, will direct the
operations at Sebastopol.

It
is reported that another expedition is fitting out at Philadelphia, to try
the old plan, with chains, scows, &c. Should this expedition go, there
will probably be work enough for both, as there must be many vessels still
valuable, which were so shattered and broken by shot and shells, as to be
unsuited to this new method, and cannot be raised except by a dead lift.
Such cases, however, have been provided for by the Boston Submarine
Company—they have already sent out pneumatic and hydrostatic lifting
power equal to 256 tons dead lift, to be followed, if needed, by similar
lifting power, equal to 1000. –Boston Transcript

Of
all
the 70 vessels that were scuttled or sunk in the harbor of
Sebastopol
between September, 1854, and Feb­ruary, 1855, there have been only one
steamer, the Chersonese, and a
few transports, raised. The result of
the
examination to which the others have been subjected by divers, shows them to
be
not worth much expense being bestowed upon them. The ships of
the
line, which were sunk at the entrance of the harbor, had already been ten
years afloat, and have now been imbedded in the sands there for two
winters, so that they certainly cannot be worth much. The liners, Paris,
Grossfurst, Constantine, Maria, and Tschesma,
are lying on their beam ends, and have been much injured by the lurching
over of the guns, the ballast, and other ponderous articles ; the Chrabry,
Kullewtschy, and the steamers Vladimir,
Bessarabia, Gromonessetz, Odessa,
Krimea, and Turok, are
described as standing upright on their keels, and it is pro­posed to lift
these by means of the Chersonese
and the transports. As regards those steamers which were among the vessels
that were last sunk, considerable hopes are entertained that they may be
brought into service again. The parties who have undertaken the recovery
of these wrecks from the bottom of the harbor, are to be paid for their
trouble and outlay with one half the estimated value of all objects
recovered, a remuneration that is thought to be in all probability very
inadequate to the expenses. The method proposed is to fasten on the sides
of the vessel to be raised, sacks, made air-tight with tar or gutta percha;
in the case of a ship of the line, it is calculated that 2000 of these
sacks must be used containing 50,000 cubic feet of air. Whether the
scuttled vessels can ever be used or not, it seems to be decided that they
must be lifted, and not blown to pieces, inasmuch as by the latter process
the roads would be encum­bered with a vast number of chains, guns,
anchors, and other heavy bodies, which would forever after obstruct the
anchorage very much.

Our
countrymen have long been dis­tinguished for raising sunken vessels, and
for submarine feats in general. A Boston carpenter, prior to the
Revolution, made an independent fortune, and at last received the order of
knighthood in England, for raising great treasures from some sunken
Spanish galleons. A few years since, American sub­marine divers, after
repeated failures by Englishmen, removed the hull of the steam frigate Missouri,
which was sunk at the
mouth of the harbor of Gibraltar. Their character stands very high for
marine en­gineering, and an evidence of this fact is found in their
employment by the Russian government, to raise the ships which were sunk
at Sevastopol during the famous siege of that city. We understand that the
con­tract was made with Col. J. E. Gowan, of Boston, who achieved so much
distinction at Gibraltar, and he has departed with a large corps of
Americans to carry out his engage­ments with Russia. Apparatus has been
sent from Philadelphia and Boston to Sevas­topol to conduct the
operations, and our coun­trymen are confident that they will succeed in
raising the sunken fleet, which amounts to one hundred vessels--large and
small--some of these being 84 gun ships. The undertaking is one of great
magnitude--the greatest of the kind ever attempted--and will be the means,
it is believed, of making the fortunes of the principal persons engaged in
the enter­prise--Col. Gowan, and those whom he has associated with him.

In
raising a sunken vessel, submarine armor and the diving bell are employed
to make explorations under water, in order to enclose the vessel so as to
shut out the sur­rounding water. The water is then pumped out of the
sunken vessel, and camels
are after­wards
employed to raise it up--float it. Com­pact steam engines and centrifugal
hydraulic pumps have been sent to Sevastopol, and also some india rubber
camels. Marine camelswere first employed
by the Dutch in Holland about 1690. They consist of two similar hollow
water-tight wooden vessels, so con­structed that they can be applied on
each side of the hull of a ship. On the deck of each, windlasses are
attached which work the chains passed under the keel of the vessel to be
raised. When the camel is employed, the water is allowed to fill each half
of it; and when the ship is firmly attached to it, the water is pumped
out, and the buoyancy of the hollow vessels raises it up. A ship drawing
fifteen feet water could by this means be made to draw only eleven feet,
and the largest man-of-war then in the Dutch service made to pass the
sand-banks of the Zuyder Zee.

It
has been related that during the war in 1812, some vessels were built in
Buffalo harbor for action on the upper lakes, and being of too great
draft to cross the bar, they were actually lifted over it with camels, and
did good service afterwards under Commodore Perry.

The
American schooner Silver Key, from Boston, with hydraulic apparatus for
raising the sunken ships at Sebastopol, arrived at Malta on the 6th of
May, and sailed again on the following day for the scene of operations.

The
Sunken Fleet of the Black Sea.—Fifteen of the Russian vessels that
were sunk during the war in the Black Sea, between Sebastopol, Nicoloff,
and Odessa have been raised. The steamers Pruth,
Laba, Reni, Danube
and Chersonese have been refitted and are again in service. There were
87 vessels in all sunk, and those that have been recovered have been
raised by the Russians under the direction of their engineer and naval
officers. The American company with which the Government has contracted
for the raising of the vessels sunk at the mouth of the harbor by Prince
Menschikoff at the commencement of the siege, are expected to commence
operations soon.

We
have been favored with the perusal of a letter from one of our
fellow-citizens who is engaged in raising the Russian fleet at Sebastopol.
Messrs. Gowen and Copeland arrived at that place early in June, and found
the expedition dispatched from Boston was ahead of them, and had been
interceding with the Governor for employment.The Governor informed these persons that the wholecontract was in the hands of Col. Gowen and his company, and he
could do nothing for them, and as Messrs. Gowen & Co. did not wish for
their services, their expedition to Sebastopol came to a sudden
termination. There are some Turkish ships sunk in the Bosphorus, however,
and it may be that the Submarine Company will get leave to try their
skills upon them. We hope they may, and that success will crown their
enterprise. The writer says:

“We
are getting on here faster than I supposed we should, as we have every
difficulty to encounter. The bark SusanJane arrived here in forty five days from Philadelphia, the quickest
passage on record. She, however, had only a portion of the machinery, so
that we cannot commence on the heavy work—raising the hulks—for some
time yet, but there is an abundance of work to be done. We are now engaged
in taking out guns, and clearing the ships of their chains and anchors,
preparatory to lifting them, and we cannot have better property. We have
had one gang at work four days, but only partially equipped, and have
raised one long sixty-four pounder, four forty-two pounders, one anchor
and chain, and to-day shall get up about $2,000 worth of property. The
work will be finished certainly in two years. The climate of Sebastopol is
the finest in the world: the heat in the middle of the day is intense,
though not so oppressive as at home; about 3 p.m. the sea breeze springs
up and it cools off finely. We have delightful nights for rest and sleep;
the air is perfectly dry, and coughs and colds are things entirely
unknown.”

The
writer speaks of the Russian Governor as a man of great ability, honor and
integrity, cheerfully rendering the Company all the aid in his power to
overcome the difficulties which necessarily lie in the way of strangers,
speaking a foreign language.

Up
to a quite recent date the accounts re­ceived through foreign sources of
the success of our countryman, Gowan, in raising the vessels of war sunk
at Sevastopol are not as favorable as we bad hoped. The line-of-bat­tle
ships, frigates, and other vessels which were sunk to form three lines at
the entrance of the port, it has been found impossible to move. They ere
deeply imbedded in the sand above the bilge, and are heavily laden with
stones and other articles, which were convey­ed on board in order to fix
them in their places. Seven small steamers which were anchored near the
shore in rather shallow water, and were grounded rather than sunk, were
the only vessels which had been taken up and repaired at Nicolaieff.

This
is
the
substance of one account. Another, derived from a letter from one of the
members of the expedition from Boston, says that the bark Susan
Jane arrived
there in forty-five days from Philadelphia, the quickest passage on
record; but they cannot com­mence on the heavy work-raising the bulls,
for some time yet, and are now engaged in taking out guns, and clearing
the ships of their chains and anchors, preparatory to lifting them. The
letter estimates that the work will be finished certainly in two years.

The
importance of removing the ships on account of their obstruction to
navigation is less than it would be if the place still retained its former
importance. The point to which we believe the Russian government now
directs its greatest efforts is Theodosia, or Kaffa, which is to be one of
the heads of the line of railway, and is likely to become a great
commercial port.

We
make up parties of pleasure every Sunday, (Wiscrusiana in Russia,) and
either go sailing or on horseback to the different places around and about
Sebastopol—such as Inkermann, Redan, Malakoff, Balaklava, Backstorie,
&c. A description of these places may form the basis of a future
letter.

On
the first of July we commenced diving. “An old practical diver,” as he
represented himself to be, from Boston, was the first to begin operations,
but he made such a bungling attempt that an Englishman, who had been in
the employment of the Russians as diver for eight months previous, and was
engaged by our company, insisted that this must have been the very first
time the Bostonian had ever been in the water. He also satisfied Billy McL___
[sic] that diving “was not what it was cracked up to be.” He has never
been with us since, though Billy says he will try it yet.

The
next day I descended in the Submarine armor, with nerves unshaken and
heart as fearless as it is at this moment. Upon my second descent I made
up to a large anchor, which was pulled up, and was truly a great haul.
Since then I have been diving every week-day, in the morning or the
afternoon, and some days both before and after dinner. For the last week I
have not been down, as we are breaking in a Greek, who will make an expert
diver. He cannot speak a word of English except what I have taught him.

We
have had very little rain since our arrival. Most of what we had came in
the night, rendering the water very cold—especially when the diver has
to go into the holds of sunken vessels. There is no tide whatever, and but
little current, in Sebastopol harbor, and as the water lies dormant in the
holds, is very cold to the diver.

Our
dresses leak very much. On two or three occasions I have taken off my
dress with no less than tow or three buckets of water in it, and not I
alone have been in this plight, so comfortless and dangerous. It has been
the same with all the rest. We have six of these dresses at present, and
must have sixteen to eighteen more to do the necessary diving, there being
one hundred and seventy-two vessels of various sizes, sunk in this harbor.
Many of them still have to be blown up. One, called the Sagodell,
Mr. S. Eakins commenced operations upon to-day, the 30th
August. He succeeded in blowing her nearly all to pieces. It required over
3,000 pounds of gunpowder, and will take 2,000 more to demolish her
entirely.

Col.
Gowen commenced on the Paris, but did not make much headway with her, as
the batteries would not work in his hands. However, Eaking [sic]
astonished the natives to-day, as not a single pontoon missed fire. A
great number of Russians lined the shores to witness the explosions, which
made a truly splendid sight, the water being thrown up full 30 feet high.

The
bark OurUnion arrive here on
the 21st of August, being 74 days coming. As I understood from
the sailors, she sailed on June 5, and stopped five days at
Constantinople. Her procrastination was one reason why I did not write, as
I expected Mr. Eakins and Bill Hiller in her. The passengers (only four)
and crew were all. The crew are now engaged in discharging cargo.

We
have one of our caissons nearly completed and as it needs four,
we shall not be able to raise any vessels until Spring. The work goes
slowly on. However, now that Mr. Wickersham and Mr. Pierce (the chief
engineer) have arrived, they may be able to hurry up the cakes.

Mr.
Wickersham and Mr. Eakins arrived here last Friday evening, in the Farakote
steamer, from Odessa, which is distant some 300 miles. They were detained
there by the Russian officials forthreeweeks. Mr. Wickersham was not allowed to bring his family to
Sebastopol, until Colonel Gowan interfered. The Colonel had to communicate
with the Powers that be in this tyrannical country before they would allow
him to proceed.

The
mails go only once in every ten days from Sebastopol to Odessa, so you may
see how time is lost in communication—especially as Odessa is the
headquarters of this part of the Russian dominions.

Not
a single one of our men, if they had to ship over again, would sign
articles to come to this poverty stricken hole. You cannot purchase a
decent pair of boots in Sebastopol. What they term Sap o yals and
Bas-makers, (that is boot and shoemakers,) you would not give a dollar for
in the United States. For a pair of boots they ask five or six rubles,
(each ruble is eighty cents, as I mentioned before,) and for a pair of
gaiter shoes, which lasted me only three weeks, I paid four rubles. I wore
them out, mind you, in three weeks, putting them on only on Sundays and
sometimes in the evenings.

Ready
made clothing cannot be purchased in Sebastopol, except overalls and
calico shirts. For one of the latter they demand Pottarina Rupe Cedubra,
which means a ruble and a half in silver. A common black cloth or satinet
cap costs two rubles; a pair of pantaloons ten or twelve rubles, and
fifteen rubles if made of fine black cloth. No kind of a hat can be
obtained in Sebastopol, for any money. Of cap makers I found no lack, but
not a single hatter. Tailors are plentiful; but there is one boot maker, a
German. Nearly every storekeepers and tailor is a German Jew.

In
the whole of Sebastopol there are only two hotels, each of which can
accommodate forty persons. These hotels are only one story high, and I am
informed, and can readily believe, that the accommodations are of the very
worst description.

That
you may understand the Russian currency, and estimate it by ours,
I must tell you that a ruble is estimated at eighty cents, (though not
worth seventy-five,) and that one hundred kopeks—pronounced kopeeks—are
in each ruble. A kopeck is three-fourths of our cent.

I
arrived at this far-off city of mud houses yesterday. This is the place of
whose inhabitants Mahomet, in the year of our Lord 630, said “the women
are made for love and the men for war.” In the year 1857, I should say
these human brutes, without arts, laws, and almost any intellect or
language, can scarcely be distinguished from the rest of the lower
creation. They resemble somewhat the Indian Diggers of California, though
of rather lighter complexion. The war waged by Russia against these
Circassians resembles very much our own war with the Seminole Indians of
Florida. There is no saying when it will end. The Circassians bears a
venomous hatred towards the Russians because the latter prevent them
selling their children to the Turks. They managed, during the war, to send
off to Constantinople a cargo of 1,000 of their daughters, but they cannot
do so now.

There
is a regular Russian line of steamers between Odessa and this place. The
accommodation is good and the fare reasonable. Eupatoria, where the
English fleet first landed, is an old Tartar town, of no importance, with
an open roadstead for its harbor; but Sebastopol, the next port, has one
of the finest harbors in the world.At
present a fleet of seventy-three vessels are sunk there. The Philadelphia
Submarine Mining Company have the contract to clear the harbor, and under
its enterprising President, Col. Gowen, the job will be accomplished. The
Colonel ahs with him a hundred superior American mechanics, and any
quantity of Russian laborers. He has now been at Sebastopol six weeks, and
the Company has already erected a storehouse, machine and blacksmiths’
shops, and houses for the men. They have two large gun-boats of 400 tons,
a barge of 100 tons, and a large dock, nearly ready to launch, besides the
steamer GeneralKnox,
the bark SusanJane, and the
schooner SilverKey. They are expecting also, the arrival of the ship OurUnion, with three additional
docks. Sebastopol at this time has all the life activity, and appearance
of a New England ship-yard. The Company has two gangs of divers at work,
clearing away the vessels before attempting to raise them. In doing this
they have recovered a large number of cannon, some 68 pounds in weight,(1)
and about twelve feet long, from the steamship Vladimir; also a great many anchors and chains, some of them
weighing seven tons, from the 120 gun ship Constantine,
besides a large amount of rigging, brass, copper, &c. The iron
steamers and new ships have not received any material damage from the
worms, but the old ships will not be worth repairing. The anchors, chains,
copper, sheathing, bolts, rigging, &c., are of very great value.

W.L.

(1)
Probably a misunderstanding by the writer for the weight of the shot
by which the cannon was described: “a sixty-eight pounder.”

Sub-Marine
Operations in the Crimea.—William Leland, of New York, has just
returned from the Crimea, where with his associates he has been engaged in
raising the Russian ships sunk at Sevastopol. He reports the operation a
good one financially. Many articles are raised in a perfect state. Chains,
anchors, guns, rigging, and many valuable things are entirely uninjured,
but the hulls of the vessels are badly worm eaten. There are two companies
on the ground—one from New York and the other from Boston. They have
united their operations, have between them four vessels, and have
ninety-seven Americans engaged in the operations. When he left, there were
but two on the sick list. Quite a large number of Russians are also
employed at about 80 cents a day. They companies have half of what they
raise, the other half going to the Russian government, which also stands
ready to purchase anything of value that falls to the lot of the
companies. It is a regular Yankee operation, and a very good
exemplification of the enterprise of the Americans. –Springfield
Republican.

No
ships of war have yet been raised, but the Boston Submarine Company have
been at work upon an eighty-four gun ship. This ship has become deeply
embedded in the mud, the Russians before scuttling her having placed heavy
granite blocks upon he decks to prevent injury to the vessel from the shot
of the enemy.

All
this granite has been recovered, together with a large amount of other
material, sufficient to leave a surplus after paying expenses, the share
of the Gowen Company and the Russians. In regard to the ship, the Gwinn
pump was used and actually drew up water from the hold of the vessel, at a
distance of forty-six feet from the surface at the rate of seventy
thousand gallons a minute, without starting the vessel. The commander of
the expedition is confident, however, that with the use of pontoons or
bags of India-rubber filled with air, introduced into the hold, they shall
be more successful.

The
Gowen Company, it is also stated, have been quite successful in raising
material, of which there are millions in amount upon the bottom, and
neither party have, so far as is known, the slightest intention of
abandoning the undertaking.

Up
to the 4th of November the weather had been extremely pleasant,
and on that day they were sitting at open windows eating blackberries.

The
Russian Government, it is stated, still look with favor upon this famous
city, and are energetically at work to restore it to something of its
former strength and efficiency. Next Spring the Grand Duke Constantine,
and others of the Imperial family, will visit the place, to superintend
the operations of rebuilding, &c.

One
of the vessels of the Boston Submarine Company was at Constantinople
taking in coal and provisions with which to return to Sebastopol. This
does not look like an abandonment of the expedition.

The
reported abandonment of the expedition to Sebastopol to raise the sunken
Russian vessels of war at that port, is not correct, as far as the Marine
Exploring Company of Philadelphia is concerned, in which Col. J. E. Gowan
and others of the city have an interest. It may refer to the vessels of
the Boston Submarine Company. A correspondent of the Transcript says:

"Advices
received from the Company by the last steamer, represent that they were in
full tide of successful operations, employing several hundred men, had
recovered large amounts of valuable property, and had blown to pieces and
raised a number of ships, besides having recovered many chains and
anchors, guns, large amounts of copper, iron, hemp, and other valuable
materials.

The
bark Susan Jane had been dispatched or Liverpool, with a cargo
valued at upwards of $10,000, being a portion of the property recovered
from the bottom of the harbor, and a part of the share of the Marine
Exploring Company.

They
have at present large additional amounts of property on shore, awaiting a
conveyance to Liverpool for disposal. The prospect for a handsome profit
is regarded as very flattering, and the parties engaged in this
undertaking have not the slightest intention of abandoning the work.

The
Sebastopol Expedition a Failure.—The Berlin correspondent of the
London Times says the American schooner Silver
Key, having on board the engineers and machinery that were to have
been employed in the raising of vessels sunk at Sebastopol, has returned
to Constantinople. It is said that the vessels are reported by divers to
be so thoroughly buried in the mud and earth that any raising of them is
out of the question. The difficulties and expense of raising them is
estimated to exceed the probable proceeds of salvage.

A
paragraph has been going the rounds of the papers, in which it is stated
that the American contractors to raise the sunken Russian fleet at
Sevastopol have given up the project in disgust, and have returned to
Constantinople on their way home. It is stated that the sunken vessels
have become so deeply imbedded in the mud and sand brought down by the
river into the bay that it is impossible to raise them. On the other hand,
the Boston Transcript states that the Marine Exploring Company of
Philadelphia, which has the contract for raising these vessels, is under
heavy bonds to the Russian government to perform the work. The Transcript
also asserts that this company, instead of running away from Sevastopol in
disgust, has been very successful, and employ several hundred men in the
Operations. It admits, however, that the Boston Relief and Submarine
Company, also at Sevastopol, had ceased operations, and withdrawn all
their vessels. This explains the whole matter. Two American submarine
exploring companies went to Sevastopol; one of them has failed, the other
has been successful.

There
is scarcely a spot on the globe, where money is likely to be made either
by application of art, or Yankee enterprise, that Americans cannot be
found enlisted. A Boston, as well as a Philadelphia Submarine Co., are now
engaged in raising the sunken Russian fleets, in the harbor of Sebastopol,
a work which the Russians themselves never thought of undertaking with
hope of success, but which will be accomplished by Americans. The English
have built a "Leviathan" ship, which months of effort, and
several hundred thousand dollars expended, have failed to launch into her
intended element. An American company has offered to do the job safely for
a moderate sum, and, if they fail, to charge nothing.

Another
expedition showing American enterprise, is now operating in the far off
Caribbean Sea. Advices have just been received at the office of the Boston
Relief and Submarine Company from Capt. Joseph P. Couthouy, commanding the
Company's expedition there, date Caribbean Sea, brig Monagos, over the San
Pedro, Dec. 12, 1857, by which it appears that after about three months'
preparation, in blasting and clearing away rubbish, the divers had at
length got into the hold of the San Pedro, and were beginning to take out
specie-several hundred dollars having been found during the last few days.

Capt.
C. says: "In my judgment, here is tangible and weighty evidence that
there must be a round sum in her, when dollars are found (like all of
late) in rolls, or parts of rolls,, in lumps of $15 and $20, to $90 and
$100 each; I is not likely that these are a few scattered ones; they must
be only the heralds of the main body to which they belong."
It will be remembered by many that the San Pedro was the flag-ship of a
squadron of fifteen sail, including transports, sent out by Spain as long
ago as 1815, with an army of 12,000 men, to reconquer the revolted
province of Venezuela, and that she blew up in the bay of Camana, and sunk
in sixty feet of water.
It is proved by official documents that she had on board at the time of
the catastrophe, $3,000,000, of which $1,600,000 were in gold. Of this
large sum, till now, only about $400,000 have been recovered, which were
obtained by means of a diving bell, in the mud and sand outside the ship.
This is the first successful attempt ever made to penetrate the hull,
where there is every reason to believe that the bulk of the treasure will
be found.
The brass guns that have been found are known to have been stowed in the
hold before the explosion, of which there are said to have been from sixty
to one hundred thousand dollars worth, comprising a park of field
artillery, and the bronze guns taken from captured and dismantled forts;
of these, five beautiful pieces of ordnance, in a perfect state of
preservation, have been taken up, besides considerable quantities of
copper, and other articles of value.
The prospect now is that the persevering efforts of Capt. Couthouy will be
crowned with complete success. He has the very best of machinery, and bold
and experienced divers. His crew are devoted to him, cheerfully working
8½ hours a day under water. He has adopted a systematic plan of
operation, by which with the aid of gunpowder and the submarine armor, he
will undoubtedly be able to completely demolish the San Pedro, and be
handsomely rewarded in securing the vast treasure she contains. Nothing
short of Yankee enterprise, however, would attempt to accomplish such a
feat after a lapse of forty-three years.

By
the most recent accounts from Europe, we learn that both of the two
American companies, which had formed contracts to raise the sunken ships
at Sevastopol, have given up the project as quite impracticable. The hulls
of these sunken vessels have been rendered completely useless by the teredo
of the Black Sea. Some of these vessels were caulked and made seemingly
tight for the purpose of pumping out the water prior to the act of raising
them, but the timber was afterwards found so rotten that the water run
through it like a sieve. The anchors and cables raised are sufficient to
cover some of the expenses of the companies, but not the whole. No less
than eighty-one vessels were sunk, and some of these were eighty gun
ships-all are lost forever.

The
Philadelphia Ledger asserts, on excellent authority, that the report that
the Sevastopol company has proved a failure, and that the sunken ships
cannot be raised, is an error. Whatever the difficulties in removing these
obstructions in the entrance of the most important port in the Crimea-and
the difficulties have been greatly exaggerated-the Russian government is
determined that they shall be overcome; and as it is prepared to
remunerate the contractors adequately, no matter what may be the cost,
success is only a question of time.

The
Boston submarine expedition to Sebastopol has returned, having given up
the attempt to raise the sunken Russian ships and sold their property at
Constantinople to pay expenses. It has been a losing operation for the
Company. The Philadelphia Company remains at Sebastopol and will try to
clear the harbor, having received additional inducements from the Russian
government.

Letters
have been received in this city, dated Sebastopol, may 24, by which we
learn that the work of raising the sunken Russian fleet progresses rapidly
and with remarkable success. We make the following extract from the
letters: "We have raised whole the 16-gun vessel-of-war Smelya,
and brought her down to the Admiralty, slung between the caissons, last
night. She had over 300 tons of mud in her hold and on her decks, besides
all her rigging, iron tanks, pig iron ballast, &c., &c. She laid
up the South Bay, and as the rains wash the steep banks that comprise the
sides of the bay, the soil being quite alluvial, it constantly keeps the
water in a roiled state, depositing the sediments on the decks and in the
hatches; this, however, is not the case in the main harbor, and we only
tried this vessel to test the machinery before going to work at raising
the heavier vessels. The caissons operated as well as we expected, and at
no time did w use over one one-fifth [sic] of their power. This, of
course, demonstrates the entire feasibility of raising any and every ship
in the harbor of Sebastopol. We shall, undoubtedly, raise the whole fleet
this Summer. Next week we hall raise a steamer whole, and shall follow
with raising all that are worth the labor whole, and blast with submarine
charges the balance."

A
letter on the subject of the wrecking operations at Sebastopol lately
appeared in the Boston Transcript, and was extensively copied in journals
of this City. It was one of several which have been published in the same
paper during the past year, and, like others of the same series, contained
statements in many particulars so absurdly untrue, that those acquainted
with the facts could only laugh at them, considering the whole
correspondence in the light of a stock-puffing advertisement. It seems,
however, to have been accepted by a large portion of the public, not
acquainted with the facts, as measurably true, and as throwing discredit
on the operations of the Boston expedition under my command, which ahs
recently returned from that port; and believing, from the numerous
inquiries addressed tome for information on the subject, especially since
the appearance of the letter above referred to, that a statement of the
facts within my knowledge would be of some public interest, and at the
same time save me necessity of frequent repetitions, I have prepared such
a statement, and request a place for it in the columns of the Times.

First,
let me say, the expedition fitted out from Boston was abandoned, not
because Mr. Gowen had an exclusive contract for the work, nor yet because
the work was impracticable, but solely because it would not pay. Great
pains have indeed been taken from the beginning to create the belief that
the Philadelphia company, represented by Mr. Gowen, was the only one which
could engage in the work, or reap any profits to be expected from it; and
the assertion is repeated in the letter in question that "Mr. Gowen
is the only American who has a contract with the Russian Government for
doing the work." Mr. Gowen did indeed procure the first contract,
which was in terms exclusive; but his progress during the first season
fell so short of his undertaking that his exclusive rights were forfeited,
and the Government felt at liberty to contract with other parties. Under
these circumstances, after working side by side with Gowen's expedition,
under his contract, for four months, I obtained from the Government, in
December last, for the Boston Relief and Submarine Company, a separate
contract, on the same general terms as Gowen's, but much more favorable in
several important particulars-as, for example, we were at liberty to leave
when we would, neither vessels nor apparatus subject to any forfeiture,
whereas all the machinery and apparatus of the Philadelphia Company are,
by their contract, held as security for the completion of the work in two
years and six months from the time of commencing.

The
contract given to me is now in the possession of the Boston R. & S.
Co., and may be seen at their office. They are not working under it, for
several reasons, any one of which would, if known in time, have prevented
their sending out an expedition, and altogether were enough to recall it.
One of these reasons is, that revelations in regard to material and manner
of construction, made in blasting the wrecks, prove conclusively that they
never were worth much as ships. Again, repeated and thorough examinations
by divers in all parts of the harbor show that whatever their condition
originally may have been, they are now so utterly destroyed by worms as
that probably three in the whole harbor, if they were raised today, would
be worth anything at all as ships. Furthermore, it appeared that the
Government itself, satisfied that the sunken vessels were not worth
repairing for actual service, would allow nothing for the contractors'
share in them, even if raised whole, beyond their value as old material,
and would not become the purchase even of that, but would insist on an
actual division; so that they must, after all, have been broken up and
divided, and the contractors' share transported to Constantinople or
elsewhere for a market. And even for this purpose their real was much less
than their apparent value, owing to the scant allowance of copper used in
their construction, amounting to not exceeding one-third of what is
usually found in vessels of the same class.

One
statement in the Transcript is to the effect that the Philadelphia Company
"have removed fifteen ships by blasting." Now, at the time I
left, January 24, they had been six months blasting on the Paris
and Agodel, one of which was then nearly half broken up, the other
not more than one fourth. In the mean time many of their best workmen, all
indeed that could get away, had left them, and the Government, alarmed at
the enormous expense incurred for powder, had prohibited them from
commencing on any other vessels till these should be entirely removed. As
to the probability that this work can have been completed, with a
diminished force, in the three stormy months of February, March and April,
and not only that, but thirteen other vessels broken up and removed by the
same process, the public can judge.

The
letter above referred to says: "We raised the sixteen-gun corvette Smelya,"
and "she is not badly worm-eaten," &c. The Smelya was
a schooner, nineteen years old, lying up South Bay, and was one of the
last I examined before leaving, with a view to raising her by pontoons,
which might very easily have been done, if she had been worth the trouble.
A careful examination showed her to be "another honeycomb;" and
the fact that one of the divers twice broke through the deck, in
consequence of its rottenness from this cause, seemed to indicate that she
was rather "badly worm-eaten." And for this reason we abandoned
the idea of raising her.

I
have in my possession specimens of wood taken from the Chesma, a vessel in
at least as good condition as any in the harbor, an examination of which
will give a better idea than anything I can say of the condition of the
ships, one and all, exposed to the attacks of worms in the waters of
Sebastopol. And my statement on this and other points may be further
substantiated by the Philadelphia Company, nearly all of them having
returned to the United States.

Two
American companies entered into engagements with the Russian government to
raise the ships which were sunk in the harbor of Sevastopol during the
Crimean war. One of these companies, from Boston, gave up the enterprise
last year, and returned, having made a failure of the business. The other
company, from Philadelphia, has continued steadily at work, and success
has attended its efforts. A very intelligent correspondent of the New York
Tribune, writing from that city on the let of September, states that they
have raised the EmpressCatherine, 120 guns Chesma,
84 guns; a frigate of 60 guns; the Lemelia, a gun boat, and a
beautiful steamer which was once the Sultan of Turkey's yacht. The
company's share of the profits will be a very large one, and their pay
prompt and sure. Although many of the sunk vessels will be recovered, yet
he says that "millions worth of property lies buried here which can
never be recov6red unless some Yankee will invent a windmill pump of
sufficient power to empty the Black Sea. As you are given at home to
magnificent enterprises, to Pacific railroads, canals, and Atlantic
telegraph cables, I shall expect to see in some future number of the
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN a diagram of such a pump. The only requisite is that
it shall empty the Black Sea and carry off the water." The
correspondent of the Tribune is not far wrong in having such strong faith
in Yankee pluck and genius. The manner of raising the sunken ships at
Sevastopol is very simple and effectual. Two chains of great size are
passed under the bottom of a sunken vessel by divers; these are attached
to a pair of floating caissons at each side, the valves of which are then
opened, and they are sunk to within two feet of the deck. The valves are
then closed, and the caissons pumped empty. As the water is pumped out of
them, they begin to ascend and lift the sunken vessel with them by their
power of floatage. The reports which have been circulated that the hulls
of these sunken vessels have been destroyed by the teredo or ship-worm are
not correct. The bottom of the harbor is filled with deep soft mud ; this
covers nearly the entire hulls, leaving only the spars and upper works
exposed to the teredo, which does not operate under the mud. The machinery
of the steamers which have been raised was very little injured.

We
[Ga?gnani] have received the following communication from the party who
has contracted to raise the Russian vessels in the harbor of Sevastopol.
It is dated from that port, and bears the day of September 30: “I
noticed an article in your journal relating to the sunken ships in this
harbor. As so many contradictory statements have appeared, some declaring
that the Americans who contracted for the removal of the ships had
abandoned the work as hopeless; others, that the terrible worm of the
Black Sea had entirely destroyed the vessels; others, that the work was
never confided to an American; in answer to all such reports allow me to
state that I contracted with the Russian Government in October, 1856, to
remove the ships and vessels sunk in the harbor; that I am an American;
that immediately on closing the contract I returned to the United States,
and had such machinery constructed as was necessary, and arrived at this
place the following year, and commenced preparing the machinery and
materials, which were not completed until May last. Since that time I have
raised whole the 16-gun schooner Smelai,
the steamers Turk and Groznoi—also the 16-gun brig Ae_as,
the Parassiane and Strelia,
and am now engaged on the steamers Danube
and Odessa, which will be raised
in a few days. In addition to the above I have entirely removed the hulls
of two old line-of-battle ships and a frigate that were formerly used as
prison ships; also the frigate Havanna
and the line-of-battle ship Sagodal,
with the exception of her keel, which is buried in over twelve feet of
soft mud. My forces are now engaged in the removal of the 120-gun ship Constantine, line-of-battle ship Paris, and transport Benezan,
which ships are in the middle of the harbor and are rapidly being removed.
The teredo has not injured the sunken ships to the amount generally
supposed. The Russian Government are now repairing the steamer Turk, which is in excellent order; her hull is quite sound, with the
exception of her upper works, her engines require some slight repairs; the
commission that examined her decided that it would require but five per
cent of her value to restore her to complete running order. The other
vessels are in equally as good a condition. I beg further to remark that I
contracted to clear the harbor of Sevastopol, and shall complete the work
in a faithful manner. The various contradictory statements that have
appeared have undoubtedly arisen from the fact that an American company
came here with a wonderful pump (Gwinne’s), by which means they supposed
they could exhaust the water from the ships and float them. After
ineffectual attempts for six months, they abandoned their work, and
departed for America via Constantinople. Not wishing to deporciate [sic:
depreciate] the power of their machinery, they reported the impossibility
of the ships ever being removed, which ahs now been practically refuted.

Raising
Sunken Vessels.—The Boston Post is informed in a private letter that
Mr. John E. Gowen, the contractor for the removal of the sunken vessels at
Sevastopol, has been invited by the Allied Commissioners on the Danube to
raise a large number of vessels sunk at the Seluna entrance of the Danube,
and to remove some serious impediments. He has also been invited by the
Austrian government to raise several ships-of-war and large war-steamers
sunk in the harbor of Venice during the late war.

A
correspondent of the London Times says:--I can give you some fully
reliable information about the labors of the Philadelphians in the harbor
of Sebastopol. It comes from persons lately returned from there. As I
wrote to you some considerable time ago, the first attempts made by the
Boston Wrecking Company failed. This company retired and the Philadelphia,
with Col. Gowan at its head, made a new and more favorable agreement with
the Russian Government. According to the first, the proceeds from the sale
of the vessels raised were to be divided equally between the government
and the company. The present agreement is, that the whole proceeds belong
to the company. The works were begun in the south harbor last autumn, and
have been since continued with considerable success; 28 vessels-brigs,
schooners, and lately one corvette of 18 guns-have been successfully
raised. Of the 28 vessels, 15 have been raised whole, and with the hulls
in very fair condition, the others were broken to pieces, and taken out in
that state; but even in this latter case, the copper bolts, sheathing, and
the timber pay for the expenses of raising.

In
the south harbor it seems the ravages done by the Black Sea teredo are not
considerable, probably owing to its being less subject to the waters of
the Tchernaya. I have myself seen the double eagle that occupied the stern
of the Calypso, which is in a perfect state of preservation. With
the profits derived from the vessels raised, the apparatus is increased.
Only lately a caisson, with a power of 2,500 tons was launched, and
another will soon follow. With the two together, it is hoped that some of
the larger ships can be raised. The wrecks will find a ready sale on the
spot, or are sent to Odessa and Constantinople.

There
are about 32 Americans, and from 60 to 70 Russians, employed on the works;
and it is confidently expected that in two years the whole harbor can be
cleared. With the exception of the ships sunk at the entrance of the great
harbor, no guns are on board any of the vessels.

The
American Company, engaged to raise the sunken fleet at Sebastopol, have
lately brought alongside the wharf the 60-gun frigate Koalefchi—the
vessel whose masts have for so many years, stood upright in the center of
the harbor. The Koalefchi weighs
4,500 tons. She is in good condition, and is the first frigate ever raised
whole. Mr. Gowen, of Boston, is the chief of this American Company, and he
has contributed not a little credit of “Yankee enterprise,” by his
ability and perseverance in the important and arduous task he has
undertaken to perform.

The
Sunken Ships at Sevastopol.—According to a letter from Sevastopol,
received in Paris, the Russians, since December last, have succeeded in
raising the steamers Crimea, Bessarabia, Odessa, and Elboroz.
They have also raised the frigate Kanlevtchi,
after incredible efforts. They are now endeavoring to raise the steamer
Vladimir, and then will come the turn of the ships-of-the-line Chrabry
and Tehesme, as well as several
frigates. These vessels were all sunk in the harbor by the Russians to
prevent them falling into the hands of the allies during the siege.

--Those who are conversant with the
details of the Crimean War will remember that on the 23d of September,
1854, three days after the battle of Alma, and three days before the
arrival of the British army on the heights above Balaklava, Prince
Menchikoff adopted the bold expedient of forming a line of Russian
ships-of-war across the entrance to Sebastopol harbor, and sinking them by
scuttling. It was apparently a reckless and unprecedented bit of strategy,
but it fully answered the intended purpose; for the magnificent English
and French fleets were unable throughout the war to make the smallest
entry into the harbor, or to approach near enough for any effective
bombardment of the fortifications. Again, on the 8th of September, 1855,
when the Russians abandoned Sebastopol, they sank all the remaining ships
in the harbor, to prevent them from falling into the hands of the
besiegers. Well, it is in this quarter that Colonel Gowen has already
displayed his ship-raising ingenuity. He say: “When raising the sunken
fleet at Sebastopol for the Russian government, I labored under a number
of difficulties which can scarcely be overrated; and yet the most perfect
success attended my operations, as I then raised and cleared seventy
vessels of all sizes, some of which are now in commission.” Comparing
Vigo with Sebastopol, he adds: “My soundings in the Bay of Vigo showed a
bottom of mud in which the galleons are not more than half buried. When I
compare this with the twenty feet of mud, clay, oyster shells, and gravel
in which the sunken fleet at Sebastopol was lying, I look forward with the
most sanguine expectations to the result of the proposed undertaking.
Instead of an open roadstead, as at Sebastopol, the small bay in which the
galleons are lying is completely landlocked, so that operations can be
carried on in all weathers, and through any season of the year.”

We
shall see, therefore, when Neptune can be made to yield up the treasure
which, according to repute, he has for a hundred and sixty-seven years
retained in his dominions at the bottom of the sea.

History
of Lynn, Essex County, MassachusettsAnnals
of Lynn-1857 (p. 450)

John
E. Gowan, a native of Lynn, arrived at Sebastopol, Russia, June 3, to
undertake the raising of the ships sunk in that harbor, during the Crimean
War, under a contract with the Russian government. His enterprise was
successful, and honors were bestowed upon him.