perدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-03-01271124587Research Paperاثر گردشگری بر توسعه‌ی انسانیTourism Impact on Human Developmentاحمد جعفری صمیمیjafarisa@yahoo.com1شیما خبرهsh_khebreh@yahoo.com2دانشگاه مازندراندانشگاه مفید قمچکیده امروزه گردشگری به­عنوان یکی از بزرگترین صنایع درجهت ایجاد درآمد و ارتقاء رشد و توسعه‌ی اقتصادی بسیاری از کشورها تبدیل شده و رشد آن تغییرات اجتماعی و اقتصادی زیادی را به­دنبال داشته است. این مطالعه به بررسی اثر گردشگری بر توسعه‌ی انسانی در کشورهای منتخب (56کشور) شامل ایران، طی دوره 2011-2005 و با استفاده از مدل داده­های تابلویی می­پردازد. در این پژوهش، جهت بررسی اثر گردشگری بر توسعه، از شاخص توسعه‌ی انسانی استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می­دهد تعداد ورود گردشگران خارجی اثر مثبت و معناداری بر توسعه‌ی انسانی کشورها دارد. از این رو توسعه‌ی این صنعت جهت دست­یابی به اهداف توسعه‌ی اقتصادی و انسانی برای هر کشوری ضروری به‌نظر می­رسد.Extended Abstract Introduction Today, tourism has become one of the biggest industries in generating revenue and which can enhance economic development in the countries around the World. This study investigates the impact of tourism on human development in 57 countries including Iran from the period 2005 to 2011. This paper uses human development index to examine the effect of tourism on the development. The result that uses a panel data regression model indicates that the number of tourists has a positive and significant effect on human development in the countries under consideration. Hence, the development of tourism industry to achieve economic and human development goals are recommended. Introduction Today the concept of tourism has been found to be quite different from the past. In other words, it is seen as an economic imperative. Tourism affects national employment levels, increases foreign exchange earnings, thrives local industry, expands of international cooperation, and most importantly, improves the welfare of the people. And many other factors caused world 's attitude to the border it evolved as one of the most important driving forces of economic development, government policy will play an important role. Iran is one of the world's major tourist hubs. This study investigates the effects of tourism on human development in selected countries (57 countries), including Iran, using a panel data model. In this study ,the Human Development Index is used to estimate the effect of tourism on development. Materials and methods Panel data regression model has been used in the present study to examine the impact of tourism on human development for selected countries over the period 2005-2011. The sample includes both developed as well as developing countries. The model is specified as follows: Where, expresses the human development index, health-related expenses, the number of foreign tourists to the country, life expectancy and education indicators are related expenditure (all variables are entered by the log). Discussion and Result Based on the Hausman test, fixed effects method used as appropriate method of estimation. The estimated value of the F statistic shows the regression is significant. The coefficients of the variables in the model represents a significant and positive relationship with Human Development Index. This means an increase in each of the components, namely education, health, life expectancy and the number of tourists will increase the human development index which in turn means an improvement in the living standards in the country . Conclusions Tourism as one of the components of the service sector has played an important role especially in developing countries in promoting growth and development. The estimation results indicate that the number of foreign tourists has a positive and significant impact on the human development index. This result is not unexpected .Tourism encourages the flow of foreign currency and employment and also improves health, education, and welfare while alleviating poverty and inducing economic growth. Therefore concentrating on tourism as an important component of service industry enables countries to achieve development goals. Regional and international organizations can speed up this process.http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_587_07616dc3702dc0f409e0f4109feea46f.pdfتوسعه‌ی انسانیگردشگریکشورهای منتخبایرانداده¬های تابلوییhuman developmentTourismSelected CountriesIranPanel Dataperدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-02-20272543588Research Paperتأثیر زیرساخت های اقتصادی بر گردشگری: رویکرد پانل دیتا مقایسه‌ی تطبیقی کشورهای درحال توسعه و توسعه‌یافتهAn Investigation on the Effects of Economic Infrastructure on Tourism:Panel Data Approachابوالفضل شاه آبادیab.shahabadi@gmail.com1علی سیاحalisayyah83@gmail.com2دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همداندانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدانچکیده در مطالعات تجربی در زمینه‌ی بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر تقاضای گردشگری، شاهد گونه‌ای نقص در مدل‌سازی تابع تقاضای گردشگری هستیم؛ چرا­که توجه اصلی در مطالعات، بر روی عوامل متداول تقاضای گردشگری (همچون درآمد و سطح قیمت­ کشورها) معطوف شده است و کمتر به عوامل سمت عرضه‌ی خدمات گردشگری (همچون زیرساخت­های شبکه‌ی حمل و نقل کشور، زیرساخت­های فناوری ارتباطات و اطلاعات، سطح بهداشت و آموزش کشورها) توجه شده است. با توجه به تفاوت معنی­دار کشورهای توسعه­یافته و کشورهای درحال‌توسعه در جذب گردشگر بین­المللی، اقدام به مقایسه‌ی تأثیر عوامل درآمد سرانه، جمعیت، نرخ ارز و همچنین توسعه‌ی زیر­ساخت­های اقتصادی (زیرساخت­های حمل ونقل، شاخص فناوری ارتباطات و اطلاعات، شاخص­های توسعه­یافتگی سطح بهداشت و خدمات درمانی و سطح آموزش و فرهنگ جامعه) بر تقاضای گردشگری با استفاده از داده­های مقطعی 2000 -2010 کشورهای منتخب توسعه­یافته و درحال توسعه با رویکرد پانل دیتا داشته­ایم. نتایج نشان می­دهد علاوه‌بر درآمد سرانه‌ی واقعی و جمعیت کشورها، شاخص فناوری ارتباطات و اطلاعات و نرخ ارز از اهمیت به‌سزایی در جذب گردشگر برخوردارند. براساس نتایج، تخمین هزینه­های آموزشی تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌دار بر تقاضای گردشگری کشورهای توسعه­یافته دارد؛ درحالی که ضریب تخمینی متغیر هزینه­های آموزشی کشورهای درحال توسعه بی­معنی است. همچنین نتایج تخمین بیانگر تأثیر مثبت و معنی­دار توسعه‌ی بهداشت و سطح سلامت جامعه بر تقاضای گردشگری کشورهای توسعه­یافته و تأثیر مثبت و بی­معنای توسعه‌ی بهداشت و سطح سلامت جامعه بر تقاضای گردشگری کشورهای درحال‌توسعه است.Introduction The tourism industry has 5% of world GDP and constitutes 6% of the total world exports and one person in every 12 people is working in this industry. According to the role of the tourism industry, the need for research on factors influencing the tourism demand and the use of different tools is essential in order to develop and benefit from the numerous economic and social advantages. Empirical studies in the field of investigation of the factors influencing tourism demand, we are observing the defects in modeling of tourism demand function. Since the main focus of studies has been paid on the popular factors of tourism demand (such as income and price levels of countries), and less have been noted to levels of tourism services supply (such as the infrastructures of transport network, the health level and cultural condition of the country). Currently the tourism industry constitutes 5% of world GDP and 6% of the total world exports and one person in every 12 people is employed in this industry. Tourism revenues have grown up from 570 billion dollars in 2000 to more than 1000 billion dollars in 2010. In recent years, following the wave of recession and rising unemployment, many policymaker leaders look to the country's tourism industry as an industry that can stimulate the economy. Therefore understanding the nature of the tourism demand is important for progressing a tourism development plan. In this field, little attention has been given to investigating the complexity of tourism. Tourism includes a wide range of goods and services which each of them have unique characteristics. Effective factors on tourism demand are classified into three categories Demand-side factors: Demand-side factors are collection of economic, social and natural variables in the host country that affect the preferences and motivations of tourists to enter the destination area. This include variables such as individual motivations of tourists, culture and traditions of the people, geographical conditions, disposable income, income distribution, graduation rates and fiscal policy and monitoring of tourism expenditures. 2. Supply side factors: Supply side factors are collections of economic, social and natural variables in the host country that affect the preferences and motivations of tourists to enter destination areas. Supply-side factors are such as real income per capita, direct foreign investment, ICT infrastructure, the transport infrastructure, competitiveness and quality of tourism products and economic regulation in the host country. 3. Relationship factors: Relationship factors are a group of communication variables that are related together in two countries such as destination advertisement in the source region, exchange rate, time and travel costs and relative prices. Materials and Methods This paper attempts to estimate the tourism demand equation to investigate the factors affecting tourism demand. According to significant difference between developed and developing countries in attracting international tourists, we have attempted to comparison the effects of per capita income, population, exchange rates and also development of economic infrastructures (transport infrastructure, ICT indicators, indicators of development, and health level medical services and level of education and culture of the society) on tourism demand by using cross-sectional data from 2000 - 2010 in selected developed and developing countries with panel data approach. Because this study is cross-country, panel data techniques is the most appropriate method. Discussion and Results Per capita income has positive and statistically significant effect on the amount of tourists in both groups of countries.Also, for both groups of countries, tourism is a luxury item. Model results indicate that the countries whit more populated will have more demand for tourism.The results showed a significant and negative relationship between the real effective exchange rate and tourism demand. To more accurately, the real effective exchange rate shows the competitiveness of power generation and delivery of local services against foreign products and services. Thus whatever country's real effective exchange rate behigh, its demand for tourism services will be less.The results also showed a significant positive correlation between an increase in health development and community health with increasing tourism demand in developed countries? For developing countries, tourism demand has not any relationships with expenditures conducted in the field of healthcare. Communication services including Internet services and the availability of national data in cyberspace is another factor in attracting tourists in both groups of the countries. This effect was similar in both groups but significantly more reliable in developing countries.Finally, the estimation results indicate that thedevelopment of air transport infrastructure in developing countries is meaningless but this effect is significant and positive in developing countries. This issue explains importance of the development of air transport in developing countries than in developed countries. Conclusion The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting international tourism demand in selected developing and developed countries. The results show that in addition to real per capita income and population, ICT indicator and exchange rate have an important role in attracting tourists. Noticeable in results of this paper is effect of educational expenditure on tourism demand.This effect on developed countries is significant and positive and in developing countries is non-significant. There is also a significant positive relationship between increasing the health development and society health level by increasing tourism demand in developed countries, while in developing countries this indicator is non-significant. One of the main results is sign of transport infrastructure. Having suitable transport infrastructure, especially air transport fleet is important to increase international tourists demand.http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_588_49869dd0d98114cebcddc7b3e9f43b9e.pdfتقاضای گردشگریزیرساخت¬های اقتصادیکشورهای توسعه‌یافتهکشورهای درحال‌توسعهTourism DemandEconomic InfrastructureDeveloped CountriesDeveloping countriesPanel Dataperدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-02-20274465589Research Paperشناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تقاضای سفر به مشهد مقدس (کاربرد روش دو مرحله ای هکمن)Recognition of Demand Factors for Domestic Tourists of Mashhad
(Using the two stage-model of Heckman)ارغوان فرزین معتمدarg.motamed@gmail.com1یگانه موسوی جهرمیyeganehmj@gmail.com2رشته اقتصادعضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه پیام نورچکیده گردشگری مذهبی در ایران یکی از پر جاذبه­ترین انواع گردشگری به­شمار می­رود و شهر مشهد یکی از مهمترین مناطق در جذب این نوع گردشگران است. این شهر همه ساله بیشترین حجم مسافر داخلی را به خود اختصاص می­دهد. با توجه به اهمیت شهر مشهد به­عنوان یک قطب گردشگری و اقتصادی، پژوهش حاضر بر آن است تا عوامل مؤثر بر تقاضای گردشگران داخلی به این شهر را شناسایی و میزان تأثیر این عوامل را بر تقاضای سفر به شهر مشهد، برآورد نماید. داده­های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق، داده­های جمع­آوری شده توسط مرکز آمار ایران در سال 1387 بوده که تنها داده موجود در این حوزه است. در تحقیق حاضر، تقاضای سفر به مشهد با استفاده از روش دو مرحله­ای هکمن برآورد شده است. نتایج تحقیق حاکی از آن است که دو عامل سن و مشکلات مالی با ضرایب منفی در تمایل خانوار برای انجام سفر، به­طور کلی، مؤثر بوده است. عوامل قیمت کالاهای موجود در سبد سفر و طبقه درآمدی خانوار مسافر با ضرایب منفی و عوامل نزدیکی به مقصد سفر، درآمد سرپرست خانوار و تغییرات فصلی با ضرایب مثبت در تعداد سفر به مشهد مقدس تأثیر داشته است. همچنین دو عامل قیمت و درآمد سرپرست خانوار با ضرایب مثبت و نزدیکی به مقصد سفر با ضریب منفی بر میزان مخارج صرف شده برای سفر به شهر مشهد موثر بوده­اند. محاسبه کشش­های قیمتی و درآمدی تقاضای سفر به مشهد در نمونه مورد بررسی حاکی از آن بوده که این سفر همچون کالایی ضروری در سبد سفر خانوار تلقی شده است.Introduction In many countries, tourism acts as an engine for development through foreign exchange earnings and the creation of direct and indirect employment. Tourism contributes 5% of the world’s GDP. It accounts for 6% of the world’s exports in services being the fourth largest export sector after fuels, chemicals and automotive products. Tourism is responsible for 235 million jobs or one in every 12 jobs worldwide (UN World Tourism Organization, 2012)[1]. As Iranian economy is related to the oil industry which is a nonrenewable natural resource, concerning other economic sectors such as tourism is so important. One kind of tourism which is so popular in Iran is religious tourism. In some cases, the birth or demise places of religious figures are locations for tourists to visit. Countries, in which many of these places are located, are usually involved in attracting tourists and earning more income through offering various services to different tourist segments. It seems that the purposes of religious tourism inherently relate to religious beliefs and tenets. Materials and Methods The aim of this paper is to perform an econometric analysis of the domestic tourism of Iranian Households to Mashhad city as a famous religious location in Iran. Mashhad has always been culturally, economically and socially important, Because of Holy Razavi Shrine[2] located there. Iranian people's beliefs are considered another reason to visit Razavi shrine. The destination for most of the Iranian domestic trips has been the city of Mashhad annually. In 2008 during the period from spring to winter, the number of domestic tourists to Mashhad reached 4.7, 7.1, 5.1 and 2.6 million persons respectively, totally 19 million persons. The number of tourists to Mashhad included 33.5 percent of the entire number of national travelers (SCI report, 2008). In this research, we are going to estimate the demand function to Mashhad for domestic tourism using two stages Heckman model. The data were collected by the statistical center of Iran, (SCI) in 2008 which is the main data source in Iran. SCI has collected the data about the tourism behavior of Iranian households in 2008 and the data is the only and the most important database for tourism. For gathering the data, 4416 households in 4 seasons of 2008 were interviewed by SCI. To be able to estimate the demand function, the households who have travelled to Mashhad at least one time a year and have spent at least one night there, were selected. After making these selections, 371 cases were left, which is 8.4% of the original sample. This was the sample that was used for constructing the model. Some price indexes were added to the data. These price indexes are based on monthly price indexes of hotels and restaurant, public transport and total price index collected by Statistics Center of Central bank of Iran. Also, the consumer price index was added. To model the demand for tourism of Iranian households to Mashhad, Heckman two-staged model will be used. It has been assumed that the households go through two stages of decision-making. In the first stage, the household members decide on whether to undertake the trip or not. In other words, the households initially decide on undertaking the trips and then, make decisions about the destination, number of trips, expenditures on trips, i.e. To estimate the demand equations, a selection had to be made to find all households that went on a trip and consequently had expenditure. This was necessary because it was possible that the large amount of zeros in the sample could have influenced the magnitude and statistical significance of the estimates. The first stage functioned as a selection mechanism assigning at one to all households that had expenditures on domestic tourism makes the selection. The first stage model was a binary choice model. In this model households had the choice between going on a trip and consequently having expenditure on tourism and not going on a trip and not having expenditure. The binary choice model had the form of a Probit-model to make sure that probabilities were between zero and one (Coenen, 2003, P 117). By Heckman's two-staged model to determine the factors affecting any of the above-mentioned sets, Tobit model was broken down to probit model and the linear regression model. The dependent variable in probit model includes a two-termed variable, in which number one indicates the willingness to undertake an activity (trips). This variable is made based on the dependent variable in Tobit model. To do so, those 14Y'> s with value of zero, remain zero. As a result, the dependent variable of probit model is made for all observations. Discussion and Results The results show that the variables such as head of households' age and financial problems have negative effect on the willingness to travel of the households in general. The next part of the research results show that the variables such as price index of tourism commodity and households' income sector have negative effect on the number of households' travels, the region of living and seasonal conditions and head of households' income have positive effect on the number of households' travels. Also the price of travel commodities and the households' income has positive effect on the travel expenditure and the households' less distance region of living has negative effect on the travel expenditure. The results of elasticity accounting of the research show that the demand elasticity of the Mashhad traveling numbers was -0.55. And the income elasticity of it was 0.3. The expenditure elasticities have confirmed the above results. Conclusion The results of the research, shows that traveling to the Mashhad city is as the necessity good for domestic tourists. Domestic tourists’ households in the sample of the research have traveled to the city even if their heads were old or their traveling time was in the cold seasons. Their tourism behavior were some different in this kind of traveling in compare of the traveling behavior in general. It seems that if the policy makers want to have the best decision in tourism industry, they should have enough concern to the different behavior of tourists in different kind of tourism. By this way they can offer the best services to their customers. [1] http://step.unwto.org/en/content/tourism-and-poverty-alleviation-1 [2] Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (Razavi Shrine or Haram-e Razavi), is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imam Reza, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. It is the largest mosque in the world by dimension and the second largest in capacity. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Reza_shrine)http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_589_7861aca6f1cbb69395da3dea592da8ca.pdfگردشگریهکمن دومرحله¬ایتقاضا برای سفرمشهدHeckman two -stage modeldomestic demand tourismMashhadperدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-02-20276681590Research Paperپیش بینی تقاضای فصلی توریسم در ایران (کاربرد الگوهای سری زمانی فصلی)Forecasting Seasonal Demand for Tourism in Iran: Application of Time Series Techniquesمحمد قهرمان زادهghahremanzadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir1هاشم محمودیhashemmahmodi@gmail.com2ابراهیم جاودانebrahimjavdan@gmail.com3دانشگاه تبریزدانشگاه تبریزدانشگاه تبریزچکیده توریسم نقش مهمی در اشتغال‏زایی و ایجاد درآمد در کشورها دارد و در دهه‏های اخیر، رشد قابل توجهی داشته است. به­دلیل جاذبه‏های فرهنگی و طبیعی، ایران موقعیت منحصربفردی در صنعت توریسم دارد. بنابراین توسعه این صنعت می‏تواند یک روش مناسب برای بهبود شرایط اقتصادی ایران و کاهش وابستگی آن به نفت باشد. هدف مطالعه حاضر، پیش‏بینی ورود فصلی گردشگر به ایران است. بدین منظور از رهیافت باکس- جنکینز فصلی ([1]SARIMA) و الگوهای جمعی فصلی مبتنی بر آزمون ریشه واحد فصلی استفاده شده است. دوره زمانی مطالعه 44 فصل از سال‏های 90-1380 را شامل می‏شود. نتایج آزمون ریشه واحد فصلی [2]HEGY نشان داد که سری ورود گردشگر خارجی به ایران دارای ریشه واحد فصلی است. مقایسه‌ی نتایج پیش‏بینی­های صورت گرفته با الگوهای جمعی فصلی و SARIMA نشان داد که مدل جمعی فصلی از دقت بیشتری نسبت به الگوی رقیب یعنی SARIMA برخوردار است و از این­رو به­عنوان الگوی مناسب جهت تبیین رفتار فصلی جریان ورود تورسیم به ایران انتخاب شد. [1]Seasonal Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average Approach [2] Hylleberg, Engle, Granger and Yoo testIntroduction Tourism industry plays a major role in creating job opportunities and income generation in all countries and it has grown remarkably in recent decades. Iran has a unique situation in tourism industry due to its amazing ancient monuments and natural attractions. Therefore, developing the tourism industry can be a suitable way to improve Iranian economy and can reduce its dependence on oil income. The purpose of this paper is modeling and forecasting seasonal flows of tourist arrivals into Iran. Moreover the forecasting accuracy of methods is compared. There are different methods that can be used to forecast the economic variables. Today forecasting is regarded as an important instrument for economic policymakers. Materials and Methods In order to deal with seasonality, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Approach (ARIMA) processes have been generalized. When modeling time series with systematic seasonal movements, Box and Jenkins recommend the use of Seasonal Autoregressive (SAR) and Seasonal Moving Average (SMA) terms. Therefore, we utilized the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Approach (SARIMA) and seasonal integration model based on seasonal unit root test. We used Hylleberg et al. HEGY test is used for unit root testing. HEGY developed separate regression based T and F tests for unit roots at various frequencies in the quarterly data. The seasonal data about the number of tourist arrivals to Iran was obtained from the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization. Time scope covers 44 seasons, from 2001 to 2010. Discussion and Results Quarterly series of tourist arrivals shows the periodic behavior. HEGY test results indicate the presence of non-stationary tourist arrivals series. Therefore SARIMA and seasonal integration models are fitted into the data. In order to achieve stationary series, these time series need to be seasonally differentiated. In the next step, SARIMA and seasonal integration models were estimated. ARIMA (1,1,0) (1,1,1)4 model identified as the best model among the SARIMA candidates. Finally, two indicators including RMSE (root mean squared error), MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) were employed in order to measure the performance of models. Conclusion This study has discussed about two kinds of seasonal models including seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average approach (SARIMA) and seasonal integration model. Results of HEGY’s seasonal unit root test demonstrated that seasonality unit root exists in the tourist arrivals to Iran. Furthermore, the comparison of forecasting accuracy revealed that seasonal integration model has high accuracy more than seasonal ARIMA model. Thus, the seasonal integration model was selected as best model to forecast of tourism arrivals to Iran. This result is important to decision makers to evaluate tourism arrivals.http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_590_35e44c240228d5e6f5a599ecb4c31462.pdfآزمون ریشه واحد فصلیالگوی جمعی فصلیپیش¬بینیتوریسمSARIMAForecastingSeasonal integrationSARIMASeasonal unit root testTourismperدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-02-202782105591Research Paperتحلیل عوامل تأثیرگذار بر وضعیت بازاریابی گردشگری روستایی در یک حوزه ی کلانشهری از دیدگاه کارشناسان؛ مورد: روستاهای شمال تهرانAn Analysis of the Factors Impacting Rural Tourism Marketing in a Metropolitan Rural Area from the Viewpoints of Experts Case Study: Northern Part of the Tehran Metropolisسید علی بدریsabadri@ut.ac.ir1مهدی حسامmhesam@guilan.ac.ir2مهدی چراغیmehdicheragi11@yahoo.com3دانشگاه تهراندانشگاه تهراندانشگاه تهرانچکیده روستاهای شمالی استان تهران همانند بسیاری از مناطق روستایی ایران به­رغم برخورداری از امکانات بالقوه، داشتن جاذب‌های فراوان گردشگری و نزدیکی به کانون‌های پرجمعیت شهری، فرصت‌های بسیار مناسب برای توسعه‌ی گردشگری را داراست. اما با این وجود، تاکنون اقتصاد گردشگری در این روستاها جایگاه واقعی خود را نیافته است. هدف تحقیق حاضر، شناسایی وضعیت مؤلفه­های جذب گردشگر در روستاهای شمال تهران و تعیین اولویت­های برنامه­ریزی برای جذب گردشگر به این روستاها می­باشد. در این تحقیق با استفاده از پرسش‌نامه­ای با 46 سوال، موضوع از دیدگاه 40 تن از کارشناسان معاونت گردشگری سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایع­دستی و گردشگری استان تهران بررسی شد. بعد از تشخیص مناسب بودن داده­های مربوط به مجموعه متغیرهای مورد تحلیل، از آزمون­های تحلیل عاملی برای تعیین عوامل اثرگذار و از آزمون فریدمن برای اولویت­بندی میزان تأثیر مؤلفه­ها در توسعه‌ی گردشگری روستاهای شمال تهران استفاده شد که نتایج حاصل، حاکی از اهمیت بالای مؤلفه­های مردم و کارکنان و تبلیغات می­باشد. هم­چنین به­منظور تعیین اولویت­های برنامه­ریزی برای جذب گردشگر از روش فولر سلسله مراتبی استفاده شده که بر این اساس، مؤلفه تبلیغات بالاترین اولویت را به­خود اختصاص داد.Introduction Due to the special characteristics of tourism products, the role of marketing is very important in this industry. Effective use of marketing tools is essential for a country or a region's tourism. Marketing can be offered to tourists who want to visit the area. Results show that tourism development can improve employment and income, and can diversify the economy, social participation and utilization of local resources. Villages in northern Tehran, with many tourism attractions and proximity to large urban centers, offer excellent opportunities for attracting tourists from all over the world. The aim of the present study is to identify the factors attracting tourists in the villages that are in the north. The study uses a questionnaire with 46 questions and the statistical society are the employees of the Tourism Department of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Tehran province. Data processing was carried out by SPSS software and factor analysis and Friedman test were also used. Friedman test for the prioritization of the tourism development in rural areas of north Tehran we used the results suggest the importance of advertising, public and employees. It also plans to set priorities for attracting tourists Fuller Triangle hierarchical method is used according highest priority components of the ads themselves. Today, tourism is particularly important in rural areas and communities as a means to the welfare. Now tourism a special place in the economy and plays an active and effective role in the promotion of economic, social and cultural development, especially in developing countries. Despite the immense benefits of rural tourism for rural development, must be done special planning for attract tourists. Considering that criteria to attract tourists are is too many, determine the status of this rural and priorities for planning is special needs. Rural tourism target Tehran Province (26 villages) such as Sangan Village, Afjeh, Barge jahan, Shemshak, Hrandh and etc. despite highly valued tourist attraction, were not successful to attract tourism. Therefore, the aim of this study to identify criteria to attract tourism, assessment and prioritization of rural areas in terms of these criteria to a scientific approach to planning and increasing tourist attraction in the villages. Materials and Methods This study method is descriptive – analytic. Required data obtained by the two methods: quantitative and documents. In the areas of documentation, data gathered from the study, library research and literature. Field survey data were collected using a questionnaire containing 46 questions. The statistical population, all employees of the tourism department, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Tehran, which 40 of them were selected by random sampling . Data analysis using SPSS, using factor analysis and Friedman test was performed. Also to determine plans for rural tourist attraction used Fuller Triangle hierarchical method. Discussion and Results In order to determine the suitability of the data sets analyzed variables in the analysis, KMO index and the Bartlett's test was used. Bartlett's test was significant at the 99% confidence level and an appropriate amount of KMO indicates the correlation and factor analysis is appropriate for variables. That variables loaded on each factor above 0.5 are the form factor and the variables that do not allow the accumulation of these make up another factor. The result has been reduced to 46 variables, 8 factors that can explain the factor of 86.747 percent. In order to determine the ranking of each of the factors identified in the villages of northern Tehran (status quo), the Friedman test was used. Accordingly, the mean of the components of the tourism marketing mix alpha 0.01. However, the highest rank of the field staff and the lowest is advertising. One sample t-test including the spectral range between 1 to 5 Likert fluctuates; the rate for all dimensions above average condition (3) has been evaluated. The difference in the level of alpha 01/0 is meaningful. Conclusions In this study, used factor analysis, Friedman test, Fuller hierarchical techniques. In these tests, the people and staff as well as planning and management are in the best condition. However, despite importance of advertising in villages of northern Tehran, the situation is not appropriate. Fuller hierarchical model results show that the most important prices to attract tourists in the villages of northern Tehran.http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_591_1ea9188b094eb21076447f63941f4bd8.pdfبازاریابی گردشگری روستاییتحلیل عاملیمدل فولرروستاهای شمال تهرانRural Tourismfactor analysisFuller Triangle modelVillages of northern Tehranperدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-02-2027106125592Research Paperنظام اداری- مدیریتی و توسعه‏ی اجتماعی- فرهنگی پایدار در بخش گردشگری ماسولهAdministration System and Sustainable Socio-cultural Development
In Tourism Sector of Masoolehغلامرضا غفاریghaffary@ut.ac.ir1سید علی مستولی زاده2دانشگاه تهرانبرنامه ریزی گردشگریچکیده ماسوله یکی از کوچک‌ترین شهرهای ایران، سال‏هاست که به­دلیل داشتن جاذبه‏های خاص و منحصر­به­‌فرد تاریخی- فرهنگی و طبیعی خود تبدیل به یکی از شناخته ‌شده‏ترین مقاصد گردشگری کشور شده است. توسعه‏ی گردشگری در ماسوله آثار و پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی- فرهنگی را نیز در­پی داشته است. در این مقاله نقش نظام اداری- مدیریتی به­عنوان عنصری مهم در فرآیند توسعه که نقشی بنیادین در ایجاد پایداری یا ناپایداری در مقاصد گردشگری به‌خصوص در ابعاد اجتماعی- فرهنگی دارد مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. از تکنیک‏های مختلف روش کیفی برای تولید داده و معرفی سهم نظام اداری- مدیریتی در فرآیند توسعه‏ی گردشگری در ماسوله و نیز شناخت آسیب‏ها و کاستی‏های آن استفاده شده است. درنهایت پس از ارزیابی و تحلیل داده‌ها، پیشنهاداتی برای ارتقای عملکرد نظام اداری- مدیریتی در فرآیند توسعه‌ی پایدار گردشگری ماسوله ارایه شده است.Introduction Masooleh is a small city located in northern part of Iran which is a popular tourism destination because of its unique natural features and outstanding cultural and historical characteristics. Tourism is a multifaceted phenomenon which can affect the stakeholders in different ways. Tourism destinations are not static and they may alter over time as tourism development goes from one step to another and Masooleh is no exception. Over the years, tourism development has led to various environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts in Masooleh. In today’s world, in addition to tourism management and marketing, considering sustainability and tourism impacts in destinations has become a major issue. For the past few decades, sustainability has been applied to tourism research. Sustainable tourism can be defined as the kind of development in an area in such a manner and such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (both human and physical) in which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits successful development and well-being of other activities and programs. Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability. Materials and Method The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of tourism managerial system in developing socio-cultural sustainability or unsustainability in Masooleh and it employs a qualitative methodology to achieve this goal. Wehave been used of different qualititive techniques for production data and show contribution of administration system in the process of tourism development, so attended to problems and inefficiency this process. Different research methods have been used in this study such as semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, and secondary data analysis. Over eighty stakeholders were interviewed in Masooleh. Snowball sampling was used to identify the interviewees. Nearly all the interviews were filmed and recorded which proved to help the study magnificently. Discussion and Results Conclusions The process of tourism management should facilitate cooperation among different sectors at various levels. In addition to studying environmental, economic, and socio-cultural impacts of tourism on host communities, it is important to note the policy making decisions that affect the tourism development in order to investigate the sustainability of a tourism destination. Managerial system in tourism consists of various components such as management decisions, policy making, strategic planning, and implementation that play a crucial role in developing sustainability or unsustainability in tourism destinations. Following the data analysis and interpretation stage, a model is proposed for improving the current managerial system in Masooleh with the focus on socio-cultural sustainability. In making suggestions, every effort has been made to be inclusive of different stakeholders in tourism sustainable development. http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_592_5bf6b4931edef86062ec9159af3e5710.pdfنظام اداریمدیریتیتوسعه‏ی پایدار گردشگریپایداری اجتماعی- فرهنگیماسولهAdministration systemSustainable tourism developmentSocio- cultural sustainabilityMasoolehperدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-02-2027126147593Research Paperارزیابی تأثیرات اجتماعی- فرهنگی گردشگری شهری بر نحوه زندگی مردم شهر بابلسرEvaluating the Socio-cultural Effects of Urban Tourism on the Lifestyle of People in Babolsarعلی خاکساریakhaksari @ yahoo.com1سعید ابراهیم نیا سماکوشebrahimnia.saeed@gmail.com2محمد دامادیmdcivil55@yahoo.com3وحید معززvahidmoazzez@gmail.com4دانشگاه علامه طباطباییبرنامه¬ریزی شهری، دانشگاه علامه طباطباییمهندسی عمران-سازه، دانشگاه نوشیروانی بابلبرنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه علامه طباطباییچکیده توجه به جایگاه صنعت گردشگری، از آن‌رو اهمیت دارد که می­توان با بهره­گیری مناسب از منابع طبیعی و انسانی، علاوه‌ بر امکان رشد اقتصادی، به ترویج بخش کشاورزی و تولید صنایع بومی و محلی پرداخت و گامی در مسیر بهبود شرایط زیست­محیطی و پاس‌داشت مواریث فرهنگی بومی و آداب و رسوم محلی در جوامع میزبان برداشت. شهر بابلسر به‌عنوان یکی از اصلی­ترین مراکز گردشگری ایران با جاذبه­های غنی و مواهب طبیعی و مصنوعی شاخص و کم­نظیر هرساله میزبان تعداد زیادی از گردشگران داخلی و خارجی است که بررسی تأثیرات اجتماعی- فرهنگی این دست از گردشگران و سهم آنان در توسعه‌ی پایدار شهر امری اجتناب­ناپذیر است. در پژوهش حاضر، از روش تحقیق پیمایشی از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی استفاده شده تا از دید مردم و مسئولین شهر، تأثیر گردشگری بر توسعه­ی فرهنگی- اجتماعی آن، مورد مطالعه و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گیرد. داده­های مورد نیاز با استفاده از منابع اسنادی- کتابخانه­ای و هم­چنین با به­کارگیری پرسش‌نامه­ی تدوین شده­ی پژوهشگر، بازدید میدانی و مصاحبه با سازمان­های مرتبط و سرپرست خانوارهای ساکن در شهر بابلسر، گردآوری شده است. نتایج پژوهش با استفاده از آزمون­های آماری پیرسون و کندال-b، نشان می­دهد که از دیدگاه مردم تأثیر گردشگری شهری بر 5 شاخص و از دیدگاه مسئولین بر 6 شاخص از 14 شاخص مورد بررسی مورد تأیید قرار گرفته­اند که لزوم توجه به این صنعت در برنامه­ریزی­ها را اثبات می­نماید.Introduction Given that urban tourism is still a relatively new activity, there are few examples that show how chaotic and unplanned growth of tourism can create negative results in social-cultural community and it`s often with irreparable damages to the environment. So integrated planning for tourism emphasize on importance of finding an ongoing and comprehensive way to achieve sustainable and coordinated development with developmental purposes for the country. Urban tourism is one of the main sources of cultural exchange and one of the main sources of cultural exchange and one of the ways to be familiar with customs and the indigenous communities of the host societies around the world. Tourist entering to Babolsar as an attractive and touristic city of Iran has positive and negative effects on social_ cultural development of this city. In this study we tried to determine the effects of social-cultural development of tourism from people sight. Materials and Methods In the present study which is a type of applied research, we used a survey (method with the aim of descriptive and exploratory survey) and descriptive-analytic method. The population studied in this study is: households living in Babolsar and authorities in relevant organizations. It should be mentioned that there are 13486 households living in this town. We used Cochran method and we have 296 samples that have been selected and question randomly. For authorities, due to not being available completely, we used estimation method and we applied questioner for 50 of them. Finally the result has been analyzed using pearson and Kandall's-b method. Discussion and Results Urban tourism, interaction of host tourists, creating areas for tourists, visit different attraction and the usage of facilities and services have various effects on urban area. Various experiments have shown that urban tourism has affected both culture of the tourist and the host community and also it protect the cultural heritage of the area. Furthermore, urban tourism has some effects on different parts like music, dance, theater, art and craft, customs, lifestyle and architectural style. With developing of the urban tourism, we can maintain and improve it. Urban tourism has wide social- cultural impact and some of its aspects are summarized in follow: -Development of tourism increases the crime and social aberrations. -Increasing the density and population raises the violating privacy of natives. -Strengthen and supporting the local services such as pulic transportation and health care. -Creation of new facilities and attraction such as cultural and sport facilities. -Tourism emphasizes on housing and eliminates the style of traditional architect. -It develops the cultural relations and strengthens the local union. -It improves the living standards and social services and social facilities (financially). Conclusions According to goals of study for evaluating the impacts of urban tourism, indicators such as changing lifestyle and consumption patterns in the forms of two items such as using goods and sustainable devices. And changing in the attitude of people towards urban lifestyles, cultural interaction and population dynamics index in the form of increasing the public awareness and knowledge of people towards their living environment, responsibility towards tourism, introducing the unique local customs, improving health, education, housing and other services, increasing the public participation in the preparation and implementation of tourism project and supporting the dynamic and expansion of local customs and finally the index of increase in incentive to retention and reduce in migration in the form of increasing the motivation of young people and employment in the city in their city, expansion of security and respecting terms and conditions, increasing the sense of citizens to their country, increasing the intensive of retention among people, reducing in migration of people to cities have been analyzed. Our study has been performed among 22 neighborhoods in Babolsar. The results of the survey are the base on Pierson and Kendall-b method. Studies conducted in the city of Babolsar show that this city has a high tourism potential whereas in first half of the year there is not much tourists visit this city. Tourism in Babolsar has effects on different parts such a economy, social and environment that some of them has positive aspect and some of them has negative aspects. The result of significant study at the level of 0.05 shows that 5 from 14 indices are affected by tourism: increased intensive of young people to live and work in their own city, extending security and observing the rule in the city, increase in awareness and knowledge of people with respect to their living environment, improving health, education, housing and other services to support the dynamic and expansion of local customs. In addition to the above indices, authorities believe that increase in sense of citizen to their origin is important, too.http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_593_62f67dbb3b1e18a95d91a33bd54dff2f.pdfگردشگری شهریتأثیرات اجتماعی گردشگریشهر بابلسرUrban Tourismsocial effect on tourismBabolsarperدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-02-2027148162594Research Paperاثرات اجرای برنامه های آموزش زیست محیطی بر طبیعت‌گردی (مورد مطالعه: دانش آموزان مدارس لنگرود)Effects of Environmental Education Programs on Tourism (Case Study: Langaroud School Students)سید محمد شبیری1سیده زهرا شمسی پاپکیادهz.shamsi@pnu.ac.ir2هادی ابراهیمیzshamsi35@yahoo.com3دانشگاه پیام نوردانشگاه پیام نوردانشگاه علامه طباطباییچکیده یکی از ‌مهم‌ترین مسایل آموزش محیط­زیست آن است که چگونه به بهترین وجه و با یک برنامه‌ی مؤثر تغییر رفتار را تسریع بخشید یا چگونه تعهد نسبت به طبیعت را افزایش داد. استفاده از برنامه‌های آموزشی زیست‌محیطی خارج از کلاس درس و ‌تأکید شدید روی درک حسی و یادگیری تعاملی در آموزش محیطی فضای آزاد، می‌تواند به یادگیری و فرآیند تغییر رفتار که یک جزء ضروری از آموزش‌های زیست‌محیطی به انسان است کمک نماید. این پژوهش تلاش دارد که ‌تأثیر اجرای برنامه‌های آموزش زیست‌محیطی را در رفتار و پیوند با طبیعت دانش‌آموزان شهر لنگرود استان گیلان بررسی نماید. براین اساس نمونه‌ای به تعداد 100 نفر از دانش‌آموزان دختر و پسر به گروه‌های تحت آزمایش و کنترل شده، جداسازی شدند و با داده‌های به دست آمده از آزمون t-test، نتایج این پژوهش چنین نشان می‌دهد که آموزش در فضای آزاد ‌تأثیر به‌سزایی در تغییر رفتار محیطی دانش‌آموزان ایجاد خواهد نمود. این تغییر در بین دختران بیشتر محسوس است. بنابراین ‌تأکید بر شیوه‌ی صحیح اجرای آموزش زیست‌محیطی سبب ایجاد تحول در تعهد به طبیعت و پیوند با آن خواهد شد.Introduction One of the main issues in the environmental isducation is either accelerating or improving the behavior of a program or how to increase commitment towards nature. Using environmental education programs outside of the classroom and a heavy emphasis on sensory perception and interactive learning environment in outdoor education can help the process of learning and behavior change is a necessary part of environmental education.This study is an attempt to influence the behavior of programs in environmental education and bond with nature, students can explore the city of Langeroud in Guilan. Based on a sample of 100 male and female students in the experimental and control groups were extracted from the data obtained through the t- test. The results of this study indicate that through outdoor learning environment, students will create the greatest impact on changing behavior among girls; thus emphasizing teaching the correct way to change the environment in relation to its commitment to environment and will. Introduction Over the past several years, the pace and extent of human ecosystems more than any period in human history have changed. So that human intervention in the environment leads to changes in natural ecosystems, environmental degradation and conversion of natural attractions to residential and industrial land uses. So take advantage of people's natural attractions, rest and relaxation, to ecotourism activities in Persian literature has been called the Spins. The main motive of the modern phenomenon of tourism, observe and enjoy nature, natural phenomena and cultural and it can be used as a new source of income in sustainable development named. A phenomenon of the distant past human societies has different needs in terms of social and economic mobility has continued. The equitable distribution of benefits to local people and conservation of the natural world is emphasized. Learning the way to build knowledge, understanding, skills, abilities and knowledge among different social groups and individuals with respect to any matter. In promoting sustainable development and improving the capacity of people to address environment and development issues vital, for achieving environmental and ethical awareness, values and attitudes, skills and behavior consistent with sustainable development and effective public participation in decision-making training is important. A puzzle made of pieces of the thematic curriculum in education is, overall, a piece of the puzzle is dedicated to environmental education. Which is used in textbooks as a multidisciplinary science? This has caused some to look at the issue of environmental protection is Tourism. One of the most characteristic teachings in schools, camps Tourism students (field trips) outdoors cited. It may be less than the fingers of one hand during a school year take place. Shores of the Caspian Sea, the vast unspoiled landscape and Countryside City Langeroud biodiversity in the city require that outdoor education can be a very powerful and useful for students in the long term. Outdoor education as a whole person and all content is truly touching and understanding. Person will act as a probe or researcher. Materials and Methods Almost an experimental study of the effectiveness of environmental education programs in the development of environmental behavior in relation to nature, the high school students were. Male and female students to the test and control groups were isolated. To determine the sample stratified random sampling based on gender 100 students from each gender (male and female), 50 subjects were selected. The original questionnaire used in this study. Which consists of 26 questions based on identifying values and explain concepts to build the skills and attitudes needed To understand the dependencies between people, culture and environment surrounding him, he Activities such as decision making and behavior associated with environmental quality in nature is Tourism. The design was based on a Likert. By a pilot study of the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by 50 students. According to Cronbach's coefficient formula, 0.83, respectively. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods using SPSS to test t-test was used. Discussion and Results Results of this study was to investigate the effect of environment on behavior and environmental education programs in conjunction with the nature of the question, The learning environment has an impact on nature? And Environmental education programs on the environmental behavior of male and female students in both experimental and control groups in relation to the nature of the difference there is? Shows that: Daughters and sons-related activities outside the classroom successfully in the field of environmental behavior and relationship with nature has evolved. And students in both groups (experimental and control) do not differ in terms of contact with nature. Conclusions An important component of environmental justice, sustainable development and prosperity of the world community today is the study of destruction and irreparable damage to environment makes human. Therefore, attention to the prevention of environmental education and environmental degradation can be very effective and helpful. Implementation of environmental education practice, which seemed to make a change in society today, is. Rational use of natural resources by visitors from a harmony between science and the teaching of science data in order to create stable borders. Enough so that human needs can be satisfied without causing disturbance to nature. Bond with nature to create a positive impact on. So the process of environmental education programs outside of the classroom and implemented in a natural setting, with learning activities that encourage students Vaughan to actively take care of nature.http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_594_8afc105041939b8bbe73c2efe5a0fe27.pdfآموزش محیط زیسترفتار زیست‌محیطیارتباط با طبیعتلنگرودEvironmental educationEnvironmental behaviorRelationship with natureLangaroudperدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-02-2027163181595Research Paperنقش رویدادهای فرهنگی در اقتصاد گردشگری شهری با تأکید بر مدل LQ (مورد مطالعاتی: نمایشگاه بین المللی کتاب تهران)The Role of Cultural Events in Urban Tourism Economy Development with an Emphasis on LQ Modelمحمدرضا رضوانی1صدراله طیبیtayebi_sadra@yahoo.com2حسین حاتمی نژادhataminejad@ut.ac.ir3دانشگاه تهراندانشگاه تهراندانشگاه تهرانچکیده گردشگری شهری به­عنوان یکی از عوامل مهم توسعه‌ی اقتصادی و فرهنگی شهرها محسوب می‌شود. نمایشگاه بین­المللی کتاب تهران­ به­عنوان یکی از معتبرترین نمایشگاه‌های فرهنگی در تقویم نمایشگاه‌های جهان ثبت شده است. بر این اساس، هدف این تحقیق شناخت اثرات اقتصادی نمایشگاه بین‌المللی کتاب تهران است. روش تحقیق این پژوهش مبتنی بر روش توصیفی - تحلیلی می‌‎باشد و داده‌های مورد نیاز آن از طریق پرسش‌نامه و به­صورت میدانی جمع‎آوری و با استفاده از مدل‎ ضریب تکاثری (LQ) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرارگرفته است. براساس یافته‌ها، می‌­توان گفت نمایشگاه کتاب به­عنوان یک فرصت گردشگری، نقش مهمی درجذب گردشگر، توسعه‌ی گردشگری و اقتصاد شهر دارد. از مهم‌ترین تأثیرات اقتصادی این رویداد فرهنگی، اشتغالزایی و درآمدزایی برای شهروندان شاغل در بخش خدمات می­باشد. ضریب تکاثری در قالب داده‌های این پژوهش در بخش هتل و اقامت حدود 81/1 و در حالتی دیگر 875/0 می­باشد. همچنین، حداکثر ضریب تکاثری کلیه بخش­‌ها 66/1 و حداقل آن 875/0 محاسبه شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که ضریب تکاثری گردشگری در تهران تقریباً نزدیک به سطحی از ضریب تکاثری است که دیگر شهر‌ها و کشور‌های توریستی جهان دارند و یا حداقل در سطح متوسط جهانی قرار دارد. به­طور کلی می‌توان گفت نمایشگاه بین­المللی کتاب تهران نقش یک فرصت گردشگری شهری را ایفا می‌کند و تأثیراتی را در حوزه­ی اشتغال، درآمد، ارزآوری، پویایی جریان­های مولد اقتصادی، سرمایه‎گذاری و فعال کردن جریان­های مولد اقتصادی و تقویت فرهنگ اعمال می­کند.Introduction Ancient cities are symbols of cultural and historical diversities and thus should be treated as places that possess valuable and important attractions for tourism. Indeed the cultural indicators are one of the factors in attracting tourists to cities. Therefore when a city is ready to hold festivals and fairs, it can facilitate and attracts revenues and to thrive the economy. Therefore urban tourism can be the cornerstone of a city’s economic, social and cultural development. The Tehran International Book Fair is considered to be world’s one of the most credited book exhibitions. The present research aims to study the economic effects of Tehran International Book Fair on urban tourism opportunities. Materials and methods The present research is an applied case and uses descriptive and analytical methods to calculate the multiplier effect and coefficient. The necessary data is gathered through field methods and questionnaires, as well as through interviews in order to obtain the necessary information about the cost of accommodation in the city of Tehran. The questionnaires given to tourists contained topics such as individual characteristics of tourists, the tourism economy and opportunities, motivations and gravity, time and place of accommodation, transportation mode, behavior of visitors and so on. The research population are the Tehran International Book Fair visitors in 2012; it was estimated through Cochran method that about five million people visited the fair in that year. The sample size was about 500 people by Cochran method. The sampling method was random one and the samples selected from visitors that tripped to Tehran from another cities and provinces after getting permission from the Security Office of the Tehran international Book Fair. The calculating multiplier effect requires having a multiplier effect in each of the sub-sectors of tourism, including transportation, hotels, restaurants, entertainment centers, etc. Discussion and findings The result of this research indicates that the book fair can be made use of as an economic opportunity and phenomenon for tourism development. Some of the most important economic effects of this even are its potentials for entrepreneurship and creation of income for people who are in the service sector. The multiplier effect, according to research data, is about 1/81 to 0/875. Also, the maximum multiplier effect for all categories is calculated to be 1/66 and 0/875 at least. In general, it can be said that the multiplier effect in tourism is almost close to the level of the multiplier effect and is no longer the world's tourist destinations and countries and cities, or at least at the level of the world average. This means that tourism in the city of Tehran because of Tehran International Book Fair can be an effective and reasonable multiplier effect in the field of urban economy development. Conclusion The economic benefits of tourism are one of the factors of urban tourism development. The Tehran international book fair is as one of the most important of international exhibitions in Iran and western Asian region that will have been the role an economic opportunity for urban tourism. Every year several million visitors coming to this city that have some effects in the field of employment, income, dynamics in the productive economic flows, current money bringer and strengthen the culture. The important finding is that this fair not only makes a profit for the economic activities, but also affects the investment profitability and economic flow to play a multiplier effect. The Tehran International Book Fair through attract several million visitors affects urban economy directly and indirectly and many of the urban tourism parts are fed up by these opportunities. Without a doubt, one of the most important of economic effects the book fair is creation of employment and thus creation of income for citizens engaged in the service sector.http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_595_9502ab3e29a8374909b4c979f39eb79e.pdfنمایشگاه کتابگردشگری شهریاقتصاد شهریLQتهرانTehran International Book FairUrban TourismUrban economyLQperدانشگاه مازندرانمجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری2322-309X2322-309X2014-02-2027182203596Research Paperتحلیل کیفی بسترها، دلایل و پیامد های گردشگری به شیوه ی نظریه ی زمینه ای (مطالعه ی موردی: گردشگران شهر سنندج)Qualitative Analysis of Contexts/Obstacles, Reasons and Consequences of Tourism, Based on Grounded Theory
(Case Study: Tourism in Sanandaj)جمال محمدیm.jamal8@gmail.com1دانشگاه کردستانچکیده پژوهش حاضر تلاشی است برای مطالعه‌ی کیفی بسترها/ موانع، دلایل و پیامد­های گردشگری با تأکید بر گردشگران داخلی شهر سنندج. برای تحلیل این مسئله از روش کیفی نظریۀ زمینه­ای استفاده شده است. میدان مطالعه، کل گردشگران داخلی­ای است که در بهار و تابستان 1392 از شهر سنندج دیدن کرده­اند. نمونه­گیری تحقیق به­شیوۀ نمونه­گیری نظری-هدفمند است، بدین­معنا که در انتخاب مصاحبه­شوندگان دو ملاک «رسیدن به نقطۀ اشباع نظری» و «تنوع» مبنای کار بوده­اند. نتایج نشان می­دهد که پدیدۀ گردشگری در شهر سنندج به دلیل وجود برخی زمینه­های عینی/ساختاری (جاذبه‌های طبیعی، بازارهای مرزی) و نیز بسترهای فرهنگی/ تعاملی (میراث تاریخی متفاوت، فرهنگِ بومیِ پذیرنده) از قابلیت توسعه بالایی برخوردار است، اما درعین­حال با یک­سری موانع روبرو است، هم موانع توسعه­ای/ ساختاری (ضعف زیرساخت­های ارتباطی، نقص سازوکارهای فنی و مدیریتی، مهیا نبودن امکانات جذب گردشگر) و هم موانع ذهنی (سیطرۀ گفتمان امنیت). هم­چنین یافته­ها حاکی از آن است که گردشگران بنا به­دلایل و انگیزه­های مختلفی به شهر سنندج سفر می­کنند که از انگیزه­های رهایی­بخشی (گذراندن اوقات فراغت، سفر/ تفریح خانوادگی، طبیعت­گردی) و انگیزه­های تعاملی (آشنایی با ویژگی­های فرهنگی/قومی، ایران­گردی) تا انگیزه­ها و دلایل ابزاری (خرید کالاهای خارجی) را دربر می­گیرد. و نیز این­که از نگاه گردشگران، پدیدۀ گردشگری می­تواند واجد پیامدها و نتایجی فرهنگی (گسترش تعاملات بین­قومی، رشد توانش­های ارتباطی، تقویت گفتگوی من/ دیگری)، سیاسی (امکان تحقق مطالبات قومی، تقویت همبستگی ملی)، اقتصادی (ایجاد اشتغال در بخش گردشگری، ارتقای استانداردهای زندگی، توسعه زیرساخت­های صنعتی و ارتباطاتی) و زیست­محیطی (محافظت از منابع طبیعی، افزایش آگاهی­های زیست­محیطی، بهبود مدیریت ضایعات) برای شهر سنندج و کل منطقه باشد.Introduction This research is an attempt to study the contexts/obstacles, reasons and consequences of tourism in Sanandaj by way of a qualitative analysis. To gain this aim, we have used the grounded theory. Grounded theory is generally used to study social phenomena which could not be surveyed through quantitative analysis because of their multi-layered symbolic meaningful aspects. Here the purpose of the research is to interpret the experiences, reasons and practices of the population. Research Methodology In this research, the population includes all tourists who traveled to Sanandaj during the first half of the current year. A purposeful/ theoretical sampling has been used to select the respondents. In other words, variational sampling and theoretical saturation were the main criteria in choosing the respondents. Deep individual interview was used for gathering data. In interviews, understanding the reports, narratives, experiences, reasons and intentions of respondents have been our main goals. Discussion and Results The findings show that tourism industry in this city has got a great potential for development due to some objective/structural and also subjective/cultural conditions. The objective/structural conditions include natural attractiveness and frontier markets; and subjective/cultural conditions comprise historical/ cultural legacy and local flexible culture. But beside these facilitating objective/structural and subjective/cultural conditions, there are also some obstacles which almost prevent tourism industry in this area. In other words, this city at the same time faces some rigid obstacles. These obstacles include structural and non-structural ones. The first kind includes the weakness of communicative facilities, the deficiencies of management and the lack of facilities to attract tourists; and the second include mostly one main factor: the domination of security discourse. The findings also show that among the reasons tourists rely on to come to this city, three are important: emancipative, interactive and instrumental. The emancipative reasons that tourists choose to travel are to get along free time, having family recreation and nature-traveling. The interactive reasons that tourists choose to travel are being acquaintance with ethnic/cultural characteristics of this area and Iran-traveling. And the instrumental reason that tourists choose to travel is purchasing foreign goods. And finally, tourism has different consequences for this area: cultural, political, economic and environmental. Among the cultural consequences of tourism, these are important: developing inter-ethnic interactions, developing communicative competences and enhancing self/other dialogue. The political consequences of tourism include accomplishment of ethnic requests and enhancing national solidarity. The economic ones are creating profession opportunities in tourism industry, elevating the standards of living and developing industrial and communicative infra-structures. And finally among the environmental consequences of tourism, these are important: protecting natural resources, enhancing environmental knowledge and improving the management of wastages. Conclusion All that we can conclude from this paper is that tourism industry in Sanandaj is at the beginning of its development. Although there are many potential conditions for a developed tourism in this area, there are also rigid obstacles to it. Knowing how to use and manage these potentials and to overcome those obstacles is the key solution to plan and develop tourism in this part of Iran.http://tourismpd.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_596_c9e5facc33883fc2f9b44037555ea556.pdfتعامل فرهنگیتوانش ارتباطیتجربه‌ی زیستهگفتمان امنیتشیوه های قومیTourismcontexts/obstaclesReasonsConsequencesEmancipativeInteractiveInstrumental