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Category Archives: Technology

Simply saying propaganda is neutral and we only need to use it for good fails because much of what constitutes the “good” is contingent upon any number of factors – preconceptions and ideology, social class, education, political and economic power – that must be examined in order to understand propaganda as a social force actualized in the real world. Propaganda is embedded with value and largely becomes, due to unequal social relations which exist, a tool for the powerful, who are the principle operators and owners of the channels of mass communications, if not the primary influencers of them. The value-neutral approach overlooks this social (mal)distribution of power and, in doing so, helps to reinforce and reproduce this reality of inequality. Continue reading →

The Fair Access to Science & Technology Research (FASTR) Act is a new bill which intends to make scientific research funded by the US government available and free to the public. According to the bill, the “content” to be opened to the public will include “an electronic version of the author’s final manuscript of original research papers that have been accepted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and that result from research supported, in whole or in part, from funding by the Federal Government.” Public materials will also include all the changes resulting from the peer-review process. The final result will be “free online public access” to the scientific materials, made available within six months of completion.

As the volume of research information increases, with a mind-boggling 1.5 million research articles published each year, no person can realistically hope to make full sense of this information by simply accessing and reading individual articles on their own. We must enable computers as a new category of reader to help power through this volume, thousands of articles at a time, and to highlight patterns, links, and associations that would otherwise go undiscovered. Computational tools like text mining and data mining are crucial to achieving this, and have the potential to revolutionize the research process.

The bill isn’t perfect. For example, it doesn’t require open licensing, the obvious next step. However, the bill does require agencies to examine “whether such research papers should include a royalty-free copyright license that is available to the public and that permits the reuse of those research papers, on the condition that attribution is given.” Such a license would allow for complete reuse of published research, including in downstream research or computational meta-analysis.

FASTR also excludes “research resulting in works that generate revenue or royalties for authors (such as books) or patentable discoveries, to the extent necessary to protect a copyright or patent.” We’re worried how courts – and publishers—will interpret this clause, If a publisher decides to pay authors $100 per article, is the research excluded from public access? We hope not.

Public Gain – Who loses?

Open licensing would solve most of these problems, but politicians are reluctant to challenge copyright law in any fundamental way. But at least in terms of FASTR there is the issue of public funding, which validates government intervention. And as with any structural change, certain people and institutions benefit from the way things are done at any given time. In this case we’re talking about the world of academic publishing. They stand to lose a substantial degree of power and unsurprisingly oppose FASTR.

The Association of American Publishers (AAP) has forcefully lashed out against the bill, calling it a “boondoggle” that “would waste so much taxpayers’ money at a time of budgetary crisis, squander federal employees’ time with busywork and require the creation and maintenance of otherwise-unneeded technology.”

Clearly they see their current monopoly over the distribution of publicly-funded knowledge as under threat, and rightfully so. From their perspective everything is working just fine as it is. No need for the meddling government coming in and messing things up, public knowledge be damned.

Hopefully FASTR will get off the ground and survive the inevitable flood of industry lobbyists seeking to destroy it or alter it completely. I think the logic of this bill makes it a no brainer. The long-term positive benefits of open access legislation like FASTR outweigh the profit motive of the closed access regime (a regime fast becoming outdated and unable to adapt to evolving trends in the technological landscape). Increasing the free flow of information is a net positive unto itself. In more specific terms of expanding the flow of scholarly material, making its dispersal more efficient and available to all, encouraging collaboration and problem solving, one would be hard pressed to argue against.

If anything FASTR is a logical next step in the advancement of human civilization and consciousness. We should support it and efforts like it. Maybe the conflicts ahead in the fight for open access expose an inherent contradiction between ownership and knowledge? If so this is ultimately part of a much larger fight ahead, with radical implications for the future.