3 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffLearning ObjectivesUnderstand the unique climatological challenges of this region, which include monsoons and cyclones, and accompanying floodingLearn about the challenges and strategies of feeding a large and growing populationBecome familiar with the physical, demographic, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of South AsiaUnderstand the following concepts and models:-Monsoon-Green Revolution-Caste system-Hinduism-Mughal Empire-Orographic rainfall-Subcontinent-Indian diasporaGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

5 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffIntroductionThe Himalayan Mountains are in South AsiaCalled the Indian subcontinentIndia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, MaldivesSouth Asia is the world’s second most populous regionThe population is growing, raising concerns about food production keeping paceSouth Asia was a British colony for several centuriesSince achieving in 1947, India and Pakistan have been embroiled in conflict; both countries have nuclear weaponsThis region is one of the world’s poorestGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

9 Environmental Issues in South Asia (cont.)South Asia’s Monsoon ClimatesMonsoon: the distinct seasonal change of wind direction; in South AsiaSummer monsoon brings rain and flooding to BangladeshWinter monsoon is dryOrographic rainfall: precipitation from the uplifting and cooling of moist winds; it occurs in the Western Ghats and HimalayasRain-shadow effect: the area of low rainfall found on the leeward (or downwind side) of a mountain rangeDrier conditions in PakistanGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

11 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffMonsoon PrinciplesWind is a horizontal movement of air from a high pressure area to a low pressure area.Land surfaces heat up and cool off more quickly and to a greater degree than water bodies.During the warmer months, a low pressure tends to develop over land and a high pressure over the adjacent water bodies. (wet monsoon)During the cooler months, a high pressure tends to develop over land and a low pressure over the adjacent land areas. (dry monsoon)This results in the shifting of the prevailing winds -- MONSOONSGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

22 Population and Settlement: The Demographic DilemmaIndia has more than 1 billion peopleConcern about producing enough foodIndia’s TFR at 3.2, but preference for males creates problemsPakistan has 145 million peoplePakistan lacks an effective, coordinated family planning programOverall TFR is 5.6; RNI is 2.8%Linked to Muslim cultureEarly childhood mortality, and low rate of female contraceptionBangladesh has million peopleHas one of the highest settlement densities in the worldTFR is 3.3Strong government support for family planningMuslim culture, but more flexibleGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

26 Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma (cont.)Migration and the Settlement LandscapeSouth Asia is one of the least urbanized regions of the worldMajority live in compact rural villagesRural-to-urban migration caused by agricultural changesMost settlement near fertile soils and dependable water sourcesAgricultural Regions and ActivitiesAgriculture has historically been unproductiveGreen Revolution: agricultural techniques based on hybrid crop strains and heavy use of industrial fertilizers and chemical pesticidesGreatly increased agricultural yields in South AsiaHigh social and cultural costsGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

28 WHAT CLIMATE VARIABLES HELP TO EXPLAIN THIS DISTRIBUTION?Cooler to the north and warmer to the southDrier in the west and wetter in the eastOrographic precipitation in the southGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

29 Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma (cont.)The Green RevolutionUse of hybrid, high-yield seeds to bolster production1970 to 1990s: India more than doubled annual grain productionOnly more prosperous farmers could afford to adopt seeds and use mechanizationEnvironmental problems from dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticidesPoorer farmers forced from their landsSalinization in irrigated areasGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

30 Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma (cont.)Urban South AsiaAbout 25% of the South Asian population resides in urban areasMany live in bustees (sprawling squatter settlements)Mumbai (Bombay)Largest city in South AsiaFinancial, commercial, and industrial centerLess-fortunate immigrants live in “hutments” – crude shelters built on formerly busy sidewalksDelhi/New DelhiMore than 11 million peopleIndia’s capital, has British colonial imprintAir pollution a problemGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

35 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffCultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious RivalriesSince its inception in 1948, India has been a secular stateGrowth of Hindu nationalism: movement promoting Hindu values as essential and exclusive fabric of Indian societyTensions between Hindus and Muslims in IndiaTensions between fundamentalists and secularists in PakistanOrigins of South Asian CivilizationsIndus Valley civilization established 5,000 years agoBy 800 B.C., a new urban focus in Ganges ValleyHindu CivilizationHinduism: a complicated faith without a single, uniformly accepted system of beliefSanskrit: sacred languages of HinduismCaste system: strict division of Hindu society into ranked hereditary groupsGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

38 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffCultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries (cont.)Contemporary Geographies of ReligionHinduismMajor faith of India and NepalForms of worship differ by regionIslam400 million Muslims in the region, among the largest Muslim communities in the worldPakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives are mostly MuslimIn India, Muslims concentrated in the cities, in the north, the upper and central Ganges plain, and in KeralaSikhismSikhism: faith incorporating elements of Hinduism and IslamOriginated in Punjab in 1400s, still concentrated in PunjabSikh men noted for work as soldiers and bodyguardsGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

44 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffREINCARNATIONEvery living thing has a soul.When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature (transmigration of souls).Souls are reborn in a newly created human or animal life.This continues until the “ultimate reality” is fully understood (one sees the Atman is also Brahman)– then it ceasesGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

45 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffKARMAEvery action brings about certain results.There is no escaping the consequences of one’s actions.Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature.Karma is somewhat the result of one’s approach to one’s dharma.Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

46 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffDHARMAA set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of reincarnation. This ties into the caste system.Sometimes seen as analogous to dutyEach person’s dharma is different.Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

47 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffAhimsaSeeing all life as sacred – a part of a “oneness”Results in the life principle of non-violenceSupports the idea of being in harmony with natureA principle also found in Jainism and BuddhismGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

49 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffCultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries (cont.)Contemporary Geographies of Religion (cont.)Buddhism and JainismBuddhism virtually disappeared in India but persisted in Sri Lanka, mainland Southeast Asia, and the high valleys of the HimalayasJainism – religion that emerged around 500 B.C. as protest to orthodox HinduismStressed extreme non-violenceOther Religious GroupsParsis (Zoroastrians): an ancient religion focusing on the cosmic struggle between good and evilConcentrated in the Mumbai areaMore Indian Christians than either Parsis or JainsBritish missionaries converted animists to ProtestantismGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

51 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffBUDDHISMObjected to harsher features of Hinduism such as the caste systemFocuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledgeEnlightenment ends the cycle of reincarnationElimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animalsGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

52 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffFOUR NOBLE TRUTHSSorrow and suffering are part of all life.People suffer because they desire things they cannot have.The way to escape suffering is to end desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting.To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire.Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

54 FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENTHinduism - broad and tolerant, accepting many of the teachings of BuddhaBuddhists in India - willing to compromise with the beliefs and customs of HinduismFinal blow - 8th century - arrival of Islam-- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries-- Burned libraries-- Killed monksToday - only 1 million Buddhists in IndiaGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

56 Hindu/Muslim-practices/perceptionsHindus tend to be vegetarians (ahimsa and reincarnation beliefs foster this)Cows are sacred animalsBelieve in reincarnationBrahman, if it is God, is an impersonal oneFollow caste system – no social or religious mobility within one lifetimeFormerly practiced suteeMuslims see Hindus as polytheistic infidels not to be toleratedMuslims eat meat (cows) – not porkMuslims are strict monotheistsMuslims believe in a personal GodMuslims reject the concept of castes – equality of believersReject reincarnationGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

58 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffCultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries (cont.)Geographies of LanguageDravidian: a linguistic group is unique to southern IndiaMajor languages of India associated with an Indian state; political subdivisions follow linguistic linesThe Indo-European NorthHindi: most widely spoken language of South AsiaSecond-most widely spoken language in the worldLanguage of the Hindu majorityUrdu: language of the Muslim minorityLanguages of the SouthDravidian languages prevail in southern India and northern Sri LankaTamil in Sri LankaGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

59 Geographies of Language (cont.)Linguistic DilemmasLinguistic nationalism: linking of a language with political goalsIndia encountered resistance to Hindi as a national languageRole of Hindi is expandingEnglish is the main integrating language in South AsiaSouth Asians in a Global Cultural ContextUse of English helped spread global culture to the regionSouth Asian literature has spread throughout the worldIndians migrate to developed and less-developed world regionsImported global culture, especially with sexual content, creates tensionsGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

60 Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided RegionSouth Asia Before and After Independence in 1947During the 1500s most of region was under the Mughal EmpireEuropean merchants established coastal trading postsBy 1700s the empire weakened and contending states emergedThe British ConquestBritish East India Company – a private organization acted as an arm of the British government and monopolized tradeExploited political chaos to stake empireSepoy Mutiny (1856) led to South Asia being ruled directly by the BritishHindu, Muslim, and Sikh rulers retained their states under British ruleGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

61 South Asia Before and After Independence in 1947 (cont.)Independence and PartitionBy the 1920s political protestors called for independenceGandhi favored a unified state, while Muslim leaders argued for a divisionPost World War II partitioningIndia, East and West Pakistan1971: Bangladesh independenceGeopolitical Structure of IndiaIndia organized as a federal stateIndividual states retain significant powerFollowing linguistic patternsAdded in 2000: Jharkand, Uttaranchal, and ChhattisgarhGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

64 Centrifugal & Centripetal Forces – IndiaCaste SystemJharkhand—new state in the making?Area of marginalized people seeking statehood so as to have a “voice” in the system.Muslim minorityFrontier warsCultural/linguistic diversityHindu nationalismCentripetalA single capitalAn interregional transport networkA lingua francaA trained civil serviceFederal system of governmentStrong leadership in its formative years after gaining independenceGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

66 Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffEthnic Conflicts in South AsiaKashmirDuring British period, ruled by a maharaja (a Hindu king subject to British advisors)During partitioning, Kashmir went to IndiaTensions between India and Pakistan because Kashmir is MuslimThe PunjabOriginal Punjab area divided between India and Pakistan in 1947Punjab has Hindus, Muslims, SikhsTensions, violence led to assassination of Prime Minister Indira Ghandi by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984Still potential for conflictGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

68 Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided Region (cont.)Ethnic Conflicts in South Asia (cont.)The Northeast FringeEthnic conflict in states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and portions of AssamMigration from Bangladesh and other parts of India is a potential threat to local cultureSri LankaNorth dominated by Hindu Tamils (minority) and south by Buddhist Singhalese (majority)Singhalese favor a national government whereas Tamils support political and cultural autonomyA rebel force, the Tamil Tigers, attacked Sri Lankan army in 1983; tensions still brewingGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

72 Economic and Social Development: Burdened by PovertySouth Asian PovertyMore than 300 million Indian citizens are below their country’s poverty line, and Bangladesh is poorerNepal and Bhutan are in worse conditionIndia has a growing middle class, and an upper classAbout 100 million Indians afford modern consumer goodsGeographies of Economic DevelopmentThe Himalayan CountriesRugged terrain and isolation in Nepal and Bhutan are a disadvantageBhutan has isolationist stance (tourists must spend $165/day)Nepal’s tourism has resulted in environmental degradationGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

73 Economic and Social Development: Burdened by Poverty (cont.)Geographies of Economic DevelopmentBangladeshPoorest country in the regionHeavy reliance on production of commercial cropsEnvironmental degradation has contributed to povertyInternationally competitive in textile and clothing manufacturingPakistanInherited a reasonably well-developed urban infrastructureAgriculture, cotton, textile industry are importantLess dynamic economy and less potential for growthBurdened by high levels of defense spendingGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

74 Economic and Social Development: Burdened by Poverty (cont.)Geographies of Economic Development (cont.)Sri Lanka and the MaldivesSri Lanka: second-most highly developed economy in regionExports of agricultural products (rubber and tea) and textilesCivil war has undercut economic progressMaldives is most prosperous country in region, based on GNISmall total economyIndia’s Lesser Developed AreasIndia’s economy dwarfs that of other South Asian countriesProsperous west and poorer eastCaste tensions exist in these areasGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

75 Economic and Social Development: Burdened by Poverty (cont.)Geographies of Economic Development (cont.)India’s Centers of Economic GrowthPunjab and Haryana are showcase states of Green RevolutionGujarat and Maharashtra are noted for their industrial and financial cloutMany Gujarat merchants and traders were part of Indian diaspora (migration of large numbers of Indians to foreign countries)Karnataka’s capital Bangalore is a growing high-tech centerGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

77 Economic and Social Development: Burdened by Poverty (cont.)South Asia has low levels of health and educationPunjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra on top; Bihar at the bottomBut literacy rates are high in the poor northeast because of missionary educationThe Educated SouthSri Lanka has high levels of social welfareLong life expectancy, low literacy rateFertility rate reduced to near replacement levelsKerala on the mainland, though not prosperous, has best social development in IndiaSocialist leaders promote education and community health careGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

78 Economic and Social Development: Burdened by Poverty (cont.)The Status of WomenBoth Hindu and Muslim traditions tend to limit womenIn many regions of India, female literacy is far lower than that of male literacyGender imbalances as a result of “differential neglect”In poorer families, boys tend to receive better and more preferential treatment than girlsSocial position of women is improving, especially in the more prosperous parts of the northGlobalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff