The underimmunization of children younger than 2 years old is a major health problem in U.S. cities.

Innovative methods to increase immunization rates are being researched and implemented.

In 1993, six focus groups were conducted with 41 mothers (25 African Americans and 16 Caucasians) to discuss their views regarding immunizations and the services they received from health care providers in the public health (n=27), military (n=4), and private (n=10) sectors.

Participants viewed immunizations positively, but perceived many barriers to immunization.

They suggested the following ways to improve the immunization process : enhancing knowledge acquisition, improving reminder and appointment systems, providing transportation and child care, decreasing waiting times, improving the clinic environment, and making the immunizations less traumatic.

According to mothers in this study, obtaining an immunization on time is a complex task that requires planning and resources.

The fewer resources that are available to mothers, the more difficult it is to succeed.

Health care providers must help mothers identify and remove barriers if immunization rates are to be increased.