In this project we had to make a model of a submarine that could more or less do what would do a real one.

Our submarine began as an almost impossible project, but despite the adversities we managed to take it forward and make our submarine afloat, dive and return to the surface.

· Materials:

We used a few materials to do our submarine:

One PVC pipe

A little bit of plaster

Two balloons

One small pipeline

Four syringes

A tape

Some red, black and yellow sprays

· Development:

First we started working with a submarine, but had to leave because the submarine was heavy and did not rise to the surface, then had to change and start working with a submarine ascended to the surface, we put a grout and a syringes to submerge or float the submarine

· Characteristics:

The submarine is 50cm long and 9cm in diameter but the main idea was to do it in 1m long and 12cm in diameter. The material we used is PVC. The color of the submarine is mainly black but with red spots, so we wanted to ‘mess it’ to make it look more real.

· Ending:

In this project we have learned how to work together and coordinate. We thought we could not do a submarine that could float, dive and we have achieved with great dedication this project.

In this article about our school project, “building a submarine”, we had several difficulties in getting our submarine to do the three main targets in the project:

Make it be able to dive and come back up to the surface.

Get the submarine to be stable.

Make sure we have a waterproof compartment where we would inhabit.

First we had to find what would be the body of our submarine. We thought about using bottles, cans and several other objects, but we decided to use water pipes. After getting these from a plumbing shop we took it home and made a hole on the side of the main tube. Then we had a brainstorm where we would decide how it would accomplish our goal number two. The technique that we agreed to use was a manual pump connected to two balloons regulated by two taps meaning we have total control over the vertical movement of the vehicle. When we finally got it working we started with our target number one. With this task at hand, we tried making the underwater vehicle have a great stability, we put a base of cement in the bottom, getting the right weight for it to be able to come back up and not only sink.

We had to calculate the volume, the weight needed for the sinking of the submarine and also the buoyant force we had to exercise in order for it to float.

We added an air compartment that had a small playmobil girl, very pretty by the way. We waterproofed it so no water could get in, we put the girl inside on top of a silicon bag so any condensation was absorbed, and once we had done that we closed it and sealed it with hot silicon. Once this was dry we placed it in the whole that was already made.

Also, although it wasn’t obligatory, we dared to put a motor in. We recycle some motors that we have of little toy cars. Finally, we put these 2 in the below laterals.

We don’t have to paint it, but we decided we wanted to. We thought that it would be more original and would be a way to show our personal design. So we painted it silver-colored, because that was the only color we had in our houses and in this way we didn’t have to spend any money, also it gave it a bit of a alien like look.

After doing all of this and thinking it was done we had a problem, the stability was not in the middle, so it went to one side. We decided to get rid of the cement and put two tubes with metal weight either side to make it stable.

Here we have the new submarine with the highest quality in the market. Sub-77, alias: Xiphactinus, is a submarine with a minimalist and innovative design, with a look of aggressive nature in all its facets.

Submarine Construction The submarine, like any other , float and dives stably by an air injection system thanks to an air pump, through a system of tubes with closures. After placing its corresponding ballast iron, stability problems have been solved by injecting polyurethan in two-thirds of the internal part,located in fore and aft.

The main material used is PVC (camera and external tube) .Also iron has been used for ballast and polyurethane for the internal cave. You can see a photograph of the internal part without the poliurethan and a photo of our great product!

One morning of March two young scientific, the physicist Francis Crick and the biologist James Watson announced that they have been obtained the structure of the DNA. This discovery, that revolutionized the world of the biology, was enunciated in 1953. In 1951 Watson was installed in Cambridge to share with Crick the adventure of determining the structure of the DNA. At this moment, the only available technology to visualize the structure of big molecules was the diffraction of X-rays, that consist in something similar to X-raying a molecule.

Parallel, the physicochemical Rosalind Franklin and the biophysicist Maurice Wilkins realized studies crystallographic of diffraction of X-rays on molecules of DNA. In 1952 Rosalind Franklin obtained a photography of diffraction of X-rays that it revealed the spiral structure of the molecule of DNA. Wilkins, without the consent of Rosalind, gave the photo to Watson and Crick. For them the image constitute a definitive information to determine that the structure of the DNA corresponded to a double propeller, and not triple since it was thought. Rosalind Franklin died in 1958 with 37 years old, four years after Watson, Crick and Wilkins got the prize nobel of physiology and medicine for his contributions to the discovery of the structure of the DNA. Franklin’s inestimable contribution to this discovery, was never recognized, but little by little the history starts valuing his labor.

First we are going to explain some important things to understand the DNA in general and why it is important for us:

1. The human genome or genetic map is the total number of chromosomes of the body.2. The chromosomes contain approximately 80.000 genes, responsibles of heritances3. A gene is the physical, functional and fundamental unit of the inheritance. The importance of knowing the genome is that all the diseases have a genetic component. 4. A gene, it is a fragment of DNA as which it has the only sequence of base couples, which can use for difference a few genes of other one and fix his position in the chromosome. 5. The information of the genes has been decoded and allows to the science to know that diseases could have a person in his life, this knowledge could treat till now incurable diseases.6. The most important thing of the chromosome is the molecule of DNA. Molecule of double propeller, with which every propeller is antiparallel and this formed by chemical compounds so called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three parts: group phosphate, desoxirribosa, and four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine .These components are connected.

7. The DNA that forms the genome contains the necessary information to construct and to support life.8. The genome is the whole DNA of an organism, included the genes, which take the proteins needed by the organism that determine the aspect, functioning, metabolism, resistance to infections and other diseases. 9. The genetic code comes determined by the order that the nitrogenous bases occupy.10. The genetic code makes us as we are

This dicovery of DNA double helix is very important. But we have a problem because de genetic map isn’t complete. We are going to tell you what is the human genome project and why it is very important:

It is a international programme of scientific collaboration which it objetive is have a basic knowledge of the complete human genetic dotation. This genetic information is founded in all the cells of the body encoded in the DNA.

The programme aims to identify all the genes of the core of the human cells, establish the place of the genes in the chromosome core and determined via the sequenciation.

The objective is the secuentation of the human genome and representation is associate features human specific and diseases inherited with genes located in precise location of the chromosomes. The human genome project a knowledge without previous proportionate of the organization of the essential genes and chromosomes human. Promises to revolutionizethe treatment and prevention of many human diseases that penetrate the basic bioquimics phenomena that sustains.The human genome project is an international investigation that found select to mapping you the DNA sequence. It is intended to register genes encoded the necessary information to build and sustain life.

Some objetives:

Some objetives:

-Identify approximately 100.000 human genes in the DNA

-Deterine the sequence of 3 billion os bases chemical oh the DNA

-Accumulae information of database

-To develop tools for data analysis-The purpose is to provide the world with innovative tools for the treatment and prevention of diseases.-The genetic map is a genetic toolthat it allows study the evolution and it could change the medicine.

-It allows the treatment of diseases until now uncured.- With the knowledge of the human genome, we know the code before we could only configure the program.- You could tell a person of the diseases that he could have.- This could change medicine forever giving a new power to cure especially in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases such as: alzheimer, parkinson, diabetes, cancer, heart problems, schizophrenia and all the complications that have a genetic origin.-The Project has needed ethical, legal, social and human analysis.

But this problem has moral problems, such as genetic racism (any person is less than one for his genetic code), who can access this information and use it for other things than the cure of diseases ...

Is our planet the only planet in which life exists? We don’t think so, because there are many arguments to think that there are several kinds of life in other planets.

There are many constructions of ancient civilizations that were advanced to their period like the Egyptian and Inca people who built a lot of pyramids in their zones. We think that these constructions were built with extraterrestrial help. Archeologists found many paintings about people that were in flying machines and strange technologies, many of these paintings were discovered in Southamerica.

Ancient civilizations also sculpted and painted many different things which represented their gods, the gods that they had seen or the ones they believed in. We think that during all the history people have had extraterrestrial help and influence in their life. Many of these constructions of Egyptians, Incas or people from Mesopotamia were related with the astronomy, they were very interested in that world out of their hands and knowledge that maybe supposed a relation with something that came from the space.

Archeologists had found many documents and draws of Mesopotamia and Egyptian civilization in which appear strange humans with features of an advanced race. In this documents and draws appear strange machines or tools too, to draw these engravings. Many experts are sure that many of this constructions, tombs or figures had been made with tools with the precision of a laser.

One of the aliens’ signs is the discovery of rests of H20 in other planets. We think that it’s probably that there is water in other planets with a good climate because the universe is very big and maybe there are other planets with intelligent life.

We are sure about this affirmation because physic’s and chemical’s laws are the same in every part of the universe.

One clear sign of the existence of aliens is the sight of UFOs. There are a lot of UFO’s sightings all over the world. There are a lot of theories about why the aliens are sometimes in our world.

Some people say that they represent the peace of our civilization, other people think that the day when they definitively come to our world will be the last day: the apocalypse or doomsday.

The UFOs are flying machines that we (the humans) cannot identify. The term UFO means unidentified flying object. During the last century there were a lot of sightings of UFOs, especially from the middle of XX century.

There are a lot of people that say that they have been abducted by aliens. Some theories say that they are only studying us, that they don´t want to attack us. There is also a person that said that he was abducted by them and they told him that we are their experiment and they are only admiring their experiment. They told him that they were so advanced to create life and they originated it in the Earth. Another theory suggests that aliens are humans from the future who have found out the secrets to travel through the time, using maybe wormholes.It’s very sure that Nazis during War World II contacted with aliens because after the war in laboratories Nazis, plans of flying discs like UFOs were found, they were planned to make this flying discs with an advantaged technology, these plans exist today and you can see them in internet.

We think that there will be the day that they will come to our planet and they explain the life’s significance or they will kill us, we aren´t sure about this… but we are sure that they are waiting for that special moment.

Here are some videos that explain our theory, they are in English with Spanish subtitles.

“Is it possible to travel in time?” Can we open a portal to the past or find a shortcut to the future? ". The great British physicist StephenHawking made these questions in an article published in Daily Mail cosmologist offered not one, but three realistic theoretical formulas to answer your question, three proposals that may make it possible for an idea has long been a scientific heresy. In their view, such a venture is not as preposterous.

To begin, Hawking suggests that it is essential to open the mind to the idea of the fourth dimension: time.The scientist uses a very simple example, that of driving. When we travel by car and drive in a straight line travel in one dimension. If we turn right or left, we add a second dimension. If you also go up or down a mountain road, we find the third. The fourth dimension is time, but how do we find a way to travel through it? :

1) Wormholes:

"The science fiction movies show a large power-hungry machine that creates a tunnel through time. A time traveller, a brave, ready for who knows what into the tunnel and emerge who knows where (...) The reality may be very different from this, but the idea itself is not so crazy, "admits Hawking in his article. For physicists, the tunnels can be time wormholes. "They are all around us, in the cracks of space and time, but are too small to see them," explains the scientist. "At the smallest scale, even smaller than molecules and atoms, quantum foam exists. This is where there are wormholes, small tunnels or shortcuts through space and time constantly form and disappear. "

Unfortunately, these tunnels are too small for a human being can look through the keyhole.They measure only a thousand million billion trillionth of a centimetre, but it may be possible to take one of them and make it large enough for human beings or even a spaceship. In this way we could travel to other planets located light years away and "maybe the dinosaurs on Earth could see a ship landing."

Of course, the wormhole is a small problem, which Hawking calls "the paradox of the mad scientist." What if a scientist uses the hole to shoot his past him? Now he’s dead, but who shot? It is a paradox, it doesn’t make sense. It’s the type of situation that causes nightmares for physicists. This kind of time machine would violate a fundamental rule that governs the entire universe: the causes of the effects happen before, and never the reverse.The trip back would be impossible, but what about the future?

2) Black holes:

"We think that time flows like a river, at different speeds in different places, and that is the key to travelling in the future," says Hawking. This idea was proposed by Albert Einstein one hundred years ago, realizing that there should be places where time runs slower and others where it is accelerating. "He was right and the proof is over our heads" in the space, says Hawking. The time goes faster in space. Within each spacecraft is a very accurate clock, but despite this, everyone wins about a third of a billion seconds each day. The problem is not with the clocks. What happens is that the mass of the Earth drags time and slows. In the center of the Milky Way, 26,000 light years away, is the heaviest object in the galaxy: a super massive black hole slows the time more than anything else in the galaxy. "It’s like a natural time machine," says Hawking. If a spacecraft went into orbit in the hole, it would take 16 minutes to complete one orbit to the space agency that would control the mission from Earth. For the astronauts, would only last eight minutes. If you spend five years in orbit, actually have been ten. When will they come to Earth, all the others have aged five years older than them. The problem? Approaching a black hole is too dangerous.

3) Travelling at nearly the speed of light:

Third time lucky. For Hawking, the solution may travel very fast, even more than the required speed to avoid being swept away by a black hole. According to Hawking, travelling at nearly the same speed of light, 186,000 miles per second, take us into the future. To explain, the scientist imagines a super-fast train that would circle the Earth seven times per second, which does not reach the speed of light, something that the laws of physics forbid. Then time begins to run slowly on board, as if we were near a black hole, but more so, as in slow motion. In one week, the train would travel one hundred years in the future. Of course, building a train to reach those speeds is impossible, but we have built something very similar: LHC particle accelerator of the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. We know particles, pi-mesons, which usually disintegrate but ipso facto, when they are accelerated to nearly the speed of light, lasting 30 times longer.Hawking concludes that if we travel to the future, we just have to go very fast, something that is only possible in space. This would require a ship 2,000 times faster than the Apollo 10, of enormous size and that could carry a lot of fuel, enough to accelerate to nearly the speed of light. "Four years after takeoff, the spacecraft will begin to travel in time. For every hour on the ship, two would on Earth, "he explains. After two years of full speed, the spacecraft would reach its peak, 99% of the speed of light. Then, one day on board would be a year on Earth. Our ship would fly to the future.

Right now we see through the streets and highways are many types of vehicles from small city to the large displacement that most dream to have someday. Most of them powered by petroleum products such as gasoline or diesel with its effect on the environment is evident. In a short period of time the cars will suffer major changes, and some of these are the changes in performance and reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, these changes are made to change the diesel engine / petrol to hydrogen appears a good alternative that is being investigated but, right now, the technology "spike" is within the power. There are two types of cars that use this energy source: diesel-electric hybrids and pure electric.

Electric cars The engine of these cars powered by batteries that are not nothing but containers of chemical energy and chemical energy that can be transformed to become electrical energy. The batteries, or batteries, are divided into two groups, primary and secondary schools. Primary batteries are based on an irreversible chemical reaction, ie can not be recharged and have a single use. Secondary batteries, in turn, are based on reversible chemical reactions, so it can be recharged a certain number of times. Electric cars work, therefore, secondary batteries. The power is the cleanest to avoid contaminating anything but in the process of obtaining energy (power plants, nuclear ...). It has three fundamental problems since its speed is not very high, very little hard autonomy and the necessary infrastructure is not mounted.

Hybrid cars Hybrids have two advantages as their autonomy and speed are higher but have a problem since, when the electric motor is over, "jumps" the diesel which is contaminated but not as much as "normal." Additionally, you can benefit from the infrastructure of service stations. It’s pretty quiet but the power is even quieter. The problem right now is also the price as it is quite expensive but the expectation is that prices are reduced more than 25-30% and even half in just five years. Although we can see on the street some models of Honda or Lexus hybrids of 18000-24000 € but does not fall.

These are examples of cars near future also other types of cars, but only marketed in 2020, which is a bit far to explain many facts not known.

First, we have to save energy by using public transport instead of our own cars or walking, by using low consume bulb. We have to install solar panels in our houses to begin. Then, we will use renewable energies like solar power, tidal energy, wind power and geothermal energy.We must search into nuclear fusion energy.

We think that one of the best forms to solve the energetic global problem. It consists of trying to establish an energetic diversity not to depend on a limited group of not renewable energies since they would become exhausted before. In fact, already it is, nevertheless it is not sufficient, because we still depend in 80% of the not renewable energies in the developed countries.

A Norwegian Professor, Egil Lillestol, believes that Thorium power plants could help solve the global energy crisis. Norway has a huge amount of Thorium and a Thorium reactor has lots of advantages over a traditional nuclear power plant. The world’s reserves of Thorium could cover the energy needs globally for thousands of years.

Another solution is to improve renewable energies. Solar power is a great option, we can place solar panels in a big desert or send a geostationary satellite with big solar panels that send by microwave rays to a receiver station in the earth, but one of the problems is that in deserts, sandstorm can destroy the panels.

Tidal power could be in the future an important energy; tidal power stations use wave movements to generate electricity. If we put big extensions of this central in the sea we can obtain a lot of energy. But nowadays it is not well-known; Scientifics have to study it more.

But all this energies don’t generate so much energy, so, for this problem we have to generate energy by nuclear stations, that generates a high quantity of energy and don’t contaminate with CO2. Nowadays this type of central has more security than twenty years ago, and it’s very difficult that can have a leak of toxic substances. However this kind of energy has a problem, where we put the radioactive waste?