Toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body

Define Distal

Away from the attache end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body

Identify the plane of motion for #1 and give an example of an exercise or movement that takes place in each plane.

Saggital Plane: Biceps curl

Identify the plane of motion for #2 and give an example of an exercise or movement that takes place in each plane.

Frontal Plane: Shoulder abduction

Identify the plane of motion for #3 and give an example of an exercise or movement that takes place in each plane.

Transverse plane: Trunk rotation

Explain the route of blood flow beginning when it exits the heart and ending when it re-enters the heart through the inferior and superior vena cava.

* Blood leaves heart, carried by arteries.

* Arteries lead away from heart and branch out into smaller, microscopic vessels called arterioles.

* Arterioles develop "beds" of capillaries.

* Blood passes from capillary beds to small venous vessels called venules.

* As venules lead back to the heart, they increase in size and become veins (eventually leading to the inferior and superior vena cava)

Explain the route of blood flow beginning when it leaves the right ventricle of the heart and enters the left atrium.

* Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary arteries.

* In lungs, blood picks up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.

* Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.

Explain the concept of "form follows function" as it relates to the skeletal System and describe the importance of exercise in maintaining bone density throughout life.

Wolff's law indicates the changes in bone structure coincide with changes in bone function. That is, when the skeleton is subjected to stressful forces, such as those that occur with exercise, it responds by laying down more bone tissue, thereby increasing the density. Conversely, when individuals experience prolonged periods of bed rest due to illness or injury, their bones lose mineral and become less dense.

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Mediolateral axis (vertebral column)

2. Extension

3. Flexion

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Meiolateral exis (shoulder joint)

2. Flexion

3. Extension

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Mediolateral axis (elbow joint)

2. Flexion

3. Extension

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Mediolateral axis (wrist joint)

2. Extension

3. Flexion

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Mediolateral axis (knee joint)

2. Flexion

3. Extension

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Mediolateral axis (hip joint)

2. Extension

3. Flexion

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Mediolateral axis (ankle joint)

2. Dorseflexion

3. Plantarflexion

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Anteroposterior axis (subtalar joint)

2. Eversion

3. Inversion

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Anteroposterior axis (shoulder joint)

2. Abduction

3. Adduction

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Lateral flexion (right)

2. Lateral flexion (left)

3. Anteroposterior axis (vertebral column)

Label the segmental movements in this illustration, we well as the axis around which those movements take place.

1. Anteroposterior axis (hip joint)

2. Abduction

3. Adduction

What type of movement is occurring when you decrease the angle between two bones in the sagittal plane?

Flexion

What type of movement is occurring when pointing the toes in the sagittal plane?

Plantarflexion

What type of movement is occurring when moving the scapulae to a superior position in the frontal plane?

Elevation

What type of movement is occurring when lifting the lateral border of the foot in the frontal plane?

Eversion

What type of movement is occurring when rotating the hand and wrist laterally from the elbow in the transverse plane?

Supination

What type of movement is occurring when you do a multiplanar combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction in sequence?

Circumduction

Define Autogenic Inhibition

An automatic reflex relaxation caused by stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ (GTO).

Explain how fitness professionals can take advantage of Autogenic Inhibition during a stretching routine.

This can be advantageous during a static stretching routine, in that after 7 to 10 seconds of a low-force stretch, a Golgi tendon organ (GTO) response is activated, allowing further muscle stretching.

Define Reciprocal Inhibition

Reciprocal inhibition is a reflex inhibition of the motor neurons of antagonists when the agonists are contracted.

Explain how fitness professionals can take advantage of Reciprocal Inhibition during a stretching routine.

This can be advantageous during a dynamic stretching routine, in that low-grade muscle contractions of the antagonist muscle can reduce tonicity in the agonist muscle to more easily be stretched.

Use the relative terms "low" and "high" to compare and contrast the three muscle-fiber types. Speed of contraction

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

Low Medium High

Use the relative terms "low" and "high" to compare and contrast the three muscle-fiber types. Force Capacity

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

Low Medium High

Use the relative terms "low" and "high" to compare and contrast the three muscle-fiber types. Fatigue resistance

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

High Medium Low

Use the relative terms "low" and "high" to compare and contrast the three muscle-fiber types. Mitochondrial content

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

High Medium Low

Use the relative terms "low" and "high" to compare and contrast the three muscle-fiber types. Size

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

Low Medium High

Use the relative terms "low" and "high" to compare and contrast the three muscle-fiber types. Efficiency

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

High Medium Low

Use the relative terms "low" and "high" to compare and contrast the three muscle-fiber types. Aerobic capacity

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

High Medium Low

Use the relative terms "low" and "high" to compare and contrast the three muscle-fiber types. Anaerobic capacity

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

Low Medium High

What is the missing label for #1 and list two exercises that will effectively target all three muscles.

Upper trapezius

Exercises: Upright rows, shoulder shrugs

What is the missing label for #2 and list two exercises that will effectively target all three muscles.

Middle trapezius

Exercises: Upright rows, shoulder shrugs

What is the missing label for #3 and list two exercises that will effectively target all three muscles.

Lower trapezius

Exercises: Upright rows, shoulder shrugs

What is the missing label for #1 and list this muscle's primary functions. List three exercises that effectively target this muscle.

1. Serratus anterior

Functions: Stablization, abduction and upward rotation of the scapula.