Tribute in Light is an art installation of searchlights placed next to the site
of the World Trade Center to create two vertical columns of light in remembrance of the
September 11 attacks. Originally a temporary installation, it has continued to mark each
anniversary.

To observe the tenth anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks, Insight asked two
Smith professors to consider the struggle of ideas reflected in the collective social and
moral conversations that took place in the aftermath of the terrible tragedy. What follows
is their examination of the legacy of ideas since then, in the cultural lens of the profoundly
personal, political and philosophical.

By John Connolly/ Published September
9, 2011

September 11, 2001, was a beautiful Tuesday morning, the fourth day of classes of the fall
semester. The gruesome news and images from Manhattan and the Pentagon were surreal
and appalling, perhaps particularly so for New York natives like myself.

On September 5 of that year, as Smith’s first interim president since 1939, I had told the
ebullient opening convocation about my eminent predecessor, Elizabeth Cutter Morrow. I had
joked that all she had to face in the first month of that school year was the start of World
War II, and I added: “We are fortunately not in a world war today. There are of course conflicts,
even terrible ones, all around the globe; there is exploitation, racism, oppression of every
sort, in this country and others.” Six days later, the events of 9/11 marked the beginning,
not of a new world war but certainly of a new and precarious world order—or disorder. They
were also the catalyst of a process of unhinging in this country. A tremor ran through
the nation, and we have to this day not recovered from it.

John Connolly

Many of our students and alumnae are from, or live in, the New York City and Washington,
D.C., areas, and some had family members killed or injured in the attacks. For me, it took
a while for the enormity of the terrorist actions to sink in. At Smith, the immediate reaction
to the tragedy included sorrow and anger, the latter emanating from both on and outside the
campus. A senior at Smith, an international student from Pakistan, took part in a panel discussion
on CNN shortly after 9/11. In response to a question from the moderator, she had said—quite
correctly—that while international students were fortunate to be able to study in the United
States, by the same token the U.S. was fortunate to have them here. The public response was
horrifying. One irate viewer telephoned a death threat to the college. A virulent xenophobia
had begun. Meanwhile, on the national scene President Bush began to fumble the overwhelming
international support for our nation when he threatened, in his speech to the nation on September
20, 2001, that any country that was not “with us,” would be regarded by the United States
as “against us.” Could we have foreseen that our distrust would extend to France and
Germany, two of our closest allies?

On campus we were headed into a rocky year. The months that followed brought an unusual
number of ugly incidents—anonymous notes, chalkings, death threats and the like—which targeted
students of color and other minorities. Some of these wound up before the campus judicial
board, and a particularly troubling one reached the local courts. The spirit of joy that
had marked the opening convocation—and the unity in the air on the afternoon of September
11th—had soured. Although the Smith community pulled together beautifully at our unexpected
second convocation in John M. Greene Hall on the afternoon of 9/11, I am convinced that that
day also marked a turning point for the college. The terrible events had already put us psychologically
on a course of heightened emotion that would lead to a third and perhaps even more painful
all-college meeting in April 2002, when many students vented their rage at one another and
the administration.

Meanwhile, nationally and internationally the year and the years to follow
9/11 were to be no less rocky and no less marked by irrational violence. Perhaps the
United States had no realistic choice but to invade Afghanistan in order to rout the Taliban
and al-Qaida and thus prevent follow-up attacks. But contrast what has grown into a 10-year
conflict, having no clear end in sight, with the surgically precise Gulf War action by President
Bush Sr. in 1991. In any case, this nation surely did have a choice about the invasion of
Iraq in 2003. For whatever reasons, the Bush Jr. administration decided in the immediate
aftermath of the Twin Towers to attack Saddam Hussein, however senseless that was as a response
to an assault from an altogether different source. That invasion has, in my view, been a
complete disaster for the U.S., costing thousands of American lives, hundreds of thousands
of Iraqi lives and a trillion dollars or more, causing long-term damage to the economy and
forfeiting the entire raft of worldwide goodwill this country had garnered on 9/11.

What are the lessons? I
think the shock of 9/11 literally unhinged us, at Smith and nationally. We lost our moral
compass as well as our sense of proportion and felt justified in lashing out. A few days
after the 9/11 attack, in a faculty panel discussion in Weinstein Auditorium, Michael Klare
of the Five College Peace and World Security Program suggested, as a sensible response, pursuing
the terrorist network as an “international criminal conspiracy” and not as a “war.” By
staying within established international law and avoiding vigilantism we could have been
no less effective against al-Qaida while at the same time setting an important example of
how a great power can, even in the face of enormous provocation, pursue justice and not mere
vengeance. This kind of view was mocked by members of the Bush administration and could never
garner much popular support in an unhinged nation—so we lost an important opportunity. We
are still paying for it. Will we be smarter the next time? Have we regained our balance?

John Connolly is the Sophia Smith Professor of Philosophy and director of the Smith Ethics
Program. His research interests include the philosophy of mind, Wittgenstein, contemporary
German philosophy, philosophical hermeneutics and issues of academic freedom and tolerance.
Having recently spent more than a decade in college administration, he has returned to teaching
full time. On September 11, 2001, Connolly was serving as acting president for Smith.

“I think the shock of 9/11 literally unhinged us, at Smith and nationally,” says John Connolly, who was serving as Smith’s acting president on September 11, 2001. “We
lost our moral compass as well as our sense of proportion and felt justified in lashing out.”

Psychological and social healing are aided by reconciliation with adversaries, says Joshua
Miller, professor in the School for Social Work. And the divisions in our society, which
have widened in so many ways since 9/11, can only be narrowed through policies that promote
shared sacrifice and social justice and emphasize our collective stake in improving the welfare
of the lives of all of our residents.