Annual report of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station

ANNUAL llFJ'ORT OF THE
NORTH CAROLINA
AGRICULTllfu\L EXPERnlF.NT STATION
for
1893
Norttt Carolina Slate Library
Raleigh ~ "0, ('"
OF THE
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North Carolina State Library
Raleigh
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Publication, will be lent to any addrel8 In Nor t.h QaroUna upon ILppl1oailon.
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N. O. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
OFFICE OF DIREe'fOR,
RAJ.KWH, January 31, 1894.
To His Excellenr:y Er~IAs OARU,
Governor of North Carolina.
SIR-I have tbe honor to submit herewith a report of the opera­tions
of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station for the
year ending December 31, 1893.
This report is made in accordance with the following portion of
section 3 of the Hatch Act of the Congress of the United States for
the maintenance of agricultural experiment stations in the various
States and Territories:
HIt shall be the duty of each of the said stations, annually, on or
before the first day of F ebruary, to make to tho Governor of the State
or 'ferritory in which it is located, a full and detailed report of its
operations, including a statement of receipts and expenditures,"
'frusting that this report will prove satisfactory to your Excellency,
I am, very respectfully YOUl'S,
H. B. BATTLE,
Di,'ecloT,
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N. C. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS.
THE NORT:a:: CAROLIN.A.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
INCLUDING
THE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATON
AND THE STATE WEATHER SERVICE,
BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF TH~ A. AND M. COLLEGE.
W. S. PnlliROSJ,,;, Cltairman, Raleigh.
W. F. QUEEN ••• • ___ . _ • •. Franklinton. W. E. STEVENS. _____ . ___ ____ . Clinton.
D. A. TO)II'KLNS __________ _ .Cbarlotte. J. H. (hLMER .. _____ . . __ _ .Greensboro.
H. E. FlUES . _. _____ ____ •• • ____ Salem. J. F. PAYNF. . ____________ _______ Alma.
N. B. BnOUOlITON ________ ___ .Raleigh. J. R. MOLftI.LAND ______ __ . Moore8viUe.
W. R. WILLLI..l1S . __ . . ___ .. .. Falkland. C. D. SliITIL. _______ ______ .Fr anklin .
J. B. CoFFIKLD • ______ • ____ _ EvereU'a. R. W. WnARTON. ___ ___ _ .Washington.
W. R. CAl>EHART. __ ___ • ______ .Avoca.
STATION COUNCIL.
A. Q. U Ol..LADA Y, \V. S. PlUMROSE, H . B. BA'M'LE.
Pr~' . A. and M. CblUqe.
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OFFICERS OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION DURING 1893.
H. B. BATTLE. Pn. D • •• .. • . _ . .....• ••.• _. ___ . ___ . __ Director and State Chemist.
F. E. E:-'IRRV, M, S . _ .• .•• ~ .. ____ .• , ....... .. .... ... Agriculturist.
GERALD MCCARTHY, B. SO ....... .... . ... . _". , ••• , . Botanist and Entomologist.
W. F. MASSEY, C. E .... ........ .. ................ .. I1orticulturist.
C. F. VON HERUMANN (U. S. Weather Bureau) ... ... . Meteorologist.
B. W. Kh.ooRE, M. S .... __ . .... ......... ...... .. ... Assistant Chemist.
F. B. CARPENTKR, B. S .... .. .. .. ...... . . ............ Assistant Chemist.
J. S. MEND, B. S. (to B'ebruary) .. ....... ....... ..... Assistant Chemist.
&. E. NOBLE, M. SO. (to November) .•..• ..... ... . .. . Assistant Chemist,
M. S. McDOWELL. B. S. «(rom February to May) . ... . Assistant Chemist.
W. M. ALLEN (frOID November) . . . ••.• ... • __ • . , ••. _. Assistant Chemist,
C . .8. W ILLIAMS, B. S, (from November) ... __ .. _ ..... Assistant Chemist,
ALEXANDRR RHODES •.... • __ .•... , •••••• . • _ .• • _ ... _ .Assistant H orticulturist.
RoSCOE NUNN (0. S. Weather Bureau) .••• • ••••••••. Assistant Meteorologist.
A. F. BOWEN ... . ................... . ............... Secretary.
RALE IGH, N. C,
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SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
DIR ECTOR
0&' THE
NORTH CA ROLIN A
AGRICULTURAL EXPERltI(1ENT STATION
fOR 189 3.
TO THE GOVERNOR.
The Norlh Carolina Agricultural Experirneul Station was estab­lished
in :March, ]877, with a twofold object in view-first, to act as
a Fertilizer Control StatioD, and second, as un Agricultural Experi­ment
Station in the true sellse of the word. Until 1887 the Stalion
wns supporte(l by the State from the tax on fertil izers, and, as organ­ized
up to that time, was a part of the North Carolina Department
of Agriculture. By legislative ena.ctment of thal year, lhe Station
wa~ made a part of the Norlh Carolina College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts, and lhe fands derived from the United States Uatch
Act for the maintenance of experiment stations in the various Stales
and 'ferritories were appropriated to it. The Station receives also an
appropriation from the North Cnrolina Depul'lment of Agriculture
for the work of the li'erWizer Control. The report of the work of
the Station for 1893 is embraced under each of its legal functiolls,
the first being
I. THE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATION.
The beneficial results accompl ished by the li'er tilizer Control, from
the moment of its ol'ganization to the present time, are too well known
to be necessary to repeat them hero. A history of the fert il izer trade
in the State since ]876 would be interesting and would sbow the vast
advantages that have accrued from its organization. The adulter­ated
chemicals and low-grade fertil izers (now bappily very seldom
seen) that have been detected and brought to light, and the millions
of dollars that have u ndOllb ted ly been saved, illustrate the value thnt
the Control has been to North Caroli na farmers. •
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6 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894..
Tu ..; FERTILIZER CoNTROL DURT~G 1893.
It will be remembered that up to 1891 the fertilizer trade was con·
trolled by a license tax on each braud. Commencing from that year,
the tODnage charge bas beeu in vogue. .
In order to show the character of the trade for a number of years
past, the subjoined lable is inserted, giving a description of the dif­ferent
brands on sale in the State during previous years. It will be
noted, however, that as licenses did not lapse with the calendar year,
a single brand could extend through portions of two years. The
numbers, therefore, wbile showing the number of brands on sale, do
not show the actual number during each year. 'rhe Jarge increase
ill the number of brands after 1890 is due to the change from the
license tax on eacb brand to a definite charge per ton.
lSSI 1882 1S83 18S4 18!S5 1886 1887 188i1 1889 1890 ISIII 189'2 1893
A:\?o~~::r:8~.~~~:.~~.~~.~~.!.~.~~.~.~~~ 8 10 II 7 II - II 10 9 12 16 59 &I 86
8 uperph06phate8 witb potash ...... II 15 I;; 10 10 II 8 7 ;) 4 III 21 25
Ammouillted 8uperphOSlphates _ ... 40 li5 61 56 63 66 68 /r..! 61 63 178 212 264
A mmOlllnted IOU p er p b08phllte8
without potash .................. _ ....... ..
Potash, sailS and chemicals ............. .
Fish scrap ....................................... .
Mlscelh,lu60uS ...... ...... ................... 2 4 6 ;) 8 4 2
If> 8 8
2•2 " 5 " • . . ,
TotalS. ........... .............. ............ 69 86 92 80 85 00 77 79 81 &I 295 396 ~2.5
The number of brands accredited up to 18[11 to the several States
is as follows, and furn ishes an interesting basis for comparison-:
1880 "81 "'" 1SS3 "81 "85 18116 "" 1888 MR8I!BChusett.8 ................................... 2 8 2 "" "" , 8 1 • , 2 2
Connecticut ....................... 1 2 2 • , , 1 2 , 1 1
No\I\' york ........................... :::::::::::::: , , 5 3 2 • 3 1 , 2 ,
New Jertley ..................................... , , 1 , 1 , 3 2 • • • 5
Delaware . ......................................... 2 2 2 , 2 • • • 3 8 8
,Mar yland ........................................ 21 ,.
" 42 .,
" " " '" '" 25
P ell1l8yl vall1a .................................. 1 1 1 ,
Virginia ........................................... 7 i'~ , 15 "
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" " 14 North Carolina ................................. " " , 8 , , 8 , .. " " 14 SOuth CflrOllnB ................................. • , , " 14 12 " " .. IS " " Totala ....................................... ." "" 86 '" '" " 00 n 79 81 "
A casual glance at the above table will show how the number of
fertilizer licenses accredited to tbe States of Virginia, North Carolina
and South Carolina have increased. trhis is especially the case with
North Carolina, where the increase has been sixfold within ten years.
As further illustrating this increase, the following calculation is
inserted, which shows the proportion of the brands on sale which
were manufactured in the three States before mentioned, as com­pared
with the total llumber sold for the different years:
THE Nl]l!IJJKR 01' DRAl'I"D8 or Io'KItTILIZII:RS J I,ANUFA(rrUR,r;n IN TUltEII: 8TATItS, VIRGrl'IlA,
NOKTJI CARor,INA, AND SOUTH OAIIOI,INA, roll. THE YE.AKS 1880 TO 1800, IN PER CENTS. 01'
TlIl': WIJOLi! NUJlUER.
1880 1881 1882 18S3 1 88~ IBM 18S6 1887 1888 188tl 1800
Virginia .............................. }
NOrth Carolina ................. 31.92 30.50 301.88 40.21 M1.00 ~~.70 ~6,67 4f>.-15 .fB.l0 5O.6'..l 1>5.95
Soulli Carolloll.. ................ .
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 7
In reference t{) North Carolina alone, the change is more decided:
:SUMnER ov DRA:SDS 011' JrERTILIZEIt$ l&ANUFA(1I'URED I N NORTH OAROLINA TOR TU"F.
YEARS 1880 TO 1890. IN PfI;lt C~:NTS. OE' THE WUOLI;; NUrrI.1Um.
1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1881) 1890 ,
North Carolina .................... 6.38 6.08 6.97 6.52 10,00 10.47 11.11 14.80 16,,16 17.28 2U1l
The increase frolll 1883 to 1890 bas been nearly fonrfold. The fol­lowing
extract is taken from tbe Report of 1888, five years ago, and
gives a. prediction which is surely becoming true: If'Vhat does this
change foretell? Considering tbe num ber of brands as indicative of
the amount sold, these figures prove almost conclusively that the
home manufacturers are gradually driving the other more distant
competitors from the field; that the distance from the source of sup­ply
of the various ingredients from the market where the fertilizers
are sold, and the consequent high freights which these fertilizers must
pay, are proving each year a more eHectual barrier to their entering
the State. Taking our own State and the two adjoining, it is plainly
seen that the three, while they controlled one-third of the trade eight
years ago, now control onc-half. North Carolina alone, eight years
ago, controlled only one-sixteenth; now controls oue-sixth. 'Vith
this increase-and there is now no reason why it shou ld not con­tinue-
it is not hazardous to assert tbat in ten years O'Y!e~lalj of the
commerc-ial fertilizers sold in North Om'olina will be made in NO'l'ih Caro­lina.
An additionall'ensoll for this assertion is, that the State, eitber
alone 01' by calling on South Carolina, can furni sh all the raw ingre­dients,
except potash, sufficient to make all of the fertilizers needed
here."
The prediction made ill ]888 can now, at the close of the year 1893,
be seell to be surely coming to pass. The year 18D I was the transi­tion
periud between the privilege tax system and the tonnage syslem,
during wbich time some brands were sold under both systems.
Manufacturers who came in for tbe first time only purchased tags
for a portion of the year. Nothing definite, therefore, can be stated
for ] 891. But in ]8D2the records are complete,und show the exact
number of tons placed on the market for which tngs were sold.
Comparing with the whole number of lons sold in North Caro­lin8,
in 189:l, for the fiscal year closing November 30, tbe North
Carolina manufacturers hfllldled 36.95 per cent. of the whole num­ber.
The same calculation for 1893 shows 37.73. Even this esti­mate
is too low, because no tags were used in many cases when tbe
manufactories dealt at their doors flirectly with the fHmers. Again,
cotton-seed meal is not subject to lax, and is very largely used for
fortilizing purposes. It is impossi ble to state how large this amount
really is, but it should be also added to the total accredited to borne
manufacturers.
Carrying on, therefore, the preceding table, the growth of home
manufactories can very readily be seell:
North Carolina State Library
Raleigh
8 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERlliENT STATION. 1894.
TABLE SDOW1:l"O TlUT TIHt Pfll'':DJQTIO!f 0l1' 1888 18 BitiNG VERIJ'IED.
1880 1881 1882 1883 188~ 1885 1686 1887 ISSS 1689 1890 1892 IiISS
North carolina manurao-}
turere sold In the varl·
OUII year8 In percent.. 6.88 5.08 6.97 0.52 10.00 10.41 11.11 14,30 16.46 17.28 2U8 86.95 87.78
flKes or wDole (erlUlr.er
trade-
T he increase of the whole fert il izer trade in the State from 1892 to
1893 was about 30 per cent. Very probably the borne-manufacturers
were not equipped to band Ie such a large increase, and tbi~ may
Rccount for tbe small increase (as shown in the above table) in 1893
over the year previous. rfhe year 1894 doubtless will show figu res
which will more than compensate for this small increase.
DIGEST OP FELtTILrZil:R LAWS Now IN FORCE.
In order to give a short and concise statement of all laws now in
operation in regard to the fertilizer inspection and control, the follow­ing
carefully prepared digest of existing laws is inserted:
No manipulated guanOll, 8uperph08phates, commercial ferlilizers or other fer ­tilizing
material shall be sold or offered for sale unless a tonnage charge of twenty-
6"e cents per ton haa been paid. Each barrel, package or bag shall have attached
a tag representing this fact, which tags shall be issued by the Commissioner of
Agriculture according to regulations prescribed by the Department of Agriculture.
'l'he Department of Agriculture has J>C:lwer at all times to have samples collected
of I\ny fe rtilizer or ferti lizing matenal on sale. which must be laken from at least
ten per cent, of the lot selected. 'l'hese samples are taken from the goods in the
hands of dealers after they are shipped from the manufactories, and accord ingly
represent the true gmde of terti lizo!rs offered for sale,
1!:\'ery package of fertilizer offered tor sale must have thereon a plainly printed
label, a copy of which must be filed with the Commissioner of Agricu lture,
together with a true sample of the fertilizer which it is proposed to sell, at or
before the shipment of such fertilizer into the State, and which label must be
uniformly used and not chu.lIged during the year. This label must set forth the
name. location and trade-mark ot the manufacturer; alS<1 the chemical composi­tion
of contents and real percentage of the ordinary ingredients claimed to be
present, together with date of tlnalyzation. and that all charges have been paid.
There must be no variation in tho guaranteed percentages. but the bags must be
branded with the exact chemical composition of the contents. No fertilizer can
be sold with a content less than eight pcr cent. of u\'uilable phosphoric aCid. two
per cent, of ammonia, I\ud olle per cent, of potash. CottOn·sood meal is exempted
from paying the tonnage charge: also land plaster, agricultural lime, oyster-shell
lime, marl. and bulk materials for manufacturing purposes.
It is a misdemeanor, and flo fine of tell dollars for each bag, for an sgent or dealer
to offer for sale any such fertilizer or fe rtilizing materi als not properly tagged. or
a consumer to remove it, or lL railroad agent to deliver it. Goods kept over f rom
last season mUSt be tagged to represent this fact. and all dealers are required to
report to the Commissioner of Agriculture the amount on hand at the close of the
fiscal year, (In November 30,
Any fer tilizer or fertilizing material that does not contain the ingredients as
represented by the label is liable to seizure, and, after being established on t rial,
its value is recovered by the Doard of Agriculture, Any person who offers for
sale fer tilizers or fert ilizi ng materia l without hav ing attached thereto labels as
provided by law, is liable to u. fi ne of ten dollars for each separate package-one­llalf.
leSB the cost, going to the party suing. and the rema.inder to the Department ;
u.nd it such fer til izer is condemned, the Department makes analysis of the same
and has printed labels placed on each package, giving t he true chemical ingredi­ents
of the same. and fixes the commercial value at which it may be sold. The
Department of Agriculture can require agents of rail roads and st-eamboat campa-
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 9
Dies to furnish monthly statements of the quantity of fertilizers trallspo~ted by
them. TbeExperimentStatioll analyzes samples of fertilizers taken by the official
inspectors, and publishes the same wbenever needful.
REGISTRATION OF BRANDS.
During the year 1890, the last yenr of the license tax system, there
were 8~ brands of commercial fertilizers liceosed to be sold in North
Oar01\oa. It is very easy to see, under those circumstances, where
the number of brands was limited, how much easier it was to super­vise
tbe fertilizer trade than under the presen t tonnage sys tem, where
the number of brands is almost unlimited. Under the operations
of this latter system t.be number of brands, including fertilizing
ingredients, offered fat' sale in the State, has increased from 84 in
1890 to 295 in 1891. For the year] 892, closing with the fiscal year
ending November 30, this number had increased to 396, an increase
of over 34 per cent. in a siogle year. During the yeRr 1893 the
number had farther increased to 425. There appears to be almost
no limit to this increase. The difficullies met with ill the proper
control of tbe fertilizer trade, under tbese conditions, accord ingly
have been very greatly increased.
VALUATION 01<' FERTILIZIi:US.
The relative commercial valuation given to the tbree valuable
in'gredients for tbe year 1893 wns-
~or avs.ilabl.e phosphoric acid ______________ . _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ ____ 6 cents per pound.
For ammonia _____ • _______ . ____ __ __ . __ . ____ _______________ 13" "
For potash ________ __ _ . ___ . __ __ ___ . ____ . ___________________ 5 "
The v{lluatiolls for phosphoric acid and potash re[nain the same
8S for the ye8l's 1891 and 1892. The ammonia for 1893 (15 cents
per pound) is two cents more per pound than for the valuation for
the two preceding years. This increase was caused by commercial
advances in the price of ammoniates.
rrbese figures were based on the actual retail cash price of the
unmixed ingredients at the seaboard, in bags.
By the commercial valuation of a fertilizer, using these figures, a
farmer could see the actual cash worth of tbe unmixed ingredients
used in the fertilizer, at the seaboard. For interior points freights,
of course, must be added. In the bulletins showing the analyses of
fertilizers, a table giving the various freight rates from seaboard to
inte1'ior points bas beell inserted for the convenience of readers.
The following table shows the average percentage composition, by
analysis and by guarantee, of fert.ili",ers sold in 1890, in 181) I, in 1892,
and in 1893. 'rhe relative seaboard value, both by analysis and
g~larantce, is calculated on the basis of tbe last valuutions employed,
VIZ., for 1893: for available phospboric acid and potash five cents
pel' pound; 1'01' ammonia fifteen cents pel' pound. Except in one case,
all of the materials are higber in grade than is guaranteed:
10 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERDIENT STATION. 1894 •
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AVAILABLE AMIIO·
RELA'J'IVB
POTASH. SEABOARD
I'HOS. AClD. !'itA.
VALUE.
, '. ~ ~ Ii KIND OF FERTILIZER. YEAH. ,; • .!! I .!2
,; ~ " - ~ •• C • • C ' . C
.~. •• .-.. •• .~. •• .". •• I , • • • C = C = .;j = C = <1 0 ." ", " <1 0
~ ~ ~ ~, ., ., ., . ~
:!l " '" 0: ---- - - -"' - -'" - ._'" --'-" r"'L. 12.92 12.25 ... ... ... ... '12.92 $12.25
Acid Pb08pbat-es ••..• • _ .... 1891.. 12.21 12.06 ... 1 ••• .. . . .. 12.21 12.06
189:t . 12.25 12.01 . -- . .. ... 12.25 12.01
1803 .. 12.93 12.M ... -- . I .-- .. . 12.93 12.04 ro, . 12.04 10.00 ... ... 1.77 1.42 13.81 12.32
Acid phosphates witb potll!!h 1801. . 11.17 10.29 ... ... 1.06 1.50 12.83 t 1. 79
1892 11.22 fUJ7 ... " . 2.06 1.53 13.28 11.50
J89:L . 10.38 o GO .. ... 1.7S I.40( 12.16
1
11.00
{'8oo __ 9.11 8.53 2,4 1
1
2. 202.021.71 18.36 17.11
Ammoniated Bup erpho s· 1 ~9L . 811 8.24 2 592.512201.881 18'""1 17.65
phlltcs with potlll!h ... __ . 1892 .. 8 70 8. 10 ,2.63 24026.')2. 12 19.24 17.60
1893. I 8.37 8 05 125912.47 12.5°11.971 18.7°1 17.43
B ULLETI NS COKTA JNINO FERTILIZER ANALYSES.
The plan adopted during the season of 1892 for the fil'st time, for
publication of analyses of fertilizers, has been cOll tinut:d during 1893.
This plan proved very acceptable to fanners und boyers, and gave
them a. complete record of the standing of the va rious brA.nds already
analyzed. Early in January of 1893, an unalysis bullet.in was pub·
lished to include the vlll'ious analyt.ica l determinations in (ietaii,
namely: Moisture, soluble, illsoluble, reverted, und avai lable phos­phoric
acid, nitrogen and ammonia, potash, and relali\'e commercial
valuation. There were also given the guarnnteed percentage of
available phosphoric acid, ammonia, and potash, and the guaranteed
value, using the Station 's figu res for the valuatioll of the unmixed
ingredients at the seaboard. All analyses thnl. were made during
the year 1893, both in the spring and fn ll seasons, were inserted
therein. As buyers do not purchase their fertili zers to a great extent
before March 1st, this give!:! ample time to distribLlte the bulletins to
tbe hands of those who desire to use them in their purchases. This
first compl ete bulletin was sent til the full mailing list of some 14,000
names. Upon the back of the title page was stamped: "Analyses for
1893 will be sent out every two weeks only to those who apply.
Wri le postal to Dr, H, B. Ballle, Raleigb, N, C,"
Replies to this notice were used as a basis by which to send out
the bi-weekly fertilizer analyses, which were issued every two weeks
during the winter and spriog season of 1893. These bulletins con­tain
ed ooly tbe main results of analyses of each sample, viz.: A vail­able
phosphoric acid, ammonia, potash , aod relative commercial
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 11
value, together with the percentages and valuation guaranteed by
the manufacturer. These short forms were chosen to facilitate print­ing
the bulletins, the object being to place the analyses before those
who need them just as soon as can be dOlle with the least delay. l~or
most practical purposes these short statements of analyses answer as
well as the complete forms in giving the result only of the detailed
work which has been done upon them.
II. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
The second object designed by the State laws of 1877 was the estab­lishment
of a true Agricullurnl Experiment Station. I ts functions
were to be both scientific and practical, and experiments were to be
carried all in various branches of agriculture. In the language of
the act, <I shall carryon experiments all the nutrition and growth of
plants, with a view to ascertain whut fertilizers a re best suited to the
various crops of this State, and wheth er other crops may not be
advantageously grown on its soi l." This work was conducted from
time to time, previous to ] 887., after which time its scope was la rgely
augmented by the provisions of the Hatch Act in providing t.he
meRns to ca rry these objects into effect.
'rbe work of the StatioD, t.hus en larged, now embraces-
I. CUEMICAr. AND MICROSCOPIOAL 'VOHK, including
1. The analysis of all fNtil izers legally 011 sale in the State.
2. l'he ana.lysis of agricu ltural chellli cals, of com posts. and howe-made ferl il-izers,
and all ma terials from which they Clln be made.
S. The analysis at soils, warls. lind mucks.
4. The Ilnalysis of feed ing slufb.
5. The examiuation of seeds With reference to their purity, and capacity to
germinate.
6. The examination of graSllCS and weeds.
7. The study of insecls injurious to " egetation.
S. The analyail:! of milk , butter Ilnd othe r dairy products.
9. InvesLigatiolls of fungous disc&Seso( plants, and remedicl:! designed to eradi·
cate them. .
10. Such other chemical and microscopical illvestigatiolll:! as il:! demanded fro Ul
time to time.
11. EXPI~RIMENTAr, WORK 'IN TUE FU:LI>, STABLE, DAIRY, AND LA DallA TORY, to
in clude •
1. The effect of different fe rtilizers on various soils of the State.
2. The s tudy ot im proved methods for the c ulti vation of the staple crops.
3. The study of the best treatment of worn-out lands.
4. The study of the best Systt>Ul for the rotation of c rope.
5. Chemical iol'estiga tiolls, with practical experiments with cattle, on t he
value of the various rorage crops, especially those COllllllon in North
Carolina.
6. Investigations upon the growth of new crops for t his climate, in compari.
son with those we now hal'e.
7. The construc tion of the silo, fl.nd value of ensilage.
8. The study of l he growth of cattle using different fecOing 8tufTS.
9. In vestigations in the prod ucl ion or milk and butler under different condi­tions,
and with l'arious implementil.
10. Digestion experiments with stock, to ascertain the real value ot various
food sluffs.
12 N. C. AORlCUL'fURAL EXPERIMENT STATIO~. 1804-..
11. Experiments with the various feeding rations, to ascertain how far the feed­ing
standards can be relied on.
12. Testa to compure tbe diITerent varieties of frui ts and vegetables, to ascer­tain
those worthy or trial.
18. In vestigations designed to develop the vineyard and t rucking interests of
t he State.
14. Investigations upon the diseases of caule and domestic animals, and the
,d. i.s.e.m ination of information concerning the treatment of various dis· 15. Such other work from time to time as way be deemed advisable for the
interests of the agriculture of the State.
Ill. THE CoLLECTION AND DISTJUBUTlON OF :llF.rEOROLOOICAL DATA, such as will
directly aid the various agricul tura l industries of the State. The work
is of benefit in
I V.
1. The distribution of telegrams to various portions of tbe State, g iving the
probable state of the weather for the succeeding twenty.four houra.
2. A foreknowledge or the coming of frosts and cold wavea, thereby protect­ing
fruit, trucking and tobacco interests.
3. The collection of var ioua meteorological data; and thus, by obtaining a
more perfect iden of the va rious climatic conditions, to extend to other
local ities the crops found useful :u ponions of t his and other States.
4. The collection and distribution of weekly reports showing the effect of the
wealher on crops dll-ring successive periods of their growth .
A BUREAU OJ;' [NFORMATlO~ upon all subjects connected with the agricultural
industries of the State. Under this head is included
1. Publications of the St!~tion, embracing s ix different classes of bulletins
!Uld three of reports. These publications con la in the results of the
iuvesligtltions ca rried 011, as well as a reeume of work done elsewhere,
ill order to il\struc~ or advance the generai ligricultural interests.
2. Direct correspondencl', through the various divi.\lionll of the Stillion, with
individual farlU prs. information b~illg always given as promptly aud
carefullYa8 pOII"ible by those most competent to do so.
S. Personal contact of l he Station force with farmers nud others at institutes
and fai rs, visits to farms, elC.
V. S.UU'LES FOR CHEMICAL ANA I,YSIS.~Sampl es, when sent by citizens of tbe
State, for chemical examination, will be analyzed free of charge under
certain conditions and stl pulation s~
1. If the experimental work of the Station will not be retarded thereby.
2. If the samples come (rom the sender's own lands.
3. If tiley are of suflicien t puhlic interest, and the Station is (roo to publish
the resu Its.
4. If the samples nre Luken nnd sent according to the Station's printed forms,
and are fully dellcribed.
DIVISIONS Od.~ THE STATIONS.
In order to facilitate the work of the Experiment Station, it has
been subd i\'ided into-
1. Executive Division. 5. Entomological Division.
2. Chemical Division. 6. Horticu ltural Di\,jsion.
3. Agricultural Division. 7. Meteorological Division.
4. Botanical Division. 8. Veterinary Division.
9. Division of Publication.
EQUIPMENT.
The beadquarters of the Station are in the Agricultural Buildillg,
immediately north of the Co.pitol. In the north wing are located
SIXT.E ENTII ANNUAL REPORT. 13
the offices, the chemical laborat.ories and slo r~ -r ooms. On the base­ment
fioor is the document room, where are kept the /)ublications of
tbe Stntion. On the third floor is situ ated the myco ogical labora­tory,
botanical and entom ological work·rooms; also the metorologi­cal
di vision of the Station, organized as the Stale \Veather Service,
co-operating with th e Uni ted Stales \Veather Burenu. On the roof
of the bui lding are located the variolls instrllments for recording
meteorological observations. A thirty.five-foot flag-staff for display­ing
flags for disseminating weather fo recasts is 0150 upon the roof,
where the signals a re visible 10 a considerable distance.
'rhe Experiment farm is located about one mile Ilnd a half west
of the city, lind adjoins the Fair grounds of the Stnte Agricultural
Society. It is in close prox imi t,y to the grounds of the North Caro­lina
Collego of Agriculture and Mechanic At:ts, and the students have
access to the ex periments, and study their progress and th ei r resu lts.
On the farm a re located the experimental dairy, si los, and barn, in
which are the cattle under test for production of beef, milk, and other
purposes. Field·crop tests are also conducted , us fal' as is possible,
upon the land of the farm. Here, also, is the field and plant-house
work of the borticulturlll division. The Ex periment farm is con­nected
by telephone with the city offices. The electric ca l's on the
Hillsboro street. line of the city stop in easy walking distonce of the
farm.
P UBJ.1CA'l'lONS 0 11 TIl E STATlON.
The publica tions of the Stiltion have heretofore bcen dassified to
fa cilitate preparation as well liS preservation. The bu lletins and
reports being of such varied chara cter, and mailed to different lists,
there must necessari ly be some confusion unless this be done.
Accordingly, the following clnssificatiol1 has heen adopted:
A. BULI. ETINS.-Regular. 'Each edi tion ]4,000 to]8,000 copies. For
popular reading, with scientific terms avoided as far as possi­ble.
Numbered consecutively 82, 83, 84, etc. Sent to all
IlIl1neS 011 the Station mailing-list. Last issued during 1893
was No. 93.
B. BULf.ETlNs.-Teclmical. Each edition 3,000 copies. Numbered
consecutively 1, 2, 3, etc.: also with corresponding number
accordi ng to dale of issue, nb, SOc, etc. Sent on ly to scientific
list and exchanges. Summaries of these ISsues appear in regu~
lal' bulletins. Last issued during 1S93 was No. 7-91d.
C. BULLETINS -~IelcoTological Division (State Weather Service). Each
edition 600 copies. Numbered consecutively 1, 2, 3, ete. ; also
with corresponding number, according to dale of issue, 75c,
788, 80d, etc. Sent only to meteorological list and to ex­ciluuges.
Subject-matter is mainly meteorological dala of
various stations in North Ca rolina. Last issued during 1S93
WfiS No. 51-93d.
14 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
D. BUU.ETINs.-Special. Each edition varying in nnmber from
500 to 60,000 copies. For special purposes, as the demand
requires. Numbered consecutively 1, 2,et.c.; also with corre­sponding
number, according to number of regular issue, 80a,
etc. Sont only to special names, as occasion demands. Last
issued during 1803 was No. 15-91h.
E. BULLf<.:fINs.-lVeekly Weather Drop. Each edition 1,200 copies.
Numbered consecutively 1, 2, 3, etc., during the year of issue.
Printed during 1888, 1889, 1890, 189J, 1892, and 1893. Gives
weekly tbe effect of the weather upou crops during the grow­ing
season. Sent only to the crop bulletin list llnd exchanges.
Lust issued during 1~93 was No. 27, 1893.
F. BULLETINs.-Pre88. Each edition 550 copies. Numbered con­secutively
1, 2, 3"etc. Short reading articles for newspaper
CUIUUlllS. First number published May 24, ]890. Sent to
newspaper exchanges and to chairmen of expe rimental com­mittees
of alliances lUld granges. Last issued during 1893
\VIIS No. 55.
G. Al"'NUAL RgPORTS Ol-' TilE STATJON. Each ed ition 3,000 copies.
Numbered consecutively with years, 1-1878, 2-1879, 3-1880,
etc. Prior to 1888 these reports contained results of the year's
work, and took the place of the separate bulletins which
appeared th ereafter. The aunual reports now are of routine
character, and do not generally embl'tlce matters uot included
in the several bulletins. Sent to exclHUlges only, and not to
general mailing-list. Last issned was 15th for 1892.
H. ANNUAf. REPoR'rs 01" THF~ METEOROLOGICAr~ DIVISIO~, comti·
tuting lhe Slale lVeather Service Each edition 2,000 to 4,000
copies. Numbered consecutively with years, 1-1887, 2-1888,
3-1889, etc. Includes monthly and annual means of meteor­ological
data at various stations in North Cnrolillu, with other
records made and work done during the year. Sent to meteor­ological
exchange list only. Last issue was sixth annual for
1892.
I. BIENNIAr .. Rli:POR1'S OF TIm STAl'ION. Sent to the Governor for
transmission to the General Assembly. Each edition 500 to
3,000 copies. Numbered consecutively Fi l'st, Second, etc.
These reports are demanded by local authorities, and are not
intended for general distribution. Last issue was Seventh
Biennial ReporL, for Lbe years 1890-1891.
Since the above plan was adopted, it has been found that some
confusion occurred in the classification of A pnd B (Regular and
'Technical bulletins). To remedy this, it was determined to merge
the latter series iLlto the former, and give a popular summary of the
technical work, which summary is alone to be sent to the general
list of farmers throughout the State. 'rhe fu ll dotailed report of the
technical work is mailed, as usual, to the scientific and exchange
SIXTEENTH ANr-.'UAL REPORT. 15
lists. Others can se~ure each of Lhese publicatiO:lls ~y special appli.
cation therefor. This plan prevents wasteful dlstrlbutlOll of bulle·
tills to those who do not have the time or the inclination to investi­gate
the de tailed portions of the techr-,ieal work, and supplies to
farmers only what they most generally wish to know, i. e., the resul ts
of the work.
PUBLICATIO!SS D URING 1893.
During the year 1893, seventy· six distinct publications have been
issued, subdivided as follows:
A. OF THE REGULA..R BULLETINS.
No. 88.-January 16,1893. 24 PI'.
FKllT1LlZER ANALYSES L"D THE FEltTll .. IZER CoNTROL, WITU ALL ANALYSES
fum·; IN SPRING A.ND FALL OF 1892.- Digt:SLOf fertilizer laws in force in Nortb
Carolina. Freig ht. rates from the seaboard to interior points. AI18lysea of 194
samples of fertilizer" t·aken and analyzed during the year 1892.
No. 89.-March I, 1893. 48 pp.
CO·OPERATIVE FlELD TESTS DURING 1891 A.."D 1892.-Field teste described. Appli­cations
per acre. Names of ~xperimenlers. Soil tests with cotton, 1891: Meck.
lenburg County, Duplin County , and Hertford County. Soil teats with corn ,
1891: Milcon County, Burke Coun ty, Hockinghaw County. Soil test with
tobacco, Rockingham County, 1891. Variety testll with cotton, 1891: Meck­lenburg
County , Duplin County, Hertford County. General conclusions.
V8:riety test with corn, 1891: Wake Cou uty , Hertford County, Duplin Connty,
Mecklenburg County , ) [uoon County. Deductions nnd suwmnry or results.
GrQ88(!S at the sub.stations. Soil testS with corn , 1892: Hockingham County,
Macon County. Varie~y leSlS with cotton, 18!)2: Mecklenburg County, Duplin
County, Hertford County. Variety t-est with corn, 1892. Co·operative borti­cnltural
work.
No. 90.-April14, 1893. 32 pp.
PRAC"J'tCAL STOCK FEEDL"G.-Introduclion. Composition of feeding stuffs.
Nutrients. F unctions of nutrients. Functions of food in the animal body.
'1'he digestibility of feeding stulTe. Average cOUlposition ot digestible nutri­ents
in feeding stuffs. Analyses of feeding Btuffs. Table of coefficients of
digestibility. Amount of d igestiblo matter in feeding stulls. 'Veight of
diflestible dry matter and nutrients in various amounts of common feeding
stu lIs. Analyses of some g rassell, forage plants, seed and by-products. Feed·
II1g standards. Table of standards per 1,000 pounds weight. Table of stand·
ur(Js, less than 1,000 pounds weight. Nutritive ratio. The calculation of
I'ations. Fuel value of fodders. Comparative value of feed ing stuffs. Some
cotton·seed products as foods. Comparative digestibility and vulue of raw
lind roasted cotton·seed. The digestibility and value of raw and roasted cot­LOn-
seed upon the digestibility of coarse fodder.
No. 91.-April 29, 1893. 20 pp.
SollE EXPKRlMENTS IN ,VOEAT CULTURE.-Valne of cowpea·vinea in wheat cul­tnre
with and withQut fer tilizers; crop of 1891. Summar},:: of test. Notes on
growth. Tabulated statement of resu lts. Discussion. rhe wheat graded.
Value of cowpea..vi nes in wheH.t culture with and without fertilizers; crop of
1802. A new fungous diseuse. Notes on the appearance of the wheat, May 9.
Noles taken immediH.tely before harvest. Comparisons. Tabulated statement
of r68ulte. The wheat graded. General summary of resulta of cowpea-vine
manuring for wheat during four years. Varieties of wheat and depths of
planting. Discussion.
16 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
No. 92.-August 22, 1893. 148 pp.
THE CULTUltE OF ORCHARD AND GARDEN FROITS.-Part I.-The Propagation,
Plan ting, and Culture of Fruit Trees Rnd Fruit·bearing plants, and the Pres_
ervat ion lind Shipping of Fruits. Introduction. Artificial propagation of
fmiL trees. Orchard fruit culture. The culture of small frulLS. Standard
varieties of fruits. Varieties of fruit s for difTerent sections of North Carolina.
Preservation of fru its. Pan n.-The Diseases and Illsects Affecting Fruit
Treep, and Plalltl', with Remedies for their Destructioll. Introduction. Fun­g
icides and inS('clicides. Spraying apparatus. Diseases and insect parasites
of tbe apple, pear, peach, apricot and nectarine, plum, cherry, persimmon,
fig, grape, blackberry and raspberry, gooseberry and currant. and of the
strawberry. Beneficial insecl.6. Index.
No. 93.-0clober 7, 1893. 48 pp.
FEEDING EXl'ERUtENTS, including: I.-Experiments in fattening stock for beef
with cotton-seed hulls and meal. H .-Corn silage and soy (soja) bean silage
with cotton-seed meal for beef. IlI. - Exclush·e enSilage feeding, and wbat
is a maintenance ration.
B. OF THE TECHNICAL BULLETINS.
No.5 (90a).-April 14, 1893. 36 pp.
HIi:SUJ.TS OF CBEMICAL ANALYSES OF TOBACCO CUlum BY THE LEAF ConE ON
WIRE AND TUE STAl.K PUOCESSEs.-Constituents of tobacco. Methods of
nnalysis. Occurrf'nce of nitrates in tobacco. Description of tobacco soil.
Organic analyses in detail. Ash analyses. Analyses of American tobaccos.
ConclU!~io ns.
No.6 (90b).-ApriI 17, 1893. 16 pp.
CHEMlCAL ANALYSES OF SOME NATIVE NORT[I CAROLINA GRASSES. FORAGE
PI,ANTS, GRAINS, SEEDS AND BY-PRODUCTS.-Percentage composition of tbirty­four
ntl~ive grassel!. Some culli vated grasses. Non-saccharine and saccha­rine
sorghums and miliet s. Corn plant and its parts, wheat bran and oat
mea l. Leguminous plants. Peanut plant vines. nuts, kernels and hulls.
Conoll·seed and products and cotton stalks. Rice and by· products, buck­wheat
nod barley. Okra pods and seed. Sunflower seed.
No.7 (91d).-July 6, 1893. 16 PI'.
INVESTIGATIONS UPON THE PnOS1'llORJO AClD L"I CRUDE FERTrLlZER MATERIALS,
AND MI-:TllODS 01·' FERTILIZER ANALYSls.-'l'he available phosphoric acid in
fisb scrap, Itlnkage, azol in, dried blood. bone meal, and cotton-seed meal.
Effect of wflsh ing the magnesium amlDonium phosphate precipitate upon the
percentage of phosphOriC acid. Total and water-soluble potash in cotton-seed
meal. Some forms of apparatus in use in the Nortb Carolina Experiment Sta~
tion Laboratory.
C. OF THE STATE WEATHER SERVICE BULLETINS.
(Constituting the Meteorological Division.)
No. 40 (88d).-March 1, 1893. 16 pp.
MONTBLY METEOROLOGICAl. SmnlARY FOR NORTH CAROLL""IA, JA..:... W ARY. l89S.­Content.
s: General remarks, tables of normal temperature and Vrecipitation,
barometric pressure, air temperature, precipitation, humidity. wmd, weather.
miscellaneous; dates of halos, COrolllD, hail , sleet, fog, frost, snow, etc_ Tables
of daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperattft-es, daily precipitation.
cbarts of normal temperature and precipitation for January in North Caro-­lina.
Monthly summaries from 52 observers.
No. 41 (89b).-Marcb 20, 1893. 16 pp.
MONTHLY METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR NORTH CAltOUNA, FEBRUARY, 189S.­Contents
similar to No. 40. Montbly s41llmll.ries from 57 observers.
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 17
No. 42 (90d).-April 24, 1893. 17 pp.
MONTBLY METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR NORTH C.HtOLINA, MARCH, 1893.­Contents
s imilar to No.41. Summaries from 53 observer s. .Also, Has the
Moon any Influence on the Weather?
No. 43 (91a).-May 20, 1893. 16 pp.
MONTHLY lIJETEOltOLOGICAL SU:UlIARY ),'0& NORTII CAROLI:SA, APIUL, 1893.­Cont-
ents similar lO No. 40. Monthly summaries f rom 60 observers. Also,
Thunder-storm o~r vaLions in North Carol ina.
No. 44 (91c).-Ju u6 20, 1893. 18 pp.
MONTIILY Mt.'TJ:<:QltOLOGICAI. SUMMARY FOR NORTD CAROU :SA, MAY, 1893.-Con­tpnts
similar to No. 40. MOll!hly summaries from 57 observers . .AJ80, The
Oxford Tornado, of May 3, 1898, with cha rt.
No. 45 (91.).-Jl1ly 25, 1893. 18 pp.
MONTHLY iUETEOUOLOGICAL Sm.UIA.RY ~'OU NORTH CAROLINA. JUNE, 1893.-Oon­tents
similar to No. 40. Multtb ly summaries from 630uservers.
No. 46 (92a).-August 2'1, 1893. 18 pp.
MO:STHLY METEOltOI.oGIOAL SUMMAHY ~'OR NOHTH CAROLINA. JULY, 1893.-Con­tents
simitar to No. 40. Mouthly summaries from 60 observers.
No. 47 (92b).-Septembcl' 20,1893. 18 pp.
MONTHLY METEOHOLOOICAI. Su:m.IARY ),'OH NORTH CAROLINA, AUGUST, 189S.­Cuntents
8imilar to No. 40. :'IIonthly summaries from 62 observers.
No. 48 (93.).-October 15,1893. 18 pro
MONTHLY METEOROT.OOIOALSUMl'>tARY "'Olt NORTH CAROLINA, SEPTE~mF.R, 1893.­Cont~
nts similar to No. 40. Momhly summaries from 05 observers.
No. 49 (93b).-Novembcl' 15,.1893. 24 PI'.
MONTHLY METEOltOLOO ICAL SUllMAIW FOR NORTH CAROLINA, OCTODEH, 1893.­COnt~
nts similar to No. 40. b.lum hly summaries from 66 observers.
No. 50 (93c).- Decembel' 15, 1893. 24pp.
MONTHLY METEOROLOGICAL SUM~IAlty Fon NORTH CAltOLINA, NOYIUJBER, 1893.­COlltenlS
liimilaf to No. 40. Montbly summaries from 66 obser vers.
No. 51 (93d).-Decemhol' 30, 1893. 18pp.
MONTlILY i\lETKOHOLOOIOAL SUlIHIAUY FOil NORTH CAIWLL .. A, DKO!o:)WRR. 1893.­CoUltlllts
si mllur to No. 40. Mouthly summaries from 06 observers.
D. OF THE SPECIAL BULLETINS.
No. 10 (88b).- Fobl'uaI'Y 18, 1893. 10 PI"
FKRTILlZl!:U ANALYSES AND THE FP-llTILIZER CONTROL.-First bi-weekly edition.
Val ua t iun uf illgr .. d l .. n l>J (01' 1893, nnd digesL of fertilizer ]t\ws in operation.
Freight rate~ from seaboard to interior. Analyses of 30 official samples of
fertilizers.
No. II (88c).-~larch 4, 1893, 12pp.
F .. ; ~nJLIZRR ANAT..YSES .AND THE FEUTlr .. IZER CONTROL.-SeCODd bi-weekly edi_
tlOlI. COlltelltl! !!illlilur to :-1"0. 10. Analyses of 64 official samples of fertilizer.
No. 12 (80a).-Mal'ch 18, 1803. 12 pp.
}'ERTlLIZER ANALYSES All."]) THE FERTILIZER CONTROL.-Third bi_weekly edition.
Contents similar to No. 10. lt6 s~mp l es analyzed by the fertilizer contro l.
2
18 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1804.
No. 13 (89c).-Aprill, 1893. 16 Pl'·
FERTn.lZ~R A::\'ALYSES AND THE FERTILIZER CQNTROL.-Fourth bi.weeklyedi­tion.
Contents similar to No. 10. AnalYl'es of 150 samples analyzed by the
fertilizer control.
No. 14 (90c).-Ap'·il 19, 1893. 16 pp.
F'ERTll.IZER ANALYSP..5 AND TnE FERTlLlZER (;ONTROL.-Fifth bi-weekly edition.
Contents similar to No. 10. Analyses of 107 samples a nalyzed by the fertil­izer
control.
No. 15 (91b).-Juno 19, 1893. 16 pp.
FERTILIZER ANA LYSES AND TIlE FER'I'ILIZEU CONTROr •. -Sixth hi.weekly edition.
Contents similar to No. 10. Analyses of 200 samples analyzed by the fertil­izer
control.
E. OF THE WEEKLY WEATHER CROP BULLETINS.
Nos. 1 to 27.-April 3, 1893, to Oclober 2, 1893. 1 p. eacb.
WEEKI.Y \ VJ;ATBER CROP BCLLETTN.-Issued every Monday afternoon during
the crop season. 244 reporlers, representing 01 of the 00 counties ill the State.
F. OF THE PRESS BULLETINS.
No. 39.-February 23, 1893. I p.
Articles: Plum knot. The plulll curculio. Monthly summary of meteorologi­cal
reports for North CaroJina-January, 1893.
No. 40.-Marcb 4, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Clean up the fields. Peach rot. Tbe peach.tree borer. A State fore­cast
officia l.
No. 41.-March 25,1893. 1 p.
Articles: Monthly summary of metorological reports for North Carolina-Feb­ruary.
1893. Improving native stock. Potato scab. Blight,and potato bug.
Fertilizer analyses.
No. 42.-April 20, 18D3. 1 p.
Articles: Advanced month iy summary of meteorological reports for North
Ctu·olina-March, 1898. Potato bugs. Experiments in practical digestion
with stock. North Carolina 'Veather Crop Bulletin.
No. 43.-May 15, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Advanced monthly summary of meteorological reports for North
Carolina-April,1803. The swamp caterpillars. Carolina ill8ects. Practical
st-ock feeding.
No. 44.-June 8, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Silage corn and silo. Insects beof'6cial to truck and other crops.
'Vicky laurel, or lamhkill. Vinegar eels. Mixing of watermelons and canta­loupes.
When to plant black.eye peas. Cultivation of sage. Best varietiea
of early corn and turnips. •
No. 45.-June 24, 1893. 1 p.
Article: Red spider or lice OD cOttOD:
No. 46.-July 1, 1893. 1 p.
Article : Tbe seventeen-year locust.
SL"rTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 19
No. 47.-July ~,1893: 1 p.
Articles : What is an agricultura l experiment station? Publications of the
experiment station. Gapes of fowls. The Oxford tornado of .May 3, H308.
Commercial bulb culture in North Carolina. The culture and fert·ilizing of
potatoes. Grape·vine lice. Apple trees dying. Bluestone for corn.
No. 48.-July 20, 1893. 1 p.
Article.' Bugs in cotton.
No. 49.-August J2, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Cultivation and soil moisture. Tbe late crop of Irish potatoes in the
South. Beware of frauds. Blight and root-rot of cotton. Warehouse and
flour.mill pests. Fertilizer for onions. Fertilizer to sow with clover for bay.
Identification of grass.
No. SO.-September 6, 1893. 1 p.
Article.' The peacb and its enemies.
No. 51.-September 8, 1893. I p.
Articles: Crimson clover for bay or seed. Fruit culture.
No. 52.-September J6, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Publications of theExperimentStation. Facts for farmers. Farmers
who read. Lice on chicks. Harve!lting lhe corn crop. The horn fly. The
corn bill· bug. \Vhat season of the year is best for pruning trees? Is it advis­able
to mulch strawberries? Compost for whe"'t. Bisulphide of carbon for
stored peas. Clover for horses. Grasses. Fertilizer for wheat. Best method
of keeping Irish potatoes.
No. 53.-Septem ber 29, J 893. J p.
Articles: Chemical analyses of tobacco cured by the stalk and If'af processes.
'l'he ailantus as a shade tree. The Experiment Station bus no lUoney. As an
example. Summary of meteorological reports for North CarOlina-August,
1893.
No. 54.-0ctober 8,1893. 1 p.
Article8: The depth to plant wheat. Grazing rye and barley. Fruit culture.
}'all·grown Irish potatoes. llractical stock feeding. Teaching the calves to
drink. Care of stock in winter. Feeding pigs. New forage plant. Hatoh­ing
eggs with incubator. 'l'rf>atment of peacb trees. Sowing crimson clover
on weedy land. Fertilizer for wheat. Keeping qualities of kainit. The
apple tree root louse.
No. 55.-December 24, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: The ExperimEnt Station bulletins. Clover seed, cleaned and in the
chaff. Advanced meteorological summary for the State of North Carolina­November,
1898. Look for pea and g rain weevils. Culture of asparagus.
Use of lime and salt in the compost. Hand separators and dairying. The
peach borer. Cooling milk. TUrnips. Keeping pork. Pecans. •
G. OF THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE STATION.
No. 15.-Report of tbe Station for 1892. 42 pp.
Lett.er of transmittal. Officers of Board and Experiment Station. Report of
Director. Report of Agriculturist. Report of Botanist and Entomologist.
Report of Horticulturist. Report of First Assistant Chemist. Report of
Meteorologist. Financialstatel.I\ent for year ending June 30, 1893.
20 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
H. OF THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL DIVISION.
No. 6.-Report of the State Weather Service for 1892. 60 pp.
List of Board of Control and officers of the Experiment Station and State
Wea.ther Service. List of publications of the State Weather Service, 1886 to
1893. Annual meteorological summary for 1892. List of meteorological sta·
tions and observers in operation at the end of the year 181)2. Liat of weekly
weather crop correspondents. List of stations re<:eiving forecasts, cold-wave
or frost warnings by telegraph or mail. Charts of annual normal tempera­ture
and precipitation, and drainage a reas, for North Carolina.
MAILING THE STATION PUBLICA'l'IONS.
'rile labor employed in mailing the publications of the Station is
usn a lly very,great. Without some mechanical Hss istance to aid in
this matter, it would be entirely out of the question to mail them
promptly. Directing the address by hand is obsolete. Our first
advance consisted in using a hand-mailer, whicb operates by pasting
upon the envelopes the add resses printed upon slips. 'l'his plan
facilitates mailing, bu t is open to two objections: fi rst, the slip may
not adhere to the envelope; and second, there is no opportunity for
changing the various addresses, without reprinting the slips, at con­siderable
expense, or correcting them by hand, which involves time
and labor. The plan now in use at this Station is a very satisfac­tory
one. Its first cost is materially more, but it overcomes both of
the objections just mentioned, and it operates easily and rapidly, It
consists in having the addresses permanently set in type in a light
movable galley, which addresses are inked with an ordinary ink
roll er, The galley is placed upon a light table, anli by a pedal
movement is drawn forward under an arm, which descends upon the
type. By interposing an envelope (or a bulletin, if it is desired to
send out bulk packages,) between the descending arm and the inked
type, the address is permanently printed upon the envelope 01' bulle­tin,
Cbanges, which occur constantly in addresses, as well as in
postoffices, can easily and quickly be made. The galleys, which are
zinc bottomed, cost fifty-foul' cents each. The main cost is the
type, which, of course, varies according to the number of addresses
and the length of each. The number of gaIIeys which will be
req uired depends upon the same cond itions, rrhe outfit was fur­nished
by R. Hoe & Co., New York City.
Bulk Packages.- There are so many changes constantly occurring
in the staffs of the various Stations that the plan of sending sepa­rately
ad.dressed bulletins to each member of the staff has been
abandoned. Now a bulk package is sent to the director, for staff and
library, with the request that he distribute them to each member.
Likewise, it has been found necessary to seud bulk packages to the
director of each station, to distribute to those of his board of control
who desire to receive them. The practical working of this method
of distribution to station staffs and boards shows great improvement
over the old plan. When it is considered that many stations have
SIXTEE~TH ANNUAL REPORT. 21
not altered their station address-books for several years, it can easily
be recognized bow many bulletins could be saved if all stations
adopted this plan. As an example, bulletins are now received at th is
Station, addressed to former members of the staff, who have died or
removed to other loca li ties, four to six years ago, and, in some cases,
even seven years ago.
AJailil1g-Wta.-1'he mailing-lists of the Station are now arranged
aecording to a definite plan, n designating letter being given to each
list for the purpose of lissisting the memory, as follows:
MAILING LISTS OF TIn; ~ORTn CAROLL.~A AGRICULTURAL EXPERI­Ml';
NT STATION.
A. Station Staff and Board of Control. College FaCility.
Congressmen. Office Experiment Stations.
£. Boards Control. Experiment Station.
C. Crop Correspondents' Lists (Weekly Weatber Crop Bulletin).
D. Displaymen of the State ·Weather Service.
E. Experiment Stations-Staff and Library.
Ii'. Forecast List (Locali ties receiving Weather Forecasts by tele-grarh
and mail).
G. Genera Weekly Weather Crop Bnlletin List.
H. Home List.
I. International List.
J. Director& ,Veather Service.
Ie, Directors Experiment Slation.
L. Library .List (Culleges and Universities throughout the United
States).
M. Meteorological Observers' List, co-operating with the State
Weatber Service.
N. General \Venther Summary List.
O. Officers' List (State Omcers in North Carolina).
P. Papers in North Carolina.
Q. Papers outside of North Carolina.
S. Scientific Excbange List, throughout the United States.
'r. 'frade List (for Fertilizer Bulletins).
U. Universal List.
V. V--List.
\V. \Vashington List (various Departments in "\Vashington, D. C.).
X. Experimental Committee List.
Y. Yearly List.
Z. General Stale List, including the Principal Mailing-Lists to
Farmers at Every Postoffice in North Carolina.
Mailing-Routes in North Carolina.- In orper to fac ilitate mailing
of the bu lletins, the mail ing-room of the Station sends out the various
packages according lo the same plnn regularly in use in the United
States Railway Mail Service. '1'be Stale is sub·divided into Mail
Routes, arranged according to railway lines and convenience in
22 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
reaching the various offices. Mail-bags are packed for each of these
routes, and transmission through the Raleigb Postoffice and the rail­way
mail services is not delayed. The plan of Mailing-Routes is as
follows:
) fAIT,ING-ROUTES IN KORTH CAROLINA FOR STATION BULLETINS.
1. Goldsboro and Greensboro, East.
Cumberlancl County.
Greene County.
Johnston County.
\Vayne County.'
2. Goldsboro and Morehead.
Carteret County.
Cra\7en County.
Jones County.
Lenoir County.
Pamlico County.
3. Wilson and \Vilmington!3outh.
Brunswick County.
Colum bus ·County.
Duplin County.
New Hanover County.
Pendel' County.
Sampson County.
4. Raleigh Postoffice.
Randolph Couuty.
Wake County.
Chatham County.
5. Norfolk and Raleigb.
Bertie County.
]hanklill County.
Gates Count.y.
Halifax County.
Hertford County.
Martin County.
Northampton County.
Pitt Oonnty.
Vance County.
Warren County.
6. Norfolk and Eden ton.
Camdeo Coun ty.
CU rI'iLuck Gou nty.
Chowan County.
Dare County.
Hyde Oounty.
Pasquotank County.
Perquimans County.
rryrrell Cou nty.
Washington County.
7. ,Vasbington and Charlotte,
North.
Rockingham County.
8. Keysville and Raleigh. .I'
Granville County.
9. GoldsboJ'oand GI·eensboJ'o,'\Vest.
Alamance County.
Caswell County.
Durham County.
Guilford County.
Orange County.
Person County.
Surry County.
Stokes County.
10. SalisbuJ'y and Knoxville.
Buncombe Coun ty.
Burke'Count\'.
Oalrl wel1 Oounty.
Catawba County.
Haywood County.
Iredell County.
McDowell County.
Madison County.
t-,Ifitchell County.
,Valauga County.
11. ·Wash ington and Charlotte,
South.
Davidson County.
Davie CounLy.
Rowan County.
Stanly County.
12. Washington an d Charlotte,
South, No.2.
CabarJ'us County.
Cleveland County.
Gast.on County.
Lincoln Cou nty.
Mecklenburg County.
RUlherford County.
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPOHT.
13. Taylorsville and Charlotle.
Alexander County.
14. Greensboro and Wilkesboro.
Ashe County.
Alleghany Couuty.
Forsyth County.
\Vilkes County.
Yadkin County.
15. Raleigh and Charl otte.
Anson County.
Bladen County.
Htlrnett County.
Moore County.
Moutgomery County.
Richmond County.
16.
•
17.
18.
Robeson County.
Union County.
Asheville and Murphy.
Cherokee County.
Clay County.
Graham County.
Jackson County.
Macon County.
Swain County.
Yancey County.
rrarboro and 'Vashington.
Beaufort County.
Newbern and Wilmington
Onslow County.
PUESS BULLmTINs .
23
The Station on May 24, 1890, commenced the plan of sending
Press Bulletins to the various newspapers of the State, and agricul­tural
journals in the United States, with the view of presenting short
concise reading notices and articles concerning the investigations of
the Station and kindred subjects. The plan at once became very
popular, and seemed to supply tl link in the dissemiuation of the
work of the Station to the people for whom it was iutended, which
before was to some degree wantiug. Farmers read their home papers,
and these short statements would fall under their eye, and their
interest would be aroused. The first boneficial resuIL from tbe use of
these articles was in the largely increased number of requests for
bulletins, not only from North earol iua, but from almost every other
Stale and many foreign countries as well. 'rho Station correspond­ence
was in the same measure enlarged, arid it was evident that the
citizens of the Slate were making use of what was offered to them
far more than ever before. Nor has this decreased.
In continuatiou of the plan of the press bulletins above outlined,
and being guided by the experience gained by its operations, the
Experiment Station instituted the Press Service Bulletin on June 8,
1893. This consists in furnishing to papers in the Stale the short
reading articles concerning the Station, arranged in plate-matter,
three columns monthly. This plan has also proven valuable like
the former one, and in addition the articles are ensured a circulation
many times more than could have been the case before. 'rhe service
has been regularly continued each month through 1893.
Such have been the calls for information contained in these Press
Service Bulletins, that it has been determined to repri nt" in the form
of a regular bulletin, the seven monthly instalmeQ,ts published from
June to December, 1893, inclusi ve. Such also have been the repealed
endorsements of t.he plan of sending out this illformatiou, that the
24 N, C, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 1804.
Station does not fear adverse criticism (if there be any) questioning
whether such work legitimately comes under the scope of agricultural
research and experimentation. If there should be any critics dis­posed
to doubt tbe advisability of it, their attention is drawn to the
fir8t sentence of the well-known Hatch Act,
"That in order to aid ill acquiring and di[Jusing among the people of the United
States useCul and practical information on subjects COllnpcted with agricu lture,
and to promote scientific investigation end experiment," &0.
The press service matter is now supplied to a large number of the
papers of the State, and if funds available for this branch of the
work were larger, the l1umberof papers supplied could be correspoud­ingly
increased. The editors gladly avail themselves of tbe oppor­tunity
to priut the maUel'.
The following extracts from letters from the editors of SOUle of the
papers will show how the plan is regarded:
National Stockman mld Parmer, Pittsbu1'g, Pa.-Your press bulletins
are exceptionally interesting, and must be of great value to the
farmers of your State .
Ncw8, Burlington, N O.-I am pleased with the plan you have
adopted, and I think it decidedly the best way you can go about get­ting
the Station and its work before the people, as nothing is better
read by our country citizens than their home papers. I can conceive
of no better plan to spend money reaching the class you want.
Observer, Charlotte, N. C.-You r plate service is quite satisfactory,
and we are printing it as it is received.
Gazette, Washington, N. 0.-1 think the plan is a good one. liave
published all matter received. Many of my readers are interested
in it.
Star oj Columbus, Vi1Jelalld, N. 0.-1 think the plan of furnishing
newspapors with plates a good one, and should be continued.
floodlight, Goldsboro, N C.-Tbe matter is all right and worthy
of perusal. •
G71ronicle, Wilke8boro, N G.-The plan of printing the agricultural
plate-matter appears to meet the approval of our readers.
Landmark, Stalesville, N 0.-'Ve are pleased with the matter fur­nished
by you. Have so stoted in our columns, and we think our
farmer readers are pleased with it. 'Ve consider the plan a good
one and advise continuance.
Press and Carolinian, Hickory, N. 0.-'Ve think well of the scheme
and desire to continue it.
Patriot, Greensboro, .N C.-So far as I can leaI'll, my readers are
pleased.
Daily Sentinel, Win8ton·Salem, N 0.-1 believe the plan is a most
excellent one, and I earnestly advise its contin uance. In fact, I do
not know of anything so valuable to farmer rearlers as your reports,
and 1 regard the present method of sending them out as the best
that can be devised. I do llot know bow it could be improved.
SD...~EENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 25
Eastern Reflector, Greenville, N. 0.-1 think the plan of publishing
the matter from tbe Experiment Station is a good one, as it brings
matters to the attention of the farmers and people generally that are
beneficial to them.
Herald, Afo'rganton, N 0.-1 will say that I regard your plan a
most excellent onc, and would by all means advise its continuance.
The matters treated of cover a wide range, and I know of no better
method of disseminating valuable';nformation among our farmers
and fruit growers. If persisted in, the plan is bound to tell in the
adoption of a more intelligent system of agriculture throughout the
State.
Times, Oha1'loUe, N C.-1 think your pIau of furnishing reporl;s in
plate· matter a good one, because in that way more publish the mat­ter
and most of them use more of it than they would otherwise.
Gold Leaf, Henderson, N. C.-1 am pleased with it myself, and COIl­sider
it a valuable and interesting feature of tbe paper. That it
meets the cordial approval of my readers among the class it is
designed to benefit I am quite sure. I have heard many favorable
comments on the subject from tbat quarter. .
Star of Columbus, Vineland, N. C.-Our readers speak in the highest
terms of the reports from tbe Experiment Station. It is a great
thing for ~be farmers. It is our duty, I tbink, to try to intp.rest Lhem
all in the work of the Station.
Review, Shdby, N C.-The plan is an excellent one, and I would
advise its continuance.
Southerner, 'Tarboro, N 0.-1 think the plan a good oue, and would
be glad to have the agricultural plate-matter continued.
P UBLIC ROAD IMPRovEMEN'I'.
Recognizing tbe need of better public roads throughout tbe State,
and the conseq nent ad vantage to the agricultu mlnnd kindred indus­tries,
the director gladly a\'ai led himself of Uw opportunity of assist­ing
in creating and extending interest in this all important subject.
The Legislature in regular biennial session !net in the earlier part of
the year 1893. It seemed desirable. to call togeth er an assemblage
of citizens interested in. j,his subject during that time, for in this way
the meeting could discuss the matter more intelligently with the
members of that body. On December 13,1892, the Raleigh Chilln­ber
of Commerce passed a resolution* appointing a committee of five
to memorialize the Legislatu re to call together a Road Congress for
the purpose of discussing the improvement of the public roads of
the State: the delegates to which congress were to be appointed by
the Governor, chairmen of the boards of county commissioners,
mayors of towns, and by commercial organizations. A circular let­te~
was then sent out to all prominent people of the State, mayors,
edItors, farmers, professional men, etc., as~ing their opinion of tbe
-Rt'e Appendix for this, 8S well as for other matters In thIs connectIon.
•
26 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERDfENT STATION. 1894.
advisability of holding the congress and the time most preferable.
'fhe unanimity of the replies were remarkable, in that they urged
the importance of holding tbe proposed congress, and specifying the
time to be during the session of the coming Legislature. Seeing toat
the Legislature would only be in session for sixty days, the time
would be too limited for disseminating the date of a call to be decided
after the Legislature would meet, the committee above referred to
laid the matter before His Exc~ency the Governor, embodying in
tbe memorial, the names of nearly 200 prominent persons who
endorsed the plan. The committee secu red favorable consideration,
and a proclamation was isslled by the Governor namiDg January 19,
1893, as tbe day for the assemblage of the congress. This dale was
the day after the inaugural of the Governor·elect. In his inaugural
address, Governor Carr alluded to tbe importance of the subject, alJd
stated that he would take occasion to send a special message to the
Legislature upon the subject. The follow ing day, his fi rst official act;
was to open the congress, consisting of over 300 interested delegates,
representing 91 of tho 96 counties of the State.
As oue of the outcomes of tbe deliberations of this congress a bill
was prepared for tbe consideration of the Legislatul'e, embodying
the maio ideas and plans decided upon by the congress. 'Vhile this
bill failed io its passllge, owing pl·obably to the lack of previous dis­cussion
of the subject. by the people of the various COUll ties, yet a
decided imprint was left. upon the laws of the State by many sepamte
acts affecting dilJerent counties 01' portiolls of couuties. That the
large number of these laws was caused by the interest produced
by the assemblage of the congress there can scarcely be any doubt.
rrbis intel'est bas continued to increase, and the several counties,
bcing given the power by those laws, have themselves commenced
to work out their own salvation in the matter of improvement of
their own roads. The good work thus commenced, and the interest
thus created, will continue to grow until a few years hence will see
the establishment of ae..velJ conceived system of road improvement
in which the various counties are aided in their work by the State,
and both sustained by an enlightened public opinion, and the grow­ing
knowledge of the tremendous advantages of good roads to agri­cultural
industries and to the genoral public.
THE CULTGHK O~' ORCHARD AND GARDEN FRUITS.
As the cultivation of orchard and garden fruits continued to in­crease
within the State, it was determi ued to prepare a complete bul­letin
describing in detail the best methods for growing fruits and
caring for them, It may not be amiss to reft>r somew hat in detail to
this bulletin, The very favorable reception it was accol'ded, both in
North Carolina and in various other Stales, showed that the plan was
not ill-advised.
'rhe bulletin (No. 92) contains ]48 Vages, and is improved by baY:-
,
SIXTEENTH AXNUAL REPORT. 27
ing 91 culs to illustrate tbe various subjects. It is very comprehen­sive
in scope, em bracing two general heads. The first ioel udes propa­gation
planting, and cultu re of fruit trees and fruit.bea ring plants,
and U;e preservation and shipping of fruits. The second head
embraces insects and diseases affecting fru it trees, plants and fr uit,
with remedies for their destruction. The publication is copiously.
illustrated with cuts showing how to graft and propagate fruit trees
and vines, and train and prune tb. i also cuts of insects, and how
diseases affect them, together with appliances to destroy these enemies.
It is a manual for growing fruit trees and keeping them, as well as
for tbe care of fruits in reference to gathering, packi ng, shipping,
drying, preser·ving, and canning. them. V~rieti es <.>f fruits are
described, as well as those most sUItable to vanous sectIOns of Nort.h
Carolina. There are J 48 pages-the largest bulletin the Station has
yet published. Bulletin 73, liThe Best Agricultural Grasses," is the
next in roint of size, a nd has 100 pages. The edition of No. 92 is
14,500 copies. The paper tlec~ssary to print this number is 143t
treams, and weighs 7,168 pounds, or over 3t tons. If this paper were
spread on the ground one thickness, it would cover an area of 48,471
square yards, or about 10 acres. If the separate sheets of the enti re
edition of the bulletin were pu t ~nd to end, they would ex tend a dis­tance
of 290.827 yards, or 165 mi les, or in a strAight line farther than
from Raleigh to Richmond, Va.
A DDl'I'JO i\AI, EQUIPMENT.
During the year the Depa rtment of Agriculture hal?: completed an
addition to the ngr iculLu l'al building, in which a re located the main
offices flnd chemical laborat.ories of the Station. The addition, to a
slight extent, affects the light in the main chemical laboratory, but
this is more than offset by the addi tional work·rooms which the Sta­tion
secures. T here are two large rooms a.nd a mailing-room, besides
a large cellar for storing. This new equipm.lt is of very great ser­vice
in the work of the Station, and enables it to be conducted with
far more correctness and dispatch.
A L the fa rm the Station has added a seco nrl story to the plant­house,
giving three rooms more than before. The ag l'icultural and
borticultural divis ions have now beUer facilities for thei l' work than
ever before.
DISTRIBUTION OF C LU1[SON C LOV ER Sf<;ED.
The sowing in 1892 of crim son clover on the farm proved so suc­cessful
that it was determined to save the seed harvested in 1893 and
distribute them to plan ters throughout the State. The proposition
was made, therefore, through the medium of the Stale papors, that
five and ten pound packages would be distributed to applicants who
would pay cost of transportation. The proposition was eagerly
accepted, and no loss than 1,586 parties made a pplication for the seerl.
•
28 N. C. AGRICULTURAL . EXPERIME~'T STATION. 1894.
This number was very far in excess of the amount of the seed on
hand, and, thougb additional seed WaS purchased for the increased
demand, only 430 applicants could be supplied. To the remainder
a notice was sent as to the cost of the seed, and the various localities
where it could be procured. To all were sent full instructions as to
. the necessary preparation of the soil, seed ing, harvesting, care of
crop, etc. Doubtless the distr ibution will introduce the merits of this
most valuable crop to the var1Jls pa.rts of the State, and 'another
staple crop will likely be addea:-
rrilE EXIII13l'1' OF THE 8']'.1'J'IOX AT THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN
EXPOSITION.
As outlined dUl'ing 1892, the Sta tion sent contributions to the
Co-operative Experiment Stations' Exhibit at Chicago. The prepa­ration
of these materials required a great deal of time, labor and
some litt.le expense. It is doubtful whether tbe ends were commen­SUI'ate
with the labor bestowed upon the preparation of the exhibit.
It, however, appeared to be the pol icy of the various stations through­out
the United States to participate in such all exhibit, and this Sta­tion
could hardly have affo rded to have been absent. The material
sent is described as follows:
1. General statement of work done, and results of val ue reached.
All publications bound (dolle by the courtesy of the United States
DepartmentofAgricultu re);alld unifol'm witb other stations. Officers
of Board and Station. Results of field tests. Map of State showing
location of SLat,ion and prominent agricultural featu res.
2. Illustrations of the cow-pea as a field crop; its valne as a feed
and a renovator of soils. Presserl full-grown plan ts, showing twelve
varieties. Analyses of products and different constituents in exact
proportions.
3. Expose of tobacco as a field crop, with specimens of types of nil
kinds, both common ~ North Carolina a nd other States, with rela­tive
yield and market value.
4. Expose of the natural fertilizers, marls, and phosphates of North
Carolina; also s~unples from South ClI l'olina for comparison, with
specimens of tbe different products, with full descriptions.
5. Pt'Oper representation of the soils of ~o r th Carolina by fifteen
localities, showing tobacco soil, grain soil, peanut soi l, trucking soi l,
swamp soil, fl'Uit soil, etc., with chemical analyses of same. T hese
samples were shown in sections, representing actual strata of soil
down to thir ty-six inches, and un iform witb samples from other
Stales.
6. Loan of va rious apparatus showing the dete rmination of three
forms of phosphoric acid in fe l'iili'l.ers, viz., sol uble, iusoluble, and
totsi. These were used in the model Iilboratory.
7. Fascicles, illustrating many varieties of grasses, both native and
cultivated, in North Carolina.
SIXTEEN'l'H ANNUAL REPORT, 29
8. Photographs showing appearance of same, wiLh roots carefully'
extracted from the soil. .
Tbe result of the co·operative exhibit was undoubtedly beneficial
to the experiment stations as a whole. It disseminated information
iu reference to their real work and aims in such a way as probably
could not have been done otherwise. Tbis was particularly true in
respect to distributing knowledge among foreigners who desired to
investigate what had been accomplilShed among Allleriean stations.
THE WOHK OF THE AGRICULTURAL DIVISION.
Much of tbeattention of the division bas been devoted to digestion
werk with cattle to determine the true value of common feeding
stuffi>. Detailed investigations have been conducted in connection
wiLh the chemical division upon the digestibility of soj!l-bean hay
and silage, peanut vine-hay, sor.ghum bagasse and cotton· seed meal,
crimson clover hay alone und with cotton-seed meal, corn meal alone
and with crimson clover hilY, corD and cob meal alone and with
crimson clover hay. A bulletin is now in pl'ess giving Lhe result of
feeding steers tied-up in narrow stanchions, and loose in roomy stallsj
also feeding of native and grade steerf! for beef, !wd two-year and
three-yeur-old steers fol' heef.
In t..be dai ry, a year's record with the milk and butter pruduced in
comparison with the amount fed is complete, and is of much interest,
In field work, corn and soy (sojl:l) bean ba\'e been grown for silage
which has been utillzed in tbe digestion work, Quite a number of
varieties of cow peas IHlve been grown and their \'alue compared.
rrhe crimson clover crop was a good one, and by calculation a yield
of 17-1 bushels of cleaned seed was produced per RCI'e, which at mar·
ket price would amount to $8?i.64. The straw valued at 814 would
increase the total product to 8100 per acre. .It was sown in August
and haryested in June. The land was immediately sown to corn fol'
ensilage, which was taken off in due time, an~is now seeded for pas·
ture. Early sowing of this clover is better than late with us. July
or early August seems to be the best time for sow ing in this locality.
'rhe division distributed the clover seed already referred to, which
consullled considerable time.
'1'be available water supply at the farm bas been materially
increased by connection with gutters with the roof of the dwelling­house
which yiehls now an ample supply. A cheap shed has been
built for the better accommodat..ion of manure, and arrangements
have also been added to provide room for pigs to be fed in connection
with the surplus supply of milk.
The division prepared durillg the year a bulletin describing the
various co-operative field tests conducted in different portions of the
State. rrhis was a bulletin of 48 pages, and contained the results
reached in 1891 and 1892. Another bulletin of 24 pages on wheat
culture was also prepared, as well as one of 46 pages giving the
results of the feeding experiments 'conducted during the year.
30 N. C. AGlUCULTU!UL EXPERIME~l' S'fAl'lON. 1894.
THE W ORI{ Of' TUE CHElIlCAf. DIVISro:s.
The work is divided into fertilizer analyses for the fertilizer control,
miscellaneous alJd e~pe riJU enlaL A large pOl'Lion of tbe analytical
work has been in the fert il izer controL This involves very careful
and detailed chem ical work. Each sample of fertilizer is received
from one of the official inspectors in a glass jar and sealed air-tight.
It conta ins a leaden tag, on wh ich is a number to correspond with
tbe rt'gister of the inspector. Not until the analysis is finished is
the nalle of the brand known as represented by the sample. The
sample is carefully prepared for analysis, and SIX separate and dis­tinct
chemical determinations arc made on each ordinary ferti lizer
before the analysis is conclud ed, after which the clerical calculations
aro carefully checked to prevent error.
In addition to commercial fertili zers, many analyses have been
made of fertilizing material, both natural and commercial, when
sont in by farmers and others. These include maris, phosphates,
mucks, wastes, composts, etc., as well as miscellaneous fertiliz,ing
chemicals. Some analySEs of waters, ores, etc., bave a lso been made.
Many analyees of native forage plants uud foods have been made;
aim analyses of milk. rrhe division has co-operated with the agri­cultural
division in the CODrluct of digestion work to determine the
value of various foods alone and in combination, as well as in a
study to investigate the preeence of important chemical constituents
in these foods and th eir products. In addition much time is con­sumed
in the studies of chemical methods and Lhe elucidation of
chemica l questions involved in the fertilizer work.
The experimen tal work has also included detailP.d examination
of varieties of tobaccos as to chemical composition, and in especial
relation to the percentage of nicotine. Analyses have been madt: also
of various dairying products-milk, butter, buttermilk, etc. Exam­inations
of soil sam pIes tn ken from various portions of North Carolina
for tbeco-operative ex11 ibit at Chicago have been made. The chem­ical
division prepared largo contributions to tbe co-operative exhibit
in Chicago, and one member (Mr. Kilgore) assisted in oxplaining the
details of the completed exhi bit.
During 1893, 738 separate samples were completed. About one­third
of tbese are included under tbe bead of fe rtI lizers, and one-third
each under the heads of miscellaneous and experimentaL
'lDJo: 'WORK OF TnE BOTANrCAL AND E~TO:\IOI..oGICAL D IVISIONS.
'rhe study of grasses and leguminous plants has continued, and
in co-operation with the agricultural division a bulletin regarding
these su~jects will shortly be prepared for publication. A variety
test of different cow-peas has been made, and will be ready in ample
time for seeding the coming spring. The UnlmOWIl cow-pea has been
the best variety tried. It should be planted very early in tbe season
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 31
in this locality in order to mature its seed before frost. It is pur­posed
to prepare a bulletin ou popular classiflcation of insects, to
increase the general knowledge of sucu subject, especially among the
school children, and thus to prove of value to them in after-life. 'l'he
identification of weeds, plants and insects has increased largely, as
well as the other correspondence of the division. A preliminary
study in reference to the w.eevil of ~be chestnut has b.ocu cOf!1llleuced,
aud will be extended to ltlclude lOsects and fungI affectmg forest
trees. It is proposed also to study the dbeases of the cotton plant.
The investigations in regard to seed testing and the need of a com­parative
seed standard for commercial seeds, which was commenced
several ycars ago, has so expanded in volume as to consume far more
time than at first thought. 'fhe data are nearly ready for publica­tioll,
nnu a bulletin upon the su bject will shortly be issued.
TrTE '''ORK 010' THlt HORTICULTURAL DrvISION.
Variety tests of vegetables have not generally been conducted ou
the Station farm because of the lack of suitable land. Methods of
cultivation, Hnd a study of new crops, and developing better varie­ties
from cross· fertilization, have received attention in preference to
variety tesls. The effort to produce a good variety of sugar·corn
seems to be meeting with success, and some seed will be distributed
to growers for testing. rfhe blight of tomato is also receiving atten­tion,
but the difficulties a re great and the resu lt not hopeful, owing
to the tender property of the leaves. The division has been atlo to
show the value of tbe plan for keeping the late crop of tomatoes by
wrapping in paper and packing away in ordinary crates in n cool
dark place, and the indications are that a new industry will result
from this work. The late fall crop of potatoes also is proving prom­ising,
for our growers are commencing to sell the Northern gardeners
for early growing large quantities for seed. Variety tests have been
made with onions and muskmelons, with a negative result with the
latter, for the varieties now known will hardly be superseded. The
Southport White Globe onion has been found to be the best for ripe
onions. 'l'he study of small fru its, tbe shelter for grapes, and the
hybridization of foreigu grapes with natives, still go on. In the
grapery the foreign grapes were exceptionally large, and if they can
be ripened so as to be marketed before the Califorllia grapes, the
growmg of them will become a profitable enterprise. The exceed ­ingly
cold weather of the past winter killed the figs to the ground,
but by burying them this fall, additional growth made during the
past SUlUiller will be saved for comparative testing next year. About
7~OOO cuttings have already been distributed for testing to parties in
d.lfferent PlLl'tS of the State. The possibilities of a trade in COlll ll1er­c~
al bulb.culture in North Carolina is promising, and the investiga­ho~
~outm ues. The tea plants sent for testing to Fayetteville are
thnvmg there. '1'he question of forcing cucumbers and other vege-
32 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
tables for early markets will be investigated, with every prospect for
success. It is probable, too, that the propagation of eu ttings of hardy
roses for Northern growjng may be shown to be possible to be grown
outdoors in tbis latitude.
THE \VORK OF THE METEOROLOGICAT. DIVISION.
Sixty-six meteorological stations now co-operate with this division,
the number being somewhat increased siDce last year. It is desired
to establish stations at some additional places to complete these
records. These data were published in tbe monthly meteorological
bulletins which iuclude each month the charts of normal monthly
precipitation and temperature. Fifty-two places now receive daily
weather forecasts by telegram, twenty·five additional the frost warn·
ings only, and four additional only the cold wave warnings. One
hundred and seventy aresupplied eacb day with the forecasts through
the mail frolD the central office in Raleigh, and one hundred from
other stations. Fifty-two daily wealher maps are issued from the
central office. Some of the display stations will also act as centres
in the future and distribute daily forecasts by mail to points Dear by.
These forecasts have proven of very great value, during the year as
in the past, to fruit growers, truckers, and tobacco growers, and thous­auds
of dollars are Rnuually saved by tbeir use.
'fhe weekly weather crop bulletin has been continued du ring the
year, with an edition of 1,200 each week. Two hundred and seventy
croptorrespondents co-operated in the work from ninety-one of the
ninety-six counties. It is probable that during the coming year some
rain-gauges will be distributed to increase the value of these reports.
REPORTS OF THE VARIOUS DJVlSro:s-S.
'fhe reports of the heads of the various divisions will be found
appended.
,
REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST.
DR. 11. B. BATTL I~, Director.
Sm. :-Duriug the past year tbe feedin~ experimental work under­taken
jointly by this and the chemical divisions has been contin ued
by the completion of 16 experiments in digestion, comprising 28
trials with individual animals, ranging from 13 days for s in ~le
determinations to 25 days where duplications were made, 'fhe Run
kept steadily in view was to determine the digestibility of such foods
and rations as farmers can raise easily, or buy at low rates, in order
to bring prominently to their notice the best and most effective food
materials which are at band, or can be easily provided.
The following list shows the foods and rations which have been
subjected to digestion and which will be shortly reported.
DIGKS'rION EXPERHtU;NTS, 1893.
1. Soy bean hay, 2 animals.
2. Cat-tail millet, 1 animal, duplicated. •
3. Johnson grass hay, 1· animal, single determination.
4. Sorghum fodder (leaves alone), 2 animals.
5. Peanut-vine hay, 2 animals.
6. Sorghum bagasse, 1 animal.
7. Sorghum bagasse and cotton-seed meal (eaten 1.79: 1), 1 animaL
8. Crimson clover bay, 2 animals.
O. Crimson clover hay and c. s. meal {Ratio, 6.4: I} 1 animal,
7: 1 duplicated.
10. Crimson clover hay and c. s. meal 353' 1 alUma s,
{
3.5 :1} 2 . I
3:09 ~ 1 3 experiments.
II. Cotton·seed ~ulls and cotton-seed meal { :.~ \ } 2 animals.
{
12. Cotton-seed hulls and c. s. meal 22..402:1: 1 } ea t eu, 2. am.m a I s,
. 2.0 : 1 3 experiments.
13. Corn meal, 1 animal, single.
14. Corn meal and crimson clover hay { ~ ~ ~:~~} eateD, 2 animals.
15. Corn and col? meal, 1 animal.
16. Corn and cor meal and crimson clover hay { 1 : 1.8 } eat~n/ 2
1 : 1.35 anllIlal ..
3
34 N. C. AGRIGULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894..
A bulletin has been prepared covering the feeding done in 1892
with cotton-seed hulls and cottoll-seed meal, for beef. rl'his gives in
detail the results from comparisons instituted between feed ing two
and three year old st.eers for beef, between steers tied up in narrow
stalls, and others fed loose in large, roomy box-stalls; also between
steers having the characteristics of natives and those apparently
graded up with shorthorn blood. Nothing was known of the actual
breeding of the steers.
The rations fed these steers have been carefully calculated for each
period. Oomparisons made with the German standard show that
these feeds bave a high nutritive eft·ect. The comparatively small
amounts consumed by steers which were making good gains in live
weight are evidence tbat the German standard needs radical revision
before it is sui ted to our American needs. In fact, some one must
soon set up an American standard of cattle feed ing, and OUI' experi­ment
stalions, collectively, are fast supplying the material for a new
and more nearly accurute standard.
Live Stock Now on R and.-The following live stock are now on
hand: One driving horse and one pair mules; one shorthol'lJ bull,
under three years; two Jersey cows; one cross-hl'ed Jersey-Guernsey
cow; five grade Jersey and native COWSj onc grade Jersey heifer,
soon coming into milk; two gmde Jersey heifer calves; four sum­mer
pigs; two wether goats, used in digestion experiments.
Labo1'e1'8.-Laboring help has never been so irregular and unreli­able
as this year. A mall, to be of any value to our work, should
be fixed and reliable. Such help as needs to be watched,and knows
nothing, or cares little, of the work in hand beyond the master's eye,
and drawing pay for time, does more harm than good. It is not
desirable to undertake anything which ODe cannot do himself, or
employ a reliable assistant to do. Tbe regular help needed to carryon
work as now organized is a dairyman and milker, who does general
work and runs the engine; a mule driver, assisting,in cleauing and
weighing stock; a feeder and milker, who cleans stable and cows,
and does general }York; a boy for keeping rooms in order, doing
errands, sawing wood, and various other work.
Dairy Work.-In the dairy work a year's record has been made
with the herd of cows gathered as any farmer of small means would
be obliged to buy. Thirty-six differeut cows, in all, have been tested
for various periods, and many more reviewed and discarded. Our
aim bas been to secure a record from these cows witb which to com­pare
their progeny, and to outline a moderate and safe plan for
farmers who may find it desirable to change their mode of fa rming
in order to improve their lands and to insure themselves a more
regular income.
Tbe year's record for the herd now at the farm is us follows:
Na.me of co w.
- - - Dora McKee.
Jersey·Guern
No.2 ... •. -- -
No.5 ___ . __ _ No.7 . _____ ._
Mias Haley __
Spot ....... .
No. 14 __ . . __
-- .
sey .
--_.
. ---
.. _.
---- -
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
.0-,.", -_"~0 .-" 80 Breed of cow. Weight ~o. of cow. o~
~.
-~ ·S::ZS ;.<- - ------------
Jersey ----- . --. -_ .. _-- 846. 2751. a
Cross-bred ___ • __ __ . __ 853. 5214.b
Grade Jersey _______ . ___ 837. 3008 c
Grade(?) ___ ________ ___ . 832. 6(l07.d
Grade (?) "_. "_ . . . ------ 882. 3944-.e
Native _." •. " . . .. _ .. _.- 752. 3152/
~tlt i ve or Grade Jersey_ 809. 4337.g
Jersey -- . - ---- .. .. . _". R59.i 3345.h
35
.!IIS::Q ~~ 8 .
:;:o ,A ......... ... oS ....... a"'" . ::l.!:mai
-::~i .c'O"''O
o «I _::;:I .0... ..Q... _I> .:c:I
'OQlt:LI o '" aj,.,;:: 0 .-4-) .4...). '-=p.. :s!.~ ~c ;. '-'
1><0_
._ 0
o. .>i~8 0 -----
4485. 212.86
_. ---- 200.4.9
3274. 176.9
_ .. --- 2!)7.75
-- . ' _ . 220.43
3787.64 188.38
5078.15 263.4
. __ . -- 19·1.75
a Did no~ dry off between calves. b Record began "March 19, after having been
dry ]59 days. c Was dry 53 days, February to April. d Was dry 69 days; record
began January 25; aborted October 22; mQ.le calf at s ix: months. ~ Was dry 11
days in ApriL f Last served , July 20, 1893; should have been fresh III November,
1898. 9 Dry 56 da.ys after milking 867 days; record began with second calf,
December 3, 1893. h Record began June 20. i Averages for s ix months; three
weights for each month.
Field Work.-In field work corn and soy beans have been grown
for silage; an experiment in cotton varieties has produced a good
crop, except as to the Egyptian varieties, bamin and afi fi, which are
tao late for this climate. The fertilizer and cow pea-vine experiment
with wheat has beeu discontinued after thjs year's crop was harvested.
It is likely that this wheat plat will be now used as the grass garden_
A considerable number of the varieties of the cow poa have been
grown petween the grass plats on the upland portion of the farm.
Some Japau peas and the \Vonderful pea have been grown there also.
'l'he rows were all 90 feet in length, hence we have a good comparison
in productiveness of those varieties. It may be said here that the
past season has not been long enough for the \Vonderful pell to mature
its fruit well after making its very rank growth. It is oneof the best
forage peas we have grown, in vigor and amountj>f vines produced,
and seems to be identical with the Unknown or innominate pea.
Little has been done with the grass plats this season other than to
grow peas there and smooth the surface.
Crimson clover sown in 18U2 all failed, except Ii acres sown
August 24th. rl'his grew off well and produced a good crop of seed,
and was harvested May 26-27th, 1893. The yield was equivalent
to 1,956 pounds per acre of chaff, and over 1,600 pounds of straw.
In addition there was fed to horse and mules 2,193 pounds of straw
exclusive of all waste. Calculating this seed crop by Professor
McCarthy's test in September [(95 - 32)% X 83.4 = 52.54%] gives
for 1,956 pounds, 1,027.68 pounds viable seed. rl'his is 17! bushels
@ $6 per bushel, the market price (it was higher at retail a part of
the season), $85.9N: per acre. At the present price for hay, the straw
would be well worth $14.36, making a return of $100 per acre during
36 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
August to June fo llowing. The same land on which this clover
grew produced a fine crop of corn , and is now seeded fo r pasture.
A considerable area of the State Agricultural Society's land which
has been improved by us bas been sown with crimson clover seed of
our own raising. Being convinced that ea rly seeding givesassul'ance
of success four acres were sown late in July, and now (November),
promises well for next year; while nearly all the later sown seed bas
failed or so nearly failed as to be of 110 value for a crop. By the
advice and co·operat ion of the director the bulk of the crimson clover
seed reported above was distributed to farmers in nearly all parts of
the State in 10 and 5-pou nd packages. In addition to ou r own seed
and in order t.o supply the demand for seed resulting from a press
bulletin notice, a quan tity of seed at ten cents per pound was pur­chased
and distributed. 'rhen ci rculars announci ng that our supply
of seed was exhausted were sent to a large number of Hpplicants. If
the farmers of North Carolina fail to develop this crop for cash and
improvement, we must believe they do not heed their opportunities.
Imp1·ovemenfs.-The following improvements have been made
during the year: The addition of a second story to the office build­ing.
'fhis gives two rooms for assistants aud two additional for use
and storage. An improvement recently begun, is building at the
west of the ba.rn alld cow stable a cheap shed for manure aecording
to our original plan.
A well 38 feet deep under the dairy building has been the source
of water supply since the dairy was fitted up. At first this water
was used for the small stock at the barn, but the supply was insuf­ficient,
and when stock wns increased in 1891 a large tank was placed
at the corner of the barn to catch rainwater from the roof. This has
proved a decided success, while the well has afforded apparently less
water than formerly. The well has been pumped dry from four to six
times weekly, and the water supply for a yearor more had never been
over a week ahead of the pump, whilst we have often found it neces­sary
to use water from another distant well, and much of the cottage
supply was brought from the barn tauk. To supplement this water
supply, galvRnize~iron gutters have been put up around the main
part of the cottage, and the discharge conducted from them th rough
4-inch galvanized pipes to the tank in the dairy. This tank has a
capacity of about 3,200 gallons. The area. of the house and gutters
is approximately 856 square feet, hence one inch of rainfa ll amounts
to 533.6 gallon on this space. We may count 500 gallons of water
per inch of rain and 3,000 usable gallons of water in the tank when
full.
This, for a considerable part of the year, gives nearly a pure rain
or soft water for the use of the engine and washing purposes, which
is a decided advantage, in addition to its coming into the tank ready
for use without pumping.
F. E. EMERY. Agriculturist.
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 37
REPORT OF THE FIRST ASSISTANT CHEMIST.
DR. H. B. BATTLE, Director.
]JEAR SIR :-1 present herewith a report of progress in the chem­ical
division of Lbe Station for the year ]893. 'rhe work in the
laboratory during Lhe past season may be classed under the three
general heads of fertil izer, miscellaneous, and experimental, and the
analyses as completed during 1893 may be summ.arized as follows :
Commercial fertilizers ______ 295
Pbosphate rock______ ____ __ 1
Ashes ____________ ______ __ 2
Marl ____________ ---- ----- 10
Land plaster __ ______ __ ____ 2
Agriculturallime ___________ 1
Gas-works lime ____ _______ 2
Soils ________________ _ ____ 13
Fresh-water shells __ ____ ____ 1
Bone meal ______ _____ _ ___ 6
Tankage_ _____ ____________ 4
Beef ozotin ____ ____________ 2
Pork ozotio _______________ 2
Fish scrap _____ ___________ 4
Dried blood______ _________ 2
Pea mea! ____ _________ -- -- ]
Nitrogen, official committee
samples _____________ ___ 3
Phosphoric ficid, official com-mitteesamples
___________ 2
Potash, offic ia l commi ttee
samples .___ _____ _______ 2
Cotton-seed meal __________ 3
Cotton seed • __ _______ __ ._ .. 2
Coal _____________ . _______ 4
Carried forward _______ 364
Brougbt forward _______ 364
Water deposit ______ __ _____ 1
Boiler water. ______ ____ __ __ 1
Mi neral water ____ _________ 52
Healtb water _________ ____ _ 37
l ee ______ ____________ ___ _ 1
IL'on ore __________ ______ __ 2
Gold and sil ver ore --- \10---- 2
Kaolin __ __ _____ • _ _____ ___ 1
Flour for adulteration ______ 2
Ri ce bef'r. _______ _______ __ 2
"Compound extract salyx,J
(commercial salicylic acid), 2
Liquid food preservativo____ 1
Powdered food preservative_ 1
Butter ______ __ ______ ______ 6
Mi lk _____________________ 18
Cream _____ __ __ .. ____ __ ___ 6
Fodder analyses in conne~t ion
wi th digestion experim ents, 78
Fodder analyses, com miLtee
sampl€s ___ _ _______ _____ 2
'robacco ___________ ____ __ .. 73
Rocks, minelfl.ls,and ores iden­tified
and vtdue reported __ 86
TotaL ________________ 738
Ftl"tilizer W01'k.-The above summary of fert il izer analyses does
not represent the full amount of work doue in this line sinc~ neither
do the duplicate and check ana lyses, nor those made in the study of
methods for our own laboratory appear in it. Three to four months
of tho year of all workers in this division are occupied in this class
of work.
,W?l'k for the Association of Official Agr·icultural G'hemisls.-\Vhat is
sald 10 the fo re,going is true to a much greater extent of the samples
sent out by the different reporters of the Association of Official
38 N. C. AGRICULTUHAL EXPERiMENT STATION. 1894..
Agricultural Chemists. 'rhese samples being used in Lhe study and
test of methods represent a great deal of very careful experimental
work. This year wo bave done the work in this line for the reporters
on phosphoric acid, polash, nitrogen, dairy products and cattle-foods_
Miscellaneous Anafyses_-The general work of the laboratory in the
analysis of waters (mineral and potable), phosphates, limestones,
mnris,ores,etc., is quite large and occupies considerable time. trhe
number of samples of this class last season wus 215.
Among the miscellaneous samples appear three food andjruit pre­sC'rvativcB.
These arc {I Compound Extract of Salyx," or commercial
salicylic acid, to which I called attention in Lhe last Annual Report,
a liq uid composed of su I furic, sulfurous, a nd byd rocb loric acids, and
a powder made up chiefly of borax with tartaric acid and a soluble
I)hosphate and aeetnte. A 11 of these are more or less injurious to
1ealth, I do not know to what extent these and other food-preserv­ing
mixLures and compounds nrc sold throughout the State, but con­sider
it very desirahle that the buyers and users of tbem should be
informed of their injurious effects, and exorbitant prices at which
they are usually retailed.
I nvcst7gatioll8 oj Available PholfPltoric Acid in Some Raw Fertilizer
Materialso-Ptlrtly in con nection witb fertilizer work, quite a number
of analyses of raw fertilizer materials have been made to det~rmine
the avaoUable phosphoric tlcid in them, and the methods to be used
ill such estimation, They include fish scrap, tanknge, bone meal,
dried blood, beef and pork ozolin s, and cotton-seed meal, and the
1"esul~s form a valuable contribution to our know ledge of these mate­rials.
'l'hey have been nresented along with some other results in
'l'echnical Bulletin No, 7.
Tobacco E:rpel'inumlal lI'ork.- The tohacco work commenced two
years ago has been continu('d during this year, but in a somewhat
different line. In Technica l Bulletin ~o 5 nrc presented the results
of chemical analyses of tobacco cured by the lcnf-cure on wire, and
thc stalk processo!:l, together with methods used in the analyses, and
other allied datn.. The wurk now in progresp, and nearly completed
in this line, consist; of nicotine determinations in nbout forty sam­plcs
of tobacco at dir-ferent stages of growth, and nicotine, ammonia
in ammonium compounds, nitric acid, total nitrogen, fats and resins,
cellulose, ash, water, potash, and chlorine determinutions in thirty­three
SAmples of typiCAl American tobaccos grown in different parts
of the United States, to obt::tin comparative results. '1'0 complete
this laUer phase of the investigation will require au additional num­ber
of samples from lOCAlities from which specimens have not yet
been obtained, and will be continued during the coming year.
Dairy Pl'oducls.-Considornble work bas been done in 1 he labora­tory
in tho analysis of milk, butter and CI-enm, mosll,v to test the
aecumcy of the rapid volumeLric melhod used by the Agriculturist
in tht} dniry_ Some disCI-epA-Bcies have been fOllud, but the re81llts
have gener\llly been close enough for practical purposes.
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 39
Soil Work.-Complete analyses of thirteen samples of soils have
been made during the year, making, in all, sixty soils, surface and
subsoil. One-half of these were the typical soils of the State, and
were collected and analyzed for exhibition at Chicago. None of these­results
have been published.
Dige8tion Exper-iments.- Tn connection with tbe Agriculturist, the
study of the digestibility of North Carolina fodders and feeding stuffs
has been continued. During tbe fall and winter of the past year the
data for twenty·eight such experiments were collected, and the results
are almost ready to present for publication. This line of work is
quite promising, and the results are being well received. OUf deter­minations
BOW number upward of sixty. All the samples collected
have been saved, and it is hoped to make a more thorough anJ
detailed study of them so soon as sufficient time can be had to inves-tigate
methods to be us~d jn suc~ ~tudy. . . .
Exhibit at the Columbwn Exposttton, Chtcago.-An JllustratIve ex­hibit,
showing the composition, digestibi lity and feeding value of the
cow-pea ville, was prepared in the laboratory, at the request of tbe
Chairman of the Stations' Committee on Forage Plants for Exhibi­tion
at Chicago, in connection with the combined exhibit of stations
RDd colleges of agriculture. rrhis consisted of a representation, in
glass jars of proper size, of the actual amounts of the different uutri­euts
in ten pounds of cow'!Jea vinE'S, together with mounled speci­mens
of nine varieties (full-grown) of cow· pea vines, Oll large card ­board,
32x 56 inches. Data as to yield were also presented. Appa­ratus
and chemicals were also sent from this laboratory for deter­mining
the different forms of phosphoric acid in fertilizers, and to
illustrate this line of station work. In addilion to the above, ] was
detailed and performed during the month of August the duties of
demonstrator in chemical laboratories of the colleges and stations In
connection with the combined ex hibit.
Bulletins -Since my last report four bulletins have been prepared
by the members of this division-one by Mr. Carpenter (Tech nical
Bulletin No.5), on the "Results of Chemical Analyses of rrobacco";
and three by myself-a general bulletiu on" Practical Stock-feNling,"
a technical bulletin (No.6) on "Chemical Analyses of Some Native
Nor th Carolina Grasses, Forage Plants, Grains, Seeds," etc., and a buI·
letin containing results of ilwestigations of the flvailable phospboric
acid in crude fOltilizer materials. notes on methods of analyses, and
some forms of apparatus. Mr. R. E. Noble, formerly Assistant Chemist,
assisted in the preparation of the latter three bulletins.
Work in PJ·ogre8.~ and Oulii'ned 101' the .Jilutu1·e.-The digestion work
on band will require some tiDle to com plete. This line of work
will be continued. Tobacco experiments are in progress and \vill be
continued. Some work remains to be done to finish the soil investi­~
atiotls already commenced. In connection with digestion and feed­lllg
work, experiments have been planned to investigate the loss of
fertilizing materials from the manure heap, and to test means of pre-
40 N. C. AGIUCULTURAL EXPERIME~T STATION. 1894.
venting, as far as possible, such loss. '1'his, with fertilizer and mis­cellaneous
work, will occupy the attention of the workers of this
division foJ' some time to come.
Equipment.-'1'he laboratory is in first-rate equipmen~ for the work
before us, and, with the addilion of a few pieces of apparatus, we will
only need the usual chemicals and apparatus for carrying on regular
work.
In cOl1clusioo, I wish to add that tbe chemical wOJ'k is divided as
nearly equal as possible amongst the analysts, and to each is due
corresponding credit for the work accomplislJed.
Respectfully submitted.
B. \V. KlI.,GORE,
First Assistant Chemist.
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST AND ENTOMOLOGIST.
DR. H. 13. BATTLE, Di,·eclor.
During tbe calendar year 1893, tile work carried on and completed
in the botanical and entomological di\'ision of the Station hilS been
substantially as follows: A large number of photographs of Station
buildings, root stunies, etc., were prepared and sent to the Columbian
Fair at Chicago. Much other work in different lines was devoted to
matters relating to the Fair.
The critical study of permanent pasture and meadow grasses and
legumines has been cont.inued during the year, and it is proposed in
collaboration with the Agriculturist to publish tho resul ts of the
three years work in this line eady in spring.
A series of comparative tests of different varieties of the cow pea
was begun two years ago and continued during the present. year.
Valuable results have been obtained and will he ready for publ ication
in time to make the information of use to farmers for the next sea­son's
work.
A bulletin on "Diseases and Insect Enemies of OrchRl"d Fruits"
bas been completed and published as Part 1I of Bulletin 92 on t.he
culture of fruits. \Vork has ·broll carried 011 upon a bulletin on seed
testing, llnd the out.lines of n popular classificatory bulletin 011 the
insect fHuna of tbe State has been begun. The correspondence of
the di vision and the uu III bel' of specimens sent fol' identification have
exceeded nil previous years and have consumod considerable time.
During the year a large number of short Rud timely papers ou
oconomic botany and entomology have been contributed to the Sta­tion
press sorvice bulletin. A number of longer papers have been
contributed to various agricultural and scientific periodicals. Two
papers were read before the State Horticultural Society at Southern
Pines, and several papers on economic botany, entomology, and hor­t
iculture have been contributed lo the annual report of that society.
SIXTEENTH ANh"'UAL REPORT. 41
The work proposed for the ensuing year will include the comple­tion
and publication of the several bulletius already referred to.
An investigation of the diseases and insect enemies of the chestnut
and other tim ber trees is proposed. This work musl be done where
such trees are abundant, and will requi l'e considerable travel ill the
western and eastern portions of the State. It is also proposed to
make a thorough study of the di seases of the cotton plant during
the next season. This plant is subject to numerous obscure diseases
of whose real character vel'y lillie is known. The study of pasture
and meadow grasses will be conti nued, and in additioll to the plats
of pure seedings now on the fafl,?, a nu~ber of mixtures suitable
for different sods and purposes wil l be tl'led on small plats. T he
above work, with the necessary time devoted to the division corre­spondence
a~d routil~e work , w.ilI probably engross the whole time
of the Botalllst and Entomologist.
Respectfully supmitted,
GERALD Ml:CARTRY,
Botanist and Dntomologist.
REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.
DR. H. B. BATTLE, Direr:tol'.
I beg leave to submit a brief statement of the pro,gress of the
horticultural division for the past season. 0ur fu II report of progL'ess
will be contained in a bulletin now in course of preparation. I will,
therefore, confine myself here to a mere outlitle.
Varietal 'Pesls.-The testing of long lists of vegetables and small
fruits as done at some other Stations has never been attempted here,
because there is no space available for carrying out these extensive
tests, a.nd we have serious doubts 3S to whether the very extended
tests are worth the time and labat' they l'equirc. I prefer rather to
study means for overcoming climatic difficultic:;, and to develop new
methods of culture and new crops, so as to give our people infol'lna­tion
of a really practical chafHcter.
We are still continuing OUI' efforts to fix a good variety of sugar­corn
that can be grown ill this climate, and the variety now in the
fifth year from the cross is becoming more fixed in its character, and
we will place some of it in the hands of careful growers elsewhere
for test this season . It retains its character as an early sweet-corn,
~ut the fact tlUlt careful selection must be used to bring it to perfec­tIOn
renders but a small part of our product available for planting,
and as r,roper space is limited we are slow in getting a largequuntity
of the right quality for distribution.
Tomaloes.-The difficulty attending the production of good crops
of the tomato in this vicinity is still n matter of careful study. 'rhe
bacterial disease known as Southern Blight is the g reatest trouble ill
42 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
the way of getting good successive crops, and the grent prevalence
of boll worms and rot early in the season seriou sly cuts short the
early crop. The blight is caused by growth of bacterin in the young
tissues in a very similar manner in which allother form of bacteria
causes the blight in pear trees. So far wo have been occupied mainly
in a study of the cause of the disease. Next seasou we propose to
make some efforts to check iI.., u much more difficult matter than the
dealing with tbe fungus forms that affect the foliage of plants and
which have a development of spores externally, which can be reached
by fungicides. rrbe low forms of fungi known as bacteria do not
increase by spores as the higher forms do. Increasing only by fissure
within the tissues of tbe plant it is impracticable to reach tbem
when they get a footh old, find all efforts must be of a preventive
ratber than ~\ curative chnracter. If tbis disease can be eliminated
it ought to be an easy mutter to grow a late crop of tomatoes.
Experiments we are now mllkillg wilil this late crop now sbow that
it is possible to make it a -sonrce of profit by having the crop attain
full size of unripe fruit about the coming of frost and then gathering
the crop, wrapping the fruit in papPI' and packing in the ordiuary
crates in a cool durk place until such times as the fruit commands a
high price. Last wintt'r wo kept these tomatoes in good coudition
until .J anuary, and this season, though the disease has afl'ected not
only the plants but many of the fruits, we still have some in good
condition. With healthy fruit we feel su re that it will be practicable
to have tomatoes in quulltity in good order to ship at Christmas
whell fan cy prices CRn be rea lized. I c01lsider this a mutter of such
importance that it will be taken up again.
Potatoes-OUI' study of the Irish potato is still continued, and we
arc more than ever convinced of 'he great vlrlue of the late fall crop
for our cl imate. By this mea ns the potato, in tbis latitude, cannot
only be preven ted from deteriorating but actually improved. A
large demand is springing up for tbe hlle crop for seed to plant
North. We have enabled our growers to dispose of la rge quantities
for seed as far north as l\-lichigan und elsewllel'e. Market gardeners
Nort!l who have tried our late crop potatoes are unanimolls in the
opinion that they are the best seed for early planting. \Ve have no
doubt t.hat a great industry will soon develop here in the production
of seed potatoes for Nurthern planting, and a great Eource of profit
added to our growers. As the production of this crop is made Illore
certain, the time is not far distant when our CiLy markets in winter
will be supplied with t.hese potatoes instead of as now wholly su pplied
by the Northern product.
Onio1l8 and .i!IlIsA:melo118.-'rhe principal varietal tests we have made
have been with onions Aud muskmelons. \Vo have not found any
melons that will be likely to sl1perEede those now grown by our mar·
ket growel·s. In onious we are satisfi ed that for the ripe crop we can
grow larger crops and better onions of any variety tbat makes seed
from seed sown in early spring thau by the use of sets fiS heretofore
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 43
practiced. In our tests we have found the Southport 'Vhite Glohe
Onion by far the .best variety, and recommend it to ~ur growers for
ripe onions. Owmg to the fact that our fall weather IS apt to be dry
and seed bard to germinate, we bolieve sets should be used for faU
planting to grow green onions for shipping bunched in ll~ebruary and
March.
Pruits.-Ill small fruits we have tested a number of strawberries,
blackberries and raspberries, withou t any very important results.
rrhese however, will be fully stated in a forthcoming bulletin. "Ve
have planted, and hope to fruit soon, a series of Southern grapes,
grown by Mr. Munson, of Texas, tbat are making a sellsation, and
we bope for good results. Comparative experiments were made
between shelter for grapes and spraying to prevent rot. 'rhe shelter
was perfectly efiective in preventing rot, but the destruction of the
foliage on the sheltered vines by thrips caused them to ripen badly.
We will continue this wOJ'k next season. Our foreign grapes under
glass gave a fil~e crop, which attracteJ a great deal of att~nlion. v~e
believe that thiS crop may be made profitable by forwarding the frUIt
as early as is practicable, so as to put it in market ahend of the Cali·
fornia crop. 'Ve hopo next season to hybridize some with our native
grapes for growing new varieties fl'oqI seed.
The peaches at the Station farm aro in a very unsuitablo location,
and as the entire space is now needed by the apples, the peach trees
will bo takeD out, as we have a young orchard on the college rarm in
a much better location for experimental work. The removal of these
trees will give us a better opportunity for studying the apples, which
are now getting into a bearing state.
Figs were killed to the ground last winter, and no study of the
fruit could be well made th is summer. 'fhis fa I) we have buried the
trees, and hope to havo good results next summer. By the close of
next spring season we will have distributed nearly seven thousand
figs, and will now cease the free distribution, as our glass is needed
for other work.
Floweri'l1g Bulbs.-Our experiments this season in flowering bulbs,
such as lilies, narcissus and hyacinths, have satisried us that many
of these can be produced in remarkable quality in our climate. We
have distributed our surplus young bulbs to growers in the easteru
part of the State 101' trial. Attention has bcen attracted to thl\
capacity of North Caroli na (or the commercial production of these
bulbs by articles we have written in trade papers North, ancl one
Northern see~sman wrote this fall asking terms fol' growing 100,000
Roman hyaclOths. Ol'ders such as this can easily be had by our
growers when the.v accumulate stock .
. iJJisceliml eou8.-Tho tea plants raised at the Stat ion lAst year were
planted for us by 1\lr. Andrew Broadfoot, n ear Fayettevill e. I have
not seen them since shortly after they were planted, but learn from
Mr. Bro~dfoot tba.t they are in a thriving condition.
Experiments will be begun this winter in forcing cucumbers and
other vegetables under glass. At the North the g rowing of Cllcum-
•
44 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
bers is n large and profi table industry under glass, and we know of
no reason why i t should not be here. T he out·door crop is an
important one to our gl'owers. Messrs. Hackburn & Willett, of New~
bern, I'eport a crop of 20,000 bushel crates from 20 acres, and Messrs.
Meadows, of same place, shipped 3,200 bushels from 2i measured
acres. The forced crop commands high prices. and we would like
to see our growers use more glass. One grower near Boston writes
that he gets for his forced cucumbers from $1.25 each in midwinter
to ten cents eac:h in early spring. Here, with less expensive houses
and a much smaller consumpl.ion of coal , the business of growing
vegetables and fruits under glass out of season ought to be a very
profitable b,usiness.
Another line of nursery work in wh ich we have experimented to
some extent is the propagation of the bardy roses, used at the North,
from cnttings in the open ground. 'rile Northern fl orists grow these
from cuttings under glass, wh ile here we can put down cutti ngs in the
open ground and root them easi ly. We have now plants over six feet
high from cu ttings put in the ground one year ago. Roses grown in
this way can be so ld, at one year old, at prices much lower than
Northern growers can produce them, and a profil.able business may
thus be built up ill supplyi ng them at wholesale to lhedealOl's North.
'Ve have added to our series of edllcational bu lletins lately oneon
H Frui t Culture," which we hope will do much good. We have ill
contemplation one on " Market Garden Practice," and one on" Com·
mercia} F loriculture/' which will be prepared as soon as it is possible
to accomplish the work.
Respectfully submitted.
, .y. Ii'. MASSEY, Hm·liculturi8t.
REPORT OF THE METEOROLOGIST.
DR. H. B. BAT'l'LE, Director.
DEAR Sm:-In compliance with your request I have the honol' to
submit herewith my report of tbe operations of the meteorological
division during the year 1893.
1. :McteoTological Slations.-'l'here 81'e at present 66 stations taking
·meteoroiogical obsenations, a slight increase over the preceding year.
A large number of our obsorvors have now been reporting for over
four ye~lJ's regularly, and the interest in this part of the work does
not dimi nish. The following stations were discontinued:
Cheraw, South Carolina (not used).
Douglas, Rockingham Count.y, T. B. Li ndsay, observer.
Florence, South Carolina (not used).
Lexi ngton, Davidson County, Prof. W. J. Scroggs.
Wadeville, Montgomery County, Prof. J. L. llayward.
Boone, \Vatauga County) Miss l\lIaggie Cook.
Mount Holly, rai nfall station.
SIXTEENTH ANN UAL REPORT.
The following hn ve been established:
Sloan, Duplin Couuty, D. M. Sholar.
Falkland, Pitt County, \V. R. Williams.
Greenville, Pitt County, 1. A Sllgg.
Mocksville, Davie County, ",Vill X. Coley.
Henderson, Vance Cou nLy, Enoch Powell.
Rutherford College, Burke County, E. A. Abernethy.
45
Mr Paul Clark, observer at Southern Pines, has retired, and the
observations are now taken by Dr. C. W. \Veaver. Prof. G. S. \Vills,
observer at Oak Ridge, has been relieved by Miss Lou E. Case, and
R. 'V. Pritchard at Greensboro by Mr. A. N. Perkins.
The division is endeavoring to establish stations at Wilkesboro,
Jacksonville, Elizabethtown and a few other pJ aces with every pros~
pect of success.
'fbe reports from these voluntary stations are printed as a special
bulletin of the meteorological division in editions of 700 copies. The
last number issued was No. 49 for October, 1893. During the year
the charts of normal distribution of temperature and rainfall over
North Carolina have been completed. At the beginning of the year
the usual annual meteorological summary was published, a pamphlet
0[60 pages, of which 2,000 copies were used. It covered the year 1892.
2. Display Stations.-Many changes in the personnel of displaymeu
have been made, and a few stations wore discontinued for fail ure to
render the proper monthly report. rrhe total number of statioJ;ls
receiving weather forecasts by telegraph is now 52, in addition to 25
frost warning and 4 special cold wave warning stations.
The stations discontinued during the year were:
Ahoskie, J. A. Copelan d, displayman.
Black Creek, H. W. Privett.
Burgaw, A. E. 'r aylor.
Clinton, W. S. Westbrook.
Franklinton, H. E. Pearce.
Grifton, J. J. Rhodes.
Littletou, J. J. Williams.
New London, J. D. Tucker.
Pittsboro, W. R. H unter.
Shelby, J. T. Gardner.
\Veldon, J. rr. Gooch.
Warsaw, W. L. Hill.
Walkerton, Martin & Carmichael.
The following stations were established:
AsheYille, the Postmaster.
Canton, C. L. Mingus.
Dudley, J. R. Ginnett.
Forest City, G. O. Doggett.
•
46 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
Greenville, L. H. Heilbroner.
Oxford, W. C. Biggs.
Pilot Mountain, J. A. Stoll e.
Rich Square, Buxton & Baugbam.
Rutherford College, E. A. Abernetby.
Sylva, F. A. Luck, Sr.
The number of places receiving tbe forecasts dai ly by mail is: '
From the Oentral office, 170 ; from otber sta tions, 100.
'rhe following plan for innl'easing tho Dumber of stations to receive
forecasts by mail has been adopted. To those displaymen who bave
expressed tbeir willingness to undertake the work an outfit for dupli­cating
tbe forecasts which they receive by telcgrapb has been sout,
and a supply of penalty postal cards already adrlressed to those sub­stations
which call be reacbed by mail the same day from the dis­playman's
center. 'l'he outfits consist of a set of logotypes and au
ink pad, by means of whicb the forecasts may be rapidly set up,
printed on the cards and mailed. Eight display men have V.OIUll­teered
for this work, and the number of additional stations which
will be reached by this means i& 80_ It is hoped to be able to per­suade
more of the display men to undertake this work if it is found
successful and if desired by the people in towas out of reach of the
telegraph.
'rhe number of weaLher maps issued from Lhe Central office is
now 52, an increase of 16 since January 1, 1893. The weather map
ought to be very popular as it is readily understood and persons can
make their own forecasts from it.
S. lVealha Orop Service.-'l'he weekly weather crop bulletin was
resumed in April, 1893, and continued till October. 'rwenty-sevell
numbers were issued, each an edition of 1,200. 'rhe number of crop
correspondents was 270, representing 91 of the 96 counties of the State.
Next year it is PI'oposed to issue a large number of cheaply con­structed
rain-gauges to crop correspondents, the gauges to be suf­ficiently
accumte to measure rainfall to one-tenth of an inch.
Very respectfully,
O. li'. VON HERRMANN, Meteorologist .
•
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 47
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICUI>TURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
1893.
June 30.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
IN ACCOUNT WITH
TUE UNITED STATES AI)PROPRIATION.
To receipts from the Treasurer of the United States
as per appropriations for the year ending June 30,
1898, under Act of Congress approved March 2,
Dr.
1887 ..••........ . ....•.• _ ........•• . .. ........ $15,000 00
Or.
By salaries ............. _ ... , ......... _ .. _ ........ $5,712 48
wages ..• . .. .. . . ........... .. .. . ..... .. .... . 56381
apparatus and reagents .....••. . _ ............. 78904
stawpS, stationery and miscellaneous printing. 588 14
express, freights and incidentals .... . . . . _.. . .. 931 65
periodicals and books ... _ .....•.. _............ 156 77
bulletins, paper anq. printing ........... ... .... 1.577 3S
farm labor ..... . .. _ ........................... 1,23100
farm supplies .... . _ .. . ... • ... . . .. "_' .... __ . . · 1,601 09
implements, instruments and equipment . .. • . . . 673 38
fuel and stoves ........ . ...... . ... ..... .. . ... . 178 03
gas . ... . ... . ... . .. . ............. . ...... _."'"
telephones ................ . ............. . .
cO'operative experiments and travelling ....... .
annual reports . • ...• . .................... . ... .
Total ................................. .
SOO 40
190 00
230 52
257 17
$15,000 00
The undersigned, duly appointed Auditor for the State Board of Control, hereby
certi fies that the above items of expenditures made by the North Carolina Agri·
cultural Experiment Station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1803, are made up
from the books of the Auditor of the Board and the Treasurer of the State of
North Carolina (Treas urer em ooOkio of the North Carolina Agricultural Experi.·
ment Station), and that the receipt8 from the Treasurer of the United States for
the year na.med were $15,000, and the disbursements $15,000, for all which proper
vouohers are on file in the office of the Treasurer above named.
(Signed) T. K. BUUN£R, Auditor.
I hereby certify that the foregoing statements, made up from vouohers on file
in this office, to whioh this is a.ttached, is true and in accordance with the records
of this office. (Signed) S. Mc D. TATE,
Trea$urer em o..{fI.Cio of the N. C. •
AgriculturaL Experi1l1ent Station
The above are the signa.tures of the Auditor and Treasurer or the North Caro­lina
Agricultural Experiment Station.
(Signed) H. B. BA'ITLE, '
Director North Oarolina
Agricultural Experiment Slation.
APPENDIX.
(Circular. )
IMPROVEMENT OF OUR PUBLIC ROADS.
RALI-:IGU, N. C., December 16, 1892.
DKAR SIR; The Chamber of Commerce of the City or Raleigh, at its meeting 00
tbe evening of December 13. pa8~ed the following resolution:
•• Resolved, That the Presid ent of the H.aleigh ChaOlUer of Commerce appoint 8.
committee of five of its members to memorialize the coming Legislature to call to­gether,
at the proper time and pluee, aRoadColJgresa. for the purpose of considering
matters in connectiOIl wiLh improving the pu hlic rondsof the State, the members of
which Congress are to be appointed by the Governor, MayoTs of towns, Chairmen
of County Corumissioners, tUld in such other ways 811 may be most desirable."
The followin~ committee was appointed: B. B. Battle. Chairman; 'V. C.
McMackin, R. H. Lewis, Frank Stronach, W. P. Batchelor.
All persons interested in lhe welfare of North Carolina will recognize, at once,
the importance of some change from our present system of public roads and their
preservation. It occurs to me that if public·spirited mCIl would come together
and discuss these questiolls. that the importance would be more readily realized
and some united action would be the result. I present this matter, therefore, to
you, and would ask that you kindly write me on the enclosed card, at once, your
Ideas ill connection with the following:
1. Would YOll ad vise the calling of a Road Congress?
2. Where and when should it meet? Would you think during the present Le~ls.
lnture an opportune time, so that if desired a bill might be framed for imme<liate
consideration?
S. Any suggestions from you showing the special need of immediate action.
4. Wbat remedies would ) 'OU suggest for the improvcment of our roads?
As lobe time is very short, I would I::arnestly ask the favor of an immediate reply.
Very respectfully, H. B. BATTLE.
(.&tract frofl~ tile Wilmington Messenger, ])roo 18, 1892.)
A ROAD CONGRESS.
A PUDLIO ROAD CONORKSS FOR NORTH CAR

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ANNUAL llFJ'ORT OF THE
NORTH CAROLINA
AGRICULTllfu\L EXPERnlF.NT STATION
for
1893
Norttt Carolina Slate Library
Raleigh ~ "0, ('"
OF THE
\
· ,
,
j
, j
North Carolina State Library
Raleigh
,
Publication, will be lent to any addrel8 In Nor t.h QaroUna upon ILppl1oailon.
•
•
N. O. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
OFFICE OF DIREe'fOR,
RAJ.KWH, January 31, 1894.
To His Excellenr:y Er~IAs OARU,
Governor of North Carolina.
SIR-I have tbe honor to submit herewith a report of the opera­tions
of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station for the
year ending December 31, 1893.
This report is made in accordance with the following portion of
section 3 of the Hatch Act of the Congress of the United States for
the maintenance of agricultural experiment stations in the various
States and Territories:
HIt shall be the duty of each of the said stations, annually, on or
before the first day of F ebruary, to make to tho Governor of the State
or 'ferritory in which it is located, a full and detailed report of its
operations, including a statement of receipts and expenditures,"
'frusting that this report will prove satisfactory to your Excellency,
I am, very respectfully YOUl'S,
H. B. BATTLE,
Di,'ecloT,
•
N. C. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS.
THE NORT:a:: CAROLIN.A.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
INCLUDING
THE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATON
AND THE STATE WEATHER SERVICE,
BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF TH~ A. AND M. COLLEGE.
W. S. PnlliROSJ,,;, Cltairman, Raleigh.
W. F. QUEEN ••• • ___ . _ • •. Franklinton. W. E. STEVENS. _____ . ___ ____ . Clinton.
D. A. TO)II'KLNS __________ _ .Cbarlotte. J. H. (hLMER .. _____ . . __ _ .Greensboro.
H. E. FlUES . _. _____ ____ •• • ____ Salem. J. F. PAYNF. . ____________ _______ Alma.
N. B. BnOUOlITON ________ ___ .Raleigh. J. R. MOLftI.LAND ______ __ . Moore8viUe.
W. R. WILLLI..l1S . __ . . ___ .. .. Falkland. C. D. SliITIL. _______ ______ .Fr anklin .
J. B. CoFFIKLD • ______ • ____ _ EvereU'a. R. W. WnARTON. ___ ___ _ .Washington.
W. R. CAl>EHART. __ ___ • ______ .Avoca.
STATION COUNCIL.
A. Q. U Ol..LADA Y, \V. S. PlUMROSE, H . B. BA'M'LE.
Pr~' . A. and M. CblUqe.
•
OFFICERS OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION DURING 1893.
H. B. BATTLE. Pn. D • •• .. • . _ . .....• ••.• _. ___ . ___ . __ Director and State Chemist.
F. E. E:-'IRRV, M, S . _ .• .•• ~ .. ____ .• , ....... .. .... ... Agriculturist.
GERALD MCCARTHY, B. SO ....... .... . ... . _". , ••• , . Botanist and Entomologist.
W. F. MASSEY, C. E .... ........ .. ................ .. I1orticulturist.
C. F. VON HERUMANN (U. S. Weather Bureau) ... ... . Meteorologist.
B. W. Kh.ooRE, M. S .... __ . .... ......... ...... .. ... Assistant Chemist.
F. B. CARPENTKR, B. S .... .. .. .. ...... . . ............ Assistant Chemist.
J. S. MEND, B. S. (to B'ebruary) .. ....... ....... ..... Assistant Chemist.
&. E. NOBLE, M. SO. (to November) .•..• ..... ... . .. . Assistant Chemist,
M. S. McDOWELL. B. S. «(rom February to May) . ... . Assistant Chemist.
W. M. ALLEN (frOID November) . . . ••.• ... • __ • . , ••. _. Assistant Chemist,
C . .8. W ILLIAMS, B. S, (from November) ... __ .. _ ..... Assistant Chemist,
ALEXANDRR RHODES •.... • __ .•... , •••••• . • _ .• • _ ... _ .Assistant H orticulturist.
RoSCOE NUNN (0. S. Weather Bureau) .••• • ••••••••. Assistant Meteorologist.
A. F. BOWEN ... . ................... . ............... Secretary.
RALE IGH, N. C,
•
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
DIR ECTOR
0&' THE
NORTH CA ROLIN A
AGRICULTURAL EXPERltI(1ENT STATION
fOR 189 3.
TO THE GOVERNOR.
The Norlh Carolina Agricultural Experirneul Station was estab­lished
in :March, ]877, with a twofold object in view-first, to act as
a Fertilizer Control StatioD, and second, as un Agricultural Experi­ment
Station in the true sellse of the word. Until 1887 the Stalion
wns supporte(l by the State from the tax on fertil izers, and, as organ­ized
up to that time, was a part of the North Carolina Department
of Agriculture. By legislative ena.ctment of thal year, lhe Station
wa~ made a part of the Norlh Carolina College of Agriculture and
Mechanic Arts, and lhe fands derived from the United States Uatch
Act for the maintenance of experiment stations in the various Stales
and 'ferritories were appropriated to it. The Station receives also an
appropriation from the North Cnrolina Depul'lment of Agriculture
for the work of the li'erWizer Control. The report of the work of
the Station for 1893 is embraced under each of its legal functiolls,
the first being
I. THE FERTILIZER CONTROL STATION.
The beneficial results accompl ished by the li'er tilizer Control, from
the moment of its ol'ganization to the present time, are too well known
to be necessary to repeat them hero. A history of the fert il izer trade
in the State since ]876 would be interesting and would sbow the vast
advantages that have accrued from its organization. The adulter­ated
chemicals and low-grade fertil izers (now bappily very seldom
seen) that have been detected and brought to light, and the millions
of dollars that have u ndOllb ted ly been saved, illustrate the value thnt
the Control has been to North Caroli na farmers. •
•
6 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894..
Tu ..; FERTILIZER CoNTROL DURT~G 1893.
It will be remembered that up to 1891 the fertilizer trade was con·
trolled by a license tax on each braud. Commencing from that year,
the tODnage charge bas beeu in vogue. .
In order to show the character of the trade for a number of years
past, the subjoined lable is inserted, giving a description of the dif­ferent
brands on sale in the State during previous years. It will be
noted, however, that as licenses did not lapse with the calendar year,
a single brand could extend through portions of two years. The
numbers, therefore, wbile showing the number of brands on sale, do
not show the actual number during each year. 'rhe Jarge increase
ill the number of brands after 1890 is due to the change from the
license tax on eacb brand to a definite charge per ton.
lSSI 1882 1S83 18S4 18!S5 1886 1887 188i1 1889 1890 ISIII 189'2 1893
A:\?o~~::r:8~.~~~:.~~.~~.~~.!.~.~~.~.~~~ 8 10 II 7 II - II 10 9 12 16 59 &I 86
8 uperph06phate8 witb potash ...... II 15 I;; 10 10 II 8 7 ;) 4 III 21 25
Ammouillted 8uperphOSlphates _ ... 40 li5 61 56 63 66 68 /r..! 61 63 178 212 264
A mmOlllnted IOU p er p b08phllte8
without potash .................. _ ....... ..
Potash, sailS and chemicals ............. .
Fish scrap ....................................... .
Mlscelh,lu60uS ...... ...... ................... 2 4 6 ;) 8 4 2
If> 8 8
2•2 " 5 " • . . ,
TotalS. ........... .............. ............ 69 86 92 80 85 00 77 79 81 &I 295 396 ~2.5
The number of brands accredited up to 18[11 to the several States
is as follows, and furn ishes an interesting basis for comparison-:
1880 "81 "'" 1SS3 "81 "85 18116 "" 1888 MR8I!BChusett.8 ................................... 2 8 2 "" "" , 8 1 • , 2 2
Connecticut ....................... 1 2 2 • , , 1 2 , 1 1
No\I\' york ........................... :::::::::::::: , , 5 3 2 • 3 1 , 2 ,
New Jertley ..................................... , , 1 , 1 , 3 2 • • • 5
Delaware . ......................................... 2 2 2 , 2 • • • 3 8 8
,Mar yland ........................................ 21 ,.
" 42 .,
" " " '" '" 25
P ell1l8yl vall1a .................................. 1 1 1 ,
Virginia ........................................... 7 i'~ , 15 "
,.
" " 14 North Carolina ................................. " " , 8 , , 8 , .. " " 14 SOuth CflrOllnB ................................. • , , " 14 12 " " .. IS " " Totala ....................................... ." "" 86 '" '" " 00 n 79 81 "
A casual glance at the above table will show how the number of
fertilizer licenses accredited to tbe States of Virginia, North Carolina
and South Carolina have increased. trhis is especially the case with
North Carolina, where the increase has been sixfold within ten years.
As further illustrating this increase, the following calculation is
inserted, which shows the proportion of the brands on sale which
were manufactured in the three States before mentioned, as com­pared
with the total llumber sold for the different years:
THE Nl]l!IJJKR 01' DRAl'I"D8 or Io'KItTILIZII:RS J I,ANUFA(rrUR,r;n IN TUltEII: 8TATItS, VIRGrl'IlA,
NOKTJI CARor,INA, AND SOUTH OAIIOI,INA, roll. THE YE.AKS 1880 TO 1800, IN PER CENTS. 01'
TlIl': WIJOLi! NUJlUER.
1880 1881 1882 18S3 1 88~ IBM 18S6 1887 1888 188tl 1800
Virginia .............................. }
NOrth Carolina ................. 31.92 30.50 301.88 40.21 M1.00 ~~.70 ~6,67 4f>.-15 .fB.l0 5O.6'..l 1>5.95
Soulli Carolloll.. ................ .
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 7
In reference t{) North Carolina alone, the change is more decided:
:SUMnER ov DRA:SDS 011' JrERTILIZEIt$ l&ANUFA(1I'URED I N NORTH OAROLINA TOR TU"F.
YEARS 1880 TO 1890. IN PfI;lt C~:NTS. OE' THE WUOLI;; NUrrI.1Um.
1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1881) 1890 ,
North Carolina .................... 6.38 6.08 6.97 6.52 10,00 10.47 11.11 14.80 16,,16 17.28 2U1l
The increase frolll 1883 to 1890 bas been nearly fonrfold. The fol­lowing
extract is taken from tbe Report of 1888, five years ago, and
gives a. prediction which is surely becoming true: If'Vhat does this
change foretell? Considering tbe num ber of brands as indicative of
the amount sold, these figures prove almost conclusively that the
home manufacturers are gradually driving the other more distant
competitors from the field; that the distance from the source of sup­ply
of the various ingredients from the market where the fertilizers
are sold, and the consequent high freights which these fertilizers must
pay, are proving each year a more eHectual barrier to their entering
the State. Taking our own State and the two adjoining, it is plainly
seen that the three, while they controlled one-third of the trade eight
years ago, now control onc-half. North Carolina alone, eight years
ago, controlled only one-sixteenth; now controls oue-sixth. 'Vith
this increase-and there is now no reason why it shou ld not con­tinue-
it is not hazardous to assert tbat in ten years O'Y!e~lalj of the
commerc-ial fertilizers sold in North Om'olina will be made in NO'l'ih Caro­lina.
An additionall'ensoll for this assertion is, that the State, eitber
alone 01' by calling on South Carolina, can furni sh all the raw ingre­dients,
except potash, sufficient to make all of the fertilizers needed
here."
The prediction made ill ]888 can now, at the close of the year 1893,
be seell to be surely coming to pass. The year 18D I was the transi­tion
periud between the privilege tax system and the tonnage syslem,
during wbich time some brands were sold under both systems.
Manufacturers who came in for tbe first time only purchased tags
for a portion of the year. Nothing definite, therefore, can be stated
for ] 891. But in ]8D2the records are complete,und show the exact
number of tons placed on the market for which tngs were sold.
Comparing with the whole number of lons sold in North Caro­lin8,
in 189:l, for the fiscal year closing November 30, tbe North
Carolina manufacturers hfllldled 36.95 per cent. of the whole num­ber.
The same calculation for 1893 shows 37.73. Even this esti­mate
is too low, because no tags were used in many cases when tbe
manufactories dealt at their doors flirectly with the fHmers. Again,
cotton-seed meal is not subject to lax, and is very largely used for
fortilizing purposes. It is impossi ble to state how large this amount
really is, but it should be also added to the total accredited to borne
manufacturers.
Carrying on, therefore, the preceding table, the growth of home
manufactories can very readily be seell:
North Carolina State Library
Raleigh
8 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERlliENT STATION. 1894.
TABLE SDOW1:l"O TlUT TIHt Pfll'':DJQTIO!f 0l1' 1888 18 BitiNG VERIJ'IED.
1880 1881 1882 1883 188~ 1885 1686 1887 ISSS 1689 1890 1892 IiISS
North carolina manurao-}
turere sold In the varl·
OUII year8 In percent.. 6.88 5.08 6.97 0.52 10.00 10.41 11.11 14,30 16.46 17.28 2U8 86.95 87.78
flKes or wDole (erlUlr.er
trade-
T he increase of the whole fert il izer trade in the State from 1892 to
1893 was about 30 per cent. Very probably the borne-manufacturers
were not equipped to band Ie such a large increase, and tbi~ may
Rccount for tbe small increase (as shown in the above table) in 1893
over the year previous. rfhe year 1894 doubtless will show figu res
which will more than compensate for this small increase.
DIGEST OP FELtTILrZil:R LAWS Now IN FORCE.
In order to give a short and concise statement of all laws now in
operation in regard to the fertilizer inspection and control, the follow­ing
carefully prepared digest of existing laws is inserted:
No manipulated guanOll, 8uperph08phates, commercial ferlilizers or other fer ­tilizing
material shall be sold or offered for sale unless a tonnage charge of twenty-
6"e cents per ton haa been paid. Each barrel, package or bag shall have attached
a tag representing this fact, which tags shall be issued by the Commissioner of
Agriculture according to regulations prescribed by the Department of Agriculture.
'l'he Department of Agriculture has J>C:lwer at all times to have samples collected
of I\ny fe rtilizer or ferti lizing matenal on sale. which must be laken from at least
ten per cent, of the lot selected. 'l'hese samples are taken from the goods in the
hands of dealers after they are shipped from the manufactories, and accord ingly
represent the true gmde of terti lizo!rs offered for sale,
1!:\'ery package of fertilizer offered tor sale must have thereon a plainly printed
label, a copy of which must be filed with the Commissioner of Agricu lture,
together with a true sample of the fertilizer which it is proposed to sell, at or
before the shipment of such fertilizer into the State, and which label must be
uniformly used and not chu.lIged during the year. This label must set forth the
name. location and trade-mark ot the manufacturer; alS<1 the chemical composi­tion
of contents and real percentage of the ordinary ingredients claimed to be
present, together with date of tlnalyzation. and that all charges have been paid.
There must be no variation in tho guaranteed percentages. but the bags must be
branded with the exact chemical composition of the contents. No fertilizer can
be sold with a content less than eight pcr cent. of u\'uilable phosphoric aCid. two
per cent, of ammonia, I\ud olle per cent, of potash. CottOn·sood meal is exempted
from paying the tonnage charge: also land plaster, agricultural lime, oyster-shell
lime, marl. and bulk materials for manufacturing purposes.
It is a misdemeanor, and flo fine of tell dollars for each bag, for an sgent or dealer
to offer for sale any such fertilizer or fe rtilizing materi als not properly tagged. or
a consumer to remove it, or lL railroad agent to deliver it. Goods kept over f rom
last season mUSt be tagged to represent this fact. and all dealers are required to
report to the Commissioner of Agriculture the amount on hand at the close of the
fiscal year, (In November 30,
Any fer tilizer or fertilizing material that does not contain the ingredients as
represented by the label is liable to seizure, and, after being established on t rial,
its value is recovered by the Doard of Agriculture, Any person who offers for
sale fer tilizers or fert ilizi ng materia l without hav ing attached thereto labels as
provided by law, is liable to u. fi ne of ten dollars for each separate package-one­llalf.
leSB the cost, going to the party suing. and the rema.inder to the Department ;
u.nd it such fer til izer is condemned, the Department makes analysis of the same
and has printed labels placed on each package, giving t he true chemical ingredi­ents
of the same. and fixes the commercial value at which it may be sold. The
Department of Agriculture can require agents of rail roads and st-eamboat campa-
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 9
Dies to furnish monthly statements of the quantity of fertilizers trallspo~ted by
them. TbeExperimentStatioll analyzes samples of fertilizers taken by the official
inspectors, and publishes the same wbenever needful.
REGISTRATION OF BRANDS.
During the year 1890, the last yenr of the license tax system, there
were 8~ brands of commercial fertilizers liceosed to be sold in North
Oar01\oa. It is very easy to see, under those circumstances, where
the number of brands was limited, how much easier it was to super­vise
tbe fertilizer trade than under the presen t tonnage sys tem, where
the number of brands is almost unlimited. Under the operations
of this latter system t.be number of brands, including fertilizing
ingredients, offered fat' sale in the State, has increased from 84 in
1890 to 295 in 1891. For the year] 892, closing with the fiscal year
ending November 30, this number had increased to 396, an increase
of over 34 per cent. in a siogle year. During the yeRr 1893 the
number had farther increased to 425. There appears to be almost
no limit to this increase. The difficullies met with ill the proper
control of tbe fertilizer trade, under tbese conditions, accord ingly
have been very greatly increased.
VALUATION 01, STABLE, DAIRY, AND LA DallA TORY, to
in clude •
1. The effect of different fe rtilizers on various soils of the State.
2. The s tudy ot im proved methods for the c ulti vation of the staple crops.
3. The study of the best treatment of worn-out lands.
4. The study of the best Systt>Ul for the rotation of c rope.
5. Chemical iol'estiga tiolls, with practical experiments with cattle, on t he
value of the various rorage crops, especially those COllllllon in North
Carolina.
6. Investigations upon the growth of new crops for t his climate, in compari.
son with those we now hal'e.
7. The construc tion of the silo, fl.nd value of ensilage.
8. The study of l he growth of cattle using different fecOing 8tufTS.
9. In vestigations in the prod ucl ion or milk and butler under different condi­tions,
and with l'arious implementil.
10. Digestion experiments with stock, to ascertain the real value ot various
food sluffs.
12 N. C. AORlCUL'fURAL EXPERIMENT STATIO~. 1804-..
11. Experiments with the various feeding rations, to ascertain how far the feed­ing
standards can be relied on.
12. Testa to compure tbe diITerent varieties of frui ts and vegetables, to ascer­tain
those worthy or trial.
18. In vestigations designed to develop the vineyard and t rucking interests of
t he State.
14. Investigations upon the diseases of caule and domestic animals, and the
,d. i.s.e.m ination of information concerning the treatment of various dis· 15. Such other work from time to time as way be deemed advisable for the
interests of the agriculture of the State.
Ill. THE CoLLECTION AND DISTJUBUTlON OF :llF.rEOROLOOICAL DATA, such as will
directly aid the various agricul tura l industries of the State. The work
is of benefit in
I V.
1. The distribution of telegrams to various portions of tbe State, g iving the
probable state of the weather for the succeeding twenty.four houra.
2. A foreknowledge or the coming of frosts and cold wavea, thereby protect­ing
fruit, trucking and tobacco interests.
3. The collection of var ioua meteorological data; and thus, by obtaining a
more perfect iden of the va rious climatic conditions, to extend to other
local ities the crops found useful :u ponions of t his and other States.
4. The collection and distribution of weekly reports showing the effect of the
wealher on crops dll-ring successive periods of their growth .
A BUREAU OJ;' [NFORMATlO~ upon all subjects connected with the agricultural
industries of the State. Under this head is included
1. Publications of the St!~tion, embracing s ix different classes of bulletins
!Uld three of reports. These publications con la in the results of the
iuvesligtltions ca rried 011, as well as a reeume of work done elsewhere,
ill order to il\struc~ or advance the generai ligricultural interests.
2. Direct correspondencl', through the various divi.\lionll of the Stillion, with
individual farlU prs. information b~illg always given as promptly aud
carefullYa8 pOII"ible by those most competent to do so.
S. Personal contact of l he Station force with farmers nud others at institutes
and fai rs, visits to farms, elC.
V. S.UU'LES FOR CHEMICAL ANA I,YSIS.~Sampl es, when sent by citizens of tbe
State, for chemical examination, will be analyzed free of charge under
certain conditions and stl pulation s~
1. If the experimental work of the Station will not be retarded thereby.
2. If the samples come (rom the sender's own lands.
3. If tiley are of suflicien t puhlic interest, and the Station is (roo to publish
the resu Its.
4. If the samples nre Luken nnd sent according to the Station's printed forms,
and are fully dellcribed.
DIVISIONS Od.~ THE STATIONS.
In order to facilitate the work of the Experiment Station, it has
been subd i\'ided into-
1. Executive Division. 5. Entomological Division.
2. Chemical Division. 6. Horticu ltural Di\,jsion.
3. Agricultural Division. 7. Meteorological Division.
4. Botanical Division. 8. Veterinary Division.
9. Division of Publication.
EQUIPMENT.
The beadquarters of the Station are in the Agricultural Buildillg,
immediately north of the Co.pitol. In the north wing are located
SIXT.E ENTII ANNUAL REPORT. 13
the offices, the chemical laborat.ories and slo r~ -r ooms. On the base­ment
fioor is the document room, where are kept the /)ublications of
tbe Stntion. On the third floor is situ ated the myco ogical labora­tory,
botanical and entom ological work·rooms; also the metorologi­cal
di vision of the Station, organized as the Stale \Veather Service,
co-operating with th e Uni ted Stales \Veather Burenu. On the roof
of the bui lding are located the variolls instrllments for recording
meteorological observations. A thirty.five-foot flag-staff for display­ing
flags for disseminating weather fo recasts is 0150 upon the roof,
where the signals a re visible 10 a considerable distance.
'rhe Experiment farm is located about one mile Ilnd a half west
of the city, lind adjoins the Fair grounds of the Stnte Agricultural
Society. It is in close prox imi t,y to the grounds of the North Caro­lina
Collego of Agriculture and Mechanic At:ts, and the students have
access to the ex periments, and study their progress and th ei r resu lts.
On the farm a re located the experimental dairy, si los, and barn, in
which are the cattle under test for production of beef, milk, and other
purposes. Field·crop tests are also conducted , us fal' as is possible,
upon the land of the farm. Here, also, is the field and plant-house
work of the borticulturlll division. The Ex periment farm is con­nected
by telephone with the city offices. The electric ca l's on the
Hillsboro street. line of the city stop in easy walking distonce of the
farm.
P UBJ.1CA'l'lONS 0 11 TIl E STATlON.
The publica tions of the Stiltion have heretofore bcen dassified to
fa cilitate preparation as well liS preservation. The bu lletins and
reports being of such varied chara cter, and mailed to different lists,
there must necessari ly be some confusion unless this be done.
Accordingly, the following clnssificatiol1 has heen adopted:
A. BULI. ETINS.-Regular. 'Each edi tion ]4,000 to]8,000 copies. For
popular reading, with scientific terms avoided as far as possi­ble.
Numbered consecutively 82, 83, 84, etc. Sent to all
IlIl1neS 011 the Station mailing-list. Last issued during 1893
was No. 93.
B. BULf.ETlNs.-Teclmical. Each edition 3,000 copies. Numbered
consecutively 1, 2, 3, etc.: also with corresponding number
accordi ng to dale of issue, nb, SOc, etc. Sent on ly to scientific
list and exchanges. Summaries of these ISsues appear in regu~
lal' bulletins. Last issued during 1S93 was No. 7-91d.
C. BULLETINS -~IelcoTological Division (State Weather Service). Each
edition 600 copies. Numbered consecutively 1, 2, 3, ete. ; also
with corresponding number, according to dale of issue, 75c,
788, 80d, etc. Sent only to meteorological list and to ex­ciluuges.
Subject-matter is mainly meteorological dala of
various stations in North Ca rolina. Last issued during 1S93
WfiS No. 51-93d.
14 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
D. BUU.ETINs.-Special. Each edition varying in nnmber from
500 to 60,000 copies. For special purposes, as the demand
requires. Numbered consecutively 1, 2,et.c.; also with corre­sponding
number, according to number of regular issue, 80a,
etc. Sont only to special names, as occasion demands. Last
issued during 1803 was No. 15-91h.
E. BULLftARY "'Olt NORTH CAROLINA, SEPTE~mF.R, 1893.­Cont~
nts similar to No. 40. Momhly summaries from 05 observers.
No. 49 (93b).-Novembcl' 15,.1893. 24 PI'.
MONTHLY METEOltOLOO ICAL SUllMAIW FOR NORTH CAROLINA, OCTODEH, 1893.­COnt~
nts similar to No. 40. b.lum hly summaries from 66 observers.
No. 50 (93c).- Decembel' 15, 1893. 24pp.
MONTHLY METEOROLOGICAL SUM~IAlty Fon NORTH CAltOLINA, NOYIUJBER, 1893.­COlltenlS
liimilaf to No. 40. Montbly summaries from 66 obser vers.
No. 51 (93d).-Decemhol' 30, 1893. 18pp.
MONTlILY i\lETKOHOLOOIOAL SUlIHIAUY FOil NORTH CAIWLL .. A, DKO!o:)WRR. 1893.­CoUltlllts
si mllur to No. 40. Mouthly summaries from 06 observers.
D. OF THE SPECIAL BULLETINS.
No. 10 (88b).- Fobl'uaI'Y 18, 1893. 10 PI"
FKRTILlZl!:U ANALYSES AND THE FP-llTILIZER CONTROL.-First bi-weekly edition.
Val ua t iun uf illgr .. d l .. n l>J (01' 1893, nnd digesL of fertilizer ]t\ws in operation.
Freight rate~ from seaboard to interior. Analyses of 30 official samples of
fertilizers.
No. II (88c).-~larch 4, 1893, 12pp.
F .. ; ~nJLIZRR ANAT..YSES .AND THE FEUTlr .. IZER CONTROL.-SeCODd bi-weekly edi_
tlOlI. COlltelltl! !!illlilur to :-1"0. 10. Analyses of 64 official samples of fertilizer.
No. 12 (80a).-Mal'ch 18, 1803. 12 pp.
}'ERTlLIZER ANALYSES All."]) THE FERTILIZER CONTROL.-Third bi_weekly edition.
Contents similar to No. 10. lt6 s~mp l es analyzed by the fertilizer contro l.
2
18 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1804.
No. 13 (89c).-Aprill, 1893. 16 Pl'·
FERTn.lZ~R A::\'ALYSES AND THE FERTILIZER CQNTROL.-Fourth bi.weeklyedi­tion.
Contents similar to No. 10. AnalYl'es of 150 samples analyzed by the
fertilizer control.
No. 14 (90c).-Ap'·il 19, 1893. 16 pp.
F'ERTll.IZER ANALYSP..5 AND TnE FERTlLlZER (;ONTROL.-Fifth bi-weekly edition.
Contents similar to No. 10. Analyses of 107 samples a nalyzed by the fertil­izer
control.
No. 15 (91b).-Juno 19, 1893. 16 pp.
FERTILIZER ANA LYSES AND TIlE FER'I'ILIZEU CONTROr •. -Sixth hi.weekly edition.
Contents similar to No. 10. Analyses of 200 samples analyzed by the fertil­izer
control.
E. OF THE WEEKLY WEATHER CROP BULLETINS.
Nos. 1 to 27.-April 3, 1893, to Oclober 2, 1893. 1 p. eacb.
WEEKI.Y \ VJ;ATBER CROP BCLLETTN.-Issued every Monday afternoon during
the crop season. 244 reporlers, representing 01 of the 00 counties ill the State.
F. OF THE PRESS BULLETINS.
No. 39.-February 23, 1893. I p.
Articles: Plum knot. The plulll curculio. Monthly summary of meteorologi­cal
reports for North CaroJina-January, 1893.
No. 40.-Marcb 4, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Clean up the fields. Peach rot. Tbe peach.tree borer. A State fore­cast
officia l.
No. 41.-March 25,1893. 1 p.
Articles: Monthly summary of metorological reports for North Carolina-Feb­ruary.
1893. Improving native stock. Potato scab. Blight,and potato bug.
Fertilizer analyses.
No. 42.-April 20, 18D3. 1 p.
Articles: Advanced month iy summary of meteorological reports for North
Ctu·olina-March, 1898. Potato bugs. Experiments in practical digestion
with stock. North Carolina 'Veather Crop Bulletin.
No. 43.-May 15, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Advanced monthly summary of meteorological reports for North
Carolina-April,1803. The swamp caterpillars. Carolina ill8ects. Practical
st-ock feeding.
No. 44.-June 8, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Silage corn and silo. Insects beof'6cial to truck and other crops.
'Vicky laurel, or lamhkill. Vinegar eels. Mixing of watermelons and canta­loupes.
When to plant black.eye peas. Cultivation of sage. Best varietiea
of early corn and turnips. •
No. 45.-June 24, 1893. 1 p.
Article: Red spider or lice OD cOttOD:
No. 46.-July 1, 1893. 1 p.
Article : Tbe seventeen-year locust.
SL"rTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 19
No. 47.-July ~,1893: 1 p.
Articles : What is an agricultura l experiment station? Publications of the
experiment station. Gapes of fowls. The Oxford tornado of .May 3, H308.
Commercial bulb culture in North Carolina. The culture and fert·ilizing of
potatoes. Grape·vine lice. Apple trees dying. Bluestone for corn.
No. 48.-July 20, 1893. 1 p.
Article.' Bugs in cotton.
No. 49.-August J2, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Cultivation and soil moisture. Tbe late crop of Irish potatoes in the
South. Beware of frauds. Blight and root-rot of cotton. Warehouse and
flour.mill pests. Fertilizer for onions. Fertilizer to sow with clover for bay.
Identification of grass.
No. SO.-September 6, 1893. 1 p.
Article.' The peacb and its enemies.
No. 51.-September 8, 1893. I p.
Articles: Crimson clover for bay or seed. Fruit culture.
No. 52.-September J6, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: Publications of theExperimentStation. Facts for farmers. Farmers
who read. Lice on chicks. Harve!lting lhe corn crop. The horn fly. The
corn bill· bug. \Vhat season of the year is best for pruning trees? Is it advis­able
to mulch strawberries? Compost for whe"'t. Bisulphide of carbon for
stored peas. Clover for horses. Grasses. Fertilizer for wheat. Best method
of keeping Irish potatoes.
No. 53.-Septem ber 29, J 893. J p.
Articles: Chemical analyses of tobacco cured by the stalk and If'af processes.
'l'he ailantus as a shade tree. The Experiment Station bus no lUoney. As an
example. Summary of meteorological reports for North CarOlina-August,
1893.
No. 54.-0ctober 8,1893. 1 p.
Article8: The depth to plant wheat. Grazing rye and barley. Fruit culture.
}'all·grown Irish potatoes. llractical stock feeding. Teaching the calves to
drink. Care of stock in winter. Feeding pigs. New forage plant. Hatoh­ing
eggs with incubator. 'l'rf>atment of peacb trees. Sowing crimson clover
on weedy land. Fertilizer for wheat. Keeping qualities of kainit. The
apple tree root louse.
No. 55.-December 24, 1893. 1 p.
Articles: The ExperimEnt Station bulletins. Clover seed, cleaned and in the
chaff. Advanced meteorological summary for the State of North Carolina­November,
1898. Look for pea and g rain weevils. Culture of asparagus.
Use of lime and salt in the compost. Hand separators and dairying. The
peach borer. Cooling milk. TUrnips. Keeping pork. Pecans. •
G. OF THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE STATION.
No. 15.-Report of tbe Station for 1892. 42 pp.
Lett.er of transmittal. Officers of Board and Experiment Station. Report of
Director. Report of Agriculturist. Report of Botanist and Entomologist.
Report of Horticulturist. Report of First Assistant Chemist. Report of
Meteorologist. Financialstatel.I\ent for year ending June 30, 1893.
20 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
H. OF THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL DIVISION.
No. 6.-Report of the State Weather Service for 1892. 60 pp.
List of Board of Control and officers of the Experiment Station and State
Wea.ther Service. List of publications of the State Weather Service, 1886 to
1893. Annual meteorological summary for 1892. List of meteorological sta·
tions and observers in operation at the end of the year 181)2. Liat of weekly
weather crop correspondents. List of stations rer somew hat in detail to
this bulletin, The very favorable reception it was accol'ded, both in
North Carolina and in various other Stales, showed that the plan was
not ill-advised.
'rhe bulletin (No. 92) contains ]48 Vages, and is improved by baY:-
,
SIXTEENTH AXNUAL REPORT. 27
ing 91 culs to illustrate tbe various subjects. It is very comprehen­sive
in scope, em bracing two general heads. The first ioel udes propa­gation
planting, and cultu re of fruit trees and fruit.bea ring plants,
and U;e preservation and shipping of fruits. The second head
embraces insects and diseases affecting fru it trees, plants and fr uit,
with remedies for their destruction. The publication is copiously.
illustrated with cuts showing how to graft and propagate fruit trees
and vines, and train and prune tb. i also cuts of insects, and how
diseases affect them, together with appliances to destroy these enemies.
It is a manual for growing fruit trees and keeping them, as well as
for tbe care of fruits in reference to gathering, packi ng, shipping,
drying, preser·ving, and canning. them. V~rieti es f fruits are
described, as well as those most sUItable to vanous sectIOns of Nort.h
Carolina. There are J 48 pages-the largest bulletin the Station has
yet published. Bulletin 73, liThe Best Agricultural Grasses," is the
next in roint of size, a nd has 100 pages. The edition of No. 92 is
14,500 copies. The paper tlec~ssary to print this number is 143t
treams, and weighs 7,168 pounds, or over 3t tons. If this paper were
spread on the ground one thickness, it would cover an area of 48,471
square yards, or about 10 acres. If the separate sheets of the enti re
edition of the bulletin were pu t ~nd to end, they would ex tend a dis­tance
of 290.827 yards, or 165 mi les, or in a strAight line farther than
from Raleigh to Richmond, Va.
A DDl'I'JO i\AI, EQUIPMENT.
During the year the Depa rtment of Agriculture hal?: completed an
addition to the ngr iculLu l'al building, in which a re located the main
offices flnd chemical laborat.ories of the Station. The addition, to a
slight extent, affects the light in the main chemical laboratory, but
this is more than offset by the addi tional work·rooms which the Sta­tion
secures. T here are two large rooms a.nd a mailing-room, besides
a large cellar for storing. This new equipm.lt is of very great ser­vice
in the work of the Station, and enables it to be conducted with
far more correctness and dispatch.
A L the fa rm the Station has added a seco nrl story to the plant­house,
giving three rooms more than before. The ag l'icultural and
borticultural divis ions have now beUer facilities for thei l' work than
ever before.
DISTRIBUTION OF C LU1[SON C LOV ER Sf. Detailed investigations have been conducted in connection
wiLh the chemical division upon the digestibility of soj!l-bean hay
and silage, peanut vine-hay, sor.ghum bagasse and cotton· seed meal,
crimson clover hay alone und with cotton-seed meal, corn meal alone
and with crimson clover hilY, corD and cob meal alone and with
crimson clover hay. A bulletin is now in pl'ess giving Lhe result of
feeding steers tied-up in narrow stanchions, and loose in roomy stallsj
also feeding of native and grade steerf! for beef, !wd two-year and
three-yeur-old steers fol' heef.
In t..be dai ry, a year's record with the milk and butter pruduced in
comparison with the amount fed is complete, and is of much interest,
In field work, corn and soy (sojl:l) bean ba\'e been grown for silage
which has been utillzed in tbe digestion work, Quite a number of
varieties of cow peas IHlve been grown and their \'alue compared.
rrhe crimson clover crop was a good one, and by calculation a yield
of 17-1 bushels of cleaned seed was produced per RCI'e, which at mar·
ket price would amount to $8?i.64. The straw valued at 814 would
increase the total product to 8100 per acre. .It was sown in August
and haryested in June. The land was immediately sown to corn fol'
ensilage, which was taken off in due time, an~is now seeded for pas·
ture. Early sowing of this clover is better than late with us. July
or early August seems to be the best time for sow ing in this locality.
'rhe division distributed the clover seed already referred to, which
consullled considerable time.
'1'be available water supply at the farm bas been materially
increased by connection with gutters with the roof of the dwelling­house
which yiehls now an ample supply. A cheap shed has been
built for the better accommodat..ion of manure, and arrangements
have also been added to provide room for pigs to be fed in connection
with the surplus supply of milk.
The division prepared durillg the year a bulletin describing the
various co-operative field tests conducted in different portions of the
State. rrhis was a bulletin of 48 pages, and contained the results
reached in 1891 and 1892. Another bulletin of 24 pages on wheat
culture was also prepared, as well as one of 46 pages giving the
results of the feeding experiments 'conducted during the year.
30 N. C. AGlUCULTU!UL EXPERIME~l' S'fAl'lON. 1894.
THE W ORI{ Of' TUE CHElIlCAf. DIVISro:s.
The work is divided into fertilizer analyses for the fertilizer control,
miscellaneous alJd e~pe riJU enlaL A large pOl'Lion of tbe analytical
work has been in the fert il izer controL This involves very careful
and detailed chem ical work. Each sample of fertilizer is received
from one of the official inspectors in a glass jar and sealed air-tight.
It conta ins a leaden tag, on wh ich is a number to correspond with
tbe rt'gister of the inspector. Not until the analysis is finished is
the nalle of the brand known as represented by the sample. The
sample is carefully prepared for analysis, and SIX separate and dis­tinct
chemical determinations arc made on each ordinary ferti lizer
before the analysis is conclud ed, after which the clerical calculations
aro carefully checked to prevent error.
In addition to commercial fertili zers, many analyses have been
made of fertilizing material, both natural and commercial, when
sont in by farmers and others. These include maris, phosphates,
mucks, wastes, composts, etc., as well as miscellaneous fertiliz,ing
chemicals. Some analySEs of waters, ores, etc., bave a lso been made.
Many analyees of native forage plants uud foods have been made;
aim analyses of milk. rrhe division has co-operated with the agri­cultural
division in the CODrluct of digestion work to determine the
value of various foods alone and in combination, as well as in a
study to investigate the preeence of important chemical constituents
in these foods and th eir products. In addition much time is con­sumed
in the studies of chemical methods and Lhe elucidation of
chemica l questions involved in the fertilizer work.
The experimen tal work has also included detailP.d examination
of varieties of tobaccos as to chemical composition, and in especial
relation to the percentage of nicotine. Analyses have been madt: also
of various dairying products-milk, butter, buttermilk, etc. Exam­inations
of soil sam pIes tn ken from various portions of North Carolina
for tbeco-operative ex11 ibit at Chicago have been made. The chem­ical
division prepared largo contributions to tbe co-operative exhibit
in Chicago, and one member (Mr. Kilgore) assisted in oxplaining the
details of the completed exhi bit.
During 1893, 738 separate samples were completed. About one­third
of tbese are included under tbe bead of fe rtI lizers, and one-third
each under the heads of miscellaneous and experimentaL
'lDJo: 'WORK OF TnE BOTANrCAL AND E~TO:\IOI..oGICAL D IVISIONS.
'rhe study of grasses and leguminous plants has continued, and
in co-operation with the agricultural division a bulletin regarding
these su~jects will shortly be prepared for publication. A variety
test of different cow-peas has been made, and will be ready in ample
time for seeding the coming spring. The UnlmOWIl cow-pea has been
the best variety tried. It should be planted very early in tbe season
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 31
in this locality in order to mature its seed before frost. It is pur­posed
to prepare a bulletin ou popular classiflcation of insects, to
increase the general knowledge of sucu subject, especially among the
school children, and thus to prove of value to them in after-life. 'l'he
identification of weeds, plants and insects has increased largely, as
well as the other correspondence of the division. A preliminary
study in reference to the w.eevil of ~be chestnut has b.ocu cOf!1llleuced,
aud will be extended to ltlclude lOsects and fungI affectmg forest
trees. It is proposed also to study the dbeases of the cotton plant.
The investigations in regard to seed testing and the need of a com­parative
seed standard for commercial seeds, which was commenced
several ycars ago, has so expanded in volume as to consume far more
time than at first thought. 'fhe data are nearly ready for publica­tioll,
nnu a bulletin upon the su bject will shortly be issued.
TrTE '''ORK 010' THlt HORTICULTURAL DrvISION.
Variety tests of vegetables have not generally been conducted ou
the Station farm because of the lack of suitable land. Methods of
cultivation, Hnd a study of new crops, and developing better varie­ties
from cross· fertilization, have received attention in preference to
variety tesls. The effort to produce a good variety of sugar·corn
seems to be meeting with success, and some seed will be distributed
to growers for testing. rfhe blight of tomato is also receiving atten­tion,
but the difficulties a re great and the resu lt not hopeful, owing
to the tender property of the leaves. The division has been atlo to
show the value of tbe plan for keeping the late crop of tomatoes by
wrapping in paper and packing away in ordinary crates in n cool
dark place, and the indications are that a new industry will result
from this work. The late fall crop of potatoes also is proving prom­ising,
for our growers are commencing to sell the Northern gardeners
for early growing large quantities for seed. Variety tests have been
made with onions and muskmelons, with a negative result with the
latter, for the varieties now known will hardly be superseded. The
Southport White Globe onion has been found to be the best for ripe
onions. 'l'he study of small fru its, tbe shelter for grapes, and the
hybridization of foreigu grapes with natives, still go on. In the
grapery the foreign grapes were exceptionally large, and if they can
be ripened so as to be marketed before the Califorllia grapes, the
growmg of them will become a profitable enterprise. The exceed ­ingly
cold weather of the past winter killed the figs to the ground,
but by burying them this fall, additional growth made during the
past SUlUiller will be saved for comparative testing next year. About
7~OOO cuttings have already been distributed for testing to parties in
d.lfferent PlLl'tS of the State. The possibilities of a trade in COlll ll1er­c~
al bulb.culture in North Carolina is promising, and the investiga­ho~
~outm ues. The tea plants sent for testing to Fayetteville are
thnvmg there. '1'he question of forcing cucumbers and other vege-
32 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
tables for early markets will be investigated, with every prospect for
success. It is probable, too, that the propagation of eu ttings of hardy
roses for Northern growjng may be shown to be possible to be grown
outdoors in tbis latitude.
THE \VORK OF THE METEOROLOGICAT. DIVISION.
Sixty-six meteorological stations now co-operate with this division,
the number being somewhat increased siDce last year. It is desired
to establish stations at some additional places to complete these
records. These data were published in tbe monthly meteorological
bulletins which iuclude each month the charts of normal monthly
precipitation and temperature. Fifty-two places now receive daily
weather forecasts by telegram, twenty·five additional the frost warn·
ings only, and four additional only the cold wave warnings. One
hundred and seventy aresupplied eacb day with the forecasts through
the mail frolD the central office in Raleigh, and one hundred from
other stations. Fifty-two daily wealher maps are issued from the
central office. Some of the display stations will also act as centres
in the future and distribute daily forecasts by mail to points Dear by.
These forecasts have proven of very great value, during the year as
in the past, to fruit growers, truckers, and tobacco growers, and thous­auds
of dollars are Rnuually saved by tbeir use.
'fhe weekly weather crop bulletin has been continued du ring the
year, with an edition of 1,200 each week. Two hundred and seventy
croptorrespondents co-operated in the work from ninety-one of the
ninety-six counties. It is probable that during the coming year some
rain-gauges will be distributed to increase the value of these reports.
REPORTS OF THE VARIOUS DJVlSro:s-S.
'fhe reports of the heads of the various divisions will be found
appended.
,
REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST.
DR. 11. B. BATTL I~, Director.
Sm. :-Duriug the past year tbe feedin~ experimental work under­taken
jointly by this and the chemical divisions has been contin ued
by the completion of 16 experiments in digestion, comprising 28
trials with individual animals, ranging from 13 days for s in ~le
determinations to 25 days where duplications were made, 'fhe Run
kept steadily in view was to determine the digestibility of such foods
and rations as farmers can raise easily, or buy at low rates, in order
to bring prominently to their notice the best and most effective food
materials which are at band, or can be easily provided.
The following list shows the foods and rations which have been
subjected to digestion and which will be shortly reported.
DIGKS'rION EXPERHtU;NTS, 1893.
1. Soy bean hay, 2 animals.
2. Cat-tail millet, 1 animal, duplicated. •
3. Johnson grass hay, 1· animal, single determination.
4. Sorghum fodder (leaves alone), 2 animals.
5. Peanut-vine hay, 2 animals.
6. Sorghum bagasse, 1 animal.
7. Sorghum bagasse and cotton-seed meal (eaten 1.79: 1), 1 animaL
8. Crimson clover bay, 2 animals.
O. Crimson clover hay and c. s. meal {Ratio, 6.4: I} 1 animal,
7: 1 duplicated.
10. Crimson clover hay and c. s. meal 353' 1 alUma s,
{
3.5 :1} 2 . I
3:09 ~ 1 3 experiments.
II. Cotton·seed ~ulls and cotton-seed meal { :.~ \ } 2 animals.
{
12. Cotton-seed hulls and c. s. meal 22..402:1: 1 } ea t eu, 2. am.m a I s,
. 2.0 : 1 3 experiments.
13. Corn meal, 1 animal, single.
14. Corn meal and crimson clover hay { ~ ~ ~:~~} eateD, 2 animals.
15. Corn and col? meal, 1 animal.
16. Corn and cor meal and crimson clover hay { 1 : 1.8 } eat~n/ 2
1 : 1.35 anllIlal ..
3
34 N. C. AGRIGULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894..
A bulletin has been prepared covering the feeding done in 1892
with cotton-seed hulls and cottoll-seed meal, for beef. rl'his gives in
detail the results from comparisons instituted between feed ing two
and three year old st.eers for beef, between steers tied up in narrow
stalls, and others fed loose in large, roomy box-stalls; also between
steers having the characteristics of natives and those apparently
graded up with shorthorn blood. Nothing was known of the actual
breeding of the steers.
The rations fed these steers have been carefully calculated for each
period. Oomparisons made with the German standard show that
these feeds bave a high nutritive eft·ect. The comparatively small
amounts consumed by steers which were making good gains in live
weight are evidence tbat the German standard needs radical revision
before it is sui ted to our American needs. In fact, some one must
soon set up an American standard of cattle feed ing, and OUI' experi­ment
stalions, collectively, are fast supplying the material for a new
and more nearly accurute standard.
Live Stock Now on R and.-The following live stock are now on
hand: One driving horse and one pair mules; one shorthol'lJ bull,
under three years; two Jersey cows; one cross-hl'ed Jersey-Guernsey
cow; five grade Jersey and native COWSj onc grade Jersey heifer,
soon coming into milk; two gmde Jersey heifer calves; four sum­mer
pigs; two wether goats, used in digestion experiments.
Labo1'e1'8.-Laboring help has never been so irregular and unreli­able
as this year. A mall, to be of any value to our work, should
be fixed and reliable. Such help as needs to be watched,and knows
nothing, or cares little, of the work in hand beyond the master's eye,
and drawing pay for time, does more harm than good. It is not
desirable to undertake anything which ODe cannot do himself, or
employ a reliable assistant to do. Tbe regular help needed to carryon
work as now organized is a dairyman and milker, who does general
work and runs the engine; a mule driver, assisting,in cleauing and
weighing stock; a feeder and milker, who cleans stable and cows,
and does general }York; a boy for keeping rooms in order, doing
errands, sawing wood, and various other work.
Dairy Work.-In the dairy work a year's record has been made
with the herd of cows gathered as any farmer of small means would
be obliged to buy. Thirty-six differeut cows, in all, have been tested
for various periods, and many more reviewed and discarded. Our
aim bas been to secure a record from these cows witb which to com­pare
their progeny, and to outline a moderate and safe plan for
farmers who may find it desirable to change their mode of fa rming
in order to improve their lands and to insure themselves a more
regular income.
Tbe year's record for the herd now at the farm is us follows:
Na.me of co w.
- - - Dora McKee.
Jersey·Guern
No.2 ... •. -- -
No.5 ___ . __ _ No.7 . _____ ._
Mias Haley __
Spot ....... .
No. 14 __ . . __
-- .
sey .
--_.
. ---
.. _.
---- -
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
.0-,.", -_"~0 .-" 80 Breed of cow. Weight ~o. of cow. o~
~.
-~ ·S::ZS ;. .:c:I
'OQlt:LI o '" aj,.,;:: 0 .-4-) .4...). '-=p.. :s!.~ ~c ;. '-'
1><0_
._ 0
o. .>i~8 0 -----
4485. 212.86
_. ---- 200.4.9
3274. 176.9
_ .. --- 2!)7.75
-- . ' _ . 220.43
3787.64 188.38
5078.15 263.4
. __ . -- 19·1.75
a Did no~ dry off between calves. b Record began "March 19, after having been
dry ]59 days. c Was dry 53 days, February to April. d Was dry 69 days; record
began January 25; aborted October 22; mQ.le calf at s ix: months. ~ Was dry 11
days in ApriL f Last served , July 20, 1893; should have been fresh III November,
1898. 9 Dry 56 da.ys after milking 867 days; record began with second calf,
December 3, 1893. h Record began June 20. i Averages for s ix months; three
weights for each month.
Field Work.-In field work corn and soy beans have been grown
for silage; an experiment in cotton varieties has produced a good
crop, except as to the Egyptian varieties, bamin and afi fi, which are
tao late for this climate. The fertilizer and cow pea-vine experiment
with wheat has beeu discontinued after thjs year's crop was harvested.
It is likely that this wheat plat will be now used as the grass garden_
A considerable number of the varieties of the cow poa have been
grown petween the grass plats on the upland portion of the farm.
Some Japau peas and the \Vonderful pea have been grown there also.
'l'he rows were all 90 feet in length, hence we have a good comparison
in productiveness of those varieties. It may be said here that the
past season has not been long enough for the \Vonderful pell to mature
its fruit well after making its very rank growth. It is oneof the best
forage peas we have grown, in vigor and amountj>f vines produced,
and seems to be identical with the Unknown or innominate pea.
Little has been done with the grass plats this season other than to
grow peas there and smooth the surface.
Crimson clover sown in 18U2 all failed, except Ii acres sown
August 24th. rl'his grew off well and produced a good crop of seed,
and was harvested May 26-27th, 1893. The yield was equivalent
to 1,956 pounds per acre of chaff, and over 1,600 pounds of straw.
In addition there was fed to horse and mules 2,193 pounds of straw
exclusive of all waste. Calculating this seed crop by Professor
McCarthy's test in September [(95 - 32)% X 83.4 = 52.54%] gives
for 1,956 pounds, 1,027.68 pounds viable seed. rl'his is 17! bushels
@ $6 per bushel, the market price (it was higher at retail a part of
the season), $85.9N: per acre. At the present price for hay, the straw
would be well worth $14.36, making a return of $100 per acre during
36 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
August to June fo llowing. The same land on which this clover
grew produced a fine crop of corn , and is now seeded fo r pasture.
A considerable area of the State Agricultural Society's land which
has been improved by us bas been sown with crimson clover seed of
our own raising. Being convinced that ea rly seeding givesassul'ance
of success four acres were sown late in July, and now (November),
promises well for next year; while nearly all the later sown seed bas
failed or so nearly failed as to be of 110 value for a crop. By the
advice and co·operat ion of the director the bulk of the crimson clover
seed reported above was distributed to farmers in nearly all parts of
the State in 10 and 5-pou nd packages. In addition to ou r own seed
and in order t.o supply the demand for seed resulting from a press
bulletin notice, a quan tity of seed at ten cents per pound was pur­chased
and distributed. 'rhen ci rculars announci ng that our supply
of seed was exhausted were sent to a large number of Hpplicants. If
the farmers of North Carolina fail to develop this crop for cash and
improvement, we must believe they do not heed their opportunities.
Imp1·ovemenfs.-The following improvements have been made
during the year: The addition of a second story to the office build­ing.
'fhis gives two rooms for assistants aud two additional for use
and storage. An improvement recently begun, is building at the
west of the ba.rn alld cow stable a cheap shed for manure aecording
to our original plan.
A well 38 feet deep under the dairy building has been the source
of water supply since the dairy was fitted up. At first this water
was used for the small stock at the barn, but the supply was insuf­ficient,
and when stock wns increased in 1891 a large tank was placed
at the corner of the barn to catch rainwater from the roof. This has
proved a decided success, while the well has afforded apparently less
water than formerly. The well has been pumped dry from four to six
times weekly, and the water supply for a yearor more had never been
over a week ahead of the pump, whilst we have often found it neces­sary
to use water from another distant well, and much of the cottage
supply was brought from the barn tauk. To supplement this water
supply, galvRnize~iron gutters have been put up around the main
part of the cottage, and the discharge conducted from them th rough
4-inch galvanized pipes to the tank in the dairy. This tank has a
capacity of about 3,200 gallons. The area. of the house and gutters
is approximately 856 square feet, hence one inch of rainfa ll amounts
to 533.6 gallon on this space. We may count 500 gallons of water
per inch of rain and 3,000 usable gallons of water in the tank when
full.
This, for a considerable part of the year, gives nearly a pure rain
or soft water for the use of the engine and washing purposes, which
is a decided advantage, in addition to its coming into the tank ready
for use without pumping.
F. E. EMERY. Agriculturist.
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 37
REPORT OF THE FIRST ASSISTANT CHEMIST.
DR. H. B. BATTLE, Director.
]JEAR SIR :-1 present herewith a report of progress in the chem­ical
division of Lbe Station for the year ]893. 'rhe work in the
laboratory during Lhe past season may be classed under the three
general heads of fertil izer, miscellaneous, and experimental, and the
analyses as completed during 1893 may be summ.arized as follows :
Commercial fertilizers ______ 295
Pbosphate rock______ ____ __ 1
Ashes ____________ ______ __ 2
Marl ____________ ---- ----- 10
Land plaster __ ______ __ ____ 2
Agriculturallime ___________ 1
Gas-works lime ____ _______ 2
Soils ________________ _ ____ 13
Fresh-water shells __ ____ ____ 1
Bone meal ______ _____ _ ___ 6
Tankage_ _____ ____________ 4
Beef ozotin ____ ____________ 2
Pork ozotio _______________ 2
Fish scrap _____ ___________ 4
Dried blood______ _________ 2
Pea mea! ____ _________ -- -- ]
Nitrogen, official committee
samples _____________ ___ 3
Phosphoric ficid, official com-mitteesamples
___________ 2
Potash, offic ia l commi ttee
samples .___ _____ _______ 2
Cotton-seed meal __________ 3
Cotton seed • __ _______ __ ._ .. 2
Coal _____________ . _______ 4
Carried forward _______ 364
Brougbt forward _______ 364
Water deposit ______ __ _____ 1
Boiler water. ______ ____ __ __ 1
Mi neral water ____ _________ 52
Healtb water _________ ____ _ 37
l ee ______ ____________ ___ _ 1
IL'on ore __________ ______ __ 2
Gold and sil ver ore --- \10---- 2
Kaolin __ __ _____ • _ _____ ___ 1
Flour for adulteration ______ 2
Ri ce bef'r. _______ _______ __ 2
"Compound extract salyx,J
(commercial salicylic acid), 2
Liquid food preservativo____ 1
Powdered food preservative_ 1
Butter ______ __ ______ ______ 6
Mi lk _____________________ 18
Cream _____ __ __ .. ____ __ ___ 6
Fodder analyses in conne~t ion
wi th digestion experim ents, 78
Fodder analyses, com miLtee
sampl€s ___ _ _______ _____ 2
'robacco ___________ ____ __ .. 73
Rocks, minelfl.ls,and ores iden­tified
and vtdue reported __ 86
TotaL ________________ 738
Ftl"tilizer W01'k.-The above summary of fert il izer analyses does
not represent the full amount of work doue in this line sinc~ neither
do the duplicate and check ana lyses, nor those made in the study of
methods for our own laboratory appear in it. Three to four months
of tho year of all workers in this division are occupied in this class
of work.
,W?l'k for the Association of Official Agr·icultural G'hemisls.-\Vhat is
sald 10 the fo re,going is true to a much greater extent of the samples
sent out by the different reporters of the Association of Official
38 N. C. AGRICULTUHAL EXPERiMENT STATION. 1894..
Agricultural Chemists. 'rhese samples being used in Lhe study and
test of methods represent a great deal of very careful experimental
work. This year wo bave done the work in this line for the reporters
on phosphoric acid, polash, nitrogen, dairy products and cattle-foods_
Miscellaneous Anafyses_-The general work of the laboratory in the
analysis of waters (mineral and potable), phosphates, limestones,
mnris,ores,etc., is quite large and occupies considerable time. trhe
number of samples of this class last season wus 215.
Among the miscellaneous samples appear three food andjruit pre­sC'rvativcB.
These arc {I Compound Extract of Salyx," or commercial
salicylic acid, to which I called attention in Lhe last Annual Report,
a liq uid composed of su I furic, sulfurous, a nd byd rocb loric acids, and
a powder made up chiefly of borax with tartaric acid and a soluble
I)hosphate and aeetnte. A 11 of these are more or less injurious to
1ealth, I do not know to what extent these and other food-preserv­ing
mixLures and compounds nrc sold throughout the State, but con­sider
it very desirahle that the buyers and users of tbem should be
informed of their injurious effects, and exorbitant prices at which
they are usually retailed.
I nvcst7gatioll8 oj Available PholfPltoric Acid in Some Raw Fertilizer
Materialso-Ptlrtly in con nection witb fertilizer work, quite a number
of analyses of raw fertilizer materials have been made to det~rmine
the avaoUable phosphoric tlcid in them, and the methods to be used
ill such estimation, They include fish scrap, tanknge, bone meal,
dried blood, beef and pork ozolin s, and cotton-seed meal, and the
1"esul~s form a valuable contribution to our know ledge of these mate­rials.
'l'hey have been nresented along with some other results in
'l'echnical Bulletin No, 7.
Tobacco E:rpel'inumlal lI'ork.- The tohacco work commenced two
years ago has been continu('d during this year, but in a somewhat
different line. In Technica l Bulletin ~o 5 nrc presented the results
of chemical analyses of tobacco cured by the lcnf-cure on wire, and
thc stalk processo!:l, together with methods used in the analyses, and
other allied datn.. The wurk now in progresp, and nearly completed
in this line, consist; of nicotine determinations in nbout forty sam­plcs
of tobacco at dir-ferent stages of growth, and nicotine, ammonia
in ammonium compounds, nitric acid, total nitrogen, fats and resins,
cellulose, ash, water, potash, and chlorine determinutions in thirty­three
SAmples of typiCAl American tobaccos grown in different parts
of the United States, to obt::tin comparative results. '1'0 complete
this laUer phase of the investigation will require au additional num­ber
of samples from lOCAlities from which specimens have not yet
been obtained, and will be continued during the coming year.
Dairy Pl'oducls.-Considornble work bas been done in 1 he labora­tory
in tho analysis of milk, butter and CI-enm, mosll,v to test the
aecumcy of the rapid volumeLric melhod used by the Agriculturist
in tht} dniry_ Some disCI-epA-Bcies have been fOllud, but the re81llts
have gener\llly been close enough for practical purposes.
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 39
Soil Work.-Complete analyses of thirteen samples of soils have
been made during the year, making, in all, sixty soils, surface and
subsoil. One-half of these were the typical soils of the State, and
were collected and analyzed for exhibition at Chicago. None of these­results
have been published.
Dige8tion Exper-iments.- Tn connection with tbe Agriculturist, the
study of the digestibility of North Carolina fodders and feeding stuffs
has been continued. During tbe fall and winter of the past year the
data for twenty·eight such experiments were collected, and the results
are almost ready to present for publication. This line of work is
quite promising, and the results are being well received. OUf deter­minations
BOW number upward of sixty. All the samples collected
have been saved, and it is hoped to make a more thorough anJ
detailed study of them so soon as sufficient time can be had to inves-tigate
methods to be us~d jn suc~ ~tudy. . . .
Exhibit at the Columbwn Exposttton, Chtcago.-An JllustratIve ex­hibit,
showing the composition, digestibi lity and feeding value of the
cow-pea ville, was prepared in the laboratory, at the request of tbe
Chairman of the Stations' Committee on Forage Plants for Exhibi­tion
at Chicago, in connection with the combined exhibit of stations
RDd colleges of agriculture. rrhis consisted of a representation, in
glass jars of proper size, of the actual amounts of the different uutri­euts
in ten pounds of cow'!Jea vinE'S, together with mounled speci­mens
of nine varieties (full-grown) of cow· pea vines, Oll large card ­board,
32x 56 inches. Data as to yield were also presented. Appa­ratus
and chemicals were also sent from this laboratory for deter­mining
the different forms of phosphoric acid in fertilizers, and to
illustrate this line of station work. In addilion to the above, ] was
detailed and performed during the month of August the duties of
demonstrator in chemical laboratories of the colleges and stations In
connection with the combined ex hibit.
Bulletins -Since my last report four bulletins have been prepared
by the members of this division-one by Mr. Carpenter (Tech nical
Bulletin No.5), on the "Results of Chemical Analyses of rrobacco";
and three by myself-a general bulletiu on" Practical Stock-feNling,"
a technical bulletin (No.6) on "Chemical Analyses of Some Native
Nor th Carolina Grasses, Forage Plants, Grains, Seeds," etc., and a buI·
letin containing results of ilwestigations of the flvailable phospboric
acid in crude fOltilizer materials. notes on methods of analyses, and
some forms of apparatus. Mr. R. E. Noble, formerly Assistant Chemist,
assisted in the preparation of the latter three bulletins.
Work in PJ·ogre8.~ and Oulii'ned 101' the .Jilutu1·e.-The digestion work
on band will require some tiDle to com plete. This line of work
will be continued. Tobacco experiments are in progress and \vill be
continued. Some work remains to be done to finish the soil investi­~
atiotls already commenced. In connection with digestion and feed­lllg
work, experiments have been planned to investigate the loss of
fertilizing materials from the manure heap, and to test means of pre-
40 N. C. AGIUCULTURAL EXPERIME~T STATION. 1894.
venting, as far as possible, such loss. '1'his, with fertilizer and mis­cellaneous
work, will occupy the attention of the workers of this
division foJ' some time to come.
Equipment.-'1'he laboratory is in first-rate equipmen~ for the work
before us, and, with the addilion of a few pieces of apparatus, we will
only need the usual chemicals and apparatus for carrying on regular
work.
In cOl1clusioo, I wish to add that tbe chemical wOJ'k is divided as
nearly equal as possible amongst the analysts, and to each is due
corresponding credit for the work accomplislJed.
Respectfully submitted.
B. \V. KlI.,GORE,
First Assistant Chemist.
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST AND ENTOMOLOGIST.
DR. H. 13. BATTLE, Di,·eclor.
During tbe calendar year 1893, tile work carried on and completed
in the botanical and entomological di\'ision of the Station hilS been
substantially as follows: A large number of photographs of Station
buildings, root stunies, etc., were prepared and sent to the Columbian
Fair at Chicago. Much other work in different lines was devoted to
matters relating to the Fair.
The critical study of permanent pasture and meadow grasses and
legumines has been cont.inued during the year, and it is proposed in
collaboration with the Agriculturist to publish tho resul ts of the
three years work in this line eady in spring.
A series of comparative tests of different varieties of the cow pea
was begun two years ago and continued during the present. year.
Valuable results have been obtained and will he ready for publ ication
in time to make the information of use to farmers for the next sea­son's
work.
A bulletin on "Diseases and Insect Enemies of OrchRl"d Fruits"
bas been completed and published as Part 1I of Bulletin 92 on t.he
culture of fruits. \Vork has ·broll carried 011 upon a bulletin on seed
testing, llnd the out.lines of n popular classificatory bulletin 011 the
insect fHuna of tbe State has been begun. The correspondence of
the di vision and the uu III bel' of specimens sent fol' identification have
exceeded nil previous years and have consumod considerable time.
During the year a large number of short Rud timely papers ou
oconomic botany and entomology have been contributed to the Sta­tion
press sorvice bulletin. A number of longer papers have been
contributed to various agricultural and scientific periodicals. Two
papers were read before the State Horticultural Society at Southern
Pines, and several papers on economic botany, entomology, and hor­t
iculture have been contributed lo the annual report of that society.
SIXTEENTH ANh"'UAL REPORT. 41
The work proposed for the ensuing year will include the comple­tion
and publication of the several bulletius already referred to.
An investigation of the diseases and insect enemies of the chestnut
and other tim ber trees is proposed. This work musl be done where
such trees are abundant, and will requi l'e considerable travel ill the
western and eastern portions of the State. It is also proposed to
make a thorough study of the di seases of the cotton plant during
the next season. This plant is subject to numerous obscure diseases
of whose real character vel'y lillie is known. The study of pasture
and meadow grasses will be conti nued, and in additioll to the plats
of pure seedings now on the fafl,?, a nu~ber of mixtures suitable
for different sods and purposes wil l be tl'led on small plats. T he
above work, with the necessary time devoted to the division corre­spondence
a~d routil~e work , w.ilI probably engross the whole time
of the Botalllst and Entomologist.
Respectfully supmitted,
GERALD Ml:CARTRY,
Botanist and Dntomologist.
REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.
DR. H. B. BATTLE, Direr:tol'.
I beg leave to submit a brief statement of the pro,gress of the
horticultural division for the past season. 0ur fu II report of progL'ess
will be contained in a bulletin now in course of preparation. I will,
therefore, confine myself here to a mere outlitle.
Varietal 'Pesls.-The testing of long lists of vegetables and small
fruits as done at some other Stations has never been attempted here,
because there is no space available for carrying out these extensive
tests, a.nd we have serious doubts 3S to whether the very extended
tests are worth the time and labat' they l'equirc. I prefer rather to
study means for overcoming climatic difficultic:;, and to develop new
methods of culture and new crops, so as to give our people infol'lna­tion
of a really practical chafHcter.
We are still continuing OUI' efforts to fix a good variety of sugar­corn
that can be grown ill this climate, and the variety now in the
fifth year from the cross is becoming more fixed in its character, and
we will place some of it in the hands of careful growers elsewhere
for test this season . It retains its character as an early sweet-corn,
~ut the fact tlUlt careful selection must be used to bring it to perfec­tIOn
renders but a small part of our product available for planting,
and as r,roper space is limited we are slow in getting a largequuntity
of the right quality for distribution.
Tomaloes.-The difficulty attending the production of good crops
of the tomato in this vicinity is still n matter of careful study. 'rhe
bacterial disease known as Southern Blight is the g reatest trouble ill
42 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
the way of getting good successive crops, and the grent prevalence
of boll worms and rot early in the season seriou sly cuts short the
early crop. The blight is caused by growth of bacterin in the young
tissues in a very similar manner in which allother form of bacteria
causes the blight in pear trees. So far wo have been occupied mainly
in a study of the cause of the disease. Next seasou we propose to
make some efforts to check iI.., u much more difficult matter than the
dealing with tbe fungus forms that affect the foliage of plants and
which have a development of spores externally, which can be reached
by fungicides. rrbe low forms of fungi known as bacteria do not
increase by spores as the higher forms do. Increasing only by fissure
within the tissues of tbe plant it is impracticable to reach tbem
when they get a footh old, find all efforts must be of a preventive
ratber than ~\ curative chnracter. If tbis disease can be eliminated
it ought to be an easy mutter to grow a late crop of tomatoes.
Experiments we are now mllkillg wilil this late crop now sbow that
it is possible to make it a -sonrce of profit by having the crop attain
full size of unripe fruit about the coming of frost and then gathering
the crop, wrapping the fruit in papPI' and packing in the ordiuary
crates in a cool durk place until such times as the fruit commands a
high price. Last wintt'r wo kept these tomatoes in good coudition
until .J anuary, and this season, though the disease has afl'ected not
only the plants but many of the fruits, we still have some in good
condition. With healthy fruit we feel su re that it will be practicable
to have tomatoes in quulltity in good order to ship at Christmas
whell fan cy prices CRn be rea lized. I c01lsider this a mutter of such
importance that it will be taken up again.
Potatoes-OUI' study of the Irish potato is still continued, and we
arc more than ever convinced of 'he great vlrlue of the late fall crop
for our cl imate. By this mea ns the potato, in tbis latitude, cannot
only be preven ted from deteriorating but actually improved. A
large demand is springing up for tbe hlle crop for seed to plant
North. We have enabled our growers to dispose of la rge quantities
for seed as far north as l\-lichigan und elsewllel'e. Market gardeners
Nort!l who have tried our late crop potatoes are unanimolls in the
opinion that they are the best seed for early planting. \Ve have no
doubt t.hat a great industry will soon develop here in the production
of seed potatoes for Nurthern planting, and a great Eource of profit
added to our growers. As the production of this crop is made Illore
certain, the time is not far distant when our CiLy markets in winter
will be supplied with t.hese potatoes instead of as now wholly su pplied
by the Northern product.
Onio1l8 and .i!IlIsA:melo118.-'rhe principal varietal tests we have made
have been with onions Aud muskmelons. \Vo have not found any
melons that will be likely to sl1perEede those now grown by our mar·
ket growel·s. In onious we are satisfi ed that for the ripe crop we can
grow larger crops and better onions of any variety tbat makes seed
from seed sown in early spring thau by the use of sets fiS heretofore
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 43
practiced. In our tests we have found the Southport 'Vhite Glohe
Onion by far the .best variety, and recommend it to ~ur growers for
ripe onions. Owmg to the fact that our fall weather IS apt to be dry
and seed bard to germinate, we bolieve sets should be used for faU
planting to grow green onions for shipping bunched in ll~ebruary and
March.
Pruits.-Ill small fruits we have tested a number of strawberries,
blackberries and raspberries, withou t any very important results.
rrhese however, will be fully stated in a forthcoming bulletin. "Ve
have planted, and hope to fruit soon, a series of Southern grapes,
grown by Mr. Munson, of Texas, tbat are making a sellsation, and
we bope for good results. Comparative experiments were made
between shelter for grapes and spraying to prevent rot. 'rhe shelter
was perfectly efiective in preventing rot, but the destruction of the
foliage on the sheltered vines by thrips caused them to ripen badly.
We will continue this wOJ'k next season. Our foreign grapes under
glass gave a fil~e crop, which attracteJ a great deal of att~nlion. v~e
believe that thiS crop may be made profitable by forwarding the frUIt
as early as is practicable, so as to put it in market ahend of the Cali·
fornia crop. 'Ve hopo next season to hybridize some with our native
grapes for growing new varieties fl'oqI seed.
The peaches at the Station farm aro in a very unsuitablo location,
and as the entire space is now needed by the apples, the peach trees
will bo takeD out, as we have a young orchard on the college rarm in
a much better location for experimental work. The removal of these
trees will give us a better opportunity for studying the apples, which
are now getting into a bearing state.
Figs were killed to the ground last winter, and no study of the
fruit could be well made th is summer. 'fhis fa I) we have buried the
trees, and hope to havo good results next summer. By the close of
next spring season we will have distributed nearly seven thousand
figs, and will now cease the free distribution, as our glass is needed
for other work.
Floweri'l1g Bulbs.-Our experiments this season in flowering bulbs,
such as lilies, narcissus and hyacinths, have satisried us that many
of these can be produced in remarkable quality in our climate. We
have distributed our surplus young bulbs to growers in the easteru
part of the State 101' trial. Attention has bcen attracted to thl\
capacity of North Caroli na (or the commercial production of these
bulbs by articles we have written in trade papers North, ancl one
Northern see~sman wrote this fall asking terms fol' growing 100,000
Roman hyaclOths. Ol'ders such as this can easily be had by our
growers when the.v accumulate stock .
. iJJisceliml eou8.-Tho tea plants raised at the Stat ion lAst year were
planted for us by 1\lr. Andrew Broadfoot, n ear Fayettevill e. I have
not seen them since shortly after they were planted, but learn from
Mr. Bro~dfoot tba.t they are in a thriving condition.
Experiments will be begun this winter in forcing cucumbers and
other vegetables under glass. At the North the g rowing of Cllcum-
•
44 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
bers is n large and profi table industry under glass, and we know of
no reason why i t should not be here. T he out·door crop is an
important one to our gl'owers. Messrs. Hackburn & Willett, of New~
bern, I'eport a crop of 20,000 bushel crates from 20 acres, and Messrs.
Meadows, of same place, shipped 3,200 bushels from 2i measured
acres. The forced crop commands high prices. and we would like
to see our growers use more glass. One grower near Boston writes
that he gets for his forced cucumbers from $1.25 each in midwinter
to ten cents eac:h in early spring. Here, with less expensive houses
and a much smaller consumpl.ion of coal , the business of growing
vegetables and fruits under glass out of season ought to be a very
profitable b,usiness.
Another line of nursery work in wh ich we have experimented to
some extent is the propagation of the bardy roses, used at the North,
from cnttings in the open ground. 'rile Northern fl orists grow these
from cuttings under glass, wh ile here we can put down cutti ngs in the
open ground and root them easi ly. We have now plants over six feet
high from cu ttings put in the ground one year ago. Roses grown in
this way can be so ld, at one year old, at prices much lower than
Northern growers can produce them, and a profil.able business may
thus be built up ill supplyi ng them at wholesale to lhedealOl's North.
'Ve have added to our series of edllcational bu lletins lately oneon
H Frui t Culture," which we hope will do much good. We have ill
contemplation one on " Market Garden Practice," and one on" Com·
mercia} F loriculture/' which will be prepared as soon as it is possible
to accomplish the work.
Respectfully submitted.
, .y. Ii'. MASSEY, Hm·liculturi8t.
REPORT OF THE METEOROLOGIST.
DR. H. B. BAT'l'LE, Director.
DEAR Sm:-In compliance with your request I have the honol' to
submit herewith my report of tbe operations of the meteorological
division during the year 1893.
1. :McteoTological Slations.-'l'here 81'e at present 66 stations taking
·meteoroiogical obsenations, a slight increase over the preceding year.
A large number of our obsorvors have now been reporting for over
four ye~lJ's regularly, and the interest in this part of the work does
not dimi nish. The following stations were discontinued:
Cheraw, South Carolina (not used).
Douglas, Rockingham Count.y, T. B. Li ndsay, observer.
Florence, South Carolina (not used).
Lexi ngton, Davidson County, Prof. W. J. Scroggs.
Wadeville, Montgomery County, Prof. J. L. llayward.
Boone, \Vatauga County) Miss l\lIaggie Cook.
Mount Holly, rai nfall station.
SIXTEENTH ANN UAL REPORT.
The following hn ve been established:
Sloan, Duplin Couuty, D. M. Sholar.
Falkland, Pitt County, \V. R. Williams.
Greenville, Pitt County, 1. A Sllgg.
Mocksville, Davie County, ",Vill X. Coley.
Henderson, Vance Cou nLy, Enoch Powell.
Rutherford College, Burke County, E. A. Abernethy.
45
Mr Paul Clark, observer at Southern Pines, has retired, and the
observations are now taken by Dr. C. W. \Veaver. Prof. G. S. \Vills,
observer at Oak Ridge, has been relieved by Miss Lou E. Case, and
R. 'V. Pritchard at Greensboro by Mr. A. N. Perkins.
The division is endeavoring to establish stations at Wilkesboro,
Jacksonville, Elizabethtown and a few other pJ aces with every pros~
pect of success.
'fbe reports from these voluntary stations are printed as a special
bulletin of the meteorological division in editions of 700 copies. The
last number issued was No. 49 for October, 1893. During the year
the charts of normal distribution of temperature and rainfall over
North Carolina have been completed. At the beginning of the year
the usual annual meteorological summary was published, a pamphlet
0[60 pages, of which 2,000 copies were used. It covered the year 1892.
2. Display Stations.-Many changes in the personnel of displaymeu
have been made, and a few stations wore discontinued for fail ure to
render the proper monthly report. rrhe total number of statioJ;ls
receiving weather forecasts by telegraph is now 52, in addition to 25
frost warning and 4 special cold wave warning stations.
The stations discontinued during the year were:
Ahoskie, J. A. Copelan d, displayman.
Black Creek, H. W. Privett.
Burgaw, A. E. 'r aylor.
Clinton, W. S. Westbrook.
Franklinton, H. E. Pearce.
Grifton, J. J. Rhodes.
Littletou, J. J. Williams.
New London, J. D. Tucker.
Pittsboro, W. R. H unter.
Shelby, J. T. Gardner.
\Veldon, J. rr. Gooch.
Warsaw, W. L. Hill.
Walkerton, Martin & Carmichael.
The following stations were established:
AsheYille, the Postmaster.
Canton, C. L. Mingus.
Dudley, J. R. Ginnett.
Forest City, G. O. Doggett.
•
46 N. C. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1894.
Greenville, L. H. Heilbroner.
Oxford, W. C. Biggs.
Pilot Mountain, J. A. Stoll e.
Rich Square, Buxton & Baugbam.
Rutherford College, E. A. Abernetby.
Sylva, F. A. Luck, Sr.
The number of places receiving tbe forecasts dai ly by mail is: '
From the Oentral office, 170 ; from otber sta tions, 100.
'rhe following plan for innl'easing tho Dumber of stations to receive
forecasts by mail has been adopted. To those displaymen who bave
expressed tbeir willingness to undertake the work an outfit for dupli­cating
tbe forecasts which they receive by telcgrapb has been sout,
and a supply of penalty postal cards already adrlressed to those sub­stations
which call be reacbed by mail the same day from the dis­playman's
center. 'l'he outfits consist of a set of logotypes and au
ink pad, by means of whicb the forecasts may be rapidly set up,
printed on the cards and mailed. Eight display men have V.OIUll­teered
for this work, and the number of additional stations which
will be reached by this means i& 80_ It is hoped to be able to per­suade
more of the display men to undertake this work if it is found
successful and if desired by the people in towas out of reach of the
telegraph.
'rhe number of weaLher maps issued from Lhe Central office is
now 52, an increase of 16 since January 1, 1893. The weather map
ought to be very popular as it is readily understood and persons can
make their own forecasts from it.
S. lVealha Orop Service.-'l'he weekly weather crop bulletin was
resumed in April, 1893, and continued till October. 'rwenty-sevell
numbers were issued, each an edition of 1,200. 'rhe number of crop
correspondents was 270, representing 91 of the 96 counties of the State.
Next year it is PI'oposed to issue a large number of cheaply con­structed
rain-gauges to crop correspondents, the gauges to be suf­ficiently
accumte to measure rainfall to one-tenth of an inch.
Very respectfully,
O. li'. VON HERRMANN, Meteorologist .
•
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 47
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICUI>TURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
1893.
June 30.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
IN ACCOUNT WITH
TUE UNITED STATES AI)PROPRIATION.
To receipts from the Treasurer of the United States
as per appropriations for the year ending June 30,
1898, under Act of Congress approved March 2,
Dr.
1887 ..••........ . ....•.• _ ........•• . .. ........ $15,000 00
Or.
By salaries ............. _ ... , ......... _ .. _ ........ $5,712 48
wages ..• . .. .. . . ........... .. .. . ..... .. .... . 56381
apparatus and reagents .....••. . _ ............. 78904
stawpS, stationery and miscellaneous printing. 588 14
express, freights and incidentals .... . . . . _.. . .. 931 65
periodicals and books ... _ .....•.. _............ 156 77
bulletins, paper anq. printing ........... ... .... 1.577 3S
farm labor ..... . .. _ ........................... 1,23100
farm supplies .... . _ .. . ... • ... . . .. "_' .... __ . . · 1,601 09
implements, instruments and equipment . .. • . . . 673 38
fuel and stoves ........ . ...... . ... ..... .. . ... . 178 03
gas . ... . ... . ... . .. . ............. . ...... _."'"
telephones ................ . ............. . .
cO'operative experiments and travelling ....... .
annual reports . • ...• . .................... . ... .
Total ................................. .
SOO 40
190 00
230 52
257 17
$15,000 00
The undersigned, duly appointed Auditor for the State Board of Control, hereby
certi fies that the above items of expenditures made by the North Carolina Agri·
cultural Experiment Station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1803, are made up
from the books of the Auditor of the Board and the Treasurer of the State of
North Carolina (Treas urer em ooOkio of the North Carolina Agricultural Experi.·
ment Station), and that the receipt8 from the Treasurer of the United States for
the year na.med were $15,000, and the disbursements $15,000, for all which proper
vouohers are on file in the office of the Treasurer above named.
(Signed) T. K. BUUN£R, Auditor.
I hereby certify that the foregoing statements, made up from vouohers on file
in this office, to whioh this is a.ttached, is true and in accordance with the records
of this office. (Signed) S. Mc D. TATE,
Trea$urer em o..{fI.Cio of the N. C. •
AgriculturaL Experi1l1ent Station
The above are the signa.tures of the Auditor and Treasurer or the North Caro­lina
Agricultural Experiment Station.
(Signed) H. B. BA'ITLE, '
Director North Oarolina
Agricultural Experiment Slation.
APPENDIX.
(Circular. )
IMPROVEMENT OF OUR PUBLIC ROADS.
RALI-:IGU, N. C., December 16, 1892.
DKAR SIR; The Chamber of Commerce of the City or Raleigh, at its meeting 00
tbe evening of December 13. pa8~ed the following resolution:
•• Resolved, That the Presid ent of the H.aleigh ChaOlUer of Commerce appoint 8.
committee of five of its members to memorialize the coming Legislature to call to­gether,
at the proper time and pluee, aRoadColJgresa. for the purpose of considering
matters in connectiOIl wiLh improving the pu hlic rondsof the State, the members of
which Congress are to be appointed by the Governor, MayoTs of towns, Chairmen
of County Corumissioners, tUld in such other ways 811 may be most desirable."
The followin~ committee was appointed: B. B. Battle. Chairman; 'V. C.
McMackin, R. H. Lewis, Frank Stronach, W. P. Batchelor.
All persons interested in lhe welfare of North Carolina will recognize, at once,
the importance of some change from our present system of public roads and their
preservation. It occurs to me that if public·spirited mCIl would come together
and discuss these questiolls. that the importance would be more readily realized
and some united action would be the result. I present this matter, therefore, to
you, and would ask that you kindly write me on the enclosed card, at once, your
Ideas ill connection with the following:
1. Would YOll ad vise the calling of a Road Congress?
2. Where and when should it meet? Would you think during the present Le~ls.
lnture an opportune time, so that if desired a bill might be framed for imme