Not surprisingly, Sandberg's effort to lead a new feminist movement among working professional mothers -- outlined in her new book "Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead," and her accompanying online campaign -- has triggered a debate:

Is a high-powered executive who earns more than $30 million a year the best person to advise other working moms on how to advance their careers?

Today, Kefalas is a sociology professor at Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia and director of the university's Richard Johnson Center for Anti-Violence. Her schedule allows her to spend her precious time with her family, something she might have given up if she had pursued that promotion.

She said she believes the "dramatic and tragic" story of why she "had to stop moving up the academic ladder" speaks to the real world obstacles that working mothers face all the time.

That's something that Kefalas said Sandberg's good fortune and financial resources have allowed her to escape.

"All mothers have to make choices and we're judged differently," she said. "The choices for working mothers are more costly than it is for men.

"And until that changes, you'll having women opting out."

'Lean in' or 'wise up'?

Sandberg's mission is to help create more female business leaders like herself. She believes women can do that by taking charge of their careers, to "lean in" rather than "pull back" when facing obstacles, she wrote in her book, which will be released on Monday.

"Women rarely make one big decision to leave the workforce. Instead, they make a lot of small decisions along the way," Sandberg wrote, according to a book excerpt on Time.com. "A law associate might decide not to shoot for partner because someday she hopes to have a family. A sales rep might take a smaller territory or not apply for a management role. A teacher might pass on leading curriculum development for her school.

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"Often without even realizing it, women stop reaching for new opportunities."

That, she said, has resulted in what she calls a stalled revolution for all women.

"A truly equal world would be one where women ran half of our countries and companies and men ran half of our homes," she wrote.

She's not just interested in selling books, either. Sandberg's Lean In campaign promises to support women through community, education and small groups by offering "ongoing inspiration and support to help them achieve their goals."

"Women are held back by many things, including bias and lack of opportunity," Sandberg said in her "Welcome to Lean In" video, adding "We also hold ourselves back."

In her book, Sandberg outlined three things women can do to further their careers: don't slow down their career before deciding to start a family, let go of unattainable goals, and make sure their colleagues are aware when women are held to different standards than men, particularly when women succeed.

The book hadn't even hit the shelves before everyone from every corner started weighing in (check out Time's full coverage here).

Kefalas said it a little more succinctly: Sandberg lives in a fantasy world.

"We don't live in a vacuum," she said, "Maybe Sheryl does, but not the rest of us."

She works hard for the money

Put aside Sandberg's dream of more women reaching the top rungs of the corporate ladder for a moment. Statistics indicate that women still have a lot of barriers to just earning pay equal to that of their male counterparts.

Today, more than seven out of 10 mothers taking care of children are in the labor force, and nearly half of all married couples are dual breadwinners, according to Pew Research Center data from 2010.

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Working moms at CNN share their stories 02:58

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Moms around the world on work-life balance 7 photos

Moms around the world on work-life balance7 photos

Veronica Mendoza, Philippines – Veronica Lon Pantaleon Mendoza, 37, says hearing about Marissa Mayer's new role as Yahoo CEO (and mother to be) inspired her to send in some advice to other working mothers. Mother to a 14-year-old son and five-year-old daughter while working as an online English teacher, she advises other mothers to: "adapt, compromise and communicate."

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Moms around the world on work-life balance7 photos

Shadra Smith, Indiana – Shadra Smith of Fort Wayne, Indiana, says if she had a choice, she'd absolutely be a stay-at-home mother, but doesn't believe it's for everyone. "I've already accomplished some career goals, and being a mother is the career I would love to concentrate on now," she says. "The most challenging thing about being a working mom is not being able to experience the day-to-day growth of my son."

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Moms around the world on work-life balance7 photos

Niena Sevilla, Saudi Arabia – Filipino mum, Niena Sevilla moved to Saudi Arabia to work in 2006, leaving two young boys aged 14 and 10 at home with her mother. She returns once a year where she spends as much time as she can with her kids, catching up on all she's missed. "I've been able to balance my career with motherhood so far, despite how difficult it is to communicate with my children," she says.

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Moms around the world on work-life balance7 photos

Cynthia Falar, Florida – Cynthia Falar says the most challenging thing about being a working mother is juggling quality time. "Everyone is different and can select the path that works for them and their family," she says. "Although my husband and I have successful careers, we both need to work to make ends meet so we work to coordinate our schedules and even plan our own 'Mommy and Daddy time.' It takes a lot of work but you can do it!"

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Moms around the world on work-life balance7 photos

Sarah Jane, Utah – Children's book illustrator and designer Sarah Jane says she has had to sacrifice a lot because she works, and questions if that might ever leave her with regrets. "The pressure to 'do it all' and keep up can often feel daunting, and I sometimes wonder if I'd be a better mother without working," she says. "But, I honestly feel that part of being a woman is living with this way of thinking," she adds.

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Moms around the world on work-life balance7 photos

Jennifer Compton, Michigan – iReporter JenCompton found it difficult to readjust to work after the birth of her son, Jack. "It's hard to balance everything and, unless you've been through it, how will you understand what it's like? In some areas many mothers stay home after they have babies but ... I like to work as I went to college and it makes me feel more fulfilled as a person."

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Moms around the world on work-life balance7 photos

Lori Kretchmer, California – Lori Kretchmer of Westminster, California, says you shouldn't try to work and raise a kid unless your working hours don't take away from your child. "They won't remember with fondness your job as much as they'll remember the silly, fun things, like making cookies together or playdough bowling," she says.

Still, the public remains conflicted about the impact working mothers have on their young children, with only 21% of Americans saying it's a good thing.

"The cultural story of good mothering has not been reconciled yet to reflect working women," Kefalas said. "There are social rules and the standards are very demanding."

There is a structural reality that women live in, and there's a story women tell themselves about their lives -- a story that is impossible to live up to, Kefalas said.

"There is no way to have it all."

Sandberg agrees. The book excerpt says women should "stop trying to have it all." It also acknowledges the "sacrifices and hardships" that are tougher today "because of the expansion of working hours."

But according to the Facebook executive, that doesn't mean working moms should give up on their careers.

"If more women lean in, we can change the power structure of our world and expand opportunities," she wrote. "Shared experience forms the basis of empathy and, in turn, can spark the institutional changes we need. More female leadership will lead to fairer treatment for all women."

Sounds easy enough, right? Not so fast, Kefalas said.

"At the end of the day, we make choices about the kind of people we want to be, and it's so much more than self-sabotaging."