Although
English pronunciation rules exist, after a quick internet search, it seems that
you need a master's in linguistics to understand them. Therefore, Viv has done
his best to explain the two English pronunciation rules he believes may be most
useful to foreign learners.

If a word ends in the letter 's' (e.g.
plural noun or verb in the third person), there are three ways to pronounce this
's' - /S/, /Z/ and /IZ/. Similarly, any word which ends in 'ed' (e.g. adjective
or the past of a regular verb) may be pronounced either /T/, /D/ or /ID/.

1. Final 's'

Type one sound /S/

In type one
words, the final 's' should be pronounced with air pushed out between the top
of your tongue and your top teeth, without using the vocal chords (the sound
made by a snake or gas escaping from a pipe).

Type one
sounds are used if the word ends in the following sounds:

Standard

phonetic

symbols

Viv's

phonetic

symbols

Example word

/p/

/P/

stops, ships

/t/

/T/

hits, pets

/k/

/K/

attacks, bricks

/f/

/F/

laughs, coughs

/θ/

/θ/

maths, moths

These sounds are all unvoiced,
which means that your vocal chords must be silent when you make the sound.

Type two sound /Z/

This sound is
formed in the same way as type 1, but you must make a sound with your vocal
chords (the sound made by a bee, or high-voltage electricity)

Type two
sounds come after the following sounds:

Standard

phonetic

symbols

Viv's

phonetic

symbols

Example word

/b/

/B/

grabs, robs

/d/

/D/

lids, rods

/g/

/G/

pigs, dogs

/v/

/V/

loves, leaves

/D/

/DZ/

breathes, lathes

/l/

/L/

hills, fails

/m/

/M/

comes, trams

/n/

/N/

earns, burns

/N/

/Ñ/

songs, paintings

any vowel sound

any vowel sound

plays, employees, flees, goes, news

These sounds are all voiced, which
means that your vocal chords must make a sound when you pronounce them.

Type three sound /IZ/

This sound
is the same as the verb 'to be' in its third person form (is). Type three sounds
are the only ones which add an additional syllable to the word, for example
'miss' /MIS/ is one syllable, but 'misses' /MIS IZ/ is two syllables. The final
/IZ/ syllable isn't usually stressed.

Standard

phonetic

symbols

Viv's

phonetic

symbols

Example word

/s/

/S/

buses, places

/z/

/Z/

chooses, sizes

/∫/

/SH/

washes, wishes

/t∫/

/TCH/

watches, matches

/dƷ/

/DJ/

Judges, pages

If a word ends in a consonant sound + 'y',
the pronunciation of final 'y' is /EE/ and in the plural it has a type 3
sound, but there is no extra syllable e.g. 'copy' /KO PEE/ (2 syllables),
'copies' /KO PIZ/ (also 2 syllables).

2. Final 'ed'

Type one sound /T/

You make this
sound by 'unsticking' your tongue from the roof of your mouth and pushing air
out of your mouth at the same time. The vocal chords
aren't used (sound at the end of 'at')

We use this
sound when a word ends in an unvoiced phoneme (your vocal chords aren't
used):

Standard

phonetic

symbols

Viv's

phonetic

symbols

Example word

/s/

/S/

passed, placed

/∫/

/SH/

washed, wished

/t∫/

/TCH/

watched, matched

/p/

/P/

stopped, trapped

/k/

/K/

locked, packed

/f/

/F/

laughed, coughed

/θ/

/θ/

frothed

Type two sound /D/

This sound
is formed in the same way as type 1, but you must use your vocal chords at the
same time (sound at the beginning of 'do').

Words
ending in voiced phonemes (with sound produced by your vocal chords) are
pronounced with a type 2 'ed':

Standard

phonetic

symbols

Viv's

phonetic

symbols

Example word

/z/

/Z/

buzzed, amazed

/b/

/B/

grabbed, robbed

/g/

/G/

bugged, tagged

/v/

/V/

loved, craved

/D/

/DZ/

breathed, bathed

/l/

/L/

piled, failed

/m/

/M/

drummed, rammed

/n/

/N/

rained, pinned

/N/

/Ñ/

pinged, wronged

/dƷ/

/DJ/

judged, raged

any vowel sound

any vowel sound

played, employed, tried, flowed, skied

Type three /ID/

Type 3 'ed'
adds an additional syllable in the same way as type 3 final 's'. For example,
the past of 'mend' is pronounced /MEN DID/ with stress on the first syllable.

Words
ending in /t/ and /d/ sounds are type 3, but some adjectives also have this
sound.

Standard

phonetic

symbols

Viv's

phonetic

symbols

Example word

/t/

/T/

waited, retreated

/d/

/D/

handed, ended

Adjectives with type 3 'ed'

aged, learned, naked, ragged, rugged, wicked,
wretched

Rules adapted
from the Oxford English Headway intermediate workbook and rules found at the
following link:
http://www.uni-greifswald.de/~anglam/staff/Material/Fanning/PronRules.pdf

Teacher's
note.

Unfortunately,
not all the phonetic symbols are available with Windows XP. If you want to see
these symbols on your computer, you will need to download (free) the
appropriate fonts see Wikipedia entry or the download link on Viv's site. For help with the
spelling of one syllable words in their 'ing' or regular past forms, see Viv's Spelling
worksheet.