This is an appeal by the People of the State of Illinois of an order of the circuit court of Cook County granting a motion to quash arrest and to suppress evidence filed by Ronald Osman (hereinafter called "defendant"). Defendant was charged with unlawful use of weapons and unlawful use of weapons within five years of release from the Illinois State Penitentiary following his conviction of voluntary manslaughter.

The issue presented for review is whether the conduct of the arresting officer in stopping and frisking the defendant violated the United States Constitution's Fourth Amendment proscription against unreasonable searches and seizures.

On November 13, 1975, Cook County Sheriff's Department Assistant Director Barry W. Levy had dinner with Investigator Arthur Le Tourneau, Internal Affairs Division, Cook County Sheriff's Department, at Don's Fishmarket, located at 9333 Skokie Blvd., in Skokie, Illinois. Both men were in plain clothes. At about 9:30 p.m., Levy and Le Tourneau left the restaurant and walked to their squad car in the west portion of the parking lot. When they reached their car, Officer Levy observed a man later identified as Frank Mamoella run through the motel office adjacent to the restaurant, out into the parking lot, and up to a parked vehicle. Mamoella approached a red 1968 Cadillac in the south portion of the parking lot, opened the trunk, reached in and removed an automatic weapon which he placed in his waistband. He turned and began to run back to the motel office.

Officer Levy drew his identification, unholstered his gun and approached Mamoella. The officer confronted Mamoella in the lighted porch, about four feet from the door of the motel office. Levy ordered Mamoella to the ground and, with investigator Le Tourneau's assistance, searched Mamoella and recovered the gun Levy had seen Mamoella place in his waistband. The weapon was a fully loaded, semi-cocked, .32-caliber automatic pistol. As Levy and Le Tourneau started to pick Mamoella off the ground, Mamoella said to the officers, "No. No. Somebody's going to get killed," pointed in the direction of the defendant, who was running toward the restaurant, and said, "That's him." The defendant was about 15 to 25 feet from the officers at this time.

Levy pursued the defendant, overtook him, identified himself as a police officer and directed the defendant to a parked car, where he conducted a protective pat-down frisk, which disclosed a nine-millimeter automatic pistol in defendant's waistband.

At the conclusion of the testimony and argument, the trial court sustained the defendant's motion to suppress. From said order, the People bring this appeal.

The fourth amendment to the United States Constitution provides, inter alia, "The right of the people to be secure * * * against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause * * *."

In Weeks v. United States (1914), 232 U.S. 383, 58 L.Ed. 652, 34 S.Ct. 341, the United States Supreme Court for the first time applied the "exclusionary rule" in holding the fourth amendment barred the use of evidence secured through an illegal search and seizure. Later, in Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 367 U.S. 643, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081, 81 S.Ct. 1684, the court held under the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution the exclusionary rule is binding upon the State courts and illegally searched and seized evidence is inadmissible in State court prosecutions, just as it had been held inadmissible in Federal criminal trials.

The reasonableness of a warrantless search and seizure must be examined in light of the fourth amendment's provision that no warrants shall issue, unless upon probable cause. The court has decided a warrantless arrest is proper when a fast-developing situation precludes resort to a magistrate (see Chambers v. Maroney (1970), 399 U.S. 42, 26 L.Ed.2d 419, 90 S.Ct. 1975) and when probable cause exists to warrant a prudent man in believing a crime was being committed or has been committed, and such facts are available to the arresting officer (see Draper v. United States (1959), 358 U.S. 307, 3 L.Ed.2d 327, 79 S.Ct. 329).

The objective requirement of probable cause to arrest was accepted as a general rule of the fourth amendment until it was discovered that circumstances frequently arise whereby police officers encounter suspicious persons and such officers need to protect themselves by stopping and frisking such persons. In its first direct encounter with the issues raised by the police on-the-street stop of suspicious person and the accompanying frisk for weapons, the Supreme Court, in Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, 20 L.Ed. 889, 88 S.Ct. 1868, found constitutional authority for the practice of stop and frisk. Even though there was no probable cause, no formal arrest, and no warrant, the practice was not necessarily an unreasonable search and seizure, and the resulting evidence need not be excluded from trial. Chief Justice Warren's careful phrasing of the majority holding stated:

"* * * [W]here a police officer observes unusual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot and that the persons with whom he is dealing may be armed and presently dangerous, where in the course of investigating this behavior he identifies himself as a policeman and makes reasonable inquiries, and where nothing in the initial stages of the encounter serves to dispel his reasonable fear for his own or others' safety, he is entitled for the protection of himself and others in the area to conduct a carefully limited search of the outer clothing of such persons in an attempt to discover weapons which might be used to assault him. Such a search is a reasonable search under the Fourth Amendment, and any weapons seized may properly be introduced in evidence against the person from whom they were taken." Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, 30-31, 20 L.Ed. 889, 911, 88 S.Ct. 1868.

Terry v. Ohio introduced a new concept into the law of search and seizure. Previously, any forced detention of an individual by an officer was an arrest and would have to be justified by a showing of probable cause.

When Terry v. Ohio came before the Supreme Court, the opponents of stop-and-frisk urged the court to recognize only two categories of police-citizen street encounters. Either a citizen was being restrained in his freedom to walk away or he was not. If he was being restrained, that was a fourth amendment seizure of his person and was lawful only upon probable cause. If he was not being restrained, there was no seizure, yet the officer would be permitted to talk to the citizen, upon any grounds or none at all, so long as the citizen wished to stop and listen (see Mr. ...

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