BEIJING — A mounting dispute between Washington and Beijing over access to records of Chinese companies with U.S.-traded shares might force major corporate names such as oil giant PetroChina and search engine Baidu to withdraw from American stock exchanges.

The dispute highlights the clash between heightened U.S. anti-fraud efforts and official Chinese secrecy despite Beijing’s desire to profit from deeper links with the global economy.

This month, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission accused the Chinese affiliates of five major accounting firms of impeding fraud investigations of nine companies by failing to hand over documents. Separately, an American panel that oversees accounting wants to inspect Chinese auditors of U.S.-traded companies.

Beijing has resisted expanding access to corporate records as a violation of its sovereignty.

Without a compromise, China-based accountants might be stripped of authorization to prepare financial reports required by U.S. regulators, said Paul Gillis, an accounting professor at Peking University’s business school. Eventually, that could make it impossible to trade Chinese shares in the United States.

“I think it’s become fairly difficult for a deal to be done,” Gillis said. “The SEC action makes it seem as if the Chinese have to give in. Any concessions will have to come from the Chinese side, which will make them lose face, so they are unlikely to give way on that.”

No changes are required immediately. A ruling on the SEC’s Dec. 4 complaint is not due until next year. That allows time for negotiation and, if no settlement is reached, for companies to buy back their shares or move to Hong Kong or another non-U.S. exchange.

Still, the wholesale departure of Chinese companies from American stock markets would be a setback to closer financial ties between the world’s two biggest economies. Chinese companies are expanding abroad and acquiring assets such as state-owned CNOOC Ltd.’s $15.1 billion purchase this month of Canadian oil and gas producer Nexen.

“We may soon see the market-wide delisting of all Chinese companies from U.S. stock exchanges,” warned an American investment newsletter, The Motley Fool, last week.

Other governments including the 27-nation European Union also have resisted U.S. pressure for more access to corporate records but most reached compromises that satisfied Washington. That often involves joint audits by American and local regulators.

Chinese companies have raised more money in U.S. stock markets in the past decade than companies from any other country except the United States itself.

Chinese companies raised billions of dollars by selling shares to American investors since the late 1990s. Many were private companies that could not raise money on Chinese exchanges, which were created to finance state industry, or wanted to show they could meet more rigorous U.S. reporting standards.

Beijing encouraged the move to finance private business and speed economic development.

More recently, however, Beijing has encouraged companies to sell shares on China’s own exchanges to help develop its financial markets and give Chinese families better investment choices.

Many U.S.-traded Chinese companies are small but some are industry leaders such as PetroChina Ltd., Baidu Inc. and Internet portals Sina Corp. and Sohu Inc. with outstanding shares worth tens of billions of dollars. They are widely held by investment funds and individuals. A departure would reduce the options American investors have for profiting from China’s rapid economic growth.

Spokespeople for Baidu Inc., traded on the Nasdaq market, and solar panel maker Suntech Power Holdings Ltd., traded on the New York Stock Exchange, declined to comment on how they might be affected. PetroChina did not respond to a request for comment.

A series of accounting scandals at Chinese companies has battered share prices in the United States, costing investors several billion dollars.

The SEC wants to see “work papers,” or corporate documents used by auditors to prepare financial reports for nine Chinese companies suspected of fraud. Its complaint said Chinese affiliates of the “Big Four” accounting firms — Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoopers — and a fifth firm, BDO, failed to comply with orders to hand over the documents.

The accountants say Chinese national secrets laws bar the release of documents, but the SEC said firms “face serious consequences” if they conduct audits knowing they cannot comply with U.S. disclosure requirements.

The SEC complained that it had sent its Chinese counterpart, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, 21 requests for assistance in 16 investigations since 2009 and failed to receive any audit papers. It said negotiations aimed at establishing a framework for sharing information have made no progress.

Separately, the accounting oversight panel created by a 2002 anti-fraud law, says it is required to conduct regular inspections of Chinese auditors of companies with U.S.-traded stocks. Chinese authorities have resisted that.

Pressure from American regulators could accelerate a trend among some Chinese companies to buy back their U.S. shares and move to China’s domestic exchanges or go private.

U.S.-traded Chinese companies saw share prices plunge following the 2008 global crisis, while economic growth at home, even after a recent decline, is still forecast at about 8 percent this year. Rising Chinese incomes are creating a bigger pool of money for investment.

In the biggest delisting this year, Focus Media Holding Co. said in August its chairman and private equity firms would buy back its U.S. shares in a deal that valued the Shanghai-based advertising company at $3.5 billion. Company managers complained its U.S. share price was too low and failed to reflect the strength of its business.

Smaller companies also are pulling out of the United States, helped by financing from Chinese institutions that are flush with cash from the country’s economic boom. A business magazine said the government’s China Development Bank has lent $1 billion to companies this year to buy back U.S. shares and move their listings to domestic exchanges.

Beijing has made it easier for private companies to join China’s two exchanges in Shanghai and the southern city of Shenzhen, though most listings still are for state enterprises. The Shenzhen exchange created a second board for small companies, imitating the U.S.-based Nasdaq market.

If Chinese companies leave American financial markets, “the only one that gets hurt is the U.S. exchanges that lose some business but gain credibility for having high standards,” said Peking University’s Gillis.

“And the accountants get rich, because if they move to Hong Kong, they have to be audited again,” he said. “So perversely, the accountants are probably the biggest winners if this thing blows up.”