BioPAX pathway converted from "Wax biosynthesis" in the Reactome database.Wax biosynthesisThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.<p>The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<p><a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>LEFT-TO-RIGHT1FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOLpalmitoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ => hexadecanol + 2 NADP+ [FAR1]This event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.<p>The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<p><a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>H+protonhydronReactome DB_ID: 70106cytosolGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005829hydron [ChEBI:15378]hydronChEBICHEBI:15378Reactome Database ID Release 7270106Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=70106ReactomeR-ALL-701064Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-70106.4Reactomehttp://www.reactome.org2PALM-CoApalmitoyl-CoAReactome DB_ID: 200993palmitoyl-CoA [ChEBI:15525]palmitoyl-CoAChEBICHEBI:15525Reactome Database ID Release 72200993Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=200993ReactomeR-ALL-2009933Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-200993.3TPNHNADPHReactome DB_ID: 29364NADPH [ChEBI:16474]NADPHTPNHChEBICHEBI:16474Reactome Database ID Release 7229364Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29364ReactomeR-ALL-293642Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-29364.22CoA-SHcoenzyme AReactome DB_ID: 76194coenzyme A [ChEBI:15346]coenzyme AChEBICHEBI:15346Reactome Database ID Release 7276194Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76194ReactomeR-ALL-761943Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-76194.3TPNNADP+NADPNADP(+)Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatebeta-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateTriphosphopyridine nucleotideReactome DB_ID: 29366NADP(+) [ChEBI:18009]NADP(+)ChEBICHEBI:18009Reactome Database ID Release 7229366Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29366ReactomeR-ALL-293663Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-29366.32HXOLHexadecanolhexadecan-1-olReactome DB_ID: 8848577hexadecan-1-ol [ChEBI:16125]hexadecan-1-olChEBICHEBI:16125Reactome Database ID Release 728848577Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=8848577ReactomeR-ALL-88485773Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-8848577.3ACTIVATIONFAR1A0A0R4IVN2Reactome DB_ID: 10228845peroxisomal membraneGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005778UniProt:A0A0R4IVN2Danio rerioNCBI Taxonomy7955UniProtA0A0R4IVN21EQUAL515EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7210228845Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10228845ReactomeR-DRE-3904121Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-390412.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0016491gene ontology term for cellular functionMIMI:0355Same Catalyst ActivityReactome Database ID Release 7210228846Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10228846Reactome Database ID Release 7210228848Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10228848ReactomeR-DRE-3904251Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-390425.1Peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (FAR1) catalyzes the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA (PalmCoA) and 2 NADPH + 2 H+ to form hexadecanol (HXOL), CoASH, and 2 NADP+. As judged from mRNA levels, FAR1 is widely expressed in the body (Cheng and Russell 2004).15220348Pubmed2004Mammalian wax biosynthesis. I. Identification of two fatty acyl-Coenzyme A reductases with different substrate specificities and tissue distributionsCheng, Jeffrey BRussell, David WJ Biol Chem 279:37789-97inferred from electronic annotationEVIDENCE CODEECO:0000203LEFT-TO-RIGHT1FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOLpalmitoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ => hexadecanol + 2 NADP+ [FAR2]This event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.<p>The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<p><a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>222ACTIVATIONFAR2si:dkey-97m3.1Q1L8Q4Reactome DB_ID: 10228855UniProt:Q1L8Q4si:dkey-97m3.1UniProtQ1L8Q41EQUAL515EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7210228855Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10228855ReactomeR-DRE-3904301Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-390430.1Reactome Database ID Release 7210228856Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10228856Reactome Database ID Release 7210228858Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10228858ReactomeR-DRE-3904381Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-390438.1Peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA reductase 2 (FAR2) catalyzes the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA (PalmCoA) and 2 NADPH + 2 H+ to form hexadecanol (HXOL), CoASH, and 2 NADP+. As judged from mRNA levels, FAR2 is not widely expressed in the body but is abundant in brain (Cheng and Russell 2004).LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.3.1.75AWAT1 transfers acyl group from acyl-CoA to ARACOH, forming wax estersThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.<p>The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<p><a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>Acyl-CoAAcyl_minus_CoAReactome DB_ID: 192172endoplasmic reticulum lumenGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005788acyl-CoA [ChEBI:17984]acyl-CoAChEBICHEBI:17984Reactome Database ID Release 72192172Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192172ReactomeR-ALL-1921722Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-192172.2ARACOHarachidyl alcoholicosan-1-olReactome DB_ID: 5696426icosan-1-ol [ChEBI:75627]icosan-1-olarachidyl alcohol1-eicosanolarachidic alcoholeicosan-1-oleicosyl alcoholChEBICHEBI:75627Reactome Database ID Release 725696426Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5696426ReactomeR-ALL-56964263Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-5696426.3CoA-SHcoenzyme AReactome DB_ID: 162743Reactome Database ID Release 72162743Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162743ReactomeR-ALL-1627433Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-162743.3wax esterarachidyl esterReactome DB_ID: 5696412wax ester [ChEBI:10036]wax esterWax estersChEBICHEBI:10036Reactome Database ID Release 725696412Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5696412ReactomeR-ALL-56964123Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-5696412.3ACTIVATIONdgat2AWAT1Q4V9F0Reactome DB_ID: 10283056endoplasmic reticulum membraneGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005789UniProt:Q4V9F0dgat2UniProtQ4V9F01EQUAL328EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7210283056Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10283056ReactomeR-DRE-56964251Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-5696425.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0047196Reactome Database ID Release 7210283057Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10283057Reactome Database ID Release 7210283059Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10283059ReactomeR-DRE-56964241Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-5696424.1Arachidyl alcohol (ARACOH) is straight-chain fatty alcohol of C20 length used as an emollient in cosmetics. Esterification of alcohols with fatty acids represents the formation of both storage and cytoprotective molecules in the body. Overproduction of these esters is associated with several disease pathologies, including atherosclerosis and obesity. The ER membrane-associated acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 1 (AWAT1) mediates the esterification of its preferred substrate ARACOH (Turkish et al. 2005).15671038Pubmed2005Identification of two novel human acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferases: members of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) gene superfamilyTurkish, Aaron RHenneberry, Annette LCromley, DebraPadamsee, MahajabeenOelkers, PBazzi, HishamChristiano, Angela MBillheimer, JTSturley, Stephen LJ. Biol. Chem. 280:14755-64LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.3.1.75AWAT2 transfers PALM from PALM-CoA to HXOL, forming palmityl palmitate esterThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.<p>The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<p><a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>PALM-PALMpalmityl palmitateReactome DB_ID: 8848499palmityl palmitate [ChEBI:75584]palmityl palmitatehexadecanyl hexadecanoatecetyl palmitaten-hexadecanyl palmitateWE(16:0/16:0)hexadecyl hexadecanoaten-hexadecyl hexadecanoatepalmitic acid, cetyl esterpalmitic acid palmityl esterhexadecanoic acid, hexadecyl esterChEBICHEBI:75584Reactome Database ID Release 728848499Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=8848499ReactomeR-ALL-88484993Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-8848499.3ACTIVATIONdgat2AWAT2Q4V9F0Reactome DB_ID: 102628981EQUAL333EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7210262898Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10262898ReactomeR-DRE-88485061Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-8848506.1Reactome Database ID Release 7210294926Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10294926Reactome Database ID Release 7210294928Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10294928ReactomeR-DRE-88485821Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-8848582.1AWAT2 (Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2, also known as MFAT and DC4) associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyzes the reaction of HXOL (hexadecanol) and PALM-CoA (palmitoyl-CoA) to form the wax monoester palmityl palmitate. The enzyme also acts efficiently on other long-chain fatty alcohols and fatty acyl CoAs. It is abundant in skin and is thought to play a central role in the synthesis of wax molecules that protect the skin from drying (Cheng & Russell 2004; Turkish et al. 2005; Yen et al. 2005).15220349Pubmed2004Mammalian wax biosynthesis. II. Expression cloning of wax synthase cDNAs encoding a member of the acyltransferase enzyme familyCheng, Jeffrey BRussell, David WJ. Biol. Chem. 279:37798-80716106050Pubmed2005A human skin multifunctional O-acyltransferase that catalyzes the synthesis of acylglycerols, waxes, and retinyl estersYen, Chi-Liang EricBrown, Charles HMonetti, MaraFarese, RVJ. Lipid Res. 46:2388-97LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.3.1.76AWAT2 transfers PALM from PALM-CoA to atROL, forming atR-PALMThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.<p>The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<p><a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>atROLRetinolall-trans-retinolVitamin AVitamin A1Reactome DB_ID: 30209all-trans-retinol [ChEBI:17336]all-trans-retinolChEBICHEBI:17336Reactome Database ID Release 7230209Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30209ReactomeR-ALL-302093Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-30209.3atR-PALMall-trans-retinyl palmitateReactome DB_ID: 2534407all-trans-retinyl palmitate [ChEBI:17616]all-trans-retinyl palmitateChEBICHEBI:17616Reactome Database ID Release 722534407Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2534407ReactomeR-ALL-25344073Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-2534407.3ACTIVATIONGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0050252Reactome Database ID Release 7210262899Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10262899Reactome Database ID Release 7210294930Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10294930ReactomeR-DRE-88485851Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-8848585.1AWAT2 (Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2, also known as MFAT and DC4) associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyzes the reaction of atROL (all-trans retinol) and PALM-CoA (palmitoyl-CoA) to form the ester retinyl palmitate. This ester is thought to provide an inactive storage form of retinol and might play a role in protecting skin, where AWAT2 is most abundant from the effects of UV light (Arne et al. 2017; Yen et al. 2005).28096191Pubmed2017Allosteric modulation of the substrate specificity of acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 (AWAT2)Arne, Jason MWidjaja-Adhi, Made Airanthi KHughes, TaylorHuynh, Kevin WSilvaroli, Josie AChelstowska, SylwiaMoiseenkova-Bell, Vera YGolczak, MarcinJ. Lipid Res.Reactome Database ID Release 7210310511Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10310511ReactomeR-DRE-96404631Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-DRE-9640463.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0010025gene ontology term for cellular processMIMI:0359Waxes are esters of long chain fatty acids and long chain fatty alcohols that play an important role in protecting the skin surface from drying and abrasion. Enzymes that catalyze two reactions of wax biosynthesis have been characterized in humans. FAR1 and FAR2 catalyze the reduction of fatty acids to fatty alcohols in the peroxisome and AWAT1 and AWAT2 catalyze the reaction of fatty alcohols and acyl-CoA in the cytosol to form wax esters. The existence of a transport process, otherwise uncharacterized, to move fatty alcohols from the peroxisome to the cytosol is inferred from the observation that cultured cells that do not normally synthesize waxes can be induced to do so by co-transfection with DNA constructs encoding FAR and AWAT enzymes (Cheng & Russell 2004a,b).