Finance, Credit score, Investments – Economical Classes

Scientific works within the theories of funds and credit score, in line with the specification of the analysis object, are characterised to be many-sided and many-leveled.The definition of totality of the economical relations fashioned within the means of formation, distribution and utilization of funds, as cash sources is broadly unfold. For instance, in “the general theory of finances” there are two definitions of funds:1) “…Finances reflect economical relations, formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national receipts according to the distribution and usage”. This definition is given comparatively to the circumstances of Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations achieve common character;2) “Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively with the distribution and usage, which serve for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and also provision of the conditions of the widened further production”. This definition is introduced with out exhibiting the setting of its motion. We share partly such clarification of funds and assume expedient to make some specification.First, funds overcome the bounds of distribution and redistribution service of the nationwide revenue, although it’s a fundamental basis of funds. Additionally, formation and utilization of the depreciation fund which is the a part of monetary area, belongs to not the distribution and redistribution of the nationwide revenue (of newly fashioned worth throughout a yr), however to the distribution of already developed worth.This newest first seems to be part of worth of predominant industrial funds, later it’s moved to the associated fee worth of a prepared product (that’s to the worth too) and after its realization, and it’s set the melancholy fund. Its supply is taken under consideration earlier than hand as a melancholy variety within the consistence of the prepared merchandise value worth.Second, predominant purpose of funds is far wider then “fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and provision of conditions for the widened further production”. Funds exist on the state stage and likewise on the manufactures and branches’ stage too, and in such circumstances, when essentially the most a part of the manufactures are usually not state.V. M. Rodionova has a special place about this topic: “real formation of the financial resources begins on the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and concrete economical forms of the realized value are separated from the consistence of the profit”. V. M. Rodionova makes an accent of funds, as distributing relations, when D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial basis of funds. Although each of them give fairly substantiate dialogue of funds, as a system of formation, distribution and utilization of the funds of cash sources, that comes out of the next definition of the funds: “financial cash relations, which forms in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of the national wealth and total social product, is related with the subjects of the economy and formation and usage of the state cash incomes and savings in the widened further production, in the material stimulation of the workers for satisfaction of the society social and other requests”.Within the manuals of the political financial system we meet with the next definitions of funds:

“Finances of the socialistic state represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the way of planned distribution of the incomes and savings the funds of money sources of the state and socialistic manufactures are formed for guaranteeing the growth of the production, rising the material and cultural level of the people and for satisfying other general society requests”.

“The system of creation and usage of necessary funds of cash resources for guarantying socialistic widened further production represent exactly the finances of the socialistic society. And the totality of economical relations arisen between state, manufactures and organizations, branches, regions and separate citizen according to the movement of cash funds make financial relations”.

As we have seen, definitions of funds made by financiers and political economists don’t differ vastly.

In each mentioned place there are:1) expression of essence and phenomenon within the definition of funds;2) the definition of funds, because the system of the creation and utilization of funds of money sources on the extent of phenomenon.3) Distribution of funds as social product and the worth of nationwide revenue, definition of the distributions deliberate character, predominant objectives of the financial system and economical relations, for servicing of which it’s used.If refuse the preposition “socialistic” within the definition of funds, we could say, that it nonetheless retains actuality. We meet with such conventional definitions of funds, with out an adjective “socialistic”, within the trendy economical literature. We could give such an elucidation: “finances represent cash resources of production and usage, also cash relations appeared in the process of distributing values of formed economical product and national wealth for formation and further production of the cash incomes and savings of the economical subjects and state, rewarding of the workers and satisfaction of the social requests”. on this elucidation of funds like D. S. Moliakov and V. M. Rodionov’s definitions, following the normal inheritance, we meet with the widening of the monetary basis. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value of created economical product, also the partial distribution of the value of national wealth”. This newest could be very precise, comparatively to the method of privatization and the transition to privateness and is periodically utilized in apply in numerous nations, for instance, Nice Britain and France.”Finances – are cash sources, financial resources, their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, usage, also economical relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between the economical subjects, movement of cash sources, money circulation and usage”.

“Finances are the system of economical relations, which are connected with firm creation, distribution and usage of financial resources”.We meet with completely innovational definitions of funds in Z. Physique and R. Merton’s foundation manuals. “Finance – it is the science about how the people lead spending `the deficit cash resources and incomes in the definite period of time. The financial decisions are characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated in time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to take them into account beforehand neither by those who get decisions nor any other person” . “Financial theory consists of numbers of the conceptions… which learns systematically the subjects of distribution of the cash resources relatively to the time factor; it also considers quantitative models, with the help of which the estimation, putting into practice and realization of the alternative variants of every financial decisions take place” .These fundamental conceptions and quantitative fashions are used at each stage of getting monetary selections, however within the newest definition of funds, we meet with the next doctrine of the monetary basis: predominant operate of the funds is within the satisfaction of the individuals’s requests; the themes of economical actions of any variety (corporations, additionally state organs of each stage) are directed in direction of fulfilling this fundamental operate.For the objectives of our monograph, it is very important examine well-known definitions about funds, credit score and funding, to determine how and the way a lot it’s attainable to combine the funds, investments and credit score into the one complete half.Some researcher factor that credit score is the consisting a part of funds, whether it is mentioned from the place of essence and class. The opposite, extra quite a few group proves, that a cost-effective class of credit score exists parallel to the economical class of funds, by which it underlines impossibility of the credit score’s existence within the consistence of funds.N. Ok. Kuchukova underlined the independence of the class of credit score and notes that it’s only its “characteristic feature the turned movement of the value, which is not related with transmission of the loan opportunities together with the owners’ rights”.N. D. Barkovski replies that functioning of cash created a cost-effective foundation for apportioning funds and credit score as an unbiased class and gave rise to the credit score and monetary relations. He seen the Gnoseological roots of science in cash and credit score, because the science about funds has enterprise with the analysis of such economical relations, which lean upon money circulate and credit score.

Let’s talk about essentially the most unfold definitions of credit score. within the trendy publications credit score gave the impression to be “luckier”, then funds. For instance, we meet with the next definition of credit score within the finance-economical dictionary: “credit is the loan in the form of cash and commodity with the conditions of returning, usually, by paying percent. Credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital and expresses economical relations between the creditor and borrower”.That is the normal definition of credit score. Within the earlier dictionary of the financial system we learn: “credit is the system of economical relations, which is formed while the transmission of cash and material means into the temporal usage, as a rule under the conditions of returning and paying percent”.

Within the handbook of the political financial system revealed underneath discount of V. A. Medvedev the next definition is given: “credit, as an economical category, expresses the created relations between the society, labour collective and workers during formation and usage of the loan funds, under the terms of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation”.Credit score is mentioned within the following manner within the earlier education-methodological manuals of political financial system: “credit is the system of money relations, which is created in the process of using and mobilization of temporarily free cash means of the state budget, unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for providing widened further production of the state and other needs. Credit differs from finances by the returning character, while financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is fulfilled without this condition”.We meet with the next definition if “the course of economy”: “credit is an economical category, which represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transmit money means to each-other for temporal usage under the conditions of returning. Creation of credit is conditioned by a historical process of fulfilling the economical and money relations, the form of which is the money relation”.Following scientists give barely totally different definitions of credit score:

“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or commodity, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of returning and paying the percentage rate by the borrower”.

Credit score is giving the temporally free cash sources or commodity as a debt for the outlined phrases by the value of mounted share. Thus, a credit score is the mortgage within the type of cash or commodity. Within the means of this mortgage’s motion, a particular relations are fashioned between a creditor (the mortgage is given by a juridical of bodily individual, who provides sure money as a debt) and the debtor.

Combining each definition named above, we come to an concept, that credit score is giving cash capital of commodity as a debt, for sure phrases and materials provision underneath the value of agency share fee. It expresses particular economical relations between the contributors of the method of capital formation. Necessity of the credit score relations is conditioned, from one aspect, by gathering strong amount of briefly free cash sources, and from the second aspect, existence of requests of them.Although, on the identical time we should distinguish two resembling ideas: mortgage and credit score. Mortgage is characterised by:o Right here, the dialogue could contact upon transmission of cash and likewise issues type one aspect (loaner) to a different (borrower): a)underneath the proudly owning of the borrower and, on the identical time, b) underneath the circumstances of returning identical quantity or identical amount and high quality of the issues;o The loaning of cash could bear no curiosity;o Any individual could participate in it.

With the distinction with mortgage, credit score, which is in some way a non-public event of the mortgage, represents:o One aspect (loaner) provides to the second (borrower) solely cash, and _ for temporal utilization;o It could not bear no curiosity (if the project does not foresee one thing);o In it creditor isn’t any individual, however a credit score group (on the first place, banks).

So, a credit score is the financial institution credit score. To our thoughts, it’s not right to make use of “credit” and “loan” because the synonyms.

Banking crediting is the union of relations between financial institution (as a creditor) and its borrower. These relations contact upon:a) Giving a sure amount of cash to the borrower for particular objective (although, we meet with the so-called free credit, goals and objects of crediting are usually not appointed within the project);b) Its opportune returning;c) Getting share fee from the borrower for utilizing the sources underneath his/her disposal.

The important basis of the credit score essence and its necessary ingredient is existence of belief between the 2 sides (in Latin “credo”, from which comes the phrase “credit”, means “trust”).

From the place of circulation of cash kinds (within the abstraction, historic means of formation economical relations and social funds and banking techniques expressed by them) evaluating totally different definitions of funds and credit score, the paradox conclusion seems: credit score is the non-public event of funds. And really, from the place of motion of the cash kinds, funds symbolize the method of formation and utilization of the funds of money means. Fairly often such actions are fulfilled with out returning, however typically, it’s attainable to provide loans from the funds for the funding tasks of different wants. Additionally, when a manufacture or companies use their money funds and we imply the funds of business topic, such utilization could also be realized as contained in the manufacture or company (there isn’t any topic about returning or not returning of the utilization), so free of charge underneath circumstances of returning. This newest is known as business type due to transmitting the sources to others, however even on this event, it’s the ingredient of monetary system of the manufacture and company.From the purpose of money means motion, predominant character of credit score is the method of formation and utilization of the funds of money means underneath the circumstances of returning and, as a rule, taking the value-percentage. If gating the credit score worth does not happen (even within the distinctive events), in line with the motion type, credit score turns into a non-public event of funds, as from the web monetary funds (consequently from the state funds) the loans which bear no pursuits could also be used. If gating credit score worth takes place, by the looks type, credit score is mentioned to be monetary modification.From the historic perspective, funds (particularly within the kind of the state funds) and credit score (starting with usury, later business and banking) had been creating in a different way for contemplating credit score to be the a part of funds. Although, from the genetic-historical perspective, earlier loaners, earlier than giving mortgage, wanted gathering the everlasting capital not returning, that’s the web monetary basis. The banks analogously wanted focus of the necessary personal capital for influxing the customers’ means and for getting larger share fee underneath the circumstances of returning. Herewith, precisely on the monetary foundation, within the kind of monetary fund (which later partially turns into mortgage fund) a part of the financial institution capital seems to be the reservation (insurance coverage) a part of the fund, which by nature is monetary and never mortgage. So however the important distinctions between funds and credit score type the genetic-historical perspective, credit score seems to be fashioned from funds and symbolize their modification.From the important place of expressing economical relations of funds and credit score, we meet with cardinal distinctions between these two classes. Which principally expressed by the excellence of the motion kinds however they’re returnable or not. Funds categorical relations within the elements of distribution and redistribution of social product and a part of the nationwide wealth. Credit score expresses distribution of the suitable worth solely within the part of share given for mortgage, whereas in line with the mortgage itself, a solely a temporal distribution of cash sources takes place.

Herewith, there may be a whole lot of frequent between the funds and credit score as from the important perspective, so in line with the type of motion. On the identical time, there’s a vital distinction between funds and credit score as within the essence, so within the type too. In keeping with this, there should be a form of typically economical class, which can think about funds and credit score as a complete unity, and within the bounds of this class itself, the separation of the particular essence of the funds and credit score would happen.Funding of the money means is frequent to the researched economical classes. It takes place in any separate system of funds and credit score, which have been touched upon through the analyses of defining funds and credit score. Phrase mixture “funding of the cash sources (fund formation)” displays and defines precisely essence and type of economical class of extra common character, these of funds and credit score classes. Although within the in economical texts and apply, it is rather uncomfortable to make use of a termini, which consists of three phrases. Additionally, “unloading” with an info hardens vastly its influxing into the circulation even within the circumstances of its strict substantiation and thoroughness.

Within the discussing context we think about:1) extensive and slim understanding of economical class of the funds;2) discussing funds in slim understanding underneath common conventional that means;3) discussing funds, as funding of the money means, in extensive understanding, which issues funds – in slim that means and credit score – in full that means.

Termini “funding” and its equal “fund formation” are utilized by us because the purposeful structuring of money means, which is predicated on two poles – accumulation of cash sources (gathering) and its utilization for particular objective in the way in which of financing and crediting.

We’ve got established a brand new termini – “finance-investment sphere” (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of funds and credit score made by us give us a chance of proving, that within the given termini, the phrase “financial” is used with the that means of funding money sources, its purposeful structuring. On this course of we think about on the identical time monetary, credit score and investments’ economical classes.Let’s sum up center outcomes of discussing new idea – “finance-investment sphere” and talk about its funding consisting elements.The idea “investments” was introduced into the native economical science from the West. Within the Soviet economical science they for a very long time used within the place “investments” the termini “capital placement”, which expressed the utilization of the commercial components within the sphere of actual industrial actions throughout realization of capital tasks. From one look, this termini in its idea is an identical to the “investments”, consequently it’s attainable to make use of them as synonyms. Although the termini “investments” and “investing” have the benefit in direction of the termini “capital placement” from linguistic and philological factors of view, as a result of they’re expressed with one phrase. This isn’t solely economical and cozy within the means of working with the termini “investment” itself, but in addition it provides a chance of termini formation. Extra concretely: “investment process”, “investment domain”, “finance-investment sphere” – all these termini are way more acceptable.

Altering native economical termini with international ones is purposeful, if it actually issues (by preserving parallel utilization of the native termini for the inheritance). Although we should not change native economical termini into international ones all collectively, when by ordinal conventional language straightforward to clarify non-public and slim concrete processes and parts get their very own termini. The “movement” of those termini is accredited within the slim skilled bounds, however their “spitting out” into the economical science could flip economical language into the tangled slang.Let’s talk about termini – “investment” and “capital placement’s” utilization within the economical literature.

Investments are placement of funds into the primary and circulation capital for the aim of getting revenue. “Investments in material assets – are the placements of funds into the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are the placements of funds into the securities bank accounts and other financial instruments”.We do not meet with the termini “investments” within the earlier economical dictionary, however we meet the mixed termini “investment policy” – the union of the commercial selections, which assure predominant instructions of the capital investments, the actions of their focus within the determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of deliberate charges of growth of the society manufacturing is depended, balancing and effectiveness, getting an increasing number of manufacturing and revenue of the nationwide revenue for each misplaced Ruble”. For today, in the most actual definitions, the capital investments are bounded only by financial means, when not only financial, but also the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources takes place. Labour resources take an actual place in the investment process. They themselves fulfill this or that investment process.A positive side of the discussed definitions is that they connect investment policy and capital placements (investments):- economical development according to the key directions to the concentration;- providing high rates of economical growth;- raising an economical effectiveness, which is expressed:a) by growing the throw off of the production and national income for every lost Ruble;b) by fulfilling the branch structure of the investments;c) by improving their technological structure;d) by optimization of their further production structure.Compared with such definition of the investments (capital placement) the definition of investments in the dictionary attaching the “Economics” seems to be unimproved: “investments – the bills of gathering manufacturing and industrial means and growing materials reserve”. On this definition present bills (manufacturing bills) are combined with the funding (capital) expense. Additionally, not the funding bills however (although the investments are adopted by the suitable bills) precisely advancing. It differs from the bills by that the means (means) are put by returning the superior values, additionally, underneath the circumstances of progress, to which the concept-advanced capital is corresponding. the advancing could also be realized within the cash, natural-material and informational kinds.Besides the termini “investments”, there are two extra termini associated with the funding. They’re proven beneath.”Human capital funding” – any activity provided for rising the workers labour productivity (in the way of growing their qualification and developing their abilities); at the expenses of improving the workers’ education, health and raising the mobility of the working forces”. It is rather helpful to make use of the talked about termini, although it wants one correction: the human capital investments don’t concern solely employees, but in addition the servants, representatives of each form of labour.

“Investment commodity, capital goods – a capital.”Within the official manuals of political financial system of the reformation time the capital investments are mentioned as “expenses for creating new main funds and widening, reconstruction and renewing the active ones”. On this definition the investments (capital placements) throughout separation of the kinds (varieties) of additional manufacturing of the primary funds are bounded solely by predominant funds (with out will increase of the circulation funds and insurance coverage reserves):a) creating new ones;b) widening;c) reconstruction;d) renewing.Additionally, the idea of the commercial gathering seems, on the bills of widening of fundamental, circulation funds and likewise insurance coverage reserves takes place”.You may meet beneath the definitions of investments from “the course of economy”: the investments are known as “placements of fund into the fundamental capital (fundamental technique of manufacturing), reserves, additionally different economical objects and processes, which request long-termed influxing of fabric and money means. “According to the division of capital into physical and money forms, the investments too must be divided into material and cash investments”.They apportion funding commodity, to which belong industrial and nonindustrial constructing objects, autos purposed for altering or widened technical park and the furnishings, growing reserves and others.”They call the total investments of production an investment product, which is directed towards keeping and increasing the basic capital (basic means) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called the depreciation; it represents important investment resources for compensation of renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and repairing of the basic means. Second consisting part of the total investments is represented by net investments – capital investments for the purpose of increasing basic means”. Depreciation will not be a compensation useful resource of sporting the fundamental funds out, however it’s the purposeful monetary supply of such sources.

Human capital funding is “a specific kind of investments, mostly in education and health protection”.”Real investments are the investments in the economical branches and also, they are kinds of economical activities, which provide influxing the increases of real capital, that is increasing material values of the industrial means”. We will agree with such definition with one specification that materials and nonmaterial values too belong to the actual capital (wealth), consequently science-researching experimental-construction outcomes, varied info, training of he employees and others. Such service as group of the excitable video games, additionally the service of redistribution social wealth from one non-public individual to a different (besides charity).”Financial investments represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. Such investments, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, but they help getting profit, consequently at the expenses of changing the course of the securities in the time of speculation, or distinguishing the course in different places of sell and purchasing”. We share wholly such definition, therefore it follows that monetary investments (if it’s not adopted by actual investments in consequence) don’t enhance actual materials wealth and actual nonmaterial wealth. In keeping with this context, the expression beneath is essential: “we must distinguish financial investments, which represent placement of the funds in the ways of selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting profit and financial investments, which become cash and real, moved to real physical capital.”Within the “economical course” quoted earlier than lengthy and short-termed investments are separated. Recognizing the existence of the bounds between them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to “one month or more” investments. If we get such conditioned standards, that we are able to name the investments which overcome the phrases of some months, long-termed ones, which could be very uncertain and we do not agree with it. An extended-termed character of the fund placement is a major characteristic of the investments (short-term does not mix with the idea of investments). Principally, it might be higher to level out fast compensative, center termed compensative and long-termed compensative investments:- much less then 6 months – fast compensative;- from 6 months as much as the yr and a half – center termed compensative;- extra then the yr and a half – lengthy termed compensative.We stopped on the definition of the investments within the capital work “economical course” for the particular objective, as, in it the writer tried to debate the idea of investments systemically and fairly fully, herewith the e-book is revealed simply now.We’ll return to the dialogue the definition economical class of “investments” in numerous publications within the following chapter. The definitions given listed here are fairly sufficient for having a notion of the extent of lighting up the given class within the economical literature.

What conclusions could also be made in accordance the definition of the talked about economical class within the revealed works, besides the made notions and specs?There’s fairly deeply, concretely and completely outlined the idea of “investments”, totally different definitions within the economical literature; however principally in each works in regards to the investments mentioned by us till now, there may be not opened the essence of investments as a cost-effective class. In each monograph , even when it has a title funding, as a cost-effective class , there may be given solely the definition, idea of investments. However, because the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion, which proves something about the distinguishing feature of the researched object. A concept out of much essential characteristic features represents only one, and essential in it is only – definition”.However the classes are a lot wider; it’s “a key, the most fundamental concept of every science”. Economical classes theoretically symbolize actual, objectively existed productive relations. A class is the defining of events of existed characters, connections, relations of the target world. Typically, any academic course of is fulfilled by the classes, which give alternatives for dividing the processes and events semantically, for expressing the definitions of a topic and understand their particular peculiarities and economical relations of a cloth world.

Our purpose is strictly to substantiate investments – as a cost-effective class and likewise, as a monetary class within the slim understanding.Right here we apply for an additional handbook thesis made by the academician Vasil Chantladze: “every financial relation is an economical one and every financial category is and economical one, but not every economical relation and economical category is financial relation and financial category”.

Within the means of defining the investments, it is very important soak up thoughts the perimeters of sources, bills and incomes, as a result of funding, from one aspect, is the results of the manufacture’s exercise, and, from one other one, – part of revenue, which, on this case, will not be used for utilization.

One other event: it’s advisable to debate investments in two elements: as a class of reserve and circulate, which can replicate precisely the connection between “placement of funds” and “investments”.As we have talked about above, not way back, within the well-known Soviet literature the ideas of “the placement of funds” and “investments” had been accepted to be the synonyms and anxious to be funding of sources for additional manufacturing of the primary funds and formation of the turnover funds. We meet with such understanding of the idea of “investment” (right here, they separate three forms of the funding bills: investments within the fundamental capital of investments, investments in the home constructing and investments within the reserves) within the trendy economical publications and it’s principally used on the macro stage throughout a statistical analyze of economical processes. On this concrete event funding is the class of reserve.