§ 9. Gender and age, racial, ethnic, linguistic, religious composition of the population of the world. (textbook)

§ 9. Gender and age, racial, ethnic, linguistic, religious composition of the population of the world.

Remember

What is the gender structure of population of Ukraine?

What are the characteristic features of the Ukraine national?

What religion are distributed in the Ukraine?

Glossary of Terms and Concepts

Composition of Population - The distribution of people who form the population in groups according to the value of a trait.

Gender composition. Formation sexual composition of influence,
primarily biological factors. In accordance with biological laws 100
103-107 girls born boys. Therefore, in the age group 15
years dominated by boys. The mortality rate among men is higher
be explained by biological features of their body, and
participation in military conflicts, more severe physical-time
work, greater activity in migration processes. Therefore, approximately
20-25 years the number of women and men leveled, and numerous
the advantage is on the side of women.

Gender composition of the population

In most countries women predominate numerically. However, in general
world for 35 million people more than men. Thus, men
accounted for 50,3% of world population. Of all the regions outnumbered
male population, most evident in Asia, particularly
China and India as well as in several Muslim countries, the leaders
among which are UAE, Kuwait, Qatar. This is due to high mortality among
women caused by social inequality of women in society, early
marriages, many children, demographic and migration characteristics
policy.

For most developed countries is characterized by predominance of female
population. The largest proportion of women (up to 54%) in Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine,
Russia and Belarus.

Age composition.

Type of population reproduction determines its age of. There are three age groups: Children (Age 15) serviceable, or adults (15-65 years), and elderly (Over
65 years). In general, the number of children the world is 31% of able-bodied
- 62,2%, the elderly - 6,8%. In developing countries, with
Second type of population reproduction - enlarged, there is great
proportion of children (35-40%) and very small portion of the elderly (5-10%). In
developed nations are working-age population (60%) and men
Senior (18-20%), due to simple or even diminished
reproduction of the population (and reproduction).

Indian Summer

Depending on the distribution of population by age group are three types of population age structure: progressive (Number of children - 40%, the elderly - 10%) stationary - (Number of children - 27%, the elderly - 23%) regressive - (-20% Share of children, the elderly - 30%).

The countries with the largest share of children (50%) belong
African countries - Nigeria, Uganda, DRC, Burkina Faso, Angola, Somalia.
"The oldest in the world are European countries: Italy, Germany, Greece,
Belgium, Spain, Sweden, the proportion of people aged over
22%. In this regard, Europe's immediate problem is the pension
software that requires significant financial costs.

The human race.

All people of the world belong to one species Homo sapiens- Homo sapiens. External (Anthropological) features - color,
features of hair, facial structure of the head (form
nose, lips, slit eyes) hereditary transmission, allow to divide
all of humanity into separate groups - race. Human race -
historically formed a group of people associated unity origin
reflected in the total genetic and physiological features and may
vary within certain limits.

Accepted highlight four major races: negroClose to it avstraloyidnu, european, Mongoloid.
In the historical development took place constantly mixing human
races, so now mixed and transitional types are 1 / 3 of total population
world.

Children of Africa

European race prevails in all regions of the world except Asia and
Africa. In Africa, most nehroyidiv. In Asia, representatives of the Mongoloid
yield strength of only representatives of the mixed and transient
groups. Australia and Oceania avstraloyidy the second city after
yevropeoyidiv.

Racial differences encountered in moving the human species and
its adaptation to different environmental conditions. Representatives of different races are
equal, but in the world were and are supporters of the idea of advantages of one race over
different. This ideology is called racism.

Ethnic.

Long natural history society has led to the formation of established communities of people - ethnicities. Ethnos -
historically formed in a particular area stand a bunch of people who
has a stable and general features of the culture,
psychological management, as well as awareness of its unity and
Unlike other similar entities (self-consciousness).

According to UNESCO, on the globe are over 4 thousand different ethnic groups
of between several tens to hundreds of millions of people. Of these, only
800 reached the stage of the nation. Nation - Sotsiotsyvilizatsiyne
movements that have economic, political, historical, social and other
side of its operation, in its peculiar relationship
form unique way of being of the people or peoples, as cultures. Nations
of more than 10 million people in the world, only 67 of them
the most numerous: Chinese hindustantsi, Americans, Russians, Japanese.
However, over 3 thousand ethnic groups have not yet reached the highest stage of development
the vast majority of them minorities.

Glossary of Terms and Concepts

Minority ethnic - A community of people who compared with the local ethnos is a lower number. There National Minorities (Have a nation state outside the state of residence), regional minority (Always lived on the territory of another nation-state, never had their own state) migrant minority (Reside temporarily in the state) colonized minority (Descendants of the ancient population of the conquered territories and populated by colonists).

Eskimoska Canada

Ethnic groups do not exist continuously in time, they emerge, develop,
decay and disappear. Each ethnic group closely related to natural
terms of its territory and residence. By processing in human
common - the nation any human group is the integration
process in several stages: the family - tribe - nation - a nation. Tribes
emerged during the first stages of human development. Main feature of the tribe
that all its members - relatives. Today tribes have preserved
mainly in remote areas of developing countries in Asia,
Africa, Latin America and the relics of the indigenous population in some
developed countries (U.S., Indians, Aborigines of Australia). Nationality of
now call ethnic groups that are under formation in
developing countries. Nation in the Middle Ages arose in the era
formation of centralized states and is the dominant form of ethnicity.
To form a nation must have a state, the economic community,
state language and national identity.

Concept "The people" used to denote people
one country, regardless of their ethnic origin. Thus, from
State name synonymous all comes population with citizenship.
Thus, the term "people" should not be equated with the concept of "nation" that is
the highest type of ethnic communities.

In most cases in any state resident
representatives of different ethnic groups. All States have taken on the basis
of the ethnic divide in monoethnic (odnonatsionalni) and multicultural (multinational).

Monoethnic States, They are based on ethnic
territory of one ethnic group by a small proportion (20%) and ethnic minorities
Small Indigenous Peoples (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Portugal,
Sweden, Hungary, Belarus, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey,
Ukraine, Finland, France, etc.)..

Multiethnic state - The presence of two or more
habitats of indigenous ethnic groups with quantitative predominance of one of them (United
Spain, China, Russia, etc..) In the absence of a dominant
predominance of one of them (Afghanistan, India, Indonesia, Nigeria) or
colonization type of racially mixed population and natives
(Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, Argentina, Australia,
Canada, New Zealand, USA, etc...)

In the world there are people that have no statehood and
peoples living area which is divided between several states.
An example of such nations may be Kurds, Ossetians.

Ethnic

Languages of the world.

The main identifying feature is the ethnic language. Scientists believe that in
worldwide there are over 2 thousand languages, that is 2 times less than people, so
that not all people have "their" language. Depending on the similarity of languages
individual nations to unite in groups and families.

The most numerous and widespread language family -
Indo-European (over 2.5 billion people). The people who belong to it,
are the majority population in Europe, North and Latin America
Australia and Oceania. The most numerous groups in its structure is
analising, Romance, Germanic, Slavic.

Romanian peasant

By analising group includes Hindi, Urdu, Bengali,
Punjabi to Roman - Italian, Spanish, French, to
Germanic - German, Swedish, English, to the Slavic -
Russian, Ukrainian, Polish. In Sino-Tibetan
(Sino-Tibetan) language family includes Chinese, Tibetan,
Burmese, and to the Niger-kordofanskoyi - like most of the zone
Sahel (Yoruba, Bantu peoples). Languages afroaziyskoyi (hamitskoyi-Semite)
extended family in the Middle East (Hebrew, Arabic), avstroneziyskoyi
(Indonesians, Filipinos, malahasiytsi) - South East Asia
dravidiyskoyi (Tamils, taluhu) - in southern India.

Most people in the world speak Chinese - 1 billion 200
thousand people, the second is English - 500 million people.
Because the United Kingdom at the time created the most powerful
colonial empire, the language has official status in 76 countries. On
third place in Urdu, Hindi - 440 million people. Hindi - the official language
India, Urdu (the same Hindi, but written in Arabic) - Pakistan.
Spanish spoken in 21 countries. Fifth and sixth place is shared
Russian and Arabic - 250 million people: Arabic is the official in
25 countries. In languages in which they speak more than 100 million people, also
include Bengali, Portuguese, Japanese, German, French,
Punjabi.

Pagoda. Mandalay, Myanmar

The religious composition.

Religion - a component of spiritual life. The main function of religion -
communication of people with higher, constant - God. This relationship
carried out by the church, which is a complex social institution and
affecting all sides of human existence. Religions unite people
common ground of beliefs, rituals, life's purpose. This ancient system
social protection, aimed at oberihannya and education of children to
their childhood. In ancient times, it created the basis for
culture, tying together the characters, legends, prohibitions, recommendations. In
many religions importance is given to issues related to
organization of life, nutrition, control of sexuality,
because of these parties depends on the survival of human life. Religion
defines moral standards, codes of conduct in different situations
person brings a sense of confidence. The religious outlook is reflected
on many elements of material culture and the economy and
policy.

But religion can not only bring people together, but separate them
be the cause of bloody conflicts, as is happening in North
Ireland, Bosnia, Cyprus, Middle East, the Indian states of Kashmir
and Punjab, in the Caucasus.

All religions to some extent modernized and reformed, some
disappear, others appear. Each in its own way explains why in
is the meaning of life, proposes to make choices, however, should make
Every man alone.

Religion

Depending on the spread in the world and all religions share the role of global and national (ethnic). Much of the world population has kept its old rodopleminni beliefs, Which include totemizm, magic, animism, shamanism. Tribal rites survived in Central America, the Amazon, Africa, North and among the peoples of Aboriginal Australia.

Today there three major religionsWho called the world: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity. They are distributed worldwide and have many faithful.

Jerusalem - a city of three religions

Christianity - The most common of the world religions, which adheres to almost 2 billion people, including three key areas: Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism. It emerged in the I century. still has the greatest impact in Europe, America and Australia.

In 1054 the Christian Church was divided on Catholic and Orthodox.

Orthodoxy.

It happened in Byzantium after the division of the Roman Empire.
Single spiritual center has. There are 15 autocephalous, Orthodox
churches. He has an extensive system of holidays and rituals that somehow differ
spiritual practices of Western Christianity.

Orthodoxy spread in Russia, Eastern and Southeastern Europe
(Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Moldova,
Greece) in Georgia. Owing to the large community of Orthodox believers are in
South and North America, in some Western European countries.

Gold-plated domes of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

Catholicism.

The Catholic Church is different from the Orthodox subtleties
doctrine, worship, rituals. More than the Orthodox, has acquired
spread the cult of the Virgin Mary. Catholicism is prevalent in Western Europe
(France, Italy, Spain), in Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Hungary, the Baltic countries), Latin America, Africa.

For the church organization of Catholicism typical severe
centralization, the availability to world center (Holy See -
Vatican), a single chapter (the Pope). Important position is
monasticism, organized in orders, which carry out missionary activities.

Statue of Christ in Peru

Protestantism.

In the sixteenth century. in the Catholic Church was split, resulting in the
formation of a new Protestant church. Protestants advocated direct
communication with God without priests, simplified to a minimum ceremonies. New
religion fit well in the new market (capitalist) relations.
Protestantism is widespread in northern Europe, Germany, North
America. Most Protestants in the U.S. (70 million people), UK
Australia. Protestantism is a large number of individual churches and
directions.

Buddhism.

The world has about 400 million people who profess Buddhism.
History of Buddhism originated in Northern India VI? V century. BC. e. This
widespread religion in China, Japan, Nepal, Mongolia, South East
Asia, Russia (Kalmykia, Buryatia, Tuva). In recent years, Buddhism has become
popular in Europe, the USA and Canada.

Islam.

Islam, or Islam, appeared in the VII century. among the Arabs - the indigenous
inhabitants of Arabia. Islam knows no division between secular and spiritual. Governments
Muslim countries are led by Sharia - arch
Laws of Islamic law. In Islam there are several trends that often
conflicting with each other: shyyizm, sunizm, Wahhabism, Sufism and others.

Islam spread in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Russia
(Northern Caucasus, Volga region), Ukraine (Crimea), North Africa. Most
adherents of Islam live in Indonesia, Pakistan, India. Many
Muslim immigrants living in France, Great Britain. Profess Islam
in Southeastern Europe in the former Ottoman Empire.

Mosque in eastern Turkey

If the world were called until recently only three religions (Christianity,
Islam, Buddhism), today in the scientific literature is called
world's 12 most widespread religions in the world: Christianity, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shinto, Judaism. These religions accumulate more than 95% of all believers in the world and about 80% of world population.

Palace over to the capital city of Tibet, Lhasa - the former residence of Dalai Lama

National Religion - Religion which professes one nation. To include religions: Judaism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, Shinto.

Judaism (Judaism) - One of the first monotheistic
religions that originated in pre-. BC in Palestine. Common among Judaism
Jews, Israel, USA, Russia, Ukraine, Argentina and other countries.
Sacred place for Jews was Jerusalem, where pilgrims go to
pray at the Wailing Wall - the remnants of the ancient temple.

Wailing Wall in Jerusalem

Hinduism - The national religion of the inhabitants of India,
Nepal, Bangladesh. It originated from ancient religions in 2500? 1500 years BC. e.
Hinduism is vishnuyizm currents, shyvayizm, shaktyzm.

Cult to r.Hanh. India

Taoism - Emerged as a doctrine and became popular in China and Vietnam.

Confucianism - Significantly affected the traditions,
religious and daily life of China, widespread in Vietnam, Korea.
Based on the teachings of Confucius and designed to bring harmony between
heaven, earth and man.

Shintoism - The national religion of Japan, first
referred to in Article VII., translated from Japanese means "the way cute
Kami. Kami - a sacred force that is everywhere in the universe. In Shintoism
trace two parts - a temple and sectarian Shinto.