Failures of the 20th century: See under IMF

By Gregory Palast, The Observer
(London), Sunday 8 October 2000

So call me a liar. I was standing in front of the New York Hilton
Hotel when the limousine carrying International Monetary Fund director
Horst Kohler zoomed by, hitting a bump. Out flew a confidential
report, Ecuador Interim Country Assistance Strategy. You suspect
that’s not how I got it, but you can trust me that it contains
the answer to a puzzling question.

Inside the Hilton, Professor Anthony Giddens told an earnest crowd of
London School of Economics alumni that globalisation is a fact, and
it is driven by the communications revolution.

Wow. That was an eye-opener. The screeching green-haired freaks
outside the hotel demonstrating against the IMF had it all wrong.

Globalisation, Giddens seems to say, is about giving every villager in
the Andes a Nokia internet-enabled mobile phone. What puzzled me is
why anyone would protest against this happy future.

So I thumbed through my purloined IMF Strategy for Ecuador seeking a
chapter on connecting the country’s schools to the world wide
web. Instead, I found a secret schedule. By 1 November this year, it
says, its government is ordered to raise the price of cooking gas by
80 per cent. It must eliminate 26,000 jobs and halve real wages for
the remaining workers by 50 per cent in four steps in months specified
by the IMF. It must begin to transfer ownership of its biggest water
system to foreign operators by July and grant BP’s Arco
subsidiary the right to build and own an oil pipeline over the Andes.

That’s for starters. In all, the IMF’s 167 loan conditions
look less like an assistance plan and more like a blueprint for a
financial coup d’état.

The IMF would say it has no choice. Ecuador is broke, thanks to the
implosion of its commercial banks. But how did Ecuador, an Opec member
with resources to spare, end up in such a pickle?

For that, we have to turn back to 1983, when the IMF forced its
government to take over the soured private debts owed by
Ecuador’s elite to foreign banks. For this bail-out of US and
local financiers, Ecuador borrowed $1.5 billion.

To repay this loan, the IMF dictated price hikes for electricity and
other necessities. And when that didn’t drain off enough cash,
yet another assistance plan required the state to eliminate 120,000
jobs.

Furthermore, while trying to meet the mountain of IMF obligations,
Ecuador foolishly liberalised its tiny financial market,
cutting local banks loose from government controls and letting private
debt and interest rates explode.

Who pushed Ecuador into this nutty romp with free-market banking?
Hint: the initials are IMF. It made bank liberalisation a condition of
another berserk assistance plan. The facts of this nasty little
history come from the IMF report marked: Please do not cite.
Pretend I didn’t.

The IMF and the World Bank have lent a sticky helping hand to scores
of nations. Take Tanzania. Today, 1.4 million people there are getting
ready to die. They are the 8 per cent of the nation’s population
who have the Aids virus. The financial rescuers found a
brilliant neo-liberal solution: require Tanzania to charge for
hospital visits, previously free. This cut the number of patients
treated in the three big public hospitals in the capital, Dar es
Salaam, by 53 per cent. The financial cures must be working.

The bodies told Tanzania to charge school fees. Now the bank expresses
surprise that school enrolment is down from 80 per cent to 66 per
cent.

Altogether the Bank and IMF have 157 other helpful suggestions for
Tanzania, and the Tanzanian government secretly agreed last April to
adopt them all. It was sign or starve. No developing nation can borrow
hard currency without IMF blessing (except China, whose output grows
at 5 per cent a year thanks to it studiously following the reverse of
IMF policies).

The IMF and World Bank have effectively controlled Tanzania’s
economy since 1985. Admittedly, when they took charge they found a
socialist nation mired in poverty, disease and debt.

Their experts wasted no time in cutting trade barriers, limiting
government subsidies and selling off state industries. This worked
wonders. According to bank-watcher Nancy Alexander of the
Washington-based Globalisation Challenge Initiative,in just 15 years
Tanzania’s GDP has dropped from $309 to $210 per capita, the
literacy rate is falling and the rate of abject poverty has jumped to
51 per cent of the population.

Yet somehow the bank has failed to win over the hearts and minds of
Tanzanians to its free-market gameplan. Last June, the bank reported
in frustration: One legacy of socialism is that most people
continue to believe the state has a fundamental role in promoting
development and providing social services.

The World Bank and the IMF were born in 1944 with simple, laudable
mandates: between them to fund post-war reconstruction and development
projects and lend hard currency to nations left skint by temporary
balance of payments deficits.

But in 1980 they seemed to take on an alien form. In the early
Eighties, Third World nations, haemorrhaging after the fivefold
increases in oil prices and a similar jump in dollar interest
payments, brought their begging bowls to the two bodies. But instead
of debt relief, they received structural assistance plans listing an
average of 114 conditionalities in return for capital.

The particulars varied from nation to nation, but in every case, they
had to remove trade barriers, sell national assets to foreign
investors, slash social spending and make labour flexible (that
is, crush unions).

Some say the vicious policy change resulted from the election that
year of Ronald Reagan as US President, the quickening of Margaret
Thatcher’s powers and the beginning of the neo-liberal
ascendency. (My own information is that the IMF and World Bank were
taken over by a space alien named Larry. It’s obvious that
Larry Summers, once World Bank chief economist and now US
Treasury Secretary, is really a platoon of extra- terrestrials sent to
turn much of the human race into a source of cheap protein. But I
digress.)

So what have The Aliens accomplished with their e free-market
prescriptions? An article by Samuel Brittan in last week’s
Financial Times declared that the new world capital markets and free
trade have brought about an unprecedented increase in world living
standard. Brittan cites the huge growth in GDP per capita, life
expectancy and literacy in the less developed world from 1950 to 1995.

Now hold on a minute. Until 1980, virtually every nation in his survey
was either socialist or welfare statist. They were developing on the
Import Substitution Model, by which locally-owned industry was
built through government investment and high tariffs, anathema to the
neoliberals.

In those dark ages of increasing national government control and
ownership (1960-1980), per capita income grew by 73 per cent in Latin
America and by 34 per cent in Africa. By comparison, since 1980, Latin
American growth has come to a virtual halt, growing by less than 6 per
cent over 20 years—and African incomes have declined by 23 per
cent.

Now let’s count the corpses. From 1950 to 1980, socialist and
statist welfare policies added more than a decade of life expectancy
to virtually every nation on the planet. From 1980 to today, life
under structural assistance has become brutish and shorter. Since
1985, the total number of illiterate people has risen and life
expectancy is falling in 15 African nations. Brittan attributes this
to bad luck, [not] the international economic system. In the
former Soviet states, where IMF and World Bank shock plans hold sway,
life expectancy has plunged, adding 1.4 million a year to the death
rate in Russia alone.

Admittedly, the World Bank and IMF are reforming. The dreaded
structural assistance plans have been renamed poverty reduction
strategies. Doesn’t that make you feel better?

Recently, the IMF admitted that in the recent decades, nearly
one-fifth of the world population have regressed—arguably
one of the greatest economic failures of the twentieth century.
And that, Professor Giddens, is a fact.