city, Trumbull county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Mahoning River, about midway between Youngstown and Warren, and is a part of the Mahoning industrial complex. Ruben Harmon, the first white settler (1797), and others discovered deposits of coal, iron ore, and limestone there. James Heaton built a foundry and organized Heaton’s Furnace (1806), which was renamed Nil...

village, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A suburb of Chicago, it is located 16 miles (26 km) north of downtown. Called Niles Center until 1940, Skokie (renamed for the Potawatomi word for “swamp”) was settled in 1834 by immigrants from Germany and Luxembourg. A trading centre in its early years, it was known primarily for its greenh...

...Evening Post, continuing in that post until 1811. In the latter year he issued the prospectus for his Weekly Register (later to be called Niles’ Weekly Register), which he edited and published until 1836 and which became one of the most influential papers in the United States. Niles favoured protective tariffs and the gradual....

city, Trumbull county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Mahoning River, about midway between Youngstown and Warren, and is a part of the Mahoning industrial complex. Ruben Harmon, the first white settler (1797), and others discovered deposits of coal, iron ore, and limestone there. James Heaton built a foundry and organized Heaton’s Furnace (1806), which was renamed Nil...

the largest Asian antelope (family Bovidae). The nilgai is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and Hindus accord it the same sacred status as cattle (both belong to the subfamily Bovinae). Accordingly, the nilgai is the only one of the four Indian antelopes that is still abundant....

mountainous region of Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. The peaks of the Nilgiri rise abruptly from the surrounding plains to an elevation of about 6,000 to 8,000 feet (1,800 to 2,400 metres); one of them, Doda Betta (8,652 feet [2,637 metres]), is the highest point in Tamil Nadu. Part of the Western Ghats, the hills a...

...to dark brown. The male has a full mane covering the neck and forequarters. An adult male can weigh up to 120–140 kg (260–310 pounds), while females weigh about 60 kg (130 pounds). The Nilgiri tahr, or Nilgiri ibex (H. hylocrius, or, by some classifications, Nilgiritragus hylocrius), of southern India, is dark brown with a grizzled saddle-shaped patch on its......

The Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii) is similar to the yellow-throated marten. However, it is slightly longer on average, and the throat patch ranges in colour from yellow to orange. Its body length extends from 55 to 65 cm (22 to 26 inches), with a tail that ranges from 40 to 45 cm (16 to 18 inches) long. The Nilgiri marten is endemic to India’s Western Ghats....

...to dark brown. The male has a full mane covering the neck and forequarters. An adult male can weigh up to 120–140 kg (260–310 pounds), while females weigh about 60 kg (130 pounds). The Nilgiri tahr, or Nilgiri ibex (H. hylocrius, or, by some classifications, Nilgiritragus hylocrius), of southern India, is dark brown with a grizzled saddle-shaped patch on its......

...to dark brown. The male has a full mane covering the neck and forequarters. An adult male can weigh up to 120–140 kg (260–310 pounds), while females weigh about 60 kg (130 pounds). The Nilgiri tahr, or Nilgiri ibex (H. hylocrius, or, by some classifications, Nilgiritragus hylocrius), of southern India, is dark brown with a grizzled saddle-shaped patch on its......

any member of the Kipsikis (Kipsigis), Nandi, Pokot, or other related peoples of west-central Kenya, northern Tanzania, and Uganda who speak Southern Nilotic languages of the Nilo-Saharan language family....

...mixture (as an alternative to a uniform genetic classification into distinct language families) was defended most vigorously by the Africanist Carl Meinhof, who referred to these languages as “Nilo-Hamitic.” But, as Greenberg pointed out in his classificatory work, the mere presence of gender points only toward typological similarities between languages. What is at the heart of a......

a group of languages that form one of the four language stocks or families on the African continent, the others being Afro-Asiatic, Khoisan, and Niger-Congo. The Nilo-Saharan languages are presumed to be descended from a common ancestral language and, therefore, to be genetically related. The family covers major areas east and north of ...

city and suburb of Rio de Janeiro city, Rio de Janeiro estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It lies in the Guandu-Mirim River valley, at 92 feet (28 metres) above sea level. Originally situated 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Rio de Janeiro, Nilópolis experienced significant growth from the 1960s through the 1980s and became an integral part o...

any member of several east-central African peoples living in South Sudan, northern Uganda, and western Kenya. The name refers to the area in which they live, mostly the region of the upper Nile and its tributaries, and to a linguistic unity that distinguishes them from their neighbours who have similar physical characteristics and culture. (See Nilotic languages...

any member of several east-central African peoples living in South Sudan, northern Uganda, and western Kenya. The name refers to the area in which they live, mostly the region of the upper Nile and its tributaries, and to a linguistic unity that distinguishes them from their neighbours who have similar physical characteristics and culture. (See Nilotic languages...

group of related languages spoken in a relatively contiguous area from northwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan, and western Ethiopia southward across Uganda and Kenya into northern Tanzania. Nilotic languages are part of the Eastern Sudanic subbran...

...2 vol. (1901–02), which established her as the foremost Swedish novelist. Other notable works were Herr Arnes Penningar (1904), a tersely but powerfully told historical tale; and Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige, 2 vol. (1906–07; The Wonderful Adventures of Nils and Further Adventures of Nils), a geography reader for children....

...was established about 1712, continuing until about 1840. Most of the subjects used at Frankfurt and Hanau were repeated at Nürnberg, as well as designs based on the the Rococo engravings of J.E. Nilson (1721–88), which were also popular at many of the porcelain factories. The Rococo style, which spread from France to Germany about the second quarter of the 18th century, is......

After Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev in 1871 predicted this element’s existence, tentatively calling it ekaboron, Swedish chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson in 1879 discovered its oxide, scandia, in the rare-earth minerals gadolinite and euxenite, and Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve later in 1879 identified scandium as the hypothetical ekaboron. Scandium is found in small proportions,......

The third type of superposition eye, discovered in 1988 in the crab genus Macropipus by Swedish zoologist Dan-Eric Nilsson, has optical elements that use a combination of a single lens and a parabolic mirror. The lens focuses an image near the top of the clear zone (similar to an apposition eye), but oblique rays are intercepted by a parabolic mirror surface that lines the......

...in the late 1960s and early 1970s, sold poorly but prompted cover versions by artists such as Three Dog Night (who topped the charts with Mama Told Me Not to Come) and Harry Nilsson. Bringing his love for the New Orleans piano-oriented rhythm and blues of Fats Domino and Professor Longhair to the pop music tradition of George Gershwin, Newman released ......

Aug. 24, 1922Strängnäs, Swed.Jan. 28, 2017Stockholm, Swed.Swedish photographer who used microcameras to capture breathtaking images of biological processes and phenomena within the human body, most notably the development of human embryos. Those photos appeared in a Life...

Aug. 24, 1922Strängnäs, Swed.Jan. 28, 2017Stockholm, Swed.Swedish photographer who used microcameras to capture breathtaking images of biological processes and phenomena within the human body, most notably the development of human embryos. Those photos appeared in a Life...

Greek Byzantine abbot and author of extensive ascetical literature that influenced both Eastern and Western monasticism. He also participated in the prevalent theological controversies concerning the Trinity and the person and work of Christ....

abbot and promoter of Greek monasticism in Italy who founded several communities of monks in the region of Calabria following the Greek rule of St. Basil of Caesarea. A supporter of the regular successors to the papal crown in their controversies with antipopes, he also helped establish (1004) the noted abbey of Grottaferrata, near Rome, that remains today the centre of Greek monasticism and litur...

Greek Byzantine abbot and author of extensive ascetical literature that influenced both Eastern and Western monasticism. He also participated in the prevalent theological controversies concerning the Trinity and the person and work of Christ....

abbot and promoter of Greek monasticism in Italy who founded several communities of monks in the region of Calabria following the Greek rule of St. Basil of Caesarea. A supporter of the regular successors to the papal crown in their controversies with antipopes, he also helped establish (1004) the noted abbey of Grottaferrata, near Rome, that remains today the centre of Greek monasticism and litur...

ancient game of obscure origin in which two players alternate in removing objects from different piles, with the player who removes the last object winning in the normal play variant and losing in another common variant....

...and importance have grown with advances in surveillance technology. Its programs are perhaps the most expensive—and useful—sources of intelligence available to the U.S. government. The National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) was created in 1996 under the aegis of the Department of Defense to produce imagery intelligence for the U.S. military and other government agencies....

...freedom of expression previously won was cut short, although the modernizing policies of the regime were indirectly helpful in creating the conditions for the emergence of a new Persian literature. Nima Yushij was the first to propose a radical renewal of Persian poetry, not only of its contents but also of its prosody and imagery, but he found the opposing forces of tradition to be very......

...is possible to program a computer (or build a special machine) that will play a perfect game. Such a machine was invented by American physicist Edward Uhler Condon and an associate; their automatic Nimatron was exhibited at the New York World’s Fair in 1940....

...of the country consists of high savanna lying mostly 1,000 feet (300 metres) above sea level. Most of the western border with Liberia and Guinea is shaped by mountain ranges, whose highest point, Mount Nimba (5,748 feet [1,752 metres]; see also Nimba Range), is situated in the the Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 198...

...a slightly shorter tail. More shrewlike in appearance are the two dwarf species (genus Micropotamogale), the Ruwenzori otter shrew (M. ruwenzorii) and the Nimba otter shrew (M. lamottei), which weigh 60 to 150 grams and have a body 12 to 20 cm long and a shorter tail. The water-repellent fur of all three is soft and dense....

mountain chain extending in a southwest–northeast direction along the Guinea–Côte d’Ivoire–Liberia border. It reaches its highest elevation at Mount Nimba (5,748 feet [1,752 metres]). Surrounded by lowland rain forest to the south and savanna to the north, the mountains are the source of the Nuon (Nipoué, Cestos) and Cavalla rivers, which form the Liberia–Côte d’Ivoire boundary....

...are cirrus, cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus. Middle clouds, 7 to 2 km (23,000 to 6,500 feet), are altocumulus and altostratus. Low clouds, 2 to 0 km (6,500 to 0 feet), are stratocumulus, stratus, and nimbostratus. A cloud that extends through all three heights is called a cumulonimbus. A cloud at the surface is called a fog....

in art, radiant circle or disk surrounding the head of a holy person, a representation of spiritual character through the symbolism of light. In Hellenistic and Roman art the sun-god Helios and Roman emperors often appear with a crown of rays. Because of its pagan origin, the form was avoided in Early Christian art, but a simple circular nim...

a colloquialism signifying one’s opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one’s neighborhood. The phrase seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric utilities to construct nuclear-powered generating stations, especially those located in Seabrook, New Hampshire, and Midland, Michigan....

a colloquialism signifying one’s opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one’s neighborhood. The phrase seems to have appeared first in the mid-1970s. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric utilities to construct nuclear-powered generating stations, especially those located in Seabrook, New Hampshire, and Midland, Michigan....

city, Gard département, Occitanie région, southern France, south-southwest of Lyon. Situated at the foot of some barren hills called the Monts Garrigues to the north and west of the city, Nîmes stands in a vine-planted plain extending south and east....

...that the DSM-5’s categories and diagnoses should be more clearly based upon a genetic, neuroscientific, or biological understanding of the disorders. Thomas R. Insel, director of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), went so far as to say that the DSM-5 showed a lack of scientific validity. The real problem, many scientists have noted, is that the complexity of......

...passage of a bus on a nearby road. As a result, more than 40 Iranians were detained by ground forces in an effort to preserve operational security. Of the eight navy helicopters that left the USS Nimitz, two experienced mechanical failure and could not continue, and the entire group was hindered by a low-level dust storm that severely reduced visibility. The six remaining helicopters......

...and steamed for more than three years before refueling was necessary. The Enterprise displaced 75,700 tons, carried 100 jet aircraft, and could reach more than 30 knots. Beginning in 1975, 10 Nimitz-class carriers superseded the Enterprise. These 81,600-ton carriers were powered by only two nuclear reactors, yet they reached speeds comparable to the Enterprise, and their......

These advances in processing have been accompanied by the development of new “superalloys.” Superalloys are high-strength, often complex alloys that are resistant to high temperatures and severe mechanical stress and that exhibit high surface stability. They are commonly classified into three major categories: nickel-based, cobalt-based, and iron-based. Nickel-based superalloys......

Sabre-toothed cats existed from the Eocene through the Pleistocene Epoch (55.8 million to 11,700 years ago). According to the fossil record, the Nimravidae were extant from about 37 million to 7 million years ago. Only distantly related to felids, they include the genera Hoplophoneus, Nimravus, Dinictis, and Barbourofelis. The Machairodontinae,......

Sabre-toothed cats existed from the Eocene through the Pleistocene Epoch (55.8 million to 11,700 years ago). According to the fossil record, the Nimravidae were extant from about 37 million to 7 million years ago. Only distantly related to felids, they include the genera Hoplophoneus, Nimravus, Dinictis, and Barbourofelis. The Machairodontinae,......

...According to the fossil record, the Nimravidae were extant from about 37 million to 7 million years ago. Only distantly related to felids, they include the genera Hoplophoneus, Nimravus, Dinictis, and Barbourofelis. The Machairodontinae, extant from about 12 million to less than 10,000 years ago, include the more familiar Smilodon as well as......

legendary biblical figure, described in Gen. 10:8–12 as “the first on earth to be a mighty man. He was a mighty hunter before the Lord.” The only other references to Nimrod in the Old Testament are Mic. 5:6, where Assyria is called the land of Nimrod, and I Chron. 1:10. The beginning of his kingdom is said in Genesis to be Babel, Erech, and Akkad in the land of Shinar. Nimrod is said to have built...

ancient Assyrian city situated south of Mosul in northern Iraq. The city was first excavated by A.H. (later Sir Austen) Layard during 1845–51 and afterward principally by M.E.L. (later Sir Max) Mallowan (1949–58)....

gemeente (municipality), eastern Netherlands, on the Waal River (southern arm of the Rhine). It originated as the Roman settlement of Noviomagus and is the oldest town in the Netherlands. Often an imperial residence in the Carolingian period, it became a free city and later joined the Hanseatic League. In 1579 it subscribed to the Union of Utre...

peace treaties of 1678–79 that ended the Dutch War, in which France had opposed Spain and the Dutch Republic (now the Netherlands). France gained advantages by arranging terms with each of its enemies separately....

French-born author of novels and short stories whose literary reputation rests on the eight published volumes of her personal diaries. Her writing shows the influence of the Surrealist movement and her study of psychoanalysis under Otto Rank....

...lay in its capacity for sailing to windward. It was also capable of remarkable speed. Two of the three ships in which Christopher Columbus made his historic voyage in 1492 were caravels, the Niña and the Pinta....

in Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian city goddess of Nina (modern Surghul, Iraq) in the southeastern part of the Lagash region of Mesopotamia. According to tradition, Nanshe’s father Enki (Akkadian: Ea) organized the universe and placed her in charge of fish and fishing. Nanshe was also described as a divine soothsayer and dream interpreter. Although at times overshadowed by her sister Inanna......

...of 13 m (14 yd) of detailed Chantilly lace. Shortly after Alamuddin married actor George Clooney in Venice, Oscar de la Renta, who had created her gown, died. Peter Copping—who rose to fame at Nina Ricci and instigated the fall look of flirty silk dresses featuring long sleeves and short thigh-grazing hemlines—left his post to head up Oscar de la Renta. Guillaume Henry—who had......

...appoint any one of his sons as his successor, as long as one of them had “divine” approval registered on the lungs of a sacrificed llama. There were several candidates for the throne: Ninan Cuyuchi who was in Tumipampas with his father; Atahuallpa (’Ataw Wallpa), who was also in the north; Huascar (Washkar), who was apparently in Cuzco; Manco Inca (Manqo ’Inka), whose mother......

in Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian deity, the city god of Enegir, which was located on the Euphrates River between Larsa and Ur in the southern orchard region. Ninazu was also the city god of Eshnunna (modern Tall al-Asmar in eastern Iraq). Ninazu, whose name means “Water Knower,” was primarily an underworld deity, although the exact nature of his character or functions is not c...

...mastermind John Dillinger (played by Johnny Depp), who was responsible for robbing a string of American banks during the Great Depression. In 2009 Cotillard also appeared in Nine. The musical featured an all-star cast that included Daniel Day-Lewis, Penélope Cruz, Nicole Kidman, and Kate Hudson....

In contrast to 8, the number 9 often represents pain or sadness. The 16th-century Catholic theologian Peter Bungus pointed out that the Ninth Psalm predicts the coming of the Antichrist. In Islamic cosmology the universe is made from nine spheres—the traditional eight of Ptolemy, plus a ninth added by the Arab astronomer Thābit ibn Qurrah about 900 ce to explain the precession of......

...eight ball, in which one player attempts to sink all the striped balls followed by the 8 ball, while the other player attempts to sink all the solid balls and then the 8. The first to do so wins. Nine ball is often played in professional pool tournaments. In this game the object is to pocket the 9 ball after the cue ball first makes contact with the lowest-numbered ball on the table. As long......

Fuller’s book Nine Chains to the Moon (1938) is an outline of his general technological strategy for maximizing the social applications of energy resources. He further developed this and other themes in such works as No More Secondhand God (1962), Utopia or Oblivion (1969), Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1969), Earth, Inc. (1973), and Critical......

The most important work in the history of mathematics in Chinese is Jiuzhang suanshu (The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art), which contains arithmetic, algebraic, and geometric algorithms, presented in relation to problems, some of which evoke the duties of the civil administration: surveying fields (areas), levying taxes according to......

The most important work in the history of mathematics in Chinese is Jiuzhang suanshu (The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art), which contains arithmetic, algebraic, and geometric algorithms, presented in relation to problems, some of which evoke the duties of the civil administration: surveying fields (areas), levying taxes according to......

The most important work in the history of mathematics in Chinese is Jiuzhang suanshu (The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art), which contains arithmetic, algebraic, and geometric algorithms, presented in relation to problems, some of which evoke the duties of the civil administration: surveying fields (areas), levying taxes according to......

This new empire comprised many tribes and seems to have been headed by a smaller tribal confederation standing under Uighur leadership. This federation is referred to in Chinese sources as the Nine Clans (Jiuxing), whereas Islamic sources and the Orhon inscriptions call it the Tokuz Oğuz. There are some indications that the Uighur empire stood under dual leadership, the ......

...to Charles V, king of France, only 67 of the original 105 scenes have survived. A slightly later series (c. 1385) possibly woven in the same Parisian workshop is the Nine Heroes. This set is not a religious narrative but illustrates the chivalric text Histoire des neuf preux (“Story of the Nine Heroes”) by the early......

...of John O’Hara’s novel about an businessman (Paul Newman) whose career ambitions wreak havoc on his personal life; Joanne Woodward and Myrna Loy also starred in the film. Next was Nine Hours to Rama (1963), an ambitious drama about the events leading up to Gandhi’s assassination. Robson reteamed with Newman on The Prize (1963), a political......

...and Crazy. During this time, Aerosmith was a constant presence on MTV, and the group won numerous music video awards. The band’s next release, Nine Lives (1997), reached the top of the Billboard album chart, and the single Pink garnered a Grammy....

...upon the DP became stronger, and it was accused of unconstitutional action. At the same time, the Democrats, fearing a revolution, redoubled control. In December 1959 an alleged plot (the so-called Nine Officers’ Plot) was unearthed; some of the accused were so clearly innocent that punishment ultimately fell upon the accuser, but it appears that there indeed had been a conspiracy of some......

This new empire comprised many tribes and seems to have been headed by a smaller tribal confederation standing under Uighur leadership. This federation is referred to in Chinese sources as the Nine Clans (Jiuxing), whereas Islamic sources and the Orhon inscriptions call it the Tokuz Oğuz. There are some indications that the Uighur empire stood under dual leadership, the ......

...she portrayed a wealthy woman who has an affair with a young hustler (John Travolta); the drama was written and directed by Wagner. It was widely panned. Tomlin rebounded with Nine to Five (1980), a hugely popular comedy about coworkers (Tomlin, Jane Fonda, and Dolly Parton) who decide to kill their sexist boss (Dabney Coleman). A series of comedies followed, though......

...a solo album titled Rain Machine in 2009, and the following year Sitek’s pop group Maximum Balloon released its debut LP. The group returned to the studio for Nine Types of Light (2011), an ambitious departure that traded the driving bass of Dear Science for torch-song lyrics and rock-ballad instrumentation....

...Thasos was reduced and forced to give up all of its mines and mainland possessions. A further attempt at this time to extend Athenian northern interest, the colonizing expedition sent to the Nine Ways, the site of the later Amphipolis, was less successful. If silver was one coveted commodity, ship-building timber was another, and the desire for the latter was a large part of Athens’s......

...and tail. In all but one species the carapace is nearly hairless. The carapace is made of bony transverse bands covered with tough scales that are derived from skin tissue. The three-, six-, and nine-banded armadillos are named for the number of movable bands in their armour. Only one species, the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), is found in the United States. Its range......

...Pact negotiated at the conference (November 1921–February 1922) enjoined the United States, Japan, Britain, and France to respect each other’s Pacific island dependencies for 10 years. A Nine-Power Pact obliged all parties to respect “the sovereignty, the independence, and the territorial and administrative integrity of the state of China” and the commercial Open Door. A......

...Pact negotiated at the conference (November 1921–February 1922) enjoined the United States, Japan, Britain, and France to respect each other’s Pacific island dependencies for 10 years. A Nine-Power Pact obliged all parties to respect “the sovereignty, the independence, and the territorial and administrative integrity of the state of China” and the commercial Open Door. A......

...The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere in fresh and salt water. It is 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) long and has three dorsal spines. The nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), a species that is similar in size to G. aculeatus but has more dorsal spines, is another widely distributed form found in the Northern......

...inch) long. They have short legs and are usually brightly coloured with black, yellow, or reddish markings. The colour of the wing covers and number of spots vary among species. The pattern of the nine-spotted ladybird beetle (Coccinella novemnotata), which has four black spots on each reddish orange wing cover (elytron) and one shared spot, is an example of the typical colour pattern......

...or a hand’s span from them. In various pot games (a pot is a small hole in the ground), including moshie, the player tries to pitch his own marbles or knock his opponents’ marbles into a hole. In bridgeboard, or nineholes, a board with several numbered arches is set up, and players try to shoot their marbles through the arches. A Chinese marble game consists of kicking a marble against an......