Post navigation

Trying to Create Something Different in the Nebraska Sandhills

At our Niobrara Valley Preserve (NVP), we’re experimenting with prairie management techniques to see if we can create a wider range of habitat conditions than is found throughout much of the Nebraska Sandhills. On many Sandhills ranches, pastures look fairly similar to each other in terms of vegetation structure. That’s because Sandhills ranchers tend to be careful in their grazing management to avoid wind erosion that can cause “blowouts” of bare sand. As a result, pastures are rarely grazed intensively enough to create wide expanses of bare ground. If intensive grazing does happen, it’s usually on a small scale and/or for short periods of time, which allows for quick recovery of grasses.

The Nebraska Sandhills have tremendous innate heterogeneity. Just in this photo, you can see areas of bare sand created by pocket gophers and/or other animals, habitat structure created by various kinds of plants, including grasses, wildflowers, yucca, and shrubs. Vegetation height varies greatly across small areas.

Overall, the ecology of the Nebraska Sandhills seems very healthy. It’s a huge and mostly intact grassland landscape, and because of the dry sandy soils, topography and diversity of vegetation, there is quite a bit of habitat heterogeneity that is independent of management. As you walk across most Sandhills pastures, you will move through both short/sparse vegetation and taller/dense vegetation, and occasionally come across other structural components like yucca plants or plum thickets. Wildlife and insect species can often find the habitat structure they need somewhere in that pasture, though it might be in a small patch surrounded by other habitat types. That seems to be true even for many bird species, which have relatively large breeding territories. As an example, in pastures with fairly tall vegetation, we often see and hear horned larks that are (apparently) nesting in a few small and scattered patches of the short vegetation structure they prefer. Those patches of short habitat often occur in gravelly flat areas or in favorite feeding areas for cattle, where grass growth is weak because of frequent grazing.

This late July photo shows a portion of our west bison pasture that was burned this spring and has been grazed intensively by bison all year. Because bison are in the pasture year round, they had immediate access to the burned area and started grazing regrowth as soon as it was available.

We’re trying to figure out more about how management with patch-burn grazing or other similar grazing systems affects Sandhills ecology. Patch-burn grazing has part of the management of our bison pastures at NVP since the early 1990’s. Because of that, we know Sandhills vegetation can recover from fires that are followed immediately by season-long intensive grazing. However, we still don’t know much about how many animal species might respond – positively or negatively – to the kind of large patch heterogeneity created by this kind of management. Instead of pastures with interspersed small areas of tall and short vegetation, we’re trying to create large patches (500-1000 acre patches within 10,000-12,000 acre pastures) of each habitat type and then shift the location of those patches between years.

Plains sunflower (an annual) often becomes very abundant after fires because it germinates well in exposed soil and then thrives in the absence of strong competition from perennial grasses. This is the current year’s burn patch in our east bison pasture, where plains sunflower tall and blooming, surrounded by short-cropped grasses.

Creating large patches of various habitat types could bring both advantages and disadvantages to different species. As an example, large patches could create an abundance of resources that support larger and more viable populations of some animal species. On the other hand, a vole who likes thatchy habitat could wake up in the middle of a 1000 acre burn, and it would have to make a long dangerous trip to find a more suitable place to live. Trying to evaluate those potential costs and benefits is a big challenge for us.

This landscape shot shows the abundance of plains sunflower across the entire burned patch.

One possible advantage of the kind of shifting mosaic of habitat approach we’re trying is that it helps avoid risks that come from having the same habitat conditions in the same place year after year. Just as crop rotation can help avoid buildups of pests and pathogens, shifting habitat types from place to place could have important benefits. For example varying the location of habitat types from year to year could limit disease outbreaks and help prevent predators or herbivores from building up large and potentially destabilizing populations.

Showy evening primrose, aka fourpoint evening primrose (Oenothera rhombipetala) where the prairie was burned in 2015 and grazed intensively in both 2015 and 2016. This opportunistic biennial is taking advantage of a long period where grasses are weakened by prior intensive grazing and haven’t yet recovered.

The most intriguing part of our experimentation for me, though, is the idea that we could create large ‘recovery patches’ where grasses have been weakened by a full season of intensive grazing and the plant community is temporarily dominated by opportunistic, mostly short-lived plant species. That combination of short grasses and tall ‘weedy’ wildflowers can provide excellent brood-rearing habitat for some birds and important structure for reptiles and invertebrates that need to regulate their body temperature by moving quickly from sun to shade as needed. Studies in other landscapes have shown that this kind of recovery patch habitat creates pulses of high insect biomass, which could have numerous impacts – including the provision of an awful lot of food for wildlife. In addition, if an abundance of opportunistic plants include species beneficial to pollinators, that could provide quite a bonanza of resources for bees, butterflies, and other insects.

Zoomed out

In most of the Sandhills, patches of ‘weedy’ habitat tend to be in small, static and widely scattered locations such as around windmills or other places where cattle or bison frequently congregate. We’re wondering what might happen if we created big patches of the same habitat type and shifted their location from year to year. In our Platte River Prairies, patch-burn grazing (and similar strategies) has sustained prairie plant diversity over many years, but we haven’t looked closely for similar responses in the Sandhills. In addition, we know a little about how birds respond to patch-burn grazing in the Sandhills, but not much about impacts on other species like lizards, pollinators, small mammals, or invertebrates. Now we’re trying to collect data on the responses from all those different organisms.

The lesser earless lizard is often found in and around sand blowouts or other habitat patches with abundant bare sand. Will they respond positively to much larger patches of sparse vegetation? Can they successfully shift their population locations as we burn/graze new sites?

Will pollinators such as this plasterer bee (Colletes sp) benefit from higher abundances of flowering plants in big patches of Sandhills prairie that are recovering from season-long intensive grazing?

This is part of our east bison pasture that hasn’t burned since 2012, and has been only lightly grazed during that time period. It should support a different array of wildlife and allow different plant species to thrive than more recently-grazed areas. Providing a wide range of habitat types across the prairie seems beneficial for biological diversity, but we still need to test that idea in the Sandhills.

I’ve really enjoyed digging into all the questions we have about our attempts to create more habitat heterogeneity in the Sandhills. We haven’t had time to answer many questions yet, but we feel like we’re at least creating something different than what exists throughout most of the Sandhills landscape. A few years from now, we might conclude that the heterogeneity we created didn’t really result in any significant positive or negative impacts compared to what exists elsewhere. If that’s the conclusion, we’ll move forward with that in mind. On the other hand, we might find that there are some important positive (and/or negative) impacts of the shifting mosaic approach we’re testing. In the meantime, it’s exciting to have the opportunity to try something different and watch what happens. Stay tuned…

If nothing else, huge populations of Plains sunflower like this one in our west bison pasture provide a different (and I think beautiful) look to parts of the Sandhills landscape at the Niobrara Valley Preserve.

About Chris Helzer

Chris Helzer is the Director of Science for The Nature Conservancy in Nebraska. His main role is to evaluate and capture lessons from the Conservancy’s land management and restoration work and then share those lessons with other landowners – both private and public. In addition, Chris works to raise awareness about the importance of prairies and their conservation through his writing, photography, and presentations to various groups.
Chris is also the author of "The Ecology and Management of Prairies in the Central United States", published by the University of Iowa Press. He lives in Aurora, Nebraska with his wife Kim and their children.

10 thoughts on “Trying to Create Something Different in the Nebraska Sandhills”

Chris
Looking at your pictures I don’t detect any cheatgrass. Do you not have it on your prairies. At Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge it is becoming abundant. I visit there once or twice a year since 2011, my daughter lives there, and I see it increase every year, it is sad.
I would like your insight
thanks
Angela

Hi Angela, we certainly have cheatgrass, yes. It can be pretty abundant at times, but doesn’t seem to persist and outcompete native plants as long as we don’t keep managing the same way each year. We get a little more moisture than Crescent Lake NWR and points to the west, which makes cheatgrass a little less competitive. Also, in many years, a spring burn knocks cheatgrass out for the year because it’s actively growing at the time of the burn. Intensive grazing immediately after the burn can also keep any cheatgrass from being able to establish. If we were going to get abundant cheat, I’d expect it most during the couple of years after the burn/grazing. I don’t have enough experience watching the area closely to know yet how that’s going to work out, but when I see sites that have had a couple years or more to recover, I don’t see much cheatgrass now. I’ll know more in a couple years!

I presume that you work with a variety of ‘experts and researchers’ eg at universities and ? even some private companies to educate yourselves and also give them perhaps a research opportunity. My father back in the 50s to the 70s on a large cotton and wheat farm in the southern Arizona desert valley talked about getting university of arizona ag researchers to try different ‘plots’ and ideas on the farm. Even trained illiterate farm workers to do bug counts by sweeps in the fields to help measure the bug population changes and then when to use insecticide spraying etc.
I thought that was quite smart and a potential ‘win win’ with researchers / experts looking for land agriculture opportunities. Learn from each other.

I think the thing I appreciate is the diversity of grasslands and the range of species that inhabit different types of grasslands. One question I have is how prairie dogs affect the grassland structure. They closely crop the grasses and most forbs in their towns, so wouldn’t prairie dogs reasonably replace an intensive grazing regimen if allowed to thrive, or do the colonies not change locations often enough to let the grass recover? I personally would like to see more prairie dogs on the prairie given how many other species use their burrows, but ranchers don’t particularly like them. Do you have any estimates for how many prairie dogs and colonies are on NVP?

Patrick, you basically described it the way I would. They definitely help create and maintain very short structure (which is how they compete for forage with livestock) but they don’t change location very often. That doesn’t make them ecologically bad, of course, but their habitat patches are different from the shifting mosaic patches we’re trying to create. We have a few small colonies on NVP but we’re pretty limited on the kind of low, flat and dry areas they’re looking for, so the towns are pretty topographically contained.

It will be difficult for reptiles, like the lesser earless lizard, to thermoregulate in such large patches that have been intensively grazed. Reptiles like to move between open areas and shade to moderate body temperature.

Blowouts often form in extremely dry microclimates. For example, cold wind coming off of Lake Michigan is heated when reaching land which causes a drastic drop in dew point. This extremely dry air creates a zone that is dessert like supporting cactus and lizards in proximity to eastern deciduous forest slightly further inland.