According to Russell and Frege, when we talk of a singular term, we already presume its existence – or possible existence – as otherwise we would not talk of the term as such, and therefore as we already stated its existence, we cannot regard existence as another individual propery initiated to it. Meinong however comes to the point that not everything we express in language and what we state what is, must really exist.

Though we might presume the existence of a singular entity, how can we justify the classification to a general term? How do we know that the general classification is really existent and that the singular term is part of it? Even though this paper cannot give a full answer of it, it tries to ungable the knot of the difficult term existence and follows Rosefeldt’s suggestion, which then helps us to classify singular terms with their respective general terms.

To understand the function of class logic, it is important to take a further look on singular terms, especially their identity. What makes an object an object as such, so how can it be identified? Thus, how can an object be differentiated between another object? In a wider sense, things can have a qualitative identity, but what is really interesting for a logician is the numerical identity which helps us to identify whether object A and B are the same objects or not. Both, qualitative identity and numerical identity have a lot of practical implications and understanding the idea of identity on a single term can help in a lot of daily situations.

Northern Mali and Niger belong to the areas with most natural wealth in the world, but at the same time has one of the poorest citizens. The tragedy goes back to colonialism when borders were artificially drawn. Soon after Mali’s independence, the Touareg sought to get their own state, or at least, autonomy. But instead, they were massacred in 1963. In 2012, they managed to get independent for the first time, but soon after, a foreign mission started in Northern Mali in pretense of fighting terrorism. Indeed, there are a few terrorists, but most people do not cooperate with them. All what the Touareg want is to live in peace and safety – something that Mali does not ensure!

Frege treated sentences like mathematics and suggested functional logic. Even further, he divided sentences into values and complex expressions. The complex expression contains an argument and the amount of all values that can be attributed to the argument leading to a true sentence is a class. In this paper, I want to explain Frege’s idea and explain what he means exatly when he refers a value to an argument.

In chapter 4, Aristotle again talks about the Physikoi, this time about Anaxagoras and shows why his thesis cannot be correct according to his point of view. It is also in this chapter that Aristotle for the first time states which part of the many (the limited or unlimited) he prefers.

Freedom – I search you,
Walking through Seoul’s one way-roads,
Pyongyang’s Taedong River cries,
Borders north and south block our future,
Tomorrows light can not shine and flow,
Freedom – I love you,
The workers in North and South
Won’t swallow oppression!