The Great Plains Wolf

Also known as the buffalo wolf, the Great Plains wolf is the most common subspecies of the gray wolf in the
continental United States. It was originally identified as a separate species Canis nubilus by
Thomas Say in 1823 and was re-classified as subspecies Canis lupus nubilus in 1841 by
Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied.

HABITAT
The Great Plains wolf at one time had the largest range of any subspecies in North America, inhabiting most of the Western United States, southeastern Alaska,
and central and northeastern Canada. However, by the 1930s, the subspecies had been almost totally eradicated from the United States. By the mid-1960s, just
a few still survived in northeastern Minnesota along the Ontario border. It is currently found in the western Great Lakes region of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Upper
Michigan and Ontario. The size of the wolf's territory can vary depending on the type and
availability of prey.

CHARACTERISTICS
Great Plains wolves vary from 4 1/2 to 6 1/2 feet long from nose to end of tail, and weigh between 60 and 110 pounds. The female is roughly 80 percent the size
of the male. Their coat is usually a blend of grey, black, brown, buff, or red. They travel in packs of 5 or 6 wolves on average.

DIET
The Great Plains wolf preys on white-tailed deer, moose, snowshoe hare, small birds, and rodents such as beaver.

BREEDING
To maintain the strength of the pack, usually only the alpha male and female reproduce. Mating season usually occurs from early January through late February at
such northern climates. Roughly 63 days after mating, the mother will give birth to 4 to 6 pups in a den. They become fully grown in 6 to 8 months and are sexually
mature by about 22 months.

STATUS
It was believed the Great Plains wolf had become extinct by 1926. However, later studies showed wolves found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Upper Michigan to be
descendants of the Canis lupus nubilus. Even then, their number became fewer and fewer until they were federally protected as an endangered species
in 1974. Because of being federally protected, their population in Minnesota had become large enough to be reclassified as just threatened in 1978.

By 2009, the number of wolves in the Great Lakes region had climbed to an estimated 2,922 in Minnesota, 580 in Michigan, and 626 in Wisconsin. In response, the Fish and
Wildlife Service removed these 4,000 wolves from the endangered species list. As a result, the agency was sued by 5 environmental and animal protection groups and forced to
return the wolves to the list - at least temporarily. The Fish and Wildlife Service still believes that the wolves in the western Great Lakes region have met the recovery
criteria and don't need to be listed.