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3 The Application Program Interface.
This section describes the C API for Lua, that is, the set of C functions available to the host program to communicate with Lua. All API functions and related types and constants are declared in the header file lua.h .
Even when we use the term function, any facility in the API may be provided as a macro instead. All such macros use each of their arguments exactly once (except for the first argument, which is always a Lua state), and so do not generate any hidden side-effects.
As in most C libraries, the Lua API functions do not check their arguments for validity or consistency. However, you can change this behavior by on homosexuals in the, compiling Lua with a proper definition for the macro luai_apicheck , in file luaconf.h .
Lua uses a virtual stack to pass values to and from C. Each element in this stack represents a Lua value ( nil , number, string, etc.).

Whenever Lua calls C, the statement corporalcalled function gets a new stack, which is research papers in the military, independent of previous stacks and of stacks of C functions that are still active. This stack initially contains any arguments to the C function and it is descriptive, where the research papers in theC function pushes its results to be returned to the caller (see lua_CFunction ).
For convenience, most query operations in the API do not follow a strict stack discipline. Descriptive Essay On Shoes. Instead, they can refer to any element in the stack by using an index : A positive index represents an absolute stack position (starting at 1); a negative index represents an offset relative to the top of the stack. More specifically, if the stack has n elements, then index 1 represents the first element (that is, the element that was pushed onto the stack first) and index n represents the last element; index -1 also represents the last element (that is, the element at the top) and index -n represents the first element. Papers In The Military. We say that an imperialism, index is valid if it lies between 1 and the stack top (that is, if 1 ≤ abs(index) ≤ top ).
When you interact with Lua API, you are responsible for ensuring consistency. In particular, you are responsible for controlling stack overflow . On Homosexuals In The. You can use the function lua_checkstack to grow the cover positionstack size.
Whenever Lua calls C, it ensures that at least LUA_MINSTACK stack positions are available. LUA_MINSTACK is research on homosexuals in the military, defined as 20, so that usually you do not have to worry about stack space unless your code has loops pushing elements onto the stack.
Most query functions accept as indices any value inside the available stack space, that is, indices up to the maximum stack size you have set through lua_checkstack . Such indices are called acceptable indices . More formally, we define an acceptable index as follows:

Note that 0 is scholarship, never an acceptable index.
Unless otherwise noted, any function that accepts valid indices can also be called with pseudo-indices , which represent some Lua values that are accessible to C code but which are not in the stack. Pseudo-indices are used to access the thread environment, the function environment, the research on homosexuals in the militaryregistry, and the upvalues of a C function (see §3.4).
The thread environment (where global variables live) is always at pseudo-index LUA_GLOBALSINDEX . The environment of the descriptive essay on shoesrunning C function is always at pseudo-index LUA_ENVIRONINDEX .
To access and change the value of global variables, you can use regular table operations over an environment table. For instance, to access the value of research on homosexuals military, a global variable, do.
When a C function is united, created, it is possible to associate some values with it, thus creating a C closure ; these values are called upvalues and on homosexualsare accessible to the function whenever it is called (see lua_pushcclosure ).
Whenever a C function is called, its upvalues are located at specific pseudo-indices. These pseudo-indices are produced by the macro lua_upvalueindex . The first value associated with a function is at position lua_upvalueindex(1) , and so on. Any access to lua_upvalueindex( n ) , where n is greater than the number of upvalues of the current function (but not greater than 256), produces an acceptable (but invalid) index.

Lua provides a registry , a pre-defined table that can be used by any C code to store whatever Lua value it needs to store. This table is always located at pseudo-index LUA_REGISTRYINDEX . Any C library can store data into this table, but it should take care to choose keys different from those used by steps to write an essay, other libraries, to avoid collisions. Military. Typically, you should use as key a string containing your library name or a light userdata with the address of united states thematic essay, a C object in your code.
The integer keys in the registry are used by the reference mechanism, implemented by the auxiliary library, and paperstherefore should not be used for other purposes.
Internally, Lua uses the comparative literatureC longjmp facility to in the, handle errors. United Essay. (You can also choose to use exceptions if you use C++; see file luaconf.h .) When Lua faces any error (such as memory allocation errors, type errors, syntax errors, and research on homosexuals militaryruntime errors) it raises an error; that is, it does a long jump. A protected environment uses setjmp to good corporal punishment, set a recover point; any error jumps to the most recent active recover point.

Most functions in the API can throw an error, for instance due to research papers on homosexuals military, a memory allocation error. Thematic Essay. The documentation for each function indicates whether it can throw errors.
Inside a C function you can throw an error by calling lua_error .
Here we list all functions and types from the C API in alphabetical order. Each function has an papers on homosexuals military, indicator like this: [-o, +p, x ]
The first field, o , is good statement, how many elements the function pops from the stack. The second field, p , is how many elements the papers in thefunction pushes onto the stack. (Any function always pushes its results after popping its arguments.) A field in the form x|y means the united imperialism essayfunction can push (or pop) x or y elements, depending on the situation; an interrogation mark ' ? ' means that we cannot know how many elements the function pops/pushes by looking only at its arguments (e.g., they may depend on what is on the stack). The third field, x , tells whether the function may throw errors: ' - ' means the research papers on homosexuals militaryfunction never throws any error; ' m ' means the function may throw an error only due to not enough memory; ' e ' means the states thematicfunction may throw other kinds of papers on homosexuals in the, errors; ' v ' means the function may throw an error on imperialism, purpose.
The type of the memory-allocation function used by Lua states.

The allocator function must provide a functionality similar to realloc , but not exactly the same. Its arguments are ud , an opaque pointer passed to lua_newstate ; ptr , a pointer to the block being allocated/reallocated/freed; osize , the original size of the block; nsize , the research papers in the militarynew size of the block. ptr is NULL if and only if osize is zero. When nsize is zero, the allocator must return NULL ; if osize is not zero, it should free the block pointed to by ptr . When nsize is not zero, the allocator returns NULL if and only if it cannot fill the essayrequest. Papers On Homosexuals In The Military. When nsize is not zero and osize is comparative analysis essay, zero, the allocator should behave like malloc . When nsize and osize are not zero, the allocator behaves like realloc . Lua assumes that the allocator never fails when osize = nsize .
Here is a simple implementation for the allocator function. It is papers on homosexuals military, used in the auxiliary library by luaL_newstate .
This code assumes that free(NULL) has no effect and that realloc(NULL, size) is equivalent to malloc(size) . ANSI C ensures both behaviors.
Sets a new panic function and returns the old one.
If an error happens outside any protected environment, Lua calls a panic function and then calls exit(EXIT_FAILURE) , thus exiting the descriptive essayhost application.

Your panic function can avoid this exit by never returning (e.g., doing a long jump).
The panic function can access the error message at the top of the research on homosexuals militarystack.
Calls a function.
To call a function you must use the following protocol: first, the descriptive essayfunction to be called is pushed onto research in the military, the stack; then, the arguments to the function are pushed in direct order; that is, the buyerfirst argument is pushed first. Finally you call lua_call ; nargs is the number of arguments that you pushed onto the stack. All arguments and the function value are popped from the research in the militarystack when the function is called. The function results are pushed onto the stack when the function returns.

The number of descriptive, results is adjusted to nresults , unless nresults is LUA_MULTRET . In this case, all results from the function are pushed. Papers On Homosexuals Military. Lua takes care that the returned values fit into the stack space. The function results are pushed onto the stack in direct order (the first result is pushed first), so that after the for fashion buyer positioncall the last result is on the top of the stack.
Any error inside the called function is propagated upwards (with a longjmp ).
The following example shows how the host program can do the research papers on homosexuals militaryequivalent to this Lua code:
Here it is in C:

Note that the code above is balanced: at thesis punishment, its end, the research papers on homosexuals in thestack is back to its original configuration. This is considered good programming practice.
Type for comparative essayC functions.
In order to communicate properly with Lua, a C function must use the following protocol, which defines the way parameters and results are passed: a C function receives its arguments from Lua in papersits stack in direct order (the first argument is pushed first). So, when the united imperialismfunction starts, lua_gettop(L) returns the papers on homosexuals militarynumber of arguments received by the function. Descriptive Essay. The first argument (if any) is at papers on homosexuals, index 1 and its last argument is at index lua_gettop(L) . To return values to Lua, a C function just pushes them onto the stack, in thematicdirect order (the first result is pushed first), and returns the number of results. Any other value in the stack below the research papers on homosexuals in theresults will be properly discarded by Lua. Like a Lua function, a C function called by Lua can also return many results.
As an example, the analysis essay literaturefollowing function receives a variable number of numerical arguments and returns their average and research paperssum:

Ensures that there are at least extra free stack slots in the stack. It returns false if it cannot grow the stack to that size. This function never shrinks the stack; if the stack is already larger than the new size, it is left unchanged.
Destroys all objects in the given Lua state (calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any) and thesis corporalfrees all dynamic memory used by this state. On several platforms, you may not need to call this function, because all resources are naturally released when the in the militaryhost program ends. On the other hand, long-running programs, such as a daemon or a web server, might need to release states as soon as they are not needed, to avoid growing too large.
Concatenates the n values at the top of the stack, pops them, and leaves the result at the top. If n is 1, the descriptive essayresult is the single value on the stack (that is, the function does nothing); if n is 0, the result is the empty string. Concatenation is papers on homosexuals in the military, performed following the usual semantics of Lua (see §2.5.4).

Calls the essayC function func in protected mode. func starts with only one element in research papers on homosexualsits stack, a light userdata containing ud . In case of errors, lua_cpcall returns the same error codes as lua_pcall , plus the error object on the top of the stack; otherwise, it returns zero, and imperialism thematicdoes not change the stack. All values returned by func are discarded.
Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. The new table has space pre-allocated for narr array elements and nrec non-array elements. This pre-allocation is useful when you know exactly how many elements the table will have. Otherwise you can use the function lua_newtable .
Dumps a function as a binary chunk. Receives a Lua function on the top of the stack and produces a binary chunk that, if loaded again, results in a function equivalent to the one dumped. Papers On Homosexuals. As it produces parts of the chunk, lua_dump calls function writer (see lua_Writer ) with the given data to write them.
The value returned is the error code returned by an essay, the last call to the writer; 0 means no errors.
This function does not pop the Lua function from the stack.
Returns 1 if the two values in acceptable indices index1 and on homosexualsindex2 are equal, following the semantics of the Lua == operator (that is, may call metamethods).

Otherwise returns 0. Also returns 0 if any of the indices is non valid.
Generates a Lua error. Thematic Essay. The error message (which can actually be a Lua value of any type) must be on the stack top. In The. This function does a long jump, and therefore never returns. (see luaL_error ).
Controls the garbage collector.
This function performs several tasks, according to thesis corporal, the value of the parameter what : LUA_GCSTOP : stops the garbage collector. LUA_GCRESTART : restarts the garbage collector. LUA_GCCOLLECT : performs a full garbage-collection cycle. LUA_GCCOUNT : returns the current amount of memory (in Kbytes) in papers militaryuse by Lua. LUA_GCCOUNTB : returns the remainder of dividing the current amount of bytes of memory in use by Lua by 1024. Cover Letter Buyer Position. LUA_GCSTEP : performs an incremental step of garbage collection.

The step size is controlled by data (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way. If you want to control the step size you must experimentally tune the value of data . The function returns 1 if the step finished a garbage-collection cycle. Research. LUA_GCSETPAUSE : sets data as the steps to writenew value for the pause of the collector (see §2.10). The function returns the research militaryprevious value of the pause. LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL : sets data as the new value for the step multiplier of the cover for fashion buyercollector (see §2.10). The function returns the previous value of the step multiplier.

Returns the memory-allocation function of research on homosexuals, a given state. If ud is not NULL , Lua stores in descriptive essay*ud the research on homosexuals in theopaque pointer passed to lua_newstate .
Pushes onto the stack the environment table of the value at essay, the given index.
Pushes onto the stack the value t[k] , where t is the value at the given valid index. As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod for research papersthe index event (see §2.8).
Pushes onto the stack the value of the global name . It is defined as a macro:
Pushes onto the stack the good punishmentmetatable of the value at papers, the given acceptable index. If the index is not valid, or if the value does not have a metatable, the function returns 0 and pushes nothing on united states essay, the stack.
Pushes onto the stack the value t[k] , where t is the value at the given valid index and k is the value at the top of the stack.
This function pops the key from the research papers on homosexuals in the militarystack (putting the resulting value in its place).

As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod for the index event (see §2.8).
Returns the index of the top element in the stack. Because indices start at 1, this result is equal to the number of elements in the stack (and so 0 means an empty stack).
Moves the top element into the given valid index, shifting up the elements above this index to open space. Descriptive Essay. Cannot be called with a pseudo-index, because a pseudo-index is not an on homosexuals military, actual stack position.
The type used by the Lua API to represent integral values.

By default it is a ptrdiff_t , which is usually the largest signed integral type the essaymachine handles comfortably.
Returns 1 if the research papers on homosexuals in thevalue at the given acceptable index has type boolean, and steps0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the research in thevalue at the given acceptable index is a C function, and 0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a function (either C or Lua), and 0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a light userdata, and 0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the buyer positionvalue at the given acceptable index is nil , and 0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the research papers on homosexualsgiven acceptable index is not valid (that is, it refers to an element outside the current stack), and 0 otherwise.

Returns 1 if the given acceptable index is not valid (that is, it refers to an element outside the stepscurrent stack) or if the value at this index is nil , and 0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the value at research on homosexuals military, the given acceptable index is to write, a number or a string convertible to a number, and 0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a string or a number (which is always convertible to a string), and 0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the papers militaryvalue at the given acceptable index is thesis statement corporal, a table, and 0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the research papers militaryvalue at the given acceptable index is a thread, and 0 otherwise.
Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is comparative, a userdata (either full or light), and 0 otherwise.

Returns 1 if the value at acceptable index index1 is research on homosexuals in the military, smaller than the value at acceptable index index2 , following the semantics of the Lua operator (that is, may call metamethods). Otherwise returns 0. Also returns 0 if any of the indices is non valid.
Loads a Lua chunk. If there are no errors, lua_load pushes the compiled chunk as a Lua function on top of the stack. Otherwise, it pushes an error message. The return values of comparative, lua_load are: 0: no errors; LUA_ERRSYNTAX : syntax error during pre-compilation; LUA_ERRMEM : memory allocation error.

This function only loads a chunk; it does not run it.
lua_load automatically detects whether the chunk is text or binary, and loads it accordingly (see program luac ).
The lua_load function uses a user-supplied reader function to read the chunk (see lua_Reader ). The data argument is an opaque value passed to the reader function.
The chunkname argument gives a name to the chunk, which is used for error messages and in debug information (see §3.8).
Creates a new, independent state. Returns NULL if cannot create the state (due to lack of memory).

The argument f is the allocator function; Lua does all memory allocation for this state through this function. The second argument, ud , is an opaque pointer that Lua simply passes to the allocator in every call.
Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. Research Papers On Homosexuals. It is cover buyer position, equivalent to research papers on homosexuals, lua_createtable(L, 0, 0) .
Creates a new thread, pushes it on the stack, and returns a pointer to a lua_State that represents this new thread. The new state returned by this function shares with the original state all global objects (such as tables), but has an independent execution stack.
There is no explicit function to close or to destroy a thread.

Threads are subject to garbage collection, like any Lua object.
This function allocates a new block of descriptive on shoes, memory with the given size, pushes onto the stack a new full userdata with the block address, and on homosexuals in the militaryreturns this address.
Userdata represent C values in Lua. A full userdata represents a block of memory. It is an object (like a table): you must create it, it can have its own metatable, and you can detect when it is being collected. A full userdata is only equal to itself (under raw equality).
When Lua collects a full userdata with a gc metamethod, Lua calls the letter of application scholarship grantmetamethod and marks the userdata as finalized. On Homosexuals Military. When this userdata is collected again then Lua frees its corresponding memory.
Pops a key from the stack, and pushes a key-value pair from the to writetable at the given index (the next pair after the given key). On Homosexuals. If there are no more elements in the table, then lua_next returns 0 (and pushes nothing).

A typical traversal looks like this:
While traversing a table, do not call lua_tolstring directly on a key, unless you know that the key is actually a string. Recall that lua_tolstring changes the value at the given index; this confuses the next call to states imperialism essay, lua_next .
The type of numbers in Lua. By default, it is double, but that can be changed in luaconf.h .
Through the configuration file you can change Lua to operate with another type for numbers (e.g., float or long).
Returns the length of the value at the given acceptable index: for strings, this is the string length; for tables, this is the result of the length operator (' # '); for papers on homosexualsuserdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated for the userdata; for other values, it is 0.
Calls a function in protected mode.
Both nargs and nresults have the letter of application for a scholarshipsame meaning as in lua_call . If there are no errors during the militarycall, lua_pcall behaves exactly like lua_call . However, if there is any error, lua_pcall catches it, pushes a single value on the stack (the error message), and returns an error code. Like lua_call , lua_pcall always removes the function and letter of application for a scholarshipits arguments from the stack.

If errfunc is research on homosexuals in the, 0, then the error message returned on the stack is cover for fashion, exactly the in the militaryoriginal error message. Otherwise, errfunc is the good statement punishmentstack index of an error handler function . (In the current implementation, this index cannot be a pseudo-index.) In case of runtime errors, this function will be called with the error message and its return value will be the message returned on on homosexuals military, the stack by lua_pcall .
Typically, the error handler function is used to good thesis corporal, add more debug information to the error message, such as a stack traceback. Such information cannot be gathered after the papers in thereturn of lua_pcall , since by then the stack has unwound.
The lua_pcall function returns 0 in case of good thesis corporal, success or one of the following error codes (defined in lua.h ): LUA_ERRRUN : a runtime error. LUA_ERRMEM : memory allocation error. For such errors, Lua does not call the error handler function. LUA_ERRERR : error while running the error handler function.
Pops n elements from the stack.
Pushes a boolean value with value b onto research papers in the military, the stack.

Pushes a new C closure onto the stack.
When a C function is created, it is possible to essay, associate some values with it, thus creating a C closure (see §3.4); these values are then accessible to the function whenever it is called. To associate values with a C function, first these values should be pushed onto the stack (when there are multiple values, the first value is pushed first). Then lua_pushcclosure is called to on homosexuals in the military, create and to writepush the militaryC function onto the stack, with the argument n telling how many values should be associated with the essay on shoesfunction. Papers On Homosexuals Military. lua_pushcclosure also pops these values from the stack.
The maximum value for n is 255.

Pushes a C function onto the stack. This function receives a pointer to a C function and pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type function that, when called, invokes the corresponding C function.
Any function to be registered in Lua must follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters and return its results (see lua_CFunction ).
lua_pushcfunction is defined as a macro:
Pushes onto the stack a formatted string and returns a pointer to this string. Analysis Essay Literature. It is papers in the, similar to the C function sprintf , but has some important differences: You do not have to descriptive on shoes, allocate space for research papers militarythe result: the result is a Lua string and Lua takes care of memory allocation (and deallocation, through garbage collection). Cover Letter For Fashion Buyer. The conversion specifiers are quite restricted. Research Papers. There are no flags, widths, or precisions.

The conversion specifiers can only be ' %% ' (inserts a ' % ' in the string), ' %s ' (inserts a zero-terminated string, with no size restrictions), ' %f ' (inserts a lua_Number ), ' %p ' (inserts a pointer as a hexadecimal numeral), ' %d ' (inserts an letter for fashion, int ), and ' %c ' (inserts an research on homosexuals in the, int as a character).
Pushes a number with value n onto the stack.
Pushes a light userdata onto comparative analysis essay, the stack.
Userdata represent C values in research in the militaryLua. A light userdata represents a pointer. It is for fashion position, a value (like a number): you do not create it, it has no individual metatable, and it is papers military, not collected (as it was never created).

A light userdata is equal to any light userdata with the same C address.
This macro is states imperialism thematic, equivalent to lua_pushlstring , but can be used only when s is a literal string. In these cases, it automatically provides the string length.
Pushes the string pointed to by s with size len onto the stack. Lua makes (or reuses) an on homosexuals in the, internal copy of the given string, so the steps to writememory at s can be freed or reused immediately after the function returns. The string can contain embedded zeros.
Pushes a nil value onto the stack.

Pushes a number with value n onto research papers on homosexuals in the, the stack.
Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by s onto thesis statement corporal, the stack. Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, so the papers in thememory at s can be freed or reused immediately after the letter for a scholarshipfunction returns. The string cannot contain embedded zeros; it is assumed to end at the first zero.
Pushes the thread represented by L onto the stack. Returns 1 if this thread is the main thread of its state.
Pushes a copy of the element at the given valid index onto the stack.
Equivalent to lua_pushfstring , except that it receives a va_list instead of a variable number of arguments.

Returns 1 if the two values in acceptable indices index1 and index2 are primitively equal (that is, without calling metamethods). Otherwise returns 0. Also returns 0 if any of the indices are non valid.
Similar to papers on homosexuals military, lua_gettable , but does a raw access (i.e., without metamethods).
Pushes onto the stack the value t[n] , where t is the value at the given valid index. The access is raw; that is, it does not invoke metamethods.
Similar to lua_settable , but does a raw assignment (i.e., without metamethods).
Does the equivalent of t[n] = v , where t is the value at the given valid index and v is the value at the top of the stack.
This function pops the value from the stack. The assignment is raw; that is, it does not invoke metamethods.
The reader function used by lua_load . United Thematic. Every time it needs another piece of the chunk, lua_load calls the reader, passing along its data parameter.

The reader must return a pointer to a block of memory with a new piece of the chunk and set size to the block size. The block must exist until the reader function is called again. To signal the end of the research militarychunk, the reader must return NULL or set size to cover letter for fashion buyer, zero. The reader function may return pieces of military, any size greater than zero.
Sets the C function f as the good thesis corporalnew value of global name . It is research on homosexuals, defined as a macro:

Removes the steps to write an essayelement at the given valid index, shifting down the elements above this index to fill the gap. Cannot be called with a pseudo-index, because a pseudo-index is not an papers in the military, actual stack position.
Moves the top element into the given position (and pops it), without shifting any element (therefore replacing the value at the given position).
Starts and resumes a coroutine in a given thread.
To start a coroutine, you first create a new thread (see lua_newthread ); then you push onto its stack the main function plus any arguments; then you call lua_resume , with narg being the for fashion buyer positionnumber of arguments. This call returns when the coroutine suspends or finishes its execution. When it returns, the stack contains all values passed to lua_yield , or all values returned by the body function. Papers. lua_resume returns LUA_YIELD if the coroutine yields, 0 if the for acoroutine finishes its execution without errors, or an error code in case of errors (see lua_pcall ). In case of errors, the stack is not unwound, so you can use the debug API over it. The error message is on the top of the stack. Research On Homosexuals In The. To restart a coroutine, you put on its stack only the values to letter of application scholarship grant, be passed as results from yield , and then call lua_resume .
Changes the allocator function of a given state to on homosexuals military, f with user data ud .
Pops a table from the cover letter buyer positionstack and sets it as the new environment for the value at the given index.

If the value at the given index is neither a function nor a thread nor a userdata, lua_setfenv returns 0. Otherwise it returns 1.
Does the equivalent to t[k] = v , where t is the value at on homosexuals, the given valid index and v is the value at the top of the letter of application for a scholarship grantstack.
This function pops the research militaryvalue from the stack. As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod for the newindex event (see §2.8).
Pops a value from the stack and sets it as the new value of global name . On Shoes. It is defined as a macro:

Pops a table from the stack and sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given acceptable index.
Does the equivalent to t[k] = v , where t is the value at the given valid index, v is the value at the top of the stack, and k is the in thevalue just below the for a granttop.
This function pops both the key and papers on homosexuals in the militarythe value from the stack. As in for fashion buyerLua, this function may trigger a metamethod for the newindex event (see §2.8).
Accepts any acceptable index, or 0, and sets the stack top to this index. If the new top is in the, larger than the old one, then the new elements are filled with nil . If index is 0, then all stack elements are removed.
Opaque structure that keeps the whole state of a Lua interpreter. The Lua library is fully reentrant: it has no global variables. All information about a state is kept in this structure.
A pointer to this state must be passed as the first argument to every function in the library, except to lua_newstate , which creates a Lua state from united states thematic essay, scratch.

Returns the status of the thread L .
The status can be 0 for a normal thread, an error code if the thread finished its execution with an error, or LUA_YIELD if the thread is suspended.
Converts the Lua value at papers on homosexuals, the given acceptable index to a C boolean value (0 or 1). Like all tests in Lua, lua_toboolean returns 1 for any Lua value different from false and nil ; otherwise it returns 0. It also returns 0 when called with a non-valid index. States Imperialism Thematic. (If you want to accept only actual boolean values, use lua_isboolean to test the value's type.)
Converts a value at the given acceptable index to a C function. That value must be a C function; otherwise, returns NULL .
Converts the Lua value at the given acceptable index to research on homosexuals in the, the signed integral type lua_Integer . The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number (see §2.2.1); otherwise, lua_tointeger returns 0.
If the number is not an comparative analysis, integer, it is truncated in research in thesome non-specified way.

Converts the Lua value at the given acceptable index to a C string. If len is not NULL , it also sets *len with the string length. The Lua value must be a string or a number; otherwise, the function returns NULL . United Thematic Essay. If the value is papers on homosexuals military, a number, then lua_tolstring also changes the letter positionactual value in the stack to a string . (This change confuses lua_next when lua_tolstring is applied to keys during a table traversal.)
lua_tolstring returns a fully aligned pointer to a string inside the papers in theLua state. This string always has a zero (' 0 ') after its last character (as in C), but can contain other zeros in its body. Because Lua has garbage collection, there is no guarantee that the united states thematic essaypointer returned by lua_tolstring will be valid after the corresponding value is removed from the stack.
Converts the Lua value at the given acceptable index to the C type lua_Number (see lua_Number ). The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number (see §2.2.1); otherwise, lua_tonumber returns 0.
Converts the value at the given acceptable index to a generic C pointer ( void* ). The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, or a function; otherwise, lua_topointer returns NULL . Different objects will give different pointers. There is no way to convert the pointer back to research papers on homosexuals in the military, its original value.

Typically this function is used only for debug information.
Equivalent to lua_tolstring with len equal to NULL .
Converts the thematic essayvalue at the given acceptable index to a Lua thread (represented as lua_State* ). This value must be a thread; otherwise, the function returns NULL .
If the value at research papers on homosexuals military, the given acceptable index is a full userdata, returns its block address. If the value is of application for a grant, a light userdata, returns its pointer. Otherwise, returns NULL .
Returns the type of the value in the given acceptable index, or LUA_TNONE for a non-valid index (that is, an research papers in the, index to an empty stack position). Comparative. The types returned by lua_type are coded by the following constants defined in papers on homosexuals militarylua.h : LUA_TNIL , LUA_TNUMBER , LUA_TBOOLEAN , LUA_TSTRING , LUA_TTABLE , LUA_TFUNCTION , LUA_TUSERDATA , LUA_TTHREAD , and LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA .
Returns the thesis statement corporalname of the type encoded by research on homosexuals in the military, the value tp , which must be one the good thesisvalues returned by lua_type .
The type of the in thewriter function used by lua_dump . Every time it produces another piece of chunk, lua_dump calls the writer, passing along the buffer to be written ( p ), its size ( sz ), and the data parameter supplied to lua_dump .
The writer returns an error code: 0 means no errors; any other value means an error and stops lua_dump from calling the writer again.
Exchange values between different threads of the same global state.
This function pops n values from the united imperialismstack from , and pushes them onto the stack to .
Yields a coroutine.
This function should only be called as the return expression of research papers military, a C function, as follows:
When a C function calls lua_yield in that way, the running coroutine suspends its execution, and the call to lua_resume that started this coroutine returns. The parameter nresults is the number of values from the essay on shoesstack that are passed as results to papers on homosexuals, lua_resume .
Lua has no built-in debugging facilities. Instead, it offers a special interface by means of functions and hooks . This interface allows the construction of different kinds of debuggers, profilers, and other tools that need inside information from the interpreter.

A structure used to carry different pieces of information about an active function. Letter. lua_getstack fills only the research papers militaryprivate part of this structure, for comparative essay literaturelater use. Papers On Homosexuals In The. To fill the of applicationother fields of papers on homosexuals, lua_Debug with useful information, call lua_getinfo .
The fields of lua_Debug have the following meaning: source : If the function was defined in a string, then source is letter grant, that string. If the function was defined in a file, then source starts with a ' @ ' followed by the file name. Papers. short_src : a printable version of cover letter, source , to be used in error messages. linedefined : the line number where the definition of the research on homosexuals in the militaryfunction starts. Corporal Punishment. lastlinedefined : the line number where the definition of the function ends. what : the string Lua if the function is a Lua function, C if it is research papers, a C function, main if it is the main part of letter for a scholarship, a chunk, and tail if it was a function that did a tail call. In the latter case, Lua has no other information about the function. currentline : the current line where the given function is executing. When no line information is available, currentline is set to -1. name : a reasonable name for the given function. Because functions in Lua are first-class values, they do not have a fixed name: some functions can be the papers on homosexualsvalue of multiple global variables, while others can be stored only in thesis statement corporal punishmenta table field. The lua_getinfo function checks how the function was called to find a suitable name. Papers Military. If it cannot find a name, then name is set to NULL . namewhat : explains the name field. The value of steps to write an essay, namewhat can be global , local , method , field , upvalue , or (the empty string), according to how the function was called. (Lua uses the empty string when no other option seems to apply.) nups : the number of upvalues of the function.
Returns the current hook function.

Returns the current hook count.
Returns the current hook mask.
Returns information about research on homosexualsa specific function or function invocation.
To get information about a function invocation, the parameter ar must be a valid activation record that was filled by a previous call to lua_getstack or given as argument to a hook (see lua_Hook ).
To get information about a function you push it onto the stack and start the what string with the cover for fashioncharacter ' '. Papers In The Military. (In that case, lua_getinfo pops the function in the top of the stack.) For instance, to know in which line a function f was defined, you can write the following code:
Each character in the string what selects some fields of the structure ar to be filled or a value to be pushed on the stack: ' n ': fills in statement punishmentthe field name and namewhat ; ' S ': fills in papersthe fields source , short_src , linedefined , lastlinedefined , and what ; ' l ': fills in the field currentline ; ' u ': fills in the field nups ; ' f ': pushes onto the stack the essayfunction that is running at the given level; ' L ': pushes onto the stack a table whose indices are the numbers of the lines that are valid on the function. Research On Homosexuals In The. (A valid line is a line with some associated code, that is, a line where you can put a break point. Non-valid lines include empty lines and comments.)
This function returns 0 on error (for instance, an invalid option in what ).
Gets information about a local variable of a given activation record. The parameter ar must be a valid activation record that was filled by a previous call to cover letter buyer position, lua_getstack or given as argument to a hook (see lua_Hook ). Research On Homosexuals In The Military. The index n selects which local variable to inspect (1 is the first parameter or active local variable, and statementso on, until the last active local variable). lua_getlocal pushes the variable's value onto the stack and returns its name.

Variable names starting with ' ( ' (open parentheses) represent internal variables (loop control variables, temporaries, and C function locals).
Returns NULL (and pushes nothing) when the research papers on homosexuals in the militaryindex is greater than the an essaynumber of active local variables.
Get information about the interpreter runtime stack.
This function fills parts of a lua_Debug structure with an on homosexuals in the military, identification of the activation record of the positionfunction executing at a given level. Level 0 is the current running function, whereas level n+1 is the function that has called level n . When there are no errors, lua_getstack returns 1; when called with a level greater than the stack depth, it returns 0.
Gets information about a closure's upvalue. (For Lua functions, upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses, and that are consequently included in its closure.) lua_getupvalue gets the index n of an research on homosexuals in the military, upvalue, pushes the upvalue's value onto the stack, and returns its name. funcindex points to comparative essay, the closure in the stack. Research In The Military. (Upvalues have no particular order, as they are active through the whole function. So, they are numbered in an arbitrary order.)
Returns NULL (and pushes nothing) when the good statementindex is greater than the number of upvalues. For C functions, this function uses the empty string as a name for all upvalues.
Type for debugging hook functions.
Whenever a hook is called, its ar argument has its field event set to the specific event that triggered the hook.

Lua identifies these events with the following constants: LUA_HOOKCALL , LUA_HOOKRET , LUA_HOOKTAILRET , LUA_HOOKLINE , and LUA_HOOKCOUNT . Moreover, for line events, the field currentline is research papers on homosexuals, also set. To get the value of any other field in ar , the letter of application for a granthook must call lua_getinfo . For return events, event can be LUA_HOOKRET , the normal value, or LUA_HOOKTAILRET . Research On Homosexuals. In the latter case, Lua is simulating a return from a function that did a tail call; in this case, it is useless to call lua_getinfo .
While Lua is running a hook, it disables other calls to hooks. Grant. Therefore, if a hook calls back Lua to execute a function or a chunk, this execution occurs without any calls to hooks.
Sets the debugging hook function.
Argument f is the hook function. mask specifies on which events the research papers on homosexuals in the militaryhook will be called: it is formed by a bitwise or of the constants LUA_MASKCALL , LUA_MASKRET , LUA_MASKLINE , and LUA_MASKCOUNT . Scholarship Grant. The count argument is only meaningful when the mask includes LUA_MASKCOUNT . For each event, the hook is called as explained below: The call hook: is research in the, called when the interpreter calls a function.

The hook is called just after Lua enters the new function, before the function gets its arguments. The return hook: is called when the interpreter returns from a function. The hook is called just before Lua leaves the function. You have no access to the values to be returned by the function. The line hook: is called when the analysis essayinterpreter is about to start the execution of a new line of code, or when it jumps back in the code (even to the same line). (This event only research on homosexuals military, happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) The count hook: is called after the interpreter executes every count instructions. Analysis Essay Literature. (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.)
A hook is disabled by setting mask to zero.
Sets the value of a local variable of a given activation record. Parameters ar and n are as in lua_getlocal (see lua_getlocal ). lua_setlocal assigns the value at the top of the papers on homosexuals militarystack to the variable and returns its name. It also pops the value from the stack.

Returns NULL (and pops nothing) when the index is essay on shoes, greater than the research on homosexuals in the militarynumber of active local variables.
Sets the value of a closure's upvalue. It assigns the value at the top of the comparative analysis essay literaturestack to research on homosexuals military, the upvalue and returns its name. It also pops the value from the for a grantstack. Parameters funcindex and n are as in research papers militarythe lua_getupvalue (see lua_getupvalue ).
Returns NULL (and pops nothing) when the index is greater than the essaynumber of upvalues.
The auxiliary library provides several convenient functions to interface C with Lua. While the basic API provides the primitive functions for all interactions between C and papersLua, the auxiliary library provides higher-level functions for some common tasks.
All functions from the auxiliary library are defined in header file lauxlib.h and have a prefix luaL_ .
All functions in the auxiliary library are built on top of the basic API, and so they provide nothing that cannot be done with this API.
Several functions in the auxiliary library are used to check C function arguments.

Their names are always luaL_check* or luaL_opt* . All of these functions throw an to write, error if the check is not satisfied. Because the error message is formatted for research on homosexualsarguments (e.g., bad argument #1 ), you should not use these functions for other stack values.
Here we list all functions and types from the auxiliary library in alphabetical order.
Adds the character c to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ).
Adds the string pointed to by s with length l to letter position, the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ). The string may contain embedded zeros.
Adds to research on homosexuals in the, the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ) a string of length n previously copied to united states thematic essay, the buffer area (see luaL_prepbuffer ).
Adds the zero-terminated string pointed to by s to research on homosexuals military, the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ). The string may not contain embedded zeros.
Adds the value at the top of the stack to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ). Pops the of application grantvalue.

This is the only function on string buffers that can (and must) be called with an extra element on the stack, which is the value to research in the military, be added to steps to write an essay, the buffer.
Checks whether cond is true. Research Papers In The. If not, raises an error with the following message, where func is retrieved from the call stack:
Raises an united states thematic essay, error with the following message, where func is retrieved from the call stack:
This function never returns, but it is an research papers on homosexuals in the military, idiom to use it in C functions as return luaL_argerror( args ) .
Type for a string buffer .
A string buffer allows C code to thesis corporal punishment, build Lua strings piecemeal. Its pattern of research in the, use is analysis, as follows: First you declare a variable b of type luaL_Buffer . Then you initialize it with a call luaL_buffinit(L, b) . Research Papers. Then you add string pieces to the buffer calling any of the luaL_add* functions. You finish by calling luaL_pushresult(b) . This call leaves the final string on the top of the stack.
During its normal operation, a string buffer uses a variable number of stack slots. So, while using a buffer, you cannot assume that you know where the top of the descriptive essaystack is. Research On Homosexuals. You can use the stack between successive calls to buffer operations as long as that use is balanced; that is, when you call a buffer operation, the stack is at the same level it was immediately after the previous buffer operation. (The only exception to this rule is for fashion buyer position, luaL_addvalue .) After calling luaL_pushresult the stack is back to its level when the buffer was initialized, plus the final string on its top.

Initializes a buffer B . This function does not allocate any space; the research in thebuffer must be declared as a variable (see luaL_Buffer ).
Calls a metamethod.
If the object at index obj has a metatable and this metatable has a field e , this function calls this field and passes the object as its only argument. In this case this function returns 1 and pushes onto good statement punishment, the stack the value returned by research papers on homosexuals in the, the call. If there is no metatable or no metamethod, this function returns 0 (without pushing any value on the stack).
Checks whether the function has an argument of to write an essay, any type (including nil ) at position narg .
Checks whether the research papers militaryfunction argument narg is a number and returns this number cast to an int .
Checks whether the function argument narg is a number and returns this number cast to a lua_Integer .
Checks whether the on shoesfunction argument narg is a number and research on homosexualsreturns this number cast to letter for a scholarship grant, a long .
Checks whether the function argument narg is a string and returns this string; if l is not NULL fills *l with the string's length.
This function uses lua_tolstring to get its result, so all conversions and on homosexuals militarycaveats of that function apply here.
Checks whether the function argument narg is steps, a number and returns this number.

Checks whether the function argument narg is a string and searches for papers on homosexuals militarythis string in the array lst (which must be NULL-terminated). Returns the index in the array where the string was found. Raises an error if the argument is not a string or if the string cannot be found.
If def is not NULL , the function uses def as a default value when there is no argument narg or if this argument is nil .
This is a useful function for mapping strings to C enums. (The usual convention in Lua libraries is to use strings instead of numbers to select options.)
Grows the stack size to top + sz elements, raising an error if the stack cannot grow to that size. msg is an good thesis statement corporal, additional text to go into the error message.

Checks whether the function argument narg is a string and research papers on homosexualsreturns this string.
This function uses lua_tolstring to get its result, so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here.
Checks whether the function argument narg has type t . See lua_type for the encoding of types for t .
Checks whether the function argument narg is letter for a, a userdata of the papers on homosexuals in the militarytype tname (see luaL_newmetatable ).
Loads and runs the given file. It is defined as the following macro:
It returns 0 if there are no errors or 1 in case of errors.

Loads and runs the given string. It is defined as the following macro:
It returns 0 if there are no errors or 1 in case of errors.
Raises an good thesis corporal, error. The error message format is given by fmt plus any extra arguments, following the same rules of lua_pushfstring . It also adds at research in the military, the beginning of the message the descriptive on shoesfile name and the line number where the error occurred, if this information is available.

This function never returns, but it is an idiom to use it in C functions as return luaL_error( args ) .
Pushes onto the stack the field e from the metatable of the object at index obj . If the object does not have a metatable, or if the metatable does not have this field, returns 0 and pushes nothing.
Pushes onto the stack the metatable associated with name tname in the registry (see luaL_newmetatable ).
Creates a copy of research on homosexuals military, string s by replacing any occurrence of the string p with the string r . Pushes the resulting string on thesis statement punishment, the stack and papers on homosexuals in thereturns it.
Loads a buffer as a Lua chunk. This function uses lua_load to load the chunk in the buffer pointed to by buff with size sz .
This function returns the same results as lua_load . name is the chunk name, used for debug information and error messages.
Loads a file as a Lua chunk.

This function uses lua_load to load the chunk in the file named filename . If filename is NULL , then it loads from the standard input. The first line in the file is ignored if it starts with a # .
This function returns the same results as lua_load , but it has an extra error code LUA_ERRFILE if it cannot open/read the of application grantfile.
As lua_load , this function only on homosexuals in the military, loads the chunk; it does not run it.
Loads a string as a Lua chunk. This function uses lua_load to load the chunk in the zero-terminated string s .
This function returns the same results as lua_load .
Also as lua_load , this function only loads the chunk; it does not run it.

If the registry already has the key tname , returns 0. Otherwise, creates a new table to be used as a metatable for userdata, adds it to of application for a scholarship grant, the registry with key tname , and research papers in the militaryreturns 1.
In both cases pushes onto the stack the final value associated with tname in the registry.
Creates a new Lua state. It calls lua_newstate with an allocator based on the standard C realloc function and then sets a panic function (see lua_atpanic ) that prints an error message to the standard error output in case of fatal errors.
Returns the new state, or NULL if there is a memory allocation error.
Opens all standard Lua libraries into the given state.
If the function argument narg is a number, returns this number cast to an int . If this argument is absent or is for fashion, nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error.
If the function argument narg is a number, returns this number cast to a lua_Integer . If this argument is absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an on homosexuals, error.

If the cover letter buyer positionfunction argument narg is a number, returns this number cast to a long . In The Military. If this argument is absent or is steps, nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error.
If the in the militaryfunction argument narg is a string, returns this string. For Fashion. If this argument is absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error.
If l is not NULL , fills the position *l with the results's length.
If the function argument narg is research papers, a number, returns this number. If this argument is absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error.
If the function argument narg is a string, returns this string. If this argument is for fashion buyer, absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error.
Returns an address to a space of size LUAL_BUFFERSIZE where you can copy a string to be added to buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ). After copying the papers on homosexuals in thestring into this space you must call luaL_addsize with the letter of application scholarshipsize of the string to actually add it to the buffer.
Finishes the use of research papers, buffer B leaving the states imperialism thematic essayfinal string on the top of the stack.

Creates and returns a reference , in the table at index t , for the object at the top of the papers in the militarystack (and pops the object).
A reference is steps an essay, a unique integer key. As long as you do not manually add integer keys into research papers in the military, table t , luaL_ref ensures the uniqueness of the key it returns. You can retrieve an object referred by reference r by calling lua_rawgeti(L, t, r) . For Fashion Buyer. Function luaL_unref frees a reference and its associated object.
If the object at the top of the stack is nil , luaL_ref returns the research on homosexualsconstant LUA_REFNIL . The constant LUA_NOREF is guaranteed to be different from any reference returned by luaL_ref .
Type for arrays of functions to be registered by luaL_register . name is the function name and good punishmentfunc is research papers on homosexuals in the, a pointer to the function.

Any array of luaL_Reg must end with an sentinel entry in which both name and func are NULL .
Opens a library.
When called with libname equal to NULL , it simply registers all functions in the list l (see luaL_Reg ) into united states thematic, the table on the top of the stack.
When called with a non-null libname , luaL_register creates a new table t , sets it as the value of the global variable libname , sets it as the value of package.loaded[libname] , and registers on research papers on homosexuals in the military, it all functions in the list l . Scholarship Grant. If there is a table in package.loaded[libname] or in variable libname , reuses this table instead of creating a new one.
In any case the function leaves the table on the top of the stack.
Returns the name of the type of the value at military, the given index.
Generates an error with a message like the following:
where location is produced by statement corporal punishment, luaL_where , func is the name of the current function, and rt is the type name of the actual argument.
Releases reference ref from the table at index t (see luaL_ref ). The entry is papers on homosexuals in the military, removed from the punishmenttable, so that the referred object can be collected. Papers In The. The reference ref is also freed to be used again.
Pushes onto the stack a string identifying the current position of the control at level lvl in the call stack.

Typically this string has the following format:
Level 0 is the running function, level 1 is the function that called the running function, etc.
This function is used to build a prefix for essayerror messages.
The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions that are implemented directly through the C API. Some of these functions provide essential services to the language (e.g., type and getmetatable ); others provide access to outside services (e.g., I/O); and others could be implemented in Lua itself, but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that deserve an implementation in C (e.g., table.sort ).

All libraries are implemented through the official C API and are provided as separate C modules. Research Papers On Homosexuals In The. Currently, Lua has the of application for afollowing standard libraries: basic library, which includes the coroutine sub-library; package library; string manipulation; table manipulation; mathematical functions (sin, log, etc.); input and output; operating system facilities; debug facilities.
Except for the basic and package libraries, each library provides all its functions as fields of a global table or as methods of its objects.
To have access to these libraries, the C host program should call the papers on homosexuals militaryluaL_openlibs function, which opens all standard libraries. Alternatively, it can open them individually by calling luaopen_base (for the basic library), luaopen_package (for the corporal punishmentpackage library), luaopen_string (for the string library), luaopen_table (for the table library), luaopen_math (for the mathematical library), luaopen_io (for the I/O library), luaopen_os (for the Operating System library), and luaopen_debug (for the debug library). These functions are declared in research papers militarylualib.h and should not be called directly: you must call them like any other Lua C function, e.g., by using lua_call .
The basic library provides some core functions to united thematic essay, Lua. If you do not include this library in your application, you should check carefully whether you need to provide implementations for papers on homosexualssome of letter, its facilities.
This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector. It performs different functions according to its first argument, opt : collect: performs a full garbage-collection cycle. Research In The Military. This is the default option. stop: stops the garbage collector. restart: restarts the garbage collector. To Write. count: returns the total memory in use by Lua (in Kbytes). step: performs a garbage-collection step. On Homosexuals. The step size is controlled by arg (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way.

If you want to control the analysis essay literaturestep size you must experimentally tune the value of arg . Returns true if the step finished a collection cycle. setpause: sets arg as the new value for research papers militarythe pause of the comparative essaycollector (see §2.10). Returns the previous value for pause . setstepmul: sets arg as the in thenew value for the step multiplier of the collector (see §2.10). Returns the previous value for step .
Usually, error adds some information about the error position at the beginning of the message. The level argument specifies how to get the error position. With level 1 (the default), the error position is where the error function was called.

Level 2 points the error to where the analysis essayfunction that called error was called; and so on. Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information to the message.
If object does not have a metatable, returns nil . Otherwise, if the object's metatable has a __metatable field, returns the in theassociated value. Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object.
Returns three values: an iterator function, the table t , and 0, so that the construction.

will iterate over of application for athe pairs ( 1,t[1] ), ( 2,t[2] ), ···, up to the first integer key absent from the table.
Loads a chunk using function func to research military, get its pieces. Each call to func must return a string that concatenates with previous results. A return of an empty string, nil , or no value signals the end of the chunk.
If there are no errors, returns the compiled chunk as a function; otherwise, returns nil plus the error message. The environment of the returned function is the global environment.
chunkname is used as the chunk name for comparative literatureerror messages and debug information. When absent, it defaults to =(load) .
Similar to load , but gets the chunk from file filename or from the standard input, if no file name is given.
Similar to papers in the, load , but gets the chunk from the states imperialismgiven string.

To load and run a given string, use the idiom.
When absent, chunkname defaults to research papers on homosexuals, the given string.
Allows a program to letter scholarship grant, traverse all fields of research on homosexuals in the military, a table. Its first argument is a table and its second argument is an index in this table. next returns the next index of the corporaltable and its associated value. Research Papers On Homosexuals In The Military. When called with nil as its second argument, next returns an initial index and its associated value. When called with the last index, or with nil in an empty table, next returns nil . If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as nil . In particular, you can use next(t) to check whether a table is empty.
The order in which the literatureindices are enumerated is not specified, even for numeric indices . (To traverse a table in research in the militarynumeric order, use a numerical for or the ipairs function.)
The behavior of next is undefined if, during the traversal, you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table. You may however modify existing fields. In particular, you may clear existing fields.
Returns three values: the next function, the table t , and nil , so that the construction.

will iterate over all keyvalue pairs of table t .
See function next for the caveats of modifying the table during its traversal.
Calls function f with the letter of applicationgiven arguments in protected mode . This means that any error inside f is not propagated; instead, pcall catches the error and returns a status code. Its first result is the status code (a boolean), which is true if the on homosexuals in the militarycall succeeds without errors. In such case, pcall also returns all results from the call, after this first result. Cover Buyer Position. In case of in the, any error, pcall returns false plus the error message.
This function returns table .
If index is essay on shoes, a number, returns all arguments after argument number index . Otherwise, index must be the string # , and select returns the total number of extra arguments it received.
Sets the environment to be used by the given function. f can be a Lua function or a number that specifies the research papers on homosexuals in thefunction at that stack level: Level 1 is the function calling setfenv . setfenv returns the given function.
As a special case, when f is 0 setfenv changes the environment of the running thread. In this case, setfenv returns no values.
Sets the metatable for the given table. (You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua, only from letter of application for a grant, C.) If metatable is nil , removes the metatable of the given table.

If the original metatable has a __metatable field, raises an error.
This function returns table .
An optional argument specifies the base to interpret the numeral. The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive. Papers In The. In bases above 10, the letter ' A ' (in either upper or lower case) represents 10, ' B ' represents 11, and so forth, with ' Z ' representing 35. In base 10 (the default), the number can have a decimal part, as well as an optional exponent part (see §2.1). In other bases, only unsigned integers are accepted.
If the metatable of e has a __tostring field, then tostring calls the corresponding value with e as argument, and uses the result of the call as its result.

except that the above code can be written only for a fixed number of elements. By default, i is 1 and j is the length of the descriptive essaylist, as defined by the length operator (see §2.5.5).
This function is similar to pcall , except that you can set a new error handler.
xpcall calls function f in protected mode, using err as the error handler. Any error inside f is not propagated; instead, xpcall catches the error, calls the err function with the original error object, and returns a status code. Its first result is the status code (a boolean), which is true if the call succeeds without errors. In this case, xpcall also returns all results from the call, after this first result. Research On Homosexuals. In case of any error, xpcall returns false plus the result from err .
The operations related to coroutines comprise a sub-library of the basic library and statementcome inside the table coroutine . See §2.11 for a general description of coroutines.
Creates a new coroutine, with body f . f must be a Lua function.

Returns this new coroutine, an object with type thread .
Starts or continues the execution of coroutine co . The first time you resume a coroutine, it starts running its body. The values val1 , ··· are passed as the arguments to the body function. If the coroutine has yielded, resume restarts it; the values val1 , ··· are passed as the results from the yield.
If the coroutine runs without any errors, resume returns true plus any values passed to yield (if the coroutine yields) or any values returned by the body function (if the research papers on homosexuals militarycoroutine terminates). If there is any error, resume returns false plus the error message.
Returns the running coroutine, or nil when called by the main thread.
Returns the status of coroutine co , as a string: running , if the coroutine is running (that is, it called status ); suspended , if the coroutine is letter scholarship grant, suspended in a call to yield , or if it has not started running yet; normal if the coroutine is active but not running (that is, it has resumed another coroutine); and dead if the coroutine has finished its body function, or if it has stopped with an research papers, error.
Creates a new coroutine, with body f . Comparative Essay Literature. f must be a Lua function. Returns a function that resumes the research paperscoroutine each time it is called. Any arguments passed to the function behave as the extra arguments to resume . Letter For Fashion Buyer. Returns the same values returned by resume , except the research militaryfirst boolean. In case of letter grant, error, propagates the error.

Suspends the execution of the calling coroutine. The coroutine cannot be running a C function, a metamethod, or an in the military, iterator. Any arguments to steps an essay, yield are passed as extra results to resume .
The package library provides basic facilities for loading and building modules in Lua. Research Papers On Homosexuals Military. It exports two of letter for fashion buyer position, its functions directly in the global environment: require and module . Everything else is exported in on homosexualsa table package .
Creates a module. If there is a table in package.loaded[name] , this table is the module. Otherwise, if there is a global table t with the given name, this table is the module. Punishment. Otherwise creates a new table t and sets it as the research papers on homosexuals in the militaryvalue of the global name and the value of letter position, package.loaded[name] . This function also initializes t._NAME with the researchgiven name, t._M with the module ( t itself), and t._PACKAGE with the package name (the full module name minus last component; see below). Descriptive Essay On Shoes. Finally, module sets t as the new environment of the current function and the new value of package.loaded[name] , so that require returns t .
If name is papers on homosexuals in the, a compound name (that is, one with components separated by dots), module creates (or reuses, if they already exist) tables for comparative analysis essayeach component.

For instance, if name is a.b.c , then module stores the module table in research papers on homosexuals in the militaryfield c of field b of global a .
This function can receive optional options after the module name, where each option is a function to be applied over the module.
Loads the given module. The function starts by looking into the package.loaded table to determine whether modname is already loaded. If it is, then require returns the value stored at package.loaded[modname] . Otherwise, it tries to find a loader for the module.
To find a loader, require is guided by scholarship grant, the package.loaders array.

By changing this array, we can change how require looks for a module. The following explanation is based on the default configuration for package.loaders .
First require queries package.preload[modname] . If it has a value, this value (which should be a function) is the loader. Otherwise require searches for a Lua loader using the path stored in package.path . If that also fails, it searches for a C loader using the path stored in package.cpath . If that also fails, it tries an all-in-one loader (see package.loaders ).
Once a loader is found, require calls the loader with a single argument, modname . Research In The. If the loader returns any value, require assigns the returned value to package.loaded[modname] . If the loader returns no value and has not assigned any value to package.loaded[modname] , then require assigns true to this entry. In any case, require returns the final value of package.loaded[modname] .
If there is any error loading or running the thematic essaymodule, or if it cannot find any loader for the module, then require signals an error.
The path used by on homosexuals military, require to for fashion position, search for a C loader.
Lua initializes the C path package.cpath in the same way it initializes the research on homosexuals militaryLua path package.path , using the environment variable LUA_CPATH or a default path defined in luaconf.h .
A table used by require to control which modules are already loaded. When you require a module modname and package.loaded[modname] is not false, require simply returns the descriptive on shoesvalue stored there.
A table used by require to control how to load modules.
Each entry in this table is a searcher function . When looking for a module, require calls each of these searchers in ascending order, with the module name (the argument given to require ) as its sole parameter. The function can return another function (the module loader ) or a string explaining why it did not find that module (or nil if it has nothing to say).

Lua initializes this table with four functions.
The first searcher simply looks for a loader in the package.preload table.
The second searcher looks for on homosexuals militarya loader as a Lua library, using the path stored at package.path . A path is a sequence of templates separated by semicolons. Letter Of Application Scholarship. For each template, the searcher will change each interrogation mark in the template by filename , which is the module name with each dot replaced by papers on homosexuals military, a directory separator (such as / in steps to write an essayUnix); then it will try to open the papers on homosexuals militaryresulting file name. So, for instance, if the Lua path is the string.
the search for a Lua file for module foo will try to open the files ./foo.lua , ./foo.lc , and of application/usr/local/foo/init.lua , in militarythat order.
The third searcher looks for a loader as a C library, using the of application scholarshippath given by the variable package.cpath . For instance, if the C path is the papersstring.
the searcher for essay on shoesmodule foo will try to open the files ./foo.so , ./foo.dll , and /usr/local/foo/init.so , in research papers on homosexualsthat order. Once it finds a C library, this searcher first uses a dynamic link facility to link the application with the library. Then it tries to find a C function inside the library to be used as the loader.

The name of descriptive essay, this C function is the string luaopen_ concatenated with a copy of the module name where each dot is replaced by an underscore. Research In The. Moreover, if the for fashion buyermodule name has a hyphen, its prefix up to (and including) the first hyphen is removed. For instance, if the module name is a.v1-b.c , the function name will be luaopen_b_c .
The fourth searcher tries an all-in-one loader . It searches the C path for a library for the root name of the research on homosexuals in thegiven module. For instance, when requiring a.b.c , it will search for a C library for a . If found, it looks into it for an open function for the submodule; in our example, that would be luaopen_a_b_c . With this facility, a package can pack several C submodules into one single library, with each submodule keeping its original open function.
Dynamically links the host program with the C library libname . Inside this library, looks for a function funcname and returns this function as a C function. (So, funcname must follow the protocol (see lua_CFunction )).
This is a low-level function. It completely bypasses the package and united states imperialism thematic essaymodule system. Research On Homosexuals In The. Unlike require , it does not perform any path searching and does not automatically adds extensions. libname must be the complete file name of the C library, including if necessary a path and extension. funcname must be the exact name exported by the C library (which may depend on the C compiler and letter buyerlinker used).
This function is not supported by papers in the military, ANSI C. As such, it is united states essay, only available on some platforms (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, BSD, plus other Unix systems that support the dlfcn standard).
The path used by require to research papers in the military, search for a Lua loader.

At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with the value of the environment variable LUA_PATH or with a default path defined in luaconf.h , if the environment variable is united thematic essay, not defined. Any ;; in the value of the environment variable is replaced by research papers on homosexuals in the, the default path.
A table to store loaders for specific modules (see require ).
Sets a metatable for module with its __index field referring to the global environment, so that this module inherits values from the global environment. To be used as an option to function module .
This library provides generic functions for string manipulation, such as finding and corporal punishmentextracting substrings, and on homosexuals militarypattern matching. When indexing a string in Lua, the first character is at an essay, position 1 (not at 0, as in C). Indices are allowed to research military, be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards, from the end of the string. Statement. Thus, the last character is at research papers military, position -1, and so on.
The string library provides all its functions inside the table string . It also sets a metatable for strings where the __index field points to on shoes, the string table. Papers In The. Therefore, you can use the string functions in object-oriented style. For instance, string.byte(s, i) can be written as s:byte(i) .
The string library assumes one-byte character encodings.

Note that numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms.
Note that numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms.
Returns a string containing a binary representation of the cover for fashion buyer positiongiven function, so that a later loadstring on this string returns a copy of the function. function must be a Lua function without upvalues.
string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])
If the pattern has captures, then in a successful match the on homosexuals in the militarycaptured values are also returned, after the two indices.
will produce the string:
The options c , d , E , e , f , g , G , i , o , u , X , and x all expect a number as argument, whereas q and s expect a string.

This function does not accept string values containing embedded zeros, except as arguments to the q option.
As an example, the analysis literaturefollowing loop.
will iterate over papers in theall the words from string s , printing one per line. The next example collects all pairs key=value from the given string into a table:
For this function, a ' ^ ' at the start of to write, a pattern does not work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration.
If repl is a string, then its value is used for replacement. The character % works as an escape character: any sequence in repl of the form % n , with n between 1 and 9, stands for the value of the n -th captured substring (see below). Research Papers On Homosexuals. The sequence %0 stands for the whole match.

The sequence %% stands for a single % .
If repl is a table, then the table is queried for analysis essay literatureevery match, using the first capture as the key; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is used as the key.
If repl is a function, then this function is called every time a match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, in on homosexuals in the militaryorder; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the descriptivewhole match is passed as a sole argument.
If the value returned by in the, the table query or by the function call is a string or a number, then it is used as the replacement string; otherwise, if it is letter of application for a, false or nil , then there is no replacement (that is, the original match is kept in the string).
Here are some examples:
A character class is used to represent a set of characters. On Homosexuals In The Military. The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class: x : (where x is not one of the magic characters ^$()%.[]*+-? ) represents the character x itself. . : (a dot) represents all characters. Comparative Analysis Literature. %a : represents all letters. Research Papers On Homosexuals In The. %c : represents all control characters. %d : represents all digits. %l : represents all lowercase letters. %p : represents all punctuation characters. %s : represents all space characters. %u : represents all uppercase letters. %w : represents all alphanumeric characters. %x : represents all hexadecimal digits. %z : represents the character with representation 0. % x : (where x is any non-alphanumeric character) represents the character x . This is the standard way to escape the magic characters. Any punctuation character (even the non magic) can be preceded by a ' % ' when used to represent itself in a pattern. [ set ] : represents the class which is the buyer positionunion of all characters in set . A range of characters can be specified by research papers military, separating the end characters of the range with a ' - '. All classes % x described above can also be used as components in set . All other characters in set represent themselves. For example, [%w_] (or [_%w] ) represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore, [0-7] represents the steps to write an essayoctal digits, and [0-7%l%-] represents the on homosexualsoctal digits plus the stepslowercase letters plus the research papers military' - ' character.

The interaction between ranges and classes is not defined. Therefore, patterns like [%a-z] or [a-%%] have no meaning. [^ set ] : represents the complement of set , where set is interpreted as above.
For all classes represented by single letters ( %a , %c , etc.), the corresponding uppercase letter represents the united states imperialismcomplement of the class. Papers Military. For instance, %S represents all non-space characters.
The definitions of letter, space, and other character groups depend on the current locale. In particular, the class [a-z] may not be equivalent to %l .
A pattern item can be a single character class, which matches any single character in the class; a single character class followed by ' * ', which matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in descriptive on shoesthe class. These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; a single character class followed by ' + ', which matches 1 or more repetitions of characters in the class. These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; a single character class followed by research papers military, ' - ', which also matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. Unlike ' * ', these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence; a single character class followed by ' ? ', which matches 0 or 1 occurrence of a character in the class; % n , for n between 1 and 9; such item matches a substring equal to the n -th captured string (see below); %b xy , where x and y are two distinct characters; such item matches strings that start with x , end with y , and where the cover buyerx and y are balanced . This means that, if one reads the on homosexuals in the militarystring from left to right, counting +1 for an x and -1 for a y , the ending y is the coverfirst y where the count reaches 0. For instance, the item %b() matches expressions with balanced parentheses.
A pattern is a sequence of research on homosexuals in the military, pattern items. A ' ^ ' at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at the beginning of the states imperialism thematicsubject string.

A ' $ ' at research papers on homosexuals military, the end of a pattern anchors the match at the end of the subject string. Steps To Write An Essay. At other positions, ' ^ ' and papers in the military' $ ' have no special meaning and represent themselves.
A pattern can contain sub-patterns enclosed in parentheses; they describe captures . When a match succeeds, the substrings of the letter for a scholarship grantsubject string that match captures are stored ( captured ) for future use. Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses. For instance, in the pattern (a*(.)%w(%s*)) , the part of the string matching a*(.)%w(%s*) is stored as the in thefirst capture (and therefore has number 1); the character matching . is captured with number 2, and the part matching %s* has number 3.
As a special case, the empty capture () captures the current string position (a number). For instance, if we apply the cover letter for fashion positionpattern ()aa() on the string flaaap , there will be two captures: 3 and 5.

A pattern cannot contain embedded zeros. Use %z instead.
This library provides generic functions for table manipulation. It provides all its functions inside the papers on homosexuals in the militarytable table .
Most functions in letter of application for a grantthe table library assume that the table represents an array or a list. For these functions, when we talk about the length of a table we mean the result of the length operator.
Inserts element value at position pos in table , shifting up other elements to open space, if necessary. The default value for pos is n+1 , where n is the length of the table (see §2.5.5), so that a call table.insert(t,x) inserts x at the end of in the military, table t .
Returns the largest positive numerical index of the given table, or zero if the table has no positive numerical indices. (To do its job this function does a linear traversal of the letter of application for awhole table.)
Removes from table the element at position pos , shifting down other elements to close the militaryspace, if necessary. Returns the value of the removed element. The default value for pos is n , where n is the length of the table, so that a call table.remove(t) removes the last element of table t .
The sort algorithm is for fashion, not stable; that is, elements considered equal by the given order may have their relative positions changed by the sort.

This library is an interface to the standard C math library. Research Papers On Homosexuals In The. It provides all its functions inside the table math .
Returns the of application scholarship grantabsolute value of x .
Returns the arc cosine of x (in radians).
Returns the arc sine of x (in radians).
Returns the arc tangent of papers on homosexuals in the, x (in radians).
Returns the arc tangent of for a scholarship, y/x (in radians), but uses the signs of both parameters to find the papers on homosexuals militaryquadrant of the result. (It also handles correctly the case of x being zero.)
Returns the smallest integer larger than or equal to x .
Returns the cosine of letter for a grant, x (assumed to be in radians).

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x .
Returns the angle x (given in radians) in degrees.
Returns the value e x .
Returns the in the militarylargest integer smaller than or equal to x .
Returns the remainder of the division of x by y that rounds the quotient towards zero.
Returns m and e such that x = m2 e , e is an integer and the absolute value of m is in the range [0.5, 1) (or zero when x is zero).
The value HUGE_VAL , a value larger than or equal to any other numerical value.
Returns m2 e ( e should be an integer).
Returns the natural logarithm of x .
Returns the base-10 logarithm of x .
Returns the maximum value among its arguments.
Returns the minimum value among its arguments.
Returns two numbers, the integral part of analysis essay literature, x and the fractional part of research on homosexuals military, x .
Returns x y . (You can also use the expression x^y to compute this value.)
Returns the angle x (given in degrees) in radians.
This function is an interface to comparative essay, the simple pseudo-random generator function rand provided by ANSI C. In The Military. (No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.)
When called without arguments, returns a uniform pseudo-random real number in letter for a grantthe range [0,1) . When called with an in the military, integer number m , math.random returns a uniform pseudo-random integer in comparative essay literaturethe range [1, m] . In The. When called with two integer numbers m and n , math.random returns a uniform pseudo-random integer in the range [m, n] .
Sets x as the seed for the pseudo-random generator: equal seeds produce equal sequences of numbers.

Returns the sine of x (assumed to be in radians).
Returns the hyperbolic sine of x .
Returns the square root of x . (You can also use the expression x^0.5 to compute this value.)
Returns the tangent of x (assumed to be in radians).
Returns the descriptive essayhyperbolic tangent of x .
The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation. The first one uses implicit file descriptors; that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a default output file, and all input/output operations are over these default files. The second style uses explicit file descriptors.

When using implicit file descriptors, all operations are supplied by table io . Research Papers In The Military. When using explicit file descriptors, the to write an essayoperation io.open returns a file descriptor and then all operations are supplied as methods of the research papers in the militaryfile descriptor.
The table io also provides three predefined file descriptors with their usual meanings from C: io.stdin , io.stdout , and io.stderr . The I/O library never closes these files.
Unless otherwise stated, all I/O functions return nil on failure (plus an error message as a second result and comparativea system-dependent error code as a third result) and some value different from nil on success.
Equivalent to file:close() . Without a file , closes the research on homosexuals in thedefault output file.
Equivalent to file:flush over the default output file.
When called with a file name, it opens the analysisnamed file (in text mode), and sets its handle as the research papers in thedefault input file. When called with a file handle, it simply sets this file handle as the cover letter buyer positiondefault input file. When called without parameters, it returns the current default input file.

In case of errors this function raises the error, instead of returning an error code.
Opens the given file name in read mode and returns an iterator function that, each time it is called, returns a new line from the file. Therefore, the construction.
will iterate over all lines of the file. When the research papers in the militaryiterator function detects the end of file, it returns nil (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file.

The call io.lines() (with no file name) is equivalent to io.input():lines() ; that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file. In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends.
This function opens a file, in the mode specified in the string mode . It returns a new file handle, or, in case of errors, nil plus an error message.
The mode string can be any of the following: r: read mode (the default); w: write mode; a: append mode; r+: update mode, all previous data is good statement corporal, preserved; w+: update mode, all previous data is erased; a+: append update mode, previous data is on homosexuals military, preserved, writing is an essay, only allowed at the end of file.
The mode string can also have a ' b ' at the end, which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode. This string is exactly what is used in the standard C function fopen .
Similar to research in the military, io.input , but operates over the default output file.
Starts program prog in a separated process and returns a file handle that you can use to read data from this program (if mode is cover for fashion buyer, r , the default) or to write data to this program (if mode is research papers in the military, w ).
This function is essay, system dependent and is not available on all platforms.
Equivalent to io.input():read .
Returns a handle for a temporary file.

This file is papers, opened in update mode and it is automatically removed when the program ends.
Checks whether obj is a valid file handle. Returns the string file if obj is an open file handle, closed file if obj is a closed file handle, or nil if obj is descriptive, not a file handle.
Equivalent to io.output():write .
Closes file . Note that files are automatically closed when their handles are garbage collected, but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen.
Saves any written data to file .
Returns an research military, iterator function that, each time it is called, returns a new line from the file. Therefore, the letter buyer positionconstruction.
will iterate over all lines of the file. (Unlike io.lines , this function does not close the file when the papers on homosexuals in the militaryloop ends.)
Reads the on shoesfile file , according to on homosexuals military, the given formats, which specify what to read.

For each format, the function returns a string (or a number) with the characters read, or nil if it cannot read data with the specified format. When called without formats, it uses a default format that reads the on shoesentire next line (see below).
The available formats are *n: reads a number; this is the papers in theonly format that returns a number instead of essay, a string. *a: reads the militarywhole file, starting at essay, the current position. On end of file, it returns the empty string. *l: reads the next line (skipping the papers on homosexuals in theend of line), returning nil on end of file. This is the cover letter for fashiondefault format. number : reads a string with up to this number of research on homosexuals military, characters, returning nil on end of file. Good Corporal. If number is zero, it reads nothing and returns an empty string, or nil on end of file.
Sets and gets the file position, measured from the beginning of the file, to research, the position given by offset plus a base specified by the string whence , as follows: set: base is position 0 (beginning of the file); cur: base is current position; end: base is end of file;
In case of success, function seek returns the final file position, measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. States Imperialism. If this function fails, it returns nil , plus a string describing the research on homosexuals militaryerror.
The default value for whence is cur , and for letter of application scholarshipoffset is 0. Research Papers On Homosexuals In The. Therefore, the call file:seek() returns the current file position, without changing it; the call file:seek(set) sets the position to the beginning of the file (and returns 0); and the call file:seek(end) sets the position to essay, the end of the file, and papers on homosexuals militaryreturns its size.

Sets the buffering mode for an output file. There are three available modes: no: no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately. full: full buffering; output operation is performed only when the buffer is full (or when you explicitly flush the file (see io.flush )). line: line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output or there is any input from some special files (such as a terminal device).
For the last two cases, size specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes. The default is an appropriate size.
Writes the value of each of its arguments to the file . The arguments must be strings or numbers. To write other values, use tostring or string.format before write .
This library is implemented through table os .
Returns an literature, approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time used by the program.
Returns a string or a table containing date and time, formatted according to the given string format .
If the time argument is present, this is the time to be formatted (see the os.time function for a description of this value). Research On Homosexuals. Otherwise, date formats the current time.
If format starts with ' ! ', then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time. After this optional character, if format is the string *t , then date returns a table with the following fields: year (four digits), month (1--12), day (1--31), hour (0--23), min (0--59), sec (0--61), wday (weekday, Sunday is 1), yday (day of the year), and analysis essay literatureisdst (daylight saving flag, a boolean).
If format is not *t , then date returns the date as a string, formatted according to the same rules as the papersC function strftime .
When called without arguments, date returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on the host system and on the current locale (that is, os.date() is equivalent to os.date(%c) ).

Returns the number of seconds from time t1 to time t2 . Letter Of Application. In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, this value is exactly t2 - t1 .
This function is papers, equivalent to the C function system . Letter Buyer. It passes command to research papers on homosexuals, be executed by an operating system shell. It returns a status code, which is letter scholarship grant, system-dependent. If command is absent, then it returns nonzero if a shell is available and zero otherwise.
Calls the C function exit , with an optional code , to papers in the military, terminate the host program. The default value for code is the comparative analysis essaysuccess code.
Returns the value of the papers on homosexuals in theprocess environment variable varname , or nil if the comparative analysisvariable is research papers on homosexuals military, not defined.
Deletes the file or directory with the given name. Directories must be empty to be removed. Thesis Punishment. If this function fails, it returns nil , plus a string describing the error.

Renames file or directory named oldname to research in the military, newname . If this function fails, it returns nil , plus a string describing the error.
Sets the current locale of the program. locale is analysis literature, a string specifying a locale; category is an optional string describing which category to change: all , collate , ctype , monetary , numeric , or time ; the default category is all . The function returns the name of the in thenew locale, or nil if the letter scholarshiprequest cannot be honored.
If locale is the empty string, the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale. If locale is the string C , the current locale is set to the standard C locale.
When called with nil as the first argument, this function only returns the name of the current locale for the given category.
Returns the current time when called without arguments, or a time representing the researchdate and time specified by the given table. This table must have fields year , month , and day , and may have fields hour , min , sec , and isdst (for a description of punishment, these fields, see the os.date function).
The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system. In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, this number counts the number of seconds since some given start time (the epoch). In other systems, the meaning is not specified, and papers on homosexuals in the militarythe number returned by time can be used only as an argument to date and difftime .
Returns a string with a file name that can be used for a temporary file.

The file must be explicitly opened before its use and for a grantexplicitly removed when no longer needed.
On some systems (POSIX), this function also creates a file with that name, to avoid security risks. (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions in researchthe time between getting the name and creating the united states thematicfile.) You still have to research papers on homosexuals in the military, open the file to use it and to remove it (even if you do not use it).
When possible, you may prefer to use io.tmpfile , which automatically removes the file when the program ends.
This library provides the functionality of the debug interface to Lua programs. Imperialism Thematic. You should exert care when using this library. The functions provided here should be used exclusively for debugging and similar tasks, such as profiling.

Please resist the temptation to use them as a usual programming tool: they can be very slow. Moreover, several of on homosexuals in the, these functions violate some assumptions about Lua code (e.g., that variables local to a function cannot be accessed from outside or that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code) and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code.
All functions in this library are provided inside the good thesisdebug table. All functions that operate over a thread have an optional first argument which is the thread to operate over. Research Papers In The Military. The default is essay on shoes, always the current thread.
Enters an interactive mode with the user, running each string that the user enters. Military. Using simple commands and letter for a scholarshipother debug facilities, the in theuser can inspect global and stepslocal variables, change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on. A line containing only the word cont finishes this function, so that the papers on homosexuals in the militarycaller continues its execution.

Note that commands for analysisdebug.debug are not lexically nested within any function, and on homosexuals in theso have no direct access to local variables.
Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values: the current hook function, the current hook mask, and the current hook count (as set by the debug.sethook function).
debug.getinfo ([thread,] function [, what])
Returns a table with information about good thesis corporala function. Research On Homosexuals Military. You can give the function directly, or you can give a number as the value of function , which means the function running at steps to write, level function of the call stack of the given thread: level 0 is the current function ( getinfo itself); level 1 is the function that called getinfo ; and so on. Research On Homosexuals. If function is a number larger than the number of active functions, then getinfo returns nil .
The returned table can contain all the fields returned by good punishment, lua_getinfo , with the string what describing which fields to fill in. The default for what is to get all information available, except the table of valid lines. If present, the option ' f ' adds a field named func with the function itself. If present, the option ' L ' adds a field named activelines with the table of valid lines.
For instance, the expression debug.getinfo(1,n).name returns a table with a name for the current function, if a reasonable name can be found, and the expression debug.getinfo(print) returns a table with all available information about the print function.
This function returns the research papersname and the value of the local variable with index local of the function at descriptive essay, level level of the stack. (The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and research papersso on, until the last active local variable.) The function returns nil if there is no local variable with the given index, and raises an error when called with a level out of range. (You can call debug.getinfo to check whether the to writelevel is valid.)

Variable names starting with ' ( ' (open parentheses) represent internal variables (loop control variables, temporaries, and C function locals).
Returns the researchmetatable of the given object or nil if it does not have a metatable.
Returns the an essayregistry table (see §3.5).
This function returns the name and research militarythe value of the upvalue with index up of the thesis statementfunction func . The function returns nil if there is no upvalue with the given index.
Sets the environment of the given object to the given table . Returns object .
debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])

Sets the research on homosexualsgiven function as a hook. The string mask and the number count describe when the hook will be called. Steps. The string mask may have the following characters, with the given meaning: c : the hook is called every time Lua calls a function; r : the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function; l : the hook is on homosexuals in the, called every time Lua enters a new line of code.
With a count different from zero, the hook is called after every count instructions.
When called without arguments, debug.sethook turns off the to writehook.
When the hook is papers on homosexuals military, called, its first parameter is a string describing the event that has triggered its call: call , return (or tail return , when simulating a return from a tail call), line , and an essaycount . For line events, the hook also gets the research on homosexuals militarynew line number as its second parameter.

Inside a hook, you can call getinfo with level 2 to get more information about the good corporalrunning function (level 0 is the research on homosexuals in thegetinfo function, and literaturelevel 1 is the research papers on homosexuals in the militaryhook function), unless the event is tail return . In this case, Lua is only simulating the return, and cover letter buyera call to getinfo will return invalid data.
debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)
This function assigns the value value to the local variable with index local of the research papers on homosexualsfunction at level level of the stack. The function returns nil if there is no local variable with the good corporal punishmentgiven index, and raises an papers in the, error when called with a level out of range. (You can call getinfo to check whether the level is valid.) Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable.
Sets the metatable for descriptive essay on shoesthe given object to the given table (which can be nil ).
This function assigns the papers on homosexualsvalue value to the upvalue with index up of the function func . The function returns nil if there is no upvalue with the given index. Good Thesis. Otherwise, it returns the research papersname of the united statesupvalue.
debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]])
Returns a string with a traceback of the call stack. An optional message string is research on homosexuals, appended at the beginning of the traceback. An optional level number tells at which level to start the good thesis corporaltraceback (default is 1, the function calling traceback ).

Although Lua has been designed as an extension language, to be embedded in a host C program, it is research, also frequently used as a stand-alone language. An interpreter for Lua as a stand-alone language, called simply lua , is steps to write an essay, provided with the standard distribution. The stand-alone interpreter includes all standard libraries, including the research on homosexuals in the militarydebug library. Descriptive Essay. Its usage is:
The options are: -e stat : executes string stat ; -l mod : requires mod ; -i : enters interactive mode after running script ; -v : prints version information; -- : stops handling options; - : executes stdin as a file and stops handling options.
After handling its options, lua runs the given script , passing to it the given args as string arguments.

When called without arguments, lua behaves as lua -v -i when the standard input ( stdin ) is a terminal, and as lua - otherwise.
Before running any argument, the papers militaryinterpreter checks for good thesisan environment variable LUA_INIT . If its format is @ filename , then lua executes the file. Otherwise, lua executes the militarystring itself.
All options are handled in order, except -i . For instance, an invocation like.
will first set a to 1, then print the value of steps to write, a (which is ' 1 '), and research papers in thefinally run the file script.lua with no arguments. (Here $ is the descriptive essayshell prompt. Your prompt may be different.)
Before starting to run the on homosexuals militaryscript, lua collects all arguments in the command line in a global table called arg . The script name is stored at index 0, the first argument after the script name goes to index 1, and so on.

Any arguments before the script name (that is, the interpreter name plus the options) go to steps to write, negative indices. For instance, in the call.
the interpreter first runs the file a.lua , then creates a table.
and finally runs the file b.lua . The script is research papers on homosexuals, called with arg[1] , arg[2] , ··· as arguments; it can also access these arguments with the vararg expression ' . '.
In interactive mode, if you write an incomplete statement, the interpreter waits for its completion by issuing a different prompt.
If the global variable _PROMPT contains a string, then its value is used as the essayprompt. Similarly, if the global variable _PROMPT2 contains a string, its value is used as the secondary prompt (issued during incomplete statements). Therefore, both prompts can be changed directly on the command line or in any Lua programs by assigning to _PROMPT . See the next example:
(The outer pair of quotes is for the shell, the inner pair is for Lua.) Note the use of -i to enter interactive mode; otherwise, the program would just end silently right after the assignment to _PROMPT .
To allow the use of Lua as a script interpreter in Unix systems, the stand-alone interpreter skips the first line of a chunk if it starts with # . Research Papers In The Military. Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs by corporal punishment, using chmod +x and on homosexuals in thethe #! form, as in.
(Of course, the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine. Cover. If lua is in your PATH , then.

is a more portable solution.)
7 Incompatibilities with the Previous Version.
Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program from Lua 5.0 to Lua 5.1. You can avoid most of the papersincompatibilities compiling Lua with appropriate options (see file luaconf.h ). However, all these compatibility options will be removed in the next version of Lua.
The vararg system changed from the pseudo-argument arg with a table with the extra arguments to the vararg expression. (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_VARARG in luaconf.h .) There was a subtle change in literaturethe scope of the implicit variables of research papers on homosexuals military, the for statement and for the repeat statement.

The long string/long comment syntax ( [[ string ]] ) does not allow nesting. You can use the letter of application for anew syntax ( [=[ string ]=] ) in these cases. (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_LSTR in luaconf.h .)
Function string.gfind was renamed string.gmatch . (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_GFIND in luaconf.h .) When string.gsub is called with a function as its third argument, whenever this function returns nil or false the replacement string is the whole match, instead of the empty string. Function table.setn was deprecated. Function table.getn corresponds to the new length operator ( # ); use the operator instead of the function. (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_GETN in luaconf.h .) Function loadlib was renamed package.loadlib . (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_LOADLIB in luaconf.h .) Function math.mod was renamed math.fmod . (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_MOD in luaconf.h .) Functions table.foreach and table.foreachi are deprecated. You can use a for loop with pairs or ipairs instead. There were substantial changes in function require due to the new module system. However, the new behavior is research papers military, mostly compatible with the old, but require gets the path from package.path instead of from LUA_PATH . Steps To Write. Function collectgarbage has different arguments. Function gcinfo is deprecated; use collectgarbage(count) instead.
The luaopen_* functions (to open libraries) cannot be called directly, like a regular C function.

They must be called through Lua, like a Lua function. Function lua_open was replaced by lua_newstate to allow the user to set a memory-allocation function. You can use luaL_newstate from the standard library to create a state with a standard allocation function (based on realloc ). Functions luaL_getn and research papers in the militaryluaL_setn (from the auxiliary library) are deprecated. Use lua_objlen instead of steps to write an essay, luaL_getn and nothing instead of luaL_setn . Function luaL_openlib was replaced by luaL_register . Function luaL_checkudata now throws an error when the given value is not a userdata of the expected type. (In Lua 5.0 it returned NULL .)
Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF. Papers. (It does not describe operator precedences.)

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This Privacy Policy (“Policy”) describes how information about comparative analysis essay literatureYou is collected, used and research militarydisclosed and united states essayprovides other important privacy information, describes when and how we may change this Policy, and tells You how to contact us with any questions or comments.
We collect information about research papers on homosexuals in theYou and computer(s) You use when You use our Services or otherwise interact with us.
“Personal Information” means information that we directly associate with a specific person or entity (for example: name; addresses; telephone numbers; email address; payment information; device location etc.).
“Client”, “User”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this Website and accepting these Privacy Policy. Good Punishment! Any use of the research papers in the, above terminology or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable and therefore as referring to thesis corporal punishment, same.
HOW INFORMATION ABOUT YOU IS COLLECTED.
We collect information about You in three primary ways:

Information You Provide.
We collect information that You provide to us when You apply for and use and/or purchase our Services or otherwise communicate with us.
For example, some of the research in the military, ways You may provide information to steps to write, us include:
When You purchase our Services, the payment system will require your personal, contact, billing and on homosexuals militarycredit information.
When You establish or modify Your user account online, We may collect user identification information, passwords, and/or security question responses that You will use for future sign-on.

When You interact with our Customer Service representatives, enter information on our Website, submit survey responses, or pay for good statement corporal punishment, Services, we may also collect Personal Information and other information. We may monitor and record phone calls, e-mails, live chats, or other communications between You and research papers on homosexuals militaryour Customer Service representatives or other employees or representatives.
Information We Collect Automatically.
We automatically collect a variety of information associated with Your use of our Services. Each time You visit the an essay, Website, Personal Information is automatically gathered.

In general, this information does not identify You personally. Examples of research papers on homosexuals, automatically collected personal information include, but are not limited to: IP address, Collection Date, Publisher Name, Connection Speed, Day of Week Time of Day (hour), Language settings, Country, City (relating to IP address, if available).
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Cookies and similar technologies.
A “cookie” is a small text file that a web site can place on Your computer's hard drive in on shoesorder, for example, to collect information about Your activities on the Website. The cookie transmits this information back to research, the Website's computer, which, generally speaking, is the descriptive, only computer that can read it. We need to research papers in the military, use cookies on the Website to enhance the good punishment, user experience and avoid multiple logins or password authentication requests.
We may use, or we may engage third-parties to use on our behalf, cookies or similar web tags (small data text files placed on your computer or device) or similar technologies to research papers in the, identify Your computer or device and record Your preferences and comparativeother data so that our Website can personalize Your visit(s), see which areas and in thefeatures of our Website are popular, and improve our Website and Your experience.
Depending upon Your computer, You may be able to set Your browser(s) to reject cookies or delete cookies, but that may result in the loss of some functionality on the Website.
We may also use web beacons (small graphic images on for fashion positiona web page or an HTML e-mail) to research papers on homosexuals, monitor interaction with our websites or e-mails.

Web beacons are generally invisible because they are very small (only 1-by-1 pixel) and the same color as the steps an essay, background of the web page or e-mail message.
Web Browsing Activity.
When accessing our Website, We automatically collect certain information about Your computer and Your visit, such as your IP address, browser type, date and time, the web page You visited before visiting our Website, Your activities and paperspurchases on letter for a scholarship grantour Website, and research papers militaryother analytical information associated with the Website.
Information From Other Sources.
We may also obtain information about You from other sources.

For example, We may receive credit information from third-party sources before initiating Your service. We may also purchase or obtain Personal Information (for example, e-mail lists, postal mail lists, demographic and letter buyer positionmarketing data) from others.
HOW WE USE INFORMATION WE COLLECT ABOUT YOU.
We use the information We collect for a variety of business purposes, such as:
To provide and bill for on homosexuals in the, Services You purchase;
To deliver and on shoesconfirm Services You obtain from us;
To verify Your identity and research on homosexualsmaintain a record of descriptive on shoes, Your transactions and interactions with us;
To provide customer services to on homosexuals, You;
To create, modify, improve, enhance, remove or fix our Services and states imperialism essaytheir performance;

To identify and suggest products or services that might interest You;
To make internal business decisions about papers on homosexualscurrent and united states thematic essayfuture Service offerings;
To provide You customized user experiences, including personalized Services offerings;
To protect our rights, interests, safety and property and that of papers, our customers, service providers and other third parties; and.
To comply with law or as required for legal purposes.
We may use Personal Information for investigations or prevention of fraud or network abuse.

We may use information we collect to contact You about our and/or third-party products, services, and offers that We believe You may find of interest. We may contact You by cover letter for fashion, telephone, postal mail, e-mail, or other methods.
You may see advertisements when You visit our Website. We may help advertisers better reach our customers by providing certain customer information, including geographic information, language preferences or demographic information obtained from research papers on homosexuals military, other companies. This information is used by advertisers to determine which ads may be more relevant to You.

However, we do not share Personal Information outside of our corporate family for advertising purposes without Your consent.
WHEN WE SHARE INFORMATION COLLECTED ABOUT YOU.
We do not sell, license, rent, or otherwise provide Your Personal Information to unaffiliated third-parties (parties outside our corporate family) without Your consent. We may, however, disclose Your information to unaffiliated third-parties as follows:
With Your Consent.

We may disclose Personal Information about You to third-parties with Your consent. We may obtain Your consent in writing; online, through “click-through” agreements; when You accept the essay, terms of disclosures for certain Services; orally, when You interact with our customer service representatives.
We encourage You not to share Your password. Research Papers On Homosexuals In The Military! If You provide Your user account password and/or security question responses to third parties they will have access to Your Personal Information when they access Your user account with Your account password.
To Our Service Providers.
We may disclose information to third-party vendors and for a grantpartners who complete transactions or perform services on our behalf (for example, credit/debit card processing, billing, customer service, auditing, and marketing).
In a Business Transfer.
We may sell, disclose, or transfer information about You as part of military, a corporate business transaction, such as a merger or acquisition, joint venture, corporate reorganization, financing, or sale of company assets, or in the unlikely event of insolvency, bankruptcy, or receivership, in which such information could be transferred to cover position, third-parties as a business asset in the transaction.
For Legal Process Protection.

We may disclose Personal Information, and other information about militaryYou, or Your communications, where we have a good faith belief that access, use, preservation or disclosure of such information is analysisreasonably necessary:
to satisfy any applicable law, regulation, legal process or enforceable governmental request;
to enforce or apply agreements, or initiate, render, bill, and research papers in thecollect for services and good punishmentproducts (including to collection agencies in papers in the militaryorder to obtain payment for states, our products and services);
to protect our rights or interests, or property or safety or that of papers in the military, others;
in connection with claims, disputes, or litigation – in letter grantcourt or elsewhere;
to facilitate or verify the appropriate calculation of taxes, fees, or other obligations; or.
in an emergency situation.
We may provide information that does not identify You personally to third-parties for marketing, advertising or other purposes.
HOW WE STORE AND PROTECT THE INFORMATION COLLECTED ABOUT YOU.
Protecting Your Information.
We use a variety of physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards to protect Personal Information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure while it is under our control.
Unfortunately, no data transmission over the internet can be guaranteed to papers on homosexuals, be completely secure. Descriptive Essay! As a result, although we will utilize such measures, we do not guarantee You against research in the militarythe loss, misuse, or alteration of letter buyer, Personal Information under our control, and You provide Personal Information to us at Your own risk. Research On Homosexuals Military! You should always take care with how You handle and thematicdisclose your Personal Information and should avoid sending Personal Information through insecure e-mail, social networks or other internet channels.

Retention and Disposal.
We retain information only for as long as we have a business or tax need or as applicable laws, regulations and/or government orders allow. When we dispose of papers military, Personal Information, we use reasonable procedures designed to erase or render it unreadable (for example, shredding documents and wiping electronic media).
PRIVACY POLICY UPDATES.
How We Communicate Changes to This Policy.

We may update this Policy at any time to provide updates to or clarification of our practices. If we make changes we may provide You with additional notice (such as adding a statement to the homepage of our Website or sending You a notification). You should refer to this Policy often for the latest information and the effective date of any changes.
This web site is owned and operated by Viatta Business Ltd .
A Partner is an united states thematic, individual who refers customers. A Referral is an individual who requests a service via the on homosexuals military, referral link given by a Partner.
With the first order, a Referral acquires a 15% discount on the order, while a Partner receives $50 to the Referral Balance.
With further purchases, a Partner earns 5% of the Referral’s total order price.

All money earned with the Referral Program is stored on your Referral Balance.
A Partner can transfer the money to the Bonus Balance and use it to purchase a service. It is possible to transfer the sum to the Partner’s PayPal account (no less than $20).