Abstract

The aim of this article is to present a modern method of convective
drying intensification caused by the external action of ultrasound. The
purpose of this study is to discover the mechanism of ultrasonic
interaction between the solid skeleton and the moisture in pores. This
knowledge may help to explain the enhancement of drying mechanism
affected by ultrasound, particularly with respect to biological products
like fruits and vegetables. The experimental kinetics tests were
conducted in a hybrid dryer equipped with a new ultrasonic generator.
The drying kinetics curves determined on the basis of drying model
developed by the author were validated with those by the ones obtained
from experimental tests. The intensification of heat and mass transfer
processes due to ultrasound induced heating effect and vibration effect
are analysed. The obtained results allow to state that ultrasound makes
drying processes more effective and enhance the drying efficiency of
biological products without significant elevation of their temperature.

Abstract

In this paper the influence of high power airborne ultrasound on drying
biological material (Lobo apple) properties is considered. Apple samples
were dried convectively at 75 ◦C and air flow of 2 m/s with and without
ultrasound assist at 200W. During experiments, sun-drenched and not
sun-drenched part of fruits were considered separately to show, how the
maturity of the product influences dry material properties. Dried apple
crisps in a size of small bars were subjected to compression tests
during which acoustic emission (AE) was used. Analysis of AE and
strength test results shows that correlations between received acoustic
signals and sensory attributes (crispness, brittleness) of dried apples
can be found. It was noted that ultrasound improved fruit brittleness in
comparison with pure convective processes, where fruit maturity
determines a kind of destruction and behaviour of dried apple crisps.

Abstract

This paper analyses the real behaviour of the fluid in the channels of a
three-end membrane module. The commonly accepted mathematical model of
membrane separation of gas mixtures in such modules assumes a plug flow
of fluid through the feed channel and perfect mixing in the permeate
channel. This article discusses the admissibility of accepting such an
assumption regarding the fluid behaviour in the permeate channel.
Throughout analysis of the values of the Péclet number criterion, it has
been demonstrated that in the industrial processes of membrane gas
separation, the necessary conditions for the perfect mixing in the
permeate channel are not met. Then, CFD simulations were performed in
order to establish the real fluid behaviour in this channel. It was
proved that in the permeate channel the fluid movement corresponds to
the plug flow, with the concentration differences at both ends of the
module being insignificant. In view of the observations made, the
admissibility of concentration stability assumptions in the mathematical
models for the permeate channel was discussed.

Abstract

Because of excellent properties, similar to natural bone minerals, and
variety of possible biomedical applications, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a
valuable compound among the calcium phosphate salts. A number of
synthesis routes for producing HAp powders have been reported. Despite
this fact, it is important to develop new methods providing precise
control over the reaction and having potential to scale-up. The main
motivation for the current paper is a view of continuous synthesis
methods toward medical application of produced hydroxyapatite,
especially in the form of nanoparticles.

Abstract

This paper presents an experimental study on chicken egg white solution
ultrafiltration, where membrane fouling has been the main point of
concern. Separation process has been performed with a 150 kDa tubular
ceramic TiO2/Al2O3 membrane. The operating parameters have been set as
follows: transmembrane pressure 105–310 kPa, cross-flow velocity
2.73–4.55 m/s, pH 5 and constant temperature of 293 K.
Resistance-in-series model has been used to calculate total resistance
and its components. The experimental data have been described with four
pore blocking models (complete blocking, intermediate blocking, standard
blocking and cake filtration). The results obtained show that the
dominant fouling mechanism is represented by cake filtration model.

Abstract

A novel absorbing pervaporation hybrid technique has been evaluated
experimentally for the recovery of ammonia from the gas mixture in a
recycle loop of synthesis plants. This process of hybridization brings
together the combination of energy-efficient membrane gas separation
based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) poly(diphenylsilsesquioxane) with a high
selective sorption technique where a water solution with polyethylene
glycol 400 (PEG-400) was used as the liquid absorbent. Process
efficiency was studied using the pure and mixed gases. The influence of
PEG-400 content in aqueous solutions on process selectivity and
separation efficiency was studied. The ammonia recovery efficiency
evaluation of an absorbing pervaporation technique was performed and
compared with the conventional membrane gas separation. It was shown
that the absorbing pervaporation technique outperforms the conventional
membrane method in the whole range of productivity, producing the
ammonia with a purity of 99.93 vol.% using the PEG 80 wt.% solution. The
proposed method may be considered as an attractive solution in the
optimization of the Haber process.

Abstract

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of distilled water
flowrate in two different porousmembrane modules on the size of
generated nitrogen nanobubbles. Modules had different diameter and
number of membrane tubes inside the module. As bubbles are cut off from
the membrane surface by a shear stress induced by the liquid flow, the
change in the linear liquid velocity should result in a change of the
generated bubble diameter. For both modules, higher flowrate of liquid
induced generation of smaller bubbles, which was consistent with our
expectations. This effect can help us in generation of bubbles of
desired size.

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