This world café event will begin with the launch the Liberia Solidarity Group’s Trade Justice and Gender briefing paper by Dorothy Tooman, Director of the Development Education Network-Liberia.

This paper outlines some of the intersecting issues between gender equality, trade justice and land rights in Liberia and the Global South more broadly

As LSG begins a new project on women, human rights and trade justice, this event seeks to start a dialogue which will bring together interested practitioners and activists.

In this and future conversations we hope to develop a broad analysis of how issues such as trade liberalisation, land grabbing and insecurity of tenure are affecting women and girls in the Global South. From this dialogue we can begin to explore how to build a feminist analysis into our practice in Liberia and beyond.

Next week LSG, in association with the UCD Institute for British and Irish Studies, is proud to be hosting three women civil society leaders who have made an ongoing and substantial contribution to peace, sustainable development and equality in post-conflict Liberia:

The three civil society leaders are in Ireland as part of the the Irish Government’s ongoing commitment to UN Security Council Resolution 1325. They will be taking part in a Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade supported focus group with the Institute for British and Irish Studies as well as a number of public events with the Liberia Solidarity Group.

Please RSVP to lsgireland@gmail.com if you wish to attend any event (this will help with logistics and tea/coffee).

Wednesday, 15 May

Women, peace and decision making in post-conflict societies event

Time: 10:30- 13:00

Venue: NWCI Offices, 2-3 Parnell Sq. East, Dublin 1.

This event aims to bring Irish Women in Civil Society Organisations North/South together in solidarity with women leaders in Civil Society Organisations in Liberia to exchange experiences on ‘women, peace and decision-making in post conflict societies’.

A particular theme of our discussion will be the release of Ireland’s new White Paper which mentions a specific commitment to UN 1325 :

We will continue to support efforts to implement the United Nations Security Council Resolution1325 on Women, Peace and Security, whichrecognises the close links between the issuesof peace, security and development, and the promotion of gender equality and women’s rights.

A lunchtime session with the Department of Applied Social Studies in association with the Kennedy Institute and Trocaire

The seminar will bring together three civil society leaders who have played an important role in supporting peace, security and gender equality in post-conflict Liberia.Discussions will focus on how Ireland can provide support and solidarity to ongoing efforts for peace, development and gender equality in Liberia.

Time: 13:00-14:00

Venue: Arts Building Classhall F

2. LSG Roundtable on Women and Trade Justice

This roundtable event will be a space for LSG and friends to reflect on the group’s trade justice project and our report The Free Trade Trap. In particular we will acknowledge that there is a lack of a gender equality perspective in trade justice campaigning and will discuss how we can include a gender dimension in our campaigning for trade justice.

DEN-L is a local NGO that promotes grassroots empowerment, economic justice, democratic development and gender equity. Dorothy has been a long standing advocate for women’s rights throughout her career especially her work in the Gender Action program in DEN-L.

Korto Williams, Director, Action Aid Liberia

Korto Williams is the Country Representative of AAI-Liberia, joining ActionAid in 2007 as Women’s Rights Coordinator. She has some 10 years of development experience working on post-conflict reconstruction and women’s rights issues in Liberia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Burundi.

Caroline Brown, Deputy Country Representative, Medica Mondiale

Caroline Bowah Brown is a development practitioner and women’s rights activist. She works for medica mondiale Liberia as Deputy Country Representative. mmL is an international women rights organization that supports women and girls. Most of her work is in the areas of peacebuilding, governance, security sector reform, women’s rights and transitional justice.

“Land grab by multinational companies through the Liberian Government is having devastating impact particularly on Liberian women and girls particularly those who farming is the only source of their livelihood.

Most women and girls in our county continue to live with the realities of violence of all types and taking away their land (also the source their existence) leaves them with no hope and means for survival and this undermine sustainable peace and development in Liberia.

We call on the People and Government of Ireland, who stood with Liberia and its people during and after our civil crisis for a better Liberia, to join President Michael D. Higgins’ call to action at the Hunger-Nutrition-Climate Justice conference in Dublin Castle this week.

We must take joint actions to address the ‘structural issues within the global financial arrangement’ in our one world that are undermining women, peace and security through accelerating land grabs in Liberia and the rest of the Global South.”

President Michael D. Higgins opened the Hunger-Nutrition-Climate Justice conference in Dublin Castle this week with a clear and unequivocal call to action which tackles the ‘structural issues within the global financial arrangement’ that are accelerating land grabs across the Global South.

Land grabs involve a large scale land acquisition by a multinational company which is carried out without the consultation or consent of the communities affected. The dispossession of farming communities and the removal of community rights to natural resources are defining features of these land deals.

Consequently, local food sovereignty is destroyed, food insecurity is heightened and, as President Higgins highlights, ‘capital is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few corporations’ with detrimental effects for just and sustainable development across the South.

President Higgins calls for a ‘robust regulatory framework’ that is ‘developed collaboratively and transparently involving practitioners from developing countries, […] and which is respectful of, and responsive to, their lived experiences.’

The Irish Government, through its presidency of the EU has a moral responsibility to ensure the President’s words do not ring hallow for those communities worst affected by unfair trade arrangements.

‘The source of [this] hunger is not a lack of food, but the moral affront of poverty, created and sustained by gross inequalities across the world – inequalities of power, economics and technology’, notes President Higgins. These inequalities are sustained by EU policies.

Silas Siakor, campaigner with the Sustainable Development Institute, Liberia, highlights that ‘Ireland’s trade and foreign policies must reflect these realisations.

‘Ireland must also use the EU Presidency to promote Europe-wide policies and actions to tackle the corporate greed that reinforces and sustains unequal power, economic and political relations between Europe and Africa.’

Liberia is facing some of the worst effects of these land deals. Over half of Liberia’s land area is now given over by the Government to rubber, oil palm and logging companies.

The situation facing communities many communities in Liberia impacted by ‘land grab’ is dire. ‘The plantation is on their doorsteps, and their farms and farmlands are being swallowed up by it,’ highlights Siakor, whose organisation is directly supporting many affected communities. ‘There are very few alternative livelihood options once the deal has dispossessed communities.’

For Liberia, and states across the Global South, there is an urgent need to tackle these issues.

‘The Irish Government must act now to make President Higgins’ words a reality,’ says Jamie Gorman of the Liberia Solidarity Group.

‘There are clear steps which the Government can take, starting with a rejection of the Free Trade Agreement model and the implementation of alternative trade models which support human rights and sustainable development.’

EU and Irish trade policies are undermining sustainable development in the Global south. We need a change from the current approach which is resulting in growth without development for these countries. The Irish Government has committed to advancing EU trade negotiations and supporting the World Trade Organisation and the multilateral trading system, including the Doha Round of negotiations, during their EU Presidency. This ignores growing both concern about this model of global trade, based on trade liberalisation, and the fact that these priorities undermine both Irish and EU development policies.

The EU use bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements to secure market access and cheap supplies of raw materials for European companies

EU trade policies seek to expand trade between Europe and other parts of the world. They follow an aggressive competitiveness strategy and use bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements to secure market access and cheap supplies of raw materials for European companies. They pursue an agenda of trade liberalisation which encourages countries of the Global South to open up their markets to international trade. This is to be achieved by reducing tariffs and quotas on goods coming in, increasing rights for investors, privatising industries and services, and reducing support to domestic producers.

Loss of tariff revenue as a result of trade liberalisation leads to a reduction in public revenue in developing countries. As a result, they continue to rely on development assistance for essential services such as health and education. Opening up markets negatively impacts on local producers as cheap goods from Northern countries flood markets.

In the agricultural sector this has had a particularly detrimental effect on food sovereignty. Small scale and subsistence farmers are unable to compete with subsidised agricultural imports from Europe and other regions. European Commission impact assessments have acknowledged that Economic Partnership Agreements, for example, could lead to the collapse of the manufacturing sector in West Africa.

Irish trade and development policies mirror EU policies and prioritise the opening up of new markets and a substantial role for the private sector in development cooperation. The primary concern of initiatives appears to be how Irish business can profit in Africa rather than underlining the need for ethical trade and sustainable development which would support local economies.

In Liberia the result of such policies has been land grabbing and human rights violations by extractive industries and agribusinesses. Transnational corporations lease large tracts of land to cultivate rubber and oil palm, preventing their use for food production. Rubber, oil palm and logging plantations, known as ‘concessions’ currently cover approximately 2,546,406 hectares or 25% of the country. Hundreds of thousands of Liberian citizens live in districts that were granted to companies however their input and consent was never directly sought.

These contracts cannot be implemented without violating the rights of local communities because operations encroach on their farmlands. This leads to significant loss of livelihoods and negative impacts on local economies. Land deals have become the new “Scramble for Africa”. 56.2 million hectares of agricultural land (roughly the size of Kenya) has been bought or leased by investors since 2000 for export-oriented projects which undermine food sovereignty, local industry and environmental sustainability.

EU trade policy puts corporate interests ahead of sustainable and inclusive development. However, there appears to be little consensus between EU institutions on the best approach. MEPs recently voted to reject the European Commission’s proposal to impose a unilateral deadline of 2014 on African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries (ACP) to sign trade agreements that are deemed unfair. The EU Council supported the European Commission’s position.

Ireland, as EU president, now plays a crucial role as chair of the Council of Ministers in negotiating a compromise between the EU Council and European Parliament. Irish and EU civil society organisations are urging the Irish government to ensure this negotiation results in a fair deal for ACP countries, sustainable development and more equitable relations between the EU and the Global South. This is an opportunity for Ireland to promote a global trade system that prioritises justice, equity and rights, fosters sustainable local economies and benefits the people of the Global South and the environment.

The Liberia Solidarity Group proposes that Irish Aid focus on four key elements in Liberia as part of a renewed White Paper:

a. Set a roadmap for Liberia to become a full programme country

Irish support for Liberia has proven its effectiveness. By making Liberia a programme country, Ireland can continue to deliver on its commitment to the poorest & least developed countries and make a tangible difference across all identified key issues.

Promoting ‘bottom-up development’ using a human rights based approach will be most effective if Irish Aid establishes direct relationships with Liberian civil society which will allow it to more effectively meet grassroots development needs.

Having developed specific Liberian expertise on UN SCR 1325, it is appropriate that Irish Aid move to supporting grassroots civil society organisations in Liberia so as to support a more sustainable practice in gender equality throughout Liberian civil society.

d. Ensure policy coherence for development so that trade is ethical & sustainable, tempered by good governance and human rights.

Irish Aid should develop strategies to ensure that good governance and human rights is at the centre of Ireland’s ethical trade relationships with Liberia. This includes recognising the vital role of civil society in a thriving democracy to underpin good governance and human rights.

Introduction

The Liberia Solidarity Group (LSG) is dedicated to the creation of a mutual learning partnership between Ireland and Liberia which promotes justice, peace, equality and human rights through collective action and sustainable development. We are concerned to support those working in Liberia to achieve these goals through the development and implementation of education, enterprise and community development activities, including actions that promote or enhance the status of women.

We welcome the opportunity to engage with Irish Aid as it reviews Ireland’s contribution to overseas development. Our submission draws on community development experience from Ireland and Liberia. It highlights the profoundly positive impact that Ireland has made in supporting peace, democracy and development in Liberia and encourages Irish Aid to continue to maintain and enhance this fruitful relationship with partners in Liberia.

Since the publication of the White Paper in 2006 Liberia has emerged from a prolonged period of conflict and turmoil, during which there were serious human rights abuses[1] including extreme levels of gender violence[2]. The war left a severely diminished social and economic infrastructure with only rudimentary communications and practically no public utilities such as electricity or water. Unemployment is widespread, at about 85% and the World Food Programme highlights that there is a substantial food security issue. Liberia is ranked 182 of the 187 countries in the 2011 UN Human Development Index.

Despite these serious challenges a fragile democracy was established in 2005 with the assistance of the international community, including Ireland, whose peacekeeping force played an important role in the disarmament process. Supported by United Nations, international aid organisations and Irish Aid, basic health services and health related utilities, such as clean water, sanitation, shelter and food are being slowly restored. Schools and colleges have been re-established and there is widespread enthusiasm for education despite poor facilities and a lack of teaching materials. Much of this development is being driven by civil society organisations, including community development groups, women’s initiatives, human rights organisations and community education projects.

Liberian people are committed to building a new society that is stable, just and sustainable, where respect for human rights is embodied in constitutional, legislative and regulatory processes. They also recognise that this can only be achieved with the cooperation and partnership of countries in the Global North whereby mutual endeavours can be devised and implemented.

This submission will illustrate how Irish Aid can make a real impact across the range of key issues identified by Government; hunger, fragility, climate change, basic needs, governance & human rights and gender equality. It highlights the positive role civil society is playing in Liberia and promotes the expansion of funding to civil society. It notes that support for ethical trade with Africa should not preclude a continued focus of aid on development. Finally, it makes the case for Liberia to become an Irish Aid programme country.

Progress Made

The White Paper on Irish Aid notes Ireland’s role as supporting peace and fostering democracy in Liberia; including supporting the disarming and reintegration of soldiers back into the community, assisting in the 2005 election process and the deployment of the Irish Defence Forces as part of the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL).

This commitment of support for peace and democracy in Liberia was further developed in the White Paper which committed to a strong focus on governance[3] and strengthening civil society through the direct funding of NGOs[4]. Ireland’s focus on supporting long-term reconstruction and development, working in cooperation with the Liberian government and other partners, has seen substantial positive results.

Irish Aid provided funding and has supported the Liberian Government’s Poverty Reduction Strategy, making a vital contribution to areas such as health, water and sanitation, good governance and infrastructure. Irish Aid has also provided some funding to Liberian civil society organisations and this has made some contribution to the development of a robust civil society. However, the limited level of support for civil society development has reduced the potential benefits for the advancement of Irish Aid priorities, which can only be attained through grassroots partnerships leading sustainable positive change.

A key part of Irish Aid’s programme in Liberia has focused on the strengthening of the country’s health systems and basic primary health care services with the majority of funding channelled through the Ministry of Health & Social Welfare’s Health Pool Fund. This was supplemented by the funding of a number of community health initiatives through NGOs. This community approach to health has the potential to supplement and support other Irish Aid priorities, in particular gender equality, by supporting women’s access to health information and primary healthcare in the community.

Changing context

The Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation, together with strategies such as the EU’s Agenda for Change and Ireland’s recent Africa Strategy reflect an increasing emphasis on the role of economic growth as a driver of development, and a focus on new actors, including the private sector in development cooperation. Trócaire believes an emphasis on economic growth must not take a narrow business approach, but rather acknowledge that sustainable development requires a dramatic shift towards integrated economic, environmental and social sustainability[5]. As a result it is integral that Irish international policy should support not undermine its aid programme and that human rights remain the cornerstone of Ireland’s international policies despite the increased focus on economic growth as a driver of development.

The Liberia Solidarity Group welcomes the consultation document’s continued focus on Africa and its continued support of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). It also highlights that many programme countries are reducing their reliance on donors with countries such as Uganda raising resources domestically from remittances and from foreign direct investment[6]. As a result it is our view that by focusing on LDCs, and Liberia in particular given its place on the UN Human Development Index, Irish Aid can maximise its impact in achieving the Millenium Develoment Goals (MDGs) and fulfilling its overarching objective of poverty reduction whilst increasing aid effectiveness. Given the similarity in size and population of Ireland and Liberia this likeness in scale also provides an opportunity for maximum impact with refocused resources.

While Liberia has made some tangible progress in the implementation of its Poverty Reduction Strategy (2008-2011), it is still one of the world’s poorest countries and was ranked 182 out of 187 countries on the 2011 UN Human Development Index. The country continues to face considerable challenges in delivering basic health services and in rebuilding critical infrastructure devastated by the civil war. It is predicted that the Millenium Development Goal of halving world poverty will be reached by 2015. However, it is estimated that 64% of Liberians live below the absolute poverty line. As a result development aid can play a major role in poverty reduction in Liberia. The development of basic utilities and essential services such as health and welfare services are still essential. Irish Aid’s role in Liberia has already had an impact in areas such as health, water and sanitation, good governance, infrastructure and supporting civil society. Strengthening this support would further reinstate Ireland’s commitment to Liberia and set a roadmap for Liberia to become a full programme country while maintaining a regional approach to West Africa.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a key focus of the White Paper and have been a useful mechanism for supporting development, although Irene Khan has highlighted the limitations of the MDGs in tackling inequality due to their lack of focus on human rights[7]. As the commitment period for the MDGs expires in 2015, there is an opportunity within the White Paper review for Ireland to reiterate its role in providing a ‘cutting edge’[8] aid programme by advocating for a new set of “Sustainable Development Goals” based on human rights and sustainability. Sustainable Development Goals can contribute to meeting basic needs in a way that also meets Irish Aid’s other key issues, such as governance & human rights, fragility and gender equality. This would complement and enhance the effectiveness of the valuable work Irish Aid currently undertakes in Liberia.

Key Issues

Hunger, Basic Needs and Climate Change

Irish Aid’s support for governance and human rights is helping to renew Liberian democratic structures and support economic and social development.

In continuing to build on Ireland’s successful support for the fragile Liberian state, there is a need to remain cognisant of the interplaying issues of hunger, basic needs and climate change and their effects on the establishment of a peaceful, stable democracy. This is particularly important given that Liberia is one of the world’s Least Developed Countries and the Government’s commitment to having maximum impact in the world’s poorest countries. Irish Aid has consistently restated its commitment in playing a leadership role in the fight against global hunger and food insecurity evident through its Hunger Task Force.

This submission will, however, focus on the key issues of fragility, governance and human rights, gender equality and trade in development.

Fragility

Liberia has established a fragile democracy evident by two democratic elections. It has also shown its commitment to state building through hosting a two day meeting last year with other fragile states entitled ‘State Building and Peace Building’. Irish Aid has underlined its greater attention on fragility[9] and therefore we feel addressing fragility is essential in terms of meaningful impact. Irish Aid can play a role in further strengthening governance through state-building initiatives which increase the capacities of the state to perform its basic functions[10]. These initiatives should focus on good governance through transparency and accountability. Concurrently the vital role of a robust civil society in promoting good governance and human rights must be recognised and supported so civil society can hold the state to account but also so it can play a lead role in empowering citizens to participate fully in the democratic system and to access their rights. By directly supporting indigenous civil society Irish Aid can play a role in increasing democratic ownership, while also addressing fragility through a long-term approach that will bring an enduring stability. In this way Irish Aid is underlining a sustained commitment to Liberia which will prove more effective than short-term programmes.

Governance & Human Rights

Irish Aid’s commitment to governance and human rights is a strong feature of the 2006 White Paper which should be continued and enhanced. Liberia in particular benefited from Ireland’s support, through the UN Mission in Liberia, in re-establishing democratic institutions in the post-conflict period. In the aftermath of a second set of peaceful democratic elections in 2010, Irish Aid should now focus its efforts on supporting the vital part that civil society plays in a thriving democracy to underpin good governance and human rights. The Liberia Solidarity Group particularly welcomes Minister Costello’s reiteration of the importance of human rights in Ireland’s aid programme with a concern for protecting the space for civil society, human rights defenders and human rights institutions[11].

The Africa Strategy[12] emphasises the move towards a more mature and balanced set of relationships with African countries with sustainable two-way trade and investment flows. In order to ensure such partnerships are ethical, it will be essential for Ireland to recognise the need to strengthen governance and human rights mechanisms. Weak governance structures in Liberia have allowed trans-national corporations (TNCs) to have a negative impact on human rights and environmental sustainability, leading to local environmental degradation which may aggravate the long term impacts of climate change, poverty and the country’s ability to realise basic needs[13]. The potential for unethical trade to negatively influence Irish Aid’s priorities should be acknowledged, and the White Paper should develop strategies to ensure that good governance and human rights is at the centre of Ireland’s ethical relationship with African countries.

Gender Equality

The Irish Government’s recent publication of Ireland’s National Action Plan for Implementation of UNSCR 1325, 2011-2014, and its sponsorship of the Voices of Experience cross learning process on UNSCR 1325 with its particular emphasis on Libera, means that Ireland is well placed to provide a meaningful contribution to gender equality in Liberia.

The Liberian Ministry of Gender and Development’s Liberian National Action Plan (LNAP) on UNSCR 1325 recognises that women play a significant role in post-conflict situations that extends well beyond the roles of caregivers and victims. In particular, it acknowledges the need to support women in civil society in order to deal with issues of fragility, emphasising the need for an enhanced role of women in economic reconstruction, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and in security sector reform. It also seeks to support processes promoting governance and human rights. The LNAP established a Civil Society Monitoring Observatory which supports participation, particularly of women’s groups, in monitoring and reviewing the plan[14].

There is significant congruence between the LNAP and the recommendations of the Irish Government which emerged from the Voices of Experience process. The Liberia Solidarity Group recommends that a renewed White Paper acknowledge these links and provide for the concrete expression through enhanced Irish Aid support for gender equality in Liberia.

We particularly note Irish Aid’s support of the International Rescue Committee’s gender programmes in Liberia. Building on this, we recommend that it is now appropriate that Irish Aid move to supporting grassroots civil society organisations in Liberia in order to support a more sustainable practice in gender equality throughout Liberian civil society.

Ways of Working

Policy Coherence for Development

It is essential that the White Paper advocates a ‘whole of government’ approach so there is coherence of trade and other international policies with development goals. As Ireland seeks to develop a more reciprocal partnership with programme countiries in Africa (DFAT, 2011: 6), the Liberia Solidarity Group welcomes and encourages the Government’s efforts to ensure Policy Coherence for Development (PCD)[15].

The Liberia Solidarity Group encourages Government to

build PCD into a renewed White Paper on aid;

strengthen the Interdepartmental Committee on Development and other PCD mechanisms;

foster the cross-sectoral consultation of relevant agencies and stakeholders concerned with enterprise, governance and human rights to support cross-sectoral ownership of policies and clarity in policy implementation.

Liberia, as a Least Developed Country, needs Irish Aid’s continued and enhanced involvement in order to develop a mature relationship based on reciprocal partnership which can support ethical and balanced trade links between Ireland and Liberia. Business is a source of investment and job creation which can aid in economic development. However, it is essential to support Liberian government and civil society governance structures to ensure that business and trade does not undermine development by contributing to corruption, environmental degradation and human rights abuses as it often can when governance systems are not well developed[16].

The UN “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework for Business and Human Rights (2010) deals with the reality that International Human Rights Law struggles to regulate corporate entities which do not fit into the traditional legal paradigm[17]. The principles of the framework are the duty of the State to protect human rights; the responsibility of the corporation to respect human rights (do no harm principle) and the access of victims to remedy for any human rights abuses. In countries with weaker governance systems the state may be unwilling or unable to fulfil its duty of protecting its citizen’s from human rights abuses by third parties such as businesses and corporations. In these cases the Irish state has a responsibility to ensure Irish businesses operate ethically and by the standards of the Irish state. The Liberia Solidarity Group recommends that the White Paper explicitly underlines these principles within overseas policy but also ensure policy coherence throughout all government policies.

In particular, the LSG is concerned with the Africa Strategy’s emphasis on the benefits of extractive industries’ role in contributing to sustainable development[18] when there is strong evidence that this is not necessarily the case[19]. LSG believes that there should be a greater focus on more sustainable businesses such as indigenous small and medium enterprises which will have a greater distributive and multiplier effect on the local economy and thus more effectively support development. Support for a sustainable agricultural sector through small and medium size farmers and producers will not only support the local economy but also address the issues of food security and hunger. The Hunger Task Force recommends a focus on initiatives for women[20]. This emphasises the gendered nature of poverty which is integral to addressing issues such as poverty reduction, hunger and food security and a renewed focus on initiatives for women is recommended.

Engaging with civil society

The Liberia Solidarity Group welcomes the consultation paper’s committment to supporting civil society and its recognition of the valuable work of civil society organisations[21]. Irish Aid works in environments that have weak governance systems thus the space for civil society is fragile. Work that uses a rights based approach and empowerment model will build community and civil society ownership of development, especially in light of increasing concern about the closing of space for civil society[22]. As a result there is a need for additional support for civil society actors to strengthen civil society. Strengthening civil society expands the constituency of democracy and empowers individuals, groups and organisations to hold the state to account, which in turn promotes good governance and increased accountability and transparency.

In light of this, we would encourage Irish Aid to develop direct partnerships with indigenous non-governmental organisations rather than funds solely being administered through government departments or international non-govermental organisations. Given the current focus on direct relationships and partnerships between Ireland and Africa in the trade sector there is a correlating argument for the diversification of institutional supports and the development of direct partnerships across broader sectors such as civil society, health and education. These partnerships would promote a more sustainable form of ‘bottom-up development’ and build capacity at a grassroots level. The Liberia Solidarity Group itself is based upon a mutual learning partnership between both countries so would encourage partnerships based on a parity of esteem.

Irish Aid should continue to strengthen Liberian civil society by developing direct relationships with indigenous NGOs. Promoting ‘bottom-up development’ using a human rights based approach will be most effective if Irish Aid establishes direct relationships with Liberian civil society which will allow it to more effectively meet grassroots development needs.

Endnotes

[1] Civil Society Coalition for the Consolidation of Democracy in Liberia (2009), Simplified Version of the Findings and Recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission