Anti-androgen effects through interaction with SHBG in prostate cells [88–90]. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects [91] No evidence for effects of Urtica dioca in female cell cultures or animals.

Other excluded studies investigated the herbal medicines included in this review examining conditions other than PCOS, oligo/amenorrhoea and hyperandrogenism. These included investigations into effectiveness for Vitex agnus-castus for pre-menstrual syndrome [92–97] and mastalgia [98, 99], Cimicifuga racemosa for menopausal symptoms [100] and Glycyrrhiza spp with Paeonia lactiflora libido in males [101].