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The office of tomorrow

The Office of
Today

In an
increasing number of companies, traditional office space is giving way to
community areas and empty chairs as employees work from home, from their cars
or from virtually anywhere. Advanced technologies and progressive HR strategies
make these alternative offices possible.

Imagine
it's 2 o'clock on a Wednesday afternoon. Inside the dining room of many
nationwide offices, Joe Smith, manager of HR, is downing a sandwich and soda
while wading through phone and E-mail messages. In front of him is a
computer-equipped with a fax-modem-is plugged into a special port on the dining
table. The contents of his briefcase are spread on the table. As he sifts
through a stack of paperwork and types responses into the computer, he periodically
picks up a cordless phone and places a call to a colleague or associate. As he
talks, he sometimes wanders across the room.

To be sure,
this isn't your ordinary corporate environment. Smith doesn't have a permanent
desk or workspace, nor his own telephone. When he enters the ad agency's
building, he checks out a portable Macintosh computer and a cordless phone and
heads off to whatever nook or cranny he chooses. It might be the company
library, or a common area under a bright window. It could even be the dining
room or Student Union, which houses punching bags, televisions and a pool
table. Wherever he goes, a network forwards mail and phone pages to him and a
computer routes calls, faxes and E-mail messages to his assigned extension. He
simply logs onto the firm's computer system and accesses his security-protected
files.

He is not
tethered to a specific work area nor forced to function in any predefined way.
Joe Smith spends mornings, and even sometimes an entire day, connected from
home via sophisticated voicemail and E-mail systems, as well as a pager. His
work is process and task-oriented. As long as he gets everything done, that's
what counts. Ultimately, his productivity is greater and his job-satisfaction
level is higher. And for somebody trying to get in touch with him, it's easy.
Nobody can tell that Joe might be in his car or sitting at home reading a stack
of resumes in his pajamas. The call gets forwarded to him wherever he's
working.

You've just
entered the vast frontier of the virtual office-a universe in which
leading-edge technology and new concepts redefine work and job functions by
enabling employees to work from virtually anywhere. The concept allows a
growing number of companies to change their workplaces in ways never considered
just a few years ago. They're scrapping assigned desks and conventional office
space to create a bold new world where employees telecommute, function on a
mobile basis or use satellite offices or communal work areas that are free of
assigned spaces with personal nick nacks.

IBM,
AT&T, Travelers Corporation, Pacific Bell, Panasonic, Apple Computer and
J.C. Penney are among the firms recognizing the virtual-office concept. But
they're just a few. The percentage of U.S. companies that have work-at-home
programs alone has more than doubled in the past five years, from 7% in 1988 to
18% today. In fact, New York-based Link Resources, which tracks telecommuting
and virtual-office trends, has found that 7.6 million Americans now
telecommute-a figure that's expected to swell to 25 million by the year 2000.
And if you add mobile workers-those who use their cars, client offices, hotels
and satellite work areas to get the job done-there's an estimated 1 million
more virtual workers.

Both
companies and employees are discovering the benefits of virtual arrangements.
Businesses that successfully incorporate them are able to slash real-estate
costs and adhere to stringent air-quality regulations by curtailing traffic and
commuters. They're also finding that by being flexible, they're more responsive
to customers, while retaining key personnel who otherwise might be lost to a
cross-country move or a newborn baby. And employees who successfully embrace
the concept are better able to manage their work and personal lives. Left for
the most part to work on their own terms, they're often happier, as well as
more creative and productive.

Of course,
the basic idea of working away from the office is nothing new. But today,
high-speed notebook computers, lightning-fast data modems, telephone lines that
provide advanced data-transmission capabilities, portable printers and wireless
communication are starting a quiet revolution. As a society, we're
transforming the way we work and what's possible. It's creating tremendous opportunities,
but it also is generating a great deal of stress and difficulty. There are
tremendous organizational changes required to make it work. As
markets have changed-as companies have downsized, streamlined and
restructured-many have been forced to explore new ways to support the work
effort. The virtual office, or alternative office, is one of the most effective
strategies for dealing with these changes.

Of course,
the effect of alternative officing on the HR function is great. HR must change
the way it hires, evaluates employees and terminates them. It must train an
existing work force to fit into a new corporate model. There are issues
involving benefits, compensation and liability. And, perhaps most importantly,
there's the enormous challenge of holding the corporate culture together-even
if employees no longer spend time socializing over the watercooler or in
face-to-face meetings. When a company makes a commitment to adopt a
virtual-office environment-whether it's shared work-space or basic
telecommuting-it takes time for people to acclimate and adjust. If HR can't
meet the challenge, and employees don't buy in, then the program is destined to
fail.

Virtual
offices break down traditional office walls. Step inside one and you quickly
see how different an environment the concept has created. Gone are the cubicles
in which employees used to work. In their place are informal work carrels and
open areas where any employee-whether it's the CEO or an administrative
assistant-can set up shop. Teams may assemble and disperse at any given spot,
and meetings and conferences happen informally wherever it's convenient. Only a
handful of maintenance workers, phone operators and food-services personnel,
whose flexibility is limited by their particular jobs, retain any appearance of
a private workspace.

Equally
significant is the fact that on any given hour of any day, as many as one-third
of the salaried work force aren't in the office. Some are likely working at a
client's site, others at home or in a hotel room on the road. The feeling is
that the employees of Virtual Offices are self-starters. The work environment
is designed around the concept that one's best thinking isn't necessarily done
at a desk or in an office. Sometimes, it's done in a conference room with
several people. Other times it's done on a ski slope or driving to a client's
office. Fonders of the concept wanted to eliminate the boundaries about where
people are supposed to think. They wanted to create an environment that was stimulating
and rich in resources. Employees decide on their own where they will work each
day, and are judged on work produced rather than on hours put in at the office.

One company
that has jumped headfirst into the virtual-office concept is Armonk, New
York-based International Business Machine's Midwest division. The regional
business launched a virtual-office work model in the spring of 1993 and expects
2,500 of its 4,000 employees-salaried staff from sales, marketing, technical
and customer service, including managers-to be mobile by the beginning of 1995.
Its road workers, equipped with IBM Think Pad computers, fax-modems, E-mail,
cellular phones and a combination of proprietary and off-the-shelf software,
use their cars, client offices and homes as work stations. When they do need to
come into an office-usually once or twice a week-they log onto a computer that
automatically routes calls and faxes to the desk at which they choose to sit.

So far, the
program has allowed Big Blue's Midwest division to reduce real-estate space by
nearly 55%, while increasing the ratio of employees to workstations from 4-to-1
to almost 10-to-1. More importantly, it has allowed the company to harness
technology that allows employees to better serve customers and has raised the
job-satisfaction level of workers. A recent survey indicated that 83% of the
region's mobile work force wouldn't want to return to a traditional office
environment.

IBM
maintains links with the mobile work force in a variety of ways. All employees
access their E-mail and voicemail daily; important messages and policy updates
are broadcast regularly into the mailboxes of thousands of workers. When the
need for teleconferencing arises, it can put hundreds of employees on the line
simultaneously. Typically, the organization's mobile workers link from cars,
home offices, hotels, even airplanes.

Virtual
workers are only a phone call away. To be certain, telephony has become a
powerful driver in the virtual-office boom. Satellites and high-tech telephone
systems, such as ISDN phone lines, allow companies to zap data from one
location to another at light speed. Organizations link to their work force and
hold virtual meetings using tools such as video-conferencing. Firms grab a
strategic edge in the marketplace by providing workers with powerful tools to
access information.

Consider
Gemini Consulting, a Morristown, New Jersey-based firm that has 1,600 employees
spread throughout the United States and beyond. A sophisticated E-mail system
allows employees anywhere to access a central bulletin board and data base via
a toll-free phone number. Using Macintosh Powerbook computers and modems, they
tap into electronic versions of The Associated Press, Reuters and The Wall
Street Journal, and obtain late-breaking news and information on clients, key
subjects, even executives within client companies. And that's just the
beginning. Many of the firm's consultants have Internet addresses, and HR soon
will begin training its officeless work force via CD-ROM. It will mail disks to
workers, who will learn on their own schedule using machines the firm provides.
The bottom line of this technology? Gemini can eliminate the high cost of
flying consultants into a central location for training.

Today, the
technology exists to break the chains of traditional thought and the typical
way of doing things. It's possible to process information and knowledge in
dramatically different ways than in the past. That can mean that instead of
one individual or a group handling a project from start to finish, teams can
process bits and pieces. They can assemble and disassemble quickly and
efficiently.

Some
companies, such as San Francisco-based Pacific Bell, have discovered that
providing telecommuters with satellite offices can further facilitate
efficiency. The telecommunications giant currently has nearly 2,000 managers
splitting time between home and any of the company's offices spread throughout
California. Those who travel regularly or prefer not to work at home also can
drop into dozens of satellite facilities that each are equipped with a handful
of workstations. At these centers, they can access exclusive data bases, check
E-mail and make phone calls.

Other firms
have pushed the telecommuting concept even further. One of them is Great Plains
Software, a Fargo, North Dakota-based company that produces and markets
PC-based accounting programs. Despite its remote location, the company retains
top talent by being flexible and innovative. Some of its high-level managers
live and work in such places as Montana and New Jersey. Even its local
employees may work at home a few days a week.

Lynne
Stockstad's situation at Great Plains demonstrates how a program that allows
for flexible work sites can benefit both employer and worker. The competitive-research
specialist had spent two years at Great Plains when her husband decided to
attend chiropractic college in Davenport, Iowa. At most firms, that would have
prompted Stockstad to resign-something that also would have cost the company an
essential employee. Instead, Stockstad and Great Plains devised a system that
would allow her to telecommute from Iowa and come to Fargo only for meetings
when absolutely necessary. Using phone, E-mail, voicemail and fax, she and her
work team soon found they were able to link together, and complete work just as
efficiently as before. Today, with her husband a recent graduate, Stockstad has
moved back to Fargo and has received a promotion.

Great
Plains uses similar technology in other innovative ways to build a competitive
advantage. For example, it has developed a virtual hiring process. Managers who
are spread across the country conduct independent interviews with candidates,
and then feed their responses into the company's computer. Later, the hiring team
holds a meeting, usually via phone or videoconferencing, to render a verdict.
Only then does the firm fly the candidate to Fargo for the final interview.

HR must lay
the foundation to support a mobile work force. Just as a cafeteria offers a
variety of foods to suit individual taste and preferences, the workplace of the
future is evolving toward a model for which alternative work options likely
will become the norm. One person may find that telecommuting four days a week
is great; another may find that he or she functions better in the office. The
common denominator for the organization is: How can we create an environment in
which people are able to produce to their maximum capabilities?

Creating
such a model and making it work is no easy task, however. Such a shift in
resources requires a fundamental change in thinking. And it usually falls
squarely on HR's shoulders to oversee the program and hold the organization
together during trying times. When a company decides to participate in an
alternative officing program, people need to adapt and adjust to the new
manners. Workers are used to doing things a certain way. Suddenly, their world
is being turned upside down.

One of the
biggest problems is laying the foundation to support such a system. Often, it's
necessary to tweak benefits and compensation, create new job descriptions and
methods of evaluation and find innovative ways to communicate. Sometimes,
because companies are liable for their workers while they're "on the
clock," HR must send inspectors to home offices to ensure they're safe.

When Great
Plains Software started its telecommuting program in the late 1980s, it
established loose guidelines for employees who wanted to be involved in the
program. they pretty much implemented policies on an unscientific basis. Over
time, the company has evolved to a far more stringent system of determining who
qualifies and how the job is defined.

For
example, as with most other companies that embrace the virtual-office concept,
Great Plains stipulates that only salaried employees can work in virtual
offices because of the lack of a structured time schedule and the potential for
working more than eight hours a day. Those employees who want to telecommute
must first express how the decision will benefit the company, the department
and themselves. Only those who can convince a hiring manager that they meet all
three criteria move on to the next stage.

Potential
telecommuters then must define how they'll be accountable and responsible in
the new working model.

Finally,
once performance standards and guidelines have been created, Great Plains
presents two disclaimers to those going virtual. If their performance falls
below certain predetermined standards, management will review the situation to
determine whether it's working. And if the position changes significantly and
it no longer makes sense to telecommute, management will have to reevaluate.

Other
companies have adopted similar checks and balances. They are training HR
advisers to make accommodations for the individual, but to not make
accommodations for the person's job responsibilities.

IBM
provides counseling from behavioral scientists and offers ongoing assistance to
those having trouble adapting to the new work model. By closely monitoring preestablished
sales and productivity benchmarks, managers quickly can determine if there's a
problem. So far, only approximately 10% to 15% of its mobile work force has
required counseling, and only a handful of employees have had to be reassigned.

Virtual
workers need guidance from HR. Not everyone is suited to working in a
virtual-office environment. Not only must workers who go mobile or work at home
learn to use the technology effectively, but they also must adjust their
workstyle and lifestyle. The more you get connected, the harder it is to
disconnect. At some point, the boundaries between work and personal life blur.
Without a good deal of discipline, the situation can create a lot of stress.

Managers
often fear that employees will not get enough work done if they can't see them.
Most veterans of the virtual office, however, maintain that the exact opposite
is true. All too often, employees wind up fielding phone calls in the evening
or stacking an extra hour or two on top of an eight-hour day. Not surprisingly,
that can create an array of problems, including burnout, errors and marital
conflict.

IBM learned
early on that it has to teach employees to remain in control of the technology
and not let it overrun their lives. One of the ways it achieves the goal is to
provide its mobile work force with two-line telephones. That way, employees can
recognize calls from work, switch the ringer off at the end of the workday and
let the voicemail system pick up calls.

Another
potential problem with which virtual employees must deal is handling all the
distractions that can occur at home. As a result, many firms provide workers
with specific guidelines for handling work at home. It is expected that those
who work at home will arrange child care or elder care. And although
management recognizes there are times when a babysitter falls through or a
problem occurs, if someone's surrounded by noisy children, it creates an
impression that the individual isn't working or is distracted.

Still, most
say that problems aren't common. The majority of workers adjust and become
highly productive in an alternative office environment. The most important
thing for a company to do is lay out guidelines and suggestions that help
workers adapt.

At many
firms, including IBM, HR now is providing booklets that cover a range of
topics, including time management and family issues. Many companies also send
out regular mailings that not only provide tips and work strategies but also
keep employees informed of company events and keep them ingrained in the
corporate culture.

This type
of correspondence also helps alleviate workers' fears of isolation. IBM goes
one step further by providing voluntary outings, such as to the Indianapolis
500, for its mobile work force. Even without these events, virtual workers'
isolation fears often are unproven. The level of interaction in a virtual
office actually can be heightened and intensified. Because workers aren't in
the same place every day, they may be exposed to a wider range of people and
situations. And that can open their eyes and minds to new ideas and concepts.

However,
dismantling the traditional office structure can present other HR challenges.
One of the most serious can be dealing with issues of identity and status.
Workers who've toiled for years to earn a corner office suddenly can find
themselves thrown into a universal work pod. Likewise, photographs and other
personal items often must disappear as workspace is shared. But solutions do
exist. For instance, when IBM went mobile, top executives led by example. They
immediately cleared out their desks and began plugging in at common work pods.

Not
surprisingly, one of the most difficult elements in creating a virtual office
is dealing with this human side of the equation. The human factor can send
shock waves reverberating through even the most sober organization.

This
challenge requires HR to become a active business partner. That means working
with other departments, such as real estate, finance and information technology.
It means creating the tools to make a virtual office work. In some cases, that
may require HR to completely rewrite a benefits package to include a $500 or
$1,000-a-month pay for those working at home. That way, the company saves money
on real-estate and relocation costs, while the employee receives an incentive
that can be used to furnish a home office.

Management
also must change the way supervisors evaluate their workers. Managers easily
can fall into the trap of thinking that only face-to-face interaction is
meaningful and may pass over mobile workers for promotions. Great Plains has
gone to great lengths to ensure that its performance-evaluation system
functions in a virtual environment. The company asks its managers to conduct
informal reviews quarterly with telecommuting employees, and formal reviews
every six months. By increasing the interaction and discussion, the company has
eliminated much of the anxiety for employees-and their managers-while providing
a better gauge of performance. In the final analysis, the system no longer
measures good citizenship and attendance, but how much work people actually get
done and how well they do it.

Still, many
experts point out that too much reliance on voicemail and E-mail can present
problems. Although instantaneous messaging is convenient and efficient, it can
overload virtual workers with too much information and not enough substance. Without some human interaction it's impossible to build relationships and a
sense of trust within an organization. Sending workers offsite can boost
productivity, while saving costs.

Those who
have embraced the virtual office say that it's a concept that works. At Pacific
Bell, which began experimenting with telecommuting during the 1984 Summer
Olympics in Los Angeles, employees routinely have reported 100% increases in
productivity. Equally important: this fits into family and flexibility issues
and that they enjoy working for the company more than ever before.

Although
the final results aren't yet in, IBM's mobile work force reports a 10% boost in
morale and appears to be processing more work, more efficiently. What's more,
its customers have so far reported highly favorable results. People are
happier and more productive because they can have breakfast with their family
before they go off to client meetings. They can go home and watch their child's
soccer game and then do work in the evening. They no longer are bound by a
nine-to-five schedule. The only criterion is that they meet results.

Society is
on the frontier of a fundamental change in the way the workplace is viewed and
how work is handled. In the future, it will become increasingly difficult for
traditional companies to compete against those embracing the virtual office. Companies that embrace the concept are sending out a loud message. They're
making it clear that they're interested in their employees' welfare, that
they're seeking a competitive edge, and that they aren't afraid to rethink
their work force for changing conditions. Those are the ingredients for future
success.

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