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Computer Architecture I: Digital Design Dr. Robert D. Kent

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The Simplification Problem: Requirements

Simplification of complex circuits, starting from their equivalent representation as complex Boolean expressions, requires an understanding of cost.

We will see that the typical goal is to arrive at Boolean expressions that:

are expressible in SOP (or POS) form

involve minimal numbers of literals

involve a minimal number of gate application levels

To help us understand how to accomplish circuit minimization, we will study one powerful reduction technique:

Karnaugh maps

Concepts of Cost

We focus on two types of cost model.

Minimum time of completion of circuit logic

both SOP and POS circuit representations are two-level designs with all the gates at each level performing in parallel with the same time characteristics.

Minimum cost of circuit construction

very often it is possible, starting with the SOP or POS forms, to rewrite a near-optimal cost form involving pure nand or nor gates only.

This leads to four cost theorems.

Concepts of Cost

Before stating the theorems we need some definitions of terms:

Literala variable or its complement (unique symbol)

ImpliesF implies G, means that there does not exist a set of N input literals such that both F=1 and G=0; By contrast, if F=1 then G must be equal to 1.

SubsumesA term T1subsumes a term T2if and only if (!)all the literals in T2 are also found in T1.If one term subsumes another in an expression, then the subsuming term can always be deleted with changing the function. In other words, if T1 subsumes T2 then T1 may be ignored because the T2 terms account for logic.

Concepts of Cost

… and some more definitions of terms:

Implicanta product term is said to be an implicant of a complete function if the product term impliesthe function.

Implicatea sum term is said to be an implicate of a complete function if the sum term impliesthe function.

Concepts of Cost

… and some more definitions of terms:

Prime Implicantan implicant is a prime implicant if it does not subsume any other implicant with fewer literals.This means that if any literal is removed from the term, it no longer implies the function.

Prime Implicatean implicate is a prime implicate if it does not subsume any other implicate with fewer literals.This means that if any literal is removed from the term, it no longer implies the function.

Note the symmetry between the definitions of implicant (product) and implicate (sum).

Concepts of Cost

Cost Theorem 1a.When the cost, assigned by some criterion, for a minimal Boolean formula is such that decreasing the number of literals in the disjunctive normal formula does not increase the cost of the formula, there is at least one minimal disjunctive normal formula that corresponds to a sum of prime implicants.

Cost Theorem 2a. For any cost criterion such that the cost of a formula does not increase when a literal is removed, at least one minimal disjunctive normal formula describing a function is an irredundantdisjunctive normal formula (SOP).

Concepts of Cost

Cost Theorem 1b.When the cost, assigned by some criterion, for a minimal Boolean formula is such that decreasing the number of literals in the conjunctive normal formula does not increase the cost of the formula, there is at least one minimal conjunctive normal formula that corresponds to a product of prime implicates.

Cost Theorem 2b. For any cost criterion such that the cost of a formula does not increase when a literal is removed, at least one minimal conjunctive normal formula describing a function is an irredundant conjunctive normal formula (POS).

These theorems establish that implicates are dual to implicants.

Expression Simplification

The algebraic techniques we have developed are too slow and uncertain to apply in cases where the numbers of variables are large.

To meet the needs of modern circuit analysis and design several methods have been developed that

are somewhat scalable, and

permit limited degrees of automation (ie. Programmability).

Karnaugh Maps

Karnaugh Maps

The use of mapping, or tableau-based, techniques were developed by Veitch and modified by Karnaugh.

We will determine these techniques by studying examples in order to establish the rules for map manipulation.

Karnaugh Maps

Place function values (from the defining function truth table) in the map positions.

Case Study: 1 variable map

Ex.

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

0

1

Case Study: 1 variable map

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangular shape formed from 1-boxes, without holes).

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

0

1

Case Study: 1 variable map

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle).

DEFINITION:

When constructing SOP forms, a 2N -subcube is a rectangular region of a Karnaugh map consisting of 2Nadjacent cells, each containing the same value 1 (or 0 for POS forms), and where N must be an integer greater or equal to zero.

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

0

1

Case Study: 1 variable map

The entry 1 in the second column corresponds to the prime implicantx.

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

0

1

Case Study: 1 variable map

The entry 1 in the second column corresponds to the prime implicantx.

Recall that x is a prime implicant iff:

- x implies f(x) and,

- x does not subsume any other implicant: Since, removing x from itself leaves nothing, then x is clearly prime.

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

0

1

Case Study: 1 variable map

Thus, the minimal expression of the function is:

F(x) = x

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

1

0

Case Study: 1 variable map - Complementation

The entry 1 in the first column corresponds to the prime implicantx’.

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

1

0

Case Study: 1 variable map - Complementation

The entry 1 in the first column corresponds to the prime implicantx’.

Thus, the minimal expression of the function is:

F(x) = x’

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

1

1

Case Study: 1 variable map - 2nd variation

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle).

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

1

1

Case Study: 1 variable map - 2nd variation

We note that both x and x’ terms are included in the rectangle. Their individual “product” contributions to the SOP expression must be summed (or’ed):

x + x’

But, this reduces to 1.

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

1

1

Case Study: 1 variable map - 2nd variation

Thus, the minimal expression of the function is:

F(x) = 1

Karnaugh Maps

x0 1

1

1

Case Study: 1 variable map - 2nd variation

Thus, the minimal expression of the function is:

f = 1

In other words, when both 0 and 1 terms appear for a literal referenced within the cells of a subcube, that literal is removed from the implicant corresponding to that subcube, leaving a prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

2x4 Karnaugh Map

Place function values (from the defining function truth table) in the map positions.

3 variable map

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle).

Start with the largest subcubes, then proceed to smaller subcubes

Generally speaking, there will be more than one independent subcube, each reflecting a different prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

y’ z’

x

For each subcube, write its algebraic expression using the variable name (eg. x) if the box occurs in the row/column for which the variable is 1 – otherwise, if the box occurs in the row/column for which the variable (eg. y,z) is 0, use the complemented variable (ie. y’, z’).

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

y’ z’

Collecting literals into a product gives:

xy’z’

x

1-subcubes are expressed using all variable symbols

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

z

y+y’=1

x’

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle). Generally speaking, there will be more than one independent subcube, each reflecting a different prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

z

y+y’=1

Collecting literals into a product gives:

x’z

x’

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle). Generally speaking, there will be more than one independent subcube, each reflecting a different prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

y z

x+x’ = 1

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle). Generally speaking, there will be more than one independent subcube, each reflecting a different prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

y z

x+x’ = 1

Collecting literals into a product gives:

yz

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle). Generally speaking, there will be more than one independent subcube, each reflecting a different prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

Each subcube (rectangle) corresponds to a prime implicant term.

Gathering all terms in SOP form,

f = xy’z’ + x’z + yz

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

f = xy’z’ + x’z + yz

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

f = xy’z’ + x’z + yz

Each subcube contains at least one 1-cell that can ONLY be included within that subcube. Such 1-cells are called essential 1-cells and their corresponding prime implicant is called an essential prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

f = xy’z’ + x’z + yz

xy’z’ ( xy’z’ )

Essential 1-cell (essential prime implicant).

Each subcube contains at least one 1-cell that can ONLY be included within that subcube. Such 1-cells are called essential 1-cells and their corresponding prime implicant is called an essential prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

f = xy’z’ + x’z + yz

x’y’z ( x’z )

Essential 1-cell (essential prime implicant).

Each subcube contains at least one 1-cell that can ONLY be included within that subcube. Such 1-cells are called essential 1-cells and their corresponding prime implicant is called an essential prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0

0

x

1

1 0 1 0

3 variable map

f = xy’z’ + x’z + yz

xyz ( yz )

Essential 1-cell (essential prime implicant).

Each subcube contains at least one 1-cell that can ONLY be included within that subcube. Such 1-cells are called essential 1-cells and their corresponding prime implicant is called an essential prime implicant.

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

1 1 1 1

0

x

1

1 0 0 1

3 variable map - 2nd variation

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

1 1 1 1

0

x

1

1 0 0 1

3 variable map - 2nd variation

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle) of the largest size, but containing 2N squares (for all possible N).

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

1 1 1 1

0

x

1

1 0 0 1

3 variable map - 2nd variation

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle) of the largest size, but containing 2N squares (for all possible N).

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

1 1 1 1

0

x

1

1 0 0 1

3 variable map - 2nd variation

The “wrap-around” technique.

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle) of the largest size, but containing 2N squares (for all possible N).

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

1 1 1 1

0

x

1

1 0 0 1

3 variable map - 2nd variation

x’[yz + y’z + yz’ + y’z’]

= x’[(y+y’)z + (y+y’)z’]

= x’[z+z’]

= x’

x’y’z’+x’yz’+xy’z’+xyz’

= x’(y’+y)z’ +x(y’+y)z’

= (x’+x)(y’+y)z’

= z’

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle) of the largest size, but containing 2N squares (for all possible N).

Karnaugh Maps

yz00 01 11 10

1 1 1 1

0

x

1

1 0 0 1

3 variable map - 2nd variation

Collecting literals into a product gives:

x’ + z’

Circle all 1 entries that, taken together, form a subcube (i.e. rectangle) of the largest size, but containing 2N squares (for all possible N).

Karnaugh Maps

Place function values in the map positions.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

There are no subcubes of sizes:

24 =16 or 23 = 8.

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

Subcubes of size:

22 =4.

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

Subcubes of size:

22 =4.

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

Subcubes of size:

21 =2.

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

Subcubes of size:

21 =2.

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

No more subcubes!

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

Now to identify the prime implicants:

y’z’ + xy’ + x’z’ + wxz + wx’y

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

Now to identify the prime implicants:

xy’+ x’z’ + wxz + wx’y

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

Now to identify the prime implicants:

xy’ + x’z’+ wxz + wx’y

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

Now to identify the prime implicants:

xy’ + x’z’ + wxz+ wx’y

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

Now to identify the prime implicants:

xy’ + x’z’ + wxz + wx’y

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

Now to identify the prime implicants:

f(w,x,y,z) = xy’ + x’z’ + wxz + wx’y

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps

Using the procedure of identifying the largest possible subcubes in the Karnaugh map first, then dealing with smaller sized subcubes, we arrive at minimal representations of SOP (POS) expressions for the function.

These expressions may not be unique, however.

Karnaugh Maps

Previously, we had presented this example.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

f(w,x,y,z) = xy’ + x’z’ + wxz + wx’y

Karnaugh Maps

Consider these subcubes ...

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

f(w,x,y,z) = xy’ + x’z’ + wxz + wx’y

Karnaugh Maps

Now, choose the other, alternative subcube containing these 1-cells …

…thereby, minimizing the number of subcubes, hence the number of product terms in the function.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

f(w,x,y,z) = xy’ + x’z’ + wyz+ wx’y

Karnaugh Maps

Both solutions are equivalent, but the second one is minimal.

Case Study: 4 variable map

f(w,x,y,z) = xy’ + x’z’ + wxz + wx’y

f(w,x,y,z) = xy’ + x’z’ + wyz

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps – Summary for SOP

For a function of N variables (literals) draw the Karnaugh map consisting of 2N cells

look for essential 1-cells to identify essential prime implicants and minimize the number of subcubes

For each subcube, assign a prime implicant algebraic expression term by removing from the full implicant term all literals for which both 0 and 1 row or column labels appear, that is, keep only those literals that do not change.

Karnaugh Maps - POS

The Karnaugh mapping technique can also be applied to prime implicate (POS) forms.

Karnaugh Maps - POS

The Karnaugh mapping technique can also be applied to prime implicate (POS) forms.

Instead of grouping 1-cells, we group 0-cells.

Karnaugh Maps - POS

The Karnaugh mapping technique can also be applied to prime implicate (POS) forms.

Instead of grouping 1-cells, we group 0-cells.

For each subcube of 0-cells we assign a sum expression, removing all literals whose row/column indices are both 0 and 1, and listing the literal itself for index label 0, or its complement for index label 1.

Review this point with respect to algebraic representations

Note the duality relationships

Karnaugh Maps - POS

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps - POS

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

No subcubes of sizes 16, 8 or 4.

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps - POS

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

Subcubes of size 2.

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps - POS

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

Note the essential 0-cells that denote essential prime implicates.

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps - POS

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

This subcube contains 0-cells that may be associated with other subcube choices, hence they are not essential 0-cells.

This choice minimizes the number of subcubes.

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps - POS

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

Note there are no smaller subcubes.

The subcube choices reflect a minimal POS expression.

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

Karnaugh Maps - POS

Identify 2N subcubes by decreasing N=4,3,2,1,0; using wraparound.

Case Study: 4 variable map

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 0 1

Note there are no smaller subcubes.

The subcube choices reflect a minimal POS expression.

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0

1 0 1 1

f(w,x,y,z) = (x+y+z’)(x’+y’+z)(w+y’+z’)

Karnaugh Maps

Case Study: 4 variable map

SOP: f(w,x,y,z) = xy’ + x’z’ + wxz

the 7 literals provide input to the and gates (operators)

the 3 terms provide input to the or gates

there are 7+3=10 gate inputs for this expression (circuit)

Karnaugh Maps

Case Study: 4 variable map

SOP: f(w,x,y,z) = xy’ + x’z’ + wxz

the 7 literals provide input to the and gates (operators)

the 3 terms provide input to the or gates

there are 7+3=10 gate inputs for this expression (circuit)

POS: f(w,x,y,z) = (x+y+z’)(x’+y’+z)(w+y’+z’)

the 9 literals provide input to the or gates

the 3 terms provide input to the and gates

there are 9+3=12 gate inputs for this circuit

Karnaugh Maps

Case Study: 4 variable map

SOP: f(w,x,y,z) = xy’ + x’z’ + wxz

the 7 literals provide input to the and gates (operators)

the 3 terms provide input to the or gates

there are 7+3=10 gate inputs for this expression (circuit)

POS: f(w,x,y,z) = (x+y+z’)(x’+y’+z)(w+y’+z’)

the 9 literals provide input to the or gates

the 3 terms provide input to the and gates

there are 9+3=12 gate inputs for this circuit

CONCLUSION: In this case, the SOP form is a minimal cost circuit expression.

Karnaugh Maps

Sometimes the logic for a circuit function is specified incompletely

Some possible inputs may not have a corresponding “fixed” output value

What do we do when the client does not care about these special cases

Dealing with apathetic circuit specification

The case of Don’t Care Conditions

Karnaugh Maps

When an incompletely specified function is given, for which there exist “don’t care conditions”, we indicate those terms by a hyphen (or other dc token).

Karnaugh Maps

When an incompletely specified function is given, for which there exist “don’t care conditions”, we indicate those terms by a hyphen (or other dc token).

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 - 1

0 1 - 0

1 1 1 0

- 0 0 1

Karnaugh Maps

When an incompletely specified function is given, for which there exist “don’t care conditions”, we indicate those terms by a hyphen (or other dc token).

We may treat those termsas if they are 1’s OR 0’s,whichever is more usefulin leading to a minimalform of expression.

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 - 1

?

0 1 - 0

?

1 1 1 0

- 0 0 1

?

Karnaugh Maps

When an incompletely specified function is given, for which there exist “don’t care conditions”, we indicate those terms by a hyphen (or other dc token).

We may treat those termsas if they are 1’s OR 0’s,whichever is more usefulin leading to a minimalform of expression.

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 - 1

0 1 - 0

1

1 1 1 0

- 0 0 1

1

Karnaugh Maps

When an incompletely specified function is given, for which there exist “don’t care conditions”, we indicate those terms by a hyphen (or other dc token).

We may treat those termsas if they are 1’s OR 0’s,whichever is more usefulin leading to a minimalform of expression.

Ignore all unused dc conditions.

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 - 1

0 1 - 0

1

1 1 1 0

- 0 0 1

1

Karnaugh Maps

When an incompletely specified function is given, for which there exist “don’t care conditions”, we indicate those terms by a hyphen (or other dc token).

We may treat those termsas if they are 1’s OR 0’s,whichever is more usefulin leading to a minimalform of expression.

PRIME IMPLICATES

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 - 1

0

0 1 - 0

1 1 1 0

- 0 0 1

Karnaugh Maps

When an incompletely specified function is given, for which there exist “don’t care conditions”, we indicate those terms by a hyphen (or other dc token).

We may treat those termsas if they are 1’s OR 0’s,whichever is more usefulin leading to a minimalform of expression.

PRIME IMPLICATES

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 - 1

0

0 1 - 0

1 1 1 0

- 0 0 1

Karnaugh Maps

When an incompletely specified function is given, for which there exist “don’t care conditions”, we indicate those terms by a hyphen (or other dc token).

We may treat those termsas if they are 1’s OR 0’s,whichever is more usefulin leading to a minimalform of expression.

Ignore all unused dc conditions.

PRIME IMPLICATES

yz00 01 11 10

00

01

wx

11

10

1 0 - 1

0

0 1 - 0

1 1 1 0

- 0 0 1

Summary

We have studied and developed several techniques for simplifying Boolean expressions.

These are based on the axioms, definitions and theorems of the Boolean Algebra, applied through the Boolean Calculus.

Powerful tabular techniques have been developed for rapid reduction to some minimal cost forms using

Karnaugh maps

An even more powerful technique has been developed by Quine and McCluskey (and Petrick). Time prevents covering this topic but it is described in advanced books on computer engineering and logic design.