The following piece has appeared in several versions on the Internet . . . when encountered the first time, I was predisposed to accept it at face value. In the course of other studies, I've discovered several versions along with some learned rebuttals of many untrue notions put forth as fact . . .

"The Americans who Risked Everything"

by Rush H. Limbaugh, Jr.

"Our lives, our fortunes, our sacred honor"

It was a glorious morning. The sun was shining and the wind was from the
southeast. Up especially early, a tall, bony, redheaded young Virginian found
time to buy a new thermometer, for which he paid three pounds, fifteen
shillings. He also bought gloves for Martha, his wife, who was ill at home.

Thomas Jefferson arrived early at the statehouse. The temperature was 72.5:
and the horseflies weren't nearly so bad at that hour. It was a lovely room,
very large, with gleaming white walls. The chairs were comfortable. Facing the
single door were two brass fireplaces, but they would not be used today.

The moment the door was shut, and it was always kept locked, the room became
oven. The tall windows were shut, so that loud quarreling voices could not be
heard by passers by. Small openings atop the windows allowed a slight stir of
air, and also a large number of horseflies. Jefferson records that "the
horseflies were dexterous in finding necks, and the silk of stocking was as
nothing to them." All discussion was punctuated by the slap of hands on necks.

On the wall at the back, facing the President's desk, was a
panoply--consisting of a drum, swords, and banners seized from Fort
Ticonderoga the previous year. Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold had captured
the place, shouting that they were taking it "in the name if the Great Jehovah
and the Continental Congress!"

Now Congress got to work, promptly taking up an emergency measure about which
there was discussion but no dissension. "Resolved: That an application be made
to the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania for a supply of flints for the
troops at New York."

Then Congress transformed itself into a committee of the whole, The
Declaration of Independence was read aloud once more, and debate resumed.
Though Jefferson was the best writer of all of them, he had been somewhat
verbose. Congress hacked the excess away. They did a good job, as a
side-by-side comparison of the rough draft and the final text shows. They cut
the phrase "by a self-assumed power." "Climb" was replaced by "must read,"
then "must" was eliminated, then the whole sentence, and soon the whole
paragraph was cut. Jefferson groaned as they continued what he later called
"their depredations." "Inherent and inalienable rights" came out "certain
unalienable rights," and to this day no one knows who suggested the elegant
change.

A total of 86 alterations were made. Almost 500 words were eliminated, leaving
1,337. At last, after three days of wrangling, the document was put to a vote.

Here in this hall Patrick Henry had once thundered: "I am no longer a
Virginian, Sir, but an American." But today the loud, sometimes bitter
argument stilled, and without fanfare the vote was taken from north to south
by colonies, as was the custom. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of
Independence was adopted.

There were no trumpets blown. No one stood on his chair and cheered. The
afternoon was waning and Congress had no thought of delaying the full calendar
of routine business on its hands. For several hours they worked on many other
problems before adjourning for the day.

Much to lose . .

What kind of men were the 56 signers who adopted the Declaration of
Independence and who, by their signing, committed an act of treason against the Crown? To each of you the names Franklin, Adams, Hancock, and Jefferson are almost as familiar as household words. Most of us, however,
know nothing of the other signers. Who were they? What happened to them?

I imagine that many of you are somewhat surprised at the names not there:
George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry. All were elsewhere.

Ben Franklin was the only really old man. Eighteen were under 40; three were
in their 20s. Of the 56, almost half--24--were judges and lawyers. Eleven were
merchants, 9 were land-owners and farmers, and the remaining 12 were doctors,
ministers, and politicians.

With only a few exceptions, such as Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, these were
men of substantial property. All but two had families. The vast majority were
men of education and standing in their communities. They had economic security
as few men had in the 18th century.

Each had more to lose from revolution than he had to gain by it. John Hancock,
one of the richest men in America, already had a price of 500 pounds on his
head. He signed in enormous letter so "that his Majesty could now read his
name without glasses and could now double the reward." Ben Franklin wryly
noted: "Indeed we must all hang together, otherwise we shall most assuredly
hang separately." Fat Benjamin Harrison of Virginia told tiny Elbridge Gerry
of Massachusetts: "With me it will all be over in a minute, but you, you will
be dancing on air an hour after I am gone."

These men knew what they risked. The penalty for treason was death by hanging.
And remember: a great British fleet was already at anchor in New York Harbor.

They were sober men. There were no dreamy-eyed intellectuals or draft card
burners here. They were far from hot-eyed fanatics, yammering for an
explosion. They simply asked for the status quo. It was change they resisted.
It was equality with the mother country they desired. It was taxation with
representation they sought. They were all conservatives, yet they rebelled.

It was principle, not property, that had brought these men to Philadelphia.
Two of them became presidents of the United States. Seven of them became state
governors. One died in office as vice president of the United States. Several
would go on to be U.S. Senators. One, the richest man in America, in 1828
founded the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. One, a delegate from Philadelphia,
was the only real poet, musician and philosopher of the signers (it was he,
Francis Hopkinson--not Betsy Ross--who designed the United States flag).

Richard Henry Lee, a delegate from Virginia, had introduced the resolution to
adopt the Declaration of Independence in June of 1776. He was prophetic is his
concluding remarks: "Why then sir, why do we longer delay? Why still
deliberate? Let this happy day give birth to an American Republic. Let her
arise not to devastate and to conquer but to reestablish the reign of peace
and law. The eyes of Europe are fixed upon us. She demands of us a living
example of freedom that may exhibit a contrast in the felicity of the citizen
to the ever increasing tyranny which desolates her polluted shores. She
invites us to prepare an asylum where the unhappy may find solace, and the
persecuted repose. If we are not this day wanting in our duty, the names of
the American legislators of 1776 will be placed by posterity at the side of
all of those whose memory has been and ever will be dear to virtuous men and
good citizens."

Though the resolution was formally adopted July 4, it was not until July 8
that two of the states authorized their delegates to sign, and it was not
until August 2 that the signers met at Philadelphia to actually put their
names to the Declaration.

William Ellery, delegate from Rhode Island, was curious to see the signers'
faces as they committed this supreme act of personal courage. He saw some men
sign quickly, "but in no face was he able to discern real fear." Stephen
Hopkins, Ellery's colleague from Rhode Island, was a man past 60. As he signed
with a shaking pen, he declared: "My hand trembles, but my heart does not."

"Most glorious service"

Even before the list was published, the British marked down every member of
Congress suspected of having put his name to treason. All of them became the
objects of vicious manhunts. Some were taken. Some, like Jefferson, had narrow
escapes. All who had property or families near British strongholds suffered.

Francis Lewis, New York delegate, saw his home plundered and his estates, in
what is now Harlem, completely destroyed by British soldiers. Mrs. Lewis was
captured and treated with great brutality. Though she was later exchanged for
two British prisoners through the efforts of Congress, she died from the
effects of her abuse.

William Floyd, another New York delegate, was able to escape with his wife and
children across Long Island Sound to Connecticut, where they lived as refugees
without income for seven years. When they came home, they found a devastated
ruin.

Phillips Livingstone had all his great holdings in New York confiscated and
his family driven out of their home. Livingstone died in 1778 still working in
Congress for the cause.

Louis Morris, the fourth New York delegate, saw all his timber, crops, and
livestock taken. For seven years he was barred from his home and family.

John Hart of Trenton, New Jersey, risked his life to return home to see his
dying wife. Hessian soldiers rode after him, and he escaped in the woods.
While his wife lay on her deathbed, the soldiers ruined his farm and wrecked
his Homestead. Hart, 65, slept in caves and woods as he was hunted across the
countryside. When at long last, emaciated by hardship, he was able to sneak
home, he found his wife had already been buried, and his 13 children taken
away. He never saw them again. He died a broken man in 1779, without ever
finding his family.

Dr. John Witherspoon, signer, was president of the College of New Jersey,
later called Princeton. The British occupied the town of Princeton, and
billeted troops in the college. They trampled and burned the finest college
library in the country.

Judge Richard Stockton, another New Jersey delegate signer, had rushed back to
his estate in an effort to evacuate his wife and children. The family found
refuge with friends, but a sympathizer betrayed them. Judge Stockton was
pulled from bed in the night and brutally beaten by the arresting soldiers.
Thrown into a common jail, he was deliberately starved. Congress finally
arranged for Stockton's parole, but his health was ruined. The judge was
released as an invalid, when he could no longer harm the British cause. He

returned home to find his estate looted and did not live to see the triumph of
the evolution. His family was forced to live off charity.

Robert Morris, merchant prince of Philadelphia, delegate and signer, met
Washington's appeals and pleas for money year after year. He made and raised
arms and provisions which made it possible for Washington to cross the
Delaware at Trenton. In the process he lost 150 ships at sea, bleeding his own
fortune and credit almost dry.

George Clymer, Pennsylvania signer, escaped with his family from their home,
but their property was completely destroyed by the British in the Germantown
and Brandywine campaigns.

Dr. Benjamin Rush, also from Pennsylvania, was forced to flee to Maryland. As
a heroic surgeon with the army, Rush had several narrow escapes.

John Morton, a Tory in his views previous to the debate, lived in a strongly
loyalist area of Pennsylvania. When he came out for independence, most of his
neighbors and even some of his relatives ostracized him. He was a sensitive
and troubled man, and many believed this action killed him. When he died in
1777, his last words to his tormentors were: "Tell them that they will live to
see the hour when they shall acknowledge it [the signing] to have been the
most glorious service that I rendered to my country."

William Ellery, Rhode Island delegate, saw his property and home burned to the
ground. Thomas Lynch, Jr., South Carolina delegate, had his health broken from
privation and exposures while serving as a company commander in the military.
His doctors ordered him to seek a cure in the West Indies and on the voyage He
and his young bride were drowned at sea.

Edward Rutledge, Arthur Middleton, and Thomas Heyward, Jr., the other three
South Carolina signers, were taken by the British in the siege of Charleston.
They were carried as prisoners of war to St. Augustine, Florida, where they
were singled out for indignities. They were exchanged at the end of the war,
the British in the meantime having completely devastated their large land
holdings and estates.

Thomas Nelson, signer of Virginia, was at the front in command of the Virginia
military forces. With British General Charles Cornwallis in Yorktown, fire
from 70 heavy American guns began to destroy Yorktown piece by piece. Lord
Cornwallis and his staff moved their headquarters into Nelson's palatial home.
While American cannonballs were making a shambles of the town, the house of
Governor Nelson remained untouched. Nelson turned in rage to the American
gunners and asked, "Why do you spare my home?" They replied, "Sir, out of
respect to you." Nelson cried, "Give me the cannon!" and fired on his
magnificent home himself, smashing it to bits. But Nelson's sacrifice was not
quite over. He had raised $2 million for the Revolutionary cause by pledging
his own estates. When the loans came due, a newer peacetime Congress refused
to honor them, and Nelson's property was forfeited. He was never reimbursed.
He died, impoverished, a few years later at the age of 50.

Lives, fortunes, honor

Of those 56 who signed the Declaration of Independence, nine died of wounds or
hardships during the war. Five were captured and imprisoned, in each case with
brutal treatment. Several lost wives, sons or entire families. One lost his 13
children. Two wives were brutally treated. All were at one time or another the
victims of manhunts and driven from their homes. Twelve signers had their
homes completely burned. Seventeen lost everything they owned. Yet not one
defected or went back on his pledged word. Their honor, and the nation they
sacrificed so much to create, is still intact.

And, finally, there is the New Jersey signer, Abraham Clark. He gave two sons
to the officer corps in the Revolutionary Army. They were captured and sent to
the infamous British prison hulk afloat in New York harbor known as the hell
ship "Jersey," where 11,000 American captives were to die. The younger Clarks
were treated with a special brutality because of their father. One was put in
solitary and given no food. With the end almost in sight, with the war almost
won, no one could have blamed Abraham Clark for acceding to the British
request when they offered him his sons' lives if he would recant and come out
for the King and parliament. The utter despair in this man's heart, the
anguish in his very soul, must reach out to each one of us down through 200
years with his answer: "No."

The 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence proved by their every deed
that they made no idle boast when they composed the most magnificent curtain
line in history. "And for the support of this Declaration with a firm reliance
on the protection of divine providence, we mutually pledge to each other our
lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor."

------ ****** ------

The Fate of the Signatories

The first item is the "Gary Hildreth" net.bogus article, which
contains numerous factual inaccuracies. A careful investigation of this piece
in its various versions is at http://home.nycap.rr.com/elbrecht/signers/signerindex.html.
The key article at that site appears below, immediately after the drivel. The drivel
appears to be a possibly unintended promotion of the cult of heroic
martyrdom. The facts undermine the case. Heroism without martyrdom
is the norm, not the exception.
-Daniel Pouzzner

A standard net form of the drivel:

Have you ever wondered what happened to the 56 men who signed the
Declaration of Independence?

Five signers were captured by the British as traitors, and tortured
before they died. Twelve had their homes ransacked and burned. Two lost
their sons in the Revolutionary Army, another had two sons captured.
Nine of the 56 fought and died from wounds or hardships of the
Revolutionary War.

They signed and they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their
sacred honor.

What kind of men were they? Twenty-four were lawyers and jurists.
Eleven were merchants, nine were farmers and large plantation owners;
men of means, well educated. But they signed the Declaration of
Independence knowing full well that the penalty would be death if they
were captured.

Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader, saw his ships
swept from the seas by the British Navy. He sold his home and
properties to pay his debts, and died in rags.

Thomas McKeam was so hounded by the British that he was forced to move
his family almost constantly. He served in the Congress without pay,
and his family was kept in hiding. His possessions were taken from him,
and poverty was his reward.

At the battle of Yorktown, Thomas Nelson, Jr., noted that the British
General Cornwallis had taken over the Nelson home for his headquarters.
He quietly urged General George Washington to open fire. The home was
destroyed, and Nelson died bankrupt.

Francis Lewis had his home and properties destroyed. The enemy jailed
his wife, and she died within a few months.

John Hart was driven from his wife's bedside as she was dying. Their
13 children fled for their lives. His fields and his gristmill were
laid to waste. For more than a year he lived in forests and caves,
returning home to find his wife dead and his children vanished. A few
weeks later he died from exhaustion and a broken heart. Norris and
Livingston suffered similar fates.

Such were the stories and sacrifices of the American Revolution. These
were not wild eyed, rabble-rousing ruffians. They were soft-spoken men
of means and education. They had security, but they valued liberty
more. Standing tall, straight, and unwavering, they pledged: "For the
support of this declaration, with firm reliance on the protection of the
divine providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our
fortunes, and our sacred honor."

They gave you and me a free and independent America. The history books
never told you a lot of what happened in the Revolutionary War. We
didn't just fight the British. We were British subjects at that time
and we fought our own government! Perhaps you can now see why our
founding fathers had a hatred for sanding armies, and allowed through
the Second Amendment for everyone to be armed.

Frankly, I can't read this without crying. Some of us take these
liberties so much for granted...We shouldn't.

Since Harvey's words are the earliest I've been able to verify in the past year, I'll answer them as he wrote them. He has been plagiarized by many folks since [Hildreth, Trumbore, and countless others who said it was anonymous]. These words have appeared in print and all across the web for years, and much of their rhetoric is simply not true. By using Harvey's 1956 words, I hope it will illuminate that these words are as far from 'anonymous' as they are true.

There have been several other essays written since 1956 that echo the tone and many of the incorrect legends that Harvey fell prey to believing. I believe that the others were written independently because they have included other facts & legends, and left some of Harvey's more compelling ones out. I suspect that some pre-1956 source, a quick read, and with a reputation that did not incline any of these entertainers to fact-check, is lying out there waiting to be rediscovered.

The essay that I'm quoting appears as part of Paul Harvey's _The Rest of the Story_, Hanover House, 1956. LOC Card #56-9395

In 1975 it was reprinted, with a short preface, in a booklet called _Our Lives, Our Fortunes, Our Sacred Honor_ by Word Books, Waco Texas. [the copyright notice in that issue mentions an additional copyright date of 1969, as well as the 1956 & 1975 copyrights]

I will not include the entire essay, but only that which is either in error, or which appears to me to be a key to its, and all the other's, origins. I will uses ellipses (.......) where there is a break what I am quoting. Since Harvey uses them frequently, I will include parens around my ellipses to prevent confusion. The Harvey text will be set in and in italics.

The United states of America was born in 1776. But it was conceived 169

years before that.

(........)

All others of the world's revolutions before and since were initiated by men who

had nothing to lose. Our founders had everything to lose... nothing to gain....

except one thing......

Our Lives,

Our Fortunes,

Our Sacred Honor

(....... )

These were men of means, well educated.

Most of the Signers were certainly men of means. Notably, though Sam Adams was so poor that the people he represented took up a collection to send him to Philadelphia in clothing befitting a representative of their town. Many of those well educated men were not educated by colleges, but on their own. Some acquired as many as three honorary degrees from leading universities without ever having gone beyond the most basic of formal education.

Twenty-four were lawyers and jurists.

Eleven were merchants. Nine were farmers and owners of large plantations.

This part is a common tie between all the bogus essays. They all try to define the Signers so simply, and it just cannot be done. Dumas Malone, in his _Making of the Declaration of Independence_ pp95 & 96, wrote; "They cannot be classified with precision on grounds of occupation, for this was not an age of specialization and occupations constantly overlapped."

Truer words were never spoken. Some, like Sam Adams, were singularly successful at being congressmen while not doing too well at their chosen 'occupation'. Many, like Nelson, were born into such wealth and standing, that their real calling was public life, and they hired folks to 'keep the books' at home while they dabbled in whatever struck their fancy. Many of these men had varied interests and were proficient at many trades.

Despite that, I felt compelled to make some attempt myself. Even though I have 13 men defined by only one occupation, and 2 as 'gentlemen', the remaining 41 who had a variety of occupations swelled the list to 141 entries long. The 'single occupation' men were lawyers (6), merchants (5) and 2 public servants that will likely go to either the 'agriculturist' or 'gentlemen' categories. The list is sure to get longer as I read more about each signer, but since I've finally gotten at least one entry for all of them, I thought I'd illustrate why I think the simple claim of "24 lawyers, 11 merchants, and 9 farmers" is both misleading and a clue to the source of all these inaccurate essays.

The longest category in my list is 'public service'. For this category, I only included those who held a public office prior to 1770. Many got involved in 1765, during the Stamp Act years. Others were 2nd or 3rd generation politicians.

Of the 44 who were 30 years old by 1770, I have 31 in my 'Public service' category so far.

First the lawyers. Some of the essays say '24[or 25] lawyers', and others say '24 lawyers and jurists'. There is a difference between an 18th century lawyer, and an 18th century jurist. There was no need to be a lawyer to be a jurist-- as several of the signers prove.[one even sat on the Supreme Court with no legal training]

My numbers so far;

22 lawyers

11 Judges & Justices

[28 were either lawyers or Judges or Justices before they signed]

Then the merchants. I count 18. Some had retired, but most of the retired merchants still received profits from their business.

The farmers were the toughest ones of all. The only one who I still might consider a farmer in the 20th century sense of the word would be John Hart and he wore several other hats as well..[Mill owner, politician, Justice]

Many of the signers were born into very wealthy families who owned huge estates which supported them. Others built these huge estates themselves. To call them farmers, is akin to calling Bill Gates a software salesman. It's accurate, but misleading.

I can't find a term that applies broadly enough to cover the southern planters like Braxton or Carroll [that isn't a man who plants cotton or rice-- he is a businessman who runs a business], and the northern aristocrats like Morris & Floyd, who essentially did the same thing & are likely counted as farmers in those essays.

Rather than resort to 'farmer', I've used 'agriculturists'. I didn't count those who were interested in farming as a hobby, but only those who derived a substantial income from their properties. [cattle, fruit, produce, lumber, 'renters', etc.] Of them, I counted 16.

This is my tally;

32 'public service' prior to 1770

22 lawyers

11 Judges & Justices

[28 were either lawyers or Judges or Justices before they signed]

18 merchants

16 planters, farmers, agriculturists

6 academics

5 authors

4 surveyors

3 doctors

3 ministers.

2 "gentlemen"

There was also a brewer, a cooper, a couple inventors, a musician, a poet, a printer, a publicist, a couple scientists, a seaman, a shoemaker, and a [land?] speculator.

(.....)

Fifty-six men placed their names beneath that pledge. Fifty-six men knew-when they signed-that they were risking everything.

They knew if they won this fight, the best they could expect would be years of hardship in a struggling nation. If they lost, they'd face a hangman's rope.

( ......)

Carter Braxton of Virginia, wealthy planter and trader, saw his ships swept from the seas. To pay his debts he lost his home and all his properties and died in rags.

He may have died poor, I haven't located a good biography of him yet, or read his will. He died at his spacious estate, Chericoke, so I suspect 'died in rags' might be misleading.

He did lose his ships which were flying the British flag when the Revolution began. They weren't necessarily 'swept from the seas', but more likely retained by his former business partner, the British Government. He did suffer losses in property due to the Revolution. He recouped those losses, though after the Revolution, and his next big setback was 'businesses gone sour' around the end of the 1700's. Though a great Patriot and Statesman, his business practices have met with considerable criticism.

(....)

Thomas McKean of Delaware was so harassed by the enemy that he was forced to move his family five times in five months He served in Congress without pay, his family in poverty and in hiding.

McKean [misspelled McKeam in so many copies floating around the net] was representing DE, but he was born in PA, and lived in Philadelphia. He held dual citizenship in the two colonies, and is the only representative to serve in congress throughout the entire war. [While holding positions of 'President of the State Of Delaware' for 3 years, president of congress for 1, and Chief Justice of Pennsylvania for several years along with other positions.]

He put his name on a list of volunteers to lead militia troops. After the July votes, he headed off to Perth Amboy to take charge of A Battalion of Pennsylvania 'Associators'. He arrived back in Philadelphia after the Aug 2 'Signing', so his name was added much later. Probably shortly after Jan 1777.

Vandals looted the properties of Ellery and Clymer and Hall and Gwinnett and Walton and Heyward and Rutledge and Middleton.

This is a phrase most often repeated in many of the copy-cat essays. Many don't spell Ellery or Rutledge correctly. It is probably true that some of the properties of those men were vandalized. [one of Ellery's homes was burned]

The same can be said for many more of the Signers, and nearly all of the wealthy people in the war-torn areas of our country in those years. Both Armies, the British and the Americans, 'foraged' for food. If a property owner had food, or lumber or livestock or wagons or horses, any army passing through was likely to appropriate them for their use. The most spacious homes were commandeered for billeting soldiers and officers of both sides. Loyalists would vandalize the homes of their Patriot neighbors.

Notable among the homes which were in occupied territory, but were left with little or no damage are homes belonging to; Floyd, Lewis Morris, Hopkinson, Stockton, Middleton, Witherspoon, Hart, Nelson, Jefferson, Harrison, Heyward, both Adams's, Hancock, Rush, Huntington, Wilson, Robert Morris, and the Lee brothers.

And Thomas Nelson, Jr., of Virginia, raised two million dollars on his own signature to provision our allies . . . the French fleet. After the war he personally paid back the loans, wiped out his entire estate. He was never reimbursed by his government.

In the final battle for Yorktown he, Nelson, urged General Washington to fire on his . . . Nelson's . . . own home, which was occupied by Cornwallis.

It was destroyed. He died bankrupt and was buried in an unmarked grave. Thomas Nelson, Jr., had pledged "his life, his fortune and his sacred honor."

The $2,000,000 figure is repeated often. That might be an accurate translation of 30,000 1780 American pounds to 1956 US dollars. 30,000 pounds is what Nelson tried to have reimbursed by the VA government after 1783. The VA government did refuse to pay back the loans, but his estate was never in any danger of being 'wiped out'.

In the battle of Yorktown, Nelson, as Governor of VA, and the head of the VA militia was in command of the American battery which was destroying the headquarters of Cornwallis in Yorktown. The home, however, was not his, but the home of his uncle and namesake, Thomas, The Secretary, Nelson.

Soon after that, Nelson was officer of the day and reviewing the French troops in the center of the American lines. It was on this day that legend says he offered 5 guineas to any French artillerist who could hit his home. [a prominent feature in Yorktown, even today]

The legend, where I've seen it repeated by respected authorities does not mention him seeing Cornwallis near it, and indications are that Cornwallis was holed up in a root cellar on his uncle's property. His home was damaged, though not beyond repair. It is a National Park site and is visited by thousands every year.

Nelson did pay back all the loans that he could during his lifetime, but all of VA's elite were suffering through a post-war recession. Cash was in short supply. He sold some of his properties in Europe before his death. When he died, though 'cash poor', he was still among the top ten largest landholders in VA. His will allowed for the selling of several properties in VA to raise cash to pay off the rest of his debts. After those debts were settled, the remaining several [9or 10] plantations were divided up among his family, a friend, and one of his slaves.

The Hessians seized the home of Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey.

The reason we know that Hessians occupied Hopkinson's home is that one of those Hessians borrowed a book from Hopkinson's personal library, left a message on the flyleaf, and had it returned to the family.

Francis Lewis had his home and everything destroyed, his wife imprisoned. She died within a few months.

Lewis's Long Island home was apparently destroyed. Probably some of his NY City properties were destroyed too. His business, turned over to his son but still a source of income, appeared to survive the war intact.

Mrs. Lewis refused the order given to all Long Islanders to leave Long Island. [Mr. Lewis was in Philadelphia attending to his duties in Congress] She was imprisoned, and later exchanged for the wives of two British officials who the Americans had captured.

Her health, though probably adversely affected by her imprisonment had been failing for years. She died about two years after her exchange in Philadelphia.

Richard Stockton, who signed that Declaration, was captured and mistreated and his health broken to the extent that he died at fifty-one. His estate was pillaged.

Stockton is alone in that he is the only one of the five Signers captured that was not a military prisoner of war. He spent a couple months in prison. His release is reported in various places as being obtained by an exchange, or by his signing of an oath to cease rebellious activities. About a year after his release he began fighting a lip cancer which took his life in two more years.

His estate, Morven, in Princeton, was pillaged by soldiers from both sides as they passed through. One of George Washington's letters asks American soldiers to return any of Stockton's letters or papers that they may have picked up.

Thomas Heyward, Jr., was captured when Charleston fell.

When Charleston fell, all of the officers of the Rebel Army were paroled. Shortly afterward, the British had second thoughts, and ordered them all rounded up. Heyward and Rutledge, and Middleton were all officers.

John Hart was driven from his wife's bedside while she was dying. Their thirteen children fled in all directions for their lives His fields and gristmill were laid waste. For more than a year he lived in forests and caves and returned home after the war to find his wife dead, his children gone, his properties gone; he died a few weeks later of exhaustion and a broken heart.

Hart's wife died a month before the British invaded NJ. Their children were grown, there being only two who were still minors. The British occupied that part of NJ for less than 2 months.

After returning to his farm, Hart spent 2 more years serving in congress before taking a leave due to his kidney stones which claimed his life in 1789, nearly 2 1/2 years after his harrowing experiences in the woods.

Lewis Morris saw his land destroyed, his family scattered.

Morris' property was in one of those contested areas of Westchester County, NY. His son, Lewis Morris Jr., wrote to him in 1776;

".....There is a regiment at Morrisania, and your own house is made a barrack of, .....and there are troops all about us which makes it impossible to prosecute the business of the farm and besides they press your horses; the two coaches horses were pressed this afternoon which Colonel Shee has returned, and I believe unless speedily secured your breeding mares will come next. . . . Your fat cattle are in the hands of the commissary.... Colonel Hand's regiment plunder every body in Westchester County indiscriminately, even yourself have not escaped. Montrasseurs Island they plundered and committed the most unwarrantable destruction upon it; fifty dozen of bottles were broke in the cellar, the paper tore from the rooms and every pane of glass broke to pieces......"

Lewis Jr. was speaking of the American Army, and accurately predicted the fall of Morrissania [Morris' home] to the British in coming weeks.

Morris' family was surely scattered. His children were mostly grown, and 3 of his sons served in the Continental Army. His wife, and I assume his younger children, went to live with friends when the Continental Army moved onto his property.

His wife later joined him in Philadelphia. After the war, they returned to Morrissania & rebuilt it to the magnificence which it shows to visitors today. He died there, with his family in 1798.

Philip Livingston died within a few months from the hard ships of the war.

Livingston died in York PA, June 12, 1778 of 'dropsy'. He was attending Congress, but took a months leave for his illness before he died.

John Hancock history remembers best due to a quirk of fate rather than anything he stood for. That great, sweeping signature attesting to his vanity towers over the others. One of the wealthiest men in New England, he stood outside Boston one terrible night of the war and said, "Burn Boston, though it makes John Hancock a beggar, if the public good requires it."

The legend goes that he used those words to affirm his agreement with those in the Committee of Safety who were suggesting burning Boston as a means of saving it from the British. [in 1775]

(.....)

Of the fifty-six, few were long to survive.

Nine died before the revolution was ended in 1783. Another twelve died in the next decade. Among them was an octogenarian, 2 septuarians, and none under 44. 19 yrs after signing, half were still alive. Most lived longer than their fathers had.

Five were captured by the British and tortured before they died.

Only one was captured because he signed. Richard Stockton was arrested by Loyalists and turned over to the British to be held in prison. The other four were prisoners of war.

There is no record of any Signer being tortured, or mistreated because they signed. The prisons on both sides were hell-holes.

Twelve had their homes .. . from Rhode Island to Charleston .. . sacked, looted, occupied by the enemy, or burned.

Here Harvey contradicts himself. Above he writes that three of the Georgian Signers' homes were looted, and here he implies that the looting, etc. stretched from Rhode Island to Charleston. Has he missed the Boston home of John Adams that was occupied, or the New Hampshire home of Bartlett which was burned by Loyalists in 1774?

I'll restate my thoughts from above. These homes were treated no differently than those of other wealthy Americans whose properties were in occupied territory. Both Armies took what they needed to fight a war.

Two lost their sons in the army. One had two sons captured.

I'll treat these two together because it is a puzzle I've tried to unravel for some time. James Witherspoon was killed at the battle of Germantown.

Abraham Clark had two sons that were captured.

Historians are in agreement on those two facts. The second son that was killed remains a puzzle that no-one seems to be able to answer. I have two theories.

1. The second son referred to is the son of Henry Laurens. Laurens was a President of Congress during the war, though he was not a member of the 1776 Congress, so he did not sign. But his son was killed in a skirmish near Charleston. If the author meant to include Laurens, however, the number of 'captured' would rise to six, as Laurens himself was arrested on his way to Europe, and spent several months in the Tower of London.

2. Historians agree that Thomas and Aaron Clark, sons of Signer Abraham Clark, were POW's. Most accounts note that Captain Thomas was captured twice and escaped both times. What they aren't in agreement on is a young 19 yr. old Andrew Clark who died as a prisoner on the prison ship 'Jersey'. Even the Abraham Clark society cannot seem to either prove or disprove the connection to the Signer. But if we accept that the author meant the youngest Clark was killed, then he should have said 'one signer had three sons captured'.

3. A third possibility, and one I haven't been able to follow up on yet is John Morton.

I saw this posting on a genealogy mail list ;

"Martin's _History of Chester_ (1850) indicates that John MORTON, son of John MORTON, Signer of the

Declaration of Independence, died on board the prison ship Falmouth in New York Harbor, during the American Revolution."

I haven't seen it mentioned in the bios I've read about Morton-- but I haven't read a thorough biography and most bios pay little notice to the children of the Signers. The ones that do mention John Morton mention a son named John born about 1755, so he would have been the right age. The Falmmouth was described in Barber's history of NY as a Hospital ship, though it made little difference in the mortality onboard.

A promising lead, but yet to be confirmed.

Nine of the fifty-six died in the war, from its hardships or from its more merciful bullets.

Nine died during the war. One died from a bullet; fired in a duel with a fellow officer. None died at the hands of the British, and none died due to 'hardships'. One was lost at sea.

It's easy enough to check to see who died before the war was over. Here they are, and, when available, a cause of death.

Morton, John,PA, died April 1777 aged 53 of ??? (K&BJ give no detail of how)[father died ae41]

Gwinnett, Button,GA, died May 16, 1777 aged 42, from wounds sustained in a duel.

Livingston, Philip,NY, died June 12, 1778 at 62, of "dropsy of the chest" [father died ae63]

Lynch, Thomas Jr.,SC, died [probably] in 1779 ae30. Lost at sea. [father died ae49]

Ross, George,PA, died July 14, 1779 aged 49, of gout [father died ae76]

Hewes, Joseph,NC, died Oct 10, 1779, aged 49, according to Bakeless of "overwork and irregular bachelor hours" [father died ae80-90]

Taylor, George,PA, Feb 23, 1781 at 65 yr. old

Stockton, Richard,NJ, died Feb 28, 1781 at 50, of Cancer of the lip. [father died ae86]

I don't know what impression you had of the men who met that hot summer in Philadelphia. But I think it is important that we remember this about them.

They were not poor men or wild-eyed pirates. They were men of means. Rich men, most of them, who enjoyed much ease and luxury in their personal living.

Despite disagreeing with the overall tone of this essay, Harvey and I are nearly in agreement here. With the notable exception of Sam Adams, who was neither rich nor 'calm', and a few of the more radical members of that Congress, most of the Signers were respectable statesmen of great wealth.

But they considered liberty-and this is as much as I shall say of it-they had learned that liberty-is so much more important than security-that they pledged their lives . . . their fortunes . . . and their sacred honor.

Much has been written about the motivations of the Signers and the Founders in general. From my study, I believe that as a body they were putting their country above their own personal gains. There is no doubt that they risked their own lives & property along with that of their countrymen.

I'm not sure whether I admire more the representative that voted no, but signed the Declaration or the representative that personally felt it was a bad idea, but voted yes because his constituents had expressed their wishes that he support independence.

I admire the Congress at large for, when it was inevitable that the vote would pass, doing everything in their power to make a united front. Both the delegates who stayed home and the new appointees, who were unable to take part in much more than a vote that had already been decided, are a tribute to a body who put the country and their countrymen above their personal egos.

And they fulfilled their pledge.

They paid the price.

And freedom was born.

All of the Americans who lived in those times 'paid the price'. John Adams wrote years later that all through the Revolution he would have given anything to have things returned to the way they were. He wasn't lamenting his own losses. Any human who has ever seen the suffering of the soldiers and innocents in a war zone has to wonder if an armed conflict is ever a worthy price for change. But the clock can't be turned back. The deed was done. And from it a glorious country emerged.