Career: Worked in Melbourne glass bottle factory; at 15 navvy on Woomelang-Mildura railway; Mallee shepherd for E. H. Lascelles; lost job in 1902 drought and worked in Gippsland; went to sea 1905, gained master's certificate; farm labourer USA and Canada; returned to Aust. on father's death 1909; share farmer and contractor Woomelang; in 1913 selected 630 acres for wheat farming at Carwarp, sold early 1920s and moved to Carwarp West; with Department of Agric. established experimental farm 1915; president Ouyen Agric. Society 1918-1931, Carwarp Progress Association; Australian Natives Association member; a founder Vic. Wheatgrowers Association.