Just days into the U.S. government shutdown in 2013, several defense companies threatened to furlough thousands of their employees whose jobs were tied to federal facilities or projects that were curtailed. This year, that did not happen.

Some say it’s largely because executives wanted to wait to see how Monday’s negotiations on Capitol Hill played out, perhaps giving a better indication of how long the shutdown would last. That’s something that didn’t happen in 2013 when firms threatened furloughs, which didn’t largely materialize because the Pentagon recalled many civilian workers a few days into the 16-day shutdown.

“It gets worse over time,” said Frank Kendall, who was defense undersecretary for acquisition, technology, and logistics during the Obama administration. He spoke at the Center for Strategic and International Studies on Monday, just hours before lawmakers reached a deal to keep the government open until Feb 8.

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During a shutdown, government employees who support combat operations — military and civilian alike — keep working even though their paychecks stop coming until the government reopens. But the impact on companies varies. Some contracted employees who are supervised by government officials cannot report to work — say, when their government facility is closed.

That leaves defense companies with a decision: Pay the affected employees for not working, or furlough them. Kendall said they often pay employees for a few days at the beginning of a shutdown.

“They can’t do it for very long,” he said. “It’s too much of an impact on the bottom line.”

Shutdown can also have a “major impact” at manufacturing facilities.

Some items that are finished — say, an F-35 Joint Strike Fighter or Abrams tank — get parked outside the factory until government inspectors come back to work. But the lack of inspectors — generally dubbed not “excepted” personnel — can cause hiccups for stuff still on the production line.

“You get to a point where you need an inspection on whatever subassembly you’re doing before you do final assembly and without that inspection you can’t do the next step in manufacturing,” Kendall said. “Factories stop, and that’s a big deal.”

That usually affects blue-collar workers on the assembly line and the company itself.

“Those costs — to the extent that industry can — will be passed on to the government,” Kendall said. “It’s a cumulative damaging and it gets much, much worse as time goes on.”

Timing is everything during a shutdown. Immediately, the impact might be minimal, but “pretty quickly you get into trouble that’s much more significant,” Kendall said.

So how did Monday’s shutdown affect the largest defense firms? Boeing, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, and L3 Technologies declined to comment. But all of the firms’ CEOs will report 2017 fourth-quarter earnings in the coming two weeks, so expect to hear some shutdown talk on conference calls with Wall Street analysts.

Lockheed Martin said the shutdown “negatively impacts hundreds of ongoing government programs and thousands of our employees across the U.S.” and “could result in costly schedule delays and breaks in production that will increase overall program costs and interrupt the delivery of critical equipment to our U.S.government customers.”

But the firm said it had contingency plans to minimize the impact.

“The specific impact to our workforce and subcontractors is dependent on individual contract terms,” the company said in a statement. “We’ll await direction from our government customers in order to assess the impact on our employees, programs and business. We will continue to work closely with our customers to support essential programs and mitigate the impact to programs suspended during the shutdown.”

BAE Systems said it anticipated a “minimal” impact on its employees.

“Most of our employees will continue to report to work as normal,” Brian Roehrkasse, a spokesman for the firm, said in an email. “However, some employees, including those who work at government facilities, could be affected depending on which capabilities the government deems essential.”

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