Understand the telecommunications services and effectively manage the costs of those services. We explains in nontechnical language the most common telecom technologies and services in today’s marketplace. These services fall into four categories: local, long distance, data, and wireless services. Each service offering has its own unique type of bill.

IPv6?

Another issue that surfaces on a regular basis is the future of the current version of IP, IP version 4. There has been debate over many years as to when, or whether, the Internet should transition to IPv6. My own position on this is skeptical for the following reasons.

Recall that the Internet is a network of networks. The Internet backbone is composed of networks from tier-1 Internet companies such as Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, British Telecom (BT), Deutsche Telekom, and so on. Smaller tier-2 carriers connect to the tier-1 companies, and in their turn offer connectivity to even smaller tier-3 ISPs. All of these networks are currently running IPv4 for Internet traffic. Since a collective cutover to IPv6 is not on the cards, any protocol migration to IPv6 is fraught with practical difficulties. The early mover will encounter guaranteed IPv4-IPv6 interworking issues, will gain few advantages from the move, and will contemplate wistfully the many advantages that would have been gained from sticking with IPv4 for the duration.

When the IETF designers finalized IPv6 back in 1994, they had added to it many attractive features over IPv4. These included support for end-to-end security via IPsec, support for class-of-service marking via a new Differentiated Services field in the IPv6 header, support for host mobility (mobile IP), support for auto-configuration and, of course, the much larger address field. Unfortunately for IPv6, time has whittled away many, if not all, of these advantages. To put it especially bluntly, most everything of value in IPv6 was re-engineered back into IPv4 on the understandable basis that the world couldn’t wait.

Despite claims that these engineering hacks would impact on usability, the difficulties have been steadily overcome. Even some of the hardest problems, getting signaling applications for VoIP to work through NAT and firewalls, have now been mostly solved. Skype is a case in point, following the earlier pioneering work in network gaming and peer-to-peer file sharing.

There is a purist motivation for IPv6, which looks to get back to a clean and transparent end-to-end Internet model leveraging the larger address space of IPv6. NAT is particularly disliked, seen as breaking the simplicity of host-router transparency. However, with NAT making some contribution to network security and working well in practice, the practical motivation is less strong. Given the lack of a positive business case for the IPv4 to IPv6 transition, together with the effectiveness of the IPv4 “workarounds,” it is hard to predict whether the transition to IPv6 will ever happen. One positive but seldom-mentioned feature of IPv4 against IPv6 is that 128 bit IPv6 addresses such as:

2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7334

are a lot harder for humans to manage than IPv4’s 66.249.64.4—even after the many rules for presentationally shortening IPv6 addresses have been taken into account.