Navigation

Tuesday, March 27, 2018

High carbon taxes is the only solution to climate change because the only solution requires electrification of transportation and heating energy through renewables, and carbon taxes are required to create market driven ramp up of innovation and production in time to stave off the worst effects of global warming.

The carbon budget

This 2011 infographic set the carbon budget for a 2C world at the time to 485 gigatons. There would be under 300gt remaining, and an 8 year depletion rate at current emmission levels if this budget is accurate.

More recent estimates from 2014, with a live counter, estimate a remaining budget of 750gt, and 18 years until depeletion at current emmission rates. The difference is that the former uses a 450ppm threshold while the latter uses a 530ppm atmospherice co2 equivalent saturation.

Some important overall points are: There are 4000gt of carbon locked in fossil fuel reserves (so much of these must be abandoned). The smallest possible additional co2 emmissions is the best emmissions amount.

A good lecture on the challenges and pessismism surrounding reaching 2C global warming targets.

Points made:

Climate scientists are very polite to political leaders, restrain alarmism, and permit reciprocal politeness from politicians, while maintaining business as usual policies.

There is a 4C real target, with a 2C promise "that cannot be explicitly acknowledged as impossible".

He, naively, criticizes climate report language that claims economic prosperity while cutting emissions, and favours planned economic recession... or more misguidedly, wait until low carbon energy is in place to remove recessionary forces.

Climate reporters/IPCC all offer insufficient and miniscule emmission reduction rates, under pressure by politicians for economic growth. (economic growth is possible with 0 fossil fuels, but unknown to lecturer)

Climate reporters/IPCC/lecturer make poor assumptions about non-OECD emmissions eventually exceeding OECD emmissions. (it will be shown that it is easiest to limit non-OECD emmissions). Easiest to prevent emmissions from energy plants that have not been built yet.

All technology solutions must be given adequate ramp up time (often in error by IPCC), and some problems/projects require unprecedented scale.

target emmission rates by date are not a real goal. Cummulative emmissions over next decades/centuries is what will determine global temperatures.

The top (20) percent of energy users are the ones that need make the largest reductions, but some misplaced expectation of shaming or internalizing his lecture is assumed to be the catalyst for behaviour change.

293kw/month in electricity consumption is 636kg of co2 when generated from natural gas. 1200kg from coal. (all per year)

air travel is 0.2kg/passenger/mile of co2

shipping 300kg of goods 100 miles by truck (4.5kg co2). 100kg 1000 miles by truck (14.6kg), 200kg 1000 miles by train (4.8kg), 100kg 5000 miles by ship (30.1kg), and 10kg 5000 miles by plane (66kg). I suggest this makes a representative total per person goods transporation use. 110kg of co2. Can triple this amount to account for transportation of input goods.

where an adult uses on average half a car (5000 miles), and 100 miles/year air travel, can round up to 12 tonnes/year.

Though the above breakdowns are needed to see the impact of carbon taxes on lifestyle components, a better estimate that accounts for industry is greenhous gas (equivalent to co2) emmissions (GHG) consumed per capita. There is no direct consumption data, but there is production data where a guesstimate of net export related GHGs can be subtracted.

Canada: 18.62T co2. 20.5T ghg. Export adjustment 5T ghg. = 15.5T ghg

USA; 15.56T co2. 19.5T ghg = 19.5T ghg

Germany: 9.47T co2. 12T ghg

China: 7.45T co2. 8.8T ghg. Export adjustment 0.8T ghg = 8T ghg

World: 4.8T co2. 6.5T ghg.

These estimates are fairly comprehensive including agriculture, cement and other mineral refining activities. Yet some emmissions are difficult to accountably trace to a single user: Flared and unflared methane from oil wells can be skillfully or purposefully minimized. Methane emmissions from cattle can be mitigated with feed choices (seeweed), or captured in balloon bags.

The importance of a carbon dividend

Distributing all of the proceeds of a carbon tax to the residents of a nation is the perfect adaptation to a low carbon economy that costs society, and its membership, nothing to do so. Every other use of the proceeds is corruption using the climate crisis as an opportunity for preferential cronyism, and wasteful and wrongful advocacy for the "more deserving".

It costs society nothing to have a carbon dividend because if society does nothing, then the full cost of the carbon taxes is paid by the carbon dividends. There are no additional policies needed. Both individuals and businesses can profit by reducing their carbon consumption, such as using their carbon dividend to invest in carbon alternatives such as solar power, electric or amonia powered vehicles, and better windows, appliances and electronics.

Carbon taxes and dividends are slightly progressive. The rich consume and fly more and heat larger homes and have vehicles. A carbon dividend can form the basis of basic income where even stingy versions of UBI with stingy funding for them, are supplemented to a full UBI with development fund that permits people to actualize their potential.

The carbon taxes collected to fund carbon dividends must come entirely from consumers. Producers in a jurisdiction should not pay carbon taxes. Instead, their products accrue carbon content, and the tax associated to their production gets paid in the jurisdiction that holds the consumer, and that helps the consumer afford the product with dividends paid to them.

The importance of scalability and pacing

A large shocking increase in carbon taxes isn't useful in that projects including increasing solar panel production by Terrawatts per year, energy storage, and UHVDC lines have long ramp up times.

Yet a certain schedule/path of increasing carbon taxes is enough to provide private capital markets with the certain profit opportunities from the capacity of projects to meet the demand and economic growth they are certain to create, and that consumers will be eager/desperate to pay for. Its critical that the carbon tax schedule, and the inclusion categories, be permanent. Only permanence provides the investment certainty to provide carbon alternatives.

Pacing is also important for overall UBI implementation allowing employees of conditional welfare/support agencies a few years before transition/severance, and allowing the orderly bankruptcy or adaptation of energy dead enders.

Another important factor/benefit of an increasing schedule of carbon tax rates is that since they reduce carbon use, doubling the previous year's carbon tax rate generates less than double the revenue due to the desired emmission cuts. Scheduled increases create a stably increasing carbon dividend amount.

Proposed schedule of carbon tax rates

Prices per kg of ghg equivalent (to co2) by year for a 10 year schedule: 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 $1.20, with $0.10 per year subsequent increases.

This should achieve a 40% reduction in ghg/capita emissions by year 6, and an 80% reduction by year 10, with continued reductions to the minimum possible (could be 100%) within 5 years thereafter. The $100/tonne increase every year after year 8 will help provide a constant UBI amount as carbon use is lowered.

There is probably a 3-4 year delay between this document publish date, and the implementation start, with hopefully only a 2 year delay between apparent innevitability and implementation.

The year 8 rate is $1/kg. This translates into (using co2 only emissions in USD) a $10.60/gallon gasoline surtax. $4000/10k mile vehicle per year. $636 or $1200 higher annual electric bill if electricity generated from natural gas or coal. 5000 air miles costs an extra $1000. Despite my calculation that heating per person generates up to twice the co2 of an automobile, it appears high. The average 2011 energy use per Canadian household (including electricity and heat) is 99.5M btu. If all of it came from natural gas, annual household co2 consumption would amount to 5000kg. At an average 2 person sized household, $2500/person co2 taxes. This is a carbon tax of $0.18USD/kwh (double for coal) and $5/Therm (100CF) for heating.

An estimate of the agridustrial side of ghg emissions for Canada is 2000kg/capita each for agriculture, heavy industry, and shipping, and 1000kg for commercial electricity. The agriculture breakdown of difficultly-accountable emissions are 61% soil management (related to nitrogen fertilizers, primarily for grains), 27% cattle-digestion (eat a lot of grain), and 4% rice production. 8 lbs of rice creates 4 pounds of ghg. 8lbs of wheat creates 1lb of ghg. 6lbs of grain/feed creates 1lb of beef, and with digestion effects, can be 1lb ghg per lb of beef (though ghg-taxes on beef would only apply to digestion effects as feed taxes would be paid by producer). Pork is 1:2. Chicken 1:4.

A missing component is the oil and gas sector's exploitation/processing activities. In Canada, this exceeds (by 10%) the ghg emissions from the transportation sector! Worldwide it is 70% of transportation sector emissions. Using the later figure and putting it all into extra taxes on transportation fuels, would bring the carbon tax on gasoline to $17, and annual operating taxes/10000 miles at $6800.

Totals in terms of high, average and low (75%-50%-25% quartile) spending levels (with 10% "gross up" of co2 to ghg conversion), for Canada, $24000-$15500-$8000 all receiving $15500 in carbon dividends. Both expense and income figures are in USD 40% higher than they will be in t+6 years if the expected 40% reduction in ghg emmissions are in place by the time $1/kg carbon tax and dividend rate is in place. The actual carbon dividend would be expected to be $9500.

side note: complexity of taxing food

Livestock is a battery to the food system, useful for food security in event of droughts. In an ammonia economy (no ghgs when combusted) it would be worthwhile for farmers to make or use black market fertilizer to avoid paying carbon taxes, and so for agriculture and oil production, it would make sense to set carbon taxes from industry/firm regulators enforcing/auditing "best practices". Its also possible to consider setting industry wide tax rates that improve (lower) as the industry as a whole improves in its emmissions, and worth considering government subsidy for agriculture setting carbon taxes lower than the agriculture sector's emmissions.

An important issue for supply chains is that carbon taxes on intermediate inputs should be traded as a liability to the purchaser. This avoids adding markups to the carbon tax component of input costs. For instance, the rancher buying 8 lbs of wheat from a farmer would not pay the 1lb carbon cost. He would accept a 1lb liability. Additional digestive-based carbon liabilities would be passed along to the supply chain (along with original grain carbon liability) until it ends up with the supermarket who would settle it after being paid in full by the customer.

Why this will all work to reduce emmissions

If it costs $68000 (or $136000 after $2/kg rate) in extra lifetime operating costs for a honda accord, then I for sure want to buy an electric car instead. If I am stuck with a honda accord, I for sure want to convert it to run on ammonia. I can afford the extra $68000 because I get more than that from the dividend, but I'd prefer it in my pocket, or to have a "free" electric car, and still dividend left over.

If my electricity rates go up $0.18 ($0.30 total)/kwh (for natural gas. double for coal), a solar system that costs $2/watt to install is equivalent to $0.06/kwh electric rate. Battery storage solutions are currently 0.10/kwh. Still far less than paying fossil fuel utilities. In turn, the utilities will invest massively in renewables generation capacity in order to not be priced out of my patronage, and to convince me to delay such plans. The utilities will want HVDC lines to desserts around the world that can provide solar energy at $0.02 or $0.03/kwh.

Investors will want to throw money at renewable energy capacity expansion, utlity projects, and research like they are marijuana stocks. Obvious, certain, massive demand that will pay back those projects. Because the civilization destroying alternative energy sources are priced according to their destructive impact.

At first, its likely that the cost of renewable energy goes up a bit. More demand than supply can meet, though this also means a greater rush to supply it. We need to ramp up to 1000TW (nameplate - 500TW or so on a 24hr/continuous scale) of new renewable power generation capacity per year. Yet that renewables production capacity will allow expanded energy applications and even more rapidly declining prices once the replacement of existing energy production is met. For instance, where there is overcapacity in solar production for a day, industrial uses/processes are inherently free of energy costs.

500TW in new renewables capacity every year is a very ambitious goal. If 250TW comes from solar, that is a 1000x increase from today (double every year for 10 years). No matter how much we fall short of the goal, THE PLAN CANNOT FAIL. If we continue to need fossil fuels for longer than ideal, then we use them, and it costs us nothing, as the dividends pay for their use.

We'll still use some of the money to get better windows, beg to pay more taxes to improve transit (or justify entirely high rider fee funding) or get bikes. Even if the renewable production schedule cannot be met, emissions will come down, and global temperature stabilized.

The outcome from the plan is completely market driven. Any additional politician driven projects to enhance climate action does not delay the private sector's ability/actions to solve it.

Why no other option can work

Other than do nothing as usual, there are 2 politically opportunistic alternatives to the carbon dividend.

Cap and Trade: Hand out carbon credits to incumbent businesses and let them pollute more and buy from those who pollute less than their allotment. In addition to the problems of lobbying for higher caps, and lobbying for their share of credits, it only addresses the commercial sector. It does nothing to influence consumer transportation, electric, heating spending. Unlike carbon taxes, there is no way to affect jurisdictions that don't want to participate in the carbon credit market.

Carbon tax to fund discretionary spending: Even when it includes a portion of the funds to help the poor deal with carbon taxes, it is an action that rewards the poor only if they stay poor. An anti-UBI position is entirely a pro-slavery position. One that structures a harsh world to facilitate military, police, prison opportunities for the right, but also the politics of hate, fear, and divisiveness that place undue importance on politicians power to increase harshness and reduce freedom. A variation of this plan is "revenue neutral carbon tax": An estimate of carbon tax revenue is used to reduce other revenue. The problem with this approach is that there are necessarily inaccuracies in helping those affected compared to the mathematically ideal of giving the tax revenue as a consumer dividend, and there is a credibility problem that the promise will be kept long term. Any discretionary assessment is a vulnerability ready to be politically exploited.

Its also important that carbon taxes be focused entirely on carbon consumption (not production). Doing so, ensures interjursidictional applicability, and unilateral setting of tax rates. The concept of carbon tax liabilities transferred in supply chain (introduced in "side note" above) does allow the tracking of taxing for local production but its taxed in the customer's jurisdiction with tax revenue going to that jurisdiction.

While its more important that there is a carbon tax than it is that it is properly shared through dividend, distorting the use of the carbon tax delays implementation, and the most common distortion is to provide businesses with incentives or project funding. Taxing only at the consumption level creates no business costs. The liability transfer model also ensures no extra costs from intermediate buyers so long as the ultimate customer is subject to carbon taxes. This makes every member of the supply chain want to have their customers subject to carbon taxes so that they can better afford to buy their products. So it is the carbon dividend that ensures the customer wealth to support high economic growth and business success, and ensures that carbon taxes are implemented in every jurisdiction, at the request of its suppliers.

The other alternative tried and failed is a small carbon tax used to fund clean energy and corporate tax breaks. A small carbon tax and dividend gets attacked from the left (poverty groups) for the dividend being too small, but mainly for not going to projects they get lobbied for. Small carbon taxes can still lead to small progress, but they are inadequate for the urgency we face, and the real political problem is that they are insufficient to produce life and lifestyle changing dividend amount, and so fail to rally the proper enthusiasm for carbon taxes.

Large vs medium carbon tax and dividend
Scott Santens writes a good article on the basic economics of a carbon tax with focus on UBI. He is too polite towards revenue neutral policy proposals, and proposes a modest carbon tax that grows by $0.015/kg/year, that if carbon use remained unchanged, would grant $300/month in dividends in 2040. Scott is influenced by my previous thinking of using a carbon tax just large enough to supplement program cuts that can fund a high UBI level with minimal disruptions to the tax code.

A high carbon tax and dividend costs the same nothing to society ('s public budget) as a small one. Though it is critical that the carbon tax be entirely consumer driven, and that the carbon liabilities concept (expanded upon later) is applied so that businesses do not mark up carbon tax costs, and face no competitive disadvantage from imports or to export markets. Advantages of large over small carbon tax

Quicker behaviour change: No business uncertainty over efficiency and adaptation/conversion measures. No uncertainty for investment in massive capacity for emissionless alternatives. Better incentives to avoid useless consumption of some goods. High demand for solar panels may firm up prices, which removes the incentive to "wait till next year" when prices might drop even further.

Some extermination of fossil fuel use is only possible with high carbon tax: Converting planes to run on ammonia requires a large tax. The alternative of a $100/flight tax is less impactful than a $300/flight tax, when ammonia conversion might increase flight costs $80-$200. Renting spare space in a house to improve density may only be incentivized by high carbon taxes, but also the reliability of a renter that receives high carbon dividends.

A higher carbon dividend is more progressive. High spenders are taxed more than low spenders, though its only high spenders that have the freedom to choose low spending.

A high carbon dividend gives everyone the power to make lifestyle choices: If everyone is paid $6400 to not drive a gasoline powered car, everyone can use the money to make car payments on an electric car if they wish. This is not possible with a small carbon dividend. The rich can always afford any efficiency/alternative investment that provides a timely payback. A high carbon dividend gives everyone that power.

Quicker behaviour change is needed to mitigate feedback risks and variance in climate models. Climate models approved by governments err on the conservative rather than alarmist side, and don't account for feedback effects we know are and will continue to happen, but cannot confidently quantify in unified models. Acting as soon and as fast as possible gives us a buffer for further adaptive and mitigation measures over the next decades, and the buffer is absolutely essential if we hold any attachment to a future just 20 or 30 years away.

A high carbon dividend (UBI) makes us all more adaptable to change in dominant industries and more easily capable of moving where the work is.

A high carbon tax and dividend ends distracting discussion on revenue neutral alternatives. Corruption from the ideal fair distribution of carbon tax revenue is more visible when the amounts involved are larger.

A high carbon tax justifies the expense of auditing processes in agriculture and fossil fuel extraction and burning activities that, if carried out, significantly reduce emissions, and so can have their products' "imputed" carbon taxes reduced, and gain competitive advantage.

A high carbon tax and dividend allows fully-private sector adjustments to the economy. This frees the public sector from finding use/projects to fund with the carbon tax, and also prevents them from reducing the carbon tax if they run out of project ideas in the future. Project funding can be pursued independently of carbon taxes as they are now.

Ramping up to 500TW renewables production capacity, and installing that much each year is practically a moon shot project. An actual moonshot project collection is the creation of 30k-60k TWH (terrawatt hours) of energy storage and high voltage (long distance) transmission capacity

Among the jobs this creates are mining and associated services jobs in far greater quantity (2x to 10x) than the fossil fuel sector jobs that would be destroyed, which are similar enough to fossil fuel sector jobs that anyone with that experience that wants a job will have a better career path than they have in the dead-ender energy sector. Though jobs in plenty of other fields will be created too.

Protect my empire of dirt

Hate and fear is the tool oligarchs control the electoral process in their favour. Fear of losing your empire of shit job, makes you prone to side with the oligarchs and hate whatever they tell you your job fear should be based on. Covered up in your shithole makes you blind to the opportunities of the sun and wind.

The importance of this section is to bring up the general resistance to change, and the specific blindness to opportunity experienced by scared retards. High carbon dividends, especially if supplemented with additional basic income, is a tool that easily overcomes fear of change. High carbon taxes make the new opportunities highly/obviously visible. UBI makes travelling or waiting for weeks or months hoping for a copper mining job, or installing solar capacity far less stressful in the event of losing a coal mining job than the system that has treated coal mining community for last 100 years. Staying in Appalachia to be a goat farmer is viable under UBI too.

Comparative advantage, letting production occur where it is cheapest, creates a net advantage to consumers and the supply chain (intermediate buyers) that use those products. Exploiting other people's slavery and oppression is better than a race to the bottom that reduces consumerism and overall employment. If slaves or robots make your tube socks and underwear, you are freed from the burden of making those for foreigners.

High carbon taxes, creates very high costs for rapid shipping methods that use fossil fuels. This encourages production and sourcing close to the consumption centers, slow shipping any raw materials or sourcing them closer to where final goods are made and consumed. A high carbon tax advantages workers in high consumption societies.

For those who are threatened by slaves competing for their jobs, a carbon dividend applied throughout the world helps both the fearful-dignified directly, and their foreign competitor slaves, to have the dignity and labour market bargaining power to remove the near-slavery conditions in their regional labour markets, and so reduce the competitive spread in global labour markets. In political speak, "the deserving hard working class" obtain easier access to "paid dignified work" with UBI/carbon dividends because the labour market power balance is equalized and fair. UBI/carbon dividends is a better solution than hatred for the politically manipulated.

The main enemy to carbon taxes

A high carbon tax is the explicit extermination of the fossil fuel industry. This extermination, on a slower scale, is implied in the Paris agreement (just with a 32 year+ schedule), and both plans have in common at least significant enough decline in fossil fuel use that share and debt prices of the sector will decline precipitously, as both volume and price of fossil energy would decline with lower demand. Private capital dependent companies will die off quicker than public sector ones. Unless the Paris signatories are insincere, and the market seems certain that they are insincere, there is no other means to reduce fossil fuel use than some carbon taxes. Simply expanding renewable electric capacity doesn't significantly increase electric vehicle and mass transportation adoption, when the price of gasoline drops to $1/gallon due to drop in demand, that in turns makes hummers and speedboats more attractive purchases. Any successful follow through on Paris emissions targets has to involve carbon taxes.

In terms of nations, oil/natural gas producers are enemies of humanist sustainability. Supporting dead-ender energy is a failed national strategy. Renewable energy is cheaper even without carbon taxes. Though its marginal without storage or transmission capability. Just as the whale oil industry accelerated its whale extermination plan as competition for its products grew, its to be expected that politicians will be controlled to avoid the extermination of energy sectors. The United States and Saudi Arabia are currently in such a controlled political state, and require the most persuasion to participate, but in order to be successful, there simply needs to be a sizeable nexus of carbon tax/dividend adopting nations.

The next sections will go into greater detail why the economic forces for adopting high carbon taxes and dividends outweigh the forces of corruption, but first another important corruption force.

The relevance of the war on terror and militarist evil

Note that all dead-ender (and new) energy companies are against any price reduction of energy.

Definitive proof that the 9/11 target buildings were not selected by agents seeking to cause maximum damage to the US are that the creative energy of at least 20 people during several months of preparation would have necessarily considered nuclear power plants as targets, and unanimously understood them as more devastating to the US compared to providing Larry Silverstein with a total insurance writeoff to his bankrupting asbestos problem and the direct hit on the pentagon's audit department. One claimed criticism of the pentagon audit department attack is that it requires very advanced piloting skills to commit the attack with a plane. Nuclear power stations would have been easier piloting targets. The endless budgetary windfalls created through 9-11, in concert with Saudi Arabia's aims of destabilizing its modernist oil competitors with religious fanaticism incompatible with productive oil exploitation that would compete with Saudi and US oil production, make the 9/11 attacks a "victimless crime" for its benefactors.

One main effect of the war on terror is that it makes nuclear energy part of the dead-ender energy sector. All recent attempts at building a US nuclear reactor have caused the operator to go bankrupt mainly due to the difficulty in implementing design regulations that call for resiliency to small plane impacts. Regulations that are perfectly reasonable if a war on terror is an infinite reality. Even without war resilient designs, nuclear power is uneconomical compared to renewables, though it has potential for scalable baseload power.

Another important project dependent on a world too prosperous and busy to resort to war is UHVDC intercontinental transmission lines already mentioned in this article. The desserts of North Africa and the middle east have cheap and arguably useless land available for solar production, and with transmission lines can power east asia in their evenings and the Americas (with a connection to Brazil) in their mornings... and receive return energy at night to make Africa a prosperous energy intensive production center.

The main catalysts to end the war on terror must be the Europeans and Asians. Rather than submit to the US for a world with expensive energy, a carbon tax and dividend shifts to lower "real" cost energy, at no net cost, while shifting wealth/income from those that waste energy to those that conserve it and shift to cheaper renewable sources.

One of the certain effects of climate change is more fighting in north Africa and the middle east. The certainty is certain, because for those well positioned to sell weapons to the fighters, weapons and money will flow to anyone willing to rebel, and extreme droughts will leave little alternate employment opportunities. Exactly the circumstances that fueled the Syrian conflict. (Though this fighting is only financeable if oil continues to have value)

It doesn't matter if the US extreme nazi regime was installed by Russians. Most Democrat politicians, even if they reject the explicit and extreme domineerance over their European colonies, still fully support the militarist weapons opportunities that are being manufactured due to climate inaction. Rather than appease nazis inconsiderate of trade relationships with Europe, Europe should make closer ties with Russia and China, and investigate terror attacks as though the US and Saudi Arabia are a monolithic block, and presumably sponsoring them.

Europe, Russia, China, Africa are major beneficiaries of a peaceful union that allows a transcontinental electric grid, and perhaps nuclear power development, and so an internal alliance preferable to maintaining a splintered close alliance with nazis intent on maximizing global destruction opportunities.

An important reason to take an exterminating/disruptive stance against dead-ender energy is that they will block any competition, and any progress towards cheaper energy of any kind regardless of pollution or climate impacts. Cheaper/better energy is an important humanist and tribal competitive advantage.

The utility sector

While the utility sector is typically heavily invested in fossil fuel power generation, their main interests are to maintain centralized power distribution. They are not at all averse to adding new cheaper renewable generation. They are heavily threatened by decentralilzed residential and commercial solar generation.

Grandiose engineering projects such as utility scale renewables, wind in general (only effective at utility scale), storage and transmission can keep utilities centralized power role over energy consumption, and so the utlity sector does not have to side with humanity's enemies, if policy supports their opportunity for centralizing power delivery, or at least maintaining relevance of centralized delivery options.

A carbon tax expands renewable energy capacity
Traditional economic thinking puts a cap on solar capacity to 20% of our electicity demand, and wind at 40%. This is because during peak generation, more is produced than is needed to meet demand, and so generators must pay users or other utilities to accept the extra power. Fossil fuels also have an edge in producing high heat (though solar heat is viable), even if they are more expensive for producing electricity. Another major issue with any power generation is producing power close to where it is consumed.

A high carbon tax's main effect in disrupting renewable power generation ceilings is in opening up storage and long distance transmission as also cheaper than dead-ender energy. Short distance transmission is made to places likely equally sunny or windy. At current prices, wind and solar costs 3c/kwh during generation, and an extra 10c/kwh from storage. Selling needed/generated solar at 5-6c/kwh during day, and dumping excess for 3c/kwh into storage provides a model that offers 13c/kwh for night/emergency power, and will shift consumer use during day. With a high carbon tax, storage still offer better energy prices even at night and even for heat generation.

Yet building capacity for use during the cloudiest winter days will eventually fill any electric storage size. Wind is a little different. The reason for the traditional 40% capacity factor is that it bubbles up to over 100% of demand on windy days. Any sized storage fills up even more quickly with higher wind capacity.

Intercontinental transmission is mostly useful for solar energy, and allows 500%+ of local daytime demand capacity. Balancing energy at noon to everywhere else that is not noon. The northern transoceanic connections also happen to be areas capable of hosting 100s of TW of wind generation, and include sites that already need ultra high voltage transmission to reach populated areas.

The most important "storage" solution is industrial processes. Hydrogen and ammonia make good heating and transportation fuel that can use legacy infrastructure to transport from remote production areas to populated areas. Variable (based on power surplus) industrial production can take advantage of abundant surplus energy. Industrial processes that can better use mechanical energy (compressing air used as stage in air liquification) instead of electric could be powered by wind. Industrial processes that take advantage of the cold (where ample wind capacity is available) such as liquid air production or IT farms can be setup north next to wind generators. Industrial processes that benefit from heat can be next to solar furnaces or other solar energy. Liquid air can be shipped south to warm areas for better electric output than the input to create it.

The ultimate storage sink though is hydrogen/amonia. Unlimited renewables makes unlimited fuel, driving down the cost of both, and permitting a high-energy-use rich global economy with 0 fossil fuel use.

1kg of hydrogen electrolyzed from water in 2014 industrial processes (optimized for volume throughput) used 50kwh of electricity. Equivalent to the btu content of 134 CF (4 cubic meteres) of natural gas. This NG can cost as little as $1/delivered today (though many places are close to $2), and $6 in extra carbon taxes are proposed. The breakeven electric cost from 2c-4c/kwh (or after carbon tax: 14c-26c/kwh), and at an expected surplus electricity price of 3c/kwh or less from renewables, causes no material change in heating prices in populated areas.

IPCC conservatism, and potential climate change effects over the next 10 years

For the past 50 years, where records are available, the summer temperature at the artic circle has always been constant +1C. Ice is a global surface temperature regulator. It prevents the artic ocean from warming the air, prevents the ocean from directly absorbing heat through sunlight, bounces the sunlight out of the atmosphere, cools the air at the surface, and even has an overall cooling effect when it melts, such that no matter how much heat energy is in the atmosphere, the surface temperature stays constant. It will be difficult for sea ice to reform in the winter with additional heat content in the artic ocean and heavy waves, and the continued increase in global temperatures that caused ice to melt away in the first place.

It is a very conservative estimate to say that a blue water event will rapidly (within 1-5 years) bring the world above the 2C threshold (an extra 1C) established as reasonably adaptable. There are feedbacks from this such as a thawing permafrost releasing ghgs, already happening near +1C. The "government approved" climate panels must address the artic sea ice reality, and the implications from it.

The justification of the high carbon dividend plan is that whether or not we have locked in global temperature increases of 2C or 10C, action to minimize any increase is preferable to just giving up. The economic activity generated by especially mitigating future emissions (though cheaper energy options), but also adapting to survival (indoor agriculture, and indoor living) is also substantial new industry.

The banking industry

While the financial industry has a heavy reliance on the energy sector, banks have a deeper reliance on real estate and agriculture, and agricultural real estate. The banking industry can dump their exposure to fossil fuels, and they will eventually. Its only a matter of greed and timing the top. Shale oil value has been reported to be a misrepresented ponzi scheme (oil well depeletion rates), and the Saudi Aramco IPO (passing in coming weeks to years) will remove the main reason to keep oil and related securities prices high. The big, and last, investment-banking-fees-whale of the sector will have passed.

The banking sector survival is dependent on global wealth. When global wealth falls, liabilities (held as assets by banks) do not. The securitization/collateral model only works under isolated defaults. The banking sector should sell their fossil fuel exposure to their dotarded clients, and then short the sector.

The fossil fuel sector will be exterminated whether through high carbon taxes, low carbon taxes, or whatever other managed policies take place. The only question is how fast. Banking/financial firms can either be part of the exterminated or benefit as exterminators, protecting their other assets, and raising capital to invest in successful sectors of our future. There is too much exposure to global political action on carbon dividends to not be part of the exterminators.

Banking firms either needs to be at the forefront of exterminating dead-ender energy, or at the forefront of crashing the coastal land value market by withdrawing mortgage approvals on properties that will default due to devaluation from rising insurance premiums and sea levels and other banks' refusal to lend to neighbouring properties.

The real estate sector

Most global wealth is held as land value. Very valuable land depends on not being flooded while having access to the ocean, and depends on a climate that permits agriculture and occasional exposure to the outdoors. Mortgageability of land is almost as important to value as livability .

All land in Florida is worthless today, even if the consequences of climate change are only considered to be felt in 2100. Tax increases to fund adaptation, flood insurance premium increases, and higher nuisance flooding and hurricanes will take place well before 2100. The sad truth is that misery for those born after 2040 to our neighbours does not seem to outweigh the benefits of making an extra dollar from deregulating coal air and water pollution.

Housing values will face tipping points well before 2100. The 2017 hurricane season was catastrophic for the carribean, but strong storms made near misses to heavily populated mainland US areas as a strong jet stream luckily sheared and weakened the storms at the last minute. Chronically strong hurricane, drought and forest fire seasons will strain insurance prices and taxpayer patience in coming years, along with property values. Even without an arctic blue ocean event, 300k+ and accelerating square kilometer summer losses will bring high visibility/clarity to near term inch plus annual sea level rise, and a temperature shock for drought/forest fire amplification. The visibility of the tipping point(s) will crash property prices. The mistake in climate models and climate planning is not accounting for the acceleration that has happened, and that will continue to accelerate.

A high carbon tax and dividend policy implemented ASAP may not prevent the personal and humanitarian tragedy of the tipping point to property values. But it will perhaps delay the tipping point to 2050, and having 200 or 300 gigatonnes less co2 in the atmosphere, and a near 50% lower annual emissions level will/may make projects that reduce emissions further, geoengineer the planet, and capture and sequester carbon a conceivable solution to restoring land livability/value, and preventing a humanist and institutional (banking) catastrophe.

Focusing on institutional/banking concerns, there is far more benefit to exterminating energy dead enders and the dotards financing/legislating for them than in risking the irreversible wealth and property decline that will bring down the banks that align with the dead enders beyond any conceivability of bailouts.

A carbon tax and dividend structure makes banker decisions simple: Support the obvious market winning investments that offer clearly better value, and which consumers can obviously afford. Though there might be a temptation to corrupt support for energy dead-enders by political interference of a carbon tax and dividend implementation, but that temptation results in destruction of global wealth and population with collapse of the banking sector leading the way, and even with the slow (or slower) decline of the energy dead-enders committed to by the Paris accord, there will still be a devastation of dead-ender investments value, and devastation to the institutions that hold them. Banker support for dead-ender energy ensures those banks to be dead-enders too. Better to support global wealth and land values.

Every other sector of the economy
All wealth and business depends on high population and high wealth. There is no strategic depopulation (extermination) scenario that improves the wealth/lifestyle of the survivors. Small depopulation harms all businesses proportionally to the population decline, and drastic depopulation leads to hunter gatherer lifestyles. As romantically simple as hunter-gathering would be, you might as well have started poor to aspire to it. Those manufacturing and surviving a strategic depopulation won't be poor.

A carbon tax and dividend regime may increase wages paid and other business expenses, but it diverts spending away from dead-ender energy and towards other sectors. Massive projects and vehicle/appliance/window replacement also generate substantial jobs and income available to spend in other sectors of the economy.

Not supporting or tolerating politicians that protect dead-ender-energy and militarist businesses and implementing a high carbon tax and dividend is a benefit to every other sectors' businesses and workers. Exterminating the dead-ender energy sector will free talented people and equipment to do non-parasitic work, and help increase global prosperity.

Tipping point visibility part 2: denial and doubt
Harm to your nieghbours children, grandchildren and the poor is a sacrifice willing to be made by baby boomers and oil industry, if it means an extra dollar today. Denial is a convenient way to mask evil, but liberal politicians need do little more than show concern to appear less evil while avoiding any effective policy or programs. Implementation of Paris accord targets or better involves the extermination of the dead-ender energy sector.

The tipping point for climate action, if continued inaction, will come from the financial and insurance industry. When Warren Buffet pleads for us to buy stocks on the assurance that they will be higher 10 years from now, will the dead end energy sector be higher too? Their financers? Will global wealth levels tied to land be insurable and mortgageable? and will lower wealth values lower the whole market?

We've known since the 19th century that the planet is 40C degrees warmer than a rock would be at this distance from the sun, and that GHGs in our atmosphere are responsible for this. Still, seeing temperature charts confirming warming is convincing to the layperson in a simpler way than it is for the layperson to distinguish bs from real science arguments. From this page:

This chart both supported climate denialism, and confirms an accelerating trend. It created doubt prior to 2014 because you could draw a line from 1998 to 2013/14 that was fairly flat, and claim a warming pause. The chart obviously supports 1C of warming over the last 42 years, and acceleration can be seen either by noticing the 1942 or 1960 smoothed tops connecting to 2017 has a curved path below it, or noticing that a top and bottom narrow channels between 1975 and 2015 highs and lows has been broken out of from 2016 on. When adjusting out el-nino la-nina effects, channels and temperature variance get narrower, and the breakout in 2016 is still there. Data for 2017 and later is missing in that link, but the trend for stronger strong el-ninos and weaker weak la-ninas has 2017 and so far 2018 beat the 2016 record adjusting for el-nino.

I do not consider it alarmist to suggest that the US gulf and eastern seaboard will be unable to get mortgages or insurance on coastal property in 2030, and its categorically impossible to pretend that those properties will be habitable in 2100, if the oil and coal sectors are not exterminated through a high carbon tax.

Wyoming, West Virginia, and Kentucky
Wyoming has a tax on wind energy, and proposes to increase it. The dotarded logic is that they love and want to protect coal because they have coal. Though they also have a lot of wind, the dilemma is that politicians can only protect incumbents, because incumbents already have money with which to purchase them.

The political/democratic process works to fleece the sheep citizens by having single issue politicians representing coal mines or coal burning plants trade votes for other politicians' concerns. Its beyond the scope of this paper to offer a fix this system, and we can resign ourselves to its continuation. There can be a calculation that if local resources are burned, that the energy is free. Yet, the nearly free calculation only works if the resources and burning are socially owned, and with high tax rates on the workers. Coal in fact benefits a minority paid for by a majority.

These states can still join a carbon tax and dividend alliance/association despite the fact that its sheep would push for policies to use less coal, and may use black market energy. But carbon dividends would be very popular in a state that tries to maximize carbon production. Accepting a carbon tax would mean receiving recognition/credit for efficiency measures when exporting energy, thereby making it possible to export coal derived energy. Clean coal with sequestration costs an extra $0.05/kwh. For people not controlled by coal interests that makes it worth avoiding, but under a carbon tax of $0.36/kwh, and 90% saved emissions, the voluntary implementation of CCS by utilities would price its energy over $0.27/kwh less than if it did not implement clean coal tech. It makes energy exports possible, uses more coal per energy produced, and creates more work at the utility plants, in a political environment committed to loving coal and coal workers.

If coal (and NG) retains a use as emergency power worldwide, CCS gets implemented privately and voluntarily with a high carbon tax. Though CCS implementation requires guaranteed energy price/volume purchases over a long period, and/or, capital cost upgrade reimbursement (by taxpayers) if CCS coal energy gets abandoned. But for societies committed to loving coal, committing to long term expense of CCS purchase agreements is committing to that love.

"Trade wars are easy to win"

As mentioned earlier, high carbon taxes encourage local production of everything, and cheaper transportation of bulk materials for local processing/finishing.

US led trade tariffs on steel are a reaction to global overcapacity, yet tariffs only increase global overcapacity. Carbon taxes on the other hand not only would use high local steel and aluminium capacity to make replacement vehicles and appliances, but high global metals capacity is essential to global security and building the generation, storage and transmission infrastructure needed to fight climate change.

The dotardedness behind the US instigating trade wars would also contort in agony over adopting solar energy if solar tech and development is controlled by China. US Tariffs on solar panels earlier this year is one of the world's greatest setbacks in ramping up production capacity. This ties back into the politics of keeping energy prices high for the benefit of utility centralization models, and the dead ender energy sector, and is behind oppressive policies for selected middle east countries and Venezuela.

If a country offered the US cheaper oil or other energy, should they be punished for dumping? The dotards would even if cheaper and efficient energy is a direct benefit to people and businesses.

High carbon taxes improving local metal fabrication output, would have the same benefit for local solar production. There are much more jobs in deployment of solar energy than there are in production as well.

A trade war is easy to lose when the instigator loses sight of its significant weaknesses. Reliance on sovereign creditors and the global banking system's support for dubious fiscal and monetary policy. And where reelection of the nazi regime with approval ratings below 40% depends on retaliations not timed for voters to see more optimistic alternatives. But a perfectly valid alternative to tariff retaliations is ignoring the US. A world made poorer by tariffs is more competitive trading with each other and less concerned with keeping the US solvent, including US corporate crown jewels moving additional production away. Tariffs don't just make foreign goods more expensive. Its an excuse for domestic suppliers to raise prices.

"Carbon liabilities" and variable carbon taxes accross jurisdictions
For business to business sales, the carbon tax does not get paid by the purchasor in cash. Instead, it is paid by taking a (deferred) liability to the government at a tax rate based on the product sold.

The liability is to a "generic" government. As the product moves accross jurisdictional borders the "owed to" counterparty government of the liability changes in full if the tax rates are the same. If the liability is not transferred to a customer, then it is owed (say) 1 year (or tax filing deadline 1 year after upcomming) after it was first issued.

Either a blockchain or accounting software upgrades needs to be in place to ease tracking. A carbon liability record includes carbon amount, tax rate, government owed, liability holder, and date due.

When a sale takes place in another jurisdiction with a different carbon tax rate, if the tax rate is higher or lower, the full liability is owed at the new tax rate to the new jurisdiction. This is to offer a level playing field in the consumption market between low and high carbon tax source markets. When a source country does not follow the carbon tax accounting rules, the destination country may use any prejudice of the source country's environmental care to impute an amount of carbon in the product, and attach a carbon liability accordingly.

This means that there is no profit margin built on top of carbon costs (and so prices to end consumer not driven up by the presence of middle men), and there is no cost disadvantage from carbon taxes for exporters. Large exporters would be able to satisfy regulators that inputs are traceable to exported goods. So, not only is there no cost to consumers and local economy from carbon tax and dividend, with the carbon liabilities system there is no cost to exporters, and so no valid objection for unilateral adoption of carbon tax and dividends. Without being a consumer only tax with escape for exporters, even small $0.01/kg carbon tax have dead ender energy politicize their lamentations over carbon taxes.

Some other details include the philosophy that carbon dividends are for residents. Air travel between 2 jurisdictions would likely split the carbon tax paid between the two, though goods shipping would pay the destination's carbon tax. People travelling away from home, might forfeit main residency carbon dividend, but receive one locally for the period they are staying. This accounting can simply be done between jurisdictions based on time of entry/exit, where the amount received from principal residence jurisdiction is adjusted up or down by the jurisdictional transfer payments that take place.

Evading carbon taxes
The streets of Philadelphia might be filled with the particulates of the homeless if they are allowed to cut and burn trees for warmth to avoid paying carbon taxes. This concern is non-existent with a high carbon dividend and/or UBI supplement because it allows the homeless to escape homelessness, and conform to social norms. Wood stoves probably should be taxed based on the implied wood fuel use. Store bought firewood would have carbon taxes. It would remain illegal to chop down city trees. Again, high carbon dividends would lead to a universal dignity level that doesn't make pilfering city trees for firewood a practical problem

A main evasion strategy is black market goods. This is impractical for oil which needs to be refined (at large traceable scale), and natural gas which is useful because of the distribution infrastructure, though propane/methane tanks might be a hassle endured with high carbon taxes. Meat can be sold on black market. Grain not so much. Campers will be able to get away with burning kindle without paying tax. The large industrial scale economy will be taxed and unable to avoid these. "Larger small businesses" would fail to cause significant impact (or avoid trying) if the activities were policed.

Vertical integration is a means to avoid paying carbon taxes. Dig your own coal to make your own steel to make oil rigs to get your own oil to power your steel making too make tractors to grow your own grain to feed your own cows. Doing this at large scale involves large conglomerate corporations, and policed rules to not let large corporations use black market/back door transfers can effectively prevent carbon tax evasion. At a small scale, there is no tax applied on the food you grow for yourself.

Some vertical integration avoidance is feasible. The grain and cattle integration could be combated with beef raised in Nebraska (where comparative advantage would recommend using all land for grain instead of cattle), might have an implied minimum carbon liabilities based on implied grain feed.

But some "cheating" behaviour can be beneficial. Generic app-driven multi task robots that would drive larger scale vertical/multi-application automation is needed/helpful for building out the mega projects needed for renewable electricity infrastructure. Capturing methane emissions from cows, and then using that as carbon tax free energy creates less harmful atmospheric emissions than letting cows belch directly to the atmosphere.

High intensity carbon capture and sequestration projects not realistic
The Paris climate accord targets propose meeting carbon budget needs by modestly slow reductions in emissions in the next 3 decades followed by gigantic large scale carbon capture and sequestration projects relying on technology, carbon sucking fairy godmothers, we are unlikely to develop. Projects need to remove 10 gigatons of carbon per year, and the IPCC's favorite (possibly because it has mistakenly assessed a partial economic return far below the cost, while other alternatives have no economic return) is burning biomass for energy and capturing the emissions. Unless the IPCC is implying strategic depopuplation, one of the major problems with this scheme is the competition with food production.

A major reason to implement high carbon tax and dividend is speeding up emission reductions such that any capture and sequestration effort is a backup plan used to restore climate to more ideal conditions after likely overshoot, to rely on just modest and feasible carbon capture programs, and to extend the time frame for extreme capture strategies, if they are needed, by several decades.

A promising (on paper) high intensity carbon dioxide sequestration possibility is placing it in peridotite rock formations. The described process would also use discarded dead-ender energy equipment.

Ways to enhance moderate private and public carbon sequestration
While the price paid for captured carbon delivered to the government cannot be as high as the carbon tax due to the cost of burying it, a more important reason to not pay a high price for "random" carbon is that it provides an incentive to produce it just to sell it.

Government monitored capture systems primarily in the energy sector can offer the full tax price of carbon if the sequestration process is also audited. The trade of carbon liabilities can also play a prominent role in audited private sector assistance for carbon capture and sequestration.

I have high hopes for liquid air as a mass energy storage method. The process of liquifying air to -190C passes through the process of making dry ice (frozen co2) at -76C, and all relies on 18th century technology, and abundant materials. Encapsulating dry ice in plastic is a perfectly reasonable practice in a high carbon tax world, and one that with a carbon price, may make such energy storage of greater overall efficiency/profitability/benefit than alternatives.

Paying a price for "discharging carbon liabilities" equal to the carbon tax less disposal/burial and auditing costs is a perfectly reasonable approach to helping meet climate goals, but a small issue is who pays. "Retiring" a carbon liability reduces the carbon dividend for the society administered by the retiring jurisdiction. For energy (production/storage) related capture, its easy to take the emission offsets (carbon liabilities) from traceable consumers. The consumers avoided carbon tax, and so don't have their carbon dividend increased.

One relatively low scale carbon capture method involves crushing basalt rock, and then spreading it out on the ground. Usefully, this can be spread on farm land. But the work of crushing it is unrelated to the farmer. Giving a farmer sandbags of crushed basalt does not spread it out for them. He may use the bags to make a fort if they are free. If an auditable agency spreads the basalt on fields, paying for the entire process, even with high carbon tax, may have higher costs than the carbon it captures. If the entire process cost the same as emitting the carbon, and paid by the farmer, the net food price is the same as if they emitted the same as before, but their customers don't receive the equivalent carbon dividend. A project even more removed from consumers is fracking special rocks in shallow oceans to prep them for rapid carbonization.

Paying for general carbon capture programs should come from the global beneficiaries to carbon limits. This can be proportional with property values and banking relationships at risk, where risk is proportional to mid latitude farmland, and ocean frontage. The projects should also be considered qualified charities, and the concept of "strategic charity" could consider extra tax credits for financially supporting these charities. Basically, the funding should come outside of the carbon tax regime when no significant direct benefit to consumers' carbon tax bill is realized by carbon reduction actions.

Fudged carbon pricing
Undertaxing the carbon emissions of the food sector makes sense on the basis that everyone needs to eat and be healthy, and so undertaxing food makes the carbon tax more progressive (less stressful on poor), that there are no easy immediate paths to reducing such emissions, and that food security is enhanced by allowing for overproduction. Managed/socialized food industry practices might be more appropriate to manage that sector's impact on carbon balance, though rewarded by lower carbon pricing of their food for good practices is still an essential tool in shaping those practices.

Overtaxing jet travel might be justifiable in that it is a service for the relatively rich, but not overtaxing it, in some circumstances, is justifiable in that there are few alternatives for transoceanic travel (until ammonia economy). On net, overtaxing would have the benefit of reducing use and better funding carbon dividends.

Under/Over taxing refers to an adjustment to the base carbon emissions tax. At the beginning of this paper, I offered an annual carbon tax increase schedule based on adaptability timing. Each product category can have their own tax rate schedule. Another reason to undertax food, or use a slow schedule is that an auditing infrastructure to permit accounting for lower emission practices will take time to develop.

The carbon dividend is still total carbon taxes collected divided by people receiving it. Counting children as "half a person" is fair.

Carbon dividend and basic income
Another major reason for a high carbon tax proposal that grants a dividend of USD$10000 to residents is that the dividend is sufficient, by itself, to end homelessness, even if that dividend is not compeletely equal to a tax funded UBI since there are some cost of living (carbon tax) related offsets.

An important benefit of carbon dividends and UBI are the health and criminal management budgetary savings, and as important, the avoidance of victimization and stress directly related to the misery and desperation associated with poverty. Reduction in suicide, terrorism, and rampages has significant human value, and a direct result of creating a less stressful world.

The only valid objection to UBI is a personal value in the structures (public and private) that grant permission to survive being empowered by a harsh society made desperate for those permissions. UBI instead creates wealth, and offers more opportunities that are easier to pursue through fair labour markets and an environment enabling permissionless creation of our own work.

Yet despite my recommendations, societies will choose their own carbon dividend and UBI rates. One advantage of some supplemental UBI amount is providing a fixed carbon dividend (including UBI) for budgetary certainty of citizens. ie. carbon taxes contribute part of the funding for UBI that is higher than just the collected carbon taxes.

The most important reason for a high carbon tax and dividend of those listed in the high vs medium section above is #4: That the poor can make the same lifestyle adaptations as the rich. This in fact may appear to be reason to accelerate the ramp up schedule for carbon taxes, but its really a reason to accelerate the ramp up of the dividend portion ahead of the tax portion... with UBI.

The friction to universal adoption among nations for high carbon taxes
Lets assume that carbon tax and dividend is not an equally easy sell for every nation. That dotarded blindness could come from these sources:

Climate stress will provide an environment rich for weapons sales to suppress/oppress those harmed by climate stress.

Resources owned/controlled by a society "should be" seen as free, and those profiting from their exploitation "should be" protected ahead of both consumer preferences for cheaper energy, and social harm caused by climate stress

Freeloading off the rest of the world's climate harm reduction efforts while denying/delaying/studying what to do instead of a carbon tax and dividend.

Freeloading by adopting a low carbon tax to minimize local disruption and adaptation.

To the first point, the dominant geopolitical alliance of the future can only be one focused on the primary global security issue which is climate habitability. An actor transparently agitating for misery, chaos and conflict can only rally opposition and be treated as a nazi pariah. Future climate accords, as minimum agreed standards, should insist on carbon tax/dividends, and should make ratification a condition for UN and OECD membership. NATO should also make climate hospitability directly related to global security commitments and non-agitation-behaviour clauses either a condition for membership, or where false flag agitations are properly investigated, reimbursement of allies support expenses for militarist murder a condition for future good standing membership.

To the 2nd point, an imaginable geopolitical fault line would group oil producing nations in an axis vs an alliance of non-producing countries. The extermination of dead-ender energy requires low fossil fuel prices (and a carbon tax). Where the alliance would drive the price of fossil fuels down by not demanding as much, production would favour the lowest cost producers such that even those with fossil reserves might need to import fuel. A prosperity disparity between a carbon dividend receiving alliance and the axis shitholes would grow. Exports from axis to alliance would pay carbon taxes. Exports from alliance to axis would not.

Regarding the 3rd and 4th options, the 4th option seems better. By cooperating with the alliance, even with a low carbon tax, and a commitment to burn every drop god has blessed them with, audited capturing/sequestering fuel emissions, production emissions, and agricultural reforms would result in lower carbon taxes for those nations' exports compared to the alliance assuming the worst case production behaviour of inputs and manufacturing. The strong political cronyism in favour of these industries can justify the waste in subsidizing clean goal and gas through energy security and resiliency arguments.

Geopolitical path to saving the planet, by adopting carbon tax and dividend.

China and Europe produce minimal oil. North Africa to south west Asia have ideal solar and wind sites. China has a production lead in solar production. Germany/EU are leaders in wind and UHVDC transformers. Interconnecting Afro-Eurasia would be the world's greatest project investment employing and enriching the region for the next 20 to 50 years. These infrastructure projects are more important than the belt and road initiative, though they are related in influence/foreign investment/development, and should get European finance buy-in. It may be enough by iteself to save the planet.

A carbon dividend will further ensure the Afro-Eurasia regional dominance, regional harmony and peace. All Northern Hemisphere oil powers have great wind sites, technology assets, and great benefit from transmission lines, and so tremendous opportunities and gains from joining into (and grid-connecting through the great wind resources of eastern Russia and Aleutian islands) the Afro-Eurasia prosperity plan.

Bombing and war would be the only way to prevent Afro-Eurasian prosperity. Seems like a dumb move when sharing in that prosperity is the alternative, and the war path leads to decline in global wealth and banking system in addition to global humanitarian catastrophe.

The good news regarding the potential for Saudi-US manufactured war against the usual suspects is that it's only possible with continued global enthusiasm for oil that sustains high oil prices and volume. If Saudi Arabia has no funding to buy the terrorizing of its neighbours, then the militarism doesn't happen. Grid connections through Spain and Kazakhstan can bypass the middle east in order to bankrupt the kingdoms, before integrating their great solar and wind resources into the Afro-Eurasian prosperity region. In fact, threatening to go through Spain and Kazakhstan as primary routes may be enough to get Saudi Arabia to partner in the great solar infrastructure for the major continent, and to desist on its destabilizing influence on the world.

There is plenty of energy in renewables, and the production and distribution infrastructure to exploit it will make the world rich, as well as everyone who contributes to the needed projects. Geopolitics should worry less about controlling and limiting others' energy, and assuring that they have an early role in maintaining a habitable and prosperous planet. Land, money, technology, engineering are all great assets to contribute and obtain returns.

Non-OECD adoption of renewable energy

To address Kevin Anderson's (video at top) defeatist concerns regarding expected OECD fossil fuel use, I'll first note that OECD excludes China and India. India has fewer overall renewable resources than China, but still very practical solar opportunities. It certainly would be in its self interest to participate in financing the much cheaper solar interconnection of Afro-Eurasia project than expensive and over-polluting coal energy option.

For the rest of the third world, for centralized energy that competes with coal, the fact that everyone of these nations sits between Australia, South Africa or Chile/Argentina (who all have excellent renewable resources, and high consumption demand) and high consuming northern nations, and all have excellent solar resources themselves. All of these countries could host utility scale solar projects that have close interconnection points to the transcontinental grid that lets them export power. Even without any carbon taxes, near equatorial countries are on the front lines of global warming death zones. It would be unreasonable to resort to coal, and the energy would be unexportable anyway. With high carbon taxes, there's no economic consideration for coal anyway.

At the undeveloped village level, solar is the best individualist or communal microgrid option. The cost is well worth saving the firewood gathering time of even the poorest individuals.

So, non-OECD emissions are dependent upon storage and transmission access much like the rest of the world.

City/regional driven carbon tax and dividend plan

Cities do not produce or benefit from production of fossil fuels and tend to be annoyed by the pollution. Carbon taxes at the city level must solve the suburban and exurban leach problem. An essential part of the solution is a carbon dividend paid with the carbon tax proceeds. It means no one is penalized for the cost of their home climate control, and that is the first step to bringing the suburbs on board. Where suburbs and exhurbs have less density, they can better take advantage of solar panels, and escape the tax while still benefiting from the dividend.

The primary leeching opportunity is to fill up on gas outside the jurisdiction, and then pollute your city with it. The answer to the leeches is to have a toll to enter the city/region. Every gasoline powered vehicle crossing into the city pays a carbon tax equal to a full tank of gas in their vehicle. One relatively easy way to administer this is to photo license plates, but it will still be an aggravating policy for those affected. But everyone who is aggravated by this can simply vote to join into the carbon dividend region. The only people who would oppose this are the gas station operators close to the regional border.

Businesses that sell goods outside the regional border would use the carbon liability system, where energy and imported inputs (if carbon-taxable) are refundable (or payment delayed as originally described) for the portion of goods they sell outside the region. Imports into the region (from a non-taxed region) would not only pay the shipping taxes on carbon (based on that full tank of gas for the vehicle), but pay carbon taxes based on the dirtiest energy from the source region. These policies encourage businesses from other regions to push for carbon tax and divdend at home such that the carbon efficiencies they implement can be reflected in the carbon taxes their export customers pay, and also encourage the more rapid extermination of coal energy.

This grassroots approach can be very effective. Similar to the EU or China or Afro-Eurasia, it does require just one "nexus" city to get rolling, and lead by example. It would lead to significant immigration and economic activity: Solar installations, ammonia plants, ammonia conversion of vehicles (though being a pioneer lets you sell used vehicles to the losers, while there is still a market), new vehicles, and building of housing for new residents. It may make sense for carbon-dividend-rich residents to be enthusiastic about tax funded projects such as public transit, though the private sector can also simply fund these through user/rider fees that can be high, but very competitive compared to gas guzzling.

Private and public coordination of energy projects and bitcoin mining

Most energy projects today, involve the public sector, and especially for renewables, a fixed power purchase agreement. Coordination between an energy plant and transmission lines is important since both are useless without completion of the other. The energy plant also wants assurance that its customer will buy all of its power. Hence, power purchase agreements. High carbon taxes are essential in motivating utilities to accept EPAs from producers. Without high carbon taxes, might as well keep coal plants the utility often has a financial interest in, around.

The EPA and transmission line connections makes energy projects slow to implement. Planning and money allocation by the utility drives the construction timing. This paper proposes several difficult to coordinate additional complexities such as industrial processes and storage linked to renewable energy plants, and transnational HVDC transmission and trade relationships.

Bitcoin miners are small light boxes that transform electricity into money (digital cryptocurrency) and heat. Bitcoin is permissionless money, and it enables permissionless energy generation. An energy provider can use bitcoin miners to fund completion of their project's scale (from partial energy generation capacity), and can build or complete an energy generation project before industrial users or transmission lines are started. Once industrial/storage/transmission sinks come online, the generator can then sell its bitcoin miners, or transfer them to a new constructing project. With minimal storage, bitcoin miners are useable with variable/intermittent power sources.

UHVDC transmission lines require scale to justify the higher expense compared to ordinary transmission lines (which still require some relative (smaller) scale to justify connection). Industrial processes that produce 1 truckload per day or per hour of ammonia are large scale projects that need a big chunk of energy. Bitcoin miners are small scale devices that use up one household fuse worth of energy, but they allow energy generators to build out supply ahead of demand sinks being completed.

A high, much more than a low, carbon tax allows for solar and wind capacity to be deployed without the need for coordination of timelines with the projects that use or distribute that energy (through bitcoin miners). This means fast deployment, and then faster "real useful" sinks for the electricity supply than if coordination was required. Bitcoin mining can importantly eliminate the required floor price that generators bid for on projects, and so instead of just 1 of 20 bidders bidding under 3 cents for a solar project getting approved, they can all just go ahead and build.

Turnkey solutions for ammonia production could replace bitcoin miners. But these require large scale production capacity, and are not as easy to sell or move if "real" supply sinks come on board for the produced energy... though they can be a permanent part of any energy project using all excess energy production, and added in chunks as sufficient chunks of "baseline" (cloudy/relatively calm wind) energy production scale is added.

Working with energy companies and governments on the extermination of dead end energy
Large private and public oil interests, especially if they don't invest in new exploration, drilling and pipelines, have good cashflow from existing operations. These are fundamentally engineering and geology companies and have the talent and resources to contribute non parasitically to humanity.

The lack of future oil development will likely cause short term increase in the price of oil, and so help fund humanity-useful projects should they wish as a firm to survive, and be tolerated. Either way though, their workers will have ample opportunities as the world builds the needed major infrastructure.

Part of adopting the high carbon tax and dividend solution to climate change should include excusing oil companies from climate change liabilities that are the subject of current lawsuits.

Government assistance to accelerate renewables capacity and infrastructure can include paying for plants in their countries, even though the sector's profitability is assured with high carbon taxes. The assistance would provide multinational expansion of renewables/infrastructure engineering firms that should accelerate their output capacity. Governments shouldn't be shy about requesting a profit share for such assistance, and it should not be paid from the carbon tax/dividend budget.

Next IPCC led climate accords must

recognize a pace to exterminate fossil fuel based energy sector.

abandon BECCS as a likely eventually viable solution.

recognize high carbon taxes are needed to achieve any reasonable climate targets

recognize that carbon dividends are essential for allowing the population to adapt to new technology, and to accept the carbon taxes.

assess means of global/long range electricity transmission for supply to meet energy demand where it is needed.

assess the prospects of an ammonia economy.

assess likely pace of arctic sea ice melting away, and any accelerating impact once it does.

We offer a variety of Financial packages at a very low interest rate, We stand apart from other lenders because we believe in customer service, We offer the right solution to your financial needs.In general we are FINANCE COMPANY, We offer loan at 3% interest rate, Commercial loans, business loans, home loans, car loans and debt consolidation loan are available for you. Contact us for more information via E-MAIL: collinsguzmanfundings@gmail.com

Hello Everybody,My name is Mrs Sharon Sim. I live in Singapore and i am a happy woman today? and i told my self that any lender that rescue my family from our poor situation, i will refer any person that is looking for loan to him, he gave me happiness to me and my family, i was in need of a loan of $250,000.00 to start my life all over as i am a single mother with 3 kids I met this honest and GOD fearing man loan lender that help me with a loan of $250,000.00 SG. Dollar, he is a GOD fearing man, if you are in need of loan and you will pay back the loan please contact him tell him that is Mrs Sharon, that refer you to him. contact Dr Purva Pius, call/whats-App Contact Number +918929509036 via email:(urgentloan22@gmail.com) Thank you.

Nice post. I learn something more challenging on different blogs everyday. It will always be stimulating to read content from other writers and practice a little something from their store. I am often to blogging and i really appreciate your content. The article has really peaks my interest. I am going to bookmark your site and keep checking for new information.BUNGALOWS FOR SALE