Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth regional Astronomers based in Lowestoft and Kessingland Astronomy group which is part of Lyra based in Kessingland

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Monday, 24 March 2014

SPA ENB No. 372

The SOCIETY for POPULAR ASTRONOMY

Electronic News Bulletin No. 372 2014 March 23

Here is the latest round-up of news from the Society for Popular Astronomy. The SPA is Britain's liveliest astronomical society, with members all over the world. We accept subscription payments online at our secure site and can take credit and debit cards. You can join or renew via a secure server or just see how much we have to offer by visiting http://www.popastro.com/

HUBBLE WITNESSES ASTEROID'S DISINTEGRATION NASA

The Hubble telescope has observed the break-up of an asteroid into as many as 10 pieces, something that has never been witnessed previously. Fragile comets, composed of ice and dust, have been seen falling apart as they approach the Sun, but nothing like that has been observed in the asteroid belt. The crumbling asteroid, designated P/2013 R3, was first noticed as an unusual, fuzzy-looking object by the Catalina and Pan-STARRS sky surveys on 2013 Sept. 15. A follow-up observation on October 1 at the Keck Observatory showed three bodies moving together in an envelope of dust nearly the diameter of the Earth. Hubble observations showed the fragments drifting away from each other at a leisurely 1 mph. The asteroid began coming apart early last year, but new pieces have continued to appear in the most recent images. It is unlikely that the asteroid is disintegrating because of a collision with another one, which would have been instantaneous and violent by comparison with what is observed. Debris from a collision would also be expected to travel much faster than observed. Nor is the asteroid coming unglued because of the pressure of interior ices warming and vaporizing.

The most likely cause of the asteroid's disintegration is a subtle effect of sunlight, which causes its rate of rotation gradually to increase. Gravity is very weak on an asteroid, whose whole structure may not be solid but may consist of a lot of pieces loosely held together by the weak gravity. As it is slowly spun up by sunlight, its component pieces succumb to centrifugal force and gently move apart. The possibility of disruption in that manner has been discussed by scientists before, but never reliably observed. If the process has been correctly identified, P/2013 R3 must have a weak, fractured interior -- probably as the result of non-destructive collisions with other asteroids. Most small asteroids are thought to have been severely damaged in that way. With the previous discovery of an active asteroid, P/2013 P5, sporting six tails, astronomers are finding more evidence that the action of sunlight may be the primary cause of disintegration of small asteroids less than a mile across. P/2013 R3's remnant debris, withe a probable mass of about 200,000 tons, will represent a rich source of meteoroids. Most will eventually plunge into the Sun, but a small fraction of the debris may one day blaze across our skies as meteors.

WISE DOES NOT FIND 'PLANET X' NASA/JPL

A survey made by the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) has turned up no evidence of the existence of a hypothesized Solar-system body sometimes dubbed 'Planet X'. Pundits had theorized about the existence of such a large but unseen celestial body somewhere beyond the orbit of Pluto. In addition to 'Planet X', the body had garnered other nicknames, including 'Nemesis' and 'Tyche'. The recent study, which involved an examination of WISE data covering the entire sky in infrared light, found that no object the size of Saturn or larger exists out to a distance of 10,000 AU, and no object as large as Jupiter exists out to 26,000 AU. Speculation about the body has come in part from geological studies that suggested a regular timing associated with mass extinctions of forms of life on Earth. The idea was that a large planet or small star hidden in the farthest reaches of the Solar System might periodically sweep through bands of outer comets, sending some of them towards us. The Planet-X-based mass- extinction theories were largely ruled out even before the new WISE study. Other theories based on irregular comet orbits had also postulated a Planet-X-type body. The new WISE study now argues against those theories as well.

But searches of the WISE catalogue have not all been negative. A second study, which concentrated on objects beyond the Solar System, found 3,525 stars and brown dwarfs within 500 light-years of the Sun. The WISE mission operated in 2010 and early 2011, and performed two full scans of the sky, with a six-month gap between scans. The survey showed images of nearly 750 million celestial objects. Astronomers could compare the two full-sky surveys to look for moving objects. In general, the more an object appears to have moved between the scans, the closer it is likely to be. Searches of the WISE catalogue for moving objects are finding some of the closest stars. The discoveries include a star about 20 light-years away in the constell- ation Norma, and (as reported last March) a pair of brown dwarfs only 6.5 light-years away -- the closest star system to be discovered for nearly a century.

LARGEST YELLOW HYPERGIANT STAR OBSERVED ESO

Astronomers using the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) have found that the yellow hypergiant star HR 5171 A is 1300 times the diameter of the Sun, much bigger than was expected and making it the largest yellow star known. It is also in the top ten of the largest stars known -- 50% larger than Betelgeuse and about a million times brighter than the Sun. The new observations also showed that the star has a very close binary partner; the two stars are so close together that they are touching. Yellow hypergiants are very rare, with only a dozen or so being known in our galaxy, the best-known example being Rho Cassiopeiae. They are at a stage in their evolution when they are unstable and changing rapidly, and they expel material, forming a large, extended atmosphere around the star. Despite its great distance of nearly 12000 light-years, HR 5171 can just about be seen with the naked eye by the keen-sighted.

The team looked at previous observations of the star spanning more than 60 years. It has been getting bigger over the last 40 years, cooling as it grows, and its evolution has been caught in action. Only a few stars are caught in that very brief phase, where they undergo a dramatic change in temperature as they rapidly evolve. Photometric observations show the object to be an eclipsing binary system, with a period of 1300 days. The smaller companion has a surface temperature slightly hotter than HR 5171 A's 5000°C. The companion is very significant, as it can have an influence on the evolution of HR 5171 A, for example by stripping off its outer layers.

A LENS BIGGER THAN A GALAXY NASA

Researchers have been observing a particularly distant patch of sky where objects are brightened up by a 'lens' that is actually a massive cluster of galaxies known as Abell 2744. As predicted by Einstein's theory of General Relativity, the mass of the cluster warps the fabric of space around it. Starlight passing by is deflected, somewhat as by an ordinary lens. Lately, the Hubble telescope, along with the Spitzer space telescope and the Chandra X-ray observatory, has been looking through the gravitational lens as part of a programme called 'Frontier Fields' which is an effort to explore the first billion years of the Universe's history. An international team looking at the observations of Abell 2744 has discovered one of the most distant galaxies ever seen -- a star system 30 times smaller yet 10 times more active than the Milky Way. Bursting with new-born stars, the object is giving astronomers a rare glimpse of a galaxy born not long after the Big Bang itself. Overall, the Hubble exposure of Abell 2744 has revealed almost 3,000 distant galaxies magnified and brightened as much as 10 to 20 times. Without the boost of gravitational lensing, almost all of them would be invisible. 'Frontier Fields' is using six clusters of galaxies as gravitational lenses.

GALAXIES IN EARLY UNIVERSE MATURE RAPIDLY Swinburne University of Technology

An international team of researchers, including astronomers from Swinburne University of Technology, has discovered the most distant examples of galaxies in the early Universe that were already mature and massive. The mature galaxies were found at a distance of 12 billion light years, seen now as they were when their light started out when the Universe was just 1.6 billion years old. Astronomers used deep images at near-infrared wavelengths to search for galaxies with red colours in the early Universe (red colours indicate the presence of old stars and a lack of active star formation). Using special filters to produce images in narrow slices of the near- infrared spectrum, they were able to estimate distances to thousands of distant galaxies at a time, providing a 3-D map of the early Universe. Surprisingly, they located 15 galaxies at an average distance of 12 billion light years. The galaxies are barely detectable at visual wavelengths, but in near-infrared light they are easily observed, from which it may be inferred that they already contained as many as 100 billion stars on average per galaxy. The mature galaxies probably have masses similar to that of the Milky Way, but had already finished star-formation when the Universe was only 12% of its current age. While the Milky Way still forms new stars at a slow rate today, the galaxies referred to here must have formed in a relatively 'short' time -- roughly one billion years -- with rates of star-formation several hundred times higher than in the Milky Way today. This is the best evidence to date that some galaxies grew up 'quickly'. The finding raises new questions about how the galaxies formed so rapidly and why they stopped forming stars so early.

Bulletin compiled by Clive Down

(c) 2014 the Society for Popular Astronomy

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Good Clear Skies
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Astrocomet
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Colin James Watling

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Various Voluntary work-Litter Picking for Parish Council (Daytime) and also a friend of Kessingland Beach (Watchman)
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Real Astronomer and head of the Comet section for LYRA (Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth Regional Astronomers) also head of K.A.G (Kessingland Astronomy Group) and Navigator (Astrogator) of the Stars (Fieldwork)
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Astrocomet

I started in Astronomy in 1997 when the Comet Hale Bopp got me interested in Astronomy and Skywatching, since then I have joined Lyra and have vastly improved my knowledge of this very rewarding science.