IV&V • Assessment Services • Program and Project Management

Academic studies show that the average Black Swan project has cost overruns of 200% and schedule overruns of 70%. They also show that the averages are hugely misleading. Some projects have truly catastrophic variances that are in orders of magnitude of the original plans. ERP projects may come to mind…….

Assumptions relevant to “average” situations are less relevant to irregular situations such as Black Swan events.