Title: GENESIS OF THE UNIVERSE AND ZERO POINT ENERGY
Author: FRANK ZNIDARSIC
Electrical Engineer with the Pennsylvania Electric Co. Johnstown Pa.
Comments: ASCII *.TXT, 5 PAGES, Texted on DOS editor
submitted to the Canadian Journal of Physics July 94,
Resubmitted Jan 95 Report_no: Special Energy Prog.
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ABSTRACT
The idea that something can be created from nothing has
always been considered to be impossible. This manuscript
presents a historical account on the subject of creation.
Recently, it has been shown that the gravitational field
contains negative energy. Contemporary ideas on the
subject of creation demonstrate the existence of a link
between the energy in matter, zero point energy, and the
negative gravitational potential of the universe. These
new ideas are explored. Finally experiments, which seem
to be creating energy, are examined.
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INTRODUCTION
Since antiquity the genesis of the universe has been
a subject of thought, study, and speculation by the
greatest minds in philosophy and science. The original
ideas on genesis were developed by philosophers. Some
of the original philosophers were Greek. It became
apparent to the Greeks that all things came from other
things. The great Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BC)
described this with his idea of forms. According to Plato
the form was the property that made a thing what it was.
Aristotle (384-322 BC) developed the idea of forms and
concluded that each form was composed of a substance.
The form of a substance could be changed but the substance
itself was eternal. The question then was where did the
original substance come from? The conclusion that the
ancient Greeks drew was that a prime mover created the
original substance. This prime mover was God.
The Greek Empedocles defined what the fundamental
substances of the original creation were. To him the
fundamental substances were earth, air, fire, and water.
Later the Greek Democritus redefined these original
substances as atoms. According to Democritus these atoms
were produced in the original creation and were eternal.
In the Middle Ages the greatest thinkers on the
subject of creation were theologians. One of these
theologians was St. Augustine (354-430 AD). It became
apparent to St. Augustine, like it did to the Greeks,
that all things came from other things. If the material
substance of the universe had not been created then this
substance must have always been. If the substance of the
universe has always been then time had no beginning.
Every event is precipitated by a prior event. Without
a first event everything that could have happened should
have happened in the infinite past. For current time to
have meaning there must have been a first event or moment
of creation. St. Augustine used a Latin word to describe
this creation process called exhihilo. This word means to
create something out of nothing. St. Augustine concluded
that an infinite source or prime mover created the
universe exhihilo. This concept was developed to an apex
by St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). He came up with a line
of reasoning in his arguments from design. These arguments
were based on the idea that the substance of the universe
required a divine origin.
PROPOSED THEORY
Today scientists are studying the problem of creation.
Science does not address the question of who created the
universe. Scientists have rules that they work by called
conservation laws. Some of these conservation laws are the
conservation of momentum, energy, and charge. Science
addresses the question of how the universe formed within
the framework of possibilities allowed by these laws.
According to current theory and experimental evidence these
conservation laws always hold true. In more precise
language, they are invariant with respect to time and
location.
The scientific principle of the conservation of
energy simply restates the old idea that something cannot
come from nothing. According to the accepted theory of
the big bang the universe sprang from nothing 15 billion
years ago. In 1973 the great contemporary scientific
thinker Edward P. Tryon demonstrated how the universe could
have formed without violating the principle of the
conservation of energy. He said that the total energy of
the universe is zero.
1
He said that the positive energy of the things we observe
is balanced by a negative gravitational energy. Therefore
the creation was formed without violating the principle of
the conservation of energy. Let's explore his idea. When
something falls it loses gravitational potential energy.
The relationship between potential energy and position, in
a force field, is given by equation #1.
(NOTE: In case your mailer does not line the text up like
mine does the following equations are only simple integrals.)
/
| -> ->
/\ PE = W = - | F . dr Eq #1
g | g
/
According to Tryon's theory if an object were to fall into
the universe from an infinite distance away the
gravitational potential energy the object lost would equal
the total mass energy of the object. This is stated
mathematically in equation #2:
/ rad of univ
2 | -> ->
mc = - | F . dr Eq #2
| g
/infinity
Assuming that the universe is spherical with an isotopic
mass distribution, the amount of gravitational potential an
object will lose upon falling to the edge of such a
universe is given by equation #3.
/ rad of univ
2 | 2
mc = -(G)(M)(m) | (1/r ) dr
|
/infinity
Given a radius of the universe is 15 billion light years
26
(1.42x10 meters) and the known gravitational constant G,
the mass of the universe may be determined.
53
M = 1.91 x 10 KG
If this is the mass of the universe then the total energy
of the universe is zero. To check this result the mass of
the universe was calculated from its density and volume.
The universe was considered to be a sphere. This sphere
has a radius of 15 billion light years and is filled
with matter of the same density as the density of space
in our galactic neighborhood. This "local" density is
equivalent to one proton of ordinary matter and nine
protons of "dark" matter per cubic meter.
3
Given that the volume of a sphere with a radius of 15
79 3
billion light years = 1.2 x 10 M
Please note that at one proton mass per cubic meter this
is also the number of protons in the universe. The mass
of the universe was derived from its volume and density in
equation #4.
3 3
M = ((1 proton/m )+(9 proton masses dark matter/m ))(vol)
Eq#4
The mass of the universe according to this second argument
is:
53
M = 2.00 x 10 KG
Amazingly the resultant masses agree even though they were
determined by two entirely different methods. This
agreement indicates that the universe has a total energy of
zero and that it formed without violating the principle of
the conservation of energy. There is something very
profound in what Edward Tryon said.
CONCLUSION
New scientific arguments have shown how something can
be created out of nothing. These arguments have tremendous
philosophical implications. If we now understand the
creation process, can we now create something out of
nothing? Inventors have been trying to do this for many
years. In fact, the patent offices currently reject all
applications for patents on such perpetual motion machines.
If a gravity producing machine could be built, however, it
would produce positive energy in an amount equal to the
negative gravitational potential of the induced field. As
of late several scientists have appear to have created
something (energy) from nothing.
4 Among the most advanced
is Dr. Puthoff at the Center for Advanced Study in Austin
Texas USA and Dr. McKurbe under a contract with the Unites
States Electric Power Research Institute.
5
Puthoff, in particular, is attempting to extract the zero
point energy of matter. According to this author's
theories, the theories of Hal Puthoff, and
6 7
the theories of Andrei Sakharov , the the zero point
energy of matter is 8
intimately linked to its gravitational field. If the zero
point energy of matter is extracted a gravitational field
will be produced. This gravitational field will reach out
and retard the expansion of the universe. Some of the
kinetic energy of the expansion of the universe will
eventually be absorbed by this induced gravitational field.
This energy will be locally available for use. We will
have to wait and see to comes from these latest ideas.
If man finally creates substance from nothingness he will
have ventured into a realm that was, since antiquity,
reserved for God. The world and its ideas will then
surely change.
NOTES
1. Edward P. Tryon, NATURE VOL 246, December 14, 1973.
2. Technically, nothing can exist outside of the universe.
The universe is a closed structure in which, according to
the cosmological principle, all positions are
equivalent. The model presented in this paper, in which
an object falls from an infinite distance away to the
edge of the universe, does not represent reality. The
model does, however, allow for the calculation of the
negative gravitational potential shared by all objects
within the universe.
3. Fritz Zwicky proposed that 90% of the matter in the
universe is "dark" in 1933. He came to this conclusion
from the study of clusters of galaxies.
Vera Rubin confirmed that 90% of the universe's matter
is composed of the so called "dark matter" from her study
of the rotational speeds of galaxies in 1977.
4. A ball lightning experiment in Japan appeared to produce
excess energy.
Y.H. Ohtsuki & H. Ofuruton, NATURE VOL 246, March 14,
1991
5. Dr. McKurbe's cold fusion experiments at SRI in the USA
continue to produce unexplained excess energy.
Jerry E. Bishop, The WALL STREET JOURNAL 7/14/94.
6. Frank Znidarsic, ELEMENTARY A. GRAVITY
Adventures Unlimited Kempton Il. USA, 1989
7. Working with artificial ball lightning.
Hal Puthoff, PHYSICAL REVIEW A, March 1989
Hal Puthoff, D.C. Cole, PHYSICAL REVIEW E, August 1993.
Hal Puthoff, OMNI, "Squeezing Energy From a Vacuum" 2/91
8. Andrei Sakharov SOVIET PHYSICS DACKLADI Vol 12, May 1968,
Page 1040.
// END OF PAPER