A Brutalist complex meant to represent progressive government through ambitious design is no longer. What happened to Paul Rudolph’s Orange County Government Center?

There was a brief moment when it looked like the vacant Government Center in Orange County, New York, was on its way to a thoughtful restoration—a rare win for advocates of preserving the often-unpopular icons of Brutalist architecture.

Built in 1971 in the village of Goshen, the striking complex is composed of three buildings with 87 roofs; it’s revered for its audacious design and recognized as one of architect Paul Rudolph’s very best public projects.

After closing in 2011 in the wake of hurricane-related damage, Government Center will finally reopen this October, fresh from a $74 million restoration effort that architects, preservationists, and local lawmakers had battled over for several years. Now that the project nears completion, it’s already clear that the polarizing results may end up pleasing none of the various sides involved in the debate. How did such an important American building get such a bad makeover?

The answer boils down to local politics, clashing design visions, and a sobering reality: There’s something sadly diminished in the kind of architecture American government chooses for itself today.

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In the mid-1960s, Rudolph sat comfortably at the top of any list of best practicing American architects. He’d built his reputation on stunning Modernist homes in Florida but had shifted the focus of his practice to the public realm, creating a series of highly visible Brutalist complexes in the Northeast.

In Goshen, he brought a little bit of both with him, using uniquely arranged windows that resembled his Milam Residence in Jacksonville, and bushammered concrete blocks as seen in so many of his academic and government buildings. Government Center was supposed to be one-stop-shop for the county’s public services, and Rudolph conceived it as a dynamic space. Architect Sean Khorsandi, a Paul Rudolph Foundation board member, told CityLab in 2015 that Rudolph wanted the project to be “a symbol of a different regime.” The building’s bold, angular forms signaled the start of a brash, progressive chapter for local government to the judges, legislators, and citizens who stepped inside.

A rendering of Paul Rudolph’s design for Orange County Government Center from a 1963 presentation. It was approved for construction in 1966. (Paul Rudolph/Library of Congress)

The final design was approved by the Orange County Board of Supervisors in 1966. Tim Rohan, author of The Architecture of Paul Rudolph, notes that the timing of design—amid the social upheavals and civil rights progress of the mid-1960s—informed the architect’s vision. “This project moved courts into the modern age and conveyed an appropriate dynamism, when they were becoming concerned with social justice issues,” he says.

Construction had mostly wrapped up by 1970, the same year Goshen had become the single county seat and Orange County elected its first ever county executive, a Republican by the name of Louis Mills. At the time, Rudolph said that the building “should last 100 years.”

But soon after work was completed, problems emerged.

Scenes from inside the Orange County Government Center in 1970. (Paul Rudolph/Library of Congress)

The architect’s public sector prospects dried up in the early ‘70s, as government budgets dissolved and the postwar enthusiasm for modernism began to fade. The flaws in the final product certainly didn’t help. Workers complained that there wasn’t enough space. Visitors complained that it was too hard to find where they needed to go. And the buildings leaked, though less dramatically than Rudolph’s Niagara Falls Library fiasco.

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Rudolph was asked by the county legislature in 1975 to contribute to a settlement payout in response to a lawsuit filed by the general contractor on the project. In 1977, his final year in office, Mills issued a memorandum to the legislature’s Finance Committee expressing concern over the complex’s appearance and lack of maintenance funds.

Government Center’s decline only continued. Those same courtrooms that were supposed to usher in a new era of progressive justice were declared unfit for use by the state Court Facilities Capital Review Board in 1997, the same year Rudolph died. A traditionalist-style courthouse opened next to the complex in 2000, with other offices moving into the space left behind.

In 2002, new county executive Ed Diana, a Republican, first announced his interest in completely replacing the facility. Legislature Democrats pushed back, and while Diana conceded at the time, it was clear he wanted the building gone.

In 2010, Diana dropped his plan to build a $114 million Government Center, and would instead explore options for replacing some or all of the complex. The Paul Rudolph Foundation asked the New York State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) shortly after if the buildings would be eligible for listing on the State and National Registers of Historic Places. SHPO informed Diana that it would.

“It’s strangely brazen, but for what purpose I don’t know.”

But just one week later, Hurricane Irene hit Goshen. Tropical Storm Lee hit shortly after. Diana, while giving a press tour of the flooding and mold in Government Center, said at the time, “As far as I’m concerned, we’ll never occupy it again.”

Diana asked again for a total demolition and replacement of the complex. In 2012, thanks in part to a backlash from preservationists—including a petition of over 2,000 signatures from around the world, according to World Monuments Fund—the plan failed to get a two-thirds majority vote from the county legislature. Shortly after, The Times Herald-Record published a post-Irene analysis of the building from FEMA which Diana did not share with the legislature before voting on the Government Center’s fate. It disputed the county executive’s claim that the complex was unusable as a result of the storm. Instead, it concluded that a majority of its damages were the result of questionable construction quality, poor design detailing, years of deferred maintenance, and a poorly done renovation in 2009.

FEMA determined that a county consultant used inappropriate methods to evaluate air samples for mold. As for roof damages, “any maintenance performed was very poorly accomplished,” FEMA concluded, “and often with materials inappropriate for the particular application.”

County consultants had estimated $10.5 million in damages from Irene. FEMA, after first offering $500,000 in aid for Government Center, eventually awarded the county $3.6 million.

In the middle of all of this arrived designLAB, a Boston-based firm that was already working on another Rudolph renovation. “We were in the construction phase at UMass Dartmouth, completely renovating the main campus library’s building systems,” says Robert Miklos, founder of designLAB. “We learned about the controversy in Goshen and wrote an open letter to the legislature letting them know that we were economically renovating a building from the same era and architect. A group of them came from Goshen to Dartmouth and toured the building.” They left impressed.

The designLAB scheme for Orange County Government Center, which received an “Unbuilt Architecture Award” from the Boston Society of Architects in 2015. (designLAB)

Miklos and designLAB joined Clark Patterson Lee on the project and was first asked to put together a new building assessment study, followed by a reuse study for all three buildings. Some political maneuvering intervened, however. “The majority of Republicans wanted it torn down, and the Democrats were for saving it,” Miklos says. Eventually, a compromise was reached: The most problematic of the three buildings would be looked at for replacement while working through a budget for a full renovation within the county’s target figure of $60 million.

Diana was on board with the legislature-approved plan by December 2013, his final month as county executive. But project estimates increased to $85 million in early 2014; designLAB quietly resigned from the project after the state’s review for historic buildings was ignored in the design process. Clark Patterson Lee’s design called for demolishing and replacing one of Rudolph’s buildings entirely and stripping the corrugated concrete block facades of the other two; it was criticized by SHPO. Even though Orange County never registered the complex for historic designation, the project couldn’t receive FEMA money for the project without adhering to state preservation guidelines.

In 2014, Gene Kaufman offered to buy the the Rudolph-designed complex, convert it into an arts center with housing, and build a new government center next to it. (Gwathmey Siegel Kaufman)

With the complex at risk, Gene Kaufman, a New York architect, offered his own idea to save it. He had recently purchased the Gwathmey Siegel firm after the death of Charles Gwathmey and offered to buy the complex and turn it into artist lofts, apartments, and gallery space. Kaufman’s plan would allow Orange County to move into a brand-new government center next door on a current surface lot. Using the example of Gwathmey Siegel’s widely praised renovation of Rudolph’s Yale Art and Architecture Building in New Haven, Kaufman, Miklos recalls, “claimed to be an expert on Paul Rudolph but knew nothing about him… it unraveled the whole process.”

Kaufman, however, stands by his efforts. “The government’s intention was to go out and destroy it and they never changed their mind,” he says. “My proposal was to keep it the way it was and build a new complex. It was a win-win.”

“They did a different version of what we proposed,” says Bob Miklos. “I’ve seen the pictures. It’s not a successful solution. It doesn’t do Rudolph’s building justice.” (Mark Byrnes)

A year later, Kaufman’s plan was scrapped, leaving Clark Patterson Lee with the last proposal standing. Meanwhile, designLAB’s schematic proposal for the site ended up winning an “unbuilt architecture” award from the Boston Society of Architects. A lawsuit by local residents to block demolition was dismissed in June 2015. “This is one of Rudolph’s great buildings,” Kaufman adds. “It’s a shame. What happened in Goshen represents a tremendous diminution government plays in promoting good architecture and good development.”

Miklos says that their removal of the original corduroy blocks in the remaining 1971 buildings was unnecessary. “There was mold after the building flooded because the drywall was wet, but they determined the concrete block was the problem. In fact, we did a lot of research to determine the block was not the problem.”

As for the new building, “they did a different version of what we proposed,” says Miklos. “I’ve seen the pictures. It’s not a successful solution. It doesn’t do Rudolph’s building justice.”

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The village of Goshen, settled in 1714, will never be confused for a bastion of brash design.Charming homes and small-scale civic buildings—including Goshen Town Hall, a former school Noah Webster taught at in the 1780s—dot a quiet road leading up to the southern side of Government Center. Stately properties with vast lawns face the east side of the complex along Main Street.

With a sizable public setback and modest building height, Rudolph’s design carefully inserts itself into the historical landscape; despite its starkly modern appearance, it also connects to its neighbors. “It reached out directionally with the independent gateway that framed views of the town,” says Tim Rohan. “It was an aesthetic gesture, was one that engaged with its surroundings.”

While not obvious and perhaps even unintentional, the ends of those jutting rectangular forms on the north and south ends of his work resemble the Main Street vista of the old Orange County Clerk’s building nearby.

The current county executive Steven Neuhaus, a Republican, disagrees: He tells CityLab that it “was not keeping with” the town’s traditional architecture.

A new, tinted glass wall allows Rudolph’s design and its Main Street neighbors to define the east side of the center. (Mark Byrnes)

Work on Clark Patterson Lee’s cladded and glass-enveloped addition is now wrapping up on the site. Same for the remaining two original buildings, which have been stripped down to their bones and re-dressed as duller versions of themselves.

One side of Government Center’s new addition apologizes for itself through a tinted glass curtain wall, allowing for the reflections of Rudolph’s work and older buildings across Main Street to still define the view. On the south and west ends, however, there’s less glass and nowhere to hide. The new primary entrance, facing a surface lot, resembles a hastily designed new high school for an affluent suburb. This side of the building stretches from the courthouse on the north end, to the now-renovated Rudolph building on the south end. From this view, there is no relationship with and no respect for Rudolph’s design. “It’s strangely brazen, but for what purpose I don’t know,” says Rohan. “I wonder how people who decried the Rudolph scheme as too modern, acontextual, and unsuitable for this historic town could find this new building better.”

When asked if he has any regrets about the outcome of this project, Neuhaus says he wishes the legislature had “authorized a complete demolition and construction in a more traditional architectural format” right after Diana shut down the building. “But my number-one priority once the design was chosen by the legislature, was to bring the project in on time and on budget and let Orange County’s residents have a centralized place to access many governmental services.”

While giving a construction tour of the new building to the press earlier this year, Neuhaus touted the project for the fact that it was happening at all. Government services, spread around town since the fall of 2011, will be back under one roof again. “Just for the public to see that progress is being made and we're heading in the right direction would be, I think, a positive message,” he said at the time.

And that appears to be as much as you’re allowed to ask of government, which continues to shrink in size and shrivel in stature across much of the U.S., long since Rudolph ran out of public works to build.

What exists now in Goshen is a civic building that says, “At least it’s something.” What it replaces thought so much more of itself, and everyone who entered.