CROs respond to Swedish stress tests

On June 10, Finansinspektionen became the first European regulator to publish the findings of its stress tests. The country’s four largest banks – Nordea, Svenska Handelsbanken, Swedbank and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB) – were assessed to see whether they were sufficiently capitalised to withstand three scenarios of differing severity over a three-year period between 2009 and 2011.

Under the conservative base scenario, it was assumed that bank lending would continue to increase over the period, albeit at a lower rate than the past few years, and banks would incur losses of Skr202.6 billion ($25.31 billion) compared with total earnings of Skr296.1 billion.

In a second scenario, which envisaged extreme stress in eastern Europe (especially in the Baltic region, where Swedish banks have lent heavily), rising unemployment, a huge fall in demand, and no new loans being originated, the level of earnings was predicted to remain constant with losses rising to Skr249.2 billion.

The third, and most stressed scenario, factored in extreme stress in eastern Europe, as well as a prolonged recession in western Europe. In this scenario, credit losses would rise to Skr350 billion and earnings would fall to Skr260.3 billion.

The results of the tests have, in general, been viewed positively by the banks involved. “The tests strike a good balance between a satisfyingly good stress scenario and not pushing the parameter to the point of impossibility with the extreme scenario. In general, the banks feel they are tough but fair,” said Philip Winckle, Stockholm-based head of group credit risk control at SEB.

Perhaps the main reason for the positive response from banks is that the loss expectations under the different scenarios are roughly in line with their own estimates. Rolf Marquardt, chief risk officer at Svenska Handelsbanken in Stockholm, told Risk Finansinspektionen's assumptions were “not far off” the results of its own stress tests.

However, some discrepancies were noted between the assumptions used by the regulator and those used by the banks. Marquardt explained the regulatory scenarios are “less applicable” to Handelsbanken because they have a heavy focus on losses in the Baltic countries, where the bank has only a minor exposure in that region, of approximately Skr2 billion.

For proprietary reasons, Marquardt could not disclose the full list of scenarios employed in Handelsbanken’s stress tests, but said two scenarios are based on the Swedish financial crisis of the 1990s and an extended deflationary period, such as that experienced by Japan in the same decade.

Winckle said that “in the absolute stressed scenario there was no big divergence [between SEB’s scenarios and the regulators’] because we use aggressive parameters. But we would never call its first scenario a base case”.

The severity of the base scenario also aroused debate at other Swedish banks. “We have been asked by management and board directors if it is in fact a forecast, and if it is, we don’t believe it is a fair forecast. I would think of a base case as the best estimate for the year. Instead I view this as a mild stress scenario,” Winckle noted.

Other concerns have also arisen. “We think the tests were excessive in that the average loss rates are only appropriate for banks with a variety of size of counterparties. If a bank had a portfolio of exposures to small, medium and large corporates, it would have been appropriate. However, Nordea and SEB mainly have exposures to large corporates with better risk grades, and that hasn’t been taken into account,” Winckle argued.

Overall, Marquardt believes the stress tests were a useful exercise, despite their limitations. “It is hard to know how large credit migrations will be and how demand for capital may develop. We think the regulators’ estimates are as good as can be; these kinds of tests are not an exact science,” he remarked.

But Winckle feels the tests would have been more accurate had the regulators factored in more than publicly available data, which does not give a complete picture of a bank’s overall portfolio. “We know our portfolio contains a mixture of exposures, and it hasn’t taken full account of that,” he says.