So I created a layout for a website a while back and now am getting back to the project. The issue is I have a small logo designed and I am trying to recreate the logo at a much larger resolution.

The issue is I needed a spade (of hearts, spades, clubs, diamonds) for the logo and ended up using a text spade. It's a special character (♠) and as such a lot of fonts don't include it. So I am getting a little error in the list of layers:

I feel like in the past whenever this happened I would click on it to select the layer the font drop down would show "[Font Name]" instead of "Font Name" where the square brackets would represent that the font wasn't found — maybe I'm crazy but I feel like I've had that happen before. In this case the font is showing "Lucida Sans" which is a font that lacks the spade character.

When I try to edit the text I get this error:

… and when I click OK the spade disappears and shows that default Windows square for character not found.

I'm not sure from reading your question whether or not you have other characters in the font you're trying to identify. If you do, you can render them to a TIFF and upload them to this site (TIFF is their preferred format):

And it will do its best to identify it. I have about an 80% success rate, depending upon whether or not I have the "telltale" characters - those that are most unique to the font.

Failing that, you can also post a shot of whatever you have to their forum and let the enthusiastic font-o-philes take a stab at it.

Failing THAT - you might try opening the PSD in a free hex editor (Google for one - there's zillions) and look for the font that way. I recommend saving a copy of the file with only the text layer and nothing else. The font name will be in Unicode most likely. Search for one of the nearby tags, like "FontType", and look backwards for the font name. In the pic below, the font is "Trade Gothic".

Might be your Cs 4 extended is not rendering your fonts properly, basically when Photoshop does not find the font used in text layer it shows the font name and ask for font substitution, you can see attached SS, there is same issue i also don't have font which is used in my photoshop text layer but still it is showing the font name, so i can find this somewhere. but in your case its completely different,try character panel window might be it will show you the broken text file name.

We are here to help only and if you find our answer awful kindly stay calm and enjoy this site and please avoid our answers, and avoid giving such comments...

You should be able to target your text layer, click on the 'T' text icon, click on your text and immediately see all the information about that text. You can't, of course, do this. That is too simple and logical. The fact you can't do this is an awful, pathetic design oversight.