In the following we will analyse the sale of alcohol in Denmark. Various figures related to this question are published by Statistics Denmark at different frequencies. Our main concern will be with quarterly data for the sale of beer, wine and spirits from the period 1990 – 2004. Our two hypotheses are: First we want to convince the reader that the total sale of alcohol in Denmark since 1980 has been fairly stable. By total sale we mean the total sale of 100% alcohol so the three categories – beer, wine and spirits are measured in litres of 100% alcohol equivalents. In order to convince the reader that the total sale of alcohol has been fairly constant we will present graphs and various indicators and tests of the degree of temporal dependence in this series. The overall impression from this analysis is that our first hypothesis seems to be supported – at least not contradicted – by the data. Next, we want to model the sale of beer and wine as shares of the total sale of alcohol. Even though the total sale can be considered fairly stable there have been divergent paths of evolvement for the sub-groups: the sale of beer has decreased over the period and the sale of wine has increased. The sale of spirits has been fairly stable. Modelling the system of the beer-share and the wine-share we want to split the total development into a part that can be ascribed to changes in the relative prices and a part that can be explained by changes in taste and drinking habits specified as a trend. By specifying a system conditionally on the prices of beer, wine and spirits and a trend we manage to estimate price sensitivity and taste sensitivity. A small forecasting exercise shows that the final model is fairly good at predicting changes in the shares due to price changes. Finally, the effects on the market shares of hypothetical changes in the taxation of alcohol are discussed.

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The focus is effects of investments in airports and runways on the market for air travel and more in general for the production possibilities of the economy. In the case of Greenland two types of impacts can be sorted out. One is more efficient production of air transport due to increased density in the utilization of the net because of no use or less use of the airport in Kangerlussuaq. The other effect, connected to the first, is that resources are set free by avoidance of double work receiving the same passengers (and goods) in Kangerlussuaq and especially in Nuuk. Transformation curves are used to illustrate both effects and the first is dealt with also in an ordinary price quantity diagram. Using previous calculations and estimates done by the author two specific scenarios are treated in the theoretical framework presented: one is a lengthening of the runway in Nuuk to 1799 m and less intensive use of Kangerlussuaq, the other is the building of an airport south of Nuuk with a 3000 m runway in combination with abandoning Kangerlussuaq. Profitability and amortisation of the investments are reviewed in transformation curve diagrams. On the assumptions of the calculations
both scenarios are profitable, but by far the most profitable is the big investment south of Nuuk. Concluding remarks stress the preliminary character of my calculations, but they also point out that decision makers’ choice of scenarios to be discussed and compared is unstable.

In this article we clarify the historical roots of stakeholder theory to establish that a much larger
role was played by Scandinavian thinkers in its development than is currently acknowledged.
We show that important contributions to the stakeholder concept were being made by Eric
Rhenman and his Scandinavian contemporaries in parallel to the contributions from the Stanford
Research Institute (SRI) in the early 1960s and thereafter and thus are not a “historical trail” as
they are currently labeled. Therefore we offer a significant modification to the historical
narrative as presented in Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (Freeman, 1984).
These important Scandinavian contributions include the first publication and description of the
expression „stakeholder‟ in management literature accessible to scholars throughout the world
and the introduction of the first stakeholder map to the management literature.
We use this occasion to consider potential relationships between these early Scandinavian
contributions to the stakeholder concept with current practices of well-known Scandinavian
companies. Through this we contend the evidence suggests relationships worthy of further
considerations. We conclude by endorsing the expression “Scandinavian cooperative advantage”
through which we intend to provoke increased attention from beyond Scandinavia. Cooperation
between companies and their stakeholders is increasingly recognized as necessary for the social
and environmental sustainability of world and the long-term profitability of companies where we
contend inspiration for such cooperation may be prosperously drawn from Scandinavia.

Information Systems scholars continuously debate about the nature of the IS discipline. Recently a series of articles have discussed whether the IS field has reached the status of a reference discipline. We address this issue by examining the application of the theory of sensemaking in IS research. Our findings show that the prospects for IS as a reference discipline are not promising. Based on these findings we suggest that IS scholars hallucinate when they a) assume that to become a 'real' academic discipline, IS has to become a reference discipline, and b) believe that IS will become a reference discipline in time. Hence, we describe the IS reference discipline discussion as a misconception, which should be abandoned in the pursuit of a stronger IS discipline. Academic legitimacy, information systems research, reference disciplines, theory application, theory of sensemaking

The present article introduces Development, a new, unpublished and hitherto unknown article
written by Joseph A. Schumpeter. It was originally written in 1932 and titled Entwicklung.
Development is remarkable since it helps understand the unity of Schumpeter’s work and
significantly adds to Schumpeter’s known works on a number of issues that were central to his
theory of economic development. Development shows that Schumpeter considered the explanation
of novelty as the most important unsolved scientific problem. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship
remained a good description of novelty, but, by his own admission in Development, nothing is
explained thereby. On the optimistic side, Schumpeter indicates that theoretical advances might be
forthcoming that can help a better understanding of the social dynamics which gives rise to novelty.

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Recent studies of the impact of science parks have questioned traditional
assumption about the effect of the parks on innovation and economic growth.
Most studies tend to measure the effect by rather traditional measures, revenue,
survival of new firms, without taking into account, that knowledge has gained a
growing importance in the new economy. If we shift focus to organization
theory discussions on new knowledge and innovation has specialized in relation
to the process of creation, managing, organizing, sharing, transferring etc. of
knowledge. The evaluation of science parks has to relate to the changed role of
knowledge in the creation of economic growth. With the help of the concept of
the ba from Nonanka, the article discuss if or how traditional organized science
parks can become central actors in the new knowledge production or has to be
viewed as an outdated institution from the industrial society.
Keywords: knowledge creation, ba, science parks, knowledge management

Part I of this paper applies the principles of the philosophy of science and the derived scientific method to analyze the foundational concepts and core proposition of the Resource-Based View (RBV) as popularized by Barney (1986, 1991, 1997). This analysis identifies seven fundamental conceptual deficiencies and logic problems in Barney’s conceptualization of "strategically valuable resources” and in Barney’s VRIO framework for identifying strategically valuable resources that can be sources of sustained competitive advantage. Three problems -- the Value Conundrum, the Tautology Problem in the Identification of Resources, and the Absence of a Chain of Causality -- relate to the RBV’s and VRIO’s failure to provide an adequate conceptual basis for identifying strategically valuable resources. The Uniqueness Dilemma, the Cognitive Impossibility Dilemma, and an Asymmetry in Assumptions about Resource Factor Markets result in an inability of the VRIO framework to support identification of resources that can be sources of sustained competitive advantage. More fundamentally, the core proposition of the RBV – that resources that are strategically valuable, rare, inimitable, and organizationally embedded are sources of sustainable competitive advantage – is argued to result directly in the Epistemological Impossibility Problem that precludes use of the scientific method in RBV research. This paper argues that until these conceptual deficiencies and logic problems are recognized and remedied, the RBV – in spite of its current popularity -- is and will remain theoretically sterile and incapable of contributing in any systematic way to the development of strategy theory. Part II of this paper then suggests how foundational concepts developed within the competence perspective on strategy provide essential remedies for the identified deficiencies and problems in the RBV -- and thereby provide a more conceptually adequate basis for representing the nature of firms in the scientific study of their interactions and competitive outcomes.

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Does the RBV represent a case of scientific progress? And has it emerged as the dominant approach to the analysis of competitive advantage for this reason? Conventional criteria for scientific progress, notably those of the growth of knowledge literature, are not particularly helpful for understanding this. Instead, it is argued that in order to understand why the RBV is an instance of scientific progress, we should begin from the notion that reduction is at the heart of progress in science, and that many scientists implicitly or explicitly hold this view. The RBV is a case of scientific progress because it identified theoretical mechanisms at levels lower than those that were usually investigated in strategy research prior to the RBV. Unfortunately, the micro-emphasis of the RBV gave way during the 1990s to more aggregative modes of theorizing (i.e., the capabilities approach). Thus, the RBV represents an "unfinished revolution" as there is still considerable potential to dig deeper in the deep structure of competitive advantage.
Keywords: Resource-based view, mechanisms, reductionism, competitive advantage, transaction costs, property rights.
JEL Code: L2, M1

Abstract
This paper examines the factors that influence whether firms draw from universities in their
innovative activities. The link between the universities and industrial innovation, and the role of
different search strategies in influencing the propensity of firms to use universities is explored.
The results suggest that firms who adopt "open" search strategies and invest in R&D are more
likely than other firms to draw from universities, indicating that managerial choice matters in
shaping the propensity of firms to draw from universities.
Key words: University-industry links, innovation, external search strategies
JEL Codes: C25, C42, O31, O32

If secession or expulsion ends in a "velvet divorce," as with Czechoslovakia, costs are
minimal and the split is relatively unimportant. High costs arise if a federation splits into mutually
hostile, comparably sized regions. Perhaps the majority of splits lead to dangerous hostility. A
well-designed constitution minimizes the likelihood of hostile splits by limiting the issues that are
dealt with at the federal level, by providing checks and balances, and by establishing due process
under the rule of law. Preventing the conditions under which a hostile split may arise is more costeffective
than trying to optimize the terms of a split or to find last-minute compromises to
forestall the split.

The post-Civil War reconciliation between the North and the South is a very rare event
in the history of civil wars. The South was thoroughly beaten. Top generals, particularly Robert E.
Lee, saw further fighting as "useless effusion of blood." There was no call by top Confederate
leaders for continuing the fight with the type of bushwacking that occurred in Missouri and
Kansas. Reconstruction is often thought of as harsh, but compared to the standards of history
Confederates were by and large treated well after the Civil War. Within a decade or so of the end
of the Civil War, conservative white elites had established political, economic and social
dominance in the South. They had lost their "slave property" and the "government of our own."
They could never get back slavery, and a government of their own was not worth fighting for.
There was little reason for the kind of persistent low-level guerilla warfare that often occurs after
civil wars, or the organization of a succession of rebellions.