Textbook-Integrated Guide to Educational Resources

TIGER

The Electrochemical Synthesis of Transition-Metal AcetylacetonatesS. R. Long, S. R. Browning, and J. J. LagowskiThe electrochemical synthesis of transition-metal acetylacetonates can assist in the transformation of an entry-level laboratory course into a research-like environment where all members of a class are working on the same problem, but each student has a personal responsibility for the synthesis and characterization of a specific compound.Long, S. R.; Browning, S. R.; Lagowski, J. J. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1429.

Coordination Compounds |

Electrochemistry |

IR Spectroscopy |

Physical Properties |

Synthesis |

Transition Elements |

UV-Vis Spectroscopy

New Observations on the Copper-to-Silver-to-Gold DemonstrationDorin Bejan, Jeff Hastie, and Nigel J. BunceThis analysis of the classic copper-to-silver-to-gold demonstration describes the deposition of zinc in the form of the silver-colored alloy ?-brass, the evolution of hydrogen at the copper cathode, and the behavior of the associated electrochemical cell.Bejan, Dorin; Hastie, Jeff; Bunce, Nigel J. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1381.

Yet Another Variation on the Electrolysis of Water at Iron NailsMark T. Stauffer and Justin P. FoxDescribes a variation on the electrolysis of water with iron nails in which a sharp contrast in the colors produced effectively demonstrates electrolysis and the diffusion of oxidized and reduced species from the electrodes.Stauffer, Mark T.; Fox, Justin P. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 523.

Acids / Bases |

Electrochemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Stoichiometry |

Water / Water Chemistry |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials

NetorialsRebecca Ottosen, John Todd, Rachel Bain, Mike Miller, Liana Lamont, Mithra Biekmohamadi, and David B. ShawNetorials is a collection of about 30 online tutorials on general chemistry topics designed as a supplement for high school or college introductory courses. Each Netorial contains several pages of interactive instruction that includes animated mouse-overs, questions for students to answer, and manipulable molecular structures.Ottosen, Rebecca; Todd, John; Bain, Rachel; Miller, Mike; Lamont. Liana; Biekmohamadi, Mithra; Shaw, David B. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 463.

Acids / Bases |

Electrochemistry |

Reactions |

VSEPR Theory |

Stoichiometry

Electrochemical Polishing of Silverware: A Demonstration of Voltaic and Galvanic CellsMichelle M. Ivey and Eugene T. SmithUsing a battery and a graphite electrode, an electrolytic cell is constructed to generate a layer of tarnish on silverware. Students then determine that the tarnish can be removed by electrochemically converting it back to silver using aluminum foil and baking soda.Ivey, Michelle M.; Smith, Eugene T. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 68.

Consumer Chemistry |

Electrochemistry |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials

How Many Atomic Layers of Zinc Are in a Galvanized Iron Coating? Shui-Ping YangThis article describes a guided inquiry and problem solving experiment in which students use a novel gasometric assembly to determine the thickness and number of atomic layers of zinc coating on galvanized iron wires and nails.Yang, Shui-Ping. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1792.

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Consumer Chemistry |

Electrochemistry |

Gases |

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |

Quantitative Analysis |

Rate Law

A Fast Coulometric Estimation of Avogadro's NumberNicholas C. ThomasUsing simple materials found in any high school or college laboratory, an electrochemical method of determining Avogadro's number is presented.Thomas, Nicholas C. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1667.

Electrochemistry |

Gases

Redox Titration of Ferricyanide to Ferrocyanide with Ascorbic Acid: Illustrating the Nernst Equation and Beer–Lambert LawTina H. Huang, Gail Salter, Sarah L. Kahn, and Yvonne M. GindtIn this simple experiment, which illustrates the Nernst equation and BeerLambert law, students monitor the reduction of ferricyanide ion to ferrocyanide electrochemically and spectrophoto-metrically upon titration with ascorbic acid. The Nernst equation is used to calculate the standard reduction potential of the redox couple at pH 7 and the number of electrons transferred.Huang, Tina H.; Salter, Gail; Kahn, Sarah L.; Gindt, Yvonne M. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1461.

Peer-Developed and Peer-Led Labs in General ChemistryLorena Tribe and Kim KostkaDescribes a student-developed and led laboratory curriculum as a model for producing a more student-centered and rich laboratory experience in general chemistry laboratories.Tribe, Lorena; Kostka, Kim. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1031.

Laboratory Experiments on the Electrochemical Remediation of the Environment. Part 7: Microscale Production of OzoneJorge G. Ibanez, Rodrigo Mayen-Mondragon, M. T. Moran-Moran, Alejandro Alatorre-Ordaz, Bruce Mattson, and Scot EskestrandOzone, a powerful oxidizing and disinfecting agent, is produced electrochemically in the undergraduate laboratory with simple equipment and under very mild conditions. Tests are given to characterize it, to observe its action in simulated environmental applications, and to measure its rate of production. Ibanez, Jorge G.; Mayen-Mondragon, Rodrigo; Moran-Moran, M. T.; Alatorre-Ordaz, Alejandro; Mattson, Bruce; Eskestrand, Scot. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1546.

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Descriptive Chemistry |

Electrochemistry |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |

Microscale Lab |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions

Electropolymerized Conducting Polymer as Actuator and Sensor Device: An Undergraduate Electrochemical Laboratory ExperimentMaría T. Cortés and Juan C. MorenoA trilayer formed by two conducting polymer films sandwiched around an adhesive polymer layer works as actuator and sensor simultaneously. This device can be bent up to 180 and it can be used as a sensing device of physical chemistry parameters such as cell temperature and electrolyte concentration. In this article, it is shown in a didactic way how to electrochemically synthesize ClO4-doped polypyrrole (PPy) films, how to fabricate a trilayer device, and how to evaluate its actuating and sensing capabilities. The required materials are simple and a complicated setup is not necessary. Cortés, María T.; Moreno, Juan C. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1372.

Teaching pH Measurements with a Student-Assembled Combination Quinhydrone ElectrodeFritz Scholz, Tim Steinhardt, Heike Kahlert, Jens R. Pörksen, and Jürgen BehnertA combination pH electrode that can be assembled by the student is described. It consists of a glass holder and two sensors in the form of rubber stoppers that contain quinhydrone and graphite. The combination electrode is suitable to teach potentiometric measurements, pH measurements, and the interplay of acidbase and redox equilibria. The electrode meets highest safety standards and overcomes the troubles associated with the use of the conventional quinhydrone electrode.Scholz, Fritz; Steinhardt, Tim; Kahlert, Heike; Pörksen, Jens R.; Behnert, Jürgen. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 782.

Acids / Bases |

pH |

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |

Electrochemistry

Procedure for Decomposing a Redox Reaction into Half-ReactionsIlie Fishtik and Ladislav H. BerkaThe principle of stoichiometric uniqueness provides a simple algorithm to check whether a simple redox reaction may be uniquely decomposed into half-reactions in a single way. For complex redox reactions the approach permits a complete enumeration of a finite and unique number of ways a redox reaction may be decomposed into half-reactions. Several examples are given. Fishtik, Ilie; Berka, Ladislav H. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 553.

Stoichiometry |

Equilibrium |

Electrochemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions |

Thermodynamics

Using Organic Light-Emitting Electrochemical Thin-Film Devices To Teach Materials ScienceHannah Sevian, Sean Müller, Hartmut Rudmann, and Michael F. RubnerLight-emitting thin films provide an excellent opportunity to learn about principles of electrochemistry, spectroscopy, microscopic structure of the solid state, basic circuits, and engineering design. There is currently strong interest in academic and industrial engineering research centering on developing organic light-emitting devices for applications in flat panel displays. In this educational module, designed for high school or introductory undergraduate courses, students learn how to make a ruthenium-based thin-film device. In the process, they learn about the solid-state electrochemistry at work in the film, as well as the electroluminescence that results when current passes through the device.Sevian, Hannah; Müller, Sean; Rudmann, Hartmut; Rubner, Michael F. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 1620.

Electrochemistry |

Photochemistry |

Materials Science |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Solid State Chemistry

A Small-Scale and Low-Cost Apparatus for the Electrolysis of WaterPer-Odd Eggen and Lise KvittingenThis article describes how to construct two simple, inexpensive, and illustrative apparatuses using disposable polyethene pipets and floral wire for electrolysis of water. These apparatuses suit various grades and curricula. Eggen, Per-Odd; Kvittingen, Lise. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 1337.

Isolation of Copper from a 5–Cent Coin. An Example of ElectrorefiningSteven G. SogoThe United States 5cent coin, commonly known as a "nickel", is made of an alloy containing 75% copper and 25% nickel. The experiment is a visually appealing illustration of the process of electrorefining using selective reduction.Sogo, Steven G. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 530.

Electrochemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Metals

Photogalvanic Cells for Classroom Investigations: A Contribution for Ongoing Curriculum ModernizationClaudia Bohrmann-Linde and Michael W. TauschLaboratory experiments examining the fundamental processes in the conversion of light into electrical energy using photogalvanic cells have been developed. These simple cells are suitable for classroom investigations examining the operating principles of photogalvanic cells and the influence of different parameters on their efficiency. Bohrmann-Linde, Claudia; Tausch, Michael W. J. Chem. Educ.2003, 80, 1471.

Electrochemistry |

Atomic Properties / Structure |

Photochemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials

Palm-Based Data Acquisition Solutions for the Undergraduate Chemistry LaboratorySusan Hudgins, Yu Qin, Eric Bakker, and Curtis ShannonHandheld computers provide a compact and cost-effective means to log data in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory. Handheld computers have the ability to record multiple forms of data, be programmed for specific projects, and later have data transferred to a personal computer for manipulation and analysis.Hudgins, Susan; Qin, Yu; Bakker, Eric; Shannon, Curtis. J. Chem. Educ.2003, 80, 1303.

Acids / Bases |

Electrochemistry |

Instrumental Methods |

Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus

Lithium Batteries: A Practical Application of Chemical PrinciplesRichard S. TreptowIn recent years batteries have emerged in the marketplace that take advantage of the unique properties of lithium. Lithium metal is an attractive choice to serve as a battery anode because it is easily oxidized and it produces an exceptionally high amount of electrical charge per unit-weight.Treptow, Richard S. J. Chem. Educ.2003, 80, 1015.

Consumer Chemistry |

Electrochemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |

Applications of Chemistry

Lithium Batteries: A Practical Application of Chemical PrinciplesRichard S. TreptowIn recent years batteries have emerged in the marketplace that take advantage of the unique properties of lithium. Lithium metal is an attractive choice to serve as a battery anode because it is easily oxidized and it produces an exceptionally high amount of electrical charge per unit-weight.Treptow, Richard S. J. Chem. Educ.2003, 80, 1015.

A Chemically Relevant Model for Teaching the Second Law of ThermodynamicsBryce E. Williamson and Tetsuo MorikawaPresentation of a chemically relevant model that exemplifies many aspects of the second law: reversibility, path dependence, and extrapolation in terms of electrochemistry and calorimetry.Williamson, Bryce E.; Morikawa, Tetsuo. J. Chem. Educ.2002, 79, 339.

Just Breathe: The Oxygen Content of Air JCE Editorial StaffStudents estimate the percent oxygen (volume) in air using steel wool in a test tube that is inverted in a beaker of water. Oxygen in the trapped air reacts with iron to form rust, and the water level rises inside the test tube; within 30-45 minutes, the majority of oxygen is consumed.JCE Editorial Staff. J. Chem. Educ.2001, 78, 512A.

Is Every Transparent Liquid Water?Muhamad Hugerat and Sobhi BasheerComparisons of the properties (polarity, electric conductivity, color change due to the presence of an acid-base indicator, and electrolysis) of three transparent and colorless liquids: water, glycerol, hexane, and ethanol.Hugerat, Muhamad; Basheer, Sobhi. J. Chem. Educ.2001, 78, 1041.

Structure and Content of Some Primary BatteriesMichael J. Smith and Colin A. VincentAn experiment that complements electrochemical characterization and allows students to explore the structure of commercial cells and calculate the anode and cathode capacities from the stoichiometry of the cell reaction.Smith, Michael J.; Vincent, Colin A. J. Chem. Educ.2001, 78, 519.

Consumer Chemistry |

Electrochemistry |

Undergraduate Research |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |

Applications of Chemistry

Observations on Lemon CellsJerry GoodismanThe lemon cell, consisting of pieces of two different metals stuck into a lemon or other fruit, is pictured in many general chemistry textbooks without being discussed; manuscript describes simple experiments, suitable for the general chemistry laboratory, which elucidate how this kind of cell works. Goodisman, Jerry. J. Chem. Educ.2001, 78, 516.

Electrochemistry |

Metals |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials

Electrical Deflection of Polar Liquid Streams: A Misunderstood DemonstrationMaryam Ziaei-Moayyed, Edward Goodman, and Peter WilliamsThe electrical deflection of polar liquid streams, commonly used as a textbook illustration of the behavior of polar molecules, is shown to be due to the formation of electrically charged droplets in the polar liquid stream, induced by a nearby charged object, rather than any force exerted on molecular dipoles.Ziaei-Moayyed, Maryam; Goodman, Edward; Williams, Peter. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 1520.

Electrochemistry

Potentiometric Determination of CO2 Concentration in the Gaseous Phase: Applications in Different Laboratory ActivitiesEduardo Cortón, Santiago Kocmur, Liliana Haim, and Lydia GalagovskyThe first lab comprises the calibration of a CO2 potentiometric detector with gas mixtures. The CO2 and CO2-free air required for the gaseous samples are produced in the lab by an inexpensive and simple apparatus. In the second lab, the CO2 potentiometric device is used to measure CO2 uptake and release during different metabolic processes. Cortón, Eduardo; Kocmur, Santiago; Haim, Liliana; Galagovsky, Lydia. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 1188.

Electrochemistry |

Gases |

Quantitative Analysis |

Metabolism

Understanding Electrochemical Thermodynamics through Entropy AnalysisThomas H. BindelThis discovery-based activity involves entropy analysis of galvanic cells. The intent of the activity is for students to discover the fundamentals of electrochemical cells through a combination of entropy analysis, exploration, and guided discovery. Bindel, Thomas H. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 1031.

Electrochemistry |

Thermodynamics |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials

Using a Teaching Model to Correct Known Misconceptions in ElectrochemistryP. A. Huddle, Margaret Dawn White, and Fiona RogersA concrete teaching model for electrochemistry is presented here. It addresses many common student misconceptions about current flow by demonstrating what is occurring at the microscopic level in an electrochemical cell. Both the scope and limitations of the model are discussed. Huddle, Penelope Ann; White, Margaret Dawn; Rogers, Fiona. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 104.

Electrochemistry |

Learning Theories

Determination of the Fundamental Electronic Charge via the Electrolysis of WaterBrittany Hoffman, Elizabeth Mitchell, Petra Roulhac, Marc Thomes, and Vincent M. StumpoIn an illuminating experiment suitable for secondary school students, a Hoffman electrolysis apparatus is employed to determine the fundamental electronic charge. The volume and pressure of hydrogen gas produced via the electrolysis of water during a given time interval are measured. Hoffman, Brittany; Mitchell, Elizabeth; Roulhac, Petra; Thomes, Marc; Stumpo, Vincent M. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 95.

Atomic Properties / Structure |

Electrochemistry |

Gases |

Molecular Properties / Structure

A Simple Experiment for Ion MigrationKarl E. Bessler and Daniel de Oliveira CamposA simple, versatile, and low-cost version of a qualitative ion migration experiment is presented, which needs a minimum amount of chemicals and can be performed by inexperienced students. In the experiment cations and anions (preferably colorless or faintly colored) migrate toward one another and on combination produce insoluble and strongly colored compounds. Bessler, Karl E.; Campos, Daniel de O. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 1516.

Student Construction of a Gel-Filled Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode for Use in a Potentiometric TitrationJames M. ThomasInstructions for the preparation of a Ag/AgCl "reference"-type electrode that uses a gel-type matrix are given. In addition, construction steps are provided for a very sturdy Pt-nichrome "inert" electrode, which can be used many times. Together, these two electrodes, along with a multivoltmeter, have been used successfully to determine the percent of iron in Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 and in Fe2O2 unknowns purchased commercially. Thomas, James M. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 97.

Chromatographic Separation Techniques for UndergraduatesDarwin B. Dahl, John T. Riley, and Thomas K. GreenOver the past several years the Chemistry Department at Western Kentucky University (WKU) has sought to strengthen its undergraduate program departmental through acquisition of FT-NMR, fluorescence, electrochemical, thermal analysis, laser Raman, microscale organic, and polymer laboratory instrumentation; this has enabled the department to build a successful undergraduate program. Dahl, Darwin B.; Riley, John T.; Green, Thomas K. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 1209.

Separation Science |

Chromatography |

Fourier Transform Techniques |

NMR Spectroscopy |

Raman Spectroscopy |

Electrochemistry |

Photochemistry |

Thermal Analysis |

Microscale Lab

Automatic Titrators in the Analytical and Physical Chemistry LaboratoriesKathryn R. WilliamsIn 1995 the University of Florida received an NSF-ILI grant to purchase six automatic titrators, which have now been successfully integrated into the analytical and physical chemistry teaching laboratories. After they have mastered fundamental techniques, students in the introductory analytical laboratory gain experience with automated analyses in three experiments: the iodimetric analysis of ascorbic acid, the determination of polymer molecular weight, and the analysis of chloride by ion selective electrode.Williams, Kathryn R. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 1133.

Electrochemistry |

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |

Titration / Volumetric Analysis

Demonstrating Electron Transfer and Nanotechnology: A Natural Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Energy ConverterGreg P. Smestad and Michael GratzelA unique solar cell fabrication procedure has been developed using natural anthocyanin dyes extracted from berries. It can be reproduced with a minimum amount of resources in order to provide an interdisciplinary approach for lower-division undergraduate students learning the basic principles of biological extraction, physical chemistry, and spectroscopy as well as environmental science and electron transfer.Smestad, Greg P.; Grtzel, Michael. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 752.

Slide Projector Corrosion CellSilvia Tejada, Estela Guevara, and Esperanza OlivaresThe process of corrosion can be demonstrated in a slide projector, since the cell is in the shape of a slide, or on the stage of an overhead projector by setting up a simple galvanic cell. Corrosion occurs as the result of a galvanic cell reaction, in which the corroding metal acts as the anode. Several simple demonstrations relating to corrosion are described here.Tejada, Silvia; Guevara, Estela; Olivares, Esperanza. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 747.

Electrochemistry |

Microscale Lab |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |

Applications of Chemistry

A Closer Look at the Addition of Equations and ReactionsDamon DiementeChemists occasionally find it convenient or even necessary to express an overall reaction as the sum of two or more component reactions. A close examination, however, reveals that the resemblance between chemical algebraic equations is entirely superficial, and that the real meaning of addition in chemical equations is subtle and varies from case to case. In high-school courses, students are likely to encounter the addition of equations in thermochemistry, in electrochemistry, and in kinetics. Diemente, Damon. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 319.

Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |

Electrochemistry |

Mechanisms of Reactions |

Stoichiometry |

Reactions

Lemon Cells Revisited - The Lemon-Powered CalculatorDaniel J. Swartling and Charlotte MorganUsing lemons to create a voltaic cell to run items that students would use in their everyday lives drives home that chemistry plays an integral role in their lives. Swartling, Daniel J.; Morgan, Charlotte. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 181.

A Simple Laboratory Demonstration of ElectrochromismBertil ForslundA laboratory exercise in which students are asked to construct an electrochromic cell, consisting of a thin, transparent layer of WO3 on a glass plate with a thin, transparent, and conducting surface coating of doped SnO2.Forslund, Bertil. J. Chem. Educ.1997, 74, 962.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Conduction Polymer: An Electrochemical Experiment for General ChemistryRoger K. Bunting, Karsten Swarat, DaJing Yan, Duane FinelloThe electrochemical synthesis of a free-standing film of polypyrrole, using commonly available equipment and materials, is described at a level suitable to application in a general chemistry laboratory. Also described are methods to quantitatively assess the doping level and to characterize the polymer film in terms of its conductivity as a function of temperature. Bunting, Roger K.; Swarat, Karsten; Yan, DaJing; Finello, Duane. J. Chem. Educ.1997, 74, 421.

The Chemical and Educational Appeal of the Orange Juice ClockPaul B. Kelter, James D. Carr, Tanya Johnson, and Carlos Mauricio Castro-AcuñaThe Orange Juice Clock, in which a galvanic cell is made from the combination of a magnesium strip, a copper strip, and juice in a beaker, has been a popular classroom, conference, and workshop demonstration for nearly 10 years. The discussion that follows considers the recent history, chemistry, and educational uses of the demonstration.Kelter, Paul B.; Carr, James D.; Johnson, Tanya; Castro-Acuña, Carlos Mauricio. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 1123.

The Comparative Performance of Batteries: The Lead-Acid and the Aluminum-Air CellsXavier LeRoux, Gerry A. Ottewill, and Frank C. WalshAn experimental program designed to convey, to students aged 16 through undergraduate, the principles of battery electrochemistry through a comparative study of two different systems, the lead acid cell and aluminum air cell, is described. LeRoux, Xavier; Ottewill, Gerry A.; Walsh, Frank C. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 811.

Electrochemistry |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |

Applications of Chemistry

Using Physics Principles in the Teaching of ChemistryWarren GuldenChemistry and physics may be separate subjects, but that should not prohibit the use of physics in a chemistry course. When this is done, students can use traditional physics principles or laws for the purpose of understanding chemistry better.Gulden, Warren. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 771.

SIRS: Simulations and Interactive Resources, IIIMartin, John S.Simulations and Interactive Resources (SIRs) are designed to support interactive lectures in introductory chemistry. This third issue of SIRs includes five new SIRs as well as updated and final versions of all previously published SIRs.Martin, John S. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 722.

Periodicity / Periodic Table |

Equilibrium |

Gases |

Thermodynamics |

Reactions |

Electrochemistry |

Kinetics

Constant-Current Coulometric Titration of Hydrochloric AcidJames Swim, Edward Earps, Laura M. Reed, and David PaulIn this experiment we have combined the titration of a strong acid with a strong base and the electrolysis of water into one complete laboratory experience.James Swim, Edward Earps, Laura M. Reed, and David Paul. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 679.

Titration / Volumetric Analysis |

Acids / Bases |

Water / Water Chemistry |

Electrochemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction

The Incredible "Glowing" Pickle and Onion and Potato and...Rubin Battino and Peter M. WeimerThere are many demonstrations about electrical conductivity that are illuminating, but the incredible glowing pickle is the most dramatic and eye-catching. In this paper we describe how to achieve the same effect with an onion, a potato, a head of cabbage, and a grapefruit, as well as a simple and safe device to hold these foods.Weimer, Peter M.; Battino, Rubin. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 456.

Food Science |

Electrochemistry |

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus

Which E^o Is It? The Story of a Student DiscoveryRon C. Cooke and Grover C. WillisA homework problem called for the computation of the E^o for the reaction 2Cu+ --> Cu+2 + Cu. Two students independently worked on this problem and calculated answers of +0.359 V and +0.181 V respectively, using E^o for the half reactions from a table in the book.Cooke, Ron C.; Willis, Grover C. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 450.

Electrochemistry

Work Done by a Chemical ReactionHenry BrouwerThe use of the "hot dog clock" has been the focus of discussions in a number of areas of electrochemistry. Included in these have been oxidation-reduction potentials, battery construction, salt bridges, electrolytes, and the concentration of ions in certain foods.Brouwer, Henry. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 354.

Determination of Ionic Mobilities by Thin-Layer Electrodeposition Kuhn, Alexander; Argoul, FrancoiseThe authors describe a new method for the determination of ionic mobilities. An advantage of the measurement described is that it allows its demonstration within the framework of the student's practical training in ionic conductivity.Kuhn, Alexander; Argoul, Francoise J. Chem. Educ.1994, 71, A273.

A ChemistreeMurov, StevenThe electrocuted pickle demonstration has an new twist in which a Christmas tree was formed using fluorescing pickles.Murov, Steven J. Chem. Educ.1994, 71, 1082.

Electrochemistry

Not So Late Night Chemistry with USDKoppang, Miles D.; Webb, Karl M.; Srinivasan, Rekha R.Through the program, college students enhance their knowledge and expertise on a chemical topic and gain experience in scientific presentations. They also serve as role models to the high school students who can relate to college students more easily than the chemistry faculty members and their high school students.Koppang, Miles D.; Webb, Karl M.; Srinivasan, Rekha R. J. Chem. Educ.1994, 71, 929.

Using the Biological Cell in Teaching ElectrochemistryMerkel, Eva Gankiewicz How electricity is produced in a simple cell is correlated with how commercial batteries work; this concept can then be related to how living cells send electrical impulses.Merkel, Eva Gankiewicz J. Chem. Educ.1994, 71, 240.

Fractal structures for the overhead projector Silverman, L. PhillipOne of the most interesting electrochemistry demonstrations is the production of dendritic silver fractals via electrodeposition onto water. The demonstration can be adapted easily for use on an overhead projector.Silverman, L. Phillip J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 928.

Electricity/electronic experiments for the chemistry laboratory.Braun, Robert D.Experiments that permit students to observe the behavior of simple electrical circuits, including a DC constant current source, voltage divider, diodes, logic gates, flip-flops, and the seven-segment display.Braun, Robert D. J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 671.

Electrochemistry |

Instrumental Methods

The anode and the sunrise.Mierzecki, Roman.Etymology of the terms anode and cathode.Mierzecki, Roman. J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 657.

The world's largest human salt bridgeSilverman, L. Phillip; Bunn, Barbara B.On a beautiful April afternoon, the 1500 students had fun and learned something about electrochemistry, and they helped set a world's record for the "Longest Human Salt Bridge".Silverman, L. Phillip; Bunn, Barbara B. J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 309.

Electrochemistry |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials

The use of equilibrium notation in listings of standard potentials.Donkersloot, Maarten C. A.The difficulty in equilibrium notation of standard electrode potentials is due to the convention that half-reactions must be written as reductions if the given potential is to be called a (standard) electrode potential.Donkersloot, Maarten C. A. J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 256.

A lemon-powered clock Letcher, Trevor M.; Sonemann, Aubrey W.Because a watch or crystal-quartz clock use very small batteries they can be powered with a number of "homemade" power sources.Letcher, Trevor M.; Sonemann, Aubrey W. J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 157.

Electrochemistry |

Food Science

The conversion of chemical energy: Part 1. Technological examplesWink, Donald J.When a chemical reaction occurs, the energy of the chemical species may change and energy can be released or absorbed from the surroundings. This can involve the exchange of chemical energy with another kind of energy or with another chemical system.Wink, Donald J. J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 108.

Development of a new design for multipurpose meter: "Calo-pH Meter" Paris, Michel R.; Aymes, Daniel J.; Poupon, Rene; Gavasso, RolandThe purpose of this article is to describe the design of a common box that can be turned into a simple voltmeter, a pH meter, or a calorimeter.Paris, Michel R.; Aymes, Daniel J.; Poupon, Rene; Gavasso, Roland J. Chem. Educ.1990, 67, 507.

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |

Electrochemistry |

pH |

Calorimetry / Thermochemistry

Redox reactions and the electropotential axis Vella, Alfred J.An introductory discussion should not get bogged down with the problems of representing cells by standard cell diagrams and notations and instead should concentrate on the chemistry of galvanic cells and the use of these cells in describing the concepts of redox chemistry.Vella, Alfred J. J. Chem. Educ.1990, 67, 479.

Oxidation / Reduction |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |

Electrochemistry

Wet labs, computers, and spreadsheetsDurham, BillThe following is a description of some commonly encountered experiments that have been modified for computerized data acquisition.Durham, Bill J. Chem. Educ.1990, 67, 416.

Laboratory Computing / Interfacing |

Nuclear / Radiochemistry |

Titration / Volumetric Analysis |

Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |

Kinetics |

Electrochemistry

An effective approach to teaching electrochemistryBirss, Viola I.; Truax, D. RodneyBy interweaving concepts from thermodynamics and chemical kinetics with those of electrochemical measurement, the authors provide students with an enriched appreciation of the utility of ideas from kinetics and thermodynamics.Birss, Viola I.; Truax, D. Rodney J. Chem. Educ.1990, 67, 403.

Current efficiency in electrolysisBricker, Clark E.Demonstration apparatus that can be used to show the effect of various variables on the current efficiency for the deposition of copper.Bricker, Clark E. J. Chem. Educ.1989, 66, 954.

Using a projecting voltmeter to introduce voltaic cellsSolomon, Sally; Lee, Jeffrey; Schnable, Joseph; Wirtel, AnthonyUsing a transparent "projecting" voltmeter and assembling a zinc versus copper cell one component at a time allows students to develop a more concrete notion of the nature of a voltaic cell and the potential it produces.Solomon, Sally; Lee, Jeffrey; Schnable, Joseph; Wirtel, Anthony J. Chem. Educ.1989, 66, 510.

Electrolytic migration of ionsLlorens-Molina, Juan A.This demonstration uses a thin layer of gelatin in place of the usual filter paper so that the migration can be viewed using an overhead projector.Llorens-Molina, Juan A. J. Chem. Educ.1988, 65, 1090.

Noncovalent Interactions |

Ion Exchange |

Electrochemistry |

Thin Layer Chromatography

Experimental work with tin(II) chloride in a high school Sanchez, Manuela MartinThe author describes a final-project performed by students that integrates concepts of hydrolysis, Le Chatelier's principle, and electrolysis. Students seek answers to questions such as: "What reactions were involved; why is an aqueous solution of SnCl2 acidic; how can elemental tin be recovered from the system?" Sanchez, Manuela Martin J. Chem. Educ.1988, 65, 898.

A homemade lemon batteryWorley, John D.; Fournier, JamesA brief note about how two instructors worked on and built a successful lemon battery.Worley, John D.; Fournier, James J. Chem. Educ.1988, 65, 158.

Electrochemistry

Principles of electronegativity Part I. General natureSanderson, R. T.The concept of electronegativity has been modified, expanded, and debated. The concept can be used to help students gain valuable insights and understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship between atomic structure and compound properties. This is the first in a series of articles that explores the important concept of electronegativity.Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ.1988, 65, 112.

Metal-ligand complexes-a calculation challengeRamette, R. W.The purpose of this paper is to illustrate one of the most important experimental methods for studying complex equilibria and to present synthetic data as a challenge to the many sophisticated calculation procedure that enjoy various degrees of loyalty around the world.Ramette, R. W. J. Chem. Educ.1983, 60, 946.

Equilibrium |

Metals |

Electrochemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Coordination Compounds

A simple and dramatic demonstration of overvoltageBradford, John L.; Davis, Alvie L.This demonstration is easily visualized only for small groups, but can be displayed for a large audience by using an overhead projector.Bradford, John L.; Davis, Alvie L. J. Chem. Educ.1983, 60, 674.

Red cabbage and the electrolysis of waterSkinner, James F.The demonstration profiled here has proven effective in bringing together concepts from acid-base chemistry and electrochemistry.Skinner, James F. J. Chem. Educ.1981, 58, 1017.

Electrochemistry |

Water / Water Chemistry |

Acids / Bases

Red cabbage and the electrolysis of waterSkinner, James F.The demonstration profiled here has proven effective in bringing together concepts from acid-base chemistry and electrochemistry.Skinner, James F. J. Chem. Educ.1981, 58, 1017.

An approximate determination of Avogadro's constantSzll, Thomas; Dennis, David; Jouas, Jean-Pierre; Wong, MabelAn experiment to determine a value for Avogadro's number by determining the relationship between the number of electrons flowing through an acidified solution of water and the number of moles of electrons which reduce hydrogen ions to produce hydrogen gas.Szll, Thomas; Dennis, David; Jouas, Jean-Pierre; Wong, Mabel J. Chem. Educ.1980, 57, 735.

Electroplating of polyethyleneGorodetsky, MalkaIn the process of reorganizing a first-year chemistry laboratory for engineering students the authors have developed experiments that reproduce the approach in solving industrial chemical problems.Gorodetsky, Malka J. Chem. Educ.1978, 55, 66.

A general chemistry experiment for the blindHiemenz, Paul C.; Pfeiffer, EIizabethPresents a method for weighing and a conductometric titration that relies on an audio signal.Hiemenz, Paul C.; Pfeiffer, EIizabeth J. Chem. Educ.1972, 49, 263.

Chemical queries. Especially for introductory chemistry teachersYoung, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Strong, Laurence E.(1) What evidence, understandable and acceptable to students, do most teachers cite to describe the transfer of charge from one electrode to another in the direct current electrolysis of an electrolyte solution? (2) What is a compound? - answer by Strong. (3) What is a molecule? - answer by Strong.Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G.; Strong, Laurence E. J. Chem. Educ.1970, 47, 523.

Electrochemistry |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Stoichiometry |

Molecular Properties / Structure

Car Won't Start?Nash, Leonard K.; Plumb, Robert C.Examines the questions, "Does the voltage of a battery drop with temperature" and "Does the ability of a battery to deliver current decrease with temperature?"Nash, Leonard K.; Plumb, Robert C. J. Chem. Educ.1970, 47, 382.

Avogadro's number by four methodsSlabaugh, W. H.Describes a project by two general chemistry students to compare four methods for finding Avogadro's number; this article focusses on the electroplating method.Slabaugh, W. H. J. Chem. Educ.1969, 46, 40.

Effect of complexing agents on oxidation potentialsHelsen, JefA short note on a simple experiment to demonstrate the effect of complexing agents on the oxidation-reduction properties of redox couples such as Fe3+/Fe2+.Helsen, Jef J. Chem. Educ.1968, 45, 518.

Coordination Compounds |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Electrochemistry

Chemical queries. Especially for introductory chemistry teachersYoung, J. A.; Malik, J. G.(1) How can half-reactions be added to determine potentials? (2) What is the approximate size and weight of uranium-235 necessary for a chain reaction to occur? (3) What is the distinction between an inhibitor and a negative catalyst?Young, J. A.; Malik, J. G. J. Chem. Educ.1968, 45, 477.

Electrochemistry |

Nuclear / Radiochemistry |

Catalysis

The Becquerel effectEnsanian, MinasA short note on a demonstration of the Becquerel effect.Ensanian, Minas J. Chem. Educ.1968, 45, 240.

Simple experiments in amperometry. Determination of acids, oxidizing agentsFeldman, Frederic J.Amperometry, the measurement of current resulting from an electrochemical reaction at the electrode, is a simple means of determining the concentration of an electroactive species. An experiment is described here for the determination of acids or oxidizing agents by amperometry.Feldman, Frederic J. J. Chem. Educ.1966, 43, 378.

Student experiment with filter paper electrophoresisGarvin, James E.The effect of electrical charge in determining some of the properties of amino acids and proteins can be simply and convincingly demonstrated to the student by means of filter paper electrophoresis.Garvin, James E. J. Chem. Educ.1961, 38, 36.

Separation Science |

Electrophoresis |

Amino Acids |

Proteins / Peptides |

Electrochemistry

Potentiometric measurements of equilibria: In general chemistry laboratoryChesick, J. P.; Patterson, Andrew, Jr.The authors describe an experiment in which the solubility product of silver chloride, the ionization constant of the silver-ammonia complex, and the ionization constant of acetic acid can be determined with one afternoon of work.Chesick, J. P.; Patterson, Andrew, Jr. J. Chem. Educ.1959, 36, 496.

Electrochemistry |

Equilibrium |

Precipitation / Solubility |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Acids / Bases

The growth of lead trees in silicic acid gelsHurd, Charles B.; Lamareaux, Harry F.The fact that more active metals, such as zinc and cadmium, will replace lead in solutions of lead salts is well known; it is not so well known that the lead deposited will form an attractive, tree-like growth, particularly if supported in a gel. Hurd, Charles B.; Lamareaux, Harry F. J. Chem. Educ.1959, 36, 472.

Some electrochemical experiments for freshmenGorman, MelThe purpose of this discussion is to present an exercise for freshman laboratory work involving electrochemical unknowns and special electrode potential projects not usually studied in the first-year course.Gorman, Mel J. Chem. Educ.1957, 34, 409.

Electrochemistry |

Qualitative Analysis

Letters to the editorCampbell, J. A.The author includes an interpretation of the "Beating Heart Experiment" which was omitted in an earlier Journal article.Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ.1957, 34, 362.

LettersHackney, J. C.The author elaborates on the source of a fallacy in the calculation of an overall redox potential by combination of two half-cell potentials.Hackney, J. C. J. Chem. Educ.1952, 29, 472.

Electrochemistry |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction

Miscellaneous experimentsDamerel, Charlotte I.Offers three demonstrations, the first involving molecular models illustrating the generation of optical isomers in a laboratory synthesis; the second demonstrating that liquid sodium chloride conducts and electric current; and the third examining the flow of electric current in an electrochemical galvanic cell.Damerel, Charlotte I. J. Chem. Educ.1952, 29, 296.

The overhead projector and chemical demonstrationsSlabaugh, W. H.Chemical demonstrations described for use with an overhead projector include the relative activity of metals, the electrolysis of water, the random motion of gas molecules, the action of metal couples, the relative strength of acids, the qualitative aspects of optical activity, and electrochemistry.Slabaugh, W. H. J. Chem. Educ.1951, 28, 579.

Metals |

Kinetic-Molecular Theory |

Acids / Bases |

Electrochemistry |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry

Electrochemistry in the freshman courseMeldrum, William B.This paper emphasizes the importance of electrochemical concepts in the freshman chemistry course.Meldrum, William B. J. Chem. Educ.1951, 28, 282.