Probability theory captures a number of essential characteristics of human cognition, including aspects of perception, reasoning, belief revision, and learning. Expressions of degree of belief were used in language long before people began codifying the laws of probability theory. This course explores the history and debates over codifying the laws of probability, how probability theory applies to specific cognitive processes, how it relates to the human understanding of causality, and how new computational approaches to causal modeling provide a framework for understanding human probabilistic reasoning.
This class is suitable for advanced undergraduates or graduate students specializing in cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and related fields. Probability theory captures a number of essential characteristics of human cognition, including aspects of perception, reasoning, belief revision, and learning. Expressions of degree of belief were used in language long before people began codifying the laws of probability theory. This course explores the history and debates over codifying the laws of probability, how probability theory applies to specific cognitive processes, how it relates to the human understanding of causality, and how new computational approaches to causal modeling provide a framework for understanding human probabilistic reasoning.
This class is suitable for advanced undergraduates or graduate students specializing in cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and related fields.

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Image from ?From Egypt to Palestine through Sinai, the Wilderness and the South Country. Observations of a journey made with special reference to the history of the Israelites ? With maps and illustrations?, 000216339
Author: BARTLETT, Samuel Colcord.
Page: 60
Year: 1879
Place: New York
Publisher: Harper & Bros.
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Image from ?Other Countries ? With maps and illustrations?, 000261333
Author: BELL, William Morrison.
Volume: 01
Page: 297
Year: 1872
Place: London
Publisher: Chapman & Hall
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An old saying holds that "there are many more good ideas in the world than good ideas implemented." This is a case based introduction to the fundamentals of effective implementation. Developed with the needs and interests of planners—but also with broad potential application—in mind, this course is a fast paced, case driven introduction to developing strategy for organizations and projects, managing operations, recruiting and developing talent, taking calculated risks, measuring results (performance), and leading adaptive change, for example where new mental models and habits are required but also challenging to promote. Our cases are set in the U.S. and the developing world and in multiple work sectors (urban redevelopment, transportation, workforce development, housing, etc

Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm

Image from ?Crags and Craters: rambles in the Island of Re?union ? With illustrations and a map?, 002705459
Author: OLIVER, William Dudley.
Page: 99
Year: 1896
Place: London
Publisher: Longmans & Co.
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Boris Souvarine Papers - Soviet Russia Photos
graduateinstitute.ch/home/research/library/archives/boris...Notes: The back of the document holds the mention (in Russian and French): "The delegates to the IInd Congress of the IIIrd International, at Pavlovsk. In the middle of the group, Comrade Lilina. On her left, Mutzenberg".
Zlata (or Zinaida) Ionova Lilina (1881-1929) was Grigori Zinoviev's wife. Involved in children care and education, she was People's Commissar for Social Planning to the Northern Commun (organ of the Petrograd Soviet). Victor Serge (1890-1947) described her as "a small crop-haired, grey-eyed woman (...) sprightly and tough".
She stands in the middle of the group, with German delegate Willi Münzenberg (1889-1940) on her left. The man with a hat and a pipe may be Karl Radek (1885-1939). The man on the left, behind the woman in a white dress, may be Manabendra Nath Roy (1887-1954), delegate to Mexico, commissioned by Lenin to write the theses on national and colonial questions during the IInd Congress.
Unknown photographer.
Description: 1 photograph. Black and white ; 13 x 17.5 cm.
Sources and further reading:
Fayet, Jean-François. 2004. Karl Radek (1885-1939): biographie politique. Bern: P. Lang.
Lazic, Branko M., and Milorad M. Drachkovitch. 1973. Biographical dictionary of the Comintern. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press.
Serge, Victor. 1963. Memoirs of a Revolutionary. London, New York: Oxford University Press. Re-ed. 2012. (Chapter 3, "Anguish and enthusiasm, 1919-1920").
Wood, Elizabeth A. 1997. The Baba and the Comrade. Gender and Politics in the Revolutionary Russia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Image from ?New Tracks in North America. A journal of travel and adventure whilst engaged in the survey for a Southern Railroad to the Pacific Ocean during 1867-8. [With plates and a map.]?, 000261307
Author: BELL, William Abraham.
Volume: 02
Page: 96
Year: 1869
Place: London
Publisher: Chapman & Hall
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Image from ?Timbuctoo the Mysterious ? Translated from the French by D. White. With ? illustrations ? and ? maps, etc?, 000990976
Author: DUBOIS, Felix African Explorer
Page: 287
Year: 1897
Place: London
Publisher: W. Heinemann
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Image from ?The History of Modern Civilization. A handbook based upon M. G. D.?s ?Histoire Sommaire de la Civilisation.? With illustrations. [Edited by J. Verschoyle.]?, 000994809
Author: DUCOUDRAY, Gustave.
Page: 245
Year: 1891
Place: London
Publisher: Chapman & Hall
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The course examines various aspects of culture in both premodern and modern East Asia, ranging from literature, art, performance, and cuisine to contemporary pop culture (film, manga, anime, etc.). The course examines various aspects of culture in both premodern and modern East Asia, ranging from literature, art, performance, and cuisine to contemporary pop culture (film, manga, anime, etc.).

Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm

Image from ?Jubilee Jottings. The Jubilee of George the Third. 25 October, 1809. A record of the festivities with the proclamations ? Compiled ? by T. P?, 002985101
Author: PRESTON, Thomas Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
Page: 101
Year: 1887
Place: London
Publisher: Whittaker & Co.
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Image from ?The World?s Inhabitants; or, Mankind, animals & plants ? With ? illustrations, etc?, 000305726
Author: BETTANY, George Thomas.
Volume: 01
Page: 200
Year: 1889
Place: London
Publisher: Ward, Lock & Co.
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Subject examines the brain as a cultural object in contemporary media, science, and society. Explores cultural assumptions about neuroscience by drawing on anthropology, history, semiotics, and the cognitive sciences. Topics include historical views of the brain; digital images of the brain; psychopharmacology; mental illness; neurotransmitters; and the culture of brain science. Class assignments include three brief analytical papers and one oral presentation. Subject examines the brain as a cultural object in contemporary media, science, and society. Explores cultural assumptions about neuroscience by drawing on anthropology, history, semiotics, and the cognitive sciences. Topics include historical views of the brain; digital images of the brain; psychopharmacology; mental illness; neurotransmitters; and the culture of brain science. Class assignments include three brief analytical papers and one oral presentation.

Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm

Image from ?Travels in Africa during the years 1875-1878 (1879-1883-1882-1886) ? Translated from the German by A. H. Keane ? Illustrated?, 001913884
Author: JUNKER, Wilhelm.
Volume: 03
Page: 33
Year: 1890
Place: London
Publisher: Chapman & Hall
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Image from ?[The World?s Inhabitants; or, Mankind, animals & plants ? With ? illustrations, etc.]?, 000305728
Author: BETTANY, George Thomas.
Page: 327
Year: 1889
Place: London
Publisher: Ward, Lock & Co.
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Image from ?History of Fountain County (by Judge Thomas F. Davidson), together with historic notes on the Wabash Valley, gleaned from early authors ? and other authentic ? sources. By H. W. Beckwith ? With map and illustrations?, 000874580
Author: DAVIDSON, Thomas F.
Page: 206
Year: 1881
Place: Chicago
Publisher: H. H. Hill & N. Iddings
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Image from ?By Ocean, Firth and Channel; amateur cruising on the West Coast of Scotland and North Coast of Ireland?, 003906384
Author: WHITE, Diagonal pseud
Page: 59
Year: 1894
Place: London
Publisher: ?The Yachtsman? Offices
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Image from ?Note-Book of an Amateur Geologist. [With plates.]?, 002110644
Author: LEE, John Edward.
Page: 265
Year: 1881
Place: London
Publisher: Longmans & Co.
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Image from ?[The World?s Inhabitants; or, Mankind, animals & plants ? With ? illustrations, etc.]?, 000305730
Author: BETTANY, George Thomas.
Page: 190
Year: 1890
Place: London
Publisher: Ward, Lock & Co.
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Image from ?Deutsche Kaiser und Ko?nige in Strassburg. Bla?tter aus der Geschichte der Westmark des Reichs. [With plates.]?, 002280260
Author: LUDWIG, Hermann of Jan
Page: 203
Year: 1889
Place: Strassburg
Publisher:
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Image from ?Deutsche Kaiser und Ko?nige in Strassburg. Bla?tter aus der Geschichte der Westmark des Reichs. [With plates.]?, 002280260
Author: LUDWIG, Hermann of Jan
Page: 230
Year: 1889
Place: Strassburg
Publisher:
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Image from ?Russian Hosts and English Guests in Central Asia ? With sixty illustrations and a map?, 002874720
Author: PEROWNE, John Thomas Woolrych.
Page: 171
Year: 1898
Place: London
Publisher: Scientific Press
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This course is an introduction to ethics in business, with a focus on business management. Over the course of thirteen sessions, students explore theoretical concepts in business ethics, and cases representing the challenges they will likely face as managers. Individual sessions take the form of moderated discussion, with occasional short lectures from instructor. This course is an introduction to ethics in business, with a focus on business management. Over the course of thirteen sessions, students explore theoretical concepts in business ethics, and cases representing the challenges they will likely face as managers. Individual sessions take the form of moderated discussion, with occasional short lectures from instructor.

Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm