Julie Hunter Jack

A KILLER IN YOUR FRIDGE

SWEET POISON..A MUST READ !!!

In October of 2001, my sister started getting very sick She had stomach
spasms and she was having a hard time getting around. Walking was a
major chore. It took everything she had just to get out of bed; she was
in so much pain.

By March 2002, she had undergone several
tissue and muscle biopsies and was on 24 various prescription
medications. The doctors could not determine what was wrong with her.
She was in so much pain, and so sick she just knew she was dying.

She put her house, bank accounts, life insurance, etc., in her oldest
daughter's name, and made sure that her younger children were to be
taken care of.

She also wanted her last hooray, so she planned a trip to Florida (basically in a wheelchair) for March 22nd.

On March 19, I called her to ask how her most recent tests went, and
she said they didn't find anything on the test, but they believe she had
MS.

I recalled an article a friend of mine e-mailed to me and I
asked my sister if she drank diet soda? She told me that she did. As a
matter of fact, she was getting ready to crack one open that moment.

I told her not to open it, and to stop drinking the diet soda! I
e-mailed her an article my friend, a lawyer, had sent. My sister called
me within 32 hours after our phone conversation and told me she had
stopped drinking the diet soda AND she could walk! The muscle spasms
went away. She said she didn't feel 100% but, she sure felt a lot
better.

She told me she was going to her doctor with this article and would call me when she got home.

Well, she called me, and said her doctor was amazed! He is going to
call all of his MS patients to find out if they consumed artificial
sweeteners of any kind. In a nutshell, she was being poisoned by the
Aspartame in the diet soda.. and literally dying a slow and miserable
death

When she got to Florida March 22, all she had to take was
one pill, and that was a pill for the Aspartame poisoning! She is well
on her way to a complete recovery. And she is walking! No wheelchair!
This article saved her life.If it says 'SUGAR FREE' on the label; DO NOT
EVEN THINK ABOUT IT!I have spent several days lecturing at the WORLD
ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE on 'ASPARTAME,' marketed as'Nutra Sweet,'
'Equal,' and 'Spoonful.'In the keynote address by the EPA, it was
announced that in the United States in 2001 there is an epidemic of
multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus. It was difficult to determine
exactly what toxin was causing this to be rampant. I stood up and said
that I was there to lecture on exactly that subject.

I will
explain why Aspartame is so dangerous: When the temperature of this
sweetener exceeds 86 degrees F, the wood alcohol in ASPARTAME converts
to formaldehyde and then to formic acid, which in turn causes metabolic
acidosis. Formic acid is the poison found in the sting of fire ants. The
methanol toxicity mimics, among other conditions, multiple sclerosis
and systemic lupus.

Many people were being diagnosed in error. Although multiple sclerosis is not a death sentence, Methanol toxicity is!

Systemic lupus has become almost as rampant as multiple sclerosis,
especially with Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi drinkers.The victim usually
does not know that the Aspartame is the culprit. He or she continues its
use; irritating the lupus to such a degree that it may become a
life-threatening condition. We have seen patients with systemic lupus
become asymptotic, once taken off diet sodas.

In cases of those
diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis, most of the symptoms disappear.
We've seen many cases where vision loss returned and hearing loss
improved markedly.

This also applies to cases of tinnitus and
fibromyalgia. During a lecture, I said, 'If you are using ASPARTAME
(Nutra Sweet, Equal, Spoonful, etc) and you suffer from fibromyalgia
symptoms, spasms, shooting, pains, numbness in your legs,

Cramps, Vertigo, Dizziness, Headaches, Tinnitus, Joint pain,

Unexplainable depression, anxiety attacks, slurred speech, blurred
vision, or memory loss you probably have ASPARTAME poisoning!' People
were jumping up during the lecture saying,'I have some of these
symptoms. Is it reversible?'

Yes! Yes! Yes!

STOP
drinking diet sodas and be alert for Aspartame on food labels! Many
products are fortified with it! This is a serious problem. Dr. Espart
(one of my speakers) remarked that so many people seem to be symptomatic
for MS and during his recent visit to a hospice; a nurse stated that
six of her friends, who were heavy Diet Coke addicts, had all been
diagnosed with MS. This is beyond coincidence!

Diet soda is NOT
a diet product! It is a chemically altered, multiple SODIUM (salt) and
ASPARTAME containing product that actually makes you crave
carbohydrates.

It is far more likely to make you GAIN weight!

These products also contain formaldehyde, which stores in the fat
cells, particularly in the hips and thighs. Formaldehyde is an absolute
toxin and is used primarily to preserve 'tissue specimens.'

Many products we use every day contain this chemical but we SHOULD NOT store it IN our body!

Dr. H. J. Roberts stated in his lectures that once free of the 'diet
products' and with no significant increase in exercise; his patients
lost an average of 19 pounds over a trial period.Aspartame is especially
dangerous for diabetics. We found that some physicians, who believed
that they had a patient with retinopathy, in fact, had symptoms caused
by Aspartame. The Aspartame drives the blood sugar out of control. Thus
diabetics may suffer acute memory loss due to the fact that aspartic
acid and phenylalanine are NEUROTOXIC when taken without the other amino
acids necessary for a good balance.

Treating diabetes is all
about BALANCE.. Especially with diabetics, the Aspartame passes the
blood/brain barrier and it then deteriorates the neurons of the brain;
causing various levels of brain damage, Seizures, Depression, Manic
depression, Panic attacks, Uncontrollable anger and rage.Consumption of
Aspartame causes these same symptoms in non-diabetics as well.
Documentation and observation also reveal that thousands of children
diagnosed with ADD and ADHD have had complete turnarounds in their
behavior when these chemicals have been removed from their diet.

So called 'behavior modification prescription drugs' (Ritalin and
others) are no longer needed.Truth be told, they were never NEEDED in
the first place!Most of these children were being 'poisoned' on a daily
basis with the very foods that were 'better for them than sugar.'It is
also suspected that the Aspartame in thousands of pallets of diet Coke
and diet Pepsi consumed by men and women fighting in the Gulf War, may
be partially to blame for the well-known Gulf War Syndrome.

Dr.
Roberts warns that it can cause birth defects, i.e. mental retardation,
if taken at the time of conception and during early pregnancy. Children
are especially at risk for neurological disorders and should NEVER be
given artificial sweeteners.

There are many different case
histories to relate of children suffering grand mal seizures and other
neurological disturbances talking about a plague of neurological
diseases directly caused by the use of this deadly poison.'

Herein lies the problem: There were Congressional Hearings when
Aspartame was included in 100 different products and strong objection
was made concerning its use. Since this initial hearing, there have been
two subsequent hearings, and still nothing has been done. The drug and
chemical lobbies have very deep pockets.

Sadly, MONSANTO'S
patent on Aspartame has EXPIRED! There are now over 5,000 products on
the market that contain this deadly chemical and there will be thousands
more introduced. Everybody wants a 'piece of the Aspartame pie.'I
assure you that MONSANTO, the creator of Aspartame, knows how deadly it
is.

And isn't it ironic that MONSANTO funds, among others, the
American Diabetes Association, the American Dietetic Association and the
Conference of the American College of Physicians?

This has
been recently exposed in the New York Times. These [organizations]
cannot criticize any additives or convey their link to MONSANTO because
they take money from the food industry and are required to endorse their
products.Senator Howard Metzenbaum wrote and presented a bill that
would require label warnings on products containing Aspartame,
especially regarding pregnant women, children and infants.

The
bill would also institute independent studies on the known dangers and
the problems existing in the general population regarding seizures,
changes in brain chemistry, neurological changes and behavioural
symptoms.

The bill was killed.It is known that the powerful drug and
chemical lobbies are responsible for this, letting loose the hounds of
disease and death on an unsuspecting and uninformed public. Well, you're
informed now!

Thursday, August 29, 2013

Directions:
Add the kernels to the paper bag (if you don’t have a paper sack use a
microwave safe bowl with a plate place on top). Fold the top of the bag
over several times. (Do not use paper clips, staples or anything metal
in the microwave.) Place the bag in the microwave and set the timer
to 3 minutes. Microwave the popcorn until you hear the sound of the
popping stop or the popping slows down (Mine cooked in 2:43). This tells
you the popcorn is done popping, and it will stop it from overcooking
and burning. Remove the popcorn (from the microwave and pour into a
large bowl. Drizzle with melted butter and sprinkle with sea salt,
premade popcorn seasoning ( I used kettle corn). Toss to coat and serve
immediately.Here are more ideas if you want to add flavor to your homemade popcorn:

After
I retired, my wife insisted that I accompany her on her trips to
Walmart. Unfortunately, like most men, I found shopping boring and
preferred to get in and get out. Equally unfortunate, my wife is like
most women - she loves to browse.

Yesterday my dear wife received the following letter from the local Walmart

Dear Mrs. Woolf,

Over the past six months, your husband has caused quite a commotion in
our store. We cannot tolerate this behavior and have been forced to ban
both of you from the store. Our complaints against your husband, Mr.
Woolf, are listed below and are "documented by our video surveillance
cameras":

1. June 15: He took 24 boxes of condoms and randomly put them in other people's carts when they weren't looking.

2. July 2: Set all the alarm clocks in Housewares to go off at 5-minute intervals.

3. July 7: He made a trail of tomato juice on the floor leading to the women's restroom.

4. July 19: Walked up to an employee and told her in an official voice, 'Code 3 in Housewares. Get on it right away'. This caused the employee to leave her assigned station and receive a reprimand from her
Supervisor that in turn resulted in management getting involved causing
management to lose time and costing the company money.

5. August 4: Went to the Service Desk and tried to reserve a bag of chips.

6. August 14: Moved a 'CAUTION - WET FLOOR' sign to a carpeted area.

7. August 15: Set up a tent in the camping department and told the children shoppers they could come in if they would bring pillows and blankets from the bedding department - to which twenty children obliged.

8. August 23: When a clerk asked if they could help him he began crying and screamed, 'Why can't you people just leave me alone?' Emergency Medics were called.

9. September 4: Looked right into the security camera and used it as a mirror while he picked his nose.

10. September 10: While handling guns in the Sports department, he asked the clerk where the antidepressants were.

11. October 3: Darted around the Store suspiciously while loudly humming the ' Mission Impossible' theme.

12. October 6: In the auto department, he practiced his 'Madonna look' by using different sizes of funnels.

13. October 18: Hid in a clothing rack and when people browsed through, yelled 'PICK ME! PICK ME!'

14. October 22: When an announcement came over the loud speaker, he
assumed the fetal position and screamed 'OH NO! IT'S THOSE VOICES AGAIN!

15. Took a box of condoms to the checkout clerk and asked where the fitting room was.

And last, but not least:

16. October 23: Went into a fitting room, shut the door, waited awhile, and then yelled very loudly, 'Hey! There's no toilet paper in.' One of the Staff passed out.

Don't worry the Subject "Tenjooberrymuds" will make sense after you read the following.

I was recently in Miami and decided to learn the Spanish language, so I could understand the check-outs at McDonalds.

My next move is to learn Indian, so I can understand my doctors and the
person that answers the phone when I have a warranty problem . Yep, by the time I read this, I was able to understand the 1st line .

"TENJOOBERRYMUDS"... In order to continue getting-by in America (our
home land), we all need to learn the NEW English language! Practice by
reading the following conversation until you are able to understand the
term "TENJOOBERRYMUDS".

With a little patience, you'll be able to fit right in. Now, here goes...

The following is a telephone exchange between maybe you as a hotel
guest and room-service somewhere in the good old U S A today.......

Remember I said "By the time you read through this YOU WILL UNDERSTAND 'TENJOOBERRYMUDS' ".......and you do, don't you!

Thank You Very Much!!

Source: Internet

The hour has arrived. Dad gathers Mom and Sis into the carriage. He hops
in the wagon with his brothers to ride off to the railroad station. The
day and hour have come to greet the first shipment of your family’s
brand-new house. All the lumber will be precut and arrive with
instructions for your dad and uncles to assemble and build. Mom and Dad
picked out No. 140 from Sears, Roebuck and Company’s catalog. It will
have two bedrooms and a cobblestone foundation, plus a front porch—but
no bath. They really wanted No. 155, with a screened-in front porch,
built-in buffet, and inside bath (!), but $1,100 was twice as much as
Dad said he could afford. In just a few days, the whole family will
sleep under the roof of your custom-made Sears Modern Home.
Entire
homes would arrive by railroad, from precut lumber, to carved
staircases, down to the nails and varnish. Families picked out their
houses according to their needs, tastes, and pocketbooks. Sears provided
all the materials and instructions, and for many years the financing,
for homeowners to build their own houses. Sears’s Modern Homes stand
today as living monuments to the fine, enduring, and solid quality of
Sears craftsmanship.
No official tally exists of the number of
Sears mail-order houses that still survive today. It is reported that
more than 100,000 houses were sold between 1908 and 1940 through Sears’s
Modern Homes program. The keen interest evoked in current homebuyers,
architectural historians, and enthusiasts of American culture indicate
that thousands of these houses survive in varying degrees of condition
and original appearance.
It is difficult to appreciate just how
important the Modern Homes program and others like it were to homebuyers
in the first half of the twentieth century. Imagine for a moment buying
a house in 1908. Cities were getting more crowded and had always been
dirty breeding grounds for disease in an age before vaccines. The United
States was experiencing a great economic boom, and millions of
immigrants who wanted to share in this wealth and escape hardship were
pouring into America’s big cities. City housing was scarce, and the
strong economy raised labor costs, which sent new-home prices soaring.
The
growing middle class was leaving the city for the—literally—greener
pastures of suburbia as trolley lines and the railroad extended
lifelines for families who needed to travel to the city. Likewise,
companies were building factories on distant, empty parcels of land and
needed to house their workers. Stately, expensive Victorian-style homes
were not options for any but the upper class of homeowner. Affordable,
mail-order homes proved to be just the answer to such dilemmas.
Sears
was neither the first nor the only company to sell mail-order houses,
but they were the largest, selling as many as 324 units in one month
(May, 1926). The origin of the Modern Homes program is actually to be
found a decade before houses were sold. Sears began selling building
materials out of its catalogs in 1895, but by 1906 the department was
almost shut down until someone had a better idea. Frank W. Kushel, who
was reassigned to the unprofitable program from managing the china
department, believed the homebuilding materials could be shipped
straight from the factories, thus eliminating storage costs for Sears.
This began a successful 25-year relationship between Kushel and the
Sears Modern Homes program.
To advertise the company’s new and
improved line of building supplies, a Modern Homes specialty catalog,
the Book of Modern Homes and Building Plans, appeared in 1908. For the
first time, Sears sold complete houses, including the plans and
instructions for construction of 22 different styles, announcing that
the featured homes were "complete, ready for occupancy." By 1911, Modern
Homes catalogs included illustrations of house interiors, which
provided homeowners with blueprints for furnishing the houses with Sears
appliances and fixtures.
It should be noted that suburban
families were not the only Modern Home dwellers. Sears expanded its line
to reflect the growing demand from rural customers for ready-made
buildings. In 1923, Sears introduced two new specialty catalogs, Modern
Farm Buildings and Barn. The barn catalog boasted "a big variety of
scientifically planned" farm buildings, from corncribs to tool sheds.
The simple, durable, and easy-to-construct nature of the Sears farm
buildings made them particularly attractive to farmers.
Modern
Homes must have seemed like pennies from heaven, especially to
budget-conscious first-time homeowners. For example, Sears estimated
that, for a precut house with fitted pieces, it would take only 352
carpenter hours as opposed to 583 hours for a conventional house—a 40%
reduction! Also, Sears offered loans beginning in 1911, and by 1918 it
offered customers credit for almost all building materials as well as
offering advanced capital for labor costs. Typical loans ran at 5 years,
with 6% interest, but loans could be extended over as many as 15 years.
Sears’s
liberal loan policies eventually backfired, however, when the
Depression hit. 1929 saw the high point of sales with more than $12
million, but $5.6 million of that was in mortgage loans. Finally, in
1934, $11 million in mortgages were liquidated, and despite a brief
recovery in the housing market in 1935, the Modern Homes program was
doomed. By 1935, Sears was selling only houses, not lots or financing,
and despite the ever-brimming optimism of corporate officials, Modern
Homes sold its last house in 1940.
Between 1908 and 1940, Modern
Homes made an indelible mark on the history of American housing. A
remarkable degree of variety marks the three-plus decades of house
design by Sears. A skilled but mostly anonymous group of architects
designed 447 different houses. Each of the designs, though, could be
modified in numerous ways, including reversing floor plans, building
with brick instead of wood siding, and many other options.
Sears
had the customer in mind when it expanded its line of houses to three
different expense levels to appeal to customers of differing means.
While Honor Bilt was the highest-quality line of houses, with its
clear-grade (no knots) flooring and cypress or cedar shingles, the
Standard Built and Simplex Sectional lines were no less sturdy, yet were
simpler designs and did not feature precut and fitted pieces. Simplex
Sectional houses actually included farm buildings, outhouses, garages,
and summer cottages.
The American landscape is dotted by Sears
Modern Homes. Few of the original buyers and builders remain to tell the
excitement they felt when traveling to greet their new house at the
train station. The remaining homes, however, stand as testaments today
to that bygone era and to the pride of home built by more than 100,000
Sears customers and fostered by the Modern Homes program.

1895–1900Building supplies are sold through Sears, Roebuck and Company general catalog 1906
Sears considered closing its unprofitable building supplies department
Frank
W. Kushel (formerly manager of the china department) took over the
building supplies department and realizes supplies can be shipped
directly from the factory, thus saving storage costs1908First
specialty catalog issued for houses, Book of Modern Homes and Building
Plans, featuring 22 styles ranging in price from $650–2,5001909Mansfield, LA, lumber mill purchased
First bill of materials sold for complete Modern Home1910Home designers added gas and electric light fixtures1911Cairo, IL, lumber mill opens
First mortgage loan issued (typically 5–15 years at 6% interest)1912Norwood, OH, millwork plant purchased1913Mortgages transferred to credit committee
Mortgages later discontinued1916Mortgages revived
Ready-made production began
The popular “Winona” introduced; featured in catalogs through 1940
First applied roofing office opened in Dayton, OH1917–21No-money-down financing offered1918Standard Oil Company purchased 192 houses for its mineworkers in Carlinville, IL (approximately $1 million)1919First Modern Homes sales office opened in Akron, OH
Modern Homes catalog featured the Standard Oil housing community1920Philadelphia plant became the East Coast base
Sears averaged nearly 125 units shipped per month1921Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton sales offices opened1922Chicago, Philadelphia, Washington sales offices opened
Honor Bilt homes feature deluxe kitchens, with white-tile sink and drain boards and white, enameled cupboards1924Columbus, OH, sales office opened1925Detroit sales office opened; Philadelphia became East branch of Modern Homes
Newark, NJ, lumber mill began1926Cairo, IL, plant ships 324 units in one month (May)
Honor
Bilt homes featuring “Air-Sealed-Wall construction,” which enclosed
every room with a “sealed air space” to increase insulation1929Sears began supervising the construction of homes
Sears shipping an average of 250 units per month just from Cairo, IL
Nearly 49,000 units sold to this point
Program’s
high point of sales reached ($12,050,000); nearly half, however, are
tied up in mortgage loans as the stock market crashes1930Sears had 350 different sales people working in 48 sales offices
Home specialty catalog proclaims Sears the “World’s Largest Home Builders”1933Mortgage financing discontinued
Construction supervision abandoned, except in greater New York City
Modern Homes catalog featured models of Mount Vernon and New York City’s Federal Hall.1934Annual Report announced the Modern Homes department was discontinued
All mortgage accounts were liquidated ($11 million)
Steel-framed, air-conditioned Modern Home exhibit featured at the Century of Progress World’s Fair1935Sears reopened the house department
Offered only houses, no financing or construction.
Houses were prefabricated by General Houses, Incorporated (Chicago)1936Sales reached $2 million1937Sales reached $3.5 million
Last appearance of department in the general catalog.1938Sales reached $2.75 million1940Cairo, IL, millwork plant sold to the employees who used their profit-sharing money to make the purchase
Last
catalog issued (Book of Modern Homes). Sears ends Modern Homes program,
having sold more than 100,000 units, not including cabins, cottages,
garages, outhouses, and farm buildings.

From
1908–1940, Sears, Roebuck and Co. sold about 70,000 - 75,000 homes
through their mail-order Modern Homes program. Over that time Sears
designed 447 different housing styles, from the elaborate multistory
Ivanhoe, with its elegant French doors and art glass windows, to the
simpler Goldenrod, which served as a quaint, three-room and no-bath
cottage for summer vacationers. (An outhouse could be purchased
separately for Goldenrod and similar cottage dwellers.) Customers could
choose a house to suit their individual tastes and budgets.Sears was
not an innovative home designer. Sears was instead a very able follower
of popular home designs but with the added advantage of modifying houses
and hardware according to buyer tastes. Individuals could even design
their own homes and submit the blueprints to Sears, which would then
ship off the appropriate precut and fitted materials, putting the home
owner in full creative control. Modern Home customers had the freedom to
build their own dream houses, and Sears helped realize these dreams
through quality custom design and favorable financing.

Designing a Sears Home

The
process of designing your Sears house began as soon as the Modern Homes
catalog arrived at your doorstep. Over time, Modern Homes catalogs came
to advertise three lines of homes, aimed for customers’ differing
financial means: Honor Bilt, Standard Built, and Simplex Sectional.Honor
Bilt homes were the most expensive and finest quality sold by Sears.
Joists, studs, and rafters were to be spaced 14 3/8 inches apart.
Attractive cypress siding and cedar shingles adorned most Honor Bilt
exteriors. And, depending on the room, interiors featured clear-grade
(i.e., knot-free) flooring and inside trim made from yellow pine, oak,
or maple wood. Sears’s catalogs also reported that Standard Built homes
were best for warmer climates, meaning they did not retain heat very
well. The Simplex Sectional line, as the name implies, contained simple
designs. Simplex houses were frequently only a couple of rooms and were
ideal for summer cottages.
While browsing the Imagebank, you may
see many houses that partially or even closely resemble a house that you
own or have seen. Look closely, because the floor plan may be reversed,
a dormer may have been added, or the original buyer may have chosen
brick instead of wood siding. Plumbing may look like it was added after
construction, or storm windows may appear on the house but not in the
catalog’s illustration.
All of this and more are possible, because
the Modern Homes program encouraged custom designing houses down to the
color of the cabinetry hardware. The difficulty in identifying a Sears
home is just a reflection of the unique design and tastes of the
original buyer (see FAQs).

Construction

As
mentioned above, Sears was not an innovator in home design or
construction techniques; however, Modern Home designs did offer distinct
advantages over other construction methods. The ability to mass-produce
the materials used in Sears homes lessened manufacturing costs, which
lowered purchase costs for customers. Not only did precut and fitted
materials shrink construction time up to 40% but Sears’s use of "balloon
style" framing, drywall, and asphalt shingles greatly eased
construction for homebuyers."Balloon style" framing. These
framing systems did not require a team of skilled carpenters, as
previous methods did. Balloon frames were built faster and generally
only required one carpenter. This system uses precut timber of mostly
standard 2_4s and 2_8s for framing. Precut timber, fitted pieces, and
the convenience of having everything, including the nails, shipped by
railroad directly to the customer added greatly to the popularity of
this framing style.
Drywall. Before drywall, plaster and lathe
wall-building techniques were used, which again required skilled
carpenters. Sears homes took advantage of the new homebuilding material
of drywall by shipping large quantities of this inexpensively
manufactured product with the rest of the housing materials. Drywall
offered advantages of low price, ease of installation, and was added
fire-safety protection. It was also a good fit for the square design of
Sears homes.
Asphalt shingles. It was during the Modern Homes
program that large quantities of asphalt shingles became available. The
alternative roofing materials available included, among others, tin and
wood. Tin was noisy during storms, looked unattractive, and required a
skilled roofer, while wood was highly flammable. Asphalt shingles,
however, were cheap to manufacture and ship, as well as easy and
inexpensive to install. Asphalt had the added incentive of being
fireproof.

Modern Conveniences

Sears
helped popularize the latest technology available to modern homebuyers
in the early part of the twentieth century. Central heating, indoor
plumbing, and electricity were all new developments in home design that
Modern Homes incorporated, although not all of the homes were designed
with these conveniences. Central heating not only improved the
livability of homes with little insulation but it also improved fire
safety, always a worry in an era where open flames threatened houses and
whole cities, in the case of the Chicago Fire. Indoor plumbing and
homes wired for electricity were the first steps to modern kitchens and
bathrooms. Sears Modern Homes program stayed abreast of any technology
that could ease the lives of its homebuyers and gave them the option to
design their homes with modern convenience in mind.

Wednesday, August 28, 2013

Darien is a city in McIntosh County, Georgia. It lies on Georgia's coast at the mouth of the Altamaha River about 50 miles south of Savannah, and is part of the Brunswick, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of Darien was 1,719 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of McIntosh County. It is the second oldest planned city in Georgia and was originally called New Inverness.

Darien City Hall

History

Settlement of Darien

Historical markers

Fort King George
(Georgia's oldest fort) was built in 1721, near what would become
Darien. At the time it was the southern-most outpost of the British
Empire in North America. The fort was abandoned in 1727 following
attacks from the Spanish.

The town of Darien (originally known as New Inverness) was founded in January 1736 by Scottish Highlanders recruited by James Oglethorpe
to act as settler-soldiers protecting the frontiers of Georgia from the
Spanish in Florida, the French in the Alabama basin and their Indian
allies. On 10 January 1736, 177 emigrants, including women and children,
arrived on board the Prince of Wales to establish Darien, which was named after the Darien Scheme, a former Scottish colony in Panama. Among the initial settlers was Lachlan McGillivray, the Indian trader, and Lachlan McIntosh, the revolutionary leader. The Scots originated mainly from around Inverness and consisted of both Jacobite and Hanoverian supporting clans, the majority of whom spoke only Gaelic.
When visited by Oglethorpe in February the settlers had already
constructed "a battery of four pieces of cannon, built a guardhouse, a
storehouse, a chapel, and several huts for particular people". Darien
was laid out in accordance with the now-famous Oglethorpe Plan.

Methodist church.

They showed similar progress in the construction of military forts,
by March the Scottish settlers had begun work on two forts, Fort St.
Andrews on Cumberland Island, and Fort St. George on the St. Johns River
60 miles to the south of the territory claimed by the British
government in the charter of the Georgia colony. Fort St. George was
later abandoned after agreement with the Spanish in October 1736. In
1736 work was also begun on Fort Frederica, which is on St. Simons Island,
a few miles south of Darien, between Darien and Cumberland Island. As
the Scots were intended as a military force those settlers whose travel
was paid for by the Trustees of the Colony were organized into two
companies, the Highland Independent Company of Foot, an infantry force, and the Highland Rangers,
a mounted force. By 1737 the constant military activity of the Darien
colony was taking its toll and an additional forty-four Highland
settlers arrived to expand the town.

Initially the settlers' economy was based on the cultivation of
crops; however, after the first year they experienced a succession of
poor harvests and concentrated more on the rearing of cattle and the
felling of timber for sale in nearby Savannah.

First African Baptist church.

In 1739 eighteen of the most prominent members of the Darien colony signed the first petition against the introduction of slavery
into Georgia. This was in response to pleas to Oglethorpe and the
Trustees by inhabitants of Savannah to lift their prohibition on
slavery. The Highlanders' petition was successful and slavery was not
introduced until ten years later in 1749.

A constant state of conflict continued with Spanish and Indian forces
during this time. However, it did not grow beyond the level of
occasional skirmishes until the onset of the War of Jenkins' Ear in October 1739. In November in response to the death of two Scots garrisoned on Amelia Island
from an ambush by Spanish allied Indians the Darien settlers mobilized
and together with forces from South Carolina captured the Spanish forts
of Fort Picolata, Fort St. Francis de Pupo, Fort San Diego and Fort Mose before attempting to lay siege to St. Augustine. The subsequent Battle of Fort Mose resulted in the death or capture of fifty-one of the Darien settlers.

After the battle a number of the settlers abandoned Darien for South
Carolina and by 1741 another shipload of forty-three colonists had
arrived. These colonists received land grants from the Trustees which
specified that the land was to descend to the male or female descendants
of the original recipients, in 'Tail General', this was a unique change
as previously, with a few specific exceptions in Darien, all land
grants in the American colonies had been granted in 'Tail Male',
descending to the male children. The new system caused great discontent
among the Highland Settlers as it went against their traditional land
holding and inheritance practices. In future the majority of Georgia
land grants were made in 'Tail General'.

Civil War and after

Historical marker about destruction.

Ruins of 1863 destruction of the city.

On 11 June 1863, Federal troops stationed on St. Simons Island looted and then destroyed most of the town, including the homes of the black residents/slaves. (This was not part of Sherman's March to the Sea,
which occurred more than a year later. Confusion has arisen because the
St. Simons Island troops were under the command of another General
Sherman, stationed in the South Carolina Sea Islands). The destruction
of this undefended city, which was of little strategic importance, was
carried out by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteers under the command of a reluctant Colonel Robert Gould Shaw (who would later call the raid a "Satanic action") and the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers under the command of Colonel James Montgomery.
Colonel Montgomery ordered that the town be looted and then burned.
Montgomery's troops broke ranks and looted freely, while Shaw ordered
his to take only that which would be useful at camp. The First African Baptist Church
(the oldest African-American church in the county) was destroyed along
with the rest of the town. It was rebuilt and later some meetings of the
Civil rights movement were held there.
After the U.S. Army invaded McIntosh County and destroyed Darien, gunboats were used to blockade
the ports. These personnel constantly plundered McIntosh County. The
only defense to the plundering that the county had was a group of men
too old for military service. On the night of 3 August 1864, the
county's elderly defenders had met at the Ebenezer Church, nine miles
north of Darien. Federal troops found out about the meeting from local
informants. The troops surrounded the church, opened fire, and captured
twenty-three old men. These civilians were marched to a landing near
Darien and put on ships and taken to prisons in the North.

Marker at Methodist church.

Following the Civil War, Darien was rebuilt, with financial aid
coming in small part from the family of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, who
had been killed during the War but had written of his shame in
participating in the destruction.

Postbellum house.

Into the early 1900's, Darien was one of the largest ports for
shipping lumber. When the timber was depleted, Darien became a fishing
village, primarily for Georgia wild shrimp. It was once famous for its oysters.

There are thirty-two markers of historic sites near Darien and
forty-two markers in McIntosh County. (See the external link for a
list.)

Darien in the 21st century has once again shown signs of growth as it
did in the period prior to the Civil War.

In an effort to change with
the time the City has changed its form of government to council/manager
and has hired the first City Manager in Darien or McIntosh County. With
the formation of the Interstate Highway System, Interstate 95
was constructed and passes approximately a mile west of the city. This
in turn caused development near the I-95 interchange with GA-251,
where there are now several chain restaurants, gas stations, hotels, as
well as a small outlet mall. Downtown Darien has flourished as well and
many new businesses have opened due to the proximity to the waterfront.

Education

McIntosh County School District

The McIntosh County School District
holds grades pre-school to grade twelve, that consists of two
elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school. The district has
121 full-time teachers and over 1,979 students.

Primrose Cottage was the first permanent private home in Roswell, Georgia, United States. The house built and completed in 1839 for Roswell King's
recently widowed daughter, Eliza King Hand, and her children. Roswell
King also moved into the house with his daughter's family.

Roswell King (1765 – February 15, 1844) was an American businessman, planter and industrialist. King and his son, Barrington King, founded Roswell Manufacturing Company in the Georgia Piedmont, establishing a cotton mill and industrial complex. This became the basis of the town of Roswell, Georgia in the 1830's.

Early life

Barrington Hall, built in 1842.

King was born in Windsor, Connecticut,
the son of Timothy King, a weaver and Revolutionary naval commander,
and Sarah (Fitch) King. At the age of fifteen, he moved to Darien, Georgia and started working. His early professional life included jobs as surveyor in Glynn County, and Justice of the Peace in McIntosh County.

Plantation manager

King eventually became manager of Major Pierce Butler's rice and cotton plantations on Butler and St. Simons
islands, Georgia, where he worked until 1820. The plantations covered
hundreds of acres on each island. A total of 500 slaves worked and lived
on the two plantations. King also had a plantation of his own and
numerous slaves to work it in Darien.

In the 1830's, King moved his family from the coast to the Piedmont area around Vickery Creek
(referred to as Cedar Creek at the time), the area of the future town
of Roswell. King had identified this as a good area for the construction
of a cotton mill. He had the idea to combine cotton production and
cotton processing at the same location. He invited planter friends James Stephens Bulloch and Archibald Smith to join him in the new enterprise.

Roswell, Georgia

When he moved, King transported 36 enslaved African Americans with him from his plantation and bought another 42 slaves in Darien to work on constructing the mill, infrastructure and other buildings at the new complex.[1] The slaves likely built much of his house(s) as well. They brought Gee Chee culture from the coast to the Piedmont area.

King dammed the creek to power a cotton mill,
which became fully operational by the latter half of the decade. The
mill was incorporated as the Roswell Manufacturing Company by an act of
the Georgia General Assembly on December 11, 1839. His son Barrington King served as the company president. Other people named in the act included John Dunwoody and James Stephens Bulloch.

After living in temporary homes for his first years in the area, Roswell King (who was recently widowed) moved into Primrose Cottage in 1839 along with his recently widowed daughter Eliza King Hand and her children. He died on February 15, 1844.

He was buried in what is now referred to as Founders' Cemetery on
Sloan Street in Roswell, just to the north of the original location of
the mill. Some of his personal "servants" (enslaved African Americans)
were buried near him in unmarked graves.

Barrington King

Barrington King and Roswell Manufacturing Company continued to depend
on the skills and labor of enslaved African Americans as he built the
business in Roswell. According to the 1850 Census Slave Schedules, King
personally held 70 slaves, and he controlled another 13 slaves held in
the name of Roswell Manufacturing Company. In 1860, King still held 47 slaves. He may have sold some when the heavy construction work was finished.

Plantation managers

As powerful and successful men, Roswell King and his sons lived out
some of the complexities of their times. Roswell King, Sr. had conflicts
with Major Pierce Butler
when he managed his island plantations in Georgia, because Butler took a
more moderate approach to the treatment of slaves than King did. Butler
was one of the wealthiest men in the South when King worked for him.
After he left in 1820, Butler hired his son Roswell King, Jr. as
plantation manager.

In the winter of 1838-1839, the new owner Pierce (Mease) Butler and his wife Fanny Kemble stayed for the winter at Butler and St. Simons islands.According to Kemble's journal of the visit, Roswell King was reported to have fathered one or more mixed-race children by enslaved women.
She wrote that Bran, a mixed-race slave said to be King's son, was
conceived and born while King's wife was still alive. He became a driver
(supervisor) of other slaves on the plantation.

Roswell King, Jr. (1796–1854), the second son and namesake, took over
as manager of the Butler plantations in 1820 and worked there until
1838, after which he went to his own plantation in Alabama. Kemble wrote
in her journal, published in 1863, that he was said to have fathered
several mixed-race children during his tenure. She identified them as
including Renty, the twins Ben and Daphne, and Jem Valiant, whose
mothers were the slave women Betty, Minda, Judy, and Scylla (her child
was unidentified).

These children were born into slavery, as under slave law, children took the status of their mother by the principle of partus sequitur ventrem.
Kemble attested to these children by her direct observations and from
stories told her by slaves during her residence. During this period, she
complained to her husband about King, Jr.'s harsh treatment of slaves,
as the women especially appealed to her for help to lighten their work.

With their marriage deteriorating, Butler threatened Kemble with no
access to their daughters if she published any of her observations about
the plantations.

Kemble did not publish her account until 1863, long after their
divorce in 1849 and after her daughters had reached their majority.
According to the historian Catherine Clinton,
King Jr.'s granddaughter, Julia King, wrote to a friend in 1930, saying
that Kemble had told lies about her grandfather because he refused to
return her affections.
The historian Bell documented that the marriage of Kemble and Pierce
Butler was fraught with conflict by that time, and was undermined by
episodes of spousal infidelity. It ended in separation in 1847 and
divorce in 1849.

According to Clinton, Kemble may have falsified portions of her journal.
The historian Deirdre David says some readers have found Kemble's
descriptions of slaves' appearances and lives to be racist. But, David
notes that Kemble's views on race were "not anomalous" in the
19th-century among English writings on the topic. In that context, David described Kemble's descriptions as "relatively mild and moderately conventional." (Historians of the period have noted such contradictions in many contemporary writings, including those of Thomas Jefferson, who opposed slavery but was prejudiced against blacks.)

David notes that King Jr. published his own account of the "brutal system he deplored" in a long letter to The Southern Agriculturalist
on 13 September 1828, in which he said that overseers were responsible
for much of the cruelty to slaves. He preferred to use differing work
rather than physical punishment, for instance, and said he did not
condone whipping. David notes that if his account in his letter is
accurate, the diet and treatment of slaves on the Butler plantation
seemed to have deteriorated dramatically between 1828 and what Kemble
saw and reported in 1838, shortly after King Jr. had left.

Kemble's journal appears to quote King Jr. verbatim:

"I hate the institution of slavery with all my heart; I consider it
an absolute curse wherever it exists. It will keep those states where it
does exist fifty years behind the others in improvement and
prosperity."

Barrington Hall, built in 1842, was the home of Barrington King, who along with his father, Roswell King, was the co-founder of the town of Roswell, Georgia.
The King family, along with the other "founding families" of Roswell,
moved from the coast of Georgia after Roswell came across this area in
the late 1820's, and decided it was a perfect location for a mill town.
Roswell picked the location due to the water power potential of Vickery
Creek. In 1839 the Roswell Manufacturing Co. was incorporated, and in
the late 1830-the 1840's the "founding families" built their homes in the
Roswell colony. Barrington King selected the highest point in Roswell
for his home, Barrington Hall. It was built in the Greek Revival style
of architecture.

Barrington Hall in Roswell, Georgia

The home remained in the hands of the Barrington King
Family until 2002. The new owner spent two years restoring the property,
and then sold it to City of Roswell with agreements designed to ensure
the home would be permanently protected and open to the public for
historic, educational and cultural purpose.

Present

The historic home is now owned by the City of Roswell, and opened to the public.
It is located in the Historic Roswell Square on Barrington Drive The
home has been diligently restored and furnished with many original
family possessions. The surrounding seven acres of grounds feature the
only antebellum public garden in the greater Atlanta area.

Barrington Hall is listed on the National Register and was included in Atlanta magazine's list of the 50 Most Beautiful Homes in Metro Atlanta.

Roswell Mill refers to a cluster of mills located in Fulton County near Vickery Creek in Roswell, GA.The mills were best known for producing finished textiles from raw
materials grown on nearby plantations, and the group was “the largest
cotton mill in north Georgia” at its height. The mill grew steadily, at one point producing wool and flour in addition to textiles.
This diversification progressed through several phases of ownership
well into the twentieth century, and the mill continued producing
textiles until its eventual shutting down of operations in 1975.

Establishment

The old dam on Vickery Creek.

Founders

The first mill was founded by Roswell King, a wealthy Connecticut businessman who had previously settled in Darien, Georgia, a small town on the state's Atlantic coast.
He spent time as a construction manager, local militia officer (his
father, Timothy King was a Revolutionary War veteran), and as a
Representative in the Georgia State Legislature.
He had also worked as the supervisor of Major Pierce Butler's two large
plantations, in which office King was noted for his meticulous
attention to detail in the day-to-day operations of the plantations.
It was this strict recordkeeping that made King especially suited for
factory management. Construction of the original mill started in 1836.
Roswell King owned slaves, many of whom helped to build his home and
the original mill; however, the number of slaves his family owned
decreased once the mill was operating. Barrington King and Ralph King, two of Roswell’s sons, moved to the area to help run the fledgling business. Five families from the Atlantic city of Darien would later move to Roswell, which was incorporated into Fulton County in 1854, eighteen years after the mill’s first opening.
An outbreak of the mumps and measles in 1847-8 left “over half the
workers stricken and three slaves dead,” likely due to the fact that the
workers were living in close quarters and dark, cramped conditions.

Structure of Building

Roswell Bricks in 2007

Hydropower from Vickery Creek powered the mill, and nearby plantations supplied the raw cotton for processing.
The first building was four stories high, eighty-eight feet long and
forty-eight feet wide, though it was later expanded to 140 by
fifty-three feet. The Roswell Mill was incorporated in 1839 by the Georgia General Assembly. The King family built two buildings, known as The Bricks, in which mill employees lived. A second mill was added in 1853, and in the Antebellum period the mill complex expanded to include six different structures.

Civil War Era

The Roswell Mills are best known for their role in producing supplies for the Confederacy during the Civil War. They made “Roswell Gray” fabric to be sewed into Confederate military uniforms.
Because it was of great importance to the South’s military supply
chain, General Gerrard, a Union official working under the purview of
General Sherman, seized the mill on July 5, 1864. The rebels burned down the bridge that spanned Vickery Creek before he could get to it. Two days after the taking of the mill, General William T. Sherman
remarked, "I have ordered General Gerrard to arrest for treason all
owners and employees, foreign and native, and send them under guard to
Marietta, whence I will send them North...The women can find employment
in Indiana."
The reference to the foreigners were made because the mill owners,
apparently in a ploy to safeguard the mills, planted a French flag on
the mills and made a French millhand in charge.

Deportation of Workers

The taking of the mill was not just a capture of infrastructure. The Union troops took about 400 mill workers, all of them women and children, to Marietta to be sent North on trains. The lack of adult male workers in the mill was a result of their
fighting for the Confederacy in the Civil War at the time the mill was
captured. All of the mill workers were charged with treason. They spent a week in holding at the Georgia Military Institute before being sent North, many to Indiana, on trains.
During the week while the women were held in Marietta, several Union
soldiers allegedly committed acts of assault against their captives.
They were then left to fend for themselves in Indiana, in towns already
overcrowded with refugees. Many would die from starvation or exposure
until a mill opened in 1865 that provided employment. The ultimate fates
of many of these women are unknown, but the majority who survived
settled in the North. Only a handful ever returned to Georgia.

Postbellum Developments

During the Reconstruction period and the beginning of the twentieth
century, the Roswell Manufacturing Company underwent several important
changes. In 1897, the mills began using steam power, which improved
productivity but kept the mill dependent on Vickery Creek. Easley Cotton Mills, a South Carolinian company, bought the mill complex for $800,000 in 1920. At that time, the mill had 120 looms and 12,000 spindles.
This infrastructure is a testament to the mill's large production
capacity and value to the city of Roswell. The fact that the mill
changed ownership frequently suggests its declining value in the
increasingly competitive twentieth-century market. Six years later, the
mill was set on fire by a lightning strike, which caused about $400,000
in damage. The company was purchased by Southern Mills in 1947. In 1975, the mill halted operations as a result of outsourcing cotton production overseas.
The mill's recent past is far less recorded in history than its
pre-1950 history, probably an unconscious effort by local media outlets
to focus on more modern aspects of the town and not its controversial
Confederate past. There is no readily available record of the impact of
the mill's closing on the surrounding area. It seems that the mill lost
much of its moneymaking power when the age of King Cotton had passed.

Current Status

The historic Roswell Mills are now under the jurisdiction of the United States National Park Service.
The mills are considered part of the Chattahoochee River Recreation
Area, a popular local tourist destination due to its nature trails,
running paths, and rich history. Remnants of various buildings are still visible, and the covered bridge spanning Vickery Creek has been rebuilt. A private contractor was scheduled to clear away the effects of the elements from the mill site in the summer of 2008.
The appearance of the mills suggest that the focus has been on
conservation, not preservation. A sculpture of a crumbling column stands
near the mill as a memorial to those who were deported, and its
inscription reads as follows:

HONORING THE MEMORY OF THE FOUR HUNDRED WOMEN, CHILDREN, AND MEN MILL
WORKERS OF ROSWELL WHO WERE CHARGED WITH TREASON AND DEPORTED BY TRAIN
TO THE NORTH BY INVADING FEDERAL FORCES

The monument was made public in 2000, following a rise in interest in
the tragedies that surrounded the deportation, which had been largely
forgotten in the aftermath of the Civil War.