PPI vs no PPI in a cohort without GI conditions except for GERD (n=3 132 126)

Incident rate (95% CI)

3.59 (3.58 to 3.60)

5.36 (5.34 to 5.39)

Unadjusted HR (95% CI)

1

1.45 (1.44 to 1.46)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1

1.14 (1.13 to 1.14)

PPI vs no PPI or H2 blockers in a cohort without GI conditions except for GERD (n=2 678 478)

Incident rate (95% CI)

3.44 (3.44 to 3.45)

5.36 (5.34 to 5.39)

Unadjusted HR (95% CI)

1

1.50 (1.49 to 1.51)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1

1.22 (1.21 to 1.22)

Incident rate as incident death in 100 person-years.

All models except time-dependent propensity score-matched and high-dimensional propensity score-adjusted models were time-dependent models. Effect of PPI was treated as time dependent and was defined as once patients used PPI, they were in PPI group during the remaining follow-up.