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Saturday, September 20, 2014

The Scandal of the Cross for Islam

The Leavetaking of the Feast of the Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Lifegiving Cross is tomorrow, Sunday September 21. On this solemn occasion it is essential to revisit Islam's vehement and violent stance against Christianity.

As we behold the Wood of the Cross exalted on high, let us magnify God who in His goodness was crucified upon it in the flesh. (Small Vespers of the Feast)

We are approaching the Feast Day of The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross
- to give the Feast its full title – this coming Sunday, September 14.
This is the day that we liturgically commemorate and venerate the Cross
that will be placed in the middle of the church toward the end of Great
Vespers on Saturday evening. The Feast will then have a full "octave"
for its celebration – thus making it an eight-day Feast which serves to
stress the importance of the Cross in the life of the Church and in our
personal lives. To further turn our attention toward the Cross, we
recall the Third Sunday of Great Lent - the Adoration of the Cross; and
the less well-observed Feast of the Procession of the Cross on August
1. And, importantly, every Wednesday and Friday is a day of
commemorating the Cross, one of the reasons that we fast on those two
days on a weekly basis.

Prominent though that the Cross may be for Christians, it is the Apostle
Paul who very succinctly and profoundly captured the unbelieving
world's attitude toward the Cross in his well-known text:

For Jews demand signs and Greeks seek wisdom, but we preach Christ
crucified a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, but to those
who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the
wisdom of God. (I COR. 1:23-24)

This leads the Apostle to one of his most astonishing and paradoxical insights:

For the foolishness of God is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men. (I COR. 1:26)

The "scandal" for the unbelieving Jew would be the claim that the
Messiah was crucified. The "folly" for the Greek/Gentile would be the
claim that the divine would even enter the realm of flesh and blood and
"become" human, let alone suffer death on a cross. Yet God, in and
through Christ, transformed what is shameful, weak, lowly and despised -
a crucified man - into "our righteousness and sanctification and redemption" (I COR. 1:30) The entire passage of I COR. 1:18-31 deserves careful, close and constant study.

It remains fascinating, and highly instructive, that even non-Christians
who profess to have a great respect for Jesus Christ, struggle terribly
with the scandal of the Cross. This is clearly the case with Islam.
Jesus is treated with great respect in many passages in the Qur'an:
even to the point of acknowledging His virginal conception in a passage
that clearly resembles the Annunciation form the Gospel According to St.
Luke! (Qur'an, 3:45-47) However, the Crucifixion is treated in a way
that bears no resemblance to the Gospel accounts:

"yet they did not slay him, neither crucify him, only a likeness of that was shown to them." (Qur'an 4:156-159)

The Muslims believe that someone else - a figure unidentified by the
Qur'an - was crucified in the place of Christ, but not Jesus Himself.
The Muslim scholar Dr. Maneh Al-Johani wrote: "The Qur'an does not
elaborate on this point, nor does it give any answer to this question."

Clearly, the "scandal" of the Cross is too much for Muslim
sensibilities, since Jesus is for them a great prophet sent by God.
Muslims further believe that Jesus was raised to Heaven, yet before He died,
clearly an odd teaching that again is meant to completely distance
Jesus from His crucifixion. If there is anything that is agreed upon
today among New Testament scholars - believers and skeptics alike - it
is that Jesus of Nazareth was put to death by crucifixion by orders of
Pontius Pilate in the early 30's of the Christian era. This lends a
certain fantastic quality to these claims of the Qur'an.

There is a close resemblance here with an early Christian heresy known as docetism
from the Gk. word meaning "to appear." In other words, it only
"appeared" that Christ was actually crucified and died on the Cross.
St. Ignatius of Antioch (+c. 110) vehemently rejected this heresy in its
initial inception, early in the 2nd c.

Be deaf, then, when anyone speaks to you apart from Jesus Christ, who
was of the family of David, who was of Mary, who was truly born, ate and
drank, was truly persecuted under Pontius Pilate, was truly crucified and died ... He was also truly raised from the dead, when His Father raised Him up ... (Epistle to the Trallians, 9)

St. Ignatius very poignantly asks: what is the purpose of suffering
martyrdom for the Lord (as he did in the Roman arena) if the sufferings
of Christ were an illusion? Should a Christian suffer in the flesh if
his Lord did not?

But if, as some godless men - that is, unbelievers - say, his suffering
was only apparent (they are the apparent ones), why am I in bonds, why
do I pray to fight wild beasts? Then I die in vain. Then I lie about
the Lord. (To the Trallians, 10)

[Islam has throughout the centuries referred to Christians in a derogatory manner as "cross-worshippers." The below paragraph seems to be responding specifically to this epithet.]

We do not "worship" the Cross. We worship the One Who was crucified
upon the Cross for our salvation. Indeed, with the Apostle Paul we call
Him the "Lord of glory." (I COR. 2:8) Jesus Christ was not merely a
prophet in a chain of prophets sent by God. He is the fulfillment of
the prophetic testimony to His coming, as He is the fulfillment of the
Law. (MATT. 5:17) There are no prophets to follow Him with any further
additions to the Christian revelation. We believe, as we chant in the
Second Antiphon of the Liturgy, that He is the "Only-begotten Son and immortal Word of God ... Who without change didst become man and was crucified."
The Cross remains "an unconquerable token of victory," and "an
invincible shield." In fact, it is for this reason that in our
practice, we,

kiss with joy the Wood of salvation, on which was stretched Christ the Redeemer. (Small Vespers)

Christianity does not exist because of what it holds in common with
other great world religions, but because of what is unique and
distinctive about it, primarily the Incarnation, redemptive Death, and
Resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is because of our love for
Christ that beginning on the personal level, we must promote and
practice mutual respect, tolerance and peaceful co-existence with
sincerely believing people of other religions. I see no other way for
those who claim to follow the crucified Lord of glory. However, this
should in no way undermine our sense of Christian distinctiveness - "And there is salvation in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved"
(ACTS 4:12) - but actually demonstrate our loyalty to Christ Who never
compels but invites - with outstretched arms upon the Cross.

_______

Fr. Steven Kostoff's closing paragraph is essentially the same position I have taken in my book and this blog and in speaking about Christianity and Islam. I speak of it in the form of dichotomy: our stance against the heresy of Islam, as distinguished from our approach to individual Muslims, whom we invite to "repent and believe the Good News," the Gospel of Jesus Christ as lived for nearly 2000 years in the Orthodox Church.

In closing, it is highly instructive for us to consider how the Scandal of the Cross compels Islam to strive to destroy Christianity, as seen in its views of the end times, when it believes that Isa (Jesus) will return:

In Islam, Prophet Isa is expected to return, but to condemn the Christians’ misunderstanding of him as divine and to literally destroy Christianity and judge all non- Muslims; the Koran universally brands all unbelievers as “the vilest of creatures” (Sura 98:6).

The Prophet Isa will be a “good Muslim,” and will direct his followers to the Mahdi, the Muslim messiah, before taking a subservient position somewhat behind the Mahdi. Isa will “fight the people for the cause of Islam. He will break the cross, kill the swine and abolish jizya” and establish the rule of Allah throughout the world (Hadith from Sunan Abu Dawud, Book of Battles, 37:4310). —Facing Islam, p. 80.

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