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This paper assesses the differential performance effects of learning mechanisms on the development of alliance capabilities. Prior research has suggested that different capability levels could be identified in which specific intra-firm learning mechanisms are used to enhance a firm’s alliance capability. However, empirical testing in this field is scarce and little is known as to what extent different learning mechanisms are indeed useful in advancing a firm’s alliance capability. This paper analyzes to what extent intra-firm learning mechanisms help firms develop their alliance capability. Differential learning may explain in what way firms yield superior returns from their alliances in comparison to competitors. The empirical results show that different learning mechanisms have different performance effects at different stages of the alliance capability development process. The main lesson from this paper is that firms can steer the creation and speed of their alliance capability development as different learning mechanisms have differential performance effects and are more appropriate at different levels of alliance capability.
Key words: learning mechanisms, alliance capabilities and competitive heterogeneity.
JEL classification: L14

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The role of the lawyer is in transition and the formerly predominantly homogeneous profes-sion has become a heterogeneous group of lawyers with diverging perceptions of the lawyer’s identity and of the main characteristics of the profession. The European Union has extended the perception of democracy and the fundamental rights to include more collective rights, social concerns, global responsibility and sustainability.
The dissertation’s main question is: How can the identity and competences of lawyers be developed so that they can practise sustainable and proactive lawyering in the European Union?
Theoretically as well as methodologically this research constitutes an interdisciplinary study, where legal science meets sociology and social learning theories. Identity development is perceived as a reflective project; there is a range of lifestyle choices which contribute to a composed but constantly shifting maintenance of self-identity in relation to democratic principles and the ideal of justice connected to the role of lawyers. The study builds on Anthony Giddens’s structuration theory. This involves looking at how lawyers connect the questions ‘What to do?’ (societal level) and ‘How to act?’ (professional level) with ’Who to be?’ (personal level).
The study depicts a European identity ideal based on legal sources while empirical data from focus groups and individual interviews makes it possible to identify six different identities among Danish practising lawyers. It is possible to recognise the following identities: lawyer-businessman, lawyer-performer, lawyer-entrepreneur, lawyer-humanist, lawyer-integrator and lawyer-statesman.
The fragmentation of the profession, with greater demand for specialist knowledge, in-creased individualisation and participation in new communities of practice, requires each lawyer to reflect on their identity and establish criteria for what, when and how they will use their lawyering skills. For this to succeed, lawyers’ identities and competences will depend more on self-directed learning and individual learning plans, where the legal identity combines (global) societal responsibility with job satisfaction, authenticity and adherence to personal values.

Abstract
It is often asserted that stock splits and stock dividends are purely cosmetic events.
However, many studies have documented several stock market effects associated with
stock splits and stock dividends. This paper examines the effects of these two types
of events for the Danish stock market. Consistent with the existing literature, the
two events are associated with a significantly positive announcement effect of ap-
proximately 2.5%. However, when examining the two events more carefully, several
important results are obtained. First, a firm's motivation for announcing the two
events is completely different. Second, the positive stock market reaction is closely
related to associated changes in a firm's payout policy, but the relationship varies for
the two types of events. Finally, there is only very weak evidence for a change in the
liquidity of the stock. On the whole, after controlling for the firm's payout policy,
the results suggest that a stock split is a cosmetic event and that a stock dividend
on its own is considered negative news.
Key words: Stock splits; Stock dividends; Cash dividends; Signaling; Liquidity

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There is a story about two companies, and how the one was supported and dominated by the other. Even today, more than 13 years after their separation, the support and domination of one company over the other seems to continue. In 2001 NNE (Novo Nordisk Engineering A/S), celebrated its tenth anniversary as an independent affiliate within the Novo Group. The anniversary was celebrated with a huge party at the Øksnehallen Exhibition Centre located in Copenhagen, Denmark. Here NNE launched its new Corporate Visual Identity (CVI). The CVI was created in order for NNE to show the world that it strived to become the market leader in the growing fields of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Equally important, NNE wanted to detach itself from its supporter and dominator, the company Novo Nordisk A/S. To begin with, NNE changed its name from Novo Nordisk Engineering A/S to NNE; secondly it created a new logo; and last, as a brand promise, it stated: Unique Know How. In fact, NNE changed all of its visual identity (i.e. CVI) in a manner like that of pirates who want to change identity by raising another flag on the mast before anchoring at a harbor.

Purpose: First, the aim is to clarify that it is worth investigating working life in Chinese companies located in Denmark. Second, I outline a way of how to empirically study the issue.
Design/methodology/approach: A literature review and a suggestion of how to study the issue.
Findings: There is a growing amount of literature dealing with Chinese and Western working life. The term ‘Western’ mostly refers to studies in North America. However the Danish way of organizing working life is not comparable to that of North America. I argue that we need to research the impact on working life in Denmark when Chinese companies settle in an institutional context like the Danish one. It is shown that Chinese institutional orders of organizing working life are very different to those in Denmark. I outline a method of how to empirically study the interaction between Chinese and Danish managers and employees working together in Chinese companies in Denmark. I argue that when these people work together, they also become engaged in institutional work dealing with the inconsistencies between the institutional orders of organizing. To study how institutional work emerges, I propose that we take inspiration from Boltanski and Thévenot’s theory of justification, different worlds, and different worth.
Research limitation: The empirical data gathering has just started and the analysis has yet to be conducted.
Practical implications: Even though the paper is not based on an empirical study, implications for studying how working life is organized in Chinese companies located in Denmark are suggested.
Keywords: Internationalization of Chinese companies. Institutional orders of working life in China and Denmark. Institutional work in Chinese companies settled in Denmark. Boltanski and Thévenot’s theory of justification, different worlds, and different worth.

The Danish companies are ahead of the US in B2C e-commerce. With the exception of
Germany, Denmark is leading the group of 10 countries included in the survey data
forming the basis for this report. The average global sample and countries as Germany is performing substantial better than Denmark on B2B on-line sales. Danish companies have high level of investments in IT, have the lowest barriers for ecommerce and the highest levels of e-commerce drivers. On most indicators for readiness e-commerce such as companies use of e-mail, intranet, EDI, extranet, and provision of mobile services...

The practice of illegally copying and distributing digital games is
at the heart of one of the most heated and divisive debates in the
international games environment. Despite the substantial interest
in game piracy, there is very little objective information available
about its magnitude or its distribution across game titles and game
genres. This paper presents the first large-scale, open-method
analysis of the distribution of digital game titles, which was conducted
by monitoring the BitTorrent peer-to-peer (P2P) filesharing
protocol. The sample includes 173 games and a collection
period of three months from late 2010 to early 2011. With a total
of 12.6 million unique peers identified, it is the largest examination
of game piracy via P2P networks to date. The study provides
findings that reveal the magnitude of game piracy, the timefrequency
of game torrents, which genres that get pirated the
most, and the relationship between aggregated review scores and
ESRB-ratings.

This
paper
presents
the
experience
and
observations
gained
under
two
group
relation
exercises(Miller,
1990)
conducted
as
part
of
two
university
courses
for
graduate
student
at
CBS
(Copenhagen
Business
School).
The
paper
suggests
that
despite
a
decidedly
clear
ability
to
present
themselves
as
authentic
members
of
temporary
organizations
the
students
also
displayed
a
clear
inability
to
connect
to
the
presentations
of
each
other.
This
apparent
high
skillset
in
presenting
but
low
skillset
in
relating
led
us
to
formulate
a
thesis
of
Facebook
behavior
aimed
at
describing
and
suggesting
the
presence
of
residual
deposits
from
technology
in
organizations
and
its
effect
on
individuals
ability
to
connect
to
one
another.
Based
on
the
case
study
the
paper
describes
indications
and
suggests
potential
implication
hereof.
Given
the
inherent
enhancement
possibilities
of
technology
our
expectation
for
entertainment-­‐rich
information
and
highly
interesting
communication
are
sky-­‐high
and
rising.
With
a
continuous
increase
in
digitized
communication
follows
a
decrease
in
face-­‐to-­‐face
encounters
and
our
ability
to
engage
in
inter-­‐personal
relationships
are
suffering
for
it
(Davis,
2013).
The
behavior
described
in
this
paper
suggests
a
regressive
behavior
-­‐
one
I
suggest
it
is
conditioned
and
legitimized
by
the
use
of
technology.
The
risk
is
one
of
churning
out
callous
members
of
society
high
on
overt
people
skills
but
potentially
incapable
of
building
relationships.
Since
society
is
constantly
looking
to
technology
(Howard-­‐Jones,
2011)
for
increases
in
effectiveness
and
efficiency
we
indiscriminately
embrace
digital
communication
and
digitized
information
dissemination
with
enthusiasm
–
at
the
risk
of
ignoring
the
potentially
dark
side
of
technology.
However,
technology
also
holds
a
promise
for
better
understanding
precisely
for
the
same
reasons
–
that
the
growing
amount
of
digitized
communication
“out
there”
represents
data
waiting
to
be
sifted,
analyzed
and
decoded.
In
this
paper
“Facebook
behavior”
refers
to
a
particular
behavior
characterized
by
presenting
your
self
and
representations
of
selected
self
in
the
hope
of
getting
a
response.
The
responsive
behavior
you
in
turn
expose
your
self
to,
can
oscillate
between
complete
ignorance
as
one
polarization
or
a
Like
and
possible
a
short
comment
being
the
other
end
of
the
scale
–
neither
of
which
constitutes
a
relationship
but
both
ends
are
accepted
as
representations
of
such.

In this paper, we point to the potential and implications of digital traces as novel data
source in the study of contemporary activities and behaviors. We do this to raise
awareness of IS researchers of such traces in increasingly complex sociomaterial
practices. We develop a two-dimensional framework of data sources
(subjective/objective and digitalized/non-digitalized) for analyzing a six-year literature
survey comprised of five leading IS journals. The analysis positions current data
sources employed within the framework, and sheds light on the under utilization of
digitalized data sources. This disconcerting result suggests that IS researchers must pay
more attention to the changing landscape of data sources. To motivate and guide fellow
colleagues to establish the credibility and reliability of digital traces, we develop a
future research agenda that covers both opportunities in theory generation and
challenges in data collection.

This paper develops a conceptual framework on the strategic development of subsidiaries and the direct employment of skilled labour. The framework is based on autonomy, and intra and inters organizational relationships. The conceptual model outlines the conditions that are likely to lead to too much, or too little, autonomy and intra and inter organizational relationships. This model is then used to develop propositions on the links between autonomy and intra and inter organizational relationships and direct employment of skilled labour.