NEW RIVER/GREENBRIER VALLEY

The New River/Greenbrier Valley region represents a fairly large portion of
the state, encompassing eight counties: Raleigh, Fayette, Mercer, Summers, Greenbrier,
Monroe, Wyoming, and McDowell. More than 315,000 individuals live in the New
River/Greenbrier Valley region. Approximately a quarter of the population lives
in Raleigh County; Mercer County has the second largest population, while Monroe
and Summers currently have the lowest populations. The larger communities in
the area include Oak Hill, Lewisburg, Beckley, Bluefield, and Princeton. Largely
due to the high number of historic mining towns, this region is ethnically very
diverse. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there were major
mining operations in Mercer, McDowell, Wyoming, Raleigh, and Fayette counties,
giving rise to ethnically diverse towns like Gary, Kimball, and Welch. In the
period from approximately 1890 to 1920, these mining communities saw the immigration
of huge numbers of Europeans from Italy, Hungary, Poland, Germany, Lithuania,
Czechoslovakia, and other nations, as well as African Americans from other parts
of the United States including Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
Throughout the region, one can find remnants of most of these ethnic communities.
In some areas, there are still active communities. In more recent years, professional
careers have brought new nationalities and ethnic groups, in particular Middle
Eastern and Asian Indian in health care professions. The metropolitan regions
in Fayette, Raleigh, and Mercer counties are the main locations of contemporary
ethnic communities.

In addition to the communities discussed in the following section, the New
River/Greenbrier Valley region is home to numerous other ethnic groups for whom
we currently have no contact. This region has the significant populations of
several other ethnic groups, including Hispanic, Hungarian, and Welsh. At one
time, there were Greek communities in the mining towns like in Welch and Gary;
a small contemporary Greek community can be found in Bluefield. This region
has a large population of people with Polish heritage. Several Asian nationalities
are also present in smaller populations, including Filipino, Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, Thai, and Vietnamese.

AFRICAN AMERICAN

General Description

In the New River/Greenbrier Valley region, there are approximately 20,000 African
Americans, which represents approximately 36% of the population of African Americans
in West Virginia. The larger communities are in Raleigh, McDowell, Mercer, and
Fayette counties. The McDowell County community has a long history associated
with railroading and mining in the late nineteenth century. McDowell had few
blacks prior to 1860; by 1910, the black population represented 31% of the total
population. The influx was due to coalfields, as African American miners and
construction workers moved here to work in the coal mines. Today, the region
is home to some of the largest and most culturally active African American communities
in the state.

Community Activities

The New River/Greenbrier Valley region has one the state's largest populations
of African Americans, second only to the Metro Valley. The community is very
active and very diverse, including arts organizations and community action groups
whose impact is felt throughout the state. Blacks have made significant contributions
to the area's economy and society. The church is central to many of the communities
in this region, serving as a focal point, a community gathering place, and a
network. Gospel singing is also strong in this region. Numerous individuals
in the area present African American heritage through performance and storytelling,
and there have been excellent festivals over the years in this region, such
as the legendary John Henry Festival, now held in Morgantown. Cultural involvement
reaches all ages; for example, in Bluefield, there is an African American cultural
club at a high school. The communities in this region have made major progress
toward racial equality over the past 30 years; Bluefield State College was the
site of a major civil rights demonstration in the early 1960's. The community
pulls together in local groups such as C.W.I.G., the Community Watch and Improvement
Group, in Bluefield. Bluefield Community Center is one of the oldest grassroots
organizations in West Virginia; originally, it was the Carolina Community Home
in the 1920's and '30's, a home for black women who had jobs as domestics and
were working their way through college. Heritage and community activities are
an important part of local celebrations for Martin Luther King Day, Black History
Month, and Kwanzaa. This region is also home to the United African American
Artists of West Virginia, the John Henry Center for Culture and History Exchange,
the African American Arts & Heritage Academy, the Afro-Appalachian Performance
Company, and the Harlem Renaissance Festival.

CARPATHO-RUSSIAN

General Description

In the early twentieth century, there were four Carpatho-Russian communities
in the southwestern coalfields. Now there is only one. Carpatho-Russian immigrants
came in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to work in the mines
in Raleigh, McDowell, and Fayette counties and elsewhere. An Orthodox Christian
community was established by Carpatho-Russian and Greek miners around St. Mary's
Orthodox Church in Elkhorn over 105 years ago, and this remained the center
of heritage activities for the community until recently. The church serves a
diverse community that, at one time, had over 200 patrons. Saint Mary's Orthodox
Church recently moved to Bluefield, were there is a larger Orthodox community
which also includes Greeks, Palestinians, Syrians, Macedonians, Serbians, and
Romanians.

Community Activities

Although this community has a rich history in the area, there are currently
no ethnic activities outside of family life and the church services, which represent
mixed ethnic heritage. Saint Mary's Orthodox Church in Elkhorn is a beautiful
structure in classic Orthodox design and architecture and has excellent traditional
iconography.

IRISH

General Description

In the New River/Greenbrier Valley region, approximately 19% of the population
has Irish ancestry. Mercer and Raleigh counties alone account for 9% of West
Virginia's Irish population. Many Irish immigrated to America and ultimately
into West Virginia around the middle of the nineteenth century, following the
potato famine in Ireland. Two strong communities were established in the New
River/Greenbrier Valley region: one in Raleigh County on what is now called
Irish Mountain, and another in the Irish Tract of Fayette, Greenbrier, and Summers
counties. The communities which once existed on Irish Mountain and the Irish
Tract have now all but vanished, and the descendants of the local Irish have
all but moved away. Some remain close by in towns like Hinton, Beckley, and
Bluefield and return for annual activities at the old churches.

The community around Irish Mountain, near Beckley, was settled between the
1860's and the 1870's. The first Irish Catholic church in the area was St. Patrick's
in Hinton, established in 1874 and from which were later established St. Coleman's
on Irish Mountain and St. Kerren's at Spring Dale. Saint Coleman's Catholic
Church remains a focal point for the local community.

At one time, the Irish Tract was the location of at least 18 Irish family farms.
It is now home to only two families as the descendants now reside in various
other places throughout the country.

Community Activities

Local Irish and some relatives from further afield gather for monthly church
services at the rural Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Spring Dale, where descendants
of the original Irish Tract settlers maintain an elaborate cemetery and hold
an annual reunion.

In Beckley, there is an Annual Irish Heritage Festival, held each year on the
Saturday before St. Patrick's Day. The event started in 1987 and includes a
program of concerts, dance performance, and storytelling for kids. The event
commences with a social night at a local pub, featuring live Irish music.

ITALIAN

General Description

In the New River/Greenbrier Valley region, approximately 5,100 individuals
claim Italian as their sole ancestry, and 7,000 individuals of multiple ancestry
claim Italian as their primary heritage. Thus, approximately 4% of the population
of the New River/Greenbrier Valley Region has Italian ancestry. Mercer and Raleigh
counties account for approximately 8% of West Virginia's contemporary Italian
American community. The Italian community in this region has roots in the coal
mining boom of the late nineteenth century. Many of the small towns in this
region used to have large Italian communities, and many retired couples from
the older communities still live in the area. The town of Boomer in Fayette
County, for example, used to have a large Italian community.

Community Activities

The Italian Heritage Festival, organized by the Sons of Italy Lodge, is one
of the most prominent events celebrating Italian heritage in the Bluefield area.
It is held close to Columbus Day in October and features Italian food, live
Italian music, Italian heritage booths, and a variety of other types of music
and dancers. The Sons of Italy is an organization in the area which serves as
a meeting place for the local community, with approximately 150 members. It
is a service organization which raises money for community projects and has
frequent dinners. Although most of the Italian Americans in the area are Catholic,
the church is not the main vehicle for preserving Italian culture in the area.
Rather, Italian American heritage is celebrated through the festival, in family
activities, and in community gatherings with the Sons of Italy Lodge.

JEWISH

General Description

This is a very rich area for Jewish culture, with a history that is representative
of the statewide Jewish community. In the early part of the century, Jewish
merchants were a common component of the coalfield communities throughout West
Virginia. They came from countries such as Russia, Poland, Hungary, Latvia,
and Lithuania. Many men originally started as pack peddlers, selling much-needed
household items door-to-door. Over time, many general merchandise stores owned
by Jewish merchants appeared in the coal towns. Most of those old mining communities
have now dwindled or are completely gone. For example, the town of Welch used
to have a Jewish community, which is now gone. Keystone, the notorious mining
town, also had a large Jewish community, including having a Jewish mayor at
one time.

The current Jewish communities are in Beckley and Bluefield where they have
a long history. Congregation Beth El was organized in Beckley in 1925 by approximately
15 Jewish families, and the synagogue building was erected in 1936. Today, it
serves approximately 12 families. Bluefield and Princeton Jewish families worship
at the Congregation Ahavath Shalom in Bluefield. Originally constructed in 1949,
the synagogue currently provides a place of worship for approximately 60 families.

Community Activities

The synagogue in Bluefield represents a wide regional community, including
nearby Princeton but also serving members from Athens, Mercer County, to Wytheville,
Virginia. Jewish heritage can be found in the religious services as well as
in community and family activities associated with religious activities and
holidays.

MIDDLE EASTERN

General Description

In the New River/Greenbrier Valley region, approximately 500 individuals claim
Arabic as their sole ancestry, and 600 individuals of multiple ancestry claim
Arabic as their primary heritage. Mercer and Raleigh counties account for approximately
10% of West Virginia's Middle Eastern population.

Middle Eastern nationalities and ethnic groups are well-represented in the
New River/Greenbrier Valley region, particularly in Raleigh County in the vicinity
of Beckley. The most common Middle Eastern nationalities in this region have
historically been Syrian and Lebanese. The Syrian-Lebanese community has roots
associated with coal mining and businesses which served the coal town communities.
Beckley and Bluefield are currently home to active Middle Eastern communities.
Other Middle Eastern and Arabic regions represented in the area include Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia, and Northern Africa. Many of these people have come to the area
as part of the professional community in the past 25 years.

Beckley, Bluefield, and Princeton have both Islamic and Orthodox Christian
communities. These communities each bring together individuals from many homelands,
not just the Middle East. Smaller Greek, Serbian, and Russian communities in
the area attend the same local Orthodox churches, as do families from Egypt,
southern India, and other lands near the Middle East. Because the community
is a diverse mix of cultures, heritage activities associated with ethnicity
are maintained more so at the family level, rather than the community level.

Community Activities

The Princeton and Bluefield Islamic community is represented by the Islamic
Society of the Appalachian Region and currently consists of approximately 45
families. Twenty-five families are Asian Indian, and approximately 18 are from
the Middle East. The community also includes families of a variety of backgrounds
who have converted to Islam. The community meets regularly at the mosque in
Princeton, including a Friday night community gathering. Beckley also has a
diverse Muslim community and meets for prayer as well as for the Friday night
community gathering.

Saint Nicholas Antiochian Orthodox Church in Beckley was founded in the 1940's
by Lebanese and Greek families. Because the Orthodox communities here are small
and mixed, ethnic activity in this region is mostly within the family, though
to a certain extent the church and church services maintain traditions associated
with each ethnic group in the community. In addition to the weekly service,
several special traditional services are held each year. The church currently
serves a diverse community of approximately 25 families, including Lebanese,
Syrians, Greeks, Serbians, Russians, Asian Indians, and Egyptians. Because this
is a very diverse church, it does not place an emphasis an on any single ethnic
form of Orthodox Christianity. The church has an annual bake sale with Middle
Eastern foods, which is currently the only public ethnic activity hosted by
the church.

St. Mary's Orthodox Church was established in Elkhorn over 105 years ago, and
has served a small but diverse Orthodox community. The church was recently moved
to Bluefield, where there is also a mixed Orthodox community, including Syrian-Lebanese,
Carpatho-Russian, and Greek families. See also Carpatho-Russian.

SPANISH

General Description

Beginning in about 1908, a large population of Spanish immigrants came to southern
West Virginia to work in the coal mines. The majority of these came from Andalusia
in southern Spain, and the regions of Galacia and Asturias in northern Spain.
The Spanish population in southern West Virginia grew steadily during the early
twentieth century, peaking at 2,212 in 1921. The largest concentration of these
were in Raleigh County, which had 557, while other large numbers of Spaniards
lived and worked in neighboring counties. In 1938, an organization called El
Ateneo Espanol was formed in Beckley to promote the interests of local Spaniards.
A meeting hall was constructed on Prince Street in 1939, and Spanish Hall, as
it was known, soon became a popular gathering spot for Spaniards and others
who attended dances and other activities there. The local Spanish population
dwindled significantly throughout the 1940's and '50's, leaving a small but
active community of Spaniards today in and around Beckley.

Community Activities

El Ateneo Espanol is still active, serving to unite Spaniards and Spanish descendants
in southern West Virginia. There are currently between 40 and 50 members, mostly
senior citizens. They meet several times a year at various locations around
Beckley. Many still speak Spanish in their homes and retain close ties to their
relatives in Spain. Unlike many immigrant communities in West Virginia, the
Spaniards do not have a specific church affiliation. Beyond retaining the use
of the Spanish language, there is little evidence of other remaining Spanish
cultural activities such as foodways, dress, music, dance, holiday celebrations,
or other cultural traditions. Many older Spaniards fear that they are the last
generation to retain their Spanish identity, as most younger descendants have
either moved away or have chosen more mainstream lifestyles.