1950’s, recognized a s the founding father of the humanistic school of

psychology.

•Hierarchy of Needs

–self-actualization is

achieved when a person is in unity and harmony with themselves and their

world.

•Focused

his research on the experiences of mentally stable people

(Goodtherapy.org)

Aaron Beck

•Developed CBT in the mid-1960s

•First to use science (replicable data) to validate the

use of psychotherapy

•Beck Depression and Beck Anxiety inventories

Ivan Pavlov

•Reading Charles Darwin influenced his pursuit of science

•Interested most by: digestion and blood circulation

(WGBH, 1998).

•His work in behavioral therapy originated from looking

at the digestive process in dogs

John
Watson

•Early

on Watson used animals to study behavior, then moved on to study human behavior

and emotion

•Little

Albert

–Watson theorized that children have three basic

emotional reactions: fear, rage, and love (Watson, 1999).

•Watson

wanted to use his theories to improve the effects of advertising on consumers

(Watson, 1999).

B.F.
Skinner

•Spent

much of his childhood building things (Vargas, 2005).

•Skinner’s

Operant Conditioning is based on Thorndike’s Law of Effect

•Skinner

believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of

an action and its consequences

–More productive to study observable behavior rather than

internal mental events (McLeod, 2007).

Gordon Allport

•A shy and studious boy, he was teased quite a bit and

lived a fairly isolated childhood (Boeree, 2006).

•

•His theory is one of the first humanistic theories

–Influenced Kelly, Maslow, and Rogers.

•Opportunistic Functioning

–Humans are motivated by the need to satisfy biological

survival needs

•

•“Allport originally used the word traits, but found that

so many people assumed he meant traits as perceived by someone looking at

another person or measured by personality tests, rather than as unique,

individual characteristics within a person, that he changed it to dispositions”

(Boeree, 2006).

Five-Factor Model

–extraversion, agreeableness,

–conscientiousness, openness, and neuroticism

Albert Bandura

•Bandura’s three basic models

of observational learning:

–A live model

–A verbal instructional model

–A symbolic model

•Aggression

reinforced by family members is the most prominent source of behavior modeling

(Isom, 1998).

•Bobo Doll Experiment

–Children learn and imitate the behaviors of others

(Kendra Cherry,2012)

Id (devil)

The id is the unorganized part of the personality structure that contains a human's basic, instinctual drives.

-Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for the server to refill her glass of water, she reached across the table and drank from Mr. Smith’s water glass, much to his surprise.

Ego (brain)

The ego acts according to the reality principle; i.e. it seeks to please the id’s drive in realistic ways that will benefit in the long term rather than bring grief.

-Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink, even though she really just wanted to drink from Mr. Smith’s glass.

Super-ego (angel)

The super-ego aims for perfection.[22] It comprises that organized part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency (commonly called "conscience") that criticizes and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions.

-Sarah knew that she could steal the supplies from work and no one would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take anything even though she would probably never get caught.