Eastern Front

Transylvania – Battle of Petrosani (until October 3): Rumanians retreat to frontier. Falkenhayn put in command of Austrian first Army (Arz) as well.

Middle East

Armenia: In October Turk Third Army (reformed into 6 divisions of I and II Caucasian Corps) has 50,000 deserters till heavy snow forces many back for food. Kemal takes over Second Army which loses 2 divisions to Mesopotamia and 3 more dissolved. Turks muster only c. 94,000 yet Russians estimate 344,000 so Yudenich overmans winter lines.

African Fronts

East Africa: British begin to evacuate 12,000-15,000 malaria cases (until October 31). Over 12,000 South African soldiers sent home.