Women waiting in line to vote in an election (probably for a school board) in a downtown Minneapolis precinct, c.1908.

From 1881 to 1920, the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA) struggled to secure women's right to vote. Its members organized marches, wrote petitions and letters, gathered signatures, gave speeches, and published pamphlets and broadsheets to force the Minnesota Legislature to recognize their right to vote. Due to their efforts, the Legislature approved the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919.

In the 1870s, many women across Minnesota organized local women's suffrage groups. In 1875, the Minnesota legislature recognized women's right to vote in school board elections. However, many women wanted to vote in all elections. Seeing the need for a statewide agency, fourteen women formed the MWSA. Among the founders were Harriet Bishop and Sarah Burger Stearns. Stearns became the organization's first president. By 1882, the MWSA had grown to two hundred members. In 1885, MWSA president Martha Ripley convinced the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) to hold their annual meeting in Minnesota.This national event demonstrated the importance of the MWSA. It also drew the attention of Minnesota's male lawmakers.The MWSA eventually became a chapter of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which formed in 1890.

In 1893, the MWSA convinced the Minnesota Senate to take up women's suffrage. President Julia Bullard Nelson worked with Ignatius Donnelly, a Populist state senator. The Populists regularly supported a women's suffrage plank. Nelson herself was a Populist school superintendent candidate in 1894. Nelson and Donnelly initially sought the vote for women in municipal elections. However, the Senate went further. Its members voted to remove the word "male" from the state's voting requirements. The bill passed thirty-two to nineteen. However, this change did not pass the House. That chamber did not have time to take it up before the legislative session ended. Even if it had passed the House, however, the voters of Minnesota would have had to approve it before it became law.

After the failure of the 1893 amendment, the movement continued. However, the MWSA was unable to build on its earlier success. The MWSA and its ally, the Political Equality Club, placed women's suffrage before the state legislature every session. Each time, the bill either died in committee or was defeated.

During the 1910s, the movement picked up momentum again. In 1914, Clara Ueland organized a parade through Minneapolis of over two thousand suffrage supporters. Ueland became MWSA president that same year. This event gave the movement renewed attention. During this period, the MWSA had to contend with a rival organization, a Minnesota branch of the National Women's Party (NWP). The NWP was more radical than the MWSA. It was much more likely to take direct action, such as hunger strikes, than the MWSA. Even though they disagreed on tactics, the two organizations often worked together.

By 1919, thirty thousand women across the state officially belonged to local suffrage associations. They joined the MWSA, the NWP, and other organizations. Their numbers and continued activities convinced lawmakers to act. In 1919, the Minnesota legislature recognized women's right to vote in presidential elections. The same year, the legislature ratified the Nineteenth Amendment. It did not take effect until 1920, however, when the required two-thirds of the states approved it. With their right to vote secured, the MWSA became the Minnesota League of Women of Voters. On the lawn of the Minnesota State Capitol is a memorial to the MWSA.

Related Resources

Primary

P566
The Julia Bullard Nelson Papers, 1870–1918, 1997
Manuscript Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paulhttp://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00381.xml
Description: Correspondence, writings, and other assorted materials dealing with Nelson's work with the MWSA, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and as a teacher with the Freedman's Bureau in South Carolina

The League of Women Voters of Minneapolis Records, 1919–1991
Manuscript Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paulhttp://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00191.xml
Description: This extensive collection contains materials from the early days of the League of Women Voters of Minneapolis from its early days through the twenty-first century. It holds organization records, such as bylaws, constitutions, meeting minutes, as well as printed materials and correspondence.

P1503
The Political Equality Club Records, 1883–1921
Manuscript Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paulhttp://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/P1503.xml
Description: Correspondence, printed materials, records, yearbooks, and other materials related to this related organization. This collection also includes lists of other suffrage organizations across the state.

Brenda Ueland and Family Papers, 1857–1993
Manuscript Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paulhttp://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00099.xml
Description: Most of this collection relates to the activities and life of Clara Ueland's daughter Brenda, but it also contains diaries and correspondence from the time of her mother's activities with MWSA.

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Turning Point

On May 2, 1914, over two thousand women march through Minneapolis and St. Paul in a parade organized by future MWSA president Clara Ueland. The march demonstrates their commitment to the cause and their organizational capacity to male lawmakers.

Chronology

1875

Voters approve a state constitutional amendment that allows women to vote in school board elections. This is the first law in Minnesota that allowed women to vote in any capacity.

1881

Fourteen women gather in Hastings to form the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association.

1885

The annual convention of the American Woman Suffrage Association is held in Minneapolis. This event brings both local and national attention to the Minnesota organization.

1893

The MWSA nearly convinces the state legislature to pass a woman's suffrage amendment.

1914

A large parade in the Twin Cities brings attention to the MWSA's cause.

1919

The Minnesota legislature approves the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution.

1920

With the right to vote secured, the MWSA reforms as the Minnesota League of Women Voters.