Changes in activity related oxygen consumption and energy partitioning were measured in leatherback and olive ridley sea turtle hatchlings over their first month after nest emergence. Leatherbacks emerge with about 75--90 KJ of energy in the residual yolk at their disposal for growth and movement. In comparison, the residual yolk energy reserves for the olive ridley are estimated to be much less (45 KJ). In leatherbacks resting specific oxygen consumption rates decreased by 53% over the first... Show moreChanges in activity related oxygen consumption and energy partitioning were measured in leatherback and olive ridley sea turtle hatchlings over their first month after nest emergence. Leatherbacks emerge with about 75--90 KJ of energy in the residual yolk at their disposal for growth and movement. In comparison, the residual yolk energy reserves for the olive ridley are estimated to be much less (45 KJ). In leatherbacks resting specific oxygen consumption rates decreased by 53% over the first post-hatching month (0.0065 ml O2 min-1 g-1--0.0031 ml O2 min-1 g-1), while for ridleys the fall was 32% (0.0038 ml O2 min-1 g-1--0.0026 ml O2 min-1 g-1). Greater differences were seen in aerobic scope. For olive ridleys the factorial aerobic scope doubled over the first month but there was no significant increase in the leatherback's factorial aerobic scope. Leatherback hatchlings gained on average 33% body mass (10 g) over the first week however 70 to 80% of this increase was due to water accumulation. The differences in aerobic scope and energy reserves are related to differences in early life ecological stratagems of these species. Show less

"And yet God has not said a word!": Robert Browning and the romantic killer in literature.

Creator

Burns-Davies, Erin., Florida Atlantic University, Faraci, Mary

Abstract/Description

Robert Browning's dramatic monologues often characterize the darker aspect of romantic love through speakers who demonstrate their devotion to violence. Exploring the innovations in discourse, Browning gives his narrators voices that allow them to speak from an ancient literary tradition. For Browning's speakers, words make the silencing of the lover either the act of ultimate devotion or the result of disappointed expectations. The narrator speaks of the absence of God, as when Porphyria's... Show moreRobert Browning's dramatic monologues often characterize the darker aspect of romantic love through speakers who demonstrate their devotion to violence. Exploring the innovations in discourse, Browning gives his narrators voices that allow them to speak from an ancient literary tradition. For Browning's speakers, words make the silencing of the lover either the act of ultimate devotion or the result of disappointed expectations. The narrator speaks of the absence of God, as when Porphyria's lover holds her body to him: "and yet God has not said a word!" With the poet's strong speech---in all his attractiveness, his destructive display of love and his dismissal of God---Browning has helped to create a discourse that has sculpted the literary force of the romantic killer. Three novelists in particular employ the literary force of Browning's experiments: Anne Rice's The Vampire Lestat, Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho and Thomas Harris's Hannibal Lecter novels. Intertextual comparisons among these narratives delineate how Robert Browning's innovation of the seductive antihero has persisted in literature. Show less

Time, space, and Shakespeare: Temporal and spatial disturbances at the point of cultural contact.

Creator

Murray, Jessica L., Florida Atlantic University, Low, Jennifer A.

Abstract/Description

Cultural geographic theory uses dramatic language (place ballets , time-space routines, temporal rhythms , etc.) to describe how humans sense and dwell in places. Because the theory contemplates human behavior enacted upon a stage, it is applicable to theater studies. This thesis asserts that Hamlet's, Othello's, and Antony's treacherous lifeworlds undermine their spatiotemporal senses and initiate quests similar to those described by Anne Buttimer as searches "for order, predictability, and... Show moreCultural geographic theory uses dramatic language (place ballets , time-space routines, temporal rhythms , etc.) to describe how humans sense and dwell in places. Because the theory contemplates human behavior enacted upon a stage, it is applicable to theater studies. This thesis asserts that Hamlet's, Othello's, and Antony's treacherous lifeworlds undermine their spatiotemporal senses and initiate quests similar to those described by Anne Buttimer as searches "for order, predictability, and routine, as well as [...] for adventure and change" ("Grasping" 285). Hamlet's revenge plot is a pursuit of order and reclamation of his identity at Elsinore. Desdemona's murder is Othello's attempt to salvage his character, which he believed sullied by infidelity. Alexandria offers Antony a life opposite Rome's and sets him on a course of indecisiveness. These plays demonstrate that, at the point of cultural contact, routines are interrupted and identities destabilize. Tragically, the characters lose themselves in the turmoil. Show less

Conceptual design of a best management practice retrofit project in a small urban watershed.

Creator

Chilson, Michael., Florida Atlantic University, Nix, Stephan

Abstract/Description

Across the state of Florida, stormwater retrofit projects have been gaining increasingly more attention in recent years, mainly due to the effects stormwater and non-point source pollution have shown to have on the environment. Many retrofit projects focus mainly on "end-of-pipe" solutions with little regard for watershed behavior and the nature of the drainage system's deficiencies. This report focuses on an intimate understanding of watershed behavior and how the knowledge gained by such an... Show moreAcross the state of Florida, stormwater retrofit projects have been gaining increasingly more attention in recent years, mainly due to the effects stormwater and non-point source pollution have shown to have on the environment. Many retrofit projects focus mainly on "end-of-pipe" solutions with little regard for watershed behavior and the nature of the drainage system's deficiencies. This report focuses on an intimate understanding of watershed behavior and how the knowledge gained by such an understanding can be a valuable tool in designing an effective stormwater management system. A case study is presented involving a small urban watershed in the Town of Davie, Florida. An intense site investigation was performed followed by a modeling procedure using the Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model. The knowledge gained was applied to building an understanding of the drainage system and its deficiencies, and developing a tailored set of solutions for both quality and quantity. Show less

Angelone, Tina., Florida Atlantic University, Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters, Department of English

Abstract/Description

Friedrich Nietzsche's notion of the Apollonian/Dionysian opposition found in The Birth of Tragedy provides a means to analyze Langston Hughes's Jesse B. Semple commentaries. The language and archetypal characters found in the Semple commentaries demonstrates the shifting balance between the struggles and the triumphs of some American Negroes. This shifting balance is represented by the Dionysian and Apollonian traits of Simple and the narrator, Boyd. By creating these characters, Hughes is... Show moreFriedrich Nietzsche's notion of the Apollonian/Dionysian opposition found in The Birth of Tragedy provides a means to analyze Langston Hughes's Jesse B. Semple commentaries. The language and archetypal characters found in the Semple commentaries demonstrates the shifting balance between the struggles and the triumphs of some American Negroes. This shifting balance is represented by the Dionysian and Apollonian traits of Simple and the narrator, Boyd. By creating these characters, Hughes is able to display the importance of the low-down culture for some black artists. Through the intoxicated Dionysian insight of Semple and the Apollonian logos of the narrator, Hughes demonstrates the blending of folk tradition or myth to common sense or reality. Ultimately, the struggle between these characters constructs the image of the New Negro, as well as the creative framework of the Harlem Renaissance. Show less

This thesis presents a noise handling technique that attempts to improve the quality of training data for classification purposes by eliminating instances that are likely to be noise. Our approach uses twenty five different classification techniques to create an ensemble of classifiers that acts as a noise filter on real-world software measurement datasets. Using a relatively large number of base-level classifiers for the ensemble-classifier filter facilitates in achieving the desired level... Show moreThis thesis presents a noise handling technique that attempts to improve the quality of training data for classification purposes by eliminating instances that are likely to be noise. Our approach uses twenty five different classification techniques to create an ensemble of classifiers that acts as a noise filter on real-world software measurement datasets. Using a relatively large number of base-level classifiers for the ensemble-classifier filter facilitates in achieving the desired level of noise removal conservativeness with several possible levels of filtering. It also provides a higher degree of confidence in the noise elimination procedure as the results are less likely to get influenced by (possible) inappropriate learning bias of a few algorithms with twenty five base-level classifiers than with a relatively smaller number of base-level classifiers. Empirical case studies of two different high assurance software projects demonstrate the effectiveness of our noise elimination approach by the significant improvement achieved in classification accuracies at various levels of filtering. Show less

A gift from mistress to slave with an Empire's tag: Language of the law in the post-colonial matrices of Derek Walcott's "Omeros".

Creator

Kramer, Jennifer J., Florida Atlantic University, Sheehan, Thomas

Abstract/Description

The text focuses on the language of the law in Omeros , which is defined as "the representation and expression of social order, principles, morality, conscience, and conduct of a community or nation." The language of the law is inherent in the dynamics of the Caribbean's hybrid, cultural community and is revealed through Walcott's characters. Walcott attempts to resolve how the colonial cultural system has maintained cultural and socio-economic authority in a politically independent West... Show moreThe text focuses on the language of the law in Omeros , which is defined as "the representation and expression of social order, principles, morality, conscience, and conduct of a community or nation." The language of the law is inherent in the dynamics of the Caribbean's hybrid, cultural community and is revealed through Walcott's characters. Walcott attempts to resolve how the colonial cultural system has maintained cultural and socio-economic authority in a politically independent West Indies. Walcott's characters view the language of the law and each other according to their cultural matrices. Helen is Walcott's key. Helen is the West Indian people, her yellow dress the language of the law, and the Empire's tag is the colonial cultural system. How Helen, in her yellow dress, is perceived by each character gives insight into that character's cultural system. The sum of these cultural matrices is Helen and defines "Caribbeanness." Show less

Harnessing the human genome using bioinformatics lead to the discovery of a highly cancer-selective gene, Single Minded 2 gene (SIM2). An isoform of the SIM2 gene, the short-form (SIM2-s), was shown to be specific to colon, pancreas, and prostate tumors. Antisense inhibition of SIM2-s in a colon carcinoma derived cell line (RKO) caused inhibition of gene expression, growth inhibition and apoptosis in vitro and in nude mice tumorigenicity models. To understand the mechanism of Sim2-s antisense... Show moreHarnessing the human genome using bioinformatics lead to the discovery of a highly cancer-selective gene, Single Minded 2 gene (SIM2). An isoform of the SIM2 gene, the short-form (SIM2-s), was shown to be specific to colon, pancreas, and prostate tumors. Antisense inhibition of SIM2-s in a colon carcinoma derived cell line (RKO) caused inhibition of gene expression, growth inhibition and apoptosis in vitro and in nude mice tumorigenicity models. To understand the mechanism of Sim2-s antisense, the antisense treated RKO colon cancer cells were monitored for genome wide expression using Affymetrix GeneChipRTM technology. A list of apoptosis related genes was generated using GeneSpringRTM software. Select GeneChip RTM output was validated by Quantitative RT-PCR. Relevance of a key gene, Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible (GADD45a), in the SIM2-s pathway was established. These results will provide a basis for the future experiments to understand the mechanism underlying Sim2-s activation in specific tumors. Show less

The female subject in the late poetry of Sylvia Plath experiences a physical and intellectual transformation, as Plath attempts to challenge and redefine the social construction of woman through Virginia Woolf's influence. Plath aspires to achieve a poetic voice that embodies characteristics of both genders simultaneously, an androgynous consciousness by Woolf's account, and one that can speak despite Western culture's imposed inferiority of women writers. Since traditionally masculine... Show moreThe female subject in the late poetry of Sylvia Plath experiences a physical and intellectual transformation, as Plath attempts to challenge and redefine the social construction of woman through Virginia Woolf's influence. Plath aspires to achieve a poetic voice that embodies characteristics of both genders simultaneously, an androgynous consciousness by Woolf's account, and one that can speak despite Western culture's imposed inferiority of women writers. Since traditionally masculine language has defined women's social roles through their physical bodies, Plath's aim is to immerse her female subject in the experiences of her corporeal body as a means to transcend her physical existence and symbolically achieve a supreme consciousness unadulterated by gender designs. Through the transportation of the physical, female body, then, Plath believes that her poetic voice can emerge in the form of an androgynous spirit capable of accessing powers of both genders. Show less

The bureaucratic system: A positive or negative effect on nursing home quality of care?.

Creator

Lipsman, Lisa A., Florida Atlantic University, Evans, Arthur S.

Abstract/Description

Over the last fifty years quality of care has been a consistent problem in nursing home facilities. The federal government implemented a bureaucratic system as an attempt to improve this standard. This thesis traces the emergence of this system in nursing homes and illustrates its failure to solve the problem. George Ritzer's four-point McDonaldization model of bureaucracy is applied to argue that the bureaucratic system for governing nursing homes has a negative effect on the quality of care... Show moreOver the last fifty years quality of care has been a consistent problem in nursing home facilities. The federal government implemented a bureaucratic system as an attempt to improve this standard. This thesis traces the emergence of this system in nursing homes and illustrates its failure to solve the problem. George Ritzer's four-point McDonaldization model of bureaucracy is applied to argue that the bureaucratic system for governing nursing homes has a negative effect on the quality of care. Although this hypothesis has proven to be accurate, additional factors were consistently cited as having detrimental effects on resident care. These include issues such as insufficient pay and lack of training/education for CNAs. Moreover, human greed and societal views of the elderly appear to be the true root of the problem. Show less

Ecuador is characterized by its variety of ethnic groups, including mestizos, Indians and African descendents that have formed a rich heritage of multiple cultures. Whereas much attention has been given to indigenous and indigenista literature, there is a large gap in Ecuador's literary criticism on its afro-Ecuadorian literature. This thesis examines two afro-Ecuadorian novels, Juyungo (1942) and El ultimo rio (1966). I explore the social and economic environment in which afro-Ecuadorians... Show moreEcuador is characterized by its variety of ethnic groups, including mestizos, Indians and African descendents that have formed a rich heritage of multiple cultures. Whereas much attention has been given to indigenous and indigenista literature, there is a large gap in Ecuador's literary criticism on its afro-Ecuadorian literature. This thesis examines two afro-Ecuadorian novels, Juyungo (1942) and El ultimo rio (1966). I explore the social and economic environment in which afro-Ecuadorians had to live during the beginning of the 20 th century. Whereas Ecuador's contemporary racial ideology and the social construction of the individual dates from the colonial times, the authors of these afro-Ecuadorian novels contest that discrimination and racism and propose a radically different conception of the nation, one more inclusive of its diverse cultures. Show less

Sphingolipids (SPLs) are important structural components of membranes in some types of cells and are involved in numerous signaling processes. Sphingomyelin (SPM) and dihydrosphingomyelin (DHS) are the two major SPLs in membranes. Very little is known about the molecular species and role of DHS in biological systems. In this work, we employed high performance liquid chromatography with detection by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry to... Show moreSphingolipids (SPLs) are important structural components of membranes in some types of cells and are involved in numerous signaling processes. Sphingomyelin (SPM) and dihydrosphingomyelin (DHS) are the two major SPLs in membranes. Very little is known about the molecular species and role of DHS in biological systems. In this work, we employed high performance liquid chromatography with detection by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry to elucidate the SPL composition in biological extracts. No common dietary source of DHS is known to exist. A novel analytical method developed to analyze complex SPL mixtures was used to show that bovine milk contained substantial amounts of DHS. Also, the human lens is the only known system in which DHS is the most abundant SPL. The molecular species of DHS in cataractous lenses has never been reported. It was shown that there was a preference for monounsaturated species of DHS and SPM in all ages and in cataractous lenses. It was also discovered that SPLs were the primary PLs remaining in cataractous lenses. Finally, the formation of sodium adducts and dimers in the ESI source of the ion trap mass spectrometer prevented the accurate quantitative analysis of PLs. A new method was developed to eliminate these undesirable ions. Show less

We present several results involving three concepts: Prufer domains, the strong 2-generator property, and integer-valued polynomials. An integral domain D is called a Prufer domain if every nonzero finitely generated ideal of D is invertible. When each 2-generated ideal of D has the property that one of its generators can be any arbitrary selected nonzero element of the ideal, we say D has the strong 2-generator property . We note that, if D has the strong 2-generator property, then D is a... Show moreWe present several results involving three concepts: Prufer domains, the strong 2-generator property, and integer-valued polynomials. An integral domain D is called a Prufer domain if every nonzero finitely generated ideal of D is invertible. When each 2-generated ideal of D has the property that one of its generators can be any arbitrary selected nonzero element of the ideal, we say D has the strong 2-generator property . We note that, if D has the strong 2-generator property, then D is a Prufer domain. If Q is the field of fractions of D, and E is a finite nonempty subset of D; we define Int(E, D ) = {f(X) ∈ Q[ X] &mid; f(a) ∈ D for every a ∈ E} to be the ring of integer-valued polynomials on D with respect to the subset E. We show that D is a Prufer domain if and only if Int(E, D) is a Prufer domain. Our main theorem is that Int(E, D) has the strong 2-generator property if and only if D is a Bezout domain (that is, every finitely generated ideal of D is principal). Show less

The book and the labyrinth were one and the same: The figure of the labyrinth in Danielewski, Borges and Eco.

Creator

Palmer, Jedediah., Florida Atlantic University, Scroggins, Mark

Abstract/Description

This thesis examines the figure of the labyrinth in the contemporary novel House of Leaves by Mark Z. Danielewski, and in relation to works by Jorge Luis Borges and Umberto Eco. House of Leaves presents not only labyrinths with which its characters interact, but a seemingly material, textual labyrinth its readers are forced to navigate. This thesis argues that what are important about these features are that they serve to both extend the broader theoretical concerns of the book, and to ... Show moreThis thesis examines the figure of the labyrinth in the contemporary novel House of Leaves by Mark Z. Danielewski, and in relation to works by Jorge Luis Borges and Umberto Eco. House of Leaves presents not only labyrinths with which its characters interact, but a seemingly material, textual labyrinth its readers are forced to navigate. This thesis argues that what are important about these features are that they serve to both extend the broader theoretical concerns of the book, and to (paradoxically) invest the reader more deeply in "the story" and to greater emotional effect. Show less

Christopher Fry was instrumental in the early twentieth-century resurgence of plays dealing with religious themes. This movement can at first be seen as anomalous within the era of modernism, when many writers and theorists considered religious sentiment to be a barrier to the more crucial aspects of living authentically within a modern society haunted by history. Nevertheless, Fry's particular appropriation of a sacred conceptualization of time on the modern stage reveals a degree of... Show moreChristopher Fry was instrumental in the early twentieth-century resurgence of plays dealing with religious themes. This movement can at first be seen as anomalous within the era of modernism, when many writers and theorists considered religious sentiment to be a barrier to the more crucial aspects of living authentically within a modern society haunted by history. Nevertheless, Fry's particular appropriation of a sacred conceptualization of time on the modern stage reveals a degree of congruity between him and his contemporaries in their varied attempts to represent transcendent value on the stage without simultaneously removing the audience from their own historical present. In The Boy with a Cart, Fry's superimposition of the life of a tenth-century saint onto modern experience infuses the temporality of the play with transcendent value. Fry shifts his focus to the question of authentic action in A Sleep of Prisoners, and uses a series of biblical dreams to stress the need for a conceptualization of eternity in the passing moment in order for one to act authentically within history. Show less

Recent advancement in chemotherapy has resulted in higher and longer survival rates of testicular cancer patients. However the use of chemotherapeutic agents are not without serious, sometimes fatal side effects. This study investigated the potential therapeutic efficacy of pomegranate extracts in testis cancer cells, GC1-spg, in vitro. A battery of assays was used to determine the chemosensitivity of GC1-spg cells to two pomegranate extracts, S (seed) and P (pericarp), in single and... Show moreRecent advancement in chemotherapy has resulted in higher and longer survival rates of testicular cancer patients. However the use of chemotherapeutic agents are not without serious, sometimes fatal side effects. This study investigated the potential therapeutic efficacy of pomegranate extracts in testis cancer cells, GC1-spg, in vitro. A battery of assays was used to determine the chemosensitivity of GC1-spg cells to two pomegranate extracts, S (seed) and P (pericarp), in single and combination treatments: MTS and LDH to determine post-treatment survival rate (growth inhibition) and cytotoxicity respectively; Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide fluorescent dye to assess treatment-induced apoptosis/necrosis; Annexin V-FITC and TUNEL assays for early and late apoptosis respectively. Results from the obtained data indicated that both extracts have significant cytotoxic effect on testicular cancer cells (GC1-spg) in single and combination treatments. The data revealed a dose and time dependency of chemosensitivity to both extracts; and that apoptosis was the major mechanism treatment-induced cell death. Synergism was also indicated in growth inhibition by combination treatment. These findings offer strong justification for further studies with pomegranate as potential phytotherapy. Show less

Previous qualitative assessment indicated that signature whistles of temporarily captured, free-ranging dolphins remain stable over periods of 2--12 years. This study reports on the stability of signature whistle parameters in wild female Atlantic spotted dolphins in the Bahamas over five or more years and between changes in age class. Signature whistles from seven female dolphins were pooled into blocks of 'early' and 'late' years for the time assessment. Signature whistles from five females... Show morePrevious qualitative assessment indicated that signature whistles of temporarily captured, free-ranging dolphins remain stable over periods of 2--12 years. This study reports on the stability of signature whistle parameters in wild female Atlantic spotted dolphins in the Bahamas over five or more years and between changes in age class. Signature whistles from seven female dolphins were pooled into blocks of 'early' and 'late' years for the time assessment. Signature whistles from five females were pooled by age class for the second analysis. Duration, minimum frequency, maximum frequency, and change in frequency were measured from spectrograms of whistles for statistical analysis. No significant changes were found in any of the signature whistle parameters either between early and late periods of time or with a change in age class. Show less

Predator-prey relationships were studied between the shrimps Latreutes fucorum and Leander tenuicornis and the predatory fishes Stephanolepis hispidus and Histrio histrio, all found within pelagic Sargassum communities. Average survival times of shrimps were compared in species, size/density, and habitat selection studies. The results showed that S. hispidus had a preference for prey species while H. histrio did not. 30 mm shrimp survived longer than the 10 mm shrimp for both S. hispidus and... Show morePredator-prey relationships were studied between the shrimps Latreutes fucorum and Leander tenuicornis and the predatory fishes Stephanolepis hispidus and Histrio histrio, all found within pelagic Sargassum communities. Average survival times of shrimps were compared in species, size/density, and habitat selection studies. The results showed that S. hispidus had a preference for prey species while H. histrio did not. 30 mm shrimp survived longer than the 10 mm shrimp for both S. hispidus and H. histrio. Density was a factor in the survival times of the 20 mm shrimps with S. hispidus only. L. tenuicornis survived longer in artificial Sargassum habitats with H. histrio. The larger shrimps survived longer in the artificial habitats than the smaller shrimps with S. hispidus. Both fish predators employ optimal foraging strategies with similarities and differences, the latter of which are likely related to behavioral differences in the these predator and prey. Show less

The realist authors of nineteenth-century France consistently represent the Jewish woman as the epitome of beauty and intelligence. While glorifying her image, this representation betrays a complex system of social and gender bias. By examining selected works of Balzac, the freres Goncourt, and Maupassant, a nuanced transformation can be traced in the representation of the Jewish woman. As a literary figure negotiating a social system that emphasizes her religious identity, she is celebrated,... Show moreThe realist authors of nineteenth-century France consistently represent the Jewish woman as the epitome of beauty and intelligence. While glorifying her image, this representation betrays a complex system of social and gender bias. By examining selected works of Balzac, the freres Goncourt, and Maupassant, a nuanced transformation can be traced in the representation of the Jewish woman. As a literary figure negotiating a social system that emphasizes her religious identity, she is celebrated, vilified, and ultimately transformed into a heroine by virtue of her courage rather than her physical attributes. Show less

The conversion of alkynyl carbonyls to allenyl carbonyls via manganese mediated coordinations followed by a based-catalyzed isomerization was carried out using a range of chiral and achiral amine bases. In this work we employed HPLC equipped with a chiral column to determine the enantiomeric excess. Deuterium labeling experiments suggested that the alkyne/allene rearrangement reaction involved an intermediate cumenolate. We also demonstrated that the reaction required a ligand on manganese... Show moreThe conversion of alkynyl carbonyls to allenyl carbonyls via manganese mediated coordinations followed by a based-catalyzed isomerization was carried out using a range of chiral and achiral amine bases. In this work we employed HPLC equipped with a chiral column to determine the enantiomeric excess. Deuterium labeling experiments suggested that the alkyne/allene rearrangement reaction involved an intermediate cumenolate. We also demonstrated that the reaction required a ligand on manganese for an amine base to be used catalytically. Phosphines were tested as a possible ligand because they are neutral two electron donors that binds to transition metals through their lone pairs. It was observed that the rate of the reaction decreased from 24hr to 3hr by use of phosphine as a ligand. It was also confirmed that amine base with pKa lower then DBU (pKa = 13.6) would not carry out the isomerization. Chiral amidine and chiral DBU derivatives were synthesized to carry out the isomerization enantioselectively. Alkoxy base were also used in isomerization that demonstrated enantioselectivity. Show less