A purified thermostable enzyme is derived from the eubacterium Thermotoga maritima. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 97 kilodaltons and DNA polymerase I activity. The enzyme can be produced from native or recombinant host cells and can be used with primers and nucleoside triphosphates in a...http://www.google.com/patents/US5374553?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5374553 - DNA encoding a thermostable nucleic acid polymerase enzyme from thermotoga maritima

A purified thermostable enzyme is derived from the eubacterium Thermotoga maritima. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 97 kilodaltons and DNA polymerase I activity. The enzyme can be produced from native or recombinant host cells and can be used with primers and nucleoside triphosphates in a temperaturecycling chain reaction where at least one nucleic acid sequence is amplified in quantity from an existing sequence.

(a) culturing the recombinant host cell of claim 4 under conditions such that the Thermotoga maritima DNA polymerase protein is expressed, and

(b) isolating the expressed protein.

7. A recombinant expression vector that comprises the nucleic acid of claim 2.

8. A recombinant host cell transformed with the expression vector of claim 7.

Description

Cross-Reference to Related Applications

This is a continuation-in-part of copending Ser. No. 143,441, filed Jan. 12, 1988, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 063,509, filed Jun. 17, 1987, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,818 and which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 899,241, filed Aug. 22, 1986, and now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a purified, thermostable DNA polymerase purified from the hyperthermophilic eubacteria Thermotoga maritima, and means for isolating and producing the enzyme. Thermostable DNA polymerases are useful in many recombinant DNA techniques, especially nucleic acid amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

2. Background Art

Huber et al., 1986, Arch. Microbiol. 144:324-333 describe the isolation of the bacterium Thermotoga maritima. Thermotoga maritima is a eubacterium which is strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped, fermentative, hyperthermophilic and grows between 55° C. and 90° C., with an optimum growth temperature of about 80° C. This eubacterium has been isolated from geothermally heated sea floors in Italy and the Azores.

Thermotoga maritima cells have a sheath-like structure and monotrichous flagellation. Thermotoga maritima is classified in the eubacterial kingdom by visine of its having murein and fatty acid-containing lipids, its diphtheria-toxin-resistant elongation factor 2, its RNA polymerase subunit pattern and its sensitivity to antibiotics.

Extensive research has been conducted on the isolation of DNA polymerases from mesophilic microorganisms such as E. coli. See, for example, Bessman et al., 1957, J. Biol. Chem. 223:171-177, and Buttin and Kornberg, 1966, J. Biol. Chem. 241:5419-5427. Much less investigation has been made on the isolation and purification of DNA polymerases from thermophiles such as Thermotoga maritima. Kaledin et al., 1980, Biokhymiya 45:644-651, discloses a six-step isolation and purification procedure for DNA polymerase from cells of Thermus aquaticus YT-1 strain. These steps involve isolation of crude extract, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, fractionation on hydroxyapatite, fractionation on DEAE-cellulose, and chromatography on single-strand DNA-cellulose. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme is reported by Kaledin et al. as 62,000 daltons per monomeric unit.

A second purification scheme for a polymerase from Thermus aquaticus is described by Chien et at., 1976, J. Bacteriol. 127:1550-1557. In this process, the crude extract is applied to a DEAE-Sephadex column. The dialyzed pooled fractions are then subjected to treatment on a phosphocellulose column. The pooled fractions are dialyzed and bovine serum albumin (BSA) is added to prevent loss of polymerase activity. The resulting mixture is loaded on a DNA-cellulose column. The pooled material from the column is dialyzed. The molecular weight of the purified protein is reported to be about 63,000 daltons to 68,000 daltons.

The use of thermostable enzymes, such as those prepared by Chien et al. and Kaledin et al., to amplify existing nucleic acid sequences in amounts that are large compared to the amount initially present was described U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202, which describe the PCR process, both disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Primers, template, nucleoside triphosphates, the appropriate buffer and reaction conditions, and polymerase are used in the PCR process, which involves denaturation of target DNA, hybridization of primers, and synthesis of complementary strands. The extension product of each primer becomes a template for the production of the desired nucleic acid sequence. The two patents disclose that, if the polymerase employed is a thermostable enzyme, then polymerase need not be added after every denaturation step, because heat will not destroy the polymerase activity.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,818, European Patent Publication No. 258,017, and PCT Publication No. 89/06691, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, all describe the isolation and recombinant expression of an ˜94 kDa thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus and the use of that polymerase in PCR. Although T. aquaticus DNA polymerase is especially preferred for use in PCR and other recombinant DNA techniques, there remains a need for other thermostable polymerases.

Accordingly, there is a desire in the art to produce a purified, thermostable DNA polymerase that may be used to improve the PCR process described above and to improve the results obtained when using a thermostable DNA polymerase in other recombinant techniques, such as DNA sequencing, nick-translation, and even reverse transcription. The present invention helps meet that need by providing recombinant expression vectors and purification protocols for Thermotoga maritima DNA polymerase.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention provides a purified thermostable enzyme DNA polymerase I enzyme that catalyzes combination of nucleotide triphosphates to form a nucleic acid strand complementary to a nucleic acid template strand. The purified enzyme is the DNA polymerase I from Thermotoga maritima (Tma) and has a molecular weight of about 97 kiledaltons as measured by SDS-PAGE. This purified material may be used in a temperature-cycling amplification reaction wherein nucleic acid sequences are produced from a given nucleic acid sequence in amounts that are large compared to the amount initially present so that the sequences can be manipulated and/or analyzed easily.

The gene encoding Tma DNA polymerase enzyme from Thermotoga maritima has also been identified and cloned and provides yet another means to prepare the thermostable enzyme of the present invention. In addition to the intact gene and the coding sequence for the Tma enzyme, derivatives of the coding sequence for Tma DNA polymerase are also provided.

The invention also encompasses a stable enzyme composition comprising a purified, thermostable Tma enzyme as described above in a buffer containing one or more non-ionic polymefic detergents.

Finally, the invention provides a method of purification for the thermostable polymerase of the invention. This method involves preparing a crude extract from Thermotoga maritima cells, adjusting the ionic strength of the crude extract so that the DNA polymerase dissociates from nucleic acid in the extract, subjecting the extract to hydrophobic interaction chromatography, subjecting the extract to DNA binding protein affinity chromatography, and subjecting the extract to cation or anion or hydroxyapatite chromatography. In a preferred embodiment, these steps are performed sequentially in the order given above. The nucleotide binding protein affinity chromatography step is preferred for separating the DNA polymerase from endonuclease proteins.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides DNA sequences and expression vectors that encode Tma DNA polymerase, purification protocols for Tma DNA polymerase, preparations of purified Tma DNA polymerase, and methods for using Tma DNA polymerase. To facilitate. understanding of the invention, a number of terms are defined below.

The terms "cell," "cell line," and "cell culture" can be used interchangeably and all such designations include progeny. Thus, the words "transformants" or "transformed cells" include the primary transformed cell and cultures derived from that cell without regard to the number of transfers. All progeny may not be precisely identical in DNA content, due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same functionality as screened for in the originally wansformed cell are included in the definition of transformants.

The term "control sequences" refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. The control sequences that are suitable for procaryotes, for example, include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, a ribosome binding site, and possibly other sequences, such as transcription termination sequences. Eucaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers.

The term "expression system" refers to DNA sequences containing a desired coding sequence and control sequences in operable linkage, so that hosts transformed with these sequences are capable of producing the encoded proteins. To effect transformation, the expression system may be included on a vector; however, the relevant DNA may also be integrated into the host chromosome.

The term "gene" refers to a DNA sequence that codes for the expression of a recoverable bioactive polypeptide or precursor. Thus, the Tma DNA polymerase gene includes the promoter and Tma DNA polymerase coding sequence. The polypeptide can be encoded by a full-length coding sequence or by any portion of the coding sequence so long as the enzymatic activity is retained.

The term "operably linked" refers to the positioning of the coding sequence such that control sequences will function to drive expression of the encoded protein. Thus, a coding sequence "operably linked" to a control sequence refers to a configuration wherein the coding sequence can be expressed under the direction of the control sequence.

The term "mixture" as it relates to mixtures containing Tma polymerase refers to a collection of materials which includes Tma polymerase but which can also include other proteins. If the Tma polymerase is derived from recombinant host cells, the other proteins will ordinarily be those associated with the host. Where the host is bacterial, the contaminating proteins will, of course, be bacterial proteins.

The term "non-ionic polymeric detergents" refers to surface-active agents that have no ionic charge and that are characterized for purposes of this invention, by an ability to stabilize the Tma enzyme at a pH range of from about 3.5 to about 9.5, preferably from 4 to 8.5. Numerous examples of suitable non-ionic polymeric detergents are presented in copending Ser. No. 387,003 filed Jul. 28, 1989, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The term "oligonucleotide" as used herein is defined as a molecule comprised of two or more deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, preferably more than three, and usually more than ten. The exact size will depend on many factors, which in turn depends on the ultimate function or use of the oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide may be derived synthetically or by cloning.

The term "primer" as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide which is capable of acting as a point of initiation of synthesis when placed under conditions in which primer extension is initiated. An oligonucleotide "primer" may occur naturally, as in a purified restriction digest, or be produced synthetically. Synthesis of a primer extension product which is complementary to a nucleic acid strand is initiated in the presence of four different nucleoside triphosphates and the Tma thermostable enzyme in an appropriate buffer at a suitable temperature. A "buffer" includes cofactors (such as divalent metal ions) and salt (to provide the appropriate ionic strength), adjusted to the desired pH. For Tma polymerase, the buffer preferably contains 1 to 3 mM of a magnesium salt, preferably MgCl2, 50 to 200 μM of each nucleoside triphosphate, and 0.2 to 1 μM of each primer, along with 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 8.0-8.4), and 100 μg/ml gelatin (although gelatin is not required, and should be avoided in some applications, such as DNA sequencing).

The primer is single-stranded for maximum efficiency in amplification, but may alternatively be double-stranded. If double-stranded, the primer is first treated to separate its strands before being used to prepare extension products. The primer is usually an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The primer must be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the polymerase enzyme. The exact length of a primer will depend on many factors, such as source of primer and result desired, and the reaction temperature must be adjusted depending on primer length to ensure proper annealing of primer to template. Depending on the complexity of the target sequence, the oligonucleotide primer typically contains 15 to 35 nucleotides. Short primer molecules generally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable complexes with template.

A primer is selected to be "substantially" complementary to a strand of specific sequence of the template. A primer must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with a template strand for primer elon. gation to occur. A primer sequence need not reflect the exact sequence of the template. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide fragment may be attached to the 5' end of the primer, with the remainder of the primer sequence being substantially complementary to the strand. Noncomplementary bases or longer sequences can be interspersed into the primer, provided that the primer sequence has sufficient complementarity with the sequence of the template to hybridize and thereby form a template primer complex for synthesis of the extension product of the primer.

The terms "restriction endonucleases" and "restriction enzymes" refer to bacterial enzymes which cut double-stranded DNA at or near a specific nucleotide sequence.

The term "thermostable enzyme" refers to an enzyme which is stable to heat and is heat resistant and catalyzes (facilitates) combination of the nucleotides in the proper manner to form primer extension products that are complementary to each nucleic acid strand. Generally, synthesis of a primer extension product begins at the 3' end of the primer and proceeds in the 5' direction along the template strand, until synthesis terminates. A thermostable enzyme must be able to renature and regain activity after brief (i.e., 5 to 30 seconds) exposure to temperatures of 90° C. to 100° C. and must have a temperature optimum of above 60° C.

The Tma thermostable enzyme of the present invention satisfies the requirements for effective use in the amplification reaction known as the polymerase chain reaction or PCR. The Tma enzyme does not become irreversibly denatured (inactivated) when subjected to the elevated temperatures for the time necessary to effect denaturation of double° stranded nucleic acids, a key step in the PCR process. Irreversible denaturation of an enzyme for purposes herein refers to permanent and complete loss of enzymatic activity.

The heating conditions necessary to effect nucleic acid denaturation will depend, e.g., on the buffer salt concentration and the composition, length, and amount of the nucleic acids being denatured, but typically the denaturation temperature ranges from about 90° to about 105° C. for a few seconds up to four minutes. Higher temperatures may be required for nucleic acid denaturation as the buffer salt concentration and/or GC composition of the nucleic acid is increased. The Tma enzyme does not become irreversibly denatured upon relatively short exposures to temperatures of about 90°-100° C.

The Tma thermostable enzyme has an optimum temperature at which it functions that is higher than about 60° C. Temperatures below 60° C. facilitate hybridization of primer to template, but depending on salt composition and concentration and primer composition and length, hybridization of primer to template can occur at higher temperatures (e.g., 60° C.-80° C.), which may promote specificity of the primer elongation reaction. The higher the temperature optimum for the enzyme, the greater the specificity and/or selectivity of the primer-directed extension process. The Tma enzyme exhibits activity over a broad temperature range from about 45° C. to 90° C.; a preferred optimum temperature is 75° C.-80° C.

The present invention also provides DNA sequences encoding the thermostable DNA polymerase activity of Thermotoga maritima. These sequences have homology to portions of the DNA sequences encoding the thermostable DNA polymerases of T. aquaticus and T. thermophilus. The complete coding sequence, from the 5'-ATG start codon to the TGA-3' stop codon, of the Tma DNA polymerase gene is depicted below. For convenience, the amino acid sequence of this Tma polymerase is numbered for reference. ##STR1##

The DNA sequence depicted above encodes the following amino acid sequence, which is depicted in one letter abbreviation and from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus. ##STR2##

The one letter abbreviations for the amino acids are shown below for convenience.

The coding sequence for Tma DNA polymerase was identified by a "degenerate primer" method that has broad utility and is an important aspect of the present invention. In the degenerate primer method, DNA fragments of any thermostable polymerase coding sequence corresponding to conserved domains of known thermostable DNA polymerases can be identified.

In one embodiment of the degenerate primer method, the corresponding conserved domains are from the coding sequences for and amino acid sequences of the thermostable DNA polymerases of Taq, Tma and Tth. The degenerate primer method was developed by comparing the amino acid sequences of DNA polymerase proteins from Taq, Tth, T7, and E. coli polymerase I in which various conserved regions were identified. Primers corresponding to these conserved regions were then designed. As a result of the present invention, Tma sequences can be used to design other degenerate primers. The generic utility of the degenerate primer process is exemplified herein by specific reference to the method as applied to cloning the Tma gene.

To clone the Tma DNA polymerase gene, the conserved amino acid sequences were converted to all of the possible codons for each of the amino acids. Due to the degenerate nature of the genetic code, a given amino acid may be represented by several different codons. Where more than one base can be present in a codon for a given amino acid, the sequence is said to be degenerate.

The primers were then synthesized as a pool of all of the possible DNA sequences that could code for a given amino acid sequence. The amount of degeneracy of a given primer pool can be determined by multiplying the number of possible nucleotides at each position.

The more degenerate a primer pool, (i.e., the greater the number of individual unique primer DNA sequences within the pool), the greater the probability that one of the unique primer sequences will bind to regions of the target chromosomal DNA other than the one desired--hence, the lesser the specificity of the resulting amplification. To increase the specificity of the amplification using the degenerate primers, the pools are synthesized as subsets such that the entire group of subsets includes all possible DNA sequences encoding the given amino acid sequence, but each individual subset only includes a portion: for example, one pool may contain either a G or C at position X while the other contains either an A or T at the same position. Each of these subpools is designated with a DG number (where number=99 to 200).

Both forward primers (directed from the 5' region toward the 3' region of the gene, complementary to the noncoding strand) and reverse primers (directed from the 3' region toward the 5' region of the gene, complementary to the coding strand) were designed for most of these regions to clone Tma polymerase. The primers were designed with restriction sites at the 5' ends to facilitate cloning. The forward primers contained a BglII restriction site (AGATCT), while the reverse primers contained an EcoRI restriction site (GAATYC). In addition, the primers contained 2 base pairs at the 5' end to increase the efficiency of cutting at the restriction site.

Degenerate primers were then used in PCR processes in which the target nucleic acid was chromosomal DNA from Thermotoga maritima. The products of the PCR processes using a combination of forward and reverse primer pools in conjunction with a series of temperature profiles were compared. When specific products of similar size to the product generated using Taq chromosomal DNA were produced, the PCR fragments were gel purified, reamplified and cloned into the vector BSM13H3:BglII (a derivative of the Stratagene vector pBSM+ in which the HindIII site of pBSM+ was converted to a BglII site). Sequences were identified as potential thermostable DNA polymerase coding sequences if the sequences were found to encode amino acid sequences homologous to other known amino acid sequences in polymerase proteins, particularly those of Taq polymerase and Tth polymerase.

The portions of the Tma DNA polymerase gene were then identified in the chromosomal DNA of Thermotoga maritima by Southern blot analysis. The Tma chromosomal DNA was digested with a variety of enzymes and transferred to nitrocellulose filters. Probes labeled with 32 P or biotin-dUTP were generated for various regions of the gene from the cloned PCR products. The probes were hybridized to the nitrocellulose-bound genomic DNA, allowing identification of the size of the chromosomal DNA fragment hybridizing to the probe. The use of probes covering the 5' and 3' regions of the gene ensures that the DNA fragment(s) contain most if not all of the structural gene for the polymerase. Restriction enzymes are. identified which can be used to produce fragments that contain the structural gene in a single DNA fragment or in several DNA fragments to facilitate cloning.

Once identified, the chromosomal DNA fragments encoding the Tma DNA polymerase gene were cloned. Chromosomal DNA was digested with the identified restriction enzyme and size fractionated. Fractions containing the desired size range were concentrated, desalted, and cloned into the BSM13H3:BgllI cloning vector. Clones were identified by hybridization using labeled probes generated from the previous cloned PCR products. The PCR products were then analyzed on polyacrylamide gels.

The DNA sequence and amino acid sequence shown above and the DNA compounds that encode those sequences can be used to design and construct recombinant DNA expression vectors to drive expression of Tma DNA polymerase activity in a wide variety of host cells. A DNA compound encoding all or part of the DNA sequence shown above can also be used as a probe to identify thermostable polymerase-encoding DNA from other organisms, and the amino acid sequence shown above can be used to design peptides for use as immunogens to prepare antibodies that can be used to identify and purify a thermostable polymerase.

Whether produced by recombinant vectors that encode the above amino acid sequence or by native Thermotoga maritima cells, however, Tma DNA polymerase will typically be purified prior to use in a recombinant DNA technique. The present invention provides such purification methodology.

After cell growth, the isolation and purification of the enzyme takes place in six stages, each of which is carried out at a temperature below room temperature, preferably about 0° C. to about 4° C., unless stated otherwise. In the first stage or step, the cells, if frozen, are thawed, lysed in an Aminco french pressure cell (8-20,000 psi), suspended in a buffer at about pH 7.5, and sonicated to reduce viscosity.

In the second stage, ammonium sulfate is added to the lysate to prevent the Tma DNA polymerase from binding to DNA or other cell lysate proteins. Also in the second stage, Polymin P (polyethyleneimine, PEI) is added to the lysate to precipitate nucleic acids, and the lysate is centrifuged.

In the third step, ammonium sulfate is added to the supernatant, and the supernatant is loaded onto a phenyl sepharose column equilibrated with a buffer composed of TE (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5 and 1 mM EDTA) containing 0.3 M ammonium sulfate and 0.5 mM DTT (dithiothreitol). The column is then washed first with the same buffer, second with TE-DDT (without ammonium sulfate), third with ethylene glycol-TE-DDT, and finally with 2 M urea in TE-DDT containing ethylene glycol. Unless the capacity of the phenylsepharose is exceeded (i.e. by loading more than ˜20-30 mg of protein per ml of resin) all of the Tma polymerase activity is retained by the column and elutes with the 2 M urea in TE-DTT containing ethylene glycol.

In the fourth stage, the urea eluate is applied to a heparin sepharose column which is equilibrated with 0.08 M KCl, 50 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.5), 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.2% Tween 20 and 0.5 mM DTT. The column is then washed in the same buffer and the enzyme eluted with a linear gradient of 0.08 M to 0.5 M KCI buffer. The peak activity fractions were found at 0.225 M to 0.275 M KCl.

In the fifth stage, the fraction collected in the fourth stage is diluted with affigelblue buffer without KCl and applied to an aftgel-blue column equilibrated in 25 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.5), 0.1 mM EDTA 0.2% Tween 20, 0.5 mM DTT, and 0.15 M KCl. The column is washed with the same buffer and eluted with a linear gradient of 0.15 M to 0.7 M KCl in the same buffer. The peak activity fractions were found at the 0.3 M to 0.55 M KCl section of the gradient. These fractions of peak activity are then tested for contaminating deoxyribonucleases (endonucleases and exonucleases) using any suitable procedure. As an example, endonuclease activity may be determined electrophoretically from the change in molecular weight of phage λ DNA or supercoiled plasmid DNA after incubation with an excess of DNA polymerase. Similarly, exonuclease activity may be determined electrophoretically from the change in molecular weight of restriction enzyme digested DNA after incubation with an excess of DNA polymerase. The fractions which have no deoxyribonuclease activity are pooled and adiafiltered into phosphocellulose buffer containing 50 mM KCl.

Finally, in a sixth stage, the diafiltered pool from stage five is loaded onto a phosphocellulose column equilibrated to the correct pH and ionic strength of 25 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.5), 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.2% Tween 20 and 0.5mM DTT. The column is then washed with the same buffer and eluted with a linear 0.05 M to 0.5 M KCl gradient. The peak fractions eluted between 0.215 M and 0.31 M KCl. An undegraded, purified DNA polymerase from these fractions is evidenced by an unchanged migration pattern in an in situ activity gel.

The molecular weight of the DNA polymerase purified from Thermotoga maritima may be determined by any technique, for example, by SDS-PAGE analysis using protein molecular weight markers or by calculation from the coding sequence. The molecular weight of the DNA polymerase purified from Thermotoga maritima is determined by SDS-PAGE to be about 97 kilodaltons. The purification protocol of native Tma DNA polymerase is described in more detail in Example 1. Purification of the recombinant Tma polymerase of the invention can be carried out with similar methodology.

The entire sequence of the intact Tma DNA polymerase enzyme is not required for activity. Thus, portions of the Tma DNA polymerase coding sequence can be used in recombinant DNA techniques to produce a biologically active gene product with DNA polymerase activity. The availability of DNA encoding the Tma DNA polymerase sequence provides the opportunity to modify the coding sequences so as to generate mutein (mutant protein) forms also having DNA polymerase activity. The amino(N)-terminal portion of the Tma polymerase is not believed to be necessary for polymerase activity but is believed to encode the 5'→3' exonuclease activity of the protein. Using recombinant DNA methodology, one can delete approximately up to one-third of the N-terminal coding sequence of the Tma gene, clone, and express a gene product that is quite active in polymerase assays but, depending on the extent of the deletion, has no 5'→3' exonuclease activity. Because certain N-terminal shortened forms of the polymerase are active, the gene constructs used for expression of these polyrnerases can include the corresponding shortened forms of the coding sequence.

In addition to the N-terminal deletions, individual amino acid residues in the peptide chain comprising Tma polymerase may be modified by oxidation, reduction, or other derivation, and the protein may be cleaved to obtain fragments that retain activity. Such alterations that do not destroy activity do not remove the protein from the definition of a protein with Tma polymerase activity and so are specifically included within the scope of the present invention.

Modifications to the primary structure of the Tma DNA polymerase coding sequence by deletion, addition, or alteration so as to change the amino acids incorporated into the Tma DNA polymerase during translation of the mRNA produced from that coding sequence can be made without destroying the high temperature DNA polymerase activity of the protein. Such substitutions or other alterations result in the production of proteins having an amino acid sequence encoded by DNA falling within the contemplated scope of the present invention. Likewise, the cloned genomic sequence, or homologous synthetic sequences, of the Tma DNA polymerase gene can be used to express a fusion polypeptide with Tma DNA polymerase activity or to express a protein with an amino acid sequence identical to that of native Tma DNA polymerase. In addition, such expression can be directed by the Tma DNA polymerase gene control sequences or by a control sequence that functions in whatever host is chosen to express the Tma DNA polymerase.

Thus, the present invention provides a coding sequence for Tma DNA polymerase from which expression vectors applicable to a variety of host systems can be constructed and the coding sequence expressed. Portions of the Tma polymerase-encoding sequence are also useful as probes to retrieve other thermostable polymerase-encoding sequences in a variety of species. Accordingly, oligonucleotide probes that encode at least four to six amino acids can be synthesized and used to retrieve additional DNAs encoding a thermostable polymerase. Because there may not be an exact match between the nucleotide sequence of the thermostable DNA polymerase gene of Thermotoga maritima and the corresponding gene of other species, oligomers containing approximately 12-18 nucleotides (encoding the four to six amino sequence) are usually necessary to obtain hybridization under conditions of sufficient stringency to eliminate false positives. Sequences encoding six amino acids supply ample information for such probes. Such oligonucleotide probes can be used as primers in the degenerate priming method of the invention to obtain thermostable polymerase encoding sequences.

The present invention, by providing coding sequences and amino acid sequences for Tma DNA polymerase, therefore enables the isolation of other thermostable polymerase enzymes and the coding sequences for those enzymes. The amino acid sequence of the Tma DNA polymerase I protein is very similar to the amino acid sequences for the thermostable DNA polymerases of Taq and Tth. These similarities facilitated the identification and isolation of the Tma DNA polymerase coding sequence. The areas of similarity in the coding sequences of these three thermostable DNA polymerases can be readily observed by aligning the sequences.

However, regions of dissimilarity between the coding sequences of the three thermostable DNA polymerases can also be used as probes to identify other thermostable polymerase coding sequences which encode thermostable polymerase enzymes. For example, the coding sequence for a thermostable polymerase having some properties of Taq and other divergent properties of Tma may be identified by using probes directed to sequences that encode the regions of dissimilarity between Taq and Tma. Specifically, such regions include a stretch of four or more contiguous amino acids from any one or more of the following regions, identified by amino acid sequence coordinates (numbering is inclusive): 5-10, 73-79, 113-119, 134-145, 191-196, 328-340, 348-352, 382-387, 405-414, 467-470, 495-499, 506-512, 555-559, 579-584, 595-599, 650-655, 732-742, 820-825, 850-856. These regions may be considered as "hallmark motifs" and define additional regions of critical amino acid signature sequences for thermostable DNA polymerase functions (e.g. 5'→3' exonuclease activity, 3'→5' exonuclease activity, and DNA polymerase activity

One property found in the Tma DNA polymerase, but lacking in native Taq DNA polymerase and native Tth DNA polymerase is 3'→5' exonuclease activity. This 3'→5' exonuclease activity is generally considered to be desirable, because misincorporated or unmatched bases of the synthesized nucleic acid sequence are eliminated by this activity. Therefore, the fidelity of PCR utilizing a polymerase with 3'→5' exonuclease activity (e.g. Tma DNA polymerase) is increased. The 3'→5' exonuclease activity found in Tma DNA polymerase also decreases the probability of the formation of primer/dimer complexes in PCR. The 3'→5' exonuclease activity in effect prevents any extra dNTPs from attaching to the 3' end of the primer in a nontemplate dependent fashion by removing any nucleotide that is attached in a nontemplate dependent fashion. The 3'→5' exonuclease activity can eliminate single-stranded DNAs, such as primers or single-stranded template. In essence, every 3'-nucleotide of a single-stranded primer or template is treated by the enzyme as unmatched and is therefore degraded. To avoid primer degradation in PCR, one can add phosphorothioate to the 3' ends of the primers. Phosphorothioate modified nucleotides are more resistant to removal by 3'→5' exonucleases.

A "motif" or characteristic "signature sequence" of amino acids critical for 3'→5' exonuclease activity in thermostable DNA polymerases can be defined as comprising three short domains. Below, these domains are identified as A, B, and C, with critical amino acid residues shown in one letter abbreviation and non-critical residues identified as "x."

While any of a variety of means may be used to generate chimeric DNA polymerase coding sequences (possessing novel properties), a preferred method employs "overlap" PCR. In this method, the intended junction sequence is designed into the PCR primers (at their 5'-ends). Following the initial amplification of the individual domains, the various products are diluted (ca. 100 to 1000-fold) and combined, denatured, annealed, extended, and then the final forward and reverse primers are added for an otherwise standard PCR.

Thus, the sequence that codes for the 3'→5' exonuclease activity of Tma DNA polymerase can be removed from Tma DNA polymerase or added to other polymerases which lack this activity by recombinant DNA methodology. One can even replace, in a non-thermostable DNA polymerase, the 3'→5' exonuclease activity domain with the thermostable 3'→5' exonuclease domain of Tma polymerase. Likewise, the 3'→5' exonuclease activity domain of a non-thermostable DNA polymerase can be used to replace the 3'→5' exonuclease domain of Tma polymerase (or any other thermostable polymerase) to create a useful polymerase of the invention. Those of skill in the art recognize that the above chimeric polymerases are most easily constructed by recombinant DNA techniques. Similar chimeric polymerases can be constructed by moving the 5'→3' exonuclease domain of one DNA polymerase to another.

Whether one desires to produce an enzyme identical to native Tma DNA polymerase or a derivative or homologue of that enzyme, the production of a recombinant form of Tma polymerase typically involves the construction of an expression vector, the transformation of a host cell with the vector, and culture of the transformed host cell under conditions such that expression will occur.

To construct the expression vector, a DNA is obtained that encodes the mature (used here to include all chimeras or muteins) enzyme or a fusion of the Tma polymerase to an additional sequence that does not destroy activity or to an additional sequence cleavable under controlled conditions (such as treatment with peptidase) to give an active protein. The coding sequence is then placed in operable linkage with suitable control sequences in an expression vector. The vector can be designed to replicate autonomously in the host cell or to integrate into the chromosomal DNA of the host cell. The vector is used to transform a suitable host, and the transformed host is cultured under conditions suitable for expression of recombinant Tma polymerase. The Tma polymerase is isolated from the medium or from the cells, although recovery and purification of the protein may not be necessary in some instances.

Each of the foregoing steps can be done in a variety of ways. For example, the desired coding sequence may be obtained from genomic fragments and used directly in appropriate hosts. The construction for expression vectors operable in a variety of hosts is made using appropriate replicons and control sequences, as set forth generally below. Construction of suitable vectors containing the desired coding and control sequences employs standard ligation and restriction techniques that are well understood in the art. Isolated plasmids, DNA sequences, or synthesized oligonucleotides are cleaved, modified, and religated in the form desired. Suitable restriction sites can, if not normally available, be added to the ends of the coding sequence so as to facilitate construction of an expression vector, as exemplified below.

Site-specific DNA cleavage is performed by treating with the suitable restriction enzyme (or enzymes) under conditions that are generally understood in the art and specified by the manufacturers of commercially available restriction enzymes. See, e.g., New England Biolabs, Product Catalog. In general, about 1 μg of plasmid or other DNA is cleaved by one unit of enzyme in about 20 μl of buffer solution; in the examples below, an excess of restriction enzyme is generally used to ensure complete digestion of the DNA. Incubation times of about one to two hours at about 37° C. are typical, although variations can be tolerated. After each incubation, protein is removed by extraction with phenol and chloroform; this extraction can be followed by ether extraction and recovery of the DNA from aqueous fractions by precipitation with ethanol. If desired, size separation of the cleaved fragments may be performed by polyacrylamide gel or agarose gel electrophoresis using standard techniques. See, e.g., Methods in Enzymology, 1980, 65:499-560.

Restriction-cleaved fragments with single-strand "overhanging" termini can be made blunt-ended (double-strand ends) by treating with the large fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow) in the presence of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) using incubation times of about 15 to 25 minutes at 20° C. to 25° C. in 50 mM Tris pH 7.6, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM DTT and 5 to 10 μM dNTPs. The Klenow fragment fills in at 5' protruding ends, but chews back protruding 3' single strands, even though the four dNTPs are present. If desired, selective repair can be performed by supplying only one of the, or selected, dNTPs within the limitations dictated by the nature of the protruding ends. After treatment with Klenow, the mixture is extracted with phenol/chloroform and ethanol precipitated. Similar results can be achieved using S1 nuclease, because treatment under appropriate conditions with S1 nuclease results in hydrolysis of any single-stranded portion of a nucleic acid.

Synthetic oligonucleotides can be prepared using the triester method of Matteucci et al., 1981, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:3185-3191 or automated synthesis methods. Kinasing of single strands prior to annealing or for labeling is achieved using an excess, e.g., approximately 10 units, of polynucleotide kinase to 0.5 μM substrate in the presence of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.6, 10 mM MgCl2, 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), and 1 to 2 μM ATP. If kinasing is for labeling of probe, the ATP will contain high specific activity γ-3 2P.

In vector construction, the vector fragment is commonly treated with bacterial or calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (BAP or CIAP) to remove the 5' phosphate and prevent religation and reconstruction of the vector. BAP and CIAP digestion conditions are well known in the art, and published protocols usually accompany the commercially available BAP and CIAP enzymes. To recover the nucleic acid fragments, the preparation is extracted with phenol-chloroform and ethanol precipitated to remove AP and purify the DNA. Alteratively, religation can be prevented by restriction enzyme digestion of unwanted vector fragments before or after ligation with the desired vector.

For portions of vectors or coding sequences that require sequence modifications, a variety of site-specific primer-directed mutagenesis methods are available. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to perform site-specific mutagenesis. In another technique now standard in the art, a synthetic oligonucleotide encoding the desired mutation is used as a primer to direct synthesis of a complementary nucleic acid sequence of a single-stranded vector, such as pBS13+, that serves as a template for construction of the extension product of the mutagenizing primer. The mutagenized DNA is transformed into a host bacterium, and cultures of the transformed bacteria are plated and identified. The identification of modified vectors may involve transfer of the DNA of selected transformants to a nitrocellulose filter or other membrane and the "lifts" hybridized with kinased synthetic primer at a temperature that permits hybridization of an exact match to the modified sequence but prevents hybridization with the original strand. Transformants that contain DNA that hybridizes with the probe are then cultured and serve as a reservoir of the modified DNA.

In the construction set forth below, correct ligations for plasmid construction are confirmed by first transforming E. coli strain DG101 or another suitable host with the ligation mixture. Successful transformants are selected by ampicillin, tetracycline or other antibiotic resistance or sensitivity or by using other markers, depending on the mode of plasmid construction, as is understood in the art. Plasmids from the transformants are then prepared according to the method of Clewell et al., 1969, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 62:1159, optionally following chloramphenicol amplification (Clewell, 1972, J. Bacteriol. 110:667). Another method for obtaining plasmid DNA is described as the "Base-Acid" extraction method at page 11 of the Bethesda Research Laboratories publication Focus, volume 5, number 2, and very pure plasmid DNA can be obtained by replacing steps 12 through 17 of the protocol with CsCl/ethidium bromide ultracentrifugation of the DNA. The isolated DNA is analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion and/or sequenced by the dideoxy method of Sanger et al., 1977, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463, as further described by Messing et al., 1981, Nuc. Acids Res. 9:309, or by the method of Maxam et al., 1980, Methods in Enzymology 65:499.

The control sequences, expression vectors, and transformation methods are dependent on the type of host cell used to express the gene. Generally, procaryotic, yeast, insect, or mammalian cells are used as hosts. Procaryotic hosts are in general the most efficient and convenient for the production of recombinant proteins and are therefore preferred for the expression of Tma polymerase.

The procaryote most frequently used to express recombinant proteins is E. coli. For cloning and sequencing, and for expression of constructions under control of most bacterial promoters, E. coli K12 strain MM294, obtained from the E. coli Genetic Stock Center under GCSC #6135, can be used as the host. For expression vectors with the PL NR BS control sequence, E. coli K12 strain MC1000 lambda lysogen, N7 N5 3I857 SusP8 0, ATCC 39531, may be used. E. coli DG116, which was deposited with the ATCC (ATCC 53606) on Apr. 7, 1987, and E. coli KB2, which was deposited with the ATCC (ATCC 53075) on Mar. 29, 1985, are also useful host cells. For M13 phage recombinants, E. coli strains susceptible to phage infection, such as E. coli K12 strain DG98, are employed. The DG98 strain was deposited with the ATCC (ATCC 39768) on Jul. 13, 1984.

However, microbial strains other than E. coli can also be used, such as bacilli, for example Bacillus subtilis, various species of Pseudomonas, and other bacterial strains, for recombinant expression of Tma DNA polymerase. In such procaryotic systems, plasmid vectors that contain replication sites and control sequences derived from the host or a species compatible with the host are typically used.

For example, E. coli is typically transformed using derivatives of pBR322, described by Bolivar et al., 1977, Gene 2:95. Plasmid pBR322 contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline resistance. These drug resistance markers can be either retained or destroyed in constructing the desired vector and so help to detect the presence of a desired recombinant. Commonly used procaryotic control sequences, i.e., a promoter for transcription initiation, optionally with an operator, along with a ribosome binding site sequence, include the β-lactamase (penicillinase) and lactose (lac) promoter systems (Chang et al., 1977, Nature 198:1056), the tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al., 1980, Nuc. Acids Res. 8:4057), and the lambda-derived PL promoter (Shimatake et al., 1981, Nature 293:128) and N-gene ribosome binding site (NR BS). A portable control system cassette is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,845, issued Dec. 8, 1987. This cassette comprises a PL promoter operably linked to the NR BS in turn positioned upstream of a third DNA sequence having at least one restriction site that permits cleavage within six bp 3' of the NR BS sequence. Also useful is the phosphatase A (phoA) system described by Chang et al. in European Patent Publication No. 196,864, published Oct. 8, 1986. However, any available promoter system compatible with procaryotes can be used to construct a Tma expression vector of the invention.

In addition to bacteria, eucaryotic microbes, such as yeast, can also be used as recombinant host cells. Laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Baker's yeast, are most often used, although a number of other strains are commonly available. While vectors employing the two micron origin of replication are common (Broach, 1983, Meth. Enz. 101:307), other plasmid vectors suitable for yeast expression are known (see, for example, Stinchcomb et al., 1979, Nature 282:39; Tschempe et al., 1980, Gene 10:157; and Clarke et al., 1983, Meth. Enz. 101:300). Control sequences for yeast vectors include promoters for the synthesis of glycolytic enzymes (Hess et al., 1968, J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7:149; Holland et al., 1978, Biotechnology 17:4900; and Holland et al., 1981, J. Biol. Chem. 256:1385). Additional promoters known in the art include the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman et al., 1980, J. Biol. Chem. 255:2073) and those for other glycolytic enzymes, such as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase. Other promoters that have the additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth conditions are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization (Holland, supra).

Terminator sequences may also be used to enhance expression when placed at the 3' end of the coding sequence. Such terminators are found in the 3' untranslated region following the coding sequences in yeast-derived genes. Any vector containing a yeast-compatible promoter, origin of replication, and other control sequences is suitable for use in constructing yeast Tma expression vectors.

The Tma gene can also be expressed in eucaryotic host cell cultures derived from multicellular organisms. See, for example, Tissue Culture, Academic Press, Cruz and Patterson, editors (1973). Useful host cell lines include COS-7, COS-A2, CV-1, murine cells such as murine myelomas N51 and VERO, HeLa cells, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Expression vectors for such cells ordinarily include promoters and control sequences compatible with mammalian cells such as, for example, the commonly used early and late promoters from Simian Virus 40 (SV 40) (Fiers et al., 1978, Nature 273:113), or other viral promoters such as those derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, bovine papilloma virus (BPV), or avian sarcoma viruses, or immunoglobulin promoters and heat shock promoters. A system for expressing DNA in mammalian systems using a BPV vector system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,446. A modification of this system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,978. General aspects of mammalian cell host system transformations have been described by Axel, U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,216. "Enhancer" regions are also important in optimizing expression; these are, generally, sequences found upstream of the promoter region. Origins of replication may be obtained, if needed, from viral sources. However, integration into the chromosome is a common mechanism for DNA replication in eucaryotes.

Plant cells can also be used as hosts, and control sequences compatible with plant cells, such as the nopaline synthase promoter and polyadenylation signal sequences (Depicker et al., 1982, J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1:561) are available. Expression systems employing insect cells utilizing the control systems provided by baculovirus vectors have also been described (Miller et al., 1986, Genetic Engineering (Setlow et at., eds., Plenum Publishing) 8:277-297). Insect cell-based expression can be accomplished in Spodoptera frugipeida. These systems can also be used to produce recombinant Tma polymerase.

Once the Tma DNA polymerase has been expressed in a recombinant host cell, purification of the protein may be desired. Although a variety of purification procedures can be used to purify the recombinant thermostable polymerase of the invention, fewer steps may be necessary to yield an enzyme preparation of equal purity. Because E. coli host proteins are heat-sensitive, the recombinant thermostable Tma DNA polymerase can be substantially enriched by heat inactivating the crude lysate. This step is done in the presence of a sufficient amount of salt (typically 0.3 M ammonium sulfate) to ensure dissociation of the Tma DNA polymerase from the host DNA and to reduce ionic interactions of Tma DNA polymerase with other cell lysate proteins. In addition, the presence of 0.3 M ammonium sulfate promotes hydrophobic interaction with a phenyl sepharose column. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography is a separation technique in which substances are separated on the basis of differing strengths of hydrophobic interaction with an uncharged bed material containing hydrophobic groups. Typically, the column is first equilibrated under conditions favorable to hydrophobic binding, such as high ionic strength. A descending salt gradient may then be used to elute the sample.

According to the invention, an aqueous mixture (containing either native or recombinant Tma DNA polymerase) is loaded onto a column containing a relatively strong hydrophobic gel such as phenyl sepharose (manufactured by Pharmacia) or Phenyl TSK (manufactured by Toyo Soda). To promote hydrophobic interaction with a phenyl sepharose column, a solvent is used which contains, for example, greater than or equal to 0.3 M ammonium sulfate, with 0.3 M being preferred, or greater than or equal to 0.5 M NaCl. The column and the sample are adjusted to 0.3 M ammonium sulfate in 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), and 0.5 mM EDTA ("TE") buffer that also contains 0.5 mM DTT, and the sample is applied to the column. The column is washed with the 0.3 M ammonium sulfate buffer. The enzyme may then be eluted with solvents which attenuate hydrophobic interactions, such as decreasing salt gradients, ethylene or propylene glycol, or urea. For native Tma DNA polymerase, a preferred embodiment involves washing the column with a 2M urea in 20% ethylene glycol in TE-DTT wash.

For long-term stability, Tma DNA polymerase enzyme can be stored in a buffer that contains one or more non-ionic polymeric detergents. Such detergents are generally those that have a molecular weight in the range of approximately 100 to 250,000 daltons, preferably about 4,000 to 200,000 daltons and stabilize the enzyme at a pH of from about 3.5 to about 9.5, preferably from about 4 to 8.5. Examples of such detergents include those specified on pages 295-298 of McCutcheon's Emulsifiers & Detergents, North American edition (1983), published by the McCutcheon Division of MC Publishing Co., 175 Rock Road, Glen Rock, N.J. (USA) and copending Ser. No. 387,003, filed Jul. 28, 1989, both disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The thermostable enzyme of this invention may be used for any purpose in which such enzyme activity is necessary or desired. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the enzyme catalyzes the nucleic acid amplification reaction known as PCR. This process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences is disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202, issued Jul. 28, 1987, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, and copending Ser. No. 063,647, filed Jun. 17, 1987, also incorporated herein by reference. The PCR nucleic acid amplification method involves amplifying at least one specific nucleic acid sequence contained in a nucleic acid or a mixture of nucleic acids and in the most common embodiment, produces double-stranded DNA.

For ease of discussion, the protocol set forth below assumes that the specific sequence to be amplified is contained in a double-stranded nucleic acid. However, the process is equally useful in amplifying single-stranded nucleic acid, such as mRNA, although in the preferred embodiment the ultimate product is still double-stranded DNA. In the amplification of a single-stranded nucleic acid, the first step involves the synthesis of a complementary strand (one of the two amplification primers can be used for this purpose), and the succeeding steps proceed as in the double-stranded amplification process described below.

This amplification process comprises the steps of:

(a) contacting each nucleic acid strand with four different nucleoside triphosphates and one oligonucleotide primer for each strand of the specific sequence being amplified, wherein each primer is selected to be substantially complementary to the different strands of the specific sequence, such that the extension product synthesized from one primer, when separated from its complement, can serve as a template for synthesis of the extension product of the other primer, said contacting being at a temperature which allows hybridization of each primer to a complementary nucleic acid strand;

(b) contacting each nucleic acid strand, at the same time as or after step (a), with a DNA polymerase from Thermotoga maritima which enables combination of the nucleoside triphosphates to form primer extension products complementary to each strand of the specific nucleic acid sequence;

(c) maintaining the mixture from step (b) at an effective temperature for an effective time to promote the activity of the enzyme and to synthesize, for each different sequence being amplified, an extension product of each primer which is complementary to each nucleic acid strand template, but not so high as to separate each extension product from the complementary strand template;

(d) heating the mixture from step (c) for an effective time and at an effective temperature to separate the primer extension products from the templates on which they were synthesized to produce single-stranded molecules but not so high as to denature irreversibly the enzyme;

(e) cooling the mixture from step (d) for an effective time and to an effective temperature to promote hybridization of a primer to each of the single-stranded molecules produced in step (d); and

(f) maintaining the mixture from step (e) at an effective temperature for an effective time to promote the activity of the enzyme and to synthesize, for each different sequence being amplified, an extension product of each primer which is complementary to each nucleic acid template produced in step (d) but not so high as to separate each extension product from the complementary strand template. The effective times and temperatures in steps (e) and (f) may coincide, so that steps (e) and (f) can be carried out simultaneously. Steps (d)-(f) are repeated until the desired level of amplification is obtained.

The amplification method is useful not only for producing large amounts of a specific nucleic acid sequence of known sequence but also for producing nucleic acid sequences which are known to exist but are not completely specified. One need know only a sufficient number of bases at both ends of the sequence in sufficient detail so that two oligonucleotide primers can be prepared which will hybridize to different strands of the desired sequence at relative positions along the sequence such that an extension product synthesized from one primer, when separated from the template (complement), can serve as a template for extension of the other primer into a nucleic acid sequence of defined length. The greater the knowledge about the bases at both ends of the sequence, the greater can be the specificity of the primers for the target nucleic acid sequence and the efficiency of the process.

In any case, an initial copy of the sequence to be amplified must be available, although the sequence need not be pure or a discrete molecule. In general, the amplification process involves a chain reaction for producing, in exponential quantities relative to the number of reaction steps involved, at least one specific nucleic acid sequence given that (a) the ends of the required sequence are known in sufficient detail that oligonucleotides can be synthesized which will hybridize to them and (b) that a small amount of the sequence is available to initiate the chain reaction. The product of the chain reaction will be a discrete nucleic duplex with termini corresponding to the 5' ends of the specific primers employed.

Any nucleic acid sequence, in purified or nonpurified form, can be utilized as the starting nucleic acid(s), provided it contains or is suspected to contain the specific nucleic acid sequence desired. The nucleic acid to be amplified can be obtained from any source, for example, from plasmids such as pBR322, from cloned DNA or RNA, or from natural DNA or RNA from any source, including bacteria, yeast, viruses, organelles, and higher organisms such as plants and animals. DNA or RNA may be extracted from blood, tissue material such as chorionic villi, or amniotic cells by a variety of techniques. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., supra, pp. 280-281. Thus, the process may employ, for example, DNA or RNA, including messenger RNA, which DNA or RNA may be single-stranded or double-stranded. In addition, a DNA-RNA hybrid which contains one strand of each may be utilized. A mixture of any of these nucleic acids can also be employed as can nucleic acids produced from a previous amplification reaction (using the same or different primers). The specific nucleic acid sequence to be amplified may be only a fraction of a large molecule or can be present initially as a discrete molecule, so that the specific sequence constitutes the entire nucleic acid.

The sequence to be amplified need not be present initially in a pure form; the sequence can be a minor fraction of a complex mixture, such as a portion of the β-globin gene contained in whole human DNA (as exemplified in Saiki et al., 1985, Science 230:1530-1534) or a portion of a nucleic acid sequence due to a particular microorganism, which organism might constitute only a very minor fraction of a particular biological sample. The cells can be directly used in the amplification process after suspension in hypotonic buffer and heat treatment at about 90° C.-100° C. until cell lysis and dispersion of intracellular components occur (generally 1 to 15 minutes). After the heating step, the amplification reagents may be added directly to the lysed cells. The starting nucleic acid sequence may contain more than one desired specific nucleic acid sequence. The amplification process is useful not only for producing large amounts of one specific nucleic acid sequence but also for amplifying simultaneously more than one different specific nucleic acid sequence located on the same or different nucleic acid molecules.

Primers play a key role in the PCR process. The word "primer" as used in describing the amplification process can refer to more than one primer, particularly in the case where there is some ambiguity in the information regarding the terminal sequence(s) of the fragment to be amplified or where one employs the degenerate primer process of the invention. For instance, in the case where a nucleic acid sequence is inferred from protein sequence information, a collection of primers containing sequences representing all possible codon variations based on degeneracy of the genetic code will be used for each strand. One primer from this collection will be sufficiently homologous with the end of the desired sequence to be amplified to be useful for amplification.

In addition, more than one specific nucleic acid sequence can be amplified from the first nucleic acid or mixture of nucleic acids, so long as the appropriate number of different oligonucleotide primers are utilized. For example, if two different specific nucleic acid sequences are to be produced, four primers are utilized. Two of the primers are specific for one of the specific nucleic acid sequences and the other two primers are specific for the second specific nucleic acid sequence. In this manner, each of the two different specific sequences can be produced exponentially by the present process.

A sequence within a given sequence can be amplified after a given number of amplifications to obtain greater specificity of the reaction by adding after at least one cycle of amplification a set of primers that are complementary to internal sequences (that are not on the ends) of the sequence to be amplified. Such primers may be added at any stage and will provide a shorter amplified fragment. Alternatively, a longer fragment can be prepared by using primers with non-complementary ends but having some overlap with the primers previously utilized in the amplification.

Primers also play a key role when the amplification process is used for in vitro mutagenesis. The product of an amplification reaction where the primers employed are not exactly complementary to the original template will contain the sequence of the primer rather than the template, so introducing an in vitro mutation. In further cycles this mutation will be amplified with an undiminished efficiency because no further mispaired priming is required. The process of making an altered DNA sequence as described above could be repeated on the altered DNA using different primers to induce further sequence changes. In this way, a series of mutated sequences can gradually be produced wherein each new addition to the series differs from the last in a minor way, but from the original DNA source sequence in an increasingly major way.

Because the primer can contain as part of its sequence a non-complementary sequence, provided that a sufficient amount of the primer contains a sequence that is complementary to the strand to be amplified, many other advantages can be realized. For example, a nucleotide sequence that is not complementary to the template sequence (such as, e.g., a promoter, linker, coding sequence, etc.) may be attached at the 5' end of one or both of the primers and so appended to the product of the amplification process. After the extension primer is added, sufficient cycles are run to achieve the desired amount of new template containing the non-complementary nucleotide insert. This allows production of large quantifies of the combined fragments in a relatively short period of time (e.g., two hours or less) using a simple technique.

Oligonucleotide primers can be prepared using any suitable method, such as, for example, the phosphotriester and phosphodiester methods described above, or automated embodiments thereof. In one such automated embodiment, diethylphosphoramidites are used as starting materials and may be synthesized as described by Beaucage et al., 1981, Tetrahedron Letters 22:1859-1862. One method for synthesizing oligonucleofides on a modified solid support is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066. One can also use a primer that has been isolated from a biological source (such as a restriction endonuclease digest).

No matter what primers are used, however, the reaction mixture must contain a template for PCR to occur, because the specific nucleic acid sequence is produced by using a nucleic acid containing that sequence as a template. The first step involves contacting each nucleic acid strand with four different nucleoside triphosphates and one oligonucleotide primer for each strand of each specific nucleic acid sequence being amplified or detected. If the nucleic acids to be amplified or detected are DNA, then the nucleoside triphosphates are usually dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP, although various nucleotide derivatives can also be used in the process. The concentration of nucleotide triphosphates can vary widely. Typically the concentration is 50-200 μM in each dNTP in the buffer for amplification, and MgCl2 is present in the buffer in an amount of 1 to 3 mM to activate the polymerase and increase the specificity of the reaction. However, dNTP concentrations of 1-20 μM may be preferred for some applications, such as DNA sequencing.

The nucleic acid strands of the target nucleic acid serve as templates for the synthesis of additional nucleic acid strands, which are extension products of the primers. This synthesis can be performed using any suitable method, but generally occurs in a buffered aqueous solution, preferably at a pH of 7 to 9, most preferably about 8. To facilitate synthesis, a molar excess of the two oligonucleotide primers is added to the buffer containing the template strands. As a practical matter, the amount of primer added will generally be in molar excess over the amount of complementary strand (template) when the sequence to be amplified is contained in a mixture of complicated long-chain nucleic acid strands. A large molar excess is preferred to improve the efficiency of the process. Accordingly, primer:template ratios of at least 1000:1 are generally employed for cloned DNA templates, and primer: template ratios of about 108 :1 are generally employed for amplification from complex genomic samples.

The mixture of template, primers, and nucleoside triphosphates is then treated according to whether the nucleic acids being amplified or detected are double- or single-stranded. If the nucleic acids are single-stranded, then no denaturation step need be employed prior to the first extension cycle, and the reaction mixture is held at a temperature which promotes hybridization of the primer to its complementary target (template) sequence. Such temperature is generally from about 35° C. to 65° C. or more, preferably about 37° C.-60° C. for an effective time, generally from a few seconds to five minutes, preferably from 30 seconds to one minute. A hybridization temperature of 35° C.-70° C. may be used for Tma DNA polymerase, and 15-mer or longer primers are used to increase the specificity of primer hybridization. Shorter primers require lower hybridization temperatures.

The complement to the original single-stranded nucleic acids can be synthesized by adding Tma DNA polymerase in the presence of the appropriate buffer, dNTPs, and one or more oligonucleotide primers. If an appropriate single primer is added, the primer extension product will be complementary to the single-stranded nucleic acid and will be hybridized with the nucleic acid strand in a duplex of strands of equal or unequal length (depending on where the primer hybridizes to the template), which may then be separated into single strands as described above to produce two single, separated, complementary strands. A second primer would then be added so that subsequent cycles of primer extension would occur using both the original single-stranded nucleic acid and the extension product of the first primer as templates. Alternatively, two or more appropriate primers (one of which will prime synthesis using the extension product of the other primer as a template) may be added to the single-stranded nucleic acid and the reaction carried out.

If the nucleic acid contains two strands, as in the case of amplification of a double-stranded target or second-cycle amplification of a single-stranded target, the strands of nucleic acid must be separated before the primers are hybridized. This strand separation can be accomplished by any suitable denaturing method, including physical, chemical or enzymatic means. One preferred physical method of separating the strands of the nucleic acid involves heating the nucleic acid until complete (>99%) denaturation occurs. Typical heat denaturation involves temperatures ranging from about 90° C. to 105° C. for times generally ranging from about a few seconds to 4 minutes, depending on the composition and size of the nucleic acid. Preferably, the effective denaturing temperature is 90° C.-100° C. for 10 seconds to 1 minute. Strand separation may also be induced by an enzyme from the class of enzymes known as helicases or the enzyme RecA, which has helicase activity and in the presence of riboATP is known to denature DNA. The reaction conditions suitable for separating the strands of nucleic acids with helicases are described by Kuhn Hoffmann-Berling, 1978, CSH-Quantitative Biology 43:63, and techniques for using RecA are reviewed in Radding, 1982, Ann. Rev. Genetics 16:405-437. The denaturation produces two separated complementary strands of equal or unequal length.

If the double-stranded nucleic acid is denatured by heat, the reaction mixture is allowed to cool to a temperature which promotes hybridization of each primer to the complementary target (template) sequence. This temperature is usually from about 35° C. to 65° C. or more, depending on reagents, preferably 37° C.-60° C. The hybridization temperature is maintained for an effective time, generally 30 seconds to 5 minutes, and preferably 1-3 minutes. In practical terms, the temperature is simply lowered from about 95° C. to as low as 37° C., and hybridization occurs at a temperature within this range.

Whether the nucleic acid is single- or double-stranded, the DNA polymerase from Thermotoga maritima may be added at the denaturation step or when the temperature is being reduced to or is in the range for promoting hybridization. Although the thermostability of Tma polymerase allows one to add Tma polymerase to the reaction mixture at any time, one can substantially inhibit non-specific amplification by adding the polymerase to the reaction mixture at a point in time when the mixture will not be cooled below the stringent hybridization temperature. After hybridization, the reaction mixture is then heated to or maintained at a temperature at which the activity of the enzyme is promoted or optimized, i.e., a temperature sufficient to increase the activity of the enzyme in facilitating synthesis of the primer extension products from the hybridized primer and template. The temperature must actually be sufficient to synthesize an extension product of each primer which is complementary to each nucleic acid template, but must not be so high as to denature each extension product from its complementary template (i.e., the temperature is generally less than about 80° C.-90° C.).

Depending on the nucleic acid(s) employed, the typical temperature effective for this synthesis reaction generally ranges from about 40° C. to 80° C., preferably 50° C.-75° C.). The temperature more preferably ranges from about 65° C.-75° C. for Thermotoga maritima DNA polymerase. The period of time required for this synthesis may range from about 0.5 to 40 minutes or more, depending mainly on the temperature, the length of the nucleic acid, the enzyme, and the complexity of the nucleic acid mixture. The extension time is usually about 30 seconds to three minutes. If the nucleic acid is longer, a longer time period is generally required for complementary strand synthesis.

The newly synthesized strand and the complement nucleic acid strand form a double-stranded molecule which is used in the succeeding steps of the amplification process. In the next step, the strands of the double-stranded molecule are separated by heat denaturation at a temperature and for a time effective to denature the molecule, but not at a temperature and for a period so long that the thermostable enzyme is completely and irreversibly denatured or inactivated. After this denaturation of template, the temperature is decreased to a level which promotes hybridization of the primer to the complementary single-stranded molecule (template) produced from the previous step, as described above.

After this hybridization step, or concurrently with the hybridization step, the temperature is adjusted to a temperature that is effective to promote the activity of the thermostable enzyme to enable synthesis of a primer extension product using as a template both the newly synthesized and the original strands. The temperature again must not be so high as to separate (denature) the extension product from its template, as described above. Hybridization may occur during this step, so that the previous step of cooling after denaturation is not required. In such a case, using simultaneous steps, the preferred temperature range is 50° C.-70° C.

The heating and cooling steps involved in one cycle of strand separation, hybridization, and extension product synthesis can be repeated as often as needed to produce the desired quantity of the specific nucleic acid sequence. The only limitation is the amount of the primers, thermostable enzyme, and nucleoside triphosphates present. Usually, from 15 to 30 cycles are completed. For diagnostic detection of amplified DNA, the number of cycles will depend on the nature of the sample. For example, fewer cycles will be required if the sample being amplified is pure. If the sample is a complex mixture of nucleic acids, more cycles will be required to amplify the signal sufficiently for detection. For general amplification and detection, the process is repeated about 15 times. When amplification is used to generate sequences to be detected with labeled sequence-specific probes and when human genomic DNA is the target of amplification, the process is repeated 15 to 30 times to amplify the sequence sufficiently that a clearly detectable signal is produced, i.e., so that background noise does not interfere with detection.

No additional nucleosides, primers, or thermostable enzyme need be added after the initial addition, provided that no key reagent has been exhausted and that the enzyme has not become denatured or irreversibly inactivated, in which case additional polymerase or other reagent would have to be added for the reaction to continue. Addition of such materials at each step, however, will not adversely affect the reaction. After the appropriate number of cycles has been completed to produce the desired amount of the specific nucleic acid sequence, the reaction may be halted in the usual manner, e.g., by inactivating the enzyme by adding EDTA, phenol, SDS, or CHCl3 or by separating the components of the reaction.

The amplification process may be conducted continuously. In one embodiment of an automated process, the reaction mixture may be temperature cycled such that the temperature is programmed to be controlled at a certain level for a certain time. One such instrument for this purpose is the automated machine for handling the amplification reaction developed and marketed by Perkin-Elmer Cetus Instruments. Detailed instructions for carrying out PCR with the instrument are available upon purchase of the instrument.

Tma DNA polymerase is very useful in the diverse processes in which amplification of a nucleic acid sequence by the polymerase chain reaction is useful. The amplification method may be utilized to clone a particular nucleic acid sequence for insertion into a suitable expression vector, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,159. The vector may be used to transform an appropriate host organism to produce the gene product of the sequence by standard methods of recombinant DNA technology. Such cloning may involve direct ligation into a vector using blunt-end ligation, or use of restriction enzymes to cleave at sites contained within the primers. Other processes suitable for Tma polymerase include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202 and European Patent Publication Nos. 229,701; 237,362; and 258,017; these patents and publications are incorporated herein by reference. In addition, the present enzyme is useful in asymmetric PCR (see Gyllensten and Erlich, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7652-7656, incorporated herein by reference); inverse PCR (Ochman et al., 1988, Genetics 120:621, incorporated herein by reference); and for DNA sequencing (see Innis et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:9436-9440, and McConlogue et al., 1988, Nuc. Acids Res. 16(20):9869). Tma polymerase is also believed to have reverse transcriptase activity; see copending Ser. No. 455,611, filed Dec. 22, 1989, incorporated herein by reference.

The reverse transcriptase activity of the Tma DNA polymerase permits this enzyme to be used in methods for transcribing and amplifying RNA. The improvement of such methods resides in the use of a single enzyme, whereas previous methods have required more than one enzyme.

The improved methods comprise the steps of: (a) combining an RNA template with a suitable primer under conditions whereby the primer will anneal to the corresponding RNA template; and (b) reverse transcribing the RNA template by incubating the annealed primer-RNA template mixture with Tma DNA polymerase under conditions sufficient for the DNA polymerase to catalyze the polymerization of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates to form a DNA sequence complementary to the sequence of the RNA template.

In another aspect of the above method, the primer which anneals to the RNA template may also be suitable for amplification by PCR. In PCR, a second primer which is complementary to the reverse transcribed eDNA strand provides a site for initiation of synthesis of an extension product. As already discussed above, the Tma DNA polymerase is able to catalyze this extension reaction on a eDNA template.

In the amplification of an RNA molecule by Tma DNA polymerase, the first extension reaction is reverse transcription, and a DNA strand is produced from an RNA/cDNA hybrid molecule. The second extension reaction, using the DNA strand as a template, produces a double-stranded DNA molecule. Thus, synthesis of a complementary DNA strand from an RNA template with Tma DNA polymerase provides the starting material for amplification by PCR.

When Tma DNA polymerase is used for nucleic acid transcription from an RNA template, it has been found that the use of buffers which contain Mn2 + provide improved stimulation of Tma reverse transcriptase activity compared to previously used, Mg2 +-containing reverse transcription buffers. Consequently, increased cDNA yields also result from these methods.

As stated above, the product of RNA transcription by Tma DNA polymerase is an RNA/cDNA hybrid molecule. The RNA is then removed by heat denaturation or any number of other known methods including alkali, heat or enzyme treatment. The remaining eDNA strand then serves as a template for polymerization of a self-complementary strand, thereby providing a double-stranded cDNA molecule suitable for amplification or other manipulation. The second strand synthesis requires a sequence specific primer and Tma DNA polymerase.

Following the synthesis of the second cDNA strand, the resultant double-stranded cDNA molecule can serve a number of purposes including DNA sequencing, amplification by PCR, or detection of a specific nucleic acid sequence. Specific primers useful for amplification of a segment of the cDNA can be added subsequent to the reverse transcription. Also, it may be desirable to use a first set of primers to synthesize a specific cDNA molecule and a second nested set of primers to amplify a desired cDNA segment. All of these reactions are catalyzed by Tma DNA polymerase.

Tma DNA polymerase may also be used to simplify and improve methods for detection of RNA target molecules in a sample. In these methods, Tma DNA polymerase catalyzes: (a) reverse transcription; (b) second strand cDNA synthesis; and, if desired (c) amplification by PCR. In addition to the improvement of only requiring a single enzyme, the use of Tma DNA polymerase in the described methods eliminates the previous requirement of two sets of incubation conditions which were necessary due to the use of different enzymes for each procedural step. The use of Tma DNA polymerase provides RNA transcription and amplification of the resulting complementary DNA with enhanced specificity, and with fewer steps than previous RNA cloning and diagnostic methods. These methods are adaptable for use in kits for laboratory or clinical analysis.

The RNA which is transcribed and amplified in the above methods can be derived from a number of sources. The RNA template may be contained within a nucleic acid preparation from any organism, such as a viral or bacterial nucleic acid preparation. The preparation may contain cell debris and other components, purified total RNA or purified mRNA. The RNA template may also be a population of heterogeneous RNA molecules in a sample. Furthermore, the target RNA may be contained in a biological sample, and the sample may be a heterogeneous sample in which RNA is but a small portion thereof. Examples of such biological samples include blood samples and biopsied tissue samples.

Although the primers used in the reverse transcription step of the above methods are generally completely complementary to the RNA template, they need not be. As in PCR, not every nucleotide of the primer must anneal to the template for reverse transcription to occur. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide sequence may be present at the 5' end of the primer with the remainder of the primer sequence being complementary to the RNA. Alternatively, non-complementary bases can be interspersed into the primer, provided that the primer sequence has sufficient complementary with the RNA template for hybridization to occur and allow synthesis of a complementary DNA strand.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration only and are by no means intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention. In these examples, all percentages are by weight if for solids and by volume if for liquids, unless otherwise noted, and all temperatures are given in degrees Celsius.

EXAMPLE 1Purification of Thermotoga maritima DNA Polymerase

This example describes the isolation of Tma DNA polymerase from Thermotoga maritima. The DNA polymerase was assayed at various points during purification according to the method described for Taq polymerase with one modification (1 mM MgCl2) in Lawyer et al., 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264(11):6427-6437, incorporated herein by reference.

Typically, this assay is performed in a total volume 50 μl of a reaction mixture composed of 25 mM TAPS-HCl, pH 9.5 (20° CC.); 50 mM KCl; 1 mM MgCl2 ; 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol; 200 EM in each of dATP, dGTP, and TIP; 100 μM α-3 2P-dCTP (0.03 to 0.07 μCi/nMol); 12.5 μg of activated salmon sperm DNA; and polymerase. The reaction is initiated by addition of polymerase in diluent (diluent is composed of 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mg/ml autoclaved gelatin, 0.5% NP40, 0.5% Tween 20, and 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol), and the reaction is carried out at 75° C. For the calculations shown below, one assumes that the volume of the polymerase (and diluent) added is 5 μl, and the total reaction volume is 50 μl. After a 10 minute incubation, the reaction is stopped by adding 10 μl of 60 mM EDTA. The reaction mixture is centrifuged, and 50 μl of reaction mixture is transferred to 1.0 ml of 50 μg/ml carrier DNA in 2 mM EDTA (at 0° C.). An equal volume (1 ml) of 20% TCA, 2% sodium pyrophosphate is added and mixed. The mixture is incubated at 0° C. for 15 to 20 minutes and then filtered through Whatman GF/C filters and extensively washed (6×5 ml) with a cold mixture containing 5% TCA and 1% pyrophosphate, followed by a cold 95% ethanol wash. The filters are then dried and the radioactivity counted. Background (minus enzyme) is usually 0.001% to 0.01% of input cpm. About 50 to 250 pmoles dCTP3 2 standard is spotted for unit calculation. One unit is equal to 10 nmoles dNTP incorporated in 30 minutes at 75° C. Units are calculated as follows. ##EQU1## The 4.167 factor results from counting only 5/6 (50 μl) of the reaction volume after the stop solution is added (60 μl).

All operations were carded out at 0° C. to 4° C. unless otherwise stated. All glassware was baked prior to use, and solutions used in the purification were autoclaved, if possible, prior to use.

The resulting fraction, fraction I (275 ml) contained 5.31 g of protein and 15.5×104 units of activity. Ammonium sulfate was added to 0.2M (7.25 g) and the lysate stirred for 15 minutes on ice. Ammonium sulfate prevents the Tma DNA polymerase from binding to DNA in the crude lysate and reduces ionic interactions of the DNA polymerase with other cell lysate proteins.

The column was washed with 150 ml of the same buffer (A2 80 to baseline), then with 90 ml TE containing 0.5 mM DTT (no ammonium sulfate), followed by a wash with 95 ml of 20% ethylene glycol in TE containing 0.5 mM DTF and finally, eluted with 2M urea in TE containing 20% ethylene glycol and 0.5 mM DTT. When the column fractions were assayed, a large proportion of the activity was found in the flow-through and wash fractions, indicating that the capacity of the column had been exceeded. Approximately 70% of the DNA polymerase which had bound to this fast phenyl sepharose column eluted at low salt (with the TE-DTT wash), and the balance of the bound material eluted with 2M urea in 20% ethylene glycol in TE-DTT wash.

The flow-through activity from the first phenyl sepharose column was designated PSII load (226 ml) and contained 1.76 g protein. Fraction PSII load was applied to a second phenyl sepharose column (of the same lot and dimensions), and the run was repeated the same way. Again, the capacity of the column was exceeded and activity was found to elute with both the low salt and 2M urea washes. Only 10% of the bound DNA polymerase eluted with the TE-DTT wash, the major portion (˜90%) eluted with the 2M urea in 20% ethylene glycol in TE-DTT wash.

The flow-through activity from the second phenyl sepharose column was combined with the TE-DTT eluates from the first and second phenyl sepharose column and adjusted to 0.3M ammonium sulfate. This fraction (PSIII load, 259.4 ml) contained 831 mg protein and was reapplied to a third phenyl sepharose column of 50 ml bed volume at 10 ml/cm2 /hr. This time all of the applied activity was retained by the column and only eluted with the 2M urea in 10% ethylene glycol in TE-DTF wash.

All three urea eluates were separately concentrated ˜3 to 4 fold on Amicon YM30 membranes and dialyzed into heparin sepharose loading buffer shortly after elution to avoid prolonged exposure to urea (to avoid carbamylation). The dialyzed and concentrated urea eluates were assayed for protein concentration and were found to vary greatly in their specific activity. Since the urea eluate from the second phenyl sepharose column contained the majority of the activity at significantly higher specific activity (˜8×104 units of activity at ˜1000 units/mg protein) than the other two eluates, it was processed separately from them.

The dialyzed and concentrated phenyl sepharose II urea eluate was applied to a 5 ml bed volume heparin sepharose CL 6B (purchased from Pharmacia--LKB) column which had been equilibrated with 0.08M KCl, 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.2% Tween 20, and 0.5 mM DTT. This column and all subsequent columns were run at 1 bed volume per hr. All of the applied DNA polymerase activity was retained by the column. The column was washed with 17 ml of the same buffer (A2 80 to baseline) and eluted with 60 ml of a linear 80 to 500 mM KCl gradient in the same buffer.

Fractions (0.53 ml) eluting between 0.21 and 0.315M KCl were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The peak fractions eluting between 0.225 and 0.275M KCl were pooled separately. The flanking fractions were kept to be combined later with other fractions. The pool of peak fractions (affigel I load) was diluted with affigel-blue buffer without KCl to reduce its ionic strength to 0.15M KCl.

The affigel I load fraction contained 3.4 mg of protein and was applied to a 4.3 ml affigel-blue (purchased from BioRad) column, which had been equilibrated in 25 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.2% Tween 20, 0.5 mM DTT, and 0.15M KCl. All of the applied Tma DNA polymerase was retained. The column was washed with 15 ml of the same buffer and eluted with a 66 ml linear 0.15 to 0.7M KCl gradient in the same buffer.

Fractions (0.58 ml) eluting between 0.34 and 0.55M KCl were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and appeared to be >90% pure. The polymerase peak fractions were no longer contaminated with site-specific endonuclease (indicated by absence of lower-molecular-weight specific DNA fragments after one or twenty-two hours incubation at 65° C. with 2 units of Tma polymerase using 600 ng of plasmid pLSG 1 (ccc-DNA)). The polymerase peak fractions eluting between 0.3 and 0.55M were pooled and concentrated ˜20-fold on an Amicon YM 30 membrane. This fraction was then diafiltered into 2.5×storage buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 250 mM KCl, 0.25 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM DTT, and 0.5% Tween 20 [Pierce, Surfact-Amps]) and stored at 4° C.

The column was washed with 80 ml of the same buffer and eluted with a 200 ml linear 80 to 750 mM KCl gradient in the same buffer. Fractions (2 ml) eluting between 0.225 and 0.335M KCl were combined, concentrated ˜5-fold on an Amicon YM 30 membrane, and dialyzed into hydroxyapatite-buffer. This fraction (HA load) contained 9.3 mg protein and was loaded onto a 4 ml bed volume hydroxyapatite (high resolution HPT, purchased from Calbiochem) column which had been equilibrated in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.5, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.1 mM EDTA, and 0.2% Tween 20. All of the applied DNA polymerase activity was retained by the column.

The column was washed with 12 ml of the same buffer and eluted with a 60 ml linear 10 to 500 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.5) gradient. Fractions (0.8 ml) eluting between 0.105 and 0.230M potassium phosphate were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Compared to the affigel column I load fraction (which by SDS-PAGE appeared to be ˜10 to 20% pure) these fractions were ˜5-fold less pure. The DNA polymerase peak fractions eluting between 0.105 and 0.255M potassium phosphate were combined, concentrated ˜3-fold on an Amicon YM 30 membrane, and diaffitered into affigel-blue buffer.

The affigel II load fraction was applied to a 3 ml bed volume affigel-blue column which had been equilibrated in affigel-blue buffer. No detectable DNA polymerase activity appeared in the flow-through fractions. The column was washed with 9 ml of the same buffer and eluted with a 50 ml linear 0.2 to 0.7M KCl gradient in the same buffer. Fractions (0.58 ml) eluting between 0.33 and 0.505M KCl were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Because the earlier eluting fractions looked slightly cleaner by their silver staining pattern, two pools were made. Fractions eluting between 0.31 and 0.4M KCl were combined into pool I; fractions eluting between 0.4 and 0.515M KCl were combined into pool II. The two pools were each separately concentrated ˜7-fold on an Amicon YM 30 membrane.

All three affigel-blue pools still contained high levels of contaminating nucleases. Upon incubation at 70° C. with 1.5 units of DNA polymerase, both a single-strand M13 DNA template and a multifragment restriction digest of a plasmid were degraded within a few hours. In situ-activity gels were run and showed that the DNA polymerase fractions had not suffered proteolytic degradation.

The two pools from the second affigel-blue column were combined and dialyzed into a phosphocellulose column buffer. The dialyzed fraction (Pll I load) was loaded onto a 3 ml phosphocellulose column, which had been washed overnight with 25 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.2% Tween 20, and 0.5 mM DTT. This wash later proved to have been insufficient to equilibrate the pH of the phosphocellulose resin. Unfortunately, this was discovered after the sample had been loaded onto the column. All of the applied activity bound to the column.

The column was washed with 9 ml of loading buffer and eluted with a 45 ml linear 50 to 700 mM KCl gradient. DNA polymerase peak fractions (0.58 ml) eluting between 0.46 and 0.575M KCl were analyzed by SDS-PAGE.

Separation of contaminating proteins was observed throughout the peak: a ˜45 kDa contaminating band elutes at 0.53M KCl; an ˜85 kDa contaminating band has an elution peak at 0.54M KCl. Therefore, this column was repeated (loading at somewhat higher ionic strength considering the elution profile of the polymerase). The peak fractions, eluting between 0.475 and 0.56M KCl from the first phosphocellulose column were combined with the pool from the first affigel column. The combined fraction (Pll II load) now contained all of the purified polymerase (˜7.5×104 units).

Fraction Pll II load was diluted with phosphocellulose buffer to adjust its ionic strength to 0.2M KCl. Pll II load was loaded onto a 9 ml bed volume phosphocellulose column, which, this time, had been equilibrated to the correct pH and ionic strength of 25 mM Tfis-Cl, pH 7.5, 200 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.2% Tween 20, and 0.5 mM DTF. The column was washed with 27 ml of the same buffer and was intended to be eluted with a 140 ml linear 0.2 to 0.8M KCl gradient. However, instead of an upper limit buffer of 0.8M KCl, the buffer had a concentration of 52 mM KCl which resulted in a gradient decreasing in salt. The column was then reequilibrated with 32 ml 0.2M KCl-phosphocellulose buffer, and the 140 ml linear 0.2 to 0.8M KCl gradient was reapplied.

The routine assays of flow-through, wash, and gradient fractions showed that at this higher pH (pH 7.5) the DNA polymerase does not bind to the phosphocellulose resin at 0.2M KCl. The DNA polymerase activity containing fractions from the flowthrough, wash, and decreasing salt-gradient-fractions were combined. The resulting pool was concentrated on an Amicon YM30 membrane. However, a mishap with the concentrator led to further losses of DNA polymerase activity. The recovered activity was dialyzed into phosphocellulose buffer with 50 mM KCl and designated Pll III load.

This fraction was loaded onto a 5 ml bed volume phosphocellulose column which had been equilibrated with phosphocellulose buffer with 50 mM KCl. All of the applied activity was retained by the column. The column was washed with 15 ml of the same buffer and eluted with a 45 ml linear 50-500 mM KCl gradient in the same buffer. Fractions (0.87 ml) eluting between 0.16 and 0.33M KCl were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and in situ activity gels.

Based on the silver staining pattern, two pools were made. The peak fractions, eluting between 0.215 and 0.31M KCl, were kept separate from the leading and trailing fractions, which were combined into a side-fractions pool. Both pools were concentrated on centricon 30 membranes and diafiltered into 2.5×storage buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5,250 mM KCl, 0.25 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM DTT, and 0.5% Tween 20 [Pierce, Surfact-Amps]) and subsequently mixed with 1.5 volumes of 80% glycerol.

About 3.1×104 units were recovered in the peak fraction; the side pool yields an additional 1×103 units of activity. The purified DNA polymerase was undegraded as evidenced by an unchanged migration pattern in an in situ activity gel. The molecular weight of the purified DNA polymerase is approximately 97 kDa. Tma DNA polymerase is recognized by epitope-specific antibodies that correspond to Taq DNA polymerase amino acid residues number 569 through 587 (DGTP1) and 718 through 732 (DGTP3).

EXAMPLE 2Isolation of DNA Encoding Tma DNA Polymerase Activity

Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides DG 164 through DG 167 are four different 16-fold degenerate (each) 22mer pools designed as "forward" primers to one of the motifs in the template binding domains (3' most 14 nucleotides) of thermostable DNA polymerases. This motif is the amino acid sequence Gly-Tyr-Val-Glu-Thr and corresponds identically to the T. aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase amino acids 718 through 722 and to the T. thermophilus (Tth) DNA polymerase amino acids 720 through 724. This motif is found in a DNA polymerase gene in all Thermus species. The combined primer pool is 64-fold degenerate and the primers encode a BglII recognition sequence at their 5'-ends.

Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides DG160 through DG 163 are four different 8-fold degenerate (each) 20mer pools designed as "reverse" primers to one of the motifs in the template binding domains (3' most 14 nucleotides) of thermostable DNA polymerases. These primers are designed to complement the (+)-strand DNA sequence that encodes the motif Gln-Val-His-Asp-Glu and which corresponds identically to the Taq DNA polymerase amino acids 782 through 786 and to the Tth DNA polymerase amino acids 784 through 788. This motif is found in a DNA polymerase gene in all Thermus species. The combined primer pool is 32-fold degenerate and the primers encode an EcoRI recognition sequence at their 5'-ends.

The sample was frozen at -20° C. The frozen sample was carefully layered with 20 μl of 10 mM MgCl2 (final concentration 2 mM), immediately overlayed with 100 μl of mineral oil, and cycled in a Perkin Elmer Cetus Thermal Cycler according to the following file: (1) step to 98° C.-hold 50 seconds; (2) step to 50° C.-hold 10 seconds; (3) ramp to 75° C. over 4 minutes; and (4) step to 98° C. The file was repeated for a total of 30 cycles. One-fifth (20 μl) of the amplification product was purified on a 3% Nusieve/1% Seakem agarose composite gel, and the approximately 230 bp fragment was eluted, concentrated, and digested with BglII and EcoRI.

Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides DG154 and DG155 are two different 32-fold degenerate (each) 19mer pools designed as "forward" primers to one of the motifs in the primer:template binding domains (3' most 11 nucleotides) of thermostable DNA polymeruses. This motif is the tetrapeptide sequence Thr-Ala-Thr-Gly and corresponds identically to the Taq DNA polymeruse amino acids 569 through 572 and to Tth DNA polymerase amino acids 571 through 574. This motif is found in a DNA polymerase gene in all Thermus species. The combined primer pool is 64-fold degenerate and the primers encode a BglII recognition sequence at their 5'-ends.

The sample was frozen at -20° C. The frozen sample was carefully layered with 20 μl of 10 mM MgCl2 (final concentration 2 mM), immediately overlaid with 100 μl of mineral oil, and cycled in a Perkin Elmer Cetus Thermal Cycler according to the following file: (1) step to 98° C. --hold 50 seconds; (2) step to 55° C. --hold 10 seconds; (3) ramp to 75° C. over 4 minutes; (4) step to 98° C. The file was repeated for a total of 30 cycles.

One-fifth (20 μl) of the amplification product was purified on a 1.5% agarose gel, and the approximately 670 bp fragment was eluted, concentrated, and digested with BglII and EcoRI as above.

These amplification reactions yielded a 667 bp fragment and 230 bp fragment, which was a subfragment of the 667 bp fragment. These fragments proved useful in obtaining the complete coding sequence for the Tma DNA polymerase gene, as described in the following example.

EXAMPLE 3Cloning the Thermotoga maritima (Tma) DNA Polymerase I Gene

This Example describes the strategy and methodology for cloning the Tma DNA polymerase (Tma Pol I) gene of Thermotoga maritima.

The DNA sequences of the PCR products generated with primers DG 164-167 and DG160-163 (230 bp) and DG154, 155 and DG160-163 (667 bp) contain an XmaI restriction site recognition sequence, 5'CCCGGG. Oligonucleotides were designed to hybridize to sequences upstream and downstream of the XmaI site. DG224 is a 21mer, homologous to the PCR products 59-79bp 3'-distal to the XmaI site. DG225 is a 22mer, homologous to the PCR products from the XmaI site to 21 bp upstream (5') of XmaI. The sequence of DG224 and of DG225 is shown below (K is G or T).

DG224 and DG225 were labelled by tailing with biotin-dUTP and terminal transferase in reactions designed to add approximately 8 biotin-dUMP residues to the 3'-end of oligonucleotides. These labelled oligonucleotides were used as probes in Southern blot analyses of restriction digests of genomic Tma DNA. A preliminary restriction map was generated based on the Southern analysis results, and the DNA sequences of the PCR products were generated as described in Example 2.

The preliminary map showed that the entire Tma DNA polymerase gene is contained in two XmaI fragments. Most of the gene, including the 5'-end, resides on an approximately 2.6 kb XmaI fragment. The remainder of the gene (and the 3'-end) resides on an approximately 4.2 kb XmaI fragment. The two XmaI fragments containing the entire Tma DNA polymerase gene were cloned into plasmid pBS13+ (a.k.a. pBSM13+) as described below.

About 40 micrograms of Tma genomic DNA were digested to completion with XmaI. The XmaI digest was size-fractionated via electroelution. Slot blot analyses of a small portion of each fraction, using γ32 -P ATP-kinased DG224 and DG225 probes, identified the fractions containing the 4.2 kb 3'-fragment (hybridizing with DG224) and the 2.6 kb 5'-fragment (hybridizing with DG225). Fractions were concentrated via ethanol precipitation and then ligated with XmaI-digested pBS 13+ (Stratagene). Ampicillin-resistant transformants were selected on nitrocellulose filters and the filters probed with γ32 -P ATP-kinased DG224 or DG225 probe as appropriate. Plasmid DNA was isolated from colonies that hybridized with probe. Restriction analysis was performed to confirm that fragments were as expected and to determine orientation of fragments relative to the pBS 13+ vector.

DNA sequence analysis of the cloned fragments was performed using the "universal" and "reverse" sequencing primers (which prime in the vector, outside the restriction site polylinker region). In addition, for 5'-clones, the primers used to determine the DNA sequence of the DG154, 155/DG160-163 667 bp PCR clone were employed. Preliminary DNA sequence analysis confirmed that the desired DNA fragments containing the Tma DNA polymerase gene had been cloned.

From the preliminary DNA sequence, further sequencing primers were designed to obtain DNA sequence of more internal regions of the fragments. In addition, to facilitate DNA sequence analysis, several deletions of the two XmaI fragments were made. For both orientations of the 2.6 kb 5'-fragment, EcoRI, SacI, and XbaI digests were each diluted and ligated under conditions which favored intramolecular ligation, thus deleting DNA between the vector EcoRI, SacI, and XbaI sites and the corresponding sites in the Tma XmaI fragment. Such internal deletions allow ready DNA sequence analysis using the "universal" or "reverse" sequencing primers.

Similarly, a deletion of the 4.2 kb 3'-fragment was made, fusing the BamHI site of the vector with the BglII site approximately 650 bp from the Tma Pol internal XmaI site in that clone (BamHI and BglII have identical GATC cohesive ends which ligate readily with one another). This deletion allows for DNA sequence analysis of the 3'-end of the Tma Pol gene.

Restriction site analysis reveals that both the 2.6 kb 5'-fragment and the 4.2 kb 3'-fragment lack NcoI, NdeI, and AseI restriction sites. Knowing the ATG start and coding sequence of the Tma Pol gene, one can design oligonucleotides that will alter the DNA sequence at the ATG start to include an NcoI, NdeI, or AseI restriction site via oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis. In addition, the mutagenic oligonucleotides can be designed such that a deletion of sequences between the lac promoter in the pBS13+ vector and the beginning of the Tma Pol gene is made concurrent with the inclusion of an NdeI or AseI recognition sequence at the ATG start.

The deletion of sequences between the lac promoter in the vector and start of the Tma Pol gene would also eliminate the XmaI restriction site in the deleted region, thus making it convenient to assemble the entire coding sequence in an expression plasmid using conventional skill in the an (see, e.g., synthesis protocols for pDG 174-pDG181 in copending Ser. No. 455,967, filed Dec. 22, 1989, incorporated herein by reference, and Example 5).

The reaction is carried out on a Perkin-Elmer Cetus Instruments DNA Thermal Cycler. Twenty to thirty cycles of 96° C. for 15 seconds; 50° C. for 30 seconds, and 75° C. for 30 seconds are carried out. At 20 cycles, the amplification product (160 bp in size) can be faintly seen on an ethidium bromide stained gel, and at 30 cycles, the product is readily visible (under UV light) on the ethidium bromide stained gel.

The PCR may yield fewer non-specific products if fewer units of Tma DNA polymerase are used (i.e., 0.31 units/50 μl reaction). Furthermore, the addition of a non-ionic detergent, such as laureth-12, to the reaction mixture to a final concentration of about 0.5% to 1% can improve the yield of PCR product.

The 5' end of the Tma gene in vector pBS:Tma7-1 was mutagenized with oligonucleotides DG240 and DG244 via oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis. Plasmid pBSTma7-1 consists of the 2.6 kb 5' XmaI fragment cloned into vector pBS13+. Resultant mutants from both mutageneses had deletions between the ATG of β-galactosidase in the pBS+ vector and the ATG of Tma Pol so that the Tma coding sequence was positioned for expression utilizing the vector lac promoter, operator, and ribosome binding site (RBS). Both sets of mutants also had alterations in the second and sixth codons for Tma Pol to be more compatible with the codon usage of E. coli without changing the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. In addition, DG240 placed an NdeI restriction site at the ATG start of the coding sequence (5'CATATG), and DG244 placed an NcoI restriction site at the ATG start of the coding sequence (5'CCATGG). DG240 mutant candidate colonies were screened with [γ32 P] -labelled oligonucleotide DG241, and DG244 mutant candidate colonies were screened with [γ32 P]-labelled oligonucleotide DG145. Plasmid DNA was isolated from colonies that hybridized with the appropriate probes, and mutations were confirmed via restriction analysis and DNA sequence analysis. The DG240 mutant was named pTma5'Nde#3. The DG244 mutant was named pTma5'Nco#9.

The 3'-end of the Tma Pol gene was mutagenized in pBSTma3'11-1VBam/Bgl with mutagenic oligonucleotide DG238. Plasmid pBSTma3'11-1VBam/Bgl was constructed as described in Example 3 by cloning the 4.2 kb 3' XmaI fragment into pBS13+, digesting the resulting plasmid with BamHI and BglII, and circularizing by ligation the large fragment from the digestion. DG238 inserts EcoRV and BamHI sites immediately downstream of the TGA stop codon. Mutant colony candidates were identified with [γ32 P]-labelled oligonucleotide DG239. Plasmid DNA isolated from positive colonies was screened for appropriate restriction digest patterns, and the DNA sequence was confirmed. One correct candidate is pTma3'mut#1.

B. Assembling the Full-Length Gene in a lac Promoter Vector

For purposes of studying low level expression of Tma Pol in E. coli and possible complementation of E. Coli polymerase mutants by Tma Pol (where high level expression might kill the cell, but where low level expression might rescue or complement), the Tma Pol gene is assembled in the pBS+ cloning vector. A 354 bp XmaI to EcoRV fragment from pTma3'mut#1 is isolated and purified, following agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining, by excising an agarose gel slice containing the 354 bp fragment and freezing in a Costar spinex filter unit. Upon thawing, the unit is spun in a microfuge, and the liquid containing the DNA fragment is collected. After ethanol precipitation, the fragment is ligated with each of the two 5'-mutated vectors, pTma5'∇Nde#3 and pTma5'∇Nc#9, which have each been digested with Asp718, repaired with Klenow and all 4 dNTPs (the reaction conditions 56 mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 56 mM NaCl, 6 mM MgCl2, 6 mM DTT, 5 μM dNTPs, and 11 units of Klenow at 37° C. for 15 minutes; then inactivate at 75° C. for 10 minutes), and then further digested with XmaI.

The ligation is carried out in two steps. To ligate the XmaI sticky ends, the conditions are 20 μg/ml total DNA; 20 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.4, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 40 μM ATP, and 0.2 Weiss units T4 DNA ligase per 20 μl reaction at 0° C. overnight. To ligate Asp718-digested, Klenow repaired blunt ends with EcoRV-digested blunt ends, the first ligations are diluted 4 to 5 fold and incubated at 15° C. in the same ligation buffer, except 1 mM ATP and 10 Weiss units of T4 DNA ligase are used per 20 μl reaction. Ligations are transformed into DG101 host cells. Candidates are screened for appropriate restriction sites, and the DNA sequences around the cloning sites are confirmed. The desired plasmids are designated pBS:TmaNde and pBS:TmaNco.

C. Assembling the Full-Length Gene in PL Expression Vectors

The following table describes PL promoter expression vectors used for assembling and expressing full-length Tma Pol under the control of λPL promoter.

The four vectors in the table are derivatives of plasmid pDG160. Plasmid pDG160 and the scheme for constructing vectors similar to the pDG vectors shown in the table is described in Serial No. 455,967, filed Dec. 22, 1989, incorporated herein by reference. The vectors confer ampicillin resistance and all contain the δ-toxin positive retroregulator from Bacillus thuringiensis and the same point mutations in the RNA II gene which render the plasmids temperature sensitive for copy number.

A three-fragment ligation is used to assemble the Tma Pol gene in the vectors. The vectors are digested with SmaI and either NdeI (pDG174, pDG178) or NcoI (pDG182, pDG184). The 5' end of the Tma Pol gene is from pTma5'∇Nde#3 digested with NdeI and XmaI or pTma5'∇VNco#9 digested with NcoI and XmaI. The 3'end of the gene is from pTma3'mut#1 digested with XmaI and EcoRV and the 354 bp fragment purified as described above.

The probes and oligonucleotides described in this Example are shown below. ##STR3##