Williams was the technical lead in both studies which describe the first use of this technology in neonates. This research explored the use of the instrument in a complex clinical environment and neonatal breathing.

3. Powell, T. and Williams, E.M. (2012). Effect of resistive load on the inspiratory work and power of breathing during exertion. PLoS One 7: e49681

Applied study that explored the relationship between resistive work and power, ventilation and exercise modality. Findings identified that the relationship between work done and power generated while breathing against resistive loads is independent of the exercise mode (cycling or walking) and that ventilation is limited by the work required to breathe, rather than an inability to maintain or generate power.

Williams played a central role in this mechanistic paper which formed part of Kift’s PhD studies. This study explores mechanisms underlying exercise-induced pulmonary ventilation and shows that lung size is a determinant of respiratory performance.