'''Aphrodisias''' is located in the [[Southern Aegean]] region of [[Turkey]], about 30 km west of [[Denizli]] (but no direct road connection). The nearby village is named Geyre, less than 10 km south of Karacasu.

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'''Aphrodisias''' (sometimes '''Afrodisias''') is located inland in the [[Southern Aegean]] region of [[Turkey]], about 30 km west of [[Denizli]] (but no direct road connection). As an archaeological site, it contains some of the most impressive Roman ruins in Turkey, and has perhaps more bang for your money than [[Ephesus]]. The nearby village is named Geyre, less than 10 km south of Karacasu.

==Understand==

==Understand==

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'''Aphrodisias''' (Greek: Ἀφροδισιάς, Aphrodisiás) was a small city in Caria, on the southwest coast of Asia Minor. Its site is located near the modern village of Geyre, Turkey, about 230 km from [[İzmir]]. Aphrodisias was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias.

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===History===

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Aphrodisias (Greek: Ἀφροδισιάς, Aphrodisiás) was a small city in Caria, on the southwest coast of Asia Minor. Its site is located near the modern village of Geyre, Turkey, about 230 km from İzmir. Aphrodisias was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias.

The city was built near a marble quarry that was extensively exploited in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and sculpture in marble from Aphrodisias became famous in the Roman world. Many examples of statuary have been unearthed in Aphrodisias, and some representations of the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias also survive from other parts of the Roman world.

The city was built near a marble quarry that was extensively exploited in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and sculpture in marble from Aphrodisias became famous in the Roman world. Many examples of statuary have been unearthed in Aphrodisias, and some representations of the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias also survive from other parts of the Roman world.

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As many pieces of monumental quarried stone were reused in the Late Antique city walls, many inscriptions could and can be easily read without any excavation; the city has therefore been visited and its inscriptions recorded repeatedly in modern times, starting from the early 18th century.

As many pieces of monumental quarried stone were reused in the Late Antique city walls, many inscriptions could and can be easily read without any excavation; the city has therefore been visited and its inscriptions recorded repeatedly in modern times, starting from the early 18th century.

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The first formal excavations were undertaken in 1904-5, by a French railroad engineer, Paul Augustin Gaudin. The most recent, ongoing excavations are under the aegis of New York University. The findings reveal that the lavish building programme in the city's civic center was initiated and largely funded by one Gaius Julius Zoilus, a local who was a slave of Gaius Julius Caesar, set free by Octavian. When Zoilus returned as a freedman to his native city, endowed with prestige and rich rewards for his service, he directed it to align with Octavian in his power struggle against Mark Antony. This ensured Octavian Augustus's lasting favor in the form of financial privileges that allowed the city to prosper.

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The first formal excavations were undertaken in 1904-5, by a French railroad engineer, Paul Augustin Gaudin. The most recent, ongoing excavations are under the aegis of New York University. The findings reveal that the lavish building programme in the city's civic center was initiated and largely funded by one Gaius Julius '''Zoilus''', a local who was a slave of Gaius Julius Caesar, set free by Octavian. When Zoilus returned as a freedman to his native city, endowed with prestige and rich rewards for his service, he directed it to align with Octavian in his power struggle against Mark Antony. This ensured Octavian Augustus's lasting favor in the form of financial privileges that allowed the city to prosper.

The site is in an earthquake zone and has suffered a great deal of damage at various times, especially in severe temblors of the 4th and 7th centuries. An added complication was that one of the 4th century earthquakes altered the water table, making parts of the town prone to flooding. Evidence can be seen of emergency plumbing installed to combat this problem. Aphrodisias never fully recovered from the 7th century earthquake, and fell into disrepair. Part of the town was covered by the modern village of Geyre; some of the cottages were removed in the 20th century to reveal the older city. A new Geyre has been built a short distance away.

The site is in an earthquake zone and has suffered a great deal of damage at various times, especially in severe temblors of the 4th and 7th centuries. An added complication was that one of the 4th century earthquakes altered the water table, making parts of the town prone to flooding. Evidence can be seen of emergency plumbing installed to combat this problem. Aphrodisias never fully recovered from the 7th century earthquake, and fell into disrepair. Part of the town was covered by the modern village of Geyre; some of the cottages were removed in the 20th century to reveal the older city. A new Geyre has been built a short distance away.

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===Landscape===

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Much of this info is taken from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisias the entry for Aphrodisias on Wikipedia].

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===Flora and fauna===

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===Climate===

==Get in==

==Get in==

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The easiest option is to hire a tour from [[Pamukkale]] for 30-40 TL. Or, from [[Denizli]], you can patch together minibuses to Nazilli and on to Aphrodisias (buses going from Nazilli to Geyre or Tavas will pass by Aphrodisias). However, there may be direct buses from Denizli.

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The easiest option is use a dolmush (shared van) from [[Pamukkale]] for 30-40 TL. Or, from [[Denizli]], you can patch together minibuses to Nazilli and on to Aphrodisias (buses going from Nazilli to Geyre or Tavas will pass by Aphrodisias). However, there may be direct buses from Denizli.

To drive, you will first have to arrive at the city of Nazilli to the northwest or Tavas to the southeast. From these cities, take road D585 and you will see signs showing the way to arrive. From Denizli, it is fastest to arrive from Tavas.

To drive, you will first have to arrive at the city of Nazilli to the northwest or Tavas to the southeast. From these cities, take road D585 and you will see signs showing the way to arrive. From Denizli, it is fastest to arrive from Tavas.

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==Fees/Permits==

==Fees/Permits==

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It costs 8 TL for entrance to Aphrodisias.

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It costs 10 TL for entrance to Aphrodisias. The hours of the park are from 8:30 - 7 during the high season, with the museum closing at 6:30 (a security guard stays in the museum all night).

==Get around==

==Get around==

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There is parking 200m from the site entrance, across the main road from the site itself. The village of Geyre maintains the parking lot and charges 7 TL for parking and a ride to the site. The parking attendant may tell you that the site is 2 km from the parking lot. This is a lie - the site is a short walk from the intersection. You should either park in the official lot for free and decline the ride or park in one of the side streets nearby.

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The area can only be explored on foot, but it is mostly flat and wearing sandals would not be a problem. You can see the whole area in 2 hours, but it is best to go slow and take 3 or more hours.

==See==

==See==

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==Do==

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You will want to leave at least 3 hours to see the site. All locations are easily walkable and within a square kilometer of area. Many tour groups pass through, so an independent visitor would best either see the area earlier in the morning and visit the museum afterward, or start with the museum later in the afternoon (3-4 pm) and wander around the ruins until the park closes at 7pm (loosely enforced) to avoid crowds. The area is lovely around sunset.

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{{infobox|Aphrodite of Aphrodisias|The cult image that is particular to Aphrodisias, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias, doubtless was once housed in the Temple of Aphrodite. She was a distinctive local goddess who became, by ''interpretatio graeca'', identified with the Greek Aphrodite. The surviving images are in a naturalistic style common to the culture, which gave the local goddess more universal appeal. She wears a thick, form-disguising tunic. In the museum, you can see the bands of decoration on the tunic which evoke the Goddess's cosmic powers: the Three Graces that are the closest attendants of Aphrodite; heads of a married pair, identified as Gaia and Uranos, Earth and the Heavens; Helios and Selene separated by a pillar; and the marine Aphrodite, riding a sea-goat, and at the base a group of Erotes performing cult rituals.}}

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===Aphrodisias Museum===

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On site, entrance free with entrance to park. Showcasing an incredibly wide range of sculptures, reliefs, and other artifacts recovered from the area. You can easily spend an hour in here admiring the sculptures from the renowned Aphrodisias school.

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===Temple of Aphrodite===

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The Temple of Aphrodite was a focal point of the town, but the character of the building was altered when it became a Christian basilica.

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===Sarcophagi===

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Sarcophagi were recovered in various locations, most frequently decorated with designs consisting of garland and columns.

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===Bouleuterion===

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The Bouleuterion (Council House) is centered on the north side of the North Agora. As it stands today, it consists of a semicircular auditorium fronted by a shallow stage structure about 46 m wide. The lower part of the auditorium survives intact, with nine rows of marble seats divided into five wedges by radial stairways. The seating of the upper part, amounting to an additional twelve rows, has collapsed together with its supporting vaults. The plan is an extremely open one, with numerous entrances at ground level and several stairways giving access to the upper rows of seats. A system of massive parallel buttresses shows that the building was originally vaulted. The auditorium would have been lighted by a series of tall, arched windows in the curved outer wall. Seating capacity can be estimated at about 1750.

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===Sebasteion===

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Currently under active restoration/replication by NYU, located close to the museum. The Sebasteion, or Augusteum, was jointly dedicated, according to a 1st century inscription on its propylon, "To Aphrodite, the Divine Augusti and the People". A relief found in the ruins of the south portico represented a personification of the polis making sacrifice to the cult image of Aphrodite of Aphrodisias, venerated as promētōr, "foremother" or "ancestral mother". This connection between the goddess and the imperial house was also a particularly politic one at the time, as the Gens Julia - the family of Julius Caesar, Octavian Augustus, and their immediate successors - claimed divine descent from Venus/Aphrodite.

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===Stadium===

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Probably the best preserved of its kind in the Mediterranean except, perhaps, for the Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi. It measured 262 by 59 m and was used for athletic events until the theatre was badly damaged by a 7th century earthquake, requiring part of the stadium to be converted for events previously staged in the theatre.

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===Agora===

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There are two agora, the South Agora being impressively preserved and holding around 7,000 people.

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===Bathhouse===

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A nicely preserved building showing different room for changing and bathing. An important civic center and place of leisure for the denizens of the city.

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===Inscriptions===

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The quality of the marble in Aphrodisias has also resulted in an unusually large number of inscribed items surviving in the city. Upwards of 2000 inscriptions have been recorded by the New York excavators, many of them re-used in the city walls. Most inscriptions are from the Imperial period, with funerary and honorary texts being particularly well-represented, but there are a handful of texts from all periods from the Hellenistic to Byzantine.

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For more information, good links to visit are:

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*[http://www.turizm.net/cities/aphrodisias/ Aphrodisias in Turkey] - History and the archeological sites in Aphrodisias Turkey.

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*[http://http://www.nyu.edu/projects/aphrodisias/home.ti.htm NYU at Aphrodisias] - Site for the New York University research at Aphrodisias, with lots of great information about the site itself.

There is a museum shop on site. You can also buy maps of the area, not included in the entrance fee, for about 5 TL.

==Eat==

==Eat==

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There is a cafe on site. Besides that, there are a few restaurants outside the park across the road from the entrance, and up to a few kilometeres northwest on the road outside Aphrodisias.

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==Drink==

==Sleep==

==Sleep==

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There are a few options for sleeping around Aphrodisias.

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*<sleep name="Aphrodisias Hotel/Restaurant/Camping" alt="" address="" directions="Leaving the park to the left (northwest), about 1 km down the road." phone="" url="" checkin="" checkout="" price="" lat="" long="">Inexpensive place to stay.</sleep>

If you are looking to camp in a tent for minimal/no cost, you can do so outside the entrance to the park by the cemetery. Closer to the road near the intersection of the main (only) road into Geyre, there is a source/faucet of spring water for hand/foot/face washing. Water is good to drink. You can likely ask permission from either the security in the museum around the time it closes (about 6:30) or at the military (''jandarma'') post just outside the entrance. They will show you to an area. Another option would be to just walk out to one of the many fields around the park and pitch your tent under one of the many olive trees, or just ask permission from a family in the area.

==Get out==

==Get out==

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If you do not have your own transport, you will likely return with the tour you came with. To get to [[Denizli]], look for minibuses toward Tavas and transfer there at the bus station (otogar). Otherwise, minibuses run along the road to the larger towns north and south of the area, perhaps 1-2 per hour. Park staff will likely be able to help you.

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There are no direct buses to [[Pamukkale]] from Aphrodisias, you will have to change at Tavas. There is a bus to Tavas scheduled to go pass Aphrodisias at 1pm and 4pm though check with the Park staff to confirm current bus times. There is no actual bus stop or otogar at Aphrodisias so you will have to wait anywhere on the side of the main road and flag down the bus. Cost is 10TL and takes about 1hr. From the otogar in Tavas there are direct minibus connections to Pamuakkale.

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Hitchhiking out of Aphrodisias should not present much challenge.

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{{IsPartOf|Southern Aegean}}

{{IsPartOf|Southern Aegean}}

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{{outline}}

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{{usablepark}}

{{parkguide}}

{{parkguide}}

[[WikiPedia:Aphrodisias]]

[[WikiPedia:Aphrodisias]]

Revision as of 10:38, 24 May 2013

Tetrapylon, entrance gate to Aphrodisias

Aphrodisias (sometimes Afrodisias) is located inland in the Southern Aegean region of Turkey, about 30 km west of Denizli (but no direct road connection). As an archaeological site, it contains some of the most impressive Roman ruins in Turkey, and has perhaps more bang for your money than Ephesus. The nearby village is named Geyre, less than 10 km south of Karacasu.

Understand

Aphrodisias (Greek: Ἀφροδισιάς, Aphrodisiás) was a small city in Caria, on the southwest coast of Asia Minor. Its site is located near the modern village of Geyre, Turkey, about 230 km from İzmir. Aphrodisias was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias.

The city was built near a marble quarry that was extensively exploited in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and sculpture in marble from Aphrodisias became famous in the Roman world. Many examples of statuary have been unearthed in Aphrodisias, and some representations of the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias also survive from other parts of the Roman world.

As many pieces of monumental quarried stone were reused in the Late Antique city walls, many inscriptions could and can be easily read without any excavation; the city has therefore been visited and its inscriptions recorded repeatedly in modern times, starting from the early 18th century.

The first formal excavations were undertaken in 1904-5, by a French railroad engineer, Paul Augustin Gaudin. The most recent, ongoing excavations are under the aegis of New York University. The findings reveal that the lavish building programme in the city's civic center was initiated and largely funded by one Gaius Julius Zoilus, a local who was a slave of Gaius Julius Caesar, set free by Octavian. When Zoilus returned as a freedman to his native city, endowed with prestige and rich rewards for his service, he directed it to align with Octavian in his power struggle against Mark Antony. This ensured Octavian Augustus's lasting favor in the form of financial privileges that allowed the city to prosper.

The site is in an earthquake zone and has suffered a great deal of damage at various times, especially in severe temblors of the 4th and 7th centuries. An added complication was that one of the 4th century earthquakes altered the water table, making parts of the town prone to flooding. Evidence can be seen of emergency plumbing installed to combat this problem. Aphrodisias never fully recovered from the 7th century earthquake, and fell into disrepair. Part of the town was covered by the modern village of Geyre; some of the cottages were removed in the 20th century to reveal the older city. A new Geyre has been built a short distance away.

Get in

The easiest option is use a dolmush (shared van) from Pamukkale for 30-40 TL. Or, from Denizli, you can patch together minibuses to Nazilli and on to Aphrodisias (buses going from Nazilli to Geyre or Tavas will pass by Aphrodisias). However, there may be direct buses from Denizli.

To drive, you will first have to arrive at the city of Nazilli to the northwest or Tavas to the southeast. From these cities, take road D585 and you will see signs showing the way to arrive. From Denizli, it is fastest to arrive from Tavas.

Hitchhiking

Hitchhiking into Aphrodisias is not difficult. Starting early, it is entirely possible to start from Fethiye and hitch to Aphrodisias via Muğla and Tavas and have a few hours to see Aphrodisias before it closes. Aphrodisias is just off of the road, and you can leave your bags with the security in the museum. If you chat with the security guards for a bit, they will make sure you have a place to pitch your tent.

Fees/Permits

It costs 10 TL for entrance to Aphrodisias. The hours of the park are from 8:30 - 7 during the high season, with the museum closing at 6:30 (a security guard stays in the museum all night).

Get around

There is parking 200m from the site entrance, across the main road from the site itself. The village of Geyre maintains the parking lot and charges 7 TL for parking and a ride to the site. The parking attendant may tell you that the site is 2 km from the parking lot. This is a lie - the site is a short walk from the intersection. You should either park in the official lot for free and decline the ride or park in one of the side streets nearby.

The area can only be explored on foot, but it is mostly flat and wearing sandals would not be a problem. You can see the whole area in 2 hours, but it is best to go slow and take 3 or more hours.

See

You will want to leave at least 3 hours to see the site. All locations are easily walkable and within a square kilometer of area. Many tour groups pass through, so an independent visitor would best either see the area earlier in the morning and visit the museum afterward, or start with the museum later in the afternoon (3-4 pm) and wander around the ruins until the park closes at 7pm (loosely enforced) to avoid crowds. The area is lovely around sunset.

Aphrodite of Aphrodisias
The cult image that is particular to Aphrodisias, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias, doubtless was once housed in the Temple of Aphrodite. She was a distinctive local goddess who became, by interpretatio graeca, identified with the Greek Aphrodite. The surviving images are in a naturalistic style common to the culture, which gave the local goddess more universal appeal. She wears a thick, form-disguising tunic. In the museum, you can see the bands of decoration on the tunic which evoke the Goddess's cosmic powers: the Three Graces that are the closest attendants of Aphrodite; heads of a married pair, identified as Gaia and Uranos, Earth and the Heavens; Helios and Selene separated by a pillar; and the marine Aphrodite, riding a sea-goat, and at the base a group of Erotes performing cult rituals.

Aphrodisias Museum

On site, entrance free with entrance to park. Showcasing an incredibly wide range of sculptures, reliefs, and other artifacts recovered from the area. You can easily spend an hour in here admiring the sculptures from the renowned Aphrodisias school.

Temple of Aphrodite

The Temple of Aphrodite was a focal point of the town, but the character of the building was altered when it became a Christian basilica.

Sarcophagi

Sarcophagi were recovered in various locations, most frequently decorated with designs consisting of garland and columns.

Bouleuterion

The Bouleuterion (Council House) is centered on the north side of the North Agora. As it stands today, it consists of a semicircular auditorium fronted by a shallow stage structure about 46 m wide. The lower part of the auditorium survives intact, with nine rows of marble seats divided into five wedges by radial stairways. The seating of the upper part, amounting to an additional twelve rows, has collapsed together with its supporting vaults. The plan is an extremely open one, with numerous entrances at ground level and several stairways giving access to the upper rows of seats. A system of massive parallel buttresses shows that the building was originally vaulted. The auditorium would have been lighted by a series of tall, arched windows in the curved outer wall. Seating capacity can be estimated at about 1750.

Sebasteion

Currently under active restoration/replication by NYU, located close to the museum. The Sebasteion, or Augusteum, was jointly dedicated, according to a 1st century inscription on its propylon, "To Aphrodite, the Divine Augusti and the People". A relief found in the ruins of the south portico represented a personification of the polis making sacrifice to the cult image of Aphrodite of Aphrodisias, venerated as promētōr, "foremother" or "ancestral mother". This connection between the goddess and the imperial house was also a particularly politic one at the time, as the Gens Julia - the family of Julius Caesar, Octavian Augustus, and their immediate successors - claimed divine descent from Venus/Aphrodite.

Stadium

Probably the best preserved of its kind in the Mediterranean except, perhaps, for the Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi. It measured 262 by 59 m and was used for athletic events until the theatre was badly damaged by a 7th century earthquake, requiring part of the stadium to be converted for events previously staged in the theatre.

Agora

There are two agora, the South Agora being impressively preserved and holding around 7,000 people.

Bathhouse

A nicely preserved building showing different room for changing and bathing. An important civic center and place of leisure for the denizens of the city.

Inscriptions

The quality of the marble in Aphrodisias has also resulted in an unusually large number of inscribed items surviving in the city. Upwards of 2000 inscriptions have been recorded by the New York excavators, many of them re-used in the city walls. Most inscriptions are from the Imperial period, with funerary and honorary texts being particularly well-represented, but there are a handful of texts from all periods from the Hellenistic to Byzantine.

Buy

There is a museum shop on site. You can also buy maps of the area, not included in the entrance fee, for about 5 TL.

Eat

There is a cafe on site. Besides that, there are a few restaurants outside the park across the road from the entrance, and up to a few kilometeres northwest on the road outside Aphrodisias.

Sleep

There are a few options for sleeping around Aphrodisias.

Aphrodisias Hotel/Restaurant/Camping, (Leaving the park to the left (northwest), about 1 km down the road.). Inexpensive place to stay.

Anatolia Restaurant/Bar/Camping, (Leaving the park to the left (northwest), about 2 km down the road.), ☎256 - 448.81.38 ([email protected]), [1].

Altinuç Restaurant/Camping, ((Leaving the park to the left (northwest), about 8 km down the road.)), ☎256 441 2829.

Camping

If you are looking to camp in a tent for minimal/no cost, you can do so outside the entrance to the park by the cemetery. Closer to the road near the intersection of the main (only) road into Geyre, there is a source/faucet of spring water for hand/foot/face washing. Water is good to drink. You can likely ask permission from either the security in the museum around the time it closes (about 6:30) or at the military (jandarma) post just outside the entrance. They will show you to an area. Another option would be to just walk out to one of the many fields around the park and pitch your tent under one of the many olive trees, or just ask permission from a family in the area.

Get out

If you do not have your own transport, you will likely return with the tour you came with. To get to Denizli, look for minibuses toward Tavas and transfer there at the bus station (otogar). Otherwise, minibuses run along the road to the larger towns north and south of the area, perhaps 1-2 per hour. Park staff will likely be able to help you.

There are no direct buses to Pamukkale from Aphrodisias, you will have to change at Tavas. There is a bus to Tavas scheduled to go pass Aphrodisias at 1pm and 4pm though check with the Park staff to confirm current bus times. There is no actual bus stop or otogar at Aphrodisias so you will have to wait anywhere on the side of the main road and flag down the bus. Cost is 10TL and takes about 1hr. From the otogar in Tavas there are direct minibus connections to Pamuakkale.

Hitchhiking out of Aphrodisias should not present much challenge.

This is a usable article. It has information about the park, for getting in, about a few attractions, and about accommodations in the park. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!