the inclusion and combination of both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem

biological/ physical anthropology

human biological diversity in time and space

cultural anthropology

the study of human society and culture, the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences

cultural resource management

not only preserving sites but also allowing their destruction if they are not significant

cultures

traditions and customs transmitted through learning that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them

ethnology

examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of ethnography

ethnography

provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture.

food production

the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

general anthropology

The academic discipline of anthropology

holistic

The study of the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture

linguistic anthropology

studies language in its social and cultural context, across space and over time

natural selection

the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so in greater numbers than others in the same population do

phenotype

an organism's evident traits

racial classification

the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories based on common ancestry

sociolinguistics

investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation

Acculturation

the exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact

cultural relativism

the viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture

cultural rights

vested not in individual, but in groups

diffusion

borrowing of traits between cultures

enculturation

the process by which a child learns his or her culture

ethnocentrism

the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures

globalization

encompasses a series of processes, including diffusion, migration, and acculturation, working to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent

hominid

fossil and living humans as well as chimps and gorillas

hominin

group that leads to humans but not to chimps and gorillas and that encompasses all the human species that ever have existed

independent invention

the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding soutions to problems

particularity

traits that are unique to certain cultural traditions

subcultures

different symbol based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups in the same complex society

symbol

signs that have no necessary or natural connection to the things they stand for or signify

complex societies

large and populous societies with social stratification and central governments

cultural consultant

individuals the ethnographer gets to know in the field, the people who teach him or her about their culture, who provide the emic perspective

emic

within a culture

etic

outside observation of a culture

informed consent

agreement to take part in the research, after having been so informed

interview schedule

ethnographer talkes face to face with people, asks questions, and writes down the answers

key cultural consultant

people who by accident, experience, talent, or training can provide the most complete or useful information about particular aspects of life

longitudinal research

long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits

participant observation

taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing

Black English Vernacular (BEV)

the relatively uniform dialect spoken by the majority of black youth in ost parts of the us today

call systems

natural communication system of primates

daughter languages

languages that descend fro the same parent language and that have been changing separately for hundreds or even thousands of years

descriptive linguistics

the scientific study of a spoken language

diglossia

switching dialects

displacement

ability to talk about things that are not present (chimps can't do)

focal vocabulary

specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups

historical linguistics

reconstruct many features of past languages by studying contemporary daughter languages

kinesics

the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions

lexicon

a dictionary containing all of a language's morphemes and their meanings

morphology

studies the forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes—words and their meaningful parts

phoneme

a sound contrast that makes a difference, that differentiates meaning

phonemics

studies only the significant sound contrasts of a given language

phonetics

the study of speech sounds in general, what people actually say in various languages

phonology

the study of speech sounds considers which sounds are present and significant in a given language

productivity

producing new expressions with what already known

protolanguage

original language from which daughter languages diverge

sapir-whorf hypothesis

rather than seeking universal linguistic structures and processes, different languages produce different ways of thinking

semantics

a language's meaning system

sociolinguistics

investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation

style shifts

variations in speech

subgroups

languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related

syntax

the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences

agriculture

requires more labor than horticulture does because it uses lnad intensively and continuously. Uses domesticated animals, irrigation, or terracing

balanced reciprocity

applies to exchanges between people who are more distantly related than are members of the same band or household. The giver expects something in return

band

the basic social unit of foragers. small group of fewer than 100 people, all related by kinship or marriage

generalized reciprocity

someone gives to another person and expects nothing immediate in return. Personal relationships

horticulture

cultivation that makes intensive use of none of the factors of production: land, labor, capital, and machinery. use simple tools. fields lie fallow, slash and burn

market principle

governs the distribution of the means of production—land, labor, natural resources, technology, and capital

means of production

land, labor, technology

mode of production

the way of organizing production

negative reciprocity

purely economic trade with outsiders?

pastoral nomadism

entire group moves with the animals throughout the year

pastoralists

activities focus on domesticated animals

peasants

small-scale agriculturalists who love in nonindustrial states and have rent fund obligations

potlatch

festive event within a regional exchange system. show off wealth by giving away goods. "take from the rich give to the poor" affect

reciprocity continuum

range from generalized to negative reciprocity

redistribution

operates when goods, services, or their equivalent move from the local level to a center.

transhumance

part of the group moves with the heard, but most people stay in the home village.

degenerationism

theory of evoloution where all once civilized and after dispersing some degenerated and others remained civilzed.

Progressivism

human history characterized by advances from primitive to civilized. differences emerge from different experiences

unilineal evolution

all societies follow same evolutionary trajectory

historical particularism

cultures can only be understood with references to their particular historical developments

systematic sketch

look for and document order and structure where others see disorder and chaos

Malinowski

semi-structured interviewing

use of an interview schedule. guided yet flexible.

person-centered interviewing

informant, respondant

cultural domain analysis

a set of items that are generally accepted as being of the same type

free listing, pile sorting, paired comparisons, rank ordering

Durrenberger

the more precisely you can tell ppl what you did, the better they can see things the way you saw them. Methodology is the framework for validity

Dual engagement

personal vs professional (need to get along vs. need as much info out of ppl as possible)

symbolic capital

skillful use of linguistic practices can be converted into social and economic benefits