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A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing. Sallahudeen was a wise king. The noun Sallahudeen refers to a particular king, but the noun king can be applied to any other king as well as to Sallahudeen.

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Kinds of Nouns We call Sallahudeen a Proper Noun, and a king a Common Noun. Mona is a Proper Noun, while girl is a Common Noun. Ali is a Proper Noun, while boy is a Common Noun.

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Cairo is a Proper Noun, while town is a Common Noun. Egypt is a Proper Noun, while country is a Common Noun.

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The word girl is a Common Noun because it is a name common to all girls, while Mona is a Proper Noun because it is the name of a particular girl

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Def._ A common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. (Common here means shared by all).

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Def._ A Proper Noun is the name of some Particular person or place. (Proper means one’s own. Hence a Proper Name is a person’s own name)

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Note 1_ Proper Nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning. Note 2_ Proper Nouns are sometimes used as Common Nouns; as in: He is the Shakespeare (= the greatest dramatist) of his time.

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Common Nouns include what are called Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns. A collective Noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken as one whole; as, Crowd, mob, team, flock, herd, army, fleet, jury, family, nation, parliament, committee.

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A fleet = a collection of ships or vessels. An army = a collection of soldiers. A crowd = a collection of people. The police dispersed the crowd. The French army was defeated in Waterloo. The herd of cattle is passing.

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An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state considered a part from the object which belongs to; as,

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Abstract Nouns are formed_ (1) From adjectives; as, kindness from kind; honesty from honest. (2) From Verbs; as, Obedience from obey; growth from grow. (3) From Common Nouns; as, Childhood from child; slavery from slave.

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Exercise Point out the nouns in the following sentences, and say whether they are Common, Proper, Collective or Abstract: 1. The crowd was very big. 2. Always say the truth. 3. We all love honesty. 1. crowd: Collective 2. truth: Abstract 3.honesty: Abstract

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video— videos zoo—zoos studio—studios tatoo— tatoos SOME nouns that end in -o add only -s to form the plural. NOTE : When in doubt, use your dictionary or spellcheck.

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memento— mementoes/mementos mosquito— mosquitoes /mosquitos tornado— tornadoes/tornados volcano— volcanoes/volcanos zero—zeroes/zeros Some nouns that end in -o add either -es OR -s to form the plural (with -es being the more usual plural form).

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Exercise 5, p Write the correct forms of the given nouns. Use each noun only one time. man attorney 3. Studies are showing that ____process information differently from women. 4. Maria needed some legal advice for her businesses, so she contacted two______. 3. men 4. attorneys

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Exercise 5, p discovery laboratory box ox 5. New scientific ____ are made every day in ____ throughout the world. 6. The farmer loaded his cart with _____ of fresh vegetables to take to market. His cart was pulled by two ____. 5. discoveries... laboratories 6. boxes... oxen

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Exercise 5, p beach cliff piano 7. The north side of the island has no _____ for people to walk on. There are only steep _____No one can climb these steep walls of rock. 8. The music building at the university has 27 _____ for students to play on. Students need to sign up for practice times. 7. beaches... cliffs 8. pianos

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Exercise 5, p phenomenon media 9. Thunder and lightning are _____of nature. 10. People get most of their news about the world through the mass ____,that is, through radio, television, the internet, newspapers, and magazines. 9. phenomena 10. media

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Exercise 6, p.104 Change the nouns to plural as necessary. Do not change any other words. (1) Bacterium are the smallest living thing. They are simple organism that consist of one cell.

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Answer (1) (1) Bacteria are the smallest living things. They are simple organisms that consist of one cell.

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Exercise 6, p.104 (2) Bacterium exist almost everywhere. They are in the air, water, and soil as well as in the body of all living creature.

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Answer (2) (2) Bacteria exist almost everywhere. They are in the air, water, and soil, as well as in the bodies of all living creatures.

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Exercise 6, p.104 (3) There are thousand of kind of bacterium. Most of them are harmless to human being, but some cause diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia.

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Answer (3) (3) There are thousands of kinds of bacteria. Most of them are harmless to human beings, but some cause diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia.

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Exercise 6, p.104 (4) Virus are also microscopic organism, but virus live in the cell of other living thing. By themselves, they are lifeless particle that cannot reproduce, but inside a living cell they become active and can multiply hundred of time.

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Answer (4) (4) Viruses are also microscopic organisms, but viruses live in the cells of other living things. By themselves, they are lifeless particles that cannot reproduce, but inside a living cell they become active and can multiply hundreds of times.

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Exercise 6, p.104 (5) Virus cause many disease. They infect human being with such illness as influenza, the common cold, measles, and AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

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To show possession, add an apostrophe (’) and -s to a singular noun: The girl’s book is on the table. If a singular noun ends in -s, there are two possible forms: 1. Add an apostrophe and -s: Thomas’s book. 2. Add only an apostrophe: Thomas’ book.

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Possessive Form Plural Noun the girls’ the wives’ the ladies’ the men’s the children’s the girls the wives the ladies the men the children

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Add only an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in -s: The girls’ books are on the table. Add an apostrophe and –s to plural nouns that do not end in -s: The men’s books are on the table.

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Alan and Lisa's apartment is on the third floor. When two (or more) names are connected by and, only the final name shows possession.

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Exercise 8, p.105 Complete the sentences. Use the possessive form of the nouns in parentheses. 2. The (boy)____ hat is red. 3. The (boys) ____ hats are red. 4. The (children) ____ toys are all over the floor. 5. I fixed the (child) ____ bicycle. 2. boy’s 3. boys’ 4. children’s 5. child’s

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Exercise 8, p (Sally)_____ last name is White. 7. (Bess) _____last name is Young. 8. There are many problems in (today) _____world. 9. It would cost me a (month) _____salary to buy that refrigerator. 10. We went to (Jack and Larry) __________ house for dinner. 6. Sally’s 7. Bess’s/Bess’ 8. today’s 9. month’s 10. Jack and Larry’s

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Exercise 9, p.105 Correct the errors. Use the possessive nouns by adding apostrophes and final -s/-es as necessary. 3. My uncle is my father brother. 4. I have four aunts. All of my aunt homes are within walking distance of my mother apartment. 3. My uncle is my father’s brother. 4. I have four aunts. All of my aunts’ homes are within walking distance of my mother’s apartment.

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Exercise 9, p I borrowed the secretary pen to fill out the application form. 9. Five astronauts were aboard the space shuttle. The astronaut safe return to earth was a welcome sight to millions of television viewers. 8. I borrowed the secretary’s pen to fill out the application form. 9. Five astronauts were aboard the space shuttle. The astronauts’ safe return to earth was a welcome sight to millions of television viewers.

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Exercise 9, p It is the people right to know what the city is going to do about the housing problem. 11. Quite a few diplomats are assigned to our city. Almost all of the diplomat children attend a special school. 12. A diplomat work invariably involves numerous meetings. 10. It is the people’s right to know what the city is going to do about the housing problem. 11. Quite a few diplomats are assigned to our city. Almost all of the diplomats’ children attend a special school. 12. A diplomat’s work invariably involves numerous meetings.

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Exercise 10.p. 106 Correct the errors in the use of possessive nouns by adding apostrophes as necessary. 2. Psychologists have developed many different kinds of tests. A “personality test” is used to evaluate an individuals personal characteristics, such as friendliness or trustworthiness. 2. Psychologists have developed many different kinds of tests. A “personality test” is used to evaluate an individual’s personal characteristics, such as friendliness or trustworthiness.

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3. Many mythological stories tell of heroes encounters with giants or dangerous animals. In one story, the heros encounter with a dragon saves a village from destruction. 3. Many mythological stories tell of heroes’ encounters with giants or dangerous animals. In one story, the hero’s encounter with a dragon saves a village from destruction.

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4. Childrens play is an important part of their lives. It teaches them about their environment while they are having fun. For instance, they can learn that boats float and can practice ways to make boats move across water. Toys are not limited to children. Adults have their own toys, such as pleasure boats, and children have theirs, such as miniature boats. Adults toys are usually much more expensive than childrens toys. Children’s adults’ children’s

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Nouns as Adjectives The soup has vegetables in it. (a) It is vegetable soup. The building has offices in it. (b) It is an office building. When a noun is used as an adjective, it is in its singular form. incorrect : vegetables soup

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The test lasted two hours. (c) It was a two-hour test. Her son is five years old. (d) She has a five-year-old son. When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a number expression, the noun is singular and a hyphen (-) is used. incorrect : She has a five years old son.

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Exercise 12, p.107 Complete the sentences with the words in italics. Use the singular or plural form as appropriate. Include hyphens (-) as necessary. My garden has ___in it. It is a ___ garden2. flower This soup is made from black___. It is black ____soup.3. bean People can buy special food in small jars for ____.It is called ___ food.4. baby Dr. Adams is trained as a psychologist for ___. She is a ___psychologist.5. child At a formal dinner, there are usually two forks on the table. The smaller fork is for __. It is a ___ fork. 6. salad In tropical climates, sometimes it is necessary to hang a net over a bed to protect the sleeper from ___. It is called a __ net. 7. mosquito

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Exercise 12, p.107 The plane was late. We a ___wait. We had to wait for ___.8. two + hour My brother is ___. I have a ___brother.9. Ten + year + old Arm and dog are ___words. Each word has __.10. Three + letter

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Count and Noncount Nouns (a) I bought a chair. Sam bought three chairs. (b) We bought some furniture. incorrect : We bought some furnitures. incorrect : We bought a furniture.

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PluralSingular two chairs some chairs a lot of chairs many chairs chairs a chair one chair Count Noun count noun: (1) may be preceded by a/an or one in the singular. (2) takes a final -s/-es in the plural

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PluralSingular some furniture a lot of furniture much furniture furniture Noncount Nouns A noncount noun: (1) is not immediately preceded by a/an or one. (2) has no plural form, so does not add a final -s/-es.

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Exercise 16, p I used an iron to press my wrinkled shirt. 6. They have a rusty car without an engine, broken furniture, and an old refrigerator in their front yard. Their yard is full of junk. 6 car (C) engine (C) furniture (NC) refrigerator (C) 5. iron (C) junk (NC)

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Noncount Nouns I bought some chairs, tables, and desks. In other words, I bought some furniture. Many noncount nouns refer to a “whole” that is made up of different parts. Furniture represents a whole group of things that is made up of similar but separate items.

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I put some sugar in my coffee. Sugar and coffee represent whole masses made up of individual particles or elements.

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To express a particular quantity, some noncount nouns may be preceded by unit expressions: a spoonful of sugar, a glass of water, a cup of coffee, a quart of milk, a loaf of bread, a grain of rice, a bowl of soup, a bag of flour, a pound of meat, a piece of furniture, a piece of paper, a piece of jewelry.

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I wish you luck. Many noncount nouns are abstractions. Luck is an abstract concept, an abstract “whole.” It has no physical form; you can’t touch it; you can't count it.

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Sunshine is warm and cheerful. A phenomenon of nature, such as sunshine, is frequently used as a noncount noun.

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noncount: Ann has brown hair. count: Tom has a hair on his jacket. noncount: I opened the curtains to let in some light. count: Don’t forget to turn off the light before you go to bed.

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Many nouns can be used as either noncount or count nouns, but the meaning is different. (Dictionaries written especially for learners of English as a second language are a good source of information on count /noncount usage of nouns.)

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Some Common Noncount Nouns This list is a sample of nouns that are commonly used as noncount nouns. Many other nouns can also be used as noncount nouns. (a ) whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, clothing, equipment, food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage, machinery, mail, makeup, money / cash/change, postage, scenery, stuff, traffic, etc.

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Exercise 17, p.111 Add final -s l-e s to the nouns in italics if necessary. Do not add or change any other words. 3. Outside my window, I can see a lot of tree, bush, grass, dirt, and flower. 4. Abdullah gave me some good advice. Nadia also gave me some good suggestion. 5. Yoko learned several new word today. She increased her vocabulary today. 3. Outside my window, I can see a lot of trees, bushes, grass, dirt, and flowers. 4. Abdullah gave me some good advice. Nadia also gave me some good suggestions. 5. Yoko learned several new words. She increased her vocabulary today.

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Exercise 17, p I drank two glass of water. 7. Window are made of glass. 8. Mr. Chu wears glass because he has poor eyesight. 9. It took me a lot of time to finish my homework. I had a lot of assignment. 6. I drank two glasses of water. 7. Windows are made of glass. 8. Mr. Chu wears glasses because he has poor eyesight. 9. It took me a lot of time to finish my homework. I had a lot of assignments.

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Exercise 17, p I have been in Mexico three time. I’ve spent a lot of time there. 11. The air is full of smoke, dust, carbon monoxide, and many other harmful substance. We must try to reduce air pollution. 10. I have been in Mexico three times. I’ve spent a lot of time there. 11. The air is full of smoke, dust, carbon monoxide, and many other harmful substances. We must try to reduce air pollution.

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Exercise 17, p I like to read good literature. I especially like to read novel, poetry, and essay. My favorite poet are Longfellow and Wordsworth. I have always liked their poem. 13. I like to experience different season. I like both hot and cold weather. 12. literature, novels, poetry, essays, poets, poems 13. seasons, weather

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Exercise 17, p Being a parent has brought me a lot of happiness. Parenting requires a lot of patience, but it provides many reward. 15. There are more star in the universe than there are grain of sand on all the beaches on earth. 16. The true sign of intelligence is not knoivledge but imagination.* 14. happiness, patience, rewards 15. stars, grains, sand 16. (no change)