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What are Oligosaccharides & Polysaccharides ?
Polysaccharides are complex long chain carbohydrates which are formed by dehydration synthesis or polymerisation of more than ten but generally very large number of units called monosaccharides. Oligosaccharides: They are small sized polymers of monosaccharides having 2-6 simple sugars occasionally up to 9-10.
Carbohydrates are ubiquist in nature and are an important group of naturally occurring organic compounds. They are especially prevalent in plants where they make up to 80% of the anhydrous mass. Particularly significant are cellulose, starches, pectines and the sugars saccharose and glucose. In mammals glucose is an essential component in blood and in its polymeric form, glycogen, in the liver and in muscles. Carbohydrates are a key substance in the biological energy storage and the energy transport as well as in the nucleic acid, being responsible for the storage and the transfer of the genetic code and the control of the production of proteins. However, carbohydrates are also part of a wide variety of extensively prescribed pharmaceuticals, for example bear many antibiotics at least one or two sugar moieties. The name carbohydrates is derived of their structure which usually consists of the general chemical formula Cx(H2O)y or its derivatives. However, some prominent exceptions to this rule include the important carbohydrates deoxyribose and glycerol, although they cannot be considered as carbohydrates in a strict sense. Often, derivatives containing other heteroatoms than oxygen are equally counted as carbohydrates. The classification of carbohydrates is usually based on their number of sugar units into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides can be divided into aldoses and ketoses. Aldoses typically possess an aldehyde group on the first carbon atom while ketoses inherit a ketone functionality on the second carbon atom. Another commonly used method classifies carbohydrates according on their number of carbon atoms. Examples for Oligosaccharides manufacturers products are trioses, tetroses, pentoses and hexoses with three, four, five or six carbon atoms in the skeleton. Monosaccharides can either be present in their straight chain structure or, alternatively, a hydroxyl group can react intramolecularly with the aldehyde or ketone functionality to form a hemiacetal or hemiketal. In this case a heterocyclic ring with an oxygen bridge is formed. Oligosaccharides contract manufacturers analyse the Rings with five carbon atoms are called furanoses, rings with six carbon atoms are named pyranoses. They both exist in equilibrium with their straight-chain forms. During the formation of the hemiacetal or -ketal the previous aldehyde or ketone carbon atom becomes a new stereocenter for Oligosaccharides CMOs. Therefore two diastereomeric cyclic forms are established: the alpha- and the beta-anomers.
Disaccharides
Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide subunits linked together by a covalent glycosidic bond. During the addition reaction of the two sugars water is released by Oligosaccharides API manufacturers. The most common disaccharides include sucrose (one glucose and one fructose subunit), lactose (one glucose and one galactose subunit) and maltose (two glucose subunits). Under mildly acid conditions disaccharides are hydrolyzed into two equivalents of the corresponding monosaccharides.
Oligo- and Polysaccharides
Oligo- and polysaccharides consist of several monosaccharide subunits linked together via glycosidic bonds. From Polysaccharides CMOs While oligosaccharides are defined as composed of three to ten sugars, polysaccharides contain more than ten monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides play an important role in the protein posttranslational modification. Polysaccharides serve as versatile biological polymers. Prominent examples include Polysaccharides API manufacturers starch, cellulose and chitin. Human - Natural Oligosaccharides, in science also known as Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs), hexa decamer oligosaccharides CMOs are unique nutrients natural to the human body as they are identical in structure to those present in mother's milk and similar to those in the protective lining of the intestinal tract. They are safe and originally found in large quantities in mother’s milk, where about 200 different ones exist.
It is generally agreed, within the international carbohydrate community, that an oligosaccharide is a carbohydrate consisting of 2-10 monosaccharide residues linked by O-glycosidic bonds (7), although some consider carbohydrates with 2-20 monosaccharide residues as oligosaccharides (2). For a full description of the nomenclature of oligosaccharides the authors refer you to the most recent IUPAC and IUMB recommendations (3). Top Oligosaccharides manufacturers CMOs offers oligo-sugars manufacturing services. Many of the known plant oligosaccharides have established names antithrombotics CMOs which were often assigned before the structures were known (4) and, therefore, give little information about the structure. In order to clarify the hexa decamer oligosaccharides manufacturers use often confusing multiplicity of plant oligosaccharides, Kandler and Hopf (4) grouped them into two distinct classes: primary and secondary oligosaccharides, and this classification will be used in this chapter. Primary oligosaccharides are those synthesized in vivo from a mono- or oligosaccharide and a glycosyl donor by the action of a glycosyl transferase (4). Top hexa decamer oligosaccharides manufacturers CMOs Sucrose offer manufacturing of sugars which is the most common primary oligosaccharide in plants. Secondary oligosaccharides are those formed in vivo or in vitro by hydrolysis of higher oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. At PharmaCompass Find oligosaccharides & polysaccharides API manufacturers and service providers for hexa decamer oligosaccharides API manufacturing. Search by capability like oligosaccharides CMO services, oligosaccharides custom manufacturers CMOs, oligosaccharides API manufacturers CMOs and antithrombotics CMOs. Oligosaccharide extraction from freshly harvested plant material must be undertaken immediately, or the material must be stored either below -20°C, or freeze-dried, in order to prevent enzymatic or chemical degradation. Extraction of oligosaccharides by carbohydrate drugs CMOs is often performed using 70% alcohol, but for many modern analytical techniques, plant materials can be analyzed directly and, therefore, from top Oligosaccharides contract manufacturers there is no need for cumbersome extraction procedures. Oligosaccharides CMOs and Polysaccharides CMOs or other Oligosaccharides API CMO, hexa decamer oligosaccharides CMOs provide sophisticated (and expensive) instrumental methods for the analysis of oligosaccharides, the traditional methods of paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) still have their place. polysaccharides API Manufacturing service providers offer hexa decamer oligosaccharides API Manufacturing, antithrombotics CMO services, Oligosaccharides API CMO services, polysaccharides API CMO services, Oligosaccharides Manufacturing services and Polysaccharides Manufacturing services. Top Oligosaccharides APIs manufacturers CMOs offer Thin-layer chromatography, in particular, is still a useful technique for the rapid separation of large numbers of samples, requiring little or no prior clean-up (5). For screening studies, TLC may be used to analyze hundreds of samples in a single day. It has the added advantage of relatively low cost, as no expensive instrumentation is necessary. Oligosaccharides & Polysaccharides Services|API Manufacturing|CMOs new coated plates may be scanned using ordinary desktop scanners and analyzed using densitometry software, yielding quantitative results that are perfectly acceptable for many purposes (6-8). Companies offer services like idrabiotaparinux CMOs, Oligosaccharides CMO service for High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with laser light scattering (LLS) or refractive index detection allow the separation and direct detection of oligosaccharides and provides molecular weight distribution information. However, laser light scattering for Oligosaccharides service providers can sometimes give erroneous results, because of molecule-molecule interactions and associations which can occur in higher MW oligosaccharides, and refractive index detection of oligosaccharides is very insensitive (detects only in the mg and hundreds of jixg range) Oligosaccharides can be separated by Oligosaccharides CMO service providers high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using reversed phase columns, amino-silica columns, or ion-exchange sulfonate resin columns with calcium, lead, or silver counterions. Top Polysaccharides API manufacturers provides High performance anion exchange Oligosaccharides Manufacturing services for chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) is now frequently used to separate and directly detect oligosaccharides at alkaline pH using gradient methods. HPAEC offers high separation resolution of oligosaccharides and even oligosaccharide isomers, coupled with very sensitive detection (2). However, the mass sensitivity of PAD decreases with an increase in degree of polymerization (DP) With best Oligosaccharides CMOs for High performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection also provides high resolution of oligosaccharides, but a pre-column derivatization is required to produce spectroscopically active compounds. HPCE requires best Polysaccharides CMOs has also been coupled with PAD to analyze oligosaccharide and alditol mixtures. Antithrombotics Manufacturing services from Oligosaccharides Manufacturing CROs, Polysaccharides CMO service providers, Polysaccharides CMO services, Oligosaccharides API Manufacturing services etc offer secondary oligosaccharides mentioned above exist primarily within the plant and result from breakdown in vivo by endogenous enzymes. Oligosaccharides API CMO services for Polysaccharides may also be broken down in vivo by exogenous digestive enzymes, particularly those of microbial origin, and can be broken down in vitro by mineral acids. Oligosaccharides API Manufacturing service providers offer the conversion of biomass and much of the carbon cycle depends on the enzyme catalyzed degradation of polysaccharides to monosaccharides, often through oligosaccharide intermediates. As discussed in the preceding section the oligosaccharides active drug API Manufacturing for Synthetic oligosaccharides, oligosaccharide synthesis on large scale and Large-Scale Synthesis of H-Antigen Oligosaccharides with cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes for best antithrombotics CMOs hydrolyze cellulose and starch for carbohydrate-based drugs, respectively, yielding series of gluco oligosaccharides as the first step in their conversion to D-glucose. Nearly any polysaccharide may be broken down in similar manner; the two most common enzymes involved are Large-Scale Synthesis of H-Antigen Oligosaccharides, endohydrolases and exohydrolases. It is typical for endohydrolases to first break down a long polysaccharide chain into short oligosaccharides, followed by hydrolysis of the oligosaccharides to monosaccharides by exohydrolases. Other enzymes may also be involved in Large-scale enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides, including debranching enzymes, acetyl or feruloyl esterases, phosphory Certain oligosaccharides occur in or on living plant tissue attacked by insects or infected with microbes (bacteria, yeasts, and fungi), as well as from postharvest plant material that has deteriorated from microbial reactions. Oligosaccharide Synthesis CMOs offer Oligosaccharide Synthesis services, Oligosaccharide CMOs expertise, Oligosaccharide Manufacturing expertise and Polysaccharides Manufacturing CMOs. The greatest source of oligosaccharides from plant material attacked by insects is honey. There are two types of honey: floral and honeydew. Floral honey originates from the nectar of flowers. Best idrabiotaparinux CMOs Honeydew is obtained by the honeybee indirectly from sweet syrups excreted by various hemipterous insects feeding on tree phloem sap. Best carbohydrate drugs CMOs offer most of the honey oligosaccharides are produced by enzymes present in the intestines of bees from nectar containing sucrose, glucose, and fructose or honeydew (4). Microbial reactions are responsible for the deterioration of much plant material,particularly post-harvest plant material, and some of these deterioration reactions can lead to the formation of oligosaccharides. Polysaccharides API Manufacturing CMOs and oligosaccharides & polysaccharides API Manufacturing service providers offer oligosaccharides API Manufacturing service providers. Two of the best examples of oligosaccharide formation on plant microbial deterioration in agriculture are associated with the industrial cultivation and processing of sugarbeet and sugarcane. Both sugar beet and sugarcane varieties, especially those damaged by frosts, diseases or pests, are highly susceptible to deterioration by dextran forming bacteria, particularly Leuconostoc spp. Dextransucrase, secreted by the bacteria, catalyzes the formation of dextran and associated oligosaccharides (47-48) from sucrose. Recently, some of these oligosaccharides, have been put forward as indicators of both beet (leucrose 49) and cane (isomaltotriose 50) preharvest and Postha Oligosaccharides in food and agriculture are currently garnering much attention, especially in their application as prebiotics. Much remains to be learned about the mechanism of action of prebiotics, in particular the complex interactions among carbohydrate substrates, mixed populations of microbes, Also best Oligosaccharides CMOs services with various host environments under a variety of dietary influences. However, the authors expect this attention to continue as new oligosaccharides are developed for use in so-called functional foods. It is likely that these oligosaccharides will be produced using microbial or enzymatic systems, which will necessitate further research on transglycosylation reactions by a wide variety of enzymes. Glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, and genetically engineered "glycosynthases" will play a role in this rapidly developing field.

Oligosaccharides Manufacturing

SAIS is an oligosaccharides API CMO service provider offering manufacturing of building blocks to hexa-decamer including strong expertise in analyticals. Their capabilities includes oligosaccharides & hexa decamer oligosaccharides API manufacturing etc.

What are Oligosaccharides & Polysaccharides ?
Polysaccharides are complex long chain carbohydrates which are formed by dehydration synthesis or polymerisation of more than ten but generally very large number of units called monosaccharides. Oligosaccharides: They are small sized polymers of monosaccharides having 2-6 simple sugars occasionally up to 9-10.
Carbohydrates are ubiquist in nature and are an important group of naturally occurring organic compounds. They are especially prevalent in plants where they make up to 80% of the anhydrous mass. Particularly significant are cellulose, starches, pectines and the sugars saccharose and glucose. In mammals glucose is an essential component in blood and in its polymeric form, glycogen, in the liver and in muscles. Carbohydrates are a key substance in the biological energy storage and the energy transport as well as in the nucleic acid, being responsible for the storage and the transfer of the genetic code and the control of the production of proteins. However, carbohydrates are also part of a wide variety of extensively prescribed pharmaceuticals, for example bear many antibiotics at least one or two sugar moieties. The name carbohydrates is derived of their structure which usually consists of the general chemical formula Cx(H2O)y or its derivatives. However, some prominent exceptions to this rule include the important carbohydrates deoxyribose and glycerol, although they cannot be considered as carbohydrates in a strict sense. Often, derivatives containing other heteroatoms than oxygen are equally counted as carbohydrates. The classification of carbohydrates is usually based on their number of sugar units into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides can be divided into aldoses and ketoses. Aldoses typically possess an aldehyde group on the first carbon atom while ketoses inherit a ketone functionality on the second carbon atom. Another commonly used method classifies carbohydrates according on their number of carbon atoms. Examples for Oligosaccharides manufacturers products are trioses, tetroses, pentoses and hexoses with three, four, five or six carbon atoms in the skeleton. Monosaccharides can either be present in their straight chain structure or, alternatively, a hydroxyl group can react intramolecularly with the aldehyde or ketone functionality to form a hemiacetal or hemiketal. In this case a heterocyclic ring with an oxygen bridge is formed. Oligosaccharides contract manufacturers analyse the Rings with five carbon atoms are called furanoses, rings with six carbon atoms are named pyranoses. They both exist in equilibrium with their straight-chain forms. During the formation of the hemiacetal or -ketal the previous aldehyde or ketone carbon atom becomes a new stereocenter for Oligosaccharides CMOs. Therefore two diastereomeric cyclic forms are established: the alpha- and the beta-anomers.
Disaccharides
Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide subunits linked together by a covalent glycosidic bond. During the addition reaction of the two sugars water is released by Oligosaccharides API manufacturers. The most common disaccharides include sucrose (one glucose and one fructose subunit), lactose (one glucose and one galactose subunit) and maltose (two glucose subunits). Under mildly acid conditions disaccharides are hydrolyzed into two equivalents of the corresponding monosaccharides.
Oligo- and Polysaccharides
Oligo- and polysaccharides consist of several monosaccharide subunits linked together via glycosidic bonds. From Polysaccharides CMOs While oligosaccharides are defined as composed of three to ten sugars, polysaccharides contain more than ten monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides play an important role in the protein posttranslational modification. Polysaccharides serve as versatile biological polymers. Prominent examples include Polysaccharides API manufacturers starch, cellulose and chitin. Human - Natural Oligosaccharides, in science also known as Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs), hexa decamer oligosaccharides CMOs are unique nutrients natural to the human body as they are identical in structure to those present in mother's milk and similar to those in the protective lining of the intestinal tract. They are safe and originally found in large quantities in mother’s milk, where about 200 different ones exist.
It is generally agreed, within the international carbohydrate community, that an oligosaccharide is a carbohydrate consisting of 2-10 monosaccharide residues linked by O-glycosidic bonds (7), although some consider carbohydrates with 2-20 monosaccharide residues as oligosaccharides (2). For a full description of the nomenclature of oligosaccharides the authors refer you to the most recent IUPAC and IUMB recommendations (3). Top Oligosaccharides manufacturers CMOs offers oligo-sugars manufacturing services. Many of the known plant oligosaccharides have established names antithrombotics CMOs which were often assigned before the structures were known (4) and, therefore, give little information about the structure. In order to clarify the hexa decamer oligosaccharides manufacturers use often confusing multiplicity of plant oligosaccharides, Kandler and Hopf (4) grouped them into two distinct classes: primary and secondary oligosaccharides, and this classification will be used in this chapter. Primary oligosaccharides are those synthesized in vivo from a mono- or oligosaccharide and a glycosyl donor by the action of a glycosyl transferase (4). Top hexa decamer oligosaccharides manufacturers CMOs Sucrose offer manufacturing of sugars which is the most common primary oligosaccharide in plants. Secondary oligosaccharides are those formed in vivo or in vitro by hydrolysis of higher oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. At PharmaCompass Find oligosaccharides & polysaccharides API manufacturers and service providers for hexa decamer oligosaccharides API manufacturing. Search by capability like oligosaccharides CMO services, oligosaccharides custom manufacturers CMOs, oligosaccharides API manufacturers CMOs and antithrombotics CMOs. Oligosaccharide extraction from freshly harvested plant material must be undertaken immediately, or the material must be stored either below -20°C, or freeze-dried, in order to prevent enzymatic or chemical degradation. Extraction of oligosaccharides by carbohydrate drugs CMOs is often performed using 70% alcohol, but for many modern analytical techniques, plant materials can be analyzed directly and, therefore, from top Oligosaccharides contract manufacturers there is no need for cumbersome extraction procedures. Oligosaccharides CMOs and Polysaccharides CMOs or other Oligosaccharides API CMO, hexa decamer oligosaccharides CMOs provide sophisticated (and expensive) instrumental methods for the analysis of oligosaccharides, the traditional methods of paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) still have their place. polysaccharides API Manufacturing service providers offer hexa decamer oligosaccharides API Manufacturing, antithrombotics CMO services, Oligosaccharides API CMO services, polysaccharides API CMO services, Oligosaccharides Manufacturing services and Polysaccharides Manufacturing services. Top Oligosaccharides APIs manufacturers CMOs offer Thin-layer chromatography, in particular, is still a useful technique for the rapid separation of large numbers of samples, requiring little or no prior clean-up (5). For screening studies, TLC may be used to analyze hundreds of samples in a single day. It has the added advantage of relatively low cost, as no expensive instrumentation is necessary. Oligosaccharides & Polysaccharides Services|API Manufacturing|CMOs new coated plates may be scanned using ordinary desktop scanners and analyzed using densitometry software, yielding quantitative results that are perfectly acceptable for many purposes (6-8). Companies offer services like idrabiotaparinux CMOs, Oligosaccharides CMO service for High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with laser light scattering (LLS) or refractive index detection allow the separation and direct detection of oligosaccharides and provides molecular weight distribution information. However, laser light scattering for Oligosaccharides service providers can sometimes give erroneous results, because of molecule-molecule interactions and associations which can occur in higher MW oligosaccharides, and refractive index detection of oligosaccharides is very insensitive (detects only in the mg and hundreds of jixg range) Oligosaccharides can be separated by Oligosaccharides CMO service providers high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using reversed phase columns, amino-silica columns, or ion-exchange sulfonate resin columns with calcium, lead, or silver counterions. Top Polysaccharides API manufacturers provides High performance anion exchange Oligosaccharides Manufacturing services for chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) is now frequently used to separate and directly detect oligosaccharides at alkaline pH using gradient methods. HPAEC offers high separation resolution of oligosaccharides and even oligosaccharide isomers, coupled with very sensitive detection (2). However, the mass sensitivity of PAD decreases with an increase in degree of polymerization (DP) With best Oligosaccharides CMOs for High performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection also provides high resolution of oligosaccharides, but a pre-column derivatization is required to produce spectroscopically active compounds. HPCE requires best Polysaccharides CMOs has also been coupled with PAD to analyze oligosaccharide and alditol mixtures. Antithrombotics Manufacturing services from Oligosaccharides Manufacturing CROs, Polysaccharides CMO service providers, Polysaccharides CMO services, Oligosaccharides API Manufacturing services etc offer secondary oligosaccharides mentioned above exist primarily within the plant and result from breakdown in vivo by endogenous enzymes. Oligosaccharides API CMO services for Polysaccharides may also be broken down in vivo by exogenous digestive enzymes, particularly those of microbial origin, and can be broken down in vitro by mineral acids. Oligosaccharides API Manufacturing service providers offer the conversion of biomass and much of the carbon cycle depends on the enzyme catalyzed degradation of polysaccharides to monosaccharides, often through oligosaccharide intermediates. As discussed in the preceding section the oligosaccharides active drug API Manufacturing for Synthetic oligosaccharides, oligosaccharide synthesis on large scale and Large-Scale Synthesis of H-Antigen Oligosaccharides with cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes for best antithrombotics CMOs hydrolyze cellulose and starch for carbohydrate-based drugs, respectively, yielding series of gluco oligosaccharides as the first step in their conversion to D-glucose. Nearly any polysaccharide may be broken down in similar manner; the two most common enzymes involved are Large-Scale Synthesis of H-Antigen Oligosaccharides, endohydrolases and exohydrolases. It is typical for endohydrolases to first break down a long polysaccharide chain into short oligosaccharides, followed by hydrolysis of the oligosaccharides to monosaccharides by exohydrolases. Other enzymes may also be involved in Large-scale enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides, including debranching enzymes, acetyl or feruloyl esterases, phosphory Certain oligosaccharides occur in or on living plant tissue attacked by insects or infected with microbes (bacteria, yeasts, and fungi), as well as from postharvest plant material that has deteriorated from microbial reactions. Oligosaccharide Synthesis CMOs offer Oligosaccharide Synthesis services, Oligosaccharide CMOs expertise, Oligosaccharide Manufacturing expertise and Polysaccharides Manufacturing CMOs. The greatest source of oligosaccharides from plant material attacked by insects is honey. There are two types of honey: floral and honeydew. Floral honey originates from the nectar of flowers. Best idrabiotaparinux CMOs Honeydew is obtained by the honeybee indirectly from sweet syrups excreted by various hemipterous insects feeding on tree phloem sap. Best carbohydrate drugs CMOs offer most of the honey oligosaccharides are produced by enzymes present in the intestines of bees from nectar containing sucrose, glucose, and fructose or honeydew (4). Microbial reactions are responsible for the deterioration of much plant material,particularly post-harvest plant material, and some of these deterioration reactions can lead to the formation of oligosaccharides. Polysaccharides API Manufacturing CMOs and oligosaccharides & polysaccharides API Manufacturing service providers offer oligosaccharides API Manufacturing service providers. Two of the best examples of oligosaccharide formation on plant microbial deterioration in agriculture are associated with the industrial cultivation and processing of sugarbeet and sugarcane. Both sugar beet and sugarcane varieties, especially those damaged by frosts, diseases or pests, are highly susceptible to deterioration by dextran forming bacteria, particularly Leuconostoc spp. Dextransucrase, secreted by the bacteria, catalyzes the formation of dextran and associated oligosaccharides (47-48) from sucrose. Recently, some of these oligosaccharides, have been put forward as indicators of both beet (leucrose 49) and cane (isomaltotriose 50) preharvest and Postha Oligosaccharides in food and agriculture are currently garnering much attention, especially in their application as prebiotics. Much remains to be learned about the mechanism of action of prebiotics, in particular the complex interactions among carbohydrate substrates, mixed populations of microbes, Also best Oligosaccharides CMOs services with various host environments under a variety of dietary influences. However, the authors expect this attention to continue as new oligosaccharides are developed for use in so-called functional foods. It is likely that these oligosaccharides will be produced using microbial or enzymatic systems, which will necessitate further research on transglycosylation reactions by a wide variety of enzymes. Glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, and genetically engineered "glycosynthases" will play a role in this rapidly developing field.