Friday, June 27, 2014

5G Will Give Operators Massive Headaches – Bell Labs

The Massive MIMO antennas expected to be at the heart of
so-called 5G next-gen mobile networks will come with some major challenges
because of their huge size, according to Tod Sizer, head of access technologies
research at Bell Labs , part of the Alcatel-Lucent (NYSE: ALU) empire. (See
AlcaLu Breathes New Life Into Bell Labs and Prepare for a 5G Onslaught.)

He says operators will face a creative challenge in
deploying 5G basestations in downtown areas.

"They're very flat, they're very large, and they'll
never go on top of the big towers because there's too much wind blowing,"
Sizer said. "But you can hide them in the facades, say, right behind
advertising billboards or on the side of walls or buildings."

Of course, even before they are deployed, there's no
shortage of technical hurdles to be overcome to build antennas of that power
and complexity.

No more than six MIMO (multiple input, multiple output)
antennas are deployed in a 4G basestation, but 5G MIMO will likely involve
hundreds, Sizer predicts.

"If you want to make 100 antennas work together, you
need to get the costs to the point and the size and the weight and the power to
be low enough so it's economic to deploy. The challenges we have in the digital
processing are as severe as the heat and size issues."

Sizer said Massive MIMO would be likely deployed only in
high-density urban areas. He describes it as "a wonderful technology for
Singapore," where most people live in a high-rise, but wouldn't be
required for medium-density suburbs.

He said that whereas 4G was primarily about the radio, the
big challenge for 5G would be to create a user- or application-aware network
with a focus on end-to-end performance.

"We know what the application is, we know what the
network is. How can the network adapt to that particular woman, with that
particular application, in that particular place?"

As well as the obvious issues of bandwidth and latency, 5G
would also have to provide "responsivity," which Sizer describes as
the ability to create a session, complete the operation quickly, and shut it
down.

"For an app like search, that's critical… if I can
create a connection, use it and then shut down the connection, that allows me
to use the network less. That has impacts on the capacity of the network; it
also impacts battery life."

He says the industry will need to get creative to acquire
the spectrum resources necessary for 5G, such as millimeter waves or the use of
LTE unlicensed spectrum through carrier aggregation.

He also points to under-used 5GHz bands used for radar
surveillance near airports. "We're working with the federal government and
the FCC to share that spectrum. If you're not within 100 kilometers of an
airport, why can't I use it? Or use it when the radar is pointed in other
directions?" asks the Bell Labs man.

Keep up to date with 5G views and developments at Light
Reading's dedicated 5G track.

Experience: my dog found my cancer

Emilie Clark with Mia: 'She fixed her eyes on mine and stared intently. She seemed certain there was a problem.' Photograph: Mark Chilvers for the Guardian

I met my miniature dachshund, Mia, at a rescue centre five years ago. She was one of a litter of 12-week-old puppies confiscated from a puppy farm. I hoped she would be my assistance dog for my health problems. Since birth, I have suffered with a type of heart arrhythmia called ventricular tachycardia. My heart races and, if I don't take medication immediately to slow it, I lose consciousness. I've had to be rushed to hospital to have it restarted. Unrelated to that, at 19 I started to lose my hearing and now struggle with high-pitched sounds such as the phone or doorbell ringing.

I was studying to be a vet, so the idea of having an assistance dog appealed to me – I love animals. The theory was that Mia would alert me when the phone was ringing or when my heart rate was speeding up and I had to take emergency medication. When she was 16 weeks old, she was assessed by a charity that trains pets to become assistance dogs. I hoped the immediate and instinctive bond Mia and I shared when we met meant she'd be suitable.

She qualified as my assistance dog just before her second birthday. Mia learned to alert me just before my arrhythmia starts by making a horrible screeching noise and jumping up at me. She ferrets in my handbag and brings me my heart medicine. She puts her paw on my leg to inform me when the phone's ringing. Once we were in B&Q when the fire alarm sounded and, executing her training perfectly, she lay on the floor and stared at me, hard, to tell me a siren was blaring.

One evening in November 2011, I was at my computer when Mia leapt on to my lap and nuzzled into the flesh at the top of my left breast. She closed her eyes and licked furiously. That frightened me because it's what she does when I have a bruise or cut.

I pushed her gently away but she fixed her eyes on mine and stared at me intently, as she does when she's alerting me to something. I was uneasy now. Mia seemed certain there was a problem with the area at the top of my breast. I couldn't distinguish anything – my breasts are naturally lumpy – so it was difficult. All evening Mia attempted to leap on to my lap and tend to the area of skin where she perceived a problem. The following morning, I visited my GP with a sense of dread. I asked for an ultrasound or a mammogram. I didn't start the consultation by telling him that my dog had alerted me to the possible abnormality – I was aware it might sound far-fetched, but when he was dismissive, saying it was unlikely I had breast cancer because I was only 24, I explained.

"I know dogs detect cancer and my dog is determined there's something wrong with my breast," I said firmly. Then I informed him that, as I trusted my dog, I wasn't leaving his surgery until he'd made me a hospital appointment.

My faith in Mia's diagnostic abilities wasn't misplaced. I had an ultrasound within a week and, sure enough, there was a lump that a biopsy later confirmed was grade 2a breast cancer. Two days later, I was in surgery having the lump removed. Then I started radiotherapy – five days a week for three weeks. I was angry. I was only 24 and I'd already suffered so many health problems.

It made everything else harder. Training to be a vet requires 100% dedication and, with fighting cancer and having intense and exhausting radiotherapy, I couldn't give that, so I had to drop out of university. They were really hard times. My relationship broke up and I had to move back home with my parents. Mia was by my side through it all. Cuddling her after bad news or a gruelling session of treatment alleviated some of the pain.

None of the oncologists I met during my ordeal was sceptical about Mia's role in diagnosing my cancer – they had heard it before. There's a charity called Medical Detection Dogs that trains dogs to sniff out cancer, and its work is endorsed by Cancer Research UK. Scientists are researching how dogs possess this diagnostic ability so that humans can harness it.

Fortunately, my cancer hadn't spread but it will be another 16 months of scans before doctors grant me the all clear. Meanwhile, I'm rebuilding my life. No matter what life serves up, the bond between Mia and me will always be incredibly strong.

Longtime Toronto resident Shelly Lee said the potential savings could come at a price. “We know that these wireless systems are hackable,” she said.

Critics of wireless water meters in the U.S. have pointed out that transmissions aren’t encrypted, so readings can easily be altered or the signals can even be jammed. There’s also the possibility of customers abusing the system by finding ways to manipulate the wireless meters.

“My current meter works just fine,” Lee said. “I will not let Neptune (the installer) into my home to replace it.”

Toronto Water says out of 242,000 accounts in areas where the program has been completed, holders of 2,368 metered accounts either outright refused access or ignored as many as nine contacts from the city, including a registered letter. They will be subject to the $80 fee every time their meter is read.

In the same completed areas, another 973 customers with no meters who pay a flat rate have refused to move to the new meters and they will be subject to an annual fee of $1,020 for water.

Residents, including Lee, have cited concerns about radio frequencies from the wireless devices, prompting Toronto Public Health to issue a statement that the transmissions — which last for one second a day — are unlikely to pose a health hazard.

But Lee said exposure to additional radio frequencies in a world that’s being inundated by various cellular, radio and other wireless transmissions is just another possible health risk.

She doesn’t understand why residents couldn’t have the option of sending in water readings online or over the phone.

Midtown resident Darlene Allan said she’s been calling in her reading for 20 years and doesn’t understand why the city won’t let her continue.

“It seems like the city is taking something that isn’t broke and trying to fix it,” Allan said, adding she didn’t appreciate the city “threatening” people with potential huge fines and cutting off their water supply.

East-end resident Jessica Annis doesn’t want to hand over access to her property so the city can install a device that could compromise her privacy if the system were hacked.

“They say this isn’t hackable, well everything’s hackable,” Annis said. “I have privacy concerns. I have other concerns. They don’t have authority over my private property.”

In many cases, the reasons for people not co-operating are unknown because the customer simply hasn’t responded to any of the contacts, said Anthony Fabrizi of revenue services.

The new fee, previously approved by council, takes effect July 1. At budget committee recently, Pasternak tried but failed to have the fee delayed to Dec. 31.

Pasternak objects to the fee and the “threatening” warning letter that says allowing access is mandatory under city bylaws and notes that failure to comply is an offence carrying a maximum $50,000 fine, and could result in the water supply being turned off.

“I think in general electronic meter reading is a solid policy but it’s very important when you bring in new measures that you do so with a soft landing,” he said. “I think it’s important to show leniency.”

In a report, the city said the meter reading fee could serve as an incentive for people to accept automated meters, and added that $80 is the city’s actual cost of sending someone out to do a manual read.

Toronto Water general manager Lou Di Gironimo said the program has been successful in that all but 1.3 per cent of customers in completed areas have balked.

“That’s a pretty good success rate,” Di Gironimo said. “The people that have completely ignored us or just said no, council decided we should be able to charge non-compliance fees because there will be extra costs to manage those accounts.”

“The principle should be to recover our costs,” Perks said. “If someone wants a service other people don’t get, they should pay the cost of that special service. Otherwise, they’re asking everyone else to subsidize them.”

In approving wireless meters, city council was told they would help detect leaks by more closely tracking consumption. It noted customers are notified to check for leaks if their daily consumption is three times the average.

The program also targets flat rate customers who have no meter and tend to use more water than the flat rate covers. The $1,020 annual fee covers the city’s estimate of actual water consumption.

Pasternak said he didn’t have a problem with the new flat rate charge because customers should pay for the water they use.

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THE WORK OF OLLE JOHANSSON

In the 1970s the newspaper industry was one of the first to supply its employees with computers. Complaints of visual problems and headaches, as well as clusters of miscarriages and birth defects in children born to female editors and other newspaper employees, generated some publicity. In the United States, then-Representative Al Gore held Congressional hearings in 1981 on the health effects of computer screens. In Sweden, a union activist brought the problem to the attention of Dr. Olle Johansson, a neuroscientist at the world-renowned Karolinska Institute. Johansson was the head of the Experimental Dermatology Unit at the Institute.

“For me,” said Johansson, “it was immediately clear that persons claiming skin reactions after having been exposed to computer screens very well could be reacting in a highly specific way and with a completely correct avoidance reaction, especially if the provocative agent was radiation and/or chemical emissions — just as you would do if you had been exposed to e.g. sun rays, X-rays, radioactivity or chemical odours.”

Johansson began to study the skin of these patients, and proved that they had a real skin condition that was provoked by sitting in front of a computer screen. The damage was similar to that caused by ultraviolet radiation from the sun. He also showed that the radiation from computers causes measurable changes even in the skin of “normal” people,” and also in the skin of laboratory animals.

He named the new disease “screen dermatitis.” However, since such individuals also usually complained of other symptoms, such as chest pain, memory loss, fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, nausea, and headache, the more general term “electromagnetic hypersensitivity” came into use.

Many people who worked in the electronics industry in Sweden, including an estimated 12% of the electrical engineers in that industry, became electrically sensitive, and helped form an organization called Föreningen för el-och bildskärmsskadade (Association for the Electrosensitive), or FEB. Due in part to the work of FEB and the research of Dr. Johansson, electrosensitivity is a fully recognized disability in Sweden.

More recently, Johansson and his colleagues have conducted important epidemiological studies showing that wireless communication networks are causing significant illness throughout society. They have also shown that increased rates of asthma as well as certain types of cancer were strongly correlated with exposure to radio broadcasting during the twentieth century.

“The world may be moving inexorably,” Johansson warns, “toward one of those tragic moments that will lead historians to ask: Why did they not act in time?”

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About Me

While I have always been extremely health conscious and am presently in excellent health, I did become temporarily out-of-commission (i.e. I was really sick) in 2005 with a number of at the time unexplainable symptoms. I was quite puzzled at the time because I had been eating mainly organically grown food, drinking spring water, doing Yoga every morning, and going to the gym several times a week. In other words, I was doing everything one is supposed to do to stay healthy. I was not supposed to get sick. It took me six months before discovering or even imagining the main source of the problem - which was in fact "overexposure to electromagnetic" - especially microwave - radiation. I was living within 200 meters of two cell phone towers at the time and within 500 meters of a 3rd one with numerous WiFi signals bleeding into my apartment from adjacent neighbors. I developed a host of symptoms, which are found in what has been misleadingly described as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) -- but much more accurately described as Radio Wave or Microwave Sickness. Large numbers of people in the USA suddenly started getting sick in 1984...