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Tools for Today Difficult to draw a workflow diagram as the initial step Break the activity into manageable chunks – Modules (various modules for various circumstances; reproducible across disciplines) – Task Groups Create a numbered task list (Work Breakdown Structure) – Contains all tasks for the discrete unit – Order is initially unimportant (brainstorm) – Number the tasks within each module or task group (Example: M1, T1) After tasks have been identified, identify dependencies – List the task number(s) that are dependencies for each task (if applicable) – Identify the dependency type Finish-to-Start (FS): Task B cannot begin until Task A has been completed. This is the most common. Example: Photograph Specimen (B) cannot start until Position Specimen for Imaging (A) has finished Start-to-Finish (SF): Task A must begin before Task B can finish. Extremely rare, and likely not to be utilized in any workflow Start-to-Start (SS): Task A must begin before Task B can begin. Example: Identify Specimens to be Digitized (A) must begin before Remove Specimens from the Collection (B) can begin Finish-to-Finish (FF): Task A must finish before Task B can finish. Rare. Example: Train Workers to Retrieve/Return Specimens (A) must finish before Digitized Specimens Returned to the Collection (B) can finish Identify resource(s) required for the task – both human resources and physical resources Identify any required lag times involved between dependent tasks. – Example: placing a wet herp specimen in a shallow tank (Task A) for imaging (Task C) has a ~30-second lag time (waiting for ripples to diminish before taking the image) – May also be expressed as a separate task (i.e., Task B = wait for ripples to diminish) Hint: Tasks that dont have strict dependencies enable workforce flexibility, feeding the social motivation factors

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Tools for Ongoing Operations Workflow optimization techniques are numerous, but all have core similarities 1.Plan/Design/Document the process 2.Measure the process, end-to-end (observation, self-reporting, automated data collection points, log sheets) 3.Review the measurements and identify issues (excessive queue times, idle resources) 4.Identify opportunities for improvement and implement (include employee input, root causes may be separated from the symptom by several steps) 5.Rinse, repeat #2 - #4 Objective, data driven, analytical Well-documented workflows can seed checklists Time-centric, but can readily be converted to cost-centric measurements The duration of a workflow cannot be decreased unless the duration of the Critical Path (your longest chain of dependent events) is decreased – Break some tasks into smaller units that can run in parallel – Simplify/automate tasks – Reassign resources – Bottlenecks off the Critical Path dont matter – You will always have a Critical Path

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Define – Write down what you currently know. Seek to clarify facts, set objectives and form the project team. Define the following: – A problem statement, the customer(s), Critical to Quality (CTQs) what are the critical process outputs?, the target process and other related business processes, project targets, project boundaries Measure – This is the data collection step. The team decides on what should be measured and how to measure it. This forms a data collection plan. It is usual for teams to invest a lot of effort into assessing the suitability of the proposed measurement systems. Good data is at the heart of the DMAIC process: Define the process critical Xs (inputs) and Ys (outputs) Define the measurement plan Test the measurement system Collect the data Analyze – The data collected in the Measure step is analyzed to determine root causes of defects. – Identify gaps between current performance and goal performance – Identify how the process inputs (Xs) affect the process outputs (Ys) – List and prioritize potential opportunities to improve – Identify sources of variation Improve – Identify creative solutions to fix and prevent process problems – Create innovate solutions, focus on the simplest and easiest solutions, test solutions, deploy improvements Control – Monitor the improvements to ensure continued success, create a control plan, update documents/business process/training records as required. Tools for Ongoing Operations Six Sigma DMAIC