Q5. A revenue function is given by R= 35x-2×2 where R is the revenue and x is the quantity. What value of x maximizes revenue? What is the Maximum Revenue?

Answer: R=35x-2×2

dR/dx=35-4x

for maxima or minima,

dR/dx=0

Q6. If a person deposits on a recurring deposit scheme, monthly Rs. 1500 for 4 years at 15% per annum, what would be thesum that can be received at the end of 4 years.

Answer: T=4

R=15%

Q7. An insurance company allows interest at 10% p.a., compounded annually. What initial payment will enable a person to purchase perpetuity of Rs.1500 per annum?

Answer: C.I=P(1+(1-R/100)n)

1500=P(1+(1-10/100)1)

Q8. What is a linear programming problem? Discuss the scope and role of linear programming in solving managementproblems. Discuss and describe the role of linear programming in managerial decision-making bringing out limitations, if any.

Answer:linear programming problemàLinear Programming (LP) is a mathematical technique designed to help managers in their planning and decision-making. It is usually used in an organisation that is trying to make the most effective use of its resources. Resources typically include machinery, manpower, money, time, warehouse space, and raw materials. A few examples of problems in which LP has been successfully applied are:

Answer:The fundamental problem in management is that the world is uncertain, and people hate dealing with uncertainty.The fundamental problem is that programming languages package management is decentralized.

This decentralization starts with the central premise of a package manager: that is, to install software and libraries that would otherwise not be locally available. Even with an idealized, centralized distribution curating the packages,

2. List out alternative courses of action

Answer:Given the possible courses of action, we now need to decide which will be carried forward for action. Creativity is often thought of as the divergent activity of coming up with good ideas, but equally important is converging back in as we select the ideas that will be used.

Criteria: Selection is done through the application of some form of criteria, which may be consciously or subconsciously selected. These are reasons for or against taking the action, which will allow us to weigh up the pros and cons or

3. Identify the position of both Mr. Vasant and Union Leader

Answer: KanikshaIspat is an established medium size company manufacturing steel strips. The company has employed over 800 workers. The products of the company have established a good reputation and company was doing very well for last 15 years.

The market is slowly changing its nature. The competition is growing and therecessionary trends are now clearly visible. The company is not visualizing abright, growing market and most of the products, as per present marketingconditions are overpriced.

Case study -2 (25 marks)

1. Analyze the case

Answer: A Food specialty is presently headed by Nandan Vinayak. The company is doing business very well and its profits are on continuous rise. The company has maintained a steady profitability, sales and performance track record. The employees are mostly less paid and less educated. Most of them are semiskilled and coming from nearby rural areas.

2. Was the incentive scheme wrong in any way?

Answer: We welcome Doshi’s well-balanced analysis of the priority review voucher (PRV), prompted by the licensure of miltefosine in the USA. It raises interesting general issues about incentivising innovation for products to address diseases that would otherwise be neglected due to market failure. This includes diseases which are rare in high-income countries, yet highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, and those that affect fractions of societies who cannot afford to pay the prices that would make these drugs attractive for industry.

The problem is hugely complex and there is no obvio

Case study -3 (25 marks)

1. Analyze the incidence

Answer: Amit, a Chief Manager of Spark- leading departmental stores at Nagpur, has attended a seminar on Japanese Management System. He was highly impressed by the innovative and democratic approach of the system. He decided to go for Japanese System by introducing initially a few measures in the stores.

Mr. Rajesh is his close rival, who feels that he has the right

2. Identify the issues, problems involved in this scheme

Answer: The culture of Japanese management that is often portrayed in Western media is generally limited to Japan’s large corporations. These flagships of the Japanese economy provide their workers with excellent salaries, secure employment, and working conditions. These companies and their employees are the business elite of Japan. Though not as much for the new generation, a career with such a company is the dream of many young people in Japan, but only a select few attain these jobs. Qualification for corporate employment is limited to the few who graduate from the top thirty colleges and universities in Japan.

3. List out the facts

Answer: Japanese management emphasises the need for information flow from the bottom of the company to the top. This results in senior management having a largely supervisory rather than ‘hands-on’ approach. As a result, it has been noted that policy is often originated at the middle-levels of a company before being passed upwards for ratification. The strength of this approach is obviously that those tasked with the implementation of decisions have been actively involved in the shaping of policy. The higher a Japanese manager rises within an organisation, the more important it is that he appears unassuming and

4. List the critical problems demanding immediate attention

Answer: Japan began focusing on serious quality efforts. Japanese teams went abroad to visit foreign countries to learn how other countries managed quality, and they invited foreign experts to lecture in Japan on quality management. Two of these foreign experts were Americans W. Edward Deming and Joseph Juran. They each had a profound influence on Japanese quality processes, encouraging quality and design, built in, and zero defect programs. It took twenty years of concerted effort to revamp Japan’s industrial system. The strategies used involved high-level managers as leaders, all levels and functions were trained

5. Was Mr. Amit right in scrapping the scheme?

Answer: Japanese management should know this better because of their preserved institutional memory of the lessons learnt from the evolution of POTS, PANS and SANs. Server, network, storage, telecommunications and software expertise is preserved in the Japanese institutions. On the other hand, in the US, the dismantling of large R&D labs such as the Bell Labs, reduced government R&D, the demise of companies like US WEST and SUN, and the emphasis on startups to create innovation (with the disadvantage of starting from

Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should beapproximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of television advertising. Also explainwhat do you understand by Internet Advertising and Social Media Networkadvertising?

Answer:Television and internet advertising:Today everyone has TV and advertising on TV is one the best options to promote your products. The ad coming on TV also put high impact on the customers. There will be more positive effects in building brands. Advertisers are innovating new ways for their campaigns on high definition televisions. India Advertising agencies are coming up with glitzy, smart and tailored type ads targeting the middle classes. Besides, a number Hindi India media news channels have been launched and they are

2. Explain the consumer buying decision process.

Answer:Find out the 5 stages of Consumer Buying Decision Process that guide shoppers in their decision and purchase process when buying a product. And learn how to improve your marketing strategy to create a need, strengthen your relationship with your customers and increase your sales.

Need recognition / Problem recognition:The

3. Observe any newspaper advertisement of any consumer durable company. What is the target audience and what are benefits of choosing newspaper for advertisement.

Answer:Target Audience:When you place an ad in a target-specific magazine, you are marketing directly to a specific target audience rather than a general one. In other words, by simply placing the ad you’ve zeroed in on a market niche that is probably already interested in the type of product or service you’re offering.

If you’re selling a hair product, an ad placed in a fashion or hairstyling magazine will attract potential consumers who are looking for just this type of product. If you place the same ad in a general-interest magazine with a less specific readership, you reduce the likelihood that most readers will be interested in your product. When choosing

4.What is media planning and what are the steps in media planning process?

Answer:Media planning is generally the task of a media agency and entails finding media platforms for a client’s brand or product to use. The job of media planning is to determine the best combination of media to achieve the marketing campaign objectives.

Steps in media planning process

Market Analysis: Every media plan begins

5. What do you understand by Public relations? What is the difference between PRand advertising?

Answer:Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public. Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that do not require direct payment. This differentiates it from advertising as a form of marketing communications. The aim of public relations is to inform the public, prospective customers

6. Write short notes on:

a) Sales quota: Sales Quota is the sales goal set for a product line, company division or sales representative. It helps the managers to define and stimulate sales effort.Sales quota is the minimum sales goal for a set time span.

Generally sales quotas are set slightly higher than the estimated sales so as to stretch the sales force effort.

Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should beapproximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

1. Mention some of the definitions of quality. Explain the dimensions of quality. Whatis meant by quality assurance?

Answer: Quality in business, engineering and manufacturing has a pragmatic interpretation as the non-inferiority or superiority of something; it is also defined as fitness for purpose. Quality is a perceptual, conditional, and somewhat subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people. Consumers may focus on the specification quality of a product/service, or how it compares to competitors in the marketplace. Producers might measure the conformance quality, or degree to which the product/service was

2. Explain the following:

a) Kaizen: Kaizen, Japanese for “change for better”. When used in the business sense and applied to the workplace, kaizen refers to activities that continually improve all functions and involve all employees from the CEO to the assembly line workers. It also applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics,that cross organizational boundaries into the supply chain. It has been applied in healthcare, psychotherapy, life-coaching, government, banking, and other industries.

b) Benchmarking and its importance:Benchmarking is the process of comparing one’s business processes and performance metrics to industry bests or best practices from other companies. Dimensions typically measured are quality, time and cost. In the process of best practice benchmarking, management identifies the best firms in their industry, or in another industry where similar processes exist, and compares the results

Answer:(a)Deming’s 14 Points on Quality Management, a core concept on implementing total quality management, is a set of management practices to help companies increase their quality and productivity.

Create constancy of purpose for improving products and services.

Adopt the new philosophy.

Cease dependence on inspection to achieve

4. What is meant by Customer Focus? Describe in brief the concept of Customersatisfaction and Customer delight.

Answer:Customer focus is an organizational stance in which all aspects of a company’s production and delivery of goods or services are directed by the best interests of the customers. The customer is always right, and the customer comes first. Excellent customer service contributes to a company’s good reputation and draws more customers. Workers are proud to be employed by a company that is known for taking good care of customers;

5. Write Short notes on the following:

a) Cost of Quality: When calculating the business case for a Six Sigma project, the cost of poor quality (COPQ), which is the cost caused through producing defects, is a commonly used concept. Within the total amount of quality cost, however, COPQ represents only a certain proportion. Costs do not result from only producing and fixing failures; a high amount of costs comes from ensuring that good products are produced. This article explains the cost of quality as a more comprehensive concept covering the cost of

b) Productivity:Productivity is an average measure of the efficiency of production. It can be expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in the production process, i.e. output per unit of input.When all outputs and inputs are included in the productivity measure it is called total productivity. Outputs and inputs are defined in the total productivity measure as their economic values. The value of outputs minus the value of inputs is a measure of the income generated in a production process. It is a measure

Answer:A quality management system (QMS) is a collection of business processes focused on achieving quality policy and quality objectives to meet customer requirements. It is expressed as the organizational structure, policies, procedures, processes and resources needed to implement quality management. Early systems emphasized predictable outcomes of an industrial product production line, using simple statistics and random sampling. By the 20th century, labour inputs were typically the most costly inputs in most industrialized

Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should beapproximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

1. Explain the various emerging concepts of Human Resource Management(HRM)

Answer:The world is changing dramatically and is in the process of complete transformation. The impossible things of yesterdays have become possible today and the impossible things of today will become possible tomorrow that is why it is said that change is the only permanent aspect of nature. The concept of self sufficient nations is losing importance and the concept of ‘global village’ is emerging. Management of organizations is

2. What do you mean by Human Resource Planning? Explain the importance ofHuman Resource Planning

Answer:Human resource is the most important asset of an organisation. Human resources planning are the important managerial function. It ensures the right type of people, in the right number, at the right time and place, who are trained and motivated to do the right kind of work at the right time, there is generally a shortage of suitable persons.

The enterprise will estimate its manpower requirements and then find out the sources from which the needs will be met. If required manpower is not available then the work will suffer. Developing countries are suffering from the shortage of

3. What do you mean by Recruitment? Explain the factors affecting Recruitment.

Answer: Recruitment refers to the overall process of attracting, selecting and appointing suitable candidates for jobs within an organization, either permanent or temporary. Recruitment can also refer to processes involved in choosing individuals for unpaid positions, such as voluntary roles or training programmes. Recruitment may be undertaken in-house by managers, human resource generalists and/or recruitment specialists. Alternatively, parts of the process may be undertaken by either public-sector employment agencies,

4. Suppose you have joined as an HR Manager in an organization and you are askedto improve the organization’s Induction process. What are the strategies you willconsider in order to improve the Induction process?

Answer:An induction programme is the process used within many businesses to welcome new employees to the company and prepare them for their new role. Induction training should, according to TPI-theory, include development of theoretical and practical skills, but also meet interaction needs that exist among the new employees. An Induction Programme can also include the safety training delivered to contractors before they are permitted to enter a site or begin their work. It is usually focused on the particular safety issues of

5. Discuss the features of an Incentive plan. Explain the characteristics of an effective

Incentive System

Answer:Features of an incentive plan: An ideal incentive plan must possess the following features:

Simplicity – The plan should be simple to understand and operate. Who should be able to calculate their wages without any difficulty?

Acceptability – It should be acceptable to workers as well as the employer.

Flexibility – The incentive plan should be flexible to introduce nice changes.

Quality – The plan should ensure the

6. Write a short note on the following:

a)Employee Counselling: Employee counselling is a psychological health care intervention which can take many forms. Its aim is to assist both the employer and employee by intervening with an active problem-solving approach to tackling the problems at hand.

The costs to industry and commerce each year associated with employees’ poor psychological health are enormous. A significant proportion of the Gross National Product (GNP) of industrialized countries is lost each year through ill-

b) Selection: The human resources, or HR, selection process is important because of the production and performance value companies get by making good hires and the high costs of replacing employees following bad hires. These considerations are especially heightened for small businesses. HR has taken on a more strategic role in many early 21st century companies, with hiring and selection integral to that role.

Note – Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should beapproximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

1. Explain the clause related to the acceptance of proposal and the mandatory conditions attached with it.

Answer: The communication of proposals, the acceptance of proposals, and the revocation of proposals and acceptance, respectively, are deemed to be made by any act or omission of the party proposing, accepting or revoking, by which he intends to communicated such proposal, acceptance or revocation, or which has the effect of communicating it.

Rules regarding acceptance of proposal:

1) Acceptance must be an absolute and unqualified. sec. 7 (1) In order to convert a

proposal into a promise the acceptance must

2. What are the different ways in which an agency may be formed?

Answer:1. Agency by express Agreement: The contract of agency may be made orally or in writing. In most of the business dealings the agency is created by a word of mouth. If this form was not recognized by law, the trade and industry could hardly go on. Agency is also created by a contract in writing. Agency is normally preferred in the dealings of immovable property. The common form of an agreement in writing is “power of Attorney” whereby, authority is given to the power of attorney holder, either generally or specifically, to act on

3. “A bill may be dishonoured by non-acceptance or by non-payment”. Explain

Explanation of dishonor of a negotiable instrument

Answer: Negotiable instruments are written orders or unconditional promises to pay a fixed sum of money on demand or at a certain time. Promissory notes, bills of exchange, checks, drafts, and certificates of deposit are all examples of negotiable instruments. Negotiable instruments may be transferred from one person to another, who is known as a holder in due course. Upon transfer, also called negotiation of the instrument, the holder in due course obtains full legal title to the instrument. Negotiable instruments may be transferred by delivery or by endorsement and delivery.

A negotiable instrument is said to be

4. Decisions of the members at general meetings are expressed by way of resolutions.

What do you understand by the term resolution here? Explain it with its kinds.

Answer:General meetings are meetings of the shareholders of a company. Decisions of the members at a general meeting are made by a resolution.

There are two types of general meetings:

Annual general meetings (AGM); and

Extraordinary general meetings (EGM).

The business usually conducted at an AGM is to receive and consider the financial statements, to re-elect directors, to declare any final dividend and to

5. FEMA clearly defines the acts that can be termed as offences under its purview. What are these malpractices which are covered under FEMA act?

Answer:The objective of Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (‘Act’ for short) is to facilitate external trade and payments and maintenance of foreign exchange in India. It should be noted that FEMA is not a revenue law. Compounding of offences is allowed in this Act. The compounding of the contravention under FEMA was implemented by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) by putting in place the simplified procedures for compounding with effect from 1.2.2005 with the following views enshrining the motto of enhancing transparency and effect smooth implementation of the compounding process:

Minimization of transaction costs; and

6. Write short notes on:

a) Copyright: Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling the creator (e.g. the photographer of a photograph or the author of a book) to receive compensation for their

b) Electronic Governance: Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and services between government-to-customer (G2C),

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

1. a. List the factors responsible for the increasing importance of BI in organisations.

Answer: a.Factors responsible for the increasing importance of BI in organisations

Training: It’s hard not to think “duh” when IDC says training is important to promoting pervasive business analytics. But training goes far beyond teaching users how to access data with a dashboard. IDC stresses that companies need to make sure people know how to use the data to truly improve decision-making.

Design Quality: A BI solution must be designed to address not only the needs of various end-user groups but also those of the IT group that support ongoing requirements. A well-designed solution is easier to update with new data sources, new domains, new reports, new metrics, and new data hierarchies.

b.obstacles in Implementing BI in Organisations

Answer : Driving User Adoption: Many organizations operate under the impression that if you build it, they will come. This is a fallacy. Dashboard adoption takes real work as people won’t want to change the way they do things unless their current methods are tedious, time-consuming, or just don’t work. Even when inefficiencies are recognized, promoting change can be difficult, especially when individuals are averse to risk.

2. a. Discuss the contribution of business analytics in strategy management

Answer:a. Business analytics in strategy management:Companies have to adapt to customers’ new preferences or, better still, anticipate them. A company’s strategy must express this will to meet customer expectations. Understanding customer behaviour is essential for doing this, and business analytics helps decision-makers on the strategy that they should adopt.

Audience analyses provide clues on future market trends, opportunities to be taken and how customer expectations develop. Listening to what is happening out there on all contact points, which make up online applications, favours the emergence of new development ideas, strengthens activities and is a new opportunity to all

How is CRM linked to business intelligence?

Answer : CRM: The primary difference, of course, is the fact that a CRM product is an entire system that regulates nearly all aspects of a customer’s experience including marketing, sales, support and service. There are additional applications for human resources, contact management, inventory control, calendaring and more. All of this various data is streamlined into one central database that is readily accessible to be used by all manner of departments within a company.

3. Explain the data mining process in detail

Answer:Data mining is a promising and relatively new technology. Data mining is defined as a process of discovering hidden valuable knowledge by analyzing large amounts of data, which is stored in databases or data warehouse, using various data mining techniques such as machine learning, artificial intelligence(AI) and statistical.

Many organizations in various

4. Relate between BI tools and relationship marketing strategy with

Answer:Business intelligence tools are a type of application software designed to retrieve, analyze, transform and report data for business intelligence. The tools generally read data that have been previously stored, often, though not necessarily, in a data warehouse or data mart.

The key general categories of business intelligence tools are:

5. What are the main features of a financial reporting system

Answer: Financial reporting is available to authorized divisional, departmental, and central administrative users through a data warehouse system. The Integrated Reporting Facility (IRF) provides access to report packages containing data from the University’s financial system, FAS, including General and Subsidiary ledgers (GL and SL) using the Business Objects tool. IRF currently provides access to more than 12 years of detailed financial data and more than 22 years of financial year-end closes. IRF enables users to

6. Discuss the various critical challenges that need to be overcome for BI to succeed within an organisation

Answer:The Business Intelligence, Analytics, & Knowledge Management (BIA&KM) track aims to attract novel research on technologies, applications, and processes for gathering, storing, accessing, analyzing, and presenting data, information, and knowledge for informed managerial decisions and enhanced organizational performance. Techniques, tools, and best practices in Business Intelligence (BI), decision support/analytics, and Knowledge Management (KM) can help support organizational business processes and systems for collecting and utilizing information related to sustainability indicators, analytics, dashboards, scorecards, and trend analyses.

Answer:Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) is a media access control method used most notably in local area networking using early Ethernet technology. It uses a carrier sensing scheme in which a transmitting data station detects other signals while transmitting a frame, and stops transmitting that frame, transmits a jam signal, and then waits for a random time interval before trying to resend the frame.

Answer:The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the internal functions of a communication system by partitioning it into abstraction layers. The model is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection project at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), maintained by the identification ISO/IEC 7498-1.

Define seven layered

3. Write short notes on

Subnet:A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logical, visible subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting. Computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with

Super netting:A supernetwork, or supernet, is an Internet Protocol (IP) network that is formed from the combination of two or more networks (or subnets) with a common Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) prefix. The new

Subnet masks: A Subnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address, and divides the IP address into network address and host

Dynamic NAT: Dynamic NAT is atype of NAT in which a private IP address is mapped to a public IP address drawing from a pool of registered (public) IP addresses. Typically, the NAT router in a network will keep a

Domain Name System:The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most prominently, it translates

4. What is DWDM? What are the pros and cons of DWDM

Answer:Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that puts data from different sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate light wavelength. Using DWDM, up to 80 (and theoretically more) separate wavelengths or channels of data can be multiplexed into a lightstream transmitted on a single optical fiber. Each channel carries a time

5. Briefly explain the networking applications in government sector

Listing the objectives

About networking applications – understanding the networking for government sector and listing the websites and portals and explaining for them

Answer:When we speak of applications, we simply mean the things a computer or other tool can be used for. You are familiar with many applications, like word processing, email, Web browsing, and spreadsheet processing.

6. Explore the different models in cloud environment and their examples

Answer: Infrastructure as a Service: In the most basic cloud-service model & according to the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), providers of IaaS offer computers – physical or (more often) virtual machines – and other resources. (A hypervisor, such as Xen, Oracle VirtualBox, KVM, VMware ESX/ESXi, or Hyper-V runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational support-system can support large

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

1. The data is stored in the form of tables which can be retrieved efficiently by any program as per the request. Since the database users are vast in number, the database provides authentication. Explain the different types of database users.

Answer:There are four different types of database system users, differentiated by the way that they expect to interact with the system. A primary goal of a database system is to provide an environment for retrieving information from and storing new information into the database.

Application programmers: They are computer professionals who interact with the system through DML calls, which are embedded in a program written in a host language (for example COBOL, C). Since the DML syntax is different from the host language syntax, DML calls are usually prefaced by a special

2. Computer storage is divided into primary memory and secondary memory. Discuss with an example, the different types of primary memory and secondary memory.

Answer:Primary Memory is a part of CPU (Central Processing Unit) whereas the secondary is external to the CPU. The Secondary Memory stores the data to keep it even when the electricity to the PC (Personal Computer) is cut off whereas the Primary Memory losses its contents immediately.

Types of primary memory

(a) Analog Memory: This type of Memory was used in the computers built during 1960’s. The basic storage device in this type of memory consists of a small ring shaped piece of magnetic material called a magnetic core. Each magnetic core in a

3. Consider any one example of a relational database and show how the different operations of relational algebra can be performed on the table showing the output.

Answer:A query language is a language in which user requests information from the database. it can be categorized as either procedural or nonprocedural. In a procedural language the user instructs the system to do a sequence of operations on database to compute the desired result. In nonprocedural language the user describes the desired information without giving a specific procedure for obtaining that information.

The relational algebra is a procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produces a new relation as output.

Fundamental Operations

4. Describe the different normal forms with one example throughout.

Answer:First normal form (1NF or Minimal Form) is a normal form used in database normalization. A relational database table that adheres to 1NF is one that meets a certain minimum set of criteria. These criteria are basically concerned with ensuring that the table is a faithful representation of a relation and that it is free of repeating groups. The concept of a “repeating group” is, however, understood in different ways by different theorists. As a consequence, there is no universal agreement as to which features would disqualify a table from being in 1NF.

5. Write Short Notes on

Transaction Commit:Marks the end of a successful implicit or explicit transaction. If TRANCOUNT is 1, COMMIT TRANSACTION makes all data modifications performed since the start of the transaction a permanent

Atomicity:In database systems, atomicity (or atomicness; from Greek a-tomos, undividable) is one of the ACID transaction properties. In an atomic transaction, a series of database operations either all occur, or nothing occurs. The series of operations cannot be divided apart and executed partially from

Deferred update:With deferred update, the macro could run an order of magnitude faster. The more insidious of the two ways higher-level commands come about is through the efforts of a good designer. The primitive operations of the editor are treated as building blocks for more complex editor operations. This produces the usual increase in productivity during editor development — a good thing.

Security:Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, nation, or organization. As noted

System log:The system log file contains events that are logged by the operating system components

6. With an example explain the working of ODBMS.

Explaining with an example

Answer:When you use an ODBMS, the way you use your data is the way you store it. The first benefit can be found in development. When you use an ODBMS, you will write less code than if you were writing to an RDBMS. The reason for the smaller amount of code is simple — when you are using Java or C++ — you won’t

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

1. Explain the concept of “software project life cycle” with a suitable example.

Answer:There are various software development approaches defined and designed which are used/employed during development process of software, these approaches are also referred as “Software Development Process Models” (e.g. Waterfall model, incremental model, V-model, iterative model, etc.). Each process model follows a particular life cycle in order to ensure success in process of software development.

Software life cycle models describe phases of the software cycle and the order in which those phases are executed. Each phase produces deliverables required by the next phase in the life cycle. Requirements are translated into design. Code is produced according to the design which is called development phase. After coding and

2. Describe the different software estimation techniques and models used for estimating a software project.

Answer:Practitioners have expressed concern over their inability to estimate accurately costs associated with software development. This concern has become even more pressing as cost associated development continue to increase. Considerable studies are now directed at constructing ,evaluating and selecting better software cost estimation models and tools for specific software development projects. This essay gives an overview of cost estimation models and then discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the guidelines for selecting appropriate cost estimation models are given and a combination method is recommended.

3. Describe in detail the software reliability metrics and its types

Explaining software metrics

Explaining software reliability models

Answer:A software metric is a quantitative measure of a degree to which a software system or process posesses some property. Since quantitative measurements are essential in all sciences, there is a continuous effort by computer science practitioners and theoreticians to bring similar approaches to software development. The goal is obtaining objective, reproducible and quantifiable measurements, which may have numerous valuable applications in schedule and budget planning, cost estimation, quality assurance testing, software

4. Briefly note on design fundamentals and explain the principles of design

Answer:Design fundamentals

The basic structure of graphic design consists of three basic elements:

Dot

Line

Area

Dot – is the smallest element of graphic design. Depending on a distance points of various sizes can be perceived. Designing with dots or points can create a wide variety of visual effects. There are various associations that can be made with

5. Explain the different types of integration testing

Answer:Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test. Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).

It involves the execution of a software

6. Briefly explain the SQA plan.

Answer:The purpose of the software quality assurance plans (SAQP) is to specify all the work products that need to be produced during the project, activities that need to be performed for checking the quality of each of the work products, and the tools and methods that may be used for the SQA activities.