'How To... Plan and Marshall a Dive' Page

The information expressed herein
should be treated as opinion. No guarantee is given or implied that any advice
on the web-site is necessarily correct. Nor might it best suit other divers and
clubs due to regional and personal differences. Diving is a risk sport - all
advice herein should be validated with advice from your own diving club,
governing body, or approved published material before being adopted.

Plan a General Dive Trip

Understand tides and currents

In the English Channel, we get roughly two
main tides per day as water swooshes up and down the channel under the influence
of the Sun and Moon's gravity. Local ports like Portland and Southampton may get
three or four tides due to a 'resonance' effect of local geography. There is
never exactly two tides - a bit less each main high tide on average around 12
hours plus 40 to 50 mins later than the last depending on the location. This
means that though many days have four tide table entries (2 highs and 2 lows),
some have only three when the final one goes past midnight.

High & low tide levels vary. The biggest
tidal range - i.e. highest highs and lowest lows - occurs on "spring"
tides (nothing to do with the seasons). The smallest tidal range - i.e. lowest
highs and highest lows - are on "neap" tides. Springs occur when the
Sun, Moon and Earth are in a straight line which is easy to tell as this is at a
new moon and full moon. Neaps are when the Sun and Moon form a right angle with
the Earth, which gives a waxing or waning half moons. Roughly speaking, half
moons are neaps, full or new moons are springs.

Also, can get a moon phase calculator for
personal organisers like 3Com PalmPilots (by Alex Garzia, from Pilot Gear HQ at http://www.pilotgear.com/)
and Psions. Or can look in many daily papers or daily diaries!

Springs and neaps also vary in how extreme
they are. Some springs have bigger range than others. Called "high
springs" - currents will be strongest and for a while after viz poorest.
Neaps are best for wreck dives etc. Viz normally best when coming off neaps.
Generally better on "flood tides" too (water rising/coming into shore)
as brings settled water in from deeper areas. "Ebb tides" (water
falling/going back out to sea) can sweep silt from shallows.

Understand slack water

Slack water is simply the time at a given
location when the currents are very low or zero. This happens as the current
stops flowing one way and starts flowing the other. It seems logical that this
is at high or low tide, but this is not the case. The direction, timing and
strength of currents are not only affected by tides. Also it is greatly affected
by the shape of the coastline, depths, resonance factors and so on.

Slack water can happen at very different
times in places that are close together. Slacks are rarely at high or low water.
They are always relative to high or low water though. Slack times thus expressed
as a number of hours before/after high/low water at a given port (doesn't have
to be a local port), e.g. "3 hours after High Water Portland",
or "5 and a half hours before Low Water Dover". This usually
means the time when water is at its lowest current and may well be less than a
knot or so (therefore safe to dive) for some time either side of this.

This whole period is called the "slack
window". Its length changes with spring or neaps. Springs cause
more rapid current changes so the window is shorter (e.g. 20 mins on high spring
for some sites). Neaps are gentle, therefore the window is bigger (maybe an hour
for the same site on a good neap). Important to be able to estimate this as
affect duration of dive or whether have time for two waves or not.

Find out tide times

It is important to know high and low tide
times. Even on drift dives you may need it to check that the currents are not
silly and know when slips have enough water to launch/retrieve the RIB. Tide
tables are published by many sources:

Brian Charles (JBC hardboat) gives tables
to regular customers the year before & they include springs/neaps
curves.

The Thompson Partnerhip's
"AutoTide" on a Windows PC. (Shows
tide graphs or generates tables for any time hence at any European (in my
version) port, adjusted for DST if need be. You can order this by visiting http://www.ttp.co.uk/abtatide.htm.)

Admiralty also produce a tide calculator
based on "Simple Harmonic Method", but my version had very poor
usability (may be better now though?).

If you only have tide times for one port,
others can be derived approximately. Many tables include listings of Dover Tidal
Differences. Show how much time to add/take way from Dover high waters for any
other port. Only then need this listing and Dover tide table to get rough HW
anywhere. If only have table for, say, Portland, but want to know Devonport, can
convert to Portland to Dover , then Dover to Devonport. For rough planning,
Dover Tidal Differences and a single tide table all you need. Get more accurate
results with proper tables for the port though.

Find out slacks and currents

Many diving books quote slack water times for
dive sites with nasty currents. This is easiest to use. If not, best way is to
use marine charts for that dive site. Charts have scattered points with letters
in a diamond to label "tidal streams". Streams tend to flow roughly
parallel to coastline though some (e.g. round Portland ) very much more complex.
For these need a tidal stream atlas showing more precise streams. For normal
sites, find the letter for the stream most likely to apply to your dive site
(one nearby or a similar distance from coastline). Chart will have a tidal
stream table on it showing how the current strength and direction varies hour by
hour relative to HW for both springs and neaps. Note: this HW can be any port -
must look which it is. Don't assume local port. By finding section of this
stream with currents less than a knot or so (direction rarely important here),
can see where slack window is relative to HW at the port quoted. Can thus
estimate when and how wide the slack window is for any given site at any date in
future. Fairly good estimates but they are approximate, so need to be on site
early in case slack is early.

Match dive to divers' capabilities

Any
dive must suit the capabilities of all divers on the trip. Best approach
is to get firm bookings very early so all divers are known.
Can then look in club records, ask to see qualification logs or personal
logbooks to assess experience and safe diving limits for all. From this
information, can then plan best dives for that group. Often impossible to
get firm names far in advance though, so next best thing is to plan dive
for likely takers then publicise acceptable minimum diving
quals/experience/recency for planned dive. Only accept those people
meeting this. Last ditch approach is to accept divers below this standard
but do two sites: first as plan, then another to suit the few others. Many
things to consider.

Even if qualified, what about experience?
May be qualified to 35m but what's the deepest they've done so far (may only
be 20m, so 35m is too risky).

Check recency too - don't plan to let
someone anywhere near their max limits without them building up depth first
(but hard to ensure), e.g. if done many dives to 50m but not dived beyond
25m for six months, then straight into 40m+ is dangerous: need a few 30 and
35m dives to get 'dived up' to it.

Another major issue is deco diving: This
is affected by slack windows. If anyone doing deco, need to have a longer
slack and or plan to have all doing deco on DSMBs at same time so the boat
can track divers.

Are there Nitrox divers, and if so what
depth limits can they handle?

Consider equipment - if some in semi-drys
beware of deeper longer dives at either end of the season.

Diver attitude is important too:
depth/recency etc may all be OK, but perhaps some of the party are easily
spooked by gloomy wrecks - if so, avoid known turbid wreck sites.

Think of fitness too, if anyone in the
party is not as fit as they should be, avoid planning dives with awkward
currents or enforced long swims, etc.

And last but not least, what style of
diving suits the party best - are they all wreck fanatics, or scenic divers?
Drifts or bimbles? Deep and exciting or shallow and relaxed? Marine life or
dramatic landscapes? Hunters or conservationists? Normally it's
impossible to please everyone, but some parties have very strong bias so try
to pick dives that suit.

Choose the best dive sites

Many factors affect your choice of dive site.
The site itself is major one; dive books and other diver recommendations
invaluable here. Hardboat skippers a great help. Look on our website too on the Wreck
Search and Wreck Lookup pages.

Long range planning can also account for
tides and 'typical weather' but little else. Day-before planning can take into
account: likely weather & changes; experience etc. of divers going (see
" Match dive to divers' capabilities"); springs/neaps and whether a
drift or wreck; recent visibility; how many waves of divers; sea state;
temperatures, current RIB reliability; road trips and transport problems; and
slips/launching issues.

Several things to watch.

If weather is lumpy or will go lumpy
during the day, avoid sites with long sea trips.

If wind offshore, stay closer inshore to
avoid the worst. Be aware that 'wind against tide' makes bigger waves than
wind running with tide, so lumps may change as the tide changes even if the
weather stays the same.

In general avoid winds higher than force 4
in the open sea.

Work out launch/retrieve times and compare
these to local tides & slip information to check that the slip has
enough water when needed.

If several waves of divers, don't choose
sites a long way from a slip and/or pick-up point.

Will divers have 2 cylinders? If not, need
single dive, or two shallower ones, or get back to air station easily at
lunchtime.

If weather not good, pick a site where can
do lunch/surface interval in sheltered waters.

Force

Description

Sea
Description

Speed
(Kts)

Range
(Kts)

Forecast
Description

Sea
State

Waves
(mtrs)

0

Calm

Sea like
a mirror

0

<1

Calm

Calm

0

1

Light air

Ripples
with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests.

2

1-3

Light

Smooth

0.1

2

Light
breeze

Small
wavelets, still short but more pronounced. Crests have a glassy appearance
and do not break.

Moderate waves, taking a
more Pronounced long form; many white horses are formed. Chance of some
spray.

19

17-21

Fresh

Rough

2

6

Strong breeze

Large waves begin to form;
white foam crests are more extensive everywhere. Probably some spray.

24

22-27

Strong

Very rough

3

7

Near gale

Sea heaps up and white foam
from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of
the wind.

30

28-33

Strong

High

4

8

Gale

Moderately high waves of
greater length; edges of crests begin to break into spindrift. The foam is
blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind.

37

34-40

Gale

Very high

5.5

9

Strong gale

High waves. Dense streaks
of foam along the direction of the wind. Crests of waves begin to topple,
tumble and roll over. Spray may affect visibility.

44

41-47

Severe gale

Very high

7

10

Storm

Very high waves with long
over-hanging crests. The resulting foam, in great patches, is blown in
dense white streaks along the direction of wind. On the whole the surface
of the sea takes a white appearance. The 'tumbling' of the sea becomes
heavy and shock-like. Visibility is affected

52

48-55

Storm

Phenomenal

9

11

Violent storm

Exceptionally high waves
(small & medium sized ships might be lost to view for a time behind
the waves). The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam
lying along the direction of the wind. Every-where the edges of the wave
crests are blown into froth. Visibility is affected.

60

56-63

Violent storm

Phenomenal

11.5

12

Hurricane

The air is filled with foam
and spray. Sea completely white with driving spray; visibility very
seriously affected

64+

Hurricane

14

Organise accommodation

Best source is old favourites. Can't beat
digs everyone knows and likes - ask club members and other divers for
recommendations.

If a hardboat trip, skippers always know
good places to stay.

If no joy here, refer to one of the many
B&B guide books.

Another good source is tourist info
centres: they'll pick ones that meet your needs and can even make bookings
for you.

Ring directory enquiries to find T.I.
centres.

Some accommodation available on the web
now too. Do a search or two and see what you get.

Things to check before booking include:
plenty of car parking space; somewhere to dry suit if poss; proximity/time to
get to boat; and make sure can get breakfast early enough to get to boat on
time. Many digs do packed lunches if you ask too. If booking on behalf of
others, make sure they pay you full amounts in advance to avoid problems later.

Check the divers' qualifications and
medicals

Make sure divers qualifications match the
dive - club member qualifications are on file with the Club Secretary / D.O.
Also ensure that medicals are in date else no dive (again, on record with Club
Secretary). For guest divers, the dive marshall should ask to see
qualifications/medicals, for self protection in case of incident, but some
organisations (e.g. PADI) don't demand medicals, so valid qualifications and
current organisation membership is OK here. If in doubt about capabilities, ask
to see normal logbook.

Marshal a General Dive

Estimate journey and dive timings

Road journeys need to be based on experience,
though computerised journey planners help a lot.

Often not bad getting down there as typically
early Sunday morning start. Allow more time in high summer though for weekender
traffic. If meeting for breakfast somewhere, make sure there's a clear departure
time else time slips away very easily. Allow an hour once at site for preparing
RIB, kitting up and launching. Sea trips are very variable. Depends on
sea-miles, boat, tides and weather conditions. In practice, rare for our club to
need more than half an hour to get to a site. If shotting a wreck, need to allow
tons of extra time, even once on site: finding wreck may be hard, shotting it
can take several attempts, and slack may be early. An hour is typically plenty
even on the RIB (and if goes well can do it in ten mins flat). Normally need
less with a good hardboat skipper.

Ensure right safety equipment aboard

Ensure certain equipment is available. If
using hardboat and it doesn't have Oxygen (always should but check), take the
Clubs O2 kit. Check full well in advance. Ditto for a First Aid kit. Club stuff
is normally kept with the RIB anyway. All safety equipment should be checked
regularly. For RIB dives, take spare cylinder of air in case stage cylinder
needed (or if bottle not full). Other kit standard: VHF radio, flares, fire
extinguisher, anchor, spares Diver recall signals a good idea too (underwater
firecracker to tell divers to surface such as incident with other divers).

Arrange meeting points and times

Make sure everyone knows where/when to meet.
Make clear that if not there on time, others may have left. Can't afford to wait
for people as delays cascade and ruin the day for everyone else.

Suggest car-shares or give names/numbers
of others going on same trip.

Ideally, swap mobile phone numbers in case
of problems.

If sites not known, try to provide
map/directions.

Make it clear what the time refers to, no
good people turning up at the time stated if that's the time the boat needs
to leave.

Specify meet up time a good half hour
before departure depending on how easy parking/loading is.

Make sure all dive details known

For hardboat dives, the ideal way is to issue
an information sheet to all divers with everything they need to know on it.
Things to make clear:

meeting places/times;

hints at travel times;

types of dives;

max depths;

what equipment needed (2 cyls, SMB/DSMB,
flags );

whether to take food/drinks;

special considerations like poor shelter
so take hat & coat etc.

Find out what the weather may do

More than a week out, hardly worth trying.

Four or five days ahead, several sources.

BBC early evening news around 6pm often
gives long range idea of what weekend might do as early as Tuesday.

Marinecall - Dial 0891 500 457
for a 2-3 day ahead forecast for Lyme Regis to Selsey Bill. The last
three digits give different services. To find the others . Marinecall
gives very useful details including forecast surf height and sea
temperatures. Beware though, this is a premium rate service and will
cost you a couple of pounds or more on your phone bill to get anything
useful. Faxback weather services also premium rate.

Metfax gives several services,
again by suffix. Dial 0331 100 457 for mid channel 48hr forecast, or
0331 100 471 for 3 day channel outlook. Advantage here is you get
weather system charts too.

Met Office - You can even get
weather by SMS text service to mobile phones now. Go to http://www.met-office.gov.uk
(general weather) or to the inshore
waters forecast for full details, or try it by dialling 0374 555
838, then when prompted enter 4571 (Selsey bill to Durlston Head) or
4572 (Durlston to Lyme Regis). Shortly, you receive a text message with
very terse forecast. Be careful - default service is to repeat this
regularly for which you get billed, so learn how to make it a one-off or
cancel the repeat before doing it.

On the day, listen to the shipping
forecast on Radio 4. Gives details for all sea areas and most importantly
note changes in wind direction and strength. If going to swing from
off-shore to on-shore, and/or force increasing, beware that conditions will
worsen and allow for it.

Decide if the weather is a problem

Most important safety factors are sea swell
and surface viz. High seas make people ill and often less disciplined. Greater
risk of injury when thrown around on boat. Most importantly can be exceptionally
hard to see surfacing divers. Launch and retrieve likely to be hazardous too.
Beware diving in more than Force 4 with a typical RIB. However, swell also
influenced strongly by wind direction and combination of wind and tide
directions. If wind coming off the land, swell normally far less than if coming
in off the sea. If diving in the lee of land too, lessens swell. If wind going
in opposite direction to tidal flow, waves kick up higher and if wind flowing
with tide, waves ease off. Can also get bigger waves if deep depressions in
Atlantic sending swells in. Main thing to note is whether conditions likely to
get better or worse? Will wind lesser or strengthen, will direction swing for
better or worse? Will tide go more with wind, or more against it? Try to guess
impact of all this then can use to judge whether safe to stay out longer or head
for shelter early. Waves not the only problem. Fog highly dangerous as divers
easy to lose and navigation harder. Cold weather very bad for poorly protected
divers, and/or after cold water dives and/or long high speed runs back to shore
as all increases risk of hypothermia. Sudden precipitation normally only a
problem if causes problems with visibility or cold.

Decide whether to use SMBs

Decide for yourself first (see " Know
when to use a Surface Marker Buoy") but then if on hardboat, talk to
skipper. May be special circumstances that change things. If any debate use SMBs
anyway, and if any risk of tangling, at least use DSMBs. Check whether if
skipper says "don't need SMBs" that means truly no surface marker at
all (rare) or DSMBs ok instead (far more common, and much safer). Don't be
lulled into carelessness by calm sea. Tracking bubbles is very hard even in good
conditions, and sea can easily worsen during a dive making tracking impossible.

Buddy-pair the divers

Can be hard to do well. Several factors to
consider. Pairs must have right experience. Do any divers need looking after?
Buddy them with experienced divers if so. After this, try to get pairs with
similar air consumption. Also better to have pair using same suit: both semi or
both dry rather than one of each. Try to arrange it so that at least one of each
pair has redundant air supply if poss (twins or pony). Ideally have at least one
of every pair with either computer or at least ascent rate warning (e.g. good
watch or D-Timer) but make sure that if only one computer between two that both
divers crystal clear how to dive defensively that way. Think about diving style:
some divers swim like torpedoes, others bimble. Try to match. If anyone has a
camera, pair them with a bimbler to avoid frustration. And don't forget comfort
factor. Ask if diver happy diving with your buddy suggestion and try to
re-juggle if not. Getting best balance quite difficult sometimes. In practice
often easiest to start with 'obvious' buddy pairs then see if can fit rest
around this. If that no good, start swapping obvious pairs around. Odd numbers
mean there will be a threesome. See "
Dive safely as a threesome" for advice and ensure divers fully briefed
on how to do this safely. Finally - most important point: if can't make safe
pairings for everyone, no choice but to stand some divers down. Try make sure
that another site available and all get two dives in the end to avoid mutiny,
but ultimately safety over-rides all other considerations.

Keep everything moving quickly

So easy for time to trickle away and end up
missing slack, only doing one dive or getting home really late. Make sure all
know key timings. In particular if stopping for breakfast, make sure a departure
time agreed stick to it. At launch site, marshall should make sure everyone
doing something useful all the time. Needn't be high-pressure/hassly, just watch
for anyone ambling around looking useless or simply chatting and find them
something to do. Good idea to ask questions rather than 'command', e.g. "is
your kit ready for launch?" rather than "get your kit ready".
Delegate lots: e.g. get others to set up the RIB rather than fall into trap of
thinking 'quicker for me to do it as I know how' - others will never learn this
way.

Estimate the viz from the boat

Once in deeper water, look down into the sea
where the water shaded from reflections (e.g. close against side of boat). In
the UK, generally the blacker the better. If water looks green or milky, viz
likely to be poor. In early summer can often see particles of plankton. Prolific
fine plankton usually worse than sparse big globs of the stuff. Allow for sky
conditions. Bright sunlight shows up particles more so dull conditions can make
viz seem better than it is. Watch bubbles from props. Poor viz makes even
bubbles near surface look green or brown. Good viz if can see even deep bubbles
and they just look darker rather than green or brown tinted. This often gives
useful guide to viz on dive, but beware that surface viz not a guaranteed guide
to viz at depth. Crud can form layers in water at any depth, so good surface viz
may yield to awful viz at, say, 15m; and even if poor viz at surface, can
occasionally be good at bottom, though will be darker than normal for depth.

Brief the divers

Check echo sounder for max depth around dive
site and tell divers. Describe site as far as poss. Describe major features
(drawings ideal but rarely possible on UK boats), suggest good routes round them
for best tour and forward dive profile (i.e. deep first, working shallower).
Advise of any hazards: poor viz (see " Estimate the viz
from the boat"), unexpected drop-offs; wreck holds that may be entered
accidentally, nasty current traps and so on. If diving at slack, state when
slack window coming to an end and whether likely to be sudden or not (springs or
neaps). Based on current dive depths, dive type, slack window and previous dives
(if any), set maximum dive time by which diver to be back on surface. If any
threesomes, remind of correct drill (see " Dive
safely as a threesome"). Decide if (D)SMBs needed (see " Know
when to use a Surface Marker Buoy") and ensure divers have right kit.
If doing drifts in little/no current, tell divers what compass bearing to follow
(roughly) so all go in same direction. If doing wreck, describe whereabouts on
wreck shot seems to be and what direction best to go in. Make sure divers and
skipper all agreed whether divers can/should come back up shot line. If more
than one boat on site, agree special pickup signal so skipper can tell his
divers from others. Ensure divers know if boat might use Thunderflash diver
recall signals and tell to surface immediately (within ascent rate & deco
obligations) when they hear the bang. Also note recall signal that may be used
if diving with SMBs - club standard normally four strong tugs on SMB line.

Watch for incidents in the making

Lots of little signs can indicate potential
trouble. Watch divers kitting up. Any divers slow or making mistakes - check if
dived recently. If not buddy with experienced diver and limit max depth. Watch
for anyone glossing over missing accessories (e.g. knife, watch, SMB ), or
minor equipment failure. Look out for sea-sickness. Check sufferers carefully
and insist on buddy check as these are ones who will miss things. Keep an eye on
anyone looking flustered/rushed for same reason. Watch out for unaccustomed
buddies who don't talk to each other. Insist they talk through dive plan
together.

Record important info before dives

Rarely done but it is an important thing to
have an emergency contact phone number for every diver. Imagine having a serious
incident and not knowing who to tell (the skipper may insist on divers
logging numbers anyway). The DO can provide a laminate list of club member
contact numbers to take with you. DO or secretary has these personal details on
file too.

It
is also important to note colour of divers' kit. If divers swept away,
rescue services need to know what to look for. Note hoods, suits, BCDs,
cylinders.If marshalling from the surface, best to make a note of when each
pair goes in (wax pencil on plastic best). If diving too (as often the
case) ensure that skipper/cox will note times in. Tell divers when you
expect them up and raise alarm as soon as cause for concern.Note specially if anyone diving on Nitrox
or even Trimix and what is the mix.