Amalia was considered by her grandchildren to be an intelligent, strong-willed, quick-tempered but egotistical personality.[3]Ernest Jones saw her as lively and humorous, with a strong attachment to her eldest son whom she called "mein goldener Sigi".[4]

Just as Amalia idolised her eldest son, so there is evidence that the latter in turn idealised his mother, whose domineering hold over his life he never fully analysed.[5] Late in life he would term the mother-son relationship "the most perfect, the most free from ambivalence of all human relationships. A mother can transfer to her son the ambition she has been obliged to suppress in herself",[6] his tendency to split off and repudiate hostile elements in the relationship would be repeated with significant figures in his life such as his fiancee and Wilhelm Fliess.[7]

Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
–
From 1804 to 1918 it was a crownland of the Austrian Empire. After the reforms of 1867, it became an ethnic Pole-administered autonomous unit under the Austrian crown, the country was carved from the entire south-western part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Among the many titles of the princes of Hungary was ruler of Galicia and Lodomeria. T

Vienna
–
Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, V

First Austrian Republic
–
The Republics constitution was enacted in October 1,1920 and amended on December 7,1929. The republican period was marked by violent strife between those with left-wing and right-wing views, leading to the July Revolt of 1927 and the Austrian Civil War of 1934. Despite Austrian protests this treaty also forbade Anschluss, or union of Austria with G

Sigmund Freud
–
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing h

Martha Bernays
–
Martha Bernays was the wife of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Bernays was the daughter of Emmeline and Berman Bernays. Her paternal grandfather Isaac Bernays was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Martha Bernays was raised in an observant Orthodox Jewish family. Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays, was the rabbi of Hamburg and a distant relative of the Ge

1.
Martha Bernays (1882)

Anna Freud
–
Anna Freud was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was the 6th and last child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays and she followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Freud as

Odessa
–
Odessa or Odesa is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. Odessa is also a center of the Odessa Oblast and a multiethnic cultural center. Odessa is sometimes called the pearl of the Black Sea, the South Capital, the predecessor of Odessa, a small Tatar s

4.
Russian and Cossack troops take the fortress of Khadjibey, defeating the Ottomans and thus providing the impetus to found Odessa.

Kherson Governorate
–
The Kherson Governorate or Government of Kherson was a guberniya, or administrative territorial unit, between the Dnieper and Dniester Rivers, of the Russian Empire. It was one of three created in 1802 when the Novorossiya guberniya was abolished. It was known as the Nikolayev Governorate until 1803, when Kherson replaced Nikolayev as the governora

Ukraine
–
Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, ma

4.
The baptism of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in Kievan Rus'.

Treblinka
–
Treblinka was an extermination camp, built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It was located in a forest north-east of Warsaw,4 kilometres south of the Treblinka train station in what is now the Masovian Voivodeship, the camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadl

1.
Treblinka extermination camp

2.
The Wannsee Conference, where the plans for Operation Reinhard and the Treblinka extermination camp were outlined, took place at this villa.

3.
Official announcement of the founding of Treblinka I, the forced-labour camp

Theresienstadt
–
Tens of thousands of people died there, some killed outright and others dying from malnutrition and disease. The fortress of Theresienstadt in the north-west region of Bohemia was constructed between the years 1780 and 1790 on the orders of the Austrian emperor Joseph II. It was designed as part of a projected but never fully realised system of the

3.
Stone marking the burial of ashes of 15,000 victims of Terezín at the New Jewish Cemetery, Prague

Ernest Jones
–
Alfred Ernest Jones, FRCP, MRCS was a British neurologist and psychoanalyst. A lifelong friend and colleague of Sigmund Freud from their first meeting in 1908, Jones was the first English-speaking practitioner of psychoanalysis and became its leading exponent in the English-speaking world. Ernest Jones was born in Gowerton, Wales, a village on the

Ambivalence
–
Ambivalence is a state of having simultaneous conflicting reactions, beliefs, or feelings towards some object. Stated another way, ambivalence is the experience of having an attitude towards someone or something that both positively and negatively valenced components. The term also refers to situations where mixed feelings of a general sort are exp

Wilhelm Fliess
–
Wilhelm Fliess was a German Jewish otolaryngologist who practised in Berlin. He developed highly eccentric theories of human biorhythms and a nasogenital connection that have not been accepted by modern scientists. He is today best remembered for his personal friendship and theoretical collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Fliess developed several theo

1.
Fliess (right) and Sigmund Freud in the early 1890s.

Freud family
–
The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Freuds descendants have become known in different fields. Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he was the eldest child of Ja

1.
Freud family portrait, 1876. Standing left to right: Paula, Anna, Sigmund, Emmanuel, Rosa and Marie Freud and their cousin Simon Nathanson. Seated: Adolfine, Amalia, Alexander and Jacob Freud. The other boy and girl are unidentified.

4.
Freud's last home, 20 Maresfield Gardens, London NW3, now the Freud Museum

Civilization and Its Discontents
–
Civilization and Its Discontents is a book by Sigmund Freud. Written in 1929, and first published in German in 1930 as Das Unbehagen in der Kultur and it is considered one of Freuds most important and widely read works, and one of the most influential and studied books in the field of modern psychology. In this seminal book, Sigmund Freud enumerate

1.
1930s front cover German edition

The Ego and the Id
–
The Ego and the Id is a prominent paper by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. It is a study of the human psyche outlining his theories of the psychodynamics of the id, ego and super-ego. The study was conducted over years of research and was first published in 1923. The Ego and the Id develops a line of reasoning as a groundwork for explaining variou

1.
The Ego and the Id

The Future of an Illusion
–
The Future of an Illusion is a 1927 work by Sigmund Freud, describing his interpretation of religions origins, development, psychoanalysis, and its future. Freud viewed religion as a belief system. Religious concepts are transmitted in three ways and thereby claim our belief, psychologically speaking, these beliefs present the phenomena of wish ful

1.
The Future of an Illusion

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
–
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is a work of Sigmund Freud from the year 1921. In this monograph, Freud describes psychological mechanisms at work within mass movements, a mass, according to Freud, is a temporary entity, consisting of heterogeneous elements that have joined together for a moment. He refers heavily to the writings of so

1.
Cover of the first edition of Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse

The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement

1.
The 1924 German edition

The Interpretation of Dreams
–
Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition, added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this work, Insight such as this falls to ones lot, the book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not sell out for eight years.

1.
Title page of the original German edition

2.
Memorial plate in commemoration of the place where Freud began The Interpretation of Dreams, near Grinzing, Austria

Introduction to Psychoanalysis
–
Introduction to Psychoanalysis or Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis is a set of lectures given by Sigmund Freud 1915-17, which became the most popular and widely translated of his works. In the New Introductory Lectures, those on dreams and anxiety/instinctual life offered clear accounts of Freuds latest thinking, more popular treatments of

1.
Introduction to Psychoanalysis

Moses and Monotheism
–
Moses and Monotheism is a 1939 book about monotheism by Sigmund Freud, published in English translation in 1939. The book consists of three essays and is an extension of Freud’s work on theory as a means of generating hypotheses about historical events. Freud hypothesizes that Moses was not Hebrew, but actually born into Ancient Egyptian nobility a

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
–
Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud, based on Freuds researches into slips and parapraxes from 1897 onwards. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became perhaps the best-known of all Freuds writings, the Psychopathology was originally published in the Monograph for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1901, before appearing in b

1.
The German edition

The Question of Lay Analysis

1.
The German edition

Studies on Hysteria
–
Studies on Hysteria is an 1895 book by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer. Breuers work with Bertha Pappenheim provided the impetus for psychoanalysis. In their preliminary paper, both men agreed that “the hysteric suffers mainly from reminiscences”, Freud however would come to lay more stress on the causative role of sexuality in producing hysteria, a

1.
The German edition

Totem and Taboo
–
Cultural anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber was an early critic of Totem and Taboo, publishing a critique of the work in 1920. Some authors have seen redeeming value in the work, the work was translated twice into English, first by Abraham Brill and later by James Strachey. The Horror of Incest concerns incest taboos adopted by societies believing in

1.
German First Edition 1913

Beyond the Pleasure Principle
–
Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a 1920 essay by Sigmund Freud that marks a major turning point in his theoretical approach. Previously, Freud attributed most human behavior to the sexual instinct, with this essay, Freud went beyond the simple pleasure principle, developing his theory of drives with the addition of the death drive. In sections IV a

Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
–
Leonardo da Vinci and A Memory of His Childhood is a 1910 essay by Sigmund Freud about Leonardo da Vincis childhood. It consists of a study of Leonardos life based on his paintings. Freud provides an interpretation of Leonardos The Virgin and Child with St. Anne. According to Oskar Pfister, the Virgins garment reveals a vulture when viewed sideways

On Narcissism
–
On Narcissism is a 1914 essay by Sigmund Freud, widely considered an introduction to Freuds theories of narcissism. In this paper, Freud sums up his earlier discussions on the subject of narcissism, furthermore, he looks at the deeper problems of the relation between the ego and external objects, drawing a new distinction between the ego-libido and

1.
The German edition

Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
–
Thoughts for the Time of War and Death is a set of twin essays written by Sigmund Freud in 1915, six months after the outbreak of World War I. The essays express discontent and disillusionment with human nature and human society in the aftermath of the hostilities, the first essay addressed the widespread disillusionment brought on by the collapse

1.
The German edition

Dora (case study)
–
Dora is the pseudonym given by Sigmund Freud to a patient whom he diagnosed with hysteria, and treated for about eleven weeks in 1900. Her most manifest hysterical symptom was aphonia, or loss of voice, the patients real name was Ida Bauer, her brother Otto Bauer was a leading member of the Austromarxism movement. Freud published a study about Dora

1.
Ida Bauer (Dora) and her brother Otto.

Emma Eckstein
–
Emma Eckstein was an Austrian author. As analyst, while working mainly in the area of sexual and social hygiene, she also explored how daydreams, ernest Jones placed her with such figures as Lou Andreas-Salomé and Joan Riviere as a type of woman, of a more intellectual and perhaps masculine cast. Played a part in his life, accessory to his male fri

1.
Emma Eckstein (1895)

Anna O.
–
This article is concerned with Bertha Pappenheim as the patient Anna O. For her life before and after her treatment, see Bertha Pappenheim, Anna O. was the pseudonym of a patient of Josef Breuer, who published her case study in his book Studies on Hysteria, written in collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Her real name was Bertha Pappenheim, an Austria

1.
German postage stamp (1954) in the series Benefactors of Mankind

3.
Bertha Pappenheim during her stay at Bellevue Sanatorium in 1882

Bertha Pappenheim
–
This article is about the public life of Bertha Pappenheim. Under the pseudonym Anna O. she was one of Josef Breuers best documented patients because of Freuds writing on Breuers case. Bertha Pappenheim was born on 27 February 1859 in Vienna as the daughter of Siegmund Pappenheim. Her mother Recha, née Goldschmidt, was from Frankfurt am Main and he

Sergei Pankejeff
–
The Pankejeff family was a wealthy family in St. Petersburg. Sergei attended a school in Russia but after the 1905 Russian Revolution he spent considerable time abroad studying. During his review of Freuds letters and other files, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson uncovered notes for a paper by Freuds associate Ruth Mack Brunswick. Freud had asked her to r

1.
Sergei Pankejeff

2.
Pankejeff with his wife c. 1910

3.
Prescription written by Sigmund Freud for the wife of Pankejeff, November 1919

Clement Freud
–
Sir Clement Raphael Freud was a British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament in 1973, retaining his seat until 1987, in 2016, seven years after he died, three women made public allegations of child sexual abuse and rape by Freud, which led to police investigations. He was born Clemens Rafael Fre

1.
Sir Clement Freud

Lucian Freud
–
Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the

Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)
–
The Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna is a museum founded in 1971 covering Sigmund Freuds life story. It is located in the Alsergrund district, at Berggasse 19, in 2003 the museum was put in the hands of the newly established Sigmund Freud Foundation, which has since received the entire building as an endowment. It also covers the history of psychoana

1.
The Sigmund Freud Museum on Berggasse.

Freud Museum
–
The Freud Museum in London is a museum dedicated to Sigmund Freud, who lived there with his family during the last year of his life. In 1938, after escaping Nazi annexation of Austria he came to London via Paris and stayed for a short while at 39 Elsworthy Road before moving to 20 Maresfield Gardens, where the museum is situated. Although he died a

Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead
–
Freud lived at nearby 20 Maresfield Gardens, for the last months of his life. His house is now the Freud Museum, the sculptor Oscar Nemon was born and educated in Osijek before moving to work in Vienna in the 1920s. He had read Freud in his teens, initially approached Freud as a sculptor and was rejected by him. After Nemon had gained his reputatio

1.
Sigmund Freud

Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transition

1.
Screenshot 2012

Integrated Authority File
–
The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library netw

1.
GND screenshot

LIST OF IMAGES

1.
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
–
From 1804 to 1918 it was a crownland of the Austrian Empire. After the reforms of 1867, it became an ethnic Pole-administered autonomous unit under the Austrian crown, the country was carved from the entire south-western part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Among the many titles of the princes of Hungary was ruler of Galicia and Lodomeria. The name Galicia is the Latinized form of Halych, a principality of the medieval Ruthenia, Lodomeria, is also a Latinized form of Volodymyr-Volynsky that was founded in the 10th century by the Vladimir the Great and until the partitions of Poland was known simply as Volodymyr. King of Galicia and Lodomeria was a title that King of Hungary adopted during his conquest of the region back in the 12th century. This historical region in Eastern Europe is divided today between Poland and Ukraine, the nucleus of historic Galicia consists of the modern Lviv, Ternopil, and Ivano-Frankivsk regions of western Ukraine. In 1772, Galicia was the largest part of the area annexed by the Habsburg Monarchy in the First Partition of Poland. As such, the Austrian region of Poland and what was later to become Ukraine was known as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria to underline the Hungarian claims to the country. However, after the Third Partition of Poland, a portion of the ethnically Polish lands to the west was also added to the province. During the first decades of Austrian rule, Galicia was firmly governed from Vienna, the aristocracy was guaranteed its rights, but these rights were considerably circumscribed. The former serfs were no longer mere chattel, but became subjects of law and were granted personal freedoms. Their labour obligations were defined and limited, and they could bypass the lords, at the same time, however, the Austrian Empire extracted from Galicia considerable wealth and conscripted large numbers of the peasant population into its armed services. The 1820s and 1830s were a period of bureaucratic rule overseen from Vienna, most administrative positions were filled by German-speakers, including German-speaking Czechs, although some of their children were already becoming Polonized. After the failure of the November insurrection in Russian Poland in 1830–31, in which a few thousand Galician volunteers participated, the insurrection occurred in the western, Polish-populated part of Galicia. In the same period, a sense of national awakening began to develop among the Ruthenians in the part of Galicia. In 1837, the so-called Ruthenian Triad led by Markiian Shashkevych, published The Nymph of the Dniester, alarmed by such democratism, the Austrian authorities and the Greek Catholic Metropolitan banned the book. In 1848, revolutionary actions broke out in Vienna and other parts of the Austrian Empire, in Lemberg, a Polish National Council, and then later, a Ukrainian, or Ruthenian Supreme Council were formed. Even before Vienna had acted, the remnants of serfdom were abolished by the Governor, Franz Stadion, eventually, Lemberg was bombarded by imperial troops and the revolution put down completely

Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
–
Physical map of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1849–1918
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
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Flag (1890–1918)
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
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Galicia in 1897
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
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Siege of Przemyśl in 1915

2.
Vienna
–
Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north

Vienna
Vienna
Vienna
Vienna

3.
First Austrian Republic
–
The Republics constitution was enacted in October 1,1920 and amended on December 7,1929. The republican period was marked by violent strife between those with left-wing and right-wing views, leading to the July Revolt of 1927 and the Austrian Civil War of 1934. Despite Austrian protests this treaty also forbade Anschluss, or union of Austria with Germany, the new Republic was created by the will of Allies who did not want the defeated Germany to expand its borders. The new state managed to prevent two land claims from being taken by their neighbours, the first was the south-eastern part of Carinthia, which was inhabited partly by Slovenians. It was prevented from being taken over by the new SHS-state through a Carinthian plebiscite on October 10,1920, the second prevented land-claim was Hungarys claim to Burgenland, which, under the name Western Hungary, had been part of the Hungarian kingdom since 1647. It was inhabited mostly by a German-speaking population, but had also Croat-, through the Treaty of St. Germain it became part of the Austrian Republic in 1921. However, after a plebiscite which was disputed by Austria, the capital city of Sopron remained in Hungary. Many of them felt that with the loss of 60% of the territory of the prewar empire, Austria was no longer economically and politically viable as a separate state without union with Germany. In the country of 6.5 million, Vienna, with its population of almost 2 million, was left as a capital without an empire to feed it. For much of the early 1920s, Austrias survival was very much in doubt and this was partly because Austria had never been a German/Austrian nation state in the true sense of the term. The Federal President was elected for a four year tearm in a session of both houses, while Chancellor was elected by the Nationalrat. After 1920, Austrias government was dominated by the anti-Anschluss Christian Social Party which retained close ties to the Roman Catholic Church, the partys first Chancellor Ignaz Seipel came to power in May 1922 and attempted to forge a political alliance between wealthy industrialists and the Roman Catholic Church. After the legislative elections of October 17,1920 Social Democrats lost parliamentary majority and remained in the opposition until 1934, Christian Socials won 85, Social Democrats 69, Greater Germany Party 20 and Peasants Union 8 seats. Michael Hainisch was elected Federal President, after October 1923 elections Ignaz Seipel stayed in power and resigned in November 1924 when he was succeeded by Rudolf Ramek. After the 1930 legislative elections Social Democrats emerged as the largest party with 72 seats, country was dividen between conservative population of country side and Social Democrat controlled Red Vienna. In 1927, during a clash in Schattendorf, an old man. On July 14,1927 the shooters were acquitted and left-wing supporters began a massive protest during which the Ministry of Justice building was burned, to restore order police and army shot and killed 89 people and injured 600. The huge protest is known as the July Revolt of 1927, Social Democrats called for a general strike which lasted four days

4.
Sigmund Freud
–
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology, Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938 Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis and he died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In creating psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, Freuds redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the analysis of symptom formation. On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, in his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, nonetheless, Freuds work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. In the words of W. H. Audens 1940 poetic tribute, by the time of Freuds death, Freud was born to Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the first of eight children. Both of his parents were from Galicia, in modern-day Ukraine and his father, Jakob Freud, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakobs family were Hasidic Jews, and although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition and he and Freuds mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a room, in a locksmiths house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as an omen for the boys future. In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg, Freuds half brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the inseparable playmate of his early childhood, Emanuels son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born, Rosa, Marie, Adolfine, Paula, in 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors and he loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17, in 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Clauss zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. He graduated with an MD in 1881, in 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital

5.
Martha Bernays
–
Martha Bernays was the wife of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Bernays was the daughter of Emmeline and Berman Bernays. Her paternal grandfather Isaac Bernays was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Martha Bernays was raised in an observant Orthodox Jewish family. Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays, was the rabbi of Hamburg and a distant relative of the German Romantic poet Heinrich Heine. Isaacs son, Michael Bernays, Marthas uncle, converted to Christianity at an age and was professor of German at the University of Munich. She was also the aunt of Austrian-born American publicist and father of public relations, Sigmund and Martha met in April 1882 and after a four-year engagement they were married on 14 September 1886 in Hamburg. The couple had six children, Mathilde, Jean-Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophie, the young Martha Bernays was a slim and attractive woman who was also a charmer, intelligent, well-educated and fond of reading. As a married woman, she ran her household efficiently, and was indeed almost obsessive about punctuality, firm but loving with her children, she spread an atmosphere of peaceful joie de vivre through the household. However, Martha was not able to establish a connection with her youngest daughter. Bernayss younger sister, Minna Bernays, was close to the young couple. Sigmund and Minna would sometimes holiday together, and the suggestion has periodically been made that she in fact became Freuds mistress, jung for example reported that from Minna he learned that Freud was in love with her and that their relationship was indeed very intimate. Pending publication of the Freud/Minna correspondence for the period 1893–1910, the truth behind such speculations may not be known for sure, what does seem certain is that Martha herself in no way knew of, or colluded in, any such affair

Martha Bernays
–
Martha Bernays (1882)

6.
Anna Freud
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Anna Freud was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was the 6th and last child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays and she followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Freud as the 99th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on 3 December 1895 and she was the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in comfortable bourgeois circumstances and she had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud. It seems that in general, she was competitive with her siblings. The close relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family and she was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899, Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness, Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family. Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school, instead she learned from her father and this was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work, commentators have noted how in the dream of little Anna. little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912, suffering from a depression and anorexia, she was very insecure about what to do in the future. In 1914 she passed the test to work as an apprentice at her old school. From 1915 to 1917, she worked as an apprentice for third, fourth. She finally quit her career in 1920, due to multiple episodes of illness. Her first analysis was conducted by her father Sigmund Freud from 1918 to 1922, jacques Van Rillaer describes this incestuous analysis. She presented the paper Beating Fantasies and Daydreams to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, in 1923, Anna Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and it became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany

7.
Odessa
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Odessa or Odesa is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. Odessa is also a center of the Odessa Oblast and a multiethnic cultural center. Odessa is sometimes called the pearl of the Black Sea, the South Capital, the predecessor of Odessa, a small Tatar settlement, was founded by Hacı I Giray, the Khan of Crimea, in 1440 and originally named after him as Hacıbey. After a period of Lithuanian control, it passed into the domain of the Ottoman Sultan in 1529, in 1794, the city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Empress Catherine the Great. From 1819 to 1858, Odessa was a free port, during the Soviet period it was the most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base. On 1 January 2000, the Quarantine Pier at Odessa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port, during the 19th century, it was the fourth largest city of Imperial Russia, after Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Warsaw. Its historical architecture has a style more Mediterranean than Russian, having heavily influenced by French. Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including Art Nouveau, Renaissance, the city of Odessa hosts both the Port of Odessa and Port Yuzhne, a significant oil terminal situated in the citys suburbs. Another notable port, Chornomorsk, is located in the same oblast, together they represent a major transport hub integrating with railways. Odessas oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to Russian and European networks by strategic pipelines, the city was named in compliance with the Greek Plan of Catherine the Great. It was named after the ancient Greek city of Odessos, which was believed to have been located here. Although Odessa is located in between the ancient Greek cities of Tyras and Olbia, Odessos is believed to be the predecessor of the present day city of Varna, Catherines secretary of state Adrian Gribovsky claimed in his memoirs that the name was his suggestion. Some expressed doubts about this claim, while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man, Odessa was the site of a large Greek settlement not later than the middle of the 6th century BC. Some scholars believe it to be a settlement established by Histria. Whether the Bay of Odessa is the ancient Port of the Histrians cannot yet be considered a settled question based on the available evidence, archaeological artifacts confirm extensive links between the Odessa area and the eastern Mediterranean. In the Middle Ages successive rulers of the Odessa region included various nomadic tribes, the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Yedisan Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century. During the reign of Khan Hacı I Giray of Crimea, the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and, in search of allies, the site of present-day Odessa was then a fortress known as Khadjibey. It was part of the Dykra region, however, most of the rest of the area remained largely uninhabited in this period

8.
Kherson Governorate
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The Kherson Governorate or Government of Kherson was a guberniya, or administrative territorial unit, between the Dnieper and Dniester Rivers, of the Russian Empire. It was one of three created in 1802 when the Novorossiya guberniya was abolished. It was known as the Nikolayev Governorate until 1803, when Kherson replaced Nikolayev as the governorates capital, the economy of the governorate was mainly based on agriculture. During the grain harvest, thousands of laborers from the parts of the Empire found work in the area. The industrial part of the economy, consisting primarily of flour milling, distilling, metalworking industry, iron mining, beet-sugar processing, from 1809, the governorate consisted of five uyezds, Kherson, Aleksandriya, Ovidiopol, Tiraspol, and Yelisavetgrad. The city of Odessa carried a special status, in 1825, The Odessa uyezd was added into the territorial division of the Kherson Governorate. A seventh uyezd — Bobrynets, existed from 1828 to 1865, in 1920, while being under Soviet Ukrainian rule, the governorates territory,70,600 km2, was divided to form the newer Odessa Governorate. The Kherson Governorate was renamed Mykolaiv Governorate in 1921, and in 1922 - merged with the Odessa Governorate, in 1925, the Odessa Governorate was abolished, and its territory was divided into six okruhas, Kherson, Kryvyi Rih, Mykolaiv, Odessa, Pershotravneve, and Zinoviivske. In 1932, much of this territory was incorporated into the new Odessa Oblast, now a division of the modern Ukrainian nation. The gubernia had a population of about 245,000 in 1812,893,000 in 1851,1,330,000 in 1863,2,027,000 in 1885,2,733,600 in 1897, and 3,744,600 in 1914. In the 1850s it consisted of Ukrainians, Romanians, Russians, Jews, Germans, Bulgarians, Poles, Greeks, in 1914, Ukrainians composed only 53% of the population, while Russians made up 22% and Jews - 12%. Urban dwellers made up 10 to 20 percent of the population until the 1850s, after which the proportion of urban dwellers increased, migration within the Russian Empire mainly accounted for the areas population growth, with 46% of the population born outside of the governorate in 1897. Kherson regional universal science library of Oles Honchar

9.
Ukraine
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Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling

Ukraine
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Gold Scythian pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal kurgan in Ordzhonikidze, dated to the 4th century BC
Ukraine
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Flag
Ukraine
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Principalities of Kievan Rus', 1054-1132
Ukraine
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The baptism of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in Kievan Rus'.

10.
Treblinka
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Treblinka was an extermination camp, built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It was located in a forest north-east of Warsaw,4 kilometres south of the Treblinka train station in what is now the Masovian Voivodeship, the camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Final Solution. During this time, it is estimated that between 700,000 and 900,000 Jews were killed in its gas chambers, along with 2,000 Romani people, more Jews were killed at Treblinka than at any other Nazi extermination camp apart from Auschwitz. Managed by the German SS and Trawnikis, the camp consisted of two separate units, Treblinka I was a forced-labour camp whose prisoners worked in the gravel pit or irrigation area and in the forest, where they cut wood to fuel the crematoria. Between 1941 and 1944, more than half of its 20,000 inmates died from summary executions, hunger, disease, the second camp, Treblinka II, was an extermination camp, or the Vernichtungslager in German, referred to euphemistically as the SS-Sonderkommando Treblinka by the Nazis. A small number of Jewish men who were not killed immediately upon arrival became its Jewish slave-labour units called Sonderkommandos and these bodies were exhumed in 1943 and cremated on large open-air pyres along with the bodies of new victims. Gassing operations at Treblinka II ended in October 1943 following a revolt by the Sonderkommandos in early August, several SS Hiwi guards were killed and 200 prisoners escaped from the camp, almost a hundred survived the subsequent chase. The camp was dismantled ahead of the Soviet advance, a farmhouse for a watchman was built on the site and the ground ploughed over in an attempt to hide the evidence of genocide. In postwar Poland, the government bought most of the land where the camp had stood, in 1964 Treblinka was declared a national monument of Jewish martyrology in a ceremony at the site of the former gas chambers. In the same year the first German trials were held regarding war crimes committed at Treblinka by former SS members, after the end of communism in Poland in 1989, the number of visitors coming to Treblinka from abroad increased. An exhibition centre at the camp opened in 2006 and it was later expanded and made into a branch of the Siedlce Regional Museum. Following the invasion of Poland in 1939 most of the 3.5 million Polish Jews were rounded up, the system was intended to isolate the Jews from the outside world in order to facilitate their exploitation and abuse. The supply of food was inadequate, living conditions were cramped and unsanitary, malnutrition and lack of medicine led to soaring mortality rates. The initial victories of the Wehrmacht over the Soviet Union inspired plans for the German colonisation of occupied Poland, including all territory within the General Government. At the Wannsee Conference held near Berlin on 20 January 1942, new plans were outlined for the genocide of the Jews, Treblinka was one of three secret extermination camps set up for Operation Reinhard, the other two were Bełżec and Sobibór. All three were equipped with gas chambers disguised as shower rooms, for the processing of entire transports of people, the lethal agent was established following a pilot project of mobile killing conducted at Soldau and Chełmno extermination camps that began operating in 1941 and used gas vans. Chełmno was a ground for the establishment of faster methods of killing and incinerating people. It was not a part of Reinhard, which was marked by the construction of facilities for mass murder

Treblinka
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Treblinka extermination camp
Treblinka
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The Wannsee Conference, where the plans for Operation Reinhard and the Treblinka extermination camp were outlined, took place at this villa.
Treblinka
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Official announcement of the founding of Treblinka I, the forced-labour camp
Treblinka
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Memorial at Treblinka II, with 17,000 quarry stones symbolising gravestones. Inscriptions indicate places of Holocaust train departures with at least 5,000 victims and selected ghettos from across Poland.

11.
Theresienstadt
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Tens of thousands of people died there, some killed outright and others dying from malnutrition and disease. The fortress of Theresienstadt in the north-west region of Bohemia was constructed between the years 1780 and 1790 on the orders of the Austrian emperor Joseph II. It was designed as part of a projected but never fully realised system of the monarchy. Theresienstadt was named for the mother of the emperor, Maria Theresa of Austria, by the end of the 19th century, the facility was obsolete as a fort, in the 20th century, the fort was used to accommodate military and political prisoners. From 1914 until 1918, Gavrilo Princip was imprisoned here, after his conviction for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife on June 28,1914, Princip died in Cell Number 1 from tuberculosis on April 28,1918. After Germany invaded and occupied Czechoslovakia, on June 10,1940, the first inmates arrived June 14. By the end of the war, the fortress had processed more than 32,000 prisoners, of whom 5,000 were female. The prisoners were predominantly Czech at first, and later other nationalities were imprisoned there, including citizens of the Soviet Union, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia. By November 24,1941, the Nazis adapted the Main Fortress, located on the west side of the river, as a ghetto. Jewish survivors have recounted the extensive work they had to do for more than a year in the camp, to try to provide basic facilities for the tens of thousands of people who came to be housed there. From 1942, the Nazis interned the Jews of Bohemia and Moravia, elderly Jews and persons of special merit in the Reich, Theresienstadt thereafter became known as the destination for the Altentransporte of German Jews, older than 65. Although in practice the ghetto, run by the SS, served as a camp for Jews en route to extermination camps. On November 11,1943, commandant Anton Burger ordered the camp population, approximately 40,000 people at that time. About 300 prisoners died of hypothermia as a result, during a 1944 Red Cross visit, and in a propaganda film, the Nazis presented Theresienstadt to outsiders as a model Jewish settlement, but it was a concentration camp. More than 33,000 inmates died as a result of malnutrition, disease, whereas some survivors claimed that the prison population reached 75,000 at one time, according to official records, the highest figure reached was 58,491. They were crowded into barracks designed to accommodate 7,000 combat troops, in the autumn of 1944, the Nazis began the liquidation of the ghetto, deporting more prisoners to Auschwitz and other camps, in one month, they deported 24,000 victims. The Small Fortress was part of the fortification on the side of the river Ohře. Beginning in 1940, the Gestapo used it as a prison, the first inmates arrived on June 14,1940

12.
Ernest Jones
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Alfred Ernest Jones, FRCP, MRCS was a British neurologist and psychoanalyst. A lifelong friend and colleague of Sigmund Freud from their first meeting in 1908, Jones was the first English-speaking practitioner of psychoanalysis and became its leading exponent in the English-speaking world. Ernest Jones was born in Gowerton, Wales, a village on the outskirts of Swansea. His father was a colliery engineer who went on to establish himself as a successful business man, becoming accountant. His mother, Mary Ann, was from a Welsh-speaking Carmarthenshire family which had relocated to Swansea, Jones was educated at Swansea Grammar School, Llandovery College, and Cardiff University in Wales. Jones studied at University College London and meanwhile he obtained the Conjoint diplomas LRCP, a year later, in 1901, he obtained an M. B. degree with honours in medicine and obstetrics. Within five years he received an MD degree and a Membership of the Royal College of Physicians in 1903 and he was particularly pleased to receive the Universitys gold medal in obstetrics from his distinguished fellow-Welshman, Sir John Williams. After obtaining his degrees, Jones specialised in neurology and took a number of posts in London hospitals. It was through his association with the surgeon Wilfred Trotter that Jones first heard of Freuds work, having worked together as surgeons at University College Hospital, he and Trotter became close friends, with Trotter taking the role of mentor and confidant to his younger colleague. They had in common a wide-ranging interest in philosophy and literature, as well as a growing interest in Continental psychiatric literature, by 1905 they were sharing accommodation above Harley Street consulting rooms with Joness sister, Elizabeth, installed as housekeeper. Trotter and Elizabeth Jones later married, appalled by the treatment of the mentally ill in institutions, Jones began experimenting with hypnotic techniques in his clinical work. Jones first encountered Freuds writings directly in 1905, in a German psychiatric journal in which Freud published the famous Dora case-history, Joness early attempts to combine his interest in Freuds ideas with his clinical work with children resulted in adverse effects on his career. In 1906 he was arrested and charged with two counts of indecent assault on two adolescent girls whom he had interviewed in his capacity as an inspector of schools for mentally defective children. At the court hearing Jones maintained his innocence, claiming the girls were fantasising about any inappropriate actions by him, the magistrate concluded that no jury would believe the testimony of such children and Jones was acquitted. In 1908, employed as a pathologist at a London hospital, Jones duly obliged but, before conducting the interview, he omitted to inform the girl’s consultant or arrange for a chaperone. Subsequently, he faced complaints from the parents over the nature of the interview. Joness first serious relationship was with Loe Kann, a wealthy Dutch émigré referred to him in 1906 after she had become addicted to morphine during treatment for a kidney condition. It ended with Kann in analysis with Freud and Jones, at Freuds behest, a tentative romance with Freuds daughter, Anna, did not survive the disapproval of her father

13.
Ambivalence
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Ambivalence is a state of having simultaneous conflicting reactions, beliefs, or feelings towards some object. Stated another way, ambivalence is the experience of having an attitude towards someone or something that both positively and negatively valenced components. The term also refers to situations where mixed feelings of a general sort are experienced. Although attitudes tend to guide attitude-relevant behavior, those held with ambivalence tend to do so to a lesser extent, the less certain an individual is in their attitude, the more impressionable it becomes, hence making future actions less predictable and/or less decisive. Ambivalent attitudes are more susceptible to transient information, which can result in a more malleable evaluation. However, since ambivalent people think more about attitude-relevant information, they tend to be more persuaded by attitude relevant information than less ambivalent people. Explicit ambivalence may or may not be experienced as psychologically unpleasant when the positive and negative aspects of a subject are both present in a mind at the same time. Psychologically uncomfortable ambivalence, also known as dissonance, can lead to avoidance, procrastination. People experience the greatest discomfort from their ambivalence at the time when the situation requires a decision to be made, people are aware of their ambivalence to varying degrees, so the effects of an ambivalent state vary across individuals and situations. For this reason, researchers have considered two forms of ambivalence, only one of which is experienced as a state of conflict. The psychological literature has distinguished between several different forms of ambivalence, one, often called subjective ambivalence or felt ambivalence, represents the psychological experience of conflict, mixed feelings, mixed reactions, and indecision in the evaluation of some object. Ambivalence is not always acknowledged by the individual experiencing it, although, when the individual becomes aware to a varying degree, discomfort is felt, which is elicited by the conflicting attitudes about a particular stimulus. Subjective ambivalence is generally assessed using direct self-report measures regarding ones experience of conflict about the topic of interest, because subjective ambivalence is a secondary judgment of a primary evaluation, it is considered to be metacognitive. The point of these measures is to find out how much a person experiences ambivalence in a particular evaluation and their report may be provided in a number of ways. Priester and Petty, for example, utilized a system where they had subjects rate the level of conflict they were experiencing on a scale from 0 to 10. However, people do not like to experience the emotions associated with ambivalence and therefore may not acknowledge, or report. This makes the measure of felt ambivalence a bit less reliable than a researcher may desire, If a person endorses both positive and negative reactions towards the same object, then at least some objective ambivalence is present. Kaplan initially operationalized ambivalence as the lesser of the two reactions, also called conflicting reactions, the three conditions are as follows, If the larger value is maintained, while the smaller rating increases, ambivalence will increase

14.
Wilhelm Fliess
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Wilhelm Fliess was a German Jewish otolaryngologist who practised in Berlin. He developed highly eccentric theories of human biorhythms and a nasogenital connection that have not been accepted by modern scientists. He is today best remembered for his personal friendship and theoretical collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Fliess developed several theories, such as vital periodicity, forerunner of the popular concepts of biorhythms. His work never found favor, though some of his thinking – such as the idea of innate bisexuality– was incorporated into Freuds theories. Fliess believed men and women went through mathematically fixed sexual cycles of 23 and 28 days, another of Fliesss ideas was the theory of nasal reflex neurosis. This became widely known following the publication of his controversial book Neue Beitrage und Therapie der nasaelen Reflexneurose in Vienna in 1892, on Josef Breuers suggestion, Fliess attended several conferences with Sigmund Freud beginning in 1887 in Vienna, and the two soon formed a strong friendship. Through their extensive correspondence and the series of meetings, Fliess came to play an important part in the development of psychoanalysis. Together, Fliess and Freud developed a Project for a Scientific Psychology, Fliess wrote about his biorythmic theories in Der Ablauf des Lebens. Eckstein haemorrhaged profusely in the following the procedure, almost to the point of death as infection set in. Freud consulted with another surgeon, who removed a piece of surgical gauze that Fliess had left behind, eckstein was left permanently disfigured, with the left side of her face caved in. Despite this, she remained on good terms with Freud for many years. Fliess also remained friends with Freud. He even predicted Freuds death would be around the age of 51, Freud died at 83 years of age. Freud ordered that his correspondence with Fliess be destroyed and it is only known today because Marie Bonaparte purchased Freuds letters to Fliess and refused to permit their destruction. His son Robert Fliess was also a psychoanalyst and a writer in that field. He devised the phrase ambulatory psychosis, jeffrey Masson claimed that Fliess sexually molested his son Robert and that this caused Fliess to undermine Freuds investigation of the seduction theory because of its implications for his life. His niece Beate Hermelin was an experimental psychologist, who worked in the UK, medical science has given a highly negative verdict to Fliess theories

Wilhelm Fliess
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Fliess (right) and Sigmund Freud in the early 1890s.

15.
Freud family
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The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Freuds descendants have become known in different fields. Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he was the eldest child of Jacob Freud, a wool merchant, and his third wife Amalia Nathansohn. Jacob Freud was born in Tysmenitz, Galicia, the eldest child of Schlomo and he had two children from his first marriage to Sally Kanner, Emanuel Philipp Jacobs second marriage to Rebecca was childless. Jacob and Amalia Freud had eight children, Sigmund Julius Anna Regina Debora Marie Esther Adolfine Pauline Regine Alexander Gotthold Ephraim Julius Freud died in infancy, Anna married Ely Bernays, the elder brother of Sigmunds wife Martha. There were four daughters, Judith, Lucy, Hella, Martha and one son, in 1892 the family moved to the United States where Edward Bernays became a major influence in modern public relations. He married Doris E. Fleischman who became known as a prominent feminist activist and their daughter Anne Bernays is a writer and editor as was her husband Justin Kaplan. Rosa married a doctor, Heinrich Graf and their son, Hermann was killed in the First World War, their daughter, Cacilie, committed suicide after an unhappy love affair. Rosa died in Auschwitz in 1942, Mitzi married her cousin Moritz Freud. There were three daughters, Margarethe, Lily, Martha and one son, Theodor who died in an accident aged 23. Martha, who was known as Tom and dressed as a man, after the suicide of her husband, Jakob Seidman, a journalist, she took her own life. Their daughter, Angela, was sent to live with relatives in Haifa, Lily became an actress and in 1917 married the actor Arnold Marlé. Mitzi died in Treblinka in 1942, Dolfi did not marry and remained in the family home to care for her parents. She died in Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1942, Pauli married Valentine Winternitz and emigrated to the United States where their daughter Rose Beatrice was born in 1896. After the death of her husband she and her returned to Europe. Rose married Ernst Waldinger, a poet, in 1923 and they moved to New York City after the war where a daughter, Ruth, was born. Pauli died in Treblinka in 1942, Alexander Freud married Sophie Sabine Schreiber. Their son, Harry, born in 1909, emigrated to the United States, both Freud’s half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, shortly before the rest of the Freud family moved to Vienna in 1860

16.
Civilization and Its Discontents
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Civilization and Its Discontents is a book by Sigmund Freud. Written in 1929, and first published in German in 1930 as Das Unbehagen in der Kultur and it is considered one of Freuds most important and widely read works, and one of the most influential and studied books in the field of modern psychology. In this seminal book, Sigmund Freud enumerates what he sees as the tensions between civilization and the individual. The primary friction, he asserts, stems from the individuals quest for freedom and civilizations contrary demand for conformity. Freud states that when any situation that is desired by the principle is prolonged. Many of humankinds primitive instincts are clearly harmful to the well-being of a human community, as a result, civilization creates laws that prohibit killing, rape, and adultery, and it implements severe punishments if these rules are broken. Thus our possibilities for happiness are restricted by the law and this process, argues Freud, is an inherent quality of civilization that gives rise to perpetual feelings of discontent among its citizens. Freuds theory is based on the notion that humans have certain characteristic instincts that are immutable, most notably, the desires for sex, and the predisposition to violent aggression towards authority figures and sexual competitors, who obstruct individuals path to gratification. Freud himself cannot experience this feeling of dissolution, but notes there exist different pathological, Freud categorizes the oceanic feeling as being a regression into an earlier state of consciousness — before the ego had differentiated itself from the world of objects. The need for this feeling, he writes, arises out of the infants helplessness. Freud imagine that the feeling became connected with religion later on in cultural practices. The second chapter delves into how religion is one coping strategy that arises out of a need for the individual to distance himself from all of the suffering in the world. The ego of the child forms over the feeling when it grasps that there are negative aspects of reality from which it would prefer to distance itself. The third section of the book addresses a paradox of civilization, it is a tool we have created to protect ourselves from unhappiness. People become neurotic because they tolerate the frustration which society imposes in the service of its cultural ideals. Freud points out that advances in science and technology have been, at best, Civilization is built out of wish-fulfillments of the human ideals of control, beauty, hygiene, order, and especially for the exercise of humanitys highest intellectual functions. This final point Freud sees as the most important character of civilization, the structure of civilization serves to circumvent the natural processes and feelings of human development and eroticism. It is no wonder then, that this repression could lead to discontent among civilians, in the fourth chapter, Freud attempts a conjecture on the developmental history of civilization, which he supposes coincided with man learning to stand upright

Civilization and Its Discontents
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1930s front cover German edition

17.
The Ego and the Id
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The Ego and the Id is a prominent paper by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. It is a study of the human psyche outlining his theories of the psychodynamics of the id, ego and super-ego. The study was conducted over years of research and was first published in 1923. The Ego and the Id develops a line of reasoning as a groundwork for explaining various psychological conditions, pathological and non-pathological alike. These conditions result from powerful internal tensions—for example, 1) between the ego and the id, 2) between the ego and the ego, and 3) between the love-instinct and the death-instinct. The book deals primarily with the ego and the effects these tensions have on it, the ego—caught between the id and the super-ego—finds itself simultaneously engaged in conflict by repressed thoughts in the id and relegated to an inferior position by the super-ego. And at the time, the interplay between the love instinct and the death instinct can manifest itself at any level of the psyche. The outline below is an exegesis of Freuds arguments, explaining the formation of the aforementioned tensions, all concepts in The Ego and the Id are built upon the presupposed existence of conscious and unconscious thoughts. On the first line, Freud states, there is nothing new to be said, the division of mental life into what is conscious and what is unconscious is the fundamental premise on which psycho-analysis is based. It would be simple to assume that the unconscious and the conscious map directly onto the id. Freud argues that the supposedly conscious ego can be shown to possess unconscious thoughts when it unknowingly resists parts of itself. Thus, a kind of unconscious thought seems to be necessary, a process that is neither repressed nor latent, but which is nonetheless an integral part of the ego. A new framework is required, one that further examines the status of the ego, before defining the ego explicitly, Freud argues for a manner in which unconscious thoughts can be made conscious. The difference, then, is a connection to words The goal of psychoanalysis and he goes on to note that the ego is essentially a system of perception, so it must be closely related to the preconscious. Thus, two components of ego are a system of perception and a set of unconscious ideas. Its relationship to the id, therefore, is a close one. The ego merges into the id and he compares the dynamic to that of a rider and a horse. The ego must control the id, like the rider, but at times, likewise, the ego must, at times, conform to the desires of the id

The Ego and the Id
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The Ego and the Id

18.
The Future of an Illusion
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The Future of an Illusion is a 1927 work by Sigmund Freud, describing his interpretation of religions origins, development, psychoanalysis, and its future. Freud viewed religion as a belief system. Religious concepts are transmitted in three ways and thereby claim our belief, psychologically speaking, these beliefs present the phenomena of wish fulfillment, fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind. Among these are the necessity to cling to the existence of the father, the prolongation of existence by a future life. Put forth more explicitly, what is characteristic of illusions is that they are derived from human wishes, Freud adds, however, that, Illusions need not necessarily be false. He gives the example of a girl having the illusion that a prince will marry her. While this is unlikely, it is not impossible, the fact that it is grounded in her wishes is what makes it an illusion. Freud explains religion in a term to that of totemism. The individual is essentially an enemy of society and has instinctual urges that must be restrained to help society function, among these instinctual wishes are those of incest, cannibalism, and lust for killing. Freuds view of nature is that it is anti-social, rebellious. The destructive nature of humans sets a pre-inclination for disaster when humans must interact with others in society, all this sets a terribly hostile society that could implode if it were not for civilizing forces and developing government. He elaborates further on the development of religion, as the emphasis on acquisition of wealth, as compensation for good behaviors, religion promises a reward. He views God as a manifestation of a longing for father. Freuds description of religious belief as a form of illusion is based on the idea that it is derived from human wishes with no basis in reality, Freud sent a copy of The Future of an Illusion to his friend Romain Rolland. While Rolland generally agreed with Freuds assessment of religion, he questioned whether Freud had discovered the source of religious sentiment. Harold Bloom, writing in The American Religion, calls The Future of an Illusion one of the failures of religious criticism. Bloom believes that Freud underestimated religion and was unable to criticize it effectively. Today, some scholars see Freuds arguments as a manifestation of the genetic fallacy, psychology of religion Sigmund Freuds views on religion The future of an illusion

The Future of an Illusion
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The Future of an Illusion

19.
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
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Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is a work of Sigmund Freud from the year 1921. In this monograph, Freud describes psychological mechanisms at work within mass movements, a mass, according to Freud, is a temporary entity, consisting of heterogeneous elements that have joined together for a moment. He refers heavily to the writings of sociologist and psychologist Gustave Le Bon, summarizing his work at the beginning of the book in the chapter Le Bons Schilderung der Massenseele. Like Le Bon, Freud says that as part of the mass and these feelings of power and security allow the individual not only to act as part of the mass, but also to feel safety in numbers. Overall, the mass is impulsive, changeable, and irritable and it is controlled almost exclusively by the unconscious. Freud distinguishes between two types of masses, one is the short-lived kind, characterized by a rapidly transient interest, such as trends. The other kind consists of permanent and enduring masses, which are highly organized. The masses of the type, so to speak, ride on the latter, like the short. However, the basic mental processes operate in both kinds of masses. Freud refers back to his theory of instincts and believes that masses are held together by libidinal bonds, each individual in the mass acts on impulses of love that are diverted from their original objectives. They pursue no direct sexual goal, but do not therefore work less vigorously, Freud initially called the identification with the other individuals of the mass, all of whom are drawn in the same way to the leader, a binding element. The ego perceives a significant similarity with others in the group, in addition, admiration and idealization of the leader of the group takes place through the process of idealization. The narcissistic libido is displaced to the object which is loved because of its perfection which the individual has sought for his own ego, also, a process of identification with the aggressor can take place, for example, as happens in regression. Thus, Freud came to the conclusion, A primary mass is a number of individuals who have put one, digitized version of the first edition of the book at archive. org

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
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Cover of the first edition of Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse

20.
The Interpretation of Dreams
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Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition, added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this work, Insight such as this falls to ones lot, the book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not sell out for eight years. The Interpretation of Dreams later gained in popularity, and seven editions were published in Freuds lifetime. Because of the length and complexity, Freud also wrote an abridged version called On Dreams. The original text is regarded as one of Freuds most significant works. Freud spent the summer of 1895 at Schloss BelleVue near Grinzing in Austria, at the moment I see little prospect of it. — Freud in a letter to Wilhelm Fliess, June 12,1900 While staying at Schloss Bellevue and his reading and analysis of the dream allowed him to be exonerated from his mishandling of the treatment of a patient in 1895. In 1963, Belle Vue manor was demolished, but today a plaque with just that inscription has been erected at the site by the Austrian Sigmund Freud Society. Dreams, in Freuds view, are all forms of wish fulfillment — attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. Because the information in the unconscious is in an unruly and often disturbing form, Freud introduced the term manifest content to describe what the dream recalled. As such, images in dreams are not what they appear to be, according to Freud. Freud used to mention the dreams as The Royal Road to the Unconscious and he proposed the phenomenon of condensation, the idea that one simple symbol or image presented in a persons dream may have multiple meanings. For this very reason, Freud tried to focus on details during psychoanalysis, an abridged version called On Dreams was published in 1901 as part of Lowenfeld and Kurellas Grenzfragen des Nerven und Seelenlebens. It was re-published in 1911 in slightly larger form as a book, on Dreams is also included in the 1953 edition and the second part of Freuds work on dreams, Volume Five, The Interpretation of Dreams II and On Dreams. It follows chapter seven in The Interpretation of Dreams and in this edition, is fifty three pages in length, there are thirteen chapters in total and Freud directs the reader to The Interpretation of Dreams for further reading throughout On Dreams, in particular, in the final chapter. Immediately after its publication, Freud considered On Dreams as a version of The Interpretation of Dreams. The English translation of On Dreams was first published in 1914, Freud investigates the subject of displacement and our inability to recognize our dreams. This accomplished by investigation will terminate as it will reach the point where the problem of the dream meets broader problems and he then makes his argument by describing a number of dreams which he claims illustrate his theory

The Interpretation of Dreams
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Title page of the original German edition
The Interpretation of Dreams
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Memorial plate in commemoration of the place where Freud began The Interpretation of Dreams, near Grinzing, Austria

21.
Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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Introduction to Psychoanalysis or Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis is a set of lectures given by Sigmund Freud 1915-17, which became the most popular and widely translated of his works. In the New Introductory Lectures, those on dreams and anxiety/instinctual life offered clear accounts of Freuds latest thinking, more popular treatments of occultism, psychoanalytic applications and its status as a science helped complete the volume. Karl Abraham considered the lectures elementary in the best sense, for presenting the elements of psychoanalysis in an accessible way. G. Stanley Hall in his preface to the 1920 American translation wrote, These twenty-eight lectures to laymen are elementary and these discourses are at the same time simple and almost confidential, and they trace and sum up the results of thirty years of devoted and painstaking research. While they are not at all controversial, we see in a clearer light the distinctions between the master and some of his distinguished pupils. Freud himself was typically self-deprecating about the work, describing it privately as coarse work. Max Schur, who became Freuds personal physician, was present at the original 1915 lectures, and drew a lifelong interest in psychoanalysis from them

Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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Introduction to Psychoanalysis

22.
Moses and Monotheism
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Moses and Monotheism is a 1939 book about monotheism by Sigmund Freud, published in English translation in 1939. The book consists of three essays and is an extension of Freud’s work on theory as a means of generating hypotheses about historical events. Freud hypothesizes that Moses was not Hebrew, but actually born into Ancient Egyptian nobility and was probably a follower of Akhenaten, an ancient Egyptian monotheist. Freud explains that years after the murder of Moses, the rebels regretted their action, Freud said that the guilt from the murder of Moses is inherited through the generations, this guilt then drives the Jews to religion to make them feel better. Atenism Joseph and His Brothers Judaism and ancient Egyptian religion Osarseph Assmann, Moses the Egyptian, The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism Harvard University Press. The Fiction of History, The Writing of Moses and Monotheism, the Writing of History, pp. 308–354. Egypt in England and America, The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion, Sites of Exchange, European Crossroads and Faultlines, chaney, E, Freudian Egypt, The London Magazine, pp. 62–69. Chaney, E, Moses and Monotheism, by Sigmund Freud’, The Canon, THE, 3–9 June 2010, the Death of Sigmund Freud, The Legacy of His Last Days Bloomsbury United States ISBN 978-1-59691-430-8 Ginsburg, Ruth, Pardes, Ilona. New Perspectives on Freuds Moses and Monotheism, paul, Robert A. Moses and civilization, The meaning behind Freud’s myth. Freud and Moses, The Long Journey Home, albany, New York, State University of New York. Freud, Moses, and the Religions of Egyptian Antiquity, A Journey Through History Psychoanalytic Review,1999 Apr,86, PMID10461667 Yerushalmi, Y. H. Freuds Moses. Moses and Monotheism text at archive. org

23.
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
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Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud, based on Freuds researches into slips and parapraxes from 1897 onwards. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became perhaps the best-known of all Freuds writings, the Psychopathology was originally published in the Monograph for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1901, before appearing in book form in 1904. It would receive twelve foreign translations during Freuds lifetime, as well as numerous new German editions, however, in such a popular and theory-light text, the sheer wealth of examples helped make Freuds point for him in an accessible way. A new English-language translation by Anthea Bell was published in 2003, among the most overtly autobiographical of Freuds works, the Psychopathology was strongly linked by Freud to his relationship with Wilhelm Fliess. Freud writes in his introduction, During the year 1898 I published an essay on the Psychic Mechanism of Forgetfulness. I shall now repeat its contents and take it as a starting-point for further discussion and he might give plausible reasons for this forgetting preference for proper names, but he would not assume any deep determinant for the process. Explaining wrong actions with the help of psychoanalysis, just as the interpretation of dreams, can be used for diagnosis. Considering the numerous cases of such deviations, he concludes that the boundary between the normal and abnormal human psyche is unstable and that we are all a bit neurotic, such symptoms are able to disrupt eating, sexual relations, regular work, and communication with others. Freuds conclusion is that, The unconscious, at all events and this state of affairs cannot be elucidated by any comparison from any other sphere. By virtue of this theory every former state of the content may thus be restored. Sometimes called the Mistake Book, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became one of the classics of the 20th century. Freud realised he was becoming a celebrity when he found his cabin-steward reading the Mistake Book on his 1909 visit to the States, the Rat Man came to Freud for analysis as a result of reading the Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Through its stress on what Freud called switch words and verbal bridges, french author Michel Onfray argues that The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is not scientific. Jacques Bénesteau writes that Freud added lies in each edition, Sigmund Freud, Richard Wollheim, Publisher, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-28385-4 Sebastiano Timpanaro, The Freudian Slip Full text in archive. org

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
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The German edition

24.
Studies on Hysteria
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Studies on Hysteria is an 1895 book by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer. Breuers work with Bertha Pappenheim provided the impetus for psychoanalysis. In their preliminary paper, both men agreed that “the hysteric suffers mainly from reminiscences”, Freud however would come to lay more stress on the causative role of sexuality in producing hysteria, as well as gradually repudiating Breuers use of hypnosis as a means of treatment. Some of the scaffolding of the Studies – strangulated affect. However, many of Freud’s clinical observations – on mnenmic symbols or deferred action for example – would continue to be confirmed in his later work, at the time of its release, Studies on Hysteria tended to polarise opinion, both within and outside by the medical community. While many were critical, Havelock Ellis offered an appreciative account, philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and psychologist Sonu Shamdasani comment that Studies on Hysteria gave Freud, a certain local and international notoriety. Borch-Jacobsen and Shamdasani write that, contrary to what Freud and Breuer claimed, Breuer, Joseph – Freud, Sigmund, Studies in Hysteria. Authorized Translation with an Introduction by A. A. Brill, nervous and Mental Disease Publishing, New York 1937. Breuer, Josef – Freud, Sigmund, Studies on Hysteria, translated from the German and edited by James Strachey. Freud, Sigmund – Breuer, Joseph, Studies in Hysteria, ISBN 978-0-141-18482-1 Studies on Hysteria on-line

Studies on Hysteria
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The German edition

25.
Totem and Taboo
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Cultural anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber was an early critic of Totem and Taboo, publishing a critique of the work in 1920. Some authors have seen redeeming value in the work, the work was translated twice into English, first by Abraham Brill and later by James Strachey. The Horror of Incest concerns incest taboos adopted by societies believing in totemism, Freud examines the system of Totemism among the Australian Aborigines. Every clan has a totem and people are not allowed to marry those with the totem as themselves. Freud examines this practice as preventing against incest, the totem is passed down hereditarily, either through the father or the mother. The relationship of father is not just his father, but every man in the clan that, hypothetically. He relates this to the idea of young children calling all of their parents friends as aunts, there are also further marriage classes, sometimes as many as eight, that group the totems together, and therefore limit a mans choice of partners. He also talks about the widespread practices amongst the cultures of the Pacific Islands, many cultures do not allow brothers and sisters to interact in any way, generally after puberty. Men are not allowed to be alone with their mothers-in-law or say each others names and he explains this by saying that after a certain age parents often live through their children to endure their marriage and that mothers-in-law may become overly attached to their son-in-law. Similar restrictions exist between a father and daughter, but they only exist from puberty until engagement, in Taboo and emotional ambivalence, Freud considers the relationship of taboos to totemism. Freud uses his concepts projection and ambivalence he developed during his work with patients in Vienna to discuss the relationship between taboo and totemism. Like neurotics, primitive people feel ambivalent about most people in their lives and they will not admit that as much as they love their mother, there are things about her they hate. The suppressed part of this ambivalence are projected onto others, in the case of natives, the hateful parts are projected onto the totem. As in, I did not want my mother to die, Freud expands this idea of ambivalence to include the relationship of citizens to their ruler. He uses examples to illustrate the taboos on rulers and he says the kings of Ireland were subject to restrictions such as not being able to go to certain towns or on certain days of the week. In Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thought, Freud examines the animism and narcissistic phase associated with an understanding of the universe. The animistic mode of thinking is governed by an omnipotence of thoughts and this imaginary construction of reality is also discernible in obsessive thinking, delusional disorders and phobias. Freud comments that the omnipotence of thoughts has been retained in the realm of art

Totem and Taboo
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German First Edition 1913

26.
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a 1920 essay by Sigmund Freud that marks a major turning point in his theoretical approach. Previously, Freud attributed most human behavior to the sexual instinct, with this essay, Freud went beyond the simple pleasure principle, developing his theory of drives with the addition of the death drive. In sections IV and V, Freud posits that the process of creating living cells binds energy and it is the pressure of matter to return to its original state which gives cells their quality of living. The process is analogous to the creation and exhaustion of a battery and this pressure for molecular diffusion can be called a death-wish. The compulsion of the matter in cells to return to a diffuse, thus, the psychological death-wish is a manifestation of an underlying physical compulsion present in every cell. Freud also stated the differences, as he saw them. Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a difficult text, as Ernest Jones, one of Freuds closest associates and a member of his Inner Ring, put it, the train of thought by no means easy to follow. And Freuds views on the subject have often been considerably misinterpreted, what have been called the two distinct frescoes or canti of Beyond the Pleasure Principle break between sections III and IV. If, as Otto Fenichel remarked, Freuds new classification has two bases, one speculative, and one clinical, thus far the clinical, Freud begins with a commonplace then unchallenged in psychoanalytic theory, The course of mental events is automatically regulated by the pleasure principle. A strong tendency toward the pleasure principle, does not seem to necessitate any far-reaching limitation of the pleasure principle. Freud proceeds to look for evidence, for the existence of hitherto unsuspected forces beyond the pleasure principle and he found exceptions to the universal power of the pleasure principle—situations. With which the pleasure principle cannot cope adequately—in four main areas, childrens games, as exemplified in his grandsons famous fort-da game, from these cases, Freud inferred the existence of motivations beyond the pleasure principle. Remembering it as something belonging to the past, a compulsion to repeat, Freud still wanted to examine the relationship between repetition compulsion and the pleasure principle. Although compulsive behaviors evidently satisfied some sort of drive, they were a source of direct unpleasure, somehow, no lesson has been learnt from the old experience of these activities having led only to unpleasure. In spite of that, they are repeated, under pressure of a compulsion, asserting that the first task of the mind is to bind excitations to prevent trauma, he reiterates the clinical fact that for a person in analysis. The compulsion to repeat the events of his childhood in the transference evidently disregards the pleasure principle in every way, Freud begins to look for analogies repetition compulsion in the essentially conservative. The lower we go in the scale the more stereotyped does instinctual behavior appear. He thus found his way to his concept of the death instinct

Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle

27.
Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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Leonardo da Vinci and A Memory of His Childhood is a 1910 essay by Sigmund Freud about Leonardo da Vincis childhood. It consists of a study of Leonardos life based on his paintings. Freud provides an interpretation of Leonardos The Virgin and Child with St. Anne. According to Oskar Pfister, the Virgins garment reveals a vulture when viewed sideways, Freud accepted this interpretation as a supportive interpretation of his view of a passive homosexual childhood fantasy Leonardo wrote about in the Codex Atlanticus. Here, Leonardo recounts being attacked as an infant in his crib by the tail of a vulture. ”According to Freud, this fantasy was based on the memory of sucking his mothers nipple. This disappointed Freud because, as he confessed to Lou Andreas-Salomé in a letter of 9 February 1919, some Freudian scholars have, however, made attempts to repair the theory by incorporating the kite. Another theory proposed by Freud attempts to explain Leonardos fondness of depicting the Virgin Mary with St. Anne, Leonardo, who was illegitimate, was raised by his blood mother initially before being adopted by the wife of his father Ser Piero. The idea of depicting the Mother of God with her own mother was particularly close to Leonardos heart, because he. It is worth noting that in versions of the composition it is hard to discern whether St. Anne is a full generation older than Mary. Psychobiography Sigmund Freud, translated by Alan Tyson, edited by James Strachey, Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood. Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci, Vol.10, Bildende Kunst und Literatur. Leonardo da Vinci and the Slip of Fools, history of European Ideas Vol.18 No. Freud, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Vultures Tail, A Refreshing Look at Leonardos Sexuality

Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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The German edition
Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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The "vulture" discussed by Freud in "Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood," later identified by Oskar Pfister in The Virgin and Child with St. Anne

28.
On Narcissism
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On Narcissism is a 1914 essay by Sigmund Freud, widely considered an introduction to Freuds theories of narcissism. In this paper, Freud sums up his earlier discussions on the subject of narcissism, furthermore, he looks at the deeper problems of the relation between the ego and external objects, drawing a new distinction between the ego-libido and object-libido. Most importantly he introduces the idea of the ego ideal, and the self- observing agency related to it

On Narcissism
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The German edition

29.
Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
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Thoughts for the Time of War and Death is a set of twin essays written by Sigmund Freud in 1915, six months after the outbreak of World War I. The essays express discontent and disillusionment with human nature and human society in the aftermath of the hostilities, the first essay addressed the widespread disillusionment brought on by the collapse of the Pax Britannica of the preceding century — what Freud called the common civilization of peacetime. The second essay addressed what Freud called the peacetime protection racket whereby the inevitability of death was expunged from civilized mentality. Building on the essay of Totem and Taboo, Freud argued that such an attitude left civilians in particular unprepared for the stark horror of industrial-scale death in the Great War. Freuds account of the centrality of loss in culture has seen as seminal for his later work, Civilization. Goodbye to All That Razinsky, Liran, how to Look Death in the Eyes, Freud and Bataille. Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 Works related to Reflections on War and Death at Wikisource A copy of the text Library of Congress exhibit of the original Manuscript

Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
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The German edition

30.
Dora (case study)
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Dora is the pseudonym given by Sigmund Freud to a patient whom he diagnosed with hysteria, and treated for about eleven weeks in 1900. Her most manifest hysterical symptom was aphonia, or loss of voice, the patients real name was Ida Bauer, her brother Otto Bauer was a leading member of the Austromarxism movement. Freud published a study about Dora, Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, the first. Dora lived with her parents, who had a loveless marriage, in the first, house was on fire. My father was standing beside my bed and woke me up, Mother wanted to stop and save her jewel-case, but Father said, I refuse to let myself and my two children be burnt for the sake of your jewel-case. We hurried downstairs, and as soon as I was outside I woke up, the second dream is substantially longer, I was walking about in a town which I did not know. I saw streets and squares which were strange to me, then I came into a house where I lived, went to my room, and found a letter from Mother lying there. She wrote saying that as I had left home without my parents knowledge she had not wished to write to me to say Father was ill, now he is dead, and if you like you can come. I then went to the station and asked about a hundred times, I always got the answer, Five minutes. I then saw a thick wood before me which I went into and he said to me, Two and a half hours more. But I refused and went alone, I saw the station in front of me and could not reach it. At the same time, I had the feeling of anxiety that one has in dreams when one cannot move forward. I must have been travelling in the meantime, but I knew nothing about that, I walked into the porters lodge, and enquired for our flat. The maidservant opened the door to me and replied that Mother, Freud reads both dreams as referring to Ida Bauers sexual life — the jewel case that was in danger being a symbol of the virginity which her father was failing to protect from Herr K. He interpreted the railway station in the dream as a comparable symbol. Ultimately, Freud sees Ida as repressing a desire for her father, a desire for Herr K, when she abruptly broke off her therapy, much to Freuds disappointment, Freud saw this as his failure as an analyst, predicated on his having ignored the transference. Freud gave her the name Dora, and he describes in detail in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life what his unconscious motivations for choosing such a name might have been. His sisters nursemaid had to give up her name, Rosa

Dora (case study)
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Ida Bauer (Dora) and her brother Otto.

31.
Emma Eckstein
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Emma Eckstein was an Austrian author. As analyst, while working mainly in the area of sexual and social hygiene, she also explored how daydreams, ernest Jones placed her with such figures as Lou Andreas-Salomé and Joan Riviere as a type of woman, of a more intellectual and perhaps masculine cast. Played a part in his life, accessory to his male friends though of a finer calibre. He sees in them a basis, as it were. Emma herself was active in the Viennese womens movement, collaborating with Dokumente der Frauen, after an operation in 1910, however, Emma took to her couch, and remained a partial invalid until she died on 30 July 1924 of a cerebral haemmorrhage. When she was 27, she went to Freud, seeking treatment for symptoms including stomach ailments. Freud diagnosed Eckstein as suffering from hysteria and believed that she masturbated to excess and her treatment lasted something in the region of three years – one of the most protracted and detailed of Freuds early cases. In particular, Freuds theory of deferred action owed much to Emma Ecksteins twinned scenes in shops. Now this case is typical of repression in hysteria and we invariably find that a memory has been repressed which has only become a trauma through deferred action. Freud was at the time under the influence of his friend and collaborator Wilhelm Fliess, an ear, nose, Fliess had been treating nasal reflex neurosis by cauterizing the inside of the nose under local anesthesia. Fliess conjectured that if temporary cauterization was useful, surgery would yield more permanent results and he began operating on the noses of patients he diagnosed with the disorder, including Eckstein and Freud. in his paper on the specimen dream. Eckstein is also associated with Freuds seduction theory, yet while few would dissent that in regard to the failed surgery Freuds evasiveness is blatant. no more relevant than Freuds other patients. The fact that Masson lavishes so much attention on her, Emma Eckstein is for him a woman whom Freud and Fliess abused. She is thus the prototypical psychoanalytic victim. this symbolic function, in 1904, Eckstein had published a small book on the sexual education of children, although in it she does not mention Freud. Eckstein appears as a character in Joseph Skibells 2010 novel, A Curable Romantic, the song Emma Ecksteins Nose Job was released as a single in 2010 by Danish musician Anders Thode. Die Sexualfrage in der Erziehung des Kindes Chapter 3, Freud, Fliess, and Appendix A. Freud and Emma Eckstein pp. 233–250. In Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff The Assault on Truth, Freuds Suppression of the Seduction Theory Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, ISBN 0-374-10642-8 K. R

Emma Eckstein
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Emma Eckstein (1895)

32.
Anna O.
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This article is concerned with Bertha Pappenheim as the patient Anna O. For her life before and after her treatment, see Bertha Pappenheim, Anna O. was the pseudonym of a patient of Josef Breuer, who published her case study in his book Studies on Hysteria, written in collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Her real name was Bertha Pappenheim, an Austrian-Jewish feminist and the founder of the Jüdischer Frauenbund, Freud implies that her illness was a result of the resentment felt over her fathers real and physical illness that later led to his death. Her treatment is regarded as marking the beginning of psychoanalysis, Breuer observed that whilst she experienced absences, she would mutter words or phrases to herself. In inducing her to a state of hypnosis, Breuer found that words were profoundly melancholy fantasies. sometimes characterized by poetic beauty. Free association came into being after Anna/Bertha decided to end her hypnosis sessions and merely talk to Breuer and she called this method of communication chimney sweeping, and this served as the beginning of free association. Historical records since showed that when Breuer stopped treating Anna O. she was not becoming better and she was ultimately institutionalized, Breuer told Freud that she was deranged, he hoped she would die to end her suffering. She later recovered over time and led a productive life, the West German government issued a postage stamp in honour of her contributions to the field of social work. According to one perspective, examination of the neurological details suggests that Anna suffered from complex partial seizures exacerbated by drug dependence, in this view, her illness was not, as Freud suggested, psychological, but neurological. Professor of psychology Hans Eysenck and medical historian Elizabeth M. Thornton argued that it was caused by tuberculous meningitis, bertha’s father fell seriously ill in mid-1880 during a family holiday in Ischl. This event was a point in her life. While sitting up at night at his sickbed she was tormented by hallucinations. Her illness later developed a spectrum of symptoms, Language disorders, on some occasions she could not speak at all, sometimes she spoke only English, or only French. She could however always understand German, the periods of aphasia could last for days, and sometimes varied with the time of day. Neuralgia, she suffered from facial pain which was treated with morphine and chloral, the pain was so severe that surgical severance of the trigeminus nerve was considered. Paralysis, signs of paralysis and numbness occurred in her limbs, Although she was right-handed, she had to learn to write with her left hand because of this condition. Visual impairments, she had temporary motor disturbances in her eyes and she perceived objects as being greatly enlarged and she squinted. Mood swings, Over long periods she had daily swings between conditions of anxiety and depression, followed by relaxed states

Anna O.
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German postage stamp (1954) in the series Benefactors of Mankind
Anna O.
Anna O.
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Bertha Pappenheim during her stay at Bellevue Sanatorium in 1882

33.
Bertha Pappenheim
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This article is about the public life of Bertha Pappenheim. Under the pseudonym Anna O. she was one of Josef Breuers best documented patients because of Freuds writing on Breuers case. Bertha Pappenheim was born on 27 February 1859 in Vienna as the daughter of Siegmund Pappenheim. Her mother Recha, née Goldschmidt, was from Frankfurt am Main and her mother came from an old and wealthy Frankfurt family. As just another daughter in a strictly traditional Jewish household, Bertha was a conscious that her parents would have preferred a male child, both families came from traditional Jewish marriage views and had roots in Orthodox Judaism. Bertha was raised in the style of well-bred young ladies of good class and she attended a Roman Catholic girls school and led a life structured by the Jewish holiday calendar and summer vacations in Ischl. When she was 8 years old her oldest sister Henriette died of galloping consumption, when she was 11 the family moved from Viennas Leopoldstadt, which was primarily inhabited by poverty-ridden Jews, to Liechtensteinstraße in the 9th District Alsergrund. She left school when she was sixteen, devoted herself to needlework and her 18-month-younger brother Wilhelm was meanwhile attending high school, which made Bertha intensely jealous. Between 1880 and 1882 Bertha Pappenheim was treated by Austrian physician Josef Breuer for a variety of symptoms that appeared when her father suddenly became ill. Breuer kept his then-friend Sigmund Freud abreast of her case, informing his earliest analysis of the origins of hysteria, in November 1888 when she was twenty-nine and after her convalescence, she and her mother moved to Frankfurt am Main. Their family environment was partially Orthodox and partly liberal, in contrast to their life in Vienna they became involved in art and science, and not only in charitable work. In this environment Bertha Pappenheim intensified her literary efforts and became involved in social and political activities and she first worked in a soup kitchen and read aloud in an orphanage for Jewish girls run by the Israelitischer Frauenverein. In 1895 she was temporarily in charge of the orphanage, during the following 12 years she was able to orient the educational program away from the one and only goal of subsequent marriage to training with a view to vocational independence. In 1895 a plenary meeting of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein took place in Frankfurt, Pappenheim was a participant and later contributed to the establishment of a local ADF group. In the following years she began—first of all in the journal Ethische Kultur —to publish articles on the subject of womens rights and she also translated Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. At a meeting of the International Council of Women held in 1904 in Berlin, similar to the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine co-founded by Helene Lange in 1894, the intent was to unite the social and emancipatory efforts of Jewish womens associations. Bertha Pappenheim was elected the first president of the Jüdischer Frauenbund, JFB and was its head for 20 years, the JFB joined the BDF in 1907. Between 1914 and 1924 Pappenheim was on the board of the BDF, integrating these different objectives was not always easy for Pappenheim

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Sergei Pankejeff
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The Pankejeff family was a wealthy family in St. Petersburg. Sergei attended a school in Russia but after the 1905 Russian Revolution he spent considerable time abroad studying. During his review of Freuds letters and other files, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson uncovered notes for a paper by Freuds associate Ruth Mack Brunswick. Freud had asked her to review the Pankejeff case, and she discovered evidence that Pankejeff had been abused by a family member during his childhood. In 1906, his older sister Anna committed suicide while visiting the site of Mikhail Lermontovs fatal duel, while in Munich, Pankejeff saw many doctors and stayed voluntarily at a number of elite psychiatric hospitals. In the summers he always visited Russia, in January 1910, Pankejeffs physician brought him to Vienna to have treatment with Freud. Pankejeff and Freud met with other many times between February 1910 and July 1914, and a few times thereafter, including a brief psychoanalysis in 1919. Pankejeffs nervous problems included his inability to have bowel movements without the assistance of an enema and he also felt like there was a veil cutting him off from the world. Initially, according to Freud, Pankejeff resisted opening up to analysis, until Freud gave him a year deadline for analysis. Freuds first publication on the Wolf Man was From the History of an Infantile Neurosis, written at the end of 1914 but not published until 1918. Freuds treatment of Pankejeff centered on a dream the latter had as a young child, and described to Freud as such, I dreamt that it was night. Suddenly the window opened of its own accord, and I was terrified to see that some white wolves were sitting on the big tree in front of the window. There were six or seven of them, the wolves were quite white, and looked more like foxes or sheep-dogs, for they had big tails like foxes and they had their ears pricked like dogs when they pay attention to something. In great terror, evidently of being eaten up by the wolves, I screamed and my nurse hurried to my bed, to see what had happened to me. It took quite a long while before I was convinced that it had only been a dream, I had had such a clear and life-like picture of the window opening and the wolves sitting on the tree. At last I grew quieter, felt as though I had escaped from some danger, Freuds eventual analysis of the dream was that it was the result of Pankejeff having witnessed a primal scene — his parents having sex a tergo — at a very young age. Later in the paper Freud posited the possibility that Pankejeff had instead witnessed copulation between animals, which was displaced to his parents. Pankejeffs dream would play a role in Freuds theory of psychosexual development

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Clement Freud
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Sir Clement Raphael Freud was a British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament in 1973, retaining his seat until 1987, in 2016, seven years after he died, three women made public allegations of child sexual abuse and rape by Freud, which led to police investigations. He was born Clemens Rafael Freud in Berlin, the son of Jewish parents Ernst L. Freud and he was the grandson of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and the brother of artist Lucian Freud. His family fled to Britain from Nazi Germany and his forenames were anglicised to Clement Raphael and he spent his later childhood in Hampstead where he attended the Hall School, Hampstead, a preparatory school. He also attended two independent schools, he boarded at Dartington Hall, and also went to St Pauls School and he naturalised as a British subject on 4 September 1939, three days after the outbreak of World War II. During the war Freud joined the Royal Ulster Rifles and served in the ranks and he acted as an aide to Field Marshal Montgomery. He worked at the Nuremberg Trials and in 1947 was commissioned as an officer and he married June Flewett in 1950, and the couple had five children. Flewett had taken the stage name Jill Raymond in 1944, Freud became an Anglican at the time of his marriage. Freud was one of Britains first celebrity chefs, he worked at the Dorchester Hotel and he appeared in a series of dog food advertisements in which he co-starred with a bloodhound called Henry which shared his trademark hangdog expression. In 1968, he wrote the childrens book Grimble, followed by a sequel, Grimble at Christmas, whilst running a nightclub, he met a newspaper editor who gave him a job as a sports journalist. From there he became a food and drink writer, writing columns for many publications. His departure from Parliament was marked by the award of a knighthood, Ladbrokes quoted me at 33-1 in this three-horse contest, so Ladbrokes paid for me to have rather more secretarial and research staff than other MPs, which helped to keep me in for five parliaments. His autobiography, Freud Ego, recalls his election win, and shortly after and he wrote It suddenly occurred to me that after nine years of fame I now had something solid about which to be famous. During his time as a Member of Parliament, he visited China with a delegation of MPs, including Winston Churchill, the grandson of the wartime prime minister. When Churchill was given the best room in the hotel, on account of his lineage, towards the end of the five-year term was a March 1979 Vote of No Confidence against Callaghans government and Freud was expected to follow his party and vote with the Opposition. He declined the offer and voted as stated by his party, after the lapse of the Lib-Lab pact, otherwise the government could have continued until October 1979. For many, Freud was best known as a panellist on the long-running Radio 4 show Just a Minute, Freud performed a small monologue for the Wings 1973 album Band on the Run and appeared on the albums cover. In 1974, he was elected Rector of the University of Dundee, a generation later, in 2002, he was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews, beating feminist and academic Germaine Greer and local challenger Barry Joss, holding the position for one term

Clement Freud
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Sir Clement Freud

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Lucian Freud
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Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the Merchant Navy during the Second World War. His early career as a painter was influenced by surrealism, but by the early 1950s his often stark, Freud was an intensely private and guarded man, and his paintings, completed over a 60-year career, are mostly of friends and family. They are generally sombre and thickly impastoed, often set in unsettling interiors, the works are noted for their psychological penetration and often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model. Freud worked from life studies, and was known for asking for extended, born in Berlin, Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother, Lucie, and an Austrian Jewish father, Ernst L. Freud, an architect. He was a grandson of Sigmund Freud, and elder brother of the broadcaster, writer and politician Clement Freud, the family emigrated to St Johns Wood, London, in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. Lucian became a British subject in 1939, having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes, Devon and he also attended Goldsmiths College, part of the University of London, in 1942–43. He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of service in 1942, in 1943, the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower. It was published the year by Editions Poetry London and comprised, among other drawings, a stuffed zebra. Both subjects reappeared in The Painters Room on display at Freuds first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Lefevre Gallery, in the summer of 1946, he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton. In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swifts studio, in late 1952, Freud and Lady Caroline Blackwood eloped to Paris where they married in 1953. He remained a Londoner for the rest of his life, Freud was part of a group of figurative artists later named The School of London. This was more a collection of individual artists who knew each other, some intimately. The group was led by such as Francis Bacon and Freud. He was a tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954. Freuds early paintings, which are very small, are often associated with German Expressionism and Surrealism in depicting people, plants. These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoke Early Netherlandish painting and he would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh, so that the colour remained constantly variable

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Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)
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The Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna is a museum founded in 1971 covering Sigmund Freuds life story. It is located in the Alsergrund district, at Berggasse 19, in 2003 the museum was put in the hands of the newly established Sigmund Freud Foundation, which has since received the entire building as an endowment. It also covers the history of psychoanalysis, the building was newly built in 1891 when Freud moved there. The previous building on the site, once the home of Victor Adler, had torn down. His old rooms, where he lived for 47 years and produced the majority of his writings, now house a centre to his life. The influence of psychoanalysis on art and society is displayed through a program of special exhibitions, the museum consists of Freuds former practice and a part of his old private quarters. Attached to the museum are Europes largest psychoanalytic research library, with 35,000 volumes, the display includes original items owned by Freud, the practices waiting room, and parts of Freuds extensive antique collection. However his famous couch is now in the Freud Museum in London, along with most of the original furnishings, as Freud was able to take his furniture with him when he emigrated. A third Freud Museum, after London and Vienna, was started in the Czech town of Příbor in 2006 when the house of his birth was opened to the public. The museum contains an archive of images containing around two thousand documents, mostly photographs, but also paintings, drawings, and sculptures. The collection consists of almost all of the photos of Sigmund Freud and his family. In 1938 Freud was forced to leave German-annexed Austria due to his Jewish ancestry, the museum was opened in 1971 by the Sigmund Freud Society in the presence of Anna Freud. In 1996 the building was expanded with new rooms for special exhibitions, the Foundation has ongoing plans to expand the museum. Since 1970 the annual Sigmund Freud Lecture has taken place in Vienna on Freuds birthday,6 May and this event, at which psychoanalysts speak on a contemporary theme, was established by the Sigmund Freud Society and is now organised by the Foundation. Freud Museum Home page in English

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Freud Museum
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The Freud Museum in London is a museum dedicated to Sigmund Freud, who lived there with his family during the last year of his life. In 1938, after escaping Nazi annexation of Austria he came to London via Paris and stayed for a short while at 39 Elsworthy Road before moving to 20 Maresfield Gardens, where the museum is situated. Although he died a year later in the house, his daughter Anna Freud continued to stay there until her death in 1982. It was her wish that after her death it be converted into a museum and it was opened to the public in July 1986. Freud continued to work in London and it was here that he completed his book Moses and he also maintained his practice in this home and saw a number of his patients for analysis. There are two other Freud Museums, one in Vienna, and another in Příbor, the Czech Republic, the latter was opened by president Václav Klaus and four of Freuds great-grandsons. The museum is located at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, one of Londons suburbs, the ground floor of the museum houses Freuds study, library, hall and the dining room. The museum shop is on ground floor as well, the first floor has a video room, Anna Freuds room and there is a temporary exhibitions room which hosts alternate contemporary art and Freud-themed exhibitions. Art installations often use several rooms within the museum, such as the 2001/02 exhibition A Visit to Freud’s by an Austrian female photographer Uli Aigner, many areas such as the kitchen and Anna Freuds consulting room are out of public view and have been converted into offices. The house had only finished being built in 1920 in the Queen Anne Style, a small sun room in a modern style was added at the rear by Ernst Ludwig Freud that same year. Freud was over eighty at this time, and he died the year, but the house remained in his family until his youngest daughter Anna Freud. The house has a maintained garden which is still much as Freud would have known it. The Freuds moved all their furniture and household effects to London, there are Biedermeier chests, tables and cupboards, and a collection of 18th century and 19th century Austrian painted country furniture. The museum owns Freuds collection of Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Oriental antiquities, the star exhibit in the museum is Freuds psychoanalytic couch, which had been given to him by one of his patients, Madame Benvenisti, in 1890. This was restored at a cost of £5000 in 2013, the study and library were preserved by Anna Freud after her fathers death. The bookshelf behind Freuds desk contains some of his authors, not only Goethe and Shakespeare but also Heine, Multatuli. Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically, the collection includes a portrait of Freud by Salvador Dalí. The museum organizes research and publication programmes and it has a service which organises seminars, conferences

Freud Museum
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The Freud Museum, as seen from the garden.
Freud Museum
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Statue of Sigmund Freud by Oscar Nemon, a two-minute walk from the museum at the corner of Fitzjohns Avenue and Belsize Lane

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Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead
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Freud lived at nearby 20 Maresfield Gardens, for the last months of his life. His house is now the Freud Museum, the sculptor Oscar Nemon was born and educated in Osijek before moving to work in Vienna in the 1920s. He had read Freud in his teens, initially approached Freud as a sculptor and was rejected by him. After Nemon had gained his reputation in Brussels, he was approached by Freuds assistant Paul Federn in 1931 to sculpt Freud for his 75th birthday, Nemon finished busts of Freud in wood, bronze and plaster, and Freud chose to keep the wooden portrait for himself. The wooden bust is on display at the Freud Museum in Hampstead, Nemon visited Freud for a final time in London in 1938. His last sittings with Freud would create a. harsher more abstracted portrait which would become the head for the bronze in Hampstead. On seeing the head of Freud, his housekeeper Paula Fichtl said that Nemon had made Freud look too angry, the bronze, slightly larger than life size, was commissioned in the 1960s, with funds raised by a committee chaired by Donald Winnicott. The sculpture depicts Freud with his turn to one side as if in thought. Freuds daughter, Anna Freud, attended the unveiling of the statue in October 1970, the statue was originally located in an alcove behind Swiss Cottage Library, where it was virtually hidden away from the public. The Freud Museum arranged for the statue to be moved to its present location in 1998 and it became a Grade II listed building in January 2016. Media related to Statue of Sigmund Freud, London at Wikimedia Commons

Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead
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Sigmund Freud

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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records

Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012

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Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format