PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff Fred Ruppert appeals as of right the trial court?s order granting defendant Mold
Masters? motion for summary disposition as to all of plaintiff?s claims pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(10). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
I. Facts
In 1999, plaintiff, an independent manufacturer?s sales representative, entered into an oral
contract with defendant, an automotive plastic component parts manufacturer, to assist in
increasing defendant?s injection molding and flocking business. The parties agreed on a five-
percent commission rate. Plaintiff procured a large amount of business for defendant in a short
amount of time from three major tier suppliers for General Motors when another manufacturer
closed operations. In April of 2001, however, defendant terminated its relationship with
plaintiff. Defendant had recently suffered a financial loss when one of the suppliers plaintiff
procured went into bankruptcy. Another supplier had requested that plaintiff cease further
contact, because, plaintiff asserts, it was restructuring. Plaintiff alleged that these reasons were
mere pretext and that his services were terminated to avoid paying his rising commissions.
Although the parties did not discuss post-termination commissions upon entering into the
contract, plaintiff argued that it is an industry custom to pay commissions for the life of a part or
program. Beyond this understanding, plaintiff asserted that Hugo Leonardi, Jr., defendant?s vice
president of operations, repeatedly assured plaintiff that he would continue to receive
commissions for the life of the part. However, upon plaintiff?s termination, defendant issued
him a check in full satisfaction of all commissions owed. Rather than cash the check, plaintiff
filed suit to reserve his right to post-termination commissions.

-2-
II. Legal Analysis
This Court reviews a trial court?s determination regarding a motion for summary
disposition de novo.1 A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support of a plaintiff?s
claim.2 ?In reviewing a motion for summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10), we
consider the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, or any other documentary evidence
submitted in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to decide whether a genuine issue
of material fact exists.?3 Summary disposition is appropriate only if there are no genuine issues
of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.?4
A. Express Contract
Plaintiff argues that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding the existence of an
express contract between the parties covering post-termination commissions, and therefore, the
trial court erroneously granted defendant?s motion for summary dispostion. We disagree.
To form an express oral contract, the ?expressed words of the parties and their visible
acts? must manifest mutual assent.5 Plaintiff admits that the effects of termination, including
post-termination commissions, were not discussed at the time of contract formation.
Accordingly, the parties never expressly agreed to such a term, and the trial court properly
granted defendant?s motion for summary disposition.6
B. Implied Contract
Plaintiff also contends that an implied-in-fact or implied-in-law contract exists as the
circumstances indicate that the parties agreed to life-of-part commissions. In dismissing this
claim, the trial court found that ?the parties? oral agreement did speak to the issue of post-
termination commissions,?7 and that plaintiff could not prove an implied term where the parties?

-3-
express contract covered the same subject matter.8 However, the trial court?s rulings are
obviously inconsistent. The court found that the agreement was silent with regard to post-
termination commissions to support its dismissal of the express contract claim, while finding that
the agreement spoke to, and denied, the right to such commissions in dismissing the implied
contract claim.
Furthermore, the record does reveal a genuine factual dispute regarding the existence of
an implied contract to pay life-of-part commissions. Although plaintiff answered affirmatively
in his deposition when asked whether he understood that his commissions were limited to the life
of the part and his term as a representative for defendant, plaintiff stated in his affidavit that he
understood this to mean that he was to receive post-termination commissions for the life of the
part or program. Plaintiff also stated at his deposition that Mr. Leonardi told him on three
occasions that he would receive commissions as long as the parts shipped, which he understood
to be a life-of-part agreement. Plaintiff?s understanding is supported by the fact that such
commissions are standard in the industry.9 As there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding
whether the parties had an implied-in-fact contract to pay post-termination commissions for the
life of the part, summary disposition was improper.
As the parties had no express agreement regarding post-termination commissions, and
plaintiff may pursue his claim that such an agreement was implied, plaintiff may also pursue his
claims of quantum meruit and unjust enrichment on remand.10
C. Procuring Cause Doctrine
Plaintiff also contends that he is entitled to post-termination commissions under the
procuring cause doctrine. The Michigan Supreme Court described the procuring cause doctrine
in Reed v Kurdziel.11
[T]he agent is entitled to recover his commission whether or not he has personally
concluded and completed the sale, it being sufficient if his efforts were the
procuring cause of the sale. In Michigan the rule goes further to provide if the
authority of the agent has been cancelled by the principal, the agent would

-4-
nevertheless be permitted to recover the commission if the agent was the
procuring cause.[12]
Defendant argues that plaintiff is not entitled to post-termination commissions under the
procuring cause doctrine because he was hired to service existing accounts rather than to procure
new business. However, plaintiff presented evidence that he was paid no salary or commissions
until he brought in new business. Thus, plaintiff has at least presented an issue of fact whether
he is entitled to any post-termination commissions as a procuring agent.
However, we must reject plaintiff?s contention that he is entitled to commissions for sales
that defendant now makes directly to General Motors. Plaintiff procured the business for the
parts in question with a previous major tier supplier. Defendant still manufactures the same parts
plaintiff originally procured. Since the time of plaintiff?s termination, defendant has dealt with a
replacement supplier, and then, directly with General Motors. While plaintiff may have set this
chain of events in motion, plaintiff is too far removed to be considered the cause, or procuring
agent, in defendant?s relationship with General Motors. Plaintiff never met with or negotiated
with General Motors, or the preceding supplier.13 As plaintiff was not the procuring cause of
defendant?s business relationship with General Motors, the trial court properly granted
defendant?s motion for summary disposition on this ground.
D. Michigan Sales Representative Commission Act
Finally, plaintiff asserts that the trial court erred in finding that the Sales Representative
Commission Act (SRCA)14 does not apply to sales made to Collins & Aikman because plaintiff
received a set piece price for each sale rather than a percentage commission. We agree.
Whether the SRCA applies to given circumstances is a matter of statutory interpretation
that we review de novo.15 The SRCA provides that a principal who fails to pay a sales agent?s
commissions when they come due is liable to the agent for actual damages and treble damages
up to $100,000 plus court costs and attorney fees if the failure was intentional.16 The statute
defines ?commission? as ?compensation accruing to a sales representative for payment by a

12 Id. at 294-295 (internal citations omitted).
13 See Roberts Assocs, Inc v Blazer Internat?l Corp, 741 F Supp 650, 653 (1990) (?[W]here the
agent does not participate in the negotiation of a given contract of sale with a customer, he is not
the procuring cause, even though the agent may have originally introduced the customer to the
principal.?); Holmes Realty Co v Silcox, 194 Mich 59, 62-62; 160 NW 465 (1916) (agent who
introduced the parties, but failed to secure an agreement, was not entitled to commissions).
14 MCL 600.2961.
15 Mahnick v Bell Co, 256 Mich App 154, 161; 662 NW2d 830 (2003).
16 MCL 600.2961(5)-(6).

-5-
principal, the rate of which is expressed as a percentage of the amount of orders or sales or as a
percentage of the dollar amount of profits.?17
The definition of ?commission? encompasses percentages based on the dollar amount of
profits as well as the dollar amount of sales. Plaintiff testified that for sales to Collins &
Aikman, the parties first calculated the price to charge the customer and then plaintiff adjusted
his original base five-percent commission rate to account for shipping charges. Plaintiff
presented evidence that his commission from these sales was not a pure piece-price payment, but
a percentage commission based on defendant?s actual profit (cost less freight charges) from the
sale of each part to Collins & Aikman. The fact that the amount varied from part to part or that it
deviated from plaintiff?s usual five-percent commission rate does not negate the fact that the
amount is a percentage of profits. Accordingly, the amounts paid to plaintiff on sales to Collins
& Aikman were ?commissions? within the definition of the SRCA. Defendant was, therefore,
not entitled to summary disposition on this basis.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.