International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies

Number II-VI, 2016

Manik Bondopadhy is a famous novelist in creating novel in the Bengali literature. He created a famous regional Bengali novel named ‘Padmanadir Manjhi’ which attracted not only the readers but also the intellectuals. This novel is a landmark of the all the regional novel in Bengali literature.
In this novel Manik Bondopadhy a draws a picture of ketupus village where most of the people are fishermen. Very precisely he narrated their daily life style, and showed that they always fight against their fate. And also explained the life of fishermen and their culture i.e ritual, birth,death which is an essential part of regional novel.

This article focuses on the the process of born of Bangladesh. Basically the Language Movement of 1952 was the first step of independence of Bangladesh. Political and economic deprivation of the Bengalees prompted Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Father of the Nation, to put forward in 1966 his historic six points, which in effect structured the foundation for East Pakistan's future independence. In the 1970 elections, even though the Awami League emerged as the largest party in Pakistan Parliament, it was not allowed to form the Govt. by the ruling military junta. Bangabandhu declared at a historic public meeting at Ramna Race Course on 7th March 1971, attended by around 2 million people for independence. It was a defacto declaration of independence.Thus in a preplanned manner on 25th March 1971. The Pakistan army embarked on what may be termed as history's worst genocide. A military crackdown was ordered, and Bangabandhu was arrested. But just before he was arrested he sent out a call for the liberation war to begin. After nine months of war, the Pakistani occupation forces surrendered in Dhaka on 16th December 1971 after killing an estimated three million people. Due to the heroic resistance and supreme sacrifices of the valiant freedom fighters Bangladesh finally became an independent sovereign state.

Custom is an immense important aspect of folklore. Among the varities of customs, Brata (Vow) is especially mentionable. Sashti Brata is one such brata which is thoroughly popular all over Bengal. On the other hand, Sashti Brata is inextricably related with an important genre of folklore that is Children’s Folklore. The goddess is considered as the child granter and the savior of them. Mythologies advocated that the goddess Sashti is the spiritual dauther of Lord Bramha and also the wife, or mother (which is debatable) of Kartick, the army general of gods. But by the common people she has always been treated as folk goddess. The worshipping of this goddess is mandatory on the 6th and 21st day after birth of the baby. Again on all the Sukla Sashti throughout the year Devi Sashti is worshipped by the women in different manifestations keeping various causes in mind. The impact of this goddess is compact with the culture of Bengal. As a result, the name or context of her comes up in case of belief and culture, literature, naming ceremony and also in case of toponymy. The relation of Sashti Devi with tree worshipping, forest and associated things are integral.The naming of the goddess, her identity in folk society and black cat as her cult-animal demand anthropological and scientific explanation apart from her worshipping. But in brief we can say that child granting goddess and protector of children is her prime identity. And for this reason, even barren women or the women who cannot become pregnant but once, worship the goddess.
In this paper, we have highlighted the identity of Sashti Brata in folklore, its versatility, related rituals-customs, social and cultural significance from the viewpoint of children’s folklore.
Key Words: Children’s Folklore, Custom, Ritual, Vow, Worship.

The revolutionary movement of Bengal and Bihar, which subsequently spread to the United Provinces and Punjab was essentially a middle-class movement.1 Dr. Shanker Ghose also holds that the Indian revolutionary movement was confined to the bourgeoisie classes.2 Like many structural generalizations, these gentle assertions require some qualification in the study of a profoundly ambiguous and contradictory pattern of an important aspect of the anti-imperialist movement in India. We must not forget that Prof. D. P. Mukherji in his work, ‘Modern Indian Culture: A Sociological study’3 also refers to an Indian ‘middle-middle class’ in Colonial Sociology.
Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, as Prof. Bipan Chandra describes was a major new leader of the revolutionary terrorist politics in India.4 This paper tries to highlight his social roots which will have an additional advantage of bringing the historians into the closer touch with the problems, motivation and ideology of rural elites in Bengal during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

Shrine visitation has a long history, and shrines in the city of Delhi have been a major source of spiritual piety since the medieval times. Common people and the nobility alike, used to visit these Sufi arenas and pray for the intercession of the saint who lies buried in the premises of these Sufi quarters. These shrines have been visited by Sultans and Mughal emperors, and in more recent times by national leaders, political figures and other dignitaries. This article explores the historical significance of shrine visitations in the city of Delhi. Visitation in the major and some minor dargahs have been analysed to provide a comprehensive view of the historicity of visitations to shrines in the city.
Key Words: Delhi, Sufi, Shrines, Dargah, Saint.

This research investigates the college destinations of students from different racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Utilizing the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 and Barron’s Profiles of American Colleges, the study finds that black and Latino students are significantly less likely than are white students to attend all types of institutions. For 2 year and nonselective 4-year college enrollment, this race effect is explained by socio-economic background and high school achievement. For selective college enrollment, precollege achievement primarily explained the race effect. Overall, race achievement gap during high school strongly predicted the race gap in college enrollment. Low socio-economic background of black and Latino students also explained their disadvantages in 4-year colleges and universities.
Key Words: higher education, inequality, race/ethnicity, selective college enrollment.

“Health is not everything but everything is nothing without Health”
Globalization is a key challenge to public health, especially in developing countries, but the linkages between globalization and health are complex. India alone accounted for nearly one-fourt of the world’s poor, highest number of maternal deaths & under-weight children and one-third of the world’s under-weight children. Currently India spends on health less than one per cent of its GDP. The effort to meet & exceed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in India by 10th & 11th five year plans. Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights unequivocally states that “the preservation and promotion of health is one of the most basic human rights”. India, despite being a signatory to the “Alma Ata Declaration” (1978), which aimed at "Health for All" by 2000. Women being the focus of all the health programmes, the strategy of the government to include rural women and more precisely the local women in the infrastructure at the root level needs to educate women with health literature and improve their health consciousness. However, disparities between rural & urban areas to access health care services were alarming, the challenge of quality health services in remote rural regions has to be met with a sense of urgency. Thus, the “Health is at the Bottom of In-Justice”.

Though India remained a traditional security concern for Pakistan, the Pakistani conception of Strategic Depth in Afghanistan is much broader than mere military depth and related to expansion of Pakistan’s influence towards West and Central Asia by colluding with radical religious groups and working towards installing a pro-Pakistani regime in Afghanistan. Pakistan seems to have been influenced by the idea that the more strategic depth it acquires towards its north and west, the more strengthened and emboldened it becomes vis-à-vis India on the Kashmir issue. Not merely that, Pakistan’s search for natural resources and market is intertwined with the idea of deepening its strategic depth towards its north and west and keeping Afghanistan dependent on it for trade. Keeping this in view, Pakistan established strong links with radical religious groups to expand its influence primarily among the Islamic countries of Central Asia and in Afghanistan. However, increased factions within the Taliban along with the loss of Pakistani grip over them produced power vacuum congenial to the growth of a dangerous non-state actor – Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which is likely to be as much of a threat to Pakistan as to the international community. Therefore, Pakistan needs to review its age-old strategies of supporting terror groups and assist in evolving a coordinated response to the Afghan muddle.
Key Words: Strategies, Sphere of influence, Strategic, Military and Economic depth, Non-state actor.

The ‘water scarcity indicator’, on the other hand, indicates the required level of technological inputs in order to maintain self-sufficiency by states. More importantly, it indicates the economic rationality of each state’s water management policies.
Water history archives allow us to gain an understanding of the development of landscapes, how water flows through them and alters its course with changing climatic conditions. It also gives an insight into the historic uses of this precious resource and the refined systems of water sharing that have been developed over the centuries. This documentary heritage thus forms an essential basis for the development of sound water management systems today, particularly in Mediterranean countries where scarcity is increasingly putting pressure on water resources.
The Middle East region has experienced many environmental concerns lately. Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce, especially for the millions there who already lack access to sanitary water. Some of these countries, including Yemen, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq, are facing unique problems that require global, immediate attention. Beside their neighboring locations, one shared factor of all these countries is their lack of water resources and poor water management.
The intensity of regional politics in the Middle East reflects the importance of each states perception of its rights of access to water. When the downward trajectory of regional surface water was first noticed in the 1960s, competition between states in the region for scarce water resources was such that it led to hostilities on a number of occasions.
Key Words: Water Deficiencies, water scarcity, Stalinization, desertification.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have helped in bringing out a much needed focus and pressure on basic development issues in India. Considerable progress has been made in the field of basic universal education, gender equality in education, and global economic growth. However there is slow progress in the improvement of health indicators related to mortality, morbidity, and various environmental factors contributing to poor health conditions. Even though the government has implemented a wide array of programs, policies, and various schemes to combat these health challenges. Though India has made good progress with regard to few MDG it still lags behind when compared to its immediate neighbors. India needs to gear up and come up with a comprehensive strategy which would plug the loopholes in the existing framework. India has made significant progress in some areas. India could have done much better in achieving MDGs if the government as policy making body and officials as implementing agency had serious concern, commitment, good governance, transparency and accountability. India lags behind on targets for empowering women through wage employment and political participation, reducing child and infant mortality and improving access to adequatesanitation. India's performance in achieving the targets of millennium development goal can be termed as mixed success with much scope for improvement.

Immunity is among important factors in international law. Until the formation of international law the principle has been existed, although the form and shape of it changed. In the paper the situation of immunity of heads of states has be discussed and the major factors in international law have been examined in this regard. Eventually we came to conclusion that the immunity of heads of states was exist in its absolute form because of the existence of some factors such as power of kings and absoluteness of sovereignty and absence of some factors such as human rights, situation of individuals and etc.
Key Words: Immunity, sovereignty, diplomatic immunity, state immunity, individuals, human rights, traditional international law.

In this study an attempt has been made to analyze the impact of Jammu and Kashmir State Rural Livelihoods Mission on lives of rural poor women in block Bhaderwah. In this endeavor, the study makes an effort to cover the processes involved and enabled socio-economic empowerment of women. The effort has also been made to highlight the extent of facilitation provided through organization of poor women into Self Help Groups (SHGs) which enabled the women to come out of poverty and move towards self-reliance.
This study focused on holistic role of SHGs in rural woman empowerment as a paradigm of rural empowerment through various activities like capacity building, access to credit, livelihood generation, awareness, etc. Rural area being the biggest segment is the backbone of the economy in state. The rural woman is the centre of rural development in terms of alleviation of rural poverty with economic growth and stability.
Key Words: Self-Help Group, Women Empowerment, Credit, Revolving Fund, Community Investment Fund.

The present study envisaged the problems that were faced by tribal communities of Jharkhand and the factors responsible for it. There are 654 tribal communities live in India out of them 32 belong to Jharkhand and 8 of this 32 are very marginalized in term of economic , social , cultural, education and political . That ‘sway they are called as Primitive tribal communities. It was a descriptive research and an interview schedule prepared to collect responds of 40 graduated male and female of Tribal communities belong to Kolhan region of Jharkhand. They were selected by purposive sampling technique. In the study developed a map to show problems and its associated factors of tribal Communities. These were following-1. Social problem-Child marriage, Decline of dormitories, Decline of Bride price, Wine drinking, Inter caste marriage, Orthodoxy and Conventionality. 2. Cultural Problem–Intra-Tribal of cultural difference, missing their own Language problem, Decline of tribal fine Arts, Religious superstition. 3. Educational problem- Medium of Instruction, Lack of resources, Lack of Tribal teacher, Illiterate education parents, Lack of higher education institution in tribal language. Scholarship, Schools was situated in far distance. 4. Political Problem- Vote Bank, False reassurance 5. Health Problem- Malnutrition, Pure drinking water, lack of seasonal clothing Lack of House 6. Problem of Migration- Lack of employment , Lack of opportunity or skill, House Labor, Industrial labor, Failure of farming, 5. Problem of Displacement- Due to dams, due to mine, due to industrialization, Due to urbanization 6. Economic Problem– Bound to used forest, Relating to shifting cultivation, Related to new land tenure system, Related to indebted 7. Naxolied problem–Poverty and illiterate. Implications of the study were suggested.
Key Words: Scheduled Tribes, New land tenure system, Orthodoxy, Conventionality, Intra- tribal culture difference.

The effects of an aging population have become an issue that need to be addressed due to the serious and far reaching impact that it will have on a country and its citizens; to be precise its senior citizens. For Malaysia, senior citizen is defined as aged 60 and over. For other countries, it can be refined as aged 55 or aged 65 and over. The worries of an aging population are many – loss of income and employment upon retirement, the lack of health care, companionship and public facilities that can cater for their needs. This research will study the various programmes and initiatives that have already been implemented successfully in other countries and seek to suggest, identify what are the particular challenges facing an aging population and how Companionship, improvement of public facilities and healthcare could be done to create a quality life for senior citizens especially in Malaysia.
Key Words: Aging population, Companionship, public facilities, health care.

The Vedic literature is the oldest Indo-European literary monument, where the cultural heritage of the people of the then Indian society is reflected. The four Vedas are said to be the ultimate sources of knowledge. Everything related to the Indian way of life has its roots in the Vedic lore. Among these four monumental works, the Ṛgveda is said to be the most important as well as the oldest one. This Veda furnishes the knowledge of the religion, faith, ethical and secular aspects of the Aryan people. During the Ṛgvedic period, the Aryans had developed a unique culture and an ideal civilization. Among the ten Maṇḍalas of the Ṛgveda, the Tenth Maṇḍala is very much significant in different aspects. This Maṇḍala is regarded as the latest addition to the Ṛgveda. The subject-matter, language and style of the Tenth Maṇḍala are different in many aspects. It contains most of the dialogue hymns, didactic hymns, secular hymns and the hymns dedicated to the Abstract deities. The language and diction of the hymns are natural and simple in comparison to the other nine Maṇḍalas. To know about the socio-cultural, religious and philosophical aspects of the Ṛgveda the Tenth Maṇḍala gives sufficient information.
The method of treatment adopted in the present paper is chiefly analytical and descriptive. A humble attempt has been made here to impart an acquaintance with the significance of the Tenth Maṇḍala of the Ṛgveda.
Key Words: Aryan, Society, Language, Secular, Religion.

This paper is an attempt to analyze the problems face by Small Tea Growers of Assam and also highlights some strategies required for the development of tea growers of Assam. Tea is the ancient beverage and the most popular drink in the world. Among the tea producing states of India Assam is well known internationally since a long time ago. The state dominates the county’s tea map by producing almost half (50%) of the total tea production. Being a labour intensive industry, it is the source of employment for the Assam’s indigenous people. It is estimated that there are nearly 90 thousands small tea growers in Assam creating employment for around 1.5 lakh people of Assam. But they face various financial, marketing and managerial problems in present days. So in order to remove these problems, there should be required some strategies for the development of small tea growers of Assam.
Key Words: Tea, Tea industry, Small tea grower, Issues, Strategies.

“Educate your women first and leave them to themselves: then they will tell you what reforms are necessary for them”………….Swami Vivekananda.
‘Women empowerment’ is the process of enabling and developing ability or potential in women so that they can think and act freely, exercises their choice and control their lives and thereby reducing discrimination and exploitation towards them. It brings about upliftment of women in social, economic and political spheres where they are able to play an equal role at par with men in society. But women who constitute half of the population in India yet they have been subjected to the oppression of patriarchal order and suffered from fewer rights and lower social status than men for centuries. This widespread discrimination and exploitation of women evoke the need for empowerment of women. In spite constitutional guarantees, enactment of laws, initiations of social reformers, efforts by the government through different schemes and programmes and U.N.O.’s directives, the equal status of women in India is not still achieved to the desired goals after 68 years of Independence. According to Census, 2011, 74.04% of the population is illiterate, comprising 65.46% females and 82.14% males. As per report of UNDP, 2013 on Human Development Indicators, women constitute 48% of the population in India of which 29% is national workplace and 26% women have access to formal credit. This situation encourages the present writer to find out the effective measures for women upliftment. Hence an attempt is made to depict the present scenario of women empowerment, its possible determinants and how education can be used as an instrument of women empowerment. This paper attempts to find out the possible problems faced and possibilities ahead in promoting women empowerment through education. Finally, it is realised that education enables women not only to acquire knowledge but also aid to help them to achieve economic security, social status, self- confidence, courage and inner strength to face challenges in life and reduces disparities and exploitation upon them. Lastly, a strategy of broad educational programme along with favourable attitudes of all concerned has been recommended for women empowerment.
Key Words: Women empowerment, Education, Census, UNDP, U.N.O.

Yajña is a wel-defined act so far the Vedic literature is concerned.All the four Vedas, especially the Brāhmaṇas belonging to them discuss elaborately the procedures of Yajña. Yajña is divided many ways. Amongst them is the Darśapūrṇamāsayāga. In this connection it must be mentioned that the Brāhmaṇas are invaluable literary works which supplement the Saṃhitā part of the Veda- mantrabrāhmaṇayorvedanāmadheyam”. Each Veda has different Brāhmaṇas. As such the Śatapathabrāhmaṇa belongs to the Yajurveda. The Śatapathabrāhmaṇa, consisting of 100 chapters as the name itself implies, is not only a voluminous work but also a storehouse of geographical datas, socio-cultural datas, socio–economical datas, legends, historical datas etc. Hence, this Brāhmaṇa has attained more popularity among the scholars worldwide. In fact “it is next to the Ṛgveda” according to the great scholar A. A. Macdonell. On the otherhand the Darśapūrṇamāsayāga which takes place on the new moon day and the full moon day is the model of iṣṭi of the five prominent yāgas the other four being the paśu, soma, homa and satra.
In the article “Some Salient Features of the Darśapūrṇamāsayāga as Revealed in the Śatapathabrāhmaṇa” a humble attempt has been made to discuss a part of the salient features of the prominent yāga called the Darśapūrṇamāsa as found in the Śatapathabrāhmaṇa.
Key Words: Yajña, Vedic, Darśapūrṇamāsayāga, Śatapathabrāhmaṇa, Yāga.

The purpose of research was to indicate the problems among the teachers, which they face. The school education plays a basic and vital role in the development of the nation. And the teachers play a key role in this system; however in Pakistan mostly people are unaware about their importance. So, this unawareness creates problems and hurdles in the development of a country. Present population of the Pakistan is near about 180 millions and very rare ratio is aware about its importance. The Union Council: Kirto is distributed into two Basic Health Unites: 1. Basic Health Unite: Kirt, 2. Basic Health Unite: Kotli Virkan.
The present study was conducted in the area of Basic Health Unite; Kirto, District Sheikhupura-Pakistan. In this area, there are 15 schools, in which 2 high, 3 middles and 10 primary schools are imparity education. The total strength of school teachers is 46 for the year of 2009. Almost 28 teachers are belonging from countryside. And only 18 teachers belong from the out side area.

Pandal maker is one of the cultural communities of Bengal. They have been seen during the festive season of early autumn especially. They are skilled labor of rural Bengal. A pandal makers group consist of different professionals like mason, carpenter, electrician, porter, painters etc. They have been hired by puja organizing committees. According to the spatial location of Barawari puja, the Demography, Work environment and problems of them varies from one space to another. This paper has been studied to understand the present condition of this community. Pandal makers of Kolkata and greater Kolkata are different from each other. As pandal makers of Kolkata barawari puja pandals are economically and politically more powerful, they have faced fewer problems. This research paper is based on primary data, collected from different puja pandals of Kolkata and kalipuja pandals of Madhyamgram Municipality. Data have been analysed qualitatively. This paper is nothing but a tribute to the great artisan community of Bengal-‘The Pandal Makers’.
Key Words: Pandal, Barawari, Urban, Suburban, Artisans.

The rise of socialism as a movement and ideology in Africa coincides with the early phases of nationalism and national development. All Africa socialism shared overlapping features that provided bases for nationalism and approaches to post-colonial development and nation-building, Mozambique not excluded. Foundations of socialism in Africa was based on a combination of state ownership, an equitable distribution of wealth, increasing citizen’s wellbeing, urgency of conquering underdevelopment, creating relevant non- capitalist institutions that would shape economic development and the creation of a well-balanced social relationships of citizenship that could establish cohesion between people and the state. The first pillar, the economic pillar, is very comprehensive and captures major sectors of the economy including tourism, agricultural, manufacturing, wholesale and retail, ICT as well as the financial sector. To achieve the goals set under each of them, Mozambique must be proactive in her search for an economic and political strategic and ideology that will breed socio-economic within the state. How realistic were socialist ideas in Mozambique, what specific roles were played by Samora Machel and others in fostering the ideals of socialism in Mozambique? Socialism in Mozambique aims to unravel this.
Key Words: Socialism, Mozambique, Underdevelopment.

This paper brings out the issues related to natural resource exists and it conservation. The natural resource such as forest and forest products were found as a basic source of survival for living organisms during the initial period. Later, the natural resources started degrading slowly and steadily due to increased human activities. In the beginning, natural resources were the primary assets for the growth of agriculture, industry, urbanization etc. subsequently, increased anthropogenic activities started degrading the forest cover on a large scale through extending the agricultural landscape and other developmental activities in Kolhan Division. The importance of traditional knowledge regarding resource conservation, protection of sacred grooves, endangered species etc started declining in this time. Innovativeness and policy framework for resource conservation and utilization became unfriendly in addition to gradual decline of community management. The key findings of the study point to major gaps existing such as between line departments and institutions in the promotion and management of forests, human welfare, agriculture, animal husbandry etc. moreover, people tend to be more inclined towards the utilization of natural resources rather than conservation. From an observational and practical point of view, the natural resource has been declining rapidly. Therefore, this study strongly suggests that a due attention be directed toward developing people- friendly and environment friendly conservation strategies.
Key Words: Anthropogenic, natural resources endangered, decline, people- friendly.

The problems of assessment of quality management system’s (QMS) application efficiency in the enterprises of light industry are considered in the thesis. Mutually related hierarchy of the processes is established on the basis of structural-functional analysis of quality management system. The opportunities of improvement of processes are indicated on the basis of assessment of importance of the expenses for processes. Efficiency of the application of quality management system in the enterprise has been approved.
Key Words: Quality management system, efficiency, importance, effectiveness, hierarchy, structural-functional analysis, quality costs.

India virtually lives in its villages. Being a pre dominant agrarian economy, in India agriculture continues to be the only avenue of employment available with a major chunk of the rural populace. Thus seasonality of agriculture and its low productivity combined with absence of alternative opportunities are responsible for higher incidence of poverty in the rural sector. In order to tackle the problems of poverty and unemployment, the planners and policy makers have launched several employment generation programmes like IRDP, NREP, RLEGP, JRY, SGSY etc. Despite these well meaning programmes and massive investments, rural areas continued to suffer from acute poverty and unemployment problems at a alarming rate. Considering this, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was launched on 2nd February, 2006 to enhance livelihood security in rural areas of the country. MGNREGA is the most pragmatic approach to the problems of rural poverty and unemployment. In fact, the Scheme ensures the economic security of the rural poor by providing guaranteed 100 day of wage employment. This Act has marked a paradigm shift from the other employment programmes with its right based approach. Govt. is legally accountable for providing employment of hundred days to those who demand it. Moreover, MGNREGA has positive impact on employment pattern of women. A key goal MGNREGA is to protect natural resources like land, water, soil etc. The study is an attempt to assess the impact and effectiveness of the Act in the district of Barpeta, Assam during the financial year 2013-14.
Key Words: Poverty, Employment, MGNREGA.

Today, inclusion of Special Educational Need (SEN) children in regular classroom has become a “global agenda”. It acknowledges that every child has right to receive equal educational opportunity irrespective of their abilities, ethnicity, caste, gender, age etc. with other students under a common roof. Basically, in India SEN children are sent to special school. Now efforts are being made to include them in regular school to get equal opportunity of education. To achieve this mission we need to know the attitude of regular school towards inclusion of SEN children in regular classroom. So, the investigators attempt to assess the attitude of secondary and higher secondary school teachers towards inclusion of Special Educational Need (SEN) children in regular classroom. 120 school teachers were taken as sample from 3 governments, 5 government-sponsored and 3 private schools of two districts of West Bengal e.g. Howrah and Paschim Medinipur. A standardized questionnaire developed by Latif Ahmed had been used to collect responses from the participants. Collected data was analysed with suitable statistical techniques like t-test, ANOVA etc. through MS-Excel 2010.The result indicates that gender, medium of instruction and type of school have no influence on significant difference among the school teachers attitude towards inclusive education. But significant different is found between trained and non-trained teachers.
Key Words: Assessment, Attitude, Inclusion, SEN children, Regular classroom.

There exists an impressive volume of academic literature when it comes to the study of Rabindranath Tagore and his notion of politics. Owing to his explicit discourse on nation, nationalism and society, Tagore's idea of these notions have clearly been extensively and massively over-explored. However, when it comes to exploring Tagore's notion of communitarianism, scholars have repeatedly shied away from doing so– essentially because the myriad minded genius of Tagore never spoke explicitly on the notion. And yet, he is taken to be the greatest advocate of communitarianism at the backdrop of the Bengali renaissance– and this poses a serious conundrum. Communitarianism has a emerged to play a pivotal role in the study of society today- and it is taken to go without saying that the concept of communitarianism is a very recent development in the realm of politics, owing its origin to the early 1990s, essentially in the Western world. The aim of this paper is to deconstruct this very stereotype by seeking to research and elucidate on the idea of communitarianism as perceived by Tagore.

Human Rights are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental Rights, which are inherent in all human being regardless of their nation location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status. Education is one of the important and essential ingredients for Human Rights. The Right to education for every individual irrespective to sex, caste, creed, religion etc is universally accepted. It is the primary vehicle that helps to change and advancement of any society and it is possible only if both man and woman have the equal chances to get right quality education.
The paper will attempted the important of education and the problem facing among the Mising women. The paper will also highlights with finding and some suggestive measures about the values of education and needs of quality education in day to day life of the women section in the studied area.
Key Words: Essential of equal education for Mising Women, Human Rights, Importance of Education in promoting Women Rights, Problems in education system, Quality Education, Suggestive measures.

Education is the only mechanism that enhances the process of social, economic, and cultural development of communities. Among all the religious communities, Muslims are in the least educated section of Indian Society. In West Bengal this condition is more pathetic than other states. Among the all districts of West Bengal the status of Muslims in Murshidabad is greatly noticeable to all. Their percentage in Primary Education Level is not too much worse. But their educational fate starts deteriorating after the completion their primary education. In higher education they become Microscopic Minority. There are several reasons for backwardness of Muslims in Murshidabad such as poverty, negative attitude towards girl’s education, lack awareness among guardians, child marriage, unsuitable social environment etc. The education condition of Muslims in Murshidabad may be changed if we collectively strive to rid of the problems irrespective of caste, religion, sex, region, language, ethnicity and social status.
Key Words: Muslim Education, Murshidabad, West Bengal, Problem, Solution

With the advancement in science and technology man had to indulge in various practices. In carrying out the day to day activities man involves in some dreadful ones too which has brought serious impact to the entire globe. Environment is not an exception to this. Among the few modern day enemies of the environment, plastic is one of the prominent source of environmental pollution. The general understanding of plastic is that it is a material but the dictionary meaning to be more specific explains plastic as plastic is a material which is produced from oil by a chemical process and which is used to make many objects. It is light in weight and does not break easily. Plastic which is found in numerous forms and which is made of of heterochain polymers. These compounds contain atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur in their backbone chains, in addition to carbon. Plastic is regarded to be a biological hazard since it is almost non-degradable. Tonnes of plastic waste are dumped everyday into the earth all over the world. Some of the common impact of plastic includes environmental damage, threat to marine and animal life, lethal effect on health and serious cause of pollution. Many international and national legislative steps have been taken to check this menance . This article deals with a detailed analysis of plastic its composition, its source, and how it is detrimental to the environment. This article also aims at finding some solution to the increasing rate of pollution caused by use of plastic.

Orissa is a maritime state along the east coast of India having 589 marine fishing villages and 3289 inland fishing villages. The Telugu community with their age old experience started marine fishing in Orissa. Still now the non-Oriya group of people dominate marine fishing in the state. This paper mainly aims to show the socio-economic condition of the fisherman of Bali Nolia Sahi village, Puri. Data’s were collected through primary surveys by preparing questionnaires consisting of both open ended and close ended questions and secondary data’s were collected from various articles, journals and District Handbook of Orissa, 2011. The study shows that the socio-economic conditions of the fisherman of Bali Nolia Sahi are not good. The educational status of the boys is much lower than that of the girls. Their housing conditions are not too bad, but in terms of fishing they don’t get much help from the Government. They lack the basic necessities of their fishing which deprived the development of fishing in the State. The fishermen should be provided with major facilities like cold storage, motorized boat and education programs too should be implemented so that it would help them in understanding the modern technologies of fishing and will help them to develop fishing.
Key Words: Nolia, fishing, peak season, socio-economic status.

For more than three centuries, the hallmark of liberalism has been the attempt to promote individual liberty world policy. Liberalism as a political and moral philosophy is centred on two main principles - these are individualism and liberty.
The First World War is one of the major turning points of world politics. Therefore, one of the characteristic features of the postwar period is the quest for a new world order.
This study, In this mean, traditionally focused on national interests, the functioning of international relations in new international system has changed and what to extend the current situation to find a difference between the desired point to reach.
Neo-Liberalism has come up with realistic ideas updating theory. In developing economic relations between states in the world, it is important to create peace world. Also play an active role of international organizations in states with these theories are claimed to be closer to each other.
Key Words: International Relations, Neo-Liberalism, Economic Interdependce, Internetional System.

Christianity and Christian faith in India developed around 52 A. D. when St. Thomas the apostle comes to Indian on the southern coasts. He propagates the Christian faith among the community there and converted people. He has also build churches in southern India which are now the pilgrim of the people reside in south India. In these churches we see depictions of Christian themes and imagery is done in the form of murals, paintings etc. The early references of Christian art that we see in south India were somewhat Indian because the artisans were local Hindus who build these churches. We also see elements of Hindu architecture in the very formative phases of making of churches in India. The other examples of Christian art that we can see are in the churches of Goa. Here we can see the amalgamation of Indo-Baroque art in the construction of churches. Moreover other art forms also got the influence of European art. Portuguese found that there was an Indian influence on the art work, they introduce a law in which head of guild should be the European so as the artist could come out the Indian influence and style. Doing this a lot of artisans converted to the Christian faith. May be this can be their propaganda for conversion. Missionaries also during this time with their effort propagate the Christian faith and were succeeded in conversions. In Mughal times Missionaries again took advantage of using visual aids for propagating the Christian to the Mughal emperor Akbar. It was during his time when artists imitated copies of European art specifically related to Christian faith. His successors Jahangir and Shah Jahan also motivated artists to imitate Christian art and to create in European manner. We see a lot of examples of Christian themes during Mughal times. Interesting was that painting was forbade in Islam but it was due the zeal and interest of emperor Akbar and other Mughal emperors till Jahangir, that art of paintings is both flourished and motivated during their times. After that with the advent of Britishers we see many artists from Europe come to India and Indian artists learned their techniques of paintings. During this time we can see the best examples of Christian faith in a very European manner. It was also the time when India artists attracted towards in making art work in very European style. Art schools also imparting education in European manner. There by artists learned European techniques of making paintings, and sculptures. Their themes were now from European mythology and religion. And it was during the eras before independence and after independence Christ and other biblical themes were done on the individual perception and approach of the artists either they were Christians or non-Christians. The following paper endows the reader about visual interpretation about Christian faith time to time in India history and its art. It also represents the approaches of artists that how they perceive Christianity and its spiritual leader Christ in their terms. It is their urge to how Christianity is portrayed on canvases with the spiritual touches of their brushes and colours.
Key Words: Artists, Christianity, Art, Paintings, India.

In this research paper, the role and contributions to the Malaysian polity of Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman are appraised. The focus in this research paper is to draw on his values and principles as a Malaysian and a national leader, as requisite lessons today towards further concretization of Malaysian nationhood. Documentary approach analysis of secondary data was used in this study. Studies done by scholars and published materials on the above personality were evaluated in relation to the themes of this study and thenceforth relevant conclusions were drawn. This research paper essentially adopted a qualitative-evaluation approach. The historiographic tradition and conventions in step with giving prominence to ‘apex’ leaders of national entities at particular periods in a nation’s historical evolution, have essentially resulted in the above Malaysian leader’s stature to be generally sequestered. The ‘education’ of young Malaysian generations has not much benefitted from his marked contributions towards Malaysian nationhood. The positive traits and legacies of early national leaders, need to be given renewed attention in the nation’s educational curriculum and the national media. Nationhood values- honesty, disciplined public service, civic virtue and so on, he personified, are crucial lessons for the nation’s youth today, being faced, with the often deleterious impact of cyber social media.
Key Words: Malaysian nationhood values, public service and duty, Tun’s life and personality, Malaysian youth, positive traits of leaders.

This paper looks at how African countries have been dribbled by the two ideological blocs-capitalist and socialist– all in search for ideal path to development. Their dissatisfaction with these two contending and often conflicting politico-economic prescriptions (path of capitalism and path of socialism) for development led scholars, intellectuals, leaders and policy-makers, and analysts in the Third world, which Africa constitutes a part, to come up with the idea of ‘delinking’ from the international capitalist system. Essentially in this paper, delinking means the breakaway of this group of countries from the imbalanced international capitalist system in order to develop. Various approaches of development are discussed. The paper also discusses ways through which African states are exploited and how these states react to this unequal relationship. The paper, then, visits the various strands of arguments for delinking. The findings reveal that African states need not delink, but remain within, and adjust to, the global capitalist system just like South Korea, India and Brazil. Secondly, African leadership has a very important role in Africa’s development and otherwise. Finally, ideology and language also plays vital role in this same respect.
Key Words: Africa, Capitalism, Development, Globalization.

Learning is a fundamental determinant of success in virtually all sectors of life including school leadership. Literature in the field of education management explains that with increased leadership development of head- teachers, there is bound to be change in the effectiveness and efficiency of schooling (Hallinger and Snidvongs, 2008). The foregoing is however untrue concerning Kenya given the many pitfalls that bedevil school leadership, some of which include strikes, truancy, teenage pregnancies, arson and drop out among others.
The dismal performance of head-teachers attest to the fact school leaders are unable to effectively deal with contemporary challenges that spring from Kenya’s diverse socio-cultural, economic and political environments. Measures to address this leadership dysfunction through in-service courses, conferences and seminars have not yielded much because they are often ad-hoc, ill-funded and devoid of participants’ input and support. Lack of specific and focused preparation and leadership development programs for heads of schools points to the urgent need to institute a mechanism for guiding both novice and practicing head-teachers for effective school leadership in the 21th century.
This paper roots for mentoring as the only panacea to deficiencies in school leadership in Kenya. This is because mentoring has the capacity to enable head-teachers share their success secrets, build mutual relationships and impact positively on their wide base of constituents.
Key Words: learning, leadership development, effectiveness, efficiency, mentoring.

The consumers are the foundation for economic building, responsible for transformation of resources into productive things. There is a need for creating the awareness, and to motivate the consumers concerning quality products. Higher the consumer awareness creates lower exploitation in the society. The consumer must be aware of his rights and duties the consumer should be vigilant with a discerning eye to enable to protect him from any malpractice on the part of the traders. To understand the level of the consumer awareness amongst the citizens of Mahabubnagar District of Telangana. The researcher has selected the related title to enlighten of their rights and legal measures assumes importance in the light of safeguarding the interest of the consumer and that forms as the problem of the study. Hence, the research finds the initiative to study the consumer awareness among the public in a backward district like Mahabubnagar. The study is intended with the objectives to assess the consumer awareness amongst people regarding the Rights, to study the awareness of consumer Responsibilities &Protection measures. The sample size under this study is 50 respondents. The questionnaire used to collect data from the consumer respondents by approaching directly.The study is descriptivein nature. The required data for the study collected from the primary and secondary sources. The primary data collected from the sample subjects, Mahabubnagar, as it is convenient to the researchers. Simple descriptive statistical tools like averages, percentages and ratios applied to analyse the data for drawing the conclusions