This is the accessible text file for GAO report number GAO-11-205
entitled 'Veterans' Health Care: VA Uses a Projection Model to Develop
Most of Its Health Care Budget Estimate to Inform the President's
Budget Request' which was released on January 31, 2011.
This text file was formatted by the U.S. Government Accountability
Office (GAO) to be accessible to users with visual impairments, as
part of a longer term project to improve GAO products' accessibility.
Every attempt has been made to maintain the structural and data
integrity of the original printed product. Accessibility features,
such as text descriptions of tables, consecutively numbered footnotes
placed at the end of the file, and the text of agency comment letters,
are provided but may not exactly duplicate the presentation or format
of the printed version. The portable document format (PDF) file is an
exact electronic replica of the printed version. We welcome your
feedback. Please E-mail your comments regarding the contents or
accessibility features of this document to Webmaster@gao.gov.
This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright
protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed
in its entirety without further permission from GAO. Because this work
may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the
copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this
material separately.
United States Government Accountability Office:
GAO:
Report to Congressional Requesters:
January 2011:
Veterans' Health Care:
VA Uses a Projection Model to Develop Most of Its Health Care Budget
Estimate to Inform the President's Budget Request:
GAO-11-205:
GAO Highlights:
Highlights of GAO-11-205, a report to congressional requesters.
Why GAO Did This Study:
Funding for the Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA) health care is
determined by Congress in the annual appropriations process. Prior to
this process, VA develops a budget estimate of the resources needed to
provide health care services to eligible veterans. The Veterans Health
Care Budget Reform and Transparency Act of 2009 requires GAO to assess
whether the funding requested for VA health care in the President’s
budget requests submitted to Congress in 2011, 2012, and 2013 is
consistent with VA’s estimates of the resources needed to provide
health care services.
In anticipation of these future studies, GAO was asked to obtain
information on how VA prepares its health care budget estimate. In
this report, GAO describes (1) how VA develops its health care budget
estimate, and (2) how VA’s health care budget estimate is used in the
President’s budget request to Congress. To conduct this work, GAO
reviewed VA documents on the methods, data, and assumptions used to
develop VA’s health care budget estimate that informed the President’s
budget request for fiscal year 2011 and request for advance
appropriations for fiscal year 2012. GAO also interviewed VA officials
responsible for developing this estimate and staff from the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB), which is responsible for overseeing the
development and implementation of the federal budget.
What GAO Found:
VA uses what is known as the Enrollee Health Care Projection Model
(EHCPM) to develop most of its health care budget estimate and uses
other methods for the remainder. Specifically, VA used the EHCPM to
estimate the resources needed to meet expected demand for 61 health
care services that accounted for 83 percent of VA’s health care budget
estimate for fiscal year 2011 and similarly for fiscal year 2012. The
EHCPM’s estimates for these services are based on three basic
components: projected enrollment in VA health care, projected use of VA’
s health care services, and projected costs of providing these
services. To make these projections, the EHCPM uses data on the use
and cost of these services that reflect data from VA, Medicare, and
private health insurers. The EHCPM makes a number of complex
adjustments to the data to account for characteristics of VA health
care and the veterans who access VA’s health care services. For
example, these adjustments take into account veterans’ age, gender,
geographic location, and reliance on VA health care services compared
with other sources, such as health care services paid for by Medicare
or private health insurers. VA uses other methods to develop nearly
all of the remaining portion of its budget estimate for long-term care
and other services, as well as initiatives proposed by the Secretary
of VA or the President. Long-term care and other services accounted
for 16 percent and initiatives accounted for 1 percent of VA’s health
care budget estimate for fiscal year 2011 and similarly for fiscal
year 2012.
VA’s health care budget estimate is reviewed at successively higher
levels. Within the agency, the Secretary of VA reviews the health care
budget estimate in the context of departmentwide priorities, including
trade-offs between health care and other services. The budget estimate
is presented in different ways, including the appropriations accounts
structure used by Congress for decision making. OMB considers VA’s
budget submission in light of presidential priorities and needs
governmentwide. VA can appeal decisions before OMB finalizes the
President’s budget request to Congress.
VA and OMB provided technical comments, which GAO incorporated as
appropriate.
View [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-205] or key
components. For more information, contact Randall B. Williamson at
(202) 512-7114 or williamsonr@gao.gov or Denise M. Fantone at (202)
512-6806 or fantoned@gao.gov.
[End of section]
Contents:
Letter:
Background:
VA Develops Most of Its Health Care Budget Estimate Using a Projection
Model and Uses Other Methods for the Remaining Portion:
VA's Health Care Budget Estimate Informs the Decision-making Process
for the President's Budget Request:
Agency Comments:
Appendix I: Data Sources for Utilization and Unit-Cost in VA's
Enrollee Health Care Projection Model, Fiscal Year 2011:
Appendix II: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments:
Related GAO Products:
Table:
Table 1: General Schedule for Formulating the President's Budget
Request:
Figures:
Figure 1: Proportion of VA's Health Care Budget Estimate Developed for
61 Services Using VA's Enrollee Health Care Projection Model, by
Service Type, Fiscal Year 2011:
Figure 2: Basic Components of VA's Enrollee Health Care Projection
Model (EHCPM):
Figure 3: VA Budget Estimate for Long-term Care:
Figure 4: Structures Used for Fiscal Year 2011 Budget Review and
Decision Making:
Abbreviations:
CHAMPVA: Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of
Veterans Affairs:
EHCPM: Enrollee Health Care Projection Model:
OMB: Office of Management and Budget:
VA: Department of Veterans Affairs:
VHA: Veterans Health Administration:
[End of section]
United States Government Accountability Office:
Washington, DC 20548:
January 31, 2011:
The Honorable Richard Burr:
Ranking Member:
Committee on Veterans' Affairs:
United States Senate:
The Honorable Daniel K. Akaka:
United States Senate:
The Honorable Jeff Miller:
Chairman:
The Honorable Bob Filner:
Ranking Member:
Committee on Veterans' Affairs:
House of Representatives:
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) operates one of the largest
health care delivery systems in the nation, serving 5.7 million
patients and spending $43.3 billion in fiscal year 2009. The amount VA
spends on its health care services is driven by several factors,
including the number of eligible veterans who choose to seek care and
the types and the cost of the services they receive. VA provides a
range of services for eligible veterans.[Footnote 1] Many of these
services--including primary care, inpatient and outpatient surgery,
prosthetics, mental health services, and prescription drugs--are part
of a uniform medical benefits package VA provides to all veterans
enrolled in VA health care. Other services, such as nursing home care,
are not part of the medical benefits package and are required to be
made available for a more limited veteran population specified in law,
although VA also makes these services available to other veterans on a
discretionary basis.
The amount of funding VA receives for health care is determined by
Congress in the annual appropriations process, during which funds are
also provided for a wide range of other national programs, such as
those serving defense, education, and transportation. Prior to this
process, VA must annually develop a budget estimate of the resources
needed for its health care services, including costs for the
administration and operation of VA facilities. Developing a budget
estimate is the first step in a complex, multistep budget formulation
process, which culminates in the President's annual budget request to
Congress.
As we have previously reported, VA's formulation of its health care
budget estimate is by its very nature challenging, as it is based on
assumptions and imperfect information used to project the likely
quantity and cost of the health care services VA expects to provide.
[Footnote 2] VA, similar to other agencies, generally begins work on
the budget for a fiscal year that begins 18 months later, meaning that
the budget is prepared with uncertainty not only about program needs,
but also about future economic conditions, presidential policies, and
congressional actions. In addition, our prior work has highlighted
some of the challenges VA has faced formulating its budget estimate,
including obtaining sufficient data, making accurate calculations, and
making realistic assumptions. For example, in 2006, we reported that
VA underestimated the cost of serving veterans returning from military
operations in Afghanistan and Iraq due in part to insufficient data
about these veterans, which led to requests for additional funding for
fiscal years 2005 and 2006.[Footnote 3] In 2009, we reported that VA's
long-term care estimate for fiscal year 2009 was based on assumptions
and projections that appeared unrealistic.[Footnote 4]
Congress passed the Veterans Health Care Budget Reform and
Transparency Act of 2009,[Footnote 5] which provided that VA's annual
appropriations for health care include advance appropriations that
become available 1 fiscal year after the fiscal year for which the
appropriations act was enacted. The 2009 law also requires that we
assess whether the amount of VA health care funding in the President's
budget request to Congress is consistent with VA's estimate of the
resources needed to provide health care services. The law requires
that we report on our analysis within 120 days after the President's
budget requests are submitted in 2011, 2012, and 2013.[Footnote 6]
In anticipation of the reports we are required to provide, you
expressed interest in obtaining information on how VA's health care
budget estimate is prepared. In this report, we describe (1) how VA
develops its health care budget estimate, and (2) how VA's health care
budget estimate is used in the President's budget request to Congress.
To describe how VA develops its health care budget estimate, we
reviewed VA documents that describe the methods, types of data, and
assumptions used. Specifically, we reviewed VA documents for the
fiscal year 2011 estimate and the fiscal year 2012 estimate. We also
interviewed VA officials to discuss how the methods, types of data,
and assumptions are used to develop VA's health care budget estimate.
Specifically, we spoke with VA's Office of Budget and VA's Veterans
Health Administration's (VHA) Office of Finance as well as the Office
of Enrollment and Forecasting, which is within the Office of the
Assistant Deputy Under Secretary for Health for Policy and Planning.
We also interviewed officials from VA's Office of Mental Health
Services and the Pharmacy Benefits Management Services office to
understand the subject-matter expertise these program offices provide
in developing VA's health care budget estimate. These program offices
were selected because the requested funding levels for these services
comprised a substantial proportion of the President's budget request
for VA health care for fiscal years 2007 through 2010. We used the
information obtained from VA's documents and through interviews with
VA officials to describe how VA develops its health care budget
estimate and to determine the proportion of this estimate that is
developed using each of VA's methods. To assess the reliability of the
data on the proportion of VA's budget estimate that is determined
using each method, we obtained and checked the consistency of VA
documents that detail the various estimates and verified the
information contained in the documents with VA officials. We also
verified that VA correctly calculated budget estimates that
represented more than 90 percent of VA's total health care budget
estimate for fiscal year 2011 and for fiscal year 2012. We verified
VA's calculations using components VA said it used to compute the
estimates. We also relied on our prior work to compare data and to
check for internal consistency. We found the data reliable for our
purposes of describing each component of VA's health care budget
estimate and the methodology used.
To describe how VA's health care budget estimate is used in the
President's budget request to Congress, we reviewed the President's
budget request for fiscal year 2011, which includes the request for VA
appropriations for fiscal year 2011 and the advance appropriations
request for fiscal year 2012.[Footnote 7] We also interviewed VA
officials involved in VA's budget preparation process to discuss
internal guidance, the communication of policy priorities, and the
focus of their review. We also interviewed staff from the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB), which is responsible for overseeing the
development and implementation of the federal budget.
We conducted this performance audit from July 2010 through January
2011 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit
to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable
basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for
our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
Background:
VA operates one of the largest health care delivery systems in the
nation, providing care to a diverse population of veterans. VA
operates about 150 hospitals, 130 nursing homes, 950 outpatient
clinics, and 230 readjustment counseling centers--Vet Centers--through
21 regional health care networks called Veterans Integrated Service
Networks. VA is responsible for providing health care services to
various populations--including an aging veteran population and a
growing number of younger veterans returning from the military
operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.
VA is required by law to provide health care services to certain
veterans and may provide care to other veterans.[Footnote 8] In
general, veterans must enroll in VA health care to receive VA's
medical benefits package--a set of services that includes a full range
of hospital and outpatient services, prescription drugs, and
noninstitutional long-term care services provided in veterans' own
homes and in other locations in the community.[Footnote 9] VA also
provides some services that are not part of its medical benefits
package, such as nursing home care. The population of veterans to whom
VA is required to provide nursing home care is more limited than the
population to whom VA is required to provide other health care
services. VA is required by law to provide nursing home care to
certain veterans needing such care who also have service-connected
disabilities, and VA also makes nursing home care available to other
veterans on a discretionary basis as resources permit.[Footnote 10]
VA's enrollment system includes eight categories for enrollment
established by law[Footnote 11] to manage access to services in
relation to available resources. The order of priority for the
categories is generally based on service-connected disability, income,
or other special status such as having been a prisoner of war.
[Footnote 12] If sufficient resources are not available to provide
care that is timely and acceptable in quality, VA must restrict
enrollment consistent with its priority categories.[Footnote 13] VA
also provides enhanced priority status for veterans with combat
experience--including those who participated in Operation Enduring
Freedom in Afghanistan, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New
Dawn in Iraq[Footnote 14]--for up to 5 years from their date of
discharge or release from active-duty service.[Footnote 15]
Veterans who enroll in VA health care may choose not to access VA's
health care services in any given year. This is in part because many
veterans have other options, such as Medicare,[Footnote 16] Medicaid,
[Footnote 17] or private health insurance,[Footnote 18] to access and
pay for health care services. Enrollees choose whether to access
services through VA or other providers based on factors such as their
proximity to VA providers. Additionally, downturns in economic
conditions may reduce veterans' access to sources of private
insurance, such as employer-sponsored insurance, and influence
enrollees' choice to access VA health care.
Estimating the resources required to provide health care services to
veterans and developing VA's budget request is a collaborative process
involving several offices within VA, mainly at VA headquarters. Within
VA, VHA's Office of Finance is responsible for policy and operational
issues relating to budget formulation for all VHA services. It works
with the Office of the Assistant Deputy Under Secretary for Health for
Policy and Planning, which has responsibilities for managing knowledge
and data related to VHA's policies and strategic planning. Program
offices, which are responsible for setting policies for providing
specific health care services, provide information to support the
budget formulation process. VA's Office of Budget is responsible for
overseeing the budget formulation process for the department as a
whole on behalf of the Secretary and submitting VA's budget request
for OMB's review and consideration in developing the President's
Budget.
OMB plays a key role in the budget formulation process by providing
the framework for agencies to follow. OMB annually issues Circular No.
A-11, which contains detailed instructions and schedules for the
submission of agencies' budget estimates. It also includes other
material to ensure that agency budget requests adhere to standardized
conventions and formats. OMB also provides general guidance to federal
agencies via bulletins and memoranda that include, among other things,
the President's priorities to consider as agencies prepare their
budget submissions. Additional communications between OMB and an
agency can occur anytime during the year.
VA, like other agencies, begins formulating a budget request
approximately 10 months before the President submits the budget to
Congress in early February. This is approximately 18 months before the
start of the fiscal year to which the request relates and about 30
months prior to the start of the fiscal year to which the advance
appropriations request relates. The formulation of VA's budget request
is a process that follows the general schedule in table 1.
Table 1: General Schedule for Formulating the President's Budget
Request:
Year 1:
Time frame: April;
Offices involved and actions taken:
* VA Office of Budget issues guidance, on behalf of the Secretary, for
preparing a budget submission;
* VHA collaborates with VA's Office of Budget to develop the health
care budget estimate, which is subsequently approved by the Under
Secretary for Health, to use for VA's budget submission.
Time frame: April-June;
Offices involved and actions taken:
* VHA Office of Finance works with VHA Office of Assistant Deputy
Under Secretary for Health for Policy and Planning to compile a budget.
Time frame: July;
Offices involved and actions taken:
* The Secretary of VA reviews the budget submission for health care
along with the submissions from other components of VA;
* The Secretary approves VA's health care budget estimate.
Time frame: August;
Offices involved and actions taken:
* VA Office of Budget compiles the department's budget submission to
OMB;
* The Secretary approves VA's budget submission.
Time frame: September;
Offices involved and actions taken:
* VA delivers the budget submission to OMB.
Time frame: October-December;
Offices involved and actions taken:
* OMB reviews VA's budget submission;
* OMB issues a decision on funding and policy priorities for VA and VA
may appeal this decision.
Year 2:
Time frame: January;
Offices involved and actions taken:
* OMB prepares the President's budget request, and VA concurrently
prepares its congressional budget justification, which supports the
policies and funding decisions in the President's budget request.
Time frame: Early February;
Offices involved and actions taken:
* The President submits the budget request, which includes requested
resources for VA health care, to Congress.
Time frame: October 1;
Offices involved and actions taken:
* The fiscal year begins.
Source: GAO analysis and presentation of VA and OMB information.
[End of table]
VA Develops Most of Its Health Care Budget Estimate Using a Projection
Model and Uses Other Methods for the Remaining Portion:
VA uses a projection model to develop estimates of the resources
needed to deliver most of the health care services VA provides. These
services accounted for most of VA's health care budget estimate for
fiscal year 2011. VA uses other methods to develop nearly all of the
remaining portions of its health care budget estimate for long-term
care and other services as well as proposed initiatives.
VA Uses a Projection Model to Develop Most of Its Health Care Budget
Estimate to Meet Expected Demand:
VA uses what is known as the Enrollee Health Care Projection Model
(EHCPM)--a model developed in partnership with VA's actuarial
consultant[Footnote 19]--to estimate the amount of resources VA will
need to meet the expected demand for most of the health care services
VA provides. These services accounted for 83 percent of VA's health
care budget estimate for fiscal 2011.[Footnote 20] VA used the EHCPM
to estimate the resources needed for fiscal year 2011 for 61 health
care services, which VA grouped into seven service types (see appendix
I for a list of the 61 health care services that were grouped into the
seven service types). Outpatient services accounted for almost half of
the resources VA estimated using the EHCPM for fiscal year 2011. (See
figure 1.)
Figure 1: Proportion of VA's Health Care Budget Estimate Developed for
61 Services Using VA's Enrollee Health Care Projection Model, by
Service Type, Fiscal Year 2011:
[Refer to PDF for image: pie-chart and subchart]
VA’s health care budget estimate, fiscal year 2011:
VA used the Enrollee Health Care Projection Model (EHCPM) to estimate
needed resources for 61 health care services:
EHCPM: 83%;
Long-term care and other services: 16%;
Initiatives: 1%.
VA’s EHCPM, by service type:
VA grouped the 61 health care services included in the EHCPM into
seven service types:
Of the EHCPM 83%: Service types:
Special VA outpatient mental health services[A]: 1%;
Dental services[B]: 2%;
Special VA inpatient services[C]: 4%;
Prosthetics and other services[D]: 5%;
Pharmacy services[E]: 15%;
Inpatient services[F]: 24%;
Outpatient services[G]: 49%.
Source: GAO analysis of VA information.
[A] Special VA outpatient mental health services include services such
as mental health intensive case management, services for the homeless,
and work therapy.
[B] Dental services include preventative and basic dental services as
well as major and minor restorative dental services.
[C] Special VA inpatient services include services such as residential
rehabilitation and treatment of spinal cord injuries.
[D] Prosthetics and other services include services such as artificial
limbs, surgical implants, durable medical equipment, glasses,
contacts, and hearing aids.
[E] Pharmacy services include prescription and over-the-counter
medications and pharmacy-related supplies.
[F] Inpatient services include services such as medical, surgical, and
psychiatric services.
[G] Outpatient services include services such as radiology,
office/home visits, and pathology services.
[End of figure]
The EHCPM is used to estimate needed resources based on the total cost
of providing each health care service. VA officials said this total
cost reflects direct patient costs as well as costs associated with
management, administration, and maintenance of facilities. The EHCPM's
estimates are based on three basic components: the projected number of
veterans who will be enrolled in VA health care, the projected
utilization of VA's health care services--that is, the quantity of
health care services enrollees are expected to use--and the projected
unit cost of providing these services.[Footnote 21] (See figure 2.)
Each component is subject to a number of complex adjustments to
account for the characteristics of VA health care and the veterans who
access VA's health care services. The EHCPM makes these projections 3
or 4 years into the future for budget purposes based on data from the
most recent fiscal year. For example, in 2009, VA used data from
fiscal year 2008 to develop its health care budget estimate for the
fiscal year 2011 request, including the advance appropriations request
for fiscal year 2012.
Figure 2: Basic Components of VA's Enrollee Health Care Projection
Model (EHCPM):
[Refer to PDF for image: illustration]
Enrollment projections: Expected number of veterans who will be
enrolled in VA health care;
multiplied by:
Utilization projections: Expected quantity of VA’s health care
services enrollees will use;
multiplied by:
Unit-cost projections: Expected cost of providing health care
services[A];
equals:
Estimates for health care services included in the EHCPM[B].
Source: GAO analysis of VA information.
[A] VA calculates the cost of providing a unit of service in different
ways for various types of health care services. For example, unit
costs for some pharmacy services reflect the cost of a 30-day supply
of a prescription and unit costs for inpatient services represent the
cost of a day of care at an inpatient facility.
[B] The EHCPM makes a number of complex adjustments to projections for
VA's health care services to account for the characteristics of VA
health care and enrolled veterans. For example, the EHCPM includes
adjustments to account for VA's copayment structure and enrollees' use
of other sources of health care. Additionally, the EHCPM includes
adjustments to incorporate the age, gender, priority level, and
geographic location of enrolled veterans. For fiscal year 2011, the
EHCPM included enrollment, utilization, and unit-cost projections for
61 health care services.
[End of figure]
To project the expected number of veterans who will be enrolled in VA
health care, the EHCPM relies on a combination of VA and other federal
data to identify current enrollees and to estimate how many eligible,
nonenrolled veterans will choose to enroll. The EHCPM uses VA data to
identify the number of current enrollees in VA health care and to
calculate historical enrollment rates by various characteristics,
including age, gender, priority level, and geographic location.
[Footnote 22] In addition, the EHCPM uses data developed by VA that
combine federal census data on veterans and Department of Defense data
on service members separated from active duty since the last decennial
census to identify the number of eligible veterans not currently
enrolled in VA health care.[Footnote 23] The data developed by VA also
incorporate Department of Defense estimates of how many service
members will separate from active duty each year into the future. The
EHCPM uses these data to estimate how many eligible veterans will
choose to enroll in VA health care by applying VA's historical
enrollment rates to this population.[Footnote 24]
To project the utilization or the quantity of VA's health care
services veterans will use and the unit costs of VA's health care
services, VA groups these services into two major categories in the
EHCPM: (1) those services that VA provides in a manner comparable to
other providers, whose services are paid for by Medicare and private
health insurers; and (2) those services that are unique to or are
provided in a different manner by VA. For example, VA provides
services, such as emergency room visits and physician office visits,
in a manner comparable to other providers. In contrast, VA provides
rehabilitation services to homeless veterans and certain types of
prosthetic services that VA officials said are not generally offered
by other providers.
For health care services that VA provides in a manner comparable to
other providers, the EHCPM uses utilization and unit-cost data
developed by VA's actuarial consultant that reflect data from Medicare
and private health insurers in addition to data from VA's own
experience. VA used these data for 33 of the 61 health care services
whose estimates were developed by the EHCPM for fiscal year 2011. (See
appendix I for the data sources used to generate utilization and unit-
cost projections for each of the 61 health care services for fiscal
year 2011.) Data from Medicare and private health insurers allow the
EHCPM to better account for the impact of a number of factors--such as
age, gender, geographic location,[Footnote 25] and benefit structure--
that may affect utilization and unit-cost projections because these
data represent more than 60 million individuals, compared with the 8.5
million veterans expected to be enrolled in VA health care in fiscal
year 2011. Additionally, VA officials said that using data from
Medicare and private health insurers allows the EHCPM to account for
enrollees' utilization of health care services outside of VA health
care.
For health care services that are unique to or are provided in a
different manner by VA, the EHCPM uses utilization and unit-cost data
from VA's own experience. VA used these data for 28 of the 61 health
care services whose estimates were developed by the EHCPM for fiscal
year 2011. While VA data can be used to reasonably estimate the likely
demand for these specific services, VA officials said these data do
not allow the EHCPM to account for as many factors that may affect
utilization and unit-cost projections. For example, VA uses national
unit costs in most projections of services that are unique to VA
health care because it lacks sufficient data to use in the EHCPM to
account for geographic variations in the unit cost of these services.
To project utilization and unit costs using the EHCPM, VA makes a
number of complex adjustments to the utilization and unit-cost data to
account for the characteristics of VA health care and enrolled
veterans.[Footnote 26] For example, these adjustments take into
account enrollees' age,[Footnote 27] gender, priority level, and
geographic location. VA also makes additional adjustments to account
for changes expected to occur over time. For example, adjustments are
made to utilization projections to account for changes in health care
practice patterns, such as greater use of magnetic resonance imaging
to diagnose a condition. Additionally, unit-cost projections are
adjusted to account for the effect of inflation on the costs of labor
and supplies.
For services that VA provides in a manner comparable to other
providers, VA also adjusts data from Medicare and private health
insurers in the EHCPM to account for the extent to which enrolled
veterans will choose to access health care services through VA--
referred to as reliance on VA health care--or obtain these services
through non-VA sources.[Footnote 28] VA uses Medicare data for
enrolled veterans to estimate the proportion of each health care
service that veterans age 65 and over access through Medicare instead
of VA. However, VA does not have a comprehensive data source to
estimate the proportion of each health care service that enrolled
veterans under age 65 access through non-VA sources, such as private
insurers. To estimate the proportion of each health care service that
enrollees under 65 access through VA and non-VA sources, VA relies on
an extrapolation from its analysis of Medicare data and from data
collected through periodic telephone surveys of enrollees about their
use of VA and non-VA health care services. Additionally, VA adjusts
data from Medicare and private health insurers in the EHCPM to
incorporate characteristics unique or more common to VA health care
and its enrollee population. For example, VA does not require
copayments for physician office visits for veterans that meet certain
eligibility criteria and VA's enrollee population is predominantly
male.
Within VHA's Office of the Assistant Deputy Under Secretary for Health
for Policy and Planning, the Office of Enrollment and Forecasting has
the lead responsibility for developing the estimates from the EHCPM
and annually updates the assumptions that may affect utilization or
unit-cost projections. VHA's Office of Enrollment and Forecasting
works closely with VHA's Office of Finance, which is responsible for
coordinating the process for developing VA's health care budget
estimate. The Office of Enrollment and Forecasting also consults with
VA's health care program offices, which provide input ranging from
identifying VA's policy goals for the health care services they
administer to providing subject-matter expertise on trends expected to
affect the delivery of these services. Input from the program offices
is incorporated into the underlying assumptions used in the EHCPM. For
example, VA officials told us that the Office of Enrollment and
Forecasting collaborated with VA's pharmacy program office to obtain
information about what brand-name drugs are coming off patent, for
which lower-cost, generic alternatives may be available. The Office of
Enrollment and Forecasting incorporated this information into
assumptions used in the EHCPM to project utilization and unit costs
for VA's pharmacy services. Also, VA officials told us that the Office
of Mental Health Services provided information to the Office of
Enrollment and Forecasting on VA's increasing provision of mental
health services in less restrictive treatment facilities and
outpatient settings, and this information supported assumptions used
in the EHCPM to project utilization of VA's mental health services.
VHA's Office of Enrollment and Forecasting annually briefs VA
leadership, including the VA Secretary and VHA Under Secretary, and
OMB on updates to the EHCPM and assumptions used in the EHCPM to
generate the estimates. According to VHA officials, the briefings are
intended to provide VA and OMB a better understanding of the EHCPM and
its assumptions and facilitate their review of VA's health care budget
estimate. VA Office of Budget officials said they review the
assumptions used in the EHCPM by comparing them to data on past
trends. For example, VA officials said that the VA Office of Budget
along with the program office for pharmacy services were involved in
reviewing assumptions regarding unit-cost projections for pharmacy
services taking into account VA's heavy reliance on low-cost, generic
drugs.
VA Uses Other Methods to Develop Portions of Its Health Care Budget
Estimate Related to Long-term Care and Other Services:
VA uses methods other than the EHCPM to develop estimates of the
amount of resources needed for long-term care and other services.
VHA's Office of Finance coordinates the development of the estimates
for these services, which accounted for 16 percent of VA's health care
budget estimate for fiscal year 2011. Long-term care was 13 percent of
the overall budget estimate, and other services accounted for 3
percent.[Footnote 29]
VA develops its estimates for long-term care by developing separate
estimates for nursing home and noninstitutional care services.
Noninstitutional care services include such services as home-based
primary care and care coordination/home telehealth programs.[Footnote
30] VA's estimates for nursing home and noninstitutional care are
based on projections of the amount of care provided--which is known as
workload[Footnote 31]--and the unit cost of providing a day of this
care. VA multiplies the workload estimates, unit-cost estimates, and
the number of days in the fiscal year to develop estimates of the
amount of resources for both nursing home care and noninstitutional
care. (See figure 3.) VHA's Office of Finance also incorporates input
from VHA's Geriatrics and Extended Care program office about workload
and unit-cost estimates for long-term care services.
Figure 3: VA Budget Estimate for Long-term Care:
[Refer to PDF for image: illustration]
Projected nursing home workload;
multiplied by:
Projected cost of providing a day of nursing home care;
multiplied by:
Number of days in fiscal year;
equals:
Annual nursing home budget estimate.
Projected noninstitutional workload;
multiplied by:
Projected cost of providing a day of noninstitutional care;
multiplied by:
Number of days in fiscal year;
equals:
Annual noninstitutional budget estimate.
Annual nursing home budget estimate;
plus:
Annual noninstitutional budget estimate;
equals:
VA budget estimate for long-term care.
Source: GAO analysis of VA information.
Notes: Nursing home workload is measured as the number of nursing home
residents per day, on average, during the fiscal year. Nursing home
care accounted for 93 percent of VA's institutional long-term care
workload in fiscal year 2009--the most recent year for which workload
data were available. The remaining 7 percent was for other
institutional long-term care services which are not reflected in this
figure, but are in VA's estimate for long-term care.
Workload for most noninstitutional services is measured as the average
number of people enrolled per day for the number of days in the fiscal
year that the service is available. The exception is spinal cord
injury home care, which measures workload based on average monthly
enrollment.
[End of figure]
For nursing home care, VA develops workload projections by estimating
the amount of nursing home care in demand by two groups of veterans--
high-priority veterans for whom VA is required by law to provide
nursing home care and other veterans for whom such care is provided on
a discretionary basis.[Footnote 32] VA officials said that when making
workload projections, they consider the resources necessary to serve
high-priority veterans whom VA must serve. In addition, VA's overall
policy goal for nursing home workload is to keep nursing home workload
consistent with recent experience, as VA focuses on expanding
noninstitutional care services in order to provide long-term care in
the least restrictive and most clinically appropriate settings.
[Footnote 33] The nursing home workload for veterans whom VA serves on
a discretionary basis is contingent on the amount of care needed to
serve those veterans whom VA must serve by law.
VA generally projects unit cost for nursing home care by calculating
unit-cost increases observed from recent experience and then using
this information to project future unit costs. For example, VA used
the unit-cost increases from fiscal year 2008 to fiscal year 2009 and
applied this percentage increase to project nursing home unit-cost
estimates for fiscal year 2011, except for services delivered through
community nursing homes.[Footnote 34] VA officials said they began
using recent experience as a basis to estimate unit cost for nursing
home care in response to a recommendation that we made in a 2009
report.[Footnote 35]
For noninstitutional care, VA's projected workload for these services
is based on VA's policy goal of meeting, by fiscal year 2011, the
noninstitutional care needs of veterans who seek such care from VA. VA
projects the demand for noninstitutional care services using
information about the size and demographic characteristics of the
enrolled veteran population. To meet its policy goal, VA has expanded
the amount of noninstitutional care services it has provided.
Specifically, VA increased workload for noninstitutional services by
34 percent from fiscal year 2008 to fiscal year 2009 and projects a 19
percent increase from fiscal year 2010 to fiscal year 2011. VA
projected a smaller increase--4 percent--for its noninstitutional
workload between fiscal year 2011 and fiscal year 2012.
VA projects unit cost for noninstitutional care services using the
same general method as for nursing home care--by calculating unit-cost
increases observed from recent experience and then using this
information to project future unit costs. For some services, however,
VA experienced decreases in unit cost from fiscal year 2008 to fiscal
year 2009. To develop fiscal year 2011 budget estimates for those
services, VA did not rely on its recent experience and instead chose
to assume a unit-cost increase between 4.52 percent and 4.60 percent,
depending on the service.
The remaining services for which VA developed estimates using methods
other than the EHCPM made up 3 percent of VA's health care budget
estimate for fiscal year 2011. The largest of these services was the
Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans
Affairs (CHAMPVA), which provides health care coverage for spouses and
children of veterans who are permanently and totally disabled from a
service-connected disability.[Footnote 36] CHAMPVA functions similarly
to traditional health insurance--most care within CHAMPVA is delivered
using private-sector health care providers. Therefore, developing
estimates of the resources needed for CHAMPVA requires factoring in
utilization patterns and cost inflation that are generally outside of
VA's control. Budget estimates for CHAMPVA are developed using a
formula that computes the predicted number of users and costs per-
member per-year.[Footnote 37] Since 2004, VA' s Health Administration
Center, which oversees administration of CHAMPVA, has worked with VA's
actuarial consultant to generate projections of CHAMPVA users that
incorporate changes related to the population of disabled veterans and
projections of expected increases and decreases in the CHAMPVA-
eligible population. More recently, the Health Administration Center
and VA's actuarial consultant added projections of cost per-member per-
year. These costs are calculated by dividing the most current fiscal
year data on total CHAMPVA expenditures by the number of actual users.
Trends are then incorporated to predict the future costs per-member
per-year, which is multiplied by projections of the number of CHAMPVA
users to develop CHAMPVA budget estimates.
VA Also Incorporates Estimates of Resources for Initiatives Proposed
by the Secretary or the President:
VA also incorporates into its budget estimate the amount of resources
needed for health-care-related initiatives proposed by the Secretary
or the President. For fiscal year 2011, health-care-related
initiatives made up 1 percent of VA's health care budget estimate.
[Footnote 38] Some initiatives can be implemented within VA's existing
authority, while other initiatives would require a change in law.
These initiatives can vary from year to year depending on policy
priorities. VA officials said the EHCPM can be used to estimate the
resources needed for these initiatives if VA has the data necessary
for the model's estimates to be useful. If not, VA uses other
estimation methods and sometimes VA receives estimates from OMB.
Estimates for two VA health care initiatives and two presidential
health care initiatives were in the President's fiscal year 2011
budget request for VA. For example, one VA initiative focused on
expanding telehealth services for noninstitutional long-term care. The
Secretary directed that VA include $40 million for this initiative in
VA's estimate. Additionally, one presidential initiative was a
governmentwide emphasis on reducing operating costs associated with
maintaining surplus property. For this initiative, OMB provided VA
with estimates of the savings associated with reducing these operating
costs.
VA also developed estimates for the President's fiscal year 2011
budget request for 11 proposed health-care-related initiatives that
require a change in law. Some proposed initiatives would increase
spending while others would decrease spending. For example, VA
estimated that one proposed initiative to pay travel expenses for
caregivers to support veterans receiving certain VA health care
services would cost $16 million in fiscal year 2011. For a different
proposed initiative, VA estimated savings of $325,000 in fiscal year
2011 if VA were permitted to stop reimbursing physicians and dentists
for certain continuing education expenses.[Footnote 39]
VA's Health Care Budget Estimate Informs the Decision-making Process
for the President's Budget Request:
VA's health care budget estimate prepared by VHA is reviewed at
successively higher levels. Within the agency, the Secretary of VA
reviews the health care budget estimate in the context of
departmentwide priorities, including trade-offs between health care
and other services. OMB considers VA's budget submission in light of
presidential priorities and needs governmentwide. VA and OMB
communicate these priorities by providing guidance.
One source of guidance for developing the budget request is the
Secretary of VA. VA officials told us that each April they issue
departmental guidance that may include funding targets and policy
priorities. The guidance communicates the Secretary's priorities and
may identify the specific VA services to be emphasized in that year's
budget request. In addition to preparing the estimate for existing
health care services, VHA may have to estimate the resources required
to carry out a new initiative identified in guidance from the
Secretary. VA officials said that in some years they may direct VHA to
estimate the resources needed under different levels of demand for
services to reflect a changing internal or external environment, such
as legislative changes or economic conditions.
Another source of guidance for developing the budget request is OMB,
which issues OMB Circular No. A-11. It includes guidance to agencies
for preparing budget submissions. According to OMB staff, additional
guidance from OMB gives more specific information on priorities or
target funding levels. OMB staff also stated that they maintain
ongoing contact with VA officials as the budget submission is
formulated to provide guidance and to keep apprised of VA budgetary
concerns.
The budget estimate for health care services is presented in different
ways for review and decision making. VA must present the budget
estimate in the appropriations accounts' structure used by Congress,
but the budget estimate is also shown by broad service categories,
such as acute, mental health, and institutional long-term care, and
the Secretary's and President's initiatives. For the purpose of
presentation in the President's Budget, agencies start from the most
recently enacted appropriations, even if the President proposes
changes to the structure and purposes of the appropriations accounts.
Congress funds VA health care services in three appropriations
accounts. The three appropriations accounts for VA health care
services are:
* Medical Services, which includes funds for health care services
provided to eligible veterans and beneficiaries in VA's medical
centers, outpatient clinic facilities, contract hospitals, state
homes, and outpatient programs on a fee basis;
* Medical Support and Compliance, which includes funds for management
and administration of the VA health care system, including financial
management; and:
* Medical Facilities, which includes funds for the operation and
maintenance of the VA health care system's capital infrastructure,
such as costs associated with utilities, facility repair, laundry
services, and groundskeeping.[Footnote 40]
Figure 4 shows the different structures in which the fiscal year 2011
budget estimate was presented for review and decision making.
Figure 4: Structures Used for Fiscal Year 2011 Budget Review and
Decision Making:
[Refer to PDF for image: illustration]
Health care budget estimate covers 61 health care services estimated
using the Enrollee Health Care Projection Model; long-term care
services; other services such as Civilian Health and Medical Program
of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA); and initiatives:
Program categories:
* Acute care;
* Rehabilitative care;
* Mental health;
* Prosthetics;
* Dental;
* Institutional long-term care;
* Non-institutional long-term care;
* CHAMPVA & other dependent programs;
* Readjustment counseling;
* Other health care programs;
* Initiatives;
* Legislative proposals.
Appropriations accounts and program activities[A]:
* Medical services:
- Acute hospital care;
- Rehabilitative care;
- Psychiatric care;
- Nursing home care;
- Subacute care;
- State home domiciliary;
- Outpatient care;
- CHAMPVA;
* Medical support and compliance;
* Medical facilities.
Source: GAO analysis of VA information on its budget estimate and VA’s
fiscal year 2011 Congressional Budget Justification.
[A] For fiscal year 2011, all eight program activities are in each of
the three appropriations accounts; however, no funding is requested
for the state home domiciliary program in the Medical Support and
Compliance and the Medical Facilities accounts.
[End of figure]
Because support and compliance (administrative) costs and facility
costs are not estimated separately by the EHCPM or other methods used
by VA to develop its resource estimates, VHA officials said they
generally distribute the total health care budget request among the
three appropriations accounts based on historical spending trends.
Specifically, VA uses the proportions of funding for health care
services, administration, and facility costs that were obligated in
the last budget year as a baseline and makes adjustments as
appropriate. For example, if VA is requesting a relative increase in
maintenance efforts, VA would increase the share of the budget
requested for the Medical Facilities account. Funding was requested
for fiscal year 2011 for the three accounts in the following
proportions: Medical Services at 77 percent, Medical Support and
Compliance at 11 percent, and Medical Facilities at 12 percent.
Officials from VA's Office of Budget said that they focus on changes
from the previous year and review whether the changes are consistent
with past trends, whether projected trends are consistent with their
expectations, and whether the changes are justified. Given that VA's
Office of Budget has already reviewed the underlying assumptions in
the early stages of developing the health care budget estimate, VA
budget officials said that, at this point, they ensure that the budget
estimate is internally consistent, the justifications are clear, and
the amounts requested are reasonable. For example, the Office of
Budget verifies that the resources requested are sufficient to cover
the salaries for the number of employees included in the request. The
Office of Budget also verifies whether the estimates for collections
and new initiatives are sufficient.[Footnote 41]
The Secretary of VA considers the health care budget estimate when
assessing resource requirements among competing interests within VA,
particularly in times of fiscal constraints. The departmentwide budget
submission includes resources for the administration of veterans'
compensation and benefit programs as well as proposed investments for
improving the delivery of those benefits using information technology
and for construction projects at hospitals and other facilities. VA
officials said the Secretary most often makes trade-offs in areas such
as new initiatives and new construction. As an example, VA officials
said that the Secretary may want to dedicate more resources for mental
health services to reduce homelessness among veterans than the budget
estimate initially provided. As a result of these trade-offs, VA's
budget request for health care could be different from the resource
estimates developed using the EHCPM and other methods.
VA's Office of Budget includes supporting materials accompanying VA's
budget request that are submitted to OMB. These supporting materials
include narrative statements of selected health care services, such as
mental health and homeless programs. VA also submits additional data
to justify VA's request for resources. For example, VA submits
detailed estimates from the EHCPM separately to OMB. According to VA
officials, these estimates are used to communicate to decision makers
how the estimated spending for services supports VA's mission to
provide health care services to veterans instead of listing all the
details of health care services in the budget submission.
In September of each year, VA transmits its departmentwide budget
submission, including its budget estimate for health care, to OMB. OMB
staff stated that they initially review VA's assumptions, such as
economic assumptions pertaining to inflation, and review cost and
utilization trends used to develop the health care budget estimate.
OMB staff also review the policy priorities in VA's submission, which
includes the funding request for VA health care, to verify that the
President's priorities are reflected. OMB staff stated that they also
talk with VHA officials to ensure that the resources requested support
the initiatives as described.
Traditionally, OMB issues decisions, known as passback, to VA and
other agencies in late November on the funding and policy proposals to
be included in the President's budget request. OMB staff said that
they consider broader resource constraints and competing priorities of
other agencies when making decisions about the level of funding for
VA's services. VA may appeal the decision before OMB finalizes the
President's budget request.[Footnote 42] The OMB decision and appeals
process can result in a presidential budget request that is different
from VA's budget submission to OMB. The budget formulation process
culminates with OMB preparing the accompanying documents submitted to
Congress in February. Concurrently, VA prepares a congressional budget
justification that provides details supporting the policy and funding
decisions for the President's budget request to Congress.
Agency Comments:
We provided a draft of this report to VA and OMB for comment. VA and
OMB provided technical comments, which we incorporated as appropriate.
We are sending copies of this report to the Secretary of Veterans
Affairs and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and
appropriate congressional committees. In addition, the report will be
available at no charge on the GAO Web site at [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov].
If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please
contact Randall B. Williamson at (202) 512-7114 or at
williamsonr@gao.gov, or Denise M. Fantone at (202) 512-6806 or at
fantoned@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional
Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this
report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed
in appendix II.
Signed by:
Randall B. Williamson:
Director, Health Care:
Signed by:
Denise M. Fantone:
Director, Strategic Issues:
[End of section]
Appendix I: Data Sources for Utilization and Unit-Cost in VA's
Enrollee Health Care Projection Model, Fiscal Year 2011:
Service type: Outpatient services:
Health care service: Allergy immunotherapy;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Allergy testing;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Anesthesia;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Cardiovascular;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Chiropractic;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Consults;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Emergency room visits;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Hearing/speech exams;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Immunizations;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Maternity deliveries;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Maternity nondeliveries;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Miscellaneous medical;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Office/home visits;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Outpatient psychiatric;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Outpatient substance abuse;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Pathology;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Physical exams;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Physical medicine;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Radiology;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Surgery;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Sterilizations;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Therapeutic injections;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Urgent care visits;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Vision exams;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Compensation & pension exams;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Service type: Inpatient services:
Health care service: Medical;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Surgical;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Psychiatric;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Substance abuse;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Maternity deliveries;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Maternity nondeliveries;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Skilled nursing facility (non-acute);
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Service type: Pharmacy services:
Health care service: Prescription drugs (brand & generic);
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Over-the-counter medication;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Pharmacy-related supplies;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Service type: Prosthetics and other services:
Health care service: Glasses/contacts;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Hearing aids;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Ambulance;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA, Medicare, and private health insurer data.
Health care service: Durable medical equipment: oxygen;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Durable medical equipment: wheelchairs;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Durable medical equipment: medical equipment and
supplies;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Prosthetics--artificial limbs;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Orthotics;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Surgical implants;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: VA specialized products;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Recreational therapy;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Service type: Special VA inpatient services:
Health care service: Blind rehabilitation;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Spinal cord injury;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Sustained treatment and rehabilitation;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Residential rehabilitation;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Compensated work therapy/transitional residence;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Service type: Dental services:
Health care service: Preventative and basic dental services;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Minor restorative dental services;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Major restorative dental services;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Service type: Special VA outpatient mental health services:
Health care service: Domiciliary aftercare/screening/outreach;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Day treatment center/Psychosocial Rehabilitation
and Recovery Center;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Homeless;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Opioid substitution program;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Mental health intensive case management;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Work therapy;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Health care service: Community residential care;
Data source used to generate utilization and unit-cost projections:
VA data only.
Source: GAO analysis of VA documentation of the Enrollee Health Care
Projection Model.
[End of table]
[End of section]
Appendix II: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments:
Contacts:
Randall B. Williamson, (202) 512-7114, williamsonr@gao.gov Denise M.
Fantone, (202) 512-6806, fantoned@gao.gov:
Acknowledgments:
In addition to the contacts named above, James C. Musselwhite and
Melissa Wolf, Assistant Directors; Rashmi Agarwal; Deirdre Brown;
Amber G. Edwards; Krister Friday; Lauren Grossman; Tom Moscovitch;
Lisa Motley; Leah Probst; Steve Robblee; and Jessica Smith made key
contributions to this report.
[End of section]
Related GAO Products:
VA Health Care: Spending for and Provision of Prosthetic Items.
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-935]. Washington, D.C.:
September 30, 2010.
VA Health Care: Reporting of Spending and Workload for Mental Health
Services Could Be Improved. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-570]. Washington, D.C.: May 28, 2010.
Continuing Resolutions: Uncertainty Limited Management Options and
Increased Workload in Selected Agencies. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-879]. Washington, D.C.: September
24, 2009.
VA Health Care: Challenges in Budget Formulation and Issues
Surrounding the Proposal for Advance Appropriations. [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-664T]. Washington, D.C.: April 29,
2009.
VA Health Care: Challenges in Budget Formulation and Execution.
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-459T]. Washington, D.C.:
March 12, 2009.
VA Health Care: Long-Term Care Strategic Planning and Budgeting Need
Improvement. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-145].
Washington, D.C.: January 23, 2009.
VA Health Care: Budget Formulation and Reporting on Budget Execution
Need Improvement. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-958].
Washington, D.C.: September 20, 2006.
VA Health Care: Preliminary Findings on the Department of Veterans
Affairs Health Care Budget Formulation for Fiscal Years 2005 and 2006.
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-430R]. Washington, D.C.:
February 6, 2006.
VA Long-Term Care: Trends and Planning Challenges in Providing Nursing
Home Care to Veterans. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-333T].
Washington, D.C.: January 9, 2006.
VA Long-Term Care: More Accurate Measure of Home-Based Primary Care
Workload Is Needed. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-04-913].
Washington, D.C.: September 8, 2004.
[End of section]
Footnotes:
[1] Eligibility is determined on the basis of service-connected
disability, income, and other special statuses, such as former
prisoners of war, and is used to determine priority for VA services.
VA is required to provide a specified set of health care services to
eligible veterans. 38 U.S.C. §§ 1710(a)(1), (2), 1701(6). VA is
authorized to provide these health care services to other veterans not
identified in these groups. 38 U.S.C. § 1710(a)(3).
[2] See GAO, VA Health Care: Challenges in Budget Formulation and
Execution, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-459T]
(Washington, D.C.: Mar. 12, 2009).
[3] See GAO, VA Health Care: Budget Formulation and Reporting on
Budget Execution Need Improvement, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-958] (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 20, 2006).
[4] See GAO, VA Health Care: Long-Term Care Strategic Planning and
Budgeting Need Improvement, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-145] (Washington, D.C.: Jan. 23,
2009).
[5] Pub. L. No. 111-81, § 3, 123 Stat. 2137, 2137-38 (2009), codified
at 38 U.S.C. § 117. The act provided for advance appropriations for
the Medical Services, Medical Support and Compliance, and Medical
Facilities appropriations accounts.
[6] The President's budget request is submitted to Congress in
February for the fiscal year that starts the following October. Thus,
for example, the President's budget submission in February 2011 would
be for fiscal year 2012--which starts October 1, 2011--and would also
include a request for advance appropriations for VA health care for
fiscal year 2013.
[7] The fiscal year 2011 President's budget request was submitted to
Congress on February 1, 2010.
[8] 38 U.S.C. §§ 1710(a)(1)-(3), 1701(6). Requirements for VA health
care services are effective in any fiscal year only to the extent and
in the amount provided in advance in appropriations acts for such
purposes. 38 U.S.C. § 1710(a)(4).
[9] Under 38 U.S.C. § 1710B, VA is required to provide adult day care
and respite care. VA provides these and other noninstitutional long-
term care services as part of VA's medical benefits package and makes
them available to veterans enrolled in VA health care.
[10] VA is required by law to provide nursing home care to veterans
needing such care and who have a service-connected disability rating
of 70 percent or greater. In addition to these veterans, VA is also
required to provide nursing home care that the Secretary of VA
determines is needed for veterans in need of such care for a service-
connected disability. 38 U.S.C. § 1710A(a). These requirements will
terminate on December 31, 2013. 38 U.S.C. § 1710A(d). The statute
states that these requirements may not be construed as authorizing or
requiring that a veteran who was receiving nursing home care in a
department nursing home on November 30, 1999, be displaced,
transferred, or discharged from the facility. 38 U.S.C. § 1710A(b)(2).
VA, however, provides most of its nursing home care to veterans who
receive it on a discretionary basis. See 38 U.S.C. § 1710(a)(2), (3).
[11] See 38 U.S.C. § 1705(a); 38 C.F.R. § 17.36 (2010).
[12] For example, Priority 1--the highest-priority category--consists
of veterans with a service-connected disability rated at 50 percent or
more, based on the severity of the disability. Priority 8--the lowest-
priority category--consists of veterans with no compensable service-
connected disability and who have incomes exceeding certain thresholds.
[13] See 38 U.S.C. § 1705(a); 38 C.F.R. § 17.36(c) (2010).
[14] In September 2010, Operation Iraqi Freedom changed to Operation
New Dawn. VA provides the same enhanced priority status for veterans
of Operation New Dawn.
[15] In general, any veteran who served in a combat theater after
November 11, 1998, including Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation
Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn, and who was discharged or
released from active service on or after January 28, 2003, has up to 5
years from the date of the veteran's most recent discharge or release
from active-duty service to enroll in VA health care and receive VA's
health care services without charge for any condition that may be
associated with the veteran's combat service. 38 U.S.C. §
1710(e)(1)(D), (e)(3). Veterans who were discharged or released before
January 28, 2003, and who did not enroll in VA health care, are
eligible for VA's health care services for 3 years after January 28,
2008.
[16] Medicare is the federally financed health insurance program for
persons aged 65 or over, certain individuals with disabilities, and
individuals with end-stage renal disease.
[17] Medicaid is a joint federal and state program that finances
health care coverage for certain low-income populations.
[18] Private health insurance is generally provided by health
insurers, such as preferred provider organizations and health
maintenance organizations. The majority of Americans under age 65
access health care services paid for by private health insurers.
[19] The EHCPM was developed in 1998 by VA and Milliman, Inc. It
supports the development of VA's budget estimate for health care and
informs strategic and capital planning.
[20] Similarly, health care services included in the EHCPM accounted
for 83 percent of VA's health care budget estimate for the advance
appropriations request for fiscal year 2012.
[21] Unit costs are the costs to VA of providing a unit of service,
such as a 30-day supply of a prescription or a day of care at an
inpatient facility.
[22] VA data also include information on those veterans who have
disenrolled or died.
[23] The EHCPM separately estimates the number of veterans from
Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, which changed
to Operation New Dawn in September 2010. These estimates are based in
part on assumptions developed by the Congressional Budget Office about
troop levels for these conflicts.
[24] The EHCPM also ensures that enrollment projections do not exceed
the actual number of eligible veterans in a geographic area.
Enrollment projections are also adjusted to account for changes in
enrollment rates of eligible, non-enrolled veterans over time.
[25] For example, data from Medicare and private health insurers allow
VA to account for characteristics of individuals in geographic areas
where few VA enrollees live.
[26] VA has compiled over 800 pages of documentation detailing the
numerous adjustments in the EHCPM.
[27] The EHCPM accounts for enrollees' age in two ways. The EHCPM
includes an adjustment to account for variation in the utilization and
unit costs of health care services by enrollees of different ages. The
EHCPM also includes an adjustment to account for additional variation
in the utilization of health care services by enrollees in certain age
groups who served during conflicts such as World War II and the
Vietnam War. Enrollees that served during the Vietnam War, for
example, are expected to have higher utilization of some health care
services than other groups of enrollees.
[28] More than half of all enrollees in VA health care are covered by
Medicare and approximately 80 percent of enrollees reported having
some type of health insurance in 2008, according to VA's most recent
telephone survey of enrollees on reliance.
[29] Estimates for long-term care and other services also accounted
for 16 percent of VA's health care budget estimate for the advance
appropriations request for fiscal year 2012. Long-term care was 13
percent of the fiscal year 2012 budget estimate and other services--
such as health care coverage for spouses and children of certain
veterans and individuals who died while on active duty--accounted for
3 percent.
[30] Care coordination/home telehealth involves using
telecommunications technology to remotely monitor patients with
chronic conditions each day in their places of residence.
[31] Nursing home care workload is measured in terms of the number of
nursing home residents per day, on average, during the fiscal year.
Workload for most noninstitutional services is measured as the average
number of people enrolled per day for the number of days in the fiscal
year that the service is available. The exception is spinal cord
injury home care, which measures workload based on average monthly
enrollment.
[32] VA provides most of its nursing home care on a discretionary
basis.
[33] VA officials noted that new construction of state veterans'
nursing homes is also taken into account as an additional source of
nursing home capacity. State veterans' nursing homes are joint federal-
state partnerships in which VA pays a portion of the cost of providing
care for eligible veterans and also provides grants to cover part of
the cost of construction, acquisition, and renovation of these nursing
homes. Projected increases in state nursing home workload are
relatively small, however. For example, the average daily census--a
workload measure--in state veterans' nursing homes was projected to
increase from 19,308 in fiscal year 2010 to 19,588 in fiscal year 2011.
[34] Community nursing homes are non-VA nursing homes that contract
with VA to provide care. VA officials said they used the 4.43 percent
inflation rate used in the EHCPM to project unit costs for community
nursing homes for fiscal year 2011. This inflation rate was higher
than the 3.90 percent increase in unit costs from fiscal year 2008 to
2009 for community nursing homes.
[35] GAO recommended that VA use cost assumptions for estimating
nursing home spending that are consistent with VA's recent experience
or report the rationale for using cost assumptions that are not
consistent with recent experience. See GAO, VA Health Care: Long-Term
Care Strategic Planning and Budgeting Need Improvement, [hyperlink,
http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-145] (Washington, D.C.: Jan. 23, 2009).
[36] CHAMPVA also provides coverage for spouses and children of those
who died in the line of duty or from a service-connected disability.
Eligibility for spouses also includes widowed spouses. See 38 U.S.C. §
1781.
[37] VA considers members to be those who access CHAMPVA services.
[38] Health-care-related initiatives also accounted for 1 percent of
VA's health care budget estimate for the advance appropriations
request for fiscal year 2012.
[39] VA is required to reimburse full-time board-certified physicians
and dentists for continuing professional education expenses up to
$1,000 per year. 38 U.S.C. § 7411.
[40] This account does not include construction funding because
separate appropriations provide funding for "Major" and "Minor"
construction.
[41] VA has statutory authority to collect certain costs of providing
health care services from third parties, such as private health
insurers, and veterans' copayments. VA credits these sums to a
collections fund and may transfer them to its Medical Services account.
[42] According to OMB staff, the OMB decision and appeals process
involves the Director of OMB and in some cases, the President.
[End of section]
GAO's Mission:
The Government Accountability Office, the audit, evaluation and
investigative arm of Congress, exists to support Congress in meeting
its constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance
and accountability of the federal government for the American people.
GAO examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and
policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance
to help Congress make informed oversight, policy, and funding
decisions. GAO's commitment to good government is reflected in its core
values of accountability, integrity, and reliability.
Obtaining Copies of GAO Reports and Testimony:
The fastest and easiest way to obtain copies of GAO documents at no
cost is through GAO's Web site [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov]. Each
weekday, GAO posts newly released reports, testimony, and
correspondence on its Web site. To have GAO e-mail you a list of newly
posted products every afternoon, go to [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov]
and select "E-mail Updates."
Order by Phone:
The price of each GAO publication reflects GAO’s actual cost of
production and distribution and depends on the number of pages in the
publication and whether the publication is printed in color or black and
white. Pricing and ordering information is posted on GAO’s Web site,
[hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/ordering.htm].
Place orders by calling (202) 512-6000, toll free (866) 801-7077, or
TDD (202) 512-2537.
Orders may be paid for using American Express, Discover Card,
MasterCard, Visa, check, or money order. Call for additional
information.
To Report Fraud, Waste, and Abuse in Federal Programs:
Contact:
Web site: [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/fraudnet/fraudnet.htm]:
E-mail: fraudnet@gao.gov:
Automated answering system: (800) 424-5454 or (202) 512-7470:
Congressional Relations:
Ralph Dawn, Managing Director, dawnr@gao.gov:
(202) 512-4400:
U.S. Government Accountability Office:
441 G Street NW, Room 7125:
Washington, D.C. 20548:
Public Affairs:
Chuck Young, Managing Director, youngc1@gao.gov:
(202) 512-4800:
U.S. Government Accountability Office:
441 G Street NW, Room 7149:
Washington, D.C. 20548: