The incidents occurred on 25-26 November 2009, following a
confrontation by police from the Mine Police (a section of the Congolese
National Police responsible for security at mines) and a group of artisanal
miners, known locally as ‘creuseurs’ (diggers) who had been extracting minerals
from within land covered by a mining concession operated by the Compagnie Minière
du Sud Katanga, which at the time of the incident was jointly owned by Entreprise Générale
Malta Forrest, a subsidiary of Group Forrest International, and La Générale des Carrières et des Mines (Gécamines), with Entreprise Générale Malta Forrest
owning 60% of the shares and being responsible for running the mine.

The mine has operated in the area since 1923, and the village of Kawama
has existed since at least the 1950s (when the area was part of the Belgian
Congo). The village has an economy based upon agriculture and charcoal burning,
but also includes shops, restaurants, hotels, a small cinema and other
businesses. In October and November 2009 a large number of creuseurs had moved
into the village, which lies partially within the Compagnie Minière concession,
and began to extract minerals (copper and cobalt) illegally. The creuseurs were
not from the village, and many constructed temporary cabanes (shacks), though
some villagers have admitted renting rooms to them.

On 2 November 2009 the Compagnie Minière du Sud Katanga made a
complaint to the Provincial Governor of Katanga, and from 17 to 22 November the
Mine Police made a series of visits to the village, warning (via megaphone)
that the creuseurs should leave the area and that they would be forcibly
removed if they did not. No threats were made against the villagers of Kawama
at any point.

At dawn on 24 November 2009 the Mine Police again returned to
Kawama, apparently to attempt to move on the creuseurs, also demanding to
search the homes of permanent villagers for stolen minerals, which was refused
as the police did not have warrants (some of the villagers have since admitted
that minerals were stored within their homes). The confrontation appears to
have become increasingly violent, with a truck belonging to Entreprise Générale
Malta Forrest being set on fire, mine workers being attacked as they arrived at
the concession and some reports of shots being fired.

The Mine Police requested support from the national police and army,
with about 300 additional personnel reaching the scene by about 8.00 am. They
also requisitioned a number of bulldozers and a mechanical digger from Entreprise Générale
Malta Forrest. At about 9.00 am the police re-entered the village, observed by
senior officials the Provincial Ministry of the Interior and Entreprise Générale
Malta Forrest, and began to demolish both cabanes belonging to the creuseurs
and permanent (brick-built) homes belonging to the villagers.

A bulldozer demolishes a house during the forced eviction
of hundreds of residents at Kawama, DRC on 24 November 2009. Picture taken from
a video of the events. Jeff Mbiya/Amnesty International.

Demolitions were carried out in three neighbourhoods of the village,
Lukuni-Gare, Bikwano and Sampasa. No warning was given before the demolitions
began, and the pattern of demolitions was apparently random. The police and Entreprise Générale
Malta Forrest have since claimed that only shacks belonging to creuseurs were
demolished, and not the brick-built homes of the villagers, but photographs and
film taken by a local non-governmental organisation (Action contrel’impunitépour les droits humains) and subsequently shown on a Congolese TV station (Radio
Television Wantashi) and uploaded to YouTube clearly shows brick-built
structures being demolished; nor is it clear how it would be possible to
demolish only one type of structure with the equipment used, given that the
shacks were closely intermixed with the houses.

Security forces in the village of Kawama, DRC during
the forced eviction of hundreds of residents on 24 November 2009. Picture taken
from a video of the events. Jeff Mbiya/Amnesty International.

A number of villagers report being approached by members of the
police and asked to make payments to avoid having their homes demolished.
Several villagers allegedly made such payments but still had properties
demolished.

Demolitions ceased on 24 November 2009 when a Battalion Commander
with the Congolese Police Militaire (Military Police) arrived at the scene to
investigate reports of shots being fired, and ordered that the action was
halted, as they were illegal, unjust and being carried out without an order
from the Public Prosecutor (a requirement under Congolese law). However the
police returned to the village the next morning (25 November 2009), and
demolished a number of properties in the neighbourhood of Lukuni-Gare. Again
villagers were given no warning of the action, and the buildings were
apparently targeted at random.

A bulldozer demolishes a brick structure during the
forced eviction of hundreds of residents at Kawama, DRC on 24 November 2009.
Picture taken from a video of events. Jeff Mbiya/Amnesty International.

Following the events of November 2009 the Procureur Général (Public
Prosecutor) of Lubumbashi opened an investigation into the demolitions, with a
view to bringing a criminal prosecution. The Avocat Général (Assistant Public
Prosecutor), Augustin Nzey, carried out an investigation in which the sites of
the incidents were visited and villagers, police personnel, representatives of
the mining companies and other witnesses were interviewed. Nzey established
that 421 buildings were demolished during the evictions, and that the action
was taken on the order of an official of the Provincial Ministry of the
Interior (who was present during the operation), and that senior police
officers present were aware this did not constitute proper authority for the
action, but were unable or unwilling to oppose the ministry official.

Corrugated sheet metal and piles of brick and rubble
lie on the ground two days after the forced eviction of hundreds of people in
Kawama, Democratic Republic ofCongo, 26 November 2009.Action contrel’impunité
pour les droitshumains/Amnesty International.

Following his investigation Nzey prepared a prosecution under
Article 110 of the Democratic Republic of Congo’s Penal Code for malicious
destruction of property, against the ministry official, the senior commander of
the Mine Police present and the drivers of the Entreprise Générale Malta Forrest
vehicles. Under this article a person who malicious damages buildings belonging
to another can face fines or even a prison sentence. However having prepared
this case he was ordered by officials in both the central and provincial
governments not to proceed, as the case had political implications, and instead
the Governor of the Province of Katanga would provide compensation for victims
based upon the evidence gathered.

Bricks and rubble and partially demolished structures
lie where homes once stood in Kawama, DRC. Some residents constructedtemporary
shelters out of the rubble and plastic sheeting, 26 November 2009. Action
contrel’impunité pour les droits humains/Amnesty International.

In June 2013 the Procureur Général announced the retirement of
Augustin Nzey, under the terms of the Congolese Magistrates’ Statute, which
states that a magistrate must retire when he reaches 65 or has completed 35
years of continuous public service. At the time of the announcement Nzey was
only 62 years old, and while he had first been appointed a magistrate 35 years
previously, he had not completed 35 years of service, continuous or otherwise,
as he had, along with over 300 other magistrates, been dismissed by former
President Laurent-Désiré Kabila on 6 November 1998, being reinstated by the
current President, Joseph Kabila in November 2003. Nzey maintains that his
dismissal was politically motivated, as he had been too thorough in his
investigation of the Kawama evictions.

A red cross flag hangs on a wall left standing in the remains
of a medical centre following the demolition of hundreds of homes and structures
in Kawama, DRC, 26 November 2009. Action contrel’impunité pour les droits humains/Amnesty
International.

Representatives of Amnesty International have visited Kawama on a
number of occasions since 2009, and inspected the damage to properties in the
neighbourhoods of Bikwano and Sampasa. They were unable to visit Lukuni-Gare as
it can only be reached by a road controlled by the Compagnie Minière du Sud
Katanga, who refused entry, but were able to talk with residents of this
neighbourhood elsewhere in the village. They discovered that the demolitions
had had a mixed impact upon the victims in Kawama. Some people had been able to
rebuild their homes quite quickly, some completing the task within a few
months. Others lacked the financial resources to do this, and spent a long time
living either in temporary structures or partially rebuilt homes; some were
still living in tents made from plastic sheeting in September 2014, the date of
the most recent visit to the site.

Alexandre Kamara used to run a small business out of his
house, butboth the house and the businesswere destroyed in the demolition
in November 2009. When Amnesty International researchers visited Kawama in 2014,
he was still living in a tent made of plastic sheeting and had been unable to
restart his business or rebuild his house due to a lack of resources.
Photograph taken 22 September 2014. Amnesty International.

People who ran businesses from their homes were particularly badly
hit, as they lost both their homes and their incomes in the demolitions, and
subsequently lacked the means to rebuild, and several of these were among those
still living in temporary structures in 2014. This loss of income had a variety
of knock-on effects, such as children being withdrawn from school due to loss
of the ability to pay school fees.

Rubble and brick lie amongst the remains of a
partially demolished hotel after the forced eviction in Kawama, DRC. The hotel is
listed in the census of victims and their losses compiled by the Assistant Public
Prosecutor. 26 November 2006. Action contrel’impunité pour les droits humains/Amnesty
International.

Despite the promise that villagers would be compensated fully for
their loss by the provincial government, the local community group Association
de Défense des Intérêts de Kawama informed Amnesty International that the
Governor’s office had found it necessary to simplify the process by sorting the
villagers into four bands which each receive a fixed amount based upon the size
of their losses, with bands set at US$20 000, US$15 000, US$10 000 and US$6000,
though they were only able to obtain this information orally, not gain a
written account of the settlement or how it would be paid. They were later
informed that these sums would not be paid as they were considered to be too high,
and a revised scheme was proposed with three bands, at US$6000, US$3000 and
US$1500. The villagers felt obliged to accept this proposal, as they had no
prospect of gaining other compensation, but have still yet to be paid anything.

The rubble has been removed, but the walls of the
partially demolished structures visible in the above picture still standin front
of the Luisiwishi mine in Kawama, DRC
almost five years after the demolition of hundreds of homes and structures in November
2009. This photograph was taken in September 2014. Amnesty International.

The Forrest Group has repeatedly claimed that only shacks occupied
by creuseurs were demolished, and not the homes of permanent villagers. Amnesty
International asserts that demolishing the shacks of the creuseurs would in
itself be an illegal action, but in order to gain further evidence of the
incident (i.e. independent of eye-witness statements or the investigation of
the Avocat Général), asked the American Association for the Advancement of Science to assess the number of buildings destroyed from satellite data. The American
Association for the Advancement of Science used two sets of photographs, from
May 2009 and May 2010 (the first six months before the demolitions and before
the arrival of the creuseurs, the second six months after the incident), and
found that 162 buildings were destroyed in Lukuni-Gare, 152 in Sampasa and 185
in Bikwano, for a total of 387 structures demolished out of 617 present in the
three neighbourhoods in May 2009. This is slightly smaller than the figure
reached by the Avocat Général, but this is roughly what would be expected, as
smaller structures might not appear in satellite images, some structures would
be obscured by cloud cover, and some had been rebuilt on the same spot within
six months. The observed losses were consistent with video and photographs
taken at the time of the incident and provided to Amnesty International.

The Forrest Group has further repeatedly stated that its employees
were acting under duress when they took part in the demolitions, stating that
the drivers of the equipment feared for their lives due to the emotional state
of the police during the incident. However it has never lodged a complaint with
the Congolese authorities about the requisitioning of its equipment for use in
illegal activities, nor for threats being made against its personnel, and
neither has it acknowledged that it bears responsibility for having initially
requested the operation which resulted in the demolitions.

In Lukuni-Gare, between 31 May 2009 (A) and 15 May
2010(B), 162 structures were removed (red dots) and 76 structures were added
(blue dots), while 50 structures appear in both images (greendots). Coordinates
27.431 E, 11.511 S. Digital Globe/American Association for the Advancement of
Science/Amnesty International.

In Bikwano and Sampasa, between 31 May 2009 (A) and
15 May 2010 (B), 152 structures were removed (red dots) and 128structures were
added (blue dots) to Sampasa. During the same time period, 73 structures were
removed and 173 structures were added to Bikwano. Green dot represent
structures present on both dates.Coordinates 27.445 E, 11.505 S. Digital Globe/American
Association for the Advancement of Science/Amnesty International.

Almost five years after the demolition of homes and forced
eviction of hundreds of residents in Kawama, DRC some people have been unable to
fully rebuild their houses and still live in the partially demolished
structures. Photograph taken 22 September 2014. Amnesty International.

The Forrest Group sold its share in the Compagnie Minière du Sud
Katanga in September 2012, before the mediation process set up by the Belgian
National Contact Point was due to start. On this basis the National Contact
Point announced that it would not make a decision on responsibility for the
matter. Instead the Forrest Group offered to carry out some work in the village
via its charitable trust, renovating a water processing plant, improving
maternity facilities and building a new pharmacy. This was rejected by the NGOs
on the basis that (1) it did not represent adequate compensation for the damage
caused, and (2) that it should not be possible for a company to claim
charitable status for work carried out in response to damage caused by the
company.

Itala Marguerite and Jeanne Mujinga stand near
theirhomes and explain the effect of the demolition on them.Photograph taken 22
April 2012. Amnesty International.

Amnesty International further report that on 30 May 2014 a
delegation including the Provincial Minister of Interior and the Provincial
Minister of Mines and including representatives of the Compagnie Minière du Sud
Katanga, the United Nations OrganizationStabilization Mission in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, and several local NGOs and members of the
media visited the Lukuni-Gare neighbourhood in response to claims by NGOs that
security forces had been using excessive force in their on-going dispute with
the creuseurs, resulting in a number of incidents in which both creuseurs and
villagers had been severely injured or even killed. On this occasion government
officials threatened to demolish the entire neighbourhood, as it contained
temporary structures that they believed indicated the presence of creuseurs.

On 26 June a second delegation, comprising the Provincial Minister
of Interior, the District Police Commissioner, the Territorial Administrator,
the secretary of the District du haut Katanga, and a police colonel, again
visited the neighbourhood and threatened to demolish the entire settlement
unless all tents were removed, despite protests that many such tents were
occupied by long-term residents of the village who had lost their homes in the
initial demolitions, and many of whom were both living in and operating
businesses from the tents. The tents have subsequently been removed by the
villagers out of fear of further action.

Those who lost their homes made a variety of temporary
living arrangements in the immediate aftermath of the demolitions. Some
constructed temporary shelters out of the rubble, corrugated iron sheets and
plastic sheeting, 26 November 2009. Action contrel’impunité pour les
droits humains/Amnesty International.

Based upon the data collected Amnesty International makes the
following recommendations:

Authorities in the Democratic Republic of Congo should seek to find
an appropriate remedy for the problems of the people of Kawama, including
adequate recompense for all losses made during the 2009 evictions.The
Democratic Republic of Congo should also seek to bring legal prosecutions
against all those found to have violated human rights or committed criminal offences
during the evictions.Authorities in the Democratic Republic of Congo should
refrain from any further evictions, or threats of evictions, as a way of
controlling the problems with creuseurs. Nor should the carry out any form of
forced evictions, nor any evictions which are not performed in a way consistent
with the rule of law.

The Forrest Mining Group should acknowledge that the incident
represented an abuse of human rights, and acknowledge its role in contributing
to these abuses. Furthermore the company should take action to ensure that the
villagers are adequately compensated for all losses sustained during the
demolitions. The company should also seek to set up due diligence systems to
ensure that it is not involved in, or responsible for, human rights abuses
wherever it operates.

Gécamines should seek to publicly oppose the use of demolitions or
threats of demolitions as a way to control creuseurs, and when requesting
action from the authorities should require that this is done in a way that
conforms with human rights laws. As the current owner and operator of the CompagnieMinière
du Sud Katanga, Gécamines should seek to ensure that villagers in Kawama
receive adequate compensation for all previous abuses, including all losses
brought about by the evictions. Furthermore the company should make a public
commitment to human rights, an take steps to ensure that these rights are
respected at all the companies opperations.

The government of Belgium should seek to immediately engage with the
Forrest Group, and ensure that a remedy is found to the human rights abuses
that took place at Kawama in November 2014. The government should further
engage with the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo and urge them to
properly investigate the human rights abuses at Kawama and act upon these
investigations, and furthermore provide the Democratic Republic of Congo with
technical assistance to improve conditions in the mining areas of Katanga
Province. Finally Belgium should unertake sufficient legal and policy reforms
to ensure that companies domiciled in the country carry out due diligence with
regard to human rights throughout global operations, and ensure that state
support is only given to companies which put in place such due diligence
procedures.

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About Me

Studied Palaeobiology & Evolution at the University of Portsmouth, Geosciences via the Open University & Ecology and Conservation at Christchurch University, Canterbury.
Have worked in wildlife based tourism, mineral exploration, development, conservation, education & environmental chemistry. Occasionally write articles for papers and magazines.

This Blog would be impossible without the work of countless scientists (and others) throughout the world. Where possible I do my best to credit them, but there will always be many more who remain unmentioned; this does not imply I am ungrateful for their contributions. Any errors or inaccuracies are, of course, my own.