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description

The
bitmap program is a rudimentary tool for creating or
editing rectangular images made up of 1’s and
0’s. Bitmaps are used in X for defining clipping
regions, cursor shapes, icon shapes, and tile and stipple
patterns.

The
bmtoa and atobm filters convert bitmap
files (FILE FORMAT) to and from ASCII strings. They are most
commonly used to quickly print out bitmaps and to generate
versions for including in text.

bitmap widget

Bitmap widget is a stand-alone widget for editing raster images.
It is not designed to edit large images, although it may be used
in that purpose as well. It can be freely incorporated with other
applications and used as a standard editing tool. The following
are the resources provided by the bitmap widget.

Bitmap Widget

Header file

Bitmap.h

Class

bitmapWidgetClass

Class Name

Bitmap

Superclass

Bitmap

All the Simple Widget resources plus ...

Name

Class

Type

Default Value

foreground

Foreground

Pixel

XtDefaultForeground

highlight

Highlight

Pixel

XtDefaultForeground

framing

Framing

Pixel

XtDefaultForeground

gridTolerance

GridTolerance

Dimension

8

size

Size

String

32x32

dashed

Dashed

Boolean

True

grid

Grid

Boolean

True

stippled

Stippled

Boolean

True

proportional

Proportional

Boolean

True

axes

Axes

Boolean

False

squareWidth

SquareWidth

Dimension

16

squareHeight

SquareHeight

Dimension

16

margin

Margin

Dimension

16

xHot

XHot

Position

NotSet (-1)

yHot

YHot

Position

NotSet (-1)

button1Function

Button1Function

DrawingFunction

Set

button2Function

Button2Function

DrawingFunction

Invert

button3Function

Button3Function

DrawingFunction

Clear

button4Function

Button4Function

DrawingFunction

Invert

button5Function

Button5Function

DrawingFunction

Invert

filename

Filename

String

None ("")

basename

Basename

String

None ("")

colors

If you would like bitmap to be viewable in color, include the
following in the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with
xrdb:

*customization: -color

This will cause bitmap to pick up the colors in the app-defaults
color customization file:

/etc/X11/app-defaults/Bitmap-color

command line options

Bitmap supports the standard X Toolkit command line
arguments (see X(7)). The following additional arguments
are supported as well.
-sizeWIDTHxHEIGHT

Turns proportional mode on or off. If proportional mode is on,
square width is equal to square height. If proportional mode is
off, bitmap will use the smaller square dimension, if they
were initially different.

-dashesfilename

Specifies the bitmap to be used as a stipple for dashing.

-stipplefilename

Specifies the bitmap to be used as a stipple for highlighting.

-hlcolor

Specifies the color used for highlighting.

-frcolor

Specifies the color used for the frame and grid lines.

filename

Specifies the bitmap to be initially loaded into the program. If
the file does not exist, bitmap will assume it is a new
file.

basename

Specifies the basename to be used in the C code output file. If
it is different than the basename in the working file,
bitmap will change it when saving the file.

Bmtoa accepts the following option:
-charscc

This option specifies the pair of characters to use in the string
version of the bitmap. The first character is used for 0 bits and
the second character is used for 1 bits. The default is to use
dashes (-) for 0’s and sharp signs (#) for 1’s.

Atobm accepts the following options:
-charscc

This option specifies the pair of characters to use when
converting string bitmaps into arrays of numbers. The first
character represents a 0 bit and the second character represents
a 1 bit. The default is to use dashes (-) for 0’s and sharp
signs (#) for 1’s.

-namevariable

This option specifies the variable name to be used when writing
out the bitmap file. The default is to use the basename of the
filename command line argument or leave it blank if the
standard input is read.

-xhotnumber

This option specifies the X coordinate of the hotspot. Only
positive values are allowed. By default, no hotspot information
is included.

-yhotnumber

This option specifies the Y coordinate of the hotspot. Only
positive values are allowed. By default, no hotspot information
is included.

cut and paste

Bitmap supports two cut and paste mechanisms; the internal cut
and paste and the global X selection cut and paste. The internal
cut and paste is used when executing copy and move drawing
commands and also cut and copy commands from the edit menu. The
global X selection cut and paste is used whenever there is a
highlighted area of a bitmap image displayed anywhere on the
screen. To copy a part of image from another bitmap editor simply
highlight the desired area by using the Mark command or pressing
the shift key and dragging the area with the left mouse button.
When the selected area becomes highlighted, any other
applications (such as xterm, etc.) that use primary selection
will discard their selection values and unhighlight the
appropriate information. Now, use the Paste command for the Edit
menu or control mouse button to copy the selected part of image
into another (or the same) bitmap application. If you attempt to
do this without a visible highlighted image area, the bitmap will
fall back to the internal cut and paste buffer and paste whatever
was there stored at the moment.

drawing commands

Here is the list of drawing commands accessible through the
buttons at the left side of the application’s window. Some
commands can be aborted by pressing A inside the bitmap window,
allowing the user to select different guiding points where
applicable.
Clear

This command clears all bits in the bitmap image. The grid
squares will be set to the background color. Pressing C inside
the bitmap window has the same effect.

Set

This command sets all bits in the bitmap image. The grid squares
will be set to the foreground color. Pressing S inside the bitmap
window has the same effect.

Invert

This command inverts all bits in the bitmap image. The grid
squares will be inverted appropriately. Pressing I inside the
bitmap window has the same effect.

Mark

This command is used to mark an area of the grid by dragging out
a rectangular shape in the highlighting color. Once the area is
marked, it can be operated on by a number of commands (see Up,
Down, Left, Right, Rotate, Flip, Cut, etc.) Only one marked
area can be present at any time. If you attempt to mark another
area, the old mark will vanish. The same effect can be achieved
by pressing Shift-MouseButton1 and dragging out a
rectangle in the grid window. Pressing Shift-MouseButton2
will mark the entire grid area.

Unmark

This command will cause the marked area to vanish. The same
effect can be achieved by pressing Shift-MouseButton3.

Copy

This command is used to copy an area of the grid from one
location to another. If there is no marked grid area displayed,
Copy behaves just like Mark described above. Once
there is a marked grid area displayed in the highlighting color,
this command has two alternative behaviors. If you click a mouse
button inside the marked area, you will be able to drag the
rectangle that represents the marked area to the desired
location. After you release the mouse button, the area will be
copied. If you click outside the marked area, Copy will
assume that you wish to mark a different region of the bitmap
image, thus it will behave like Mark again.

Move

This command is used to move an area of the grid from one
location to another. Its behavior resembles the behavior of
Copy command, except that the marked area will be moved
instead of copied.

Flip Horizontally

This command will flip the bitmap image with respect to the
horizontal axes. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it
will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing H inside the
bitmap window has the same effect.

Up

This command moves the bitmap image one pixel up. If a marked
area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the
marked area. Pressing UpArrow inside the bitmap window has the
same effect.

Flip Vertically

This command will flip the bitmap image with respect to the
vertical axes. If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it
will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing V inside the
bitmap window has the same effect.

Left

This command moves the bitmap image one pixel to the left. If a
marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only
inside the marked area. Pressing LeftArrow inside the bitmap
window has the same effect.

Fold

This command will fold the bitmap image so that the opposite
corners become adjacent. This is useful when creating bitmap
images for tiling. Pressing F inside the bitmap window has the
same effect.

Right

This command moves the bitmap image one pixel to the right. If a
marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only
inside the marked area. Pressing RightArrow inside the bitmap
window has the same effect.

Rotate Left

This command rotates the bitmap image 90 degrees to the left
(counter clockwise.) If a marked area of the grid is highlighted,
it will operate only inside the marked area. Pressing L inside
the bitmap window has the same effect.

Down

This command moves the bitmap image one pixel down. If a marked
area of the grid is highlighted, it will operate only inside the
marked area. Pressing DownArrow inside the bitmap window has the
same effect.

Rotate Right

This command rotates the bitmap image 90 degrees to the right
(clockwise.) If a marked area of the grid is highlighted, it will
operate only inside the marked area. Pressing R inside the bitmap
window has the same effect.

Point

This command will change the grid squares underneath the mouse
pointer if a mouse button is being pressed down. If you drag the
mouse button continuously, the line may not be continuous,
depending on the speed of your system and frequency of mouse
motion events.

Curve

This command will change the grid squares underneath the mouse
pointer if a mouse button is being pressed down. If you drag the
mouse button continuously, it will make sure that the line is
continuous. If your system is slow or bitmap receives very
few mouse motion events, it might behave quite strangely.

Line

This command will change the gird squares in a line between two
squares. Once you press a mouse button in the grid window,
bitmap will highlight the line from the square where the
mouse button was initially pressed to the square where the mouse
pointer is located. By releasing the mouse button you will cause
the change to take effect, and the highlighted line will
disappear.

Rectangle

This command will change the gird squares in a rectangle between
two squares. Once you press a mouse button in the grid window,
bitmap will highlight the rectangle from the square where
the mouse button was initially pressed to the square where the
mouse pointer is located. By releasing the mouse button you will
cause the change to take effect, and the highlighted rectangle
will disappear.

Filled Rectangle

This command is identical to Rectangle, except at the end
the rectangle will be filled rather than outlined.

Circle

This command will change the gird squares in a circle between two
squares. Once you press a mouse button in the grid window,
bitmap will highlight the circle from the square where the
mouse button was initially pressed to the square where the mouse
pointer is located. By releasing the mouse button you will cause
the change to take effect, and the highlighted circle will
disappear.

Filled Circle

This command is identical to Circle, except at the end the
circle will be filled rather than outlined.

Flood Fill

This command will flood fill the connected area underneath the
mouse pointer when you click on the desired square. Diagonally
adjacent squares are not considered to be connected.

Set Hot Spot

This command designates one square in the grid as the hot spot if
this bitmap image is to be used for defining a cursor. Pressing a
mouse button in the desired square will cause a diamond shape to
be displayed.

Clear Hot Spot

This command removes any designated hot spot from the bitmap
image.

Undo

This command will undo the last executed command. It has depth
one, that is, pressing Undo after Undo will undo
itself.

editing

To edit a bitmap image simply click on one of the buttons with
drawing commands (Point, Curve, Line, Rectangle, etc.) and
move the pointer into the bitmap grid window. Press one of the
buttons on your mouse and the appropriate action will take place.
You can either set, clear or invert the gird squares. Setting a
grid square corresponds to setting a bit in the bitmap image to
1. Clearing a grid square corresponds to setting a bit in the
bitmap image to 0. Inverting a grid square corresponds to
changing a bit in the bitmap image from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0,
depending what its previous state was. The default behavior of
mouse buttons is as specified below.

MouseButton1

Set

MouseButton2

Invert

MouseButton3

Clear

MouseButton4

Clear

MouseButton5

Clear

This default behavior can be changed by setting the button
function resources. An example is provided below.

bitmap*button1Function: Set

bitmap*button2Function: Clear

bitmap*button3Function: Invert

etc.

The button function applies to all drawing commands, including
copying, moving and pasting, flood filling and setting the hot
spot.

edit menu

The Edit menu commands can be accessed by pressing the Edit
button and selecting the appropriate menu entry, or by pressing
Meta key with another key. These commands deal with editing
facilities such as grid, axes, zooming, cut and paste, etc.
Image

This command will display the image being edited and its inverse
in its actual size in a separate window. The window can be moved
away to continue with editing. Pressing the left mouse button in
the image window will cause it to disappear from the screen.

Grid

This command controls the grid in the editing area. If the grid
spacing is below the value specified by gridTolerance resource (8
by default), the grid will be automatically turned off. It can be
enforced by explicitly activating this command.

Dashed

This command controls the stipple for drawing the grid lines. The
stipple specified by dashes resource can be turned on or off by
activating this command.

Axes

This command controls the highlighting of the main axes of the
image being edited. The actual lines are not part of the image.
They are provided to aid user when constructing symmetrical
images, or whenever having the main axes highlighted helps your
editing.

Stippled

This command controls the stippling of the highlighted areas of
the bitmap image. The stipple specified by stipple resource can
be turned on or off by activating this command.

Proportional

This command controls the proportional mode. If the proportional
mode is on, width and height of all image squares are forced to
be equal, regardless of the proportions of the bitmap window.

Zoom

This command controls the zoom mode. If there is a marked area of
the image already displayed, bitmap will automatically zoom into
it. Otherwise, user will have to highlight an area to be edited
in the zoom mode and bitmap will automatically switch into it.
One can use all the editing commands and other utilities in the
zoom mode. When you zoom out, undo command will undo the whole
zoom session.

Cut

This commands cuts the contents of the highlighted image area
into the internal cut and paste buffer.

Copy

This command copies the contents of the highlighted image area
into the internal cut and paste buffer.

Paste

This command will check if there are any other bitmap
applications with a highlighted image area, or if there is
something in the internal cut and paste buffer and copy it to the
image. To place the copied image, click in the editing window and
drag the outlined image to the position where you want to place
i, and then release the button.

file menu

The File menu commands can be accessed by pressing the File
button and selecting the appropriate menu entry, or by pressing
Ctrl key with another key. These commands deal with files and
global bitmap parameters, such as size, basename, filename etc.

New

This command will clear the editing area and prompt for the name
of the new file to be edited. It will not load in the new file.

Load

This command is used to load a new bitmap file into the bitmap
editor. If the current image has not been saved, user will be
asked whether to save or ignore the changes. The editor can edit
only one file at a time. If you need interactive editing, run a
number of editors and use cut and paste mechanism as described
below.

Insert

This command is used to insert a bitmap file into the image being
currently edited. After being prompted for the filename, click
inside the grid window and drag the outlined rectangle to the
location where you want to insert the new file.

Save

This command will save the bitmap image. It will not prompt for
the filename unless it is said to be <none>. If you leave
the filename undesignated or -, the output will be piped to
stdout.

Save As

This command will save the bitmap image after prompting for a new
filename. It should be used if you want to change the filename.

Resize

This command is used to resize the editing area to the new number
of pixels. The size should be entered in the WIDTHxHEIGHT format.
The information in the image being edited will not be lost unless
the new size is smaller that the current image size. The editor
was not designed to edit huge files.

Rescale

This command is used to rescale the editing area to the new width
and height. The size should be entered in the WIDTHxHEIGHT
format. It will not do antialiasing and information will be lost
if you rescale to the smaller sizes. Feel free to add you own
algorithms for better rescaling.

Filename

This command is used to change the filename without changing the
basename nor saving the file. If you specify - for a filename,
the output will be piped to stdout.

Basename

This command is used to change the basename, if a different one
from the specified filename is desired.

Quit

This command will terminate the bitmap application. If the file
was not saved, user will be prompted and asked whether to save
the image or not. This command is preferred over killing the
process.

usage

Bitmap displays grid in which each square represents a
single bit in the picture being edited. Actual size of the bitmap
image, as it would appear normally and inverted, can be obtained
by pressing Meta-I key. You are free to move the image
popup out of the way to continue editing. Pressing the left mouse
button in the popup window or Meta-I again will remove the
real size bitmap image.

If the bitmap is to be used for defining a cursor, one of the
squares in the images may be designated as the hot spot. This
determines where the cursor is actually pointing. For cursors
with sharp tips (such as arrows or fingers), this is usually at
the end of the tip; for symmetric cursors (such as crosses or
bullseyes), this is usually at the center.

Bitmaps are stored as small C code fragments suitable for
including in applications. They provide an array of bits as well
as symbolic constants giving the width, height, and hot spot (if
specified) that may be used in creating cursors, icons, and
tiles.

widgets

Below is the widget structure of the bitmap application.
Indentation indicates hierarchical structure. The widget class
name is given first, followed by the widget instance name. All
widgets except the bitmap widget are from the standard Athena
widget set.

Bitmap bitmap

TransientShell image

Box box

Label normalImage

Label invertedImage

TransientShell input

Dialog dialog

Command okay

Command cancel

TransientShell error

Dialog dialog

Command abort

Command retry

TransientShell qsave

Dialog dialog

Command yes

Command no

Command cancel

Paned parent

Form formy

MenuButton fileButton

SimpleMenu fileMenu

SmeBSB new

SmeBSB load

SmeBSB insert

SmeBSB save

SmeBSB saveAs

SmeBSB resize

SmeBSB rescale

SmeBSB filename

SmeBSB basename

SmeLine line

SmeBSB quit

MenuButton editButton

SimpleMenu editMenu

SmeBSB image

SmeBSB grid

SmeBSB dashed

SmeBSB axes

SmeBSB stippled

SmeBSB proportional

SmeBSB zoom

SmeLine line

SmeBSB cut

SmeBSB copy

SmeBSB paste

Label status

Pane pane

Bitmap bitmap

Form form

Command clear

Command set

Command invert

Toggle mark

Command unmark

Toggle copy

Toggle move

Command flipHoriz

Command up

Command flipVert

Command left

Command fold

Command right

Command rotateLeft

Command down

Command rotateRight

Toggle point

Toggle curve

Toggle line

Toggle rectangle

Toggle filledRectangle

Toggle circle

Toggle filledCircle

Toggle floodFill

Toggle setHotSpot

Command clearHotSpot

Command undo

author

Davor Matic,
MIT X Consortium

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