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Organelle Functions OrganelleLocationFunction Cell MembraneExternal boundary of the cellConfines cell contents; regulates entry and exit of materials LysosomeThroughout cytoplasmDigests and breaks down old organelles PeroxisomeThroughout cytoplasmBreaks down toxic materials in the cell (alcohol) MitochondriaScattered throughout cellEnergy powerhouse of the cell (ATP) Golgi ApparatusWithin cytoplasmProcess lipids/proteins for export out of the cell Centrioles2 rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus made of microtubulesControls the spindle fibers during mitosis CentrosomeConsists of the 2 centrioles and a mass of proteins near nucleusForm the spindle fibers during mitosis that pulls chromosomes apart Smooth ERWithin cytoplasmSynthesize lipids Rough ERFlattened sacs near nucleusSynthesize proteins RibosomesAttached to Rough ERSynthesize proteins CiliaHair like structures on surface of cell membraneMovement MicrovilliHair like structures on surface of cell membrane (smaller than cilia) Increase surface area of the cell; involved in secretion and absorption MicrotubulesThroughout cytoplasm; part of cytoskeleton; thick proteinsMoves organelles inside the cell; form the spindles during mitosis; compose cilia, flagella, and centrioles MicrofilamentsThroughout cytoplasm; part of the cytoskeleton; thin stringy proteins Moves organelles inside the cell; also involved in muscle contraction NucleolusWithin the nucleusSynthesis of ribosomes NucleusNear the center of the cellContains the genetic information Nuclear Envelope w/ poresExternal boundary of the nucleusAllows materials into and out of the nucleus Knowing functions are not required on the lab, but are helpful when clues are given in the question

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Movements through the membrane: Diffusion Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration No energy required

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Movements through the membrane: Filtration As blood flows through the capillary, smaller molecules are filtered out through tiny openings and larger molecules stay inside