■ Archeological remains■ Written RecordsSources for Early KoreaOld Chosŏn (Kochosŏn/ Chosŏn)Tan’gun Chosŏn:Founded by Tan’gunin BC 2,333 with itscenter in Pyongyang

Contested origin and territorial boundaries400 BC: Developed into a confederated kingdomClaimed to be succeeded by later states: Koryŏ, Chosŏn, and North and South KoreaKija Chosŏn:Founded by Kija, a Chinese princefrom the Yin Dynasty in 1000 BCwith its center inThe Liodong region.

Image of the legendary king from the Sajik Park of Chongno, SeoulKoguryŏ (37 BC?~668 AD)Iron Age (began 400 BC)King Chun deposed by Wiman, a refugee from ChinaWiman Chosŏn fell to Han China and four commandaries established in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.194-180 BC108 BCcontested originsTan’gun Wanggŏm Three Kingdoms/Unified SillaKoguryo 37 BC - 668 ADSilla 57 BC - 935 ADKaya 42 BC - 562 ADPaekche 18 BC - 660 ADOrigin: Founded by Chumong (King Tongmyŏng) from Puyŏ between the Yalu River and the T’ung-chia River basin (north of the current DPRK border with China)

Relations with neighboring countries:Military conflicts with Han, Sui, and Tang. Strategic alliance with Northern and Southern Dynasties of China, Silla, Peakchae, and Turks.

Chinese Cultural Influences: In 372, King Sosurim (371-384) adopted Buddhism as a state religion and established T’aehak, the first Confucian academy in Korea. Adoption of Chinese CharactersCompilation of National History

The Ch’ ŏmsŏngdae observatory in Kyungju

Silla Society and Culture Centralized aristocratic state: the Hwabaek (Council of Nobles) institutionSilla village registers (changjŏk): detailed records of villages (size of the land, census by gender and age, kinds and number of slaves, trees, domestic animals)

Significance: justified the social hierarchy through the concept of karma and rebirth created a spiritual unity in the nation allowed the Koreans to participate in a sophisticated cosmopolitan culture stimulated the development of arts and architecture

Characteristics: Syncretic: merged with Taoism, Shamanism, and Confucianism State Buddhism (Hoguk pulgyo)Buddhism in the Three Kingdom Period▲ Hwarang (flower boy), a member of Silla’s elite military institution.

1. Serve your sovereign with loyalty 2. Attend your parents with filial piety3. Treat your friends with sincerity4. Do not retreat from a battle field5. Be discriminating about the taking of life

Koryŏ(935-1392 AD)The main source of our current knowledge about Koryŏ is History of Koryŏ (Koryŏ sa), which was compiled in the Chosŏn era, between 14th and 15th century, by the order of King Sejong in the style of shiji, or samguk sagi, with annals and biographies. The Jogye Temple in Seoul

Portrait at the Songgwang Templein Sunch’ŏn, South Chŏlla Province

-Entered priesthood through the state exam for Buddhist monks

-Synthesized the Textual School (the Flower Garland Sutra) with the Contemplative School (=Zen Buddhism).

-Established the Jogye sect, which became the biggest sect of Korean Buddhism.

Empress Ki (1320?~ )Dongizhuan(Account of Eastern Barbarians) a section of Sanguozhi (Record of Three Kingdoms)Composed around: 297 AD By: Chen ShouKorean sources:Samguk sagi (History of Three Kingdoms)Date: 1145 AD By: Kim Pusik, a Koryŏ confucian scholar officialConsists of: annals, biographies, and treatises on various topicsSamguk yusa(Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms) Date written: 1279 AD after the Mongol invasionCompiled by: the monk IryŏnIncludes many stories about Buddhism and also other stories of wonders including the earliest record of Tan’gunChinese sources:Shiji (The Historical Record)Date written: 100 BC By: Sima Qian )

T’aejo Yi SŏnggyeChosŏn (1392-1910 )Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC) left writings that advocated the ideal of a civil monarchy led by a sage king and supported by scholar-officials. His writings became a basis of Confucianism, a political, social, ethical, and philosophical system of thought.China, 500 BC, warring states

Chu Hsi (1130-1200) in Song Dynasty developed Neo-Confucianism, a metaphysical reinterpretation of Confucianism that incorporated Taoist and Buddhist cosmology. It is in this synthetic, spiritually reinforced version that Confucianism became more than principles of administration and predominated in the intellectual and cultural life of East Asia until the 19th century.Origins of ConfucianismKangindo, or Honil kangni yŏktae kukto chido

[Map of integrated lands and regions of historical countries and capitals]:

The oldest surviving world map of East Asia.Choson, 1470 [1402]1400Prime Minister Chŏng Tojŏn, a scholar, lawyer, architect, and musicianConfucian Ideal of Writing: Writing should carry the way / Write but do not make up

Although instated in Unified Silla period, became codified in the Chosŏn dynasty. The classics licentiate (saengwŏn) and the literary licentiate (chinsa) exams were held triennially in local cities. In the final exam, which took place in Seoul, the candidates were tested in classics, literary composition (poetry, rhyme-prose, eulogy, admonition, treatise, memorial or edict), and a problem essay. Only 33 civil officials and 28 military officials were chosen.

For the classics examination candidates studied the Four Books and Five Classics.The Civil Service Examination(958~1894)

The Royal Court of Chosŏn The Annals of the Choson Dynastycomprise 1,893 books covering 472 years (1392~1863) of the history of the Choson Dynasty, from the reign of King Taejo, the founder, to the end of the reign of King Cheoljong. The contents of these annals are encyclopedic. Professional officials, who were legally guaranteed independence in their record-keeping and the right to keep secrets, directly collected material, wrote drafts, edited them, and published the annals.Ŭisang Wŏnhyo Five ancient Chinese books on poetry, history, rites, and geomancy, all supposedly compiled or edited by Confucius himself: Classic of ChangesClassic of PoetryClassic of RitesClassic of History Spring and Autumn AnnalsCore Confucian texts on politics, philosophy, and ethics chosen by Chu Hsi:The Great LearningThe Doctrine of the Mean The Analects of ConfuciusThe MenciusThe Four BooksThe Five ClassicsNobody was allowed to read the Draft History, not even the king, and anyone who disclosed its contents was severely punished.1920193019401910Early Colonial Period1910~1919: Japan adopted a military rule and the rice production increase policy; new literature emerged amid the ban on Korean-language periodicals except for the government’s.20s New Culture Movement1919~1931: Japan changed to the “Cultural Rule” and pursued the gradual industrialization of Korea; Koreans organized a variety of activist movements (nationalist, socialist, anarchist, feminist, etc.); Modern literature and arts, including cinema, developed.

1931~1936: Korea became a newly important military and industrial base for Japan after its founding of Manchukuo; Japan spurred the industrialization of Korea as well as tried to establish social stability through the selective repression of radical oppositions; the center of anti-colonialist resistance moved to Manchuria; the industrialization brought about a new middle class of professionals and entrepreneurs; cultural activism declined, but new urban culture flourished in major cities (Korea’s age of modernism). 1937~1945: Korea was increasingly embroiled in Japan’s ever expanding imperial war; to mobilize Korea’s material and human resources, Japan adopted intensive assimilation policies [the exclusive use of Japanese in publications; the change of Korean names into Japanese ones; the promotion of intermarriage; the mandatory worship of Shintoism; and the forced ideological conversion of socialists]; due to the wartime mobilization, nearly 3.5 million Koreans were living overseas by 1944. Colonial Korea (1910-1945)194519461948Cold War (1945-1960)Korea divided into North and South by American and Russian agreement

Unyŏngjŏn: A Love Affair at Royal Palace of Chosŏn KoreaEarly 17th CenturyHong Kiltongauthor Hŏ Kyun (1569~1618)Folk paintings of Princess BariThe Abandoned Princessfrom Chosen fuzoku no kenkyu (1939-1938)“Wretched Married Life”“Song of an Old Maid”KASA (Narrative Poetry)Developed mid 15th centurypopular with both men and womenenjoyed special popularity among elite womenRelevance to modern literature: After the advent of modernity in the 1880s, kasa also served as a main poetic medium for the propagation of modern ideas including Christianity. Sirhak (Practical Learning)reformist intellectual movements in the 17th~19th century.Chŏngjo (1752~1800), a grandson and successor of Yŏngjo, is known as the “Enlightened Monarch” for his interest in new knowledge and science. His premature death at the age of 40 is a subject of much speculation among historians, all the more because Chosŏn began its decline after his death. Yŏngjo the Great (1724~1776) is known to be the wisest king of Chosŏn next only to King Sejong, and his reign, the longest of all Chosŏn kings, is largely remembered a time of peace and prosperity. He managed to keep factional struggles under control and implemented policies that benefited the poor. Chosŏn’s Enlightened Monarch #1Chosŏn’s Enlightened Monarch #2Pak Chega (1750~1805)Discourse on Northern Learning (1778).

Born to a yangban’s concubine, he was Pak Chiwŏn’s disciplie and an erudite literatus. He became an interpreter for royal emissaries to China and tried to spread the new knowledge from Qing to ChosChǒng Yagyong (1762~1836);Sirhak scholar par excellence; Korea’s “renaissance man” Tonghak as a social movement: 1st uprising in April 18942nd uprising in October 1894The Tonghak UprisingTonghak as a religious movement: Ch’oe Cheu’s syncretic doctrine that combines Confucianism with Buddhism, shamanism, and Catholicism; propagated by Ch’oe Sihyŏng (1827-1897) upon the strength of its message of social equality 1894 Sino-Japanese WarDocuments from the Tonghak Peasant UprisingsPak Chiwǒn (1737~1805)Jehol Diary (Yǒrha ilgi; 1790):Record of his travel to Chinaand Satirical novels in Chinese “The Story of Master Hŏ” “Memorial of 1786”“Tools and Techniques” Yi Kwangsu (1892~1950)30s Urban IndustrializationMarch 1st Movement1919Kang Kyǒngae, “Underground Village1936Pak T’aewŏnA Day in the Life of Kubo the Novelist1934Kim Namch’ŏn, Barley 1941Yi T’aejun, Before and After Liberation 1946For what consequences? The arbitrary decision divided, for instance, Kaesŏng into two. After the establishment of separate governments in the north and the south in 1948, the line became the national border between the two Koreas until the outbreak of the Korean War. On August 10, 1945, the day after the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Major Dean Rusk and Colonel Charles H. Bonesteel had 30 minutes to draw the “temporary” line for separate occupation zones; they settled for the 38th parallel for administrative convenience. Mujong(The Heartless)19175th Century BC: Most historians agree that Buddhism originated in northern India 1st Century AD: Brought into China II. Military Rule (1170~1271): In 1170 a group of generals, provoked by the ill treatment of the military under the civil government, staged a coup d’etat. The ruling Ch’oe family kept the royal court in place but created a private organizations to monopolize the administration and the military (1196-1258). Cf) Japan’s shogunate system.III. Mongol Domination (1271~1356)Koryŏ became Yuan’s tributary state and son-in-law country. This colonization brought economic hardship and inspired nationalist passions among the elites, leading to the publication of Korean history and Buddhist scriptures. But it also allowed Koreans to participate in Yuan’s cosmopolitan culture. IV. The Demise of Koryŏ (1356~1392)General Yi Sŏngye and a group of Confucian officials overthrew the corrupt royal court with the aim of establishing a Confucian state.195019511952The First Hot WarGlobally, the Korean War was the first hot war of the cold war era. As such, it substituted for WW III between the two superpowers and enabled “the long peace” of the cold war. (See William Stuek) international effectsSouth Korea became dependent on the U.S. in economy and national defense and came to adopt anti-communist nationalism as its ruling ideology.

North Korea became still closer to China; Kim Ilsung secured his monopoly of power by purging his political rivals for their “responsibility” for the war’s cost. U.S. expanded military presence in East Asia and beyond. Also became suspicious of third-world nationalism in other countries.Europe increased armament with the help from the U.S. USSR lost the trust of China, had to counter the growing military strength of Western Europe.China emerged as the prime victor. After sacrificing nearly one million lives of its soldiers, it proved its capability of withholding against America. Japan was able to restore its economy thanks to the war boom and emerged as a major ally of the U.S. in the region.national effectskim su yong "ha... no shadows"April 3, 1960Kim Chiha“Five Bandits”1970 April 19 Student Movement1960Pak Wansŏ “Identical Apartments,”1974Kong Chiyŏng“Human Decency”1994Kim Pukhyang“The Son”1971Han Ungbin“Second Encounter”1999Na Tohyang, “Samnyong the Mute"1925Samnyong the Mute (1964)Poster and a still scene of Samnyong with his beloved lady