..Individuals carrying the A allele of the IL-9 promoter display increased synthesis of IL-9, which may result in strong Th2 immune responses and a modulation of their susceptibility to infectious, neoplastic, parasitic or atopic disease...

..Several approaches to IL-4 antagonism are or have been in clinical development. This article examines IL-4 and the antagonists that have been developed. Early trial results and the future of anti-IL-4 therapy are discussed...

..Individuals carrying the A allele of the IL-10 promoter may display increased synthesis of IL-10, resulting in suppressed immune responses and a modulation of their susceptibility to autoimmune, infectious, neoplastic, or atopic disease...

..This review focuses on the role that leukotrienes play in various diseases, with the emphasis on allergic diseases, and considers the rationale for choosing either a leukotriene antagonist or synthesis inhibitor as a treatment option...

..Changes in IL-10 protein production were paralleled by similar changes in IL-10 mRNA production. These results demonstrate that changes in IL-10 production observed due to the -571 genotype depend on both cell type and stimulus...

..These results support the concept that cytokines increase expression of both receptors on lymphocytes and granulocytes, allowing these cells to be more responsive to secreted leukotrienes at sites of inflammation...

Modulation by aspirin of nuclear phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 expression: Possible role in therapeutic benefit associated with aspirin desensitization

..The role of hypoxia in chronic sinusitis is unknown. We hypothesized that hypoxia induces production of mediators that recruit cells into the sinus tissue and are involved in remodeling of the nasal mucosa...

..This hypoxia reflects occlusion of the sinus ostia and thereby failure of transepithelial oxygenation, nonvascularized exudates, and the tendency of inflammatory hyperplasia to exceed neovascularization...

..The role of these polymorphisms was investigated in patients with sinusitis and polyps. We performed a prospective study of patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery at a university hospital between 1996 and 2004...

..Our results suggest epithelial cells undergo rapid proliferation in response to LPA resulting in a transient decrease in inflammatory cytokines followed by an upregulation of these cytokines that could lead to increased inflammation...

..Even though eosinophils are an important source of CysLTs in AERD, eosinophils are not themselves the pro-inflammatory biological target and, in contrast, LTE4 via cAMP primarily elicits anti-inflammatory responses. ..

Characterization of a novel human mast cell line that responds to stem cell factor and expresses functional FcεRI

..This review will discuss the techniques used for genetic analysis of complex diseases, some of the important genes that have been replicated in multiple asthma studies, and the future of genetic studies in asthma...

..As such, IL-33 is an attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention with the goal of ameliorating disease. This review focuses on the role of IL-33 in promoting and maintaining the asthma phenotype...

Lack of a role for cross-reacting anti-thyroid antibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria

..Epitopic cross-reactivity does not explain the increased prevalence of HT found in CIU patients. The frequent concurrence of HT and CIU likely reflects a genetic tendency toward autoimmune diseases...

John W SteinkeDepartment of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of AmericaPLoS ONE 10:e0115271. 2015

..Increased levels of both interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ are present in the tissue of AERD subjects. Previous studies demonstrated that IL-4 is primarily responsible for the up-regulation of LTC4S by mast cells...

Opposing actions of (R,R)-isomers and (S,S)-isomers of formoterol on T-cell function