About

Climate of Pakistan

* Background:Pakistan lies between the latitudes of 240-N to 360-N and between the longitudes of 610-E to 750-E. It has an area of 796096 km2. In the west, Pakistan shares its longest boundary line of 2250 km, with Afghanistan. In the south-west, a 950 km long border line separates Pakistan from Iran and in the east a 1600 km border is shared by Pakistan and India. 600 km long border cuts across the high Karakoram Range in the north.

* Physical Profile:

Physically Pakistan is located in an area where all status of land can be simultaneously observed. There are areas of the lowest altitude (height above sea level), on one side, and world’s highest mountain peaks on the other. On this basis, Pakistan is divided into three major land forms:

1. Mountainous Regions2. Plateau Area3. Plains

* Temperature Zones:

Pakistan is divided into four major zones on the basis of temperature variation of these land forms:1. North-Western Mountainous Region2. Upper Indus Plain3. Lower Indus Plain and Coastal Area4. The Balochistan Plateau

1. North-Western Mountainous Region:Winter sustains for eight months in these areas, at times mercury falls below 00 C. They receive rainfall during summers.

2. Upper Indus Plain:In these areas, it is extremely hot in the months of June and July, dust storms blow, tree leaves become dry and whither. In certain areas, temperature goes as high as 500 C. Winters, however, are short and tolerable. At times it gets very cold and uncomfortable, but generally, the sky remains clear and sun makes the climate pleasant.

3. Lower Indus Plain and Coastal Areas:Coastal areas form a part of the lower Indus Plain. Sue to cool breeze blowing from sea, in an area of about of 80 km from the coast, moderate temperature is maintained throughout the year.

4. The Balochistan Plateau:This is a desert area which receives less rainfall than 125 mm rainfall per year. In the most part of the Balochistan...

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

...Subject: Geography
Name: Muhammad Umair
e-mail id: hafizumair92@gmail.com
Climate of Pakistan:
Introduction:
Pakistan lies in the temperature zone. The climate is varied throughout the country, characterized by hot summer and cold winter. The rainfall occur in the upper parts of the Pakistan is usually from the Western Disturbance. From June to September most of the country is lashed by the South West Monsoon.
Pakistan has recorded one of the highest temperatures in the world Mohenjo-daroo, Sindh, 53.5o C (128.3o F) on 26 May, 2010. It is not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan, but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded in the continent of Asia. The factors bringing variation in the climates of Pakistan are latitudinal location, proximity to sea level, rough topography, continentitlity, marine influence in the extreme south, vegetation cover, and soil contents. Climate of Pakistan can be explained as:
1. Latitudinal Extent:
Pakistan is located on a great landmass north of the tropic of Cancer (between latitudes 24° and 37° N), it has a continental type of climate characterized by extreme variations of temperature, both seasonally and daily. The figure shows the position of Pakistan in the world, as its latitudes are...

...﻿Qno: 1. Ideology of Pakistan?
ANSWER:
Introduction
Pakistan is an ideological state and the ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic Ideology. Its basic principles being:
“The only Sovereign is Allah.”
Ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to the faith and creed based on the Islamic principles. Quaid-e-Azam once said:
“Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam.”
From the above statement, it is clear that ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic one.
Two Nation Concepts
The fundamental concept of ideology is that Muslims should get a separate identity. They should have a separate state where they could live according to Islamic rules and principle. On one occasion Quaid-e-Azam said:
“The Muslims demand Pakistan where they can rule in accordance with their own system of life, their culture development, their traditions and Islamic laws.”
Thus, this fundamental concept of ideology led to the concept of two nations in the Sub Continent and resulted in the formation of Pakistan.
Factors Creating the Idea of Separate Homeland
Factors creating the idea of a separate homeland were as follows:
1. Anti Muslim Campaign
The Hindus and British joined hands to destroy the faith, belief, customs and national...

...﻿Solutions to Climate Change
Kyoto Protocol:
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
The debate is over whether it constitutes a good model for future global climate change treaties.
Carbon Offsets:
A carbon offset is a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases to compensate for the offset of an emission made elsewhere.
Carbon offsets are a form of trade.
When you buy an offset, you fund projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Tidal & Wave Energy:
Pros
Wave Energy does not produce any GHG emissions or cause air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels unlike coal, oil or gas.
Wave Energy does not require any fuel like most other sources of energy.
Wave Energy does not lead to pollution disasters like the BP Oil Spill and Coal Deaths which are directly related to Dirty Energy Production.
Wave Energy Generators can be installed in various sizes with as little as 1 MW.
Cons
Wave Power is quite immature, costly and unproven in large scale.
Wave Energy has the potential to generate 100s of gig watts of electricity through.
Wave Power generates power quite far away from the consumption of electricity.
Severe Weather like Storms and Typhoons can be quite devastating on the Wave Power Equipment especially that place on the Sea Floor.
Geothermal Wind:
Pros
Geothermal energy is generally considered environmentally...

...is often unchanging while that along latitude 60’N is variable.”
Briefly describe the formation of low pressure belts in the two regions. Explain the different weather patterns in the two regions with reference to atmospheric circulation and movement of air masses. Discuss the heat transfer processes which take place in the atmosphere in the two regions. Illustrate your answer with examples from the two regions.
The two low pressure belts found at the equator and at 60N are called equatorial low pressure belt and the temperate low pressure zone. Though both are low pressure systems, their weather and heat transfer processes are very different. Their diversion can be viewed under The equatorial zones are distinguished by a hot and wet climate all year round, yet the temperate zones are typified by less stable areas.
The temperature difference between the equator and the poles generates a circulation system which redistributes heat from low latitudes to high latitudes. The rising and sinking of air at different parts of the earth formed by these circulation cells form low-pressure zones and high-pressure zones respectively. Low pressure develops when air rises. A major zone of low pressure exists at the equator, where the sunlight heats the Earth’s surface and air in contact with it, causing it to rise, thus forming this low pressure region. The temperate low pressure belt, on the other hand, is formed by collision with cold polar air. The descending air...

...Causes of Climate Change
Scientific evidence of the world’s changing climate is unequivocal. The expected impacts of the changing climate are likely to adversely affect the well being of all countries and particularly the poorest countries, some of which are in Africa. “The changing climate has been manifested in the form of: increased severity and frequency of droughts; floods and storms; water stress, coastal erosion, and higher incidence of vector borne diseases among others” (Crowley). So what causes these catastrophic disasters? To answer this question, it is important to understand the causes of climate change. Through changes in the greenhouse effect, variations in the sun’s energy reaching the Earth and changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s atmosphere and surface, these crucial factors have impacted Earth’s climate to alter on all time scales.
The Greenhouse Effect is the “warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of a planet that is caused by conversion of solar radiation into heat in a process involving selective transmission of short wave solar radiation by the atmosphere, its absorption by the planet's surface, and re-radiation as infrared which is absorbed and partly reradiated back to the surface by atmospheric gases” (Merriam-Webster). Greenhouse gases (GHGs) like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane absorb energy, slowing or preventing the loss of heat to space. In...

...Climate change to unleash harsh weather on Toronto: Report
By Don Peat,City Hall Bureau Chief
First posted: Tuesday, January 29, 2013 09:48 PM EST | Updated: Tuesday, January 29, 2013 10:59 PM EST
(TORONTO SUN FILES)
A report on the future of Toronto’s climate had the city’s parks committee hot and bothered Tuesday.
Councillors on the committee unanimously accepted a consultant’s report on climate change that projected harsh weather conditions in the city between 2040 and 2049. The report highlighted the need for the city’s infrastructure to be prepared for more extreme weather events.
Councillors approved a climate change working group and asked staff to develop a “climate change adaption toolkit” for city departments to use.
“It is the fiscally responsible thing to do,” Councillor Mary-Margaret McMahon told the committee. “Climate change is staring us right in the eyes.”
Councillor Gord Perks stressed that city officials indicated “our climate will become untenable” and that “people will die.”
“We are unprepared ... it is time we get right back to work on it,” he said.
Although Councillor Norm Kelly, the parks committee chairman, voted to push ahead with the city’s efforts around climate change — he’s still skeptical whether the phenomenon is actually happening.
“I wish the future could be as clear as the futurologists in all fields are suggesting...

...EEOC Complaint Trends
Executive Summary
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission website was very informative in researching current trends in complaints being filed with the EEOC. The EEOC has the responsibility to oversee, investigate, and litigate claims of employment discrimination. I will discuss several EEOC current trends in complaints. First, I will discuss the American Disability Act of 1990. This Act was established to protect disabled people. Then, discuss several disability cases filed by EEOC. For example, Robin Parker-Garcia vs. Gannett Company, Inc. was a popular disability discrimination case filed by EEOC when an bipolar employee was fired because of his disability. Another case filed by the EEOC was the case of McCormick &amp; Schmick. In this case, a complaint was filed by EEOC when this employee was fired because he was deaf. Some disability discrimination laws are similar in other countries to those in the United States. On the hand, there are some countries that do not have discrimination laws to protect the people.
//
EEOC Current Complaint Trends
Upon review of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission website I found that there are many employment related complaints that have been filed with EEOC. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is responsibility is to oversee, investigate, and litigate claims of employment discrimination. In other words, they enforce federal laws prohibiting...