Objective:The main objective of the research paper is to illustrate most common network threats and provide solution to protect users from threats, hackers and ensures that the data travelling across the networks is safe. Introduction:

Computer and network security is a new and fast moving Technology and as such, is still being defined and most probably will always be “still defined”. Security incidents are rising at an alarming rate every year [Figure - 1]. As the complexity of the threats increases, so do the security measures required to protect networks. Data center operators, network administrators, and other data center professionals need to comprehend the basics of security in order to safely deploy and manage networks today. Securing the modern business network and IT infrastructure demands an end-to-end approach and a firm grasp of vulnerabilities and associated protective measures. While such knowledge cannot thwart all attempts at network incursion or system attack, it can empower network engineers to eliminate certain general problems, greatly reduce potential damages, and quickly detect breaches. With the ever-increasing number and complexity of attacks, vigilant approaches to security in both large and small enterprises are a must Network security originally focused on algorithmic aspects such as encryption and hashing techniques. While these concepts rarely change, these skills alone are insufficient to protect computer networks. As crackers hacked away at networks and systems, security courses arose that emphasized the latest attacks. There is always fault management, fault software, abuse of resources connecting to computer networks. These are the main reasons which cause security problems for a Network. Today, security problem becomes one of the main problems for computer network and internet developing. However, there is no simple way to establish a secure computer network. In fact, we cannot find a network in the world, which does not have...

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...Stereotype Threat in a High Stakes Testing Environment
Jennifer J. Krebs
Wilkes University
Abstract
Given the rapidly changing demographics of today’s classrooms combined with the high-stakes testing environment created by the passage of No Child Left Behind, it is important to understand potential explanations for the persistence of achievement gaps. Explanations for the achievement gap have included high populations of English Language Learners (ELLs), socioeconomic issues, lack of resources at the school, teacher, and student levels, and even inherent differences in the intellectual abilities of stereotyped and non-stereotyped groups. A theory developed by Steele and Aronson, called stereotype threat, provided a radical view into how knowledge of stereotypes affects performance (McKown &amp; Strambler, 2009). Stereotype threat is the experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group. The purpose of this research was to determine how and when children begin to develop knowledge of stereotypes and how stereotype threat affects academic performance.
Introduction
The diversity of student demographics increases every day. Therefore, teachers must be increasingly more aware of the cultural differences and challenges that students from diverse backgrounds bring to school. Not only are these students likely to learn...

...through a network which we primarily use in social networks, business, school works and e-commerce, online banking and also for comminicating with others such as emails or instant chats. According to Sundaram, a network is a system of interconnected computers, whose basic idea is allow people to remote access to geographically distant resources without having to be physically present, it is designed to send data back and forth to stay connected. Basically defines as we use our personal computers as means of connecting through the internet and sharing and gathering information from around the world. The New Lexicon Webster;s Encylopedic Dictionary of the English Language defines network as "any set of interlinking lines resembiling a net, a network of roads an interconnected system, a network of alliances". In our generation, computers are basically used for everything, we use the computer for studies, work, business, and most of the time by just enjoying or for leisure time.
It has been a huge challenge for network administrators in protecting the network and its vulnerabilities. Since it is a trend especially the hackers who tend to manipulate or retrieve crucial and confidential data from users. Especially now the trend of e-commerce website, it is a huge risk especially when users input their credit card numbers and other important details, it is a huge...

...Introductory Network Concepts, Network Standards, and the OSI Model
1. There are many reasons for a company to network its computers, some are as follows; Share software, information with others on networks, cheaper than buying individual software and hardware for each standalone especially if the software often offers deals for amount being purchased, e-mail between network users, and flexible access from any computer on the network.
2. Two fundamental network models are peer-to-peer(P2P) or Client/Server. In a P2P network, every computer can communicate directly with every other computer, and no computer on this network has more authority than another. On a client/server network every computer acts as a client or a server.
3. There are 3 types of networks depending on how much territory they cover, they are LANs, MANs, and WAN networks. LAN networks cover a small area like one building or one office. MANs cover multiple buildings like a handful of government offices surrounding a state capital. A WAN network is one that connects two or more geographically distinct LANs and MANs.
4. A server is a computer on the network that manages shared resources.
5. A client is a computer on the network that requests resources or...

...CMCN6103
Deric Law CGS00479903
1. Improving Network Topology Draw the topology of the network that you are currently using. Be sure to include addressing structures, network architecture, and include devices such as core switches, workgroup switches, firewalls, routers, and other network devices. Analyze the security of the topology and then draw a proposed new topology. Be sure to include security detection systems as well as security zones. Kazakhstan International School had implemented their network infrastructure since 2007. The school had around 100 computers and every computer is connected to Internet, serving more than 200 users. The school uses 3 subnets to divide the general administration, computer laboratory and Classrooms. Internet service provider (ISP) of the school is Corporate Telecommunication System (CTC), provided the Fibre Optic network connection for the school. The internal network IP addresses make up of 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.254, (General Administration) 192.168.2.1 – 192.168.2.254, (Classroom PC) 192.168.3.1 – 192.168.3.254 (Computer Laboratory) With the subnet 255.255.255.0 Majority of the network topology in the school are makeup of star topology. The figure below shows a section of the network topology (Star Topology) in Kazakhstan International School.
The school do not have managed switch, all of the...

...Introduction
If you've ever been a network administrator, the call you dread the most might be one you receive in the middle of the night by some panicked employee stating that a portion of your critical network has gone down. What troubleshooting options are available to provide answers to your network problem? Besides having a proactive helpdesk that can "read" the mind of your network, an important part of troubleshooting involves using a network protocol analyzer. If you've done your research, you realize that there are many choices on the market today that may satisfy your needs but make a dent your company's pocket book. Plus, you have to factor in training your helpdesk on how to use this new tool and if it will provide some type of return on investment (ROI).
After conducting a thorough research of tools to analyze and troubleshoot a network, we decided to use Ethereal. Many versions such a Sniffer® Portable by Network General and Observer® by Network Instruments provided more options but were only available in "demo" versions and didn't provide full functionality. Since we wanted to use Tcpdump as one of the tools in our network troubleshooting arsenal, it made sense to run Ethereal since it supports this type of filter.
So, what is Ethereal?
Ethereal is a network analyzer. It has the ability to read packets from a...

...CareGroup was now a formidable force in the medical cost war that included healthcare providers and employers.
The Network Collapse
While most companies are not completely "paperless," many organizations use technologies such as electronic faxing, on-line ordering, and document archiving for transactions that once required paper. As the push for a paperless work environment continues, the dependence on stable and secure IT infrastructures significantly increases.
CareGroup embraced paperless medicine, from electronic medical records to digitized x-rays; technology was fundamental to hospital operations. When CareGroup's network collapsed in November 2002, the CIO immediately marshaled resources to contain the effect and get the affected systems operational.
Underlying Cause
The source of the collapse was an "out of spec" network. CareGroup integrated its multiple operating systems into a state-of-the-art IT system. However, not well managed were the incremental changes to the network. This lack of control compromised the paths over which data flowed. That, combined with an experimental application that had been left unmonitored in a production environment, were the underlying causes for the network failure.
How It Could Have Been Avoided
CareGroup's adoption of two key IT policies could have thwarted the network collapse: formal oversight of network...

...﻿Supplemental Reading: Stereotype Threat
In the article “A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance,” Claude Steele discusses the empirical methods used to test a psychological theory called stereotype threat. Stereotype threat offers a new method for interpreting “group differences in standardized test scores,” particularly for African-Americans taking standardized verbal tests and for women taking standardized math tests (p. 613). It states that if someone is in a situation “for which a negative stereotype about one’s group applies,” the individual may “fear being reduced to that stereotype,” which can in turn “[hamper] their achievement” (p. 614). However, in order to experience the effects of stereotype threat, one must self-identify with the situation. This has troubling implications as it implies that those who are most likely to experience stereotype threat are probably the individuals who show the most promise in their respective field, but due to repeatedly experiencing stereotype threat may end up disidentifying with that field (p. 614).
To support the theory of stereotype threat Steele and his colleagues’ research focused on “the intellectual performance in the domain in which the negative group stereotypes apply” and whether or not reducing the pressure of stereotype threat would “improve the...