The environment comprises of everything present around us with which we are surrounded with and that may include living organisms along with non-living things. It also includes natural forces, natural resources like water, air, soil, various minerals, plants, trees etc. It includes both physical and biological world as well as interactions that take place between them. Weather, resources, climate are the factors in the environment which needs to be faced by living beings so that they can survive.

Environment pollution

Nature had gifted us a world or perhaps the whole universe which was free of pollution. It is we who are responsible for polluting it and as we are responsible for creating pollution, it is now time for us to face hazardous effects of this pollution. Pollution is caused when we try to interfere with anything that is natural. Contamination that we cause results in adverse effects and contamination when reaches a certain extent result in disrupting stability causing harm and discomfort to everything present in its original form. It is like causing a disorder. Both physical and biological components are contaminants. As a result, human beings which are part of the environment along with other living beings experience discomfort as a natural ecosystem is been disturbed. Pollution can occur on its own too. The environment has the ability to wipe down that pollution and regain its health. Similarly, pollution that we cause or contaminants that we introduce into the environment if it is of the safe level then environment can filter it down in various ways like recycling or by breaking it down. But the levels have to be acceptable. Today we have introduced contaminants into the environment at a rate that is much higher than the environment can afford. Thus, its immunity isn't working as its defensive line has been disrupted widely. At this higher rate, it cannot disperse or store this much of waste in some form which is harmless.

Causes of environment pollution

Environment pollution has been occurring for many centuries but the levels were acceptable and thus mother nature recovered from it gracefully. Today it is a matter of concern as advancement and progress made us blind and we have done the harm on such a level that recovery is rarely possible. The real problem started with the beginning of industrialization. Pollution is actually dumping or addition of a substance that is harmful to various forms of energy like air, water, sound etc. Advancement in the modern age in each and every field resulted in the emission of by-products and this is where pollution begins as the environment is not able to neutralize or degrade these products at a rate of which they are dumped in the environment. Also, natural resources if used at a rate which is way higher than the rate at which environment can replenish them back then this is also a significant cause of pollution. Change if it is gradual, adaptation becomes simple and normal. However, mankind has resulted in drastic changes overnight. The environment could not absorb and adapt the changes resulted in mankind. It is always seen that mankind in advancement age produces many by-products which are the outcome of his development and thereby dumps them in nature. Now either he has to give time to nature so that it decomposes what is already been dumped for thousands of years are required for its decomposition. Once decomposition is done and then next disposal should be done. If he cannot wait for so long when he has to find some artificial means by which he can destroy his harmful by-products then it will result in pollution. As he is the one who is responsible for creating by-product then its neutralization responsibility should also be taken by him over his shoulder.

When did pollution begin?

Pollution began when man discovered the use of fire. It was a huge discovery in the history of mankind and this discovery changed everything. From then till now there is no stopping for man. However, until 19th century whatever pollution that was occurring in the environment was accepted as it was in the minimal range. It hardly caused any harm or disturbed ecosystem. In the 19th century, an industrial revolution took place. This was the phase when everything changed and the change was all abrupt. Technological progress that took place during industrialization was the main cause for depletion of natural resources. This phase led to the discovery of oil. It was then used for different purposes in various industries. Progress was helped by practices led by capitalist business and it all resulted in overproduction of goods as production costs were very less. Excessive production of goods resulted in excessive consumption by common man. Thus as production was increased, there was increased production of harmful by-products which resulted in over pollution.

Why is it so important to stop environment pollution?

Environment pollution matters because it exerts negative or ill-effects on different forms of energy we have like air, water, soil, sound etc. It is the necessity of our lives that we require these forms of energy in purest form like the air has to be clean, water has to be pure as it will ensure healthy living. However, today our energy forms are contaminated to such an extent that it's showing clear direct effects on our health. Life of human beings, as well as other living beings on this earth, is at stake. Many species of birds and animals today have become extinct and many are at risk and have been labeled endangered. If the same thing continues then we will rarely find any life on this earth. The air we are breathing is fully contaminated, the water we are drinking is completely contaminated and thus these contaminants reaching our body in one form or the other are responsible for causing a number of ailments. Respiratory-related disorders and cardiac problems are at high rise today. There is no place to dispose of wastes caused due to overpopulation, industrialization, and urbanization. Our ecosystem which we perfectly balanced before the 19th century is today completely imbalanced. Thus, both the intensity as well as the frequency of disasters resulting in nature have increased. These natural disasters risk life as well as all the possessions one has. Rapid depleting of natural resources have caused a lot of problems like the ground water level is decreasing day by day. Soft water resources are depleting. Land degradation is been seen. Forest resources are used at such a rapid rate that is causing global warming as well as soil erosion. The ill effect is seen by emissions of greenhouse gases. Environment pollution causes a serious impact, particularly on human beings. It reduces food security. They are put at high risk for a number of diseases. They are the one who is at high risk of losing all they have acquired along with their lives during the time of natural hazards. It also reduces the scope for financial growth opportunities. With every passing year in fact with every passing day, environmental pollution is causing damage and destruction of the earth which is irreversible.

Environmental contaminants

Contaminants or pollutants are the by-products obtained that may be from industries, vehicles, use of insecticides and pesticides in farming etc. They are executing elements that can be in any state. They may be in solid state, liquid or even in gaseous form. Most of them are very harmful, toxic and are known to destroy habitation. They do not undergo quick degradation and thus dwell in the ecosphere for years together. They are the products introduced into the environment by mankind himself and he himself is the one who gets affected the most by them.

Contaminants are of two types. Once is biodegradable and the other one is non-biodegradable. Biodegradable pollutants are not very harmful. They can easily be decomposed and the resultant product so obtained will be not at all harmful. These products undergo neutralization or degeneration which is done by living organisms as they can obtain energy required to them from these products from proteins, fats, and carbohydrates present in them. In other words, they feed on them. Some of the examples of the biodegradable contaminant are inorganic salts and phosphates. Waste products which are usually organic are also biodegradable. However, they too should be disposed of properly. If disposal is done without proper care or without following proper technique then it may become a matter of concern as it will challenge the ability of the earth to assimilate them. On the other hand, non-biodegradable contaminants are one which cannot be broken down by living organisms and thus they remain in the environment for years together. They are very harmful and toxic and pose a matter of concern as they are the ones mainly responsible for causing environmental pollution. Some of such non-biodegradable contaminants are plastics, mercury, pesticides, radioactive materials etc.

Harm to mother nature

Advancement and development that took place in the field of natural sciences helped us to understand what actually are we doing to mother nature. Thie type of harm and damage we are creating to it result in pollution exerts ill effects on the environment. Environment pollution is not the problem that is only faced by developed countries. It is an issue which is popular in both developed and developing countries. Population explosion is creating tons of demands whereas mother nature is unable to replenish the resources quickly as it requires a number of years to do so and thus resources are been used at a much higher rate when compared with their replenishment process resulting in degradation of nature. For millions of years, these resources were safe in the lapse of mother nature and were left unused. With the rapid growth and progress seen during the industrial age, resources are seen to be used to the maximum rate. As a result, degradation is seen and waste resulting from these industries as by-products are not treated well or artificially neutralized, in fact, they are dumped in the environment as it is which result in further worsening of the whole scenario.

My question is from the younger generation that can remember the beginning of this century or they were old enough to remember their surroundings in the year 1999. Do you still recall those days when the world around us used to be a little greener lacking vegetation than what we see today? I am sure most of you, barring few exceptions will answer in affirmative.

I am looking at the fast changing surroundings with wide open eyes, I can remember the road that lead to my parental home merely 14 km away from my present residence had lots of trees, one or two story houses with large boundaries now converted into multistoried apartment houses. The big field behind the local market where we used to play cricket vanished and now converted into a big nursing home and a full-fledged market.

Water scarcity- A serious problem

We do not see any ponds anywhere in almost all villages in our surrounding rural areas but all of them being converted into housing societies, small or big markets, bus stands, grain and fruit markets etc. I think we have overburdened the land to the limit of torturing it and the result is for everybody to see. But if something is obvious that is change in weather which cannot be ignored any further but will have to be dealt on priority basis before it’s too late.

We witnessed some of the strangest incidents in our area in last couple of years. I hope the indecisive era we saw in last decade or especially in last couple of years will not go on forever and there will be positive changes in coming years. If the present trend of changing weather so abruptly having many sudden changes from hot to cold and cold to hot any indication that is sure sign of the serious problem that we shall be facing in near future.

Global Warming

The agriculture sector throughout the world is suffering worst due to global warming since the beginning of the second half of last century and if the trend continues there are chances it will further reduce. According to researchers the agricultural output was worst hit during 1960-2005 reducing the total production at least by 10%. And the corps like maize, wheat and rice topped the list of produces most hit due to hot weather especially drought in several areas.

The global warming has hit developed countries especially North America, Europe and Australia more than under developed countries. The farmers had to sustain loss of crops due to drought during this period to the tune of 20% in the areas stated above and countries in Africa and Latin America the losses were close to 10%.

The difference in loss of produce is according to agricultural methods as the farmers in developed countries grow in larger areas. Farmers in under developed countries sustain comparatively lesser loss as they grow various produces in smaller areas so it’s all about farming methods of developed and under developed countries and quantity of losses.

The reduction in output of agricultural products is bound to have its effects on prices as we have already seen in the sharp increase in world market in recent times. If the situation further deteriorates the chances are the world grain market goes up by 20% in next 2 years.

The most recent studies on El Nino which is associated with warm ocean water in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific Ocean show that it has disturbed the atmosphere to a great extent. In the year 2014 a climate scientist Nick Bond found out that blobs have increased the temperature of ocean 2 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit (average 5 degrees Fahrenheit). The scientists have named it as sun blob which is causes growing poisonous weeds in hot water that will further increase problem due to lesser sea-food availability.

Increasing Population and Deserts

It’s hard to believe but according to reports of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) greenery or fertile land of more than 100 countries is under the threat of increasing sand, which is affecting the life of 1 billion inhabitants of those areas. And this effect is apart from existing deserted areas of one third of Asia and half of African countries. The UNEP has specifically pointed out at the reasons behind this, the increasing population in these countries, their increased needs of food and urbanization reducing the forest areas.

Conversion of farms and landscapes to areas where there was greener (Desertization) taking place mostly in Asian countries in a very slow process which is defined as the irreversible extension of desert land forms and landscapes to areas where there was greener until sometime before. For Example Thar Desert in Rajasthan is extending towards other states of India. In India alone 30% fertile land is losing its fertility and almost 24% of that affected area is around Thar Desert itself.

Thar Desert also known as the Great Indian Desert which was spread over in 196150 square kilometers by the year 1995 has increased to 208110 square kilometers by now. Let’s have a look at the total desert area in India, out of total of 328.7 square kilometers land area 105 million square kilometers is already in deserted category and 82.1 million is on the verge of slow conversion of Desertization which means that one fourth of fertile land will be further converted into deserts over the period of next 100 years or so.

Conclusion

The increasing population of our part of the world has added problems to already existing problems of pollution and other environmental changes due to increased needs of agricultural lands, too much abstracting of water for various purposes. Keeping the present situation in minds we have no alternative left but to return to old methods of preserving the water and depending upon natural resources of water like ponds and wells instead of abstracting water from the land and making the earth dry. The increase in deserts can cause extinction of many species including humans from the earth. Let's come forward and make the world greener or it will be too late and our future generations will never forgive us.

]]>me.suny51@gmail.com (suni51)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=25004
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=25004This article is focused particles on chemical evolution. Earth developed around 4.6 billion years back by condensation of elm or cloud of cosmic dust and gases. Not body knows what actually happened. Well its beyond our reach to go into past and observe the events one by one. But we made an estimate and statistics based on the evidences(fossils) and process taking place on the earth. Many experiments were done. And finally it was concluded that the origin of life took place from chemical evolution followed by biological evolution.

What actually happened?

At first, there were only gases and dust particles. It was made up of radioactive elements. They soon started decaying and formed heat. It was followed by condensation and cooling resulting in stratification with heavier elements (e.g. Nickel, Iron). At this time, the surface was as hot as melted iron. Due to this the lighter elements like Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen were present in atomic state. But soon the formation of molecules started taking place. As the time passed, the temperature came down and its surface cooled down. The lighter elements interacted with each other and formed water, methane, ammonia, Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide.

On the similar way, nitrites and oxides also formed. Atmosphere of this period is called reducing atmosphere. However, there was no ozone layer. Therefore, the UV rays were highly active on the surface. With the time our earth became solidified enough to have large depressions and elevations all around. Since the temperature was high, the water was mainly present in the form of steam. The rate of evaporation was fast. Average temperature was around 50-60 Celsius. Lightening was frequent. The intense heat of volcano and radioactive decay of various elements contributed a large amount of energy merging methane, ammonia and other molecules with each other and formed new complex molecules. This resulted in the formation of simple organic molecules. These were mainly alcohols, Aldehydes, amino aids, sugar etc. An experimental proof of same has also been given. The proof was given by the famous scientist Stanley L. Miller on the theory that life originated from preexisting non-living matter. This helped the basic theory to be widely accepted by the people.

Soon larger molecules were formed. The simple organic molecules remained in low concentration due to development of steady state or equilibrium. Polymerization required their concentration, a source of energy and evaporation of water. this occurred on the shores of water bodies where clay and other minerals helped in their aggregation and formation of a short of sludge. he molecules came in contact with each other and reacted simultaneously. They formed newer molecules. The environment was oxygen free. Radiations, lightening volcanic eruptions were frequent. All these along with solar energy provided the energy undergo more chemical reactions. Simple sugar condensed to form pep-tides, polypeptides and even proteins. On the similar way polynucleotides condensed to form nucleic acid.

Result

The basic elements were formed.It paved the entry of processes involving various biological activities on after another.All these reactions occurred without any enzyme, DNA, RNA or ribosome. In this way, the basic condition for origin of life was fulfilled. But it was just the beginning of a source of life on earth. This nearly took billions of year(don't know the exact figure). It was followed by the biological evolution in which the first of life developed. It will be discussed separately in another article.

When unusually large amount of surface water with the advent of sudden burst of rain comes flooding with force to land area is called as storm water. Storm water runoff from roads and cultivated lands flows through different terrains and pollutes different toxic materials to reach to watercourse of rivers. It is a high cost to health of citizens, who have been extremely dependent upon nearby rivers for day-to-day sanitation activities. Most of the village people are used to go for their day to day activities in the nearby river and fall prey to pollute waters mixed from storm water runoffs from roads and highways through erosion of toxic material mixed with river waters. All these put humongous cost to life of ordinary citizens. There should have been stronger mechanisms to regulate runoff to storm water through proper waste water management systems.

A strong waste water management policy gives way to a proper settlement of economic as well as social benefits to society. To ensure these benefits to reach different communities far and wide of the nation a proper incentive program for benefits of citizens who are creating convenience to nature through their own capacity. Surface roads do not admit the passage of water into earth crust. Rain waters gather pollutants, mass particles and other toxic materials and harmful pollutants. Rain that falls on roadways unable to reach into the ground as concrete roads stops water from entering into soils. This pollutes water more than what we imagine and ultimately. These waters through these runoffs fall into rivers, lakes and seas.

Critical unstable environment for marine bodies:

Many of toxic materials and pollutants such as pathogens, oil, grease, road salts, mass particles, nitrogen, and phosphorus are deposited alongside river as a consequence of leakage of petrol tanks, wear and tear of vehicles, copper and zinc coming out from broken brake pad constituting mostly hazardous chemical compounds. Many small markets are there nearby roadside, which are a major source of pollutants due to larger use of polythene and creating unwanted roadside dumping ground. When storm water goes through these roadside garbage dumps toxics are disposed of to storm water.

There are considerable stretches of dry lands which are barren and devoid of any rain. Mass scale sludge of water wastes from storm water deposited at a place near arid lands and due to less rainfall in this region transportation of such sludge is not possible. This creates massive accumulation of sludge which ultimately, makes huge pollution in existing river waters. Waters becomes highly toxic filled with deadly chemicals that can reap havoc dangerous disease all across the human population. These polluted effects a negative impact on water courses which has millions of life in the form of different species living inside water and staying there due to consumption of liquid oxygen from within water.

For water bodies and their higher ecosystem, the concentration of toxic pollutants from outside water source is very dangerous. Many living beings including fishes live inside rivers owing to the presence of liquid oxygen inside water bodies. Marine species while inside waters breathe from the waters by taking out liquid oxygen contents from it. Due to mass scale pollutants entering into water, advent of large number of carbon dioxide into the chemical composition of water creates imbalance oxygen requirements of marine species. When marine species are classified water, they utilize liquid oxygen dissolved inside river water to breathe. Awaited to mass scale disposal of polluted sewage sludge inside river, amount of carbon dioxide and nitrogen increased are beyond imagination. These chemical compounds replace oxygen and take a place inside water contents. All these create an unstable critical environment for marine bodies to sustain life deep inside water.

Polluted water affects marine and water tourism industries:

Massive particles such as small pebbles, solid particles like a trivial matter is deposited in storm water through a natural process of kinetic energy. Massive particles are deposited storm water and transferred into sewage sludge and enter into the river to pollute clean waters. Pathogens such as virus and bacteria stay within discharged water to completely erode health issues to animals and humans who use such waters for sanitations purposes. Even those waters become so polluted that it becomes huge issues for recycling at nearby water systems to convert excellent water products for human consumption. At many locations, bumping and unrepaired roads lead to rising of water pollution. When storm water goes above it, slowly it takes away mud, oils and dirt and creates a pull of pollutants and sludge of water for the entire environment colluded with deeper pollutions.

Numerous industries depend upon health of marine life and most times due to these mass scale pollution they suffer the most in financial as well as health related issues. These companies suffer monetary losses, in which profitable commercial fishing industries are involved. Awaited to heavily polluted atmosphere inside water bodies, commercial tourism related to water tourism as well as other recreational activities leads to a complete standstill. All these are related with sterile water as most of the visitors reach to different places in order to get back good health so that they can breathe easily and have a good life revived from already stressed life style they have been there as native locations. Because of pathogens and toxic materials, the smell oozing out from the water has been so much dangerous for healthy people that even people on those nearby places tend to go back as the spell of dangerous air looms large upon them.

Save nature save earth:

The earth is the unique planet of the universe and still to date. There is no other habitat planet like Earth exists. Though we cannot know in future what will happen or maybe we can find another similar planet but currently there is no other planet similar to Earth, and this goes on to show we do not have other escape routes to live on other than earth. Pathogens inside sewage water create algae, which are formed by parasites and stays with boats and steamers but slowly cut through boats to make it dangerous for tourists to go for a tour inside already contaminated water. Many oceans at bay and great lakes do contain a high degree of polluting agents that can indirectly affect the health of individuals. High-degree of storm water leads to massive floods in adjacent areas costing large scale damage to people and property. Storm water gives large scale health hazards to people who get sick after being in contact with it. Polluted water is a major source of health problems which give rise to permanent health hazards and remove immunity from human body. It is always tough to match development without hurting nature.

Many pro-development activists always confirm about the importance attached to a high degree of living standards that correlates cutting up large scale of trees all around as well as attending different parameters at different locations. Nature cannot be replaced and humans cannot create nature. There has to be a constant situation in which the development of nature is possible. It is important to make green industries all over to have less impact on nature through recycling. It does not want to create industries at the cost of nature. This will turn out to be more costly towards latent expenditure. Cleaning up sewage water takes a huge sum of money due to introduction of various similar technologies that require huge grounds and a series of processes for complete cleaning of sewage waters.

Remove pollutants from road and highways:

It is less expenditure to create decent storm water runoff than post treatment of storm water after it becomes complete sewage water. These help nature to put these services in native manners when flow of storm water comes about during cyclones. Individuals should not build concrete structures in household runoff. The route of storm water should not have been covered with a huge mountain of sludge that can block and pollute the flow of storm waters. During storm or heavy rain, the flow of wind is on higher side and when these waters recedes, it comes about with super force of air, ran through all mud, oil and other toxic pollutants and create a mixture of water which is more hazardous than poison. Communities can avoid many of these costly measures by clearing all preventions for smooth flowing of high tides during extreme rain. It is always a good idea to create massive clear lands so that the flow of water should not have been more pronounced and in the process, water course there does not provide any such obstruction to contaminate water.

In this way, quality of storm water remains better and provides massive amenities for large water pool which can be useful in times of urgency. Nature gives us rain in order to compensate for water in underground earth crust. It is our duty to make it cleaner so that it can be recycled and level of ground water could be enhanced to a maximum point where there should be extreme comfort for us in future when other seasons arrive and end of rainy seasons of that year comes about. Increase number of kitchen gardening in households where organic fertilizers are used can substantially reduce conversion of storm water into sewage water. Most of water drained naturally into the ground to remain naturally filtered inside earth crust. It needs to have a constructive approach to remove pollutants from roads and highways immediately after storm water precipitation in those localities.

Wetland and rain forest:

In low impact development technology (LID) integrating functions like storage, detention, evaporation captures runoff waters from its extreme flow and revives lost transportation by incorporating green infrastructure by reducing pollutants loads and avoiding gravel accumulation and erosion. Construction of grassy areas along roads creates a substitute filtering mechanisms for drainage water inside runoff. Thick grassy areas nearer to runoff clear pollutants of storm waters and stop fat particles from flowing within waters courses. Rain gardens are modern concept, but it encourages plantation and decelerate storm waters to roam fast into locality and stops mass scale destruction there. Rain forest is part of land constitutes mostly of thick grass and most of the time, these grasses are of unwanted categories, but they stay there and clean storm water and perform better than grasses of runoff.

In some areas, in order to beautify the city, rain garden is formed with a different form of vegetation along with various different categories of plants and flowers that has been demonstrated to the public. Along with the creation of smaller playground for kids and proper water management development of a viable alternative tourist destination can be possible. All these places can be developed considering the increase of greenery all around city as well as the creation of safer friendly surroundings in which the entire stretch of land where there is no inhabitation can be developed for the betterment of people. These places can be a better alternative source of revenue for the government and can be better developed as one of healthier city place. Wetland is a low area where the land is saturated with water.

Most of times, water, do not dissolve and stays there in most part of the year. Wet Lands, rain gardens are examples of green infrastructure. Most part of highways and roads consists of barren lands and in many parts only long trees are there. In those places thinking environmental positions, part of these lands can be created for wetlands and rain garden purposes. In this approach, those wetlands and rain forests can minimize carbon expulsion from incoming and outgoing vehicles in roadways as well as these can provide adequate shelter for visitors from staunching summer heat as well as from heavy monsoon rains. When storm water flows into roadways, unable to filter or sink into earth crust, the green infrastructure alongside roadways provides a better shelter for sewage water so that water gets filtered before joining the river. Inside most part of city where diversion and subway are there, footpaths can be replaced with grassy pavements which not only give green look to environment but also give wonderful opportunities for rain and storm water to filter and reach to ground water level without much signs of pollutions.

Natural infiltration based approaches to filter rainwater:

Construction of green infrastructure can be taken in places of parking areas, traffic islands, road pavements, road shoulders, sidewalks and footpaths. In low traffic roads besides streets of smaller rainwater zones, as well as wetlands can decrease fear of floods as well as clean storm water completely. It is still said that nature can only cure other nature’s malaises. These are called infiltration based approaches to filter rain, storm and sewage water completely. Green infrastructure stays between the flow of stormwater to obstruct its massive speed and break it into separate sub streams of filter water before releasing it to join river or lake beside there. In this way, they restore original hydrological condition of water by removing pollutants and parasites agents from water through the process of natural infiltration. Effectiveness of grass swale is beyond imagination.

Grass is a natural food for grazing animals. They grow naturally at any field. Grass is tiny green plants and is very strong and they can sustain super cyclone air streams. For this grass provides natural pavement for rainwater Grasses provide access to sewage water to reach deep into earth crust or filter water well before it joins the river or lake. Statistically and financially, natural green infrastructure provides cost effective means to develop better filtering system than manual technologically brilliant filtering system which needs to manpower heavier investments, and a large chunk of lands to filter rain and storm water.

Green infrastructure provides a highly effective means of nature’s protection than traditional environmental protection occurring out from manual filtering mechanisms. Green infrastructure gets natural irrigation for vegetations and plants as well as filtered storm waters can be diverted to different stretches of agriculture lands in order to provide round the clock watering system for good productions of foods. It gives ample opportunities for authorities and administrators to have complete access of stormwater to modify and create a pull of waters which can then be manually filtered and run through different methods in order to reach to level of supremacy alongside better function of providing drinking waters in cheaper prices during scorching summer heat. There can be many useful uses of sewage, rain and storm waters. Rain waters are sweet and there are very few sweet waters zones are left in the earth. These water swales can preserve wildlife habitat and be a groom field for many natural living species. It has been seen many rainforests provide room for many new and surprising species which many people have never ever thought of it.

Heat island effect:

Rain forest of Africa and Amazons has shown researchers that there are greater possibilities of newer species or hidden species inside trees and water than in dried forests. For this, it is essential to create green environment not only for human civilization but also for other species that have an equal right to live here as we humans have. Green infrastructure within the city limits provides natural process of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the environment as well as provides greater environment for creating generic surroundings for living species. Wetland systems also provide breaks to storm water flow and moderate its speed before storm water joins rivers. Research has shown that with increasing number of green infrastructure around the city; trees, moths and other species works day and night to remove pollutants from sewage water deposited there and in this way provide natural filtering facilities for sewage water. It is always a good idea to employ a natural process for re engineering of natural substances. Creation of natural green environment such as wetlands and rain forest leads to a comprehensive reduction of urban heat island effect.

Due to rapid industrialization in relation with cosmopolitan culture; massive erosion of green environment lead to completing and fool proof environment of urban heat island effect as most of the sun ray could not be returned to the atmosphere due to non-presence of a green environment. As a result; cities are often two degrees warmer than normal atmospheric temperature and due to the massive increase of heat in these regions, slowly; the natural climate for which the city is known for goes into more intense heat zone. More heat means more generation of carbon dioxide gases that result less comfortable for living creatures. It is high time to reduce urban heat island effect, with increase of green infrastructure around the city in order to stop mass exodus of heat related ailments, mortalities and significant decrease of greenhouse gas emissions. This will significantly reduce and absorb infrared radiation. Infrared wavelengths are greater than visible lights but shorter than radio waves. Increase range of infrared wave length is not good for living species. These can lead to profound humanitarian problems for living species such as untimely occurrences of alien diseases and unexpected and sudden change of climatic conditions.

Ancient waste water management system in Cuttack:

Various cost-effective controls on waste water management through different transport mediums can be supplemented for better stormwater management. In few areas, governments have been trying to combine green infrastructure with the traditional form of technology for a comprehensive wastewater management system. Most villages of Cuttack district of Odisha have been connected with different institutional facilities thanks to better waste water and flood water management system which has been there for ages. In middle ages, the water course of the Mahanadi river (the biggest river of Odisha) has always been flooded with stormwater and sewage waters from Cuttack city. During that time, a builder devised a strategy for a complete waste water management of Cuttack city. Big drains and canals are built-in nuke and corner of Cuttack and all these lead to west side of Cuttack just opposite site of Cuttack city.

On the west side of Cuttack, one of the biggest forest of coastal Odisha stands and in this way, the entire forest has become a sort of permanent wetland for comprehensive wastewater management. The name of that forest is Chandaka forest. Think about it such scientific and natural water purifier system was possible during fifth century AD. Due to this project, which stands even today though with the introduction of hybrid waste water management in modern times, the city of Cuttack is in a position to survive floods of Mahanadi without any difficulties. If that project did not see light of the day, then surely, the name of Cuttack city in the historical map of Odisha and India would not have been able to there at the first instance.

During that time, the forest of Chandaka was well known for some notorious thugs of aggressive and violent young criminals in dark ages of history during fifth century AD, where they used to loot devotees reaching from around India to reach at Jagannath of Puri. During that time, capital of state of Odisha was at Cuttack. The new capital Bhubaneswar was built after independence and it is along with Chandigarh are two of the most planned city across India. In order to remove menaces of thugs, king of Odisha decided to make forest of Chandaka a wetland and even today, that place remains as it is and when visitors go along with vehicles around this forest through well built cement roads, finds vast stretches of waters both sides of roads and get glimpse of all forms of natural species and enjoy every moment within this well built green environment. This is an example of how a proper waste water management through natural processes of creation of wetland can generate a greater peaceful environment as well as provide natural amenities for people around there in order to have clear access to natural drink water and staying inside a very good peaceful environment devoid of any outside discrepancies.

Here, is another instance of how modern civilization has destroyed ancient built better waste water management system and have made a mockery of sewage and drainage water system in the name of urbanization and industrialization. The city of Puri is situated alongside of coast of Bay of Bengal having mass advent of floating population. Climate of Puri is extreme; having predominantly three seasons in a year. It has hot summer, followed closely by heavy rainy seasons and then an extremely cold winter. For the last few years, all three seasons are becoming more extreme having temperature on hot summer seasons goes to 42 degrees centigrade. In last four to five years, maximum temperature of Puri increased from 36 degree centigrades to now 42 degree centigrades this year.

Deep nexus between land mafia and politicians is destroying green environment:

Due to mass scale exploitation of natural resources, many of such green infrastructure have been completely destroyed which leads to severe stress on nature. Due to the massive influx of floating population in festive seasons to coastal town of Puri, more and newer hotel beside sea-beach and at the eastern entrances of Puri was constructed by builders and real-estate owners. All these builders have massive political influences that lead to a stronger sense of cohesive units that create a deeper nexus of land mafia around these regions. If want to sea-beach you will know that the height of sea water level is actually higher than earth level of Puri. During fifth century AD, the then king who is known as Gajapati (Owner of lots of elephants) due to highest number of elephant armory in his army, have built ten kilometers long artificial forest drench through the coast of Bay of Bengal in order to create vast stretch of wetland to filter drainage water of city before falling into sea. These ten kilometers long forest stretch works as a barrier to stop the super cyclone and other forms of cyclones, which generally occur once in a decade.

During super cyclone of 1999, most of these long stretches of forests have been cut off illegally not caring any consideration for legal immunities and then a long stretch of the hotel is constructed to facilitate tourists. In this way, ten kilometers of wetlands are weakened considerably, and this leads to a massive influx of black water of the sea as well as sewage water coming back into town with massive speed of wind pierced nearby hamlets all over there. Due to greed of money with strong powerful backing from certain influential people who have been destroying hundreds of year’s natural protected barriers along the coast of sea. This lead to massive polluted storm waters and in most areas the underground water inside the city of Puri is polluted with massive bacteria that in most times, ignorant people who drink and use such waters have fallen prey to many rare waterborne diseases. Few good citizens of the city went to the door of honorable High Court at Cuttack. Even after the prohibition of construction in these sectors, still there is no fear from these builders and real-estate owners. Natural course of all these constructions of anti green infrastructure has resulted in massive increase of normal temperature during summer times. There has been a massive increase of cold in winter and huge rainfall during rainy seasons.

Sudden disappearance of river:

Most of these buildings are constructed along marine drive road at Puri. Only sweet water zone of Puri is situated nearer to marine drive road. Most of these sewage waters from these big hotels remain unattended and stays over the sweet water zone for days unhandled. Slowly, the amount of ground water sweet water zone is constantly on the decline and this can affect hugely to live by standards of permanent citizens of Puri. River Musa was flowing along the eastern coast of Puri. It is opposite to the sea coast. Since the ages, basic sewage system of Puri is connected with this river after going through famous wetland know as “Atharnala (the eighteen canals) which filters rain, sewage and storm waters naturally before joining river.

The eighteen canals were built-in the era of before Christ (BC) is an engineering marvel. It is situated at the entrance check gate going towards Puri from capital Bhubaneswar. Eighteen canals filter sewage water, flood water and storm water through eighteen natural processes and then release those waters to nearby River Musa, from which most of the waters then go through scientifically water filtering system to convert into good drinking water for citizens. Many international scholars have been reaching for eighteen canals to look at how these functions and they are astonished by the level of engineering brilliance constructed many years back. It is an engineering marvel constructed three thousand years ago and still working and never ever be broken or at fault. The level of pollutants has become less when sewage water moves into it and this has been justified by many scientific scholars.

Sadly, in the last few years, the waters of the river of Musa are now completely exhausted and many modern cement structures made with asphalt have been created and sold commercially. Now, River Musa is not there and also with it starts the age old phenomenon of sewage water drainage problem. Now, after one hour of rain, the eastern side of Puri is flooded with water, due to lack of waste water management and proper sanitation system. Waters is unable to move out from the eastern side to the other side due to completely blockage of age old green infrastructure. This result in massive storage of waste water inside the city stopping all valuable acts for more than four hours even after one hour of incessant raining. It is another example how greedy business men for the sake of their own benefits can hamper the interests of many people making them prey to complete disastrous flood like situation all over in the arena.

An example of well documented waste water management program:

The Edmonston, Maryland Green Street project, was expected to be completed in the year 2010 successfully. This city was continually under the duress of flood and storm water problems which leads to mass scale diseases and severe breakage of blood circulations inside internal body. Due to mud sliding and flooding, most of infra structural facilities had been in the state of occur discordance. A team of scientists had researched extensively about this statement of the problem and prepared a well documented and practical stormwater management program.

In earlier times, due to worse storm water management and irregularity in sewage water management the runoff to neighboring Anacostia River is completely flooded and polluted with worse water. Proper management of sewage water has historically been a problem there and for this there has been heavy water mismanagement and that leads to complete mayhem across this city. A team of environmental scientists have prepared groundwork for setting up some of efficient lighting all across streets, with wide side paths and separate place for bike paths as well as creation of some of good rain forests there which can filter water there naturally and also grow plants that will create green environment around city life.

Due to creation of a rain forest and wetlands most of sewage waters coming out from different households as well as from storm water from heavy precipitations lead to massive flow of water from across different regions of the city. Due to large scale presence of rain forest and wetlands most part of high tide in land areas has been absorbed deep into the soil and has been slowed down before it finally joins the Anacostia River. In earlier times, sewage water and storm water fall directly into the Anacostia River making it most polluted river ever in that region.

The state of water of the Anacostia River has been massively polluted with different toxic materials and due to presentation of large scale carbon dioxide diluting entire water benefits. Marine life inside Anacostia River becomes dangerous as most of these receive liquid oxygen when they stay silent inside water. In many parts of counties nearby, people use water for their daily sanitation activities through local administrative distribution. It leads to wide scale gigantic spread of waterborne diseases. Afterthoughts; of these incidents lead to massive creation of green infrastructure.

All across the Edmonston, Maryland Green Street. After successful completion of this green-field project, 90% of tropical storm water is now diverted into rain water and wetlands leading to immense conservation of storm water. Within two years, there has been considerable increase in sweetwater underground zone nearer to The Edmonston, Maryland Green Street. Slowly, entire atmosphere fills with large scale of oxygen and there are no signs of the advent of untimely floods within those regions. A large chunk of forestation is possible due to creation of rain forests all across the city. Rain forest leads to the creation and growth of large scale increase of wild forests which is mostly beneficial to reduce urban heat island effect. Urban heat island effect is generated owing to mass scale deforestation and irregular management of stormwater and sewage water all across specific area. Increase of urban heat island effect on land areas leading to a massive increase of heat in specific areas. This leads to considerable deflection of the ozone layer and which can be dangerous for health of human life.

Water is life:

To human, the most vital aspect of human life is water. Water is precious and it goes into different organs easily and transfers different nutrients all across human body. When polluted water comes into organs through the mouth of humans it also carries different toxics as well as different hazardous substances into inside human body. Traditional transfer of sewage water into rivers is not a reliable method of water transportation. Green infrastructure which relies mostly on creation of rain forests, wetlands, wider pathways creates a set stage for systematically obstruction of storm water by decreasing the flow of water running off to the river. Massive particles stays inside the rain forest due to massively presence of trees that blocks all forms of particles to let normal water zipped into run off to the river.

The process of cleaning water in construction of green infrastructure leads to massive addition of one time cost to the exchequer but in the long term this results in different avenues for generating mass scale investment projects in different green infrastructures. Most of these areas have the potential for development through public-private- partnerships (PPP). Mass scale increase of rain forests and wetlands enhances fertility of soils and in the long term this has manageable impact on environments for different lands to be more productive and fertile. Studies have shown that traditional natural methods for natural infiltration along runoff are always been helpful for reducing speed of rainwater as well as creating an environment for safe filtering of sewage waters.

Cost-effective rainwater projects:

Creation of such spontaneous infiltration projects to curb speed of rain water has always been a cost-effective process. Creation of rain forests and wetlands does not need careful attendance of professional gardeners; these can be grown easily without any human help. Most of these trees grow are of wild origin as they can sustain deem and bustle of hazards of sudden climatic changes. Scorching summer heat does not stop these forests to grow from their genuine influence. Throughout world, it has been seen and experienced; presence of rainwater makes soil fertility and considerably reduces dangerous heat island effect. Most of trees of rain forest and wetland shed their leaves during winter seasons and stay with leaves during summer times.

This narrows the effect of high intense heat all around in the vicinity. Rain forest also removes the fear of flash floods within that locality. Many a time, flash floods carry out mudslides and landslides in civilization locality. This results in creation of mass scale devastation in and around townships of nearby areas. With the advent of forests in and around township areas, possibility of mud slide and landslide becomes almost zero. Rain forest and wetlands reduce all forms of possibilities of creation of mud due to the presence of large scale plantation which simply blocks soil parts of mud in their way to run off to the city.

Wetlands to engulf on mud and landslide and stop approaching land avalanche from entering into township areas. Wetlands are created on the surface of barren lands where in its earlier stages of development there is very little chance of cultivation in the primary stage of the creation of wetlands. Research has shown when barren lands are converted into wetlands for three to four years continuously, the entire nature of land undergoes sea-change by becoming cultivated arable lands. In the subsequent years, these wetlands can be turned into rain forests for creation of a complete green infrastructure.

Free clean water and healthy air:

This approach provides wide scale benefits to administration and citizens by providing complete economic and environmentally viable projects. Advent of green infrastructure gives additional benefits to local residents such as giving away a healthy air and water to residents. All these green environments lead to massive beautification of nature which leads to a huge change of mindset of citizens all across residents. It provides more natural site for citizens as well as a safer place to live together. Recent research has tried to point out the primary reason for non existence of Indus Valley civilization was the advent of huge famine.

They had not developed adequate rain forest and wetlands to prepare themselves in times of acute water shortages. Due to massive irrigation of rain water, they have perhaps forgotten to create creation of massive water storage in times of emergency. This goes on show how proper management river water is significantly viable to manage shortages of water. Recent immense landslide at Pune goes on to show how badly management of stormwater can lead to massive destruction and ending of precious life. Villages nearer to heavy rain zones must be accompanied with large scale rain forest and wetlands.

During occurrences of incessant rain, the rain water runoff must be filled with massive infiltration of natural green infrastructure so that imminent landslides can be absorbed and suppressed within such green infrastructure projects. No artificial concrete structures can withstand directly upon force of nature. The pure green environment can withstand such nature’s fury. There is no time such as tomorrow. Human civilization can go beyond and construct geological structures through the process of artificial construction so that in the future most natural calamities can be deferred and can be weakened through the process of natural infiltrations and obstructions.

All these performance based green infrastructures must undergo within a specified limit of infra structural regulations. It must prescribe certain forms of duties and responsibilities to nearby residents in order to stop them from encroaching and destroying natural green infrastructures. All such projects require active help from residential communities and in all such projects direct participation of communities in attending and creating greater transparency among different green infrastructures gives nod ahead of others in terms of gaining competitive advantages ground from others.

Stop green house gas radiation:

It creates absolute sustenance of complete continue on such projects as most times the stakeholders join directly with such projects. Here, local residents are stakeholders of such green environments and they will not ever do any such damage to such projects as it leads to massive disturbances of their social life and sustenance. In many countries instead of going for a community driven approach of maintaining green infrastructure, administrators opt out for massive committee driven approach which involves various shared stakeholders who do not possess massive local knowledge which is a must for every developmental works. Government must build large scale wetlands in no population areas between townships along the side path of national highways. This not only deposit large chunk of water in these wetlands but also create new avenues for government to build a proper technical water sanitation and filtration facilities so that all these storm waters and sewage waters can indeed convert into different form of drinking water for citizens. Apart from this all these re-engineering processes plants can run with electricity generated from wind energy to create a climate which is favorable for nature.

Depending on United Nations (UN); United States (US) and Australia are two countries which have maximum greenhouse gas radiation from their respective industries. It is a pity these two nations are constantly taking a prominent role in various world agencies in bringing about reduction of green house energy sources of different countries except their own industries. Australia has taken a smaller step that can prove to be a giant leap in times to come for diverse industries standard to implement such green infrastructures stricter regulation policies. They have introduced stricter carbon emission standards and compulsory implementation of in house waste water management policies for all industries. If industries fail with these, they are bound to be fined and warned and continuance of such bad practices against green infrastructure will lead to severe penalties and force closure of such industries. Nature conscious people all over Australia have praised this move and with this slow, Australia has been able to reduce the amount of carbon footprint from atmosphere. This implemented policy of Australia is an eye opener for all such nations who are mostly calling them improved the cost of manipulating basic characteristics of nature.

Conclusion:

Considering all aspects of planning the most conspicuous part of a simple implementation is to create awareness among local residents and empower them to protect their land and nature. Local residents stay there and they have to face the brunt of nature if such fury of nature ever happens at any point in time. Floating population is lost they cannot take any such mode of decision making to implement it on newer grounds. Government and administrators must give patronage to neighborhood residents to create a room for awareness among residents. Government at the first instance must go for making green infrastructure within residential areas such as runoffs, pavements, pathways so that immediate benefit of close to nature will be signed up to local residents. Removal of corrupt officials who generally make dilly darling tactics should be doing away with from their duties immediately. Waste water management of stormwater gives away maximum financial, environmental and ecological benefits to residents.

There should be comprehensive regulatory agencies to look after sewage water sanitation system as well as storm water cleansing processes in run offs. These agencies should be constantly above any such state or central administrative agency. These agencies should run independent of government departments and should have a stronger judicial power in order to adjudicate the matter of disputes regarding management of waste water management in localities. There should be a separate audit mechanism for industries which deals with large scale of water such as coal, aluminum, cement and so on. Time to time proper management of sewage waters which are rich in high degree of toxic pollutants must be investigated by separate refining industries in order to see how these companies are performing in terms of corporate social responsibilities. If any industry fails to follow standard operating procedures of implementation of house sewage water filtration mechanisms then such industry must be taught a lesson by implementing severe financial penalties in order to mend their way of working.

The Earth is unique, with the presence of an atmosphere, and life. Many scientific inventions have not yet been enough to find a single existence of life anywhere around the universe. This makes the earth the most unique place to live and the environment of the earth makes it possible for living beings to go on finding their subsistence. Human is the single most living species of earth and continue its endeavor to control earth through proper reasoning and analytical minds. Human is the most sensitive living species residing in this live planet which requires clean air, uncontaminated foods, clean water and comparatively cooler climate. Possibly, humanity has been the most brilliant reasoning mind where his intellect enables to build many artificial mediums which can work in with comparatively different environmental situations and elements that are vital to the existence of human beings.

Creation of an air conditioning system, large monitors, computers, virtual world, artificial water purification system, vehicles are all meant for genteel comfort of human beings which aims to strive with deeper rational mind for complete suitable mediums to live under natural atmosphere. Human beings have utilized their intellectual property to create an artificial atmosphere straight under the hood of the natural environment. It amounts to creation of discrete dynamic mediums through complete utilization of natural resources which recycled into artificial units. Most of these unnatural inventions streams out of blood of wasted gas not requisite for life inside earth thus contaminating existing natural atmosphere. All these are symbols of human progress and it comes with a cost. All these symbols of human development hurt directly into the environment and it creates a deeper negative impact on the working of the atmosphere.

Corporate social responsibility:

So far no other planet has its native atmosphere like Earth. It separates and protects us from environmental hazards and different radiation effects. Thankfully, of late most of intelligent thinkers of earth are unanimous in opposing the presence of distinctive environmental hazards and try hard to make up all those unfavorable instants with a proper realization of saving this unique planet. It is simple, if the earth is not there, we will not use to be so. We have to preserve it and make it more spontaneous so that the precious atmosphere of the earth is preserved for us and for future generations. It creates awareness and a sense of responsibility among masses to save earth. Numerous corporate, political parties and non-governmental organizations are observing awareness campaigns through various communication mediums to send these messages to the masses.

Corporate social responsibility empowers corporate to patronize diverse initiatives to compensate loss of natural resources through forestation and mass plantation. Students learn to plant and patronize a tree in their household and many institutions award them point. In this way, lay man is now more eco-conscious and alert to save earth from imminent destruction. It is now a buzzwordamong youths and social media enthusiasts and it has become pride and it corroborates the sense of richness in keeping the environment stays away from different perceivable hazards. Going green is all about becoming a green warrior in saving natural resources of Earth. Biological resources are not perennial; it needs to be preserved at any cost. Geographical resources can fight effectively with climate change. It is a noteworthy fact that only nature can fight with nature. There are no artificial agents that can stop climate change and extraordinary rise of temperature all around earth surfaces.

Awareness of green tech:

There is vast difference between size of nature and humans. A small step forward in preserving nature can become a giant step leap in retaining a better earth for future generations. Misconceptions about going green are that it is nothing but an expensive affair is the major hurdle for developing a native earth. Every single person must take the first step forward and suggest his role in reducing carbon footprints from Earth’s atmosphere. Every human can make small changes to the earth by purchasing the right products and by ensuring reasonable practices to reduce carbon footprints from products. More and more sensible tech products are now available and most of them are almost of the same price as with its immediate competitors. Make an effort to buy products which help to reduce carbon footprint from environment. Laptop is a shared phenomenon all across educated society. Examine whether purchased laptop is adhering to world green standards or not. We are embedded with technology in everyday’s life. Everywhere we go we find the advent of substantial amount of technology in our life.

First we woke up from the alarm from an alarm clock or from alarm of smart phone. Alarm clock is a mechanical technology and smart phone is a combination of hardware and software. Cleaning faces with electric shaving machine continue our dependence on machines and technology. Then, from bathing to iron on clothes to go office with vehicles and working with a computer inside an air-conditioned cubicle creates super heavy dependence of machines. It might be true, but all these do not make us idle. In this fast competitive world where everyone is running behind money and wants to earn for betterment of life, time becomes a crucial factor and proper management of time through the help of technology does not concern human races. Technology comes with a price, as it imparts a heavy toll on the environment. Environment of the Earth is the sole protector of life.

Degradation of environment can compass into several hazards if not stopped on time can eliminate entire sentient species on earth. There are products which utilize green technology to reduce carbon footprints and stops emission of greenhouse gas effects. Green technology provides alternate disposable path for gadgets which may lead to severe environmental hazards. Human population is increasing at an alarming rate. About 80 percentages of earth surfaces are inhabited by humans. Day by day, numbers of people are increasing and they need plain lands. People are destroying forests and mountains and are living there. In this way, natural balance of the environment is slowly at the receiving end. During my journey to Visakhapatnam steel plant, on the way, there are numerous hills. I am surprised to most of the hills are occupied by the human population. Trees of hills are being shed of and in place of trees now concrete structure over the hill tops. This is just an appalling situation and it creates a sense of deep disappointment and annoyances for a nature lover.

This is illegal and punishable under the law. Trees of natural hills are cut off and in the place of it some concrete houses. Trees are meant to stop the sudden flow of winds and floods. When these organic protective boundaries are cut off, no one can save from imminent super cyclones. Estimates suggest if the rise of population continues at this rate, we will need three of earth surfaces, in addition to this growing industrialization and consumerism can give rise to constant attack on green resources of earth. It will lead to severe degradation of biodiversity depletion of mineral resources and ozone-layer, extinction of entire species due to climate change, extreme change of climatic conditions is some of the hazards that have been kept lurking on us. As a result it increases emission of greenhouse gases and in fact we have a few years left to repair depleting eco-systems.

Adapting a green technology in every walk of life:

Owing to rapid state of industrialization and large scale of utilization of mineral resources, protective ozone-layer is constantly depleted. Ultra virus rays are worst for living species of earth including humans. Ozone layer on atmosphere is responsible to stop malicious ultra virus rays. Due to rapid industrialization the gases emitted out of large plants are responsible for destroying the sanctity of the ozone layer. There have been numerous discussions by world leaders to stop this emerging menace of destruction ozone layer. Over 80 percentages of greenhouse gases come from industrialization of rich and developed countries. So far, except Australia, no other so called developed countries have taken any such measure in curbing emission of such destructive gases from industrial houses of their homeland. They have been very much vocal in reducing greenhouse gas effect as developing countries but silent on their home front. This is due to pressure from large industrial houses who lobbies through political parties to create pressure on the government to reach the conclusion on their favorable ways. Developed countries voiced opinions against developing and third world countries’ industrialization in order to end competition for their own industries. One rare exception is Australia. It is seriously against green houses gas emission of their own homeland industries. It implements heavy penalties against companies who are not adhering to greenhousestandards passed by the legislative assembly of Australia. We should be cognizant of these signs otherwise our future is doomed in darkness. Ecological resources are not renewable energy sources. Once these natural resources are destroyed there is not the right way these can be revived.

All these led to severe ecological degradation which ultimately puts destroying effect on ozone layers. With the rise of population, destruction of natural resources ultimately paves adverse effect on climate change, biodiversity and ozone-layer maintenance. Loss of drinkable ground water and oil can lead to a complete standstill of civilization. Water is life and pure water saves life. Contaminated water leads to different diseases. Source of uncontaminated drinking water stays at the bottom of soil of earth. Loss of trees, industrialization and modernization source of ground water is constantly on the decline. This is nothing but an alarming trend. Most part of the Earth is covered with sea and oceans. Waters of the sea and oceans is not drinkable and cannot be used in foods and beverages. It is high time to make artificial forests and save water. Content of mineral resources is limited. The way we use large scale of mineral water and petroleum products, in the near future we could face inevitable elimination of mineral resources which can lead to a complete standstill all over the world in terms of transportation and communication. There is not any hope lost. There is a silver lining in the sky. Adapting a green technology in every sphere of life can be the most determined way to deal with these serious environmental problems.

Scope of green technology:

Green technology is a mass term and its scope has far-reaching dimensions. Sustainability of existing resources is a primary mantra for green technology. If you are utilizing existing resources without hurting and depleting different ecological variables, then there is nothing to worry about. We should find alternative products of organic products such as coal, oil, petroleum and fossils products. All these organic products are not renewable and these need to be preserved and carefully utilized. Rise of population leads to rise of industry demands that lead to rising in green house effect gases. Every country irrespective of size and influence must adhere to green technology standards. Forceful implementation of green technology throughout industries can lead to mass reduction of environmental hazards. It is high time to control all these environmental degradation practices and make a habit to preserve the environment fully in accordance with different environmental variables. Unprocessed gas, fossil fuels and mining are not meant for extraction. They are kept inside the crust of the earth in order to control Earth’s temperature. It is a spontaneous process. Sadly, we have been kept repeating mistakes by extracting mineral resources and this makes the entire zone hot temperature and ultimately rise of temperature all around Earth surface. It leads to dissolve of large icebergs, which turn into water and flow into land surfaces through the process of havoc and destruction. Last year flash floods at the holy site of Uttarakhandat the onset of the Himalayas were the complete result of wide-scale destruction of natural resources and modification of hills and water beds.

The Holland experience of successful green technology:

Only alternative to traditional fuel is to increase use of renewable sources of energies such as sunlight, water and wind. Utilization of wind energy for the creation of electricity is widely seen as Holland. In the initial stages windmills are costly and they have to continue to import these from US and UK. It deeply affects financial health of Holland. Holland is renowned for low land and constant flow of wind. Many parts of Holland have large stretches of barren lands. Most part of Holland has been inside sea and many parts of the sea coast have been barricaded in order to stop sea-incursion. Most salaried classes are paying royalties to the government for these measures and now they are paying for wind mills. Holland has in-house wind mill industries which create cheaper wind mills and this lead to mass installation of wind mills all across this eastern European state. Wind energy is the most easiest and environmentally friendly way to produce electricity. It is an excellent example of renewable source of energy. Electricity through turbine method of water recycle affects the environment. Thermal electricity production affects the most as it emits large scale greenhouse gas as well as it increases the temperature of nearby places to an unbearable levels.

Most of these green technology mediums are for rich and affluent individuals:

Talcher of Odisha has a thermal electric plant. Within few years, normal temperature rises beyond 40 degree Celsius. Entire atmosphere is now contaminated with considerable emission of greenhouse gases. Similarly, hydroelectric plants depend upon a large reservoir of river water. Forcibly, river waters are blocked and redirected to turbines to make electricity. Forcibly change of water course lead to severe dismemberment of natural soil and as a result of these plates inside crust of earth moves and creates natural hazards such as earthquake and tsunami. Windmill produces electricity, but it uses natural sources of renewable energy that creates a clean and green environment. It does not excrete greenhouse gases and helps to keep the environment free from natural hazards. Products should be produced in such a way that there should be reuse and recycle after degradation. Few years back, Nokia introduced a “product recycles policy” which aims to recycle old mobiles and convert them to new mobiles.

It encourages users to send old mobiles to work shop through “Nokia Care” shop and then reuse and recycle to make newer mobiles. Each manufacturer should announce proper return back policies of discarded cell phones so as to encourage consumer to shred old cell phones. Manufacturers can convert discarded cell-phone to a newer phone without affecting natural resources of earth. Industrialization and prosperous economy leads to an upsurge of manufacturing industries all over the world. There should be a way out to minimize pollutants and wastesto a great extent through the process optimization and implementation of strict green policies in manufacturing processes. It is very difficult for the common man to use green technology in their day-to-day lives. Government and non-governmental organizations should provide incentives to green technology companies and encourage them to produce low-cost green technology-product. These companies should be given tax holidays and proper encouragement to produce more and more technologically innovative-products.

Only an awareness civilization can bring about change in excessive emission of green house gas effects:

All these are real world problems and need to be tackled with proper emergency majors. Awareness of humans all around the world is a major hurdle so far. Due to mass scale illiteracy, people could understand really dangerous situations arising out from mass degradation of environment. Even literate people do not comprehend about the real world situation of green technology and mass scale elimination of natural resources. It is preferable to switch tungsten bulb to LED bulbs. Tungsten is bad for the environment and consumes more energy and excretes greenhouse gas effect on a mass scale. It is better to use LED bulbs that will utilize less electrical energy and emit less greenhouse effect radiations. Owing to lesser use of electricity, it imparts indirectly in minimizing mass scale effects of environmental hazards emitting out of production of hydro and thermal electricity. Only an awareness civilization can bring about change. This article is written for readers to realize the complexity of the situation. The concept of a safer environment sounds like a fairytale, but the reality bites. It is hard to implement these resources on ground level.

Knowledge distribution among the masses proves the catalyst and it needs efficient utilization of diversifying concept in creating a suitable environment to stop mass scale degradation of environment. In a world of commercialization and industrialization, where monetary benefits are the key, numerous industries are overlooking emission of greenhouse gas effects. Industries depend upon fossil fuels which are from biological resources and large scale utilization of these natural resources lead to severe degradation of greenhouses from natural resources. Remnants forms of these industries are different form of “carbon credits”, which pollutes the air and water. The concept of carbon trading comes out from “carbon credits”, which enable technologically innovative companies to create green tech environmentally friendly equipment to release lesser greenhouse-gases. “Carbon credit” is the new implicit currency value given to the particular amount of carbon emissions that cause major green house gas-effects. “Kyoto Protocol” announces a set of “carbon trading” parameters for each country to limit emissions of green house-gas-effects. In this way, “carbon trading” becomes a profitable issue for countries and countries can sell and purchase and can benefit and market for “carbon trading”. They sense a conspiracy within theories of “carbon trading”. Another worried aspect of this protocol is that two biggest green house effect gases countries are US and China not bound by these limitations of “Carbon trading”.

Hybrid cars produced from cross breeding of two different technologies is best for environment:

All the money resulting out from carbon taxes and “carbon trading” will be governed by the World Bank. It is controlled by rich and developed countries. Many theologians believe financial control rests within hands of affluent countries. This is a very dangerous trend which developing countries can feel the heat and it expands the scope of exploitation towards developing countries. It may lead to starvation and universal reduction of food produce. Many agricultural products are to implement various conventional technologies which can increase emissions of greenhouse effect. In our day to day activities, most parts of our life are included with different technology-gadgets. This constitutes major part of global-warming. Prominent part of the greenhouse effect constitutes from gases churning out from running major-vehicles. It is important to evolve an innovative strategy of motor vehicles so as to reduce the amount of carbon emissions from running-vehicles. This is where brilliance of technology happens in the form of hybrid cars produced through cross breeding of two different-technologies. Hybrid car is formed out of a combustion engine and an electrical motor. Electrical energy can be generated and stored and combustion engine can be turned off and restart.

It saves energies in congestion traffic through the system of instant turn off and turns on. These cars run with electrical energy and generate lesser greenhouse gases with combustion-engine. Hybrid cars use two sets of engines namely combustion and electrical-energy. Combustion engine runs in the normal course of driving and when the brake is applied, combustion engine stops suddenly. It can restart instantly. Throughout, driving electrical engine works simultaneously with combustion-engine. When combustion engine pauses for a few minutes during traffic congestion, electrical engine provides the necessary impetus for restarting a vehicle instantly. Hybrid cars can easily switch between gasolines powered engine to electrical powered engine. Petroleum powered car emits high degree of emission worst for Environment. Electrical engine has low-mileage. Hybrid car is the combination of these two technologies which imparts lesser remittance of gas with high- mileage.

Ethanol run flex fuel car is the most common type of alternative use running for vehicles:

Ethanol is offered as a renewable clean-burning additive to gasoline. It is prepared from plant sugar and it is considered as full green products. Ethanol runs flex fuel car is the most common type of alternate energy use for running vehicles. It is the alternate form of energy which is environment friendly. These cars run with 15 percentages of gasoline and 85 percentages of ethanol based fuel. These cars are supposed to be very famous in the US, Canada, Europe and Brazil. These cars are similar to gasoline run vehicle. So the user will not feel any abnormal while driving these vehicles through roads. These green cars need to be completely optimized to execute on roads without any performance issues. Current US president, at the commencement of his second term as president of America, predominantly announced importance of alternative energy and renewable energy as the fundamental cohesive stability force behind economic development. Many countries in Europe and Asia have been towards critical advancement of developing advance renewable source of energy so as to reduce considerable dependence on mineral resources.

Future leaders of world economics in the 21st century will be based on performances of nations who are brilliant and superlative in replacing conventional energy sources with that of renewable and environmentally friendly green technology. So far it does not fully understand how green technology will provide sufficient return of investment for investors. Most of green technology products are costly and meant only for large industrial houses. So far less number of developers has designed green technology products affordable for individuals. The monumental losses faced by Massachusetts run “Evergreen Solar” company is an eye-opener for companies who are investing huge sum on renewable source of energy. That company was sold to a Chinese run state owned solar company which makes profits within a few days. This goes on to show how companies must produce cost effective and cheaper products to enable clients to purchase these products in large scale. This goes on to prove that at every step of business affordability of products is key to success and for this good and excellent strategy related to the grass root level is the order of the day to succeed in the cut throat business environment.

Over the past five years green technology has graduated from theories to practice:

This experience goes on to show how a government backed private venture failed miserably due to a large chunk of subsidies and this enables straight government intervention and loss of quality products from industrial output. Green technology should be taken as similar to other innovations such as mobiles, smart phones, cars and it should go under a different variant of product research and proper marketing backing up with different modes of advertisement and proper supply chain management. Green technology negates adverse environmental impact as well as it manages renewable sources of energy to the bare necessities. It requires a high degree of knowledge and innovation in this field to produce smart products backed up with proper distribution of renewable energies in exact point of distribution. It leads to “energy independence” and self-sufficient in energy matters. Many countries are paying heavy sums in buying out petroleum related products. They can opt for flexible fuels and other renewable sources of energy for self-reliant and self-sufficient in the field of energy. Such technologies include solar, wind, geothermal, biofuels smart power grids, and electric and hydrogen vehicle combustion. There are many technical challenges for superlative Green technologies including straight confrontation with immediate competitors, bad return of investment (ROI) and lack of interest from consumers. There are many technical challenges come before scientists while evolving smart green technology products. Deriving energy from controlled nuclear fusion is a bright idea and if it becomes successful than most of the top energy problems can be solved within seconds. But, sadly after so many attempts to safely deriving energy from controlled nuclear fusions the ultimate output is still null and void. It poses huge technical challenges to building such matter that can withstand generation of huge output of energy while fusion processing is going on. Technical problems repeatedly defy the generation of smoother technology and this makes the entire process most difficult to sustain and control.

Most of green technologies are facing severe hurdles at different leg of development. Solar energy is most successful within renewable energy sources. Similarly, battery technology which is a prerequisite for running vehicles irrespective of combustible engine is running difficulty with flexible fuel powered vehicles. Similar technological disturbances are seen in the windmill and smart grids and wind turbine technologies. There are many success stories on green technologies and most of them are from developed countries. Many scientists from developed countries are creating products based on a different set of environmental standards and economic conditions of native countries. For this many such technologies are now cost effective and people friendly. Over the past five years green technology has graduated from theories into practices. It creates hope for sustainable development agendas for developing countries. A green technology can be defined as life saver technology in the form of development of standards of living, creating an equitable social equity as well as providing familiar access to technology towards different form of life through acceptable ways of equilibrium by observing universal environmental standards. It significantly reduces environmental risks and ecological scarcities by maintaining proper distribution of renewable energies.

China’s successful experience on renewable sources of energy:

A sustainable and comprehensive green technology includes mass scale development of freshwater resources, fisheries, reforestation, agriculture, use of flexible fuels, biogas in favorable rules and regulations supported by national government, international governments and different treatises. It paves the way for reconfiguration of business sectors, agricultural sectors, health sectors and all the other essential sectors meant to be working closely with the day to day affairs of individuals. China constitutes one of leading nations of the world to implement low carbon state of energy sources in major industrial arena. To enhance increase use of wind turbines, China has passed the legislature for joint ventures in locally wind turbines to provide full access of this green technologies to local populations. China encourages competitive price bidding model stipulated by the government of China to encourage small and large scale sectors to introduce cheaper renewable energies for product development. China is the largest producer of solar panels in the world. It has 45 percentages of market shares in the world market. In China, price of solar panels is so cheap that more and more common people are installing in their households. Lessons from China, give the basics about how a suitable energy policy can augment proper prospering of revenue streams of renewable energy technology which empowers China to hold low level of carbon emissions.

FIT experience of Kenya:

Feed in tariff policies (FIT) in Kenya opens up the space for different privately owned companies to invest heavily in renewable energy sources and sell those electricity to government owned electricity companies, at a pre-configured price which is established by private public partnerships. Kenya is highly dependent on bio-gas renewable energies sources (RES) consisting of solar panels, wind mills, bio gases, municipal wastes create potential employment through economic, environmental and social policy objectives. In this way, it securely increases potential of electricity supply all around the country and augments basic electricity reserve. Prime motives of renewable sources of energy are to identify policy objectives of Kenya regarding renewable energy sources through the process of sustainable development of renewable energies by mass implementation of biogas products, solar and wind mills. Kenya is under a large belt of sugar factories. Recently, government of Kenya introduces direct procurement of products from green sugar farms. In this way, sugar factories are now free to sell their products at a government owned organization is now procuring sugar related products with good pricing considering benefits of privileged companies. Many sugar factories are now upgrading their factories to improve benefits streams through enhanced local progress and advance green technology.

Uganda is predominated agricultural production country. 85 percentages of Ugandans are involved with agrarian activities. 42 percentages of gross domestic products of Uganda are from agriculture. It takes few important steps in converting traditional farming into organic farming. Numerous foreign companies are engaging with organic farming in order to take a major chunk of agriculture production. Uganda has utilized very miserable amount of artificial fertilizer in agricultural production. It requires a high amount of organic fertilizer in sub-Saharan Africa. In the initial years due to lack of availability of artificial fertilizer forces Ugandan government reinvents and re employment natural organic fertilizers. In the initial years government owned organizations promote use of organic fertilizers as a complementary use of fertilizers. Government supported training facilities to educate young farmers about post harvest utilization of crops as well as benefits of using organic fertilization in farming sector. In addition to this In short, Uganda has utilized limited resource into comparative advantage by mass utilization of organic farming conceptualized and materialized by diverse farming communities.

Owing to rapid urbanization and sudden expansion, urban of Brazil becomes inadequate to most of the population. Suddenly, entire scale of the borough of Brazil comes under illegal construction and lack of proper sanitation system. Brazil holds the fourth largest urban population after China, India, US. It has adopted “Bus rapid transit system” for integrated urban and industrial planning which provides space for new employment opportunities and shifting of industries to an alternate location. They introduce “radial linear-branching pattern” which balances properly between industrialization and green technology. In this pattern, there is a major provision for land use policy for urbanization as well as the diversion of traffic from the city centre. Major constructions of roads are done to reduce traffic-congestion. The city of Curitiba, capital of Parana State in Brazil has addressed pollution problems through implementation of “Bus rapid transit system” through the process of “radial liner branching-pattern”. Residents of the city of Curitiba are actively engaging with the process of recycling and proper waste-management.

NREGA of India:

India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) provides wage employment program for rural households. It guarantees 100 days of secure employment for marginal classes and provides their job opportunity and engages their development of their locality. Government builds roads and employs people of that village and gives them the requisite wages. Government dug ponds and employs people from nearby villages. They have been made available to job cards and these are connected with nationalized bank accounts. Government spends money directly to these bank accounts and in this way elimination of middlemen paves the way for the proper transaction of money to real people. In this way, progress all around villages is done with the help of village people and government of the day. It is one of a successful program which is the center of attraction from different quarters of the world. Over the last few years, NREGA spreads to over 615 districts of India. Its main focus is on the labor intensive work force through complete elimination of contractors and middlemen. It strives to improve rural ecological environment management through the introduction of distinctive works. It erases concerns of local people as most of these developments in the environment are done by them.

It trains locals of various technical skills which later on their life prove to be of greater help for their own benefits. Half of NREGA projects are dealing with conservation of groundwater aquifers which is facing intense shortages due to rise of demand from industrial houses as well as individual needs. Restoration and preservation of rain water and stream water of four major river beds of India are a gigantic task. In a southern state of India, due to NREGA people have restored the dead canal of 500 long years and able to send water to extreme arid zones. This prepares the way for growing of crops and civilization around these arid zones. People who are engaged with this work get their remuneration as well as their village gets water and they are currently in the process of preparing for agricultural crops. This not only boosts crops and livestock farming but also supplements water replenishment. Due to proper development of infrastructure average salary hike of agricultural laborers in the last five years increased by 25 percentages. This proves proper improvement in the lifestyle of people in those areas and this lead to gradual development of people in extreme poverty ridden arid areas.

Successful community forest scheme of Nepal:

Nepal is no longer a developed country. Most of its revenue generated from tourism and jungle products. In the last few years, many forests turn into barren lands. Earlier, Nepal has over 40 percentages forest lands. Over the few years in these areas witnesses constant decline due to mass scale deforestation by jungle Mafia. Nepal government introduces “community forest” which holds prominence for security of forests. Through little financial help and mass community efforts restoration of lost jungles is now becoming a reality. Government plays the role of facilitator and does not interfere in the community decision making process. These teams develop their own forest plans and recognize one needs to manage forest products and as a result of these measures 35 percentages of people of Nepal are involved with these incentives. Restoration of lost jungles led to watering and soil conservation. It improves natural surroundings and attracts more and more visitors to enjoy the natural habitat. It empowers people from forest area to use forest resources as well as exclusive use of timber and non-timber products. Native people vow to plant two trees for each one tree cut by them and this makes a great sense for preserving forest areas through the systematic management of “community-forest”. It provides inclusive growth for each stratum of people. Nepal government introduces different scholarship schemes for educated youth to venture into these economies and utilize their intelligence in developing-forests. It educates youth and seniors about the complex process of decision making and management through the introduction of different credit and saving options in different income generation-groups.

Watershed management project of Ecuador:

Ecosystem services in Ecuador provide noteworthy services to industries and individuals by providing upstream water to different water arid zones. It increases livelihood and generates employment opportunities for educated youths and creates environmentally friendly conditions for citizens in and around the city of Quito. Users of upstream water supply include farmers, citizens, industries and they pay according to their need and industry status. This creates scope for equitable distribution of water among different needy people. Government and non-governmental organizations unites to form “watershed management projects” which creates deep and large reservoir of water resources in and around river valleys and rain aerated zones of Ecuador. In these projects different educationists, students, industries participate to flow of rise of ideas for complete optimization of water reservoirs. In this way proper ecological balance is well attended and care for environmental protection is being taken seriously. Forestation gives way to more water reservoir. So in this project part forest development is deeply looked into. Upstream farmers receive support for watershed management and they receive a high amount of subsidies so that interest in farming stay with them. This leads to creation of innovative farming in local households and introduction of genuine employment opportunities.

Better use of subsidy in promoting green technology at Tunisia:

People of Tunisia depend to a large extent on oil and gas energy sources. Extreme hike of petroleum products is expected to result in high cost-expenditure ratio. The government of Tunisia has devised a plan to increase more dependence on renewable sources of energy. Over 50,000 families of Tunisia are receiving hot waters from solar powered panels which are subsidies from government backed financial institutions. The government has a national fund for energy management and gives subsidies to people who are buying products related to renewable sources of energy. Government reduced import duty and production duty on products on green technology products and hike import duty and production duty on petroleum products. On the marketing front, government gives subsidies to people who are ready and willing to acquire products of green technology. Slowly, more people avail these and entire Tunisia is slowly adapting to green technology. Experience of Tunisia in creation of renewable energy sources comes through implementation of dual side subsidy system in supply chain management side.

Renewable energy investment:

Moving towards green technology requires definitive elements of catalytic agents in defining renewable energy sources that prove beneficial for complete eradication of green house gas effects. Greenhouse gas effects are dangerous for valuable ozone layers. Many countries have agriculture-based economy. Greater use of natural fertilizers and complete eradication of artificial fertilizers can prove to be advantageous for green technology. It creates organic farming and demands for organic farming have been involved in the rise. Past experiences have shown higher demand for organic foods in rich and affluent countries of the West. Rise of agriculture creates equitable distribution of food and its logistic management creates scope for the rise of employment among youths. Farming creates a number of attractive, safety and research oriented jobs for educated as well as under-educated people. According to estimations real-estate sectors are the third largest generation of earning potential all around the world. It also exploits major part of environmental hazards through deforestation and massive use of cement structures. Rise of industrialization and commercialization lead to growth of urban townships and it generates huge development of down towns. In the developed countries of the West, slowly the concept of green house is on demand and rich and affluent persons want to build green houses in order to have a cool and natural resources while staying at home. Researches show buildings created with green technology have low cost incremental costs as compared with cost incurring from cement structures. Due to rise of urban culture more and more people are spending life in cities.

The process of recycle of waste products:

From above all these experiences, we have found nature has plenty of resources and proper use of these resources for full optimization of the day to day functioning is a better idea for an eco-friendly environment. The earth is a life-planet. It is our duty to preserve it and conserve the natural environment for the betterment of society and keeping this safe from environmental degradations. The atmosphere of the earth is like a long stretch of wall which is stopping all hazards of space from entering into Earth’s eco-system. It is our ultimate duty to save the Earth from all possible intrusions arising out of different forms of green house gas effects. A well planned city with proper sanitation and plantation increases efficiency of life in terms of infrastructure, energy and utilities. Renewable energy investments can add sufficient co-benefits in terms of transportation, infrastructure and marine fisheries. Investments in sustainable tourism solutions through reduction of congestion, air pollution can completely alleviate poverty through affordable transportation and open access marketing facilities. Almost everything we are all around us can be recycled. Dissimilar materials can be recycled in different technologies and for this there are many innovative technologies that can be utilized properly for sustainable development of green energy.

The initial stage of recycling consists of collecting and sorting of recycled products. Then, materials are retained for manufacturing processes. The stored materials undergo the process of manufacturing through the series of innovative technologies meant for recycling of products. Recycling saves the earth. Papers are generated from trees. For this many trees are cut and major parts of it are damaged. It is wise to recycle waste paper into neat papers. In this way, many trees have been saved from elimination as well as recycling of waste papers can lead to generation of newer ones. Recycle saves energy and recycle process takes lesser energies than virgin products. Recycle products are cost-effective and good environment. Recycling helps to reduce global warming and decrease undesirable state of the natural environment becoming contaminated with harmful elements as a consequence of human activities. Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere due to a sustained increase that causes climatic changes. Recycling or reprocessing is the act of processing abandoned materials for use in generating new products. Recycling products are preferable to virgin products. Sometimes, some bio-degradable products cannot be recycled.

Concluding thoughts:

It is therefore necessary to burn bio-degradable products so that permanent elimination of green houses gases are done. It will help to reduce green-house gas effects that depleting the the ozone layer. Bio-degradable wastes like egg cells, vegetable and fruit peelings can be composted to use as home-made fertilizer for the kitchen garden. Going green requires a little bit of innovation and careful planning for a gentle touch to this planet. With growing population, recycling of products is now becoming more and more important through better management of products and indestructible marketing designing. It is up to individual companies and individuals to think of the planet and save the planet for creating a sustainable environment for convenience privilege towards Mother Nature.

]]>mohanmekap@gmail.com (mohan manohar)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23585
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23585Introduction: Like all the branches of life, war has also come under the impact of science. Science plays a leading role in the warfare in the modern age. In consequence, the talents and energies of some of the most outstanding scientists of the world have been engaged in the production of weapons and arms. Sometimes, the development of science in this direction causes a great fear in the hearts of peace-loving persons and they begin to look upon science as a curse.

Science and Land Forces: Tthe modern army comprises three branches. Land forces, the Navy and the Air Force. Mechanization in all three branches has brought about a great change. The motor cycle or a truck has very sufficiently replaced the horse or mule as a means of transport. Destructive rifles and Tommy guns have thrown the swords and the spears out of existence. In Land forces, long range artillery and tanks are the other specimens of the use of science.

Science and the Navy: The service of science has become very essential to the Navy and the Air Force. The construction of a huge ship being equipped with the latest means of attack and defense is a wonder of science. Again, submarines and torpedo boats show how science has made naval warfare deadly and intricate. The use of radar is a commendable achievement of science.

Science and Air Force and Medical Units: Science has made Air force very much technical and complicated. Going up in the air is in itself one of the glaring achievements of science and its use in the war is a step further. To see an airliner, a fighter, a bomber is to feel astonished at the skill of scientists and technicians. Parachutes again have made warfare more scientific. The wireless, telephone, the photography and many other things also render an indispensable service in all the branches of modern army. Besides, indispensable service in all the branches of modern army. Besides, sciences work miracles in the supply lines and the medical units. Scientists have made chemical foods, which can give necessary nourishment to a standard soldier for many days and weeks. One tablet of concentrated food is equal to many ounces of common food. Likewise, surgeons and physicians have found out methods of speedy and quick cures for the wounded and the sick soldiers.

Science has changed Human Values: Science has thrown eternal human virtues like strength and valour into the background. A physically weak and a cowardly soldier having a modern rifle or a bomb are more powerful than a strong and valorous soldier without these weapons. Now, victory or defeat in a modern war does not depend upon manpower, courage or heroism alone because everything is highly mechanized and destructive. Now, victory depends upon organization, planning and the efficiency of scientist inventing more dangerous and destructive weapons. One scientist sitting and working in the laboratory with the help of minerals and other resources is much more useful than a soldier fighting with a rifle on the front. Thus, human values are changing fast. A nation which was militarily weak in the past is now powerful and vice-verse.

Conclusion: The use of science in modern warfare has resulted into colossal destruction. The two great cities of Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were reduced to ashes in no time by atom bombs. A small nation, Israel, with a population of 35lakhs of people, brought 8crores of people of Arab countries to their heels within seventy-two hours. It is a miracle of science. If science goes on progressing like this and becomes a permanent tally of war, the future of mankind and civilization seems to be in dark. The modern world is burning inside like a volcano and it may erupt at any moment. We are under constant fear of complete destruction because science has combined with war without wisdom. If the situation takes an early turn and the global war breaks out, mankind may be compelled to go back to the primitive stage of civilization.

]]>arindam.krish1988@gmail.com (SOUMI DE)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23581
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23581Introduction: Most of the dreams dreamt by the late H.G. Wells in his novel entitled “Dreams” have come true. There is no aspect of our life in which electricity does not play a part. There is no aspect vof our life in which electricity does not play a part. The age of steam is over and we are living in the age of electricity. Electricity is the brightest feather in the cap of science. It has remarkably helped us in our trade recreation, education, administration and other activities of life.

The Origin and Development of electricity: the discovery of electricity dates back to the eighteenth century. In that age, it was Dr. Gilbert who made efforts to understand its nature and gave the name “electricity” to this energy. Benjamin Franklin discovered the electricity in clouds. In 1800, Vosta invented the first chemical battery for producing electricity. In 1883, Michael Farady came with his magneto-electricity generator. In 1837, Wheatstone and Cook invented the electric telegraph. Electricity has created a great sensation in the world by conquering time and space.

Electricity and Day-to-Day Life of Man: An astonishing development in the field of electricity was seen in the later 18th century. Electroplating was introduced about in the middle of the 19th century. Doctors began to employ electricity as a cure today called X-rays and Ultra-Violet Rays. Other wonders followed quickly. The renowned scientist Edison contributed much to make electricity lighting a reality by 1879 and 1880. In 1875, Bell invented the telephone which has become a necessity of day-to-day life. The electricity was used for warming and cooking. To our surprise, it was found more effective, cheaper and convenient than coal or gas. At the same time, the electric fan too was invented which gave indescribable relief and comfort to the people living in hot countries. Now-a-days, electricity is used for air-conditioning buildings, rooms, cars or railway trains.

Electricity for the Purpose of Communication, Recreation and Education: In 1896, a new chapter began in the history of electricity when the discovery of wireless telegraphy of Marconi was made. This great achievement conquered time and space and knit the whole world into a compact whole of purposes of communication of massages. Now, in case of disaster, every ship has her wireless set to call for help. The invention of radio is a great step further. It is a great source of recreation and education. The advantages of the radio are numberless. It helps the police to control crimes. Television is a great boon. With its help, we can hear the voice of a person speaking from a long distance and at the same time, we can see his or her figure.

Electricity for Industry and Travel: The field of activities of electricity is very big. It is used in industry, tram cars and trains. The tube trains of London, the suburban trains of Bombay show the zenith of the usefulness of electricity in the field of quick travel and transport. All over the hilly country of Switzerland, there are electric trains, which can run at nearly 100miles per hour. In workshops and factories, electricity has replaced steam power.

Electricity and Multi Purpose Projects: Electricity has brought under its control huge canal systems. The various multi-purpose valley projects planned by the Indian Government and the State Governments are all based on the use of electricity. It dominates human life. We have begun to realize that we cannot exist in the modern world without electricity. Atomic energy has come into existence as a powerful rival of electricity, which will replace it in the near future.

Conclusion: electricity has made human beings inactive and human life insecure. The people living in electrified houses and working with electric machines are under constant fear of injury and death. Sometimes we come across very sorrowful scenes caused by electric shocks. In consequence of the availability of electricity, everyone wants that every work should be done by electricity. The result is that human life has become artificial. The widespread use of electricity in industries has resulted in unemployment. It is making the rich people richer and the poor people poorer. Thus, we find that electricity is also doing some disservice to man.

]]>arindam.krish1988@gmail.com (SOUMI DE)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23580
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23580Introduction: Man’s desire to know the unknown is never satisfied. To satisfy his desire or thirst for knowledge, he accepts the denomination of science. Science will not step down from its high throne as long as desire to penetrate the secret and the unknown regions of knowledge remains.

Science and Civilization: Civilization has reached its present ebb fully on account of science. New inventions are so very necessary for the full growth of human civilization. Without the constant aid of science, the progress of mankind will come to a stand-still. Sometimes, science, coming in possession of evil powers, destroys man but sometimes, when it comes in possession of good and benevolent hands, saves man. Science in the present time is leading man to complete destruction because it has fallen into the hands of the mischievous representatives of mankind. Science will dominate every sphere of life as long as it leads to new inventions for welfare or destruction of mankind. The modern world is moving onward at a fast speed on account of numberless blessings of science. The hitherto unknown universe is on the verge of complete exploration by virtue of the achievements of science. On the other hand, science has made the situation formidable and dreadful by arming man with fearful weapons.

Science and New Problems of Human life: The world will continue to progress at a breath-taking pace for ever. Discoveries will be of primary importance. They will contribute to the advancement of science. To fight disease, to make travel faster and more convenient and to live in great luxury, the helping hand of science is vitally necessary. As the time passes, man becomes increasingly dependent on science for his everyday needs. New problems appear on the face of the earth every hour. It threatens the very existence of man. Science has helped man to overcome it to a great extent. But man has to conquer still many natural forces. To subjugate these, he will have to turn to science for new discoveries. Science has given those weapons to man to control. Mankind has to use science to protect itself from destruction by these agents. It has also to bring these weapons under control through science. Though science may constantly and ultimately lead to complete destruction, yet it will help to reconstruct. Thus, science will occupy it’s much covet position for years to come. It should invent nothing against which it cannot protect its existence.

Science and its Death: science will die a natural death if mankind is completely wiped out from the surface of the earth. But it will come into existence again to civilize the next generation of animals. As it appears, total destruction is a remote truth. Man will use its good sense to save himself from destruction. In the field of destruction, science has perhaps reached its zenith. No weapon, more fearful than those in use, can possibly be invented. Mankind is experiencing the evil effects of these inventions. It knows that a global war with these weapons would, sooner or later, do annihilation. This will dissuade it from seeking to invent for more harmful and destructive weapons which will make the peaceful co-existence a dream.

Conclusion: It can be said that science has bright future. It will make all possible efforts for the welfare of humanity. It used with benevolent intentions; it will not only stop conflict but also protect mankind against destruction. Science will make man the Master of nature and its forces in near future. It is possible only on one condition that it should not come in the full possession of politicians who have knowledge but no morale; who are clever, shrewd and cunning but not wise, discriminate and discreet. Science should be combined with morality and then both should have unshaken faith in the welfare of man.

]]>arindam.krish1988@gmail.com (SOUMI DE)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23358
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23358Energy is essential to carry out tasks. Today many sources of energy are available. But among them, solar energy is considered to be perennial source of energy. However coal, natural gas, nuclear fuels, petroleum products are used mainly and extensively. These are non-renewable i.e., cannot be recovered once used. Thus they are becoming extinct. They does not form quickly. They get accumulated in nature over a long time. Thus earth's energy resources are becoming empty. This fear has created energy crisis.

Energy crisis occurs when demand is more than supply. If living standard of a country is high, it's energy consumption will be higher. If living standard of a country is low, it's energy consumption will be lower. Energy supply must be sufficient to overcome the demand. When demand isn't met, it results in energy crisis. Energy consumption in the world is increasing day by day and sources are getting depleted every second.

Population explosion is the main reason for energy crisis. Increased population has led to increase in the number of vehicles. All of these vehicles need fuel. We are only using non-renewable sources of energy. Renewable sources are totally left unused. There are very few people who are aware of bringing renewable resources into use.

Energy crisis has also resulted not only because we are using energy in more amount but also because we are wasting it unknowingly or deliberately. By taking care of certain things we can stop this wastage of energy like fuel tank of an engine should be regularly checked for any leakage. This will help in the saving of oil. Engines should be shut down when not in use. This is the blunder which we all do and do it repeatedly. Servicing of vehicles or other machines is very essential. By this, If engine is defective or there is leakage it will be taken care of as well as their oiling would be done properly. Conditions of roads are becoming worst from bad. This will increase consumption of energy by vehicles.

People waste electrical energy to a greater extent. They do no cultivate the good habits of switching off lights, fans and other devices when not in use or when leaving the room. In public places, this waste of electric power can be commonly seen and no body really care about it. They even do not turn off tap and let the water flow easily. Even in homes and places of work, people use more water then what is required. Apart from this, they spend drinking water for other purposes like washing, watering for plants and for various purposes. They are unaware of the fact that lots of energy is required for the purification of drinking water. Ladies in kitchen do not believe in saving energy at all. If they wish can save it by cooking food in cookers or covered utensils. The water used for washing vegetables and fruits instead of being thrown can be used for watering the plants. Heating facilities at home are very inappropriate and again lots of energy get wasted.

We can correct this energy crisis by saving energy and by promoting use of renewable sources instead of non-renewable sources of energy. First and foremost, population growth has to be checked. Increase in population increases the consumption of energy. Awareness should be brought among people to save fuel. Engine servicing should be done periodically. Engines with higher efficiency can save lots of fuel. Government has to take care of it. Taps should be checked of any leakages. We must stop our habits of leaving taps open and using more water than required. Drinking water should be used only for drinking purposes and not for other purposes. Devices like television, lights, fans and others should be switched off whenever not required. Use of fluorescent tube lights are more efficient when compared to bulbs. These lights help to save energy and are cost effective too. Public places should be taken care of any wastage that may be leaking of taps or unused electric power. Cooking practices should be improved. This can be done by using cookers and stoves which are efficient enough. Public transport system should be efficient and comfortable.

Renewable sources of energy should be used especially solar energy. People should be educated to set up and use solar heaters, solar cookers and solar generators. Gobar gas plant should be set up. Animal dung is used as a source of fuel in this plant. It is a bio waste material. This must be promoted and used on a larger scale.

In this way by using renewable sources of energy to a larger extent and carefully using the energy provided to us, we can make correct use of energy. This will help us to overcome problem of energy crisis.

]]>rinsupreme82@gmail.com (Reena)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23357
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23357Electricity is one of the best inventions of science. We cannot imagine our lives without electricity. It has given us powers and lights of which our ancestors were deprived of in earlier days. All our comforts, facilities that we enjoy in our day to day life are the gifts of electricity to us. Our life is totally dependent on electricity and we can't imagine a single second without it. It is the most important milestone that we have seen in the progress of science.

Entertainment today is the most essential necessities of our lives. It is the source of time pass. It always acts as stress buster and useful during the times of relaxation and leisure. If there is no electricity, there will be no entertainment. Television, cinema halls, multiplexes are run by electricity. Listening music, watching videos whether on television, mobiles, desktops, lap tops or tabs all need electricity.

Industries would come to a halt and production will suffer a lot if power is shut down. Unaccountable number of goods derived from them would never be produced again. Workers would become unemployed. We as consumers will be deprived of amenities which we can get in bulk from industries. This will in turn affect the progress of the country because of the fall in the national production.

Summers would become unbearable in absence of electricity. Devices like fan, coolers, air-conditioners give cooling effects during summers and make summers bearable. No matter how scorching sun rays might become during summer but man comfortably enjoys all the facilities sitting comfortably in his air-conditioned room. Even cars and other vehicles are fitted with air-conditioners. Thus, during traveling too he does not have to bother about anything. Even trains have air conditioned coaches for a comfortable journey. Along with this ships, air planes, helicopters all are provided with this facility. During winters, man need not suffer and tremble in oozing cold weather. He can comfortably sit in his room and enjoy the heating effect provided by heaters. In certain places and countries temperature may reach 0 degrees. But, due to the invention of electric heaters man can bear and comfortably pass his winters too. Thus, man can comfortably live even after being exposed to the hazards of the climate.

Without electricity night becomes frightening. Modern age will be no more modern in absence of it. Robbers would easily carry out their activities. As soon as sun is set, darkness will linger in each and every fields of our lives and thus we will have no option but to shut down everything. Electricity has helped us greatly and gifted us light that dazzles during the dark nights. Without it neither students can study after day light hours nor other chores could be carried out easily. Such is our dependency on it and such is the wonders of electricity.

Electricity helps us in traveling. Cheapest means of transport are electric trains and trams. Earlier trains would run on charcoal and would take plenty of time for covering the distance. After introduction of electricity, electric trains have become quick in covering distances. Super fast trains like Rajdhani and Shatabdi are well known for their speed in India. Metros are becoming very popular now a days.

Electricity has reached our fields. It helps us in cultivating our fields in modern ways. Tube wells help us for irrigation purposes. This improves the yield. Apart from this, electricity also helps us in obtaining oil by drilling and mining for the minerals.

Earlier man was deprived of all these facilities. They often dreamed but never enjoyed. Modern man after hard work invented electricity. There are other sources of power too, but electricity is the most important one. It is the greatest invention of man and has brought heavenly bliss on earth. Without electricity it is not possible for man to carry out his day to day activities. It is the best gift of science to mankind. All we have to do is use it carefully and cherish our lives in its presence.

]]>rinsupreme82@gmail.com (Reena)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23354
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23354Plastic is an invention of man. It is a material created and extensively used by him. It is a synthetic or semi synthetic material. It is available in various shapes and thickness. Unique property of it is that it can be molded. Plastic is useful in many ways as well as a material of disadvantage to mankind. It is of great use in day to day life, but it cannot be destroyed no matter what efforts are made. Thus, this is a matter of serious issue.

PLASTIC AS A BOON:-

Plastic is a boon to mankind. It has proved to be very useful in all walks of life. Plastic is used as carry bag helpful to carry things. It is used by all the people, it is easily available as well as cheap. We cannot imagine our lives without it. It has become necessity of our lives. Earlier bags made out of cotton or jute were used. But, with the invent of plastic, these bags are replaced by plastic bags as aesthetically they look good and have become much commercialized. We are surrounded by plastic everywhere. Plastic bottles, plastic chairs, plastic toys are used by all. Even plastic containers has taken its place in our kitchen as they are easy to handle and quick to wash. Good quality plastics are unbreakable and are used in the manufacture of various articles like television, tape recorder, computers etc....In our day to day lives we use pens, boxes and many electrical appliances which are all made by plastics.

PLASTIC AS A CURSE:-

Plastic is very harmful to our health. It cannot be destroyed easily. Soil loses its fertility, if plastic is buried in the land. Water will become polluted and disease prone if plastic is dumped into it. It can be destroyed to some extent, only if it is burnt. Even after burning, it's physical form gets destroyed but it still exists in the gaseous form. It takes the form of some dangerous gas when it is burnt and there by pollute the environment. Also, due to it global warming has been increasing. Plastics can take thousands of years to decay. On consumption innumerable animals, birds and fishes die every year. Thus, it is not only harmful to human beings, in fact causing harm to other living beings too.

We are using plastics deliberately even in the places, where it's use is no way required. If we have to protect our environment we need to check its production. Plastics cannot be destroyed. Already tons of plastic is produced on daily basis, which after use, lingers over here and there. This has to be checked. Recycling is the best method. Instead of producing new , the older can be recycled as it is a non biodegradable object. Wherever not required, it's usage has to be stopped. We should cultivate the habit of using cloth bags or paper bags instead of plastic bags. Instead of using plastic containers, China clay containers can be used which look authentic and more beautiful. Instead of dumping water bottles here and there, should be sent to recycling.

Usage of plastic cannot be stopped completely. But, it's use can be decreased gradually. It is boon as well as curse to mankind. It is very beneficial and to rule out disadvantages and protect our environment it should be used cautiously and wherever required and not carelessly, as safeguarding our environment is our prime duty.

]]>rinsupreme82@gmail.com (Reena)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23316
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23316Today's world is regarded as science age. Science is related to each and every field associated with us. It has totally changed our lives. The things which were considered impossible by us, were made possible by science. The aspects in which we would not believe, science with it experiments stabilized our belief in them. Science has proved to be beneficial to us in many fields and many aspects of our lives. It has provided us with modern amenities and lots of facilities.

Invention Of Science: James Watt was the one who first discovered power of steam. He invented steam engine. After this invention, age of modern science began. After the invention of steam engine, lots of inventions and discoveries were made. Science presented to us lots of facilities which ranged from traveling in the sea, reaching the depth of the ocean to landing on the moon and other planets. It has enabled man to travel like a bird. Jets help man to cover miles of distance in no time. To enable comfort while traveling vehicles like buses, ships, cars have been invented.

Electrical Appliances: Electricity is considered to be the best invention of science. In actual terms, electricity should be the other name or synonym of science. In each and every field to fulfill each and every requirements electrical appliances are helpful. Such conditions have arrived when these electrical appliances are available right from our kitchen room to our fields. Electricity provides us with light. Our homes, markets etc..... are well lit-up. It provides appliances which are helpful to cook our foods, wash our clothes, gives cooling effect by getting rid of heat with the help of fan, air conditioners, coolers. Radio, television, trains all run with the help of electricity. Factories require electrical energy and its production depend mainly on it.

In The Field Of Communication: Science has enabled us to send messages through different modes like trains, ships, posts, radio, telephone and internet. These facilities do not make us feel lonely and the feeling that our loved ones are far away never arises. Through the medium of television we can watch all the activities no matter in which part of the world has been carried out. Internet enables us to gain immense knowledge no matter in which field we are interested in. Few years back no one could even think that through television and internet we could watch live matches been played in far venues like England, Australia, America and many other countries.

In The Field Of Medicine And Surgery: With the involvement of science, both in the fields of medicine and surgery immense development is seen. All the diseases and infections could be treated no matter whether they are of easily spreadable type, common or of rare varieties. Even syndromes like AIDS also would be cured in the forthcoming years as sufficient research is been made in this field. Surgery of each and every part of the body could be done today. Blinds could be gifted with eye sight. With the surgery of heart, doctor gifts new life to the patient. Handicapped individuals with the help of implants can carry out their daily chores without any problem. If the kidneys have become disease prone or if their is a kidney failure, kidney transplants could be done or even patient can live on dialysis.

In The Field Of Agriculture: Science has helped us greatly in the field of agriculture. To help cultivate the field, to cut the crops and to carry out many more field related tasks science has provides us with many agricultural machines. With the help of this field related appliances farmers need to do less manual work comparatively. Not only this, science has made available lots of pesticides and fungicides which prevent crops from being damaged by insects. Varieties of fertilizers help in the rapid growth of yield. As a result, our agriculture is improving in terms of economy and progress. Development is seen day by day.

In The Field Of Education: Science with the modern facilities of printing has enabled education to spread widely. Through television and radio, thousands of people are getting educated especially those living in remote areas. Internet is the new mode of imparting education and has proved to be the best until now.

In The Field Of Entertainment: Science has made available many modes of entertainment. Among them are radio, television, tape recorder, c.d. player, cinema etc..... With the help of these modes of entertainment, we get entertained, helps to reduce our stress and our life doesn't seem burden to us.

Nuclear Power: Nuclear power is used in many constructive fields. It serves as a weapon to us in times of wars and is a protective measure to us. In the field of surgery it has proved to be very beneficial.

Science has helped us in each and every field and walk of our lives. We cannot imagine our lives without all these modern facilities and comfort. These amenities of comforts are all provided to us by science. Scientists and others on daily basis are inventing and discovering new things which can still help us in improvement, and to make our lives still better. Prosperity of an individual and in turn country's development are all dependent on science.

]]>rinsupreme82@gmail.com (Reena)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23312
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23312Today, it has become essential to think deeply about ourselves and our environment because sometimes it becomes necessary to think regarding certain issues. We all agree that science and technology has given us a lot of modern facilities, amenities of relaxation and utilization. Deeply lost in all these facilities we often forget that we have committed a lot of mistakes and are continuing to do so. Nature has gifted this environment to us. Science has got its own color. Modernization and growth in science led us to change the natural environment to unnatural. Everybody owes their right towards environment, therefore all of us should think about it and take necessary steps, otherwise we would be subjected to experience the hazardous effects. Man among other living beings is considered to be supreme. Man has the ability to think and transform his thoughts into real work and therefore the responsibility of environment to a greater extent solely lies on his shoulders.

The land on all four sides, air and water is what our environment comprises of. Our relationship with this environment is quite old. But more than that it's relationship is still deeper with age old trees and animals existing till now. To us all the animals and plants existing in this world are very essential because without them our life would be difficult. Environment is alive because of these trees, animals and other living beings. If a wrong action is done against environment, it too shows back its reaction in a much harmful and hazardous way.

Man's Interference With Nature: Science Age

Due to excessive progress in the field of science, on one hand we have been rewarded with so many benefits and facilities and on the other hand we have faced lots of disadvantages. Man from time to time has interfered and has brought changes in the environment. Man himself in today's world is facing a lot of problems because of his interference. This is because it has resulted to create imbalance in nature. It's simplicity and purity is been destroyed. Lots of bad effects is been seen today.

Regarding this imbalance that has resulted in nature we need to think from many aspects. We over the years have become impatient and have not been performing our duties properly. We have stopped thinking and have become thankless. We do not think about harms we are facing in today's life and the hazards that we are going to face in the near future, neither we thank nature for its gifts. We want to make quick profits. We are allowing population to increase rapidly. All these factors are responsible for creating imbalance in nature. We chop trees and destroy forests for construction of houses, for farming, to get fuel, to earn money and for many other reasons. Since forests are destroyed, animals and other living beings are greatly reduced in number. On daily basis, new roads, buildings, mills, factories etc..... are constructed. Poisonous chemicals, gases and other toxic things are used on a large scale. From cities to villages environment's natural form and purity is getting destroyed. Unhealthy trees adjacent to highways or roads busy with vehicles are drenched in dust and pollution. All the wastes and effluents are thrown in rivers and other water bodies. The same water from these sources is used for drinking. In our homes, surroundings, gardens on daily basis we sprinkle or spray poisonous insecticides or pesticides. After all these harms created by us, how can we expect environment to stay balanced.

Plants, Trees And Animals: Our Friends

In actual terms, little bit of pollution does occur in environment but it gets corrected by environment itself. When animals, humans and plants respire, they expel carbon-dioxide. If this carbon-dioxide gets collecting and if not replaced by oxygen it might become too dangerous and poison the environment. But, in presence of sunlight, plants prepare their own food with the help of chlorophyll present in their leaves. This process is called photosynthesis. During this process carbon-dioxide is replaced by oxygen. Plants utilize carbon-dioxide and gives out oxygen. This is the reason that the areas in the cities where there are gardens, parks or greener areas are termed as 'lungs of the city'.

Plants were responsible for the beginning of life on the earth. In absence of these plants and trees, life is almost impossible. All the grains like wheat, rice, paddy, maize etc..... varieties of pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits are derived from these plants and trees. Woods of trees are used in the construction of houses, furniture, trains, vehicles, guns, match box and for making of many other things. Cotton, jute which are used for making of clothes, bed sheets and many other things are also derived from plants. Wood is used as a fuel and charcoal is also a derivative of wood. Millions of years ago, woods of forest trees got hid inside the earth and transformed into charcoal. Similarly, decay of plants and trees resulted in the formation of petrol or fossil fuel. Trees right from old times are used for making papers used for reading, writing, printing etc..... Leaves of trees were used as a plate in which food was served when utensils were not made. Varieties of color, gums, rubber, tea, coffee, varnish, oil, sugar, medicines, tobacco are all obtained from trees. Forests serve as home for animals. For decoration, beauty enhancement and rituals these plants and trees lend great help. Scientists have discovered that different types of leaves of plants and trees are helpful to reduce different types of poisonous gases, dust and keeps environment clean.

On other hand we are dependent on animals for milk, butter, ghee, mutton, food, medicines, wool, skin, leather, flesh and other precious things. They help us in cultivation of our fields, they pull our carts, they serve as vehicles to us, they carry our luggage, they entertain us, they help us to carry out our hobbies. Some of the animals and living beings have become extinct and some of them are nearing extinct. If this is continued we might struggle in our future to see these animals. It is our duty to protect them.

Due to destruction of forests, animals and other living beings are reducing in number. Rainfall is decreasing. Due to destruction of forests, the land cannot absorb the rain water easily. Sometimes the condition arises when the land becomes barren due to no rainfall and sometimes it may result in excessive rainfall causing floods to arrive. Land may get subjected to slit or land slides may occur. Scientists have also given warnings and suggest that after utilization, measures should be taken to replenish the loss. The amenities taken from the environment for utilization should be returned back to it. One should not move in the way of destruction, rather one should take the route or right direction of constructive measures.

Protection Of Environment

Protection of land, water, air, plants, animals is our supreme duty. If environment is not protected and reduction in pollution is not been done and harmful poisonous materials if not been stopped from entering environment, there will arise a day when pure air and pure water will not only be difficult but impossible to obtain. Apart from existing diseases, new diseases and infections will arise.

Few questions have to be answered over here. For pure environment, safe and healthy life we need not go ages back by turning our lives into simplified version. We need not stop the progress that is taking place in the field of science and technology. We don't have to stop the development and prosperity. Solution of a problem lies not in stepping back, in fact in moving forward and taking our steps ahead. Progress lies in protection of environment and in making it clean and pure and then in maintaining it in the same way. Usage of energy and utilization of amenities should be done in a natural way and according to the prevailing conditions. They should be utilized in such a way that the products taken from environment should be returned to it along with interest rates. Only then the store of nature always remains full. In actual terms, when development in field of science and technology takes place in right direction only then our development and progress is assured.

With the help of science, we should discover new sources of energy and fuel apart from wood, charcoal, oil, electricity etc..... Efforts should be made to make them available for laymen too. To avoid pressurizing on one source of energy, efforts should be made to derive energy from all the sources like water, air, sun and should make them available to all the people. Biodegradable things should be used to reduce pollution. Measures should be taken to maintain forest reserves. Their utilization should be done by proper planning. More number of plantations should be done and less number of trees should be chopped. The trees that can be planted easily and grown rapidly, such trees should be planted on both sides of the roads and in the center of villages and cities. The principle of 'Vanmahotsav' should not only be kept in papers, in fact should be brought into action. Our earth should always look greener, this should be our up most duty.

Government and non-government organizations should take measures and plan efficient methods. Universities and other educational institutions should discover new measures and government should support these organizations completely. We as the citizen of our country have the responsibility to follow the measures suggested to us.

It's natural that man cannot live totally free of pollution today. Trees has to be chopped for daily needs. Utilization of some part of land also becomes very essential with the growing population. The only thing we need to change is our nature. We need to work with patience. We have to think of our future. We should keep in mind that environment is ours. It is not mine or his or hers. In fact it is ours and we should work accordingly to protect it and replenish it. We live in this environment and we are totally dependent on it. Thus, regarding environment our feelings should be pure and uncorrupted. Only then we will follow the right steps in right direction for protecting it. In such measures, lies protection of this environment and our development.

Ghost is a legendary creature, which can be real or in phantasm. Ghost is sometimes known as "Specter" or specter in different cultures. It is the living soul of a dead person, or animal. It is searching for its own body inside the mortal world. Ghosts are life-like, an embodiment of human -beings; they can hardly be watched or felt. Many people are expressed to have seen ghosts and encountered with them. There are certain religious practices which believe to be making way of resting soul of ghosts. All these practices are believed by humans who are afraid of ghosts, and try hard to resolve the fear through some spiritual practices. From the time immemorial, humans always prefer to shelter in the hut of religion to drive out fear. They are scared of fire, cyclone and floods and to this they tend to shelter into spiritual practices. It gives them immense pleasure and satisfaction and generates intense sense of brevity while maintaining religious practices.

According to “The Devil’s Backbone”, ghost is “An emotion, a terrible moment condemned to repeat itself over and over? It is an instance of pain, perhaps? Something dead which appears at times alive. A sentiment suspended in time... like a blurry photograph... like an insect trapped in amber.”

Vengeful spirits:

According to Wikipedia, ghosts are solitary spirits which stays in one single location and they are powerful and it is difficult to remove them from those places. Ancestors and old timers resort to diverse spiritual practices in order to get rid of vengeful spirits. They believe, some spirits are dangerous and they do evils to society or family. They believe spirits with revenge are most fearful and for this they tend to give the sacrifice. The sacrifice in the forms of male goats is common in the form. It is believed that ghosts tend to eat those ghosts and then became satisfied with their stay at the earth and then revert back to their own hinterland which is between earth and paradise.

Book of Dead:

People believe persons who are murdered in broad day light seemed to return again in order to avenge their deaths. In these scenarios, the guilty family resorts to worship of Lord and other forms of godly matters in order to place the vengeful spirits. Ancient Egyptian’s “Book of dead” primarily deals with different aspects of life after death and tries to find the reason behind the formation of ghosts. When a person dies, the whole set of materialistic constituent of life disinterred.

When the last rites performed, preferably burning of a lifeless body, disintegrated constituents integrate to form the soul. The soul is the basis of life. Without a soul, a life cannot exist. When the identical soul comes back and searches for its body of embodiment, it fails to find it. Thus it becomes revengeful and tries to attack people and try to get back to their body. Soul always searches for the human body. It cannot act without it. For this reason, the trend of mummification in ancient Egypt begins. It aims at preserving the body for the soul. Soul goes out from the body after death. It disintegrates and then reintegrates and revives and returns to Earth in search of human body.

Mummification:

That is why they preserve the human body with mummification. They believe there are no such time limits when the soul reaches to the earth after integration of constituents of the human body, and for this sole reason ancient Egyptians tend to preserve the human body with a special kind of treatment. It is a robust science and the real trick of preserving a dead human body for so long is lost amidst change of civilization. Modern Egypt has long left the ideas of ancient religions and so on all the tricks of preserving mummies. It is a sad that humans have lost this great trick to preserve the human body without mutilation for so long. They believe spirits remain in the earthly world after life and tend to haunt the places where they lived and for this it is essential for them to preserve the body of the spirits to let them lay in peace.

After life:

“Book of dead” also epitomized that these spirits after life had to pass through a series of “supernatural-entities”. The souls of thieves and unrighteous persons are being punished by another group of slaughters who will hound them and find them out and kill the soul of “after Life”. On "Juedgement-day" the souls with “negative confession” are heavily punished on "judgment-day".

All these consciences and beliefs show the moral strength of ancient Egyptian society which is culturally and morally blended to stay afloat to touch such height of science where they can preserve the dead body of humans without mutilation for long years. Verses of “negative confession” of “Book of the dead” list all practical thoughts which is a guide for human hearts, which may have been dwindling in the dual thoughts of good and the evil. One does not have to face a series of embankments from evils and slaughters in “afterlife” journey of soul.

Ghosts are spirits:

“Book of dead” was originally written in Papyrus. Most of writers are from elite and rich classes. During those times, they have acquired significant knowledge from different sphere and are trying hard to manuscript this knowledge for the common man in their speaking language, in order to craft and maintain decent generic attitudes among the common masses. The cost of papyrus is high and for this only rich and influential people have the capacity to acquire and write.

In numerous places in India, it is believed that ghosts are the spirits. Spirits are the individuals within people. Spirits of the dead man who stays in this earth is considered far from being natural. Earth is the place for normal living people. It is believed that spirits stayed in the earth as long as their motives are not satisfied. This theory can be counted on various directions. But, it is also true that every person is afraid of ghosts. Ghosts’ fictions have been re-written and retold often times. Most of prehistoric cultures and religions are always filled with stories of ghosts and spirits. “Pneuma” is the synonym of ancient Greek ghosts or spirits. They believe that ghosts stay with air or breathe. The concept of spirits comes from the simple fact that in cold and ice climatic conditions when one breathes, the air is filled with white smokes.

Trinity:

Ghosts can move anywhere within a space of seconds and they are believed to be influential in their hinterland. They are thought to be more persuasive than Lord, even in their place. For the majority of Christians, the “holy ghosts” are the third major substance of “Trinity”. The “New Testament” attaches greater importance to the term “holy-Spirit”. Holy spirits seem to be embedded within God and when he descended to the earth, the “holy spirit” was released from the curse and went on to heaven. However, the other forms of Christianity show of the existence of ghosts and also ghostly-Possession.

Contradictions:

Catholics believe there is a small place between hell and heaven. When the dead man travels the long distance to reach there, some persons who have milder acts of omissions and commissions, are selected for heaven, but they stay inside middle path of hell and heaven for some time, in order for some cleansing process of spirit and then they reach to heaven. In that place, the “refining fire” is there which cleanses the inner heart of spirit to qualify him as the member of Heaven. Many a time, during these cleansing processes, the spirit can reach to earth to solve the matters which are haunting them and those times, they interact with their family members. As it is believed, they can only be seen with them and none of the others will able to see and detect them. According to their beliefs, spirits stays with the world. They stay at a different layer with different dimensions which are not visible to us.

Sleeping paralysis:

As human, we can only see three dimensions at best. We can watch and learn three dimensional objects. It is like a room in a two- way view-mirrors. We cannot see the ghosts which stay at the different layers. Due to our limitations, seeing ghosts is not the possibility. On the other hand, ghosts are invisible at different layers and they can see us and always tries to interact with us. Sadly, they are not able to talk to us as we have limitations in seeing the dimensions. They have always tried hard to correspond with us. These are some of the beliefs which the fundamental form of Christianity sees the concept of spirits.

Some medical scientists do not believe in the existence of ghosts. They called the state of seeing the ghosts as a medical condition known as “sleeping paralysis”. It is a semi conscious condition of human beings when they get up from a deep sleep. In that time, due to long rest, human mind stays in semi awaken posture and it takes time to awake and function in full. For this, it is essential for them to see something frightening and alarming. Most of the times, all these visions seem to be pigments of imagination; but the state of seeing all these visions is still unclear. Medical scientists are still pondering over these sequences in order to find the truth among all these happenings.

The dream-awaken stage:

All these are traditionally the state of dream awaken stage where many people have complained to have seen ghosts. Medical scientists are collecting data and information about all these incidents. One aspect of existence is clear. During sleepiness, when mortal minds are connecting to a separate state, some lucid thoughts or connecting to some other world, which is not yet fully construed, come into functioning. This sensation is a real time situation which is completely devoid of conventional earthly presence. Psychologists believe, dreams are the faithful reflection of a perfect mind. A perfect mind creates, re-engineering process within the mind to check its functionalities. It is like performing de-pigmentation process of solid state hard drive.

The brain is a complex set up a process which no one till to date is able to analyze and interpret. All these are part and parcel of life. Many a time, during active life we experience different incidents, some of them are good and some of them are not so good. All these are accumulated to become a mixture of stories and stored at some chambers of the brain when a person is fast asleep. All these optional stories come to one’s mind and then create one life-like story that becomes the dream. Sometimes, people have complained about a state of being congested in breathing of air or being alone in a lonely state.

Buddhist’s analogies:

According to Buddhist’s analogies, some people still live in the state of spirits after their deaths. They could not remove passionate desire of greed, lust and earthly matters. This makes them greedy even after their deaths. They are called “hungry ghosts”. They will try to return to earth to satisfy their greed. This is the sole reason for which some Buddhists are still offering foods at the holy sanctum in order to satisfy “hungry ghosts”. They believe only living human beings can help them to find their way out of this world. Through all these methods they can attain salvation. The concept of “hungry ghost” is of "Sanatan Dharma". Ancestors who is dead, always tends to return to their own son. Generally, on their death anniversaries, they return to their home and when the holy foods are being offered to them through the process of religious practice, it is believed that the fires that have been burning them all over are extinguished.

Hungry ghosts:

During the entire month of October (Karthick), they return to the earth and stay for one month during these times in order to take foods from their sons. It is believed that they are always watching from heaven to their families and tend to protect them in times of their difficulties and adversities. They are hungry ghosts, but their desires are limited to their families, such as sons, daughters. It is also believed that by offering food to ancestors, they become happy and shower praises and protect their children from dangers and enmity. The hungry “ghost” of Sanatan Dharma is different from “hungry ghost” of Tibetan Buddhism.

Ghosts are the ways of continuity:

Ghosts are found within religions. Many sacred scriptures have given way to appease ghosts. Sanatan Dharma always tells that the elder son of the family to give food to their ancestors. They come to earth to be fed by their sons. It is the holy duty of a son to feed ancestors. The ancient scriptures of Sanatan Dharma try to mix the concept of death with life and in this way the entire relationship among father and son becomes a way of continuity even after the deaths.

According to these Holy Scriptures when a person dies prematurely, earthly desires are still inhibited and for this he has to pass into two stages. One is gross body state and the other is subtle state. Awaited to unfulfilled and unaccomplished desires, the person stays in two states after death. Slowly, he enters from the uncultivated state to the subtle state and then relieved from the soul. Subtle state is the real world hell like situation which the ghost or the dead man is always trying to avoid. In Sanatan Dharma, it is believed that during his stay at "hell" in the subtle body, he has to face all forms of difficulties and sorrows.

Sanatan Dharma believe in ghosts:

In Sanatan Dharma, people believed to perform last rites of insensitive people by burning their body. The body is the medium by which the soul carries its appearance. The soul is immortal. It cannot die. It remains intact after a person’s death. A soul always tries hard to reenter its ancient body and for this Sanatana Dharma recommends burning down of the human body after death. After burning down of the human body, soul cannot enter into his body. So, it has to leave the mortal world. Sanatan Dharma is the oldest practiced religion. In various ancient religions, practice of fire in funeral is prevalent. Even, old Romans, Egyptians had been using fire for funeral rites. According to scriptures, it is impossible to satisfy desire of spirits, as it is uncontrolled and cannot be fulfilled; so it is better to destroy human body so that spirit will not find any such compatible medium to enter into and stay home to human body.

Tantric sect of Sanatan Dharma:

In Tantric sect of Sanatan Dharma, people believe that some ghosts have power to “ghost possession”. It is terribly frightening for them to think that spirits will acquire a body of any person and will control the soul from within. Sanatan Dharma followers believe generally these spirits capture the body of young girls and then overcome them and try to speak of the ways they can be liberated from the world. These are called “ghost-possession”. There are many scriptures which tell details about how to get rid of “ghost-possession”. Science may have been not agreeing to this, but people believe it and perform it in order to remove ghosts from within human-body. The Tantric sect of Sanatan Dhrma, has been influenced by Buddhism where one can find worshipping of the goddess in a lone and solitary places.

Though, with due course of time, the "devi-sadhana" (Goddess worshipping) became unpopular owing to the advent of corruptions and malpractices. Nevertheless, it is still relevant in most of the people as they feel the existence of spirits, and they resort to the best possible solution of calling the psychic experts. Ghost-busters will resort to discrete steps and try to weaken the presence of spirits inside the human body. They believe, they will create a situation in which spirits will feel worse inside the human body. In these processes, they will assist spirits to go in the right direction and leave this mortal world. All these beliefs cannot be questioned, and religion is such delightful part of human life which will never ever see the scientific validity.

Is death really an end?

Ghosts in Sanatan Dharma (Hindu religion) are called preta (spirit). Do followers believe this? It is believed that most of them do. Some of them have seen spirits in real life. It might be a state of hallucination when someone experiences this but still after so many years the belief is intact and continuing. That is why, when a person dies, all the rituals are performed in order to remove the presence of the person within the earth. In this approach, all traces of besieged people are removed from the earth. Spirits get liberated from all earthly matters. This theory of Sanatan Dharma about ghosts is aptly supported by scientific communities.

This raises the question “is death really an end”? When a person is alive and has been staying at home, the atoms of human cells stay at the corner of the rooms. It is natural and those cells get activated after the death of a person. Spirits try to locate those cells and find out its exact locations. So, Santana Dharma believes to remove all desires of the dead person through holy chantings during the death of persons. In this way, all traces of spirits are removed and ghosts get liberated from all earthly bonding.

Are ghosts are associated with the places?

In many haunted places on earth, ghosts are associated with places where they have met unnatural deaths without final rites of their having been performed. They are believed to be ghosts thereafter. So followers of Sanatan Dharma perform rites with divine sermons during final rites in order to remove all possessions of spirits from earth. It is believed that human beings possess dual body, one body of earthly matters and the extra body post-death. Hinduism and Buddhism are complementary; both have gained immensely from all these thoughts and try to find unusual ways in order to attend salvation of spirits and dead persons.

They classify spirits in two classes. One is a fine spirit and the other is a bad spirit. Then, question is asked about sudden and accidental deaths where the deceased person is devoid of the concluding rites. The Tantric sect of Sanatan Dharma, has shown one segment of practice to satisfy evil spirits by temporary transfer spirit to the human body, then all rites are performed and the spirits satisfies and all earth possessions removed.

"Yajurveda" and "kundalini worshipping":

Among four Vedas, “Yajurveda” deals with tantric sermons and hymns. It is giving all the possibilities of curing all these supernatural powers. The term Hinduism was introduced by English people to name the existence of Sanatan Dharma which is compilations of all forms of ancient practices of people of India. Sanatan Dharma is the oldest religion of the world. It is practiced by many scores of people. Tantric sect of Sanatan Dharma differentiates between power of spirit and Kundalini (goddess Shakti). “Kundalini” is powered by God.

How to get rid of malicious entities and ghosts, are the principal question humanity is facing since time immemorial. Believe it or not many people have stressed that they have to encounter haunting experiences at some point in time in their life line. The state of ghost can be good or bad. The cause is not yet well known.

Ghost experiences are not completely a stagnant subject:

Like the stories of alien, the mysteries surrounding phenomena of ghosts are still not solved. There are completely mysterious spheres all around when the topic of ghost comes into mind. It seems when someone experiences such situation, he is inside shadow lands. It is completely immersed in puzzling situations with intense enthralling mysterious circumstances rounded all around you. While all these mysteries are constantly being laughed at and criticized by many ethics and so called social entrepreneurs, but it is also advisable for them to think beyond and think out of the box and find out what many people believe cannot be disregarded as miscarriage of thinking. Ghost stories and ghost experiences are not completely a stagnant subjects which give us a boring situation, but instead it is one such ever changing and exciting climax situations where it would trickle mind of brave persons and try to show case the lighter side of human beings.

There is something inexplicable within ghosts and haunting, big foot creatures, aliens, UFOs, mysterious creatures and mysterious and unknown. All these happenings have some unique characteristics. There are many ghost hunting series, where ghost hunters would travel to abandon households and stay there with modern scientific equipment, to test all around over to record the presence of spirits. They believe ghosts run with energy which their high- end equipment can detect and find the presence of ghosts. Those who believe in ghosts or have already had ghostly experiences; do not need any such systematic instrument to believe in ghosts. Ghost-busters and ghost hunters have high end scientific instruments, but still to date. There is no textbook proof that is similar to reality. People have perceived to be seen ghosts at discrete points of time, yet, they cannot justify these actions to third people in reality.

Scientists believe in ghosts?

Many famous scientists believe in the existence of ghosts. They have tried to find the way out to prove the existence of ghosts in real time. Famous physicist Albert Einstein seemed to support the theory of ghosts. He believed ghosts are nothing but the conservation of mass energy. They are a manifestation of distinct cycles of energy from one level to the other. A mere Google search will bring million of information about Albert Einstein’s belief in ghosts. He discovered and proved that all the energies of the world are constant. It cannot be created or diminished in one go. It is constant and the only way energy movement is feasible is the conversion of one form energy to the other. When energy does not die, it is simply converted into one form to the other. Energies cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted into the change of pace of energy that runs the world and the universe.

“Tri country paranormal” is a group which is relentlessly trying to find the logic behind the creation of ghosts. They have forwarded the theory of energy propagated by Albert Einstein, which says that every matter in the universe possesses energy. It is the energy which transforms each matter. The answer is very simple. Living humans have electronic energies which run hearts, minds and pulses. When the same person dies, the contents of energy never die down. If the body is not burnt, then the energies lying inside a dead body go into animals or bacteria that used to eat the rotten bodies. If the body is cremated in the form of funeral fire, then energies are released into the air in the form of heat and light. According to Einstein energy cannot be replaced, or created, it stays and converts to other forms of life.

Energy recycling processes:

When we eat green vegetables of meat, those are most in the form of dead leaves or dead animals. By eating vegetables and meat, the inherent energies go into our body and help us in metabolic processes. The energies which exist inside vegetables and animals come into us when we eat them. Here the energy is converted into heat and chemical energy. When the body of dead animal and human is burnt of the energy released from it in the form of light and heat, it disperses into the air and stays there for some time. Ghosts are a combination of electric and magnetic (electro-magnetic) energy and that is why ghosts stay at one particular location. Owing to presence of magnetic energy, ghosts tend to fix their place at some particular location and if they move from there, their magnetic energy decreases and they become weak and invisible. In a discrete field, ghost stays to the presence of magnetic field and they seem to be influential there and then the magnetic field is combined with electrical energy, when they are alive. It seems to be the combination of electromagnetic energy which makes the level playing field of ghosts.

On the other hand, many analysts negate this theory altogether. They have shown on experiment that living human beings possess light electrical energies. Those energies are sufficient for metabolic processes. They are still not convinced of the speedy arrival of a strong hypnotic form of energy and they are trying to figure out. If ghosts do exist, then such humongous magnetic energies they are possessing can bring about huge proportion of energies. The conversion of electrical energy halts at the death of a person. How these energies are preserved and perceived to be there when human beings become ghosts suddenly?

EMF detectors:

Ghost hunters with such electro-magnetic devices, enter to haunt places and they compare normal temperature with sudden fluctuating energy performances. They have seen such gigantic depression of heat inside definite part of haunted places. Nevertheless, till to date, they have not found the still or motion pictures of ghosts. Only, people who have perceived to have seen the ghosts are describing these experiences. They use electro-magnetic field (EMF) detectors, to sense the abrupt change of heat in the environment. Einstein has said it clearly that energy cannot be made, enhanced.

Many ethnologists and physicists gain immense happiness in denying the existence of ghosts. There are countless situations which even science is unable to explain about. Till to date, no physician is able to solve the mysterious “Brazilian-nut-effect”. When some nuts of varied size are placed inside a bowl (preferably made of glass) within spilt of seconds, it seems that bigger nuts are at the top and the smaller nuts are at the base. In a sedimentary piece of land, with due course of time, bigger sedimentary rocks come to the top despite high density of gravity and smaller ones stays at the bottom.

Brazilian nut effect:

“Brazilian nut effect” gives a confusing thought about the theory of gravitation. It is observing reverse gravitational theory inside Earth gravitational powers. Physicians, manufacturers and psychologists are trying hard to understand this effect. Still to date, they are not able to solve this mystery. Scientists who are dealing with rational existence of ghosts also are trying hard to understand the basic function in which ghosts are operating. This will be great for manufacturers and other forms of energy sector, if this mystery is solved.

Scientists trying hard to find the existence of ghosts are also detecting weaknesses of scientists who are unable to solve some of the easiest mysteries related with physics. They believe the existence of ghosts is the embodiment of physics. It is not a matter of speculation. It is time to invent what sort of physics is involved which is making a bunch of energy into an invisible and powerful entity. The technique behind this physics can boost space shuttle in making long distance voyages inside universe without any such need of fuel. Physics with spirits is of denying customary notion of life, of reaching for the longest distance in the shortest imaginable of time. Invisibility inside luminosity is a huge boost in the war field. If the physics behind this function is solved with ease, then invisible soldiers inside war field are a fantastic boost for nations.

The behavior of foam:

All these theories are based on hearsays till to date. There is no significant proof of the existence of ghosts. It is a confusing aspect of science when it considers the existence of spirits as embodiment of physics. What is the reason behind all these confusions? In the entire history of human civilization, stories and gospels related with ghosts are running all around. There is some part of actual physics which is all around us and reminding us of unsolved physics. Nonetheless, all these are genuine. The behavior of “foam” which we use for shaving is very surprising, but it does carry mystery. According to physicists, foams are 95 percentages of gas and five percentages of liquid. Foams are not solid. Yet this combination of gas and liquid does give it a solid state and it stays in the face while we shave. The reason behind the creation of a solid state from gas and liquid state has not been discovered by physicists. If they can solve this mystery, then most of the problems arising out of flooding situation can be solved.

Scientists can stop super cyclones on its midway by bringing it to a dense state. Space scientists can take water in the form of solid state and use it forever in order to live while in extended distance space voyages. All these mysteries attacked with the formation of “foam” can solve huge problems but sadly the reason behind this is still not been deciphered. According to NASA, “The physics underlying common foams are poorly misconstrued. You'll create a truly bizarre substance. Despite being made almost completely of air, the sudsy foam in that sink somehow behaves like a springy solid. Strange! ” Take some shaving cream on your palm, touches it and feel it and ask yourself, is it solid, gas or liquid?

Foam optics and mechanics:

Scientists coordinating physics behind movement of ghosts are also corroborating this theory of “foam” to the existence of Ghost. Ghosts might have been some form of energy which is in the state of solid, liquid or gas and create one combination in which the entire mass of substance (say a ghost or spirit) is zero but they are visible or can be felt or seen. Every theory of ghosts comes with a rider. As the phenomena of ghosts are still not known and no one knows whether ghosts exist or not, and in an unsure and susceptible environment, how can one reach a reasonable and logical conclusion while dealing with a high level of physics? For all this, NASA has begun experimentation of “Foam Optics and mechanics” (FOAM) in the international space station (ISS).

All these experimentations lead to one effective way of reaching closer to the theory of existence of ghosts and spirits in the living world. Till to date, we do not know whether ghosts are the formation of a definite state of matter in collision with energy or they are just the figments of imagination of weird mind in a subconscious state. Existence of ghosts is an unexplored realm.

Conclusion:

According to ghost boosters, ghosts often drop into the corporeal world for help. Though the design and the manner they have asked for help are different in different cases. Ghosts reach here to achieve something which is unfulfilled during their lifetime. Ghosts are not here to terrify us. Ghosts are seeking help from us in order to find the way out of this corporeal world. Ghosts are caused in the present moment as they have some unfulfilled tasks to complete. In short, Sanatan Dharma (Hinduism), Buddhism and Judaism all teach us that ghosts are not remorseful. They are suffering the most. They want to seek our help to go out of this world. They cannot be exited from this world all by themselves.

We may pretend ourselves of non existence of ghosts. However, there is no doubt; there exists some kind of advance form of energy formation which is beyond the sphere of modern day science. All haunting classifications are not alike. Each haunting environment is different from the rest. Rational scientists and ghost boosters are trying hard to find a common thread among the existence of spirits. Sadly, they have not been successful. Till date, no rational scientist or ghost booster is able to see the perspective of ghosts and spirits while dealing with this subject. Ghosts cannot see the light. They smell the blood just like mosquitoes and want to taste it. All these are an aberration which is associated with ghosts. There is no such hard and fast rule to explain this.

Haunting is difficult to explain. Nonetheless, it is a serious matter which needs further probe. Ghosts are rarely dangerous. Mortal can injure all by themselves due to nervousness, running and fear phobias. One should be brave and courageous while encountering haunting experiences. Haunting experiences are suppressed emotions. Medical advice and proper psychotherapy to affect people are the need of the hour.

]]>mohanmekap@gmail.com (mohan manohar)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23144
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23144Plastic is an essential thing these days. It is needed in packaging of anything It is present in almost everything like our food is packed in plastic boxes, our cars have plastic accessories, our mobiles have plastic parts, almost every industrial device has some plastic in it. It is claimed that plastics are recyclable but the fact is opposite as lower grade of plastics are only recyclable. As plastic cannot decompose so it pollutes environment. These days plastic is boon for us but also it is also a threat for us as there is not way to decompose it if it cannot be recycled. So we should take some steps to save our environment from plastic. Here are few things we can do save our environment from plastic:

First thing we can do is to limit use of plastic bags. We should try not to use plastic bags when we go to market for shopping. There are jute bags which can be replaced with these plastic bags. I know its not that easy to stop use of these plastic bags but still we can try to limit its use.Plastic bags don't decompose in to soil and release toxic chemicals in the soil and often animals die after eating it.

Buy things in boxes and not the things packed in plastic boxes and bottles. Card boxes can easily be recycled compared to plastic bottles.

Re use plastic boxes and bottles then to buy new things packed in plastic bottles/boxes. Empty boxes and bottles of sauce,butter,refined oil etc can reused after washing them instead of throwing them and buying new ones.

Bottled water is one of the major reason of plastic waste all over the world we should limit its use and try to refill them instead of buying new packed bottles also we should use mugs instead of disposable cups for coffee/tea.

Always use match boxes to lit candles than using plastic lighters. These lighters are made from very cheap plastic which takes years to decompose one can use metallic lighter than these plastic lighters.

Try to avoid frozen food. Frozen food is for our convenience but it is packed in plenty of plastic. Yes it is not easy to avoid packaged food but we should try it as packaged food is also not good for health.

Plastic definitely is part of our lives now as this is used almost in everything but we can limit it use to reduce pollution created by the waste of plastic. Plastic is dangerous for animals as it effects digestive tract of animals if consumed. Also this is harmful for human beings as the chemical used in making of plastic gets absorbed by human body and may have ill effect.

Conclusion : We should understand it that plastic is not ecofriendly though without it we cannot imagine how life would be but we should try to minimize its use through few small things in our daily life.

]]>sjvg1976@gmail.com (Sanjeev Gupta)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23052
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=23052Modern age is the age of science .science has certainly become an indispensable part of life. It has placed magical power in to the hands of man .man has, more or less, conquered the forces of nature with help of science .science has rendered it’s valuable services to mankind in various spheres. Science helps in our work and makes it possible for us to eat, sleep experience comfort and relief .civilized life means life in the lap of science to mankind is the control over environment .the inventions of agricultural machines and chemical fertilizers have increased production. Tube-wells, canals and dams, supply water for agriculture.

In industry, giant power-driven machines make man’s job easy, comfortable and pleasant .Science has extracted minerals and oils and great values from the bowels of the earth. Work and music go hand in hand. Thus, Machines have relieved man of heavy burdensome task and also provided ample leisure, which he can use for cultural activities. Science has invented new means of entertainment and education like cinema, radio and television. We can hear and enjoy music, speeches of great leaders and running commentary of international games. With the help a television-set, we can hear and also see the artists and the performance with our eyes.

Modern man has refrigerators and coolers to make his life more comfortable. Motorcars, Trains and aero planes have made his journey safer and quicker. Man has conquered time and space with the help of advanced means of transport and communication .it is now possible to rush help to any part of the world in case of flood earthquake etc. It has reduced the world in case of flood, earthquake etc. It has reduced the world to the size of small family. The printing press has expelled ignorance and promoted enlightenment .

Medical Sciences have made miraculous inventions for protecting man from deadly diseases. Till only a few years back, diseases like leprosy, cancer, tuberculosis and polio were incurable .people suffering from these diseases, would strike horror and pity on the one hand and despair on the other. but, today x-rays ,antibiotic drugs and surgical operations have controlled diseases to great extent .

Science has given eyes to the blind, ears to deaf and legs to the crippled .it has made a check on diseases, improved the standard of health and increased the longevity of human life. Plastic surgery can even change a monster in to fairy .Scientific breeding has yielded satisfactory results in the case animals, plants and even man. It has produced test-tube babies for childless couples.

Science has provided man with means of comforts. The gift of electricity has placed unlimited power into the hands of mankind .it not only runs our factories and mills, but also lights our houses, cools and warms our rooms and works our fans. We no longer need to sweat in the heat or shiver from the cold. Electric gadgets can finish the entire cooking in half and hour. Washing, drying and ignoring can be done mechanically.

]]>rekhagargmba@gmail.com (Rekha Garg)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=22774
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=22774The rivers are great depositories of water and they have sustained civilizations since advent of time. When they flow in their full bloom it is a sight for the God's to watch. The energy they ooze while flowing from the mountains into the seas is simply difficult to imagine. If they support life, then during monsoons they can take it back also. If interfered with they can hit back with immense fury and cause untold damages to both life and property. No doubt that in many cultures rivers are respected and even worshiped.

Five great rivers of the world are presented below in no order of preference :

Amazon River

The Amazon river originates in Lago Villafro in the Andes mountains, Peru and passes through Ecuador, Brazil and Colombia, in South America. It flows from west to east and finally discharges into the Atlantic Ocean. It is believed to be the second largest river in the world after river Nile. However many studies have shown that it could be larger than Nile also. Its length is estimated to be anywhere up to 6,800 kms but not less than 6,400 kms.

Its source is in the Andes mountains at an elevation of 5,170 meters and its mouth is the Atlantic Ocean at ground level. Over 1,100 tributaries flow into it from both sides, 17 of which are more than 1,500 kms long.The Amazon River width varies from 1.6 km to 10 kms but can widen to 48 kms during monsoon season. Its mouth at the Atlantic Ocean is about 80 kms wide. Such gigantic dimensions often make people refer to it as River Sea.

The quantity of water released by Amazon into Atlantic Ocean is so enormous that an area of 26,00,000 square kms of the Ocean is covered by the lighter river waters. The river is estimated to discharge at the rate of 3,00,000 cubic meter per second during monsoon and around 2,00,000 cubic meters per second in normal times. Amazon River discharges nearly 20% of the earth's fresh water into the sea.

The river has a drainage basin of around 70,50,000 square kms the largest in the world and accounts for nearly 20% or 1/5th of the world's total fresh water flows into the sea and covers nearly 40% of South America. It thus makes it a very important river in S. America and the world. The Amazon rain forest covers the areas of nine countries: Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Gyuana, Suriname and French Guiana.

The Amazon River surroundings are extensively forested and support a large variety of flora and fauna, many of which are unique to this area. More than 2,000 variety of fish are found in the Amazon Basin, including the deadly meat eating piranha fish. In the Amazon rain forest area more than one third of the known species of the world exist. The famous snake Anaconda. longest in the world, is native to this region. Large size dolphins are also found.

An interesting feature was discovered and made public in 2011. The discovery was made by an Indian scientist Valiya Hamza, who showed that below the Amazon River flows a parallel underground river, named Hamza river in his honour. It is the longest underground river in the world and its length is about 6,000 kms at a depth of 4 kms. As compared to the width variation of Amazon between 1.6 km to 100 kms in monsoon the Hamza has a width variation of 200 kms to 400 kms and it flows at a speed of only a millimeter per second compared to five meters per second speed of Amazon River.

The Amazon River is truly a gigantic river of mammoth proportions.

Nile River

The Nile River is recognized as the longest river in the world. Its waters are shared by eleven African countries like Egypt, Congo,Tanzania, Rawanda, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Eriteria, Burundi and South Sudan. It flows in the north eastern region of Africa and it ends in a large delta that discharges into the Mediterranian Sea. It is 6.650 kms in length. It has an average width of 2.8 km and average discharge of 2,830 cubic meter per second.

The source of the river is usually considered to be Lake Victoria, but it is itself fed by larger rivers Like River Kagera, and the farthest source is thus not exactly still established. The Nile River has two main tributaries flowing into it known as the White Nile and the Blue Nile. The larger White Nile originates in either Rwanda or Burundi and the Blue Nile originates in lake Tana in Ethiopia. Both these rivers meet at Khartoum,the capital of Sudan.

The Nile River drains an area of 32,54,555 square kms about 10% of Africa. It is closely associated with Egypt through the ages. All major cties of Egypt are by its side and because of it, Egyptians are able to live in the Saharan desert. The building of Aswan Dam in Egypt has resulted in control of the flow of Nile and has brought a change in agriculture practices. The river was used as a major source of transportation and is in use for it today also.

Some of the important cities on it are Jinja, Juba, Khartoum and Cairo. The great contribution of River Nile is the fact that it flows towards North Africa through desert whch would be otherwise be uninhabitable but for the waters it brings. It has been doing so from eternity and the Egyptian civilisation flourished on its banks centuries ago. The Pyramids of the Pharoes got built because River Nile flowed by in the adjoining deserts.

Yangtze River

The Yangtze River is Asia's longest and the world's third longest river. It entirely flows within China. It originates in the Tibet plateau in Quinghai and flows across southwest, central and eastern China. Its mouth is at the East China Sea at Shanghai. It drains nearly one-fifth of China's area and nearly 33% of China's population is living in its basin. It is 6,418 kms in length.

It is also seen as acting as a dividing line between North China and South China ,whose climate, culture, economics etc vary differentlly from each other.

It's source is located in the glaciers of the west of the Geladandong mountains in Tibet at an elevation of 5,042 meters. Its basin is spread in an area of 18,08,500 square kms. It has one of the biggest river discharge volumes in the world at an average of 30,166 cubic meter per second peaking to 1,10,000 cubic meter per second in wet season and falling to 2,000 cubic meter per second in lean season. Its river basin is 18,00,000 square kms.

Some of the well known cities along its banks are Wuhan, Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Jingzhou, Nantong and Shanghai. It is estimated that it contributes nearly 20 % of Chinese GDP. The river is a busy waterway transporting more than 800 million tons of cargo annually. It also flows through the most beautiful and scenic Three Gorges area which attracts increasing tourist traffic every year. Curiously, the first bridge across the river was built in 1957. Now hundreds of crossings and couple of tunnels have been built across the river.

Two dams have been built on the river. The Three Gorges Dam and the Ghezhouba Dam for generation of hydel power and regulation of water flow for agricultural purposes. The former is the largest hydro electric power station in the world. Due to rapid industrialization in China, the river has suffered from industrial pollution, heavy silting, agricultural runoffs and loss of its drainage areas, leading to heavy flooding resulting in considerable loss of property and life.

Historically, battles have been fought by the British, Americana and French with the Chinese Kings to get the right to navigate on the Yangtze River for commerce purposes. In one such fight in 1843 the Chinese were forced to cede Hong Kong to Queen Victoria and it remained with the British till 1997.

Alongwith another of China's great river, the Yellow River, it forms the cradle of the great Chinese Civilization.

Mississippi River

The Mississippi River, meaning Great River, flows entirely within the Central part of the United States. It originates in Lake Itasca in Minnesota the North at an elevation of 450 meters, runs through Central region of America into the Gulf of Mexico down south.Together with its major tributary, Missouri River, the combined Mississippi- Missouri River is the third (?) or fourth longest river in the world, with a length of 5,970 kms. Here we shall discuss the Mississippi River whose length is 3,770 kms.

The mighty Missouri River is one of its tributaries and their confluence takes place at St. Louis, Missouri. From its origin till here, it is known as the Upper Mississippi River. In between there are 43 dams which regulate its flow and generate power and spread irrigation. From St Louise till its meeting with another of its tributary, the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois it is known as the Middle Mississippi. From here till Gulf of Mexico it is known as the Lower Mississippi. Further tributaries drain into the Mississippi river like White River ,Big Black River, Yazoo river and Red River during its course ae the Lower Mississippi.

The Mississippi River forms the fourth largest drainage basin in the world covering 32,20,000 square kms area which includes 32 US states and two provinces of Canada. It discharges at the rate between 7,000 to 20,000 cubic meters per second equivalent to only around 8% of the Mighty Amazon River flow.

The first brdge across the river was built in 1855 and the first railroad bridge was buit in 1856.Today a large number of bridges some of great engineering feats are built on the Mississippi River. Some of the cities situated on its banks are Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas and Missouri.

Together the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form a great waterway sytem and their basin covers around 40% of the US and also supports its economy in a big way.

Ganga River

The Ganga River flows within India and Bangladesh. It originates in the Himalayas in Uttrakhand at an elevation of 3,892 meters and flows southward and then east into Bangladesh where it meets the Bay of Bengal. It is the largest river in India with a length of 2,525 kms and the second largest river in the world for water discharge, ranging from 2,000 to 70,000 cu. meter per second with an average of 12,500 cu. meter per second. It covers a basin of 10,80,000 square kms.

Its main source is the Gangotri Glacier amongst other adjoining glaciers and the melted snows of peaks like Nanda Devi, Kedarnath etc. The major cities on its banks are Haridwar, Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Rishikesh, Bhagalpur and Kolkatta. Some of its major tributories are Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Son, Koshi, Ghaghara and Mahananda rivers. It flows through the States of Uttrakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

The Ganga River begins at the confluence of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda. Alaknanda is formed by the waters of the melted snows of the peaks like Nanada Devi and Bhagirathi begins at the foot of the Gangotri Glacier at Gaumukh.

The Ganga flows for about 250 kms in the narrow Himalayan Valley and emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh. It then enters the Gangetic Plain in Haridwar. From here it also starts its southeastern journey through north India. The Ganga joins the Yamuna at Sangam near Allahabad and then starts flowing towards Malda in West Begal. It enters into Bagladesh where it is known by the name of Padma and later on as the Meghna before it enters into the Meghna Estuary and empties into the Bay of Bengal.

The Ganges delta is the largest in the world and is formed by the sediment laden flows of both the Ganga and the Brahamaputra rivers. It size is about 59,000 square kms. The discharge from the combined Ganga and Brahamaputra is only next to that from Amazon and Congo Rivers.

Ganga River has a tremendous religious significance for Hindus and is revered as mother by them. A bath in the Ganga is supposed to wash away the sins of the bather. Hindu mythology is full of stories of Ganga and Shiva the God whose abode are the Himalayan mountains. Ancient visitors from Greece and China mention the Ganga repeatedly in their writings and the important role it played in the culture of ancient Indians.

The Ganges delta is very fertile and contributes to agriculture produce significantly. It is also being increasingly used for generating hydroelectric power. However due to the variety of industries on its banks and their discharge into it have made Ganga a very polluted river. It is a dead river at many places. It supports the breeding of large variety of fish and other aquatic species including dolphins. It is a big provider of water to agriculture around it.

However it also floods the Gangetic Plain causing destruction during the monsoon season. It is a great holy river which is embedded deeply in Indian culture and this makes it one of the Great Rivers of the world.

Do aliens really exist? Are UFO sightings real? These kind of questions has haunted human beings for so many years. Some people believe that aliens are real and they had visited earth on many occasions. People belonging to this category are members of some cults which worship aliens. On the other hand there is a group of people which rule out the possibility of any kind of alien existence. The truth is even after achieving so much in the field of technology, aliens are still a mystery for human beings. We clearly don't know whether we have gained enough knowledge about aliens or we have lost in a world of our own unethical imagination. A lot of movies like ET and many books based on the concept of aliens have been released till now. Lets look at some interesting facts which may or may not agree with alien existence but they will definitely make you more curious about aliens.

The Father Of Ancient Alien Theory

In the year 1960, people all over the world were amazed to hear about an UFO sighting. This phenomenon of UFO sightings was noticed all over the world for the next 10 years. The most famous alien theorist is Erich von Daniken, who is also regarded as the father of ancient alien theory. He was so influenced by the UFO sightings that in the year 1968, he published a book "Chariots of the Gods?". This book was a huge success because it explained the phenomenon of extraterrestrial existence on the basis of ancient facts. His hypothesis was that aliens landed on Earth a thousands of years ago and they shared their immense knowledge with the human beings and thus changed the course of human history forever. This hypothesis was a stepping stone for the future alien theorists.

Arguments Supporting This Hypothesis Of Alien Existence

1. Vimanas

Many ancient religious books in Hindu mythology which are written in Sanskrit have described Vimanas or a flying object. Most of this books were written in India about 2000 years ago. The alien theorists believe that these Vimanas were spaceships and they had visited India 2000 years ago. They believe that Gods depicted in various religious books were mainly ancient alien astronauts.

2. Pumapunku

It is a place in Bolivia near Tiwanaku. According to Incan culture, Tiwanaku is the place where the world was created. Pumapunku is a huge field of scattered ruins and megalithic stone works. The ruins are more than 1000 years old but the technology used on these stone works are very modern because of this alien theorists believe that either it was built by extraterrestrials or they helped human beings with their immense knowledge to built it.

3. The Moai Of Easter Island

The Chilean Polynesian island of Easter island is famous in the world for its "moai", which are monolithic human figures. There are 887 enormous human figures with huge heads. These statues were built by Rapa Nui People about 500 years ago. The tallest of the moai statues is Paro, which is 33 feet high and weigh 82 tons. So the main question is how did human beings achieved this impossible task of transporting such incredible structures with out any sophisticated tools? The answer given by alien theorists is that it is the work of aliens who left their mark on the island and you can't find any better explanation.

4. The Nazca Lines

They are a series of ancient designs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. These designs are stretched across more than 50 miles. These designs include simple lines, drawings of animals, birds, humans and even complicated geometric designs. The largest of the designs are over 660 feet across. As the designs are spread across, they can only be appreciated from up in the air and the Nazca people who designed these features between 400 and 600 CE did not invent any flying machines. So the alien theorists believe that these lines were designed by aliens to guide their spaceships while landing and they also used them as runways.

Some Modern Incidents Related To Alien Existence

1. Cattle Mutilation

Cattle mutilation means killing and mutilation of animals like sheep, cows and horses under mysterious circumstances. The early incidents of cattle mutilation were reported in the late 19th and early 20th century. The animals were found drained of blood and their internal organs were missing. The surgery performed to remove internal organs were so precise that no surgical marks were found on the dead body of the animals. The bodies were dumped in abandoned areas with no evidences. Alien theorists believe that extraterrestrials were responsible for this animal mutilation.

2. UFO Sightings

Thousands of UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) sightings have been reported so far. The most important UFO sightings were reported during the years 1960 to 1970. Scientists and government organisations feel that these sightings were reported by mentally hallucinated people but alien theorists believe that the Earth has being visited by at least one extraterrestrial civilization.

Bizarre Alien Encounters

1. Area 51

Area 51 is an Air Force Base in the southern portion of Nevada in the western United States. In 1979, Philip Schneider an ex-US government engineer was shot in the chest by a 7 foot alien in the underground base of area 51. He held up his half melted fingers and pieces of alien metal as proof and a lot of people believed in his story. He was one of the three people who survived the attack by alien Grays, even behind the mysterious boundaries of area 51.

2. The Hill Abduction

It is considered as the first ever abduction story against aliens. As Betty and Barney Hill were returning to their home in New Hampshire in the year 1961, they noticed an UFO in the sky and Barney got out of the car. The UFO got so close to them that they were frightened and sped away from the UFO. After a few seconds Barney realized that they had covered 35 miles in just 2 minutes. A few days later Betty began having strange nightmares of aliens performing surgery on her and her husband. Betty had also drawn a map of a constellation, which she claimed the aliens had shown her. After 8 years scientists found the constellation which was drawn by Betty.The Hills couple consulted a psychiatrist but even after 6 months of regressive hypnosis, the psychiatrist himself admitted that the Hills couple definitely came in contact with the aliens.

Arguments Against The Existence Of Aliens

1. Rare Earth Hypothesis

This hypothesis is based on the fact that Earth is a very rare planet and there are no other planets like earth. To support life, a planet needs a combination of astrophysical and geological circumstances. Since there are no other planets that support life, the question of extraterrestrial life doesn't arises.

2. Fermi Paradox

This argument was put forwarded by physician Enrico Fermi. This is based on the concept that if other planets like earth exists, then extraterrestrial life should also exist but if they exist, then the earth should have been colonized or at least visited a long time before. No scientific evidences support that the earth was at least visited once by the aliens.

3. The SETI Institute

The SETI (Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence) institute uses latest scientific technology and electromagnetic radiations to find the presence of alien life but from the time they came into existence and till now they had not received any transmissions from any civilizations outside the earth.

The alien theorists believe that if aliens had visited earth in the past, the will visit again and they want the future generations to be prepared for the inevitable encounter that awaits them.

According to the Greek words "nitron" and "genes", which together mean "saltpetre forming". Nitrogen was discovered by the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Nitrogen is a chemical element having atomic number 7 in the periodic table. It's a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. It's the fifth most abundant element in the universe and it appears in great plenteousness in earth's atmosphere constituting 78.09% by volume of it, which contains around 4,000 trillion tons of the gas..It's a nonmetallic gas.It has atomic weight of 14.0067,melting Point 63.15 K (-210.00°C or -346.00°F), boiling Point 77.36 K (-195.79°C or -320.44°F), density 0.0012506 grams per cubic centimeter.

It also appears in a number of other compounds and forms, and is a important component of life on earth for many organisms and species. It's extremely important for plants, animals and humans as they can't live without it. Nitrogen is a component of many organic molecules which is essential for for growth and reproduction in plants, animals and humans. It forms an essential part of amino acids that make up proteins, in nucleic acids and DNA that comprise the hereditary material and life’s blueprint for all cells, and in many other organic and inorganic compounds.

Different Forms of Nitrogen

Under standard temperature and pressure nitrogen is a gas, composed of a diatomic molecule of formula N2.It has 2 stable isotopes. The ionization energy of nitrogen is 14.534 eV. It has oxidation states like +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -2, -3. It forms triple bond unlike oxygen. This makes it one of the strongest chemical bonds(Energy of dissociation = 944.7 kJ mol-1), which is primarily responsible for the inertness of N2. Once the strong triple bond is broken, however,the nitrogen atoms are very reactive indeed and nitrogen forms many compounds with different types of bond. For example, nitrogen can form nitride ions, N-3, normal (sigma bonds), single bonds as in ammonia (NH3), or double bonds as in the diazo-dyes (R-N=N-R) or triple bonds as in N2 or cyanide), or the ammonium ion, NH4+. Nitrogen forms oxides in which nitrogen exhibits each of its positive oxidation numbers from +1 to +5. It forms a special chemical compound with oxygen having chemical formula N2O or nitrous oxide which is called laughing gas.

Nitrogen Cycle

For plants and animals to utilise nitrogen, two things should happen:

The nitrogen gas in the atmosphere must find its way into the soil.

The inert N2 must be broken down into more reactive compounds that are easier to metabolise.

One mechanism for this occurs during thunderstorms, when lightning flashes provide the high energies necessary to split the N2 bond and allow it to react with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides, such as NO and NO2. These can then dissolve in the water vapour in clouds to form nitric acid and nitrous acid (HNO3 and HNO2, respectively), which then rain down onto the waiting plants, which absorb it through their root systems.Due to the inertness of nitrogen Plants cannot directly use this form of it, so it must be converted into other forms before it can be used by plants. Some bacteria can convert the inert nitrogen into usable nitrogen compounds which is called fixation.

The main processes in Nitrogen Cycle are

Nitrification

Denitrification

Nitrogen Fixation

In nitrification process the conversion of NH4- to NO3 happens via NO2. This is carried out by some aerobic and chemoautotrophic bacteria.The biochemical reaction is:

NH2OH + HNO2 => NO2.NH.OH + 2[H]

hydroxylamine + nitrous acid -> nitrohydroxylamine

Next stage is a direct oxidation step

NO2.NH.OH + 1/2 O2 => 2HNO2

nitrohydroxylamine, nitrous acid.

In denitrification conversion of NO3 to N2 gas. Many different kinds of facultative anaerobic bacteria can carry out this process; the most common are Pseudomonas spp., Achromobacter spp., Paracoccus spp., Moraxella spp., Bacillus spp., Alcaligenes spp., and Gluconobacter spp.are called nitrate reductase.

Overall reaction

2HNO3 => 2HNO2 => HON=NOH(hyponitrite)=> N2

In nitrogen fixation a specialized group of bacteria, and industrial fertilizer manufacture, can "fix" (decompose) this largely inert compound into biologically useful nitrogen compounds. During the processes of decomposition, the nitrogen in proteins is transformed eventually to ammonia, (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+). These processes are called ammonification. The nitrogen which has been fixed now available for plants to absorb. The nitrogen fixing bacteria form nitrates from of the atmospheric nitrogen which can be consumed and dissolved in soil water by the roots of plants. Then, the nitrates are incorporated by the plants to form proteins, which can then be spread through the food chain.

The complete nitrogen cycle is as follows.

Animals then eat the plants and convert the nitrogen into proteins. When the animals die, bacteria break down the proteins releasing N2 back into the atmosphere to begin the cycle again.

Industrial Use of Nitrogen

The largest use of nitrogen is for the production of ammonia (NH3). Large amounts of nitrogen are combined with hydrogen to produce ammonia in a method known as the Haber process. Large amounts of ammonia are then used to create fertilizers, explosives and, through a process known as the Ostwald process, nitric acid (HNO3).

It's obtained by cooling air below the boiling point of N2 and separating it from the rest of the components in air. N2 gas is used as an inert atmosphere in the manufacture of semiconductors and glass. Liquid nitrogen is used as a coolant.

]]>barood.amit@gmail.com (Amit Mitra)Science & Naturehttps://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=20616
https://www.boddunan.com/topics/science-and-nature.html?view=article&id=20616Due to constantly increasing population, the natural resources are being depleted every day. The constantly depleting natural resources have led to a crisis of energy in countries all over the world. The energy crisis has led to sharp increase in prices all over the world. It is time that we start thinking of alternate sources of energy so that the remaining reserves of energy do not get depleted. Alternate sources of energy are the sources of energy which are very different from those which we use now. Alternate sources of energy can be renewable as well as non-renewable. But we must focus on renewable sources of energy as they are long lasting and will never get depleted. A few of those renewable sources are discussed below.

Solar energy

Sun is a star. Sun gives off light due to massive nuclear fusion reactions taking place in the core of the sun. This form of energy has heat as well as light. According to a study if all the energy of sunlight is harnessed then it would be enough to fulfill the complete energy needs. Solar energy can be harnessed in a number of ways. Installation of solar panel is one of those ways. Solar panel can be used to convert solar energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy can be used to light-up lights and can be user to power fans and coolers. Solar energy can be used in a solar cooker to cook food so eliminating the need of LPG gas.

Wind energy

Wind is a powerful source of energy. Windmill is a very important method of converting the power of wind into electrical energy. Windmill is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Windmills should be installed in places which are abundant in wind energy, for example – certain coastal areas are rich in wind energy. Hence wind energy can be used in place of non-renewable sources such as coal for generation of electricity.

Tidal energy

Tidal energy is the energy from the waves of the ocean. These waves can be used to turn the blades of turbines. Turbine is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The electricity thus generated is transported to power stations which further distribute the electricity to houses.Hence these renewable resources should be utilized for generation of power as they do not pollute the environment and are long lasting.