Anabaptist: …Jan Mathijs (died 1534) and John of Leiden (Jan Beuckelson; died 1536), and many persecuted Anabaptists settled in Münster, Westphalia. Hofmann’s disciples were attracted to the city by dramatic changes that occurred there in the early 1530s. Under the influence of the Reformer Bernhard Rothman, Anabaptist sentiment was strong enough…

Cornish literature: …Cornwall and Brittany, the play Beunans Meriasek (from a manuscript dated 1504; Eng. trans. Beunans Meriasek) is a life of Meriasek, the patron saint of the Cornish town of Camborne. A pagan tyrant, identified as a member of the House of Tudor, expels Meriasek from Cornwall and is in turn…

pear: …and Canada, varieties such as Beurré Bosc, D’Anjou, and Winter Nelis are grown. A highly popular variety in England and the Netherlands is Conference. Common Italian varieties include Curato, Coscia, and Passe Crassane, the latter also being popular in France. In Asian countries the pear crop comprises primarily local

Friedrich Ferdinand, Graf (count) von Beust, prime minister and foreign minister of Saxony (1858–66) and of the Austrian Empire (1867–71), who negotiated the Ausgleich, or “Compromise” (1867), establishing the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and who also helped restore the Habsburgs’ international

Friedrich Ferdinand, Graf (count) von Beust, prime minister and foreign minister of Saxony (1858–66) and of the Austrian Empire (1867–71), who negotiated the Ausgleich, or “Compromise” (1867), establishing the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and who also helped restore the Habsburgs’ international

Bytom, city, ?l?skie województwo (province), southern Poland. It is one of the oldest and largest industrial cities in the Upper Silesia coal region. Bytom’s origins were in the 11th century under the rule of King Boles?aw I (the Brave). In the 12th century, lead and silver mines provided its

Bruce A. Beutler, American immunologist and corecipient, with French immunologist Jules A. Hoffmann and Canadian immunologist and cell biologist Ralph M. Steinman, of the 2011 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his “discoveries concerning the activation of the innate immune system.” The

Hubert Beuve-Méry, French publisher and editor who directed Le Monde from the paper’s founding in 1944 until 1969. Under his direction, Le Monde became an independent, self-supporting, and highly prestigious daily with a large national and international readership. From 1928 to 1939 Beuve-Méry was

Joseph Beuys, German avant-garde sculptor and performance artist whose works, characterized by unorthodox materials and ritualistic activity, stirred much controversy. Beuys was educated in Rindern, Ger., and served in the German air force throughout World War II. In 1943 his plane crashed in the

Ebonics, dialect of American English spoken by a large proportion of African Americans. Many scholars hold that Ebonics, like several English creoles, developed from contacts between nonstandard varieties of colonial English and African languages. Its exact origins continue to be debated, however,

angiogenesis inhibitor: An angiogenesis inhibitor called bevacizumab (Avastin) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2004 for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Bevacizumab works by binding to and inhibiting the action of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which normally stimulates angiogenesis. However, bevacizumab is not effective when…

Aneurin Bevan, controversial figure in post-World War II British politics and one of the finest orators of the time. To achieve mastery as a speaker, he had first to overcome a speech impediment. He was the architect of the national health service and leader of the left-wing (Bevanite) group of the

Jennie Lee, baroness of Asheridge, British politician, member of Parliament and of the Labour Party, known for promoting the arts as a serious government concern. Lee, the daughter of a coal miner who was active in the Independent Labour Party (ILP), graduated from the University of Edinburgh

Aneurin Bevan, controversial figure in post-World War II British politics and one of the finest orators of the time. To achieve mastery as a speaker, he had first to overcome a speech impediment. He was the architect of the national health service and leader of the left-wing (Bevanite) group of the

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina: …parties agreed on Bosnian Croat Vjekoslav Bevanda as a compromise choice as prime minister. Bvenda took office in January 2012, and he began to work on a budget that would allow the new government to function. Economic growth and political reform, however, were impeded by persistent gridlock and the country’s…

antineutron: …produced in 1956 at the Bevatron particle accelerator at the University of California, Berkeley, by passing an antiproton beam through matter. Antineutrons were created when antiprotons in the beam exchanged their negative charge with nearby protons, which have a positive charge. The antineutrons were detected through their annihilation reactions with…

automobile: Axles: The axle shafts terminate in bevel gears that are connected by several smaller bevel gears mounted on radial axles attached to the differential housing and carried around with it by the ring gear. In its simplest form this differential has the defect that one driving wheel may spin when it…

Clapboard, type of board bevelled toward one edge, used to clad the exterior of a frame building. Clapboards are attached horizontally, each one overlapping the next one down. They are six to eight inches in width, diminishing from about a 58 inch thickness at the lower edge to a fine upper edge

hand tool: Plumb line, level, and square: The adjustable, or bevel, square was used for angles other than 90 degrees beginning in the 17th century. In the earliest examples, the thin blade moved stiffly because it was riveted into a slot in the thick blade. Later models of the 19th century, however, were…

James Luther Bevel, American minister and political activist who played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement in the early 1960s. Although Bevel initially intended to pursue a recording career, he felt called to Christian ministry. He entered the American Baptist Theological Seminary in

angiosperm: Significance to humans: Many beverages are also derived from angiosperms; these include coffee (Coffea arabica; Rubiaceae), tea (Camellia sinensis; Theaceae), many soft drinks (e.g., root beer from the roots of Sassafras albidum; Lauraceae), and most alcoholic beverages (e.g., beer and whiskey from cereal grains and wine from grapes).

William Henry Beveridge, 1st Baron Beveridge, economist who helped shape Britain’s post-World War II welfare state policies and institutions through his Social Insurance and Allied Services (1942), also known as the Beveridge Report. Beveridge, the son of a British civil servant in India, was

Albert J. Beveridge, orator, U.S. senator, and historian. Beveridge was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1887 and began the practice of law in Indianapolis. He first attracted national attention by his eloquent speeches defending the increasing power of the federal government and advocating U.S.

Albert J. Beveridge, orator, U.S. senator, and historian. Beveridge was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1887 and began the practice of law in Indianapolis. He first attracted national attention by his eloquent speeches defending the increasing power of the federal government and advocating U.S.

William Henry Beveridge, 1st Baron Beveridge, economist who helped shape Britain’s post-World War II welfare state policies and institutions through his Social Insurance and Allied Services (1942), also known as the Beveridge Report. Beveridge, the son of a British civil servant in India, was

William Henry Beveridge, 1st Baron Beveridge, economist who helped shape Britain’s post-World War II welfare state policies and institutions through his Social Insurance and Allied Services (1942), also known as the Beveridge Report. Beveridge, the son of a British civil servant in India, was

Beverley, town, unitary authority of East Riding of Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, northeastern England. It is situated just north of the city of Kingston upon Hull (of which it is a residential suburb) and is the administrative centre of the unitary authority. The town of Beverley grew

Beverly, city, Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It is situated on Beverly Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, just north of Salem. Settled about 1626, it was named for Beverley, England, when incorporated as a town (township) in 1668. It early developed as a shipping centre, and

The Beverly Hillbillies, American television show that was one of the most popular situation comedies of the 1960s. The Beverly Hillbillies debuted in 1962 on the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and aired for nine seasons (1962–71), remaining at or near the top of the Nielsen ratings for its

Beverly Hills, city, western Los Angeles county, California, U.S., completely surrounded by the city of Los Angeles. The original inhabitants of the region, the Tongva (or Gabrielino) Indians, first made contact with the Spanish in 1769. In 1838 the land was deeded to Maria Rita Valdez Villa, the

Television in the United States: Teen dramas and adult cartoons: which introduced Johnny Depp, and Beverly Hills 90210 (1990–2000), a prime-time soap opera set in the fictional West Beverly Hills High School. The latter inspired an entire new genre of “teensploitation” series, many of which became the anchors of the WB network a few years later. Among these WB teen…

Eddie Murphy: …more box-office successes—Trading Places (1983), Beverly Hills Cop (1984), and The Golden Child (1986). He left Saturday Night Live in 1984 to focus on his film and stand-up career. In addition to sequels to 48 Hrs. and Beverly Hills Cop, Murphy showed his versatility in Eddie Murphy Raw (1987), which…

Eddie Murphy: and Beverly Hills Cop, Murphy showed his versatility in Eddie Murphy Raw (1987), which documented two of his live performances, and the comedy Coming to America (1988), in which he played four different roles. He recorded several comedy albums during the 1980s and also scored a…

Ernest Bevin, British trade unionist and statesman, one of the most powerful British union leaders in the first half of the 20th century. He also proved to be a forceful minister of labour and national service during World War II and foreign secretary in the immediate postwar period. Bevin was

capacitance: …taken by the English astronomer John Bevis in 1747 when he replaced the water by metal foil forming a lining on the inside surface of the glass and another covering the outside surface. This form of the capacitor with a conductor projecting from the mouth of the jar and touching…

Richard Jefferies: Outstanding are Bevis: The Story of a Boy (1882), which includes memories of Coate Farm—his birthplace (now the Richard Jefferies House and Museum)—and its surrounding countryside; The Story of My Heart (1883), his spiritual autobiography; and the remarkable fantasy novel After London (1885), set in a future…

Rembrandt van Rijn: The Leiden period (1625–31): …he developed a system of bevriende kleuren (“kindred [or related] colours”). This area of the painting was surrounded by coherent clusters of darker tones that occupied the foreground and background and especially the edges and corners of the work. Through this method Rembrandt not only created a concentrated, almost furnacelike,…

Mano River, river rising in the Guinea Highlands northeast of Voinjama, Liberia. With its tributary, the Morro, it forms more than 90 miles (145 km) of the Liberia–Sierra Leone border. The river and its affluents (including the Zeliba) drain a basin of 3,185 square miles (8,250 square km). It

Bewcastle Cross, runic monument in Cumbria, Eng., dating from the late 7th or early 8th century. Although the top of the cross has been lost, a weather-beaten, 15-foot (4.5-metre) shaft remains, showing on one face a figure of Christ trampling on the heads of beasts, a runic inscription

Albert Verwey: …editor of his own periodical, De Beweging (1905–19), in which many influential young Dutch writers made their debut. With De Beweging, Verwey reached a position of eminence in Dutch cultural life. He was professor of Dutch literature at the University of Leiden from 1925 to 1935. As a scholar and…

Ludwig Haetzer: He wrote Ein Beweis (1524; “One Proof”), a work on the conversion of the Jews, and other works of theology and polemic. He also produced many translations of the works of other Reformers and wrote numerous hymns that are important in the Anabaptist tradition.

Thomas Bewick, printmaker and illustrator important for reviving the art of wood engraving and establishing it as a major printmaking technique. Bewick, a precocious youth, was apprenticed to a local metal engraver when he was 14 years old. He progressed rapidly and, after his apprenticeship,

Bewitched, American television situation comedy that aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network from 1964 to 1972, frequently receiving high ratings. Bewitched followed the fortunes of Samantha (played by Elizabeth Montgomery), a suburban housewife who also happens to be a witch. The

San Antonio, city, seat (1837) of Bexar county, south-central Texas, U.S. It is situated at the headwaters of the San Antonio River on the Balcones Escarpment, about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Austin. The second most-populous city in Texas, it is the focus of a metropolitan area that includes

Bexhill, town, Rother district, administrative county of East Sussex, historic county of Sussex, southeastern England. It lies on the English Channel, just west of Hastings. The coastal resort dates from the 1880s, but the old village inland on the cliff top is built around its ancient parish

Bexhill, town, Rother district, administrative county of East Sussex, historic county of Sussex, southeastern England. It lies on the English Channel, just west of Hastings. The coastal resort dates from the 1880s, but the old village inland on the cliff top is built around its ancient parish

Bexley, outer borough of London, England, on the eastern perimeter of the metropolis. It is part of the historic county of Kent, on the south bank of the River Thames. Bexley extends to the borough of Bromley in the south. The present borough of Bexley was established in 1965 by the amalgamation of

Bey, title among Turkish peoples traditionally given to rulers of small tribal groups, to members of ruling families, and to important officials. Under the Ottoman Empire a bey was the governor of a province, distinguished by his own flag (sancak, liwa). In Tunis after 1705 the title become

Turkish literature: Modern Turkish literature: …figure of that generation was Yahya Kemal Beyatl?. Born in Skopje (Usküb; now in Macedonia), Beyatli studied in Paris for several years and subsequently taught at Istanbul University. After the proclamation of the Turkish republic, he held several ambassadorial posts. Although he supported republican principles, much of Beyatli’s poetry glorifies…

Orhan Pamuk: …fame with Beyaz kale (1985; The White Castle), his third novel, which explores the nature of identity through the story of a learned young Italian captured and made a slave to a scholar in 17th-century Istanbul. His subsequent novels, which were widely translated, included Kara kitap (1990; The Black Book),…

Anatolian art and architecture: Early Bronze Age: At Beycesultan, buildings that were almost certainly religious shrines were uncovered—a find of some interest, since temples are virtually unknown in Anatolia at this period. Rectangular shrine chambers seemed to be arranged in pairs, with ritual installations recalling the Horns of Consecration and Tree, or Pillar,…

Absalon Pederss?n Beyer, Lutheran humanist scholar, one of the most advanced thinkers in Norway in his day. Born on a farm, Beyer was adopted by a bishop after the death of his parents and educated at the universities of Copenhagen and Wittenberg, where he studied under the famous Protestant

Jinny Beyer, American quilt designer, the first to create a line of fabrics especially geared to the needs of quilters. In the 1980s she became a major figure in the resurgence of interest in quilting that had begun to sweep the United States in the late 1970s. Beyer received a B.A. in speech and

Jinny Beyer, American quilt designer, the first to create a line of fabrics especially geared to the needs of quilters. In the 1980s she became a major figure in the resurgence of interest in quilting that had begun to sweep the United States in the late 1970s. Beyer received a B.A. in speech and

German literature: The turn of the 21st century: Marcel Beyer’s novel Flughunde (1995; “Flying Foxes,” Eng. trans. Flughunde) recounts the deaths of Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels’s children through the eyes of two narrators: the eldest daughter, Helga, and a sound technician who had worked for Goebbels. Long after the children’s deaths, the…

Beyer-Garratt, type of steam locomotive characterized by tremendous hauling capacity and light axle loads. This British-built locomotive had two articulated pivoting chassis, each with its own wheels, cylinders, and water tanks. These chassis supported a girder frame that carried a boiler, cab,

C.F. Beyers, attorney, politician, and general in the South African War (1899–1902). A graduate of Victoria College (now Stellenbosch University), Beyers migrated to the Transvaal, where he was naturalized and practiced as a lawyer. Joining the Boer forces in 1899, he rose rapidly to the rank of

C.F. Beyers, attorney, politician, and general in the South African War (1899–1902). A graduate of Victoria College (now Stellenbosch University), Beyers migrated to the Transvaal, where he was naturalized and practiced as a lawyer. Joining the Boer forces in 1899, he rose rapidly to the rank of

Beyla, town, southeastern Guinea, western Africa, in the Guinea Highlands. The town was founded by Dyula traders in the early 13th century as a collecting point for slaves and kola nuts and is now the chief trading centre for rice, cattle, tobacco, coffee, and palm oil and kernels. It is connected

Stendhal, one of the most original and complex French writers of the first half of the 19th century, chiefly known for his works of fiction. His finest novels are Le Rouge et le noir (1830; The Red and the Black) and La Chartreuse de Parme (1839; The Charterhouse of Parma). Stendhal is only one of

Stendhal, one of the most original and complex French writers of the first half of the 19th century, chiefly known for his works of fiction. His finest novels are Le Rouge et le noir (1830; The Red and the Black) and La Chartreuse de Parme (1839; The Charterhouse of Parma). Stendhal is only one of

Murad I: …offices of kaziasker (military judge), beylerbeyi (commander in chief), and grand vizier (chief minister) crystallized and were granted to persons outside the family of Osman I, founder of the dynasty. The origins of the Janissary corps (elite forces) and the dev?irme (child-levy) system through which the Janissaries were recruited are…

Stendhal: Works: …gave the name of “Beylisme” (after his real family name, Beyle) stressed the importance of the “pursuit of happiness” by combining enthusiasm with rational skepticism, lucidity with willful surrender to lyric emotions. “Beylisme,” as he understood it, meant cultivating a private sensibility while developing the art of hiding and…

The Diary of Anne Frank: …to their son, Peter (Richard Beymer). The confined space of the secret annex causes strain for both families, though, and their morale becomes lower when they receive news of the Nazi concentration camps. Although the families manage to avoid notice during a Gestapo search of the building, tensions remain…

Istanbul: City site: …from the “new” city of Beyo?lu to the north; the broader Bosporus divides European Istanbul from the city’s districts on the Asian shore—üsküdar (ancient Chrysopolis) and Kad?k?y (ancient Chalcedon).

Beyoncé, American singer-songwriter and actress who achieved fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of the R&B group Destiny’s Child and then launched a hugely successful solo career. At age nine Beyoncé formed the singing-rapping girl group Destiny’s Child (originally called Girl’s Tyme) in

Noomi Rapace: …with her in Svinal?ngorna (2010; Beyond), in which she portrayed a woman who must come to terms with her past as the abused daughter of alcoholic parents. Notable among Rapace’s other movies was the bleak Danish picture Daisy Diamond (2007), in which she starred as an aspiring actress and single…

sports: Race, ethnicity, and sports: …differences in performance levels is Beyond a Boundary (1963), C.L.R. James’s classic study of the making of Caribbean cricket. James combines careful historical analysis with detailed observations of the cricket culture of his day, finding in the sport a symbolic reenactment of the struggles and inequalities that existed and still…

Fritz Lang: Films of the 1950s: …for RKO in 1956 was Beyond a Reasonable Doubt, a paranoid thriller with Andrews portraying a man who pretends to be guilty of murder, only to find that he cannot extricate himself from the web of deceit he has woven. The film’s dramatization of fate’s implacable vortex was a fitting…

Tom Hanks: In 2009 he narrated Beyond All Boundaries, a documentary about World War II that used animation, archival footage, and sensory effects, including shaking seats; the 35-minute film was produced for the National World War II Museum in New Orleans. He also wrote the short-story collection Uncommon Type (2017).

Robert Neelly Bellah: His influential work Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-Traditional World (1970) applies economic theory to culture. Varieties of Civil Religion (1980) expresses Bellah’s belief that the “civil” religion inherent in educational and legal systems should be encouraged because of its openness and tolerance. The popular book…

V.S. Naipaul: In 1998 he published Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples, a portrayal of the Islamic faith in the lives of ordinary people in Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Half a Life (2001) is a novel about an Indian immigrant to England and then Africa. He becomes “half…

Elaine Pagels: …to demonize one’s opponents, and Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas (2003), which argues that the Gospel of Thomas—whose composition she dated to the mid-1st century, about a century earlier than most scholars dated it—was excluded from the Christian canon because its individualistic interpretation of Jesus was theologically and…

Hilary Mantel: Additional recognition came for Beyond Black (2005), a wryly humorous novel about a psychic, which was short-listed for the Orange Prize for Fiction (later the Baileys Women’s Prize for Fiction), but it was her next book that set the literary world abuzz.

Great Observatories: …to outline a pair of Beyond Einstein Great Observatories: the International X-ray Observatory, designed to observe X-rays in finer detail than Chandra, and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), designed to seek gravity waves. However, NASA canceled development of these two observatories in 2011.

B.F. Skinner: …work that generated considerable controversy, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971), argued that concepts of freedom and dignity may lead to self-destruction and advanced the cause of a technology of behaviour comparable to that of the physical and biological sciences. Skinner published an autobiography in three parts: Particulars of My Life…

ethics: Nietzsche: In Beyond Good and Evil (1886), he wrote with approval of “the distinguished type of morality,” according to which “one has duties only toward one’s equals; toward beings of a lower rank, toward everything foreign to one, one may act as one sees fit, ‘as one’s…

Philip K. Dick: …of his first story, “Beyond Lies the Wub,” in 1952 launched his full-time writing career, which was marked by extraordinary productivity, as he oftentimes completed a new work, usually a short story or a novella, every two weeks for printing in pulp paperback collections. He published his first novel,…

Norwegian literature: Toward the modern breakthrough: …Gauntlet), and Over ?vne (Beyond Human Power I) and his novel Det flager i byen og p? havnen (The Heritage of the Kurts); Lie’s novels Gaa paa! (“Go Ahead!”), Livsslaven (“The Life Convict”; Eng. trans. One of Life’s Slaves), and Familjen paa Gilje (The Family at Gilje); and Kielland’s…

John Boorman: … (1990) and the political thriller Beyond Rangoon (1995), Boorman directed The General (1998), a biopic about the legendary Irish criminal Martin Cahill, portrayed by Brendan Gleeson; Voight was cast as the policeman who has sworn to bring him to justice. The acclaimed crime drama earned Boorman another best director award…

Larry Woiwode: Beyond the Bedroom Wall: A Family Album (1975) is a multigenerational saga of a North Dakota family; Born Brothers (1988) continues the story of Charles and Jerome Neumiller, characters from Beyond the Bedroom Wall who also appear in The Neumiller Stories (1989). Poppa John (1981)…

stand-up comedy: The British tradition and the spread of stand-up comedy: …satirical college revues, including the Beyond the Fringe quartet (Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Alan Bennett, and Jonathan Miller) and the wilder, mixed-media antics of the Monty Python troupe. A more working-class breed of solo stand-up,

James K. Baxter: …and England, he first published Beyond the Palisade (1944), which displayed youthful promise. Blow, Wind of Fruitfulness (1948), superficially a less attractive collection, was more profound. Recent Trends in New Zealand Poetry (1951) was his first critical work, its judgments revealing a maturity beyond his years. Later verse collections include…

Michael Douglas: Later films: …in the critically panned thriller Beyond the Reach (2014), in which he hammed it up as a psychotic big-game hunter who, after accidentally shooting a man, turns the only witness into his next quarry. Douglas then appeared in the superhero movie Ant-Man (2015) and its sequel, Ant-Man and the Wasp…

Kevin Spacey: Later credits and House of Cards: …and starred in the film Beyond the Sea, a biopic about pop music legend Bobby Darin. In 2008 he portrayed Mickey Rosa, an MIT professor who teaches his students to count cards, in the thriller 21. After playing a political operative in the HBO television movie Recount (2008), a drama…

geochronology: Completion of the Phanerozoic time scale: …completed by two German scientists, Heinrich Ernst Beyrich and Wilhelm Philipp Schimper. Beyrich introduced the Oligocene in 1854 after having investigated outcrops in Belgium and Germany, while Schimper proposed adding the Paleocene in 1874 based on his studies of Paris Basin flora.

Beirut, capital, chief port, and largest city of Lebanon. It is located on the Mediterranean coast at the foot of the Lebanon Mountains. Beirut is a city of baffling contradictions whose character blends the sophisticated and cosmopolitan with the provincial and parochial. Before 1975 Beirut was

Modest Mussorgsky: Life and career: …melancholy melodies, Bez solntsa (Sunless) and Pesni i plyaski smerti (Songs and Dances of Death). At that time Mussorgsky was haunted by the spectre of death—he himself had only seven more years to live. The death of another friend, the painter Victor Hartmann, inspired Mussorgsky to write the piano…

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