World War II 1933-1945.

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2 World Affairs, 1933-1939 New Deal Foreign PolicyPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated in 1933“Good Neighbor” pledge:- to respect the sovereign rights of all nations in the Western HemispherePeaceful Intentions in Latin AmericaPan-American Conference at Montevideo (Uruguay):- The US agreed to the resolution that “no state has the right to intervene in the internal affairs of another”Roosevelt recalls troops from Haiti and NicaraguaPeaceful diplomatic negotiations made with Cuba and Mexico

4 World Affairs,Domestic Recovery Determines Foreign DecisionsRoosevelt’s New Deal = economic isolation:- US not interested in cooperating with Europe and concentrated on internal agricultural and industrial production problems1933 London Conference:- 60 European nation met to discuss international depression- Roosevelt refuses to cooperate in fear that American farm prices would inflateReciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934:- initiated by Secretary of State Cordell Hull- allowed State Department to make treaties with other countries to mutually lower import duties

5 World Affairs, 1933-1939 III. Recognition of the Soviet UnionThe United States recognized the government of the Soviet Union after years of refusing to recognize their communist regimeSoviet Union’s communist influence diminished due to internal economic hardshipsJapan, the USSR’s rival, also threatened Soviet powerRoosevelt took advantage of the Soviet’s need for food and industrial equipment and therefore opened markets for American farmers and manufacturersAlthough relations between the Soviet Union and the United States improved, trade was not significantly improved and Japanese militarism continued to grow

7 World Affairs, 1933-1939 Aggression and AppeasementGlobal affairs and events caused for alarm and American isolation quickly came to an endI. Japanese Expansion in the PacificJapanese pursued policy of expansion due to population growth and a need for larger markets for its productsSeptember 1931: Japan ignored orders from United Nations to return Manchuria

8 World Affairs, 1933-1939 II. Threats from Germany and ItalyMarch 5, 1933: Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi) party was voted leader and dictator of Germany with plans to control central and eastern EuropeDictator Benito Mussolini had similar plans to control the Mediterranean and to expand an Italian empire in parts of AfricaFascism = a form of government that seeks power for their nationTotalitarianism = total control of a nation and the people of that nation- both Hitler and Mussolini adopted fascism and totalitarianism as their ruling doctrineBoth countries blamed their national problems on “undesirables” after WWI- Mussolini blamed the communists for causing strikes and social unrest- Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic problems

9 World Affairs, 1933-1939 III. Bargaining for PeaceAppeasement = response of Great Britain and France; a policy that gave aggressor nations what they wanted in order to avoid warAmericans wanted peace and did not want to go to warPacifism = Oxford University students refused to go to war on any accountMunich Conference (Sept. 1938): British and French leaders allow Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia in return for Hitler’s promise not to make any more territorial demands

10 World Affairs, 1933-1939 IV. NeutralityThe United States was determined to avoid war, especially after the economic devastation from the First World WarNeutrality Acts ( ): laws passed by Congress that barred the transportation of or sale of arms to nations at war, and banned loans to nations at war outside the Western HemisphereRoosevelt feared that American involvement in war was inevitable and therefore warned Americans that war was “contagious”

11 Moving Closer to War Europe at WarMarch, 1939 : Hitler disobeyed agreement made at Munich Conference and annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, as well as demanded for territory in PolandBritain and France asked the Soviet Union to join their alliance in order to defend Poland and contain GermanyJoseph Stalin signed nonaggression pact with Germany

12 Moving Closer to War I. Outbreak of WarSeptember 1, 1939: Germany invades PolandBlitzkrieg = “lightening warfare” (term coined after Hitler’s brutal attack on Poland)September 3, 1939: Britain and France declare war on GermanyAmerican Congress lifted Neutrality Acts and allowed Britain and France to buy weaponsII. Near Disaster at DunkirkMay 1940: German forces defeated Allied Army and drove it out to sea at the French town of Dunkirk on Belgium border300,000 + British and French troops rescued by British Royal Navy

13 Moving Closer to War III. Battle of BritainJune 1940: Italy invaded France and declared war on Great BritainRoosevelt promised to extend aid to the democraciesJune 22: France surrenderedGermany attacked a vulnerable Great Britain“blood, toil, tears, and sweat…” = Winston Churchill pledged to defend his nation at all costs

14 Moving Closer to War America Abandons NeutralityRoosevelt disregarded isolationist sentiments and gave Churchill a loan of 50 destroyers to protect shipping from German submarinesI. America Realizes its PerilAmericans feared an invasion from Hitler and MussoliniSelective Service Act (Sept. 1940): first peacetime draft that added 800,000 men to the armed forcesII. Roosevelt’s Leadership EndorsedPresidential election of 1940: Isolationists versus InternationalistsRoosevelt re-elected and promised to keep America out of the warIII. Aid to a Desperate BritainLend-lease = US would lend goods to Great Britain and the British could pay it back after the war

15 Moving Closer to War IV. Battle for the AtlanticThe United States had to make sure that lend-lease supplies reached their destinations before German U-boats sank themRoosevelt ordered the US Navy to protect merchant shippingOctober 1941: German U-boat sank an American destroyer and killed more than 90 members of its crewNeutrality Acts revised, which allowed merchant ships to carry armsV. Germany Turns on an AllyJune 1941: Hitler attacked Russia for wheat and oil suppliesAs a result, Stalin signed an alliance with Great Britain and the United StatesIsolationism faded in support for Roosevelt

16 Moving Closer to War Aggression in the PacificEuropean colonies in Southeast AsiaUS was the only remaining obstacle Japanese had moved into China and to Japanese ambitions in the PacificI. EmbargoSeptember 1940: Japan alliedwith Axis Powers (Germany and Italy)US cut off exports of scrap metal to Japanand other products with possible military useJuly 1941: Japan refused to abandon theirpolicy of conquest and the US stopped alltrade with them and ordered American forcesin the Pacific to prepare for war

17 Moving Closer to War II. Appeal for PeaceOctober 18, 1941: Japanese Prime Minister Konoye resigned because he did not believe that he could defeat the United StatesKonoye was replaced by General Hideki Tojo who favored war to eliminate American and British influence in AsiaNegotiations opened in Washington, D.C. in November of 1941III. The Talks StallDecember 6, 1941: President Roosevelt appealed for peace to Emperor HirohitoHowever, Japan had already sent out fleet to sea that headed for the US’s main naval base in the Pacific – Pearl Harbor

18 The United States at WarThe World at WarDecember 7, 1941: Japan attacked Pearl HarborJapanese Victories in the PacificFor 6 months, Japan captured American bases and conquered British colonies throughout the PacificAmerican forces in the Philippines surrendered to the JapaneseGerman Success in EuropeBy 1942, German forces occupied nearly all of Europe, parts of Northern Africa (eg, the Suez Canal), and they had pushed deep into the Soviet UnionTurning Point of the WarSeptember 1942: Soviet’s Red Army battled German troops at StalingradNovember 1942: German army was defeated due to freezing winter conditions

19 The United States at WarIV. German Weak Point ExposedGerman campaign in North Africa came to an end after American and British forces pushed German troops into TunisiaAugust 1943: the Italian mainland was invaded and its government surrendered after Mussolini’s defeat in SicilyAllied forces faced fierce German resisted, who continued to control northern Italy

20 The United States at WarVictory in EuropeAmerican and British forces prepared to defeat Hitler’s armiesI. Normandy InvasionJune 6, 1944: 176,000 Allied troops landed along a 60-mile stretch of coastline in France = “D-Day” invasionGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower led American forces and General George Patton led British forces into the western border of Germany (Aug.1944)II. Rapid Soviet Advance from the EastAt the same time, the Soviets closed in from the eastBy the end of 1944, most of eastern Europe was in Soviet hands

21 The United States at WarIII. Germany SurrendersDecember 1944: Battle of the Bulge = last German offensive to attack BelgiumAllied forces crushed Hitler’s armies from the west as Soviet forces pushed from the eastApril 1945: Hitler committed suicideMay 7, 1945: German leaders agreed to an official surrenderPresident Roosevelt died before he could see Germany surrenderIV. Crimes Against HumanityWhen Allied armies entered Germany, they discovered the horrific truth about the HolocaustAs early as 1942, the US government had received reports that Hitler had ordered the extermination of Jews, but Roosevelt did not respond until 1944By the time Allied troops reached the death camps, 12 million people had perished; 6 million were Jews

23 The United States at WarWar in the PacificBattle of Midway = first major defeat of the Japanese navy that ended their superiority in the Pacific“Island hopping” = to cut Japanses supply lines by capturing key islands and to use them as bases to attack other Japanese occupanciesI. GuadalcanalAmerican marines landed on Guadalcanal in August 1942 in the Solomon Islands where they fought the Japanese for 6 monthsJapan’s resistance came to an end in 1943October 1944: American General Douglas MacArthur led Allied forces in the Philippines

24 The United States at WarII. Iwo Jima and Okinawa1945: the last of Japan’s islands outposts fell with the taking of Iwo Jima and Okinawa with high casualties rates on both sidesBecause Germany was defeated, the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan and confronted Japanese forces in ManchuriaJapan rejected calls for unconditional surrenderIII. Hiroshima and NagasakiEarly in the war, American scientists had secretly been developing an atomic bombAugust 6, 1945: after Japan rejected a final warning from Truman (who became president after Roosevelt’s death), an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and destroyed 60% of the cityA second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki after Japan still refused to surrenderSeptember 2, 1945: Japan’s final surrender took place on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay

26 The United States at WarWartime DiplomacyAtlantic Charter: on January 1, 1942, representatives of the 26 countries at war with the Axis Powers agreed to support this charter that promised full economic and military supportRoosevelt and Churchill were the predominant leadersCooperation with the Soviet Union proved to be the most difficult challenge, but the alliance between the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union lasted until the end of the warI. Planning for War and PeacePlans for war and peace were worked out in a series of international conferences- January 1943: Casablanca, Morocco- November 1943: Cairo, egypt-November 1943: Tehran, Iran (D-Day invasion was planned here)

27 The United States at WarII. Yalta ConferenceFebruary 1945: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met for the last time where they agreed that the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France should occupy Germany after the warSoviet Union was promised Japanese territories and in return Stalin agreed to support the Nationalist government instead of the CommunistsIII. Roosevelt’s Death2 months after the Yalta Conference, President Roosevelt died (Apr.12, 1945) and left the American people shocked and deeply saddenedIV. The United Nations2 weeks after Roosevelt’s death, 50 nations met at San Francisco to make plans for a new world organizationProduced a charter for the United Nations (UN) that pledged “faith in fundamental human rights,” to “justice and respect” from all countries that had signedUS was the first nation to join the UN

28 War on the Home Front The Production BattleAfter a Senate investigation revealed corruption and mismanagement of private companies involved in war production, Roosevelt gave a War Production Board regulatory power (1942) headed by Donald NelsonI. Rapid Conversion to War ProductionBy the end of 1942, nearly 33% of American production went to war materials (50% by 1944)May 1941: Office of Scientific Research and Development established to mobilize science and technology for the war effortII. Financing the WarIncreased taxes and war bonds were initiated to raise funds for the warThe war increased employment, wages, and consumer goodsOffice of Price Administration (1942): set price ceilings on consumer products and rationed goods that were in short supply in order to combat inflation

29 War on the Home Front Financing the war continued…National War Labor Board: established to settle labor disputes by mediationNo strike pledges by major unions AFL & CIO

30 War on the Home Front The War and Social ChangeAs men joined the army, more women that ever entered the work forceI. Women Assume Nontraditional RolesWomen were encouraged to join the work force“Rosie the Riveter” = national symbol of the vital contribution women made to the war effortWomen filled “nontraditional” roles (worked on production lines, steel mills and other jobs that required manual labor, as well as truck and bus drivers)However, women still encountered resistance from male workers

32 War on the Home Front II. Opportunities for African AmericansThe need for workers also spread the shift of African Americans from farming to manufacturingMany African Americans left the South and headed North to find jobs in factoriesIII. Resentment Toward Social ChangeBecause many Americans moved to fill jobs in war industries, this caused housing shortages, crowded schools, and social tension rosePrejudice and resentment against newcomers prevailedFair Employment Practices Commission: established to protect minority hiring in government offices and in companies that had war contracts- opposed discrimination but did not reject segregation

33 War on the Home Front IV. Detention of Japanese AmericansFebruary 1942: US government moved 110,000 Japanese Americans to detention centers (most of whom had been born in the United States)Japanese Americans had to leave behind or sell their possessionsIn detention centers, they were forced to work low-paying jobs and lived in very poor conditionsDetainees appealed to the courts for their rights, but the justices upheld the government’s policy for national security

34 Conclusion 400,000 deaths / 600,000 USA woundedRise of USSR would lead to a Cold War between USA and USSRFear of nuclear annihilation for over 40 yrs