China Matters

The personal blog of Peter Lee a.k.a. "China Hand"... Life is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those who feel, and an open book to those who read. You are welcome to contact China Matters at the address chinamatters --a-- prlee.org or follow me on twitter @chinahand.

Wednesday, February 28, 2018

In my most recent China Watch video for Newsbud, I have some
fun with the ostentatious handwringing and concern trolling the West concerning
the CCP proposal to abolish term limits for the presidency of the PRC.

Here’s the trailer!

The video offers my unique take on U.S. presidential term
limits, one that I think is surprising and revealing.That’s a teaser, folks.Go to Newsbud.com to subscribe and take a
look.

In interest of time and in consideration of the
general-interest audience, Newsbud edited out the inside-baseball slice of my
video that discussed the real issue behind the presidency dustup: Xi Jinping’s
move to affirm a succession protocol for party General Secretary that could
give him three or more terms, instead of the two terms that have been customary
for the last couple decades.

Here’s the script for the bit that pretty much got dropped:

Long story short, the
primary significance of the proposed abolition of term limits for presidency of
the PRC is that it essentially confirms that Xi Jinping is going to go for at
least one additional term as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.

And where it counts, inside the Chinese
Communist Party, there are no term limits.Not really.

The reported rule of
thumb for membership in the Politburo Standing Committee, the apex of
collective leadership in the Party and the pool from which party general
secretaries are selected, was “seven up/eight down.” It meant that cadres 67
years and under could advance to the Standing Committee and have a shot at
becoming general secretary; those 68 and older should retire.This rule was supposedly instituted by party
secretary Jiang Zemin in 2002.

Actually, the rule was
a rather special interpretation of the principle of generational renewal of the
CCP leadership cadre ever ten years instituted by Deng Xiaoping because, to put
it bluntly, Jiang Zemin wanted to screw a political rival, Li Ruihuan, who
happened to be 68 years old.

Xi Jinping will turn
68 on June 15, 2021—a year before his second term as party secretary ends—so
it’s understandable his people have been debunking the seven up/eight down rule
to the press for some time.

More to the point,
perhaps, for China every CCP general secretary before Xi Jinping had been
selected or prepositioned by Deng Xiaoping.That includes Hu Jintao, Xi Jinping’s predecessor, who finished up as
general secretary in 2012—fifteen years after Deng Xiaoping died.

Given the historical context of CCP succession strategies
and China’s new situation in the world, I would guess that Xi Jinping has had
some success in selling the idea inside the Party that he’s tweaking the system
to reflect current realities, not overturning an iron-clad norm.

The flurry of leaks and criticism of the PRC presidential
term limits move is, I expect, a surrogate for dismay that Xi Jinping views his
tenure as General Secretary as open-ended and that his view is apparently
prevailing inside the CCP.

Carping about presidential term limits in the public sphere
might reflect more of a “go for broke” attitude by opponents who feel that the
intra-Party debate isn’t going their way.What the heck? If Xi is going to lock in the job Party Secretary for the
next decade, there’s nothing to be gained by staying silent and little lost by
speaking up now.

So anti-Xi Jinping voices are now more willing to blab and
turn Western journos largely shut out of news about CCP internal matters into
instant experts on the precariousness of Xi’s rule.

If the domestic and international hubbub forces Xi to climb
down on term limits revision, he will have certainly suffered a major setback.

But I think the odds are against it.

For what it’s worth, I regard critics of Xi Jinping’s
ambitions for prolonging his stint as Party Secretary fall into a few
categories:

People inside and outside the party who don’t like Xi’s plan
to manage the PRC through an increasingly activist, pro-active, and intrusive
CCP;

People inside the party who prefer the collectivist
leadership model (and the ability of cadres to make political and financial hay
by leveraging their loyalties without worrying overmuch about threats to their
political power and economic interests) to a powerful, if not Mao-like General
Secretary;

People who have no big problem with big-leader rule but
prefer it wouldn’t be implemented by Xi Jinping.I guess there are some dead enders who hope
that Bo Xilai will get sprung from prison and lead the CCP to glory, but don’t
know if there’s anybody else out there.

My thesis is that Xi Jinping’s case for a powerful CCP
bossman unhampered by term limits may be self-serving but it also has enough
merit for the party as a whole to acquiesce.

There’s a miasma of crisis, corruption, and drift
surrounding the PRC and the CCP, and Xi Jinping’s long war to renovate the CCP
as an instrument of effective technocratic rule in an era of significant national challenge might be seen to deserve another decade to
succeed (or fail so utterly that the approach will be discredited).

Tuesday, February 06, 2018

A version of the piece posted below appeared at Asia Times in September 2012. It is reproduced here with the permission of Asia Times. Parties interested in reproducing the piece should contact Asia Times.

As a corrective to the current cataract of punditry
concerning the rise of scary China under Xi Jinping, here's a piece I
wrote in 2012 on the occasion of Xi apparently snubbing Hillary Clinton
("bad back!") during her farewell tour of Asia as Secretary of State.

As far as China is concerned, the signature US rollback
ploy under Clinton was encouraging the return to Japan to the regional
stage as a power-projecting state. Since Japan enjoys the protection of
the US nuclear umbrella, this was an important and destabilizing shift
in the Asian equation for the PRC. And the PRC has been
counter-programming actively and successfully ever since.

The anti-Clinton element in the PRC's worldview and geopolitical calculations is quite apparent in my 2012 piece.

In my opinion, the China hawk containment strategy
failed because it was fundamentally flawed and incompetently
formulated. And that's the dead end America's trying to get out of today.

China hawks prefer to think their
policies
are sound and, if executed with sufficient determination, sure to
succeed. The PRC's current advantages, by this view, are largely
attributable to insufficient US focus and will and, if you scratch a
little deeper, appeasement.

There's some moonshine getting peddled that there was a "China fantasy": that the PRC would, through engagement, become "more like us". After Tiananmen in 1989, nobody believed this.

The "China fantasy" legerdemain is, I think, meant to
obscure the fact that the China hawks, Clintonites and others, are trying to escalate out of
their own failures of the last decade, not reverse course from previous
appeasement by their rivals.

The largely unspoken subtext is the accusation that President Obama failed to deliver the China-containment goods.

Unspoken, because Clinton Dems are not quite ready to publicly criticize the China policies of Barack Obama, one of the most successful and popular Democratic presidents of the post-war era, and take Democratic ownership for what is now seen as a major geopolitical fail.

The Obama administration, both with Clinton and afterwards, was committed to China rollback.

US rollback efforts began under the Obama/Clinton administration in 2009. Remember the "Pivot"? "America's Pacific Century"? "No G2"?

The real debate was whether it would be executed a la Clinton.

An interesting but unexplored angle to US China policy
during the second Obama administration is that Obama and Clinton
apparently weren't really that close and President Obama maybe wasn't
super enthusiastic about Clinton's execution of the rollback policy.

One of the most interesting/damning suspicions
concerning the Obama/Clinton relationship is the implication that
President Obama was ready to remove the Senkakus from coverage under the
US-Japan defense pact, and Hillary Clinton and Seiji Maehara
short-circuited that initiative by ginning up the Captain Zhan/rare
earths brouhaha in 2010.

In fact, maybe President Obama took to heart the
ostentatious display of PRC hostility to Clinton (and had limited
enthusiasm for pursuing an alliance with Japan's conservative and
historical-revisionist trending government), and tried to do things
differently in his second term. For a few months, anyway.

If so, President Obama's inclination to muddle through
with a less confrontational PRC policy probably only survived through
2014, when Chuck Hagel was purged as Secretary of Defense and Admiral
Harry Harris (who had served as Pentagon liaison to Hillary Clinton's
State Department) and Team China Hawk seized the reins at PACOM.

The Clinton China policy, in other words, survived
Clinton's term as Secretary of State, persisted! through the second
Obama administration, and even, I argue, prevailed after Clinton's defeat as a
presidential candidate. In my opinion, the Clinton China policy is
alive and well today, and is being implemented via PACOM and like-minded
types in Australia and Japan despite whatever objections and ambitions
Donald Trump...or Barack Obama...might hold.

Of course, it is possible that the excuses that circulated through
the press corps—that Xi had a scheduling conflict and/or a bad back—were the
truth.Xi also cancelled a meeting with
the Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong.

However, the CCP may have decided that Secretary Clinton’s last
visit was the final and most appropriate opportunity to administer a snub—and a
message.

Per her position as Secretary of State, Secretary Clinton is
entitled to meet with her opposite number in Beijing, Foreign Minister Yang
Jiechi.

Full stop.

However, because of a variety of circumstances both historical
(the importance of the relationship between the US and China, Secretary
Clinton’s special status as spouse of an ex-President) and immediate (the
fraught current state of Sino-US relations, the fact that this is probably
Secretary Clinton’s last official visit to China), she also met with PRC
President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao.

From an official perspective, there are no grounds for Secretary
Clinton to feel snubbed on this trip.

And also from an official perspective, there are no grounds for
Secretary Clinton to meet with Xi Jinping.

After all, Secretary Clinton and her team are on the way out,
regardless of whether President Obama wins election or is replaced in the White
House by Mitt Romney.

Xi Jinping, on the other hand, is not yet in the office of
President of the PRC.That is still Hu
Jintao’s job.Perhaps Mr. Hu did not
take pleasure in the idea that the United States was going around him to
cultivate relations with Mr. Xi before Mr. Hu had vacated his presidential
chair.

Possibly, the Chinese leadership also felt that Secretary Clinton
wanted to meet with Mr. Xi to pad her Rolodex so she can claim that she has guanxi to burn with the new generation
of China’s leaders as she embarks on her post-Secretary of State career as
politician, pundit, think-tank leader, and/or corporate advisor.

If so, the CCP could have used cancellation of the meeting with Xi
to send a message (to paraphrase the immortal smackdown of Dan Quayle by Lloyd
Bentsen during a vice presidential debate many years ago):

I knew Henry Kissinger… And, Secretary Clinton, you are no Henry
Kissinger.

Actually, Xi Jinping does know Henry Kissinger (who is, by the
way, still alive) and has met him more than once.

Xi met with Kissinger and a host of other retired US State
Department worthies during his trip to the United States in February of 2012.

But he also met with Kissinger one-on-one in Beijing several weeks
before his trip to send the message that China was ready to "seize the
day, seize the hour," in order to promote bilateral ties.

The CCP leadership value Kissinger as the symbol, custodian, and
advocate of a US-China relationship that is special.

When relations between the Chinese leadership and President Obama
teetered into the deep freeze following the disastrous Copenhagen climate
summit (which featured China’s furious negotiator screaming and waving his
finger at President Obama for what China perceived to be the cynical US
decision to use the PRC as scapegoat for the collapse of the talks), the PRC
publicized a meeting between then Vice President Li Keqiang (the title that Xi
holds now, by the way) and Kissinger in Beijing to demonstrate that China
wanted to continue relations in a spirit of positive engagement.

However, President Obama decided for political, economic, moral, and
geostrategic reasons (and perhaps also because of his unsatisfying personal interactions
with the Chinese leadership cadre) he had to deal with the PRC from a position
of greater regional strength and eschew immediate accommodation.

The rest is history, specifically the strategic pivot to Asia,
executed by Secretary Clinton.

China’s relationship with the United States is now special only in
the sense that it is especially awkward and difficult.The closest Beijing probably has to a US
champion of a special relationship with China today is Robert Zoellick, the
ex-head of the World Bank who now serves as an advisor to Mitt Romney.

From the Chinese perspective, the pivot has done little other than
make trouble for China, specifically by emboldening US allies in the region to
make trouble over maritime issues.

Both Vietnam and the Philippines passed maritime laws to formalize
their challenges to Chinese claims to rocks and shoals in the South China
Sea.The Japanese government, goaded by
Tokyo governor and Sinophobic hothead Shintaro Ishihara, is taking steps to buy
the Senkakus from their private owner.

The United States danced around the issue of whether or not it
would back up security guarantees with the Philippines and Japan on island
issues in a rather equivocal manner.

And Washington further upped the ante by promoting the line that
the South China Sea disputes should be addressed in negotiations between the
PRC and the various claimants collectively through ASEAN, instead of through
bilateral talks between the PRC and its smaller adversaries.

This situation pleases fans of interminable multilateral jaw-jaw,
although a case can be made that the best way to actually settle claims is for
the PRC to cut joint development deals with its neighbors one-by-one in order
to unlock in a reasonably timely manner the immense riches we are told lurk
below these miserable islands.

In the run-up to Secretary Clinton’s visit—and a spate of ugly
demonstrations (not suppressed with notable vigor by the Chinese government)
and incidents such as the snatching of the flag from the Japanese ambassador’s
official vehicle on one of the Beijing ring roads(presumably a thuggish one-off
by a Chinese citizen)—the Chinese government clearly took the tack that it was
time to tell the United States that enough was enough and it was time for the
US to back up its rhetoric as guarantor of security in China’s neighboring seas
by reining in its overenthusiastic allies in Hanoi, Manila, and Tokyo.

Many of the U.S. actions so far
have been counterproductive to promoting peace and stability in the Asia
Pacific, as indicated by the fact that the security situation in the region has
been worsening, rather than improving, mainly due to the recent escalation of
the territorial disputes in the East China Sea and the South China Sea.

Washington, which claims not to
take sides in the disputes, is partly blamed for fueling the tensions because
it has apparently emboldened certain relevant parties to make provocations
against China in order to achieve undeserved territorial gains.

…

Washington
owes Beijing a thorough, convincing explanation of the true intentions of its
Pivot policy, especially on issues related to China's vital or core interests.
And the United States also needs to take concrete steps to prove that it is
returning to Asia as a peacemaker, instead of a troublemaker.

Secretary Clinton’s visit was marked by a blizzard of articles in
the official media on this theme:

The PRC has a right to wonder if US infatuation with the pivot—and
poking China in the eye—is matched with a responsible stewardship of its real
security responsibilities in East Asia.

For the PRC leadership, the true indicator of the sincerity and
utility of the US security role in East Asia is probably the amount of
influence that the United States can bring to bear on Japan on its military and
security agenda in general and on the symbolic issue of the Senkakus.

There is one compelling reason for the PRC to acquiesce to the
continued US military presence in East Asia: that is if the United States can
forestall the emergence of Japan as an independent, nuclear-capable regional
military and security actor.

Thanks to US support of its demands for a closed nuclear fuel
cycle and an otherwise unnecessary space program, Japan has the reserves of
weapon-grade plutonium and the ballistic missile delivery systems to become a
major nuclear weapons power virtually overnight.In an interesting analysis, AP reviewed the
evidence that Iran has perhaps studied and copied the Japanese strategy of
positioning itself as a nuclear weapons threshold state—one without nuclear
weapons but with the resources to weaponize its nuclear capabilities rapidly if
needed.

By forestalling a nuclear-tinged regional arms race and keeping
the Japanese self-defense forces preoccupied with self defense instead of power
projection, the United States delivers a real and significant security and
economic benefit to China, and to East Asia in general.

But the elevation of the Senkakus to a political, cultural, and
security fetish is helping change that.

So far, Japan’s national governments, thanks to US suasion,
incentives, and the security provided by the presence of US forces, have kept
the military genie in the bottle.

Currently, the Noda government in Japan has conducted its
demeaning competition with Ishihara to purchase the Senkakus with a combination
of restraint, frustration, and disgust that the Chinese leadership probably
finds very gratifying--despite its public fulminations.

However, past results are no guarantee of future performance.

If Japan slips the leash or, even worse, decides that it can yank
America’s chain in the style of the Israeli government by forcing the US to
support Japan and Japan’s objectives in the region through deliberate
escalation of tensions, the perceived utility and value of the US military role
in East Asia will be significantly compromised in China’s eyes.

In May, The Wall Street Journal reported on the relatively extreme
security views of Shintaro Ishihara, the Tokyo governor who began the whole
Senkaku purchase brouhaha:

Japan must guard itself from China’s
expansionary ambitions, which, Mr. Ishihara said, are now turned outward after
conquering Mongolia and the Uighur people and decimating Tibet. …“China has
declared it would break into someone else’s home. It’s time we make sure doors
are properly locked on our islands,” he said. “Before we know it, Japan
could become the sixth star on China’s national flag. I really don’t want that
to happen.”…Throughout the speech, Mr.
Ishihara referred to China as “Shina”, the name normally associated with
the era of Japanese occupation of China.

Ishihara also advocated beefed-up Japanese military spending
justified in part because the US is “unreliable” at least on the issue of the
Senkakus.

It would be comforting to dismiss Ishihara as an aging, racist
crackpot.However, as Japan’s wartime
generation and mindset fade away, political pressure for Japan to assume the
role of an armed world power with its own security policy—and stand up to
China—is growing.

And Ishihara has gone the extra mile in passing on his xenophobic
legacy to the next generation, via his son Nobuteru.

One theory is that Ishihara ginned up the Senkaku purchase in
order advance the political fortunes of Nobuteru, who is Secretary General of
the opposition LDP and has an extremely good chance of becoming Japan’s next
prime minister if the requisite amount of intra-party and inter-party
skullduggery can be brought to bear.

The prospect that the Japanese government and foreign and military
policy may soon be in the hands of a group of China-bashing reactionaries—and
the US government in the hands of China-bashing neoliberals or neoconservatives
indifferent to Chinese anxieties—is not a recipe for Chinese restraint.

The harsh official Chinese rhetoric concerning the pivot is
perhaps more than a farewell rebuke to Secretary Clinton.

It should be regarded as an effort to cut through the
China-bashing clutter of the US presidential campaign with a strident and
unambiguous declaration of the PRC’s concern that infatuation with the pivot
has caused the United States to lose its focus on the critical regional priority
of encouraging restraint among all its allies, but most of all Japan.

Fans of the pivot—and advisors to whatever president takes the
oath of office in Washington early next year—may wish to start thinking about
the worst case if the PRC’s new leadership thinks it has to escalate to
confrontation sooner rather than later so it can either force US Asian policy
onto a track more favorable to China or start crowding US military power out of
the region before it’s too late.

One piece of advice: if a crisis erupts—and the United States
genuinely wants to resolve it—maybe it is better not to send Hillary Clinton to
Beijing.