In 1921 the army were defeated in a bloody battle in Morroco, and the King was blamed for this as head of the armed forces. In 1923, the government were about to publish a damning report blaming him officialy

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Primo's coup had the support of the people because:

They saw it as inevitable, they were tired by years of fighting, and they were willing to give him a chance.

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Primo's paternalisitic approach to governing Spain sometimes ...

Bordered on eccentricity, as he prescribed how many meals a Spaniard should eat in one day

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Primo was popular with the people for two reasons:

He had a genuine concern for all people, including women and the poor working class. He also 'talked' to the people, explaining his decrees and admitting his mistakes

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The dictatorship was divided into two sections:

The Military Dictatorship (1923-26) and the Civil Dictatorship (1926-30). The Military dictatorship is when most good things happened

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In the Military Dictatorship, Primo was ...., supported by ....

President, he was supported by his Directory of 8 military generals

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Primo was vehemently against politics and politcians, and yet ...

He created his own political party, though he would not admit it. It was called the Patriotic Union and people could only join though seniority (many of the old order).

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Primo described his rule as being ...

A breif parenthesis in Spain's history

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He also said that he would not ....

Shrink away from bloodshed (also this was never needed)

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In the Civil Dictatorship Primo created the ....

National Assembly. He tried to get a constituion passed, but there was a lot of trouble with that.

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People felt betrayed when the Civil Dictatorship began because ...

They had been promised that Primo would return Spain to democratic rule with elections as soon as possible. Now he was going back on his promises

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His popular labour reforms included:

Cheap housing for workers, a medical service for workers, and the right to strike or protest (as long as not for political reasons)

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His unpopular labour reforms included:

The reestablishment of the SOMATEN (a type of secret spanish police reserve), the suspention of the jury, and press censorship)

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Another labour reform was ....

The creation of Comités Patriorios, which were to settle wage disputes. They were made up of employees, employers and a government casting vote.

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The power of the Caciques lessened because ...

Overnight, 500 army generals were made into local government officials

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People were unhappy with this because ...

They were given the right to raise loans for specific works. Some people used these loans for building follies, which was unpopular. However most used the 500 million pesetas on improving the sewerage and water system.

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Primo's Catalan Reforms included :

The Catalan langauge being banned (even in Church), the dissolving of the Mancommunitat, and the ban of the Sardana. Howevever such repression only served to make the Catalans stronger, with an explosion in Catalan literature in the 1920s

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Primo's public works included:

Improving pension benefits, creating 6000 new state schools, improving the road network (asphlating, leading to an indirect increase of nearly 4 times as many cars on the roads), hydraulic constructions

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Primo also improved the Civil Service, and in the work place, he ...

Put in place better regulations, measurements and time keeping structures, to keep people working productively and efficently.

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In terms of Finance, Primo set up the ....

Extraordinary Budget, which was a series of huge loans that they took out to finance public works. The interest for the loans was paid through normal revenue methods

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This budget was flanked by the creation of ...

The Mortgage Bank (which financed cheap housing for workers), the Industrial Bank (which helped finance new industries) and the Banco Exterior de Espana, which worked to improve foreign trade and break into the South American market

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The banking elite were ...

Unhappy with all these new changes, particuarly as his changes did nothing to reform the tax system properly - leading to the biggest amount of Floating Debt in Spanish history

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In terms of taxes, he did implement the ....

Income Tax

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Morroco War - why did victory split the Spanish military?

The victory of the Moroccan war in 1925 saw the soldiers who had been fighting, the africanistas, seeking promotion for their hard work. The Peninsulares were unhappy with this idea as they favoured promotion by seniority.

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How did Primo try to resolve this?

He first granted Credit by Merit to the africanistas, but the Peninsulares were those whose support he had always relied on, and so he went back on his decision and took away the credit by merit, thus alienating the entire army.

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When did the regime start to go sour?

1929 - Wall Street Crash, lack of employment as too many people had emigrated to the cities, and a bad harvest

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What caused controversy about Primo's life?

The weekends he spent in his country manor with lots of men and women

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What caused huge controversy in 1930?

The trial of the Mahogany girl, a high class call girl. She was sentanced for using drugs. Primo overturned the Supreme Court's decision and dismissed the judge

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Why was Primo's ruling sometimes unpopular?

He would often bend the law and change it or dismiss laws, putting new ones in thier place, as he wanted.

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Card 2

Front

Why did the King suport Primo's coup?

Back

In 1921 the army were defeated in a bloody battle in Morroco, and the King was blamed for this as head of the armed forces. In 1923, the government were about to publish a damning report blaming him officialy