Geography

Qatar (pronounced KAH-ter) occupies a small peninsula that extends into
the Persian Gulf from the east side of the Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabia
is to the west and the United Arab Emirates to the south. The country is
mainly barren.

Government

Constitutional monarchy.

History

Qatar was once controlled by the sheikhs of Bahrain, but in 1867, war
broke out between the people and their absentee rulers. To keep the peace
in the Persian Gulf, the British installed Muhammad ibn Thani al-Thani,
head of a leading Qatari family, as the region's ruler. In 1893, the
Ottoman Turks made incursions into Qatar, but the emir successfully
deflected them. In 1916, the emir agreed to allow Qatar to become a
British protectorate.

Oil was discovered in the 1940s, bringing wealth to the country in the
1950s and 1960s. About 85% of Qatar's income from exports comes from oil.
Its people have one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. In
1971, Qatar was to join the other emirates of the Trucial Coast to become
part of the United Arab Emirates. But both Qatar and Bahrain decided
against the merger and instead formed independent nations.

Qatar permitted the international forces to use Qatar as a base during
the 1991 Persian Gulf War. A border dispute erupted with Saudi Arabia that
was settled in Dec. 1992. A territorial dispute with Bahrain over the
Hawar Islands remains unresolved, however. In 1994, Qatar signed a defense
pact with the U.S., becoming the third Gulf state to do so.

In June 1995, Crown Prince Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani deposed his
father, primarily because the king was out of step with the country's
economic reforms. The emir was not stripped of his title, and much of the
power was already in his son's hands. The new emir lifted press censorship
and instituted other liberal reforms, including democratic elections and
women's suffrage (1999). In 2003 Crown Prince Jassim, who declared he had
never wanted to be king, abdicated in favor of his younger brother, Prince
Tamim.

Qatar is the home of Al Jazeera, the immensely popular and
controversial Arabic satellite television network.

Qatar introduced its first constitution on June 9, 2005. It guarantees
freedom of expression, assembly, and religion and calls for a 45-seat
parliament. Thirty of the seats will be filled in democratic elections;
the emir will appoint the remaining seats.