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Using the /etc/hosts file to resolve host names to IP addresses, and the other way around, is one of the oldest ways to do it. It is rather primitive, because the file has to be maintained on every host where you need it and because no synchronization is established between hosts. However, it is a fast way to make information available locally that needs to be available locally. In fact, using the /etc/hosts file makes name resolving faster and reduces Internet traffic; in addition, you can use it to add some host names that need to be available locally only. Listing 13-3 shows the contents of this file as it is created after a default installation of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Listing 13-3. Example of /etc/hosts # # hosts This file describes a number of hostname-to-address # mappings for the TCP/IP subsystem. It is mostly # used at boot time, when no name servers are running. # On small systems, this file can be used instead of a # "named" name server. # Syntax: # # IP-Address Full-Qualified-Hostname Short-Hostname #

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As you can see, the contents of the /etc/hosts file are rather simple. First you see the IP address of the host, which can be an IPv4 as well as an IPv6 IP address. Next, you see the fully qualified host name. This is the name of the host, followed by its DNS suffix. Last, you see the short host name. It will, however, also work if you use just the IP address followed by the name of the host you want to add. For example, the following will also work: 192.168.1.130 damayanti

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In most cases, it is not necessary to specify anything in /etc/hosts; if, however, you want to make sure certain information can be resolved faster or can be resolved when the records are not available in DNS, it is a good idea to use this file.

Based on the previous information, you should now have a working network connection. Even if now it is working fine, you sometimes might need to do some tuning and troubleshooting, and that s exactly what the following sections are about. You will learn how to test that everything is working the way it should be working, and you ll learn how to monitor what is happening on the network as well as the network interface.

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After configuring a network card, you want to make sure it is working the way it should work. To do this, the ping command is one of your best options. It s easy to use; just enter the command followed by the name or address of the host you want to test connectivity to, for example ping www.novell.com. This will force ping to start uninterrupted output; you can interrupt it by using the Ctrl+C key sequence. Using ping in a clever way, you can test a lot with it. I recommend using it in a certain order: 1. Ping localhost. If you pass this test, you have verified that the IP stack on your local machine is working properly. Also ping yourself to make sure the IP address you ve configured works. 2. Ping a machine on the local network by using its IP address; if this works, you have verified that IP is bound to the network board of your server properly and that it can connect to other nodes on the network. If it fails, first make sure the ping packet isn t filtered out by a firewall policy on the remote host. Next, you need to check the information you have entered with the ifconfig or ip command; it could, for example, be that you have made an error entering the subnet mask for your network interface.