Dangerous and Moving is the second English-language album by t.A.T.u. The album was first released on 5 October 2005 in Japan then on 10 October in the UK, 11 October in North America, and in Europe and Latin America, on 14 October. The album has sold around 3,000,000 copies worldwide; in the US the album sold less than 100,000.[13]

Production on Dangerous and Moving spanned from Los Angeles to London and Moscow. There were two notable recording sessions with the record's producer, Sergio Galoyan, the first took place in Moscow between 4 and 20 August 2004 with just Lena, producing songs like "Cosmos", "Sacrifice" (one demo featuring Claire Guy) and demos "All My Love" (an English counterpart to "Вся моя любовь"), "I Know", "One Love" and "You". The second recording session took place from 17 January to 18 April 2005 in Los Angeles with "Sacrifice", "Perfect Enemy" and the demo of "We Shout" (titled "Reach Out") also sung by Lena. Yulia was not present during the recording sessions due to her pregnancy.

Other demo versions of the songs are available online, such as "All About Us" (performed by The Veronicas), "Sacrifice" (with both Yulia and Lena), "Perfect Enemy" (recorded by Claire Guy and sometimes referred to as "Wrap It Up"), and "Обезьянка ноль".

Although Sting, Dave Stewart, Richard Carpenter, The Veronicas and Claire Guy did work on the album, they did not actually meet the girls for production. Sergio Galoyan became a liaison for the production. However, Richard Carpenter did meet the girls after the recording of the album at their video shoot for the single Friend or Foe, the video was shot on location at Bronson Cave in Hollywood, directed by James Cox, while the executive producer was Grant Cihlar for 1171 Production Group. According to the booklet, the album was recorded at eight different recording studios, the album cover photography and design was made by their own music group, TA Music.

There are only two shared tracks between both releases:

"All About Us"

"Loves Me Not"

Five tracks are Russian/English counterparts:

"Обезьянка ноль" / "Null and Void" (featured later on the compilation album The Best)

"Люди инвалиды" / "Dangerous And Moving"

"Космос" / "Cosmos (Outer Space)"

"Ничья" / "We Shout"

"Новая модель" / "Perfect Enemy"

On this album, "Loves Me Not" has different music than the version on the Russian album counterpart Люди Инвалиды, this is not a remix—it is the same single featuring a more pop arrangement for the international market versus a more electronic arrangement for the Russian market. An English version of "Вся моя любовь" was never officially released despite the demo recording, the girls sing an extra verse in "Cosmos (Outer Space)" after the second chorus; in "Космос", this is an instrumental break with no lyrics.

The Deluxe limited edition comes with a fold-out guitar/piano music poster for "Gomenasai" and a bonus DVD containing "The Making of All About Us" video shoot (including the finished, edited video at the end of the program) and a t.A.T.u. Remix Package that has isolated stems for guitar, bass, drums, synths and vocals for the international version of the track "Loves Me Not".

1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves

2.
T.A.T.u.
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Were a Russian music duo that consisted of Julia Volkova and Lena Katina. The duo was managed by Russian television producer Ivan Shapovalov while in the group Neposedi, the duo was signed to their own production company, T. A. Music, following the split with Universal Music Russia, and their sub-labels Interscope Records and Neformat. The duo established their world success with their debut English-language single All the Things She Said, the video of the single, however, generated controversy worldwide, showing the girls kissing in the rain in school uniforms. Along with the single, the following songs Not Gonna Get Us and All About Us gained success. The duo has released six albums, three in Russian and three in English. The album 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane achieved huge success worldwide, due to their success, the duo was recognized as one of the most successful female music acts to emerge in the early decade and have established themselves as the most successful Russian act to date. Represented Russia in the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest, performing Ne Ver, Ne Boysia, in March 2011, the duo officially announced their separation, due to personal reasons and conflicts between them and embarked on solo careers, which started around the end of 2008. As of 2016, t. A. T. u. have sold over 25 million records and they reunited in late December 2012 for a concert and announced their comeback after their performance in the opening ceremony of the Olympics in Sochi 2014. Arose, the pair were in a group named Neposedi, both Julia Volkova and Lena Katina were part of the band, along with members Sergey Lazarev and Vlad Topalov. Katina, first was in a band Avenue between 1994 and 1997 and it was reported that Volkova was banned from being in Neposedi, claiming she was misbehaving and disrupting other members in the group, along with accused smoking, swearing and drinking. However, Neposedi denied the claims and said that she came to an age and she had to retire, even if Lena is older than Yulia, after a while together, they decided to split. Were formed in 1999 by Ivan Shapovalov and his friend/business partner Alexander Voitinskiy, with this idea in mind, Shapovalov and Voitinskiy organized auditions in Moscow in early 1999 for teenage female vocalists. By the end of auditioning, the partners narrowed their search down to ten girls, both Yulia and Lena knew each other before audition. Katina began recording demos, including Yugoslavia, a protest song about NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, after the demos were cut, Shapovalov insisted that another girl be added to the project. Thus, in late 1999, 14-year-old Yulia Volkova was added to the group to finish the duo and she also started recording not long after Lenas Yugoslavia demo was finished. After completing the duo, the decided on the name Тату. Sounding like the English word tattoo, it is also a hint to the Russian phrase Эта девочка любит ту девочку. For the release of their first English-language album, they decided to go by t. A. T. u, using uppercase letters and periods to distinguish themselves from an already existing Australian band, Tatu

3.
North Hollywood, Los Angeles
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North Hollywood is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles. It is home to the NoHo Arts District and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, there is a municipal park and a recreation center. The neighborhood is an important transportation center, and it is also a place where many people have lived or worked. North Hollywood was established by the Lankershim Ranch Land and Water Company in 1887 and it was first named Toluca before being renamed Lankershim in 1896 and finally North Hollywood in 1927. It is not contiguous with Hollywood, being separated by parts of the San Fernando Valley. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 87,241, in 2000 the median age for residents was 30, considered an average age for city and county neighborhoods, the percentage of residents aged 19 to 34 was among the countys highest. The neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, the breakdown was Latinos,57. 7%, whites, 27%, Asians,5. 7%, blacks,5. 6%, and others, 4%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 46. 4% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage for Los Angeles, the percentages of never-married men and never-married women were among the countys highest. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $42,791, considered average for the city. The percentages of households that earned $40,000 or less were high for the county, renters occupied 75. 4% of the housing stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 24. 6%. North Hollywood is bordered on the north by Sun Valley and on the northeast and east by Burbank, Toluca Lake borders North Hollywood on the southeast and south, and Studio City abuts it on the southwest. It is flanked by Valley Village and Valley Glen on the west, North Hollywood was once part of the vast landholdings of the Mission San Fernando Rey de España, which was confiscated by the government during the Mexican period of rule. A group of investors assembled as the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association purchased the half of the Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. The leading investor was Isaac Lankershim, a Northern California stockman and grain farmer, in 1873, Isaac Lankershims son and future son-in-law, James Boon Lankershim and Isaac Newton Van Nuys, moved to the San Ferndando Valley and took over management of the property. Van Nuys thought the property could profitably grow wheat using the dryland farming developed on the Great Plains. In time the Lankershim property, under its name, the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company. Lankershim established a townsite which the residents named Toluca along the old road from Cahuenga Pass to San Fernando, the land boom of the 1880s went bust by the 1890s, but despite another brutal drought cycle in the late 1890s, the fruit and nut farmers remained solvent. The Toluca Fruit Growers Association was formed in 1894, the next year the Southern Pacific opened a branch line slanting northwest across the Valley to Chatsworth

4.
Synthpop
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Synth-pop is a subgenre of new wave music that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the Krautrock of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late-1970s to the mid-1980s. In Japan, Yellow Magic Orchestras success opened the way for bands such as P-Model, Plastics. The development of polyphonic synthesizers, the definition of MIDI. This, its adoption by the acts from the New Romantic movement, together with the rise of MTV. Synth-pop is sometimes deployed interchangeably with electropop, but electropop may also denote a variant of synth-pop that places emphasis on a harder. In the late 1980s duos such as Erasure and Pet Shop Boys adopted a style that was successful on the US dance-charts. Some artists and bands were criticised for gender bending, Synth-pop was defined by its primary use of synthesizers, drum machines and sequencers, sometimes using them to replace all other instruments. Borthwick and Moy have described the genre as diverse but, many synth-pop musicians had limited musical skills, relying on the technology to produce or reproduce the music. The result was often minimalist, with grooves that were woven together from simple repeated riffs often with no harmonic progression to speak of. Early synth-pop has been described as eerie, sterile, and vaguely menacing, using droning electronics with little change in inflection, common lyrical themes of synth-pop songs were isolation, urban anomie, and feelings of being emotionally cold and hollow. Synthesizers were increasingly used to imitate the conventional and clichéd sound of orchestras, thin, treble-dominant, synthesized melodies and simple drum programmes gave way to thick, and compressed production, and a more conventional drum sound. Lyrics were generally optimistic, dealing with more traditional subject matter for pop music such as romance, escapism. According to music writer Simon Reynolds, the hallmark of 1980s synth-pop was its emotional, at times operatic singers such as Marc Almond, Alison Moyet and Annie Lennox. Because synthesizers removed the need for groups of musicians, these singers were often part of a duo where their partner played all the instrumentation. Later synth-pop saw a shift to a style influenced by other genres. Electronic musical synthesizers that could be used practically in a recording studio became available in the mid-1960s, the portable Minimoog, which allowed much easier use, particularly in live performance was widely adopted by progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes

5.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them

6.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years

7.
Trip hop
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Trip hop is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. Trip hop can be highly experimental and it was pioneered by acts like Massive Attack, Tricky, and Portishead. Trip hop achieved commercial success in the 1990s, and has described as Europes alternative choice in the second half of the 90s. DJs, MCs, b-boys and graffiti artists grouped together into informal soundsystems, Bristols soundsystem DJs, drawing heavily on Jamaican dub music, typically used a laid-back, slow and heavy drum beat. Bristols Wild Bunch crew became one of the soundsystems to put a spin on the international phenomenon, helping to birth Bristols signature sound of trip hop. As the hip hop scene matured in Bristol and musical trends evolved further toward acid jazz and house in the late 1980s, another influence came from Gary Clails Tackhead soundsystem. Clail often worked with former The Pop Group singer Mark Stewart, produced by Adrian Sherwood, the music combined hiphop with experimental rock and dub and sounded like a premature version of what later became trip hop. In 1993, Kirsty MacColl released Angel, one of the first examples of the crossing over to pop. In the 1990s, Janet Jackson brought trip hop into the American charts with the song If, several songs on her Janet. and The Velvet Rope used this genre of music, Songs like Got Til Its Gone and You. Massive Attacks first album Blue Lines was released in 1991 to huge success in the UK, Massive Attack released their second album entitled Protection in 1994. The term trip hop was coined that year, but not in reference to anything on the Massive Attack albums, in 1993, Icelandic musician Björk released Debut, produced by Wild Bunch member Nellee Hooper. The album, although rooted in four-on-the-floor house music, contained elements of trip hop and is credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop. She had been in contact with Londons underground electronic music scene and was involved with trip hop musician Tricky. Björk embraced trip hop even more with her 1995 album Post by collaborating with Tricky, homogenic, her 1997 album, has been described as a pinnacle of trip hop music. 1994 and 1995 saw trip hop near the peak of its popularity, with such as Howie B, Naked Funk. The period also marked the debut of two acts who, along with Massive Attack, would define the Bristol scene for years to come, in 1994 Portishead, a trio comprising singer Beth Gibbons, Geoff Barrow, and Adrian Utley, released their debut album Dummy. Their background differed from Massive Attack in many ways, one of Portisheads primary influences was 1960s and 1970s film soundtrack LPs, nevertheless, Portishead shared the scratchy, jazz-sample-based aesthetic of early Massive Attack, and the sullen, fragile vocals of Gibbons also brought them wide acclaim. In 1995, Dummy was awarded the Mercury Music Prize as the best British album of the year, Tricky also released his debut solo album Maxinquaye in 1995, to great critical acclaim

8.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi

9.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992

10.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu

11.
Sergio Galoyan
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Sergey Galoyan is an ASCAP/PRS Award–winning songwriter/producer and DJ, born in Moscow. He is more known as Sergio Galoyan and is of Armenian descent. One of the creators of the band t. A. T. u and he wrote and produced their first four singles All The Things She Said, Not Gonna Get Us,30 Minutes, and Show Me Love. He also wrote and produced other tracks for their first, second. Galoyan has also worked with Keith Flint, Marilyn Manson, Jennifer Lopez, Valeriya, Clea and Alsou. He married t. A. T. u. s PR manager, Sasha Tityanko, after working on t. A. T. u. s second album, but they divorced soon after. Galoyan is currently concentrating on his solo DJ project under the name of Sergio Galoyan,2001, Nas Ne Dogonyat - t. A. T. u. 2001, Ya Tvoya Ne Pervaya - t. A. T. u,2002, Not Gonna Get Us - t. A. T. u. 2002, All The Things She Said - t. A. T. u,2002, Show Me Love - t. A. T. u. 2002, Ya Soshla S Uma - t. A. T. u,2002, Nas Ne Dogonyat - t. A. T. u. 2005, Vsya Moya Lyubov – t. A. T. u, - Valeriya 2008, Romantic - Valeriya 2013, Paradise — Lena Katina 2013, Kosmos — Vintage 2001, Ya Soshla S Uma - t. A. T. u

12.
Ryan Tedder
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Ryan Benjamin Tedder is an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. Tedders production and songwriting work has proven successful commercially, Apologize, written with and performed by his band OneRepublic, Bleeding Love, performed by Leona Lewis, and Halo, performed by Beyoncé, all made it to the list of best-selling singles of all time. In early 2014, Billboard named him The Undercover King of Pop, ryan Benjamin Tedder was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He was raised by an family of missionaries and pastors in a Christian church. He began learning to play the piano at the age of three via the Suzuki method and his early interest in music was prompted by his musician father and school-teacher mother, who coaxed their young son into practicing piano in exchange for candy corn. Tedder started singing at the age of seven and he has commented, I sang for two hours a day every day of my life until I was eighteen. He continued to perform musically during his adolescence through church, school, in his senior year, he moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado. There he met and became friends with future OneRepublic bandmate Zach Filkins on their team at the Colorado Springs Christian School. He attended Oral Roberts University in Oklahoma and began to showcase his own material there, Tedder completed his college education and graduated from ORU in 2001 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Public Relations and Advertising. For years Tedder worked as a waiter, and also as an assistant at Pottery Barn, before securing an internship at DreamWorks SKG in Nashville. He produced demos for songwriters and labels, charging $300 to $400 a track, the prize for the winner was a music contract with Basss now-defunct management company, Free Lance Entertainment. The contestants performed live and were rated by judges and the audience. Tedder later revealed the record and publishing deal he was offered wasnt real and it was just a bunch of hype that didnt turn into anything. One year after winning the MTV competition, Tedder caught the attention of the hip hop producer Timbaland, Tedder commented that he was with Timbaland from 2002–2004 to develop as an artist while producing for other artists at the time. Tedders work crossed many genres and he has had many chart successes both in America and the United Kingdom with a number of artists. In June 2007, Tedder signed a publishing administration deal with Kobalt Music Publishing. The deal included Tedders new works and all songs not performed by OneRepublic, Tedder met producer Morten Schjolin in 2005, doing various collaborations for Tattoos second album. Tedder is the writer of the hit, Apologize, performed by his band OneRepublic

13.
Trevor Horn
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Trevor Charles Horn, CBE is an English music record producer, songwriter, musician and singer. His influence on 1980s popular music was such that he has been called The Man Who Invented the Eighties, Horn has produced commercially successful songs and albums for numerous British and international artists. He won a Grammy Award for producing Kiss from a Rose by Seal, as a musician, he has had chart success with the bands The Buggles, Yes and Art of Noise. He also owns a significant stake in the recording company ZTT Records, Sarm Studios, the three are combined under the corporate umbrella of SPZ. In 2010 he received the British Academys Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music, Trevor Horn was born in Durham and grew up in Houghton-le-Spring, England. His parents, John and Elizabeth, were from Hetton-le-Hole, which is near Sunderland and his father worked as an engineer, with technology related to milk production as his speciality. Trevor has two sisters, Janet and Marjorie, and a brother, TV producer Ken Horn, both sisters eventually emigrated to Canada. His first group, when he was 14, was called The Outer Limits, Horn moved with his family to Leicester, where Horn began working as a professional musician performing in the local ballrooms while building a home studio. He later became a director and record producer, starting out producing jingles. Horn began his career as a session musician in the late 1970s, including playing on the television show. Most notably, he played for disco star Tina Charles and her producer Biddu, another member of her backing band was keyboard player Geoffrey Downes. In 1978, Horn and Downes formed The Buggles, in which Horn played bass, guitar and percussion as well as providing vocals, just before The Buggles, however, Horn signed with Sonet Records and recorded two singles under the moniker of The Big A. One single, Caribbean Air Control, was released in the United Kingdom, a few months later, the song was remixed into a disco track under the name of Chromium with no vocals and a synthesised and percussion backbeat. This also failed to chart, but did well in the clubs, especially in the US. In 1979, an album was released entitled Star to Star. The song also appeared on the groups first album, The Age of Plastic, later that year, Horn and Downes were invited to join the rock group Yes. Horn became the lead vocalist, replacing Jon Anderson and he recorded one album with Yes, Drama, on which he also played bass on one track. At the beginning of 1981, after seven months, he left Yes to concentrate on production work

14.
T.A.T.u. Remixes
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Remixes, or simply Remixes, is an official compilation of remixes from t. A. T. u. The album features remixes from 200 Po Vstrechnoy as well as from 200 km/h in the Wrong Lane, there were two singles from the album, Prostye Dvizhenia and Ne Ver Ne Boysia. The song did not chart in any country, and the release was cancelled. To date, this album is the album to date to have Prostye Dvizheniya. Ne Ver Ne Boysia ne Prosi was released as a single as well, the song was used for the Eurovision Song Contest in 2003. The group represented Russia in Riga, Latvia, a music video was released on their official YouTube account. The song was used on their greatest hits album The Best. It debuted at #105 for 5 weeks, and sold 7,761 copies and it is identical to the Asian & European edition, except that track 1 is replaced by, All the Things She Said 7,07 The Russian edition was released November 25,2003. It is available as one CD format, which includes the first CD in this listing. Ne Ver, Ne Boysia Nas Ne Dogonyat The Taiwanese edition was released on cassette tape

15.
Lyudi Invalidy
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Lyudi Invalidy is the second Russian-language studio album by t. A. T. u. Released on 21 October 2005 in Russia, the album was later released in some Eastern European countries, Germany and Mexico. The album was certified Platinum in Russia by NFPF, technically, the production for Люди Инвалиды began in 2004. It was during 2004 when t. A. T. u. s then-producer Ivan Shapovalov introduced the tracks Люди инвалиды, Ты согласна, Ничья, and Что не хватает to the girls, and the songs were recorded. For instance, a version of Ничья was played during the Show Me Love Tour. Demos from all four songs were released to fans. After leaving Shapovalov and then taking a hiatus, t. A. T. u, negotiated with Shapovalov and the songwriters and composers to rerecord the songs. The music was changed on all of the songs, and in some the lyrics were altered, when the album was released in 2005, it only credited Shapovalov for the song Люди инвалиды. Люди Инвалиды features two songs from the English release, Loves Me Not and All About Us, on this album, Loves Me Not has different music than the version on the English album counterpart Dangerous and Moving. This is not a remix—it is the single featuring a more electronic arrangement for the Russian market versus a more pop arrangement for the international market. Обезьянка ноль, supposedly Yulias favorite tune from the album, was included on Dangerous. Two different versions of Что не хватает were also issued online on YouTube exclusively, in October 2005, Люди инвалиды was released as the lead and only single of the album. Along with Loves Me Not, All About Us, Новaя модель, and Обезьянка ноль, the title of the album has caused much confusion and controversy. The words люди инвалиды can translate to English as disabled/handicapped/invalid people, however, the group on several occasions have stated that the title refers to morally disabled persons, not disability in the physical sense. Were sued in November 2006 by Leonid Mikhailovich Vokuyev, Commissioner For Human Rights for the Komi Republic, specifically, they were offended by writing in the booklet and the lyrics to the song Lyudi Invalidy. Expressed that they were not worried about being sued, and Katina added Of course, we meant moral invalids, people who do not have soul, no more news has been given about the lawsuit and it is assumed to have been dropped. Below is the text found in the booklet that had caused controversy. ЛЮДИ ИНВАЛИДЫ рождаются такими и такими умирают. Они не знают, что значит быть человеком, Они – подделка на основе человекообразной болванки

16.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s

17.
All About Us (song)
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All About Us is a song by Russian recording duo t. A. T. u. Taken as a single from the groups second English language studio album Dangerous, the song was also featured on the groups second Russian studio album Lyudi Invalidy. The song was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jessica Origliasso & Lisa Origliasso, the song was produced by Martin Kierszenbaum and Robert Orton. The song was chosen as the lead single in March 2005 by Universal Music Russia. The song was greeted with positive reviews music critics, who many praised the ambition and was specified as a highlight on the album. Commercially, the song performed well on the charts, charting in many European charts and managed to have success in North America. An accompanying music video was issued for the single, which featured the group running away from each other, the video was considered controversial from critics and fans, featuring disturbing graphics. All About Us received generally positive reviews from most music critics, roger Holland from Popmatters said it’s “All The Things She Said - Part Dva ”. It packs more amateur operatics, more rock and more intelligent pop into a little under three minutes than Queen could shoehorn into the entirety of “Bohemian Rhapsody”. Michael Freedburg from The Boston Phoenix said along with Friend or Foe, Perfect Enemy and Dangerous and Moving, it shoots straight to the gut — and to the heart. Betty Clarke from The Guardian said that the song is a is good, glossy pop, dom Passantino from Stylus Magazine said that the song runs along on animalistic lust, high-off-your-own-supply paranoia, mental anguish, and the ever-present threat of sudden, bloody violence. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic said the song sounded similar to Not Gonna Get Us, All About Us received chart success all around the world. In the Oceanic, the only managed to peak inside the top forty, peaking at thirty-nine on the Australian Singles Chart. In European markets, the song had success by peaking inside the top ten in countries including Switzerland, Austria, France, Belgium, Sweden. The song became the groups last charting single in the United States, the song was a chart success in the United Kingdom, peaking inside the top ten at eight. The shooting of the video took place in Los Angeles in July 2005. There are two versions of the video, one censored, and the other uncut, the censored video was released on the official website on 18 August. The uncut version was released later, the video was popular in Europe and was retired on Polands TRL after spending 50 days on the countdown

18.
Friend or Foe (song)
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Friend or Foe is a song by Russian recording duo t. A. T. u. Taken from the groups second English language studio album Dangerous and Moving, the song was written by Dave Stewart and Martin Kierszenbaum, while production was handled by Kierszenbaum and Robert Orton. The song was released by Interscope on 2 October 2005 as the second single. Musically, the song is a pop rock and electropop inspired song, the song features ambiguous lyrics, it is unclear who exactly the words are directed at. The song received positive reviews from critics, with many identifying it as the albums best song along with its praised for its dance nature. The song did not perform successfully like the previous single All About Us. An accompanying music video was issued, where it featured the singing in a cave to fans. The song was written by Dave Stewart and Martin Kierszenbaum, while production was handled by Kierszenbaum, the song was released by Interscope on 2 October 2005 as the albums second single. For the production and promotion of the single, it was handled by some big names from the music industry. These included Sting, who played bass on the track and Bryan Adams, the song was the groups last single to be released in the United Kingdom and United States, due to the lack of success. The song was released in multiple formats, the song was released digitally on 2 October 2005 worldwide. The CD Single was released in 2005 featuring the song remixes, a music video. In December 2005, Interscope issued a remix EP featuring remixes that were released in Europe, CD Single was issued in France as a Maxi-Single. The same month, Interscope Records announced that they would issue a 12 Vinyl CD in the United States, Friend or Foe received positive remarks from most music critics. Betty Clarke from The Guardian described the song as vapid and epic synth-rock, Friend or Foe generally received mixed reception surrounding chart positions. The song managed to make the top three in Hungary, peaking at number three, the song then managed to peak inside the top forty in countries including the Czech Republic, Italy and the Wallonia region of Belgium. In the United Kingdom, the song spent a week on the UK Singles Chart at forty-eight. It was the groups last single to chart in the United Kingdom, from 16 October 2005 to 17 October 2005, t. A. T. u

19.
Gomenasai
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Gomenasai is a song by Russian recording duo t. A. T. u. Taken from their second English language studio album Dangerous and Moving, the song was written by Martin Kierszenbaum, and production was handled by Kierszenbaum and Robert Orton. The song was released in May 2006 as the third single by Interscope. The song was not initially supposed to be a single from the album as t. A. T. u. Did not approve, however Interscope ignored the wishes and went forward with the single anyway. Due to conflicts with the label, Gomenasai was t. A. T. us last single with Interscope, musically, the song is a pop ballad with electronic music influences. Lyrically it deals with the group saying sorry towards each other, using the Japanese word Gomenasai, hence the title. Gomenasai received mixed to favorable reviews from critics, who felt it was gentle and one of the groups best vocal songs to date. The song was not issued in most countries, but had success on the music charts. There were two different videos produced for single, animated and live action. The song was written by Martin Kierszenbaum, and production was handled by Kierszenbaum, the song was released in May 2006 as the albums third single by Interscope. The song was the groups last official single from the record labels, Interscope. The group did not want to release the song as the third single, due to the further conflict, the group decided to leave the record label. The single, however was not the last release, as the groups compilation The Best was the final, Gomenasai received mixed reviews on critics, with some calling it more feminine and gentle. However, because the album is upbeat and electronic, some critics claimed it didnt fit in. Roger Holland from PopMatters liked the single labelling it Gentle and friendly, however, James Blake from BBC Music called it a low point. Daniel Incognito, a member of Sputnikmusic had said Gomenasai feels like a million other romantic Pop songs with stereotypical violins, soft synthesizer sounds. The place holder video of Gomenasai, in the form of Japanese anime, was released late February 2006, the video starts with Yulia lying in her room, thinking about Lena, but unbeknownst to her, she was being carefully watched by a small robot

20.
PopMatters
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PopMatters is an international online magazine of cultural criticism that covers many aspects of popular culture. PopMatters was founded by Sarah Zupko, who had established the cultural studies academic resource site PopCultures. PopMatters launched in the fall of 1999 as a site providing original essays, reviews. Over time, the site went from a publication schedule to a five-day-a-week magazine format, expanding into regular reviews, features. In the fall of 2005, monthly readership exceeded one million, from 2006 onward, PopMatters produced several syndicated newspaper columns for McClatchy-Tribune News Service. As of 2009, there are four different pop culture related columns each week, the PopMatters Book Imprint published Joss Whedon, The Complete Companion, edited by Mary Money, with Titan Books in May 2012. PopMatters publishes content from contributors located around the globe, based in six continents and its staff includes writers from various backgrounds, ranging from academics and professional journalists to career professionals and first time writers. Many of its writers are published authorities in various fields of study, notable former contributors include David Weigel, political reporter for Slate, Steven Hyden, staff writer for Grantland and author of Whatever Happened To Alternative Nation. And Rob Horning, executive editor of The New Inquiry, karen Zarker is the senior editor

21.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own

22.
The Pitt News
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The Pitt News is an independent, student-written and student-managed newspaper for the main campus of the University of Pittsburgh in Oakland which has been active in some form since 1910. It is published Monday through Friday during the school year. According to an independent survey, more than 90% of Pitt students read The Pitt News each day, the Pitt News is a million-dollar non-profit operation, employing more than 100 undergraduate editors, roughly 25 students in the business division, and five professional staff members. The paper includes five sections, News, Opinions, Arts & Entertainment, Sports. It also produces about a special issues a year, such as the Dining, Employment. During the school year, circulation includes 13,000 copies an issue, during the summer, the paper is published weekly each Wednesday with a circulation of 10,000. Currently, The Pitt News is printed by the Butler Color Press on tabloid-sized newsprint, started in the late 19th century as a quarterly literary magazine, The Courant is the earliest traceable ancestor of The Pitt News. By 1910, it had morphed into a student newspaper called The Pitt Weekly. Gradually, the paper began adding days to its production schedule, by the 1970s it was a business daily paper. The Pitt News has remained an independent, student-run newspaper - funded by a student-run business staff which provides revenue for the paper via ad sales. The ACLU represented The Pitt News against the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board, the opinion was written by now Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito. Leonard Baker - Pulitzer Prize–winning biographer Michael Chabon - Pulitzer Prize–winning writer, The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, murray Chass - Sports journalist for The New York Times, recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award. Myron Cope - Color commentator for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Michael Clinton - Executive vice president, chief marketing officer, and publishing director of Hearst Magazines. He was business manager for The Pitt News, sharon G. Flake - award winning author of young adult literature. Chris Kuzneski - International bestselling author of The Prophecy, The Lost Throne, Joe Zeff - Sports editor at The Pitt News, former graphics director for Time Magazine, former art director for The New York Times, and owner of Joe Zeff Design, Inc. University Times The Pitt News official website The Pitt News Advisory Board official website

23.
The Phoenix (newspaper)
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These publications emphasize local arts and entertainment coverage as well as lifestyle and political coverage. The papers are somewhat similar in format and editorial content to the Village Voice, the Phoenix was founded in 1965 by Joe Hanlon, a former editor at MITs student newspaper, The Tech. Since many Boston-area college newspapers were printed at the printing firm, Hanlons idea was to do a four-page single-sheet insert with arts coverage. He began with the Harvard Business Schools newspaper The Harbus News, a student there, James T. Lewis, became Hanlons advertising manager. Boston After Dark began March 2,1966, theater enthusiast Larry Stark began contributing theater reviews with the second issue. When the insert idea did not pan out, the trio continued Boston After Dark as a free paper. A year after the launch, Hanlon sold off his half to Lewis, as the paper expanded, Mindich acquired a half interest. Stark quit in 1972 and began reviewing for the rival Cambridge Phoenix, the first managing editor of the Cambridge Phoenix was April Smith, who later became a novelist and TV writer-producer. Following a two-week writers strike in August 1972, the Cambridge Phoenix was sold to Boston After Dark, in the conflicts between writers and management, ousted writers immediately started another weekly, The Real Paper, while management continued the Boston Phoenix. In 1988, the company owns the Phoenix, Phoenix Media/Communications Group, bought a similar publication in neighboring Rhode Island called the NewPaper. In 1999, PM/CG branched out into Portland, Maine by creating the Portland Phoenix and that same year the nameplate changed from Phoenix B. A. D. to The Boston Phoenix. From 1992 through 2000, there was also a Worcester Phoenix, in 2005, the Phoenix underwent a major redesign, switching from a broadsheet/Berliner format to a tabloid format and introduced a new logo in order to increase its appeal to younger readers. Towards the end of its existence, The Phoenix had a circulation of 253,000. On August 1,2012, it was announced that Stuff Magazine and the Boston Phoenix newspaper would merge, the first issue of the new, glossy-paper Phoenix had a cover date of September 21,2012. On March 14,2013, the announced that the Boston Phoenix would fold effective as of the March 15,2013 print edition, though the Portland. In October 2014, The Phoenix announced that their Providence paper would cease publication. The Boston Phoenix published its last issue on March 14,2013, in November 2014, Mindich sold the Portland Phoenix to the Portland News Club LLC, publishers of The Portland Daily Sun. Although the Daily Sun would cease publication one month later, the Portland Phoenix continues to be published by the new weekly as of 2017

24.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886

25.
Stylus Magazine
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Stylus Magazine was an online music and film magazine launched in 2002. It featured long-form music journalism, four daily music reviews, movie reviews, podcasts, an MP3 blog, and a text blog. Additionally, Stylus had daily features like The Singles Jukebox, which looked at pop singles from around the globe, and Soulseeking, while the sites readership numbers never reached the levels of Pitchfork Medias, it did receive many notices in the press for the quality of its writing. In 2006 it was chosen by the Observer Music Monthly as one of the Internets 25 most essential music websites, Stylus closed as a business on 31 October 2007. As of February 2013, the site online, but is not publishing any new content. The Singles Jukebox relaunched with many of the writers as a stand-alone website in March 2009. Stylus Magazine – official site The Singles Jukebox – official site What Was It Anyway – official site The Stylus Decade – official site

26.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website

27.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors

28.
The Veronicas
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The Veronicas are an Australian progressive pop, electropop, pop rock, pop punk and dance-pop duo from Brisbane, Australia. They were formed in 2004 by identical twin sisters Lisa and Jessica Origliasso, in addition to singing they are respectively a pianist and a guitarist. In 2005, The Veronicas released their studio album, titled The Secret Life of. Which peaked at two on the Australian Album Chart and was certified 4× platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association for selling over 280,000 copies. The album spawned five singles, led by 4ever, three of which were top ten singles in Australia. In 2007, the duo released their studio album, Hook Me Up. The album garnered four Australian top ten singles, the albums title track, Hook Me Up, was The Veronicas first number one single in Australia, while Untouched was an international top ten hit. Following a lengthy hiatus, in September 2014, The Veronicas released You Ruin Me, the song debuted at number one on the ARIA Charts, becoming the girls second chart topping single and their first to debut in the top spot. It also charted in United States and United Kingdom, the album was released both physically and digitally on 21 November 2014. In 2016, they hosted the ARIA Music Awards and their parents are of Italian and Australian heritage. In 2001, the twins made their first recordings with Brisbane producer. Stuart produced an EP in a electronic style, and a year later. In 2004, Lisa Origliasso and Jessica Origliasso were introduced to the Music Director of The Bell Hughes Music Group, Bell invited them to sign a publishing agreement with Excalibur Productions. Bell took them to meet the executives at Engine Room and they were signed to a production deal. Meetings were then arranged with Warner Bros. Records in the USA, seymour Stein and senior executives recognised that Bell had indeed discovered and developed a musical talent, signing them quickly to a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records/Sire America, for a sum of 2 million dollars. Regarding how they chose their name, Jess Origliasso stated, The name is something we thought about for a time and we wanted it to be a girls name. We were very conscious of not wanting to make it a twin thing and we didnt want it to be called the Lisas, either, singer Lisa Origliasso added

29.
Sting (musician)
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Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner, CBE, better known by his stage name Sting, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He was the songwriter, lead singer, and bassist for the new wave rock band The Police from 1977 to 1984. He has included elements of rock, jazz, reggae, classical, new-age and he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording, in 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music, and was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014. He was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017, with The Police, Sting became one of the worlds best-selling music artists. Solo and with The Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records, in 2006, Paste ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1s 100 greatest artists of rock, and he grew up near Wallsends shipyards, which made an impression on him. At eight or ten years old, he was inspired by the Queen Mother waving at him from a Rolls-Royce to divert from the shipyard prospect towards a more glamorous life. He helped his father deliver milk and by ten was obsessed with an old Spanish guitar left by a friend of his father. He attended St Cuthberts Grammar School in Newcastle upon Tyne and he visited nightclubs such as Club AGogo to see Cream and Manfred Mann, who influenced his music. After being a bus conductor, building labourer and tax officer, he attended Northern Counties College of Education from 1971 to 1974 and he taught at St Pauls First School in Cramlington for two years. Sting performed jazz in the evening, weekends and during breaks from college and he played with the Phoenix Jazzmen, Newcastle Big Band, and Last Exit. He gained his nickname after his habit of wearing a black, bandleader Gordon Solomon thought he looked like a bee, which prompted the name Sting. In the 1985 documentary Bring on the Night a journalist called him Gordon, to which he replied, My children call me Sting, my mother calls me Sting, in Time in 2011 he said, I was never called Gordon. You could shout Gordon in the street and I would just move out of your way, in January 1977, Sting moved from Newcastle to London and joined Stewart Copeland and Henry Padovani to form The Police. From 1978 to 1983 they had five UK chart-topping albums, won six Grammy Awards and their initial sound was punk-inspired, but they switched to reggae rock and minimalist pop. Their final album, Synchronicity, was nominated for five Grammy Awards including Album of the Year and it included their most successful song, Every Breath You Take, written by Sting, in 1983. While never formally breaking up, after Synchronicity the group agreed to concentrate on solo projects, as the years went by, the band members, particularly Sting, dismissed the possibility of reforming

30.
David A. Stewart
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David Allan Dave Stewart is an English musician, songwriter and record producer, best known for Eurythmics, his successful professional partnership with Annie Lennox. He is usually credited as David A. Stewart, to avoid confusion with other musicians named Dave Stewart and he won Best British Producer at the 1986,1987 and 1990 Brit Awards. Stewart was born in Sunderland, England, in 1952 and he attended Bede Grammar School for Boys, whilst still in his teens, he secured a record deal as part of folk-rock band Longdancer. Despite being signed to Elton Johns record label, The Rocket Record Company, after leaving Wearside Stewart then spent several years living in squats in London. In late 1976, he was introduced to Annie Lennox by Paul Jacobs, soon, Stewart and Lennox became romantically involved. By 1977, the pair had teamed up with Sunderland musician Peet Coombes, the band then developed into The Tourists who enjoyed modest success, including a hit in 1979 with a cover of the Dusty Springfield hit I Only Want to Be with You. The Tourists split up in 1980, as did Stewart and Lennox and they formed a new musical project named Eurythmics. After a string of hit singles and albums, the duo split in 1990, Lennox and Stewart worked together again in 2005, recording two new tracks for the greatest hits package Ultimate Collection, released to coincide with Eurythmics 25th anniversary. When Eurythmics dissolved in 1990, Stewart moved to France and immediately released an album with his new band The Spiritual Cowboys, the song Party Town was featured in the 1990 film Flatliners. A second album followed in 1991, both albums were Gold in France, where Stewart concentrated his efforts. In 1992, Stewart collaborated with singer Terry Hall on the project Vegas, the duo released one self-titled album but this was commercially unsuccessful, though one of the singles from the album made the UK Top 40. In 1993, Stewart appeared in an Apple Inc. advertisement for the Power Macintosh in which he riffed on the word power and he also had a small cameo as a computer hacker in the 1995 film Hackers. In 1994, Stewart released an album, Greetings from the Gutter. The album was not a success, though Stewart scored a minor UK hit with the single Heart Of Stone which reached number 36. He then released another album, Sly-Fi, first on the internet, in 1997, Stewart released an album Come Alive with the actress and singer Rhona Mitra. In 1999, he produced an album, Female Icon. In November 2002, Stewart worked with former South African president Nelson Mandela and he then began organising the 46664 campaign and series of concerts in the fight against HIV/AIDS in South Africa. In 2007, Stewart announced on his MySpace page that he would be playing live concerts showcasing his entire career, according to the announcement, he was to be accompanied by various guest musicians as well as a 30 piece orchestra

31.
Richard Carpenter (musician)
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Richard Lynn Carpenter is an American pop musician, best known as one half of the sibling duo The Carpenters, along with his sister Karen Carpenter. He was a producer, arranger, pianist, keyboardist, occasional lyricist. Richard Lynn Carpenter was born at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, Carpenter was named after his fathers younger brother, Richard Lynn Carpenter. Carpenter and his uncle both married women named Mary, Carpenter frequently played the piano while his younger sister, Karen, played baseball outside. He and Karen also liked to listen to the childrens records their father bought for them when they were young, Richard was introduced to Perry Como and Ella Fitzgerald, among many others, and by age 12, he knew he wanted to be in the music industry. The Carpenter family moved from New Haven to Downey, California and they wanted Richard to further his music career, and the family was fed up with the cold New England winters. Carpenter studied music at the California State University at Long Beach, there, he met Frank Pooler, a conductor and composer who wrote the lyrics to the Christmas classic Merry Christmas Darling in 1968. Richard also met good friend, John Bettis, who co-wrote songs with Richard, Carpenter created the Richard Carpenter Trio in 1965 with sister Karen and friend Wes Jacobs. Richard played the piano, Karen played the drums, and Wes played the tuba, in 1966 the Richard Carpenter Trio played Iced Tea and The Girl from Ipanema at the Hollywood Bowl Battle of the Bands. They won the competition, and shortly afterward recorded three songs at RCA Studios, Every Little Thing, Strangers in the Night, and the Carpenter original, Iced Tea is the only recording that was officially released to the public. Richard and Karen signed with A&M Records on April 22,1969, lets hope we have some hits, Herb Alpert told the two. Alpert suggested that the Carpenters record a Burt Bacharach and Hal David song called Close to You written in 1963, though Richard worked up an arrangement only after Alperts insistence, his arranging talents clearly shone in the finished product. His arranging and musical talents, as well as Karens vocals, helped the song climb to #1 on the Billboard Hot 100, Close to You gained public recognition seemingly overnight. According to Richard, even though the song became popular overnight, sitting at home one night, Richard was watching TV and saw a commercial for Crocker National Bank. He recognized the voices of Paul Williams and Roger Nichols, two A&M songwriters on the theme song Weve Only Just Begun. Richard made some calls to confirm their involvement, and asked if there was a version of the song. Carpenter managed to turn the bank commercial jingle into an RIAA-certified Gold record and it peaked at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and has become a popular wedding song. The song also launched the careers of Nichols and Williams

32.
The Best (t.A.T.u. album)
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The Best is a CD/ set from the Russian group t. A. T. u. Featuring hit singles, rare mixes, three unreleased tracks, a live concert, music videos and more. There are two versions of the set, one only a CD, and another with a CD. In Korea, the Deluxe Edition came with a poster, in the U. S. only the CD version was sold, and only in Best Buy stores. However, for U. S. online retailers, it was available, the Best was t. A. T. u. s final release with the Universal Music Group label. Previously they went through Universal International, the set was released on September 4,2006 in Korea and Brazil, September 11 in Europe, September 27 in Japan, September 29 in Germany and October 10 in the U. S. It was later releases on the iTunes Store on November 7, there were different releases of the album, including a cassette, compact disc, DVD and Vinyl. The Best received generally positive reviews music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlwine from Allmusic gave it four out of five stars and he concluding saying since a little t. A. T. u. However, he did say that the album was too early for a release, there were a lot of facts, misspelled words and other associated issues with the album. In the sides there is missing a dot in the t. A. T. u, the song Ya Soshla S Uma was misspelled on the back cover. It was listed as Ya Soshia S Uma, while Nas Ne Dogonyat was spelled as Nas Ne Dagoniat, although it is a valid translation. Both those versions are not the Russian edits, although neither Novaya Model nor Perfect Enemy were singles, only Perfect Enemy was included on the compilation album (although Russian radio stations played Novaya Model. The album claims to have 3 unreleased songs, although only Null, the other two songs were a remix and the previously released Divine. Also, it says Divine was an edit, however it is not different from the b-side on All About Us. The album was going to include Prostye Dvizheniya, however, for unknown reasons. On the back cover of the Deluxe Edition the music videos for Friend or Foe, •,2002 version, the edit used on the English counterpart of 200 Po Vstrechnoy,200 Km/H in the Wrong Lane

33.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa

34.
Dance Club Songs
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The Dance Club Songs chart is a weekly national survey of the songs that are most popular in U. S. dance clubs. It is compiled by Billboard exclusively from playlists submitted by nightclub disc jockeys who must apply, the current number-one song on the Dance Club Songs chart for the issue dated April 15,2017, is Lick Me Up by Tony Moran and Dani Toro featuring Zhana Roiya. Dance Club Songs has undergone several incarnations since its inception in 1974, originally a top-ten list of tracks that garnered the largest audience response in New York City discothèques, the chart began on October 26,1974 under the title Disco Action. The chart went on to feature playlists from various cities around the country from week to week, Billboard continued to run regional and city-specific charts throughout 1975 and 1976 until the issue dated August 28,1976, when a thirty-position National Disco Action Top 30 premiered. During the first half of the 1980s the chart maintained eighty slots until March 16,1985 when the Disco charts were splintered and renamed, two charts appeared, Hot Dance/Disco, which ranked club play, and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales, which ranked 12-inch single sales. Only Hot Dance Club Songs still exists today and these stations are also a part of the electronically monitored panel that encompasses the Hot 100. Radio airplay is not limited to that counted on the Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, during this time, Billboard rival publication Record World was the first to compile a dance chart which incorporated club play on a national level. Noted Billboard statistician Joel Whitburn has since adopted Record Worlds chart data from the weeks between March 29,1975 and August 21,1976 into Billboards club play history. For the sake of continuity, Record Worlds national chart is incorporated into both Whitburns Dance/Disco publication as well as the 1975 and 1976 number-ones lists, with the issue dated August 28,1976, Billboard premiered its own national chart and their data is used from this date forward. For the full list of all 100 All Time Top Dance Club Artists, both Enrique Iglesias and Dave Aude are tied with 14 number-ones on the chart, the most among male artists. Iglesias, however, is the male vocalist to accomplish this feat, while Aude is the only producer to achieve this milestone. Four acts have attained thirteen number-one songs, Whitney Houston, Kylie Minogue, Yoko Ono, Kylie Minogue became the first act to have two songs in the top three on March 5,2011. Her song Better than Today was number-one while Higher, a song by Taio Cruz on which Minogue features, was number three, the first 12-inch single made commercially available to the public was Ten Percent by Double Exposure in 1976. The first number one on Billboards Disco Action chart was Never Can Say Goodbye by Gloria Gaynor in 1974, the first number one on Billboards National Disco Action Top 30 was You Should Be Dancing by the Bee Gees in 1976. Beginning with the February 23,1991 issue, the dance chart became song specific, in all scenarios this was due to the tracks being included in film soundtrack albums. In 1978, four tracks from Thank God Its Friday, in 1980, madonna holds the record for the most chart hits, the most top-twenty hits, the most top-ten hits and the most total weeks at number one. The Trammps are the act to replace themselves at number one. The longest running number-ones on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart are Bad Luck by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes2 in 1975, both entries spent eleven weeks in the top spot

35.
Latin America
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Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America—though it usually excludes French Canada and it has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2, almost 13% of the Earths land surface area. As of 2015, its population was estimated at more than 626 million and in 2014, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD. The term Latin America was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a further investigation of the concept of Latin America is by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review. The term was first used in Paris in an 1856 conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao and this term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement. Latin America is, therefore, defined as all parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish. By this definition, Latin America is coterminous with Ibero-America and this definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism, rather than cultural aspects. As such, some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase Latin America, the distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance-language and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and it may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America, Portuguese America and French America. *, Not a sovereign state The concept of Latin America has been criticized by a number of intellectuals, the earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents, by the first millennium CE, South Americas vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha and the Tairona groups and these groups are in the circum Caribbean region. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia, the region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Maya, and Inca. The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas, with the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost power to the heavy European invasion. Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elites power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite, epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations, intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry formed majorities in several colonies

36.
Asia
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Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres, about 30% of Earths total land area and 8. 7% of the Earths total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its large size and population. In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, the western boundary with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains, China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 A. D. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination, the Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, the boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia, the border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics. In Sweden, five years after Peters death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia, the Russians were enthusiastic about the concept, which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg, the latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century, the border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, the border between Asia and the loosely defined region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the possessions of the various empires there. Lewis and Wigen assert, The narrowing of Southeast Asia to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process, Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe. It does not exactly correspond to the borders of its various types of constituents. From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system on the grounds there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them

37.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

38.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

39.
Jessica Origliasso
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Jessica Louise Origliasso is an Australian singer-songwriter, actress, and fashion designer. Born and raised in Albany Creek, Queensland she, alongside twin sister Lisa Origliasso, Origliasso rose to fame in 2000s when she and her twin sister formed a pop duo the Veronicas. Prior to the Veronicas, the Origliassos had a career in acting. In 2001, she had a role alongside her sister in the childrens television series Cybergirl as Emerald Buxton. In 2007, she co-designed a fashion line with, her sister, called The Veronicas, aimed at girls aged 7–14, Origliasso has been endorsed by Nu, U, Calvin Klein, Keds and Estée Lauder. Jessica Louise Origliasso was born in Queensland, Australia, the daughter of Joseph and she is older than her twin sister, Lisa, by one minute. Their older brother, Julian Origliasso, is a manager who manages their duo the Veronicas. They were raised in Albany Creek, Queensland, and attended both Ferny Grove State High School, and Wavell State High School. At age sixteen, Lisa and Jessica ventured into acting, being cast in a role in the childrens television series Cybergirl, as villains Emerald and Sapphire Buxton. In 2003, they formed another band with two of their friends called Teal and released a single called Baby Its Over, Lisa and Jessica impressed music executive Hayden Bell with their demo tracks, and were signed to Excalibur Productions Australia as songwriters in 2004. After being signed to Sydney based independent record label Engine Room Recordings, they received funding to travel the world to write and record demos with other songwriters. During this trip, they co-wrote songs that would be released by artists, including, Whats Going On. by Casey Donovan, All About Us by t. A. T. u. By the end of 2004 they travelled to America and signed with Sire Records, taking their name from a line in the film Heathers, they called themselves the Veronicas. The following year, they released their debut album The Secret Life of, which spawned their first major hit 4ever peaking at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and certified platinum, denoting 70,000 copies shipped in Australia. The album sold almost half a million worldwide and earned them an ARIA Award for Best Pop Release. In 2007 they released their second album Hook Me Up and its eponymous single scored them their first number one hit on the ARIA Charts and was certified platinum and it went on to be certified platinum in the United States, with over one million digital downloads. They embarked on the Revenge Is Sweeter tour, their first to go global, after concluding the tour, Lisa and Jessica decided to take time off from the group. Having promoted their second album since 2007, they were ready to move on wanting to discover whether they could create separately as well as individually, Jessica re-united with Lisa after their break in 2010 to begin working on the Veronicas third studio album

Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Spanish, French and Portuguese are …

Presencia de América Latina (Presence of Latin America, 1964–65) is a 300 square meters (3,200 sq ft) mural at the hall of the Arts House of the University of Concepción, Chile. It is also known as Latin America's Integration.

The Pitt News is an independent, student-written and student-managed newspaper for the main campus of the University of …

A display of a copy of the first edition of The Pitt News, then called The Pitt Weekly and published on September 26, 1910, was on display during homecoming festivities in 2010 in celebration of the newspaper's 100th year of publication