Rand graduated from the University of Petrograd in 1924 and two years later immigrated to the United States. She initially worked as a screenwriter in Hollywood and in 1931 became a naturalized U.S. citizen. Her first novel, We, the Living, was published in 1936. The Fountainhead (1943), her first best-selling novel, depicts a highly romanticized architect-hero, a superior individual whose egoism and genius prevail over timid traditionalism and social conformism. The allegorical Atlas Shrugged (1957), another best-seller, combines science fiction and political message in telling of an anticollectivist strike called by the management of U.S. big industry, a company of attractive, self-made men.

The political philosophy of objectivism shaped Rand’s work. A deeply conservative philosophydoctrine, it posited individual effort and ability as the sole source of all genuine achievement, thereby elevating the pursuit of self-interest to the role of first principle and scorning such notions as altruism and sacrifice for the common good as liberal delusions and even vices. It further held laissez-faire capitalism is to be most congenial to the exercise of talent. Rand’s philosophy underlay her fiction but found more direct expression in her nonfiction, including such works as For the New Intellectual (1961), The Virtue of Selfishness (1965), Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (1966), Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (1967), and Philosophy: Who Needs It? (1982). She also promoted her objectivist philosophy in the journals The Objectivist (1962–71) and The Ayn Rand Letter (1971–76).

Rand’s controversial views attracted a faithful audience of admirers and followers, many of whom first encountered her novels as teenagers. Although her work influenced generations of conservative politicians and government officials in the United States, it was not well regarded among academic philosophers, most of whom dismissed it as shallow. She was working on an adaptation of Atlas Shrugged for a television miniseries when she died.

Rand’s correspondence is collected in Letters of Ayn Rand, ed. by Michael S. Berliner (1995). Discussions of Rand’s life and work include Barbara Branden, The Passion of Ayn Rand (1986); James T. Baker, Ayn Rand (1987); and Chris Matthew Sciabarra, Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical (1995); Anne Conover Heller, Ayn Rand and the World She Made (2009); and Jennifer Burns, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right (2009).