Final Exam Questions

The Investiture Conflict was finally resolved with the conclusion of the

Concordat of Worms

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Carthusian order?

Monks took a vow of silence

Monks lived alone in small huts

Monks wore elaborate white robes

Monks copied manuscripts as part of their religious vocation

Monks wore elaborate white robes

The Collection in 74 Titles represented a giant step forward in the efforts of Pope Leo IX to...

assert papal supremacy over clergy and secular rulers alike.

Which of the following statements regarding Eleanor of Aquitaine is false?

As a wife of King Henry II, Eleanor brought the English monarchy the vast, rich duchy of Aquitaine

Eleanor was the wife of King Louis VII of France and accompanied him on the Second Crusade, bringing more troops than he did

Eleanor joined in a plot with her eldest son to overthrow Henry in 1173

Eleanor was reprimanded by the pope for her luxurious living and notorius sexual affairs

Eleanor was reprimanded by the pope for her luxurious living and notorious sexual affairs

England had a strong monarchy under William I because he

claimed it by right of conquest and ruthlessly replaced the Anglo-Saxon nobility with his Norman followers

Which of the following sacraments represented the key to salvation in the eyes of Roman Catholic reformers beginning in the twelfth century?

Baptism

Mass

Last rites

Penance

Mass

In which of the following did St. Anselm write (c. 1099) that since man had sinner, only a sinless man coul redeem him?

Tractatus

The Ways of God Justifies

Pastoral Rule

Why God Became Man

Why God Became Man

The centers of commerce that developed during the commercial revolution and grew fastest were most densely grouped

along key waterways, including seacoast and river systems

The battle of Manzikert (1071) signified

the end of Byzantine domination in eastern Turkey

The defeat of King Frederick I (Barbarossa) at the battle of Legnano (1176) marked the

independence of northern Italian cities from the emperor

A reform movement to purify and reinvigorate Chrisianity emerged during the eleventh century, laying particular emphasis on two breaches of canon law

nicolaitism and simony

The crusader states that existed for about two hunderd years along the Mediterranean coast

were a first step toward what later became imperialism

The kings of England benefited from Henry II's judicial reforms because

the fees and fines collected by the courts went into the king's treasury or the exchequer

The diversely employed inhabitants of medieval towns expressed solidarity by

petitioning local rulers for the right of self-government

Modern scholars now believe that many aristocratic women in southern France in the twelfth century were

powerful lords in their own right

The Beguines, who established informal communities,

worked to support themselves

An account of the crusaders from the Byzantine perspective was written by

Anna Comnena

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the resolution to the Investiture Conflict?

The papacy gained complete authority over investiture

Investiture in Germany was controlled solely by the emperor; in Italy, it was controlled solely by the pope

The inverstiture ritual was split into the spiritual part of the ceremony, performed by a churchman, and the secular part, performed by the emperor or his representative

The papcy gained the right to the ceremonial aspects of his inverstiture, but behind the scenes, the choise of the bishop remained an imperial perogative

The investiture ritual was split into the spiritual part of the ceremony, performed by a churchman, and the secular part, performed by the emperor or his representative

Which of the following is not true of the First Crusade?

Women acocmpanied the crusaders to the Holy Land

Crusaders tried to convert captured Muslims with discussions

Crusaders massacred Muslims

Many crusaders wanted only land and plunder

Crusaders tried to convert captured Muslims with discussions

Abelard found his castration less difficult to bear than

the condemnation of his book by the Council of Soissons

Maria Sibylla merian (1646-1717) was fairly typical of the many seventeenth-century women artists celebrated for their

sumptuous still lifes

When Louis XIV assumed direct control as king of France, one of his first goals was to

rein in France's unruly nobles

Both the Tories and the Whigs invited the Dutch ruler William of Orange, husband to James II's daughter mary, to invde England in 1688 when

James II prouced a male heir whom Parliament feared would be reared as a Catholic

Moliere's play The Middle-Class Gentleman (1670) indicated that

middle-class upstarts could never learn aristocratic manners

In Leviathan (1651), Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) enraged both royalists and supporters of Parliament by

favoring a "social contract" as the basis for governmental legitimacy while championing absolutism (whether of king or of Parliament)

What compelled Charles I to call a session of Parliament after refusing to do so for eleven year?

The Scots' invasion of northern England over being forced to use the Book of Common Prayer

The series of revolts in France known as the Fronde (1648-1653) broke out when Cardinal Mazarine

arrested his opponents for demanding that the parliaments must approve new taxes

The code of 1649 was critical in Russia's political and social development because it

impeded social change by imposing a fixed, inherited, and hierarchical social structure

Benedict Spinoza's philosophy alarmed many because he proposed that

God was not influenced by any human action or prayer

The English Navigation Act of 1651 was primarily intended to hurt

the Netherlands

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the poor were no longer perceived as derving of charity but as

criminals and degenerates in need of moral reform through harsh discipline

The titular head of the Dutch Republic's decentralized constitutional state was the

stadholder

As a counter to the parliaments, provincial estates, aristocratic governors, and hereditary officials, Louis XIV employed

intendants

Polish constitutionalism undermined rather than strengthened the state because

a single negative vote in the legislature acted as a veto

In Brandenburg-Prussia under Frederick Williams of Hohenzollem (r. 1640-1688), war commissars were responsible not only for military affairs but also for

tax collection

In exchange for allowing him to collect taxes, Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia gave his nobles

complete control over their enserfed peasants and exemption from taxes

Court life under Louis XIV was filled with entertainments and enjoyment of the arts, but it was also

an opportunity for individual nobles to gain favor with the king, often through intrigue and gossip, at the expense of other nobles

Seventeenth-century women became the most prolific authors of

novels

Which of the following did not play a role in England's civil war between 1642 and 1646?

Cavaliers

Roundheads

Quakers

Independents

Quaker

Which of the following does not accurately describe Isaac Newton and his discoveries?

While still in his twenties, he established the basis for the new mathematics of moving bodies, infinitesimal calculus

He believed that because the universe operated like clockwork, human beings had no real control over their physical surroundings or nature, and therefore the doctrine of predestination was true

He argued scientists could prove the existence of God and so liberate humans from doubt and the fear of chaos

He believed that because the universe operated like clockwork, human beings had no real control over their physical surroundings or nature, and therefor the doctrine of predestination was true

The fifteenth-century Venetian economy was primarily dependent on

overseas trade

Middle-class writers depended on noble patrons for support; Christine de Pisan could not have produced much of her work without the patronage of

the women of the royal household

Renaissance artists saw themselves as different from earlier painters because

they believed they were unique and talented individuals who use their imagination to create art, not mere artisans working at a craft under the direction of a patron

In 1391, in the face of increasing anti-Semitism, 100,000 Jews converted to Christianity to save their lives in

Castile (Spain)

The famine, plague, warfare, and religious persecutions of the fourteenth century unleashed behaviors such as anti-Semitism and

flagellantism

The success of Hernan Cortes (1485-1547), sent by the Spanish crown to the Americas in search of gold, resulted primarily from

social and political dissension within the Aztec and Incan empires

In their quest to revive the cultural glory of the ancient world, Renaissance humanists focused much attention on

classical history and literature

In the Ottoman Turks' conquests, the normal policy toward conquered people who accepted Ottoman overlordship was to

leave existing religious and social institutions intact

In 1378, Oxford professor John Wycliffe published On the Church, which

stated that the true church was a community of believers, not an ecclesiastical hierarchy

Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) argued that the concept of the immortality of the soul was in perfect keeping with Christian doctrine, a position that exemplified Renaissance scholars

attempts to harmonize Christianity with ancient learning, such as Platonism

In 1378, sixteen cardinals met in Rome and elected an Italian, Urban VI, pope, but

Urban immediately curbed the cardinals' powers, where upon thirteen cardinals elected a rival pope, Clement VII, and returned to Avignon

Toward the end of the Hundred Years War, which of the following shifted support from the English king, Henry V, to the French dauphin?

Burgundy

Which of the following answers does not accurately reflect regulation of sexuality by the Italian states?

To discover men who practiced sodomy, magistrates were appointed to find them by means of secret denunciations, accusations, or any other method

Prostitution was rigidly repressed

Prostitution was rigidly repressed

True or False: One of the changes in Europe caused by the devastation of the Black Death was forests were cut down to reconstruct buildings burned as a result of plague infestation.

False

In the fourteenth century, the least important part of the known world at the time, in terms of sophistication and economic importance, was

Europe

The English peasants revolted in 1381 because of

the imposition of a universal tax to raise revenue for Richard II's war against France

In fifteenth-century Hungary, the strong kingship of Matthias Corvinus (r. c. 1456-1490) did not last because

the realm was based primarily on his personal authority, and after his death the nobles refused to acknowledge his son as king

Renaissance art differed from its predecessors because it

conveyed reality, not symbolic images, and presented it as the eye perceives it

One effect of the Hundred Years' War was the collapse of some of the largest banks in Europe, a result of

King Edward III's default on England's war debts

True or False: Illegally forcing the nobles to perform military service was not an act by King John that angered his barons.

True

The Northern Crusades, although less well known than the crusades to the Holy Land, produced longer lasting results, such as the

Germanization of the northern lands along the Baltic Sea

Although Louis IX was generally supportive of the papacy, one example of his simultaneous independence from ecclesiastical authority was his

refusal to support the church's sentences of excommunication unless he was able to judge the merits of each case for himself

True or False: North African Muslims, the Almohades, launching their own holy war against al-Andalus was a major reason for the success of the reconquista.

True

True or False: Heavily taxing the Russian church was an action by Mongols as rulers of Russia.

False

True or False: Peasants enrolling in universities to become monks was a result of the church's efforts to change its laypeople.

False

The Spanish municipal offices in the thirteenth century were monopolized by

caballeros villanos

Edward I countered Boniface VIII's move against secular taxation of the clergy by

declaring that all clergy who refused to pay the new state tax would hence forth be considered "outlaws" without legal protection

The Fourth Crusade proved to be

an unmitigated disaster for Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire

In the Divine Comedy, Dante explored the soul's search for meaning and its discovery of God and used as his guide through Paradise

a Florentine girl name Beatrice

True or False: John Duns Scotus denied that human reason could be used to find God, proposing instead that human reason was dependent on divine illumination.

True

The chronological series that best reflects the political evolution of authority in the Italian city-states during the thirteenth century is

Nobles, popolo, signori

Some urban women for whom religion was the center of their lives

took the Fourth Lateran Council's pronouncement literally and ate nothing but the Eucharist

The Fourth Lateran Council's requirement that Jews identify their religion by some outward sign grew out of Innocent III's desire

to condemn any Christian man who had sexual relations with any Jewish woman, because the man could not claim ignorance of the fact that the woman was Jewish

At the close of the twelfth century, kings saw themselves not as rulers of peoples but rather as

rulers over clearly defined territories

The constitution of Melfi established

the succession to the throne of Sicily

Although it spread across Europe, Gothic architecture began in early twelfth-century

France with the designs of Abbot Suger for the remodeling of the church of St. Denis

The French king Philip IV (the Fair) wanted to tax French clergy to finance a

war with Edward I of England

Innocent III, the first pope to be trained at Paris and Bologna, came to believe that

the pope was the supreme moral lawgiver, ruling in Christ's stead over all Christians

Thirteenth-century vernacular literature, such as Quest of the Holy Grail and The Romance of the Rose, sought to

express the harmony between heaven and earth

What caused the Agricultural Revolution and what were the results?

The increase in temperature cause the revolution. The outcome was longer growing seasons and more farmland, so the yield increased to two and three field yields. Because of this there was population growth since they had enough food for everyone.

Who was Augustine?

(354-430) bishop of Hippo, perhaps the most influential theologian in Western history-recognized women's contribution to the strengthening of Christianity; had a strong impact on the establishment of the western church's orthodoxy and therefore on later Catholicism; wrote City of God

Who is Muhammad and why is he important?

(571-632) in late 30s he had serious visions and began to preach on Islam about submission to the will of God; Muhammad and supporters flees to Medina marking start of Muslim calendar at 622 as year 1; 630 Muhammad leads army from Medina and conquers Mecca

Frankish King (r. 768-814); Charles "the Great"; he dreamed of an empire that would unite the military and learned traditions of the Roman and Germanic worlds with the legacy of Christianity; in the early years of his reign he emphasized the military tradition, conquering lands in all directions and subjugating the conquered peoples