Ask your designer or builder about

(external link)Homestar measures the health, efficiency and environmental performance of your home. The advice provided in this guide aligns with aspects that wouldbe considered by Homestar. The Homestar website also lists certified designers and builders, so you can select a practitioner able to put these practical ideas into action for you.

Lifemark provides a practical checklist and guide to improve the liveability of your home for people of all ages and all abilities. A Lifemark certified home will be more flexible and adaptable as your needs change and is often called lifetime design.

External features to consider when building your home

Face the sunWhen building a new home orientation toward the sun is critical. Aim to maximise the sun’s warmth during winter and to limit overheating in summer for example 1m2 of north facing window is equivalent to a one kilowatt heater. Appropriately size and locate windows and doors (most on the northern side and least on the southern sides of your home). Use eaves, trees or external shading to reduce overheating in summer especially on the north and western side of your home. Ask your designer or building about passive solar design.

Consider shadingThe sun travels higher in the sky in summer and lower in winter. Use overhanging eaves, deciduous trees or awnings to ensure you do not overheat in summer, yet allow winter sun to warm your home.During winter when you want the sun, keep in mind that objects cast shadows three times their height. If possible, your home should be sited well back from anything that will shade your windows during winter.

Escape the windYou will enjoy outdoor living more if spaces are sunny and sheltered. Use your home, structures or trees to provide shelter from cold prevailing easterly winds and, if possible, orient outdoor living spaces to the north or west.

Keep it quietDesign your home and garden to help reduce external noise penetrating your home, especially for living areas and bedrooms. Consider sound-reducing insulation in walls within and around your home to help reduce the transfer of noise.

Be solar readyIf you are thinking about solar energy, you will need to consider the slope and orientation of your roof to get the best of any solar system. A roof with a northern aspect and a gentle slope of around 30 degrees will perform best. This slope will allow your solar panel to sit flat against the roof, often a more aesthetically pleasing solution.

Go nativeNative plants tend to be hardy, require less maintenance and less watering. Because most natives are evergreen, they are good for privacy, shelter and shade. Careful placement should minimise winter shading of windows. Choose a mix of plants that provide year round food for birds offering a diversity of flowers, nectar, berries and bugs throughout the seasons.

Grow an edible gardenEnjoy fresh, healthy and delicious fruit, vegetables and herbs grown at home. Include edible trees, shrubs and raised beds in your home garden. For information about what varieties are suited to Canterbury visit www.edible.org.nz(external link).

Be neighbourlyProvide for outdoor privacy, but also include an open, more public front yard that supports chats with neighbours and interaction with people passing by. Avoid blank garage doors dominating the street frontage. Windows and doors that face the street make it safer and more welcoming for all.

Make it easy to recyclePlace recycling and rubbish bins in a convenient location so you can easily take items to the bins and then easily take the bins to the kerbside each week. You will recycle more when it is easy.

Be sensitive to your siteAim to minimise the amount of earthworks required for your home and landscape. Your design should make the most of your site’s natural features such as slopes, hills, waterways and aim to preserve existing trees and shrubs.

Be resilient and future proofWhen choosing your location, check Council property records for natural hazard risks in the area. Potential hazards, such as floods, rock fall, liquefaction, sea-level rise and tsunami should be indicated on property records. When building, ask your designer or builder about options that can enhance your resilience to the risks identified. It is also worth checking to see if your land may be contaminated from previous activities. A Listed Land Use Register is held by the Regional Council at www.llur.ecan.govt.nz/Public(external link).

Harvest rainwaterCollect rain from your roof to provide water for your garden or for flushing toilets and to provide a useful emergency water supply. Check that your roofing material and paint are suitable for collecting rainwater for example, avoid copper, lead and exposed galvanised steel. Ask your builder about collecting and using rainwater in your home and garden.

Let rain water your gardenUse rain gardens to naturally absorb and purify any run-off from your driveway, path or roof. Consider permeable paths and driveways that allows rainwater to pass through into the soil and garden. Minimise hard impervious surfaces that can exacerbate surface flooding.

Internal features to consider when building your home

Boost your insulationA well-insulated home is essential for year round health and comfort, and for lowering your heating costs. Talk with your designer or builder about boosting your insulation above minimum building code requirements. Aim for at least the following R values*:

Ceiling insulation R4.0

Wall insulation R2.6

Underfloor insulation R1.9If you have a concrete slab floor, it is important to insulate around the perimeter of the floor to stop heat leaking into the surrounding ground and air. Most heat is lost at the edge of a concrete floor.* The R value (Resistance to heat loss) is a measure of the effectiveness of the insulation - higher numbers mean less heat loss, so the bigger, the better.

Typical sources of energy use in a New Zealand home (source Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority)

Heat efficientlyHome heating is often the largest contributor to your energy bills (making up 35%). Choose the most efficient source of home heating, sized appropriately to your house. Options include a clean air-approved log burner or pellet fire, heat pump or electric heater. Energy Star-labelled appliances are the most energy efficient, so will cost you less to heat your home. Aim to warm living spaces to a minimum of 18 degrees and bedrooms to a minimum of 16 degrees.Comparative heating costs for a range of home heating options

Remove moisture at sourceA damp home is much harder to heat and can lead to condensation and mould. Ensure all bathrooms have extractor fans (minimum 120mm in diameter) that are vented outside. Install a kitchen range hood to remove odours and moisture from cooking. Ensure your clothes dryer is also externally vented and avoid drying clothes inside.Main sources of moisture in the home:

Source

Moisture content

Clothes drying

4 litres per wash

Cooking

3 litres per meal

Showering

0.5 litres per person

Open windows and doors each dayOpening windows and doors for just a few minutes each day is a great way to remove moisture and allow fresh air to circulate throughout your home. Ensure that every room is able to be adequately ventilated with an opening window or door. Windows that have ventilation latches or security stays are useful to securely allow fresh air to enter the home.

Be window wiseWindows very are important for keeping heat in and noise out of your home. A modern home can lose about 40% of its heat through its windows. Choose high-quality double-glazed windows with thermallybroken frames to avoid condensation and Low-E glass (low emissivity) which is an invisible coating that acts like a mirror reflecting heat back into your home. Low-E glass can increase the thermal performance of your windows by 30% with little additional cost.

Double-up your curtainsBecause windows are a large source of heat loss in a modern home (about 40% of heat can be lost through windows), good curtains can dramatically improve your comfort and lower heating costs. Use two layers of thermally-backed and full-length curtains (or a second layer of thermal black-out). Close your curtains in the early evening to trap in the day’s heat and to block out cold through the night. Choose close-fitting curtain tracks, which act like small pelmets above the window, to stop warm air at the ceiling being drawn onto cold windows and circulating cold air round the room.

High thermal massDense materials such as concrete, tiles or brick can help maintain comfortable temperatures in the house by absorbing heat from the sun and then slowly releasing it. To be effective thermal mass needs to be directly heated by winter sun and shaded in summer. Place dense materials beneath north-facing windows or surrounding a clean air-approved log burner to help store and moderate indoor temperature. Use outdoor shading to help cool your thermal mass in summer.

Light efficientlyLighting makes up about 15% of the average electricity bill. Good quality LED’s (light emitting diodes) can last up to 30 years and each year save about $150 per bulb (in comparison to normal bulbs). LEDscan be used in most modern light fittings. People often prefer warm/soft coloured lights (3000k or less). Brighter, white lights could be considered for your bathroom, kitchen, workshop or outdoor areas (3300k or more). Where possible, avoid the use of recessed down lights. There is a wonderful range of ceiling mounted, hanging pendant, up-lights or wall mounted lights able to illuminate rooms more efficiently.When using recessed down lights, specify type IC or IC-F labelled fittings. This will allow insulation to be placed over the top of the light fitting, significantly reducing heat loss.

Choose efficient appliancesChoose Energy Star-labelled electric appliances like television, stereo, computer, fridge or dishwasher. Energy Star appliances will have the lowest running costs. Most homes can save $100 per year simply by switching appliances off at the wall when not in use because of the stand-by energy used.

Efficient water heatingHot water heating contributes to about 35% of your household energy bill. Reduce your water heating costs by choosing an AAA rated cylinder, lagging all pipes, insulating cylinders, using water-efficient taps and showers and locating cylinders close to the bathroom and kitchen. Also ensure cylinders are securely strapped and braced in place to minimise earthquake damage. If you use a lot of hot water consider solar hot water system or hot water heat pump.Hot water heating can make up 30% of your home's energy bill. Choose the most efficient form of hot water heating you can

Conserve our precious waterSelect fittings or appliances that have been assessed by the Government’s Water Efficiency Labelling System (WELS) - the more stars, the more water efficient. Choose water-efficient taps, showers, dual-flush toilets, washing machines and dishwashers to reduce the amount of drinking water used in the home.

Select Environmental ChoiceChoose building products that are good for you and the environment - non-toxic, low-VOC (volatile organic compounds) and sustainably produced. Environmental Choice is a trustworthy eco-label that provides an independent assessment of the sustainability of products such as paint, insulation, plasterboard, carpets and floor coverings and joinery.

Go solarSolar energy is becoming more popular with options that produce electricity directly from the sun (PV or photovoltaics) or that convert the sun’s heat into hot water (solar thermal). Going solar will rely on your home already being designed to minimise energy use, so your solar system can be scaled to meet your lower energy needs.

Reduce your rubbishAsk your builder to follow the nationally recognised REBRI (Resource Efficiency in Building Related Industries) guidelines. This will mean your builder and contractors will follow a waste management plan and send less rubbish to landfill.

More information

The following websites provide useful information about home renovation, maintenance and building:

NZ Government (EECA), tips, tools, guides and online calculators about home energy use