Image of the Super-Kamiokande, used in the T2K experiment in Japan to observe the oscillation of neutrinos.

Professor David Wark is the Chair of High Energy Physics at Imperial College, London. He explained the TDK experiment in detail for the Science and Technology Facilities Council, saying, ""People sometimes think that scientific discoveries are like light switches that click from 'off' to 'on', but in reality it goes from 'maybe' to 'probably' to 'almost certainly' as you get more data. Right now we are somewhere between 'probably' and 'almost certainly'."
]]>Tue, 08 Nov 2011 12:46 PM +0000http://www.wgbh.org//programs/Nova-16/episodes/The-Fabric-of-the-Cosmos-The-Illusion-of-Time-32537
Nova's four-part "The Fabric Of The Cosmos" series, physicist Brian Greene explores "The Illusion of Time" by traveling 50 years into the future before sliding through a wormhole and landing in the past; and shares the theory that the past, present and future exist all at once.

Watch Wednesday, Nov. 9 at 9p.m. on WGBH 2
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]]>Mon, 31 Oct 2011 09:26 AM +0000http://www.wgbh.org//articles/Webcast-The-Fabric-Of-The-Cosmos-What-Is-Space-4680
Nova are hosting a screening and webcast of The Fabric Of The Cosmos: What is Space? It's the first installment of the four-part Nova series season premiere of The Fabric Of The Cosmos, hosted by Brian Greene.
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The World Science Festival, Columbia University and Nova are hosting a screening of The Fabric Of The Cosmos: What Is Space? To coincide with The Fabric Of The Cosmos series premiere this Wednesday, Nov. 2. The screening will take place at Columbia's Miller theatre and will be immediately followed by a live-streamed webcast, hosted by Brian Greene.

The webcast will allow the in-theatre and digital audiences to further explore the program’s rich material in direct conversation with series' host and best-selling author, Greene, as well as other featured program participants, including Saul Perlmutter, winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.

A videographer records post-landing activities as space shuttle Atlantis is readied to be towed at the Kennedy Space Center. (AP)

BOSTON — Earlier this year, a group of students at Boston University’s engineering school decided to skip a few days of class. They were all members of the BU club Students For The Exploration of Deep Space, and they wanted to make sure they got a chance to see one of the last U.S. Shuttle missions take off.

“There was this sense, ‘Oh no, is NASA not going to do this kind of space research anymore... this is what we were gunning all our lives for and we were getting degrees so we can work there, now what?’” recalled Professor Sheryl Grace, an associate professor of engineering and aeronautics at Boston University. “They took off for Florida.”

The students did get to see one of the final launches of a NASA space shuttle for at least the near future; the program wound to a close this week when the space shuttle Atlantis touched down at the Kennedy Center early Thursday morning.

Cosmic as it was, the program hit close to home for members of the Boston area’s academic and private aerospace communities. BU and MIT both have aerospace and aeronautics programs; and many of Boston’s research universities have sent microgravity experiments on the shuttle. The shuttle carried other experiments built in Boston, like the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer that went up on STS-134, and the Boston area is home to a number of private companies that do aerospace and aeronautic engineering.

“It’s quite a vibrant community around here in the aerospace area and I don’t think we usually recognize that we have such a strong component of aerospace. When it comes to small spacecraft and science missions, this is quite a hotbed of space activity,” said Darryl Sargent.

Sargent is now the vice president of programs for the Cambridge’s Draper Labratories. When he started work there in 1979, he was immediately assigned to a team developing the guidance, navigation and control systems for NASA’s new space shuttle. He spent the next 25 years refining these systems for the specifics of the shuttle’s varied missions.

“I have to say that I’m very sad to see the end of the shuttle program. It’s a tremendous accomplishment to have built the vehicle that can launch like a rocket and land like an airplane,” Sargent said.

Jeff Hoffman is a professor at MIT’s Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He’s a former astronaut himself, having flown for the first time on STS 51-D in 1985 — and then flying four missions after that. In 1993, he performed three of the five space walks needed to repair the optics of the Hubble Space telescope.

Hoffman laments the loss of the versatility of NASA’s space shuttle, but he says that, in some ways, an end to the program is actually a new beginning, both for NASA and for space travel.

“If NASA can launch astronauts to the International Space Station for less money and not have to provide the entire infrastructure, which now costs about a third of its entire budget, that would leave more money for exploration, which is what I would really like to see NASA doing in its human space flight program, and not just run a taxi service back and forth to the International Space Station," Hoffman said. "Leave that to private industry."

NASA has already begun contracting with private companies to begin flights to the ISS. SpaceX hopes to send their first cargo flight up before the end of 2011 and predicts they could be flying manned missions by 2014. Still, the private space flight industry is young, and Hoffman expects lean years ahead while it finds its feet.

Grace, the BU professor, says a new reliance on private industry could actually provide more opportunities for the Boston area’s aerospace scene. “Raytheon still has things going on here, Miter, Lincoln Labs, Draper, we have FAA here, we have Volpe,” Grace said. “I think there are a lot of professionals who do aerospace-related engineering.”

She worries, however, that the absence of such a high-profile public space program could make access to aerospace-related professions feel more elusive — and might reduce student interest in aeronautics. NASA public relations campaigns have historically shown people from all backgrounds getting into space travel.

“If it comes from the commercial side,” Grace said, “I think that not as many kids will be exposed to it and not as many kids will have that feeling, ‘I can do this too.”

Sargent said he's concerned the an American space program could be losing momentum.

“My fear is that the without a very strong NASA contribution to building vehicles the nation will lose interest in space and we’ll begin to lose our edge,” Sargent said. “I’m looking for more leadership from them to define the new crew capsule and define the new heavy lift vehicles so that we can get back to the job of building the next generation of space vehicles.”

The World Health Organization says cellphones may be carcinogenic. (DeaPeaJay/flickr)

BOSTON — An international panel of experts says cellphones are possibly carcinogenic to humans after reviewing details from dozens of published studies.

The statement was issued in Lyon, France, on Tuesday by the International Agency for Research on Cancer after a weeklong meeting of experts. They reviewed possible links between cancer and the type of electromagnetic radiation found in cellphones, microwaves and radar.

The agency is the cancer arm of the World Health Organization and the assessment now goes to WHO and national health agencies for possible guidance on cellphone use.

The group classified cellphones in category 2B, meaning they are possibly carcinogenic to humans. Other substances in that category include the pesticide DDT and gasoline engine exhaust.

Last year, results of a large study found no clear link between cellphones and cancer. But some advocacy groups contend the study raised serious concerns because it showed a hint of a possible connection between very heavy phone use and glioma, a rare but often deadly form of brain tumor. However, the numbers in that subgroup weren't sufficient to make the case.

The study was controversial because it began with people who already had cancer and asked them to recall how often they used their cellphones more than a decade ago.

In about 30 other studies done in Europe, New Zealand and the U.S., patients with brain tumors have not reported using their cellphones more often than unaffected people.

Because cellphones are so popular, it may be impossible for experts to compare cellphone users who develop brain tumors with people who don't use the devices. According to a survey last year, the number of cellphone subscribers worldwide has hit 5 billion, or nearly three-quarters of the global population.

People's cellphone habits have also changed dramatically since the first studies began years ago and it's unclear if the results of previous research would still apply today.

Since many cancerous tumors take decades to develop, experts say it's impossible to conclude cellphones have no long-term health risks. The studies conducted so far haven't tracked people for longer than about a decade.

Cellphones send signals to nearby towers via radio frequency waves, a form of energy similar to FM radio waves and microwaves. But the radiation produced by cellphones cannot directly damage DNA and is different from stronger types of radiation like X-rays or ultraviolet light. At very high levels, radio frequency waves from cellphones can heat up body tissue, but that is not believed to damage human cells.

According to Cancer Research U.K., the only health danger firmly connected to cellphones is a higher risk of car accidents. The group recommends children under 16 only use cellphones for essential calls because their brains and nervous systems are still developing.

Also, a recent U.S. National Institutes of Health study found that cellphone use can speed up brain activity, but it is unknown whether that has any dangerous health effects.

]]>Tue, 31 May 2011 12:28 PM +0000http://www.wgbh.org//News/Articles/2011/5/31/Incognito_Whats_Hiding_In_The_Unconscious_Mind.cfm
Incognito, he explains what scientists are learning about this hidden world of cognition.
]]>http://www.wgbh.org//News/Articles/2011/5/31/Incognito_Whats_Hiding_In_The_Unconscious_Mind.cfmWed, 25 May 2011 14:24 PM +0000http://www.wgbh.org//articles/Shaq-Attacks-Sleep-Apnea-3082
]]>http://www.wgbh.org//articles/Shaq-Attacks-Sleep-Apnea-3082

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in
adults occurs when a person's airway
becomes partially or completely
blocked many times during sleep.

May 25, 2011

CAMBRIDGE -- Sufferers of sleep apnea may have a new reason to hope for a good night's sleep. The Harvard Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine has just launched a new online resource for patients of this condition, with extensive information on the symptoms, personal and societal impact, diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. The site can be found at understandingsleep.org.

Aside from the wealth of information contained in the site, patients are greeted by an unlikely role model - the Boston Celtic's Shaquille O'Neal. O'Neal was recently diagnosed with the condition, and the video, produced by WGBH, follows O'Neal's long journey through a restless night's sleep. During this particular evening, O'Neal is joined by a camera crew and a team of Harvard physicians monitoriing his every motion.

Apnea is the third module in Harvard's Sleep and Health Education Program “Understanding Sleep” web sites, following Healthy Sleep and Get Sleep.

]]>Fri, 20 May 2011 16:08 PM +0000http://www.wgbh.org/http://www.wgbh.org/programs/Nature-26/episodes/Bears-of-the-Last-Frontier-Arctic-Wanderers---Preview-28188
Chris Morgan travels to the far north of Alaska to observe polar bears in early November. In spring, Morgan travels to the North Slope of the Brooks Range, where grizzlies await the roaming caribou. 5/22/11
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]]>Fri, 20 May 2011 13:41 PM +0000http://www.wgbh.org/http://www.wgbh.org/programs/Nature-26/episodes/Bears-of-the-Last-Frontier-City-of-Bears-28624
Chris Morgan sets up camp at a remote spot in the heart of Alaskan wilderness, alongside the largest concentration of grizzlies in the world. The bears are taking advantage of the long days to feed, mate, and raise new cubs. Morgan tracks their progress as they feast on the riches of the season and re-establish the complex hierarchal social dynamics of bear society.
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]]>Thu, 19 May 2011 12:19 PM +0000http://www.wgbh.org/http://www.wgbh.org/programs/Nature-26/episodes/Bears-of-the-Last-Frontier-The-Road-North-28882
Adventurer and bear biologist Chris Morgan will take us on a motorcycle odyssey deep into the wilds of Alaska. Over a punishing 2,000 mile journey, Chris will explore the amazing resiliency and adaptability of bears through five dramatic Alaskan ecosystems: coastal, urban, mountain, tundra and pack ice.
]]>http://www.wgbh.org/http://www.wgbh.org/programs/Nature-26/episodes/Bears-of-the-Last-Frontier-The-Road-North-28882
]]>Wed, 04 May 2011 15:50 PM +0000http://www.wgbh.org//programs/The-Secret-Life-of-Scientists-and-Engineers-664/episodes/-28327
http://www.wgbh.org//programs/The-Secret-Life-of-Scientists-and-Engineers-664/episodes/-28327
]]>Tue, 19 Apr 2011 17:29 PM +0000http://www.wgbh.org//programs/Nova-16/episodes/-26381
Nova investigates.