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WASHINGTON — Millions of seniors in private insurance plans offered through Medicare will be getting a reprieve from some of the most controversial cuts in President Obama’s health care law.

In a policy shift critics see as political, the Health and Human Services department has decided to award quality bonuses to hundreds of Medicare Advantage plans rated merely average.

The $6.7 billion infusion could head off service cuts that would have been a headache for seniors and, subsequently, for Obama and Democrats in next year’s elections for the White House and Congress. More than half the roughly 11 million Medicare Advantage enrollees are in plans rated average.

In a recent letter to Kathleen Sebelius, Health and Human Services secretary, two prominent GOP lawmakers questioned what they termed the administration’s “newfound support’’ for Medicare Advantage.

The shift “may represent a thinly veiled use of taxpayer dollars for political purposes,’’ wrote Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah and Representative Dave Camp of Michigan. Camp chairs the House Ways and Means Committee, which oversees Medicare. Hatch is ranking Republican on the Senate Finance Committee.

Seniors are among the deepest skeptics of the new health care law. A recent AP-GfK poll found that 62 percent of seniors disapprove of Obama’s handling of health care, compared with 52 percent approval among Americans overall. The poll also found that seniors are more likely to trust Republicans than Democrats on health.

The insurance industry said the bonuses will turn what would have averaged out as a net cut for Medicare Advantage plans in 2012 into a slight increase.

The administration said the reason for the bonuses is quality improvement, not politics, and the program will be evaluated as it goes along.

“We are looking at whether an alternative payment incentive structure would lead to broader quality improvements across all Medicare Advantage plans, by giving incentives for a broader range of plans to improve,’’ said Medicare spokesman Brian Cook.

Medicare covers seniors and disabled people. About one-fourth of beneficiaries are signed up in Medicare Advantage plans that offer lower out-of-pocket costs and more comprehensive benefits than the traditional program. Some of the heaviest enrollment is in politically contested states, including Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Nevada, Minnesota, and Colorado.

The health care law cut $145 billion over 10 years from Medicare Advantage, partly to correct a widely acknowledged problem with overpayments to the plans. Those cuts start off modestly in 2012 and build up. Insurers were expected to shift the burden to beneficiaries in the form of fewer services and higher out-of-pocket costs, triggering an exodus back to traditional Medicare.

“The net result is that the boat didn’t get rocked,’’ said independent analyst Dan Mendelson, president of the information firm Avalere Health. “It’s fair to say that [Medicare] could not tolerate dislocation, given the political climate.’’