Extroverts and introverts differ strongly in how their brains process rewarding experiences, new research suggests.

The study, published today (June 13) in the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, found that extroverts are more likely to associate the rush of a feel-good brain chemical with the environment they are in at the time.

The findings could help explain why extroverts seek the high of a wild party, whereas introverts may prefer a quiet cup of tea at home.

Many differences

Scientists have long known that extroverts and introverts are different in myriad ways, but identifying the brain processes involved has proved tricky. Researchers have found that extroverts prefer immediate gratification and focus more on faces. On the other end of the spectrum, introverts tend to be overwhelmed by too much stimulation and pay more attention to detail, which is reflected in increased brain activity when processing visual information. [Are you an extrovert or an introvert? Here's how to tell]

To dig up the roots of extraversion in the brain, Yu Fu and Richard Depue, neurobiologists at Cornell University in New York, used personality tests given to incoming freshman to select a random sample of 70 people, a mix of introverts and extroverts.

They gave some participants Ritalin, a stimulant used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. To boost attention, Ritalin stimulates the release of the feel-good chemical dopamine, which is known to play a role in reward and motivation.

At the same time, the participants watched videos in a laboratory environment.

Afterward, the team tested how strongly the participants associated the videos and environment with the dopamine rush induced by the stimulant Ritalin. To do so, they tested subconscious traits, such as working memory, speed at a finger-tapping task and demeanor. (Past studies have shown that when humans and other animals associate an environment or cue with a positive experience, they move faster, have better memory and visual attention, and a more positive demeanor.)

Based on these measures, the extroverts strongly associated their environment and contexts with reward, whereas the introverts showed little to no association, the researchers wrote in the paper.

Reward and motivation

The results suggest that Ritalin's effects on the dopamine system didn't translate into reward or motivation for the introverts. That suggests that introverts have a fundamental difference in how strongly they process rewards from their environment, with the brains of introverts weighing internal cues more strongly than external motivational and reward cues, the researchers write in the paper.

The findings are an exciting step forward, Charles Carver, a psychologist at the University of Miami in Florida who was not involved in the study, wrote in an email.

"The findings help link the personality trait of extraversion to a particular set of processes in the nervous system," Carver said. "The effect obtained was a very subtle one, because it turned on the involuntary occurrence of conditioning among some people but not others."

In their 2012 book "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Longevity-Project-Surprising-Discoveries-Eight-Decade/dp/0452297702" target="_hplink">The Longevity Project</a>," which looked at research over the course of 80 years, authors Howard S. Friedman and Leslie R. Martin identified an association between being conscientious and a longer life span.
"Conscientiousness, which was the best predictor of longevity when measured in childhood, also turned out to be the best personality predictor of long life when measured in adulthood," <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Longevity-Project-Surprising-Discoveries-Eight-Decade/dp/0452297702" target="_hplink">the authors wrote in their book</a>. "The young adults who were thrifty, persistent, detail oriented, and responsible lived the longest."
Why do more prudent people tend to live longer? According to the authors, this group is more likely to take care of their health and avoid risks, and they also develop healthier relationships, whether it be romantic, friendly or work-related. "That's right, conscientious people create healthy, long-life pathways for themselves," Friedman and Martin wrote.
And finally, the researchers point out that some people seem to have a biological predisposition toward a more careful personality. "While we are not yet sure of the precise physiological reasons," they write, "it appears that conscientious and un- conscientious people have different levels of certain chemicals in their brains, including serotonin."
For more on the phenomenon, and other insights into longevity, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Longevity-Project-Surprising-Discoveries-Eight-Decade/dp/0452297702" target="_hplink">check out "The Longevity Project" here</a>.