Arabic LanguageArabicArabic (Arabic: العَرَبِيَّة‎, al-ʻarabiyyah, [al
ʕaraˈbijja] (listen) or عَرَبِيّ‎, ʻarabī,
[ˈʕarabiː] (listen) or [ʕaraˈbij]) is a Semitic language that
first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE.[5] It is now the
lingua franca of the Arab world.[6] It is named after the
Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living in the area
bounded by
MesopotamiaMesopotamia in the east and the Anti-
LebanonLebanon mountains in
the west, in Northwestern
ArabiaArabia and in the Sinai Peninsula. The ISO
classifies
ArabicArabic as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties,
including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic,[7] which
is derived from Classical Arabic
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Latin ScriptLatinLatin or Roman script is a set of graphic signs (script) based on the
letters of the classical
LatinLatin alphabet, which is derived from a form
of the Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet, used by the
Etruscans.
Several Latin-script alphabets exist which differ in graphemes,
collation and phonetic values from the classical
LatinLatin alphabet.
The
LatinLatin script is the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet
and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the
ISO basic
LatinLatin alphabet.
LatinLatin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any
writing system[1] and is the most widely adopted writing system in the
world (commonly used by about 70% of the world's population)
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Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from
a common ancestral language or parental language, called the
proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree
model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes
use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family
tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic
tree of evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists therefore describe the
daughter languages within a language family as being genetically
related.[1]
According to
EthnologueEthnologue the 7,111 living human languages are
distributed in 141 different language families.[2] A "living
language" is simply one that is used as the primary form of
communication of a group of people
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Writing System
A writing system is any conventional method of visually representing
verbal communication. While both writing and speech are useful in
conveying messages, writing differs in also being a reliable form of
information storage and transfer.[1] The processes of encoding and
decoding writing systems involve shared understanding between writers
and readers of the meaning behind the sets of characters that make up
a script.
WritingWriting is usually recorded onto a durable medium, such as
paper or electronic storage, although non-durable methods may also be
used, such as writing on a computer display, on a blackboard, in sand,
or by skywriting.
The general attributes of writing systems can be placed into broad
categories such as alphabets, syllabaries, or logographies. Any
particular system can have attributes of more than one category
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Manually Coded Language
Manually coded languages are not themselves languages but are
representations of oral languages in a gestural-visual form; that is,
signed versions of oral languages (signed languages). Unlike the sign
languages that have evolved naturally in Deaf communities, which have
distinct spatial structures, these manual codes (MCL) are the
conscious invention of deaf and hearing educators, and mostly follow
the grammar of the oral language—or, more precisely, of the written
form of the oral language
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Greek Alphabet
The
Greek alphabetGreek alphabet has been used to write the
Greek languageGreek language since the
late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC.[3][4] It was derived from
the earlier Phoenician alphabet,[5] and was the first alphabetic
script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants. It
is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts.[6] Apart from its
use in writing the Greek language, in both its ancient and its modern
forms, the
Greek alphabetGreek alphabet today also serves as a source of technical
symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics, science and other
fields.
In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 24 letters,
ordered from alpha to omega
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Afroasiatic Languages
Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian and traditionally
as Hamito-Semitic (Chamito-Semitic)[3] or Semito-Hamitic,[4] is a
large language family of about 300 languages and dialects.[5] It
includes languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa,
the
Horn of AfricaHorn of Africa and parts of the Sahel.
Afroasiatic languagesAfroasiatic languages have over 495 million native speakers, the
fourth largest number of any language family (after Indo-European,
Sino-Tibetan and Niger–Congo).[6] The phylum has six branches:
Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian,
OmoticOmotic and Semitic.
By far the most widely spoken Afroasiatic language is Arabic. A
language within the Semitic branch, it includes Modern Standard Arabic
as well as spoken colloquial varieties
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Proto-ArabicProto-Arabic is the name given to the hypothetical reconstructed
ancestor of all the varieties of Arabic attested since the 9th century
BC. There are two lines of evidence to reconstruct proto-Arabic:Evidence of Arabic becomes more frequent in the 2nd century BC, with
the documentation of Arabic names in the
NabataeanNabataean script as well as
evidence of an Arabic substratum in the
NabataeanNabataean language.The
SafaiticSafaitic and
Hismaic inscriptions were composed between the 1st
century BC and the 4th century AD, in the basalt desert of northwest
Arabia and the southern Levant. They also are crucial to the
reconstruction of
Proto-Arabic since they show many features that are
shared by epigraphic
Old South ArabianOld South Arabian and Classical Arabic
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Lebanese Arabic
Lebanese
ArabicArabic or Lebanese is a variety of Levantine Arabic,
indigenous to and spoken primarily in Lebanon, with significant
linguistic influences borrowed from other Middle Eastern and European
languages, and is in some ways unique from other varieties of Arabic.
Due to multilingualism among
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Arab League
The
ArabArab League (Arabic: الجامعة العربية‎ al-Jāmiʻah
al-ʻArabīyah), formally the League of
ArabArab States (Arabic:
جامعة الدول العربية‎ Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal
al-ʻArabīyah), is a regional organization of
ArabArab states in and
around North Africa, the
Horn of AfricaHorn of Africa and Arabia. It was formed in
CairoCairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of
Iraq, Transjordan (renamed
JordanJordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and
Syria.[3]
YemenYemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945
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