The state of Tamil Nadu is considered to be the cradle of modern and
scientific staff fencing, popularly known in Tamil as Silambam. The
Pandya kings ruling in Tamil Nadu promoted Silambam fencing, as did
their Chola and Chera counterparts. Silapathiharam Tamil
literature, dating back to 2nd century A.D., refers to the sale of silamabam
staves, swords, pearls and armour to foreign traders. The ancient
trading centre at Madurai city, renowned globally, was said to be
thronged by Romans, Greeks, Egyptians among others who had regular sea
trade with the ancient Dravidian kings. The silambam staff was
one of the martial art weapons, that was in great demand with the
visitors.

The use of the long staff for self - defence or mock - fighting was a
highly organised game in the state as early as the 1st and 2nd centuries
A.D. In the Vedic age, young men were imparted training to defend
themselves with staves, both as a ritual and an emergency. The staves
wielded by ace fencers were given distinctive names, and treated with
reverence. Some records trace the origin of this art to a divine source
- Lord Muruga, and within the Tamil mythological framework, sage
Agasthya is also credited with the genesis of Silambam. Silambam is
believed to have travelled from Tamil Nadu to Malaysia, where it is now
a popular recreational sport and also a mode of self - defence.

Four different types of staves are used in this activity. One
produces a sonorous, swishing sound, another involves lighted balls of
cloth at one end of the staves, called 'torch silambam', a third is
quite short in length nevertheless powerful, and finally a non - elastic
staff that produces a clattering sound.

Today this rather simplistic art form is a mode of self defence used
by the common folk of Tamil Nadu.

Techniques

Silambam incorporates a range of techniques.

a) By swift foot movements, large spheres of control can be
established.

b) Both hands can be used to wield the staff.

c) Precision, force and momentum can be developed at head,
shoulder, hip and leg level.

d) The cut, chop, thrust and sweep can be used to achieve
mastery.

e) Development of a reflex defensive action, by concentrating on
and anticipating the moves of the opponent and perfecting various
kinds of feints in stroke play, can absolutely demoralise an
adversary.

The player must also be able to ward off stones hurled by a crowd,
and disperse an unruly mob by a range of strokes like 'monkey hits',
'snake hits', 'hawk hits' and 'spring hits', which must be inflicted in
quick succession. This activity involves some amazing footwork, staff -
swinging, pivot - jumping and stroke play. From a purely defensive art,
Silambam has become a combat exercise.

Silambam is a three - type contest.

a) A fight to the finish, when one of the players is dispossessed of
his staff.

b) Total number of ' touches ' one combatant makes on the other (
indicated by appropriate markings on the body ).

c) Skill shown in protecting a pouch of money ( kept at or in between
a contestant's feet ).

The contestant succeeding in leaving a mark on the forehead of his
opponent is adjudged as the victor in the contest.

Dress

The contestants wear langots of various colours, sleeveless
vests, turbans, canvas shoes, and a chest guard which is a part of the
traditional attire of Palmyrah tree - climbers. Wicker - work shields
also form an essential part of the gear.

The Contest

The contest begins with salutations to God, the competitor, the
audience and the guru. The result is determined on the basis of
the number of touches made by one contestant on another. To distinguish
these touches, the ends of the staves are coated with a sticky powder
that leaves behind a mark . The mark generally counts as one point, but
in certain areas, a touch above the waist counts as two points, while
those made below get only one point. In certain areas, the winner is one
who makes a mark on his opponent's back, while in others, the contestant
who makes the first three touches on the other's body wins. The contest
comes to a close, after a period of time fixed well in advance of the
contest, or when one of the contestants is dispossessed of his staff.

Silambam is fought on an even and hard surface, but never on a sandy
or slippery area. The arena of this activity is usually circular, the
radius not less than 20 ft and not more than 25 ft, when only two
contestants are involved. The duration ranges from 6 to 10 minutes,
which is divided into four equal quarters. An interval of one minute is
allowed at the end of the first and third quarters, while at the end of
the second quarter an interval of 3 minutes is allowed.