There are twoways inwhichsolar telescopesare able to gatherthe information about thelightemitted by thesun.Oneisthrough thespectrometerthat cansimultaneouslyobservedifferent wavelengths of lightandgenerategraphs thatgive an integratedpicture ofthe rangeof temperatureof various substancesinthesun.

Digital
breast tomosinteza (DBT) - This type of "3D mammography" may be
practiced with the current mammogram in order to get more detailed
cancer. During
mamografisanja, X-ray passes quickly in an arc around the breast,
recording thousands of images from thousands of angles that can be later
assembled into a three dimensional image of the breast.This approach makes it possible to notice small cancerous lumps that are hidden in the surrounding tissues. "It's nice to see on this list technology that directly affects the health care of women," said Coburn.Modular
device for the treatment of complex aneurysms - abnormal aortic
aneurysm and weak abdominal aortic wall can be disastrous if a break
occurs. Large
and letting aneurysms can be used to treat the minimum stent
implantation, but many patients have anatomy that is not suitable for
it.The new concept offers a modular stent that can be easily adapted patient would not fit him. "This
modular design makes it more challenging parts of the anatomy, such as
aneurysm arising at the junction of the aorta and adjacent arteries,"
says Coburn. "It allows the adjustment of this important procedure the patient's needs.""Cleaning"
for lung transplantation - This technology allows to increase the
number of lungs available for transplant by "washing" the removed lung
donors in order to eliminate defects and improve the quality of organs.Donor
lungs are placed in a transparent chamber that looks like a balloon and
connected to an artificial blood pump and fan systems.The body is then subjected to special fluids and oxygen, and in some cases prescription medications. When it is estimated that lung viable and able to survive in the body, they are ready for transplanting "It offers the opportunity to increase the number of candidates for the donation," said Coburn. "If fully implemented, this method could increase the availability of lungs for transplantation to 40%."Laser
surgery is a lens that femtoseconds - Cataract is the leading disease
that causes vision impairment and blindness, but surgery can remove
damaged tissue and to implant new intra-ocular lens.Femtosekundski
(one millionth of a billionth of a second) lasers allow the cataract
procedure without the use of a scalpel and without making cuts, so you
can make a circular hole in the lens capsule, the lens splits into
sections and then soften and degrade cataracts. "This is a very fast, very accurate, and, excuse the words game, cutting-edge technology," tells Coburn. "The concept of the reliability and speed with which you can treat a large number of patients."Handheld
device to detect melanoma - Melanoma is increasing in many parts of the
world, and early diagnosis is essential in order to eliminate malignant
cells in time. Innovation is a device that is held in the hand and a dermatologist can use in your practice.Device
emits several wavelengths of light through which can be seen small
blood vessels beneath the mole or injury, so you do not have to be a
real cut in the skin. This is the way that patient access specialists without a biopsy and the potential fear and worry that it may cause."The advantage of this technology is that it is affordable and easy to use," said Coburn.Medicines
for prostate cancer at an advanced stage - the last few years a number
of drugs approved in the U.S. for the treatment of prostate cancer were
gone, but we expect further development of these types of drugs."It
is of great importance to improve the treatment of prostate cancer and
is still working to come up with positive results," said Coburn.Mass
spectrometry for identification of bacteria - When a patient has a
serious bacterial infection, rapid diagnosis and obtain appropriate
drugs means a lot. Advances
in mass spectrometry allows to identify bacteria in a sample taken from
a patient in a matter of minutes, rather than days as it used to be the
case."There
is a great enthusiasm in the community of pathologists and this
invention will enable a rapid turnaround in the treatment of patients,"
said Coburn.Neuro-modulator migraine - migraine and severe headache caused great depression and loss of productivity. Innovation
that would solve this problem is to install a miniature stimulator
which, on command, the ganglia stimulated nerve cells that are located
behind the face. If one is appointed to sit on the patient's head, the patient could be activated when the migraine becomes ravaged."The
procedure for placing this device takes about 45 minutes or less, so it
can be accessed over the right and ends at the end of the lip. Has no
reason to fear," said Coburn. "It really is an elegant technology and early results are astounding."Bariatric
surgery to control diabetes - Type 2 diabetes is a serious health
problem and the risk of developing the chronic disease has increased obesity. Resent studies show that bariatric surgery - which changes
the digestive system to reduce energy intake - can play an important
role in control of type 2 diabetes"It is clear that bariatric surgery itself is not new, but have occurred in the technology associated with it," says Coburn. "However, demonstrating how it can reverse the progress of type 2 diabetes is revolutionary for our list."

Thursday, 24 January 2013

Astronomers
expect that the comet will be visible in the fall with the naked eye -
even during the day, it said the U.S. space agency Nasa. Already
called "comet of the century", is now close to the orbit of Jupiter,
visible as a weak "speck of light" that moves through black space. Although
it does not seem important, but it is far brighter than the thousands
of distant stars visible in the night sky, astronomers suggest.For
now, only through large telescopes see that it was a comet, but later
this year, when it approaches Earth, the comet "Ajson" becomes
strikingly celestial body, visible to the naked eye even in broad
daylight.Comet
"Ajson" will pass close to the sun, explains Karl Batams Research
Laboratory of the U.S. Navy, adding that "her past the Earth can be
spectacular."Russian Vitaly astronomers Nevski and Artem Novičonok first noticed the comet September 2012. and
gave it the name by the acronym of its program for observing the sky,
"International Scientific Optical Network" (International Scientific
Optical Network) - "Ison"."The case is so extreme distances (near the orbit of Jupiter), the comet is very bright," says Batams.Her
glow indicates that it gas and dust ejected from a fairly large core
"range from one to 10 kilometers," estimated Matthew Knight from Lowell
Observatory.This "dirty snowball" as scientists call comets because of their composition, proleteće 28th November this year, the Sun, the more than one million miles above its surface. If
the comet survives of the summer, which is unknown, the sky could be
the object that appears as a glowing moon, visible near the sun in broad
daylight. Dusty tail of the comet, which will extend the night sky, could be seen worldwide sensation.Since
"Ison" but called it "comet of the century", from Don Jemans Our
program for near-Earth objects, believe that it is premature. 'Previous' comet century' appeared in 1973, when it appeared that the comet "Kohoutek" throw a great show. But in the end it was so much disappointment, it turned into a joke, "recalls Jemans as" comet totally unpredictable. "'Comet' Ison 'has the potential to climaxing, but it can happen and it does not happen anything, "agrees Batams.Sun-threatening comets

Danger tothe suncomet. It is known thattidal forcesandradiation from the sundestroythe comet.A recent exampleis thecomet"Ellen," which broke upandscattered2011,asit approachedthe Sun. "Ellen", however, was muchsmaller than thenewcometthatapproaches us.

A betterexample ofa comet"Lavjoj" whichflewthrough the atmosphereintactSun2011thweeksandthendelightedviewerswithcolorfultailof the Earth.

1) What does the life? (Biology)How did it all begin? What really happened to quite simple inorganic molecules which merged in the primordial soup? As they began to process energy and reproduce - the two basic characteristics of life?2) What is the weight of the world that we can not see? (Physics)Known matter makes up only 4.6 percent of the mass of the universe. All other weight is something you can not see, measure and explain.3) How the environment affects gene? (Genetics)The emergence of a phenotype of a given genotype depends on the interaction between genes and environment. Therefore, in different settings will be the same even twins with exactly the same genes. Or do they want? This question intrigues scientists and the public ever since we met His Majesty gene.4) How the brain thinks? (Neurosciences)Some
neurons in the brain continuously generate an action potential, while
the other all the time, "cute", and then suddenly become hyperactive. What do all the brain work?5) How many chemical elements? (Chemistry)Is there a limit to the number of nucleons that can come together and form a nucleus? While chemists reveal elements with increasing atomic number and larger, the question is how far will it go.6) What we can make of carbon? (Nanoscience)Carbon becomes part of every living thing. Whether it can make the computers have to be as powerful as a living cell?7) How to use solar energy? (MATERIALS)All new, renewable energy sources that are included in the last decades of use have shown some limitations. The
cleanest and constant among them, the Sun, has remained relatively
unexploited although every sunny day reminds scientists of the huge
potential of this solar energy could provide.8) What is the best way to produce biofuels? (ENERGY)Instead
of conventional production polluting, fossil fuels, why do not we let
the plants to store sun's energy for us, and then turned the plant into
fuel? However, the use of a perfectly good source of food for the sake of fuel production might not be the best approach. One answer would be to use other, less vital forms of biomass.

AndMichaelBrintrupfromthe German Institutefor Development Policyfollows thediscussionaboutfood trade.Reada studyfrom the University ofHalle,and advocatesa different view."Fora lot of factorsaffectingprices.For example, they canchangebecause they arein the United States,Russia andAustraliadecreasedyields, "he explains.It would bevery difficult to determinethe exactimpact ofspeculation.

According toRichardDavis, metrologists-consultant to theInternational Bureauof Weights and Measuresin Paris, it is apractical techniquethat does not requiretoo muchmoneyandinvesting,whatis the potentialforwide acceptance.ButDaviswas not involved inthe study, according toFox News.

Kilohas become an internationalstandard1875th, andthenmade​​cylindricalpiece ofgroundorMPC.Itconsists of an alloyof platinumandiridium,height anddiameter of39millimeters, whichiskeptat the International Bureauof Weights and Measures.

Official copiesare availableprototype of the kilogramas a nationalprototype,with Parisiankilogram, known asakilogram,comparedto aboutevery 10years.

In the eightiesof the 19thcenturymade​​the40pounds ofprototypesthat were handedMetreConventionsignatory countries.Eventhen, however,scientists foundthat thepoundcouldbe"put on weight" due to thedepositionof dustandvarious othersubstanceson its surface.

To reducethe risk ofsurfacedeposition,made ​​theMPCinthe form of cylindersandput them in thelaboratory withfilteredair,constant temperatureandpressure,butthere was no waytocompletelyavoidcontamination,saidBritishmetrologistPeterKampsonthe University ofNewcastle.Cleaning iscurrentlycarried outbywell-trained technicianserasedcylindersantilopspiece ofleathersoaked inalcohol.

However, aseach countrycleanyourMPKin a different wayina different time,prototypesdo not significantly differin weight.

It is truethat forany objectin the universe(exceptas provided for inFrance),which had amassofone kilogram of100 years agoandthathas not changedsince then,now be consideredtohave a mass ofmore than50micrograms perkilogram.

Thursday, 10 January 2013

Black holes are a perennial favorite among physics buffs, who by now have the usual facts about such objects down pat: Most black holes form when stars explode as supernovae; all that matter collapsing into a dense object from which nothing, not even light, can escape, because of the strong gravitational effects. Lurking deep within a black hole is a point that is infinitely small and dense called the singularity. While nothing can escape a black hole once it crosses the event horizon, thanks to a peculiar quirk of the quantum vacuum, it evaporates over time, emitting radiation (Hawking radiation) in the process -- and how long it takes for the black hole to evaporate depends on its size (the bigger it is, the longer it takes to evaporate).

BIG PIC: Black Holes Face Off In Galactic Death Match

Oh, and if, say, an astronaut happened to accidentally cross the event
horizon, he or she would technically be in freefall and thus wouldn't
notice anything particularly unusual -- not at first. It's only as said
astronaut approached the singularity that gravity would become so
extreme, s/he would be "spaghettified."

Except now that might
not be the case. There's a hypothesis currently being bandied about by
theoretical physicists that, instead, the unfortunate astronaut would
encounter a massive wall of fire as s/he tried to cross the event
horizon and burn up before s/he got anywhere near the singularity.

Call it the 'Paradox of the Firewall.'

He'd been puzzling over a nagging suspicion that something wasn't quite right with the conventional picture of what happens at the event horizon for years, and was never quite able to put those misgivings to rest. When Polchinski and a few colleagues started playing around with toy models, essentially running the argument for Hawking radiation in reverse, it brought a few salient issues into sharp focus It started earlier this year at the Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, where string theorist Joe Polchinski is permanently ensconced.

ANALYSIS: Black Hole Behemoth Found Guilty of Star's Murder

The result was a controversial paper claiming that in order to not have
a firewall at the event horizon, physicists would need to sacrifice
another one of their cherished assumptions. Per a Simons Science News
article (by yours truly):

At the heart of this particular puzzle lies a conflict between three fundamental postulates beloved by many physicists.

The first, based on the equivalence principle of general
relativity, leads to the No Drama scenario: Because Alice is in free
fall as she crosses the horizon, and there is no difference between free
fall and inertial motion, she shouldn’t feel extreme effects of
gravity.

The second postulate is unitarity, the assumption,
in keeping with a fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, that
information that falls into a black hole is not irretrievably lost.

Lastly, there is what might be best described as “normality,”
namely, that physics works as expected far away from a black hole even
if it breaks down at some point within the black hole — either at the
singularity or at the event horizon.

Want to get rid of the
firewall? It'll cost you, per Polchinski et al., and that price is
either conceding that information is lost (which should make Stephen
Hawking and his collaborator Kip Thorne pretty happy, since they
famously embraced this view in the 1990s), or modifying quantum field
theory in some significant way.

ANALYSIS: Our Galaxy's Black Hole Has the 'Munchies'

Naturally, not everyone agrees. That paper spawned a flurry of others,
many aimed at countering the controversial assertions, plus a couple of
blog posts: one by Polchinski (over at Cosmic Variance) and another by
Caltech physicist John Preskill. (There's also this latest take at
Quantum Moxie.)

It's a complicated, multi-faceted problem, as
the Simons Science News article makes clear, and much of the discussion
is highly technical. But it's such an intriguing idea, it's worth
sharing even just a few simple details.

Physicists are still
hammering out a consensus on the solution, and many expect the firewalls
argument to be disproved in the end, but it's bound to be interesting
along the way, so grab the popcorn and watch the sparks fly, if you
dare.

Until it gets resolved, physics fans can have a bit of
fun debating the best way to die by black hole: would you choose
spaghettification as you approach the singularity, or incineration by a
firewall?

Tuesday, 8 January 2013

By changing the disk's temperature, the laser can change the disk's levitation height and move it in a controlled direction, which has the potential to be scaled up and used as a light-driven human transportation system. Laser light or sunlight can also cause the levitating disk to rotate at over 200 rpm, which could lead to a new type of light energy conversion system. org. The researchers, Dr. " "The most important point in this work is the achievement for a real-time motion control technique which can move a magnetically levitating diamagnetic material without contact for the first time in the world," Abe told Phys. Now in a new study, researchers for the first time have used a laser to control the motion of a magnetically levitating graphite disk. Masayuki Kobayashi and Professor Jiro Abe of Aoyama Gakuin University in Kanagawa, Japan (Abe is also at CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency in Tokyo), have published their study on optically controlling the motion of maglev graphite in a recent issue of the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Magnetic levitation has been demonstrated for a variety of objects, from trains to frogs, but so far no one has developed a practical maglev-based actuator that converts some external source of energy into motion. "Because this technique is very simple and fundamental, it is expected to apply to various daily living techniques, such as transportation systems and amusement, as well as photo-actuators and light energy conversion systems.

The levitation position of diamagnetic materials has previously been controlled by changing the applied magnetic field, but so far no one has successfully controlled maglev motion in the second way, by changing the material's diamagnetic properties with an external stimulus such as temperature, light, or sound In order to magnetically levitate, an object's total magnetic force must not only be repulsive, but the repulsion must also be stronger than the force of gravity. Although all materials have some diamagnetism, it is usually too weak to allow them to magnetically levitate. As the researchers explain, magnetic levitation occurs due to an object's diamagnetism, which repels magnetic fields. One of the strongest diamagnetic materials is graphite. Magnetic levitation only occurs when a material's diamagnetic properties are stronger than its ferromagnetic and paramagnetic properties (which attract magnetic fields). The height at which a diamagnetic material levitates can be controlled by two factors: the applied magnetic field and the material's own diamagnetic properties.

Here, the
researchers did just that by using a laser to reversibly control the
temperature of a graphite disk levitating over a block of permanent
magnets. They demonstrated that, as the graphite's temperature
increases, its levitation height decreases, and vice versa. The
researchers explain that the change in temperature causes a change in
the graphite's magnetic susceptibility, or the degree to which its
magnetization reacts to an applied magnetic field. On an atomic level,
the laser increases the number of thermally excited electrons in the
graphite due to the photothermal effect. The more of these electrons,
the weaker the graphite's diamagnetic properties and the lower its
levitation height.

Rotation also occurs when the set-up is exposed to sunlight. Applications could include a low-cost, environmentally friendly power generation system and a new type of light-driven transportation system. By converting solar energy into rotational energy, the disk can reach a rotational speed of more than 200 rpm, which could make it useful for applications such as optically driven turbines. " Whereas the laser was aimed right in the center of the graphite disk when controlling its height, aiming it at the edge of the disk changes the temperature distribution, and thus magnetic susceptibility distribution, in such a way that the repulsion force becomes unbalanced and the graphite moves in the same direction as the light beam. "In this case, it is predicted that friction disrupts the rotation of the maglev turbine. "As for the actuator, the maglev graphite can convey anything that has almost the same weight as the levitating graphite disk. The distorted temperature distribution causes the levitating graphite disk to rotate, with the direction and rotational speed depending on the irradiation site. The researchers predict that the ability to control maglev-based motion with a laser could lead to the development of maglev-based actuators and photothermal solar energy conversion systems. To rotate the levitating graphite disk, the researchers replaced the rectangular prism-shaped magnets beneath the disk with a stack of cylindrical-shaped magnets, and again aimed the laser at the disk's edge. So, if the scale expansion of the photo-actuator system is achieved, it is not a dream that a human on the maglev graphite can drive himself. Therefore, we would like to develop a light energy conversion system with a high energy conversion efficiency with reference to the so-called MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) technique. In addition to controlling the height of maglev graphite, the researchers found that they could also make the graphite move in any direction and rotate it by changing the site of irradiation. "At this moment, we are planning to develop a maglev turbine blade suitable for this system," Abe said.