purchasing and maintaining absentee, early voting and election day voting equipment;

programming all equipment with election specific information and delivering and testing on all equipment statewide;

printing and distributing absentee paper ballots;

statewide support of administering elections during early voting and on election day;

election night tally and transmission of results;

paying for all election expenses; and

compiling, reporting and maintaining official elections returns and statistics.

Also, the governor issues and the secretary of state countersigns the official commission that entitles elected or appointed officials to hold office. The secretary of state publishes the Louisiana Roster of Officials, the Louisiana Election Code with all of Louisiana's elections statutes, and the Election Returns Books that contain precinct-by-precinct returns for all presidential and gubernatorial elections.

For many centuries, people have sought a simple, quick and accurate way of expressing and recording their wishes. The ancient Greeks voted by acclamation, by division into groups, or by balloting with shells and bronze disks of different sizes. Another means used consisted of placing a pebble or little ball in an urn, hence the word ballot from the Italian ballotta, meaning little ball. The little balls could have been white in color for an affirmative vote or black for a negative vote. From there came the term blackballed that is still used today to describe rejection. These were forerunners of today's elections with voting machines.

In 139 B.C. the first written ballot was used in Rome. It was not until 1872 that secret voting for elected officials was adopted (in England). The opposition termed it "the deadly mischief of making numbers the sole test of public opinion." The first record of the use of the secret ballot in America was in 1629 when the members of the Salem church chose their pastor. A few years later the Colony of Massachusetts adopted this method to elect civil magistrates. In these early days, little secrecy was afforded the voter in marking his or her ballot. Each party or faction distributed its own ballot among the voters. Frequently printed on colored paper, it was readily possible to determine which ballot the voter selected.

The Australian ballot was introduced in this country in 1888. Under this system, the ballots were printed at public expense by the officials charged with the conduct of elections. The names of all candidates for each office are grouped on the same ballot and the voter indicates his choice by marking an x for each candidate he or she favors. This provided some degree of secrecy for the voter.

During this struggle to permit the people to decide the fate of government by secret ballot, many people sought to perfect a fair, infallible, yet simple method of voting and vote counting by machine.

Thomas A. Edison was a pioneer in this field. His very first patent, issued June 1, 1869, was for an electrographic vote recorder, which he built in the hope it might be used in Congress. While never adopted for public use, his ideas paved the way for voting machines today.

The first voting machine used in an election (in Lockport, New York, in 1892) was the invention of safemaker Jacob H. Meyers. It was a massive device, too cumbersome for wide spread use. Four years later, the United States Voting Machine Company of Jamestown marketed an improved device which soon secured widespread use throughout New York State. This organization was the parent of the Automatic Voting Machine Corporation of Jamestown, New York, that manufactured the AVM voting machines. Samuel R. Shoup followed this example, built his own lever voting machine and founded the Shoup Voting Machine Corporation in 1905. The two rivals grew to dominate the American market. By 1928, one of six citizens voted on an AVM or Shoup voting machine. Many of these machines were still working and used in the 2000 presidential election. They were only eradicated due to the Help America Vote Act of 2002.

Interestingly, about 5,100 old lever machines were brought out of retirement and used in New York's mayors race in the fall of 2013. Though they were replaced with a $95 million electronic system in 2010, it took 72 days to determine the winner of a special election for State Senate in Brooklyn in 2012. The Board of Elections determined that it couldn't collect, reprogram, and test all of the electronic machines in the three weeks between the September 10 primary and a possible runoff on October 1.

Voting Machines in Louisiana

In Louisiana voting machines were first introduced in Orleans Parish in the early 1940's. They were Shoup machines that were mechanical with a vertical ballot placement which allowed for 500 voting positions. Shoup voting machines were next acquired in East Baton Rouge Parish, Calcasieu Parish and Caddo parish. The original Shoup voting machines remained in service in Louisiana for more than 50 years.

In 1952, former Judge Robert F. Kennon won election as Governor of Louisiana. He decided to challenge the notion that Louisiana was laughable because of corrupt politics. In the first year of his administration, legislation was passed and an appropriation was made to acquire voting machines at state expense for every parish in the state.

The AVM Corporation and the Shoup Voting Machine Corporation were still the biggest manufacturors of voting machines at this time. Neither company could produce the numbers of machines required to fill the Louisiana order within the time specified, so the machines were ordered from both manufacturers and would be placed in whole congressional districts.

Since Orleans, East Baton Rouge, Calcasieu and Caddo already had some Shoup voting machines, the congressional districts 1, 2, 4, 6 & 7 would all get Shoup voting machines. There were 34 parishes in these five congressional districts. The rest of the state that included congressional districts 3, 5 & 8 were slated to get the AVM machines. Both machines had the same capacity (500 voting levers) and all the same security features as required by the Voting Machine Law of 1952. The AVM machine was different only in that the ballot presentation was horizontal and mostly at eye level with the voter. Additionally, the top part of the voting machine descends into the lower case that facilitates handling when transporting from storage to precinct and back.

Voting machines were in the custody and control of Secretary of State Wade O. Martin, Jr. , a veteran of many years in public office. Immediately after the passage of the Voting Machine Law in the l952 legislative session, which allocated $1,500,000 for the purchase of voting machines in parishes in which voting machines were not presently in use, arrangements to provide for the receipt and storage of these massive devices (1000 pounds) began. The law provided that at least one voting machine would be purchased for each precinct in the state with additional machines provided under a formula that would allow one machine for every 400 registered voters or major part thereof. Consolidation of precincts, which was and continues to be the duty of the parish governing authority, eliminated many small precincts to make for a more efficient use of the machines.

After acquiring the new machines, drayage contracts were negotiated to distribute the voting machines to the respective parishes for permanent storage. Some voting machines were delivered by boat or barge, as there were a number of voting precincts isolated by water. Bayou Chene, Atchafalaya, Stephensville and Belle River in St. Martin Parish had permanently assigned machines. Pecan Island in Vermilion Parish was another as were Pilottown, Ostrica and Olga in Plaquemines Parish.

The secretary of state set up an election department within his office and began to assemble and train a full time staff of service technicians to maintain the voting machines in all 64 parishes. Besides training staff for operating and maintaining the new voting machines the secretary of state embarked on a large scale public education program. Parish clerks of court, who were and still are the chief election officials at the parish level, were extensively involved in demonstrating the new voting device that would change the election process in Louisiana forever.

Voting machines were placed in each courthouse where visitors and interested citizens had the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the operation of this newest addition to the election process in Louisiana.

Universities, high schools, civic and church groups were offered the use of voting machines for their private elections and thereby gave more people the opportunity to learn the very simple procedure of voting on a mechanical voting machine. It was believed then, as it is today that to start the process of inculcation with the youth of our state would eventually arouse the interest of the older segment of our population. It worked very well. Thousands of people had the opportunity for hands on experience with the mechanical giant before an official election would be held. To this day, Louisiana proudly offers this service for private elections through the outreach division.

Continue reading about the history of elections and voting machines in Louisiana.

Voting Systems in Louisiana

As of the Fall of 2006, all of Louisiana's voters began using the AVC Advantage voting systems for election day voting. On this direct recording electronic voting system, the entire ballot for the voter will appear on the screen.

Over a period of 15 years, the state began procuring these voting systems for 12 parishes in Louisiana. Since 2005, federal funds which were awarded through the Help America Vote Act of 2002 were used to procure voting systems for the remainder of the state.

The voting systems are smaller, lighter, and easier to operate than the old lever-operated machines. They receive rave reviews from the poll workers throughout the state. The ballot is easy to read, since the type is larger. The AVC Advantage voting systems are wheelchair accessible and every voting system is capable of using an audio voting keypad, available for voters with disabilities. The election results are easily printed and stored on a cartridge which is delivered to the clerk of court after the polls are closed.

As of the fall of 2006, all Louisiana's voters began using the AVC Edge voting systems for early voting in person. Early voting in person is done the week before an election and is conducted in every registrar of voters office. On this touchscreen system, the voter will scroll through their entire ballot to vote.

The voting systems are small and easier to operate. The ballot is easy to read. The AVC Edge voting systems are wheelchair accessible and every voting system is capable of having an audio voting keypad for voters with disabilities. The election results are easily printed and are stored on a cartridge which is delivered to the clerk of court after the polls are closed on election day.

As of the Fall of 2006, all of Louisiana's voters have had access to using the AVC Audio Handset on either the AVC Advantage voting system or the AVC Edge voting system. The AVC Audio Handset will make both of these voting systems accessible to individuals who are visually impaired, physically disabled, struggle with the written word, unable to read the written word, or unable to read English.

There are no requirements for a voter to use the AVC Audio Handset.

Portions of this document prior to the October 1999 primary section were written by Mr. Shine Domingue who was continuously employed in the Department of Elections since voting machines first arrived in 1953. He retired in 1993 as First Assistant Commissioner of Elections.