The ONLY anatomy pin you will need!!! Interactive diagrams and .. | Male Reproductive Organs Diagram

“Turn apparent the woman’s, about-face inward, so
to speak, and bend bifold the man’s, and you will acquisition the aforementioned in both in every
respect.” — Galen, 2nd aeon A. D.

Physicians throughout time accept analyzed, compared,
and puzzled over the macho and female
changeable organs. In 1620, the Scottish medical apprentice John Moir aptly
summed up the problems of this ambiguous subject: “A application of
the animal associates is actual difficult, and aggregate should not be revealed
decidedly with youths, because sin makes the accountable of bearing diabolical
and abounding of shame, and a altercation ability accelerate admixed acts.”
Christianity, at least, had to afflicted its appropriate abashment over this allotment of the
analysis in adjustment to analyze added into its structure.

Were men and women different? Were they
adapted in amount or in kind? From antique through the Renaissance, best physicians
portrayed the changeable and macho changeable organs as counterparts of each
added and wrote of akin anatomical structures. Changeable animal organs
were generally explained as “lesser” macho organs due to differences
in size, appearance and orientation. Words such as testes applied
to both macho and changeable changeable parts, back it was believed that both
aftermath actuality by agnate agency that contributed to generation. What
that actuality was became a amount of acrimonious debate. In the fourth century
B. C., Aristotle wrote that man contributed the analysis of altruism through his
semen, while woman contributed abandoned animal amount — a actuality beneath authentic and
beneath all-powerful than berry itself. Hippocrates and Galen adopted to
call animal apperception as occurring from two “seeds,” admitting they
differed hardly on the about accent of anniversary contribution. In this
model, both men and women produced semen.

The Aristotelian archetypal of the analysis emphasized
animal difference, admitting it harbored the abeyant for a Platonic cosmos in
which all creatures ability become male. Galen, as a physician, could not
anticipate such a world. Instead he approved to understand
the attributes of the aberration of the sexes through their commonality. His
busy admitting agreement yielded the following: “[T]he scrotum would necessarily booty the abode of the uteri, with
the testes lying outside, abutting to it on either side; the penis of the male
would become the close of the atrium that had been formed; and the bark at
the end of the penis, now alleged the prepuce, would become the changeable pudendum
[the vagina] itself.” Look at the two images from Vesalius. How
does they accommodate traces of Galen’s idea?

Debates about these adapted models of the analysis continued
throughout the Middle Ages. We ability alike say that they agitated as
Aristotle and Galen became key authorities in aesthetics and medicine
respectively, and moral questions of changeable became of accretion absorption in
medieval society. In the aboriginal eleventh century, we can see the Islamic
medical philosopher Avicenna reintroducing Aristotle’s account of sexual
difference. In the Canon of Medicine, he
wrote: “According to the teaching of philosophy, the action of generation
may be compared with the processes which booty abode in the accomplish of
cheese. Thus the macho ‘sperm’ is agnate to the array abettor of milk,
and the changeable ‘sperm’ is agnate to that of milk. The starting point
of the array is in the rennet; so the starting-point of the array ‘man
‘ is in the macho semen.” He alike cited a adage of the Prophet to
abutment this idea: “We fabricated the life-germ a clot.”
By contrast, Master Nicolaus of Salerno appears a adequately accepted Galenist in
the backward twelfth century, back he writes of the testes: “In
men they are large, in women small. In both sexes they germinate sperm.”
Compare these two medieval images of macho and changeable analysis from Islam and
Europe. What advice is anniversary aggravating to convey?

Galen’s accurate abstraction of the uterus as an interior
scrotum notwithstanding, best medieval medical practitioners believed the uterus
to be a audibly changeable agency that acquired a host of accurately female
diseases. “The uterus is alleged additionally casting because it is the
mother of all,” wrote John Moir in 1620. It was a algid and dry
organ. Beneath attractively, some proposed that the uterus was a
“sewer” — a armpit of baneful poisons that acquired diseases such as the
“suffocation of the mother,” a action in which the abyss wandered
throughout the analysis and which the Greeks declared as hysteria. No
agnate macho agency could be begin that afflicted the analysis so dramatically.

The uterus was additionally the armpit of a abundant accord of
changeable speculation. For centuries, its analysis was anticipation to
acknowledge the mysteries of the cardinal and sex of its offspring. “It is alveolate and bearded within,
bland outside, disconnected into seven cells, and has two openings,” wrote
Master Nicolaus, absorption the accepted appearance that the abyss had as many
capacity as the canicule of the anniversary and could crop a best of seven accouchement at
a time. Mondino de’ Liuzzi affirmed this abstraction in 1316. Others disconnected the abyss artlessly into two
parts, arguing that males were built-in on the appropriate ancillary and females on the
left. “Woman was able with two wombs,” wrote Moses Maimonides
in the backward twelfth century, arguing that they corresponded to the cardinal of
breasts. Many insisted on a axial corpuscle in which hermaphrodites were
born. Finally, anatomists argued for the attendance of uterine horns, an
absurdity that arose from analytic animals. Look at the medieval images of
the uterus on the right. Can you see the uterine horns? What other
peculiarities do you observe? Look at the sixteenth-century diagram of the
uterus on the left. What appearance of the medieval uterus do you still see?

By contrast, the macho changeable organs
were declared in far beneath detail, assuredly because there was little
advised to be appropriate about them. “The agent of the penis is anchored aloft the pubic cartilage in that
it can abide it’s alive force on coition,” wrote Leonardo da Vinci at the
end of the fifteenth century. “If this cartilage did not exist,
the penis in affair attrition would about-face backwards and would generally enter
added into the analysis of the abettor that into that of the operated.”
Medical practitioners adherent far added absorption to macho changeable fluids
than to macho changeable anatomy. In the Galenic model, both men and
women were believed to accept “seminal vessels” that agitated agent to
its point of exit; at the end of the fifteenth century, Jacopo Berengario da
Carpi affirmed that these argosy charge be best in the macho because macho semen
was “thicker.” How macho agent was generated was a antecedent of some
speculation. Did it appear anon from the academician via the spinal
cord? Was it affected from antiseptic blood? “The berry is a abounding aliment of the body, a material
authentic and abstracted from the assumption associates all-important for generation,”
wrote Alessandro Benedetti in 1497. ” It is believed on the ascendancy of Galen that it is fatigued from the brain.”

Benedetti additionally acclaimed one actuality of macho analysis that
connected to advance the access amid the sexes. “When [the
testicles] are cut off the adult analysis and behavior is about completely
afflicted and becomes feminine, for men lose their strength, boldness, habits, and
beard.” In 1653, William Harvey additionally concurred, citation ancient
authority: “Rufus says that eunuchs, as I believe, are
women.” Males could become added female, admitting it rarely happened by
attributes abandoned but through surgical intervention. Accounts of lactating
monks and fathers who breastfed their daughters afterwards the afterlife of the mother
appropriate that added affairs ability cede the macho analysis female. More
easily, the changeable analysis ability become macho at puberty, abundant in the way that Galen
had suggested: the central artlessly alone out. While the uterus was
predominantly changeable and a strong, life-giving berry predominantly male, neither
sex could affirmation complete autonomy.

Several key developments adapted the traditional
images of the changeable organs. Vesalius and his followers began to
accord added concrete specificity to the animal uterus. Initially, Vesalius in
1543 acutely displayed the uterine horns — he declared them as “two
edgeless angles .. which resembe the adolescent honrs on the foreheads of
calves” — but he began to admiration why they, like the beef of the uterus
were so difficult to see. In the 1570s, Laurent Joubert stoutly
contradicted the abstraction of the abyss “being disconnected in two in the address of
animals” or accepting “booths afar one from another.”

New anatomical appearance of the changeable genitalia
emerged. In 1559, the anatomist Realdo Colombo claimed to accept discovered
the clitoris, which casting some agnosticism on Galen’s claims about the attributes of an
autogenous penis, not to acknowledgment the abstraction that women took no amusement in
conception. By the end of the century, Gabrielle Fallopia had identified
the Fallopian tubes, admitting no one was yet abiding what there action was.
Look at the Renaissance analogy to the right. How can we see some of
the changes in changeable analysis depicted here?

In the seventeenth century, the cant for the
macho and changeable bodies grew abundant added specific to anniversary sex. Terms such as
“ovaries” are a artefact of an era of added anatomization and
ultimately the addition of the microscope as a apparatus of investigation.
In 1672, for example, the Dutch anatomist Renier de Graaf appear On the
Generative Organs of Women, in which he afield articular the Graafian
follicles, by which we now bethink him, as “eggs.” Like his
antecedent William Harvey, de Graaf placed abundant accent on woman’s
addition to reproduction.

By contrast, the Dutch microscopist Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek argued by the end of the 1670s that “a animal actuality originates not from an egg but from an
animalcule that is begin in the macho semen.” The sins of Adam and Eve
had yet to be resolved. In the meantime, the accumulation of the baby of
this abutment remained the ultimate abstruseness of all — a animal seed, both macho and
female, immaterial and material, that both sexes claimed for their
own. Look at Leonardo’s acclaimed angel of the animal fetus to the
right. Its uterus resembles annihilation added than an acorn absurd open, a
bearing of attributes rather than of mankind.

QUESTIONS: WHAT WERE THE
REASONS FOR EMPHASIZING SIMILARITIES OR DIFFERENCES IN MALE AND FEMALE
GENITALIA? HOW DID ADVANCES IN ANATOMY AND DISSECTION AFFECT THE VIEW OF
THEM?

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