Time exists only as a stream of change in physical space. Change
does not "happen" in time--change itself is time. Time is a
material change in A-Temporal physical space. Gravitational force is
transmitted directly by physical space and it is A-Temporal, too. In the
universe, matter and physical space are in permanent dynamic
equilibrium. The universe is a perpetual system that is constantly
renewing itself.

Introduction

In the universe, the passing of physical time cannot be clearly
perceived as matter and space directly; one can perceive only
irreversible physical, chemical and biological changes in material
media. On the basis of elementary perception (sight), one can conclude
that physical time exists only as a stream of change that runs through
material space. The terms "physical time" and
"change" describe the same phenomenon. Physical time is
irreversible. Change A transforms into change B, B transforms into C,
and so on. When B is in existence, A does not exist anymore, when C is
in existence, B does not exist anymore.

In Newtonian physics, physical time is an independent quantity
(absolute time), running uniformly throughout the entire cosmic space
(absolute space). In the Theory of Relativity, time is no more an
independent physical quantity--it is linked with space in
four-dimensional space-time. Here physical time is understood as a
stream of irreversible change that runs through physical space. The
important point is: Change does not "happen" in physical
time--change itself is physical time. This is a different and more
correct perspective than the conventional view in physics, in which
space-time is the theater or "stage" on which change happens.
(1)

With the introduction of a "time is change" concept, time
is totally integrated into space. Space-time has developed into an
A-Temporal physical space within which changes run. With clocks we
measure the durations of changes, or put markers into on-going changes.

Density of Physical Space

In his article, "Chief Notions and Methods of the Theory of
Relativity Presented in its Development," Einstein states that the
general theory of relativity cannot be imagined without gravitational
ether, which is non-homogeneous, and its state has no autonomous
existence, but depends on the field generating matter. Since metric
facts can no longer be separated from true physical facts in the new
theory, the concept of space and ether merge together. (2)

Merging of physical space and gravitational ether introduces
"non-homogeneous density of physical space" that corresponds
to the density of matter. The denser the matter, the denser the physical
space. The density of physical space can be described in "General
Theory of Relativity" with the curvature of space. Gravitational
force is attributed to the density of physical space. The
"areas" of higher density attract each other. Gravitational
force is immediate; it acts directly via physical space. Three other
basic forces--electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear force--are
indirect, carried by some particle or wave that is moving through
physical space. For "indirect forces" to act, they need to
travel through physical space (for example, duration of the movement of
light wave from the Sun to the Earth is around eight minutes). For
gravitational force to be transmitted between Sun and Earth, no travel
of particle or wave is needed. Just as physical space is A-Temporal, so
is gravitational force.

Autodynamics (AD) come to the same conclusion. In his article,
"Graviton Velocity and Gravity Speed," Carezani says:
"Even though there exists a profuse literature on Graviton
velocity, the question is: Does this Gravitation velocity exist?
Newton's gravitation velocity is instantaneous, equivalent to an
infinite velocity, and his equation for Gravitation is working
perfectly. In Einstein theory, which equates space-time curvature to
Gravitation, the propagation velocity has no meaning. Contradicting
himself, Einstein accepted that Gravitation propagates at Light
velocity, which is postulated as a maximum velocity in the Universe.
Autodynamics, a Quantum Relativistic Mechanics accepts the
Gravitation--Le Sage's mundane particle-- as Gravitation carrier
and accepts the Gravitation's velocity, but proves that Gravity is
A-Temporal and exists in the whole space of the Universe without
propagation velocity, and this coincides with Newton's apparently
infinite velocity". (3)

A-Temporal Physical Space and EPR Experiment

A-Temporal physical space sheds new light on the experiments of
Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR). This experiment shows that quantum A
and quantum B, which have been together and then sent into space in
opposite directions, "know" each other at any instant or
moment. One could predict that in the EPR experiment, the information
medium between two particles is physical space itself. Like the
gravitational force between Sun and Earth, information between particle
A and particle B is also A-Temporal.

The Dynamic Equilibrium DE) of Space and Matter

Density of the physical space between galaxies is at the minimum;
in the center of an active galaxy, density of physical space is at
maximum. The density of matter and density of space can be explained
with astronomical observations that show the Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) continuously emits fresh gases. Energy cannot be created and not
destroyed. The matter can not simply appear in AGN out of nothing and
disappear into black holes into nothing. The idea here is that in black
holes, energy of matter transforms into energy of physical space. This
process keeps high the density of physical space in the center of the
galaxy where energy of space structures back into energy of matter. The
original idea of transportation of the energy of matter through kind of
tunnels that connect black holes and white holes is from Einstein and
Rosen. Here AGN functions as a white hole.

The majority of cosmologists still consider the "red
shift" as proof of the expansion of the universe; but they accept
that part of the "red shift" is a result of light escaping out
of the strong gravitational field of the galaxies from which it comes to
reach Earth. The Van Flandern view is that the red shift is not proof of
an expanding universe; moreover, recent discoveries confirm this
opposite view. (4)

It seems that the cosmological model of self-renewing galaxies has
more experimental evidence than the cosmological model of cyclic
"Big Bangs." However, in both of the models, the Dynamic
Equilibrium (DE) is a basic universal law. Transformation of energy of
physical space into matter and vice versa that is recreating the
universe is in dynamic equilibrium. Dynamic equilibrium between
gravitational and tangential forces makes it possible for planets to
orbit around the sun, for the sun to orbit around the center of the
galaxy; the water circulation
("ocean-evaporation-clouds-rain-rivers-ocean") is in dynamic
equilibrium, life chains of fauna and flora are in dynamic equilibrium.

The Entropy of the Universe and the Evolution of Life

The universe is a "perpetual" system with a permanent
flow of energy, as seen on the scheme above. It does not need energy to
move. It cannot be compared to the machines created by man where
"for some work to be done, some energy is needed." The second
law of thermodynamics cannot be applied to describe universal dynamics.
It is valid only for machines. The total energy of the universe and of a
single galaxy sums to zero. An increase in the entropy of gas being
produced in Big Bang or in AGN does not influence its total entropy.

Also for the movement of a stellar object, no energy is needed. For
example, the force of attraction between physical spaces of the Earth
and Moon is equal to the centripetal force, which pulls the Moon from
the Earth [F attraction (Fa) = F centripetal (Fc)]. For the movement of
the Moon around the Earth, no energy is needed [Fa - Fc = 0]. By moving
the stars and planets, the universe does not get "tired."
Movement is its intrinsic property.

The whole universal space is in a phase of chemical evolution.
Several experiments show that functioning of living organisms is
directly related to the gravitational force of physical space. One can
predict that on planets similar to ours, chemical evolution has
developed into biological evolution. (5)

In the self-renewing galaxy, the evolution of life is a consistent
part of the evolution of the galaxy. It can be understood as a process
that is continuously developing towards a total entropy of the galaxy
that sums to zero. The relationship between life as a continuous
negentropic process and the zero entropy of the galaxy can be described
with the following diagram:

(The diagram is also valid for the Big Bang theory; fresh gas comes
from Big Bang and renewing process happen into "Big Crunch").

Conclusions

Time exists only as an irreversible material change in A-Temporal
physical space. The Dynamic Equilibrium between matter and A-Temporal
physical space is a self-renewing force of the universe. The second law
of thermodynamics is not valid for the universe; its energetic resources
are constant. The total entropy of the universe and of a single active
galaxy sums to zero. Evolution of life is a consistent part of cosmic
dynamics.

Acknowledgements

We wish to acknowledge the late Roger Gouin for his insightful
contributions to previous discussions on the AGN.

(2.) Sorli, A. (2003). "Gravitational Ether as the Origin of
the Universe and Life." In Physical Interpretations of Relativity
Theory. Proceedings of International Scientific Meeting. Moscow: PIRT,
282-286.

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