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Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes (Antisocial Behavior:…

Self-regulation (or self-control)- the ability to regulate or control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression.

Based on temperament (biological) and (contextual) factors like parenting

easy - slow to warm up- difficult temperament determine sensitivity to experiences and responsiveness to patterns of social interactions.

Antisocial Behavior: Aggression

includes unprovoked attacks, fights, or quarrels. Types of aggression include instrumental, whose goal is to obtain an object, a privilege, or a space, and hostile, whose goal is to harm another person.

violent video games has various negative effects on social behavior in that it causes an increase in aggressive behavior and a decrease in prosocial behavior.

Prosocial Behavior: Altruism

Cooperate, share, and help others

behavior that is kind, considerate, generous, and helpful to others. Like aggression, it is biologically influenced and it shows some consistency over time. Some researchers believe the brain may be “prewired” to be empathetic and to cooperate with others

biological theories

reproduction

survuival

Social cognitive theories

Learning theory- direct reinforcement (reward for an altruistic act) or vicarious reinforcement (observing someone else engaging in the act and getting reinforced for it) encourages altruism Children learn from each other. They imitate behaviors of admired peers.

instruction- just instructing children to be kind, considerate, and helpful? Generally, observing an adult sharing is more effective than just telling a child to share.

They found that the way the mothers reprimanded their children was clearly related to the children’s degree of altruism.

Parenting Style A warm, nurturing affectionate relationship between children and parents seems to contribute to the development of prosocial tendencies, in contrast to a cold, indifferent, distant relationship

Sociocultural theories

Be an example. exhibit helping, cooperating, and sharing behavior. 2. Preach prosocial behavior, and give reasons. Take advantage of specific situations to instruct children how to share, how to be helpful, and how to cooperate. 3. Be warm and accepting. 4. Set firm standards of behavior. Accompany the standards with consequences for noncompliance. 5. Provide role-playing opportunities. Allow children to experience others’ perspectives. 6. Discuss how one’s actions may affect another’s feelings. 7. Provide activities that require cooperation, such as group projects. 8. Suggest specific ways in which children can be cooperative and helpful. 9. Provide meaningful responsibilities. One’s task is designed to help another person or the group. 10. Praise prosocial behavior.

Moral Development

Piaget's Theory as “the understanding of and adherence to rules through one’s own volition.” As children develop, they begin to understand that things are not totally right or totally wrong.

the goodness or badness of the actors in the story was related solely to the extent of the consequences.

Kohlberg’s theory The stages of moral reasoning are the same for all persons, regardless of culture. 2. Individuals progress from one stage to the next. 3. Changing from stage to stage is gradual. The change results from many social experiences. 4. Some individuals move more rapidly than others through the sequence of stages. Some advance further than others; for example, only 25 percent of U.S. adults were found to reason at stage 5 (principled morality). 5. Although the particular stage of moral reasoning is not the only factor affecting people’s moral conduct, the way they reason does influence how they actually behave in a moral situation. 6. Experiences that provide opportunities for role-taking (assuming the viewpoints of others, putting oneself in another’s place) foster progress through the stages.

Morals and Mortality

Morals, as introduced in Chapter 2, encompass an individual’s evaluation of what is right and wrong. They involve acceptance of rules and govern one’s behavior toward others. Breaches of morals provoke consequences, as well as judgmental and emotional responses

Feeling (empathy and guilt), reasoning (ability to understand rules and know right from wrong) Behaving (pro and antisocial acts, self-regulation of impulses)

Influences on Moral Development

Situational contexts- Judgement of the situation, age of the child, cultural orientation

the qualities individuals understand to characterize males and females in their culture. It is distinct from sex, which refers to the biological aspects of being male or female. Gender role is more of a psychological construct, whereas sex is more of a physical one.

Development of Gender Roles

Sex typing, or classification into gender roles based on biological sex, begins at birth

Theories of Gender-Role development

Psychoanalytic: How you come to feel like a male or female.

Social Learning or social cognitive;how one comes to behave as a male or female.

cognitive developmental:how one comes to reason about oneself as a male or female.

gender schema:how one comes to process information about oneself as a male or female by perceiving and interpreting gender-linked information.

Socialization Influences on Gender-Role Development

Family:: mothers and fathers do treat sons and daughters differently

Peers: and girls to play with gender-appropriate toys and actively punish (ridicule and tease) play with toys considered appropriate for the opposite gender, especially among boys.