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2009
Реферат
по дисциплине: Иностранный язык
на тему: «Нижний Новгород»
Выполнил: Лукоянов А.И.
Группа№ 21
Contents
History ………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Economy ……………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Transportation …………………………………………………………………………… 9
City layout …………………………………………………………………………………. 10
Main sights ………………………………………………………………………………..11
Sports ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
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Nizhny Novgorod (Russian:
Ни́ жний Но́ вгород), colloquially
shortened as Nizhny, is the
fourth largest city in Russia,
ranking after Moscow, St. Petersburg,
and Novosibirsk. Population: 1,311,252
(Russian Census (2002);[8] 1,438,133
(1989 Census).[13] It is the economic and
cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka
economic region, and also the
administrative center of Nizhny
Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal
District.
View of Nizhny Novgorod near the Oka River
From 1932 to 1990, the city was known as
Gorky (Го́ рький),[11] after the writer Maxim
Gorky who was born there.
The city is an important economic, transport
and cultural center of the nation
History
A seat of medieval princes
After the destruction of the Mordvin Inäzor
Obram administrative centre and fillfort
named Obran Osh (Ashli) at the site of future
stone Kremlin in 1220, a small Russian
wooden hillfort was founded by Grand Duke
Yuri II of Russia in 1221. Located at the
confluence of two most important rivers of
his principality, the Volga (Mordvin "Rav" or
"Rava"), and the Oka, and Obran Osh was
renamed Nizhny Novgorod. Its name literally
means Lower Newtown, to distinguish it from
the older Novgorod. Its independent
existence was threatened by the continuous
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Mordvin attacks against it. The major attempt made by Inäzor Purgaz from
Arzamas in January 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4,
1238 at the Battle of Sit River the Mongols occupied the fortress and the
remnants of small Nizhny Novgorod settlement which surrendered without any
resistance in order to preserve what had been developed since Purgaz's attack
eight years earlier. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny
Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.
Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newlyfounded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their
insignificance, but grew into during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the
agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the
Vladimir - Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further
increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from
Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323-1383) sought to
make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several
churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the
Russian Primary Chronicle, the Laurentian Codex, was written for him by the local
monk Laurentius in 1377.
The strongest fortress of Muscovy
Аfter the city's incorporation into Muscovy (1392),
the local princes took the name Shuisky and settled
in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court
and briefly ascended the throne in the person of
Vasili IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean
Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was
restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily
as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars
of Kazan. The enormous red-brick kremlin, one of
the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in
Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision
Kuzma Minin appeals to the people of Nizhny
Novgorod to raise a volunteer army against the
Poles.
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of Peter the Italian. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in
1520 and 1536.
In 1612, the so-called national militia, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin,
and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from
Moscow, thus putting an end to the "Time of Troubles" and establishing the rule
of the Romanov dynasty. The main square before the kremlin is named after
Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as "Minin Square."
Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on
October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky
was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the
place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)
In the course of the following century, the city
prospered commercially and was chosen by the
Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of
Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular
style of architecture and icon painting, known as the
Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the
19th and 20th centuries.
Church of the Nativity of Our Lady, built
by the Stroganovs
The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in
1981 was: A red deer with black horns and hooves
on a white field. The modern coat of arms circa a
ribbon with colours of the Russian national flag.
Great trade centre
In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the
world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, which thereupon started to attract
millions of visitors
annually. By the mid19th century, the city
on the Volga was
firmly established as
the trade capital of
the Russian Empire.
The world's first radio
receiver of engineer
Alexander Popov and
the world's first
hyperboloid tower
and lattice shellscoverings of engineer
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Minin Square
Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art
exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian
statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97.000
(rounded to the nearest thousand).
The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was
connected by the company´s own railway to
Moscow station in the upper part of Nizhny
Novgorod. The private Moscow — Kazan Railway
Company´s station served the lower part of the
town. Other industries gradually developed, and by
the dawn of the 20th century it was a first-rank
industrial hub as well. Henry Ford helped build a
large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, This building formerly housed the Great
Russian Fair
sending along engineers and mechanics, including
future labour leader Walter Reuther.
The Soviet Era
There were no bridges over the Volga or Oka before
the October Revolution in 1917. The first bridge over
the Volga was started by the Moscow-Kazan Railway
Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era
when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service
in 1927.
The famous writer Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny
Novgorod in 1868 as Alexei Maximovich Peshkov. In his
novels he realistically described the dismal life of the
Shukhov towers built in Nizhny
city proletariat. Even during his lifetime, the city was
Novgorod suburbs near Dzerzhinsk in
renamed Gorky following his return to the Soviet Union 1927–1929
in 1932 on invitation of Joseph Stalin. The city bore
Gorky's name until 1991. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known
as the Kashirin House (Russian: Домик Каширина), after Alexei's grandfather who
owned the place.
During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the
security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a
popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in
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tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even the street maps were
not available for sale until the mid-1970s. Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of
Hungary died here in 1971.
The physicist and the Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during
1980-1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners.
Economy
Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast ranks seventh in Russia in industrial output, while the
processing industry predominates in the local economy. More than 633 industrial
companies employ nearly 700 000 people, or 62% of the workforce involved in
material production. Industry generates 83% of the regional GDP and makes 89%
of all material expenditures. The leading sectors are engineering and
metalworking, followed by the chemical and petrochemical industries and the
forestry, woodworking, and paper industries. The first three sectors account for
about 75% of all industrial production.
Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast has traditionally been attractive to investors. In 2002,
Moody's rating agency confirmed a Caa1 rating based on the region's long-term
foreign currency liabilities.
The region maintains trade relations with many countries and has an export
surplus. The largest volume of exports goes to Ukraine, Belarus, Switzerland,
Kazakhstan, Belgium, and France. Imports come mainly from Ukraine, Germany,
Belarus, Kazakhstan, Austria, the Netherlands, China, and the United States.
The stock market infrastructure is quite well developed in Nizhniy Novgorod, and
the exchange business is expanding. Companies and organizations registered in
the region include 1153 joint-stock companies, 63 investment institutions, 34
commercial banks, 35 insurance companies, 1 voucher investment fund, 1
investment fund, 17 nongovernmental pension funds, 2 associations of
professional stock market dealers, and 3 exchanges (stock, currency, and
agricultural). Nizhny Novgorod Region is noted for having relatively highly
developed market relations.
Information technology
Nizhniy Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT Industry in Russia. It ranks among
the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers . In
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Nizhniy Novgorod there are number of offshore outsourcing software developers,
including Devetel Ltd., MERA Networks, RealEast Networks, and Teleca, that
specialize in delivering services to telecommunication vendors. Also Intel has
opened a software R&D center with more than 500 engineers in Nizhniy
Novgorod.
There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio
technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational
institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny
Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod Technical University, as well as
Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies (former MERA Networks
training center), that focuses on information technologies, software
development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks,
Internet technologies, and IT management.
Nizhniy Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IToriented technology park—a special zone that has an established infrastructure
and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.
Engineering industry
The engineering industry is the leading industry of Nizhniy Novgorod economy. It
is mainly oriented towards transportation, i.e., the auto industry, shipbuilding,
diesel engines, aircraft manufacture, and machine tools, with the auto industry
being the leading sector (50%). Largest plants are:
JSC "Gorky Automobile Plant" - personal cars, trucks, armored personnel carriers,
and other autos;
JSC "Krasnoye Sormovo" - river and sea ships, submarines;
JSC "Sokol" - airplanes, jets;
JSC "Nitel" - TV sets;
JSC "RUMO" - diesel generators;
JSC "Krasnyy yakor" - anchor chains;
JSC "ZeFS" - metal-cutting machines.
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Transportation
Gorkovskaya Railroad (Горьковская железная
дорога), which operates some 5,700 km of rail
lines throughout the Middle Volga region (of
which some 1,200 are in Nizhny Novgorod
Oblast), is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod.
Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny
Novgorod from Moscow. Since December
2002, a fast train transports passengers
Construction of metro bridge, April 2008
between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less
than five hours. One can continue from Nizhny
Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major
cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to
Beijing.
One of the three bridges spanning the Oka
Nizhny Novgorod Strigino Airport has direct
flights to major Russian cities, as well as to
Frankfurt (three flights a week by Lufthansa).
The air base Sormovo was an important military
airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an
interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War.
S7 Airlines goes to Moscow Domodedovo
airport daily.
Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. In
the summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint
Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a
small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils
resumed operations on the Volga river.
The city is served by Russian highway M-7
(Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan –
Riverside terminal
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Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network.
Public transport within the city is provided by a small subway system (Nizhny
Novgorod Metro), tramways, marshrutkas or minibuses, buses and trolleybuses.
Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.
Free shuttle buses run from several points in the city to the MEGA shopping
complex, which opened in October 2006 in Fedyakovo, a few kilometers to the
east of the Nizhny Novgorod city line.
City layout
Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River
into two distinct parts. The Upper City
(Russian: Нагорная часть, Nagornaya Chast) is
located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the
Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts
into which the city is administratively divided:
Nizhegorodsky (the historical and
administrative center of the city);
Prioksky;
Historic center of Nizhny Novgorod, including
Church of the Nativity and Kremlin walls on the hill
Sovetsky.
The Lower City (Russian: Заречная часть, Zarechnaya Chast) occupies the
low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:
Kanavinsky (the site of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair and the location of the main
train station);
Moskovsky (home of the Sokol Aircraft Plant and its airfield);
Sormovsky (where Krasnoye Sormovo and the Volga Shipyard are located);
Avtozavodsky (built around the GAZ automotive plants);
Leninsky.
All of the today's lower city was annexed to Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.
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The city has many industrial suburbs, such as Kstovo, Dzerzhinsk, and Bor. The
town of Semyonov, to the north of Nizhny Novgorod, is known as a craft center
for Khokhloma wood painting. Another suburb, Balakhna, is noted for its medieval
architecture.
Main sights
Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles.
The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500-11), with its
red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within
the kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624-31), first built in stone
in the 13th century.
Cultural features
There are more than six hundred
unique historic, architectural, and
cultural monuments in the city;
that gave grounds to UNESCO to
include Nizhny Novgorod in the list
of 100 cities of the world which
are of great historical and cultural
value.
Planetarium and circus
There are about two hundred
municipal and regional art and
cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are
eight theatres, five concert halls, ninety-seven libraries (with branches),
seventeen movie theaters (including five movie theaters for children), twenty-five
institutions of children optional education, eight museums (sixteen including
branches), and seven parks
Nizhny Novgorod art gallery
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The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and
museums of human history and culture.
Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000
exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor
Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak
Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections
of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of
the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like
works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder,
Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot
more.
Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection
Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia
Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.
Churches
Pechersky Ascension Monastery
New Fair Cathedral (Aleksandr
Nevsky Cathedral)
Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval
abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features
the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare
churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the
1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise
surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed
cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The
only private house preserved from that epoch formerly
belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.
There can be little doubt that the most original and
delightful churches in the city were built by the
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Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church
(1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of
Smolensk (1694-97) survives in the former village of Gordeevka (now, part of the
city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.
Other notable churches include:
the Saviour Cathedral, also known as the Old Fair
Cathedral, a huge domed edifice built at the site of the
great fair to an Empire style design by Agustín de
Betancourt and Auguste de Montferrand in 1822;
the so-called New Fair Cathedral, designed in the Russian
Revival style and constructed between 1856 and 1880 at
the confluence of the Oka and the Volga;
Saviour (Old Fair) Cathedral
the recently reconstructed church of the Nativity of John the Precursor (1676-83),
standing just below the Kremlin walls; it was used during the Soviet period as an
apartment house;
the parish churches of the Holy Wives (1649) and of Saint Elijah (1656);
the Assumption Church on St Elijah's Hill (1672), with five green-tiled domes
arranged unorthodoxly on the lofty cross-shaped barrel roof;
the shrine of the Old Believers at the Bugrovskoe cemetery, erected in the 1910s
to a critically acclaimed design by Vladimir Pokrovsky;
the wooden chapel of the Intercession (1660), transported to Nizhny Novgorod
from a rural area.
There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the
city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organised by
the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in
this city are Tatars.
The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881-83; disused
during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened ca. 1991.
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Other
A singular monument of industrial architecture is a 128-metre-high open-work
hyperboloid tower built on the bank of
the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a
powerline river crossing by the eminent
engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov
in 1929.
Volga riverside view
A staircase connecting the Kremlin with
the Volga river offers a panoramic view
of the surroundings. The staircase itself
was constructed in the late 1940s by
German prisoners of war forced to
labour around Gorky.
Sports
The city ice hockey team Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod play in the KHL. The city is
represented at football by FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod who play in the Russian First
Division. The other footbal team from Nizhny Novgrod, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny
Novgorod who had played in the Russian Premier League and Intertoto Cup
became defunct in 2006. The city field hockey team are HC Start. Their bandy
team Start plays in the highest division of the Russian Bandy League. In 2002 they
reached the final against Vodnik. Both matches were played in Arkhangelsk due to
warm weather. After that an artificial ice was built.
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