Preliminary results

Here are the results of img2twit using 140 characters, restricted to U+4e00..U+9fa5 (CJK Unified Ideographs). The 一一一一 characters at the end of some lines indicate wasted bits that the algorithm is unable to use efficiently yet.

Comparing to other algorithms

On the left, Mona Lisa scaled down and compressed to 536 bytes (4288 bits) using aggressive JPEG compression. On the right, Mona Lisa compressed by img2twit to 4287 bits.

Getting img2twit

You can use img2twit, modify it and redistribute it for any purpose, according to the terms of the ​WTFPL. Note however that it uses third-party libraries such CGAL (which has odd licensing terms) and Imlib2.

img2twit is currently research material and is not available in any released software yet. If you wish to try it, get the libpipi source code.

The number of available bits is computed from desired message length and usable charset

The source image is segmented into as many square cells as the available bits permit

A fixed number of points (currently 2) is affected to each cell, with initial coordinates and colour values

The following is repeated until a quality condition is met:

A point is chosen a random

An operation is performed at random on this point (moving it inside its cell, changing its colour)

If the resulting image (see the decoding process below) is closer to the source image, the operation is kept

The image size and list of points is encoded in UTF-8

And this is the decoding process:

The image size and points are read from the UTF-8 stream

For each pixel in the destination image:

The list of natural neigbours is computed

The pixel's final colour is set as a weighted average of its natural neighbours' colours

Bit allocation

UTF-8 is restricted to the formal Unicode definition by RFC 3629, meaning that once the 2¹¹ high and low surrogates and the 66 non-characters are removed from the U+0000..U+10FFFF range, the final size of the UTF-8 character set is 1111998. However, a lot of these characters are undefined, not yet allocated or are control characters. As of Unicode 5.1 there are only 100507 graphic characters.

The number of bits that can be expressed in a 140-character message using this charset is:

If we restrict ourselves to the 20902 characters available in the CJK Unified Ideographs block, the number of bits becomes:

And finally, using the 94 non-spacing, printable ASCII characters:

Optimised bitstream

There is a common misconception that values in an information stream should be bit-aligned. This is not the case at all in img2twit: the bitstream can store integer values with non-power of two bounds.

As an illustration, take the example of 16-bit colour coding. There are basically two widespread ways of storing RGB data into a 16-bit word: either using 5 bits per component and wasting the last bit, or using 6 bits for the G value, because the human eye is more sensible to variations of green. The RGB triplet is then computed as (((R) * 64 + G) * 32 + B), and eg. the green value is retrieved as (RGB / 32) % 64. Though 5-6-5 looks rather balanced, that's actually 32 values of red, 64 values of green and 32 values of blue: twice as many values of green... is this really required?

In this case, img2twit's approach would be to use 40 values for each component, where the RGB triplet is computed as (((R) * 40 + G) * 40 + B), and eg. the green value is retrieved as (RGB / 40) % 40. This makes the computations a lot slower (modulo 64 is just a bit shift, while modulo 40 requires dividing the whole bitstream by 40). However, it offers better packing and a lot more control over the data representation. For instance, I found that 2 bits (4 values) per colour component was not enough, but that 3 bits (8 values) was more than required. I went for 6 values (2.58 bits). (Sidenote: in fact, in order to cram even more information into the 16 bits, it would use 39/48/35 in this particular case.)

One drawback is that this makes the bitstream completely unable to recover from bit corruption. However, for such small streams I don't care at all.

Point selection

I use 16 values for the X and Y position of a point within a cell, and 6 values for each R, G and B component. This uses roughly 15.755 bits. There is a way to reduce this value down to 15.252 bits by accounting for the fact that two points within a cell are interchangeable, but I have not yet found an elegant way to remove the duplicate information without butchering a lot of code.

However, what the algorithm does is try to use any extra bits at the end by increasing the G component. If this succeeds, it tries to increase the B component, and so on. Using this technique, one can be sure that no more than 13 bits are wasted.

Algorithm seed

For the algorithm to converge quickly, the initial image needs to be as close as possible to an ideal solution. Of course the method works correctly with an initial random seed, but since the fitting is very slow, it can take 2 to 3 times as long to converge to the same solution.

My current approach is to look at the current cell's brightest and darkest pixels, and to set the two initial points at these locations. There is a lot to be improved in this domain.

Image rendering

The final image is simply an interpolation of the control points stored in the image. I use natural neighbour interpolation because it is reasonably fast (remember that the main algorithm loop computes the effects of modifying control points, and thus require at least a partial render).

The rendering method is responsible for both the artifacts (mainly the embossed dots) and the nice edges found in some parts of the resulting images.