^ abcLudwig, Richard M., and Clifford A. Nault, Jr., Annals of American Literature: 1602–1983, 1986, New York: Oxford University Press ("If the title page is one year later than the copyright date, we used the latter since publishers frequently postdate books published near the end of the calendar year." — from the Preface, p vi)

1.
1915 in poetry
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In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row, That mark our place, and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved, and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe, To you from failing hands we throwThe torch, be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. April 6 – Publication in London of the American Ezra Pounds poetry collection Cathay, for the most part of the Chinese of Rihaku, from the notes of the late Ernest Fenollosa, and the decipherings of the Professors Mori and Ariga, by Elkin Mathews. April 24 – Deportation of Armenian notables from Istanbul begins, among deported poets killed as part of the Armenian Genocide are Ardashes Harutiunian, Jacques Sayabalian, Ruben Sevak and Siamanto. May – Publication of the first modern book illustrated with wood engravings, july – Others, A Magazine of the New Verse is founded by Alfred Kreymborg, it will run until 1917, publishing poetry, other writing and visual art. August–December – Ezra Pound is completing the first sections of his poem The Cantos. See also Deaths in World War I in the Deaths section, below May 13 – While Julian Grenfell stands talking with other officers, a shell lands a few yards away and he is taken to a hospital in Boulogne, where he dies 13 days later. His poem Into Battle is published in The Times the day after his death and his younger brother Gerald William Grenfell is killed in action 2 months later September 11 – Publication of Lucy Whitmells poem Christ in Flanders in The Spectator. Elliott, ed. Lest We Forget, A War Anthology Poems of Today Ezra Pound, ed. D

2.
1908 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1908. March – Ezra Pound leaves America for Europe, in April, he moves to Venice, where in July he self-publishes his first collection of poems, A Lume Spento. In August he settles in London, where he will remain until 1920, june 18 – Mark Twain purchases a house in Redding, Connecticut. Summer – The Marlowe Society stages a production at the New Theatre, Cambridge, July – Katherine Mansfield moves to London, she will never return to her native New Zealand. September 30 – Maurice Maeterlincks The Blue Bird is premièred at Konstantin Stanislavskys Moscow Art Theatre, october 3 – The Avenida Theatre opens on Buenos Aires Avenida de Mayo with a production of Lope de Vegas El castigo sin venganza directed by María Guerrero. December – Ford Madox Hueffer begins publication of the literary magazine The English Review in London, yeats, produces its first publication, Poetry and Ireland, essays by W. B. Ethiopian linguist Afevork Ghevre Jesuss ልብ ፡ ወለድ ፡ ታሪክ ።, malay tale Hikayat Hang Tuah is first published, edited by Sulaiman bin Muhammed Nur and William Shellabear. Romanian writer Urmuz is known to be working on his manuscript stories, K. M. Forster – A Room with a View John Fox, Jr. Madero – La sucesión presidencial en 1910 Friedrich Nietzsche – Ecce homo, Wie man wird, was man ist Alfred R. M

3.
1906 in art
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September–October – First group exhibition by Die Brücke, in Dresden. Gwen John begins modelling for Auguste Rodin, paula Modersohn-Becker begins a series of nude portraits of herself and of other women and children in Paris. Juan Gris, Amedeo Modigliani and Gino Severini all arrive in Paris, walter Sickert paints music hall scenes in London and Paris. Ferdinand Preiss opens his workshop in Berlin

4.
1906 in architecture
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The year 1906 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction begins on New Great Mosque of Djenné in French Sudan, Church of St Mary the Virgin, Wellingborough, England, designed by Ninian Comper. Benito Juárez Hemicycle in Mexico City, Mexico, waiting room at Pennsylvania Station, designed by McKim, Mead, and White. Palace of Administration, Iași, Moldavia, designed by I. D. Berindei, hampstead Garden Suburb established in north London with Raymond Unwin as architect. January 1 - Mateer Memorial Church, Trivandrum, India, may 12 - Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires, designed by Vittorio Meano and completed by Julio Dormal. Larkin Administration Building for the Larkin Soap Company, Buffalo, New York, north Eastern Railway headquarters fices in York and London, designed by Horace Field. DeRhodes House, South Bend, Indiana, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, casa Batlló in Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudí. Weissenburger House, designed by Lucien Weissenburger for himself at 1, boulevard Charles V in Nancy, stollwerckhaus, Cologne, designed by Carl Moritz. National Theatre, Sofia, Bulgaria, designed by Fellner & Helmer, City Hall, Cardiff, Wales, designed by Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards. Rotunda of National Library of Finland in Helsinki, designed by Gustaf Nyström, royal Gold Medal - Lawrence Alma-Tadema. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Patrice Bonnet, john Galsworthys novel The Man of Property, first of The Forsyte Saga, with the background of the building of an English country house for Soames Forsyte by young architect Philip Bosinney

5.
Pablo Picasso
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Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, Picassos work is often categorized into periods. Much of Picassos work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style and his later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. His mother was of one quarter Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa, though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picassos family was of middle-class background and his father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts, Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were piz, piz, a shortening of lápiz, from the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was an academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork, the family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his sketch of a pigeon. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his sister, Conchita. After her death, the moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home, Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, the student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day. Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrids Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, at age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment

6.
Gertrude Stein
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Gertrude Stein was an American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector. Born in the Allegheny West neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and raised in Oakland, California, Stein moved to Paris in 1903, in 1933, Stein published a quasi-memoir of her Paris years, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, written in the voice of her partner, Alice B. Toklas, an American-born member of the Parisian avant-garde, the book became a literary bestseller and vaulted Stein from the relative obscurity of the cult-literature scene into the limelight of mainstream attention. Her books include Q. E. D. about a romantic affair involving several of Steins female friends, Fernhurst, a fictional story about a romantic affair, Three Lives. In Tender Buttons, Stein commented on lesbian sexuality and her activities during World War II have been the subject of analysis and commentary. After the war ended, Stein expressed admiration for another Nazi collaborator, some have argued that certain accounts of Steins wartime activities have amounted to a witch hunt. Stein, the youngest of a family of five children, was born on February 3,1874, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania to upper-middle-class Jewish parents, Daniel and her father was a wealthy businessman with real estate holdings. German and English were spoken in their home, when Stein was three years old, she and her family moved to Vienna, and then Paris. Accompanied by governesses and tutors, the Steins endeavored to imbue their children with the sensibilities of European history. Stein attended First Hebrew Congregation of Oaklands Sabbath school, during their residence in Oakland, they lived for four years on a ten-acre lot, and Stein built many memories of California there. She would often go on excursions with her brother, Leo, Stein found formal schooling in Oakland unstimulating, but she read often, Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Scott, Burns, Smollett, Fielding, and more. When Stein was 14 years old, her mother died, Three years later, her father died as well. Steins eldest brother, Michael Stein, then took over the family holdings and in 1892 arranged for Gertrude and another sister, Bertha. Here she lived with her uncle David Bachrach, who in 1877 had married Gertrudes maternal aunt, in Baltimore, Stein met Claribel and Etta Cone, who held Saturday evening salons that she would later emulate in Paris. The Cones shared an appreciation for art and conversation about it, Stein attended Radcliffe College, then an annex of Harvard University, from 1893 to 1897 and was a student of psychologist William James. In 1934, behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner interpreted Steins difficult poem Tender Buttons as an example of normal motor automatism. In a letter Stein wrote during the 1930s, she explained that she never accepted the theory of writing, here can be automatic movements

7.
Duncan Campbell Scott
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Duncan Campbell Scott was a Canadian bureaucrat, poet and prose writer. With Charles G. D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, and Archibald Lampman, Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario, the son of Rev. William Scott and Janet MacCallum. He was educated at Stanstead Wesleyan College, early in life, he became an accomplished pianist. Scott wanted to be a doctor, but family finances were precarious, as the story goes, William Scott might not have money he had connections in high places. Among his acquaintances was the minister, Sir John A. Macdonald. Making a quick decision while the serious young applicant waited in front of him, Macdonald wrote across the request and he remained in this post until his retirement in 1932. Scotts father also found work in Indian Affairs, and the entire family moved into a newly built house on 108 Lisgar St. where Duncan Campbell Scott would live for the rest of his life. In 1883 Scott met fellow civil servant, Archibald Lampman and it was the beginning of an instant friendship that would continue unbroken until Lampmans death sixteen years later. It was Scott who initiated wilderness camping trips, a recreation that became Lampmans favourite escape from daily drudgery, in turn, Lampmans dedication to the art of poetry would inspire Scotts first experiments in verse. By the late 1880s Scott was publishing poetry in the prestigious American magazine, in 1889 his poems At the Cedars and Ottawa were included in the pioneering anthology, Songs of the Great Dominion. Scott and Lampman shared a love of poetry and the Canadian wilderness, during the 1890s the two made a number of canoe trips together in the area north of Ottawa. In 1892 and 1893, Scott, Lampman, and William Wilfred Campbell wrote a column, At the Mermaid Inn. Came up with the title for it, in 1893 Scott published his first book of poetry, The Magic House and Other Poems. In 1894, Scott married Belle Botsford, a concert violinist and they had one child, Elizabeth, who died at 12. Before she was born, Scott asked his mother and sisters to leave his home, in 1896 Scott published his first collection of stories, In the Village of Viger, a collection of delicate sketches of French Canadian life. Two later collections, The Witching of Elspie and The Circle of Affection, Scott also wrote a novel, although it was not published until after his death. After Lampman died in 1899, Scott helped publish a number of editions of Lampmans poetry, Scott was a prime mover in the establishment of the Ottawa Little Theatre and the Dominion Drama Festival. In 1923 the Little Theatre performed his play, Pierre

8.
English poetry
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This article focuses on poetry written in English from the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The article does not include poetry from other countries where the English language is spoken, the earliest surviving English poetry, written in Anglo-Saxon, the direct predecessor of modern English, may have been composed as early as the 7th century. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry and it is possible to identify certain key moments, however. The Dream of the Rood was written before circa AD700, by and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth, beowulf is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as Waldere and the Finnesburg Fragment show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from works to biblical paraphrase, elegies such as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Ruin, and numerous proverbs, riddles. With one notable exception, Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliterative verse for its structure, with the Norman conquest of England, beginning in 1111 the Anglo-Saxon language rapidly diminished as a written literary language. The new aristocracy spoke predominantly Norman, and this became the language of courts, parliament. While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out, other transitional works were preserved as popular entertainment, including a variety of romances and lyrics. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in Parliament, the reputation of Chaucers successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though Lydgate and Skelton are widely studied. A group of Scottish writers arose who were believed to be influenced by Chaucer. The rise of Scottish poetry began with the writing of The Kingis Quair by James I of Scotland, the main poets of this Scottish group were Robert Henryson, William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas. The Renaissance was slow in coming to England, with the generally accepted start date being around 1509 and it is also generally accepted that the English Renaissance extended until the Restoration in 1660. However, a number of factors had prepared the way for the introduction of the new learning long before this start date. A number of medieval poets had, as noted, shown an interest in the ideas of Aristotle. The introduction of printing by Caxton in 1474 provided the means for the more rapid dissemination of new or recently rediscovered writers and thinkers. Caxton also printed the works of Chaucer and Gower and these books helped establish the idea of a poetic tradition that was linked to its European counterparts. In addition, the writings of English humanists like Thomas More and Thomas Elyot helped bring the ideas, the establishment of the Church of England in 1535 accelerated the process of questioning the Catholic world-view that had previously dominated intellectual and artistic life

9.
George William Russell
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George William Russell who wrote with the pseudonym Æ, was an Irish writer, editor, critic, poet, artistic painter and Irish nationalist. He was also a writer on mysticism, and a figure in the group of devotees of theosophy which met in Dublin for many years. Russell was born in Lurgan, County Armagh, second son of Thomas Russell and his father, the son of a small farmer, became an employee of Thomas Bell and Co, a prosperous firm of linen drapers. The family relocated to Dublin, where his father had a new offer of employment, the death of his much loved sister Mary, aged 18, was a blow from which it took him a long time to recover. He was educated at Rathmines School and the Metropolitan School of Art, in the 1880s, Russell lived at the Theosophical Society lodge at 3, Upper Ely Place, sharing rooms with H. M. Magee, the brother of William Kirkpatrick Magee. Russell started working as a clerk, then for many years worked for the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society. In 1897 Plunkett needed an able organiser and W. B, Yeats suggested Russell, who became Assistant Secretary of the IAOS. In 1898 he married Violet North, they had two surviving sons, Brian and Diarmuid, as well as a son who died soon after birth. While his marriage was rumoured to be unhappy, all his friends agreed that Violets death in 1932 was a blow to Russell. Russell and Plunkett made a team, with each gaining much from the association with the other. As an officer of the IAOS he could not express opinions freely. During the 1913 Dublin Lock-out he wrote an letter to the Irish Times criticizing the attitude of the employers, then spoke on it in England. He became involved in the anti-partition Irish Dominion League when Plunkett founded the body in 1919, Russell was editor from 1905 to 1923 of the Irish Homestead, the journal of the IAOS. His gifts as a writer and publicist gained him an influence in the cause of agricultural co-operation. He then became editor of the The Irish Statesman, the paper of the Irish Dominion League, unbeknownst to him meetings and collections were organized and later that year at Plunkett House he was presented by Father T. Finlay with a cheque for £800. This enabled him to visit the United States the next year and he used the pseudonym AE, or more properly, Æ. This derived from an earlier Æon signifying the lifelong quest of man and he appears as a character with Lizzie Twigg in the Scylla and Charybdis episode of Joyces Ulysses, where he dismisses Stephens theories on Shakespeare. His collected poems was published in 1913, with an edition in 1926

10.
John Davidson (poet)
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John Davidson was a Scottish poet, playwright and novelist, best known for his ballads. He also did translations from French and German, in 1909, financial difficulties, as well as physical and mental health problems, led to his suicide. He was born at Barrhead, East Renfrewshire as the son of Alexander Davidson, in these employments he developed an interest in science which became an important characteristic of his poetry. During the next six years he held positions in the schools, Perth Academy, Kelvinside Academy, Glasgow. He varied his career by spending a year as clerk in a Glasgow thread firm, and subsequently taught in Morrisons Academy, Crieff, having taken to literature, he went in 1889 to London where he frequented Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese and joined the Rhymers Club. Davidsons first published work was Bruce, a play in the Elizabethan manner. Four other plays, Smith, a Tragic Farce, An Unhistorical Pastoral, Aromantic Farce, besides writing for the Speaker, the Glasgow Herald, and other papers, he produced several novels and tales, of which the best was Perfervid. But these prose works were written for a livelihood, in a Music Hall and other Poems suggested what Fleet Street Eclogues proved, that Davidson possessed a genuine and distinctive poetic gift. Yeats had words of praise for In a Music Hall and he called it, An example of a new writer seeking out new subject matter, new emotions. Yeats wrote of his dispute with Davidson in Autobiographies. The second collection established his reputation among the discerning few and his early plays were republished in one volume in 1894, and henceforward he turned his attention more and more completely to verse. A volume of vigorous Ballads and Songs, his most popular work, was followed in turn by a series of Fleet Street Eclogues and by New Ballads. For a time he abandoned lyric for the drama, writing several original plays, finally Davidson engaged on a series of Testaments, in which he gave definite expression to his philosophy. These volumes were entitled The Testament of a Vivisector, The Testament of a Man Forbid, The Testament of an Empire Builder, though he disclaimed the title of philosopher, he expounded an original philosophy which was at once materialistic and aristocratic. The cosmic process, as interpreted by evolution, was for him a source of inspiration. The corollary was that man was to be himself to the utmost of his power. Davidson professed to reject all existing philosophies, including that of Nietzsche, as inadequate, the poet planned ultimately to embody his revolutionary creed in a trilogy entitled God and Mammon. Only two plays, however, were written, The Triumph of Mammon and Mammon and his Message, in 1885 Davidson married Margaret, daughter of John McArthur of Perth

11.
Thomas Hardy
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Thomas Hardy, OM was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, especially William Wordsworth. He was highly critical of much in Victorian society, especially on the status of rural people in Britain. While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life and regarded himself primarily as a poet, initially, therefore, he gained fame as the author of such novels as Far from the Madding Crowd, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the dUrbervilles, and Jude the Obscure. During his lifetime, Hardys poetry was acclaimed by poets who viewed him as a mentor. After his death his poems were lauded by Ezra Pound, W. H. Auden, Two of his novels, Tess of the dUrbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, were listed in the top 50 on the BBCs survey The Big Read. Jemima was well-read, and she educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at the age of eight, for several years he attended Mr. Lasts Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester, where he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential. Because Hardys family lacked the means for a university education, his formal education ended at the age of sixteen, when he apprenticed to James Hicks. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862 and he won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfields practice as assistant architect in April 1862 and worked with Blomfield on All Saints parish church in Windsor, a reredos, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints in August 2016. Hardy never felt at home in London, because he was conscious of class divisions. During this time he became interested in reform and the works of John Stuart Mill. He was also introduced by his Dorset friend Horace Moule to the works of Charles Fourier, after five years, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset, settling in Weymouth, and decided to dedicate himself to writing. In 1870, while on a mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall, Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Gifford. In 1885 Thomas and his wife moved into Max Gate, a designed by Hardy. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior, however, he remained preoccupied with his first wifes death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry. In 1910, Hardy had been awarded the Order of Merit and was also for the first time nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature and he would be nominated for the prize eleven years later. His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the grave as his first wife

12.
Douglas Hyde
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Douglas Ross Hyde, known as An Craoibhín Aoibhinn, was an Irish academic, linguist, and scholar of the Irish language who served as the First President of Ireland from 1938-45. He was a figure in the Gaelic revival, and first president of the Gaelic League. Hyde was born at Longford House in Castlerea, County Roscommon, while his mother, Arthur Hyde and Elizabeth Oldfield married in County Roscommon in 1852 and had three other children, Arthur, John Oldfield, and Hugh Hyde. In 1867, his father was appointed prebendary and rector of Tibohine, and he was home schooled by his father and his aunt due to a childhood illness. While a young man, he became fascinated with hearing the old people in the locality speak the Irish language and he was influenced in particular by the gamekeeper Seamus Hart and the wife of his friend, Mrs. Connolly. He was crushed when Hart died and his interest in the Irish language, rejecting family pressure that, like past generations of Hydes, he would follow a career in the Church, Hyde instead became an academic. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he became fluent in French, Latin, German, Greek, a medallist of the College Historical Society, he was elected its Auditor in 1931. His passion for Irish, already a language in severe decline, led him to found the Gaelic League, or in Irish. Hyde married Lucy Kurtz, a German, in 1893 and had two daughters, Nuala and Úna, initially derided, the Irish language movement gained a mass following. In 1893 he helped found the Conradh na Gaeilge to encourage the preservation of Irish culture, music, dance, a new generation of Irish republicans became politicised through their involvement in Conradh na Gaeilge. Hyde filled out the 1911 census form in Irish, uncomfortable at the growing politicisation of the movement, Hyde resigned the presidency in 1915 and was succeeded by the Leagues co-founder, Eoin MacNeill. Hyde had no association with Sinn Féin and the Independence movement and he was elected to Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Irish Free States Oireachtas, at a by-election on 4 February 1925, replacing Sir Hutcheson Poë. In the 1925 Seanad election, Hyde finished 28th of the 78 candidates, the Catholic Truth Society opposed him for his Protestantism and popularized his supposed support for divorce. Historians have suggested that the CTS campaign was ineffective, and that Irish-language advocates performed poorly and he returned to academia, as Professor of Irish at University College Dublin, where one of his students was future Attorney General and President of Ireland Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh. In April 1938, by now retired from academia, was plucked from retirement by Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, again his tenure proved short, even shorter than before. But this time it was because, on the suggestion of Fine Gael, Hyde was chosen after inter-party negotiations as the first President of Ireland, to which he was elected unopposed. He was selected for a number of reasons, Both the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, Both wanted to choose a non-Catholic to disprove the assertion that the State was a confessional state. Hyde was inaugurated as the first President of Ireland on 26 June 1938, Hyde set a precedent by reciting the Presidential Declaration of Office in Irish