Saturday, January 09, 2010

The Clueless Duo and early corpse incineration in Treblinka and Belzec

Author: Sergey Romanov

In a posting at the aptly named "Inconvenient History" blog (history is indeed inconvenient - for those who deny it) Thomas Kues (aka Laurentz Dahl at CODOH forum) reviews two accounts of Treblinka survivors Israel Cymlich and Oskar Strawczynski. Notably, he can't find any serious problems with their testimonies except several insignificant details, so Roberto Muehlenkamp's observations in regard to Strawczynski's testimony still stand.
But in his review this new "revisionist" star inadvertently exposes his own superficiality. For example, he complains about Cymlich's second-hand description of a sliding floor in gas chambers and muses:

But if there were inmates in the labor camp who themselves had participated in the construction of the “gas chambers,” how come that such ridiculous notions, completely contradicting the established “truth”, were spread among them?

This is, of course, the intentional muddying of the waters: there were inmates who took part in construction of gas chambers, but most inmates did not take part in the construction, so of course there were miscellaneous rumors, both correct and wrong. And Kues' comments about the vacuum chambers (to which nobody claimed to have been a direct eyewitness anyway) hardly merit response, which is also true for most of his non-essential comments. I will only note that Kues' reading of Carlo Mattogno and Juergen Graf was not very attentive. He writes:

There are three further oddities to be found in gas chamber description: [...] 3) the claim that the progress of the gassing was checked through small windows in the ceilings of the chambers. This claim is found in Sobibor testimony (Novitch, p. 56, 147), but as for Treblinka, historiography has it that the observation windows were placed in the entrance doors to the chambers (cf. Arad, p. 120).

And here's a quote from Mattogno and Graf's book Treblinka. Extermination Camp or Transit Camp?, p.119:

The witnesses are also not in agreement about the location of the small observation windows in the gas chambers. In the front-line report of TASS of September 11, 1944, it says:

“The people in the ‘bath’ died under horrible tortures after ten minutes. The ‘bath-master’ recorded this by means of a small glass window in the door.”

On the other had, the Polish-Soviet protocol of September 15, 1944, asserted:

“On the roof of this – hermetically sealable – building was a small window, through which the death struggle of the dying could be observed.”

E. Rosenberg also claims that this little window was located on the roof of the gas chambers.

And later on p.136:

In 1947, Elias Rosenberg stated for the record:

“A small window, sealed air-tight, was fitted to the ceiling, which could not be opened and through which the man who regulated the gas supply was able to observe.”

Though Rosenberg assumption that these "windows" could not be opened was wrong, still, his testimony confirms their existence. These openings were not, strictly speaking, for observation, although several witnesses assumed that they had such a function, and, for all we know, they might have been used for observation from time to time. The main function of these openings was explained by witness Abraham Goldfarb on 21.09.1944 (GARF f.7445, op.2, d.134, ll.33-33ob):

For removal of the gas from the chamber there was a separate opening in the roof.

The opening is also mentioned by Yankel Wiernik, who is quoted by Mattogno and Graf on p.70:

And there we were, passing through the Treblinka railroad station, through the woods, until, all of a sudden, we beheld a sight straight out of Dante’s Inferno. At first, I wasn’t sure whether it was real or a mirage: a huge mountain of clothes, naked people running all around it, throwing more clothes higher and higher, black smoke billowing from huge pits. (…) We barely had the time to make out a number of barracks, machine-guns mounted on the roofs, firing frequently. Then we saw only a fence of young pine trees, and smelled the terrible odor of burning human bodies.

Kues comments:

No other eyewitness claims that bodies were burned at Treblinka II as early as August 1942. Abraham Kszepicki, who was deported to Treblinka II on August 25 and managed to escape 18 days later, speaks of mass burials but mention nothing of cremations (cf. Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka… p. 85). The witness Glazar claims that the burning of bodies began in November (R. Glazar, Trap with a green fence, p. 29), whereas Chil Rajchman dates the same event to December (C. Rajchman, Ich bin der letzte Jude, p. 113). Historians generally claim that cremations began in March 1943 (cf. Arad, p. 173).

OK, if we go to the full account by Krzepicki (Abraham Krzepicki, "Eighteen Days in Treblinka", as published in A.Donat, Death camp Treblinka, 1979), what do we see? Page 92:

It was our third day in Treblinka. [...]

After roll call, we were taken out to work in the big field with the mass graves, where I had worked on the first day. This time I had to carry the bodies out to the main ditches near the fence. [...]

These ditches were 60 or 70 meters long. They were also very deep, but I could not tell how deep they were be cause the ditches to which we had been assigned were already filled with many layers of corpses. The one thing I found surprising was that, deep though these ditches were, no water got to the corpses. The graves remained open through the night and the next day more bodies were piled into them. While I was in Treblinka, only the small ditch to the left, where I had worked on the first day, was closed.

By the time we came out there in the morning, the excavator was already in operation, and digging out new giant graves. A few days later, the excavation was stopped and a new system was instituted. They started burning the dead in the graves and we used to dump into the graves old clothes, valises, and trash which we had picked up in the yard. These articles were set on fire and kept on burning day and night, filling the camp with billows of smoke and the odor of burning flesh...

There you go - Krzepicki describes the burning of corpses and yet Kues denies that Krzepicki describes the burning of corpses. Krzepicki describes this for August, yet Kues says that "no other eyewitness [except Cymlich ~SR] claims that bodies were burned at Treblinka II as early as August 1942". How low can one go?

Let's take a look at a similar testimony, that of Eddie Weinstein, published in English in 2002 by Yad Vashem as 17 days in Treblinka. Daring to resist and refusing to die. Weinstein arrived in Treblinka at around August 22, 1942 and escaped 17 days later, i.e. he was in Treblinka at about the same time Krzepicki was there, and thus with some probability we could expect similar descriptions (with obvious allowances for distortions due to old age, etc.). Indeed, here is what Weinstein writes:

We all believed that the soldiers were going to shoot us the minute they opened the doors of the cattle cars. Several minutes later, when the doors were opened, we were struck by the sickening stench of burning flesh.

[...]

Three hundred yards to our right, just inside the fence, there were three deep pits where they burned the corpses.

[...]

The newcomers really believed that the ailing woman would be taken to an infirmary. None of them realized that the "field hospital" was in fact just a giant pit, about thirty yards in diameter, which was always ablaze. They would place those who were sick or disabled on the ground at the edge of the pit, facing in. The SS man in charge circulated among them and shot them in the back of the neck; then the workers cast them into the pit. Some of the victims were still breathing when they were tossed in with the other bodies.

The pit was separated from the spacious field by a barrier of fresh pine branches, which were replaced from time to time to conceal the "infirmary" from the newcomers until the last moment. Twenty minutes after I helped the woman climb out of the railroad car I was told that some infants were sitting by the pit, and no one else was there because the SS soldier had taken his lunch break. I gathered some trash and went over there. I saw the woman whom I had removed from the car, still breathing, sitting at the edge of the pit and staring in fright into the burning inferno and its contents: the half-cremated bodies of old people and children, mixed with smoldering trash. She tried to stand up, but her legs would not hold her. She looked at the workers who stirred the embers - remnants of human beings - so they would burn better. Nearby were about a dozen infants, too young to have learned how to walk. They were not crying - they certainly did not understand what was happening. They looked about, almost certainly in hopes of finding their mother or father. Later I heard that right after he returned from his lunch break the SS man shot them all and ordered the workers to throw the tiny bodies into the flames. Of all my memories of that accursed place, the vision of these babies is undoubtedly the worst. I see their faces whenever I remember Treblinka. As I write these lines, more than fifty years after that day, I still cannot overcome the horror.

One may doubt the historical usefulness of such a late account if one wishes to, but one cannot brazenly state that "no other eyewitness claims that bodies were burned at Treblinka II as early as August 1942".

Though there is an apparent contradiction between the account by Krzepicki and accounts by Cymlich and Weinstein in that according to Krzepicki the burnings started some time after August 25, while for Cymlich and Weinstein they were in place by August 20 and 22, this can be easily explained.

First of all, what would be the purpose of these burnings? Both Krzepicki and Weinstein describe incineration in pits, which is not a plausible incineration system unless the corpses are arranged in pyres (with channels for air supply underneath them), and are interspersed with fuel, and witnesses don't give a hint of any such arrangement. While this alone does not preclude Auschwitz-like cremations in pits, the better explanation is as follows.

The descriptions of August 1942 Treblinka witnesses are very similar to several descriptions of August 1942 Belzec witness, Dr. Pfannenstiel. Quoting from Carlo Mattogno's book Belzec in Propaganda, Testimonies, Archeological Research, and History [large PDF], p. 61):

All this is easy to understand, but Pfannenstiel makes another rather more enigmatic statement:185

“Through these [doors] Jewish detainees took out the corpses and threw them into large pits. The corpses were burned in these pits. […] From my point of view, the incineration of the corpses at the time was still quite imperfect.”

In the interrogation of April 25, 1960,186 Pfannenstiel again sets forth his ‘observations,’ this time in greater detail:187

“From the inspection site the corpses were taken directly to deep mass graves that had been dug in the vicinity of the extermination installation. When the pits were rather full, the corpses were doused with gasoline – it may have been some other flammable liquid – and were then lit. I could only determine that the corpses burned just partly. Then another layer of earth was thrown over the corpses and then fresh corpses were placed into the same pit.”

This ‘observation’ by Pfannenstiel was in contradiction both with his own statements,188 with the Gerstein report, and with official historiography (G. Reitlinger), and Pfannenstiel realized it full well. This could only be intentional. Why should Pfannenstiel want to deny this tenet of the Holocaust dogma?

185 Interrogation of W. Pfannenstiel on November 9, 1959. ZStL, Z 252/59, vol. I, pp. 139f.186 Interrogation of W. Pfannenstiel on April 25, 1960. ZStL, Z 252/59, vol. I, pp. 583-588.187 Ibidem, pp. 587f.188 As we have seen above, in the interrogation on June 6, 1950, he had only said that the
corpses had simply been “in einer Grube aufgeschichtet” (piled up in a pit), but not burnt.

Of course, contra Mattogno, there is no contradiction between Pfannenstiel's testimonies on this issue, since piling up the corpses in a pit does not contradict burning this same pile (i.e., an incomplete description does not necessarily contradict a more complete description). As for Mattogno's simplistic conclusion, he totally ignored Pfannenstiel's account as privately given to Holocaust denier Rassinier (i.e. not even a hint of coercion can be reasonably proposed in this instance), and presented by the latter in one of his books (The Drama of European Jews, ch. 13):

Then, they were herded into the building where the gassing was to take place. Haphazardly they were divided up among the six rooms -- 40 to 50 per room, my visitor repeated. The doors were closed, and the lights were put out. At this moment, the only things to be heard were the prayers of these unfortunates, and the cries of fright from the women and the children. The engine was started and, a quarter of an hour later, the bodies were removed by the Totenkommando, which was composed of Jewish prisoners. The corpses were carried to a waiting grave.

"But that grave," I [Rassinier ~SR] interrupted, "they must have seen it, since, really, for 250 to 300 people it must have been quite sizeable." My visitor replied, "No. It had been dug some distance behind the gassing house, and they could not see it. The bodies were taken out through side doors in each room, directly to the outside, sort of garage doors. The dimensions of the grave? I have an idea that it must have been about 20 meters long, 5 wide, and barely 2 deep..."

And, he explained the dangers of that kind of burial. Wirth had told him that into that huge grave lots of gasoline had been poured over the heap of corpses. But, the attempt to cremate the corpses in that manner had been only partially successful. Earth was thrown on top of the corpses, but after two or three days this earth raised up from the pressure of gas rising from below. And, it infected the air. Also, the rotting flesh attracted the clouds of those flies which one saw everywhere. Deciding that he now had seen enough, my visitor left the camp without delay and returned to Lublin.

6.20 pm. We passed camp Belzec. Before then, we travelled for some time through a tall pine forest. When the woman called, "Now it comes!" one could see a high hedge of fir trees. A strong sweetish odour could be made out distinctly. "But they are stinking already", says the woman. "Oh nonsense, it is only the gas", the railway policeman said laughing. Meanwhile - we had gone on about 200 metres - the sweetish odour was transformed into a strong smell of something burning. "That is from the crematory", says the policeman.

Thus, in August 1942 we see corpses being burned in pits both in Treblinka and in Belzec. Yet Pfannenstiel claims that "the incineration of the corpses at the time was still quite imperfect", "the corpses burned just partly" and "the attempt to cremate the corpses in that manner had been only partially successful". This, of course, exactly what one would expect from igniting the corpses simply thrown into a pit - it is impossible to reach the complete incineration. So what, then, was the purpose of these incineration attempts?

The clue can be found in the description of body disposal attempts in 1871 by pharmacist Creteur at the Sedan battlefield as described by H. Froelich ("Zur Gesundheitspflege auf den Schlachtfeldern", in Deutsche Militaeraerztliche Zeitschrift, 1872, S. 39ff.; I thank Roberto Muehlenkamp for the translation):

Pharmacist Creteur doggedly continued burning, apparently avoiding Dr. Lante's influence and according to the following method: the main substance in the burning procedure was the liquid, easily ignited and cheap tar, which Creteur first used on 10 March in the village of Lamécourt near Sedan. Creteur described the procedure as follows: "I had the grave's soil cover removed up to the stinking black soil layer that was in contact with the corpses, moistened this layer with phenol water and then had the corpses laid bare. The uncovered corpses I poured chlorinated lime on and let tar flow onto them in such a way that it infiltrated all corpse layers. Then I ignited the tar with the help of straw doused in petroleum. The fire soon reached the clothes and the flesh parts, and the heat became so strong that one could get no closer than 4 to 5 meters. The heat generated was so strong that for the fullest graves only 55-60 minutes were required and the excavated soil was completely dried out and freed of its corpse smell. The smoke drifting away in enormous columns destroyed the insects swarming around the graves; this was especially done by the added phenol acid. When the tar got in contact with the chlorinated lime there was a double decomposition, as the chlorine, freed by the tar's organic acid, spread upon the grave's surface. Then there was a struggle between the chlorine and the stinking gasses, and the gruesome chlorine vapor was soon followed by thick white smoke, which I consider to have been hydrochloric ammoniac.

After the burning the contents had been reduced to almost 3/4, the remainder was bones covered by a dry mass similar to tar used on ships, which protected against external influences. In the grave itself not the slightest corpse smell remained.

The amount of tar was commensurate to the number of corpses to be burned. For a grave containing 250 to 300 people I needed 5 to 6 tons, for 30-40 corpses only 2 tons. The bones I covered with quicklime and then made a grave mound, which I had hemp or oats planted on. The area of the graves was reduced, sometimes in the relation 12:13, so that there was a considerable gain of real estate. The expense according to this method was only 15 centimes per corpse.

Froelich concluded:

It cannot be claimed with the certainty that the chemist Creteur claims to have proven that the results of the so-called burning procedure were satisfactory. The result of the procedure was by no means combustion in the chemical sense, but merely carbonization, but even that, which would in principle have been sufficient for disease prevention, was not achieved as thoroughly as would have been required to render the corpses harmless. This because the tar's hydrogen carbons had to be burned before the corpse parts could be ignited. Thus the air's oxygen was spent to such an extent that only a small remainder was left for carbonization, which furthermore could only have a direct carbonizing effect where the corpse parts had already lost much of their water content. Therefore only the surface parts of the corpses were carbonized, but the corpse mass deeper inside, which was not reached by oxygen (especially in mass graves) took little or no part in the process, and the flesh of the lower parts was at best roasted by the heat. Furthermore the tar caused a thick crust of asphalt to form around the corpses, which kept the heat from penetrating deep into the fleshy parts, but which also - and this can be considered the most notable advantage of Creteur's procedure - hindered the spread of decomposition gasses.

Thus the main purpose of such a burning procedure is hygienic - the carbonization of the upper layer of corpses. Slight decrease in the volume of the corpses is an added benefit.

It seems, therefore, that the "incinerations" in August 1942 in Treblinka and Belzec were hygienic in nature - these were attempts (not always successful, as follows from one of Pfannenstiel's descriptions) to forestall the effects of decomposition of a huge amount of corpses accumulating in the camps.

Such attempts should have been regular to have any effect - at least during the warm season. Thus when Krzepicki says that a "new system" of corpse incineration was instituted several days after his arrival on August 25, he is most probably misinterpreting the "scheduled" hygienic cremation as a "new system". Thus these hygienic incinerations probably were used before Krzepicki's arrival.

All in all, the testimonies about the earliest incineration attempts in Treblinka and Belzec are plausible and do not contradict anything.

The said incinerations might as well have continued into October, so Kues' comment that "similar to Cymlich, the beginning of cremations at the camp is dated much earlier [by Strawczynski ~SR] than by the official version (our witness speaks on p. 130 of feeling the “smell of charred flesh” as he arrives in early October)" is also foolish, especially as he repeats Mattogno's mindless mantra about some "official version". Moreover, Kues again ignores the source quoted by Mattogno and Graf on p.141, namely, the statement of Samuel Rajzman on 26.09.1944:

At my arrival in the camp, the bodies were being burned in primitive furnaces, the pyres blazed day and night. Clouds of smoke covered the sky over the camp to the point that we entered into a constant zone of darkness.

Rajzman arrived in September of 1942. His mention of pyres (aka "furnaces") is probably anachronistic, since the corpses were likely only burned in pits for hygienic purposes in early autumn of 1942; but he simply telescoped later experience onto an earlier period, this is not significant. Kues' excuse probably will be as follows: Rajzman's description is not a part of the "official version". Of course, since there is no such thing as "official version", this nebulous concept can hardly be defined.

It is correct that the dates given for the start of true mass incinerations do differ in various testimonies (not counting the ones discussed above). Thus, Richard Glazar, as Kues points out, tells of the start of mass incinerations in November. So does Mendel Korytnicki (23.09.1944, GARF f.7445, op.2, d.134, l.57ob.; note that Korytnicki's language probably implies earlier incineration attempts):

Incineration of corpses acquired a massive character in November of 1942. I saw how special excavators were digging up previously piled corpses, I also saw the so-called furnaces, in which the burning was performed.

Yet other witnesses say that the incinerations started in late February or March 1943. One way to resolve this apparent contradiction is the following hypothesis: in the spring of 1943 the truly massive and total incineration began, both of the newly arrived Jews and of the exhumed corpses, with the aim of maximum destruction of all corpses, and it was optimized by Herbert Floss. On the other hand, November 1942 (or beginning of December) was the start of a smaller (relative to 1943) mass-incineration of at least part of newly arrived victims and probably small-scale attempts at exhumation, possibly due to the Nazis running out of grave volume (cf. an observation reported by Glazar: "There’s not enough room to bury them"). It is possible that this initial attempt was not continuous (e.g. due to frost, inefficiency or other reasons). The later optimized, total, systematic incineration starting in the spring of 1943 would overshadow the earlier attempt for many witnesses, thus for them the spring of 1943 would be the start, while some more precise witnesses would give the earlier date. Certainly this is a murky area, especially as we're trying to date events from witnesses' testimonies, but as far as hypotheses go, this one doesn't seem unreasonable.

Whatever the case may be, Kues' and Mattogno's rather pathetic attempts at analysis cannot cover up their utter inability to explain the whereabouts of about 780,000 Jews that allegedly went through the Treblinka "transit camp" and about 430,000 Jews that allegedly went through the Belzec "transit camp". If such huge amounts of Jews were really resettled anywhere beyond these camps, there would be no need for lame "revisionist" screeds. There would be untold thousands of documents and witnesses concerning the post-transit part of such a resettlement, thousands of the resettled Jews themselves would still be alive today and millions of ancestors of these resettled Jews would testify about their parents', grandparents' and great-grandparents' fates.