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This study implicated cousin marriage as responsible for idiocy.Within the next two decades, numerous reports (e.g., one from the Kentucky Deaf and Dumb Asylum) appeared with similar conclusions: that cousin marriage sometimes resulted in deafness, blindness, and idiocy.Children of more distantly related cousins have less risk of genetic disorders.In fact, a study of Icelandic records indicated that marriages between third or fourth cousins (people with common great-great- or great-great-great-grandparents) may produce the most children and grandchildren.The 19th-century academic debate on cousin marriage developed differently in Europe and America.The writings of Scottish deputy commissioner for lunacy Arthur Mitchell claiming that cousin marriage had injurious effects on offspring were largely contradicted by researchers such as Alan Huth and George Darwin.In the past, cousin marriage was practised within indigenous cultures in Australia, North America, South America, and Polynesia.Various religions have ranged from prohibiting sixth cousins or closer from marrying, to freely allowing first-cousin marriage.

Though contemporaneous, the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans.Writers such as Noah Webster (1758–1843) and ministers like Philip Milledoler (1775–1852) and Joshua Mc Ilvaine helped lay the groundwork for such viewpoints well before 1860.This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions, like those between a man and his deceased wife's sister, to consanguineous unions.Cousin marriage has often been chosen to keep cultural values intact, preserve family wealth, maintain geographic proximity, keep tradition, strengthen family ties, and maintain family structure or a closer relationship between the wife and her in-laws.Many such marriages are arranged (see also pages on arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent, arranged marriages in Pakistan, and arranged marriages in Japan).Professors Brent Shaw and Richard Saller, however, counter in their more comprehensive treatment that cousin marriages were never habitual or preferred in the western empire: for example, in one set of six stemmata (genealogies) of Roman aristocrats in the two centuries after Octavian, out of 33 marriages, none was between first or second cousins.