Sydney's (and Australia's) first tram was a horse-drawn affair in
Pitt St, running from the Railway station to Circular Quay in 1861.
From the
beginning, the design was compromised by the desire to haul railway
freight wagons along the line to supply city businesses, in addition to
the passenger traffic, which resulted in a track which protruded from the road
surface. If the very existence of a tramway wasn't enough to upset
operators of competing transport, a tramway whose rails destroyed their
wheels when they tried to cross it was too much. Hard campaigning led
to the closure of the line in 1866.

Steam tramways

It was not to be until 1879 that a steam tramway was established. It
was a great success, and the steam system spread rapidly. The trams
comprised a little Baldwin locomotive hauling one or more (typically two)
carriages - more like miniature trains. Thus the Sydney trams were higher
capacity but lower in frequency than, for example, the Melbourne cable trams.
A preserved Baldwin steam tram motor can be found today at the
Powerhouse Museum, another is with the
Steam Tram and Railway Preservation Society
(formerly in Parramatta Park), and a third is in New Zealand.
These
pictures, which are at
at a site provided by the University of Newcastle library
are of trams on the Newcastle system, which shared much Sydney rolling stock.

The Sydney terrain is steep and much interrupted by pieces of harbour,
which, although beautiful, does present obstacles to a tram system.
In fact, the system was really
several isolated systems, the major ones being Sydney (and south), North
Shore, Manly, and some other isolated lines. A couple of the steeper lines
(North Sydney to St Leonards, and
King St [city] to Edgecliff via Kings Cross)
were built as cable lines because they were beyond the capabilities of steam.

Electrification

Electrification came early to the Sydney lines, starting in 1898,
and most of the
system was converted by 1910 (although the Parramatta steam system
remained until 1943). Service began with
C-class saloon cars, followed by
D-class combination cars.
Unlike other cities which started with Combination cars and toastracks,
and quickly abandoned the toastracks for dropcentre and saloon cars,
Sydney started by going the other way. The early trams were followed by
the unique E-class toastrack pair and the
N-class bogie toastrack. Even trams which started
out life as bogie combination (F-class) were
re-built once to add some crossbench seating (becoming
L-class), and then re-built again to convert
them to an entirely crossbench layout
(now L/P-class).

This line of development led to the high capacity
O-class toastrack tram in 1908, which became
Sydney's classic tram, and its little brother, the
K-class. The O-class was followed by the improved
P-class in the early 1920s, which
had the same seating layout. It was not until the 1930s
with the introduction of the R-class that the
drop-centre saloon tram, widely used elsewhere in Australia,
finally came to Sydney.

Here are the trams queued up at
Sydney's Central Railway station. Before the Harbour Bridge and related city
underground railway works were completed, the trams would have provided
the main link between the station and the rest of the city and Circular Quay.
[16]

When the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened, the North Shore tramlines
were brought over the bridge to the city centre. However, they terminated in
the underground Wynyard railway station, and did not interconnect
with the city lines at all.

The Balmain Counterweight Dummy

The electric trams could handle the steep terrain of Sydney
much better than the steam trams, but some hills were just
too much. One of these was the 1/4 mile of Darling St in Balmain
which led to the wharf, which had a grade of 1 in 8.25. To enable
trams to operate this section, a counterweight trolley was installed
under the road surface, connected by cable to a cable tram
grip dummy on the track on the surface. A tram descending
would push the grip dummy ahead of it (which raised the
counterweight). On the return journey, the grip dummy
would give the tram a helpful push. This unique contraption
can be seen at the Sydney Tramway
Museum.

Closure

The Sydney tram system was Australia's largest, at 290 km, in 1933.
But because the system consisted of
several isolated sections, it was relatively easy to close it
down, piece by piece. This process started in 1939 with the
Manly system.
The last Pitt St. and Castlereigh St. tram ran in 1957 on
a Saturday night at 1 am.
Within minutes of the tram's run the overhead
wires were pulled down, and the next morning (a Sunday) the tracks
were paved over, to ensure there would be no return of the trams
even if the buses should prove inadequate. This shows pretty clearly
that there were forces at work other than just desire for efficiency
here.

By 1958 the North Shore system was closed, and in 1961, 100 years after
the first tram had run, the last line closed.

The replacement buses were loss-making from the start, and
within just a few years the City Council was starting to regret
the loss of the trams, but it was too late.
In 1975, a proposal was floating to
re-instate a tram loop from Central Station to Circular Quay
along Pitt and Castlereigh Streets. In 1995, this proposal
has re-appeared, attached to the Darling Harbour LRV plan.

Preserved Sydney trams

At the Sydney Tramway Museum in addition to
most of the tram types mentioned above, you can find
examples of freight, service and grass burning cars
and even a prison tram!

Any contribution to these topics, or suggestions of other topics,
will be gratefully accepted!