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Understanding your results

For more information about the importance of water quality, read: “The Most Essential Nutrient: Water” by Dr. David K Beede of the Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University. The report emphasizes basic information about water nutrition of cows and calves, predicting water intake and requirements, evaluation of water quality, factors affecting water intake, and the practical aspects and assessment of water nutrition management in dairy farms.

aFor most measurements, averages are from about 350 samples; most samples taken from water supplies in farms with suspected animal health or production problems.

bBased primarily on criteria for water acceptable for human consumption.

cBased primarily on research literature and field experiences.

dShould not be consumed by human infants if over 44 ppm NO3 or 10 ppm NO3-N.

eIf pollution is from human wastes, fecal coliform should exceed fecal streptococcus by several times. If the pollution is from an animal source, streptococcus should exceed coliform in refrigerated samples analyzed soon after sampling.

*Free or residual chlorine concentrations up to 0.5 to 1.0 ppm have not affected ruminants adversely. Municipal water supplies with 0.2 to 0.5 ppm have been used successfully. Swimming pool water with 1.0 ppm, or 3 to 5 ppm chlorine in farm systems with short contact time have caused no apparent problems for cattle.