1.1.3.1. plant stanol esters 1) chemicals that can lower blood cholesterol + reduce risk of heart disease. 2) can be added to spreads and dairy products 3) occur naturally in plants but in small quantities, commercially produced by using bacteria to convert sterols into stanols

1.1.3.2. prebiotics 1) non-digestible carbohydrates promote bacteria in the gut. 2) occur naturally, can be taken as supplements