The populations were reported in TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 [(danaparoid
sodium, low molecular weight heparinoid] in Acute Stroke Treatment). The ITT
(intention-to-treat) data were collected from persons who had at least 1 postbaseline
outcome assessment. Postbaseline primary efficacy (Glasgow Outcome Scale and
Barthel Index scores) data were not provided by 5 patients assigned to treatment
with ORG 10172 and 1 patient treated with the placebo. These 6 patients were
excluded from the ITT analysis. The safety analyses involve data collected
from persons who received any amount of the study drug or placebo.

Marsh III EE, Adams Jr HP, Biller J.
et al. Use of antithrombotic drugs in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke:
a survey of neurologists in practice in the United States. Neurology.1989;39:1631-1634.

Context.— Anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin is used commonly for treatment
of acute ischemic stroke, but its use remains controversial because it has
not been shown to be effective or safe. Low molecular weight heparins and
heparinoids have been shown to be effective in preventing deep vein thrombosis
in persons with stroke, and they might be effective in reducing unfavorable
outcomes following ischemic stroke.

Setting and Participants.— Between December 22, 1990, and December 6, 1997, 1281 persons with acute
stroke were enrolled at 36 centers across the United States.

Intervention.— A 7-day course of ORG 10172 or placebo was given initially as a bolus
within 24 hours of stroke, followed by continuous infusion in addition to
the best medical care. Doses were adjusted in response to anti–factor
Xa activity.

Main Outcome Measures.— Favorable outcome rated as the combination of a Glasgow Outcome Scale
score of I or II and a modified Barthel Index of 12 or greater on a scale
of 0 to 20 at 3 months or 7 days; very favorable outcome was recorded for
the combination of a Glasgow Outcome Scale of I and a Barthel Index of 19
or 20 at 3 months or 7 days.

Results.— At 3 months, 482 (75.2%) of 641 persons assigned to treatment with ORG
10172 and 467 (73.7%) of 634 patients treated with placebo had favorable outcomes
(P=.49); 49.5% and 47%, respectively, of patients
in each group had very favorable outcomes at 3 months. At 7 days, 376 (59.2%)
of 635 persons given ORG 10172 and 344 (54.3%) of 633 receiving placebo had
favorable outcomes (P=.07). For the same interval,
215 (33.9%) of 635 persons given ORG 10172 and 176 (27.8%) of 633 persons
administered placebo had very favorable outcomes (P=.01;
odds ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.73). Within 10 days of onset
of treatment, serious intracranial bleeding events occurred in 14 patients
given ORG 10172 (15 events) and in 4 placebo-treated patients (5 events) (P=.05).

Conclusion.— Despite an apparent positive response to treatment at 7 days, emergent
administration of the antithrombotic agent, ORG 10172, is not associated with
an improvement in favorable outcome at 3 months.

ANTICOAGULATION with unfractionated heparin commonly is used to treat
persons with acute ischemic stroke.1 However,
the use of heparin remains controversial because it is not established as
safe or effective.2- 6
A recent open trial demonstrated a modest effect from subcutaneously administered
heparin in preventing recurrent stroke within 14 days but no improvement in
outcomes.7 Thus, whether an intravenously administered
anticoagulant that would act more rapidly would be effective remains unanswered.
The search for alternative medications that possess the antithrombotic characteristics
of heparin but have a lower propensity for bleeding or thrombocytopenia led
to the development of low molecular weight heparins and heparinoids. A clinical
trial recently showed a lower rate of unfavorable outcomes at 6 months after
stroke following the administration of the low molecular weight heparin, nadroparin,
but no significant differences were noted at 10 days or 3 months.8

ORG 10172 (danaparoid sodium [Orgaran]) is a mixture of glycosaminoglycans
with a mean molecular weight of 5500 d that is isolated from porcine intestinal
mucosa. The anti–factor Xa activity of ORG 10172 is attributed to its
heparan sulfate component,9 which has a high
affinity for antithrombin III. It is not inactivated by endogenous heparin-neutralizing
factors such as histidine-rich glycoprotein or platelet factor 4, and it has
virtually no effect on platelet function. It has minimal effects on the activated
partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, or thrombin time.10
The drug has low cross-reactivity to antibodies correlated with heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia, and it is used to treat persons at high risk for thrombosis
who have a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.11
It is also used for prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis.12
Pilot studies examined the safety and potential utility of ORG 10172 in persons
with acute ischemic stroke.13,14
Based on the results of these projects, the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke
Treatment (TOAST) was performed to test the efficacy of the drug in improving
outcomes among persons with acute ischemic stroke.

METHODS

Design

TOAST was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter
trial conducted from December 1990 to December 1996 that treated persons within
24 hours of the onset of acute ischemic stroke. The design of the trial has
been reported elsewhere.15

Patient Population

Patients were eligible for the trial if their age was 18 to 85 years,
if they had evidence of acute or progressing ischemic stroke with symptoms
present more than 1 hour but less than 24 hours, if they were diagnosed by
1 of the investigators in the trial, and if they had an estimated prestroke
modified Barthel Index of 12 or more.

Patients were excluded if they had the following: resolution of neurologic
symptoms, an isolated mild neurologic deficit, a stroke less than 24 hours
old even with recent progression, coma, mass effect (shift of midline structures)
on baseline computed tomogram (CT), intracranial blood on a CT, CT evidence
of a nonvascular cause of symptoms, active bleeding, major surgery in the
previous 24 hours, another illness that required anticoagulation, were currently
receiving heparin or warfarin, received thrombolytic therapy in the previous
24 hours, active bleeding, abnormal baseline coagulation studies, mean blood
pressure greater than 130 mm Hg, major organ failure, known vasculitis or
infective endocarditis, a complex medical illness or terminal illness, confounding
neurologic disease, allergy to heparin, prior participation in TOAST, or were
participating in another clinical trial. Women of childbearing potential were
excluded at the beginning of the trial but, subsequently, women who were not
pregnant or lactating and who had a negative pregnancy test were enrolled.

Outcome Measures

Patients were assessed daily during the acute treatment period and had
a follow-up examination at 3 months. Investigators who rated the patients
were certified in use of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
and Glasgow Outcome Scale using a videotape testing system.16

The primary outcome was a favorable outcome at 3 months after stroke,
defined as a score of I or II on the Glasgow Outcome Scale and a score of
12 to 20 on the modified Barthel Index.17- 19
The intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis required that the patient have at least
1 postbaseline assessment of the Glasgow Outcome Scale and Barthel Index.
The study was designed to detect an improvement of 20% with treatment (from
an assumed base rate of 50%) with 90% power.

Prespecified secondary hypotheses included a favorable outcome at 7
days, reducing recurrent stroke within 7 days, halting worsening of neurologic
deficits within 7 days, and reducing mortality at 7 days and 3 months. After
a trial of thrombolytic therapy demonstrated a benefit in improving very favorable
outcomes after stroke,20 the TOAST investigators
added analyses evaluating similar responses (defined as a combination of a
Glasgow Outcome Scale score of I and a Barthel Index score of 19 or 20) at
7 days and 3 months. Neurologic worsening was assessed by evaluating differences
between the day 7 and baseline scores of the NIHSS.21
Patients whose day 7 NIHSS score was 4 or more points less than baseline or
was 0 were classified as improved, a score that was within 3 points of baseline
was considered unchanged, and a score of 4 or more additional points or death
was rated as worse.

Subtypes of acute ischemic stroke were also a prespecified end point.
Classification was based on a central-blinded evaluation assessing the clinical
findings and the results of brain imaging and ancillary diagnostic tests,
such as carotid duplex or echocardiography. Categories were large-artery atherosclerosis,
cardioembolism, small-artery occlusion, other determined cause, or undetermined
cause.22

Safety analyses assessed events experienced by any treated patient subcategorized
by the time of onset and included adverse experiences that occurred (1) during
treatment with the study drug, (2) during the first 10 days after entry, and
(3) during the follow-up period. Major adverse events included deaths, symptomatic
hemorrhagic transformation of the infarction, other intracranial bleeding,
other major hemorrhages, myocardial infarction, recurrent ischemic stroke,
systemic embolism, clinically diagnosed deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism,
and thrombocytopenia. A panel of 3 physicians who were not aware of treatment
allocation ascertained the most likely cause of death.

Two amendments were added to the protocol during the trial to assure
patient safety. Because an increased risk of hemorrhage among persons with
severe strokes was observed in September 1993, as discussed in the "Results"
section, persons with an NIHSS score greater than 15 were excluded at the
direction of the trial's National Institutes of Health–appointed Performance
and Safety Monitoring Board. In May 1996, patients who weighed less than 56.2
kg (<125 lb) were excluded after high levels of anti–factor Xa activity
and excess bleeding were observed.

Institutional review boards at the participating centers approved the
project and periodically reviewed the progress of the study. Informed consent
was obtained directly from the patients or from the next-of-kin.

Randomization

Patients were randomized 1:1 to treatment with ORG 10172 or placebo
using permuted blocks with randomly ordered sizes of 6, 6, and 4 balanced
for every 16 consecutive patients entered.

Treatment

An intravenous bolus dose was administered within 24 hours of onset
of stroke symptoms to rapidly reach desired levels followed by a continuous
infusion for 7 days.14,15 Rates
of the infusion were adjusted after 24 hours to maintain the anti–factor
Xa activity at 0.6 to 0.8 anti–factor Xa U/mL. Dosage adjustments were
recommended by a local unblinded safety monitor. Based on preprinted instructions,
the local safety monitor also recommended "sham" dose adjustments for selected
patients receiving placebo. The study agent could be stopped prematurely for
safety reasons, if the patient withdrew consent, if the patient required potentially
confounding therapy, or if the patient's discharge was mandated by third party
payers. Ancillary care to treat medical and neurologic complications of stroke
was permitted, but heparin, warfarin, aspirin, ticlopidine, and nonsteroid
anti-inflammatory drugs were prohibited during the 7-day treatment period.
After the completion of the treatment period, attending physicians remained
unaware of the treatment arm. They selected medical or surgical therapies
aimed at preventing recurrent stroke and rehabilitation.

Statistical Analyses

Analyses were ITT. All tests were 2-sided and an α level of .05
was used to assess statistical significance. No adjustments were made for
multiple comparisons. The primary analysis examined the rates of favorable
outcomes using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test stratified by the participating
site.23,24 The day 7 evaluation
was used in the analysis for persons who did not have a 3-month follow-up
evaluation for any reason other than death (last observation carried forward).
Deaths were assigned the worst-case score for each scale. Mortality also was
assessed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test stratified by site.24 In addition, survival curves for each treatment group
were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank
test.25 The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test stratified
by site also was used to test rates of stroke progression during the first
7 days.24 Four interim analyses for the Performance
and Safety Monitoring Board were performed approximately yearly during the
course of the study. The procedure of Lan and DeMets26
for interim analyses was used utilizing the O'Brien-Fleming spending function.27 Incidence rate differences between drug groups for
each adverse experience were evaluated using the Fisher exact test.28

RESULTS

A total of 1281 persons were enrolled from a screened group of 25624
(Figure 1). The reasons for exclusion
of the screened group were consent could not be obtained in 623 cases; 8345
patients arrived after 24 hours of stroke onset; 2448 persons were outside
the age range; 1196 patients did not have an acute stroke; 252 had severe
preexisting disability; 379 were not enrolled because an investigator was
unavailable; intracranial blood on baseline CT was detected in 2505 persons;
symptoms resolved in 1976 persons; a minor stroke with isolated signs occurred
in 1367; coma was present in 254; active bleeding was present in 272; and
1066 were receiving heparin or warfarin. After September 1, 1993, 316 persons
were excluded because their baseline NIHSS score was greater than 15. Other
exclusion criteria were cited in 5432 instances.

No differences were seen in the baseline characteristics of patients
enrolled randomized to the 2 groups (Table
1). Of those enrolled, 3-month follow-up data were available from
591 patients treated with ORG 10172 and 583 patients treated with placebo
(Figure 1). Past treatment interventions
did not differ between groups: 460 patients in the ORG 10172 group (77.8%)
and 474 patients in the control group (81.3%) received antiplatelet agents;
174 patients in the ORG 10172 group (29.4%) and 177 patients in the placebo-treated
group (30.4%) received anticoagulants, and 17 patients in each group had a
carotid endarterectomy.

Primary Efficacy Analysis: Favorable Outcome at 3 Months

No significant difference in the rate of favorable outcomes at 3 months
after stroke was noted between the 2 treatment groups (Table 2). Approximately 75% of patients in both groups achieved
favorable outcomes by the end of the observation period.

Secondary Efficacy Analyses

Favorable Outcome at 7 Days and Very Favorable Outcomes at 7 Days and
3 Months. At 7 days, 376 patients receiving ORG 10172 (59.2%) and 344 control
patients (54.3%) had reached a favorable outcome (Table 2). The rates of very favorable outcomes at day 7 were 33.9%
and 27.8% among persons administered ORG 10172 and placebo, respectively (Table 2). By 3 months, approximately 48%
of patients in each group had very favorable outcomes (Table 2).

Neurologic Worsening or Improvement During the First 7 Days. Twenty persons (ORG 10172, 99; placebo, 11) had their study drug stopped
prematurely because of neurological deterioration. By 1 week, 63 patients
given ORG 10172 (10.0%) and 62 persons given placebo (9.9%) had worsening
of 4 points or more. During the same interval, 261 patients receiving ORG
10172 (41.3%) and 223 placebo-treated patients (35.6%)(P=.09) had an improvement of 4 points or more or reached a score of
0.

Effects of Stroke Subtype and Baseline Severity of Stroke on Favorable
or Very Favorable Outcomes at 3 Months. The effects of the severity of stroke on admission or the cause of stroke
on outcomes at 3 months are listed in Table
3. For strokes due to large-artery atherosclerosis, the rates of
favorable and very favorable outcomes were significantly higher among persons
who received ORG 10172. No treatment effect was noted in the other stroke
subtypes. While the severity of baseline neurologic deficits strongly predicted
outcomes at 3 months, it did not influence outcomes between the 2 treatment
groups.

Adverse Experiences

Approximately 14% of patients in the trial had their study drug stopped
prematurely (Figure 1). Significantly
more participants receiving ORG 10172 had adverse experiences, primarily bleeding,
that prompted premature termination of therapy (Table 4). Symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation of the stroke prompted
stopping of the study drug in 9 patients receiving ORG 10172 and in 3 who
were given placebo (P=.14). Three patients in each
group had the study drug stopped because of asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformation
of the stroke. Four patients administered ORG 10172 and 2 receiving placebo
had the study drug stopped because of new ischemic strokes.

Bleeding. Minor and more severe hemorrhages were more frequent among persons receiving
ORG 10172 (Table 5). In the entire
trial, 80 patients with an NIHSS score greater than 15 received ORG 10172
and 80 patients received placebo. Eleven patients who had a baseline NIHSS
score greater than 15 had serious bleeding within 10 days; 10 patients received
ORG 10172 (P=.01). By 3 months, serious brain hemorrhages
were noted in 11 patients and 3 patients, respectively (P=.06). Differences in the rates of major bleeding events within 10
days of starting therapy were significant (P<.005)
(Table 5). By 3 months after entry,
14 patients receiving ORG 10172 had 16 intracranial bleeding events and 8
events were reported among 7 patients assigned placebo. By 3 months, 3 of
the 14 patients in the ORG 10172 group and 1 of the 7 placebo-treated patients
had favorable outcomes. Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke was
found by brain imaging within 10 days of enrollment in 61 persons receiving
ORG 10172 (9.6%) and in 55 placebo-treated patients (8.6%) (P=.69). By 3 months, among persons who weighed less than 56.2 kg (<125
lb), serious bleeding occurred in 6 of 55 patients (7 events) given ORG 10172
and 0 of 47 patients administered placebo (P=.03).

Recurrent Ischemic Events. Recurrent ischemic strokes were diagnosed during the treatment period
in approximately 1.2% of patients (Table
5). The rates of early recurrent stroke (first 7 days) as influenced
by etiologic subtype were as follows: large-artery atherosclerosis (ORG 10172,
3 of 113 and placebo, 3 of 117), cardioembolism (ORG 10172, 0 of 143 and placebo,
2 of 123), small-artery occlusion (ORG 10172, 1 of 158 and placebo, 2 of 148),
other cause (ORG 10172, 1 of 13 and placebo, 1 of 17), and undetermined cause
(ORG 10172, 3 of 210 and placebo, 1 of 226). By 3 months, the total of ischemic
events, including systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis,
and pulmonary embolism, was higher among persons treated with placebo (Table 5). By the end of the follow-up,
recurrent stroke as influenced by stroke subtype were large-artery atherosclerosis
(ORG 10172, 7 of 113 and placebo, 13 of 117), cardioembolism (ORG 10172, 4
of 143 and placebo, 9 of 123), small-artery occlusion (ORG 10172, 5 of 158
and placebo, 7 of 148), other cause (ORG 10172, 1 of 13 and placebo, 1 of
17), and undetermined cause (ORG 10172, 9 of 210 and placebo, 6 of 226).

Mortality. Overall, 44 patients assigned to treatment with ORG 10172 and 38 patients
given placebo died by 3 months (Table 6). At 7 days, 12 persons in the ORG 10172 cohort and 9 patients
in the placebo group had died. Two deaths in the ORG 10172 group occurred
in persons who did not receive any study medication; 1 had a fatal brain hemorrhage
after randomization but before the infusion could begin. These 2 deaths are
not listed in Table 6.

COMMENT

TOAST is the largest trial of an intravenously administered antithrombotic
drug for treatment of acute ischemic stroke; it demonstrated no treatment
effect in achieving either a favorable or very favorable outcome at 3 months
after stroke, although higher rates of neurologic improvement, favorable outcome,
and very favorable outcome were shown at day 7.

Approximately 75% of persons in both cohorts had reached favorable outcomes
at the end of the period of observation, a rate that is higher than reported
in other clinical trials. Because of our concern of a risk of symptomatic
hemorrhagic transformation, we did not enroll patients with severe deficits
and, as a result, our patients had less severe neurological deficits than
those reported in the recent trial of rt-PA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen
activator).20 Our trial demonstrates that neurologic
worsening during the first week is approximately 10%, regardless of treatment
assignment. As a whole, the risk of early recurrent stroke in TOAST was only
1.5% within 1 week. Our data at 1 week are comparable to the 14-day rates
described by the International Stroke Trial and the 30-day rates reported
by the Chinese Acute Stroke Trial.7,29
The experience of TOAST suggests that the risk of early recurrent ischemic
stroke is relatively low. Thus, immediate administration of anticoagulants
to prevent recurrent stroke may be unnecessary within the first days after
a stroke.

Many physicians consider persons with cardioembolic stroke to be at
particularly high risk for recurrent ischemic events.1
Still, past data about the efficacy of emergent antithrombotic therapy in
preventing early recurrent cardioembolic stroke are minimal.4
Our data show that the risk among persons with cardioembolism is not much
different than for persons with strokes due to other causes. Our data suggest
that early administration of intravenous antithrombotic drugs may have a limited
impact when compared with long-term anticoagulation in lowering the overall
risks of recurrent cardioembolic stroke.

Drugs that affect coagulation are associated with an inherent risk of
bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage is the most life-threatening complication.
The likelihood of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage may be particularly
high following ischemic brain injury and many physicians have been reluctant
to give antithrombotic drugs because of the risk of bleeding.1
Asymptomatic hemorrhages often are found by brain imaging performed after
ischemic stroke, and symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation of an infarction
can occur spontaneously.30 However, the recent
experience with thrombolytic therapy highlights the importance of intracranial
hemorrhage as a potential complication.20,31
Studies of heparin report intracranial bleeding as an adverse reaction to
treatment and correlate the complication with the severity of the stroke,
the patient's age, and the level of anticoagulation.32,33
Our experience confirms the conclusion that emergent administration of antithrombotic
drugs to persons with severe strokes increases the chance of symptomatic intracranial
bleeding.

Serious hemorrhages in other parts of the body are associated with the
level of anticoagulation and the presence of other diseases that predispose
to bleeding. During TOAST, we detected higher rates of anti–factor Xa
activity and more bleeding events among persons who weighed less than 56.2
kg (<125 lb). At the time TOAST was designed, weight-based nomograms had
not been developed for emergent administration of antithrombotic drugs; such
regimens now are available for heparin.34 A
weight-based nomogram for the use of ORG 10172 might result in improved safety
and efficacy in management of persons with acute ischemic stroke.

We examined the influence of the cause of stroke on responses to treatment.
We previously showed that determining stroke subtype can be difficult and
such diagnoses often change as the results of ancillary tests become available.35,36 In order to maintain uniformity in
subtype diagnoses, we developed a system of central determination of diagnoses
of subtype using the previously defined TOAST criteria for subtype.21 These diagnoses were made when the results of ancillary
tests were available. This situation is different from the one that a physician
faces in an emergency room. Such qualification of our data is important because
TOAST shows a significant response to treatment at 7 days and 3 months among
persons who had stroke secondary to large-artery atherosclerosis. The positive
response to treatment among patients with stroke secondary to occlusion of
a major extracranial or intracranial artery or artery-to-artery embolism is
intriguing. Antithrombotic drugs might help maintain collateral flow or halt
progression of thrombosis in this group of seriously ill persons. Our data
should prompt further testing of antithrombotic drugs in persons with ischemic
stroke secondary to large-artery atherosclerosis. However, if this treatment
is to be effective, early and accurate determination of this subtype will
mandate the use of ancillary tests, such as duplex ultrasound of the carotid
artery, transcranial Doppler, magnetic resonance angiography, or CT angiography.
Based on the results of TOAST, we encourage a prospective study evaluating
such an approach to treatment of persons with acute ischemic stroke.

Although our trial demonstrates no efficacy of ORG 10172 in improving
outcomes at 3 months after stroke, TOAST provides other information that hopefully
will influence patient care. Our data suggest that antithrombotic drugs administered
as late as 24 hours after onset of stroke might improve outcomes of persons
whose strokes are secondary to large-artery atherosclerosis. Our data imply
that the likelihood of early recurrent stroke is relatively low, which lessens
the urgency for early antithrombotic treatment. In addition, the findings
of TOAST mean that the emergent administration of antithrombotic drugs is
associated with major bleeding and an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage,
especially among persons with major stroke.

Marsh III EE, Adams Jr HP, Biller J.
et al. Use of antithrombotic drugs in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke:
a survey of neurologists in practice in the United States. Neurology.1989;39:1631-1634.