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Growth more stunted in lower-income youth with kidney disease

NIH-funded study suggests increasing treatment adherence may help

Even with more prescriptions for growth hormone, children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease were less likely to grow to normal height ranges if they came from lower-income families, according to research funded by the National Institutes of Health. Results from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Study are published in the December issue of the American Journal of Kidney Diseases and online today at http://www.ajkd.org.

The children with lower socio-economic status (SES) who had CKD were likely to be substantially shorter than children their age from all income levels who didnít have the disease. Also, among all children with CKD, those from lower-income families were likely to be shorter than those from higher-income families. All participants had health insurance, a pediatric nephrologist, a doctor who treats kidney diseases in children, and no other known cause of growth deficiency.

Unlike findings from studies in adults, kidney disease progressed at similar rates across all income groups in CKiD. This came as a surprise to investigators, who expected faster kidney function decline with lower SES, as is found in adult CKD. Disease progression was defined by a decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate – a measure of kidney function.

CKiD, the largest study of children with CKD, is the first to study the effects of income on kidney disease progression and complications in this population. The current study examined growth failure, common in children with CKD, because the disease can interfere with the normal effect of a child’s own growth hormone.

“Since these lower SES children received higher proportions of prescriptions for growth hormone, it’s possible that these families are not filling all their prescriptions or are filling them but not sticking to their treatment regimen as closely as higher-income families are,” said Dr. Marva Moxey-Mims, a pediatric kidney specialist at the NIH’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the study’s primary funder. “Although there also could be other issues like nutrition or household finances contributing to this difference, the main lesson is that we may need to learn how to help families better follow treatment plans for their children with CKD.”

Dr. Susan Furth, the study’s lead author and a researcher at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, agrees. “More aggressive intervention or other programs to help support what’s happening outside the doctor’s office could help. For example, more frequent contact with nurses and other medical staff could help children and families understand and follow prescribed treatments,” she said.

Also, blood pressure control – a factor associated with kidney disease progression – improved across the groups, though children with lower SES took an average of 4.5 years to get their blood pressure down within the normal range, compared to two years for those with a higher income. However, the longer time period did not appear to result in more advanced CKD in children from low income families.

“Clearly, we need to find better ways to achieve good blood pressure control in all the children,” said Furth. “Like the growth hormone question, blood pressure could be a matter of being able to afford or regularly take the medications prescribed, or genetics, or may involve factors like diet, interactions with other medications, or other exposures that could hinder the treatments from working as well for some children.”

Moxey-Mims added that more research is proposed in CKiD to examine treatment adherence, and a partnership with the NIH-supported Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study (in adults) will look at associations between health literacy and SES. Health literacy is the capacity to understand basic health information to make appropriate health decisions.

SES was based on reported annual family income: $75,000 or higher (high), $30,000 to $75,000 (middle), and less than $30,000 (low). Low and middle household incomes were more often associated with minority ethnicity (African-American and Latino), compared to higher income – 39 percent and 20 percent vs. 7 percent.

CKiD is a multicenter prospective study of children ages 1 to 16 years with mild to moderate impairment of kidney function. Forty-eight sites in the United States and two in Canada are following more than 600 children. Children's Mercy Hospital at the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania are the study’s clinical coordinating centers. The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore is the data coordinating center. The ongoing CKiD study aims to determine risk factors for declining kidney function and to understand how the decline affects cognitive function, behavior, growth failure and the risk for cardiovascular disease.

Funding was provided by NIDDK with additional NIH support by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute under grant numbers U01DK66143, U01DK66174, U01DK82194 and U01DK66116.

The NIDDK, a component of the NIH, conducts and supports research on diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic diseases; digestive diseases, nutrition and obesity; and kidney, urologic and hematologic diseases. Spanning the full spectrum of medicine and afflicting people of all ages and ethnic groups, these diseases encompass some of the most common, severe and disabling conditions affecting Americans. For more information about the NIDDK and its programs, see http://www.niddk.nih.gov.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.