A lightning rod system including both methods and specific types of lightning rod protection apparatus, which address the need for lightning rod safety features to deter impalement and minimize injury when humans inadvertently fall upon or strike the projecting air terminal through use of a hebetative contagious impact surface ( ) on an end cap(s). The system involves lightning rod system components such as humanized quantal rod ( ) or coil spring coupler ( ) engineered to be responsive within the range of forces achieved when a human of average size and weight falls onto the projecting air terminal from a standing surface level with that on which the lightning rod system is mounted to. The lightning rod system also involves a method and engineered components to retrofit existing lightning rod assemblies. Additionally, the system components address the need for a safety warning air terminal system to prevent impalement and injury from projecting air terminals that are not designed to be conducive to a lightning strike.

Claim:

I claim: 1. A lightning protection device, comprising: a. an electrically conductive mount; b. an electrically conductive rod having a first end and a second end, wherein said rod has a diameter between about three-eighths inch and about five-eighths inch; c. an electrically conductive joiner element responsive to said first end of said electrically conductive rod and to said electrically conductive mount; d. an electrically conductive end cap; e. an electrically conductive coupler responsive to said electrically conductive end cap and to said second end of said electrically conductive rod; and f. a hebetative contiguous impact surface responsive to said electrically conductive end cap, wherein said hebetative contiguous impact surface defines an approximately spherical contour having a diameter between about three-quarters inch and about five and one-half inches. 2. A lightning protection device as described in claim 1, further comprising a electrically conductive clamp assembly coupled to said electrically conductive mount. 3. A lightning protection device as described in claim 2, further comprising a grounded surface electrically engaged to said clamp assembly. 4.

Method And Apparatus Featuring A Non-Consumable Anode For The Electrowinning Of Aluminum

United States Patent

Inventor

Appl. No.

Assignee

#5942097 Aug 24, 1999

Filed: Dec 5, 1997

Robert A. Rapp (Columbus, OH)

8/985787

The Ohio State University (Columbus, OH)

International Classification:

C25C 308

U.S. Classification:

205386

Abstract:

The present invention includes a conceptually new process to produce primary aluminum through the modification/adaptation for the HHC of a non-consumable anode of the type used for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) with the provision to electrochemically utilize/burn a fuel. The present invention is believed to work most effectively when the dissolution and fragility problems of the zirconia-base solid electrolyte can be sufficiently alleviated, e. g. , through the use of a lower electrolysis temperature, through the use of melt additives to restrict dissolution, and/or through modern methods for the fabrication/deposition of the electrolyte onto an appropriate internal metal anode. The present invention thus achieves, through the use of the solid-electrolyte-coated anode, the long-sought non-consumable anode. The electrochemical oxidation, inside the NCA in accordance with the present invention, of an inexpensive fuel, e. g. , reformed natural gas (as is done in the modern SOFC), constitutes a significantly more favorable anodic oxidation reaction than the evolution of pure oxygen disclosed by Marincek.

Swimming Pool Cover

United States Patent

Inventor

Appl. No.

Assignee

#4094021 Jun 13, 1978

Filed: Feb 3, 1977

Robert A. Rapp (Santa Rosa, CA)

5/765419

International Classification:

E04H 316, E04H 318

U.S. Classification:

417212

Abstract:

A pool cover in sheet form is provided with tie members which are connectable to tie-anchoring members which are secured to the side walls of the pool just below the coping. The cover is provided with depending skirt portions around its edges which extend downwardly into the water and serve to prevent the wind from getting beneath the cover to blow it out of position.

Method Featuring A Non-Consumable Anode For The Electrowinning Of Aluminum

United States Patent

Inventor

Appl. No.

Assignee

#6039862 Mar 21, 2000

Filed: Jun 24, 1999

Robert A. Rapp (Columbus, OH)

9/339129

The Ohio State University (Columbus, OH)

International Classification:

C25C 306

U.S. Classification:

205386

Abstract:

The present invention includes a conceptually new process to produce primary aluminum through the modification/adaptation for the HHC of a non-consumable anode of the type used for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) with the provision to electrochemically utilize/burn a fuel. The present invention is believed to work most effectively when the dissolution and fragility problems of the zirconia-base solid electrolyte can be sufficiently alleviated, e. g. , through the use of a lower electrolysis temperature, through the use of melt additives to restrict dissolution, and/or through modem methods for the fabrication/deposition of the electrolyte onto an appropriate internal metal anode. The present invention thus achieves, through the use of the solid-electrolyte-coated anode, the long-sought non-consumable anode. The electrochemical oxidation, inside the NCA in accordance with the present invention, of an inexpensive fuel, e. g. , reformed natural gas (as is done in the modern SOFC), constitutes a significantly more favorable anodic oxidation reaction than the evolution of pure oxygen disclosed by Marincek.

Composition Suitable For Use As Inert Electrode Having Good Electrical Conductivity And Mechanical Properties

An improved inert electrode composition is suitable for use as an inert electrode in the production of metals such as aluminum by the electrolytic reduction of metal oxide or metal salt dissolved in a molten salt bath. The composition comprises one or more metals or metal alloys and metal compounds which may include oxides of the metals comprising the alloy. The alloy and metal compounds are interwoven in a network which provides improved electrical conductivity and mechanical strength while preserving the level of chemical inertness necessary for such an electrode to function satisfactorily.

A complex oxidation reaction product of two or more metals in an oxidized state is formed by positioning a suitable precursor metal adjacent to a permeable mass of a metal-containing compound in an oxidizing atmosphere and heating the assembly to form a body of molten precursor metal. The molten metal infiltrates the permeable mass and reacts therewith and with the oxidizing atmosphere to form a complex oxidation reaction product. Methods for determining the shape of the resulting article are described. The disclosed methods can be used to form superconducting perovskites.

Method Of Depositing Chromium And Silicon On A Metal To Form A Diffusion Coating

A method for the simultaneous deposition of chromium and silicon to form a diffusion coating on a workpiece uses a halide-activated cementation pack with a dual halide activator. Elemental metal powders may be employed with the dual activator. A two-step heating schedule prevents blocking a chromium carbide from forming at the surface of the workpiece. Small contents of either Ce or V can be added to the Cr+Si contents of the coating by introducing oxides of Ce or V into the filler of the pack.

The United States of America as represented by the United States ()
Department of Energy (Washington, DC)

International Classification:

C25D 500

U.S. Classification:

204130

Abstract:

A method for doping semiconductor material. An interface is established between a solid electrolyte and a semiconductor to be doped. The electrolyte is chosen to be an ionic conductor of the selected impurity and the semiconductor material and electrolyte are jointly chosen so that any compound formed from the impurity and the semiconductor will have a free energy no lower than the electrolyte. A potential is then established across the interface so as to allow the impurity ions to diffuse into the semiconductor. In one embodiment the semiconductor and electrolyte may be heated so as to increase the diffusion coefficient.

Stephen Rapp, the former chief prosecutor for the Special Court for Sierra Leone, reflects on the legacy of the Nuremberg Trial and Justice Robert H. Jackson on the current state of the international rule of law. This is from a 2007 interview at the First International Humanitarian Law Dialogs held ...

Plaxo

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Name Popularity for Robert Rapp (Percent of Births)00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.800.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.0090.010.0110.0120.0130.0140.01519001905191019151920192519301935194019451950195519601965197019751980198519901995First Name: RobertLast Name: Rapp