The 21 Ecumenical Councils

[wpspoiler name=”I. FIRST COUNCIL OF NICAEA” closebtn=”close”]Year: 325Summary: The Council of Nicaea lasted two months and twelve days. Three hundred and eighteen bishops were present.
Hosius, Bishop of Cordova, assisted as legate of Pope Sylvester. The Emperor Constantine was also present. To this council
we owe the Nicene Creed, defining against Arius the true Divinity of the Son of God (homoousios), and the fixing of
the date for keeping Easter (against the Quartodecimans).Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/11044a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”II. FIRST COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE” closebtn=”close”]Year: 381Summary: The First General Council of Constantinople, under Pope Damasus and the Emperor Theodosius I, was attended
by 150 bishops. It was directed against the followers of Macedonius, who impugned the Divinity of the Holy Ghost. To the
above-mentioned Nicene Creed it added the clauses referring to the Holy Ghost (qui simul adoratur) and all that
follows to the end.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/04308a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”III. COUNCIL OF EPHESUS” closebtn=”close”]Year: 431Summary: The Council of Ephesus, of more than 200 bishops, presided over by St. Cyril of Alexandria representing Pope
Celestine I, defined the true personal unity of Christ, declared Mary the Mother of God (theotokos) against
Nestorius, Bishop of Constantinople, and renewed the condemnation of Pelagius.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/05491a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”IV. COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON” closebtn=”close”]Year: 451Summary: The Council of Chalcedon — 150 bishops under Pope Leo the Great and the Emperor Marcian — defined the two
natures (Divine and human) in Christ against Eutyches, who was excommunicated.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/03555a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”V. SECOND COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE” closebtn=”close”]Year: 553Summary: The Second General Council of Constantinople, of 165 bishops under Pope Vigilius and Emperor Justinian I,
condemned the errors of Origen and certain writings (The Three Chapters) of Theodoret, of Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia and
of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa; it further confirmed the first four general councils, especially that of Chalcedon whose
authority was contested by some heretics.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/04308b.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”VI. THIRD COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE” closebtn=”close”]Years: 680-681Summary: The Third General Council of Constantinople, under Pope Agatho and the Emperor Constantine Pogonatus, was
attended by the Patriarchs of Constantinople and of Antioch, 174 bishops, and the emperor. It put an end to Monothelitism by
defining two wills in Christ, the Divine and the human, as two distinct principles of operation. It anathematized Sergius,
Pyrrhus, Paul, Macarius, and all their followers.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/04310a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”VII. SECOND COUNCIL OF NICAEA” closebtn=”close”]Year: 787Summary: The Second Council of Nicaea was convoked by Emperor Constantine VI and his mother Irene, under Pope Adrian
I, and was presided over by the legates of Pope Adrian; it regulated the veneration of holy images. Between 300 and 367
bishops assisted.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/11045a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”VIII. FOURTH COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE” closebtn=”close”]Year: 869Summary: The Fourth General Council of Constantinople, under Pope Adrian II and Emperor Basil numbering 102 bishops,
3 papal legates, and 4 patriarchs, consigned to the flames the Acts of an irregular council (conciliabulum) brought
together by Photius against Pope Nicholas and Ignatius the legitimate Patriarch of Constantinople; it condemned Photius who
had unlawfully seized the patriarchal dignity. The Photian Schism, however, triumphed in the Greek Church, and no other
general council took place in the East.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/04310b.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”IX. FIRST LATERAN COUNCIL” closebtn=”close”]Year: 1123Summary: The First Lateran Council, the first held at Rome, met under Pope Callistus II. About 900 bishops and abbots
assisted. It abolished the right claimed by lay princes, of investiture with ring and crosier to ecclesiastical benefices
and dealt with church discipline and the recovery of the Holy Land from the infidels.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/09016b.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”X. SECOND LATERAN COUNCIL” closebtn=”close”]Year: 1139Summary: The Second Lateran Council was held at Rome under Pope Innocent II, with an attendance of about 1000
prelates and the Emperor Conrad. Its object was to put an end to the errors of Arnold of Brescia.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/09017a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XI. THIRD LATERAN COUNCIL” closebtn=”close”]Year: 1179Summary: The Third Lateran Council took place under Pope Alexander III, Frederick I being emperor. There were 302
bishops present. It condemned the Albigenses and Waldenses and issued numerous decrees for the reformation of morals.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/09017b.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XII. FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL” closebtn=”close”]Year: 1215Summary: The Fourth Lateran Council was held under Innocent III. There were present the Patriarchs of Constantinople
and Jerusalem, 71 archbishops, 412 bishops, and 800 abbots the Primate of the Maronites, and St. Dominic. It issued an
enlarged creed (symbol) against the Albigenses (Firmiter credimus), condemned the Trinitarian errors of Abbot Joachim, and
published 70 important reformatory decrees. This is the most important council of the Middle Ages, and it marks the
culminating point of ecclesiastical life and papal power.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/09018a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XIII. FIRST COUNCIL OF LYONS” closebtn=”close”]Year: 1245Summary: The First General Council of Lyons was presided over by Innocent IV; the Patriarchs of Constantinople,
Antioch, and Aquileia (Venice), 140 bishops, Baldwin II, Emperor of the East, and St. Louis, King of France, assisted. It
excommunicated and deposed Emperor Frederick II and directed a new crusade, under the command of St. Louis, against the
Saracens and Mongols.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/09476b.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XIV. SECOND COUNCIL OF LYONS” closebtn=”close”]Year: 1274Summary: The Second General Council of Lyons was held by Pope Gregory X, the Patriarchs of Antioch and
Constantinople, 15 cardinals, 500 bishops, and more than 1000 other dignitaries. It effected a temporary reunion of the
Greek Church with Rome. The word filioque was added to the symbol of Constantinople and means were sought for
recovering Palestine from the Turks. It also laid down the rules for papal elections.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/09476c.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XV. COUNCIL OF VIENNE” closebtn=”close”]Years: 1311-1313Summary: The Council of Vienne was held in that town in France by order of Clement V, the first of the Avignon popes.
The Patriarchs of Antioch and Alexandria, 300 bishops (114 according to some authorities), and 3 kings — Philip IV of
France, Edward II of England, and James II of Aragon — were present. The synod dealt with the crimes and errors imputed to
the Knights Templars, the Fraticelli, the Beghards, and the Beguines, with projects of a new crusade, the reformation of the
clergy, and the teaching of Oriental languages in the universities.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/15423a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XVI. COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE” closebtn=”close”]Years: 1414-1418
The Council of Constance was held during the great Schism of the West, with the object of ending the divisions in the
Church. It became legitimate only when Gregory XI had formally convoked it. Owing to this circumstance it succeeded in
putting an end to the schism by the election of Pope Martin V, which the Council of Pisa (1403) had failed to accomplish on
account of its illegality. The rightful pope confirmed the former decrees of the synod against Wyclif and Hus. This council
is thus ecumenical only in its last sessions (42-45 inclusive) and with respect to the decrees of earlier sessions approved
by Martin V.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/04288a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XVII. COUNCIL OF BASLE/FERRARA/FLORENCE” closebtn=”close”]Years: 1431-1439Summary: The Council of Basle met first in that town, Eugene IV being pope, and Sigismund Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire. Its object was the religious pacification of Bohemia. Quarrels with the pope having arisen, the council was
transferred first to Ferrara (1438), then to Florence (1439), where a short-lived union with the Greek Church was effected,
the Greeks accepting the council's definition of controverted points. The Council of Basle is only ecumenical till the
end of the twenty-fifth session, and of its decrees Eugene IV approved only such as dealt with the extirpation of heresy,
the peace of Christendom, and the reform of the Church, and which at the same time did not derogate from the rights of the
Holy See.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/06111a.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XVIII. FIFTH LATERAN COUNCIL” closebtn=”close”]Years: 1512-1517Summary: The Fifth Lateran Council sat from 1512 to 1517 under Popes Julius II and Leo X, the emperor being
Maximilian I. Fifteen cardinals and about eighty archbishops and bishops took part in it. Its decrees are chiefly
disciplinary. A new crusade against the Turks was also planned, but came to naught, owing to the religious upheaval in
Germany caused by Luther.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/09018b.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XIX. COUNCIL OF TRENT” closebtn=”close”]Years: 1545-1563Summary: The Council of Trent lasted eighteen years (1545-1563) under five popes: Paul III, Julius III, Marcellus II,
Paul IV and Pius IV, and under the Emperors Charles V and Ferdinand. There were present 5 cardinal legates of the Holy See,
3 patriarchs, 33 archbishops, 235 bishops, 7 abbots, 7 generals of monastic orders, and 160 doctors of divinity. It was
convoked to examine and condemn the errors promulgated by Luther and other Reformers, and to reform the discipline of the
Church. Of all councils it lasted longest, issued the largest number of dogmatic and reformatory decrees, and produced the
most beneficial results.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/15030c.htm

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[wpspoiler name=”XX. FIRST VATICAN COUNCIL” closebtn=”close”]Years: 1869-1870Summary: The Vatican Council was summoned by Pius IX. It met 8 December, 1869, and lasted till 18 July, 1870, when it
was adjourned; it is still (1908) unfinished. There were present 6 archbishop-princes, 49 cardinals, 11 patriarchs, 680
archbishops and bishops, 28 abbots, 29 generals of orders, in all 803. Besides important canons relating to the Faith and
the constitution of the Church, the council decreed the infallibility of the pope when speaking ex cathedra, i.e.
when as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole
Church.Further Reading:www.newadvent.org/cathen/15303a.htm