Metabolic Processes

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How do Stem Cells Treat Degenerative Diseases? Metabolic ProcessesAbby + Lauren How does the use of stemcells to treat degenerative diseases affect the metabolic processes of body cells? STEM CELLS: non-specialized cells that have two defining properties: the ability to differentiate into other cells and the ability to self-regenerate [1]. Works Cited [1] Kochar, P. G. (2004, December 1). What Are Stem Cells?. What Are Stem Cells?. Retrieved March 5, 2014, from http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/stemcell/overview.php

[2] N. (2013, June 1). Result Filters. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 10, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715547

[3] Department of Health and Human Services. (2014, April 10). About FDA. What are stem cells? How are they regulated?. Retrieved May 22, 2014, from http://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/transparency/basics/ucm194655.htm

Embryonic Stem Cells Tissue / Adult Stem Cells Tissue / Adult Stem CellsDegenerative Diseases: Metabolism: the sum of all anabolic and catabolic processes in a cell. }What effects does the use of stem cells to treat degenerative diseases have on metabolism? A degenerative disease is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will increasingly deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits. Degenerative diseases are often contrasted with infectious diseases.[4]Lou Gehrig's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's Disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and osteoarthritis... found in blastocyst (very early stage embryo, 50-100 cells)

pluripotent (can make all types of specialized cells)

from eggs that were fertilized in vitro (or another artificial environment) [3]found in body tissues

multipotent (can make multiple types of specialized cells, but not all types)

stem cells found in the umbilical cord and peripheral blood (hematopoietic) as well as in bone marrow (mesenchymal), muscle, heart, gut, and brain [3]Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPS) Diabetes Leukemia Parkinson'scancer of the blood and bone marrow

white blood cells (leukocytes) develop abnormally

in many forms of acute leukemia, the abnormal white blood cells (blasts) accumulate in the bone marrow and prevent white blood cells from defending against disease and infection in the bodyrequires immediate and intensive treatment

chemotherapy is the most effective, unfortunately it damages the healthy blood-forming cells in the bone marrow

haematopoietic stem cells transplants replace the damaged cells

blood-forming and immune cells are collected from the blood / bone marrow of a healthy donor with the same tissue type of the patient to fight the leukemia

adult cells, such as skin cells, are reprogrammed by genes found in stem cellsthey are reprogrammed to act as embryonic stem cells, having the ability to develop into all types of specialized cells (man-made) there is less of a chance of rejection by the immune systemhope to use them in transplantations [3]Recent studies on metabolism in stem cells have revealed a shift in the balance of glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress, during the maturation of adult stem cells and reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency [2] TYPE 1 DIABETES requires daily insulin injections

pancreatic beta cells damaged by the immune system can no longer produce insulin

instead of pancreas / islet of Langerhans transplants, stem cells could be used [6]

stem cells could be differentiated into beta cellsbe used to prevent diabetes repair the tissues that diabetes compromise over time

dopamine is secreted from the substantia nigra and helps in smooth and coordinated body movements

dopamine-producing cells are need to reverse Parkinson's Disease [1]WHAT IS PARKINSON'S DISEASE Current Treatment: Stem Cell Treatment: drug levodopa (L-dopa) converted to dopamine in the body less successful over timemore side effectsLEUKEMIA THE FUTURE OF STEM CELLS Scientist would like to... 1. take (skin) cells from the patient's body 2. make iPS cells3. use iPS cells to grow the specialized cells needed to recover from the disease

Embryonic stem cells have been reported to differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons in culture [1] Stem cells exhibit precise regulation for self-renewal and differentiation to sustain tissue homeostasis in an organism

This is modulated by metabolic changes and modifications of nutrient-sensing pathways such as mTOR and AMPK

It is becoming increasingly clear that stem cells inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in favor of aerobic glycolysis for energy production [8]the effects on metabolism...moral / ethical / social issues embryonic stem cells have the potential to become a human - some see embryos as tissue; others as babies