TOKYO (AFP) - Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said Thursday his visit to the controversial Yasukuni war shrine was a pledge that Japan would not go to war again and was not intended to hurt Chinese or South Koreans.

"I chose this day to report (to enshrined spirits) what we have done in the year since the administration launched and to pledge and determine that never again will people suffer in war," he told reporters at the shrine.

"I am aware that, because of misunderstandings, some people criticise a visit to Yasukuni shrine as an act of worshipping war criminals, but I made my visit to pledge to create an era where people will never suffer from catastrophe in war," Abe said.

"I have no intention at all to hurt the feelings of Chinese or South Korean people."

A Chinese foreign ministry official condemned his visit as "absolutely unacceptable to the Chinese people".

SYDNEY (AFP) - Three icebreaking ships were Thursday hurrying to reach a Russian vessel carrying 74 people on a scientific expedition which is trapped by ice off Antarctica, with Australian authorities coordinating the rescue mission.

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) said the MV Akademik Shokalskiy sent a distress message on Wednesday to say it was stuck about 100 nautical miles east of the French base Dumont D'Urville.

"The ship was starting to head out (to the open ocean) when the blizzard hit," expedition spokesman Alvin Stone told AFP.

"It's just stuck in ice. There's no danger at all."

The ship is in the Australian search and rescue region, prompting authorities to issue a broadcast to icebreaking vessels in the area and three with icebreaking capability have responded.

The three, which include the Australian Antarctic Division's Aurora Australis, are en route to the area with a Chinese-flagged vessel expected to reach the trapped ship first late Friday.

AMSA said the mission to reach the ship could be difficult.

"It's quite windy and there could be some sort of blizzard conditions," Andrea Hayward-Maher told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

"Weather conditions, if they become difficult, could hinder the options that we have.

"But hopefully those icebreaking vessels will be able to get there as soon as they possibly can to render assistance."

The group on board the Russian ship are scientists and tourists recreating the historic voyage of explorer Sir Douglas Mawson to Antarctica a century ago.

They have been replicating the scientific experiments his team conducted during the 1911-1914 Australian Antarctic Expedition - the pre-eminent scientific expedition of its time to South Polar regions.

It is not known whether the ship, which is stranded just three kilometres (two miles) from open ocean, will continue with its scientific experiments once it is freed or head back to New Zealand where it had been due to arrive on January 6.

Stone said the mood on board appeared to be normal as they waited for an icebreaker to reach them.
"They have been celebrating Christmas," he said.

MUMBAI (AFP) - The world's tiny but hugely successful Zoroastrian community will confront a demographic crisis which threatens its very existence when it gathers en masse in its spiritual home of Mumbai this week.

The four-day World Zoroastrian Congress, beginning Friday, brings together followers of one of the world's oldest religions, many of whom are descended from Persians who fled to India to escape persecution more than 1,000 years ago.

Known as the Parsis, this group went on to become one of India's wealthiest communities, closely linked to the rise of financial capital Mumbai. Famed members have included the industrialist Tata family and the late Queen singer Freddie Mercury, the son of Parsi migrants to Zanzibar.

But the population of Parsis is quickly diminishing, with members divided over how best to preserve their religion and culture.

"Demographically there's nothing you can do. It's going down and down and it's eventually going to disappear," said Jehangir Patel, editor of Parsiana, a Mumbai-based magazine for the community.

Zoroastrians believe in one god, Ahura Mazda, and follow the teachings of the ancient Prophet Zoroaster. They worship in fire temples, believing fire to be a symbol of god's purity.

Scattered across countries including Iran, the United States and Britain, their estimated numbers have dropped by more than 10 percent between 2004 to 2012 to fewer than 112,000 people.

Marrying late

In India, where most Zoroastrians live, the numbers have halved since 1940 to about 61,000.

Every year, Mumbai sees about 850 Parsi deaths and roughly 200 births, with the largely well-educated and well-off group tending to marry late - or not at all - and opting for smaller families, said Patel.

Alarmed by the figures, and despite worries about a boom in the wider population, India's government is about to launch an IVF scheme for the Parsis, who have earned a reputation for good business sense and honesty.

"It's a step in the right direction," said gynaecologist Anahita Pandole, who has worked on a similar fertility scheme for Parsis in Mumbai for nearly a decade, and said they often waited until their mid-to-late 30s to have children.

But some believe more drastic action is needed to boost the traditionally closed community - being a Parsi-Zoroastrian is currently inherited only through the male line.

If a Parsi woman marries a non-Zoroastrian, her children are barred from entering Mumbai's fire temples or the Towers of Silence, where Parsi bodies are laid after death to be consumed by vultures.

"It's basically politics of apartheid. It's discrimination on the basis of race and sex," said Patel.

Traditionalists, however, say the rules are essential to preserve their identity, which combines religion and ethnicity.

The Bombay Parsi Punchayet, the leading Parsi organisation, is one of Mumbai's largest landlords with 5,500 apartments offered at subsidised rates exclusively for Parsi-Zoroastrians, discouraging intermarriage.

"We want to increase the number of Parsis and if our community members marry out, in four generations the ethnicity of the community is going to disappear," said Khojeste Mistree, a Punchayet trustee.

"These are the rules of the religious club and you have to follow them. You have every right to opt out of the club and leave."

The Punchayet has banned two priests for performing religious initiations for the children of women who married out, and ceremonies for Zoroastrians who chose to be cremated. A high court quashed the decision and the matter is with India's Supreme Court.

Disenchantment

Held every four years, this is the first congress to be held in Mumbai since 1990. Around 1,000 delegates are expected to attend the event at the National Sports Club of India.

The event however was nearly cancelled at one stage due to in-fighting in the Punchayet over funds which are alleged to have gone missing, reflecting the tensions within the community.

"I think people are very disenchanted, very upset with the functioning of the Punchayet," said Patel.

The theme of the congress is "Nurturing Growth and Affirming Identity" while the agenda includes panel discussions entitled "Demography and Way Forward: Issues of Fertility and Solutions" and "The Zoroastrian World - a Demographic Picture."

Benafsha Shroff, a US-born Zoroastrian who moved to Mumbai two years ago, said the younger generation were increasingly indifferent to controversies facing the community, and preferred to use Parsi gatherings for socialising.

The 26-year-old said many were turned off by the "hype" over the falling population - "it makes them feel they're just another number", she said.

Schemes to encourage young Zoroastrian couples have included Parsi pin-up calendars, speed-dating nights and other social events "to bring our boys and girls together", said Mistree.

Shroff, a proud and practising Zoroastrian, said she would like to marry within the fold, but explained that it was hard for women to find a partner when Parsi men could marry out and remain part of the community.

"Women see it as a sacrifice, while men feel they can be accommodated," she said.