Very few details on his life are known, and the first known reference to his work appeared in 1405, when he is said to have painted icons and frescoes in the Cathedral of the Annunciation in Moscow. Only one icon is credited as entirely Rublev's work - the Trinity, or Hospitality of Abraham.

Rublev reposed at Andronikov Monastery on January 29, 1430. He was canonized by the Church in 1988.