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Pathway analysis of the joint mRNA and miRNA results provided the

Pathway analysis of the joint mRNA and miRNA results provided the first in vivo evidence of significant involve ment of axon guidance pathway and its downstream sig nalling pathways on both transcriptional level and regulation level. Axon guidance Perifosine clinical pledges precise path finding and defines their termination zones and synaptic Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries partners, which is fundamental to neuronal devel opment and networks. In addition, misrouted fibers have been shown in AD and PDs brains. Furthermore, it is well known that HIV envelope glycoprotein can cause axonal degeneration and recently axon damage has been claimed as a key predictor of outcome in mul tiple neurological disorders, including HAD. Axon guidance pathway contains four prominent families of ligands, their receptors Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and downstream signalling proteins.

The role of axon guidance pathway molecules Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in the maintenance and plasticity of neural circuits has been reported. More over, the variations in axon guidance pathway genes have been reported to pre dict PD outcomes. Significantly, 9 of our DE miRNAs have been found targeting this pathway according to Tar getScan results, and more importantly these results sup port previous observations with 3 out of 4 ligands receptors being dysregulated in our mRNA studies, in cluding ephrin receptor A4, netrin G2, and semaphoring 3A, strongly sug gesting the impairment of axon guidance pathway in HAD brains in vivo. Moreover, our results highlight axon guidance down stream signalling pathways, which allow precise patterns of connectivity within the CNS.

For instance, the MAPK pathway comes out significant in both our mRNA and miRNA profiling. Studies have shown that the activation of MAPK is necessary for axon guidance, and it con tributes to netrin signalling Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in axon guidance. Besides, netrin dependent axon outgrowth and orientation can be antagonized by inhibition of ERK 1 2. The role of MAPK pathway in HIV infection has also been well docu mented. For instance, it has been reported that the MAPK pathway plays a crucial role in HIV 1 replication and viru lence and is one of the transcriptional signatures in HIV long term non progressors. In addition, the binding of HIV 1 GP120 to CD4 receptors on T cells can activate the MAPK pathway and induce transcription of cytokine and chemokine genes. Interestingly, MAPK pathway was targeted by 3 DE miRNAs and it includes 11 of our DE genes, such as RPS6KA1, FLNA, RRAS2, and MAP2K4 etc.

each of which play an important role in MAPK signalling. MAPK signalling cross talks with the Jak STAT signalling pathway at multiple levels. In mam mals, the Jak Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries STAT signalling pathway is the principal sig nalling mechanism for cytokines and growth factors useful site and therefore plays a key role in cell proliferation, differenti ation, cell migration and apoptosis.