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1994 brought many changes to BMW, most obviously by the introduction of the “R259″ series twins and the elimination of the old standby “Airhead” twins that had been BMW’s trademark for seven decades. While it is interesting to look at all the technologies introduced during the 1994 to 2004 time block, it is also exciting to look into what was going on as far as changes in BMW more esoteric than measurable. In this author’s opinion there were unspoken changes in BMW’s mindset and philosophy. BMW had forged it’s reputation for long lasting, simple machines built to the highest standards and quality; aimed at a dwindling, older (OK, Jeff, more mature) market of enthusiastic but eccentric riders. They built motorcycles that were easy for the owners to maintain and modify to fit their specific wants. BMW had always built their bikes their way; often it seemed like they did so in spite of what the younger and upwardly mobile riders were looking for. By 1994, the airhead was simply not a sellable motorcycle; the buying market was younger and wanted performance in line with what the Japanese products offered at much lower prices. The K 75/100 series that were so far ahead of their time in 1984 when they were introduced were also showing their age. No doubt, BMW knew this was coming many years before the new “Oil Head” was introduced. They knew that the riding community had reduced its mean age substantially. The younger riders had money to spend on a bike that had to be BMW, yet had to be totally more modern both in performance and in perception than what BMW had been selling. Thus, the R259 was born. The Birth of the R259 Twins The new BMW corporate mindset, if you will, was no longer concerned with selling motorcycles that would be handed down from one generation to the next, nor was BMW concerned about ease of maintenance with standard hand tools. Although the new bikes were still able to outlast the riders, the concern for building units to last a quarter-million miles was not so much in the forefront of the design. The new models would have to be powerful, fast, handle better than anything on the road; they would need to offer a standard of technology that the Japanese would never build. They should be complex pieces of rolling art. Most obvious, though, was that they would build a product aimed at an entirely new market of riders who would likely not be interested in maintaining the bikes themselves or really understanding the nuances of design. The new customers BMW was looking for were serious riders who were more interested in the fun and excitement of riding than they were in savoring the history of the older designs

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General view, right side 1 Fuel filler neck (66) 2 Brake-fluid reservoir, rear (91) 3 Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) (on steering-head bearing), Type plate (on steering-head bearing) 4 Brake-fluid reservoir, front (90) 5 Coolant level indicator (behind side panel) (91), Coolant filler neck (behind side panel) (92) 6 Adjuster for springpreload, rear (51) 7 Adjuster for damping characteristic, rear suspension Standard status indicators Multifunction display 1 Clock (38) 2 Odometer and tripmeters (38) Telltale lights 1 High-beam headlight 2 Flashing turn indicators, left 3 Idle 4 Flashing turn indicators, right Service-due indicator If the next service is due in less than one month, the date for the next service is shown briefly after thePre-Ride Check completes. The month is shown as atwo- digit number and the year asa four-digit number, with a colon as separator, so in this example the next service is due in March 2007. 3 22 z Status indicators
If the motorcycle covers long dis- tancesinthe course of the year, under certain circumstances it might be necessary to have it serviced at a date in advance of the forecast due date. If the countdown distance to the odometer reading at whichaservice will be due is less than 1000 km, the distance is counted down in steps of 100kmandisshown briefly after the Pre-Ride Check completes. If service is overdue, the due date or the odometer reading at which service was due is accom- paniedbythe’General’warning light showing yellow. The word “Service”remains permanently visible. If the service-due indicator appears more than a month in advance of the actual due date or if the word “Service”does not show permanently even though a service is overdue, the date stored in memory in the instru- mentpanelis incorrect and must beset. This situation can occur if the battery was disconnected for a prolonged period of time. If you want to have the date set consulta specialist workshop, preferably an authorised BMW Motorraddealer. Status indicators with on-boardcomputerOE Multifunction display 1 Status-indicator panel of the on-boardcomputerOE (39) 2 Gear indicator (23) 3 Coolant temperature (24) 4 Fuel capacity (24) Gear indicator The gear engaged or N for neutral appears on the display.

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Cover the throttle bodies to prevent anything from dropping into the engine. 1. Remove the front seat and disconnect the battery. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 8-8) 2. Lift up the fuel tank. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 5-3) 3. Remove the air cleaner box. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 5-14) 4. Remove and replace the ISC valve. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 5-25) NOTE: Since the ECM is also being replaced there is no need to perform the ISC valve preset operation. 5. Install the air cleaner box in reverse order of removal. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 5-14) 6. Lower the fuel tank. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 5-3) 7. Remove the upper seat rail plate. Disconnect and remove the ECM. (Figure 1) @ ISC Valve Mounting Screw Torque: 2.1± ±0.6 N.m (1.5± ±0.4 lb-ft) ! Carefully insert the ISC valve straight into the throttle body hole to prevent damaging the o-ring. Turn the ISC valve slightly to confirm that the o-ring has not twisted. Using the new screw provided in the replacement parts kit, make sure the screw is completely seated on the plate after the screw has been tightened to the specified torque. 4. Remove and replace the ISC valve. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 5-25) NOTE: Since the ECM is also being replaced there is no need to perform the ISC valve preset operation. ! Cover the throttle bodies to prevent anything from dropping into the engine. 1. Remove the front seat and disconnect the battery. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 8-8) 2. Lift up the fuel tank. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 5-3) 3. Remove the air cleaner box. (Refer to Service Manual, Page 5-14) REPLACEMENT PROCEDURE: 8. Install the new ECM in reverse order of removal. Apply thread lock to the upper plate mounting bolts when reinstalling the upper seat rail plate.

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Entering its next generation, BMW Motorrad Integral ABS is taking a quantum leap in the process of evolution, advancing from a stand-alone solution acting only on the brakes into a fully networked all-round system. Offering the new generation of Integral ABS, BMW Motorrad provides the foundation for additional dynamic riding control systems with a reduction in technical requirements and features. And following the customer’s wishes, this new generation also opens up the option in future for further-reaching rider assistance functions. The first step in this direction is BMW Motorrad ASC Automatic Stability Control available as of 2007. This system serving to control drive spin on a production motorcycles is being introduced as an optional extra on the touring models in the BMW K and Boxer Series. Once again, therefore, BMW is acting as the pioneer in the introduction of advanced safety technologies on the motorcycle. This further enhances the leadership which BMW Motorrad has shown in the area of active safety for more than 15 years. Choosing the right development partner for both systems, BMW Motorrad obviously had to focus on that partner’s specific competence in control technology and the networking of functions within the vehicle. In recent years, major car suppliers have become aware of the technical challenges presented by the motorcycle with its specific riding dynamics and the growing potential for motorcycle control systems in the market. The decisive point in preselection of the development partner was the willingness and ability to develop specialised solutions suitable for use on BMW motorcycles. So taking this into account, joint development of the new generation of ABS brake technology started together with Continental-Teves in early 2003. Integral ABS. BMW Motorrad’s new Integral ABS technology has been developed separately from the previous system and the entire layout of the system has been newly conceived from the ground up. Capitalising on progress in technology in both hydraulics and electronics, the development engineers have succeeded in simplifying the architecture of the system while at the same time enhancing its functions to an even higher standard. The result is supreme stopping power and very short stopping distances even without electrical power assistance on the brakes.

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Standard status indicators Multifunction display 1 Speedometer 2 Coolant temperature 3 Clock (37) 4 Odometer and tripmeters (38) 5 Ride mode (43) 6 Gear indicator (20) Telltale lights 1 Flashing turn indicators, left 2 Flashing turn indicators, right 3 Idle 4 High-beam headlight Gear indicator The gear engaged or Nforneut- ralappearsonthe display. If no gear is engaged, the ‘neutral’telltale light also lights up. Service-due indicator If the next service is due in less than one month, the date for the next service is shown briefly after the Pre-Ride Check completes. Month 1 and year 2 are shown; in this example the read- ingmeans”August 2010″. 3 If the motorcycle covers long dis- tancesinthe course of the year, under certain circumstances it might be necessary to have it serviced at a date in advance of the forecast due date. If the countdown distance to the odometer reading at whichaservice will be due is less than 1000 km, the distance is counted down in steps of 100kmandisshown briefly after the Pre-Ride Check completes. If service is overdue, the due date or the odometer reading at which service was due is accom- paniedbythe’General’warning light showing yellow. The word “Service”remains permanently visible. If the sevice-due indicator appears more than a month before the service date, the date saved in the instrument cluster must be adjusted. This situation can occur if the battery was disconnected fora prolonged period of time. If you want to have the date set consulta specialist workshop, preferably an authorised BMW Motorraddealer. Standard warnings Mode of presentation Warnings are output byawarning light 1 or indicated byawarning string in the display.

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Remove existing front wheel assembly. Save axle, axle nut, brake disc, and wheel spacers for kit installation. Refer to FRONT WHEEL in service manual. For FLSTC and FLSTN Models: Discard moon-style hub cap. -J04065 1 of 8 For FXSTD Models: Discard the tapered r ight side wheel spacer. Do not re-use brake disc/rotor screws. Re-using these screws can result in torque loss and damage to brake components. (00319c) NOTE • For Kits 43573-08, 43575-08, 43703-08, 43978-07, 43771- 07, 43609-07, 44323-07, 44282-07, 44322-07, 43975-07, 43602-07 and 43773-07 install short valve stem (43157- 83A) included in the installation kit. • For Kits 40943-09, 40966-09 and 40996-09 install long valve stem (43206-01) included in the installation kit. 2. See Figure 2. Install valve stem assembly (L, M or N) on wheel. Refer to TIRES in service manual. 3. Assemble wheel installation kit components and brake disc(s) to wheel, using the appropriate service parts table. Refer to FRONT WHEEL in Service Manual. NOTES Install the primary bearing first using appropriate service manual and WHEEL BEARING REMOVER/INSTALLER. For Kits 43573-08, 43575-08, 43703-08, 43978-07, 43771-07, 43609-07, 40943-09, 40966-09 and 40996-09: • The left side of the wheel has a machined groove (item 5, Figure 2) in the hub face and/or DOT markings to identify it as the brake disc and primary bearing side. • Install the wheel so that the valve stem is on the right side of the motorcycle. For Kits 44323-07, 44322-07 and 44282-07: • Install the wheel so that the hub markings are on the left side of the motorcycle. The left side of the wheel has a machined groove (item 5, Figure 2) in the hub face and hub markings to identify it as the primary bearing side. • These kits include one or two hub plates (43985-00) to install between the brake disc and the wheel and a chrome hub cap (43986-00) to install on the wheel opposite the brake disc side. Hub covers must be installed to prevent water intrusion, which could cause an imbalance condition. Dual brake disc models: Install one stainless steel hub plate (3) between each brake disc and wheel hub. Discard chrome hub cap (2). Install brake discs according to service manual procedures. Single brake disc models: Install one stainless steel hub plate (3) between the brake disc and wheel hub. Install the brake disc according to service manual procedures. Install the chrome hub cap (2) on the side opposite the brake disc. Discard extra stainless steel hub plate (3). • The gross axle weight ratings is unaffected by the installation of this wheel on a vehicle equipped with a 21-inch wheel. For Kits 43975-07, 43773-07, and 43602-07: • The wheel has a machined groove (item 5, Figure 2) in the hub face to identify the right side. • For 2007 and later FX Softail Models and 2008 and later FXDWG: The left side of the wheel is the primary bearing side. For all other models the right side of the wheel is the primary bearing side. • For Kit 43602-07: An arrow is engraved into the right side hub to indicate the direction of rotation. • For Kits 43975-07 and 43773-07: An arrow is cast between the spokes on the right side to indicate the direction of rotation. • These kits include one or two hub plates (43985-00) to install between the brake disc and the wheel and a chrome hub cap (43986-00) to install on the wheel opposite the brake-disc side. Hub covers must be installed to prevent water intrusion, which could cause an imbalance condition. Dual brake disc models: Install one stainless steel hub plate (3) between each brake disc and wheel hub. Discard chrome hub cap (2). Install brake discs according to service manual procedures. Single brake disc models: Install one stainless steel hub plate (3) between the brake disc and wheel hub. Install the brake disc according to service manual procedures. Install the chrome hub cap (2) on the side opposite the brake disc. Discard extra stainless steel hub plate (3). 4. Install wheel assembly parts from the appropriate Service Parts table for this fitment and stock brake disc. Discard parts from the installation kit that are not required. Refer to FRONT WHEEL in Service Manual. 5. For FLSTC and FLSTN Models: Install wheel kit and right side wheel spacer provided in installation kit. For FXSTD Models: Install wheel kit, stock left wheel spacer and right side wheel spacer from installation kit in place of the tapered right side wheel spacer discarded in Step 1. Refer to FRONT WHEEL in service manual. For FXSTS Models: Install the left side wheel spacer provided in the kit between the stock left wheel spacer and the left fork. All other models: Install wheel spacers previously removed. 6. Install front wheel (1), stock axle and stock axle nut. Refer to FRONT WHEEL in service manual

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tires: Tires are the first part of any suspension system. The design of the tire and even the pressure you run can have a profound affect on the way your motorcycle handles. Stiff, low profile tires will give a sharper feel to the bike, as will higher tire pressures. Those of us who ride our GS’s off the road will decrease the tire pressure to about 50% of the street spec when we are in the dirt. The tire then becomes a very active part of the suspension, but will wallow like an old pig if not re-inflated when pressed back into pavement duty. It still surprises me when we have a customer complain that his BMW needs new shocks when they come in with nearly flat tires. It is possible that the best dollars-per- unit improvement you can make to your BMW may be in keeping the tires inflated. Chassis: There is not much that we can do about the chassis design, unless we are Troy the Welder, but it is a fact that different frames and swing arms flex differently and therefore are part of the suspension. On the Airheads, we often braced various parts of the frame and swing arms, resulting in improved handling that even mere mortals could appreciate. On the latest BMW’s it would take the likes of a Valentino Rossi to even notice if the parts were stiffened. Stiffer is not always better. One of the Japanese racing bike manufactures controls the stiffness of the frame in various areas to allow some flex for better handling. So, Mr. Rossi might not even like it if Troy stiffened his new BMW. Springs: Springs control the ride height of the motorcycle and the ability to allow for different loads. On most BMW’s there is a way to adjust the spring preload to some extent so that the ride can be optimized for a light rider or two-up operation with luggage. Dampers: Dampers control the speed and frequency at which the suspension operates by changing the kinetic (moving) energy to thermal (heat) energy. Without the damper, the suspension would oscillate as each movement occurred, resulting in decreased vehicle control. Dampers on BMW’s fall into two main groups. On airheads, older K bikes, F and G models, and the R1200 HP-2, the front dampers are integrated into the forks. On the rear of the above mentioned -3 – models, and on both ends of all the rest of the bikes, there is a more common shock absorber, around which the spring is located. The HP-2 uses an air spring and air dampened rear shock. Seat: OK, folks, this is here for my old buddy Jeff. We know that a seat isn’t part of suspension, but a bad one sure can make you miserable. We have sent dozens of seats to our friend Mike Harris for inexpensive mods that might improve your riding enjoyment more than any suspension changes you could make! Let us know if we can help you with this most important item

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1. These instructions start with the right side mirror. Grab the mirror housing as shown and slowly push down to disengage housing from motorcycle. 2. Once you have the mirror housing removed partially, twist and remove the light bulb from mirror housing. Remove mirror housing and set it on a cloth covered surface. 3. Remove the factory mirror by inserting a slotted screwdriver against each mirror mount snaps. Slowly twist and pry each snap until it releases from motor actuator. Repeat process until factory mirror disengages. NOTE: Insert the slotted screwdriver as close to each of the snaps as possible before prying out the OE mirror. Not doing so may cause the crossbar on the motor actuator to break. Connect the two mating connectors from the adapter Signal® mirror wire harness and the new Signal® mirror wire harness. Cut a slot in the foam disc to accommodate the anti-vibration prongs on the motor adapter. Place the foam disc onto the center of the Signal® mirror motor interface. Connect the Signal® mirror mating connector to the Signal® mirror wire harness. 5. Remove Cap Sheet from two-sided adhesive disc on back of Signal ® mirror. Align the anti-rotation prongs found on the top and bottom or left and right with the corresponding slots on the motor mount. Use the palm of your hand, push down on the Signal® mirror and the mirror housing until the Signal® mirror motor mount is fully engaged. Note: Push firmly on all sides of the Signal® mirror to ensure proper engagement and travel. Not doing so could result in mirror falling off. 6. Locate the light bulb and carefully disconnect the original light blue with black stripe wire [hot wire]. Connect the red wire from the Signal® mirror wire harness to the spade terminal on the light bulb. Connect the original light blue with black stripe wire to the other spade terminal located on the red wire of the Signal® mirror wire harness. Repeat the process for the original brown wire and the black wire from the Signal® mirror wire harness [ground wires]. Insert the light bulb back into the mirror housing. 7. Align the 3-pins with their corresponding snap holes and snap the mirror housing into place. 8. Insert key into the ignition and turn to the “ON” position. Activate the right hand turn indicator to verify that the new Signal® mirror is working correctly. Replace any other accessories necess