1.
Universiteit
–
A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter

2.
Willem II der Nederlanden
–
William II was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Duke of Limburg. William II was the son of William I and Wilhelmine of Prussia, when his father, who up to that time ruled as sovereign prince, proclaimed himself king in 1815, he became Prince of Orange as heir apparent of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. With the abdication of his father on 7 October 1840, William II became king, during his reign, the Netherlands became a parliamentary democracy with the new constitution of 1848. William II was married to Anna Pavlovna of Russia and they had four sons and one daughter. William II died on 17 March 1849 and was succeeded by his son William III, Willem Frederik George Lodewijk was born on 6 December 1792 in The Hague. He was the eldest son of King William I of the Netherlands and his maternal grandparents were King Frederick William II of Prussia and his second wife Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt. William spent his youth in Berlin at the Prussian court, where he followed a military education, after this, he studied at the University of Oxford and had a splendid military career close to Wellington. William II had a string of relationships with men and women. The homosexual relationships that William II had as crown prince and as king were reported by journalist Eillert Meeter, the king surrounded himself with male servants whom he could not dismiss because of his abominable motive for hiring them in the first place. Though not yet 20, the prince, according to the customs of the time, was made lieutenant colonel on 11 June 1811. On 8 September 1812 he was made an aide-de-camp to the Prince Regent and his courage and good nature made him very popular with the British, who nicknamed him Slender Billy. He returned to the Netherlands in 1813 when his father became sovereign prince, on 8 July 1814, he was promoted to lieutenant-general in the British Army, and on 25 July to general. As such, he was officer of the Allied army in the Low Countries when Napoleon I of France escaped from Elba in 1815. As a sign of gratitude for what the Dutch throne styled his victory at Waterloo, in response, Siborne was accused by Lieutenant-General Willem Jan Knoop of many inaccuracies and contradictions. An inspection of the archives of Siborne by General Francois de Bas in 1897 confirmed the use of sources and numerous miscounts. In 1814, William became briefly engaged with Princess Charlotte of Wales, only daughter of the Prince Regent, later George IV of the United Kingdom and his estranged wife Caroline of Brunswick. The engagement was arranged by the Prince Regent, but it was broken because Charlottes mother was against the marriage, on 21 February 1816 at the Chapel of the Winter Palace in St. On 17 February 1817 in Brussels, his first son Willem Alexander was born, already in 1819, he was blackmailed over what Minister of Justice Van Maanen termed in a letter his shameful and unnatural lusts, presumably bisexuality

3.
Jodenvervolging
–
Persecution of Jewish people has occurred on many occasions and in widely different geographical locations. Persecution has been a part of Jewish history. Europe and the Middle East have been the areas of persecution throughout the ages while South Asia usually provided a refuge as in the case of the Baghdadi Jews. When Judea fell under the authority of the Seleucid Empire, the process of Hellenization was enforced by law and this effectively meant requiring pagan religious practice. In 167 BCE Jewish sacrifice was forbidden, sabbaths and feasts were banned, altars to Greek gods were set up and animals prohibited to Jews were sacrificed on them. The Olympian Zeus was placed on the altar of the Temple, possession of Jewish scriptures was made a capital offense. In the Middle Ages Antisemitism in Europe was religious, though not part of Roman Catholic dogma, many Christians, including members of the clergy, have held the Jewish people collectively responsible for killing Jesus. As stated in the Boston College Guide to Passion Plays, Over the course of time, according to this interpretation, both the Jews present at Jesus Christs death and the Jewish people collectively and for all time, have committed the sin of deicide, or god-killing. For 1900 years of Christian-Jewish history, the charge of deicide has led to hatred, violence against and murder of Jews in Europe, during the High Middle Ages in Europe there was full-scale persecution in many places, with blood libels, expulsions, forced conversions and massacres. An underlying source of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious, Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the Crusades, in the First Crusade flourishing communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed, a prime example being the Rhineland massacres. In the Second Crusade the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres, the Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds Crusades of 1251 and 1320. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in 1290, the banishing of all English Jews, in 1396,100,000 Jews were expelled from France, many of the expelled Jews fled to Poland. As the Black Death epidemics devastated Europe in the century, annihilating more than a half of the population. Rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells, hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence in the Black Death persecutions. One study finds that Jewish persecutions and expulsions increased with economic shocks. The authors of the study argue that this stems from people blaming Jews for misfortunes, the impact of the Reformation and the Enlightenment may have reduced antisemitic attitudes. In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos

4.
Fakkel
–
A torch is a stick with combustible material at one end, which is ignited and used as a light source. Torches have been used throughout history, and are used in processions, symbolic and religious events. In some countries, the torch is used as the term for a battery-operated portable light. Torch construction has varied through history depending the torchs purpose, Torches were usually constructed of a wooden stave with one end wrapped in a material which was soaked in a flammable substance. In ancient Rome some torches were made of sulfur mixed with lime and this meant that the fire would not diminish after being plunged into water. Modern procession torches are made from coarse hessian rolled into a tube, there is usually a wooden handle and a cardboard collar to deflect any wax droplets. They are an easy, safe and relatively cheap way to hold a flame aloft in a parade, modern torches suitable for juggling are made of a wooden and metal or metal only stave with one end wrapped in a Kevlar wick. This wick is soaked in a liquid, usually paraffin. The torch is an emblem of both enlightenment and hope. Thus the Statue of Liberty, actually Liberty Enlightening of the World, the torch is also a symbol used by political parties, for instance by both Labour and the Conservatives in the UK, and the Malta Labour Party. In the seals of schools in the Philippines, the torch symbolizes the vision of education to provide enlightenment to all the students, a torch carried in relay by cross-country runners is used to light the Olympic flame which burns without interruption until the end of the Games. To a skilled juggler, there is only a chance of being burned. In former times, liturgical torches were carried in Eucharistic processions simply to give light, the Church eventually adopted their use for Solemn High Masses. According to Adrian Fortescue, the correct form of liturgical torches are non-freestanding. However, today, even in the Vatican, freestanding, tall candles in ornate candle-stick holders have replaced the former type, the torches are carried by torchbearers, who enter at the Sanctus and leave after Communion. Anglicans of the High Church and some Lutherans use torches in some of their liturgical celebrations as well. The association of a torch with love may date to the Greek and Roman tradition of a torch, lit in the bride’s hearth on her wedding night. Such a torch is associated with the Greek god of marriage Hymen, the idiom to carry a torch means to love or to be romantically infatuated with someone, especially when such feelings are not reciprocated

5.
Prometheus (mythologie)
–
Ancient myths and legends relate at least four versions of the narratives describing Prometheus, his exploits with Zeus, and his eternal punishment as also inflicted by Zeus. There is a single somewhat comprehensive version of the birth of Prometheus, the most significant narratives of his origin appear in the Theogony of Hesiod which relates Prometheus as being the son of the Titan Iapetus by Clymene, one of the Oceanids. Hesiod then presents Prometheus as subsequently being a challenger to Zeuss omnipotence. Each individual ancient author selectively preferred certain crucial stories depicting Prometheus over others, all three of the major Athenian tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, were affected by the myth of Prometheus. The surviving plays and fragments of Aeschylus regarding Prometheus retain a place of prominence within modern scholarship for their having survived the ravages of time. The majority of written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides have been lost to literary antiquity. The influence of the myth of Prometheus extends well into the 20th, the etymology of the theonym prometheus is debated. The classical view is that it signifies forethought, as that of his brother Epimetheus denotes afterthought. It has been theorized that it derives from the Proto-Indo-European root that also produces the Vedic pra math, to steal, hence pramathyu-s, thief, cognate with Prometheus, the Vedic myth of fires theft by Mātariśvan is an analog to the Greek account. Pramantha was the used to create fire. Prometheus, himself a Titan, managed to avoid being in the direct confrontational cosmic battle between Zeus and the other Olympians against Cronus and the other Titans. Prometheus and his struggle would be of vast merit to society as well in this mythology as he was to be credited with the creation of humans. The four most ancient historical sources for the Prometheus myth are Hesiod, Homer, Pindar, the Prometheus myth first appeared in the late 8th-century BCE Greek epic poet Hesiods Theogony. He was a son of the Titan Iapetus by Clymene, one of the Oceanids and he was brother to Menoetius, Atlas, and Epimetheus. In the Theogony, Hesiod introduces Prometheus as a challenger to Zeuss omniscience and omnipotence. In the trick at Mekone, a sacrificial meal marking the settling of accounts between mortals and immortals, Prometheus played a trick against Zeus. He placed two sacrificial offerings before the Olympian, a selection of hidden inside an oxs stomach. Zeus chose the latter, setting a precedent for future sacrifices, henceforth, humans would keep that meat for themselves and burn the bones wrapped in fat as an offering to the gods

6.
Griekse mythologie
–
It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece. Greek mythology is explicitly embodied in a collection of narratives. Greek myth attempts to explain the origins of the world, and details the lives and adventures of a variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines. These accounts initially were disseminated in a tradition, today the Greek myths are known primarily from ancient Greek literature. The oldest known Greek literary sources, Homers epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on the Trojan War, archaeological findings provide a principal source of detail about Greek mythology, with gods and heroes featured prominently in the decoration of many artifacts. Geometric designs on pottery of the eighth century BC depict scenes from the Trojan cycle as well as the adventures of Heracles, in the succeeding Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence. Greek mythology has had an influence on the culture, arts. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes, Greek mythology is known today primarily from Greek literature and representations on visual media dating from the Geometric period from c. Mythical narration plays an important role in every genre of Greek literature. Nevertheless, the only general mythographical handbook to survive from Greek antiquity was the Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus and this work attempts to reconcile the contradictory tales of the poets and provides a grand summary of traditional Greek mythology and heroic legends. Apollodorus of Athens lived from c, 180–125 BC and wrote on many of these topics. His writings may have formed the basis for the collection, however the Library discusses events that occurred long after his death, among the earliest literary sources are Homers two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Other poets completed the cycle, but these later and lesser poems now are lost almost entirely. Despite their traditional name, the Homeric Hymns have no connection with Homer. They are choral hymns from the part of the so-called Lyric age. Hesiods Works and Days, a poem about farming life, also includes the myths of Prometheus, Pandora. The poet gives advice on the best way to succeed in a dangerous world, lyrical poets often took their subjects from myth, but their treatment became gradually less narrative and more allusive. Greek lyric poets, including Pindar, Bacchylides and Simonides, and bucolic poets such as Theocritus and Bion, additionally, myth was central to classical Athenian drama

7.
Univers
–
Univers is the name of a sans-serif typeface designed by Adrian Frutiger in 1954. Originally conceived and released by Deberny & Peignot in 1957, it was licensed and re-released by Monotype. The original marketing for the design deliberately referenced the periodic table to emphasise its scope, historian James Mosley has described it as probably the last major release of a large family as metal type. Univers is one of a group of neo-grotesque sans-serif typefaces, all released in 1957, as all are based on Akzidenz-Grotesk, these three faces are sometimes confused with each other. These typefaces figure prominently in the Swiss Style of graphic design, Univers was released after a long period in which geometric typefaces such as Futura had been popular. Frutiger disliked purely geometric designs, finding them too rigid, following a school of thought among Swiss designers of the period. While studying at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Zürich, he had begun to sketch a revived grotesque family based on nineteenth-century grotesques and he described Univers in 1998 as having a visual sensitivity between thick and thin strokes, avoiding perfect geometry. Different weights and variations within the family are designated by the use of numbers rather than names. Frutiger envisioned a large family with multiple widths and weights that maintained a unified design idiom, however, the actual typeface names within Univers family include both number and letter suffixes. Like most grotesque and neo-grotesque sans-serifs, Universs slanted form is an oblique, in which the letterforms are slanted, with minor corrections and this is different from a true italic, in which the letterforms become modified to resemble handwriting more. In the original design, Frutiger chose obliques with the extremely aggressive slant of sixteen degrees, Linotype Univers returns to the original angle. Frutigers original ampersand was a true et ligature, similar to that in Trebuchet among others, Frutiger later provided an alternative for non French-speaking countries in which the form might be less familiar. The Deberny & Peignot library was acquired in 1972 by Haas Type Foundry, Univers is similar in design to other European grotesque fonts, of which Akzidenz-Grotesk, Folio, and Helvetica are among the most common. Differences include, The tail of a and the top of 1 are much less rounded, upper-case G is formed without an arrow head. Both arms of K join at the stem, the tail of Q runs along the baseline. The dot of the i is not square but a rectangle, lower-case y has a straight descender. Frutigers later landmark sans-serif designs, Avenir and Frutiger, would take very different, more humanist, Frutiger himself has commented, Helvetica is the jeans, and Univers the dinner jacket. Univers enjoyed great popularity in the 1960s and 1970s because many corporations adopted it for usage and it is used in a modified version by the new Swiss International Air Lines, Deutsche Bank and for signage all over the world

8.
Tahoma (lettertype)
–
Tahoma is a humanist sans-serif typeface that Matthew Carter designed for Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft first distributed it, along with Carters Verdana, as a font in the initial release of Windows 95. While similar to Verdana, Tahoma has a body, smaller counters, much tighter letter spacing. Carter first designed Tahoma as a font, then carefully wrapped TrueType outlines around those bitmaps. Carter based the bold weight on a pixel width, rendering it closer to a heavy or black weight. In contrast with some other sans-serif typefaces, including Arial, the uppercase I is distinguishable from lowercase l, since 2010, Ascender Corporation has offered italic and small caps versions of Tahoma. Tahoma is often compared with Frutiger, another humanist sans-serif typeface, in an interview by Daniel Will-Harris, Carter acknowledged that Tahoma has some similarities with his earlier Bell Centennial typeface. The Tahoma typeface family was named after the Native American name for the stratovolcano Mount Rainier, Tahoma was an official font supplied with Office 97, Office 2000, and Office XP, and was freely distributed with Word Viewer 97. Tahoma was the default font used by Windows 2000, Windows XP. Bundled in the font library of Windows, the typeface was used as an alternative to Arial. In 2007, Apple announced that Tahoma would be bundled with the version of Mac OS X v10.5. Leopard also shipped with other previously Microsoft-only fonts, including Microsoft Sans Serif, Arial Unicode. As of 2016, Tahoma is still widely in use as a standard in multiple applications, for example, a new Delphi VCL application defaults its font to Tahoma. This was done because Tahoma is available by default on Windows, before Wine included a Tahoma replacement font, some applications, such as Steam, would not display any text at all, rendering them nearly unusable