camera mounted on crane camera mounted on trolly; often on a rail-track so also known as tracking shot camera swivels on horizontal tilt down tilt up high angle low angle panoramique vertical (haut) panoramique vertical (bas) en plongée en contre-plongée or vertical axis; 'pan' is short for 'panorama'

soundtrack coincides with what the spectator sees on screen (the story space, or diegesis)

sound in the story space, but unseen, although the spectator assumes that characters are aware of it ditto, but sound is anterior or posterior to image voice-over by character dialogue assumed to be in the mind of character not part of story space, e.g. commentary 'off' (Vo/'x off) a character speaks from 'outside' the story space (or diegesis)

Music redundant; empathetic contrapuntal; a-empathetic contrapuntal; didactic musique empathique musique anempathique musique didactique conveys the emotions of characters music indifferent to the drama, distances the spectator music asks the spectator to adopt a distanced, even ironic position

conventional organisation of shots in a sequence, as in a conversation where the camera switches from one interlocutor to the other as each speaks an inserted shot, e.g. a close-up (see the section on Metz in Chapter 2 of this volume for other examples)

Mise-En-Scène

A commonly used term in both English and French, meaning literally 'what is put into the scene'. It covers everything the spectator sees that is not camera-specific: lighting and colour; costume, hair and make-up; settings and props; facial expressions and body language; positioning of characters and objects within the frame.