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Notes
1. Steve Taylor and Cheryl Lesneski contributed to the research and writing of this section of the
chapter.
2. Pregnancy data include live births, induced abortions, and fetal deaths greater than or equal to
20 weeks of gestation per 1,000 females.
3. Moore P, Hepworth JT. Use of perinatal and infant health services by Mexican- American
Medicaid enrollees. JAMA 1994; 272: 297- 304.
4. Cobas JA,. Balcazar H, Benin MB, Keith VM, Chong Y. Acculturation and low- birthweight
infants among Latino women: a reanalysis of HHANES data with structural equation models.
Am J Pub Health 1996; 86: 394- 396.
5. Birth and infant death certificate records were combined for 1996- 2000. The birth country of
the mother is recorded on the birth certificate.
6. The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System ( PRAMS) is a survey of new mothers
based on a random sample of birth certificates to North Carolina residents. Approximately
1,800 women are interviewed each year. The overall response rate, from mailed and follow- up
telephone surveys, is approximately 75%. The surveys are conducted in English and Spanish,
between 3 to 5 months postpartum. The survey, which was sponsored by the Centers for
Disease Control, has a standardized core set of questions and is administered in about 25
states. There were 374 Latinas, 3,803 non- Latina whites, and 1,870 non- Latina African-
Americans interviewed for the survey. Buescher P. State Center for Health Statistics.
Presentation to NC Institute of Medicine Latino Health Task Force. June 12, 2002.
7. Dever A. Migrant Health Status: Profile of a Population with Complex Health Problems.
Austin, TX: National Migrant Resource Program, Inc. 1991. Trotter RT. Orientation to
Multicultural Health Care in Migrant Health Programs. Austin, TX: National Migrant Referral
Project, Inc. 1988. Watkins EL, Peoples MD, Gates C. Health and Social Services Needs of
Women Farmworkers Receiving Maternity Care at a Migrant Health Center. 1983. Presentation
to American Public Health Association.
8. Toni Laskey, MD, contributed to the research and writing of the immunization section. Jangho
Yoon contributed to the research of the general child health section.
9. The DTaP vaccination protects individuals from contracting diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis.
Cases of diphtheria and tetanus are extremely rare in the United States, as a result of wide-spread
immunization programs. However, pertussis is still a great threat. Immunity wanes
with age. Teenagers and adults may be carriers of this pathogen. Teens and adults who contract
this disease may only experience symptoms like a " bad cold;" however, children who are inade-quately
immunized may contract this disease— commonly known as whooping cough.
Whooping cough is potentially fatal for infants or may lead to significant morbidity both with
and without underlying lung disease.
10. The MMR vaccination protects individuals from measles, mumps, and rubella.
11. In each school, 30 students were selected at random. Eight percent of the records in the survey
were Latino, which approximates the percentage of Latinos in the Kindergarten class ( 5%).
12. Reef S, Frey T, Theall K, et. al. The Changing Epidemiology of Rubella in the 1990s. JAMA.
January 23/ 30, 2002; 287( 4): 464- 472.
13. Ibid.
14. Flores, G., Abreu, M., Olivar, M., and B. Kastner. Access Barriers to Health Care for Latino
Children. JAMA Vol. 152 No. 11, November 1998.
15. Much of the data for Latino youth in North Carolina and the US are derived from school- based
samples. However, school- based sampling excludes those who are not attending school
because they have dropped out or never enrolled in school. In North Carolina, the Department
of Public Instruction reported 1,042 Latino dropouts ( approximately 9% of Latinos enrolled in
high school for the 2000- 2001 academic year). A comparison of Census data on the number of
children age 10- 17 with data from the Department of Public Instruction on the number of
Latino students enrolled in 5th- 12th grade suggests that many Latino youth never enroll in
school. There were 31,626 Latino youth enrolled in 5th- 12th grades in 2000- 2001. However, cen-
NC Latino Health 2003
42 Chapter 4

Notes
1. Steve Taylor and Cheryl Lesneski contributed to the research and writing of this section of the
chapter.
2. Pregnancy data include live births, induced abortions, and fetal deaths greater than or equal to
20 weeks of gestation per 1,000 females.
3. Moore P, Hepworth JT. Use of perinatal and infant health services by Mexican- American
Medicaid enrollees. JAMA 1994; 272: 297- 304.
4. Cobas JA,. Balcazar H, Benin MB, Keith VM, Chong Y. Acculturation and low- birthweight
infants among Latino women: a reanalysis of HHANES data with structural equation models.
Am J Pub Health 1996; 86: 394- 396.
5. Birth and infant death certificate records were combined for 1996- 2000. The birth country of
the mother is recorded on the birth certificate.
6. The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System ( PRAMS) is a survey of new mothers
based on a random sample of birth certificates to North Carolina residents. Approximately
1,800 women are interviewed each year. The overall response rate, from mailed and follow- up
telephone surveys, is approximately 75%. The surveys are conducted in English and Spanish,
between 3 to 5 months postpartum. The survey, which was sponsored by the Centers for
Disease Control, has a standardized core set of questions and is administered in about 25
states. There were 374 Latinas, 3,803 non- Latina whites, and 1,870 non- Latina African-
Americans interviewed for the survey. Buescher P. State Center for Health Statistics.
Presentation to NC Institute of Medicine Latino Health Task Force. June 12, 2002.
7. Dever A. Migrant Health Status: Profile of a Population with Complex Health Problems.
Austin, TX: National Migrant Resource Program, Inc. 1991. Trotter RT. Orientation to
Multicultural Health Care in Migrant Health Programs. Austin, TX: National Migrant Referral
Project, Inc. 1988. Watkins EL, Peoples MD, Gates C. Health and Social Services Needs of
Women Farmworkers Receiving Maternity Care at a Migrant Health Center. 1983. Presentation
to American Public Health Association.
8. Toni Laskey, MD, contributed to the research and writing of the immunization section. Jangho
Yoon contributed to the research of the general child health section.
9. The DTaP vaccination protects individuals from contracting diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis.
Cases of diphtheria and tetanus are extremely rare in the United States, as a result of wide-spread
immunization programs. However, pertussis is still a great threat. Immunity wanes
with age. Teenagers and adults may be carriers of this pathogen. Teens and adults who contract
this disease may only experience symptoms like a " bad cold;" however, children who are inade-quately
immunized may contract this disease— commonly known as whooping cough.
Whooping cough is potentially fatal for infants or may lead to significant morbidity both with
and without underlying lung disease.
10. The MMR vaccination protects individuals from measles, mumps, and rubella.
11. In each school, 30 students were selected at random. Eight percent of the records in the survey
were Latino, which approximates the percentage of Latinos in the Kindergarten class ( 5%).
12. Reef S, Frey T, Theall K, et. al. The Changing Epidemiology of Rubella in the 1990s. JAMA.
January 23/ 30, 2002; 287( 4): 464- 472.
13. Ibid.
14. Flores, G., Abreu, M., Olivar, M., and B. Kastner. Access Barriers to Health Care for Latino
Children. JAMA Vol. 152 No. 11, November 1998.
15. Much of the data for Latino youth in North Carolina and the US are derived from school- based
samples. However, school- based sampling excludes those who are not attending school
because they have dropped out or never enrolled in school. In North Carolina, the Department
of Public Instruction reported 1,042 Latino dropouts ( approximately 9% of Latinos enrolled in
high school for the 2000- 2001 academic year). A comparison of Census data on the number of
children age 10- 17 with data from the Department of Public Instruction on the number of
Latino students enrolled in 5th- 12th grade suggests that many Latino youth never enroll in
school. There were 31,626 Latino youth enrolled in 5th- 12th grades in 2000- 2001. However, cen-
NC Latino Health 2003
42 Chapter 4