picture of the day

A diagram of the "electric Sun." Illustration
from Don Scott's book, The Electric Sky.

Solar Magnetic Polarity Reversal
Sep
09, 2009

The solar magnetic polarity
reversal with every 11 year sunspot
cycle has baffled solar physicists
since its discovery. Electric
current structure in the Electric
Sun model provides a simple
explanation.

The
Sun rotates more rapidly at its
equator than near its poles. The
magnetic fields near
sunspots reverse polarity from one
eleven-year sunspot cycle to the
next. These and many other observed
phenomena associated with the Sun
give strong indication that a high
level of electrical activity is at
work on and above the surface of our
local star.

It should be clear that the standard
model is at least incomplete if not
totally wrong in its description of
the Sun’s structure. Astronomers
defend this standard model by saying
that all the processes they describe
have been performed in the
laboratory and are well known.
Nothing could be further from the
truth. Mankind has been doggedly
struggling for over half a century
to create a sustained nuclear fusion
reaction in the laboratory. We have
not even come close to doing it. It
may not even be possible.

The only experiment that has been
performed that fuses hydrogen into
helium and liberates tremendous
amounts of energy is the hydrogen
bomb. That reaction is almost
instantaneous. Recently discovered
inherent instabilities in the plasma
that is generated by the process may
make it impossible to control it and
make it occur continuously. Just to
assume that such a sustained process
is alive and well in the Sun’s core
is a stretch.

In his [Hannes Alfvén’s] model,
electric current passes through both
poles of the star. It then flows in
long tubes emanating from the star.
A secondary leakage current that
flows on or just below the Sun’s
surface, back toward the equator
from each of the poles, can explain
another one of the “mysteries” the
Sun poses for solar astrophysicists.

It is highly likely that such a
current system has already been
discovered. Stanford
University recently announced,
“Scientists using the joint European
Space Agency (ESA)/NASA Solar and
Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
spacecraft have discovered
‘jet streams’ or ‘rivers’ of hot,
electrically charged gas (plasma)
flowing beneath the surface of the
Sun. They also found features
similar to ‘trade winds’ that
transport gas beneath the Sun’s
fiery surface.” Rivers of plasma are
electric currents. Currents cause
magnetic fields.

We have just discussed the coronal
loops – omega shaped arches in the
Sun’s magnetic field that extend up
out of the photosphere into the
lower corona. Eugene N.
Parker correctly calls the coronal
loops “bulges” in the Sun’s magnetic
field. He states: “The bulges emerge
through the surface of the Sun,
forming bipolar magnetic regions, or
magnetically active regions, with
lengths up to 200,000 km. The
bipolar fields have opposite signs
on opposite sides of the equator,
and the algebraic signs of the
fields reverse from one 11-year
[sunspot] cycle to the next.”

The image above shows a possible
explanation of this phenomenon.
According to Alfvén’s stellar
circuit, the main solar electric
current flows into (or out of) each
pole of the Sun. Making use of the
“right-hand rule,” we can visualize
the directions of the encircling
magnetic fields created by that
current. If the strength of this
current is increasing, the magnetic
field will strengthen as well. Such
time varying magnetic fields can
induce secondary currents as shown
in the figure. The secondary current
will only exist when the magnitude
of the linking magnetic field is
growing or shrinking. This effect is
utilized here on Earth in AC
transformers and so is called
transformer action.

If a secondary current filament is
flowing southward from near the
Sun’s north pole and it is on or
just beneath the Sun’s surface, a
looping magnetic field will emerge
to the east of the current creating
a north magnetic pole there. (Right
thumb directed toward the south,
fingers emerging up out of the
surface on its east side.) The loop
will move out above the Sun’s
surface and then return down into
the surface forming a south magnetic
pole to the west of the current.

Recall that a “north magnetic pole”
is a region where the magnetic flux
emerges from a solid. In the Sun’s
southern hemisphere, the secondary
surface current is flowing northward
toward the solar equator. The
resulting magnetic field will emerge
(north magnetic pole) to the west of
the current and return down to the
surface (forming a south magnetic
pole) to the east of the current.
Thus the action described by
Parker (“The bipolar fields have
opposite signs on opposite sides of
the equator.”) follows directly from
Alfvén’s circuit. Of course, the
locations of the subsurface currents
shown in the image above are
speculative at this point. These
reversing magnetic fields provide a
classic example of a phenomenon that
cannot be understood without
reference to the electric currents
that produce it.

Regardless of the direction of the
main driving current coming into the
Sun, the eleven-year reversal of the
magnetic loops can be explained by
transformer action. If the main
magnetic field that induces the
surface currents is growing in
strength, the surface current will
point in one direction. If the main
magnetic field starts to weaken in
intensity, the secondary (surface)
current will reverse direction.
Consequently the magnetic polarity
of the loops will also reverse.
Notice that this mechanism does not
require the main solar driving
current itself to reverse direction,
only to vary in amplitude. It also
does not depend on the direction of
the primary current.

On June 3, 1999, the European Space
Agency announced that the Sun’s
magnetic field is getting
progressively stronger. Thanks to
the unprecedented overview of solar
magnetism provided by the ESA-NASA
spacecraft Ulysses, a team at the
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory near
Oxford has been able to work out the
recent history of the Sun’s magnetic
behavior. According to calculations
by British scientists, the strength
of the Sun’s magnetic field has
doubled during the Twentieth Century
alone. This finding may help to
clarify the Sun’s contribution to
climate change on Earth. The
hydrogen → helium fusion model does
not explain this phenomenon.

The above material was taken from
The Electric Sky, a
groundbreaking book by Dr. Donald E.
Scott

Contributed by Michael Armstrong

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