Introduction

At the turn of the 20th Century one of the greatest Genius’s in U.S. History emerged, his name was Nikola Tesla. His single purpose was to give to the United States of America, energy extracted from a significant ‘free energy’ source. But first he had to design a ‘system’ before he could use one of the Earth’s own ‘free energy’ derivatives. Tesla initially worked with Thomas Alva Edison, reworking and redesigning Edison’s DC ‘energy’ system. Tesla attempted to convince Edison of the efficacy of AC, an original concept, designed by Tesla, incorporating his ‘rotating magnetic field’ principle. Because of the novelty of DC, and funding by J. Pierpont Morgan, Edison declined Tesla’s offer, necessitating Tesla to ‘educate’ most of the ‘electricians’ regarding the superiority of Alternating Current over Direct Current.

I’m always amazed at the lack of humility on the part of most Americans, for they fail to realize or question the origin or source of their benefactions pertaining to “energy.” They have been given so much, by a mere handful of inventors, such as Nikola Tesla, who derived his knowledge from Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell.

http://www.nyc-architecture.com/SPEC/GAL-BW.htm

The world in which Tesla entered, was a mere shadow of what it is today. When he arrived in New York City in 1884, the wealthy were still using horse drawn carriages, carts and buggies for local transportation. There were no fans to cool an individual from the heat of the day, or night, and many died from heat exhaustion and from falling off of rooftops, where they slept to escape the 105 degree heat of New York City. It was Tesla, who with his ‘rotating magnetic field’ who provided relief in the form of electric fans, generators, motors, and via his Tesla coil enabled the production of automobiles ( spark plugs, ignition coils, etc., etc…).

Tesla succeeded in convincing a non-electrician, George Westinghouse, whose primary invention [air brakes] utilized steam as its primary source of power, to invest in Tesla’s ‘novelty of fact.’ Together they succeeded in harnessing the mighty Niagara Falls as their power source, energizing the city of Buffalo, twenty-two (22) miles in the distance, thus securing the ‘efficacy’ of Tesla’s 40 patents on alternating current technology. Thus began the American Industrial Revolution. Tesla became world famous, until he competed with his own technology, improving and upgrading his novelty of fact at Shoreham, Long Island with his 187 foot http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/tmt.htm ‘magnifying transmitter.’ Overnight he became a non-person, lost to history and dusty archives.

Nikola Tesla, now an enigma, was both feared and ridiculed. He provided the world with a magnificent hope and an equally challenging dilemma. For he understood that the Earth was a magnificent ‘rotating magnetic field’ and he wanted to harness it as well.

Each impediment and each and every roadblock merely strengthened his resolve to pursue his inclinations. His desire to harness the very ‘wheelwork of nature’ led him into challenging several interesting assumptions and directions. First he succeeded in harnessing the ‘wheelwork’ of the waterfall [Niagara Falls], then he attempted to harness the ‘rotation of the Earth’ at Shoreham, Long Island, but his most magnificent attempt was to harness the very wheelwork of the Universe itself.

Initial Background of the Motionless Electromagnetic Generator

Our group (Thomas E. Bearden, Ph.D. James C. Hayes, Ph.D. James L. Kenny, Ph.D. Kenneth D. Moore, B.S. Stephen L. Patrick, B.S.) started along the lines of trying to find a way to break the symmetry of the magnetic fields in a magnetic motor or engine. In other words, to see if we could find another way to do something similar to what http://www.cheniere.org/misc/johnson.htm Howard Johnson was doing with the exchange force. He was building complex assemblies of permanent magnets http://www.cheniere.org/books/HoJo/p1.htm so that, at a certain point, the material (in either the rotor or stator, e.g.) would suddenly emit a very powerful though very brief exchange force, which can be momentarily hundreds of times more intense than the basic magnetic field. In short, by using this exchange force as an "extra, free input of energy" generated from the materials themselves automatically, then the problem was to get that sudden excess free force generated at just the right time and in just the right direction. (Today the exchange force is well known to magnetics materials scientists, but when Johnson started decades ago, it was very little known, although in 1964 Feynman http://www.feynman.com/ did spell it out a bit in his three volumes of sophomore physics).

We migrated to the Radus http://www.cheniere.org/misc/astroboots.htm work (from the first Astronaut’s boots made by Radus), who was able to get magnetic paths to automatically switch themselves. (We cover this in our book, Energy from the Vacuum: Concepts and Principles, Cheniere Press, Santa Barbara, CA 2002.).

From that, we looked at various other things such as various transformer-like structures with edge switching, etc. In the transformer-like experiments of course we ran into the delay and heating effects in normal core materials, so sought out materials where those problems were licked by the better material. This led to nanocrystalline core materials, which had been developed for that very purpose. But suddenly voila! We bought some cores that demonstrated some sort of additional effect that was quite different. It later turned out that these cores freely provided the Aharonov-Bohm effect, with excess energy freely generated in the outside space and coming back into the core with its coils, but our full recognition of that came later.

Eventually we were able to build a core-based unit which produced COP>1.0, using good measurements with good sampling oscilloscopes, etc. We found that, if the core were indeed doing this "unknown effect" that enabled overunity, a permanent magnet placed across the inside of the core material would measure very little leakage of its magnetic field into the space around it! Instead, almost all the permanent magnet’s B-field was being drawn into the nanocrystalline core and held there. Eventually my study of that led to recognition that it was the Aharonov-Bohm effect, but we had already filed the patent with little or nothing of that part stated. Exchanges with the patent office answered all questions, etc. eventually, and so we were awarded our patent. Note that the efficiency (total useful output divided by total energy input from all sources, and expressed in percentage) of the MEG is always less than 100%, as with any EM system, but the COP (total useful output divided by only the operator’s energy input, expressed as a decimal fraction) is permitted to be greater than 1.0 since the system operates analogously to a home heat pump, with excess free energy received from the surrounding environment.

We solved the long-vexing source charge problem in 1999 published it in Russia in 2000 [T. E. Bearden, "Giant Negentropy from the Common Dipole," Proc. Cong. 2000, St. Petersburg, Russia, Vol. 1, July 2000, p. 86-98. Also published in Journal of New Energy, 5(1), Summer 2000, p. 11-23]. This solution gave the realization that all EM systems already are actually powered by EM energy extracted from the seething virtual state vacuum fluctuations by the source charges in the source dipolarity. This is required, e.g., by the known broken symmetry of opposite charges – which means that any dipole (magnetic or electric!) does indeed extract vacuum energy and output real observable EM photons (real usable EM energy) continually. We knew from Whittaker’s work in 1903 and 1904 that every EM field or potential – even if "static" as from a permanent magnet – is actually composed of sets of EM energy flows. [E. T. Whittaker, "On the Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics," Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355 -------- "On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to Electrons by Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions," Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367-372.]

The actual Maxwell theory is not taught in our universities anyway! http://www.cheniere.org/correspondence/030706.htm Instead, Heaviside’s sharply curtailed subset of it, as further limited by Lorentz, is what is taught and called "Maxwell’s theory". Quoting Paul Nahin:

".... nowhere in Maxwell's writings do the equations for the electromagnetic field appear as we write them today. Maxwell used an amalgamation of Cartesian component and quaternion notation, and it was Heaviside who first wrote the electromagnetic field equations in modern vector form." [Paul Nahin, Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude, IEEE Press, New York, 1988, p. 9].

electromagnetism, containing 20 equations in 20 unknowns. His general equations of the electromagnetic field are given in Part III, General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field, p. 554-564. On p. 561, he lists his 20 variables. On p. 562, he summarizes the different subjects of the 20 equations, being three equations each for magnetic force, electric currents, electromotive force, electric elasticity, electric resistance, total currents and one equation each for free electricity and continuity.

A copy of that original 1864 paper by Maxwell can be obtained readily as James Clerk Maxwell, The Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, edited by Thomas F. Torrance, Wipf and Stock Publishers, Eugene, Oregon, 1996. It is usually obtainable from Amazon, etc.

By research, we also found that the symmetrized Heaviside version of the Maxwell equations – produced arbitrarily by Lorentz in 1892 – also arbitrarily discarded all asymmetrical Maxwellian systems. Nature did not discard them Lorentz did and all electrical engineering departments, professors, and textbooks still arbitrarily discard those asymmetrical systems. [To see how the equations are still artificially symmetrized, see John David Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1999. For the vacuum, Maxwell's equations reduce to two coupled equations, shown as equations 6.10 and 6.11 on p. 246. The Lorentz regauging condition is applied by Jackson on p. 240, resulting in two inhomogeneous wave equations given as equations 6.15 and 6.16. The Lorentz condition is given in equation 6.14 on p. 240].

Well, for energy from the vacuum systems to produce COP > 1.0, they must be asymmetrical Maxwellian systems a priori. Since electrical engineers have been building only symmetrical Maxwellian systems since the 1880s, they have no experience or knowledge at all of asymmetrical Maxwellian systems which will produce COP > 1.0. For overunity work, one must first "violate" the electrical engineering model and produce an asymmetrical system. One must also use an active vacuum, hence one must turn to the physics of the vacuum in order to even understand the vacuum’s activity and its interaction with the EM system. Such interaction does not appear at all in electrical engineering.

A rigorous paper mathematically proving that breaking the Lorentz symmetry allows vacuum energy currents to be originated in the vacuum environment and enter the system for use, is given by M. W. Evans et al., "Classical Electrodynamics without the Lorentz Condition: Extracting Energy from the Vacuum," Physica Scripta, Vol. 61, 2000, p. 513-517. Note that to express the interaction of the active vacuum environment, the Lorentz-symmetrized EE model cannot even address it, and a higher group symmetry electrodynamics is required. The gradients in the input pulses to the input coil (i.e., control of the pulse rise time and pulse decay time) are also important because they (1) allow the magnitude of the excess free E-field pulses from the surrounding space back into the MEG to be engineered and controlled, and (2) these strong gradients (and resulting excess energy received back from the environment) allows violation of the hoary old second law of thermodynamics. Nonequilibrium thermodynamicists are familiar with such second law violation, and a listing of some areas known to allow such violation is given, e.g., by Dilip Kondepudi and Ilya Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, Wiley, New York, 1998, reprinted with corrections 1999. Areas known to violate the old second law are given on p. 459. One area is strong gradients (as used in the MEG’s sharp rise time and decay time of its input pulses) and another is memory of materials (as used in the MEG in the nanocrystalline core materials and structure and their ability to freely produce the Aharonov-Bohm effect). We strongly comment that these known, recognized mechanisms allow macroscopic and significant violations of the Second Law that are directly usable in real systems and circuits – such as the MEG.

http://www.cheniere.org/megstatus.htm

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Drawings & Diagrams

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Drawings & Diagrams

The exact drawings and full explanation along those lines is already on my website, in "Engineering the Active Vacuum: On the Asymmetrical Aharonov-Bohm Effect and Magnetic Vector Potential A vs. Magnetic Field B," which is available at http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/On%20the%20Aharonov-Bohm%20Effect1.doc

The beauty of the AB effect with the nanocrystalline core is that the materials and construction of that core perform the effect "for free". That is, they already FREELY separate the B-field (the curled A-potential component) from its underlying curl-free A-potential component, by localizing the B-field and holding it inside the core WITHOUT localizing the curl-free A-potential.

So this means that we have all the B-field and flux a transformer normally uses in its core, already freely held in the core for our use. But we now also have an extra "energy density" in the vacuum (spacetime) outside the core, in that uncurled A-potential that extends on out there.

So when we perturb the confined B-flux (as in a normal transformer operation), we also freely perturb that external curl-free A-potential as well. And that generates E-field pulses in the space outside, where these E-field energy pulses are directed back into the MEG.

We showed it all in drawings, so the reader can directly visualize and "see" how the operation works exactly.

We also included some modern references showing how widely the AB effect and its derivatives have now been found throughout nature. It has become a very important effect involved in a wide variety of materials and in a wide variety of different kinds of physics.

So anyone who is NOT aware of this increased importance and availability of the effect and its related effects, is not aware of what has been done in physics during the last 20 to 30 years.

But the drawings really help, because they allow the reader to directly "see" it visually in his mind. That leads to much easier grasp of the effect, what it is, and exactly how it works.

And yes, the curved spacetime is very important to overunity EFTV systems. If the local spacetime were actually "flat", there would be no potentials, no potential differences, and no fields in the circuit or system. In short, there would be no "extra potential energy" in the system for it to dissipate in loads and power them.

Also, one cannot really separate the active vacuum from active spacetime, since active vacuum is conceived and modeled as existing in active spacetime. So when one changes the energy density at a point or little region in space, one is actually "engineering" the curvature of spacetime, and also one is actually changing and engineering the virtual particle flux of the vacuum in that space.

It follows that, if you change the "potential" (i.e., energy density) of a region in space, you also curve that spacetime and you also alter the virtual particle flux of the vacuum in that region. And if the mass of the system is in that altered region of space, now you have a situation where there is direct energy exchange between the material system and its locally altered (excited) vacuum/spacetime.

This kind of thing is what already makes an ordinary EM system work, if we go from the inadequate concepts of the 1880s that are used in CEM/EE and use the modern physics concepts.

So the "translation" I’ve slowly started is to go into this "new" way of viewing the staid old EM potentials and fields and their interactions with the charged matter system. Once we have enough of that translation done, with enough illustrations hopefully, then we hope to make it "clear" to the reader in the manner of the above AB paper we recently finished and posted.

In short, if as a group we researchers into "energy from the vacuum systems" really are serious, then we have to understand, advance, and show exactly how the local vacuum is manipulated and engineered so that instead of being like a calm "wind-free" atmosphere, it is like a "windy" atmosphere. Thermodynamically, we have to alter the local vacuum in order to "excite" it to have additional energy density. THEN the excited vacuum can and will produce "energy winds" in EM field and potential form that deliver "extra energy for free" back into the system.

Anyway, that way we are showing the reader that vacuum engineering is indeed involved in all EM operations, even in normal systems. So the "notion" of engineering the vacuum suddenly is not strange or mysterious at all, but is something that we have been doing for more than a century anyway, without knowing it because the language and concepts for the old stuff did not have those concepts to even work with. They had not been discovered or formulated yet!

Once the gist of such interactions can be shown with sufficient clarity, then the young theoreticians can do a really bang-up job on it, and voila! Suddenly there will at long-last be a true "model" of ASYMMETRIC Maxwellian systems receiving some additional free energy from the vacuum environment, and using it to achieve COP > 1.0 performance, analogous to the way a windmill receives free energy from its atmospheric environment and uses it to power its loads freely (in the sense that the operator no longer has to input the energy, because nature does it for him freely).

We have to remove the "mystique" from the very notion of EM systems obtaining energy from the active vacuum. It’s really no more mysterious than a windmill or waterwheel or solar cell powered generating system, except that the environmental source is more subtle than our familiar wind in the air, etc. Once we can sufficiently clarify that more subtle environment and how it is affected and operates, then the entire "EFTV thing" becomes clear. And then as the young fellows coming along get used to it and use it, it becomes general knowledge and "familiar".

The "supersystem" of material system plus its vacuum, together with the mutual interactions between them, is the modern basis. This means that the charged particle "EM" system is actually a non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) system. As such, one must leave the staid old near-equilibrium thermodynamics, and go to the more modern far-from-equilibrium electrodynamics pioneered by – for example – Nobelist Prigogine and others.

In a NESS system, the system is permitted to do some quite startling things that the staid old near-equilibrium thermodynamics does not even permit or address. Thermodynamically, the NESS system is permitted to exhibit five "magic" characteristics. The system can: (i) self-order (closely associated with negative entropy, since it is the production of negative entropy or, in another way of looking at it, it is the "consumption" of positive entropy in the system), (ii) self-oscillate or self-rotate, (iii) output more useful energy than the operator pays to input (the excess energy is freely input and received from the active local environment, in this case the active vacuum), (iv) power itself and its load simultaneously (all the necessary energy input is freely received from the active local environment, in this case the active vacuum), and (v) produce negative entropy (closely related to self-ordering).

And simply changing fields and potentials alters the local vacuum, so that – if ASYMMETRIC systems are built instead of the old Lorentz symmetric system – the EM system is legitimately permitted to act as a NESS system and thus do one or more of those five magic functions.

Anyway, incorporating and CLARIFYING all that is what we are trying to do, and why. The effort does have some neat little things one runs into. As Feynman stated, "We really don’t know what energy is!" Well, once we start with the vacuum as a master potential comprised of any and all other "partial potentials", suddenly energy itself is fundamentally "energy from the vacuum". And so "energy" can fundamentally be defined as "change in vacuum virtual particle flux, also with corresponding curvature of local spacetime". So finally we have a way to advance a real definition for "energy" itself, in a way that would have met Feynman’s examination. All our macroscopic energy processes are driven by alterations in the vacuum potential (and spacetime curvature) which then interact back on the system.

Physicists – but not electrical engineers – already recognize that the system acts on its vacuum/spacetime, and the active vacuum/spacetime acts back on the system.

With accent on vacuum engineering (which for a long time I have called "precursor" engineering, since precursor EM fields in mass-free space are force-free and are NOT the force fields in space erroneously assumed in the present EE texts), one also is suddenly able to accurately define force itself, something Feynman despaired of (at least back in 1964!) "Force" – as Feynman pointed out – can only exist in material systems. So what we have is that the altered vacuum (thus force-free precursor field) when in an ongoing interaction with charged matter, produces the standard EM force field(s) in that charged matter.

The beautiful thing is that engineering FORCE-FREE fields (precursor fields, or in other words "engineering the vacuum/spacetime") does not involve work! Changing the MAGNITUDE of energy in a given form is not work as an example, voltage (potential) amplification is work-free, but directly changes the magnitude of the collected energy density (the potential) affecting all charges in the potentialized system. Work is rigorously defined as changing the FORM of energy.

So one can build up very large magnitude precursor fields by vacuum engineering, and THEN interact these very intensive precursor fields with matter to produce very large and very powerful FORCE FIELDS acting in and on that matter.

In this way, one only pays for a little switching and control energy that is dissipated as work. In short, now we are dealing directly with vacuum engineering via EM means (or more properly, simply recognizing what has always been, but in more modern terms).

And so COP>1.0 systems are readily permitted, as are self-powering systems, but only if we build ASYMMETRICAL collection-and-dissipation systems which freely collect energy from the energy flows from altered spacetime/vacuum, and use it to power the loads, but DO NOT use half of it to destroy the broken symmetries (e.g., the source dipoles) providing the free energy flow from the active vacuum.

Additional Quotes of Interest

Here are some quotes of interest to the foregoing discussion:

"We then have the case of strong gradients, where we expect the failure of linear laws such as the Fourier law for heat conduction. Not much is known either experimentally or theoretically. Attempts to introduce such nonlinear outcomes into the thermodynamics description have led to ‘extended thermodynamics’…" [Kondepudi and Prigogine, ibid., p. 459].

"…curved empty space is a dynamic entity, as competent to store and carry energy as are ordinary elastic materials and electromagnetic waves." [John A. Wheeler and Seymour Tilson, "The Dynamics of Space-Time," International Science and Technology, Dec. 1963, p. 62.]. We comment that the standard CEM/EE model falsely assumes a flat spacetime and an inert vacuum therefore, the first thing the overunity researcher must do is to violate the standard electrical engineering model. A listing of the known falsities in that sad old 1880’s model is given by T. E. Bearden, "Errors and Omissions in the CEM/EE Model," available on www.cheniere.org .

When the Heaviside-Maxwell equations are symmetrized in the fashion of Lorentz, both potentials A and "phi" are freely altered. Each of those alterations produces a free extra force field in the system. But the simultaneous dual alteration is carefully chosen just so as to insure that the two new free force fields that appear are "equal and opposite". In the usual "symmetrical" electrical circuit or power system universally built by our electrical engineers, this has the effect of producing forward and back emfs that are equal and opposite. For magnetic circuits, it has the effect of producing equal and opposite forward and back mmfs.

So one way to approach use of an asymmetric mechanism that will unbalance the forces and thus allow free extra work to power loads, and thus allow COP > 1.0, is to search for a means of asymmetric regauging – particularly, in reducing or eliminating the back emf or back mmf so that the forward emf or mmf will then produce excess free work in the load.

Any system that is receiving and using excess free energy from its environment is also undergoing a negative entropy operation with respect to that operation. Thus it must violate the old second law of thermodynamics. That is certainly possible and permissible, without violation of physics or modern thermodynamics. E.g., it has been rigorously shown theoretically that real systems are permitted to produce continual negative entropy [D. J. Evans and Lamberto Rondoni, "Comments on the Entropy of Nonequilibrium Steady States," J. Stat. Phys., 109(3-4), Nov. 2002, p. 895-920]. Every charge and dipole in the universe already does just that (violate the second law), as does the operation on any equilibrium system which is to be used to do work (produce entropy). Since equilibrium is the state of maximum entropy, the equilibrium system has no potential energy to dissipate to produce work and more entropy, unless it is first moved out of equilibrium (potentialized or excited) by taking on extra usable energy. This initial "potentialization" or excitation is a negative entropy operation.

Often one violates the second law of thermodynamics in a system by potentializing its "small parts", since the minute parts of every macroscopic system are already violating the old second law anyway. The old second law is a statistical statement for a large volume or region, and it does not really apply to very small parts of that volume or region. Maxwell (who was also a noted thermodynamicist in his time) pointed this out in 1878, when he stated:

"The truth of the second law is … a statistical, not a mathematical, truth, for it depends on the fact that the bodies we deal with consist of millions of molecules… Hence the second law of thermodynamics is continually being violated, and that to a considerable extent, in any sufficiently small group of molecules belonging to a real body." [J. C. Maxwell, "Tait's Thermodynamics II," Nature 17, 278–280 (7 February 1878)].

Publications that significantly detail the MEG’s function

(1) T. E. Bearden, "Extracting and Using Electromagnetic Energy from the Active Vacuum," in Modern Nonlinear Optics, Second Edition, Edited by M. W. Evans, Part 2, Wiley, New York, 2001, p. 639-698