AIMS: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of gap width and graft placement on bone healing around implants placed into simulated extraction sockets in the mandibles of four beagle dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four Ti-Unite implants (13 mm x 3.3 mm) were placed on each side of the mandible. Three implants were surrounded by a 1.35 mm circumferential and a 5 mm deep gap around the coronal portion of the implants. A fourth implant was inserted conventionally into both sides of the mandibles as a positive control. The gaps were filled with either Bio-Oss, autogenous bone or with a blood clot alone. The study design was balanced for animal, side and modality. Ground sections were prepared from biopsies taken at 3 months, and computer-aided histometric measurements of bone/implant contact and area of bone within threads were made for the coronal 5 mm. Data were analysed using analysis of variance. RESULTS: The mean bone/implant contact was 9.8 mm for the control and ranged from 9.3 to 11.3 mm for the three test modalities. The corresponding values for area within threads were 1 mm(2) and 1-1.2 mm(2). Modality had a significant effect on both bone/implant contact (F=16.9; P<0.0001) and area within threads (F=16.7; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that both autogenous bone graft and Bio-Oss played an important role in the amount of hard tissue fill and osseointegration occurring within marginal bone defects around implants.

Background: Every year, more than 1000 cases of adverse events are reported in the Swedish health care system. These adverse events cost approximately 240 million Swedish kronor each year. By explaining the factors that cause nurses to make mistakes when they have too great a workload, it is hoped the awareness of health care staff will increase. Aim: To perform a literature review which describes factors that can endanger patient safety when nurses experience too great a workload. Method: A systematic literature review encompassing both quantitative and qualitative material. The material in the chosen articles was analysed with a content analysis method. Findings: When nurses experienced too great a workload they do not always follow routines, which had the effect of endangering patient safety. A shortage of nurses and under-manning results in a

workload which suggests patient safety is not always maintained. Conflicts and misunderstandings between nurses and other healthcare staff also contribute to an increased risk of mistakes occurring. Conclusion: The study showed that too great a workload resulted in a decreased patient safety. Not following routines, nursing shortages and staff failing to communicate effectively were factors which could lead to mistakes affecting patient safety occurring.

There are several ways to identify individuals with dry mouth, but there are few studies made in which the different methods have been compared with each other.The aim of this pilotstudy was to compare different methods for identifying individuals with dry mouth. Fifty individuals aged 50 to 75 years were included in this studie. These where randomly chosen among patients at the dental clinic at Kristianstad University College. Four different salivary measurements were conducted: 1) collection of unstimulated saliva, 2) collection of stimulated saliva, 3) the so called “mirrortest”, and 4) analyse using cottonrolls. The result showed a statistically significant correlation between collection of unstimulated saliva, collection of stimulated saliva and analyse with the help of cottonrolls. There were no statistically significant correlations between the mirrortest and any of the other tests. The statistical correlations between the tests were only obtained at high saivary secretion rates, as the studie had too few participants with low secretion rate to perform any comparisons between the methods at low secretion rates. There is a need for more research concerning standardization of the cottonroll method and to determine it’s values of low secretion rate. However, the overall feeling is that this method, if it’s preformed correctly and with a good scale, can be a suitably alternative for saliva measurments of people who has difficultys conducting the normal salivatests.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to investigate whether osseointegration can occur on rough implant surfaces that previously had been coated with bacterial biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The premolars on both sides of the mandible in four beagle dogs were extracted. Following 3 months healing, three titanium implants Ti-Unite, Nobel Biocare were partially inserted in the left side of each mandible. Some threads protruded from the tissues into the oral cavity. Plaque accumulated on the exposed part of the implant. Following a 5-week healing period, the contaminated parts of each implant were treated using three different techniques: (1) swabbing with citric acid for 30 s followed by rinsing with physiological saline, (2) cleansing with a toothbrush and physiological saline for 1 min, and (3) swabbing with 10% hydrogen peroxide for 1 min followed by rinsing with physiological saline. The treated implants and one pristine implant (control) were installed to the full implant length on the contralateral sides of the mandibles. Following 11 weeks of healing, the dogs were sacrificed and biopsies were obtained. Ground sections were prepared for histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS: All treatment modalities were associated with direct bone-to-implant contact on the portion of implant surface previously exposed to the oral environment. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that rough surfaces, which were plaque contaminated and cleaned by different methods, can re-osseointegrate.

Based on experiences from practical design work, we try to show, what we believe, are the similarities and differences, between composing music for interactive media compared to linear music. In our view, much is the same, built on traditions that have been around for centuries within music and composition. The fact that the composer writes programming code is an essential difference. Instead of writing one linear work, he creates infinite numbers of potential musics that reveal themselves as answers to user interactions in many situations. Therefore, we have to broaden our perspectives. We have to put forward factors that earlier was implicit in the musical and music making situations, no matter if it was the concert hall, the church, or the club. When composing interactive music we have to consider the genre, the potential roles the listener might take, and the user experience in different situations.

Social support and physical exercise seem to be salutogenetic factors of importance for longterm survival to balance traditional risk factors such as smoking and defined diseases. The results support health promotion initiatives focused on salutogenetic factors and not only prevention in relation to traditional risk factors and diseases.

Auditing demands knowledge in many diverse areas. To be able to provide all this knowledge it is necessary for the auditor to have access to persons with special skills. Through these contacts the auditor builds up a business network that brings support in the daily work.

Our purpose with this study is to find out how auditor’s network in big auditing firms is organized and to show how they use their network.

We have compared our study with another study concerning the auditor’s network in small auditing firms. Their study concluded that auditors in small firms are depended on an external network, because the firm does not have access to this special knowledge. During this study we therefore expected to find a difference between the networks used by auditors in small verses big auditing firms. Our result showed that the external network was as important in big firms as it is in small firms, but it differs in other ways like connecting with new clients.

Our study was carried out through interviews with auditors in big auditing firms and led to the conclusion that the importance of networks is highly individual, but is regarded as an important asset to the auditor in his work. The auditor’s network is built up by internal and external contacts, but they are valued different by different auditors. The networks are very similar but are used in different ways.

Background: Heart ischemia is a disease affected by behaviour, lifestyle and heredity. The disease is more common in the western world and the number of those who suffer increases. The mortality has reduced thanks to that medical resources and knowledge have approved. Purpose: The purpose of this study of the literature was to find out what patients experienced emotionally at an acute heart attack. Methods: A study of literature where scientific articles has been refereed and analyzed, then resulted into five categories presented in the result. Results: Studies shown that many of the patients have a depression and had experienced a lack of support after the hospitalisation. Conclusion: Needed in the sick care is that the nurse is able to take time for an individual care that looks through the medical diagnostic.

Background: Fibromyalgia is a psychosomatic disease that emerges without any known cause. For a long time, it has been believed to be a part of the menopause. Between 0,7 and 4,8 % of the women in Scandinavia are diagnosed. The most obvious symptom is pain. Aim: The aim with the literature review was to describe how women with fibromyalgia experience their lifesituation. Method: A systematic literature review has been implemented, containing ten scientific articles. These where reviewed and analyzed according to Forsberg & Wengström (2003). Thereafter the texts were coded and themes emerged which were presented in the results. Results: Women who are diagnosed with fibromyalgia experience they were not believed or taken seriously by their surroundings. This affects relationships negatively. In the families, the women were considered lazy which created feelings of guilt within them. Friends did not understand that they were sick in terms that fibromyalgia can not be seen on the outside. Co-workers showed a lack of understanding and the sick women felt alienated. Not even healthcarepersonel believed the diffuse symptoms. To be able to handle the disease, the women created different copingstrategies. Discussion: It seemed important that diagnoses were made in order to help the women to handle the disease. For nurses to treat patients with respect instead of disbelieve, Kim’s (2000) domains might be a model of interaction to work from.

Every six baby that is born gets colic. It means that the child cries for at least three hours three days a week. For the child’s parents this is one big strain and feelings like despair, helplessness and isolation are common. The nurse’s task is to support the parents through respectful and empathic actions in order to relieve sufferings and increase their feelings of confidence. The aim of this study was to describe how the nurse could give physical and mental support to parents with colic infants. The study is based on seven articles, which have been checked according to different review models depending on whether the article was qualitative or quantitative. The result was presented in two central categories, physical and mental support. In the two central categories subcategories were formed. Physical support could be given by parents being introduced to using a cry diary, structuring their daily life in order to reduce their stress and using baby massage. Mental support could be given by the nurse listening to the parents and showing respect for their situation. To give advice and to teach the parents different treatment strategies could also be of help here. The conclusion is that the general nurse is given different support tactics on how to give support to parents with a colic infant. The nurse decides when, where, what and how the support shall be given to the parents.

The aim of this paper is to explore the social challenge of sustainable work systems and regenerative work. This is done by using complexity theory to grasp and understand the vision of sustainable work systems. A comprehensive literature review generated a theoretical framework for both sustainable work systems and understanding of complexity and in addition these two phenomena’s point of contact. Two case studies provide an empirical example and illustrate the potential in the conjunction of sustainability and complexity.A sustainable work system can be described as a simultaneous development and convergence between different levels and interests interrelated to the work organisation; from the individual perspective to the surrounding world of the organisation. A sustainable work system is characterised by having the capacity to regenerate and support the growth of the individual’s (employees) cognitive and emotional resources and at the same time maintain or increase competitiveness of the organisation. From the employee’s perspective this paper suggests that in order to reinforce and strengthen the individual, these same resources must be both recognised, adopted and have satisfactory support in the work organisation.This paper suggests that work organisations ought to create a work environment condition that supports self organisation, and acknowledge complexity and uncertainty as the normal state of reality.

Mulitresistent staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacteria that is resistent against penicillin, this makes it difficulte to treat. MRSA causes woundinfections and other seriouse conditions. If MRSA establishes in an hospital environment it often spreads fast. Common ways of spreading MRSA is through direct or indirect contact. The nurse should work according to guidelines, apply hygienic routines and prevent the spread of infections. Aim: The aim of the literaturestudie was to illustrate factors that affects nurses care of patients carrying MRSA. Method: A literature study was carried out. Results: the study found four categories: knowledge, attitudes, guidelines and risk. They showed that nurses had to little knowledge about MRSA and the preventive routines that ought to be followed. If the nurse had knowledge she also had a positive attitude and was able to give same care to the patient carrying MRSA as to the ones that not carrying it. Conclusion: Knowledge, attitudes and guidelines about MRSA needs to be improved. This gives a better care of MRSA infected patients and decreases the infections risks for both medical personel and patients.

The purpose was to investigate the uptake and release of fluoride (F) from F-impregnated chewing sticks (miswaks). In the first series, 3-cm-long pieces were impregnated in 1, 2, 3 and 4% NaF solutions for 3 h, 1 day and 3 days (10 pieces/test). There was a dose-response effect with respect to both impregnation time and the concentration of the F solution. In the second and third series, totally 40 miswak pieces were impregnated in 3% NaF for 1 day and 3 days; the outer layer (bark) was separated from the inner spongy part (pulp) and analyzed separately. F was released from both parts, but somewhat more was released from the bark than from the pulp; a plateau was reached at around 30 min. In vivo, 9 healthy subjects used three products for 2 min in a crossover design: (1) a miswak impregnated in 3% NaF for 1 day, (2) a miswak impregnated in 3% NaF for 3 days, and (3) 1 g of F toothpaste (containing 1,450 ppm F as NaF) on a toothbrush. The highest F concentration at the approximal area was obtained after using the miswak impregnated in 3% NaF for 3 days compared with the other products (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). To conclude, NaF-impregnated miswaks produced a rapid release of F in vitro as well as in vivo and may be an interesting vehicle for home care use for caries prevention in countries where they are used regularly.

To receive a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer can lead to a tremendous change in a person’s life. Thoughts regarding death may cause a personal crisis which can have negative influences on the patient’s social, mental and spiritual state. Most people with pancreatic cancer are diagnosed in a late stage of the disease. Therefore, palliative care is often one of the options that are offered to patients. Moreover, to be able to provide patients with nursing care and tend to their needs, it is very important to see them as unique individuals. The purpose with the literature review was to illustrate the experiences of palliative nursing care of patients with pancreatic cancer. A systematic literature review of scientific articles was performed. The study showed that patients’ experiences of need for information, patients’ need for time, support and personal relations, patients’ experiences of hope as well as patients’ need for symptom control were of importance in palliative nursing care.

The purpose of this paper is first to define the entrepreneur and also to study certain strategies. Furthermore, we want to make a connection between the two.

Revising various literature and articles on entrepreneurs and strategy was the first step of this dissertation. The next step was to create a matrix ourselves which was based on the literature and articles read. The idea with the matrix was to show that there might be a connection between the entrepreneur’s characteristics and the strategy that they implement. To test if our conclusions were accurate, we created three hypotheses that we tested with the help of our results obtained from the questionnaire from our study.

In the course of the work we found that in some cases there are links between certain characteristics and certain strategies that we focused on in this dissertation.

Trying to define the entrepreneur is not an easy task, different authors say different things. However, some adjectives were used more commonly in the sources we reviewed. This lead us too six characteristics and three strategies that we would be using when studying the entrepreneur. We also chose to limit the choice of our study to service organizations founded in the year 2000, which were still active and located in the area of Kristianstad.

In practice it can be of value for small scale entrepreneurs to be aware of the fact that they themselves very well could be influencing their chosen strategies. If an entrepreneur is aware of this fact he or she might have a more open view to other suggestions and approaches. In the long run this insight could be valuable for their success and the growth of their company.

The value of the paper is that it brings up an approach: the linkage of characteristics and strategy that we did not ourselves find in the existing literature.

Over the years, the traditional face of marketing has changed. Companies need to adopt ongoing marketing strategies to stay ahead of their competitors; the design and content of their strategies continue to evolve.

In this thesis a case study has been conducted on one company within the automotive industry in Sweden. The case study was performed on Jaguar Cars in Sweden and an assessment of their use of Online Marketing Communication (OMC) as a marketing tool was made.

The case study indicated that Jaguar Cars in Sweden only invest moderately in Online Marketing Communication activities. The thesis indicates that it is important for Jaguar to invest more economic resources into OMC and to be well educated on the subject. The focus for Jaguar should be on creating the perfect synergy between online vs. offline marketing by deploying a more involved Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) approach in order to utilize the internet most effectively. Moreover, the marketing communication decisions should focus on the marketing communications channels that offer the highest benefit for all the stakeholders. Further suggestions for Jaguar were to increase the paid search engine optimization, create a forum, develop an RSS function and also have portal representation.

Mothers (N= 35) and their adult children completed questionnaires and were interviewed in order to examine relationships between mothers' caregiving representations and their adult children's attachment representations, and relationships between attachment/caregiving representations and beliefs about mothering. Mothers' and their children's accounts of and present thinking about their past relationship were highly similar, indicating that the two parts develop concordant states of mind regarding their relationship. In contrast, there was no relationship between mothers' and their adult children's beliefs about mothering, suggesting that such beliefs are not simply passed on from generation to generation within families. Attachment/caregiving classification interacted with generation in influencing a belief that biological facts determine maternal behavior, young adults with preoccupied attachment being particularly prone to reject this idea. Attachment/caregiving classification also had a significant effect on participants' tendency to adhere to an idealized conception of mothering, this tendency being associated with a dismissive attachment/caregiving representation.

This article describes the development and testing of a research instrument, Families' Importance in Nursing Care-Nurses' Attitudes (FINC-NA), designed to measure nurses' attitudes about the importance of involving families in nursing care. The instrument was inductively developed from a literature review and tested with a sample of Swedish nurses. An item-total correlation and a first principal component analysis were used to validate the final instrument, including a second principal component analysis to analyze dimensionality, and Cronbach's alpha was used to estimate internal consistency. The instrument consists of 26 items and reveals four factors: families as a resource in nursing care, family as a conversational partner, family as a burden, and family as its own resource. Cronbach's alpha was 0.88 for the total instrument and 0.69 to 0.80 for the subscales. The instrument requires further testing with other nurse populations.