A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

What is speciation?

The evolution of 2 or more species from 1 species.

What is the difference between Allopatric vs. Sympatric speciation?

Allopatric is when geographical isolation creates a reproductive barrier, and Sympatric is when something other then geographic isolation creates a reproductive barrier

What are the implication of speciation?

All species past and present trace their ancestry back to one single ancestor

What are the two types of classification of organisms?

Linnean trees and Phylogentetic Trees

What's the difference between Linnean trees and Phylogenetic trees?

Linnean trees give each organism its own place at the end of the tree while relating all living things to each other. Phylogentic tree shows relation between species. The closer the branches the closer the relation between species.

What are the three domains of the phylogenetic tree

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

What is Electronegativity

The ability for a atom to attract electrons from another atom that its bonded to.

If atoms are shared equally between each other they are?

non polar covalent bonds

If atoms are are unequally shared between each other they are?

polar covalent bond

What is an ion?

A atom or molecule that carries a charge

What is ionic bond

The transfer of an electron, and resulting in a full charge.

What is Cohesion?

Hydrogen bonds to itself, bonding between like molecules

What is Adhesion?

Hydrogen bonds to other polar molecules, boding between unlike molecules

What is specific heat?

The amount of energy it takes to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1C

What are the physical properties of Amino

Acts as a base and attracts a proton

What are the physical properties of Carboxyl

Acts as a acid and tends to lose a proton

What are the physical properties of Hydroxyl

Highly polar,acts as a weak acid, and drops a proton

What are the four major biological molecules?

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids, and fats

What are some functions of proteins?

Defense against viruses, Movement, support for cells

What is a peptide bond

the C-N bond

Long chains with Hydrocarbon are associated with?

Hydrophobic molecules

What feature of amino acids will have optical isomers?

A Carbon with four different atoms or groups attached

What is a structural isomer?

Differs in the order which atoms are attached

What is geometric isomer?

Differ in the arrangement of atoms around a double bond

2 amino acids form_______by________

peptide bonds; condensation or dehydration

What are the 3 types of secondary structure?

Alpha helix, Beta pleated, random coil

What kind of bonds occur in a tetiary structre?

Hydrogen bond, van der Waals, Disulfide bond(covalent), Ionic bond

A base(NaOH)_____H+

absords

An acid(HCI)_______H+

produces

What is Homeostasis

The array of relatively stable chemical and physical conditions in an animals cells, tissue and organs

What did the Urey-Miller experiment demonstrate?

it demonstrated that amino acids could form spontaneously under certain conditions and amino acids are the bldg. blocks of protiens

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids

RNA and DNA

Nucleic acids are made up of monomers called?

nucleotides

What are the 3 components of nucleotides?

Sugar, Phosphate group and Nitrogen base

What are the 4 ribonucleotides?

ACGU

What are the 4 dexoyribonucleotides

ACGT

What is the bond between nucleotides in DNA and RNA?

Phosphodiester linkage

What nitrogeneous bases are in ribonucleotides?

AGCU

What are the nitrogenous bases in deoxyribonucleotides

AGCT

What do ribozymes catalyze?

Hydrolysis and condensation of phophodiester linkage

What do all sugars have in common?

Carbonyl group and hydroxyl group

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

What connects monosaccharides?

glycosidic linkages

Cellulose is a polymer of?

Beta Glucose

Starch and glycogen are polymers of?

Alpha glucose

What is Chitin?

A polysaccharide that stiffens the cell walls of fungi

What is the definition of lipids

non polar, hydrophobic, carbon containing compounds

What is the name of the linkage between fatty acid and glycerol?

Ester linkage

which fatty acid is considered good?

Cis

Which fatty acids are bad

Trans

What are the 3 kinds of sterols?

estrogen, testosterone,cholesterol

What is the definition of amphipathic? And give an example.

Compounds that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic element.(phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails)