DSpace Community: PharmacyPharmacyhttp://ir.library.ui.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/2522018-05-19T00:34:26Z2018-05-19T00:34:26ZANTIDIABETIC PROPERTIES OF MUCUNA PRURIENS L. (D.C.) SEED EXTRACT AND ITS TABLET FORMULATIONSMAJEKODUNMI, S. O.http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13002017-12-15T12:45:49Z2012-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: ANTIDIABETIC PROPERTIES OF MUCUNA PRURIENS L. (D.C.) SEED EXTRACT AND ITS TABLET FORMULATIONS
Authors: MAJEKODUNMI, S. O.
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus and its complications continue to be one of the highest causes of morbidity and mortality in recent times. Although many drugs are commercially available for use in the management of diabetes, their side effects and high costs underscore the need for new drugs. Mucunapruriens(L.) DC. (Fabaceae) is among the plants used in the management of diabetes in the tropics. The antidiabetic and ameliorative effects of the seed ethanolic extract of M.pruriens on alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats were evaluated. Antidiabetic activity of the formulated M. pruriens tablets was also investigated in rabbits.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of M. pruriens was done using standard methods. The effects of oral administration of the extractat doses 5.0-100.0 mg/kg body weight (bw) and glibenclamide (5.0 mg/kg bw) as standard drug were studied in alloxan-induced (120 mg/kg, i.p) diabetic rats (eight groups of six rats each, plasma glucose>450.0 mg/dL). Biochemical parameters were evaluated by spectroscopy and acute toxicity tests carried out based on mortality rate of Swiss albino mice. Tablets were formulated using direct compression and wet granulation methods. Mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using crushing strength, friability and the crushing strength-friability ratio while drug release properties were evaluated by determining disintegration and dissolution times. The in vivo release properties of selected tablet formulations in diabetic rabbits were assessed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression and ANOVA.
The seed of M. pruriens contained alkaloids, saponins, steroids and phenols. The administration of 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40, 50.0, and 100.0 mg/kg of the crude ethanol extract of MP led to 18.6%, 24.9%, 30.8%, 41.4%, 49.7%, 53.1% and 55.4% reduction, respectively in blood glucose level eight hours after administration, while glibenclamide resulted in 59.7% reduction. Chronic administration of the extract also resulted in significant (p<0.001) dose-dependent reduction in the blood glucose level and the alleviation of body weight loss associated with diabetes. Acute toxicity tests showed that no death was recorded after administration of the extract (0.5 – 32.0 g/kg). Significantly (p<0.05) elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase with concomitant decrease in total protein level were observed in diabetic rats when compared with control rats. The values of these biochemical parameters were restored to normal levels by M. pruriens extract or glibenclamide after 12 weeks of treatment. Mucunapruriens tablets prepared by wet granulation exhibited higher mechanical and drug release properties than tablets prepared by direct compression (p<0.05). The tablet properties depended on the type and concentration of binders and excipients employed in the formulations. Tablets prepared by direct compression showed better reduction in the blood glucose level, compared to those prepared by wet granulation. There was a direct correlation between drug released from the tablets in vitro and its antidiabetic activity in vivo in rabbits (r2 = 0.995).
Theethanolic extract of the seed ofMucunapruriens and its tablet formulations showed significant antidiabetic activity. In addition, M. pruriens displayed both hepatoprotective and cholesterol reducing properties in diabetic rats.2012-01-01T00:00:00ZTHE PREVALENCE OF FURUNCULOSIS AND PLASMID MEDIATED RESISTANCE OF ISOLATES OFSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM INFECTED INDIVIDUALS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA.OKUNYE, O. L.http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12802018-04-18T11:38:03Z2012-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: THE PREVALENCE OF FURUNCULOSIS AND PLASMID MEDIATED RESISTANCE OF ISOLATES OFSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM INFECTED INDIVIDUALS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA.
Authors: OKUNYE, O. L.
Abstract: Furunculosis, a cosmopolitan infection of human skin caused by Staphylococcus aureus, is recurrent among most infected individuals. It is characterized by a honey crusted ‘cropped’ latent boil with potential to recur in a susceptible host. It is a common colonizer of the skin with a remarkable ability to hydrolyse ?-lactam antibiotics, degrade skin lipid barrier and spread within the skin loci. In this study, the gender and age distributions of furunculosis, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of its causative agent and the genetic basis of the recurrency were determined.
Exudates of ‘cropped-boils’ were obtained from 140 human volunteers (40 hospital reported and 100 non-reported cases of recurrent furunculosis) from different age range(1-100 years) for both genders within the six southwest states of Nigeria. The exudates were processed for isolation and identification of S. aureus by selective plating and biochemical tests. Antibiogram of the isolates was determined by disc-diffusion using multi-discs of eight standard antibiotics. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of five selected antibiotics: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, penicillin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and cloxacillin were determined by broth-dilution method. Detection of β-lactamase was carried out by cell-suspension iodometric method. Positive strains were processed for plasmid DNA isolation and molecular weight determination by lystostaphin cell lysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. Curing of R-plasmid DNA in selected bacterial strains was done by exposure to ethidium bromide prepared in 2-fold dilutions in nutrient broth from 6.25-100.00 µg/mL.
Transfer of resistance was done by conjugation between some resistant strains as donors and Carolina-typed sensitive E. coli; E. coli 01 and E. coli 02 strains as recipients. The data were analysed using ANOVA at p = 0.05.
A total of 102 isolates comprising seventeen from each of the six southwest states were identified and selected. The gender distributions were 46.0% females and 54.0% males, comprising of 20.0% hospital reported and 80.0% non-reported for the highest prevalence females and 5.0% hospital reported and 95.0% non-reported for males. Recurrent furunculosis had the highest prevalence in males within the age groups 11-50 years and in females, age groups, 11-70 years. The isolates exhibited the lowest resistance of 8.0% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 95.0% as the highest resistance to amoxicillin. Thirty of the isolates possessed β-lactamase in varying degrees out of which 29.0 were plasmid-borne. Of this number, 7.0 had multiple plasmid DNA of 2- 4 copies, ranging between 0.25 and 63.09 kb. The MIC of the antibiotics showed that the isolates were most susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid ( 3.90 – 250 µg/mL) and the highest resistance was recorded for penicillin G (7.8 – 500 µg/mL). Curing of R-plasmid DNA occurred at concentrations of 50.0µg/mL and 100.0µg/mL of ethidium bromide while conjugation was achieved in two out of seven competent cells, indicating a plasmid-borne resistance. The prevalence of furunculosis varied across the different age groups. The high level multidrug resistance elicited by the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated was established to be due to the associated transferable R-plasmid encoded β-lactamase.2012-01-01T00:00:00ZFormulation and Evaluation of Oral Dissolving Films of Amlodipine Besylate Using Blends of Starches With Hydroxypropyl Methyl CelluloseAyorinde, JohnOdeniyi, MichaelBalogun-Agbaje, Olalekanhttp://ir.library.ui.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12472017-09-18T22:07:19Z2016-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Formulation and Evaluation of Oral Dissolving Films of Amlodipine Besylate Using Blends of Starches With Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose
Authors: Ayorinde, John; Odeniyi, Michael; Balogun-Agbaje, Olalekan
Abstract: Natural polymers serve as cheap, non-toxic, biocompatible excipients in oral drug delivery. These advantages
inform their uses in the design of drug dosage forms. The aim of the study was to prepare and evaluate oral dissolving films of amlodipine besylate, an anti-hypertensive drug, using starch/polymer blends. Bambara nut (BAM) and the African yam bean (AYB) starches were individually blended with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). The material and rheological properties of the blends were determined. Amlodipine besylate was incorporated by dispersion and films were prepared by solvent evaporation method and evaluated for mechanical and drug release properties. The BAM/HPMC blends had higher viscosity values than the corresponding AYB/HPMC blends. All the blends gave a Hausner ratio above 1.25 and Carr’s index above 22. Blends of ratio 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 produced good films and were subsequently evaluated. All films disintegrated within 15 mins but had poor folding endurance. BAM/HPMC (1 : 1) and AYB/HPMC (2 : 1) released all of the drug content within 30 min. The ranking for dissolution profile was AYB/HPMC (2 :1 ) > BAM/HPMC (1 :1 ) > BAM/HPMC (2 : 1) > AYB/HPMC (1 : 1). The type and ratio of starch in the blend influenced the drug release pattern of the films. Starch/HPMC blend ratios of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 were found suitable for the formulation of oral dissolving film of amlodipine besylate with good disintegration time and drug release profile2016-01-01T00:00:00ZRELEASE AND MUCOADHESION PROPERTIES OF DICLOFENAC MATRIX TABLETS FROM NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMER BLENDSOdeniyi, MichaelKhan, NasirPeh, Kokhttp://ir.library.ui.edu.ng:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12462017-09-18T21:49:06Z2015-05-01T00:00:00ZTitle: RELEASE AND MUCOADHESION PROPERTIES OF DICLOFENAC MATRIX TABLETS FROM NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMER BLENDS
Authors: Odeniyi, Michael; Khan, Nasir; Peh, Kok
Abstract: The delayed release and mucoadhesive properties of Cedrela gum and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
blend in diclofenac sodium tablet formulations were evaluated. Tablets were prepared by direct compression
and the crushing strength and detachment force were found to increase from 74.49 ± 1.22 to 147.25 ± 2.57
N and 0.302 ± 0.36 to 1.141 ± 0.05 N from low to high level of polymers, respectively. The release kinetics followed Korsmeyer-Peppas release and the n varied between 0.834 and 1.273, indicating that the release mechanism shifts from Fickian to super case I (anomalous release). The drug release profile fits a pulsatile-release pattern characterized by a lag time followed by a more or less rapid and complete drug release. The Cedrela gum-hydroxypropylmethylcelluse blend tablets delayed diclofenac release for 2 h and sustained the release for 12 h. The polymer blend delayed drug release in the 0.1 M HCl simulating gastric environment and subsequent release pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.2015-05-01T00:00:00Z