Fundamentals of Nursing

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Continuing its tradition of comprehensive coverage of fundamental nursing principles, precise step-by-step procedures, and five-step nursing process framework, the fifth edition of FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING is thoroughly revised and updated to address the latest changes in practice. New topics include a critical thinking model, caring for older parents or family members, end of life care, contemporary research on women's health, child and adolescent health, laboratory tests, and activity and exercise in health promotion. A FREE CD-ROM provides interactive learning with the a fluids and electrolytes program, skills checklists, and several tutorials introducing the five-dimensional critical thinking model.

Unit 1 The Client and the Health Care Environment

Health and Wellness

1

(20)

Kristine L'Ecuyer

Healthy People Documents

2

(1)

Definition of Health

3

(1)

Modes of Health and Illness

3

(6)

Health-Illness Continuum Model

4

(1)

Health Belief Model

4

(1)

Health Promotion Model

5

(1)

Basic Human Needs Model

6

(1)

Holistic Health Models

6

(1)

Emerging Models of Health

7

(2)

Variables Influencing Health Beliefs and Practices

9

(1)

Internal Variables

9

(1)

External Variables

10

(1)

Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness Prevention

10

(3)

Levels of Preventive Care

11

(2)

Risk Factors

13

(1)

Genetic and Physiological Factors

13

(1)

Age

13

(1)

Environment

14

(1)

Lifestyle

14

(1)

Risk Factor Modification and Changing Health Behaviors

14

(1)

Illness

15

(2)

Acute Illness and Chronic Illness

16

(1)

Illness Behavior

16

(1)

Impact of Illness on the Client and Family

17

(4)

Behavioral and Emotional Changes

17

(1)

Impact on Body Image

17

(1)

Impact on Self-Concept

17

(1)

Impact on Family Roles

17

(1)

Impact on Family Dynamics

18

(3)

The Health Care Delivery System

21

(27)

Patricia A. Potter

Health Care Regulation and Competition

22

(2)

Nursing Implications

24

(1)

Financing Health Care

24

(2)

Payment Mechanisms

24

(2)

Levels of Health Care

26

(10)

Preventive and Primary Care Services

27

(3)

Secondary and Tertiary Care

30

(2)

Restorative Care

32

(2)

Continuing Care

34

(2)

Canadian Health Care System

36

(1)

Issues in Health Care Delivery

36

(8)

Competency of Health Care Providers

36

(1)

Population-Based Care

37

(1)

Redesigning Acute Care Delivery

37

(1)

Quality Health Care

38

(1)

The Continuum of Health Care

39

(5)

The Future of Health Care

44

(4)

Community-Based Nursing Practice

48

(16)

Patricia A. Potter

Achieving Healthy Populations and Communities

49

(2)

Community Health Nursing

51

(1)

Nursing Practice in Community Health

52

(1)

Community-Based Nursing

52

(8)

Vulnerable Populations

53

(2)

Competency in Community-Based Nursing

55

(5)

Community Assessment

60

(1)

Changing Clients' Health

61

(3)

Leadership, Delegation, and Quality Management

64

(22)

Patricia A. Potter

Leadership and Management

65

(4)

Leadership in Change

66

(1)

Types of Leadership

67

(1)

Leadership Behavior and Styles

68

(1)

Building a Nursing Team

69

(9)

Nursing Care Delivery Models

70

(1)

Management Structure

71

(1)

Creating an Empowered Work Environment

72

(6)

Quality Management

78

(8)

Quality in Nursing Practice

79

(7)

Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice

86

(15)

Anne Griffin Perry

Theory

87

(2)

Components of a Theory

87

(1)

Concept

88

(1)

Definition

88

(1)

Assumptions

88

(1)

Types of Theory

88

(1)

Theoretical Models

89

(1)

Historical Perspective

89

(1)

Relationship of Theory to the Nursing Process and Client Needs

90

(1)

Interdisciplinary Theories

91

(2)

System Theory

91

(1)

Basic Human Needs

92

(1)

Health and Wellness Models

92

(1)

Stress and Adaptation

93

(1)

Developmental Theories

93

(1)

Psychosocial Theories

93

(1)

Selected Nursing Theories

93

(4)

Nightingale's Theory

93

(1)

Peplau's Theory

93

(1)

Henderson's Theory

93

(2)

Abdellah's Theory

95

(1)

Levine's Theory

95

(1)

Johnson's Theory

95

(1)

Rogers' Theory

96

(1)

Orem's Theory

96

(1)

King's Theory

96

(1)

Neuman's Theory

96

(1)

Roy's Theory

97

(1)

Watson's Theory

97

(1)

Parse's Theory

97

(1)

Benner and Wrubel's Theory

97

(1)

The Link Between Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing

97

(4)

Unit 2 Caring Throughout the Life Span

Nursing Healing and Caring

101

(11)

Patricia A. Potter

Theoretical Views on Caring

102

(3)

Caring is Primary

102

(1)

The Essence of Nursing and Health

103

(1)

Transpersonal Caring

103

(1)

Swanson's Theory of Caring

104

(1)

Summary of Theoretical Views

104

(1)

Clients' Perceptions of Caring

105

(1)

Ethics of Care

106

(1)

Caring in Nursing Practice

107

(2)

Providing Presence

107

(1)

Comforting

107

(1)

Listening

107

(1)

Knowing the Client

108

(1)

Spiritual Caring

109

(1)

Family Care

109

(1)

The Challenge of Caring

109

(3)

Diversity in Caring

112

(26)

Joyce Newman Giger

Ruth Davidhizar

Important Definitions

113

(2)

Transcultural Nursing

115

(1)

Culturally Diverse Nursing Care

115

(7)

Communication

116

(1)

Space

116

(2)

Social Organization

118

(1)

Time

118

(1)

Environmental Control

118

(2)

Biological Variations

120

(2)

Application of Giger and Davidhizar's Transcultural Assessment Model

122

(16)

African-Americans

122

(4)

Hispanics

126

(3)

Asian-Americans

129

(3)

Native Americans

132

(6)

Caring in Families

138

(16)

Lois C. Hamel

The Family

139

(1)

Concept of Family

139

(1)

Definition: What Is a Family?

139

(1)

Family Forms

140

(1)

Current Trends and New Family Forms

140

(2)

Changing Economic Status

141

(1)

Homelessness

141

(1)

Family Violence

141

(1)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

142

(1)

Theoretical Approaches: An Overview

142

(1)

Functional Theory or Functionalism

142

(1)

Social Conflict Approach

142

(1)

Symbolic Interactionism

142

(1)

General Systems Theory

142

(1)

Family as an Open Social System

142

(1)

Structure

142

(1)

Function

143

(1)

Developmental Stages Theory

143

(2)

The Family and Health

143

(2)

Attributes of Healthy Families

145

(1)

Family Nursing

145

(1)

Family as Context

145

(1)

Family as Client

145

(1)

Family as System

145

(1)

Nursing Process for the Family

146

(4)

Assessing the Needs of the Family

146

(2)

Family-Focused Care

148

(1)

Implementing Family-Centered Care

149

(1)

Health Promotion

149

(1)

Challenges for Family Nursing

150

(1)

Acute Care

150

(1)

Restorative Care

151

(3)

Developmental Theories

154

(18)

Judith A. Collins

Shelly-Rae Pheler

Role of Theories

155

(1)

Growth Versus Development

155

(1)

Four Areas of Theory Development

155

(1)

Biophysical Developmental Theories

156

(4)

Gesell's Theory of Development

156

(1)

Genetic Theories of Aging

156

(1)

Nongenetic Cellular Theories

156

(1)

Physiological Theories of Aging

157

(3)

Psychosocial Theory

160

(6)

Sigmund Freud

160

(1)

Erik Erikson

161

(1)

Eight Stages of Life

161

(2)

Robert Havinghurst

163

(2)

Roger Gould

165

(1)

Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas

165

(1)

Cognitive Developmental Theory

166

(1)

Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

166

(1)

Moral Development Theory

167

(2)

Jean Piaget's Moral Developmental Theory

167

(1)

Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Developmental Theory

167

(2)

Conclusion

169

(3)

Conception Through Adolescence

172

(52)

Julie K. Baylor

Growth and Development

173

(1)

Definitions

173

(1)

Critical Periods of Development

174

(1)

Stages of Growth and Development

174

(1)

Major Factors Influencing Growth and Development

174

(1)

Selecting a Developmental Framework for Nursing

174

(1)

Conception

174

(5)

Intrauterine Life

174

(3)

First Trimester

177

(1)

Second Trimester

177

(1)

Third Trimester

178

(1)

Transition From Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life

179

(1)

Physical Changes

179

(1)

Psychosocial Changes

179

(1)

Health Risks

180

(1)

Newborn

180

(5)

Physical Changes

180

(3)

Cognitive Changes

183

(1)

Psychosocial Changes

183

(1)

Health Risks

184

(1)

Health Concerns

184

(1)

Infant

185

(7)

Physical Changes

185

(1)

Cognitive Changes

185

(1)

Psychosocial Changes

186

(1)

Health Risks

187

(1)

Health Concerns

187

(5)

Toddler

192

(4)

Physical Changes

192

(3)

Cognitive Changes

195

(1)

Psychosocial Changes

195

(1)

Health Risks

196

(1)

Health Concerns

196

(1)

Preschooler

196

(5)

Physical Changes

196

(2)

Cognitive Changes

198

(1)

Psychosocial Changes

199

(1)

Health Risks

200

(1)

Health Concerns

201

(1)

School-Age Children and Adolescents

201

(1)

School-Age Child

201

(11)

Physical Changes

203

(2)

Cognitive Changes

205

(1)

Psychosocial Changes

206

(1)

Health Risks

207

(1)

Health Concerns

207

(5)

Preadolescent

212

(1)

Adolescent

212

(12)

Physical Changes

214

(1)

Cognitive Changes

215

(1)

Psychosocial Changes

216

(1)

Health Risks

217

(2)

Health Concerns

219

(5)

Young to Middle Adult

224

(19)

Patsy L. Ruchala

Young Adult

226

(9)

Physical Changes

226

(1)

Cognitive Changes

226

(1)

Psychosocial Changes

227

(2)

Health Risks

229

(2)

Health Concerns

231

(4)

Middle Adult

235

(8)

Physical Changes

236

(1)

Cognitive Changes

237

(1)

Psychosocial Changes

237

(1)

Health Concerns

238

(5)

Older Adult

243

(30)

Myra A. Aud

Terminology

245

(1)

Myths and Stereotypes

246

(1)

Nurses' Attitudes Toward Older Adults

247

(1)

Theories of Aging

247

(1)

Biological Theories

247

(1)

Psychosocial Theories

248

(1)

Developmental Tasks for Older Adults

248

(2)

Community-Based and Institutional Health Care Services

250

(1)

Retirement Communities

250

(1)

Home Care

250

(1)

Adult Day Care

250

(1)

Respite Care

250

(1)

Long-Term Care

250

(1)

Assessing the Needs of Older Adults

251

(9)

Physiological Changes

251

(3)

Cognitive Changes

254

(3)

Psychosocial Changes

257

(3)

Health Risks

260

(1)

Addressing the Health Concerns of Older Adults

261

(7)

Health Promotion and Maintenance: Physiological Concerns

261

(4)

Health Promotion and Maintenance: Psychosocial Health Concerns

265

(3)

Older Adults and the Acute Care Setting

268

(1)

Older Adults and Restorative Care

269

(4)

Unit 3 Critical Thinking In Nursing Practice

Critical Thinking and Nursing Judgment

273

(17)

Patricia A. Potter

Clinical Decisions in Nursing Practice

274

(1)

Critical Thinking Defined

275

(2)

Reflection

276

(1)

Language

277

(1)

Intuition

277

(1)

Levels of Critical Thinking in Nursing

277

(1)

Critical Thinking Competencies

278

(3)

Scientific Method

278

(1)

Problem Solving

279

(1)

Decision Making

279

(1)

Diagnostic Reasoning and Inferences

279

(1)

Clinical Decision Making

279

(1)

Nursing Process as a Competency

280

(1)

Thinking and Learning

281

(1)

Critical Thinking Model

281

(4)

Specific Knowledge Base

281

(1)

Experience

281

(1)

Critical Thinking Competencies

282

(1)

Attitudes for Critical Thinking

282

(2)

Standards for Critical Thinking

284

(1)

Critical Thinking Synthesis

285

(1)

Nursing Process Overview

286

(4)

Nursing Assessment

290

(20)

Anne Griffin Perry

Nursing Process Overview

291

(1)

A Critical Thinking Approach to Assessment

291

(4)

Organization of Data Gathering

295

(1)

Data Collection

295

(1)

Types of Data

295

(1)

Sources of Data

296

(2)

Client

297

(1)

Family and Significant Others

297

(1)

Health Care Team Members

297

(1)

Medical Records

297

(1)

Other Records

297

(1)

Literature Review

297

(1)

Nurse's Experience

297

(1)

Methods of Data Collection

298

(9)

Interview

298

(6)

Nursing Health History

304

(2)

Physical Examination

306

(1)

Diagnostic and Laboratory Data

306

(1)

Formulating Nursing Judgements

307

(1)

Data Interpretation

307

(1)

Data Clustering

307

(1)

Data Documentation

307

(3)

Nursing Diagnosis

310

(16)

Anne Griffin Perry

Evolution of Nursing Diagnosis

311

(2)

Definition

313

(1)

Critical Thinking and the Nursing Diagnostic Process

314

(3)

Diagnostic Process

314

(1)

Analysis and Interpretation of Data

314

(2)

Identification of Client Needs

316

(1)

Formulation of the Nursing Diagnosis

317

(1)

Nursing Diagnosis Statement

317

(2)

Support of the Diagnostic Statement

318

(1)

Sources of Diagnostic Error

319

(4)

Errors in Data Collection

319

(2)

Errors in Interpretation and Analysis of Data

321

(1)

Errors in Data Clustering

321

(1)

Errors in the Diagnostic Statement

321

(1)

Nursing Diagnosis and Medical Diagnosis

322

(1)

Nursing Diagnoses: Application to Care Planning

323

(3)

Advantages of Nursing Diagnoses

323

(1)

Limitations of Nursing Diagnoses

323

(3)

Planning for Nursing Care

326

(21)

Anne Griffin Perry

Establishing Priorities

327

(1)

Critical Thinking in Establishing Goals and Expected Outcomes

328

(6)

Goals of Care

328

(3)

Expected Outcomes

331

(1)

Guidelines for Writing Goals and Expected Outcomes

331

(3)

Critical Thinking in Designing Nursing Interventions

334

(2)

Types of Interventions

334

(1)

Selection of Intervention

335

(1)

Planning Nursing Care

336

(6)

Purpose of Care Plans

336

(1)

Care Plans in Various Settings

337

(5)

Writing the Nursing Care Plan

342

(1)

Writing Critical Pathways

343

(1)

Consulting Other Health Care Professionals

343

(4)

When to Consult

344

(1)

How to Consult

344

(3)

Implementing Nursing Care

347

(15)

Anne Griffin Perry

Types of Nursing Interventions

348

(1)

Independent Nursing Interventions

348

(1)

Protocols and Standing Orders

348

(1)

Critical Thinking in Implementing Nursing Interventions

349

(1)

Implementation Process

350

(5)

Reassessing the Client

350

(1)

Reviewing and Revising the Existing Nursing Care Plan

350

(2)

Organizing Resources and Care Delivery

352

(2)

Implementing Nursing Interventions

354

(1)

Implementation Methods

355

(7)

Assisting with Activities of Daily Living

355

(1)

Counseling

356

(1)

Teaching

356

(1)

Providing Direct Nursing Care

357

(1)

Compensation for Adverse Reactions

357

(1)

Preventive Measures

358

(1)

Correct Techniques in Administering Care and Preparing a Client for Procedures

358

(1)

Lifesaving Measures

358

(1)

Achieving Goals of Care

358

(1)

Delegating, Supervising, and Evaluating the Work of Other Staff Members