First, it is important that this problem has spread from urban centres to rural areas and they are not stopping or slowing down, with bed bug reports up 20 percent from 2013:

They’ve really got a good foothold in Canada and the United States, and we don’t see that changing any time soon

— Mike Heimbach, Abell Pest Control.

Heimback made some other very good points – an infestation is not linked to one’s socioeconomic status; they are simply a pest of opportunity. "Anyone can get bed bugs," he said. "The challenge that we see is that certain people can't afford to get rid of them." And that do-it-yourself products may spread the infestation, increasing the costs and labour needed to kill them. A professional's integrated approach combines several different tools, specialized vacuums, steam, residual spray and diatomaceous dusts, attacking this difficult pest on several fronts.

A Bed Bug And An Apple Seed?

Unfortunately, in describing the bed bug’s appearance, the article perpetuated the reference to the “size, shape and colour of an apple seed”. This comparison has been a pet peeve of entomologist, Lou Sorkin. A picture is worth a thousand words (below). Those adult bed bugs are quite a bit smaller than the apple pips. To read more on the comparison, there is a blog post on Bedbugger.

Both male and female bed bugs, fed and unfed, along side apple seeds for comparison. Blue lines are 1/4 inch. Photo courtesy of Lou Sorkin.

As for the colour, nymphs (immature bed bugs) are lighter in colour, especially the 1st instar before the first blood meal. Recently molted nymphs also have a different appearance colour-wise, as exhibited by this photo of a recently shed female bed bug. Not to mention, recently fed bed bug nymphs are a bright red; as the meal digests the colour turns darker.

Bed bug on right is in the process of shedding its skin; bug on left recently moulted and is noticeably paler in colour. Blue squares are 1/4 inch. Photo courtesy of Lou Sorkin.

As for the size, bed bugs are usually 4-5 mm, not 3 mm quoted in the article. Keep in mind, a recently fed adult bed bug is more like 7 mm in length. The nymphs are the same general shape of the adult bed bug but start at 1 mm.

Feeding, Bite Mark and Blood Smear Miscues

As for the quote: "they only emerge to feed late at night”, don’t be so sure. If you work nights, they will adapt to your schedule, or if competition for food is high, they will come in search of a blood meal day or night.

The article references their bite as similar to a mosquito bite. Keep in mind, the bite-mark is an allergic reaction – some people are not allergic and have no reaction at all; others suffer a strong allergic reaction complete with severe itching and a bulbous swelling. The bite mark is an indication that something is up, but it is not evidence the cause is bed bugs. Mosquitoes, fleas and carpet beetles, are the more common pests that cause bite-like skin reactions.

The article identifies other signs of an infestation as “leftover insect husks and little back droppings, to blood spots on the mattress”. The first two are right on, the last one, not so much.

Three cast skins of 5th stage instars. Photo courtesy of Lou Sorkin.

The husk, or exoskeleton, looks just like the bug, complete with six legs and two antennas, but is a honey-transparent colour. To become an adult, the nymph takes five blood meals and after each, sheds its skin – the husk.

The black droppings are the fecal deposits and are the most common sign found. As the spotting is digested blood, they are black or dark brown in colour. When deposited on a substrate like paper or fabric which absorbs the liquid before it dries it resembles mould spots. If deposited on a surface like plastic, vinyl or finished wood, the liquid is not absorbed and dries to a round bump, something like a braille mark. For accurate identification of bed bug fecal spotting, the Bed Bug Blue Fecal Detection kit is handy to avoid mistaking mascara or pen marks as bed bug fecal.

Blood spotting or smears on pillow. Note the colour is red, while bed bug fecal is dark brown or black as it is digested blood.

As for isolated blood spots as a sign of bed bugs – similar to bite-like marks, red blood smears on mattresses or bed linens is an indication that something is up, just not necessarily bed bugs.

The key messages, as stated by Heimbach, were: “They know how to live unseen", along with “The key is to learn to identify them". Education is everyone’s first line of defense. Learn to recognize them in all their life stages, and learn to recognize their signs – the cast skins and the fecal spots. Bookmark our gallery of bed bug mug shots - chances are you are going to need to reference it sooner or later.

Do You Have Bed Bugs? A help guide for the identification of BED BUG infestations by global bed bug expert Stephen L. Doggett is the latest tool in the fight against bed bugs. It is a current and complete guide to bed bugs, their life stages, signs for early detection, with clear instructions in a straight-forward no-nonese approach. Packed with over 70 colourful and helpful images, the reader learns what specifically to be on the look-out where bed bugs are concerned.