Expanding on their understanding of scientific processes, ancient Egyptians innovated with their use of advanced fermentation and breeding practices. Did you know? * The ancient Egyptians made wine using fermentation techniques based on an understanding of the microbiological processes that occur in the absence of oxygen. * Egyptians also applied fermentation technologies to make dough rise during breadmaking. Due in part to this application, there were more than 50 varieties of bread in Egypt more than 4,000 years ago. * In wetter parts of the Nile Valley, Egyptians also bred geese and cattle to meet their society's nutritional and dietary needs.

Beginning with his first visit to the Americas in 1492, Christopher Columbus and other explorers introduced corn, native to the Americas, to the rest of the world, and European growers adapted the plant to their unique growing conditions. Spanish navigators also returned with potatoes, which are native to the Andes in South America. Two centuries after their European introduction, potatoes were a staple in Ireland, Germany and other European countries.

In 1864, French chemist Louis Pasteur developed the process named after him and known today as pasteurization, which uses heat to destroy harmful microorganisms in products. The products are then sealed airtight for safety. Pasteur's scientific breakthrough enhanced quality of life, allowing products such as milk to be transported without spoiling.

In the mid-1800s, Austrian monk, botanist and plant scientist Gregor Mendel carefully studied the principle of heredity. Experimenting with garden peas, Mendel successfully cross-bred traits, such as pea color, plant height and pod size. Mendel showed that differences, such as a plant's height or color, could be attributed to the passing of traits and genes — the basic building blocks of life. Many people never knew of Mendel's innovations until after his death. When elected abbot of his monastery, Mendel's...

YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL

...Assess how biotechnology will influence the future of humans
“Biotechnology is the use of living things to make or change products. It is both an ancient art and a modern science with applications across different sectors.” – CSIRO. Biotechnology contains the special chemicals of living cells, from single-celled bacteria and yeasts, to multi-cellular organisms for human purpose. The word ‘biotechnology’ is modern though humans have been using biotechnology to staple foods and beverages for a very long time. It can be used to help cure several different diseases though the same biotechnology can also increase chances of abnormalities to humans. Biotechnology is a huge influence for the future of humans and plays an important role in sustaining human life. The three popular aspects of biotechnology are IVF, Gene Therapy and Cloning and will be covered in relation to the future of us humans.
One example of biotechnology is IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) which is a method where an egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body. This process takes several weeks requiring the removal from the ovum from the ovaries and fertilization of sperms which are transferred into the woman’s uterus. A benefit of using the IVF method is it provides an opportunity of conceiving a child even if you are unable to conceive naturally. Another advantage is that IVF tests for genetic abnormalities before implanting the egg back into the woman.
Unfortunately research shows that a baby conceived...

...1) List the lesson that we learn from colonization
Malaysia was once a colonized land. It also classified as one of the Commonwealth countries that is a former British colony. The Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese and even Siamese had colonized Malaya before. But only the British and Japanese succeeded in colonizing almost the whole country and left the impact on the people.
PORTUGUESE AND DUTCH COLONIZATION
In 1511 under the lead of Alfonso de Albuquerque, Portuguese colonized Malacca. Their main purpose is to control the maritime trade in the east. Not only these, their objective is also to spread the Christianity. Portuguese constructed A Famosa to defend Malacca from any attacks.
In the year of 1641, Dutch defeated Portuguese and took over Malacca with the help of their ally the Sultan of Johor. The main objective of Dutch is to control the tin ore in Malay Peninsula. After about 160 years of Dutch rule, Malacca was handed over to the English and became part of the Straits Settlements. With the opening of the port at Singapore by the British, Melaka's economy fell into further decline.
Anglo-Dutch treaty was signed on 17 March 1824 with the aim of ending all rivalry between the British and the Dutch in the East. Before this, English and the Dutch has been hostile because of trade. Besides that, Dutch not happy with the British occupation of Singapore. The hostility increases when some British people were killed.
The consequences of the treaty were...

...Recombinant DNA Technology
How to Mess with DNA for Fun and Profit
OR
OR
How to Make a Mouse Glow in the Dark
What the heck is Recombinant DNA?
Recombinant DNA is what you get when you combine DNA from two different sources.
For example:
Mouse + Human DNA Human + Bacterial DNA Viral + Bacterial DNA Human + (other) Human DNA (It’s sort of like Frankenstein-DNA!)
Why Make Recombinant DNA?
Recombinant DNA Technology May Allow Us To:
• Cure or treat disease • Genetically modify our foods to increase
flavor, yield, nutritional value or shelf-life • Better understand human genetics • Clone cells or organs
Molecular Biology’s Best Friends: Bacteria
Why use bacteria?
• They’re relatively simple organisms. • They reproduce very quickly and asexually (this means that the “daughter” cells will contain the exact same DNA as the “parent” cell). • It’s pretty easy to get DNA back into the bacteria after you’ve changed it. • We can mess around with their DNA and kill a lot of them during our experiments and nobody gets mad. ;-)
Now for a little vocabulary…
Small, circular pieces of “extra” DNA found in bacteria.
Plasmids
Plasmids often carry antibiotic resistance.
Restriction Enzymes: Molecular Scissors
A restriction enzyme (RE) is a specialized protein that cuts DNA in a very specific place. • Different REs cut at different places along the nucleotide sequence.
Restriction Enzymes, continued
• Any piece of DNA cut with a...

...Successes and Failures in Biotechnology Innovation
When I first started this paper I would have to admit that I was pretty green in the field of Biotechnology, I had a brief understanding but nothing near an in depth understanding of the field. So when I first started looking for a success story, I tied my views on successful innovation in the areas that I am familiar with to the biotech field. The major theme that emerged was that successful innovation equals a product that produces quality profits for a company. After further research on the success of innovation, you do realize that profits may be the end goal of the company but success stems from a total company wide effort, that may start many years before a single cent of profit is ever realized.
In my opinion, you have to look at three major areas to see if a company successfully manages their innovation; at the company level, customer level, and the impact the innovation had on society. From the company viewpoint, you have to look at how well management set the company up to be innovators in a given market. Did they choose an industry that would provide the company potential for continuous growth? How did they utilize their employee base and acquire a strong base of knowledge to continually come up with new ideas in the area of interest they are trying to enter? In addition once a product is developed did they manage their intellectual property in the in a manner which provided themselves...

...MOLECULAR FARMING
INTRODUCTION
Biotechnology in agriculture has two categories: 1. “Improvements” to existing livestock and crops, and 2. Development of entirely new uses for both animals and plants (biopharming). “Improvements", include ‘input traits’ such as crops with extra resistance to insect attack, improved weed control, increase the plants tolerance to cold, drought and other environmental factor. Ex "Roundup ready" soya, "Starlite" corn, or "Frost-tolerant" tomatoes.
WHY PLANTS?
• Plants are also very flexible and can produce a wide variety of proteins. • Crop plants can synthesize a wide variety of proteins that are free of mammalian toxins and pathogens. • Crop plants produce large amounts of biomass at low cost and require limited facilities. • Crops are therefore well suited for the production of safe low-cost therapeutic proteins.
HOW IS IT DONE?
• Genetic enhancement is used to introduce and express genes coding for the high value proteins.
PRODUCTION OF BRYODIN IN TOBACCO PLANT • Tobacco plants that are able to produce bryodin. • This protein, which is produced in the roots of bryonia, deactivates ribosomes and is being tested for its effect against HIV infection.
Plant Transformation
1. The plant leaf disc is dipped in a solution of bacteria. The bacterial "Trojan Horse" infects the edges of the leaf disc and in the process integrates the pharmaceutical protein gone into the plant genome (pict 1). After infection the discs are...

...imports for ingredients in Pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh procure raw materials from various countries namely UK, France, Germany, Japan, Holland, Italy, Denmark, China, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, India, Ireland etc. Recently, local firms have been approaching to producing ingredients locally. These have reduced dependency on imported raw materials to 70% of total.
8.3 Bangladesh has tremendous possibilities to do a lot better by focusing on biotechnology and genetic engineering. With the use of genetic engineering, the costly and rarely available drug has become widely marketed and cheaper. The ever-advancing pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh have started to develop separate and dedicated biotech units. Bangladesh has made use of bioinformatics technology to sequence the jute genome and the genome of a deadly fungus, macrophomina phaseolina that have impact on the improvement of jute fiber. The country is now capable of producing adequate food with the same or less amount of land in hand due to the use of biotechnology in agriculture. Other than molecular biology laboratories at the University of Dhaka, the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, through its program in agriculture and life sciences under the auspices of United Stated Department of Agriculture (USDA), is partially supporting quite a good number of projects in the agricultural universities and research organizations. Different public universities...

...“STATEMENT OF PURPOSE”
I “ABHIJEET”, have completed Bachelor’s of Science (with subjects Microbiology, Zoology and Chemistry) from “AVANTHI DEGREE COLLEGE”, affiliated to “OSMANIA UNIVERSITY”, in Hyderabad, India. Being a Bachelor in Microbiology, focusing on three dimensional aspects of my subjects is a core value of mine, one that I bring to every assignment I come across. Many tasks during my academic period have rewarded me with the ability to work independently as well as polished my role as a contributing member of the team.
In today’s fast paced world, things change at the blink of an eye. It takes a confident, dynamic, intelligent and diligent personality to look obstacles in the eye and tackle them. I am geared up for the challenges ahead. My educational background combined with my forward looking and positive approach has always helped me in delivering consistent results.
I have applied for the Masters program at your esteemed University. In the following write-up, I have attempted to present a succinct depiction of my background, education as well as achievements.
MY DREAM
"Millions said that the apple fell down, but the Newton was only one to ask WHY??” Each problem has an opportunity hidden in it. The greatest success stories were created by people who recognized a problem and turned it into an opportunity."
The above philosophy has played a central role in shaping my objectives and framing my plans for the future, as I have always tried to...