2016-12-09T13:25:04ZHow to Achieve Acceptance by Considering User Needs in Public Transporthttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6609
Title: How to Achieve Acceptance by Considering User Needs in Public Transport
Authors: Risser, Ralf
Abstract: During the last years, the concept of social marketing has become central to part of the research connected
to the goal of making public transport, walking, cycling, but also the acceptance of traffic safety
measures more attractive. The concept of "marketing" is often used erroneously in the public: the part
of the communication with the target groups is taken as pars pro toto by many. However, what is often
forgotten by practitioners involved in marketing is that, according to the marketing theories, every
measure has to be based soundly on information work: "information work" refers to the efforts made to
collect as much information as possible about the target groups. He/she who wants to plan measures
does so on basis of what he/she has learned about the users´ characteristics, their situation, their
NEEDS and interests. The paper offered here deals with the part of information policy where it is tried
to learn about needs and interests. From a psychological point of view the interesting thing is that
qualitative methods are needed to learn about needs and interests, and a discussion of different results
when using standardised instruments in comparison to qualitative mesures - e.g., narrative interviews
- will be lead.
Description: Theme 31999-01-01T00:00:00ZQuality Bus Partnerships Implications for Market Performancehttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6608
Title: Quality Bus Partnerships Implications for Market Performance
Authors: Mackie, Peter
Description: Theme 31999-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Transport-Ticket System in Brazil for Urban Public Transporthttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6607
Title: The Transport-Ticket System in Brazil for Urban Public Transport
Authors: Lima, Mário Jorge C.; Faria, Sérgio
Abstract: The transport-ticket system in Brazil for urban public transport was implanted on
1987, in the big cities. By the system, the employers must to supply their employees with sufficient
amount of tickets, to facilitate their diary translation from home to office.
Since their implantation, the system facilitates the maintenance of the urban public
transport quality and permits the normal fulfilment of the urban economic activity. Meanwhile, the
system means a large allowance, from the firms and employers to the urban bus companies,
partially compensated by the income tax depression.
The article analyse just the effects, not properly beneficial, of this transport - ticket
system functioning for the small and medium size firms.
Description: Theme 31999-01-01T00:00:00ZIssues in and Future of Urban Transportation and Traffic Management System in Nigeriahttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6606
Title: Issues in and Future of Urban Transportation and Traffic Management System in Nigeria
Authors: Oni, Dr. S.I.
Description: Theme 61999-01-01T00:00:00ZPublic Transport Route Optimisation Methodology in South Africahttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6605
Title: Public Transport Route Optimisation Methodology in South Africa
Authors: van Zyl, NJW; Prins, PG; Bowman, RV; Vermeulen, Dr. MJ
Abstract: During the last few decades public transport demand patterns in South African metropolitan areas
have changed considerably due to market forces such as urban decentralisation and informal
settlement on the urban fringes. Public transport services did not respond to these changing demand
patterns in an optimal way and great potential exists to optimise the route network of bus and minibus
taxi services.
In view of changing demand patterns and the need for metropolitan authorities to develop an
integrated multi-modal public transport plan in terms of the new National Land Transport Bill, three
authorities applied a public transport route optimisation model to assist in the optimisation of bus and
taxi route networks. The DHV Route Optimisation model, developed in the Netherlands, was
transferred to South Africa for these studies. The model determines the most optimal set of road
based routes, subject to resource constraints, by minimising the total travel time and number of
transfers between routes.
The paper defines the need for route optimisation in South Africa, describes the DHV model and
adjustments made to suit South African conditions, and presents the main results of the route
optimisation studies conducted in the Greater Pretoria, Khayalami and Port Elizabeth metropolitan
areas. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the route optimisation methodology to be
adopted in South Africa in view of lessons learned from the three applications.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZIntegration Between Bus and Light Rapid Transit on Midland Metro Line 1http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6604
Title: Integration Between Bus and Light Rapid Transit on Midland Metro Line 1
Authors: Truelove, Paul
Abstract: It had been intended, when the proposed paper was submitted, to report on the first attempts
at bus/LRT interchange on the new Midland Metro, and on the response of private sector bus
operators who could, should the interchange not be perceived as meeting users’ needs, take
over the provision of through bus services parallel to the new line. Delays in the opening of
this new metro meant that evidence was not available at the time of writing, but even so
there is other less direct evidence that can shed light on the general issue of integration in a
de-regulated environment. The focus of the paper is upon how the users’ wishes for a
seamless journey can best be reconciled with the requirements of the concessionaire and
other operators working in an environment where some degree of competition takes place.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZBenchmarking of Mobility Networks Performances: Competitive Threat or Cooperative Tool?http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6603
Title: Benchmarking of Mobility Networks Performances: Competitive Threat or Cooperative Tool?
Authors: Mathieu, Yves; Plantié, Claire
Abstract: This paper proposed a synthesis of the potential fields of application of benchmarking in the field of
mobility, based on the most recent initiatives of the European Commission and practical applications.
After a definition of the categories of benchmarking, the authors propose the possible scenarios in the
next years : application by transport operators, by public authorities in charge of public transport,
application in frontiers domains more then on the classical approach of the activity (passengers, other
sectors, “no mans lands”).
The main tools for benchmarking are proposed : method, common framework, consensus building and
implementation of the results.
No doubt that benchmarking contributes to a convergence process. it generates a positive retro-action
in the management system of the benchmarkers : more benchmarking reduces the cost of access to the
understanding of the performances and increase the value of the information resulting from the
process.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZOverview of Public Transport in Canada and the United Stateshttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6602
Title: Overview of Public Transport in Canada and the United States
Authors: Cox, Wendell
Description: Theme 61999-01-01T00:00:00ZCountermeasures Taken by China Railway in the Competition of Transportation Markethttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6601
Title: Countermeasures Taken by China Railway in the Competition of Transportation Market
Authors: Yan, Yu
Abstract: The market share of railway transportation is in the downwards trend. In order to reverse this trend, the
railway has taken a series of countermeasures which have resulted in obvious effects.
1.To set up the railway freight and passenger transport marketing system which can meet the
requirement of market.
2.To make the railway transport enterprises operational mechanism be matched with market economy.
3.To improve the service quality both in freight and passenger transport.
4. Restructuring will be continued and deepened in order to establish the tariff mechanism, which will
be suitable for market.
5. It is the important measure to increase the passenger trains traveling speed for strengthening
competitiveness6. According to demand from the market, the new service items related should be
introduced.6. According to demand from the market, the new service items related should be introduced.
7. The marketing information system should be established and improved.
Description: Theme 51999-01-01T00:00:00ZRevitalising European Railways: A Comparative Assessment of the Emerging Modelshttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6600
Title: Revitalising European Railways: A Comparative Assessment of the Emerging Models
Authors: Monami, Eric
Abstract: In this paper, we analyse and compare the various institutional models and
regulatory arrangements that have recently emerged from the restructuring of
European passenger rail industries and, more specifically, the contractual
agreements giving concrete expression to these policies. To do so, we developed a
systemic framework consisting of seven key dimensions: the Decentralisation of
regulatory control, the Disintegration of the industry, the Domain of the
contractual assignment, the Discretion of management, the Distribution of risks,
theDuration of contracts, and the Destination of subsidies.
We use empirical material gathered on the passenger rail industries of five EU
Member States, i.e. Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden, as
well as extrapolation to highlight the most likely costs and benefits (incentive
properties) associated with alternative arrangements and contract features and to
show how the above dimensions, which are connected with one another in a
complex web of interactions, can be traded-off against one another in order to
optimize the industry s performance.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZRegulated Monopolies in Urban Public Transport Can we Design Proper Regulations and Incentives?http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6599
Title: Regulated Monopolies in Urban Public Transport Can we Design Proper Regulations and Incentives?
Authors: Larsen, Odd I.
Abstract: A model of the public transport company in Oslo is used to the design a system of price
regulations and subsidies. The objective is to provide incentives for optimum provision of
public transport services both for peak and off-peak demand. Optimum is defined in terms of
fares, level of service and average capacity per revenue kilometre. The cost of public funds
and the fact that car traffic is priced below marginal cost in peak periods are taken care of in
the model. The regulator determines the fares, the transit operator receives a subsidy per
revenue kilometre, differentiated between basic services and additional services operated only
in peak periods. There is also a subsidy per passenger in peak periods due to underpriced
car traffic. The results indicate that it should be possible to have regulated monopolies in local
public transport that gives a proper supply of services based only on commercial incentives.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZMISTRAL: An Information System for Local Public Transport Services in Lombardyhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6598
Title: MISTRAL: An Information System for Local Public Transport Services in Lombardy
Authors: Foresti, Elena; Laniado, Eliot; Stagni, Giorgio
Abstract: The local public transport system in the Lombardy Region is to be restructured in order to improve
the effectiveness and efficiency of public transportation.
In line with EU and national legislation, public authorities are to be directly responsible for the
planning and financial support of public transport, stipulating contracts with train and bus
companies setting out specific requirements on both sides for the supply of transportation services
(regional authorities for rail transport and local authorities for bus transport).
Monitoring of the transport system is therefore a key activity for the Region in planning local
railway services and promoting – in agreement with Provinces – a regional, trans-modal transport
network which makes better use of transport facilities.
MISTRAL is a project which aims to define an information system to support regional and local
authority planning of transport activities by:
· monitoring the contracts for transportation services that public authorities are to stipulate with
train and bus companies;
· evaluating the transport system through indicators related to mobility and transport demand, bus
and train supply (involving both transportation and economic aspects) and all issues affecting
public transport (e.g.: distribution of public facilities such as schools, possibility of park-and-ride
etc.);
· providing support to decision and negotiation processes with methodologies based on multicriteria
analysis, sensitivity analysis and analytical techniques for solving conflict;
· providing standard information and procedures regarding the regional transport system to public
authorities, transport companies and users.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZPublic Transport Fare Subsidies for Children and the Elderly in Developing Countrieshttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6597
Title: Public Transport Fare Subsidies for Children and the Elderly in Developing Countries
Authors: Osula, Douglas O. A.
Abstract: A modification to an earlier formula for estimating public transport subisidisation requirements for
developing countries is presented. The modification has been made to make the formula cater for the
travel money expenditure needs of school going children and the elderly. As with the earlier formula, the
present one is designed for both regulated and deregulated transport markets. It yields a subsidy level that
is commensurate with the level of control a government is able to exercise over public transport operation.
The modification is based on subsidizing school trips by school children as a matter of course, but giving
subsidy for trips by the elderly conditional upon it being determined in the first instance that subsidy is
required.
Description: Theme 61999-01-01T00:00:00ZUS Competitive Tendering: Comprehensive Cost Analysishttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6596
Title: US Competitive Tendering: Comprehensive Cost Analysis
Authors: Cox, Wendell
Description: Theme 61999-01-01T00:00:00ZOwnership and Competition are Key Considerations in Rail Performance Improvements - A South African Perspectivehttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6595
Title: Ownership and Competition are Key Considerations in Rail Performance Improvements - A South African Perspective
Authors: van der Walt, Andries J.
Abstract: This paper explains how ownership and competition have become major forces in
changing state-owned railways. The various ownership models and structures available to
governments, and their implications are analysed and summarised. The author further reviews
progress made in South Africa with rail reform and describes the implementation of concessioning
with its ownership options. The unique circumstances and challenges in South Africa and the effects
on ownership and competition are compared with some international case studies. Vertically
integrated concessions, involving the private sector in the provision of public transport services and
infrastructure, are motivated as a preferred option for South Africa, over the separation of
infrastructure from operations. The importance of a well established planning environment is argued
to be a critical pre-requisite for the successful structuring of public-private partnerships.
Description: Theme51999-01-01T00:00:00ZGetting Back On-Track or Going Off the Rails? An Assessment of Ownership and Organisational Reform of Railways in Western Europehttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6594
Title: Getting Back On-Track or Going Off the Rails? An Assessment of Ownership and Organisational Reform of Railways in Western Europe
Authors: Shires, Jeremy; Preston, Dr John
Abstract: This paper reports on work undertaken for the European Commission (EC) between 1996
and 1999. It is shown that despite reforms initiated by the EC Directive 91/440, the
performance of 17 state owned western European rail operators is poor. Work using
non-parametric index numbers indicates only modest productivity growth and mixed
financial and commercial performance. Work using cost functions indicates that many
railways appear to be of the wrong size and the wrong density to minimise costs. Work
using demand functions indicates that there may be substantial scope for pricing up and
for reconfiguring service levels. Modelling of cross border flows suggests that
international services require increases in service levels and quality.
It is argued that Europe s railways are in need of radical reform. A first phase of reform
would build on the process already initiated by the EC and involve separate infrastructure
authorities, continued commercialisation and privatisation of train operations, creation of
rolling stock leasing companies, development of transparent infrastructure access and
pricing, the promotion of off-track competition and of coach deregulation. However, it is
possible that this first phase of reforms may not be sufficient to achieve the desired
results. It is therefore likely that a second phase of reforms will be required including
horizontal separation and re-agglomeration of train operations, vertical re-integration and
network re-configuration. The scope for off-track competition for vertically integrated
concessions might be considered in this second phase.
Description: Theme 51999-01-01T00:00:00ZIncreasing Public Transport Market Share in South Africa: The Optionshttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6593
Title: Increasing Public Transport Market Share in South Africa: The Options
Authors: Mashiri, MAM; Moeketsi, PN; Baloyi, V
Abstract: Public transport in South Africa is facing increasing pressures as the need to do more with less
increases. It must continue to attract new riders and retain existing ones as well as ensure support from
the community at large. Marketing plays a critical role not only in assisting it to meet its objectives,
but also to ensure its continued viability. To maximize its effectiveness, marketing must be viewed as
a comprehensive process through which transit agencies develop and provide transit services and
communicate its benefits to their employees, patrons, and the general public. While marketing
strategies go a long way in building transit ridership, combining them with information and
communication technologies is much more likely to engender long-term sustainability. However, this
requires the forging of partnerships between transport authorities and operators in consultation with
their customers. This paper highlights some of these issues.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Competition of Passenger Transport and the Increase of Passenger Train Speed in China: A Review and Prospectshttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6592
Title: The Competition of Passenger Transport and the Increase of Passenger Train Speed in China: A Review and Prospects
Authors: Zhao, Haipei; Wu, Jianhong
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to consider the current situation of passenger transport competition among
modes, the progress of increasing the competitive capacity of Chinese Railways (CR) , mainly by
raising the speed of passenger trains, and possible future developments. The first part describes the past
and current situation of passenger transport in China, from the market in which the supply, dominated
by rail, did not satisfied the demand to the market in which the supply which is becoming a little bit
over the demand, due to the economic reform and open door policy adopted by Chinese Government.
The situation of the passenger transport competition between different modes in different market
segment in terms of tariff and service level (speed, frequency and comfortable) and change of market
share, are then described. In the following section the key efforts that CR adopted to increase its
competitive capacity in the passenger transport – upgrading the existing line and improving the rolling
stocks to raise the running speed of passenger trains, running diversified passenger trains, increasing the
frequency of passenger train, opening some passenger service market to private or non railway firm and
so on – and its effects are then described. Finally, the possible future development of passenger
transport in CR, in the fields of competition, ownership and organization reform, and price deregulation,
are considered.
Description: Theme 51999-01-01T00:00:00ZUrban Transportation at State and Local Government Levelshttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6591
Title: Urban Transportation at State and Local Government Levels
Authors: Oni, Dr. S.I.
Description: Theme 51999-01-01T00:00:00ZAppraisal of Non-commercial Passenger Rail Services in Britainhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6590
Title: Appraisal of Non-commercial Passenger Rail Services in Britain
Authors: Mills, Gordon; Howe, Martin
Abstract: The appraisal of proposals for adding or withdrawing individual rail services is inevitably complex,
because it needs to recognise interdependence both within the rail network and between transport modes,
and to account for externalities affecting non-users. Since 1960, British appraisal procedures have
changed greatly, as has the institutional setting, especially following privatisation.
In May 1999, the government regulator took a major step forward when it adopted the use of cost
benefit analysis for the appraisal of non-commercial services. Yet there is a need for elaboration of the
rules that deal with jointness in costs and in revenues, and for extension of the appraisal scheme to permit
multi-modal application. Government policy-makers should also address institutional barriers that may
hinder the development of valuable alternative supply arrangements, and instigate a review of existing
marginal services to see if they are all worthwhile.
Description: Theme 51999-01-01T00:00:00ZMinibus Operations along Lomagundi Road, Hararehttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6589
Title: Minibus Operations along Lomagundi Road, Harare
Authors: Djifarova -Vassileva, Liliana
Abstract: A study of minibus transport operations on a selected section of a district distributor road in Harare was
undertaken with the objectives to estimate journey speeds, minibus flows and other characteristics in
mixed traffic streams during morning peak periods. The method of moving observer was applied and
journey times measured. Ranges of journey times, time mean speeds and minibus flows by groups of
morning time periods and weekdays were estimated. Observations and records concerning utilisation of
the road carriageway, drivers’ and passengers’ behaviour and the impacts of minibus transport mode upon
the traffic streams and the physical environment of the road complemented the results. Recommendations
based on the study are offered in order to assist toward a sustainable development and improvements of
the minibus transport mode.
Description: Theme 51999-01-01T00:00:00ZEvaluating Urban Buses Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Brazilian Methodologieshttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6588
Title: Evaluating Urban Buses Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Brazilian Methodologies
Authors: Santos, Enilson; Orrico, Rômulo
Abstract: Brazilian urban buses are operated by private enterprises under administrative contracts to local
transport authorities. Usual contract duration is five-to-seven years, but competitive re-tendering may
be avoided through a renewing option to be applied if incumbent presents a good performance. In
some cities, however, federal mandate of compulsory tendering begins to be followed. In the two
cases, some local authorities have developed methodologies for evaluating operators performance. In
this paper, we analyse methodologies being used in two Brazilian local bus systems Recife and
Belo Horizonte , with the objective of verifying their ability to induce competitive behaviours in the
operators and their fitness to local authorities goals. Conclusions show that examined evaluation
methodologies are limited mechanisms concerning the achievement of objectives like
competitiveness, improvement of service quality and productive efficiency.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Advent of Transport Authorities in South Africahttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6587
Title: The Advent of Transport Authorities in South Africa
Authors: Nothnagel, A; Campbell, D; Stanway, R A
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZUrban Bus Transport Regulation in Buenos Aireshttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6586
Title: Urban Bus Transport Regulation in Buenos Aires
Authors: Brennan, Patricia; Ribera, Alicia
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Brazilian Urban Bus Industry: Present Challenges and Future Perspectiveshttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6585
Title: The Brazilian Urban Bus Industry: Present Challenges and Future Perspectives
Authors: Aragão, Joaquim José Guilherme de; Brasileiro, Anísio
Abstract: The aim of this contribution is the description and understanding of the present crisis in the Brazilian urban
bus sector and to point out new perspectives for the development of this industry. At the beginning, the
present structure of the industry as well its modernisation and concentration level is explained. A further
section deals with the challenges this industry is now facing, especially due to the rapid motorization the
country is now undergoing as well to the invasion of the transport market by illegal operators, and the
reaction the regular operators are offering to these challenges. Following this, the new legislation on public
procurement procedures for administrative and concessions contracts is presented, which will oblige that
these contract are preceded by competitive bidding procedures. On the ground of this analysis, the
perspectives for the further development of the urban bus industry are discussed.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Role of IT&S (Information Technology and Systems) in the Transport Arenahttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6584
Title: The Role of IT&S (Information Technology and Systems) in the Transport Arena
Authors: Swanepoel, Ernst
Abstract: The topic is not an easy one. Information Technology and Systems (or
Management Information Systems) have come of age in the transport industry,
regardless of the mode.
It is impossible to entertain any discussion about the role of IT&S without divorcing
oneself from the company we are in, re-visit the position of IT&S in the Transport
Industry and then define what this element, IT&S (or MIS), really is. Throughout
the presentation two “mind-sets” are prevalent:
IT&S is a strategic business enabling process rather than a technology or a
system
The organisation is regarded as an open system whereby the Project
Management mindset represents the culture of team learning and shared
decision making.
The objective of this presentation is on the one hand to introduce the non-computer
professional to the IT&S discipline within the organisation and on the other hand to
demonstrate the strategic importance of the Information discipline within the
company. It follows the route of modern strategic management via the needs and
wants of the client, and then defines exactly what Information Technology and
Systems comprise from a business perspective. This is necessary to create a common
understanding of the positioning of IT&S in the organisation and to show the
influence of IT&S on the organisation culture. Total Quality Management (TQM)
is briefly visited to illustrate the paradigm shift towards the client wants and the
desire to satisfy these wants.
IT&S is the most important business enabler in modern business and the statement
can be made that those organisations who still regard IT&S as only one of the backoffice
support functions, will not survive the first decade of the new century,
regardless whether the Information Infrastructure is Year 2000 compliant or not.
This presentation starts with the national transport directive and re-positions the
client in terms of MSA agenda.
Information Technology and Systems (IT&S) are then defined in perspective
with its role in the organisational structure. From here the Value Chain (Porter)
is used to illustrate how IT&S (as a division) has evolved to its current strategic
role in the organisation.
With the macro and micro-environment defined above, the presentation focuses
on the internal Information Technology and Systems perceptions and
demonstrates how the IT&S portfolio evolved over the past three decades. This
is necessary to understand the technology dilemma of Information Systems and
how its role is changing within the paradigm of the typical transport company.
The volatile nature of Information Technology can only be stabilised within a
given organisational culture. The IT&S Industry has its own growth patterns that
are unique and, when left alone, can develop its own culture which may not be
susceptible to the dominant organisational culture. Master Information Systems
Planning is core to the management of IT&S Cultures. This section concludes
with probing statements about outsourcing.
In the conclusion the presentation attempts to introduce the mindset of the
strategic project management to the area of IT&S decision making.
The presentation utilises graphic animation and models to illustrate concepts.
Throughout the mind-set of Project Management is prevalent. Interactive graphics
are also used to create an atmosphere of “learning” while enjoying the show.
The author can be contacted in person for further comments or information.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZDetermination of Urban Transport Policy in Indonesiahttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6583
Title: Determination of Urban Transport Policy in Indonesia
Authors: Soehodho, Sutanto
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Economics and Politics of Contracting out with the Private Sector: Evidence from the US Transit Industryhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6582
Title: The Economics and Politics of Contracting out with the Private Sector: Evidence from the US Transit Industry
Authors: Reja, Binyam
Abstract: The paper studies contracting practices in the US transit industry. It employs the methods
of transaction cost economics and public choice theory to develop an empirical model of bus
contracting in the US transit industry. The empirical results shed light on why transit services in
the US remain largely public, despite many attempts to introduce competition by contracting out
services to the private sector. The results show that the decision by transit agencies to contract out
with the private sector is constrained by the transaction costs of contracting and the institutional
and subsidy arrangements that govern the transit industry in the US. Services that require
idiosyncratic investments to provide large densities of passengers are less likely to be contracted
out than those services that are provided using standard, small vehicles. Similarly, increases in
federal subsidies and dedicated subsidies are found to discourage contracting out with the private
sector. On the other hand, increases in state and local subsidies, other things being equal,
encourage contracting. Agencies that have high labor costs –– indicating strong labor unions ––
are less likely to contract out. In light of these findings, the paper concludes that piecemeal
contracting out of services is not likely to increase the role of the private sector in the provision of
public transit services. Structures of subsidies and federal arrangements creates intertwined
incentives that discourage contracting by transit agencies, thus foiling the attempts to increase
efficiencies by establishing competition for transit markets.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZFranchise A Live and Let Live Option for Public Transport Undertakings in Indiahttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6581
Title: Franchise A Live and Let Live Option for Public Transport Undertakings in India
Authors: Mathur, Dr. S.K.
Abstract: Passenger road transport in India has thus far been predominantly under the domain of the public sector.
The Road Transport Corporations Act, 1950, paved the way for the upsurge of nationalised bus transport
in India. In some of the states in India, nationalisation was accomplished to an extent of 95% of all bus
routes. And, these public transport undertakings have monopolistically grown in size with scant regard to
efficiency or financial health, primarily due to lack of competition.
However, in the ninetees, Indian public transport undertakings have been experiencing a drop in
occupancy an onslaught by the ever increasing private operators fleet of maxi buses, mini buses & jeeps.
Also, travel by jeeps seems to have become the travel style of the rural poor. The transport undertakings
have no doubt built up their infrastructure for bus depots and workshops as well as for passenger
amenities fairly well. But now, all such investments in these infrastructural assets, mobile assets and
more importantly, in human assets, are proving to be a financial burden on them and these undertakings
are incurring substantial financial losses.
What then is the optimal mix of public and private fleet for a country like India?
The author proposes franchise strategies to commercially exploit their built-up infrastructure based on the
experiences of the largest bus operator in India which now faces intense competition from jeeps,
maxicabs and buses.
Description: Theme 41999-01-01T00:00:00ZRisk and Management Factors: Participation Options for Small and Medium Sized Bus Transport Operators in the Tendering for Contract System in South Africahttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6534
Title: Risk and Management Factors: Participation Options for Small and Medium Sized Bus Transport Operators in the Tendering for Contract System in South Africa
Authors: Walters, Prof J
Abstract: In this paper, an analysis is undertaken against the background of public transport policy
changes in South Africa, of the role of small public transport enterprises in the tender for
contract system. The analysis include the problems that small business in general
experience to access public transport opportunities, an analysis of the tender risk
elements from the perspective of different role players and potential initiatives to
accommodate small business. Emphasis is placed on the potential of franchising and
subcontracting as ways to accommodate small business and deal with the risk factors as
perceived by the different role players.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZSlow Progress Towards Bus Competition in the European Unionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6533
Title: Slow Progress Towards Bus Competition in the European Union
Authors: Crockford, Doug
Abstract: This paper reports on a study of bus service competition and
regulation within the European Union which was undertaken in 1997.
It shows that, despite the widespread acceptance of the principles of
open competition, harmonisation of regulation and subsidiarity of
administrative decisions, there are still considerable differences in
practice across Europe. No other country appears to be inclined
towards the wholsale deregulation of bus services which was adopted
in the UK but the favoured model of competitive tendering has not
been universally adopted throughout Europe. Even when competitive
tendering has been introduced, it is more often based on costs only
and on a route by route basis. Area franchises, which give more
scope for commercial innovation, have only been introduced in a small
number of places on an experimental basis. Strict regulation has, so
far, been seen as more important than open competition.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZPrivate financing of infrastructure. An application to public transport infrastructurehttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6532
Title: Private financing of infrastructure. An application to public transport infrastructure
Authors: Debande, Olivier
Description: Theme 21999-01-01T00:00:00ZContractualisation Competition Regulation - Three Guidelines for Improved Efficiency in Urban Public Transporthttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6531
Title: Contractualisation Competition Regulation - Three Guidelines for Improved Efficiency in Urban Public Transport
Authors: Barbieux, C.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Struggle for Regulatory and Economic Sphere of Influence in the Matatu Means of Transport in Kenya: A Stakeholder Analysishttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6530
Title: The Struggle for Regulatory and Economic Sphere of Influence in the Matatu Means of Transport in Kenya: A Stakeholder Analysis
Authors: Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck
Abstract: The matatu is a small-scale public means of transport in Kenya. This paper analyses the
struggle for regulatory and economic sphere of influence in the matatu means of transport in Kenya.
The main finding in this paper is that the origin and growth of the matatu in Kenya has brought to the
fore contending economic interests as well as the scramble for political influence, dominance and
subordination. These contending interests arise due to an array of individuals, groups and businesses
that are linked to the matatu. The realization of these interests affects the running of the matatu
business as reflected in escalating costs, violence, risk of road traffic accidents and poor terms of
service for workers. The conclusion in this paper is that the future of the matatu in Kenya will be
affected as long as the business continues to straddle the economic, social and political spheres.
Description: Theme 31999-01-01T00:00:00ZTendering Ferry Services in Norway: Ratchet Effects?http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6529
Title: Tendering Ferry Services in Norway: Ratchet Effects?
Authors: Sunde, Øyvind
Abstract: Fjord crossings by ferries are vital in the Norwegian trunk road system. The ferries are
operated by ferry companies, each ferry company being a monopolist on a bundle of
crossings. The government regulates prices and service frequencies and awards subsidies to
the companies in order to make the ferry services economically viable. Tendering has been
suggested as a means to induce cost efficiency and thus reduce costly subsidies. In order to
gain experience with tendering on this area, this regime has recently been introduced on a
few selected crossings. We argue that this small-scale experiment may not reveal the cost
savings that may be obtained by a large-scale experiment. This is due to a ratchet effect: The
incumbent ferry companies may not have the incentives to submit low tenders as by doing so,
the ferry companies reveals that there is much to gain for the government by carrying through
a large-scale tender competition in the future. Such a large-scale tender competition may be
harmful to the companies as compared to status quo. Realising this, each company may be
reluctant to submit low tenders in the competition for the selected tender crossings.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZContractual Form and Performance in the Norwegian Bus Industry 1986-96http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6528
Title: Contractual Form and Performance in the Norwegian Bus Industry 1986-96
Authors: Johansen, Kjell Werner
Abstract: The Norwegian public transport market has experienced a significant development over the last
decade. Over this period the number of independent companies have declined from 220 to 83, the two
largest groups have through mergers and buy outs achieved control over more than 40% of the
market. The regulating regime has changes from net cost contracts based on historical concessions
through negotiated contracts based on normalised costs and efficiency agreements to tendered
contracts in some counties, so far based on full cost. During the same period the operating unit cost
has declined by approx. 20%, the subsidy rate by approx. 1/3 from 37% to 24%, and production has
grown slightly. To test hypothesises about factors affecting the cost level at company and county level
we have collected accounting and production data for all the companies for the period 1986-96
Statistics Norway. This pooled time series cross section data set is used to estimate the effect of
contractual form, economy of scale and scope, subsidy level on cost pr vehicle km, controlling for
factors as passenger density, route speed and urban area. The same data and variables are applied to
test hypothesises of market efficiency measured by cost pr passenger km.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZPricing and Financing of the Railway in a Competitive Environmenthttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6527
Title: Pricing and Financing of the Railway in a Competitive Environment
Authors: Jansson, Kjell
Description: Theme 21999-01-01T00:00:00ZBuses and Vans - Assessing Public Transport Competition in Rio de Janeiro Brazilhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6526
Title: Buses and Vans - Assessing Public Transport Competition in Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Authors: Balassiano, Ronaldo; Braga, Marilita G.C.
Abstract: Public transport systems play an important role in urban centres by determining to the population the
available accessibility levels on their daily trips. In Brazilian cities as a consequence of the low level
of services provided by conventional transport services one could see the expansion of paratransit
operation in busy corridors. More recently, low capacity vehicles such as vans began to compete with
conventional buses on the main routes. The service is considered a viable transport alternative to
many users as well as a means of expanding the transport market to independent operators. The main
objective of this paper is to assess the impacts of competition between buses (regulated market) and
vans (paratransit) in Rio de Janeiro. The potential role played by low capacity vehicles such as vans to
transport passengers in developing countries’ cities is also analysed.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZCompetitive pressure as an alternative to competitive tendering? The development of a performance contract in Oslohttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6525
Title: Competitive pressure as an alternative to competitive tendering? The development of a performance contract in Oslo
Authors: Norheim, Bård
Abstract: In 1991, a customer orientation project was launched in Oslo, spurred by reduced subsides, and the
possibility of competitive tendering being introduced in the operation of public transport. The longterm
goal was a 25% increase in traffic before year 2001, through a policy of «more satisfied
customers». Public transport in Oslo has increased annually, from 136 million journeys in 1992, to
roughly 153 million in 1997.
In 1998 we proposed a new quality contract based on the quality monitoring system and
performance-dependent subsidies. If the company fails to keep the quality level within defined
borders, we propose that the contract will be cancelled and opened for tendering. The first
step of this contract was introduced in January 1999. This paper will present the Oslo model
and the experience after 7 years with the different types of quality monitoring systems and
contracting public transport.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZFunding of Public Passenger Transport in Developing Countries - A Case of Indiahttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6524
Title: Funding of Public Passenger Transport in Developing Countries - A Case of India
Authors: Kulkarni, Dr. Sharad D.
Abstract: The funding problems of land passenger transport in developing countries are different and
more complicated. The paper brings out the present scenario of financial performance and funding
arrangements in the Railways and the Roadways carrying passengers in a country like India which
represents developing nations of the world. Since mobility of people within the country and particularly in
the cities is considered as a public utility function of the governments and local bodies, the funding of
capital is mainly through the General Exchequer. This is supported by internal generation of funds within
and borrowing from Financial Institutions. These measures of funding being very inadequate, new
methods of attracting private capital in passenger transport sector have been proposed. Since the
liberalized economic policies have been recently introduced in the country, encouragement for the private
capital participation in projects under BOOT has been an important issue for consideration. Taxing the
direct and the indirect beneficiaries of new transport projects to be undertaken, inviting participation of
general and institutional investors in the capital formation are some other measures suggested.
Commercial exploitation of transport land, commercial outlook for transport organizations and freedom to
fix passenger fares will also strengthen the funding operations of capital projects in land passenger
transport in India.
Description: Theme 21999-01-01T00:00:00ZMatching Funding to Outcomes: Incentive Based Contracts for Passenger Transporthttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6523
Title: Matching Funding to Outcomes: Incentive Based Contracts for Passenger Transport
Authors: Mein, Barry
Description: Theme 21999-01-01T00:00:00ZStanding in the Shadow of the Giants - Conditions for Entry and Survival of Small Businesses on the Deregulated Bus and Railway Markets in Swedenhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6522
Title: Standing in the Shadow of the Giants - Conditions for Entry and Survival of Small Businesses on the Deregulated Bus and Railway Markets in Sweden
Authors: Nordenlöw, Lena; Alexandersson, Gunnar
Abstract: Since the late 1980s, the entry barriers for new bus and railway companies have gradually been
reduced in Sweden. In this paper the effects of these changes upon small businesses are analysed with
the help of a couple of case study firms. Four parts of the transportation sector are considered: local
and regional bus services, long-distance bus services, regional train services and inter-regional train
services. Although offering different basic conditions for entry, new as well as old small businesses
have often faced a common problem on each of these markets: having to compete with a giant former
monopolist or oligopolists, or being dependent on some of its/their factors of production. Although
several firms have been forced out of the markets, a number of them have managed to survive and
grow. In this paper it is argued that there are a few key factors that govern a small firm’s success or
failure.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZCompetitive Tendering of Railway Services in Sweden Extent and Effects 1989-1999http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6521
Title: Competitive Tendering of Railway Services in Sweden Extent and Effects 1989-1999
Authors: Alexandersson, Gunnar; Hultén, Staffan
Abstract: In 1988 the vertical separation of the Swedish State Railways into one train operator (SJ) and one
infrastructure holder (Banverket) was implemented. Together with the transfer of responsibility for
the regional non-profitable passenger railway services to regional transport authorities, this reform
paved the way for the introduction of competitive tendering for these services. Initially, only one new
firm entered, but through subsequent tenders this figure has increased to four. Since 1992 it has also
been possible for the state’s negotiator to procure the non-profitable interregional services by means
of tendering. For several years no actual entry occurred on this part of the market, partly due to more
demanding conditions compared to other tenders. However, following the outcome of the latest
tenders, new entry is set to take place in January 2000. Consequently, what started as a very slow
walk towards more competition in the railway sector has taken us to a point where SJ is facing actual
competition on almost all parts of the market. In addition to discussing the new entrants, the different
types of tenders are compared in some detail in the paper. Some empirical data on the number of
bidders, cost reductions, innovations and travelling changes related to tenders is presented and
interpreted. The development of the behaviour of SJ and its competitors is also discussed, as well as
the further impact upon transport policy.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZOpening up the Pandora Box of Deregulation - the Deregulation Process of the Swedish Railway Systemhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6520
Title: Opening up the Pandora Box of Deregulation - the Deregulation Process of the Swedish Railway System
Authors: Hultén, Staffan
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZDevelopments in Rail Policy in the EUhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6519
Title: Developments in Rail Policy in the EU
Authors: Nash, Prof Chris
Description: Plenary-Nash1999-01-01T00:00:00ZA Scheme to Improve the Effectiveness of the Bus Services in Lombardy Through Tendershttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6518
Title: A Scheme to Improve the Effectiveness of the Bus Services in Lombardy Through Tenders
Authors: Laniado, Eliot; Stanta, Ferdinando; Tagliavini, Paola
Abstract: In Lombardy public subsidies to bus companies have increased in the last ten years, while market
share and quality of public transport have declined. In 1996, the Lombardy Region began a reform of
public local transport. In line with EU regulations, the regional transport acts 13/1995 and 22/1998
aim to improve the effectiveness of the public transport through competition and economic incentives.
This paper describes the scheme developed for the tenders.
In the present concession system, the routes and the schedules for each service are decided by the
Region. The reform calls for tenders for a network divided into areas. The areas must be homogeneous
in terms of transport demand and attractive for the tenderisers. Their size is chosen to make the
management of the services affordable for sufficient competitors.
A methodology has been developed to support the grantor in setting the following service
requirements for each area: the links to be included in the network and the minimum number of seats
to be assured by each route. Further requirements concerning fares, environmental and quality
standards, and the information provided to users and to the transport authority are also set.
The effectiveness of the planned services is encouraged by economic incentives: part of the subsidy is
paid only if specific objectives set by the public authorities are met.
The criteria to compare the offers are complex, because of the need to evaluate not only the tendered
price, but also the effectiveness of the network and schedule proposals, as well as the usefulness of the
additional routes and seats served or the improved quality. A Decision Support System (DSS) software
application based on multi-criteria analysis automatically chooses the best project, ensuring a
transparent procedure. The reliability of this evaluation system has been tested in simulated tender
involving representatives of Lombardy bus companies.
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZExperimental Tendering: An Analysis of Experiences from the Road/Ferry Sector in Norwayhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6517
Title: Experimental Tendering: An Analysis of Experiences from the Road/Ferry Sector in Norway
Authors: Hauge, Olav
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZThe "SAPIN" Legislation and its Effects on Tendering and Competition in Public Transport in Francehttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6516
Title: The "SAPIN" Legislation and its Effects on Tendering and Competition in Public Transport in France
Authors: Duthion, Brice; Vincent, Pascal; Ziv, Jean Claude
Description: Theme 11999-01-01T00:00:00ZAn Overview of Public Transport in the United Kingdom and Forecasts for the new Milleniumhttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6515
Title: An Overview of Public Transport in the United Kingdom and Forecasts for the new Millenium
Authors: Preston, Dr John
Description: Plenary-Preston1999-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Financing of Land Transport in South Africahttp://hdl.handle.net/2123/6514
Title: The Financing of Land Transport in South Africa
Authors: Nothnagel, A; Stanway, R A; Mirrilees, R; Cameron, J W M
Description: Theme 21999-01-01T00:00:00Z