Abraham Maslow

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Transcript of Abraham Maslow

EsteemSelf-ActualizationOriginates from participating in activities that are considered socially constructiveSatisfaction of this need results in the ability to feel confident in our strength, worth, and adequacyFeelings of inferiority, helplessness, and discouragement may surface if esteem needs are not achieved

Examples of Needs:Self-esteemConfidenceAchievementRespect of othersRespect by others in the form of:StatusRecognitionSocial SuccessFullest development of the self.Stemmed from humanistic psychology“represents growth of an individual toward fulfillment of the highest needs” (Olson, 2013). The motivation for self-actualization leads people in different directions (McLeod) Continual process Measured through the perceptions of peak experiences

Examples of Needs:MoralityCreativitySpontaneityproblem SolvingLack of prejudiceAcceptance of facts

Love/BelongingSafetyPhysiologicalAbraham Maslow

Born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New YorkFirst of 7 childrenParents uneducated Jewish immigrants from RussiaExperienced a Difficult childhood and has a strained relationship with both parentsMother rejected him and was not affectionateFather instilled an intense drive to succeedEmbarrassed by his small physique and large noseAs a teenager, experienced an inferior complexUnsuccessful in athletics, turned to reading and educationObtained mediocre grades in high schoolCollegeWas accepted into City College of New YorkAttended Cornell, left because of poor gradesEventually graduated from City CollegeUniversity of Wisconsin for Graduate school and received his Ph.D. in 1934Postdoctoral fellowship at Columbia UniversityMarried Bertha Goodman, 1st cousinhad 2 daughtersTaught at Brooklyn College until 1951 and then at Brandeis University until 1969Abraham MaslowBiography ContinuedInfluencesBertha- his wifeJohn B. Watson's- behavioral PsychologyWorld War IIBirth of his 1st childAlfred AdlerRuth Benedict Max WertheimerNecessary Conditions in order to gratify the self-actualization need (Schultz): We must be free of constraints imposed by society and by ourselves.We must not be distracted by the lower-order needs.We must be sure in our self-image and in our relationships with other people.We must have a realistic knowledge of our strengths and weaknesses. Do all that they are capable of Only about 1% of the entire population will become self-actualizedMaslow recognized that even self-actualized people are not perfect, they also have fault and tend to be:stubbornirritableoccasionally borningcoldcalculatedSelf-Actualized PeopleSelf-Actualization NeedSelf-Actualization Need ContinuedCan be expressed through a close relationship with a friend, love, mate, or through social relationships formed in a groupBecoming more difficult in our mobile societyWays to satisfy this need:Join a churchClubVolunteeringIf needs are not being met, individuals experience loneliness or emptinessLove is not equated to sex, which is a physiological needExamples of Needs:FriendshipsFamilySexual IntimacyRequires stability, security, and freedom of fear and anxietyReducing uncertaintyGenerally an important aspect for infants and anxious adultsMost adults have fulfilled safety needs however, the needs still impact behaviorSecurity of:bodyemploymentresourcesmoralityfamilyhealthpropertyRelated to survivalIf a need is not met, the desire will rule the individuals lifeMaslow believed most of these needs are achieved easilyExamples of Needs:BreathingFoodWaterSex SleepHomeostasisExcretionCore Concept: Hierarchy of Needs5 innate needs that are instinctoidNeeds can be influenced or dominated by learning, social expectations, and fear of disapprovalStimulate and direct human behaviorRanked in terms of a hierarchyNon humans can possess the lower more basic needsWe are not driven by all needs at once, generally only one will dominate our personalityCharacteristics of NeedsThe lower the need, the greater the strength and priorityHigher needs materialize later in life:Physiological and safety needs tend to appear in infancyBelongingness and esteem needs tend to appear in adolescenceNeeds for self-actualization does not appear until midlifeLower needs are considered deficit needsfailure to satisfy them results in crisis or lack in the individualHigher needs are considered growth needslead to improved health and longevity, contentment, happiness and fulfillmentCore Concept: MetamotivationSelf-actualizing individuals differ form others in terms of basic motivationMetamotivation (B-motivation) specific type of motivation for self-actualizersGoal: enhance their lives by "acting to increase tension to experience a variety of stimulating and challenging events" (Schultz)Metaneeds- states of being, such as goodness, uniqueness, and perfection rather than goal objectsMetapathology- failure to satisfy metaneedsCore Concept: Cognitive NeedsMaslow modified the hierarchy later to include cognitive needsHumans have the desire to increase their intelligence and pursue knowledgeImpossible to become self-actualizing without meeting the need to know and understandCore Concept: Self-Determination TheoryContemporary extension of the self-actualization theoryFacilitated by a persona's focus on intrinsic motivation, or engaging in an activity due to interest and challenge of the activityExtrinsic motivation- involves engaging in some activity only for the sake of external rewardspraise, promotion, etc.

3 basic needs to achieve self-actualization and well-being:CompetenceAutonomyRelatednessInternal ConflictsPeople are uniqueNot reaching self-actualization until adulthood or at allNot everyone will completely fulfill each needHeredityIntrinsic MotivationExternal ConflictsEnvironmentChildhood experiencesExtrinsic MotivationMaladaptive BehaviorsJonah Complex- when attempting to maximize our own potential and encounter a situation where we fear in our abilities to copeCoping MechanismsBorn with the ability to achieve self-actualizationFulfilling basic needsMaintain order and security in life even after need it metSaving for futureBuying insuranceRemaining in a secure jobImplications for CounselorsIndividuals trying to cope with daily stresses have utilized Maslow's views to aid in difficult issues:CounselorsEducatorsBusiness and governmental individualsHealthcare professionalsHaving a basic understanding of Maslow's hierarchy of needs will assist counselors in both school and community setting to get on the leading edge of a clients by understanding potential issues causing grief. Cultural ConsiderationsCriticismsDid not use case studies, experimental or correlative methods in his researchSample too smallSelected participants by individuals whom he admired for criteria of self-actualizationHierarchy of needs does not apply to everyoneCultures and self-esteem has been researched in over 50 countries Japan college students consistently lowerAfrican American teenagers report higher self-esteem than Caucasian teensSelf-esteem in white adults age 60 higher than African Americans age 60Studies performed in the United States confirm self-esteem changes as individuals ageResearch conducted in Taiwan concluded self-esteem increased throughout life but, very little after the age of 30BibliographyView of Human NatureHumanistic and OptimisticPersonality determined by the interaction if heredity and environmentIf given proper conditions, individuals are capable of reaching the highest level of need."In any given moment we have two options: to step forward to growth or to step back into safety." Maslow