BREAKTHROUGHS BLOG

November 20, 2011

GHTC Director highlights progress in developing new interventions for HIV/AIDS

In a recent guest post for the ONE blog, GHTC director Kaitlin Christenson highlighted four game-changing HIV/AIDS interventions under development and the leadership from the US government that has helped foster these critical research breakthroughs.

The fight against HIV/AIDS is not over, and a concerted effort must be made to prioritize research to develop new tools Photo: Robin Biellik/PATH

The past three years have been historic in the number of breakthroughs in research to prevent, diagnose, and treat HIV and AIDS. For the first time, researchers
proved that an HIV vaccine could prevent infection; an HIV prevention gel called a microbicide was shown to prevent infection among women; studies
showed that a once-daily pill could reduce the risk of infection in high-risk individuals; and antiretroviral treatment among HIV-positive individuals
was proven to reduce the risk of infecting their partners.

"The fight against HIV/AIDS is not over, and a concerted effort must be made to prioritize research to develop new tools." Photo: Robin Biellik/PATHIt’s
been incredible to see such progress over the past three years. But to be clear: these breakthroughs are a result of a long-standing commitment by
international donors to boost research for HIV/AIDS. Innovations like these come as a result of years of work conducted by a variety of players—the
private sector, NGOs, academic institutions and product development partnerships. In many cases, they are a direct result of the support provided by
the US government.

This commitment to research will continue to result in tools that change the way we approach the epidemic. Some impressive work is currently underway and
promises to yield new interventions:

Microbicides. Last year, a clinical trial in South Africa provided the first-ever proof that a vaginal microbicide could safely and
effectively reduce the risk of HIV transmission to women. The trial was supported by the US Agency for International Development and two GHTC members,
FHI360 and CONRAD. It provided new hope that an HIV-prevention tool designed for women could work. Additional research is needed on this product,
though, and over the next two years, a follow-on trial will seek to confirm these results.

Treatment as prevention. This summer, research supported by NIH demonstrated an astounding 96 percent reduction in transmission of
HIV to an uninfected partner when his or her HIV-infected partner begins an antiretroviral regimen. Some questions remain about how this intervention
might be implemented, and additional research is needed to understand how treatment as prevention will be operationalized.

Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Recent studies funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and others have confirmed
that a daily dose of oral antiretrovirals can reduce the threat of HIV infection in high-risk groups. While additional research is needed to understand
the implications of PrEP, many government agencies are considering adapting their HIV prevention guidelines to account for this new intervention.

HIV vaccines. Two years ago, a clinical trial conducted in Thailand and funded by the US Department of Defense provided the first
demonstration that a vaccine can prevent HIV infection in humans. While the results from this trial were too modest to support licensing this particular
vaccine, trial data will help to inform the development of what researchers hope will be a more effective vaccine.

On a recent trip to Kenya, my colleagues and I had the opportunity to meet with some of the research heroes who are leading the way in studying these and
other interventions. The excitement they felt about the promise these new tools might provide was palpable. Lisa Mills, an American based with the
CDC in Kenya, co-led a clinical trial which provided evidence for treatment as prevention. She told us that this intervention will have a “huge impact
on communities. It will make HIV-positive people in these communities non-contagious. It’s also more cost-effective to do treatment as prevention,
since you’re only treating HIV-positive people.”

In speaking about research for microbicides, another of the individuals we met, Elizabeth Bukusi, deputy director at the Kenya Medical Research Institute
(KEMRI), told us, “I think this is one of the tools that gives us the opportunity that we could actually end the epidemic. I think we can move towards
a complete AIDS-free generation that will completely stop the epidemic in its track using microbicides as part of the armament.” She added that the
“US has been a critical partner in providing catalystic funds and also in funding a large number of the trials that have looked at microbicides. So
US funding is absolutely critical to moving this agenda forward.”

Today, it is in our hands to decide the fate of future generations. The fight against HIV/AIDS is not over, and a concerted effort must be made to prioritize
research to develop new tools — both those that are within arm’s reach, and those which still require much more study. Research is a long-term
investment, and we must not give up on the commitments which have taken us this far.

The US government is a leading supporter for research that has yielded many of the innovations we have today, and this support must not waiver even in
the midst of today’s constrained budget environment. Will our leaders continue to set the stage? Imagine the breakthroughs that would be possible if
so.