Editors note: CI is pleased to publish this piece by Dr. Kimya N. Dennis, who raises provocative questions about the larger implications of the criminalization of Blackness. To what extent does the tendency to criminalize overlook potential mental health issues in the Black community? To what extent does the criminalizing narrative contribute to limited data and even more limited community mental health resources?

Increased attention has been placed on race and gender disparities in mental health and race and gender disparities in suicide. Data indicates suicide rates for Blacks are among the lower rates of suicide as compared to whites and American Indian/Alaskan Native. Despite having a relatively lower rate of suicide, data trends indicate an increase in Black suicide in more recent years. This is not a new trend (also see). In addition to trends in suicide data it is important to remember rates of suicide do not need to “high” in a relative sense in order to be higher than previous years. We must understand cultural variations in socialization patterns and behaviors such as self-harm and suicide.

There is a commonly held belief in Black/African American/African diaspora cultures in the U.S.A. and around the world that such cultures are void of, and immune from, short term and more lasting mental health conditions, self-harming behaviors, and suicide. This longstanding untruth is reinforced through strict social control mechanisms including Black/African diaspora families and religious or spiritual institutions that place great emphasis on both collective identity and silence. This poses great difficulty in discussing particular health concerns, encouraging medical treatment, understanding physical and mental conditions passed from generation to generation, and accessing to medical data.

With this history and contemporary analysis in mind, a great deal of research and community outreach are invested in combating such discrepancies. There is an attempted balance between challenging persistent myths across cultures while also respecting cultures. Cultural respect and cultural awareness shape social understanding and social interactions. Rather than the behaviors of particular groups being instantly presumed or labeled “problematic” there is a need to redefine and re-categorize particular behaviors. This framework is furthered by sociologist Dr. Nancy A. Heitzeg’s “double-standards of deviance/social control” (Criminal Injustice, 2012 and Contemporary Justice Review2015)). Such double standards are illustrated in how the behaviors of Blacks tend to be considered “criminal” while the same or similar behaviors from whites are often considered in need of empathy or a mental health condition in need of treatment. This racial dichotomy in which Blacks are criminalized and whites are medicalized contributes to disproportionately higher arrest rates and incarceration rates for Blacks.

It is arguably the case that the tendency to criminalize Blacks and medicalize whites can also be one explanation for incomplete data and the presumed dispensability of institutional-and-community-based resources to address Black self-harm and Black suicide. For instance, there is potential for historically and contemporarily lower suicide rates of Blacks as compared to whites to reflect nonexistent or inaccurate mortality records across jurisdictions and across generations. With proper redefining and re-categorizing of certain behaviors it might be discovered that some Blacks intentionally engage in harmful behaviors and intentionally go into harmful or criminogenic environments for the purpose of being harmed, critically injured, or killed. Such motivation, intent, and desired outcome should be considered “self-harming” or “suicidal” rather than “criminal.” Incorporating this approach to certain violent altercations between law enforcement and Blacks can further illustrate “suicide by cop” and can greater emphasize the need for “community policing” efforts and Crisis Intervention Team Training for law enforcement. Such changes can improve police-community relationships, and offer another way for law enforcement to handle aggressiveness initiated by community members, while still protecting officer safety.

Other forms of violence that can potentially be redefined and re-categorized are certain street violence, certain gang violence, certain domestic violence, and forms of addiction and substance abuse. There are a number of instances of self-injury and injury by other people that are traditionally considered “accidental” or “criminal” rather than intentional self-harm or suicidal. Reclassifying and re-categorizing some behaviors is not an easy task. It is complex and requires extensive data analyses. It can also prove beneficial for mental health outreach, suicide outreach, law enforcement training, and legal and criminal justice reform. But, first, we need to challenge the notion that the majority of deviant or illegal behaviors on the part of Blacks—and social disorganization in predominantly Black institutions and communities—are criminally motivated and a result of criminogenic environments.

***

Kimya N. Dennis is a criminologist and sociologist with interdisciplinary research and community work dealing with suicide and self-harm, mental health, and reproductive rights and the childfree. Her research and community work address a range of communities with particular emphasis on underserviced communities.

Kimya participates in presentations and panels on community violence, mental health, suicide and self-harm, expanding definitions of gender and gender equality, and racial and ethnic dynamics. Originally from Richmond, VA she collaborates with community activists and researchers in New York, Virginia, and North Carolina.

As Assistant Professor and Coordinator of Criminal Studies in the Department of Sociology and Criminal Studies at Salem College, Kimya is the faculty adviser and co-planner for the SalemCollege Out of the Darkness Campus Walk, and serves on:

“some Blacks intentionally engage in harmful behaviors and intentionally go into harmful or criminogenic environments for the purpose of being harmed, critically injured, or killed.”

This quote stood out to me the most in this article, and it allowed me to learn once again the harsh reality and separation in our society. White people express their violence, self harm, and desperation, and are seen as needing medicine and to be helped. It is very angering to learn that if a black person were to express these same things, they are then viewed as a criminal who needs to be put behind bars. To me that sound like a horrifying and beyond unfair double standard. I also was not aware that African Americans have a lower suicide rate, I am curious as to why that is. Also, I am curious as to why suicide rates for African Americans have been rising in recent years? Overall, this article was very disheartening to read the harsh realities in our society, yet it was very interesting and learning about these issues are extremely important.

BrookeSoller

I thought this article was really interesting. It started off with a really interesting fact that I did not know about: the fact that African Americans have a lower suicide rate. It also talked about how there is a common belief in Black/African American cultures that certain cultures around are void of mental health conditions, self-harming behaviors, and suicide. I had never heard of this before. It really made me think about how you would treat African Americans suffering from these mental diseases if they do not believe in them. You wouldn’t be able to just give them some kind of medication. I feel like therapy would be the best option. Another thing mentioned was finding a balance between challenging the myths and still respecting the different cultures. Some cultures are handed down generation to generation and it would not be easy to challenge something that someone has believed their entire life as well as their ancestors before them. The last thing talked about was the medicalization of whites. Whites are more likely to be sent to a mental institution instead of being charged with a severe crime, or put on ADHD medication in school instead of getting in trouble for poor behavior. This may also be a factor contributing to the belief. Overall this was a very interesting article for me that really got me thinking.