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Bipan Chandra ( – 30 August ) was an Indian historian, specialising in economic and political history of modern India. An emeritus professor of modern history at Jawaharlal Nehru University, he specialized on the Indian independence movement and is considered a leading scholar on Mahatma Gandhi. He authored several books, including The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism. The Indian independence movement was a series of activities whose ultimate aim was to end the British Raj and encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule ( 1757– 1857) and the British Raj ( 1857– 1947) in the Indian subcontinent. The movement spanned a total of 90 years ( 1857– 1947) considering movement against British Indian Empire.