The STM32F103xx performance line embeds a USB device peripheral compatible with the
USB full-speed 12 Mbs. The USB interface implements a full-speed (12 Mbit/s) function
interface. It has software-configurable endpoint setting and suspend/resume support. The
dedicated 48 MHz clock is generated from the internal main PLL (the clock source must use
a HSE crystal oscillator).

STM32F103x8/B Datasheet rev.10 page 17
so probably no,
I think it's all about HSI accuracy, but you can always try :-)