CHILD NEGLECT. Types of Neglect

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4 CHILD NEGLECT At 64%, child neglect is the most frequently identified type of child maltreatment in the United States. It is estimated at 917,200 cases or an estimated incidence rate of 14.6 per 1,000 children. Definition A condition in which a caretaker responsible for the child, either deliberately or by extraordinary inattentiveness, permits the child to experience avoidable present suffering and/or fails to provide one or more of the ingredients generally deemed essential for developing a person's physical, intellectual, and emotional capacities Types of Neglect Physical neglect accounts for the majority of cases of maltreatment. The definition includes the refusal of or extreme delay in seeking necessary health care; child abandonment; inadequate supervision; rejection of a child leading to expulsion from the home; and failing to adequately provide for the child's safety and physical and emotional needs. Physical neglect can severely impact a child's development by causing failure to thrive; malnutrition; serious illnesses; physical harm in the form of cuts, bruises, and burns due to lack of supervision and a lifetime of low self-esteem. Educational neglect occurs when a child is allowed to engage in chronic truancy, or is of mandatory school age but not enrolled in school or receiving needed special educational training. Educational neglect can lead to underachievement in acquiring necessary basic skills, dropping out of school, and/or continually disruptive behavior. Emotional neglect includes such actions as chronic or extreme spousal abuse in the child's presence, allowing a child to use drugs or alcohol, refusal or failure to provide needed psychological care, or constant belittling and withholding of affection. This pattern of behavior can lead to poor self-image, alcohol or drug abuse, destructive behavior, and even suicide. Severe neglect of infants can result in the infant failing to grow and thrive and may even lead to infant death. Medical neglect is the failure to provide appropriate health care for a child although financially able to do so. In some cases, a parent or caretaker will withhold traditional medical care during the practice of religious beliefs. These cases generally do not fall under the definition of medical neglect, however, some states will obtain a court order forcing medical treatment of a child in order to save a child's life or prevent life-threatening injury resulting from the lack of treatment. Medical neglect can result in poor overall health and compounded medical problems. continued PO Box 300, Renton, WA hour Sexual Assault Resource Line: Office: VOICE

5 continued 43 percent of identified child neglect is physical neglect, which includes children living in unsafe housing, not being fed nutritionally adequate meals, being consistently without adequate clothing, and receiving grossly inadequate care for personal hygiene. The second largest category of neglect is inadequate supervision of children (36.6 percent) and failure or delay in providing health care (20.8 percent). Causes and Characteristics Depression Depressed mothers are more likely than non-depressed mothers to be hostile, rejecting, and indifferent toward their children and to be neglectful, especially with respect to feeding and supervision. 60 percent of neglectful mothers versus only 33 percent of a comparison group of low-income non-neglecting mothers had a "clinically significant" problem with depression. Substance Abuse Abuse of alcohol or drugs is often present in cases of child neglect percent of the children removed from their homes for severe child abuse or neglect had at least one parent with a history of alcoholism. Family Composition Most neglectful families are single-parent families. The absence of the father, in the majority of neglectful families, means lower income and less tangible resources to provide for children's needs. Family Size Chronic neglectful families tend to be large families with fewer resources to meet basic needs than other families. Numerous studies have discovered that neglectful families on the average have more children than non-neglecting families. Family Interaction Patterns Patterns of verbal and nonverbal communication between neglectful parents and children have been characterized as infrequent and predominantly negative. Unemployment, which causes psychological and economic stress, is frequent in neglectful families. Neglectful families are less likely to be involved in church or other formal organizations that might be sources of tangible or psychological support. Neglectful families tend to live in impoverished neighborhoods and view their neighborhoods as less helpful and less supportive than do nonneglectful parents. Chronically neglecting families are viewed as deviant, even by their similarly impoverished neighbors, who avoid social contact with them. Families of color, who are overrepresented in child neglect statistics, must also cope with the stress of racial prejudice in many communities. Interestingly, the ethnic and cultural differences in child maltreatment are small or nonexistent when families have adequate economic and social resources, but the combination of racial discrimination and poverty places unusual stress on families of color, frequently overwhelming their coping resources. Impact Child victims of neglect fail to develop secure psychological attachments as infants, and this seriously handicaps their subsequent development. Neglected preschool children demonstrate lack of readiness for learning, behavior problems, and less active interaction with peers. School-aged neglected children do poorly in school, but the connection between delinquency and abuse is less clear. Neglected children under age 3 are at high risk for child fatalities. PO Box 300, Renton, WA hour Sexual Assault Resource Line: Office: VOICE

6 What Adults Can Do For Kids Children and young adults often share their problems and troubles with same-age friends. This type of support is crucial to a child s sense of well-being and acceptance. As caring adults, we have an opportunity to create a space where children feel safe enough to share their troubles with us, so we can provide additional support and resources for them. One of the most important things we can do to help create a safe space for children to share is to accept them just as they are. We can show this by how we listen and talk with them. Children who feel we truly accept them as individuals are more likely to share their feelings and problems with us. It is important to remember that children are looking for our acceptance, even if we may not always perceive this or remember this. Below are some suggestions on how to create this safe space for children to begin to share their troubles. Creating a safe space for Children to Speak Children May Need Help Expressing Themselves Children may have a hard time expressing their feelings through words. We can help them by listening, paraphrasing, and clarifying how they feel. Example: I think I hear you saying you are confused. Everyone feels confused at times; it s normal. When we feel more than one thing at a time, we often feel confused. Is there anything I can do to help you? Children Need to Tell Their Stories Let children tell you about their adventures without interruption. They need practice talking about themselves and receiving praise when they finish. Listening to them and praising them will build self-esteem. Interruptions and criticism close the door to communication. Communicate Acceptance While we may not approve of a child s behavior, it is important we communicate acceptance. We accept Haley, but don t accept her pushing another student in line or teasing another child. Focus on the behavior you seek to improve or change, and not the child. Speak at Their Level Eye contact improves communication. Adults don t always realize how we look to children. Bend or sit down to be at their eye level when you speak with children. Listen Attentively Children often want our attention to share their excitement but maybe only for 30 seconds. If you are too busy at the moment, schedule a time to talk later and follow through on it. Use Door Openers Use open-ended statements to invite children to share more with you. This ensures children know you are listening and that you care about them. Examples include: I see. Oh, really? Tell me more! Say that again, I want to be sure I understand you. How about that! Use You Messages By helping children express bad feelings openly, we acknowledge and encourage them to express their problems. Often this is all a child wants to know that their hurt has been heard. Examples include: You re sad because your dog died. You re feeling upset because you can t stay out longer for recess. You must be feeling mad, and its okay to feel mad sometimes. PO Box 300, Renton, WA hour Sexual Assault Resource Line: Office: VOICE

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