About the Author: George W. Bush is the forty-third president of the United States.

INTRODUCTION

On March 20, 2003, a coalition of military forces composed mostly of Americans invaded Iraq. Iraqi resistance was ineffective, and U.S. troops rapidly overwhelmed the country. Widespread fears that Iraq might use chemical or biological weapons to counter the invasion proved groundless, as U.S. military search teams replicated the earlier failure of United Nations weapons inspectors to find such weapons in Iraq. Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq, fell to U.S. forces on April 9, 2003.

On May 1, 2003, U.S. president George W. Bush (1946–) gave a speech on the deck of the aircraft carrierUSS Abraham Lincoln to proclaim victory. Every aspect of the event was carefully choreographed for maximum public-relations impact: Bush flew to the aircraft carrier, which was halted approximately 30 miles (48 kilometers) off the California coast near San Diego, in the copilot seat of a Navy S-3B Viking antisubmarine aircraft that had been re-marked with the words "Navy 1" and "George W. Bush Commander in Chief." (The aircraft that usually transports the president is named "Air Force One.") In addition to the pilot and the president, the four-seater plane carried a second pilot and a Secret Service agent. The plane made two passes by the carrier and then landed. Bush appeared wearing a flight suit and carrying a white helmet under his arm and posed for photographs in which he saluted sailors, shook hands with them, and draped his arms over their shoulders. Several hours later, in a conventional suit and tie, he delivered the speech in which he made his famous "major combat operations are over" statement. Behind him, draped from the ship's flight control tower, was a large, machine-printed banner reading "MISSION ACCOMPLISHED."

PRIMARY SOURCE

THE PRESIDENT: Thank you all very much. Admiral Kelly, Captain Card, officers and sailors of the USS Abraham Lincoln, my fellow Americans: Major combat operations in Iraq have ended. In the battle of Iraq, the United States and our allies have prevailed. (Applause.) And now our coalition is engaged in securing and reconstructing that country.

In this battle, we have fought for the cause of liberty, and for the peace of the world. Our nation and our coalition are proud of this accomplishment—yet, it is you, the members of the United States military, who achieved it. Your courage, your willingness to face danger for your country and for each other, made this day possible. Because of you, our nation is more secure. Because of you, the tyrant has fallen, and Iraq is free. (Applause.)

Operation Iraqi Freedom was carried out with a combination of precision and speed and boldness the enemy did not expect, and the world had not seen before. From distant bases or ships at sea, we sent planes and missiles that could destroy an enemy division, or strike a single bunker. Marines and soldiers charged to Baghdad across 350 miles of hostile ground, in one of the swiftest advances of heavy arms in history.

You have shown the world the skill and the might of the American Armed Forces.

This nation thanks all the members of our coalition who joined in a noble cause. We thank the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland, who shared in the hardships of war. We thank all the citizens of Iraq who welcomed our troops and joined in the liberation of their own country. And tonight, I have a special word for Secretary Rumsfeld, for General Franks, and for all the men and women who wear the uniform of the United States: America is grateful for a job well done. (Applause.)

The character of our military through history—the daring of Normandy, the fierce courage of Iwo Jima, the decency and idealism that turned enemies into allies—is fully present in this generation. When Iraqi civilians looked into the faces of our servicemen and women, they saw strength and kindness and goodwill. When I look at the members of the United States military, I see the best of our country, and I'm honored to be your Commander-in-Chief. (Applause.)

In the images of falling statues, we have witnessed the arrival of a new era. For a hundred of years of war, culminating in the nuclear age, military technology was designed and deployed to inflict casualties on an ever-growing scale. In defeating Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Allied forces destroyed entire cities, while enemy leaders who started the conflict were safe until the final days. Military power was used to end a regime by breaking a nation.

Today, we have the greater power to free a nation by breaking a dangerous and aggressive regime. With new tactics and precision weapons, we can achieve military objectives without directing violence against civilians. No device of man can remove the tragedy from war; yet it is a great moral advance when the guilty have far more to fear from war than the innocent. (Applause.)

In the images of celebrating Iraqis, we have also seen the ageless appeal of human freedom. Decades of lies and intimidation could not make the Iraqi people love their oppressors or desire their own enslavement. Men and women in every culture need liberty like they need food and water and air. Everywhere that freedom arrives, humanity rejoices; and everywhere that freedom stirs, let tyrants fear. (Applause.)

We have difficult work to do in Iraq. We're bringing order to parts of that country that remain dangerous. We're pursuing and finding leaders of the old regime, who will be held to account for their crimes. We've begun the search for hidden chemical and biological weapons and already know of hundreds of sites that will be investigated. We're helping to rebuild Iraq, where the dictator built palaces for himself, instead of hospitals and schools. And we will stand with the new leaders of Iraq as they establish a government of, by, and for the Iraqi people. (Applause.)

The transition from dictatorship to democracy will take time, but it is worth every effort. Our coalition will stay until our work is done. Then we will leave, and we will leave behind a free Iraq. (Applause.)

The battle of Iraq is one victory in a war on terror that began on September the 11, 2001—and still goes on. That terrible morning, 19 evil men—the shock troops of a hateful ideology—gave America and the civilized world a glimpse of their ambitions. They imagined, in the words of one terrorist, that September the 11th would be the "beginning of the end of America." By seeking to turn our cities into killing fields, terrorists and their allies believed that they could destroy this nation's resolve, and force our retreat from the world. They have failed. (Applause.)

In the battle of Afghanistan, we destroyed the Taliban, many terrorists, and the camps where they trained. We continue to help the Afghan people lay roads, restore hospitals, and educate all of their children. Yet we also have dangerous work to complete. As I speak, a Special Operations task force, led by the 82nd Airborne, is on the trail of the terrorists and those who seek to undermine the free government of Afghanistan. America and our coalition will finish what we have begun. (Applause.)

From Pakistan to the Philippines to the Horn of Africa, we are hunting down al Qaeda killers. Nineteen months ago, I pledged that the terrorists would not escape the patient justice of the United States. And as of tonight, nearly one-half of al Qaeda's senior operatives have been captured or killed. (Applause.)

The liberation of Iraq is a crucial advance in the campaign against terror. We've removed an ally of al Qaeda, and cut off a source of terrorist funding. And this much is certain: No terrorist network will gain weapons of mass destruction from the Iraqi regime, because the regime is no more. (Applause.)

In these 19 months that changed the world, our actions have been focused and deliberate and proportionate to the offense. We have not forgotten the victims of September the 11th—the last phone calls, the cold murder of children, the searches in the rubble. With those attacks,
the terrorists and their supporters declared war on the United States. And war is what they got. (Applause.)

Our war against terror is proceeding according to principles that I have made clear to all: Any person involved in committing or planning terrorist attacks against the American people becomes an enemy of this country, and a target of American justice. (Applause.)

Any person, organization, or government that supports, protects, or harbors terrorists is complicit in the murder of the innocent, and equally guilty of terrorist crimes.

Any outlaw regime that has ties to terrorist groups and seeks or possesses weapons of mass destruction is a grave danger to the civilized world—and will be confronted. (Applause.)

And anyone in the world, including the Arab world, who works and sacrifices for freedom has a loyal friend in the United States of America. (Applause.)

Our commitment to liberty is America's tradition— declared at our founding; affirmed in Franklin Roosevelt's Four Freedoms; asserted in the Truman Doctrine and in Ronald Reagan's challenge to an evil empire. We are committed to freedom in Afghanistan, in Iraq, and in a peaceful Palestine. The advance of freedom is the surest strategy to undermine the appeal of terror in the world. Where freedom takes hold, hatred gives way to hope. When freedom takes hold, men and women turn to the peaceful pursuit of a better life. American values and American interests lead in the same direction: We stand for human liberty. (Applause.)

The United States upholds these principles of security and freedom in many ways—with all the tools of diplomacy, law enforcement, intelligence, and finance. We're working with a broad coalition of nations that understand the threat and our shared responsibility to meet it. The use of force has been—and remains—our last resort. Yet all can know, friend and foe alike, that our nation has a mission: We will answer threats to our security, and we will defend the peace. (Applause.)

Our mission continues. Al Qaeda is wounded, not destroyed. The scattered cells of the terrorist network still operate in many nations, and we know from daily intelligence that they continue to plot against free people. The proliferation of deadly weapons remains a serious danger. The enemies of freedom are not idle, and neither are we. Our government has taken unprecedented measures to defend the homeland. And we will continue to hunt down the enemy before he can strike. (Applause.)

The war on terror is not over; yet it is not endless. We do not know the day of final victory, but we have seen the turning of the tide. No act of the terrorists will change our purpose, or weaken our resolve, or alter their fate. Their cause is lost. Free nations will press on to victory. (Applause.)

Other nations in history have fought in foreign lands and remained to occupy and exploit. Americans, following a battle, want nothing more than to return home. And that is your direction tonight. (Applause.)

After service in the Afghan—and Iraqi theaters of war—after 100,000 miles, on the longest carrier deployment in recent history, you are homeward bound. (Applause.) Some of you will see new family members for the first time—150 babies were born while their fathers were on the Lincoln. Your families are proud of you, and your nation will welcome you. (Applause.)

We are mindful, as well, that some good men and women are not making the journey home. One of those who fell, Corporal Jason Mileo, spoke to his parents five days before his death. Jason's father said, "He called us from the center of Baghdad, not to brag, but to tell us he loved us. Our son was a soldier."

Every name, every life is a loss to our military, to our nation, and to the loved ones who grieve. There's no homecoming for these families. Yet we pray, in God's time, their reunion will come.

Those we lost were last seen on duty. Their final act on this Earth was to fight a great evil and bring liberty to others. All of you—all in this generation of our military— have taken up the highest calling of history. You're defending your country, and protecting the innocent from harm. And wherever you go, you carry a message of hope—a message that is ancient and ever new. In the words of the prophet Isaiah, "To the captives, 'come out,'—and to those in darkness, 'be free.'"

Thank you for serving our country and our cause. May God bless you all, and may God continue to bless America. (Applause.)

SIGNIFICANCE

Bush's dramatic appearance on the USS Abraham Lincoln and his triumphant speech on its flight deck were hailed by many commentators as a major public-relations coup and the symbolic end of the Iraq War. However, even at the time Bush was accused by some critics of grandstanding, and his proclamation that 'major combat operations are over' has been frequently turned against him by critics in the succeeding three years.

Triumph began to turn to embarrassment less than six months later, when it was revealed that the 'MISSION ACCOMPLISHED' banner hanging behind the President during his speech was not produced by the sailors of the USS Abraham Lincoln. Bush seemed to assert that they had produced it when he said that 'The 'Mission Accomplished' sign, of course, was
put up by the members of the USS Abraham Lincoln, saying that their mission was accomplished. I know it was attributed somehow to some ingenious advance man from my staff—they weren't that ingenious, by the way." However, the White House eventually admitted that the sign had, in fact, been produced by White House staffers, though, as spokesperson Scott McClellan pointed out, it had indeed been physically "put up" by the crew of the vessel.

Far more serious was the failure of the military situation in Iraq to improve. On the day of Bush's speech, the New York Times reported that "The Bush administration is planning to withdrawl most United States combat forces from Iraq over the next several months …" But this did not happen, and U.S. military casualties did not cease. At the time of Bush's speech, only 139 U.S. troops had been killed in the Iraq war; a year later, the death toll was up to almost 600 and no withdrawal of combat forces had occurred. Criticized by Democrats for speaking too soon in 2003, Bush defended his speech, saying, "We're making progress, you bet."

Over the next two years, U.S. military casualties continued to mount. By May 16, 2006, they outweighed those that had occurred before the 'end of major combat operations" by a factor of more than sixteen (2,449 dead; about 20,000 wounded). U.S. troop strength in Iraq was still at 132,000, while the number of insurgents fighting U.S. forces in Iraq had risen from approximately 5,000 to approximately 20,000. Iraqi civilian deaths had risen to least 35,000 as measured by verifiable media reports of specific deaths, and to 100,000 or possibly more as estimated by the peer-reviewed British medical journal The Lancet in 2005 (reporting on the only on-the-ground scientific survey of Iraqi civilian deaths performed to date). The third anniversary of Bush's speech was marked by renewed criticism contrasting the "Mission Accomplished" of 2003 with the grim realities of 2006. Senator Frank Lautenberg (D–NJ) said, "The mission was not accomplished then, and it is not accomplished now. Looking back on it, the president's public relations stunt on the aircraft carrier is an embarrassing symbol of the administration's naive and inept approach to Iraq."

As measured using polls, Bush's overall popularity rating had declined from seventy-one percent in 2003 to thirty-one percent by the date of the third anniversary of his "Mission Accomplished" speech. The percentage of Americans who agreed that Bush should be impeached, as measured by an April 2006 Washington Post poll, was actually higher (thirty-three percent) than his approval rating at the time.

Web sites

CBS News. "'Mission Accomplished' Anniversary: President Declared End to Major Combat Operations Three Years Ago." May 1, 2006.
<http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/01/iraq/main1562030.shtml> (accessed May 26, 2006).

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