Parliamentary System
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state
where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its
ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically
a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. In a
parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a different person
from the head of government
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Constitutional Monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign
exercise authority in accordance with a written or unwritten
constitution.[1]
Constitutional monarchyConstitutional monarchy differs from absolute
monarchy (in which a monarch holds absolute power), in that
constitutional monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and
authorities within the limits prescribed within an established legal
framework
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TheocracyTheocracyTheocracy is a form of government in which a deity is the source from
which all authority derives. The
Oxford English DictionaryOxford English Dictionary has this
definition:1. a system of government in which priests rule in the name of
GodGod or
a god.
1.1. the commonwealth of
IsraelIsrael from the time of
MosesMoses until the
election of Saul as King.[2][3]An ecclesiocracy is a situation where the religious leaders assume a
leading role in the state, but do not claim that they are instruments
of divine revelation: for example, the prince-bishops of the European
Middle Ages, where the bishop was also the temporal ruler. Such a
state may use the administrative hierarchy of the religion for its own
administration, or it may have two 'arms'—administrators and
clergy—but with the state administrative hierarchy subordinate to
the religious hierarchy
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Politics By Country
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide
to politics and political science:
PoliticsPolitics – the exercise of power; process by which groups of people
make collective decisions
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Monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, generally a
family representing a dynasty (aristocracy), embodies the country's
national identity and its head, the monarch, exercises the role of
sovereignty. The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely
symbolic (crowned republic), to partial and restricted (constitutional
monarchy), to completely autocratic (absolute monarchy). Traditionally
the monarch's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication.
In contrast, elective monarchies require the monarch to be elected.[1]
Both types have further variations as there are widely divergent
structures and traditions defining monarchy. For example, in
some[which?] elected monarchies only pedigrees are taken into account
for eligibility of the next ruler, whereas many hereditary monarchies
impose requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental
capacity, etc
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AnarchyAnarchyAnarchy is the condition of a society, entity, group of people, or a
single person that rejects hierarchy.[1][2] Colloquially, it can also
refer to a society experiencing widespread turmoil and collapse. The
word originally meant leaderlessness, but in 1840 Pierre-Joseph
Proudhon adopted the term in his treatise
What Is Property? to refer
to a new political philosophy: anarchism, which advocates stateless
societies based on voluntary associations. In practical terms, anarchy
can refer to the curtailment or abolition of traditional forms of
government and institutions
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DictatorshipDictatorshipDictatorship is a system of government in which a country or a group
of countries is ruled by a single party or individual (a dictator) or
by a polity and power is exercised through various mechanisms to
ensure that the entity's power remains strong.[1][2] A dictatorship is
a type of authoritarianism in which politicians regulate nearly every
aspect of the public and private behavior of citizens. Dictatorship
and totalitarian societies generally employ political propaganda to
decrease the influence of proponents of alternative governing systems.
In the past, different religious tactics were used by dictators to
maintain their rule, such as the monarchical system in the West. In
the 19th and 20th centuries, traditional monarchies gradually declined
and disappeared
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Political Organisation
A political organization is any organization that involves itself in
the political process, including political parties, non-governmental
organizations, advocacy groups and special interest groups
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Public Administration
Public Administration is the implementation of government policy and
also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and
prepares civil servants for working in the public service.[1] As a
"field of inquiry with a diverse scope" whose fundamental goal is to
"advance management and policies so that government can function".[2]
Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term
are: "the management of public programs";[3] the "translation of
politics into the reality that citizens see every day";[4] and "the
study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies
themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs
necessary to produce alternative policies."[5]
Public administration[...More...]

BureaucracyBureaucracyBureaucracy (/bjuːˈrɒkrəsi/) refers to both a body of non-elective
government officials and an administrative policy-making group.[1]
Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by
departments staffed with non-elected officials.[2] Today, bureaucracy
is the administrative system governing any large institution, whether
publicly owned or privately owned.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The public
administration in many countries is an example of a bureaucracy, but
so is the centralized hierarchical structure of a business firm.
Since being coined, the word bureaucracy has developed negative
connotations.[10
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Street-level BureaucracyStreet-level bureaucracyStreet-level bureaucracy is the subset of a public agency or
government institution where the civil servants work who have direct
contact with members of the general public. Street-level civil
servants carry out and/or enforce the actions required by a
government's laws and public policies, in areas ranging from safety
and security to education and social services. A few examples include
police officers, border guards, social workers and public school
teachers. These civil servants have direct contact with members of the
general public, in contrast with civil servants who do policy analysis
or economic analysis, who do not meet the public
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AdhocracyAdhocracy is a flexible, adaptable and informal form of organization
that is defined by a lack of formal structure. It operates in an
opposite fashion to a bureaucracy. The term was coined by Warren
Bennis in his 1968 book The Temporary Society,[1] later popularized in
1970 by
Alvin TofflerAlvin Toffler in Future Shock, and has since become often used
in the theory of management of organizations (particularly online
organizations[citation needed]). The concept has been further
developed by academics such as Henry Mintzberg.
Adhocracy is characterized by an adaptive, creative and flexible
integrative behavior based on non-permanence and spontaneity
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Policy
A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and
achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is
implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted
by a governance body within an organization. Policies can assist in
both subjective and objective decision making. Policies to assist in
subjective decision making usually assist senior management with
decisions that must be based on the relative merits of a number of
factors, and as a result are often hard to test objectively, e.g.
work-life balance policy. In contrast policies to assist in objective
decision making are usually operational in nature and can be
objectively tested, e.g. password policy.[1]
The term may apply to government, private sector organizations and
groups, as well as individuals. Presidential executive orders,
corporate privacy policies, and parliamentary rules of order are all
examples of policy.
Policy differs from rules or law
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Public PolicyPublic policy is the principled guide to action taken by the
administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class
of issues, in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs.Contents1 Overview
2
GovernmentGovernment actions and process
3 Academic discipline
4 See also
5 References
6 Further readingOverview[edit]
The foundation of public policy is composed of national constitutional
laws and regulations. Further substrates include both judicial
interpretations and regulations which are generally authorized by
legislation
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Domestic PolicyDomestic policy are administrative decisions that are directly related
to all issues and activity within a nation's borders. It differs from
foreign policy, which refers to the ways a government advances its
interests in world politics.
Domestic policy covers a wide range of
areas, including business, education, energy, healthcare, law
enforcement, money and taxes, natural resources, social welfare, and
personal rights and freedoms.
Issues[edit]
Many domestic policy debates concern the appropriate level of
government involvement in economic and social affairs. Traditionally,
conservatives believe that the government should not play a major role
in regulating business and managing the economy. Most conservatives
also believe that government action cannot solve the problems of
poverty and economic inequality. Most liberals, however, support
government programs that seek to provide economic security, ease human
suffering, and reduce inequality
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