Iranian music influenced other cultures in West Asia, building up much of the musical terminology of the neighboring Turkic and Arabic cultures, and reached India through the 16th-century PersianateMughal Empire, whose court promoted new musical forms by bringing Iranian musicians.[1]

History

Earliest records

Music in Iran, as evidenced by the "pre-Iranian" archaeological records of Elam, the oldest civilization in southwestern Iran, dates back thousands of years. Iran is apparently the birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, which date back to the third millennium BC.[2] A number of trumpets made of silver, gold, and copper were found in eastern Iran that are attributed to the Oxus civilization and date back between 2200 and 1750 BC. The use of both vertical and horizontal angular harps have been documented at the archaeological sites of Madaktu (650 BC) and Kul-e Fara (900-600 BC), with the largest collection of Elamite instruments documented at Kul-e Fara. Multiple depictions of horizontal harps were also sculpted in Assyrian palaces, dating back between 865 and 650 BC.[2]

Classical antiquity

Karna, an ancient Iranian musical instrument from the 6th century BC, kept at the Persepolis Museum.

Not much is known on the music scene of the classical Iranian empires of the Medes, the Achaemenids, and the Parthians, other than a few archaeological remains and some notations from the writings of Greek historians. According to Herodotus, the magi, who were a priestly caste in ancient Iran, accompanied their sacrifice rituals with singing. Athenaeus of Naucratis, in his Deipnosophistae, mentions a court singer who had sung a warning to the king of the Median Empire of the plans of Cyrus the Great, who would later establish the Achaemenid dynasty on the throne.[2] Athenaeus also points out to the capture of singing girls at the court of the last Achaemenid king Darius III (336-330 BC) by Macedonian general Parmenion. Xenophon's Cyropaedia also mentions a great number of singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Empire. Under the Parthian Empire, the g?s?n (Parthian for "minstrel") had a prominent role in the society.[3] They performed for their audiences at royal courts[4] and in public theaters.[3] According to Plutarch's Life of Crassus (32.3), they praised their national heroes and ridiculed their Roman rivals. Likewise, Strabo's Geographica reports that the Parthian youth were taught songs about "the deeds both of the gods and of the noblest men".[5] Parthian songs were later absorbed into the Iranian national epic of hn?me, composed by 10th-century Persian poet Ferdowsi.[2]hn?me itself was based on Xwad?yn?mag, an earlier Middle Persian work that is now lost.[6] It is also mentioned in Plutarch's Life of Crassus (23.7) that the Parthians used drums to prepare for battle.[2]

Under the reign of the Sasanians, the Middle Persian term huniy?gar was used to refer to a minstrel.[3] The history of Sasanian music is better documented than the earlier periods, and is especially more evident in Avestan texts. The recitation of the Sasanian Avestan text of Vendid?d has been connected to the Oxus trumpet. The Zoroastrian paradise itself was known as the "House of Song" (gar?dm?n in Middle Persian), "where music induced perpetual joy". Musical instruments were not accompanied with formal Zoroastrian worship, but they were used in the festivals. Sasanian musical scenes are depicted especially on silver vessels and some wall reliefs.[2]

Middle Ages

Dancers and musical instrument players depicted on a Sasanian silver bowl from the 5th-7th century AD.

The reign of Sasanian ruler Khosrow II is regarded as a "golden age" for Iranian music. He is shown among his musicians on a large relief at the archaeological site of Taq-e Bostan, holding a bow and arrows himself and standing in a boat amidst a group of harpists. The relief depicts two boats that are shown at "two successive moments within the same panel".[2] The court of Khosrow II hosted a number of prominent musicians, including Azad, Bamshad, Barbad, Nagisa, Ramtin, and Sarkash. Among these attested names, Barbad is remembered in many documents and has been named as remarkably high skilled. He was a poet-musician who performed on occasions such as state banquets and the festivals of Nowruz and Mehrgan.[7] He may have invented the lute and the musical tradition that was to transform into the forms of dastgah and maqam. He has been credited to have organized a musical system consisting of seven "royal modes" (xosrov?ni), 30 derived modes (nav?),[8] and 360 melodies (dast?n).[2] These numbers are in accordance with the number of days in a week, month, and year in the Sasanian calendar.[9] The theories these modal systems were based on are not known. However, the writers of later periods have left a list of these modes and melodies. These names include some epic forms, such as Kin-e Iraj ("Vengeance of Iraj"), Kin-e Si?va? ("Vengeance of Siavash"), and Taxt-e Arda?ir ("Throne of Ardashir"), and some connected with the glories of the Sasanian royal court, such as B-e ?irin ("Garden of Shirin"), B-e ?ahry?r ("Garden of the Sovereign"), and Haft Ganj ("Seven Treasures"). There are also some of a descriptive nature, like Row?an ?er ("Bright Light").[9]

Following the revival of Iranian traditions through the arrival of a number of Muslim Iranian dynasties, music became once again "one of the signs of rule".[11] 9th-century Persian poet Rudaki, who lived under the reign of the Samanids, was also a musician and composed songs to his own poems. At the court of the PersianateGhaznavids, who ruled Iran between 977 and 1186, 10th-century Persian poet Farrokhi Sistani also composed songs, together with a singer named Andalib and a tanbur player named Buqi. A lute player named Mohammad Barbati and a songstress named Setti Zarrin-kamar also entertained the Ghaznavid rulers at their court.[11]

In the post-medieval era, musical performances continued to be observed and promoted through especially princely courts, Sufi orders, and modernizing social forces.[1] Under the reign of the 19th-century Qajar dynasty, Iranian music was renewed through the development of classical melody types (radif), that is the basic repertoire of Iran's classical music, and the introduction of modern technologies and principles that were introduced from the West.[1]Mirza Abdollah, a prominent tar and setar master and one of the most respected musicians of the court of the late Qajar period, is considered a major influence on the teaching of classical Iranian music in Iran's contemporary conservatories and universities. Radif, the repertoire that he developed in the 19th century, is the oldest documented version of the seven dastgah system, and is regarded as a rearrangement of the older 12 maqam system.[12]

Ali-Naqi Vaziri, a respected player of numerous Iranian and western instruments who studied western musical theory and composition in Europe, was one of the most prominent and influential musicians of the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. He established a private music school in 1924, where he also created a school orchestra composed of his students, formed by a combination of the tar and some western instruments. Vaziri then founded an association named Music Club (Kolub-e Musiqi), formed by a number of progressive-minded writers and scholars, where the school orchestra performed concerts that were conducted by himself. He was an extraordinary figure among the Iranian musicians of the 20th century, and his primary goal was to provide music for ordinary citizens through a public arena.[13] The Tehran Symphony Orchestra (Orkestr-e Samfoni-ye Tehr?n) was founded by Gholamhossein Minbashian in 1933.[14] It was reformed by Parviz Mahmoud in 1946, and is currently the oldest and largest symphony orchestra in Iran.[15] Later, Ruhollah Khaleqi, a student of Vaziri, established the Society for National Music (Anjoman-e Musiqi-ye Melli) in 1949.[16] Numerous musical compositions were produced within the parameters of classical Iranian modes, and many involved western musical harmonies. Iranian folkloric songs and poems of both classical and contemporary Iranian poets were incorporated for the arrangement of orchestral pieces that would bear the new influences.[16]

Prior to the 1950s, Iran's music industry was dominated by classical artists.[17] New western influences were introduced into the popular music of Iran by the 1950s, with electric guitar and other imported characteristics accompanying the indigenous instruments and forms, and the popular music developed by the contributions of artists such as Viguen, who was known as the "Sultan" of Iranian pop and jazz music.[17][18][19] Viguen was one of Iran's first musicians to perform with a guitar.[17]

Following the 1979 Revolution, the music industry of Iran went under a strict supervision, and pop music was prohibited for almost two decades.[20] Women got banned from singing as soloists for male audiences. In the 1990s, the new regime began to produce and promote pop music in a new standardized framework, in order to compete with the abroad and unsanctioned sources of Iranian music.[21] Under the presidency of ReformistKhatami, as a result of easing cultural restrictions within Iran, a number of new pop singers emerged from within the country.[22][20] Since the new administration took office, the Ministry of Ershad adopted a different policy, mainly to make it easier to monitor the industry. The newly adopted policy included loosening restrictions for a small number of artists, while tightening it for the rest. However, the number of album releases increased.

Genres

Classical music

The classical music of Iran consists of melody types developed through the country's classical and medieval eras.[1]Dastgah, a musical mode in Iran's classical music, despite its popularity, has always been the preserve of the elite. The influence of dastgah is seen as the reservoir of authenticity that other forms of musical genres derive melodic and performance inspiration from.

Folk music

Iran's folk, ceremonial, and popular songs might be considered "vernacular" in the sense that they are known and appreciated by a major part of the society (as opposed to the art music, which caters for the most part to more elite social classes).[1] The variance of the folk music of Iran has often been stressed, in accordance to the cultural diversity of the country's local and ethnic groups.

Iranian folk songs are categorized in various themes, including those of historical, social, religious, and nostalgic contexts. There are also folk songs that apply to particular occasions, such as weddings and harvests, as well as lullabies, children's songs, and riddles.[27]

There are several traditional specialists of folk music in Iran. Professional folk instrumentalists and vocalists perform at formal events such as weddings. Storytellers (naqq?l; g?s?n) would recite epic poetry, such as that of the hn?me, using traditional melodic forms, interspersing with spoken commentary, which is a practice found also in Central Asian and Balkan traditions. The bakshy (bax?i), wandering minstrels who play the dotar, entertain their audiences at social gatherings with romantic ballads about warriors and warlords. There are also lament singers (rowze-x?n), who recite verses that would commemorate the martyrdom of religious figures.[1]

Iranian singers of both classical and folk music may improvise the lyric and the melody within the proper musical mode.[28] Many Iranian folk songs have the potential of being adapted into major or minor tonalities, and therefore, a number of Iranian folk songs were arranged for orchestral accompaniment.[16]

Symphonic music

Iran's symphonic music, as observed in the modern times, was developed by the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. In addition to instrumental compositions, some of Iran's symphonic pieces are based on the country's folk songs, and some are based on poetry of both classical and contemporary Iranian poets.[16]

In 2005, the Persepolis Orchestra (Melal Orchestra) played a piece that dates back 3000 years. The notes of this piece, which were discovered among some ancient inscriptions, were deciphered by archaeologists and are believed to have belonged to the Sumerians and the ancient Greeks. Renowned Iranian musician Peyman Soltani conducted the orchestra.[]

Pop music

Following the emergence of radio, under the reign of the Qajar dynasty, a form of popular music was formed and began to develop in Iran.[32] Later, the arrival of new western influences, such as the use of the guitar and other western instruments, marked a turning point in Iran's popular music by the 1950s.[17] Iranian pop music is commonly performed by vocalists who are accompanied with elaborate ensembles, often using a combination of both indigenous Iranian and European instruments.[1]

The pop music of Iran is largely promoted through mass media, but it experienced some decade of prohibition after the 1979 Revolution. Public performances were also banned, but they have been occasionally permitted since 1990. The pop music of Iranian diasporan communities has also been significant.[1][20]

Jazz and blues music

Jazz music was introduced into Iran's popular music by the emergence of artists such as Viguen, who was known as Iran's "Sultan of Jazz". Viguen's first song, Moonlight, which was released in 1954, was an instant hit on the radio and is considered highly influential.[19][18][17]

Indigenous Iranian elements, such as classical musical forms and poetry, have also been incorporated into Iranian jazz.[33]Rana Farhan, an Iranian jazz and blues singer living in New York,[34] combines classical Persian poetry with modern jazz and blues.[35] Her best-known work, Drunk With Love, is based on a poem by prominent 13th-century Persian poet Rumi.[34] Jazz and blues artists who work in post-revolutionary Iran have also gained popularity.[36][37][38]

Rock music

Rock music was introduced into Iran's popular music by the 1960s, together with the emergence of other Western European and American musical genres.[1] It soon became popular among the young generation, especially at the nightclubs of Tehran.[39] In post-revolutionary Iran, many rock music artists are not officially sanctioned and have to rely on the Internet and underground scenes.[40]

Hip hop

Iranian hip hop emerged by the 2000s, from the country's capital city, Tehran.[44] It started with underground artists recording mixtapes influenced by the American hip hop culture, and was later combined with elements from the indigenous Iranian musical forms.[45][46]

International recognitions of Iranian music

The following are a number of notable internationally-awarded Iranian musical works.