Quantum Cosmology With Decreasing Gravitation
Coupling of Micro- with Macrocosmos

1. Introduction

In this treatise I shall forward a theory which gives a unification between microcosmos and
macrocosmos.
I shall introduce an elementary length and an elementary time. My discovery
of the connection between elementary length, the actual extension of the universe, gravity and
electromagnetism leads to the consequence that gravity in the universe is
decreasing. A formula showing how Newton's gravitational "constant" is decreasing with time is
deducted. Formulas giving connection between the total matter/energy-mass of the universe,
its age and actual extension and the relative variation in time of the gravitational
"constant" will also be deducted.

The decrease of gravity gives a logical explanation of the expansion of the universe and its
structure with galaxies, stars and planets. As a natural consequence of the deducted formulas,
I shall postulate as follows: The total universe has been contained within a geometric space
with an extension equal to the elementary length. This "embryonic" state of the Universe
I shall call The Cosmic Embryoton. This theory does not operate with singularities.
The universe was 'born'
within the first cosmic quantum time interval. 'Simultaneously' with the 'birth' of the universe,
the first laws of nature appeared - in quantum 'jumps'. The first super physical law was the
entropy law (the law of changes). This law 'demands' that a system changes from a less
probable state to a more probable state. Or, in other words: The universe develops
from more compact states to scattered and less dense states. The gravity law was
'born' with a strength about 1042 times greater than in our epoch. With a still
decreasing gravity, the gravity law follows the entropy law.

The formulas will comprise a very fundamental, extremely small mass.
The formulas show that this mass decreases, simultaneously with the increase
of the space of the universe and the decrease of gravity.
This mass must be considered to be
the smallest quantum of mass in the universe  the elementary mass.
This elementary quantum of mass I will name 'a uniton'.
The universe ends up to disintegrate
down to quanta without structure and interactions, in accordance with the entropy law. The present
theory shows that electric charge is fundamentally connected to gravity in the embryonic
universe, actually it is shown that electromagnetic phenomena are of gravitational nature!
The gravitational phenomena can be described by a 2-vector field theory, where the two
gravitational fields obey equations analog to the Maxwell equations.

An interesting result of the theory is a cosmological theoretical deduction of the 'fine
structure constant' of atomic physics. The value of this quantity has never before been
fundamentally theoretically explained. It will be shown that this quantity is also decided by the
conditions of the embryonic universe. These embryonic states are thus conclusively
deciding how the universe will develop.

Conditio embryonis omnia determinat!

Most physicists and astronomers have for many years known that Einstein's general theory of
relativity (which is also a theory for gravity) is not consistent with quantum physics and the
other theories for interaction between particles. Many have expressed that physics and
astronomy have been 'cornered'. In order to proceed in the search for the ultimate secrets of
nature and desires for at holistic theory for microcosmos and macrocosmos, many things
seem to show that Einstein's general theory of relativity must be abandoned. It is a
mathematically beautiful, but complex theory, seeking to geometrize the universe. With
fascination, customary thinking and authority, it has been taught from one generation of
physicists to the next. Nobody will let it go.
The real physical consequences, which can be deducted from this theory are few. It is mainly:
1) the Mercury perihelium anomaly, 2) gravitational bending of photon paths,
3) gravitational wave length shift, and 4) gravity waves. - To this come some
mathematical solution models, interpreted as 'black holes' or other super dense objects.
The four above mentioned effects can be explained much simpler, for instance by the present
gravity theory. The mentioned possibilities for the structure of systems of matter can also be
understood by the present theory, showing that gravity at the 'birth' of the universe was about
1042 times stronger than today. In the accepted astro physics it is presumed that
the super dense objects are final conditions of very heavy stars. In the present treatise the
assumption is that the super dense objects are primordial states for coming stars! The
universe goes from more structured conditions to less structured, according to the entropy
law!
If we demand that the nature laws shall fulfil the 'principle of simplicity', this will degrade
Einstein's general theory of relativity. You may compare this development with the
Ptolemaeic epicycle model for the movements of planets. It became more and more complicated, until
it was abandoned, and Copernicus', Kepler's and finally Newton's theories were accepted.
Then the descriptions became much simpler.
Even logically it is possible to argue against the validity of Einstein's gravity field equations.
They can certainly, with mathematical complicity, be used for great matter/space areas, but
are useless for microcosmos, i.e. in the atomic world or what is smaller, not to speak of the
conditions in the early universe. The explanation for the limited validity of the theory is that
Einstein's field equations contain only macrocosmic quantities, such as Newton's
gravitational constant and the velocity of light. Furthermore these constants are not even
present in the original equations, but are introduced in the theory in order to describe realities
of the universe. The reason why the theory can not be used for microcosmos is due to the fact
that the theory does not contain atomic physical quantities, such as Planck's constant, electic
charge or elementary particle masses. The theory is not quantum physical!

A 'firework' model for the formation of the universe is proposed, with protogalaxies and
protostars formed by expansion
processes, caused by the very rapid decrease of gravity in the very young universe.
Also a new theory for the production of the chemical elements and release of energy in stars
will be set forth.
This new theory of stars is based on the existence of super nuclei, i.e. nucleonic systems with extremely
high nucleonic numbers, decaying while creating the known elements and causing production
of energy. A new theory is given for the formation of the planets and their moons. The theory gives an
understanding of the planets' composition of elements and relative sizes. Finally
considerations will be given regarding the evolutions of the laws of nature.

2. Elementary Length and Elementary Time. Quantization of Space and Time

A question is: Does there, in our universe, exist a physically smallest length,
r0, and a physically smallest time interval,
t0?
Based on considerations of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, I shall reply yes to this
question and postulate, that r0 and t0 are given
by:

(2.1)

(2.2)

where h is Planck's constant, c0 is the volocity of light in
vacuum, and M0 is the total matter/energy-mass of the universe.
M0, h and c0 are supposed to be
constant in space and time. With known values for c0 and h
and a calculated value for M0 =
1.6 · 1060 kg (see later), we get:

(2.3)

&

Any physical finite length is
decided by a natural number
, the space
quantum number, multiplied by r0. A finite time interval is quantized
as a time quantum number multiplied by
t0. Thus we have:

(2.4)

&

The value of time is a quantity introduced by man, in order to practically describe a
change in a physical system. Without change in the state of a physical system,
there is no possibility to define a value of time! r0, the absolute cosmic space unit, can be called a spaton, and
t0, the absolute cosmic time unit, can be called a
tempon. These elementary values are absolute in the sense that they are
invariant to a relativistic Lorentz transformation. r0 divided by
t0 is equal to the velocity of light c0, which thus
understandably also is Lorentz invariant, and thus measured to have the same value to all
observers.
Elementary length r0 and elementary time t0
shall not be considered as mathematically exact figures, but on the contrary to be 'blurred'
physical figures with the interval lengths r0 and
t0. Principally they give the physical smallest uncertainties, by which
it is possible to measure distances and time intervals. Heisenberg's uncertainty relations are
thus a consequence of the more fundamental relations given by (2.1) and (2.2)!

3. The Extension and the Age of the Universe. Decrease of Gravity.
»Die Weltformel« or the Cosmo-Holistic Formula

Let us consider the extension of the universe given by R = c0 · T and its
present age T. According to (2.4) we have:

(3.1)

(3.2)

Inserting in (3.1) and (3.2) the presumed values for R and T, we get:

(3.3)

Interestingly the cosmic quantum numbers nR and nT can be
written:

(3.4)

where:
(3.5)

N gives the present value of the ratio between the electrostatic and the
gravitostatic forces between a positron and an electron, or between to electrons. G is Newton's gravitational
"constant" in our epoch. See later. kc is the Coulomb constant,
e the elementary charge, me the gravitational mass of the
electron, and mp the gravitational mass of the positron.
Equations (3.1) and (3.2) can now be written as:

(3.6)

(3.7)

Presuming that the relations (3.6) and (3.7) are valid, not only in our epoch, but generally for
the universe in all its quantum states, perhaps except its final quantum state, we see that as the space
of the universe is gradually increasing, i.e. when the cosmic quantum numbers 'tick' upwards,
one or more of the quantities G, kc, e, mp, me, h,
c0 or M0 must vary with R or
T.
Assuming that kc, e, mp, me, h,
c0 and M0 do not vary, the only possibility for
variation is G. Astronomical and experimental observations must show whether this
is the case!
Formula (3.6) gives a unification of microcosmos with macrocosmos, and consequently it is to
be called 'Die Weltformel' or 'The Cosmo-Holistic Formula' (from Greek Kosmos: Order and Holos:
Whole).
Variation of G with R and T gives:

(3.8)

From (3.8) we see that as G decreases following the expansion of the universe, or in
other words, G decreases with cosmic time - the actual age of the universe. As
no physical times exist 'before' the first cosmic quantum interval, we can from (3.8) calculate
the value of G at the 'birth' of the universe, as at this time we had T =
t0, i.e. G = G0 viz.:

(3.9)

We can thus write (3.8) as:

(3.10)

, nT = 1, 2, 3 etc.

This shows that gravity was about 1042 times greater at the 'birth' of the
universe than today. (3.10) is seen to be a quantum law. From (3.10) we get the
variation of G in relation to time:

(3.11)

Equation (3.11) is one of the interesting results of the present theory, giving a very simple
relation between the actual age T of the universe and the relative variation of
G. A very accurate measuring of this variation is highly desirable, as we thus have a
very simple method to calculate the actual age of the universe by the equation:

(3.12)

More researchers have during time investigated a possible variation of G.
The methods include studies of the evolution of clusters of galaxies and of the Sun,
observations of lunar occultatins, planetary radar-ranging measurements and laboratory
experiments.
They all
have found an extremely small variation and conclude that gravity does not vary, interpreting
a variation found as uncertainty of measurements.
(References: Dearborn, D. S. and Schramm, D. N., Nature, vol. 247, 441-443, (1974).
Chin, C. W. and Stothers, r., Rhys. Rev. Lett., vol. 36, 833-835, (1976). Morrison, L. V.,
Nature, vol. 241, 519-520, (1973). Van Flandern, T. C., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., vl. 170,
333-342, (1975). Shapiro, I. I., Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 26, 27-30, (1971). Braginsky et al.,
Phys. Rev. vol. D15, 2047-68, (1977).)
From (3.11) it is seen that G in our epoch decreases extremely slowly. One of the
newest analyses is based on the obervation of the double pulsar system PSR 1913 + 16 and
gives approx.:

(3.13)

Inserting the value in (3.13) in equation (3.12) we calculate the present age of the universe
to:

(3.14)

This age is in agreement with the newest age analyses, based on measurements done by the
Hubble Space Telescope. These analyses estimate that the age of the universe is between 8
and 12 billion years.

4. The Mass of the Universe Calculated from the Cosmic Decrease of Gravity

From equations (3.7) and (3.12) we can deduct a formula giving a connection between the
total mass M0 of the universe and the relative variation of G.
We get:

(4.1)

This equation can also be written as follows:

(4.2)

Inserting the values in equation (4.2) we get for the total energy/matter mass of
the Universe the following value:

(4.3)

This value gives a possibility for a huge amount of both visible and dark matter systems, and
it is this value which is used in the calculation of the values of the elementary length and the elementary time.

5. The Elementary Mass of the Universe  the Mass of a Uniton

A question is: Does there in our universe exist a physically smallest quamtum of mass? In the
affirmative: How great is this mass? The expression in equation (4.2) gives the possibility for
a very interesting answer! The value of the great paranthesis namely represents a positive
mass, the value of which will decrease when the Universe expands in quantum jumps. This mass must
simply be interpreted as the physically smallest mass in the present universe. It is the
smallest mass of the universe - the quantum mass. Inserting known values in (4.2),
we get:

(5.1)

From equation (4.2) we see that the universe started with an elementary mass, equal to the
total mass of the universe. The universe was 'born' as one quantum mass: The Cosmic
Embryoton.
It can easily be shown that mu can also be expressed in the following
way:

(5.2)

In equation (5.2), T is the present age of the universe and R is the present
extension. The expressions in (5.2) are identical to the mass of a photon with 'wavelength'
R corresponding to a 'frequency' 1/T.

From equation (4.2) we see that mu is connected with
gravity, as its value is decided by the relative variation of G.
This fact leads us to the following: mu is the actual
mass of a uniton. Within the 'time of
birth', inside the first cosmic
quantum time interval of the universe, the mass of the uniton was equal
to the mass of the
Cosmic Embryoton. Gravity decreases as the mass of the uniton decreases.
The present
extremely small value of the uniton mass explains why it is so extremely difficult to
demonstrate graviton rays (gravity waves).

6. Electric Charge as a Gravitational Quantity

Equation (3.9) gives a direct connection between electrostatics and gravitostatics. By means
of this equation we can express the electric elementary quantum e by gravitational
quantities, as follows:

(6.1)

We see, interestingly, that we have both a negative and a positive value, in accordance with
observations of electrical phenomena. Both attracting and expelling forces exist. We can thus
conclude that the electric charge of an electron - or a positron - is attached to its gravitational
mass m via the initial gravity constant of the universe,
G0. It is hereby shown that electrical forces, which have hitherto
been considered as an independent forces, in reality are 'frozen' gravitational forces, with the same
strength as when the universe was 'born'. As magnetic forces can be shown to be special
relativistic corrections to electrical forces, we can ultimatively conclude: Electromagnetic
phenomena are in reality gravitational dynamics!
Of course we can use the usual electromagnetic concepts in our daily work. All
'electromagnetic' phenomena can be described by the four Maxwell equations, combined
with the 'electromagnetic' Lorentz force. These equations can be written as follows:

(6.2)

(6.3)

(6.4)

(6.5)

(6.6)

In these equations is the electric field strength vector, is the magnetic field strength vector, is the electric charge density and the electric charge current density vector. is the electromagnetic force on a charge, q, moving with the
velocity . is the divergence operator and the rotation operator.
It can be shown that Maxwell's equations are a consequence of Coulomb's law for
electrostatic forces and the transformation equations for forces as given by the special theory
of relativity. As Newton's law for gravitostatic forces is mathematically identical to
Coulomb's law, a similar mathematical deduction will result in the validity of a set of
gravitational equations, similar to Maxwell's equations, meaning that besides the
gravitostatic field it will be necessary to operate with a gravitational rotation field, existing
around moving gravitational masses. We shall handle this in a coming section.
The Coulomb constant kc in equation (6.1) is due to the way we define
electric charge. By another definition it is possible to get rid of this constant.

As it is an experimental experience that the electric charge of a particle is Lorentz invariant,
i.e. is independent of the velocity of the particle, we see from equation (6.1) that the
gravitational mass is also Lorentz invariant. This has serious consequences for Einstein's
general theory of relativity from 1915, as this theory is based on the identity of (or
proportionality between) the gravitational mass and the inertial mass. These two quantities of
mass are only identical for a resting particle. The inertial mass is increasing with velocity,
according to the special theory of relativity. If the above considerations are correct we
must conclude that Einstein's general theory of relativity must be abandoned as being a
general physical theory and shall only be used as an alternative theory, within a limited area
of experience.

The question is: Does electric charge exist in nature? Or are electrical  and gravitational
forces (and all forces) pure mechanical forces exerted by unitons? See a later section in my
treatise about this.

Finally, it seems to appear from the formulas of the present theory, that everything consists of
unitons. If this is correct, it may be a philosophical satisfaction for our intellect!

Let us resume the quantum cosmological basic equations  all derived from the
cosmo-holistic formula  describing the quantum evolution
of the universe. The equations can be written:

(7.1)

Cosmic quantization of space.

(7.2)

Cosmic quantization of time.

(7.3)

Quantized mass/energy disintegration.

(7.4)

Quantum decrease of gravity.

(7.5)

Differential equation for the decrease of G, within the continuous
limit.

(7.6)

Cosmic Evolution operator.

In these equations N can be considered as a cosmic evolution operator.
N³ defines a Cosmic evolution quantum number ne,
as:

(7.7)

Cosmic evolution quantum number.

It is to assumed that the equations are valid form the first cosmic quantum time interval
of the universe and until its 'death', when the total energy will be
split up in countless extremely small structureless quanta. From these cosmologic basic
equations we can derive formulas which will permit us to calculate the present extension
R, the present age T and the present matter/energy mass of the universe.
In order to calculate the values of these quantities, we need an exact value of the present
relative decrease of G.The formulas are:

(7.8)

(7.12)

The results given in (7.8) and (7.12), being a consequence of the quantization of the universe,
shall contribute to prove the validity of the present quantum cosmological theory.
It may be claimed that the value of the mass of the universe, given by equation (7.12) is on
the high side. The explanation is that in equation (7.6) I have chosen to let
mp be the rest mass of a positron, not of a proton. I have done this
from the - philosophical - viewpoint that I consider the positron as more fundamental than a
proton.
If you in (7.6) replace the rest mass of a positron with the rest mass of a proton, N
will be 1836 times smaller, which will result in a mass of the universe being 1836³
times smaller, i.e. M0 = 2.6 × 1050 kg.
Such change of N will not affect the values of R and T. The
value in equation (7.12) gives the possibility for the existence of an extremely high amount
of 'dark matter'. Future observations and analyses must show the realities.
As it will be seen, the quantum cosmological equations are quite simple. This is quite
acceptable, as it is not strange that simple systems are described by simple equations.
Gradually, as the cosmic embryoton is broken up in more and more parts, and these parts
are moving relatively to each other, then more and more complicated equations are needed
for description of the system. As the cosmic evolution operator N can be considered
already to contain Newton's law for gravitational forces and Coulomb's law for electrostatic
forces, we can by means of the special relativistic transformation equations deduct Maxwell's
equations for electromagnetism and the analog gravitational equations, whereby it should be
noted, that electromagnetism is just gravitational dynamics!
I have hereby  together with the connection between the electric charge and the
gravitational mass of the electron in equation (6.1)  discovered the unification of
electromagnetism with gravitation!

8. Cosmologic Calculation of »The Fine Structure Constant«

The quantity called the fine structure constant plays a significant role in atomic physics. It is
defined as follows:

(8.1)

This constant is totally empiric, as nobody has been able to give any theoretical reasons for it.
I shall now, based on my quantum cosmologic theory, give a theoretical
calculation of the value, showing that this value has to do with the embryonic
condition of the universe, the elementary length and the total mass of the Universe. I shall use:

(8.2)

Using the expression in equation (6.1) we can write:

(8.3)

This equation can be written as:

(8.4)

The expression in (8.4) shows that
, and thereby the
fine structure constant, is decided by conditions in the embryonic universe, namely as
follows: is decided by the
gravitational potential energy between two electrons,
spaced by the elementary length, divided by the total energy of the universe! Or, in other
words, the fraction of the total energy of the universe 'used' for electromagnetic processes
is about 0.12 percent.
From the above we see clearly the fundamental coupling between microcosmos and
macrocosmos. G0 is the initial gravitational constant, which can be
calculated by equation (3.9).