Wednesday, May 30, 2012

Today we finished up our notes on the nervous system, and we watched a short video on how a motor neuron works.

Resting potential
Voltage of a resting neuron across its plasma membrane. It is the way we feel senses. When a neuron is in resting potential, there are positive ions on the outside of the membrane and negative ions on the inside. When there is a stimulus (Anything that triggers a nerve signal to start), it goes into action potential.Action Potential-When a nerve signal is triggered, the neuron goes into action potential. It is when openings on the membrane open and let in positive ions. other openings open and let out negative ions. The inside becomes more positive than the outside, causing our sense to occur. Eventually, the positive ions return outside and the neg. ions return inside, bringing the neuron back to resting potential.

you can get the specifics in the notes, but that is a basic overview.

synapse-relay point between cells.Electric synapse-When an action potential "jumps" from one cell to the next. takes place in heart and digestive tractChemical synapse-a neurotransmitter is sent from one neuron to the next across a synaptic cleft(Space between two neurons), and the neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins on the other neuron.

Human Nervous system

Cephalization-concentration of the nervous system at the headCentralization-separate central nervous system and peripheral nervous systemSpinal Cord-bundle of nerve fibers that communicate between the CNS and the body

Corpus Callosum-connects the 2 hemispheres so that they can process info
Cerebral cortex-large part of the brain, contains 80% of all brain matter
Brainstem- opening to the brain, regulates sleep and coordinates body movements
Medulla Oblongata-controls involuntary functions

Tuesday, May 29, 2012

Today we started out finishing our Respiration notes. Here are the notes (know the terms in blue):

When the diaphragm contracts air is "pulled" into the lungs due to increase in volume and decrease in pressure (negative pressure breathing)

When the diaphragm relaxes air is "pushed" out of the lungs due to decrease in volume and increase in pressure

Automatic control centers in the brain regulate breathing

Nerves tell the diaphragm when to contract

The normal respiratory rate is 10-14 inhalations per minute, but this changes depending on the level of carbon dioxide in the blood (more carbon dioxide = faster respiration rate)

Hyperventilation - purges the blood of so much carbon dioxide that the brain stops sending messages to the diaphragm (breathing in a paper bag increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the body and restores normal breathing)

Oxygen does not dissolve into the blood

Oxygen will be carried through the blood by hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells

Every iron atom can bind to 1 oxygen molecule (therefore, hemoglobin can carry up to 4 oxygen molecules)

Iron deficiency causes anemia

Hemoglobin also binds to carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide interferes with the delivery of oxygen to the body cells, since hemoglobin binds to carbon monoxide VERY QUICKLY, and cellular respiration (it basically causes death - this is called carbon monoxide poisoning)

Air pollutants can cause respiratory problems

Tobacco smoke is one of the worst forms of air pollution, and contains over 4000 chemicals

These damage mucus and cilia, making it difficult to remove foreign particles (think of smokers cough)

Next in class, we did a lab about lung capacity and breathing (UP 57-61). Make sure you know:

Vital capacity - the largest possible amount of air which can be exhaled after drawing in a deep breath

Expiratory reserve - the amount of air that remains in the lungs after exhaling normally but which can be expelled

Tidal volume - the amount of air taken in or expelled during normal breathing

Residual volume - the amount of air in the lungs that cannot be expelled

For this lab, we took a balloon and found the vital capacity (5 trials), the expiratory reserve (5 trials), and the tidal volume (5 trials). To do this, we had to blow up the balloon, expelling the amount of air required for each type of volume measurement. Then, we had to measure the diameter of the balloon, and record it. To find the lung volume in cubic centimeters, we had to refer to the chart on UP 59, going across for the balloon diameter and up to see where it hit the solid line. We also used a spirometer to measure vital capacity, expiratory reserve, and tidal volume (a spirometer measures the pressure).

Finally, we started the nervous system notes, so here they are:

Neuron - nerve cell specialized for carrying signals from one part of the body to another

Nerve - communication line made from bundles of neuron fibers wrapped in connective tissue

CNS - central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

PNS - peripheral nervous system (nerves that carry impulses in and out of the CNS)

Thursday, May 24, 2012

After stamping last night's homework (1) we went through the lab questions. Next, we filled out notes (2). It was a shortened class period as well. Friday is the fetal pig test (3)! Next scribe is... (4)

(1) Pig lab: you have to make sure to answer all of the questions thoroughly with fully colored diagrams (the pre-made ones and the ones you drew in). The cover sheet and completed lab is due tomorrow, 5/25/12.

(2) We got through 4 pages of respiration notes (due to 30 minute classes). The first part of the notes was review; the process of cellular respiration:

In addition to, we also reviewed respiratory surfaces of animals such as earthworms and aquatic organisms. We talked about breathing, and what happens in detail when you take a breath of air. To sum it up: oxygen diffuses into blood vessels, and carbon dioxide diffuses into lungs.

electron micrograph of alveoli

Some main structures/vocab that you should be aware of, and their function:
diaphragm, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (pictured above).

Tuesday, May 22, 2012

Homework is to....
make cover sheet
color code all diagrams
work on parts of the lab at home
Study for pig lab test on friday
Complete pig lab by friday when it will be turned in

The Following are the answers to the questions of lab 54 as it was suppose to be finished in class today.
I will start with 3a. which is where my group began the day.
3a. 4
3b. under/behind the liver
3c. It joined other ducts and ends in the stomach

4d. no because the diaphragm is in the way
4e. no
4f. prevent substanes in stomach from going back up esophagus
4g. prevent substances in small intestine from going back up into the stomach

Monday, May 21, 2012

Today and for the next two/three days we are working on the fetal pig digestion. Some key things to remember is to make a cover for the lab and to color every picture. Some materials needed are a fetal pig, dissecting needles, yard, slide, metric ruler, dissecting tray, scalpel, gloves, and scalpel. We first got assigned into groups and each group received a pig. You first have to wash the pig because their are solution on it, so washing it would make it clean. Next you need to measure the pig to determine the age. My groups pig was 30 mm so it was 7 weeks. The longer it is, the older it is. Next you need to determine the sex. This can be done by viewing the urogenital opening. If it's a male then it is just posterior to the umbilical cord on the ventral surface. In females, the opening is beneath the anus. After that you need to cut the end of the umbilical cord. In the umbilical cord you should see a vein and an artery. You need to count the number of toes next. The answer is four. After those, you need to open the abdominal and chest cavities.Before doing any cutting, you need to make sure the pig is tied down with a yard on both the legs and arms. When doing this, you need to cut the flaps off the skin. finally you need to cut the abdomen or digestive system. When doing this you need to cut the skin all the way down to see all the organs. At this point, class will be soon ending so you need to wash the pig under water to make sure the juice goes away as well as clean the pig. Later you need to put in a bag labeled with you name and wash the table as well.

- epinepherine (aderenaline)- hormone released during stress, when we were approached by an animal or threat, adrenaline was released to either aid you in running away farther from threat or aid you in fighting off the threat

- caffeine

- exercise

note: higher heart rate = more oxygen to muscles

Notes:

remember, when looking down at a diagram, you are looking at a patient therefore left and right are switched ex: heart is on the right side of a diagram

know the pathway of blood inside and out, quiz coming soon (Ms. Andrews said something about a tuesday..?)

Wednesday, May 9, 2012

Today we wrapped up the "what happens to the food you eat" unit before the TEST TOMORROW.

First, we took each others quizzes and graded them based on content, appearance, and correctness. It was good review for the test and a reminder of what to study, so if you weren't there, be sure to look through notes and practice questions extra carefully!

After that, we got back our digestion worksheets. If you have any questions regarding the answers, check the table below. (By the way, the intestinal glands make the small intestine enzymes, the large intestine absorbs vitamin K).

Enzyme/ Substance

Organ(s)

Works on…

Result

Salivary Amylase

1. Salivary glands

2. Oral cavity/ mouth

Starch

Maltose

Pepsin

Stomach

Proteins

Amino Acids

Trypsin

Pancreas

Proteins

Amino Acids

Peptidase

Small Intestine

Proteins

Amino Acids

Maltase

Small Intestine

Maltose

Glucose

Sucrase

Small Intestine

Sucrose

1. Glucose

2. Fructose

Rennin

Stomach

Milk proteins

Coagulates

Lipase

Pancreas

Fat

1. Glycerol

2. Amino Acids

Pancreatic Amylase

Pancreas

Starch

Simple sugars

Lactase

Small Intestine

Lactose

1. Glucose

2. Galactose

Bile

1. Liver

2. Gall Bladder

Fat

Emulsifies

HCl

Stomach

---------------

Function:

1. Activates pepsin

2. Kills bacteria

and here our our bffs the reagents
We also got our frog labs back.

Then, we checked the answers for our food lab. The results are as follows. Use your creativity for the analysis questions.

Starch

Simple Sugars

Protein

Fat

Carrot Juice

+

+

+

-

Bread

+

-

+

+

Potato

+

-

+

-

Apple Juice

-

+

-

-

Onion

-

+

-

-

Walnut

-

-

+

+

Shredded Cheese

-

+

+

+

Cream Cheese

-

+

+

+

Honey

-

+

-

-

Gelatin

-

+

+

-

The last thing we did was check the second half of the practice quiz we took a couple days ago.