Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1836-1922 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more

Download & Play

Questions

Newspaper Page Text

1
.im
1111
.t.H'
f -j
I I! .'I H
j-'
VOLUME 1.
Old Series, vol. 14.- r
CLARKSVILLE, TENN , FRIDAY, DECEMBER 15; 1865. .
: Old Scries, Noi 33:;-'
DUMBER '23.
""" 1
i. -.j . .
dlfjrmtide.
mi-mo wMiir, bvbby nun hoxhiikv, t . ,
NEBLETT & GRANT,
PUBLISHER AKD fHOPWITOM.
Terms Three Dollars per year.
IN ADVANCE.
FIRST
NATIONAL BANK
Of Glarksville, Tenn.
WILL DO A
Geneial Banking
i.TtV
ICxchango Business.
Isrmes no . Circulation-Incurs
, no Risks.
Special attention paid to collection and remittances
made on day of payment.,
' DIRECTORS :
CKO. It. WAR FIELD,
TUOS. F. PKTTL'8.
J. W. EDWARDS,
G. W. H1LLMAN.
S. F. BEAUMONT, PreB't.
W. P. HUME, Cashier.
Nov. 10, '65.1 y
CRTJSMAN & CHESNUT,
(Successors to W. S. Poixdbxtbb k Cd.,)
DKAf.tUB IN
GROCERIES
Iron, Salt,: Cement,: Ac,
' Cor. Franklin tnd Market St:
CLARKSVILLE, TENNESSEE.
Oct. 20, '63-tf
w. a. rnmnrxTKB....,
.V. B. crBUETT.
; W. S. POINDEXTER & CO.,
' DEALERS IN
Dry Goods, Boots, Shoes, Hats, Groce
ries, Hardware, Queensware,
Glassware, &c. &c.
NEW
HtOVIDEXCE, TENNESSEE
ttT Our friend arc
amino our stock.
Orl. 20, '85-lf
respectfully invited to ex-
. A. A. DOAK,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
I I.I. pr.irtirc in tlie Law and Kiuity Courts of
Montgomery and adjoining couulu-s.
Nov. 17, '65-ly
J. Ikl HK. J. C tlcMCLLXSI.
- Late Judge Adv. Lnto ('apt,
Dirt. Miff. Teim. t'. S. A.
BUCK & McMTJLLEM',
1TT0UXEYS AT LAW. antURKAL KST.tTK
A!ID CLAIM AttKSTS,
Will practice in the State and Federal Court,
HAVING served A officers in the C. S. Army,
will have facilities to prosecute successfully all lc.
$1 imatv clfiiiiis against the Government.
( I r .sville, Tenn., An?. 4, 1865-
R. W. HUMPHREYS.
jVitorne v ' n,t JaAV
CLARKSVILLE, TEXX.
Office, on Public Square,
it staiks, under
"Chronicle" office.
Oct, 6, C5-tf
WM. M. DANIEL,
A TTOR X K Y A TLA '
I LARKS VILLF,, TEN'S.
Orrir-B, toutb side Public Square,
under Citron!
Office.
Sep 29, '65-tf
LAW NOTICE.
G. A. HENRY & T. F. HENRY,
WILL attend to all law badness confided to
tlicm in the 7th Judicinl District awl the
Supreme Court at Nashville, Tenn.
Office on Public Square, Clarksville, Tenn.
sVpt. 1, '65.-tf
QUARLE3 & RICE,
.A. ttorne vs ix t Law,
. CLARKSVILLE, TEX.
c. Office under the Chronicle" office.
Nov. 10, t8.V-6m '
Dr. W. C. WESTERFIELD,
ILL practice Medicine in Clarksville,
and
virinitv. Office, at bis residence, lately or
copied by joseph Jobnron. Sept. 15, '65 3m
DR. H. M. AC2EE,
Sirgoon Dentist,
CLARKSVILDE, TK.NN.,
TTtKNDF.IlS his services to the citixeus of the city
L and vicinity, in Ibe different branches of bis
profession.
A No. 1 Second hnnd rase of Dental Instruments,
ertth plate tools, all complete, for sale.
BfBOtfice, at bis resilience, oue door cant of Dr.
Cooper's. July U-tf
BELL A SHERIDAN,
AND
AMBROTYPTSTS,
OnpoMtc the Markrt Honsf. Franklln-M.,
CLARKSYILLK, TKXX.
Sept. 1, '65.-ly
PURKIN & TARPLEY,
House and Sign Painters,
CLARKSVILLE. TENN.
A, fthop on Strawberry Alley, over P. Young's
Tailor Slnt. Orders promptly attended Ui.
sep 29-ein
LAOER BEER!
OF MTKUIOR QUALITY, AT
,
Heisterberkg & Co's Saloon,
JioyOn Franklin Street, near the Court House.
Hwi Cfuvee, I.lmbnrg Cheese, (affalo Tongue,
Ihiulogna ritAge, Nlt Holland Herring,
Uerruig, ret , by th plate pr pound.
Na 4, j-Jiu
Pickled
MESSAGE.
FtUow-Ctiiient of Ih Senate and
t 4 Home of Reprettntatieet :
To expreas gratitude to God, In the name of the
People, for the preservation of the United State, is
my Crst dnty In addressing you. Oar thought
next rev?rt to the death of the late President by an
act of parricidal treason. The grief of the nation
is still fresh; it finds some solace in the considera
tion that be lived to enjoy the highest proof of Its
confidence by entering on the renewed term of the
Chief JtagirtrMy, to which be bad been elected;
that be bronght the civil war substantially to a
close; that his loss waa deplored in all parts of the
Union : and that foreign nations nave rendered
justice to bis memory." Hi removal cast upon me
a heavier weight of cares than ever devolved upon
any one of his predecessors. To fulfil my trust 1
need the support and confidence of all who are as
sociated with me in the various department of Gov-
eminent, and the support and confidence of the peo
ple. There is but one way in which 1 can hope to gain
their necessary aid : it is, to state with frankness
the principles which guide my conduct, and their
application to the present state of affairs, well aware
that the efficiency of my labors will, in a great
measure, depend on your and their undivided ap-4
probation. "
The Union or the united States or America was
ntended by Its authors to last as long as the 8tates
themselves shall last ' "Tnt union shall raa
rtrrAL," are the words of the Confederation. "To
roBtt a none rurBcr Union," by an ordinance of
the people of the United States, is the declared
purpose of the Constitution. The band of Divine
Providence was never more plainly visible in the
affairs of men than In the framing and the adopting
of that Instrument. It Is, beyond comparison, the
greatest event in American history; and. Indeed U
it not, or all events in modern times, the most preg
nant with consequences to every people on earth 7
The members of the Convention which prepared it,
brought to their work the experience of the Con
federation, of tbelr several States, and of other
Republican Government, old n newj bat they
needed and they obtained a wisdom superior to ex
perience. And when for its validity it required the
approval of a people that occupied a large part of a
continent and acted separately in, many distinct
conventions, what is more wonderful . than that,
aiier earnest contention and long discussion, ail
feelings aad all opinions were ultimately drawn in
one way to its support? .
1 be Constitution to which life was thus imparted
contains within itself ample resources for it own
preservation, it has the power to enforce the
laws, punish treason, and ensure domestic tranquili
ty. In case of the usurpation of the Government
of a State by one man, or an oligarchy, it becomes
a duty of the United State to make good the guar
antee to that State of a republican forsa of govern
ment, and to maintain the bomogeneousneas of all.
Does the lapse of time reveal defects T A simple
mode of amendment is provided in the Constitution
itseit, so tnat its condition can always be made to
conform to the requirements of advancing civilisa
tion. No room la allowed even for the thought of a
possibility of it coming to an end. And these
powcqtof self-preservation have always been asser
ted in their complete integrity by every patriotic
Chief Magistrate by Jefferson and Jacks, not
less than by Washington and Madison. The pari
ng advice of the Father of his Country, while yet
President, to the people of the United States, was.
that the "free Constitution, which was the wont of
their hands, rnicfbt te sacredly maintained', and
the inaugural words or President Jefferson held up
"the preservation of the General Government, in
its conntitutionaf vigor, as the sheet anchor of our
peace at home and safety abroad." Tb Constitu.
tion is the work of "the People of the United
states," and it should be as indestructible as the
people.
It i not strange that the framers of the Consti
tution, which hnd no model in the past, should not
have fully comprehended the excellence of their
own work, rresb from a struuirle against arbi
tray power, many patriots suffered from harassing
fears of an absorption of the State Governments by
the General Government, and many from a drend
that the States would break away from their orbits.
Hut the very greatness of our country should allay
the apprehension of encroachments by the General
Government. The subjects that come unquestion
ably within its jurisdiction are so numerous, that it
must erer naturally refuse to be embarrassed by
questions that lie beyond it. Were it otherwise.
the Executive would sink beneath the burden ; the
channels of justice would be choked; legislation
would ne obstructed by excess; so that theie is a
ercAter temptation to exercise some of the functions
of the General Gorejrnment through the States than
trespass on their rightful sphere. "The absolute
acquiescence in the decisions of the majority" was,
at the beginning ef the century, enforced by Jef
ferson "as thi vital principle of republics," ar.d
the events of the lost four years have established.
we will bope forever, that there lies no appeal to
force.
The maintenance of the Union brine with
it
"the support of the State Governments in all their
rights;" but it is not one of the rights of any
State Government to renounce its own place in
tne in ion. or to nullify the laws or the Union.
The largest liberty is to be maintained in the dis
cusaion of the acts of the Federal Government ; but
tl ere is no appeal from its laws, except to the vari
ous branches of the Government itself, or to the
people, who grant to the members of tbe Legisla
tive and of the Executive Departments no tenure
but limited ene, and in that manner always re
tain the powers of redress.
"Tbe sovereignty of the States" is the language
of tbe Confederacy, and not the language of the
Constitution. This Utter contains the emphatic
words: "The Constitution, And tb laws of the
United States which shall be made in pursuance
thereof, and all treaties made or which shall be
made under the authority of the United States,
shall be tbe supreme law of the land : and the
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any
thing in the constitution or laws of anyAtate to the
contrary notwithstanding.
Certainly the Government of the United States
is a limited government ; and so -is every State
government a limited eovernment. With us, thi
idea of limitation spreads through every form of
administration, general, State, and municipal, and
rests on the great distinguishing principle of the
recognition or tne rtgnts or man. The ancient re
publics absorbed the individual in tbe State, prv
scribed bis religion, and controlled his activity.
The American system rests on tbe assertion of tbe
equal right of every man to life, lberty, and tbe
pursuit of happiness; to freedom of conscience, to
tbe culture and exercise or all his faculties. As
consequence, the Bute Government is limited,
to the General Government In tbe interest of Un
Ion, as to tbe individual eitixen In tbe interest of
freedom.
Stales, with protver limitations of power, are es
sential to tbe experience of tbe Constitution of the
United States. At tbe very commencement, whe
we assumed a plane among tbe Powers of the earth.
the Declaration of Independence was adopted by
States ; so al o were the Articles of Confederation
and when "the Ponnle of the United States" or.
doined and established the Consiitution, it was the
aasenl of tbe States, one lr one. wliicb gave it v
tality. lu the event, too, oV any amendment to the
Constitution, the proposition of Congress needs the
continuation of Slate. Without Slates, one great
branch of the lecialalive government would le
wauling. And, if we look beyond the letter of
tbe Constitution to the charter of our country, Its
capat iiy lor comprehending wiibi its jurisdiction
a vast continental empire is due to the system of
Slate. The lieat aeeuritv for the Perpetual exis
tence of the States is the "Supreme authority" of
I the Constitution of the Uuited States. The per
ipetuity of the Constitution briugs with it tbe pcr
! jetuitr of th States; their mutual relation makes
" "at ' n our political syilem their
con no x ion is indissoluble. The whole cannot exist
, without the parts, nor the part without the whole,
I So long as the Constitution of Hie Uuited Slates
uudurea. the Mtat will aadure : lha deatrurtiim nf
; ile one is th destrwrtioit tt the other : th preer
ration of the one is the preservation of tbe other,
1 "HT explained my views or the mutual
reiatioii.nl the t onitiintion and the Mates, because
jhry Bui',,i.j the principles ou which I h Knight
THE PRESIDENTS'
to solve the momentous questions and overcome the
appalling difficulties that met me at the very com
mencement of my administration. It ha been
my steadfast object to escape from the sway of mo
mentary passions, and to derive a healing policy
from the fundamental and nnchanging principle
of the Constitution.
I found the States suffering from tbe effect of a
civil war. Resistance to the General Government
appeared to bave exhausted itself. The United
States had recovered possession of their fort and
arsenals; and their armies were in the occupation
of every Stale which had attempted to secede.
Whether the territory within the limit of those
State should be held a conquered territory, under
military authority emenatiog from the President as
tbe bead of the army, was tbe first question that
presented itself for decison. ! . : ' (
Now, military governments, established for an
indefinite period, would have offered no security
for tbe early suppression of discontent; would have
divided the people into vanquisher and the van.
quisbed ; and would have envenomed hatred, rather
than bave restored affection. Once established, no
precise limit to their continuance was conceivable.
They would bave occasioned an incalculable and
exhajsting expense. Peaceful emigration to and
from that portion of tbe conntrris one of tbe best
means that can be thought of nVthe restoration of
harmony; and that emigration would bave been
prevented; for what emigrant from abroad, what
industrious eitixen at borne would plane himself
iliingly under military ruler Tbe chief persons
who would have followed in the train of the army
would have been dependant on tbe General Gov
ernment, or men who expected profit from the mis
eries of their erring fellow-citiiens. Tbe power or
patronage and rule which would, bave been exer
cised, under the President, over a vast and populous,
and naturally wealthy region, are greater than, un
less under extreme necessity, I should be willing to
trust any man ; they am such as, for myself, I could
never, unless on occasion of great emergency,
consent to exercise. Tbe wilful use of such powers,
if continued through period of years, would bave
endangered tbe pnrity of the general administra-
tration and tbe liberties of tbe State which remain
ed loyal.
Besides, the policy of military rule over a con
quered territory would have implied that tbe States
whose inbabitanta.may nnve taken part rn tne re
bellion bad, by the act of those inhabitants, ceased
to exist. But the true theory is, that all pretended
act of secession were, from the beginning, null
and void. Tbe State cannot commit treason, nor
screen the individual citizens who may have com
mitted treason, any more than-they can make valid
treaties or engage in lawful commerce with auy
foreign power. Tne States attempting to secede
placed themselves id condition where their vitality
was impaired, but not extinguished their functions
suspended, but not destroyed. rrt
But if any State nssjectl or refuses to perform
it offices, there is tbe mere need that the General
Government should maintain all its authority, and,
as soon as practicable, resume the exercise of all it
functions. On this principle I have acted, and have
gradually and quietly, and by almost imperceptible
steps, sought to restore Ibe rightful energy of tbe
General Government and of tbe State. So that
Provisional Governors have been appointed for the
States, Conventions culled, Governors elected, Leg
islature assembled, and Senators and Representa
tives chosen to tbe Congress of tbe United States.
At the same time, tbe Courts of the United Slates,
a for as coold be done, have been reopened, so that
tbe laws of tbe United State may be enforced
through thss'r agency. The blockade has been re
moved and the custom-houses re-established in
port of entry, so that the revenue of the United
Slates may be collected. The Post Office Depart
ment renews iu ceaseless activity, and the General
Government is thereby enabled to communicate
promptly with officers and agents. The court
bring security to persons and property; the open
ing or tbe ports invites tbe restoration of industry
and commerce ; the poet office renews the facilities
of social intercourse and business. And is it not
happy for bl all, that the restoration of each one of
these functions of the General Government brings
with it a blessing to tbe State over which they are
extended? Is it not a sure promise of harmony
and renewed attachment to the Union that, alter
all that ha happened, the return of the General
Government is known only as a beneficence 7
I know very artut that this policy i attended
with some risk ; that for it success it requires at
least the acquiescence of the States which it con
cerns; that it implies an invitation to those States,
to resume their function a States of the Union.
But it is a rick that must b taken ; in the choice
of difficulties, it is the sntnllest risk ; and to diinin
ma, and, if possible, to remove all danger, I bave
felt it Incumbent on me to assert ene other power
of tbe General Government the power of pardon
As no suits can throw a defense over the crime of
treason, the power of pardon is exclusively vested
in tbe Executive Government of tbe United states,
In exercising that power, I have taken every pre
caution to connect it with the clearest recognition
of the binding force of the. laws of the United
States, and an unqualified acknowledgement of the
great social change of condition in regard to slavery
which bas grown out of the war,
The next step which I have taken to restora the
constitutional relations of the States, bas been an
invitation to them to participate in tbe high office
of amending the Constitution. Etery patriot must
wish for a general amnextv at tbe earliest epoch
consistent with publie safety. , For thi great end
there is need of a concurrence of all opinions, and
the spirit of mutual conciliation. All parties in
the late terrible conflict roust work together in bar
mony. It is not too much to ask, in the name of
the whole people, that, on the one side, the plan of
restoration shall proceed in conformity with a will
ingness to cast tbe disorders of the past into obliv
ion ; and that, on tbe other, the evidence of sin.
eerily in tbe future maintenance ot the Union shall
be put beyond any doubt by the ratification of the
proposed amendment to the Constitution, which
provides for tbe Abolition of slavery forever within
the limit of our country. So long as the adopiion
of this amendment is delayed, so long will doubt,
and jealousy, and uncertainty prevail. This is the
measure which will efface the sad memory of the
past ; this i tbe measure which will most certaiuly
call population, and capital, and security to those
part of the Union that need Uitm most, indeed
it is not too much to ask of the State which are
now resuming their place in the family of tbe U n
ion to give this pledge of perpetual loyalty and
peace. Until It i done, the past, however much
we may desire it, will not be forgotten. Tbe adop
tion of the ameudraent reunite us beyond all pow
er of disruption. It heal the wound that is still
imperlectly closed; it removes slavery, tbe element
which bas so long perplexed and divided the coun
try ; it make of u once more a united people, re
newed end strengthened, bound more Uiau ever to
mutual Affection and support. '
Tb Amendment to the Constitution bting Adop
ted, it would remain for the States, whose power
have been so long in abeyance, to resume tbeir
place in tbe two branches of the National Legisla
ture, and thereby comple tbe work of restoration.
Here it is for Tou. fellow-citiions of tbe Senate,
aud tor you, fullow-cltixens of the House of Uep
reMnUtives, to judge, eacb of you for yourselves,
of tbe elections, returns, and qualifications of your
own member.
Tbe full assertion of the powers of the Geueral
Government requires the holding of Circuit Court
of tb Lulled Mates within the district where
jlMr Authority has been Interrupted. Iu the pres-
ent posture of our public affairs, strong objections
have bceu urged to holding those court in any of
the states where the rebellion bas existed; audit
was ascertained, by inquiry, that the Circuit Court
of the United State would not be held within th
District of Vi.giuia during th Autumn or early
winter, nor uuyii Congress should hav "an opiwr-
tuuity to consider and act on tbe whole subject."
i To your deliberations in rmiorauou oi mis oiancu
! of lb civil authority of the Uuited States is tbere-
'fore necessarily referred, with th bop that early
' provision will be made for tbe resumntlon of all its
fuaeliona. It i uianifuat that treason, must flagrant
- in character, has been committed. Persons who are
charged with its oomruufioa should hav fair and
impartial trial in tne mgnwi civil irinuiiaia 01 tut
: country, in order that lueuonstiluti'in and uiu laws
,n-'.T 1' '" tiudiiaicd; the truth t'lear'j 5ub
lished and Affirmed ' that treason Is crime, that
traitor Should be punished 'and the offence mode
infamous; end, At tb win time,, that the question
may be judicially settled, finally and forever, that
no Slate of it own will bas tb right to renounce
it place in the Union.
Tbe relation of the General Government to
wards th four million of inhabitant whom tbe
war has called into freedom, bas engaged my most
serious consideration. On the propriety of attempt
ing to make the freedmen elector by the proclama
tion of tbe Executive, I took for my counsel tbe
Constitution itself, tbe interpretations of that In
strument by its author and their contemporariai,
and recent legislation by Congress. When, at Abe
first movement towards independence, the Congress
of tb United State instructed the several States
to Institute governments of their own, they left
each State to decide fur itself the condition for the
enjoymrrtrf the elective franchise. Daring the
period of the Confederacy, there continued to exist
A very great diversity in the qualifications of elec
tors in the several States; and even within a State
a distinction of qualifications prevailed with regard
to the officers who were to be chosen. The Consti
tution of the United States recognize these diver-
title when it enjoins that, in tbe choice of member
of the House of Representatives of the United
States, "the elector in each shall have the qualifi
cation requisite for elector of the most numerous
branch of tb Stat Legislature." After the for
mation of tbe Constitution, it remained, as before,
tbe nolforca usage for eaciv, Lite to - enlarge the
body of it electors, according to it own judgment;
and, under thi system, one State after another bar
proceeded to increase th Bomber of it elector,
until now universal suffrage, or something very near
it, is the general rule. So fixed wu thi rose na
tion of power in tb habit of th people, and so
unquestioned, ha been the interpretation of tb
Constitution, that during th civil war th late
President never harbored tbe purpose certainly
never Avowed the purpose of disregarding it;
and in the act of Congress, during that period,
nothing can be found which, during the continuance
of hostilities, much less tbeir Close, would bave
sanctioned any departure by the Executive from a
policy which bo so uniformly obtained. More
over, a concession of tbe elective franchise to tbe
freedmen, by act of tb President of the United
States, must bave been extended to all colored men,
wherever 'found, aodjso must have established a
change of suffrage in tbe Northern, Middle, and
Western states, not Its than in the Southern and
Southwestern. Such an act would bare created a
new doss of voters, anl would have been an as
sumption of power by the President which nothing"
in the tonstituwon or laws or tne unite states
Would hare warranted." '
On the other band, every danger of conflict is
avoided when tbe settlement of the question is re
ferred to the several ' States. Tbey can, each for
itself, decide on the measure, and whether it is to
be adopted At once, aad absolutely, or introduced
gradually, and with conditions. In my judgment,
the freedmen, if they show patience and manly vir
tues, will sooner obtain a participation in tbe elec
tive franchise through tbe States than through the
General Government, even if it bad power to in
tervene, when tb tumult or emotions lost nave
been raised by th suddenness oT the social change
shall bave subsided, it may prove that they will
receive tbe kindliest usage from some of those on
whom they havf heretofore most closely depended.
But while I have no doubt that now, after tbe
close of the war, it is not competent for the Gene
ral Uovernment to extend the elective franchise in
the several States, it is equally clear that good
faith requires the security of tbe freedom in tbeir
liberfe and their property, tbeir right to labor, and
their right to claim the just return of their labor.
I cannot too strongly urge a dispassionate treat
ment of this subject, which should be carefully
kept aloof from all party strife. We must equally
avoid hasty assumptions of any natural impossibil
ity for tbe two races to live side by side, in a state
of mutual benefit and good will. Tbe experiment
involves us in no inconsistency; let us then, go on
and make that experiment in good fuitb, and not
be too easily disheartened. Tbe country is In need
of labor, and the freedmen in netd of era
ployment, culture aud protection. While
their rbzbt of volnntarv migration and exnnrtria,
tion t not questioned, I would, not advise their
forced removal and colonization. Let us rather en
courage them to honorable and useful industry,
where it may be beneficial to themselves and to the
country: And, instead of hastv aoticiiiations of tbe
cert, in ty of failure, let there be nothing wanting
to the fair trial of tbe experiments. Tbe change in
their condition is tbe substitution of labor by con,
tract for tbe status of slavery. Tbe freedmen can.
not fairly be accused of unwillingness to work, so
long as a doubt remains about bis freedom of cuoi-e
in his pursuits, and tbe certainty of his recovering
bis stipulated wage. Ia this tb interest of
the employer and the employed coincide..
Tbe employer desire in his workmen spirit
and alacrity, and tftese con be permanent
ly secured in no other way. And if the
one ought to be able to enforce the contract, so
ought the. other. Tbe public Interest will be best
promoted, if the several State will provide ade
quate protection and remedies for tlje freedmen.
Until Ibis is in some way Accompusbed, there is no
chance for the advantageous use of their labor;
and the blame of ill-success will not rest on them.
I know that sincere philanthropy is earnest for
the immediate realization of it remotest aims; but
tnu is always an element in reform. It Is one of
the greatest acts on record to bave brought four
millions of poeple Into freedom. The career of
'ree industry must be Curly opened to them ; and
then their future prosperity and condition must,
after all, rest mainly with themselves. If they
fail, and so perish away, let us be careful that the
failure shall not be attributable to any denial of
justice. In all that relate to the destiny of the
fretdinen, we need not be too anxious to read the
future; matiy incident which, from a speculative
point or view, might raise alarm, will quietly settle
themselves.
Now that slavery is at an end or near its end, the
greatness of 1 aril in the point of view of public
economy, become juore and more apparent.
Slavery was essentially a moaopo'j of labor, and
as such locked the States wber it prevailed against
the incoming of fret industry. Where labor was
tbe property of the capitalist, the whit man was
excluded from employment, or had bnt tbe second
best change of finding it; and tbe foreign emigrant
turned away, from the region where his condition
would be so precarious. With the destruction of
tbe monopoly, free labor will hasten from all parts
of the civilized world to assist in developing vari
ous and immeasurable resources which hav hitheto
lain dormant. Tb eight or nine States nearest tb
Gulf of Mexico bave a toil of exuberant fertility,
climate friendly to long life, and can sustain a
denser population tban i found as yet in any part
of our country. And tbe future influx of popula
tion to them will L niAiuly from tb North, or
the most cultivated nations in Kuroue.. From the
sufferings that bave attended them during our late
struggle, let u look away to the future, which is
sure to be laden for tbtm with greater prosperity
tban bos ever before been known. Tbe removal of
th monopoly of slave labor is a pledge that those
region will be peopled by A numerous and enter
prising papulation, which will vie with any in the
Union in compactness, invontiv genius, wealth,
And industry,
Our Government ri-rings from And was male for
the people not the people for the Government.
To tbem It owes allegiance ; from them It must de
rive Its courage, strength and wisdom. Hut, while
the tiorerumunt is thus bound to dtTer to the peo
ple, from whom it derives - its existence, it should,
from tbe very consideration of iu origin, be strong
in iU power of resistance to the establishment of
inequalities. Monopolies, perpetuities, and class
legislation, are contrary to the genius of fre gov,
crunitut, and ought not to be allowed. Her there
is no room for favored clusse or monopolies, tbe
prinsiplo of our Government is that of equal laws
and freedom of Industry. WUervr monopoly at
Uius a foothold, it I sure to b a source of danger.
discord, and trouble. W shall but fulfil our du
ties as legislator by according "equal and enact
ijuitic lo all men," ecuU privilege to none. The
noverumwni is suuortuiuu w mo -5iMr, um,
me agent anu repreacmaino ui me propie, iv niu
- ! I held superior to roonoolifs, whii h, In lbro
selves, ought never to be granted, And which,
wherc they exist, must b subordinate and yield to
th Government.
The Constitution confer on Congress the right to
regulale commerce among the several StaW It is
of th first necessity, for the maintenance of the
Union, that the commerce should be free and
unobstructed.- No State can b justified in uy
devic to tax the transit of travel and commerce
between State. Tb position of many States 1
such that, if they were allowed to take advantage
of -it for purposes of local revenue, tb , commerce
between states might b injuriously burdened, or
ven virtually prohibited. It is best, while tbe
tendency to dangerous monopolies of this kind is
still feeble, to use the power of Congress so as to
prevent any selfish impediment to the free circula
tion of men and merchandise.. " A tax on travel and
merchandise, in their transit, constitutes on of the
worst form of monopoly, and tb evil is increased
if coupled with a denial of the choice of route.
When the vast extent of our country u considered.
it is plain that every obstacle to the free circulation
of commerce between tbe States ought to be stern
ly guarded against by appropriate legislation, with
in th limit of th Constitution.
Tb report of the Secretary of the Interior ex.
plains tbe condition of the public lands, the trans
actions of tbe Patent Office and the Pension Bu
reau, tbe management of our Indian affairs, tbe
p. ogress made in tbe construction of. the Pacific
Railroad, and furnishes information in reference to
matters of local interest in the DUtrictof Columbia.
It aIm present evident.- of tbe successful operation
of tbe Horostesd Act. under tbe provisions of
whi;b 1,190,333 acre of the publie lauds were
entered during the last fiscal year more than otie-
lourtft or the whole number or acre cold or other
wise disposed of during that period. It is estima
ted that the receipt derived from this source are
sufficient to cover the expenses incident to the sur
vey and disposal of th lands entered nnder this
act, and that the payment In cash to the extent of
irom forty to fitly per cent, will be made by settlers,
who may thus tt any time Acquire tbe title before
the expiration of the period at which it would oth
erwise vest. Th bomsteod policy was established
only after long and- earnest resistance ; experience
proves it wisdom. Tbe lands in tbe bands of in
dustrious settlers, whose labor creates wealth and
contributes to the public resource, are worth more
to tbe United States than :l they had been reserved
as a solitude for future purchasers. The lamenta
ble event of the last four years, and the sacrifices
made by tbe gallant men of our array and navy
haveswelled tbe'records of the' Pension Bureau to
an unprecedented extent., On th 30th day of June
last, the total number of pensioner was 85,986, re
quiring for their Annual pay, exclusive of expenses,
the sum of 18,023,545. Tbe number of applica
tions that bave been allowed since that date will
require a large Increase of this amount for the
next fiscal year. The means for the payment of
tbe stipends due, under existing laws, to our dis
abled soldiers and sailors, and to the families of
such as bave perished lu the service of the country,
will no doubt be cheerfully and promptly granted.
A grateful people will not hesitate to sanction any
measure having for their object the relief of soldiers
mutilated and families made fatherless im the efforts
to preserve our national existence.
The report of 'be Postmaster General presents an
encouraging exhibit of tbe operations of the Post
Office Department during tbe year. The revenues
jf the past year from the loyal'States alone exceed
tbe maximum annual receipt from all the stales
previous to the rebellion, in tbe sum of $6,038,091;
and the annual average increase of revenue during
tbe hut four years, compared with tbe revenues ot
tbe four years immediately preceding tbe rebellion,
was $3,593,845. The revenue or th lost fiscal
year amounted to $14,Sk6,158, and th expendi
ture to $13,694,728,- leaving a surplus 6T receipts
over expenditures of $861,430. Progress lias been
made in restoring tbe postal serv'ce in tbe Southern
State. The views presented by tbe Paymaster
General against the police of granting subsidies to
ofean mail steamship lines upon established routes,
and in favor of continuing tbe present system,
which limit the compensation for ocean service to
the postage earnings, are recommended to the care
ful consideration of Congress.
It appears,' from tbe report of the Secretary- of
tbe Navy, that white, at the commencement ot the
present year, there were in commission 63" vessels
of all classes and descriptions, nrmed with 3000
guns and manned by 51,000 men. Tbe number of
vessels at present in commission is 117, with 830
guns ond 1 2, 1 28 men. By this prompt reduction of
the navl forces the expenses of the Government
will be largely diminished, and A number of ves
sels, purchased for naval purposes from the roer
chant marine, have been returned to the peaceful
pursuits of commerce. Since the suppression of
active hostilities our foreign squadrons have been
re-estAblifhed, and consist of vessels much more
efficient than those employed on previous seuAice
previous to the relllion. The suggestion for the
enlargement of the nary-yards, and especially for
the establishment of one in fresh water for iron
clad vessels, is deserving of consideration, a i
also the recommendation for A different location
and more ample grounds for the Naval Academy,
In the report of the Secretary of Wv, a general
summary is. given ot tue mi.iiary campaigns 01
1864 and 1865, ending lathe suppression or armed
resistance o tbe national authority in the insurgent
States. The operation of the general administra
tive Bureaus of the War Department during the
past year are detailed, and an estimate made of the
appropriations that will be required for military
purposes in the fiscal year commencing the 30th
day of June, 1806. Tbe national military force on
tbe 1st of May, 18C5, numbered 1,000,116 men.
It is proposed to reduce tbe military establishment
to A peace footing, comprehending fifty thousand
troops of all arms, organized so a to Admit of an
enlargement by filling up the ranks to iglity-two
thousand six hundred, it the circumstances or tne
country should require an augmentation of the
army. Tbe volunteer force has already been re.
duced by the discharge from service '( over eight
hundred' thousand trooiie, and the Department is
protecting rapidly in 'be wcrk of further reduc
tion. The war estimates are Teuucea irom oiu,
240,131 to $33,814,410, which Amount, in tb
opinion of the Department, is adequate for A peace
establishment, lu measures 01 rcircncniueni in
each Bureau and branch of tbe rervice exhibit
diligent economy worthy of commendation. Ref
erence is 1mi made in the report to the nocestity of
providing for uniform militia system, aud to the
propriety of making suitable provision for wounded
and disabled officers and soldier. ' -
The revenue system bl th country Is subject
of vital interest fo lu honor nr prosjienty, and
should command the earnest consideration of Con
gress. The Secretary of the Truosuary will lay be
fore ynu A fuj And deUiled rcwrt of the receipts
aud di.buncuienU of the I ut fiscal year, of the
probable receipts and expenditures for the other
three quarters, and the estimates for the year fol
lowing the 30lh of June, 1863. I might content
myself with a reference to thit report, in which
yon will find all the Information required for your
deliberations and decision, nut tue paramount im
portance, of the subject so prAaes iUclf on my mind,
that 1 cannot but lay before you my views of the
measures wbicb are required for th good character,
and, 1 might almost say, for the existence of this
people. The lite ol a repuunc nesceriaiuij ia m
tnergy, virtue, and intelligence of lU-citizens; but
It la eouallv true that A good revenue system is tbe
life of An organised Gevernmout, I meet you at a
tima when the nation bas voluutanly burdened it
self with A debt unprecedented in our Annals.
Yost a iu amount, it Tados awny into coming
when compared with tbe countless Messing that
will bo conferred upon eur country and Ukio m i
by th preservation of th nation's life. Now, on
lb first occasion of tb meeting of Congress siuc
the return of peace, it U of the utmoat imortanue
in luauauraU a Just policy, wmcu suail at owe oc
out in motion, and which shall commcua Itseu 10
those who come after us for lu continuauce. ne
must aim at nothing loss than tb complete enace
meat of th financial evils that necessarily follow!
a .Lata of civil war. We must endeavor to apply
the earliest remedy to the deranged (tat of the
sbrluk froiA uinug policy
. " ... , l
which, without being oppressive to in people, snasi
immediately begin lo tlVcl a reduction
I Ot lu dtol,
and, If persisted In, discharge It fully within A de-
finitely fixed number of year.
' It U our first duty to prepare in earnest f..r nur
recovery from the ever-increasing evils of an irre-
deemable currency, without A sudden revulsion,
IU limit re exceeded. W mar each one nf n.
counsel our Active And enterprising countrymen to
heVonstantly on their guard, to liquidate d'ebu con
tracted lu a paper currency, aud by conducting
business a nearly a possible on a system of ca.h
paymenU en short credit, to hold themselves pre
pared to return to tbe standard of gold and silver.
To aid our fellow-citizens in the prudent manage
ment of their monetary affairs, the duty devolves
on u to diminish by law the amount of paper
money now in circulation. Five fear ago the
bank-note eirculation of tbe country Amounted to
not much more tban two hundred millions; now
the circulation, bank and national, excee.ls seven
hundred millions. The simple statement of the
fact recommends more strongly than any words of
mine could do, th necessity of our restraining tbis
expansion. The gradual reduction of tbe currency
is the only measure that can save the business of
tbe country from disastrous calamities: And tbis
can b almost imperceptibly Accomplished by grad
ually funding the national circulation in securities
that may be made redeemable at tbe pleasure of
tbe Government,
Our debt is doubly secure first in the actual
wealth And still greater undeveloped resource of
the country; and next in tbe character of our In
stitutions. Tbe most intelligent observers among
political economists have not failed to remark, that
the publie debt of A country ie afe in proportion as
iu people are free, that the debt of a republic is
the safest of aIL - Our history confirms and estab
lishes tbe theory, an( Is, I firmly believe, destined
Eo give it still more signal illustration. Tbe secret
of this superiority spring not merely from tbe fact
that in republic the national obligations are dis
tributed more widely through counties numbers In
all classes of society; it has iu root !n the charac
ter of our law. Here all men contribute to the
fiublio welfare, and bear their fair share of the pub
ic burdens. During the war, under the impulse
of patriotism, the men of the great body of people,
witoout regard to their own comparative want or
wealth, thronged to our armies and filled ourfleeU
of war, and held themselves ready to offer their
live ror tne puDlic good. Now, fq tbeir turn, tbe
property and income of the cnuntiy should bear
their just proporition of tbe bnrden of taxation,
while in our impost system, through mean of
which increased vitality is inoidentally imparted to
all the industrial InteresU of the nation, lbs du
ties should be so adjusted a to fall most heavily on
articles of luxury, leaving tbe necessaries of Mfe as
free from taxation as the absolute wanU cf tbe
Government, economically administered will justi
fy. No favored class should demand freedom from
ssseiment, and the taxes should he so distributed
a not to fall unduly on tbe poor, but rather on the
accumulated . wealth of the country. We should
look "at tbe national debt just a it is not as A na
tional blessing, but as a heavy burden on the in
dustry of the country, to be discharged without
unnecessary delay. - -
It ii estimated by tbe Secretary of the Treasury
that the expei diture for the fiscal yeai ending the
30th of June, . 865, will exceed the receipU $112.-
194,947. It is gratifying, however, to state that
it is also estimated that the revenue for tbe year
eudlng the 30th of June, 1867, ejvill . exceed - the
expenditure ia tb lum of $111,682818. Tbis
amount, or so much as mar be deemed sufficient
for the purpose, may be applied to the reduction of
the public debt, wbicb, on the 31st day of October,
1865, was $2,740,84,750. Every reduction will
dimiuish the total amount of interest to be paid,
and so enlarge the means ef still further reductions.
until the whole shall be liquidated; and this, as
will be seen from the estimate of the Secretary of
the Jreasuary, may be accomplished by annual
payments even within a period not exceeding thirty
years. I have faith that we shall do all this within
a reasonable time; that as we have amazed the
world by tbe suppression of civu war which was
tho.t to belbeyond tbe control of Any Government,
so we shall equally show- tbe superiority of our in.
stitutions by the prompt and faithful discharge of
our national obligations. .
The Department of Agriculture, under iu pres
ent direction, is accomplishing much in tbe develo
ping and utilizing the vast agricultural capabilities
of the country, and for information respecting the
details of iU management reference is madu to tb
annual report of the Commissioner.
I hsv. dwelt, thus fully on our domestic affairs
because of their transcendeutal importance. U niter
any circumstance, our great extent of territory and
variety of climate, producing almost everything
that is necessary for the wants, and oven tb coin
forts of man, make us sineuiarly independent of tbe
varying policy of foreign Powers, and protects us
agaiust every temptation to "entagling alliances,'
while at Ibe present moment tbe re-establlshment or
harmony, ana the strength that come from har
mony, will be our best security against "nations
who feel powerful and forget the right.' ror my
self, it bas been and it will be my corstant aim to
promote peace and amity with all foreign nations
and Powers ; and I have every reason to believe
that they all, without exception, are animated by
tbe same disposition. Our relation witb tb Km
pcror of China 10 receut in their origin, are most
friendly. Our commerce w:t'j hi dominions 1 re
ceiving new developments; and it U very pleasing
to find that the Government of that great Kmpire
manifests satisfaction with our policy and reposes
just confidence in the fairness wbicb marks our in
tercourse. Hie nubrokea harmony between the Uur
ted States and th Kmperor of .(mala is receiving
A new support from au enterpriscd designed to car
ry telegraphic liues across the continent of Asia,
through hi dominions, .and so conuect us witb all
Europe by a new channel of inteicourtc. ' Our
commerce with South Amurica is about to receive
encouragement by A direct line of mail steamships
to the riuiug Kmpir of Brazil. The distinguished
party of men of science who have recently left our
country to wake a scientific exploration of the na
tural history and river and mountaiu ranges of
that region, hav received from the Emperor that
generous welcome wbicb wo to have been expeoi
ted from his constant friendship for the United
State, and his wall-known zeal in promoting the
advancement of knowledge. A bope is entertained
that our commerce with the rich and populou
countries that border the Mediterranean tea may be
largely increased. Nothing will lie wanting ou the
part of this Government to extend the prulection ol
our nag over in rmerpriee 01 our icuowi'iiizcna.
W e receive from tbe J'owers in tuat regiuii aasii,
ranees of good will ; aud it is worthy of note that
a sjiecial envoy lias brought us messages or condo
lence on lue ueaiu 01 uur iniu iiuki tiitwiHrnit'
from the. Uey of Taiiis, whose rule Include the
old dumiuiou of Carthage on Uie African coast
Our domestic co'iUwt, now biippily ended, lta
left some traces in our rt'latlous witb one at Irani
of the great maratimu Power. The formal nncor
dance of beligerent rights lo tbe insurgent huites
wa unprecedented, And bas not been justified by
th iistie. Bilt In the syatcms of neutrality pur
sued by the Powers which made tliot uuaciuaiuu
there was A marked diifereiio. ' The materials of
war fur the Insurgent tvatus were luriiishmi lu A
great measure from the workshop of In-cut nrit
aiu, and British ships, manned by ilrilitli auhjucts,
and prepared for receiving IliilWi urtu imeiila,
sailed from the ports of Great Hi iUiiu to make war
upon. American commerce, under thu shelter of 11
cuuiiuisaum from U10 iusurgout Slates. These shiiis
having oice escaped from Unlfta ports, ever alter
wards entered lliem ia every uirt of th world, to
rutiL and so to rrusw tlmir depredations. The eon-
scaueace of this couducl were must dUmrous lu
the Stale then la rebellion, increasing their desu
lation and misery by lli prolungaliou of uur eivil
uuutcst. It bod, moreover, th cit'out, to a great
enleut, to drive tbe American flag noiu lu sea,
ii ... t...it.t.r..i. i.,ii.ti ..nVk.Viifti.infr unftmir fvtiu.
. ..... .m-.m ..., ,... -..-. ---
mmy iu j in; pvn vi rt v riv.i.i
ana vet wnnont uniime v nmrnutinariim iwiii.i
end, w. must each in our respective position, preV iu7ZZ , Tn 'oTVlTST
par. the way.. I bold it th. duty of to. Executive bave nZXt
to insist upon frugality in the expenditures; and a and are K Interwovtn with Z J - f ?
.paring economy is Itself . great national resource. f tTfZ 3 " XZHi"''
Of the fa.uk. to which authority b bem given to tiol deci.En. I reTreT toTJVT.1'-1'"
issue note, secured by bonds of tb. United Stat,, Brilain decHned UJST
w. may require the greatest moderation and pri hand, invited u, to the "100 of 11
dence, and the law must be rigidly enforced when rnl-i'- ! . !mfl,.n.0f i"ln -
the necessity for , cn!,ng TIlwle eteal, Uxi
place before I wo called to me adminUlratiou of
the Government, Tb sincere dasir for peace by
winch I am animated led mo to approve tbe prppo
T ? r mA- M i"bnit lotion which
countries, from which, those for th depredation
before mcnUoued should lw excluded. Th-
si,i""i i tuat very umitUiactury forni, bos Utea
declined. ' '
Th Unittd Stiles did not present the snljeci as
an impeachment of tbe good faitb of Po-ter whWi
was professing le most friendly disposition, but a
involving questions of public law of which the set
tlemcnt is encntial to the peace of nations; and,
though pecuniary reparation to their injured citi
zen would bav followed incidentally on a decis
ion against Great Britain, such coropansatioa ws
not their primary object, Tbey bad A higher mo
tive, And ft was In the InteresU of peace and lue
tics to establish Important principles of Interna,
twnal law. Th vorrwpoadence . wiU b placed
before yoa, Tbe ground on which, the Brituk
Minister rests his justification Is, substantially, that
the municipal law of A nation, and the domestio
interpretation of that law, are tbe measure of it '
duty a a neutral; And I feel bound to declare any
opinion before vou and hefrw tha wnri.i !....
justification cannot be sustained before the tribunal
01 nations. At the same lime I do not Advise to
any present attempt at redress by acts of loglnl
tion. For tbe future, friendship between the twe
countries must rest on the basis of mutual Justice,
From the moment of the establishment of our
ree Constitution, the civilized world ha been colli
vuisea py tne revolutions in th interna ofdMiMni
racy or of monarchy! but through alii the, rove
lutionsthe United States. hav wisely and firmly
refused to become rrmpagandisU of republicanism!;
It i the only government suited to our condition
but w bav. never (ought to impose it on others;
and we bare consistently, followad- tha advice f
Washington to recommend it nnlv hv th narwfiil
preservation and prudent use of the blessing. Du
ring all the Intervening period the policy of
ropean Power and of thn United State nos, on
the whole, been harmonious,. , Twice, indeed, rn-4
mors of the invasion of some, parU of America, in
the interesu of monarchy, bare prevailed; twice
my predecessor have had occasion to announce th
view of this nation in respect to such Interference
On both occasions tbe remonstrance of tbe United
State was respected, from A deep conviction, 00 lb
part of European Governments, that the system of
uua-inun-rerence ana mutual Abstinence from pW
pagandism was the true rule fur the' two hernia
pberes. Since those time we have advanced in
wealth and power, but w retain the aama nnrnoaa
to leave tbe nations of Europe to choose their own
dynasties and form their own iystem of govern
menu. This consistent moderation mav lastly do.
mnnd a corresponding .moderation. We should
regard it as A great calamity to ourselves, to tha
cause of good government, and to the peace Of thn
wwrio, snouia any European rower challenge tbA
American people, as it were, to tb. defense of fi
publicanism against foreign interference. , We can,
not foresee and are unwilling to consider what
opportunities might present themselves, what com- -biuatious
..might offer to protect ouraelve against
design inimical to our form .of govern men t,,r Tb
United States desire to act ia tha future as they
have ever eoted heretofore; they never will be
driven from that course but by tbe aggression of
European Powers; and we rely on the wisdom and
justice of those Power to respect the- system of
non-intenerence wmcu Das so long been sanctioned,
by time, and Which, by iu ' good resUlU, has api
proved iteelf to both continenu. - i- . j ....
The correspondence between tb. United State
and France, in rcference.4o. question which have
become . tubjecU of discussion , between rtlie twtf
GoverntaenU,- will, at a proper time, be laid before
Congress. . , ...... ...,,-
When, on the organization of our Government,
under the Constitution, tbe President of the f nitcj
State delivered bin inaugural address to thelwd
House of Congress,, be said to them, end through,
tbem to the country and to. mankind, thai "tha
-preservation Of the sacVed- fire of liberty and the
destiny -of the republican model of government ara
justly considered a deeply, perhaps as finally staked-
ou tne experiment, imrusiea to tu American poo-i -ole.''
And the House of Representatives answered
Washington by the voice of Madison: 'We adoro
the invisible hand which haj'ted the1 American!
poopta through so many : difficulties, to oherith r
conscious responsibility for tlis dostiuy- -of republic
can liberty." More toon seventy-six .years hare,
glided away since these words were spoken; th
United State bave passed through severer trials'
than were foreseen; ,and now, at this new eponh ia
our existence a one nation, with our , Union puri
tied by sorrows, aud strengthened, by conflict, and
established by the virtue of the people, the greau
nets of the occasion invites as once fifbr to repeat
witb solemnity, the pledge of our Jathersoto noai
ourselves answerablo before our fellow man fur thai
success of the republican form of government. ' Ex
perience has- proved Its- sufficiency in peace' ahd Iff
war ; it has vindictcd lu authority thaoi'gh danger;
and affllctioas, and sudden And Urrjble eaiergurv)
cics, which would bar crushed Any system that
bad been less firmly fixed In the heart cf the people.
At the inaguration of Washington the foreign re
lations of the country were few, and iu trade wad
repressed by hostile regulations) now all the civ
itzed nations of tue glube welcome our commerce
and their CorernmenU profess toward us amity,
Then onr country felt Its way hesitatingly a'lofljf
an untried path, witb State! so little bound to
got her by rapid means of communication eA .ty
be hardly known to one another, and with tiUtoriu
traditions extending over very few yenfsj now 111
tercourse between tbe State isswifV'And Intimate
tbe experience of centuries has beencrowued Into
few generations, and bas. created an iuleuse aud
iudestrnctibl nationality. ' Then nur lurisdietion
did nut reach beyond tfre Inconvenient boundaries
of the territory w hich had Achieved Independence;
now, through cessions of lands, first colonized: by
Spaiu snd France, the country has acquired A
more complex character, and has for it natural
limits the chain of lakes, the (Julf of Mexico, and
on the east and the west of the'tw 'ireat ocean1'.
Other nations were wasted .by civil tvar for Aire
before tliey could establish for lhinisolvt-a,lliuc
essary degree of uuity; the latent runvieiioii that
onr form of government Is the best ever knowVlo
the wurld, has enabled us to emerge trow civil WAr
within four years, witb complete viiidicoiUm ef
the constitutional authority of tha General Uov
eminent, and with our local liltcrlirs aud State In.
stitutions unimpaired. The throngs of emigrant!
Dial crowd our shores are witnesses of the eolilT
dence of all people in our per waitre. 'i Ikr s
the great bind of free labor, where, udu4w i
blessed with unexampled rewards, ain( the breud of
tho worklngmaa Is sweetened byihe coiisciouitTcis
that the oaas of. ih country "Is his ow eatis',
b own safety, hi own iliguliy."i Here cms-y tut
enjoys the free use of bis faculties and be cbuiy
of activity a A natural right, Icre -under tha
combined Itifliience of fruitful urtif, gtiWal cllifier.
and bapnv Institution,' population ua liieroa4
tirtcen fold within a ceutury, Uvr,. y.r0igb lb
euy development ol' bpundlc.- resource. wialUf
has increased with two-fold greater rapidity ifia'n
numbers, to that we have tn4'omuaset:ar'agnitfst
the financial rii IssUudr. -nf uther iountriey ami;
alike in businuM and in lyl'timi, sro, sell'-cwnpfinj
and truly iiidex-iiilent. Here mora and more ui
Is glveu to pro v ids edungiiiyi fur every oue born
on our soil. Here religion, rcleuted from folitc.tl
connection with the civil government, rct'uwf i
suhsei v the craft of statesmen, and becomes, In It
iudeueodnu , tha spiritual lit f the (H-opto. Her
tuleralion is extended to every opiuion, in iu quirt
certainty that truth needs only a fair fid tosociu.
the vli-tory. Here the human nun 1 gms forth
unshackled in th. pursuit of science,' tu 'collei't
stores of knowledge and symtire an ever-lncruariug
mastery over th force of uaiuisv - Here tue Va
tiuuol duuiain is offered and held in tmlli.in, of treys
CaiiiluJ. J oh luuith :