A. INTRODUCTION

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC's) regulations in 10 CFR Part 30,
"Rules of General Applicability to Domestic Licensing of Byproduct Material";
Part 40, "Domestic Licensing of Source Material"; and Part 70, "Domestic Licensing
of Special Nuclear Material," require some fuel cycle and materials licensees
to prepare emergency plans. The information specified in this guide should be
included in the licensee's emergency plan to comply with the requirements of
10 CFR 30.32(i)(3), 40.31(j)(3), or 70.22(i)(3).

This regulatory guide provides guidance acceptable to the NRC staff on the
information to be included in emergency plans and establishes a format for presenting
the information. Use of a standard format will help ensure uniformity and completeness
in the preparation of emergency plans.

An acceptable emergency plan should describe the licensed activities, the facility,
and the types of accidents that might occur. It should provide information on
classifying postulated accidents and the licensee's procedures for notifying
and coordinating with offsite authorities. The plan should provide information
on emergency response measures that might be necessary, the equipment and facilities
available to respond to an emergency, and how the licensee will maintain emergency
preparedness capability. It should describe the records and reports that will
be maintained. There should also be a section on recovery after an accident,
including plans for restoring the facility to a safe condition.

Detailed descriptive information on processes, materials storage areas and
containers, ventilation, process controls, activity locations, vessels, and
confinement of radioactive or other hazardous materials may be necessary for
the NRC to evaluate the adequacy of the emergency plan. Detailed information
that would help response organizations assess accident consequences and estimate
releases should be included in the plan. Other detailed information that is
needed primarily for the licensing review may be submitted separately as a supplement
to the plan or incorporated by reference to other licensing submittals.

This regulatory guide supersedes Revision 1 of NUREG-0762, "Standard Format
and Content for Emergency Plans for Fuel-Cycle and Materials Facilities" (Ref.
1). Licensees who prepared emergency plans in accordance with NUREG-0762 should
review their plans against this guide. Preparing plans in accordance with this
guide will facilitate NRC review and approval of applications made pursuant
to 10 CFR 30.32, 40.31, or 70.22.

An effective response to an emergency comprises WHAT is to be done (procedures),
BY WHOM (response personnel), and WITH WHAT (equipment in designated locations).
The emergency plan reflects, in general terms, the preplanning done in preparing
to cope with an emergency, but the details of the actual response are contained
in the emergency plan's implementing procedures.

The implementing procedures are the heart of the emergency response. They must
be clear, precise, and easily understood. Each procedure should pertain to a
narrow, specific response action.

Throughout this guide, the licensee or applicant will be asked to describe
procedures instead of submitting them to the NRC for approval. NRC uses this
practice to eliminate the need for a license amendment every time the procedures
need to be changed. Details contained in the procedures will need to be changed
from time to time. If each change in a procedure required NRC approval, frequent
and time-consuming license amendments would be required. Therefore, the license
is issued on the basis of the descriptions of procedures in the emergency plan.
The procedures may be changed within the scope of these descriptions. However,
this practice makes it necessary for the licensee or applicant to give close
attention to the way the implementing procedures are described. In preparing
the implementing procedures, the applicant should be aware that the NRC may
review them during the licensing process and during inspections to ensure that
the procedures are current and workable and that they conform with the descriptions
in the emergency plan.

Any changes to the emergency plan that decrease the effectiveness of the plan
must have NRC approval before implementation pursuant to 10 CFR 30.34(f), 40.35(f),
and 70.32(i). The licensee may change the emergency plan without prior NRC approval
if the changes do not decrease the effectiveness of the plan. These changes
should be submitted to the appropriate NRC licensing office and to affected
offsite response organizations within six months after the changes are made.
The submittals should include the date the changes became effective.

The licensee is encouraged to have a single emergency plan to meet the requirements
of State agencies or the Community Right-To-Know Act as well as to comply with
the regulations of the NRC. Additional material to meet these other regulations
should either be included in the plan or referenced in the licensee's emergency
plan submitted to the NRC. This additional material will be reviewed by the
NRC only to ensure that it does not diminish compliance with the NRC's requirements.

Finally, the licensee should certify that it is in compliance with Title III
of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-499,
entitled "Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986," with
respect to any hazardous materials possessed at the plant site.

Any information collection activities mentioned in this regulatory guide are
contained as requirements in 10 CFR Parts 30, 40, or 70, which provide the regulatory
basis for this guide. The information collection requirements in 10 CFR Parts
30, 40, and 70 have been cleared under OMB Clearance Nos. 3150-0017, 3150-0020,
and 3150-0009, respectively.

B. FORMAT

Graphical Presentations

Graphical presentations such as drawings, maps, diagrams, sketches, and tables
should be employed if the information may be presented more accurately or conveniently
by such means. Due concern should be taken to ensure that all information presented
is legible, that symbols are defined, and that scales are not reduced to the
extent that visual aids are necessary to interpret pertinent items of information.
These graphical presentations should be located in the section where they are
primarily discussed.

References used may appear as footnotes to the page where discussed or at the
end of each chapter.

Physical Specifications

Paper size

Paper stock and ink. Suitable quality in substance, paper color, and
ink density for handling and reproduction by microfilming or image-copying equipment.

Page margins. A margin of no less than 1 inch should be maintained
on the top, bottom, and binding side of all pages submitted.

Printing

(1) Composition: text pages should be single spaced.

(2) Typeface and style: should be suitable for microfilming or image-copying
equipment.

(3) Reproduction: may be mechanically or photographically reproduced. All
pages of text should be printed on both sides and the image printed head
to head.

Binding. Pages should be punched for standard three-hole loose-leaf
binders.

Page numbering. Pages should be numbered with the digits corresponding
to the chapter followed by a hyphen and a sequential number, e.g., the third
page of Chapter 4 should be numbered 4-3. The chapter numbers should correspond
to the chapters in this guide. Do not number the entire plan sequentially.

List of Effective Pages. A list of every page in the plan and the
effective revision number or revision date of each page should be provided as
a means of December 1991 verifying that the plan is complete
and current. The list should include the pages of any enclosures or attachments
that are part of the plan.

Table of contents. A table of contents and an index of key items should
be included.

Procedures for Updating or Revising Pages

Data and text should be updated or revised by replacing pages. The changed
or revised portion on each page should be highlighted by a "change indicator"
mark consisting of a bold vertical line drawn in the margin opposite the binding
margin. The line should be of the same length as the portion actually changed.

All pages submitted to update, revise, or add pages to the plan should show
the revision number or revision date. Each revision should include a new list
of effective pages and an instruction sheet listing the pages to be inserted
and the pages to be removed. Readers should be instructed to check the plan
against the list of effective pages to verify that the revised plan is complete.

C. EMERGENCY PLANS

1. FACILITY DESCRIPTION

The information in this section is to provide perspective about the facility
and the licensed activity such that the adequacy and appropriateness of the
licensee's emergency planning, emergency organization, and emergency equipment
can be evaluated.

1.1 Description of Licensed Activity

Present briefly the principal aspects of the overall licensed activity. A general
description of licensed and other activities conducted at the facility, the
location of the facility, and the type, form, and quantities of radioactive
and other hazardous materials normally present should be included. Any radioactive
materials authorized under a State license should also be described.

1.2 Description of Facility and Site

Provide a detailed drawing of the site for the emergency plan. An enlarged
duplicate of the drawing suitable for use as a wall map (24 x 30 inch minimum)
should also be provided. The detailed drawing should be drawn to scale and show
or indicate the following:

Onsite and near-site structures with building numbers (if applicable) and
descriptive labels.

A bar scale in both meters and feet.

A compass indicating north.

Roads and parking lots onsite and main roads and highways near the site.

Site boundaries, showing fences and gates.

Exhaust stacks, storage areas, retention ponds, and other major site features.

Rivers, lakes, streams, or other ground-water sources onsite and within
approximately 1 mile.

Provide a concise description of all site features affecting emergency response,
including communication and assessment centers, assembly and relocation areas,
and process and storage areas. Identify any additional site features likely
to be of interest because they are related to the safety of site operations.
The emergency plan should include a list of all hazardous chemicals used at
the site, typical quantities possessed, locations of use and storage, and the
hazardous characteristics (radioactivity, pH, other) of material in sediment
and retention ponds. The stack heights, typical stack flow rates, and the efficiencies
of any emission control devices should be summarized in the emergency plan to
help response organizations assess releases.

1.3 Description of Area Near the Site

Include a description of the principal characteristics of the area near the
site at which licensed activities are conducted. Indicate the site on a general
area map (approximately 10-mile radius) and on a United States Geological Survey
7.5' topographical map1 (approximately 1-mile radius). Provide a
map or aerial photograph indicating onsite structures and near-site structures
(about 1-mile radius). On this photograph or map, include the following:

Identification of the types of terrain and the land use patterns around
the site.

2. TYPES OF ACCIDENTS

Emergency planning is concerned with individual and organizational responses
to a range of potential accidents, including those accidents that have been
hypothesized but that have a very low probability of occurrence.

2.1 Description of Postulated Accidents

Identify and describe each type of radioactive materials accident for which
actions may be needed to prevent or minimize exposure of persons offsite to
radiation or radioactive materials. Exposure levels at the site boundary should
be treated as the levels p0tentially affecting persons offsite.

Describe the accidents in terms of the process and physical location where
they could occur. Describe how the accidents could happen (equipment malfunction,
instrument failure, human error, etc.), possible complicating factors, and possible
onsite and offsite consequences. Accident descriptions should include nonradioactive
hazardous material releases that could impact emergency response efforts. Facilities
that can have criticality accidents should evaluate the direct radiation exposure
from postulated criticality accidents in addition to the dose from released
radioactive materials.

2.2 Detection of Accidents

Describe the means provided to detect and to alert the licensee's operating
staff of any abnormal operating condition or of any other danger to safe operations
(e.g., a severe weather warning). For each type of accident identified in the
emergency plan, describe the means of detecting the accident, the means of detecting
any release of radioactive or other hazardous material, the means of alerting
the operating staff, and the anticipated response of the operating staff. Examples
are visual observation, radiation monitors, smoke detectors, process alarms,
and criticality alarms. Indicate at what stage of the accident it would be detected.
Also indicate if the area of the postulated accidents or remote readouts of
alarms or detectors located in such areas are under continuous visual observation.

3. CLASSIFICATION AND NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS

Accidents should be classified as an alert or a site area emergency according
to the definitions in 10 CFR 30.4, 40.4, and 70.4. In its emergency plan and
in coordination meetings with offsite authorities, the licensee should convey
the concept that fuel cycle and materials facilities do not present the same
degree of hazard (by orders of magnitude) as are presented by nuclear power
plants. Thus, the classification scheme for these facilities is different. The
licensee should explain to offsite authorities the definitions of accident severity
and the expected response actions associated with alert and site area emergency
conditions. NUREG-1140, "A Regulatory Analysis on Emergency Preparedness for
Fuel Cycle and Other Radioactive Material Licensees" (Ref. 2), contains a description
of past incidents involving radioactive materials.

3.1 Classification System

An alert is defined as an incident that has led or could lead to a release
to the environment of radioactive or other hazardous material, but the release
is not expected to require a response by an offsite response organization to
protect persons offsite. An alert reflects mobilization of the licensee's emergency
response organization, either in a standby mode that will activate some portions
of the licensee's organization or full mobilization, but does not indicate an
expectation of offsite consequences. However, an alert may require offsite response
organizations to respond to onsite condition such as a fire.

A site area emergency is defined as an incident that has led or could lead
to a significant release to the environment of radioactive or other hazardous
material and that could require a response by an offsite organization to protect
persons offsite. A site area emergency reflects full mobilization of the licensee's
emergency response organization and may result in requests for offsite organizations
to respond to the site.

In the emergency plan, identify the classification (alert or site area emergency)
that is expected for each of the accidents postulated in Section 2.1 of this
guide. Relate the classification to the accident description and detection means
described in Section 2.2. Identify the emergency action levels (EALs) at which
an alert or site area emergency will be declared. EALs are specific conditions
that require emergency response measures to be performed. Licensees should establish
specific initiating conditions relative to particular events or changes in instrument
sensors. Appendix A provides a list of examples of initiating conditions for
declaring an alert or site area emergency.

Although it is unlikely that a site area emergency requiring offsite actions
will occur at a fuel cycle or materials facility, the licensee must be able
to recognize potential offsite hazards and make the required notifications in
such a manner that offsite response organizations can take appropriate actions,
such as sheltering or evacuating persons in the affected area.

The NRC intends that licensees be allowed to have a single emergency plan that
can apply to all licensee needs and regulatory requirements. To this end, it
should be understood that a licensee may wish to include in the emergency plan
some incidents that do not fall within the jurisdiction of the NRC. For example,
the licensee may wish to include industrial accidents or fires unrelated to
the licensee's work with nuclear materials. The licensee may include such incidents
in the emergency plan.

The classification of emergencies involving poten tial or actual releases of
nonradioactive hazardous materials should be coordinated with the local emergency
planning committee established under the provisions of Section 301(c) of the
Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of 1986 (Title III of the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-499). The licensee
should clearly identify any part of the emergency plan that does not apply to
activities licensed by the NRC.

3.2 Notification and Coordination

3.2.1 Alert

The purpose of declaring an alert is to ensure that emergency personnel are
alerted and at their emergency duty stations to mitigate the consequences of
the accident, that the emergency is properly assessed, that offsite officials
are notified, and that steps can be taken to escalate the response quickly if
necessary. The licensee should describe how and by whom the following actions
will be taken:

Decision to declare an alert.

Activation of onsite emergency response organization.

Prompt notification of offsite response authorities that an alert has been
declared (normally within 15 minutes of declaring an alert).

Notification to the NRC Operations Center at 301-951-0550 immediately after
notification of offsite authorities, and in any case within 1 hour of the
declaration of an alert. (See 10 CFR Part 20 for additional notification
requirements.)

Decision to initiate any onsite protective actions.

Decision to escalate to a site area emergency, if appropriate.

Decision to request support from offsite organizations.

Decision to terminate the emergency or enter recovery mode.

3.2.2 Site Area Emergency

The purpose of declaring a site area emergency is to ensure that offsite officials
are informed of potential or actual offsite consequences, that offsite officials
are provided with recommended actions to protect persons offsite, and that the
licensee's response organization is augmented by additional personnel and equipment.
The licensee should describe how and by whom the following actions will be taken:

Decision to declare a site area emergency.

Activation of onsite emergency response organization.

Prompt notification of offsite response authorities that a site area emergency
has been declared, including the licensee's initial recommendation for offsite
protective actions (normally within 15 minutes of declaring a site area
emergency).

Notification to the NRC Operations Center at 301-951-0550 immediately after
notification of the appropriate offsite response organizations and not later
than 1 hour after the licensee has declared a site area emergency. (See
10 CFR Part 20 for additional notification requirements.)

Decision on what onsite protective actions to initiate.

Decision on what offsite protective actions to recommend.

Decision to request support from offsite organizations.

Decision to terminate the emergency or enter recovery mode.

3.3 Information To Be Communicated

The licensee should be prepared to provide clear, concise information to offsite
response organizations. The communication should avoid technical terms and jargon
and should be stated to prevent an under- or over-evaluation of the seriousness
of the incident. Describe the types of information that will be communicated
with respect to facility status, releases of radioactive or other hazardous
materials, and recommendations for protective actions to be implemented by offsite
response organizations. The emergency plan should contain the preplanned protective
action recommendations the licensee will make to each appropriate offsite organization
(including the NRC) for each postulated accident. The licensee should try to
make protective action recommendations directly to State or local officials
responsible for implementing the specific protective actions. The recommendations
should specify the size of the area where the actions are to be taken. The licensee
should obtain the input of offsite organizations to ensure that they recommend
the most practical and efficient protective actions for each postulated accident.
A standard reporting checklist should be developed to facilitate timely notification.
Provide assurance to the NRC that the information has been received by offsite
response organizations and that it is periodically reaffirmed and updated with
these agencies.

The standard reporting checklist should be developed in cooperation with offsite
officials to ensure that it meets their information needs and that their personnel
are trained to receive and relay such information. The licensee should provide
initial protective action recommendations at the same time it initially notifies
offsite authorities of a site area emergency declaration.

4. RESPONSIBILITIES

In this section, describe the emergency organization to be activated onsite
for possible events, as well as its augmentation and support offsite. Delineate
the authorities and responsibilities of key individuals and groups, and identify
the communication chain for notifying and mobilizing the necessary personnel
during normal and nonworking hours.

4.1 Normal Facility Organization

Provide a brief description of the normal (day-today) facility organization
and identify by position those individuals who have the responsibility and authority
to declare an emergency and to initiate the appropriate response.

4.2 Onsite Emergency Response Organization

Describe the onsite emergency response organization for the facility, and include
the organization for periods such as offshift, holidays, weekends, and extended
outages when normal operations are not being conducted. Use organization charts
and tables when appropriate. If the organization is activated in phases, describe
the basic organization and each additional component that may be activated to
augment the organization.

4.2.1 Direction and Coordination

Designate the position of the person and alternates who have the overall responsibility
for implementing and directing the emergency response. Discuss this person's
duties and authority, including control of the situation, termination of the
emergency condition, coordination of the staff and offsite personnel who augment
the staff, communication with parties requesting information about the event,
authority to request support from offsite agencies, and authority to delegate
responsibilities. Indicate the individuals who may be delegated certain emergency
responsibilities.

4.2.2 Onsite Staff Emergency Assignments

Specify the organizational group or groups assigned to the functional areas
of emergency activity listed below. Indicate the basis for personnel assignment
for both working and nonworking time periods. For each group, describe duties,
authority, and interface with other groups and outside assistance.

The organizational groups should provide capability in the following areas:

Facility system operations

Fire control

Personnel evacuation and accountability

Search and rescue operations

First aid

Communications

Radiological survey and assessment (onsite and offsite)

Personnel decontamination

Facility decontamination

Facility security and access control

Facility repair and damage control

Post-event assessment

Recordkeeping

Media contact

Criticality safety assessment

4.3 Local Offsite Assistance to Facility

Describe provisions and arrangements for assistance to onsite personnel during
and after an emergency. Indicate the location of local assistance with respect
to the facility if not previously stated. Ensure that exposure guidelines are
clearly communicated to offsite emergency response personnel. Identify the services
to be performed, means of communication and notification, and type of agreements
that are in place for the following:

Medical treatment facilities

First aid personnel

Fire fighters

Law enforcement assistance

Ambulance service

Describe the measures that will be taken to ensure that offsite agencies maintain
an awareness of their respective roles in an emergency and have the necessary
periodic training, equipment, and supplies to carry out their emergency response
functions. Discuss any provisions to suspend security or safeguards measures
for site access during an emergency.

4.4 Coordination with Participating Government Agencies

Identify the principal State agency and other government (local, county, State,
and Federal) agencies or organizations having responsibilities for radiological
or other hazardous material emergencies at the facility. For each agency or
organization, describe:

Its authority and responsibility in a radiological or hazardous material
emergency and its interface with others, if any;

Its specific response capabilities in terms of personnel and resources
available;

Its location with respect to the facility;

The rumor control arrangements that have been made with the agency or organization.
(The emergency plan should describe where the public and media can obtain
information during an emergency.)

Typical agencies to be included are the local emergency planning committee
established under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act of
1986; State departments of health, environmental protection, and emergency or
disaster control; and local fire and police departments. Ensure that the licensee
will meet at least annually with each offsite response organization to review
items of mutual interest, including relevant changes in the licensee's emergency
preparedness program. The licensee should discuss the emergency action level
scheme, notification procedures, and overall response coordination process during
these meetings.

5. EMERGENCY RESPONSE MEASURES

Specific emergency response measures should be identified for each class of
emergency and related to action levels or criteria that specify when the measures
are to be effected. Response measures include assessment actions, mitigative
actions, onsite and offsite protective actions, exposure control, authorization
of emergency exposures in excess of Part 20 limits, and aid to injured persons.

5.1 Activation of Emergency Response Organization

Describe the means used to activate the emergency response organization for
each class of emergency during both regular and nonregular hours. Include a
description of the method used to authenticate messages. Identify the activation
levels for each class and relate them to the responsibilities identified in
Chapter 4. In this and subsequent sections, describe the specific written procedures
to be used.

5.2 Assessment Actions

For each class of emergency, discuss the actions to be taken to determine the
extent of the problem and to decide what corrective actions may be required.
Describe the types and methods of onsite and offsite sampling and monitoring
that will be done in case of a release of radioactive or other hazardous material.
Describe provisions for projection of offsite radiation exposures.

5.3 Mitigating Actions

For the events identified in Chapter 2, briefly describe the means and equipment
provided for mitigatmg the consequences of each type of accident. Include the
mitigation of consequences to workers onsite as well as to the public offsite.
In the event of a warning of impending danger, describe the criteria hat will
be used to decide whether a single process or the entire facility will be shut
down, the steps that will be taken to ensure a safe orderly shutdown of equipment,
and approximate times required to accomplish a safe shutdown of processes. Mitigating
actions could include steps to reduce or stop any releases and steps to protect
personnel (e.g., evacuation, shelter, decontamination).

Means for limiting releases could include:

Sprinkler systems and other fire-suppression systems.

Fire detection systems

Firefighting capabilities

Filtration or holdups systems

Use of water sprays on airborne releases of radioactive material

Storage in fire-resistant containers

Use of fire-resistant building materials

Criticality controls

5.4 Protective Actions

The nature of onsite and offsite protective actions, the criteria for implementing
those actions, the areas involved, and the procedures for notification to affected
persons should be described in the plan. To prevent or minimize exposure to
radiation, radioactive materials, and other hazardous materials, the plan should
provide for timely relocation of onsite persons, timely recommendation of offsite
actions, effective use of protective equipment and supplies, and use of appropriate
contamination control measures.

5.4.1 Onsite Protective Actions

5.4.1.1 Personnel Evacuation and Accountability. This segment
of the emergency plan should include:

Criteria for ordering an evacuation

The means and time required to notify persons involved

Evacuation routes, transportation of personnel

Locations of onsite and offsite assembly areas

Search and rescue

Monitoring of evacuees for contamination and control measures if contamination
is found

Criteria for command center and assembly area evacuation and reestablishment
at alternate location

Procedures for evacuating and treating injured personnel, including contaminated
personnel

Provisions for determining and maintaining the accountability of assembled
and evacuated personnel.

5.4.1.2 Use of Protective Equipment and Supplies. Effective
use of protective equipment and supplies, including the proper onsite distribution
or availability of special equipment, is an important measure for minimizing
the effects of exposure to or contamination by radioactive materials. Measures
that should be considered are:

Use of potassium iodide to block uptake of radioactive iodine (if appropriate).

For each measure that might be used, describe:

Criteria for issuance of emergency equipment, if appropriate

Locations of emergency equipment and supplies

Inventory lists indicating the emergency equipment and supplies at each
specified location

Means for distribution of these items.

5.4.1.3 Contamination Control Measures. Describe provisions
for preventing further spread of radioactive materials and for minimizing radiation
exposures from radioactive materials that are unshielded or released by abnormal
conditions.

Onsite protective actions should be described and should include isolation,
area access control, and application of criteria for permitting return to normal
use. Action criteria for implementing the planned measures should be described.

5.4.2 Offsite Protective Actions

Describe the conditions that would require protective actions offsite and list
postulated accidents that could meet any of the conditions. Discuss what protective
action recommendations would be made to offsite authorities, when each recommendation
would be made, and what area offsite would be affected. Protective action recommendations
should be consistent with the analysis results in NUREG-1140 (Ref. 2) and the
guidance in the EPA Manual of Protective Action Guides (Ref. 3).

5.5 Exposure Control in Radiological Emergencies

In this section, describe the means for controlling radiological exposures
for emergency workers.

5.5.1 Emergency Radiation Exposure Control Program

5.5.1.1 Radiation Protection Program. Describe the onsite
radiation protection program to be implemented during emergencies, including
methods to comply with exposure guidelines. Identify individuals, by position
or title, who can authorize workers to receive emergency doses. Procedures should
be provided in advance for permitting onsite volunteers to receive radiation
doses in the course of carrying out lifesaving and other emergency activities.
Procedures should provide for expeditious decisionmaking and a reasonable consideration
of relative risks.

5.5.1.2 Exposure Guidelines. Specify onsite exposure guidelines
consistent with the EPA Manual of Protective Actions Guides (Ref. 3) to be used
in actions to control fires, stop releases, or protect facilities. Guidelines
for exposure to uranium, plutonium, or other toxic materials should be based
on the chemical toxicity when the toxicity hazard is greater than the radiation
hazard. Exposure guidelines should be provided for:

Removing injured persons

Undertaking mitigating actions

Performing assessment actions

Providing onsite first aid

Performing personnel decontamination

Providing ambulance service

Providing offsite medical treatment.

5.5.1.3 Monitoring. Describe provisions for determining the
doses and dose commitments from external radiation exposure and any internally
deposited radioisotopes received by emergency personnel involved in any accidents,
including volunteers and emergency workers from offsite support organizations
who may receive radiation exposure while performing their duties at the licensee's
facility. Include provisions for distribution of dosimeters, both self-reading
and permanent record devices, and means for assessmg inhalation exposures.

Describe provisions for ensuring that dose and dose commitment records are
maintained for licensee and offsite support organization's emergency workers
involved in any nuclear accident.

5.5.2 Decontamination of Personnel

Specify action levels for decontaminating personnel. Describe the means for
decontaminating emergency personnel, supplies, instruments, and equipment; and
describe the means for collecting and handling radioactive wastes. Describe
provisions for surveying and decontaminating relocated onsite personnel, including
providing extra clothing and decontaminates suitable for the type of contamination
expected.

5.6 Medical Transportation

Specify how injured personnel, who may also be radiologically contaminated,
will be transported to medical treatrnent facilities. Describe how chemicals
or hazardous materials used in conjunction with radioactive materials may impact
medical transportation.

5.7 Medical Treatment

Describe arrangements made for hospital and medical services, both local and
backup, and their capabilities to evaluate and treat injuries from radiation,
radioactive materials, and other hazardous materials used in conjunction with
radioactive materials. The description should include the capabilities to control
any contamination that may be associated with physical injuries. The licensee
should be prepared to provide ambulance and hospital personnel with health physics
support if needed. If needed during an emergency, the NRC can obtain physicians
for consultation and other medical assistance through the Department of Energy
(DOE).

6. EMERGENCY RESPONSE EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

In this chapter, describe the onsite equipment and facilities designated for
use during emergencies. Provide sufficient detail to allow the NRC staff to
determine the adequacy of the equipment to perform its function during an emergency.

6.1 Command Center

Describe the principal and alternative locations from which control and assessment
for the emergency will be exercised. Identify the criteria used to predetermine
the number and location of command centers in order to ensure that at least
one will be habitable during any emergency. Indicate the means for identifying
which command center will be used in a given emergency. Specify the criteria
for evacuating a command center and re-establishing control from an alternative
location. Provide a description of the primary and alternative locations from
which licensee emergency workers would be dispatched for radiation survey, damage
assessment, emergency repair, or other mitigating tasks if these persons would
not be dispatched from the command centers.

6.2 Communications Equipment

6.2.1 Onsite Communications

Describe the primary and any alternative onsite communication systems that
would be used to transmit and receive information throughout the course of an
emergency and the subsequent recovery. Discuss the frequency of operational
tests.

6.2.2 Offsite Communications

A backup means of offsite communication, other than commercial telephone, should
be provided for notification of emergencies and requests for assistance. Operational
tests of backup communications systems should be conducted periodically.

6.3 Onsite Medical Facilities

Describe the facilities and medical supplies at the site designated for emergency
first aid treatment and contamination control of injured individuals.

6.4 Emergency Monitoring Equipment

List and describe the dedicated emergency equipment that will be available
for personnel and area monitoring, as well as that for assessing the release
of radioactive materials to the environment. The description should include
the purpose of the equipment. The location of all monitoring equipment should
be described. The emergency plan should discuss how the storage locations will
ensure that sufficient emergency monitoring equipment will be accessible in
a nonhazardous location for each type of postulated accident. Include similar
descriptions of routine effluent monitors and meteorological measurement systems,
if present. Describe how these are to be used to assess the magnitude and dispersion
of releases. In addition to the radiological monitoring equipment, indicate,
if applicable, the instrumentation to be used for monitoring chemically toxic
materials. Describe available meteorological monitoring equipment, including
locations of monitors, elevations of sensors, and location of readout.

7. MAINTAINING EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS CAPABILITY

7.1 Written Emergency Plan Procedures

Identify the means for ensuring that written emergency plan procedures will
be prepared, kept up to date, and distributed to all affected parties. Describe
the review process that will ensure these procedures clearly state the duties,
responsibilities, action levels, and actions to be taken by each group or individual
in response to an emergency condition. Describe provisions for approval of the
procedures, making and distributing changes to the procedures, and ensuring
that each person responsible for an emergency response function has easy access
to a current copy of each procedure that pertains to his or her functions.

7.2 Training

Describe the topics and general content of training programs used for training
the onsite emergency response staff. Specify the training afforded to those
personnel who prepare, maintain, and implement the emergency plan. Ensure that
the procedures include schedules and lesson plans for the training, frequency
of retraining, and the estimated number of hours of initial training and retraining
that will be provided. Include the training requirements for each position in
the emergency organization. Describe training to be provided on the use of protective
equipment such as respirators. Describe the training program for onsite personnel
who are not members of the emergency response staff so that they are aware of
what actions they may have to take following the declaration of an emergency.
Discuss what special instructions and orientation tours the licensee will offer
periodically to fire, police, medical, and other offsite emergency response
personnel. Topics to be addressed during training for offsite emergency response
personnel should include exposure guidelines, personnel monitoring devices,
and basic contamination control principles.

7.3 Drills and Exercises

Describe provisions for periodic drills and exercises to test the adequacy
of implementing procedures, to test emergency equipment and instrumentation,
and to ensure that the emergency personnel are familiar with their duties. Typically,
drills are internal tests of specific licensee emergency response functions,
related functions are often simulated, and offsite organizations are not invited
to participate. Exercises are typically full-scale tests of the licensee's entire
emergency response organization, and offsite organizations are invited to participate.
Preplanned descriptions of accidents should be used to prepare scenarios appropriate
to the objective of each drill and exercise. The procedures should include a
requirement for one or more nonparticipating observers to evaluate the effectiveness
of the personnel, the procedures, the readiness of equipment and instrumentation,
and to recommend needed changes. For those drills and exercises that involve
simultaneous activities at more than one location, observers should be provided
at each location. Describe how criteria for acceptable performance will be prepared
and provided to observers for evaluating the performance of participants.

7.3.1 Biennial Exercises

Ensure that an exercise will be held biennially and that offsite response organizations
will be invited to participate in the biennial exercise in order to exercise
coordination with offsite assistance organizations, including testing procedures
and equipment for notifying and communicating with local and State agencies.
Ensure that the NRC will be invited to participate or observe if they wish.
Ensure that exercise scenarios are not known by exercise participants and are
plausible for the specific site. Discuss any provisions to suspend security
or safeguards measures for site access during an exercise. These exercises should
be planned so that all emergency response activities are adequately demonstrated.
The exercise objectives and scenario should be provided to the NRC at least
60 days before the exercise to obtain NRC comments on how well the exercise
will test the licensee's emergency response capabilities.

7.3.2 Quarterly Communications Checks

Ensure that checks are conducted with offsite response organizations each quarter
to verify and update all necessary telephone numbers.

7.4 Critiques

Ensure that a critique will be prepared for each drill and exercise by one
or more of the nonparticipating observers and that it will evaluate the appropriateness
of the emergency plan, procedures, facilities, equipment, personnel training,
and overall effectiveness. The emergency plan and implementing procedures should
be reviewed after each exercise, based on the evaluation of the exercise. The
emergency plan should be reviewed and revised, if necessary, whenever changes
occur in processes, kinds of material at risk, or plant organization. Describe
how deficiencies identified by the critique will be corrected in a timely manner.
(See Chapter 8 for records of exercises and exercise critiques.)

7.5 Independent Audit

Discuss the program to be used annually to review and audit the licensee's
emergency preparedness program, including the emergency plan and its procedures;
training activities; emergency facilities, equipment, and supplies; and records
associated with offsite support agency interface to ensure that the overall
emergency preparedness program is being adequately maintained. Describe the
minimum qualifications of the persons who will perform the annual audit and
ensure that the audits will be made by persons not having direct responsibilities
for implementing the emergency response program. Changes in plant layout should
be included in the changes that would warrant revision of the emergency plan.
Describe the provisions for initiating corrective actions based on audit findings
and for ensuring completion of these actions.

7.6 Maintenance and Inventory of Emergency Equipment, Instrumentation, and
Supplies

Describe the plans for ensuring that the equipment and instrumentation are
in good working condition and that an adequate stock of supplies is maintained.
A quarterly inventory should be made to ensure all emergency equipment and supplies
are intact and in good operating condition, including instrumentation for operation
and calibration, demand respirators, self-contained breathing apparatus, fire-fighting
equipment and gear, supplemental lighting, and communications equipment. The
procedures should include timely corrective actions to be taken when deficiencies
are found during these checks.

7.7 Letters of Agreement

Changes to the emergency plan should be communicated to the appropriate offsite
response organizations; ensure that letters of agreement with offsite agencies
are reviewed annually and renewed at least every four years or more frequently
if needed. Letters of agreement may be included in the emergency plan or maintained
separately.

8. RECORDS AND REPORTS

8.1 Records of Incidents

Describe the assignment of responsibility for reporting and recording incidents
of abnormal operation, equipment failure, and accidents that led to a plant
emergency, including permanent retention with the licensee's decommissioning
records. Provide a detailed description of the records that will be kept. The
records should include the cause of the incident, personnel and equipment involved,
extent of injury and damage (onsite and offsite) resulting from the incident,
all locations of contamination with the final decontamination survey results,
corrective actions taken to terminate the emergency, and the action taken or
planned to prevent a recurrence of the incident. The records should also include
the onsite and offsite support assistance requested and received, as well as
any program changes resulting from the lessons learned from a critique of emergency
response activities. The titles of the personnel responsible for maintaining
the records should be specified. Those records unique to a radiological emergency,
not covered by existing NRC regulations or license conditions, should be retained
until the license is terminated.

8.2 Records of Preparedness Assurance

Provide a description of the records that will be kept. These should include
records of:

Training and retraining (including lesson plans and test questions)

Drills, exercises, and related critiques

Inventory and locations of emergency equipment and supplies

Maintenance, surveillance, calibration, and testing of emergency equipment
and supplies

Agreements with offsite support organizations

Reviews and updates of the emergency plan

Notification of all personnel and offsite agencies affected by an update
of the plan or its implementing procedures.

9. RECOVERY AND PLANT RESTORATION

Describe plans for restoring the facility to a safe status. Although it is
not possible to detail specific plans for every type of incident, the plans
should include the general requirements for (1) assessing the damage to and
the status of the facility's capabilities to control radioactive materials,
(2) determining the actions necessary to reduce any ongoing releases of radioactive
or other hazardotis material and to prevent further incidents, (3) accomplishing
the tasks to meet any required restoration action, and (4) describing in general
the key positions in the recovery organization.

Specifically, recovery plans should include requirements for checlting and
restoring to normal operations all safety-related equipment involved in the
incident (e.g., criticality alarms, radiation monitoring instruments, respiratory
protection equipment, fire-suppression and fire-fighting equipment, containments,
and air filters) and assignment of responsibibty for compiling, evaluating,
and ensuring retention of all records associated with the incident.

During any planned restoration operations, personnel exposures to radiation
must be maintained within 10 CFR Part 20 limits and maintained as low as reasonably
achievable.

10. COMPLIANCE WITH COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT

Show compliance with Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-499, entitled "Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know
Act of 1986," with respect to any hazardous materials possessed at the plant
site.

Other severe incidents that might affect radioactive material or safety
systems--aircraft crash into the facility, damage to the facility from explosives,
uncontrolled release of toxic or flammable gas in the facility.

Elevated radiation levels or airborne contamination levels within the facility
that indicate severe loss of control (factor of 100 over normal levels).

Ongoing security compromise (greater than 15 minutes).

Spent reactor fuel accident with release of radioactivity to containment
or fuel-handling building.

Discovery of a critical mass quantity of special nuclear material in an
unsafe geometry container or other condition that creates a criticality
hazard.

Other conditions that warrant precautionary activation of the licensee's
emergency response organization.

Other severe incidents that actually compromise safety systems or the integrity
of radioactive material--aircraft crash into the facility from explosives,
uncontrolled release of toxic or flammable gas in the facility.

Elevated radiation levels or airborne contamination levels outside the
facility that indicate a significant release to the environment (factor
of 100 over normal levels).

Imminent or actual loss of physical control of the facility.

Major damage to spent reactor fuel with release of radioactivity outside
of containment or fuel-handling building.

Imminent or actual occurrence of an uncontrolled criticality.

Other conditions that warrant activation of offsite emergency response
organizations or precautionary notification of the public near the site.

2 Copies may be obtained, to the extent of supply,
from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555, Attention:
Distribution and Mail Services Section.

3 Copies may be purchased from the U.S. Government
Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082, Washington, DC 20013-7082; or from the National
Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.