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When you execute commands like ceph-w, cephosddump, and other
commands related to placement groups, Ceph may return values using some
of the following terms:

Peering

The process of bringing all of the OSDs that store
a Placement Group (PG) into agreement about the state
of all of the objects (and their metadata) in that PG.
Note that agreeing on the state does not mean that
they all have the latest contents.

Acting Set

The ordered list of OSDs who are (or were as of some epoch)
responsible for a particular placement group.

Up Set

The ordered list of OSDs responsible for a particular placement
group for a particular epoch according to CRUSH. Normally this
is the same as the Acting Set, except when the Acting Set has
been explicitly overridden via pg_temp in the OSD Map.

Current Interval or Past Interval

A sequence of OSD map epochs during which the Acting Set and Up
Set for particular placement group do not change.

Primary

The member (and by convention first) of the Acting Set,
that is responsible for coordination peering, and is
the only OSD that will accept client-initiated
writes to objects in a placement group.

Replica

A non-primary OSD in the Acting Set for a placement group
(and who has been recognized as such and activated by the primary).

Stray

An OSD that is not a member of the current Acting Set, but
has not yet been told that it can delete its copies of a
particular placement group.

Recovery

Ensuring that copies of all of the objects in a placement group
are on all of the OSDs in the Acting Set. Once Peering has
been performed, the Primary can start accepting write operations,
and Recovery can proceed in the background.

PG Info

Basic metadata about the placement group’s creation epoch, the version
for the most recent write to the placement group, last epoch started,
last epoch clean, and the beginning of the current interval. Any
inter-OSD communication about placement groups includes the PG Info,
such that any OSD that knows a placement group exists (or once existed)
also has a lower bound on last epoch clean or last epoch started.

PG Log

A list of recent updates made to objects in a placement group.
Note that these logs can be truncated after all OSDs
in the Acting Set have acknowledged up to a certain
point.

Missing Set

Each OSD notes update log entries and if they imply updates to
the contents of an object, adds that object to a list of needed
updates. This list is called the Missing Set for that <OSD,PG>.

Authoritative History

A complete, and fully ordered set of operations that, if
performed, would bring an OSD’s copy of a placement group
up to date.

Epoch

A (monotonically increasing) OSD map version number

Last Epoch Start

The last epoch at which all nodes in the Acting Set
for a particular placement group agreed on an
Authoritative History. At this point, Peering is
deemed to have been successful.

up_thru

Before a Primary can successfully complete the Peering process,
it must inform a monitor that is alive through the current
OSD map Epoch by having the monitor set its up_thru in the osd
map. This helps Peering ignore previous Acting Sets for which
Peering never completed after certain sequences of failures, such as
the second interval below:

acting set = [A,B]

acting set = [A]

acting set = [] very shortly after (e.g., simultaneous failure, but staggered detection)

acting set = [B] (B restarts, A does not)

Last Epoch Clean

The last Epoch at which all nodes in the Acting set
for a particular placement group were completely
up to date (both placement group logs and object contents).
At this point, recovery is deemed to have been
completed.