Friday, February 21, 2014

There
have been prints depicting George Washington with his family since the 1790s,
when self-taught artist Edward Savage produced one based on the painting he
completed in 1796. Especially numerous in the years surrounding the Civil War
when political animosities were rampant, such prints presented scenes of
domestic tranquility.

Our personal favorite is the mezzotint that
William Sartain engraved, based on a painting by Christian Schussele:

William Sartain after
Christian Schussele. Washington and His Family (Philadelphia: Bradley
& Co., 1864). Hand-colored mezzotint (proof copy). Purchased with funds
from the Davida T. Deutsch Women’s History Fund.

This lofty mezzotint,
with its deep black tones and hand-coloring, was produced for the high end of
the print market. So imagine our surprise to see that the Schussele composition
gets recycled in the 20th century as a lowly postcard:

Monday, February 10, 2014

My favorite thing to show visitors
is a copy of Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz’s The History of Louisiana, or of the Western Parts of Virginia and
Carolina (London, 1774). It is the one-volume English translation and
abridgement of the three-volume Paris 1758 edition of du Pratz’s book that the
eminent Philadelphia botanist Benjamin Smith Barton lent to Meriwether Lewis to
take along on the famous expedition of 1804-06. Lewis returned the book to
Barton, making it the only book known to have been carried round-trip on the
transcontinental expedition. The Library Company acquired it (for $2.60!) in
1823 at the sale of some of the books in Barton’s library.

Before embarking on the expedition,
Lewis traveled to Philadelphia in the spring of 1803 to buy supplies and
equipment and to receive valuable instruction from a coterie of the foremost
scientists in the nation. These scientists, with their area of expertise, were Robert
Patterson (mathematics), Andrew Ellicott (surveying and map-making; an ancestor
of mine who, sadly, bequeathed me nothing of his mathematical and mechanical
genius!), Caspar Wistar (anatomy and fossils), Benjamin Rush (medicine), and Barton
(botany).

Benjamin Smith Barton (1766-1815)
is known as the “father of American botany.” He was, at various times,
professor of natural history, botany, and medicine at the University of
Pennsylvania and served as vice president of the American Philosophical Society.
Among his numerous publications in many fields are A Memoir Concerning the Fascinating Faculty Which Has Been Ascribed to
the Rattle-Snake, and Other American Serpents (1796); New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America (1797);
Collections for an Essay Towards a
Materia Medica of the United-States (1798); and most significantly Elements of Botany,or Outlines of the Natural History of Vegetables (1803),the first American textbook on botany (
a copy of which Lewis and Clark also took on their expedition).

Du Pratz (1695?-1775) was born
either in the Netherlands or France and was raised in the latter country. He
graduated from a French cours de
mathematiques and considered himself an engineer and professional
architect. Serving with Louis XIV’s dragoons in the French Army, he saw service
in Germany in 1713 during the War of the Spanish Succession. On May 25, 1718 he
left La Rochelle, France, with 800 men on one of three ships commissioned by
the Company of the West (known also as the Mississippi Company) bound for
Louisiana. Du Pratz arrived in Louisiana three months later on August 25, 1718.
At that time the colony’s French population was very small and included secular
and religious officials; a limited number of concessionaires, who received large land grants; a larger number of
habitants, a group that included
migrants sent by non-emigrating concessionaires
to work their lands; and those who obtained smaller land grants of their own.
It appears that du Pratz was one of the last group. All were supplemented by a
far more transient population of traders, soldiers, and indentured servants. Du
Pratz spent sixteen years in Louisiana, mostly in the Natchez area, before
returning to France in 1734. A fuller account of his sojourn and History can be found at http://lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2372
. It is not known what the former colonial planter did between the time of his
arrival back in France and the publication of his first Louisiana article in
1751. He apparently associated with a literary circle, for he claims it was his
“learned friends” who persuaded him to begin writing his memoirs. These first
appeared in a series of twelve installments in the Journal Oeconomique between 1751 and 1753. And then followed the
three-volume work in 1758.

There is no doubt that Lewis and
Clark referred to du Pratz’s work during their journey, for in a journal entry
of July 5, 1804 and in another document, known as the Fort Mandan Miscellany,
William Clark specifically mentions the History.

At the end of the expedition, when
Lewis returned to Philadelphia in 1807, he returned du Pratz’s History of Louisiana to its owner. On
the fly-leaf he inscribed: “Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton was so obliging as to
lend me this copy of Monsr. Du Pratz’s history of Louisiana in June 1803. it
has been since conveyed by me to the Pacific Ocean through the interior of the
Continent of North America on my late tour thither and is now returned to it’s
proprietor by his Friend and Ob[edien]t. Serv[an]t. Meriwether Lewis,
Philadelphia, May 9th, 1807.” What a remarkable association copy!

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The Library Company of Philadelphia

The Library Company of Philadelphia is an independent research library specializing in American history and culture from the 17th through the 19th centuries. Open to the public free of charge, the Library Company houses an extensive collection of rare books, manuscripts, broadsides, ephemera, prints, photographs, and works of art. Founded in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin, the Library Company is America's oldest cultural institution and served as the Library of Congress from the Revolutionary War to 1800. The Library Company was the largest public library in America until the Civil War.

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