1935 - 1939

The Rebbe photographed in a Paris park shortly after arriving in Paris in 1933. Courtesy of JEM.

With the return of Rabbi Menachem Mendel and his wife to Paris
in the summer of 1935, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak encouraged his son-in-law to accept
a role in the city’s rabbinic leadership. R. Yosef Yitzchak wrote that he had
been approached by the chair of the union of orthodox congregations in Paris,
who “greatly desire this.” In a slightly exasperated tone he further notes that
the offer had previously been extended directly to R. Menachem Mendel, but “it
remained, as usual, without an answer.”1

Two years earlier, after their initial arrival in Paris, R.
Yosef Yitzchak had complained about his son-in-law’s avoidance of the limelight
in a letter to his daughter, Chaya Mushka: “Concealing oneself from people
doesn’t achieve anything… on certain occasions he should allow people to
acquaint themselves with him through interesting conversation... it would bring
about much good “Concealing oneself from people doesn’t achieve anything… on certain occasions he should allow people to acquaint themselves with him…"benefit…”2

By the mid 1930s Paris was home to increasing numbers of East
European Jews and refugees from the threat of Nazism. A Chabad synagogue was
established at 17 Rue des Rosiers, and there was growing pressure on R.
Menachem Mendel to play a more public role. Berel Lax, a resident of Paris at
the time, recalled that R. Menachem Mendel prefered to pray at the synagogue at
25 Rue des Rosiers to escape the attention he would receive among his
father-in-law’s chassidim.3
Though he did not take a rabbinic post as proposed, he did agree to deliver
public Torah classes in local synagogues.4

During this period, Polish law made it difficult for R. Yosef
Yitzchak to transfer money internationally, and he directed that all funds sent
by his supporters in Europe, the Americas and the Holy Land be handled by his
son-in-law in Paris.5
R. Menachem Mendel also continued to prepare content for the Ha-tamim journel,
and also annotated R. Yosef Yitzchak’s talks and discourses.6

Among R. Yosef Yitzchak’s followers R. Menachem Mendel’s
address was becoming the destination not only for donations, but also for
scholarly queries of a certain kind. In 1939, R. Schneur Zalman Shmotkin, a
prominent Warsaw Chassid, published a new edition of a classic Chabad text,
Torah Ohr by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi. Noticing that Torah Ohr’s account
of the menorah lighting in the temple did not seem to be aligned with the
accounts offered by classical authorities, Shmotkin wrote to R. Menachem Mendel
seeking clarification.7

The issue was complex and Shmotkin seemed inclined to dismiss
it as a typographical error. R. Menachem Mendel rejected this proposal based on
his knowledge of manuscript versions of the discourse in Torah Ohr, and instead
offered detailed clarification of the problem, demonstrating a strong command
of all the varying sources and opinions. Apparently, Shmotkin showed R.
Menachem Mendel’s reply to R. Yosef Yitzchak, for he subsequently asked his
son-in-law to pen a full treatise dealing with all the Talmudic opinions and
explaining their symbolic applications from a philosophical and ethical
perspective.8
The resulting treatise was discovered among the Rebbe’s personal papers
following his passing, and has since been published.9

R. Menachem Mendel rejected this proposal... demonstrating a strong command of all the varying sources and opinions.

In November 1938 R. Menachem Mendel registered as a student at
the Sorbonne University of Paris. In March of the same year he graduated as a
Mechanical and Electrical Engineer from the École Spéciale des Travaux Publics
(ESTP), where he had first enrolled in 1933.10

Moshe Zev Reitzer, a young man who had studied at Yeshivot in
Hungary before coming to study pharmacy at the Sorbonne, took classes alongside
R. Menachem Mendel, and was deeply impressed by his character: “He would come
directly to the lecture, speaking to no one. He would come in, and as soon as
the lecture was over he would leave… When he did speak, he was very brief.” R.
Menachem Mendel befriended the younger man and encouraged him to make better
use of his abilities as a Torah scholar to educate local youngsters about their
Jewish heritage. Like students generally, Reitzer found it difficult to make
ends meet, but the tuition opportunities arranged for him by R. Menachem Mendel
were both spiritually and materially rewarding.11

Several other people who became acquainted with R. Menachem
Mendel in Paris confirm that his active organization of educational classes for
Jewish children was well known at the time.12
Efraim Steinmetz, in 1939 a boy of eleven who had recently arrived from Hungary
with his family, recalled that R. Menachem Mendel advised his father to enroll
him and his brother in the local Chabad school. The care and friendliness
extended by R. Menachem Mendel when they visited him in his apartment left a
lasting impression on him.13
Education would become one of the defining trademarks of the Rebbe’s
leadership. Positive Torah education, he argued, is the fundamental pillar of
Jewish life and identity.14

The personal journals discovered following the
Rebbe’s passing include notes of classes delivered in synagogues. See for
example Reshimot #125. See also the account of Rivkah Marelus, viewable here, and the account of Asher Heber, viewable
here.

Eli Rubin studied Chassidic literature and Jewish Law at the Rabbinical College of America and at Yeshivot in the UK, the US and Australia. He has been a research writer and editor at Chabad.org since 2011, focusing on the social and intellectual history of Chabad Chassidism. Through his writing, research, and editorial work he has successfully participated in a range of scholarly interchanges and collaborative endeavors.