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Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "for this
purpose". It generally signifies a solution
designed for a specific problem or task, non-generalizable, and
which cannot be adapted to other purposes.

Common examples are organizations, committees, and commissions
created at the national or international level for a specific task.
In other fields the term may refer, for example, to a tailor-made
suit, a handcrafted network
protocol or a purpose-specific equation. Ad hoc can also have connotations of a
makeshift solution, inadequate planning, or improvised events.
Other derivatives of the Latin include AdHoc, adhoc and
ad-hoc.

Ad hoc committee commission or organization

Ad hoc organizations, to include committees and private non-profit organizations, are used
when an objective needs consideration and no standing organ or
committee within said organization can absorb that issue into its
scope. Usually these committees are used on a temporary basis, such
as temporary oversight of an issue, or review of the standing rules or the constitution of that organization.

An ad hoc organization may have, in some cases, a
long-term or indefinite duration of existence. In these cases, an
initial workgroup or forum may give place to a more permanent form
of organization. An exaggerated typical example is the OSCE.

Under the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, ad
hoc events such as athletic contests, exhibitions, expeditions,
fairs, and festivals are considered to be corporate bodies, and can
be used as corporate body access points.

Ad hoc hypothesis

In science and philosophy, ad hoc
means the addition of extraneous hypotheses to a theory to
save it from being falsified. Ad
hoc hypotheses compensate for anomalies not anticipated by the
theory in its unmodified form. Scientists are often skeptical of theories that rely on
frequent, unsupported adjustments to sustain them. Ad hoc
hypotheses are often characteristic of pseudoscientific subjects. Much of
scientific understanding relies on the modification of existing
hypotheses or theories but these modifications are distinguished
from ad hoc hypotheses in that the anomalies being
explained propose a new means of being real.

Ad hoc pronunciation

Many reference works employ ad hoc
pronunciation schemas as a way of indicating how words are
pronounced. These are especially popular in U.S. published works , such as the Merriam-Webster dictionary. An
example of an ad hoc pronunciation would be
"DIK-shuh-nair-ee", where the capitalization shows which syllable is stressed. This is in contrast to
systems such as the International Phonetic
Alphabet, which attempt to put pronunciation schemes on a
standard footing.

Critics of ad hoc schemes point out that such schemes are
inherently self-referential, since they rely on the ability of the
reader to already know how a large number of words are commonly
pronounced.

As its name suggests, there is no "standard" ad hoc
schema, and so examples will vary considerably according to the
publication's whim. In contrast, the IPA seeks to base
pronunciation solely on vocal tract
configurations and on the phonemes produced,
though very often neo-common simple words are used to illustrate
how the IPA applies in a specific language.

Proponents of ad hoc claim that it is much easier to use
than IPA, though will often concur that this is usually only
because the pronunciation is already known.

Ad hoc querying

Many application software
systems have an underlying database which can be accessed by only a
limited number of queries and reports. Typically these are
available via some sort of menu, and will have been carefully
designed, pre-programmed and optimized for performance by expert
programmers.

By contrast, "ad hoc" reporting systems allow the users themselves to create
specific, customized queries. Typically this would be via a
user-friendlyGUI-based system without the need for the in-depth
knowledge of SQL, or databaseschema that a
programmer would have.

Because such reporting has the potential to severely degrade the
performance of a live system, it is usually provided over a
data warehouse.