A newly discovered species of frog does what no other frog is able to do—give birth to live tadpoles instead of laying eggs.

A member of the Asian group of fanged frogs that lives in the rainforests of Indonesia’s Sulawesi Island, the new species, dubbed Limnonectes larvaepartus, was discovered a few decades ago by Indonesian researcher and study coauthor Djoko Iskandar.

It was thought to give direct birth to tadpoles, but its mating and an actual birth had never been observed before.

The newly described fanged frog Limnonectes larvaepartus (male, left, and female) on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. (Credit: Jim McGuire)

“Almost all frogs in the world—more than 6,000 species—have external fertilization, where the male grips the female in amplexus and releases sperm as the eggs are released by the female,” says Jim McGuire, associate professor of integrative biology at University of California, Berkeley, and coauthor of the study published in the journal PLOS ONE.

“But there are lots of weird modifications to this standard mode of mating. This new frog is one of only 10 or 12 species that has evolved internal fertilization, and of those, it is the only one that gives birth to tadpoles as opposed to froglets or laying fertilized eggs.”

Amazing ways to reproduce

Most male frogs fertilize eggs after the female lays them. About a dozen species, including California’s tailed frogs, have evolved ways to fertilize eggs inside the female’s body.

[related]

However, the mechanisms of internal fertilization are poorly understood in all but California’s two species of tailed frogs, the latter of which have evolved a penis-like organ (the “tail”) that facilitates sperm transfer. Whereas the tailed frogs deposit their fertilized eggs under rocks in streams, the other frogs previously known to have internal fertilization give birth to froglets—miniature replicas of the adults.

Although internal fertilization is extremely rare among frogs, there are many other bizarre reproductive variations. Some frogs carry eggs in pouches on their back, brood tadpoles in their vocal sac or mouth, or transport tadpoles in pits on their back.

The two known species of female gastric brooding frogs, both of which are now extinct, were famous for swallowing their fertilized eggs, brooding them in their stomach, and giving birth out of their mouths to froglets. Two genera in Africa engage in internal fertilization and give birth to froglets without going through a free-living tadpole stage.

Daddy daycare

Fanged frogs—so-called because of two fang-like projections from the lower jaw that are used in fighting—may have evolved into as many as 25 species on Sulawesi, though L. larvaepartus is only the fourth to be formally described. They range in size from 2-3 grams—the weight of a couple of paper clips—to 900 grams, or two pounds. L. larvaepartus is in the 5-6 gram range.

The new species seems to prefer to give birth to tadpoles in small pools or seeps located away from streams, possibly to avoid the heftier fanged frogs hanging out around the stream.

There is some evidence the males may also guard the tadpoles.

McGuire first encountered the frog in 1998, the year he began studying the amazing diversity of reptiles and amphibians on Sulawesi, an Indonesian island east of Borneo and south of the Philippines. The island is a geographical hodgepodge, having formed from the merger of several islands about 8 to 10 million years ago.

“Sulawesi is an incredible place from the standpoint of species diversity endemic to the island as well as in situ diversification,” he says, noting that most places on the island are home to at least five species of fanged frogs living side by side.

Diverse island

Although many vertebrate species have diversified on the island after arriving by overwater “sweepstakes” dispersal, most—such as the flying lizards and black-crested macaque monkeys—have speciated in such a way that their geographic ranges are non-overlapping, with their ranges meeting like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle.

The fanged frogs are special, McGuire says, because they appear to represent a virtually unexplored adaptive radiation with many species occurring at the same sites but adapted to occupy distinct ecological niches.

“We are really interested in understanding how much of Sulawesi’s in situ diversification was initiated on the paleo-islands, or if much or even all of the diversification was postmerger,” he said.

Much of McGuire’s work to date has been with the simpler non-adaptive radiations of the flying lizards and macaques. Fanged frogs present an even more exciting challenge, he says, because their diversification likely was influenced not only by the dynamic tectonics of Sulawesi, but also by adaptive radiation via ecological diversification.

Ben Evans from McMaster University in Ontario, Canada is a coauthor of the study.