Hepatitis Information

Information and Pictures on Hepatitis, a common sexually transmitted disease. Information including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, transmission, prevention and other general information.

—————

Hepatitis Information

Hepatitis is a disease which causes inflammation of the liver, and sometimes death. There are 4 forms of hepatitis (A, B, C and D), but only the sexually transmitted ones (Hepatitis A and B) will be discussed here.

Hepatitis A is caused by the Hepatitis A Virus [HAV] and is highly contagious.
It is transmitted by:

fecal-oral contact

Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus [HBV].
It is found in:

blood

fecal matter

saliva

urine

There are up to 200,000 infections reported per year and up to 33% of Americans have evidence of some past infection (immunity).

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is the most common type of Hepatitis reported in the United States with at least 1.4 million people worldwide being infected.

Hepatitis A Diagnosis

Blood Test
In order to diagnose Hepatitis A the appropriate blood test is required

IgM antHAV

Treatment of Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A usually heals spontaneously with no complications

Hepatitis A vaccine is highly effective combined with immune globulin for maximum protection (antibodies given within 2 weeks after exposure)
Immune globulin can be given during pregnancy and breast-feeding

Vaccination
There is no live virus in hepatitis A vaccines, because it is inactivated during production. No serious adverse side effects have been attributed to the vaccine.Note

Safety of the vaccine has not been determined.

The vaccination cannot be used after exposure to the virus

Hepatitis A endemic regions include:

Africa

Asia (except Japan)

Central America

Eastern Europe

Mexico

Parts of the Caribbean

South America

The Mediterranean basin

The Middle East

When Traveling

Hepatitis A is the most common vaccine-preventable disease in travelers to endemic regions.
Travelers to endemic areas can contract Hepatitis A even in the best hotels, resorts and restaurants.
Up to 30-35 million travelers from industrialized nations annually visit regions where the risk of contracting hepatitis A is 3 to 6 per 1,000 per month of stay. Under poor hygienic conditions, this risk may be increased up to six times. In unprotected travelers, Hepatitis A occurs 100 times more often than typhoid fever and 1,000 times more often than cholera.

Hepatitis A Vaccine Is Recommended For These Risk Groups:
Persons traveling to or working in countries with a high incidence of Hepatitis A including:

Military personnel

Missionaries

People working or studying abroad in countries with high or intermediate levels of Hepatitis A

Tourists where risk exists even if staying in luxury accommodation

Children in communities with high rates of Hepatitis A outbreaks, including:

Alaska Natives

American Indians

Vaccination of children before starting school should be a priority. Children should be routinely vaccinated from 2 years old both in rural and urban areas.

Men who have sex with men:

Sexually active men (both adolescents and adults) who have sex with men should be vaccinated as there have been frequent outbreaks in urban areas in United States, Canada and Australia.

Illegal-drug users:

Illegal drug users (injecting and non-injecting) should be vaccinated if local outbreaks of Hepatitis A occur as outbreaks have been reported in United States and Europe.

Occupational risk:

Persons working with virus-infected primates or with hepatitis A virus in a research laboratory setting should be vaccinated. There have been outbreaks reported from primates born in the wild, not in captivity.

Chronic liver disease patients:

Persons with chronic liver disease or who are recipients of liver transplants are at a higher risk of developing fulminant hepatic failure (rapid onset of liver failure often leading to death) and should be vaccinated for Hepatitis A.

Clotting-factor disorders:

Persons who have never had hepatitis A but are using clotting-factor concentrates, especially solvent detergent-treated concentrates, should be vaccinated.

Hemophiliacs:

Hemophiliacs (Factor VIII, Factor IX) receiving replacement therapy should be vaccinated as there is an increased risk of transmission from clotting-factor concentrates that are not heat inactivated.

People with AIDS:

AIDS sufferers are more prone to contracting hepatitis and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

Hepatitis A Vaccine Is NOT Recommended For:

Food service workers:

Food borne hepatitis outbreaks are relatively uncommon in the United States, but consideration may be given to vaccination when community outbreaks occur.

Sewerage workers

Among workers exposed to sewage, no work-related outbreaks have been reported.

Health-care workers:

Doctors, nurses and other health care workers are not at increased risk for hepatitis A.

Children under 2 years of age:

The vaccine is not currently licensed for this age-group.

Children attending Day-care:

Outbreaks of Hepatitis A are not frequent enough to warrant vaccination.

Pregnant Women:

The vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy.

Prevention of Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A affects anyone and ranges from isolated cases to widespread epidemics with outbreaks about every 10 years nationwide.

Preventing the spread of Hepatitis A:

good personal hygiene

practicing safe sex using latex condoms

proper sanitation

relevant community information

Risk Factors:

All sores and rashes should be covered and not touched

Clean up any blood spills with a 10% solution of household bleach

Infected persons should not pre-chew food for babies

Do not share anything that could have an infected person’s blood on it including:

body piercing instruments

cocaine straws

drug needles and other drug paraphernalia

nail clippers

razors

toothbrushes

Hepatitis B

History of the Hepatitis B virus

Dr. Blumberg, when studying hemophilia in 1965, found an antibody in two patients which reacted against an antigen from an Australian Aborigine. Subsequent study found the Australian antigen to be the Hepatitis B surface antigen. Dr. Blumberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery.

Biology of the Hepatitis B virus

The Hepatitis B Virus is a complex structure which is classified as a hepadnavirus. It is a partially double stranded DNA virus about 42 nm in size (a nanometer is one billionth of a meter so this is very small!). The DNA core is surrounded by a lipoprotein coat or envelope. The surface of the coating contains the antigen HBsAg to which people who are vaccinated or have had the disease develop antibodies.

HBsAg is used by the virus to bind to a host cell.When the virus particle, called a virion, invades a new host, it travels through the body to the liver, where it binds to a receptor on the surface of a liver cell. The mechanism of HBsAg binding to a specific receptor to enter cells has not been established yet. Viral DNA in the form of nucleocapsids enter the cell and reach the nucleus, where the viral genome is delivered and the cell becomes a virus factory.

The actions of the virus on the cellular process are complex but the result is a growing and spreading infection that can be lethal if not diagnosed and treated. Look here more on how viruses cause disease.

Hepatitis B Symptoms

Incubation period

From 2 weeks to 6 months after viral entry to the liver, during which time a person is extremely contagious

Symptoms disappear over 6-12 months until complete recovery

Hepatitis B symptoms are similar to Hepatitis A but can also include:

muscle/joint aches

pain in the abdomen

However, the virus may continue its silent attack on the liver which over a period of years can lead to:

Cirrhosis

Scarring of the liver which slows the blood flow through the liver, causing increased pressure in the vein that transports blood from the stomach and the intestines to the liver.

Varicose veins

Esophageal varices can develop in the stomach and esophagus and these large veins can break without warning, causing a person to vomit blood or have black, tarry stools.

Death

Over 5,000 persons die from chronic liver disease caused by the Hepatitis B Virus infection each year including:

liver cancer

liver cell damage

liver failure

scarring of the liver

Transmission of Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is transmitted through:

contact with infected blood from open wound

blood sucking arthropods (mainly in the tropics).

blood transfusions

contaminated drinking water or ice

feces

raw or uncooked shellfish (oysters, clams or mussels)

saliva

seminal fluid

uncooked fruits or vegetables grown with or washed in contaminated water

urine

vaginal secretions

Risk Factors:

breakdowns in sanitary conditions

floods and other natural disasters

any sexual and intimate contact

infected mother to newborn

infected workers toilet training children in day-care centers

kissing

needle sharing

sexual practices involving the use of feces or urine

sharing a toothbrush

tattoo/body piercing instruments

Hepatitis B Diagnosis

Because of the complexity and the antigenic differences of the virus, there are a number of tests available for Hepatitis B.

There are three standard blood tests:Antigens

HBsAg – presence of the virus

HBcAg – not detected in blood

HBeAg – correlates with the viral replication and infectivity

Antibodies
Anti-HBs- antibodies to the surface (antibody to HbsAg)

A positive test means you are immune to Hepatitis B, either because you have had the disease or you have been vaccinated.

Although uncommon, a number of conditions associated with Hepatitis B antigen/antibody complexes have been found.
These include:Polyarteritis

appears early

usually involves medium and small arteries

Glomerulonephritis

liver disease is usually mild

occurs largely in children

Polymyalgia Rheumatica

usually occurs in older persons

Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia

Sometimes only a test tube finding

Guillain-Barre SyndromeMyocarditis

Treatment for Hepatitis B

There is no medical treatment but an effective vaccination is available.
There are two medications to treat chronic Hepatitis B Virus:

Interferon (IFN)

Lamivudine

Less than 50% of patients with chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) are suitable for Interferon therapy:

Initially, 40% of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) patients who are treated with Interferon (IFN) will respond

Some will relapse when the treatment is stopped

About 35% of eligible patients will benefit

Side Effects
A number of side effects have been experienced from this treatment including:

depression

diarrhea

fatigue

flu-like symptoms

headache

loss of appetite

nausea

thinning of hair

vomiting

Blood tests are needed to monitor levels of Interferon as it can also lower the production of white blood cells, platelets and liver enzymes by depressing the bone marrow.A person who is infected with Hepatitis B virus can

Develop immunity:

95% of infected adults develop antibodies but usually recover within 6 months with immunity to the disease..

Blood tests will test positive for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Antibody and Blood Banks will not accept blood donations from people who test positive to Hepatitis B antibodies.

Become chronically infected:

A person is classified as a carrier or chronically infected if the virus has not been cleared from the body within 6 months.

These people often have no signs or symptoms, however, the virus remains in blood and body fluids and can infect others.

People who are chronically infected should avoid all alcohol as it may cause additional damage to their livers.

Prevention of Hepatitis B

Help Factors:

All individuals living in the same household with a chronically infected individual should be vaccinated against Hepatitis B.

If exposed to Hepatitis B, get a Hepatitis B immune globulin ( HBIG) injection within 14 days following exposure.

Individuals with hepatitis C and other chronic liver diseases should receive the Hepatitis B vaccine.

Practice the safety measures as for Hepatitis A.

Those who are chronically infected with Hepatitis B virus should be vaccinated against Hepatitis A as well.

Vaccines

Risk Groups recommended for vaccination:

all newborns and children up to the age of 19

drug users

those who are are exposed to blood at their workplace

those with multiple sex partners.

Vaccination provides protection for more than 15 years and boosters are not recommended.