Scapegoating trading partners won;t serve U.S. interests

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Friday

Jun 8, 2018 at 12:01 AM

You cannot understand President Trump's so-called "trade war" without acknowledging that it's mostly about politics and not about economics. Trump has embarked on a giant marketing campaign to convince us that foreigners — their exports — are to blame for our economic problems. It's a seductive appeal to nationalism whose defect is that it's mostly untrue.

To be fair, Trump's message has been consistent since the early days of 2016. He said he would slap our trading partners with high tariffs, and so he has. The campaign continues. Here's a recent tweet: "The U.S. has been ripped off by other countries for years on Trade, time to get smart!"

The standard anti-trade narrative is that U.S. officials have botched negotiations, giving too much to foreigners and getting too little for U.S. exporters. Massive trade deficits result and destroy American jobs. The employment loss is aggravated by U.S. multinationals relocating factories to developing countries with their dirt-cheap wages. Low-cost products are then exported to the United States.

This narrative contains some truth. After World War II, the United States was generous in granting trade concessions to Europe and Japan to help revive their economies. Similarly, many U.S. multinationals do locate factories abroad. But the effects of these policies are hugely exaggerated.

Take the connection between trade deficits and job loss. Obviously, this occurs for individual factories. But it doesn't exist for the entire economy. Consider: From 2009 to 2017, the annual U.S. trade deficit for goods and services rose from $384 billion to $568 billion. Over the same years, the number of private U.S. payroll jobs increased by 15.5 million, and the unemployment rate fell from 9.3 percent to 4.4 percent.

If trade deficits created huge job losses, this would be impossible. The main explanation for the apparent paradox is, as I've argued for years, that the dollar is the main international currency. Foreigners and investors want dollars to conduct global trade and investment. This keeps the dollar's exchange rate high, making U.S. exports costlier and imports cheaper. The resulting trade deficit is structural; but Americans' spending for domestic products is still the main determinant of U.S. employment.

Or take the notion that U.S. multinationals move factories abroad to exploit cheap labor — say, car plants in Mexico. This clearly happens, but it is not the main reason that U.S. multinationals invest abroad: 71 percent of their foreign investments occur in developed countries "where consumer tastes are similar to those in the United States," reports James Jackson of the Congressional Research Service. Europe alone accounted for 59 percent of these investments.

Presumably, it's less expensive to service these foreign markets from local factories, warehouses and offices than to export from the United States. According to Jackson's report, about 60 percent of the sales of foreign affiliates of U.S. multinationals go to local markets — say, France. (The other 40 percent go to exports to other foreign countries or to the United States.)

None of this means that we don't have serious trade problems with some of our partners, most obviously China. But the idea that trade issues lie at the core of our economic shortcomings is somewhere between wild exaggeration and sheer fiction. Trump's policies and rhetoric are meant to turn foreign countries — via their exports and trade practices — into a hateful scapegoat. It's their fault.

The cost of this misguided exercise in misinformation is, as headlines remind us, steep. It has alienated our closest historical allies (including Canada, Mexico, Japan, the United Kingdom, France and Germany) and created enough uncertainty about trade policy to jeopardize worldwide economic growth.

At its best, the imposition of these politically motivated tariffs would raise domestic prices and trigger widespread retaliation against U.S. exports. At its worst, it might result in the collapse of the post-World War II trading system and usher in an era of reconstruction that would be dominated by China as the world's biggest trading nation.

Robert Samuelson is a columnist for The Washington Post who specializes in economic affairs.

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