Curtain wall systems are typically designed with extruded aluminum members, although the first curtain walls were made of steel. The aluminum frame is typically infill with glass, which provides an architecturally pleasing building, as well as benefits such as daylighting. However, parameters related to solar gain control such as thermal comfort and visual comfort are more difficult to control when using highly glazed curtain walls.

Other common infills include: –

Stone Veneer, Metal panels, Louvres, and Operable windows or Vents.

A Curtain wall is which encloses the space within a building but does not support the roof.

Curtain walls differ store-front systems in that they are designed to span multiple floors, and take into consideration design requirements such as:-

Thermal Expansion and Contraction; building sway and movement; water diversion; and thermal efficiency for cost-effective heating, cooling and lighting.

The Curtain wall systems are a non-structural claddding systems for the external walls of buildings. They are generally associated with large, multi-storey buildings.

The classification of types of curtain walling varies but the following terms are commonly used:-

Horizontal and Vertical framing members(‘sticks’) are normally extruded aluminum protected by anodizing or power coating, but may be cold-rolled steel (for greater fire resistance) or aluminum Clad with PVC-U. Members are cut to length and machined in the factory prior to assembly on site as a kit of parts: Vertical mullions, which are fixed to the floor slab, are erecteds first followed by horizontal transoms, which are fixed in-between mullions. Mullions are typically spaced between 1.0 and 1.8m centers.

The framework are fixed infill units, which may comprise a mixture of fixed and opening glazing and insulated panels (which may have metal glass or stone facings). These units are typically sealed with gaskets and retained.

Building were constructed with the exterior walls of the building (bearing walls, typically masonry) supporting the load of the entire structure. The development and widespread use of structural steel and later reinforced concrete allowed relatively small column to support large loads and the exterior walls of building were no longer required for structural support.

The exterior walls could be non-load-bearing and thus much lighter and more open than the masonry load-bearing walls of the past. This gave way to increased use of glass as an exterior facade, and the modern-day curtain wall was born.

Early prototype versions of curtain walls may have existed in buildings of timber construction before the nineteenth century, should columns have been used to support the building rather than the walls themselves, particularly when large panels of glass infill were involved.

When iron began to be used extensively in buildings in late 18th-Century Britain such as at Ditherington Flax Mill, and later when buildings of wrought iron and glass such as The Crystal Palace were built, the building blocks of structural understanding were laid for the development of curtain walls.

Revit Architecture is a racy architectural design and documentation software application. Which is created by Autodesk. We can use Revit to create architects and building design as professionals. The tools and features of Revit Architecture is provide us simply and easily way to make special design of structure. Revit Architecture are most commonly use to support Building Information Modeling (BIM) workflow.

Revit is divided into three parts.

Revit Architecture

Revit Structure

Revit system

Revit Architecture:

Revit Architecture is use to design a plan of building. In this we can innovate any particular room whichever we want to. It provide us many type of tools and features to maintain the plan and decorate the room.

Use of Revit Architecture:

Revit Architecture is used by architects for making plan for buildings before construction. It provide us to develop better quality of design and it improves our working project.

Revit architecture can be useful for those who are currently working or perusing career in architectural field. Revit architecture can be used for minimizing risk of misshaping and enable us to proceed our work in well planned manner.

Revit Structure:

Revit Structure is used for structural design of building. It is very important for construction. With the Revit Structure we can make better quality of structure design. With the Revit Structure we can make design with the column and beam. It is useful for structure designer.

Revit System:

Revit system is used for Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP). Revit System is used for Mechanical, Electrical engineering.MEP Design is hard for design. In this we can make Air condition, heating and may be another device of mechanical. In the MEP we can make the electrical device.

In the Revit Architecture we can make multiple story building design in easily way. Revit is the best application for design of the structure, mechanical electrical and plumbing. It is very useful for making the 2D and 3D design, in this application we can see structure design in 3D very easily way. Revit Architecture is maximum support imperial value of design.

In this application we can make easily any type of design in 2D and 3D. With this application we can easily decorate the design and we can see also. Revit Architecture is used to create accurate building design in the minimum time. If we are making the design in Revit Architecture, it’s save our maximum time.

AutoCAD is the famous computer aided design (CAD) package in the industry today. It is an important software product which provides 2D and 3D AutoCAD tools. Now a days it is used by civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, architect designers, interior designers and other design professionals to design, visualize, plan, document and communicate their ideas clearly and efficiently to their perspective clients.

Our AutoCAD training courses are covered by industry expert professionals with years of hands-on experience. It means that our courses are based on real-life examples and scenarios, and have a real impact on your day-to-day workflow.

Our scheduled classroom and online training courses are delivered in our comfortable, modern training center at ADMEC Multimedia Institute New Delhi. We also offer AutoCAD courses on weekends.

All these courses are designed to ensure that we make student faster and more relaxed AutoCAD user. These course are also based on practical and hands on exercises. We always believe that practical skills can be improved through practicing and learning points that delivered during class.

Uses Of AutoDesk AutoCAD

AutoCAD is the most widely used software in drafting and computer-aided design (CAD) tool. It comes with different number of versions but across all of it’s versions it can be used from designing a small piece of jewelry or a small home to large buildings. It’s ability to imagine and render 2D objects and 3D objects and designs is unrivaled. Civil engineers also use this software to design bridges, roads, tunnels and other common buildings. Because this software allows the geography and topology of a site to be considered and included, as well as utilities and infrastructure. A civil engineer widely use a specific version of AutoCAD called, Civil 3D.

Chamfer :- It is a symmetrical sloping surface at an edge or corner. It is an angled line that meets the endpoints of two straight objects or a sloped transition between two surfaces or adjacent faces-

We can apply chamfer using command CHA + ENTER .

There are many sub tools in chamfer these are :

Undo

Poly line

Angle

Distance

Undo :- It reverse the previous action in the command.

POLYLINE :- Inserts a chamfer line at each vertex of a 2D polyline where two straight line segments meet. The chamfer lines become new segments of the polyline, unless the Trim option is set to No Trim.

DISTANCE :- In this subtool the chamfer line is defined by two distances . It Sets the chamfer distances from the intersecting points of the first and second objects. If both distances are set to zero, the selected objects or line segments are extended or trimmed so they intersect.

ANGLE :- In this subtool the chamfer line is defined by a distance and angle . This subtool Sets the chamfer distance from the intersecting point of the selected objects and the XY angle from the first object or line segment.If both values are set to zero, the selected objects or line segments are extended or trimmed so they intersect.

FILLET :- Fillet is an arc that is created tangent between two objects. The command used for fillet is F + ENTER . fillet is used to round the corners of an object such as rectangle or triangles , it is applied by depending on many factors like on angle , area , dimensions .There are many sub tools of fillet

Point– Points can explain as nodes which can snap objects. We can use it by applying command as P + ENTER. We can use it to specify different’s sections of the object . Example in electrical circuits where two or more wires connects together then there we use point to highlight it

Divide:– Divide is a command to points several partitions or segments on a line by pointing with different type of point styles . We can choose it as from

DRAW — POINT — DIVIDE

Or we can use it by command as DIV + ENTER

In divide command first we apply command and then select the object that we want to divide and then we give the value of mo. of partitions or segments and then press enter . There is no need of giving the value of length on which we want to perform divide operation. We can also use blocks instead of points to divide the object in partitions .

Measure :- In measure command we can perform same operation for divide the object in partitions but the difference is that in divide command there is no need to insert the value of the length of the object on which we want to perform divide operation but in measure command we have to give the value of the length of the object on which we want to preform the divide operation . we can perform measure command from:

This command is used to extend or trim the length of a line and an object.

If we apply positive value it extend the value of object as mentioned and it work similar to extend.

Ex:- (5) extend value of line by value 5.

If we apply negative value it trim the value of object as mentioned and work similar to trim.

Ex :- (-5)trim value of line by value 5.

Steps to open lengthen command:

Modify (go to ->)lengthen(if short cut command not known).

It has four sub tools

Delta

Percentage

Total

Dynamic

Delta:-

Short cut command:-DE+enter

By this command we can extend or trim the value of an object

Range{-x to +x}.

If we apply value in (+)x it will extend the line (+)x direction.

If we apply value in (-)x it will trim the line (-)x.

In this we doesn’t have to specify the point on object line. we can click anywhere on the object line and it will increase or decrease the value.

If point of click is before center point than above part get extend or trim as per value given.

If point of click is after center point than tail part get extend or trim as per value given.

Percentage:-

Short cut command :- P+ enter

Similar to delta command.

It will increase or decrease the value of line as per specified value in percentage.

Total:-

Short cut command:- T+enter

It will also extend and trim the value of object.

But in this when we apply value positive to the object and if point of click is before center than we get mentioned value before center and if click after center than we get mentioned value in tail portion.

Ex:-total line length 100

T+enter

20+enter

We get 20 as per click of point.

And if we apply negative value to the object and if pont of click is before center than we get value as per our requirement and if click after center than we get required value in tail portion.

Ex:-total line length 100

T+ enter

We get 80 as per click of point

Dynamic:-

Short cut command: -dy+enter

By this we can have dynamic shorting and lengthening of an object.

We can also enter free value by using this sub tools.

When we apply this command it ask 1st to select 1st point and than is ask to select 2nd point and if point of click applied i.e before of after and also value entered is positive or negative we get the result.

Although lengthen command in AutoCadis similar to trim and extend but it has certain advantage over above command

Trimming and extending of an object by using same command only we have to specify value.

By using trimming command we can only trim intersect or overlapped area only

For using extend command, we have to specify some boundaries or target to the object.

[To repeat last command again and again use “space bar”.]

Also we can check the value of object which we increased or decreased by using DLI command.

Panel is a circuit that used to control the electricy of any building or house or in industries from a single unit which we call panel once electricity is carried beyond our meter it is distributed to lights and appliances throughout the house by several electrical circuits. The distribution center or main panel and smaller sub panels used to control the various electrical circuits .

A distribution board (also known as panel board or breaker) panel is a component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclose. Distribution panel is also referred as breaker panel, circuit breaker electrical panel, fuse box. A panel basically contains following components or elements as Neutral and hot wires ,Breaker (main breaker, double pole breaker, single pole breaker, 15 amp afi breaker), Wire gauge (12 gauge wire, 14 gauge wire, 10 gauge wire, 8 gauge or 6 gauge wire), Ground wires.

NEUTRAL WIRES :- Current flows from panel toward the load along the hot wires and returns along the neutral each hot wire’s copper tip ultimately connects to its control switch at the circuit breaker and each neutral connects to a common terminal called a bus bar .

MAIN BREAKER :- This is a on/off switch to the entire breaker panel. A 200 amp breaker is appropriate for a home upwards of 2000 square feet. Smaller buildings can use 150 amp or 100 amp, small homes and sub panels can use a little as 50 amp.

DOUBLE POLE BREAKER :- Uses the entire 240 volts available to the panel. The 15 amp and 20 amp breakers often handle base band heaters, 30 amp serve water heaters and electric dryers, 40 and 50 amp are for electric ranges and 70 amp could serve a large air conditioners or a sub panel.

SINGLE POLE BREAKER :- The 15 amp and 20 amp are all purpose breakers running everything from lights and outlets to garage door openers.

14 GAUGE WIRE:- Too thin for everything other then 15 amp breakers under small loads.

10 GAUGE WIRE:- Appropriate for a two pole 20 amp breaker or a single pole 30 amp breaker.

8 GAUGE OR 6 GAUGE WIRE :- Used for 40 , 50 and 60 amp two pole breakers, large appliances also used for sub panels.

GROUND WIRES :- Grounding prevents a conductor not meant to carry current ( such as the metal side of a cloths dryers ) from causing injury if it’s emergized by a frayed hot wire . In a properly grounded system appliances and metal boxes connect back to the grounding bus of the breaker panel from there the system is grounded to the earth via buried ground rods .

Interior Design is the art or process of designing the interior,often including the exterior of a room or building. An interior design is someone who coordinates and manages such projects. Interior design is multifaceted profession that includes conceptual, development, communicating with the stakeholders of a project and the management and execution of the design.

Interior Design not only offer all that an interior decorates or will offer,they go way beyond just prettying up a room.

When it comes to design’s job,while basic principles of design could be the same there will be different skill set and mindset required to apply them.

If every internal angle of a simple polygon is less than 180 degree, the polygon is called convex. The sum of the internal angle on the vertex is 180 degree.

EXTERIOR

Exterior Design is the process of designing the exterior of the building. This includes the facade skin roof and foundation element. While exterior design can be just as creative and artistic as interior design a knowledge of structural engineering is necessary. Exterior design is usually performed by an architect with help of civil and structural engineer.

In contract an exterior angle is an angle formed formed by one side of a simple polygon and a line extended form an adjacent side. The sum of the external angle on the vertex is 180 degree.

In Exterior Designer will have to respect the ‘uncontrollable’ part of the environment.

Its support only two dimension in Computer Added Design such as Height and Width. It’s not support thickness of object.

2D objects have two dimension such as:

Rectangle,

Circle

Square,

Triangle etc.

2D Auto-cad Drawing can be divided into three important groups or parts:

“Product Drawing”-

“2D Auto-cad drawings which is used by the industry of fabricators & manufacturers. Even most of the 2D drawing which is made by 3D CAD model. The information of work about manufacturer or fabrication is based on the 2D drawing. In this context, a drawing has all the information in it when we print out on a paper.

“Construction Drawing”-

Architecture drawing, builders, floor plans, installers, M&E drawing, these type of drawings are included in construction drawing. So, this is also a part of 2D CAD drawing which we can print out & can be easily readable floor plan, Elevations & Pipe runs these type of drawings either create in 3D. But on the other side M&E drawings are show through the symbols like switches & sockets on a 2D floor plan.

“Line Drawing”-

These type of drawing is basically included Schematic, Map drawing & simple layout drawings. So, these drawings are made in CAD packages like AutoCAD or Assault system drafting.

Three Dimensional(3D) Auto-cad Drawing:

“3D” which known as “Three dimensional Model” basically 3D display a picture in a form that appears to be physically present with a structure of design is necessary that it allows pictures which appears easy to the human eye. So, this can be also explain in a sense of items, which is display in a form that allow for different dimensions to be represented. Therefore, height, width and depth are also included in 3D dimension.

Example–

Any object in the real world & another example is Our body which is also in 3 dimensional.

In other words, an image which provides the Perception of depth is also described by the 3D.

When 3D pictures or drawings are create interactive so that audience feel involved with the scene and the experience is called Virtual Reality. Usually, we required a special plug in viewer for our web browser to view and communicate with 3D images.

Tessellation, geometry & rendering are 3D image creation which is viewed as a ‘Three-Phase’ process. So in a ‘first Phase’, models are made up of particular or individual objects using link points & that created in a number of individual tiles. After this phase, means in a ‘Second Phase’, the tiles are transformed in a so many different ways & we can also apply light effect on it. Then, in a last ‘Third Phase’ of this 3D model, the transformed images or drawings are rendered into objects with very fine information or a good detail.

Therefore, popular products which is made by 3D Effects are included extreme 3D & virtual reality which is very important. This “Virtual Reality Model Language”(VRML) permits the creator to specify images or drawings and rules for their display. Textual language statements are also used by this communication or a good interaction.

“2D” is display as Two Dimensional geometry which is expressed in length & height on flat planes but have no Depth. One of the example is ’Shadow’ which is two dimensional. So, in this way, 2D shapes are typically measured in square units like cm2. Whereas 3D which is defined as 3 dimensional drawings or models they described objects with ‘Depth’. This depth of the object should not be confused with weight, as two objects can be the same depth but here notice that one can be much heavier than the second object like a gallon of milk have less weight than any other heavy object. So, 3D measurement includes cubic unit cm3, quart liters and also tablespoon. So, this the major difference between 2D & 3D.

Therefore, when we apply 3D to physics, they can be seen as three spatially enumerable vectors. Even though there could be several more compatified physical dimensions which are so small that we cannot detect them. There is the concept of the tesseract or hypercube which bears the same relation to a cube that a cube does to a square. An actual tesseract would not be possible to construct with our 3D bodies, but we can build a 3D representation of it. This concept of 3D is different from 2D drawings in this way.