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Primary Documents - Three Emperors League, 18 June 1881

Having
secured the creation of a united German Empire following the successful
outcome of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871,
Bismarck was keen to consolidate
Germany's position via the construction of alliances with other major
powers.

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In so
doing Bismarck was acknowledging that France would remain a threat, one set
upon avenging her humiliating defeat in ceding Alsace and Lorraine to
Germany at the conclusion of the 1870-71 war.

Bismarck set about the establishment of numerous alliances with, in 1873,
the creation of the Three Emperors League. This agreement tied
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia to each other's aid in time of war.
The agreement however only lasted until 1878 with Russia's withdrawal;
Bismarck then agreed a new
Dual Alliance
with Austria-Hungary in 1879.

The Courts of
Austria-Hungary, of Germany, and of Russia, animated by an equal desire to
consolidate the general peace by an understanding intended to assure the
defensive position of their respective States, have come into agreement on
certain questions....

With this purpose the three
Courts .... have agreed on the following Articles:

Article 1

In case one of the High
Contracting Parties should find itself at war with a fourth Great Power, the
two others shall maintain towards it a benevolent neutrality and shall
devote their efforts to the localization of the conflict.

This stipulation shall
apply likewise to a war between one of the three Powers and Turkey, but only
in the case where a previous agreement shall have been reached between the
three Courts as to the results of this war.

In the special case where
one of them shall obtain a more positive support from one of its two Allies,
the obligatory value of the present Article shall remain in all its force
for the third.

Article 2

Russia, in agreement with
Germany, declares her firm resolution to respect the interests arising from
the new position assured to Austria-Hungary by the Treaty of Berlin.

The three Courts, desirous
of avoiding all discord between them, engage to take account of their
respective interests in the Balkan Peninsula. They further promise one
another that any new modifications in the territorial status quo of Turkey
in Europe can be accomplished only in virtue of a common agreement between
them.

In order to facilitate the
agreement contemplated by the present Article, an agreement of which it is
impossible to foresee all the conditions, the three Courts from the present
moment record in the Protocol annexed to this Treaty the points on which an
understanding has already been established in principle.

Article 3

The three Courts recognize
the European and mutually obligatory character of the principle of the
closing of the Straits of the Bosporus and of the Dardanelles, founded on
international law, confirmed by treaties, and summed up in the declaration
of the second Plenipotentiary of Russia at the session of July 12 of the
Congress of Berlin.

They will take care in
common that Turkey shall make no exception to this rule in favour of the
interests of any Government whatsoever, by lending to warlike operations of
a belligerent Power the portion of its Empire constituted by the Straits.

In case of infringement, or
to prevent it if such infringement should be in prospect, the three Courts
will inform Turkey that they would regard her, in that event, as putting
herself in a state of war towards the injured Party, and as having deprived
herself thenceforth of the benefits of the security assured to her
territorial status quo by the Treaty of Berlin.

Article 4

The present Treaty shall be
in force during a period of three years, dating from the day of the exchange
of ratifications.

Article 5

The High Contracting
Parties mutually promise secrecy as to the contents and the existence of the
present Treaty, as well as of the Protocol annexed thereto.

Article 6

The secret Conventions
concluded between Austria-Hungary and Russia and between Germany and Russia
in 1873 are replaced by the present Treaty...

SZECHENYI
v. BISMARCK
SABOUROFF

Separate Protocol on the
same date to the Convention of Berlin. June 18, 1881

Article 1: Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Austria-Hungary reserves
the right to annex these provinces at whatever moment she shall deem
opportune.

Article 2: Sanjak of
Novibazar

The Declaration exchanged
between the Austro-Hungarian Plenipotentiaries and the Russian
Plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Berlin under the date of July 13/1,
1878, remains in force.

Article 3: Eastern
Rumelia

The three Powers agree in
regarding the eventuality of an occupation either of Eastern Rumelia or of
the Balkans as full of perils for the general peace. In case this should
occur, they will employ their efforts to dissuade the Porte from such an
enterprise, it being well understood that Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia on
their part are to abstain from provoking the Porte by attacks emanating from
their territories against the other provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

Article 4: Bulgaria

The three Powers will not
oppose the eventual reunion of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia within the
territorial limits assigned to them by the Treaty of Berlin, if this
question should come up by the force of circumstances. They agree to
dissuade the Bulgarians from all aggression against the neighbouring
provinces, particularly Macedonia; and to inform them that in such a case
they will be acting at their own risk and peril.

Article 5

In order to avoid
collisions of interests in the local questions which may arise, the three
Courts will furnish their representatives and agents in the Orient with a
general instruction, directing them to endeavour to smooth out their
divergences by friendly explanations between themselves in each special
case; and, in the cases where they do not succeed in doing so, to refer the
matters to their Governments.

Article 6

The present Protocol forms
an integral part of the secret Treaty signed on this day at Berlin and shall
have the same force and validity...

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Saturday, 22 August, 2009Michael Duffy

In preparation for the Battle of the Somme, the British launched a seven-day artillery bombardment in which 1,500 guns fired 1.6 million rounds.