MAP

Wednesday, 2 April 2014

Not long after the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope took to the sky in 2008,
astrophysicists noticed that it was picking up a steady rain of gamma rays
pouring outward from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. This high-energy
radiation was consistent with the detritus of annihilating dark matter, the
unidentified particles that constitute 84 percent of the matter in the universe
and that fizzle upon contact with each other, spewing other particles as they
go. If the gamma rays did in fact come from dark matter, they would reveal its
identity, resolving one of the biggest mysteries in physics. But some argued
that the gamma rays could have originated from another source.

Now a new analysis of the signal claims
to rule out all other plausible explanations and makes the case that the gamma
rays trace back to a type of particle that has long been considered the leading
dark matter candidate — a weakly interacting massive particle, or WIMP.
Meanwhile, a more tentative X-ray signal reported in two other new studies
suggests the existence of yet another kind of dark matter particle called a
sterile neutrino.

In the new gamma-ray
analysis, which appeared
Feb. 27 on the scientific preprint site arXiv.org, Dan
Hooper and his collaborators used more
than five years’ worth of the cleanest Fermi data to generate a high-resolution
map of the gamma-ray excess extending from the center of the galaxy outward at
least 10 angular degrees, or 5,000 light-years, in all directions.

“The results are extremely
interesting,” said KevorkAbazajian, an associate professor of physics and
astronomy at the University of California, Irvine. “The most remarkable part of
the analysis is that the signal follows the shape of the dark matter profile
out to 10 degrees,” he said, explaining that it would be “very difficult to
impossible” for other sources to mimic this predicted dark matter distribution
over such a broad range.

The findings do not constitute a
discovery of dark matter, the scientists said, but they prepare the way for an
upcoming test described by many researchers as a “smoking gun”: If the
gamma-ray excess comes from annihilating WIMPs, and not conventional astrophysical
objects, then the signal will also be seen emanating from dwarf galaxies that
orbit the Milky Way — diffuse objects that are rich in dark matter but not in
other high-energy photon sources such as pulsars, rotating neutron stars that
have been floated as alternative explanations for the excess.

“These gamma rays match the predictions
of a pretty prototypical WIMP, the kind of thing we were all writing down 10 or
15 years ago,” said Hooper, a theoretical astrophysicist at the Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory and the University of Chicago, and the person who co-discovered
the gamma-ray excess with then
graduate student Lisa Goodenough in 2009. “That’s where my money is.”

“It’s definitely exciting,” said Neal
Weiner, a dark matter specialist at New York
University. “I think we’d like to see it somewhere else, like a dwarf galaxy,
before getting really excited.”

Preliminary results from the Fermi
Collaboration — scientists who process, analyze and release the telescope data
— offer hints that there may indeed be a surplus of gamma rays coming from the
dwarf galaxies. Although there is currently too little data to determine
whether an excess exists, “we are starting to get closer to the range,”
said Jennifer Siegal-Gaskins, a physicist at the California
Institute of Technology and a member of the Fermi Collaboration. “I would say
the next couple of years of data could really be important for testing this
excess.”

“If that small excess from the dwarf
galaxies turns to a big one, that would convince the whole community,” Hooper
said. “That would be game over.”

While most experts agree, some question
whether indirect glimpses of dark matter can ever truly constitute a discovery.

Dark matter consists of elementary
particles that do not emit or absorb light, because they do not experience the
electromagnetic force. These particles are also unaffected by the strong
nuclear force, which ensnares many of the known particles into atoms.
Cosmologists infer the existence of dark matter, and can model its distribution
throughout the cosmos, because it does participate in the force of gravity and
therefore plays a leading role in shaping galaxies. If dark matter particles
also experience the fourth and final force of nature, called the weak nuclear
force, then they are of a type known as a WIMP.

In many theories, pairs of WIMPs can
annihilate each other on contact, emitting other particles as they go. If the
glimmer of gamma rays from the inner galaxy is the afterglow from such
annihilations, then their detected energy levels indicate that they most likely
originate from WIMPs with a mass of 35 giga-electron-volts (GeV) annihilating into quarks, or 10-GeV WIMPs annihilating into tau
particles.

The 35-GeV WIMP model “fits the data
best,” said Tracy Slatyer, an assistant professor of physics at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a co-author of the new paper. The
fit has greatly improved, she said, since the group’s last analysis of the
gamma-ray excess. If the signal wasn’t from dark matter, “it’s not at all clear
that going to a better data sample would make the results look better,” she
said, “but when I saw the new results, I was amazed.”

WIMPs have not yet shown up in direct
detection experiments, which look for
spurts of energy coming from their weak interactions with atomic nuclei,
usually in detectors placed in mine shafts deep underground to lower the
background noise. But this does not mean 35-GeV WIMPs don’t exist, scientists
said, because no one knows how frequently they interact. The authors of the new
study “could be perfectly right, and we just need detectors two orders of
magnitude more sensitive to see the particles,” said Juan Collar, an associate professor of physics at
the University of Chicago who helps develop direct detection experiments.

Most of the researchers interviewed for
this article said the presence of a gamma-ray excess from the dwarf galaxies
would be sufficient proof of WIMPs, but a few said that it might take a direct
detection to convince them. “The problem is the universe is a messy place,”
said Kathryn
Zurek, an associate professor of physics at
the University of Michigan. Try as they might to rule out “astrophysics” —
shorthand among dark matter researchers for all the conventional stuff in the
sky, from pulsars to supernovae to the sun — it is always possible that they
have missed something.

The study authors, however, are
confident that dark matter is the only plausible source of the gamma rays. “We
threw everything including the kitchen sink at the problem,” Hooper said. “My
views are on the record.”

Meanwhile, just as Hooper’s group was
putting the finishing touches on the new manuscript, two other teams of
scientists independently reported the discovery of a different anomaly in the
sky: a dash of X-rays emanating from distant galaxies that is consistent with
the decay of 7-kilo-electron-volt (keV) sterile neutrinos — heavier and less
active cousins of the familiar neutrinos that are also dark matter candidates.

Esra Bulbul, a postdoctoral fellow at the
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and her colleagues spotted the
X-rays in data from the Chandra and XMM-Newton space telescopes and published
their results Feb. 10. A
week later, a group led by AlexeyBoyarsky of the University of Leiden in the Netherlands reported the same X-ray excess in
telescope observations of the Andromeda galaxy.

“I think we have a very big fish here,”
Bulbul said.

Bulbul and colleagues report a
statistical significance of between 4 and 5 sigma, meaning the X-ray signal is
strong enough that the odds that it is a random fluke are only one in 100,000.
However, putative dark matter signals often hover at the 4-sigma brink of
statistical significance only to fade into the background when more data is
collected. Seasoned veterans of this boom-and-bust cycle are skeptical about
the new anomaly, but some have expressed cautious optimism.

“It’s definitely intriguing,”
said John Beacom, a theoretical astrophysicist at Ohio
State University. “They certainly have tried very hard to eliminate or examine
the possibility of an atomic transition being the cause. They’ve also gone to
great lengths to eliminate instrumental effects.”

The X-ray bump appeared in all subsets
of the data, no matter how Bulbul and colleagues sliced it — a sign that the
bump did not come from a bias somewhere in the telescope instrumentation. It
was this same omnipresence that convinced particle physicists at the Large Hadron Collider that they had cornered the Higgs boson in 2012 before
their signal reached the 5-sigma strength formally needed for a discovery.
Further support for the significance of the X-ray excess comes from the Dutch
group’s discovery of the same bump at 4.4-sigma strength in a different data
set.

If the X-rays come from sterile
neutrinos, the existence of these particles would very likely solve a
long-standing puzzle about galaxy formation known as the “too big to fail”
problem, which asks why objects called dark matter subhalos don’t collapse and form dwarf galaxies. “That’s one of the
reasons I’m actually more excited about this result than I would be otherwise,”
Abazajian said. The particles also play a role in the seesaw mechanism,
the most widely supported explanation for the minuscule mass of regular
neutrinos. Decays of sterile neutrinos shortly after the Big Bang could even
explain the mysterious dominance
of matter over antimatter in the universe today. “Sterile neutrinos get invoked for twenty
different reasons,” Beacom said.

Like the gamma-ray signal, the X-ray
excess will face a clear-cut test in the near future. The Astro-H telescope, set for launch in 2015, will be sensitive enough
to detect the smear of the signal. If the width of the bump is consistent with
the expected speed of decaying dark matter particles, “that would be a
detection,” Abazajian said.

Both signals are tough to dismiss,
raising a strange prospect. “It’s possible they are both dark matter,” Abazajian said. “It would be crazy, but it’s certainly possible.”

The sterile neutrinos associated with
the X-rays could account for anywhere from 1 to 100 percent of dark matter,
depending on how often they decay. And the WIMPs tied to the gamma rays are
almost as flexible. The two could coexist. As Collar put it, “If the matter we
know about is so rich in families of particles, what tells you this dark sector
we know nothing about is not as rich or richer?”

A theoretical model called “exciting
dark matter,” proposed in 2007 by Weiner and DouglasFinkbeiner of Harvard, a co-author of the
new gamma-ray paper, even predicts the existence of both a keV-scale dark matter particle and a GeV-scale particle working in tandem. “So,
at the moment, I’m quite excited!” Weiner said in an email.

But at least for the next couple of
years, another nagging possibility remains.

“It’s like the Monty Python sketch —
nobody ever expects the Spanish Inquisition,” Beacom said. “Sometimes
in this field nobody expects astrophysics, but it’s almost always astrophysics.
All of these groups have tried to be very careful, but it is difficult, and
nature may surprise us with astrophysics yet again.”

Correction: This
article was revised on March 4, 2014, to reflect that the Fermi Collaboration
had exclusive access to only the first years’ worth of telescope data before
releasing it to the public. New data is now released weekly.