The '''GID key''' ('''Group ID key''') is a 256-bit [[wikipedia:Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] key shared by all devices with the same application processor. The GID key is part of how iOS encrypts software on the device ([https://books.google.com/books?id=CEzB2avQjR4C&lpg=PA268&vq=gid%20key&dq=GID%20Key&pg=PA268#v=onepage&q&f=false more explanation]). This is one component of the iOS security system, which also includes [[SHSH]] signatures.

The '''GID key''' ('''Group ID key''') is a 256-bit [[wikipedia:Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] key shared by all devices with the same application processor. The GID key is part of how iOS encrypts software on the device ([https://books.google.com/books?id=CEzB2avQjR4C&lpg=PA268&vq=gid%20key&dq=GID%20Key&pg=PA268#v=onepage&q&f=false more explanation]). This is one component of the iOS security system, which also includes [[SHSH]] signatures.

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This key is different on each [[Application Processor|processor model]] ([[wikipedia:System on a chip|system on a chip]]) - in other words, the [[S5L8900]] (chip for iPhone 3G for example) has a different key compared to the [[S5L8930]] (A4 chip for iPhone 4, iPod touch (4th generation), etc.).

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This key is different on each [[Application Processor|processor model]] ([[wikipedia:System on a chip|system on a chip]]) - in other words, the [[S5L8900]] (chip for iPhone 3G for example) has a different key compared to the [[S5L8930]] (A4 chip for iPhone 4, iPod touch (4th generation), etc.). On [[S5L8960]] and later processors, the [[Secure Enclave]] has it's own GID that is separate from the AP's which is used to encrypt the SEP Firmware before delivery to the end user.

Latest revision as of 01:00, 27 August 2017

The GID key (Group ID key) is a 256-bit AES key shared by all devices with the same application processor. The GID key is part of how iOS encrypts software on the device (more explanation). This is one component of the iOS security system, which also includes SHSH signatures.

This key is different on each processor model (system on a chip) - in other words, the S5L8900 (chip for iPhone 3G for example) has a different key compared to the S5L8930 (A4 chip for iPhone 4, iPod touch (4th generation), etc.). On S5L8960 and later processors, the Secure Enclave has it's own GID that is separate from the AP's which is used to encrypt the SEP Firmware before delivery to the end user.

"The device’s unique ID (UID) and a device group ID (GID) are AES 256-bit keys fused (UID) or compiled (GID) into the application processor during manufacturing. No software or firmware can read them directly; they can see only the results of encryption or decryption operations performed using them. The UID is unique to each device and is not recorded by Apple or any of its suppliers. The GID is common to all processors in a class of devices (for example, all devices using the Apple A8 processor), and is used as an additional level of protection when delivering system software during installation and restore. Integrating these keys into the silicon helps prevent them from being tampered with or bypassed, or accessed outside the AES engine. The UID and GID are also not available via JTAG or other debugging interfaces."

CIA research into attacks

According to this March 2015 article in The Intercept based on documents provided by Edward Snowden, the CIA has been particularly interested in figuring out how to extract GID keys as part of their efforts to get access to modifying iOS to insert spy software and to research further vulnerabilities:

"At the 2011 Jamboree conference, there were two separate presentations on hacking the GID key on Apple’s processors. One was focused on non-invasively obtaining it by studying the electromagnetic emissions of — and the amount of power used by — the iPhone’s processor while encryption is being performed. Careful analysis of that information could be used to extract the encryption key. Such a tactic is known as a "side channel" attack. The second focused on a "method to physically extract the GID key.'"(The first document and the second one.)

"According to the 2011 document describing the Jamboree presentations on Apple's processor, the researchers asserted that extracting the GID key could also allow them to look for other potential gateways into Apple devices. 'If successful, it would enable decryption and analysis of the boot firmware for vulnerabilities, and development of associated exploits across the entire A4-based product-line, which includes the iPhone 4, the iPod touch and the iPad.'"

The 2011 timing is interesting, since geohot had publicly released a powerful bootrom exploit (limera1n) for A4 devices in October 2010, which presumably the CIA was already using (probably one of the "very small number of security flaws, many of which are public, which Apple eventually patches" they mentioned). If a person has a bootrom exploit like limera1n, they can decrypt firmwares by generating the firmware keys from the KBAGs (since they can use the GID keys on-device even if they can't extract them) - see Firmware Keys. It's possible this talk had been written earlier and presented as still relevant for A5 and future chips.

Discussion of CIA research

NerveGas wrote a blog post about the implications of that article. He says: "The UID key is what you’d want to get if you made an arrest and were looking to scrape data off of a suspect’s device. Instead, what CIA was trying to get instead was the GID, which is a key shared across an entire chip architecture (e.g. product line), that’s used for decrypting the low level boot firmware on a device...What that tells us is that CIA was NOT interested in getting forensic level access to personal data on a seized device in physical custody, but is instead more interested in cooking their own low level boot firmware to potentially deploy across an entire product line of device. With a private cache of exploits and/or cooked boot loader firmware, CIA could potentially infect millions of devices with malicious firmware to give them persistent access to monitor or surveil devices worldwide."

i0n1c wrote some tweets responding to the article and disputing what NerveGas said, including these (quoted in chronological order):

The overall Intercept article was somewhat controversial among security researchers, with comments in this Twitter thread and this post with responses, with disagreements about the goals of the CIA research and about which people should have been consulted as experts on the subject.

Related tools

crypto by planetbeing - "This package allows you to directly access the iPhone's AES engine from userland. You may encrypt and decrypt with the UID and GID keys, as well as any custom keys you provide."