Comments: Invasive in northern Queensland.
"It thrives around Townsville (-15 deg. latitude) which has a comparatively low rainfall, more a
dry monsoon area and rampages around Cooktown (-19 deg. latitude) where the
summer rainfall can be measured in metres, giving it quite a broad climate
range. I believe that it occurs on a range of soil types. It is most
definitely an environmental weed. Given the situations I have personally
observed it I believe that it would have some degree of shade tolerance in it's
earlier life stages. it will definitely reproduce by vegetative
fragmentation. Given it's distribution around Cooktown I believe that the
seeds would be dispersed in floodwaters. It is extremely likely to be bird
and pig dispersed" (Louise Hucks, Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy,
Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, pers. com.).