The. Tenth. Amendment: • The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Eventsof. John. Adams Presidency • Congress then passed the Alien Act: This authorized the President to deport aliens «dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States» during peacetime. • Later the Sedition Act declared: that any treasonable activity, including the publication of «any false, scandalous and malicious writing, » was a high misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. • 25 men, most of them editors of Republican newspapers, were arrested and their newspapers forced to shut down.

1819 Mc. Cullochv. Maryland • Facts: In 1816, Congress chartered The Second Bank of the United States. In 1818, Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the bank. The cashier of the bank, James W. Mc. Culloch, refused to pay the tax. • 2 Questionsthe. Supreme. Courtconsidered: 1) Did Congress have the authority to establish the bank? 2) Did the Maryland law unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers?

1819 Mc. Cullochv. Maryland • In a unanimous decision, the Court held that Congress had the power to incorporate the bank and that Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers. • Chief Justice Marshall noted that Congress possessed unenumerated powers not explicitly outlined in the Constitution

1824 Gibbonsv. Ogden • Facts of the Case • A New York state law gave two individuals the exclusive right to operate steamboats on waters within state jurisdiction. • Question • Did the State of New York exercise authority in a realm reserved exclusively to Congress, namely, the regulation of interstate commerce?

1824 Gibbonsv. Ogden • The New York law was invalid by virtue of the Supremacy Clause. • In his opinion, Chief Justice Marshall: developed a clear definition of the word commerce, which included navigation on interstate waterways. • Marshall’s was one of the earliest and most influential opinions concerning this important clause. • He concluded that regulation of navigation by steamboat operators and others for purposes of conducting interstate commerce was a power reserved to and exercised by the Congress.

1828 The. Nullificationcampaignled by. Vice. President. John. Calhoun • Inresponsetothehightariffpassedby Congress, Calhounstated: • that the Union was a compact between states, which retained certain rights under the Constitution. • Calhoun carried the argument several steps further, asserting that a state could veto, or «nullify, » any act by the federal government that encroached on its sovereignty or otherwise violated the Constitution.

1833 Barronv. Baltimore Facts of the Case • John Barron was co-owner of a profitable wharf in the harbor of Baltimore. • As the city developed and expanded, large amounts of sand accumulated in the harbor, depriving Barron of the deep waters which had been the key to his successful business. • He sued the city to recover a portion of his financial losses.

1833 Barronv. Baltimore • Question: • Does the Fifth Amendment deny the states as well as the national government the right to take private property for public use without justly compensating the property’s owner? • Decision: • No. Writing for the unanimous Court, Chief Justice Marshall found that the limitations on government articulated in the Fifth Amendment were specifically intended to limit the powers of the national government.

National. Defense& Education. Act(1958) • ( NDEA), federal legislation passed in 1958 providing aid to education in the United States at all levels, public and private. NDEA was instituted primarily to stimulate the advancement of education in science, mathematics, and modern foreign languages; but it has also provided aid in other areas

1965 Elementary& Secondary. Education. Act • This piece of legislation constituted the most important educational component of the ‘War on Poverty’ launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Through a special funding (Title I), it allocated large resources to meet the needs of educationally deprived children, especially through compensatory programs for the poor.

1965 Medicare. Act • It established Medicare, a health insurance program for the elderly, and Medicaid, a health insurance program for the poor. • It was funded by a tax on the earnings of employees, matched by contributions by employers, and was well received.

Garciav. San. Antonia. Metro • (SAMTA), the main provider of transportation in the San Antonio metropolitan area, claimed it was exempt from the minimum-wage and overtime requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act. • SAMTA argued that it was providing a «traditional» governmental function, which exempted it from federal controls

Garciav. San. Antonia. Metro • Question — Did principles of federalism make the San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority immune from the Fair Labor Standards Act? • Conclusion • In a 5 -to-4 decision, the Court held that the guiding principles of federalism established in National League of Cities v. Usery were unworkable and that SAMTA was subject to Congressional legislation under the Commerce Clause.

USv. Lopez • Facts of the Case • Alfonzo Lopez, a high school student, carried a concealed weapon into his high school. He was charged under Texas law with firearm possession on school premises. • Federal agents charged Lopez with violating a federal criminal statute, the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. • The act forbids «any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that [he] knows. . . is a school zone. » Lopez was found guilty following a bench trial and sentenced to six months’ imprisonment.

Federalismsince 2001 • USAPATRIOTAct • Leave. No. Child. Behind. Act • Newlawtogivefederalcourtsoversighton. Terry Schiavocase, takingpowerawayfromstates! ( In 1999, Gov George W. Bush signed a bill that would allow hospitals to override the wishes of family members and remove a patient’s life support when further treatment was judged futile by a hospital committee. ) • Bushandconservativesproposed. Constitutional amendmenttodefinemarriage. • Medicareentitlements