Harry Hawk (April 28, 1837 – May 28, 1916) was an American actor and comedian. Though he had an otherwise unremarkable acting career, he is known for being the only actor on stage at Ford's Theatre when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865.

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William Henry Hawk was born in Philadelphia in 1837 to William J. Hawk and his wife, but the family moved to Chicago when he was young, he began theater work as a call boy, or stagehand, at McVicker's Theatre in Chicago. After two years, he left to work for John E. Owens at the Variety Theatre in New Orleans,[1] his first stage role was in 1859 in The Little Treasurer.[2] He made his way back north with the onset of the American Civil War, and by the early 1860s he was appearing in billed roles including, for example, the role of Mark Meddle in London Assurance, and Davy in The Phantom.[3][4][5]

On tour with Laura Keene's stage company in 1865, he had recently gained the title role in the company's production of Our American Cousin, playing the role of Asa Trenchard, that role was best known for being played by popular comedian Joseph Jefferson, as part of the company Keene used to debut the play in America in 1858. The play remained popular for many years.[citation needed]

Hawk was alone on stage in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865, delivering what was considered one of the funniest lines of the play. "Don't know the manners of good society, eh? Well, I guess I know enough to turn you inside out, old gal; you sockdologizing old man-trap!" which was delivered just after actress Helen Muzzy left the stage. Hysterical laughter began permeating the theater, and Lincoln was laughing at this line when he was shot.[6]John Wilkes Booth, an experienced actor, knew the line would draw much laughter, and used the opportunity to shoot, counting on the laughter to mask the report of his pistol. When Booth jumped down toward the stage, Hawk at first thought Booth was coming after him, and backed off the stage. Hawk knew Booth, and immediately recognized him – he had lunched with him that same day.[citation needed]

Advertisement for Our American Cousin in April 14, 1865 edition of Washington Evening Star

Hawk was detained by the police and held on $1,000 bond, which Doctor Brown (the undertaker who later embalmed Lincoln) furnished for him, he was then brought to the Petersen House across the street from the theatre (where Lincoln lay dying), and confirmed to the police that Booth had been the assailant. Corporal James R. Tanner recording the following testimony from Hawk:

I was on the stage at the time of the firing & heard the report of the pistol. My back was towards the Presidents box at the time. I heard something tear & somebody fell & as I looked towards him he came in the direction in which I was standing & I believe to the best of my knowledge that it was John Wilkes Booth. Still I am not positive that it was him. I only had one glance at him as he was rushing towards me with a dagger & I turned and run & after I run up a flight of stairs I turned and exclaimed “My God that’s John Booth.” I am acquainted with Booth. I met him the first time a year ago. I saw him today about one o’clock. Said I “how do you do Mr. Booth” and he says “how are you Hawk.” He was sitting on the steps of Fords Theatre reading a letter. He had the appearance of being sober at the time. I was never intimate with him, he had no hat on when I saw him on the stage. In my own mind I do not have any doubt but that it was Booth, he made some expression when he came on the stage but I did not understand what.[7]

Hawk wrote a letter to his parents on April 16, 1865, recounting the events of the fateful night, which was quickly published in the Chicago Journal (and reprinted in the Washington Evening Star on April 24).

This is the first time I have had to write to you since the assassination of our dear President on Friday night, as I have been in custody nearly ever since, I was one of the principal witnesses of that sad affair, being the only one on the stage at the time of the fatal shot. I was playing Asa Trenchard, in the “American Cousin,” The “old lady” of the theatre had just gone off the stage, and I was answering her exit speech when I heard the shot fired. I turned, looked up at the President’s box, heard the man exclaim, “Sic semper tyrannis,” saw him jump from the box, seize the flag on the staff and drop to the stage; he slipped when he gained the stage, but got upon his feet in a moment, brandished a large knife, saying, “The South shall be free!” turned his face in the direction I stood, and I recognized him as John Wilkes Booth. He ran toward me, and I, seeing the knife, thought I was the one he was after, ran off the stage and up a flight of stairs, he made his escape out of a door, directly in the rear of the theatre, mounted a horse and rode off.

The above all occurred in the space of a quarter of a minute, and at the time I did not know that the President was shot; although, if I had tried to stop him, he would have stabbed me.

I am now under one thousand dollars bail to appear as a witness when Booth is tried, if caught.

All the above I have sworn to. You may imagine the excitement in the theatre, which was crowded, with cries of “Hang him!” “Who was he?” &c., from every one present.

In about fifteen minutes after the occurrence, the President was carried out and across the street. I was requested to walk down to police headquarters and give my evidence, they then put me under one thousand dollars bond to appear at 10 o’clock next morning. I then walked about for some time as the city was wild with excitement, and then I went to bed, at half-past three I was called by an aid of the President, to go the house where he was lying, to give another statement before Judge Carter, Secretary Stanton, and other high officials assembled there. I did so, and went to bed again, on Saturday I gave bail.

It was the saddest thing I ever knew, the city only the night before was illuminated, and everybody was so happy. Now it is all sadness. Everybody looks gloomy and sad.

On that night the play was going off so well. Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln enjoyed it much, she was laughing at my speech when the shot was fired. In fact it was one laugh from the time the curtain went up until it fell — and to think of such a sorrowful ending! It is an era in my life that I shall never forget. Inclosed is a piece of fringe of the flag the President was holding when shot.[8]

The following week Hawk was briefly arrested again in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, but then released, he used an assumed name for a time afterwards to avoid problems.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

Hawk was a friend of Booth's brother actor Edwin Booth, and generally declined out of respect to talk about the events of that night while Edwin was still living.[13]

Hawk acted for over 40 years, he was acting and managing Laura Keene's company in 1873 when she had a hemorrhage while performing, and died a few months later.[18] He was unable to keep up when the public's taste turned to musical comedy, and fell into obscurity. By 1901 he was living in semi-retirement in the suburb of Ardmore outside Philadelphia, with his cousin John B. Lober.[1]

^(10 December 1862). Nixon's Washington Theatre, Daily National Republican, p. 3, col. 6 (advertisement for Hawk appearing in role of Mark Meddle in London Assurance and as Barney O'Dwyer in Object of Interest)

^(16 Nov. 1909). Personal Notes, Omaha Daily Bee, p. 4, col. 6 (noting that Hawk was a recent passenger on the SS Haverford, and only surviving member of Keene's company, which was not actually true, as other actresses including Jennie Gourley were still alive)

1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland

2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America

3.
Jersey
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Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is a Crown dependency of the United Kingdom, ruled by the Crown in right of Jersey, off the coast of Normandy, France. Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey, Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems, and the power of self-determination. The Lieutenant Governor on the island is the representative of the Queen. The island of Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands, although the bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey are often referred to collectively as the Channel Islands, the Channel Islands are not a constitutional or political unit. Jersey has a relationship to the Crown from the other Crown dependencies of Guernsey. It is not part of the United Kingdom, and has an identity separate from that of the UK. The definition of United Kingdom in the British Nationality Act 1981 is interpreted as including the UK, Jersey is not fully part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, notably being treated as within the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods. The name Caesarea has been used as the Latin name for Jersey since William Camdens Britannia, the Latin name Caesarea was also applied to the colony of New Jersey as Nova Caesarea. Andium, Agna and Augia were used in antiquity, scholars variously surmise that Jersey and Jèrri derive from jarð or jarl, or perhaps a personal name, Geirr. The ending -ey denotes an island, Jersey history is influenced by its strategic location between the northern coast of France and the southern coast of England, the islands recorded history extends over a thousand years. La Cotte de St Brelade is a Palaeolithic site inhabited before rising sea levels transformed Jersey into an island, Jersey was a centre of Neolithic activity, as demonstrated by the concentration of dolmens. Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in locations around the island. In June 2012 it was announced what could be Europes largest hoard of Iron Age coins had been found in Grouville by two persons using metal detectors, the hoard may be worth up to £10 M. People had been searching for treasure for 30 years. It was reported that the hoard weighed about three quarters of a tonne and could contain up to 50,000 Roman and Celtic coins, in 2012 the same two men had found 60 Iron Age coins in the same area. Jersey was part of Neustria with the same Gallo-Frankish population as the continental mainland, Jersey was invaded by Vikings in the 9th century. In 933 it was annexed to the future Duchy of Normandy, together with the other Channel Islands, Cotentin and Avranchin, by William Longsword, count of Rouen and it became one of the Norman Islands

4.
Ford's Theatre
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Fords Theatre is a theater in Washington, D. C. used for various stage performances beginning in the 1860s. It is also the site of the assassination of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln on April 14,1865, after being shot, the mortally wounded president was carried across the street to the Petersen House, where he died the next morning. The theater was used as a warehouse and office building. It was renovated and re-opened as a theater in 1968, during the 2000s, it was renovated again, opening on February 12,2009, in commemoration of the bicentennial of Lincolns birth. A related Center for Education and Leadership museum experience opened February 12,2012 next to Petersen House, Fords Theatre is located at 511 10th Street, NW. The site was originally a house of worship, constructed in 1833 as the meeting house of the First Baptist Church of Washington. In 1861, after the congregation moved to a built structure. Ford bought the church and renovated it into a theater. He first called it Fords Athenaeum, the famous actor John Wilkes Booth, desperate to aid the dying Confederacy, stepped into the box where the presidential party was sitting and shot Lincoln. Booth then jumped onto the stage, and cried out Sic semper tyrannis just before escaping through the back of the theater, between 1866 and 1887, the theater was taken over by the U. S. In 1887, the building became a clerks office for the War Department. On June 9,1893, the front part of the building collapsed, killing 22 clerks and this led some people to believe that the former church turned theater and storeroom was cursed. The building was repaired and used as a government warehouse until 1911, in 1928, the building was turned over from the War Department Office to the Office of Public Buildings and Parks of the National Capital. A Lincoln museum opened on the first floor of the building on February 12. In 1933, the building was transferred to the National Park Service, hildreth first suggested to Young the need for its restoration in 1945. Through extensive lobbying of Congress, a bill was passed in 1955 to prepare a study for the reconstruction of the building. In 1964 Congress approved funds for its restoration, which began that year and was completed in 1968, on January 21,1968, Vice President Hubert Humphrey and 500 others dedicated the restored theater. The theater reopened on January 30,1968, with a gala performance, the theater was again renovated during the 2000s

5.
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
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Lincoln was the third American president to die in office, and the first to be murdered. An unsuccessful attempt had made on Andrew Jackson 30 years prior, in 1835. The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the stage actor John Wilkes Booth. By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to disrupt the United States government. As the President was watching the play, Booth shot Lincoln from behind at a distance of three or four feet, hitting him in the back of the head. At 7,22 a. m. the following day, the rest of the conspirators plot failed, Powell only managed to wound Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnsons would-be assassin, lost his nerve and fled. Booth made an escape, resulting in a lengthy manhunt that ended in his death. Several other conspirators were tried and hanged. The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln was a period of extended national mourning, John Wilkes Booth, originally from Maryland, was a proud Southerner and an outspoken Confederate sympathizer. In late 1860, Booth was initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore, born into a family of well-known stage actors, Booth had become a famous actor and a nationally recognized celebrity in his own right by the time of the assassination. In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, the general of all the Unions armies. As harsh as it may have been on the prisoners of both sides, Grant realized the exchange was prolonging the war by returning soldiers to the outnumbered and manpower-starved South. John Wilkes Booth conceived a plan to kidnap President Lincoln and deliver him to the Confederate Army, Booth recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael OLaughlen, Lewis Powell, and John Surratt to help him. Surratts mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland and moved to a house in Washington, while Booth and Lincoln were not personally acquainted, Lincoln had seen Booth in The Marble Heart at Fords on November 9,1863. Subsequently Lincoln sent a invitation backstage inviting Booth to visit the White House, afterwards, actor Frank Mordaunt stated that Booth evaded multiple invitations from the president. Lincoln was an admirer of the man who assassinated him and that actor was John Wilkes Booth. Booth attended Lincolns second inauguration on March 4,1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale, soon to become United States Ambassador to Spain. Booth afterwards wrote in his diary, What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, on March 17,1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, Still Waters Run Deep, at Campbell Military Hospital

6.
McVicker's Theater
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McVickers Theater was a playhouse in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Built for actor James Hubert McVicker, the theater was the stage for comedic plays in Chicagos early years. It often hosted performances by Edwin Booth, who married McVickers daughter and was once targeted there in an attempted murder, Adler & Sullivan designed a remodel in 1883. Although destroyed in two fires, including the Great Chicago Fire, McVickers remained a theater until 1984. It was demolished the next year James Hubert McVicker was born in New York City and his father James died shortly after his birth, so he was raised by his moth Nancy and two siblings. He attended some public school before apprenticing as a printer when he was ten, for the next five years, he operated machines in New York printing houses. In October 1837, he was hired as an apprentice for the Republican in St. Louis, Missouri, however he found little enjoyment in the trade and he decided to acquire a classic education. In 1843, he entered a production at the St. Charles Theater in New Orleans, McVicker traveled to various cities around the country to perform. In April 1848, he settled in Chicago, Illinois, the comedian who had worked at John Blake Rices theater was just about to leave and Rice offered his position to McVicker. His first performance there was on May 2,1848 in My Neighbors Wife and his wife also performed, starring in Hue and Cry. McVicker starred opposite Rices wife in Lend Me Five Shillings on April 27,1849, two years after the death of Dan Marble, McVicker purchased the right to use his plays from the family estate. He went on a tour and then toured England in 1855. The next year, McVicker became manager of the Peoples Theater in St. Louis, the playhouse was very successful and in March 1857 he used the proceeds to establish a new theater in Chicago. McVickers Theater opened on November 5,1857 featuring its own company performing the comedic plays Honeymoon. Edwin Booth starred in A New Way to Pay Old Debts on May 31,1858 and he would later perform Richelieu, Richard III, and Brutus there, and he married one of McVickers daughters in 1869. The theater was remodeled in 1864, James Henry Hackett performed as Falstaff in 1865. It was again remodeled in August 1871, but was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire weeks later. However, it was rebuilt, and reopened on August 15,1872, mark Gray fired two bullets in an unsuccessful attempt to murder Edwin Booth on April 23,1879 while the actor was performing Richard II

7.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue

8.
Laura Keene
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Laura Keene was a British stage actress and theatre manager. In her twenty-year career, she became known as the first powerful female manager in New York. She is most famous for being the actress in the play Our American Cousin. Keene was born Mary Frances Moss in Winchester, England and she was the fourth and final child of Tomas and Jane Moss. Her aunt was British actress Elizabeth Yates, at the age of 18, she married British Army officer Henry Wellington Taylor. Taylor was reportedly the nephew and godson of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, the couple had two daughters, Emma and Clara Marie Stella. After being discharged from the army, Taylor opened his own tavern, around 1850, Taylor was arrested, though the nature of his crime is now unknown. After being convicted, he was sent from England to Australia on a prison ship. Keene would later travel to Australia in order to locate Taylor to divorce him and they remained married until Taylors death in 1860. After her husband was sent to prison, Keene was left alone with two children and no money, on the advice of her aunt, actress Elizabeth Yates, she decided to pursue a career as an actress, and would apprentice at her aunts theatre. As it was socially unacceptable for a woman with children and no husband to act in the theatre. Her now widowed mother Jane took over raising her two daughters, Keene made her professional debut as Pauline in The Lady of Lyons in London in October 1851. This was followed by performances at Londons Royal Olympic Theatre and Royal Lyceum Theatre and her first performance at his theatre was in The Will as Albino Mandeville. She enjoyed great popularity during her time at Wallacks Theatre, in order to have greater control over her career, she then entered into theater management with the help of John Lutz, whom she married in 1860 and was with her for the rest of her career. She left Wallacks company unexpectedly one night and moved to Baltimore, Keene leased the Charles Street Theater, in Baltimore, from 24 December 1853, to 2 March 1854, where she acted as manager, director and performer. She started doing touring performances in California, in Australia, during the first stint in California, she was hired by Catherine Norton Sinclair to play opposite Edwin Booth. After spending a month as the manager and lessee of the Union Theatre in San Francisco, Keene, booths drunken behavior in Australia put an end to their relationship and their tour. On her return to California, she managed the American Theatre

9.
Our American Cousin
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Our American Cousin is a three-act play by English playwright Tom Taylor. The play first premiered at Laura Keenes Theatre in New York City on October 15,1858, among Our American Cousins cast was British actor Edward Askew Sothern, playing Lord Dundreary, a caricature of a brainless English nobleman. Sothern had already achieved fame on the New York stage in the play Camille in 1856, and had been reluctant to take on the role because he felt that it was too small and unimportant. He mentioned his qualms to his friend Joseph Jefferson, who had been cast in the lead role and our American Cousin premiered in New York on October 15,1858. After several weeks of performances, Sothern began portraying the more broadly, as a lisping, skipping, eccentric. His ad-libs were a sensation, earning good notices for his comedy and spawning much imitation. Sothern gradually expanded the role, adding gags and business until it became the figure of the play. The most famous scene involved Dundreary reading a letter from his even sillier brother, the play ran for 150 nights, which was very successful for a New York run at the time. Sothern made his London debut in the role when the play ran for 496 performances at the Haymarket Theatre in 1861, the Athenaeum wrote, it is certainly the funniest thing in the world. A vile caricature of a nobleman, intensely ignorant. Dundrearyisms, twisted aphorisms in the style of Lord Dundreary, enjoyed a brief vogue, and the characters style of beard — long, bushy sideburns — gave the English language the word dundrearies. Dundreary became a recurring character, and Sothern successfully revived the play many times. It was not long before the success of this inspired a imitation. None of the characters from the play appeared in this comedy. A number of plays to Our American Cousin were written, all featuring several characters from the original. The first was Charles Gaylers Our American Cousin at Home, or, later sequels included Henry James Byrons Dundreary Married and Done For, and John Oxenfords Brother Sam, a play about Dundrearys brother. Asa Trenchard – Joseph Jefferson Sir Edward Trenchard – Edwin Varrey Florence Trenchard – Laura Keene Mary Meredith – Sara Stevens Lord Dundreary – E. A. Sothern Mr. Coyle – J. G. Florence Trenchard, a young beauty, loves Lieutenant Harry Vernon of the Royal Navy

10.
Joseph Jefferson
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Joseph Jefferson, commonly known as Joe Jefferson, was an American actor. He was the actor of this name in a family of actors and managers. Jefferson was particularly known for his adaptation and portrayal of Rip Van Winkle on the stage. Through his appearances in the latter, he is believed to be the earliest born actor to appear in a film, Jefferson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father was a designer and actor and his mother an actress. He appeared onstage early in life, often being used when a play called for a babe in arms and his first recorded appearance was at the Washington Theatre in Washington, D. C. where he appeared in a benefit performance for the minstrel Thomas D. Rice. Jefferson bought a place in 1869 called Orange Island in New Iberia, Louisiana, the location is at a peninsular area on Lake Peigneur, and was subsequently renamed Jefferson Island. In 1833 at the age of four years, Jefferson was carried on stage at the Washington theatre in a bag by an actor named Thomas D. Rice. He put Jefferson alongside him in face and dress with Rice performing his well-known character Jim Crow. In 1837 now age eight, Joseph performed at the Franklin theatre in New York City with his parents as a pirate. After the end of the season of 1837-1838 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph sang comic songs, played bit parts and his father died when he was 13, and young Jefferson continued acting and helping to support the family. From there both Jefferson and Burke performed continuously and the family would travel the then American West. Traveling theatre to theatre Mr. Jefferson performed and worked everywhere in between Boston to Charleston as far as Chicago, the family led the lives of Strolling Players. This term is a given to a troupe of itinerant actors. At one point along with his family they followed the American army from 1846-1848 during the Mexican–American War. As a strolling player, Joseph performed in places some not even a theater space. Some performances were given in the rooms of country hotels. This play was the turning-point of his career, as it would be for the actor E. A. Sothern, when Sothern complained about the small size of his role, Jefferson supposedly replied with the famous line, There are no small parts, only small actors

11.
John Wilkes Booth
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John Wilkes Booth was an American actor and assassin, who murdered President Abraham Lincoln at Fords Theatre in Washington, D. C. on April 14,1865. Booth was a member of the prominent 19th-century Booth theatrical family from Maryland and and he was also a Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and strongly opposed to the abolition of slavery in the United States. Of the conspirators, only Booth was completely successful in carrying out his part of the plot and he shot Lincoln once in the back of the head, and the President died the next morning. Seward was severely wounded but recovered, and Vice-President Johnson was never attacked at all, following the assassination, Booth fled on horseback to southern Maryland, eventually making his way to a farm in rural northern Virginia 12 days later, where he was tracked down. Booths companion gave himself up, but Booth refused and was shot by Boston Corbett, eight other conspirators or suspects were tried and convicted, and four were hanged shortly thereafter. Booths parents were noted British Shakespearean actor Junius Brutus Booth and his mistress Mary Ann Holmes and they purchased a 150-acre farm near Bel Air, Maryland, where John Wilkes Booth was born in a four-room log house on May 10,1838, the ninth of ten children. He was named after English radical politician John Wilkes, a distant relative, Junius wife Adelaide Delannoy Booth was granted a divorce in 1851 on grounds of adultery, and Holmes legally wed Junius on May 10,1851, the youths 13th birthday. As a boy, Booth was athletic and popular, and he became skilled at horsemanship, each day he rode back and forth from farm to school, taking more interest in what happened along the way than in reaching his classes on time. At the Milton school, students recited classical works by authors as Cicero, Herodotus. Students at St. Timothys wore military uniforms and were subject to a regimen of daily formation drills, Booth left school at 14, after his fathers death. His sister recalled that Booth wrote down the palm-readers prediction, showed it to his family and others, Booth aspired to follow in the footsteps of his father and his actor brothers Edwin and Junius Brutus, Jr. He began practicing elocution daily in the woods around Tudor Hall, the editors introduction of the 1874 memoir of Booths sister Asia Booth Clarke states that no individual church was preeminent in the Booth household during her childhood. Booths mother was Episcopalian, and his father was described as a spirit who was open to the great teachings of all religions. On January 23,1853, the 14-year-old Booth was baptized at St. Timothys Protestant Episcopal Church, the Booth family had traditionally been Episcopalian. Clergyman Charles Chiniquy, however, stated that Booth was really a convert to Roman Catholicism later in life, historian Constance Head also declared that Booth was of this religion. Testimony given at the trial of John Surratt showed that at his death, Booth had a Catholic medal on his person, Court evidence showed his attending a Roman Catholic church service on at least two occasions. Like his sister Asia, he received education at a school established by an official of the Catholic Church, Constance Head states, In any case, it seems certain that Booth did not publicize his conversion during his lifetime. Booth made his debut at age 17 on August 14,1855 in the supporting role of the Earl of Richmond in Richard III at Baltimores Charles Street Theatre

12.
The Washington Star
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The Washington Star, previously known as the Washington Star-News and the Washington Evening Star, was a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D. C. between 1852 and 1981. For most of time, it was the citys newspaper of record. On August 7,1981, after 128 years, the Washington Star ceased publication, in the bankruptcy sale, The Washington Post purchased the land and buildings owned by the Star, including its printing presses. The Washington Star was founded on December 16,1852 by Captain Joseph Borrows Tate, in 1853, Texas surveyor and newspaper entrepreneur William Douglas Wallach purchased the paper. As the sole owner of the paper for the next 14 years, Wallach built up the paper by capitalizing on reporting of the American Civil War, among other things. In 1867, the group of investors Crosby Stuart Noyes, Samuel H. Kauffmann, the paper would remain family-owned and operated for the next four generations. In 1907, subsequent Pulitzer Prize winning cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman joined the Star, Berryman was most famous for his 1902 cartoon of President Theodore Teddy Roosevelt, Drawing the Line in Mississippi, which spurred the creation of the teddy bear. During his career, Berryman drew thousands of cartoons commenting on American Presidents, presidential figures included former Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Harry S. Truman. Berrymans career continued at the Star until he collapsed on the floor one morning in 1949. The next major change to the newspaper came in 1938 when the three owning families diversified their interests, on May 1, the Star purchased the M. A. Leese Radio Corporation and acquired Washingtons oldest radio station, WMAL, in the process. Renamed the Evening Star Broadcasting Company, the 1938 acquisition would figure later in the 1981 demise of the newspaper, suburbanization and television were accelerating the decline of evening newspapers in favor of morning dailies. The Post, meanwhile, acquired and merged with its morning rival, by the 1960s, the Post was Washingtons leading newspaper. In 1972, the Star purchased and absorbed one of DCs few remaining competing newspapers, for a short period of time after the merger, both The Evening Star and The Washington Daily News mastheads appeared on the front page. The paper soon was retitled Washington Star News and finally, The Washington Star by the late 1970s, in 1973, the Star was targeted for clandestine purchase by interests close to the South African Apartheid government in its propaganda war, in what became known as the Muldergate Scandal. The Star, whose policy had always been conservative, was seen as favorable to South Africa at the time. In early 1975, the owning families sold their interests in the paper to Joe L. Allbritton, Allbritton, who also owned Riggs Bank, then the most prestigious bank in the capital, planned to use profits from WMAL-AM-FM-TV to shore up the newspapers finances. The Federal Communications Commission stymied him with rules on media cross-ownership, however, WMAL-AM-FM was sold off in 1977, on October 1,1975, press operators at the Post went on strike, severely damaging all printing presses before leaving the building. Allbritton also had disagreements with editor Jim Bellows over editorial policy

13.
Petersen House
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The Petersen House is a 19th-century federal style row house located at 516 10th Street NW in Washington, D. C. On April 15,1865, United States President Abraham Lincoln died there after being shot the evening at Fords Theatre located across the street. The house was built in 1849 by William A. Petersen, breckinridge, a friend of the Lincoln family, once rented this house in 1852. In 1865, it served as a boarding house and it has served as a museum since the 1930s. Henry Rathbone and Clara Harris were also in the box with the Lincolns, doctors including Charles Leale and Charles Sabin Taft examined Lincoln in the box before having him carried across the street to the Petersen House, where boarder Henry Safford directed them inside. Almarin Cooley Richards, superintendent of the Washington Metropolitan Police, was attending the performance, from the back parlor of the house, Richards interviewed witnesses and ordered the arrest of Booth. However, the external and internal hemorrhaging continued throughout the night, during the night and early morning, guards patrolled outside to prevent onlookers from coming inside the house. Lincolns Cabinet members, Generals, and various members of Congress were allowed to see the President, Lincoln died in the house on April 15,1865, at 7,22 a. m. aged 56. Individuals in the room when he died included his son Robert Todd Lincoln, Senator Charles Sumner, generals Henry Wager Halleck, Richard James Oglesby, meigs, and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Since 1933, the National Park Service has maintained it as a historical museum, the bed that Lincoln occupied and other items from the bedroom had been bought by Chicago collector, Charles F. Gunther, and are now owned by and on display at the Chicago History Museum. However, replicas have taken their places, the bloodstained pillow and pillowcases are the ones used by Lincoln. Today, the Petersen House is administered by the National Park Service as part of the Fords Theatre National Historic Site, usually the house is open to visitors daily from 9,00 a. m. to 5,00 p. m. Admission is free, but requires a time ticket

14.
James R. Tanner
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James R. Tanner was an American soldier and civil servant. He is best known for having lost both his legs below the knee at the Second Battle of Bull Run and he later served as the United States Commissioner of Pensions, and helped reorganize and incorporate the American Red Cross. Tanner was born on a farm near Richmondville, New York and he worked on the farm most of the year and was educated in the local public schools, graduating from high school at the age of 16. He took courses at a school for a year. Tanner was just 17 years old when the American Civil War broke out in April 1861 and he enlisted in Company C of the 87th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and was quickly promoted to corporal. He saw action in the Peninsula Campaign, fighting at the Siege of Yorktown, the Battle of Williamsburg, the Battle of Seven Pines, the Seven Days Battles, and the Battle of Malvern Hill. He then saw action at the Battle of Thoroughfare Gap, the Battle of Bristoe Station, the last time he saw action was at the Second Battle of Bull Run, August 28–30,1862. As Confederate artillery shelled his units position on August 30, shrapnel tore off his left foot, Union surgeons amputated both legs about 4 inches below the knee. With the Union army in retreat, Tanner was left behind to be cared for by a farmers family. He was captured by Confederate forces, paroled after 10 days, he spent several weeks recovering in Fairfax Seminary Hospital before being sent home to New York. He learned to walk with artificial limbs, Tanner won a position as deputy doorkeeper for the New York State Assembly, then worked in a variety of positions of increasing responsibility for the next few months. During this time, he learned stenography, in October 1864, Tanner won an appointment as a clerk and stenographer in the Ordnance Department in Washington, D. C. On April 14,1865, he was summoned to the Petersen House where Abraham Lincoln lay dying from an assassins bullet. During the night, Tanner took the testimony of eyewitnesses to the assassination, Tanner left the Ordnance Department in December 1865 and moved back to Richmondville, New York. He took a job as a clerk of a committee in the state legislature, lamont, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. He married Mero L. White, daughter of Alfred C, White of Jefferson, New York, in 1866. The couple had two sons and two daughters, very active in Republican politics, Tanner won a patronage position as a clerk in the New York Custom House in New York City in 1869. He was promoted to deputy customs collector and served for four years under Chester A. Arthur, Tanner ran for a seat in the New York State Assembly in 1871, but lost in what many considered were fraudulent elections

15.
Edwin Booth
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Edwin Thomas Booth was a 19th-century American actor who toured throughout America and the major capitals of Europe, performing Shakespearean plays. In 1869 he founded Booths Theatre in New York, a theatre that was quite modern for its time. Some theatrical historians consider him the greatest American actor, and the greatest Prince Hamlet and his achievements are often overshadowed by his relationship with his brother, John Wilkes Booth, the man who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. Booth was born in Bel Air, Maryland, into the English American theatrical Booth family and he was the illegitimate son of another famous actor, Junius Brutus Booth, an Englishman, who named Edwin after Edwin Forrest and Thomas Flynn, two of Junius colleagues. He was the brother of John Wilkes Booth, himself a successful actor who gained notoriety as the assassin of President Lincoln. In early appearances, Booth usually performed alongside his father, making his debut as Tressel or Tressil in Colley Cibbers version of Richard III in Boston in 1849. His first appearance in New York City was in the character of Wilford in The Iron Chest, a year later, on the illness of the father, the son took his place in the character of Richard III. After his fathers death in 1852, Booth went on a tour, visiting Australia and Hawaii. Before his brother assassinated Lincoln, Edwin had appeared with his two brothers, John Wilkes and Junius Brutus Booth Jr. in Julius Caesar in 1864, John Wilkes played Marc Antony, Edwin played Brutus, and Junius played Cassius. It was a performance, and the only time that the three brothers appeared together on the same stage. The funds were used to erect a statue of William Shakespeare that still stands in Central Park just south of the Promenade, from 1863 to 1867, Booth managed the Winter Garden Theatre in New York City, mostly staging Shakespearean tragedies. In 1863, he bought the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, after John Wilkes Booths assassination of President Lincoln in April 1865, the infamy associated with the Booth name forced Edwin Booth to abandon the stage for many months. Edwin, who had been feuding with John Wilkes before the assassination, disowned him afterward and he made his return to the stage at the Winter Garden Theatre in January 1866, playing the title role in Hamlet, which would eventually become his signature role. In 1867, a fire damaged the Winter Garden Theatre, resulting in the subsequent demolition. Elaborate productions followed, but the theatre never became a profitable or even stable financial venture, the panic of 1873 caused the final bankruptcy of Booths Theatre in 1874. After the bankruptcy, Booth went on another tour, eventually regaining his fortune. Booth was married to Mary Devlin from 1860 to 1863, the year of her death and they had one daughter, Edwina, born on December 9,1861, in London. He later remarried, wedding his acting partner Mary McVicker in 1869, in 1869, Edwin acquired his brother Johns body after repeatedly writing to President Andrew Johnson pleading for it

16.
Ardmore, Pennsylvania
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Ardmore is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Delaware and Montgomery counties in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. The population was 12,455 at the 2010 census, Ardmore is a suburb on the west side of Philadelphia, within Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County and Haverford Township in Delaware County.5. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 2.0 square miles. Ardmore is adjacent to Wynnewood, Haverford, Gladwyne, and Havertown, residents from South East Ardmore and Wynnewood cooperate as the ArdWood Civic Association. The North Ardmore Civic Association represents residents of North Ardmore and Wynnewood north of Montgomery Avenue, the South Ardmore Betterment Alliance is a community group in the southern portion of Ardmore which organizes various community activities. Ardmores train station is served by SEPTA Regional Rails Paoli/Thorndale Line, residents and visitors enjoy several recreation areas, including South Ardmore Park, which is located in neighboring Wynnewood, though many mistake it for Ardmore. Suburban Square, opened in 1928 as one of the earliest shopping centers in the United States, is located adjacent to the Ardmore train station. Two sites, located in the Haverford Township section of Ardmore,4. 0% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 12,616 people,5,529 households, the population density was 6,588.5 people per square mile. There were 5,711 housing units at a density of 2,982. 5/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 83. 51% White,11. 47% African American,0. 12% Native American,2. 58% Asian,0. 13% Pacific Islander,0. 59% from other races, and 1. 60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 05% of the population,34. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the family size was 2.98. In the CDP, the population was out, with 20. 3% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,32. 1% from 25 to 44,23. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 86.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $60,966, and the median income for a family was $75,828. Males had an income of $46,920 versus $40,802 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,111, about 2. 4% of families and 4. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 1% of those under age 18 and 6. 2% of those age 65 or over

17.
Grouville
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Grouville is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. The parish is in the south east of the island and is dominated by the sweep of the Royal Bay of Grouville. The parish covers a area of 4,354 vergées. It borders Saint Clement, Saint Saviour and Saint Martin, the parish of Grouville shares, with the neighbouring parish of Saint Martin, a dedication to Saint Martin of Tours. The ecclesiastical parish and parish church are dedicated to Saint Martin de Grouville to distinguish them from the parish of Saint Martin, the Church of St Peter la Rocque was built in the 19th century. The Royal Bay of Grouville gained its royal epithet when it impressed Queen Victoria during her visit in 1846, the bay is popular with tourists for its broad sandy beach and shallow, warm water. It is also the main producing area of Jersey, and was also formerly noted for the production of vraic. The cottage industry formerly practised by Grouvillais of burning vraic gave rise to the nickname of les Enfuntchis shared by the Grouvillais. Inland, the parish is home to Jerseys most noted archaeological site at La Hougue Bie. A prehistoric artificial mound covers a passage grave aligned for the equinox, a mediaeval chapel, Notre Dame de la Clarté, built on the Neolithic mound was converted in the 18th century to a folly-like Gothic Revival residence, the Princes Tower. During the Second World War, the occupying German forces constructed bunkers in and alongside the ancient mound, La Rocque was the site of the landing of the French forces on 6 January 1781. The skirmish at La Platte Rocque was ancillary to the Battle of Jersey, the Royal Jersey Golf Club, Gorey Village, and Queens Valley are situated in the parish. In modern times, Grouville has been a holiday destination. These include the Beausite Hotel, which is a later 20th century structure, Grouville forms one electoral district and elects one Deputy. Grouville is twinned with, Port-Bail in France John George Bourinot Harry Vardon Grouville Official Parish website Grouville Church website Grouville at Les Pages Jèrriaises

18.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

19.
Public Ledger (Philadelphia)
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The Public Ledger was a daily newspaper in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania published from March 25,1836 to January 1942. Its motto was Virtue Liberty and Independence, for a time, it was Philadelphias most popular newspaper, but circulation declined in the mid-1930s. Founded by William Moseley Swain, Arunah S. Abell, and Azariah H. Simmons, and edited by Swain, at that time most papers sold for five cents or more, a relatively high price which limited their appeal to only the reasonably well-off. Swain and Abell drew on the success of the New York Herald, one of the first penny papers and they mimicked the Heralds use of bold headlines to draw sales. The formula was a success and the Ledger posted a circulation of 15,000 in 1840, to put this into perspective, the entire circulation of all newspapers in Philadelphia was estimated at only 8,000 when the Ledger was founded. The Ledger was an innovator as well. It was the first daily to use of a pony express. From 1846, it was printed on the first rotary printing press, by the early 1860s, The Ledger was a money-losing operation, squeezed by rising paper and printing costs. It had lost circulation by supporting the Copperhead Policy of opposing the American Civil War, in the face of declining circulation, publishers were reluctant to increase the one-cent subscription cost, although it was needed to cover the costs of production. In December 1864, the paper was sold to George William Childs, upon buying the paper, Childs completely changed its policy and methods. He changed the policy to the Loyalist line, raised advertising rates. After an initial drop, circulation rebounded and the paper resumed profitability, Childs was closely involved in all operations of the paper, from the press room to the composing room. He intentionally upgraded the quality of advertisements appearing in the publication to suit a higher-end readership, childss efforts bore fruit and the Ledger became one of the most influential journals in the country. Circulation growth led the firm to outgrow its facilities, in 1866 Childs bought property at Sixth and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia, where the Public Ledger Building was constructed. Designed by architect John McArthur, Jr. the building had at its corner a larger-than-life-sized statue of Benjamin Franklin by Joseph A. Bailly, the quality and profitability of the Ledger improved dramatically. By 1894, The New York Times described it as. the finest newspaper office in the country, toward the end of Childs leadership, the Ledger was estimated to generate profits of approximately $500,000 per year. In 1902, Adolph Ochs, owner of The New York Times and he merged it with the Philadelphia Times, and installed his brother George as editor. Oakes served as editor until 1914, two years after Curtis bought the publication, in 1913, Cyrus H. K. Curtis purchased the paper from Ochs for $2 million and hired his step son-in-law John Charles Martin as editor

20.
SS Haverford
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SS Haverford was an American transatlantic liner commissioned in 1901 for the American Line. During World War One, Haverford was utilized as a transport vessel in the North Atlantic Ocean. Following the war, the White Star Line purchased and recommissioned the ship and she was decommissioned in 1924 and scrapped in 1925. SS Haverford was constructed by John Brown & Company of Clydebank, Scotland and she was launched as a passenger ship on May 4,1901, six months prior to the launch of her sister ship, SS Merion. The Haverford and Merion were identical in design and named after suburbs of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where Griscom lived, after briefly, serving the Southampton to New York route, Haverford was transferred to the Liverpool - Philadelphia route by 1903. The ship also used by other lines in the International Mercantile Marine Company serving for the Red Star Line. On June 14,1906 an explosion occurred aboard Haverford, killing 13, the explosion was attributed to explosive fumes produced by a load of 45 tons of Fels-Naptha soap that was being carried as cargo. During World War I, Haverford was used as a ship for British troops. In 1917, the ship suffered damage in a torpedo attack off the coast of Ireland by the German U-boat. In 1918, after a hiatus for repairs, the ship was again attacked by a German submarine in the North Atlantic Ocean. The ship was purchased by White Star Line in 1921 and retained the ship name. This was unusual for White Star, as most of their vessels had names ending in -ic, the ship was assigned to the Liverpool-Philadelphia route as well as the Hamburg-New York route. The ship experienced problems in 1924, relegating it to dry dock, after making her final voyage to Philadelphia, Haverford was decommissioned in 1924 and moved to Italy, where she was scrapped in 1925