3 King philip II 1580 – King of Portugal died w/out heirPhilip was the king’s nephew & seized PortugalIncluding territories in Africa, India, & East IndiesClaimed b/t ¼ & 1/5 of every shipload of treasure from the American ColoniesBuilt large army & navy with wealth. Built palaces.Became great patron of the artsDefended Catholism against the protestants and Muslims (attacked Queen Elizabeth I)

5 Miguel de Cervantes 1605, Wrote Don Quixote de la ManchaBirth of modern European novelStory… poor Spanish nobleman went crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights & then dressed up as a knight & mistook windmills for giants

7 Wars… Dutch Revolt… Borrowed money from German & Italian bankersSilver from Americas sent to pay loansPhilip had to declare Spain bankrupt three timesDutch Revolt…Had little in common with Spanish rulersNetherlands were mostly Calvinist & had a very productive middle classPhilip raised taxes on the Dutch & tried to crush the Protestant faithsDutch fought Spain for 11 years1579, 7 northern provinces (Protestant) became independent10 southern provinces were Catholic & remained with Spain

8 Independent Dutch prosperPracticed religious tolerationNOT a kingdom, but a republicUnited Provinces of the NetherlandsEach province elected a governor – power depended upon the merchants & landowners

9 Dutch art1600’s had the best banks, but also the best artist in EuropeRembrandt van RijnPortraits of the wealthy middle-class merchantsGroup portraitsUsed sharp contrast of light and shadowsJan VermeerHad domestic indoor settingsOften painted women doing everyday activities

10 Dutch trading empire Stable government Economic growthReplaced Italians as the bankers of EuropeHad largest fleet of ships in the world,800 shipsCreated the Dutch East India CompanyDominated the Asian spice market & Indian Ocean trade

11 Theory of absolutism Rulers wanted to be absolute monarchsKings/Queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundariesGoal was to control every aspect of societyBelieved in divine rightIdea that God created the monarchy & that the monarch acted as God’s representative here on EarthAnswered only to God, not to subjects

13 Crises lead to absolutism17th century – continuous warfareGov’t built huge armies & increased taxesWidespread unrest & peasants revoltedMonarchs increased their power & regulated everything from religious worship to social gatheringsCreated new gov’t bureaucracies to control the country’s economyNo longer limited by nobles & representative bodies

14 French Monarchy 1559, King of France Henry II died4 sons – 3 ruled & were incompetentKing Francis II – 15 years old; died 1560King Charles IX – 10 years old; died 1574King Henry III – 24 years old; died 1589Power came from mother Catherine de MedicisWars between French Catholics & the Huguenots (French Protestants) caused great struggles for the French Monarchs8 religious wars from 1562 to 1598

15 Henry of Navarre – Henry IVDescendant of King Louis IX1st marriage was to Margaret the daughter of King Henry II & Catherine.No children from this marriage1589 – Catherine & King Henry III dies; Prince Henry of Navarre inherited the thronetook the name King Henry IV1st king of the Bourbon dynastyGave up protestant beliefs & became Catholic for his country1598- Created the Edict of Nantes – Huguenots could live in peace in France & set up their own houses of worship

16 Devote reign to rebuilding France & its prosperity Wanted peace for his country, but some hated him for giving up his protestant faith2nd marriage to Marie de Medici1610 – a man jumped into Henry’s carriage and stabbed him to deathHis son Louis XIII took over the throne9 years old; Marie (mother) guided himWeak kingAppointed strong minister; Cardinal Richelieu

17 Cardinal Richelieu Essentially the ruler of FranceWas the leader of Catholic church in FranceMoved against the HuguenotsDidn’t allow Protestant cities to have protective wallsWeakened the nobles’ powerForced them to take down fortified castlesWanted France to be the strongest state in EuropeGreatest obstacle – Hapsburg rulersSpain, Austria, Netherlands, parts of Holy Roman EmpireCaused France to go to war30 years’ war

18 Louis XIV Comes to powerSon of Louis XIII1643 – became king at the age of 14True ruler was Richelieu’s successor Cardinal MazarinEnded 30 years’ war in 1648Nobles hated Mazarin b/c of higher taxes & more power to the centralized governmentNobles led riots against Mazarin & threatened the life of Louis XIVNoble’s rebellion eventually failed

19 1661 - Cardinal Mazarin died At 22 years old Louis took control of gov’tWeakened noble’s power & excluded them from councilsIncreased power of gov’t agentsDevoted to helping France attain economic, political, & cultural brillianceJean Baptiste Colbert – minister of financeBelieved in mercantilismMade France self-sufficient & expanded manufacturingIncreased taxes on importsEncouraged people to move to New France, fur trade $$$$

21 Louis XIV’s disastrous wars1660 – France was most powerful country in Europe1667 – invaded Spanish NetherlandsGained 12 towns1672 – he led army into Dutch NetherlandsDutch flooded countryside on purpose1678 – Treaty of Nijmegen ended warFrance gained several townsEnd of 1680’s – European alliance formed to stop France; weak countries came together to balance power in Europe

22 War of Spanish Succession – 1700 – King of Spain Charles II died childlessThrone promised to Louis XIV’s grandson who was 16 years old; Philip of Anjou (Philip V-King of Spain)1701 – Several European nations didn’t want the French Bourbons to have this much control…WAR!Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1714…Grandson remained King of SpainGreat Britain took Gibraltar from SpainFrance gave Great Britain Nova Scotia & NewfoundlandAustrian Hapsburgs took Spanish Netherlands & Spanish lands in ItalyPrussia & Savoy were recognized as kingdoms

23 Louis XIV’s Death & Legacy1715 – Died in bedThis prompted rejoicing throughout FrancePOSTITIVES - France ranked above all in art, literature, & statesmanship, military leader of Europe, strong American colonial empireNEGATIVES – constant wars, debt due to Versailles, resentment over taxes, abuse of power plagued his heirs – led to revolution

24 Thirty Years’ WarPeace of Augsburg (1555) – Churches in Germany could be either Catholic or Lutheran – NOT Calvinist1608 – Lutherans join the Protestant Union1609 – Catholic German Princes formed the Catholic League1618 – Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches in the Czech kingdom of Bohemia & they revoltedGerman Protestant Princes also saw this as a chance to go after the Catholic emperorSo begins the 30 years’ war…

25 PHASE ONE – Hapsburg TriumphsConflict over religion, territory, and power among European ruling families; 1618 to 1648PHASE ONE – Hapsburg TriumphsFirst 12 years Hapsburg armies from Austria & Spain crushed Protestant troopsAllowed to plunder/rob & destroy everything in their pathStopped Czech uprisingDefeated German protestants helping CzechsPHASE TWO – Hapsburg DefeatsProtestants of Sweden drove Hapsburg troops out of North Germany & changed the tide of war (1630)1635 – French troops (Catholic) joined Protestants so Hapsburgs wouldn’t have more control than France

26 Peace of Westphalia 1648 – Ended the 30 years warWeakened Hapsburg states of Spain & AustriaStrengthened France b/c they received German territoryGerman Princes became independent of the Holy Roman emperorEurope became a group of equal, independent states – abandoned the Catholic EmpireNew peace negotiations – all participants meet to settle problems & decide terms of peaceStill used today

27 Austria Grows StrongerAfter war several states were seriously weakenedHapsburgs of Austria worked to become absolute monarchsReconquered Bohemia & wiped out ProtestantismCreated a new Czech nobility that pledged loyalty to the HapsburgsCentralized gov’t & created armyReconquered Hungary from the Ottoman EmpireCharles VI becomes Hapsburg rulerControlled Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croatians, & Germans

28 Maria TheresaCharles VI eldest daughter (Maria) would be heir to all of his Hapsburg territoriesWhile in power…She decreased the power of the nobilityLimited amount of labor that nobles could force peasants to doFaced years of war – main enemy was Prussia over landHer most famous child was Marie Antoinette – wife of Louis XVI of France

29 Rise of PrussiaFrederick William inherited title of elector of BrandenburgAKA - The Great Elector/King Frederick William IHis son started to use the term “king”After 30 years war, decided to have strong army (best in Europe) to ensure safetyWeakened representative assembliesThe Junkers (Prussia’s nobility) resisted growing power of kingThey were then given exclusive right to be officers in army

30 Frederick the Great Son of King Frederick William ILoved music, philosophy, & poetry – not militaryWhile in power…Softened some of his father’s lawsBecame an aggressor in foreign affairsEncouraged religious toleration & legal reformDied without a son to succeed him

32 Ivan IV – Ivan the terrible1533 – came to power when he was 3 years oldThe boyars (nobles) fought for power & tried to control IvanAt 16 he seized power & crowned himself “czar”Means Caesar1st Russian ruler to officially use the titleMarried Anastasia (1st of 8 wives)related to a boyar family The Romanovs

33 RULE BY TERROR, began in 1560 –GOOD PERIOD, 1547 to –Won great victoriesAdded lands to RussiaGave Russia code of lawsRuled justlyRULE BY TERROR, began in 1560 –After Anastasia died; he accused Boyars of poisoning herOrganized his own police force who hunted down & killed those Ivan thought were traitors; he then gave their land to other noblesThousands were killed1581 – had fight with oldest son which resulted in the son’s deathIvan’s 2nd son took throne 3 years later after his deathHad a stroke while playing chess

34 Rise of the RomanovsIvan’s 2nd son, Czar Feodor I, took throne but was physically & mentally incapable of rulingRuled a short time & died without an heirTime of Troubles –Boyars struggled for powerHeirs of czars died mysteriouslyImpostors tried to claim throne1613 – Russian representatives met to chose the next czar; Michael Romanov – grandnephew of Ivan’s wifeBegan the Romanov dynasty which ruled for 300 years

35 Peter the great AKA – Czar Peter IOriginally shared throne with ½ brotherUntil the age of 24REFORMS –Bought Russian Orthodox Church under gov’t controlAbolished Office of Patriarch (head of church); Holy Synod would run church under Peter’s directionReduced power of landownersHired European officers to teach his army new tacticsImposed very high taxes to pay for military

36 GOAL #1 – to learn about European customs & manufacturing techniquesGOAL #1 – to learn about European customs & manufacturing techniques. To Westernize RussiaTo achieve goal he…Introduced potatoesStarted 1st Russian newspaperWomen were allowed to attend social gatheringsNobles had to give up their traditional clothing for Western European fashionsEducation:School of NavigationSchools for art & science

37 GOAL #2 – To have a seaport that would make it easier to travel west.Fought Sweden 21 years to gain a piece of the Baltic coastBuilt a new city on swampy landNamed it St. Petersburg after his patron saintAfter completed, nobles were forced from their homes to make new ones in the new capitalPeter died in 1725 with Russia finally being a strong European power

38 The English monarchy Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603 with no heirHer cousin James Stuart took throne – King James IRuler of Scotland & EnglandCountries are not united until 1707 even though they have same ruler1625, James I dies & his son Charles I takes throneAll of these absolute monarchs had financial troubles due to lavish lifestyles & wars with Spain and France

39 Petition of RightCharles I requested money from Parliament & they made him sign document that stated...No imprisonment without due causeNo new taxes without Parliament’s approvalSoldiers would not be housed in the king’s private homesNo martial law in peacetimeFor the 1st time the law was higher than the absolute ruler1629 – Charles ignored it & dissolved ParliamentTo get funds he imposed fees, fines, & taxes

40 English Civil War Charles needed $ & had to call upon ParliamentThey passed laws to limit royal powerCharles tried to arrest Parliament leaders, but they escapedA mob of Londoners stormed the palace & Charles escaped to north England where he raised an armyWar between Charles I & his supporters (The Royalist/Cavaliers) vs. opponents of King Charles I (Puritan supporters of Parliament/Roundheads)1642 to 1649

41 Oliver Cromwell – Puritan generaltook control in 1644By 1647 he held Charles I as prisoner1649 – Charles I was put on trial for treason against ParliamentHe was found guiltySentenced to death by public beheadingNever before had a reigning monarch faced a public trial and executionCromwell took control of the throne

42 Cromwell’s rule1649 – abolished monarch & House of Lords and established a commonwealth; republican form of gov’t – then became a military dictatorCrushed an uprising in Ireland, seized lands & homes and then gave them to English soldiersCreated laws that promoted Puritan morality & abolished “sinful” activities…Theater, Sporting Events, & DancingHad religious toleration for all Christians with the exception of CatholicsEven allowed the Jews back into England

43 Charles II reigns Cromwell died in 1658 & his gov’t collapsed1659 – Parliament put the oldest son of Charles I on the throneRestored monarchy & rule is called the “Restoration”1679 – Parliament passed habeas corpus“to have the body”Gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that they be brought before a judge to specify chargesNow a monarch couldn’t put people in jail just becauseHad no children & his brother James II took throne in 1685

44 James II Offended subjects b/c of his Catholic beliefsHad an older daughter, Mary, that was protestant & a new son who was CatholicParliament didn’t want a Catholic monarchy & convinced Mary and her husband William of Orange (prince of Netherlands) to overthrow her father, James IIJames II fled to France when Williams army came into LondonGlorious Revolution – bloodless overthrow

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