Saturday, January 14, 2017

Josephine Cochrane believed that if you want something done right you better do it yourself. But when it came time to doing the dishes, she really didn’t want to, so she invented a machine to wash them for her. An attempt had been made before her, by a man, but it didn't work and never got off the ground.Josephine Garis was born on March 8, 1839. Her early childhood is unknown. After her mother, Irene Fitch, died and her sister moved out, she lived with her father, John Garis, in Ohio and Indiana. John Garis, was an engineer from Chicago who had invented a hydraulic pump for draining marshes. He worked as a supervisor in mills and as a hydraulic engineer, perhaps instilling in Cochrane an instinctive knack for the mechanical.Her great-grandfather (not her grandfather, as some sources report) was John Fitch, who obtained a US patent for a steamboat design in 1791 (note: this was not, as some sources report erroneously, the first patent for a steamboat design in the world, or America.)She attended a private high school, but when it burned down, Garis sent his daughter off to live with her sister in Shelbyville, Illinois.After high school graduation, Cochrane’s life took a traditional turn. At age 19 she married 27 year old William Cochran. In 1857, after a disappointing four years trying to strike it rich in the California Gold Rush, he returned home to Shelbyville and made his mark and fortune in the dry goods business along with other investment opportunities. No doubt the comfortable life he could offer his bride was one thing she was attracted to.In spite of her young age and the societal norm at the time, Cochrane was guided by her independent nature and personal confidence. She assumed her husband’s name but preferred spelling it with an “e” on the end, a point of contention with his family.The Cochranes had a busy social life, and in 1870 when they moved into what could be considered a mansion, they had the perfect house for entertaining. They threw dinner parties using heirloom china allegedly dating from the 1600s. After one event, the servants that washed up carelessly chipped some of the dishes. Cochrane discovered this the next morning while she was putting the dishes away. She was furious and refused to let the servants handled the china any more.She may have regretted her decision, but she didn’t give in. The morning after every subsequent dinner party she begrudgingly endured dishpan hands wondering why someone hadn’t invented a machine that could clean dirty dishes. This was, after all, the late 19th century, and if someone could invent a machine to sew clothes and cut grass, then how hard could it be?

One such morning while she was up to her elbows in soap suds, she had an epiphany. Why not invent a dish washing machine herself? Consumed with the idea, she immediately went into the library to think it through, forgetting she was holding a cup in her hand. Within half an hour Cochrane had the basic concept for the first mechanical dishwasher. Just like she had been doing by hand, it held the dishes securely (in a rack) while the pressure of spraying water cleaned them off.William Cochran was a rising star in the Democratic Party, but too much alcohol led to a violent temper and illness. While Cochrane was busy with the details of her invention, William went away for a rest. Unfortunately, he didn’t get well, and he died two weeks later in 1883.While the Cochrans appeared to be successful socialites to their friends, all was not well at home. Her husband left Cochrane with a mound of debt and only $1,535.59. Now, developing the dishwasher was not only for convenience, it was for survival.Her creation had wire compartments for plates, cups and saucers. They were put inside a wheel that lay flat inside a copper boiler. A motor turned the wheel pumping hot soapy water from the bottom of the boiler over the dishes. Cochrane showed her design to a few men for their input which ended up being a frustrating experience. “I couldn’t get men to do the things I wanted in my way until they had tried and failed in their own,” she said. “And that was costly for me. They knew I knew nothing, academically, about mechanics, and they insisted on having their own way with my invention until they convinced themselves my way was the better, no matter how I had arrived at it.” Finally she got help with the construction from mechanic George Butters.She applied for a US patent, which she received on December 28, 1886, obtaining U.S. Patent # 355139, the Garis-Cochran Dish-Washing Machine. An earlier, unsuccessful dishwashing machine had been patented, in 1850, by a Joel Houghton. It was made of wood, and hand-cranked, and just ineffectually splashed water on the dishes. Consequently, the introduction to her patent application reads that her machine is an improvement.

Cochrane’s first customers were not the housewives she thought she was helping. They didn’t want to spend the money on something they didn’t really need, so she turned to hotels. After selling a dishwashing machine to the Palmer House hotel in Chicago, she had one recommendation. Then she did one of the hardest things she’d ever done: she made a cold call to the Sherman House hotel in Chicago, waiting in the ladies’ parlor to speak with the manager. “You asked me what was the hardest part of getting into business,” she once told a reporter. “…I think, crossing the great lobby of the Sherman House alone. You cannot imagine what it was like in those days … for a woman to cross a hotel lobby alone. I had never been anywhere without my husband or father—the lobby seemed a mile wide. I thought I should faint at every step, but I didn’t—and I got an $800 order as my reward.”Josephine displayed and demonstrated the machine herself at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, where it was exhibited in the Machinery Hall. The dishwasher was a hit and won the Augustus Saint-Gaudens Medallion, the same award for all contest winners who were in the top 20% of their category in scoring.

She also sold nine of them on the spot to people who were running kitchens at the Exposition to the tune of $150 each (today, $4,064).Her next model was motorized; it pumped the water itself, and moved the rack back and forth. She registered this one for an American patent in 1900. A subsequent model had the racks revolve, and drained itself via a hose into the sink.

That success led to her opening her own factory in an abandoned schoolhouse. Her customers extended to hospitals and colleges for whom the sanitizing effects of the hot water rinse were important. Homemakers finally started using it too.In 1912, at 73 years old, Cochran was still personally selling her machines. She managed her company until she died of a stroke in on August 3, 1913 in Chicago. She was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Shelbyville, Illinois. In 1916, her company was bought out by Hobart which became KitchenAid and is now Whirlpool Corporation. Cochrane is considered the founder.

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