We assessed individual variation in three dental methods used to estimate age of African lions: 1) crown wear, 2) pulp chamber closure, and 3) cementum line counts by comparing paired left and right [PM.

Teeth reacted to cold stimuli (ethyl chloride spray) or showed evidence of bleeding during the opening of the pulp chamber before the treatment were considered as vital teeth, and in case of no response to the cold test or absence of bleeding when opening the pulp chamber, they were considered as necrotic teeth.

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