The defendant's conduct was entirely outside the range of what someone would ordinarily be expected to do during such activity.

3. What is the “Veterinarian's Rule” in California?

The “Veterinarian's Rule” is one type of “assumption of the risk” in California. Under this rule, working with canines is deemed inherently risky. Therefore, people who voluntarily work with dogs assume the risk of a dog bite.

The Veterinarian's Rule shifts liability for a bite from the dog's owner to the person who chooses to work with dogs. The rule is an offshoot of the so-called "fireman's rule," which states that firefighters assume the risk of injuries from a fire."2

Rules such as the Veterinarians Rule and the Fireman's Rule are sometimes collectively referred to as "occupational assumption of the risk."

3.1. Who does the rule apply to?

But the rule only applies when a dog has no known history of biting or other behavior that could be dangerous.

"Laid-back" breeds such as Pugs are not usually dangerous

3.2. When does the rule not apply?

The Veterinarian's Rule does not apply when:

The dog's owner or handler knows (or suspects) that his/her dog is dangerous, AND

The dog's owner or handler fails to warn the person working with the dog.

Veterinarians and others who work with canines only assume the risk of dog bites if:

The animal has no history of biting and is not considered dangerous, or

They have been told (or otherwise are on notice) that the animal is dangerous but they voluntarily agree to work with the dog anyway.4

Example:

Bill has a sweet-tempered Pug named Coco that he adopted from a dog rescue group. Pugs are normally a “laid back” dog breed.

Bill takes Coco to a groomer to have her nails trimmed. If Coco bites the groomer, the groomer will not be able to sue Bill for her dog bite injuries. By voluntarily working with canines, the groomer assumes the risk of a dog bite in California.

But…

Let's say that Coco's prior owner used Coco in criminal dogfighting in California. Although Bill has never seen Coco act dangerously, he was told when he adopted her that she might bite when threatened.

If Bill tells this to the groomer and the groomer agrees to trim Coco's nails anyway, the groomer cannot sue if Coco bites.

But if Bill does not tell the groomer, the Veterinarian's Rule will not protect Bill in a lawsuit. The groomer has not assumed the risk of working with a dangerous dog.5

4. How can I get around the Veterinarian's Rule in a dog bite case?

In order to sue for a dog bite, people to whom the Veterinarian's Rule applies to will need to prove that:

The dog's owner knew, or should have known, that their dog was dangerous, and

The owner failed to notify the person working with the dog that the dog might bite.

Proving that the owner knew the dog was dangerous

This is the most difficult part of a case for people who work with dogs. Evidence of the owner's knowledge can include (but is not limited to):

Things the owner said after the incident

Example: “He's never drawn blood before when he bites.”

Statements the owner made to third parties

Example: “I thought vet techs were supposed to be able to deal with bitey dogs.

Prior complaints to law enforcement or the county health officer

Many counties and other local jurisdictions require people to report dog bites to a health officer in order to ensure the animal does not have rabies.6 Although these ordinances are often not followed, it is still worth checking for complaints with local law enforcement and health officials.

California “negligence per se”

Dog owners are automatically deemed liable under California's “negligence per se” law if they were violating a local or state or health and safety law or ordinance. Most of these laws are likely to be local ordinances relating to animal control.

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