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17 March, 2013

In Indian Culture

Why do we do aarati?

Towards the end of every ritualistic worship (pooja or bhajan) of the Lord or to welcome an honoured guest or saint, we perform the aarati. This is always accompanied by the ringing of the bell and sometimes by singing, playing or musical instruments and clapping.

It is one of the sixteen steps (shodasha upachaara) of the pooja ritual. It is referred to as the auspicious light (mangala niraajanam). Holding the lighted lamp in the right hand, we wave the flame in a clockwise in a circular and vertical plane at the lotus feet, then two at the navel, once over the face and finally seven times around the whole body to light the entire form of the Lord.

In Sanskrit, aarati is called nirajanam, meaning: to fully illuminate Lord. Each part is revealed individually and also the entire form of the Lord. As the light is waved we either do mental or loud chanting of prayers or simply behold the beautiful form of the Lord, illumined by the lamp. We experience an added intensity in our prayers and the Lord's image seems to manifest a special beauty at that time. At the end of aarati we place our hands over the flame and then gently touch our eyes and the top of the head.

Why do we do the aarati?

Having worshipped the Lord with love - performing abhisheka, decorating the image and offering fruits and delicacies, we see the beauty of the Lord in all His glory. Our minds are focused on each limb of the Lord as it is lit up by the lamp. It is akin to silent open eyed meditation on His beauty. The singing, clapping, ringing of the bell etc., denote the joy and auspiciousness which accompanies the vision of the Lord.

Camphor

Aarati is often performed with camphor. This hold a telling a spiritual significance. Camphor when lit burns itself out completely without leaving a trace of it. Camphor represents our inherent tendencies(vaasanas). When lit by the fire of knowledge which illumines the Lord (Truth), our vaasanas thereafter burn themselves out completely, not leaving a trace of the ego which creates in us a sense of individuality that keeps us separate from the Lord. Also while camphor burns to reveal the glory of the Lord, it emits a pleasant perfume even while it sacrifices itself. In our spiritual progress, even as we serve the guru and society, we should willingly sacrifice ourselves and all we have, to spread the "perfume" of love to all.

We often wait a long while to see the illumined Lord but when the aarati is actually performed, our eyes close automatically as if to look within. This is to signify that each of us is a temple of the Lord - we hold the divinity within. Just as the priest reveals the form of the Lord clearly with the aarati flame, so too the guru clearly reveals to us the divinity within each one of us with the help of the "flame" of knowledge (or the light of spiritual knowledge). At the end of the aarati, we place our hands over the flame and then touch our eyes and the top of the head. It means - may the light that illumined the Lord light up my vision; may my vision be divine and my thoughts noble and beautiful.

Philosophical meaning of 'aarati'

The philosophical meaning of aarati extends further. The sun, moon, stars, lightning and fire are the natural sources of light. The Lord is the source of all these wondrous phenomena of the universe. It is due to Him alone that all else exist and shine. As we light up the Lord with the flame of the aarati, we turn our attention to the very source of all light which symbolises knowledge and life.

Also the sun is the presiding deity of the intellect; the moon, that of the mind; and fire, that of speech. The Lord is the supreme Consciousness that illumines all of them. Without Him the intellect cannot think, nor can the mind feel nor the tongue speak. The Lord is beyond the mind, intellect and speech. How can these finite equipment illumine the infinite Lord? Therefore, as we perform the aarati we chant the following prayer:

In Sanskrit

Na tatra suryo bhaati na chandra taarakam

Nemaa vidyuto bhaanti ktoyamagnih

Tameva bhaantam anubhaati sarvam

Tasya bhaasa sarvam idam vibhaati.

Translation in English

He is there where the sun does not shine,

Nor the moon, stars and lightning.

Then what to talk of this small flame

(in my band)!

Everything (in the universe) shines

only after the Lord,

And by His light alone are we all illumined.

In ancient temples of India, hardly any daylight reached the inner recesses of the garbha gruha. The darshan of Lord was made possible with divas. To have the darshan of all parts of Lord, the divas - lights were held near each part.

Lord has graced all life on earth by the gift of the panchabhutas - the five elements. To maintain stability He created pruthvi - the Earth. He gave jal or water for life to flourish. He gave tej - light in the form of sunlight and moonlight, as well as agni - fire to cook and the jathar agni - digestive fire to digest food. He also gave vayu - air as a medium for breathing and for holding prana - the vital air. For movement He gave avakash-akash - space or ether. To remember our debt to Lod, we represent the panchabhutas - five lements at His feet in aarati, by offering their symbolic representations.

Sound is a part of akash or space. Therefore, the drum, bell and the words (lyrics)Sun in aarati are symbols of akash. The dhoop or smoke from an incense stick is a symbol of vayu - air. The flame of divo is a symbol of tej(light). The water in the conch shell is a symbol of jal(water). By doing the dandvat pranam the pruthvi(earth) element is symbolically offered at Lord's lotus feet. In this manner, aarati is a symbolic offering of the panchabhutas - five elements to Lord.

In some temples, the aarati is performed using five objects which symbolically represents the panchabhutas - five lements:

1. flower - pruthvi (because smell is an attribute of pruthvi).

2. water in a conch shell - jal.

3. divo - tej (light)

4. chamur (wisp) - vayu.

5. whitecloth - akash (space).

By performing aarati using these articles in the above sequence, people feel that they have offered the panchabhutas - five elements at Lord's feet.

08 March, 2013

In Indian Culture

Why do we not touch papers, books and people with the feet?

In Indian homes, we are taught from a very young age; never to touch papers, books and people with our feet. If the feet accidentally touch papers, books, musical instruments or any other educational equipment, children are told reverentially touch what was stamped with their hands and then touch their eyes as a mark of apology.

Why do we not touch papers, books and people with the feet?

To Indians, knowledge is sacred and divine. So it must be given respect at all times. Now a days, we separate subjects as sacred and secular. But in ancient India every subject - academic or spiritual - was considered divine and taught by the guru in the gurukula.

Books represents knowledge. The deity of knowledge is (Goddess of Learning) Saraswati. Touching the books with feet or kicking somebody's school bag which contains books is considered sinful. It shows disrespect for Saraswati. The bad karma of kicking or nudging a book with the feet results in bad fruit; we do not gain knowledge. Our education suffers. We get less marks in school.

Similarly, one should not let feet touch any musical or educational instrument. Hindus respect every object from which knowledge is gained. Children in India respect even new notebooks, pens, pencils, etc., by taking them to their nearest mandir (temple) so that the pujari (priest) may sanctify them at Bhagwans's feet.

If one's feet accidentally touch a book or even a person, then one should mentally pray for forgiveness, as well as ritually bow down and touch that person's feet as a gesture of regret and also ask him to pardon one. Such humility develops one's character immensely. Additionally, knowledge becomes useful for only he who is humble, according to the Sanskrit sutra; vidya vinayena shobhate.

The custom of not stepping on educational tools is a frequent reminder of the high position accorded to knowledge in Indian culture. From an early age, the wisdom fosters in us a deep reverence for books and education. This is also the reason why we worship books, vehicles and instruments once a year on Saraswathi Pooja or Ayudha Pooja day, dedicated to the Goddess of Learning. In fact, each day before starting our studies, we pray:

Saraswati namasthubyam

Varade kaama roopini

Vidyaarambham karishyaami

Sidhirbhavatu me sadaa

O Goddess Saraswati, the giver of

boons and fulfiller of wishes,

I prostrate to You before

starting my studies.

May You always fulfill me.

Children are also strongly discouraged from touching people with their feet. Even if this happens accidentally, we touch the person and bring the fingers to our eyes as a mark of apology. Even when elders touch a younger person inadvertently with their feet, they immediately apologize.

To touch another with the feet is considered an act of misdemeanor.

Why is this so?

Man is regarded as the most beautiful, living, breathing temple of the Lord!. Therefore, touching another with the feet is akin to disrespecting the divinity within him or her. This calls for an immediate apology, which is offered with reverence and humility.

Thus, many of our custom are designed to be simple but powerful reminders or pointers of profound philosophical truths. This is one of the factors that has kept Indian culture alived across centuries.