Money If an astronaut gets hurt on the moon, this is how we'll rescue them

09:55 13 october 2017

09:55 13 october 2017 Source:
Popular Science

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Captain David Wood was wedged in 20 metres under the ice and was wearing only a jumper when he fell on January 11 last year.Captain David Wood was wedged in 20 metres under the ice and was wearing only a jumper when the tragedy happened on January 11 last year.

How long could they have survived on the moon ? A defect in the engine could easily strand the astronauts on the moon . That's how you get two stranded landers and have to mount another rescue mission.

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If we do manage to return to our natural satellite—no budget or specific timeline was released during the announcement—then it will likely be for a longer period of time than the short Apollo missions, and will almost certainly involve longer moonwalks. That means more time for something to go wrong, and more of a need for plans and equipment ready in case of emergency.

Did The Moon Ever Have An Atmosphere?

<p>Blue sky on Moon? Not likely — but scientists re-examining old rocks brought from the Apollo missions now believe that our orbiting satellite may have once had a thick atmosphere.</p>The research, published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, reveals that ancient volcanoes about four billion years ago may have created an atmosphere that lasted for about 70 million years before eventually fading away. The scientists from the Lunar and Planetary Institute found that the volcanic samples “carried gas components, such as carbon monoxide, the ingredients for water, sulfur, and other volatile species.

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The book also describes how astronauts get taller in the zero gravity environment of space and then shrink again when they get back to Earth. This book is a biography of Neil Armstrong, the first man to set foot on the moon . We meet about Armstrong as a young boy with an interest in planes.

Luckily, scientists and engineers are already working to figure out how to help a fallen astronaut, without resorting to Mark Watney-level MacGyvering.

Last October, Hervé Stevenin, the head of the European Space Agency’s Neutral Buoyancy Facility Operations, designed a system called the Lunar Evacuation System Assembly (LESA), which could be used by future astronauts to drag an incapacitated colleague to safety during a moonwalk. By March, Stevenin—whose day job involves training European astronauts for spacewalks—had collaborated with a team to generate a working prototype, and in late June, aquanauts at an undersea base off the coast of Florida tested the rescue-machine in conditions as close to those found on the moon as possible.

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When astronauts stepped onto the moon , people started saying, “If we can get to the moon , we can do anything.” This essay was taken from How We ’ ll Live on Mars by Stephen Petranek (TED Books/Simon & Schuster).

How long would it take to get humans back to the moon if for some reason we had to ASAP? Political aim - to get as many astronauts to the Moon as possible - and return them safely to Earth. On the other hand, you’ ll notice that not a lot of money has been spent on sending robots to the Moon .

What might happen?

An astronaut's health is carefully monitored and screened, so flight engineers are less worried about heart attacks or illnesses than, for example, a malfunction in a spacesuit that could incapacitate an otherwise healthy person. A busted cooling unit could cause the astronaut to overheat, a crack could lead to low oxygen levels, a scrubber could fail to convert carbon dioxide to oxygen fast enough, and so on. The moon is a harsh mistress indeed.

“The moon is an extreme environment, with temperatures 100 degrees Celsius in the sun side, minus 150 Celsius in the dark, with abrasive dust sticking everywhere. You can fall down and hit a rock, you don't know what would happen,” Stevenin says.

If an astronaut falls to the ground and can’t get up, problems pile up fast. Their companion—just like a spacewalk on the ISS, lunar astronauts will likely work in pairs—is also in a bulky spacesuit that restricts movement, which means they can’t simply bend over and pick up their partner. And unlike the ISS, it's not simply a matter of attaching a tether to the other astronaut and hauling them to safety—lunar gravity isn't as strong as Earth's, but it is strong enough that picking up an adult is still difficult.

If an astronaut gets hurt on the moon, this is how we'll rescue them

<p>Scientists and engineers are already working to figure out how to help a fallen astronaut, without resorting to Mark Watney-level MacGyvering.</p>NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren pulls ESA astronaut Pedro Duque to safety during a simulated lunar emergency at the bottom of the sea.

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“In a spacesuit the movements are limited and your reaching capabilities are limited,” Stevenin says. “Even with the new ones, you cannot kneel down with both knees on the floor, which means you can’t take the guy on your shoulder and carry him back to the safe haven.”

Previous efforts attempted to use a more conventional stretcher failed, but the Earth-based tech proved no match for lunar constraints.

“It was extremely difficult, and it was clear this was violating the movement of a space suit,” Stevenin says of the stretcher test. “We know that if we go on an EVA [extra-vehicular activity] on the moon, we need to have the capability to rescue an incapacitated crewmember. But today this is not possible.”

That’s where the tripod-like LESA can step in and lend a helping pulley.

How does it work?

The current iteration of LESA looks like a slimmed-down cross between a large tripod (but a with four legs) and a hand truck.

If an astronaut notices that their buddy isn’t moving, they can run over and grab LESA and set it up over the fallen victim. A pulley on LESA is attached to the spacesuit, and the rescuer can hoist their companion to a standing position without having to bend down in their cumbersome attire.

We could actually learn a lot by going back to the Moon

But we’ll have to get there first. The Schrodinger basin on the Moon.Earlier this month, Vice President Mike Pence announced the administration’s intent to send humans back to the Moon for an extended period of time, without outlining a specific plan for financing and equipping the expensive endeavor. NASA has 45 days to come up with a plan that includes lunar exploration.

They had a plan, just not a rescue plan. Since rescue was impossible with the technology available at the time, President Nixon's speech writer That had the advantage that you only needed the capability to send an astronaut to the Moon and didn't have to work out how to get them back until later.

M: I think for our flights on the Hubble, we were really really concerned about, and I think most astronauts are, about getting your job done. And what’s the best way if my buddy has a problem, I had a plan to rescue them if they became incapacitated or they were hurt or something and I had to

Then a stretcher with two wheels on the bottom can be strapped around the victim, enabling the rescuer to drag their companion to what Stevenin calls a safe haven, either a base or a lander where the person in peril can be safely removed from their spacesuit and treated.

And the best part is, it can be easily operated by a single person, as ESA astronaut Pedro Duque and NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren demonstrated on the seafloor back in June.

Two heads are better than three

“Usually when you have a rescue you have multiple rescuers,” Stevenin says. “There’s no [mobility] issue on the Moon if you send three guys out. If one becomes incapacitated you put one in the front, one in the back, and you carry the guy like you do on Earth.”

Sounds simple, right? But putting an extra person out on an EVA mission is drastically more expensive than sending two. It means an extra (expensive) spacesuit that would be subjected to wear and tear on a regular basis, larger moon buggies to carry the extra person around, and the chance of an additional loss of air in a moon habitat every time that additional astronaut entered and left. In some ways, they’re all little aspects of wear and tear, but over time, they add up.

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Journalist Stephen Petranek, author of " How We ' ll Live on Mars," believes a Mars colony could flourish with emerging technologies. When astronauts stepped onto the moon , people started saying, "If we can get to the moon , we can do anything."

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The easier solution? Have something like LESA that can simply be strapped to the moon buggy or rolled along on a scientific trek without encumbering the two people already on the surface.

Underwater testing ground

LESA was tested during NASA’s 22nd Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO-22), held at the Aquarius research base in the Florida Keys.

Bill Todd runs the NEEMO programs for NASA, coordinating 10 day missions to the habitat five miles off the cost of the Florida Keys and 62 milesbelow the surface. The remote location means that researchers and astronauts (called aquanauts for the duration of their underwater adventures) can test equipment, run geology and science experiments, and test the limits of human physiology without ever having to leave the planet.

“You’re living and working in an isolated extreme condition. You can’t leave. You are bound to be there until you go through decompression, which takes about the same amount of time as it takes to do an emergency deorbit,” Todd says.

On NEEMO-22, half of the 10 day mission was spent with a communications delay matched to a Mars mission, and half with a delay mimicking a moon mission. The delay meant that the team at the bottom of the ocean had some guidance from the surface, but minute-to-minute, they were mostly left to figure things out as they went along—just like they would on a mission off-planet.

The underwater environment also meant that they could test how their equipment, like LESA, works in gravity conditions similar to the Moon or Mars, making it an invaluable proving ground, and a more rugged, field-tested environment than the Neutral Buoyancy Pools on land where equipment is typically put through its paces.

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Before they landed, astronauts orbited the Command Module and took photographs of various features. CDR: Looking at the Moon hurts my head. I won’t look at it. LMP: I tell you, when we get down to 8 miles, we ’re gonna really look like we ’re down among them .

Watery future

When I spoke with Stevenin back in August, he hoped to test the next iteration of LESA on a NEEMO mission in the spring, incorporating what he’d learned from the testing over the summer. But that will require the Aquarius habitat where NEEMO is housed to be in working condition. Sadly, when Hurricane Irma hit Florida last month, it severely damaged the underwater lab.

On a fundraising website raising money for repairs to the storm damaged structure, an update on the lab reports:

“the exterior requires numerous repairs for operation to life support systems including air tank systems and controls located on the seafloor and within the wet porch. Without these systems, the habitat cannot operate or conduct missions. Additionally, the Life Support Buoy broke free from six mooring lines attached to the seafloor and was taken 15 miles to the southwest by the storm. All of the mooring lines, buoys and shackles were destroyed. The structure is still floating as well as generators and compressors being intact but when forced under a bridge the tower was snapped in half.”

YouCaring/FIU Aquarius Reef Base/Pyxis Institute

The life support buoy has since been recovered and towed into a nearby shipyard to repair, but efforts to fix both the buoy and life support systems may take time.

In the meantime, astronauts and aquanauts will continue to train and develop new tech, making preparations here on Earth for the safest ascent to the stars.

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