The Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 and the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718 weakened the Turks in Europe.

Lost substantial territory in conflicts with Russia during the reign of Peter and Catherine.

Janissaries ended up devolving the empire by refusing to adapt new technologies and tactics, halting advances.

Sultans made progress in politics, economy, and the military in the 1800s.

Secularized despite protests by the Islamic clergy.

(1839 – 1876CE): The Tanzimatreforms encouraged greater religious tolerance for non-Muslims living in the Ottoman Empire.

The Napoleanic Wars, coupled with nationalistic ideas, led to uprisings in the Turkish states.

The Greek War of Independence in 1821 caused the Greeks to separate from the empire in 1832.

The Young Turks - A group of pro-Western Ottoman army officers that didn't support the sultans; due to their repeated failures to strengthen the Ottoman Empire.

The Young Turks aligned with Germany in hopes of reforming the empire themselves.

From 1911 – 1913CE, the Italians seized the Ottomans last provinces in North Africa.

The Ottomans were defeated in the two Balkan wars as well.

After WWI, the empire was replaced by the Turkish state: Turkey.

Egypt fell out of Ottoman rule and was brought into European influence.

MuhammadAli's grandson Ismail, decided to build a canal across the Suez land bridge to link the Mediterranean and the Red Sea.

The construction of the canal led to European domination.

The canal revolutionized modern shipping.

Thousands of Egyptians died during its construction.

In 1875 Britain bought all of Egypt's shares; allowing them to interfere in local politics easily.

1881 – Egyptian military revolted against the khedive.

Britain assumed governmental power despite the khedive’s control of the state.

The Decline of the Qing Empire

MI – The Qing Dynasty collapsed due to internal struggle, weak leadership, and the British introduction of opium to the Chinese market.

Qianlong – last effective ruler of the Qing Dynasty. ( 1736-1795CE)

Weak leadership afterward led to swift decline.

Maintaining the northern and western borders of China was becoming increasingly expensive.

Rapid population increases weakened the fragile economy.

The White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804CE) was a direct result of the people’s frustration over the worsening economy.

China only allowed Europeans to trade on a small number of ports and only accepted small amounts of European goods.

China was too powerful to conquer – tea was their most significant commodity.

China’s superiority complex kept them from trading excessively with Europeans.

The Middle Kingdom was the center of the universe away from all of the barbarians.

The British used opium to get incorporated into the Chinese markets.

British began flooding China with opium grown in northeastern India.

Opium became very popular in China and the British maintained control of 80% of the opium.

This illegal trade outraged the Chinese government.

The economy declined as productivity slowed.

Opium War: (1839 – 1842CE) – The Qing government tried to stop the spread of opium by arresting dealers.

Fearing the profits from their Chinese opium trade would be lessened – or even lost – the British government used it as an excuse to start a war.

In the first battle the British won easily and established the Treaty of Nanking, in which the Chinese had to open 5 more ports to foreign trade, lower tariffs on British goods, and grant rights to areas in China where British traders lived.

British law ruled those areas.

China surrendered Hong Kong to Britain.

The treaties that followed legalized opium and the opium trade; opened more ports to foreign trade.

Powers were granted to the Portuguese, French, British, Americans, and Russians who set up economic concessions in Chinese territory.

Japan, Germany, and Italy gained smaller economic concessions.

MI – Limited reforms were not enough to halt the decline of the Qing Dynasty, which failed due to rebellion and was replaced by the Republic of China.

Taiping Rebellion: (1850 – 1864CE) – The most devastating civil war in world history.

Claimed 20 to 30 million Chinese lives.

Second deadliest war next to WWII.

Xiuquan started the uprising in order to become a government official despite having failed the civil service exam.

He convinced himself that he was the brother of Jesus Christ and was sent from heaven to create supreme peace in the Kingdom. (???)

Organized an army of followers who shared his resentment of the high Qing taxes and oppressive rule.

Xiuquan ruled one third of China at the peak of his rule.

By the 1860s the rebellion was beginning to lose momentum and retreat.

Xiuquan committed suicide in 1864.

Rebellion left China in ruins and the Qing government was thrown into chaos.

The self strengthening movement, a reform movement in the 1860s, attempted but failed to have lasting positive effects on the disorganized empire.

Cixi ruled China from 1878 – 1908CE.

She was a strong leader who opposed modernization and all reforms.

The Qing government became more oppressive due to her policies.

Cixi died in 1908 CE.

Open Door Policy: (1898 CE) – allowed all nations to have equal access to Chinese markets.