Course Objectives

To give students an understanding of the two major wars, which
are in an important sense two stages of one long war, that have been
fought for the control of Vietnam: the First Indochina War (1946-54)
and the Second Indochina War (1960-75). Strategy, tactics, political
factors, and technology will be included.

Learning Objectives

Students will demonstrate on tests a sense of the military, political, and technological factors affecting the two Indochina wars, and the
way those wars developed.

Students will write papers analyzing the way warfare was perceived, with particular emphasis on possible biases
in those perceptions, during various
recent historical periods. These papers will be based on contemporary sources.

Students will organize and write a major research paper, based to a significant extent on primary sources.

What goes into your grade

Your grade in the course will be based mainly on the written
work I have assigned.
You cannot do extra papers for extra credit.
You can improve your grade a bit by participating in class discussion.
The best way to pick up extra points is to argue (constructively) against me in class;
If you can point out to me that I have made a mistake you get two point
extra in the gradebook.
If you present a good clear argument that I am wrong about something,
with evidence, then your grade may be boosted even if you do not
succeed in convincing me.

I do not emphasize trivial factual details in this course.
On tests and quizzes I will
NOT ask you to tell me the date of the Battle of "Hamburger Hill",
or to name the American units that fought in it.
There are some facts you need to know, but they are more important
things than dates. On the other hand, I will expect you to get an
idea of the sequence of events, what came first and what came later.

The most important single part of your grade will be the course
paper. You can write it on whatever topic you please, within the limit
of the subject matter of this course. The actual text of your paper, not counting
title page, bibliography, maps, and illustrations,
should be about ten pages long, typed double
spaced (if you are signed up for History 6360, fifteen to twenty pages). Longer papers are acceptable.

When you are trying to decide what sources to use for your
term paper, or if you are just curious about something that has
come up in the course, I suggest you consult
Bibliography of the Vietnam War on the Web.
But bear in mind that when you see a book listed in this
bibliography, this does not necessarily mean you will actually be able
to find a copy of that book, in or near Clemson.

A lot of things that have been written about the Vietnam War
are not true. As you do your research, you should be thinking actively about
whether you believe the things your sources are saying.
I will not flunk you for guessing wrong, but you should make an
effort to judge who is telling the truth and who is not; don't just
take things on faith. Don't dodge the problem by sticking to
questions on which you believe everything you read, either. Explaining why you think a particular
source was wrong about a particular fact will tend to have a good influence on your grade.

The paper is due Wednesday, April 24. I request that you turn it in electronically through Blackboard, which
records the date you submitted it. If Blackboard says it was turned in on April 23 (in other words, if it got in
before midnight), it will be considered on time. There will be a five point penalty if the paper is submitted on
April 24 or 25. The penalty will be fifteen points if it is not in by midnight April 25.

You can have a pretty free choice of topics for this paper,
within the limits of the subject matter of this course.
You must come in and talk to me about your paper, and discuss the
sources you will be using. It is not enough to say to me as we are walking out of the classroom
one morning "Professor Moise, is it OK if I write about the
U.S. bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos?"
You will need to talk things over with me for ten or fifteen minutes, not just a few seconds.
After we have talked, you must give me a written statement of your
topic, with a list of the main sources you plan to use. There will be a five point penalty if you have not given this to me
by March 10, and an additional five points if it is not in by March 24. If it still is not in by March 31, I will either
give you yet another five-point penalty, or else simply hand you a sheet of paper telling you what topic you must write on, and
what sources you must use.

If you give me a preliminary draft of your paper (preferably as an e-mail attachment) by April 17, I will look it over and give
you suggestions about how you could improve it.

The paper is worth 150 points. The other written work will be:
--Two
short papers on assigned topics (three for History 6360), worth 40 points each.
--One essay quiz (20 points).
--The midterm test (70 points)
and the final exam (120 points), which will be mostly essay questions.
This adds up to 440 points for undergraduates, 480 for graduate students.
The basic grade scale is that 90% (396 points for undergraduates) is the bottom of the
A range, 80% (352 points for undergraduates) is the bottom of the B range, and so on. Sometimes
I alter the scale in the students' favor, never against them.
Thus 396 points (90% of 440) is a guaranteed A for an
undergraduate; 394 or 390 points might be an A, depending on how the rest of the class does.

Academic Integrity Policy

Academic integrity requires that we not try to pass other people's
work off as our own. The ways students have gotten into problems of
academic dishonesty in courses I have taught that were similar to this one, in past years, have been:

Large portions of a term paper copied from a few books or web sites, or even just one,
without any indication that the material was copied.
Typically this involves both
large amounts of material quoted word-for-word, without quotation
marks, and also a serious shortage of source notes pointing to the
book from which the material came.
Often there are misleading source notes claiming the material
came from sources other than the ones from which it was
actually copied word-for-word. These false source notes are especially
strong evidence that the copying was dishonesty and not just carelessness.

Whole term paper obtained from some source (a commercial term
paper service, or the Internet, or the collection of term papers
that one of the fraternities used to have, and may still have).

One student copies another student's 40-point
research exercise, maybe changing a few words and substituting
synonyms, but leaving the two papers still so similar that it is
obvious the resemblance could not be coincidence.
I would be likely to bring charges both against the student who
copied and the student who allowed his or her paper to be copied.

There are some ways in which it is all right for students to help each other. If two students
want to study together getting ready for a test, that is perfectly OK.
Only after I have handed out the questions does help on a test
become improper. But if two people work together on a newspaper research exercise,
and turn in papers that are very similar because each has been
getting a lot of help from the other in writing it, both will be
in deep trouble. If one of your fellow students asks to look at your paper, to
get a better idea of how the assignment was to be done, please say no.
They should come to me to ask for further explanations
of the assignment, rather than looking at a completed paper to
give them their clues. If two papers are so similar it is obvious the author of one must
have seen the other, I will file charges.

In furtherance of its Academic Integrity policy, Clemson University has a license agreement with Turnitin.com, a service
that helps prevent plagiarism in student assignments. I will request that you submit your research papers, at the end of the
semester, to Turnitin through Blackboard. You will have the right to refuse to do this, if you wish. Turnitin will provide me
with an originality rating and notation of possible text or contextual matches with other source documents. Turnitin does not
make any determination of plagiarism. Rather, it identifies parts of an assignment that may have significant matches with other
source documents found on the Internet, in the Turnitin database, or from other sources. If matches are identified and indicate
the possibility of inclusion of material that is not properly cited, I will discuss this information with you before reaching
any judgment or decision.

Policy on late work

Under normal circumstances, my policy is: If you do not do written work on time, you will be able to make it up.
However, you will be marked off for lateness. You will be marked
off even if your excuse is very, very good. You can avoid a penalty
only if I have told you before the work was due that you would be able
to do it late without penalty. Forty-point short papers will not usually be accepted at all (you just get an
F) if they are more than seven days late.

Attendance policy

You are allowed up to six cuts INCLUDING EXCUSED ABSENCES.
You lose two points for every unexcused absense after that.
I would advise you not to take even five.
I am going to be saying quite a few things in lectures that are not
in the reading. Even if you are very careful about doing all the
assigned reading, you will have trouble answering the questions on
my tests if you have not been at the lectures.

If I am Late

If I have not gotten to class by five minutes after it was supposed to begin,
I would be grateful if a student would go bang on my office door and see whether I
am there. If I still have not arrived by ten minutes after the time the class
was supposed to begin, you can give up on me and leave.

Assigned reading

I will try to hold the assigned reading in this course down to
a moderate level, since you are supposed to be putting a lot of
work into your course papers.
There are three books you should buy:
The Killing Zone, by Downs
America's Longest War, 4th edition, by Herring
A Bright Shining Lie, by Sheehan

There will also be reading assignments that I will make available online.

Course Outline

The following course outline is
tentative. It may be modified slightly by class request
or as a result of shifts in what I find practical to place online, or as a result of unforseen events.
Each day, items marked >>> are required reading; items marked --- are
optional reading. Most optional items are simply books that you can
look for in the library.

January 8: Introduction to the course.

January 10: Background to Vietnam. Vietnamese civilization began in
the Red River Delta of what is today northern Vietnam, slightly
more than 2,000 years ago. It spread southward gradually. The French conquered Vietnam, in chunks, in the late 19th century.
Vietnamese could not effectively defy French power.
>>> Read Moise, The
Vietnam Wars all the way through, to give you an idea of the overall pattern of
events we will be seeing in this course, and to allow you to get started thinking of
what topic you might want to choose for your term paper.

January 13: Ho Chi Minh founded the Vietnamese Communist movement, and
the Second World War gave the Communists their chance to try to make Vietnam an independent country.
In 1945 the Communists established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
>>> Sheehan, pp. 144-166.
>>> Herring, pp. 3-11.
Questions for discussion: Ho Chi Minh was the founder of the Indochinese Communist Party. What
was the significance of this? In other words, what sort of organization was the Indochinese Communist Party?
What was US policy toward Vietnam, in the period up to 1946?

January 15: Continue discussion of those events, particularly looking at a Communist viewpoint on them.
>>> Truong Chinh,
The August Revolution (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House,
1958), pp. 1-40. The story of the Viet Minh siezure of power in 1945. Truong Chinh was General
Secretary of the Indochinese Communist Party at that time; he published the Vietnamese original
of this work in Su That in 1946. By the time this translation was published in
Hanoi as a book, Truong Chinh had been demoted as punishment for his errors in the Land
Reform campaign of 1953-1956. The text has been placed on-line
in the Virtual Vietnam Archive of the Vietnam Project
at Texas Tech University, in two parts. I am asking that you read only the first part, up to page 40.
Questions for discussion: What was Truong Chinh's picture of the international situation?
Of French policy, in particular?
How did he say the
Communists had gotten power? Notice the contrast in some
places (for example pp. 31-32) between statements that "The whole people rose up" in support of the
revolution, and discussion of people who were against the revolution. Is this attitude toward defining
"the people" a common one? What picture did Truong Chinh
give of the Communist Party, and the nature of Communism? How dictatorial does he make Communism look? I am not asking
what you believe about the nature of Communism; I am asking what Truong Chinh believed, or pretended to believe.

January 17: All-out war between Vietnam and France broke out in 1946.
It was a classic guerrilla War. Meanwhile, the Cold War was deepening.
>>> Sheehan, pp. 166-172
>>> Herring, pp. 11-14.
>>> The Pentagon Papers, Senator Gravel Edition,
Chapter 1. "Background
to the Conflict, 1940-1950." pp. 42-52. U.S. views of the Viet Minh and Ho Chi Minh.

No Class January 20

January 22, 24: From 1950 onward, the war in Indochina was much more entangled in the Cold War.
By 1954 the Viet Minh were winning.
>>> Herring, pp. 14-33.
>>> The Pentagon Papers, Senator Gravel Edition,
Chapter 2. "U.S.
Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954." pp. 53-75.
Questions for discussion: What was Bao Dai like? What was his government, the State of
Vietnam, like? What was US policy toward the State of Vietnam? Did the US have a choice, in deciding its policy?

January 27: In 1954, The United States didn't quite jump
openly into the war when France got in bad trouble in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
>>> Herring pp. 33-45
>>> Bernard Fall, "Indochina--The Last Year of the War,"
Military Review, XXXVI:7
(October 1956), pp. 3-11.
Questions for discussion: What was the importance of Dien Bien Phu? When an American official
said "One cannot go over Niagara Falls in a barrel only slightly" (quoted in Herring, p. 39), did this
comparison make sense? Why did the United States not intervene directly at Dien Bien Phu?

Newspaper research exercise due January 29: Check to see what one or two newspapers
and/or newsmagazines were saying in April and/or May 1954 about the struggle in Indochina, and/or the question of what the United States
should be doing about it. Write an essay of about two pages (typed double spaced), or more, about what you found. Say what
there was in the articles that you found interesting or surprising.
I want to see one essay based on several articles, not a string of essentially separate
mini-essays, each based on a single article. Try to select articles that will allow you to have some unifying themes in your essay.

Evaluate the attitudes
of the authors. Is there anything that leads you to distrust them, or to think that the facts may
be being distorted to fit the author's viewpoint? What assumptions is the author making? Notice
the source; did the reporter say that something was true, or only that somebody else had
said it was true? If you say there is bias, please make it clear exactly what was said,
that you consider biased. What kind of bias was it (false statements, or use of emotionally
loaded language, or just careful selection of facts so that only
facts favorable to one side get mentioned)? Notice what you are reading:
--A news article is not supposed to have too much of the reporter's own opinions in it, but
there is nothing inherently wrong with the reporter quoting the opinions of other people. If a reporter is
quoting some very opinionated person, try to judge whether the reporter agrees with the person's opinions.
--An editorial is supposed to present the opinions of the newspaper; there is
nothing inherently wrong about it being opinionated. But you can still complain about bias if the
editorial is illogical or deceptive in the way it pushes that opinion.
--The same applies to an opinion piece written by someone who does not represent the newspaper.

There is no requirement that you use The New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the
Washington Post, or The Times of London,
but those papers have the advantage that you can access them online through the
Clemson
Library's Databases Page. If you want to use newspapers other than those, you you use some other online repository of old
newspapers, such as Google News, or read them on microfilm. Most of the Clemson University Library's microfilms are in storage,
so you will probably have to request them the day before you are going to be reading them. The microfilm readers are on level 4 of the
library. If you want to use weekly newsmagazines, the easiest way is to use the ones that have been
bound into volumes, on the shelves on level 1 of the library. Some are also on microfim.

Please give source notes. Source notes must give page numbers, if the source had numbered pages. I want to be able to tell in each
section of your paper which article or articles you are discussing in that section. It is not enough to have
a list at the end, if I canít tell as I read the paper which article you are discussing
where. It isn't even enough to have a link to the article, if you are turning the paper in electronically.
I donít care about the format of source notes as long as they tell me what I need to
know. Any format that allows me easily to discern the name of the author
if it was given, the title of the
article, the title of the publication, and the date and page, is OK. If you found
the articles on the Internet, say so, and say where.

January 31, February 3: Vietnam was split in half in 1954, and for a couple of years
there was comparative peace. Ngo Dinh Diem became president of the Republic of
Vietnam, in South Vietnam.
>>> Herring pp. 45-80
>>> Sheehan pp. 127-144, 172-200
--- You also might like to look at my book
Land Reform in China and North VietnamQuestions for discussion: What were the main provisions of the Geneva Accords of 1954? What
was the United States' attitude to the Accords? Comment on Senator Knowland's statement, quoted in Herring,
p. 50, that the Geneva Acccords were "the greatest victory the communists have won in twenty years." What was
Ngo Dinh Diem's government like in 1954? What was it like in 1956?

Quiz February 3

February 5: The war began again in 1959-60, both in South Vietnam and in Laos
The guerrillas did pretty well. War also started in Laos.
>>> Herring, pp. 80-87
Questions for discussion: Why did the insurgency start in South Vietnam? How did it start?

February 7, 10: The guerrillas gained strength, despite increasing U.S. aid to Diem.
>>> Herring, pp. 89-111
>>> Sheehan 3-125
Questions for discussion: What was John Vann's relationship with Colonel Cao, the
commander of the ARVN 7th Division? what was Colonel Cao like, as a commander? What were the Viet Cong like,
in the northern Mekong Delta (the area of operations of the ARVN 7th Division)?

February 12, 14: By 1963, Diem was in bad trouble.
>>> Herring, pp. 111-114
>>> Sheehan 200-277
Questions for discussion: What was the US/ARVN plan for the Battle of Ap Bac? Was it a
reasonable plan? What went wrong with it?

February 17: The Aftermath of Ap Bac
>>> Sheehan 277-334
Questions for discussion: What does Sheehan mean when he says the U.S. Army was suffering
from the "disease of victory"? Do you believe him?

February 19: The U.S. encouraged a coup that overthrew Diem
>>> Sheehan 334-371
>>> Herring, pp. 114-129
Questions for discussion: Why did some U.S. officials decide to back the idea of a coup
against Ngo Dinh Diem? Did those reasons make sense? Why did so many ARVN officers support the coup?

February 21: President Johnson hesitated about expanding the war.
>>> Herring, pp. 131-151
>>> Sheehan 371-86
Questions for discussion: How did Lyndon Johnson deal with the problem of Vietnam
during his first year as President? What factors influenced his approach?

TEST February 24

February 26: The war continued to escalate, and the U.S. sent in ground troops.
>>> Herring, pp. 151-169
>>> Sheehan 501-535
Questions for discussion: How useful were the military actions that the U.S. forces were taking?

February 28: Vann and Sheehan react to the new American style of war.
>>> Sheehan, 535-580
Questions for discussion: What was the significance of the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley? Was
the use of heavy American firepower in South Vietnamese villages a bad idea?

March 3, 5: The war was complex and messy
>>> Herring, pp. 179-223
>>> Downs, Section 1
Questions for discussion: Were the training, equipment, and tactics of the American forces appropriate for
the war in South Vietnam? How did the arrival of large numbers of Americans affect South Vietnam?

March 7: Air War.
>>> Herring, pp. 171-179
Questions for discussion: How useful was the technological superiority of the United States?

Newspaper research exercise due March 3: Go to the library,
and check to see what one or two newspapers
and/or newsmagazines were saying in August and/or September 1967 about U.S. air operations
in North Vietnam or South Vietnam or Laos.
Use at least four articles (six for graduate students); please have all your articles about
U.S. air operations in one of the three areas.
Write an essay of about two pages (typed double spaced), or more, about what you found. Say what
there was in the articles that you found interesting or surprising.
I want to see one essay based on several articles, not a string of essentially separate
mini-essays, each based on a single article. Try to select articles that will allow
you to have some unifying themes in your essay.

Evaluate the attitudes
of the authors. Is there anything that leads you to distrust them, or to think that the facts may
be being distorted to fit the author's viewpoint? Notice
the source; did the reporter say that something was true, or only that somebody else had
said it was true? If you say there is bias, please make it clear exactly what was said,
that you consider biased. What kind of bias was it (false statements, or use of emotionally
loaded language, or just careful selection of facts so that only
facts favorable to one side get mentioned)? Notice what you are reading:
--A news article is not supposed to have too much of the reporter's own opinions in it, but
there is nothing inherently wrong with the reporter quoting the opinions of other people. If a reporter is
quoting some very opinionated person, try to judge whether the reporter agrees with the person's opinions.
--An editorial is supposed to present the opinions of the newspaper; there is
nothing inherently wrong about it being opinionated. But you can still complain about bias if the
editorial is illogical or deceptive in the way it pushes that opinion.
--The same applies to an opinion piece written by someone who does not represent the newspaper.

There is no requirement that you use The New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the
Washington Post, or The Times of London,
but those papers have the advantage that you can access them online through the
Clemson
Library's Databases Page. If you want to use newspapers other than those, you you use some other online repository of old
newspapers, such as Google News, or read them on microfilm. Most of the Clemson University Library's microfilms are in storage,
so you will probably have to request them the day before you are going to be reading them. The microfilm readers are on level 4 of the
library. If you want to use weekly newsmagazines, the easiest way is to use the ones that have been
bound into volumes, on the shelves on level 1 of the library. Some are also on microfim.

Please give source notes. Source notes must give page numbers, if the source had numbered pages. I want to be able to tell in each
section of your paper which article or articles you are discussing in that section. It is not enough to have
a list at the end, if I canít tell as I read the paper which article you are discussing
where. It isn't even enough to have a link to the article, if you are turning the paper in electronically.
I donít care about the format of source notes as long as they tell me what I need to
know. Any format that allows me easily to discern the name of the author
if it was given, the title of the
article, the title of the publication, and the date and page, is OK. If you found
the articles on the Internet, say so, and say where.

Due date for term paper topic sheets: March 10

March 10: One infantry unit around the end of 1967.
>>> Downs, section 2.
Questions for discussion: How effective was Downs' unit?

March 12, 14: One infantry unit around the end of 1967.
>>> Downs, sections 3 and 4.
Questions for discussion: How effective was Downs' unit? How good an officer was Downs?

Spring Break: No Class March 17-21

March 24, 26: The war grew larger and bloodier,
without producing any decisive results.
>>> Sheehan, 580-659
Questions for discussion: What do you think of Vann's habit of driving on very insecure roads? How much sense did
attrition make, as a policy for the U.S. war in Vietnam? How much sense did pacification make, as a policy for the American
war in Vietnam? How was the fighting in northern I Corps different from the fighting in most other areas?

March 28: Increasing discontent.
>>> Sheehan, 660-693
Question for discussion: Why did Secretary of Defense McNamara lose faith in the war? What options did he have?

March 31, April 2: The Tet Offensive of 1968: a major Communist
offensive, that attained partial surprise. Militarily it cost the
Communists a lot of men, but it produced important political benefits
for them by shaking American confidence that the war could be won.
>>> Herring, pp. 225-268
>>> Sheehan, 693-729
Questions for discussion: What do you think of the Tet Offensive, with hindsight? What would you have thought of it
if you had been considering the question in 1968?

April 4: Laos and Cambodia

Graduate students only: Newspaper research exercise due April 4. Use six articles
published in 1971, dealing with events and/or military operations occurring in or over Laos.

April 7: Richard Nixon came into office as President in 1969.
>>> Herring, pp. 271-283.
>>> Sheehan, 729-738.
Questions for discussion: What were President Nixon's goals for the Vietnam War? How
realistic were they?

April 9, 11, 14: In 1969, the U.S. began to pull out of Vietnam. This went on until
U.S. participation in ground combat ceased in 1972. But Laos continued to be a battleground, and
Cambodia became one. U.S. bombing declined in 1971, but increased again in 1972, especially after the
Communists' Easter Offenive began.
>>> Herring, pp. 283-310
>>> Sheehan, 738-790
Questions for discussion: What else could the United States have been doing, other than what it was doing? Was
military victory a realistic possibility, and if so, how could it have been achieved? Was a negotiated settlement of the war
a realistic possibility? Was strengthening the ARVN to the point it would be able to stand on its own a realistic possibility?

April 16: The Paris Peace Agreement
>>> Herring, pp. 310-320
Questions for discussion: What was the significance of the "Christmas Bombing" of 1972? What
was Nixon trying to accomplish by this air campaign? Did he
accomplish it? How did other people see the bombing? What do you think of the Paris Peace Agreement,
signed a few weeks later?

April 18: The War after the Paris Agreement, 1973-1974
>>> Herring, pp. 323-331
--- Isaacs, Without HonorQuestions for discussion: Do you blame the Watergate scandal for the decline in U.S.
aid to the Republic of Vietnam after the Paris Agreement, or would the declining political support
for the war, in the United States, have produced such a decline even without Watergate? What was the impact
on the ARVN of the decline in aid?