A rediscovered prehistoric blade has reopened a debate about who first populated North America.

Article by: BRIAN VASTAG , Washington Post

Updated: March 3, 2012 - 5:54 PM
"Displaying some of the tools in his office at the National Museum of Natural History, Stanford handles a milky chert blade and says, "This stuff is beginning to give us a real nice picture of occupation of the Eastern Shore (of Maryland) around 20,000 years ago.""
"But the mastodon relic found near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay turned out to be 22,000 years old, suggesting that the blade was just as ancient.[LEFT]

" "At the core of Stanford’s case are stone tools recovered from five mid-Atlantic sites. Two sites lie on Chesapeake Bay islands, suggesting that the Solutreans settled Delmarva early on. Smithsonian research associate Darrin Lowery found blades, anvils and other tools found stuck in soil at least 20,000 years old.[LEFT]

The Delmarva Peninsula is a large peninsula on the East Coast of the United States, occupied by most of Delaware and portions of Maryland and Virginia.

Now what makes this interesting is this,

The Piscataway are a subtribe of the Conoy Native American tribe of Maryland. At one time, they were one of the most populous and powerful Native polities of the Chesapeake Bay region. They spoke Algonquian Piscataway, a dialect of Nanticoke. Today three groups represent Piscataway descendants, the Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory, the Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland, and the Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians (All three groups broke off from an organization founded by Turkey Tayac, the originator of the modern Piscataway movement, after his death in 1978). All three groups are located in Southern Maryland and have state recognition.

Turkey Tayac, legally Philip Sheridan Proctor (1895–1978), (Born Philip Sheridan Proctor, in 1895 in Charles County, Maryland) Piscataway Indian leader and herbal doctor; he was notable in Native American activism for tribal and cultural revival in the 20th century. He had some knowledge of the Piscataway language and was consulted by the Algonquian linguist, Ives Goddard, as well as Julian Granberry.

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Now keep in mind these Maryland tribes are more on the black side due to recent mixing with black families, so don't let that throw you off...keyword "Recent mixing".

Now I'm sure your noticing the Collins name there, These Collins all took the Collins name from the women, not the man which means none of these collins are able to DNA test to compare with Vardy Collins.

Now I'll jump back to 1891 Melungeons real quick here:

---------------------------------

"Somewhere in the eighteenth century, before the year 1797, there appeared in the eastern portion of Tennessee, at that time the Territory of North Carolina, two strange-looking men calling themselves "Collins" and "Gibson". They had a reddish brown complexion, long , straight , black hair, keen, black eyes, and sharp, clear-cut features. They spoke in broken English, a dialect distinct from anything ever heard in that section of the country.

They claimed to have come from Virginia and many years after emigrating, themselves told the story of their past.

These two, Vardy Collins and Buck Gibson, were the had and source of the Melungeons in Tennessee. With the cunning of their Cherokee Ancestor, they planned and executed a scheme by which they were enabled to "set up for themselves" in the almost unbroken Territory of North Carolina. " 1891 Will Allen Dromgoole

The following information is provided in rebuttal of statements made throughout Brown's paper, as posted on the Johns Hopkins University website:

Genesis of the Piscataway Movement

Page 7, last paragraph; page 8, paragraphs 1;7 - Brown refers to Turkey's parents as the illegitimate children of white men and their mulatta mistresses, in an attempt to degrade the Collins women. The Collins women have more claim to Piscataway Indian status than any of the Wesorts, which is why the Wesorts a.k.a. Piscataway- Conoy Confederacy and Subtribes, Inc. (PCCS) are so quick to say they don't recognize the Collins women as Indians. Brown goes on to say that Turkey "grew up in a poor family with a heritage of interracial bastardy, during an era when the Jim Crow racist regime was at its apogee in Southern Maryland." First, Louis and Jenny, Turkey's parents owned their own farm, and had a clear title with no liens in 1900. "

The first of the Proctor/Tayac family's three heritage myths holds that their Collins ancestors in Philip's maternal line were among the Piscataways who left Maryland circa 1700, stayed away for several generations, and then "walked back" to take up residence in the state once again a century later. Genealogical research methods can be used to trace Philip's ancestors in the Collins line, and to compare
their actual residence and migration patterns against the family's oral tradition. Philip Proctor made contradictory claims concerning the Indian ancestry of his mother, Virginia Ann "Jennie" Collins. He claimed in a 1971 oral history that his mother, Jennie Collins Proctor, was "eighty seven and one half percent" Indian and the rest was English. Three years later, in another oral history, Philip claimed that Jennie was "three-quarters Indian". However, genealogical research proves that Jennie Collins was at least half "white". Her father was a member of the white planter elite, and there is no evidence that he had any non-white ancestry.

In both oral histories, Philip identified his mother Jennie by the name Jan-Jan. In the 1974 interview, Philip incorrectly identified his maternal grandfather as Mr. Sheriden, whose first name he did not know.
It is possible that Philip believed that since his own middle name was Sheridan, that Sheridan/Sheriden was his maternal grandfather's surname. Philip identified his maternal grandmother as Reddress Pugh, a "full-blooded Algonquian". However, it appears that Philip had confused his own grandmothers. Pug (Pugh) Proctor was actually the mother listed on his father's death certificate, and not his maternal grandmother. Philip's confusion surrounding the names of his grandparents indicates that his knowledge of his own family history was quite limited. Of his four grandparents, he was able to correctly identify only his paternal grandfather. The baptism records of St. Thomas Catholic Church reveal that Philip's mother Jennie Collins was the illegitimate daughter of Nancy Collins, a free woman of color, and Charles Henry Sheirburn, a white man. Charles H. Sheirburn was born June 6, 1819 in Charles County, Maryland and died March 21, 1879 in Charles County, Maryland. Charles never married, and lived with several siblings until his death. Charles was a planter who owned fourteen slaves in 1850. The household of Charles and his siblings included twenty slaves in 1860, with Charles owning seven of the slaves. Charles H. Sheirburn was the father of Jennie and Nellie, two of Nancy Collins's four children, so their relationship probably extended over at least five years. Around the same time as his relationship with Nancy Collins occurred, Sheirburn had another illicit relationship, this time with a white woman, which resulted in another illegitimate daughter. Whether Charles H. Sheirburn was the father of Nancy Collins' two older daughters, Alice and Josephine Collins, is uncertain at present. An analysis of Charles Sheirburn's paternal southern Maryland ancestry reveals well-documented families of the elite planter class, with no evidence of African or Native American Indian ancestry. Charles's parents were Joseph and Mary (Yates) Sheirburn. Charles H. Sheirburn's paternal grandparents were Nicholas and Mary (Matthews) Sheirburn. Mary Yates Sheirburn was the daughter of Charles Yates, who was a member of a white planter family in Charles County. Jennie's mother, Nancy Ann Collins, was born circa 1837 and died in 1897. Nancy was the daughter of Jane Collins, a free woman of color, who was born circa 1802-1805 and died after 1860. The father of Nancy and her brother, William, who was born circa 1835, is currently unknown. It is possible that Nancy's father was a slave or a white man, since both types of relationships occurred among free people of color in Charles County during that time period. Unfortunately, the local Catholic Church that the Collins attended burned in a fire in 1866, destroying baptism records that could have revealed more information about the Collins family.Whenever Nancy and Jane Collins were enumerated they were always described as "mulattoes", so it is possible that there was additional white ancestry in the Collins family. Philip's descendants have advanced several different versions of their oral tradition describing Philip's maternal ancestry, all of which differ considerably from Philip's account. According to the 1988 version of the Tayac family's oral history, published ten years after Philip's death, Turkey's mother Jennie Collins was the daughter of Thomas Jones and Jan Jan: "Now, Turkey's grandmother was Jan jan, which in Piscataway means 'very beautiful.' She had an affair with Thomas Jones, a Confederate spy, who was part Indian. . . . From the relationship between Jones and Jan jan, Turkey's mother was born. She [Jan jan] was pretty important in Turkey's life. When Turkey was a boy, she was a tall woman, a thin woman, with hair down to her butt. She was a medicine woman. When Turkey was a boy, he learned his medicine from her." However, the Tayac family was mistaken in their identification of Jennie A. Collins' parents. Jennie Collins' father was Charles H. Sheirbourne, not Thomas Jones. It was Philip'sfather, Louis Proctor, who was the son of Thomas A. Jones, a white Confederate agent, and Pug Proctor. The Tayac family had obviously confused Philip's two sets of grandparents. They also had confused the Indian names of Turkey's mother and grandmother. According to Philip, his mother was Jan-Jan and his maternal grandmother was named Reddress Pugh.

Central to Philip's descendants' Piscataway heritage claims is their story that a female ancestress in the Collins family walked back to Maryland after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.(The family makes this "walking back" claim for both Turkey's paternal ancestry and maternal ancestry.) The 1988 version of the oral history attributed the "walking back" to Turkey's maternal grandmother: "At the turn of the 19th century, right where we're at, 27 Piscataways returned . . . Turkey's grandmother was one of the ones who walked back. She settled here, around Pope's Creek." This story about a female ancestress walking back was not narrated by Philip in his oral history interviews, and appears to originate with his descendants. This story is first mentioned in a interview with Philip's son, Billy "Red Wing"Tayac, in a 1978 newspaper article: "Billy Tayac says his father's grandparents and members of the Conoy band of the Piscataways returned to the state during the last century and 'kept a low profile,' although one was accused of helping John Wilkes Booth flee across the Potomac after Lincoln's assassination."

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Now as I stated these Maryland Collins all carried their Collins surname from the Female so DNA testing is unable to completely link Vardy Collins to them, however the East coast, Virginia, uncertanity of race, Native American, and Collins might be a good assumption...but still a assumption. This does however prove that the Native Americans descendants at the Solutrean Cinmar site in Maryland are the Collins family.

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Now the oldest record of the Collins ties to Native Americans lists them as Hatteras indians from a Island off North Carolina coast.

-------------------------------------------

The Post Reservation Period (1761 - 1792)

The Mattamuskeets were, as indicated previously, joined by Indians from Roanoke and Hatteras Island by 1761. The names of these individuals were not identified on any of the extant deeds. This could mean the Indians from those areas moved to the Mattamuskeet area at a period later than that covered by the available records. Individuals with Mattamuskeet surnames do not occur in the Hyde County Records from 1761 to 1792. In fact, there is reference to only a single Indian during that time. This reference appeared in the Hyde County Court Minutes of 1765. It called for William Gibbs to show cause why an Indian woman named Cati Collins should not be set free. It is not clear from the reference whether William Gibbs was holding Cati Collins as an apprentice or a slave. The outcome of the show cause order could not be determined due to a break in the County Court Minutes from 1765 to 1767 (see appendix 35). Cati Collins may have been a member of one of the groups that moved to the area from Roanoke and Hatteras Islands.

This document is particularly significant since the Collins family's later history closely paralleled that of the individuals with Mattamuskeet surnames. Also, the Collins descendants now residing in Hyde County are thought to be of at least partially Indian descent.

Now this Hatteras tribe was a mysterious tribe unlike any other native americans in America.

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A New Voyage to Carolina, by John Lawson

A farther Confirmation of this we have from the HatterasIndians, who either then lived on Ronoack-Island, or much frequented it. These tell us, that several of their Ancestors were white People, and could talk in a Book, as we do; the Truth of which is confirm'd by gray Eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians, and no others. They value themselves extremely for their Affinity to the English, and are ready to do them all friendly Offices. It is probable, that this Settlement miscarry'd for want of timely Supplies from England; or thro' the Treachery of the Natives, for we may reasonably suppose that the English were forced to cohabit with them, for Relief and Conversation; and that in process of Time, they conform'd themselves to the Manners of their Indian Relations. And thus we see, how apt Human Nature is to degenerate.
I cannot forbear inserting here, a pleasant Story that passes for an uncontested Truth amongst the Inhabitants of this Place; which is, that the Ship which brought the first Colonies, does often appear amongst them, under Sail, in a gallant Posture, which they call Sir Walter Raleigh's Ship, And the truth of this has been affirm'd to me, by Men of the best Credit in the Country.

The Melungeons stated they was Portuguesse and native american and had came from the North Carolina coast.

--------------------------

John Smith asked Chief Powhatan about the Hatteras tribe and the English's first colony...he said the Powhatans destroyed the Hatteras tribe and those Colonist. It just so happens to this day there is Collins family living on the Powhatan's reservation. So some of them Collins could of been carried off to the Powhatan's tribes during those raids. But that is working on Theory for how some Collins became part of the Powhatans.
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Now the Hatteras people was connected to the Ancient and Mysterious Caucasian Native Americans of the East coast, The Florida Bog mummies.

-----------------------

The only south east tribes who had the hair style of the Hatteras tribe's idol was the Timucua, the florida bog mummies was Timucua people.

The above picture is the Timucua...descendants of the Florida bog mummies.

That above is john white's watercolor of the Hatteras idol/god Okeus sometimes called Okee. The hair is what to take note of.

The above map shows where the "Caucasian" Florida bog mummies are found.

"Since its discovery in 1982, this small, peat-bottomed pond situated roughly between Cape Canaveral and Disney World in east-central Florida has offered up no fewer than 168 burials." "They have also discovered, at least so far, no biological affiliation between these early Floridians and modern Native American groups. They know this from studying DNA that survived within the corpses' brains and bones. "One can envision these folks as being ultimately ancestral to people in that area," Doran says. "But the DNA signatures that we can see certainly are not 1:1 matches for modern groups.""
This was featured on the NOVA program The Perfect Corpse.

Fascinating stuff and pretty solid evidence based on DNA tests about the caucasian mummies found Florida dating back 9.000 years ago. Their DNA totally matches european DNA and has nothing to do with Native American DNA.

I found these videos about it, we should definitively create some threads to spread the word of these important findings.

Defiently, but what sucks is soon as caucasoid was said about ancient bones of america...they slapped the archaeologists with the Nagpa laws.

Here is some more interesting things,

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Haplogroup C1e:

"The findings boost widely-accepted theories, based on Icelandic medieval texts and a reputed Viking settlement in Newfoundland in Canada, that the Vikings reached the American continent several centuries before Christopher Columbus traveled to the "New World.""
The lineage found, named C1e, is also mitochondrial, which means that the genes were introduced into Iceland by a woman."
"
The journal said 75 to 80 percent of contemporary Icelanders can trace their lineage to Scandinavia and the rest to Scotland and Ireland.
But the C1e lineage is "one of a handful that was involved in the settlement of the Americas around 14,000 years ago.
"Contrary to an initial assumption that this lineage was a recent arrival (in Iceland), preliminary genealogical analyses revealed that the C1 lineage was present in the Icelandic mitochondrial DNA pool at least 300 years ago" said the journal. "This raised the intriguing possibility that the Icelandic C1 lineage could be traced to Viking voyages to the Americas that commenced in the 10th century.""

"The analysis found that some 80 Icelanders in four contemporary families hailed from ancestors who lived in Iceland in 1710 and 1740. They carry a newly-discovered variant of mitochondrial DNA called C1e -closely related to other C1 variants that are unique to the first Indians to settle in America 14,000 years ago. DNA C1e has been identified in 11 contemporary Icelanders, and traced back genaeologically. Because the variant is in mitochondrial DNA, which is only passed down the mothers' line, the first American Indian arriving in Iceland must have been a woman, and must have arrived around the year 1000,""

"The German sequence…represents a perfect match to the Icelandic C1e for the short HVS1 fragment spanning sites 16024–16365. This raises the intriguing, but perhaps unlikely, hypothesis that C1e is a European-specific subclade of C1, following the precedent of the European and Native American subclades of mtDNA haplogroup X2…However, given the dense sampling of mtDNA variation in European populations, it is clear that C1e is exceedingly rare, a fact that weighs against a hypothesis of antiquity in Europe."Icelanders descended from Native Americans? : Gene Expression

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Haplogroup Q1a3:

:: "I Would like to hear from "Brown" family genealogy researchers with a Y-DNA Haplogroup Q1a3. According to the lab report from "23 and Me" this has markers for a western European haplogroup (not American Indian).

Regardless of where your Q line has been catagorized wether European, American Indian or other, I would like to hear from you if you believe your ancestor originated in or migrated through North Carolina and was classified as Q1a3.

My earliest known "Brown" ancestor, Robert Brown, resided in North Carolina, 1766-1791.

An Orange Co. NC Deed index indicates, that a James Brown purchased 160 acres from a Robert Hodgin on Mill Creek of Deep River." ::

"The mutation M346 (Q1a3*) is not Amerindian, M3 (currently Q1a3a1) is. "
"My son-in-law is Mexican, is Q1a3 at 23andMe, but they're not using the most up to date designation per www.ISOGG.org , which is Q1a3a, or short version is referred to as Q-M346, and in my opinion -is found in Europeans, South Asians and Native Americans, though fewer in number in the Americas. The Q-M3 aka Q1a3a1 (Q1a3a at 23/Me) mentioned by Maryannu can be found in small numbers in North East Asia, but is the majority of Native Americans."

"Despite the low coalescence age of haplogroup Q1a3(*)-M346, which is estimated in South Siberia as about 4.5±1.5 thousand years ago (Ka), divergence time between these Q1a3(*)-M346 haplotypes and Amerindian-specific haplogroup Q1a3a-M3 is equal to 13.8±3.9 Ka, pointing to a relatively recent entry date to America. In addition, unique cluster of haplotypes belonging to Q1a(*)-MEH2 was found in Koryaks inhabiting the Sea of Okhotsk coast (at a frequency of 10.3%). Although the level of STR diversity associated with Q1a(*)-MEH2 is very low, this lineage appears to be closest to the extinct Palaeo-Eskimo individuals belonging to the Saqqaq culture arisen in the New World Arctic about 5.5 Ka. This finding suggests that Q1a(*)-MEH2 likely traces a population migration originating in Northeast Siberia across the Bering Strait."Dienekes’ Anthropology Blog: Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans

-----------------------------------

R1A Haplogroup:

"Y-DNA Haplogroup R1 is very frequent in North-Eastern Amerinds. A 2008 study said that it's the result of european admixture from the first europen newcomers but this is unlikely since other european haplogroups were not found. The sudy also doesn't give much details about R1 sub-clades present there."
The study: http://usmex.ucsd.edu/assets/022/10143.pdfHaplogroup R1 (Y-DNA) is the second most predominate Y haplotype found among indigenous Amerindians after Q (Y-DNA). The distribution of R1 is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the last glacial maximum, and entered the Americas with the initial founding population. R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. R1 (M137) is found predominantly in North American Algonquian groups like the Ojibwe (79%), Chipewyan (62%), Seminole (50%), Cherokee (47%), Dogrib (40%) and Papago (38%). The principal-component analysis suggests a close genetic relatedness between some North American Amerindians (the Chipewyan and the Cheyenne) and certain populations of central/southern Siberia (particularly the Kets, Yakut, Selkup, and Altais), at the resolution of major Y-chromosome haplogroups. This pattern agrees with the distribution of mtDNA haplogroup X, which is found in North America, is absent from eastern Siberia, but is present in the Altais of southern central Siberia.

As you can see, it can reach up to 79% in Ojibwe, who also have the highest frequency of mtDNA Haplogroup X(25%)!"

The presence of haplogroup X2 among Native Americans was something of a mystery when originally discovered. People first entered the Americas from Siberia during the Ice Age, so haplogroups found among Native Americans tend to be common – or at least present – in northeast Asia today.

But haplogroup X2 is extremely rare in Siberia. And where it does appear it seems to have arrived about 6,000 years ago, long after the Ice Age ended. It difficult to explain how women with mitochondria in the X2 haplogroup could have crossed Siberia more than 12,000 years ago without leaving any descendants behind.

Some geneticists tried to explain the strange pattern by suggesting that Native Americans acquired haplogroup X2 only in the past 500 years, by interbreeding with European immigrants to the New World. That explanation made sense because Native Americans with X2 bear a stronger genetic resemblance to European representatives of the haplogroup than the Siberian Altai.

But the sensible explanation now appears to be incorrect. Researchers subsequently found haplogroup X2 in mitochondrial DNA extracted from the skeleton of a person who lived in the Pacific Northwest 1,300 years ago – eight centuries before Europeans first arrived in the region." 23andme

Center for Molecular Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"
"On the basis of comprehensive RFLP analysis, it has been inferred that approximately 97% of Native American mtDNAs belong to one of four major founding mtDNA lineages, designated haplogroups "A"-"D." It has been proposed that a fifth mtDNA haplogroup (haplogroup X) represents a minor founding lineage in Native Americans." "Unlike haplogroups A-D, haplogroup X is also found at low frequencies in modern European populations. To investigate the origins, diversity, and continental relationships of this haplogroup, we performed mtDNA high-resolution RFLP and complete control region (CR) sequence analysis on 22 putative Native American haplogroup X and 14 putative European haplogroup X mtDNAs. The results identified a consensus haplogroup X motif that characterizes our European and Native American samples. Among Native Americans, haplogroup X appears to be essentially restricted to northern Amerindian groups, including the Ojibwa, the Nuu-Chah-Nulth, the Sioux, and the Yakima, although we also observed this haplogroup in the Na-Dene-speaking Navajo. Median network analysis indicated that European and Native American haplogroup X mtDNAs, although distinct, nevertheless are distantly related to each other. Time estimates for the arrival of X in North America are 12,000-36,000 years ago, depending on the number of assumed founders, thus supporting the conclusion that the peoples harboring haplogroup X were among the original founders of Native American populations. To date, haplogroup X has not been unambiguously identified in Asia, raising the possibility that some Native American founders were of Caucasian ancestry."

This Haplogroup as far as I know I'm the first person to find a link between X2C, native americans, and europeans. I'm sure like some of my other research, eventually someone will take the credit for finding the link.

"Given the small sample sizes the Viking population sample from Galgedil does not differ significantly from other Viking and Iron Age population samples from the Danish past by the haplogroup frequency distribution, however, it is noted that five of the ten subjects harbour mtDNA haplotypes which have either not been observed or are infrequent in modern Scandinavians (Table 1). In particular the observation of haplotype X2c is interesting (subject G7). Haplogroup X is itself rare (0.9% in Scandinavians [51]) but has a very wide geographic range, and X2c is a rare subgroup of X accounting for only 5% of 175 Hg X samples surveyed in 2003 [52]. A possible European (Viking?) origin of haplotype X2a identified among Native Americans has been suggested [53], [54], but X2a has not been detected in Europe and the present observation of X2c amongst the Vikings does not support this proposal."

"
Pichler and her team further discovered that the haplogroups among the Hutterites are vastly different from those found among central Europeans. For example, 30 percent of Hutterites belonged to a single haplogroup called X2c1 — which is virtually absent in Europe. This shows that even while the Hutterites lived in Europe, their genetics were vastly different from their non-Hutterite neighbors."

"
Some Hutterite colonies are located near Native American reservations and reserves. In southern Alberta, the Riverside, Standoff, Ewelme, Thompson, Deerfield, and Greenwood colonies border the Kainai and Pikani Reservations." Page. 284 The Hutterites in North America
By Rod Janzen, Rod A. Janzen, Max Stanton

Native Languages of the Americas:
Blackfoot (Siksika, Peigan, Piegan, Kainai, Blackfeet):
Language: Blackfoot, or Siksika, is an Algonquian language spoken by 8000 people in southern Alberta and northern Montana. The two main dialects are called Pikanii and Siksika Blackfoot.

The Hutterites are generally German speakers so they could of got their X2C1 from Germany before coming to America in 1873.

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Algonkian distribution map:

Siouan Distribution map

In above map keep in mind the Siouans had migrated West from the East. This map above for some reason left out from Virginia to North Carolina and the South Carolina coast which is Siouan Territory even to this day. Seminole is a Muscogean group and here is the Muscogean distribution map. They originally took up much of the South East but much of their eastern territory and northern territory was taken by the Cherokee. The Muscogee used to own the East Coast from parts of South Carolina down to Florida.

So all the tribes with the European Haplogroups are the same tribes that owned the entire East coast facing Europe. I'm alittle disappointed the maps for Siouans aka Sioux and Muscogee did not show the full distrubution, the entire areas to the East of the Muscogeans above is their ancestrial territory also, and the Federal Souan Catawba is in South Carolina, South Carolina was a Siouan and Muscogee territory. Most of Virginia and North Carolina was Siouan territory also.

How we can get him into a graduate program in anthropology is what I'd like to know

(It's a shame the universities are used now for jobs training; they really should be there for people with an inclination to scholarship. When IQ testing was started it was largely to identify gifted children of the poor to give them a chance. Now IQ is ignored and the universities are used for the training companies used to do, and for dishing out social lagress to blacks and Hispanics.)

Also another idea : would it be possible to find people in Portugal likely related to the Portuguese figure the Melungeon history suggests to be an ancestor, and then to test them genetically ?

This might be easier for establishing a connection to Portugal than trying to connect Melungeons to just Portugal as a whole.

How we can get him into a graduate program in anthropology is what I'd like to know

(It's a shame the universities are used now for jobs training; they really should be there for people with an inclination to scholarship. When IQ testing was started it was largely to identify gifted children of the poor to give them a chance. Now IQ is ignored and the universities are used for the training companies used to do, and for dishing out social lagress to blacks and Hispanics.)

Also another idea : would it be possible to find people in Portugal likely related to the Portuguese figure the Melungeon history suggests to be an ancestor, and then to test them genetically ?

This might be easier for establishing a connection to Portugal than trying to connect Melungeons to just Portugal as a whole.

Spencer wells has been asked to do this numerous times but he never replies back to those questions.

:::The first recorded instance of any word resembling Melungeon is found surrounding an 1810 event in Arkansas. In 1972, Baxter County, Arkansas published a Centennial edition of its history. In it they describe a Tennessean, Jacob Mooney, along with Jacob Wolf, reportedly of Hawkins County, Tn., who made numerous incursions into Arkansas for the purpose of trading livestock, etc. The following passage describes Mooney's first trek to Baxter County in 1810.

"The four men who had come with Mooney were men of Mystery, referred to by oldtimers who knew of them as "Lungeons." They were neither Negro or Indian and in later years Jacob Mooney was ostracized for living with these "foreigners"...by the time he moved to Arkansas for good, his former slaves and the "lungeon" men had died and most of their families had moved west with the Indians." History of Baxter County, Centennial Edition, 1873-1973

Mary Ann Messick

Published, 1973

Special 25th Anniversary Edition Reprint, 1998.
:::

Apprently that was the first use of the Melungeon word and states it was not for negros or indians.

Also of interest there is it mentions slaves Seperate from the Lungeons, remember as I stated before Africans aka slaves would call the White Portuguesse Melungo.

Should note it said foreigners...indians and black slaves was not foreigners....so who would foreigners be by English and Irish standards...Portuguesse...I'm sure by today's standards there is people in Arkansas who would call Portuguesse people foreigners.

This photo seems to be falsely used for the people who live on Newman's ridge in Hancock county, Tennessee.

Anyway I did investigating on this since no one on the Melungeon groups seems to have any information on it and none of the Melungeon families from Hancock county seem to trace to it. I soon found out why.

Graysville is a town in Rhea County, Tennessee, United States.

Newman's ridge is in sneedville, hancock county, tennessee:

Ok so not near Newman's ridge.

So I searched more and found this Arch Goins was more commonly called Asa Goins.

"A GROUP of the Goins family at Graysville near the Rhea County line had a Melungeon background. Asa “Acy” Goins married Sara Bolden and they had a large family in the Brown Rock section. Acy was one of the sons of Jackson and Jennie Goins, who moved to Hamilton County from Georgia about 1843." Early Hamilton Settlers by John Wilson

So this Arch Goins of the picture being spread around came to Rhea county, Tennessee in 1843 from.....GEORGIA.

No one on Newman's ridge has been traced to Georgia.

Here is where Hamilton county Tennessee is:

I can not find much of anything else on this family. However this Arch Goins defiently was not associated with the Newman's ridge families, so I am unsure why this picture has spread around so much. People think the picture was from Newman's ridge but that is not true, it is taken in graysville, Tenn...and the parents of this family was a Georgia family. It just so happens, this is the picture people see's when they visit the wikipedia page on Melungeon.....so I'm going to say it is safe to say that is how this picture has spread so much.