Under the concept of functional spine surgery, Dr. Jho's surgical management for this spinal disorder avoids spinal fusion or metal implants in order to maintain the anatomical and functional integrity of the spine. But in extreme or rare occasions, spinal fusion is inevitable, such as in cases of radical spinal bone tumor removal, severe spinal trauma, or other exceptional conditions with obvious structural instability. When spinal bone fusion is required, Dr. Jho performs bone fusion and metal implant operations with minimally invasive techniques. A small incision, minimal tissue dissection, precise fusion, and metal implants are performed under endoscopic visualization. The use of an endoscope avoids extensive radical exposures that conventional fusion surgery usually requires. Thus, patient's postoperative recovery is quicker and easier.