Consider a long trace - long enough for it to be
considered as a transmission line. Let this trace be
connected between a CMOS driver & a CMOS receiver. The
receiver can therefore be modeled as a capacitive
load at the end of the line.

1. Should this capacitor be considered as a lumped
element or distributed?
This question assumes importance when point-to-point
clock traces are routed between a synthesizer & a
receiver. Ideally, the value of series (or source)
termination resistance that must be used is the
difference between the characteristic impedance and
the driver's internal resistance. I was wondering if I
should use the loaded characteristic impedance or
unloaded characteristic impedance. I then began to
wonder if I should consider the load as distributed or
lumped. Kindly comment.

2. Does the lumped capacitance affect the properties
of a transmission line? If so, how?

3. The following approximation describes the
relationship between the loaded characteristic
impedance, unloaded characteristic impedance and
the value of DISTRIBUTED capacitance:

Is there any relationship between loaded
characteristic impedance, unloaded characteristic
impedance and the value of LUMPED capacitance?

Thanks,
Chandan

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