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1 INDEX 1) Press Release 2) Fact Sheet 3) Photosheet 4) A Conversation with the Curators 5) Exhibition Walkthrough 6) Foreword by Carlo Falciani and Antonio Natali BEYOND THE EXHIBITION a) Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino: Divergences and Timeline b) The Visitation by Pontormo and other major works conserved especially for the exhibition c) The Greeting by Bill Viola 7) Visible listening: activities in the exhibition 8) Palazzo Strozzi and the city: activities beyond the exhibition 9) List of Works

2 PRESS RELEASE Palazzo Strozzi will present a major exhibition entitled Pontormo and Rosso. Diverging Paths of Mannerism, devoted to the work of the two painters who were without question the most original and unconventional adepts of the new way of interpreting art in the Italian Cinquecento which Giorgio Vasari called the modern manner. This landmark exhibition brings together for the first time a selection of some 80 works paintings, frescoes, drawings and tapestries accounting for 70% of the artists output. Loaned by major museums in Italy and around the world, many of the works have been especially conserved for the occasion. Florence is the ideal place to stage such an exhibition as so many of the two artists most important works, which 20 th century critics acclaimed as masterpieces of Mannerism, are to be found in the city and in the surrounding region of Tuscany. This extraordinary examination of their careers offered by the Palazzo Strozzi exhibition has been made possible by the generous collaboration of such eminent Italian museums as the Galleria Palatina in Palazzo Pitti, the Uffizi and the Museo di Capodimonte, and such leading foreign institutions as the National Gallery in London, the National Gallery of Art, Washington, the Musée du Louvre, Paris, and Vienna s Kunsthistorisches Museum, without which such a complete retrospective of the two artists work could not have been possible. Pontormo and Rosso both trained under Andrea del Sarto yet each maintained an independent approach and enormous freedom of expression. Pontormo, always a favourite with the Medici, was a painter open to stylistic variety and to a renewal of the traditional approach to composition. Rosso, on the other hand, was more tightly bound to tradition, yet was fully capable of flights of originality and innovation. He was also much influenced by Cabalistic literature and esoteric works. The exhibition sets out to offer a new interpretation and a critical illustration of the cultural complexity and variety of expression of a movement conventionally labelled Mannerism, within which Rosso and Pontormo are generally held to be the two sides of the coin. Vasari, while situating them both within the modern manner, hinted at their different ideological and stylistic approaches. Thus, right from the outset and as the title implies, the exhibition clearly states that each of the two artists represents an independent approach in the complex political and cultural dynamics of the city. Curated by Antonio Natali, director of the Uffizi Gallery, and Carlo Falciani, a lecturer in art history, the exhibition will showcase new philological, historical and iconological research into the work of the two artists since 1956 when Palazzo Strozzi hosted Exhibition of Pontormo and Early Florentine Mannerism, the last major monographic exhibition devoted to this leading player in a movement which had only recently been fully reinstated by the critics. Its aim is to provide visitors with a new awareness of the artistic spirit that drove two of the great masters of Italian Cinquecento painting. The exhibition will be divided into eight sections, allowing visitors to explore different aspects of the two great artists work while at the same time tracking their history in chronological order, from their earliest training to the artistic legacy. Designed as two parallel monographic overviews mirroring one another, the exhibition displays the work of Pontormo and Rosso in chronological sequence, enabling visitors to appreciate the two painters profoundly different approaches to artistic expression. In addition to the chronological installation, visitors will encounter a number of themes such as draughtsmanship, portraiture, or the interest in orthodox (or indeed heterodox) religious sentiment that surfaces in so much of their work. The exhibition is introduced by three large frescoes from the Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata, detached years ago and recently conserved: Andrea del Sarto s Journey of the Magi, Pontormo s Visitation and Rosso s Assumption, alongside the San Marco Altarpiece painted by Fra Bartolomeo and Albertinelli. This group, illustrating the two painters shared yet multifaceted youthful experience, sets the scene for the subsequent contrast between them by highlighting the differences that could already be detected in their immature works. Pontormo s penchant for naturalism, in the vein of Leonardo da Vinci, was a tendency totally alien to Rosso who, conversely, showed a greater affinity with the muscularity of Michelangelo s cartoon for the Battle of Cascina.

3 The early sections of the exhibition use the harmonious and flawless (Vasari) painting of Andrea del Sarto to highlight Pontormo s and Rosso s gradual move away from his style right up to their final choice of directions in 1517, a crucial year represented by the juxtaposition of Andrea del Sarto s Madonna of the Harpies with Rosso s Santa Maria Nuova Altarpiece, both from the Uffizi, and Pontormo s Madonna and Child with Saints from the church of San Michele Visdomini. The latter has recently undergone sensitive cleaning to reveal its extraordinarily subtle palette. Two rooms are devoted to the portraits of Pontormo and Rosso. About a dozen works serve to emphasise their different approaches to this genre, from their youth through to their maturity. The portraits come from the Louvre, London s National Gallery, the Museo di Capodimonte, the Fondazione Giorgio Cini in Venice and the National Gallery in Washington, and comprise 80% of all extant portraits painted by the two artists. A section devoted to drawings, also displayed in chronological order, allows visitors to examine the development of the styles and techniques that the two painters used in their preparatory drawing for painting. Included are such emblematic drawings by Pontormo as the study for the angel in the Annunciation in the Capponi chapel in the church of Santa Felicità in Florence, and the study of a nude from the lost cycle of frescoes once in the choir of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence. Among the major drawings by Rosso are a study of Saint Sebastian loaned by the Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe degli Uffizi and a design for an altarpiece from the British Museum. Visitors will also be able to track Rosso Fiorentino s travels between Volterra and Florence as well as his trips to Rome, where he was involved in the city s sack in 1527, and to Sansepolcro before he fled to France, through key works: the Madonna of the Holy Girdle from Volognano; the restored Marriage of the Virgin from the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence; the Death of Cleopatra from the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum in Braunschweig; and the Deposition from the Cross from Sansepolcro. The influence of Dürer on Pontormo s style is evident in the Supper at Emmaus from the Uffizi, which he painted for the refectory of the Certosa di Galluzzo monastery. Indeed, the variety of Pontormo s figurative and thematic work is illustrated by a series of celebrated paintings, such as his Visitation from the church of San Michele in Carmignano (conserved for the exhibition) in sequence with, among other works, the Madonna and Child from the Capponi collection, the altar frontal from the Capponi Chapel in Santa Felicità and the St Jerome from the Niedersachsisches Landesmuseum in Hannover, and by two little-known panel paintings attributed to the artist. The final section is devoted to the period during which Rosso became the favourite painter of François I of France in Fontainebleau, while Pontormo in Florence was patronised by Cosimo I de Medici. Following the political and cultural events of the two courts in which they worked, the artists appear to draw closer together again despite their physical distance, through their shared adoption of the supranational figurative vocabulary forged around the style of Michelangelo s mature work. In this room, two tapestries manufactured to a design by Pontormo for Palazzo Vecchio hang alongside a tapestry that once adorned the gallery of Fontainebleau, which Rosso painted for the eastern end of that gallery. Other major paintings from this period include Pontormo s Venus and Cupid from the Galleria dell Accademia in Florence, and Rosso s Venus and Bacchus from the Musée National d Histoire et d Art, Luxembourg, and his Pietà, c. 1530, a rare loan from the Louvre. Devised by Florentine architect Luigi Cupellini, Pontormo and Rosso. Diverging Paths of Mannerism is designed to evoke the architecture of the two painters era in a layout which promises to interact admirably with Palazzo Strozzi, a textbook example of the Renaissance style.

4 FACT SHEET Exhibition: Pontormo and Rosso. Diverging Paths of Mannerism Dates: 8 March to 20 July 2014 Location: Organised by: Main Sponsor: Palazzo Strozzi, Piazza Strozzi, Florence, Italy Tel , Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Soprintendenza PSAE e per il Polo Museale della città di Firenze, with the Province of Florence, the City of Florence, the Florentine Chamber of Commerce, the Association of Private Partners of the Palazzo Strozzi and Regione Toscana Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, ATAF GESTIONI, BUSITALIA-Sita Nord, Aeroporto Toscano Spa, Unicoop Firenze, Firenze Parcheggi Curators: Catalogue: Opening hours: The exhibition is curated by Antonio Natali, director of the Uffizi Gallery, and Carlo Falciani, a lecturer in art history The exhibition will be accompanied by a fully-illustrated catalogue, published by Mandragora in Italian and English. Daily to 20.00, Thursday to Last admission one hour before closing Admission: Adult: 10.00; concessions: 8.50, 8.00 schools: 4.00 Special joint ticket with Family Matters 10,00; groups 9,50; Schools 5,00 Admission to Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino and Family Matters for holders of tickets to the Uffizi: 5 Family ticket 20,00; Biglietto Palazzo 20,00. Free caption booklets in French, Russian and Chinese available on request. Booking: Tel , Fax or via Café: The café is open daily from to 20.00, Thursdays to Access: Lifts and wheelchair access to all areas How to get there: By plane: Florence Airport Tel By car: From north (Milan) A1 Bologna, Firenze, Firenze Nord exit, follow directions for city. From south (Rome) A1 Roma, Milano, Firenze Sud exit, follow directions for city By train: Nearest stations are Stazione di Santa Maria Novella, Piazza del Duomo, Via Tornabuoni

11 A CONVERSATION WITH THE CURATORS 1) Why is this exhibition on Pontormo and Rosso such a unique event? This exhibition would be virtually impossible to restage because, as with the Bronzino exhibition in 2010/2011, many of the exhibits are loaned by Florentine museums: the Uffizi is the biggest lender, closely followed by the Galleria Palatina in Palazzo Pitti. As you can imagine, it is almost impossible to move such a large number of paintings to any city other than Florence and, even in Florence, such an exhibition is unlikely to be held for many decades. However, during the Pontormo and Rosso exhibition, visitors to the Uffizi will get a 50% discount if they present their Uffizi ticket to the admissions desk at Palazzo Strozzi. The Uffizi is only about 200 metres from Palazzo Strozzi, which means that people can see not only those works they missed in the Uffizi but a whole range of other paintings from all over the world. Furthermore, the exhibition will be presenting some of the two artists most important altarpieces, specially restored for the occasion, which are unlikely ever to be shown alongside each other ever again once. 2) How important were Pontormo and Rosso in their day? We believe that the names Pontormo and Rosso are already so well-known for their individualistic nature that their importance as artists is self-evident. While their art differs substantially in both ideology and style, it is some of the most original work to be seen in the whole of Western art history. Apart from the fact that they moved in very different artistic circles, Pontormo s was essentially Italian while Rosso s was international, we can confidently state they are, unquestionably, two beacons of 16 th century art. 3) The title of the exhibition in Italian uses the words modern manner instead of Mannerism. To what extent have people s vision of the two artists and of Mannerism changed between now and then? We called it the modern manner because we felt it was more in keeping with the way their contemporaries viewed it. Vasari talks about manner but he adds the word modern because it was the art of his day. Over time, but still based on Vasari s original word, people began to talk about mannerism. It would be too complicated to go into that whole linguistic development here, but it is interesting to note that it has become a category in art, in fact a far too inflexible cage, in which formal expression and eccentric behaviour have been shunted together to the point that the very meaning of the word manner has been distorted. In using the word manner rather than mannerism, what we are basically trying to convey to the visitor is an interpretation of Pontormo s and Rosso s work more akin to how they thought and painted, freeing them from the bonds that tie them to categories closer to our own sensitivity and restoring to them the independence that made them the champions of an era. 4) What was so innovative about the way they painted? They both developed new modes of expression in comparison with the other artists of their time. Their sharp swerve away from the early 16 th century classicism of Raphael, and even from what Vasari called Andrea del Sarto s painting without error, took place around 1514, but each painter then pursued the new manner in a different and independent way. Pontormo constantly focused on the German style, taking his inspiration from Dürer s prints, but at the same time he did not ignore the distortions typical of Piero di Cosimo s work or the things that he had learned from Leonardo in his youth. This resulted in him producing some of the most natural and splendid drawings of the Italian Cinquecento and painting that was almost painfully sensitive to nature while at the same time based on a very powerful, indeed almost overstated, palette of colours that was unique in Italian 16 th century art. Rosso, on the other hand, who was the darling of aristocratic families loyal to the teachings of Fra Girolamo Savonarola, never worked for the Medici. Faithfully following in the footsteps of Michelangelo and his cartoon for the Battle of Cascina, Rosso chose to look back to the figurative tradition of the Florentine Quattrocento, to the style of Masaccio and Donatello, an approach which was to spawn a powerful art that culminated in his Deposition in Volterra. Yet Rosso was always open to fresh stimuli and when he left Florence for Rome, where he first encountered Classical statuary, he developed a new, elegant almost precious, style that was to have an enormous influence on the whole of French painting. Leaving Italy for Paris and then Fontainebleau, he became the leading artist at the French court and was put in charge of the decorative cycles with which Francis I wished to adorn his chateau. In contrast, Pontormo, ended his days in Florence painting one of the most controversial works of the entire 16 th century, the frescoes in the choir of San Lorenzo, which were inspired by the style

12 of Michelangelo but totally independent and eccentric in their interpretation, and which was to become a standard for Florentine academic work. 5) What are the main themes in their work? Pontormo worked primarily with religious themes, apart from the small panels with subjects from ancient history painted for the Medici carnival floats in 1513, and the frescoes in the Medici villa in Poggio a Caiano, where he painted an extremely poetic lunette depicting Vertumnus and Pomona. His religious subject matter is traditional but he interprets it in an independent, subjective way that led him to paint such standard themes as the Visitation in a totally eccentric manner. Rosso, however, followed the teachings of Savonarola and the dead Christ became one of his recurrent themes in works which express a very powerful and austere faith. Unlike Pontormo, he was also capable of tailoring his work to the tastes and wishes of a court, such as that of Francis I, for which he also painted secular subjects and those from Classical mythology in a highly decorative style that was also innovative in the way it adhered to the figures of Classical rhetoric. 6) What contribution has this exhibition made to scholarship? The exhibition s main contribution to scholarship is that it will allow scholars and visitors to explore from close up and for the very first time in such a clear manner the differences in the two artists figurative vocabulary and in the content of their work, to which we have both devoted such a large part of our own studies. It allows people to take a fresh look at the paintings, most of which have been specially restored for the occasion, and also presents two new works: one by Pontormo that was known only from an old photograph, and a portrait by Rosso that was hitherto unknown. 7) To what extent are Pontormo and Rosso the same and yet different; in other words, to what extent are they unidentical twins? They re identical in their determination to innovate, in their intellectual freedom, in their failure to toe the traditional line and in their ability to mirror complex, troubled times in a figurative style with the loftiest poetic content. However, they are very different in the specific nature of their artistic vocabularies, starting with the masters they looked up to, with the exception of Andrea del Sarto, their common mentor. Their patrons were different, in fact opposite, sides of the cultural and political divide. Pontormo was the Medici s favourite artist while Rosso never worked for the family. He was the darling of aristocrats loyal to the values of the Florentine Republic and the religious legacy of Savonarola. Pontormo never left Florence, other than to spend a short time in Rome in his youth (and then probably in the company of Del Sarto and Rosso), while Rosso was very much the traveller. In addition to Florence, he worked in Piombino, Naples, Volterra, Rome, Sansepolcro, Città di Castello, Arezzo and, in later life, Paris and Fontainebleau. Pontormo focused on nature and the changing sensitivity of colour, while Rosso was more abstract and sublime in the loftiest flights of imagination (as Vasari put it), and he also dabbled in such esoteric disciplines as magic and the Qabalah.

13 EXHIBITION WALKTHROUGH Section I.1: Debut at the Chiostrino dell Annunziata Andrea del Sarto was only twenty-three when he began to work in the votive cloister in the Annunziata, Florence s most popular shrine, painting the Life of Blessed Philip Benizzi in and the Journey of the Magi in This was the year Rosso and Pontormo, both adolescents, began to frequent the workshop of del Sarto (already a celebrated master despite being only a little older than his students) and probably accompanied him to Rome. While both took their cue from the Procession, they then set off down different paths. A few years later, in Rosso s Assumption of the Virgin (1513) and Pontormo s Visitation (1514) in the same cloister, the difference in their styles is clearly evident, as well as showing how they had moved away from the classicism of Raphael. These two frescoes from the cloister along with del Sarto s Journey of the Magi open the exhibition. Visitors will also encounter a panel by Fra Bartolomeo, master of the school in the convent of San Marco and Rosso s spiritual mentor. Pontormo, though at that same school, took his inspiration from Mariotto Albertinelli. Section I.2: In the workshop of Andrea del Sarto Reacting to the work of Andrea del Sarto, referred to his lifetime as a painter without error, the two artists paths began to diverge completely within a few years, reflecting the values of the conflicting factions competing for cultural and political supremacy in Florence: the Medici, and the aristocrats who opposed them. With del Sarto s Annunciation (for which Pontormo and Rosso painted a now lost predella) as its focal point, this section explores the first hints of divergence in form and content between the two artists work. Pontormo, who was also working on ephemeral apparatus for the feasts given by the Medici after their recent return to the city, was openly influenced by the legacy of Leonardo and by northern European art, while Rosso developed a personal approach to del Sarto s teaching that reveals an acute interest in experimenting with the Quattrocento tradition. Section II: Diverging paths: desperate air and soft colouring By around 1517, the differences in the style and the religious and philosophical content of the two artists work are clearly evident. Andrea del Sarto s Madonna of the Harpies (1517), on which their divergence hinged, may be compared in this section with Rosso s Spedalingo Altarpiece (1518) and Pontormo s Pucci Altarpiece (1518). Their diverging paths were to lead Pontormo to opt for a varied, modern style and to become the Medici s painter of choice, soon to work on the decoration of the Medici villa in Poggio a Caiano. Meanwhile Rosso, with his anachronistic style harking back to the city s illustrious artistic tradition, was to become the favourite painter of the Florentine aristocrats opposed to the Medici and intent on keeping alive the values of the republic. Section III: Pontormo in Medici Florence and Rosso s first journeys The decoration of the hall in the villa of Poggio a Caiano, which began in 1519, is characteristic of the Medici family s artistic inclinations, particularly their interest in drawing from nature. Pontormo became a leading exponent of this new, modern and varied figurative style imbued with harmonious classicism. Rosso, on the other hand, echoed the teachings of Savonarola, which were still very much alive in the convent of San Marco where he had spent part of his formative years. He never received a commission from the Medici and was forced to leave the city in mid 1519, travelling to Piombino, Naples and Volterra in search of work. In his Volterra pictures, Rosso reached a peak of abstract archaism never found in Pontormo s work and which would probably not have found favour in Florence in the 1520s. Section IV.1: Lifelike and natural. Pontormo s portraits Pontormo painted portraits not only of many members of the Medici family he was one of their favourite portrait artists until Bronzino supplanted him in the 1540s but also of Florentine nobles, who preferred his eccentric, innovative approach to the tradition in portraiture established by Raphael and Andrea del Sarto earlier in the century. Pontormo s portraits allow us to track both the development of portraiture as a genre, and Florentine political affairs up to the middle of the century. Pontormo s hallmark was his meticulous study of his subjects from life, and it is to this that he owed his extraordinary ability to capture and to convey the sitter s inner personality.

14 Section IV.2: Harshness of features. Rosso s portraits Probably referring to Rosso s early years before he left for Piombino, Naples and Volterra in 1519, Vasari notes that in the houses of citizens may be seen several of his pictures and many portraits, thus hinting at the favour the artist enjoyed with the aristocratic families that subscribed to the values of the republic and of Savonarola loyal to a specific cultural rather than political environment but also at his youthful talent as a portrait artist. Yet not a single one of Rosso s sitters has been identified with certainty: an anomaly which confirms his role as the champion of a political and religious faction defeated by the return of the Medici in 1530 and destined to be ostracised and consigned to oblivion. Section V.1: So animated and so lifelike. Pontormo s drawings One of the 16 th- century s greatest draughtsmen, Pontormo has left us a considerable number of drawings illustrating the development of his style and revealing both the sources from which he drew his inspiration and his own contribution to Florentine draughtsmanship. Twelve drawings cover his formative years, demonstrating his skill in conveying reality with immediacy, particularly during his Poggio a Caiano and Certosa years: the apprentice sleeping on the workshop steps illustrates this talent beautifully. The drawings also evoke works impossible to display here either because of their size (the Santa Felicita Deposition and Annunciation) or because they have been lost (the Souls Rising Out of Purgatory and the Flood evoke his works in the choir of San Lorenzo). Finally, it is fascinating to track the creative process from drawing to finished work in the Study for the Christ Child in the Pucci Altarpiece, the Pontorme St Michael and the Carthusian monk in the Supper at Emmaus, all on display here. Section V.2: Drawings of bold and well-grounded Rosso A keen experimenter, Rosso has left only a few drawings to illustrate his study of Florentine tradition and his skill in using prints as a means of circulating his free and unconventional figurative style in the rest of Europe. Eleven drawings from different periodss in his life, allow us to track the development of his style from Florence early in the century to his work at the court of France. Rosso turned to the art of Michelangelo for his inspiration, adding a powerfully abstract note occasionally concealed by the sumptuous approach to decoration that he had learnt in Rome. His preparatory study for the figure of St Sebastian in the Dei Altarpiece, completed shortly before he left for Rome, and the feet in the Study for a Seated Nude, probably drawn after he first saw Michelangelo s figures on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, are no longer depictions from life but a pure product of his imagination. Section VI.1: German influences or Florentine tradition: Pontormo and Dürer s prints With the panels that he painted for the Borgherini Bedchamber in 1515, shortly after his formative spell with Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo introduced the northern European figurative elements that he had discovered in German prints circulating in del Sarto s workshop and elsewhere into Florentine painting. This northern style, so eccentric and extravagant by comparison with local tradition, dominates his frescoes in the Great Cloister in the Certosa del Galluzzo, harshly criticised by Vasari on account of their distance from the art favoured at the court of Cosimo de Medici an art with which Vasari felt an affinity at the time he was writing his Lives. In Pontormo s work in the 1520s we can detect not merely individual references but a full-scale attempt to capture the spirit of this new style by penetrating the technique and emulating broad compositional swathes of Dürer s narrative cycles, the Small and Large Passion. Section VI.2: German influences or Florentine tradition: Rosso and Republican Florence Rosso, who never worked for the Medici, painted several altarpieces in the 1520s for noble families for whom the city s cultural tradition simply confirmed their ancient role in the history of the Florentine Republic. Thus Rosso and Pontormo pursued experimental paths which were alternative to one another in their figurative vocabulary, fleshing out and influencing the artistic debate in Florence during the years when Protestant ideas were starting to circulate, testifying to the freedom of approach to the sphere of religion in the city at the time. Pontormo s Boldrone Tabernacle and Supper at Emmaus may be contrasted in this section with the Marriage of the Virgin (painted for Carlo Ginori, a follower of Savonarola) in which Rosso introduces important iconographic variations such as the youth of St Joseph, and seeks a horror vacui effect perceived even by Vasari: He was so rich in invention, that he never had any space left over in his pictures.

15 Section VII: Pontormo in the Capponi Chapel and Rosso in Rome Given that the Capponi Chapel is an indivisible whole completed between 1527 and 1528, with which we felt it best not to interfere, the exhibition presents a Madonna and Child painted by Pontormo for the centre of the altar frontal and Guillaume de Marcillat s stained-glass window, both of which were removed from the chapel years ago. In late 1523 or early 1524, Rosso moved to Rome, possibly, like other Florentines, in the hope of finding work in the major projects begun by the Medici Pope, Clement VII. In the event, the only commission he obtained was to decorate the Cesi Chapel in Santa Maria della Pace (sadly left unfinished after he fell out with his patron), where the theology behind the scheme hints at the only slightly later decoration of the Capponi Chapel. Rosso s experience in Rome was crucial, prompting him, on discovering Classical sculpture and the innovations of Raphael s school, to develop a sophisticated painterly style imbued with a subtle formal elegance that was to prove capable of winning over the court of King Francis I of France only a few years later. Section VIII: Rosso and Pontormo between the Sack of Rome and the Siege of Florence Between the Sack of Rome in 1527 and 1539 when Republican Florence yielded to the Medici after being besieged by the troops of Emperor Charles V, Italy was beset by upheavals and wars that were to trigger irreversible changes in the sphere of art. Pontormo (in Florence) and Rosso (who fell foul of the imperial troops in the Sack of Rome and fled to Arezzo, then to Borgo San Sepolcro and Città di Castello) responded differently to these turbulent times. Two paintings capturing the distance now separating the two artists Rosso s Deposition in Borgo San Sepolcro and Pontormo s Visitation in Carmignano may be compared in this section, contrasting the peak of pathos, the expression of universal grief, in one, with the mysterious, suspended atmosphere of the other. Section IX: The Courts: Rosso at Fontainebleau and Pontormo in Medici Florence The Medici returned to power in Florence in 1530, first with Alessandro and then, after 1537, with Cosimo I. Pontormo was still the family s artist of choice, decorating their villas in Castello and Careggi, and forgoing all other work to devote his energies exclusively to the commission for the now lost frescoes in San Lorenzo. Rosso never returned to Florence, seeking refuge along with other like-minded exiles at the court of Francis I in France, where he succeeded in achieving his dream of becoming a highly valued and well paid court artist, a far cry from the austerity of Savonarola. Both painters subscribed to the new figurative vocabulary in vogue, Pontormo embracing the style of Michelangelo (albeit critically) while Rosso cultivated an increasingly complex and elegant manner. The tapestries which Pontormo designed for Cosimo I and those woven on the basis of Rosso s frescoes in Fontainebleau illustrate the two artists approach to the royal and princely courts of the European Renaissance. Section X: Vasari s Lives: victors and vanquished Perception of Florentine art in the 16 th century is still heavily influenced even today by Giorgio Vasari s Lives. In the exhibition, the first edition printed by Lorenzo Torrentino in 1550 is open at the life of Rosso Fiorentino; the second, published by Giunti in 1568, where each biography is preceded by a woodcut portrait of the artist, is open at the life of Pontormo. Particularly in the second edition, Vasari celebrated the view of the arts prevailing in Cosimo I de Medici s Florence, praising the literary and figurative style of Florence, lauding Rosso s success in taking that style to France, but faulting Pontormo for his divergence from the art of Michelangelo that he hails in his Lives referring to the two artists as the victors and the vanquished.

16 FOREWORD by Carlo Falciani, Antonio Natali Born in the same year 1494 just kilometres apart (one just outside Empoli and the other in Florence) and trained in the workshops of the same renowned Florentine masters, Pontormo and Rosso came to be referred to by 20th-century scholarship as the twins of the modern manner or, more specifically, of Mannerism. The latter is a hackneyed categorization that may be useful only to delimit (albeit summarily) the timeline of a period, but it proves deceptive and downright pernicious if employed to refer to a figurative language or, worse yet, artifices, chiefly imbued with eccentric attitudes, in both expression and life. It does not behove us by any means to discuss, yet again, the issues belaboured by authoritative historians for decades: in other words, what is meant by Mannerism, what its formal characteristics are, its ideological traits, how the word Mannerism was coined, which term would best be used in its stead and so on. These are questions that, in the end, would be germane above all to the history of art, except that the use of the term affects the very understanding of the artists given this label and often leads to exegetic distortions about them. The ambiguity of this formulation, which has already been discussed on various occasions (from the L offi cina della maniera exhibition in 1996 to Bronzino. Artist and Poet at the Court of the Medici in 2010), clearly emerges when one examines two artists such as Pontormo and Rosso, considered champions of Mannerism. Consequently, if the convictions of this formulation are true, then the two artists should prove to be culturally related and linguistically similar (particularly because they were the same age and received identical training). Yet that s not the case. And this exhibition, which is not connected to any anniversary and does not revolve around any celebratory need, states this in no uncertain terms, starting with its title which, immediately after the names of these two artists, underscores the great diversity of their vocations: Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino. Diverging Paths of Mannerism. Diverging: because, as we know, at the start of the second decade of the 16th century, both artists (barely 17 at the time) gravitated around Andrea del Sarto (who was only a few years older than they, as he was born in 1486). Even then, however, at his workshop they embraced diff erent attitudes and promptly embarked on diverging paths, as the subtitle suggests. Thus, they were born from the same rib, but instantly took on different guises. Twins, yes, but non-identical, as we might say today. The first aim of the exhibition is to attempt to clarify the ideological inclinations of the two and their ensuing expressive choices, perhaps taking advantage of the circumstances to prompt renewed caution towards the use of pithy labels that never aid either reflection or dissemination. There is no better place than the Chiostrino dei Voti at Santissima Annunziata to find indisputableproof of the diverging cultural attitudes of Pontormo and Rosso, manifested starting with their very first works. Andrea del Sarto just 23 at the time had started working in the small cloister in And it was there, in the wake of their teacher and mentor, that between 1513 and 1514 both artists, barely twenty years old, first emerged after independently frequenting the School of San Marco (the former under Albertinelli and the latter under Fra Bartolomeo) and were commissioned to paint due large frescoes with Marian stories: Pontormo the Visitation and Rosso the Assumption of the Virgin. The exhibition rightly starts with these two frescoes, which open up like a fan, as if they were grafted onto the work of the same size that Andrea had painted in 1511 to illustrate the episode of the Magi waiting outside Herod s palace (and we are increasingly convinced that the very young Rosso was also called in to contribute to this work). The three frescoes, monumental in scope, have thus come to the Palazzo Strozzi from the Chiostrino dei Voti, the true crucible of the Florentine modern manner. With immediate and lucid clarity, and serving as an emblem of sorts, they document the intellectual and poetic inclination of the two artists who, while blossoming in the same milieus, conveyed their original thoughts in complete independence. Andrea del Sarto, represented by three of his masterpieces, serves here as a touchstone to illustrate the growing gap between his two pupils, culminating in the decision of which path to follow and from which there could be no return.

17 Following this opening chapter, we need merely probe the chronological path to gain insight into the distinct preferences of Pontormo and Rosso: in their figurative language, vision of faith, interpretation of natural elements, rapport with tradition, approach to foreign cultures, relationship with antiquity and, lastly, their dialectic with the Michelangelesque vocabulary. The distinctive aspects of their approaches will be evident from the very first room. But the aim of the exhibition, as it moves from room to room, is to examine the careers of both artists, highlighting personal interpretations case by case. Nearly sixty years after the exhibition entitled Mostra del Pontormo e del primo manierismo fiorentino, staged here at the Palazzo Strozzi in 1956, the time seemed ripe to advance or underscore theories that could offer alternatives to the line of thought that had informed the exhibition and would subsequently become entrenched. This seemed like the perfect opportunity with the works right in front of us to verify the scientific validity of the research we have done over the past two decades, with the aim of suggesting a different interpretation of the cultural orientations underlying the expression of Pontormo and Rosso (but also other artists). These studies have intentionally refrained from turning to parameters inspired by that scholarly scheme of Mannerism which, as noted here, has proven inadequate. Having moved beyond the need to view the underpinnings of Mannerist painting as some sort of deviant or rebellious behaviour, and having also overcome the desire to ascribe this formal audacity to a stance against power and social conventions (we should note that Pontormo was often in contact with the Medici, while Rosso was painter to the king of France for a decade), and in short having surmounted these affected postulates, we can now interpret the works by the two artists with fresh eyes: eyes that, above all, are not conditioned by the historical vicissitudes of the 20th century (from political experiences to those of the many avant-garde movements). When examining both artists in light of their era, if anything we should ponder the type of humanism that oriented their inclinations, and this is certainly what we will attempt to do here. For example: if, when and how the Ciceronian concept of varietas (which in contemporary terms we would translate as eclecticism ) applied to them. It will then become evident that Pontormo embraced the virtue celebrated by Cicero, often taking up minority languages and syntaxes, whereas Rosso, though attentive to and interested in the rhetorical rules of the father of eloquence, aspired to keep the Florentine tradition alive and, indeed, to exalt and elevate it, reviving its stylistic features and, in some cases, the constructs of 15th-century masters (from Donatello to Masaccio). Indeed, in her book published on Rosso in 1950, Paola Barocchi disputed the defi nitions of Mannerism proposed by contemporary scholars (definitions that, shortly thereafter, would relaunch Rosso and Pontormo as parallels of 20thcentury avant-garde artists), writing: With regard to Rosso, but also Pontormo and Beccafumi, the category and term of Mannerism have no theoretical validity or practical utility. Despite her words, the two tableaux vivants of Pier Paolo Pasolini in La Ricotta (1963), in which the poet exalted the divergence from classicism of the two Depositions (at Volterra and Santa Felicita), turned these works into an analogy of the Caravaggesque liberation from social constraints. They would become a sublime flash of light, lyrically expressing the desires of the post-war period, but also concealing the honest, straightforward voices of these two painters for decades.

18 BEYOND THE EXHIBITION A) PONTORMO AND ROSSO FIORENTINO DIVERGENCES Pontormo Jacopo Carrucci. Pontorme, Empoli 24 May 1494 Florence 1557 Rosso Fiorentino Giovan Battista di Jacopo. Florence 8 March 1493/4 Fontainebleau 1540 Formative Years Leonardo, Piero di Cosimo, Andrea del Sarto, Dűrer; shows interest in northern European art. Patronage Primarily the Medici family: Ottaviano and Leo X (Villa of Poggio a Caiano), Cosimo (San Lorenzo). Travel Never left the Florence area. Religious Faith Considered a heretic in later life; Empirical. Formative Years Michelangelo's cartoon for the Battle of Cascina, Fra Bartolomeo, Andrea del Sarto; shows interest in traditional Florentine art, harking back to Donatello and Masaccio. Patronage No patronage from the Medici family but from other noble families inclined to support Savonarola and the Republic. Travel Constantly on the move: Naples, Piombino, Arezzo, Volterra, Rome, Perugia, Sansepolcro, Città di Castello, Venice, and as far afield as Fontainebleau. Drawings He left several hundred drawings, many of them of models drawn from life. Religious Faith Follower of Savonarola; Renaissance witchcraft: performed magic ritual, interested in the Qabalah. Technique Pontormo often used the technique of fresco. Final Years: meagre suppers and a humble home Pontormo, official painter to the Medici court, seems to have made do with meagre suppers and a humble home, forgoing all other work to devote his energy to the daunting task of completing the fresco cycle in the choir of San Lorenzo. Drawings He left very few drawings, and then only rarely drawn from life. Technique Rosso rarely used fresco; indeed Vasari tells us that he "was ever averse to working in fresco". Final Years: feasting and banquets Rosso spent the last ten years of his life as a much admired and handsomely remunerated court painter, attending feasts and banquets that were a far cry from the austerity of Savonarola, his erstwhile republican leanings probably a victim of the success and comfortable lifestyle he enjoyed in France.

19 B) TIMELINE: PONTORMO AND ROSSO FIORENTINO* 8 March 1494 Birth of Giovan Battista di Jacopo, later to become known as Rosso Fiorentino, in the parish of San Michele Visdomini in Florence. 24 May 1494 Birth of Jacopo Carucci in Pontorme, a village near Empoli. 26 October 1494 Piero de Medici negotiates with Charles VIII of France, who is in Italy to secure the throne of Naples. Piero allows Charles to occupy several important fortresses. 8 November 1494 The concessions made to the French king incur the wrath of the Florentines, who rise up against Piero de Medici. Piero flees Florence the next day. 17 November 1494 Charles VIII enters Florence, taking up residence in the Medici Palace. 20 November 1494 Lorenzo the Magnificent s sons Piero, Giovanni and Giuliano de Medici are formally exiled. 28 November 1494 Charles VIII leaves Florence to pursue his journey south. Thanks both to the intervention of Fra Girolamo Savonarola and to the firm stance of Pier Capponi, who threatens to ring the municipal bells, Charles refrains from sacking the city. 23 December 1494 With Savonarola s backing, the city receives a new form of government based on a Great Council. 18 June 1497 Pope Alexander VI Borgia s writ excommunicating Savonarola, issued in Rome on 12 May, is read out in the churches of Florence. 23 May 1498 Fra Girolamo Savonarola, Fra Domenico Buonvicini and Fra Silvestro Maruffi are hanged in Piazza della Signoria, their bodies burned and their ashes thrown into the Arno. 10 September 1502 Pier Soderini is elected Gonfaloniere, chief officer of the city, for life Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo and Rosso travel to Rome either in, or in the months immediately preceding, Rosso works with Andrea del Sarto on a fresco depicting the Journey of the Magi for the Chiostrino dei Voti in the Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata. 29 August 1512 Spanish troops sack Prato, killing, raping and looting for 22 days. 31 August 1512 Pier Soderini is forced to flee Florence.

20 1 September 1512 Giuliano de Medici returns to Florence. 14 September 1512 Cardinal Giovanni de Medici, now a papal legate, returns to Florence. 16 September 1512 Giovanni de Medici occupies the Palazzo della Signoria. The Great Council and the Council of the Eighty are abolished and replaced by the Council of the Seventy and the Council of the One Hundred, under Medici control Pontormo and Rosso hone their skills in Andrea del Sarto s workshop. 6 8 February 1513 The carnival floats of Lorenzo de Medici s Broncone Company and Giuliano s Diamante Company, for which Pontormo receives his first independent commissions, parade through the city streets. 23 February 1513 Pietro Paolo Boscoli and Agostino Capponi are executed for plotting against the Medici. The list of suspects includes Niccolò Machiavelli, who is exiled to Sant Andrea in Percussina in the Val di Pesa. 11 March 1513 Giovanni de Medici is elected to the papacy under the name of Leo X. The family is represented in Florence by his brother Giuliano, later to become Duke of Nemours, but Giuliano is then called to Rome. 13 August 1513 Piero de Medici s son Lorenzo controls the government of Florence. 14 August 1513 Giulio de Medici, appointed Archbishop of Florence by his cousin Leo X, enters the city. 5 September 1513 Rosso is paid for working with Andrea di Cosimo Feltrini on a fresco depicting the coat of arms of Leo X and Giuliano de Medici in the Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata. 29 September 1513 Giulio is raised to the rank of cardinal. November 1513 June 1514 Pontormo is paid for painting the figures of Faith and Charity on either side of Leo X s coat of arms on the façade of the Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata. 20 November June 1514 Rosso paints a fresco depicting the Assumption in the Chiostrino dei Voti in the Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata. December 1514 June 1516 Pontormo is paid by Servite friar Jacopo de Rossi for a fresco of the Visitation in the Chiostrino dei Voti in the Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata. from 30 October 1515 Pontormo and Rosso work together on the temporary decorations commissioned to mark Pope Leo X s visit to Florence. Pontormo works on the decoration of the Papal Chapel in the convent of Santa Maria Novella.

THE ART OF FLORENCE BY GLENN M. ANDRES JOHN M. HUNISAK A. RICHARD TURNER Principal photography by TAKASHI OKAMURA A R T A B R A S A Division of Abbeville Publishing Group NEW YORK LONDON PARIS CONTENTS

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