No Easy Answers

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA )
) CR. NO 05-394 (RBW)
v. )
)
I. LEWIS LIBBY, )
also known as "Scooter Libby" )
GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE TO DEFENDANT'S
THIRD MOTION TO COMPEL DISCOVERY
The UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, by PATRICK J. FITZGERALD, SPECIAL
COUNSEL, respectfully submits the following response to the "Third Motion of I. Lewis Libby to
Compel Discovery Under Rule 16 and Brady."
INTRODUCTION
On October 28, 2005, a federal grand jury returned a five-count indictment charging
defendant I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby with obstruction of justice, perjury, and making false statements
to federal investigators, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1623 and 1001, in connection with an
investigation concerning leaks to reporters of classified information regarding the employment of
Valerie Plame Wilson.
To date, the government has provided defendant with approximately 12,300 pages of
classified and unclassified discovery, including the entire set of documents produced to the Office
of Special Counsel by the Office of the Vice President, a large quantity of classified and unclassified
documents from several other government agencies, and certain grand jury testimony and documents
provided by reporters. The government currently is in the process of obtaining from the Office of
the Vice President and producing to defendant an estimated 1,400 pages of additional handwritten
notes prepared during the period May 6, 2003 through March 24, 2004, pursuant to the Court's

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ruling from the bench on February 24, 2006. The government also is currently in the process of
providing defendant with additional discovery concerning his morning intelligence briefings during
the periods of June 7-14, 2003, October 12-16, 2003, November 24-28, 2003, March 3-7, 2003, and
March 22-26, 2003, pursuant to the Court's Order of March 10, 2006.
ARGUMENT
Defendant's third discovery motion seeks expansive additional discovery, principally on the
ground that the documents sought are "material to the preparation of the defense," as that phrase is
used in Fed. R. Evid. 16(a)(1)(E)(i). Defendant asserts that the documents he seeks, which among
other things include nearly every document generated by four large executive branch entities relating
to Ambassador Joseph Wilson's trip to Niger, are discoverable under Rule 16 because they will
assist in the preparation of witness examinations, provide context for the government's allegations,
and demonstrate his lack of a motive to commit the perjury and false statement offenses charged in
the indictment.
Defendant's motion is flawed in two fundamental respects. First, it rests on an unsupportable
reading of Rule 16 which, if adopted by the Court, would to a large extent substitute open file
discovery for Rule 16, a proposition that has been repeatedly rejected by the courts. Second, it is
premised on relevance arguments which overlook the fact that defendant is charged with perjury, not
a conspiracy to commit various other crimes. When viewed against the correct legal standards for
discovery and in the context of the crimes charged in the indictment, defendant's motion for
miscellaneous additional discovery should be denied for the reasons set forth more fully below.
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I. Applicable Legal Standards
The Supreme Court long ago established, and has continued to hold, that discovery in
criminal cases is not unlimited and does not sweep in everything known to the government and
uncovered during the investigation. United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 109 (1975) (no
constitutional duty to "allow complete discovery of . . . files as a matter of routine practice"); United
States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 675 (1985) ("the prosecutor is not required to deliver his entire file
to defense counsel"); Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 559 (1997); United States v. Ruiz, 536
U. S. 622, 630 (2002); see also United States v. Jordan, 316 F.3d 1215, 1251 (11th Cir. 2003) (no
right to unsupervised search through the government's files). Nor does Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 16 authorize general access to the government's investigation file; rather, Rule 16(a)(1)(E)
is limited to discovery of records "material to preparing the defense." Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(a)(1)(E).
Rule 16 requires disclosure only of evidence that "enables the defendant significantly to alter the
quantum of proof in his favor." 3/10/06 Mem. Op. at 8 (citing United States v. Marshall, 132 F.3d
63, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1998)). An "abstract logical relationship to the issues in the case" is insufficient.
3/10/06 Mem. Op. at 8; Jordan, 316 F.3d at 1251 (citing United States v. Buckley, 586 F.2d 498, 506
(5th Cir. 1978)). And where classified information is sought, the defendant must also show that the
classified information "is at least helpful to the defense." 3/10/06 Mem. Op. at 9 (citing United
States v. Yunis, 867 F.2d 617, 623 (D.C. Cir. 1989)).
In United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456 (1996), the Supreme Court provided specific
instruction as to what records are "material to preparing the defense" ­ that term means "the
defendant's response to the Government's case in chief." Id. at 462. Thus, the parameters of Rule
16 discovery are set by the indictment. United States v. George, 786 F. Supp. 11, 13 (D.D.C. 1991)
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(cited by 3/10/06 Mem. Op. at 8). Accordingly, there is no general Rule 16 right to broadly fish
through the government's investigative file simply because the defendant makes a "conclusory
allegation" of materiality. United States v. Cadet, 727 F.2d 1453, 1466 (9th Cir. 1984) (citing
United States v. Conder, 423 F.2d 904, 910 (6th Cir. 1970)); see Jordan, 316 F.3d at 1251; United
States v. Carrasquillo-Plaza, 873 F.2d 10, 12 (1st Cir. 1989); see also Moore v. Illinois, 408 U.S.
786, 795 (1972) ("We know of no constitutional requirement that the prosecution make a complete
and detailed accounting to the defense of all police investigatory work on a case."); United States
v. Heidecke, 683 F.Supp. 1211, 1214 (N.D. Ill. 1988) (rejecting discovery request under Brady for
"all files reviewed by the investigators").
Nor is the defendant permitted to invoke Rule 16 to generally rummage through the files of
other federal agencies. United States v. Labovitz, 1997 WL 289732, at *4 (D. Mass. May 30, 1997)
(rejecting a Rule 16 "broad fishing expedition" of FDIC's files concerning the victim-bank in bank
fraud prosecution). Such casting about in the files of other government agencies simply has no basis:
defendant cannot require "an affirmative government-wide search for possibly exculpatory evidence"
or for "`any materials that might conceivably be useful to his defense.'" United States v. Poindexter,
727 F. Supp. 1470, 1485 (D.D.C. 1989) (quoting United States v. North, 1988 WL 148527 (D.D.C.
July 13, 1988)).
Thus, defendant is wrong to suggest that Rule 16 grants him the right to review all of the
documents that the government reviewed during its investigation. Def.'s Mem. at 2 ("Presumably,
the government reviewed these documents during its investigation to identify useful witnesses or
documents and to determine whether the testimony of witnesses was truthful. Rule 16 gives the
defense the right to use these documents for precisely the same purposes."). Putting aside the fact
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that the government did not review all the myriad documents defendant now requests, there is no
authority for the proposition ­ and defendant cites none ­ that Rule 16 allows the defense to look
through every document the government examined. To the contrary, documents are "material to
preparing the defense" under Rule 16 only if the documents are specifically part of the "the
defendant's response to the Government's case in chief" as delimited by the charges, Armstrong, 517
U.S. at 462, not simply because the government at some point reviewed the record during the
investigation. Allowing defendant to attempt to replicate the government's investigation is
particularly inappropriate because the government's investigation was far broader in scope than the
charges ultimately brought in the indictment.
Thus, in analyzing whether the documents sought in defendant's latest request for discovery
are "material to the preparation of the defense" and disclosable under Rule 16(a)(1)(E), the Court
should follow the analytical process set out in its March 10, 2006 Memorandum Opinion: examine
the defendant's request in light of the allegations in the indictment, and assess whether "there is a
strong indication that [the material sought] will play an important role in uncovering admissible
evidence, aiding witness preparation, corroborating testimony, or assisting impeachment or rebuttal,"
United States v. Lloyd, 992 F.2d at 351 ­ recognizing also that when the defense seeks classified
information it is held to the additional burden of demonstrating that the classified information is
"helpful to the defense," United States v. Yunis, 867 F.2d at 623. 3/10/06 Mem. Op. at 8-9.
Against the backdrop of the limited charges in this indictment ­ that defendant lied to the
grand jury and the Federal Bureau of Investigation about his acquisition and disclosures to the media
of information concerning Valerie Plame Wilson's employment by the Central Intelligence Agency
­ defendant's latest discovery requests fail this test.
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II. Analysis
A. The Requested Documents Are Not Discoverable on the Ground that They
Would Be Helpful in Preparing to Examine Potential Witnesses.
Defendant argues that he is entitled to the following materials on the ground that they are
material to the preparation of his defense in that they would aid in preparing to examine or cross-
examine potential trial witnesses:
1. All documents and information generated or received by the State Department, the
CIA, the Executive Office of the President and/or the National Security Council
("NSC")" concerning former Ambassador Joseph Wilson's trip to Niger, and any
involvement in that trip by his wife, including
a. the origins of Mr. Wilson's trip to Niger, including any role played by Ms.
Wilson in connection with the trip;
b. reports about the trip; and
c. subsequent discussion, comment or analysis concerning the trip, including
government documents concerning the trip and/or Ms. Wilson's role in it that
were generated after May 6, 2003, when the controversy surrounding the
disputed sixteen words erupted.
2. All documents or communications reflecting any possible attempt or plan by any
government official to punish or seek revenge against Mr. Wilson or Ms. Wilson.
3. All documents reflecting Mr. Wilson's communications with officials at the State
Department or other government agencies concerning his trip to Niger or the "sixteen
words." ^1
4. Any notes from the September 2003 meeting in the Situation Room at which Colin
Powell is reported to have said that (1) everyone knows that Mr. Wilson's wife
1
Although defendant includes the documents in this category in his list of documents that
would aid in preparing witness examinations he makes no specific argument as to why these
documents would be helpful in that regard, and does not identify which witness or witnesses they
would assist in examining.
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worked at the CIA and that (b) it was Mr. Wilson's wife who suggested that the CIA
send her husband on a mission to Niger." ^2
Memo. at 14-16, 23. ^3 The government has produced to defendant all documents related to Mr.
Wilson's trip that it received from the OVP. In addition, the government has produced to defendant
documents, received from any source, relating to conversations, correspondence, or meetings
involving defendant in which Mr. Wilson's trip was discussed, and has produced additional materials
from the CIA and the State Department relating generally to Mr. Wilson's trip. The government
declined to produce some documents related to Mr. Wilson's trip on that the ground that those
documents were completely irrelevant to defendant's knowledge or communications regarding Mr.
Wilson, Ms. Wilson, or Mr. Wilson's trip to Niger. The government is unaware of any documents
reflecting communications between Mr. Wilson and the State Department regarding the "sixteen
words" other than media reports and material that would fall within the Jencks Act if the government
were to call Mr. Wilson as a witness.
Some documents produced to defendant could be characterized as reflecting a plan to
discredit, punish, or seek revenge against Mr. Wilson. The government declined to produce
documents relating solely to other subjects of the investigation, even if such documents could be so
characterized as reflecting a possible attempt or plan to discredit or punish Mr. Wilson or Ms.
Wilson. The government has no knowledge of the existence of any notes reflecting comments by
former Secretary of State Powell regarding Ms. Wilson during a September 2003 meeting.
2
Defendant's argument with respect to this category of documents is limited to the
preparation of an examination of former Secretary of State Powell. See, infra, at 14.
3
Defendant's requests as listed in his Third Motion to Compel do not track the precise
language of the document requests made to the government by letter.
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Defendant overreaches when he asserts that Rule 16 generally requires the production of all
materials that may be helpful in preparing to examine witnesses. The bulk of the documents that
defendant seeks to assist in preparing witness examinations (here correspondence, e-mails, and
reports generated by potential witnesses and those around them) fall within the category of witness
statements and arguable impeachment information covered by the Jencks Act and Giglio. If
defendant's position were correct, the Jencks Act, Rule 26.2, and Giglio obligations would be
unnecessary and redundant because all such material ­ and far more ­ would have been disclosed
pursuant to Rule 16. To the contrary, Rule 16(a)(2) expressly prohibits the use of Rule 16 as an end-
run around the Jencks Act: "Nor does this rule authorize the discovery or inspection of statements
made by prospective government witnesses except as provided in 18 U.S.C. § 3500." Fed. R. Crim.
P. 16(a)(2). Furthermore, the defendant cannot simply recite that access to statements will
"enhance[] defense counsels' ability to cross-examine" a witness as a basis for using Rule 16 to
disregard the Jencks Act. United States v. Tarantino, 846 F.2d 1384, 1414-15 (D.C. Cir. 1988).
To be sure, Brady and Giglio may require disclosure of material beyond that required by Rule
16, but an argument that those cases up-end the normal timing of Jencks Act production is "an
attempt to convert Brady into a broad rule of discovery in criminal cases." Tarantino, 846 F.2d at
1416; see also United States v. Hart, 760 F. Supp. 653, 659 (E.D. Mich. 1991) (timing of disclosure,
if required, is based on defense's ability to make effective use of information at trial). That is
particularly true where the defendant seeks statements from one witness that will purportedly be at
odds with the statement of another witness: "witnesses are not impeached by prior inconsistent
statements of other witnesses, but by their own prior inconsistent statements." Id. (emphasis in
original). At bottom, Rule 16 also does not constitute a free-floating tool to cast about for
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impeachment material on potential witnesses; rather, there must be a "strong" indication that the
material will play an "important" role in assisting impeachment. Marshall, 132 F.3d at 68.
Potential Government Witnesses
Defendant contends that the foregoing documents are discoverable because they are necessary
to prepare to examine the following potential government witnesses in this case:
(a) former CIA Director George Tenet;
(b) CIA briefer Craig Schmall; ^4
(c) former senior CIA official Bob Grenier; ^5
(d) former Under Secretary of State Marc Grossman;
(e) former White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer;
(f) former Deputy National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley; and
(g) current White House Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove.
Because the government does not intend at this time to call three of these individuals ­ Mr.
Tenet, Mr. Hadley, and Mr. Rove ­ defendant is not entitled to discovery based on the need to
prepare to cross-examine those individuals.
With respect to the individuals whom the government does intend to call as witnesses, the
documents defendant demands go well beyond anything that would be necessary to prepare to
examine these individuals, and indeed, far beyond the scope of what is relevant to the charges
contained in the indictment. Defendant demands the production of all "documents and information"
4
Defendant indicates that the "CIA briefer" described in paragraph 11 of the indictment
may be Craig Schmall, Peter Clement, or Matt Barrett.
5
Defendant indicates that the "senior CIA official" described in paragraph 7 of the
indictment may be Robert Grenier or John McLaughlin.
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generated or received by anyone in the State Department, the CIA, the Executive Office of the
President and/or the National Security Council ("NSC") concerning Mr. Wilson's trip to Niger, ^6
which includes "the origins of Mr. Wilson's trip to Niger, including any role played by Ms. Wilson
in connection with the trip," "any reports about the trip," and any "subsequent discussion, comment
or analysis concerning the trip." Memo. at 14-16. Defendant seeks the requested materials without
regard to whether defendant or any prospective witness actually wrote, reviewed, or even saw the
materials, and without regard to whether any prospective witness is expect to testify about them.
For example, defendant makes a sweeping demand for State Department documents
regarding Mr. Wilson's trip, despite the fact that, as is evident from the indictment, the testimony
of the government's lone State Department witness, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
Marc Grossman, will focus on conversations between Mr. Grossman and defendant in late May and
early June 2003 concerning former Ambassador Wilson's trip, and Mr. Grossman's efforts during
that period to gather information regarding the trip in response to defendant's inquiries. See Indict.,
Count One, ¶¶ 4, 5, 6. ^7 As a result of defendant's inquiries, information was gathered and a
classified report was prepared by the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research ("the
INR report"). In June 2003, Mr. Grossman orally advised defendant that he had learned that
Wilson's wife worked at the CIA and that State Department personnel believed that Mr. Wilson's
wife was involved in the planning of Mr. Wilson's trip. See Indict., Count One, ¶ 6.
6
References to defendant's Third Motion to Compel are to "Memo.," followed by the
relevant page number. Defendant states that documents that relate to Mr. Wilson's trip form the
"core" of the discovery at issue in this motion. Memo. at 12. References to the exhibits to
defendant's motion are to "Memo. Exhibit," followed by the exhibit number.
7
References to the Indictment are to "Indict.," followed by the relevant count and paragraph
number.
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Defendant has been provided with a copy of the INR report in classified discovery, and the
government understands that no contemporaneous reports written by Mr. Grossman about his
conversations with defendant in May and June 2003 are available. Prior to trial, defendant will be
provided with prior statements of Mr. Grossman as part of the government's Jencks Act disclosure,
as well as any material required under Giglio.
The central issue at trial will be whether defendant lied when he testified that he was not
aware that Mr. Wilson's wife worked at the CIA prior to his purported conversation with Tim
Russert about Mr. Wilson's wife on or about July 10, 2003. See Indict., Count One, ¶ 20. Mr.
Grossman's testimony is specifically relevant to show that defendant was told of Ms. Wilson's
employment and possible role in planning Mr. Wilson's trip to Niger in early June 2003. This
testimony will not be offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted; indeed, it is irrelevant whether
Mr. Wilson's wife actually did work at the CIA or actually did play a role in arranging the trip, or
how State Department employees viewed the results of the Wilson trip. Likewise, none of these
issues are relevant to preparing for Mr. Grossman's examination.
Defendant makes the same sweeping demand for CIA and White House documents related
to Mr. Wilson's trip, although, once again, the anticipated testimony of the government's CIA
witnesses, Craig Schmall, a CIA briefer, and Robert Grenier, a former senior CIA official, and the
testimony of the government's sole White House witness, Ari Fleischer, will focus on conversations
with defendant regarding Ms. Wilson which took place in June and early July 2003. See Indict.,
Count One, at ¶¶ 7, 11, 16. All known documents relating to these conversations have been provided
to defendant. The relevance of this testimony, like that of Marc Grossman, is to show that defendant
knew about Ms. Wilson's employment and possible role in planning Mr. Wilson's trip to Niger as
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early as June 2003, and no later than July 7, 2003. Neither the particulars of Mr. Wilson's trip, nor
the views of CIA or White House officials regarding the results of the trip, are relevant to, or
necessary for preparing cross-examinations of, Messrs. Schmall, Grenier, or Fleischer. Nor is
defendant entitled to expansive discovery on the basis of speculations that government officials may
have been biased as a result of purported disputes among the various agencies concerning
intelligence issues.
With respect to Mr. Fleischer, defendant also asserts that press reports indicate that Mr.
Fleischer reviewed a report containing information related to Mr. Wilson's wife that was sent to
former Secretary of State Colin Powell while Secretary Powell, Mr. Fleischer and others were en
route to Africa on Air Force One. Memo. at 25. If the press reports are correct, and if Mr. Fleischer
disclosed information concerning Mr. Wilson's wife to reporters, defendant argues, then Mr.
Fleischer would have a motive to shade his testimony in this case. Id. The government has provided
defendant with a copy of the report in question. Defendant does not claim that Mr. Fleischer wrote,
reviewed, or even saw any other documents concerning Mr. Wilson's trip, and does not establish any
other connection between Mr. Fleischer and any of the requested documents. Thus, there is no
support for defendant's claim that the requested documents would be helpful to defendant in
preparing to cross-examine Mr. Fleischer.
Potential Defense Witnesses
Defendant further argues that he is entitled to discovery of all documents that would be
helpful in preparing to examine witnesses that may be called as defense witnesses at trial, including
the following individuals: (a) former Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage; (b) former
Secretary of State Colin Powell; (c) former CIA Director George Tenet; (d) "other current or former
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CIA officials, including" Bill Harlow; and (e) Senior White House advisor Karl Rove. Defendant
cites, and research reveals, no authority for the proposition that the defendant is entitled to discover
all documents related to witnesses whom defendant anticipates calling as witnesses at trial. To the
contrary, it is settled law that the government has no obligation to produce prior statements, or
information reflecting negatively on the credibility, of witnesses called by the defense, much less
witnesses who may be called by the defense. See 18 U.S.C. § 3500 (which by its terms applies only
to witnesses called by the government) and United States v. Presser, 844 F.2d 1275, 1285 (6th Cir.
1988)("the government need not disclose impeaching material in its possession relating to any
potential defense witness where that impeaching material does not meet the Brady test of being
material and exculpatory"); and United States v. Souffront, 338 F.3d 809, 824 (7th Cir. 2003) (When
ATF Agent was called by defense to impeach a government witness and to testify to defendant's
state of mind, no Brady violation occurred when government did not disclose that agent was accused
by a former agent of participating in or covering up theft of jewelry and money by corrupt cop.
"Impeaching the testimony of their own witness is not favorable to the defense . . . and does not raise
the probability of a different verdict . . . This argument is without merit." (citations omitted)).
Given the limited nature of any admissible testimony that could be offered by the above
individuals, the need to prepare their testimony could not possibly justify defendant's expansive
discovery demands in any event. For example, defendant asserts that he may call former Deputy
Secretary of State Richard Armitage as a defense witness for the purpose of testifying regarding "the
expected testimony of his former colleagues, Mr. Grossman and Mr. Powell," Memo. at 23, n. 5
and, specifically, of establishing bias on the part of Under Secretary Grossman, Memo. at 23.
Defendant argues that "[i]f Mr. Armitage or another State Department official was in fact the
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primary source for Mr. Novak's article, Mr. Grossman's testimony may be colored by either by his
personal relationship with Mr. Armitage or his concern for the institutional interests of the State
Department." Id.
There is no precedent for a fact witness to be called to testify about the expected testimony
of another fact witness ­ much less precedent that an intention to do so entitles a defendant to
additional discovery. Putting aside defendant's failure to explain how loyalty to Mr. Armitage or
to the State Department could rise to the level of causing Mr. Grossman to invent conversations with
defendant and testify to them under oath, defendant has provided no connection between the
requested materials and Messrs. Grossman, Armitage or Powell, and no basis for concluding that the
materials would aid him in preparing to establishing bias on the part of Mr. Grossman.
Similarly, defendant is not entitled to discovery of additional documents regarding Mr.
Wilson's trip in order to prepare to examine former Secretary of State Colin Powell as a defense
witness. Defendant asserts that he is "entitled to examine Secretary Powell regarding his knowledge
of Mr. Wilson's trip to Niger and his communications with other government officials about that
trip," and that the State Department records concerning the trip will assist him in preparing to
conduct this inquiry. Memo. at 24. Defendant fails, however, to establish how Secretary Powell's
knowledge concerning Mr. Wilson's trip could be relevant to the perjury and false statement charges
contained in the indictment, or his defense to those charges.
Nor has defendant established how "[a]ny notes from the September 2003 meeting in the
Situation Room at which Colin Powell is reported to have said that (1) everyone knows that Mr.
Wilson's wife worked at the CIA and that (b) it was Mr. Wilson's wife who suggested that the CIA
send her husband on a mission to Niger" (see Memo. at 15) would be helpful to defendant in
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preparing his defense, even if such documents existed, and it is the understanding of the government
that there are no notes indicating that Secretary Powell made the purported statements.
Additionally, defendant asserts that he plans to question Secretary Powell concerning media
reports regarding a document containing information regarding Ms. Wilson sent to Secretary Powell
on Air Force One while Secretary Powell and others were en route to Africa between July 7 and July
12, 2003, and regarding the possibility that other government officials may have shared information
about Ms. Wilson with journalists while in Africa. Memo. at 24. Defendant fails to establish that
any documents other than that sent to Secretary Powell (which has been produced to defendant)
would be useful in preparing to examine Secretary Powell, or even that the topics concerning which
he plans to question Secretary Powell have any relevance to the issues of this case. Accordingly,
defendant's desire to question Secretary Powell does not entitle him to additional discovery.
Defendant claims that Karl Rove will be a "key witness" in the trial, in that he will testify
concerning a conversation with defendant on July 10 or 11, 2003 regarding Robert Novak's intent
to print a story regarding Ms. Wilson's employment at the CIA, Indict., Count One, ¶ 21, and that
Stephen Hadley may "offer important testimony about discussions within the Administration
concerning the need to rebut Mr. Wilson's statements about his trip and his conclusions," as well
as "discussions about the need to declassify and disseminate the NIE" and George Tenet's public
statements regarding the "sixteen words." Memo. at 25-26. As indicated above, the government
does not intend to call Mr. Rove or Mr. Hadley as witnesses at this time.
Nor has defendant established any connection between the documents defendant has
demanded and any relevant testimony Mr. Rove or Mr. Hadley could provide. The trial in this case
necessarily will focus on whether or not defendant committed perjury. While defendant may prefer
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to put the conduct of others on trial, he is not entitled to do so. Nor is defendant entitled to discovery
so that he may examine witnesses at trial regarding their conduct and the conduct of others that is
not germane to the issue of whether defendant lied and obstructed justice.
Agencies By Which Potential Witnesses Are or Were Employed
The extraordinary scope of defendant's request for documents is illustrated by the fact that
the request is not limited to documents directly connected with the individuals he has identified as
potential witnesses, or even by time frame. To the contrary, defendant argues that he is entitled to
"all CIA documents that concern (sic) Mr. Wilson's trip to Niger, including reports and subsequent
discussions of it," and, at the very least, all documents concerning Mr. Wilson's trip "generated, sent,
or received by CIA witnesses.' Similarly, defendant argues that, "the government's disclosure
obligations are not limited to the files of [the] particular White House witnesses" that defendant has
identified, but rather, extends to "all White House documents relating to Mr. Wilson's trip to Niger
that could undermine or corroborate the expected testimony of these witnesses, and other White
House documents that could be used to develop lines of questioning for their examinations at trial."
Thus, in essence, defendant contends that the expected testimony of a witness triggers open
file discovery of that witnesses' agency on any related topic, whether or not relevant at trial.
Defendant cites no legal authority in support of this claim, which flies in the face of the long-
established limited nature of discovery in criminal cases, see United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. at 109,
United States v. Jordan, 316 F.3d at 1251.
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B. Defendant is Not Entitled to Discovery of the Requested Documents on the Basis
that Such Documents Will Allow Him to Provide "Context" for Events Alleged
in the Indictment.
Defendant argues as an alternative ground for his discovery requests the need to establish
"context" for matters alleged in the indictment. Defendant claims that, in order to put the alleged
events in context, and specifically to establish that Ms. Wilson played a "peripheral" rather than an
important role in the controversy concerning the "sixteen words," defendant is entitled to discovery
of the above-described documents as well as to:
All documents reflecting discussions within the government of whether to release a public
statement during the week of July 7, 2003 regarding the inclusion of the "sixteen words" in
the 2003 State of the Union Address, including all drafts of the July 11, 2003 statement
issued by Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet.
Memo. at 15, 27.
The government has produced to defendant all documents responsive to the above request
that were received from the Office of the Vice President, including notes of defendant and drafts of
the July 11, 2003 statement issued by CIA Director George Tenet. The government declined to seek
copies or produce additional drafts of the July 11, 2003 statement maintained by other agencies on
the ground that such documents would be irrelevant in the absence of any connection to defendant,
and also potentially duplicative of documents already produced.
In an attempt to recast the relevant issues at trial, defendant claims he is entitled to correct
the "distorted picture of the relevant events" presented in the indictment, including the
"exaggerati[on of] the importance government officials, including [defendant], attributed to Ms.
Wilson's employment status prior to July 14, 2003," and to present "a more complete and accurate
narrative" of the alleged events, and to establish that defendant "and other government officials"
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viewed Ms. Wilson's identity as at most a "peripheral issue." Memo. at 27. Defendant argues that
information regarding bureaucratic infighting over responsibility for the "sixteen words" will help
the jury appreciate how defendant "may have forgotten or misremembered the snippets of
conversation the government alleges were so memorable." Memo. at 3-4.
Though he might wish otherwise, this trial is not about the conduct or state of mind of
persons other than defendant. Indeed, the state of mind of other individuals is of negligible value
in determining whether defendant lied to the FBI and grand jury. In reality, it does not matter
whether Ms. Wilson's role was thought to be important or peripheral by anyone other than defendant
and the discrete number of persons with and for whom he worked. Accordingly, it is clear that
documents from outside the OVP are not sought to establish "context" but rather to provide an
irrelevant distraction from the issues of the case.
Moreover, evidence from the CIA, State Department, and NSC about whether persons
working there thought the issue of Ms. Wilson's employment was "peripheral" will not place in
context the state of mind of defendant and others working in the Office of Vice President at the
relevant time, nor explain whether defendant was likely to have forgotten conversations about the
topic in which he participated. In June 2003, when discussing Ambassador Wilson's trip to Niger,
the Vice President advised defendant that Ambassador Wilson's wife worked at the CIA in the
Counterproliferation Division. Indict., Count One, ¶ 9. The evidence will show that the July 6,
2003, Op Ed by Mr. Wilson was viewed in the Office of Vice President as a direct attack on the
credibility of the Vice President (and the President) on a matter of signal importance: the rationale
for the war in Iraq. Defendant undertook vigorous efforts to rebut this attack during the week
following July 7, 2003.
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At some point after the publication of the July 6, 2003 Op Ed by Mr. Wilson, Vice President
Cheney, defendant's immediate superior, expressed concerns to defendant regarding whether Mr.
Wilson's trip was legitimate or whether it was in effect a junket set up by Mr. Wilson's wife. And,
in considering "context," there was press reporting that the Vice President had dispatched Mr.
Wilson on the trip (which in fact was not accurate). Disclosing the belief that Mr. Wilson's wife
sent him on the Niger trip was one way for defendant to contradict the assertion that the Vice
President had done so, while at the same time undercutting Mr. Wilson's credibility if Mr. Wilson
were perceived to have received the assignment on account of nepotism. The context for defendant's
disclosures in the course of defending the Office of the Vice President will not be fleshed out in any
files of CIA or State Department or NSC employees that might reflect what they thought. Put
slightly differently, the thoughts and impressions of CIA, State Department, and NSC employees,
absent any evidence that these thoughts and impressions were conveyed to defendant, simply cannot
shed light on defendant's state of mind at the time of his alleged criminal conduct. See United States
v. Secord, 726 F.Supp. 845, 848-49 (D.D.C. 1989) ("The subjective state of mind which Defendant
Secord wishes to prove could have arisen solely from conversations in which he participated,
correspondence which he himself read, meetings which he himself attended. . . . The point is simply
that Defendant's state of mind can come only from what he hears or sees. Defendant is entitled to
discover materials which evidence his personal knowledge about or belief in the legality of the
Enterprise.").
Nor would such documents of the CIA, NSC and the State Department place in context the
importance of the conversations in which defendant participated. Defendant's participation in a
critical conversation with Judith Miller on July 8 (discussed further below) occurred only after the
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Vice President advised defendant that the President specifically had authorized defendant to disclose
certain information in the NIE. Defendant testified that the circumstances of his conversation with
reporter Miller ­ getting approval from the President through the Vice President to discuss material
that would be classified but for that approval ­ were unique in his recollection. Defendant further
testified that on July 12, 2003, he was specifically directed by the Vice President to speak to the
press in place of Cathie Martin (then the communications person for the Vice President) regarding
the NIE and Wilson. Defendant was instructed to provide what was for him an extremely rare "on
the record" statement, and to provide "background" and "deep background" statements, and to
provide information contained in a document defendant understood to be the cable authored by Mr.
Wilson. During the conversations that followed on July 12, defendant discussed Ms. Wilson's
employment with both Matthew Cooper (for the first time) and Judith Miller (for the third time).
Even if someone else in some other agency thought that the controversy about Mr. Wilson and/or
his wife was a trifle, that person's state of mind would be irrelevant to the importance and focus
defendant placed on the matter and the importance he attached to the surrounding conversations he
was directed to engage in by the Vice President.
Likewise, documents from other agencies that defendant never saw will not provide context
for defendant's grand jury testimony regarding these events. Defendant testified that he did not
discuss the CIA employment of Ambassador Wilson's wife with reporter Judith Miller on July 8,
2003 and that he could not have done so because he had forgotten by that time that he had learned
about Ms. Wilson's CIA employment a month earlier from the Vice President. Nor could such
documents explain defendant's testimony disclaiming having discussed Ms. Wilson's employment
with various other government officials prior to July 10, 2003, or his testimony that he was "taken
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aback" when journalist Tim Russert asked about Ms. Wilson's employment with the CIA on July
12, 2003. Accordingly, none of the documents requested by defendant could possibly support the
defense that the specific perjury specifications are mere "snippets" of conversation he "may have
misremembered."
C. Defendant is Not Entitled to the Requested Documents Related to the NIE.
Defendant further contends that he is entitled to additional discovery because the government
"informed [the defense] that it seeks to make an issue at trial of [defendant's] alleged disclosures
of a portion of the content of the October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate on Iraq's Continuing
Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction, known as the NIE." Memo. at 10-11 (emphasis added).
Specifically, defendant claims that, in order to place this issue in "context," he is entitled to
discovery of:
1. All documents relating to the possible declassification of the 2002 National
Intelligence Estimate ("NIE")(in whole or in part); and
2. All documents relating to or reflecting public comments by government officials
about the NIE or its contents prior to July 18, 2003.
The government has produced to defendant all documents received from the OVP, which
would include any documents responsive to these requests, and is in the process of locating and
producing a limited number of additional responsive documents in the possession of the Special
Counsel although such documents were not authored or reviewed by defendant. The government
has declined to seek or produce additional responsive documents from other agencies unless such
documents reflect conversations and meetings in which defendant participated, on the ground that
such documents would be irrelevant to the defense. The government has also declined to produce
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publicly available comments by government officials regarding this issue on the ground that they are
equally accessible to defendant.
As an initial matter, it is defendant's conduct and testimony, rather than any whim of the
government, that makes defendant's disclosure of the NIE an issue in this case. However, contrary
to defendant's contention, he is not entitled to rummage through other agencies' documents
concerning the NIE where defendant himself has testified that he understood that no one at those
agencies was aware of, or involved in, the declassification made known to him by the Vice President
or the disclosures he made to reporters Cooper and Miller.
The Relevance of the NIE to This Case
One of the key conversations that will be proved at trial took place between defendant and
reporter Judith Miller at the St. Regis Hotel on the morning of July 8, 2003. Defendant testified in
the grand jury that he and Miller did not discuss the CIA employment of Ambassador Wilson's wife,
Valerie Plame, on that occasion, and that he could not have done so because he had forgotten by that
time that he had learned about Ms. Wilson's employment a month earlier from the Vice President.
Defendant further testified that when he spoke with reporter Tim Russert the following day, Russert
informed him that Wilson's wife worked at the CIA, and defendant was "taken aback." Defendant
testified that he thought that the information was new to him, and that he made sure not to confirm
the information to Russert. Defendant thereafter testified that he repeated what he learned from
Russert to other reporters (including Cooper and Miller) on July 12, taking care to caution those
reporters that he did not know if the information were true or even if Ambassador Wilson even had
a wife.
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As to the meeting on July 8, defendant testified that he was specifically authorized in advance
of the meeting to disclose the key judgments of the classified NIE to Miller on that occasion because
it was thought that the NIE was "pretty definitive" against what Ambassador Wilson had said and
that the Vice President thought that it was "very important" for the key judgments of the NIE to
come out. Defendant further testified that he at first advised the Vice President that he could not
have this conversation with reporter Miller because of the classified nature of the NIE. Defendant
testified that the Vice President later advised him that the President had authorized defendant to
disclose the relevant portions of the NIE. Defendant testified that he also spoke to David Addington,
then Counsel to the Vice President, whom defendant considered to be an expert in national security
law, and Mr. Addington opined that Presidential authorization to publicly disclose a document
amounted to a declassification of the document.
Defendant testified that he thought he brought a brief abstract of the NIE's key judgments
to the meeting with Miller on July 8. Defendant understood that he was to tell Miller, among other
things, that a key judgment of the NIE held that Iraq was "vigorously trying to procure" uranium.
Defendant testified that this July 8th meeting was the only time he recalled in his government
experience when he disclosed a document to a reporter that was effectively declassified by virtue of
the President's authorization that it be disclosed. Defendant testified that one of the reasons why he
met with Miller at a hotel was the fact that he was sharing this information with Miller exclusively.
In fact, on July 8, defendant spoke with Miller about Mr. Wilson after requesting that
attribution of his remarks be changed to "former Hill staffer." Defendant discussed with Miller the
contents of a then classified CIA report which defendant characterized to Miller as having been
written by Wilson. Defendant advised Miller that Wilson had reported that he had learned that in
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1999 an Iraqi delegation visited Niger and sought to expand commercial relations, which was
understood to be a reference to a desire to obtain uranium. Later during the discussion about Wilson
and the NIE, defendant advised Miller of his belief that Wilson's wife worked at the CIA. Indict.,
Count One, ¶ 17.
Defendant understood that the Vice President specifically selected him to talk to the press
about the NIE and Mr. Wilson on July 12, 2003, in place of then-Assistant to the President for Public
Affairs, Cathie Martin, the usual press contact person from OVP. This is relevant to show the
importance that defendant and his boss placed on the conversation concerning which he later
testified. During his conversations with the press that day, defendant discussed Ms. Wilson's CIA
employment with both Matthew Cooper (for the first time) and Judith Miller (for the third time).
Thus, there is no way to present the relevant events concerning defendant's discussions with
reporters about Ms. Wilson without discussing defendant's role in disseminating the key judgments
of the NIE in those same conversations.
There is no basis for extending disclosure of documents related to the declassification and
disclosure of the NIE to documents from the NSC, State Department, CIA, or any other agency.
According to defendant, at the time of his conversations with Miller and Cooper, he understood that
only three people ­ the President, the Vice President and defendant ­ knew that the key judgments
of the NIE had been declassified. Defendant testified in the grand jury that he understood that even
in the days following his conversation with Ms. Miller, other key officials ­ including Cabinet level
officials ­ were not made aware of the earlier declassification even as those officials were pressed
to carry out a declassification of the NIE, the report about Wilson's trip and another classified
document dated January 24, 2003. Given that, there is no reasonable possibility that the requested
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documents from agencies outside the Office of Vice President will shed any light on, or provide any
"context" for, what defendant knew, thought and did at the time of his critical conversations. ^8
D. Defendant is Not Entitled to the Requested Documents for Purposes of
Attempting to Establish that He Had No Motive to Lie.
Defendant also seeks discovery on the theory that the defense "has the right to make an
affirmative showing that [he] had no motive to lie to the FBI or the grand jury." Memo. at 4.
Specifically, defendant argues that: (i) he did not believe Ms. Wilson's employment status was
classified; (ii) he was not "part of a conspiracy to harm Mr. Wilson by disclosing his wife's CIA
affiliation"; and (iii) he did not believe anyone who worked closely with him had done anything
wrong. Purportedly for these purposes, defendant seeks:
1. All documents or communications reflecting any possible attempt or plan by any
government official to punish or seek revenge against Mr. Wilson or Ms. Wilson; and
2. All documents or information concerning the identity of any government official
outside the CIA who was aware prior to July 14, 2003 that Ms. Wilson worked for
the CIA.
As indicated above, while some documents produced to defendant could be characterized as
reflecting a plan to discredit, punish, or seek revenge against Mr. Wilson, the government declined
to produce documents relating solely to other subjects of the investigation. The government has
8
As part of his effort to justify in essence "open file" discovery concerning the NIE,
defendant notes that "Mr. Hadley was active in discussions about the need to declassify and
disseminate the NIE . . . ." Defendant fails to mention, however, that he consciously decided not to
make Mr. Hadley aware of the fact that defendant himself had already been disseminating the NIE
by leaking it to reporters while Mr. Hadley sought to get it formally declassified. There is no reason
to root around in the files of the NSC or CIA or State Department given that no one at any of those
three agencies was aware of any declassification of the NIE prior to July 18, 2003. Since Mr. Hadley
was involved in efforts to declassify what Mr. Libby testified had already been declassified, Mr.
Hadley's files will create confusion rather than providing context. The government is producing to
defendant Mr. Hadley's notes of meetings and conversations in which both defendant and Mr.
Hadley participated, and in which the potential declassification of the NIE was discussed.
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identified to the defense individuals outside the intelligence community who were aware prior to July
14, 2003 of Ms. Wilson's CIA employment. However, the government has declined to identify to
the defense, or produce documents concerning, some government officials on the grounds that (a)
such officials are either subjects of the ongoing grand jury investigation or "innocent accused" whose
identities are protected from disclosure by Fed. Crim. P. 6(e), as this Court has held; and (b) such
materials are irrelevant to any issue in the case.
Defendant is not charged with knowingly disclosing classified information, nor is he charged
with any conspiracy offense. Moreover, as a practical matter, there are no documents showing an
absence of a plot, and it is unclear how any document custodian would set out to find documents
showing an "absence of a plot." Indeed, there exist documents, some of which have been provided
to defendant, ^9 and there were conversations in which defendant participated, that reveal a strong
desire by many, including multiple people in the White House, to repudiate Mr. Wilson before and
after July 14, 2003.
Defendant's request for discovery to show an absence of motive to lie or conceal his conduct
overlooks the fact that even the materials defendant appended to his motion show that in early
October 2003 (when defendant first gave his story) there would be great embarrassment to the
administration if it became publicly known that defendant had participated in disseminating
information about Ms. Wilson's CIA employment, and defendant would have had every reason to
assume he would be fired if his true actions became known. Then National Security Adviser Dr.
Condoleeza Rice publicly stated that she knew "nothing of any such White House effort to reveal
9
As discussed above, the government has not produced to defendant documents that relate
to the conduct of other subjects of the grand jury investigation unless there is some connection
between the document or its contents to defendant.
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any of this, and it would certainly not be the way the president would expect his White House to
operate." Memo. Exhibit M.
On September 29, 2003, the Washington Post reported that "two White House officials
leaked the information to selected journalists to discredit Wilson." (Washington Post, "Bush Aides
Say They'll Cooperate With Probe Into Intelligence Leak," by Mike Allen, September 29, 2003).
Also on September 29, 2003, White House Press Secretary McClellan stated that:
There are anonymous reports all the time in the media. The President has set high standards,
the highest of standards, for people in his administration. He's made it very clear to people
in his administration that he expects them to adhere to the highest standards of conduct. If
anyone in this administration was involved in it, they would no longer be in this
administration . . .
I've made it clear that there's been nothing, absolutely nothing brought to our attention to
suggest any White House involvement, and that includes the Vice President's office as well.
When I'm talking about the White House, I'm talking about the Vice President's office as
well.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/09/20030929-7.html.
During this time, while the President was unaware of the role that the Vice President's Chief
of Staff and National Security Adviser had in fact played in disclosing Ms. Wilson's CIA
employment, defendant implored White House officials to have a public statement issued
exonerating him. When his initial efforts met with no success, defendant sought the assistance of the
Vice President in having his name cleared. Though defendant knew that another White House
official had spoken to Novak in advance of Novak's column and that official had learned in advance
that Novak would be publishing information about Wilson's wife, defendant did not disclose that
fact to other White House officials (including the Vice President) but instead prepared a handwritten
statement of what he wished White House Press Secretary McClellan would say to exonerate him:
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People have made too much of the difference in
How I described Karl and Libby
I've talked to Libby.
I said it was ridiculous about Karl
And it is ridiculous about Libby.
Libby was not the source of the Novak story.
And he did not leak classified information.
As a result of defendant's request, on October 4, 2003, White House Press Secretary
McClellan stated that he had spoken to Mr. Libby (as well as Mr. Rove and Elliot Abrams) and
"those individuals assured me that they were not involved in this." Memo. Exhibit I.
Thus, as defendant approached his first FBI interview he knew that the White House had
publicly staked its credibility on there being no White House involvement in the leaking of
information about Ms. Wilson and that, at defendant's specific request through the Vice President,
the White House had publicly proclaimed that defendant was "not involved in this." The President
had vowed to fire anyone involved in leaking classified information. In that context, defendant
proceeded to tell the FBI that he had merely passed information from one reporter (Russert) to other
reporters while disclaiming any knowledge of whether the information he passed was true, and
certainly unaware that he knew this classified information from government channels. Once that die
was cast, defendant repeated the story in a subsequent interview and during two grand jury
appearances.
Against this backdrop, defendant argues that he is entitled to rummage around in government
files in an effort to find documents that would somehow help him to establish he had no reason to
conceal his role in disseminating then-classified information. He offers no explanation for how the
categories of documents he seeks will assist in establishing his lack of motive, and as a result fails
to explain how the materials sought would enable him "significantly to alter the quantum of proof
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in his favor," 3/10/06 Mem. Op. at 8, or why there "is a strong indication that [the documents] will
play an important role" in enabling the defendant to respond to the charges in the indictment, id.
Absent such a showing, and in the face of specific evidence proffered by the government that does
set out defendant's motive to lie, defendant's argument that the requested discovery generally may
be useful in locating evidence of his lack of motive to lie can only be understood as a fishing
expedition of the sort that is not permitted by the criminal discovery rules.
E. Defendant is Not Entitled to the Requested Documents Under Brady.
The Brady doctrine does not entitle the defense to everything it would like to have but which
Rule 16 does not provide. Defendant simply asserts in three sentences that certain documents that
might exist must be Brady.
First, defendant asserts without elaboration that "Information ... that tends to show that Mr.
Libby did not improperly disclose the contents of the NIE is surely Brady material." Memo at p. 34.
The question of whether defendant did anything improper in disclosing the NIE is not relevant to
whether defendant committed perjury by lying about something else, and therefore it cannot
constitute favorable evidence under Brady. To the contrary, proof that the disclosure was proper
would not negate proof that he committed perjury by lying about something else.
Defendant also asserts without elaboration that "documents that help establish that no White
House-driven plot to punish Mr. Wilson caused the disclosure of Ms. Wilson's identity also
constitute Brady material." Once again, defendant ignores the fact that he is not charged with
participating in any conspiracy, much less one defined as a "White House-driven plot to punish Mr.
Wilson." Thus, putative evidence that such a conspiracy did not exist is not Brady material.
Moreover, given that there is evidence that other White House officials with whom defendant spoke
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prior to July 14, 2003 discussed Wilson's wife's employment with the press both prior to, and after,
July 14, 2003 ­ which evidence has been shared with defendant ­ it is hard to conceive of what
evidence there could be that would disprove the existence of White House efforts to "punish"
Wilson. ^10 Surely, defendant cannot claim that any document on its face that does not reflect a plot
is exculpatory.
Finally, defendant asserts, again without elaboration, that "information that tends to show that
government officials who knew that Ms. Wilson worked for the CIA did not treat that information
as classified" is Brady material as well. (Memo. at 34.) Defendant is neither charged with disclosing
classified information nor with lying about what other officials thought about the classified nature
of Ms. Wilson's employment. He is charged with perjury for lying under oath when he testified that
he thought he learned information about Wilson's wife as if it were new from Tim Russert on July
8 when in fact the information was neither new to him (he was dispensing it the days before his
conversation with Russert) nor was it discussed with Mr. Russert. What other persons, particularly
persons outside the Office of the Vice President, thought about the classified nature of Wilson's
wife's employment is irrelevant -- not Brady material.
F. Defendant is Not Entitled to the CIA Criminal Referral or Related Documents.
Defendant seeks production of the CIA's criminal referral to the Justice Department, as well
as all documents referenced in that referral. Beyond a naked assertion that "Mr. Libby's need for the
10
To the extent that defendant would hang his hat on the argument that another person or
persons outside the White House may have discussed Wilson's wife's employment with the press
prior to July 14, 2003 (for whatever reason), any such evidence would not negate evidence that
multiple officials in the White House discussed her employment with reporters prior to (and after)
July 14. But again the existence vel non of concerted action by White House officials is not
dispositive of whether defendant committed perjury in describing what he did.
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documents in this case is clear," defendant makes no attempt to explain how the criminal referral and
related materials are "material to preparing the defense" within the meaning of Rule 16.
The criminal referral and related documents simply bear no relationship to the perjury and
false statement offenses charged in the indictment. The author of the referral, a CIA attorney, will
not be a government witness, the referral does not summarize statements made by persons who will
be government witnesses, and the referral occurred well before defendant's alleged commission of
the crimes charged in the indictment. Under these circumstances, defendant cannot plausibly
contend that "there is a strong indication that [the criminal referral and related materials] will play
an important role," 3/10/06 Mem. Op. at 8, in preparing his defense against the charges in the
indictment.
Moreover, Rule 16(a)(2) provides that "[e]xcept as Rule 16(a)(1) provides otherwise, this
rule does not authorize the discovery or inspection of reports, memoranda, or other internal
government documents made by an attorney for the government or other government agent in
connection with investigating or prosecuting the case." Other than his generic assertion that all of
the documents he seeks are within the scope of Rule 16(a)(1)(E) because they are material to
preparing the defense, defendant cites no provision of Rule 16(a)(1) that overcomes this exclusion,
which clearly applies to the CIA referral documents. See United States v. Goulding, 26 F.3d 656,
661 (7th Cir. 1994) (in tax prosecution, district court correctly invoke Rule 16(a)(2) in refusing to
order production of IRS criminal referral documents); Gollaher v. United States, 419 F.2d 520, 527-
28 (9th Cir. 1969) (judge properly relied upon Rule 16(a)(2) in refusing disclosure of inter-agency
communications sought on ground that they might have shown that the Federal Housing
Administration's attitude in pursuing loan fraud prosecution was one of bias).
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Finally, the criminal referral contains the legal analysis and opinions of a CIA attorney,
communicated to an attorney in the Justice Department, and thus is protected by the attorney-client
privilege, as well as pre-decisional preliminary evaluations and recommendations of government
officials that are covered by the deliberative process privilege. Defendant represents that at present
he seeks "only the unprivileged facts contained within the referral documents," Memo. at 33, but the
presentation and analysis of facts relating to the leak of Ms. Wilson's name and employment are
closely intertwined. Moreover, even if certain portions of the criminal referral and related
documents are not protected by privilege, the non-privileged portions are not discoverable under
Rule 16 simply because defendant demands them. As this Court made clear in its March 10, 2006
Memorandum Opinion, Rule 16 sets a higher bar, and may not serve as a vessel from which
defendant can conduct fishing excursions through government files. Although defendant's request
for the CIA referral and related materials should be denied outright in light of his complete failure
to articulate a basis for their production under Rule 16, the government would not object to providing
these materials to the Court in camera if the Court would find that of assistance.
G. Neither the Office of the Vice President, the White House Office, the National
Security Council, nor the State Department Should Be Considered Aligned
With the Prosecution Based on White House Counsel's Directive to Cooperate
or the Agencies' Compliance with Subpoenas.
In its March 10, 2006 Memorandum Opinion, the Court concluded that the Office of the Vice
President (OVP) is "closely aligned" with the prosecution, and that the prosecution had "knowledge
of and access to" documents in the possession of OVP for Rule 16 purposes. In its discussion of the
alignment issue, the Court cited the undisputed fact that White House Counsel's Office had sent a
message declaring "full cooperation" with the investigation. The Court also cited what it called the
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"rather free flow of documents"from the OVP to the Office of Special Counsel (OSC). (March 10,
2006 Op. at 13-15.) In his Third Motion to Compel, defendant cites the Court's March 10 Opinion
and claims that "the Executive Office of the President, the NSC and the State Department are also
`aligned with the prosecution'" because of the "rather free flow of documents" sent by those entities
to the OSC. (Memo. at 18.)
The government respectfully requests that the Court reconsider the ruling that OVP is
"closely aligned" with the prosecution, ^11 and further asks that the Court find that the White House
Office (also known as the Office of the President), the NSC, and the State Department are also not
aligned with the prosecution. ^12 The pledge of cooperation with the investigation made by White
House Counsel's office in September 2003 does not and cannot dictate any alignment with the
prosecution. A precedent holding that a pledge of cooperation dictates alignment for discovery
purposes creates a serious disincentive for agencies to cooperate fully with Department of Justice
investigations because such cooperation would potentially subject the agency to wide-ranging
discovery requests by defendants and the need to litigate questions of privilege concerning agency
documents and information. A finding of alignment based on that rationale would be unprecedented.
11
The government is not asking the Court to reverse its prior ruling with respect to the
documents that the Court ordered the government to produce. The government fully intends to abide
by the Court's ruling and produce the documents specified by the Court. The government seeks
reconsideration of only the Court's rationale for ordering the production of those documents.
12
For clarity, it is important to note the distinctions between the various government entities.
The defendant describes the White House as including "the Executive Office of the President, the
NSC and the OVP." (Memo. at 18.) That is incorrect. The Executive Office of the President is the
umbrella entity within which there are many additional components, such as the White House Office,
the OVP, and the NSC, among others. See Office of the Federal Register, Nat'l Archive and Records
Admin., The United States Government Manual 1999/2000 v., 90-108 (1999).
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Moreover, although the Department of Justice sought documents from various government
entities by letter request in the initial stages of the investigation, as soon as Special Counsel became
involved in January 2004, all documents were obtained through grand jury subpoenas. To the extent
there was a steady flow of documents produced, that flow of documents was in response to a steady
flow of subpoenas. A precedent holding that compliance with subpoenas aligns an agency with the
prosecution creates a perverse incentive for an agency to attempt to quash any and all subpoenas it
receives, or to otherwise avoid full compliance with grand jury subpoenas lest its cooperation deem
it as part of the prosecution team with concomitant discovery obligations. ^13
Although OVP provided documents in response to subpoenas issued to it, it has not acted on
the prosecution's behalf in this investigation and is not closely connected to the prosecution. See
e.g., Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281 (1991) (prosecutor's duty to disclose information under
Rule 16 and Brady extends to "others acting on the government's behalf in the case") (quoting Kyles
v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 437 (1995))); United States v. Jordan, 316 F.3d 1215, 1249 (11th Cir.
2003) (possession, custody, or control of the government for Rule 16 purposes includes government
agencies "closely connected to the prosecutor"). The same is true for the White House Office, the
NSC, and the State Department ­ they provided documents in response to subpoenas, but they have
not acted on the prosecution's behalf and are not closely connected to the prosecution. ^14 Thus, in
13
It is worth noting that executive branch agencies routinely cooperate with the Department
of Justice in investigations. If cooperation with subpoena requests or other cooperation with the
Department of Justice is akin to alignment with the Department of Justice, the result could be that
any executive branch agency relevant to the case would be considered aligned with the prosecution.
The Court rejected this result in its March 10 Opinion. (March 10, 2006 Op. at 7 n.10.)
14
Put another way, this is not at all like the situation in United States v. Brooks, 966 F.2d
1500, 1503 (D.C. Cir. 1992), where the close working relationship between Washington
Metropolitan Police (MPD) and the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia aligned MPD with
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the government's view, neither the OVP, the White House Office, the NSC, nor the State
Department are aligned with the prosecution, and documents in the physical possession of those
entities are not within the government's possession, custody or control.
In the event that the Court declines to reconsider its prior ruling regarding OVP's alignment
with the prosecution, the government asks that the Court find that the White House Office, the NSC
and the State Department are differently situated than OVP in terms of alignment. One distinction
is that OVP was defendant's primary employer, and, as a result, defendant likely had or could have
had access to a large majority of, if not the entirety of, the OVP documents, including those that were
ultimately produced by OVP to the prosecution. Cf. United States v. Poindexter, 727 F. Supp. 1470,
1478 (D.D.C. 1989) (noting as a similarity between two cases that found alignment between the
prosecution and an agency the fact that in both the agency from which the criminal defendant was
seeking documents was the agency of his or his co-conspirator's employment). ^15 That is not the case
with documents from other governmental agencies. Moreover, other than the fact that the White
House, the NSC, and the State Department provided documents to the prosecution, defendant has
offered no explanation in his brief as to why those entities should be considered aligned with the
prosecution.
Another important distinction regarding the White House Office in particular is that the
Supreme Court has "long recognized the `unique position in the constitutional scheme' that [the
White House Office] occupies." Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681, 698 (1997) (quoting Nixon v.
the prosecution and obligated a federal prosecutor to search for and disclose a specific file related
to a witness.
15
In this case, the prosecution has provided defendant with all documents produced by OVP
in connection with this investigation.
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Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731, 749 (1982)). See also Cheney v. U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia, 542 U.S. 367, 381-82 (2004). Thus, the Supreme Court instructs that, with respect to
discovery addressed to the White House Office, "[t]he high respect that is owed to the office of the
Chief Executive . . . is a matter that should inform the conduct of the entire proceeding, including
the timing and scope of discovery." Clinton, 520 U.S. at 707. See generally, Cheney, 542 U.S. at
381-92. Applying these principles to Rule 16, the Court should conclude that the prosecution does
not have custody or control over material in the possession of the White House Office. It is a near
impossibility that subordinate DOJ officers would have custody or control over material in the
possession of the White House Office, which houses the President's closest staff.
The considerable potential for disrupting and complicating this litigation, as well as ongoing
government functions, is a reason for this Court to exercise caution in finding alignment and in
expanding discovery substantially beyond what is required by Rule 16, Jencks, and the Constitution.
First, most of defendant's requests implicate extensive classified information, while others raise
issues of executive privilege. Many are so broadly drawn as to require production of large amounts
of irrelevant material, and to require the disclosure of sensitive information about third parties who
are not government witnesses and who could not provide information exculpatory of defendant.
Second, virtually all of the information sought by defendant involves sensitive governmental policy
deliberations at the highest levels of government. In such a context, this Court should be reluctant
to order discovery beyond that which is reasonably related to the preparation of the defense to the
charges in the indictment. Finally, as discussed above, the degree to which subpoenaed government
entities complied with, rather than contested, subpoenas issued by independent investigators made
it possible to conduct this investigation in very sensitive circumstances. Disclosure of materials well
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beyond that which is required under the Rules and necessary to the preparation of a defense may chill
the willingness of future presidents and high-ranking government officials to assist criminal
investigations of conduct by staff members holding sensitive positions. The government submits that
these weighty considerations directly contradict defendant's assertion that providing the documents
defendant requests from the other agencies would pose no "significant burden." (Memo. at 18.)
Indeed, quite the opposite is true.
Defendant also argues that he should be granted more discovery, not less discovery, because
"thorny issues of national security classification and executive privilege may need to be resolved."
(Memo. at 5.) Defendant should be provided the discovery to which he is entitled. If he is not
entitled to certain discovery, he should not be granted it merely because the documents he is seeking
implicate "thorny" issues that will complicate, not expedite, litigation.
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CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, the United States respectfully requests that this Court deny
the defendant's third motion to compel discovery.
Respectfully submitted,
/s
PATRICK J. FITZGERALD
Special Counsel
Office of the United States Attorney
Northern District of Illinois
219 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
(312) 353-5300
Dated: April 5, 2006
38