INSTALLATION NOTES for OpenBSD/macppc 6.0
What is OpenBSD?
----------------
OpenBSD is a fully functional, multi-platform UN*X-like Operating
System based on Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2) and 4.4BSD-Lite.
There are several operating systems in this family, but OpenBSD
differentiates itself by putting security and correctness first. The
OpenBSD team strives to achieve what is called a 'secure by default'
status. This means that an OpenBSD user should feel safe that their
newly installed machine will not be compromised. This 'secure by
default' goal is achieved by taking a proactive stance on security.
Since security flaws are essentially mistakes in design or implement-
ation, the OpenBSD team puts as much importance on finding and fixing
existing design flaws and implementation bugs as it does writing new
code. This means that an OpenBSD system will not only be more secure,
but it will be more stable. The source code for all critical system
components has been checked for remote-access, local-access, denial-
of-service, data destruction, and information-gathering problems.
In addition to bug fixing, OpenBSD has integrated strong cryptography
into the base system. A fully functional IPsec implementation is
provided as well as support for common protocols such as SSL and SSH.
Network filtering and monitoring tools such as packet filtering, NAT,
and bridging are also standard, as well as several routing services,
such as BGP and OSPF. For high performance demands, support for
hardware cryptography has also been added to the base system. Because
security is often seen as a tradeoff with usability, OpenBSD provides
as many security options as possible to allow the user to enjoy secure
computing without feeling burdened by it.
Because OpenBSD is from Canada, the export of Cryptography pieces
(such as OpenSSH and IPsec) to the world is not restricted.
(NOTE: OpenBSD can not be re-exported from the US once it has entered
the US. Because of this, take care NOT to get the distribution from
a mirror server in the US if you are outside of Canada and the US.)
A comprehensive list of the improvements brought by the 6.0 release
is available on the web at https://www.OpenBSD.org/60.html.
OpenBSD/macppc runs on the ``New World'' PowerPC-based Apple
Macintosh systems (i.e. from the iMac onwards).
Sources of OpenBSD:
-------------------
Please refer to https://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html for all the ways you may
acquire OpenBSD.
OpenBSD 6.0 Release Contents:
-----------------------------
The OpenBSD 6.0 release is organized in the following way. In the
.../6.0 directory, for each of the architectures having an OpenBSD 6.0
binary distribution, there is a sub-directory.
The macppc-specific portion of the OpenBSD 6.0 release is found in the
"macppc" subdirectory of the distribution. That subdirectory is laid
out as follows:
.../6.0/macppc/
INSTALL.macppc Installation notes; this file.
SHA256 Output of the cksum(1) program using the option
-a sha256, usable for verification of the
correctness of downloaded files.
SHA256.sig The above file, signed with the OpenBSD signing key
for the 6.0 release, usable for verification of the
integrity of the above file, and thus of the
downloaded files.
*.tgz macppc binary distribution sets; see below.
bsd A stock GENERIC macppc kernel which will be
installed on your system during the install.
bsd.mp A stock GENERIC.MP macppc kernel, with support for
multiprocessor machines, which can be used instead
of the GENERIC kernel after the install.
bsd.rd A compressed RAMDISK kernel; the embedded
filesystem contains the installation tools.
Used for simple installation from a pre-existing
system.
install60.iso The macppc boot and installation CD-ROM image,
which contains the base and X sets, so that install
or upgrade can be done without network connectivity.
cd60.iso A simple bootable filesystem image consisting of the
bsd.rd installation kernel, suitable to be used
as a bootable CD-ROM image, but will require the base
and X sets be found via another media or network.
ofwboot The OpenBSD/macppc secondary boot loader.
The OpenBSD/macppc binary distribution sets contain the binaries which
comprise the OpenBSD 6.0 release for macppc systems. There are eight
binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in
the "macppc" subdirectory of the OpenBSD 6.0 distribution tree,
and are as follows:
base60 The OpenBSD/macppc 6.0 base binary distribution. You MUST
install this distribution set. It contains the base OpenBSD
utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be
minimally functional.
It includes shared library support, and excludes everything
described below.
[ 64.5 MB gzipped, 182.2 MB uncompressed ]
comp60 The OpenBSD/macppc Compiler tools. All of the tools relating
to C, C++ and Objective-C are supported. This set includes
the system include files (/usr/include), the linker, the
compiler tool chain, and the various system libraries
(except the shared libraries, which are included as part of
the base set).
This set also includes the manual pages for all of the
utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library
manual pages.
[ 47.9 MB gzipped, 136.6 MB uncompressed ]
game60 This set includes the games and their manual pages.
[ 2.6 MB gzipped, 6.1 MB uncompressed ]
man60 This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries
and other software contained in the base set.
Note that it does not include any of the manual pages
that are included in the other sets.
[ 8.7 MB gzipped, 34.2 MB uncompressed ]
xbase60 This set includes the base X distribution. This includes
programs, headers and libraries.
[ 16.8 MB gzipped, 45.6 MB uncompressed ]
xfont60 This set includes all of the X fonts.
[ 38.0 MB gzipped, 49.7 MB uncompressed ]
xserv60 This set includes all of the X servers.
[ 9.5 MB gzipped, 25.9 MB uncompressed ]
xshare60 This set includes all text files equivalent between all
architectures.
[ 4.3 MB gzipped, 24.5 MB uncompressed ]
OpenBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices:
--------------------------------------------------
OpenBSD/macppc 6.0 runs on iMac, G4 Power Macintosh, and G4 Cube, as well
as PowerBook and iBook machines.
Machines with older firmware: 6xxx, 7xxx, 8xxx, and 9xxx machines are
not supported. PowerMac G3 Beige status is unknown.
OpenBSD/macppc has been tested on iMac Revs A-C as well as on iMac DV(+)
machines, Power Macintosh G4 systems (single and dual processor), as well as
the G4 Cube, B&W G3, LCD iMac, Mac mini, iMac G5, PowerMac G5 and Xserve G5.
For portables, PowerBook G3, PowerBook G4 (12", 15", 17"), iBook, iBook2
and iBook G4 have been tested. Note that power saving features on portables
are very limited, limited power management features are available,
suspend/sleep is not supported. However battery level and status charging/AC
connected/AC disconnected is supported via an APM emulation layer.
Supported devices include:
IDE hard disk controllers
Onboard controllers (wdc_obio)
Onboard ATA100 controllers (kauaiata)
PCI controllers (pciide)
AGP/SVGA/VGA Display Adapters
Primary Open Firmware display only
The following cards will run an accelerated X server:
- ATI Mach64 GP
- ATI Mach64 GV
- ATI Mach64 128 PK
- ATI Mach64 128 VR AGP
- ATI Rage 128 Mobility M3
- ATI Rage Fury AGP4x
- ATI Radeon Mobility M7
- ATI Radeon Mobility 9200 (M9+)
- NVIDIA GeForce4 440 Go 64M
Serial ports
Built-in Zilog 8530-based serial ports (zs)
Internal non-USB modems.
Most modems, digital cellular modems, and serial
cards attached through PC-Cards should work (com)
Verifying the OpenBSD Installation Media:
-----------------------------------------
As of OpenBSD 5.5, installations are able to verify files for the next
release. The OpenBSD 6.0 release was signed with the
/etc/signify/openbsd-60-base.pub release key.
If you have an existing OpenBSD 5.5 or higher installation, you can run
signify(1) to verify the signature and checksum. For example, run the following
to verify that the cd60.iso file was distributed by the OpenBSD team:
signify -C -p /etc/signify/openbsd-60-base.pub -x SHA256.sig cd60.iso
If you are unable to run or compile signify(1), use sha256(1) with the SHA256
file to see if a file was corrupt during the transfer.
Getting the OpenBSD System onto Useful Media:
---------------------------------------------
Installation is supported from several media types, including:
CD-ROM
FFS partitions
HFS partitions (bootloader/kernel only, using another media for d/l)
Remote NFS partition
HTTP
The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation
depend on which method of installation you choose. Some methods
require a bit of setup first that is explained below.
The installation allows installing OpenBSD directly from HTTP mirror
sites over the internet, however you must consider the speed and
reliability of your internet connection for this option. It may save
much time and frustration to download the distribution sets to a local
server or disk and perform the installation from there, rather than
directly from the internet.
The variety of options listed may seem confusing, but situations vary
widely in terms of what peripherals and what sort of network arrangements
a user has, the intent is to provide some way that will be practical.
Creating a bootable CD-ROM:
First you need to get access to the OpenBSD bootable CD-ROM (ISO)
images. They can be found on one of the OpenBSD mirror servers. Two
files are available, install60.iso which contains all of
the sets needed for installation, and a smaller cd60.iso
which contains just the installer, for a network install.
Windows 7 users should be able to do this by right clicking on the
install60.iso file and clicking burn to CD.
OpenBSD users should be able to do this with the cdio command.
"cdio tao install60.iso"
Users of other operating systems should consult the
appropriate documentation.
OpenBSD can now be booted from a CD-ROM by holding down the 'c' key
during reboot. If ofwboot and bsd.rd are copied to an HFS partition, it
is possible to boot from those files. Then install the rest of the files
from any of the above sources.
Note: once an OpenBSD partition exists, it is not possible to load the
kernel (bsd.rd) from an HFS partition on that disk.
To install OpenBSD using a remote partition, mounted via
NFS, you must do the following:
NOTE: This method of installation is recommended only for
those already familiar with using BSD network
configuration and management commands. If you aren't,
this documentation should help, but is not intended to
be all-encompassing.
Place the OpenBSD distribution sets you wish to install
into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory
mountable by the machine on which you are installing or
upgrading OpenBSD. This will probably require modifying
the /etc/exports file of the NFS server and resetting
its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will
probably require superuser privileges on the server.)
You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS
server, and, if the server is not on a network directly
connected to the machine on which you're installing or
upgrading OpenBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address
of the router closest to the OpenBSD machine. Finally,
you need to know the numeric IP address of the OpenBSD
machine itself.
Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the
information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next
step in the installation or upgrade process.
If you are upgrading OpenBSD, you also have the option of installing
OpenBSD by putting the new distribution sets somewhere in your
existing file system, and using them from there. To do that, do
the following:
Place the distribution sets you wish to upgrade somewhere
in your current file system tree. At a bare minimum, you
must upgrade the "base" binary distribution, and so must
put the "base60" set somewhere in your file system. It
is recommended that you upgrade the other sets, as well.
Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation:
-----------------------------------------------
To be able to boot the OpenBSD/macppc installation program, you will
need to acquire some limited knowledge of Open Firmware, the low-level
process that controls the microprocessor after hardware initialization
and diagnostics are performed but before control is handed to the
operating system.
To access Open Firmware, you should simultaneously hold down the
Command, Option, O, and F keys immediately upon booting. (On a PC keyboard,
use the Windows key instead of the Command key and use Alt instead of the
Option key). You will be presented with information and a ">" prompt that
will look something like this (example taken from a Power Macintosh G4):
Apple PowerMac3,1 2.4f1 BootROM built on 02/18/00 at 09:44:35
Copyright 1994-2000 Apple Computer, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Welcome to Open Firmware
To continue booting, type "mac-boot" and press return
To shut down, type "shut-down" and press return
ok
0 >
If you are installing OpenBSD/macppc on an Xserve, you will need
to do so in headless mode. This means you must remove the graphics
card and use the serial console. To bring up Open Firmware via
the serial console, hold down the System Identifier button while
pressing the Power button. When the upper LED bank begins lighting
up in sequence (similar to KITT from Knight Rider), repeatedly
press the System Identifier button until the seventh LED from
the right is highlighted on the lower bank. Now hold the
System Identifier button for two seconds. For more details, read:
http://support.apple.com/kb/TA26930
Important Open Firmware command examples:
boot cd:,ofwboot /6.0/macppc/bsd.rd
(boot from an appropriately prepared
OpenBSD CD-ROM in the CD/DVD drive)
boot enet:,ofwboot /bsd.rd
(netboot from a pre-configured dhcp/tftp/nfs
server; "ofwboot" will be obtained from the tftp server,
while "bsd.rd" will be obtained from the NFS server,
as specified by the "next-server" and "root-path" dhcp
options)
boot ide1:,ofwboot /bsd
(After installation, boot /bsd from the slave
device on the second ATA bus)
mac-boot (boot into Mac OS)
reset-all (reboot the machine)
shut-down (halt the machine; shutdown)
printenv (print current machine variables)
setenv (set a machine variable)
devalias (list device aliases; useful for locating other
devices in the machine such as hard drives, etc)
As seen above, device aliases typically take the form of "ide", "cd",
etc. To boot to an alternative device, you may substitute them
with entries from this list (example devices taken from a Power
Macintosh G4):
ultra0 = hd = master device, primary ATA bus (factory-installed drive)
ultra1 = slave device, primary ATA bus
ide0 = cd = master device, secondary ATA bus (CD/DVD drive)
ide1 = slave device, secondary ATA bus (Zip drive, if installed)
enet = motherboard Ethernet device
Other Open Firmware command examples:
setenv auto-boot? false
(force the machine to wait at Open Firmware
for user input at next reboot; options are true/false)
setenv boot-device hd:,ofwboot
(force the machine to boot into OpenBSD
automatically at next reboot)
dev / (change to root level of the device tree)
pwd (show current location in the device tree)
ls (show items at current location in the device tree)
words (show methods of items at current location in the device
tree)
.properties (show properties of items at current location in the
device tree)
To reset a Power Macintosh to the factory-configured Open Firmware settings,
simultaneously hold down the Command, Option, P, and R keys immediately upon
booting. Typically the machine will then attempt to load Mac OS, if
available.
Autobooting OpenBSD/macppc
It is possible to automatically boot into OpenBSD (selectably into Mac OS)
by setting up the following:
setenv auto-boot? true
setenv boot-device hd:,ofwboot
[to save the results into NVRAM]
reset-all
These settings assume that the master of the first IDE bus has OpenBSD
installed on it, either in MBR format or in shared mode with ofwboot
copied into the first HFS(+) partition. It is not necessary to specify
'/bsd' on the boot line or in the boot-device variable, since it is the
default.
To boot in Mac OS with this setup (works on most supported machines),
press and hold down the Alt/Option key during reboot, and select which
(Mac OS/Mac OS X) partition to boot in the graphical boot selector
presented. Note that OpenBSD does not currently show up in this boot
selector except for the installation CD-ROM. This works on most machines
this has been tested with, but does not work on a Rev C (333MHz) iMac;
perhaps this feature was added to the Open Firmware ROM after that
machine.
Sharing a disk with Mac OS:
OpenBSD/macppc is capable of booting either from a dedicated disk using
an MBR partitioned disk or sharing a disk with Mac OS.
If the disk is to be shared between Mac OS and OpenBSD, it is necessary
to reformat and install the Mac OS partitions first, using "Drive Setup",
leaving space on the disk as an "Unused" partition.
If the disk was previously partitioned, it is possible to reuse a partition
for OpenBSD, as long as it is not the first partition on the disk.
The bootloader is expected to be found in that first (HFS) partition.
For dedicated disks, macppc port boots off a boot program in
an MSDOS filesystem. This is set up by the install program
and no special setup is required.
Installing the OpenBSD System:
------------------------------
Installing OpenBSD is a relatively simple process. If you take your time
and are careful to read the information presented by the installer, you
shouldn't have any trouble.
Before you begin, you should decide if OpenBSD is to be installed
on the whole disk or share the disk with Mac OS.
For stand-alone (No Mac OS installed) or dedicated disks, the MBR
installation method should be chosen and no additional prep is necessary.
If the disk is to be shared with Mac OS, a partition must be preallocated
by the Mac OS partition editor and Mac OS installed to the proper partition.
This expects that the HFS partition will be the first partition on
the disk, and then the OpenBSD partition will follow.
This may require the disk be reformatted using the "Drive Setup" application
and reinstalled under Mac OS.
You should now be ready to install OpenBSD.
The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting
OpenBSD installed on your hard disk.
The installation procedure is designed to gather as much information about
your system setup as possible at the beginning, so that no human interaction
is required as soon as the questions are over.
The order of these questions might be quite disconcerting if you are used to
other installation procedures, including older OpenBSD versions.
If any question has a default answer, it will be displayed in brackets ("[]")
after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may hit
Control-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation
process again from scratch. Using Control-Z to suspend the process may be a
better option, or at any prompt enter `!' to get a shell, from which 'exit'
will return you back to that prompt.
At this time, the system can be installed from the supplied
CD-ROM boot image, by network loading the bootloader, or loading
the bootloader and kernel from an HFS partition.
Once the bootloader is installed on the local hard drive, the
system can boot from it. OpenBSD may share a drive with Mac OS
if the process is followed carefully. Currently it is
necessary to use Open Firmware commands to dual boot between
OS's, or multiple drives may be used with each OS owning drive(s).
It is also possible on some newer models to set up the system
to auto boot OpenBSD and if Mac OS is desired, choose it using
the firmware boot selector by holding down the

key
during reboot and selecting the Mac OS Disk icon.
(Refer to "Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation" above
for information on how to access and boot from Open Firmware.)
Once the kernel has loaded, you will be presented with the
OpenBSD kernel boot messages which contain information about
the hardware that was detected and supported by OpenBSD.
After the kernel is done initializing, you will be asked whether
you wish to do an "(I)nstall", "(U)pgrade" or an "(A)utoinstall".
Enter 'I' for a fresh install or 'U' to upgrade an existing
installation. Enter 'A' to start an unattended installation
where all of your answers are supplied in a response file (more
on that in "Preparing an unattended installation of OpenBSD").
If you are connected with a serial console, you will next be
asked for your terminal type.
You should choose the terminal type from amongst those listed.
(If your terminal type is xterm, just use vt220).
The first question you will be asked is the system hostname.
Reply with the name of the system, without any domain part.
You will now be given an opportunity to configure the network.
The network configuration you enter (if any) can then be used to
do the install from another system using HTTP, and will also be
the configuration used by the system after the installation is
complete.
The install program will give you a list of network interfaces you
can configure. For each network interface you select to configure,
you will be asked for:
- the symbolic host name to use (except for the first
interface setup, which will reuse the host name entered at the
beginning of the installation).
- the IPv4 settings: address and netmask. If the IP address
should be obtained from a DHCP server, simply enter ``dhcp''
when asked for the address.
- the IPv6 settings (address, prefix length, and default router).
You may enter ``rtsol'' when asked for the address for the
interface to configure automatically via router solicitation
messages.
After all interfaces have been configured, if there have been
any IPv4 interfaces setup, you will be asked for the IPv4 default
route. This step is skipped if you only have one IPv4 interface
setup, and it is configured with DHCP.
The install program will also ask you for your DNS domain name,
and the domain name servers, unless this information has
already been obtained from a DHCP server during interface setup.
You will then be asked to enter the initial root password
of the system, twice.
Although the install program will only check that the two
passwords match, you should make sure to use a strong password.
As a minimum, the password should be at least eight characters
long and a mixture of both lower and uppercase letters, numbers
and punctuation characters.
You will then be asked whether you want to start sshd(8) by
default.
You will next be asked whether you intend to run the X Window
System on your machine. The install program needs to know
this, to change a configuration setting controlling whether
the X server will be able to access the xf86(4) driver; it
is not necessary to answer `y' to this question if you only
intend to run X client programs on a remote display.
If you answered `y' to this question, you will get asked
whether you want to start xdm on boot.
If you are installing using a serial console, and since by default,
the OpenBSD/macppc installation will only start terminals on
the primary display device, the installation program will ask you
whether you want to also enable an additional terminal on that
line, and will allow you to select the line speed.
You will now be given the possibility to setup a user account
on the forthcoming system. This user will be added to the
`wheel' group.
Enter the desired login name, or `n' if you do not want to
add a user account at this point. Valid login names are
sequences of digits and lowercase letters, and must start
with a lowercase letter. If the login name matches this
criteria, and doesn't conflict with any of the administrative
user accounts (such as `root', `daemon' or `ftp'), you
will be prompted with the users descriptive name, as well
as its password, twice.
As for the root password earlier, the install program will only
check that the two passwords match, but you should make sure to
use a strong password here as well.
If you have chosen to setup a user account, and you had chosen
to start sshd(8) on boot, you will be asked if you want to allow
sshd(8) logins as root.
You may now be given the opportunity to configure the time zone
your system will be using (this depends on the installation
media you are using).
If the installation program skips this question, do not be
alarmed, the time zone will be configured at the end
of the installation.
The installation program will now tell you which disks it can
install on, and ask you which it should use.
Reply with the name of your root disk.
Disks on OpenBSD/macppc are partitioned either using Apple-style
HFS partitions, or MBR partitions.
OpenBSD/macppc can share a disk with Mac OS or Mac OS X by using
an HFS partitioned disk. For proper layout, the disk should be
partitioned with Mac OS or Mac OS X first with unused space or a
spare partition where OpenBSD can be installed.
The installation program will ask you whether you intend to use
HFS or MBR partitions.
HFS partitioning:
HFS partition tables are edited with pdisk(8). The most
common operation, and the example presented here, deals
with the conversion of an existing partition into one usable
by OpenBSD.
Before editing, the partition table may look like the
following:
#: type name length base ( size )
1: Apple_partition_map Apple 63 @ 1
2: Apple_Driver43*Macintosh 54 @ 64
3: Apple_Driver43*Macintosh 74 @ 118
4: Apple_Driver_ATA*Macintosh 54 @ 192
5: Apple_Driver_ATA*Macintosh 74 @ 246
6: Apple_FWDriver Macintosh 200 @ 320
7: Apple_Driver_IOKit Macintosh 512 @ 520
8: Apple_Patches Patch Partition 512 @ 1032
9: Apple_HFS untitled 2142310 @ 1544 ( 1.0G)
10: Apple_HFS untitled 2 4120589 @ 2143854 ( 2.0G)
11: Unused untitled 3 6330517 @ 6264443 ( 3.0G)
After editing the table, it should look like:
#: type name length base ( size )
1: Apple_partition_map Apple 63 @ 1
2: Apple_Driver43*Macintosh 54 @ 64
3: Apple_Driver43*Macintosh 74 @ 118
4: Apple_Driver_ATA*Macintosh 54 @ 192
5: Apple_Driver_ATA*Macintosh 74 @ 246
6: Apple_FWDriver Macintosh 200 @ 320
7: Apple_Driver_IOKit Macintosh 512 @ 520
8: Apple_Patches Patch Partition 512 @ 1032
9: Apple_HFS untitled 2142310 @ 1544 ( 1.0G)
10: Apple_HFS untitled 2 4120589 @ 2143854 ( 2.0G)
11: OpenBSD OpenBSD 6330517 @ 6264443 ( 3.0G)
This will likely be different based on the number of
partitions created on the disk by the Apple partition editor.
It is _VERY_ important to not change the start, sizes, or
types of partitions other than the ones that are to be used
by OpenBSD, including the Apple_Driver.* and
Apple_partition_map.
---
Command (? for help): p
Command (? for help): t
Partition number: 11
Existing partition type ``Unused''.
New type of partition: OpenBSD
Command (? for help): n
Partition number: 11
New name of partition: OpenBSD
Command (? for help): p
---
MBR partitioning:
The installation program will ask you if you want to use
the whole disk for OpenBSD. If you don't need to or don't
intend to share the disk with other operating systems,
answer `y' here. The installation program will then create
a single MBR partition spanning the whole disk, dedicated
to OpenBSD.
Otherwise, fdisk(8) will be invoked to let you to edit
your MBR partitioning. The current MBR partitions defined
will be displayed and you will be allowed to modify them,
add new partitions, and change which partition to boot from
by default.
After your OpenBSD MBR partition has been setup, the real
partition setup can follow.
The file system layout is stored in the OpenBSD disk label. Each
file system is stored in its own ``disk label partition'', which
is a subdivision of the OpenBSD disk partition you created. In
the text below ``partition'' refers to these subdivisions.
You will be shown a default layout with the recommended file
systems. This default layout is based on the disk size.
You will be given the choice of accepting the proposed layout,
editing it, or creating your own custom layout. These
last two choices will invoke the disklabel(8) interactive editor,
allowing you to create your desired layout.
Within the editor, you will see at least a 'c' partition of
fstype 'unused'. This represents the whole disk and cannot be
modified.
If you have DOS or Linux partitions defined on the disk, these
will usually show up as partition 'i', 'j' and so on.
You must create partition 'a' as a native OpenBSD partition, i.e.
one with "4.2BSD" as the fstype, to hold the root file system.
In addition to partition 'a' you should create partition 'b' with
fstype "swap", and native OpenBSD partitions to hold separate file
systems such as /usr, /tmp, /var, and /home.
You will need to provide a mount point for all partitions you
define. Partitions without mount points, or not of the
4.2BSD fstype, will neither be formatted nor mounted during the
installation.
For quick help while in the interactive editor, enter '?'. The
`z' command (which deletes all partitions and starts with a
clean label), the `A' command (which performs the automatic
partition layout) and the `n' command (to change mount points)
are of particular interest.
Although the partitions position and size are written in exact
sector values, you do not need a calculator to create your
partitions! Human-friendly units can be specified by adding `k',
`m' or `g' after any numbers to have them converted to kilobytes,
megabytes or gigabytes. Or you may specify a percentage of the
disk size using `%' as the suffix.
Enter 'M' to view the entire manual page (see the info on the
``-E'' flag). To exit the editor enter 'q'.
If you chose to use HFS partitioning to share the disk with MacOS,
OpenBSD will be unable to install the bootloader into the HFS(+)
partition to boot OpenBSD; it will be necessary to copy 'ofwboot'
from the installation media into the first HFS(+) partition using
Mac OS or Mac OS X.
If the disk is partitioned using MBR, the bootloader will be
automatically installed if you setup a small (a few MB) MSDOS
partition as position `i' in the label.
After the layout has been saved, new filesystems will be
created on all partitions with mount points.
This will DESTROY ALL EXISTING DATA on those partitions.
After configuring your root disk, the installer will
return to the list of available disks to configure.
You can choose the other disks to use with OpenBSD in
any order, and will get to setup their layout similarly
to the root disk above. However, for non-root disks,
you will not be proposed a default partition layout.
When all your disks are configured, simply hit return
at the disk prompt.
After these preparatory steps have been completed, you will be
able to extract the distribution sets onto your system. There
are several install methods supported:
HTTP, CD-ROM, or a local disk partition.
To install via HTTP:
To begin an HTTP install you will need the following
pieces of information:
1) Proxy server URL if you are using a URL-based HTTP
proxy (squid, CERN FTP, Apache 1.2 or higher).
You need to define a proxy if you are behind a
firewall that blocks outgoing HTTP connections
(assuming you have a proxy available to use).
2) The IP address (or hostname if you configured
DNS servers earlier in the install) of an HTTP
server carrying the OpenBSD 6.0 distribution.
The installation program will try to fetch a list
of such servers; depending on your network settings,
this might fail. If the list could be fetched, it
will be displayed, and you can choose an entry from
the list (the first entries are expected to be the
closest mirrors to your location).
3) The directory holding the distribution sets.
Then refer to the section named "installation set selection"
below.
To install from CD-ROM:
When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked which
device holds the distribution sets. This will typically
be "cd0". If there is more than one partition on the
CD-ROM, you will be asked which partition the distribution
is to be loaded from. This is normally partition "a".
You will also have to provide the relative path to the
directory on the CD-ROM which holds the distribution, for
the macppc this is "6.0/macppc".
Then refer to the section named "installation set selection"
below.
To install from an NFS mounted directory:
When installing from an NFS-mounted directory, you must
have completed network configuration above, and also
set up the exported file system on the NFS server in
advance.
First you must identify the IP address of the NFS server
to load the distribution from, and the file system the
server expects you to mount.
The install program will also ask whether or not TCP
should be used for transport (the default is UDP). Note
that TCP only works with newer NFS servers.
You will also have to provide the relative path to the
directory on the file system where the distribution sets
are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed
with a '/'.
Then refer to the section named "installation set selection"
below.
To install from a local disk partition:
When installing from a local disk partition, you will
first have to identify which disk holds the distribution
sets.
This is normally "sdN", where N is a number.
Next you will have to identify the partition within that disk
that holds the distribution; this is a single letter between
'a' and 'p'.
You will also have to identify the type of file system
residing in the partition identified. Currently, you can
install from partitions that have been formatted as the
Berkeley fast file system (ffs) or MS-DOS.
You will also have to provide the relative path to the
directory on the file system where the distribution sets
are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed
with a '/'.
Then refer to the next section.
Installation set selection:
A list of available distribution sets found on the
given location will be listed.
You may individually select distribution sets to install,
by entering their name, or wildcards (e.g. `*.tgz' or
`base*|comp*', or `all' to select all the sets (which
is what most users will want to do).
You may also enter `abort' to deselect everything and
restart the selection from scratch, or unselect sets
by entering their name prefixed with `-' (e.g. `-x*').
It is also possible to enter an arbitrary filename and
have it treated as a file set.
When you are done selecting distribution sets, enter
`done'. The files will begin to extract.
After the files have been extracted, you will be given the choice
to select a new location from which to install distribution sets.
If there have been errors extracting the sets from the previous
location, or if some sets have been missing, this allows you to
select a better source.
Also, if the installation program complains that the distribution
sets you have been using do not match their recorded checksums, you
might want to check your installation source (although this can
happen between releases, if a snapshot is being updated on a mirror
server with newer files while you are installing).
The last thing you might need to configure, if you did not get
the chance to earlier, is the time zone your system will be using.
For this work properly, it is expected that you have installed at
least the "base60" and "bsd" distribution sets.
The installation program will then proceed to save the system
configuration, create all the device nodes needed by the installed
system, and will install bootblocks on the root disk.
On multiprocessor systems, if the bsd.mp kernel has been installed,
it will be renamed to `bsd', which is the default kernel the boot
blocks look for. The single processor kernel, `bsd', will be
available as `bsd.sp'.
Finally, you will be asked whether you would like to install
non-free firmware files (which can't be tightly integrated to
the OpenBSD system) on first boot, by invoking fw_update(8) on
the next boot.
Congratulations, you have successfully installed OpenBSD 6.0. When you
reboot into OpenBSD, you should log in as "root" at the login prompt.
You should create yourself an account and protect it and the "root"
account with good passwords.
The install program leaves root an initial mail message. We recommend
you read it, as it contains answers to basic questions you might have
about OpenBSD, such as configuring your system, installing packages,
getting more information about OpenBSD, sending in your dmesg output
and more. To do this, run
mail
and then just enter "more 1" to get the first message. You quit mail by
entering "q".
Some of the files in the OpenBSD 6.0 distribution might need to be
tailored for your site. We recommend you run:
man afterboot
which will tell you about a bunch of the files needing to be reviewed.
If you are unfamiliar with UN*X-like system administration, it's
recommended that you buy a book that discusses it.
Preparing an unattended installation of OpenBSD:
------------------------------------------------
If '(A)utoinstall' is chosen at the install prompt or if the
installation system detects that it booted from the network, and
isn't interrupted within 5 seconds, it attempts a fully-automatic
installation.
The installer runs dhclient(8) on the network interface the system
booted from, or in case of multiple interfaces it will ask which one
to use. Upon success it retrieves a response file via HTTP. If that
fails, the installer asks for the response file location which can be
either an url or a local path and retrieves the response file from
there.
The "next-server" DHCP option specifies the hostname part of the URL,
as in "http:///install.conf". The "filename" DHCP
parameter specifies the installer mode, e.g. "auto_install". On
architectures where this parameter is used for netbooting, create
a symbolic link named "auto_install" pointing to the boot program.
The response file contains lines with key/value pairs separated by
an equals sign '=', where the key is a non-ambiguous part (up to the
question mark) of the installer question, consisting of whitespace
separated words. The value is what would have been entered at the
interactive prompt. Empty lines and lines beginning with a '#'
character are ignored. The installer uses default answers in case
of missing answers.
Here is a response file example that uses a hashed password (see
encrypt(1) for more details) for root and a public ssh key for the
user that is created during the installation.
System hostname = openbsd
Password for root = $2a$14$Z4xRMg8vDpgYH...GVot3ySoj8yby
Setup a user = puffy
Password for user = *************
Public ssh key for user = ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1...g3Aqre puffy@ai
What timezone are you in = Europe/Stockholm
Location of sets = http
HTTP Server = ftp.eu.openbsd.org
The "System hostname" key above matches the following full question
asked during an interactive installation:
System hostname? (short form, e.g. 'foo')
While the installation is in progress the installer writes all output
to the file /ai.log, which is available as mail on the freshly
installed system after the initial reboot. If the installation is
successful the system will reboot automatically; otherwise, you will
be dropped back into the shell where you can look at the /ai.log file
or try again.
Upgrading a previously-installed OpenBSD System:
------------------------------------------------
Warning! Upgrades to OpenBSD 6.0 are currently only supported from the
immediately previous release. The upgrade process will also work with older
releases, but might not execute some migration tasks that would be necessary
for a proper upgrade.
The best solution, whenever possible, is to backup your data and reinstall
from scratch. As a minimum, if the toolchain (the ``comp'' set) was installed,
you should remove all files within /usr/include before attempting to
upgrade.
To upgrade OpenBSD 6.0 from a previous version, start with the general
instructions in the section "Installing OpenBSD".
Boot from the CD-ROM.
When prompted, select the (U)pgrade option rather than the (I)nstall
option at the prompt in the install process.
You will be presented with a welcome message, and depending on how you are
connected to the system, you will be asked to set the terminal type or to
choose a keyboard layout.
The upgrade script will ask you for the existing root partition, and
will use the existing filesystems defined in /etc/fstab to install the
new system in. It will also use your existing network parameters.
From then, the upgrade procedure is very close to the installation
procedure described earlier in this document.
However, it is strongly advised that you unpack the etc.tgz and the
xetc.tgz files found in /var/sysmerge in a temporary
directory and merge changes by hand, or with the help of the sysmerge(8)
helper script, since all components of your system may not function
correctly until your files in `/etc' are updated.
Getting source code for your OpenBSD System:
--------------------------------------------
Now that your OpenBSD system is up and running, you probably want to get
access to source code so that you can recompile pieces of the system.
A few methods are provided. If you have an OpenBSD CD-ROM, the source
code is provided. Otherwise, you can get the pieces over the Internet
using anonymous CVS, CVSync, FTP or HTTP. For more information, see
https://www.OpenBSD.org/anoncvs.html
https://www.OpenBSD.org/cvsync.html
https://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html
Using online OpenBSD documentation:
-----------------------------------
Documentation is available if you first install the manual pages
distribution set. Traditionally, the UN*X "man pages" (documentation)
are denoted by 'name(section)'. Some examples of this are
intro(1),
man(1),
apropos(1),
passwd(1),
passwd(5) and
afterboot(8).
The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three
are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats
are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.
The 'man' command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is
started by entering 'man [section] topic'. The brackets [] around the
section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is
optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the
least-numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after
logging in, enter
man passwd
to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for
passwd(5), enter
man 5 passwd
instead.
If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter
apropos subject-word
where "subject-word" is your topic of interest; a list of possibly
related man pages will be displayed.
Adding third party software; ``packages'' and ``ports'':
--------------------------------------------------------
As complete as your OpenBSD system is, you may want to add any of several
excellent third party software applications. There are several ways to do
this. You can:
1) Use the OpenBSD ``package'' collection to grab a pre-compiled
and tested version of the application for your hardware.
2) Use the OpenBSD ``ports'' collection to automatically get any
needed source file, apply any required patches, create the
application, and install it for you.
3) Obtain the source code and build the application based
upon whatever installation procedures are provided with the
application.
If you purchased the OpenBSD CD-ROM set you already have a few popular
``packages'', and the ``ports'' collection.
Instructions for installing applications from the various sources using
the different installation methods follow.
You should also refer to the packages(7) manual page.
Installing applications from the CD-ROM package collection:
The OpenBSD CD-ROM ships with the most commonly installed third-party
applications pre-built for various hardware architectures. Limited
disk space on the CD-ROM unfortunately limits the number of such
packages. Check the directory 6.0/packages/powerpc to see which
packages are available for your hardware architecture. That directory
will be on the same CD-ROM containing the OS installation files for
your architecture.
To install one or more of these packages you must:
1) become the superuser (root).
2) mount the appropriate CD-ROM.
3) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software.
Example (in which we use su(1) to get superuser privileges, thus
you have to be in group "wheel", see the manual page for su(1)).
$ su
Password:
# mkdir -p /cdrom
# mount /dev/cd0a /cdrom
# pkg_add /cdrom/6.0/packages/powerpc/
#
# umount /cdrom
Package names are usually the application name and version
with .tgz appended, e.g. bzip2-1.0.6p0.tgz
Installing applications from the ftp.OpenBSD.org package collection:
All available packages for your architecture have been placed on
ftp.OpenBSD.org in the directory pub/OpenBSD/6.0/packages/powerpc/
You may want to peruse this to see what packages are available. The
packages are also on the OpenBSD mirror sites. See
https://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html
for a list of current mirror sites.
Installation of a package is very easy.
1) become the superuser (root)
2) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software
``pkg_add'' is smart enough to know how to download the software
from the OpenBSD HTTP server. Example:
$ su
Password:
# pkg_add \
http://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/6.0/packages/powerpc/emacs-21.4p32.tgz
Installing applications from the CD-ROM ports collection:
The CD-ROM ``ports'' collection is a set of Makefiles, patches,
and other files used to control the building and installation
of an application from source files.
Creating an application from sources can require a lot of
disk space, sometimes 50 megabytes or more. The first step is
to determine which of your disks has enough room. Once you've
made this determination, read the file PORTS located on the
CD-ROM which contains the ports tree.
To build an application you must:
1) become the superuser (root)
2) have network access, or obtain the actual source files by
some other means.
3) cd to the ports directory containing the port you wish
to build. To build samba, for example, where you'd
previously copied the ports files into the /usr/ports
directory: cd /usr/ports/net/samba
4) make
5) make install
6) make clean
Installing applications from the OpenBSD ports collection:
See https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq15.html#Ports for current
instructions on obtaining and installing OpenBSD ports.
You should also refer to the ports(7) manual page.
Installing other applications:
If an OpenBSD package or port does not exist for an application
you're pretty much on your own. The first thing to do is ask
if anyone is working on a port -- there may
be one in progress. If no such port exists, you might want to
look at the FreeBSD ports or NetBSD pkgsrc for inspiration.
If you can't find an existing port, try to make your own and
feed it back to OpenBSD. That's how our ports collection grows.
Some details can be found in the OpenBSD Porter's Handbook at
https://www.openbsd.org/faq/ports/
with more help coming from the mailing list, .
Administrivia:
--------------
There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list
server at . To get help on using the mailing
list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will
reply with instructions.
More information about the various OpenBSD mailing list and proper
netiquette is available at
https://www.OpenBSD.org/mail.html
To report bugs, use the 'sendbug' command shipped with OpenBSD,
and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good
bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can
be sent by mail to:
bugs@OpenBSD.org
As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to the
mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent on
a web server, then mail the appropriate list about it, or if
you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data
to those who want it.
For more information about reporting bugs, see
https://www.OpenBSD.org/report.html