The Indian Navy - a great force.

The history of the Indian Navy can be traced back to 1612 when Captain Best encountered and defeated the Portuguese. This encounter, as also the trouble caused by the pirates, forced the British East India Company to maintain a small fleet at Swally, near Surat(Gujarat). The First Squadron of fighting ships arrived on 5 September 1612, forming what was then called the Honourable East India Company's Marine. It was responsible for the protection of the East India Company's trade in the Gulf of Cambay and the river mouths of the Tapti and Narmada. The officers and the men of this force went on to play an important role in surveying the Arabian, Persian and Indian coastlines.

Although Bombay had been ceded to the British in 1662, they physically took possession of the island on 8 February 1665, only to pass it on to the East India Company on 27 September 1668./ As a consequence, the Honourable East India Company's Marine also became responsible for the protection of trade off Bombay.

By 1686, with British commerce having shifted predominantly to Bombay, the name of this force was changed to Bombay Marine. This force rendered unique service, fighting not only the Portuguese, Dutch and French, but also interlopers and pirates of various nationalities. The Bombay Marine was involved in combat against the Marathas and the Sidis and participated in the Burma War in 1824.

In 1830, the Bombay Marine was renamed Her Majesty's Indian Navy. With the capture of Aden by the British and the institution of the Indus Flotilla, the Navy's commitments grew manifold, and its deployment in the China War in 1840 bears adequate testimony to its proficiency.

Whilst the Navy's strength continued to grow, it underwent numerous changes of nomenclature over the next few decades. It was renamed the Bombay Marine from 1863 to 1877, after which it became Her Majesty's Indian Marine. At this time, the Marine had two divisions, the Eastern Division based at Calcutta under the Superintendent, Bay of Bengal, and the Western Division at Bombay under the Superintendent, Arabian Sea. In recognition of the services rendered during various campaigns, its title was changed to Royal Indian Marine in 1892, by which time it consisted of over 50 vessels. The Royal Indian Marine went into action with a fleet of minesweepers, patrol vessels and troop carriers during the First World War when mines were detected off Bombay and Aden, and was utilised mainly for patrolling, ferrying troops and carrying war stores to Iraq, Egypt and East Africa.

The first Indian to be granted a commission was Sub Lieutenant D.N Mukherji who joined the Royal Indian Marine as an engineer officer in 1928. In 1934, the Royal Indian Marine was re-organised into the Royal Indian Navy, and was presented the King's Colour in 1935 in recognition of its services. At the outbreak of the Second World War, the Royal Indian Navy consisted of eight warships. By the end of the war, its strength had risen to 117 combat vessels and 30,000 personnel who had seen action in various theatres of operations.

On India attaining Independence, the Royal Indian Navy consisted of 32 ageing vessels suitable only for coastal patrol, along with 11,000 officers and men. The senior officers were drawn from the Royal Navy, with R Adm ITS Hall, CIE, being the first Post-independence Commander-in-Chief. The prefix 'Royal' was dropped on 26 January 1950 with India being constituted as a Republic. The first Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Navy was Adm Sir Edward Parry, KCB, who handed over to Adm Sir Mark Pizey, KBE, CB, DSO in 1951. Adm Pizey also became the first Chief of the Naval Staff in 1955, and was succeeded by V Adm SH Carlill, CB, DSO.

On 22 April 1958 V Adm RD Katari assumed office as the first Indian Chief of the Naval Staff.

Provocative action against our nationals in the vicinity of Anjadip Island, and Portugal's belligerent attitude to the problems of its colonial possessions in this country, resulted in the Government of India's decision to liberate Goa. Operations were launched on the night of 17/18 December 61.
The Naval task was to gain control of the seaward approaches to the Bays of Marmagao and Aguada, prevent interference by Portuguese naval units, occupy Anjadip Island and provide fire support to the troops.
At first light on 18 December 61 the Navy went into action under the command of Rear Admiral BS Soman, then Flag Officer Commanding, Indian Fleet. The ships conducted their mission in three geographical areas.

INS Delhi was assigned to play the stellar role of Diu. On spotting two Portuguese vessels, she opened up with her guns and sank one of them, while the other was scuttled by her crew. Delhi also supported the Indian Army's advance into Diu, neutralizing the citadel and the airfield's control tower with her bombardment.

Meanwhile naval ships had been patrolling off Marmagao and on the morning of 18 December they saw the Portuguese figate Afonso de Albuquerque in harbour. Her guns were firing at the Indian Air Force. Indian naval ships Betwa, Beas and Cauvery closed in and engaged the frigate from a range of 8,000 yards. She was badly hit and huge fires broke out. Her crew swiftly abandoned her.

As assault party from INS Venduruthy landed ashore to capture Anjadip, helped by heavy firing from INS Trishul. It managed to gain control over the southern part of the island, overcoming stiff resistance. A second party landed from INS Mysore to firm up communications.

The capture of the northern part of the island proved more difficult; it was only after the 4.5" guns from Trishul intensively raked the fortified position that the garrison eventually surrendered

Provocative action against our nationals in the vicinity of Anjadip Island, and Portugal's belligerent attitude to the problems of its colonial possessions in this country, resulted in the Government of India's decision to liberate Goa. Operations were launched on the night of 17/18 December 61.
The Naval task was to gain control of the seaward approaches to the Bays of Marmagao and Aguada, prevent interference by Portuguese naval units, occupy Anjadip Island and provide fire support to the troops.
At first light on 18 December 61 the Navy went into action under the command of Rear Admiral BS Soman, then Flag Officer Commanding, Indian Fleet. The ships conducted their mission in three geographical areas.

INS Delhi was assigned to play the stellar role of Diu. On spotting two Portuguese vessels, she opened up with her guns and sank one of them, while the other was scuttled by her crew. Delhi also supported the Indian Army's advance into Diu, neutralizing the citadel and the airfield's control tower with her bombardment.

Meanwhile naval ships had been patrolling off Marmagao and on the morning of 18 December they saw the Portuguese figate Afonso de Albuquerque in harbour. Her guns were firing at the Indian Air Force. Indian naval ships Betwa, Beas and Cauvery closed in and engaged the frigate from a range of 8,000 yards. She was badly hit and huge fires broke out. Her crew swiftly abandoned her.

As assault party from INS Venduruthy landed ashore to capture Anjadip, helped by heavy firing from INS Trishul. It managed to gain control over the southern part of the island, overcoming stiff resistance. A second party landed from INS Mysore to firm up communications.

The capture of the northern part of the island proved more difficult; it was only after the 4.5" guns from Trishul intensively raked the fortified position that the garrison eventually surrendered

Kanhoji Angre (Marathi: à¤•à¤¾à¤¨à¥à¤¹à¥‹à¤œà¥€ à¤†à¤‚à¤—à¥à¤°à¥‡) or Conajee Angria or Sarkhel Angre (Sarkhel is a title meaning Admiral of the Fleet) (August 1669 â€“ 4 July 1729) was the first notable chief of the Maratha Navy in 18th century India. He fought successfully all his life against the British, Dutch and Portuguese naval interests in the Indian Ocean during the 18th century, and hence was alleged by them to be a pirate. Similar work was carried out against the colonial powers by the Kunjali Marakkars in the 16th century. Despite the attempts of the British and Portuguese to subdue Angre, he remained undefeated until his death

The Kunhali Marakkar or Kunjali Marakkar was the title given to the Muslim naval chief of the Zamorin (Samoothiri) , Hindu king of Calicut, in present day state of Kerala, India during the 16th century. There were four major Kunhalis who played a part in the Zamorin's naval wars with the Portuguese from 1520 to 1600. Of the four Marakkars, Kunjali Marakkar II is the most famous. The Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defence of the Indian coast, to be later succeeded in the 18th century by the Maratha Sarkhel Kanhoji Angre.