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Abstract

Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandriumfundyense are annually recurrent in the
western Gulf of Maine (WGOM) and pose a serious economic and public health threat.
Transitions between and vital rates within the life stages of A. fundyense are influenced
by diverse environmental factors, and these biological dynamics combine with energetic
physical motions to yield complex bloom patterns. In this thesis, a biological model of
the A. fundyense life cycle developed from laboratory and field data is combined with a
circulation model to test hypotheses concerning the factors governing A. fundyense
blooms in the springs of 1993 and 1994.
There is considerable uncertainty with the biological dynamics, and several biological
model structures are tested against the 1993 observations. Maximum likelihood theory is
used to evaluate the statistical significance of changes in model/data fit between
structures. Biological formulations that do not include either nitrogen limitation or
mortality overestimate observed cell abundances and are rejected. However,
formulations using a wide range of mortality and nitrogen dependence, including the
exclusion of one or the other, were able to match observed bloom timing and magnitude
and could not be statistically differentiated. These simulations suggest that cysts
germinating offshore of Casco Bay provide a plausible source of cells for the blooms,
although cell inputs from the eastern Gulf of Maine gain importance late in the spring and
in the northeast portion of the study area. Low net growth rates exert a notable yet non-dominant
influence on the modeled bloom magnitude.
When simulations tuned to 1993 were applied to 1994 the degree of model/data fit is
maintained only for those simulations including nitrogen dependence. The model
suggests that differences in toxicity between the two years result from variability in the
wind and its influence on the along and cross-shore transport of cells. Extended
simulations generally predict a proliferation of A. fundyense abundance in mid-June
within areas of retentive circulation such as Cape Cod Bay. This proliferation is not
observed, and better resolution of the losses and limitations acting on A. fundyense is
needed at this stage of the bloom.

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Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
February 2005

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