4 The life and works of W. T. Odhner (Part II) to live during the summer outside the city in a summer cottage (known as a 'dacha' in Russian). In 1881, they rented one [40], but later built their own in Yukki, situated about 25 kilometres to the north of the city along the railway to Finland. If it had been a short distance farther, like the villa owned by Nobel family, it would have belonged to Finland from 1917 to 1939 and the Odhner family would have retained ownership of it during that time. Figure 3. Odhner family page in the church record book of Swedish St. Katarina Lutheran congregation of St. Petersburg, National Archives of Sweden. On the opposite page there is information about confirmations and communions attended by the family and also the death date of W.T. Odhner. also run an enterprise in Russia was considerable and perhaps official permission to open a workshop was only granted in Martin [30] must have known the facts, but using his customary imprecise language, the text claims (according to the English translation) that "The large-scale manufacture of the Original-Odhner did not commence until 1886 when the W.T. Odhner factory, St. Petersburg, Tarakanoffski Per. No. 4, was specially built for this purpose." The incorrect reference to large scale manufacture in 1886 was adopted by Wassén [60] and by all other Western publications except [27]. This short article, [27], is remarkably trustworthy, correcting all the errors of [60] even though it is the only source mentioned. In the beginning, the only machine in the workshop was a pedal-driven lathe [57], which evidently was the same lathe mentioned above. The number of workers must have been small, possibly former subordinates of Odhner at the Expedition. In 1889, Odhner employed his cousin, engineer Valentin Odhner, who had graduated from Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm (the same institute where Odhner had studied, but now renamed) in the same year. Before Valentin arrived at St. Petersburg, he completed the compulsory Swedish military service [20]. At Odhner's workshop, Valentin was probably the only engineer, and he acted in technical matters as Odhner's right hand man [11]. According to [11], Odhner's older son, Alexander, was the commercial assistant. No evidence exists concerning Alexander's studies, so it can be assumed that after school he assumed responsibility for the sales and finances of the workshop. The first time he is mentioned is in the Swedish address calendar of 1895, where he appears with the title 'bookkeeper' [23] while in the Russian one [66] he was called a 'cashier'. 5. The mechanical factory of Odhner No surviving letters exist from the ten-year period , so the history of the Odhner mechanical factory must be studied by other means. Odhner liked to work in evenings at his private workshop, where he made different devices for the Expedition. This is described in [11] "Herr Odhner antog nu anställning som mekaniker i kejserliga ryska statspapper- och sedeltryckeriet och etablerade samtidigt uti sin bostad en mindre mekanisk verkstad, där han utarbetade en massa förbättringar, nya uppfinningar och apparater för tryckeriet i det han samtidigt fortsatte arbetet med sin älsklingsidé - räknemaskinen." The director of the Expedition evidently appreciated this work by Odhner and advised him to start an own enterprise as early as in 1878 [59]. The actual time is difficult to determine, but one can assume that the commercial workshop was founded when Odhner rented an apartment and workshop at Rizhskii Prospekt 26, just opposite the Expedition, see Figure 4. Because the workshop was so near, Odhner could oversee the work there. Most of the orders must have come from the Expedition at the beginning, so he probably had permission to visit the workshop during his working hours. Odhner himself used 1886 as the founding year in [63] and in advertisements and this is also given in [19], [62] and [87]. The official Russian factory list [84] also states 1886 as the founding year, but later ones, for example [89], [90] and [94], always mention Of course, Odhner knew the facts better than others, but this contradiction may be caused by Russian bureaucracy. It was quite cumbersome and all entrepreneurs had of course to obey the Russian legislation which was relatively complicated. For example, in Western countries all that is not prohibited is permitted, but in Russia everything that is not explicitly permitted is forbidden [8]. The number of papers to start and Figure 4. A map of St. Petersburg showing some important places. Number 1: Expedition at Fontanka 144; Number 2: Odhner factory at Tarakanovskii Pereulok 4; Number 3: Odhner's apartment at Fontanka 150; Number 4: Carr & Macpherson shipyard at Vasily island; Number 5: Ludvig Nobel's mechanical factory; Number 6: Rosenkrantz factory; Number 7: German St. Petri church and school; Number 8: Swedish St. Katarina church; Number 9: Gostiny Dvor department store; Number 10: Lutheran part of Mitrofani cemetery. Odhner's workshop was situated between Number 1 and 2. In 1890, when the production of arithmometers began, the workshop had one 2 H.P. steam engine, the number of workers was 20, and the annual production value was 11,000 roubles [84]. Sources [51] and [93] explicitly mention that Odhner still worked at the Expedition then. The Russian catalogue of the Columbian Exposition of 1893 [63] states that the workshop had one 4 H.P. petroleum motor, 20 various lathes, 25 workmen and 10 children and an annual

5 The life and works of W. T. Odhner (Part II) production value of 30,000 roubles. These figures are evidently from 1892 even though this is not directly stated was the year when Odhner finally quit his work at the Expedition and devoted his time entirely to his workshop [11]. After 14 years in a secure position, this was a great change. More room was needed for growing production, but for that purpose capital was also required. Because Odhner did not have money, he took an Englishman, Frank Hill, as his partner. Similarly, other calculating machine inventors needed investors to help them. For example, Frank Baldwin needed the financial support of Jay Monroe, Dorr Felt the support of Robert Tarrant, and Hubert Hopkins the support of James Dalton. We can estimate the time of the beginning of the Odhner-Hill partnership by examining the instructions for arithmometers. The first instruction booklet of 1892 [71] was approved by the censors on February the 5th, and Hill is not yet mentioned there. The second instruction of 1892 [5] was approved on September the 28th and the producer was referred to as the Mechanical Factory of Odhner & Hill. Thus, we can say that the cooperation between Odhner and Hill began at some point in the middle of Hill was probably an investor, and thus did not participate in the operation of the company. The address book of 1895 [66] lists the owner and manager W.T. Odhner, another owner, F.N. Hill, a chief engineer, Valentin Odhner, and a cashier, Alexander Odhner. The company of Odhner & Hill expanded swiftly. As noted above, it was now called a factory and the beautiful letterhead shown in Figure 5 was printed. factory in July 1893 [88], and the letterhead of Figure 5 has probably been printed in There were also apartments at the factory, and Odhner lived there until Figure 6. Odhner & Hill factory 1893 from the letterhead of Figure 5. On the street there is the new 2- storey factory, but the buildings in the backyard are evidently older. Because the building was not situated by a canal, the transport of raw material and products had to be performed by horse carriages. By 1903, the third storey had been built onto the factory [11], and by 1908 the buildings in the backyard had 2 storeys, too [62]. An interesting photo taken in 1908 is shown in Figure 7. The factory was equipped with the best-possible machines and the arrangement of work was carefully planned to make mass production of calculators possible [62]. Until that point, calculators had been produced only when ordered [49], but the Odhner factory, together with Felt & Tarrant Co. in Chicago, was the first which used modern principles to produce calculators in quantity without knowing who will buy them. In 1893, the effect of the new factory building and other investments can be seen clearly. According to [68], [81] and [87] there were now 98 workers and two steam engines with a total capacity of 20 H.P., the annual value of production being 123,000 roubles. Figure 5. The letterhead of Odhner & Hill, Gösta Sundin. The undated letter by Odhner has been addressed to Odhner's cousin Ernst Wallgren [26] and [53] and it considers Wallgren's rangefinder already patented in Sweden, Germany and Russia. The company also succeeded in buying the neighbouring building to their workshop at Tarakanovskii Pereulok 4, see the map in Figure 4. In the book [91] listing the houses of St. Petersburg and their owners in 1891, the owner was not yet Odhner or Odhner & Hill. According to the data of [6], the land here was not very expensive, but to begin the operation of the factory one had to invest a significant amount in buildings and machines. The new owners quickly built a new factory which was equipped with all the modern conveniences and was completed in 1893 [11] "Genom energi och inventiös skicklighet i sitt yrke utvecklade Odhner sina fabrikers verksamhet så betydligt att den ständigt fordrade utvidgning af arbetslokalerna, och år 1893 hade den uti hans bostad påbörjade verkstaden vuxit upp till den fabrik, som fotografien utvisar" and further "Den år 1893 nyuppförda fabriken försågs med den tidens modernaste inredning, bland annat ångpannor för naftaledning och de Lavals ångturbiner för såväl kraft som elektrisk belysning". The telephone was installed for the Figure 7. Odhner's factory at Tarakanovskii Pereulok 4 in 1908 [73]. The chapel of the Expedition in the background can also be seen in Figure 1. Odhner started his workshop in 1886 between the factory and the chapel on the corner of the Rizhskii Prospekt and Tarakanovskii Pereulok.

6 The life and works of W. T. Odhner (Part II) The factory building still exists in a renovated form, but in 1952 the street was renamed Pereulok Lodygina (sic!) after the electrical engineer and inventor of light bulbs A.N. Lodygin ( ) [92]. Many enterprises in Russia hired expensive foreign craftsmen to perform the most demanding jobs. It is remarkable that Odhner only had Russian workers, which he trained to make the precise parts needed [11]. This was not easy, and there were also other difficulties in operating a factory in Russia. "Svårigheter som förstorats genom de tyngder som belasta industrien i Ryssland, såsom t. ex. det stora antalet helgdagar, den råa och svårinöfvade arbetspersonalen, dyra och illa förarbetade materialer och så godt som ingen hjälpindustri för en specialbranch som Odhners" [11]. A public article such as this could not mention the bribery which was so common in Russia. Odhner was a perfectionist wanting to make excellent products, thus he used the best materials and carefully monitored the quality of the products [55], [62]. As a result, Odhner's factory could produce not only calculating machines, but many other instruments, too, and the factory was highly esteemed in Russia. It also was one of the few Russian enterprises capable of exporting products other than raw materials [59]. The partnership of Odhner and Hill did not last long. In the address book of 1895 [66], the company was still called the Mechanical Factory of Odhner and Hill, but no longer by the publication of the 1897 arithmometer instructions [72]. Because the number of calculating machines made by Odhner & Hill is smaller than the production amount of 500 of the first year, it is natural to assume that the co-operation ended around One reason for no longer needing the financial help of Hill was certainly the royalty income for patent rights paid after 1892 by Grimme, Natalis & Co. of Braunschweig, Germany [15], [16]. The brief duration of this partnership suggests that Odhner was not a very co-operative person. In addition, his earlier projects with Ludvig Nobel and Karl Königsberger [26] were not very successful. Of course, inventors may be difficult persons, but at least the abovementioned American calculator developers evidently had better relations with their sponsors. 6. Products other than arithmometers In the beginning, the Expedition was the most important employer for Odhner's workshop, but the production was quite diverse. During the time the calculating machines were being made, their proportion in the sales represented approximately half. The production palette varied and of the various products, one can mention cigarette machines designed by Odhner capable of producing 4000 cigarettes in an hour, Orlov printing presses, small mechanical precision instruments and castings of brass, aluminium and cast iron [57]. In addition to these, other production included turnstiles for ships and amusement parks [59], [61], control systems for trains [73], and on the military side, sights, rangefinders and munition cartridges for artillery [3], [94]. Very little is known of these products, but an artistic piece produced is shown in Figure 8. Of the Orlov printing press, there is, fortunately, some data. After the preliminary experiments carried out by Orlov in 1890, the first 25-rouble banknotes were printed, but Orlov wanted still better printing quality and designed an improved press. A few parts for this were ordered from abroad, but Odhner made the rest. As Orlov writes in [82], he was very content with the work done by Odhner, but not at all with the foreign supplier. "Осенью же 1891 года с этой целью мной была конструирована уже целая машина, главная часть которой была заказана здесь в Петербурге на заводе "Однер" и выполнена под моим личным наблюдением; остальная же часть машины была заказана за границей. Надо заметить, что часть машины, построенная у нас, была выполнена удачнее и скорее, чем заграничная, в которой некоторыя части я даже вынужден был переделать; вследствие этого печатание на этой машине оборотной прописи на кред. билетах 10-р. д. образца 1894 года началось только в Августе 1893 года. На основании вышеприведеннаго я окончательно решился строить машины целиком в России, под своим наблюдением. Здесь я остановлюсь на том, насколько важно это дело, т.-е. постройка таких специальных машин в России. Нужно заметить, это дело было сопряжено с массой хлопот и взяло много труда и времени. На мое счастье, нашелся преданный своему делу маленкий фабрикант, по происхождению швед, который, с присушей иностранцам аккуратностью, как начал, так и до настоящаго времени продолжает изготовление моих машин. Из маленкой мастерской тепер, благодаря постройке этих машин, образовался приличный заводик; в настоящее время он имеет более чем на руб. заказов на новыя машины, но, очевидно, дело этим далеко не ограничится." Figure 8. A pair of candelabras made by Odhner's factory. Photo Gunnar Odhner. The height is 29 cm and the production date unknown. There are no manufacturer marks. From that point on, Odhner built all Orlov presses without outside help and in 1898 the Expedition already had 30 of them in operation [83]. At the time of the Paris world's fair, the Expedition already had 33 presses and some were sold to foreign countries [57]. A drawing of an Orlov press capable of printing sheets in an hour is shown in Figure 9. The construction is rather complicated and the prize must have been considerable. According to the Russian factory list printed in 1912, the sales of printing presses were then greater than that of arithmometers [90]. Figure 9. The Orlov printing press in [83], Russian National Library.

7 The life and works of W. T. Odhner (Part II) Improved 1890 arithmometer When Odhner established his workshop, it was of course easier for him to continue with the development of the calculating machine. Now he had workers for making the parts needed and Odhner himself could concentrate on planning. On March the 30th 1889, the slide rule inventor and associate professor Arthur Hasselblatt of St. Petersburg Practical Technological Institute gave a talk at a meeting of the 'St. Peterburger Polytechnischer Verein' about calculating devices evidently without knowing anything about Odhner's 1877 first calculating machine version. Odhner, who was also a member of the society, attended the meeting with the present version of his calculating machine with him and participated in the discussion after the speech. "Herr Odhner führt hierauf eine von ihm selbst construirte, hoch interessante Rechenmaschine vor, deren Princip im wesendlichen mit dem der Thomasschen Maschine zu Grunde liegenden übereinstimmt. Indem Herr Odhner bemerkt, dass sein Apparat, mit dessen Vervollkommung er noch beschäftigt sei, sich zunächst am besten für Multiplikationen und Divisionen eigene" [10]. Thus, the design of the calculator was not as yet then finished. Even though the exact time of the completion of the design is not known, we can call it Odhner's revised 1890 model or more briefly, the 1890 model. On May 16th 1890, the censors approved Odhner s combined advertising brochure and instruction manual [4] consisting of a one-page preface and 7 pages of instructions. The instructions contain a short description of the arithmometer and 8 simple numerical examples of calculation, where the extraction of square roots is not yet considered. The booklet was published simultaneously in Russian and German. The Russian version has a place for the prices of 11-digit and 13-digit machines, so a capacity of 13 was already planned at this stage, even though the patent drawings and first surviving arithmometers have a capacity only of 11. See for the cover of the German version of the instructions owned by the National Library of Russia. Its interesting preface, cited without the date by [30], [47] and [56], follows. Thus, there must have been some functioning Odhner arithmometers at the beginning of A little later, on June the 9th, Odhner received the following official certificate signed by the public notary confirming his rights to the calculating machine [81]: "Удостоверение 1890-го года июня месяца 9-го дня мы, нижеподписавшиеся Кенигсбергер и К, сим удостоверяем, что счетная машина под названием "Арифмометр", на которую нами взяты привилегии в России в 1879 году и за границею в 1878, 1879 и 1880 годах, есть изобретение господина Вильгодта Однера в С.- Петербурге, с которым мы хотели эксплуатировать его изобретение, но так как в настоящее время г-н Однер желает самостоятельно приступить к эксплуатации своего, теперь улучшенного, изобретения, то мы передали ему взятые нами привилегии на его счетную машину, вообще отступаем от этого дела и свидетельствуем, что мы к г-ну Однер никаких претензии по этому делу не имеем и впоследствии заявлять таковых не будем. С.-Петербургский первой гильдин купец Карл Августович Кенигсбергер, торгующий под фирмой Кенигсбергер и К." This document was needed because the Russian 1879 patent of the calculating machine was registered by Königsberger & Co. After a few days, on June the 21th, Odhner filed his Russian patent application for the new design with several important improvements and changes [68], [81]. "В Департамент Торговли и Мануфактур Шведского подданного Вильгодта Теофиловича Однер. ПРОШЕНИЕ В 1878 году выдана Департаментом Торговли и Мануфактур господам Кенигсбергер и К 3-х летняя привилегия на изобретенную мною счетную машину, и так это изобретение до сих пор еще не приведено к исполнению и эксплуатация его теперь представлена мне господами Кенигсбергером и К, сголасно прилагаемому при сем нотариальному удостоверению, то покорнейше прошу Департамент Торговли и Мануфактур выдать мне, как изобретателю этой счетной машинки, 10-ти летнюю привилегию на таковую. Вследствие сделанных мною значительных улучшений и изменений в конструкции этой машинки прилагаю при сем новые чертежи и опижание оной. Вильгодт Теофилович Однер. С.-Петербург/ 21-го Июня 1890 года. Жительство имею: в С.-Петербурге по Рижскому проспекту, д. 26." Figure 10. The preface to the first Odhner instructions, Russian National Library Figure 11. The improved 1890 version of the Odhner arithmometer according to the German patent drawing at Andries de Man. The alarm bell already exists already here.

8 The life and works of W. T. Odhner (Part II) This application for a 10-year patent was registered as number 315 for the year 1890 [79]. For the new version, Odhner had read the criticisms of Kirpichev [80] and evidently also studied the patents of Baldwin and Wertheimber. The input was now read from the cover, not from the pinwheels and the clearing mechanism of the revolution register (counter) was better etc. Inside the calculator Odhner had added an extra pinion between the pinwheel and the number wheel, see Figure 11. The pinwheel is also more compact than the previous version and resembles much Wertheimber's 1843 patent, see Figure 12. Figure 12. The pinwheel of Wertheimber was patented in 1843 but not printed until 1856 [21], Åbo Akademi University Library. The approval date of the Russian patent is not known, but the patent drawings scanned from [68] can be seen at In addition to Russia, Odhner simultaneously applied for a patent in several European countries. The patent was admitted on in France (Nr ), in Luxemburg, in Belgium (Nr ), in Sweden (Nr. 3264), in Norway (Nr. 2117), in Austria-Hungary (Nr in Austria and in Hungary), in England (Nr ), in Germany (Nr ) and in Switzerland (Nr. 4578). In the USA, the patent was filed on , just before the arithmometer was exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The patent was admitted on (Nr ). The German patent document can be studied at and the US patent at The drawing in the German patent shown above does not contain as many details as the Russian one and is therefore much easier to understand. It is interesting that it shows the alarm bell not yet included in the Russian patent and in the first arithmometers. As Odhner himself noted [11], the calculator was sent to market in 1890 and this is also known by [27] and [75]. The sales thus began in the summer of 1890, and at first Odhner sold arithmometers from his workshop. Some prototype models were probably tested outside the factory before the official beginning of the sales. Thus O.G. Spennemann writes in his recommendation letter dated November the 16th 1891, that he bought an Odhner arithmometer two years ago and that it has been used in his office since that time [5]. The earliest information of a mass-produced Odhner arithmometer in use is from July 1890 when the insurance company 'Российское Общество застрахования капиталов и доходов учрежденное в 1835 году' started to use one and found it especially useful in interpolation and in computing percentage tables and differences [5]. The first exported calculator apparently went to Odhner's brother-in-law Arvid Åhlin, who exhibited it at the hotel Göta Källare in Göteborg on September the 5th 1890 [51]. In Moscow, the sales agent for Odhner was T. I. Hagen [69]. The sale of calculators was difficult at that time and soon the firm of Emanuel Mietens at the department store Gostiny Dvor (it is still in existence) in St. Petersburg took care of it. Mietens' firm remained as the general agent for Odhner in Russia from 1892 [71] until Odhner arithmometers were also sold in St. Petersburg through the journal Schetovodstvo [93] and O. Richter's store selling optical, mechanical, meteorological, physical, technical, chemical, medical and other instruments at Moika 59 [86]. Odhner started a powerful publicity campaign for his new calculator and succeeded in the autumn of 1890 in having news of it included in, for example, the Russian accounting trade journal Schetovodstvo [93], the general scientific magazine Nauka i Zhizn' [69] and the newspapers Novosti [67] and St. Petersburger Herold [28]. Because they were news, Odhner was not required to pay for this publicity. We cite the Petersburger Herold of September 9th (21th) 1890 [28]: Arithmometer nennt sich ein intressanter, handlicher Rechnenmechanismus, wie er von der Firma W. T. Odhner in St. Petersburg construirt und in den Handel gebracht ist. Viele, theils für allgemeine, theils für spezielle Rechnungszwecke eingerichtete Apparate wurden bereits hergestellt. Von allen diesen Maschinen jedoch fand nur eine, der von dem Elsasser Thomas 1820 construirte sogenannte Arithmometer, im praktischen Rechenwesen Anwendung. Indess blieb, der complicirtem Construction und des hohen Preises wegen, seine Verbreitung eine sehr beschränkte. Langdauernden Bemühungen des gen. Constructeurs ist es nun gelungen, einen einfacheren und billigeren Apparat herzustellen, mit Hilfe dessen unsere Zahlenrechnungen ausgeführt und controlirt werden können. Wir hatten Gelegenheit, die Leistungen des Apparates in Augenschein zu nehmen und können nur die Vorzüge des neuen Arithmometers von W. T. Odhner als da sind: kleines Volumen, einfache und unzerbrechliche Construction, richtige Wirkung, elegantes Aussehen, einfache und leicht begreifliche Behandlung, sowie billiger Preis u. a. m. bestätigen und möchten hiermit die Aufmerksamheit unserer Leser auf diesen neuesten automatischen Rechnenmeister gelenkt haben, welcher vom Geschäfte H. Odhners, Rigascher Prospect 26, zu beziehen ist. As in all other articles of this type, the information on the instructions [4] was used. Odhner also gave a talk about his calculator at the meeting of the 'Polytechnischer Verein' on 27th September He had with him not only an arithmometer, but also drawings and a demonstration model [34]. Because German was not Odhner's native language, the paper was probably written by Arthur Hasselblatt, who was the editor of the journal. The prices of 11 and 13-digit arithmometers were 75 and 100 roubles [69], [93], but the subscribers of Schetovodstvo received a 10% discount if they bought the arithmometer at the office of the journal where a specimen was available to be tested. Odhner's general agent in Sweden, Norway and Denmark was his brother-in-law Arvid Åhlin, who also did active marketing. He printed two Swedish brochures in 1890, photos of which can be seen in [60, page 44; English version page 40]. In addition to these, the picture shows brochures printed by Åhlin's Norwegian agent, Captain Adolf Beckman, in Oslo and his Danish agent, Borgerson & Co., in Copenhagen. Of these four, a reprint of the other Swedish brochure [64], see Figure 13 and the short Danish brochure [45] have been found. In 1891, Åhlin published a 39-page Swedish instruction booklet [65] of 120 calculating examples containing, for example, the calculation of square and cubic roots. There are also examples where the calculation is different on 11-digit and 13-digit arithmometers. The first facsimile edition of it appeared 1899, when Åhlin no longer worked as an agent for Odhner. This

9 The life and works of W. T. Odhner (Part II) Figure 14. The advertisement for the Odhner arithmometer in Hufvudstadsbladet , The Finnish Historical Newspaper Library at action=page&type=mq&pageframe_currpage=1&id=216724&conversationid=2 Figure 13. Facsimile of the original 1890 one-page brochure printed in October 1968, National Museum of Science and Technology Stockholm. The price of an 11-digit arithmometer is 160 crowns (corresponding to 7625 crowns in 2001, see and that of a 13-digit arithmometer 210 crowns (corresponding to crowns in 2001). The time of delivery is said to be about 6 weeks. The price of a 15- digit arithmometer was not yet determined but estimated to be about 300 crowns. collection of examples was intended as supplementary material to the Swedish instruction manual which has not yet been found. In addition to the Russian publicity news cited above, the instruction brochure [58] published in Swedish by Odhner s Finnish agent, Aksel Paul in January 1891, cites parts of articles published in the Swedish magazines Götegorgs Handelsoch Sjöfartstidning [51], Skånska Aftonbladet, Göteborgs Posten and Vennerborgs Tidning and states that there are many more. Some Finnish newspapers also noticed Odhner's invention. Östra Finland [52] copied parts of [51] without seeing the calculator and Hufvudstadsbladet [36] for its part used information from [67]. Sales of the Odhner arithmometer began in Finland at the beginning of 1891 and there were large advertisements on the first page of the Finnish newspaper Uusi Suometar on January the 9th, 11th, 13th, 14th, 15th and 17 th accompanied by a short article [25]. An identical advertisement appeared in Swedish in Hufvudstadsbladet on 8.1, 9.1 and 10.1, see Figure 14. The price of an arithmometer was given as 350 Finnish marks [12] (see secure/showpage.html?action=page&type=mq&pageframe_currpage=3&id=216724&conver sationid=2), and the present value of this would be 1330 according to the on-line calculator provided by Nordea Bank (see However, it is not specified whether this is for an 11 or 13- digit version. The price could be compared with the 550 marks budgeted in May 1890 for the Central Statistical Office of Finland to buy a French arithmometer (probably Payen), see sanomalehti/secure/showpage.html?action=page&type=mq&pageframe_currpage=2&id=328 11&conversationId=3 According to the preface of [71], 500 calculators were produced during the first production year. This number seems to be quite trustworthy, so we can estimate that arithmometer number 500 was made in the middle of Some of these have even survived to this day. The calculator with the smallest serial number about which there is information is number 50 with a capacity of 11 digits and the script on the coverplate in German. It was originally bought by Mälaremejeriet dairy near Stockholm. The company was quite satisfied with the calculator, and had in 1911 bought a new model of Odhner calculator [13]. Probably the Hadar Schmidt company, which at that time was Odhner's agent, wanted to have an ancient arithmometer in their office and therefore took the old one as an exchange. The arithmometer was then exhibited at the business show held in Stockholm on September 1911, which included a special department celebrating 25 years of activity of Odhner's company [13]. Later, arithmometer nr. 50 belonged to Odhner's grandson Willgodt Odhner, [60, Swedish version page 26] who sold it at the end of the 1950 to the Original-Odhner factory at Gothenburg. It was then exhibited at the entrance hall of the factory, its present location is not known. Arithmometer nr. 52 at National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm and nr. 57 at Åtvidabergs Bruks- och Facit Museum, both with a capacity of 11 have also survived. The former has been slightly refurbished, but the latter is in its original form, see Figure 15. It is possible that the wooden cases made during three first years were constructed by Sannfrid Odhner, who then was part owner of a box factory [1], [22]. The wooden case where the calculator should be kept when not in use is inconvenient for everyday use. Grimme, Natalis & Co., who made sewing machines previously, bought the Odhner license in 1892 and built their calculators like sewing machines on a wooden plate with a separate cover. Odhner later adopted this system. The first known arithmometer with a capacity of 13 is shown in Figure 16. Both depicted arithmometers have the typical brass coverplate with copper inlays, but arithmometer nr. 52 has a steel cover. Its round logo, similar to one seen in Figure 21, is also different. Of the production in the first half of 1891, arithmometer nr. 313 (capacity 11) was used in Odhner advertisements in 1950 and arithmometer nr. 324 (also capacity 11) belongs to the National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm. Of the 13-digit models, there remain but two, arithmometer nr. 468 at a small Finnish parish museum, and arithmometer nr. 525 at the National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm.

10 The life and works of W. T. Odhner (Part II) Figure 15. Arithmometer nr. 57 in its original case, photo Christofer Nöring. Its capacity is 11 and the script is in German. The paper glued to the lid is in Swedish and provides contact information for Arvid Åhlin and it also requests users to read the instructions carefully before using the arithmometer. Figure 16. Arithmometer nr. 216 with a capacity of 13 and Cyrillic script at Nordea Bank Museum, Helsinki. The bank is the original owner, although its name has changed several times over the years. The device was evidently bought in January 1891, when marketing began in Finland, even though no documents regarding the acquisition exist. When the museum was established in 1938, this calculator already belonged to its collection [35]. Of the production from the latter half of 1891, only arithmometer nr. 765 (capacity 13) at the Arithmeum in Bonn and arithmometer nr. 780, owned privately, are known. The only early calculating machine which can be precisely dated is the special arithmometer, nr. 852, donated by Odhner to Crown Prince Gustaf, later King Gustaf V of Sweden when he visited St. Petersburg from January 26th to February the 3rd 1892 (new style) and met the Swedish colony in St. Petersburg. The stages of the visit can be studied in both Swedish and Russian newspapers, and also in the department 'court circular' of The Times. This luxury arithmometer has a front plate of silver, a decorative penholder, a special velvet-lined case, instructions bound in leather, and the engraving "H. K. H. Kronprins Gustaf underdånigast af uppfinnaren". King Gustaf donated the arithometer to the National Museum of Science and Technology in 1946 [24]. This 13-digit calculator is the last known made by Odhner alone without Hill and its serial number matches well with the information of that 500 arithmometers were produced during the first year [71]. Figure 17. Odhner arithmometer nr. 852 (capacity 13) at the National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm. This calculator was produced in January 1892 and is the gift of the inventor to Crown Prince Gustaf. The second printing of Odhner's instruction manual [71] was approved by censors on February the 5 th 1892 and only the Russian version of it has been found. The size of the brochure is 16 pages and the cover claims that the invention has been patented in all countries. This kind of exaggeration in advertisement seems to be typical for Odhner products. As we saw above, the US patent application had not yet been filed at that time. The number of numerical examples provided is now 26, including one example of the extraction of a square root. The main agent for Odhner for the entire Russian market was already Emanuel Mietens at Gostiny Dvor department store on Nevskii Prospekt. He maintained the agency to the end of the activity of Odhner factory in St. Petersburg. Königsberger & Co was not able to sell the patent rights of the 1877 version of the arithmometer, but in spring 1892, the production license of the improved 1890 version was sold to Grimme, Natalis & Co. in Braunschweig, Germany which chose the name Brunsviga for the calculator. This sale of the patent rights of Odhner in Germany, Belgium and Switzerland has been considered in several sources [15], [16], [49], so not much need be written here. The investment cost 10,000 German marks plus 10 marks royalty for each calculator sold. This was quite good income for Odhner even though source [55] claims that Odhner sold the licenses too cheaply. When Grimme, Natalis & Co. also had to start their production from scratch, it is no wonder that the company did not pay any dividends in [15], [16]. The first Brunsviga instruction booklet [47] is a modification of the first Odhner instruction [4] and does not contain any new material from the second edition [71] which was then available. The Brunsviga instructions are 9 pages long and there is one extra example included; the other 8 examples have been taken from the Odhner instructions [4]. 8. Odhner-Hill arithmometers The third printing of the instructions [5] was approved by the censors on September the 28th 1892 and it was already published by Odhner & Hill. The manual mentions a new 15-digit capacity model even though the image used is still that of an 11-digit arithmometer. Because the German production licence was already sold, a German version of the instructions was no longer needed. In order to sell a production license to France, a French version was now printed simultaneously. The brochure includes 11 testimonials from arithmometer users, among them the Oil Company of the Nobel brothers (10 arithmometers in December 1891), the Putilov factory (9 arithmometers in use and one more ordered to be delivered as quickly as possible), two insurance companies, a bank, the Associate Professor G. Depp, the engineering

11 The life and works of W. T. Odhner (Part II) office of A. Kister, the St. Petersburg arsenal, the O.G. Spennemann office, a pharmacy wholesale company and the architect B. Prussakov. All testimonials are of course very positive. Four Odhner-Hill arithmometers are known. Of these, nrs and 1209 belong to the Polytechnical Museum, Moscow, nr to the National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm and nr to Sergei Frolov, St. Petersburg, see These serial numbers match quite well with the information given above and arithmometer nr was probably made early in the second half of The first known non Odhner-Hill calculator is arithmometer nr of Walter Szrek, see Because no arithmometers with serial numbers between 852 and 1078 are known, the maximum number of Odhner-Hill arithmometers is 488, assuming that they were enumerated continuously. Evidently the financial situation in Russia, which was the main market area was not very good, because this amount could have been produced in a shorter time at the new factory. Another reason might be that the production of Orlov printing presses took most of the production capacity. In any case that is the reason why the earliest possible time of 1895 was assumed above for the end of the partnership of Odhner and Hill even though the Russian sources [3], [68] claim, without providing any evidence, that this happened in Odhner-Hill arithmometers are easily recognized from the logo, where instead of 'Odhner' one can read 'Odhner and Hill', see Figure 18. Figure 18. The logo of arithmometer nr at the National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm with the Russian text 'Mechanical factory of Odhner and Hill, St. Petersburg'. In arithmometers made before the outbreak of the First World War, the inscription is either in Russian or German. When Russia and Germany were at war, the public use of the German language in any form was forbidden. Thus, there are a few arithmometers dating from that time with English script. In other respects, the arithmometers are similar to those produced earlier. Of the four Odhner- Hill arithmometers, the one surviving in Stockholm has a capacity of 15, see Figure 19. The others are normal 13-digit models. The cases have survived for arithmometers nr and 1326, and they are similar to the case of the special arithmometer, 852, in Figure 17, but there is no velvet lining, the wood used is cheaper and the finishing rather coarse, see Figures 19 and 20. At that time, the case does not yet contain the warning for turning the crank too fast mentioned in [60]. Brunsviga was more innovative and their calculators were already equipped with long cranks in 1893 [9], but Odhner continued to build their arithmometers with a short crank for some years. The new carriage shift system in Figure 20, which also can be seen in arithmometer 1209, is evidently also copied from Brunsviga. There are, however, later Odhner arithmometers with the original system of Figure 21. Figure 19. Odhner-Hill arithmometer nr of the National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm in an original case. This is the first known 15-digit model. The coverplate here is nickelplated, which was at that time cheaper than a lacquered coverplate [86], see also Figure 21. For the Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, the Russian government paid for the transport of the exhibited items, their insurance during the transportation and the exhibition space [63], and it was thus easy for Odhner to send his arithmometer there. The space given to Odhner was probably relatively small and many of those interested in new office machines probably had difficulty in finding it since the Russian department certainly wasn't the the first place to seek new innovations. For example, the official American report [17] mentions the Brunsviga stand, but not Odhner's at all. The German reporter Berthold Pensky was more careful because he had been selected as the one-man jury awarding calculating machines. Thus, he also looked at the Russian department but notes only briefly that the Odhner calculator is similar to the Brunsviga [48]. Odhner received an award called 'first prize' in the 1895 advertisement in [66], see Figure 22. The justification for the award was "for simplicity of construction and convenience of form" [50]. Brunsviga, too, which at this time was still quite similar to the Odhner arithmometer [9], was rewarded [2] because "the design is novel and the form convenient" [50]. Figure 20. Odhner-Hill arithmometer nr of Sergei Frolov, photo Sergei Frolov. The case is original, but the long crank, decimal pointers and input lever clearing system have evidently been refurbished later. The number wheels here (as in arithmometer nr. 1209) have black numbers on a white background.

12 The life and works of W. T. Odhner (Part II) Figure 21. Advertisement in Schetovodstvo, 1895 [70], National Library of Russia. The image is still of an 11- digit model even though it was no longer produced, as can be seen from the text. Subscribers to Schetovodstvo still received a 10% discount. One of the Russian commissars at the exposition was V.L. Kirpichev, who had made a statement [80] concerning the first version of the Odhner arithmometer in He had now advanced from being a teacher at the St. Petersburg Practical Technological Institute to being the first director of the Kharkov Technological Institute in Ukraine, (see and he possibly had contacts with Pensky. It is unlikely that Odhner himself visited the exposition. It is difficult to date the Odhner-Hill arithmometers, but we can examine two advertisements printed in 1895, see Figures 21 and 22. In 1895, the price of the 13-digit model was still 100 roubles, while the 15-digit model cost 125 roubles. For 10 roubles extra, one could obtain a coverplate lacquered black, see Figure 21. In Germany, the price of the Brunsviga was 300 marks, corresponding to 150 roubles [3], [81]. Thus the production costs in Russia were already at that time cheaper than in Germany, but the transportation costs lowered the ability of Odhner arithmometers to compete on the European market. At the same time the price of a 16-digit Thomas arithmometer in St. Petersburg was 300 roubles while a 16-digit Layton arithmometer (system Tate) cost as much as 800 roubles [86]. The advertisement of Odhner & Hill in the address calender of 1895 in Figure 22 claims that more than 1500 arithmometers were in use. This number is somewhat greater than could be expected from the serial numbers given above, but the facts given in the advertising of Odhner products often are quite unreliable. The advertisement also claims that a first prize was received at the World's Columbian Exposition 1893 even though only one kind of award was granted there. In Sweden, Odhner calculators were advertised by the slogan "Swedish invention - Swedish Steel" and reason for the longevity of the arithmometer was claimed to be the use of Swedish steel [13]. Source [55] states that the steel used by Odhner came from the Sandviken factory. 9. Expert opinions about the Odhner arithmometer Even though Odhner and Brunsviga arithmometers sold very well, calculating machine authorities did not like them. For example, R. Mehmke felt he needed only the words "billig aber minderwertig" to describe the Brunsviga in [32], but later he was more explicit "Ist nicht Figure 22. The advertisement for a 13-digit Odhner-Hill arithmometer (calculating machine) from 1895 in [66], National Library of Finland. zuverlässig, weil die Bewegungen nicht hinreichend gesichert und die Zehnerübertragungen nicht weit genug geführt sind, hat sehr schweren Gang und andere Mängel" [33]. A more detailed article about the defects of early Brunsviga models was written by H. Sossna [54]. Russian calculating machine expert Waldemar von Bohl (see id=61&r=19&f=192), who was the inspector of the Alexandrov Military Academy in Moscow, first wrote that Odhner makes calculators patented by Brunsviga [74]. When he revised his articles for the well-known book [75], he corrected that error. In the book he compares the arithmometers of Thomas and Odhner and lists following advantages of the Odhner arithmometer: "1. меньший объем, 2. более простое устройство и 3. меньшая цена." However, he also lists its shortcomings compared with the calculating machines designed by Thomas, Chebyshev, Selling and Bollée. "1. Большое число пружин в подвижной части и особенно спиральных пружин, легко ослабевающих и ломающихся, через что механизм для перенесения десятков легко может дать отказ или ошибку; поэтому в отношении точности арифмометр Однера уступает арифмометру Томаса, не говоря уже об арифмометрах Чебышева, Зеллинга, Болле, недающих ни ошибки, ни отказа. Вообще подвижная част составляет самую слабую сторону арифмометра Однера. 2. Прибор дает при манипуляциях значительный стук, превосходящий стук, происходящий при действии арифмометра Томаса, особенно усовершенствованнаго Бургардтом; в этом отношении арифмометр Зеллинга представляет машину наиболее удовлетворительную. 3. Хотя замена механизма, служащаго для перехода от сложения и умножения к вычитанию и делению простым изменением направления вращения рукоятки и послужила к упрощению устройства арифмометра, но замена эта вызывает невольныя ошибки, так как требует всегда внимания: в какую сторону надо вращать рукоятку. Постоянное вращение рукоятки в одну сторону при употребленииарифмометра Томаса,

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