The loser effect has been well demonstrated in many species, from spiders and fish to birds. After a fight hormonal levels change which negatively affects performance in further fights.

He may just court less attractive females. He's not a loser for lifeDr Mylene Mariette, University de Saint-Etienne, France

Now scientists have found a similar effect for mating. Adolescent males who failed to pair with a juvenile female were later unsuccessful with females they encountered in adulthood.

Scientists also paired young males as a control in the experiment. They found that if males failed to pair with another male, it had no effect on their later success.

Judging fights

Mylene Mariette, from the University de Saint-Etienne, France, and lead author of the study said: "We know that social interaction is important for some aspects of development, like the role of males to teach youngsters to sing, but so far no study has looked at the effect of how interaction between juveniles affects their behaviour as adults."

She explained that there are two ways in which the loser effect could be operating.

Colourful songbirds

Image caption
Forming male-female pairs in adolescence was found to be vital for later mating success

Zebra finches are characterised by their colourful, friendly facades

They have stubby orange beaks, a grey head and a black and white tail

They are loud singers exuding chattering trills

Their social nature results in cacophonies of song amongst flocks

In the first, losers may judge past experience of their own abilities - of fighting or attractiveness - and adjust their behaviour accordingly "to avoid losing time and energy".

In the second, knowledge of a past loss or rejection may change the way an opponent or potential mate reacts to a loser, for example, females may be less willing to mate a previously rejected male.

"Like winning a fight, successful mating is a positive social interaction. We know that animals are able to pick up chemical cues from others, so they could potentially detect a change in hormone levels," Dr Mariette added.

"In the mating context we have good reason to expect the same mechanism to happen. Just like an animal wanting to know how good a male is at fighting compared to others, they may also want to know how attractive he is."

Not a loser forever

Fortunately for the males, the loser effect does not last forever, sometimes only for a few hours. "He may just court less attractive females. He's not a loser for life," Dr Mariette told BBC News.

Two months after rejection by their female companion, the males were no longer less successful with new females, but "better quality males were still preferred".

The loser effect in mating could be widespread amongst other animals but for now "it's too early to tell", she said.