2 Your ability to vividly recall what you were doing when you heard about the attack on the World Trade Center towers on 9/11/01 is an example of _____.

A.

a flashbulb memory

B.

the Zeigarnik effect

C.

a memory flashback

D.

your lack of a real life

2.

2 The method of loci, peg-word system, substitute word system, and method of word association are all examples of _____.

A.

ways students try to cheat on exams

B.

mnemonic devices

C.

eidetic imagery

D.

a photographic memory

3.

2 The "cocktail party phenomenon" is related to _____.

A.

sensory memory

B.

memory loss due to alcoholism

C.

selective attention

D.

deliberate rehearsal

4.

2 The serial position effect suggests that people will remember _____ items better than _____ items on a list.

A.

middle and end; beginning

B.

beginning and end; middle

C.

beginning; middle or end

D.

end; middle or beginning

5.

2 _____ refers to the initial storage of information received from the senses.

A.

Perceptual memory

B.

Short-term storage

C.

Sensory memory

D.

Working memory

6.

2 When new information interferes with the recall of previously learned information it is called _____ interference; when previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information it is called _____ interference.

A.

new; prior

B.

retroactive; proactive

C.

retrograde; anterograde

D.

neo-knowledge; previous-knowledge

7.

2 A progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss that occurs most commonly in the elderly is called _____.

A.

senility

B.

dementia

C.

Alzheimer's disease

D.

age-related amnesia

8.

2 When brain injury due to physical or psychological trauma results in forgetting, it is called _____.

A.

motivated forgetting

B.

retrieval failure

C.

amnesia

D.

Alzheimer's disease

9.

2 Juaquim is using three by five cards to help him recall facts for his biology exam tomorrow. His roommate is recalling the homecoming game from last weekend while listening to the radio. Juaquim is demonstrating the use of _____ memory; his roommate is demonstrating _____ memory.

A.

semantic; episodic

B.

factual; visual-auditory

C.

factual; autobiographical

D.

landmark; flashbulb

10.

2 A flashbulb memory is one in which _____.

A.

your camera malfunctioned and you have to rely on semantic recall

B.

you were surrounded by paparazzi

C.

you were blinded by someone's flashbulb and had to rely on other sensory information to form a memory

D.

vivid images are associated with a surprising or strongly emotional event

11.

4 In order to recall the number of lemons Matthew's mother told him to buy at the store, Matthew visualized a lemon attached to each letter of the word "buy." Matthew was using the process of _____ to remember to buy three lemons.

A.

semantic coding

B.

numeric rehearsal

C.

maintenance rehearsal

D.

dual-coding

12.

4Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding memory?

A.

Memory can be influenced and modified by other people and events.

B.

Recovered memories of childhood abuse or trauma are very common.

C.

It is possible to construct convincing false memories.

D.

all of these options

13.

4 Short-term memory receives information from _____ memory.

A.

sensory

B.

sensory and working

C.

long-term

D.

sensory and long-term

14.

4 Yu-Wai just met a woman he feels attracted to. He keeps saying her name over and over to himself to make sure he doesn't forget it. Yu-Wai is using _____ to keep this woman's name in _____ memory.

A.

mnemonics; long-term memory

B.

a reverberating circuit; sensory memory

C.

maintenance rehearsal; short-term memory

D.

selective attention; short-term memory

15.

4 Of the three memory stages, _____ has the greatest capacity, and _____ has the longest duration.

A.

sensory memory; LTM

B.

LTM; LTM

C.

STM; LTM

D.

LTM; sensory memory

16.

4 According to current memory researchers, _____ is an active part of LTM that moves information in and out of STM and processes that information in order to make judgments and solve problems.

A.

short-term memory

B.

working memory

C.

semantic memory

D.

episodic memory

17.

4 Which of the following is the BEST method of determining whether a false or recovered memory is real?

A.

Ask the person to answer questions under hypnosis.

B.

Find external evidence that supports the facts of the memory.

C.

Conduct a lie-detector test.

D.

Ask a psychologist to conduct psychological testing using the Rorschach inkblot and Thematic Apperception tests.

18.

4 In the parallel process of memory, memory systems work _____ rather than _____.

A.

in chunks; in whole parts

B.

in synchrony; in stages

C.

separately; together

D.

all of these options

19.

4 Two groups shown the same video of a serious car accident were asked to respond to questions about it. Group 1 was asked, "How fast do you think the green car was traveling when it smashed into the blue car?" Group 2 was asked, "How fast do you think the green car was traveling when it hit the blue car?" Estimated speeds for the green car were MOST likely to be _____.

A.

higher in Group 1

B.

lower in Group 1

C.

equal in both Groups

D.

the same as the estimated speeds for the blue car

20.

4 Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to false and repressed memories?

A.

Most people who witness violent crime or who are victims of traumatic abuse have trouble forgetting the event.

B.

Memory experts agree that remembering early childhood abuse years later is very common.

C.

It is possible to construct convincing false memories of events that never happened.

D.

all of these options

21.

5 The "dual-coding" system proposed by Allen Paivio refers to the possession of a(n) _____.

A.

semantic and an episodic memory for storing information

B.

verbal channel and a visual channel for processing information

C.

auditory sensory memory and visual sensory memory

D.

ability to keep information in short-term memory either by reentry or rehearsal

22.

5 According to Alan Baddeley, there are three components to working memory: _____.

A.

short-term memory, long-term memory, and levels of processing

B.

short-term visual storage, short-term verbal storage, and an executive control

C.

sensory memory, short-term memory, and an executive memory

D.

reentry, rehearsal, and dual coding

23.

5 According to Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve, _____.

A.

forgetting is initially rapid, then slows

B.

forgetting is initially slow, then speeds

C.

forgetting occurs at a steady rate over time

D.

forgetting occurs rapidly in children and older adults, but slower in young adults

24.

5 The patient H. M. was unable to consolidate information from STM after surgical removal of portions of his _____.

A.

occipital lobes

B.

subcortex

C.

frontal lobes

D.

temporal lobes

25.

6 Chunking enables a person to _____.

A.

select contents from sensory memory

B.

organize contents of STM

C.

organize contents of LTM

D.

use dual coding in sensory memory

26.

6 Visual and verbal coding occurs in the _____ stage, and is called the _____ system.

A.

LTM; optical-auditory

B.

sensory memory; sensory

C.

perceptual memory; sensory

D.

STM; dual-coding

27.

6 One way to assess relearning is to test how long it takes to _____ the original information.

4 Lamar is thinking about all the ways he can come up with the money he needs to buy the used Yugo he saw advertised in the "Car Trader" yesterday. Lamar is _____.

A.

engaged in wishful thinking

B.

engaged in stupid thinking

C.

living in the land of the nerds

D.

working in the production stage of problem-solving

47.

4 Which of the following persons would be most likely to have similar IQ test scores?

A.

identical twins raised apart

B.

identical twins raised together

C.

fraternal twins raised apart

D.

brothers and sisters from the same parents

48.

4 Standardization of tests is required in order to determine _____.

A.

what is "normal" for the behavior being tested

B.

whether a test-taker's score reflects their ability or characteristic rather than a difference in how the test was administered

C.

both of these options

D.

none of these options

49.

4 Which of the following is NOT true of mentally gifted people, compared to people with average intellectual abilities?

A.

They have fewer suicides and divorces.

B.

They have a lower incidence of alcoholism

C.

They are more socially maladjusted because they are always buried in books or glued to a computer screen.

D.

They are happier, healthier, and richer.

50.

4 Which of the following is NOT an example of a Group IQ or aptitude test?

A.

the SAT

B.

the Army Alpha

C.

the Navy Beta

D.

the ACT

51.

4 Professor Wahl's counseling class is engaged in small-group generation of possible solutions for helping low-income families get the counseling they need. This class is in the _____ stage of problem-solving.

A.

brainstorming

B.

preparation

C.

production

D.

evaluation

52.

4 You are engaged in identifying facts, distinguishing relevant from irrelevant facts, and defining a goal. This means you are in the _____ stage of _____.

A.

initial; concept formation

B.

preparation; problem-solving

C.

distributed practice; studying

D.

attribution; problem formation

53.

4 Which of the following is NOT a factor in why children from non-middle-class families score lower on standard IQ tests?

A.

They have not learned how to look at and decipher pictures.

B.

They have lower genetic capabilities.

C.

They have not been read to.

D.

They have not learned the letters of the alphabet.

54.

4 _____ percent of the people who take an IQ test score in the normal range.

A.

16

B.

32

C.

68

D.

90

55.

4 Which of the following is the BEST predictor of college grades?

A.

the SAT

B.

the ACT

C.

high school grade point average

D.

none of these options predict college grades

56.

6 Which of the following is NOT true regarding aging and IQ?

A.

Scores on timed tests decline with age.

B.

Given unlimited time, intellectual performance remains consistent across age groups

C.

"Use it or lose it"

D.

all of these options are true

57.

6 The statement, "Creative people buy low and sell high in the market of ideas," is most associated with _____.

A.

Skinner's view of creativity

B.

the investment theory of creativity

C.

Guilford's two-factor theory of creativity

D.

Donald Trump's philosophy for winning

58.

6 Which of the following is NOT a rule for brainstorming?

A.

Postpone judgements and criticisms until after the session.

B.

Generate as many practical solutions as possible.

C.

Encourage unique and original ideas.

D.

Build on previous ideas.

59.

6 Human language differs from the communication systems of other animals in that it is _____.

4 A study by Arndt et al. found that subjects exposed to subliminal presentations of the word "death" tended to provide more death-related words on a word fill-in task. This study is offered as support for Freud's _____.

A.

death instinct

B.

conception of the unconscious

C.

defense mechanisms

D.

all of these options

81.

4 You would rather have fun with your new dating partner than study for your math exam. You know you will do poorly on the exam if you don't study, but tell yourself that having fun will help you relax for the exam. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A.

intellectualization

B.

rationalization

C.

sublimation

D.

reaction formation

82.

4 Toland is angry with his mother for making him go to bed. His mother tells him, "Nice boys don't hate their mothers." In Rogerian terms, this is an example of _____.

A.

incongruence between self-concept and life experiences

B.

an incompatible self-concept

C.

how to condition appropriate emotional responses

D.

a phenomenological process

83.

4 "I'm going to take this candy because I want it NOW!" said the _____. "But, stealing is wrong," said the _____. "Let's ask mom if she'll advance our allowance so we can buy it today," said the _____.

4 Wilson took this psychology course once before and failed. However, he refuses to give up, and believes that he can earn a "C" or better this time even though he still has to work part-time. It is likely that Wilson _____.

A.

suffers from delusions of grandeur

B.

has a high locus of control

C.

has high self-efficacy

D.

is engaged in reciprocal determinism

85.

4 Gabrielle didn't study for this exam and really wants to cheat. This is entirely unacceptable to her superego, which won't let her do this. However, Gabrielle thinks she sees nearly everyone else in the class cheating during the exam. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

A.

sublimation

B.

reaction formation

C.

displacement

D.

projection

86.

5 According to Carl Rogers, it is important to receive unconditional positive regard in order to develop a(n) _____ that is capable of self-actualization.

A.

psyche

B.

personal unconscious

C.

ego

D.

self-concept

87.

5 According to Rogers, all but one of the following are innate biological capacities found in all human beings.

A.

self-efficacy

B.

mental health

C.

congruence

D.

self-esteem

88.

5 Rotter believed that personality or behavior is determined by your _____.

A.

cognitive expectancies

B.

cognitive reinforcers

C.

self-expectancies

D.

self-reinforcers

89.

5 According to Bandura, _____ involves a person's belief about whether he or she can successfully engage in behaviors related to personal goals.

A.

self-actualization

B.

self-esteem

C.

self-efficacy

D.

self-congruence

90.

5 Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A.

Adler: individual psychology

B.

Jung: collective psychology

C.

Horney: basic anxiety

D.

all of these options are correctly matched

91.

5 According to Buss, the five-factor model of personality traits reflects a(n) ______ advantage to people who are high on each of the factors.

A.

interpersonal

B.

intrapersonal

C.

evolutionary

D.

socioeconomic

92.

5 According to Maslow, what did Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, Mahatma Ghandi, and Eleanor Roosevelt have in common?

A.

they were all fully self-actualized

B.

they all engaged in unconditional positive regard toward others

C.

they were all humanists

D.

each was a phenomenological success in his or her own field

93.

5 According to Jung, the primitive images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious are called _____.

A.

animal instincts

B.

archetypes

C.

the latent unconscious

D.

the Oedipus complex

94.

5 According to Freud, the three mental structures in the psyche are the _____.

A.

unconscious, preconscious, and conscious

B.

oral, anal, and phallic

C.

Oedipus, Electra, and sexual/aggressive

D.

id, ego, and superego

95.

5 According to Jung, the primitive images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious are called _____.

A.

animal instincts

B.

archetypes

C.

the latent unconscious

D.

the Oedipus complex

96.

5 According to Adler, feelings of helplessness and incompetence during childhood results in _____.

A.

mistrust

B.

basic anxiety

C.

an inferiority complex

D.

learned helplessness

97.

5 According to Jung, our collective unconscious consists of _____.

A.

inherited, primitive images and archetypes

B.

one's cultural architecture

C.

the "archaeology of the soul"

D.

all of these options

98.

5 Which of the following is NOT associated with Adler's individual psychology?

A.

will-to-power

B.

birth order

C.

social interest

D.

self-efficacy

99.

5 According to Freud, if an individual's needs were _____ during a particular stage of development, that person would remain stuck at that stage.

A.

overindulged

B.

frustrated

C.

overindulged or frustrated

D.

none of these options

100.

5 Which of the following personality theorists contributed the concept of womb envy (i.e., the desire of some men to bear and nurse children)?

A.

Freud

B.

Jung

C.

Adler

D.

Horney

101.

6 Subjects given a "made up" general personality description and one that is specifically designed for them based on scientifically legitimate personality tests are likely to _____.

A.

believe the generalized "made up" description

B.

believe the specific legitimate description

C.

blend the descriptions into a believable whole

D.

none of the these options

102.

6 The _____ approach to personality is most likely to analyze self-talk.

A.

phenomenological

B.

social/cognitive

C.

Neo-Freudian

D.

collective unconscious

103.

6 High-sensation seekers and extroverts tend to have ______ compared to introverts, which may be an inherited characteristic.

A.

lower levels of physiological arousal

B.

higher levels of physiological arousal

C.

lower levels of psychological arousal

D.

higher levels of psychological arousal

104.

6 Most psychologists agree that defense mechanisms _____.

A.

can be healthy when not used excessively

B.

are unhealthy and should be eliminated through therapy

C.

are a sign of emotional damage that cannot be corrected in therapy

D.

are used excessively by most people in modern society

105.

6 A major premise underlying psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality is that _____.

2 _____ is a legal term for someone who cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of a mental illness.

A.

Neurosis

B.

Psychosis

C.

Insanity

D.

Incompetence

121.

4 A major predictor of who will not develop PTSD after a life-threatening event is _____.

A.

physical stamina

B.

psychological resources

C.

strong social support

D.

financial support or resources

122.

4 A major difference between major depressive and bipolar disorder is that only in bipolar disorders do people have _____.

A.

hallucinations or delusions

B.

depression

C.

a biochemical imbalance

D.

manic episodes

123.

4 Research findings suggest that children of alcoholics are _____ likely to develop alcoholism because _____.

A.

less; they've seen the dangers and consequences

B.

more; parents serve as models and reinforcers

C.

more; they may have a biological predisposition to respond differently to alcohol than children of nonalcoholic parents

D.

no more or less; the research is contradictory

124.

4 When Veda returned home after the worst typhoon in twenty years, her entire family was wiped out and there was nothing left of her village. Subsequently, Veda wandered off and forgot her name and everything about her previous life. This is an example of a _____.

A.

dissociate identity disorder

B.

nervous breakdown

C.

dissociative amnesia

D.

dissociative fugue

125.

4 Which of the following delusions is INCORRECTLY matched?

A.

grandeur: Buddha is my savior.

B.

reference: The television news-anchor is sending me messages.

C.

persecution: The CIA, FBI, and IRS want to lock me up or kill me.

D.

paranoid: My neighbors are listening through the walls and following my footsteps.

126.

4 Which of the following delusions is INCORRECTLY matched?

A.

grandeur: Buddha is my savior.

B.

reference: The television news-anchor is sending me messages.

C.

persecution: The CIA, FBI, and IRS want to lock me up or kill me.

D.

paranoid: My neighbors are listening through the walls and following my footsteps.

127.

4 This is an example of a hallucination.

A.

hearing voices that aren't really there

B.

seeing a bridge and thinking it is the gateway to heaven

C.

smelling a flower and believing its odor belongs to a skunk

D.

walking into a tree because you didn't see it

128.

4 Based on the personal distress approach to defining abnormal behavior, which of the following would qualify as abnormal?

A.

Two teenagers kill and injure fellow classmates and teachers, but feel no remorse afterwards.

B.

A father uses alcohol to get through the day, with no concern for the consequences.

C.

A grandmother commits suicide in order to end the pain and suffering from her terminal illness.

D.

none of these options would qualify under this approach

129.

4 Which of the following is TRUE regarding suicide?

A.

People who talk about it won't do it.

B.

Only depressed or psychotic people commit suicide.

C.

A family history of suicide increases a person's risk for suicide.

D.

Women commit suicide more often than men.

130.

4 Morris is having trouble sleeping, has lost his appetite, is too tired to go to work, and cannot concentrate on simple television shows. It is MOST likely that Morris is experiencing _____.

A.

a generalized depressive disorder

B.

a generalized anxiety disorder

C.

a major depression

D.

a minor depression

131.

4 Brenda has been up for days, and forgot to pay the rent but is handing out money to the homeless. When a police officer tries to talk to her about why she is wearing only her bra and underwear in a public place, she rapidly answers, but her thoughts are flying from one idea to another. The police officer suspects that Brenda may be experiencing _____.

A.

drug-induced multiple personalities

B.

a personality disorder

C.

a bipolar disorder

D.

hypothermic shock

132.

4 The MAJOR importance of the Rosenhan study of pseudopatients is that _____.

A.

psychiatrists often misdiagnose people with abnormal behavior

B.

patients are better than trained professionals at diagnosing mental disorders

C.

staff may lose sight of a person's individuality once a diagnostic label is assigned

D.

research like this is unethical because it may harm the participants

133.

4 Maxwell was not chosen for the baseball team. Which of the following attributions will DECREASE his chances of feeling depressed?

A.

"I'm just no good at baseball."

B.

"I've never been good at baseball, and never will be."

C.

"Baseball, basketball, school—I've failed at all of them."

D.

"Today just wasn't my day."

134.

4 Leroy refuses to dance because of an intense, irrational fear of being negatively evaluated by others; Myron avoids hospitals, doctor's offices, and people with injuries because he always faints at the sight of blood. Leroy has a(n) _____ phobia; Myron has a _____ phobia.

A.

emotional; physical

B.

social; specific

C.

evaluation; medical

D.

situational; generalized

135.

4 Udo is suddenly and frequently overcome by intense fear, heart palpitations, dizziness, and difficult breathing. Lola has not been able to control her worries for the last six months, and complains of insomnia and headaches. It is likely that Udo suffers from _____, and Lola has _____.

A.

post-traumatic stress disorder; panic attacks

B.

panic disorder; generalized anxiety disorder

C.

hysteria; obsessive-compulsive disorder

D.

agoraphobia; hysteria

136.

10 Which of the following was NOT a treatment for abnormal behavior in earlier times?

A.

trephining

B.

exorcism

C.

burning or drowning

D.

phrenology

137.

10 Hallucinations and delusions are symptoms of _____.

A.

mood disorders

B.

personality disorders

C.

anxiety disorders

D.

schizophrenia

138.

10 One reason men may experience a lower rate of severe depression than women is because _____.

A.

they are encouraged to act out aggressively rather than passively withdraw

B.

the genes responsible for depression have been found on the X chromosome, and men have only one of these

C.

they tend to cope better with negative feelings

D.

all of these options

139.

10 The purpose of the DSM-IV is to provide ____.

A.

descriptions of disorders

B.

explanations of the causes of disorders

C.

treatment options for disorders

D.

all of these options

140.

10 Anxiety disorders are _____.

A.

characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear

B.

the least frequent of the mental disorders

C.

twice as common in men as in women

D.

all of these options

141.

10 A(n) _____ is characterized by an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

A.

panic attack

B.

panic disorder

C.

hysterical disorder

D.

phobia

142.

10 The two main types of mood disorders are _____.

A.

major depression; bipolar disorder

B.

mania; depression

C.

SAD; MAD

D.

learned helplessness; suicide

143.

10 People who experience feelings of terror and helpless during a life-threatening event, and recurrent flashbacks, nightmares, emotional numbness, and impaired concentration afterwards are _____.

A.

suffering from a psychosomatic illness

B.

experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder

C.

having a nervous breakdown

D.

weaker than people who take such events in stride

144.

10 _____ is an excessive and unreasonable state of excitement and impulsive behavior.

A.

Hyperarousal

B.

Mania

C.

Compulsivity

D.

Elation

145.

10 Someone who experiences episodes of mania or cycles between mania and depression has a _____.

A.

disruption of circadian rhythms

B.

bipolar disorder

C.

manic-depressive syndrome

D.

cyclothymia disorder

146.

10 A condition in which two or more distinct personalities coexist in the same person is called _____.