Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, original name Jarnail Singh (born 1947, Rodey [or Rode], India—died June 6, 1984, Amritsar) Sikh religious leader and political revolutionary whose campaign to establish a separate Sikh state led to a violent and deadly confrontation with the Indian military in 1984.

Jarnail Singh was born into a Sikh peasant family in a village near Faridkot in what is now southwestern Punjab state, India. He attended a residential Sikh seminary (taksal) in the village of Bhindran (near Sangrur), where students were trained to become granthis (custodians of the gurdwaras [Sikh places of worship]), preachers, and ragis (singers of Sikh sacred hymns). The chief of the Bhindran taksal, Sant Gurbachan Singh, was widely revered. After his death in 1969, one of his followers, Sant Kartar Singh, moved to Mehta, in northwestern Punjab about 25 miles (40 km) east of Amritsar, and established a new taksal there. Jarnail Singh accompanied him and succeeded him as head of the Mehta taksal after his death in 1977. At some point he took the name Bhindranwale (for Bhindran).

Bhindranwale was known for his charisma as well as his knowledge of the scripture and history of Sikhism. He was asked by Zail Singh of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party), who later became the president of India, to align with them in their effort to break the hold of the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD; Supreme Akali Party) on rank-and-file Sikhs. Bhindranwale obliged, but in the process he became increasingly aware of the role he might play in Sikh history. By setting himself as an example, Bhindranwale hoped to restore the Sikh community to its traditions of bravery and martyrdom. He argued against the SAD’s policy of negotiating their demands peacefully with the central government in New Delhi, insisting that political power in the Punjab was a Sikh right, not a gift of the Delhi regime. Bhindranwale succeeded in convincing a large number of rural Sikhs that the politics of the SAD were humiliating for them.

In July 1982 he moved to the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in Amritsar and began preaching that Sikhs should initiate a battle for creation of a separate state of Khalistan. He gathered a considerable following of like-minded Sikhs and stockpiled weapons. In early June 1984 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered Indian troops to attack the complex, and, in the fighting that followed, several of its buildings were heavily damaged. According to the government authorities, hundreds of people were killed in the action, including Bhindranwale. Other reports (notably from Sikhs) put the death toll considerably higher, possibly as many as 3,000. For many Sikhs, he died the death of a martyr. Especially in the Sikh diaspora, the hope of Khalistan remained a central feature of Sikh life.

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