A segment of the modeling and simulation community and key decision makers still hold to the misconception that a vehicle can have a single or a representative thermal "signature" for a given scenario-such as daytime summer or night time summer. In truth, a vehicle in a "daytime summer Northeast Asia" scenario can manifest many different types of detectabilities and signature manifestations throughout the day and under differing weather conditions. A reasonable approach toward representing a vehicle's signature characteristics would be to understand that data spread and choose the best value or values that address the question asked of a particular simulation. The Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity (AMSAA) is moving towards addressing this problem and is seeking to use modeling and Simulation (M&S) tools to populate its databases in a reasonable manner. Using the latest M&S tools, the authors will present unclassified results of measurements and simulations demonstrating this data spread and the resulting CASTFOREM sensitivity analysis. Images and the Delta T-RSS metric will be used to demonstrate the concept of the data distribution. By moving toward the signature data spread mentality, the research and development community can help the sensor and operations community pick the appropriate values for particular analyses--even for vehicles that are in the concept design phase.

Optical detection systems usually rely on the intensity contrast (visible) or temperature difference (infrared) between target and background. Adding new dimensionality to the detection process is essential to enhance the sensitivity. This paper presents a novel theory for modeling the performance of an optical detection technique called Interferogram Phase Step Shift (IPSS), which relies on the coherence contrast between target and background to perform discrimination. The technique uses an interferometer to measure the self-coherence function of the input radiation, forming an interferogram, and an interference filter to produce an event marker (phase step) in it. The model predicts the displacement of the phase step in the interferogram, when a coherent target enters the system field of view, which is the kernel of the IPSS technique. The paper assesses the effects of the target to optical filter bandwidth ratio in the system responsivity, for optimization purposes, and models the experiments presented in a previous publication, predicting the experimental results theoretically to perform a comparison. It also includes the analytical derivation of the self-coherence functions of target and background as measured by the system's interferometer, and the computer modeling of the same self-coherence functions for an interference filter, with any arbitrary spectral response, considering the effects of the polarization of the light sources and optical components in the experiments. Finally, the theoretical curves for displacement vs. target-to-background power ratio, among others, are compared with the experimental results. Good agreement is demonstrated, and the causes of differences are discussed.

Visual target discrimination has occurred when the observer can say "I see a target THERE!" and can designate the target location. Target discrimination occurs when a perceived shape is sufficiently similar one or more of the instances the observer has been trained on. Marr defined vision as "knowing what is where by seeing." Knowing "what" requires prior knowledge. Target discrimination requires model-based visual processing. Model-based signature metrics attempt to answer the question "to what extent does the target in the image resemble a training image?" Model-based signature metrics attempt to represent the effects of high-level top-down visual cognition, in addition to low-level bottom-up effects. Recent advances in realistic 3D target rendering and computer-vision object recognition have made model-based signature metrics more practical. The human visual system almost certainly does NOT use the same processing algorithms as computer vision object recognition, but some processing elements and the overall effects are similar. It remains to be determined whether model-based metrics explain the variance in human performance. The purpose of this paper is to explain and illustrate the model-based approach to signature metrics.

The SR 5000 Infrared spectroradiometer, developed in the mid '80's, is a robust research tool for the electro-optics system development laboratory. It has been the top-of-the-line IR spectroradiometer since then, with high sensitivity and useful software packages for data analysis, but its user interface became outdated, because of the enormous advances that personal computers underwent in the 90's. Recently, after being on the verge of disappearance, CVF based spectroradiometry has been revived.
Here we present some important new features of the system:
1. Synchronized imaging.
A CCD camera is boresighted with the line of sight of the SR 5000, to digitally record the image of the measured object and its background, in synchronization with the spectral measurement. This feature is useful in the field to avoid mishaps, and sometimes for later analysis of the results.
2. Windows Operating System.
The new system control, storage and analysis software package has been developed to take advantage of modern PC's, generally accepted user interface modalities, and a powerful database for file management.

UWB communication is essentially the transmission and receiving of ultra short electromagnetic energy pulses. Short pulses mean wide bandwidths, often greatly exceeding 25% of the nominal center frequency. Modern UWB radio is characterized by very low power transmission (in the range of tens of microwatts) and wide bandwidths (greater than a gigahertz). One of the major applications of Ultra-wide band technology has been for detection and tracking of intruders in different environments. Based on some of our previous work [1,2] we developed a hybrid Ray-tracing/FDTD technique to study the indoor and outdoor propagation of UWB signals. The basic goal of this paper is to describe the experimental and simulation studies that were conducted to locate and track an intruder inside a UWB sensor web system. The sensor was developed using the Time Domain P-200 device and the software was developed using MATLAB. Return scans from UWB devices are analyzed to determine the noise floor and the signal strength. Using the noise floor level a threshold level is set above which the alarm will be triggered to determine the presence of an intruder. The probability of false alarm (PFA) is also determined using the Signal-to-Noise ratio and the threshold. We vary the PFA to lower the false alarm to a minimum level. We also determine the noise statistics of the system using Non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. Using this basic UWB sensor web system we will try to determine the physical dimensions of the intruder and also track multiple intruders on the system.

Simple statistical models for clutter are desirable for parametric modelling of sensors and the development of constant false alarm rate detection processing. In the case of radar sensors and sea clutter there are a few widely known and accepted 'standard' models that can be employed. For passive infra-red sensors there are fewer models and no such widely accepted model applicable to sea clutter. In this paper a statistical model for the behaviour of sea clutter in the long-wave infra-red is presented. The model is based upon many of the same assumptions that lead, in the case of radar, to the well-known and widely used K-distribution model. It is compared with real long-wave infra-red sea clutter data gathered in trials from a variety of locations.

CAMEO-SIM is a unique, broadband, EO synthetic scene generation system that has been developed by INSYS Ltd. (formerly Hunting Engineering) in conjunction with the Air Systems Department of Dstl Farnborough, in the UK.
The aim of the software is to provide synthetic imagery for all battlefield electro-optic sensors. CAMEO-SIM models real word physics to render high fidelity, 3-D synthetic scene imagery. The code is the tool of choice for the UK MOD and has a growing customer base in Europe and in the U.S.
CAMEO-SIM was originally conceived to asses the effectiveness of air vehicle camouflage schemes. The application has since been extended to model ground-based scenarios and more recently an ocean models has been developed, to serve the Naval community.
This paper presents an overview of the ocean model development, a description of the techniques and algorithms that have been employed in modeling the sea surface and a summary of the model has been developed, to serve the naval community.
This paper presents an overview of the ocean model development, a description of the techniques and algorithms that have been employed in modeling the sea surface and a summary of the model validation work that has been undertaken to date.