This blog describes the activities of global nomads Dr. T.H. Culhane and Dr. Sybille Culhane as they work on the Solar C.3.I.T.I.E.S. mission: "Connecting Community Catalysts Integrating Technologies for Industrial Ecology Solutions"

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Solar Power isn't Feasible!

This cartoon was on the cover of the book "SolarGas" by David Hoye. It echoes the Sharp Solar slogan "Last time I checked nobody owned the sun!"

Monday, May 19, 2008

The true costs of nuclear power

OR

WHICH WILL YOU CHOOSE?

I've been variably delighted, surprised and disturbed by the reactions I've gotten to a little video on Solar Air Conditioning that I threw together for my on-line distance learning class in "Environment and the Psychology of Behavior" , a class that had less than a dozen students that I taught from Egypt for Mercy College, New York last year.

Just before starting the course, I had taken a trip to UCLA to meet with my Ph.D. advisors and, through my friend and colleague Angel Orozco, whom I went to UCLA with and lived at the Los Angeles Eco-Village with, I had the opportunity to meet up once again with Solar Engineer Les Hamasaki at the Debs Park Audubon Center, where he has built a solar airconditioning system for the whole complex.

Les Hamasaki let me videotape him explaining how his system works on my little Canon Xapshot camera (the only camera I had with me) and when I got back to Egypt I edited the little snippets together with some narrated footage of the air conditioners on and around our apartment in Cairo and put some background music to make it fun. Then I posted it on Youtube for my students:

In the past year, my spontaneously produced video has received 46,056 views -- by far the largest audience for anything I've ever posted (certainly the largest "class" I've ever had as a teacher!) The only other time something I have done has been seen by that many people was when we played a Circus Guy Musical Goodwill Ambassador Program concert at a festival in Morrocco two summers ago.

Nearly 50,000 views for a youtube video on Solar Air Conditioning. Wow. It may not seem like much to those of you who post gossip videos about Paris Hilton or whatnot, but for an educator used to small classes, that's alot! My next most viewed videos, on Geothermal Power and The Immune System, rank in at only 17,849 and 16,576 viewers, respectively. If I ever get time and a budget, I know what I'm going to make a proper video about!

That is delightful. Just shows you that people around the world really are interested in solar energy in general and solar air conditioning in particular. And judging from the nice comments and emails I've been getting, a surprising number want to put their money where their mouths are and take the next step to help us all move rapidly away from fossil fuels and nuclear power plants.

All that from a little youtube video made for a handful of distance learning students. Shows how youtube has changed the way we share information and shows how education is being democratized.

What has been disturbing are the number of really nasty comments I've gotten from that short video post. Some disparage solar power in general, others defend old air conditioning technologies and suggest I'm some kind of "commie" for exploring the benefits of solar adsorption chillers, and some are upset that I dramatize the life-threatening effects of blackouts (the fact that people have died in several recent ones notwithstanding). Some tell me that solar power is too expensive to do the poor any good, and accuse me of being elitist, apparently not aware that our entire Solar CITIES project is conducted of, by and for the so called "have-nots", and that the urban poor of Cairo are the most excited and appreciative people I have met when it comes to experiments to make use of their ubiquitous sunshine, no matter how experimental and expensive these systems seem today. The truly "poor" seem to get it, citing how the costs of all technologies, from computers to power plants, always come down once they are mass produced and economies of scale kick in. The poor are no dummies.

But many of the people leaving comments for me on youtube apparently are. Or they have another agenda...

Ironically, the most virulent attacks I've gotten from my video are from people who are offended that I criticize nuclear power. They write comments putting down the solar option, attacking me personally and making up facts to defend the spotty track record of nuclear power plants.

Amazing!

But I have a completely unsubstantiated conspiracy theory about this:

I'm thinking (tongue-in-cheek here for all you folks who take things TOO seriously!) that the nuclear lobby is secretly behind all this.

Yesiree Bob, I'm thinkin' they take a portion of their massive PR budget and pay people to sit at home and google all those of us who have blogs and youtube posts that support solar and other truly renewable energy solutions.

You ever get one of those emails telling you you can make lots of money from home simply by surfing the web? Ever wonder what the job really entails? Hmm.

I be thinkin' the nuclear lobby (no doubt with full approval from Senator McCain, who probably talked the scheme over with George W. when they were celebrating his birthday together on the ranch instead of seeing what they could do to help the victims of Hurricane Katrina) is hiring people to mess with the only democratic and uncontrolled forms of media we have (MySpace, Youtube, Blogspot etc.) , and use them to discredit solar and push nukes. I'm thinking these folks are hired to hunt us down and when they find us, to write negative or disparaging comments and flood our sites with disinformation as part of their campaign to make it seem as though nuclear power is a viable solution to our climate change crisis.

Sound far fetched?

What, you don't think the nuclear industry and its cronies in big industry and big government who are all sharing a piece of this swindle pie are doing everything they can to keep the scam going? You don't think they're capable of such shenanigens?

Hmmm.

I approach this as I do most conspiracy theories -- with a healthy dose of salt, but buttered with the question, "if I was rich and powerful, and alot of the NPV of my riches and power came from fooling the public into supporting massive subsidies for constructing or re-liscencing nuclear power plants, would I, could I conceive of hiring people to discredit non-nuclear options and to pass disinformation on to the public wherever and whenever I could?

If I began to see that people were turning more to the democratic channels of information, such as youtube and the blogosphere, and turning off to the industry-controlled media, would I, could I conceive of blitzing those channels with disinformation?

If I were as evil as Dr. Evil, would I, could I, plan such a strategy?

For "one million dollars"?

I leave the answer to that up to you (nyeh, eh eh)!

But if you don't believe that internet shills exist, read this post from "The Escapist". And if you want to read a good "fiction" novel about the Internet Shill Marketing phenomenon, read William Gibson's new novel "Pattern Recognition" (Gibson, my cyberpunk friends know, invented the genre with "Neuromancer" and "Johnny Mnemonic".)

Shills exist, hecklers in the internet crowd. All there needs to be is a profit motive...

(This week the International Herald Tribune had a front page article saying "Italy Signals turnaround on Nuclear Power". From the headlines you get the idea it is a fait accompli. But if you actually read the article you find that the voters aren't agreed and that "'new regulation and strong agreement on the plan within the country' would be needed." The article itself actually contains more reasons why going back to nukes is a stupid consideration than a viable energy strategy -- not least of which is the fact that nukes take 20 years to liscence and build, by which time we could easily have tapped into Italy's abundant geothermal power, built plenty of safe, clean, solar power towers, exploited the abundant wind, wave and tidal power and replaced so many inefficent motors and pumps and lights and other outdated technologies that Italy would be swimming in a surfeit of power! So which shill is being paid off to get these misleading headlines on the front page?)

In parting, since I grow tired of arguing against nuclear power (which one energy spokesman called "the stupidist most dangerous way to boil water ever invented" and another called "a catastrophic oversized tea kettle), especially having visited the solar power towers and thermal concentrators in Spain, which do the same job with absolutely no risk, I will simply reproduce the wonderful article that Christian Parenti published in The Nation, since he says everything I would want to say, and everything that Amory Lovins said on the Charlie Rose show, and does it better than I could possibly do.

Why reproduce it here, and not simply give you the link to the article on "The Nation"?

Well, because if there were only one copy out there on the net, and I were rich and powerful and got much of my macho prestige, my political clout and my Net Present Value from ensuring the future of nuclear power in my country and convincing people it was our new "green" solution to global warming why I would ______________!

(fill in the blank!)

Hope others of you will help replicate Parenti's memes, and help ensure we never let nukes have any kind of renaissance since, after reading about the recent activity in Iran and having listened to Egypt's recent declarations, I'm not convinced economics will ever defeat wicked people's rush to "let the atomic Djinn out of Aladdin's lamp".

April 24, 2008

"If you listen to the rhetoric, nuclear power is back. Smashing atoms will replace burning carbon-based coal, gas and oil. In the face of a disaster movie-like future of runaway climate change--bringing drought, floods, famine and social breakdown--carbon-free nukes are cast as the deus ex machina to save us at the last minute.

Even a few greens support nuclear power--most famously James Lovelock, father of the Gaia theory. In the popular press, discussion of nuclear energy is dominated by its boosters, thanks in part to sophisticated industry PR.

In an effort to jump-start a "nuclear renaissance," the Bush Administration has pushed one package of subsidies after another. For the past two years a program of federal loan guarantees has sat waiting for utilities to build nukes. Last year's appropriations bill set the total amount on offer at $18.5 billion. And now the Lieberman-Warner climate change bill is gaining momentum and will likely accrue amendments that will offer yet more money.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) expects up to thirty applications to be filed to build atomic plants; five or six of those proposals are moving through the complicated multi-stage process. But no new atomic power stations have been fully licensed or have broken ground. And two newly proposed projects have just been shelved.

The fact is, nuclear power has not recovered from the crisis that hit it three decades ago with the reactor fire at Browns Ferry, Alabama, in 1975 and the meltdown at Three Mile Island in 1979. Then came what seemed to be the coup de grâce: Chernobyl in 1986. The last nuclear power plant ordered by a US utility, the TVA's Watts Bar 1, began construction in 1973 and took twenty-three years to complete. Nuclear power has been in steady decline worldwide since 1984, with almost as many plants canceled as completed since then.

All of which raises the question: why is the much-storied "nuclear renaissance" so slow to get rolling? Who is holding up the show? In a nutshell, blame Warren Buffett and the banks--they won't put up the cash.

"Wall street doesn't like nuclear power," says Arjun Makhijani of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. The fundamental fact is that nuclear power is too expensive and risky to attract the necessary commercial investors. Even with vast government subsidies, it is difficult or almost impossible to get proper financing and insurance. The massive federal subsidies on offer will cover up to 80 percent of construction costs of several nuclear power plants in addition to generous production tax credits, as well as risk insurance. But consider this: the average two-reactor nuclear power plant is estimated to cost $10 billion to $18 billion to build. That's before cost overruns, and no US nuclear power plant has ever been delivered on time or on budget.

As Dieter Helm, an Oxford professor and leading economic expert on energy markets, has found, there never has been and never will be a nuclear power program totally dependent on the market.

Sixty years ago, the technology was swathed in manic space-age optimism--its electricity was going to be "too cheap to meter." While that wasn't true, nuclear power did serve a key role in the cold war: spent nuclear fuel rods are refined for weapons-grade plutonium and enriched uranium. That fact aside, rarely has so much money, scientific know-how and raw state power been marshaled to achieve so little. By some estimates, an investment of several hundred billion dollars has led to a US nuke industry of 104 operating plants--about a quarter of the global total--that produces a mere 19 percent of our electricity.

In fact, the sputtering decline of nuclear power has been one of the greatest industrial failures of modern times. In 1985 Forbes called the nuke industry "the largest managerial disaster in history."

Atomic optimism run amok caused the largest municipal bond default in US history. In 1983 Washington Public Power Supply System abandoned three nuke plants in midconstruction. The projects were plagued by massive cost overruns--one infamous section of piping was reinstalled seventeen times, safety inspections were blatantly ignored, incompetent contractors were allowed to continue work and on and on. When the project finally died, unfinished costs had ballooned to $24 billion, and the utility walked away from $2.25 billion worth of bonds.

That project, like many others, drowned in the financial riptides of rising interest rates that were the central feature of the "Volcker recession" of the early '80s. (That was when Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker smashed inflation by jacking the Fed's interest rate from 8 percent in 1979 to more than 16 percent in 1982.) But nukes were also killed by the corruption and incompetence that so often plague large state projects, like Boston's Big Dig, the New Orleans levees, space-based weapons systems and Iraq's reconstruction.

Another reason atomic energy is so expensive is that its accidents are potentially catastrophic, and activists have forced utilities to build in costly double and triple safety systems. Right-wing champions of atom-smashing blame prohibitive costs on neurotic fears and unnecessary safety measures. They have a point in that safety is expensive, but safety is hardly excessive--details on that in a moment.

More important is the fact that nuclear fission is a mind-bogglingly complex process, a sublime, truly Promethean technology. Let's recall: it involves smashing a subatomic particle, a neutron, into an atom of uranium-235 to release energy and more neutrons, which then smash other atoms that release more energy and so on infinitely, except the whole process is controlled and used to boil water, which spins a turbine that generates electricity.

In this nether realm, where industry and science seek to reproduce a process akin to that which occurs inside the sun, even basic tasks--like moving the fuel rods, changing spare parts--become complicated, mechanized and expensive. Atom-smashing is to coal power, or a windmill, as a Formula One race-car engine is to the mechanics of a bicycle. Thus, it costs an enormous amount of money.

Worldwide, about twenty nuclear power plants are being built, but most are in Asia and Russia and are closely linked to nuclear weapons programs. Japan and France have large nuke programs, but both countries heavily subsidize their plants, use a single design and built their fleets not to make profits but to ensure some minimum strategic energy independence and, for France, to build an atomic arsenal.

Even if a society were ready to absorb the high costs of nuclear power, it hardly makes the most sense as a tool to quickly combat climate change. These plants take too long to build. A 2004 analysis in Science by Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow, of Princeton University's Carbon Mitigation Initiative, estimates that achieving just one-seventh of the carbon reductions necessary to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at 500 parts per billion would require "building about 700 new 1,000- megawatt nuclear plants around the world." That represents a huge wave of investment that few seem willing to undertake, and it would require decades to accomplish.

None of this has stopped the Bush Administration and Congress from channeling more money toward nukes. The current push to build nukes began in 2002, when the Administration launched its Nuclear Power 2010 program, which sought to spur construction of at least three major nuclear power plants. Then came the US Energy Policy Act of 2005, which offered three major forms of subsidy. New nuclear power plants could get production tax credits, federal loan guarantees and construction insurance against cost overruns and delays--together worth $18.5 billion.

The notion that nukes make sense and are the version of green preferred by grown-ups is being conjured by a slick PR campaign. The Nuclear Energy Institute--the industry's main trade group--has retained Hill and Knowlton to run a greenwashing campaign.

Part of their strategy involves an advocacy group with the grassroots-sounding name the Clean and Safe Energy Coalition. At the center of the effort are former EPA chief Christine Todd Whitman and former Greenpeace co-founder turned corporate shill Patrick Moore. (Moore is also a huge champion of GMO crops, which are notorious for impoverishing farmers in developing economies and using massive amounts of pesticides.) The industry also places ghostwritten op-eds under the bylines of scientists for hire.

All the major environmental groups oppose nuclear power. But the campaign is having some impact at the grassroots: the online environmental journal Grist found that 54 percent of its readers are ready to give atomic energy a second look; 59 percent of Treehugger.com readers feel the same way. In other words, people who understand climate change are feeling downright desperate.

But even the Oz-like magic of corporate spin, public subsidies and presidential speechifying have their limits. In late December the man whose name is synonymous with sound money turned his back on nuclear power.

Warren Buffett's MidAmerican Nuclear Energy Company scrapped plans to build a plant in Payette, Idaho, because no matter how many times its managers ran the numbers (and they spent $13 million researching it), they found that it simply made no sense from an economic standpoint.

South Carolina Electric and Gas has also suspended its two planned reactors, citing costs as the key factor. But the company says, "We remain very upbeat about the future of nuclear power."

If a nuke plant breaks ground soon, it will likely be NRG Energy's double-reactor plant, set to be erected in South Texas. But that one has also been delayed.

The fact that new nukes make little economic sense does not mean that old nukes are not profitable. In fact, these nightmarishly complex radioactive boondoggles have recently been turned into cash cows. Utilities achieved this remarkable transformation the old-fashioned way--they used socialism.

Beginning in the 1990s, most American energy markets were deregulated one state, one region at a time. In the process many old utilities were broken up into different firms: some generated power, others sold it, still others handled transmission. One of the crucial details of deregulation was allowing utilities to pass on to rate payers the "stranded costs"--the outstanding mortgage payments of their nuclear power plants.

Perhaps the most egregious example of this occurred in California. In 1996 the State Assembly passed legislation--written by utility lobbyists--that allowed Southern California Edison and Pacific Gas & Electric to hold rates high as prices dropped nationally. The two utilities were on target to receive $28 billion over four years. This money would pay off the stranded costs of the Diablo Canyon and San Onofre atomic plants. Halfway through the deal the California power crisis hit and deregulation was put on hold--utilities were forced to stop selling off their assets, and third-party speculation in energy markets was halted. But the state floated bonds to mop up the remaining stranded costs.

Similar deals were struck across the country. Once unburdened of old debts, the nuke plants--now having relatively low overhead costs--became valuable assets. A new generation of firms began buying them up. By 2002 ten companies owned seventy of the nation's 104 reactors. Among the big players in this game are Exelon, Entergy and Dominion Resources.

Many of the old plants went for a song. A particularly disturbing example of this is Vermont Yankee, a thirty-five-year-old reactor purchased by Entergy seven years ago for a mere $180 million. That's about half the price it would cost to build an equal-sized coal plant or wind farm.

Now Entergy is trying to run the power station as hard and as long as possible. In 2006 it received approval to increase power output at the plant by 20 percent. This "uprate" means the plant operates with 20 percent more pressure, heat and flow. And in just one year it earned Entergy $100 million in profits. Over the last decade, almost all US nuclear power plants have received uprates, but few match Vermont Yankee's full-throttle, 120 percent capacity.

Just after the uprate, one of Vermont Yankee's twenty-two cooling towers collapsed. That's right--it crumbled and fell over. Entergy officials said the collapse "baffled" them. The plant's spokesman, Rob Williams, admitted that "our inspections were not effective enough." Reached by phone, Gregory Jaczko, a commissioner at the NRC, admitted that the collapse "didn't look good." But he went on to reassure the public that the plant is essentially safe.

Now Entergy is petitioning the NRC to extend its operating license so that it can run the old plant for twenty years longer than was intended. Nationally, forty-eight facilities have had their licenses extended. In fact, despite critics' arguments that aging plants pose serious dangers, no license renewal requests have ever been denied.

"The NRC falls all over itself to facilitate the industry," says Ray Shadis, a consultant who has worked for both environmental groups and on NRC panels and research projects. The Project on Government Oversight and other watchdog groups point to a revolving door between the commission's staff and the nuclear industry. To take just one example, in 2007 former commissioner Jeffrey Merrifield joined the Shaw Group after spending his last months on the commission pushing to ease restrictions for precisely the type of construction activities that were the Shaw Group's specialty.

Diana Sidebotham, an antinuclear activist in Putney, Vermont, twenty miles north of the Vermont Yankee plant, thinks Entergy and the NRC are courting disaster. In 1971 Sidebotham helped found the New England Coalition on Nuclear Pollution, and she has been trying to shut down nuclear plants ever since. Her hillside farm looks out over the ridge lines of the Connecticut River Valley.

"One of these days a plant will blow," says Sidebotham, with just a touch of a genteel but steely New England accent. "And when it does, it will cause a great many deaths and widespread suffering, not to mention extraordinary economic damage."

Accidents do happen. In 2002 the Davis-Besse Nuclear Plant in Ohio was forced to close for two years after inspectors found a football-sized corrosion hole in the reactor's six-inch-thick steel cap. The plant was very close to a major accident. Repairs cost $600 million.

Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama says he opposes any more relicensing of old nuclear plants. His rival Hillary Clinton has stopped just short of saying that. However, as was reported by the New York Times, Obama has close ties to the nuclear industry, particularly the Illinois-based Exelon, which has contributed at least $227,000 to his campaigns. Two of his top advisers have links to the firm, including his chief strategist, David Axelrod, who was a consultant for Exelon. Obama voted yes on the 2005 Energy bill, which lavished subsidies on oil, coal, ethanol and nukes; Senator Clinton, like almost half the Senate Democrats, voted against it. The Obama campaign says that as President he would not cut nuclear subsidies, only that he would boost subsidies for green power.

Activists like Sidebotham say the real issue is not how to build more nukes but how to handle the old, decrepit plants and their huge stockpiles of radioactive waste. Most of the atomic plants in this country are reaching the end of their life span; seventeen have been decommissioned. And increasingly the question is what to do with the accumulated waste--the extremely radioactive spent fuel rods. This is dangerous stuff. If exposed to air for more than six hours, spent fuel rods spontaneously combust, spewing highly poisonous radioactive isotopes far and wide. This spent fuel will be hot for 10,000 years.

Since 1978 the Energy Department has been studying Yucca Mountain in Nevada as a possible permanent repository for atomic waste. But intense opposition has held up those efforts. In the meantime, the partially burned uranium is stored at the old power plants, in pools of water called "spent fuel pools." Lying near great cities, on crucial river systems, in small rural towns, these pools are potentially a far greater risk than a reactor meltdown. Scenarios for how terrorists might attack and drain them range from driving a truck bomb to crashing an explosive-laden plane into them.

Just after 9/11, when security at nuke plants was supposed to be high, lead pellets started raining down on the containment structure and guard shack at Maine Yankee, in Wiscasset. (The plant has since been decommissioned.) A group of four men in camouflage, armed and intent on killing, had infiltrated into a swamp and were firing weapons from somewhere in the reeds. This "cell" turned out to be four local duck hunters who had no idea they were hitting the power plant.

Their foray against innocent mallards proved just how easy an attack could be. Activists demanded, and got, a safety review, which led to a shockingly blunt NRC document called "Report on Spent Fuel Pool Accident Risk," or NUREG-1738. The report found that containment structures, such as that at Vermont Yankee, "present no substantial obstacle to aircraft penetration." According to the NRC, a fire in the spent fuel pool at a reactor like Vermont Yankee (which stores 488 metric tons of spent fuel) would cause 25,000 fatalities over a distance of 500 miles if evacuation was 95 percent effective. But that evacuation rate would be almost impossible to achieve. The NRC claims to have the threat of terrorism under control, but for reasons of national security it can't explain how. And after 9/11 it admitted, "At this time, we could not exclude the possibility that a jetliner flying into a containment structure could damage the facility and cause a release of radiation that could impact public health."

Humanity's Faustian bargain with atomic power is a story still in its early stages. No one knows how long nuclear facilities will last or what will happen to them during future social upheavals--and there are bound to be a few of those during the next 10,000 years.

This much seems clear: a handful of firms might soak up huge federal subsidies and build one or two overpriced plants. While a new administration might tighten regulations, public safety will continue to be menaced by problems at new as well as older plants. But there will be no massive nuclear renaissance. Talk of such a renaissance, however, helps keep people distracted, their minds off the real project of developing wind, solar, geothermal and tidal kinetics to build a green power grid."

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Echnaton creates a Solar City (Heliopolis)

Hieroglyph shows Echnaton, the Egyptian Pharoah, working with solar energy

Donate to Solar CITIES e.V. today to help build the solar cities of tomorrow!

How to build your own Solar CITIES solar heater

Click on the image to see detailed plans for building your own Solar CITIES system like we build them in Cairo with the Zabaleen

How to build your own Solar CITIES brand HDPE Biogas Digestor

We've just completed 6 of our signature Solar CITIES designed cold-climate Biogas digestors with scientist Adam Low and the students of Cordova High School in Alaska. You can build one too! Click for a list of the materials you need.

Nobody owns the sun? Think again!

Actually, it turns out that this assumption isn't true! Go back and reread David Ricardo and the principle of COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, then look at this map in the 1/08 edition of "Welt der Wunder" Magazine. While economist Paul Craig Roberts notes that comparative advantage principles do not hold where the factors of production are internationally mobile (such as solar collectors), the solar radiation potential of different countries varies considerably. The yellow regions on this map show very clearly who will "own the sun" in Ricardian terms. (Note that Portugal could also produce wool and England wine, but Ricardo's logic turned England into an economic powerhouse.)

Comparative Advantage: Who owns the sun?

Translate Solar CITIES into your language!

We're all in the same boat!

This cartoon, on a bulletin board at the entrance of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture as you leave the posh Al Azhar park and enter the slum community of Darb El Ahmar, reads "Just look at those poor fools, THEIR side of the boat is sinking!"

Hybrid rooftop animal shelter and solar hot water system

Solar CITIES coordinators Mahmoud Dardir and Hana Fathy building a temperature regulating goat shelter and solar hot water system on the roof on Zabaleen informal school teacher Adham Fawzi in Cairo

2008: Year One, second half: $25,000 US AID Small Infrastructure Grant:Finish additional 15 systems, Integrating Roof Top Gardening with Rooftop Solar Water Provision (Hot and Cold for bathing and drip irrigation and storage) in close cooperation with the AKTC Environment NGO and the Darb El Ahmar Development Company in seven beneficiary households.2009:Year Two, first half:Rooftop Urban Biogas production to be integrated into Solar and Gardening Program by following in the footsteps of the successful ARTI model from India (see http://www.arti-india.org/content/view/46/43/ for details and diagrams).

The External Relations Manager in charge of the CSR program of Procter & Gamble has committed to helping us find funding for the initial pilot project. Pig waste and organic garbage are going to be used as raw material for this project, which serves homes that cannot benefit from solar energy as the sun does not reach them.2009: Year Two, second half:Integrated Solar Hot Water, Rooftop Gardening and Biogas (from garbage) merges with household source separation and rooftop composting & fertilizer production. This project will demonstrate how households can use sunlight and garbage to provide heat, cooking fuel, as well as food.2009: Year Two - Follow up from Year 1- The Spirit of Youth Association intends to secure a grant to revive the ancient public baths of Darb El Ahmar, providing a large solar hot water system much as the zabaleen used to provide the heating fuel from waste paper in the past. DONORS NEEDED AND WELCOME!

2010: Year Three first half,Capacity building for domestic electricity production; workshops in creating small-scale wind generator construction and solar electric installation (following the engineers without borders and Solar Energy International workshop model, see http://www.solarenergy.org/workshops/wind.html).

2010: Year Three Second half, Innovations and applications in domestic WATER RECYCLING. FUNDING WILL BE SOLICITED TO PURCHASE "SOLAR CUBES" FROM RSD TECHNOLOGIES AS A MODEL, AND GRANT APPLICATIONS WILL BE WRITTEN TO FUND MATERIALS FOR LOCAL CREATION OF FUNCTIONALLY SIMILAR SYSTEMS FROM INDIGENOUS AND RECYCLED MATERIALS.

2011: Year Four,Scaling up to light industrial: The Spirit of Youth Association having successfully demonstrated their capacity for self-provisioning at the household level, starts training and supplying small business and factory owners in Sareib with the ability to generate their own heat and power to keep production costs down and make small businesses competitive in the area even as inflation rises.2012: Year Five, The team of the Association, expanded and experienced, tours the region offering workshops and training throughout the Middle East and North Africa. Members of the NGO will be recognized as the "environmental technology experts of Egypt."

Solar CITIES Staff Bios:

T.H. Culhane:

Thomas Taha Rassam Culhane (a.k.a "T.H.") was born near the Museum of Science and Industry on the south side of Chicago to an Iraqi-Lebanese mother and an Irish-Americanfather and developed his love of engineering by almost religiously attending the museum's forward-thinking science exhibits.

When his Newsweek journalist father, John Culhane, moved the family to New York, Culhane was chosen by Ringling Bros. Barnum and Bailey Circus president Irvin Feld to be the youngest graduate of their Clown College at the age of 13 and he joined the "Greatest Show on Earth" the following summer. In the circus, during the Cold War, Culhane toured with Russian and Chinese acrobats, with Elephants, Chimpanzees and other wonderful animals and people from every country and culture, who all got along.

These experiences instilled in Culhane a belief that all God's creatures, Great and Small, could cooperate peacefully and harmoniously toward the creation of joyful productions, and that science, art and industry could be the drivers of positive social transformation.

After graduating with honors from Harvard in Biological Anthropology, this conviction was confirmed during a year spent on a Rockefeller Fellowship in the primary rainforests of Borneo where Culhane worked with Harvard Professor Mark Leighton studying orangutans and gibbons and then lived with Missionaries and Melayu and Dyak tribespeople. In the jungle Culhane found that most organisms in environments with large biodiversity and cultural diversity quotients adopted "evolutionarily stable strategies" that led to long term sustainability.

He believes, in true circus fashion, that though things may get tough, "the show must go on."

Solar Cities Surveys

Solar Power Isn't Feasible?? Amazingly, many government and business leaders and ordinary people in Cairo actually believe this! Some policy makers have gone so far as to try and block funding for training local communities to build solar hot water systems saying that "the poor don't need hot water"!

The following surveys are about household demand for solar energy services, so that we can see how Cairo residents compare with other people around the world.

We start with Hot Water Demand. We use this data to compare with an official Ph.D. dissertation survey being conducted in the poor communities of Cairo, Egypt, where 3/4 of the population report having no hot water heaters and where dozens of lives are lost and hundreds of people suffer third degree burns every year trying to boil water on gas stoves for bathing. It is hoped that the data will help us to change policy in Egypt so that the poor can begin to afford and use solar energy infrastructure to create a healthier , happier life. Your participation is greatly appreciated!

About Me

T.H. Culhane (shown above in Athens, Greece, by the poster to the movie "Stealth" which he contributed vocal music to while working with his friend,composer Brian Transeau) and Sybille Culhane live and work in Egypt, Germany and the United States where they run "Solar Cities".
Referring to Herman Daly's comments on the sustainability of Spaceman Economies and Cowboy Economies, we are committed to Boulding and Fuller's notions of helping to maintain "spaceship earth" as a viable home. Thus
T.H. completed his Ph.D. at UCLA in Urban Planning looking at issues surrounding microeconomic analysis of demand for hot water technologies. Ultimately it is hoped that this will help address implementation challenges for Solar Energy Policy while helping create an Environmental Economics Institute at AUC and a Sustainability Center at Mercy College in New York, in partnership with mentor professors (among them Randall Crane and Lois Takahashi (UCLA Institute of the Environment and UCLA Urban Planning) Jeff Miller (AUC Biology),Salah Arafa (AUC Physics) Tarek Selim (AUC Economics) Salah El Haggar (AUC Engineering) Nick Hopkins (AUC Anthropology) and Moshira Hassan (AUC Marine Ecology)