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1 APRIL 2012 ISSUE BRIEF SERIES The Blueprint for Kentucky s Children is a unified policy agenda for child advocates across the Commonwealth. Our goal is to make Kentucky the best place to be young. For more information, contact: Katie Carter To learn more about the Blueprint for Kentucky s Children and current legislative priorities, visit A State Earned Income Tax Credit Would Help Kentucky Families and Local Economies Ronald Reagan called it the best antipoverty, the best pro-family, and the best job-creation measure to come out of Congress. The federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has a 30-year proven track record of lifting children and families out of poverty. Twenty-five states have gone one step further by establishing a state EITC, because it encourages work among low-income families, reduces poverty, and stimulates local economies. The recent economic recession has made it harder for many hard working Kentucky families to make ends meet. This has a devastating ripple effect in our communities with families unable to pay bills like rent and utilities and unable to purchase necessities like food, clothing, and car repairs. These purchases are made locally so when they decrease, local businesses feel the pinch as well. Kentucky s economic recovery truly hinges upon all residents having more money in their paychecks. Implementing a state EITC in Kentucky could help thousands of low-income families and, in turn, our local businesses and our economy. This brief examines the federal EITC and the benefits a state EITC would provide to Kentucky s working families and local economies if such a credit were implemented in the Commonwealth. A Proven Approach The federal EITC was instituted in 1975 to offset the cost of federal payroll taxes for low-income families. Research shows that the EITC increases the number of people working and helps families build their assets. 1 The Federal EITC alone lifted 6.5 million people, including 3.3 million children, above the poverty line in Benefits to Families The EITC directly benefits families by helping cover the costs of basic needs. Many families who are working, often at more than one job, have low wages. This often means they don t earn enough to meet their daily living expenses or access routine health care, much less save for things like increasing their education. These families tend to use the refunds on housing, groceries, childcare, transportation and health care costs. 3 In 2008, over 379,000 Kentucky taxpayers claimed the federal EITC worth $760 million. 4 The EITC has also been shown to help more parents, particularly single mothers, move into the workforce. 5 When wages alone are not enough for families to make ends meet, the addition of the EITC encourages parents to work more. Research shows that over time these parents move into better jobs. 6 Research has also indicated that state EITCs contribute to even more increases in workforce participation in states where there is a credit available. 7 Families also use their EITCs to make investments that may reduce their dependence on government benefits in the long-term, like Kentucky Transitional Assistance Program and food stamps. 1

2 A STATE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT In a 1998 survey of 1,000 EITC recipients in Chicago, over half spent some or all of their EITC refunds on different investments, including paying for tuition or other education expenses, increasing access to jobs through car repairs, putting money into a savings account, or moving to a new neighborhood. 8 Research also indicates that tax refunds from both the federal and state EITCs can be used to promote asset-building among low-income families. 9 Income helps sustain cash flow, allowing families to meet their needs. However, assets also provide families with a safety net for difficult times. 10 Benefits to Children All children benefit when they live in families with adequate resources to meet their basic needs. Research shows a direct link between families receiving additional income through the federal EITC and the improvement of their children s math and reading comprehension. 11 State EITCs are also correlated with healthier babies and better outcomes across the course of children s lives. 12 Poverty can limit a mother s diet and healthcare access, creating stressors that can negatively impact the prenatal development period. State EITCs can help ease the effects of poverty because they reduce tax liability and generate income incentives. A 2010 study revealed that living where there is a state EITC reduces the odds of maternal smoking by five percent. 13 This is of particular importance for Kentucky where one in four mothers smoke during pregnancy. 14 The same study also revealed a link between a state EITC and increased birth weights among infants. 15 Almost one in ten babies in Kentucky is born at a low birth weight. 16 Infants with low birth weights often experience negative outcomes such as infant mortality, poor child health, and even reduced earnings as an adult. 17,18 Increased income for families with very low income (under $25,000) means that children not only do better in school, but work and earn more as adults. An increase of $3,000 in family income in early childhood means the children will work almost a month more each year and earn 17 percent more as adults Benefits to Businesses In addition to helping families, the EITC also strengthens local economies. Families mostly use the EITC to pay for food and other necessities, repair homes, maintain vehicles that are needed to commute to work, and in some cases, obtain additional education or training to boost their employability and earning power. 20 These dollars go directly into local stores and businesses, stimulating the local economy. In the last decade, several studies have measured the economic effect of the credit. These studies have demonstrated that every $1 of EITC refund for taxpayers generates local economic activity worth: $1.07 in Nashville; $1.40 in Fresno; $1.58 in San Antonio; and $1.67 in Michigan. 21 Additionally, according to a 2008 report by the U.S. Conference of Mayors: Economists suggest that every increased dollar received by low- and moderate-income families has a multiplier effect of between 1.5 to 2 times the original amount, in terms of its impact on the local economy and how much money is spent in and around the communities where these families live. 22 The EITC can also help Kentucky businesses in the future by providing a more skilled workforce. An estimated 54 percent of all jobs in Kentucky will require postsecondary education by Right now, only 30 percent of all adults in Kentucky have education beyond 12% 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% Lowest 20% Sales & Excise high school. 24 Many workers save a portion of their EITC for education. Whether this enables parents to get additional education or to help send their children to college, Kentucky businesses, and the Kentucky economy, will benefit from having a more skilled workforce as a result of access to the EITC. A Fairer Tax System It costs more to be poor. When sales, excise, property, and income taxes are all taken into account, low income workers pay a larger share of their income in taxes than higher income individuals. Those with the least disposable income pay a higher percentage of their overall income to live and work in Kentucky. Kentuckians making an average of $36,000 currently pay a larger share of their income in taxes than those making an average of $957,500 nine cents on the dollar compared to six cents on the dollar when sales and excise, property, and income taxes are all taken into account (see Chart 1). A state, refundable EITC in Kentucky would help low-income, working Kentuckians keep more of their hard earned money and reduce inequities in the system. This, in turn, would enable low-income workers to pay their bills on time and make local purchases like food, clothing, and household furnishings which help local businesses. Moreover, it decreases reliance on state aid. Chart 1 Who Pays in Kentucky? A Distributional Analysis of Tax Payments as a Proportion of Income, Tax Year 2007 Percent of Income $8,300 $21,700 $36,000 $59,700 $99,100 $203,500 $957,500 Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Next 15% Next 4% Top 1% Property Income Federal Offset Total (inc. Federal Offset) Source: Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy,

3 BLUEPRINT FOR KENTUCKY S CHILDREN How the Federal EITC Works The federal EITC is a tax credit extended to low-wage workers. The tax filer must be working and earning wages in order to qualify for the credit. The credit benefits families with children the most, and the value of the credit varies depending upon family size and income level. Married couples qualify for slightly higher credits than single filers (see Chart 2), and the more workers earn, the more their EITC credit is worth, up to the maximum benefit. For tax year 2011 the maximum benefit levels were as follows: 7 $5,112 for a family with two children with incomes from $12,750 to $21,750 (or $16,700 if single); 25 7 $3,094 for a family with one child with incomes from $9,100 to $21,800 (or $16,700 if single); 26 and 7 $464 for a married couple with no children and incomes from $6,050 to $7,600 (or $12,700 if single). 27 After the worker s earnings become high enough that the taxpayer is receiving the maximum credit amount, the value of the credit remains the same as earnings grow. Eventually, the earnings reach a phase-out range and the credit begins to fall as the worker earns more income, until the credit disappears. 28 The federal EITC is a refundable tax credit, meaning that if the value of the credit exceeds the tax filer s tax liability, the taxpayer receives a refund for the full value of the credit, not just a refund of any taxes due before considering the credit. The refundable portion of the credit helps offset other taxes that low-income workers pay, such as payroll taxes. Federal EITC Returns Over $760 Million to Kentucky Taxpayers In 2008, the federal EITC put over $760 million into the pockets of Kentuckians, helping families close the gap between what they earn and what it takes to make ends meet. 29 For Kentuckians working but still Chart 2 Federal Earned Income Tax Credit, Tax Year 2011 $464 $3,094 $5,751 $5,112 0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 Single 7 No Children 7 1 Child 7 2 Children 7 3 or more Children Income Level Married Filing Jointly $40,000 $50,000 Source: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, within the grasp of poverty, the EITC helps them pay for basic necessities. EITC recipients with higher incomes are more likely to apply their EITC toward longer-term investments that help them build assets, including savings, education, and housing improvements. 30 Individual development accounts offered by community-based organizations in Kentucky offer matched savings programs to encourage individuals to save at least a portion of their EITC. This asset-building helps families weather future financial setbacks. Average Salaries No Children 1 Child 2 Children 3 or more Children While about 21 percent of federal tax filers in Kentucky received the federal EITC, the proportion of EITC recipients varied from county to county. In 2008, 23 Kentucky counties had 30 percent or more of tax filers receiving the EITC, with a high of 39 percent in McCreary County (See Appendix). The rate of EITC returns was less than 15 percent in just five counties. Even in Oldham County, the state s wealthiest, nearly one in ten filers claimed the federal EITC. Estimated Federal EITC for Kentucky Occupations, Tax Year 2011 $40,000 $35,000 $30,000 $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 $0,000 +$2,373 Firefighter +$1,383 Police and Sheriff Patrol Officer +$1,752 Licensed Practical Nurse +$5,112 Childcare Provider Note: EITC data calculated for a married couple with two children. Source: and IRS, 2011 Earned Income Credit Table 3

4 A STATE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT How Would a State EITC Work in Kentucky? In most states that have enacted state EITCs, the credit is set as a percentage of the federal EITC. This allows the credit to be implemented with little administrative cost. State credits range from 3.5 percent to 34 percent of the federal credit. 31 Policymakers in Kentucky must consider several key elements of a state EITC, including the amount of a credit and whether to make the credit refundable. If state policymakers choose not to use the federal EITC, then they must also determine how marital status and family size would affect the size of the credit. A refundable credit allows a family to receive money back when the credit amount is greater than what they owe in taxes. In 22 of the 25 states offering an EITC, the credit is refundable. Though the state incurs a greater total expense in providing a refundable credit, such a credit provides working families with greater tax relief and a potential wage supplement. In Kentucky, it would help offset the cost of Kentucky s sales tax and property tax. 32 Most states with an EITC follow federal provisions in establishing how large the credit is that each type of family receives. That is, families with no children, one child, or two or more children receive a certain credit amount. Only two states, Minnesota and Wisconsin, go beyond the federal provisions. 33 One compelling reason to base a state EITC on the federal credit is its modest administration costs. By having a state credit piggyback on the federal credit, state tax agencies often need to add only one new line to a state tax form. In addition, many tax filers are already familiar with the federal EITC, and many community-based outreach efforts are already in place to assure that all eligible families take advantage of the federal EITC. Such efforts will help make sure tax filers know about a state tax credit and take advantage of it too. 4 Neighboring States with a State EITC State Indiana 9% Illinois 5% Virginia 20% Percent of Federal Note: Illinois legislature voted in December 2011 to increase the rate to 10% over the next three years Note: non-refundable Source: state-resources/ A State EITC for Kentucky Enacting a state EITC in Kentucky is a small investment that would help strengthen local economies and support struggling families at the same time. Instead of investing in families, Kentucky legislators resorted to additional, significant cuts to services for children and families during the budget process. Estimated cost of a state EITC in Kentucky Percent of the Federal EITC Cost 15% $114 million $300 10% $76 million $200 5% $38 million $100 Average EITC/filer Source: Calculations by Kentucky Youth Advocates based on data from the Brookings Institution. In 2005, Kentucky established a nonrefundable, family size tax credit (FSTC), which provides income tax relief for individuals and married couples earning less than 133 percent of the federal poverty level. While the FSTC has been valuable to many working families, it does not carry all of the benefits of a state EITC. First, because it is not refundable, the FSTC does not supplement wages as a refundable EITC would. In addition, a refundable state EITC would provide tax relief to low-income working families who earn slightly more than the current income cutoffs under the FSTC. For example, a family of four with two children with earnings of $14,000 receives a family size tax credit equal to its income tax liability, which lowers the amount of taxes owed to zero. If a refundable state EITC of 15 percent were implemented, the family would receive a credit of $ Kentucky Would Benefit from Building on Success of Federal EITC A refundable state EITC would begin paying benefits quickly with little administrative cost and without requiring the creation of more governmental infrastructure. By implementing an EITC in Kentucky, thousands of low-income working families would have additional funds to address their immediate needs and, in some cases, a few extra dollars to save for achieving long-term economic stability. As parents work more and spend their EITC in local communities, a state EITC would strengthen local economies as well.

6 A STATE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDIT Endnotes 1 Johnson, N. and E. Williams. (2011). A Hand Up: How State Earned Income Tax Credits Help Working Families Escape Poverty in Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Available at 11sfp.pdf. Accessed June Williams, E., N. Johnson and J. Shure. (2010). State Earned Income Tax Credits: 2010 Legislative Update. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Available at Accessed June Smeeding, T., Ross Phillips, K., and O Connor, M. (2002). The Earned Income Tax Credit: Expectation, Knowledge, Use, and Economic and Social Mobility, In Meyer and Holtz-Eakin, Making Work Pay. 4 Calculations by Kentucky Youth Advocates based on data from the Brookings Institute. 5 Eissa, N. and Liebman, J. (1996). Labor Supply Response to the Earned Income Tax Credit. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 111, Issue 2. Available at -%20Eissa%20Liebman%20QJE%201996%20-%20EITC.pdf. Accessed March Dahl, M., DeLeire, T., and Schwabish, J. (2009). Stepping Stone or Dead End? The Effect of the EITC on Earnings Growth. IZA. Available at org/dp4146.pdf. Accessed March Johnson, N. and E. Williams. (2011). A Hand Up: How State Earned Income Tax Credits Help Working Families Escape Poverty in Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Available at Accessed June Smeeding, T., Ross, K., O Connor, M. (2000). The EITC: Expectation, Knowledge, Use, and Economic and Social Mobility. Available at syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1146&context=cpr. Accessed March Corporation for Enterprise Development. Promoting Asset Building through the Earned Income Tax Credit. Available at publications/vol%201%20no%201%20-%20eitc.pdf. Accessed March Corporation for Enterprise Development (2011). Building Economic Security in America s Cities: New Municipal Strategies for Asset Building and Financial Empowerment. Available at BuildingEconomicSecurityInAmericasCities.pdf. Accessed March Dahl, G. & Lochner, L. (2011). The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit. Institute for Research on Poverty. Available at 12 Strully, K., Rehkopf, D., and Xuan, Z. (2011). Effects of Prenatal Poverty on Infant Health: State Earned Income Tax Credits and Birth Weight. American Sociological Review. 75:4 Available at 13 Strully, K. W., Rehkopf, D. H., Xuan, Z. (2010). Effects of Prenatal Poverty on Infant Health: State Earned Income Tax Credits and Birth Weight. American Sociological Review. Available at 14 Data obtained from the Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services, Available at aspx?state=ky&ind=3809. Accessed June Strully, K. W., Rehkopf, D. H., Xuan, Z. (2010). Effects of Prenatal Poverty on Infant Health: State Earned Income Tax Credits and Birth Weight. American Sociological Review. Available at 16 Data obtained from the Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services, Available at aspx?state=ky&ind=1355. Accessed June Lucile Packard Children s Hospital. (2008) High Risk Newborn: Very Low Birthweight. Available at hrnewborn/vlbw.html. Accessed July Shore, R. & Shore, B. (2009). KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief: Preventing Low Birth Weight. Annie E. Casey Foundation. Available at Accessed July Sherman, A. (2011). Poverty in Early Childhood Has Long and Harmful Reach. Off the Charts. Available at Accessed March Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (2011). Policy Basics: The Earned Income Tax Credit. Available at cfm?fa=view&id=2505. Accessed December National Community Tax Coalition (2012). The Earned Income Tax Credit: Good for Our Families, Communities and Economy. Available at taxcreditsforworkingfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/nctc-eitcpaper_jan2012.pdf. Accessed February U.S. Conference of Mayors. (2008). Dollar Wi$e: Best Practices, Earned Income Tax Credit. Available at eitc08.pdf. Accessed March Carnevale, A., Smith, N., Strohl, J. (2010) Help Wanted: Projections of Jobs and Education Requirements through Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. Available at gppi/hpi/cew/pdfs/state-levelanalysis-web.pdf. 24 American Community Survey (2010). S1501: Educational Attainment, Kentucky. US Census Bureau. 25 IRS, Earned Income Credit (EIC) Table, Instructions, pp table_1040i.pdf 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 Tax Policy Center. (2010) Taxation and the Family: What is the Earned Income Tax Credit. Available at key-elements/family/eitc.cfm. Accessed January Data from the Brookings Institute, analyzed by Kentucky Youth Advocates 30 Johnson, N. and E. Williams. (2011). A Hand Up: How State Earned Income Tax Credits Help Working Families Escape Poverty in Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Available at Accessed March Data from Tax Credits for Working Families. Available at taxcreditsforworkingfamilies.org/state-resources/. Accessed March Berube, A. Using the Earned Income Tax Credit to Stimulate Local Economies, The Brookings Institution, pubs/berube eitc.pdf. Accessed December Ibid. 34 Meade, E. and Ziliak, J. (2007) A State Earned Income Tax Credit, University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research. Available at Publications/PolicyInsights-No2.pdf. Accessed March

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