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Introduction

This is a first attempt on my part at constructing
a comprehensive reference book on North Caucasian printed matter: bibliographies,
collections, catalogues, journals, periodicals, books, music books, articles,
magazines, etc. I have also included references on music written on North
Caucasian themes or by North Caucasian composers. I collected some of the
data documented herein in the course of my research at the University of
Manchester and the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), during
several sojourns in England in the years 1985-1988.

It goes without saying that this collection is far from being
complete. It is my hope that people who are interested in this subject
send me material to augment this work. Also corrections and suggestions
would be absolutely welcome. I hope that in the near future this page would
be comprehensive enough to be worthy of being printed and published.

Please note that the entries are mainly in Western European languages.
Some bibliographies in Russian and Turkish are, however, included. Some
time in the near future, I will start to upload a reference list of North
Caucasian books in Russian and the local vernaculars. A bibliography of
works in Turkish, especially archival material, is extremely important.
I hope that some researcher would send me the relevant information in this
regard.

Due to the excessive length of this file (1.18 megabytes, about
270 pages of print), it is recommended that you either save it locally
or print it and then read it at your leisure. However, since the file is
currently being updated and added to at the rate of 20 k per week, it is
worthwhile to re-visit the site every once in a while to keep abreast of
developments.

Amjad Jaimoukha,

Amman-Jordan, 1998

NOTES ON THE REFERENCE BOOK:

Language of entry is language of title unless otherwise stated.

The entries have been classified into categories: geography, language,
history, etc. If an entry deals with more than one aspect, it is either
assigned to the dominant one, or entered in all the relevant sections.
Any misplacement is entirely my fault.

Within each category the entries have been arranged alphabetically according
to the title, although there are some slight local variations.
This is how I would like the information to be presented to me. It is hoped
that the material would be interesting enough to be read as opposed to
be just used for reference. However, an alphabetical listing according
to the author will eventually be published on this site.

If you want to find a particular author, subject or a word: go to edit
mode and select 'find in page', then type your search object. This is
a powerful search and indexing facility that enhances the value of this
page.

The arrangement within each entry is again in accordance with my own preferences.

The sign "?" displayed before a piece of information indicates uncertainty
or unavailability.

The information after the sign "/" is on one location of the entry. It
is mainly in my collection, in the library of the University of Manchester
(UNI. MAN.), the British Museum (BRIT. MUS.), in the library of the School
of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), and the Wardrop Collection in the
Bodleian Library, Oxford.

The information between the "{}" brackets is mainly my commentary on the
contents and other additions.

Diacritics have been omitted from French, German and Turkish entries.

Acknowledgements

The contributions in terms of corrections and additions of the
following people are very much appreciated:

A COMPREHENSIVE
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS ABOUT THE KHAZARS 1895-1999. KEVIN BROOK.
PUBLISHED ON THE NET. {"Includes citations and summaries
of books and articles in the field of Khazar studies, examining issues
like Khazar culture, North Caucasian trade routes, medieval documents,
and the structure of Khazar settlements and fortresses in the North Caucasus...
This is still under development, but all data will be online in April.
Eventually there will be several hundred entries." These comments were
received from the author by e-mail. This work bridges a gaping chasm in
North Caucasian history. Hopefully it would spur more interest in, and
research on, the Khazar Empire}

BIBLIOGRAFICHESKII UKAZATEL' RUSSKOI ETNOGRAFICHESKOI LITERATURY O VNESHNEMBYTE
NARODOV ROSSI, 1700-1910, D. K. ZELENIN. ZAPISKI IMPERATORSKOGO
RUSSKOGO GEOGRAFICHESKOGO OBSHCHESTVA PO OTDELENIIU ETNOGRAFII, Vol. 40:
1, SPb., 1913. {CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SUBJECTS AND
SECONDARILY TO PEOPLES, THOSE OF THE CAUCASUS BEING CONSIDERED TOGETHER;
ONLY THE SECTION ON ECONOMY HAS A BREAKDOWN ACCORDING TO POLITICAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS. ENTRIES 804-21: BIBLIOGRAPHIES ON THE PEOPLES OF
THE CAUCASUS}

"BIBLIOGRAFIIA PO ETNOGRAFII I LINGVISTIKE KAVKAZA", KUL'TURA
I PIS'MENNOST' GORSKIKH NARODOV SEVERNOGO KAVKAZA. BELIAEV. ROSTOV,
1931, PP. 71-145. {Bibliography of the Ethnography and Linguistics of the
Caucasus. The Culture and Literature of the Mountain Peoples of the Northern
Caucasus. "Not all Russian and other authors are indicated" - R. Traho}

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
COMPILED AND EDITED BY KLAUS RASMUSSEN, DANISH ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH
ON THE CAUCASUS, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN.
PUBLISHED ON THE NET. {About 700 books, articles and
other sources mainly on Georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. 35 pages of
print}

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MUSIC ON KABARDIAN THEMES. APPENDED TO KABARDINO-BALKAR
MUSIC. H. HAKHUPASHA. KABARDINO-BALKAR BOOK PRESS, NALCHIK, 1963, PP. 143-47.
{This is a very valuable work for research into
music history of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic. The works referred to are
by Kabardian and Russian composers}

For a list of archival sources on the Caucasian War, refer to Moshe Gammer's
work MUSLIM RESISTANCE TO THE TSAR: SHAMIL AND THE CONQUEST OF CHECHNIA
AND DAGHESTAN. LONDON: FRANK CASS, 1994. PP. 434-435.

LITERATURE ON ABKHAZIA AND THE ABKHAZIAN-ABAZINIANS (ABAZES) [CAUCASIAN
REVIEW, MUNICH (CRM), No. 7, 1958, pp. 125-43], T. ABKHAZIAN. {Has
some 270 entries. Essential for research on Abkhazia, the Abkhazians and
Abazas. There is also a recent bibliographic work with some 300 entries
collected by Professor Brian George Hewitt THE ABKHAZIANS: REFERENCES
& GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. See below}

REFER TO "MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN CAUCASIA," IN THE ANTHROPOLOGY
SECTION BELOW FOR A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

SCYTHICA ET CAUCASICA, IZVESTIIA DREVNIKH PISATELEI GRECHESKIKH
I LATINSKIKH O SKIFII I KAVKAZE. V. V. LATYSHEV. 2 Vols. SPb., 1890.
{Reprinted in the 1947-9 issues of the Vestnik
Drevnei Istorii, Moscow. The new edition contains additions and copious
footnotes but lacks the original texts, which are given in the first edition}

THE ABKHAZIANS: REFERENCES & GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pp. 251-62
in THE ABKHAZIANS: A HANDBOOK. [Brian] GEORGE HEWITT (Ed.). IN THE SERIES
CAUCASUS WORLD: PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS & THE BLACK SEA. SERIES EDITOR
NICHOLAS AWDE. RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND: CURZON PRESS, 1999. {Has
some 300 entries. See also LITERATURE ON ABKHAZIA AND THE ABKHAZIAN-ABAZINIANS
(ABAZES) above}

ABKHAZIAN NEWSLETTER (APSNYT'VYI ADYRRAKVA). Prepared by The International
Documentation and Information Centre for Abkhazia (IDICA) [Aduneizhvlarbzhjarat'vyi
Apsny Arshahatganc'arei Adyrratarei Rygvta (AAAAR)]. The Netherlands. {This
publication is a demonstration of the realization by the Abkhazians of
the power of the media in making their views accessible to the outside
world. To subscribe, send an-e-mail to <[email protected]>
with the word "SUBSCRIBE" as the subject of the message. To unsubscribe,
send an-e-mail to <[email protected]> with the word "UNSUBSCRIBE"
as the subject of the message. You can ask for back issues of the Newsletter}

CAUCASIAN REGIONAL
STUDIES. THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR CAUCASIAN REGIONAL STUDIES
(IACRS): LAW, POLITICS, SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS, MODERN HISTORY, AND INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS. {BASED IN TBILISI, GEORGIA. ESTABLISHED IN 1995.
HOSTED BY THE CENTRE FOR POLITICAL SCIENCE OF THE VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL,
BELGIUM. ENGLISH EDITION IS ONLY PUBLISHED ELECTRONICALLY. BOTH Vol.
1, ISSUE 1, 1996 AND Vol.
2, ISSUE 1, 1997 ARE PUBLISHED ON THE NET. ARTICLES ON ANY ASPECT ON
THE CAUCASUS ARE SOLICITED FOR INCLUSION IN UPCOMING ISSUES. FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION, E-MAIL: [email protected] Editor: Stephen Jones}

CAUCASUS REPORT.
A WEEKLY REVIEW OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS AND TRANSCAUCASIA
FROM RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY. FIRST ISSUE MARCH 3rd, 1998. {VERY
CONCISE AND UP-TO-DATE REPORTING. SITE CONTAINS ALL ISSUES OF THE WEEKLY.
TO SUBSCRIBE, SEND E-MAIL TO [email protected]
WITH THE WORD SUBSCRIBE IN THE SUBJECT LINE OR IN THE BODY OF THE
MESSAGE}

CAUCASUS WORLD. GENERAL EDITOR: NICHOLAS AWDE. {"Caucasus
World with Nicholas Awde as its General Editor, is a new imprint
established by Curzon Press. It is dedicated exclusively to providing for
the growing international interest in the Caucasus - a crossroads of politics,
people, cultures and religions - both contemporary and historical. ...
This list offers authoritative treatments of major issues and themes concerning
the Caucasus, with special emphasis on providing background material and
handbooks. Books, collections of papers and reference works by leading
indigenous as well as western experts will provide fresh perspectives on
this rapidly changing region, with equal emphasis on the past, the present
and the future. ... Subject encompass the rage of history, politics, economics,
religion, ethnography, language and linguistics, art and architecture.
Caucasus World will include not only new books, but also reprints of important
works previously unavailable or difficult to find. Proposals for books
are welcomed, especially those designed to serve the needs of students
and those with strong international appeal."}

CENTRAL ASIA AND CAUCASUS CHRONICLE. PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY BY THE
SOCIETY FOR CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES, LONDON, 1989-1990. ISSN 0956-7208. CEASED
IN 1990. CONTINUED FROM: THE CENTRAL ASIAN NEWSLETTER. OXFORD: SOCIETY
FOR THE STUDY OF CENTRAL ASIA (1981-89).

CENTRAL ASIA AND
THE CAUCASUS REVIEW. A QUARTERLY PUBLISHED BY THE CENTER FOR THE
STUDY OF CENTRAL ASIA & THE CAUCASUS, INSTITUTE FOR POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL
STUDIES, THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN.

CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY.
ISSN 0263-4937. EDITED BY MARIE BENNIGSEN BROXUP. PUBLISHED BY CARFAX
PUBLISHING LIMITED. {Central Asian Survey
is the only established journal in the world concerned primarily with the
history, politics, cultures, religions and economics of the Central Asian
and Caucasian regions. These include those territories and predominantly
Muslim Irano-Turkic populations from western China to western Anatolia
sharing a common historical, ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage and
in some cases communist experience. Foremost among these are the republics
of former Soviet Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Crimea, and the Muslim Ibero-Caucasian
and Turkic peoples of the North Caucasus, Middle Volga and Urals whose
territories are included in the Russian Federation. Also covered are Chinese
Xinjiang, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Armenia and Georgia. ... The recent
unfolding of political, demographic, economic and military events which
have precipitated new strategic linkages, raise the spectre of important
local and regional change and make Central Asia and the Caucasus an area
of significant contemporary interest}

CONTEMPORARY
CAUCASUS NEWSLETTER, THE BERKELEY PROGRAM IN SOVIET & POST-SOVIET
STUDIES, GRADUATE TRAINING AND RESEARCH PROGRAM ON THE CONTEMPORARY
CAUCASUS, THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. {ALSO LISTED UNDER
NEWSLETTER}

NEWSLETTER
OF THE BERKELEY PROGRAM IN SOVIET & POST-SOVIET STUDIES, GRADUATE
TRAINING AND RESEARCH PROGRAM ON THE CONTEMPORARY CAUCASUS, THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA. {ALSO LISTED UNDER CONTEMPORARY CAUCASUS
NEWSLETTER}

THE CURRENT DIGEST OF POST-SOVIET PRESS.{Weekly
review of the Russian press, carrying English translations of articles
from major Russian newspapers and magazines. It is headed by Robert S.
Ehlers, Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Slavic and East
European Languages and Literatures, Ohio State University}

THE JOURNAL OF CENTRAL ASIAN AND CAUCASIA REVIEW. TEHRAN: CENTER
FOR CENTRAL ASIA AND CAUCASIA RESEARCH, INSTITUTE FOR POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL
STUDIES, 1993- .

THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF CAUCASIA.

THE KEBZEH
REVIEW NEWSLETTER. PUBLISHED 4 TIMES A YEAR. IT FEATURES ARTICLES,
STORIES, COMMENTARY, POEMS AND DRAWINGS ALL BASED ON THE APPLICATION OF
THE PRINCIPLES OF KEBZEH. AVAILABLE BY JOINING THE
KEBZEH FOUNDATION OR BY SUBSCRIPTION FOR $25 A YEAR. ADDRESS: P.O.
BOX 1207-W, VERNON, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA V1T 6N6.

ISLAM ANSIKLOPEDISI. ISTANBUL, 1940-. {THE LATTER
TWO ENCYCLOPEDIAS CONTAIN IMPORTANT ARTICLES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
ON THE TURKIC AND OTHER ISLAMIC PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS}

THE MODERN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIONS IN RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION.
V. 1- 1988- .

4

TRAVELS, GEOGRAPHY

AND GENERAL WORKS

ABKHASES. W. BARTHOLD. DANS L'ENCYCLOPEDIE DE L'ISLAM.

A CAPTIVE OF THE CAUCASUS. ANDREI BITOV (1937- ). LONDON: WEIDENFELD
& NICOLSON, 1992; NEW YORK: FARRAR, STRAUS & GIROUX, 1992; LONDON:
HARPER COLLINS, 1994. (323 PAGES. 24 cm. ISBN 0297840541).
{"THE AUTHOR WRITES THAT RUSSIANS VISIT THE CAUCASUS WITH A SENSE OF HOMECOMING,
RECOGNISING THE LANDSCAPES DESCRIBED BY LERMONTOV, PUSHKIN AND TOLSTOY.
IN THE FIRST MEMOIR LESSONS OF ARMENIA (OUT OF PRINT), BITOV
EXPLORES THE RUSSIANS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CAUCASUS AND THE IDEA OF HOMELAND,
AND IN THE SECOND, CHOOSING A LOCATION (OUT OF PRINT), HE
DESCRIBES HIS JOURNEY THROUGH SOVIET GEORGIA." TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN
BY SUSAN BROWNSBERGER}

A GENERAL, HISTORICAL, AND TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF MOUNT CAUCASUS.
WITH A CATALOGUE OF PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO THE COUNTRY. TRANSLATED FROM
THE WORKS OF Dr. REINEGGS AND MARSHAL BIEBERSTEIN BY CHARLES WILKINSON.
LONDON, 1807. (TWO VOLUMES. Vol. 1: 407 PAGES. Vol. 2: 240
PAGES PLUS NOTES ON THE TWO VOLUMES. WITH A MAP AND PLATES. SEE ALSO BIEBERSTEIN'S
WORK FLORA TAURICO-CAUCASICA EXHIBENS STIRPES PHAENOGAMAS, IN CHERSONESO
TAURICA ET REGIONIBUS CAUCASICIS SPONTE CRESCENTES ... , BELOW}

ARISTOCRATS AND SERVITORS. ROBERT O. CRUMMEY. / UNI.
MAN. {ACCOUNT OF THE CHERKASSKII PRINCELY FAMILY. THEY CAME FROM KABARDA
TO THE RUSSIAN COURT IN THE 1550'S AND 1560'S AND IMMEDIATELY OCCUPIED
PROMINENT POSITIONS IN THE ARMY AND AT COURT. "… THE CHERKASSKII'S WERE
A LARGE SPRAWLING CLAN, A LOOSE COALITION OF COMPARATIVELY DISTANT RELATIVES
… "}

AROUND THE BLACK SEA. ASIA MINOR, ARMENIA, CAUCASUS, CIRCASSIA,
DAGHESTAN, THECRIMEA, ROUMANIA. WILLIAM
ELEROY CURTIS. HODDER & STOUGHTON, NEW YORK, GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY,
1911. (264 PAGES). {"THIS VOLUME IS
COMPOSED OF NEWSPAPER LETTERS WRITTEN DURING THE SUMMER AND AUTUMN OF 1910."
... "THE CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS ARE NOT AS BEAUTIFUL AS THE ALPS, BUT ARE MORE
IMPOSING AND MAJESTIC. ... AND THE STORY OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE IS NOT A
LEGEND, BECAUSE EVEN TO-DAY THE MOUNTAINEERS ARE IN THE HABIT OF ANCHORING
FLEECES OF WOOL FROM THEIR SHEEP IN THE STREAMS, AS TRAPS TO CATCH GRAINS
OF GOLD THAT FLOAT DOWN IN THE WATER. ... THE CAUCASIANS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN
FAMOUS AS GOLDSMITHS AND SILVERSMITHS, AND IN EVERY MUSEUM OF EUROPE YOU
CAN FIND EXAMPLES OF THEIR SKILL AND TASTE." CHAPTER XI: DAGHESTAN, AND
ITS ANCIENT PEOPLES, PP. 228-51. CHAPTER XII: THE CIRCASSIANS AND THE COSSACKS,
PP. 252-64. SOME FACTUAL MISTAKES, AS WHEN THE OSSETS ARE CLASSIFIED
AS A CIRCASSIAN TRIBE. A MAP IS INCLUDED}

A VAGABOND IN THE CAUCASUS, WITH SOME NOTES OF
HIS EXPERIENCES AMONG THE RUSSIANS. STEPHEN GRAHAM. LONDON: JOHN LANE,
THE BODLEY HEAD; NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MCMXI, 1911. (311
PAGES). {WITH SIXTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS AND TWO MAPS}

A WINTER JOURNEY THROUGH RUSSIA, THE CAUCASIAN ALPS, AND GEORGIAN. THENCE
ACROSS MOUNT ZAGROS, BY THE PASS OF XENOPHON AND THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS,
INTO KOORDISTAN. CAPTAIN R. MIGNAN. LONDON:
REIHARD BENTLEY, 1839. IN TWO VOLUMES.

A YEAR AMONG THE CIRCASSIANS. JOHN AUGUSTUS LONGWORTH. LONDON: HENRY
COLBURN, 1840. (IN TWO VOLUMES. Vol. 2: 351 PAGES). {IN Vol.
2 THERE IS AN ACCOUNT OF THE KABARDIAN STRUGGLE AGAINST RUSSIAN DOMINATION.
THE AUTHOR WAS A CORRESPONDENT OF THE TIMES. HE STAYED A YEAR WITH
THE CIRCASSIANS TOGETHER WITH JAMES STANISLAUS BELL (SEE A JOURNAL OF
RESIDENCE IN CIRCASSIA BELOW)}

BEMERKUNGEN AUF EINER REISE IN DIE SUDLICHEN STATTHALTERSCHAFTEN DES
RUSSISCHEN REICHS IN DEN JAHREN 1793 UND 1794. P. S. PALLAS. LEIPZIG,
1799-1801, 2 Vols, AND 1803 (illustrated edition). {"Vol.
I gives a brief account of the Adygheis, Abazins, Nogais, Ossetians, Ingushes,
Chechens and Svans. It is a compilation based on literary sources and on
the testimony of well-informed persons such as Lieutenant-Colonel Steder,
who was senior quartermaster on the Caucasian Line in the 1790's." - T.
Trilati, p. 121 in LITERATURE ON OSSETIA AND THE OSSETIANS [CAUCASIAN
REVIEW, Vol. 1, No. 6, MUNICH, 1958, PP. 107-126]}

BLACK SEA: THE BIRTHPLACE OF CIVILISATION AND BARBARISM.
NEAL ASCHERSON. LONDON: JONATHAN CAPE, 1995; VINTAGE, 1996, NEW YORK: HILL
AND WANG, 1996. (306 PAGES).{JOINT
WINNER OF THE 1995 SALTIRE SCOTTISH BOOK OF THE YEAR AWARD. "BLACK SEA
IS A BOOK ABOUT A GREAT INLAND SEA, AND ABOUT EUROPEAN HISTORY FROM THE
TIME OF HERODOTUS TO THE FALL OF COMMUNISM AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER. IT
IS FULL OF TRAGIC DISAPPEARANCES AND UNFORGETTABLE STORIES." "HISTORY INTERSPERSED
WITH PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. A MARVELLOUS BBOK." IN
CHAPTER TEN THERE IS AN ACCOUNT OF THE 1992-3 ABKHAZ-GEORGIAN WAR, WHICH
RESULTED IN DE FACTO INDEPENDENCE FOR ABKHAZIA. NEAL
ASCHERSON WAS BORN IN EDINBURGH. HE REPORTED FROM ASIA, AFRICA AND CENTRAL
EUROPE FOR THE OBSERVER, WHERE HE LATER BEGAN THE CELEBRATED WEEKLY
COLUMN THAT NOW APPEARS IN THE INDEPENDENT ON SUNDAY. HE WAS JOURNALIST
OF THE YEAR IN 1986. REVIEWED BY ANTHONY HYMAN IN CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY,
Vol. 15, No. 1, 1996, P. 135 ff., AND BY DIANNE E. FARRELL IN SLAVIC
REVIEW, Vol. 55, No. 2, SUMMER 1996, P. 477}

CASUALS IN THE CAUCASUS. THE DIARY OF A SPORTING HOLIDAY. AGNES
HERBERT. LONDON: JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD. NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY
MCMXII. 1912. (331 PAGES). {WITH 22 ILLUSTRATIONS}

CAUCASE. ANDRE BEUCLER. Ed. EMILE-PAUL, PARIS, 1931.

CAUCASE. ARMAND GASPARD. LAUSANNE, 1969.

CAUCASIA. IN ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA.

CAUCASIA. F. GILLE, 1859.

CAUCASIA: A HANDBOOK. LONDON, 1920. IN THE FOREIGN OFFICE, THE
HISTORICAL SECTION.

CAUCASIAN JOURNEY. NEGLEY FARSON, 1951; LONDON: EVANS BROTHERS LTD,
1952; LONDON: TRAVEL BOOK CLUB, 1952. (162 PAGES. ASIN: 0140095810).
/ UNI. MAN. {A REPRINT OF THIS BOOK
IS AVAILABLE UNDER THE TITLE THE LOST WORLD OF THE CAUCASUS}

CIRCASSIANS: A TOUR TO THE CAUCASUS. GEORGE LEIGHTON DITSON (1812-1894).
LONDON: T. C. NEWBY, NEW YORK: STRINGER-TOWNSHEND, 1850.
{THE AUTHOR, AN AMERICAN, VISITED THE CAUCASUS IN 1848. HIS SYMPATHIES
WERE WHOLY WITH THE RUSSIANS. HE DEDICATED HIS PUBLISHED ACCOUNT OF HIS
TRAVELS TO PRINCE MICHAEL VORONTSOV, THEN IN HIS FOURTH YEAR AS VICEROY
OF THE CAUCASUS. ALTHOUGH HE HAD NO CONTACT WITH INDEPENDENT CIRCASSIANS,
AND MOST OF HIS BOOK DEALS WITH THE CRIMEA, GEORGIA AND REPORTS OF SHAMIL'S
STRUGGLE, DITSON'S CHOICE OF TITLE DEMONSTRATES THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE
CIRCASSIANS AS A PEOPLE HAD COME TO SYMBOLISE CAUCASIAN RESISTANCE TO THE
RUSSIANS. THE BOOK CONFIRMS THE EXISTENCE OF A STALEMATE IN THE WESTERN
CAUCASUS AT THIS TIME. PRINCE KOCHUBEY IS CITED THUS: THESE CIRCASSIANS
ARE JUST LIKE YOUR AMERICAN INDIANS -- AS UNTAMABLE AND UNCIVILIZED ..
AND, OWING TO THEIR NATURAL ENERGY OF CHARACTER, EXTERMINATION ONLY WOULD
KEEP THEM QUIET, OR ... IF THEY CAME UNDER RUSSIAN RULE, THE ONLY SAFE
POLICY WOULD BE TO EMPLOY THEIR WILD AND WARLIKE TASTES AGAINST OTHERS}

CIRCASSIANS. JOHN COLARUSSO. IN THE CULTURES OF THE SOVIET UNION.
PAUL FRIEDRICH (Ed.), IN THE SERIES ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD CULTURES.
DAVID LEVINSON (Ed.). NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT: HUMAN RELATION AREA FILES,
Inc.

GUEST OF THE SOVIETS. JOYCE DUNSHEATH. LONDON, 1959. {MOUNTAINEERING
AND EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS}

HEROES: THE ARGONAUTS. KINGSLEY. {ALSO ENTERED UNDER
THE ARGONAUTS BELOW. "AND AT DAY-DAWN THEY LOOKED EASTWARD, AND
MIDWAY BETWEEN THE SEA AND THE SKY THEY SAW WHITE SNOW-PEAKS HANGING, GLITTERING
SHARP AND BRIGHT ABOVE THE CLOUDS. AND THEY KNEW THAT THEY WERE COME TO
THE CAUCASUS AT THE END OF ALL THE EARTH: CAUCASUS THE HIGHEST OF ALL MOUNTAINS,
THE FATHER OF THE RIVERS OF THE EAST. ON HIS PEAK IS CHAINED THE TITAN,
WHILE A VULTURE TEARS HIS HEART; AND AT HIS FEET ARE PILED DARK FORESTS
ROUND THE MAGIC COLCHIAN LAND"}

I COME FROM BEHIND KAF MOUNTAIN; THE SPIRITUAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF
MURAT YAGAN.
VERNON, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA: KEBZEH
PUBLICATIONS, 1997. (177 PAGES).{"I
WAS FASCINATED BY MURAT YAGAN'S AUTO BIOGRAPHY, "I COME FROM BEHIND KAF
MOUNTAIN," IT RELATES HIS INITIATION INTO THE WORLD OF SUFISM THROUGH EQUESTRIAN
TRAINING IN A REMOTE AND MOUNTAINOUS PART OF THE CAUCASUS." LOREENA
McKENNITT'S COMMENTON NIGHT RIDE ACROSS THE CAUCASUS IN
THE BOOK OF SECRETS}

IMPERIUM. RYSZARD KAPUSCINSKI. NEW YORK: KNOPF, 1994. {"Kapuscinski
is a Polish journalist who contrasts his former travels in the U.S.S.R.
with his current travels in the same lands today, Abkhazia included," -
JonArno
Lawson(Canadian poet)}

JOURNAL OF A RESIDENCE IN CIRCASSIA DURING THE YEARS 1837, 1838 AND
1839. JAMES STANISLAUS BELL. LONDON: EDWARD MOXON, 1840. (TWO
VOLUMES. Vol. 1: XXIV, 453 PAGES. Vol. 2: VIII, 488 PAGES). / UNI.
MAN. {THE AUTHOR IS A BRITISH MERCHANT. HE DESCRIBES THE PEOPLE AND TRADE
PROSPECTS WITH APPENDIX ON THE IMPACT OF RUSSIAN CONTROL OF THE CIRCASSIANS.
IT IS THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE FIRST-HAND ACCOUNT OF THE RUSSO-CIRCASSIAN
WARS IN THE LATTER PART OF THE 1830s. "IN 1837 A CIRCASSIAN PRINCE POINTED
OUT THE SACRED SPOT (AS THEY JUSTLY ESTEEM IT) WHERE DAUD BEY [DAVID URQUHART]
HAD HELD (JUST THREE YEARS AGO [IN 1834]) HIS MEETING WITH THE CHIEFTAINS
OF THIS NEIGHBOURHOOD, AND FIRST INSPIRED THEM WITH THE IDEA OF COMBINING
THEMSELVES WITH THE OTHER INHABITANTS OF THE MOUNTAIN PROVINCES AS A NATION,
UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT AND STANDARD." BELL CHARTERED A VESSEL, THE VIXEN,
WHICH WAS CAPTURED LATE IN 1836 BY THE RUSSIANS WHEN IT WAS TRYING TO RUN
THEIR BLOCKADE OF THE CIRCASSIAN COAST WITH A CARGO OF SALT. HE REMAINED
ACTIVE IN THE CIRCASSIAN CAUSE UNTIL 1840. HE STAYED IN CIRCASSIA FOR LONG
PERIODS DURING 1837-9, ACCOMPANYING THE CIRCASSIANS ON RAIDS BEHIND THE
RUSSIAN LINES. THERE IS AN ABSTRACT OF TREATIES BETWEEN RUSSIA AND TURKEY
RELATING TO CIRCASSIA, PP. 460-81 OF THE APPENDIX. THE FOLLOWING ENTRY
IS A FRENCH TRANSLATION. THERE ARE ALSO GERMAN AND DANISH TRANSLATIONS}

KHINALUG. RONALD WIXMAN. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLAM, 3rd Edition.
{"One of the North-Eastern (NE) Caucasian peoples. Self-designation:
Kättitturdur. Russian designation: Khinalugi. According to the 1926
Russian census, there were 105 ethnic Khinalug, and 1,540 spoke the language.
The Khinalug are located in the Shakhdag area, aul Khinalug on the upper
right arm of the Kudialchai (rayon Konakhkend, Azerbaidzhan). Khinalug
(Kättid mits) is one of the six main divisions of NE Caucasian, the
others being Avar-Andi-Dido, Lak-Dargwa, Samurian, Udi, and Veinakh. It
is not written, Azeri being used as the literary language. The traditional
economy consists of cattle-breeding. The Khinalug are Sunni Muslims." -
PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS: A SYNOPSIS. BERNARD
GEIGER, TIBOR HALASI-KUN, AERT H. KUIPERS AND KARL H. MENGES. JANUA LINGUARUM
SERIES, V, No. 6. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. THE HAGUE: MOUTON & CO., 1959}

KHUNZAL. RONALD WIXMAN. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLAM, 3rd Edition. {"One
of the North-Eastern (NE) Caucasian peoples. Self-designation: (R:) Khunzami.
Russian designations: Khunzaly, Gun(d)zaly, Gunzebi, Gunzibtsy, Enzebi,
Nakhada. According to the 1926 Russian census, there were 106 ethnic Khunzal,
and 129 spoke the language. The Khinalug are located in auls Khunzib and
Garbutl (with former Nakhada) (rayon Tliarata, Dagestan). Khunzal forms
with Khvarshi, Dido, Kapucha, and Ginukh, the Dido sub-group of the Avaro-Ando-Dido
group of the NE Caucasian languages. Khunzal, Kapucha and Ginukh are now
regarded as dialects of the same language. It is not written, Avar being
used as the literary language. The traditional economy consists of cattle-breeding,
agriculture and crafts. The Khunzal are Sunni Muslims." - PEOPLES
AND LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS: A SYNOPSIS. BERNARD GEIGER, TIBOR HALASI-KUN,
AERT H. KUIPERS AND KARL H. MENGES. JANUA LINGUARUM SERIES, V, No. 6. COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY. THE HAGUE: MOUTON & CO., 1959}

KHVARSI. RONALD WIXMAN. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLAM, 3rd Edition. {"One
of the North-Eastern (NE) Caucasian peoples. Self-designation: Kedaes hikwa;
(R:) Khuani, Khvarshal. Russian designations: Khvarshiny, Khvarshintsy.
According to the 1926 Russian census, there were 1,019 ethnic Khvarshi,
and 1,018 spoke the language. The Khvarshi live in rayon Vedeno, Dagestan,
to which they were removed in 1944. Formerly they are located on a southern
tributary of the Andiiskoe Koisu, south west of the Bagulal area (auls
Khvarshi, Inkhokari, etc., Dagestan). Khvarshi (Kedaes mits, Inkhies mits,
depending on village) forms with Khunzal, Dido, Kapucha, and Ginukh, the
Dido sub-group of the Avaro-Ando-Dido group of the NE Caucasian languages.
It is not written, Avar being used as the literary language. The traditional
economy consists mainly of cattle-breeding and agriculture. The Khvarshi
are Sunni Muslims." - PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS:
A SYNOPSIS. BERNARD GEIGER, TIBOR HALASI-KUN, AERT H. KUIPERS AND KARL
H. MENGES. JANUA LINGUARUM SERIES, V, No. 6. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. THE HAGUE:
MOUTON & CO., 1959}

KRIZ. RONALD WIXMAN. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLAM, 3rd Edition. {"One
of the North-Eastern (NE) Caucasian peoples. Self-designation: There is
no general appellation. Russian designation: Kryzy. They form one people
with the Dzhek and Khaput. According to the 1926 Russian census, there
were 5!? ethnic Kryz, and 4,348 spoke the generic language, Dzhek. The
Kryz live in the village Kryz in the Mt. Shakhdag area, in the basin of
the upper right arm of the Kudialchai (Konakhkend rayon, Azerbaidzhan).
The Kryz language is a subdivision of Dzhek, which forms with Lezghian,
Agul, Tsakhur, Tabasaran, Budukh, and Rutul, the Samurian subdivision of
the NE Caucasian languages. It is not written, Azeri being used as the
literary language. The traditional economy consists of cattle-breeding,
agriculture and horticulture. The Kryz are Sunni Muslims." - PEOPLES
AND LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS: A SYNOPSIS. BERNARD GEIGER, TIBOR HALASI-KUN,
AERT H. KUIPERS AND KARL H. MENGES. JANUA LINGUARUM SERIES, V, No. 6. COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY. THE HAGUE: MOUTON & CO., 1959}

KUBACHI. RONALD WIXMAN. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLAM, 3rd Edition. {"One
of the North-Eastern (NE) Caucasian peoples. Self-designation: Ughbug;
(R:) Ogbuk. Russian designation: Kubachintsy. According to the 1926 Russian
census, there were 2,322 ethnic Kubachi, and 2,470 spoke the language.
The Kubachi live in aul Kubachi in rayon Dakhadaev, Dagestan. The Kubachi
language (Ughbughan hub) forms with the closely related Dargwa and Kaitak
the Dargwa sub-group of the Lak-Dargwa group of the NE Caucasian languages.
It is now regarded as a Dargwa dialect, Aqusha Dargwa being used as the
literary language. The traditional economy consists of cattle-breeding,
goldsmithing, incrustation work and weapon-making. The Kubachi are Sunni
Muslims." - PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS: A SYNOPSIS.
BERNARD GEIGER, TIBOR HALASI-KUN, AERT H. KUIPERS AND KARL H. MENGES. JANUA
LINGUARUM SERIES, V, No. 6. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. THE HAGUE: MOUTON &
CO., 1959}

LAK. RONALD WIXMAN. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLAM, 3rd Edition. {"One
of the North-Eastern (NE) Caucasian peoples. Self-designation: Lak, Lakuchu.
Russian designations: Laki, Laktsy, Kazikumukhtsy. Other designations:
(Avar:) Tumaw, pl. Tumal; (Lezgian:) Yakholshu. According to the 1926 Russian
census, there were 40,380 ethnic Lak, and 40,336 spoke the language. In
1955, the number of Lak went well over 55,000 (estimate, Zhirkov). The
Lak live in the basin of the upper Tleuserakh, Khatar, and Kazikumukhskoe
Koisu (rayons Lak and Kula, separate villages in rayons Tsudakhar, Akusha,
Rutul, Kurakh, Charoda, and Dakhadaev). Since 1944 also in the foothills
of the Andi ridge (Novo-Lak rayon, Dagestan). The Lak language (Laku maz)
forms with the Dargwa group of languages the Lak-Dargwa subdivision of
the NE Caucasian languages, which include also Veinakh, Avaro-Ando-Dido,
Samurian, Khinalug, and Udi. Lak has the status of a literary language
in Dagestan; the written language is based on the Kumukh dialect. The traditional
economy consists of cattle-breeding, production of leather goods and pottery,
metal-work (weapons), and agriculture. The Lak are Sunni Muslims." - PEOPLES
AND LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS: A SYNOPSIS. BERNARD GEIGER, TIBOR HALASI-KUN,
AERT H. KUIPERS AND KARL H. MENGES. JANUA LINGUARUM SERIES, V, No. 6. COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY. THE HAGUE: MOUTON & CO., 1959}

LA MINGRELIE. JULES MOURIER. PARIS, 1883.

LA RUSSIE DANS L'ASIE MINEURE. F. FONTON. PARIS, 1840. {"A
cursory survey of the peoples of the Caucasus, compiled from a number of
other well-known publications which appeared in the 1830's." - T. Trilati,
p. 113 in LITERATURE ON OSSETIA AND THE OSSETIANS [CAUCASIAN REVIEW,
Vol. 1, No. 6, MUNICH, 1958, PP. 107-126]}

LEZGH. RONALD WIXMAN. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLAM, 3rd Edition. {"One
of the North-Eastern (NE) Caucasian peoples. Self-designation: Lezgi, pl.
Lezgiar. English variants: Lezg(h)i, Lezg(h)ians. Russian designations:
Lezginy, Kiurintsy, for the language: Kiurinskii iazyk. The name Lezginy
has often been used to refer to the Dagestan mountaineers in general. Other
designations: (Georgian:) Lek'i (in a wider sense referring to the Dagestan
mountaineers in general); (German:) for the language: Kürinisch. According
to the 1897 Russian census, there were 159,213 Lezgians. In 1926, the number
of ethnic Lezgians dropped to 134,529, and the number of Lezgian speakers
was 164,763. The Lezgians live along the basins of the Giulgeri-chai, Middle
and Lower Samur and Shakh-Nabad rivers, i.e. the whole south-eastern part
of Dagestan and the adjoining part of north Azerbaidzhan. Lezgian (Lezgi
ch'al) forms with Agul, Rutul, Tsakhur, Tabasaran, Budukh, and Dzhek (Kryz),
the Samurian subdivision of the NE Caucasian languages, which include also
Veinakh, Avaro-Ando-Dido, Lak-Dargwa, Khinalug and Udi. Lak has the status
of a literary language in Dagestan; the written language is based on the
Kiuri dialect. Lezgian is subdivided into three dialects: Kiuri, Akhty,
Kuba. The traditional economy consists of cattle-breeding, agriculture,
horticulture, home industry (tapestry-weaving, smith's craft. The Lezgians
are Sunni Muslims." - PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS:
A SYNOPSIS. BERNARD GEIGER, TIBOR HALASI-KUN, AERT H. KUIPERS AND KARL
H. MENGES. JANUA LINGUARUM SERIES, V, No. 6. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. THE HAGUE:
MOUTON & CO., 1959}

MEMOIR OF A MAP OF THE COUNTRIES COMPREHENDED BETWEEN THE BLACK SEA
AND THECASPIAN; WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE CAUCASIAN NATIONS AND VOCABULARIES
OF THEIRLANGUAGES. GEORGE ELLIS ESQ. F. R. S. (1753-1815).
LONDON: J. EDWARDS, 1788.

MEMOIRS OF A CAUCASIAN OFFICER. COUNT F. F. TORNAU. OF 1835, KATKOV.

MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF SOLOMON. ARABIAN MANUSCRIPT FOUND IN
PALMYRA, NOW IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LEYDEN. PRESENTED BY Dr. HERMANNUS
HOFFMAN. {MENTION OF A VERY BEAUTIFUL CIRCASSIAN SLAVE CAPTURED
ON THE COAST OF CIRCASSIA BY A CORSAIR OF HIRAM KING OF TYRE AND BROUGHT
TO JERUSALEM. TADMOR NINTH SERAGLIO. THE ROYAL POET USED TO SING AND RAPTURE
ABOUT HER. IT IS CLAIMED CONTENT OF BOOK IS A DESCRIPTION OF THIS CIRCASSIAN
SAPHIRA. VERY EXPLICIT LOVE TALK}

NARRATIVE OF DON HUAN VAN HALEN'S IMPRISONMENT IN THE DUNGEONS OF THE
INQUISITION AT MADRID AND HIS ESCAPE IN 1817 AND 1818, TO WHICH ARE ADDED
HISJOURNEY TO RUSSIA, HIS CAMPAIGNS WITH THE ARMY OF THE CAUCASUS
AND HIS RETURN TO SPAIN IN 1821. JUAN VAN HALEN (1788-1864). LONDON:
H. COLBURN, 1827. 2 Vols. 22cm. {WITH ILLUSTRATIONS, PORTRAITS,
FOLD MAP AND FACSIMILES}

NOTES ON THE CAUCASUS. WANDERER. LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., 1883.
(280 PAGES). {CHAPTER II - CAUCASIAN MOUNTAINEERS: CIRCASSIANS,
ABKHASIANS, SVANETIANS, OSSETTES, DAGHESTANS, ETC. PP. 19-39. "CIRCASSIA
IS A COUNTRY LYING ALONG THE EASTERN SHORE OF THE BLACK SEA FOR A COUPLE
OF HUNDRED MILES, BETWEEN ANAPA (CLOSE TO KERTCH AND THE SEA OF AZOV) AND
GAGRA, WHERE ABKHAZIA COMMENCES. IT DIVIDES THE BLACK SEA FROM THE KOUBAN
AND KABARDIAN STEPPES, AND IS IN THE SHAPE OF AN ISOSCELES TRIANGLE; THE
SIERRA AND SUBJACENT MOUNTAIN RANGE, COMPARATIVELY LOW, NARROW, AND UNDULATING
AT ITS NORTHERN EXTREMITY, BECOMING BROAD, LOFTY, AND PRECIPITOUS AS IT
TRENDS SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST, UNTIL TOWARDS THE ABKHASIAN BOUNDARY IT REACHES
AN ALTITUDE OF 10,000 TO 12,000 FEET AND A CONTINUOUS BREADTH OF 100 MILES
OR THEREABOUTS. ... CIRCASSIA, WHICH IS PERHAPS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL MOUNTAIN
COUNTRY IN THE WORLD - A RICH SOIL, SPLENDID FORESTS OF OAK, ASH, CHESTNUT,
WALNUT, BEECH, AND OTHER EXCLUSIVELY EUROPEAN TIMBER, FINE CLEAR MOUNTAIN
STREAMS AND RIVERS FULL OF TROUT AND OTHER FISH - IS NOW UNINHABITED, WITH
THE EXCEPTION OF A FEW INSIGNIFICANT STATIONS AND POSTS ALONG THE COAST,
POPULATED MAINLY BY HORSE-STEALERS, LOAFERS, AND DRUNKARDS FROM VARIOUS
PARTS OF THE CAUCASUS (CHIEFLY MINGRELIA), MANY OF WHOM HAVE PERMANENTLY
MADE THEIR NATIVE TOWNS AND VILLAGES TOO HOT FOR THEM. ... THE CIRCASSIANS,
WHO WERE ORIGINALLY A BRAVE MANLY PEOPLE, LIVING IN A SORT OF REPUBLIC,
MUCH GIVEN TO RAIDING UPON THEIR NEIGHBOURS AND EACH OTHER (MORE APPARENTLY
WITH THE OBJECT OF KEEPING UP WAR-LIKE HABITS AND GENERAL EFFICIENCY THAN
FOR THE LOOT OBTAINED, WHICH WAS OFTEN OF TRIFLING INTRINSIC VALUE), AFTER
HEROICALLY SUPPORTING NEARLY HALF A CENTURY OF INCESSANT WARFARE WITH RUSSIA,
WERE FINALLY BLOCKADED AND STARVED INTO SUBMISSION. ... THEY THEN DECIDED,
SOONER THAN LIVE UNDER RUSSIAN DOMINATION, TO QUIT THEIR COUNTRY AND EMIGRATE
TO TURKEY, WHERE LAND, RENT FREE, AND OTHER ADVANTAGES, HAD BEEN PROMISED
THEM BY THE GOVERNMENT. WHEN IT IS CONSIDERED THAT THE IMMEDIATE EFFECT
OF THIS RESOLUTION WAS VIRTUALLY TO REDUCE THE WHOLE POPULATION TO BEGGARY,
THE REPULSION FELT BY ASIATICS TOWARDS 'CIVILISING RUSSIAN INFLUENCE' MAY
BE ADEQUATELY ESTIMATED. ... ON THEIR ARRIVAL IN ANATOLIA NO ARRANGEMENTS
FOR THEIR RECEPTION HAD BEEN MADE BY THE OTTOMAN GOVERNMENT; CONSEQUENTLY
THEY HAD TO ENCAMP IN INCLEMENT WEATHER IN THE OPEN (ON THE SEA-SHORE,
OR WHEREVER THEY COULD GET PERMISSION), AND, BEING PENNILESS, THOUSANDS
MORE DIED OF STARVATION, DISEASE, AND EXPOSURE. ... ALTOGETHER TWO-THIRDS
OF THE POPULATION OF CIRCASSIA ARE COMPUTED TO HAVE PERISHED DURING THIS
EXODUS. SOME OF THE CHIEFS COMMITTED SUICIDE FROM DESPAIR, RIDING INTO
THE SEA MOUNTED AND ARMED AND DROWNING THEMSELVES. ... THE CIRCASSIAN 'COMMONWEALTH,'
i.e. WHILE THE CIRCASSIANS WERE A NATION OR PEOPLE, WAS, LIKE THOSE OF
OTHER INDEPENDENT MOUNTAIN TRIBES STILL OR LATELY EXISTING IN THE CAUCASUS,
GROUNDED ON A BASIS OF COMPLETE PERSONAL EQUALITY, AND TO A CERTAIN EXTENT
ON COMMUNITY OF PROPERTY. ... THE POPULATION WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE RANKS
OR CASTES, viz. CHIEFS, GENTLEMEN RETAINERS, AND PEASANTS; BUT THEY HAD
NO KING, AND, EXCEPT IN TIME OF WAR, NO ACCREDITED AUTHORITY OR RULERS.
... THE THREE RANKS NEVER INTERMARRIED. PEASANTS WERE NOT ALLOWED TO WEAR
COATS OF MAIL, AND FOUGHT ON FOOT. PERSONAL INDEPENDENCE WAS CARRIED TO
SUCH A PITCH THAT SONS WERE NOT SUPPOSED EVEN TO OBEY THEIR PARENTS. ...
NATIONAL QUESTIONS WERE DELIBERATED ON AND DECIDED BY A SORT OF 'CONGRESS
OR PARLIAMENT, PRESIDED OVER BY THE OLDEST CHIEF. THERE WERE TWO HOUSES
OR 'CHAMBERS,' THAT OF THE CHIEFS AND THAT OF THE RETAINERS, ANSWERING
TO LORDS AND COMMONS. ... THE 'PROCEEDINGS WERE CONDUCTED WITH DIGNITY.
EACH 'HOUSE' HAD ITS SPOKESMEN OR ORATORS, AND DEPUTATIONS FREQUENTLY PASSED
FROM THE ONE TO THE OTHER. ... THEY POSSESSED CERTAIN SACRED GROVES, AND
'DEOTAS' OR SHRINES, AND USED A SORT OF OCCASIONAL WORSHIP, SUPPOSED TO
PROPITIATE LOCAL DIVINITIES, PROCURE GOOD WEATHER FOR THE HARVEST, GOOD
LUCK IN EXPEDITIONS, ETC. ... THE TCHERKESS, BESIDES BEING WARRIORS, WERE
CAPITAL CRAFTSMEN, EXCELLENT HUNTERS AND TRAPPERS; IN FACT, 'GOOD MEN'
ALL ROUND. ... THE ARMS, SADDLERY, AND ACCOUTREMENTS FABRICATED BY THE
CIRCASSIANS AND TCHETTCHENTZ WERE THE BEST OF THEIR KIND IN THE CAUCASUS,
ALL OTHERS BEING INFERIOR COPIES OF THEIR PATTERNS. THEY POSSESSED A FIRST-RATE
BREED OF MOUNTAIN HORSES (NOW EXTINCT), VERY CLEVER ON ROCKY AND DIFFICULT
GROUND, AND, THOUGH SMALL, STOUT AND UNTIRING." THERE IS AN ACCOUNT OF
THE ABKHAZIAN REVOLT OF 1866}

PLEASE DON'T CALL IT SOVIET GEORGIA. MARY RUSSEL, 1991. {"THE
AUTHOR HAD THOUGHT OF HER TRIP TO GEORGIA AS A 'JAUNT' SINCE SHE WAS USED
TO VISITING PLACES OF CONFLICT. IRONICALLY BY THE TIME SHE HAD PLANNED
HER JOURNEY, GEORGIA WAS ALSO SUFFERING FROM CONFLICT AND WHEN SHE CAME
TO WRITE THE BOOK MANY CHANGES HAD OCCURRED IN GEORGIA. SHE TRAVELLED ALL
OVER THE AREA MEETING AND STAYING WITH LOCAL PEOPLE."}

RUTUL. RONALD WIXMAN. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLAM, 3rd Edition. {"One
of the North-Eastern (NE) Caucasian peoples. Self-designation: There is
no general appellation; the inhabitants of the aul Rutul (Mykhad) call
themselves Mykhashura. Russian designations: Rutuly, Rutul'tsy. According
to the 1926 Russian census, there were 10,495 ethnic Rutul, and 10,356
spoke the language. The Rutul live in the area of confluence of Samur and
Kara-Samur (18 villages) (Rutul rayon; village Khnov in Akhty rayon, Dagestan;
village Shin and Kainar in Nukha rayon, Azerbaidzhan. Rutul (Mykhanidy
ch'äl) forms with Lezghian, Agul, Tsakhur, Tabasaran, Budukh, and
Dzhek, the Samurian subdivision of the NE Caucasian language-group. It
is not written, Russian (formerly Lezghian) being used as the literary
language. The traditional economy consists of cattle-breeding and home
industry (production of cloth, tapestries, felt cloaks). The Rutul are
Sunni Muslims." - PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS:
A SYNOPSIS. BERNARD GEIGER, TIBOR HALASI-KUN, AERT H. KUIPERS AND KARL
H. MENGES. JANUA LINGUARUM SERIES, V, No. 6. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. THE HAGUE:
MOUTON & CO., 1959}

TABLEAU HISTORIQUE, GEOGRAPHIQUE, ETHNOGRAPHIQUE ET POLITIQUE DU CAUCASE
ET DES PROVINCES LIMITROPHES ENTRE LA RUSSIE ET LA PERSE. JULES VON
KLAPROTH (1783-1835). PARIS AND LEIPZIG, 1827. {See
also preceding entry. "A compilation based on Klaproth's own account of
the Caucasus and on descriptions made by travelers in the Caucasus in the
eighteenth century (the works of Steder in the case of the Ossetians).
Contains ethnographical data on various Adyghei tribes such as the Abazins,
Kabardians and others, and also on the Karachay, Balkars, Ingushes, Ossetians
and mountain Georgians." - T. Trilati, p. 113 in LITERATURE ON OSSETIA
AND THE OSSETIANS [CAUCASIAN REVIEW, Vol. 1, No. 6, MUNICH, 1958, PP. 107-126].
Please note that the Abazins are not one of the Adyghei tribes, although
they are closely related to them. They form an ethnic group with the Abkhazians,
who call themselves Apswa}

TEXTS AND STUDIES ON THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE
CAUCASUS AND ADJACENT REGIONS. COLLECTED AND REPRINTED BY FUAT SEZGIN,
IN COLLABORATION WITH MAZEN AMAWI, CARL EHRIG-EGGERT AND ECKHARD NEUBAUER.
FRANKFURT AM MAIN: INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF ARABIC-ISLAMIC SCIENCE,
JOHANN WOLFGANG GOETHE UNIVERSITY, 1993.

THE ABKHAZIANS: A HANDBOOK. [Brian] GEORGE HEWITT (Ed.). IN THE
SERIES CAUCASUS
WORLD: PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS & THE BLACK SEA. SERIES EDITOR
NICHOLAS AWDE.RICHMOND, SURREY, ENGLAND: CURZON
PRESS, 1999. (288 pages. ISBN 0-7007-0643-7. £30-35).
{Contents: Preface 9; Introduction George
Hewitt 13; 1. Geography and the environment Roman Dbar 23; 2. Origin
of the Abkhazian people Vjacheslav Chirikba 37; 3. On the track
of Abkhazia's antiquity Giorgij Shamba 48; 4. History: first-18th
centuries Oleg Bgazhba 59; 5. History: 18th century-1917 Stanislav
Lak'oba 67; 6. History: 1917-1989 Stanislav Lak'oba 89; 7. Soviet
Abkhazia 1989: a personal account Viktor Popkov 102; 8. History:
the modern period Jurij Anchabadze 132; 9. Military aspects of the
war: the battle for Gagra Dodge Billingsley 147; 10. The economy:
traditional & modern Daur Bargandzhia 157; 11. Language George
Hewitt 167; 12. Literature & linguistic politics Vasilij Avidzba
176; 13. Art, handicrafts & architecture Oleg Bgazhba 189; 14.
Religion Rachel Clogg 205; 15. Demography Daniel Muller 218;
16. Ethnic culture Jurij Anchabadze 241; Further Reading: References
& general bibliography 251, Appendix 1: Constitution of the
Abkhazian People's Soviet 263, Appendix 2: Draft Treaty 264,
Appendix 3: Moscow agreement 266, Appendix 4: Quadripartite Agreement
on Refugees 267, Appendix 5: Abkhaz proverbs 271; Contributors
274; Notes 275, Index 287. George Hewitt is Professor
of Caucasian Languages at the School of Oriental & African Studies,
the University of London. "The Abkhazians are an ancient Caucasian people
living mainly on the eastern shores of the Black Sea in the shadow of the
Great Caucasus Mountains. Across the centuries, cultures as diverse as
the ancient Greeks, Byzantine Christianity and Ottoman Islam have all left
their mark without affecting the unique individuality of the Abkhazians.
Aside from their Caucasian homeland of Abkhazia, there are significant
numbers of Abkhazians and their descendants settled throughout Russia and
the Middle East - Turkey in particular. ... Their history, like other peoples
and nations of the region, has been closely linked with the expansion of
the Russians - under Tsar and Commissar alike. The collapse of the Soviet
Union, however, resulted in further attempted domination, this time by
the Georgian Republic, leading to the catastrophe of the War of 1992-3
and the further scattering of peoples that followed. ... With the publication
of this book, which includes an entirely new interpretation of Abkhazia's
union with Russia over the period from the 18th century to 1917, the relevant
facts about Abkhazia have finally become accessible to the English-speaking
world, who will thus be better placed to understand Abkhazian aspirations."
This is an invaluable, and might prove to be a definitive, account of Abkhazia
and its proud and ancient people. This work is an example of how a single
Western intellectual can shed light on, rectify preconceptions, misinformation
and stereotypical ideas, and further the cause of a relatively obscure,
and for long wronged, people. The lessons must be learnt by all North Caucasians.
Spread the word and do it properly and fairly. Reach out to the good peoples
of the world. This book must be read. Includes many maps,
photos and illustrations}

THE CAUCASIAN BORDERLAND. BEING A LECTURE GIVEN BY W. E. D. ALLEN
IN THE MEETING OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY ON 4th OF MAY
1942[THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, XCIX, 1942, PP. 225-37.
MAP]. {"CHERKESS PLACE-NAMES ARE FOUND IN MANY PARTS OF THE
UKRAINE IN SUCH FORMS AS PSIOL AND KREMENCHUG. THE CHERKESS REMAINED AN
IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN THE POPULATION OF THE CRIMEA UNTIL THE EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY, AND THEY OCCUPIED MOST OF THE NORTH-WEST CAUCASUS AND THE BASIN
OF THE KUBAN UNTIL THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY. ... THERE WAS OBVIOUSLY A SUBSTANTIAL SUBSTRATUM OF CHERKESS BLOOD
IN THE VERY MIXED POPULATION OF THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS AND THE BLACK SEA
COAST LANDS AS FAR WEST AS THE DNEPR. ... BUT THAT IS ONLY ONE ASPECT OF
THE REMARKABLE DISPERSION OF THESE PEOPLE. PROFESSOR ZAKHAROV AND PROFESSOR
H. R. HALL HAVE PRODUCED EVIDENCE FOR THE BELIEF THAT CAUCASIAN ELEMENTS
WERE REPRESENTED AMONG THE 'PEOPLES OF THE SEA' WHO SWARMED INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN
BASIN AT THE END OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY B.C. AND THREATENED EGYPT," SEE
CAUCASIAN RELATIONS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE SEA AND SEEVOLKER NAMEN
IN ALTORIENTALISCHEN QUELLEN IN ANTHROPOLGY SECTION BELOW}

THE CAUCASIAN VAGABOND. STEPHEN GRAHAM. {SEE A
VAGABOND IN THE CAUCASUS ABOVE}

THE CRIMEA AND TRANSCAUCASUS: BEING A NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY IN
THE KOUBAN, IN GOURIA, GEORGIA, ARMENIA, OSSETY, IMERITIA, SWANNETY, AND
MINGRELIA, AND IN THE TAURIC RANGE. J. BUCHAN TELFER. LONDON: HENRY S.
KING, 1876. TWO VOLUMES.

THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS. DOUGLAS W. H. FRESHFIELD. LONDON
AND NEW YORK: EDWARD ARNOLD, 1896. 2 Vols., 2 Editions.
2nd Edition: LONDON, 1902. (Vol. 2: 295 pages).
{"What is to be the future of this Earthly Paradise? Its ancient
and primaeval inhabitants are gone. They have been exiled for a quarter
of a century; their dwellings and their tombs are alike lost in the glorious
vegetation that feeds nothing but bears and mosquitoes and fevers. A people
that had lived the same life in the same place since the beginning of history
has been dispersed and destroyed. The Abkhazians have vanished, leaving
behind them no records, and hardly sufficient material for the ethnologist
who desires to ascertain to what branch of the world's 'families' they
belonged." This quote from Freshfield's work was taken from the book The
Abkhazians: a handbook. [Brian] George Hewitt (Ed.). Curzon Press,
1999. Freshfield was president of the Alpine Club at the time of publication
and was formerly Honorary Secretary of the Royal Royal Geographical Society
of London}

THE JASON VOYAGE. TIM SEVERIN, 1985. REPRINTED 1986. {"THE
LEGEND IS THAT JASON AND HIS BAND OF HEROES SET SAIL FROM GREECE IN SEARCH
OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE. THEIR JOURNEY TOOK THEM ACROSS THE AEGEAN SEA, THROUGH
THE BOSPHOROUS AND INTO THE BLACK SEA. IN COLCHIS, PROVEN TO BE FAMOUS
IN CLASSICAL TIMES FOR ITS GOLD PRODUCTION, JASON FOUND THE GOLDEN FLEECE
AND HIS FUTURE WIFE, MEDEA. AT VANI, UP THE RHIONI RIVER, IN GEORGIA MANY
GOLD OBJECTS HAVE BEEN FOUND. TIM SEVERIN RECONSTRUCTED JASON'S JOURNEY
ON A BOAT CALLED THE ARGO."}

THE LOST WORLD OF THE CAUCASUS. NEGLEY FARSON. GARDEN CITY, NEW
YORK: DOUBLEDAY AND COMPANY, 1958; LONDON: PENGUIN TRAVEL LIBRARY, 1988.
(154 Pages). {This
is a reprint of Farson'sCAUCASIAN JOURNEY above}

THE RUSSIAN SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA IN THE AUTUMN OF 1853. LAURENCE
OLIPHANT. LONDON, 1853.

THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. BARON VON HAXTHAUSEN. LONDON, 1956. Two volumes.

THE SEVEN PILLARS OF WISDOM. T. E. LAWRENCE, 1966. {"Down
this debatable land [Jordan] the Ottoman Government had planted a line
of Circassian immigrants from the Russian Caucasus. These held their ground
only by the sword and the favour of the Turks, to whom they were, of necessity,
devoted."}

THE TIMES GUIDE TO THE PEOPLES OF EUROPE. F. FERNANDEZ-ARMESTO (Ed.).
LONDON: TIMES BOOKS, 1994. PAPERBACK EDITION 1997. {Includes
The Caucasus and Peoples of the Caucasus by
Brian George Hewitt}

THE TRAGEDY OF A NATION: THE STORY OF THE CHERKESS. RASIM RUSHDI.
JERUSALEM: THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, 1939. (66 pages). / MY COLLECTION.
{With an introduction to the history and researches in the Caucasus,
into early Caucasian civilisation}

THE TRIBES OF THE CAUCASUS WITH AN ACCOUNT OF SCHAMYL AND THE MURIDS.
BARON AUGUST FRANZ VON HAXTHAUSEN-ABBENBURG. LONDON: CHAPMAN AND HALL,
1855. (Translated by J. E. Taylor).

THREE VOYAGES IN THE BLACK SEA TO THE COAST OF CIRCASSIA: INCLUDING
DESCRIPTION OF THE PORTS, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THEIR TRADE: WITH SKETCHES
OF THE MANNERS, CUSTOMS, RELIGION, &c. &c., OF THE CIRCASSIANS.
CHEVALIER [EDOUARD] TAITBOUT DE MARIGNY. LONDON: J. MURRAY, 1837. (8vo.
XV, [1], 303 PAGES). {THE JOURNEYS WERE MADE IN 1818-24. THE AUTHOR WAS
DUTCH CONSUL AT ODESSA. PART OF HIS ACCOUNT APPEARED IN 1829 IN COUNT POTOCKI'S
VOYAGE DANS LES STEPS D'ASTRAKHAN ET DU CAUCASE. AN UNAUTHORIZED
AND HEAVILY CENSORED VERSION WAS ISSUED BY THE RUSSIAN PRESS IN 1836.
THERE IS A TURKISH TRANSLATION BY AYDIN OSMAN ERKAN, ISTANBUL: NART YAYINCILIK,
1996}

THROUGH THE CAUCASUS TO THE VOLGA. FRIDTJOF NANSEN. GEORGES ALLEN
& LTD, 1931; NEW YORK: W. W. NORTON, 1931. (276 PAGES).
{NORWEGIAN TITLE: "GJENNEM KAUKASUS TIL VOLGA," 1929. AN
ACCOUNT OF A TRIP TO THE CAUCASUS AND DAGHESTAN TO HELP IN THE RELIEF OF
ARMENIANS AND CAUCASIANS. MENTION OF SHAMYL. FAIRLY INTERESTING. GERMAN
VERSION DURCH DEN KAUKASUS ZUR VOLGA ABOVE}

TO CAUCASUS. THE END OF ALL THE EARTH: AN ILLUSTRATED COMPANION TO THE
CAUCASUS AND TRANSCAUCASIA. SIR FITZROY MACLEAN (1911-). LONDON: JONATHAN
CAPE, 1930. REPRINTED BY LITTLE IN 1976. (210 PAGES. 26cm.).
{WITH ILLUSTRATIONS (SOME COLOURED). 49 LEAVES OF PLATES.
CONTINUES AUTHOR'S TO THE BACK OF BEYOND. EXTRACTS}

TRANSCAUCASIA AND ARARAT. BEING NOTES OF A VACATION TOUR IN THE
AUTUMN OF 1876. JAMES BRYCE. LONDON: MACMILLAN AND
CO., LTD. NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO., 1896. REPRINTED BY ARNO PRESS, NEW
YORK, 1970. {WITH ENGRAVING AND COLOURED MAP. CHAPTER II,
PP. 43-90 THE CAUCASUS. THERE IS A FRENCH TRANSLATION TRANSCAUCASIE
ET ARARAT BELOW}

? TRAVEL DIARIES OF JOHANNES DE GALONIFONTIBUS. {According
to Hewitt, pp. 198-9 Abkhazia: A Problem of Identity and Ownership,
in Politics Section below, Galonifontibus passed through the Caucasus in
1404 and wrote: Beyond these [Circassians] is Abkhazia, a small hilly country...
They have their own language.. To the east of them, in the direction of
Georgia, lies the country called Mingrelia... They have their own language...
Georgia is to the east of this country. Georgia is not an integral whole...
They have their own language}

TRAVELS IN CIRCASSIA, KRIM TARTARY, & C. INCLUDING A STEAM VOYAGE
DOWN THE DANUBE, FROM VIENNA TO CONSTANTINOPLE AND ROUND THE BLACK SEA,
IN 1836. EDMUND SPENCER. LONDON: HENRY COLBURN, 1837.
(IN TWO VOLUMES. 8 vo. Vol. 1: XXXVII, 355 PAGES. Vol. 2: XIII, 425 PAGES).
{THERE IS AN ENGLISH-TARTAR-CIRCASSIAN VOCABULARY OF ABOUT 110 ENTRIES
APPENDED TO VOLUME 1, PP. 352-5. THE CIRCASSIAN IS OF THE WESTERN BRANCH.
THERE IS A MAP OF THE BLACK SEA, AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS}

TRAVELS IN GEORGIA. SIR ROBERT KER-PORTER. LONDON, 1820.

TRAVELS IN PERSIA, GEORGIA AND KOORDISTAN WITH SKETCHES OF THE COSSACKS
AND THECAUCASUS. MORITZ (MAURICE) WAGNER (1813-1887). LONDON:
HURST AND BLACKETT, 1856. (In three volumes).
REPRINTED: WESTMEAD, FARNBOROUGH, HANTS.: GREGG INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS,
1971. (18cm.). {"THE CIRCASSIAN WARRIOR
IS SELDOM SEEN IN THE STREETS OF TIFLIS, AND IS IMMEDIATELY DISTINGUISHED
IN THE CROWD BY HIS KNIGHTLY FORM, THE NOBLE PROFILE OF HIS COUNTENANCE,
WHOSE EXPRESSION BESPEAKS MANLY BOLDNESS AND ENERGY.... WITH FIRM AND HAUGHTY
STEP, THE CIRCASSIAN STALKS THROUGH THE CROWD, AND ALL, INCLUDING THE DRUNKEN
COSSACK, MAKE WAY FOR HIM.... THE MAJORITY OF CIRCASSIANS WHOM I SAW AT
TIFLIS CONSISTED OF CHIEFTAINS, OR OF INFLUENTIAL USDENS, OF CONFEDERATE
OR SUBDUED TRIBES, WHO HAD COME DOWN TO PAY THEIR RESPECTS TO, AND OBTAIN,
PERHAPS, SOME PRESENTS FROM THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY."
-- COMMENTS MADE IN 1843}

TRAVELS IN THE CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA, PERFORMED IN THE YEARS 1807
AND 1808, BY COMMAND OF THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT, BY JULIUS VON KLAPROTH,
AULIC COUNSELLOR OF HIS MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES OF St. PETERSBURGH, ETC.LONDON: HENRY
COLBURN, 1814. (421 pages).

TRAVELS IN THE EASTERN CAUCASUS ON THE CASPIAN AND BLACK SEAS, ESPECIALLY
IN DAGESTAN, AND ON THE FRONTIERS OF PERSIA AND TURKEY DURING THE SUMMER
OF 1871. SIR ARTHUR THURLOW CUNYNGHAME. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, 1872.

TRAVELS IN THE STEPPES OF THE CASPIAN SEA, THE CRIMEA, THE CAUCASUS.
XAVIER HOMMAIRE DE HELL. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, 1847.
{Translation of original French LES STEPPES DE LA MER CASPIENNE,
LA CRIMEE... above}

TRAVELS IN THE TRANS-CAUCASIAN PROVINCES OF RUSSIA, AND ALONG THE SOUTHERN
SHOREOF THE LAKES OF VAN AND URUMIAH, IN THE AUTUMN AND WINTER
OF 1837. CAPTAIN RICHARD WILBRAHAM. LONDON: J. MURRAY, 1839.

TRAVELS THROUGH THE SOUTHERN PROVINCES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, IN THE
YEARS 1793 AND 1794BY P. S. PALLAS, COUNSELLOR OF STATE
TO HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY OF ALL THE RUSSIAS, KNIGHT, & C. LONDON, 1812.
IN TWO VOLUMES. 2nd Ed. ILLUSTRATED
WITH ONE HUNDRED ANDTWENTY-ONE PLATES. (Vol.
1: 552 pages. Vol. 2: 523 pages) / MY COLLECTION.
{ACCOUNT OF SOCIAL AND TRIBAL STRUCTURE OF THE CIRCASSIANS IN THE 18th
CENTURY. THERE ARE SOME FACTUAL MISTAKES. THE AUTHOR WAS OBVIOUSLY BIASED
AGAINST THE CIRCASSIANS. THIS IS AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE ORIGINAL
GERMAN. THERE IS ALSO A TRANSLATION INTO ARABIC ( AMMAN, 1982) / MY COLLECTION}

TURKISH HAREMS AND CIRCASSIAN HOMES. ANNIE JANE TENNANT HARVEY (of
Ickwell Bury). LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT, 1871. {"Were
the land properly cultivated, Abasia (as this part of Circassia is called)
would be a paradise. The soil is so fertile, and the climate so temperate,
that nearly every description of grain, fruit, and vegetable might be grown
with very little trouble ... Loving their wild country with passionate
devotion, no reverses dishearten them. War is both their duty and their
happiness ... A soft breeze just filled the sails, and with really sad
hearts we watched landmark after landmark disappear, until, on rounding
the headland of the bay, the last light of the little town was shut out,
and we said farewell, probably for ever, to the loveliest spot we have
ever seen." This quote from Mrs. Harvey's work was taken from the book
The Abkhazians: a handbook. [Brian] George Hewitt (Ed.).
Curzon Press, 1999}

ABKHAZ-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY. {Professor Hewitt
has mentioned in the book The abkhazians: a handbook (Curzon Press,
1999) that Bernard Outtier has discovered a manuscript of an early
19th century Abkhaz-Russian dictionary in a Tbilisi archive, which will
be published. Details will be documented as they become available.}

A CIRCASSIAN MEVLID [STUDIES IN SLAVIC AND GENERAL LINGUISTICS,
1, AMSTERDAM: RODOPI, 1980, pp. 323-35], RIEKS SMEETS. {STUDY
OF A CELEBRATION OF THE BIRTH OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD, MAWLID, IN THE SHAPSUGH
DIALECT OF CIRCASSIAN IN TURKEY. THE HYMN, WHICH WAS WRITTEN, EDITED
AND PRINTED BY CIRCASSIANS IN THE EARLY PART OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY,
IS ABOUT 1000 LINES LONG. I INCLUDE SMEETS' TRANSLATION OF A SMALL PART
THEREOF. (1) DAY AND NIGHT SHE KEPT CRYING, (2) CRYING, SHE MADE HEAVEN
AND EARTH CRY, (3) REACHING FOR NEITHER FOOD NOR DRINK, SHE STAYED THERE,
(4) SHE BECAME LIKE DRUNK, NOT KNOWING HERSELF ANYMORE. (5) AND SHE SAID
"WA HASRETA, WA FIRQETA, (6) WHAT WILL I DO WITH MYSELF, OH, MY FATHER,
WA FIRQETA?" (7) SHE SAID "WHEREVER HE WENT, OH, MELANCHOLY, (8) WHEREVER
HE DWELLED, MY BEAUTIFUL FATHER, OUR PROPHET, (9) HE ALWAYS TOOK MERCY
UPON US, (10) HE ALWAYS GUIDED US TO THE STRAIGHT PATH. (11) IN MY HEART,
NOW, A GREAT FIRE HAS LEAPT UP, (12) I HAVE MET WITH GREAT GRIEF WHICH
WILL CAUSE ME TO DIE". (13) SAYING THIS ALL THE TIME, WEEPING AND SIGHING,
SHE WAS THERE. (14) SHE WEPT TILL BLOOD CAME FORTH OUT OF HER EYES. (15)
ONE DAY, MANY FRIENDS CAME TOGETHER, (16) "SAY, ALI, TELL HER NOT TO CRY",
THAT IS WHAT THEY TOLD HIM. (17) "IF HE WOULD RETURN BECAUSE OF OUR CRYING,
(18) WE WOULD CRY DAY AND NIGHT, KILLING OURSELVES"}

A COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE HITTITE LANGUAGE. E. H. STURTEVANT.
NEW HAVEN, 1951.

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE QABARDIAN LANGUAGE. AERT H.
KUIPERS. A DOCTORAL DISSERTATION, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1951. {For
an enlarged version of this work, refer to PHONEME AND MORPHEME IN KABARDIAN
(EASTERN CIRCASSIAN), by same author, below}

ACOUSTIC FEATURES OF CERTAIN CONSONANTS AND CONSONANT CLUSTERS IN KABARDIAN
[BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (BSOAS), 33, UNIVERSITY
OF LONDON, 1970, pp. 92-106], E. J. A. HENDERSON.

A DICTIONARY OF PROTO-CIRCASSIAN ROOTS. A[ERT] H[ENDRIK] KUIPERS.
THE PETER DE RIDDER PRESS PUBLICATIONS ON NORTH CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES, 1.
LISSE / NETHERLANDS, 1975. (93 pages. 30cm.). {"THIS DICTIONARY
OF PROTO-CIRCASSIAN ELEMENTS IS MEANT TO BE A CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS ESTABLISHING
STRICT SOUND-CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN THE NORTH-WEST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES:
CIRCASSIAN, UBYKH AND ABKHAZ. A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-CIRCASSIAN
SOUND SYSTEM WAS CARRIED OUT BY THE AUTHOR IN PROTO CIRCASSIAN PHONOLOGY:
AN ESSAY IN RECONSTRUCTION, 1963(SEE BELOW). THE
NEXT STEP, TAKEN HERE, IS TO PRESENT A LARGE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS FOR WHICH
THE PROTO-CIRCASSIAN FORM CAN BE ESTABLISHED. THESE WILL ALLOW COMPARISON
WITH UBYKH AND ABKHAZ." THE CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGES USED ARE KABARDIAN, BZHADUGH
AND TEMIRGOI. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON P. 8. Reviewed by Catherine Paris
in BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE DE LINGUISTIQUE DE PARIS, COMPTES RENDUS,
1978, pp. 333-42}

A DICTIONARY OF THE CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE: CONTAINING ALL THE MOST NECESSARYWORDS
FOR THE TRAVELLER, THE SOLDIER, AND THE SAILOR: WITH THE EXACT PRONUNCIATION
OF EACH WORD IN THE ENGLISH CHARACTER. LOUIS LOEWE. BOUND WITH THE
PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S PROCEEDINGS, Vol. VI, 8 Vo., LONDON: G. BELL, 1854.
/ UNI. MAN. {English-Circassian-Turkish dictionary}

A GRAMMAR OF HUNZIB (WITH TEXTS AND LEXICON). HELMA VAN DEN BERG.
MUNICH: LINCOM EUROPA; LEIDEN, 1995. {"HUNZIB IS A NORTH
EAST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY ABOUT 2,000 PEOPLE LIVING IN TWO DISTINCT
AREAS IN DAGHESTAN. TOGETHER WITH TSEZ (DIDO), KHVARSHI, HINUKH AND BEZHTA,
IT BELONGS TO THE TSEZIC SUBDIVISION OF THE AVARO-ANDO-TSEZIC GROUP OF
NORTH EAST CAUCASIAN, THE OTHER GROUP BEING LAKO-DARGIC. HUNZIB IS A NON-WRITTEN
LANGUAGE. AVAR, ANOTHER NORTH-EAST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGE, AND RUSSIAN ARE
THE MEDIA OF INSTRUCTION AND OF CONTACTS WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD. THE WRITER
HAS CONDUCTED ON-SITE FIELDWORK FOUR TIMES, BOTH IN MOUNTAIN VILLAGES IN
SOUTHERN DAGHESTAN AND IN THE VILLAGES IN THE PLAINS NOT FAR FROM DAGHESTAN'S
CAPITAL MAKHACHKALA. INITIALLY, THE WRITER SPENT TWO MONTHS IN MOSCOW TO
CONSULT RUSSIAN SPECIALISTS IN NORTH-CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES. ... THE WORK
CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS. THE FIRST IS A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH OF ABOUT 160
PAGES WHICH COVERS PHONOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX OF THE LANGUAGE. THE
SECOND PART CONSISTS OF A CORPUS OF TEXTS WITH ANALYSIS AND TRANSLATION.
THE MAJORITY OF THE TEXTS HAVE A FOLKLORIC CHARACTER. PART THREE IS A HUNZIB-ENGLISH
LEXICON. ALL MATERIAL WAS GATHERED AND ANALYSED BETWEEN THE SUMMER OF 1990
AND THE SUMMER OF 1994. ... HUNZIB IS A TYPICAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE NORTH-EAST
CAUCASIAN LANGUAGE TYPE. IT HAS, FOR INSTANCE, NOUN CLASSES, WHICH SERVE
AS THE BASIS FOR AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS (AND PRONOUNS) AND COREFERRING
ELEMENTS SUCH AS ADJECTIVES AND VERBS. HUNZIB IS HIGHLY ERGATIVE. VERBS
HARDLY SHOW ANY PERSON-MAKING; MANY VERBS, HOWEVER, HAVE IN INITIAL POSITION
A CLASS PREFIX INDICATING THE CLASS OF THE SUBJECT IF THE VERB IS INTRANSITIVE
OR, IF THE VERB IS TRANSITIVE, THAT OF THE OBJECT. ONE OF THE MORE TRICKY
PROBLEMS WAS THE ANALYSIS OF THE VOWEL SYSTEM. I SAW NO REASON FOR INTRODUCING
LEXICAL TONE ON A PHONOLOGICAL LEVEL, AS WAS SUGGESTED BY RUSSIAN INVESTIGATORS
OF THE SOUND SYSTEMS OF DAGHESTANIAN LANGUAGES."}

A GRAMMAR OF LEZGIAN. MARTIN HASPELMATH. NEW YORK - BERLIN: MOUTON
DE GRUYTER (MOUTON GRAMMAR LIBRARY, No. 9), 1993. {LEZGIAN
IS ONE OF THE MAIN LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN DAGHESTAN. THERE ARE ALSO A CONSIDERABLE
LEZGIAN COMMUNITY IN AZERBAIJAN. THIS WORK IS REVIEWED BY ANDREW CARSTAIRS-McCARTHY
IN LANGUAGE 70, 1994, PP. 388-9. Dr. HASPELMATH IS A GERMAN CAUCASOLOGIST}

AN INTRODUCTION TO SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION RESEARCH. D. LARSEN-FREEMAN
AND M. LONG. NEW YORK AND LONDON: LONGMAN, 1991.

ANOMALIES IN THE USE OF THE ERGATIVE CASE IN TSOVA-TUSH (BATSBI) [FOLIA
SLAVICA, Vol. 7, Nos. 1-2 (in one cover), 1984], DEE ANN HOLISKY. {Vol.
TITLE: PAPERS FROM THE THIRD CONFERENCE ON THE NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES OF
THE USSR, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, MARCH 23-25, 1983. HOWARD I. ARONSON (Ed.).
COLUMBUS, OHIO: SLAVICA PUBLISHERS}

A NORTH CAUCASIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY. S. L. NIKOLAEV AND S.
A. STAROSTIN. MOSCOW, 1994. {Critiqued by Johanna
Nichols in her paperNIKOLAEV & STAROSTIN'S
NORTH CAUCASIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY AND THE METHODOLOGY OF LONG-RANGE
COMPARISON: AN ASSESSMENT, presented at THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCEheld at the University
of Chicago, 8-10 May 1997. Starostin countered in his paper RECONSTRUCTION
OF PROTO-NORTH-CAUCASIAN: RESPONSE TO J. NICHOLS, presented at the
same conference. The Dictionary is in Russian}

ASPECTS OF VERBAL AFFIXATION IN ABKHAZ (ABZUI DIALECT) [TRANSACTIONS
OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY (TPHS), OXFORD, 1979, pp. 211-38], B[RIAN]
G[EORGE] HEWITT. {"OF THE N(ORTH) W(EST) C(AUCASIAN) LANGUAGES
UBYKH IS, PARADOXICALLY, PERHAPS THE BEST DOCUMENTED IN WESTERN LINGUISTIC
LITERATURE THANKS MAINLY TO THE ENORMOUS EFFORTS OVER THE LAST HALF CENTURY
BY THE DISTINGUISHED CAUCASOLOGIST, GEORGES DUMEZIL - PARADOXICALLY, BECAUSE
UBYKH IS SPOKEN BY NO MORE THAN A HANDFUL OF THE DESCENDANTS OF THE UBYKH
PEOPLE WHO MIGRATED EN MASSE TO TURKEY FOLLOWING THE FINAL SUBJUGATION
OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS BY RUSSIA IN 1864. OF THE NWC LANGUAGES STILL SPOKEN
IN THE CAUCASUS ITSELF, CIRCASSIAN, REPRESENTED BY ITS TWO CHIEF DIALECTAL
GROUPS -W. CIRCASSIAN (OR ADYGHE) AND E. CIRCASSIAN (OR KABARDIAN), IS
EASILY THE MORE WIDESPREAD. THE FINAL LANGUAGE OF THE GROUP, AND THE ONE
TO BE DISCUSSED BELOW, IS ABKHAZ. THE ABKHAZ LITERARY LANGUAGE IS BASED
ON THE SOUTHERN DIALECT, ABZUI, AND IT IS THIS FORM OF THE LANGUAGE THAT
IS REFLECTED IN THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION. THE MOST DIVERGENT DIALECT OF
THE ABKHAZ SUB-GROUP IS T'AP'ANTA ABAZA, WHICH ALSO HAS THE STATUS OF A
LITERARY LANGUAGE IN THE USSR. AS WILL BE SEEN LATER, THERE ARE GROUNDS
FOR SUPPOSING THAT T'AP'ANTA REQUIRES SEPARATE TREATMENT WITH REGARD TO
THE CENTRAL POINT AT ISSUE IN THIS PAPER, WHICH REDUCES TO THIS SIMPLE
QUESTION - IN THE PRESENCE OF THE RECIPROCAL AFFIX -aiba- WHERE
IS THE SUBJECT-AFFIX? ... IN ORDER TO RENDER THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
MORE READILY APPARENT, IT IS NECESSARY TO BEGIN WITH A PRESENTATION OF
THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE ABKHAZ 'VERBAL COMPLEX' (FOR THE TERM SEE ALLEN,
STRUCTURE AND SYSTEM IN THE ABAZA VERBAL COMPLEX IN TRANSACTIONS
OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY , 1956: 128-9). ABKHAZ HAS NO CASE-INFLECTIONS
TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN SUBJECTS (S), DIRECT OBJECTS (DO) AND INDIRECT
OBJECTS (IO). NOR IS WORD-ORDER A RELIABLE GUIDE TO THE ROLES PLAYED BY
THE VARIOUS NPs FORMING THE ARGUMENTS OF THE VERB, FOR WHILST THE PREFERRED
ORDER WILL BE S-IO-DO-V, STYLISTIC VARIATIONS MAY ALTER THIS. THE REQUIRED
INFORMATION IS RECOVERABLE ONLY FROM THE AFFIXAL STRUCTURE OF THE VERBAL
COMPLEX. IT FOLLOWS, THEREFORE, THAT THERE WILL BE THREE SETS OF AFFIXES
CORRESPONDING TO THE NP-ROLES TO BE DISTINGUISHED. ..." THE AUTHOR
WAS AT St. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AT THE TIME OF WRITING THE ARTICLE.
PRESENTLY HE IS PROFESSOR OF CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES AT THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL
AND AFRICAN STUDIES (SOAS), UNIVERSITY OF LONDON}

BEGINNING HITTITE.
WARREN H. HELD, Jr., WILLIAM R. SCHMALSTIEG, AND JANET E. GERTZ. SLAVICA
PUBLISHERS, INC., 1988. (IX, 218 pages. ISBN 0-89357-184-9.
Price: $19.95). {"This elementary textbook is an introduction
to the Hittite language and writing system for self instruction and for
beginning students, especially students who cannot work easily with the
existing German grammars but who want a more up-to-date source than Sturtevant's
1933 Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. ... Beginning
Hittite contains a grammar, reader, glossary, and cuneiform sign list.
The grammar is descriptive, not historical, although features of Old Hittite
which differ significantly from the younger language are noted. Copious
examples are provided, especially in the syntax section. The selections
for reading include portions of the Apology of Hattusilis, the Treaty
with Alaksandus, the Hittite Laws, and the Letter of King
Tut's Widow to Suppiluliumas. Each is presented in cuneiform with interlinear
transliteration and verbatim translation. Free translations are also given.
All words occurring in both the reader and the grammar section are included
in the glossary, where definitions, grammatical identification, and location
in the book are provided. ... "...In short, the text-book is a well-written,
easy to understand text-book that covers all essential aspects of the language
of interest to the student and professional non-specialist alike.... Beginning
Hittite is therefore not only an ideal text-book for the first-year
student of Hittite and Indo-European, but also an essential reference book
for the general linguist and in particular for those working in the fields
of comparative linguistics and language typology." (GL)"}

CHECHEN DICTIONARY AND PHRASEBOOK. NICHOLAS AWDE AND MUHAMMAD GALAEV.
IN THE SERIES: CAUCASUS WORLD. SERIES EDITOR: NICHOLAS AWDE. RICHMOND,
SURREY, ENGLAND: CURZON PRESS, 1997. (188 pages. Paperback.
ISBN 0 7007 0660 7. Price: £12.99). {"THIS GUIDE IS
A SIMPLE MEANS OF SHARING THE CHECHEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE WITH SPEAKERS
OF ENGLISH. IT MAKES NO CLAIM TO BE A LINGUISTIC RESEARCH TOOL, BUT IS
PROVIDED AS A PRACTICAL AID FOR THE FIRST STEPS IN COMMUNICATION WITH AN
INTENTIONALLY EASY-TO-USE PRONUNCIATION SYSTEM. THIS IS THE FIRST TIME
CHECHEN HAS BEEN PRESENTED IN SUCH A WAY, A VENTURE NOT WITHOUT OBSTACLES
SINCE THE LANGUAGE IS STILL SADLY WITHOUT A TRULY DEVELOPED ANALYSIS OF
ITS STRUCTURE. AN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO PROVIDE PHRASES AND SCENES FROM
EVERYDAY LIFE, AS WELL AS ITEMS OF PRACTICAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION, ALTHOUGH
THEIR RELEVANCE CLEARLY WILL DEPEND ON THE ACTUAL SITUATION IN CHECHNYA,
AND WHETHER THE WAR IS IN FACT OVER OR JUST POSTPONED."}

CHECHEN, INGUSH. JOHANNA NICHOLS. Pages 1-77 (CHECHEN) and 79-145
(INGUSH) in THE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS, Vol 4. RIEKS SMEETS
(Ed.). DELMAR, NEW YORK: CARAVAN BOOKS, 1994. {The
author is Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University
of California, Berkeley. A specialist on Slavic and Caucasian linguistics,
she has written extensively about the languages of the Caucasus. Her works
on the Caucasus include the forthcoming "Chechen Phonology". Her article
"Who are the Chechen?" is posted on the Chechnya web site of the Program
in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies}

CIRCASSIAN ISRAELIS:MULTILINGUALISM AS A WAY OF
LIFE [LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND CURRICULUM (ISSN 0790-8318), Vol. 8, No.
2, 1995, pp. 149-62], ISABELLE KREINDLER, MARSHA BENSOUSSAN, ELEANOR AVINOR
AND CHEN BRAM. / MY COLLECTION. {"THE CIRCASSIAN COMMUNITY
IN ISRAEL, THOUGH ONE OF THE SMALLEST IN THE DIASPORA (ABOUT 3,000), IS
ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL IN PRESERVING ITS NATIONAL IDENTITY AND LANGUAGE,
WHILE AT THE SAME TIME INTEGRATING INTO ISRAELI LIFE. ... WE HAVE RECENTLY
LAUNCHED A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY STUDY OF THIS UNIQUE COMMUNITY IN ISRAEL,
WHICH WE HOPE WILL BECOME PART OF A BROADER STUDY OF CIRCASSIAN COMMUNITIES
BOTH IN THE DIASPORA (TURKEY, SYRIA, JORDAN, GERMANY AND OTHER COUNTRIES)
AND IN THE CAUCASIAN HOMELAND. OUR TEAM CONSISTS OF AN ANTHROPOLOGIST,
APPLIED LINGUIST, SOCIOLINGUIST, AND A HISTORIAN. ... THIS WORK, THE FIRST
IN A PLANNED SERIES, PRESENTS GENERAL BACKGROUND ON THE ISRAELI CIRCASSIANS
AND THEN FOCUSES ON OUR RECENTLY COMPLETED STUDY OF CIRCASSIAN PUPILS IN
KFAR KAMA, THE LARGER OF THE TWO CIRCASSIAN VILLAGES IN ISRAEL. ... THE
CIRCASSIANS CAME TO ISRAEL IN SERVICE TO THE SULTAN IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY.
THEIR TWO SURVIVING VILLAGES, REIKHANIA AND KFAR KAMA WERE FOUNDED IN THE
1870s. ... TODAY (1995), THE MAJORITY -- ABOUT 2,000 -- LIVE IN KFAR KAMA;
FEWER THAN 800 LIVE IN REIKHANIA AND A SCORE OF FAMILIES LIVE IN VARIOUS
ISRAELI CITIES AND TOWNS NEAR THEIR JOBS." HAS MORE THAN 30 REFERENCES.
REFER TO THE RELATED ARTICLE MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION OF ISRAELI CIRCASSIANS
BELOW}

CLASS CATEGORY IN TSEZIC LANGUAGES (DAGESTAN). RAMAZAN RAJABOV.
PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"The
paper examines principles of class categorization operating in Tsezic languages.
Nominal vocabulary in these languages is distributed into four or five
dictinct classes. Animate nouns are assigned to classes based on transparent
semantic principles. In all Tsezic languages, nouns referring to males
are assigned to class I. Nouns referring to females are assigned to class
II. Nouns referring to animate non-human beings are assigned to class III.
Distribution of inanimate nouns into classes seems to be arbitrary. Synchronically,
a class of inanimate nouns into classes is not in general predictable from
the form or meaning of the noun. How could such a system have arisen? Descriptions
of Tsez as well as other Dagestanian languages have usually identified
core elements of each class giving the rest of the nominal lexicon (in
fact all inanimate nouns) as a list. In the analysis adopted here class
assignment of inanimate nouns in Tsezic languages represents radial categories
with numerous instantiations and extensions of the prototype. We will argue
that the extensions are determined by the semantic principles. For instance,
inanimate mobile objects (plane, car, train) are assigned to the same class
as animals and birds. The claim has been made that in some cases the class
of inanimate nouns is assigned by phonological rules. The basis for that
claim is the fact that some nouns with word initial consonants which match
the class markers on agreeing elements are assigned to the corresponding
classes. We will show that the phonetic shape of the word does not assign
its class. For instance, the majority (57 per cent) of the borrowed words
with initial r- go into class III, though r- is a class marker of class
IV. The following experiment was also conducted. Tsez speakers were asked
to classify meaningless words with word initial consonants which match
class markers. Native speakers refuse to assign those words into classes.
They try to get more information about the referent asking what these words
mean, how the objects they denote look like, etc. This suggests that the
phonetic shape of the word without its meaning is not sufficient. In contrast,
non-existent words accompanied by the meaning are distributed into classes
with a high degree of consistency." THE AUTHOR IS AT THE
RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES}

COMMENTS ON THE LAW ON EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. G. VAN
DEN BERG (Ed.). LEUVEN, BELGIUM: ACCO (ACADEMISCHE COOPERATIEF c.v.), 1993.
{CONTAINS ARTICLE: CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE LAW ON
EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, BY G. VAN DEN BERG}

COMMON WEST CAUCASIAN. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ITS PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM
AND PARTS OF ITS LEXICON AND MORPHOLOGY. VIACHESLAV CHIRIKBA. LEIDEN,
THE NETHERLANDS: RESEARCH SCHOOL CNWS, 1996.

CONSONANTS WITH ADVANCED TONGUE ROOT IN THE NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES.
JOHN COLARUSSO. PP. 153-61 In NELS V, PAPERS FROM THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING
OF THE NORTH EAST LINGUISTIC SOCIETY. ELLEN KAISSE AND JORGE HANKAMER (Eds.).
HARVARD UNIVERSITY: LINGUISTICS DEPARTMENT.

CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE LAW ON EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.
G. VAN DEN BERG. IN COMMENTS ON THE LAW ON EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION. G. VAN DEN BERG (Ed.). LEUVEN, BELGIUM: ACCO (ACADEMISCHE COOPERATIEF
c.v.), 1993.

CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF THE SUBORDINATE-CLAUSE SYNTAX OF GEORGIAN AND ABKHAZ.
BRIAN GEORGE HEWITT. Ph.D. THESIS. UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, 1981.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE LEXICOGRAPHY OF ABKHAZ. [BRIAN] GEORGE HEWITT.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN LINGUISTICS: 10-12
OCTOBER 1994, BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY. A. SUMRU OZSOY (Ed.). OSLO: NOVUS: INSTITUTT
FOR SAMMENLIGNENDE KULTURFORSKNING, 1997. {Pp. 128-32.
Comprehensive list of terms for parts of the body. For more details on
the Proceedings, see title below}

DIE ACHT SPRACHEN DER BOGHAZKOY-INSCHRIFTEN [SITZUNGSBERICHTE DER
PREUSSISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN, Phil.-hist. Klasse, Nr. LIII,
1919, pp. 1029-41], E. FORRER. {"The very first investigator
of Hattic. He established its non-Indo-European character and suggested
its relationship with Abkhazo-Adyghean languages... The main reasons were
striking structural similarities (particularly, extensive use of prefixation)
between this ancient language of Asia Minor, extinct since the early second
millennium BC, and the languages of the West Caucasian group. The same
view was proposed at roughly the same time by Bleichsteiner [in his work
ZUM PROTOHATTISCHEN below]" - Vjacheslav Chirikba}

DIGOR. F. THORDARSON. PUBLISHED
ON THE NET. {SEE ALSO OSSETIC, BY THE SAME
AUTHOR, BELOW. "Ossetic tribal name. The Digors, who number about
80,000 people or one-sixth of the Ossetic population, live mainly in the
western districts of the former North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist
Republic (ASSR), at the upper reaches of the Iräf (Russ. Urukh) river,
but also in the Mozdok region of the same ASSR and in the Ozrek region
of the former Kabard-Balkar ASSR... Digor has been exposed to Kabardan
influences... The Kabardan loanwords are, however, mostly limited to the
semantic fields of economic life (agriculture, husbandry, etc.)}

DOCUMENTS ANATOLIENS SUR LES LANGUES ET LES TRADITIONS DU CAUCASE, III.
NOUVELLES ETUDES OUBYKH: NOTES POUR UN CENTENAIRE. GEORGES DUMEZIL. TRAVAUX
ET MEMOIRES DE L'INSTITUT D'ETHNOLOGIE, LXXI, PARIS, 1965.
{PP. 177-196, "FEERIE, TEXTE TCHERKESSE OCCIDENTAL". PP. 197-259,
REVISIONS DU DICTIONNAIRE DE LA LANGUE OUBYKH DE HANS VOGT (OSLO, 19630).
THIS MONUMENTAL WORK PROVIDES UBYKH TEXTS ON THE HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN
WARS, THE UBYKHS' EXILE AND RE-SETTLEMENT IN TURKEY, THEIR LITERATURE AND
FOLKLORE. IT IS THANKS TO PROFESSOR DUMEZIL'S WORK THAT THE LANGUAGE OF
THE UBYKH HAS BEEN RECORDED AND THEREFORE NOT BECOME TOTALLY EXTINCT. THE
INTRODUCTION 'NOTES POUR UN CENTENAIRE' GIVES A POIGNANT HISTORY OF THE
UBYKHS' LAST STAND AGAINST THE RUSSIAN ARMY ON THE BEACHES OF THE BLACK
SEA -- THE LAST THREE COMMENTS WERE TAKEN FROM BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE IN
THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER. MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP (Ed.). LONDON: HURST
& COMPANY, 1996. 2nd IMPRESSION.}

ENGLISH-CIRCASSIAN AND TURKISH DICTIONARY. LOUIS LOEWE. LONDON,
1885. {cf. A DICTIONARY OF THE CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE ... BY
SAME AUTHOR ABOVE}

ENGLISH-KABARDIAN-RUSSIAN PHRASE DICTIONARY. A. G. EMOUZOV. NALCHIK,
1992. / MY COLLECTION. {"THE DICTIONARY CONTAINS MORE THAN
4200 ENTRIES OF ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY WITH THEIR TRANSLATION INTO KABARDIAN
AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES. IN ADDITION, PROVERBS AND SAYINGS HAVE BEEN INCLUDED.
IT IS INTENDED FOR THE LEARNERS OF EACH OF THE THREE LANGUAGES, FOR INTERPRETERS,
STUDENTS AND TEACHERS OF PHILOLOGICAL DEPARTMENTS. IT CAN BE ALSO USEFUL
FOR CONTRASTIVE STUDIES OF PHRASEOLOGY PROBLEMS." See ABOUT SOME
ENGLISH-KABARDIAN-RUSSIAN PHRASEOLOGICAL PARALLELS. A. [G.] EMOUZOV.
SCIENTIFIC WRITINGS OF KBNII, Vol. 20, PHILOLOGICAL SERIES. NALCHIK, KABARDINO-BALKAR
REPUBLIC, 1964}

IS KABARDIAN A VOWEL-LESS LANGUAGE? [FOUNDATION OF LANGUAGE (FL)
- INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND PHILLOSOPHY, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1970,
PP. 95-103], MORRIS HALLE, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. / MY
COLLECTION.{AUTHOR CONTESTS KUIPERS' CLAIM IN HIS
WORK PHONEME AND MORPHEME IN KABARDIAN THAT KABARDIAN IS A VOWEL-LESS
LANGUAGE. HE ALSO CONTESTS ALLEN'S CLAIM IN HIS ARTICLE ON ONE-VOWEL
SYSTEMS THAT THE NUMBER OF VOWELS IN THE ABAZA LANGUAGE CAN BE REDUCED
TO ONE}

KABARDIAN [BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES
(BSOAS), THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, 33, 1970, PP. 92-106], EUGENIE HENDERSON.
{VERY SPECIALISED. 10 PLATES SHOW FREQUENCY SPECTRA OF SOME
SOUNDS OF KABARDIAN}

KABARDIAN
AND VOWELLESS LANGUAGES. KEVIN TUITE, MONTREAL. PUBLISHED ON THE
NET. {"The idea that languages without vowels exist
is an enduring urban myth, the linguistic equivalent of the crocodile in
the sewer or the poodle in the microwave. Those who have made a careful
study of allegedly vowelless languages now maintain that there simply isn't
any such thing. One of the most actively discussed cases was the phonological
system of Kabardian, one of the Northwest Caucasian (NWC) or Abxaz-Adyghean
languages. After a lively exchange of articles between Aert Kuipers, Morris
Halle and others, over the possibility of an adequate phonologization of
NWC languages which made no use of vowel phonemes, more recent analyses
(e.g. those of John Colarusso in Canada, Catherine Paris in Paris, and
of the majority of indigenous specialists in the Caucasus itself) require
at least two, sometimes three vowel phonemes -- or more accurately, clusters
of vocalic features, to generate a surprisingly rich inventory of phonetic
vowels. (Interested readers should consult Colarusso's recently-published
Grammar of the Kabardian Language). By the way, I have heard several NWC
languages spoken, including a bit of Kabardian, and none of them would
give a naive listener the impression of vowellessness. They have nothing
to compare to those celebrated Bella Coola or Wishram jawbreakers, which
sound a bit as though the speaker was trying to whisper and eat granola
at the same time. ... At the same time, as I read through some of the contributions
to the Great Kabardian Debate, I was struck by just how close people like
Kuipers got to their goal of eliminating vowels from the phonology. The
arguments often hinged on the analysis of a handful of minimal pairs, which
required an opposition of height or length. Were these lexical items --
some of them borrowings from Turkish or Arabic -- to be magically erased
from the vocabulary, would we have to admit Kuiper's phonologization as
adequate, and therefore a (phonemically) vowelless language as compatible
with universal constraints on human phonological systems? I honestly don't
know the answer, nor do I know enough NWC to attempt a thought-experiment
along these lines (My field experience is to the southwest of NWC territory,
in the Kartvelian-speaking highlands of Georgia). As some of you may know,
Winfried Lehmann maintains in all seriousness that an anterior stage of
Proto-Indo-European was phonemically vowelless, though equipped with a
feature of sonority which triggered a vocalic realization of sonant phonemes.
To sum up, I for one would prefer that we not rule out the POSSIBILITY
of vowellessness, despite the absence of an attested example. A cautionary
tale: A well-known syntactician once gave a paper demonstrating that languages
with OSV and OVS word order were excluded by universal grammar. A missionary
linguist, recently returned from South America, raised his hand and politely
explained that such languages did indeed exist, but that all known examples
were spoken by small indigenous communities in a little-explored region
of northern Amazonia. One can only speculate on what linguistic diversity
might have vanished without a trace in the Americas, Oceania -- or Europe,
for that matter."}

LABIALIZATION IN CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ABKHAZ.
JOHN C. CATFORD. PP. 679-82 IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE VIIth INTERNATIONAL
CONGRESS OF PHONETIC SCIENCES. RIGAULT & CHARBONNEAU (Eds.). THE HAGUE-PARIS:
MOUTON, 1972.

LA JEUNE FILLE INTELLIGENTE, RECIT OUBYKH [TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL
SOCIETY, 1961, PP. 56-67], GEORGES DUMEZIL. / MY COLLECTION.
{THE TALE WAS RELATED BY TEVFIK ESENC IN THE VILLAGE OF HACI
OSMAN KOY, TURKEY, THE ONLY VILLAGE WHERE THE UBYKH WAS STILL THE LANGUAGE
OF COMMUNICATION AMONG ABOUT TWENTY OLD PEOPLE. THERE IS A KEMIRGOY VERSION
OF THE STORY WITH A FRENCH TRANSLATION}

LANGUAGE AND ETHNIC RELATIONS IN CANADA. S. LIEBERSON. {VERY
INTERESTING WORK ON ASSIMILATIVE FORCES AND COUNTER-FORCES OPERATING IN
CANADA WITH REGARDS TO THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. PARALLELS WITH CIRCASSIAN MAY
BE DRAWN}

LANGUAGE AND NATIONALISM IN GEORGIA, AND THE WEST'S RESPONSE. BRIAN
GEORGE HEWITT. In PAPERS FROM THE 75th ANNIVERSARY CONFERENCE OF SSEES,
Vol. I, 1995.

LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY: ANTHROPOLOGICAL ISSUES. WILLIAM McCORMACK
AND STEPHEN A. WURM (Eds.). NEW YORK: MOUTON, 1979. {CONTAINS
ARTICLE: UNIVERSAL LITERACY OF THE FORMERLY BACKWARD PEOPLES OF THE
SOVIET UNION: A FACTOR OF THEIR SOCIAL SELF-AWARENESS, BY V. A. KUMANEV}

LANGUAGE ASPECTS OF ETHNIC PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS.
RONALD WIXMAN (1947-). UNIVERSITY OF OREGON. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO,
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, RESEARCH PAPER No. 191, 1980. (VIII, 243 pages.
23 cm. ISBN 0890650985). {Extremely crucial work for
research and stock-taking. Has a large bibliography on pp. 225-43}

LANGUAGE
OF DISSENT: LANGUAGE, ETHNIC IDENTITY, AND BILINGUAL EDUCATION POLICY
IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS. EVE RACHEL GREENFIELD. DISSERTATION IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE, RUSSIAN AND
EAST EUROPEAN INSTITUTE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, MAY 1996.

LANGUAGE PLANNING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITTEN AVAR SYNTAX. SIMON
CRISP. THESIS, OXFORD UNIVERSITY, 1982.

LANGUAGE USE IN A BILINGUAL ADYGE-RUSSIAN COMMUNITY [JOURNAL OF
MULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, 9, 5: 1988], OLGA LALOR AND M. BLANC. {The
Adyghey Autonomous Region was established in 1922 as a constituent oblast
in the Russian Federation. According to the 1979 census, there were about
100,000 Circassians living in the Region, whereas the Russians numbered
about 285,000. Other nationalities accounted for 30,000. In 1984 Russian
was declared as the official language, which meant that the status of Circassian
was reduced. The conclusion of the researchers was that Russian was becoming
the dominant language even within the Circassian family, the last refuge
of Circassian}

LAW ON EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN
IN COMMENTS ON THE LAW ON EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. JAN DE
GROOF (Ed.). LEUVEN, BELGIUM: ACCO (ACADEMISCHE COOPERATIEF c.v.), 1993.

Letter from John Colarusso to James P. Mallory on the Caucasus and PIE
(Proto-Indo-European) (6/21/93), in MOTHER TONGUE (Newsletter of the Association
for the Study of Language In Prehistory), Issue 21 (January 1994), pp.
20-22.

LEXICOGRAPHY OF THE CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES II: NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES.
BRIAN GEORGE HEWITT. In DICTIONARIES. AN INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEFIA
OF LEXICOGRAPHY. FRANZ JOSEF HAUSMANN, OSKAR REICHMANN, HERBERT ERNST WIEGAND
AND LADISLAV ZGUSTA (Eds.). BERLIN, NEW YORK. WALTER DE GRUYTER, 1991.
THIRD VOLUME, pp. 2418-21. {MOST ENLIGHTENING ARTICLE
ON THE DICTIONARIES OF KABARDIAN, ADIGHE, ABKHAZ AND OTHER DIALECTS.
THERE IS A LIST OF 14 NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN DICTIONARIES. "ABKHAZ-ABAZA,
CIRCASSIAN AND UBYKH [=UBYX] ARE CHARACTERISED BY LARGE CONSONANTAL INVENTORIES
(COUPLED WITH MINIMAL VOWEL-SYSTEMS), BY MAINLY MONOSYLLABIC ROOT-MORPHEMES,
AND BY AN EXTREME POLYPERSONALISM WITHIN THE VERBAL SYSTEM, WHEREBY VIRTUALLY
THE ENTIRE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF THE CLAUSE IS RECAPITULATED IN THE VERBAL
COMPLEX. THIS MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY DICTIONARY OF MANAGEABLE PROPORTIONS
TO LIST ALL POTENTIALLY OCCURRING VERB-FORMS (EVEN IF RESTRICTED UNIQUELY
TO 3rd PERSON ILLUSTRATIONS, AS IN SOME SOVIET LEXICONS). BUT, SINCE MORPHOLOGICAL
IRREGULARITY IS NOT TYPICAL OF THESE LANGUAGES, ONE CAN QUESTION WHETHER
THERE IS ANY NEED TO INCLUDE SUCH ENTIRELY PREDICTABLE FORMATIONS AS REFLEXIVE,
RECIPROCAL, BENEFACTIVE, POTENTIAL, CAUSATIVE, 'PARTICIPIAL' AND TENSE-MODAL
FORMS FOR THE VERBS, AND (IN)DEFINITE AND/OR PLURAL FORMS FOR THE NOUNS.
... WITHIN THE USSR THE WEST CIRCASSIAN AND EAST CIRCASSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGES
(BASED ON THE TEMIRGOI AND KABARDIAN DIALECTS RESPECTIVELY) HAVE, TOGETHER
WITH ABAZA, BEEN WRITTEN WITH A CYRILLIC-BASED SCRIPT SINCE 1938 (1936
FOR KABARDIAN), THOUGH THERE IS OFTEN NO UNIFORM REPRESENTATION OF IDENTICAL
SOUNDS. IN EACH CASE THE ONE ADDITIONAL LETTER IS THE OLD CYRILLIC CAPITAL
I, WHICH MARKS ALL EJECTIVES IN TEMIRGOI, SOME EJECTIVES IN KABARDIAN
AND EITHER EJECTIVITY OR PHARYNGAL ARTICULATION IN ABAZA: CYRILLIC ORDERING
IS FOLLOWED. THE RICH CONSONANTISM OF THESE LANGUAGES CAN ONLY BE HANDLED
IN THIS WAY BY THE USE OF DI- AND TRIGRAPHS, AND KABARDIAN EVEN HAS ONE
TETRAGRAPH"}

LEXICOGRAPHY OF THE CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES III: NORTHEAST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES.
id. P. 2421 ff. {LISTS DICTIONARIES OF NORTHEAST CAUCASIAN
LANGUAGE GROUP: CHECHEN, INGUSH, AVAR, LAK, DARGI, LEZGHI, BUDUKH, BATSBI,
ETC. "THE NORTHEAST CAUCASIAN (NEC), OR NAKH-DAGHESTANIAN, FAMILY COMPRISES
SOME 30 LANGUAGES DIVIDED AMONG FOUR OR FIVE BRANCHES. SOME LANGUAGES ARE
SPOKEN IN A SINGLE VILLAGE; OTHERS HAVE SEVERAL HUNDRED THOUSAND SPEAKERS.
SERIOUS DESCRIPTION BEGAN IN THE 19th CENTURY, WHEN USLAR PROVIDED EXTENSIVE
GRAMMARS WITH TEXTS AND GLOSSARIES. THERE WAS LIMITED AND LOCAL EARLY WRITING
IN THE ARABIC ALPHABET FOR A FEW LANGUAGES (AVAR, LAK, DARGI), BUT OFFICIAL
LITERARY STATUS - ORTHOGRAPHY, PUBLISHING, SOME SCHOOLING - DATES FROM
THE 1920'S. THERE ARE NOW SEVEN WRITTEN LANGUAGES: CHECHEN, INGUSH, AVAR,
LAK, DARGI, TABASSARAN, LEZGHI. THE FIRST ORTHOGRAPHIES USED THE LATIN
ALPHABET, BUT ALL WERE CONVERTED TO THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET (SUPPLEMENTD,
TYPICALLY BY "I" FOR PHARYNGEALS AND/OR LARYNGEALS) IN 1938. THE DESCRIPTIVE,
GRAMMATICAL, AND LEXICOLOGICAL TRADITIONS ARE NOT INDIGENOUS IN ORIGIN,
ALTHOUGH NATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS HAVE BEEN ESSENTIAL TO THEM. ... NEC LANGUAGES
HAVE STRUCTURAL FEATURES WHICH CHALLENGE LEXICOGRAPHY. MOST HAVE GENDER
CLASSES, WITH WHICH (SOME BUT USUALLY NOT ALL) VERBS AGREE BY MUTATING
THEIR INITIAL CONSONANTS; THIS COMPLICATES ALPHABETIZATION. THEY ARE ERGATIVE
OR STATIVE-ACTIVE, i.e. HAVE MORE THAN ONE CASE FOR SUBJECT; SO THE RECEIVED
SOVIET PRACTICE OF GIVING ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES IN THE INFINITIVE, HENCE
WITHOUT THE SUBJECT, REMOVES ESSENTIAL INFORMATION ABOUT CASE GOVERNMENT.
THE CONSONANT INVENTORIES ARE COMPLEX. MULTILINGUALISM, FUNCTIONAL RESTRICTION
OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES, AND RECOURSE TO RUSSIAN (AND, EARLIER, ARABIC
AND TURKIC LANGUAGES) AS THE LANGUAGE OF INTER-GROUP COMMUNICATION, HIGHER
EDUCATION, AND TECHNOLOGY COMPLICATES THE TREATMENT OF TECHNICAL VOCABULARY.
ON THE OTHER HAND, THE FOLLOWING SIMPLIFY LEXICOGRAPHY: THE LANGUAGES ARE
AGGLUTINATING, THERE ARE FEW OR NO PREFIXES, AN INFINITIVE IS REGULARLY
DERIVED AND RETRIEVABLE FOR EVERY VERB, AND THERE IS GENERALLY A CLEAR
DEFAULT GENDER - SO CITATION FORMS ARE NATURAL, TRANSPARENT, AND INFORMATIVE.
... THE GENDER PROBLEM WAS SOLVED INTELLIGENTLY BY USLAR: WITH EACH NOUN,
CITE THE GENDER MARKERS IT REQUIRES (RATHER THAN NAMING OR NUMBERING THE
GENDERS); CITE THE VERB WITHOUT THE MUTATING CONSONANT AND WITH AN INITIAL
HYPHEN, OR IN THE DEFAULT GENDER WITH AN ASTERISK (TO DISTINGUISH IT FROM
VERBS WHICH BEGIN WITH THE SAME CONSONANT BUT DO NOT TAKE GENDER AGREEMENT).
... USLAR'S GLOSSARIES (1888 ff.) SET HIGH STANDARDS: THEY CONTAIN UPWARDS
OF A THOUSAND WORDS, WITH USEFUL CITATION FORMS, PRINCIPAL PARTS SHOWN,
GENDER INDICATED, IRREGULARITIES LISTED, AND PHONEMIC WRITING. 20th-CENTURY
DICTIONARIES ARE MOSTLY BILINGUAL DEFINING DICTIONARIES. CAUCASIAN-RUSSIAN
ONES GIVE MORPHOLOGICAL INFORMATION (GENDER, PRINCIPAL PARTS), SALIENT
IDIOMS AND FIXED PHRASES, USUALLY AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE PHRASE (WITH
VERBS IN THE INFINITIVE), AND OFTEN A GAZETTEER AND GRAMMATICAL SKETCH
(THE LATTER GENERALLY EXCELLENT ON MORPHOLOGICAL PARADIGMS). RUSSIAN-CAUCASIAN
DICTIONARIES GIVE LITTLE INFORMATION ABOUT EITHER LANGUAGE. THERE ARE NO
MONOLINGUAL DICTIONARIES OF ANY KIND, NO BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES INVOLVING
ANY LANGUAGE OTHER THAN RUSSIAN, NO TECHNICAL OR TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES.
ALL OF THIS IS CONSISTENT WITH THE OFFICIAL AND QUASI-OFFICIAL FUNCTIONAL
RESTRICTION OF THESE LANGUAGES: THERE IS LITTLE SCHOOLING IN THE LANGUAGES,
ALTHOUGH SOME ARE TAUGHT AS SUBJECTS; RUSSIAN IS THE LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION; RUSSIAN IS THE ONLY LANGUAGE OF INTER-GROUP
AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION; TRANSLATION IS DONE ONLY FROM AND INTO
RUSSIAN."}

Many Languages, Many Nationalities. Lecture delivered by Professor
John Colarusso at the Middle East Institute, Washington, D.C., on October
21st, 1995. ("The inseparable issues of linguistics and ethnicity are explored
by John Colarusso, who has recorded many Caucasian languages and has visited
the region regularly").

MATERIALS FOR THE KABARDY DICTIONARY. N. F. YAKOVLEV. MOSCOW, 1927.
{"Kabardian is one of the most remarkable languages
that have ever been the object of linguistic investigation"}

METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION: THE CASE
OFPROTO-NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN. JOHN COLARUSSO. IN INTERNATIONAL
REVIEW OF SLAVIC LINGUISTICS (SPECIAL VOLUME ON THE NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES
OF THE U.S.S.R.). BERNARD COMRIE (Ed.).

MIGRATION AND LANGUAGES IN THE USSR. E. GLYN. LEWIS. PP. 310-341
OF Vol. 2 OF ADVANCES IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE. JOSHUA A. FISHMAN
(Ed.). THE HAGUE: MOUTON AND CO., 1972.

MODERNISATION IN THE MUSLIM EAST: THE ROLE OF SCRIPT AND LANGUAGE REFORM
[ASIAN AFFAIRS, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ASIAN SOCIETY, 61, Part II, JUNE 1974],
G. WHEELER.

MOUNTAIN OF TONGUES: THE LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS [ANNUAL REVIEW
OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Vol. 6, 1977, PP. 283-314. DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS,
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48104], JOHN C. CATFORD.

MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION OF ISRAELI CIRCASSIANS. E. AVINOR, M. BENSOUSSAN,
I. KREINDLER, A. PURISMAN AND F. FURMAN. THE UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA.
/ MY COLLECTION. {PUBLICATION INFORMATION NOT AVAILABLE TO ME. PAPER SENT
TO ME BY Dr. BENSOUSSAN. "THE CIRCASSIAN COMMUNITY IN ISRAEL IS A UNIQUE
ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUP - MUSLIM BUT NOT ARAB, WITH ITS OWN LANGUAGE AND
CUSTOMS. THOUGH ONE OF THE SMALLEST DIASPORA COMMUNITIES IN THE WORLD (SLIGHTLY
OVER 3,000), IT IS ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL IN PRESERVING ITS MOTHER
TONGUE AND NATIONAL IDENTITY WHILE AT THE SAME TIME FULLY INTEGRATING INTO
ISRAELI LIFE. ... FOUR LANGUAGES ARE TAUGHT IN THE TWO ISRAELI CIRCASSIAN
VILLAGE SCHOOLS: 1- HEBREW AS THE LANGUAGE OF STATE , 2- ARABIC AS THE
LANGUAGE OF RELIGION AND STATE, 3- ENGLISH AS THE LANGUAGE OF WIDER COMMUNICATION,
AND 4- CIRCASSIAN AS THE MOTHER TONGUE. ... THE RATIONALE AND GOALS FOR
EACH LANGUAGE, THE NUMBER OF HOURS ASSIGNED, THE ORDER OF INTRODUCTION
INTO THE CURRICULUM VARY NOT ONLY FOR EACH OF THE LANGUAGES, BUT ALSO IN
EACH OF THE TWO SCHOOLS. ... IT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT TO BRIEFLY
OUTLINE THE HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC BACKGROUND OF THE ISRAELI CIRCASSIANS
AND THEN, IN MORE DETAIL, DESCRIBE AND ANALYZE THEIR PRESENT QUADRALINGUAL
EDUCATION, INCLUDING QUESTIONS OF LANGUAGE ATTITUDE AND MOTIVATION. FINALLY,
THOUGH THERE IS MUCH THAT IS POSITIVE IN THE MULTILINGUAL CIRCASSIAN SYSTEM
OF EDUCATION, IT IS NOT WITHOUT ITS SPECIAL PROBLEMS, AND THESE WILL BE
DISCUSSED." REFER TO THE RELATED ARTICLE CIRCASSIAN ISRAELIS: MULTILINGUALISM
AS A WAY OF LIFE ABOVE}

NIKOLAEV & STAROSTIN'S NORTH CAUCASIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY AND
THE METHODOLOGY OF LONG-RANGE COMPARISON: AN ASSESSMENT. JOHANNA NICHOLS.
PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"This
ambitious and exhaustively researched etymological dictionary and comparative
grammar purports to demonstrate genetic unity of Northeast Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian)
and Northwest Caucasian (Abkhaz-Circassian) and offers a reconstructed
protolanguage. It assumes relatedness between these two families, assembles
cognate sets accordingly, and finds regular correspondences within the
cognate sets. However, its method has four flaws: (1) failure to demonstrate
genetic relatedness before proceeding to correspondences; (2) proposing
cognate sets and correspondences for Nakh-Daghestanian that are not what
is demanded by purely internal comparison of this family; (3) non-verisimilitudinous
protolanguage and protoforms; (4) phonologization of what are rather clearly
morphological alternations. (There are also some minor problems with the
Proto-Nakh reconstruction due to use of imperfect sources.) The consequence
is that there is no evidence for North Caucasian genetic unity (an important
issue, since Proto-North-Caucasian is the cornerstone of the far-reaching
Dene-Caucasian mega-group). This shows that flawless application of Neogrammarian
method, with demonstration of regular correspondences, does not prove genetic
relatedness. [The exact content and conclusions are subject to change as
I work through more of the Nikolaev-Starostin monograph.]" Starostin countered
in his paper RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-NORTH-CAUCASIAN: RESPONSE TO J.
NICHOLS, presented at the same conference. The author is at the University
of California, Berkeley}

NORTH CAUCASIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY. S. L. NIKOLAEV AND SERGEI
A. STAROSTIN. MOSCOW, 1994. {Critiqued by Johanna
Nichols in her paperNIKOLAEV & STAROSTIN'S
NORTH CAUCASIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY AND THE METHODOLOGY OF LONG-RANGE
COMPARISON: AN ASSESSMENT, presented at THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCEheld at the University
of Chicago, 8-10 May 1997. Starostin countered in his paper RECONSTRUCTION
OF PROTO-NORTH-CAUCASIAN: RESPONSE TO J. NICHOLS, presented at the
same conference. The Dictionary is in Russian}

ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE ETHNONYM apswa "ABKHAZ" [THE ANNUAL
OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF CAUCASIA, CHICAGO, 3, 1991, pp. 13-18],
V[IACHESLAV] A. CHIRIKBA.

ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX OF LAK CONVERBS. JOHANNES HELMBRECHT.
PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"Lak,
an East Caucasian language spoken in the Russian Republic of Dagestan,
has four types of non-finite verb forms, participles, infinitives, verbal
nouns ("masdar") and converbs (also called "gerund" or "deeprichastija"
in the literature). Converbs play a central role in the grammar of Lak.
Morphologically, converbs are the basis of a variety of different finite
verbal forms (so-called "synthetic" verbs). In addition, converbs are used
in anlytical verb forms consisting of a converb plus one or more auxiliaries,
and they are used as the main verb of subordinate clauses. Subordination
in Lak is indicated by the use of one of the four non-finite verbal forms
which are all associated with specific syntactic constructions and functions.
One of the major functions of converbs in a subordinate clause is to express
a temporal, causal, or logical relation between the proposition designated
by the subordinate clause and the proposition of the main clause. There
is a variety of suffixes which can be attached to a subordinated converb
in order to specify the exact nature of this relation. Subordinate clauses
with a converb are often translated in English by an adverbial clause.
Converbs are also used in complement clauses (that-clauses in English),
and in coordinated clauses with or without a coreferential deletion of
an argument. In the intended paper, I would like to present an investigation
of the main structural and functional properties of converbs in analytical
verb constructions as well as in subordinate clauses. On the basis of my
own fieldnotes and on narrative texts, I shall examine word order, case
marking, agreement patterns, coreferential deletion etc. in subordinate
clauses with a converb. It turns out, e.g., that there are certain restrictions
on coreferential deletion which are controlled by the case and semantic
role of the coreferential NP. Lak, an East Caucasian language spoken in
the Russian Republik of Dagestan, has four types of non-finite verb forms,
participles, infinitives, verbal nouns ("masdar") and converbs (also called
"gerund" or "deeprichastija" in the literature). Converbs play a central
role in the grammar of Lak. Morphologically, converbs are the basis of
a variety of different finite verbal forms (so-called "synthetic" verbs).
In addition, converbs are used in anlytical verb forms consisting of a
converb plus one or more auxiliaries, and they are used as the main verb
of subordinate clauses. Subordination in Lak is indicated by the use of
one of the four non-finite verbal forms which are all associated with specific
syntactic constructions and functions. One of the major functions of converbs
in a subordinate clause is to express a temporal, causal, or logical relation
between the proposition designated by the subordinate clause and the proposition
of the main clause. There is a variety of suffixes which can be attached
to a subordinated converb in order to specify the exact nature of this
relation. Subordinate clauses with a converb are often translated in English
by an adverbial clause. Converbs are also used in complement clauses (that-clauses
in English), and in coordinated clauses with or without a coreferential
deletion of an argument. In the intended paper, I would like to present
an investigation of the main structural and functional properties of converbs
in analytical verb constructions as well as in subordinate clauses. On
the basis of my own fieldnotes and on narrative texts, I shall examine
word order, case marking, agreement patterns, coreferential deletion etc.
in subordinate clauses with a converb. It turns out, e.g., that there are
certain restrictions on coreferential deletion which are controlled by
the case and semantic role of the coreferential NP." The
author is at the University of Cologne}

PEOPLES AND LANGUAGES OF THE SOVIET UNION: NATIVISATION AND RUSSIFICATION.
RIEKS SMEETS. In MINORITIES IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION. R. BOESCHOTEN
AND SJ. KROON (Eds.). (32 pages).

PHONEME AND MORPHEME IN KABARDIAN (EASTERN ADYGHE). AERT H. KUIPERS,
DEPARTMENT OF NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST LANGUAGES, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. JANUA
LINGUARUM (SERIES MINOR), NR. VIII, 'S-GRAVENHAGE: MOUTON & CO., 1960.
(124 pages). / MY COLLECTION. {"THE
KABARDIAN LANGUAGE CONSTITUTES THE EASTERN BRANCH OF THE CIRCASSIAN OR
ADYGHE LANGUAGE-GROUP, THE WESTERN SUBDIVISION OF WHICH IS KNOWN AS KYAKH.
THESE TWO LANGUAGES ARE CLOSELY RELATED; THEIR RESPECTIVE SPEAKERS SOON
LEARN TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER WITHOUT MUCH DIFFICULTY. ... THE KABARDIANS
OCCUPY THE AREA OF THE RIVERS MALKA, BAK(H)SAN AND CHEREK ("GREAT KABARDA")
AND A STRIP OF LAND EAST OF THE TEREK ("LITTLE KABARDA"). ... CULTURALLY,
THE KABARDIANS DIFFERED FROM THEIR WESTERN RELATIVES IN THAT THEY FORMED
A WELL-DEVELOPED FEUDAL COMMUNITY, WHEREAS THE WESTERN CIRCASSIANS PRESERVED
TRIBAL DIVISIONS AND A PATRIARCHAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY. THIS STATE OF
AFFAIRS IS REFLECTED IN THE LANGUAGES: WESTERN CIRCASSIAN SHOWS MORE MARKED
DIALECT-DIVISIONS THAN KABARDIAN, WHICH IS ON THE WHOLE COMPARATIVELY HOMOGENEOUS.
... DUE TO THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION NEAR THE DARIAL PASS AND TO THE
DOMINATING POLITICAL ROLE THEY PLAYED IN THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS, THE KABARDIANS
WERE THE FIRST OF THE CIRCASSIANS TO COME UNDER RUSSIAN CONTROL (BEGINNING
OF THE 19th CENTURY). A NUMBER OF KABARDIANS LEFT THEIR HOMELAND AT THIS
TIME AND SETTLED BETWEEN THE UPPER KUBAN AND ZELENCHUK RIVERS (THE SO-CALLED
"FUGITIVE KABARDIANS"). ... THE PRESENT STUDY IS AN ENLARGED VERSION OF
MY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE QABARDIAN
LANGUAGE. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1951. IT AIMS AT DEFINING AND CHARACTERIZING
THE PHONEMIC AND MORPHEMIC UNITS OF THE KABARDIAN LANGUAGE"}

PHONEMIC CONTRASTS AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES: CAUCASIAN EXAMPLES.
JOHN COLARUSSO. PP. 307-21 in THE ELEMENTS: A PARASESSION ON LINGUISTIC
UNITS AND LEVELS, INCLUDING PAPERS FROM THE CONFERENCE ON NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES
OF THE USSR. PAUL R. CLYNE, WILLIAM F. HANKS, AND CAROL L. HOFBAUER (Eds.).
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO: CHICAGO LINGUISTIC SOCIETY, 1979. {Papers
from the Conference on Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR are found on pp.
297-481}

PROBLEMS IN THE DESCRIPTION OF LAK GRAMMAR. VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN.
PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"THE DESCRIPTION
OF LAK GRAMMAR PRESENTS A VARIETY OF OPEN QUESTIONS FOR THE LINGUIST AT
ALL LEVELS, FROM PHONOLOGY THROUGH SYNTAX. THIS PAPER WILL SURVEY SOME
OF THE MOST PRESSING PROBLEM AREAS IN BASIC LAK GRAMMATICAL DESCRIPTION."
THE AUTHOR IS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO}

PROTO-CIRCASSIAN PHONOLOGY: AN ESSAY IN RECONSTRUCTION[STUDIA CAUCASICA
I, THE HAGUE, 1963, PP. 56-92], AERT H. KUIPERS. {A RECONSTRUCTION
OF THE PROTO-CIRCASSIAN SOUND SYSTEM. THIS WORK IS THE FIRST STEP IN ESTABLISHING
STRICT SOUND-CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN THE NORTH-WEST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES:
CIRCASSIAN, UBYKH AND ABKHAZ. FOR THE SECOND STEP, REFER TO A DICTIONARY
OF PROTO-CIRCASSIAN ROOTS BY THE SAME AUTHOR ABOVE}

RECITS OUBYKH, V. [JOURNAL ASIATIQUE (JA), CCXLIX, 1961, PP. 269-96],
GEORGES DUMEZIL. {THREE UBYKH TALES, THE FIRST TOLD IN THE
VILLAGE OF HACI YAKUP KOY, THE OTHERS IN HACI OSMAN KOY IN TURKEY. THERE
IS ALSO A TEXT IN KABARDIAN}

RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-NORTH-CAUCASIAN: RESPONSE TO J[OHANNA] NICHOLS.
SERGEI STAROSTIN. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"Prof.
Nichols has raised four objections to the method employed in the North
Caucasian Etymological Dictionary by S. Nikolayev and me. It is rather
difficult to respond to those objections before they are explicitly stated,
so my response and conclusions are subject to change as I hear more of
Prof. Nichols¹ arguments. By now I can only state that: (1) genetic
relatedness of North Caucasian languages was demonstrated already in the
classic works of Trubetzkoy, who used exactly the right method to do that,
namely, establishing regular phonetic correspondences; as far as I know,
no other method can be used for that purpose; (2) all cognate sets and
correspondences for Nakh-Daghestanian in NCED are proposed exclusively
on the basis of internal comparison of the languages of this family; (3)
the proposed protolanguage has exactly the same typological features as
most modern North Caucasian languages, so I would like to know what is
so non-verisimilitudinous about it; (4) morphological alternations
(usually called morphonological or morphophonemic) are known to usually
reflect original phonological changes, and certainly were employed for
reconstruction, as it is common in all known language families. ... Finally,
I must state that the North Caucasian reconstruction itself has nothing
to do with the Sino-Caucasian or Dene-Caucasian hypothesis. Only internal
Caucasian evidence was used to achieve this reconstruction, and no other
method was used except the classical Neogrammarian method - which so far
stays the absolutely primary tool of comparative linguistics." Johanna
Nichols paper is entitled NIKOLAEV & STAROSTIN'S NORTH CAUCASIAN
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY AND THE METHODOLOGY OF LONG-RANGE COMPARISON: AN
ASSESSMENT, presented at the same conference}

REFLEXIVES AND RECIPROCALS IN CIRCASSIAN, AND OTHER PROBLEMS FOR GOVERNMENT
ANDBINDING THEORY. JOHN COLARUSSO. In HOWARD I. ARONSON
(Ed.), NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES AND
THE BALTIC REPUBLICS: LINGUISTIC STUDIES. VOL. 3, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO:
CHICAGO LINGUISTIC SOCIETY. 18 pp.

REFLEXIVIZATION IN TSEZ. BERNARD COMRIE AND MARIA POLINSKY. PAPER
PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"THE PAPER
WILL ANALYSE THE REFLEXIVE PRONOMINAL SYSTEM IN THE NAKH-DAGHESTANIAN LANGUAGE
TSEZ. WE START BY PRESENTING THE OVERALL SET OF REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL
PRONOUNS AND DESCRIBING THE MAJOR MORPHOPHONEMIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN
THE CASE PARADIGMS OF THESE PRONOUNS. ... IN THE TSEZ NOMINAL LEXICON,
FOUR GRAMMATICAL CLASSES ARE DISTINGUISHED. THIS DISTINCTION IS SOMEWHAT
REDUCED IN THE PRONOMINAL SYSTEM, AND REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL PRONOMINALS
GROUP WITH OTHER PRONOUNS. THE MARKING OF GRAMMATICAL CLASS ON REFLEXIVES
AND RECIPROCALS MAY PRESENT PROBLEMS FOR SOME CURRENT THEORIES OF REFLEXIVIZATION
(E.G., T. REINHART AND E. REULAND. 1993. 'REFLEXIVITY." LINGUISTIC INQUIRY
24: 657-720), AND THE PAPER WILL EXAMINE SOME POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF THIS
THEORETICAL CONFLICT. ... THE PAPER SHOWS THAT REFLEXIVES AND RECIPROCALS
CAN BE ANTECEDED BY NPs OCCURRING IN SEVERAL STRUCTURAL POSITIONS. IN AMBIGUOUS
CONTEXTS, A SEMANTIC-BASED ROLE HIERARCHY OF POTENTIAL ANTECEDENTS ALLOWS
ONE TO MAKE CORRECT PREDICTIONS REGARDING FELICITOUS INTERPRETATIONS. REFLEXIVE
AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS CAN OCCUR IN SEVERAL LINEAR POSITIONS WITHIN A
CLAUSE; WE DEMONSTRATE THAT THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHOICE
OF LINEAR POSITION AND THE INFORMATION STRUCTURE OF THE CLAUSE." BERNARD
COMRIE IS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. MARIA POLINSKY IS AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO}

REMARKS ON THE CASE SYSTEM OF THE LEZGIAN LANGUAGES [FOLIA SLAVICA,
Vol. 7, Nos. 1-2 (in one cover), 1984], WOLFGANG SCHULZE. {Vol.
TITLE: PAPERS FROM THE THIRD CONFERENCE ON THE NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES OF
THE USSR, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, MARCH 23-25, 1983. HOWARD I. ARONSON (Ed.).
COLUMBUS, OHIO: SLAVICA PUBLISHERS}

RUSSIAN-KABARDIAN-CHERKESS DICTIONARY. COMPILED BY B[UBA] M. QARDEN
AND A. T. BIESCH'EW. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF A. O. SCHOJENTS'IKW. THE KABARDIAN
RESEARCH AND SCIENCE INSTITUTE. MOSCOW: THE STATE PRESS OF FOREIGN AND
NATIONAL DICTIONARIES, 1955. {Includes about 30,000
entries. There is a short grammatical description of the Kabardian-Cherkess
language by Qarden in Russian. Reviewed by G. Deeters in CAUCASIAN REVIEW,
MUNICH (CRM), No. 3, 1956, P. 113 ff.}

SAMPLE TEXT IN A PROPOSED ROMANISED ALPHABET FOR ABKHAZ. BRIAN GEORGE
HEWITT. / MY COLLECTION. {An attempt at romanising
the Abkhaz alphabet. The short folk-tale "What Rabbits Feared" is taken
from the collection published by S. Zuxba in Tbilisi in 1979 and entitled
"Abkhazian Stories". Potentially an historic effort by a Western scholar}

SOME FACTORS IN THE LINGUISTIC AND ETHNIC RUSSIFICATION OF SOVIET NATIONALITIES:
IS EVERYONE BECOMING RUSSIAN? BARBARA A. ANDERSON AND BRIAN D. SILVER.
IN THE NATIONALITIES FACTOR IN SOVIET POLITICS AND SOCIETY. LUBOMYR
HAJDA AND MARK BEISSINGER (Eds.). BOULDER, SAN FRANCISCO, AND OXFORD: WESTVIEW
PRESS, 1990.

SOME QUESTIONS OF N.W. CAUCASIAN PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY. J[OHN]
C. CATFORD. In PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN
LINGUISTICS: 10-12 OCTOBER 1994, BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY. A. SUMRU OZSOY (Ed.).
OSLO: NOVUS: INSTITUTT FOR SAMMENLIGNENDE KULTURFORSKNING, 1997.{FOR
MORE DETAILS ON THE PROCEEDINGS, SEE THE TITLE ABOVE}

STATUS IN THE LAK VERBAL SYSTEM AND ITS TYPOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE {FOLIA
SLAVICA, Vol. 7, Nos. 1-2 (in one cover), 1984], VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN. {Vol.
TITLE: PAPERS FROM THE THIRD CONFERENCE ON THE NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES OF
THE USSR, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, MARCH 23-25, 1983. HOWARD I. ARONSON (Ed.).
COLUMBUS, OHIO: SLAVICA PUBLISHERS}

STRUCTURE AND SYSTEM IN THE ABAZA VERBAL COMPLEX [TRANSACTIONS OF
THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, OXFORD, 1956, P. 127-76], W. S[IDNEY] ALLEN.
{"THE ABAZA (T'AP'ANTA) LANGUAGE IS SPOKEN ON THE NORTHERN
SIDE OF THE CAUCASUS IN THE DISTRICT OF CHERKESSK (FORMERLY YEZHOV, FORMERLY
SULIMOV, FORMERLY BATALPASHINSK), AND BY EXILED COMMUNITIES IN TURKEY.
IT BELONGS TO A CLOSELY RELATED GROUP WITH ABKHAZ (APSWE) AND OTHER DIALECTS,
INCLUDING ASHQAREWE; THIS GROUP, WHICH IS SOMETIMES ALSO REFERRED
TO AS ABKHAZ, IS RELATED IN TURN TO CIRCASSIAN OR ADYGHE (INCLUDING KABARDIAN)
AND UBYKH, TO FORM THE WESTERN BRANCH OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN FAMILY. ...
THE ANALYSIS HERE PRESENTED IS BASED ON THE SPEECH OF A SINGLE INFORMANT,
MAJ. HUSEIN KUMUZ (QIMIZ), AND IN PARTICULAR UPON A CORPUS OF MATERIAL,
OF WHICH A LARGE PROPORTION WAS NARRATIVE, DERIVED FROM APPROXIMATELY 100
HOURS OF LISTENING. THE ABAZA LANGUAGE HAS EXPERIENCED A SUCCESSION OF
ORTHOGRAPHIES, BASED ON ARABIC, ROMAN, AND CYRILLIC LETTERS (FOR ABKHAZ
THE GEORGIAN ALPHABET HAS ALSO BEEN EMPLOYED). ... FOR THE SUBJECT OF THIS
PAPER THE TERM 'VERBAL COMPLEX' HAS BEEN CHOSEN IN PREFERENCE TO OTHER
ALTERNATIVES SUCH AS 'VERB' OR 'VERBAL PIECE'; IT IS TRUE THAT A TERM THEORETICALLY
IMPLIES NO MORE THAN IT IS STATED TO IMPLY, BUT IT MAY IN PRACTICE CARRY
ASSOCIATIONS DERIVED FROM MORE FAMILIAR LANGUAGES. 'VERB' IS APT TO SUGGEST
A MORE LIMITED AND 'VERBAL PIECE' A MORE LOOSELY ARTICULATED STRUCTURE
THAN THAT WITH WHICH WE ARE HERE CONCERNED. ... THE TERMS 'STRUCTURE' AND
'SYSTEM' ARE USED COMPLEMENTARILY; THE PRINCIPLE TO BE STRESSED IS THAT
SYSTEMS ARE ESTABLISHED AT SPECIFIC PLACES IN STRUCTURE, AND THAT THIS
IS THE SOLE GUARANTEE OF THEIR RELEVANCE. SUCH A PRINCIPLE CONTRASTS WITH
THOSE VARIETIES OF 'STRUCTURAL' LINGUISTICS WHICH OPERATE WITH OVERALL,
COMPENDIUS SYSTEMS DIVORCED FROM PLACE IN STRUCTURE."}

THE CHANGING STATUS OF RUSSIAN IN THE SOVIET UNION [INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE, 33, 1982, PP. 7-39], ISABELLE KREINDLER
(BOTH AUTHOR OF ARTICLE AND EDITOR OF JOURNAL).

THE CIRCASSIAN NOMINALPARADIGM: A CONTRIBUTION TO CASE-THEORY [LINGUA,
XI, 1962, PP. 231-248], A. H. KUIPERS. {"THE CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE
COMPRISES A WESTERN AND AN EASTERN (KABARDIAN) DIALECT GROUP. ALL THE MATERIAL
QUOTED IN THIS ARTICLE BELONGS TO A DIALECT OF KABARDIAN, BUT THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN THE CIRCASSIAN DIALECTS ARE PHONETIC AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, LEXICAL,
RATHER THAN GRAMMATICAL." VERY IMPORTANT WORK}

THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LITERARY AVAR. S. CRISP. CONTRIBUTIONS
TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE, 40, MOUTON DE GRUYTER, 1985.

THE GENITIVE IN ZERQ' CHECHEN: THE EFFECT OF PHONOLOGY ON MORPHOLOGICAL
CHANGE. PAUL FALLON. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"In
Literary Chechen (LC) (Maciev 1961; Nichols 1994, in press), ablaut (morphologically
conditioned vowel alternation) occurs in the nominal paradigm. For example,
/buolx/ 'work' is /belxan/ (with final nasalized vowel) in the genitive
and /balxana/ in the dative. In addition, there is a type of umlaut in
the genitive, where the case suffix {-in} (> /an/) often causes fronting
and raising, e.g. 'price' /ma:x, me:xan/. Using data gathered from fieldwork,
this study will delineate some of the major morphological changes which
have taken place in the Zerq' Chechen (ZC) dialect spoken in Jordan, and
will examine how phonological changes have influenced the nominal morphology.
... There are several phonological changes in Zerq' including apocope,
phonologization of front rounded vowels as well as their unrounding, new
ablaut patterns, and the development of length as a cue to the genitive.
One of the major changes in ZC has been the loss of nasalized vowels, the
formal marker of the genitive in LC, as the result of apocope. For example,
LC 'boy-GEN' /k'entan/ is ZC /k'ent/. In the few cases in which the suffix
was retained, it induced other, innovative changes. With the general loss
of suffixal case-marking in the genitive, vowel quality changes have become
an important morphological cue, and various such alternations will be examined.
For example, 'knee' in LC is /go:la, goelan/, but in ZC it is /go:l, goe:l/,
with phonemicization of the front rounded vowels. However, the front rounded
vowels are unstable, so that the umlauting effect in LC is often realized
as a ZC front unrounded vowel, thereby creating new ablaut patterns. However,
there are instances of apparent hypercorrection or analogy in which ZC
front rounded vowels appear where they do not in LC. In addition, vowel
length plays a distinctive role. Whereas length in LC was largely predictable
based on syllable structure, the loss of final vowels but subsequent retention
of length has acquired morphological use in ZC. Compare ZC /neq', ne:q'/
'road' with LC /neq', ne:q'an/. Finally, a new genitive marker is being
introduced, based on the plural genitive suffix /-i/, which is being regularized
on many singular forms. For example, 'baby-GEN' in LC is /be:ran/, but
is /be:ri/ in ZC. ...The contributions of this paper include (1) providing
documentation of the morphology of a previously undescribed dialect of
Chechen and comparing it to the literary dialect; (2) examining the influence
of phonology on morphology; and (3) illustrating morphological change in
progress." THE AUTHOR IS AT OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY AND MARY
WASHINGTON COLLEGE}

THE GRAMMAR OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN EAST CAUCASIAN. WOLFGANG SCHULZE.
PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"In
the overall 29 (autochthonous) East Caucasian languages "simple sentences"
(the linguistic mapping of mentally represented "States of Affairs" (SoA))
are often thought to be construed on the basis of "canonical ergativity:"
They use zero-marked absolutives, often mapped by class markers on the
verb, and a (mostly syncretistic) ergative case. The verb itself is often
unmarked with respect to "person" and sometimes "labile" regarding aspects
of (in)transitivity. Though the basic morphosyntactic principles of this
"operating system" seem to be very much clarified, significant deviations
from this etalon as well as many aspects of its semantic and functional
properties remain unexplained or even undescribed. ... In this paper I
want to dwell upon a selection of these problems assuming that ergativity
in East Caucasian not only is a merely formal synchronic reflex of older
coding strategies but (at least partly) represents a specific type of knowledge
processing based on communicational conventions and principles of human
cognition. Strategies of viewpoint shift (like antipassives and "pseudo-passives"
(binominatives)), aspects of attention flow (e.g. word order), and aberrant
structures within simple sentences (e.g. ergative marking of intransitive
agents, agreement splits, ergative marking of (some) personal pronouns)
not only call for a systematic explanation but can help to understand the
ergative prototype in East Caucasian itself together with its diachronic
background. ... It will be claimed that in Proto-East Caucasian as well
as in some of its decendents (e.g. Tabasaran, ArTaui (?), Andi, Lak) the
degree of (natural) agentivity represents one of the most basic parameters
to map the communicative and cognitive interpretation of a given "State
of Affairs" linguistically. Agentivity in East Caucasian not only is a
lexically based parameter, but shows up as a morphosemantic procedure that
correlates strongly with pragmatic and classificational strategies. The
analysis is based on the tradition of functional-cognitive grammar theory,
extended towards a "Grammar of Scenes and Scenarios" (GSS)." THE
AUTHOR IS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH (UNIVERSITAET MUENCHEN)}

THE NORTHWEST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES: A PHONOLOGICAL SURVEY. JOHN JOSEPH
COLARUSSO, Jr. A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
THE SUBJECT OF LINGUISTICS. HARVARD UNIVERSITY. CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS.
AUGUST, 1975. (454 pages).

THE NORTH WIND AND THE SUN ? IN ABKHAZ [BEDI KARTLISA (BK), 36,
1978, pp. 266-74], BRIAN GEORGE HEWITT. {This is a
study of the Abkhaz version of the short folkloric tale. Professor Hewitt
is the Head of the Department of Caucasian Languages at the School of Oriental
& African Studies, the University of London}

"THE NORTH WIND AND THE SUN" IN LITERARY ADYGHE [BEDI KARTLISA (BK),
PARIS, 36, 1978, pp. 338-47], BRIAN GEORGE HEWITT. / MY COLLECTION.
{The Adyghe version of the short folkloric tale. See preceeding
entry}

THE OBLIGATIVE CONSTRUCTION IN KABARDIAN. MUKHADIN KUMAKHOV AND
KARINA VAMLING. PP. 114-27 IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON NORTHWEST
CAUCASIAN LINGUISTICS: 10-12 OCTOBER 1994, BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY. STUDIA
CAUCASOLOGICA III. A. SUMRU OZSOY (Ed.). OSLO: NOVUS: INSTITUTT FOR SAMMENLIGNENDE
KULTURFORSKNING, 1997. {FOR MORE DETAILS ON THE PROCEEDINGS,
SEE THE TITLE ABOVE}

THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF SECONDARY ARTICULATIONS IN ABKHAZ.
BERT VAUX. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"Abkhaz
employs as part of its rich consonantal inventory two secondary articulations,
palatalization and labialization. Each of these secondary articulations
behaves as a natural class with respect to rules and constraints of Abkhaz
phonology, yet each also has a number of different phonetic and phonological
manifestations. The purpose of this article is to develop a theory of representations
for these articulations that captures their underlying unity and surface
diversity. The data are drawn from my fieldwork with one of the last speakers
of the Cwyzhy dialect, currently spoken in only two villages in western
Turkey. A number of phonological processes and constraints clearly indicate
that the labialized consonants form a phonological class. Let us say that
this is the class of segments characterized by a [+round] secondary articulation.
However, this unitary phonological class has four distinct phonetic manifestations:

(1) surface form segments affected

i.

[+round, +back]

dorsals

ii.

[+round, -back]

pharyngeals, certain coronals

iii.

[+round, +dist]

s, z, sh, zh, c, j

iv.

[-round, +back, +cons]

dental stops (the result is a coarticulated dental-labial stop with
a [+back] secondary articulation)

The central problem raised by the phonetic variations in (1) is how to
account for the four distinct manifestations of the underlying [+round]
secondary articulation. The analysis I develop suggests that since surface
representations must be fully specified for all relevant features, the
secondary articulation, which is underlyingly specified only as [+round],
receives its other feature specifications from the primary articulation
with which it is associated. This process is analogous to Kuipers' (1960)
interpretation of vowel coloring in Kabardian and Abkhaz, and straightforwardly
accounts for the behavior of most of the consonants in (1); labialized
dorsals, for example, will surface as [+back] because the plain dorsal
consonants are [+back] in Abkhaz. However, the behavior of pharyngeals
in (1ii) raises two problems: we do not necessarily expect pharyngeals
to be [-back], and we do not expect labialized consonants to surface as
[-back], since the secondary labial and palatal articulations are phonologically
incompatible in Abkhaz. I account for the former problem by drawing parallels
with other languages wherein pharyngeals trigger fronting, and I then consider
the possibility that the features responsible for pharyngeal activity and
fronting ([RTR] and [-back] respectively) share some common muscular basis.
The latter problem requires an ordering of the constraint on combining
secondary articulations relative to the rule that spreads the features
of the primary articulation to the secondary articulation. With palatalization
we again confront a unitary phonological class with diverse phonetic manifestations.
The palatalized consonants are generally [-back], but the palatalized uvular
stop is [+back]. The basic problem with this particular segment is that
the [+back] specification of the uvular primary articulation is incompatible
with the [-back] specification of the secondary articulation. Colarusso
(1975) suggests that this segment is actually [+ATR, +back], but this analysis
loses the unifying definition of palatalized segments as being [-back],
and fails to account for the fact that the palatalized uvular stop appears
to spread [-back] to a following vowel. I suggest instead that the palatalized
uvular stop is underlyingly dorsal, [-ATR, -high, +back], with a [-back]
secondary articulation; the [-back] specification subsequently delinks,
due to its incompatibility with the primary articulation; it is then free
to attach to a following vowel if one is present, thereby accounting for
the fronting mentioned above." THE AUTHOR IS AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY}

THE POSITION OF SUBJECT AGREEMENT IN UDI. ALICE C. HARRIS. PAPER
PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"Subject
agreement in Udi has never been fully described. Jeiranishvili (1971:83-84)
notes, among other things, that the marker of agreement may occur in various
places within the verb form or it may be found between a noun or adverb
and the verb form. Panchvidze (74:148-150) provides a similar description
of its position, and Schulze (1982:168-169) formalizes this as a list of
environments in which the agreement markers (PZ) may occur in relation
to the verb (V), tense marker (T), nominal incorporated into the verb (Vn),
and auxiliary (HV). Table 1 (Patterns of Morpheme Order in Udi),
provides Schulze's formulae and his example of each: 1. V-T-PZ p-i-ne
'he said'; 2. V-T1-PZ-T2 p-i-ne-i 'he said'; 3. V1-PZ-V2-T
ba-ne-k-i 'he was'; 4. Vn-PZ-(H)V-T as^-ne-biq'-e 'he
took a job'; 5. Vn-(H)V-T-PZ laq'o-bak-a-nan 'you should marry';
6. ...X-PZ-V-T g^ar-re-bak-i 'he was a boy'. ... Additional
examples I have elicited and collected in texts require us to recognize
two additional patterns, the first apparently a variant of Schulze's pattern
6. Supplement to Table 1. 6' ...X-PZ V-T k'uc^'an-ne buq'-sa
(puppy-3sg love-pres) 's/he loves [the] PUPPY'; 7. ...X-PZ Vn-(H)V-T
s^el-le ma'g^-ex-a (well-3sg song-say-pres) 's/he sings
WELL'. ... None of the standard grammars, including Schulze 1982, describes
the circumstances under which the agreement marker occurs in the various
patterns. Harris (1996) shows that agreement is enclitic to focused constituents,
and this fact accounts for patterns 6' and 7. Harris (1992) establishes
some rules for the placement of the agreement marker, but those rules account
only for patterns 5 and 6, and (because they overlap in part with focus)
patterns 6' and 7." THE AUTHOR IS AT VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY}

THE REBIRTH OF THE NATIONAL SCHOOL IN RUSSIA. MIKHAIL KUZMIN. UNPUBLISHED
ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF MANUSCRIPT, ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN RUSSIAN IN VESTNIK
OBRAZOVANIYA, circa 1992. {THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
WAS PROVIDED BY EVE RACHEL GREENFIELD (SEE HER THESIS LANGUAGE OF DISSENT:
LANGUAGE, ETHNIC IDENTITY, AND BILINGUAL EDUCATION POLICY IN THE NORTH
CAUCASUS, ABOVE): PUBLICATION INFORMATION PROVIDED BY PROFESSOR BEN
EKLOF AT THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF RUSSIAN EDUCATION, INDIANA UNIVERSITY.
INQUIRY FOR PRECISE INFORMATION IN PROCESS WITH THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION}

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PHONEMIC SYSTEM OF PROTO-NORTH-WEST CAUCASIAN
(PRELIMINARY TITLE). V. A. CHIRIKBA. DISSERTATION SUBMITTED AT LEIDEN
UNIVERSITY. {"THE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS CAN
BE DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS: WEST CAUCASIAN, EAST CAUCASIAN AND KARTVELIAN,
OR SOUTH CAUCASIAN. THE LANGUAGES OF THE (NORTH-)WEST CAUCASIAN GROUP ARE
ABKHAZ, CIRCASSIAN AND THE NOW EXTINCT UBYKH. THE WEST AND EAST CAUCASIAN
GROUPS BELONG TO THE NORTH CAUCASIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILY, WHILE THE KARTVELIAN
LANGUAGES FORM AN INDEPENDENT, UNRELATED FAMILY. ... THE WEST CAUCASIAN
LANGUAGES CONSIST OF CLOSELY RELATED DIALECTS: CIRCASSIAN OF ADYGHE AND
KABARDIAN, ABKHAZ OF ABKHAZ PROPER AND ABAZA. NOTHING IS KNOWN ABOUT PAST
DIALECTICAL DIVISIONS OF UBYKH. BY 1850 THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE SPEAKING WEST
CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES AMOUNTED TO ABOUT ONE MILLION, THE MAJORITY OF WHICH
WERE CIRCASSIAN. THE RUSSIAN COLONISATION DRAMATICALLY CHANGED THE ETHNOLINGUISTIC
SITUATION, AS MANY ABKHAZIANS AND CIRCASSIANS HAD TO FLEE TO THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE. THE UBYKH AND THE SADZIAN ABKHAZIANS EMIGRATED COMPLETELY. IN TURKEY,
THE UBYKH LOST THEIR LANGUAGE. ... AT PRESENT, THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ABKHAZO-ADYGHEANS
LIVING IN THE CAUCASUS IS ABOUT 800,000. CIRCASSIANS LIVE IN THE ADYGHE,
KABARDINO-BALKAR AND KARACHAY-CHERKESS REPUBLICS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.
THE ABKHAZIANS LIVE IN THE REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA, WHICH RECENTLY SECEDED
FROM GEORGIA. THE ABAZAS LIVE IN KARACHAY-CHERKESSIA. IN ADDITION, MORE
THAN A MILLION ABKHAZO-ADYGHEANS, LIVE IN THE DIASPORA, MAINLY IN TURKEY
AND OTHER MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES. ... MY PROJECT INCLUDES THE PHONOLOGICAL
DESCRIPTION OF ALL DIALECTS OF WEST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES, THE RECONSTRUCTION
OF THE PHONEMIC SYSTEMS OF PROTO-ABKHAZ AND PROTO-CIRCASSIAN AND, FINALLY,
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PHONEMIC SYSTEM OF PROTO-WEST CAUCASIAN. I HAVE
CONDUCTED FIELDWORK IN TURKEY AND IN THE CAUCASUS. IN TURKEY, I ALSO COLLECTED
HITHERTO UNKNOWN LINGUISTIC AND FOLKLORIC MATERIALS AMONG THE SADZ AND
OTHER ABKHAZIANS. ... THE LEXICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ABKHAZ, CIRCASSIAN
AND UBYKH ARE QUITE SUBSTANTIAL, WHICH MAKES THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-WEST
CAUCASIAN A TRYING TASK. THE PROBLEM IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE FACT
THAT THERE ARE MANY UNIQUE SOUND CORRESPONDENCES WHICH DO NOT SEEM TO FIT
INTO A PATTERN. TO FACILITATE THE COMPARISON OF ABKHAZ WITH THE OTHER TWO
LANGUAGES, I COMPILED A DICTIONARY OF PROTO-ABKHAZ ROOTS. THE RECONSTRUCTION
OF THE PHONEMIC SYSTEM OF PROTO-WEST CAUCASIAN ACTUALLY PRESENTS A NECESSARY
STEP TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-NORTH CAUCASIAN. ONCE
A PROTO-NORTH CAUCASIAN IS ACHIEVED, IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO CONCENTRATE
ON THE PROBLEM OF THE EXTERNAL RELATIONS OF THAT LANGUAGE. NORTH CAUCASIAN,
WHICH MAY BE RECONSTRUCTED ON THE BASIS OF THE COMPARISON OF THE PRESENT-DAY
LANGUAGES THAT DERIVE FROM IT, IS ONE OF THE ANCIENT LANGUAGES THAT WERE
SPOKEN IN EUROPE PRIOR TO ITS COLONISATION BY INDO-EUROPEANS."}

THE RELATIVE CLAUSE IN ABKHAZ (ABZUI DIALECT) [LINGUA 47, 1979,
pp. 151-88], B[RIAN] G[EORGE] HEWITT. {ABSTRACT: THIS ARTICLE
IS DESIGNED TO PRESENT AN EXHAUSTIVE TREATMENT OF THE RELATIVE-CLAUSE FORMING
STRATEGY OF ABKHAZ, A NORTH WEST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGE. AFTER A SKETCH OF
THE RELEVANT VERBAL MORPHOLOGY, EXAMPLES ARE ADDUCED TO DISCOVER IF THIS
LANGUAGE PROVIDES ANY SUPPORT FOR THE SO-CALLED ACCESSIBILITY HIERARCHY
(KEENAN AND COMRIE 1977: NOUN PHRASE ACCESSIBILITY AND UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
IN LINGUISTIC ENQUIRY 8, PP. 63-99). AS IT TRANSPIRES THAT THERE
ARE NO RESTRICTIONS AS TO WHICH NP MAY STAND AS HEAD NOUN OF A RELATIVE
CLAUSE, ABKHAZ PROVIDES NO IMMEDIATE SUPPORT FOR THE HIERARCHY. IN AN ATTEMPT
TO DISCOVER WHAT RESTRICTIONS, IF ANY, MANIFEST THEMSELVES IN THE FORMATION
OF RELATIVE CLAUSES, MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURES ARE INVESTIGATED, WHERE THE
RELATIVE CLAUSE CONTAINS BOTH A SUPERORDINATE AND DEPENDENT VERB. IT IS
FOUND THAT, DEPENDING UPON THE FORM OF THE DEPENDENT VERB, THE SUPERORDINATE
VERB MUST ALSO IN SOME CASES CONTAIN A MARK OF ITS OWN 'RELATIVE' STATUS.
AN EXPLANATION IS OFFERED AS TO WHY A RELATIVE AFFIX SHOULD APPEAR IN THE
SUPERORDIANTE VERB IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES BUT NOT IN OTHERS. "ABKHAZ, CIRCASSIAN
AND UBYKH FORM THE NORTH WEST CAUCASIAN LANGUAGE-GROUP. EACH LANGUAGE ALLOWS
ONLY ONE FINITE VERB TO APPEAR IN EACH SENTENCE. IN OTHER WORDS, THESE
LANGUAGES DO NOT POSSESS SUBORDINATE CLAUSES, FOR IT IS PART OF THE DEFINITION
OF A CLAUSE THAT IT SHOULD CONTAIN A FINITE VERB. WHERE, IN A LANGUAGE
OF THE FAMILIAR INDO-EUROPEAN MODEL WE SHOULD EXPECT AN ADJECTIVAL OR ADVERBIAL
LIMITING CLAUSE, A PARTICIPIAL FORM OF THE VERB WILL BE EMPLOYED IN THE
LANGUAGES OF THE N.W. CAUCASUS. BEFORE DESCRIBING THE SPECIAL FEATURES
OF THE ABKHAZ 'RELATIVE PARTICIPLE', IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO GIVE SOME
IDEA OF THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ABKHAZ VERB INSOFAR AS THEY
ARE RELEVANT TO THE PROBLEM AT HAND. ..." THE AUTHOR WAS AT St. JOHN'S
COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AT THE TIME OF WRITING THE ARTICLE. NOW HE IS PROFESSOR
OF CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES AT THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (SOAS),
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON}

THE ROLE OF ABLAUT IN THE INGUSH VERBAL SYSTEM. ZEV HANDEL. PAPER
PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"This
paper presents an analysis of several aspects of inflectional and derivational
morphology in the vowel system of Ingush. First, it is demonstrated that,
from a synchronic viewpoint, patterns of stem vowel alternation found in
verbal inflectional paradigms are best described as ablaut rather than
umlaut. ('Ablaut versus umlaut' has been a perennial question in studies
of the Chechen and Ingush verb systems.) According to this analysis, regular
verbs may be classed into eleven verb paradigms, each of which has a distinct
three-way vowel alternation pattern. Despite the fact that the infinitive
stem historically represents the basic verb root, in a synchronic analysis
it is the present stem which takes this role. ... Second, the stem vowel
alternations which characterize the derived iterative verb forms are described.
Iterative forms are fully inflectable themselves, but are only found in
two of the eleven verb paradigms. Moreover, only four of the eleven verb
paradigms permit an iterative derivation. The discussion of the iterative
forms includes a semantic analysis of the simulfactive/iterative contrast
and its relationship to the overall tense/aspect system of Ingush. The
Ingush aspectual system reflects a three-level conception of the temporal
space that actions occupy, labeled here the event level, the session level,
and the iteration level; this new analysis of event/time structure is used
to explain and illustrate the complex four-way distinction in meaning between
the simulfactive perfect, iterative perfect, simulfactive imperfect, and
iterative imperfect. In addition to these analyses, the semantics and morphology
of the basic tenses/aspects of Ingush are sketched, and some morphophonemic
alternations are explained. A set of adverb-frame tests is proposed for
eliciting and distinguishing the different tense/aspect forms. ... Finally,
an appendix explores the historical origins of the system of verbal morphology
through comparison with the Chechen verbal system." THE AUTHOR
IS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY}

THE SYSTEM OF DECLENSION IN THE DAGHESTANIAN LANGUAGES (MODEL FOR A
COMPUTER ANALYSER). VLADIMIR KIKILASHVILI. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
TENTH BIENNIAL NON-SLAVIC LANGUAGES (NSL) CONFERENCE HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO THURSDAY-SATURDAY, 8-10 MAY 1997. {"The
declension system of Daghestanian languages presents a complex and varied
picture. This is due to the two-stem principle of declension - the multiplicity
of the main (4) and locative (42) cases. ... The unit of declension comprises:
the root (4, characterized by suppletivism in pronouns), prefixal (Pr-
intensifying particle; Kl - class formant, sometimes petrified, V- vowel
dividing theaffixes) and suffixal (Kl, V, Dtr- determinant,
Pl - plural marker, Cf - case marker: A- genetive, B- dative, loc 1: A-
active, B- additive, C- ablative directional cases). The listed elements
have various morphological and phonological realizations. ... On the basis
of the elements participating in the system of declension, the author has
developed a general model of declension, which is realized variously with
different parts of speech.

THREE SHORT KABARDIAN (EAST CIRCASSIAN) TEXTS [ANNALS OF
THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF NAPOLI, 42, 1982, PP. 169-194], ELIO PROVASI.
/ MY COLLECTION. {ANALYSIS OF THREE SHORT POEMS IN KABARDIAN
(TWO QUATRAINS AND ONE LONGER POEM IN STROPHIC FORM). THE TEXTS WERE COLLECTED
IN APRIL 1974 IN ISTANBUL FROM Mr. FIKRI DUMAN, A NATIVE SPEAKER OF BOTH
KABARDIAN AND TURKISH FROM PINARBASI, A TOWN SITUATED NORTHEAST OF KAYSERI
IN ANATOLIA ON THE EDGE OF THE UZUN YAYLA PLATEAU, WHERE ONE OF THE GREATEST
CONCENTRATIONS OF CIRCASSIAN SPEAKERS IN TURKEY IS FOUND. HIS DIALECT IS
ONLY SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE LITERARY LANGUAGE DEVELOPED IN THE CAUCASUS.
VERY INFORMATIVE. HAS 44 REFERENCES}

UNIVERSAL LITERACY OF THE FORMERLY BACKWARD PEOPLES OF THE SOVIET UNION:
A FACTOR OF THEIR SOCIAL SELF-AWARENESS. V. A. KUMANEV. IN LANGUAGE
AND SOCIETY: ANTHROPOLOGICAL ISSUES. WILLIAN McCORMACK AND STEPHEN A. WURM
(Eds.). NEW YORK: MOUTON, 1979.

VERB CLASS SYSTEM IN CIRCASSIAN. AN ATTEMPT OF CLASSIFICATION OF
CIRCASSIAN VERBAL FORMS. [ARCHIV ORIENTALNI (AO), 36, 1968, PP. 200-212],
VACLAV CERNY, PRAHA. {"THIS PAPER IS A SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGICAL
ANALYSIS OF THE VERB IN LITERARY WEST-CIRCASSIAN. THE MODERN WEST-CIRCASSIAN
NATIONAL LANGUAGE IS AN ADVANCED FORM OF THE TEMIRGOIAN DIALECT, COMPLETED
WITH A LARGE SECTION OF WORDS AND FORMS FROM OTHER WESTERN DIALECTS, PRIMARILY
BZHEDUGH AND SHAPSUGH. ALL THESE INNOVATIONS ARE ADAPTED ACCORDING TO THE
PHONOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL NORMS OF THE BASIC DIALECT, SO THAT, ALTHOUGH
IN PARTICULAR CASES OSCILLATION MAY OFTEN BE OBSERVED, FOR OUR PURPOSES
WE MAY CONSIDER THE LANGUAGE AS HOMOGENEOUS AND UNIFORM." HAS 30 REFERENCES}

"VIEUX-KABARDE" ET PARLER BESLENEY [JOURNAL ASIATIQUE (JA), 253,1965,
PP. 217-222], GEORGES CHARACHIDZE. {THE KABARDIAN DIALECT
USED BY SHURA NOGMOV IS CONCLUDED TO BE AN INTERMEDIATE ONE BETWEEN KABARDIAN
AND BESLANAY AND NOT THE OLD FORM OF KABARDIAN PROPER. NOGMOV IS A KABARDIAN
HISTORIAN AND FOLKLORIST. HE AUTHORED HISTORY OF THE CIRCASSIANS,
WHICH APPEARED IN 1861. HE ALSO COLLECTED MATERIALS ON KABARDIAN GRAMMAR,
BUT THE WORK NEVER MATERIALIZED}

YIDDISH IN ISRAEL: A CASE STUDY OF EFFORTS TO REVIVE A MONOCENTRIC LANGUAGE
POLICY. JOSHUA A. FISHMAN AND DAVID E. FISHMAN. IN ADVANCES IN THE
STUDY OF SOCIETAL MULTILINGUALISM. J. FISHMAN (Ed.). THE HAGUE: MOUTON.

ALI AND NINO. KURBAN SAID, 1937, REPRINTED 1990. {"ALI,
A YOUNG AND NOBLE MUSLIM AND NINO, A GEORGIAN PRINCESS, LIVE IN BAKU ON
THE CASPIAN SEA AROUND THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR." A VERY SWEET
LOVE STORY}

ALMORAN AND HAMET: AN ORIENTAL TALE. JOHN LL. D. HAWKESWORTH. LONDON,
1780. 2 Vol. in 1. {DEPICTS LOVE STORY OF HAMET AND ALMEIDA.
P. 14, THERE IS A MENTION OF A NATIVE OF CIRCASSIA CALLED ABDULLA}

EASTERN APPROACHES. FITZROY MACLEAN, 1949. REPRINTED 1991. {"A
HEADY TALE OF HIGH ADVENTURE AND POLITICS, SUPERBLY TOLD, SET IN THE CAUCASUS,
CENTRAL ASIA, PERSIA AND YUGOSLAVIA. IT HAD A POWERFUL EFFECT ON ME AS
A YOUNG SUBALTERN OF 19 (AND DOUBTLESS MANY OTHERS OF MY GENERATION) AND
FIRST SET MY FEET IN THE DIRECTION OF TASHKENT AND TBILISI, KASHGAR AND
KABUL. I MUST HAVE GIVEN AWAY MORE COPIES OF THIS MAGICAL BOOK THAN OF
ANY OTHER I HAVE READ." - PETER HOPKIRK}

FROM CAUCASUS TO PITTSBURGH: THE PROMETHEUS THEME IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN
POETRY. MARIOS BYRON RAIZIS. ATHENS: GNOSIS PUB. CO., ? 1983. (XVI,
290 PAGES. 21 cm.). {REVISION OF THE AUTHOR'S DOCTORAL THESIS, NEW YORK
UNIVERSITY, 1966, UNDER THE TITLE: THE PROMETHEUS THEME IN BRITISH AND
AMERICAN POETRY. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PP. 260-75}

LEWTI; OR THE CIRCASSIAN LOVE CHANT. A LYRICAL BALLAD BY WILLIAM
WORDSWORTH (1780-1850). IN LYRICAL BALLADS WITH A FEW OTHER POEMS. LONDON,
1798.

MARLINSKY'S 'AMMALAT-BEK' AND THE ORIENTALISATION OF THE CAUCASUS IN
RUSSIAN LITERATURE. SUSAN LAYTON. PAPER No. 3 IN THE GOLDEN AGE
OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE AND THOUGHT: SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE FOURTH WORLD
CONGRSS FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES, HAROGATE, 1990. DEREK OFFORD
(Ed.). NEW YORK: St. MARTIN'S PRESS IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL
COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES, 1992. (ISBN
0312080433).

OUR GAME. JOHN LE CARRE. NEW YORK: ALFRED A. KNOPF, 1995. (302
PAGES). {A SPY NOVEL BY THE MASTER. "JOHN LE CARRE WAS BORN IN 1931. AFTER
ATTENDING THE UNIVERSITIES OF BERNE AND OXFORD, HE TAUGHT AT ETON AND SPENT
FIVE YEARS IN THE BRITISH FOREIGN SERVICE. THE SPY WHO CAME IN FROM
THE COLD, HIS THIRD BOOK, SECURED HIM A WORLDWIDE REPUTATION. HE LIVES
IN CORNWALL, ENGLAND"}

RUSSIAN LITERATURE
AND EMPIRE: THE CONQUEST OF THE CAUCASUS FROM PUSHKIN TO TOLSTOY.
SUSAN LAYTON. CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE. CAMBRIDGE - NEW
YORK: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1995. (XI, 354 pages.
23cm. ISBN 0-521-44443-8 hardback. Price: £35, $64.95).
{"THIS IS THE FIRST SYNTHESIZING STUDY OF RUSSIAN WRITING ABOUT THE CAUCASUS
DURING THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AGE OF EMPIRE-BUILDING. IT COVERS MAJOR WRITERS
INCLUDING PUSHKIN, TOLSTOY AND LERMONTOV, BUT ALSO INTRODUCES MATERIAL
FROM TRAVELOGUES, ORIENTAL STUDIES, ETHNOGRAPHY, MEMOIRS, AND THE UTTERANCES
OF TSARIST OFFICIALS AND MILITARY COMMANDERS. SETTING THESE WRITINGS AND
THE RESPONSES OF THE RUSSIAN READERSHIP IN HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT,
SUSAN LAYTON EXAMINES WAYS THAT LITERATURE UNDERWROTE IMPERIALISM. BUT
HER STUDY ALSO REVEALS THE TENSIONS BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN STATE'S IDEOLOGY
OF A EUROPEAN MISSION TO CIVILIZE THE CAUCASIAN MUSLIM MOUNTAINEERS, AND
ROMANTIC PERCEPTIONS OF THOSE PEOPLES AS NOBLE PRIMITIVES WHOSE EXTERMINATION
WAS NO CAUSE FOR CELEBRATION." REVIEWED BY RONALD G. SUNY IN SLAVIC
REVIEW (ISSN 0037-6779), Vol. 54, No. 4, 1995, P. 1041 ff. HAS BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
REFERENCES ON PP. 339-47. INCLUDES MAPS}

SOME PARALLELS IN SLAVIC AND NORTHEAST CAUCASIAN FOLKLORE. JOHANNA
NICHOLS. In AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
OF SLAVISTS: LITERATURE. COLUMBUS, OHIO: SLAVICA PUBLISHERS, 1988. {The
author is Professor at the University of California, Berkeley}

THE INSEPARABLE TWINS. ANATOLY PRISTAVKIN. LONDON: PICADOR, 1991.
(Translated by Michael Glenny). {"The
fate of the Chechens, the Ingush and indeed of other North Caucasian peoples
deported at the same time is movingly portrayed." - Ben Fowkes}

THE LAST OF THE DEPARTED. BAGRAT SHINKUBA. 1977. (330
PAGES). {ON THE UBYKH AFTER THEIR EMIGRATION TO TURKET
IN 1864}

SANDRO OF CHEGEM. FAZIL ISKANDER. LONDON AND NEW YORK: FABER &
FABER, 1993. (TRANSLATED BY SUSAN BROWNSBERGER). {ISKANDER,
WHO WAS BORN IN 1929, IS ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS TWENTIETH-CENTURY ABKHAZ
POETS AND FICTION WRITERS. HIS BOOKS HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED INTO MANY LANGUAGES.
HE IS ONE OF THE GREAT MASTERS OF IRONY. READ HIS WORKS}

THE GOSPEL OF CHEGEM: BEING THE FURTHER ADVENTURES OF SANDRO OF CHEGEM.
FAZIL ISKANDER. NEW YORK: VINTAGE BOOKS, 1984. (TRANSLATED
BY SUSAN BROWNSBERGER).

THE GOATIBEX CONSTELLATION. FAZIL ISKANDER. {SEE PREVIOUS
ENTRY BUT ONE FOR COMMENTS ON AUTHOR}

THE OLD HOUSE UNDER THE CYPRESS TREE. FAZIL ISKANDER. LONDON - BOSTON:
FABER AND FABER, 1996. (TRANSLATED BY JAN BUTLER).

THE COSSACKS. LEO TOLSTOY, 1862; HARMONDSWORTH, UK: PENGUIN, 1960;
1994. {"TOLSTOY, INFLUENCED BY ROUSSEAU, DESCRIBES THE ATTEMPT
OF A YOUNG RUSSIAN DISENCHANTED WITH CIVILISATION TO 'RETURN TO NATURE'.
THE EXPERIMENT FAILS, BUT HE (OLENIN) FINDS A CERTAIN PEACE WITH HIMSELF.
TURGENEV REGARDED THE COSSACKS AS "THE FINEST AND MOST PERFECT PRODUCTION
OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE.""}

THE DEATH OF IVAN ILYICH AND OTHER STORIES (FOR THE COSSACKS). LEO
TOLSTOY. LONDON: PENGUIN, 1960.

THE WORKS OF LEO TOLSTOY. TRANSLATED BY AYLMER MODE. OXFORD AND
LONDON, 1934.

A HERO OF OUR TIME.
MIKHAIL LERMONTOV (1814-1841). PUBLISHED ON THE NET. COPYRIGHT 1998 ERIC
ELDRED. {BASED ON A TRANSLATION BY MARTIN PARKER. SEE NEXT
ENTRY}

A HERO OF OUR TIME. MIKHAIL LERMONTOV (1814-1841). MOSCOW: PROGRESS
PUBLISHERS, 1947, 1951. {Translated by Martin Parker.
"In five linked episodes, Lermontov builds up the portrait of a man caught
up in and expressing the sickness of his times. A marvelous novel and an
early landmark in Russian literature, A Hero of Our Time served as an inspiration
for many later Russian authors, including Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky."}

A HERO OF OUR TIME. MICHAEL YUREVICH LERMONTOV (1814 - 1841). LONDON:
GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN, 1940. REPRINTED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, NEW YORK,
1992. (TRANSLATED BY EDEN AND CEDAR PAUL). {A HERO OF
OUR TIME WRITTEN BETWEEN 1838-40 WAS LERMONTOV'S ONLY NOVEL; IT CONSISTS
OF FIVE STORIES, EACH COMPLETE IN ITSELF. IT WAS A LANDMARK IN RUSSIAN
LITERATURE, BEING THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL NOVEL TO BE PUBLISHED AND WAS
THE INSPIRATION FOR TOLSTOY, DOSTOYEVSKY AND CHEKHOV." - LAURENCE KELLY}

A HERO OF OUR TIMES. LERMONTOV (1814 - 1841). LONDON AND NEW YORK:
EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY. ALFRED A. KNOPF, JULY 1992. (Reprint
edition. Hardcover, ISBN: 0679413278; Dimensions (in inches): 0.81 x 8.31
x 5.28. Translated by Vladimir and Dmitri Nabokov. Introduction by Timothy
Binyon). {The
Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of Literature, April 1, 1995 Novel
by Mikhail Lermontov, published in Russian in 1840 as Geroy nashego vremeni.
Its psychologically probing portrait of a disillusioned 19th-century aristocrat
and its use of a nonchronological and multifaceted narrative structure
influenced such later Russian authors as Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Leo Tolstoy
and presaged the antiheroes and antinovels of 20th-century fiction. The
novel is set in the Russian Caucasus in the 1830s. Grigory Pechorin is
a bored, self-centered, and cynical young army officer who believes in
nothing. With impunity he toys with the love of women and the goodwill
of men. He is brave, determined, and willful, but his energies and potential
are wasted, and he dies in a duel.}

HERO OF OUR TIME. MIKHAIL LERMONTOV. ARDIS PUBLISHERS, JUNE 1988.
(ISBN: 019281401X). {"Against the romantic illumination
of the Caucasian mountains in the 1830's, a traveling reporter unveils
the colorful wartime history and ironic confessions of Pechorin, a deliberate
rake and disarming existentialist. This work by Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov
(1814-41), strongly influencedy Byron, is at once a playful study of cynicism
and a tribute to rebellion. A Hero of Our Time (translated 1854), has justly
been termed the first great Russian novel."}

"BEFORE I'VE MADE MY NORTHERN ENTRY". LERMONTOV, 1837.

CAUCASIAN PRISONER. LERMONTOV.

IZMAIL-BEY. LERMONTOV.

LERMONTOV'S READING OF PUSHKIN: THE TALES OF BELKIN AND A HERO OF OUR
TIME. PRISCILLA MEYER. PAPER 4 IN THE GOLDEN AGE OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE
AND THOUGHT: SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE FOURTH WORLD CONGRESS FOR SOVIET
AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES, HAROGATE, 1990. DEREK OFFORD (Ed.). NEW YORK:
St. MARTIN'S PRESS IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET
AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES, 1992. (ISBN 0312080433).

SKETCHES OF RUSSIAN LIFE IN THE CAUCASUS. BY A RUSSE, MANY YEARS RESIDENT
AMONGST THE VARIOUS MOUNTAIN TRIBES ... MIKHAIL IUR'EVICH LERMONTOV
(1814-1841). ILLUSTRATED FAMILY NOVELIST SERIES. LONDON: INGRAM, COOKE,
& CO., 1853. (315 PAGES. 20 cm.). {RUNNING TITLE: CAUCASIAN
TALES. TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN. OTHER TRANSLATIONS WERE PUBLISHED WITH
OTHER TITLES: A HERO OF OUR TIME, 1854 (TRANSLATED BY J.
H. WISDOM AND MARR MURRAY), AND THE HEART OF A RUSSIAN, 1912}

TAMARA. LERMONTOV, 1841.

THE CAUCASUS. LERMONTOV, 1830.

THE DEBATE. LERMONTOV, 1841.

THE DESERTER. LERMONTOV.

THE HEART OF A RUSSIAN. LERMONTOV, 1912. {ANOTHER
TRANSLATION OF SKETCHES OF RUSSIAN LIFE IN THE CAUCASUS, ETC.,ABOVE

KAVKAS. A HISTORICAL SAGA OF THE CAUCASUS. M. I. QUANDOUR AND THE
COLLABORATION OF FRANCES KENNETT. MOSCOW: LADA M PUBLISHING, 1994. (815
pages).{The Kavkas Trilogy.
Dr. Quandour is one of the most prolific Circassian Diaspora intellectuals
of recent times. His contribution to the culture of the Adyga is nonpareil}

A HISTORY OF RUSSIA. GEORGE VERNADSKY. NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY
PRESS, 1943. {IN Vol. V, PART 1, 'THE TSARDOM OF MOSCOW 1547-1682',
THERE IS AN ACCOUNT OF THE BETROTHAL OF KUCHENEY, LATER MARIA, DAUGHTER
OF TEMRIUK, TO TSAR IVAN. "IN 1561, TSAR IVAN, ... , MARRIED A KABARDIAN
PRINCESS. HER BROTHERS AND SOME OTHER RELATIVES ENTERED THE TSAR'S SERVICE.
THEY WERE CALLED THE PRINCES CHERKASSKY, (CHERKEAS IS THE OLD RUSSIAN NAME
FOR THE CIRCASSIANS), AND SEVERAL OF THEM BECAME OUTSTANDING MUSCOVITE
GENERALS AND STATESMEN." ONE OF MARIA'S BROTHERS, PRINCE MIKHAIL TEMRIUKOVICH,
BECAME ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL MEN IN THE OPRICH(N)INA
(SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE ELITE UNDER TSAR IVAN THE TERRIBLE). G. S. CHERKASSKY
WAS THE VOEVODA, OR PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR, OF ASTRAKHAN}

A HISTORY OF RUSSIA. JOHN LAWRENCE. MERIDIAN, 1993.

A HISTORY OF RUSSIA. NICHOLAS V. RIAZANOVSKY. NEW YORK - OXFORD:
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1984. FOURTH EDITION.

AVENTURIERS MAMELUKS D'EGYPTE. GABRIEL GUEMARD. ALEXANDRIA, 1929.
{"AUTHOR CLAIMS THAT GHAZI HASAN PASHA HIMSELF CLOSED THE
ISTANBUL SLAVE MARKET TO THE BEYS, SO THAT THEY HAD TO PURCHASE GREEKS
AND BLACKS."}

BELED-ES-SIBA; SKETCHES AND ESSAYS OF TRAVEL AND HISTORY. W[ILLIAM]
E[DWARD] D[AVID] ALLEN. LONDON: McMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED, 1925. (XI,
244 PAGES. 20 cm.). {FOREWORD BY MAJOR-GENERAL LORD EDWARD GLEICHEN.
SELECTED CONTENTS: 4. THE OLDEST WAR. -- THE OPERATIONS OF THE ALLIES IN
THE CAUCASUS, 1853-5 (WITH"REFERENCES"). -- THE SERBO-TURKISH CAMPAIGN
OF 1876. -- THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE TREATY OF TRIANON. -- THE MOUNTAIN OF
LANGUAGES (WITH "REFERENCES"). -- THE MAN IN THE PANTHER'S SKIN (WITH "REFERENCES").
ILLUSTRATED. WITH MAPS}

BULGARIN UND OSTRUMELIEN. S. GOPCEVIC. LEIPZIG, 1886.

CAUCASIAN BATTLEFIELDS: A HISTORY OF THE WARS ON THE TURCO-CAUCASIAN
BORDER, 1828-1921. WILLIAM EDWARD DAVID ALLEN AND PAUL MURATOFF. CAMBRIDGE:
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1953. (614 pages). {A
comprehensive work}

CHRISTIAN MARTYRDOM IN RUSSIA: AN ACCOUNT OF THE MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSAL
BROTHERHOOD OR DOUKHOBORTSI, NOW MIGRATING FROM THE CAUCASUS TO CANADA.
VLADIMIR TCHERTKOFF (Ed.). TORONTO: G. N. MORANG, 1899. (ISBN
0665269188 POSITIVE COPY). {ON THE HISTORY OF THE DUKHOBORS. CONTAINING
A CONCLUDING CHAPTER AND LETTER BY LEO TOLSTOY. INTRODUCTION BY JAMES MAVOR}

CHRISTIAN MARTYRDOM IN RUSSIA: PERSECUTION OF THE SPIRIT-WRESTLERS (OR
DOUKHOBORTSI) IN THE CAUCASUS. VLADIMIR TCHERTKOFF (Ed.). LONDON: BROTHERHOOD
PUB. CO, 1897. (0665006004). {ON THE HISTORY OF THE DUKHOBORS.
CONTAINING A CONCLUDING CHAPTER AND LETTER BY LEO TOLSTOY}

CIRCASSIAN RESISTANCE TO RUSSIA. PAUL B. HENZE. PP. 62-111 in THE
NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER: THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TOWARDS THE MUSLIM WORLD. MARIE
BENNIGSEN-BROXUP (Ed.). LONDON: HURST & CO., 1992. {"WHY
HAS THE CIRCASSIANS' LONG AND STUBBORN RESISTANCE TO THE RUSSIANS ATTRACTED
SO LITTLE ATTENTION? TWO REASONS CAN BE ADVANCED. ONE IS THAT LEADERSHIP
AMONG THEM WAS DIFFUSE. THEY PRODUCED BRAVE, INTELLIGENT AND COLOURFUL
LEADERS, BUT NO SINGLE PERSONALITY DOMINATED THEIR STRUGGLE. MORE IMPORTANT,
PROBABLY, IS THE FACT THAT WHEN THE CIRCASSIANS WERE DEFEATED AFTER A HALF-CENTURY
OF HARD FIGHTING, THE MAJORITY OF THEM EMIGRATED TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.
THE LANDS WHERE THEY ONCE LIVED WERE COLONISED BY SLAVS. THE SMALL GROUPS
OF CIRCASSIANS WHO REMAINED IN THEIR TRADITIONAL HOMELAND WERE SEPARATED
FROM EACH OTHER AND WERE LESS ABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR TRADITIONS AND SENSE
OF COHESIVENESS THAN THE TRIBES THAT HAD SUPPORTED SHAMIL. THEIR DISPERSAL
HAS REDUCED AWARENESS OF THEM BOTH IN THE RUSSIAN/SOVIET EMPIRE AND IN
THE WEST. ... AFTER THE GEORGIANS AND ARMENIANS, THE CIRCASSIANS CAME CLOSEST
OF ALL THE CAUCASIAN PEOPLES TO DEVELOPING THE PREREQUISITES FOR NATIONHOOD.
THEY HAD TRADITIONS OF ROOTS EXTENDING BACK TO THE DAWN OF RECORDED HISTORY.
THEIR ANCESTORS MAY WELL HAVE GREETED THE FIRST GREEKS WHO CAME TO COLCHIS
IN SEARCH OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE
SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PEOPLE SPEAKING DIALECTS ANCESTRAL TO CIRCASSIAN
MAY HAVE EXTENDED DEEP INTO THE PRESENT AREA OF THE UKRAINE IN PREHISTORIC
TIMES. THEY APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN THE DOMINANT INHABITANTS ALONG THE NORTHERN
AND EASTERN BLACK SEA LITTORAL FROM THE CRIMEA TO THE MOUTH OF THE RIONI
(THE ANCIENT PHASIS) IN HELLENISTIC TIMES. ... THERE WAS LITTLE DIFFERENTIATION
OF PROFESSION AMONG CIRCASSIANS. ALL FARMED AND MOST KEPT LIVESTOCK. THOSE
WHO ACQUIRED WEALTH KEPT LARGE HERDS OF CATTLE AND MANY HORSES. FORESTS
WERE RICH IN GAME AND SUPPLIED MORE THAN ENOUGH WOOD FOR FUEL AND CONSTRUCTION.
... FOR THOSE TIMES, HEALTH CONDITIONS WERE GOOD AND THERE WAS USUALLY
SURPLUS POPULATION. FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS, IN FACT, THE MAIN EXPORT OF
THE CIRCASSIAN LANDS WAS PEOPLE; DEDICATED AS THEY WERE TO THEIR OWN TRADITIONS,
CIRCASSIAN MEN WERE ALWAYS READY TO VENTURE INTO THE WIDER WORLD AS SOLDIERS.
THE MAMLUKS OF EGYPT WERE LARGELY CIRCASSIANS AND GEORGIANS. ... THE CIRCASSIANS
SEEM TO PRESENT AN ANOMALY -- A PEOPLE WITH A COMMON LANGUAGE, COMMON PRIDE
IN THEIR HISTORY, AND FIERCE ADHERENCE TO TRADITIONS, BUT WITHOUT A WRITTEN
LANGUAGE OR RECORDED LAWS, AND WITH AN ABSENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
AND OF ORGANISATION TO PROVIDE FOR THEIR OWN DEFENCE. IT WAS NOT ONLY THEIR
CLASSICAL EDUCATION THAT CAUSED MANY EUROPEANS WHO VISITED THE CIRCASSIANS
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY TO COMPARE THEM TO THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND SEE
AMONG THEM SURVIVALS OF CLASSICAL GREEK CUSTOMS AND HABITS. CLASSICAL GREEKS
WERE NEVER UNITED POLITICALLY, EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD DEVELOPED URBAN CULTURE
TO A MUCH HIGHER DEGREE. INDIVIDUAL CITY-STATES FOUGHT BITTER WARS AGAINST
EACH OTHER. STILL, GREEKS WERE ALL CONSCIOUS OF BELONGING TO A GREEK NATION
WHICH WAS SHARPLY DIFFERENTIATED FROM THE BARBARIANS AROUND THEM. LIKE
THE ANCIENT GREEKS, CIRCASSIAN TRIBES RAIDED EACH OTHER AND TOOK PRISONERS
AND HOSTAGES AND THEN MET IN COUNCILS ON NEUTRAL GROUND TO REGULATE RELATIONS
BETWEEN TRIBES AND CLANS, DEBATE POLITICAL ISSUES, AND THEN HOLD GAMES
AND FESTIVALS, BUT THEIR FEELING OF COMMON NATIONALITY WAS NOT INSTITUTIONALISED
BEYOND THIS LEVEL. ... COSSACKS ADOPTED CIRCASSIAN CUSTOMS AND STYLE OF
LIFE WHICH WAS IN MANY RESPECTS OF A HIGHER QUALITY THAN THE RUSSIANS HAD
ATTAINED AT THE TIME. ... IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY THE BASIC RUSSIAN APPROACH
WAS TO DEVELOP ALLIANCE RELATIONSHIPS WITH AS MANY OF THE KABARDIAN ARISTOCRACY
AS POSSIBLE, GAIN THEIR ACQUIESCENCE IN A PERMANENT RUSSIAN PRESENCE IN
THE REGION, AND CONSTRUCT CHAINS OF FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS. OVER TIME, THEY
ACHIEVED CONSIDERABLE SUCCESS, BUT THERE WERE REPEATED REBELLIONS, FOR,
LIKE ALL CIRCASSIANS, THE KABARDIAN FREEMEN DID NOT ACKNOWLEDGE THE DOMINANCE
OF ANY SINGLE PRINCE, AND SOME PRINCES RESENTED FAVORITISM SHOWN TO RIVALS.
THE BULK OF THE PEOPLE SELDOM SAW MUCH GAIN FOR THEMSELVES IN RUSSIAN DOMINATION.
THESE EPISODES WERE PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT FOR SOVIET HISTORIANS TO DEAL
WITH AND RESULTED IN MUCH CONTROVERSY AND SOPHISTRY ABOUT THE 'VOLUNTARY'
INCORPORATION OF KABARDA INTO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND ABOUT WHICH GROUPS
AMONG KABARDIANS ACTUALLY FAVOURED IT". PAUL HENZE HAS SERVED ON THE US
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL FROM 1976 TO 1980. HE IS CONSULTANT TO THE RAND
CORPORATION AND AUTHOR OF SOVIET STRATEGY AND ISLAM}

CIRCASSIAN WAR. DAVID URQUHART. {THE AUTHOR, A REMARKABLE
SCOT, WAS BORN IN 1805. HE WAS THE FIRST BRITON TO ESPOUSE THE CAUSE OF
THE CIRCASSIANS. HE VISITED CIRCASSIA IN JULY AND AUGUST 1834. HE WAS APPOINTED
SECRETARY TO THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR IN TURKEY IN 1836. HE BECAME A FOCAL
POINT FOR THE CIRCASSIAN EXILE COMMUNITY IN CONSTANTINOPLE. HE SUFFERED
A SETBACK WHEN A SMALL BRITISH VESSEL, THE VIXEN, WAS CAPTURED LATE
IN 1836 BY THE RUSSIANS WHEN IT WAS TRYING TO RUN THEIR BLOCKADE OF THE
CIRCASSIAN COAST WITH A CARGO OF SALT. THE DIPLOMATIC INCIDENT WAS EMBARRASSING
TO ALL THE POWERS INVOLVED. URQUHART HAD PERSUADED ANOTHER BRITON, JAMES
STANISLAUS BELL, WHO HAD CHARTERED THE VESSEL AS A MERCHANT, TO DISPATCH
IT CONTRARY TO THE ADVICE OF PONSONBY, THE AMBASSADOR. URQUHART WAS EXPELLED
FROM THE EMBASSY AND THEN RECALLED TO LONDON IN 1837}

CIRCASSIAN WAR. JOHN MILTON MACKIE.

COMPANION TO RUSSIAN HISTORY. JOHN PAXTON. LONDON: BATSFORD Ltd.,
1983.

COUNT TODTLEBEN'S EXPEDITION TO GEORGIA 1769-1771, ACCORDING TO A FRENCH
EYEWITNESS [BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES,
Vol. XIII, PART 4, 1951, PP. 878-901], DAVID MARSHALL LANG.

CRUCIFYING THE ORIENT: RUSSIAN ORIENTALISM AND THE COLONIZATION OF CAUCASUS
AND CENTRAL ASIA. KALPANA SAHNI. ORCHID PRESS, JUNE 1997. (Hardcover
- 300 pages 1 edition; ISBN: 9748299503). {"This major
work lays bare the wilful destruction of peoples, cultures and the environment
by a centralised state. It is about the dehumanization of society, of human
dignity and human values. The nightmare goes back to czarist times, when
colonization of the ancestral lands of the peoples of Caucasus and Central
Asia commenced. It was then that the orientalist attitudes surfaced, so
admirably diagnosed by Edward Said in his major work "Orientalism", resulting
in the denigration of the conquered peoples, portraying them as savage
barbarians. The soviet leaders and system largely continued the basic policies,
and perpetuated the basic attitudes, of the czars towards the indigenous
peoples of the conquered lands."}

DAGHESTAN. NAJMUDDIN SAMURSKII-EFENDIEV. MOSCOW AND LENINGRAD: 1925.
{"A detailed and relatively objective account of the
1920-1 rebellion. Samurskii was one of the leading communists in Daghestan
at the time of the uprising. He was purged by Stalin and executed in 1937}

DAVID URQUHART AND THE EASTERN QUESTION, 1833-37: A STUDY IN PUBLICITY
AND DIPLOMACY [JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY, 1936, PP. 444-67], G. H.
BOLSOVER.

DAVID URQUHART: SOME CHAPTERS IN THE LIFE OF A VICTORIAN KNIGHT-ERRANT
OF JUSTICEAND LIBERTY. GERTRUDE ROBINSON. OXFORD, 1920. {BIOGRAPHY}

EMIGRATION OF MUSLIMS FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE YEARS AFTER THE
CRIMEAN WAR [JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS. NEUE FOLGE, Vol.
35, 3, 1987, PP. 356-71], ALAN W. FISHER.

ENGLAND AND RUSSIA IN THE EAST. MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY RAWLINSON.
LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, 1875. {THE AUTHOR WAS A BRITISH OFFICIAL
AND ORIENTALIST. "MODERATE SUPPORT OF SHAMIL MIGHT STILL, PERHAPS, SAVE
THE DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES, AND AS LONG AS HIS BANNER FLOATS FROM THE
SUMMITS OF THE CAUCASUS, SO LONG IS PERSIA SAFE FROM THE HOSTILE INVASION
OF A RUSSIAN ARMY."}

ENGLAND TO EGYPT, 1350-1500: LONG-TERM TRENDS AND LONG-DISTANCE TRADE.
ROBERT LOPEZ, HARRY MISKIMIN, AND ABRAHAM UDOVITCH. PP. 93-128 IN STUDIES
IN THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST FROM THE RISE OF ISLAM TO THE
PRESENT DAY. M. A. COOK (Ed.). LONDON: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1970.

ESSAYS ON EASTERN QUESTIONS. WILLIAM GIFFORD PALGRAVE. LONDON, 1872.
{"Of the early history of the Abkhasian race little
is known, and little was probably to be known. More than two thousand years
since we find them, in Greek records, inhabiting the narrow strip between
the mountains and the sea, along the eastern coast of the Euxine, precisely
where later records and the maps of our own day place them ... The remnant
of the old Abkhasian nation ... have at last, in time of full peace and
quiet, been driven from the mountains and coast where Greek, Roman, Persian,
and Turkish domination had left them unmolested for more than two thousand
years ... and nothing remains but the fast crumbling memorials of a sad
history of national folly rewarded by oppression, oppression by violence,
violence by desolation." This quote from Palgrave's work was taken from
the book The Abkhazians: a handbook. [Brian] George Hewitt
(Ed.). Curzon Press, 1999}

FIRE AND SWORD IN THE CAUCASUS: THE 19th CENTURY RESISTANCE
OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAINEERS [CENTRAL
ASIAN SURVEY, Vol. 2, No. 1, JULY 1983, pp. 5-44], PAUL B. HENZE. {On
the Russo-Circassian Wars of the 19th century}

IMPERIAL RUSSIA'S AFRICAN COLONY [SLAVIC REVIEW 27, JAN. 1968, PP
432-451], P. J. ROLLINS. {PORTRAYS ROLE OF CIRCASSIAN EMIGRES
IN CONVINCING THE COSSACKS TO COLONIZE ETHIOPIA. THE ACCOUNT IS COMIC,
ESPECIALLY THE FACT THAT IT WAS THE BRITISH WHO SUBSIDISED THE ADVENTURE}

KARS AND ERZEROUM. WITH THE CAMPAIGNS OF PRINCE PASKIEWITCH IN 1828
AND 1829 AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUESTS OF RUSSIA BEYOND THE CAUCASUS
FROM THE TIME OF PETER THE GREAT TO THE TREATY OF TURCUMAN CHIE AND ADRIANOPLE.
W[ILLIAM] MONTEITH. LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN AND LONGMANS, 1856.
{ON THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR, 1828-9, AND THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-6. ON PP.
305-16, APPENDIX, THERE IS THE TEXT OF THE PEACE TREATY OF ADRIANOPLE (1829)}

KHAZAR STUDIES: AN HISTORICO-PHILOLOGICAL INQUIRY INTO THE ORIGINS OF
THE KHAZARS. PETER B. GOLDEN, 1980.

KING ABDULLAH, BRITAIN AND THE MAKING OF JORDAN. MARY C. WILSON.
CAMBRIDGE - NEW YORK - MELBOURNE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1987. (289
pages. ISBN 0 521 324211 hardcover). {"In the 1880s
the Balqa' underwent a demographic change with the arrival of Circassian
immigrants fleeing Russian rule, which had been gradually extended southward
through the Caucasus in the nineteenth century. The immigrants, who had
appealed to the sultan for asylum, began to arrive in the qada' in
1878. An estimated 500 settled first among the Roman ruins at Amman (uninhabited
since Roman times) and then spread to several nearby sites. Granted land
and tax concessions by the sultan to facilitate their settlement, these
hardy and self-sufficient peasants held their own against the beduin and
even introduced large-wheeled carts and a system of dirt roads into the
area. The expansion of settlement and cultivation was not, however, exclusive
to the Circassians: ... The [Hijaz] railway brought increased employment,
trade and security, along with greater contact with the central [Ottoman]
government. Circassians at Amman were employed as laborers on the line
and in positions of lower management. Goods bought in Damascus for resale
in Transjordan were sent south by train and transported in Circassian carts
from the station to their point of sale. ... The main non-Arab ethnic group
was the Circassians, who constituted less than five percent of the population.
Their ethnic difference, however, was mitigated by their religion, Sunni
Islam, which they shared with the vast majority of Arabs in Transjordan.
... Circassians lived in exclusively Circassian settlements, except for
Amman which had begun to attract a more diverse population. ... Relations
between Muslims and Christians and between Circassians and Arabs were generally
good. When these groups came into conflict it was, at base, less a matter
of religion or ethnicity than a facet of the competition between pastoralists
and peasants for control of land. The Amman that Abdullah returned to after
his meeting with Churchill was a village of between 2,500 and 5,000 inhabitants.
Its population had been enlarged by the recent influx of Arab nationalists
following Faysal's ouster from Damascus, but its core was the group of
Circassian settlers that had been there since the 1880s. A small minority
in the region, they welcomed Abdullah and came under his protection. He
set up temporary headquarters in the home of Sa'id al-Mufti, a prominent
Circassian." The author received her BA from Oberlin College and her D.Phil.
from St Antony's College, Oxford. She has lived and travelled extensively
in the Middle East. Now a resident of Boston, she teaches modern Middle
Eastern history at New York University}

LA FRANCE ET LE CAUCASE A L'EPOQUE DE CHAMIL [CAHIERS DU MONDE RUSSE
ET SOVIETIQUE, 1978, PP. 5-65]. {VERY IMPORTANT FOR RESEARCH
INTO THE RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCE AND THE CAUCASUS IN THE YEARS OF SHAMIL'S
WAR WITH RUSSIA}

LA REVOLTE
DRUZE (SUITE). ANDREW TARNOWSKI. PUBLISHED BY REUTERS ON JULY 23rd,
1996. REPUBLISHED BY ALTERNATIVE IN ITS AUGUST 1996 ISSUE. {THE
DRUZE REVOLT OF 1925 AND THE ROLE OF THE CIRCASSIANS THEREIN. SEE ALSO
FIN DE LA REVOLTE DRUZO-SYRIENNE ABOVE. ALTERNATIVE IS A
MONTHLY BULLETIN ON LEBANON}

LAST OF THE EMPIRES: A HISTORY OF THE SOVIET UNION, 1945-1991. JOHN
KEEP. ?. {REVIEWED BY ROY D. LAIRD IN SLAVIC REVIEW, Vol.
55, No. 1, 1996, P. 188}

LE SOUFI ET LE COMMISSAIRE - LES CONFRERIES MUSULMANES EN URSS.
ALEXANDRE BENNIGSEN AND CHANTAL LEMERCIER-QUELQUEJAY. PARIS: EDITIONS DU
SEUIL, TEXT No. 3 OF ANNEXE PART 2. {"This book is
an expanded and updated version of the earlier work by Bennigsen and Enders
WimbushMYSTICS AND COMMISSARS. SUFISM IN THE SOVIET
UNION. LONDON: C. HURST & CO., 1985; BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES: UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, 1985." It deals with Sufism in the Northeast Caucasus
and Central Asia, and includes archival material and letters from Shamil}

MAMLUKIYYAT [JERUSALEM STUDIES IN ARABIC AND ISLAM, II, 1980, 321-40],
DAVID AYALON. {REPRINTED AS ARTICLE 1 IN OUTSIDERS IN
THE LAND OF ISLAM. MAMLUKS, MONGOLS AND EUNUCHS. DAVID AYALON. COLLECTED
STUDIES SERIES 269. LONDON, 1988. "EVEN THE MOST STURDY SONS OF THE
MAMLUKS WERE USUALLY INFERIOR AS MILITARY STUFF TO THOSE WHO WERE BORN
IN THE STEPPE. ... IN THEIR {i.e. THE MAMLUKS'} CASE NO CLASH COULD TAKE
PLACE BETWEEN THE REAL FAMILY AND THE SLAVE FAMILY. ... ONLY THE VERY BEST
{i.e. MAMLUKS} WERE PICKED - THE TOUGHEST AMONG THOSE TOUGH ONES WHO MANAGED
TO SURVIVE."}

MEMORIAL RELATING TO THE SLAVE TRADE IN EGYPT. GEORGE BALDWIN. IN
POLITICAL RECOLLECTIONS RELATIVE TO EGYPT. GEORGE BALDWIN. LONDON, 1802.
{THE AUTHOR LIVED IN EGYPT AT DIFFERENT TIMES FROM THE 1770s
TO THE 1790s. HE ATTRIBUTED THE DECLINE OF THE NUMBERS OF THE MAMLUKS TOWARDS
THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, AMONGST OTHER CAUSES, TO THE RUSSIAN
ADVANCE INTO THE CAUCASUS. HE NOTES THAT SINCE RUSSIA GAINED CONTROL OF
THEIR RECRUITING GROUND, ONLY ABOUT 100 MAMLUKS A YEAR WERE BEING BROUGHT
FOR SERVICE IN EGYPT}

MIGRATION AND ITS EFFECTS UPON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE OTTOMAN STATE
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. KEMAL H. KARPAT. PAPER PREPARED FOR THE
CONFERENCE ON THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE NEAR EAST, PRINCETON, 16-20 JUNE
1974.

MUSLIM RESISTANCE TO THE TSAR: SHAMIL AND THE CONQUEST OF CHECHNIA AND
DAGHESTAN. MOSHE GAMMER. LONDON: FRANK CASS, 1994; PORTLAND, OREGON:
FRANK CASS & CO., LTD c/o INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZED BOOK SERVICES,
Inc. (PP. XXIII, 452. NOTES, PP. 296-433. ISBN 071463431X).
{"MUCH HAS BEEN WRITTEN OVER THE YEARS ABOUT THE MUSLIM 'MURID'
MOVEMENT AND ITS LEADER SHAMIL (1798?-1871), WHO RESISTED THE TSARIST RUSSIAN
EXPANSION INTO CHECHAN AND DAGHESTAN FOR MORE THAN A QUARTER OF A CENTURY.
THIS NEW STUDY, BASED ON PAINSTAKING RESEARCH IN MULTILINGUAL ARCHIVES,
OFFERS A FRESH INSIGHT INTO A SUBJECT THAT GENERATES CONSTANT CONTROVERSY
IN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY AND HAS OFTEN BEEN MISINTERPRETED BY WESTERN
SCHOLARS. ... A BORN LEADER WITHOUT BEING AN EXTREMIST, SHAMIL UNITED MANY
TRIBES INTO A UNIFIED STATE AND, DESPITE THE IMBALANCE OF POWER, PROVED
ADEPT AT OUTMANOEUVRING THE RUSSIANS AND TURNING THEIR MISTAKES TO HIS
OWN ADVANTAGE. ... IN THE END, HOWEVER, SHAMIL HAD TO SUBMIT TO THE OVERWHELMING
MIGHT OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. YET HIS MOUNTAINEERS WERE NOT RECONCILED TO
RUSSIAN RULE, AND REBELLIONS CONTINUED TO BREAK OUT FOR MANY YEARS AFTER
SHAMIL'S FINAL SURRENDER IN 1859. HE IS STILL REGARDED AS A HERO BY MUSLIMS
IN AND FAR AWAY FROM RUSSIA TODAY." REVIEWED BY A. RHINELANDER IN INTERNATIONAL
HISTORY REVIEW (ISSN 0707-5332), Vol. 17, No. 4, 1995, P. 795 ff.,
BY P. B. GOLDEN IN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES (ISSN
0020-7438), Vol. 27, No. 4, S1995, P 520 ff., BY E. J. LAZZERINI
IN RUSSIAN REVIEW (STANFORD THEN COLUMBUS, ISSN 0036-0341), Vol. 54,
No. 4, 1995, P. 630 ff., BY THOMAS M. BARRETT IN SLAVIC REVIEW (ISSN
0037-6779), Vol. 54, No. 3, 1995, P. 725 ff., AND BY C. P. SIDORKO
IN JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS (ISSN 0021-4019), Vol. 43, No.
2, 1995, P. 278 ff. MOSHE GAMMER IS A LECTURER IN HISTORY AT TEL AVIV
AND BAR ILAN UNIVERSITIES. BETWEEN 1977 AND 1983 HE WAS A MEMBER OF THE
SHILOAH CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN STUDIES AND PUBLISHED A NUMBER
OF DIFFERENT STUDIES. HE TOOK HIS Ph.D. AT THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS,
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. HIS RESEARCH FOR THIS BOOK TOOK HIM TO HELSINKI,
PARIS AND ISTANBUL, WHERE HE CO-OPERATED WITH LOCAL SCHOLARS. THERE ARE
12 ILLUSTRATIONS AND 22 MAPS. A CHRONOLOGY IS GIVEN ON XVII-XXIII}

NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF COLLECTIVIZATION IN GEORGIA [CAUCASIAN REVIEW,
MUNICH (CRM), No. 6, 1958, PP. 97-106], GRIGORY URATADZE. {"The
writer was born in Georgia in 1880. He was a journalist. He authored several
monographs and numerous articles on the Revolutionary movement in Georgia
and the Soviet nationalities policy. He was an associate of the Institute
for the Study of the USSR."}

ORIGINES DES CIRCASSIENS. AYTEK NAMITOK.PARIS:
P. GEUTHNER, 1939. / SOAS. {PROFESSOR NAMITOK (1892-1963)
WAS BORN IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS. HE PUBLISHED MANY BOOKS AND ARTICLES ON
CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE AND HISTORY. THIS BOOK HAS MANY REFERENCES}

OTTOMAN IMPERIALISM DURING THE REFORMATION: EUROPE AND THE CAUCASUS.
CARL MAX KORTEPETER. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATION
/ NEW YORK UNIVERSITY; 5. NEW YORK: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1972. (XIX,
278 PAGES. ISBN 0-8147-4552-0)

POPULATION MOVEMENT IN THE OTTOMAN STATE AND MODERNIZATION: THE BULGARIAN
AND CIRCASSIAN MIGRATIONS 1857-1880.KEMAL H. KARPAT. PAPER
PRESENTED TO THE 5th NATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SLAVIC STUDIES, DALLAS, 15-18 MARCH, 1972.

PROBING PARITY BETWEEN HISTORY AND ORAL TRADITION: PUTTING SHORA NOGMOV'S
HISTORY OF THE ADYGEI PEOPLE IN ITS PLACE [CENTRAL
ASIAN SURVEY, Vol. 17, No. 2, JUNE 1998, pp. 319-36], BRIAN J. BOECK.

PROGRESS AND PRESENT POSITION OF RUSSIA IN THE EAST. DAVID URQUHART.
LONDON, 1838. {The author was a staunch supporter
of the cause of the North Caucasians}

PROMETHEUS AND THE BOLSHEVIKS. JOHN LEHMANN. NEW YORK: ALFRED A.
KNOPF. (256 PAGES).

PROTECTORS
OR PRAETORIANS?: THE LAST MAMLUK SULTANS AND EGYPT'S WANING AS A GREAT
POWER. CARL F. PETRY. A VOLUME IN THE SUNY SERIES IN MEDIEVAL MIDDLE
EAST STUDIES, SERIES EDITOR: JERE L. BACHARACH. ALBANY, NEW YORK: STATE
UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS, NOVEMBER 1994. {280 PAGES.
PAPERBACK: ISBN 0 7914 2140 6. PRICE: $19.95. HARDBACK: ISBN 0 7914 2139
2. PRICE: $59.50). {"THIS ANALYSIS OF STATE POLICY UNDER THE LAST TWO MAMLUK
RULERS ENABLES MODERN READERS TO OBSERVE A PIVOTAL ERA IN THE HISTORY OF
EGYPT AND SOUTHWEST ASIA. BESET WITH EXTERNAL THREATS AND INTERNAL DISSENT,
THE MAMLUK SULTANATE CONFRONTED PROFOUND CHALLENGES IN ITS WANING YEARS.
... THE AUTHOR DEPICTS HOW EACH MONARCH DIFFERED IN HIS RESPONSES TO THE
BUREAUCRATIC AND MILITARY DILEMMAS HE FACED. AL-ASHRAF QAYTBAY REMAINED
A STALWART CONSERVATOR OF TRADITIONAL SOLDIERLY VALUES. HE WOULD BE REVERED
BY LATER GENERATIONS AS AN EXEMPLARY OFFICER AND PIOUS BELIEVER. QANSUH
AL-GHAWRI, HOWEVER, EXHIBITED LITTLE REGARD FOR HALLOWED TRADITIONS, MILITARY
OR RELIGIOUS. BURDENED BY IRREMEDIAL BANKRUPTCY AND ENDEMIC SEDITION, HE
INITIATED THE FIRST STEPS TOWARD INNOVATION SINCE THE ARCHITECTS
OF THE MAMLUK SYSTEM FOUNDED THE REGIME DURING THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
... THE CONTRASTING STYLES OF THESE TWO SULTANS IS EXAMINED IN THE CONTEXT
OF THE FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC EVENTS THAT SHAPED THEIR REIGNS. THE STRATEGIES
THAT THEY DEVISED TO DEAL WITH ENDEMIC CRISES DECISIVELY INFLUENCED THE
NATURE OF BUREAUCRATIC PROCEDURES IN EGYPT, INFLUENCE THAT IS STILL EVIDENT
IN ITS GOVERNMENT TODAY." REVIEWED BY W. F. COOK IN MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
(ISSN 0026-3141), Vol. 49, No. 4, 1995, P. 691 ff.; BY DONALD P. LITTLE
IN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST STUDIES (ISSN 0020-7438), Vol.
28, No. 2, 1996, P. 268 ff.; BY U. HAARMANN IN BRITISH JOURNAL OF
MIDDLE EAST STUDIES (ISSN 1353-0194), Vol. 24, No. 2, 1997, P. 269 ff.;
AND J. P. BERKEY IN MIDDLE EAST STUDIES ASSOCIATION BULLETIN, Vol. 31,
No. 1, 1997, P. 86 ff. THE AUTHOR IS PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT NORTHWESTERN
UNIVERSITY}

PUNISHED
PEOPLES: THE MASS DEPORTATIONS OF THE 1940s.UNHCR
(UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES) PUBLICATION FOR "REGIONAL
CONFERENCE TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEMS OF REFUGEES, DISPLACED PERSONS, OTHER
FORMS OF INVOLUNTARY DISPLACEMENT AND RETURNEES IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES AND RELEVANT NEIBHORING STATES", HELD
IN GENEVA ON 30-31 MAY 1996.

REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS: END OF THE 19th - BEGINNING
OF THE 20th CENTURY [CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY (SPECIAL ISSUE ON THE NORTH
CAUCASUS), Vol. 10, No. 1/2, 1991, PP. 119-32], VASSAN-GIRAY CABAGI. {CABAGI
WAS MINISTER OF FINANCE OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAIN REPUBLIC. SOME
REFERENCES GIVE JABAGI. ALSO WRITTEN DJABAGUI}

RUSSIA - A SOCIAL HISTORY. D. S. MIRSKY. {"... NOT
THE LEAST CURIOUS FEATURE OF THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF THE CAUCASUS WAS THAT
IT LED TO THE ADOPTION OF A NUMBER OF CAUCASIAN, MAINLY QABARDI, CULTURAL
TRAITS - DRESS, ARMS AND DANCES - BY THE RUSSIAN COSSACKS AND GEORGIANS."}

RUSSIA IN THE AGE OF REACTION AND REFORM, 1801-1881. DAVID SAUNDERS
(1951 - ).

RUSSIA UNDER THE OLD REGIME. R[ICHARD] [E.] PIPES. HARMONDSWORTH:
PENGUIN, 1977. {A "PATRIMONIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT" IN WHICH
SOVEREIGNTY IS CONFUSED WITH OWNERSHIP, HAS BEEN A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE
OF RUSSIA SINCE THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. THIS EXPLAINS THE TENACITY WITH
WHICH RUSSIAN GOVERNMENTS, WHATEVER THEIR PROFESSED IDEOLOGY, HAVE HELD
ON TO EVERY SQUARE INCH OF LAND THAT HAS EVER BELONGED TO ANY OF THEM}

SERGEI KIROV AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SOVIET POWER IN THE TEREK REGION,
1917-1918. RICHARD DOUGLAS KING (1950-). MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY SERIES.
NEW YORK: GARLAND, 1987. (V, 415 PAGES. 24 cm. ISBN 0824080564).
{Detailed treatment of the establishment of Bolshevik rule in the
North Caucasus. Map. Bibliography on pp. 401-15. Revision of Ph.D. thesis,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1983}

SHAMIL AND MURIDISM IN RECENT SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY [AMERICAN SLAVIC
AND EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 20, 1961, PP 253-69], LOWELL R. TILLET. {ON
THE CONFLICT OVER INTERPRETATION OF THE MOVEMENT. SEE ALSO THE GREAT
FRIENDSHIP BELOW}

STUDIES IN AL-JABARTI I: NOTES ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF MAMLUK SOCIETY
IN EGYPT UNDER THE OTTOMANS, PARTS 1-2 [JOURNAL OF THE ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE ORIENT (JESHO), Vol. 3, No. 2, 1960, pp. 148-74,
AND Vol. 3, No. 3, 1960, PP. 275-325], DAVID AYALON. {"THE
MILITARY SOCIETY IN OTTOMAN EGYPT, PARTICULARLY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY,
SHOWED THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A FULLY FLEDGED MAMLUK ORGANIZATION AND CULTURE,
STRIKINGLY SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE LATE MEDIEVAL MAMLUK SULTANATE, DESPITE
SOME VERY IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES. MAMLUK MILITARY SOCIETY UNDERWENT A DEEP
TRANSFORMATION DURING THE OTTOMAN RULE OF EGYPT. ... WHAT IS MORE SIGNIFICANT
IS THE RESILIENCE OF MAMLUK TRADITIONS AND MENTALITY DESPITE THAT TRANSFORMATION."}

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE NAQSHBANDIYYA IN DAGHESTAN AND THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST
OF THE CAUCASUS [DIE WELT DES ISLAMS 34, 2, 1994, PP. 204-17], MOSHE
GAMMER.

THE BEYLICATE IN OTTOMAN EGYPT DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY [BULLETIN
OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (BSOAS), Vol. 3, 1961], P.
M. HOLT. {REPUBLISHED AS THE FOLLOWING}

id. P. M. HOLT. PP. 177-219 IN STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF THE NEAR EAST.
P. M. HOLT (Ed.). LONDON, 1973. {"THE BEYLICATE, WHICH
BECAME THE LEADING POLITICAL AND MILITARY FORCE IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY
EGYPT, WAS IN MANY RESPECTS A CONTINUATION (OR REVIVAL) OF THE HIGH EMIRATE
OF THE MAMLUK SULTANATE. THE INSTITUTION OF THE BEYLICATE SAW UPS AND DOWNS,
BUT THROUGH IT MAMLUK TRADITIONS WERE PRESERVED. BY THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY,
THE MAMLUK BEYS WERE VIRTUALLY IN CONTROL OF EGYPTIAN POLITICS, ALTHOUGH
THEY RECOGNIZED THE OTTOMAN SULTAN IN ISTANBUL AS THEIR SUPREME SOVEREIGN."}

THE CAIRO NILOMETER: EGYPT AND SYRIA UNDER THE CIRCASSIAN SULTANS, 1382-1468
A. D. WILLIAM POPPER. {REVIEWED BY D. S. RICE IN BULLETIN
OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (BSOAS), Vol. 17, 1955, P.
185. ALSO REVIEWED BY HANS ROBERT ROEMER IN DIE WELT DES ISLAMS,
Vol. (n.s.) 7, 1961, PP. 201-3 (TOGETHER WITH ANOTHER WORK BY POPPER)}

THE CHECHENS AND THE INGUSH DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD AND ITS ANTECEDENTS.
ABDURAHMAN AVTORKHANOV. PP. 146-94 IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER. MARIE
BENNIGSEN-BROXUP. LONDON: HURST & CO., 1992. {AVTORKHANOV
IS A CHECHEN BY BIRTH. ONE OF HIS FIRST BOOKS, REVOLUTION AND COUNTER
REVOLUTION IN CHECHNIA, WAS PUBLISHED IN GROZNYI IN 1933. HE WAS ARRESTED
IN 1937 DURING THE STALINIST PURGES AND ACCUSED OF BEING 'AN ENEMY OF THE
PEOPLES'. HE WAS RELEASED IN 1942 AND EMIGRATED TO THE WEST IN 1943. HIS
BOOKS, LONG FORBIDDEN IN THE SOVIET UNION, WERE READ ASSIDUOUSLY BY SOVIET
DISSIDENTS. AMONG THE MOST RECENT ARE STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF BREZHNEV:
POLITICAL STUDIES (1980), THE ENIGMA OF STALIN'S DEATH: BERIA'S
CONSPIRACY (1981), THE ORIGINS OF THE PARTOCRACY AND TECHNOLOGY
OF POWER (1983) AND THE EMPIRE OF THE KREMLIN (1986). A HERO
IN HIS NATIVE CHECHNIA, HE HAS RECENTLY BEEN REHABILITATED. "IN SPITE OF
THE EXISTENCE OF DISTINCT LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS, THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAINEERS
ARE ESSENTIALLY ONE PEOPLE CONSISTING OF KINDERED TRIBES SHARING A COMMON
HISTORY AND CULTURE." PP.
146-154 CAN BE VIEWED ON-LINE. FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS, REFER TO THE AUTHORS
CONTRIBUTION IN LE
MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE, JANVIER 1995, PAGE 4}

THE CIRCASSIAN HISTORY. RAMAZAN TRAHO.

THE CIRCASSIANS IN THE MAMLUK KINGDOM. DAVID
AYALON. IN THE MAMLUK RACES, A CHAPTER FROM A WORK ON THE MAMLUK
ARMY. {EXTRACTS FROM THIS PAPER CAN BE FOUND IN THE HISTORY
SECTION OF THIS SITE UNDER THE SAME TITLE} GO
TO 'CIRCASSIANS IN THE MAMLUK KINGDOM' ARTICLE. {REPRINT
OF FOLLOWING ARTICLE}

THE EASTERN QUESTION, A REPRINT OF LETTERS WRITTEN 1853-56 DEALING WITH
THE EVENTS OF THE CRIMEAN WAR. LONDON: SWAN, SONNENSCHEIN & Co.
Ltd. Republished: NEW YORK: AUGUSTUS M. KELLEY PUBLISHERS, 1969. {"This
work is the result of collecting, collating and editing all of Marx's correspondence
for the New York Tribune from the Crimean War period by his daughter
Eleanor Marx Aveling and her husband Edward Aveling in the 1880s" - Bulent
Gokay}

THE EMERGENCE OF THE MAMLUK ARMY [STUDIA ISLAMICA, 1977, PP. 67-99],
S. HUMPHREYS.

THE END OF THE CAUCASIAN FRONT [SLAVIC REVIEW 27, JAN. 1968, PP
17-26], VICKTOR SHKLOVSKY. (TRANSLATED BY R. SHELDON). {THIS
IS A ROMANTIC ACCOUNT OF THE CONFLICT OF THE CAUCASIANS WITH THE COLONIALS,
i.e., THE COSSACKS}

THE END OF THE MAMLUK SULTANATE: WHY DID THE OTTOMANS SPARE THE MAMLUKS
OF EGYPT AND WIPE OUT THE MAMLUKS OF SYRIA? [STUDIA ISLAMICA, Vol.
65, 1987, PP. 125-48], DAVID AYALON. {Reprinted in
his Islam and the Abode of War. Aldershot: Variorum, 1994}

THE EXALTED LINEAGE OF RIDWAN BEY: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON A SEVENTEENTH-
CENTURY MAMLUK GENEALOGY [BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN
STUDIES (BSOAS), Vol. 12, 1959

id. P. M. HOLT. PP. 220-30 IN STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF THE NEAR EAST.
P. M. HOLT (Ed.). LONDON, 1973. {ON THE GENEALOGY OF
RIDWAN BEY AL-FAQARI, AMIR AL-HAJJ FOR ALMOST A QUARTER OF A CENTURY.
"THE AUTHOR OF RIDWAN'S SPURIOUS PEDIGREE CLAIMS THAT THE GREAT AMIR
AL-HAJJ WAS DESCENDED BOTH FROM THE CIRCASSIAN MAMLUK SULTANS AND FROM
QURAYSH, THE PROPHET'S TRIBE, THUS MAKING HIM OF A NOBLER ORIGIN THAN THE
OTTOMAN DYNASTY ITSELF.". "THE GENEALOGY TRACES RIDWAN'S LINEAGE TO THE
MAMLUK SULTAN BARQUQ (1382-99) AND THENCE TO THE QURAYSH. HOLT CONSTRUES
THE GENEALOGY AS RIDWAN BEY'S ATTEMPT TO FORGE A MORE LEGITIMATE PEDIGREE
THAN THAT OF THE OTTOMAN SULTAN AND PERHAPS TO JUSTIFY A BID FOR AUTONOMY."}

THE EXPANSION OF RUSSIA, 1815-1900. F. H. SKRINE. CAMBRIDGE, 1904.

THE EXPEDITION OF THE CHESAPEAK TO CIRCASSIA. LONDON: FREE PRESS
OFFICE, 1864.

THE FATE OF THE MUSLIMS. JUSTIN McCARTHY. {THIS WORK
FILLS A SERIOUS GAP IN MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY, WHICH HAS LARGELY IGNORED
THE CIRCASSIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE AND GIVEN LESS ATTENTION TO THE MASS MIGRATION
WHICH CAME IN THE WAKE OF THE RUSSIAN OCCUPATION OF CIRCASSIAN LANDS. THIS
GREAT EXODUS WAS THE FIRST OF THE VIOLENT MASS TRANSFERS OF POPULATION
WHICH THIS PART OF THE WORLD HAS SUFFERED IN MODERN TIMES}

THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF EGYPT. HASSANEIN RABIE. OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY
PRESS, 1972.

THE GEORGIAN
CHRONICLE (JUANSHER'S CONCISE HISTORY OF THE GEORGIANS). TRANSLATED
FROM THE ARMENIAN MANUSCRIPTS BY ROBERT BEDROSIAN. NEW YORK, 1991.

THE GEORGIAN PURGES (1951-53) [CAUCASIAN REVIEW, MUNICH (CRM), Vol.
1, No. 6, 1958, PP. 54-61],JOHN DUCOLI. {"The
writer was born in 1922. He studied at the University of California. He
has published a number of articles on the USSR. At the time of publishing
he was a junior college teacher."}

THE GREAT FRIENDSHIP: SOVIET HISTORIANS ON THE NON-RUSSIAN NATIONALITIES.
LOWELL R. TILLET. CHAPEL HILL, NORTH CAROLINA: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
PRESS, 1969. {ON THE CONFLICT OVER THE INTERPRETATION OF
THE MURID MOVEMENT IN THE NORTHEAST CAUCASUS. SEE ALSO SHAMIL AND MURIDISM
IN RECENT SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY ABOVE}

THE HISTORY OF EGYPT, 1382-1468 A. D. WILLIAM POPPER. {REVIEWED
BY D. S. RICE IN BULLETIN OF THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES
(BSOAS), Vol. 17, 1955, P. 185. ALSO REVIEWED BY HANS ROBERT ROEMER
IN DIE WELT DES ISLAMS, Vol. (n.s.) 7, 1961, PP. 201-3 (TOGETHER
WITH ANOTHER WORK BY POPPER). PART III, 1412-1422, IS REVIEWED BY ANDREW
S. EHRENKREUTZ IN ARS ORIENTALIS, Vol. 4, 1961, PP. 428-430 (TOGETHER
WITH ANOTHER WORK BY POPPER)}

THE HISTORY OF THE JEWISH KHAZARS. DOUGLAS M. DUNLOP. PRINCETON
UNIVERSITY, 1954, 1967. {SEE ALSO THE THIRTEENTH TRIBE
... BELOW}

THE HITTITES. O. R. GURNEY, 1952. / UNI. MAN.

THE HITTITES AND THEIR HISTORY [JOURNAL OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS,
Vol. 9, 1994, PP. 104-14], JOHAN DE ROOS.

THE INCORPORATION OF THE CAUCASUS INTO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: THE CASE
OF GEORGIA,1801-1854. LAWRENCE HAMILTON RHINELANDER. UNPUBLISHED
Ph.D. THESIS, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 1972.

ARONSON INC., 1999. (360 pages, 24 cm. Cloth/Hardcover. ISBN: 0-7657-6032-0;
Dimensions (in inches): 1.35 x 9.32 x 6.36). {"The
Jews of Khazaria recounts the eventful history of the Turkic kingdom
of Khazaria, which was located in eastern Europe and flourished as an independent
state from about 650 A.D. to 1016 A.D. In the ninth century, the Khazarian
royalty and nobility as well as a significant portion of the Khazarian
population embraced the Jewish religion." Bibliography on pp. 325-41. Amazon
Books Info}

THE MAMLUK BEYLICATE OF EGYPT IN THE LAST DECADES BEFORE ITS DESTRUCTION
BY MUHAMMAD 'ALI PASHA IN 1811. DANIEL CRECELIUS. CHAPTER 8, PP. 128-49
IN THE MAMLUKS IN EGYPTIAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY. THOMAS PHILIPP AND
ULRICH HAARMANN (Eds.). CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION. CAMBRIDGE:
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1998. {THE AUTHOR IS AT THE
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES}

THE MAMLUK MILITARY SOCIETY. DAVID AYALON. COLLECTED STUDIES SERIES
104. LONDON, 1979.

THE MAMLUK NOVICE: ON HIS YOUTHFULNESS AND ON HIS ORIGINAL RELIGION
[COLLECTED STUDIES SERIES CS, ISSN 0961-7582, No. 456, 1994, P. 1 ff.].

THE MAMLUKS IN EGYPTIAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY. THOMAS PHILIPP AND
ULRICH HAARMANN (Eds). CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION. CAMBRIDGE:
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1998. (XIV, 289 Pages.
Index: 290-306. ISBN 0 521 59115 5 (hb). Price: £35).
{CONTENTS: I MAMLUK RULE AND SUCCESSION: 1- LITERARY OFFERINGS:
A GENRE OF COURTLY LITERATURE, P. M. HOLT (EMERITUS SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL
AND AFRICAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON); 2- RANK-AND-FILE MAMLUKS VERSUS
AMIRS: NEW NORMS IN THE MAMLUK MILITARY INSTITUTION, AMALIA LEVANONI (UNIVERSITY
OF HAIFA); 3- MAMLUK AMIRS AND THEIR FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS, DONALD S.
RICHARDS (OXFORD UNIVERSITY); 4- JOSEPH'S LAW - THE CAREERS AND ACTIVITIES
OF MAMLUK DESCENDANTS BEFORE THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST OF EGYPT, ULRICH HAARMANN
(CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS-UNIVERSITAT ZU KIEL); II MAMLUK HOUSEHOLDS: COHERENCE
AND DISINTEGRATION: 5- THE RE-EMERGENCE OF THE MAMLUKS FOLLOWING THE
OTTOMAN CONQUEST, MICHAEL WINTER (TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY); 6- 'MAMLUK HOUSEHOLDS'
AND 'MAMLUK FACTIONS' IN OTTOMAN EGYPT: A RECONSIDERATION, JANE HATHAWAY
(OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY); 7- PERSONAL LOYALTY AND POLITICAL POWER OF THE
MAMLUKS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, THOMAS PHILIPP (FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDER-UNIVERSITAT
ERLANGEN NURNBERG); 8- THE MAMLUK BEYLICATE OF EGYPT IN THE LAST DECADES
BEFORE ITS DESTRUCTION BY MUHAMMAD 'ALI PASHA IN 1811, DANIEL CRECELIUS
(CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES; III MAMLUK CULTURE, SCIENCE
AND EDUCATION: 9- MAMLUK ASTRONOMY AND THE INSTITUTION OF THE MUWAQQIT,
DAVID A. KING (JOHANN-WOLFGANG-GOETHE-UNIVERSITAT); 10- THE MAMLUKS AS
MUSLIMS: THE MILITARY ELITE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF ISLAM IN MEDIEVAL EGYPT,
JONATHAN P. BERKEY (DAVIDSON COLLEGE, NORTH CAROLINA); 11- THE LATE TRIUMPH
OF THE PERSIAN BOW: CRITICAL VOICES ON THE MAMLUK MONOPOLY ON WEAPONRY,
ULRICH HAARMANN (CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS-UNIVERSITAT ZU KIEL); 12- CONCEPTS
OF HISTORY AS REFLECTED IN ARABIC HISTORIOGRAPHICAL WRITING IN OTTOMAN
SYRIA AND EGYPT (1517-1700), OTFRIED WEINTRITT (UNIVERSITAT FREIBURG);
13- CULTURAL LIFE IN MAMLUK HOUSEHOLDS (LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD), NELLY HANNA
(AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO); IV MAMLUK PROPERTY, GEOGRAPHY AND URBAN
SOCIETY: 14- THE RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS OF CAIRO'S ELITE IN THE MAMLUK
AND OTTOMAN PERIODS (FOURTEENTH TO EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES), ANDRE RAYMOND
(EMERITUS UNIVERSITE DE PROVENCE, AIX-EN-PROVENCE); 15- PATTERNS OF URBAN
PATRONAGE IN CAIRO: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MAMLUK AND THE OTTOMAN PERIODS,
DORIS BEHRENS-ABOUSEIF (UNIVERSITAT MUNCHEN); 16- NOTES ON THE EARLY NAZAR
AL-KHASS, DONALD P. LITTLE (McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL); 17- COPTIC
FESTIVALS OF THE NILE: ABERRATIONS OF THE PAST?, HUDA LUTFI (AMERICAN UNIVERSITY
IN CAIRO; 18- MARRIAGE IN LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EGYPT, AFAF LUTFI AL-SAYYID
MARSOT (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES). "FOR MORE THAN HALF A MILLENIUM
THE MAMLUKS - MILITARY SLAVES EMANATING FROM THE STEPPES OF SOUTHERN RUSSIA
AND LATER FROM THE CAUCASUS AND THE BALKANS - WIELDED POWER OVER EGYPT.
DURING THIS TIME THEY FORMED A REMARKABLE POLITICAL, MILITARY AND ECONOMIC
ELITE, RULING AS SOVEREIGNS FROM 1250 TO 1517 AND, AFTER THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST
OF EGYPT, REGAINING MUCH OF THEIR FORMER PARAMOUNTCY UNDER TURKISH SUPREMACY.
IN THIS COLLECTION OF ESSAYS, THOMAS PHILIPP AND ULRICH HAARMAAN HAVE BROUGHT
TOGETHER THE RESEARCH OF SOME OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS IN THE
FIELD TO PROVIDE AN ACCESSIBLE AND COHERENT INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE
OF POLITICAL POWER UNDER THE MAMLUKS AND ITS ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS. THE
ESSAYS ALSO OFFER A UNIQUE INSIGHT INTO THE MAMLUK HOUSEHOLDS AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP WITH THE INDIGENOUS EGYPTIAN POPULATION." THOMAS PHILIPP
IS PROFESSOR AT THE INSTITUT FUR POLITISCHE WISSENSCHAFT IN ERLANGEN. HIS
PUBLICATIONS INCLUDE THE SYRIANS IN EGYPT, 1725-1975 (1985) AND,
WITH G. SCHWALD, AL-JABARTI'S HISTORY OF EGYPT: A GUIDE (1994).
ULRICH HAARMAAN IS PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITAT KIEL. HE IS THE
EDITOR OF GESCHICHTE DER ARABISCHEN WELT}

THE MEDIEVAL NEAR EAST: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY. ELIYAHU ASHTOR.
LONDON: VARIORUM, 1978. {REVIEWED BY P. M. HOLT IN BULLETIN
OF THE SCOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (BSOAS), Vol. 42, 1979, P.
414}

THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA IN WORLD POLITICS: A DOCUMENTARY RECORD,
Vol. I, EUROPEAN EXPANSION, 1533-1914. J. C. HUREWITZ (Ed.). NEW HAVEN,
1975, 2nd Ed. {DOCUMENT No. 32, PP. 92-101 IS THE TEXT OF
THE PEACE TREATY OF KUCUK KAYNARCA}

THE MIDDLE EAST IN THE MIDDLE AGES: THE EARLY MAMLUK SULTANATE 1250-1382.
ROBERT IRWIN. CARBONDALE: SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1986. (180
PAGES. ISBN 0-8093-1286-7). {THIS IS THE BAHRI PERIOD PRIOR TO THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE CIRCASSIAN BURJI SULTANATE BY BARQUQ}

THE MODERN HISTORY OF JORDAN. KAMAL SALIBI. LONDON-NEW YORK: I.
B. TAURIS & Co Ltd Publishers, 1993. (298
pages. ISBN 1-85043-610-X). {"The principal support
on which the Ottomans could safely rely in the area, as they sought to
pacify it, were the Circassian farming communities settled in and around
Amman. A stalwart Muslim people from the Caucasus region, the Circassians
were subjected to persecution when the Russians took over their land in
the latter decades of the nineteenth century. They began to arrive in Transjordan
as refugees in 1878, and continued to do so until 1909, with the encouragement
of the Ottoman government. Before long, they were provided with arms to
defend themselves against their bedouin neighbours and became loyal subjects
of the sultan. ... The Circassian farmers of Amman and its vicinity, for
example, had long been weary of living, year after year, under the threat
of bedouin raids." Includes a map. The author is Professor of History at
the American University of Beirut. He has authored many books on the history
of the Middle East}

THE MUSLIM CITY AND THE MAMLUK MILITARY ARISTOCRACY. DAVID AYALON.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISRAEL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, 2, 1968,
PP. 311-29. {REPRINTED AS ARTICLE 7 IN STUDIES ON THE
MAMLUKS OF EGYPT. DAVID AYALON.COLLECTED STUDIES SERIES 62. LONDON 1977}

THE NATION KILLERS: THE SOVIET DEPORTATION OF NATIONALITIES. ROBERT
CONQUEST. LONDON - NEW YORK: MACMILLAN AND CO. LTD, 1970. (Two editions.
222 pages). {On Stalin's deportation of Chechens and
Ingushes during WWII}

THE NORTH CAUCASUS BARRIER: THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TOWARDS THE MUSLIM WORLD.
MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP (Ed.). LONDON: C. HURST & CO.; NEW YORK: St.
MARTIN'S PRESS, 1992. 2nd IMPRESSION 1996. (XVII,
252 pages. 23 cm. ISBN 1850650691. Available from ZORA
BOOKS . Price: £14.94). {CONTENTS:
PREFACE; INTRODUCTION: RUSSIA AND THE NORTH CAUCASUS; COOPTATION
OF THE ELITES OF KABARDA AND DAGHESTAN IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY; RUSSIAN
STRATEGIES IN THE CONQUEST OF CHECHNIA AND DAGHESTAN, 1825-1859; CIRCASSIAN
RESISTANCE TO RUSSIA, PAUL B. HENZE (62-112); THE LAST GHAZAWAT:
THE 1920-1921 UPRISING; THE CHECHENS AND THE INGUSH DURING THE SOVIET
PERIOD AND ITS ANTECEDENTS; INTERNATIONALISM, NATIONALISM AND ISLAM
BEFORE 1990; AFTER THE PUTSCH, 1991, MARIE BENNIGSEN BROXUP.
"IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE SUFFERED TWO MILITARY AND
POLITICAL DEFEATS IN THE EAST: IN MANCHURIA IN 1905, INFLICTED BY THE JAPANESE,
AND IN AFGHANISTAN IN 1989, AT THE HANDS OF THE AFGHAN MUJAHIDIN.
BOTH DEBACLES PRECEDED MAJOR INTERNAL UPHEAVALS AND REVOLUTIONS WHICH MARKED
THE END OF AN IMPERIAL TRADITION AND OF AN ERA - THE TSARIST EMPIRE OF
THE ROMANOVS IN THE FIRST CASE, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
IN THE SECOND. HOWEVER, ONE MULTINATIONAL EMPIRE REMAINS, ALBEIT A MUCH
REDUCED ONE - THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION LED BY PRESIDENT BORIS YELTSIN. ...
THIS BOOK DEALS WITH THE HISTORY OF THE MUSLIM NORTH CAUCASUS, ONE OF THE
REMAINING AND MOST REBELLIOUS COLONIAL DOMINIONS LEFT TO RUSSIA. THE WRITINGS
PRESENTED HERE COVER A SPAN OF FOUR CENTURIES, INCLUDING IVAN THE TERRIBLE'S
STRATEGIC ALLIANCE WITH CIRCASSIAN NOBLEMEN, THE HOLY WARS AND CONQUEST
OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, THE 1917 OCTOBER REVOLUTION, THROUGH TO THE
PRESENT CRISIS TO CHECHNIA AND INGUSHETIA WHICH MAY WELL PRESAGE THE DISINTEGRATION
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS WE KNOW IT. IT IS ARGUED THAT THE NORTH CAUCASUS,
REPEATEDLY CONQUERED BUT NEVER SUBDUED, HAS PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN SHAPING
RUSSIAN COLONIAL POLICY AND MISTRUST OF ISLAM, WHICH HAS BEEN A POWERFUL
INSPIRATION TO THE RESISTANCE OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN MOUNTAINEERS TO RUSSIAN
RULE. THE BOOK WILL BE INDISPENSABLE FOR UNDERSTANDING THE FUTURE OF ETHNIC
RELATIONS AND NATIONAL POLITICS IN RUSSIA." THERE ARE MAPS, A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
NOTE ON SELECTED WORKS PUBLISHED IN RECENT DECADES IN WESTERN EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES, AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES. MARIE BENNIGSEN-BROXUP IS EDITOR
OF CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY
AND DIRECTOR OF THE SOCIETY FOR CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES, LONDON. CLICK
HERE FOR REVIEWS: "AN INTELLIGENT, WELL EDITED AND MUCH NEDED VOLUME"
- D. RAYFIELD, EUROPE ASIA STUDIES; "SHOULD QUICKLY BECOME OBLIGATORY READING
FOR ALL WESTERN FOREIGN MINISTRY AND MEDIA EMPLOYEES INVOLVED IN FORMING
OR WRITING ABOUT POLICY TOWARDS THE FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS" - BRIAN GEORGE
HEWITT, CENTRAL ASIAN SURVEY. REFER TO D[ANIEL] MULLER'S PIECE IN ZEITSCHRIFT
FUR TURKEISTUDIEN, Vol. 7, 1994, PP. 149-51}

THE
NORTH CAUCASUS: RUSSIA'S LONG STRUGGLE TO SUBDUE THE CIRCASSIANS.
PAUL B. HENZE. A RAND REPORT (DOCUMENT NUMBER P-7666), 1990. (V,
57 pages. ISBN 0833017993. Price: $7.50). {Abstract:
"All ethnic groups in the fragmenting Soviet Empire, including the Russians
themselves, are re-examining their history and drawing conclusions from
it that contrast sharply with views that have been imposed upon them by
communist dogma. Few areas have as rich a history as the North Caucasus,
where Russian armies fought from the 1830s into the 1860s to subdue the
indigenous peoples. This paper explores a neglected aspect of Russia's
prolonged Caucasian Wars: The effort to conquer the Circassians and their
stubborn resistance which culminated in emigration en masse when
they were finally defeated. The long struggle of the North Caucasian mountaineers
against Russia in the mid-19th century attracted broad European sympathy
and admiration. Historians describe the struggle primarily in terms of
the leadership and personality of the Imam Shamil. The recent resurgence
of Islam as a dynamic political force in many parts of the world has generated
new interest in Shamil's religious motivation and leadership techniques."
The author was born in Minnesota in 1924. He is an American student of
Russian affairs who has specialized, inter alia, in the Caucasus
and Central Asia. He was Educated in the Middle West and at Harvard. Currently,
he is Resident Consultant in the Washington office of RAND. He headed the
Nationality Working Group in the National Security Council, 1977-1980.
He spent 30 years in U.S. Government and government-related positions including
Radio Free Europe, and American embassies in Turkey and Ethiopia. He is
author ofSOVIET STRATEGY AND ISLAM. URL: http://www.rand.org/cgi-bin/Abstracts/getab.pl?10999853-11001226}

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS SUCCESSORS, 1801-1927. WILLIAM MILLER.
CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1927.

THE PUNISHED
PEOPLES. THE DEPORTATION AND FATE OF SOVIET MINORITIES AT THE END OF
THE SECOND WORLD WAR. ALEKSANDR M. NEKRICH. LONDON - NEW YORK: W. W.
NORTON, 1978. {In other works the author's name is
written Nekritch}

THE ROYAL HORDES: NOMAD PEOPLES OF THE STEPPES. E. D. PHILLIPS.
NEW YORK: McGRAW-HILL, 1965.

THE ROYAL HORDES OF THE STEPPES. E. D. PHILLIPS, 1963.

THE RUGGED FLANKS OF THE CAUCASUS. JOHN F. BADDELEY. LONDON: OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS, HUMPHREY MILFORD, 1940. OXFORD, 1941. REPRINTED, NEW
YORK: ARNO PRESS, 1973. REPRINT Ed. AYER. TWO VOLUMES.
{MOST ESSENTIAL FOR HISTORIC RESEARCH ON RUSSO-CAUCASIAN WARS OF THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY. THERE IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY THAT INCLUDES HISTORICAL MATERIAL FROM
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY}

THE RUSSIAN CONQUEST OF THE CAUCASUS. JOHN FREDERICK BADDELEY. LONDON:
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., 1908. NEW YORK: RUSSELL & RUSSELL, 1969.
REPRINTED BY CURZON PRESS, PAUL & CO. PUBLISHERS, 1997, WITH A NEW
PREFACE BY MOSHE GAMMER. (518 pages. New reprint: 660 pages. Hardback.
ISBN 0 7007 0634 8. Price: £65). {Covers only
to 1859. This has become the standard work on (the eastern front of) the
Russian-Caucasian War. Illustrated}

THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. HUGH SETON-WATSON. OXFORD, UK: CLARENDON PRESS,
1962; OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1967. {The Caucasus
represented to Russia what the Indian frontier was to the British Army
in the nineteenth century. In the Russian case, the Caucasus inspired some
of the greatest nineteenth-century literature}

THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1801-1917. HUGH SETON-WATSON. OXFORD PRESS,
1967.

THE SABRES OF PARADISE. LESLEY BLANCH. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY; NEW
YORK: CARROLL & GRAF, THE VIKING PRESS, Inc., 1960. REPRINTED:
QUARTET BOOKS, LONDON, 1978. (Pp. XII, 495).
{"ALTHOUGH OCCASIONALLY EMBROIDERED WITH ROMANTICISM, THIS WORK CONVEYS
VERY WELL THE DRAMATIC NATURE OF THE CONFRONTATION AND THE WAYS IN WHICH
THE CONFLICT WAS PERCEIVED BOTH FROM THE RUSSIAN AND DAGHESTANI/CHECHEN
POINTS OF VIEW." "SHAMYL, IMAM OF DAGHESTAN LIVED BETWEEN 1796-1871. ALTHOUGH
HE IS NOT MUCH REMEMBERED IN THE WEST TODAY, IN HIS TIME HE CAPTURED THE
WEST'S IMAGINATION; HIS BRAVERY WAS INFECTIOUS AND WHILE ENGLISH LADIES
SEWED BUNTING FOR HIS FLAG, QUESTIONS ABOUT BRITAIN'S COMMITMENTS IN THE
CAUCASUS WERE ASKED IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. LESLEY BLANCH'S VERY LIVELY
BIOGRAPHY OF SHAMYL IS EXTREMELY READABLE." THERE IS A FRENCH TRANSLATION
LES SABRES DU PARADIS}

THE SECRET OF RUSSIA IN THE CASPIAN AND EUXINE. DAVID URQUHART.
R. HARDWEIKE, 1863.

THE SHAMIL PROBLEM. PAUL B. HENZE. Pp. 415-43 in THE MIDDLE EAST
IN TRANSITION: STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY HISTORY. WALTER Z. LAQUEUR (Ed.).
LONDON: ROUTLEDGE AND PAUL, 1958; NEW YORK: PRAEGER, 1958. {See
also 'UN-REWRITING' HISTORY - THE SHAMIL PROBLEM [CAUCASIAN REVIEW,
MUNICH (CRM), Vol. 1, No. 6, 1958, pp. 7-29],PAUL
B. HENZE. "The writer was born in Minnesota in 1924. An American student
of Russian affairs who has specialized, inter alia, in the Caucasus
and Central Asia. Educated in the Middle West and at Harvard." - Caucasian
Review}

THE SLAVE TRADE OF EASTERN AFRICA. A COLLECTION OF DOCUMENTS. R.
W. BEACHY. / UNI. MAN. {Pp. 77-79: Account of the
glut of Circassian female slaves in Turkey on the eve of the Russian conquest
of the Caucasus}

THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF CAUCASIAN MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF 18-19 CENTURIES
IN NEW PUBLICATIONS OF SOVIET HISTORIANS [THE PROBLEMS OF HISTORY,
No. 5, 1958], A. B. FADEEV.

THE SONS OF MAMLUKS AS FIEF-HOLDERS IN LATE MEDIEVAL EGYPT. ULRICH
HAARMANN. Pp. 141-68 in LAND TENURE AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE
MIDDLE EAST. TARIF KHALIDI (Ed.). BEIRUT, 1984.

THE STATUS OF THE MUSLIM UNDER EUROPEAN RULE: THE EVICTION AND SETTLEMENT
OF THE CERKES [JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF MUSLIM MINORITY AFFAIRS
(JIMMA), JEDDAH, 1.2 - 2.1, 1979-1980, pp. 7-27], KEMAL H. KARPAT.

THE STUDY OF THE ISLAMIC MIDDLE EAST IN THE SOVIET UNION, 1940-56.
MOSHE PERLMANN. REPORT ON CURRENT RESEARCH ON THE MIDDLE EAST, SPRING 1957,
MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

THE SUPPRESSION OF GEORGIAN INDEPENDENCE [CAUCASIAN REVIEW, MUNICH
(CRM), No. 1, 1955, P. 55 ff.], GRIGORY URATADZE. {"The
writer was born in Georgia in 1880. He was a journalist. He authored several
monographs and numerous articles on the Revolutionary movement in Georgia
and the Soviet nationalities policy. He was an associate of the Institute
for the Study of the USSR."}

THE SYSTEM OF PAYMENT IN MAMLUK MILITARY SOCIETY [JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE ORIENT, Vol. I, No. 1, 1958], DAVID AYALON.

THE THIRTEENTH TRIBE. THE KHAZAR EMPIRE AND ITS HERITAGE. ARTHUR
KOESTLER. NEW YORK: RANDOM HOUSE, 1976.(255 PAGES).
{SEE ALSO THE HISTORY OF THE JEWISH KHAZARS ABOVE}

THE TRAINING OF THE MAMLUK FARIS. HASSANEIN RABIE. PP. 153-63 IN
WAR, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE EAST. V. J. PARRY AND M. E.
YAPP (Eds.). LONDON: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1975. {Faris
is an Arabic word which means knight}

THE TRUTH ABOUT THE DEPORTATION OF THE CHECHEN AND INGUSH PEOPLES
[SOVIET STUDIES IN HISTORY, AUTUMN (FALL) 1991], NIKOLAI FEDOROVICH BUGAI.
{The original Russian version of this article was
published in Voprosy istorii, 7, 1990, pp. 32-44}

'UN-REWRITING' HISTORY - THE SHAMIL PROBLEM [CAUCASIAN REVIEW, MUNICH
(CRM), Vol. 1, No. 6, 1958, pp. 7-29],PAUL B. HENZE.
{See also THE SHAMIL PROBLEM. PAUL B. HENZE. PP.
415-43 in THE MIDDLE EAST IN TRANSITION: STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY HISTORY.
WALTER Z. LAQUEUR (Ed.). LONDON, NEW YORK: PRAEGER, 1958. "The writer
was born in Minnesota in 1924. An American student of Russian affairs who
has specialized, inter alia, in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Educated
in the Middle West and at Harvard." - Caucasian Review}

UNSER KAUKASUS UND DESSER SISTEMATISCH PACIEFIRUNG. MARKUS VON CZERLIEU.
VIENNA, 1882. {THE AUSTRIANS WERE INTERESTED IN THE RUSSIAN
SUBJUGATION OF OTHER NATIONALITIES IN ORDER TO TAKE A LEAF FROM THEIR
BOOK}