Predatory Publishing: Shedding Light on a Deceptive Industry

Open access journals from publishers, such as PLOS One, have been around for years. To broaden access to the latest science, these journals allow readers full access to their online journals free of charge. Although articles undergo rigorous peer review, they are published relatively quickly in order to rapidly disseminate scientific advances. And, in a twist on traditional publishing, the authors pay an open access fee, rather than advertisers or subscribers funding the journal’s publication.

The term “open access” was coined in the 2000s to signify research articles and peer-reviewed journals that provide unrestricted online access to scholarly research. The open access movement was driven by issues of social inequality (i.e., large institutions with financial means could purchase access to many journals, whereas others could not) and by the economic challenges and perceived unsustainability of academic publishing.

With the increasing popularity of the open access business model, more than a few devious individuals saw an opening: Here was a way to easily turn a profit, but at truth’s expense. Often misrepresenting themselves or using unsavory marketing tactics, predato­ry journals solicit potential authors for submissions with promises of rapid publication—never mind the promised peer review.1 And with seemingly hydralike abilities, pseudo publishing soon became a burgeoning industry.

Features of Predatory Journals

“In my mind, deceptive intent is the fundamental criterion of a predatory journal,” said Rick Anderson, MLIS, at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. “They take money in return for something they say they are going to do but don’t deliver. Whether the goal is to defraud the author or help the author to defraud his colleagues, it’s deception.”

Con artistry. This deception runs the gamut, said Stephen D. McLeod, MD, at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and editor-in-chief of Ophthalmology. “There’s often a deliberate lack of transparency about publication charges,” he said. “In addition to no real peer review, there may be false claims about editorial board members, standard publication support structures, and journal impact factors.” Impact factors measure the importance of a journal by calculating the number of times selected articles are cited within the last few years. The higher the impact factor, the more highly ranked the journal. It is one tool researchers can use to compare journals in a subject category.

In fact, there’s a black market for fake impact factors, added Jason Winkler, MBA, at Elsevier in Philadelphia. “Very little stops a predatory publisher from saying, ‘We have an impact factor of 15,’ placing the burden on the author to do the research and find out whether or not it’s true.” Predatory publishers have also been known to put a logo from an established, reputable society in their email when sending out a call for papers, he said. “To an unsuspecting author, it might sound legitimate.”

In addition, said Gary N. Holland, MD, preda­tory solicitations invariably end with an American or English street address, but with emails, one does not know where the message truly originates. Dr. Holland is associate editor of the American Journal of Ophthalmology and is at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles.

“Funny” red flags. Dr. Holland is barraged dai­ly by about 15 to 20 unsolicited email requests for submissions to predatory publishers. The major­ity of them are supposedly from ophthalmology journals. On a recent day, however, he received one from a “cardiology” journal, another request­ing pregnancy-related articles, and yet another soliciting articles about noses.

“Poorly written and packed with hyperbole—honorable this and distinguished that—the emails are easily identified and quickly discarded,” said Dr. Holland. “They’re good for a laugh, but a more important issue is the problems they may cause at the other end. How does the reader identify which articles are unreliable if the articles actually get published in one of these online journals?”

Evolving. “Egregiously poor English may be a hallmark of predatory communications today, but what is to stop publishers from hiring an English speaker to clean things up?” asked Mr. Winkler. In fact, some publishers have already apparently invested in their websites, making them more so­phisticated, he said. Some also directly lift content such as editorial scope statements from genuine websites, making it more challenging for visitors to discern legitimacy.

“Predatory publishers are also becoming more aggressive,” said Dr. Holland, “sending emails with subject lines like, ‘Your submission is overdue.’”

Growing. From 2011 to 2017, Jeffrey Beall, a librarian at the University of Colorado in Denver, kept a list of “potential, possible, or probable” predatory journals and publishers. Some criticized him for casting his net too wide and “catching” some legitimate journals and publishers. Before shutting down in January 2017, Beall’s List included 1,155 publishers and 1,294 journals.2

Reporting in BMC Medicine in 2015, Shen and Björk used Beall’s List to report on the growth of predatory journals. They found an increase in published articles from 53,000 in 2010 to an estimated 420,000 in 2014.1

Last year, Cabell’s International picked up where Beall left off and created a new blacklist. (See “Cabell’s Journal Blacklist and Journal Whitelist,” below) Currently there are 8,531 journals in the Cabell’s Journal Blacklist, said Lacey Earle, MBA, at Cabell’s in Beaumont, Texas. Only about 30 of these are in the field of ophthalmology. “Howev­er, because predatory journals are notorious for publishing in many fields, there is no reliable way to categorize them by subject matter,” she said.

Pseudo-Ophthalmology Journals

Taken from Cabell’s Journal Blacklist, below is a list of 4 potentially predatory jour­nals in the field of ophthal­mology, along with the red flags that signal problems with their legitimacy.

Title: American Open Ophthalmology JournalPublisher: Research and Knowledge PublicationRed flags:

—No articles are published, or the archives are missing issues and/or articles.—The journal’s website does not have a clearly stated peer-review policy.—The website does not identify a physical ad­dress for the publisher or gives a fake address.

—The journal uses misleading metrics (i.e., met­rics with the words “impact factor” that are not the Clarivate Impact Factor).—Has board members who are prominent researchers but exempt them from any con­tribution to the journal except the use of their names and/or photographs.—The publisher displays prominent statements that promise rapid publica­tion and/or unusually quick peer review (less than 4 weeks).

—The journal states there is an article processing charge (APC) or other fee but does not give information on the amount.—The publisher or its journals are not listed in standard periodical direc­tories or are not widely catalogued in library databases.—The journal has a poorly written copyright policy and/or transfer form that does not actu­ally transfer copyright.

—The same articles appear in more than 1 journal.—The journal offers options for researchers to prepay APCs for future articles.—The journal or publisher uses a virtual office or other proxy business as its physical address.

___________________________

SOURCE: Cabell’s Journal Blacklist.

Contributors to a Growing Trend

While the author-funded open access model un­intentionally opened the floodgates to fraudulent practices, other factors have also contributed.

Lack of awareness. “For most of my peers, these journals are a joke,” said Dr. Holland. “I can’t imagine anybody submitting an article to a journal like the ones that solicit my work via email. But to unsuspecting authors—especially those in other countries—some journal names sound credible, containing various combinations of words such as therapeutics, surgery, and clini­cal. Individuals may not realize that they are not mainstream journals in the United States.”

Some of the clues that U.S. physicians or those in other English-speaking countries might pick up on—nuances of usage and tone—might be lost on doctors from countries with different customs and terms of address, said Kgaogelo Edward Legodi, MD, vice president of the International Council of Ophthalmology and in practice in Pretoria, South Africa. “Obviously, these difficulties may be compounded further when physicians don’t speak English as a first language,” he said.

In addition, active researchers—those conduct­ing a literature review or those looking to publish their results—no doubt find it difficult to keep tabs on legitimacy in a world where even in 2014 there were close to 30,000 peer-reviewed journals, a 50% growth just since 2001, said Mr. Winkler.

Perceptions of bias. Certain perceptions may have also helped fuel the growth of predatory publishing, said Mr. Winkler. When he was newly appointed as editor-in-chief for the American Journal of Ophthalmology, Richard K. Parrish II, MD, commissioned a listening survey3 of journal reviewers and editorial board members in 2016 to learn what was working well and what might need improvement. “Among other findings, 5% of respondents noted a perception of U.S. bias in acceptance of manuscripts,” said Mr. Winkler.

This is supported by a 2014 study by Omobawale et al.4 that looked at Nigerian academics’ publishing practices and their increasing use of predatory journals, he said. They found that a national trend of requiring publication in “inter­national” journals for promotion, coupled with perceived difficulty of publishing in those journals, fueled the growth of predatory publishing.

The point of this requirement is to encourage publication in journals with rigorous peer review in order to contribute to the advancement of science—and to reflect well on the author and his or her institution, said Dr. Legodi, “But with the emergence of predatory journals, the pressure to fulfill this requirement may result in just the opposite.” (See “Dangers of Deceptive Publishing,” below.)

Publish or perish paradigm. Where there’s a pressure to publish, especially in other countries, deceptive journals are an easy route for authors to get something published, said Dr. Holland. The majority of papers ending up in predatory journals are a particular phenotype, added Dr. McLeod. “Demographically, many come from developing countries where there is a high premi­um on having an inflated publication record for the obvious reasons of securing promotion and advancement.”

However, a recent survey of nearly 2,000 articles in more than 200 suspected predatory journals challenges this view. Contrary to Shen and Björk, who found the predatory problem was contained to a few countries—mainly in Asia and Africa1—Moher and colleagues found that nearly half the contributing au­thors came from high- and upper-mid­dle-income countries. Of the sampled articles, 15% came from the United States—second only to India—and the U.S. National Institutes of Health funded many of these papers.5

Technology. Technology has also played a significant role in greasing the wheels of this industry. “Now it’s very easy for journals to reach out electronically to many people multiple times,” said Dr. McLeod.

Technology has also made it easy and cheap to set up a predatory journal. “In an afternoon, predatory publishers can easily purchase a domain name, create a website with some prominent people in the field—whether or not they are aware of it—and gather email addresses off the Internet,” said Mr. Winkler. “It’s fea­sible to do this with very low overhead because they don’t have to pay for a submission system and production, or to compensate editors.”

And when they get caught and called out, it’s very easy to shut it down and open up another one with a completely different title, added Mr. Anderson.

AN EXAMPLE. An invitation received by an Academy member, above. When EyeNet contacted an IJOES editorial board member for information about the publication, she replied that she had never heard of the journal and was dismayed that her name was being used. Next time you receive such an invitation, look at the board. It’s possible that your name—or that of a colleague—is being used without permission.

Dangers of Deceptive Publishing

A clogged email inbox, although annoying, is rel­atively benign. What are some of the real dangers of deceptive publishing?

Tarnished open access. “Conflation of open access and predatory publishing—even by some editors at subscription-based journals—is one of my biggest concerns,” said Mr. Winkler, adding that in 2016, open access represented 20% of the total number of journal articles published in legit­imate journals, a proportion that is growing.

“Predatory publishing was built on the backbone of open access, so it does paint that move­ment in a poor light,” said Dr. McLeod, explaining that virtually all predatory journals are open access. “But it’s really important to make distinctions between the two. In and of itself, there is nothing intrinsically wrong with the open access model. It’s just another way of paying for the editorial process—a different market model.”

Hijacked articles. Acting in good faith, authors may think they are submitting an article to a reputable journal but erroneously send it off to a journal with a very similar name, said Dr. McLeod, recounting an anecdote about a UCSF faculty member. “He submitted his publication to the wrong place and the publisher ‘hijacked’ the article, saying they would only release [the man­uscript back to the author] if he paid a fee. UCSF subsequently became involved, which invoked the threat of the State of California, and the publisher ultimately released the paper.”

CV inflation. The lies propagated by predatory publishers also lead to CV inflation, said Mr. An­derson. “A predatory journal’s website may not look very much like a legitimate journal’s website,” he said, “but a citation for an article in a predatory journal may look exactly like one in a legitimate journal. For authors, the temptation is to pad their CVs with these spurious publications, gambling that a search committee or a tenure committee won’t bother closely investigating all of the refer­ences. The temptation is especially strong in places where researchers are given very concrete financial incentives to publish a certain number of articles in peer-reviewed journals with high impact factors.”

Unvetted science. The gravest potential danger, said Mr. Anderson, is damage to the public’s health from publication of bad science in predatory journals, which is cited in popular magazines. “We saw the potential for this with John Bohannon’s fake study claiming that chocolate helps you lose weight,” he said. The study, intended as a hoax to expose the dangers of predatory publishing, was picked up and publicized by legitimate news out­lets around the world.

Even professionals may take on faith what’s written in a research paper or review article by an­other author without looking critically at the data analysis or going back to an original source that is cited, said Dr. Holland. Years ago, while writing a book chapter, Dr. Holland found that every single article he read on the topic had quoted a particu­lar statistic from a study published in 1951. Turn­ing to that original paper, however, he found the study was no more than a small case series, and the often-cited results had been a misinterpreta­tion from the very beginning. The original, flawed conclusion had been passed along from paper to paper—in a kind of print variation of the game Telephone. “If authors start to cite papers without peer review from predatory journals, that problem is only going to become worse,” said Dr. Holland.

Think. Check. Submit.

“Blacklists can help,” said Mr. Winkler, “but they’re in the habit of giving people fish, rather than teaching them how to fish. In addition, it’s nearly impossible to keep these lists up to date.” That’s where other tools can help.

Produced with support from a coalition of scholarly communications organizations, Think.Check.Submit is a campaign to help authors assess the credentials of a journal or publisher. Available at www.thinkchecksubmit.org, the resource helps authors think about whether or not they are submitting their research to a trusted journal and provides a checklist of questions to answer before submitting their articles.

“Think.Check.Submit is a wonderful tool for authors who are operating in good faith,” said Mr. Anderson. “Of course, it has absolutely no effect whatsoever on authors who are deliber­ately using the services of deceptive publishers to deceive their own colleagues.”

Counteracting a Fraudulent Industry

The onus should be on both academia and pub­lishing, among others, to counteract this deceptive industry, said Mr. Anderson. “Solving this prob­lem is a community ecosystemic responsibility. All of us have a role to play in driving predators out of the marketplace. If we’re willing to talk about the problem openly and critically and cooperate with each other, I really think it can be done.”

Academic oversight. “It should absolutely be incumbent upon us as academics to read CVs carefully when people apply for jobs or go up for promotion and tenure,” said Mr. Anderson. “We need to at least check citations and the journals in which they are published to make sure they are legitimate.” Some universities are going even further, said Dr. McLeod, and are considering for promotion only those who publish in journals that are included in legitimate lists.

Persistence in publishing. “Is it realistic to say that academics just need to do their jobs better and this problem will go away?” asked Mr. Anderson. “No. That’s why there is also a place for publishing to clean up its own act—to cast a light on people who are deceptive actors in the marketplace and to collaborate in the exposure and public identifi­cation of genuine predators.”

National efforts. To help identify attributes of journals that are not following best scholarly publishing practices, the National Institutes of Health issued a statement6 in 2017. “It’s one of the clearest sets of guidelines on predatory publishing I’ve seen,” said Mr. Winkler.

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) also looks for ongoing publisher conformance with guidelines and best practices published by professional organizations, said Joyce E.B. Backus, MSLIS, associate director for Library Operations at the NLM. These guidelines include Recom­mendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals7 from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, and Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing8 (a joint statement by Committee on Publications Ethics, Directory of Open Access Journals, World Association of Medical Editors, and Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association).

“If a publisher is found to not be following established industry best practices, NLM will cease collecting the publisher’s journals and not accept applications for any of the NLM literature databases, including PubMed Central (PMC) and MEDLINE, for a minimum of 3 years,” she said.

Defending open access. Predatory journals are besmirching the reputation of open access, said Mr. Anderson, but open access advocates are often the least willing to talk about this. “To the degree that the open access movement discourages dis­cussion or minimizes the significance of the prob­lem, it makes the problem harder to eradicate. Supporters of open access need to take a very clear and unified stance against deceptive publishing.”

Some organizations are making moves in this direction: For example, in 2014 the Directory of Open Access Journals tightened the criteria for inclusion in its well-regarded list, excluding many journals that did not meet them, said Mr. Anderson.

Education and awareness. We expect physi­cians to be lifelong learners, so part of professional training and responsibility now needs to be learn­ing how to do legitimate searches for information and vetting the quality of information used for clinical judgment, said Dr. McLeod. He added that it’s not just about how facile you are with PubMed and Google, but also how facile you are in sifting through the search results and identifying those that represent very different editorial and peer review rigor.

The Academy has also been playing a role in this vetting process, he said. “Academy member- volunteers develop many practice guidance documents by sifting through mounds of mate­rial, oftentimes working with a methodologist who is able to grade and assess the quality of the evidence. This leads to specific, comprehensive clinical guidance.”

Make inroads on incentives? “As long as incentives are in place to publish in illegitimate journals or there is little retribution for doing so, predatory publishing will probably continue,” said Mr. Winkler.

Publishers in open access do often waive fees for authors from developing countries and, except for the promise of quick turnaround publishing times, this could make predatory journals a less desirable outlet, he said. “However, overall changes in incentives will be needed to dissuade those who are predisposed to work willingly with predatory publishers. All stakeholders involved in the incen­tive process need to play their part.”

Questions About NLM Indexing

At the National Library of Medicine, a federal advisory committee reviews journal titles that apply to MEDLINE, said Ms. Backus.

Inclusion in MEDLINE. “The com­mittee generally recommends about 14% of the journals they review for inclusion in MEDLINE based on their assessment of the scientific content, quality, importance, editorial policies, and subject matter, and adherence to current publishing standards.”

It’s important to recognize, how­ever, that if a journal is not indexed in MEDLINE, PubMed, or Scopus, this does not automatically pigeonhole the publication as predatory, said Mr. Winkler. It could simply mean the journal has never applied to be included, lacks a track record, or falls short in some other way.

Public access. Confusion has aris­en, however, when publicly funded researchers must conform with pub­lic access policies. “The public access requirement for government-funded research requires that these re­searchers submit their manuscripts to PubMed Central,” said Ms. Backus. Government-funded research auto­matically ends up in PubMed—wheth­er or not it is published in a preda­tory journal. Although an individual citation from a deceptive publisher or publisher with poor industry practic­es may appear, it doesn’t mean NLM has indexed the entire journal, she said.

To help find legitimate publica­tions, researchers can search the NLM catalog1 for journals indexed for MEDLINE or included in PubMed Central and check indexing status on that page.

Muddied waters? For the unsus­pecting researcher, however, the distinction between a one-off listing and an indexed journal may not be crystal clear. And any significant predatory presence on PubMed may only be muddying the waters. In fact, a 2017 commentary in Lancet was titled “PubMed should raise the bar for journal inclusion.” The authors found that the proportion of preda­tory journals appearing in PubMed increased in the fields of rehabilita­tion by nearly 12%, neuroscience by nearly 5%, and neurology by 4.5% over a 6-month period alone.2

However, Ms. Backus report­ed that, in April 2018, when NLM checked each of the titles listed in the Lancet article, only one of them was a participating PubMed Central title. Several journals on the list did have PubMed records in support of public access policies, but since they aren’t PubMed indexed, it’s hard to know whether they were legitimate journals.

The Blacklist has approximately 200 active subscriptions, including universities, government agencies, enterprises, charities, and research institutions, said Ms. Earle, who ex­plained that subscriptions costs vary by organization size. “Since launching the Blacklist, our subscribers have run more than 65,000 searches.”

Cabell’s also maintains the Journal Whitelist, which allows subscribers to evaluate and select viable outlets for research and includes evaluation metrics, contact information, and detailed subject and topic classifi­cations, said Ms. Earle. It includes 11,000 journals across 18 academic disciplines.

With both resources, Cabell’s aims to defend integrity in academic research, she said. “We want to help researchers publish their work in the outlet that best suits their needs and protects them from fraud.”

Meet the Experts

Rick Anderson, MLIS Associ­ate dean for Collections and Scholarly Communication in the J. Willard Marriott Library at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. Relevant finan­cial disclosures: None.

Joyce E.B. Backus, MSLIS Associate director for Library Operations at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) in Bethesda, Md. Relevant financial disclosures: Associate director for Library Operations at the National Library of Med­icine (NLM), National Institutes of Health.

Lacey Earle, MBA Vice presi­dent of business development at Cabell’s International in Beaumont, Texas. Relevant fi­nancial disclosures: Vice presi­dent of business development at Cabell’s International.

Gary N. Holland, MD Associate editor of the American Journal of Ophthalmology; Director of the Clinical Research Center at UCLA Stein Eye Institute, and Jack H. Skirball Chair in Ocular Inflammatory Diseases in the Department of Ophthal­mology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles. Relevant financial disclosures: Associate editor of the American Journal of Ophthalmology.

Kgaogelo Edward Legodi, MD Vice President of the Interna­tional Council of Ophthalmol­ogy and WOC2020 President; President of the African Ophthalmology Council. In practice at Advanced Soweto, Advanced Groenkloof, and Medforum Medi-Clinic Hospi­tal in Pretoria, South Africa. Relevant financial disclosures: None.

Grant support or other financial support to the investigator from all sources, including research support from government agencies (e.g., NIH), foundations, device manufacturers, and/or pharmaceutical companies.