Eugen Sänger ( September
22, 1905 - February 10, 1964) was an Austrian aerospace engineer best known
for his contributions
to
lifting body and
ramjettechnology.

Sänger was born in Preßnitz in Bohemia, at
that time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He studied civil engineering
at the Technical Universities of Graz and Vienna. As a student, he came in
contact with Hermann Oberth?s book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (By
Rocket into Planetary Space), which inspired him to change from studying
civil engineering to aeronautics. He also joined Germany's amateur rocket
movement, the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR - "Spaceflight Society")
which was centered on Oberth.

Sänger made rocket-powered flight the
subject of his thesis, but it was rejected by the university as too fanciful.
He was allowed to graduate when he submitted a far more mundane paper on the
static's of wing trusses. Sänger would later publish his rejected thesis under
the title Raketenflugtechnik (Rocket Flight Engineering) in 1933. In
1935Events
January January 1 Italian colonies of Tripoli and Kyrenaika are joined
together as Libya January 7 World War
II: Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French foreign minister Pierre Laval
conclude agreement in which each power undertakes not to oppo
and 1936Events January-February January 15 The first
building to be completely covered in glass is completed in Toledo, Ohio, for
the Owens-Illinois Glass Company.
January 20 Death of George V of the United Kingdom. His son Edward VIII
succeedes him as King of th,
he published articles on rocket-powered flight for the Austrian journal
Flug (Flying). These attracted the attention of the ReichsluftfahrtministeriumReichsluftfahrtministerium
(Reich Aviation Ministry / German Air Ministry / German Aviation
Administration) :Note: If you are
looking for the RLM-GL/C list, please go to List of RLM aircraft designations
The Reich Air Ministry Reichsluftfahrtministerium o
("Reich AviationMinistry"
- RLM) who saw Sänger's ideas as a potential way to accomplish the goal of
building a bomber that could strike the United StatesThe
United States of America also referred to as the United States U. America ¹ or
the States is a federal republic in central North America, stretching from the
Atlantic in the east to the Pacific
Ocean in the west. It shares land borders with Canada in
from Germany (the Amerika BomberThe
Amerika Bomber project was an initiative of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium
("Reich Aviation Ministry" RLM) to obtain a long-range bomber aircraft for the
Luftwaffe that would be capable of striking the continental United States from
Germany. Requests project).

Sänger agreed to lead a rocket development
team in the Lüneburger Heide region in 1936. He gradually conceived a
rocket-powered sled that would launch a bomber with its own rocket engines
that would climb to the fringe of space and then "skip" along the upper
atmosphere - not actually entering orbit For
other meanings of the term "orbit", see orbit (disambiguation In physics, an
orbit is the path that an object makes, around another object, whilst under
the influence of a source of centripetal force, such as gravity. History
Orbits were first analyse, but able to cover vast distances in a series
of sub-orbital hops. This remarkable design was called the

Silbervogel ("Silverbird")
and would have relied on its fuselage creating lift (as a
lifting body) to carry it along its sub-orbital path. Sänger was
assisted in this design by mathematician Irene Bredt, whom he married. Sänger
also designed the rocket motors that the space-plane would use, which would
need to generate 1 MN of thrust. In this design, he was the first to suggest
using the rocket's fuel as a way of cooling the engine, by circulating it
around the rocket nozzle before burning it in the engine.

By 1942, the RLM cancelled this project
along with other more ambitious and theoretical designs in favour of
concentrating on proven technologies. Sänger was sent to work for the

Deutschen Versuchsanstalt für
Segelflug ("German Gliding
Research Institute"
- DFS). There he did important work on
ramjet
technology until the end of World War II. After the conflict ended, he worked
for the French government
and in 1949 founded the Fédération Astronautique . Whilst in France, he was
the subject of a botched attempt by Soviet agents to win him over. Stalin had
become intrigued by reports of the Silbervogel design and sent his son, Vasili
, and scientist Grigori Tokaty to convince him to come to the Soviet Union,
but they failed to do so.

By 1954, Sänger had returned to Germany and
three years later was directing a jet propulsion research institute in
Stuttgart. Between 1961 and 1963 he acted as a consultant for
Junkers in designing a ramjet-powered
space-plane that never left the drawing board. Sänger's other theoretical
innovations during this period were proposing means of using photons for
interplanetary and interstellar spacecraft propulsion, including the solar
sail.

He died in Berlin. His work on the

Silbervogel would prove important
to the X-15,
X-20
Dyna-Soar, and ultimately Space Shuttle program.

Silbervogel "Silverbird"

The Sänger Silbervogel wind tunnel model

Silbervogel,
German for silver bird, was a design for a rocket-powered
sub-orbital
bomber aircraft produced by
Eugen Sänger and Irene
Bredt in the late 1930s. It is also known as the RaBo (Raketenbomber
or "rocket bomber"). It was one of a number of designs considered for the
Amerika Bomber mission. When
Walter Dornberger attempted to create interest in military
spaceplanes in the
United States after
World War II, he chose the more diplomatic term antipodal bomber.
Concept

The design was a significant one, as it incorporated new rocket
technology, and the principle of the
lifting body, forshadowing future development of winged spacecraft such
as the
X-20 Dyna-Soar of the 1960s and the
Space Shuttle of the 1970s. In the end, it was considered too complex
and expensive to produce. The design never went beyond
mock up test.

The Silbervogel was intended to fly long distances in a series of short
hops. The aircraft was to have begun its mission propelled along a 3 km
(2 mi) long rail track by a large rocket-powered sled to about 1,930 km/h
(1,200 mph). Once airborne, it was to fire its own rocket engine and
continue to climb to an altitude of 145 km (90 mi), at which point it would
be traveling at some 22,100 km/h (13,700 mph). It would then gradually
descend into the
stratosphere, where the increasing air density would generate
lift against the flat underside of the aircraft, eventually causing it
to "bounce" and gain altitude again, where this pattern would be repeated.
Because of drag, each bounce would be shallower than the preceding one, but it was
still calculated that the Silbervogel would be able to cross the Atlantic,
deliver a 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) bomb to the continental US, and then continue
its flight to a landing site somewhere in the Japanese held
Pacific, a total journey of 19,000 to 24,000 km (12,000 to 15,000 mi).

Postwar analysis of the Silbervogel design involving a mathematical
control analysis unearthed a computational error and it turned out that the
heat flow during the initial re-entry would have been far higher than
originally calculated by Sänger and Bredt; if the Silbervogel had been
constructed according to their flawed calculations the craft would have been
destroyed during re-entry. The problem could have been solved by augmenting
the heat shield, but this would have reduced the craft's already small
payload capacity.[1]

Postwar

After the war ended, Sänger and Bredt worked for the
French government[2]
and in 1949 founded the
Fédération Astronautique. Whilst in France, Sänger was the subject of a
botched attempt by
Soviet agents to win him over.
Stalin had become intrigued by reports of the Silbervogel design and
sent his son,
Vasily, and scientist
Grigori Tokaty to kidnap Sänger and Bredt and bring them to the USSR.[3][4]
When this plan failed, a new design bureau was set up by
Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh in 1946 to research the idea. A new
version powered by ramjets
instead of a rocket engine was developed, usually known as the
Keldysh bomber, but not produced.[1]
The design, however, formed the basis for a number of additional
cruise missile designs right into the early 1960s, none of which were
ever produced.

In the US, existed similar project, the X-20 Dyna-Soar, to be launched on a
Titan II booster. As the manned space role moved to NASA and
unmanned
reconnaissance satellites were thought to be capable of all required
missions, the United States Air Force gradually withdrew from manned space
flight and Dyna-Soar was cancelled.

One lasting legacy of the Silverbird design is the "Regenerative
cooling/regenerative engine" design, in which fuel or oxidizer is run in
tubes around the engine bell in order to both cool the bell and
pressurize the fluid. Almost all modern rocket engines use this design today
and some sources still refer to it as the Sänger-Bredt design.

References

History Channel: Hitler's Plan to Atom-Bomb New York (with computer
generated simulations)

Wikipedia,

In June 1935 and February 1936, Dr. Eugen Sänger published articles in the
Austrian aviation publication Flug on rocket-powered aircraft.

This led to his being asked by the German High Command to build a secret
aerospace research institute in Trauen to research and build his "Silverbird",
a manned, winged vehicle that could reach orbit.

Dr. Sänger had been working on this concept for several years, and in fact he
had began developing liquid-fuel rocket engines.

From 1930 to 1935, he perfected (through countless static tests) a 'regeneratively
cooled' liquid-fueled rocket engine that was cooled by its own fuel, which
circulated around the combustion chamber.

This engine produced an astounding 3048 meters/second (10000 feet/second)
exhaust velocity, as compared to the later V-2 rocket's 2000 meters/second
(6560 feet/second). Dr. Sänger, along with his staff, continued work at Trauen
on the "Silverbird" under the Amerika Bomber program.

The Sänger Amerika Bomber (or Orbital Bomber, Antipodal Bomber or Atmosphere
Skipper) was designed for supersonic, stratospheric flight. The fuselage was
flattened, which helped create lift and the wings were short and wedge shaped.
There was a horizontal tail surface located at the extreme aft end of the
fuselage, which had a small fin on each end. The fuel was carried in two large
tanks, one on each side of the fuselage, running from the wings aft. Oxygen
tanks were located one on each side of the fuselage, located forward of the
wings. There was a huge rocket engine of 100 tons thrust mounted in the
fuselage rear, and was flanked by two auxiliary rocket engines. The pilot sat
in a pressurized cockpit in the forward fuselage, and a tricycle undercarriage
was fitted for a gliding landing. A central bomb bay held one 3629 kg (8000
lb) free-falling bomb, and no defensive armament was fitted. The empty weight
was to be approximately 9979 kg (22000 lbs).

An interesting flight profile was envisioned for the "Silverbird". It was to
be propelled down a 3 km (1.9 mile) long monorail track by a rocket-powered
sled that developed a 600 ton thrust for 11 seconds.

After taking off at a 30 degree angle and reaching an altitude of 1.5 km
(5100'), a speed of 1850 km/h (1149 mph) would be reached.

At this point, the main rocket engine would be fired for 8 minutes and burn 90
tons of fuel to propel the "Silverbird" to a maximum speed of 22100 km/h
(13724 mph) and an altitude of over 145 km (90 miles), although some sources
list the maximum altitude reached as 280 km (174 miles).

As the aircraft accelerated and descended under the pull of gravity, it would
then hit the denser air at about 40 km (25 miles) and 'skip' back up as a
stone does when skipped along water. This also had the added benefit of
cooling the aircraft after the intense frictional heating encountered when the
denser air was reached. The skips would gradually be decreased until the
aircraft would glide back to a normal landing using its conventional tricycle
landing gear, after covering approximately 23500 km (14594 miles).

The final test facilities for full-scale rocket engine tests were being built
when Russia was invaded in June 1941. All futuristic programs were canceled
due to the need to concentrate on proven designs. Dr. Sänger went on to work
on ramjet designs for the DFS (German Research Institute for Gliding), and
helped to design the Skoda-Kauba Sk P.14. Although the Luftwaffe did its best
to stop Dr. Sänger from publishing his research results, a few copies went
unaccounted for and made their way to other countries.

Whether the
‘Amerika Bomber’ would have worked will never be known; the concept was way
too far ahead of available technology to have had much chance of success,
particularly in terms of avionics. Indeed, post-war analysis of the Silverbird
design uncovered a mistake in the calculation of the effect of aerodynamic
heating during re-entry - in fact had the Silverbird design ever made it into
orbit it would almost certainly had burned up during re-entry. Furthermore,
Germany would certainly have needed to develop an atomic bomb to make the
attack worthwhile and, even if he survived the very high ‘G’ forces on
take-off and the re-entry, the pilot would certainly be on a one-way mission,
so the ‘Amerika Bomber’ was in reality a highly-advanced kamikaze vehicle.
Nevertheless, when WW2 ended, both the Russians and the Americans studied
Sänger’s research with great interest.

After the war, he was asked to work (along with
mathematician Irene Bredt) for the French Air Ministry, where in a bizarre
plot, he was almost kidnapped by Stalin, who recognized the value of the
Amerika Bomber.

Specific Features: One of the most "out there"
aircraft conceived in a wide field of really crazy planes that often got
really far in the design process, S

änger's
"Amerika Bomber” was intended to be
capable of rapidly deploying to attack any target anywhere in the world.
The aircraft was revolutionary on many fronts, from its incredible (and
likely terminal) speed to its bizarre launch method, Sänger
was willing to "go there". His sort of fantastical approach to science
was extremely popular with engineers and scientists in Germany,
sometimes producing amazing technology; other times wasting incredible
amounts of resources in otherwise obvious pipedreams.

The Amerika Bomber, had it ever passed the
prototyping stage, would have been propelled into the air by a massive
600-ton thrust liquid fuel rocket. Not content to simply shoot stuff
into the air, S

änger
wanted to use this massive booster to shoot a rocket train into the air.
The Amerika Bomber was to be mounted on a monorail dolly that also
mounted the booster unit. The dolly would have shot down a three
kilometer long angled rail in a mere 11 seconds and lifted the Amerika
Bomber into the sky roughly a mile. At this point the aircraft's
internal rocket thruster would have activated and lifted the plane to a
low-orbit altitude of 145 kilometers and a speed of 22,100kph. The plane
could have theoretically reached any location on the planet in under an
hour and dropped a single 8,000lb bomb. With Germany's actual
innovations in precision and wire-guided bombs this means individual
buildings in major cities around the world could have been targeted by a
massive conventional bomb. Other options include dropping in German
storm troops, crazy battle robots, or possibly thousands of spiders.

After deploying its payload the bomber would
have glided in to land at an airfield in Germany. It had only a single
pilot sitting in a small pressurized cockpit at the front of the
fuselage. Other than its payload the Amerika Bomber carried no weapons,
relying on its speed and altitude for protection. It would have been
obviously vulnerable as it glided in for landing, a flaw that marked
many of Germany's real and imagined high-tech aircraft.

History: Hopes for the Amerika Bomber faded
around the time Germany invaded the Soviet Union, which was probably to
the advantage of the Germans as the whole thing was ridiculous. The air
speed of the Amerika Bomber would have likely caused the plane to simply
explode from friction before it even came close to reaching its top
speed. The current air speed record from a powered aircraft is held by
NASA's X-15 at 7,277kph; less than a third of the proposed top speed of
the Amerika Bomber. NASA barely kept their plane from burning up, so
there's virtually no chance that S

änger
would have leapt a much higher hurdle, decades earlier. The pilot would
have blacked out and died if he was lucky, or been liquefied or
immolated if he was less fortunate. If Sänger
had somehow overcome these problems then he still had the whole "giant
length of elevated track and rail car" issue as American and British
bombers marauded with virtual impunity across most of Europe. After the
cancellation of the project, Sänger
went on to work with other developers on more feasible ramjet
interceptor projects. All that remains of the Amerika Bomber are some
models, designs, and an engine.

Mystery 1945 German Hypersonic Bomber Prototype?

In the late 1930s, Eugen Sänger, one of Germany's
top theoreticians on hypersonic dynamics and ramjets, and his wife,
mathematician Irene Bredt, had begun developing a suborbital rocket
bomber, "RaBo" (sometimes called the "Antipodal Bomber") that would
be capable of attacking targets at intercontinental ranges.
Incorporating highly advanced concepts, including swept, wedge-shaped
supersonic airfoils, a flat, heat-dissipating fuselage undersurface
that anticipated the Space Shuttle's by thirty years, and rocket
engines of extraordinary thrust, the RaBo concept would have taken
many-- precious time that was running out for Nazi Germany. In 1944,
Sänger and Bredt were moved to a fantastic, isolated laboratory
complex in the mountains near Lofer, Austria, where a number of
bizarre research projects were underway, including impractical devices
such as the infamous "sound cannon" and "wind cannon" and an
electromagnetic railgun.

Sänger's main known project centered on
development of a high-speed, ramjet powered manned bomber interceptor
that resembled a stubby missile.

Some sources also indicate
that work on the Raketen Bomber, which had been suspended around 1942,
was revived, and plans for a dedicated "Amerika Bomber" version,
specifically intended to drop a 10,000 kg projectile on New York City,
were put forward. Sänger produced calculations concerning the
enormous energy liberated when the ten ton projectile impacted in
lower Manhattan at meteoric speeds. This project paralleled in some
respects the equally impressive Peenemünde concept for a two-stage
version of the V-2, the A-9/10, that was also intended to strike New
York and other northeast US cities.

The
Sänger-Bredt RaBo and its postwar Soviet derivative both used a
long rocket sled to propel the vehicle to its takeoff speed of
several hundred mph. After launch, an onboard engine of some
200,000 lbs thrust would propel the craft into a ballistic
trajectory that peaked at altitudes of several hundred miles. The
German version was intended to be able to reach friendly territory
after making its strike -- or possibly ditch near a U-boat.

The Soviet version had
ramjets to provide ascent boost and possibly return-to-base
cruise capability after velocity decayed into the supersonic
range.

Most sources indicate that nothing much came of
the Amerika Bomber project at Lofer, but this is clearly not the
case. The Soviets recovered copies of Sänger's RaBo reports and were
so fascinated with the concept (particularly Stalin, who seems to have
been riveted by its implications) that they dedicated a great deal of
effort to designing an updated RaBo equipped with huge ramjet engines
for boost and cruise propulsion. Stalin's son Vasili and rocket
expert Grigoriy Tokaty-Tokayev were detailed to follow Sänger to
Paris, where he had moved after the war, in a failed attempt to
recruit or kidnap him in 1947. The RaBo influenced Soviet manned and
unmanned rocket work for years after the war.

It
influenced US work too, leading directly to the Walter Dornberger-sponsored
Bell "BoMi" (Bomber Missile) project of the early 1950s, and
ultimately the USAF/Boeing X-20 Dyna Soar hypersonic glider program
that laid the technical groundwork for the Space Shuttle.

No
reference source on the Sänger-Bredt project indicates that any RaBo
hardware was built at Lofer. But a 1947 US technical intelligence
manual on the Lofer base contains this fascinating, maddeningly blurry
photograph (below) of what appears to be the incomplete nose and
forward fuselage of a very unconventional aircraft. The caption reads
simply, "A futuristic airplane in a plant near Lofer. It was never
flown." There are no references to this aircraft in the text of the
report.

The
fuselage appears to have a flat upper and lower surface, and there
appears to be a cockpit area at the right end of the structure. The
general shape and size agree with extant RaBo illustrations. Was this
a full-scale wooden mockup of the hypersonic bomber? If so, there is
little wonder that the Soviets were so impressed with the design. But
it raises questions about the lack of documentation on this important
prototype.

What was this
"futuristic airplane?" Who designed it? What was its intended
mission? Why has it been lost? Was it a forgotten part of the
Sänger-Bredt program, an ancestor of the US Space Shuttle and Soviet
Buran orbiters? If it was not related to the RaBo, what was it?

In June 1935 and February 1936, Dr.
Eugen Sänger published articles in the Austrian aviation publication
Flug on rocket-powered aircraft. This led to his being asked by
the German High Command to build a secret aerospace research institute
in Trauen to research and build his "Silverbird", a manned, winged
vehicle that could reach orbit. Dr. Sänger had been working on this
concept for several years, and in fact he had began developing
liquid-fuel rocket engines. From 1930 to 1935, he had perfected
(through countless static tests) a 'regeneratively cooled'
liquid-fueled rocket engine that was cooled by its own fuel, which
circulated around the combustion chamber. This engine produced an
astounding 3048 meters/second (10000 feet/second) exhaust velocity, as
compared to the later V-2 rocket's 2000 meters/second (6560
feet/second). Dr. Sänger, along with his staff, continued work at
Trauen on the "Silverbird" under the Amerika Bomber program.

The Sänger Amerika Bomber (or Orbital Bomber,
Antipodal Bomber or Atmosphere Skipper) was designed for supersonic,
stratospheric flight (please see diagram below). The fuselage was
flattened, which helped create lift and the wings were short and wedge
shaped. There was a horizontal tail surface located at the extreme aft
end of the fuselage, which had a small fin on each end. The fuel was
carried in two large tanks, one on each side of the fuselage, running
from the wings aft. Oxygen tanks were located one on each side of the
fuselage, located forward of the wings. There was a huge rocket engine
of 100 tons thrust mounted in the fuselage rear, and was flanked by
two auxiliary rocket engines. The pilot sat in a pressurized cockpit
in the forward fuselage, and a tricycle undercarriage was fitted for a
gliding landing. A central bomb bay held one 3629 kg (8000 lb)
free-falling bomb, and no defensive armament was fitted. The empty
weight was to be approximately 9979 kg (22000 lbs).

An interesting flight profile was envisioned for the "Silverbird".
It was to be propelled down a 3 km (1.9 mile) long monorail track by a
rocket-powered sled that developed a 600 ton thrust for 11 seconds
(please see diagram below). After taking off at a 30 degree angle and
reaching an altitude of 1.5 km (5100'), a speed of 1850 km/h (1149
mph) would be reached. At this point, the main rocket engine would be
fired for 8 minutes and burn 90 tons of fuel to propel the "Silverbird"
to a maximum speed of 22100 km/h (13724 mph) and an altitude of over
145 km (90 miles), although some sources list the maximum altitude
reached as 280 km (174 miles). As the aircraft accelerated and
descended under the pull of gravity, it would then hit the denser air
at about 40 km (25 miles) and 'skip' back up as a stone does when
skipped along water (

please see drawing
below). This also had the added
benefit of cooling the aircraft after the intense frictional heating
encountered when the denser air was reached. The skips would gradually
be decreased until the aircraft would glide back to a normal landing
using its conventional tricycle landing gear, after covering
approximately 23500 km (14594 miles).

The final test facilities for full-scale rocket engine tests
were being built when Russia was invaded in June 1941. All futuristic
programs were canceled due to the need to concentrate on proven
designs. Dr. Sänger went on to work on ramjet designs for the DFS
(German Research Institute for Gliding), and helped to design the
Skoda-Kauba Sk P.14 (see bottom of page).
Although the Luftwaffe did its best to stop Dr. Sänger from publishing
his research results, a few copies went unaccounted for and made their
way to other countries. After the war, he was asked to work (along
with mathematician Irene Bredt) for the French Air Ministry, where in
a bizarre plot, he was almost kidnapped by Stalin, who recognized the
value of the Amerika Bomber.

The diagram on the right is part of Dr. Eugen Sänger's original
proposal and shows the expected flight path that his "Silverbird"
would travel on a bomb run to New York City. Please note the skipping,
roller coaster-like path the Sänger would take before landing....

Dr. Eugen Sänger confers
with mathematician
and future wife Irene Bredt in their WWII
research lab in Trauen.

A wind tunnel model of the Sänger Amerika Bomber, which is still in
existence today....

The Sänger Amerika Bomber over Chicago

The Sänger Orbital Bomber, with bomb bay doors
open, on its bomb run over New York City (Manhatten Island is visible
just ahead of the Sänger's nose)....

Diagram of RaBo trajectory

After
arcing to altitudes of several hundred miles at speeds of over 10,000
mph, the spacecraft would descend and encounter the upper atmosphere.
The pilot would execute a high-g pullout as the craft "skipped off the
atmosphere like a stone skipping on water." This cycle would be
repeated several times as the vehicle slowed and descended on its
global path. When it neared its target, the spacecraft would release a
large conventional-explosive bomb that would enter the atmosphere at
meteor speeds and strike with tremendous force.

It is
conceivable that USAAF technical intelligence knowledge of this unique
and strange concept resonated with Kenneth Arnold's June 1947 story of
supersonic UFOs "skipping like saucers on water" and provided some Air
Materiel Command UFO analysts with leverage for study of the saucer
phenomenon on the basis of possible Soviet origin.

Skoda-Kauba began work on this ramjet powered fighter
early in 1945. The SK P.14 was built around a Sanger ramjet that had a
diameter of 1.5 m (4' 11") and a length of 9.5 m (31' 2"). This ramjet
duct formed a large part of the fuselage structure, but the walls of the
combustion chamber and exhaust nozzle were left exposed to the airstream
for cooling. The cockpit was located in the extreme nose of the aircraft
where the pilot lay prone on top of the ramjet. There were two fuel
tanks in the area behind the cockpit and a small fuel tank in each wing.
A tail unit was mounted on the end of a boom above the rear of the ram
jet unit. The wings were small and unswept. Since the aircraft has to
reach a certain speed before the ramjet can operate, take-off was to
be accomplished by use of booster rockets on a jettisonable tricycle
undercarriage. Landing was done on a retractable skid. Armament
consisted of a single MK 108 30mm cannon mounted above the cockpit and
protruding through the top of the canopy.
Another version was also designed, the P.14.02. It was similar
to the P.14.01, with superficial differences. Although ramjets were
tested with several different aircraft, none of the project aircraft to
fly on ramjet power were completed.