Archives for DLT

The Maltese Tax Authorities issued guidelines in connection with the income tax, VAT and duty on documents implications arising from transactions or arrangements involving DLT assets.

The following is a list of definitions included in the guidelines:

wdt_ID

Category

Definition

1

Coins

A DLT asset designed solely as a means of payment and used in lieu of fiat currency and serve as an alternative to legal tender

2

Financial Tokens (Security, Asset or Asset backed tokens)

A DLT asset exhibiting qualities that are similar to equities, debentures, units in a CIS, derivatives or Financial Instruments

3

Utility Tokens

A DLT asset whose utility, value or application is restricted solely to the acquisition of a good or service

Taxation

The general income tax principles contained in the Income Tax Act apply to transactions involving DLT assets. The guidelines serve to provide clarifications regarding the income tax treatment of a number of transactions or arrangements involving DLT assets.

The following is a summary of the tax treatment of transactions involving DLT Assets:

wdt_ID

Nature of Payment

Income Tax Treatment

5

Payment made or received in a cryptocurrency

Treated like a payment in any other currency and taxable profits are calculated in the same manner

6

Payment by means of the transfer of a financial or utility token

Treated like any other payment in kind

The following is a summary of the income tax treatment of transactions in coins:

wdt_ID

Transaction

Income Tax Treatment of Realised Profits or Proceeds

6

Business of exchanging coins

Taxable income

7

Sale of coins held as trading stock

Taxable income

8

Mining of cryptocurrencies

Taxable income

9

Coins fall outside scope of Article 5 of the Income Tax Act and therefore they are not considered to give rise to any capital gain for income tax purposes.

The following summarises the tax treatment for the return on financial tokens:

wdt_ID

Return on Financial Tokens

Income Tax Treatment

5

Return equivalent to dividends, interest, premium etc., in a cryptocurrency, other currency or in kind

Taxable income

The following outlines the tax treatment arising from the transfers of financial and utility tokens:

wdt_ID

Type of Transferred Tokens

Transaction

Income Tax Treatment of Realised Profits or Proceeds

6

Financial and utility tokens

Trading nature

Taxable ordinary income

7

Financial tokens that meet the definition of "securities"

Non-trading nature

Capital gains taxable under article 5 of the Income Tax Act

8

Financial tokens that do not meet the definition of "securities"

Non-trading nature

Outside scope of capital gains tax

9

Utility tokens

Non-trading nature

Outside scope of capital gains tax

10

Convertible tokens (not being financial tokens at the time of issue) until they are converted into securities

Non-trading nature

Outside scope of capital gains tax

The distinction between trading income and non-trading income may not always be evident. It may therefore be necessary to refer to the badges of trade to determine whether the income received falls within the definition of trading income or not. Such determination is crucial to assess the tax treatment of transferred tokens.

The following portrays the tax treatment applicable for initial offerings:

wdt_ID

Type of Issued Tokens

Nature of Activities

Tax treatment

5

Financial tokens

Raising Capital

Outside Scope from capital gains tax

6

Utility Token

Entails an obligation of the issuer to perform a service or supply of goods to the seller

Gains or profits realised from the provision of the services or supply of goods represents income

Value Added Tax (VAT)

The general VAT principles applicable to taxable events also apply to transactions or arrangements involving DLT assets. Maltese VAT rules apply only if the place of supply of a transaction or arrangement is deemed to be Malta. Furthermore, the chargeable event would only arise where a supply of service is made for a consideration by a taxable person acting as such and there is a direct link between the consideration payable and the supply made and where there is reciprocal performance between the suppliers and the recipient of the service.

The following is a general overview of the VAT treatment of transactions involving DLT assets:

wdt_ID

Activity

Tax Treatment

1

Coins

Exempt without Credit in terms of para 3(4) of Part Two of the Fifth Schedule to the VAT Act

2

Financial Tokens issued to raise capital

Outside Scope of VAT

3

Financial Tokens issued not for the purpose of raising capital

May be treated as Exempt without credit in terms of para 3(5) of Part Two of the Fifth Schedule to the VAT Act

4

Utility Tokens

Taxable (treated as a voucher in terms of Part Nine of the Fourteenth Schedule to the VAT Act)

5

Transaction fees charged by Digital wallet providers in relation to means of payment

Provision of an electronic facility by exchange platforms of coins or security tokens

Exempt without credit

10

Provision of electronic facility by exchange platforms of utility tokens

Taxable

If a token contains features of both a financial and a utility token (also referred to as a hybrid token), then the VAT treatment depends on the use of such token. A hybrid token used as a utility token then it is to be treated as such, while if in another occasion the same token is used as a coin, then it needs to be treated as such.

When treated as a voucher, the consideration paid for a utility token shall be deemed to be gross of VAT due. Another important issue to determine is when the token is subject to VAT:

wdt_ID

Type of Tokens

Taxable Event

5

Underlying good or service, place of supply and value are known at the time of issue of the token - similar to a Single purpose voucher

Time of issue of token

6

Underlying good or service, place of supply and value are NOT known at the time of issue of the token - similar to a Multi purpose voucher

Time of redemption of token

The guidelines provide clarification as to whether initial offerings are subject to VAT or not:

wdt_ID

Type of Initial Offering

Tax treatment

5

An ICO or token generation event where no specific good or service may be identified

Outside Scope of VAT

6

Initial offering of a token where the token issued gives right to identified goods or services for a specified consideration

Taxable

In case of electronically supplied services rendered to non-taxable persons established in other Member States, the supplier may opt to register and account for VAT through the Mini-One-Stop-Shop system (MOSS) to facilitate the administration for the payment of the VAT within the EU.

Duty on Documents and Transfers Act (DDTA)

The following is a summary of the DDTA implications arising with respect to transactions involving DLT assets:

Type of Transferred Tokens

DDTA Treatment

Tax Treatment

5

Coins

Outside scope

7

Financial tokens which possess the same characteristics of “marketable securities” under the DDTA

Subject to DDTA

8

Financial tokens which do not possess the same characteristics of “marketable securities” under the DDTA

Through Legal Notices 306 and 307 of 2018 the Minister for the Digital Economy has established the 1 November 2018 as the date on which the provisions of the Innovative Technology Arrangements and Services (ITAS) Act and of the Virtual Financial Assets (VFA) Act, respectively, shall be deemed to have come into force.

Following the approval by Maltese Parliament of the cryptocurrency related bills on the 4th July 2018, through Legal Notice 250 of 2018 the Minister for the Digital Economy has established the 15th July 2018 as the date on which the provisions of the Malta Digital Innovation Authority (MDIA) Act shall be deemed to have come into force and hence the MDIA is now officially set-up. The Authority shall now commence the process of staff on-boarding and regulatory functions in terms of the MDIA Act.

On 4 July 2018, the Maltese Parliament has unanimously approved a trio of cryptocurrency related bills as follows:

The Malta Digital Innovation Authority Act which shall provide for the establishment of an authority to be known as the Malta Digital Innovation Authority.

The Virtual Financial Assets Act which shall regulate the field of Initial Virtual Financial Asset Offerings, or as more commonly referred to Initial Coin Offerings, Virtual Financial Assets and cryptocurrency currency exchanges whilst outlining the licensing requirements, the application, granting and cancellation of such licenses and provide for other matters ancillary thereto or connected therewith.

The Innovative Technology Arrangements and Services Act which shall mainly provide for the regulation of designated innovative technology arrangements as well as of designated innovative technology services.

Malta is one of the first jurisdictions worldwide having in place specific legislation regulating this technology thus making Malta, an EU Member State, attractive to blockchain based companies and Initial Coin Offering (ICO) issuers. Indeed, Malta has already seen several large cryptocurrency exchanges moving operations whilst the crypto friendly legislation was progressing.

Through the certification of technology arrangements, registration of service providers and regulation of ICOs, Malta will provide legal certainty and integrity to the industry and protection to both companies and investors.

The Maltese Government published the three bills which will be implementing a framework for DLT. These legislative initiatives will make Malta one of the first countries in the world regulating this technology thereby providing a level of certainty to the industry and attracting businesses to ‘The Blockchain Island’.

The Innovative Technology Arrangements and Service Bill shall provide for the regulation of designated innovative technology arrangements as well as of designated innovative technology services, and for the exercise by or on behalf of the Malta Digital Innovation Authority of regulatory functions in that regard.

The Virtual Financial Assets Bill shall regulate the field of Initial Virtual Financial Asset Offerings, or as more commonly referred to Initial Coin Offerings, Virtual Financial Assets and cryptocurrency currency exchanges. The Bill shall outline the licensing requirements, the application, granting and cancellation of such licenses and provide for other matters ancillary thereto or connected therewith.

The Malta Digital Innovation Authority Bill shall provide for the establishment of an Authority to be known as the Malta Digital Innovation Authority, to support the development and implementation of the guiding principles and to promote consistent principles for the development of visions, skills, and other qualities relating to technology innovation, and for the exercise by or on behalf of that Authority of regulatory functions regarding innovative technology arrangements including distributed or decentralised ledger technology, and related services and to make provision with respect to matters ancillary thereto or connected therewith.