Frame 150 from the Zapruder film. Kennedy's limousine has just turned onto Elm Street, moments before the first shot, and the President is apparently waving.

Although it is not the only film of the shooting, it has been called the most complete, giving a relatively clear view from a somewhat elevated position on the side from which the president's head wound is visible, it was an important part of the Warren Commission hearings and all subsequent investigations of the assassination, and is one of the most studied pieces of film in history. Of greatest notoriety is the film's capture of the fatal shot to President Kennedy's head when his presidential limousine was almost exactly in front of, and slightly below, Zapruder's position.

After Secret Service agent Forrest Sorrels promised Zapruder that the film would only be used for an official investigation, the two men sought to develop the footage as soon as possible, as television station WFAA's equipment was incompatible with the format, Eastman Kodak's Dallas film processing facility developed the film and Jamieson Film Company produced three copies. Zapruder gave two of the copies to the Secret Service.[1]

On the morning of November 23, CBS lost the bidding for the footage to Life magazine's $150,000 offer.[3] CBS news correspondent Dan Rather was the first to report on the footage on national television after seeing it, although the inaccuracies in his description would contribute to many conspiracy theories about the assassination.[1] In his 2001 book Tell Me A Story, CBS producer Don Hewitt said that he told Rather to go to Zapruder's home to "sock him in the jaw", take the film, copy it, then return it and let the network's lawyers deal with the consequences.[4] According to Hewitt, he realized his mistake after ending their telephone conversation and immediately called Rather back to countermand the order;[4] in a 2015 interview on Opie with Jim Norton, Rather stated that the story was a myth.[5]

Frame 313 of the film depicts the fatal shot to the President's head, after having a nightmare in which he saw a sign in Times Square, New York City, with the phrase "See the President's head explode!", Zapruder insisted that frame 313 be excluded from publication.[1] The November 29, 1963 issue of Life—which featured the "LIFE" logo in a black box instead of the usual red box—published about 30 frames of the Zapruder film in black and white. Frames were also published in color in the December 6, 1963 special "John F. Kennedy Memorial Edition", and in issues dated October 2, 1964 (a special article on the film and the Warren Commission report), November 25, 1966, and November 24, 1967.

The Zapruder frames used by the Warren Commission were published in black and white as Commission Exhibit 885 in volume XVIII of the Hearings and Exhibits.[7] Frames of the film have also been published in several magazines, and the film was featured in several movies. Copies of the complete film are available on the Internet.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

One of the first-generation Secret Service copies was lent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington, which made a second-generation copy on November 25. After study of that copy in January 1964, the Warren Commission judged the quality to be inadequate, and requested the original. Life brought the original to Washington in February for the Commission's viewing, and also made color 35mm slide enlargements from the relevant frames of the original film for the FBI. From those slides, the FBI made a series of black-and-white prints, which were given to the commission for its use.

In October 1964, the U.S. Government Printing Office released 26 volumes of testimony and evidence compiled by the Warren Commission. Volume 18 of the commission's hearings reproduced 158 frames of the Zapruder film in black and white. However, frames 208–211 were missing, a splice was visible in frames 207 and 212, frames 314 and 315 were switched, and frame 284 was a repeat of 283;[14] in reply to an inquiry, the FBI's J. Edgar Hoover wrote in 1965 that 314 and 315 were switched due to a printing error, and that the error did not exist in the original Warren Commission exhibits. In early 1967, Life released a statement that four frames of the camera original (208–211) had been accidentally destroyed, and the adjacent frames damaged, by a Life photo lab technician on November 23, 1963. Life released the missing frames from the first-generation copy it had received from Zapruder with the original.[15] (Of the Zapruder frames outside the section used in the commission's exhibits, frames 155–157 and 341 were also damaged and spliced out of the camera original, but are present in the first-generation copies.)

In 1966, assassination researcher Josiah Thompson, while working for Life, was allowed to examine a first-generation copy of the film and a set of color 35mm slides made from the original, he tried to negotiate with Life for the rights to print important individual frames in his book, Six Seconds in Dallas. Life refused to approve the use of any of the frames, even after Thompson offered to give all profits from the book sales to Life. When Thompson's book was published in 1967, it included very detailed charcoal drawings of important individual frames, plus photo reproductions of the four missing frames. Time Inc. filed a lawsuit against Thompson and his publishing company for copyright infringement. A U.S. District Court ruled in 1968 that the Time Inc. copyright of the Zapruder film had not been violated by invoking the doctrine of fair use. The court held that "there is a public interest in having the fullest information available on the murder of President Kennedy. Thompson did serious work on the subject and has a theory entitled to public consideration … [I]t has been found that the copying by defendants was fair and reasonable."[16]

In 1967, Life magazine hired a New Jersey film lab, Manhattan Effects, to make a 16 mm film copy of the original Zapruder film. Pleased with the results, they asked for a 35 mminternegative to be made. Mo Weitzman made several internegatives in 1968, giving the best to Life and retaining the test copies. Weitzman set up his own optical house and motion picture postproduction facility later that year. Employee and assassination buff Robert Groden, hired in 1969, used one of Weitzman's copies and an optical printer to make versions of the Zapruder film using close-ups and minimizing the camera's shakiness.

Before the 1969 trial of Clay Shaw, a businessman from New Orleans, for conspiracy in connection with the assassination, a copy of the film several generations from the original was subpoenaed from Time Inc. in 1967 by New Orleans District AttorneyJim Garrison for use at Shaw's grand jury hearing. Garrison unsuccessfully subpoenaed the original film in 1968, the courtroom showings of Garrison's copy in 1969 were the first time it had been shown in public as a film. Noted conspiracy theorist Mark Lane, author of Rush to Judgment, was in New Orleans at the time to assist Garrison in his investigation. Lane borrowed Garrison's copy of the Zapruder film and had several copies printed at a local lab, these low quality copies began circulating among assassination researchers and were known to many journalists as well. The underground circulation of these copies and the secret screenings to a select few who had the opportunity to see them added an additional aura of mystery to the film, enhancing the idea that there was a secret to be found in it that was being kept hidden from the general public.

The first broadcast of the Zapruder film was on the late-night television show Underground News with Chuck Collins, originating on WSNS-TV, Ch 44, Chicago in 1970, it was given to director Howie Samuelsohn by Penn Jones and later aired in syndication to Philadelphia, Detroit, Kansas City and St. Louis.[citation needed]

On March 6, 1975, on the ABC late-night television show Good Night America (hosted by Geraldo Rivera), assassination researchers Robert Groden and Dick Gregory presented the first-ever network television showing of the Zapruder home movie. The public's response and outrage to that television showing quickly led to the forming of the Hart-Schweiker investigation, contributed to the Church Committee Investigation on Intelligence Activities by the United States, and resulted in the House Select Committee on Assassinations investigation.[17]

Bell & Howell Zoomatic movie camera used to shoot the film, in the collection of the U.S. National Archives

In April 1975, in settlement of a royalties suit between Time Inc. and Zapruder's heirs that arose from the ABC showing, Time Inc. sold the original film and its copyright back to the Zapruder family for the token sum of $1. Time Inc. wanted to donate the film to the U.S. government. The Zapruder family initially refused to consent, but in 1978 the family transferred the film to the National Archives and Records Administration for appropriate preservation and safe-keeping, while still retaining ownership of the film and its copyright. Director Oliver Stone paid approximately $85,000 to the Zapruder family for use of the Zapruder film in his motion picture JFK (1991).

On October 26, 1992, President George H. W. Bush signed into law the John F. Kennedy Records Collection Act of 1992 (the "JFK Act"), which sought to preserve for historical and governmental purposes all records related to the assassination of President Kennedy. The Act created the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection at the National Archives, the Zapruder film was automatically designated an "assassination record" and therefore became official property of the United States government. When the Zapruder family demanded the return of the original film in 1993 and 1994, National Archives officials refused to comply.

On April 24, 1997, the Assassination Records Review Board, which was created by the JFK Act, announced a "Statement of Policy and Intent with Regard to the Zapruder Film". The ARRB re-affirmed that the Zapruder film is an "assassination record" within the meaning of the JFK Act and directed it to be transferred on August 1, 1998 from its present location in NARA's film collection to the John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection maintained by NARA,[note 2] as required by law for such a seizure under eminent domain, payment to Zapruder's heirs was attempted. Because the film is unique, the film's value was difficult to ascertain; eventually, following arbitration with the Zapruder heirs, the government purchased the film in 1999 for $16 million.

The Zapruder family retained copyright to the film, which was not seized; in 1997, the film was digitally replicated and restored under license of the Zapruder family. The 1998 documentary Image of an Assassination: A New Look at the Zapruder Film shows the history of the film, as well as various versions of the restored film.

In December 1999, the Zapruder family donated the film's copyright to The Sixth Floor Museum, in the Texas School Book Depository building at Dealey Plaza, along with one of the first-generation copies made on November 22, 1963, and other copies of the film and frame enlargements once held by Life magazine, which had been since returned.[18] The Zapruder family no longer retains any commercial rights to the film, which are now entirely controlled by the museum.

The relevant history of the film is covered in a book by David Wrone called The Zapruder Film: Reframing JFK's Assassination (2003). Wrone is a professor of history who tracks the "chain of evidence" for the film.

Each frame of the Zapruder film has been put together into a panoramic movie, each object that appears during the film has its starting position equal to where it appears first in Zapruder's frames. The objects' positions are updated during visibility in Zapruder's frames and stay unmoved as soon as each object moves out of the frames.[19]

The film by Orville Nix had the same technology applied to it, the Nix and Zapruder films were then combined into a direct simultaneous comparison movie.[20]

Between November 1963 and January 1964, the FBI examined a copy of the Zapruder film, noting that the camera recorded at 18.3 frames per second. It is not clear from the film itself when the first and second shots occurred, it is apparent that by frame 225 the President is reacting to his throat wound. However, no wound or blood is seen on either President Kennedy or Governor Connally prior to frame 313, the fatal shot to the President occurred at frame 313[21] with the visible effects of the head wound.

There is also a stabilized high-definition version of the Zapruder film that is synchronized with the Dallas Police Department audio recording, the version of the Zapruder film used here is the first-generation copy that went to France. The video also shows the immediate aftermath at Dealey Plaza and the press conference of JFK's assistant press secretary Malcolm Kilduff.[22]

The Zapruder film has often been believed as capturing the shooting from start to finish and has been called a "complete record of the Kennedy assassination".[according to whom?] This view is, however, challenged by Max Holland, author of The Kennedy Assassination Tapes, and the professional photographer Johann Rush in a joint editorial piece published by The New York Times on November 22, 2007.[23] Holland and Rush point out that Zapruder temporarily stopped filming at frame 132, when only police motorcycles were visible. When he resumed filming, frame 133 already shows the presidential motorcade in view, this pause could have great significance for the interpretation of the assassination, Holland and Rush suggest.

One of the sources of controversy with the Warren Report has been its difficulty in satisfactorily accounting for the sequencing of the assassination. A specific mystery concerns what happened to the one shot that missed (and how Oswald came to miss at what was assumed to be close range). Holland and Rush argue that the break in the Zapruder film might conceal a first shot earlier than analysts have hitherto assumed, and point out that in this case a horizontal traffic mast would temporarily have obstructed Oswald's view of his target; in the authors' words, "The film, we realize, does not depict an assassination about to commence. It shows one that had already started."[24]

The evidence offered by Holland and Rush to support their theory was challenged in a series of 2007–08 articles by computer animator Dale K. Myers and assassination researcher Todd W. Vaughan, who defended the prevailing belief that Zapruder's film captured the entire shooting sequence.[25]

In 1994, the Zapruder film footage was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and was selected for permanent preservation in the National Film Registry.

The film has been featured in films or other media, such as the Oliver Stone film JFK, which used the clearest copy of the film available to the public before the late 1990s, for example, after the fatal shot, Jacqueline Kennedy can be seen mouthing what appears to be the words, "Oh, my God!" A closeup from the portion of the film showing the fatal shot to Kennedy's head is also shown in the Clint Eastwood film In the Line of Fire.

The Red Dwarf episode Tikka to Ride features a recreation of the shooting which was shot meticulously using the Zapruder film as a reference, it was originally shot in black and white, but was so realistic that people thought it was the original footage. Director Ed Bye then reshot it in colour.

In the Don DeLillo novel Underworld, there is a screening of a bootleg copy of Zapruder film, at which the film is played over and over on multiple televisions at varying speeds.

In the 2004 revival of Stephen Sondheim's musical Assassins, the film was projected onto Lee Harvey Oswald's white shirt during the climax of the show.

The earliest three days of the original film's life, including its actual filming, developing, copying, premiere viewing by Zapruder, government agents and reporters, and sale to Life magazine are portrayed in the 2013 docudrama Parkland, in which Abraham Zapruder is played by Paul Giamatti.

^The Model 414 PD held a reel of 16mm film which was first run in one direction, with half of the width of the film being exposed. The reel would then be removed from the camera (a process which could take place in subdued light), the feed and take-up reels swapped and reloaded so that the other half of the film could be exposed in a process analogous to half-track audio tape, the FBI later tested Zapruder's camera and found that it filmed an average of 18.3 frames/second (slightly deviating from the camera's standard frame rate of 16 frame/s).[2] While earlier 8 mm cameras had used a 16 frame/s rate, the 8 mm standard was moving to 18 frame/s by the 1960s, and that was the frame rate adopted by the Super 8 format in 1966.

^The film's physical location remained the same, only its record classification changed.

^Stabilized versions of the Zapruder film. Research quality. Based on the “Costella 2006” frames. Large file sizes. Requires QuickTime viewer from apple.com. Entire film is covered in six “fixed camera” video clips, plus one “stabilized pan” video clip. Full speed.

Abraham Zapruder
–
Abraham Zapruder was an American clothing manufacturer who witnessed the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963. Zapruder unexpectedly captured the event in a movie while filming the presidential limousine. Zapruder was born into a Russian Jewish family in the city of Kovel and he received only four years o

Home movies
–
Originally, home movies were made on photographic film in formats that usually limited the movie-maker to about three minutes per roll of costly camera film. The popularity of the Internet, and wider availability of high-speed connections has provided new ways of sharing home movies, such as video weblogs, the development of home movie-making has d

John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vi

1.
John F. Kennedy

2.
The Kennedy family at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.

Motorcade
–
A motorcade, or autocade, is a procession of vehicles. The term motorcade was coined by Lyle Abbot, and is formed after cavalcade on the notion that -cade was a suffix meaning procession. Eric Partridge called the name a monstrosity, and Lancelot Hogben considered the word to be a counterfeit coinage, the original suffix in cavalcade is actually -a

Dealey Plaza
–
Dealey Plaza /ˈdiːliː/, in the historic West End district of downtown Dallas, Texas, is the location of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963. Dealey Plaza is a Dallas city park, built on donated by early Dallas philanthropist. It was completed in 1940 as a WPA project on the west edge of downtown Dallas where three streets conve

1.
Dealey Plaza Historic District

2.
National Historic Landmark plaque at Dealey Plaza.

3.
The Grassy Knoll and Bryan pergola on the north side of Elm Street

Dallas
–
Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, o

Assassination of John F. Kennedy
–
On November 22,1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dallas Dealey Plaza, at 12,30 p. m. Fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, he was traveling with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, Kennedys death marked the fourth and most recent assassinatio

3.
Ike Altgens ' photo of the Presidential limousine taken between the first and second shots that hit President Kennedy. President Kennedy's left hand is in front of his throat and Mrs. Kennedy's left hand is holding his arm.

4.
Polaroid photo by Mary Ann Moorman taken a fraction of a second after the fatal shot (detail).

Warren Commission
–
Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24,1964 and made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and it also concluded that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commissions findings have proven controversial and have been cha

SS-100-X
–
Secret Service code name for the presidential limousine originally used by the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. The limousine is the one that Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy were passengers in when the President was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22,1963. Following Kennedys assassination, the car received s

2.
JFK, Jackie, and the Connallys in the presidential limousine seconds before his assassination

8 mm film
–
8 mm film is a motion picture film format in which the film strip is eight millimeters wide. It exists in two main versions — the original standard 8 mm film, also known as regular 8 mm or Double 8 mm, and Super 8. Although both standard 8 mm and Super 8 are 8 mm wide, Super 8 has a larger image area because of its smaller and more widely spaced pe

4.
Revere Model 144 8 mm film camera from 1955 at Universum museum in Mexico City

Kodachrome
–
Kodachrome is a brand name for a non-substantive, color reversal film introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1935. It was one of the first successful color materials and was used for both cinematography and still photography, because of its complex processing requirements, the film was sold process-paid in the United States until 1954 when a legal ruling p

4.
A typical plastic 35mm Kodachrome slide from the 1990s showing logo and text on the reverse side.

Safety film
–
Cellulose acetate film, or safety film, is used in photography as a base material for photographic emulsions. It was introduced in the early 20th century by manufacturers as a safe film base replacement for unstable. Cellit was a stable, non-brittle cellulose acetate polymer that could be dissolved in acetone for further processing, a cellulose dia

1.
Ilford HP5 Plus Safety Film

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
–
Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from Ge

United States Secret Service
–
The United States Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. Until 2003, the Service was part of the U. S. Department of the Treasury, the Secret Services initial responsibility was to investigate counterfeiting of U. S. currency, which was rampant following the U. S. Civil War. The agency th

Clint Hill (Secret Service)
–
Clinton J. Clint Hill is a former United States Secret Service agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963, in Dallas, Texas. This action was documented in the Zapruder film, Hill is the last surviving passenger of the presidential limousine that arrived at Parkland Hospital. Hill was

WFAA
–
WFAA, virtual channel and VHF digital channel 8, is an ABC-affiliated television station serving the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex that is licensed to Dallas, Texas, United States. The station is owned by the Tegna Media subsidiary of Tegna and it is also one of only two television stations in the Dallas-Fort Worth market that is not owned by the cor

1.
The WFAA Telecruiser in use during DuMont affiliation.

Eastman Kodak
–
Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for busi

Jamieson Film Company
–
The Jamieson Film Company, a Texas film production company, was one of the crucial players in the emergence of Dallas as a center for commercial film production in the U. S. Founded by Hugh Jamieson in 1916, the Jamieson Film Company is perhaps most widely remembered for producing the first copies of the Abraham Zapruder film that captured the assa

1.
Still image of Hugh Jamieson, during interview at KERA, circa 1970s

CBS
–
CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network,

1.
Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.

2.
Wholesome Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth

3.
When Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.

4.
CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.

Life (magazine)
–
Life was an American magazine that ran weekly from 1883 to 1936 as a humor magazine with limited circulation. Time owner Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936, solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name, Life was published weekly until 1972, as an intermittent special until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. After 2000 Time Inc.

Dan Rather
–
Daniel Irvin Dan Rather Jr. is an American journalist and the former news anchor for the CBS Evening News. He is now managing editor and anchor of the news magazine Dan Rather Reports on the cable channel AXS TV. Rather was anchor of the CBS Evening News for 24 years, from March 9,1981 and he also contributed to CBSs 60 Minutes. Along with Peter Je

3.
Radar image of Hurricane Carla, similar to the display Rather used during coverage of the storm's impacts

4.
Rather speaking about his experiences in his 61 years of journalism before a group of NATO commanders at Camp Eggers in Kabul, Afghanistan in July 2011.

John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories
–
Numerous conspiracy theories have been put forth to explain the circumstances surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy. These include accusations of involvement of the CIA, the Mafia, Johnson, Cuban President Fidel Castro, the KGB, or even some combination thereof. Some conspiracy theories claim that the United States government covered up

1.
Handbill circulated on November 21, 1963, one day before the assassination.

4.
The wooden fence on the grassy knoll, where many researchers believe another gunman stood.

Don Hewitt
–
Under Hewitts leadership,60 Minutes was the only news program ever rated the nations top-ranked television program, an achievement it accomplished five times. Hewitt produced the first televised debate in 1960. Hewitt was born in New York City, New York, the son of Frieda and his father was a Jewish immigrant from Russia, and his mothers family was

1.
Don Hewitt

Times Square
–
It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists,

New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

4.
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

Federal Bureau of Investigation
–
The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National

Reversal film
–
In photography, reversal film is a type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base. The film is processed to produce transparencies or diapositives instead of negatives, Reversal film is produced in various sizes, from 35 mm roll film to 8×10 inch sheet film. A slide is a specially mounted individual transparency inte

1.
A single slide, showing a color transparency in a plastic frame

2.
A slide projector, showing the lens and a typical double slide carrier.

3.
Slide projector Leitz Prado

4.
Slide frames, 1940 (metal or card) to 1985 (plastic)

U.S. Government Printing Office
–
The United States Government Publishing Office is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. Following signature by the President, the change took effect on December 17,2014, the Government Publishing Office was created by congressional joint resolution on June 23,1860. It began operations March 4,1861, with 350 em

J. Edgar Hoover
–
John Edgar Hoover, better known as J. Edgar Hoover, was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States. Later in life and after his death, Hoover became a figure as evidence of his secretive abuses of power began to surface. Hoover consequently amassed a great deal of power and was in a position to intimidate, accord

Copyright infringement
–
The copyright holder is typically the works creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement, Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process

16 mm
–
16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film, with other film gauges including 8 and 35 mm. It is generally used for film making or for low budget motion pictures. It also existed as an amateur or home movie making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film. In 1923, Eastman Kodak rel

35 mm
–
35 mm film is the film gauge most commonly used for motion pictures and chemical still photography. The name of the gauge refers to the width of the photographic film, the standard negative pulldown for movies is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film. For still photography, the frame has eight per

2.
35 mm film sticking out of a canister (or cassette) for 135 format film for still photography. Kodachrome II film for color slides—marked with a capacity of 36 exposures (on the film strip)—pictured

3.
A short strip of undeveloped 35 mm color negative film with BH-size perforations.

4.
A photo of a 35 mm film print featuring all four audio formats (or "quad track") — from left to right: SDDS (blue area to the left of the sprocket holes), Dolby Digital (grey area between the sprocket holes labelled with the Dolby "Double-D" logo in the middle), analog optical sound (the two white lines to the right of the sprocket holes), and the DTStime code (the dashed line to the far right).

Trial of Clay Shaw
–
On January 29,1969, Shaw was brought to trial in Orleans Parish Criminal Court on these charges. On March 1,1969, a jury took less than an hour to find Shaw not guilty, to date, it is the only trial to be brought for the assassination of President Kennedy. In 1979, Richard Helms, former director of the CIA and my staff and I solved the case weeks a

2.
Clay Shaw was acquitted by the jury in less than an hour of deliberation.

3.
David Ferrie (second from left) with Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol in 1955. This photo showing Ferrie and Oswald together only became public after the trial was over.

New Orleans, Louisiana
–
New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statisti

4.
The starving people of New Orleans under Union occupation during the Civil War, 1862

Jim Garrison
–
James Carothers Jim Garrison was the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, from 1962 to 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best known for his investigations into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and he was played by Kevin Costner in Oliver Stones JFK. Earling Carothers Garrison was born in Denison, Iowa and he was

1.
Jim Garrison

Grand jury
–
Grand jury is a legal body empowered to conduct official proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and compel sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it, Grand jury is separate from the courts, which do not preside over

1.
A grand jury investigating the fire that destroyed the Arcadia Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts in 1913

Mark Lane (author)
–
Mark Lane was an American attorney, New York state legislator, civil rights activist, and Vietnam war-crimes investigator. He is best known as a researcher, author. Mark Lane was born in The Bronx, New York and raised in Brooklyn and he served in the United States Army after World War II. After attending Long Island University, he received an LL. B

American Broadcasting Company
–
The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separ

4.
In 2002, dancers and other cast members from the 32-year run of American Bandstand reunited with host Dick Clark to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the show's local television debut.

Geraldo Rivera
–
Gerald Michael Rivera, better known as Geraldo Rivera, is an American attorney, reporter, author, and talk show host. He was the host of the talk show Geraldo from 1987 to 1998, Rivera hosted the newsmagazine program Geraldo at Large, hosts the occasional broadcast of Geraldo Rivera Reports, and appears regularly on Fox News Channel programs such a

Dick Gregory
–
Richard Claxton Dick Gregory is an American civil rights activist, social critic, writer, entrepreneur, conspiracy theorist, comedian, and occasional actor. Gregory is a member of the prestigious fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha, Gregory was a poor student who excelled at running, and was aided by teachers at Sumner High School, among them Warren St. Jam

1.
Gregory in August 2015

2.
External video

House Select Committee on Assassinations
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The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations was established in 1976 to investigate the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. The HSCA completed its investigation in 1978 and issued its report the following year. The HSCA determined, based on evidence, that the probable conspiracy did not inv

1.
Meeting of the House Select Committee on Assassinations

Royalties
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A royalty is a payment made by one party, the licensee or franchisee to another that owns a particular asset, the licensor or franchisor for the right to ongoing use of that asset. A royalty interest is the right to collect a stream of future royalty payments, license agreements can be regulated, particularly where a government is the resource owne

National Archives and Records Administration
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The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress. The chief administrator of NARA is the Archivist of the United States, the Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage o

Oliver Stone
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William Oliver Stone is an American screenwriter, film director, and producer. Stone won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay as writer of Midnight Express and he also wrote the acclaimed gangster movie Scarface. As a director, Stone achieved prominence as director/writer of the war drama Platoon, for which Stone won the Academy Award for B

JFK (film)
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JFK is a 1991 American conspiracy-thriller film directed by Oliver Stone. It examines the events leading to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the film was adapted by Stone and Zachary Sklar from the books On the Trail of the Assassins by Jim Garrison and Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs. Stone described this account as a cou

1.
Theatrical release poster

George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he wa

Assassination Records Review Board
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The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992, or the JFK Records Act, is a public law passed by the United States Congress, effective October 26,1992. It directed the National Archives and Records Administration to establish a collection of records to be known as the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Coll

Constitution of the United States
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The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the

Sixth Floor Museum
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The museum is self-sufficient in funding, relying solely on donations and ticket sales. It rents the space from the County of Dallas, the museum was founded by the Dallas County Historical Foundation. It opened its doors on Presidents Day, February 20,1989, a museum webcam features a live view from the sniper spot. The Zapruder family no longer ret

1.
The Texas School Book Depository (now the Dallas County Administration Building)

2.
Frame 150 from the Zapruder film (Elm Street, Dealey Plaza)

Texas School Book Depository
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The Texas School Book Depository, now known as the Dallas County Administration Building, is a seven-floor building facing Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, United States. The building is most notable for its connection to the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963, an employee, Lee Harvey Oswald, shot and killed the president from a six

1.
Dallas County Administration Building in 2015, formerly the Texas School Book Depository

3.
Magazine advertisement through which Oswald purchased the rifle (left column, third from top). The ad photo actually shows a telescopically modified Carcano TS, but by the time Oswald used the ad to order the "6.5 Italian Carbine", Klein's was shipping Carcano Model 91/38's. Thus, Oswald received the latter model.

4.
Order form and envelope used by Oswald to purchase the Carcano rifle

1.
The Presidential limousine shortly before Kennedy's assassination. Kellerman was in the front passenger seat of the car

Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza

1.
The Texas School Book Depository (now the Dallas County Administration Building)

2.
Frame 150 from the Zapruder film (Elm Street, Dealey Plaza)

LIST OF IMAGES

1.
Abraham Zapruder
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Abraham Zapruder was an American clothing manufacturer who witnessed the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963. Zapruder unexpectedly captured the event in a movie while filming the presidential limousine. Zapruder was born into a Russian Jewish family in the city of Kovel and he received only four years of formal education in Russia. In 1920, amid the turmoil of the Russian Civil War, his family emigrated to the United States, settling in Brooklyn, studying English at night, he found work as a clothing pattern maker in Manhattans garment district. In 1933, he married Lillian Sapovnik, with whom he had two children, Zapruder was a Freemason and an Inspector-General of the Scottish Rite. In 1941, Zapruder moved to Dallas, Texas, to work for Nardis, in 1949 he co-founded Jennifer Juniors, Inc. producing the Chalet and Jennifer Juniors brands. His offices were on the floor of the Dal-Tex Building. At the time of the assassination, Zapruder was an admirer of President Kennedy, Zapruder had originally planned to film the motorcade carrying President Kennedy through downtown Dallas on November 22, but decided not to film the event as it had been raining that morning. When he arrived at work that morning without his camera, Zapruders assistant insisted that he retrieve it from home before going to Dealey Plaza because the weather had cleared. Zapruders movie camera was an 8 mm Bell & Howell Zoomatic Director Series Model 414 PD—top of the line when it was purchased in 1962. Zapruder had planned to film the motorcade from his office window, Zapruders secretary, Marilyn Sitzman, offered to assist Zapruder as he suffered from vertigo and was apprehensive about standing on the abutment alone. While Sitzman stood behind Zapruder and held his coat to steady him, Zapruders film captured 26.6 seconds of the traveling motorcade carrying President Kennedy on 486 frames of Kodak Kodachrome II safety film. Zapruders film captured the head shot that struck President Kennedy as his limousine passed almost directly in front of Zapruder. Zapruder would later recall that he knew that President Kennedys wound was fatal as he saw the presidents head. explode like a firecracker. McCormick was acquainted with Agent Forrest Sorrels of the Secret Services Dallas office, Zapruder agreed and returned to his office. McCormick later found Sorrels outside the Sheriffs office at Main and Houston, Zapruder agreed to give the film to Sorrels on the condition it would be used only for investigation of the assassination. The three then took the film to the television station WFAA to be developed, after it was realized that WFAA was unable to develop Zapruders footage, film was taken to Eastman Kodaks Dallas processing plant where it was immediately developed later that afternoon. As the Kodachrome process requires different equipment for duplication than for simple development, the original developed film was taken to the Jamieson Film Company, where three additional copies were exposed, these were returned to Kodak around 8 p. m. for processing

2.
Home movies
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Originally, home movies were made on photographic film in formats that usually limited the movie-maker to about three minutes per roll of costly camera film. The popularity of the Internet, and wider availability of high-speed connections has provided new ways of sharing home movies, such as video weblogs, the development of home movie-making has depended critically on availability of equipment and media formats at prices affordable to consumers. Development of film formats suitable for amateur hobbyists began early in the history of cinematography, for example, the 17.5 mm Birtac format was patented by Birt Acres in 1898. This format split the standard 35 mm film into two strips half as wide and was able to be loaded into the camera in daylight. Since the frames were half the height of 35 mm frames. Since the camera doubled as a printer and projector, equipment costs were also reduced, another breakthrough in making film practical for home users was the introduction of safety film in the 1920s. Many competing film formats were introduced in the decades until 16 mm safety film was introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1923. In 1932, Kodak introduced another new format,8 mm, now called Standard 8 or Regular 8, the film usually came in 16 mm wide Double 8 form, which ran through the camera in two passes and was slit in half after processing. The Straight 8 variant came already cut to 8 mm width, in either case, the amount of film stock used per frame was again reduced by 75%. This finally brought home movies within the reach of the average family, the smaller format also made possible smaller and more portable cameras and projectors. The introduction of Kodachrome color reversal film for 16 mm in 1935, the original 8 mm format was largely superseded within a few years of Kodaks 1965 introduction of Super 8 film. The Super 8 format used the film width as standard 8 mm. In addition, Super 8 film came in cartridges for easier loading into the camera, single-8, a competing product from Fujifilm, was also introduced in 1965. It used the new format as Super 8 but on a thinner polyester base. The introduction of the Beta VCR in 1975 and VHS in 1976 heralded a revolution in the making of home movies, videocassettes were extremely inexpensive compared to film and they could even be erased. This had the effect of increasing the hours of footage of most family video libraries. The honeymoon video of Pamela Anderson and Tommy Lee from 1998 was the first highly publicized example, large parts of the incident were captured on the camera phone of another audience member and broadcast widely. Home movies have played important roles in controversial criminal investigations, the prime example is the Zapruder film of the 1963 assassination of U. S. President John F. Kennedy, accidentally captured on Kodachrome film with an 8 mm home movie camera

Home movies

3.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade

John F. Kennedy
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John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
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The Kennedy family at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.
John F. Kennedy
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Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy (standing at right) with his PT-109 crew, 1943.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the PT-109, 1943.

4.
Motorcade
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A motorcade, or autocade, is a procession of vehicles. The term motorcade was coined by Lyle Abbot, and is formed after cavalcade on the notion that -cade was a suffix meaning procession. Eric Partridge called the name a monstrosity, and Lancelot Hogben considered the word to be a counterfeit coinage, the original suffix in cavalcade is actually -ade. A funeral cortege is a procession of mourners, most often in a motorcade of vehicles following a hearse, motorcades can be used as protests and demonstrations. A large, organised, group of vehicles will travel a route at very slow speed in order to deliberately cause traffic disruption. This is a tactic most often associated with protest groups that have access to large vehicles. An example is the 2005 UK protests against fuel prices, as part of the Euromaidan protests in Ukraine in November 2013—February 2014, the sub-movement that made use of car processions as the means of protest was called the Automaidan. Motorcades can be used to transport an important person, usually a political figure. Such a procession consists of vehicles, usually accompanied by law enforcement support. Motorcades for heads of government and heads of state can consist of dozens of vehicles, those being armoured cars, SUVs, depending on the size of the motorcade and who it is carrying, routes may be completely blockaded from the general public. For security, this is common with motorcades for heads of state or government, the major members travel in armored vehicles, typically specially configured limousines. The motorcade contains several armored vehicles, a USSS Electronic Countermeasures Suburban, a counter-assault team, when called for, a hazardous materials team precedes the motorcade on alert for potential hazards. A police presence precedes the beginning of the presidential motorcade and these cars and motorcycles usually drive ahead to clear the way and block traffic. The motorcade for the president is made up of two parts, the first being the secure package, in the event of an emergency, the secure package separates from the rest of the group. It includes two limousines heavily guarded by law enforcement and Secret Service, with all cars driven by professional drivers. The second part is made up of vans that transport White House staff members, motorcade routes are selected by Secret Service agents in cooperation with local police forces. Escape routes are established in the event of an emergency. Official state car Air transports of heads of state and government Detailed description of the motorcade of the President of the United States

5.
Dealey Plaza
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Dealey Plaza /ˈdiːliː/, in the historic West End district of downtown Dallas, Texas, is the location of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963. Dealey Plaza is a Dallas city park, built on donated by early Dallas philanthropist. It was completed in 1940 as a WPA project on the west edge of downtown Dallas where three streets converge to pass under a bridge known locally as the triple underpass. The plaza is named for George Bannerman Dealey, a leader and early publisher of The Dallas Morning News. Monuments outlining the plaza honor previous prominent Dallas residents and predate President John F. Kennedys visit by many years, the actual monument honoring President Kennedy, in the form of a cenotaph, is one block away. Dealey Plaza is bounded on the south, east, and north sides by 100+ foot tall buildings, there is also a grassy knoll on the northwest side of the plaza. At the plazas west perimeter is an underpass beneath a railroad bridge. Today, the plaza is typically visited daily by tourists, the Sixth Floor Museum now occupies the top two floors of the seven-story former Book Depository. Since 1989, more than six people have visited the museum. Therefore, nothing of significance has been torn down or rebuilt in the immediate area, visitors to Dealey Plaza today will see street lights and street signs that were in use in 1963, though some have been moved to different locations and others removed entirely. Buildings immediately surrounding the plaza have not been changed since 1963, in late 2003, the city of Dallas approved construction project plans to restore Dealey Plaza to its exact appearance on November 22,1963. As of 2004, voters had approved US$500,000 of the $3,000,000 needed, the first phase of the restoration, which spent $700,000 for repair work and plumbing along Houston Streets, was completed in 2008. The grassy knoll is a small, sloping hill inside the plaza that became well-known following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the knoll was above Kennedy and to his right during the assassination on November 22,1963. These words were repeated on national television by Walter Cronkite in his second CBS News bulletin. The city of Dallas has lost the cases all 82 times. Dealey, Jerry T. D in the Heart of Texas, Dealey Plaza live cam MU. edu, Dallas to Dealey, The History of Dallas and Dealey Plaza. MU. edu, The Man Who Named the Grassy Knoll, Dealey Plaza, scaled map — by Donald Roberdeau. Assassinationscience. com, Composite panorama of Dealey Plaza, by John Costella, using Zapruder film frames, Dallas Police Department photos taken in 1963, and photos by Jack White

Dealey Plaza
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Dealey Plaza Historic District
Dealey Plaza
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National Historic Landmark plaque at Dealey Plaza.
Dealey Plaza
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The Grassy Knoll and Bryan pergola on the north side of Elm Street

6.
Dallas
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Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city

7.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
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On November 22,1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dallas Dealey Plaza, at 12,30 p. m. Fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, he was traveling with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, Kennedys death marked the fourth and most recent assassination of an American President. The Committee was not able to identify any individuals or groups involved with the conspiracy, in addition, the HSCA found that the original federal investigations were seriously flawed in respect of information-sharing and the possibility of conspiracy. As recommended by the HSCA, the evidence indicating conspiracy was subsequently re-examined and rejected. However, Kennedys assassination is still the subject of debate and has spawned numerous conspiracy theories. Polling in 2013 showed that 60% of Americans believe that a group of conspirators was responsible for the assassination, President Kennedy traveled to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough and Don Yarborough and conservative John Connally. A presidential visit to the state of Texas was first agreed upon by Lyndon B. Johnson, President John F. Kennedys vice president, and Texas native, President Kennedys trip to Dallas was first announced to the public in September 1963. The exact motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced to the public a few days before November 22, the White House staff informed the Secret Service that the President would arrive there via a short flight from Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth to Dallas Love Field. Leaving from Dallas Love Field,45 minutes had been allotted for the motorcade to reach the Trade Mart at an arrival time of 12,15 p. m. The actual route was chosen to be a meandering 10-mile route between the two places, which could be driven slowly in the allotted time, on November 14, both men attended a meeting at Love Field and drove over the route that Sorrels believed best suited for the motorcade. From Love Field, the route passed through a portion of Dallas, through Downtown along Main Street. The planned route to the Trade Mart was widely reported in Dallas newspapers several days before the event, for the benefit of people who wished to view the motorcade. The route on Main Street precluded a direct turn onto the Fort Worth Turnpike exit, the Texas School Book Depository was situated at this corner of Houston and Elm. Three vehicles were used for Secret Service and police protection in the Dallas motorcade, the first car, an unmarked white Ford, carried Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry, Secret Service Agent Win Lawson, Sheriff Bill Decker and Dallas Field Agent Forrest Sorrels. The second car, a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible, held driver Agent Bill Greer, SAIC Roy Kellerman, Governor John Connally, Nellie Connally, President Kennedy, Secret Service agents Clint Hill, Jack Ready, Tim McIntyre and Paul Landis rode on the running boards. By the time the motorcade reached Dealey Plaza, they were five minutes away from their planned destination. At 12,30 p. m. President, you cant say Dallas doesnt love you and those were the last words ever spoken by John F. Kennedy

Assassination of John F. Kennedy
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An aerial view of Dealey Plaza showing the route of President Kennedy's motorcade
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
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President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and Texas GovernorJohn Connally and his wife, Nellie, in the presidential limousine, minutes before the President's assassination
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
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Ike Altgens ' photo of the Presidential limousine taken between the first and second shots that hit President Kennedy. President Kennedy's left hand is in front of his throat and Mrs. Kennedy's left hand is holding his arm.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
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Polaroid photo by Mary Ann Moorman taken a fraction of a second after the fatal shot (detail).

8.
Warren Commission
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Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24,1964 and made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and it also concluded that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commissions findings have proven controversial and have been challenged and supported by later studies. The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren, one of their chief reservations was that a commission would ultimately create more controversy than consensus. Nicholas Katzenbach has been credited with providing advice after the assassination of John F. Kennedy that led to the creation of the Warren Commission, on November 28 he sent a memo to Johnsons White House aide Bill Moyers recommending the formation of a Presidential Commission to investigate the assassination. To combat speculation of a conspiracy, Katzenbach said that the results of the FBIs investigation should be made public and he wrote, in part, The public must be satisfied that Oswald was the assassin, that he did not have confederates who are still at large. Four days after Katzenbachs memo, Johnson appointed some of the nations most prominent figures, including the Chief Justice of the United States, to the Commission. The Warren Commission met formally for the first time on December 5,1963 on the floor of the National Archives Building in Washington. The Commission conducted its business primarily in closed sessions, but these were not secret sessions, two misconceptions about the Warren Commission hearing need to be clarified. hearings were closed to the public unless the witness appearing before the Commission requested an open hearing. No witness except one. requested an open hearing, second, although the hearings were conducted in private, they were not secret. In a secret hearing, the witness is instructed not to disclose his testimony to any party. He then asked, Now why, if JFK had been assassinated and the country, the obvious answer is that it knew its work could not survive any critical examination. Committee Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States Richard Russell, Jr. U. S. Senator, John Sherman Cooper, the specific findings prompted the Secret Service to make numerous modifications to its security procedures. All of the records were then transferred on November 23 to the National Archives. ”The 75-year rule no longer exists, supplanted by the Freedom of Information Act of 1966. By 1992,98 percent of the Warren Commission records had released to the public. The remaining Kennedy assassination related documents are scheduled to be released to the public by October 26,2017, the CIA was also covering up evidence that the CIA may have been in communication with Oswald before 1963, according to the CIA findings. Also withheld were earlier CIA plots, involving CIA links with the Mafia, to assassinate Cuban president Fidel Castro, in 1992, the Assassination Records Review Board was created by the JFK Records Act to collect and preserve the documents relating to the assassination. It pointed out in its report, Doubts about the Warren Commissions findings were not restricted to ordinary Americans

9.
SS-100-X
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Secret Service code name for the presidential limousine originally used by the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. The limousine is the one that Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy were passengers in when the President was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22,1963. Following Kennedys assassination, the car received significant armor plating and a bullet-proof hardtop and its navy blue exterior was painted black. It resumed its role as a limousine for President Lyndon B. Johnson until 1967 and later remained in service until 1978. SS-100-X was originally a standard 1961 Lincoln Continental four door convertible built by the Ford Motor Company and assembled at the Wixom and it had a retail price of $7,347. The car was moved to the Experimental Garage at the Ford Proving Grounds where an additional 41 inches was added between the front and rear doors and just beyond the rear doors, the cars frame was strengthened to accommodate the additional length and weight. It was painted a navy blue color and taken to Hess & Eisenhardt of Cincinnati, Ohio for reupholstering. During the refit the car had no bulletproof or bullet-resistant additions added, the windshield remained the standard two-ply safety glass which could be easily replaced at any dealership. It was first delivered to the White House on June 15,1961 and measured 255 long, had a wheelbase of 156, was 78.6 wide, and 57 high. It weighed 7,800 lbs, up 1,585 lbs from factory weight, and was powered by a hand-built 350-horsepower 430 cubic inch Ford MEL engine. An open car, the Lincoln was equipped with an assortment of tops, including a bubble top, a black cover for the bubble, a formal rear top. It also featured two-way radio telephones and retractable steps and grab-handles for Secret Service agents, no armor plate was added to the bodywork, but the undercarriage and all suspension components were strengthened. A hydraulically-lifted rear seat was fitted, at the time of the assassination, the Lincoln had been fitted with a 1962-model front clip. It had a special short-turn radius,61.9 feet, total cost of modifications was approximately $200,000. The limousine was registered to the Ford Motor Company and was leased to the Secret Service for a fee of $500 per year. The limousine carried the District of Columbia license plate GG300, in November 2015, the license plates were sold at auction for $100,000. Following the shooting of President Kennedy and Governor Connally at approximately 12.30 pm, the Plexiglas bubble top and cloth cover were then attached. Later that afternoon at 3.30 pm CST the limousine was taken to Love Field and boarded on a C-130 and flown to Andrews Air Force Base, Washington DC, after arrival at Andrews AFB, the limo was delivered to the White House garage

SS-100-X
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The car on display in the Henry Ford Museum
SS-100-X
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JFK, Jackie, and the Connallys in the presidential limousine seconds before his assassination

10.
8 mm film
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8 mm film is a motion picture film format in which the film strip is eight millimeters wide. It exists in two main versions — the original standard 8 mm film, also known as regular 8 mm or Double 8 mm, and Super 8. Although both standard 8 mm and Super 8 are 8 mm wide, Super 8 has a larger image area because of its smaller and more widely spaced perforations. There are also two varieties of Super 8—Single 8 mm and Straight-8 that require different cameras, but produce a final film with the same dimensions. After the film is developed, the processor splits it down the middle, resulting in two lengths of 8 mm film, each with a single row of perforations along one edge. Each frame is half the width and half the height of a 16 mm frame, so there are four times the number of frames in a film area. Because of the two passes of the film, the format was sometimes called Double 8, the frame size of regular 8 mm is 4.8 mm ×3.5 mm and 1 meter of film contains 264 pictures. Normally Double 8 is filmed at 16 or 18 frames per second, common length film spools allowed filming of about 3 minutes to 4.5 minutes at 12,15,16 and 18 frames per second. Kodak ceased sales of standard 8 mm film under its own brand in the early 1990s, but continued to manufacture the film, some specialists also produce Super 8 mm film from existing 16 mm, or even 35 mm film stock. In 1965, Super-8 film was released and was adopted by the amateur film-maker. It featured a better quality image, and was easier to use due to a cartridge-loading system that did not require reloading and rethreading halfway through. In reality, this was not the case, the plastic pressure plate could be moulded to far tighter tolerances than their metal counterparts could be machined. To easily differentiate Super 8 film from Standard 8, projector spools for the former had larger spindle holes, therefore, it was not possible to mount a Super 8 spool on a Standard 8 projector, and vice versa. Another version of Super-8 film, Single-8, was produced by Fuji in Japan, introduced in 1965 as an alternative to the Kodak Super 8 format, it had the same final film dimensions, but with a different cassette. Unlike the co-axial design of Super 8, the Single 8 cartridge featured one spool above the other. A number of companies offered single width 8 mm film in magazines or spools. The first single run 8mm film was offered in 1935 with a Bell & Howell movie camera Filmo 127-A called Straight Eight. Single width 8 mm film revived in the United States by Bolsey-8 in 1956, introduced in 2011 by Nicholas Kovats, and implemented by Jean-Louis Seguin, this format uses Standard 8 film in a modified Bolex camera

11.
Kodachrome
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Kodachrome is a brand name for a non-substantive, color reversal film introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1935. It was one of the first successful color materials and was used for both cinematography and still photography, because of its complex processing requirements, the film was sold process-paid in the United States until 1954 when a legal ruling prohibited this. For many years it was used for color photography, especially for images intended for publication in print media. After announcing the return of Ektachrome at the beginning of 2017, Kodachrome was the first color film that used a subtractive color method to be successfully mass-marketed. Previous materials, such as Autochrome and Dufaycolor, had used the additive screenplate methods, until its discontinuation, Kodachrome was the oldest surviving brand of color film. Kodachrome is appreciated in the archival and professional market for its dark-storage longevity, because of these qualities, it was used by professional photographers such as Steve McCurry, Peter Guttman and Alex Webb. McCurry used Kodachrome for his 1984 portrait of Sharbat Gula, the Afghan Girl and it was used by Walton Sound and Film Services in the UK in 1953 for the official 16 mm film of the coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Copies of the film for sale to the public were also produced using Kodachrome and these had several disadvantages because they used a réseau filter made from discrete color elements that were visible upon enlargement. The finished transparencies absorbed between 70% and 80% of light projection, requiring very bright projection lamps, especially for large projections. Using the subtractive method, these disadvantages could be avoided, the first Kodak product called Kodachrome was invented by John Capstaff in 1913. His Kodachrome was a process that used only two colors, blue-green and red-orange. It required two glass plate negatives, one using a panchromatic emulsion and a red filter, the other made using an emulsion insensitive to red light. The two plates could be exposed as a bipack, which eliminated the need for multiple exposures or a color camera. After development, the images were bleached out with chemistry that hardened the bleached portions of the gelatin. Using dyes which were absorbed only by the gelatin, the negative that recorded the blue and green light was dyed red-orange. The result was a pair of positive dye images, the plates were then assembled emulsion to emulsion, producing a transparency that was capable of surprisingly good color rendition of skin tones in portraits. Capstaffs Kodachrome was made available in 1915. It was also adapted for use as a 35 mm motion picture film process, today, this first version of Kodachrome is nearly forgotten, completely overshadowed by the next Kodak product bearing the name Kodachrome

Kodachrome
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Kodachrome
Kodachrome
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Kodachrome II - Film for color slides
Kodachrome
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Kodachrome photo by Chalmers Butterfield of Shaftesbury Avenue from Piccadilly Circus, in the West End of London, c. 1949.
Kodachrome
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A typical plastic 35mm Kodachrome slide from the 1990s showing logo and text on the reverse side.

12.
Safety film
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Cellulose acetate film, or safety film, is used in photography as a base material for photographic emulsions. It was introduced in the early 20th century by manufacturers as a safe film base replacement for unstable. Cellit was a stable, non-brittle cellulose acetate polymer that could be dissolved in acetone for further processing, a cellulose diacetate film more readily dissolved in acetone was developed by the American chemist George Miles in 1904. Miles process was employed commercially for photographic film in 1909 by Eastman Kodak and these less flammable substitutes for nitrate film were called safety film. The chemical instability of cellulose nitrate material, unrecognized at the time of its introduction, has become a major threat for film collections. The first instance of cellulose triacetate degradation was reported to the Eastman Kodak Company within a decade of its introduction in 1948, the first report came from the Government of India, whose film was stored in hot, humid conditions. It was followed by reports of degradation from collections stored in similar conditions. These observations resulted in continuing studies in the Kodak laboratories during the 1960s, beginning in the 1980s, there was a great deal of focus upon film stability following frequent reports of cellulose triacetate degradation. This material releases acetic acid, the key ingredient in vinegar, the problem became known as the vinegar syndrome. In acetate film, acetyl groups are attached to long chains of cellulose. With exposure to moisture, heat, or acids, these groups break from their molecular bonds. While the acid is released inside the plastic, it gradually diffuses to the surface. The decay process follows this pattern, Acetic acid is released during the initial acetate base deterioration and this signal marks the progression of deterioration. The plastic film base becomes brittle and this occurs in the advanced stages of deterioration, weakening the film and causing it to shatter with the slightest tension. These physical changes happen because cellulose acetate consists of chains of repeating units. When the acetic acid is released as these groups break off, shrinkage also occurs during this process. With the cellulose acetate polymer chains breaking into pieces, and with their side groups splitting off. In advanced stages of deterioration, shrinkage can be as much as 10%, there have been some reports of film 35mm wide shrinking to almost 17mm

Safety film
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Ilford HP5 Plus Safety Film

13.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic

14.
United States Secret Service
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The United States Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. Until 2003, the Service was part of the U. S. Department of the Treasury, the Secret Services initial responsibility was to investigate counterfeiting of U. S. currency, which was rampant following the U. S. Civil War. The agency then evolved into the United States first domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency, the Secret Service has two primary missions, investigation of financial crimes and physical protection of designated protectees. After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley, Congress also directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States, Protection remains the other key mission of the United States Secret Service. From 1997 until 2013, legislation became effective limiting Secret Service protection to former Presidents, President Barack Obama signed legislation reversing this limit and reinstating lifetime protection on January 10,2013. The Secret Service investigates thousands of incidents a year of individuals threatening the President of the United States, the Director of Secret Service is appointed by the President of the United States. With a reported one third of the currency in circulation being counterfeit at the time, Chief William P. Wood was sworn in by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. It was commissioned in Washington, D. C. as the Secret Service Division of the Department of the Treasury with the mission of suppressing counterfeiting, the legislation creating the agency was on Abraham Lincolns desk the night he was assassinated. At the time, the other federal law enforcement agencies were the United States Park Police. Post Office Departments Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations, and the U. S. Marshals Service, the Marshals did not have the manpower to investigate all crime under federal jurisdiction, so the Secret Service began to investigate everything from murder to bank robbery to illegal gambling. After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, Congress informally requested that the Secret Service provide presidential protection, a year later, the Secret Service assumed full-time responsibility for presidential protection. In 1902, William Craig became the first Secret Service agent to die while serving, the Secret Service was the first U. S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency. Domestic intelligence collection and counterintelligence responsibilities were vested in the Federal Bureau of Investigation upon the FBIs creation in 1908, the Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II. Secret Service is not a part of the U. S, on October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route. Burnham signaled a Texas Ranger, Private C. R. Moore, in 1950, President Harry S. Truman was residing in Blair House while the White House, across the street, was undergoing renovations. On November 1,1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, approached Blair House with the intent to assassinate President Truman, Collazo and Torresola opened fire on Private Leslie Coffelt and other White House Police officers. Though mortally wounded by three shots from a 9 mm German Luger to his chest and abdomen, Private Coffelt returned fire, as of 2017, Coffelt is the only member of the Secret Service killed while protecting a US president against an assassination attempt. Collazo was also shot, but survived his injuries and served 29 years in prison before returning to Puerto Rico in late 1979, in 1968, as a result of Robert F. Kennedys assassination, Congress authorized protection of major presidential and vice presidential candidates and nominees

United States Secret Service
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Secret Service Special Agents and Special Officers (foreground) protecting the President of the United States, George W. Bush in 2007.
United States Secret Service
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Logo of the U.S. Secret Service
United States Secret Service
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Secret Service agents providing security for Pope Benedict XVI in Washington, D.C.
United States Secret Service
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Secret Service agents in response to the assassination attempt of Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley, Jr. on March 30, 1981

15.
Clint Hill (Secret Service)
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Clinton J. Clint Hill is a former United States Secret Service agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963, in Dallas, Texas. This action was documented in the Zapruder film, Hill is the last surviving passenger of the presidential limousine that arrived at Parkland Hospital. Hill was born in Larimore, North Dakota, to a Norwegian mother and his birth parents homesteaded near Roseglen. At three months of age, he was placed in an orphanage in Fargo, where he was adopted by another Norwegian family in Chris, originally named Haugen, the family later changed its name to the English version of the name, Haugen means the hill in Norwegian. Hills new family took him to Washburn, where he graduated from Washburn High School. He also attended Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota, where he played football, studied history, after college, Hill joined the Army and became a Counterintelligence Special Agent where he served until 1957. After the Army, Hill joined the Secret Service and was assigned to the Denver Secret Service office, in 1958, Hill served on the detail for President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States, Hill was assigned to protect the First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy. President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22,1963, in Dallas, Texas, during a motorcade through the city, the President and Mrs. Kennedy were riding in an open limousine containing three rows of seats. Hill was riding on the front running board of the Secret Service car immediately behind the presidential limousine. As soon as the shooting began, Hill began running to overtake the moving car in front of him and he climbed from the rear bumper, crawling over the trunk to the back seat where the President and First Lady were located. In the moments immediately after the fatal shots Mrs. Kennedy was seen climbing out of the seat towards the trunk. Hill pushed her back into the car and covered her and the wounded president with his body. Hill, along with Secret Service agents Kellerman, Greer, and Rufus Youngblood, provided testimony to the Warren Commission in Washington, D. C. on March 9,1964. Hill grabbed a small handrail on the rear of the trunk. He had repeated this wish only a few days before, during his visit to Tampa, the notion that the Presidents instructions in Tampa jeopardized his security in Dallas has since been denied by Hill and other agents. Regardless of Kennedys statement, photos taken of the motorcade along earlier segments of the route show Hill riding on the step at the back of the car. As an alternate explanation, fellow agent Gerald Blaine cites the location of the shooting, We were going into a freeway, so we would not have had any agents there anyway

16.
WFAA
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WFAA, virtual channel and VHF digital channel 8, is an ABC-affiliated television station serving the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex that is licensed to Dallas, Texas, United States. The station is owned by the Tegna Media subsidiary of Tegna and it is also one of only two television stations in the Dallas-Fort Worth market that is not owned by the corporate parent of its affiliated network. Texas oil magnate Tom Potter filed an application for the Channel 8 license and was ultimately awarded the permit over Hoblitzelle. The station first signed on the air at 8,00 p. m. Potter founded and operated the station through the Lacy-Potter TV Broadcasting Company, which he partially controlled. It was the television station to sign on in Texas, the second station in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. The station originally operated from facilities located at Harry Hines Boulevard and Wolf Street. When the station commenced its full schedule on September 18, KBTV had broadcast for four hours of programming per day.75 hours of Paramount Televisions programming each week during 1949. Lacy-Potter Television Broadcasting lost a net revenue of $128,020 during its four-month stewardship of KBTV, the FCC rejected Belos application and, following the issuance of the Sixth Report and Order in 1952, eventually chose to reassign the Channel 12 allocation to Waco. In January 1950, Belo purchased KBTV from Lacy-Potter for $575,000, four days later on March 21, Belo changed the stations call letters to WFAA-TV to match those of its new radio partner WFAA. The WFAA calls reportedly stood for Working For All Alike, although the station later billed itself as the Worlds Finest Air Attraction. In 1950, WFAA switched its affiliation to NBC. DuMont shut down in 1955, amid various issues that arose from its relations with Paramount that hamstrung it from expansion, Channel 8 became known for its heavy schedule of local programs during the period from the 1950s through the 1980s. The most popular was a show aimed at audiences, Jerry Haynes hosted a local childrens program on the station on-and-off from 1961 to 1996. Originally debuting in March 1961 as Mr. S. to convert its news footage to videotape in the 1970s, the Communications Center complex housed three production studios, offices and sound recording studios for the WFAA radio stations as well as The Dallas Morning News headquarters. The first live telecast to originate from the building was Young America Speaks, a 13-week intercollegiate debate tournament series, over time, Belo gradually expanded its television broadcasting unit. The company acquired its second station in 1969, when it purchased KFDM-TV in Beaumont from Beaumont Broadcasting, later followed in 1980 by its purchase of WTVC in Chattanooga. By 1999, when it purchased ABC affiliate KVUE in Austin from the Gannett Company, All of the news themes that WFAA commissioned afterward had carried the TM Productions themes seven-note musical signature. On January 14,1987, the Hill Tower transmitter facility in Cedar Hill was struck by a Navy F-4 Phantom as it was performing training exercises while on approach to the Dallas Naval Air Station

WFAA
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The WFAA Telecruiser in use during DuMont affiliation.

17.
Eastman Kodak
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Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions and it is best known for photographic film products. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity. Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013. Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies under the names Intellectual Ventures, on September 3,2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses. Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, on March 12,2014, it announced that the board of directors elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales, Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U. S. market with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand. Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U. S. and its aggressive marketing. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997, fujis films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization, on January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the film market in Japan. Although Kodak developed a camera in 1975, the first of its kind. In the 1990s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak

18.
Jamieson Film Company
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The Jamieson Film Company, a Texas film production company, was one of the crucial players in the emergence of Dallas as a center for commercial film production in the U. S. Founded by Hugh Jamieson in 1916, the Jamieson Film Company is perhaps most widely remembered for producing the first copies of the Abraham Zapruder film that captured the assassination of JFK. However, the Company’s involvement with the Zapruder film represents just an episode in over a half-century in the film processing. Hugh Jamieson was born in Kansas in 1889 and attended Baker University in Baldwin, using a $150 loan, Jamieson bought his first motion picture camera, operated using a hand crank. He financed his education by opening a theater and upon graduation. After a fire at Edison in 1914, Hugh decided to set off to produce his own films, before arriving in Dallas, Hugh traveled from town to town making community or itinerant films featuring community landmarks, businesses and, most importantly, local residents—particularly children. From 1914 to 1916, Jamieson filmed several versions of Won from the Flames, processing films in his hotel room, unfortunately, no copies of the films have been found. In 1916, Jamieson settled in Dallas and opened his business at 2212 Live Oak Street. In the business’s early days, Hugh filmed a number of community events, during this time, he also made and patented his first film processing machines and built his own sound equipment. Jamieson was called upon by major newsreel companies associated with Universal, Pathe, Paramount and he produced newsreels documenting the funeral of aviator Wiley Post and the sentencing of George “Machine Gun” Kelly. Jamieson was also known to have filmed the New London school disaster, Jamieson was also contracted to shoot films for non-military governmental projects. Between 1941 and 1947, African American filmmaker Spencer Williams worked with the Jamieson Company to process, working with Alfred R. Sack, Williams directed nine films in the area, including The Blood of Jesus and Juke Joint. In 1947, Jamieson moved the headquarters to 3825 Bryan Street, which provided space for sound stages, recording studios, editorial and animation facilities. His sons, Bruce and Hugh Jr. became increasingly involved in their father’s business, under the direction of Hugh’s two sons, Jamieson Film Company grew and developed into a studio concept business with cameramen, writers, editors, animators, and a lab. Although government and military contracts continued, the company was working on numerous corporate films. With the rise of TV, the company became involved in the production of commercials. In the early 1950s, Jamieson Film Company produced a weekly news magazine television show, Texas in Review. Bruce Jamieson was in charge of program, and he wrote, developed

Jamieson Film Company
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Still image of Hugh Jamieson, during interview at KERA, circa 1970s

19.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time

CBS
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Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.
CBS
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Wholesome Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth
CBS
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When Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after 20 years of mime, he chose CBS's airwaves to do it on.
CBS
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CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.

20.
Life (magazine)
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Life was an American magazine that ran weekly from 1883 to 1936 as a humor magazine with limited circulation. Time owner Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936, solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name, Life was published weekly until 1972, as an intermittent special until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. After 2000 Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special, Life returned to regularly scheduled issues when it became a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life. com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc. s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC. On January 30,2012 the LIFE. com URL became a channel on Time. com. When Life was founded in 1883, it was developed as similar to the British magazine and it was published for 53 years as a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes and social commentary. The Luce Life was the first all-photographic American news magazine, the magazines role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Life was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes, Life was founded January 4,1883, in a New York City artists studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75 per cent interest in the magazine with the remainder by Miller, both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and was very successful managing the side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, Mitchell created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots, he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the humor magazines Judge and Puck. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Lifes first literary editor, the motto of the first issue of Life was, While theres Life, theres hope. The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers and we shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world. The magazine was a success and soon attracted the leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson, three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4, a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life early days by such illustrators as Palmer Cox

Life (magazine)
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Cover art for Life, 27 January 1910 issue, illustration by Coles Phillips.
Life (magazine)
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Logo of Life magazine
Life (magazine)
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A cover of the earlier Life magazine from 1911
Life (magazine)
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1922 cover, "The Flapper " by F. X. Leyendecker

21.
Dan Rather
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Daniel Irvin Dan Rather Jr. is an American journalist and the former news anchor for the CBS Evening News. He is now managing editor and anchor of the news magazine Dan Rather Reports on the cable channel AXS TV. Rather was anchor of the CBS Evening News for 24 years, from March 9,1981 and he also contributed to CBSs 60 Minutes. Along with Peter Jennings at ABC News and Tom Brokaw at NBC News, Rather was one of the Big Three news anchors in the U. S. during the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. The three all hosted their networks flagship news programs for over 20 years, and all three started and retired within a year of one another. Daniel Irvin Rather, Jr. /ˈræðər/ was born on October 31,1931, in Wharton County, Texas, the son of Daniel Irvin Rather, Sr. a ditch digger, the Rathers moved to Houston, where Dan attended Love Elementary School and Hamilton Middle School. He graduated in 1950 from John H. Reagan High School in Houston, in 1953, he earned a bachelors degree in journalism from Sam Houston State University where he was editor of the school newspaper, The Houstonian. At Sam Houston, he was a member of the Caballeros, after obtaining his undergraduate degree, Rather briefly attended South Texas College of Law in Houston, which awarded him an honorary Juris Doctor in 1990. In 1954, Rather enlisted in the United States Marine Corps but was discharged because he had rheumatic fever as a child. Rather began his career in 1950 as an Associated Press reporter in Huntsville. Later, he was a reporter for United Press, several Texas radio stations, around 1955, Rather did a story on heroin. Under the auspices of the Houston Police, he experienced the drug which he characterized as a kind of hell. While at Sam Houston State, Rather worked for KSAM-FM radio in Huntsville, Texas, calling junior high, high school and he later spent four seasons as the play-by-play announcer for the University of Houston football team. During the 1959 minor league season, Rather was the play-by-play radio announcer for the Houston Buffs team of the triple A American Association. In 1959, he began his career as a reporter for KTRK-TV. Rather was subsequently promoted to the director of news for KHOU-TV, ray Miller, news director of KPRC-TV, the NBC affiliate in Houston, also mentored Rather in the early years. On February 28,1962, Rather left Houston for New York City for a six-month trial initiation, shortly after, Rather was made chief of CBSs Southwest bureau in Dallas. In August 1963, he was appointed chief of the Southern bureau in New Orleans, responsible for coverage of events in the South, Southwest, Mexico

Dan Rather
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Dan Rather at the 2005 Peabody Awards
Dan Rather
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Rather's boyhood home being restored at the Wharton County Museum
Dan Rather
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Radar image of Hurricane Carla, similar to the display Rather used during coverage of the storm's impacts
Dan Rather
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Rather speaking about his experiences in his 61 years of journalism before a group of NATO commanders at Camp Eggers in Kabul, Afghanistan in July 2011.

22.
John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories
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Numerous conspiracy theories have been put forth to explain the circumstances surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy. These include accusations of involvement of the CIA, the Mafia, Johnson, Cuban President Fidel Castro, the KGB, or even some combination thereof. Some conspiracy theories claim that the United States government covered up crucial information in the aftermath of the assassination. Former Los Angeles District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi estimated that a total of 42 groups,82 assassins, in 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the only person responsible for assassinating Kennedy. Later, several other prominent experts refuted the committees assessment of the recordings in a series of rigorous tests, in addition, the recordings were found to have originated from a DPD officers microphone other than what had originally been thought, effectively discrediting the acoustical evidence. Other federal and municipal investigations have been conducted, most of which support the conclusions reached in the Warren Commission Report, nonetheless, a significant percentage of Americans polled still indicate a belief in some sort of conspiracy. Within two hours, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the murder of Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit, shortly after 1,30 am, Saturday, Oswald was arraigned for murdering President Kennedy as well. On Sunday, November 24, at 11,21 a. m. nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald as he was being transferred from the city jail to the county jail. Immediately after the shooting, many suspected that the assassination was part of a larger plot. Rubys shooting of Oswald compounded initial suspicions, among conspiracy theorists, Mark Lane has been described as writing the first literary shot with his article, Defense Brief for Oswald, in the December 19,1963, edition of the National Guardian. Published in May 1964, has credited as the first book alleging a conspiracy. In 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone, the HSCA concluded that at least four shots were fired with a high probability that two gunmen fired at the President, and that a conspiracy was probable. The HSCA stated that the Warren Commission failed to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the President, the Ramsey Clark Panel and the Rockefeller Commission both supported the Warren Commissions conclusions. According to author John McAdams, The greatest and grandest of all conspiracy theories is the Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory, others have frequently referred to it as the mother of all conspiracies. The number of books written about the assassination of Kennedy has been estimated to be in the range of 1,000 to 2,000, according to Vincent Bugliosi, 95% of those books are pro-conspiracy and anti-Warren Commission. Author David Krajicek describes Kennedy assassination enthusiasts as belonging to conspiracy theorists on one side, public opinion polls have consistently shown that a majority of Americans believe there was a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy. However, on the question of a government cover-up, different polls show both a minority and majority of Americans who believe the government engaged in one and these same polls also show that there is no agreement on who else may have been involved. A2003 Gallup Poll reported that 75% of Americans do not believe that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone and that same year an ABC News poll found that 70% of respondents suspected that the assassination involved more than one person

23.
Don Hewitt
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Under Hewitts leadership,60 Minutes was the only news program ever rated the nations top-ranked television program, an achievement it accomplished five times. Hewitt produced the first televised debate in 1960. Hewitt was born in New York City, New York, the son of Frieda and his father was a Jewish immigrant from Russia, and his mothers family was of German Jewish descent. Hewitts family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, shortly after his birth and his family later lived in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from New Rochelle High School, in New Rochelle, Hewitt attended New York University and started his journalism career in 1942 as head copyboy for the New York Herald Tribune. He joined the United States Merchant Marine Academy in 1943, after World War II ended in 1945, Hewitt returned to his job as copyboy for the Tribune, then worked for The Associated Press at a bureau in Memphis, Tennessee. However, his wife Mary Weaver—whom he married while working in Memphis—wanted to go to New York City, in 1956, Hewitt was the only one to capture on film the final moments of the SS Andrea Doria as it sank and disappeared under the water. Hewitt directed the production of the 1960 U. S. Presidential candidate debates between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy, they were the first presidential-candidate debates ever televised and he later became executive producer of the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, helming the famous broadcast of John F. Kennedys assassination as the story developed. He then launched the eight-time Emmy Award-winning show 60 Minutes, within ten years, the show reached the top 10 in viewership, a position it maintained for 21 of the following 22 seasons, until the 1999–2000 season. Hewitt was a figure in the 1996 tobacco-industry scandal involving tobacco company Brown & Williamson and 60 Minutes. The scandal was the inspiration for the 1999 film The Insider, Hewitt was portrayed in the film by Philip Baker Hall. According to The New York Times, Jeff Fager, producer of 60 Minutes II, was being floated as a possible replacement, speculation that proved to be accurate. Within a couple of years, Hewitt stepped aside as executive producer at the age of 81, in January 2010,60 Minutes dedicated an entire show to the story and memory of Don Hewitt. 1992, Hewitt won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism,1993, Hewitt and 60 Minutes were elected to the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame. 2008, Hewitt was honored with Washington State Universitys Edward R. Murrow Award for Lifetime Achievement in Broadcast Journalism, in 1985, Random House published Minute by Minute, a look at the history of 60 Minutes. In 2001, PublicAffairs published Tell Me a Story, Fifty Years and 60 Minutes in Television, Hewitt was married three times, Mary Weaver with whom he had two sons, Jeffrey and Steven. Frankie Teague Hewitt - American theater producer and founder of the Fords Theatre Society who was responsible for restoring and reopening the site as a working theater

Don Hewitt
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Don Hewitt

24.
Times Square
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It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists, the southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, but the northernmost of the two triangles is called Father Duffy Square. Since 2008, the booth has been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of stairs, which is used by people to sit, talk, eat. When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street and these three streams formed the Great Kill. From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, the name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, scotts manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. By 1872, the area had become the center of New Yorks horse carriage industry, the locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there, in 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer, by the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons. In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B, mcClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed Times Square on April 8,1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street, the north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre. The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963, now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Years Eve. In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles coast-to-coast through 13 states to its terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Times Square grew dramatically after World War I and it became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. Times Square quickly became New Yorks agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade

Times Square
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Times Square
Times Square
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Broadway show billboards in Times Square, 2013
Times Square
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Broadway at 42nd Street in 1898
Times Square
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A crowd outside The New York Times to follow the progress of the Jack Dempsey – Georges Carpentierfight in 1921

25.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

26.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure

27.
Reversal film
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In photography, reversal film is a type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base. The film is processed to produce transparencies or diapositives instead of negatives, Reversal film is produced in various sizes, from 35 mm roll film to 8×10 inch sheet film. A slide is a specially mounted individual transparency intended for projection onto a screen using a slide projector and this allows the photograph to be viewed by a large audience at once. The most common form is the 35 mm slide, with the image framed in a 2×2 inch cardboard or plastic mount. Reversal film is used as motion picture film, mostly in the 16 mm, Super 8 and 8 mm cine formats. This avoids the expense of using film, which requires additional film. The earliest practical and commercially successful color photography reversal process was the Lumière Autochrome and this was an additive method, using a panchromatic emulsion coated on a thin glass plate previously coated with a layer of dyed potato starch grains. Autochrome plates were discontinued in the 1930s after the introduction of Lumière Filmcolor in sheet film, also using the additive principle and reversal processing were the Agfa color screen plates and films and Dufaycolor film, all of which were discontinued by 1961. Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes, working with the Eastman Kodak Company, developed Kodachrome, Kodachrome was introduced in 1935 as 16mm motion picture film, and in 1936 as 35mm film for still cameras. The Kodachrome films contained no color dye couplers, these were added during processing, in late 1936, Agfacolor Neu was launched, Agfa having overcome earlier difficulties with color sensitivity problems. This film had the dye couplers incorporated into the emulsion, making processing simpler than for Kodachrome, amateurs who owned projection equipment used reversal films extensively because the cost of projection equipment and slide film was offset by not having to pay for prints. Eventually, print quality improved and prices decreased, and, by the 1970s, color negative film, digital media gradually replaced transparency film. All color reversal film sold today is developed with the E-6 process, the non-substantive Kodachrome films, the last of which was discontinued in 2009, were processed with the K-14 process. Polaroid produced an instant slide film called Polachrome and it was packaged in cassettes like normal 35mm film. A separate processing unit was used to develop it after exposure, black-and-white transparencies can be made directly with some modern black-and-white films, which normally yield negatives. The negative image is developed but not fixed, the remaining silver halide salts are re-exposed to light, developed and fixed, and the film is washed and dried. Black-and-white transparencies were once popular for presentation of materials using 3 1⁄4 by 4 glass-mounted slides. Such positive black-and-white projection is now rarely done, except in motion pictures, even where black-and-white positives are currently used, the process to create them typically uses an internegative with standard processing instead of a chemical reversal process

Reversal film
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A single slide, showing a color transparency in a plastic frame
Reversal film
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A slide projector, showing the lens and a typical double slide carrier.
Reversal film
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Slide projector Leitz Prado
Reversal film
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Slide frames, 1940 (metal or card) to 1985 (plastic)

28.
U.S. Government Printing Office
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The United States Government Publishing Office is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. Following signature by the President, the change took effect on December 17,2014, the Government Publishing Office was created by congressional joint resolution on June 23,1860. It began operations March 4,1861, with 350 employees, for its entire history, GPO has occupied the corner of North Capitol Street NW and H Street NW in the District of Columbia. An additional structure was attached to its north in later years, the activities of GPO are defined in the public printing and documents chapters of Title 44 of the United States Code. The Public Printer, who serves as the head of GPO, is appointed by the President with the advice, the Public Printer selects a Superintendent of Documents. The Superintendent of Documents is in charge of the dissemination of information at the GPO, adelaide Hasse was the founder of the Superintendent of Documents classification system. GPO first used 100 percent recycled paper for the Congressional Record and Federal Register from 1991-1997, under Public Printers Robert Houk, GPO resumed using recycled paper in 2009. In March 2011, GPO issued a new illustrated official history covering the agencys 150 years of Keeping America Informed, following signature of this legislation by President Barack Obama, the name change took place on December 17,2014. By law, the Public Printer heads the GPO, Public Printers, Almon M. Clapp John D. Defrees Sterling P. Rounds Thomas E. Benedict Frank W. Palmer Thomas E. Benedict Frank W. Palmer, O. J. Tapella William J. United States Code United States Statutes at Large House Journal, the United States Department of State began issuing e-passports in 2006. GPO produces the blank e-Passport, while the Department of State receives and processes applications, GPO ceased production of legacy passports in May 2007, shifting production entirely to e-passports. In March 2008, the Washington Times published a story about the outsourcing of electronic passports to overseas companies. GPO designs, prints, encodes and personalizes Trusted Traveler Program cards for the Department of Homeland Security, Customs, cumulative Copyright Catalogs Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion Official Records of the American Civil War US Congressional Serial Set United States. Military Information Division, p. Publications, Issues 33-34, slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanga Chaffee. Reports on military operations in South Africa and China, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Stephan LH. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanza Chaffee, United States, Reports on military operations in South Africa and China. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list United States, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, United States. Commercial relations of the United States with foreign countries during the years, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list United States

U.S. Government Printing Office
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U.S. Government Printing Office
U.S. Government Printing Office
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Official seal
U.S. Government Printing Office
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The new e-passport produced by GPO
U.S. Government Printing Office
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Official Presidential Photograph printed by GPO

29.
J. Edgar Hoover
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John Edgar Hoover, better known as J. Edgar Hoover, was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States. Later in life and after his death, Hoover became a figure as evidence of his secretive abuses of power began to surface. Hoover consequently amassed a great deal of power and was in a position to intimidate, according to biographer Kenneth Ackerman, the notion that Hoovers secret files kept presidents from firing him is a myth. However, Richard Nixon was recorded as stating in 1971 that one of the reasons he did not fire Hoover was that he was afraid of reprisals against him from Hoover, according to President Harry S. Truman, Hoover transformed the FBI into his private secret police force. Truman stated, we want no Gestapo or secret police, the FBI is tending in that direction. They are dabbling in sex-life scandals and plain blackmail, J. Edgar Hoover would give his right eye to take over, and all congressmen and senators are afraid of him. John Edgar Hoover was born on New Years Day 1895 in Washington, D. C. to Anna Marie, who was of Swiss-German descent, Hoovers maternal great-uncle, John Hitz, was a Swiss honorary consul general to the United States. He was the closest to his mother in the family, who was the moral guide. Hoover did not have a birth certificate filed upon his birth, two of his siblings had certificates, but Hoovers was not filed until 1938 when he was 43. During debates, he argued against women getting the right to vote, the school newspaper applauded his cool, relentless logic. Hoover stuttered as a boy, which he overcame by teaching himself to talk quickly—a style that he carried through his adult career and he eventually spoke with such ferocious speed that stenographers had a hard time following him. Hoover lived in Washington, D. C. for his entire life, Hoover was 18 years old when he accepted his first job, an entry-level position as messenger in the orders department, at the Library of Congress. The library was a mile from his house. The experience shaped both Hoover and the creation of the FBI profiles, as Hoover noted in a 1951 letter and it gave me an excellent foundation for my work in the FBI where it has been necessary to collate information and evidence. Immediately after getting his LL. M. degree, Hoover was hired by the Justice Department to work in the War Emergency Division. He soon became the head of the Divisions Alien Enemy Bureau, authorized by President Wilson at the beginning of World War I to arrest and he received additional authority from the 1917 Espionage Act. Out of a list of 1,400 suspicious Germans living in the U. S. the Bureau arrested 98, americas First Red Scare was beginning, and one of Hoovers first assignments was to carry out the Palmer Raids. Hoover and his assistant, George Ruch, monitored a variety of U. S. radicals with the intent to punish, arrest

J. Edgar Hoover
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J. Edgar Hoover in 1961
J. Edgar Hoover
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Hoover in 1932
J. Edgar Hoover
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Hoover, perhaps at the behest of Richard Nixon, investigated ex-Beatle John Lennon by putting the singer under surveillance, and Hoover wrote this letter to Richard Kleindienst the US Attorney General in 1972. A 25-year battle by historian Jon Wiener under the Freedom of Information Act eventually resulted in the release of documents like this one.
J. Edgar Hoover
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J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, photographed in 1959.

30.
Copyright infringement
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The copyright holder is typically the works creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement, Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system, estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on many factors. The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement, the original meaning of piracy is robbery or illegal violence at sea, but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft. Not all copyright infringement results in loss, and the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft. The term piracy has been used to refer to the copying, distribution. The practice of labelling the infringement of rights in creative works as piracy predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft, courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property, instead, interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to one who misappropriates a copyright. The term freebooting has been used to describe the unauthorized rehosting of online media, the term was coined by YouTuber Brady Haran in the podcast Hello Internet, which he co-hosts. Haran reappropriated the term in an attempt to find a more emotive than copyright infringement. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while installing the software for more than 9000 users. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance and its just that they want to consume films online and theyre ready to consume films that way and were not necessarily offering them in that way

31.
16 mm
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16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film, with other film gauges including 8 and 35 mm. It is generally used for film making or for low budget motion pictures. It also existed as an amateur or home movie making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film. In 1923, Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm outfit consisting of a camera, projector, tripod, screen, rCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932 and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935. Eastman Kodak introduced 16 mm film in 1923 as a less expensive alternative to 35 mm film. During the 1920s, the format was often referred to as sub-standard by the professional industry, Kodak hired Willard Beech Cook from his 28 mm Pathescope of America company to create the new 16 mm Kodascope Library. In addition to making movies, people could buy or rent films from the library. Intended for amateur use,16 mm film was one of the first formats to use acetate safety film as a film base, Kodak never used nitrate film for the format because of the high flammability of the nitrate base. 35 mm nitrate was discontinued in 1952, the silent 16 mm format was initially aimed at the home enthusiast, but by the 1930s it had begun to make inroads into the educational market. The addition of sound tracks and, most notably, Kodachrome in 1935. Used extensively in WW2, there was an expansion of 16 mm professional filmmaking in the post-war years. Films for government, business, medical and industrial clients created a network of 16 mm professional filmmakers. The advent of television production also enhanced the use of 16 mm film, initially for its advantage of cost and portability over 35 mm. At first used as a format, the 16 mm format was also used to create television programming shot outside the confines of the more rigid television studio production sets. The home movie market gradually switched to the less expensive 8 mm film. 16 mm has been used for television production with light cameras in many countries before portable video cameras appeared. Replacing analog video devices, digital video has made significant inroads in television production use, nevertheless,16 mm is still in use in its Super 16 ratio for low cost productions

32.
35 mm
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35 mm film is the film gauge most commonly used for motion pictures and chemical still photography. The name of the gauge refers to the width of the photographic film, the standard negative pulldown for movies is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film. For still photography, the frame has eight perforations on each side. This resulted in cameras, projectors, and other equipment having to be calibrated to each gauge, the 35 mm width, originally specified as 1.375 inches, was introduced in 1892 by William Dickson and Thomas Edison, using film stock supplied by George Eastman. The gauge has been versatile in application, Eastman Kodak, Fujifilm and Agfa-Gevaert are some companies which offered 35 mm films. Today Kodak is the last remaining manufacturer of motion picture film and it is difficult to compare the quality of film to digital media but a good estimate would be about 20.8 million total pixels would equal one 35 millimeter high quality color frame of film. In 1880, George Eastman began to manufacture gelatin dry plates in Rochester. Along with W. H. Walker, Eastman invented a holder for a roll of picture-carrying gelatin layer coated paper, hannibal Goodwins invention of nitrocellulose film base in 1887 was the first transparent, flexible film. With the advent of film, Thomas Alva Edison quickly set out on his invention, the Kinetoscope. The Kinetoscope was a loop system intended for one-person viewing. Edison, along with assistant W. K. L. Dickson, followed that up with the Kinetophone, beginning in March 1892, Eastman and then, from April 1893 into 1896, New Yorks Blair Camera Co. supplied Edison with film stock. Edisons aperture defined a single frame of film at 4 perforations high, a court judgment in March 1902 invalidated Edisons claim, allowing any producer or distributor to use the Edison 35 mm film design without license. Filmmakers were already doing so in Britain and Europe, where Edison had failed to file patents, at the time, film stock was usually supplied unperforated and punched by the filmmaker to their standards with perforation equipment. A variation developed by the Lumière Brothers used a circular perforation on each side of the frame towards the middle of the horizontal axis.33 aspect ratio. Spehr describes the importance of these developments, The early acceptance of 35 mm as a standard had momentous impact on the development and spread of cinema. The film format was introduced into still photography as early as 1913 but first became popular with the launch of the Leica camera, created by Oskar Barnack in 1925. The costly image-forming silver compounds in a film stocks emulsion meant from the start that 35 mm filmmaking was to be a hobby with a high barrier to entry for the public at large. Furthermore, the film base of all early film stock was highly flammable

35 mm
35 mm
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35 mm film sticking out of a canister (or cassette) for 135 format film for still photography. Kodachrome II film for color slides—marked with a capacity of 36 exposures (on the film strip)—pictured
35 mm
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A short strip of undeveloped 35 mm color negative film with BH-size perforations.
35 mm
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A photo of a 35 mm film print featuring all four audio formats (or "quad track") — from left to right: SDDS (blue area to the left of the sprocket holes), Dolby Digital (grey area between the sprocket holes labelled with the Dolby "Double-D" logo in the middle), analog optical sound (the two white lines to the right of the sprocket holes), and the DTStime code (the dashed line to the far right).

33.
Trial of Clay Shaw
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On January 29,1969, Shaw was brought to trial in Orleans Parish Criminal Court on these charges. On March 1,1969, a jury took less than an hour to find Shaw not guilty, to date, it is the only trial to be brought for the assassination of President Kennedy. In 1979, Richard Helms, former director of the CIA and my staff and I solved the case weeks ago, Garrison announced in February 1967. I wouldnt say this if we didnt have evidence beyond a shadow of a doubt, Clay Shaw, a successful businessman, playwright, pioneer of restoration in New Orleans French Quarter, and director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans. Perry Russo, who, after David Ferries death, informed Garrisons office that he had known Ferrie in the early 1960s and that Ferrie had spoken about assassinating the President. He became Garrisons main witness when he claimed to have overheard Ferrie plotting the assassination with a man named Clem Bertrand. David Ferrie, a former Eastern Airlines pilot and associate of Guy Banister, Ferrie drove from New Orleans to Houston on the night of the assassination with two friends, Alvin Beauboeuf and Melvin Coffey. The trip was investigated by the New Orleans Police Department, the Houston Police, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and these investigative units said that they were unable to develop a case against Ferrie, and Garrison initially accepted their conclusions. Three years later, Garrison became suspicious of the Warren Commission version of the assassination after a conversation with Louisiana Senator Russell Long. Ferrie died on February 22,1967, less than a week after news of Garrisons investigation broke in the media, Garrison later called Ferrie one of historys most important individuals. Roger D. Craig, ex-deputy sheriff of Dallas who took the stand in the Clay Shaw trial on 14 February 1969. During the courtroom session, according to Craig, the defense tried very hard to discredit him by saying that he worked in New Orleans and was working in that city under an assumed name. Although the defense failed in their endeavor, they succeeded in painting a bad image of Craig before the press and wire services who libeled him. E. R. Walthers, criminal investigator at the Dallas County Sheriff Department, the origins of Garrisons case can be traced to an argument between New Orleans residents Guy Banister and Jack Martin. On November 22,1963, the day that President John F Kennedy was assassinated, Martin told the FBI that Ferrie might have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy. Nevertheless, the FBI interviewed Ferrie twice about Martins allegations, the FBI also interviewed about twenty other persons in connection with the allegations, said that it was unable to develop a substantial case against Ferrie, and released him with an apology. In the autumn of 1966, Garrison began to re-examine the Kennedy assassination, Garrison believed that the men were part of an arms smuggling ring supplying anti-Castro Cubans with weapons. Journalist James Phelan said Garrison told him that the assassination was a thrill killing

Trial of Clay Shaw
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The trial was held at the Criminal Courts Building at Tulane & Broad in Mid-City New Orleans.
Trial of Clay Shaw
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Clay Shaw was acquitted by the jury in less than an hour of deliberation.
Trial of Clay Shaw
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David Ferrie (second from left) with Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol in 1955. This photo showing Ferrie and Oswald together only became public after the trial was over.

34.
New Orleans, Louisiana
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue

35.
Jim Garrison
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James Carothers Jim Garrison was the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, from 1962 to 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best known for his investigations into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and he was played by Kevin Costner in Oliver Stones JFK. Earling Carothers Garrison was born in Denison, Iowa and he was the first child and only son of Earling R. Garrison and Jane Anne Robinson who divorced when he was two-years old. His family moved to New Orleans in his childhood, where he was raised by his divorced mother and he served in the U. S. National Guard in World War II, then obtained a law degree from Tulane University Law School in 1949. He worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation for two years and then returned to duty with the National Guard. After fifteen months, he was relieved from duty, one Army doctor concluded he had a severe and disabling psychoneurosis which interfered with his social and professional adjustment to a marked degree. He is considered totally incapacitated from the standpoint of military duty and moderately incapacitated in civilian adaptability. S. Army Surgeon General who “found him to be qualified for federal recognition in the national army. ”Garrison worked for New Orleans law firm Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles from 1954 to 1958. Garrison became a flamboyant, colorful, well-known figure in New Orleans, in 1961 he ran for district attorney, winning against incumbent Richard Dowling by 6,000 votes in a five-man Democratic primary. Despite lack of political backing, his performance in a televised debate. Once in office, Garrison cracked down on prostitution and the abuses of Bourbon Street bars and he indicted Dowling and one of his assistants for criminal malfeasance, but the charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. Garrison received national attention for a series of raids in the French Quarter. Newspaper headlines in 1962 praised Garrisons efforts, Quarter Crime Emergency Declared by Police, – Garrison Back, Vows Vice Drive to Continue –14 Arrested,12 more nabbed in Vice Raids. Garrisons critics often point out many of the arrests made by his office did not result in convictions. However, assistant DA William Alford has said that charges would more often not be reduced or dropped if a relative of someone charged gained Garrison’s ear. He had, said Alford, “a heart of gold. ”After a conflict with local criminal judges over his budget, the eight judges charged him with misdemeanor criminal defamation, and Garrison was convicted in January 1963. In 1964 the U. S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction, at the same time, Garrison indicted Judge Bernard Cocke with criminal malfeasance and, in two trials prosecuted by Garrison himself, Cocke was acquitted. Garrison charged nine policemen with brutality, but dropped the two weeks later

Jim Garrison
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Jim Garrison

36.
Grand jury
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Grand jury is a legal body empowered to conduct official proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and compel sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it, Grand jury is separate from the courts, which do not preside over its functioning. Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions, investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence, and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it. Grand jurys accusatory function is to determine there is probable cause to believe that one or more persons committed a certain offence within the venue of district court. Grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens, though in Virginia, in Ireland, they also functioned as local government authorities. In Japan, Law of July 12,1948 created the Kensatsu Shinsakai, Grand jury is so named because traditionally it has greater number of jurors than trial jury, called a petit jury. The function of a jury is to accuse persons who may be guilty of an offense. It is a means for lay citizens, representative of the community and it can also make presentments on crime and maladministration in its area. The traditional number of the jury is 23. No indictment or presentment can be made except by concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors, the grand jury may accuse upon their own knowledge, but it is generally done upon the testimony of witnesses under oath and other evidence heard before them. The proceedings of grand jury are, in the first instance, at the instigation of the government or other prosecutor, the accused has no knowledge nor right to interfere with their proceedings. If the grand jury returns an indictment as a bill, the indictment is said to be founded and party stand indicted. Grand jury only hears evidence on behalf of the prosecution for the finding of an indictment only in the nature of inquiry or accusation, however, they ought to be thoroughly persuaded of the truth of indictment, so far as their evidence goes. The first instance of a jury can be traced back to the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. Henrys chief impact on the development of the English monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the courts at the expense of the feudal courts. Itinerant justices on regular circuits were sent out each year to enforce the Kings Peace. To make this system of criminal justice more effective, Henry employed the method of inquest used by William the Conqueror in the Domesday Book. In each shire, a body of important men was sworn to report to the sheriff all crimes committed since the last session of the circuit court, thus originated the more recent grand jury that presents information for an indictment

Grand jury
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A grand jury investigating the fire that destroyed the Arcadia Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts in 1913

37.
Mark Lane (author)
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Mark Lane was an American attorney, New York state legislator, civil rights activist, and Vietnam war-crimes investigator. He is best known as a researcher, author. Mark Lane was born in The Bronx, New York and raised in Brooklyn and he served in the United States Army after World War II. After attending Long Island University, he received an LL. B from Brooklyn Law School in 1951, following his admission to the New York bar in 1951, Lane established a practice with Seymour Ostrow in East Harlem. The partnership dissolved in the late 1950s, in 1959, Lane helped found the Reform Democrat movement within the New York Democratic Party. He was elected with the support of Eleanor Roosevelt and presidential candidate John F. Kennedy to the New York Legislature in 1960, during his own campaign, he also managed the New York City areas campaign for JFKs 1960 presidential bid. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1961 and 1962, in the legislature, Lane spent considerable time working to abolish capital punishment. Lane promised to serve for one term, and then manage the campaign for his replacement—which he did. In June 1961, during the civil movement, Lane was the only sitting legislator to be arrested for opposing segregation as a Freedom Rider. In 1962, he ran for Congress in the Democratic primary, in the 1968 presidential election, Lane appeared on the ballot as a third party vice-presidential candidate, running on the Freedom and Peace Party ticket with Dick Gregory. D. Tippit and John F. Kennedy from the perspective of a defense attorney, in June 1964, according to historian Peter Knight, Bertrand Russell, prompted by the emerging work of the lawyer Mark Lane in the US. Priestley, and the Oxford history professor Hugh Trevor-Roper, Russell also criticized the American press for failing to heed any voices critical of the official version. Lane applied to the Warren Commission to represent the interests of Lee Harvey Oswald, three months later Walter E. Craig, president of the American Bar Association, was appointed by the Commission to represent the interests of Oswald. Craig himself stated that he was not counsel for Oswald, and official records do not indicate that Craig or his associates named, cross-examined, Lane continued to search for clues for Oswalds innocence. He was called to testify before the Commission but was not permitted to cross-examine witnesses, Lane provided testimony to the Warren Commission in Washington, D. C. on March 4,1964. He added, I think it is fair to state that a description of Oswald would be average height, quite slender with thin. Lane published an indictment of the Warren Commission, entitled Rush to Judgment, the book became a number one best seller and spent 29 weeks on the New York Times best-seller list. The book criticizes in detail the work and conclusions of the Warren Commission and it was adapted into a documentary film in 1966

38.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate

American Broadcasting Company
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ABC's corporate headquarters are located at 77 West 66th Street, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.
American Broadcasting Company
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American Broadcasting Company
American Broadcasting Company
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Edward Noble, founder of ABC
American Broadcasting Company
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In 2002, dancers and other cast members from the 32-year run of American Bandstand reunited with host Dick Clark to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the show's local television debut.

39.
Geraldo Rivera
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Gerald Michael Rivera, better known as Geraldo Rivera, is an American attorney, reporter, author, and talk show host. He was the host of the talk show Geraldo from 1987 to 1998, Rivera hosted the newsmagazine program Geraldo at Large, hosts the occasional broadcast of Geraldo Rivera Reports, and appears regularly on Fox News Channel programs such as The Five. Rivera was born at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City, New York, the son of Lillian and Cruz Allen Rivera, Riveras father was a Catholic Puerto Rican, and his mother is of Ashkenazi Russian Jewish descent. He was raised mostly Jewish and had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony and he grew up in Brooklyn and West Babylon, New York, where he attended West Babylon High School. Riveras family was subjected to prejudice and racism, and took to spelling their surname as Riviera because they thought it sounded less ethnic. From September 1961 to May 1963, he attended the State University of New York Maritime College, in 1965, Rivera graduated from the University of Arizona with a B. S. degree in business administration. Following a series of ranging from clothing salesman to short-order cook. He then held a Reginald Heber Smith Fellowship in poverty law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School in the summer of 1969 before being admitted to the New York State Bar later that year. This work attracted the attention of WABC-TV news director Al Primo when Rivera was interviewed about the occupation of an East Harlem church in 1969. Primo offered Rivera a job as a reporter but was unhappy with the first name Gerald so they agreed to go with the used by the Puerto Rican side of Riveras family. Rivera was hired by WABC-TV in 1970 as a reporter for Eyewitness News, after John Lennon watched Riveras report on the patients at Willowbrook, he and Rivera put on a benefit concert called One to One. Around this time, Rivera also began hosting ABCs Good Night America, the show featured the famous refrain from Arlo Guthries hit City of New Orleans as the theme. A1975 episode of the program, featuring Dick Gregory and Robert J. Groden, on May 19,1983, Rivera broadcast the first U. S. network television mention of AIDS, interviewing on 20/20 New York lighting designer Ken Ramsauer. Ramsauer died aged 27, four days later, Rivera delivered a eulogy at Ramsauers Central Park memorial service, in October 1985, ABCs Roone Arledge refused to air a report done by Sylvia Chase for 20/20 on the relationship between Marilyn Monroe and John and Robert Kennedy. Rivera publicly criticized Arledges journalistic integrity, claiming that his friendship with the Kennedy family had caused him to spike the story, as a result, on April 21,1986, Rivera hosted The Mystery of Al Capones Vaults. The special broadcast was billed as the unearthing of Capones secret vaults located under the old Lexington Hotel in Chicago, millions of people watched the 2-hour show, but all that they uncovered was dirt. Recently, Rivera told the Chicago Tribune, It was a high profile program — maybe the highest profile program Ive ever been associated with. In 1987, Rivera began producing and hosting the talk show Geraldo

40.
Dick Gregory
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Richard Claxton Dick Gregory is an American civil rights activist, social critic, writer, entrepreneur, conspiracy theorist, comedian, and occasional actor. Gregory is a member of the prestigious fraternity Alpha Phi Alpha, Gregory was a poor student who excelled at running, and was aided by teachers at Sumner High School, among them Warren St. James. Gregory earned a scholarship to Southern Illinois University Carbondale. There he set records as a half-miler and miler. His college career was interrupted for two years in 1954 when he was drafted into the United States Army. The Army was where he got his start in comedy, entering and winning several Army talent shows at the urging of his commanding officer, who had taken notice of Gregorys penchant for joking. In 1956, Gregory briefly returned to SIU after his discharge, Gregory drew on current events, especially racial issues, for much of his material, Segregation is not all bad. Have you ever heard of a collision where the people in the back of the bus got hurt, Gregory began his career as a comedian while serving in the military in the mid 1950s. He served in the army for a year and a half at Fort Hood in Texas, Fort Lee in Virginia and he was drafted in 1954 while attending Southern Illinois University Carbondale. After being discharged in 1956 he returned to the university but did not receive a degree, with a desire to perform comedy professionally, he moved to Chicago. In 1958, Gregory opened a nightclub called the Apex Club in Illinois, the club failed, landing Gregory in financial hardship. In 1959, Gregory landed a job as master of ceremonies at the Roberts Show Club, Gregory performed as a comedian in small, primarily black-patronized nightclubs, while working for the United States Postal Service during the daytime. He was one of the first black comedians to gain widespread acclaim performing for white audiences, I understand there are a good many Southerners in the room tonight. I know the South very well, I spent twenty years there one night. Last time I was down South I walked into this restaurant, bring me a whole fried chicken. Then these three white boys came up to me and said, Boy, were giving you fair warning, anything you do to that chicken, were gonna do to you. So I put down my knife and fork, I picked up that chicken, then I said, Line up, boys. Gregory attributes the launch of his career to Hugh Hefner, who watched him perform at Herman Roberts Show Bar, based on that performance, Hefner hired Gregory to work at the Chicago Playboy Club as a replacement for comedian Professor Irwin Corey

Dick Gregory
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Gregory in August 2015
Dick Gregory
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External video

41.
House Select Committee on Assassinations
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The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations was established in 1976 to investigate the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. The HSCA completed its investigation in 1978 and issued its report the following year. The HSCA determined, based on evidence, that the probable conspiracy did not involve the governments of the Soviet Union or Cuba. The committee also stated that the conspiracy did not involve any organized group, anti-Castro group, nor the FBI, CIA. Several forces contributed to the formation of the HSCA, with the growing body of assassination conspiracy material, public trust in the findings of the Warren Commission report was dropping. The Hart-Schweiker and Church Committee hearings had recently revealed CIA ties to other assassinations, the committee was both controversial and divided among itself. The first chairman, Thomas N. Downing of Virginia retired in January 1977 and was replaced by Henry B. Gonzalez on February 2,1977. Gonzalez and Chief Counsel Richard A. Sprague had irreconcilable disagreements over control of the committee, budget and investigative techniques, Sprague also resigned, in part to increase the chances of Congress voting to reconstitute the HSCA for the new two-year congressional term. Spragues like-minded deputy Robert K. Tanenbaum also resigned shortly thereafter, Louis Stokes replaced Gonzalez as chairman and G. Robert Blakey was appointed as Chief Counsel and Staff Director to replace Sprague. Thomas N. Downing, First Chairman Henry B, several lines of inquiry were followed to both reaffirm the single shooter/single-bullet theory as well as to disprove specific conspiracy theory allegations. The HSCA concluded that scientific studies of assassination-related evidence do not preclude the possibility of two gunmen firing at the President. Additionally, the location of the shooter was determined using trajectory analysis, the origin of the rifle bullets was calculated using the location of the presidential limousine and its occupants combined with the bullet wounds found on the president and governor. A team of experts were used to answer several questions related to the photographic evidence of the case. Forensic anthropologists as well as photographic and radiographic experts, based on anatomical details, verified that JFK’s autopsy photos. Forensic anthropologists were also used to verify that all relevant photographs of Lee Harvey Oswald were of one person. They verified that the photos depicted the same rifle found in the Texas school book depository building after the crime. The panel of experts were also used to verify the authenticity of the assassination-related photos and to analyze for any tampering or fakery. The HSCAs Forensic Pathology Panel included Michael Baden, John I, coe, Joseph H. Davis, George S. Loquvam, Charles S. Petty, Earl Rose, Werner Spitz, Cyril Wecht, and James T. Weston

House Select Committee on Assassinations
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Meeting of the House Select Committee on Assassinations

42.
Royalties
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A royalty is a payment made by one party, the licensee or franchisee to another that owns a particular asset, the licensor or franchisor for the right to ongoing use of that asset. A royalty interest is the right to collect a stream of future royalty payments, license agreements can be regulated, particularly where a government is the resource owner, or they can be private contracts that follow a general structure. However, certain types of agreements have comparable provisions. When a government owns the resource in question, the transaction is subject to legal. In the United States, fee simple ownership of the mineral is possible by a private individual, local taxing authorities may impose a severance tax on the unrenewable natural resources extracted from within their authority. The Federal Government receives royalties on production on federal lands, managed by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, an example from Canadas north is the federal Frontier Lands petroleum royalty regime. In this manner risks and profits are shared between the government of Canada and the petroleum developer and this attractive royalty rate is intended to encourage oil and gas exploration in the remote Canadian frontier lands where costs and risks are higher than other locations. In many jurisdictions oil and gas royalty interests are considered property under the NAICS classification code. As a standard example, for every $100 bbl of oil sold on a U. S. federal well with a 25% royalty, the U. S. government does not pay and will only collect revenues. All risk and liability lie upon the operator of the well, Royalties in the forestry industry are called stumpage. An intangible asset such as a patent gives the owner an exclusive right to prevent others from practicing the patented technology in the country issuing the patent for the term of the patent. The right may be enforced in a lawsuit for monetary damages and/or imprisonment for violation on the patent, patent rights may be divided and licensed out in various ways, on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis. The license may be subject to limitations as to time or territory, a license may encompass an entire technology or it may involve a mere component or improvement on a technology. In the United States, reasonable royalties may be imposed, both after-the-fact and prospectively, by a court as a remedy for infringement. 0%, however, the range extended from 0% to 50%. All of these agreements may not have been at arms length, in license negotiation, firms might derive royalties for the use of a patented technology from the retail price of the downstream licensed product. In the Arab countries, it may be found, that a royalty as a percentage of sales may be difficult to transact, a flat fee may be preferred as percentages may be interpreted as percentage of profit. Trade marks are words, logos, slogans, sounds, or other expressions that distinguish the source, origin. Trade marks offer the public a means of identifying and assuring themselves of the quality of the good or service and they may bring consumers a sense of security, integrity, belonging, and a variety of intangible appeals

Royalties

43.
National Archives and Records Administration
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The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress. The chief administrator of NARA is the Archivist of the United States, the Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U. S, Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment. The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations and it also administers the Electoral College. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants, the Office of Government Information Services is a Freedom of Information Act resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies, NARAs mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters. Originally, each branch and agency of the U. S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949, in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA, connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration. The Archivist served as an official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives. An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information, the program was originally scheduled to end in 2007. In 2011, a retired employee pleaded guilty to stealing original sound recordings from the archives, Archival Recovery Teams investigate the theft of records. NARAs holdings are classed into record groups reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated, Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media. Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the government in the custody of NARA are stored in the National Archives Catalog. The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, as of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARAs records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials, most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements and its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U. S. governments security classification system. Many of NARAs most requested records are used for genealogy research

44.
Oliver Stone
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William Oliver Stone is an American screenwriter, film director, and producer. Stone won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay as writer of Midnight Express and he also wrote the acclaimed gangster movie Scarface. As a director, Stone achieved prominence as director/writer of the war drama Platoon, for which Stone won the Academy Award for Best Director, Platoon was the first in a trilogy of films based on the Vietnam War, in which Stone served as an infantry soldier. He continued the series with Born on the Fourth of July —for which Stone won his second Best Director Oscar—and Heaven & Earth. Many of Stones films focus on controversial American political issues during the late 20th century and they often combine different camera and film formats within a single scene, as evidenced in JFK, Natural Born Killers, and Nixon. Stone was born September 15,1946, in New York City, the son of Jacqueline and Louis Stone and he grew up in Manhattan and Stamford, Connecticut. His parents met during World War II, when his father was fighting as a part of the Allied force in France and his American-born father was a non-practicing Jew, and his French-born mother was a non-practicing Roman Catholic. Stone was raised in the Episcopal Church, and now practices Buddhism, Stone attended Trinity School in New York City before his parents sent him away to The Hill School, a college-preparatory school in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. His parents were divorced abruptly while he was away at school, Stones mother was often absent and his father made a big impact on his life, father-son relationships were to feature heavily in Stones films. He often spent parts of his vacations with his maternal grandparents in France. Stone also worked at 17 in the Paris mercantile exchange in sugar, Stone graduated from The Hill School in 1964. Stone was admitted into Yale University, but left in June 1965 at age 18 to teach school students English for six months in Saigon at the Free Pacific Institute in South Vietnam. Afterwards, he worked as a wiper on a United States Merchant Marine ship in 1966 and he returned to Yale, where he dropped out a second time. In April 1967, Stone enlisted in the United States Army, from September 16,1967 to April 1968, he served in Vietnam with 2nd Platoon, B Company, 3rd Battalion, 25th Infantry Division and was twice wounded in action. He was then transferred to the First Cavalry Division participating in long range patrols before being transferred again to drive for an infantry unit of the division until November 1968. Stone graduated from New York University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film in 1971, Stone made a short, well received 12-minute film Last Year in Viet Nam. In 1979, Stone won his first Academy Award, after adapting true-life prison story Midnight Express into a hit film for British director Alan Parker. Stones screenplay for Midnight Express was criticized by some for its inaccuracies in portraying the events described in the book, the original author, Billy Hayes, around whom the film is set, spoke out against the film, protesting that he had many Turkish friends while in jail

45.
JFK (film)
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JFK is a 1991 American conspiracy-thriller film directed by Oliver Stone. It examines the events leading to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the film was adapted by Stone and Zachary Sklar from the books On the Trail of the Assassins by Jim Garrison and Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs. Stone described this account as a counter-myth to the Warren Commissions fictional myth, the film became embroiled in controversy. After a slow start at the box office, the film picked up momentum. JFK was nominated for eight Academy Awards and won two for Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing. It was the most successful of three films Stone made about American presidents, followed by Nixon with Anthony Hopkins in the title role and W. with Josh Brolin as George W. Bush. The film opens with footage, including the farewell address in 1961 of outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower. This is followed by a summary of John F. Kennedys years as president, emphasizing the events that, in Stones thesis and this builds to a reconstruction of the assassination on November 22,1963. New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison subsequently learns about potential links to the assassination in New Orleans, Kennedys suspected assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is killed by Jack Ruby, and Garrison closes the investigation. The investigation is reopened in 1966 after Garrison reads the Warren Report, Garrison and his staff interrogate several witnesses to the Kennedy assassination, and others involved with Oswald, Ruby, and Ferrie. One such witness is Willie OKeefe, a male prostitute serving five years in prison for soliciting, as well as briefly meeting Oswald, OKeefe was romantically involved with a man called Clay Bertrand. Garrisons staff also test the single bullet theory by aiming an empty rifle from the window through which Oswald was alleged to have shot Kennedy and they conclude that Oswald was too poor a marksman to make the shots, indicating someone else, or multiple marksmen, were involved. In 1968, Garrison meets a figure in Washington D. C. who identifies himself as X. X explains that the President was killed because he wanted to pull the United States out of the Vietnam War, X encourages Garrison to keep digging and prosecute New Orleans-based international businessman Clay Shaw for his alleged involvement. Upon interrogating Shaw, the businessman denies any knowledge of meeting Ferrie, OKeefe or Oswald, some of Garrisons staff begin to doubt his motives and disagree with his methods, and leave the investigation. Garrisons marriage is strained when his wife Liz complains that he is spending time on the case than with his own family. After a sinister phone call is made to their daughter, Liz accuses Garrison of being selfish, in addition, the media launches attacks on television and in newspapers attacking Garrisons character and criticizing the way his office is spending taxpayers money. Some key witnesses become scared and refuse to testify while others, before his death, Ferrie tells Garrison that he believes people are after him, and reveals there was a conspiracy around Kennedys death

JFK (film)
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Theatrical release poster

46.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima

George H. W. Bush
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George H. W. Bush
George H. W. Bush
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George Bush in his TBM Avenger on the carrier USS San Jacinto in 1944
George H. W. Bush
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Bush with President Dwight D. Eisenhower
George H. W. Bush
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Bush as ambassador to the United Nations, 1971

47.
Assassination Records Review Board
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The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992, or the JFK Records Act, is a public law passed by the United States Congress, effective October 26,1992. It directed the National Archives and Records Administration to establish a collection of records to be known as the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection. The final report of the Acts Assassination Records Review Board partially credited the conclusions in Oliver Stones 1991 film JFK with the passage of the Act. The definition of assassination record was left broad by the Act and determined in practice by the ARRB, Kennedy and investigations of or inquiries into the assassination. This was supplemented with coverage of all government records relating to investigations of the assassination, the ARRB determined that agencies could not object to disclosure solely on grounds of non-relevance, stating that the ARRB is responsible for making decisions that determine relevance. The Board met for four years, from October 1,1994 to September 30,1998, when the Act was passed in 1992,98 percent of all Warren Commission documents had been released to the public. By the time the Board disbanded, all Warren Commission documents, except income tax returns, had released to the public. The ARRB collected evidence starting in 1992, then produced its report in 1998. The ARRB was not enacted to determine why or by whom the murder was committed but to collect, after the enactment of the federal law that created the ARRB, the Board collected a large amount of documents and took testimony of those who had relevant information of the events. The Committee finished its work in 1998 and in its final report, some of the information was gathered by way of testimony from witnesses that had eyewitness knowledge of the events. For example, the Board interviewed the physicians who treated the presidents massive head wound at Parkland Hospital in Dallas and this was a highly trained team of emergency care physicians, some of whom testified in secret before the Warren Commission. These transcripts have now also made public. Other information consists of a number of documents from the FBI. By ARRB law, all existing assassination-related documents will be public by October 2017. At the moment,40,000 documents are not fully available to the public. In 2013, the ARRBs former chairman John R, subsequent work by researchers, using other records that were released by the board, demonstrates that these records should be made public. Tunheim said in a interview that It really was an example of treachery. If fooled us on that, they may have fooled us on other things, President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection

48.
Constitution of the United States
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The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure used by the thirteen States to ratify it. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty, the majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures, Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U. S, according to the United States Senate, The Constitutions first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. From September 5,1774 to March 1,1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the government of the United States. The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a governing body. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States and it was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late-1777, and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781. Under the Articles of Confederation, the governments power was quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers, implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless, Congress could borrow money, but couldnt pay it back. No state paid all their U. S. taxes, some paid nothing, some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens, but no more. No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments, by 1786, the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due. Internationally, the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ability to defend its sovereignty, most of the troops in the 625-man United States Army were deployed facing – but not threatening – British forts on American soil. They had not been paid, some were deserting and others threatening mutiny, spain closed New Orleans to American commerce, U. S. officials protested, but to no effect. Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom, if any military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response. Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the sentiments and interests of the various states

Constitution of the United States
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Page one of the original copy of the Constitution
Constitution of the United States
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Signing the Constitution, September 17, 1787
Constitution of the United States
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Territorial extent of the United States, 1790.
Constitution of the United States
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"We the People" in an original edition

49.
Sixth Floor Museum
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The museum is self-sufficient in funding, relying solely on donations and ticket sales. It rents the space from the County of Dallas, the museum was founded by the Dallas County Historical Foundation. It opened its doors on Presidents Day, February 20,1989, a museum webcam features a live view from the sniper spot. The Zapruder family no longer retains any copyrights to the film, the original film, however, is in possession of the National Archives and Records Administration. On February 19,2007, the previously unreleased 8 mm film footage of Kennedys motorcade, donated to the museum by George Jefferies, the 40-second film, silent and in color, showed the motorcade before the assassination, as well as part of Dealey Plaza the following day. The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza Mobile Site

50.
Texas School Book Depository
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The Texas School Book Depository, now known as the Dallas County Administration Building, is a seven-floor building facing Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, United States. The building is most notable for its connection to the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963, an employee, Lee Harvey Oswald, shot and killed the president from a sixth floor window on the buildings southeastern corner. The structure is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and it is located at 411 Elm Street on the northwest corner of Elm and North Houston Streets, at the western end of downtown Dallas. The site of the building was owned by John Neely Bryan. During the 1880s, Maxime Guillot operated a shop on the property. In 1894, the Rock Island Plow Company bought the land, and four years later constructed a five story building for its Texas division, in 1901, the building was hit by lightning and nearly burned to the ground. It was rebuilt in 1902 in the Commercial Romanesque Revival style, in 1937 the property was acquired by the Carraway Byrd Corporation, and after the company defaulted on the loan, it was bought at public auction July 4,1939 by D. Harold Byrd. In November 1961, Sexton Foods moved to a distribution facility located at 650 Regal Row Dallas. Refurbishment after Sextons departure saw the addition on the first four floors of partitions, carpeting, air conditioning and a new passenger elevator. In 1963, the building was in use as a warehouse for the storage of school textbooks and related materials. Some time after the company moved in, it was found that the floors had sustained oil damage from items stored there by the previous tenant. To protect the books from oil seeping up from the floor. While in police custody, Oswald was murdered by Jack Ruby before he could stand trial, in addition to its building at Elm and Houston, the Texas School Book Depository Company maintained a second warehouse at 1917 Houston. Several blocks north of the building, the short four-story structure was well removed from the parade route. Oswalds supervisor, Roy Truly, told the Warren Commission that he had had the option to assign Oswald to either building on his first day at work, I might have sent Oswald to work. Oswald and another fellow reported for work on the same day and this second building was eventually destroyed to make way for the Woodall Rodgers Freeway. In 1972, ownership reverted to Byrd, and the building was purchased in 1977 by the government of Dallas County, after renovating the lower five floors of the building for use as county government offices, the Dallas County Administration Building was dedicated on March 29,1981. On Presidents Day 1989, the floor opened to the public as the Sixth Floor Museum of assassination-related exhibits

Texas School Book Depository
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Dallas County Administration Building in 2015, formerly the Texas School Book Depository
Texas School Book Depository
Texas School Book Depository
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Ike Altgens photograph made during the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Kennedy is seen behind the rear-view mirror with his hands in front of his throat, and with Jacqueline Kennedy 's gloved hand on his left arm. Behind the limousine is the Elm Street entrance to the Texas School Book Depository.
Texas School Book Depository
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As it appeared in 1969, when still used as the Texas School Book Depository.