Search

Christine Lagarde: 3 Priorities for the Global Economy

In a speech in Hong Kong ahead of the 2018 International Monetary Fund/World Bank Spring Meetings, IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde called on policymakers to steer clear of protectionism, guard against rising fiscal and financial risks, and foster long-term growth that benefits everyone. Here's a transcript of her speech. Find out more about the Spring Meetings here.

Hong Kong’s transformation – from manufacturing powerhouse, to global trade engine, to world-class financial center – reflects its unique commitment to openness, to combining home-grown talent with fresh ideas and expertise from across the world.

Hong Kongers are keenly aware that economic history never moves in a straight line but in cycles. And they know that when the economy is moving – up or down – policymakers cannot afford to stand still.

This is also the story of our global economy.

The world is currently experiencing a strong upswing that holds the promise of higher incomes and living standards. Delivering on this promise is critical, not just here in Asia but around the world.

I have been calling on all governments to use the current growth momentum for much-needed policy actions and reforms, especially in labor markets and service sectors.

In other words, fix the roof while the sun is still shining.

These reforms are often politically difficult, but they are more effective and easier to implement when economies are moving up, not down.

Some governments have taken action, but more needs to be done.

The window of opportunity is open. Yet there is new urgency because uncertainties have significantly increased – from trade tensions, to rising financial and fiscal risks, to more uncertain geopolitics.

How can we sustain the current upswing in the face of these rising risks? And how can we foster long-term growth that benefits all?

Not only do they lead to more expensive products and more limited choices, but they also prevent trade from playing its essential role in boosting productivity and spreading new technologies.

As a result, even protected industries eventually suffer as they become less dynamic than their foreign competitors.

And yet, discussions about trade restrictions are often bound up with the concept of trade deficits and surpluses. Some people argue that these imbalances indicate unfair trade practices.

Yes, there are unfair practices – which must be eliminated – and which can leave their mark on trade balances between two countries.

But in general, these bilateral imbalances are a snapshot of the division of labor across economies, including global value chains.

For example, a country that focuses on assembling smartphones will tend to have bilateral trade deficits with countries that produce the components, and surpluses with countries that buy the finished devices.

More importantly, unfair trade practices have little impact on a country’s overall trade deficit with the rest of the world. That imbalance is driven by the fact that a country spends above its income.

The best way to address these macroeconomic imbalances is not to impose tariffs, but to use policies that affect the economy as a whole, such as fiscal tools or structural reforms.

The United States, for example, could help tackle excessive global imbalances by curbing gradually the dynamics of public spending and by increasing revenue – which would help reduce future fiscal deficits.

Germany, which is facing an aging population, could use its excess savings to boost its growth potential – including through investments in physical and digital infrastructure.

So, what can policymakers do about unfair practices?

Each country has a responsibility to improve the trade system by looking at its own practices and by committing to a level playing field where everyone follows the rules.

This includes better protecting intellectual property, and reducing the distortions of policies that favor state enterprises. It also means trading by the rules – the WTO rules that all 164 members agreed upon.

We can all do more – but we cannot do it alone.

Remember: the multilateral trade system has transformed our world over the past generation. It helped reduce by half the proportion of the global population living in extreme poverty. It has reduced the cost of living, and has created millions of new jobs with higher wages.

But that system of rules and shared responsibility is now in danger of being torn apart. This would be an inexcusable, collective policy failure.

So let us redouble our efforts to reduce trade barriers and resolve disagreements without using exceptional measures.

Let us work together to build on forward-looking trade initiatives, including the recent agreement between Japan and the European Union, the new African Continental Free Trade Area, and the so-called TPP-11.

And let us also ensure that policies help those affected by dislocations, whether from trade or technological advances. Consider the benefits of scaling up investment in training and social safety nets – so that workers can upgrade their skills and transition to higher-quality jobs.

In all these efforts, we at the IMF are supporting our members through analysis and advice and by offering a platform for dialogue and cooperation.

This is what we were set up to do. Our experience over more than seven decades shows that when countries work together, global challenges become more manageable.

We need that spirit of cooperation to avoid protectionism – and to sustain the global upswing.

2. Guard against fiscal and financial risk

Here, numbers tell the story.

New IMF analysis shows that, after a decade of easy financial conditions, global debt – both public and private – has reached an all-time high of $164 trillion.

Compared to its 2007 level, this debt is now 40% higher, with China alone accounting for just over 40% of that increase.

A major driver of this buildup is the private sector, which makes up two-thirds of the total debt level. But that is not the whole story.

Public debt in advanced economies is at levels not seen since World War II. And if recent trends continue, many low-income countries will face unsustainable debt burdens.

High debt in low-income countries could jeopardize development goals as governments spend more on debt service and less on infrastructure, health, and education.

The bottom line is that high debt burdens have left governments, companies, and households more vulnerable to a sudden tightening of financial conditions. This potential shift could prompt market corrections, debt sustainability concerns and capital flow reversals in emerging markets.

So, we must use the current window of opportunity to prepare for the challenges ahead.

This is about creating more room to act when the next downturn inevitably comes – or as the economists like to say, it is about “building policy buffers.”

What does that mean specifically?

For many economies, it means reducing government deficits, strengthening fiscal frameworks and placing public debt on a gradual downward path. This should be done in a growth-friendly way through more efficient spending and progressive taxation.

It also calls for more exchange rate flexibility to cope with volatile capital flows, especially in emerging and developing countries.

These efforts help reduce the severity and duration of recessions.

For example, a recent study shows that the decline in output after a financial crisis is less than 1% in a country with adequate fiscal and monetary buffers, but almost 10% in a country with no buffers.

So, using macroeconomic tools is critical. But it is not enough.

Strengthening financial stability by increasing buffers in corporate and banking sectors is key, especially in large emerging markets such as China and India.

This means reducing corporate debt and bolstering bank capital and liquidity where needed. It also means implementing policies to address booming housing markets, including here in Hong Kong.

New IMF analysis shows that housing markets in major cities across the world are increasingly moving in tandem – which could amplify the financial and macroeconomic shocks coming from any one country.

That is why we need global buffers as well.

For one thing, we must keep our financial systems safe by avoiding a rollback of the regulatory framework put in place since the global financial crisis to boost capital and liquidity buffers.

And the international regulatory framework needs to keep pace with the rapidly evolving fintech landscape to head off new risks while harnessing the potential.

Most importantly, we want a strong global financial safety net. Here the IMF plays a central role in helping countries to better cope with capital flow volatility in times of distress.

Together these policy actions will help sustain the current upswing.

But it is also essential to foster longer-term growth that is more sustainable and more widely shared. That is my third priority.

3. Foster long-term growth that benefits everyone

Fostering stronger and more inclusive growth is a key challenge.

If, as projected, advanced economies return to disappointing medium-term growth, this would worsen economic inequality, debt concerns and political polarization.

At the same time, more than 40 emerging and developing countries are projected to grow more slowly in per capita terms than advanced economies.

This means slower improvements in living standards and a widening income gap between those countries and the advanced world.

As I said earlier, the window of opportunity is open. But to boost productivity and potential growth, countries need to step up economic reforms and policy actions.

Let me touch on two potential game-changers:

(i) First, unlock the potential of the service sector, especially in developing economies.

In moving from an agriculture-based to a service-based economy, many of these countries are bypassing a traditional industrialization phase.

This raises concerns that countries could get stuck at lower-productivity levels, with little chance of catching up to advanced economy incomes.

Our latest research shows, however, that some service sectors – led by transportation, communications and business services – can match the productivity levels of manufacturing.

This is critical for countries such as the Philippines, Colombia and Ghana where employment and output are shifting from agricultural production to higher-value services.

It is also important for the economic wellbeing of millions of women, who often account for the majority of service industry workers.

Unlocking this potential is not an easy task. It requires more public investment in education, training, and job-search assistance. It also means opening service sectors to more competition.

At the global level, there is work to be done as well. We need to increase trade in services, including e-commerce, by reducing barriers in this area – which are still extremely high.

(ii) The second potential game-changer is the digital transformation of government.

When it comes to cutting-edge technologies and systems, public sectors can lead the way – and we are seeing great examples here in Asia.

In India, citizens receive subsidies and welfare payments directly into their bank accounts, which are linked to unique biometric identifiers. In Australia, tax authorities collect information on wages in real time, which gives them immediate insight into the state of the economy. And here in Hong Kong, bank customers will soon be able to use their mobile phone numbers and email addresses to transfer money or make retail purchases, thanks to a new, government-funded payment system.

These initiatives are just the beginning. Governments across the world are now also looking at ways of generating efficiency gains.

For example, one recent study estimates that almost 20% of public revenues worldwide, or about $5 trillion, go missing each year, because of tax noncompliance and misdirected government payments.

By using new tools – such as big data analysis – governments can reduce these leakages, which are often directly related to corruption and tax evasion. Reducing leakages would enable countries to increase priority spending.

The bottom line is that digital government can deliver public services more efficiently and more effectively, and help improve people’s lives.

Think about it: more households in developing countries now have access to digital technology – such as the internet and smartphones – than have access to clean water and secondary education.

What huge potential for digital interaction! But also, what a reminder that we need to leverage technology effectively to make broader development progress.

Conclusion

Let me conclude. This generation of policymakers is facing a stark choice:

They can simply copy the policies of the past, which have delivered mixed results – raising living standards substantially, but leaving too many behind.

Or they can paint a new economic landscape – where open trade is fairer and more collaborative; where financial systems are safer and more supportive of economic growth; and where the digital revolution benefits not just the fortunate few but all people.

As the great artist Henri Matisse once said: “Creativity takes courage.”

We certainly need more courage – in the halls of government, in company conference rooms, and in our hearts and minds.

Latest Issue

The May 2018 issue of Global Policy has nine research articles covering topics such as shipping policy, government expenditure and economic growth, women mediators in the UN, and business and human rights.