Justice Margaret Marshall is sworn in by Massachusetts Gov. Paul Cellucci as the first female chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in 1999.

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Originally published on June 7, 2013 12:56 pm

The U.S. Supreme Court, on the brink of issuing two same-sex-marriage decisions, is facing a question that Margaret Marshall had to resolve for her state a decade ago, as chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Her decision became the first to legalize same-sex marriage in the United States.

"Barred access to the protections, benefits and obligations of civil marriage, a person who enters into an intimate, exclusive union with another of the same sex is arbitrarily deprived of membership in one of our community's most rewarding and cherished institutions," she wrote in 2003. "That exclusion is incompatible with the constitutional principles of respect for individual autonomy and equality under the law."

Marshall's opinion back then hit the body politic like a bomb, making headlines across the globe. A subsequent attempt to undo the ruling with a state constitutional amendment failed.

While many experts believe the U.S. Supreme Court may dodge a ruling that would bind all states on the issue of same-sex marriage this year, Marshall's 2003 opinion for her court will remain historic.

And it marked just one way in which she has been a trailblazer. In 1996, she was appointed by a Republican governor to the state's highest court — the oldest continuously serving appellate court in the Western Hemisphere. Three years later, she was promoted to chief justice by a second Republican governor, becoming the first female chief justice in the state's history.

'The Blinders Had Been Removed'

On paper, Marshall's path to the court looks fairly predictable, even tame: Yale Law School, private practice, general counsel for Harvard University. But that is only part of the story.

Marshall is an immigrant to the United States who grew up in a small South African village as the unpolitical daughter of unpolitical parents.

In 1962, she came to Wilmington, Del., as a high school exchange student, just as the civil rights struggle was heating up. There was widespread violence in the South — police brutality and civilian deaths. But none of that discouraged the teenager.

"It was raucous and it was challenging and it was difficult," she said of the United States. "But nobody suggested that one would be imprisoned simply for expressing a view or having an idea or reading a book or attending a movie."

And all of that was a crime in South Africa.

During her studies at the Tatnall School in Wilmington, Marshall was encouraged to think for herself — a skill that had not been emphasized in South Africa.

"What I experienced for the first time was a recognition that one could question ... the government, as my American family did every day after we listened to Walter Cronkite," Marshall said in an interview with NPR. "I think I learned more about South Africa during that year in Wilmington, Del., than I had learned in my entire life."

Perhaps more breathtaking were her visits to the library. In South Africa, she had never been able to pick out whatever book she wanted to read, because so many were banned. In the United States, for the first time, she could read anything, including Alan Paton's Cry, the Beloved Country — a fictional black man's portrait of South Africa in the 1940s.

When Marshall returned to South Africa after that year, she was not the same girl. "Once one's mind is opened, it's very difficult to shut it again," she says. "And I literally felt as if the blinders had been removed from me, and so I began to see and observe and perceive."

A Turning Point

By then, Nelson Mandela was already in prison. Marshall joined the National Union of South African Students, a coalition of university student councils that opposed apartheid. And she began attending the trials of anti-apartheid activists — including the lawyer who had represented Mandela.

"I'm not quite sure why I did that," she muses. "But I felt in some way that I had to bear witness in that fundamental religious Christian sense." Her attendance hardly went unnoticed. "Every time, of course, I went to court and sat in the whites-only section of the public galleries, I knew that I was being watched by the security police."

Almost without knowing it, as she would later, she was challenging the authority of the state to unilaterally define people.

Then came a turning point. Marshall describes 1966 as "one of the bleakest years in a bleak time" in South Africa. All of the leading anti-apartheid activists were in jail, in exile or had been killed. Sen. Robert Kennedy accepted the invitation of Marshall's student organization to give an address at the University of Cape Town. The speech, often referred to as the "Ripple of Hope" speech, was a lifeline for Marshall, who had found herself beginning to lose hope.

"The key message in the 'Ripple of Hope' speech, which made such an impact on me, is that if each person does some small thing, ultimately each of those small acts will add up to a combined impact that will tear away the greatest oppression," Marshall says. "That was both reinforcing and inspiring to know that we were not wasting our lives."

Marshall came back to the United States for graduate school in 1968, not intending to stay, and certainly not intending to immigrate. She became involved in the women's movement and opposition to the Vietnam War, and she got a chance to travel the country, through the hills of Tennessee and the Great Plains of Nebraska and the Ozarks of Arkansas.

"And then, like generation after generation of immigrants, I fell in love with the United States — deeply in love with this country. And frankly, it's a love affair that has never ended," Marshall says. "For me, the personal experience has been a country that never wavered, that never put any barrier in my way.

"As long as I worked hard, this country was accepting — accepting of my strange accent, accepting of my gender, and that is a remarkable aspect of the United States. I don't think there's another country in the world" like it.

A New View Of Law

The United States was a safe haven for her, too, but once here, she began having terrifying nightmares, a sort of PTSD, harkening back to her life in South Africa; every night, in her dreams, she was being ripped from her home and "disappeared."

"The greatest fear that I had in South Africa," she said, "was that I could be arrested in the middle of the night and then would just disappear. ... And I think that sense that you will be lost, that you will disappear, is a profound sense that all human beings fear for."

Marshall stresses that something entirely new to her was the manner in which the American government used the law. Under apartheid in South Africa, the law was an instrument of oppression. Parliament would pass laws, and there was no recourse; no court could invalidate them. But in America, Marshall saw the law used as an instrument of democracy. "You, as an individual citizen, you have the right to challenge a law that your government enacts," she observes.

Although she had not planned to be a lawyer, her path inevitably seemed to lead her there. And from the beginning she was a star, first in law school at Yale, then in private practice and as president of the Boston Bar Association, then as vice president and general counsel for Harvard University, and finally at the state's highest court.

Indeed, if you look at Marshall's life and career, you might reasonably conclude that she is a combination of the ultimate establishment figure and the ultimate anti-establishment figure.

She laughingly concedes the point, knowing that however great her other accomplishments, she will be most remembered for her 2003 opinion striking down the Massachusetts law that banned same-sex marriage.

A Historic Decision

Marshall maintains that she had not focused on or been aware of the issue at all until it reached her court, and that she had no tingling feeling of a historic moment when writing the opinion. What did surprise her, however, was the huge national and international reaction after the decision was announced.

"Massachusetts is one small part of the United States," Marshall said. "It never occurred to me that this would be, in any sense, a groundbreaking decision."

During this spring's oral arguments at the U.S. Supreme Court over same-sex marriage, Justice Antonin Scalia asked when it became unconstitutional to bar people of the same sex from being married.

"I'm curious, when did it become unconstitutional to exclude homosexual couples from marriage? 1791? 1868, when the 14th Amendment was adopted?" Scalia asked. "When did the law become this?"

Marshall says for her, the answer was clear: "When the states started giving huge benefits and privileges to one section of the population.

"If you're married, you have just enormous benefits, and if you're in the same committed lengthy relationship, but you happen to be within the same gender, you have none of those benefits and protections," she observes. Her 2003 opinion listed many of the hundreds of laws that give preferences and benefits to married couples.

So, what if the U.S. Supreme Court reaches a different conclusion than Marshall's court? Marshall says she will be unperturbed. She notes that state courts often lead the way decades before the U.S. Supreme Court comes around.

Marshall clearly loved her job as chief justice, but in 2010, after 14 years on the bench, she stepped down to spend time with her husband, Anthony Lewis, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, who had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Lewis died in March.

Marshall has now returned to her old law firm, where she mentors young lawyers but does not appear in court. She is teaching at Harvard Law School.

"Mostly what I hope to do is to provide to newer, younger members of the profession the kind of knowledge that I acquired over time and to give back in whatever way I can to this profession which has given me so much," Marshall says.

And like everyone else, she is waiting to see what the U.S. Supreme Court does on the issue of same-sex marriage.

Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

LINDA WERTHEIMER, HOST:

The justices of the U.S. Supreme Court are in the midst of writing decisions in two, major, same-sex marriage cases. While the rest of us wait, though, we'll take a look at the judge who 10 years ago, wrote the first decision legalizing same-sex marriage. It was a decision based on the Massachusetts constitution.

RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST:

She was the chief justice of Massachusetts' Supreme Judicial Court. Margaret Marshall - now retired - is a white, South African immigrant to the U.S., appointed by a Republican governor to serve on the state's high court; and promoted to lead that court by a second Republican governor. NPR legal affairs correspondent Nina Totenberg has this profile.

NINA TOTENBERG, BYLINE: Margaret Marshall grew up in a small, South African village, the un-political daughter of un-political parents. But in 1962, she came to Wilmington, Del., as a high school exchange student. It was a tumultuous time in the U.S. - the civil rights movement was heating up; there was violence in the South; people died - but none of that discouraged her.

MARGARET MARSHALL: It was raucous, and it was challenging and it was difficult. But nobody suggested that one would be imprisoned simply for expressing a view or having an idea, or reading a book or attending a movie.

TOTENBERG: All things that were crimes in South Africa. And she was experiencing something else, too.

MARSHALL: A recognition that one could question - one could question the government, as my American family did every day after we listened to Walter Cronkite.

TOTENBERG: And then there was the library. In South Africa, she never could pick out any book to read because so many were banned. Now for the first time she could read anything, including Alan Paton's "Cry, the Beloved Country."

MARSHALL: I think I learned more about South Africa during that year in Wilmington, Del., than I had learned in my entire life.

TOTENBERG: She returned to South Africa after that year, but she was no longer the same girl.

MARSHALL: Once one's mind is opened, it's very difficult to shut it again. And I literally felt as if the blinders had been removed from me, and so I began to see and observe and perceive.

TOTENBERG: By then, Nelson Mandela was already in prison. In college, Marshall joined the National Union of South African Students, a coalition of student councils opposed to apartheid. And she began attending the trials of anti-apartheid activists, including the lawyer who had represented Mandela.

MARSHALL: I'm not quite sure why I did that. But I felt, in some way, that I had to bear witness in that fundamental, religious, Christian sense. Every time, of course, I went to court and sat in the whites-only section of the public galleries, I knew that I was being watched by the security police.

TOTENBERG: Almost without knowing it, she was - as she would later - be challenging the authority of the state to unilaterally define people. Then came a turning point.

MARSHALL: 1966 was one of the bleakest years in a bleak time, in South Africa. All of the political leaders - who your listeners will recognize - were in prison or out of the country, or killed. And there really was no vibrant opposition.

TOTENBERG: Her student organization invited Sen. Robert Kennedy to come. The speech he delivered was a lifeline.

MARSHALL: It was a clarion call at a time when we felt so marginalized.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

SEN. ROBERT KENNEDY: Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope. And crossing each other from a million different centers of energy and daring, those ripples build a current which can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance.

TOTENBERG: In 1968, Marshall returned to the U.S. for graduate school. She didn't intend to say.

MARSHALL: And then, like generation after generation of immigrants, I fell in love with the United States - deeply in love with this country. And frankly, it's a love affair that has never ended.

TOTENBERG: The United States was, she says, a safe haven for her. But now that she was safe, she began to have terrifying nightmares; a sort of PTSD, harkening back to her life in South Africa.

MARSHALL: I could be arrested in the middle of the night and then would just disappear. And no lawyer would have access to me; no family member would have access to me. I would simply disappear.

TOTENBERG: Over and over in our interview, she returned to one theme - the rule of law. Under apartheid in South Africa, the law was an instrument of oppression. Parliament passed laws, but no court could invalidate them - completely different from the American system of a written Constitution and a Bill of Rights.

MARSHALL: You as an individual citizen, you have the right to challenge a law that your government enacts through its normal process.

TOTENBERG: Although she had not planned to be a lawyer, her path in the U.S. led eventually to Yale Law School, private practice, president of the Boston Bar Association; followed by a position as vice president and general counsel at Harvard University, and then the state's highest court. Indeed, if you look at Margaret Marshall's life and career, you might reasonably conclude that she's a combination of the ultimate establishment figure and the ultimate anti-establishment figure.

She laughingly concedes the point, knowing that however distinguished her 14-year career on the bench, she'll be remembered most for her 2003 opinion striking down the state law that banned same-sex marriage. She maintains that she simply had not focused on the issue at all until it reached her court, and that she had no tingling feeling of a historic moment.

MARSHALL: Massachusetts is one, small part of the United States. It never occurred to me that this would be, in any sense, a groundbreaking decision.

TOTENBERG: What did surprise her, she says, was the huge national - even international - reaction afterwards, both pro and con. The heart of the decision, she says, is in fact the answer to this question, posed at the U.S. Supreme Court by Justice Antonin Scalia when the issue was argued there in April. Just when, he asked, did it become unconstitutional to bar same-sex marriage?

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

ANTONIN SCALIA: When did it become unconstitutional?

MARSHALL: And my answer was very clear: when the states started giving huge benefits and privileges to one section of the population. If you're married, you have just enormous benefits. And if you're in the same committed, lengthy relationship but you happen to be within the same gender, you have none of those benefits and protections.

TOTENBERG: And what if the Supreme Court reaches a different conclusion than the one reached by her court? Marshall is unperturbed by that possibility, noting that state courts often lead the way decades before the U.S. Supreme Court comes around. In 2010, Marshall, then 65, stepped down from her post as chief justice.

MARSHALL: I retired because my beloved husband, Tony, had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. And I retired in order to spend more time with him.

TOTENBERG: In March, Anthony Lewis, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, died. Marshall now has returned to her old law firm, where she mentors young lawyers but does not appear in court. And she teaches at Harvard Law School. And like everyone else, she's waiting to see what the U.S. Supreme Court does on the issue of same-sex marriage.