Measuring Agreement: Models, Methods, and Applications

Books

Measuring Agreement Methodology and Applications successfully blends the currently available statistical methodologies for agreement evaluation in a unified, coherent, and lucid manner. This up-to-date and comprehensive book describes the theoretical underpinnings of the methodologies and presents case studies using several real data sets to illustrate the application of the methodologies. A perfect reference for statisticians, biostatisticians, clinical chemists, and biomedical scientists

Preface xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Preview 1

1.2 Notational Conventions 1

1.3 Basic Characteristics of a Measurement Method 2

1.3.1 A Statistical Model for Measurements 3

1.3.2 Quality Characteristics 3

1.4 Method Comparison Studies 5

1.5 Meaning of Agreement 6

1.6 A Measurement Error Model 8

1.6.1 Identifiability Issues 9

1.6.2 ModelBased Moments 10

1.6.3 Conditions for Perfect Agreement 10

1.6.4 Link to Test Theory 11

1.7 Similarity versus Agreement 11

1.7.1 Evaluation of Similarity 11

1.7.2 Evaluation of Agreement 12

1.8 A Toy Example 13

1.9 Controversies and Our View 14

1.10 Concepts Related to Agreement 15

1.11 Role of Confidence Intervals and Hypotheses Testing 16

1.11.1 Formulating the Agreement Hypotheses 16

1.11.2 Testing Hypotheses Using Confidence Bounds 17

1.11.3 Evaluation of Agreement Using Confidence Bounds 17

1.11.4 Evaluation of Similarity Using Confidence Intervals 18

1.12 Common Models for Paired Measurements Data 18

1.12.1 A Measurement Error Model 19

1.12.2 A MixedEffects Model 20

1.12.3 A Bivariate Normal Model 21

1.12.4 Limitations of the Paired Measurements Design 22

1.13 The BlandAltman Plot 23

1.13.1 The Ideal Plot 23

1.13.2 A Linear Trend in the BlandAltman Plot 25

1.13.3 Heteroscedasticity in the BlandAltman Plot 26

1.13.4 Variations of the BlandAltman Plot 27

1.14 Common Regression Approaches 29

1.14.1 Ordinary Linear Regression 29

1.14.2 Deming Regression 31

1.15 Inappropriate Use of Common Tests in Method Comparison Studies 34

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