In 1999 the Radio Authority invited applications to apply for a long-term Hertford licence, the Radio Hertford consortium submitted a bid to broadcast as Hertbeat FM[3] competing with a rival entrant, Stag FM, backed by The Daily Mail Radio Group.[4] Citing Radio Hertford's lobbying of the Radio Authority, trial broadcast and emphasis on local content, the HertBeat FM bid was awarded licence in February 2000: "an imaginative, music-led service, targeted at discerning 25 to 54 year olds, with intelligent speech that emphasises local news and information." [5][6][7]

Logo of Hertbeat FM before its Jack FM incarnation

Following the award, the Old Pump House at Knebworth Park was converted into a radio studio.[8] Broadcasting commenced on 3 March 2001 with the inaugural show presented by Robbie Owen, a director of the company. Amongst the original team was Steve Folland, who continued presenting at the station until November 2013.

July 2005 saw HertBeat FM acquired by Shadow Radio Holdings Ltd., led by Brett Harley, resulting in a change of directors.[9]

The station continued its offering of locally oriented content, music and request shows using a roster of presenters through the day and night.

On 10 May 2010, accompanied by a cull of presenters, the station abruptly rebranded as Jack FM - the third such licensee operating in the UK.[10][11][12] Amongst the reasons for terminating HertBeat was confusion with encroaching rival Heart.

The Jack format was mostly automated, initially only "Jack's Breakfast" with Steve Folland surviving as a presenter-led show but quickly complimented with a Saturday "Interactive Brunch" topical news show presented by Chris Hubbard and a Sunday "All Eighties" music show with Brett Harley, the rest of the schedule included music, snippets from Jack's Breakfast, News and other local content.

In common with the other UK Jack stations many links between segments were provided by the acerbic Voice of Jack, Paul Darrow, recorded at Jack FM Oxfordshire and often tailored for the local audience.[13][14] Unlike HertBeat, Jack FM rejected listener's requests, a stance supported by the brand slogan, "Playing what we want" and Voice of Jack remarks.

In November 2013, as the Jack FM era drew to a close Steve Folland departed the station, replaced by experienced producer and presenter Graham Mack.

The station prepared to broadcast using DAB in addition to FM, triggering another rebranding due to lack of exclusivity of the Jack FM moniker on the DAB multiplex and potential clashes with the growing number of stations operating as Jack FM franchises.

From January to March 2014 listeners were encouraged to suggest new names for the station. Unlike the sudden transformation to Jack FM, the plan to rename the station was trailed extensively.

The rebranding was announced on 10 March 2014, the final song played by the station as Jack FM Hertfordshire was "Things Can Only Get Better" by D:Ream, airing shortly before 0800.

Although other Bob FM stations operate in USA and Canada and BOB fm Hertfordshire has utilized an existing catchphrase, "Turn your knob to BOB", the operations are unconnected and the Hertfordshire-based station remains independent.[15]

This article's list of people may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability or notability policies. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they are notable AND members of this list, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations.(January 2018)

1.
Knebworth
–
Knebworth is a village and civil parish in the north of Hertfordshire, England, immediately south of Stevenage. There is evidence of living in the area as far back as Neolithic times. The original village, now known as Old Knebworth, developed around Knebworth House, development of the newer Knebworth village started in the late 19th century centred a mile to the east of Old Knebworth on the new railway station and the Great North Road. At the turn of the century the architect Edwin Lutyens built Homewood, southeast of Old Knebworth and her daughter, the suffragette Constance Lytton also lived there, until just before her death in 1923. On 16 June 1990 the village was twinned with the commune of Châtelaillon-Plage in France. C, who play at Knebworth Recreation Ground. Knebworth Tennis Club and Knebworth Bowls Club are also based at the Recreation Ground, Knebworth Park Cricket Club play at their ground in Knebworth Park. Green Dragon Bowmen, a club, are also based in the Park. Knebworth Woods is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, Knebworth has a railway station, which has four platforms, running on the East Coast Main Line. Southbound services run towards London Kings Cross while northbound services run towards Cambridge and this gives a density of approximately 17 dwellings per hectare. Recent developments such as New Close, Kerr Close, Peters Way and Woodstock, the population of Knebworth has approximately doubled since 1970. Articles for submission should be emailed to knebworthparishnews@hotmail. co. uk and it is published on paper only. The Stevenage Comet is delivered to a number of homes in the village. Live at Knebworth Concerts at Knebworth House Knebworth Parish Council

2.
Hertford
–
Hertford is the county town of Hertfordshire, England, and is also a civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of the county. Forming a civil parish, the 2011 census put the population of Hertford at about 26,000, the earliest reference to the town appears in the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written by Bede in 731 AD, which refers to Herutford. Herut is the Old English spelling of hart, meaning a fully mature stag, the Domesday Book of 1086 gives a spelling of Hertforde. Hertford has been the county town of Hertfordshire since Saxon times when it was governed by the kings reeves, by the 13th century, the reeves had been replaced by a bailiff, elected by the burgesses. Charters of 1554 and 1589 established a council of eleven chief burgesses. Another charter of 1605 changed the title to mayor. In 1835, Hertford became a Municipal Corporation, the ratepayers elected twelve councillors, since 1974, Hertford has been within the East Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire. The headquarters of Hertfordshire County Council is at County Hall in Hertford. East Herts District Councils offices almost adjoin County Hall, and there is also a Hertford Town Council based at Hertford Castle. Hertford is at the confluence of four valleys, the Rib, Beane and Mimram join the River Lea at Hertford to flow south toward the Thames as the Lee Navigation. The town centre still has its medieval layout with many timber-framed buildings hidden under later frontages, Hertford suffers from traffic problems despite the existence of the 1960s A414 bypass called Gascoyne Way which passes close to the town centre. Plans have long existed to connect the A10 with the A414, nevertheless, the town retains very much a country-town feel, despite lying only 19.2 miles north of Central London. This is aided by its proximity to towns such as Harlow, Bishops Stortford. Possibly the first mention of the town was in 673 A. D. the first synod of a number of the bishops in England was held either in Hertford or at Hartford and it was called by Theodore of Tarsus, decisions included the calculation of the date of Easter. In 912 AD, Edward the Elder built two burhs close by the ford over the River Lea as a defence against Danish incursions, by the time of the Domesday Book, Hertford had two churches, two markets and three mills. The Normans began work on Hertford Castle, and Hertford Priory was founded by Ralph de Limesy, king Henry II rebuilt the castle in stone, but in 1216, during the First Barons War, it was besieged and captured after 25 days by Prince Louis of France. The castle was visited by English royalty and in 1358, Queen Isabella, wife of Edward II. The priory was dissolved in 1536 and subsequently demolished and in 1563, Hertford grew and prospered as a market and county town, communication was improved by the construction of the Lea Navigation Canal in 1767 and the arrival of the railway in 1843. A fair amount of employment in the town is centred on County Hall, Wallfields and McMullens Brewery, many residents commute to work in London

3.
Ware, Hertfordshire
–
Ware is a town of around 18,800 people in Hertfordshire, England close to the county town of Hertford. It is also a parish in East Hertfordshire district. The Prime Meridian passes to the east of Ware, the town lies on the north-south A10 road which is partly shared with the east-west A414. There is a viaduct over the River Lea at Kings Meads. The £3. 6m two-mile bypass opened on 17 January 1979, at the north end of the bypass is the Wodson Park Sports and Leisure Centre and Hanbury Manor, a hotel and country club. The former route of the A10 through the town is now the A1170, the railway station is on the Hertford East Branch Line and operated by Abellio Greater Anglia and is on a short single track section of the otherwise double track line. A well-preserved Roman skeleton of a girl has also been found. Ware was on Ermine Street, the Roman road from London to Lincoln and it has been said that Ware is one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. It was also a coaching town, being on the Old North Road. In the 17th century Ware became the source of the New River, Mary I had Thomas Fust burnt at stake in Ware for refusing to convert to Catholicism. When some with Leveller sympathies refused to do this they were arrested,62 Children were sent to Ware after the Great Fire of London. In 1683, the Rye House Plot involved assassinating Charles II after he passed through Ware, englands first turnpike road ran from Wadesmill to Ware. The town was once a centre of malting. In 1756 during the Seven Years War, £350 was paid to the inns, the Ware Town Council coat of arms was issued in 1956 by the College of Arms to Ware Urban District Council, and transferred to Ware Town Council in 1975. The motto of the cave was suggested by the College of Heralds. With the River Lea flowing through the centre of Ware, transport by water was for years a significant industry. As an old brewing town, barley was transported in, a local legend says that dead bodies were brought out of London, but there is no evidence for this. Buryfield in Ware is thought by many to be where these bodies were buried

4.
Hatfield, Hertfordshire
–
Hatfield is a town and civil parish in Hertfordshire, England, in the borough of Welwyn Hatfield. It had a population of 29,616 in 2001, increasing to 39,201 at the 2011 Census, the settlement is of Saxon origin. Hatfield House, the home of the Marquess of Salisbury, is the nucleus of the old town, Hatfield was one of the post-war New Towns built around London and has much modernist architecture from the period. The University of Hertfordshire is based there, Hatfield is 20 miles north of London and is connected to the capital via the A1 and direct trains to London Kings Cross, Finsbury Park and Moorgate. As a result, the town has seen a recent increase in commuters who work in London moving to the area. In the Saxon period Hatfield was known as Hetfelle, but by the year 970, No other records remain until 1226, when Henry III granted the Bishops of Ely rights to an annual four-day fair and a weekly market. The town was then called Bishops Hatfield, Hatfield House is the seat of the Cecil family, the Marquesses of Salisbury. Elizabeth Tudor was confined there for three years in what is now known as The Old Palace in Hatfield Park. Legend has it that it was here in 1558, while sitting under an oak tree in the Park and she held her first Council in the Great Hall of Hatfield. In 1851, the route of the Great North Road was altered to avoid cutting through the grounds of Hatfield House, the town grew up around the gates of Hatfield House. Old Hatfield retains many buildings, notably the Old Palace, St Etheldredas Church. The Old Palace was built by the Bishop of Ely, Cardinal Morton, in 1497, during the reign of Henry VII, and the only surviving wing is still used today for Elizabethan-style banquets. St Etheldredas Church was founded by the monks from Ely, in 1930 the de Havilland airfield and aircraft factory was opened at Hatfield and by 1949 it had become the largest employer in the town, with almost 4,000 staff. It was taken over by Hawker Siddeley in 1960 and merged into British Aerospace in 1978, in the 1930s it produced a range of small biplanes. During the Second World War it produced the Mosquito fighter bomber and developed the Vampire, after the war, facilities were expanded and it developed the Comet airliner, the Trident airliner, and an early bizjet, the DH125. British Aerospace closed the Hatfield site in 1993 having moved the BAe 146 production line to Woodford Aerodrome, the land was used as a film set for Steven Spielbergs movie Saving Private Ryan and most of the BBC/HBO television drama Band of Brothers. It was later developed for housing, higher education, commerce, today, Hatfields aviation history is remembered by the names of certain local streets and pubs as well as The Comet Hotel built in the 1930s. The de Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre, at Salisbury Hall in nearby London Colney, preserves and displays many historic de Havilland aeroplanes, the Abercrombie Plan for London in 1944 proposed a New Town in Hatfield

5.
Hitchin
–
Hitchin is a market town in the North Hertfordshire District in Hertfordshire, England, with an estimated population of 33,350. Hitchin is first noted as the place of the Hicce people mentioned in a 7th-century document. The tribal name is Brittonic rather than Old English and derives from *siccā, meaning dry, which is perhaps a reference to the local stream, the Hiz. Evidence has been found to suggest that the town was provided with an earthen bank and ditch fortification, probably in the early tenth century. The modern spelling Hitchin first appears in 1618 in the Hertfordshire Feet of Fines, the name of the town also is associated with the small river that runs through the town, most picturesquely in front of the east end of St. Marys Church, the towns parish church. The river is noted on maps as the River Hiz, contrary to how most people now pronounce the name, that is to say as spelt, the z is an abbreviated character for a tch sound in Domesday Book. It would have been pronounced River Hitch, Hitchin is notable for St. Marys Church, which is remarkably large for a town of its size. The size of the church is evidence of how Hitchin prospered from the wool trade and it is the largest parish church in Hertfordshire. Most of the dates from the 15th century, with its tower dating from around 1190. During the laying of a new floor in the church in 1911, in form, they appear to be a basilican church of a 7th-century type, with a later enlarged chancel and transepts, perhaps added in the 10th century. This makes the older than the story that the church was founded by Offa. In 1697, Hitchin were subject to what is thought to have been the most severe hailstorm in recorded British history, by the middle of the 19th century the railway had arrived, and with it a new way of life for Hitchin. The corn exchange was built in the place and within a short time Hitchin established itself as a major centre for grain trading. The latter half of the 20th century has brought great changes in communication to Hitchin. Motorways have shortened the time and brought Luton, a few miles away on the M1. By the close of the 20th century, Hitchin had become a dormitory town for London. Hitchin also developed a fairly strong Sikh community based around the Walsworth area, during the medieval period, both a priory and a friary were established, both of which closed during Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries. They were never reformed, although The Biggin was for years used as almshouses

6.
Letchworth
–
Letchworth, officially Letchworth Garden City, is a town in Hertfordshire, England, with a population of 33,600. It is a civil parish. The towns name is taken one of the three villages it surrounded – all of which featured in the Domesday Book. The land used was purchased by Quakers who had intended to farm the area and it is also home to the United Kingdoms first roundabout, which was built in 1909. )Letchworth was one of the ancient parishes of Hertfordshire. The parish church of St Mary the Virgin was built in the 12th or 13th Century, Letchworth was a relatively small parish, having a population in 1801 of 67, rising to 96 by 1901. Industry would be separate from residential areas—such zoning was a new idea at the time—and trees. His ideas were mocked in the press but struck a chord with many, especially members of the Arts and Crafts movement, the concept outlined in the book is not simply one of urban planning, but also included a system of community management. The book also advocated a form of competitive tendering, whereby the municipality would purchase services, such as water, fuel, waste disposal. These systems were never implemented, in Letchworth, Welwyn or their numerous imitators. John Betjeman in his poems Group Life, Letchworth and Huxley Hall painted Letchworth people as earnest health freaks, One commonly-cited example of this is the ban, most unusual for a British town, on selling alcohol in public premises. This did not stop the town having a pub however – the Skittles Inn or the pub with no beer which opened as early as 1907, despite the ban it is not entirely true to say that there were no pubs in the Garden City. New inns also sprang up on the borders of the town and this ban was finally lifted after a referendum in 1958, which resulted in the Broadway Hotel becoming the first public house in the centre of the Garden City. Several other pubs have opened since 1958, but to this day the centre has fewer than half-a-dozen pubs – a remarkably low number of a town of its size. One effect of this is that the centre of the town is normally a noticeably quiet, the Spirella Building, completed in 1920, blends in despite its central position through being disguised as a large country house, complete with towers and a ballroom. During the Second World War, the factory was involved in producing parachutes. Because corsets fell out of fashion, the closed in the 1980s. Letchworth had a diverse light industry, including K & L Steel Foundry, often a target for German bombers in World War II. The biggest employer was British Tabulating Machine Company, later merging with Powers-Samas to become International Computers and Tabulators, at one time the Tab as it was known had occupancy of over 30 factories in Icknield Way, Works Road and finally in Blackhorse Road

7.
Stevenage
–
Stevenage /ˈstiːvənᵻdʒ/ is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England. It is situated to the east of junctions 7 and 8 of the A1, Stevenage is roughly 32.9 miles north of central London. Its population has increased significantly over the last century, the population was 1,430 in 1801,4,049 in 1901,79,715 in 2001 and 83,957 in 2011. The largest increase occurred in the 1950s and 1960s, after Stevenage was designated a new town under the New Towns Act of 1946, the current population is now estimated to be around 84,000. Two films were set in and around Stevenage, Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush, spy Game was partly filmed in Stevenage but set in Washington, D. C. The 1959 film Serious Charge was also filmed in Stevenage, Stevenage may derive from Old English stiþen āc / stiðen āc / stithen ac meaning the stiff oak. The name was recorded as Stithenæce, c.1060 and Stigenace in 1086 in the Domesday Book, Stevenage lies near the line of the Roman road from Verulamium to Baldock. Some Romano-British remains were discovered during the building of the New Town, the most substantial evidence of activity from Roman times is Six Hills, six tumuli by the side of the old Great North Road – presumably the burial places of a local family. A little to the east of the Roman sites the first Saxon camp was made in a clearing in the woods where the church, manor house, settlements also sprang up in Chells, Broadwater and Shephall. In the Domesday Book the Lord of the Manor was the Abbot of Westminster Abbey, the settlement had moved down to the Great North Road and in 1281 it was granted a Royal Charter to hold a weekly market and annual fair. The earliest part of St Nicholas Church dates from the 12th century, the known list of priests or rectors is relatively complete from 1213. The remains of a moated homestead in Whomerley Wood is an 80-yard-square trench almost 5 feet wide in parts. It was probably the home of Ralph de Homle, and both Roman and later pottery has been found there, around 1500 the Church was much improved, with decorative woodwork and the addition of a clerestory. In 1558 Thomas Alleyne, a rector of the town, founded a grammar school for boys, Alleynes Grammar School. Francis Cammaerts was headmaster of the school from 1952 to 1961, the school, which was a mixed comprehensive school and is now an Academy as of 2013, still exists on its original site at the north end of the High Street. It was intended to move the school to Great Ashby, Stevenages prosperity came in part from the North Road, which was turnpiked in the early 18th century. Many inns in the High Street served the stage coaches,21 of which passed through Stevenage each day in 1800, in 1857 the Great Northern Railway was constructed, and the era of the stage coach had ended. Stevenage grew only slowly throughout the 19th century and a church was constructed at the south end of the High Street

8.
Welwyn Garden City
–
Welwyn Garden City /ˈwɛlɪn/ is a town in Hertfordshire, England. It is located approximately 20 miles from Kings Cross, London, Welwyn Garden City was the second garden city in England and one of the first new towns. It is unique in being both a city and a new town and exemplifies the physical, social and cultural planning ideals of the periods in which it was built. Welwyn Garden City was founded by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the 1920s following his previous experiment in Letchworth Garden City, Howard had called for the creation of planned towns that were to combine the benefits of the city and the countryside and to avoid the disadvantages of both. On 29 April 1920 a company, Welwyn Garden City Limited, was formed to plan and build the garden city, louis de Soissons was appointed as architect and town planner, C. B Purdom as finance director and Frederic Osborn as secretary. The first house was occupied just before Christmas 1920, the town is laid out along tree-lined boulevards with a neo-Georgian town centre. It has its own environmental protection legislation, the Scheme of Management for Welwyn Garden City, every road has a wide grass verge. The spine of the town is Parkway, a mall or scenic parkway. The view along Parkway to the south was described as one of the worlds finest urban vistas. Commercial pressures have since ensured much more competition and variety, during World War II the Special Operations Executive had a research department in the town, and the Inter-Services Research Bureau developed the Welrod pistol and the Welgun sub-machinegun there. Station IX was a secret SOE factory making commando equipment at the Frythe Hotel, in 1948, Welwyn Garden City was designated a new town under the New Towns Act 1946 and the Welwyn Garden City company handed its assets to the Welwyn Garden City Development Corporation. Louis de Soissons remained as its planning consultant and that year The Times compared Welwyn Garden City with Hatfield. Welwyn, though far from perfect, made the New Towns Act possible, just as Hatfield, by its imperfection, in 1966, the Development Corporation was wound up and handed over to the Commission for New Towns. The housing stock, neighbourhood shopping and green spaces were passed to Welwyn Hatfield District Council between 1978 and 1983. There was a general hospital in the town, the Queen Elizabeth II Hospital. A new hospital, completed in June 2015, offers outpatient, diagnostic, a shopping mall, the Howard Centre, was built in the 1980s, incorporating the original railway station. Roman baths are preserved in a vault underneath junction 6 of the A1 and are open to visitors. The local civic society, which aims to preserve and conserve the garden city ethos, is the Welwyn Garden City Society, the international ecumenical Focolare movement has its British headquarters at Welwyn Garden City

9.
Watton-at-Stone
–
Watton-at-Stone is a village in the English county of Hertfordshire, situated midway between the towns of Stevenage and Hertford in the valley of the River Beane. The 2011 census showed a population of 2,272 living in 946 households, Watton-at-Stone is also a civil parish in East Hertfordshire District Council. There is little employment directly within the village and it serves as a dormitory for commuters to London or to the nearby towns with hourly trains to Moorgate station. The village has a school and nursery school. The co-educational Heath Mount independent school is located on the outskirts in the estate of the Grade II* listed Woodhall Park. The A602 formerly ran through the centre of the village between Stevenage and Hertford before a bypass was built in the 1980s through farmland to the north-east, the section of the road to Hertford was renamed the A119, and the A602 then ran out of Watton-at-Stone to Ware. Watton-at-Stone is served by a station on the Hertford Loop Line. The station opened for passengers on 2 June 1924, was closed on 11 September 1939, a war memorial lies in a field adjoining the church. In the village there is a small convenience store, café. The name Watton first appeared in writing in an 11th-century publication of 10th century Anglo-Saxon wills as Wattun and it was later recorded in the Domesday Book as both Wodtune and Watone. The origin of the word is uncertain, and is ascribed to Old English wád or woad. The suffix -at-Stone dates from the early 13th century and may be derived from the presence of two examples of Hertfordshire puddingstone, now situated at the Waggon and Horses public house. However, it is far more likely that the suffix refers to the Roman road that ran from Verulamium, fording the River Beane at Watton-at-Stone. The area where the bridge over the railway was built was shown on maps as a common. It is deduced that the Roman Road passed through this area, in later years, the natural springs in the area once made the village a popular spa town. The village has a number of dating from early Tudor, such as Watton House. Its flintstone rubble Anglican church dedicated to Saint Mary and Saint Andrew dates from the fifteenth century, the Iron Age Aston Mirror was found nearby, closer to Watton-at-Stone than to the village of Aston, but technically in Aston parish due to the convoluted border. It is now kept at the British Museum, a collection of Belgic armour and weaponry was discovered in the mid-19th century by workers digging a drain at the north end of the village

10.
Slogan
–
The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product

11.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin ⁡ = sin ⁡ d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope

12.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

13.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

14.
Ofcom
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Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, radio, telecoms and postal sectors. It has a duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition. Some of the main areas Ofcom presides over are licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition, the regulator was initially established by the Office of Communications Act 2002 and received its full authority from the Communications Act 2003. The creation of Ofcom was announced in the Queens Speech to the UK Parliament, the new body, which would replace several existing authorities, was conceived as a super-regulator to oversee media channels that were rapidly converging through digital transmission. It will no longer play a role in making policy, and the policy-making functions it has today will be transferred back fully to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. On 1 October 2011, Ofcom took over responsibility for regulating the postal services industry from the Postal Services Commission. In April 2015, Ofcom announced that as of 1 July, the streamlining of these charges must be printed in each customers contract and monthly bills. The change will affect over 175 million phone numbers making it the biggest overhaul of telephoning in over a decade, on 1 January 2016, the regulation of video on demand was transferred to Ofcom from ATVOD, the Authority for Television On Demand. On 13 July former Prime Minister Gordon Brown urged Ofcom to launch an investigation, on 22 July it was reported that Ofcom had begun an investigation into whether the phone-hacking scandal may have changed BSkyBs status as the fit and proper holder of a UK broadcasting licence. In the letter Richards confirmed that Ofcom considers that News Corporations current shareholding of 39, in April 2012, Ofcoms probe moved from a monitoring phase to a evidence gathering phase. Ofcom licenses all UK commercial television and radio services in the UK, broadcasters must comply by the terms of their licence, or risk having it revoked. Ofcom also publishes the Broadcasting Code, a series of rules which all broadcast content on television, the broadcasting of pornography with a BBFC R18 certificate is not permitted. In 2010 Ofcom revoked the licences of four television channels for promoting adult chat services during daytime hours. The companies involved were fined £157,250, Ofcoms jurisdiction does not cover television and radio channels which are broadcast in the UK but licensed abroad. In 2012 Ofcom lodged a complaint with the Dutch media regulator regarding the content of adult television channels which are broadcast in the UK. As the regulatory body for media broadcasts, part of Ofcoms duties are to examine specific complaints by viewers or listeners about programmes broadcast on channels that it has licensed and it does not oversee unlicensed channels broadcast to UK viewers. When Ofcom receives a complaint, it asks the broadcaster for a copy of the programme, Ofcom requests response from the broadcaster to the complaint. On the basis of response, Ofcom will mark the complaint as either upheld or not upheld

15.
Daily Mail and General Trust
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The company operates in over 40 countries through its subsidiaries RMS, dmg information, dmg events, Euromoney Institutional Investor, dmg media and JVs and Associates. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange, jonathan Harmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere, is the chairman and controlling shareholder of the company. The head office is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, London and it was incorporated in 1922 and its shares were first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1932. Referring to Adolf Hitlers proposed invasion of Czechoslovakia, Rothermere, again writing in the Daily Mail, after almost 100 years in Fleet Street, the company left its original premises of New Carmelite House in Fleet Street in 1988 to move to Northcliffe House in Kensington. Dmg information invests in business-to-business information-driven companies and it aims to invest in high-growth businesses offering information to niche markets. Dmg information is headquartered in the US, with its office in Connecticut and other offices in California. Foremost amongst these are Landmark Information Group, Genscape and Environmental Data Resources, in 2006 dmg information bought Genscape, a US company that supplies information on the energy market. Genscape is the provider of real-time energy generation and transmission information to the energy trading markets in North America. Dmg information also owns Xceligent, Trepp, Hobsons and SearchFlow, dmgi has also invested in Skymetweather. com, Real Capital Analytics, Sanborn, Point X, Propstack, Liases Foras, Funcent, dmg events, ARC, iprof. Dmg events was founded in 1989 and now generates growth from almost half a million visitors per year, headquartered in Dubai, it is currently active in North America, the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia, employing over 370 staff. Events ran by dmg events include ADIPEC, Global Petroleum Show, Gastech, The Big 5, Index, Euromoney Institutional Investor plc is the market leader on international financial publishing and event organisation. Its one of Europes largest business and financial magazine publishers, the company, 68% owned by DMGT, was founded in 1969. The company owns close to 100 international specialist magazines in finance, energy, aviation, pharmaceuticals, Euromoney trains international bankers and securities specialists around the world, runs international conferences, and is very strong in electronic publishing. With offices worldwide, its shares are listed in London and Luxembourg, Euromoney has invested in businesses such as MetalBulletin, BCA Research and Ned Davis Research Group. Dmg media is the subsidiary of DMGT and publishes the following titles. The Mail brand is the number one brand in the UK. The Mail on Sunday – The sister paper of the Daily Mail, Ireland on Sunday – Associated Newspapers took over the publishing of Ireland on Sunday in 2001. The title was re-launched in April 2002 to coincide with the move to its new offices in Ballsbridge and it included TV Week magazine and in September 2006 it was merged with the Mail on Sunday and became the Irish Mail on Sunday

16.
Jack FM
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JACK FM is a radio station branding that is being licensed by Sparknet Communications to various media outlets located across Canada, United States, United Kingdom, and Russia. Those stations who adopt this branding play a mix of songs from the late 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s along with some current adult contemporary/hot adult contemporary singles. Jacks slogan playing what we want is also considered to be as more of a motto or philosophy of their programming and they promote themselves as having a larger and more varied playlist other than most commercial radio stations. It is sometimes not unusual for a Jack FM station to have a playlist of about 700 to 2000 songs being compared to normal FM radio stations which sometimes have playlists of less than 500 songs, the format has also been linked to an MP3/iPod set on shuffle. The stations that have the Jack FM format are officially classified as Variety Hits or Adult Hits by radio research companies in most cases, one of the early originators of this format was radio programmer Bob Perry, on an American Internet radio stream in 2000. Perry named the station after a fictitious persona, Cadillac Jack Garrett, however, according to Rogers Communications, the only thing taken, without permission, for the first Jack FM radio station, in Vancouver, was the name and the tagline. Rogers Communications came to an agreement with Perry for the use of the Jack FM name in Canada soon after the launch, the original webstream is still live to this day. Jack was also inspired by the success of CHUM Limiteds Bob FM brand on CFWM radio in Winnipeg, program director Howard Kroeger was inspired to create Bob FM after hearing a mix tape at a friends 40th birthday party. Other Canadian broadcasters copied the concept as well, adopting such brands as Corus Entertainments Dave FM, in 2003, an Ottawa station launched Frank FM as a one-day Halloween prank. Beginning in late 2002, the format was adopted on Canadian radio stations owned by Rogers Communications, the first Jack station was Vancouvers CKLG-FM, which quickly shot to the top of the citys BBM radio ratings. The format was adopted on other Rogers stations in 2002 and 2003. The format proved popular in markets where it was introduced. In 2004, SparkNet Communications, the owner of the Jack FM and Playing What We Want trademarks outside of Canada, started to license Jack FMs in the United States. On July 29,2005, Rawlcos CKCK in Regina, Saskatchewan became the first non-Rogers station in Canada to directly license the Jack FM brand rather than adopting an alternate name. On Wednesday, May 4,2005, at 11 AM, WQSR, listeners and staffers alike were surprised by the sudden change because many long-time DJs and on-air personalities were considered almost a Baltimore institution. WQSR received an amount of negative publicity regarding their format change. Popular former WQSR personality Steve Rouse has since resurfaced as the new morning show host at sister station, the Soft AC-formatted WLIF. Not long after, on Friday, June 3,2005, at 5,00 p. m. EDT, WCBS-FM, the oldies station in New York City, switched to Jack FM without any prior warning

17.
Heart (radio network)
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Heart is a radio network of 21 adult contemporary local radio stations operated by Global Radio in the United Kingdom, broadcasting a mix of local and networked programming. Eighteen of the Heart stations are owned by Global, while the three are operated under franchise agreements. Heart began broadcasting on 6 September 1994, as 100.7 Heart FM being the UKs third Independent Regional Radio station, five days after Century Radio, the first song to be played on 100.7 Heart FM was Something Got Me Started, by Simply Red. Its original format of adult contemporary music included artists such as Lionel Richie, Simply Red. Reflecting this, its slogan was 100.7 degrees cooler. Heart 106.2 began test transmissions in London in August 1995, the test transmissions included live broadcasts of WPLJ from New York City. The Heart programming format was modified in 1996, the new format saw the soft AC music replaced with a generally more neutral Hot AC music playlist. Century 106 in the East Midlands became the station of the Heart network in 2005 after GCap Media sold Century. Chrysalis radio holdings were sold to Global Radio in 2007, Heart East Midlands was sold to Orion Media due to the same competition concerns that had forced its earlier sale to Chrysalis. Two Hit Music Network stations were closed and merged with Heart stations. Stations in Gloucestershire, Kent, London, the West Midlands, Heart Cymru, serving Gwynedd and Anglesey, moved its studios from Bangor to Wrexham but retained its extended local output of 10 hours on weekdays and 8 hours on Saturdays and Sundays. Heart North West and Wales retained an opt-out on 96. 3FM for Welsh language programming, the move saw Hearts networked programming replaced by local output from Nottingham. On 19 March 2012, Global Radio announced it had brought the Cornwall ILR station Atlantic FM from joint owners Tindle Radio and Camel Media. Atlantic FM became part of the Heart Network and merged with Heart Devon on Monday 7 May 2012 to form Heart South West, the Communicorp-owned stations use Hearts network programming and branding under a franchise agreement with Global. Global Radio extended the Heart network to the Real Radio network of stations from Tuesday 6 May 2014. The two stations based in Wrexham - Heart North West and Wales and Heart Cymru - became part of the Capital FM Network on the same date. Local programming is produced and broadcast live from the originating Heart stations studios and is broadcast from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays, 1-5pm on Saturdays, however, some news content is produced from neighbouring stations. For example, news bulletins for the networks West Country, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire stations are all produced from Bristol

18.
Paul Darrow
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Paul Darrow is an English actor best known for his portrayal of Kerr Avon in the BBC science fiction television series Blakes 7. Darrow was born in Surrey, England, and was educated at the Haberdashers Askes Boys School, the popularity of his role as Avon has tended to overshadow his extensive work in theatre and television. He also plays the character of Kaston Iago in the Kaldor City audios and he appeared in all but the first episode of Blakes 7. He provided the voiceover for Biblical quotations in Richard Dawkinss The Root of All Evil and he was also the presenter of the 2004 BBC3 reality TV series Hercules. His film credits are few but include roles as doctors in The Raging Moon, Paul Darrow had a one off appearance in the 1990 series of Cluedo but did not play the murder victim. In the mid to late 1990s, he purchased the rights to Blakes 7, according to Darrow, it would have begun 25 years after the ending of the original series and might have included an aged Avon passing the torch to a new generation. Darrow records voiceovers and straplines for UK Jack FM station in Oxfordshire and he also provides the voice of the character Grand Moff Tarkin in the computer game Star Wars, Empire at War. He also voiced the character of Zarok in the PlayStation game MediEvil, Darrow appeared in Emmerdale from 13 July 2009, playing Eddy Fox, a friend of Alan Turners, he knows Turner as Tank. Darrow also provided the voice of a character in the PC game Hostile Waters. The actress Glynis Barber, who played Soolin on Blakes 7, the game was narrated by Tom Baker of Doctor Who fame. Darrow played the role of Samuel Vimes in the 1998/9 touring production of the based on Terry Pratchetts Discworld novel Guards. In December 2011 Darrow voiced the character of Overseer Tremel in the Bioware MMORPG release Star Wars, Darrow stars as Avon in The Turing Test and The Magnificent Four by Simon Guerrier and Counterfeit by Peter Anghelides. In 2015, Darrow starred as Paul Rand, the business man in charge of the business institute Atlas in the interactive video game Contradiction. A sequel is planned in 2016 and he is the author of Avon, A Terrible Aspect, a 1989 novel about Avons father and Avons own early life. Darrows autobiography, Youre Him, Arent You. was published in 2006, Darrow narrated the 2008 audio book of Terry Nations classic childrens story Rebeccas World, Journey to the Forbidden Planet. In 2016, Darrow released a book of himself reading his autobiography Youre Him. The Raging Moon - Doctor Die Another Day - Doctor Paul Darrow at the Internet Movie Database

19.
106 Jack FM (Oxfordshire)
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JACKfm is an adult hits format radio station that broadcasts on 106.8 MHz FM in Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom and on DAB in Oxfordshire, Surrey and parts of Hampshire. The station is branded as JACKfm and it shares premises with its sister stations JACK2 and Union JACK in Summertown, Oxford. The station is owned by Passion Radio Oxford Ltd, the radio station is the most awarded Local Radio Station in the United Kingdom, having secured 23 industry award wins in just 5 years on air. The breadth of awards won by the range from Imaging right through to news, programming. Based on an American model, JACKfm runs with a strapline of Playing What We Want, the music is played out on an automated system interspersed with witty soundbites voiced by former Blakes 7 actor Paul Darrow, referred to on the station only as The Voice of JACK. The station returned to Bastion and Kandahar again in 2012 for another series of broadcasts, the only live show on the station is JACKs Morning Glory, hosted by Trevor Marshall. Past shows include The Sunday Roast and The Big Banana, a sports show centred on live commentary from Oxford United matches. It was hosted by the stations sports guru Andrew Selfy Self who also commentated live along with Andy Roberts with punditry and opinion from Kev Jordan. The radio station runs live local news hour from 6am till 7pm weekdays. A few weeks later the diaries also won Ali commercial radio’s top award – a Radio Academy Gold Arqiva, alis diaries were featured in The Sunday Times on 27.6.2010 and The Independent on 1.7.2010. MP Ed Vaizey also paid tribute to Ali in the House of Commons, Ali died on July 1,2010 from breast cancer. Jack FM Adult hits Official website of 106 Jack FM Transmitter information

20.
Digital audio broadcasting
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Digital audio broadcasting is a digital radio standard for broadcasting digital audio radio services, used in several countries across Europe and Asia Pacific. The DAB standard was initiated as a European research project in the 1980s, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation launched the first DAB channel in the world on 1 June 1995, and the BBC and Swedish Radio launched their first DAB digital radio broadcasts in September 1995. DAB receivers have been available in many countries since the end of the 1990s, DAB may offer more radio programmes over a specific spectrum than analogue FM radio. Audio quality varies depending on the used and audio material. Most stations use a bit rate of 128 kbit/s or less with the MP2 audio codec, which requires 160 kbit/s to achieve perceived FM quality. 128 kbit/s gives better dynamic range or signal-to-noise ratio than FM radio, but a more smeared stereo image, however, CD quality sound with MP2 is possible with 256…192 kbps. An upgraded version of the system was released in February 2007, DAB is not forward compatible with DAB+, which means that DAB-only receivers are not able to receive DAB+ broadcasts. However, broadcasters can mix DAB and DAB+ programs inside the same transmission, DAB+ is approximately twice as efficient as DAB, and more robust. In spectrum management, the bands that are allocated for public DAB services, are abbreviated with T-DAB, where the T stands for terrestrial. More than 30 countries provide DAB transmissions, and several countries, such as Norway, UK, Australia, Italy, Malta, Switzerland, The Netherlands, in many countries it is expected that DAB will gradually replace FM radio. Norway was the first country to announce national FM radio analog switchoff starting from 2017, DAB has been under development since 1981 at the Institut für Rundfunktechnik. In 1985 the first DAB demonstrations were held at the WARC-ORB in Geneva, later DAB was developed as a research project for the European Union, which started in 1987 on initiative by a consortium formed in 1986. The MPEG-1 Audio Layer II codec was created as part of the EU147 project, a choice of audio codec, modulation and error-correction coding schemes and first trial broadcasts were made in 1990. Public demonstrations were made in 1993 in the United Kingdom, the protocol specification was finalized in 1993 and adopted by the ITU-R standardization body in 1994, the European community in 1995 and by ETSI in 1997. Pilot broadcasts were launched in countries in 1995. The UK was the first country to receive a range of radio stations via DAB. Commercial DAB receivers began to be sold in 1999 and over 50 commercial, the standard was coordinated by the European DAB forum, formed in 1995 and reconstituted to the World DAB Forum in 1997, which represents more than 30 countries. In 2006 the World DAB Forum became the World DMB Forum which now presides over both the DAB and DMB standard, in October 2005, the World DMB Forum instructed its Technical Committee to carry out the work needed to adopt the AAC+ audio codec and stronger error correction coding

21.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated

22.
Hit the Road Jack
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Hit the Road Jack is a song written by the rhythm and blues artist Percy Mayfield and first recorded in 1960 as an a cappella demo sent to Art Rupe. It became famous after it was recorded by the singer-songwriter-pianist Ray Charles with The Raelettes vocalist Margie Hendricks, Charless recording hit number one for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, beginning on Monday, October 9,1961. Hit the Road Jack won a Grammy award for Best Rhythm, the song was number one on the R&B Sides chart for five weeks, thereby becoming Charless sixth number one on that chart. The song is ranked number 387 on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, in 1976, Canadian band the The Stampeders released a version of the song featuring DJ Wolfman Jack. The song was a hit, reaching number 6 in Canada, rough Copy sang Hit the Road Jack on the fifth live show of the tenth series of The X Factor. In 2013, Pentatonix sang Hit the Road Jack on PTX, Vol. II and PTX,1 &2 Nika Terenteva from The voice kids Russia covered the song in 2014. The Buffalo Bill episode Hit the Road, Newdell includes a sequence where Dabney Colemans character lipsyncs the Ray Charles version of the song. This musical sequence was deleted from the DVD release because producers were unable to secure rights to include the song. In the Two and a Half Men episode A Bottle of Wine, the sitcom Unhappily Ever After used the song as its theme. The song is featured in the 1964 short film Scorpio Rising, Ray Charles version is played over the PA during Chicago Bulls games when an opponent fouls out of the game. The song is featured in the 1980 film Cheech and Chongs Next Movie after the characters are kicked out of the welfare office. It plays during the credits of 1989 film, The Dream Team. The song is featured in the 1995 film, Man of the House, the song is referenced in the hook of British singer Conor Maynards single R U Crazy. In the movie The Fisher King, radio DJ Jack Lucas uses it as the theme for his phone in show. EastEnders actor Scott Maslen and professional dancer Natalie Lowe danced a Jive to this song in the 8th series of Strictly Come Dancing in week 7, the song is referenced and sampled on Kid Rocks 2001 hit, Forever. Ray Charles version plays over the credits of the 2006 film Failure to Launch. In the late 2000s, Pizza brand Delissio used this in one of their commercials, in the 2016 film Deadpool it is briefly played while Wade Wilson is in a garbage truck. In the MTV game show Remote Control, Audience sang this song when the contestants sprang through the wall after they lost, a recording of the song was sampled by dance artist Throttle on an electronic swing/disco song also entitled Hit the Road Jack

23.
Ray Charles
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Ray Charles Robinson, known professionally as Ray Charles, was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and composer. Among friends and fellow musicians he preferred being called Brother Ray and he was often referred to as The Genius. Charles was blind from the age of seven and he pioneered the genre of soul music during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles into the music he recorded for Atlantic Records. He also contributed to the integration of music, rhythm and blues and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records. While he was with ABC, Charles became one of the first black musicians to be granted artistic control by a record company. Charles cited Nat King Cole as an influence, but his music was also influenced by country, jazz, blues. In the late forties, he became friends with Quincy Jones and their friendship would last till the end of Charless life. Frank Sinatra called him the true genius in show business. In 2002, Rolling Stone ranked Charles number ten on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, Billy Joel observed, This may sound like sacrilege, but I think Ray Charles was more important than Elvis Presley. Robinson was the son of Bailey Robinson, a laborer, at the time, she was a teenage orphan making a living as a sharecropper. They lived in Greenville, Florida, with Robinsons mother and his wife, the Robinson family had informally adopted Aretha, and she became known as Aretha Robinson. When she, scandalously, became pregnant by Bailey, she briefly left Greenville late in the summer of 1930 to be family members in Albany, Georgia. After that, mother and child returned to Greenville, and Aretha and he was deeply devoted to his mother and later recalled her perseverance, self-sufficiency, and pride as guiding lights in his life. His father abandoned the family, left Greenville, and took another wife elsewhere, in his early years, Charles showed a fondness about mechanical objects and would often watch his neighbors working on their cars and farm machinery. Charles and his mother were always welcome at the Red Wing Cafe, pitman would also care for Rays brother George, to take the burden off Aretha. George drowned in Arethas laundry tub when he was four years old, Charles started to lose his sight at the age of four or five, and was completely blind by the age of seven, apparently as a result of glaucoma. Destitute, uneducated and still mourning the loss of George, Aretha used her connections in the community to find a school that would accept a blind African-American student. Despite his initial protest, Charles attended school at the Florida School for the Deaf, Charles further developed his musical talent at school, and was taught to play the classical piano music of J. S

24.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

Panel representing the foundational history of Hitchin mentioning: King Offa, the River Hiz and the Hicce tribe. Now on the front of Hitchin Library, it was on the Sainsburys on Brand Street until the supermarket relocated to the Bancroft area.

FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented in 1933 by …

FM Radio Broadcasting : Big Picture in Full Electromagnetic Spectrum

A commercial 35 kW FM radio transmitter built in the late 1980s. It belongs to FM radio station KWNR in Las Vegas, Nevada, and broadcasts at a frequency of 95.5 MHz.

FM has better rejection of static (RFI) than AM. This was shown in a dramatic demonstration by General Electric at its New York lab in 1940. The radio had both AM and FM receivers. With a million-volt arc as a source of interference behind it, the AM receiver produced only a roar of static, while the FM receiver clearly reproduced a music program from Armstrong's experimental FM transmitter in New Jersey.

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporal …

Modern frequency counter

Image: Resonant reed frequency meter

Image: Czestosciomierz 49.9Hz

As time elapses—here moving left to right on the horizontal axis—the five sinusoidal waves vary, or cycle, regularly at different rates. The red wave (top) has the lowest frequency (i.e., cycles at the slowest rate) while the purple wave (bottom) has the highest frequency (cycles at the fastest rate).