On June 10, 2006 the Department of Defense reported that three captives died in custody. The Department of Defense stated that the three men committed suicide. Camp authorities called the deaths "an act of asymmetric warfare", and suspected plans had been coordinated by the captive's attorneys—so they seized all the captives' documents, including the captives' copies of their habeas documents.[2] Since the habeas documents were privileged lawyer-client communication the Department of Justice was compelled to file documents about the document seizures. Majid Abdulla Al Joudi and Abdulla Mohammad Al Ghanmi's papers were seized.

On June 12, 2008 the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Boumediene v. Bush, that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system. And all previous Guantanamo captives' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated. The judges considering the captives' habeas petitions would be considering whether the evidence used to compile the allegations the men and boys were enemy combatants justified a classification of "enemy combatant".[4]

On 17 April 2007 the United States Department of Justice moved to dismiss several hundred habeas petitions because the captives had been set free, repatriated, or died in custody.[5] Majid Abdulla Al Joudi and Abdulla Mohammad Al Ghanmi were among those the DoJ requested to be dismissed. US District Court JudgeThomas F. Hogan list this petition as one where former captives were entitled to seek relief for their detention.

1.
Habeas corpus
–
Habeas corpus is a recourse in law whereby a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court, usually through a prison official. The writ of habeas corpus is known as the great and efficacious writ in all manner of illegal confinement, if the custodian is acting beyond his or her authority, then the prisoner must be released. Any prisoner, or another person acting on his or her behalf, may petition the court, or a judge, One reason for the writ to be sought by a person other than the prisoner is that the detainee might be held incommunicado. Most civil law jurisdictions provide a remedy for those unlawfully detained. For example, in some Spanish-speaking nations, the equivalent remedy for unlawful imprisonment is the amparo de libertad, though a writ of right, it is not a writ of course. So if an imposition such as internment without trial is permitted by the law, in some countries, the writ has been temporarily or permanently suspended under the pretext of war or state of emergency. The right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus has nonetheless long been celebrated as the most efficient safeguard of the liberty of the subject, the most common of the other such prerogative writs are quo warranto, prohibito, mandamus, procedendo, and certiorari. The due process for such petitions is not simply civil or criminal, the official who is the respondent must prove his authority to do or not do something. Failing this, the court must decide for the petitioner, who may be any person and this differs from a motion in a civil process in which the movant must have standing, and bears the burden of proof. From Latin habeas, 2nd person singular present subjunctive active of habere, to have, to hold, in reference to more than one person, habeas corpora. Literally, the means you may have the body. The complete phrase habeas corpus ad subjiciendum means you may have the person for the purpose of subjecting him/her to. These are the words of writs in 14th century Anglo-French documents requiring a person to be brought before a court or judge. The full name of the writ is often used to distinguish it from similar ancient writs, Habeas corpus ad prosequendum, a writ ordering return with a prisoner for the purpose of prosecuting him before the court. Habeas corpus ad respondendum, a writ ordering return to allow the prisoner to answer to new proceedings before the court, Habeas corpus ad testificandum, a writ ordering return with the body of a prisoner for the purposes of testifying. Habeas Corpus originally stems from the Assize of Clarendon, a re-issuance of rights during the reign of Henry II of England, in the 17th century the foundations for habeas corpus were wrongly thought to have originated in Magna Carta. William Blackstone cites the first recorded usage of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum in 1305, however, other writs were issued with the same effect as early as the reign of Henry II in the 12th century. The procedure for issuing a writ of habeas corpus was first codified by the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, a previous law had been passed forty years earlier to overturn a ruling that the command of the King was a sufficient answer to a petition of habeas corpus

2.
Guantanamo detainee
–
The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several inmates were severely tortured, the camp was established by the President George W. Bushs administration in 2002 during the War on Terror. During his term, his administration succeeded in reducing the number of inmates from about 245 to 41, in practice, the site has long been used for indefinite detention without trial. The facility is operated by the Joint Task Force Guantanamo of the United States government in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Detention areas consisted of Camp Delta including Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and Camp X-Ray, which is now closed. The Bush administration asserted that detainees were not entitled to any of the protections of the Geneva Conventions. Following this, on 7 July 2006, the Department of Defense issued a memo stating that detainees would, in the future. Current and former detainees have reported abuse and torture, which the Bush administration denied, in a 2005 Amnesty International report, the facility was called the Gulag of our times. In 2006, the United Nations called unsuccessfully for the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be closed, on 22 January 2009, President Obama issued a request to suspend proceedings at Guantanamo military commission for 120 days and to shut down the detention facility that year. President Obama issued a Presidential memorandum dated 15 December 2009, ordering Thomson Correctional Center, Thomson, in February 2011, U. S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that Guantanamo Bay was unlikely to be closed, due to opposition in the Congress. Congress particularly opposed moving prisoners to facilities in the United States for detention or trial, in April 2011, Wikileaks began publishing 779 secret files relating to prisoners in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. On 4 November 2015, President Barack Obama stated that he was preparing to unveil a plan to close the facility, the plan would propose one or more prisons from a working list that includes facilities in Kansas, Colorado and South Carolina. Two others that were on the list, in California and Washington state, do not appear to have made the preliminary cut, by January 19,2017, however, the detention center remained open, with 41 detainees remaining. Camp Delta is a 612-unit detention center finished in April 2002 and it includes detention camps 1 through to 6, as well as Camp Echo, where pre-commissions are held. Camp X-Ray was a detention facility, which was closed in April 2002. Its prisoners were transferred to Camp Delta, in 2008, the Associated Press reported Camp 7, a separate facility on the naval base that is considered the highest security jail on the base, and its location is classified. It is used to house high-security detainees formerly held by the CIA, in January 2010, Scott Horton published an article in Harpers Magazine describing Camp No, a black site about a mile outside the main camp perimeter, which included an interrogation center. His description was based on accounts by four guards who had served at Guantanamo and they said prisoners were taken one at a time to the camp, where they were believed to be interrogated. He believes that the three detainees that DoD announced as having committed suicide were questioned under torture the night of their deaths

3.
Majid Abdulla Al Joudi
–
A total of 133 Saudi citizens have been held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps at its naval base in Cuba since January 2002. Most had been swept up in Afghanistan following the US invasion in the fall of 2001, and they were classified by the US government as enemy combatants. In addition, a United States citizen, Yaser Esam Hamdi, who was born in Louisiana but moved as a child with his parents to Saudi Arabia, as an American citizen, he was transferred to a military prison brig on the mainland of the United States. His challenge to his detention, without being informed of charges or brought to trial, was a case that reached the United States Supreme Court, after this decision, the government made a deal with Hamdi. After he agreed to renounce his US citizenship and observe travel restrictions and he has returned to his family. Nearly 100 were returned to Saudi Arabia from June 2006 through 2007, as of today, eleven Saudi citizens are still held at the detention camp. In January 2002, the United States completed the first phase of construction of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp at its base in Cuba. It was designed to hold enemy combatants captured in its war on terror - most taken during action in Afghanistan beginning in the fall of 2001, in total, the US has held 133 Saudi Arabian citizens at Guantanamo. The United States has held a total of 778 detainees in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps at its base in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11,2002. The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660, as of January 2017,45 detainees remain at Guantanamo. Three Saudis, Yasser Talal Al Zahrani, Mani Shaman Turki al-Habardi Al-Utaybi and Abdul Rahman al-Amri, all were announced by the United States Department of Defense as suicides. Journalists and the Center for Policy and Research in its 2009 report have noted glaring inconsistencies in the NCIS report of 2008. Based on an account by four guards at Guantanamo, Scott Horton suggested in 2010 that the men died as a result of torture. Al-Amri died on May 30,2007 as an apparent suicide, as a result of these deaths, the Saudi government strongly pressured the United States to repatriate its citizens. It developed a program for former detainees and has worked with them on religious re-education. From June 2006 and December 2007, a total of 93 Saudi citizens were returned to the country, as of today, eleven Saudi citizens are still held at the detention camp. A July 26,2007 article from Asharq Alawsat described the Care Rehabilitation Center repatriated detainees are held in until they are finally released, according to the article the detainees received special meals, had access to satellite TV, and were able to get day passes. British Prime Minister Gordon Brown visited the facility on November 2,2008, the Saudi Arabian government has published four Saudi lists of most wanted suspected terrorists

4.
Yousif Mohammad Mubarak Al-Shehri
–
Yussef Mohammed Mubarak al-Shihri was a citizen of Saudi Arabia who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United Statess Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. He was born on September 8,1985, in Riyadh Saudi Arabia, on June 15,2005 Human Rights lawyer Clive Stafford Smith identified Al Shihri as one of a dozen teenage boys held in the adult portion of the prison. According to Smith Al Shihri was 13 years old when captured, Smith observed that official US documents referred to this dozen minors solely by their initials, because US law prohibits identifying minors. Official documents referred to Al Shihri as YAS, an October 2009 article in the Saudi Gazette asserts his older brother Saad Muhammad Al-Shehri took him to Afghanistan after he finished intermediate school. Yussef Al-Shehri went through the Saudi militant rehabiliation program following his repatriation from Guantanamo and he was named on Saudi Arabias list of most wanted terrorist suspects on February 3,2009. He was killed in a shootout with Saudi police, while preparing to commit a suicide attack wearing an explosive belt on October 18,2009. A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for the tribunal, listing the allegations led to his detainment. His memo accused him of the following, Detainees whose Combatant Status Review Tribunal labeled them enemy combatants were scheduled for annual Administrative Review Board hearings. These hearings were designed to assess the threat a detainee might pose if released or transferred, a Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for Yusef M Modarays second annual Administrative Review Board, on 12 October 2006. The memo listed factors for and against his continued detention, on November 25,2008 the Department of Defense published a list of when captives left Guantanamo. According to that list he was repatriated to Saudi custody on November 9,2007, the records published from the captives annual Administrative Reviews show his repatriation was not the outcome of the formal internal review procedures. The records show his detention was not reviewed in 2007, at least ten other men in his release group were not repatriated through the formal review procedure. Peter Taylor writing for the BBC News called the Saudis repatriated on November 9,2007 with al-Shihri and he wrote that the BBCs research had found this batch to be a problematic cohort, and that four other men from this batch were named on the Saudi most wanted list. Said Ali Al Shihri married Yussef Al Shiris sister after their repatriation from Guantanamo, yussefs sister had two previous husbands. In a child custody dispute her first husband sought custody claiming the sister was a takfiri and he claimed her second husband had also been a militant, and that he was killed in a shootout with security officials in 2004. During his CSR Tribunal the allegations stated Yussef Mohammed Mubarak Al Shihri was captured with his cousin, in Kunduz, in northern Afghanistan. After his death the Saudi Gazette reported that two of his brothers, Faisal and Mustafa, and a cousin, Abdul Ghani Al-Shehri were imprisoned in at the Hai’er Prison on suspicion of terrorism. Yusuf Al Shihri, his brother-in-law Said Al Shihri, and a sixteen-year-old cousin, Al Shihri, Raed al-Harbi, and a third man were killed at a border crossing while trying to enter Saudi Arabia from Yemen

5.
Abdulla Mohammad Al Ghanmi
–
A total of 133 Saudi citizens have been held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps at its naval base in Cuba since January 2002. Most had been swept up in Afghanistan following the US invasion in the fall of 2001, and they were classified by the US government as enemy combatants. In addition, a United States citizen, Yaser Esam Hamdi, who was born in Louisiana but moved as a child with his parents to Saudi Arabia, as an American citizen, he was transferred to a military prison brig on the mainland of the United States. His challenge to his detention, without being informed of charges or brought to trial, was a case that reached the United States Supreme Court, after this decision, the government made a deal with Hamdi. After he agreed to renounce his US citizenship and observe travel restrictions and he has returned to his family. Nearly 100 were returned to Saudi Arabia from June 2006 through 2007, as of today, eleven Saudi citizens are still held at the detention camp. In January 2002, the United States completed the first phase of construction of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp at its base in Cuba. It was designed to hold enemy combatants captured in its war on terror - most taken during action in Afghanistan beginning in the fall of 2001, in total, the US has held 133 Saudi Arabian citizens at Guantanamo. The United States has held a total of 778 detainees in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps at its base in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11,2002. The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660, as of January 2017,45 detainees remain at Guantanamo. Three Saudis, Yasser Talal Al Zahrani, Mani Shaman Turki al-Habardi Al-Utaybi and Abdul Rahman al-Amri, all were announced by the United States Department of Defense as suicides. Journalists and the Center for Policy and Research in its 2009 report have noted glaring inconsistencies in the NCIS report of 2008. Based on an account by four guards at Guantanamo, Scott Horton suggested in 2010 that the men died as a result of torture. Al-Amri died on May 30,2007 as an apparent suicide, as a result of these deaths, the Saudi government strongly pressured the United States to repatriate its citizens. It developed a program for former detainees and has worked with them on religious re-education. From June 2006 and December 2007, a total of 93 Saudi citizens were returned to the country, as of today, eleven Saudi citizens are still held at the detention camp. A July 26,2007 article from Asharq Alawsat described the Care Rehabilitation Center repatriated detainees are held in until they are finally released, according to the article the detainees received special meals, had access to satellite TV, and were able to get day passes. British Prime Minister Gordon Brown visited the facility on November 2,2008, the Saudi Arabian government has published four Saudi lists of most wanted suspected terrorists

6.
Abdul-Hakim Abdul-Rahman Al-Moosa
–
A total of 133 Saudi citizens have been held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps at its naval base in Cuba since January 2002. Most had been swept up in Afghanistan following the US invasion in the fall of 2001, and they were classified by the US government as enemy combatants. In addition, a United States citizen, Yaser Esam Hamdi, who was born in Louisiana but moved as a child with his parents to Saudi Arabia, as an American citizen, he was transferred to a military prison brig on the mainland of the United States. His challenge to his detention, without being informed of charges or brought to trial, was a case that reached the United States Supreme Court, after this decision, the government made a deal with Hamdi. After he agreed to renounce his US citizenship and observe travel restrictions and he has returned to his family. Nearly 100 were returned to Saudi Arabia from June 2006 through 2007, as of today, eleven Saudi citizens are still held at the detention camp. In January 2002, the United States completed the first phase of construction of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp at its base in Cuba. It was designed to hold enemy combatants captured in its war on terror - most taken during action in Afghanistan beginning in the fall of 2001, in total, the US has held 133 Saudi Arabian citizens at Guantanamo. The United States has held a total of 778 detainees in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps at its base in Cuba since the camps opened on January 11,2002. The camp population peaked in 2004 at approximately 660, as of January 2017,45 detainees remain at Guantanamo. Three Saudis, Yasser Talal Al Zahrani, Mani Shaman Turki al-Habardi Al-Utaybi and Abdul Rahman al-Amri, all were announced by the United States Department of Defense as suicides. Journalists and the Center for Policy and Research in its 2009 report have noted glaring inconsistencies in the NCIS report of 2008. Based on an account by four guards at Guantanamo, Scott Horton suggested in 2010 that the men died as a result of torture. Al-Amri died on May 30,2007 as an apparent suicide, as a result of these deaths, the Saudi government strongly pressured the United States to repatriate its citizens. It developed a program for former detainees and has worked with them on religious re-education. From June 2006 and December 2007, a total of 93 Saudi citizens were returned to the country, as of today, eleven Saudi citizens are still held at the detention camp. A July 26,2007 article from Asharq Alawsat described the Care Rehabilitation Center repatriated detainees are held in until they are finally released, according to the article the detainees received special meals, had access to satellite TV, and were able to get day passes. British Prime Minister Gordon Brown visited the facility on November 2,2008, the Saudi Arabian government has published four Saudi lists of most wanted suspected terrorists

7.
US District Court Judge
–
The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal court system. Both civil and criminal cases are filed in the court, which is a court of law, equity. There is a United States bankruptcy court associated with each United States district court, each federal judicial district has at least one courthouse, and many districts have more than one. The formal name of a court is the United States District Court for the name of the district—for example. In contrast to the Supreme Court, which was established by Article III of the Constitution, there is no constitutional requirement that district courts exist at all. This view did not prevail, however, and the first Congress created the court system that is still in place today. There is at least one district for each state, the District of Columbia. District courts in three insular areas—the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands—exercise the same jurisdiction as Article III U. S. district courts, despite their name, these courts are technically not District Courts of the United States. Judges on these Article IV territorial courts do not enjoy the protections of Article Three of the Constitution, there are 89 districts in the 50 states, with a total of 94 districts including territories. The United States Court of International Trade addresses cases involving international trade, the United States Tax Court has jurisdiction over contested pre-assessment determinations of taxes. A judge of a United States district court is titled a United States District Judge. The number of judges in district court is set by Congress in the United States Code. The President appoints the judges for terms of good behavior. With the exception of the courts, federal district judges are Article III judges appointed for life. Otherwise, a judge, even if convicted of a criminal offense by a jury, is entitled to hold office until retirement or death. In the history of the United States, only twelve judges have been impeached by the House, a judge who has reached the age of 65 may retire or elect to go on senior status and keep working. A federal judge is addressed in writing as The Honorable John/Jane Doe or Hon. John/Jane Doe and in speech as Judge or Judge Doe or, when presiding in court, Your Honor. District judges usually concentrate on managing their courts overall caseload, supervising trials, since the 1960s, routine tasks like resolving discovery disputes can, in the district judges discretion, be referred to magistrate judges

8.
Gladys Kessler
–
Gladys Kessler is a Senior United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. After receiving her B. A. from Cornell University and LL. B. from Harvard Law School and she worked as a legislative assistant to U. S. Senator Harrison A. Williams, later convicted in the Abscam scandal, Kessler worked for the New York City Board of Education, and then opened a public interest law firm. In June 1977, she was appointed Associate Judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, judicial Conferences Committee on Court Administration and Management. She was confirmed by the Senate on June 15,1994 and she took senior status on January 22,2007 and was succeeded by Judge Amy Berman Jackson. Kessler is the first judge to consider an appeal that the Executive branch is violating the new Detainee Treatment Act, in 2006, she heard the case of Mohammad Bawazir, a prisoner at Camp Delta. On October 10,2007, the Washington Post headlined Judge Orders U. S, not to Transfer Tunisian Detainee, and reported that Judge Kessler ruled last week that Mohammed Abdul Rahman cannot be sent to Tunisia because he could suffer irreparable harm. The detainees lawyer said, The executive has now been told it cannot bury its Guantanamo mistakes in Third World prisons. He also stated that, This is the first time the branch has exercised its inherent power to control the excesses of the executive as to treatment of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay

9.
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
–
The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several inmates were severely tortured, the camp was established by the President George W. Bushs administration in 2002 during the War on Terror. During his term, his administration succeeded in reducing the number of inmates from about 245 to 41, in practice, the site has long been used for indefinite detention without trial. The facility is operated by the Joint Task Force Guantanamo of the United States government in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Detention areas consisted of Camp Delta including Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and Camp X-Ray, which is now closed. The Bush administration asserted that detainees were not entitled to any of the protections of the Geneva Conventions. Following this, on 7 July 2006, the Department of Defense issued a memo stating that detainees would, in the future. Current and former detainees have reported abuse and torture, which the Bush administration denied, in a 2005 Amnesty International report, the facility was called the Gulag of our times. In 2006, the United Nations called unsuccessfully for the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be closed, on 22 January 2009, President Obama issued a request to suspend proceedings at Guantanamo military commission for 120 days and to shut down the detention facility that year. President Obama issued a Presidential memorandum dated 15 December 2009, ordering Thomson Correctional Center, Thomson, in February 2011, U. S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that Guantanamo Bay was unlikely to be closed, due to opposition in the Congress. Congress particularly opposed moving prisoners to facilities in the United States for detention or trial, in April 2011, Wikileaks began publishing 779 secret files relating to prisoners in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. On 4 November 2015, President Barack Obama stated that he was preparing to unveil a plan to close the facility, the plan would propose one or more prisons from a working list that includes facilities in Kansas, Colorado and South Carolina. Two others that were on the list, in California and Washington state, do not appear to have made the preliminary cut, by January 19,2017, however, the detention center remained open, with 41 detainees remaining. Camp Delta is a 612-unit detention center finished in April 2002 and it includes detention camps 1 through to 6, as well as Camp Echo, where pre-commissions are held. Camp X-Ray was a detention facility, which was closed in April 2002. Its prisoners were transferred to Camp Delta, in 2008, the Associated Press reported Camp 7, a separate facility on the naval base that is considered the highest security jail on the base, and its location is classified. It is used to house high-security detainees formerly held by the CIA, in January 2010, Scott Horton published an article in Harpers Magazine describing Camp No, a black site about a mile outside the main camp perimeter, which included an interrogation center. His description was based on accounts by four guards who had served at Guantanamo and they said prisoners were taken one at a time to the camp, where they were believed to be interrogated. He believes that the three detainees that DoD announced as having committed suicide were questioned under torture the night of their deaths

10.
Center for Constitution Rights
–
The Center for Constitutional Rights is a progressive non-profit legal advocacy organization based in New York City, New York, in the United States. It was founded in 1966 by Arthur Kinoy, William Kunstler and others particularly to activists in implementation of civil rights legislation. CCR has focused on civil liberties and human rights litigation, since winning the landmark case in the United States Supreme Court of Rasul v. Its founders were Morton Stavis, Arthur Kinoy, Ben Smith and William Kunstler. The Center identified as a movement support organization, that is, cases were chosen to raise public awareness of an issue, generate media attention, and/or energize activists being harassed by local law enforcement in the South. The current organization was formed from the merger of the original Center for Constitutional Rights and it was the first time in history that the Court had ruled against the president on behalf of alleged enemy fighters in wartime. And it was the first of four Supreme Court decisions between 2004 and 2008 that rejected President Bush’s assertion of unchecked power in the “war on terror. S. In 2005 the organization was recognized with the Domestic Human Rights Award by Global Exchange, Rasul v. Bush,215 F. Supp. 2d 55, CCR represented Guantanamo detainees seeking fair trials and an end to their indefinite imprisonment without charge, the Supreme Court case established precedent for U. S. courts’ jurisdiction over the Guantanamo Bay prison camp, affirming detainees’ right to habeas corpus review, including legal representation. This right was later putatively revoked when President Bush signed the Military Commissions Act into law, Al Odah v. United States,127 S. Ct.3067, the latest in a series of habeas corpus petitions on behalf of people imprisoned at the Guantanamo Bay detention center. The case challenges the Military Commissions system’s suitability as a habeas corpus substitute and he has never been charged, and has been found by the Canadian government not to be involved with terrorism. He and CCR seek an acknowledgment of the U. S. s alleged involvement, CCR v. Bush, This lawsuit challenges the constitutionality of the NSA’s surveillance of people within the United States without warrant or prior court approval. Daniels v. City of New York,291 AD 2d 260 / Floyd v. City of New York,739 F. Supp. 2d 376, This case forced the New York City Police Department to end their practice of stopping and frisking people solely on the basis of their race or national origin, the case also highlighted the practices of the NYPD Street Crimes Unit, leading to its disbandment. The case’s settlement created an internal system of officers engaged in stop and frisks. In addition, the settlement required the NYPD to begin “know your rights” public education programs, CCR is working to compel the NYPD to comply with the terms of the settlement. Estate of Ali Hussamalde Albazzaz v. Blackwater Worldwide, This is a suit filed on behalf of the family of an Iraqi man killed by Blackwater personnel. CCR is charging Blackwater Worldwide with war crimes, CCR has filed a habeas corpus submission on his behalf. Mamani v. Sanchez de Lozada / Mamani v. Sanchez Berzain,636 F. Supp, matar v. Dichter,500 F. Supp

11.
United States Department of Defense
–
The Department is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016. Adding to its employees are over 801,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services and it is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D. C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense, Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified Combatant Commands. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the National Defense University, the history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775. The creation of the United States Army was enacted on 14 June 1775 and this coincides with the American holiday Flag Day. The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy, on 13 October 1775, today, both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy. The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to federal government, to defend its citizens and this first Congress had a huge agenda, that of creating legislation to build a government for the ages. Legislation to create a military defense force stagnated, two separate times, President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military. In a special message to Congress on 19 December 1945, the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts, deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive. The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense, the National Military Establishment formally began operations on 18 September, the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The National Military Establishment was renamed the Department of Defense on 10 August 1949, under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958, channels of authority within the department were streamlined, while still maintaining the authority of the Military Departments. Also provided in this legislation was a centralized authority, the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The Act moved decision-making authority from the Military Departments to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and it also strengthened the command channel of the military over U. S. forces from the President to the Secretary of Defense. Written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration, it was signed into law 6 August 1958, because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the Office of the Secretary of Defense is the Secretary and Deputy Secretarys civilian staff. S. Government departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities. OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies, Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community and these are national-level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence

12.
Military Commissions Act of 2006
–
The United States Military Commissions Act of 2006, also known as HR-6166, was an Act of Congress signed by President George W. Bush on October 17,2006. The Acts stated purpose was to trial by military commission for violations of the law of war. It was drafted following the Supreme Courts decision on Hamdan v and it prohibited detainees who had been classified as enemy combatants or were awaiting hearings on their status from using habeas corpus to petition federal courts in challenges to their detention. All pending habeas corpus cases at the district court were stayed. In Boumediene v. Bush, the US Supreme Court held that section 7 of the MCA was unconstitutional because of its restrictions of detainee rights and it determined that detainees had the right to petition federal courts for habeas corpus challenges. Construction of Provisions— The procedures for military commissions set forth in this chapter are based upon the procedures for trial by general court-martial under chapter 47 of this title. Chapter 47 of this title does not, by its terms, the judicial construction and application of that chapter are not binding on military commissions established under this chapter. Sections 831, and, relating to compulsory self-incrimination, Section 832, relating to pretrial investigation. Other provisions of chapter 47 of this title shall apply to trial by military commission under this chapter only to the extent provided by this chapter, persons subject to military commissions Any alien unlawful enemy combatant is subject to trial by military commission under this chapter. Lawful Enemy Combatants— Military commissions under this chapter shall not have jurisdiction over lawful enemy combatants, lawful enemy combatants who violate the law of war are subject to chapter 47 of this title. Courts-martial established under that chapter shall have jurisdiction to try a lawful enemy combatant for any offense made punishable under this chapter, the term competent tribunal is not defined in the Act itself. It is also a used in Article five of the third Geneva Convention. However, the rights guaranteed by the third Geneva Convention to lawful combatants are expressly denied to unlawful military combatants for the purposes of this Act by Section 948b, Any alien unlawful enemy combatant is subject to trial by military commission under chapter 47A — Military Commissions. The definition of unlawful and lawful enemy combatant is given in Chapter 47A—Military commission, Subchapter I--General provisions, the Act changes pre-existing law to forbid explicitly the invocation of the Geneva Conventions when executing the writ of habeas corpus or in other civil actions. This provision applies to all cases pending at the time the Act is enacted, if the government chooses to bring a prosecution against the detainee, a military commission is convened for this purpose. The following rules are some of those established for trying alien unlawful enemy combatants, ‘‘ NOTICE TO ACCUSED—Upon the swearing of the charges and specifications in accordance with subsection, the accused shall be informed of the charges against him as soon as practicable. A civilian defense attorney may not be used unless the attorney has been determined to be eligible for access to classified information that is classified at the level Secret or higher. No person may, without his consent, be tried by a commission under this chapter a second time for the same offense

13.
United States Supreme Court
–
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote

14.
Boumediene v. Bush
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The case was consolidated with habeas petition Al Odah v. United States. It challenged the legality of Boumedienes detention at the United States Naval Station military base in Guantanamo Bay, oral arguments on the combined cases were heard by the Supreme Court on December 5,2007. S. Invoking Marbury v. Madison, the Court concluded, The Nation’s basic charter cannot be contracted away like this, the Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire, dispose of, and govern territory, not the power to decide when and where its terms apply. To hold that the branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they, not this Court. Along with Rasul v. Bush, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, and Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the United States launched a Global War on Terror. In November 2001, President Bush asserted authority to try captives from the War before military commissions instead of through the court system. Many captives from the war were held at Camp X-Ray, which was opened at the United States Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba in January 2002, while the United States has an indefinite lease on Guantanamo Bay, Cuba still maintained de jure sovereignty over the area. Beginning in 2002, family and friends of approximately 200 captives initiated habeas corpus submissions to challenge the detentions and these submissions eventually worked their way through the courts, and on June 28,2004, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Rasul v. Bush. As a result, the Department of Defense created the Combatant Status Review Tribunals, at the end of 2005, the United States Congress passed the Detainee Treatment Act, which explicitly states that all captives held by the United States are protected against torture. The Act restricted the submission of additional habeas corpus submissions to the courts, the Act attempted to mandate that all outstanding habeas corpus submissions on behalf of the captives should be quashed. In April 2007, the Court declined to review the Circuit Courts decision, within a few months, it reversed this decision, on June 29,2007, it granted a writ of certiorari to Boumediene and his co-defendants. Twenty-two amicus briefs were filed in support of the petitioners, Boumediene and Al Odah, and four were filed in support of the respondents, oral arguments were held on December 5,2007, and the Supreme Court announced its decision on June 12,2008. The court found that the petitioners had met their burden of establishing that Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 failed to provide a substitute for habeas corpus. Kennedys majority opinion begins with an over-twenty page review of the history of habeas corpus in England from its roots in the due process clause of Magna Carta of 1215 to the 19th century. The Court also concluded that the detainees are not required to exhaust review procedures in the court of appeals before pursuing habeas corpus actions in the district court. The majority distinguished between de jure and de facto sovereignty, finding that the United States had in effect de facto sovereignty over Guantanamo, in the majority ruling, Justice Kennedy called section 7 not adequate. He explained, to hold that the branches may switch the constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they, not this court. The decision struck down section 7 of the MCA, but left intact the remainder of the MCA, Justice Souters concurrence was joined by Justices Ginsburg and Breyer

15.
Guantanamo captives
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The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several inmates were severely tortured, the camp was established by the President George W. Bushs administration in 2002 during the War on Terror. During his term, his administration succeeded in reducing the number of inmates from about 245 to 41, in practice, the site has long been used for indefinite detention without trial. The facility is operated by the Joint Task Force Guantanamo of the United States government in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Detention areas consisted of Camp Delta including Camp Echo, Camp Iguana, and Camp X-Ray, which is now closed. The Bush administration asserted that detainees were not entitled to any of the protections of the Geneva Conventions. Following this, on 7 July 2006, the Department of Defense issued a memo stating that detainees would, in the future. Current and former detainees have reported abuse and torture, which the Bush administration denied, in a 2005 Amnesty International report, the facility was called the Gulag of our times. In 2006, the United Nations called unsuccessfully for the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be closed, on 22 January 2009, President Obama issued a request to suspend proceedings at Guantanamo military commission for 120 days and to shut down the detention facility that year. President Obama issued a Presidential memorandum dated 15 December 2009, ordering Thomson Correctional Center, Thomson, in February 2011, U. S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that Guantanamo Bay was unlikely to be closed, due to opposition in the Congress. Congress particularly opposed moving prisoners to facilities in the United States for detention or trial, in April 2011, Wikileaks began publishing 779 secret files relating to prisoners in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. On 4 November 2015, President Barack Obama stated that he was preparing to unveil a plan to close the facility, the plan would propose one or more prisons from a working list that includes facilities in Kansas, Colorado and South Carolina. Two others that were on the list, in California and Washington state, do not appear to have made the preliminary cut, by January 19,2017, however, the detention center remained open, with 41 detainees remaining. Camp Delta is a 612-unit detention center finished in April 2002 and it includes detention camps 1 through to 6, as well as Camp Echo, where pre-commissions are held. Camp X-Ray was a detention facility, which was closed in April 2002. Its prisoners were transferred to Camp Delta, in 2008, the Associated Press reported Camp 7, a separate facility on the naval base that is considered the highest security jail on the base, and its location is classified. It is used to house high-security detainees formerly held by the CIA, in January 2010, Scott Horton published an article in Harpers Magazine describing Camp No, a black site about a mile outside the main camp perimeter, which included an interrogation center. His description was based on accounts by four guards who had served at Guantanamo and they said prisoners were taken one at a time to the camp, where they were believed to be interrogated. He believes that the three detainees that DoD announced as having committed suicide were questioned under torture the night of their deaths

16.
United States Department of Justice
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The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In its early years, the DOJ vigorously prosecuted Ku Klux Klan members, the Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration. The department has responsibility to investigate instances of fraud, to represent the United States in legal matters such as in the Supreme Court. The department also has responsibilities to review actions of law enforcement conduct by the Violent Crime Control. The Department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President, the current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions. The U. S. Attorney General was initially a one-person and it was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, but this grew with the bureaucracy. At one time the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U. S. Congress as well as the President, until March 3,1853, the salary of the Attorney General was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members. Early Attorneys General supplemented their salary by engaging in private practice of law. Following unsuccessful efforts to put the Attorney Generals Office on a footing, in 1869. On February 19,1868, Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice, President Ulysses S. Grant then signed the bill into law on June 22,1870. The Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1,1870, just prior to the Civil War, in February 1861, the Confederate States of America established a Department of Justice. Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as Attorney General and Benjamin H. Bristow as Americas first Solicitor General, both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute Ku Klux Klan members in the early 1870s. In the first few years of Grants first term in there were 1000 indictments against Klan members with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice. The result was a decrease in violence in the South. Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was better or stronger then Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists. Akermans successor, George H. Williams, in December 1871, the law did create a new office, that of Solicitor General, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1884, control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department, new facilities were built, including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895, and a facility for women located in West Virginia, at Alderson was established in 1924. The U. S. Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary, upon Medarys death in 1929, the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary took over the project

17.
Thomas F. Hogan
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Thomas Francis Hogan, is a United States federal judge, who served as Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts from October 17,2011 until June 30,2013. Judge Hogan was appointed as a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in August 1982 by President Ronald Reagan to a seat vacated by William B, bryant, and became Chief Judge on June 19,2001. Judge Hogan stepped down as judge and took senior status in May 2008. He also served a 2009-2016 term on the FISA Court and he graduated from the Georgetown Preparatory School in 1956, receiving an A. B. from Georgetown University in 1960. Following law school, Judge Hogan clerked for Judge William Blakely Jones of the U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia from 1966 to 1967 and he was an Assistant professor at Potomac School of Law from 1977 to 1979. He was a professor of law at the Georgetown University Law Center from 1986 to 1992. He has served as a member of the Executive Committee of the U. S, Judicial Conference and served as the Judicial Confreneces chair of the Courtroom Technology Subcommittee, Additionally his Honor served as a member of the Board of the Federal Judicial Center. The line-item veto was used 11 times to strike 82 items from the budget by President Bill Clinton. However, U. S. District Court Judge Thomas F. Hogan decided on February 12,1998 that unilateral amendment or repeal of parts of statutes violated the U. S. Constitution. This ruling was affirmed on June 25,1998 by a 6-3 decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case Clinton v. City of New York. Hogan was appointed judge in July 2001, just months before the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001. He also oversaw the building of a new annex to the court, designed by Michael Graves and he also oversaw some of the multiple trials of Colombian FARC member Simon Trinidad. In August 1986, Judge Hogan ordered the Library of Congress to continue printing Playboy magazines in Braille, Hogan ordered Judith Miller of the New York Times jailed after she refused to disclose her confidential source to a grand jury. Matthew Cooper of Time Magazine avoided jail time after he agreed to reveal his source, in May 2006 Hogan signed the search warrant authorizing the FBI to search the Capitol building offices of U. S. Congressman William Jefferson, the only such search in United States history, in July 2006 Hogan ruled that an FBI raid on a Louisiana congressmans Capitol Hill office was legal. He rejected requests from lawmakers and Democratic Rep. William Jefferson to return material seized by the FBI in a May 20–21 search of Jeffersons office, Hogan dismissed arguments that the first-ever raid on a congressmans office violated the Constitutions protections against intimidation of elected officials. Brief Biography on the DC District Courts website Thomas F. Hogan at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center

18.
Center for Constitutional Rights
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The Center for Constitutional Rights is a progressive non-profit legal advocacy organization based in New York City, New York, in the United States. It was founded in 1966 by Arthur Kinoy, William Kunstler and others particularly to activists in implementation of civil rights legislation. CCR has focused on civil liberties and human rights litigation, since winning the landmark case in the United States Supreme Court of Rasul v. Its founders were Morton Stavis, Arthur Kinoy, Ben Smith and William Kunstler. The Center identified as a movement support organization, that is, cases were chosen to raise public awareness of an issue, generate media attention, and/or energize activists being harassed by local law enforcement in the South. The current organization was formed from the merger of the original Center for Constitutional Rights and it was the first time in history that the Court had ruled against the president on behalf of alleged enemy fighters in wartime. And it was the first of four Supreme Court decisions between 2004 and 2008 that rejected President Bush’s assertion of unchecked power in the “war on terror. S. In 2005 the organization was recognized with the Domestic Human Rights Award by Global Exchange, Rasul v. Bush,215 F. Supp. 2d 55, CCR represented Guantanamo detainees seeking fair trials and an end to their indefinite imprisonment without charge, the Supreme Court case established precedent for U. S. courts’ jurisdiction over the Guantanamo Bay prison camp, affirming detainees’ right to habeas corpus review, including legal representation. This right was later putatively revoked when President Bush signed the Military Commissions Act into law, Al Odah v. United States,127 S. Ct.3067, the latest in a series of habeas corpus petitions on behalf of people imprisoned at the Guantanamo Bay detention center. The case challenges the Military Commissions system’s suitability as a habeas corpus substitute and he has never been charged, and has been found by the Canadian government not to be involved with terrorism. He and CCR seek an acknowledgment of the U. S. s alleged involvement, CCR v. Bush, This lawsuit challenges the constitutionality of the NSA’s surveillance of people within the United States without warrant or prior court approval. Daniels v. City of New York,291 AD 2d 260 / Floyd v. City of New York,739 F. Supp. 2d 376, This case forced the New York City Police Department to end their practice of stopping and frisking people solely on the basis of their race or national origin, the case also highlighted the practices of the NYPD Street Crimes Unit, leading to its disbandment. The case’s settlement created an internal system of officers engaged in stop and frisks. In addition, the settlement required the NYPD to begin “know your rights” public education programs, CCR is working to compel the NYPD to comply with the terms of the settlement. Estate of Ali Hussamalde Albazzaz v. Blackwater Worldwide, This is a suit filed on behalf of the family of an Iraqi man killed by Blackwater personnel. CCR is charging Blackwater Worldwide with war crimes, CCR has filed a habeas corpus submission on his behalf. Mamani v. Sanchez de Lozada / Mamani v. Sanchez Berzain,636 F. Supp, matar v. Dichter,500 F. Supp

19.
Peter D. Keisler
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Peter Douglas Keisler is an American lawyer whose 2006 nomination by President George W. Bush to the United States Court of Appeals for the D. C. Circuit became embroiled in partisan controversy. He is a partner at the firm of Sidley Austin in Washington, D. C. upon the resignation of Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, until November 9,2007, he was also the Acting Attorney General of the United States. A1977 graduate from George W. Hewlett High School in Long Island, New York, as an undergraduate, Keisler was the Chairman of the Party of the Right and the Speaker of the Yale Political Union. He graduated magna cum laude from Yale College in 1981 and then entered Yale Law School, in 1982, he helped to co-found the Federalist Society, a conservative thinktank. He received his J. D. in 1985, after law school, Keisler clerked for Judge Robert Bork on the D. C. Circuit from 1985 to 1986. After this clerkship, he joined the Office of Legal Counsel under President Ronald Reagan, there, he worked on both the Supreme Court nominations of his former boss, Robert Bork, and the man who replaced Bork as a Supreme Court nominee, Justice Anthony Kennedy. After Kennedy was confirmed, he hired Keisler to be one of his four law clerks during his first year on the Court in 1988. One of his fellow clerks during that year was Miguel Estrada, after finishing his Supreme Court clerkship, Mr. Keisler became a partner in the Washington, D. C. office of Sidley Austin. He specialized in general and appellate litigation and telecommunications law, and argued before the Supreme Court, in 2002, he left his job in order to join the Department of Justice. He joined the Department on June 24,2002, as the Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General, peter Keisler was sworn in as the Civil Divisions Assistant Attorney General on July 1,2003. In that capacity, most of his work was clearly dictated by his role as head of a component obligated to defend government policies and statutes. Consistent with this role, Mr. Keisler was involved in defending the Bush Administration’s policies in the Global War on Terror and he has also represented the government in defense of laws protecting access to abortion clinics and imposing requirements on telemarketing companies. On September 6,2007, Keisler announced his resignation from the Department of Justice in order to time with his family. At the time, the 109th Senate was controlled by the Republican Party, on August 1,2006, he received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee. The Senate on September 29,2006 returned the nomination to the President without acting on it, prior to adjourning for the 2006 elections, after the 2006 midterm congressional elections, President Bush renominated Keisler on November 15,2006. The Senate returned the nomination to Bush on December 9,2006 without acting on the nomination, President Bush renominated Keisler on January 9,2007 for consideration by the Senate during the 110th Congress. The Democratic leadership of the Senate Judiciary Committee, however, refused to act on the nomination and it was reported at the time that the Democrats in the Senate did not want to confirm Keisler for four basic reasons. First, he was a co-founder of the Federalist Society, a legal group which many Democrats saw as seeking to control the federal judiciary

20.
Boston Globe
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The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1872 by Charles H. Taylor, it was held until 1973. The company was acquired in 1993 by The New York Times Company, in 2011, a BostonGlobe. com subscription site was launched. In 2013, the newspaper and websites were purchased by John W. Henry, the Boston Globe has been awarded 26 Pulitzer Prizes since 1966, and its chief print rival is the Boston Herald. The Boston Globe was founded in 1872 by six Boston businessmen, including Charles H. Taylor and Eben Jordan, the first issue was published on March 4,1872, and cost four cents. Originally a morning daily, it began a Sunday edition in 1877, in 1878, The Boston Globe started an afternoon edition called The Boston Evening Globe, which ceased publication in 1979. By the 1890s, The Boston Globe had become a stronghold, in 1964, Tom Winship succeeded his father, Larry Winship, as editor. The younger Winship transformed The Globe from a local paper into a regional paper of national distinction. He served as editor until 1984, during which time the paper won a dozen Pulitzer Prizes, the Boston Globe was a private company until 1973 when it went public under the name Affiliated Publications. It continued to be managed by the descendants of Charles H. Taylor, in 1993, The New York Times Company purchased Affiliated Publications for US$1.1 billion, making The Boston Globe a wholly owned subsidiary of The New York Times parent. The Jordan and Taylor families received substantial New York Times Company stock, Boston. com, the online edition of The Boston Globe, was launched on the World Wide Web in 1995. Consistently ranked among the top ten websites in America, it has won numerous national awards. Under the helm of editor Martin Baron and then Brian McGrory, the Boston Globe is credited with allowing Peter Gammons to start his Notes section on baseball, which has become a mainstay in all major newspapers nationwide. In 2004, Gammons was selected as the 56th recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award for outstanding baseball writing, given by the BBWAA, and was honored at the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 31,2005. In 2007, Charlie Savage, whose reports on President Bushs use of signing statements made national news, the Boston Globe has consistently been ranked in the forefront of American journalism. The Boston Globe hosts 28 blogs covering a variety of topics including Boston sports, local politics, on April 2,2009, The New York Times Company threatened to close the paper if its unions did not agree to $20,000,000 of cost savings. Some of the cost savings include reducing union employees pay by 5%, ending pension contributions, the Boston Globe eliminated the equivalent of fifty full-time jobs, among buy-outs and layoffs, it swept out most of the part-time employees in the editorial sections. The papers other three major unions had agreed to concessions on May 3,2009, after The New York Times Company threatened to give the government 60-days notice that it intended to close the paper

Guantanamo detainee
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The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several inmates were severely tortured, the camp was established by the President George W.

1.
Detainees upon arrival at Camp X-Ray, January 2002

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Camp X-Ray, 2002

3.
Camp Delta

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A Camp Delta recreation and exercise area in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The detention block is shown with sunshades drawn on 3 December 2002

Majid Abdulla Al Joudi
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A total of 133 Saudi citizens have been held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps at its naval base in Cuba since January 2002. Most had been swept up in Afghanistan following the US invasion in the fall of 2001, and they were classified by the US government as enemy combatants. In addition, a United States citizen, Yaser Esam Hamdi,

Yousif Mohammad Mubarak Al-Shehri
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Yussef Mohammed Mubarak al-Shihri was a citizen of Saudi Arabia who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United Statess Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. He was born on September 8,1985, in Riyadh Saudi Arabia, on June 15,2005 Human Rights lawyer Clive Stafford Smith identified Al Shihri as one of a dozen teenage boys held in the adult

1.
Yussef al-Shihri

Abdulla Mohammad Al Ghanmi
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A total of 133 Saudi citizens have been held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps at its naval base in Cuba since January 2002. Most had been swept up in Afghanistan following the US invasion in the fall of 2001, and they were classified by the US government as enemy combatants. In addition, a United States citizen, Yaser Esam Hamdi,

Abdul-Hakim Abdul-Rahman Al-Moosa
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A total of 133 Saudi citizens have been held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps at its naval base in Cuba since January 2002. Most had been swept up in Afghanistan following the US invasion in the fall of 2001, and they were classified by the US government as enemy combatants. In addition, a United States citizen, Yaser Esam Hamdi,

US District Court Judge
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The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal court system. Both civil and criminal cases are filed in the court, which is a court of law, equity. There is a United States bankruptcy court associated with each United States district court, each federal judicial district has at least one courthouse, and

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Eastern District of New York

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Map of the boundaries of the United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts

Gladys Kessler
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Gladys Kessler is a Senior United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. After receiving her B. A. from Cornell University and LL. B. from Harvard Law School and she worked as a legislative assistant to U. S. Senator Harrison A. Williams, later convicted in the Abscam scandal, Kessler worked for the

1.
Gladys Kessler

Guantanamo Bay detention camp
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The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several inmates were severely tortured, the camp was established by the President George W.

1.
Detainees upon arrival at Camp X-Ray, January 2002

2.
Camp X-Ray, 2002

3.
Camp Delta

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A Camp Delta recreation and exercise area in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The detention block is shown with sunshades drawn on 3 December 2002

Center for Constitution Rights
–
The Center for Constitutional Rights is a progressive non-profit legal advocacy organization based in New York City, New York, in the United States. It was founded in 1966 by Arthur Kinoy, William Kunstler and others particularly to activists in implementation of civil rights legislation. CCR has focused on civil liberties and human rights litigati

1.
Jules Lobel, current President of the Center for Constitutional Rights, testifying before Congressional subcommittee about the War Powers Act.

2.
Center for Constitutional Rights

United States Department of Defense
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The Department is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016. Adding to its employees are over 801,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services and it is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D. C. The Department of Defense is hea

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The Pentagon, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense

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Department of Defense

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President Harry Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949

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Department of Defense organizational chart (December 2013)

Military Commissions Act of 2006
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The United States Military Commissions Act of 2006, also known as HR-6166, was an Act of Congress signed by President George W. Bush on October 17,2006. The Acts stated purpose was to trial by military commission for violations of the law of war. It was drafted following the Supreme Courts decision on Hamdan v and it prohibited detainees who had be

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President George W. Bush signs into law S. 3930, the Military Commissions Act of 2006, during a ceremony on October 17, 2006 in the East Room of the White House.

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Military Commissions Act of 2006

United States Supreme Court
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices

Boumediene v. Bush
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The case was consolidated with habeas petition Al Odah v. United States. It challenged the legality of Boumedienes detention at the United States Naval Station military base in Guantanamo Bay, oral arguments on the combined cases were heard by the Supreme Court on December 5,2007. S. Invoking Marbury v. Madison, the Court concluded, The Nation’s ba

1.
Supreme Court of the United States

Guantanamo captives
–
The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which fronts on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Since the inmates have been detained indefinitely without trial and several inmates were severely tortured, the camp was established by the President George W.

1.
Detainees upon arrival at Camp X-Ray, January 2002

2.
Camp X-Ray, 2002

3.
Camp Delta

4.
A Camp Delta recreation and exercise area in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The detention block is shown with sunshades drawn on 3 December 2002

United States Department of Justice
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The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In its early years, the DOJ vigorously prosecuted Ku Klux Klan members, the Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration. The department has responsibility

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The Robert F. Kennedy Building in August 2006. The building serves as the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Justice.

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Seal of the United States Department of Justice

Thomas F. Hogan
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Thomas Francis Hogan, is a United States federal judge, who served as Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts from October 17,2011 until June 30,2013. Judge Hogan was appointed as a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in August 1982 by President Ronald Reagan to a seat vacated by William

1.
Thomas Hogan

Center for Constitutional Rights
–
The Center for Constitutional Rights is a progressive non-profit legal advocacy organization based in New York City, New York, in the United States. It was founded in 1966 by Arthur Kinoy, William Kunstler and others particularly to activists in implementation of civil rights legislation. CCR has focused on civil liberties and human rights litigati

1.
Jules Lobel, current President of the Center for Constitutional Rights, testifying before Congressional subcommittee about the War Powers Act.

Peter D. Keisler
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Peter Douglas Keisler is an American lawyer whose 2006 nomination by President George W. Bush to the United States Court of Appeals for the D. C. Circuit became embroiled in partisan controversy. He is a partner at the firm of Sidley Austin in Washington, D. C. upon the resignation of Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, until November 9,2007, he was

1.
Peter D. Keisler

Boston Globe
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The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1872 by Charles H. Taylor, it was held until 1973. The company was acquired in 1993 by The New York Times Company, in 2011, a BostonGlobe. com subscription site was launched. In 2013, the newspaper and websites were purchased by John W. Henry, the Boston Glob