World History Final

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The Scramble for Africa

Put many European powers against one another as they partitioned Africa among themselves in about 25 years (1875-1900).

These included France, Britain, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, and Spain.

This second wave of European colonial conquests was conditioned by Europe's Industrial Revolution. European motives and activities were shaped by the military capacity and economic power that the Industrial Revolution conveyed.

They wanted to spread the 3 C's (Civilization, Christianity, Commerce).

Geographically, if Europe had access to Africa, they had access to many other places.

Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858

Indians thought that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity (from Islam and Hinduism).

Indian troops began the rebellion by trying to overthrow the British.

The rebellion greatly widened the racial divide in colonial India.

Cash Crops

Before European colonization of Asia and Africa, people grew crops for family consumption.

After, plantations were made for mass production of cash crops.

Many worked for wages or sold what they produced for cash income. Others were forced to work unpaid.

Cocoa was a huge cash crop in Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria.

Others were rubber, tea, tobacco, and cotton.

These were sold overseas.

Atrocities committed during colonialism

The most infamous cruelties of forced labor occurred during the early 20th century in the Congo Free State, governed by King Leopold II of Belgium. Villagers were starved and if they failed to meet their quota of rubber, body parts would be cut off or they would be killed.

Germany annexed German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia) and started the first genocide of the 20th century on the Herero tribe. The vast majority of the Herero were killed or died from starvation.

Western-educated Elite

Acquisition of Western education, obtained through missionary or government schools, generated a new identity.

The knowledge of reading and writing meant access to better paying positions in government bureaucracies, mission organizations, or business firms.

Africanization of Christianity

Converts to Christianity continued using protective charms and medicines and consulting local medicine men.

Continued to believe in their own gods and spirits but now deemed them evil and sought their destruction.

Separatist movements established wide array of independent churches under African rather than missionary control (incorporated African cultural practices and modes of worship).

Swami Vivekananda

One of 19th century India's most influential religious figures.

Believed that a revived Hinduism, without distortions, could uplift the country's village communities.

The Rivalry of the European Imperial Powers

Europe was split up into two rival alliances in the interests of national security.

A system of alliances intended to keep peace created obligations that drew the Great Powers of Europe into a general war by 1914.

The End of WWI and the Peace Treaty

With the collapse of the German, Russian, and Austrian empires, new states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and others) were based on the principle of "national self-determination" (Woodrow Wilson).

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles

Germany was blamed for the war.

They had to pay reparations to Triple Entente countries.

They couldn't have a standing army.

They lost a lot of land.

The League of Nations was created.

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

Supported a new kind of international life, one based on moral principles rather than secret deals and imperialist machinations.

Among his ideas was the League of Nations.

The League of Nations

Created after WWI.

International peacekeeping organization based on the principle of "collective security" and intended to avoid any repetition of these horrors.

Totalitarian Regimes in Europe and Asia

Italy: Benito Mussolini

Germany: Adolf Hitler

Russia: Joseph Stalin

Spain: Francisco Franco

Fascism

Intensely nationalistic

Seeking to revitalize and purify the nation and to mobilize its people for some grand task

Violence against enemies was praised as a renewing force in society

Placed faith in a charismatic leader

Consequences of the Rise of Totalitarian Regimes in Europe and Asia

The rise of a fascist movement led to civil war and a dictatorial regime in Spain.

Fascism in Germany led to thoughts of racial superiority and a bitter hatred for Jews as an alien presence.

The Failures and Violations of the League of Nations

Germany ignored many economic sanctions placed on them.

Japan invaded Manchuria. This started WWII in Asia.

Italy invaded Ethiopia.

Germany invaded Poland. This started WWII in Europe, as Britain and France declared war on Germany.

This showed that the League of Nations was not capable of keeping war from happening.

The Great Depression

Started with the stock market crash of 1929.

Banks closed

Many people lost their life savings

Investment dried up

World trade dropped by 62%

Businesses contracted when they were unable to sell their products

Unemployment soared

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal

Response to the Great Depression

An experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent similar calamities in the future.

Through public spending, it sought to prime the pump of the economy and reduce unemployment.

Longer-term reforms like the Social Security system, minimum wage, and relief and welfare programs attempted to create economic safety net to sustain poor, unemployed, and elderly.

The Nature of WWII and Atrocities Committed

It was the most destructive conflict in world history, with about 60 million deaths (6 times the deaths in WWI).

This was partly because of the new technologies of warfare (heavy bombers, jet fighters, missiles, and atomic weapons).

It was also because of the blurring of the traditional line between civilian and military targets.

The Holocaust (implementing the Nazi dream of ridding Germany of its Jewish population) was one of the most haunting outcomes of the war.

The End of Colonialism

Asian and African colonies achieved independence because Europe didn't have the money to keep the colonies and the war emboldened nationalist and anti-colonial movements everywhere.

Woodrow Wilson and the US were preaching national self-determination.

Powers had the organizational skills to do everything themselves at home.

Marshall Plan

Funneled into Europe about $12 billion to rebuild and reshape shattered European economies.

Motivated by combination of genuine humanitarian concern, desire to prevent another depression by creating overseas customers for American industrial goods, and an interest in undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties.

Required its European recipients to cooperate with one another.

European Economic Community

Also known as the Common Market and was renamed the European Union.

Members reduced their tariffs and developed common trade policies.

Adopted common currency (Euro).

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Committed the US and its nuclear arsenal to the defense of Europe against the Soviet Union, and it firmly anchored West Germany within the Western alliance.

The Cold War Rivalry

Psychological war between US and Soviet Union arising from the expansion of Communism.

The Soviet Union and the US were the major political/military powers after WWII.

Soviet insistence on security and control in Eastern Europe clashed with American and British desires for open and democratic societies.

Resulting were rival military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact), largely voluntary American sphere of influence in Western Europe, and an imposed Soviet sphere in Eastern Europe.

Heavily fortified border between Eastern and Western Europe was known as the Iron Curtain.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Didn't fire on each other because it would have caused the "end" of the world.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Fidel Castro came to power in 1959.

His nationalization of American assets provoked great US hostility and efforts to overthrow his regime.

This pushed Castro closer to the Soviet Union and they had been waiting for another country to go Communist.

Khrushchev deployed nuclear-tipped Soviet missiles to Cuba to keep the US away.

Communism in Cuba and the Challenges to the Castro State

The fall of the Soviet Union caused for no more funding in Cuba.

US embargo against Cuba (no more trade).

Tourism created inequality in Cuba, which was against the ideology of Communism.

African Independence and the Challenges of Post-Independence

Reforms and independence itself occurred only under considerable pressure from mounting nationalist movements.

The people of Africa were used to being dependent on the colonial rulers of European countries.

There was a lack of structure after independence.

Mixed ethnic groups in the face of explosive population growth proved economic development difficult.

Newly independent nations had low rates of literacy, few people with managerial experience, a weak private economy, and transportation systems oriented to export rather than national integration.

The Indian Economic and Industrial "Miracle" (Causes and Consequences)

India was self-sufficient after independence unlike Africa who had to import.

They manufactured cars, trains, airplanes, ships, and more.

The consequences included a rise in prices globally and a higher demand for products in India due to a population growth.

Kwame Nkrumah

Ghana's nationalist leader.

Believed that only in union could the African continent achieve genuine and substantial economic development.

Three goals

1) Have an overall economic plan on a continental basis and build up a Common Market of a United Africa and not be lured by the advantages of association with the European Common market.

2) Establishment of a unified military and defense strategy.

3) Adopt a unified foreign policy and diplomacy to give political direction for protection and economic development.

Mahatma Gandhi

Personally experienced overt racism for the first time in South Africa and became involved in organizing Indians, mostly Muslims, to protest that country's policies of racial segregation.

Used the strategy of satyagraha.

Satyagraha

Truth force

This was a confrontational, though nonviolent, approach to political action.

Refugee

Someone who has fled their country because of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion.

Largest Refugee-producing Countries

Afghanistan

Iraq

Somalia

Sudan

Democratic Republic of Congo

Largest Refugee-accepting Countries

United States

Canada

Australia

Sweden

Norway

Globalization

World economies becoming connected through the exchange of products, ideas, world views, and other cultural aspects.

Americanization

Spreading of American culture worldwide along with capitalism, popular culture, food, technology, business practices, and political techniques.

The Impact of Globalization on the Third World

Bigger countries tended to take advantage of Third World countries.

Developed countries would lower their prices and introduce competition for Third World countries.

Outsourcing

Outsourcing

A practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferring portions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internally.

The Diversity of Islam

It is internally conflicting.

Some believed that the Quran and the sharia (Islamic law) provided a guide for all of life (political, economic, and spiritual) and a blueprint for a distinctly Islamic modernity not dependent on Western ideas.

Others believed in a more modern Islam, with influences from the West, and believed that politics should be separate from Islam.

Leaders of Islamic Countries

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk: President of Turkey

Hassan al-Banna: founder of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood

Ayatollah Khomeini: first supreme leader of Iran

Benazir Bhutto: Prime Minister of Pakistan

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

President of Turkey

Built a secular state in a largely Muslim Turkey

Abolished the caliphate

Believed that Islam should not be the basis of politics

Hassan al-Banna

Founder of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood

Believed that Egypt's many problems (poverty, political factionalism, and social unrest) came from the neglect of Islamic principles following British colonial rule and the penetration of Western values.

Believed that government should be completely based on Islam.

Ayatollah Khomeini

First supreme leader of Iran

More radical version of Hassan al-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood.

More radical ideas towards keeping politics based on Sharia law.

Believed that misdeeds must be punished by the law of retaliation (cut off hands of thief, kill the murder, flog adulterous people).

Benazir Bhutto

Prime Minister of Pakistan

She said that there is reactionary Islam (hold status quo) and progressive Islam (moves with the changing world).

Believed that women's seclusion in Muslim countries had nothing to do with the religion, but very much to do with material or man-made considerations.