Irrigated agriculture and rural communities in Uzbekistan

In the 5 Central Asian countries of the Aral Sea Basin (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) agriculture – which contributes from 20% to 40% to national GDP) and consequently entire communities are almost totally dependent on irrigation, since, in the rural areas, irrigated agriculture and the processing of agricultural products is by far the main source of employment and income for the population.
Today, the Aral Sea is drying up, its level having dropped from 53m above sea level to 36m, its surface area shrinking by a half and its volume by three-quarters. Actually the sea survives in three sections: the Small or Northern Sea (in Kazakhstan), the Central and the Western Sea (in Uzbekistan).
The effects of extensive irrigation in the Aral Sea basin extend far beyond the fate of the Sea itself, as the environmental and ecological disaster have negatively affected human health and economic development in the region. The purpose of this paper is to identify some challenges and opportunities to the management of water resources in Central Asia, with specific reference to Uzbek context, and the role participatory approach can play.
Despite the obvious need for rehabilitation, in fact, it appears fundamental to put farmers at the centre of the agricultural policy reform: they need to have a stake in decisions related to water management. Government policy for the near future should first of all concentrate on the rehabilitation of irrigation systems but, at the same time, decisions on optimal and sustainable use of water and land resources should consider and promote community-based water management or, in other words, delegating the management responsibility to local-level collective or private groups, which then should receive government support through conditional credit, training, scientific assistance.

Irrigated Agriculture and Rural Communities in Uzbekistan
Manuela Moy
Master Educazione alla Pace Page 2
INTRODUCTION
In the 60s, Soviet planners assigned Central Asia Republics the role of
supplier of raw materials, particularly cotton in Uzbekistan, and given
the region’s arid climate, irrigation was imperative.
In the 5 Central Asian countries of the Aral Sea Basin (Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) agriculture
– which contributes from 20% to 40% to national GDP) and
consequently entire communities are almost totally dependent on
irrigation, since, in the rural areas, irrigated agriculture and the
processing of agricultural products is by far the main source of
employment and income for the population.
Today, the Aral Sea is drying up, its level having dropped from 53m
above sea level to 36m, its surface area shrinking by a half and its
volume by three-quarters. Actually the sea survives in three sections: the
Small or Northern Sea (in Kazakhstan), the Central and the Western Sea
(in Uzbekistan).
The effects of extensive irrigation in the Aral Sea basin extend far
beyond the fate of the Sea itself, as the environmental and ecological
disaster have negatively affected human health and economic
development in the region. Thirty-five million people have thus lost
access to the lake’s water, fish, transport functions.
Since the independence of the Republics in 1991, much of the
irrigation infrastructures of Central Asia are approaching collapse as
result of lack or insufficiency of adequate maintenance.
Rural population is the first victim of infrastructure degradation: water
supply has become unreliable in many areas and, consequently, farm
incomes have declined precipitously across the region. Where policy