Influence of crystalline interfaces and the skanning rate on the latent hysteresis and on the coefficient of the thermoelasticity (the slope of a transformation trajectory Z(T)) is also examined. The relationship between the thermoelasticity and the hysteresis is discussed.

Characteristics of the thermal and ferroelastic hysteresis as, for example, the memory on the reversal points not only during non complete cycles of the thermo-induced stress-free martensitic transformations (known as a SMART- or TAME-effect), but also during partial cycles of ferroelastic deformation were examined using calorimetry and tensile--compression-deformation tests of different shape memory alloys.

The general behavior of the internal transformation trajectories which is necessary for simulation of the hysteresis and modeling of shape memory properties is summarized based on the experimental investigations.

Experimental results also show that there exists an internal limitation of the conversion rate, so that the increase of the external Skanierungsrate not proportional increase of the internal rate of conversion leads. The calculated from these data limit of the operating frequency of the shape memory actuators is about 1 Hz