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Abstract:

A variable output module provides accurate full range dimming or
adjustment of power output. The variable output module utilizes the
characteristics of an AC or other periodic signal rather than its power
output to accurately determine the level of dimming a user desires. In
this manner, the variable output module provides accurate full range
dimming without the need for calibration to specific AC signals. The
variable output module can detect the period of an AC signal allowing the
driver to be used with various frequencies without the need for
calibration. In one or more embodiments, the driver compares the pulse
widths of a dimmed AC signal to the period of the AC signal to determine
the desired level of dimming.

Claims:

1. A variable output module for controlling electrical output comprising:
one or more input terminals configured to receive an electrical signal; a
controller in electrical communication with the one or more input
terminals, the controller configured to: receive the electrical signal;
determine a pulse width of the electrical signal; determine the period of
the electrical signal; and generate a varying level of electrical output,
wherein the electrical output is increased or decreased based on a ratio
of the pulse width of the electrical signal to the period of the
electrical signal; one or more output terminals configured to transmit
the electrical output from the variable output module.

2. The variable output module of claim 1, wherein the one or more input
terminals are configured to receive a modulated electrical signal.

3. The variable output module of claim 2, wherein the electrical output
is a direct current output.

4. The variable output module of claim 1 further comprising a dimmer
configured to receive and alter a duty cycle of the electrical signal,
wherein the controller receives the electrical signal with the altered
duty cycle from the dimmer.

5. The variable output module of claim 4, wherein the dimmer comprises at
least one control configured to receive user input indicative of a power
level a user desires.

6. The variable output module of claim 1 further comprising an amplifier
configured to amplify the electrical output, wherein the amplified
electrical output is transmitted from the variable output module via the
one or more output terminals.

7. The variable output module of claim 1 further comprising a converter
configured to convert the electrical output to a pulse width modulation
signal, wherein the output terminals are configured to transmit the pulse
width modulation signal from the variable output module.

8. The variable output module of claim 1, wherein the electrical output
is an output signal indicating the ratio of the pulse width to the period
of the electrical signal.

9. A variable output module providing variable direct current output
comprising: a controller having a first input and a first output, the
controller configured to: receive the electrical signal at the first
input; determine a pulse width of the electrical signal; determine the
period of the electrical signal; generate a control signal, wherein the
control signal varies according to a ratio of the pulse width of the
electrical signal to the period of the electrical signal; and transmit
the control signal from the first output; and a driver having a second
input and a second output, the driver configured to: receive the control
signal from the controller at the second input; generate a direct current
power output based on the control signal; and transmit the direct current
power output to an external device from the second output.

10. The variable output module of claim 9, wherein the first input is
configured to receive an modulated electrical signal.

11. The variable output module of claim 9, wherein the first input is
connected to a dimmer.

12. The variable output module of claim 9, wherein the driver is further
configured to alter the power level by changing the voltage of the direct
current power output as the control signal changes.

13. The variable output module of claim 9, wherein the driver is further
configured to alter the power level by changing the current of the direct
current power output as the control signal changes.

14. The variable output module of claim 9 further comprising an enclosure
configured to house the controller and the driver in a single
self-contained assembly.

15. A method of determining a power level from an electrical signal with
a variable output module comprising: receiving an electrical signal
having a periodicity at an input terminal of the variable output module;
determining a pulse width of the electrical signal with a controller of
the variable output module; determining a period of the electrical signal
with the controller; generating a first signal if a ratio of the pulse
width to the period is above a predefined threshold; generating a second
signal if the ratio of the pulse width to the period is below the
predefined threshold; and outputting the first or the second signal
through an output terminal.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first and second signal are both
direct current signals.

17. The method of claim 15 further comprising connecting the input
terminal to an electrical signal source wherein the electrical signal is
received from the electrical signal source.

18. The method of claim 15 further comprising connecting the input
terminal to a dimmer wherein the electrical signal is received from the
dimmer.

19. The method of claim 15 further comprising connecting the output
terminal to a driver, the driver configured to generate a power output of
a first level if the first signal is received, and a power output of a
second level if the second signal is received, wherein the first and
second levels are distinct.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein the pulse width and period are
determined by the controller based on a time at which the electrical
signal crosses a predefined voltage threshold.

Description:

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/227,877, filed Sep. 8, 2011, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/386,123, filed Apr.
13, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,018,172.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The invention relates generally to power supplies and drivers and
in particular to a variable output module for generating electrical
output or signals based on periodic signal characteristics of an input
signal.

[0004] 2. Related Art

[0005] Phase dimmers are commonly used to dim incandescent lights in
residential and commercial applications. Such dimmers generally operate
by chopping the sine wave of an AC signal thereby reducing the energy
output to dim one or more lights. While this allows an incandescent bulb
to be dimmed, a phase dimmer's output is not well suited for LED
lighting.

[0006] The phase dimmer's output must generally be converted into a signal
that can drive an LED light source. One method has been to convert the
dimmed power output of a phase dimmer into a corresponding signal for an
LED light source. Traditionally, this conversion has resulted in workable
dimming of LED lighting via a phase dimmer. However, the conversion
results in dimming of lesser quality than that of incandescent lighting.
For example, a phase dimmer can not smoothly dim an LED light source from
high or maximum brightness down to low or no brightness.

[0007] LED lighting is increasingly popular and highly desirable due to
its high efficiency light output. LED lighting may also be more compact
and have a longer life than incandescent or other types of lighting.
Unfortunately, traditional dimming systems do not allow LEDs to be dimmed
in the way incandescent or other lighting technologies can be. This
prevents LEDs from being considered for use or used where dimming is
desired.

[0008] From the discussion that follows, it will become apparent that the
present invention addresses the deficiencies associated with the prior
art while providing numerous additional advantages and benefits not
contemplated or possible with prior art constructions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] A variable output module for measuring and controlling electrical
output is disclosed herein. The variable output module is configured to
accurately determine a desired level of electrical output from an input
signal during and after the input signal has been dimmed or adjusted to
indicate another desired level of electrical output.

[0010] The variable output module may have a variety of configurations.
For example, in one embodiment a variable output module for controlling
electrical output may be provided. Such a variable output module may
comprise one or more input terminals configured to receive an electrical
signal, and a controller in electrical communication with the input. The
controller may be configured to receive the electrical signal, determine
a pulse width of the electrical signal, determine the period of the
electrical signal, and generate a varying level of electrical output. The
electrical output is generally increased or decreased based on a ratio of
the pulse width of the electrical signal to the period of the electrical
signal. In this manner, the electrical output may be an output signal
indicating the ratio of the pulse width to the period of the electrical
signal.

[0011] One or more output terminals may be configured to transmit the
electrical output from the direct current driver. The electrical output
may be a direct current output. The input terminals may be configured to
receive a modulated electrical signal.

[0012] It is noted that the variable output module may include a dimmer
configured to receive and alter a duty cycle of the electrical signal
before the electrical signal reaches the controller. The dimmer may
include at least one control, such as a knob, configured to receive user
input indicative of a power level a user desires.

[0013] The variable output module may also include an amplifier configured
to amplify the electrical output. The amplified electrical output may
then be transmitted from the variable output module via the output
terminals. A converter may be provided to convert the electrical output
to a pulse width modulation signal, which may be transmitted from the
variable output module via the output terminals.

[0014] In another exemplary embodiment, a variable output module providing
direct current output may be provided. Such a variable output module may
comprise a controller and a driver. The controller may have a first input
and a first output and be configured to receive the electrical signal at
the first input, determine a pulse width of the electrical signal,
determine the period of the electrical signal, generate a control signal
that varies according to a ratio of the pulse width of the electrical
signal to the period of the electrical signal, and transmit the control
signal from the first output.

[0015] The driver may have a second input and a second output and be
configured to receive the control signal from the controller at the
second input, generate a direct current power output based on the control
signal, and transmit the direct current power output to an external
device from the second output.

[0016] It is noted that the driver may be further configured to alter the
power level by changing the voltage of the direct current power output as
the control signal changes. In addition or alternatively, the driver may
be further configured to alter the power level by changing the current of
the direct current power output as the control signal changes.

[0017] The first input may be configured to receive a modulated electrical
signal. The first input may also or alternatively be connected to a
dimmer. An enclosure may be configured to house the controller and the
driver in a single self-contained assembly.

[0018] Various methods of providing a desired level of power output are
disclosed herein as well. For instance, in one exemplary embodiment, a
method of providing a desired power level from an electrical signal with
a variable output module is provided. Such a method may comprise
receiving an electrical signal having a periodicity at an input terminal
of the direct current module, determining a pulse width of the electrical
signal with a controller of the direct current module, and determining a
period of the electrical signal with the controller.

[0019] This exemplary method also includes generating a first signal if a
ratio of the pulse width to the period is above a predefined threshold,
generating a second signal if the ratio of the pulse width to the period
is below the predefined threshold, and outputting the first or the second
signal through an output terminal. The pulse width and period may be
determined by the controller based on a time at which the electrical
signal crosses a predefined voltage threshold.

[0020] It is noted that the first and second signal may both be direct
current signals. The input terminal may be connected to an electrical
signal source such that the electrical signal is received from the
electrical signal source. Alternatively, the input terminal may be
connected to a dimmer such that the electrical signal is received from
the dimmer. The output terminal may be connected to a driver that is
configured to generate a power output of a first level if the first
signal is received, and a power output of a second level if the second
signal is received (where the first and second levels are distinct).

[0021] Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention
will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon
examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is
intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and
advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of
the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale,
emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the
invention. In the figures, like reference numerals designate
corresponding parts throughout the different views.

[0039]FIG. 7B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary variable
output module; and

[0040]FIG. 7c is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary power supply
having an embedded variable output module.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0041] In the following description, numerous specific details are set
forth in order to provide a more thorough description of the present
invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that
the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In
other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail so
as not to obscure the invention.

[0042] LED lighting, such as one or more LED based bulbs or one or more
individual LEDs themselves, typically requires an adapter or driver which
converts a 115V, 230V, 277V, or other AC power source to a DC source
which is usable to properly power an LED. This is because LEDs are not
typically designed to operate with AC power directly. Typically, a driver
also provides a level of current and voltage within the operating
parameters of an LED to ensure proper operation of the LED. For example,
a driver may accept an AC power input and provide a relatively low
voltage DC output to power an LED.

[0043] The variable output module herein is generally configured to accept
an AC input signal or AC power and to provide an output for powering LED
lighting. Though the LED lighting is generally discussed herein in terms
of one or more LEDs, it will be understood that the variable output
module may be used with a variety of light emitting devices that utilize
one or more LEDs for their light source. For example, individual LEDs or
LED based light bulbs may be powered by the variable output module.

[0044] The variable output module allows full range (0% to 100% light
output) dimming for LED lights. The variable output module also allows a
desired level of light to be accurately provided by LED lighting. The
desired level of light or light output as used herein refers to the level
of light a user desires for a room, building, or other interior or
exterior space. In general, a user indicates his or her desired level of
light by interacting with a lighting control, such as a dimmer as will be
discussed below.

[0045] In general, the variable output module utilizes the timing or phase
of an AC input signal to determine a user's desired level of light
output. This is highly advantageous in that utilizing the timing of an AC
input allows the desired level of light output to be accurately
determined.

[0046] In contrast, traditional LED drivers utilize the power level of an
AC power source to determine the desired level of light output. In
general, this works by measuring the difference between the actual AC
output and the normal or reference output of an AC power source to
determine the light level that is desired. For example, an AC output of
half an AC power source's reference or normal output would indicate that
half of the maximum light level should be provided. A traditional LED
driver would then adjust its output accordingly to provide half the
maximum light output from a LED.

[0047] In practice however, the use of power level to determine the amount
of dimming is difficult or impossible to properly implement. This is
because it is difficult, if not impossible, to accurately establish a
reference power output for an AC power source. As is known, AC power
supply will change as a function of voltage depending on the AC power
source. For instance, in North America a standard wall outlet may provide
110-120V at 60 Hz while other voltage and frequency standards are
utilized elsewhere.

[0048] AC power sources (including those providing power according to a
standard) rarely produce a constant output. For example, in North
America, utility companies may change supply voltages by up to 10%. Thus,
a residential outlet may ideally output 115V, but its output may somewhat
abruptly change from anywhere between 110V and 120V. Further, turning on
or off electrical devices can cause fluctuations in power levels. For
example, AC power output often fluctuates when appliances, air
conditioning units, or other high power draw devices are activated. While
traditional LED drivers may be calibrated or set to expect reference
power outputs according to AC power standards, this calibration cannot
compensate for these real time changes to power output.

[0049] Without an accurate or reliable reference power output, the
determination of desired light level by a traditional LED driver is
inaccurate. This is because the comparison of actual power output to an
inaccurate reference power output skews the determination of the desired
light level. For example, if the expected reference power output is set
lower than the actual reference power level of an AC power source, the
LED driver may provide light output higher than what is desired. Where
the expected reference power output is set higher than the actual
reference power level, the LED driver may provide light output lower than
what is desired.

[0050] Some manufacturers have attempted to compensate for the known
inaccuracy of the reference power output by reducing dimming range. For
example, a LED driver may be configured such that AC power output below a
certain threshold turns off a light while AC power output above a certain
threshold results in maximum brightness. In this manner light output may
be dimmed/increased between the thresholds. However, this is a limited
range and often results in the light abruptly turning off as AC power
output is lowered, and the light abruptly jumping to maximum output as AC
power output is increased. In some installations, traditional LED drivers
cause LED lighting to remain on even when a user desires no light, or
cause LED lighting to jump to a maximum level when a moderate level of
light is desired, as light levels are adjusted.

[0051] These abrupt changes in light level and reduced dimming range are
undesirable especially when LED dimming is compared to that of
incandescent or other lighting technologies. In many applications, the
inability to smoothly dim LED lighting may overwhelm its benefits,
including durability, efficiency, and reliability, leading users to
select older lighting technologies. In contrast, the variable output
module herein provides full range dimming from 100% to 0% light output
without abrupt changes in light level unless desired by the user.

[0052] The variable output module will now be described with regard to the
figures. FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an LED driver 104 having
a variable output module. The LED driver 104 is connected to a phase
dimmer 112, and an AC power source 120. The LED driver 104 may have one
or more outputs 116 which are used to power a LED bulb 108 or other LED
lighting. It is noted that, though shown with a single LED bulb 108, an
LED driver 104 may drive a plurality of LED bulbs 108 or other LED
lighting.

[0053] The block diagram of FIG. 1 illustrates a standard or typical
wiring setup for a phase dimmer 112 and AC power source 120. For this
reason, the wiring configuration may be found in the vast majority of
phase dimmer 112 installations. Accordingly, it can be seen that the LED
driver 104 may be used to retrofit existing wiring for fully dimmable LED
lighting. In addition, it can be seen that the LED driver 104 does not
require special wiring setups in order to provide full range LED dimming.
This is highly advantageous because the power efficiency, reliability,
and durability benefits of LED lighting can be conveniently provided with
full range dimming.

[0054] As will be described further below, the LED driver 104 may accept
an AC signal from an AC power source 120 which may be altered by a dimmer
112. For example, as shown, the AC signal from the AC power source 120
passes through the dimmer 112 before reaching the LED driver 104. The
dimmer 112 may alter the duty cycle of the AC signal to control the power
provided by the AC signal. Traditionally, this alteration in the duty
cycle allows the voltage of an AC signal to be controlled which allows
light output from incandescent lighting to be controlled. In contrast,
with the LED driver 104 herein, the changes or alterations to the AC
signal caused by the dimmer may be detected by its variable output module
to determine and ultimately provide a corresponding level of light output
through an LED bulb 108, as will be described further below.

[0055] It is noted that the changes in the AC signal may be used to
determine desired characteristics of light output in addition to or
instead of the level of light output. For example, alterations to the
duty cycle of an AC signal may be used to determine the desired color
temperature or color of light output. For example, rather than dimming
one or more LEDs, the LED driver herein may change the color temperature
or color of light output based on the detected alterations to an AC
signal. Of course, in one or more embodiments, the LED driver may be
configured to control the level of light output, color temperature, or a
combination thereof based on alterations to the AC signal.

[0056] Generally, a dimmer 112 allows a user to alter the output signal of
an AC power source by adjusting a control 124. In the embodiment shown,
for example, a sliding control may be moved linearly to increase or
decrease the output signal's power level. Of course, other types of
controls may be used. For example, the dimmer 112 may have a rotary knob
that can be rotated to control the output of an AC power source.
Generally, moving the control in one direction increases power output
while moving in the opposite direction decreases power output.

[0057] In one or more embodiments, the dimmer 112 may be a phase dimmer. A
phase dimmer 112 generally operates by altering the duty cycle of an AC
signal to control the power level of the AC signal. For example, portions
of the voltage of an AC signal may chopped, such as by zeroing out the
voltage or setting the voltage to another low level. To illustrate, FIGS.
2A-2C show the sine wave of an AC signal that has been altered by
chopping portions of the signal. As can be seen, instead of a smooth sine
wave, the altered signals have zero or other low voltage portions.

[0058] As illustrated the sine waves have been chopped at their trailing
edges. In some dimmers, signal chopping may occur on the leading edges of
a sine wave. For example, a dimmer utilizing a triac may chop the leading
edges of an AC signal rather than the trailing edges. It will be
understood that the variable output module herein may determine a desired
level of light and thus dim one or more LEDs regardless of whether an AC
signal has been chopped at its leading or trailing edges.

[0059] Typically, an AC signal will be chopped at substantially the same
place or places within each period of the wave for a particular level of
dimming. This is shown in FIGS. 2A-2C where similar or the same portions
of the AC signal have been chopped. As the dimmer 112 is dimmed, such as
by moving its control 124, increasing portions of the sine wave are
chopped. For example, as shown in FIG. 2A, the sine wave has been chopped
a small amount, dimming the power output about 10%. In FIG. 2B, the sine
wave has been chopped a moderate amount which dims power output a
moderate amount around 50%. In FIG. 2c, the sine wave has been chopped a
large amount, dimming the power output a large amount around 85%.

[0060] It is noted that various dimmers 112, now known or later developed
may be used with the LED driver 104 and variable output module. This is
advantageous in that it allows the variable output module to be used with
phase and other dimmers 112 commonly found in existing buildings. In
addition, it is contemplated that the variable output module may be used
with any dimmer or similar device that chops or alters an AC signal as
described herein.

[0061] As can be seen from FIG. 1, the AC signal from the dimmer 112 may
be received by a variable output module at the LED driver 104. As will be
described in the following, the variable output module may utilize the
timing (rather than power level) of the AC signal to determine the
desired level of light and to provide an output which provides this level
of light from one or more LED bulbs 108.

[0062] Operation of the variable output module will now be described with
regard to FIGS. 3A-3C. As stated, in one or more embodiments, the
variable output module utilizes the duty cycle (rather than power level)
of an AC signal to determine the desired level of light output. This may
occur in various ways. In one or more embodiments, the variable output
module may detect a pulse width Ton of one or more pulses in an AC
signal, and the period P of the AC signal. The ratio of the pulse width
Ton and period P of the AC signal may then be used to determine the
desired level of light. It is noted that the ratio between the sum of a
plurality of pulse widths and a period of an AC signal may be used as
well. For example, the ratio of the sum of two pulse widths to the period
of an AC signal may be used to determine the desired level of light where
two pulses occur within the period of the AC signal.

[0063] In one or more embodiments, the variable output module may have one
or more preset values for the period P. For example, the period P may be
set to an expected, known, and/or standardized frequency of an AC power
source. To illustrate, period P may be set to a standardized frequency
such as 50 Hz in Europe or 60 Hz in North America. Modern utilities
supply AC power very close to or at the standardized frequencies and thus
the period P may be set to a preset value rather than detected/determined
by the LED driver in these embodiments. The LED driver 104 may store the
preset value or values in a memory device or be hardwired with one or
more preset values.

[0064] It is contemplated that in embodiments where a plurality of preset
values are provided, the variable output module may be configured to
select a preset value for the period P based on a detected period for the
AC signal. For instance, the variable output module may be configured to
determine a period of the AC signal and set the period P to a preset
value accordingly. In one embodiment, the variable output module may set
the period P to the preset value closest to the detected period of the AC
signal. This allows the LED driver 104 to be used with power sources of
various frequencies without the need for manual configuration.

[0065] It is noted that the period P need only be set to a preset
frequency value once. This is because the frequency of an AC signal
typically remains constant. Of course, the variable output module may
periodically take a measurement of the AC signal to confirm the period P
is set to the correct preset, and, if necessary, switch to different
preset when appropriate. For example, the variable output module may take
a measurement of the AC signal the first time or each time its LED driver
104 is turned on (i.e. AC power is supplied to the LED driver) in some
embodiments.

[0066] In general, and as will become apparent from the discussion herein,
the variable output module utilizes the timing of an AC signal, such as
its pulse width Ton and period P, to determine the desired level of
light output. Once the desired level of light is determined, an output
signal may be generated to provide a corresponding level of light from
one or more LEDs, LED bulbs, or other LED lighting.

[0067] FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate exemplary AC signals which the variable
output module 104 may receive. Similar to FIGS. 2A-2C, the AC signals in
these figures show altered or chopped AC signals which correspond to
various levels of dimming. It is noted that these altered AC signals are
exemplary and the variable output module 104 may operate with various AC
signals having greater or lesser chopped portions. Also, it will be
understood that the variable output module may utilize various sinusoidal
signals in one or more embodiments.

[0068] FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate a threshold Vt and a pulse width
Ton which may be used in determining the desired amount of dimming
indicated of an AC signal. The pulse width Ton as used herein will
be a measurement of time. The threshold Vt allows a pulse width
Ton to be determined for one or more pulses of an AC signal. As can
be seen, the pulse width Ton may be delineated by the points where
the voltage of the AC signal cross the threshold Vt. In general, a
pulse width Ton may be delineated by a first point and a second
point on the threshold Vt. In this manner, the time between the
first point and the second point may indicate the pulse width Ton of
a pulse. The first point may be where the voltage of the AC signal is
increasing as it crosses the threshold Vt, and the second point may
be where the voltage is decreasing as it crosses the threshold Vt.
To illustrate, as can be seen in FIG. 3A, the pulse width Ton is
delineated by the points where the AC signal's voltage increase to cross
the threshold Vt and decrease to cross the threshold Vt. Of
course, the first point may be where the voltage of the AC signal
decreases across the threshold Vt while the second point may be
where the voltage increases across the threshold Vt. It is noted
that typically, but not always, the first and second point will occur
within a phase angle of 0 to 180 degrees of the AC signal.

[0069] Similarly, the period P of the AC signal may be determined by one
or more points on the threshold Vt where the voltage of the AC
signal increases to cross the threshold Vt or decreases to cross the
threshold Vt. For example, two (or more) consecutive points on the
threshold Vt where the AC signal's voltage increases to cross
Vt may be used to determine the period of the AC signal. Likewise,
two consecutive points on the threshold Vt where the AC signal's
voltage decreases as it crosses Vt may be used to determine the
period of the AC signal. As can be seen from FIG. 3A, the period P of the
AC signal may be determined by two consecutive points on Vt where
the voltage is increasing as it crosses Vt.

[0070] It is noted that various methods of determining the period of an AC
signal may be used. It is contemplated that these methods, now known or
later developed, may be used by the variable output module to determine
the period of an AC signal.

[0071] The threshold Vt may be set to various voltages. In one
embodiment, Vt may be a positive or negative voltage. It is
contemplated that in general, the threshold Vt will be set such that
the voltage of an AC signal will cross the threshold Vt at an
interval which allows a pulse width Ton and period P of the AC
signal to be accurately measured as discussed herein.

[0072] As shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C, as increasing portions of the AC
signal are chopped, the pulse width Ton is reduced while the period
P of the AC signal remains the same. This allows a comparison or ratio
between pulse width Ton and period P to be used to determine the
desired amount of dimming. To illustrate, in FIG. 3A, it can be seen that
a small amount of dimming is desired as shown by the chopping of about
10% of the AC signal. Accordingly, pulse width Ton is relatively
large when compared to period P. In FIGS. 3B and 3C, pulse width Ton
decreases relative to period P as increasing amounts of the AC signal are
chopped. In FIG. 3B, pulse width Ton represents a pulse width of an
AC signal that has been dimmed about 50%, while in FIG. 3C, Ton
represents a pulse width for an AC signal dimmed about 85%.

[0073] As stated, the amount of dimming desired may be determined by the
ratio of a pulse width Ton to period P. For example, the formula
Ton/F may be used in one or more embodiments to determine the
percentage of dimming desired. This may be multiplied by a factor of two
to reflect the fact that there may be two pulses within the period of the
AC signal. For example, the pulse width Ton in FIGS. 3A-3C is
measured using only the positive pulses of the AC signal. It is noted
that various other factors may be used to compensate for other aspects of
the AC signal as well. For example, in one embodiment, an offset may be
used to compensate for the voltage at which the threshold Vt is set.

[0074] Applying the ratio of pulse width Ton to period P in FIG. 3A,
it can be seen that the alteration(s) to an AC signal's duty cycle by a
dimmer can be detected and the corresponding desired level of light
output determined. In the example provided by FIG. 3A, the formula

( 2 T on P ) ##EQU00001##

may be used to determine the desired level of light output as a
percentage. Assuming example values of 45 for Ton and 100 for P (as
measures of time), the desired level of light output would be determined
at 90%.

[0075] It is noted that the amount of light output may be determined on a
nonlinear curve based on pulse width Ton and/or period P in one or
more embodiments. For example, the amount of light output may be a
square, cube, or other nonlinear function. This is advantageous in that
it allows the LED driver 104 and variable output module to compensate for
the way light levels are perceived by a viewer. In general, changes in
brightness are perceived nonlinearly by human observers. For example, a
change in light output of a bright light is not as noticeable as a change
in light output a dim light. Thus, outputting levels of light along a
curve can be used to produce a smoother transition from maximum output to
minimum output. For instance, at higher output levels, light may be
dimmed a larger amount because changes in brightness at high output
levels are not as easily perceived.

[0076] In one exemplary embodiment, the amount of light output may be
determined by the nonlinear function

( ( T on - V o ) A P ) 2 , ##EQU00002##

where Vo and A may be values used to offset characteristics of the
AC signal or LED driver 104 so that the desired level of light may be
accurately provided. Of course, A may be set to 1 and Vo set to 0 if
such offsetting is not desired. As can be seen, the light output is along
a curve according to this square function which compensates for
nonlinearities in the perception of light levels.

[0077] Once the desired amount of dimming has been determined and output
may be provided to power one or more LEDs in a manner that provides the
desired level of light output. Various methods, now known or later
developed, may be used to provide an electrical output which controls the
level of light provided by an LED. For example, known methods such as
pulse width modulation, or altering current or voltage provided to an LED
may be used.

[0078] Various embodiments of variable output modules which allow full
range LED dimming utilizing the timing of an AC signal will now be
described with regard to FIGS. 4A-4C. It will be understood that other
configurations of the variable output module which accept and measure the
timing characteristics of an AC signal, as discussed above, to determine
the amount of dimming a user desires may be constructed as well. In
addition, it is noted that, though described with particular sets of
components, components having the same of similar function may be used in
one or more embodiments to determine the amount of desired dimming by the
timing of a dimmed AC signal. It will be understood that portions of the
various embodiments herein may be utilized in one or more combinations to
perform the functions of a variable output module as described herein.

[0079]FIG. 4A illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary variable output
module attached to a driver 432 and one or more LEDs 108. In this
embodiment, the variable output module comprises a signal processor 428
and a controller 412. The signal processor 428 receives an AC signal from
an input 416 while the controller 412 provides an output signal to one or
more LEDs 108 via an output 420. In one or more embodiments, the input
416, output 420, or both may be an electrical conduit, coupling, or other
electrical connection or connector.

[0080] In general, the signal processor 428 processes an AC signal to
provide a signal usable by the controller 412 to determine the desired
level of light output. In one or more embodiments, the signal processor
428 processes the AC signal so that one or more pulse widths and a period
of an AC signal may be determined by the controller 412. For example, the
signal processor 428 may provide a pulse train where the pulses represent
one or more pulse widths of an AC signal, and the timing of the pulses
represents a period of the AC signal. As will be described below the
signal processor 428 may have various components and be constructed in
various ways.

[0081] The controller 412 may then utilize this signal to determine the
desired level of light output based on one or pulse widths and a period
of the AC signal. For example, the controller 412 may utilize a ratio of
one or more pulse widths to the period of the AC signal to determine the
desired level of light output, such as described above.

[0082] The controller 412 may be constructed in various ways. In one or
more embodiments, the controller 412 may comprise a circuit,
microprocessor, ASIC, FPGA, control logic, or the like. In some
embodiments, the controller 412 may execute instructions to calculate or
otherwise determine the desired level of light based on pulse widths and
periods of an AC signal. The instructions may be hard wired into the
controller, such as through control logic, or may be stored in a memory
device for retrieval and execution by the controller.

[0083] As discussed above, one or more factors to the calculation of
desired level of light output in some embodiments. The controller 412 may
be configured to perform this function. For example, where two pulses
occur within the period of an AC signal, the controller 412 may apply a
multiplication factor of two, such as described above. In this manner,
the controller 412 compensates for the number of pulses per period in the
AC signal. Of course, as stated, various other factors as well as offsets
may be used or included. In addition, the calculation of desired level of
light output may occur according to various formulas and, as stated
above, may be nonlinear to compensate for nonlinearities in perception of
light levels by the eye. Typically, but not always, the desired level of
light output will be determined or calculated as a percentage (e.g. 0% to
100%) light output. Once the desired level of light output is determined,
the controller 412 may generate an output signal indicating the desired
level of light output.

[0084] The controller's output signal may be communicated or provided via
an output 420 to one or more external components or devices. For example,
it is contemplated that the output signal may be provided to one or more
LEDs to provide the desired level of light. In the embodiment of FIG. 4A,
the output signal is provided to another component. As can be seen, the
output signal is provided to a driver 432 in the embodiment of FIG. 4A.

[0085] In general the driver 432 processes the controller's 412 output
signal so that the output signal may be used to provide the desired level
of light from one or more LEDs 108. For example, in one embodiment, the
driver 432 may amplify the output signal to power one or more LEDs at the
desired light level. The driver 432 may also convert the output signal
into a pulse width modulation signal to provide the desired level of
light from one or more LEDs. Alternatively, or in addition, the driver
432 may modify the current or voltage of the output signal to achieve the
desired level of light from one or more LEDs. It is contemplated that the
driver 432 may utilize various methods, now known or later developed, to
power one or more LEDs in a manner which produces the desired level of
light as determined by the controller 412.

[0086] It is noted that a driver 432 may not be provided in all
embodiments. For example, the controller 412 or other component of the
variable output module may perform the function of a driver 432. In
addition, in some situations, the controller's 412 output signal may be
used to power one or more LEDs in a manner which produces the desired
level of light without further processing by a driver 432 or other
component.

[0087] It is also noted that the controller 412 may determine the desired
level of light without a signal processor 428 in some embodiments. For
example, the controller 412 itself may accept an AC signal and determine
one or more pulse widths and period of the AC signal without the AC
signal first being processed by the signal processor 428. It is further
noted that in some embodiments, the signal processor 428 may be internal
to the controller 412. In these embodiments, a separate signal processor
412 may not be required.

[0088]FIG. 4B illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary variable output
module comprising a rectifier 404, comparator 408 and controller 412. In
this embodiment, the signal processor 428 comprises a rectifier 404 and
comparator 408. It will be understood that the signal processor 428 may
perform its AC signal processing function with different components
however.

[0089] The variable output module may also comprise an input 416 to accept
the AC signal, and an output 420 to provide an output signal such as
described above. Though not shown, a driver may be connected to the
output 420 to process the output signal, if necessary or desired. As
shown, a voltage reference 424 may be provided for comparison of various
signals as will be described below.

[0090] In this embodiment, an AC signal may be received at the input 416.
The signal may be rectified by a rectifier 404 to convert the AC signal
into a pulse train. Exemplary pulse trains are illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5C
and will be described further below. In some embodiments, a full wave
rectifier 404 may be used so that the positive and negative portion of an
AC signal are converted into a pulse train. Of course, a half wave
rectifier 404 may be used as well. As stated above, an AC signal from a
dimmer will typically comprise a sine wave chopped at the same location
for a particular level of dimming. Thus, the variable output module need
not measure every pulse to determine the desired level of dimming. The
measurement of one or some pulses may be sufficient to determine the
desired level of dimming. For these reasons, the variable output module
may utilize a full wave rectifier 404 or a half wave rectifier. The
selection of full wave or half wave rectifiers 404 may be for various
reasons including cost, efficiency, or other characteristics of the
rectifiers.

[0091] As indicated above, FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate the exemplary AC signals
of FIGS. 2A-2C after rectification by a half wave rectifier. It can be
seen that the positive portion of the AC signals of FIGS. 2A-2C have been
converted by rectification into a corresponding pulse train in FIGS.
5A-5C. It can also be seen that the pulses generally have the same size
and shape as the original AC signal except that the rectification process
has given the pulse train a uniform polarity. As is known, half wave
rectification results in a pulse train only including the positive or
negation portion of the original AC signal. The pulse train would include
the positive and negative portion of the original AC signal if full wave
rectification were used. It will be understood that the variable output
module may utilize positive or negative pulse trains in operation.

[0092] Referring back to FIG. 4B, the rectified signal may then be
received by a comparator 408. In general, the comparator 408 compares the
pulse train of the rectified AC signal with a voltage threshold provided
by a voltage reference 424. The voltage threshold provided will typically
be a substantially constant voltage which the comparator 408 may compare
to voltages of the pulses or signals it receives from the rectifier 404.
The voltage threshold may also be a function of the AC input signal in
one or more embodiments. Where the voltage of a pulse is above the
voltage threshold, the comparator 408 may output a first signal. When the
voltage of the pulse is below the voltage threshold, the comparator 408
may output a second signal, different from the first signal. In one or
more embodiments, the second signal may be 0V or a low voltage and the
first voltage may be a higher voltage, or vice versa. Of course, the
comparator may alternatively output the second signal for voltages higher
than the voltage threshold, and output the first signal for voltages
lower than the voltage threshold.

[0093] The operation and output of a comparator 408 can be seen in FIGS.
3A-3C which have been described above. As shown, an exemplary voltage
threshold Vt may be used to compare the voltage of one or more
pulses. The threshold Vt will typically be the voltage provided by
the voltage reference 424. It is contemplated that an offset may be
utilized to adjust the voltage provided by the voltage reference 424 if
desired. For example, the threshold Vt may be raised or lowered
relative to the voltage of the voltage reference 424 by a positive or
negative offset.

[0094] As can be seen with reference to FIGS. 3A-3C, the comparator 408
generates a first output when the voltage of a pulse crosses above
voltage threshold Vt. A second output is generated when the voltage
of a pulse crosses below Vt. In this embodiment, the first output is
a fixed voltage representing the pulse width Ton. The second output
may be zero volts or other lower voltage. As can be seen, the output from
the comparator results in a square wave having one or more square pulses,
the edges of which correspond to the pulse width Ton of the pulses
received from the rectifier. Thus, it can be seen that pulse width
Ton of these pulses may be determined by the time between the edges
of the one or more square pulses.

[0095] It is noted that the first output and second output may be various
signals including the fixed voltage output described above. In fact, as
long as the first output and second output are distinguishable, a
rectifier pulse (and thus the desired amount of dimming) may be measured
by a variable output module or component thereof as described herein.

[0096] As can be seen from FIG. 4B, the controller 412 may receive the
output of the comparator 408. It is noted that some controllers 412 may
internally include a comparator and that in these embodiments a separate
comparator may not be provided. The controller 412 may determine the
desired amount of dimming by determining a pulse width Ton and
period P from the comparator's 408 output, and provide an output signal
which may then be used to produce the desired level of light from one or
more LEDs directly or through one or more components, such as a driver as
described above.

[0097] In one or more embodiments and as described above, pulse widths
Ton may be represented by the square pulses of a comparator's square
wave output. Thus, in these embodiments, the controller 412 may utilize
the duration of a square pulse in the square wave output as a pulse width
Ton. Stated differently, the time between the leading and trailing
edges of a square pulse may be used as a pulse width Ton
measurement.

[0098] Period P may generally be determined by the distance between two or
more square pulses. For example, the time between the trailing or left
edges of the square pulses in FIG. 3A indicate the period P of the AC
signal. It will be understood that other corresponding portions of (at
least) two square pulses may be used to determine the period P as well.
For example, the time between the leading or right edge of two square
pulses may be used to determine period P.

[0099] Once pulse width Ton and period P of an AC signal have been
determined, the controller 412 may compare one or more pulse widths
Ton to the period P of the AC signal to determine the desired amount
of light output. The ratio of a pulse width Ton to the period P may
then be used to determine the desired amount of light output. As stated
above, period P may be a preset value in one or more embodiments. In
these embodiments a preset period P may be used to determine the desired
amount of light output.

[0100] Once the desired level of light output has been determined, the
controller 412 may provide an output signal via the output 420. The
output signal may be processed, such as by the controller 412 itself or
by a driver, to provide various levels of light from an LED. For example,
as stated, known methods such as pulse width modulation or current change
may be used to control the level of light from an LED. It is contemplated
that a change in voltage may also or alternatively be used to control the
level of light as well.

[0101] In some embodiments, the variable output module may not include a
comparator. FIG. 4C illustrates such an embodiment where the signal
processor 428 does not utilize a comparator. The controller 412 may still
determine pulse width and period of an AC signal in these embodiments in
various ways. In one embodiment an AD (analog to digital) converter
within the controller 412 may be used to determine when the voltage of an
AC signal is above or below a voltage threshold. In addition or
alternatively, the controller 412 may be connected to a voltage reference
424 or utilize an internal voltage reference. The controller 412 may then
compare voltages of the pulses from the rectifier 404 to a voltage
threshold V, provided by the voltage reference 424. This allows the
controller 412 to determine one or more pulse widths Ton delineated
by one or more points where voltages of the pulses cross the voltage
threshold Vt, such as described above with regard to FIGS. 3A-3C.

[0102] As can be seen from FIGS. 3A-3C, these points also delineate one or
more pulses in the AC signal. The time between corresponding portions of
at least two of the pulses may be used to determine the period P of the
AC signal. For example, the period P of an AC signal may be determined by
the time between the leading or trailing edges of (at least) two pulses.
A correct preset value for period P (e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz) may also be
determined in this manner. Alternatively, the period P may be set to a
preset value, such as 50 Hz or 60 Hz for example, which removes the need
to determine the period P in one or more embodiments. The ratio of the
pulse width Ton to this period P may then be used to determine the
desired level of light output.

[0103] It is noted that in some embodiments, the controller 412 may also
perform the function of a rectifier 404 or include a rectifier. In these
embodiments, a separate rectifier may not be provided. In addition, it is
contemplated that a rectifier 404 may not be necessary in all embodiments
because the controller 412 may be configured to ignore portions of an
incoming AC signal. For example, the controller 412 may ignore portions
of an AC signal below a threshold. In one embodiment, portions of an AC
signal below 0V may be ignored. This causes the controller 412 to only
operate on the positive pulse train consisting of the portions of the AC
signal above 0V. This is similar, if not identical, to the pulse train
that would have been provided by a half wave rectifier. Thus, it can be
seen that a rectifier 404 may not be required in all embodiments.

[0104] From the above, it will be understood that determining the desired
amount of dimming through the timing of an AC signal provides an accurate
determination of the desired amount of dimming regardless of the power
level, voltage, or current of an AC signal. This is generally because the
ratio of the pulse widths in a dimmed AC signal to the period of the AC
signal provides an independent way of measuring the amount of dimming and
consequently the desired amount of light output. In this manner, the
desired amount of dimming can be accurately determined even when power
levels in an AC signal fluctuate or change. Such fluctuations or changes
to power level can be common and may be caused by changes to power output
by a utility company or by turning on or off electrical devices. Because
the variable output module does not rely on power level to determine the
desired amount of dimming, the variable output module can provide full
range dimming where traditional drivers cannot, as discussed above.

[0105] Further, it can be seen that the LED driver may also compensate for
changes in the period of an AC signal. In one or more embodiments, a
change in the period of an AC signal may be detected by an increase or
decrease in the distance between pulses. Thus, even if the period changes
the determination of the desired amount of light output remains accurate.
In addition, it is noted that the ratio between pulses of a dimmed AC
signal to the period of the AC signal may remain substantially constant
as the period changes. For this reason, the determination of desired
light output by the variable output module remains accurate.

[0106] The ability of the variable output module to use the timing of an
AC signal to determine the desired level of light output also reduces or
eliminates the need to calibrate the variable output module for various
AC standards. Of course, the variable output module must be configured to
accept the voltages or currents it is provided, but it need not be
calibrated or set for specific voltages or currents or specific voltage
or current ranges. This is because timing and not power level of an AC
signal is used to determine desired light output. In addition, the
variable output module need not be configured for AC signals of
particular frequencies or particular ranges of frequencies. As discussed
above, the period of an incoming AC signal may be detected by the
variable output module and used to provide accurate full range dimming of
an LED.

[0107] The variable output module may be used in a variety of
applications. In one or more embodiments, the variable output module may
be relatively small in size. This allows the variable output module to be
installed in various locations and devices large and small. FIGS. 6A and
6B illustrate example devices and locations where an LED driver 104
having a variable output module may be installed. FIG. 6A is a cross
section view where an LED driver 104 with an integrated variable output
module is mounted to a standard overhead lighting can 604. An AC signal
from a phase dimmer or the like may be provided via standard wiring to
the LED driver 104. The LED driver 104 may have its outputs connected to
a socket 608 which accepts an LED bulb 108. In this manner, full range
dimming of the LED bulb 108 can be achieved through a standard phase
dimmer.

[0108] It is noted that because the wiring from the phase dimmer to the
lighting can 604 is the same as the wiring for incandescent lighting, the
variable output module allows easy retrofit of existing lighting systems.
For example, an incandescent lighting may be replaced with the lighting
can 604 described above having a variable output module attached thereto.
In addition, or alternatively, a variable output module may be connected
to the socket of an existing lighting can to allow dimming of an LED bulb
via the now enhanced socket.

[0109]FIG. 6B illustrates a LED driver 104 having the variable output
module built in to an LED bulb 612. In this embodiment, the LED driver
104 and variable output module may be located in the base portion of the
LED bulb 612. This is highly advantageous in that fully dimmable LED
lighting may be installed simply by replacing an incandescent or other
bulb with this LED bulb 612. In one or more embodiments, the LED driver's
input will accept an AC signal from the LED bulb's screw-type or other
connector and provide output to one or more LEDs within the LED bulb 612.

[0110] As another example, the variable output module may be built into a
standard phase dimmer. In this embodiment, by replacing a standard phase
dimmer and installing an LED bulb in the appropriate socket, fully
dimmable LED lighting may be achieved. In one or more embodiments, the
input of the variable output module may be connected to an output of the
phase dimmer and the output of the driver connected to wiring which leads
to a socket for holding the LED bulb.

[0111] It can thus be seen that the variable output module provides
numerous advantages and may be used in many different ways. By providing
full range dimming for LEDs, the variable output module allows LED
lighting to be used in applications where high quality dimming is
required or desired. This allows users to take advantage of the
efficiency and reliability benefits of LED lighting while allowing
accurate and full range dimming which is not provided by traditional LED
drivers.

[0112] It is contemplated that, in addition to lighting, other electrical
devices may be controlled and/or powered using the periodic signal
characteristics (i.e., timing) of an input signal (such as described
above with regard to FIGS. 2A-2C and 3A-3C). For example, in one or more
embodiments, the variable output modules disclosed herein may be
configured to provide variable power output to various electrical
devices, such as motors, stepper motors, servos, and the like. This
permits these electrical devices to be accurately "dimmed", such as to
control their speed or other operation.

[0113] For example, in one or more embodiments, a variable output module
may be configured to determine a desired power output level based on the
periodic signal characteristics of an input signal. As described above,
the input signal may be an AC or other signal having a period. The
variable output module may compare the signal's pulse width to its period
to accurately determine the desired power output level. By determining
power output levels in this manner, the variable output module can
provide an accurate measure of desired power output regardless of the
type of input signal. For example, as disclosed above, the variable
output module herein can provide accurate adjustment of power levels
(i.e., dimming) for AC power standards in virtually any country without
recalibration.

[0114] The variable output module will now be described with regard to
FIGS. 7A-7B. As can be seen, the variable output module 704 may comprise
a controller 412 and driver 432 in some embodiments. Referring to the
embodiment of FIG. 7A, it can be seen that the variable output module 704
may receive an input signal having a period, such as from a dimmer,
dimming circuit, or the like. Some exemplary input signals include an AC
input, a chopped signal, or other modulated electrical signal having a
periodicity. The input signal may be received at an input 416. It will be
understood that the input 416 may be coupled to a damping circuit to
reduce signal oscillations or ringing.

[0115] As discussed above, the controller 412 may determine a desired
level of power output based on the characteristics of the input signal,
such as the period and pulse width of the input signal. It is noted that
a separate signal processor 428 may be part of the variable output module
704 in some embodiments to process the input signal before it is received
by the controller 412. For example, the signal processor 428 may rectify
the input signal, such as described above. It is contemplated that a
signal processor 428 may be integrated into the controller 412 in some
embodiments.

[0116] The controller 412 may then generate and transmit an output signal
to the driver 432, which in turn, generates the power output at the
desired power level according to the output signal. The power output may
be various types of output, such as direct current output or a pulse
width modulation signal, according to the needs of the electrical device
708 that is to be powered. As can be seen, the electrical device 708 to
be powered may be connected to the variable output module 704 via an
output 420 of the variable output module. As illustrated in the example
of FIG. 7A, the electrical device 708 may be a device that consumes or
utilizes electrical power as provided by the driver 432.

[0117] In some embodiments the signals generated by the controller 412 may
be transmitted from the variable output module 704 directly to an
electrical device 708. As shown in FIG. 7B for example the variable
output module 704 comprises the optional signal processor 428 described
above, and a controller 412 that is directly coupled to an electrical
device 708.

[0118] The electrical device 708 may act on the signal from the variable
output module 704 according to its specifications. For example, in one
embodiment, the electrical device 708 may be a driver configured to
generate varying power output based on a power level indicated in the
output signals from the variable output module 704. As another example,
the electrical device 708 may be a motor controller, such as a variable
frequency drive that can alter the speed of a motor based on the signals
from the variable output module 704. In yet another example, the
electrical device 708 may be a data collection device, which stores the
signals received from the variable output module 704.

[0119] It is contemplated that the variable output module 704 may be
embedded within various devices in some embodiments. To illustrate, the
variable output module 704 is shown embedded within a power supply 716 in
FIG. 7c. The power supply 716 may provide or share an input signal to the
variable output module 704. For example, as shown, the input signal could
be received directly from an input terminal 728 of the power supply 716.
The input terminal 728 may be connected to a power source, such as a wall
outlet, battery, or the like.

[0120] The output signal provided by the variable output module 704 may
then be used to control operation of the power supply's transformer 724
and/or regulator 736 to generate a desired level of power output. As
shown in FIG. 7c for example, the output 420 of the variable output
module 704 is in communication with the transformer 724 to allow
adjustment of the transformer's operation based on signals from the
variable output module. A damping circuit 720 and regulator 736 of the
power supply 716 may be provided to help ensure the desired level of
power is provided within a predefined margin of error. The power supply
716 may then output power to power an electrical device via its output
terminal 732.

[0121] The variable output module 704 may be embedded or integrated into
various other devices. For example, the variable output module 704 may be
part of an LED driver, motor controller, motor, or LED or other light
bulb as described above. In one or more embodiments the variable output
module 704 may be embedded into an integrated circuit, microprocessor, or
the like. For example, the variable output module's controller 412 may be
implemented in circuitry within an integrated circuit in one or more
embodiments. In such embodiments, the variable output module 704 may
provide its output signal to a circuit or other component within the
integrated circuit. Likewise, input signals may be received from a
circuit or other component of the integrated circuit.

[0122] It is also contemplated that the variable output module 104 may be
configured as a standalone device in one or more embodiments. For
example, the variable output module 704 of FIG. 7A may be manufactured as
a standalone device configured to provide amplified power to one or more
remote electrical devices 708 since it includes a driver 432. For
example, the variable output module 704 may be a standalone device
configured to power LED lighting, a stepper motor, or the like.

[0123] Likewise, the variable output module 704 of FIG. 7B (which does not
include a driver 432) may be a standalone device configured to provide
the controller's output signal to an electrical device 708. For example,
a standalone variable output module 704 may transmit its output signal to
an external driver or power supply which can, in turn, power another
electrical device. It is noted that in standalone embodiments the
variable output module 704 may have its own enclosure.

[0124] While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it
will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more
embodiments and implementations are possible that are within the scope of
this invention. In addition, the various features, elements, and
embodiments described herein may be claimed or combined in any
combination or arrangement.

Patent applications by Itai Leshniak, Fair Lawn, NJ US

Patent applications in class Periodic-type current and/or voltage regulator in the supply circuit

Patent applications in all subclasses Periodic-type current and/or voltage regulator in the supply circuit