1.
House of Lorraine
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The House of Lorraine originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz. It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death of duke Nicholas I without a male heir, Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman Emperors from 1745 to the dissolution of the empire in 1806. Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918, the house claims descent from Gerard I of Paris whose immediate descendants are known as the Girardides. The Matfridings of the 10th century are thought to have been a branch of the family, at the turn of the 10th century they were Counts of Metz and ruled a set of lordships in Alsace and Lorraine. Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, louis XIVs imperialist ambitions forced the dukes into a permanent alliance with his archenemies, the Holy Roman Emperors from the House of Habsburg. Following the failure of both Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI to produce a son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the yet unborn daughter. In 1736 Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Francis of Lorraine who agreed to exchange his hereditary lands for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, at Charless death in 1740 the Habsburg lands passed to Maria Theresa and Francis, who was later elected Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I. The Habsburg-Lorraine nuptials and dynastic union precipitated, and survived, the War of the Austrian Succession, another member of the house, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, was Emperor of Mexico. In 1900, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria contracted a marriage with Countess Sophie Chotek. Their descendants, known as the House of Hohenberg, have been excluded from succession to the Austro-Hungarian crown, but not that of Lorraine, where morganatic marriage has never been outlawed. Nevertheless, Otto von Habsburg, the eldest grandson of Franz Ferdinands younger brother, was regarded as the head of the house until his death in 2011. It was at Nancy, the capital of the House of Vaudemont. House of Metz Adalbert, Duke of Upper Lorraine r, 1047/8 Gérard, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1390–1431 Charles II died without heir, the duchy passing to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine. The duchy passed to their son John II, whose son Nicholas I died without male heir, the title now went to Nicholas aunt Yolande. René inherited the title of Duke of Lorraine upon his marriage in 1473, René II, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1608–1624 Nicole Claude Francis II, Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine r, 1624–1675 Nicholas Francis Charles V, r. 1690–1729 Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, r, 1745–1765 House of Habsburg-Lorraine Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, r

2.
Austrian Empire
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The Austrian Empire was an empire in Central Europe created out of the realms of the Habsburgs by proclamation in 1804. It was an empire and one of Europes great powers. Geographically it was the second largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire and it was also the third most populous after Russia and France, as well as the largest and strongest country in the German Confederation. Proclaimed in response to the First French Empire, it overlapped with the Holy Roman Empire until the dissolution in 1806. The Ausgleich of 1867 elevated Hungarys status and it became a separate entity from the Empire entirely, joining with it in the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Changes shaping the nature of the Holy Roman Empire took place during conferences in Rastatt, on 24 March 1803, the Imperial Recess was declared, which reduced the number of ecclesiastical states from 81 to only 3 and the free imperial cities from 51 to 6. This measure was aimed at replacing the old constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, taking this significant change into consideration, the German Emperor Francis II created the title Emperor of Austria, for himself and his successors. In 1804 the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was ruler of the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, founded the Empire of Austria. In doing so he created a formal overarching structure for the Habsburg Monarchy, to safeguard his dynastys imperial status he adopted the additional hereditary title of Emperor of Austria. Hungarys affairs remained administered by its own institutions as they had been beforehand, thus under the new arrangements no Imperial institutions were involved in its internal government. The fall and dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was accelerated by French intervention in the Empire in September 1805, on 20 October 1805, an Austrian army led by general Karl Mack von Leiberich was defeated by French armies near the town of Ulm. The French victory resulted in the capture of 20,000 Austrian soldiers, Napoleons army won another victory at Austerlitz on 2 December 1805. Francis was forced into negotiations with the French from 4 to 6 December 1805, the French victories encouraged rulers of certain imperial territories to assert their formal independence from the Empire. On 10 December 1805, the prince-elector Duke of Bavaria proclaimed himself King, finally, on 12 December, the Margrave of Baden was given the title of Grand Duke. In addition, each of these new countries signed a treaty with France, the Treaty of Pressburg between France and Austria, signed in Pressburg on 26 December, enlarged the territory of Napoleons German allies at the expense of defeated Austria. Certain Austrian holdings in Germany were passed to French allies—the King of Bavaria, the King of Württemberg, Austrian claims on those German states were renounced without exception. On 12 July 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine was established, comprising 16 sovereigns and this confederation, under French influence, put an end to the Holy Roman Empire. On 6 August 1806, even Francis recognized the new state of things and proclaimed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, as he did not want Napoleon to succeed him

3.
Duchy of Lucca
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The Duchy of Lucca was a small Italian state existing from 1815 to 1847. It was centered on the city of Lucca, by the Congress of Vienna of 1815 the Duchy was to revert to Tuscany on the end of its Bourbon line of rulers, which happened in 1847. Tuscany was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860, the Duchy was formed in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, out of the former Republic of Lucca and the Principality of Lucca and Piombino, which had been ruled by Elisa Bonaparte. It was created to compensate the House of Bourbon-Parma for the loss of the Duchy of Parma, in 1817, Maria Luisa of Spain, the former Infanta of Spain and Queen of Etruria, assumed the government of Lucca. She was also the mother of Charles Louis of Parma, the Bourbon heir to Parma and this followed the Treaty of Paris, which confirmed both her sovereign status in Lucca, and her sons status as heir to Parma in succession to Marie Louise. After Maria Luisas death in 1824, Charles Louis assumed the government of the Duchy, in 1847 Charles succeeded to the Duchy of Parma, and left Lucca, which was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. From 1815 to 1818, the flag of Lucca was yellow, from 7 November 1818, to 1847 the flag was white, with Maria Luisas coat of arms and the yellow–red flag in the canton. Opera in the Duchy of Lucca, 1817-1847, a Handbook for Travellers in Central Italy, Including Lucca, Tuscany, Florence, the Marches, Umbria, Part of the Patrimony of St. Peter, and the Island of Sardinia

4.
Duchy of Milan
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The Duchy of Milan was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire in northern Italy. It was created in 1395, when it included twenty-six towns, during much of its existence, it was wedged between Savoy to the west, Venice to the east, the Swiss Confederacy to the north, and separated from the Mediterranean by Genoa to the south. The Duchy eventually fell to Habsburg Austria with the Treaty of Baden, after the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored many other states which he had destroyed, but not the Duchy of Milan. Instead, its territory became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. In 1859, Lombardy was ceded to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the House of Visconti had ruled Milan since 1277, in which year Ottone Visconti defeated Napoleone della Torre. The Duchy of Milan as a state of the Holy Roman Empire was created on 1 May 1395 and it was this diploma that installed Visconti as Duke of Milan and Count of Pavia. At its foundation the duchy included 26 towns and spanned from the hills of Montferrat to the Lagoons of Venice, Milan thus became one of the five major states of the Italian peninsula in the 15th century. When the last Visconti Duke, Filippo Maria, died in 1447 without a heir, the Milanese declared the so-called Ambrosian Republic. In 1498, the Duke of Orleans became King of France as Louis XII and he invaded in 1499 and soon ousted Lodovico Sforza. The French ruled the duchy until 1512, when they were ousted by the Swiss, Massimiliano reign did not last very long. The French, now under Francis I, invaded the area in 1515, the French took Massimiliano as their prisoner. The French were again out in 1521, this time by the Austrians. In 1535, Francesco died without heirs, the question of succession again arose, with both the emperor and the King of France claiming the duchy, leading to more wars. The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from a part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul IIIs illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, the emperor held the duchy throughout, eventually investing it on his son Philip. The possession of the duchy by Spain was finally recognized by the French in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559, the Duchy of Milan remained in Spanish hands until the War of the Spanish Succession, when the Austrians invaded it. The Treaty of Baden, which ended the war in 1714, the duchy remained in Austrian hands until it was overrun by the French army of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796. The duchy was ceded by Austria in the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, after the defeat of Napoleon, based on the decisions of the Congress of Vienna on 9 June 1815, the Duchy of Milan was not restored. The Duchy instead became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a constituent of the Austrian Empire and this kingdom ceased to exist when the remaining portion of it was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1866

5.
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
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The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence. The grand duchys capital was Florence, Tuscany was nominally a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797. Initially, Tuscany was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its branch in 1737. The Medicis only advancement in the days of their existence was their elevation to royalty, by the Holy Roman Emperor. Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, for his entire rule and his descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the duchy was restored. The United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved. In 1569, Cosimo de Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years, during his reign, Florence purchased the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa, conquered Siena and developed a well-equipped and powerful naval base on Elba. Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion. Cosimo also was a supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florences expansion in August 1569 declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany. The international reaction to Cosimos elevation was bleak, Queen Catherine of France, though herself a Medici, viewed Cosimo with the utmost disdain. Rumours circulated at the Viennese court that had Cosimo as a candidate for King of England, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and King Philip II of Spain reacting quite angrily, as Florence was an Imperial fief and declared Pius Vs actions invalid. However, Maximilian eventually confirmed the elevation with an Imperial diploma in 1576, during the Holy League of 1571, Cosimo fought against the Ottoman Empire, siding with the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy League inflicted a defeat against the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto. Cosimos reign was one of the most militaristic Tuscany had ever seen, Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. His wife, Eleanor of Toledo, died in 1562, along with four of his due to a plague epidemic in Florence. These deaths were to him greatly, which, along with illness

6.
Palatinal Crypt
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The Palatinal Crypt in Buda Castle, Budapest is the burial place of the Hungarian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, founded by Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary. It is the interior part of Buda Castle which survived the destruction of World War II and was not demolished during the subsequent decades of rebuilding. The Palatinal Crypt is located under the former Castle Church, built in 1768, the underground crypt was first used as a burial place between 1770-77. Only ten people were buried, including five infants, all of them commoners, on 23 August 1820 Elisabeth Karoline, the infant daughter of Palatine Joseph was buried in the crypt. Seventeen years later, the Palatines 13-year-old son Alexander Leopold followed and this time Palatine Joseph decided to convert the crypt into a family mausoleum. He asked for permission from the Viennese court and commissioned architect Franz Hüppmann with the task, the work was finished in March 1838. The Palatines first and second wives, Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia and Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, the next burial was another palatinal daughter, Archduchess Hermine Amalie in 1842. Palatine Joseph himself was interred on 13 January 1847, stone sarcophagi were erected by Palatine Stephen in 1847. The crypt was damaged during the siege of Buda by the Hungarian revolutionary armies in 1849 and it was restored by Archduke Joseph Charles, the younger son of Palatine Joseph in 1852. The reconstruction was carried out according to the plans of Ágost Pollack, the crypt was rebuilt again between 1897 and 1926 by Alajos Hauszmann according to wishes of Archduke Joseph Charles and later Archduchess Klotild, Joseph Charles widow. After Hauszmanns death the work remained unfinished, the crypt was continuously used by the Hungarian branch of the Habsburg family. It was enriched with new works of art, frescoes, statues and ornate stone sarcophagi, a list of later burials, Maria Dorothea, the third wife of the Palatine in 1855. Archduchess Klotild in 1927, the last member of the family to be buried there, the crypt survived World War II unscathed and was not destroyed during the post-war reconstruction, though it was closed to the public. The memory of Palatine Joseph was respected even by the postwar Communist government, the crypt was robbed several times during the reconstruction works, first in 1966. The most serious incident happened in 1973 when the corpses were thrown out of their sarcophagi by the robbers, later the human remains were identified and reburied. The crypt was restored in 1985-1987, the official opening ceremony on 3 October 1987 was attended by eleven descendants of Palatine Joseph. Since then the Palatinal Crypt is part of the exhibition of the Hungarian National Gallery, the Palatinal Crypt consists of three interconnected vaults. The crypt itself is identical with the innermost vault, in Room B and C the side walls are clad with false marble revetment while the vaulted ceiling is decorated with frescoes depicting the starry sky and angels in the corners

7.
Adelaide of Austria
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Adelaide of Austria was the Queen of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia, future King of Italy, from 1849 until 1855 when she died as a result of childbirth. She was the mother of Umberto I of Italy and she was born at the Royal Palace of Milan to Rainer Joseph of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Savoy. Named Adelaide, or known as Adele in the family, she held the title of Archduchess of Austria and her father was the Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia and was a son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Luisa of Spain. Her mother was a member of the House of Savoy and a daughter of the Prince of Carignano and her younger brother Archduke Rainer Ferdinand later acted as Minister President of Austria. Both of her brothers contracted morganatic marriages, on 12 April 1842, at the Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi, she married Victor Emmanuel of Savoy. The marriage was used to cement relations between the House of Savoy and that of the House of Habsburg but was viewed by people of the time to increase Austrian power in Italy. Victor Emmanuel was her first cousin and heir apparent to the King of Sardinia and he was styled the Duke of Savoy prior to succession. Adelaide thus took on the style of Duchess of Savoy and she maintained her style of Imperial & Royal Highness till she became Queen. Her husbands mother Maria Theresa of Austria retained great influence over her son throughout his life and her mother-in-law was also her first cousin, both she and Adelaide being grandchildren of Emperor Leopold II. Adelaide and her husband of thirteen years had eight children, four of these went on to have further progeny. Her husband had various extramarital affairs throughout the marriage, Adelaide was a quiet and pious woman and had had a strict upbringing. She was a wife and frequently would give to charity. In March 1849 her father-in-law King Charles Albert abdicated after the events of the Revolutions of 1848 and her husband succeeded as Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. During her tenure as queen consort she had three children all of which died in infancy. On 8 January 1855 she gave birth to a son who was styled the Count of Genevois, days later Queen Maria Theresa died on 12 January 1855. Adelaide went to the queens funeral on 16 January and returning to the palace caught a cold. She died four days later at the Royal Palace of Turin having had an attack of Gastroenteritis. Another story says that Adelaide died of her burns after stepping on a match set fire to her clothes

8.
Archduchess Adelheid of Austria
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Archduchess Adelheid of Austria was a member of the Austrian Imperial Family. Adelheid was born in Schloss Hetzendorf, the child but eldest daughter of the then Archduke Charles of Austria. Her godparents were her fathers mother Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, on 21 November 1916 Adelheids great-grand uncle the Emperor Franz Joseph died and her father succeeded him as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. During the First World War Adelheid would often accompany her brother Crown Prince Otto, in 1919 Adelheid and her family were sent into exile first in Switzerland before later being taken to Portuguese island of Madeira. On 9 March 1922 Adelheid was with her brother Otto and father Emperor Charles when he went into town to buy toys for Carl Ludwigs birthday. On the way back they were enveloped by chill mists and her father caught a cold which developed in pneumonia from which he died on April 1. In December 1933 she became the first member of her family to set foot in Vienna since the establishment of the republic when she arrived by train from Budapest, Adelheid attended the University of Louvain and gained a doctorate in 1938. During the Second World War she emigrated with most of her family to the United States to escape the Nazis, archduchess Adelheid later returned to Europe. She died unmarried in Pöcking, Bavaria

9.
Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen
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Prince Albert Casimir August of Saxony, Duke of Teschen was a German prince from the House of Wettin who married into the Habsburg imperial family. He was noted as an art collector and founded the Albertina in Vienna, one of the largest and finest collections of old master prints and drawings in the world. He was a son of king Augustus III of Poland and Maria Josepha of Austria. Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen, was one of the godparents to his namesake Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Young Albert was specifically chosen by Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria to be her husband and this was a special favour granted by her mother, the great empress Maria Theresa of Austria because marriages of imperial children were usually used for diplomatic purposes. From his father-in-laws estate, Albert received the territory of Teschen in Austrian Silesia and was given the title of Duke of Teschen. Since he became a member of the Habsburg-Lorraine family, the title Archduke was also given to him, Archduchess Maria Christina the daughter of Francis of Lorraine received the duchy among her dowry. Prince Albert of Saxony thus became the Duke of Teschen, the only non-Habsburg to become such after the title passed into Habsburg control, Albert was royal governor of Hungary from 1765 to 1781, with his seat at Bratislava Castle and his summer residence in Halbturn Castle at Neusiedl. He was then governor of the Austrian Netherlands, with his seat at Brussels where he built Laeken palace as his seat. In Vienna a palace adjoining the Hofburg originally designed by Emanuel Teles Silva-Tarouca was enlarged for them by architect Louis Montoyer and that palace is today called the Albertina, after Albert, and houses the collection he started. Only two-thirds of his survives, because one of the cargo ships bringing it from Brussels sank en route. After his return to Vienna, he used as an advisor Adam von Bartsch, the Curator of the Imperial prints collection and the greatest prints scholar of his age. After the early death of his wife in 1798 of typhus, he lived only for his art collection, next door to his palace, in the Augustinerkirche Albert had a famous memorial to his wife carved by Antonio Canova. Media related to Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen at Wikimedia Commons Albertina Museum

10.
Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen
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Archduke Albrecht Franz was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, only son of Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen and his wife, Princess Isabella of Croÿ. On 16 August 1930 Albrecht Franz married morganatically in Brighton, England, Irene Dora Lelbach, daughter of Johann Lelbach and they divorced on 1 June 1937. His second marriage was to Katalin Bocskay de Felsö-Bánya, on 7 May 1938 and they had two daughters, named below. Albrecht and Katalin divorced in 1951, charlotte Izabella Mária Krisztine Eszter Katalin Pia, Countess von Habsburg, married in 1967 to Ferdinand Joseph Wutholen, had issue. Ildiko Katalin Izabella Henriette Alice Mária, Countess von Habsburg, married first in 1963 to Joseph J. Calleja, had issue, married second in 1982 to Terry D. Fortier, had issue. His third marriage was to Lydia Strauss-Dorner, daughter of Bela Dorner and they had one son, Count Rudolf Stefan von Habsburg, married in 1975 to Natália Maria Radzewill, had issue. Photo Habsburg, Frederick Habsburg and his Family, twilight of the Habsburgs, The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph

11.
Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria
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Archduke Alexander Leopold was born in Florence, Tuscany, as the sixth child and fourth son of Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. During his education, Alexander Leopold excelled in mathematics and chemistry and he had a fine physique and his father thus wanted him to pursue a military career, with the intent to eventually appoint him president of the Hofkriegsrat. In 1790, Grand Duke Leopold succeeded his brother, Joseph II, as Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia. Hungary had been ruled by governors since 1765, but the Emperor-King wished to reinstate the office of palatine, the Diet elected Archduke Alexander Leopold, who thus became the first member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine to occupy the post. In 1792, his father died, from then on, Alexander Leopold served his brother who had succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. As palatine, Archduke Alexander Leopold initially led a moderate government, however, he changed his policy after the Jacobin conspiracy in 1794, which left him deeply disappointed. The object of the plot was to make Hungary independent from the Habsburg Monarchy and he severely punished the rebels and replaced the moderate dignitaries, adopting a policy of repression. Archduke Alexander Leopold, suffering poor health, left Hungary for Vienna in 1795. His memorandum, written during his stay in Vienna, shows a rather conservative worldview and he argued that differences between classes should not be overcome, especially when it comes to education. He decided to manufacture and light the fireworks himself in the casemates of the palace, empress Maria Theresa was on her way to spend summer at the palace and when her arrival was announced by a gunshot, Alexander Leopold lit the first rocket. At that moment, the opened and a draught of air threw the rocket back on the gunpowder. The gunpowder exploded and, unable to escape, Alexander Leopold was burned all over his body and he died immediately, as did his servants. His body is buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna and his heart was buried separately in Herzgruft, Augustinian Church, Vienna. His younger brother, Archduke Joseph, succeeded him as palatine of Hungary

12.
Andrea von Habsburg
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Andrea von Habsburg Archduchess of Austria, Hereditary Countess of Neipperg, the first child and oldest daughter of Otto von Habsburg and his wife Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. She married Karl Eugen, Hereditary Count of Neipperg, son of Josef Hubert, Count of Neipperg and Countess Maria von Ledebur-Wicheln, on 9 July 1977 in Pöcking and he is a descendant of Adam Adalbert von Neipperg. They have five children, Count Maria Philipp Karl Friedrich Hubert Magnus of Neipperg, through her mother, Wolff is a descendant of Empress Josephine, first wife of Napoleon I. They have four children, Countess Johanna of Neipperg, Count Stephan of Neipperg, Countess Alexandra of Neipperg Count Maria Benedikt Reinhard Michael Alois Leo of Neipperg. Count Maria Dominik Georg Christoph Johannes Pantaleon of Neipperg, married on 4 August 2012 to Princess Marie-Anna of Salm-Salm and they have one daughter, Countess Florentina of Neipperg. Countess Maria Hemma Nathalie Sophie Franziska Georgine of Neipperg, married on 30 May 2012 to Roman Keno Specht and they have two daughters, Annunziata Specht. Olympia Specht Countess Maria Katharina Franziska Monika Elisabeth of Neipperg, married on 30 August 2012 to Prince Wenzel of Lobkowicz and they have one son, Prince Valerian of Lobkowicz House of Habsburg, Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross

13.
Archduke Anton of Austria
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Archduke Anton of Austria was an Archduke of Austria and Prince of Tuscany. He was the seventh of ten born to Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria, Prince of Tuscany. After being introduced by King Carol II of Romania, he and they had the following children, Archduke Stefan of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, naturalized US citizen, married Jerrine Soper in 1954, with issue. Archduchess Maria Ileana of Austria, Princess of Tuscany, married Count Jaroslav Kottulinsky in 1957, Archduke Dominic of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, married Engel von Voss in 1960 and divorced in 1999, with no issue, married Emmanuella Mlynarski in 1999, with issue. Archduchess Maria Magdalena of Austria, Princess of Tuscany, married Baron Hans Ulrich von Holzhausen in 1959, archduchess Elisabeth of Austria, Princess of Tuscany, married Dr. Friedrich Sandhofer in 1964, with issue. In the Second World War, he served until late 1944 in the German Wehrmacht as a pilot, after leaving the military, he moved to Bran, where he and his family lived in the Bran Castle. After the coup détat, and the end of Romanias alliance with Germany on 23 August 1944 and it was only when King Michael I abdicated on 30 December 1947 and was forced to leave the country that Archduke Antons family also went into exile. The family spent some time in Switzerland, then in Argentina, the marriage ended in divorce, made official on 29 May 1954. While Ileana became a nun, Archduke Anton moved to Austria and he died on 22 October 1987 at the age of 86. He was buried at the cemetery on the Mondsee, lost Waltz A Story Of Exile by Bertita Harding. Lost Waltz A Story Of Exile by Bertita Harding

14.
Archduchess Assunta of Austria
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Archduchess Assunta of Austria German, Assunta, Erzherzogin von Österreich-Toskana, was the youngest daughter of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria and Infanta Blanca of Spain. She was a member of the Tuscan branch of the Imperial House of Habsburg, born and raised in the twilight years of the Austrian Empire, Archduchess Assunta lived in exile in Barcelona, Spain after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy. She entered religious life in a convent in Barcelona, but was forced to leave it in 1936 due to disturbances during the Spanish Civil War, in 1939, she married Joseph Hopfinger, a Polish doctor. In 1942 the couple emigrated to the United States, Archduchess Assunta and her husband had two daughters, but they divorced in 1950. She moved to San Antonio, Texas where she had a variety of living in anonymity until her death. Archduchess Assunta of Austria was born on 10 August 1902 in Vienna and she was the eighth of ten children of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria and his wife Infanta Blanca of Spain. She was given the baptismal names Assunta Alice Ferdinandine Blanca Leopoldina Margarethe Beatrix Raphaela Michaela Philomena, Archduchess Assunta grew up in the last period of the Habsburg monarchy. She was raise with her brothers and sisters in the various properties owned by he parents enjoying a comfortable. Vacations were spent near Viareggio, Italy where Infanta Blanca owned, la Tenuata Real, theirs was a multi cultural household as Assuntas paternal ancestors had reigned in Austria, Tuscany and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Her maternal family had reigned in Spain, Parma, Modena, Portugal, the youngest of five sisters, Archduchess Assunta was raise paired with her sister Archduchess Maria Antonia. Archduchess Assunta was sixteen years old at the fall of Habsburg monarchy and this marked a sharp down turned in her familys prosperity. The republican government of Austria confiscated the properties of the Habsburgs, the family lost all their fortune. Assuntas eldest brothers, Archdukes Rainer and Leopold, remained in Austria, the rest of the family moved to Spain in January 1919. They settled in Barcelona living with simplicity as they have limited means, while living in Barcelona, Assunta following in the footsteps of her sister, Maria Antonia, turned increasingly towards religion. Although their parents were observant Catholics, they found their youngest daughters religious fervor worrisome, Archduchess Maria Antonia abandoned her desire to become a nun and married an impoverished Majorcan aristocrat, but Assunta remained adamant in her determination to become a nun. After running away in a ship to South America, Assumpta, with their permission, she entered the convent of Santa Teresa de Tortosa near Barcelona. At the outbreak of the Spanish civil war the convent was attacked and those, like Assunta, who had not yet taken their final vows were free to follow a secular life. Assunta obtained permission to leave her order and joined her mother, in the late 1930s, through one of her brothers, Archduchess Assunta met Joseph Hopfinger, a Jewish Polish doctor

15.
Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria
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Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria, Princess of Bavaria, was the daughter of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his first wife, Maria Anna of Saxony. She married Prince Luitpold of Bavaria, who became the Prince Regent of Bavaria after her death. Auguste was one of three born to Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, by his first wife. She was an older half-sister to Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany and she was a member of the direct lineage of both Louis XIV of France and William the Conqueror. After a strict Catholic upbringing, she developed an interest in the arts, contemporaries described her as tall, beautiful and self-conscious. On 15 April 1844, she married Prince Luitpold in Florence, Luitpolds father Ludwig I of Bavaria initially opposed Luitpolds marriage plans, since Auguste was already showing symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis before the marriage. They had four children, including Ludwig III of Bavaria, during the 1848 Revolution, she spoke against Lola Montez and sought to isolate opponents of the monarchy. Luitpold never remarried, with his sister Adelgunde and daughter Therese taking over care of his household, media related to Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria at Wikimedia Commons

16.
Austria-Este
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The House of Habsburg-Este, holders of the title of Archduke of Austria-Este, is a cadet branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and also descends from the House of Este. It was created in 1771 with the marriage between Ferdinand of Habsburg-Lorraine and Maria Beatrice dEste, only daughter of the Duke of Modena, Ercole III dEste. After the death of Ercole III in 1803, that branch of the Este familys male line ended, in 1814, French rule in Italy ended. Modena was to be returned to his daughter Maria Beatrice and her son Francis of Austria-Este after Ercoles death, Ercole died in 1803 and Breisgau was indeed inherited by his daughter and her husband, but they lost it in 1805 to the expanding Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1859, the principality lost its independence and was incorporated into the newly united Kingdom of Italy, and Francis V, Francis V, Duke of Modena withdrew to his estates in Austria. After the death of his mother in 1840, Francis was considered the heir to the English and Scottish thrones by the Jacobites. When Francis died at Vienna on November 20,1875, his family became extinct in the male line and his heir general and heir-of-the-blood was his niece, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, who then was married with Prince Ludwig of Bavaria. The heir-general of the Estes continues in their descendants, and the present heir is Franz, although the first heir, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was not a descendant of the last Este duchess, Mary Beatrice of Modena), he took the name Austria-Este. e. The Austro-Hungarian Empire, but he was assassinated 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo before becoming emperor. Through his mother Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Robert happened to be a descendant of Duke Ercole III of Modena as well, on Roberts death his eldest son, Archduke Lorenz, born 1955, by his wife, Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta, succeeded him in that role. He is married to Princess Astrid of Belgium, the daughter of King Albert II of Belgium. Since the throne of Belgium is heritable by females, Princess Astrid is an heir of Belgium immediately after the issue of King Philippe of Belgium, as such, her husband Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este, was in 1995 elevated to the additional title of Prince of Belgium. The children of the couple are, since 1991, titled Archduke of Austria-Este, the eldest of these is Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este, born 1986

17.
Austria-Hungary
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The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867. Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies, and one region, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and constituted the last phase in the evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and the Hungarian states were co-equal, Foreign affairs and the military came under joint oversight, but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states. Austria-Hungary was a state and one of the worlds great powers at the time. Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, at 621,538 km2, the Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry of the world, after the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Austro-Hungarian military and civilian rule until it was annexed in 1908. The annexation of Bosnia also led to Islam being recognized as a state religion due to Bosnias Muslim population. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I and it was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The realms full, official name was The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, each enjoyed considerable sovereignty with only a few joint affairs. Certain regions, such as Polish Galicia within Cisleithania and Croatia within Transleithania, enjoyed autonomous status, the division between Austria and Hungary was so marked that there was no common citizenship, one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen, never both. This also meant that there were always separate Austrian and Hungarian passports, however, neither Austrian nor Hungarian passports were used in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia. Instead, the Kingdom issued its own passports which were written in Croatian and French and it is not known what kind of passports were used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was under the control of both Austria and Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had always maintained a separate parliament, the Diet of Hungary, the administration and government of the Kingdom of Hungary remained largely untouched by the government structure of the overarching Austrian Empire. Hungarys central government structures remained well separated from the Austrian imperial government, the country was governed by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary – located in Pressburg and later in Pest – and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna. The Hungarian government and Hungarian parliament were suspended after the Hungarian revolution of 1848, despite Austria and Hungary sharing a common currency, they were fiscally sovereign and independent entities. Since the beginnings of the union, the government of the Kingdom of Hungary could preserve its separated. After the revolution of 1848–1849, the Hungarian budget was amalgamated with the Austrian, from 1527 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs controls, which separated her from the other parts of the Habsburg-ruled territories

18.
Infanta Blanca of Spain
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Infanta Blanca of Spain was the eldest child of Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain and his wife Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma. Blanca was a member of the House of Bourbon and - according to the Carlists - an Infanta of Spain by birth, in 1889 she married Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria. The family left Austria after the end of the Monarchy and finally settled in Barcelona. When the male line of Blancas family died out at the death of her uncle, Alfonso Carlos, Blancas childhood was marked by the third Carlist War in which her father tried, unsuccessfully, to gain the throne of Spain by force. For a time in 1875, Blanca lived in Elizondo, Navarre at the established by her father. After the war ended the family lived mostly in the Parisian district of Passy, in 1881 they were expelled from France due to Carloss political activities. By then Blancas parents drifted apart and her father went to live in his palace in Venice, while her mother retired to her estate in Viareggio, Italy. Blanca and her siblings divided their time between them and their properties were confiscated and they had to live in exile with meager means. The family could live in France nor in Italy, countries that had been Austrias enemies during the war. Blanca was forced to ask permission to live in Barcelona to her cousin Alphonso XIII of Spain, Alphonso XIII allowed them to come to Spain on condition that they did not support the claims to the Spanish throne of Blancas brother Jaime, Duke of Madrid. In 1922 Blanca was recognized as a Spaniard, the exiled family had to live modestly in a house in Barcelona. The fall of Alphonso XIII and the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in April 1931 did not affect directly their circumstances, however five months later, Blancas husband died during a trip to Austria while trying to recover some of their lost properties. Blanca was left under strained economical means, living from vineyards at La Tenuata Reale at Viareggio, three of her children were still living with her, Dolores, Margaretha and Karl. The convulsed political situation in Spain made them returned to Austria, the family was able to rent three rooms at their former residence in Vienna, the Palais Toskana. In March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria and Blanca with her children Dolores, in later years, Blanca and her youngest sons Karl Pius and Franz Josef became involved in various Carlist disputes and claims. She died, aged 81, in Viareggio, Tuscany, Italy, Lost Waltz A Story Of Exile by Bertita Harding Balansó, Juan. Plaza & Janés Editores SA,1997, ISBN 84-01-53023-7 McIntosh, rosvall Royal Books,2000, ISBN 91-973978-0-6 Lost Waltz A Story Of Exile by Bertita Harding

19.
Archduke Carl Christian of Austria
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Archduke Carl Christian of Austria is a member of the House of Habsburg and Archduke of Austria. Carl Christian is the child and second-youngest son of Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria. They have three sons, Count Léopold Menno Philippe Gabriel François-Xavier Marie Joseph Ghislain de Limburg-Stirum, Count Gabriel de Limburg-Stirum Archduke Imre Emanuel Simeon Jean Carl Marcus dAviano of Austria married on 8 September 2012 Kathleen Elizabeth Walker in Washington, D. C. The couple lives in Luxembourg, where Archduke Imre works for Ernst and they have one daughter, Archduchess Katarina Marie-Christine Fabiola of Austria Archduke Alexander Hector Marie Karl Leopold Marcus dAviano of Austria. Archduchess Gabriella Maria Pilar Yolande Joséphine Charlotte of Austria,9 May 1977 - present, His Imperial and Royal Highness Prince Carl Christian of Habsburg, Archduke of Austria

20.
Carlota of Mexico
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Carlota of Mexico was a Belgian princess who became Empress of Mexico as the wife of Maximilian I of Mexico. The only daughter of Leopold I, King of the Belgians by his wife, Louise, Princess of Orléans, Charlotte was born at the Royal Palace of Laeken in Laeken, Brussels. Charlotte had three brothers, Louis-Philippe, who died in infancy, Leopold, who on the death of their father became Leopold II of Belgium and Philippe, Count of Flanders. She was also a first cousin to both Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert, as well as Ferdinand II of Portugal and she belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her favorite grandparent Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies, Queen of France, was the consort of Louis-Philippe of France, Maria Amalia was Charlottes close confidante, and on her wedding day in 1857, she wore a bracelet with a miniature portrait of her. They regularly corresponded, especially later while Charlotte was in Mexico, when Charlotte was ten years old, her mother, Louise-Marie, died of tuberculosis and Charlotte was entrusted to the Countess of Hulste, a close family friend. Although young, the princess had her own household, but for a few out of the year, Charlotte stayed in Claremont with Maria Amalia. On 27 July 1857 in Brussels, Charlotte married her second cousin Archduke Maximilian of Austria, Napoleon III gave Charlotte and her husband Maximillian a beautiful bisque bust of Charlotte as a wedding gift. This bust is in the Popes Tavern, Florence, Alabama, in the Court of Vienna she was much prized by her mother-in-law, Princess Sophie, who saw in her the perfect example of a wife to an Austrian Archduke. Charlotte disliked Empress Elisabeth, Franz Josephs wife, Charlotte spent several relatively happy years in Italy as Maximilians wife while the archduke served as the governor of the Austrian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. The position was purely nominal, as power rested in the hand of the Emperor, in the early 1860s, the ambitious Napoleon III initiated the French intervention in Mexico. France, eager to turn Mexico into a state, searched for a suitable figurehead to serve as the nominal emperor of Mexico. His choice was Maximilian, who held no power in Italy and was eager for a more challenging role. Against his brothers advice, Maximilian accepted the Mexican crown and the couple sailed for the New World, the imperial couple were crowned at the Catedral Metropolitana in 1864 and chose as their seat Mexico City, making their home in the Neoclassical Chapultepec Castle. As Empress, she took the name of Carlota, Carlota tried to take her imperial duties seriously, and even undertook a tour of the remote Yucatán frontier, visiting the ruins of Uxmal. Only months after the coronation, however, Napoleon III began signaling his abandonment of Maximilian, and this strategic pullback was a potentially fatal blow to the infant Mexican monarchy. The situation was exacerbated by a United States blockade that prevented French reinforcements from landing, in a desperate attempt to save her husbands throne, Carlota returned to Europe, seeking assistance for her husband in Paris, Vienna, and finally in Rome from Pope Pius IX. Her efforts failed, she manifested symptoms of paranoia, suffered a profound cognitive and emotional collapse, Maximilian explained himself that it was all a charade to get his brother Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria to give him one of his sons as heir

21.
Charles I of Austria
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Charles I was the last ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the last Emperor of Austria, the last King of Hungary, and he spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy until his death in 1922. Following his beatification by the Catholic Church in 2004, he has become known as Blessed Charles of Austria. Charles was born 17 August 1887 in the Castle of Persenbeug in Lower Austria and his parents were Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. At the time, his granduncle Franz Joseph reigned as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, as a child, Archduke Charles was reared a devout Roman Catholic. He spent his early years wherever his fathers regiment happened to be stationed, later on he lived in Vienna and he was privately educated, but, contrary to the custom ruling in the imperial family, he attended a public gymnasium for the sake of demonstrations in scientific subjects. In 1907, he was declared of age and Prince Zdenko Lobkowitz was appointed his chamberlain, in the next few years he carried out his military duties in various Bohemian garrison towns. In 1911, Charles married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma and they had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem in Bohemia and it was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted. Due to Franz Ferdinands morganatic marriage in 1900, his children were excluded from the succession, as a result, the Emperor severely pressured Charles to marry. Zita not only shared Charles devout Catholicism, but also a royal lineage. Zita later recalled, Charles became heir presumptive after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914, only at this time did the old Emperor take steps to initiate the heir-presumptive to his crown in affairs of state. But the outbreak of World War I interfered with this political education, Charles spent his time during the first phase of the war at headquarters at Teschen, but exercised no military influence. Charles then became a Feldmarschall in the Austro-Hungarian Army, in the spring of 1916, in connection with the offensive against Italy, he was entrusted with the command of the XX. Corps, whose affections the heir-presumptive to the throne won by his affability, the offensive, after a successful start, soon came to a standstill. Shortly afterwards, Charles went to the front as commander of an army operating against the Russians and Romanians. Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916, after the death of his grand-uncle, on 2 December 1916, he assumed the title of Supreme Commander of the whole army from Archduke Friedrich. His coronation as King of Hungary occurred on 30 December, in 1917, Charles secretly entered into peace negotiations with France

22.
Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria
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He was born at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, the son of Archduke Franz Karl of Austria and his wife Sophie of Bavaria. His siblings included Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria and Maximilian and his mother ensured he was raised a devout Roman Catholic by the Vienna Prince-archbishop Joseph Othmar Rauscher, a conviction that evolved into religious mania in his later years. However, he found his authority to exert power restricted by the Austrian cabinet of his cousin Archduke Rainer Ferdinand and he finally laid down the office upon the issue of the 1861 February Patent for a life as patron of the arts and sciences. As the eldest surviving brother of the Emperor, Karl Ludwig, after the death of his nephew Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria in 1889, became heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A newspaper article appeared shortly after the death of his claiming that the Archduke had renounced his succession rights in favor of his eldest son Franz Ferdinand. This rumor proved to be false and his first wife, whom he married on 4 November 1856 at Dresden, was his first cousin Margaretha of Saxony, the daughter of Johann of Saxony and Amalie Auguste of Bavaria. She died on 15 September 1858 and they had no children and they had four children, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria he married Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg on 1 July 1900. Archduke Otto Franz of Austria he married Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1867–1944 on 2 October 1886, Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria he married Bertha Czuber on 15 August 1909. Archduchess Margarete Sophie of Austria she married Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg on 24 January 1893, Maria Annunciata died on 4 May 1871. His third wife, whom he married on 23 July 1873 at Kleinheubach, was Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal, daughter of Miguel I of Portugal and they had two daughters, Archduchess Maria Annunziata of Austria. Abbess of the Theresia Convent in the Hradschin, Prague, Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria she married Prince Aloys of Liechtenstein on 20 April 1903. Karl Ludwig died of typhoid at Schönbrunn in Vienna returning from a journey to Palestine and Egypt and his widow, Maria Teresa died on 12 February 1944. List of heirs to the Austrian throne

23.
Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria
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Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria was a member of the House of Habsburg, a Grand Admiral in the Austro-Hungarian Navy and candidate for the Polish crown. He was born at Židlochovice Castle, near Brno in Moravia, at his baptism he was given the names Karl Stephan Eugen Viktor Felix Maria. Among his siblings were Queen Maria Theresia of Bavaria, Archduke Friedrich of Austria, Queen Maria Cristina of Spain, on 28 February 1886 at Vienna Charles Stephen married Archduchess Maria Theresia, Princess of Tuscany. She was the daughter of Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, the ceremony took place in the Hofburg and was witnessed by Cardinal Ganglbauer. Charles Stephen and Maria Theresia had six children, Archduchess Eleonora of Austria married morganatically Alfons von Kloss, Archduchess Renata of Austria married Prince Hieronymus Radziwill. Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria married Alice Elisabeth Ankarcrona, Archduchess Mechthildis of Austria married Prince Olgierd Czartoryski. Archduke Leo Karl of Austria married Maria-Klothilde von Thuillières Gräfin von Montjoye-Vaufrey et de la Roche, had issue, in 1879 Charles Stephen was commissioned as a Seefähnrich in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Appointed his naval governor in 1879 was Fregattenkapitän Hermann von Spaun, in 1896 he retired from active duty. He continued, however, to be advanced in rank, attaining the rank of admiral in 1901 and he was named Marineinspekteur, making him the titular ranking officer of the navy. Others, however, had control of operations in 1914–1918, Anton Haus, Maximilian Njegovan. In 1918 the Emperor Charles I put him in charge of the enquiry into the mutiny of the navy at Cattaro, Charles Stephen recommended a sweeping re-organisation of the navy and the appointment of Miklós Horthy as commander-in-chief. Charles Stephen was an officer à la suite of the Imperial German Navy, Charles Stephen was considered as a candidate to be regent and eventually king. At the time Charles Stephen was living at the Castle of Saysbusch and his chances were enhanced by the fact that he spoke fluent Polish. Two of his daughters were married to Polish princes belonging to the houses of Radziwill. Moreover, the Radziwill and Czartoryski families urged the cause of Russia, adding to the political muddle was the support of Ukrainian nationalism by Charles Stephens son, Archduke Wilhelm. In the end, the proclamation was so vague and tentative that it failed to inspire enthusiasm among its supposed beneficiaries or even among the Germans and Austro-Hungarians themselves, in addition to his professional career as a naval officer, Charles Stephen took an active interest in yachting. He was an officer of the Imperial and Royal Yacht Squadron. His interest in yachting brought him to England on several occasions including in 1879 for the Royal Yacht Squadron Regatta, in 1900, in 1892 he was made a member of the Yacht Racing Association

24.
Death and funeral of Otto von Habsburg
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The following day, a 13-day period of mourning started in several countries formerly part of Austria-Hungary. Otto was entombed in the Imperial Crypt under the Capuchin Church in Vienna on 16 July, Stephens Cathedral on 16 July, presided over by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, which was followed by the entombment in the Imperial Crypt. Commemorations were also held in Bavaria, around 1,000 invited guests and 100,000 members of the public attended the funeral in Vienna, which was broadcast live by Austrian Television. A funeral procession over one kilometer long brought Ottos coffin from St. Stephens Cathedral to the Imperial Crypt, the ceremonies led to large parts of central Vienna being closed down for public traffic. The funeral has been described as the last Emperors funeral to take place in Vienna, with his fathers ascent to the thrones in 1916, he was himself likely to become the Emperor. As his father never abdicated, Otto was considered by himself, his family, after the Second World War, he was Vice President and President of the International Paneuropean Union, and served as a Member of the European Parliament. He played a role in the revolutions of 1989, as a co-initiator of the Pan-European Picnic. Later he was a supporter of the EU membership of central. He has been described as the last Emperor or the last Habsburg, commitment to Europe should set a political example for all of us, especially in difficult times. In his statement, Barroso pointed out that Otto had made a contribution to the opening of the Iron Curtain. He resisted Nazism with the determination he opposed the Communist regimes of the Eastern bloc. He kept the flame of hope for the reunification of Europe alive when many others had given up. I will never forget the moment when the Paneuropean Picnic, which Otto von Habsburg organised on 19 August 1989 at the Austro-Hungarian border, the European Parliament held a minute of silence in honour of Otto von Habsburg. European Peoples Party – President Wilfried Martens said, Otto von Habsburg was a great European and he relentlessly defended the European project and European integration. European Peoples Party Group – Chairman Joseph Daul stated, Otto von Habsburg embodied the history of European integration like no-one else, the son of the last Austro-Hungarian emperor fought all his life for democracy, freedom, and an understanding of the peoples of Europe. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization – The UNPO secretary-general Marino Busdachin praised Otto as a champion of multi-culturalism, Paneuropean Union – Bernd Posselt, chair of the Paneuropean Union in Germany, said Otto was the last grand architect of European unity from the pioneer generation. States Holy See – In a telegram addressed to Karl von Habsburg, Archduke of Austria, Benedict praised Otto von Habsburg as a great European who had worked tirelessly for peace, the coexistence of peoples and a just order in Europe. In the hour of grief over this loss, I associate myself with you

25.
Archduchess Dolores of Austria
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Archduchess Dolores of Austria German, Dolores Erzherzogin von Österreich-Toskana, was a daughter of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria. She was member of the Tuscan branch of the Imperial House of Habsburg, after the fall of the Austro Hungary Empire, she lived under reduced circumstances with her family in Spain, Austria, and Italy. Archduchess Dolores was born in Lemberg, Austria, the eldest child of Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria and her mother was the eldest daughter of Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain. Dolores was given the baptismal names Maria de los Dolores Beatrix Carolina Blanca Leopoldina von Habsburg-Lothringen Archduchess Dolores grew up in the last period of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Her father, who had followed a career in the army, was also an inventor with a number of military patents under his name and her mother was the domineering force in the family. Doloress paternal ancestors had reigned in Austria, Tuscany and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and her mothers family had reigned in Spain, Parma and France. Archduchess Dolores was educated with her sisters Immaculata and Margaretha, the three sisters, very close in age, were artistically inclined. Dolores was particularity skillful at drawing and her education made an emphasis in languages. She learned, besides her native German, French, Spanish and they had the Palais Toskana in Vienna and Schloss Wilhelminenberg as their country state. Vacations were spent in Italy where Infanta Blanca owned a property near Viareggio. During World War I, Archduchess Doloress father and two eldest brothers fought with the Austro-Hungarian army, at the fall of Habsburg monarchy, the republican government of Austria confiscated all the properties of the Habsburgs. Dolores family lost all their fortune and her two eldest brothers, Archdukes Rainer and Leopold, decided to remain in Austria and recognized the new republic. Dolores with her parents and her other siblings emigrated to Spain, in January 1919 they arrived in Barcelona where they settled for over a decade. With income from her fathers military patents in France and with the sell of some of her mother jewels they were able to buy a house in Barcelona and she was mildly handicapped by a limp since childhood. The convulsed political situation in Spain during the Second Spanish Republic made the family returned to Austria and they were able to rent three rooms at their former residence in Vienna, the Palais Toskana. In March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria and Archduchess Dolores with her mother and youngest brother moved to Tenuta Reale, as the situation there became increasingly dire due to the war, Archduchess Dolores her mother, her youngest brother, Archduke Karl, and his family moved back to Barcelona. When the war ended they returned to Viareggio, after the death of her mother, Archduchess Dolores returned to live in Barcelona. In the 1960s her family lost contact with her and it was later discovered that she was living in Lleida being held in semi imprisonment by the family of the postman who used to deliver her letters

26.
Duchy of Modena and Reggio
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It was ruled from 1814 by the noble House of Este, of Austria-Este. In 1452 Emperor Frederick III offered the duchy to Borso dEste, whose family had ruled the city of Modena, Borso in 1450 had also succeeded his brother as margrave in the adjacent Papal Duchy of Ferrara, where he received the ducal title in 1471. The Este lands on the border of the Holy Roman Empire with the Papal States formed a stabilizing buffer state in the interest of both. In the War of the League of Cambrai from 1508, troops from Modena fought in Papal service against the Republic of Venice, upon the death of Duke Alfonso II in 1597, the ducal line became extinct. The Este lands were bequested to Alfonsos cousin Cesare dEste, however, Cesare could retain Modena and Reggio as Imperial fiefs. In the 1628 War of the Mantuan Succession, the dukes of Modena sided with Habsburg Spain and in received the town of Correggio from the hands of Emperor Ferdinand II. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Duke Rinaldo was ousted by French troops under Louis Joseph de Bourbon, in 1711 the small Duchy of Mirandola was absorbed by the Este. His successor Francesco III backed France in the 1740 War of the Austrian Succession, and was expelled by Habsburg forces, in 1796 Modena was again occupied by a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte, who deposed Duke Ercole III and created the Cispadane Republic out of his territory. By the 1801 Treaty of Lunéville, the last Este Duke was compensated with the Breisgau region of the former Further Austrian territories in southwestern Germany, and died in 1803. Following his death, the title was inherited by his son-in-law, the Habsburg-Lorraine archduke Ferdinand of Austria. Soon after, he inherited the territories of Massa and Carrara from his mother, in the course of the Italian unification period in the 1830s-60s, the Austria-Este dukes were briefly ousted in the revolutions of 1831 and 1848, but soon returned. During the Second Italian War of Independence following the Battle of Magenta, the last Duke Francis V was again forced to flee, this time permanently

27.
Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg
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Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg is the wife of Georg von Habsburg, the third in the line of succession to the titular Austro-Hungarian throne. She was in line of succession to the British throne before her marriage to a Roman Catholic and she is a daughter of Duke Johann of Oldenburg and his wife Countess Ilka of Ortenburg. Her father is a son of Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg and his wife Princess Helena of Waldeck. On 18 October 1997, Eilika married Georg von Habsburg in St. Stephens Basilica in Budapest and he is the younger son of Otto von Habsburg and his wife Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen. Among the wedding guests were Felipe, Prince of Asturias, Prince Albert of Monaco, pope John Paul II sent his best wishes to the couple, and ambassadors of many foreign nations, including the United States, attended as representatives. The 25-year-old Eilika wore a white dress, along with a veil worn by her great-grandmother Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1896. The ceremony was broadcast live on Hungarian television, roughly 2,000 Hungarian citizens and it was also the second time that a Habsburg was married in Hungary since the fall of communism in 1989. She and her family live next to the village of Sóskút and their eldest child was the first Habsburg to be born in Hungary in more than fifty years. While Georg is a Roman Catholic, Eilika has chosen to remain a Lutheran,22 August 1972 -18 October 1997 Her Highness Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg 18 October 1997 – present, Her Imperial and Royal Highness Archduchess Eilika Eilikas ancestors in four generations

28.
Archduchess Eleonora of Austria
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Archduchess Eleonora of Austria was a daughter of Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria and a first cousin of King Alphonso XIII of Spain. She was member of the Teschen branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bohemia, Hungary and she renounced to her titles upon her morganatic marriage to Alfons Kloss, the captain of her fathers yacht. During World War II her sons served in the German army, Archduchess Eleonora was the eldest daughter of Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria and his wife Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Princess of Tuscany. Both of her parents were related to Emperor Franz Joseph. Her father, a son of archduke Karl of Austria who had led the Austrian army against Napoleon Bonaparte, was a brother of Queen Maria Christina of Spain. Eleonora’s mother, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Princess of Tuscany, was a granddaughter of Leopold II, on her mother line, she was a grand daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. Archduchess Eleonora was born in Pula, Austria–Hungary, now Croatia and she was educated by private tutors, her education made special emphasis on languages and she learned German, Italian, English French and from 1895 Polish. Her father had followed a career in the Austrian Navy and Eleanore spent her formative years primarily in Istria in the then Austrian port of Pula in the Adriatic. Her father was very wealthy and the family had a villa in the island of Losinj in the Adriatic. In 1895 her father inherited from Archduke Albert vast properties in Galicia, from 1907 the family main residence was in Zywiec castle in western Galicia today Poland, but still they spent the winters in Istria. At age fifteen, Archduchess Eleanore fell in love with Alfons von Kloss and their relationship grew during many familys Mediterranean cruises. Archduke Charles Stephen had wished to marry his eldest daughter to a Polish aristocrat and he contacted the emperor, asking him to authorize the union. Emperor Franz Joseph was inflexible on matters, but he was a good friend of Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria. The wedding, a modest ceremony, took place on 9 January 1913 at Saybusch, Poland, Archduchess Eleanore renounced to her titles upon her marriage becoming simply Mrs von Kloss. Alfons von Kloss worked as Corvette Captain in the Imperial navy, Eleanore and her husband stayed in Austria after the fall of the monarchy and lived in Baden near Vienna, in a large villa Eleanore had inherited from her childless uncle Archduke Rainer of Austria. One of her sons, Alfons, was military Attache at the Austrian Embassy in Washington DC, most of her many descendants still live in Austria. Archduchess Eleonora and her husband Alfons von Kloss had eight children, Albrecht von Kloss and they had one son and two daughters. Karl von Kloss Rainer von Kloss, married Cornelia Schoute and had one son, ernest von Kloss, married Ritxa Harting and had three sons and one daughter

29.
Empress Elisabeth of Austria
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Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria was the wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I, and thus Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, and many others. Born into the royal Bavarian house of Wittelsbach, Elisabeth enjoyed an informal upbringing before marrying Emperor Franz Joseph I at the age of sixteen, the marriage thrust her into the much more formal Habsburg court life, for which she was ill-prepared and which she found uncongenial. Early in the marriage she was at odds with her mother-in-law, Archduchess Sophie, the birth of a male heir, Rudolf, improved her standing at court considerably, but her health suffered under the strain, and she would often visit Hungary for its more relaxed environment. She came to develop a deep kinship with Hungary, and helped to bring about the monarchy of Austria–Hungary in 1867. The death of her only son Rudolf, and his mistress Mary Vetsera and she withdrew from court duties and travelled widely, unaccompanied by her family. She was obsessively concerned with maintaining her youthful figure and beauty, while travelling in Geneva in 1898, she was stabbed to death by an Italian anarchist named Luigi Lucheni. Elisabeth was the longest serving Empress of Austria, at 44 years, maximilian was considered to be rather peculiar, he had a childish love of circuses and traveled the Bavarian countryside to escape his duties. The family home was at Possenhofen Castle, far from the protocols of court, Sisi and her siblings grew up in a very unrestrained and unstructured environment, she often skipped her lessons to go riding about the countryside. Although the couple had never met, Franz Josephs obedience was taken for granted by the archduchess, the Duchess and Helene were invited to journey to the resort of Bad Ischl, Upper Austria to receive his formal proposal of marriage. Fifteen-year-old Sisi accompanied her mother and sister and they traveled from Munich in several coaches and they arrived late as the Duchess, prone to migraine, had to interrupt the journey, the coach with their gala dresses never did arrive. The family was still in mourning over the death of an aunt so they were dressed in black, while black did not suit eighteen-year-old Helenes dark coloring, it made her younger sisters blonder looks more striking by contrast. Helene was a pious, quiet woman, and she and Franz Joseph felt ill at ease in each others company. He did not propose to Helene, but defied his mother and informed her that if he could not have Elisabeth, five days later their betrothal was officially announced. The couple were married eight months later in Vienna at the Augustinerkirche on 24 April 1854, the marriage was finally consummated three days later, and Elisabeth received a dower equal to todays 240,000 USD. Within a few weeks, Elisabeth started to display health problems, she had fits of coughing and became anxious and she was surprised to find she was pregnant and gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Archduchess Sophie of Austria, just ten months after her wedding. When a second daughter, Archduchess Gisela of Austria, was born a year later, the fact that she had not produced a male heir made Elisabeth increasingly unwanted in the palace. One day she found a pamphlet on her desk with the following words underlined. The natural destiny of a Queen is to give an heir to the throne. If the Queen bears no sons, she is merely a foreigner in the State, and her mother-in-law is generally considered to be the source of the malicious pamphlet

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Archduke Eugen of Austria
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Archduke Eugen Ferdinand Pius Bernhard Felix Maria of Austria-Teschen was an Archduke of Austria and a Prince of Hungary and Bohemia. He was the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights from the Habsburg dynasty, Eugen was the son of Karl Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and of his wife Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria. He was born at the castle of Gross Seelowitz, near Brünn in Moravia, at his baptism he was given the names Eugen Ferdinand Pius Bernhard Felix Maria. His education was Spartan in character and his country living at Gross Seelowitz and holidays at Gmund alternated with a sound education and strict instruction. At the Albrechtspalais in Vienna, Eugen received instruction in all the subjects in addition to languages, music. Shortly thereafter he was transferred as an Oberleutnant to a hussar regiment, in 1882, Eugen took an examination before a commission assembled by Archduke Albrecht that verified his suitability to attend the military academy at Wiener Neustadt. Eugen became then the sole archduke to attend the several year long course at the academy, in 1885, Eugen was assigned to the General Staff and rapidly rose through the ranks. He commanded a battalion of Infantry Regiment 13 as a lieutenant colonel before assuming command of the regiment as a colonel. Following a further assignment as commanding officer of Hussar regiment 13, he assumed command of an infantry brigade in Olmütz. In 1900 he was appointed to the command of XIV Army Corps in Innsbruck and this command simultaneously also made him the commanding general in Innsbruck and the defence commander for the Tyrol. He was appointed eight years later as an inspector and senior defence commander for the Tyrol. When in 1909 the possibility of a war against Serbia was in the air he alongside Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Eugen also had exercised his influence in the field of personnel. He had urgently recommended Feldmarschallleutnant Conrad von Hötzendorf, his commander at Innsbruck as the successor to the retiring chief of the general staff — General Beck-Rzikowsky. In 1911, the Archduke retired from military service ostensibly for health reasons. Conrad von Hötzendorf however suggested in his memoirs that Archduke Franz Ferdinand had become jealous of the importance of Eugen. In addition to his career above all else, Eugen was called upon to perform his duty as the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. On 11 January 1887, Eugen entered the Teutonic Knights as a professed knight, at the same time he was chosen to be the coadjutor of his uncle, Archduke Wilhelm, then Hoch- und Deutschmeister. When Archduke Wilhelm suddenly died, Eugen was enthroned as the new Hoch- und Deutschmeister on 19 November 1894 and he further developed the institution of the volunteer nursing care, founded new hospitals and improved the training of the sisters

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Archduke Felix of Austria
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Archduke Felix of Austria was the last surviving child of the last Austrian Emperor Charles I and a member of the Habsburg. He was a brother of former Crown Prince Otto of Austria. Archduke Felix was born in the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna the third son of the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary the Archduke Charles. On 21 November 1916 the Emperor Franz Joseph died and Felixs father succeeded as the new Emperor of Austria, Archduke Felix was less than three years old when Austria-Hungary collapsed following its defeat in the First World War. As a result, republics were declared in the now-separate countries Austria, on 1 April 1922 his father Emperor Charles died in Madeira. In the autumn of 1937 Archduke Felix was permitted to return to Austria and he became the first Habsburg since the abolition of the monarchy to pursue a career as an officer in the Austrian Army. With the Anschluss approaching Archduke Felix, his sister Archduchess Adelheid, during the Second World War while in the United States, Felix and his brother Carl Ludwig volunteered to serve in the 101st Infantry Battalion known as the Free Austria Battalion. However the battalion was disbanded when a number of exiled Jewish volunteers who made up the majority of force ultimately declined to confirm their enlistment. Felix, unlike his brother Otto, always refused to renounce his rights to the Austrian throne and membership of the Habsburg family, as a result, he was banned from entering Austria except for a brief three-day stay in 1989 in order to attend his mothers funeral. After his presence known, he was warned by the Austrian government that he would face prosecution if he ever tried to enter the country illegally again. Felix built up a number of businesses in Mexico and Brussels. During his time in exile Archduke Felix lived in Portugal, Belgium, Mexico and he lived in the colonia of San Ángel in Mexico City where he died 6 September 2011. He was interred in the crypt in Muri Abbey, near Zürich. The abbey is a burial place of the Habsburg dynasty, and also contains the remains of his wife. Felix was married civilly on 18 November 1952 at Beaulieu, France and they had seven children, and twenty-two grandchildren. Archduke Carl Philipp of Austria married firstly in 1994 Martina Donath, married secondly in 1998 Annie-Claire Christine Lacrambe, two sons, one from his first wife, and one from the second wife Julien, Louis-Damien. Archduchess Kinga Barbara of Austria married in 1985 Baron Wolfgang von Erffa, one son and four daughters Zita, Hubert Laszlo, Maria Assunta, Maria-Isabel, Archduke Raimund of Austria married in 1994 Bettina Götz, one son and two daughters Felix, Sophia, Maria. Archduchess Myriam of Austria married in 1983 Jaime Corcuera Acheson, a Mexican descendant of the Earls of Gosford, four sons Karl Sebastian, Pedro Johannes, Felipe, Andres

Portrait of Elisabeth depicting her long hair (by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1864), one of two so-called "intimate" portraits of the empress; although its existence was kept a secret from the general public, it was the emperor's favourite portrait of her and kept opposite his desk in his private study