Transcript of "Fats"

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WEEK 4

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<ul><li>organic and composed of C, H & O heterogeneous group of compounds related more of their physical rather than their chemical properties </li></ul><ul><li>relatively insoluble in water and soluble in organic compounds (ether, chloroform) </li></ul><ul><li>important dietary constituents of the body because of their high energy value and also of the fat-soluble vitamins and the essential fatty acids contained in the fat of natural foods </li></ul>FATS/LIPIDS

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<ul><li>Source of Energy- densest form of stored energy—gram for gram it can produce more than twice the energy in kcalories as CHO or proteins </li></ul><ul><li>9kcal=1g of fats </li></ul><ul><li>4kcal=1g of CHO/proteins </li></ul><ul><li>7kcal=1g of alcohol </li></ul><ul><li>2. Palatability- makes food smell and taste good </li></ul><ul><li>3. Satiety- feeling of full and satisfied </li></ul><ul><li>Satiation- tends to increase the desire to eat additional fatty foods </li></ul>FOOD FUNCTIONS

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<ul><li>Phospholipids- important as part of all cell membrane structure </li></ul><ul><li>-ex. Lecithins- constituent of lipoproteins—carriers of lipids in the body </li></ul><ul><li> </li></ul><ul><li>Sterols- critical components of complex regulatory compounds in the body and provide basic material to make bile, Vitamin D, sex hormones and cells in the brain and nerve tissues & serves as building block for hormones </li></ul>FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND STEROLS

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<ul><li>ex. Linoleic acid(omega-6)- an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid with the 1 st double bond located at the 6 th C atom from the omega end </li></ul><ul><li>ex. Linolenic acid(omega-3)- an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid with the 1 st double bond located at the 3 rd C atom from the omega end </li></ul><ul><li>Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)- the main omega-3 fatty acid in fish </li></ul>STRUCTURE AND SOURCES OF LIPIDS

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<ul><li>Anabolism: Lipogenesis—results in formation of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol for use throughout the body </li></ul><ul><li>Catabolism of lipids for energy involves hydrolysis of triglycerides into 2-Carbon units that become part of acetyl coenzyme A. The acetyl CoA then enters the series of reactions called Krebs cycle, eventually leading to the release of energy in the form of ATP </li></ul><ul><li>Regulated mainly by the following hormones insulin, growth hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucocorticoids </li></ul>METABOLISM

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<ul><li>a problem with unsaturated fats in foods is that Oxygen attacks the unsaturated double bonds (oxidation) causing damage that makes the fat rancid </li></ul><ul><li>Hydrogenation </li></ul><ul><li>breaking a double bond on a fatty acid C-chain and saturating it with hydrogen </li></ul><ul><li>makes the fat solid and more stable, which provides cooking benefits </li></ul><ul><li>changes the structure of some of the fatty acids from cis fatty acids to trans fatty acids </li></ul><ul><li>trans fatty acids- consumption appears to increase the risk of coronary artery disease, cancer and elevated blood cholesterol level </li></ul>PRESERVING FATS IN FOODS

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<ul><li>Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in all tissues in humans and other animals, thus all foods from animal sources contain cholesterol </li></ul><ul><li>Highest sources of cholesterol are egg yolks and organ meats (kidney & liver) </li></ul><ul><li>Lipoproteins </li></ul><ul><li>specialized transporting compounds </li></ul><ul><li>compounds that contain a mix of lipids--- including triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of other steroids and fat-soluble vitamins--- that are covered with a protein outer layer </li></ul>FOOD CHOLESTEROL VS. BLOOD CHOLESTEROL

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<ul><li>the outer protein layer allows the compound to move through a watery substance, such as blood </li></ul><ul><li>transport fats in the circulatory system </li></ul><ul><li>4 Forms </li></ul><ul><li>Chylomicrons- transport absorbed fats from the intestinal wall to liver cells </li></ul><ul><li>Very low-density lipoproteins( VLDL) </li></ul><ul><li>Low-density lipoproteins ( LDL)- lipoproteins that carry fats and cholesterol to body cells and are made of large proportions of cholesterol </li></ul><ul><li>High-density lipoproteins ( HDL)- are formed within the cells to remove cholesterol from the cell, bringing it to the liver for disposal </li></ul>FOOD CHOLESTEROL VS. BLOOD CHOLESTEROL

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<ul><li>What is beta-oxidation? </li></ul><ul><li>What are the steps in beta-oxidation? </li></ul><ul><li>What is L-carnitine? </li></ul><ul><li>What is the importance of L-carnitine? </li></ul>ASSIGNMENT