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Sex-typed Personality Traits And Interests In Siblings

Date:

April 29, 2009

Source:

Society for Research in Child Development

Summary:

A longitudinal study of first- and second-born siblings shows that sex-typed personality traits (e.g., "expressive" traits in females, "instrumental" traits in males) develop differently in boys and girls. The study also shows that changes in girls' and boys' personality traits and interests are related to how they spend their time and to birth order, with first-born children being less adventurous and independent than their second-born siblings.

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The study, by researchers at The Pennsylvania State University, the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Purdue University, appears in the March/April 2009 issue of the journal Child Development.

The researchers looked at first- and second-born siblings from nearly 200 mostly White, middle-class American families. They collected information through home interviews conducted over seven years, activity diaries provided by the children, and saliva samples that measured the children's testosterone levels.

Not surprisingly, girls and boys differed in their sex-typed personality qualities and their sex-typed activity interests in early adolescence, with girls showing higher levels of expressive traits (such as kindness and sensitivity) and interest in "feminine" activities (such as the arts and reading), and boys showing higher levels of instrumental traits (such as independence and adventurousness) and interest in "masculine" activities (such as sports and math).

Girls' stereotypically feminine, expressive traits didn't change over time. In contrast, boys' sensitivity and warmth declined substantially across middle childhood but increased in later adolescence so that by about age 19, boys reported about the same levels of sensitivity and warmth as girls. For stereotypically masculine traits such as independence and adventurousness, girls showed increases only in middle childhood, but in boys, these traits rose across adolescence. This pattern meant that by the end of high school, boys had many more of these characteristics than girls.

The study also found that changes in girls' and boys' personality traits and interests were related to how they spent their time. In general, girls who spent time with other females developed female personality characteristics, and boys who pursued activities with other males developed male characteristics. Time with female peers was the exception: Boys and girls who spent time with friends who were girls increased in independence and adventurousness.

The research also found that interests and traits developed differently in first-born children than in children born second. For example, second-born children showed increases in traits like adventurousness and independence across adolescence, whereas in firstborns, these traits did not change much over time. These findings are consistent with the idea that first-borns conform more, while second-borns are more likely to rebel. Finally, children who showed faster rates of increase in the hormone testosterone in early adolescence weren't as affected by social influences on their personality development.

The study was funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Society for Research in Child Development. "Sex-typed Personality Traits And Interests In Siblings." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 29 April 2009. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090429091628.htm>.

Society for Research in Child Development. (2009, April 29). Sex-typed Personality Traits And Interests In Siblings. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 3, 2015 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090429091628.htm

Society for Research in Child Development. "Sex-typed Personality Traits And Interests In Siblings." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090429091628.htm (accessed March 3, 2015).

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