Textul in engleza

How many continents are there? If you grew up in the English-speaking world, you might think that the answer is obvious: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. But not everyone counts continents the same way.

The usual definition, that they’re large land masses separated from others by oceans is fine, until you actually start to think about it, and then you run into problems. Problems like this: Here’s Europe, Here’s Asia, and you’ll notice the lack of ocean between them. Then why are they two different continents?

The usual reason for this split is the cultural one: that Europe is so different from Asia, that it’s best to pretend it’s a separate entity. Okay…maybe, but if the cultural argument is valid, it sure also applies to India and the Middle East. Now you have nine continents and a new problem: if culture defines continents, then you’ll never stop drawing increasingly unhelpful lines. So some places ditch the culture division and combine Europe and Asia into Eurasia. This Eurasia is not to be confused with this Eurasia, which has always been at war with Eastasia. Making Eurasia gives a six continent view of the world.

But what about over here: North America and South America? They’re connected at Panama, or at least they used to be until Teddy Roosevelt decided that someone had to cut that country in half and it might as well be him. But even still, the canal is only 13 meters deep. You could walk all way from Northern Alaska across the narrow Panama canal, and, if it weren’t for the deadly impenetrable posion-filled Brazilian rain forest, make it all the way to the southern tip of Chile.

So North and South America, despite the canal, aren’t really divided. Which is why some places, South America, treat America as a single continent, not two, which brings the total number of continents down to five. But, if you discard the Panama Canal then you also have to disregard the Suez Canal, and you’ve just created the monstruously large Afro-Eurasian continent: 85 million square kilometers, 5.7 billion people.

With this four-continent view of the world, we must surely be done, because there are no more continents to merge and our definition from the beginning is now consistent.

Except we’re not done, because of that troublesome word ‚large’. Exactly how large is continental large? Is Australia really a dinky continent, or is it king of the islands? Why not make Greenland the smallest continent? It’s pretty big, even if you took away its ice. And speaking of ice, what about Antarctica? The forgotten continent unfairly smushed against the bottom of maps just because no one lives there.

Remove the ice sheet that covers Antarctica and you reveal it for the archipelago it really is not the single land mass it pretends to be. And, to complicate matters, the largest of these Antarctic islands is smaller than Australia. So if you want to keep calling Antarctica a continent, then there’s a bunch of other islands that might want to be continents too. Islands like New Guinea, Borneo, Madagascar, Baffin Island, Sumatra, and Honshu. While this seems inclusive to the point of silliness, ultimately someone has to decide what ‚large’ means, and that’s going to be an arbitrary line.

This problem will be familiar to anyone who remembers the is-Pluto-a-planet-or-not-a-planet fiasco which hinged mostly on this same issue of size. So now we’re more confused that before we started: there might be three continents or dozens. You know what will sort this out? SCIENCE. Confusion + Science = Answers. Let’s ask a geologist what a continent is. For them, a continent is a tectonic plate: parts of the earth’s crust that move together. So, geologists, show us your continents: the Antarctic plate, the Australian plate, the Eurasian plate, the South American, the African plate. So far, this is looking pretty good. The Middle Eastern plate, the Indian plate, the Carribean plate, the Pacific plate … there isn’t even anything there; well, there’s mostly nothing there. The Nazca plate, the Scotia plate, really? At least North America is still looking reasonable … until you include a chunck of Russia, half of Japan and half of Iceland. Well, this is unhelpful. Thanks a lot, geologists!

The heart of the problem is that the word ‚continent’ doesn’t have a simple and consistent definition for everyday use. So how many continents are there? Well, how many do you want there to be?