Early life

Gal Gadot was born in Petah Tikva, Israel,[1] and raised in its neighbouring city of Rosh HaAyin.[12] In Hebrew, her first name means "wave" and her surname means "riverbanks".[13] Her parents are Irit (née Weiss), a teacher, and Michael Gadot, an engineer.[14] Both her parents were born in Israel, and they Hebraized their surname from "Greenstein" to "Gadot" prior to her birth.[15][16] Her father is a sixth-generation Israeli.[17] Her maternal grandparents were born in Europe; her grandfather, who was imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp, survived the Holocaust, and her grandmother left before the Nazi invasion.[17][18][19] Gadot has stated that she was brought up in a "very Jewish, Israeli family environment".[14] Her ancestry is Polish-Jewish, Austrian-Jewish, German-Jewish, and Czech-Jewish.[2] She has one younger sister.[20]

Her high school major was biology. She says that in high school she was good at basketball because of her height.[2] As a teenager, her first jobs were babysitting and at Burger King.[21] As an adult, Gadot studied law and international relations at the IDC Herzliya college.[2][8]

Gadot completed her two mandatory years of service in the Israel Defense Forces, enlisted as a combat instructor.[22] She said of her time in the Israeli military: "You give two or three years, and it's not about you. You learn discipline and respect."[23] Gadot says that her background helped her to win the role of Gisele in Fast & Furious: "I think the main reason was that the director Justin Lin really liked that I was in the military, and he wanted to use my knowledge of weapons."[24]

Career

Modeling and pageant career

At age 18, Gadot won the 2004 Miss Israel beauty pageant[25] and next competed in the Miss Universe 2004 pageant in Ecuador. She carried out her mandatory two-year military service from the age of 20, then studied law.[26]

In 2007, 21-year-old Gadot was in the Maxim photo shoot, "Women of the IDF", and was then featured on the cover of the New York Post. In April 2012, Shalom Life ranked her Number 5 on its list of "the 50 most talented, intelligent, funny, and gorgeous Jewish women in the world", behind model Bar Refaeli and actress Eva Green.[30] In 2014, Gadot was one of two Israeli actresses, along with Odeya Rush, listed as an upcoming leading lady by InStyle magazine.[31]

Acting

After Gadot had completed her first year of college, a casting director contacted her agent to have Gadot audition for the part of Bond girlCamille Montes in the spy film Quantum of Solace.[26] Although the part eluded her, a few months later, Gadot starred in the 2008 Israeli drama Bubot. Three months later, the casting director from her Quantum of Solace audition cast Gadot for the role of Gisele Yashar in the action film Fast & Furious, the fourth film in The Fast and the Furious franchise, having earned the role over six other actresses.[32][33] Gadot performed her own stuntwork in those films.[34]

Other work

Gadot, fellow Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter, DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson, Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins and U.N. Under-Secretary General Cristina Gallach appeared at the United Nations on 21 October 2016, the 75th anniversary of the first appearance of Wonder Woman, to mark the character's designation by the United Nations as its "Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls".[49][50] The gesture was intended to raise awareness of UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 5, which seeks to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls by 2030.[49][50][51] The decision was met with protests from UN staff members who stated in their petition to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that the character is "not culturally encompassing or sensitive" and served to objectify women. As a result, the character was stripped of the designation, and the project ended 16 December.[51]

1.
Petah Tikva
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Petah Tikva known as Em HaMoshavot, is a city in the Central District of Israel,10.6 km east of Tel Aviv. It was founded in 1878, mainly by religious orthodox Jews, also known as the Old Yishuv, in 2015 the city had a population of 230,984. The population density is approximately 6,277 inhabitants per square kilometre, Petah Tikvas jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams. It is part of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area, Petah Tikvas emblem appears on a postage stamp designed by Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, a founding member of Petah Tikva. Originally intending to establish a new settlement in the Achor Valley, near Jericho, however, Abdülhamid II cancelled the purchase and forbade them from settling there, but they retained the name Petah Tikva as a symbol of their aspirations. Undaunted, the purchased a modest area from the village of Mulabbis. The town suffered heavily as it lay between the Ottoman and British fronts during the war, Petah Tikva became the school for thousands of pioneer workers, who studied the craft of farming there before they ventured out to establish dozens of settlements in all parts of the country. The agricultural schools are still active to this day, Petah Tikva was also the birthplace of the Labor Zionist Movement, inspired and encouraged by the writings of A. D. Gordon who lived in the town. The first recorded Arab attack on Jews in what would become Israel took place in Petah Tikva in 1886, Petah Tikva was also the scene of Arab rioting in May 1921, which left four Jews dead. In the early 1920s, industry began to develop in the Petah Tikva region, in 1921, Petah Tikva was given the status of a local council by the British authorities. According to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities, Petah Tikva had a population of 6880 inhabitants, in 1937 it was recognized as a city. Its first mayor, Shlomo Stampfer, was the son of one of its founders, Petah-Tikva, which largely depended on citrus farming, was considered by both the British government and the Jaffa Electric Company as a potentially important consumer of electricity for irrigation. The Auja Concession, which was given to the Jaffa Electric Company on 1921, but it was only in late 1929 that the company submitted an irrigation scheme for Petah-Tikva, and it was yet to be approved by the government in 1930. Refining the agricultural skills they learned in Germany, these began in 1941 to build their kibbutz in its intended location in the south of Israel. Nowadays, with a population of two hundred thousand inhabitants Petah Tikva is the third most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area. Petah Tikva is divided into 33 neighborhoods for municipal purposes, Petah Tikva is the second-largest industrial sector in Israel after the northern city of Haifa. The industry is divided into three zones—Kiryat Aryeh, Kiryat Matalon, and Segula, and includes textiles, metalwork, carpentry, plastics, processed foods, tires and other rubber products, and soap. The largest data center in Israel, operated by the company TripleC, is located in Petah Tikva

2.
Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya
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The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya is a private, not-for-profit, nonsectarian research university in Herzliya, Israel. It was founded in 1994 by Uriel Reichman and it is located at Herzliya, in the Tel Aviv District, and is classified as an independent non-budgeted academic institution. IDC Herzliya has 8,000 students currently enrolled for undergraduate and graduate degrees, in 2014 the IDC Herzliya was ranked the most successful academic start-up institution in Israel and outside of the United States, ranking first in Israel and twenty one in the world. In the same year IDC law graduates achieved the highest passing rate at the bar examination of all Israeli academic institutions. Moreover, the IDC Herzliya has been ranked first of 66 Israeli academic institutions in terms of student satisfaction for four consecutive years, the first class at IDC Herzliya consisted of 360 students. Over the years, leading professors from Israel and the US have joined the faculty, additional schools have been opened, IDC offers innovative interdisciplinary degree programs that employ advanced information technology while providing a solid understanding of the region and its geopolitical relevance in the world. The IDC Herzliya motto is “Liberty and Responsibility, the school logo is based on the flag that Theodor Herzl, the father of modern Zionism, proposed for the Jewish state. In 2012, Israel Chemicals helped to found the School of Sustainability, graduates will be awarded a BA in sustainability studies. Uriel Reichman, president and founder of IDC Herzliya, holds a JSD from the University of Chicago and is the dean of the Law Faculty at Tel Aviv University. Rafi Melnick is the provost. Amnon Rubinstein, chairperson of the Appointments Committee, is a former Israeli minister of education. Aharon Barak, president emeritus of the Israeli Supreme Court, is a member of the Higher Academic Committee, IDC Herzliya offers degrees in law, business, government, computer science, communications, economics and psychology. IDC Herzliya’s interdisciplinary programs equip students with knowledge in their areas of study. ICL & ORL, and the Raphael Recanati International School, the Raphael Recanati International School offers programs in English for overseas students. International students learn side by side with Israelis and are involved in all aspects of campus life, the Raphael Recanati International School has grown significantly and now makes up one-fourth of the student body at IDC Herzliya. IDC Herzliya students come from 83 countries to study at the Raphael Recanati International School, students are also active in a variety of clubs and performing arts groups. In 2009, Alpha Epsilon Pi, an international Jewish fraternity, opened a branch at IDC, the Debate Club of the IDC Herzliya is a framework designed to provide the qualifications necessary in the field of speech and rhetoric. In 2012, the team of the Raphael Recanati international school won second place in the European championships in Belgrade. It was the team from Israel to reach the final

3.
Miss Israel
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Miss Israel is a national Beauty pageant in Israel. The Miss Israel Pageant was held for the first time in 1950, since then Miss Israel has been the national franchise holder for the Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International and Miss Europe pageants. The official winner represents Israel in the Miss Universe competition and the runners-up in the Miss World, Miss International and Miss Europe competitions. Sometimes the winner competes at other international pageants, such as the Miss World pageant in 1953,1968,1992, 1996-1998, in 2001 Miss Israel became the national franchise holder for the Miss Earth pageant until 2009. In 2010, the Miss Israel pageant did not send a candidate to the Miss Earth pageant, in 2006, Miss Israel did not send a candidate to Miss Europe. In 2006 Miss Israel chose a new format awarding four crowns, Israel nationality or naturalization to have an age of 17.5 to 23 years to be at least 1. Israel has three international winners namely, Miss Universe 1976, Miss World 1998 and Miss Europe 1994, according to the Miss Israel Organization, traditionally Miss Israel winner competes at the Miss Universe. When the winner does not qualify for either contest, a runner-up is sent, while runners-up goes to Miss World, Miss Earth, Miss Asia Pacific and Miss International. In 2006 Miss Israel changed format with the winner competing in the Miss World competition. In 2013, the competed in Miss Universe 2013 in Russia. Color key Between 1953 and 2005 traditionally Miss Israel 1st Runner-up competed at the Miss World or sometimes the winner competed, in 2006 Miss Israel changes format as the grand winner might compete at the Miss World. Color key In 1960-2005 Miss Israel sent runners-up of the Miss Israel pageant to the Miss International competition, in 2006-2007 the official representatives withdrew for unknown reasons. Color key In 1985 and 2005, Miss Europe Israel was the third-place winner, no pageant has been held since 2006. ynet. co. il

4.
Israel Defense Forces
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The Israel Defense Forces, commonly known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym Tzahal, are the military forces of the State of Israel. They consist of the forces, air force, and navy. It is the military wing of the Israeli security forces. The IDF is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Defense Minister of Israel, Lieutenant general Gadi Eizenkot has served as Chief of Staff since 2015. The number of wars and border conflicts in which the IDF has been involved in its history makes it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world. The Israel Defense Forces differs from most armed forces in the world in many ways, differences include the mandatory conscription of women and its structure, which emphasizes close relations between the army, navy, and air force. Since its founding, the IDF has been designed to match Israels unique security situation. The IDF is one of Israeli societys most prominent institutions, influencing the economy, culture. In 1965, the Israel Defense Forces was awarded the Israel Prize for its contribution to education, the Uzi submachine gun was invented in Israel and used by the IDF until December 2003, ending a service that began in 1954. The Israeli cabinet ratified the name Israel Defense Forces, Tzva HaHagana LeYisrael, literally army for the defense of Israel, the other main contender was Tzva Yisrael. The name was chosen because it conveyed the idea that the role was defense, and because it incorporated the name Haganah. Among the primary opponents of the name were Minister Haim-Moshe Shapira, the IDF traces its roots to Jewish paramilitary organizations in the New Yishuv, starting with the Second Aliyah. The first such organization was Bar-Giora, founded in September 1907 and it was converted to Hashomer in April 1909, which operated until the British Mandate of Palestine came into being in 1920. Hashomer was an elitist organization with narrow scope, and was created to protect against criminal gangs seeking to steal property. During World War I, the forerunners of the Haganah/IDF were the Zion Mule Corps, after the Arab riots against Jews in April 1920, the Yishuvs leadership saw the need to create a nationwide underground defense organization, and the Haganah was founded in June of the same year. The Haganah became a defense force after the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine with an organized structure. During World War II the successor to the Jewish Legion of World War I was the Jewish Brigade, the IDF was founded following the establishment of the State of Israel, after Defense Minister and Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion issued an order on 26 May 1948. The order called for the establishment of the Israel Defense Forces, although Ben-Gurion had no legal authority to issue such an order, the order was made legal by the cabinet on 31 May

5.
International relations
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International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State. As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides, in practice International Relations and International Affairs forms a separate academic program or field from Political Science, and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary. The history of international relations based on sovereign states is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, the centuries of roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of the independent, sovereign states, the institutionalization of diplomacy and armies. The French Revolution added to this the new idea that not princes or an oligarchy, such a state in which the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation-state. The term republic increasingly became its synonym, the same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonialism, the contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War. While the nation-state system is considered modern, many states have not incorporated the system and are termed pre-modern, further, a handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered post-modern. The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of different types of states is disputed. What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after World War I, IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences. The use of capitalizations of the I and R in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau, in the 20th century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism, Marxism has been a foundation of international relations. International relations as a field of study began in Britain. IR emerged as an academic discipline in 1919 with the founding of the first IR professorship. Georgetown Universitys Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest international relations faculty in the United States and this was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US and in Geneva, Switzerland. The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE, furthermore, the International History department at LSE developed a focus on the history of IR in the early modern, colonial and Cold War periods. The first university dedicated to the study of IR was the Graduate Institute of International Studies. The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 2012, Ramon Llull University initiated the first International Relations degree in Barcelona, fully in English

6.
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
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Batman v Superman, Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman. Directed by Zack Snyder and distributed by Warner Bros, pictures, the film is a follow-up to 2013s Man of Steel and is the second installment in the DC Extended Universe. In the film, criminal mastermind Lex Luthor manipulates Batman into a battle with Superman. The film was announced at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International, Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the Batman comic book series The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller, but clarified that it would follow an original premise. The incarnation of Batman in the film would also be different from the characters portrayal in The Dark Knight Trilogy. The film is inspired by narrative elements from the Death of Superman story arc. Pre-production began at East Los Angeles College in October 2013, with principal photography starting in May 2014 in Detroit, additional filming also took place in Chicago. Following a strong debut that set new box office records, the experienced a historic drop in its second weekend. A directors cut, dubbed the Ultimate Edition and features 30 minutes of footage, was released digitally on June 28,2016. Eighteen months after the battle with General Zod in Metropolis in Man of Steel. Billionaire Bruce Wayne, who has operated in Gotham City as the vigilante Batman for nearly two decades, sees Superman as a threat to humanity. After learning of Batmans form of justice, Clark Kent, Supermans alter-ego, Wayne learns that Russian weapon trafficker Anatoli Knyazev has been contacting LexCorp mogul Lex Luthor. He instead makes alternative plans with Finchs subordinate and gains access to Zods body, Wayne attends a party at LexCorp, where he meets an antiquities dealer named Diana Prince, and retrieves encrypted data from the companys mainframe. While decrypting the drive at the Batcave, Wayne dreams of a post-apocalyptic world and he is snapped out of the vision by an unidentified being who warns him of Lois Lanes crucial role in the future, and urges him to find the others before vanishing. Wayne later discovers that Luthor is not only experimenting with kryptonite, one of them is Prince herself, who is an immortal warrior. Wayne admits to Alfred Pennyworth that he plans to steal the kryptonite to weaponize it, at a congressional hearing, as Finch questions Superman on the validity of his actions, a bomb goes off and kills everyone present but Superman. Believing he should have detected the bomb, and frustrated by his failure to save the people, meanwhile, Luthor enters the Kryptonian ship and accesses details of a vast technology database accumulated from over 100,000 worlds. Luthor kidnaps Martha Kent, Clarks adoptive mother, to bring Superman out of exile and he reveals to him that he manipulated Superman and Batman by fueling their distrust for each other

7.
Wonder Woman (2017 film)
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Wonder Woman is an upcoming American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. It is intended to be the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe. In Wonder Woman, after American pilot Steve Trevor crashes on the island of Themyscira and tells Diana Prince about World War I, Diana leaves her home to try to stop the war, principal photography began in late November 2015 and wrapped in May 2016. Wonder Woman is scheduled to be released on June 2,2017, in 2D, 3D, in the early 20th century, the Amazon princess Diana, who is living on the island of Themyscira, meets American military pilot Steve Trevor when he is washed ashore. After learning from him about the events of World War I. Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman, The Amazon princess, daughter of Zeus, Gadot described her character as having many strengths and powers, but at the end of the day shes a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence. Very different to the experienced, super-confident, grown-up woman youve seen, Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen, practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role. Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko had also auditioned for the role, Gadot was previously offered the role as Faora Hu-Ul in Man of Steel but declined because she was pregnant at that time, this allowed her to be later cast as Wonder Woman in the films sequel. Gadot signed a deal and debuted in Batman v Superman. Emily Carey portrays the young Diana, chris Pine as Steve Trevor, A captain from the United States Army Air Service and love interest of Diana Prince. Pine described his character as a rogue-ish, cynical realist whos seen the awful nature of modern civilization and added he is a worldly guy. Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta, The Amazon queen of Themyscira, Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role but was forced to drop due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies. Nielsen had previously considered for the role of Supermans mother, Lara Lor-Van. Robin Wright as General Antiope, The sister of Hippolyta and Dianas aunt, david Thewlis as Ares, The treacherous Greek god of war, and son of Zeus who poses as Sir Patrick Morgan, an advocate for peace on the war council. Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff, An ambitious general of the German Army during World War I, elena Anaya as Maru / Doctor Poison, A mad scientist who specializes in chemistry such as poisons. Lucy Davis as Etta Candy, Steve Trevors comical but loyal, Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer, A secret agent who is a master of disguise, an ally of Steve Trevor. Ewen Bremner as Charlie, A heavy-drinking sharpshooter, who’s already had a tour of duty and has post-traumatic stress disorder, mayling Ng, Florence Kasumba, Madeleine Vall, and boxer Ann Wolfe play the Amazons Orana, Senator Acantha, Egeria, and Artemis, respectively. Dutch model Doutzen Kroes will also portray an Amazon, samantha Jo, who played Car-Vex in Man of Steel, was cast as Euboea

8.
Time 100
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Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world assembled by the American news magazine Time. First published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, although appearing on the list is often seen as an honor, Time makes it clear that entrants are recognized for changing the world, regardless of the consequences of their actions. The final list of individuals is exclusively chosen by Time editors with nominations coming from the TIME100 alumni. Only the winner of the Readers Poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public, included in the list eleven times, Barack Obama is the person who has been listed most often. The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, the list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004, Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue and those recognized fall in one of five categories, Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, Heroes & Icons. A record of 41 women are included in the edition, the highest number of personalities in the lists history. The annual gala was held on April 29,2014 in New York City and they are artists and activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry. Their ideas spark dialogue and dissent and sometimes even revolution, welcome to this years TIME100. The announcement was celebrated with an event in New York City on April 26,2011. The honorees were joined by A-list celebrities at Frederick P. Rose Hall, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists. The list included familiar global newsmakers such as U. S. President Barack Obama, the list included numerous figures representing the year of upheaval in the Middle East ranging from rebels, to political leaders to news correspondents. Although the events of what has been dubbed the Arab Spring were prominent, additionally, Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton were part of the list during the week before their wedding. The list also included Katsunobu Sakurai, mayor of Minamisōma, Fukushima, list of individuals included in the TIME100 in 2010 In its online presentation, Time introduced the list as follows, In our annual TIME100 issue, we name the people who most affect our world. Oprah Winfrey continued her streak of having been included on every Time 100 list and was one of women on the list. The list included many expected names and some such as Scott Brown. Others who were considered surprise selections included Elton John, Ashton Kutcher, the announcement of the list was celebrated by a black tie gala at the Time Warner Center in New York City on May 4,2010. The list was published the following day, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists

9.
Rosh HaAyin
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Rosh HaAyin is a city in the Central District of Israel. To the west of Rosh HaAyin is the fortress of Antipatris, to the southeast is the fortress of Migdal Afek. In 2015 it had a population of 42,939, Rosh HaAyin was founded in the 1949 near the site of ancient Antipatris and the depopulated Arab village of Majdal Yaba. Many of the residents were Yemenite Jews airlifted to Israel in 1949 and 1950 in Operation Magic Carpet. In the 1990s new neighborhoods were built although the town still has a large Yemenite population, Rosh HaAyin is named after its location at the source of the Yarkon River. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 99. 8% Jewish, the population growth rate was 2. 5%. According to the CBS, there were 10,972 salaried workers and 1,033 self-employed in 2000, the mean monthly wage for a salaried worker was NIS6,595, an increase of 11. 2% over the course of 2000. Salaried males had a monthly wage of NIS8,408 versus NIS4,857 for females. The mean income for the self-employed was 6,853,628 people received unemployment benefits and 1,057 received an income supplement. In 2004, the Givot Olam oil company discovered oil at the Meged 5 oil field near Rosh HaAyin and it is one of the largest on-shore oil fields in Israel. It began production in 2010 and produces oil as well as natural gas. Its proven oil reserves are about 1,525 million barrels, TTI Telecom is located in Rosh HaAyin. According to the CBS, there were 21 schools in Rosh Haayin, fifteen were elementary schools with an enrollment of 4,749 and 11 were high schools with an enrollment of 2,388. In 2001,58. 8% of Rosh Haayins 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate, S. C Rosh Haayin, a football team who plays at Liga Gimel Sharon. Benny Gantz, Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces Gal Gadot, actress, model and Miss Israel 2004 Yishai Levi, singer Official website

10.
Auschwitz concentration camp
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Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of German Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It consisted of Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II–Birkenau, Auschwitz III–Monowitz, Auschwitz I was first constructed to hold Polish political prisoners, who began to arrive in May 1940. The first extermination of prisoners took place in September 1941, from early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camps gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe, where they were killed with the pesticide Zyklon B. An estimated 1.3 million people were sent to the camp, around 90 percent of those killed were Jewish, approximately 1 in 6 Jews killed in the Holocaust died at the camp. Many of those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments. In the course of the war, the camp was staffed by 7,000 members of the German Schutzstaffel, some, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss, were executed. The Allied Powers refused to believe reports of the atrocities at the camp. As Soviet troops approached Auschwitz in January 1945, most of its population was sent west on a death march, the prisoners remaining at the camp were liberated on 27 January 1945, a day now commemorated as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the following decades, survivors, such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel, wrote memoirs of their experiences in Auschwitz, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947, Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, immediately after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany, acts of violence perpetrated against Jews became ubiquitous. The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April 1933 excluded most Jews from the legal profession, similar legislation soon deprived Jewish members of other professions of the right to practise. Harassment and economic pressure were used by the regime to encourage Jews to leave the country voluntarily and their businesses were denied access to markets, forbidden to advertise in newspapers, and deprived of government contracts. German Jews were subjected to violent attacks and boycotts, in September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were enacted. The Reich Citizenship Law stated that only those of Germanic or related blood were defined as citizens, thus Jews and other minority groups were stripped of their German citizenship. The laws were expanded on 26 November 1935 to include Romani people and this supplementary decree defined Gypsies as enemies of the race-based state, the same category as Jews. By the start of World War II in 1939, around 250,000 of Germanys 437,000 Jews had emigrated to the United States, Palestine, the United Kingdom, Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. German dictator Adolf Hitler ordered that the Polish leadership and intelligentsia be destroyed, approximately 65,000 civilians, who were viewed as being inferior to the Aryan master race, were killed by the end of 1939. In addition to leaders of Polish society, the Nazis killed Jews, prostitutes, Romani, sS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, then head of the Gestapo, ordered on 21 September that Polish Jews should be rounded up and concentrated into cities with good rail links

11.
The Holocaust
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The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Adolf Hitlers Nazi Germany, and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis. The victims included 1.5 million children, and represented about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe, killings took place throughout German-occupied Europe, as well as within Nazi Germany, and across all territories controlled by its allies. Other victims of Nazi crimes included ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet citizens and Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovahs Witnesses, some 42,500 detention facilities were utilized in the concentration of victims for the purpose of gross violations of human rights. Over 200,000 people are estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators, the persecution was carried out in stages, culminating in the policy of extermination of European Jews termed the Final Solution to the Jewish Question. Following Hitlers rise to power, the German government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society, starting in 1933 the Nazis began to establish a network of concentration camps. After the outbreak of war in 1939 both German and foreign Jews were herded into wartime ghettos, in 1941, as Germany began to conquer new territory in the East, all anti-Jewish measures radicalized. Specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen murdered around two million Jews in mass shootings actions in less than a year, by mid-1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers. This continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April–May 1945, the most notable exception was the Warsaw Ghetto uprising of 1943, when thousands of poorly-armed Jewish fighters held the Waffen-SS at bay for four weeks. An estimated 20, 000–30,000 Jewish partisans actively fought against the Nazis, French Jews took part in the French Resistance, which conducted a guerilla campaign against the Nazis and Vichy French authorities. Over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings took place, the term holocaust comes from the Greek adjective holókaustos, a variant of holókautos, referring to an animal sacrifice offered to a god in which the whole animal is completely burnt. Often used substantively in apposition with the noun thysia, the term appears in a fragment of pseudo-Callisthenes, writing in Latin, Jerome Latinized the Greek word as a neuter noun holocaustum, using it to translate references to the Jewish burnt offering in his translations of Exodus and Leviticus. In his Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi, Richard of Devizes, the English poet John Milton had used the word to denote a conflagration in his 1671 poem Samson Agonistes and the word gradually developed to mean a massacre thereon. The term was used in the 1950s by historians as a translation of the Jewish word shoah to refer specifically to the Nazi genocide of Jews, the television mini-series Holocaust is credited with introducing the term into common parlance after 1978. The biblical word shoah, meaning calamity became the standard Hebrew term for the Holocaust as early as the 1940s, especially in Europe and Israel. Shoah is preferred by some Jews for several reasons including the offensive nature of the word holocaust which they take to refer to the Greek pagan custom. The Nazis used the phrase Final Solution to the Jewish Question, all branches of Germanys bureaucracy were engaged in the logistics that led to the genocides, turning the Third Reich into what one Holocaust scholar, Michael Berenbaum, has called a genocidal state. Every arm of the countrys sophisticated bureaucracy was involved in the killing process, as prisoners entered the death camps, they were made to surrender all personal property, which was catalogued and tagged before being sent to Germany to be reused or recycled. Berenbaum writes that the Final Solution of the Jewish question was in the eyes of the perpetrators, through a concealed account, the German National Bank helped launder valuables stolen from the victims

Israeli officers of the Paratrooper Battalion 890 in 1955 with Moshe Dayan (standing, third from the left). Ariel Sharon is standing, second from the left and commando Meir Har Zion is standing furthest left.