Amish - History and Cultural Relations

The Amish were established as a separate sect between 1693 and 1697 on
the basis of religious principles that continue to guide their
communities. These rules, laid down by Jacob Ammann, a leader of a
dissenting faction of the Swiss Anabaptists, include shunning (the
social avoidance of excommunicated members), ceremonial foot washing as
part of the communion service, and simplicity in dress and grooming.
Today the rules are interpreted locally by the members of each
congregation. The Amish, like other Anabaptist groups in Europe,
suffered severe persecution and imprisonment. If they remained in their
own countries, they were not allowed to own land and were denied
citizenship. These restrictions prevented them from forming permanent
settlements. As a result, those who stayed in their European homelands
have largely been assimilated into the dominant religious groups there.

The bases for Amish existence as a distinct American subculture are
their nonconformity in dress, homes, speech, attitudes toward education,
and resistance to modernization and change. The Amish adhere to
traditions that include living in rural areas, using horses for farming,
marrying within the group, and dressing in a manner reminiscent of
seventeenth-century Europeans. The Amish lead lives that are Socially
distinct as well. Since the Amish are secure in their tradition of
separation from the outside world, their relations with their non-Amish
neighbors appear to be free of the judgmental attitudes of other
separatist sects. Rules for Amish living prohibit more than an
elementary school education, the ownership (but not always the use) of
automobiles and telephones, and the use of electricity and modern
conveniences. The Amish are aware of their position with respect to the
larger cultural environment. Farmers especially consider that using
technological farm implements would have a devastating impact on their
ability to maintain a separate society.

Conformity to the consensual rules (
Ordnung
) for behavior serves to unify Amish communities. Their religious
perspective emphasizes commitment to a self-sufficient Community of
believers who reject worldly values. As part of a Religious ethic based
on their interpretations of Biblical scripture, the Amish ideal is to
provide totally for members of their congregations throughout the life
cycle. The Amish therefore remain committed to the home as the locus of
their church services and for the care of the sick, the orphaned, the
indigent, the elderly, and the mentally retarded. Important values that
are the result of socialization in the home rather than in school are
the ability to cooperate with others and to work as a contributing
member to the society.

Outside industries have moved to Amish districts in Indiana and
Pennsylvania in order to take advantage of their reputation for hard and
reliable work. The Amish, though, tend to maximize their interactions
with members of their group through the spatial arrangements in their
Communities, for example, while reducing interactions with outsiders.
Like other rural communities, the encroachment of industrialization has
diminished the possibility of isolation desired by the Amish.