Clues From Vesta

Vesta is a huge rock 500 kilometers across that orbits between Mars and Jupiter. Evidence indicates that Vesta underwent a tremendous splintering collision about a billion years ago. In October 1960, a small chunk of rock believed to have originated on Vesta fell to Earth and was recovered in Australia. Credit: NASA

A University of Toronto-led study has uncovered tiny zircon crystals in a meteorite originating from Vesta (a large asteroid between Mars and Jupiter), shedding light on the formation of planetesimals, small astronomical objects that form the basis of planets.

To date, studying zircons in eucrites – meteorites formed by volcanic activity – has been difficult due to impact-induced fracturing and their small size, typically less than five microns. Most eucrites are formed within the asteroid belt that orbits Mars and Jupiter, a heap of astronomical debris from the earliest epoch of the solar system. In a study published in the journal Science, researchers collected samples from eucrites found in Antarctica believed to have originated from Vesta. The researchers used new technology to reveal that asteroid’s boiling rock turned solid and crystallized within less than 10 million years of solar system formation.

“Until now we have not been able to determine this time frame unambiguously,” said lead author Gopalan Srinivasan, a professor in U of T’s Department of Geology. “By pinpointing the timeframe we’re able to add one more piece to the geological and historical map of our solar system.”

Scientists believe that at some point Vesta was quickly heated and then melted into a metallic and silicate core, similar to the process that happened on Earth. The energy for this process was released from the radioactive decay that was present in abundance in the early solar system. What has been unclear is when this process occurred.

Equipped with the ion microprobe at the Swedish National Museum, Srinivasan and colleagues from four institutions set to analyze the zircons in the eucrites, which formed when a radioactive element – hafnium-182 – was still alive. Radioactive hafnium-182 decays to another element – tungsten-182 – with a nearly nine-million year half-life span. By studying zircons for their 182 tungsten abundance, the researchers were able to determine the crystallization ages of eucrites occurred within that timeframe.

“Zircons on Earth and in space have basically the same characteristics,” Srinivasan says. “They occur when boiling rock crystallizes and turns into solid form primary crystallization products or they could be secondary products caused by heating from impacts. We know Vesta became inactive within first 10 million years of solar system formation which is nearly 4.5 billion years ago. This provides a snapshot of the early solar system and clues to the early evolution of Earth’s mantle and core.”

These new insights into the early history of the Earth and the Solar System can help astrobiologists piece together the story of how Earth became habitable for life as we know it. Understanding how planets form, evolve and ultimately become abodes for life can also help researchers search for habitable worlds in the Universe.

This image shows the asteroid Vesta in a starry night sky along side the bright star epsilon Viriginis. Vesta is barely visible to the naked eye from the darkest and clearest observing sites on Earth, but this picture was taken on March 24th through a window on the International Space Station (ISS) by Science Officer Don Pettit. Because the view from the ISS is not as obstructed by the Earth’s atmosphere, Vesta was easily captured using a digital camera.Credit: Don Pettit, NASA