In the disablement process, functional limitations immediately precede activity limitations[
15
]. Since individuals with functional limitations have a higher risk of being limited in activities, we expect some individuals with functional limitations to report activity limitations. However, not all individuals with functional limitations have long-term limitations in their activities, so the association between the GALI and functional limitations could be weaker than with daily activity limitations.

In addition to examining patterns in the associations across all countries, this study further evaluates to what extent the magnitude of these associations varies between countries.

Pooled analyses: for every measure used to evaluate the GALI (sum of ADL, sum of IADL and functional limitations by severity; all treated as categorical variables), a logistic regression model was fitted, adjusting for the effects of gender, age (measured in years) and interactions between the predictors, if statistically significant (α = 0.05). The probability of being classed as limited or not limited for the GALI was estimated for each category or value of the measure of interest. The relationship between the GALI and each measure was assessed.

Country-specific analyses: treating each national EHIS sample separately, logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the odds ratios between the GALI and each disability measure (dichotomised as no limitation vs. at least one limitation), adjusting for age and gender. We used dichotomised versions of the disability measures to avoid sparseness and to ease comparability with the SHARE study. Random-effect meta-analysis models were then fitted using country-specific odds ratios from the logistic regression models (odds ratios >100 were excluded). We assessed heterogeneity between countries in the association between the GALI and the three other measures with Cochran’s Q test and Higgins I statistic [
7
,
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,
19
].

The 14 countries were fairly similar in terms of age and gender compositions, with a mean age of between 43.3years (Cyprus and Slovakia) and 47.3years (Greece and Hungary) and a proportion of men varying from 45.3% (Latvia) to 49.2% (Cyprus) (Table
1
).

Here is a translation of the comment above: It’s time to pay some attention to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Analysis of the reasons for the refusal to consider the complaints of Russians essentially in the ECHR by calling them “inadmissible” identified several reasons for the dependence of the ECHR on the Kremlin. One of the reasons is the large cash inflow into the ECHR from Russian tax payers. Namely large cash infusions from the Kremlin (Russian taxes) for the maintenance of the ECHR served to build up the scheme of denying justice to those on whose money the ECHR exists, for whom it is obligated to provide quality services of legal investigation. Paradox? No! It was revealed as a result of the analysis of more than 40 forms filed by Russians to the ECHR. All the world’s states are not putting up with the fact that the legal system in Russia does not exist. Only the ECHR with its constant indifference tolerates the abuses and crimes committed by the prosecutors and judges of Russia. The ECHR is indifferent to Russian judicial lawlessness.

Lawrence Michael

Is it possible to have some documents that back up your claim. While Russia doesn't enjoy a good reputation as a state (it remains cocooned in a relative ignorance for the outside world except that it has some kind of a government governance that elects leaders - with Mr. Putin having lost once too and so some credibility against charges of being a banana republic in that front too), i is important to have those reasons that have been used to cite as 'inadmissible' the cases of Russians in the ECHR. Your charges are serious, especially given the ordinary legitimacy the EU enjoys as a region and one would be grateful if you may be able to provide some text from the ECHR rulings that justify or indicate your claims of its non-functioning.

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