The ancient parish of Manchester, with an area of
35, 152 acres and a population in 1901 of 878, 532,
has from time immemorial been the most important
in the county. The situation of the town from which
it derives its name being at the junction of two important roads—from the south to the north-west of
the country and from the port of Chester to York—
must have attracted an urban population from very
early times, (fn. 1) and the convenience of its position beside
the Irwell and between two of its tributaries, if not
the original reason for a settlement, was a concomitant
attraction. The Romans established a fortified station,
of which various fragments are known, (fn. 2) and from
which great roads branched off in five directions. (fn. 3)
Their English successors also occupied the place, which
in the 10th century was included in Northumbria.
In 923 King Edward sent a force to the town to
repair and man it. (fn. 4) History is again silent for a
century and a half, and then reveals the existence of
an endowed church at Manchester and of a royal manor
at Salford, to which not only the parish but the hundred owed service. (fn. 5)

By the Norman kings the town of Manchester with
the greater part of the parish was granted to the
Grelley family, who constituted it the head of their
barony; (fn. 6) but Salford, with the adjacent townships of
Broughton, Cheetham, Hulme, and Stretford, and the
more distant one of Reddish was retained by the
king as demesne or bestowed on the great nobleman
to whom he entrusted 'the land between Mersey and
Ribble' or in later times the honour of Lancaster,
the holders of which received the title of earl
and duke successively. (fn. 7) The duchy having long
been annexed to the Crown, Salford may still be regarded as a royal manor.

A borough grew up at Manchester in the 13th century, and a market and fair were granted in 1227,
while four years later Salford also became a borough. (fn. 8)
The inhabitants of the former town were already
probably to a great extent artificers and traders; a
fulling-mill, a tanner, and a dyer are named about
1300. (fn. 9) Its earliest known charter was granted in
1301. The town appears to have grown and prospered; non-resident lords, represented by their
stewards, at least did nothing to hinder its progress,
and the foundation of a well-staffed collegiate church
in 1421, when the lord of the manor, at that time
also rector, gave to the new body of clergy his manorhouse as their residence, made the parish church the
most important institution of the place, a position
which it retained until the 18th century. (fn. 10) It drew
round it numerous benefactions, such as the chantries
and grammar school.

Adam Banastre and his associates displayed the
king's banner at Manchester on 1 November 1315,
at the outbreak of their insurrection. (fn. 11) John of Gaunt,
Duke of Lancaster, was at Manchester on 7 September 1393. (fn. 12)

The district was visited by some form of plague about
1350—perhaps the Black Death itself (fn. 13)—and many
later visitations are on record, two of the most notable
being in 1605 and 1645. (fn. 14)

A bridge over the Irwell, connecting Manchester
and Salford, existed from early times. (fn. 15) In 1368
Thomas del Booth of Barton left money for this
bridge. (fn. 16) Another, over the Irk, is named in 1381. (fn. 17)
These rivers were noted for their floods, often very
destructive. (fn. 18)

About 1536 Leland thus described the place:
'Manchester, on the south side of the Irwell River,
standeth in Salfordshire, and is the fairest, best builded,
quickest, and most populous town of all Lancashire;
yet is in it [but] one parish church, but is a college,
and almost throughout double-aisled ex quadrato lapide
durissimo, whereof a goodly quarry is hard by the
town. There be divers stone bridges in the town,
but the best, of three arches, is over Irwell. This
bridge divideth Manchester from Salford, the which is
a large suburb to Manchester. On this bridge is a
pretty little chapel… . And almost two flight shots
without the town, beneath on the same side of Irwell,
yet be seen the dykes and foundations of Old Mancastel in a ground now inclosed. The stones of the
ruins of this castle were translated towards making of
bridges for the town.' (fn. 19) The quarry named was that
at Collyhurst. (fn. 20)

The privilege of sanctuary which had been allowed
to the town (fn. 21) was in 1541 transferred to Chester,
having proved injurious to good order. (fn. 22)

The prosperity of the place was uninterrupted
during the religious changes of the 16th century. (fn. 23) The
endowments of the parish church were confiscated by
Edward VI, but restored in great measure by Mary.
No resistance was openly offered to any of the changes.
The two great families of the parish—the Byrons of
Clayton and Radcliffes of Ordsall—though at first
adverse to Protestantism, declined in fortune in the
time of Elizabeth, and their estates were early in the
17th century dispersed among the smaller gentry and
prosperous traders; the great manor of Manchester
itself was about the same time purchased by a wealthy
merchant. The smaller gentry, excepting the Barlows,
appear as a rule to have gone with the times, often
becoming zealous Puritans, while the trading and
artisan classes, in Manchester as elsewhere, soon embraced the new doctrines. (fn. 24) Thus by the end of
Elizabeth's reign the population was almost wholly
Protestant, and of the more extreme type. The
change was, of course, chiefly due to the clergy of the
parish church, the more respected and influential of
the ministers serving there and in the dependent
chapelries being of the Puritan school.

INDEX MAP to the PARISH of MANCHESTER

William Camden visited the place in 1586, and appears to have been pleased with it; he found the notable
things to be the woollen manufacture, the market,
church, and college. (fn. 25) John Taylor, the 'Water
Poet,' passed through it about thirty years later. (fn. 26)

The Marprelate press was set up in 1588 at Newton
Lane near Manchester, but discovered and suppressed
soon after starting work. (fn. 27)

The geology of the parish of Manchester is represented by the New Red Sandstone, the Permian
Beds, and the Carboniferous Rocks. The formation
lying on the west side of a line drawn from Reddish
through the Manchester Waterworks, Fairfield, Newton Heath, and Blackley, consists almost entirely of the
New Red Sandstone, the exception being a long and
irregular-shaped patch of the Permian Rocks and, at
the widest part to the north-east of Manchester, of
the Coal Measures, and lying on the west side of, and
brought up by, a fault which extends northward from
Heaton Norris, through Kirkmanshulme and Openshaw, trending north-west around Cheetham to Crumpsall. At the widest part this patch of the Coal
Measures is 1½ mile in width, tapering out at Crumpsall Hall on the north and at Kirkmanshulme on the
south. Further to the east a broad belt of the Permian Rocks, varying in width from ¾ mile to 1½
mile, crops out above the Coal Measures. These
occur over the remainder of the parish on the east
side of a line drawn from Hyde Hall in Denton
through Audenshaw to Failsworth, and from Newton
Heath between Blackley and the River Irk to the
limits of the parish near Heaton Park.

The principal features of the town of Manchester
as it was about 1600 still exist, though changed (fn. 32)—
the church with the college (fn. 33) to the north of it, the
bridges over Irk and Irwell adjacent, and the marketplace a little distance to the south—originally on the
edge of the town. In Salford the small triangle
formed by Chapel Street, (fn. 34) Gravel Lane, (fn. 35) and Greengate (fn. 36) was the village or inhabited portion, the dwellings naturally clustering round the bridge over the
Irwell. (fn. 37) Then, as now, the road through Manchester from this bridge (fn. 38) went winding east and north
round the church as Cateaton Street, (fn. 39) Hanging Ditch, (fn. 40)
Toad or Todd Lane, (fn. 41) crossing the Irk (fn. 42) and mounting Red Bank. (fn. 43) Half Street, (fn. 44) at the east end of the
church, was continued as Millgate, (fn. 45) which wound
along by the Irk, to reach the lord's mills on that
stream. The grammar school, on its original site,
and some old timbered houses (fn. 46) still distinguish the
street, though the mills have gone. From the northeast corner of the church Fennel Street (fn. 47) led eastward
past Hyde's Cross, (fn. 48) at the corner of Todd Lane, to
Withy Grove (fn. 49) and Shude Hill. (fn. 50)

From the south Deansgate, (fn. 51) on the line of the old
Roman road from Chester, ran northerly towards the
church, but curving to the east near the bridge was
continued as Cateaton Street or Hanging Ditch; at
the junction Smithy Door (fn. 52) led south to the marketplace, which was probably always an open square,
though the area may have been diminished by encroachments through traders desiring to have their houses and
shops upon it. Smithy Door has gone and Deansgate
has been straightened, but the eastern side of the
market-place remains; from it Mealgate, now Old
Millgate, (fn. 53) leads north to Cateaton Street.

In the open space stood the market cross, the toll
booth or town hall in which the courts were held,
and the pillory and stocks. (fn. 54) The south side of the
market-place was formed by a lane leading east and
west; the eastern part was called Market-stead Lane, (fn. 55)
and the western St. Mary's Gate. (fn. 56) The conduit
stood in it. (fn. 57) Beyond this lane southward was the
field where the fair was held, called Acres Field. (fn. 58)

Other street-names occur. (fn. 59) In the town the principal houses were that of the Radcliffes of the Pool
near the Conduit, and that called Olgreave, Culcheth,
or Langley Hall in Long Millgate; further out were
Alport Lodge, Garrett, Ancoats, Collyhurst, and one
or two others. To the south of Alport was Knott
in Mill Hulme; a licence for the mill-dam was given
in 1509. (fn. 60) The cockpit lay to the south-east of Old
Millgate. (fn. 61) There exists a small town plan, of unknown origin but apparently trustworthy, which may
be dated about 1650. (fn. 62)

Apart from the streets above mentioned the parish
was mainly agricultural, areas of wood, (fn. 63) heath, (fn. 64) and
moss (fn. 65) being intermixed with arable and pasture lands;
the dwellings were the scattered manor and farm-houses
and small villages. The rural population probably then,
as later, combined tillage with weaving. The chapels
existing in 1650 serve to indicate the chief centres of
population—Blackley, Newton, Gorton, Denton,
Birch, Didsbury, Chorlton, Stretford, and Salford. (fn. 66)

In the Civil War Manchester, as might be expected,
took the Parliamentary side. (fn. 67) On an outbreak of
hostilities becoming imminent, Lord Strange, who
soon afterwards succeeded his father as Earl of Derby,
fully alive to the disaffection as to the importance of
Manchester, endeavoured to secure it for the king. A
small quantity of powder was for convenience stored
at the College, then Lord Strange's property, and in
June 1642, it being expected that the sheriff would
endeavour to secure it for the king's use, Mr. Assheton of Middleton managed to obtain possession of it,
and removed it to other places in the town. (fn. 68) Lord
Strange thereupon demanded its return, and on
15 July, after summoning the able men to meet him
at Bury in virtue of a commission of array, (fn. 69) he came
to Manchester, intending to lodge at Sir Alexander
Radcliffe's house at Ordsall. The people of Manchester invited him to dine in their town, and he
accepted the invitation; the matter of the powder
was discussed and an agreement made. (fn. 70) But on the
same day the Parliamentary Commissioners had issued
their summons to the militia, and the banquet was
followed by an encounter between the opposing forces,
in which was shed the first blood of the struggle. (fn. 71)

The war did not formally begin until September, (fn. 72)
and Manchester was speedily involved. (fn. 73) On Saturday the 24th and the following day Lord Derby
assembled his troops against it, and the townsmen
summoned assistance from their neighbours. (fn. 74) Lord
Derby's forces were variously estimated—from 2,600
up to 4,500—and he had some ordnance, which he
planted at Alport Lodge and Salford Bridge, thus
commanding two of the principal roads into the
town. (fn. 75) After some skirmishing he proposed terms,
but being refused he continued the siege for a week
without any success; on Saturday 1 October he
drew off his troops, having been ordered by the king
to join him. The success of the townsmen was chiefly
due to the skill of a German soldier, Colonel Rosworm, who began on the Wednesday before the siege
to set up posts and chains for keeping out horsemen
and to barricade and block up street ends with mud
walls and other defences. (fn. 76) After the raising of the
siege he continued his fortifications, and led the 'Man
chester men' in various excursions to places in South
Lancashire, by which the town added to its reputation
and the king's forces were harassed or defeated. The
remuneration promised him having been refused later,
he wrote a bitter complaint of the townsmen; 'never
let an unthankful man and a promise-breaker have
another name' than Manchester man. (fn. 77) A grant of
£1,000 was made for the relief of Manchester out of
the sales of 'delinquents'' estates by Parliament in
1645. (fn. 78)

The Restoration appears to have been welcomed
with hearty loyalty, for the clergy and principal inhabitants were Presbyterians and had in 1659 shown
their dissatisfaction with the existing government (fn. 79);
but soon afterwards the religious cleavage between
Conformists and Nonconformists (fn. 80) was supplemented
by the political cleavage between Tories and Whigs.
The 'Church and King' riots of 1715, (fn. 81) which led
to the destruction of Cross Street chapel and other
Dissenting meeting-places, showed that the Tories,
headed by the collegiate clergy, Sir Oswald Mosley,
and others, had a considerable following; while the
Whigs, headed by Lady Bland, included all the Nonconformists and many Churchmen. The composition
of the town is shown by the abortive proposal of
1731 that a workhouse should be built, with a board
of twenty-four guardians, of whom a third should be
High Church, a third Low Church, and a third
Nonconformist. (fn. 82) The town, not being a borough,
had no means of enforcing its political opinions, though
public 'town's meetings' were called by the borough
reeve and constables on occasion; the court leet confined itself to local business.

The postmaster is mentioned in 1648. (fn. 83) A number
of local tradesmen's tokens were issued about 1666. (fn. 84)
An official survey of the town was made in 1672. (fn. 85)
A 'wonderful child' appeared in 1679, speaking—so
the story went—Latin, Greek, and Hebrew at three
years of age. (fn. 86)

Celia Fiennes about 1700 rode most of her way
from Rochdale between hedges of quickset cut smooth
and even. She writes: 'Manchester looks exceedingly well at the entrance. Very substantial buildings;
the houses are not very lofty, but mostly of brick and
stone; the old houses are timber work. There is a
very large church, all stone; and [it] stands so high
that walking round the churchyard you see the whole
town. There is good carving of wood in the choir.'
After describing the Chetham Hospital and Library,
with its curiosities, she proceeds: 'Out of the Library
there are leads on which one has the sight of the
town, which is large, as also the other town that lies
below it, called Salford, and is divided from this by
the River Irwell, over which is a stone bridge, with
many arches … . The Market place is large; it
takes up two streets' length when the market is kept
for their linen cloth [and] cotton tickings which is the
manufacture of the town. Here is a very fine school
for young gentlewomen, as good as any in London;
and music and dancing and things are very plenty
here. This is a thriving place.' (fn. 87)

A traveller, supposed to be Defoe, about 1730 calls
Manchester 'the greatest mere village in England.'
Its trade and population had much increased within
the previous forty or fifty years; abundance not of
houses only but of streets of houses had been provided.
It boasted of four extraordinary foundations—a
college, a hospital, a free school, and a library, all
very well supported. 'I cannot but doubt,' he remarks, 'but this increasing town will some time or
other obtain some better face of government and be
incorporated, as it very well deserves to be … .
There is a very firm but ancient stone bridge over the
Irwell, which is built exceeding high, because this
river, though not great, yet coming from the mountainous part of the country swells sometimes so
suddenly that in one night's time they told me the
waters would frequently rise four or five yards, and
the next day fall as hastily as they rose.' Salford he
calls 'the suburb or village on the other side of the
bridge.' (fn. 88)

The Jacobites in 1745 hoped that Manchester
would give them substantial assistance. (fn. 89) Mr. Clayton,
one of the chaplains of the collegiate church, was an
ardent partisan, and the other clergy were sympathizers. (fn. 90) One of the nonjuring bishops, Dr. Deacon,
lived in the town, ministering to a small congregation.
On 28 November a daring sergeant of the Pretender's, having hurried forward, appeared in the town
and began to invite recruits. (fn. 91) His reception was not
cordial, but sufficient supporters were obtained to
secure his safety and freedom until the vanguard of
the army arrived in the evening. The whole force
reached Manchester the following day, the prince
himself riding in during the afternoon, when his
father was proclaimed king as James III. Mr.
Dickinson's house in Market Street was chosen as head
quarters and was afterwards known as 'The Palace.'
At night many of the people illuminated their houses,
bonfires were made, and the bells were rung. Some
three hundred recruits had joined the invaders, and
were called 'The Manchester Regiment.' Money due
to the government was seized. (fn. 92) The army marched
south on Monday 1 December, and returned to
Manchester in its retreat on the 9th. Out of a contribution of £5,000 then demanded, £2,500 was
collected and accepted, and the prince and his forces
left the town next day. The Manchester Regiment
still accompanied him, and was entrusted with the
defence of Carlisle, which surrendered at the end of
the month. The officers were tried for high treason
in July 1746, and some were executed at Kennington. (fn. 93) The heads of two—Thomas Theodorus
Deacon and Thomas Siddall—were sent down to
Manchester, and fixed on the Exchange. (fn. 94) The men
of the regiment were tried at Carlisle in August and
September, and many of them executed. The
successful party had their celebrations, the news of
the capture of Carlisle and the victory of Culloden
being welcomed by public illuminations and the
distribution of liquor. (fn. 95) The ill-feeling between the
two parties in the town — the Jacobites and the
Whigs—continued for many years afterwards.

At this time begins the series of detailed plans of
the towns of Manchester and Salford. (fn. 96) That of
Casson and Berry, 1741–51, shows that the town
had expanded considerably, along Deansgate, Market
Street, and Shude Hill; a number of new streets had
been laid out, but the principal improvement appears
to have been the formation of St. Ann's Square on
the site of Acresfield about 1720. (fn. 97) This drew with
it other improvements, as a decent approach had to
be formed from Market Street. Several large private
houses are figured on the border of the plan of 1750, (fn. 98)
which also gives a bird's-eye view of the town from
the Salford side of the river, with a sporting scene in
the foreground. Apart from churches and schools the
only public building was the Exchange, built in
1729 by Sir O. Mosley, partly for trade and partly
for a court-house. (fn. 99)

The first newspaper had appeared about 1719, (fn. 100)
but was discontinued in 1726; four years later another
appeared, and had an existence of thirty years. Some
others were attempted from time to time, and in
1752 began the Manchester Mercury, published down
to 1830. The first Directory appeared in 1772. (fn. 101)
The old Subscription Library began in 1757–65 and
was followed by others. (fn. 102)

From the middle of the 18th century the growth
of Manchester was very rapid. (fn. 103) The improvement
of means of communication was inaugurated in 1721
with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, (fn. 104) and the
Duke of Bridgewater's canal system followed in 1758,
being imitated by other canals which within fifty
years connected Manchester with the principal towns
in the manufacturing districts. (fn. 105) A long series of
road Acts began in 1724, resulting in the straight and
good ways leading from the town in every direction. (fn. 106)
Then came the great series of inventions which
created modern industry—the spinning jenny, power
loom, and others, followed by the substitution of steam
power for the older water wheel. (fn. 107) With this development of manufactures the population also increased rapidly, and the town spread out in all
directions. Externally the people of the district at
that time were the reverse of attractive; an American
visitor about 1780 describes them as 'inhospitable
and boorish … remarkable for coarseness of feature;
and the language is unintelligible.' (fn. 108) The Sunday
schools, begun about 1781, probably had a good effect
in that respect.

A plan prepared about 1790 shows that the network of modern, regular streets had covered a large
part of the central township of Manchester, and was
spreading over the boundaries into Hulme, Chorlton,
and Salford. These streets, often narrow, lined with
small and poorly-built houses, did not add to the
attractiveness of the town. (fn. 109) Though little attention
was paid to beauty by the busy and prosperous
traders, it became necessary, in the interests of business itself, to widen the old streets in the heart of
the town. In 1775, therefore, an Act was sought
for raising money for this purpose, (fn. 110) and similar Acts
have been obtained frequently since, the result being
a great improvement in the appearance of the growing town. (fn. 111)

New bridges over the Irwell also became necessary.
Blackfriars Bridge was erected in 1761 in a temporary
manner by a company of comedians playing in the
riding school in Salford, in order to induce Manchester
people to patronize them, and was afterwards kept up
at the public charge. It was at first a wooden bridge,
flagged, for foot passengers only; the approach from
the Manchester side was down twenty-nine steps, to
gain the level of Water Street in Salford. (fn. 112) In 1817
the old bridge was taken down and replaced by a stone
one. (fn. 113) In 1783 was laid the foundation of the New
Bailey Bridge, opened in 1785; it was built by subscription, and a toll was charged until 1803, the
capital having by that time been refunded. (fn. 114) Regent's
Bridge was opened in 1808, (fn. 115) about the same time as
Broughton Bridge leading from Salford to Broughton. (fn. 116)
The Strangeways Iron Bridge was built in 1817, (fn. 117)
and others have followed. Aston's Picture of Manchester in 1816 states that there were also seven bridges
over the Irk, including Ducie Bridge, completed in
1814; nine bridges over the Medlock, and others
over Shooter's Brook and various canals. (fn. 118)

The same guide book notices the following public
buildings in addition to churches and schools: The
Infirmary and Asylum in Piccadilly, (fn. 119) the Lying-in
Hospital in Salford, close to the old bridge, (fn. 120) the
House of Recovery for infectious diseases, near the
Infirmary, (fn. 121) the Poor House (fn. 122) and House of Correction (fn. 123) at Hunt's Bank, the Poor House (fn. 124) and New
Bailey Prison (fn. 125) in Salford, the Exchange, built in
1806–9, (fn. 126) somewhat behind the old one, also libraries
and theatres. (fn. 127) The compiler could urge little in
favour of the appearance of the town at that time:
'The old part of the town is sprinkled with a
motley assemblage of old and new buildings, and
the streets, except where they were improved by the
Acts of 1775 and 1791, are very narrow. The
new streets contain many capital modern houses, but
they are more distinguished for their internal than
their external elegance.' After noticing Mosley
Street and Piccadilly, he proceeds: 'There are few
other streets which can claim credit for their being
pleasantly situated, attention having been too minutely
directed to the value of land to sacrifice much to
public convenience or the conservation of health.
This, perhaps, has occasioned the present prevalent
disposition of so many persons, whose business is
carried on in the town, to reside a little way from
it, that the pure breath of Heaven may freely blow
upon them.' (fn. 128)

The agricultural land still remaining in the parish
is utilized as follows:—Arable land, 4,835 acres;
permanent grass, 9,460; woods and plantations,
56. (fn. 129)

In addition to the older charities mentioned many
have since been founded, providing for most of the ills
of humanity. (fn. 130) A number of scientific and literary
societies, beginning with the Literary and Philosophical Society in 1781, have also been established. (fn. 131)
There are many musical societies and a vast number
of religious organizations.

While the development of Greater Manchester in
these respects was proceeding steadily the religious and
political progress of the people was comparatively
peaceful. The Methodist Revival soon affected Manchester, and John Wesley paid the town many visits
between 1747 and 1790; but perhaps the most
singular religious movement was Swedenborgianism.
The American Shakers owe their foundation to Ann
Lee, a Manchester woman born in Todd Lane in
1736. She joined herself to an obscure sect, believed
to be the 'prophets,' mentioned as having meetings in
1712, and being accepted as 'Ann the Word' emigrated to America, where she died in 1784. (fn. 132) Many
churches and chapels for different denominations were
built, but some have disappeared, the congregations
having migrated or become extinct. The Manchester
Socinian Controversy of 1825 was brought about by
speeches made at the departure of one of the ministers
of Cross Street Chapel for Liverpool. The 'Orthodox' Nonconformists resented the assumption that the
Unitarians represented the Presbyterians and Independents ejected from their cures in 1662. (fn. 133)

After the retreat of the Pretender the internal
conflicts were those resulting from scarcity of food and
work—one of which, in 1757, was known as the Shude
Hill fight—and the later ones due to party politics. (fn. 134)
A body of volunteers, known as the 72nd or Man
chester Regiment, was raised in 1777 to serve in the
war of American Independence. It took part with
distinction in the defence of Gibraltar in 1781–2, and
was disbanded in 1783. (fn. 135) In 1789 the Dissenters
petitioned Parliament for the repeal of the Test and
Corporation Acts, and this led to a revival of dissensions. The advocates of reform were stigmatized as
Jacobins, and refused admission to public houses. (fn. 136)
The Government was suspicious, and in 1794 indicted
Thomas Walker and others for conspiring to overthrow the constitution and aid the French in case
they should invade the kingdom. The charges
rested on perjured evidence and were dismissed. (fn. 137) The
fear of invasion at the same time led to the raising of
two regiments of 'Volunteers' in 1794, and others
were raised later. (fn. 138)

The misgovernment of the town, the disagreements
between employers and employed, and occasional
periods of famine or bad trade all contributed to
quicken the desire for reform both in the town and
in the country at large. (fn. 139) In 1812 Radical meetings
were held, at one of which, in Ancoats, thirty-eight
workmen were arrested on charges of sedition; they
were acquitted on trial. (fn. 140) The agitation began again
in 1816, when meetings were held in St. Peter's
Field, on the south side of Peter Street; they excited
alarm and were stopped for a time; but were resumed
in 1819. (fn. 141) This resulted in what was denominated
the 'Peterloo massacre.' A meeting on 9 August
having been prohibited, another was summoned for
the 16th, which the magistrates resolved to disperse
by arresting Henry Hunt, the leader of the agitation,
in the face of the meeting, supposed to number 60,000.
There were regular troops at hand, but the duty was
assigned to the Manchester Yeomanry, described as
'hot-headed young men who had volunteered into
that service from their intense hatred of Radicalism.' (fn. 142)
These drew their swords and dashed into the crowd,
while Hunt was speaking, but were unable to effect
their purpose, and were themselves in danger from
overwhelming numbers; whereupon the hussars
charged and dispersed the assembly. Some were killed,
and about 600 wounded. The magistrates considered
they themselves had done well, and received a letter
of thanks from the Prince Regent; but a fierce storm
was aroused in Manchester and the whole district. (fn. 143)
Henry Hunt and four others were brought to trial
and condemned for unlawful assembly. For a time
the agitation in this form ceased, but Manchester
showed itself clearly on the side of reform in 1832, (fn. 144)
and was the birth-place of the Anti-Corn Law League
of 1838. (fn. 145) The Chartist movement of 1848 had
adherents in Manchester, and many arrests were made
by the police. (fn. 146) The rescue of Fenian prisoners in
1867 was a startling incident. (fn. 147)

The first royal visit to the district was that of
Henry VII in 1495. (fn. 148) The next, after a long
interval, was that of Queen Victoria in 1851; she
stayed at Worsley Hall and came through Salford to
Manchester. (fn. 149) She visited the Art Treasures Exhibition at Old Trafford in 1857, and in 1894 formally
opened the Ship Canal. More recently, on 13 July
1905, King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra
opened a new dock of the Ship Canal.

The government of the district was greatly altered
by the formation of the municipal boroughs of
Manchester in 1838 and of Salford in 1844. After
several extensions of the former the ancient townships
then within its bounds were in 1896 reduced to three
—Manchester, North Manchester, and South Manchester; more recently the borough has been enlarged
again. The township of Reddish has been added to
the borough of Stockport.

While Manchester has taken a prominent part in
English commerce and politics, it has not neglected
learning. Its University is a typical modern one. (fn. 150)
It traces its origin to the bequest of some £97,000
by a local merchant, John Owens, who died in
1846. He desired to found a college for higher
studies which should be free from all religious tests,
and in 1851 his wish took effect, the Owens College
being opened in Quay Street, with a staff of five professors and two other teachers. Its first principal
was A. J. Scott, the friend of Edward Irving. After
a struggling existence it seemed about to fail, but in
1857, under Dr. J. G. Greenwood as principal, and
with (Sir) Henry Roscoe as professor of chemistry, it
began to grow. In 1870–1 it was reorganized, (fn. 151) and
the management was transferred from the founder's
trustees to a court of governors, and in 1873 the old
site was left for the present one in Oxford Street.
Not long afterwards came proposals to raise the college
to the position of a degree-giving university. After
opposition from other colleges it was agreed with the
Yorkshire College at Leeds that the new university
should have its seat at Manchester but should not bear
a local name. (fn. 152) Thus Victoria University came to
be founded by royal charter in 1880, the Owens
College being the first college in it. From the outset attendance at courses of lectures was required from
candidates for degrees, the university being a teaching
body. (fn. 153) University College, Liverpool, was admitted
in 1884, and Yorkshire College, Leeds, in 1887.
This federal constitution was dissolved in 1903, when
Liverpool and Manchester became seats of separate
universities, the Owens College being then incorporated with the latter under the name of the Victoria
University of Manchester. (fn. 154)

The charter defines the constitution. The governing body is the court, consisting of the chancellor,
vice-chancellor, and other members, in part representative of local bodies; it appoints the council
which acts as an executive committee. The studies
are controlled by the senate, which consists of the
professors; under it are the boards of the eight
separate faculties in which degrees are given: Arts,
Science, Law, Music, Commerce, Theology, Technology, and Medicine. The staff comprises fortyfour professors and a large body of lecturers. Women
are admitted to all degrees. Liberal endowments have
been given by Manchester men and others, (fn. 155) and the
university receives annual grants from the national
treasury, the county councils of Lancashire and
Cheshire, and Manchester and other local corporations. (fn. 156)

The corporations of Manchester and Salford provide
great technical and art schools. There is a training
school for candidates for the Church of England
ministry, and important colleges of several of the
chief Nonconformist churches—Wesleyan, Primitive
and Free Methodist, Congregational, Baptist, and
Unitarian—have long been established on the south
side of Manchester for the education of ministers. (fn. 157)

Secondary and elementary education is well provided for by the Grammar School, the High School
for girls, and a multitude of others.

Of the various social movements of the last century
there may be mentioned as originating in Manchester: the Rechabite Society, founded in 1835; the
Vegetarian Society, 1847; the United Kingdom
Alliance, 1853; and the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows. (fn. 158) Co-operative societies were organized in
1859.

Out of the multitude of useful and distinguished
men who have been associated with Manchester either
by their birth or labours, notices of some will be
found in the accounts of their families, or of the
townships to which they belonged; for example,
Hugh Oldham, Humphrey Chetham, and Thomas de
Quincey. Among those whose office or work brought
them to the district, may be named Dr. Dee and
others of the wardens of the Collegiate Church;
Bishop Fraser; (fn. 159) John Dalton, enunciator of the
atomic theory and one of the greatest chemists, who
lived in Manchester from 1793 until his death in
1844; (fn. 160) Thomas Henry, also a chemist of distinction, who died in 1816; (fn. 161) four distinguished
engineers: Eaton Hodgkinson, who died in 1861, (fn. 162)
Richard Roberts, who died in 1864, (fn. 163) Sir Joseph
Whitworth, 1803–87, founder of the Whitworth
scholarships, (fn. 164) and Sir William Fairbairn, 1789–
1874; (fn. 165) Sir Charles Hallé, the musician, who
founded the celebrated Hallé concerts in 1858; (fn. 166)
Richard Cobden, the free-trade leader; (fn. 167) William
Robert Whatton, who, born at Loughborough, 1790,
settled in Manchester and wrote a history of the
school; (fn. 168) John Harland, journalist, a diligent explorer
of the antiquities of the city and county in which he
had settled; (fn. 169) Thomas Jones, 1810–75, librarian of
the Chetham Library for many years; (fn. 170) John Ferriar,
M.D., who became physician to the Infirmary in
1785 and died in 1815; (fn. 171) Thomas Cogan, sometime master of the Grammar School, who died in
1607; (fn. 172) James Crossley, born in 1800 at Halifax,
but resident in Manchester from 1816 till his death
in 1883, distinguished as an essayist, antiquary, and
book collector; (fn. 173) Richard Copley Christie, 1830–
1901, another bibliophile, who was chancellor of the
diocese of Manchester, professor at Owens College,
and one of the Whitworth Trustees. (fn. 174) Andrea
Crestadoro, born at Genoa in 1808, librarian of the
Free Library in 1864 until his death in 1879. (fn. 175)
Benefactors of the town were Oliver Heywood,
1825–92, (fn. 176) and Herbert Philips, 1834–1905. (fn. 177)

Of minor matters to be noted there occur the
institution of an omnibus in 1825, to run between
Market Street and Pendleton; and the appearance of
the cab in 1839. The British Association held its
meetings in Manchester in 1842, 1861, and 1887.

Manchester does not seem to have had any rushbearing of its own, but the rush carts from neighbouring towns and villages were brought to it. (fn. 259)

At Hulme Barracks are stationed a battery of the
Royal Horse Artillery and an Army Service Corps.
There are numerous volunteer corps—the 7th L.V.
Artillery, Hyde Road; 3rd L.R. Engineers; 2nd,
4th, and 5th V.B. Manchester Regiment, at Stretford
Road, Chorlton-upon-Medlock, and Ardwick respectively; and a cadet battalion; also a Royal Army
Medical Corps (Vol.).

The press has long been active in Manchester
The following are the principal newspapers now
issued: (fn. 260) Daily—the Manchester Guardian, Liberal,
started in 1821; Courier, Conservative, 1825; Evening News, Liberal, 1868; Evening Chronicle, and
Daily Dispatch; Weekly—City News, 1864; also the
Sunday Chronicle, 1885; Umpire, 1884; and Weekly
Times, 1857. A large number of magazines is
published. Tit Bits first appeared in Manchester in
1881. (fn. 261).

Footnotes

2. See Thompson Watkin's Roman Lancs.
92—124; Lancs. and Ches. Antiq. Soc. xvii,
87; xxiii, 66, 73, 112; and the Roman
section of the present work. The legend
of Sir Tarquin, enemy of King Arthur,
who was attacked and slain by Sir Lancelot du Lake, was in the 17th century
attached to the old Roman castle. 'Near
to the ford in Medlock about Mab house
(he) hung a bason on a tree,' on which
bason a challenger must strike; Hollinworth, Mancuniensis, 21.

9. The fulling-mill existed in 1282;
Lancs. Inq. and Extents (Rec. Soc. Lancs.
and Ches.), i, 245.
An undated deed in the possession of
Manchester Corporation relates to land in
[Long] Millgate between the croft of
Hugh the Barker and Henry the Dyer.
Another deed (of 1324) calls the former
Hugh the Tanner.
Robert Olgreyff (Oldgreave) of Manchester, goldsmith, in 1524 leased the
Four Acres to Ralph Sorocold; Lancs. and
Ches. Hist. and Gen. Notes, i, 140. A family
surnamed Goldsmith appears in Manchester and Salford; in 1417 William the Goldsmith granted a burgage in Millgate to
Henry de Buckley; Hopwood D.(Harland).
A number of 'blade smiths' were summoned in 1467; Pal. of Lanc. Writs,
Proton.

18. In 1480, in the testimony of the burgesses respecting the highway between
Manchester and Collyhurst occurs the
statement that 'the water of Irk had
worn out' the said highway; Hulme D.
no. 22. In 1787 part of Salford Bridge
was carried away by a flood of the Irwell.

21. The Act of 32 Hen. VIII, cap. 12
(1540), abolishing the right of sanctuary,
excepted parish and other churches, also
Westminster, Manchester, Lancaster, and
some other places. It is not quite clear
from this that Manchester's privilege of
sanctuary was new, but this is shown by
the subsequent Act. See also Lancs. and
Ches. Antiq. Soc. xvii, 64.

22. 33 Hen. VIII, cap. 15. The particular reason alleged for revoking the
privilege was that the 'linen yarn must
lie without as well in the night as in the
day continually for the space of one half
year to be whited, before it can be made
cloth; and the woollen cloth there made
must hang upon the tainter to be dried
before it could be dressed up.' Hence
only honest and industrious persons were
welcome.

23. The Act last quoted describes Manchester as 'a town well inhabited,' with
manufactures of linen and woollen, whereby the inhabitants had 'come unto riches
and wealthy livings,' and thus kept at
work 'many artificers and poor folk.'
Acts for regulating the size and weight of
'Manchester cottons' were passed in
1552, 1558, and 1566 (the Aulnagers
Act).

24. Ellis Hall, known as 'Elias, the
Manchester prophet,' was born in 1502.
Probably acted upon by the religious excitement of the period he began to have
visions, and in 1562 went to London to
see the queen. He was condemned to the
pillory and whipped by two ministers; see
W. E. A. Axon's Lancs. Glean. 312;
Local Glean. Lancs. and Ches. i, 72, 84.
A monstrous birth in 1579 appealed to
the superstitious in another way; Pa'.
Note Bk. iii, 269.

25. Camden, Brit. (1695), 746, 747.
He mentions the famous quarries of
Collyhurst. Saxton's map of the county
was published in 1577; he visited the
town again in 1596 and made a survey
of it, spending several days on the work;
Dr. Dee's Diary (ed. Bailey), 36–8.

31. There were in 1623 constables for
Newton, Droylsden, Ardwick, Bradford,
Blackley, Crumpsall, Failsworth, Openshaw, Gorton, and Harpurhey; and in
some of these places the appointment of
constables can be traced back somewhat
earlier; Manch. Constables' Accts. i, 92.

32. In appearance one of the greatest
changes has been the concealment of the
steep and rocky banks of the Irwell at
Hunt's Bank. There was a rookery on
the banks of the Irk, near the site of
Ducie Bridge, as late as 1770; Procter,
Manch. Streets, 39.

33. In 1600 this belonged to the Earl of
Derby, from whom it was rented by the
famous warden, Dr. Dee.

34. This name did not come into use
until some time after the chapel was built
in 1634. The old name was Lower Gate,
Lower Lane, or Lower Street; see Salford
Court Leet (Chet. Soc. new ser.). It was
also called Serjeant Street, and in the plan
of 1751 is named Salford Street.

35. As 'the Gravel Hole' it is frequently named in the Salford Port mote
records.

36. This name occurs regularly in the
Salford Port mote records. The street is
called Back Salford in the plan of 1751.
The court house and cross stood there, so
that it was probably the main thoroughfare.

37. It was for the three streets named
that scavengers were appointed in the 16th
and early 17th centuries.

38. There were steps down to the river
near the bridge; Manch. Court Leet Rec.
ii, 50.
The fishmarket, which had been in
Smithy Door, was in 1618 removed to the
end of Salford Bridge; ibid. iii, 9. Hunt's
Bank, where the House of Correction
was, then as now went north to Irk
Bridge, but there were probably houses on
the Irwell side of it.

39. Cateaton Street occurs by name in
the Hearth Tax return of 1666.
From Cateaton Street Hanging Bridge,
now concealed, led to the church. The
name points out the course of a brook,
which eventually became the 'common
shore' or sewer, descending from Shude
Hill to the Irwell; Court Leet Rec. iii, 50,
53; Ogden, Manch. (ed. W.E.A. Axon), 13.
A description and plans of a bridge built
over it about 1420 are given in Lancs. and
Ches. Antiq. Soc. viii, 97. This bridge
still exists, and is occasionally exposed on
rebuilding adjacent business houses. There
must have been an earlier one, for to
Ellen daughter of Geoffrey de Hulme
were, in 1343, given a burgage in the
market-place, a half burgage adjoining
Hanging Bridge (Hangand Brigge), and
land north of the Irk called Wrenowe
Yard; Booth's Coll. liber H, p. 47.

40. A burgage in Hanging Ditch was in
1469 granted to William son of Thomas
Pendleton of Salford; De Trafford D.
no. 52.

41. 'Towdlane' is named in 1552;
Court Leet Rec. i, 6. There was a well in
it; ibid. ii, 268. In 1609 it is called
'Crooked Lane alias Tode Lane,' and in
1618 'New Street alias Toade Lane';
ibid. ii, 245; iii, 6.

42. The name Scotland at this point
occurs in 1762; Procter, Manch. Streets, 45.

43. Red Bank is named in 1557 and
1573; Court Leet Rec. i, 40, 159 (a highway). In later times there was bull baiting at Red Bank, at the wakes, with other
sports; Procter, Manch. Streets, 43.
Knoll Bank, on the east side of the road
from Manchester to Cheetham, is mentioned in a deed of 1596 by John Beswick
and Elizabeth his wife, as formerly the
property of Philip Strangeways; Chetham
Papers, and Raines MSS. (Chet. Lib.),
xxvi, 424.

47. Fennel Street is named in 1506; De
Trafford D. no. 71. It was perhaps the
same as Middlegate mentioned from 1331
to 1498; a burgage in Middlegate stood
next to Todd Lane on the west side of it;
ibid. no. 6, 29, 68. Middlegate has sometimes been identified with Half Street. In
Fennel Street was Barley Cross, where in
1816 the corn market was held; Aston,
Manch. 217; see also Procter, Manch.
Streets, 38. The continuation of Fennel
Street west to Hunt's Bank was in 1769
used as the apple market and so called;
Court Leet Rec. viii, 125. Perhaps it was
the Churchyard-side of earlier times.

48. Hyde's Cross is supposed to have
been the place of sanctuary. In 1662 a
place was described as in Todd Lane and
near Hyde Cross. At that time the swine
market was there; Court Leet Rec. v, 62.

49. The old name was Within-greave;
Court Leet Rec. i, 3. The Dove-house
Field was in this lane; ibid. iii, 60. A
house known as Within-greave Hall was
part of the Hulme trust estate; see Procter, Bygone Manch. 42.

50. In 1554 James Chetham was ordered
to make 'the highway at the Shude Hill
as [= which] he hath made, sufficient
for carts to come and go'; Court Leet Rec.
i, 11.
In later times at least the lord's pinfold
was in Shude Hill, at the end of Withy
Grove. The pinfold is mentioned in
1535 as 'in the east end' of the town,
and lying west of land bounded on the
north by the highway and on the south by
the Claypits; Manch. Corp. D.

51. A burgage in the Deansgate, opposite
the Parsonage, is mentioned in 1395; De
Trafford D. no. 23. The Parsonage is a
piece of land on the west or Irwell side of
Deansgate; near it by the river side was
the Lady Lode; Court Leet Rec. iii, 216.
The southern end of Deansgate was called
Alport Lane; ibid. i, 34, 177. Sowsehill, supposed to be the later Sotshole, was
in 1564 a close paying a rent of 4d. to the
lord of the manor; ibid, i, 86. For old
Deansgate see also Lancs. and Ches. Antiq.
Soc. xxii, 180.

52. Smithy Door, afterwards a street
name, seems to have been a door or house
in 1560, when 'the highway leading from
the Smithy Door to the Old Market stead'
is named in a deed; Nugent Charity D.
(Manch. Corp.). About this spot was
Patrick's Stone; see Court Leet Rec. ii, 64;
iii, 6.

53. Robert son and heir of Roger Marler
in 1501 made a feoffment of his messuage,
burgages, and land called the Melehouses
in the Melegate; Manch. Guardian N.
and Q. no. 355. The Melehouse is again
mentioned in 1529 and 1546; Manch.
Corp. D.

54. Lancs. and Ches. Antiq. Soc. xv, 1; a
new market cross was built in 1752 and
taken down in 1815, the pillory and stocks
being removed with it. See Procter, Bygone Manch. 124.
The toll booth, otherwise the Booths
or the Town Hall (Court Leet Rec. iv, 262;
vi, 73) was partly in private hands for
shops, &c., for in 1656 Arthur Bulkley,
woollen draper, agreed not to hinder the
inhabitants of the town meeting in 'the
great chamber' upon all public occasions;
ibid. iv, 321.
The constables were ordered to rebuild
the cross in 1666; ibid. v, 81. For the
various crosses in Manchester, Salford,
and Stretford see Lancs. and Ches. Antiq.
Soc. xxii, 90–102, 108.

55. 'A street called Markethstyd Lawne'
is named in one of the Raines Deeds (Chet.
Lib.) of 1526. The name was corrupted
into Market Street Lane, and then shortened to Market Street. A 'Daub Hole'
—perhaps that in the part of the lane
afterwards called Piccadilly—existed in
1555; Court Leet Rec. i, 22. There was
a 'Brick croft' somewhere near; ibid.
and iv, 18, 30. The 'brick building' in
Deansgate, c. 1650, appears to have been
conspicuous by its contrast to other
houses; ibid. iv, 67, 230.

57. In 1493 there was in the Market
stead a 'Waste place' known as the Corn
Market stead, which in 1556 was more
usually called the Conduit Place; Hulme
D. no. 29, 49. It was perhaps the 'old
market stead' of 1552 and later years;
Court Leet Rec. i, 4, 15 n. 'Both the
marketsteads' are in 1647 named together with the shambles; ibid. iv, 3.
A complaint made in 1676 shows the
difficulties caused by increasing trade in
the narrow streets. On market days, it
was alleged, during the corn market at the
conduit people could not pass or repass
with coach or cart or horses laden or unladen from Marketstead Lane to Smithy
Door, which was the best way from Stockport and Ashton on one side, to Bolton,
Preston, and Warrington on the other.
Lest therefore the corn market should
suffer, the borough-reeve was requested to
remove the dealers in crockery, wooden
vessels, fruit, &c. to Hanging Ditch, and
to move the butchers, who had stalls at
the south side of the conduit, to the place
thus cleared at its north side; thereby the
corn dealers would obtain the additional
room they needed; Court Leet Rec. vi, 11.
The Exchange of 1729 was built on the
site of the conduit; ibid. vii, 66. The
supply of water came from springs in
Spring Gardens and the present Fountain
Street.

58. For a note on the Acres see ibid. ii,
7. The Nether Acres and Over Acres, kept
open from the time corn had been gotten
until Candlemas, were parts of the field.
A burgage in the Nether Acres is named
in 1349; Lord Wilton's D.

59. Wallgate occurs in 1338, in a settlement respecting the burgage of John
Gowyn, which adjoined it; the burgage
was to descend to John's son Henry and
his wife Ermeline; Vawdrey D. It was
off Millgate, for a burgage in the latter
street stood between a burgage called
Peuey and a way called Wallgate; Hulme
D. no. 14 (1443).
In 1484 land called Holcroft abutted
upon the highway called Newton Lane
and upon Emmot Outlane; Manch. Corp.
D. The name Newton Lane was changed
to Oldham Road about 1800. Millers
Lane is named in 1564; Court Leet Rec.
i, 195; Ashley Lane in 1506; ibid. i, 30.
A field of 6 acres called the Smithfield
was leased to Ralph son of Christopher
Beswick in 1496; Manch. Corp. D.
The 'way that leadeth to Ancoats'
(probably Great Ancoats) and Shooters
Brook were two of the boundaries of a
piece of land sold by Thomas Nowell of
Read and Alice his wife to Thomas Willott in 1562; Burgess's D. Macclesfield.

60. Procter, Manch. Streets, 108. The
mill seems to have derived its distinctive
name from the miller.

61. The 'Cockfight Place' is named in
1587, and in 1598 an encroachment on
the lord's waste at the cockpit was condemned; Court Leet Rec. ii, 8, 135. It is
possible that the cockpit was transferred
from one place to another.

63. Blackley, Collyhurst, Bradford, and
Openshaw were ancient wooded areas, but
had probably been cleared by 1600.

64. Newton Heath, Chorlton Heath, and
Barlow Moor indicate some of the greater
heaths of old time.

65. The Great Moss stretched through
Withington and Rusholme, giving name
to Moss Side; but there were a great
number of other mosses to the north, east,
and south of Manchester town.

66. The trade of the place in 1641 is
thus described: 'The town of Manchester buys the linen yarn of the Irish in
great quantity, and weaving it returns the
same again to Ireland to sell. Neither
doth her industry rest here, for they buy
cotton wool in London, that comes first
from Cyprus and Smyrna, and work the
same into fustians, vermilions, dimities,
&c., which they return to London, where
they are sold; and from thence not seldom are sent into such foreign parts
where the first materials may be more
easily had for that manufacture'; Lewis
Roberts, Merchant's Map of Commerce,
quoted in Reilly's Manch. 136.

67. Though opinion was divided and
several influential families, like the Mosleys and Prestwiches, took the king's
side, the great body of the people appear
to have been zealous for the Parliament.
At the report of the array of militia ordered
in June 1642, the townsmen, it was
stated, 'all stand upon their own guard,
with their shops shut up; well affected to
the king's majesty and both his houses of
Parliament,' while the people of 'the
country round adjoining' were 'very observant to any command … in readiness to attend there or elsewhere for the
defence of their country, lives, liberties,
and estates, and the defence of the true
Protestant religion'; Ormerod, Civil
War Tracts (Chet. Soc.), 14.

68. Sir Alexander Radcliffe of Ordsall
and Thomas Prestwich of Hulme endeavoured to prevent the seizure, but Ralph
Assheton was supported by Sir Thomas
Stanley and other deputy-lieutenants; in
their own words they 'thought good to
take it into their hands for the defence of
the king, both houses of Parliament, and
this county of Lancaster.' 'Thus wisdom
and honesty,' remarks the Puritan narrator, 'in a way of manifest authority, got
the leading of subtlety and injustice';
ibid. 16, 112.

69. There were two such arrays, the first
on Monday, 4 July; after it Lord Strange
made a demonstration against Manchester,
which led to circumstantial, but perhaps
fictitious, reports of a 'great and furious
skirmish'; ibid. 112, 25–28.

70. Ibid. 30–34. The agreement was
that the principal inhabitants would buy
powder to supply what had been taken
away; ibid. 112.

71. Lord Strange's armed escort, consisting of some thirty of his own horsemen
and about a hundred of the inhabitants
who met him, was said to have behaved
in an insolent manner on entering; ibid.
113. The Parliamentary leaders (Sir
Thomas Stanley of Bickerstaffe, John
Holcroft, and Thomas Birch) took alarm
and assembled armed men at the Market
Cross; as they refused to disperse at the
sheriff's orders, Lord Strange, being Lord
Lieutenant, came to them and was shot
at. Finally the men were driven off by
force, and one of them, Richard Percival
of Kirkmanshulme, linen weaver, was
killed; ibid. 32, 33. Lord Strange's host
was Alexander Greene. After this incident Lord Strange and his friends left the
town for Ordsall. For it he was impeached of high treason in Parliament;
ibid. 35–7. See also War in Lancs. (Chet.
Soc.), 6.

72. The king raised his standard on
22 Aug.; the first important battle was
that of Edgehill on 23 Oct.

74. About 2,000 came in, armed with
muskets, pikes, &c.; also some of the
gentry, as Holland, Egerton, Dukinfield,
Arden, Butterworth, Booth, and Hyde.
Civil War Tracts, 45.

75. The attack from Salford was that
most dreaded, and Rosworm himself superintended the defence at this point; the
rain swelled the Irwell, so that it could
not be crossed except by the bridge; ibid.
221, 116.

76. Neither side seems to have been
vigorous. There was fighting on Monday
the 26th, and on Tuesday after further
cannonading there were several parleys.
Lord Strange continually reduced his demands: 1. Arms must be surrendered;
2. He must be allowed to march through
the town; 3. £1,000 must be paid; 4.
Two hundred muskets must be given up;
and 5. Fifty would suffice; ibid. 48.
Rosworm states that on Wednesday the
28th a hundred muskets were demanded
as the price of withdrawal, and that
Colonel Holland of Denton was in favour
of yielding, on the ground that the defenders had neither powder nor match;
but Rosworm counteracted such counsels
by sending Mr. Bourne, one of the ministers of the church, an 'aged and grave'
man, to encourage the different bodies of
defenders; ibid. 222. Little was done on
Thursday; on Friday there was more
cannonading, but the guns were withdrawn
in the evening, and the whole attacking
force left next day. It is said that their
men had been deserting all the time. On
the other hand the town's soldiers 'from
first to last had prayers and singing of
psalms daily at the street ends, most of
our soldiers being religious, honest men.
… The townsmen were kind and respective to the soldiers; all things were
common; the gentlemen made bullets
night and day; the soldiers were resolute
and courageous, and feared nothing so
much as a parley'; ibid. 54–6. In addition to those named above, Captains
Robert Bradshaw, Radcliffe, Channell, and
Barrington did good service; Chetham of
Nuthurst sent men; ibid. 46, 52. The
thanks of Parliament were at once given
to the town; ibid. 57.
A little later proposals were made on
behalf of Lord Derby for the neutrality of
the town, but the inhabitants considered
that they were able to defend themselves;
ibid. 61.
In July 1643 the Earl of Newcastle
called upon the Manchester men to lay
down their arms, but he was unable to
penetrate into Lancashire; ibid. 145–7.

77. For Rosworm's narrative see Civil
War Tracts, 217–47. He had been promised an annuity of £60 for the lives of
himself and his wife; it was paid for
two years only, and he could obtain no
redress by law, not being an Englishman. An account of him, with portrait,
is given in Lancs. and Ches. Antiq. Soc.
viii, 188.

79. The Presbyterians and Independents
united under an 'accommodation' signed
on 13 July 1659. 500 men left the town
at the end of the month to join Sir
George Booth, who had raised the cry of
a 'free parliament.' A day of humiliation was observed on 5 Aug., the people
being afraid that Lilburne would march
on the town; and the defeat of a rising
at Northwich on 19 Aug. was followed
by the occupation of Manchester by Birch
and Lilburne, many of the fugitives having
taken refuge there. See Newcome's
Autobiog. (Chet. Soc.), 108–16; Adam
Martindale (Chet. Soc.), 128–42; Ormerod, Ches. (ed. Helsby), i, p. lxv.
The festivities at the king's coronation are
described in Court Leet Rec. iv, 281. Afterwards, in 1663, there was an attempt,
according to an informer, to bring an
accusation against Presbyterians and others
of forming a plot to overthrow the
government; Local Glean. Lancs. and
Ches. iii, 361, 421.

80. In 1669 it was reported to the Bishop
of Chester that Nonconformists preached
every Lord's day at the chapels of Denton,
Gorton, and Birch, and had great numbers
of hearers; Visit. P. at Chester.

81. The rioters were led by Thomas
Siddall, a blacksmith. They damaged
many of the Nonconformist chapels in
the neighbourhood. Siddall was sent to
Lancaster Castle, but soon afterwards
released by the Jacobites, whom he joined.
He was captured at Preston, tried for
treason, condemned, and sent to Manchester to be executed. Four others were
hanged with him in the same cause on
11 Feb. 1715–16; Pal. Note Bk. ii, 240;
iv, 93. See also Harland's Manch. Coll.
(Chet. Soc.), i, 208–25. General Willis
passed through Manchester on his way to
meet the Jacobites at Preston, and left
some troops in the town to prevent any
danger of a rising.

82. Reilly, Manch. 232; Mosley, Family
Mem. 44; Pal. Note Bk. ii, 91. In the
'case for the Petitioners' against the bill
it was stated that the workhouse project
originated in Oct. 1729, with some few
traders who wished to monopolize the
labour of the poor for their own exclusive
profit, and to preserve 'a perpetual succession of guardians of the poor in their
own families and friends.' On the other
side it was shown that the proposals had
met with general approval at first.

87. Through Engl. on a Side-Saddle, 187,
188.
Lady Ann Bland was the leader of
fashion in the place. She was the principal
patroness of a weekly dancing assembly,
for which a room in King Street was
built; Aikin, Country round Manch. 183–
8. The same writer gives a sketch of
the social life of the town in the early
part of the 18th century. Its provisioning at the end of the century is also described; ibid. 203–5. An account of
the Manchester ladies of 1709 is printed
in Local Glean. Lancs. and Ches. ii, 11.
Some curious details are given in the
diary of Edmund Harrold, wig-maker,
1712–16, printed in Manch. Collectanea, i,
172, &c.
Bonfires were lighted to celebrate the
king's birthday and accession, as well as
the Gunpowder Plot and Restoration of
Charles II. Cockthrowing on Shrove
Tuesday and 'lifting' at Easter also afforded diversion to the populace. See Constables' Accounts, iii, 1, 2, 7, 8, 66, 68.

88. A Gentleman's Tour of Great Britain
(ed. 1738), iii, 173–9.
In the Gent. Mag. for 1739 (quoted in
the Preston Guardian) is a statement that
2,000 new houses had been built in the
town within twenty years.

89. The Hanoverians were not idle, but
raised a fund for troops; see Pal. Note
Bk. iii, 235. In the same work will be
found a diary of 1745 (iv, 19), and some
depositions (iv, 70); see further in Local
Glean. Lancs. and Ches. i, 89, 153, &c.;
and Lancs. and Ches. Antiq. Soc. vii, 142;
Byrom's Diary (Chet. Soc. xl); Var. Coll.
(Hist. MSS. Com.), ii, 287, 288.

90. Mr. Clayton openly welcomed the
Pretender; another clergyman, Thomas
Coppock, a native of Manchester, was
appointed chaplain to the Manchester
Regiment and promoted to the see of
Carlisle, in which city he was executed in
1746; Local Glean. Lancs. and Ches. i,
153, etc.; Procter's Manch. Streets, 193.

91. See Ray's Hist. of the Rebellion, 156;
Manchester was taken 'by a serjeant, a
drum, and a woman.' Chevalier Johnston's account is reprinted in Reilly's
Manch. 237, 238.

92. William Fowden, the constable, was
brought to trial at Carlisle in 1747 for
having executed the orders of Prince
Charles Edward; it was proved that he
acted under compulsion and he was acquitted. A full account of the matter will
be found in Earwaker's edition of the
Manch. Constables' Accts. iii, 20–28, 354,
355.

97. One consequence was that the ancient
fair had ultimately to be removed. A
man living in 1787 could remember corn
and potatoes growing on St. Ann's Square;
they had to be carted away the day before
the fair as the people had a right to come
to hold the fair whether the crops had
been removed or not; Manch. Collectanea,
ii, 188.
The fair continued to be held on 10 Oct.
in St. Ann's Square until 1821, when it
was removed to Shude Hill. A popular
holiday festival, known as Knott Mill Fair,
had by that time grown up; it was held
on Easter Monday. Acres Fair was transferred to Campfield about 1830. All the
fairs were abolished in 1876. See Axon,
Annals; Baines, Lancs. Dir. (1825), ii, 154.

98. The views are — Christ Church
(Cathedral), Trinity (Salford), St. Ann's,
the College, the Exchange, the Quay, and
St. Ann's Square; the houses of Mr.
Floyd near St. Ann's Square, Mr. Marsden
and Mr. Dickenson in Market Street
Lane, Mr. Croxton in King Street, Mr.
Howarth in Millgate, Mr. Touchet in
Deansgate, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Miles Bower
and his son, Mr. Marriott in Brown's
Street, Messrs. Clowes in Hunt's Bank,
and Francis Reynolds, esq. (Strangeways
Hall). An account of these plans (with
a reproduction) will be found in Procter,
Bygone Manch. 349, &c.
Lists of published views of old Manchester are given in the Pal. Note Bk. iii,
53, &c.

99. There was another Exchange in
King Street; see Manch. Constables' Accts.
iii, 169.

100. This was called the Weekly Journal;
it was printed by Roger Adams, Parsonage, who also issued the Mathematical
Lectures of John Jackson, the first known
Manchester-printed work; Lancs. and
Ches. Antiq. Soc. iv, 13. For Orion Adams,
son of Roger, see Pal. Note Bk. iii, 48; and
for notices of the local press, Local Glean.
Lancs. and Ches. i, 54, 67; ii, 6, 142, &c.
An account of the early Manchester
booksellers (1600–1700) will be found in
Lancs. and Ches. Antiq. Soc. vi, 1. For
the Lancs. Journ. 1738–9, see Pal. Note
Bk. ii, 205.
Much information about the newspapers is collected in Procter's Manch.
Streets, 165, &c. There were printers in
Manchester as early as 1692.

101. An account of the earlier Directories
will be found in Manch. Collectanea, i,
119–66. The dates are—Raffald, 1772,
1773, 1781; Holme, 1788; Scholes,
1794, 1797; Bancks, 1800; Dean, 1804,
1808; Pigot, 1811. Those of 1772 and
1773 were reprinted in 1889. There is
a notice of the Pigots in R. W. Procter's
Bygone Manch.

102. See W. E. A. Axon, Public Libs. of
Manch. and Salford (1877). The books
of the Old Subscription Library were sold
in 1867. The New (or Exchange) Circulating Library was founded in 1792;
the Portico in Mosley Street, 1802–6;
the Law Library in 1820; the Medical
in 1834; the Athenaeum in 1835, the
building being opened in 1839; while the
Free Public Libraries of Salford and Manchester date from 1849–52.
On the Hebrew Roll of the Pentateuch
in the Chetham Library see Lancs. and
Ches. Antiq. Soc. ii, 54; on the Blackletter Ballads in the Free Library, and the
valuable Owen MSS. in the same, see
ibid. ii, 21; xvii, 48. A MS. in the
Chetham Library (Civil War) is reported
in Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. ii, App. 156.
The Christie and Bishop Lee collections in the library of the University must
also be mentioned.

103. It is stated in Baines's Lancs. (ed.
1836), ii, 306, that an endeavour was
made in 1763 to have Manchester made
into a borough, but that the same political
and sectarian jealousies which operated in
1731 defeated the scheme. The High
Church party celebrated their triumph by
a procession and dinner at Chorlton,
known as the 'Chorlton Rant.' It had
been discontinued before 1783; see
Ogden, Description (ed. Axon), 14, 15.

104. 7 Geo. I, cap. 15; amended 34
Geo. III, cap. 37. The quay figured on
the plan of 1751 was perhaps due to this
enterprise; it gave a name to Quay
Street.

105. The following are the canals (see
W. Axon, Annals): Worsley to Manchester, 1759; opened 1761; 32 Geo. II,
cap. 2, and 33 Geo. II, cap. 2. Manchester
to Bolton and Bury, 1790; 30 Geo. III,
cap. 68. Manchester to Ashton-underLyne and Oldham, with a later branch to
Huddersfield; 32 Geo. III, cap. 84.
Rochdale to Halifax and Manchester,
1794–1804; extended to the Irwell in
1836; 34 Geo. III, cap. 78; 6 & 7
Will. IV, cap. 115.
The Directory of 1772 shows that a
stage-coach ran from Manchester to London three times a week, performing the
journey in two days in summer and three
in winter. A stage-coach from Salford to
Liverpool also ran three days a week.
There were a large number of wagons
carrying to the principal towns of the
country. A considerable number of vessels
plied on the Irwell and Bridgewater navigation systems, including a boat between
Knott Mill and Altrincham thrice a week.

107. What was called the 'Manchester
Act' (9 Geo. II, cap. 4), legalizing the
manufacture of stuffs made of linen yarn
and cotton wool, was passed in 1736.
An account of the earlier development
of the trade of the district, with statistics,
will be found in Wheeler's Manch. (1836),
141–244. The first cotton mill in Manchester is said to have been built about
1782 in Miller Street; Local Glean. Lancs.
and Ches. i, 80.

108. Samuel Curwen, a refugee from the
Revolutionary war, 1775–84; printed
in Local Glean. Lancs. and Ches. i, 259.

109. In a guide book of 1857, quoting
from the Cotton Metropolis in Chambers'
Repository, is the following: 'The oldest
and the worst working district of Manchester is the region known as Ancoats
Here, however, you will find the truest
specimens of the indigenous Lancashire
population and hear the truest version of
the old Anglo-Saxon pronunciation …
The type of the true Lancashire spinner
and weaver lingers in its dark alleys and
undrained courts in greater purity than in
any of the more recent, more improved,
and more healthy districts.'

110. 16 Geo. III, cap. 63. Exchange
Street, leading to St. Ann's Square, was
then formed. A deed referring to the improvements of this time is printed in Local
Glean. Lancs. and Ches. i, 135.

111. A description of the town as it was
in 1783 was reprinted in 1887, with a
memoir of the author, James Ogden
(1718–1802), a native of the town, by
Mr. W. E. A. Axon. It was followed by
numerous guide books.
In 1821 an Act (1 & 2 Geo. IV, cap.
126) was obtained for widening Market
Street; the schedule contains a list of the
owners and occupiers. The work was not
completed till 1834. In 1832 an Act
was passed for the improvement of London
Road; 2 Will. IV, cap. 36.

116. Ibid. 201. It was built by Samuel
Clowes in 1804–6, as an aid to the development of his Broughton estate. His tenants
had a free passage, others paid a toll. It
was rebuilt in 1869 and made free in
1872.

118. Op. cit. 202–4. Six of the Irk
bridges were low and liable to be overflowed in flood time, but the seventh, the
Ducie Bridge (finished in 1816), was
lofty.

119. Ibid. 116–25. The Infirmary was
first established in Garden Street, Shude
Hill, in 1752, and removed to new buildings in Piccadilly (then called Lever's Row)
in 1755. In front of it were the old Daubholes, afterwards transformed into a piece
of ornamental water, with a fountain;
this was removed in 1857. A lunatic
asylum was added in 1765, public baths
in 1781, and a dispensary in 1792. The
building was refaced with stone about 1835.
The lunatic asylum was removed to Stockport Etchells in 1854.
Lever's Row was so named from the
estate and town house of the Levers of
Alkrington; see Lancs. and Ches. Antiq.
Soc. xx, 238.

120. Aston, Picture of Manch. 127–33.
The charity was founded in 1790
and at first housed at the south-west
end of the Old Bridge; it was removed
in 1796 to Stanley Street, Salford, by
the New Bailey Prison. In 1821 it
was again removed, finding a home
on the Manchester side of the Irwell, near
St. Mary's Church. From this it seems
to have taken the name of St. Mary's
Hospital, by which it is now known. To
commemorate Queen Victoria's visit in
1851 a new building was erected, which
was opened in 1856. This has now been
abandoned, a new St. Mary's being opened
in Oxford Road in 1904. The Southern
Hospital formerly at Chorlton has been
amalgamated with it.

122. Ibid. 161. It is on the north side
of Victoria Station and was opened in
1793; the manufacture of cotton goods was
carried on in the house, and in 1815
produced a profit of £222. The present
workhouse, built in 1855, is in Crumpsall.

123. Ibid. 192. It is supposed to have
represented the New Fleet Prison erected
in the time of Queen Elizabeth for the
punishment of 'Popish recusants.' A new
building was erected in 1774 and removed
in 1790. The prisoners at one time used
to hang out bags for alms. There is a full
account of it in Lancs. and Ches. Antiq. Soc.
iii, 89. A new borough gaol built in Hyde
Road in 1847–9 was demolished about
1885.

124. Aston, Picture of Manch. 164. It
was situated in Greengate, and opened
in 1793. It was pulled down in 1856,
the new workhouse in Regent Road having been opened.

125. Ibid. 194. The foundation stone
was laid by T. B. Bayley in 1787; the
building was a consequence of John
Howard's prison reform.

126. Ibid. 204; the old building had
become little more than 'a harbour for
vagrants and dirt.' It was greatly extended
and partly rebuilt in 1845–56, and from
1851 has been named the Royal Exchange. In 1866 an Act was obtained
to enable the proprietors to pull it down
and rebuild it. The eastern façade remains.

127. –9 For the libraries, see note 99
(p. 181).
The first theatre was built in Marsden
Street in 1753, but not used till 1760;
Manch. Guardian N. and Q. no. 1233. It
was replaced by the Theatre Royal, under
a special Act of Parliament, in 1775. A
new Theatre Royal was opened in 1807,
the old building being used as a circus;
Aston, Manch. 181–6. The Theatre
Royal was burnt down in 1844, and rebuilt
in the following year.
The Assembly Rooms in Mosley Street
were opened in 1792; ibid. 187. They
were sold in 1850, new ones being built in
Cheetham.

130. The following is a list of the existing medical and philanthropic charities of
the Manchester district, in addition to the
endowed charities to be recorded later:
Ancoats Hospital and Ardwick and
Ancoats Dispensary, 1841.
Ancoats Dispensary for Women and
Children.
Chorlton-upon-Medlock, Rusholme and
Moss Side Dispensary, 1831.
Christie Hospital (Cancer Pavilion),
Oxford Street.
Ear Hospital, Byrom Street.
Homoeopathic Institution.
Consumption Hospital, near Deansgate
with houses at Bowdon and Delamere, 1875.
Hospital for Skin Diseases, Quay
Street, 1835.
Hulme Dispensary, 1831.
Lock Hospital, Duke Street, 1819.
Children's Dispensary, Gartside Street.
Jewish Hospital, Cheetham.
Medical Mission Dispensary, Red Bank.
Northern Hospital for Women and
Children at Cheetham.
Royal Eye Hospital, founded in 1815,
in King Street; removed to Faulkner Street, 1822; to St. John's
Street, 1874; and to Oxford Road,
1886.
Royal Infirmary, 1752.
St. Mary's Hospital, founded in Salford,
1790.
Salford Royal Hospital and Dispensary,
1827.
Victoria Dental Hospital, Chorltonupon-Medlock.
Deaf and Dumb Institute, Chorltonupon-Medlock; first opened in 1825
in Salford.
Homes for Children, Cheetham Hill.
All-night Shelter for Children, Piccadilly.
Workshops for the Blind, Deansgate.
Home for Aged Jews, Cheetham.
Home for Fallen Women, Broughton.
St. Mary's Home for Fallen Women,
Rusholme.
Penitentiary, 1822; new building at
Greenheys, 1837.
Mrs. MacAlpine's Homes for Women,
Greenheys.
Day Nursery, Salford.
Whalley Range Orphanage.
District Provident Society.
Boys' and Girls' Refuge.
Catholic Protection and Rescue Society.
Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society.
Blind Aid Society.
Night Asylum.
Distressed Foreigners' Society.
Home for Lost Dogs, Harpurhey.
Shelter for Lost Cats, Cheetham.

131. Agricultural Society, 1767.
Literary and Philosophical Society,
1781.
Philological Society, 1803, and Bibliographical Society, flourished but a
short time.
Natural History Society, 1821–68; the
museum, founded in 1835, was given
to Owens College.
Royal Manchester Institution, 1823.
Botanical and Horticultural Society,
1824 and 1827, with gardens at Old
Trafford.
Mechanics' Institute, 1825; New
Mechanics' Institute, 1829.
Lancashire Antiquarian Society, 1829,
a failure.
Banksian Society of Botanists, chiefly
artisans, 1829–36.
Architectural Society, 1837, now defunct. It has been replaced by an
influential Society of Architects.
School of Design, afterwards School of
Art, 1838; now controlled by the
Corporation.
Geological Society, 1839; one of its
founders was Edward William Binney,
a distinguished geologist, who died in
1881.
Chetham Society, 1843; the Old Series
of its publications numbered 114
volumes; the New Series (1883
onwards) has reached over 60.
Manchester Numismatic Society, 1864–
73. It issued Transactions.
Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian
Society, 1883; a volume of Transactions is issued yearly.
Statistical Society, 1834; a volume is
issued yearly.
Conchological Society.
Academy of Fine Arts.
Astronomical Society.
Entomological Society.
Field Naturalists' Society.
Geographical Society. It publishes a
Journal.
Literary Club, 1862. It issues the
Manchester Quarterly.
Microscopical Society.
Philatelic Society.

133. The speeches and letters were reprinted in a small volume, which is valuable as giving the history of many of the
old Nonconformist chapels in Lancashire,
all or most of which were at the time in
the hands of Unitarians.

134. The Shude Hill fight was a food
riot; a corn mill at Clayton was destroyed.
Four of the rioters were killed. See the
account in Manch. Constables' Accts. iii,
359–61.
Axon, Manch. Annals, records the
following later riots:
1762, Riots due to the high price of
corn in July; see Manch. Constables'
Accts. iii, 370–2.
1779–80, Serious riots due to the introduction of spinning machinery.
1780, Riot owing to the indignation
aroused by some military floggings.
1793, Effigy of Tom Paine burnt by
the populace.
1795, Food riot in July.
1797, Food riots in November.
1798, Food riots in December.
1807, Riot between the Orangemen and
the Irish, 13 July.
1808, Riot owing to a wages dispute in
May; one weaver killed.
1812, Food riots in April.
1818, Attack on a factory; one man
killed.
1819, Riot in the theatre over politics.
1824, Labour riots in April.
1826, Riots in May, due to commercial
distress.
1829, Similar riots in May; several
factories destroyed
1842, Strikers' riot.

138. For the volunteers of 1783, 1798,
and 1804, see Local Glean. Lancs. and
Ches. i, 73; ii, 44; i, 25, 14, &c.

139. The story of the political agitation
of the time is told in Archibald Prentice's
Recollections of Manch. (1851), referred to
above. The author was the son of a Scotch
farmer and settled in the town in 1815,
starting the Manch. Times, afterwards the
Examiner and Times, in the interest of reform. He died at Plymouth Grove,
Chorlton-upon-Medlock, in 1857.

140. Prentice, op. cit. 76–82, and 'Trial
at full length of the 38 men,' 1812.

141. See Prentice, op. cit. 159–71. The
attendants at these meetings came from
all the factory districts around Manchester, as Oldham, Rochdale, and Middleton.

143. The magistrates considered to be
chiefly responsible were William Hulton
of Hulton Park and the Rev. W. R. Hay.
In their defence they could urge the
turbulence of the population, which had
often manifested itself, and the seditious
and even revolutionary character of many
of the speeches made at such gatherings.
'Protestant ascendancy' was one of the
watchwords on the anti-reform side.

147. Two Fenian head centres, Kelly and
Deasey, were rescued from the prison van
in Hyde Road by a band of armed Fenians
on 18 Sept.; the policeman in charge,
Sergeant Brett, was shot. For this crime
three men, Allen, Gould, and Larkin, were
executed at the New Bailey, Salford, on
23 Nov.

149. An account of the visit will be
found in Procter, Manch. Streets, 85–98.

150. This account has been compiled
from Joseph Thompson's elaborate account of the first thirty-five years' history,
The Owens College, 1886; P. J. Hartog's
The Owens College, Manch. 1900, which
gives a detailed account of the buildings and work at that date; Manch. of
To-day (ed. C. W. Sutton), 1907.
Mr. Thompson gives the petition of the
people of Manchester addressed to Parliament in 1641, praying that a university
might be founded in the town; op. cit.
512–16.

151. By Acts of Parliament in 1870 and
1871, rendered necessary by a movement
begun some years earlier for the extension
of the college.
A grant of arms was obtained in 1871.
The Royal School of Medicine at Manchester, founded in 1836, was incorporated
with the college in 1872. The Museum
of the Natural History Society was taken
over at the same time.

154. The charter of 1903 and the Act of
1904 incorporating Owens College with
Manchester University will be found in
full in the annual Calendar. This volume
of over 800 pages gives full information
as to courses of study, &c. and an appendix of 500 pages contains the examination
papers.

155. Large sums have been raised by
subscription. The principal individual
benefactors have been Charles Frederick
Beyer, Richard Copley Christie, Charles
Clifton of Jersey, U.S.A., and the legatees
of Sir Joseph Whitworth. The capital
amounts to about £1,000,000.

158. This was a union of the lodges in
the Manchester district, effected in 1810;
it has extended over a great part of the
kingdom, and become one of the greatest
of the friendly societies.

159. James Fraser, second Bishop of
Manchester, 1870–85; see Dict. Nat.
Biog. and memoir by Thomas Hughes
(1887). James Prince Lee, first bishop,
1847–69, is also noticed in Dict. Nat. Biog.;
he left his library to Owens College.

160. Ibid.; and Baines. Lancs. (ed. 1868),
i, 413–15. He was from 1817 till his
death president of the Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society, and many of
his dissertations are printed in its Transactions.

161. Dict. Nat. Biog.; he preceded Dalton
as president of the Literary and Philosophical Society.

162. Ibid.; Baines, Lancs. (ed. 1868), i,
415–18. He was an authority on the
strength of materials.

164. He discovered a method of producing
a true plane surface, elaborated a system
of standard measures and gauges, experimented on rifles and cannon. His great
works were amalgamated with those of
the Armstrongs at Elswick in 1897; see
notice in Dict. Nat. Biog.

166. Ibid. He was born in Westphalia,
but settled in Manchester in 1848; he
was knighted in 1888 and died in 1895.

167. Life, by John Morley, and Dict. Nat.
Biog. He settled in Manchester in 1832;
soon afterwards began to advocate free
trade, and in 1838 became a leader of the
Anti-Corn Law League; sat in Parliament for various constituencies from 1841;
died in 1865.

168. Dict. Nat. Biog. He wrote the
biographies in the first edition of Baines'
Lancs.

169. There are notices of him in his and
Wilkinson's Legends and Traditions of
Lancs.; in the Reliq. 1868 (by James
Croston), and Dict. Nat. Biog. He edited
Mamecestre and other works for the
Chetham Society, republished Gregson's
Fragments and Baines' Hist. &c. He was
editor of the Manch. Guard., retiring in
1860. He died at Cheetham Hill, 23 Apr.
1868.

182. Dict. Nat. Biog.; Pal. Note Bk. i,
128; Local Glean. Lancs. and Ches. i, 199,
208; ii, 5. His Diary, &c. have been
printed by the Chetham Society. Though
deposed from the mastership in 1660, he
conformed to the restored ecclesiastical
establishment, and was beneficed in Lincolnshire.

185. Ibid.; Gillow, Bibl. Dict. Engl.
Cath. ii, 224. He was a convert, and
laboured in the famous Jesuit settlements
in Paraguay, being expelled in 1768 by
the Spanish government. He joined the
English province and died at Plowden in
Shropshire.

189. Dict. Nat. Biog.; Baines, op. cit. i,
409. He was one of the founders of the
Manchester Lying-in Hospital, and effected
a revolution in the practice of midwifery.
The Town Hall (now the Reference
Library) was built on the site of his house.

205. Ibid. Pal. Note Bk. i, 37; Procter,
Manch. Streets, 189. His Correspondence
was published in 1882, and contains much
information about old Manchester. John
Palmer, architect, who died at Chorlton
in 1846, also took part in the composition
of Manch. Foundations; Gillow, op. cit.
v, 238.

207. Ibid.; Manch. Guard. N. and Q.
no. 1024; and the biography prefixed to
T. Helsby's edition of his Cheshire. He
edited Civil War Tracts for the Chetham
Society, and printed a volume of pedigrees
called Parentalia.

214. Dict. Nat. Biog.; notice in Owens
Coll. Mag. 1878. The original seat of
the college was in Quay Street. The
idea of it is said to be due to another
native of the town, George Faulkner,
1790–1862; Dict. Nat. Biog.

252. The notice in the Evening News
stated that he was educated at Manchester
Grammar School, and traded as a gingham manufacturer. He took part in the
public life of the district in various ways—
as a worker in Cotton Famine relief of
1862–3, the City Council (conservative
member), and Anglican Church defence;
he also wrote a number of popular works
on the history of the district, and in 1873
was elected F.S.A. He added accounts
of the parochial clergy in his edition of
Baines. He died 1 Sept. 1893, while
travelling from Manchester to his home
at Prestbury.