Distribution

Plasma Protein Binding

Elimination

Metabolism

Metabolized in the liver via hydroxylation and conjugation following oral administration; metabolism following topical administration is expected to be similar to that following oral administration.1

Elimination Route

Mainly excreted in urine following oral administration.1

Half-life

1–2 hours following oral administration.1

Stability

Storage

Topical

Gel

20–25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).a Protect from heat; do not freeze.a

Actions

Prototypical NSAIA.12345

While the mechanism(s) of the topical effects has not been established,123 diclofenac has inhibited angiogenesis and induced neovascular regression in inflammatory tissue in animal models.23

NSAIAs, including diclofenac, may inhibit angiogenesis through inhibition of substance P or by blocking the angiogenic effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).2

For topical use in the treatment of actinic keratoses, diclofenac sodium is commercially available as a 3% gel with benzyl alcohol, hyaluronate sodium, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and purified water.1 The contribution of individual vehicle components to the efficacy of diclofenac sodium gel remains to be established.1

Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription, OTC, or herbal products, as well as any concomitant illness.1 Safety and efficacy of use with other topical products (e.g., sunscreens, cosmetics, other topical medications) is unknown.1

Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1

Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.