Rising in Poznan

Polish rising in the Grand Duchy of Poznan. The rising was
launched on March 20, 1848 when the news of the outbreak of
revolution in Berlin reached the city. The crowd gathered in
the streets elected a delegation which approached the local
Prussian authorities asking their consent to send a deputation
to Berlin with a petition to the king, to wear the Polish colors
of white-red ribbons, and to gather in the streets At noon, W.
Stefanski arranged a popular gathering at the Hotel Bazar, where
an adhoc national committee was formed. The
committee took the reins of the insurrectionary movement which
rapidly spread in the countryside and spawned a quasi-legal
takeover of power by the local militia and armed peasants led by
the nobility. Hearing about the king's concessions in Berlin,
the German democrats in the grand duchy became more active, too,
and demanded that Prussia declare war on Russia, that mainstay of
reaction in Europe. They declared their sympathy and support for
the Polish claims and thus, at the initial phase of the rising,
the two nations went democratically hand in hand. Meanwhile, the
national committee became divided into two factions: the
left-wing democrats (among others K. Libelt, W. Stefanski),
opting for preparations to fighting the Prussians, and the
right-wing (G. Potworowski, M. Mielzynski, etc.), intending only
to win more autonomy for Poles. Following discussions, the
delegates to Berlin dropped their initial demands of independence
and put forward an appeal for a legal "national reorganization of
the Grand Duchy of Poznan". That meant the Poles' taking over
the administration of the duchy without cutting off its ties with
Prussia. The audience at the royal court on March 22 was
unsuccessful, but the next day the government, following
discussions with the delegation, struck a compromise. In his
cabinet order of March 24, the king agreed to the reorganization
of the Grand Duchy of Poznan, to be carried out by a
Polish-German commission. It was a tactical concession forced by
both the success of the Berlin revolution and the fear of a
general Polish rising. Once the liberals stopped the
revolutionary developments in Berlin by their compromise with
Prussian landowners and the army, commanders of the latter
secretly decided to put an end to the Polish movement by force,
contradicting the official promises. Meanwhile, the Poznan's
national committee became dominated by the democrats who,
suspecting the Prussian authorities of treachery, began
preparations for armed insurrection. By the end of March,
representatives of the national committee in the provinces formed
about seventy local and county committees which, here and there,
removed Prussian district commissioners (Landrat).
The takeover was easy in purely Polish neighbourhoods, while the
situation in localities inhabited by both Poles and Germans was
complicated and unstable. The Polish movement prevailed in the
eastern and southern counties (bordering the Congress Kingdom),
while the Prussian power in the northern and western counties
remained intact. The remaining counties were jointly governed,
temporarily, by Polish committees and Prussian officials. The
armed forces of the rising were supervised by the war department
set up by the national committee. The intention was for troops
of volunteers to invade the congress kingdom, counting on a
forthcoming outbreak of the Prusso-Russian war. On March 28,
General Ludwik Mieroslawski arrived in Poznan and was appointed
the commander-in-chief of the insurgent forces. Mieroslawski
found the volunteers to be unprepared to fight the Prussian army,
so he ordered concentrating them in three military training
camps: in Wrzenia, Ksiaz, and Pleszew.

In their efforts to attract the peasant masses, the
insurrection leaders declared on April 1 that all volunteers
would be given land (the insurgent camps received a total of
eight thousand eight hundred volunteers). The local Prussian
authorities regarded this decision as an infringement of their
competence and announced the grand duchy to be in the state of
siege as of April 3. The authorities intended to dissolve the
national committee, but instructions from Berlin made them stop
any action until the arrival of General Wilhelm von Willisen, the
royal commissioner. He was to negotiate a disarmament of the
Poles and to promise them "reorganization" of the grand duchy,
provided the Prussian hegemony was retained. Immediately upon
his arrival, General von Willisen began negotiations with the
national committee's representatives. Seeing that the nobility
were unwilling to fight, but ready to compromise instead, he
appointed, on April 7, the reorganization commission consisting
of four Germans and five Poles and demanded that the insurgnet
military camps be disbanded. As a result of dramatic
pertractations, the Pact of Jaroslawiec was signed on April 11.
The national committee representatives signed the pact under
pressure of the Prussian troops surrounding the neighbourhood.
They, however, managed to obtain Willisen's consent to allow
several hundred volunteers to remain in the camps. Once the
Prussian authorities were reinstated, the "reorganization" was to
begin in the counties, involving augmentation of political and
national rights of the Polish population. The Prussian
government accepted the agreement, but - on its own accord -
introduced a correction to the pact whereby the Grand Duchy of
Poznan was to be divided into two parts, Polish and German, the
"reorganization" being restricted to the Polish part only. The
government's position became more rigid once the revolution in
Berlin was pacified and as a result of pressure exerted by the
local bureaucracy and German population in Poznan, who gradually
increased their hostility toward the Polish movement. After
General von Willisen had left, the government in fact voided his
agreement by ordering the Polish committees in the counties to
dissolve and by approving the brutal conduct of troops headed by
General Friedrich A. Colomb. News of repression of volunteers
returning home from the insurgent military camps outraged the
Poles and incited some of them to fight the Prussians. Not
submitting to this mood, the national committee, overwhelmed by
the conservative noblemen, after a long dispute on April 25,
ordered that the camps be disbanded completely. However, the
volunteers still remaining in the camps did not obey and voted
for General L. Mieroslawski to continue as their commander
-in-chief. Further events ensued very rapidly. In their
decision of April 25, the Prussian authorities restricted the
scope of "reorganization" even more, allowing the introduction of
changes in nine entire and in fragments of six counties (besides
Poznan). Simultaneously, the Prussian troops lashed unrestricted
terror against the Polish population. On April 29, the army took
the insurgent camp at Ksiaz, killing the wounded and setting the
town on fire. Hearing about that, the national committee on
april 30 announced its dissolution and issued its last
proclamation, stressing the treachery and violence of the
Prussian authorities. On that day, too, insurgent troops led by
General Mieroslawski fought a victorious battle against Prussian
forces near Miloslaw. The victory was made possible by an
accidental numerical prevalence of the insurgents, personal
courage of the peasant volunteers, and inefficiency of the
Prussian commander, but it was paid for by considerable losses.
The victors were unable to pursue the retreating Prussian
troops, the insurgent ranks being thinned by the fact that some
of the officers among the nobility, opposed to further fighting
of the Prussians, forsook the insurrectionary army. Mieroslawski
was left with about three thousand volunteers. On May 2 they
were attacked by the Prussians near the village of Sokolowo and
suffered great losses during the fierce battle, but the Prussians
had to retreat. Subsequently, however, further privates and
officers left Mieroslawski, while some left-wing democrats wished
to continue fighting. They formed guerilla troops near Poznan,
Kocian, and Gniezno, but the Polish irregulars were soon
dispersed by the Prussian forces. On May 9, the insurgents
signed an act of capitulation in the village of Bardo near
Wrzesnia, the Prussian authorities guaranteeing security to
Polish military hospitals, officers, and emigres. The promises
were not fully kept, however. About a thousand five hundred
insurgents were arrested and jailed. When the prisons were full
to capacity, some peasants were released, branded on ears and
hands, which was immediately made public in the Polish press.

Meanwhile, the first session of the Prussian parliament in
Berlin was attended by Polish envoys. They criticized the
conduct of the Prussian authorities and army and demanded the
punishment of those Prussian soldiers and officers who were
particularly brutal in quelling the uprising. The Prussian
government's resolution of the problem was its announcement on
October 9, 1849 of an general amnesty for both Poles and Germans.

The effects of the rising proved profound and long-lasting.
Polish leaders lost their trust in the Prussian government, while
the actions of numerous Germans and brutality of the Prussian
army engendered the first conflict between the two nationalities
inhabiting the Grand Duchy of Poznan. Prussian repressions,
insurrectionary fighting, and the propagandistic campaigns of the
national committee fueled anti-German sentiments and contributed
to a spontaneous increase in the national awareness of the
Polish population. The defeat of the Polish rising in the Grand
Duchy of Poznan was the first success of the counter-revolution
in Europe in 1848, an introduction to the collapse of the
springtime of nations.
Witold Molik