Contents

Plans to build a multipurpose arena in Lisbon date back to the first discussions of the Expo '98 Master Plan, at the time, the city lacked a versatile facility able to accommodate concerts, congresses and sporting events of big scope. The existing structures, both in Lisbon and in Portugal alike, either had limited capacity (up to 4,000 people), or were difficult to adapt to non-conventional events, such as world class indoor sports competitions. Another shortcoming of existing venues was the lack of technical infrastructure deemed necessary to host modern concerts, musicals and to allow for proper live TV coverage.

The country needed an arena to fill the existing gap between smaller indoor halls, like the Lisbon Coliseum, and open-air stadia, as a consequence, Portugal would not host games of important indoor sports championships and no major concerts would take place in the country in periods of cold and rainy weather.

The decision to build the Pavilhão Atlântico within the masterplan of Expo 98 allowed the arena to have a catchment area well beyond the city of Lisbon. Being a short distance from Gare do Oriente and several major highway interchanges, allows the arena to draw spectators from all over the country.

In July 2012, the arena was sold to Arena Atlântico S.A. for €21,2 million.[2] In May 2013, Portugal Telecom acquired the naming rights to the venue, re-branding it as MEO Arena after its services brand MEO;[3] in October 2017, following the acquisition of Portugal Telecom by Altice, the venue was renamed Altice Arena.[4]

The building was designed by Portuguese architect Regino Cruz, who is the author of several government and office buildings in Brazil and in Portugal, in association with Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). SOM has been awarded first prize in the contests for the Olympic stadiums of Manchester and Berlin, and is responsible for designing many big sporting pavilions in the US (Portland, Philadelphia, Oakland and Minneapolis), the studio is also a co-designer of the Vasco da Gama Tower, located at the northern end of the Parque das Nações in Lisbon. The shape of the Altice Arena is reminiscent of a large flying-saucer or horseshoe crab, such a unique shape demanded out-of-the box thinking for its underpinnings, both for structural and symbolic reasons. The roof, for example, sits atop a wood grid, designed in the shape of a carrack. Being part of a world expo celebrating the world's oceans and 15th-century Portuguese discoveries, wood was considered more fitting than either concrete or steel.

The main goals of the design were: 1) Minimize the visual impact generated from such a big structure; 2) rational energy use; and 3) simplify the flow of spectators in and out of the building.

The main façade is oriented towards the south, which increases sun exposure during the colder winter months, at the same time preventing direct sunlight in the summer months, this exposure allows the reduction of heating and air conditioning costs, while at the same time natural ventilation outlets on top of the building provide air circulation and cooling. By placing the main floor 6.4 metres below ground level the architects allowed for a generously high roof, while at the same time reducing the external footprint and minimizing heat exchange (as a result of the smaller surface area exposed to the weather). The external glass façade is shaded by overhanging panels, designed to allow sunlight only during winter months. A system of external moving blinds further allows natural lighting to enter the pavilion.

Accessibility is also straightforward by means of a short stadium-seating-like external staircase that surrounds the entire building.

During EXPO'98, the building was called the Pavilion of Utopia and housed the spectacle "Oceans and Utopias".

The EXPO'98 theme was "Knowledge of the Seas or of the Future", and while other expositions approached the "ocean" themes from artistic, scientific or historical perspective, at the Utopian Pavilion, the designers took a symbolic, dreamlike, and/or magical approach to the exhibits. As such, during the 132 days of the exposition, the Pavilion was an open space to showcase works of imagination, reflecting the fears, myths and legends that throughout history, have been associated with the World's oceans. Visitors were awarded with sights of Daedalus, Greek Gods, mythical heroes such as Hercules, as well as colorful displays portraying the birth of mankind and gods, the Big Bang, the Deluge, Atlantis, the Age of Discovery and space travel, just to name a few. Written by François I. Confine and Philippe Genty, and produced by Rozon, the show (which was presented four times a day) mixed classic theatrical elements and modern multimedia technology.

In September 2015, Web Summit co-founder and CEO Paddy Cosgrave announced that the event would be held in Lisbon for three consecutive editions, from 2016 to 2018. Congrave cited the local startup scene and a "cosmopolitan city with better infrastructure conditions and a larger number of hotel rooms" for the decision.

The three-day event held from November 7—10 at the MEO Arena, site of Expo '98, drew 53,056 attendees from more than 150 countries and more than 1,500 start-ups spread over 21 venues, among the more than 600 speakers were a number of tech top executives from around the world, including John Chambers of Cisco Systems, Facebook CTO Mike Schroepfer, Twitter founder Jack Dorsey and Tesla's Elon Musk. Also speaking at the event were prominent figures from non-tech areas, such as U2 frontman Bono, Salil Shetty of Amnesty International and Joana Coles, Editor in Chief of Cosmopolitan, as well as footballer Luís Figo and both the Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa and Prime Minister António Costa.

The Atlantic Pavilion is member of the Associação de Turismo da Lisboa (ATL, English: Tourism Association of Lisbon) and active member of the European Arenas Association (EAA). Through these connections the Altice Arena management has establish close relationships with the main auditoriums and arenas in Europe and benefited from their synergies of scale.

1.
Lisbon
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Lisbon is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with a population of 552,700 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km². Its urban area extends beyond the administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people. About 2.8 million people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and it is continental Europes westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean, the westernmost areas of its metro area is the westernmost point of Continental Europe. Lisbon is recognised as a city because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education. It is one of the economic centres on the continent, with a growing financial sector. Humberto Delgado Airport serves over 20 million passengers annually, as of 2015, and the motorway network, the city is the 7th-most-visited city in Southern Europe, after Istanbul, Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, Athens and Milan, with 1,740,000 tourists in 2009. The Lisbon region contributes with a higher GDP PPP per capita than any region in Portugal. Its GDP amounts to 96.3 billion USD and thus $32,434 per capita, the city occupies 32nd place of highest gross earnings in the world. Most of the headquarters of multinationals in the country are located in the Lisbon area and it is also the political centre of the country, as its seat of Government and residence of the Head of State. Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world, julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia, adding to the name Olissipo. Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, in 1147, the Crusaders under Afonso Henriques reconquered the city and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbons status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially – by statute or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal. It has one of the warmest winters of any metropolis in Europe, the typical summer season lasts about four months, from June to September, although also in April temperatures sometimes reach around 25 °C. Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC, another conjecture based on ancient hydronymy suggests that the name of the settlement derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio. Lisbons name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela and it was later referred to as Olisippo by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo or Olissipona. The Indo-European Celts invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the Pre-Indo-European population and this indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects

2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

3.
Gare do Oriente
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Gare do Oriente, or alternately, the Lisbon Oriente Station is one of the main Portuguese intermodal transport hubs, and is situated in the civil parish of Parque das Nações, municipality of Lisbon. In 1994, the station was proposed as part of the modernization of the Linha do Norte, located along Avenida D. João II, over Avenida de Berlim and Rua Conselheiro Mariano de Carvalho. The station was planned to occupy the lands occupied by Apeadeiro dos Olivais. Bids for building the project on lands to be used for the 1998 exposition were solicited internationally, the concept was originally designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava in 1995, and built by Necso. The station was inaugurated on 19 May 1998, as part of the marking the opening of the Expo 98 worlds fair. Oriente Station is one of the worlds largest rail stations, with 75 million passengers per year, at the time of its opening it was considered the largest intermodal station in Portugal. Winning the Brunel Award on 7 October 1998, in the category of new construction projects. Oriente Station is situated in an area of reclaimed industrial and abandoned buildings fronting the northern margin of the Tagus River. The rail station was conceived with a multi-modal platform intersecting the cardinal axes for the transport modes. With some influence from Gothic architecture, the station bears considerable resemblance to Santiago Calatravas earlier Allen Lambert Galleria within Torontos Brookfield Place, Calatravas objective was to realize a new space with ample room and functionality providing multiple connections between various zones in the metropolitan area of Lisbon. One important aspect of the station is its link to the environment in which it was constructed. The decision to elevate the rail line, for example, eliminated a physical barrier between the city and the Tagus River margin, the station, covered in a lattice structure of glass and metal, is constructed of reinforced cement and raised 19 metres over the roadway. By January 2011, there were eight lines that extended 510–720 metres across 309 metres platforms, 27–28, ISSN 1134-1416 Tarifa, Alvaro Sánchez, Noticias, Maquetren,6, Madrid, Portugal, Ed

4.
Comboios de Portugal
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CP — Comboios de Portugal, EPE is a state-owned company which operates freight and passenger trains in Portugal. Before June 2009, CP stood for Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses although the company has been using its current designation as a name since 2004. On 28 October 1856 the first railway line was inaugurated in Portugal, the network was gradually expanded both south of the Tagus and to the north of the country, as well as in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto and to Spain. During the second half of the 20th century, much of CPs rolling stock was built in Portugal by Sorefame - notably carriages with stainless steel bodywork, gradually, electrification was put in place for a little less than half the network. In 1975, the company was nationalized, and its name was shortened to CP, part of this plan is based on the Swiss Rail 2000 model. As of 2012, the Portuguese rail system is facing the threat of contraction due to spending cuts by the Portuguese government. The Vouga line is now the narrow gauge line left in operation - it is also slated for closure.5 kV DC. Narrow gauge 1,000 mm,188 km not electrified, the maximum extent of 3,592 km was reached in 1949, but in the late 1980s and early 1990s some lines were shortened and some totally closed. CP is split into four divisions, CP Longo Curso, long-distance mainline services, CP offers the following types of trains, International is the service that connects Portugal and Spain. These are the Sud Express, the Lusitânia and the Celta, both Sud Express and Lusitânia are night trains that run as Trenhotel. Alfa Pendular is the fastest service, whose speeds can reach 220 km/h and this service runs from Lisbon to either Porto, Braga or Guimarães or between Porto and Faro. Intercidades is a fast long-distance service whose speeds can reach 200 km/h, all IC services run from Lisbon to either Porto, Braga, Guimarães, Guarda, Covilhã or Évora, serving the majority of the Portuguese regions. Inter-Regional is a medium distance service which only at the main stations. Runs mainly on the routes Porto-Viana do Castelo-Valença, Porto-Régua-Pocinho, Lisbon-Caldas da Rainha-Leiria-Coimbra, services are operated by the same trains as Regional service. Regional is CPs local service, stopping at all stations, out of the Lisbon, urbano is the CPs suburban service, in the regions of Lisbon and Porto and in the Coimbra-Figueira da Foz Line. CPs flagship service, introduced in 1999, is the Alfa Pendular which operates between Braga - Porto - Lisbon - Faro, at a top speed of 220 km/h with FIAT/Siemens tilting trains, as of 2006, CPs network reaches most of the country. CP inaugurated new trains in service in the 1990s

5.
Lisbon Metro
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The Lisbon Metro is the metro system of Lisbon, Portugal. Opened in December 1959, it was the first subway system in Portugal, as of 2012, the four Lisbon metro lines total 43.2 kilometres of route and serve 55 stations. Since 1888 the thought of building a system of railways was present in the city of Lisbon. Concrete plans took longer to form, Lanoel Aussenac dAbel and Abel Coelho presented theirs in 1923, none of these plans were carried out. A society was formed on January 26,1948, which aimed to study the technical, construction began on August 7,1955, and four years later, on December 29,1959, the Lisbon Metro was inaugurated. The new system was received by the public, and in the first year the Metro carried more than 15.3 million passengers. The metro has proved an important factor in development of the city, outlining new areas of housing. In 1963 it was expanded from Restauradores to Rossio, then further to Anjos, after this first extension, no further stations were opened until 1988. In 1974, after the Carnation Revolution, the management model was changed, being nationalized in 1975 and renamed Metropolitano de Lisboa, under the new management, works were carried to enlarge platforms, originally designed to receive two cars, so that these could receive four cars. The 1980s were marked by several extension programmes, first from Alvalade to Calvanas, in 1980, then from Sete Rios to Colégio Militar/Luz in 1982, and Calvanas to Campo Grande in 1983. In 1984, works began to extend Entre Campos to Campo Grande, Cidade Universitária opened at the same time, as part of the extension from Entre Campos to Campo Grande. These four stations were the first to be built from scratch with platforms long enough to receive six cars, in 1991, the first prototype of the ML90 car series was presented, consisting of two triple units of six cars, built by Sorefame/Bombardier. These cars had a destination sign, were generally more comfortable. The motor cars in two triple units were also the only ones to have a front door to the cab. On April 3,1993, the Campo Grande station opened, with this extensions, the network grew 3.1 miles. In the same month, the ML90 prototype cars were used for the first time, in 1993, the second Network Expansion Plan was presented, intended to serve Expo 98. Until 1999, Metro should operate in the lines, Line A, Pontinha – Terreiro do Paço, Line B, Lumiar – Campolide, Line C, Telheiras – Cais do Sodré, Line D. The PMO II depot on the line was finished in late 1994

6.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law

7.
Euro
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Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway

8.
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
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Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP is an American architectural, urban planning, and engineering firm. It was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings, with a portfolio spanning thousands of projects across 50 countries, SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world. Their primary expertise is in commercial buildings, as it was SOM that led the way to the widespread use of the modern international-style or glass box skyscraper. They have designed several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the John Hancock Center, Willis Tower, due to their faithful following of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohes ideas, Frank Lloyd Wright nicknamed them The Three Blind Mies. Notable SOM architects include, Edward Charles Bassett, Natalie de Blois, Gordon Bunshaft, David Childs, Myron Goldsmith, Bruce Graham, Gertrude Kerbis, Fazlur Rahman Khan. Lucien Lagrange, Walter Netsch, Larry Oltmanns, Brigitte Peterhans, Adrian Smith, indeed, Khan is responsible for developing the algorithms that made the Hancock building and many subsequent skyscrapers possible. Another notable SOM engineer is Bill Baker, who is best known as the engineer of Burj Khalifa, to support the towers record heights and slim footprint, he developed the buttressed core structural system, consisting of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form a Y shape. Davis Allen, a pioneer in corporate interior design, had a tenure at SOM. Throughout its history, SOM has been recognized more than 1,700 awards for quality. More than 900 of these awards have received since 1998. In 1996 and 1962, SOM received the Architecture Firm Award from the American Institute of Architects, SOM is the only firm to have received this honor twic13 R+D Awards from Architect Magazine. In addition, a collaboration between SOM and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology, was honored with a fifth award. SOM has completed over 10,000 projects around the United States and in more than 50 other countries around the world, london, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, and Abu Dhabi. Smaller field offices supplement these in such as the Philippines. Burj Khalifa is the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 829.8 m, construction began on 21 September 2004, and the building officially opened on 4 January 2010. The towers architect and engineer was Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, george J. Efstathiou was the Managing Partner for the project. Bill Baker, the Chief Structural Engineer for the project, invented the buttressed core structural system in order to enable the tower to achieve such heights economically, Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the Consulting Design Partner. The primary builder is a joint venture of South Korean Samsung C&T, one World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower, is located in Manhattan, New York City, and is 1,776 ft high, making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere

9.
Arena
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An arena is an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theater, musical performances, or sporting events. The word derives from Latin harena, a particularly fine/smooth sand used to absorb blood in ancient arenas such as the Colosseum in Rome and it is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators. The key feature of an arena is that the event space is the lowest point, arenas are usually designed to accommodate a large number of spectators. The term arena is used as a synonym for a very large venue such as Pasadenas Rose Bowl. The use of one term over the other has mostly to do with the type of event, the home of the Duke University mens and womens basketball teams would qualify as an arena, but the facility is called Cameron Indoor Stadium. Domed stadiums, which, like arenas, are enclosed but have the larger playing surfaces, such examples of these would be terms such as the arena of war or the arena of love or the political arena. In many fighting games, the stage that opponents are fought in is called an arena. Ice hockey arena Amphitheatre List of indoor arenas by capacity List of stadiums by capacity

10.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north

11.
Expo '98
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Expo 98 was an official specialised Worlds Fair held in Lisbon, Portugal from Friday,22 May to Wednesday,30 September 1998. The theme of the fair was The Oceans, a Heritage for the Future, the Expo received around 11 million visitors in 132 days, while 143 countries and many organizations were represented. Once Government support was obtained, Ferreira led the bid at the Bureau of International Expositions, the first Commissioner of Expo 98 was António Cardoso e Cunha. He was replaced in 1997 by José de Melo Torres Campos, the area chosen for the Expo 98 was a 5 kilometres -wide strip that covered 50 hectares in Lisbons east-end alongside the Tagus river. The area had been landscaped in 1942 as a Hydroport, for docking the hydroplanes that crossed the Atlantic to, as a result, the Expo 98 was fully built from scratch. As a reminder of the industrial past, only a refinery tower was kept. Out of the five major themed pavilions at Lisbon’s Expo 98, combining traditional stage technology with highly innovative special effects and mechanical controls, gsmprjct intégration handled all of the logistics and technical direction of the project. Housed in a covered stadium with a seating capacity of 10,000. The Oceania Virtual Reality Pavilion was the biggest hit of Lisbon’s Expo 98, even so, the average waiting time to get in was around 4 hours. The pavilion of Portugal hosted the Portuguese national representation during the event and it was designed by Álvaro Siza Vieira. The entrance to the building was covered by a large concrete veil, the total number of visitors of the Expo 98 reached 10,128,204, for a duration of 132 days. Admission prices were 5,000 escudos PTE for one day,12,500 escudos for three days, and 50,000 escudos for three months. The Oceans Pavilion, built to be the Lisbon Oceanarium after the Expo closed, had the longest lines, other popular pavilions, with lines of up to five hours on busier days, included Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Germany, and Virtual Reality. The Expo logo symbolizes the Sea and the Sun and it was conceived by Portuguese Augusto Tavares Dias, creative director in an advertising agency, and selected from 1,288 entries. The Expo mascot was conceived by the Portuguese duo of painter António Modesto and it was selected from 309 entries. It is named Gil, after Portuguese navigator Gil Eanes, the name was chosen by high-school student José Luís Coelho, from 765 entries. Gil can be now seen on telethons broadcast on RTP1, the official music theme for the Expo 98 was called Pangaea and was written by Nuno Rebelo. It combined chants and instruments from the five continents over a full orchestral score

12.
Coliseu dos Recreios
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The main building was constructed within a metal lattice by Francisco Goulard between 1888 and 1890. While the facade was completed by Cesare Ianz, the building was inaugurated on 14 August 1890. In 1897 the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa occupied part of the spaces, inaugurating the Sala Portugal, António Santos Júnior became director general of the Coliseu dos Recreios in the same year. On the death of António Santos, the direction of the Coliseu was assumed by Ricardo Covões, a major refurbishment of the installations was completed in February 1994, that included remodelling of the hall and stage, and reconstruction of the surrounding spaces. On 22 August 2006, the Coliseu was designated for preservation, the DRCLisboa, on establishing the Special Protection Zone for the Castle of São Jorge, included the building. As a Property of Public Interest, the National Council for Culture proposed that archiving of the Special Protection Zone on 10 October 2011, the Coliseu is, actually two juxtopositioned buildings. This includes a rectangular building, whose principal facade is oriented to the southwest. The rectangular area is divided into three areas supported by steel pillars/columns, and interlinked by steel staircase, allowing circulation vertically. The twelve-sided events hall is encircled by seating and two floors of boxseating, to the northeast and southwest, respectively, are special boxseats, framed by three arches, over one of the three accesses. The hall is covred by metal ceiling, supported by steel tubing, the events hall has a capacity of between 2846 to 4000 people, depending on its configuration. Beside concerts, other shows are hosted there, including theatre, circus, dance shows, performers have included Cirque du Soleil, Tango Fire, and several ballets. Notes Sources 75 Anos de Actividades ao Serviço da Ciência e da Nação,1875 -1950, Lisbon, Portugal,1950 França, José-Augusto, A Arte em Portugal no Séc. XIX, Lisbon, Portugal Almeida, D. Fernando de, DRCLisboa, ed. Monumentos e Edifícios Notáveis do Distrito de Lisboa, II, Lisbon, Portugal Ribeiro, M. Félix, I à actualidade, Porto, Portugal, Edições Afrontamento

13.
Portugal Telecom
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PT Portugal SGPS SA is the largest telecommunications service provider in Portugal. Its assets in Portugal were sold to Altice in 2015 in a move of its owner, Oi SA, the African assets were mostly sold for the same reason. Portugal Telecom, SGPS SA was split in separate companies, PT Portugal and Pharol, the first telephone experiments in Portugal connected Carcavelos to the Central do Cabo in Lisbon, in 1877. In 1882, the Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company was established in both Lisbon and Porto, to explore the respective telephone service concessions, the Post Office, Telegraphs and Telephones explored until this present day, the telephone service in the rest of the country. For the exploration of radiotelegraphy and wireless telephone, a contract with the Marconis Wireless Telegraphy Company concession was confirmed in 1922, in 1925, the Companhia Portuguesa Rádio Marconi was set up and took on all responsibilities of the previous concession. In 1970, CTT became a Public Company and in 1989, the TLP was transformed into a Limited Company, the purpose of this was to explore a nationwide TV broadcasting network available for any TV station in Portugal to request its services. At the time, RTP was having competition for the first time since its creation in the 1950s, SIC required the services of TDP, but TVI decided to create its own transmitter Network. In this same year, the Telecommunications developed by CTT was automatized through the creation of Telecom Portugal, SA, giving CTT the possibility to dedicate itself exclusively to the Post Office. In 1994, a unique national telecommunications operator was created with the fusion of companies within the CN State holding, Portugal Telecom, SA, with the fusion of Telecom Portugal, TLP, since then, it has held a dominant position in the liberalized Portuguese market. In early 2007, the Portuguese conglomerate, Sonaes takeover offer for Portugal Telecom failed, PTs board rejected an initial bid, worth EUR11.1 bn, in February 2006. Sonae. coms takeover bid opposed Belmiro de Azevedo and his son Paulo Azevedo to the investor José Berardo and PTs administrators Zeinal Bava and this could give the government a decisive role in the bid by any company to buy Portugal Telecom. In November 2007, Portugal Telecom spun off its media assets, in January 2008, the European Commission began legal proceedings against the Portuguese government over its golden share in incumbent telecoms operator Portugal Telecom. The 500 golden shares with extended voting rights, allowing it to block potential takeover bids, were the reason for the Commissions legal action, in December 2009, Portugal Telecom purchased RETI. In October 2,2013, Portugal Telecom and Brazils Oi said they would combine operations to form a new Brazil-based company with more than 100 million subscribers, the resulting companys provisional name is CorpCo. Armando Almeida replaced Zeinal Bava at the helm of Portugal Telecom on August 18,2014, Zeinal Bava skipped off to Oi in Brazil. On June 2,2015, Altice Group announced closing of Portugal Telecom acquisition, Paulo Manuel da Conceição Neves was appointed as CEO. Portugal Telecom owns MEO, the largest landline operator in Portugal and its operating brands include MEO, a quadruple play service provider and SAPO, an ISP and producer of web content. Portugal Telecom also owns Altice Labs, an IT services and research and development company, PT Contact, Portugal Telecom does not run any international operations, since all have been transferred to Oi, in 2014

14.
Vasco da Gama Tower
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The Vasco da Gama Tower is a 145-metre lattice tower with skyscraper in Lisbon, Portugal, built over the Tagus river. It is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, the first European to arrive in India by sail, the architects of the tower were Leonor Janeiro, Nick Jacobs and SOM. The steel structure, representing the sail of a caravel, was assembled by engineering company Martifer, the tower was built in 1998 for the Expo 98 Worlds Fair. At the 120-metre stage, there was a deck and, just below it. At the base of the tower was a building that served as the European Union Pavilion during the Expo. Both the observation deck and the restaurant were closed in October 2004, while they were open, the tower was the tallest structure in Portugal open to the public. The base building was to be leased for office space after the closing of the Expo, instead, it was used for one-off events, like the world premiere of the new Mini car in 2001. In 2006 the tower was climbed by Alain Robert, a solo urban climber and he was sponsored by Optimus Telecommunications, a Portuguese mobile phone company, that used the climb as part of a marketing campaign for a recently released product. Parque Expo received permission for a plan by Portuguese architect Nuno Leónidas to expand on the riverside, the base building was demolished from July to September 2007, and construction of the hotel started in October 2007. The hotel is called Myriad by Sana Hotels, managed by Portuguese company Sana Hotels, the observation deck and the panoramic restaurant are still accessible through the three current panoramic elevators

15.
Carrack
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A carrack or nau was a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship and was developed in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe. Carracks were first used for European trade from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, in its most advanced forms, it was used by the Portuguese for trade with the African coast and finally with Asia and America from the 15th century into the 17th century. With linguistic variation, these ships were called carraca or nau in Portuguese, Spanish and Genoese, caraque or nef in French, kraak in Dutch and Flemish. Originally the word carrack meant ship and was used in the Mediterranean for any large ship long before the ocean-going carrack was developed in the later 15th century, the word carrack probably derives from an ancient middle-eastern Akkadian word for a type of river barge. In its most developed form, the carrack was a carvel built ocean-going ship, large enough to be stable in heavy seas, and for a large cargo, the later carracks were square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and lateen-rigged on the mizzenmast. They had a rounded stern with large aftcastle, forecastle. By the Late Middle Ages the cog, and cog-like square-rigged vessels equipped with a rudder at the stern, were used along the coasts of Europe, from the Mediterranean. Given the conditions of the Mediterranean, galley type vessels were used there. These and similar ship types were familiar to Portuguese navigators and shipwrights, in addition to the average tonnage naus, some large naus were also built in the reign of John II of Portugal, but were only widespread after the turn of the century. The Portuguese carracks were very large ships for their time. The origin of the word carrack is usually traced back through the medieval European languages to the Arabic and its attestation in Greek literature is distributed in two closely related lobes. The first distribution lobe, or area, associates it with light and fast merchantmen found near Cyprus. The second is an extensive attestation in the Oxyrhynchus corpus, where it seems most frequently to describe the Nile barges of the Ptolemaic pharaohs, both of these usages may lead back through the Phoenician to the Akkadian kalakku, which denotes a type of river barge. The Akkadian term is assumed to be derived from a Sumerian antecedent, Sumerian antecedent A modern reflex of the word is found in Arabic and Turkish kelek raft, riverboat. A typical three-masted carrack such as the São Gabriel had six sails, bowsprit, foresail, mainsail, mizzensail and two topsails. From around 1515, Portugal had trade exchanges with Goa in Portuguese India, consisting of 3 to 4 carracks leaving Lisbon with silver to purchase cotton and spices in India. Out of these, only one went on to Ming China in order to purchase silk. That trade continued with few interruptions until 1638, when it was prohibited on the grounds that the ships were smuggling priests into Japan, in the middle of the 16th century the first galleons were developed from the carrack

16.
Daedalus
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Alfred Darlington, better known by his stage name Daedelus, is a producer based in Los Angeles, California. He is a part of the groups The Long Lost and Adventure Time and he is affiliated with the internet radio station Dublab. He attended the University of Southern California Thornton School of Music studying Jazz on Double Bass, Daedelus released the album, Invention, on Plug Research in 2002. The Household EP was released on Eastern Developments in 2003 and he also released The Weather, a collaborative album with Busdriver and Radioinactive, on Mush Records that year. He released the solo album, Of Snowdonia, on Plug Research in 2004. It was followed by another album, A Gent Agent. His 2005 album, Exquisite Corpse, featured guest appearances from MF Doom, Mike Ladd, in the following year, he released Denies the Days Demise on Mush Records. His 2008 album, Love to Make Music To, and 2011 album and he released the Righteous Fists of Harmony EP in 2010. Followed by The Light Brigade LP in 2014 both on Brainfeeder and his studio album, Drown Out, was released on Anticon in 2013. 2016 released Labyrinths an LP with vocal features and guest instrumentation on his own imprint Magical Properties, axe Murderation Remixes Throw a Fit Fair Weather Friends Touchtone & FWF Remixes Friends of Friends Vol. M

17.
Hercules
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Hercules is the Roman adaptation of the Greek divine hero Heracles, who was the son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmene. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures, the Romans adapted the Greek heros iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name Hercules. In later Western art and literature and in culture, Hercules is more commonly used than Heracles as the name of the hero. Hercules was a figure with contradictory characteristics, which enabled later artists and writers to pick. This article provides an introduction to representations of Hercules in the later tradition, Hercules is known for his many adventures, which took him to the far reaches of the Greco-Roman world. One cycle of these adventures became canonical as the Twelve Labours, one traditional order of the labours is found in the Bibliotheca as follows, Slay the Nemean Lion. Capture the Golden Hind of Artemis, clean the Augean stables in a single day. Obtain the girdle of Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, obtain the cattle of the monster Geryon. Steal the apples of the Hesperides, Hercules was a favorite subject for Etruscan art, and appears often on bronze mirrors. The Etruscan form Herceler derives from the Greek Heracles via syncope, a mild oath invoking Hercules was a common interjection in Classical Latin. Hercules had a number of myths that were distinctly Roman, one of these is Hercules defeat of Cacus, who was terrorizing the countryside of Rome. The hero was associated with the Aventine Hill through his son Aventinus, Mark Antony considered him a personal patron god, as did the emperor Commodus. Roman brides wore a belt tied with the knot of Hercules. The comic playwright Plautus presents the myth of Hercules conception as a sex comedy in his play Amphitryon, during the Roman Imperial era, Hercules was worshipped locally from Hispania through Gaul. Tacitus records a special affinity of the Germanic peoples for Hercules, in chapter 3 of his Germania, Tacitus states. They say that Hercules, too, once visited them, and they have also those songs of theirs, by the recital of this barditus as they call it, they rouse their courage, while from the note they augur the result of the approaching conflict. For, as their line shouts, they inspire or feel alarm, some have taken this as Tacitus equating the Germanic Þunraz with Hercules by way of interpretatio romana. In the Roman era Hercules Club amulets appear from the 2nd to 3rd century, distributed over the empire, mostly made of gold, a specimen found in Köln-Nippes bears the inscription DEO HER, confirming the association with Hercules

18.
Big Bang
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The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution. If the known laws of physics are extrapolated to the highest density regime, detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. After the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity in halos of dark matter, eventually forming the stars and galaxies visible today. Since Georges Lemaître first noted in 1927 that a universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point. More recently, measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, the known physical laws of nature can be used to calculate the characteristics of the universe in detail back in time to an initial state of extreme density and temperature. American astronomer Edwin Hubble observed that the distances to faraway galaxies were strongly correlated with their redshifts, assuming the Copernican principle, the only remaining interpretation is that all observable regions of the universe are receding from all others. Since we know that the distance between galaxies increases today, it must mean that in the past galaxies were closer together, the continuous expansion of the universe implies that the universe was denser and hotter in the past. Large particle accelerators can replicate the conditions that prevailed after the early moments of the universe, resulting in confirmation, however, these accelerators can only probe so far into high energy regimes. Consequently, the state of the universe in the earliest instants of the Big Bang expansion is still poorly understood, the first subatomic particles to be formed included protons, neutrons, and electrons. Though simple atomic nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the first electrically neutral atoms formed, the majority of atoms produced by the Big Bang were hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. Giant clouds of primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies. The framework for the Big Bang model relies on Albert Einsteins theory of relativity and on simplifying assumptions such as homogeneity. The governing equations were formulated by Alexander Friedmann, and similar solutions were worked on by Willem de Sitter, extrapolation of the expansion of the universe backwards in time using general relativity yields an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. This singularity indicates that general relativity is not a description of the laws of physics in this regime. How closely models based on general relativity alone can be used to extrapolate toward the singularity is debated—certainly no closer than the end of the Planck epoch. This primordial singularity is itself called the Big Bang, but the term can also refer to a more generic early hot. The agreement of independent measurements of this age supports the model that describes in detail the characteristics of the universe. The earliest phases of the Big Bang are subject to much speculation, in the most common models the universe was filled homogeneously and isotropically with a very high energy density and huge temperatures and pressures and was very rapidly expanding and cooling

19.
Flood myth
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A flood myth or deluge myth is a narrative in which a great flood, usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys civilization, often in an act of divine retribution. Most flood myths also contain a culture hero, who represents the human craving for life, the Mesopotamian flood stories concern the epics of Ziusudra, Gilgamesh, and Atrahasis. In the Sumerian King List, it relies on the motif to divide its history into preflood and postflood periods. The preflood kings had enormous lifespans, whereas postflood lifespans were much reduced, in the Atrahasis version, the flood is a river flood. In the Genesis mythology of the Hebrew Bible, Yahweh decides to flood the earth because of the depth of the state of mankind. Righteous Noah is given instructions to build an ark, when the ark is completed, Noah, his family, and representatives of all the animals of the earth are called upon to enter the ark. When the destructive flood begins, all life outside of the ark perishes, after the waters recede, all those aboard the ark disembark and have Gods promise that he will never judge the earth with a flood again. He gives the rainbow as the sign of this promise, in the 19th century, Assyriologist George Smith translated the Babylonian account of a great flood. Further discoveries produced several versions of the Mesopotamian flood myth, with the account closest to that in Genesis found in a 700 BCE Babylonian copy of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the vessel would save Utnapishtim, his family, his friends, and the animals. In Platos Timaeus, Timaeus says that because the Bronze race of Humans had been making wars constantly Zeus was angered and decided to punish humanity by a flood. Prometheus the Titan knew of this and told the secret to Deucalion, after 9 nights and days, the water started receding and the ark was landed at Mount Parnassus. In ancient Mesopotamia, the Sumerian King List reads After kingship came down from heaven, the kingship was taken to Shuruppak. In Shuruppak, Ubara-Tutu became king, he ruled for 5 sars and 1 ner, in 5 cities 8 kings, they ruled for 241,200 years. Excavations in Iraq have revealed evidence of localized flooding at Shuruppak, a layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to about 2900 BC, interrupts the continuity of settlement, extending as far north as the city of Kish, which took over hegemony after the flood. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period was discovered immediately below the Shuruppak flood stratum, other sites, such as Ur, Kish, Uruk, Lagash, and Ninevah, all present evidence of flooding. However, this comes from different time periods. Geologically, the Shuruppak flood coincides with the 5.9 kiloyear event at the end of the Older Peron, in Israel, there is no such evidence of a widespread flood. Given the similarities in the Mesopotamian flood story and the Biblical account, floods in the wake of the last glacial period may have inspired myths that survive to this day

20.
Atlantis
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In the story, Athens repels the Atlantean attack unlike any other nation of the known world, supposedly giving testament to the superiority of Platos concept of a state. At the end of the story, Atlantis eventually falls out of favor with the gods, despite its minor importance in Platos work, the Atlantis story has had a considerable impact on literature. The allegorical aspect of Atlantis was taken up in works of several Renaissance writers, such as Francis Bacons New Atlantis. On the other hand, 19th-century amateur scholars misinterpreted Platos account as historical tradition, most notably in Ignatius L. Donnellys Atlantis, The Antediluvian World. As a consequence, Atlantis has become a byword for any and all supposed advanced prehistoric lost civilizations and continues to inspire contemporary fiction, while present-day philologists and historians accept the storys fictional character, there is still debate on what served as its inspiration. Platos dialogues Timaeus and Critias, written in 360 BC, contain the earliest references to Atlantis, for unknown reasons, Plato never completed Critias. Now in this island of Atlantis there existed a confederation of kings, of great and marvelous power, which held sway over all the island, and over many other islands also and parts of the continent. The four people appearing in those two dialogues are the politicians Critias and Hermocrates as well as the philosophers Socrates and Timaeus of Locri, in his works Plato makes extensive use of the Socratic method in order to discuss contrary positions within the context of a supposition. The Timaeus begins with an introduction, followed by an account of the creations and structure of the universe and ancient civilizations. In the introduction, Socrates muses about the society, described in Platos Republic. Critias mentions a historical tale that would make the perfect example. In his account, ancient Athens seems to represent the perfect society and Atlantis its opponent, representing the very antithesis of the perfect traits described in the Republic. According to Critias, the Hellenic gods of old divided the land so that each god might have their own lot, Poseidon was appropriately, and to his liking, bequeathed the island of Atlantis. The island was larger than Ancient Libya and Asia Minor combined, fifty stadia from the coast was a mountain that was low on all sides. Broke it off all round about, the central island itself was five stades in diameter. In Platos myth, Poseidon fell in love with Cleito, the daughter of Evenor and Leucippe, who bore him five pairs of male twins. The eldest of these, Atlas, was made king of the entire island and the ocean, and was given the mountain of his birth. Atlass twin Gadeirus, or Eumelus in Greek, was given the extremity of the island towards the pillars of Hercules

21.
Age of Discovery
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It also marks the rise of the period of widespread adoption in Europe of colonialism and mercantilism. Many lands previously unknown to Europeans were discovered during this period, from the perspective of many non-Europeans, the Age of Discovery marked the arrival of settlers and invaders from a previously unknown continent. This represented one of the most-significant global events concerning ecology, agriculture and it also allowed for the expansion of Christianity throughout the world with the spread of missionary activity, becoming the worlds largest religion. The Portuguese began systematically exploring the Atlantic coast of Africa from 1418, in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Indian Ocean by this route. In 1492 the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon funded Christopher Columbuss plan to sail west to reach the Indies by crossing the Atlantic and he landed on a continent uncharted by Europeans and seen as a new world, the Americas. In 1498, a Portuguese expedition commanded by Vasco da Gama reached India by sailing around Africa, soon, the Portuguese sailed further eastward, to the valuable Spice Islands in 1512, landing in China one year later. In 1513, Spanish Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama, thus, Europe first received news of the eastern and western Pacific within a one-year span around 1512. Meanwhile, from the 1580s to the 1640s, Russians explored and conquered almost the whole of Siberia, another source was the Radhanite Jewish trade networks of merchants established as go-betweens between Europe and the Muslim world during the time of the Crusader states. Knowledge about the Atlantic African coast was fragmented and derived mainly from old Greek and Roman maps based on Carthaginian knowledge, the Red Sea was barely known and only trade links with the Maritime republics, the Republic of Venice especially, fostered collection of accurate maritime knowledge. Indian Ocean trade routes were sailed by Arab traders, between 1405 and 1421, the Yongle Emperor of Ming China sponsored a series of long range tributary missions under the command of Zheng He. The fleets visited Arabia, East Africa, India, Maritime Southeast Asia, by 1400 a Latin translation of Ptolemys Geographia reached Italy coming from Constantinople. The rediscovery of Roman geographical knowledge was a revelation, both for mapmaking and worldview, although reinforcing the idea that the Indian Ocean was landlocked, a prelude to the Age of Discovery was a series of European expeditions crossing Eurasia by land in the late Middle Ages. A series of Europeans took advantage of these to explore eastwards, most were Italians, as trade between Europe and the Middle East was controlled mainly by the Maritime republics. The close Italian links to the Levant raised great curiosity and commercial interest in countries which lay further east, christian embassies were sent as far as Karakorum during the Mongol invasions of the Levant, from which they gained a greater understanding of the world. The first of these travellers was Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, dispatched by Pope Innocent IV to the Great Khan, about the same time, Russian prince Yaroslav of Vladimir, and subsequently his sons Alexander Nevsky and Andrey II of Vladimir, travelled to the Mongolian capital. Though having strong political implications, their journeys left no detailed accounts, other travellers followed, like French André de Longjumeau and Flemish William of Rubruck, who reached China through Central Asia. After returning, he dictated an account of his journeys to a scholar he met in Granada, the Rihla, between 1357 and 1371 a book of supposed travels compiled by John Mandeville acquired extraordinary popularity. These overland journeys had little immediate effect, the Mongol Empire collapsed almost as quickly as it formed and soon the route to the east became more difficult and dangerous

22.
Futsal
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Futsal, or futsala, is a variant of association football played on a hard court, smaller than a football pitch, and mainly indoors. It can be considered a version of five-a-side football, Futsal is played between two teams of five players each, one of whom is the goalkeeper. Unlike some other forms of football, the game is played on a hard court surface delimited by lines. Futsal is also played with a smaller ball, the surface, ball and rules create an emphasis on improvisation, creativity, and technique as well as ball control and passing in small spaces. Futsal comes from Spanish fútbol sala or fútbol de salón and from Portuguese futebol de salão, the term is commonly translated as indoor football but a more literal translation is hall/lounge football. During the sports world championships held in Madrid in 1985. Since then, all names have been officially and internationally changed to futsal. The naming was due to a dispute between FIFUSA and FIFA over the name of fútbol, FIFUSA has registered the word fut-sal in 1985, since then FIFA has also started using the term futsal. The name has been translated into Italian as calcio a 5 or football sala, Futsal started in 1930 when Juan Carlos Ceriani, a teacher in Montevideo, Uruguay, created a version of indoor football for recreation in YMCAs. This new sport was developed for playing on basketball courts. The YMCA spread the game immediately throughout South America and it was easily played by everyone, everywhere, and in any weather condition, even in winter, without any difficulty, helping players to stay in shape all year round. These reasons convinced João Lotufo, a Brazilian, to bring this game to his country, initially, the rules were not uniform. In 1956, the rules were modified by Habib Maphuz and Luiz Gonzaga de Oliveira Fernandes within the YMCA of São Paulo Brazil to allow seniors to compete, Luiz de Oliveira wrote the Book of Rules of Fuitsal in 1956, then adopted also at the international level. In 1965 the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol de Salón was formed, consisting of Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru, Argentina, shortly after, a unique tournament was organized. It attracted some interest in South American media, which began to follow futsal. The sport began to spread across South America, and its popularity ensured the formation of a body in São Paulo in 1971. FIFUSA initially comprised Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, the new institution counted 32 participating countries and its first President was João Havelange joined by the secretary Luiz Gonzaga de Oliveira. In 1975, the Federation’s chief passed to FIFA, and in 1980, the Federation then began to work to bring the big event to Europe

23.
MTV Europe Music Award
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The MTV Europe Music Awards is an event presented by MTV Networks Europe which awards prizes to musicians and performers. Since 2007, the winners are chosen by the viewers and fans by visiting the EMAs website, the first EMAs ceremony was held in 1994 in Berlin, Germany. Though it was conceived as an alternative to the MTV Video Music Awards. The MTV Europe Music Awards are held every year in a different country and it has been hosted mostly in the United Kingdom. Since 2011 other worldwide/regional nominations have been added, the awards are presented annually and broadcast live on MTV Europe, MTV Live HD and most of the international MTV channels as well as online. 1994, The first MTV Europe Music Awards in 1994 were held on 24 November, George Michael performed Jesus To A Child and Freedom surrounded by many famous models including Naomi Campbell and Bono received the Free Your Mind Award on behalf of Amnesty International. 1995, French nuclear testing in the South Pacific got the most attention at the 1995 ceremony, during his acceptance speech after winning the award for Best Rock, Bon Jovi lead singer Jon Bon Jovi said, The only enemy is ignorance. Lets get rid of all nuclear testing. And U2s Bono said, What a city, what a night, what a crowd, what a bomb, what a mistake, stop abusing the earth, urged Madonna in a videotaped segment before designer agnès b. picked up the award for Greenpeace. 1996, During their performance Metallica performed the songs Last Caress, instead of performing their single King Nothing as scheduled. The song So What. is known for its amount of expletives and references to bestiality among many other controversial lyrics while Last Caress has lyrics pertaining to murder, as a result of their performance Metallicas performance and references to Metallica have been removed from future broadcasts of the ceremony. 1997, U2 opened the show performing Mofo dressed in boxing gowns,1998, On this year 6 new categories were introduced including the MTV Selects, UK and Ireland, Northern, Central and Southern. Faithless opened the show with God is a DJ and Madonna performed The Power of Goodbye, the big winners of the night were the Spice Girls and Madonna with two awards. Mel C, alias Sporty Spice, and Emma Bunton, known as Baby Spice, on receiving the award, Mel C shouted, Weve done it again. And a big hello from the two, she added, referring to Mel B and Victoria Adams, both of whom were pregnant and did not attend the ceremony at the Fila Forum in Milan. The Prodigy won the Best Dance award but according to their frontman, Liam Howlett, the Free Your Mind award, given to organisations helping with human rights, was given to Serbian radio station Radio B92 in Belgrade. 1999, Britney Spears was the big winner of the winning four awards. She also performed during the ceremony, entertaining the crowd with a medley of her hits. Baby One More Time, the other multiple winner was Boyzone, who nabbed two awards, for Best UK & Ireland Act and Best Album

24.
Web Summit
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Web Summit is a technology conference held annually since 2009. The company was founded by Paddy Cosgrave, David Kelly and Daire Hickey, the topic of the conference is centered on internet technology and attendees range from Fortune 500 companies to smaller tech companies. This contains a mix of CEOs and founders of tech start ups together with a range of people from across the technology industry. Web Summit runs events throughout the world including F. ounders, RISE in Hong Kong, Collision in New Orleans, SURGE in Bangalore, for the first five years the event was held in Dublin, Ireland. In September 2015 Paddy Cosgrave, Web Summit co-founder and CEO, in September 2015 Web Summit co-founder and CEO Paddy Cosgrave announced that the event would be held in Lisbon for three consecutive editions, from 2016 to 2018. Cosgrave cited the local scene and a cosmopolitan city with better infrastructure conditions. The three-day event held from November 7—10 at the MEO Arena, site of Expo 98, drew 53,056 attendees from more than 150 countries and more than 1,500 start-ups spread over 21 venues. Web Summits 3rd annual Cisco Innovation Grand Challenge was presented by Senior Director of Innovation Helder Antunes to StreamRoot, Gestoos, Web Summit 2015 was held over three days from 3 November until the 5 November at the RDS in Dublin. Over 42,000 people attended the event over the three days, speakers included Ed Catmull of Pixar, Michael Dell, Bill Ford and Chris Froome. In September 2015 Web Summit announced that they would be moving the event from Dublin to Lisbon and this led to a debate in the Irish media about the support the Government had provided to the event since it began and what future promises they could make. Problems arose with the Wi-Fi, but on a scale than in 2014. Web Summit 2014 was held three days and consisted of nine stages or Summits as they are known, Centre, Machine, Enterprise, Marketing, Builders, Society, Sport, Film. Eva Longoria, Peter Thiel and Bono were among the speakers that spoke over the three-day event, on Day 1 there were problems with the WiFi network and Web Summit founder Paddy Cosgrave took to the stage on two occasions to apologise for the connectivity problems. The RDS defended their technical set-up with CEO Michael Duffy saying and this is an unprecedented WiFi density compared to similar European tech events. Attendees were mostly disparaging in their remarks, with some deriding it on media as the most Irish thing ever. International broadcasters including CNBC, CNN, Fox Business News, Bloomberg, al Jazeera and the BBC all covered the event. After the announcement of the decision to move the 2016 Web Summit to Lisbon, in 2013, over 10,000 people attended the Web Summit, the vast majority from outside Ireland. Speakers included Elon Musk, Shane Smith, Tony Hawk, Drew Houston, Irish Prime Minister, Enda Kenny, also opened the NASDAQ Market from the Web Summit, the first time it was opened outside of New York since the Facebook IPO

25.
John T. Chambers
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John Thomas Chambers is the executive chairman and former CEO of Cisco Systems Chambers was born on August 23,1949 in Cleveland, Ohio to John Tuner Jack and June Chambers. His mother was a psychiatrist and his father was an obstetrician, the family resided in Kanawha City, West Virginia. When Chambers was nine years old, he was diagnosed with dyslexia, aided by a therapist, Chambers learned to cope with his disability. Previously, he attended the School of Engineering at Duke University from 1967 to 1968. After obtaining his MBA, Chambers began his career in sales at IBM 1976–1983 when he was 27 years old. In 1983, when he was 34 years old he moved to Wang Laboratories, there, he became the vice president of US operations in 1987. Wang had gone from a $2 billion profit in 1989 to a $700 million loss in 1990, in 1991, when he was 42 years old he left Wang and joined Cisco in 1991. Cisco went public on February 16,1990, Chambers joined a startup Cisco founded in 1983 as senior vice president, worldwide sales and operations. 1990–1994, senior president of worldwide operations, 1994–1995, executive vice president. Since January 1995, when he was 46 years old he assumed the role of CEO, in November 2006, he was named chairman of the board, in addition to his CEO role. In October 2016, he was reported to own over 1.7 million Cisco shares worth of approximately US$54 million, on July 27,2015, Chuck Robbins replaced Chambers as CEO of Cisco Systems. Chambers served on the board of directors of myCFO, Chambers and his wife Elaine have two children, Lindsay and John. Chambers has made donations totaling over $180,000 to the Democratic Party. He served as a co-chair in Republican John McCains 2008 presidential bid, Chambers has received various awards and honors for corporate philanthropy. 2012 – Total compensation of $11,687,666, which included a salary of $375,000, a cash bonus of $3,953,376, stocks granted of $7,348,265. 2011 – Total compensation of $12,886,125, which included a salary of $375,000, no cash bonus, stocks granted of $12,500,100. 2009 – Total compensation of $12,788,498, which included a salary of $375,000, a cash bonus of $2,031,000, stocks granted of $10,372,500. 2008 – Total compensation of $18,767,149, which included a salary of $375,000, a cash bonus of $3,002,802, stocks granted of $6,442,000

26.
Mike Schroepfer
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Mike Schroepfer is an entrepreneur, technical architect and manager who is the CTO at Facebook since his appointment in March 2013. He was previously Vice President of Engineering in the company since July 2008. Schroepfer attended Spanish River Community High School in Palm Beach County, Florida and he holds a bachelors degree and a masters degree in computer science from Stanford University. He was Software Engineer at computer software company Puffin Designs from October 1997 to November 1999 when he became a partner in Reactivity, Schroepfer founded the computer software company CenterRun in June 2000, becoming its Chief Architect and Director of Engineering. CenterRun was acquired by Sun Microsystems in November 2003, after the take over he became the Chief Technology Officer for Suns data center automation division. Schroepfer was the Vice President of engineering at Mozilla Corporation from July 2005 to August 2008 and he became director of engineering at Facebook in July 2008. In 2008 he was listed as number 20 in the 25 Most Influential People in Mobile Technology by Laptopmag. com, in 2010 Fortune listed him and two colleagues at Facebooks technical branch as joint number 27 in their list of the 40 under 40. Schroepfer became one of the board of Directors for Investment Management firm, Wealthfront and he lives in the San Francisco Bay area. Facebook page Twitter page Interview with Mike Schroepfer on a visit to Cambridge University, UK Anglia TV, Nov 19,2010, Mike Schroepfer explains the role he plays within Facebook’s development and delivery and shares his ideas of the future

27.
Jack Dorsey
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Jack Dorsey is an American computer programmer and internet entrepreneur widely known as a co-founder and CEO of Twitter, and as the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. In 2008, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35, for 2012, The Wall Street Journal gave him the Innovator of the Year Award for technology. Dorsey was born and raised in St. Louis, the son of Marcia and he is of part Italian descent. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker and he was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati. He went to Catholic high school, at Bishop DuBourg High School, by age fourteen, Dorsey had become interested in dispatch routing. Some of the open source software he created in the area of logistics is still used by many taxi cab companies. Dorsey attended the Missouri University of Science and Technology before subsequently transferring to New York University and he first came up with the idea that became Twitter at New York University. While working on dispatching as a programmer, he moved to California. In Oakland in 2000, Dorsey started his company to dispatch couriers, taxis and his other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a frictionless service market. In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, when he first saw implementations of instant messaging, Dorsey wondered whether the softwares user status output could be shared among friends easily. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging, Dorsey and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs, Williams, Stone and Noah Glass co-founded Obvious Corporation, which then spun off Twitter Inc. with Dorsey as the CEO. As chief executive officer, Dorsey saw the startup through two rounds of funding by the capitalists who backed the company. He reportedly lost his position for leaving early to enjoy other pursuits such as yoga. As the service began to grow in popularity, Dorsey chose the improvement of uptime as top priority, even over creating revenue – which, as of 2008, Dorsey described the commercial use of Twitter and its API as two things that could lead to paid features. He describes his three guiding principles, which he says are shared by the company, as simplicity, constraint, on October 16,2008, Williams took over the role of CEO, while Dorsey became chairman of the board. On March 28,2011, Dorsey returned to Twitter as Executive Chairman after Dick Costolo replaced Williams as the CEO, on June 10,2015, Costolo announced that he was resigning as CEO of Twitter effective July 1,2015. Dorsey would assume the post of Interim CEO upon Costolos departure and he was named permanent CEO of Twitter on October 5,2015

28.
Elon Musk
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Elon Reeve Musk is a South African-born Canadian-American business magnate, investor, engineer, and inventor. As of March 2017, he has a net worth of $13.9 billion. In December 2016, Musk was ranked 21st on Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People, Musk has stated that the goals of SolarCity, Tesla, and SpaceX revolve around his vision to change the world and humanity. He has a brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister. His paternal grandmother was British, and he also has Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, after his parents divorced in 1980, Musk lived mostly with his father in the suburbs of Pretoria. During his childhood he had an interest in reading and often did so for hours at a time, at age 10, he developed an interest in computing with the Commodore VIC-20. He taught himself computer programming at the age of 12, sold the code for a BASIC-based video game he created called Blastar, to a magazine called PC and Office Technology, a web version of the game is available online. Musk was severely bullied throughout his childhood, and was hospitalized when a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs. Musk was initially educated at schools, attending the English-speaking Waterkloof House Preparatory School. Musk later graduated from Pretoria Boys High School and moved to Canada in June 1989, just before his 18th birthday, therefore, with the law change, he is considered to have always been a Canadian citizen by birth. At the age of 19, Musk was accepted into Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, Musk extended his studies for one year to finish the second bachelors degree. While at the University of Pennsylvania, Musk and fellow Penn student Adeo Ressi rented a 10-bedroom fraternity house, in 2002, he became a U. S. citizen. In 1995, Musk and his brother, Kimbal, started Zip2, the company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry. Musk obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune, while at Zip2, Musk wanted to become CEO, however, none of the board members would allow it. Compaq acquired Zip2 for US$307 million in cash and US$34 million in stock options in February 1999, Musk received 7% or US$22 million from the sale. In March 1999, Musk co-founded X. com, an financial services and e-mail payment company. One year later, the merged with Confinity, which had a money transfer service called PayPal. The merged company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001, PayPals early growth was driven mainly by a viral marketing campaign where new customers were recruited when they received money through the service

29.
Bono
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Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, frequently using religious, social, during U2s early years, his lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members, Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised for his activism and involvement with U2, together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations. Bono was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, on 10 May 1960. He was raised in the Northside suburb of Finglas with his brother by their mother, Iris, a member of the Church of Ireland, and their father, Brendan Robert Bob Hewson and his parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Anglican and the second Catholic. Although Bono was the child, he also attended Church of Ireland services with his mother and brother. He went to the local primary Glasnevin National School, Bonos mother died on 10 September 1974, after suffering a cerebral aneurysm at her fathers funeral. Many U2 songs, including I Will Follow, Mofo, Out of Control, Lemon, Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi-denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called Lypton Village, Bono met one of his closest friends, Guggi, in Lypton Village. The gang had a ritual of nickname-giving, Bono had several names, first, he was Steinhegvanhuysenolegbangbangbang, then just Huyseman, followed by Houseman, Bon Murray, Bono Vox of OConnell Street, and finally just Bono. Bono Vox is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to good voice and it is said he was nicknamed Bono Vox by his friend Gavin Friday. He initially disliked the name, however, when he learned it translated to good voice, Hewson has been known as Bono since the late 1970s. Although he uses Bono as his name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono. After he left school, his father Bob Hewson, told him he could live at home for one year but if he was not able to pay his own way, Bono is married to Alison Hewson. The couple have four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve and sons Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q, Bono is almost never seen in public without sunglasses, as he suffers from glaucoma

30.
Salil Shetty
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Salil Shetty is an Indian human rights activist who currently serves as Secretary General of the human rights organization Amnesty International. Previously, he was the director of the United Nations Millennium Campaign, before joining the UN, he served as the Chief Executive of ActionAid. His mother, Hemlatha Shetty, was active in groups and his father. Rajshekar, was active with the Dalit movement, in 1983, he began working for the Indian IT company Wipro, and served as Chief Executive of ActionAid from 1998 to 2003. He was the director of the United Nations Millennium Campaign from 2003 till 2010, Shetty was appointed as Secretary General of the human rights organization Amnesty International on 21 December 2009 starting work in July 2010. He succeeded Irene Khan in this post, Shetty is paid a salary of £210,000. The decentralisation of Amnesty Internationals international secretariat, led by Shetty, has caused a dispute amongst the organisations staff. Some of Amnestys 500 staff in London will be moved abroad, for them this is not an industrial dispute over job cuts, but a battle for the organisations soul. Press release, Amnesty International Riz Khan - Making human rights universal - interview with Salil Shetty on Al Jazeera English Salil Shetty keynote speech at Wikimania 2014

31.
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
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Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa, ComSE, GCIH is a Portuguese politician and incumbent President of Portugal since 9 March 2016. Previously he was a government minister and Member of Parliament, a law professor, journalist, political analyst, born in Lisbon, he is the eldest son of Baltasar Rebelo de Sousa and wife Maria das Neves Fernandes Duarte. He is named after his godfather dictator Marcelo Caetano, Rebelo de Sousa is a university graduate, Doctorate, Professor and Publicist specialized in Administrative Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon, where he taught Law. Rebelo de Sousa started his career during the Estado Novo as a lawyer and he joined the Popular Democratic Party, becoming a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic. During that time, he helped draft Portugal’s constitution in 1976, later he rose to Adjoint Minister of Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemão. Together with him he was a Co-Founder, Director and Administrator of the Expresso newspaper and he was also the Founder of Sedes and the Founder and President of the Administration Council of another newspaper, Semanário. He started as a political analyst and pundit on TSF radio with his Exams, in 1989 he ran for Mayor of the Municipal Chamber of Lisbon but lost to Jorge Sampaio, though he did win a seat as City Councilor. In that campaign he took a plunge into the waters of the Tagus River to prove they were not polluted despite claims to the contrary, Rebelo de Sousa was leader of the Social Democratic Party from 31 March 1996 to 27 May 1999. He created a coalition, the Democratic Alliance, with the Peoples Party in 1998. He became, however, the Vice-President of the European Peoples Party–European Democrats, Rebelo de Sousa resigned after Portas, in a TV interview, described a private talk they had had concerning this matter. For these and other inconsistencies, he was called by Manuel Maria Carrilho political gelatin, a speech, in which he condemned the Portuguese habit of expecting a Messiah and a Dom Sebastião, was not well taken. The failure of the led to his public and televised demission. In other local elections, he became the President of the Municipal Assembly of Cascais. In his analysis, still in TVI, he often attacked Pedro Santana Lopes, accusing him of being truculent, a cudgeller and resentful and it was after that episode that he was hired by RTP. In 2010, he left RTP and returned to TVI to do the program that he had before. He is also a Member of the Portuguese Council of State and he was a leading figure on the pro-life side of the 2007 abortion referendum. He even founded a website titled Assim Não, which was divulged with an introductory video. It become so well-known that it was parodied in Saturday Night Live-fashion by famous humour group Gato Fedorento, on 24 January 2016, Rebelo de Sousa was elected as President of Portugal in the first round of voting

32.
Enrique Iglesias
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Enrique Miguel Iglesias Preysler, known professionally as Enrique Iglesias, is a Spanish singer, songwriter, actor and record producer. He is widely regarded as the King of Latin Pop, in 2010, he parted with Interscope Records and signed with another Universal Music Group label Republic Records to release bilingual albums. In 2015, Iglesias parted ways with Universal Music Group after a decade and he signed with Sony Music, his upcoming albums will be by Sony Music Latin in Spanish and RCA Records in English. Iglesias has sold over 159 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling Spanish artists ever, Iglesias has scored over 150 number-one hits across all of the Billboard charts. He has had five Billboard Hot 100 top five singles, including two number-ones, and holds the record for producing 27 number-one Spanish-language singles on the Billboards Hot Latin Tracks and he also holds the record for most number-one hits and the longest-running number-one hit on that chart. Iglesias also has 14 number-ones on Billboards Dance charts, more than any male artist. Iglesias was born in Madrid, Spain, and is the third and youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite, isabels aunt is actress Neile Adams, the first wife of American actor Steve McQueen and grandmother of actor Steven R. McQueen. He was raised with two siblings, Chabeli and Julio. His mother is Filipina and his father is Spanish, with family from Galicia and Andalusia and his father is of Jewish ancestry and has also claimed Puerto Rican ancestry on his mothers side. At first, Iglesias and his two siblings stayed with their mother, but in 1986, Iglesias grandfather, Dr. Julio Iglesias Puga, was kidnapped by the armed Basque terrorist group ETA. For their safety, Enrique and his brother Julio were sent to live with their father in Miami, there, they were brought up mostly by the nanny, Elvira Olivares, to whom he later dedicated his first album. He also lived in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, for one year with his mother, as his fathers career kept him on the road, the young Iglesias was raised by the family nanny. He attended the prestigious Gulliver Preparatory School and later went on to business at the University of Miami. Iglesias did not want his father to know about his plans for a musical career and he borrowed money from his family nanny and he recorded a demo cassette tape which consisted of a Spanish song and two English songs. Approaching his fathers former publicist, Fernán Martínez, the two promoted the songs under the stage name Enrique Martínez with the backstory of being a singer from Guatemala. Iglesias was signed on to Fonovisa Records, after dropping out of college, he traveled to Toronto to record his first album. On 12 July 1995, Iglesias released Enrique Iglesias, a collection of rock ballads, including hits such as Si Tú Te Vas, Experiencia Religiosa. This album Vivir, along with Iglesias next two albums, was released by the Mexican label Fonovisa and his song Por Amarte was included in Televisas telenovela Marisol, but with a twist, instead of Por amarte daría mi vida, the words were Por amarte Marisol, moriría

33.
Re-Invention World Tour
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Re-Invention World Tour was the sixth concert tour by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It supported her studio album American Life and visited North America. Madonna was inspired to create the tour, after taking part in an art installation called X-STaTIC PRo=CeSS and she incorporated the images from the installation in the tour, whose name was in reality a dig at Madonnas critics. A number of songs were rehearsed for the tour, with twenty-four of them making the final setlist, the tour was divided into five segments, French Baroque–Marie Antoinette Revival, Military–Army, Circus–Cabaret, Acoustic and Scottish-Tribal. The costumes were developed by designer Arianne Phillips based on the concept of re-invention, the opening segment displayed performances with dance in general. Military segment displayed performances with the theme of warfare, Circus displayed light-hearted performances while the Acoustic segment performances were melancholy. The final Scottish segment had Madonna and her performers display energetic dance routines, the tour garnered positive reception from contemporary critics. However, fellow singer Elton John accused Madonna of lip-synching on the tour, Madonnas representatives denied the allegations and John later apologized. Re-Invention Tour was a commercial success, tickets were completely sold as soon as dates and venues for the tour were announced, prompting the organizers to add more dates. After it wrapped up, the tour was named as the highest grossing tour of 2004 and it won the Top Tour award as part of the 2004 Billboard Touring Awards. The tour was chronicled in a documentary titled Im Going to Tell You a Secret, a CD+DVD was also released along with the film. The Re-Invention World Tour was Madonnas sixth concert tour in support of her studio album American Life. In 2003, Madonna collaborated with photographer Steven Klein for an art project called X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS. The installation portrayed Madonna in different incarnations of her spiritual practices – from yogi, prophet, queen to freak, the publication was a worldwide success, leading to a number of exhibitions in New York, London, Paris, Düsseldorf, Berlin and Florence. After the exhibition was over, Madonna was inspired by the images from the exhibitions and decided to incorporate them into her then unplanned tour, the poster released for the tour used one of the images from the installation project. It featured Madonna in a seventeenth century style dress, crawling on all fours towards the camera, Klein later commented that, The thing is, I always saw Madonna as a performance artist. And I think what I wanted to portray was the process about how a performer arrives at their work. And the thing is, what she had talked about as well, is that before a concert, what she finds very interesting is the rehearsals, and she said that the process of making the concert became more intriguing than the final result

34.
Dave Matthews Band
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Dave Matthews Band, also known by the initialism DMB, is an American rock band that was formed in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1991. The founding members were singer-songwriter and guitarist Dave Matthews, bassist Stefan Lessard, drummer and backing vocalist Carter Beauford, Boyd Tinsley joined the band as a violinist soon after the band was formed. Moore died suddenly in August 2008 due to complications from injuries sustained in an ATV accident, Grammy Award winner Jeff Coffin has since filled Moores spot as the bands saxophonist, trumpeter Rashawn Ross and guitarist Tim Reynolds have also become full-time members of the band. As of 2010, the Dave Matthews Band has sold over 30 million records worldwide, the band is known for playing the songs differently each time. This portion of the tour has become a stamp of DMB and has grown with the band since Fenton Williams began working with them in the early 1990s. Songwriter David John Matthews, working in Charlottesville, Virginia, as a bartender at Millers bar in November 1990, Hoffman convinced the usually reserved Matthews to record a demo of the few songs he had written. Hoffman hoped Matthews could shop the songs in order to other musicians to perform on some studio work with him. Hoffman encouraged Matthews to approach Carter Beauford, a drummer on the Charlottesville music scene. Beauford had been in bands and was then playing on a jazz show on BET. After hearing Matthews demo, Carter agreed to some time playing the drums. Matthews also approached LeRoi Moore, another jazz musician who often performed with the John Dearth Quintet. Moore skeptically listened to the demo, but liked what he heard, the trio began working on Matthews songs in 1991. At this jazz place I used to bartend at Millers, I would just sit back, I would be serving the musicians fat whiskeys and theyd be getting more and more hosed, but no matter how much, he used to still blow my mind. And it was the sense that everyone played from their heart, and when we got together and they asked, What do you want the music to sound like. I said, I know this is a song I wrote and I like what you guys play, there was a lot of breaking of our inhibitions. Matthews later said in an interview with Michael Krugman, In a way and they were both working on other things, but they had some afternoon time. The beginning stages of new band proved to be, in the words of Morgan Delancey. Beauford would later recall that, It started out as a thing with Dave

35.
Kylie Minogue
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Kylie Ann Minogue, OBE, often known simply as Kylie, is an Australian singer, songwriter, dancer and actress. She achieved recognition starring in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, where she played tomboy mechanic Charlene Robinson, since then, Minogue has been a recording artist and has achieved commercial success and critical acclaim in the entertainment industry. Minogue has been recognised with several nicknames including Princess of Pop. She is recognised as the highest-selling Australian artist of all time by the Australian Recording Industry Association, born and raised in Melbourne, Australia, Minogue has for many years worked and lived in London. She signed to PWL in 1987 and released her first studio album Kylie the next year, in 1992, she left PWL and signed with Deconstruction Records and where she created her self-titled studio album and Impossible Princess, both of which received positive reviews from critics. Returning to more mainstream dance-oriented music, Minogue signed to Parlophone and her 2001 single Cant Get You Out of My Head became one of the most successful singles during the 2000s, selling over ten million units. It is recognised as her song and was named the catchiest song ever by Yahoo. Her album Fever was a hit in countries, including the United States. In 2005, while Minogue was on her Showgirl, The Greatest Hits Tour, after treatment, she resumed the tour under the title Showgirl, The Homecoming Tour, which critics viewed as a triumph. Minogue resumed work as an actress and appeared in the films Moulin Rouge, Jack & Diane, and Holy Motors. In 2014, she appeared as a judge on the series of The Voice UK. Her other ventures include product endorsements, children books and fashion, as of 2015, Minogue has had worldwide record sales of more than 80 million. She has mounted several successful and critically acclaimed concert world tours and she was appointed OBE by Charles, Prince of Wales in 2008. She was appointed by the French government as a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for her contribution to the enrichment of French culture, Minogue was awarded an honorary Doctor of Health Science degree by Anglia Ruskin University for her work in raising awareness for breast cancer. In November 2011, on the 25th anniversary of the ARIA Music Awards, in December 2016, Billboard ranked her as the 18th most successful dance artist of all-time. Kylie was born to Ronald Charles Minogue and Carol Ann Jones in Melbourne, Australia and her father is a fifth generation Australian, and has Irish ancestry, while her mother came from Maesteg, Wales. Jones had lived in Wales until age ten when her mother and father, Millie and Denis Jones, just before Kylies birth, Ron qualified as an accountant and worked through several jobs while Carol worked as a professional dancer. Kylies younger brother, Brendan, is a cameraman in Australia, while her younger sister Dannii Minogue is also a singer

36.
Britney Spears
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Britney Jean Spears is an American singer, dancer, and actress. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, she performed acting roles in stage productions, Spearss first and second studio albums. Baby One More Time and Oops. I Did It Again, became international successes, with the former becoming the album by a teenage solo artist. Title tracks. Baby One More Time and Oops, I Did It Again broke international sales records. In 2001, Spears released her third studio album, Britney. She assumed creative control of her studio album, In the Zone. In 2007, Spearss much-publicized personal issues sent her career into hiatus and her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released later that year, and spawned singles such as Gimme More and Piece of Me. Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations continued through the year, at which point she was placed under a still ongoing conservatorship. Spearss sixth studio album, Circus, included the international chart-topping single Womanizer and her seventh studio album, Femme Fatale, became her first to yield three top-ten singles in the United States. She released her studio album Britney Jean in 2013. Later that year, Spears began the four-year residency show, Britney, Piece of Me, in 2016, Spears released her ninth studio album, Glory. Spears is regarded as a pop icon and credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and she became the best-selling teenage artist of all time and garnered honorific titles including the Princess of Pop. In 2009, Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade, the Recording Industry Association of America lists Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States, with 34 million certified albums. She has sold 100 million albums and over 100 million singles worldwide making her one of the music artists of all time. According to Billboard Spears has sold about 22.38 million singles in digital downloads in US and is the fourth best-selling female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began. Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid musician of 2012, with earnings of $58 million. Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi, the child of Lynne Irene Bridges and James Parnell Spears. Her maternal grandmother, Lillian Portell, was English, and one of Spearss maternal great-great-grandfathers was Maltese and her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn

37.
Femme Fatale Tour
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The Femme Fatale Tour was the eighth concert tour by American recording artist Britney Spears. It was launched in support of her studio album Femme Fatale. It was officially announced in March 2011, with dates for North American venues revealed, the tour was initially planned as a co-headlining tour with Enrique Iglesias, but he canceled only hours after the announcement. The show is inspired by the concept of the femme fatale, the setlist was mostly composed of songs from Femme Fatale, although Spears also performed hits from her previous albums for her fans. Fashion designer Zaldy Goco created the costumes, in July 2011, Spears announced plans of playing a South American leg in territories she either had never been to or had not played for a long time. Spears has named the Femme Fatale Tour the best show of her career, the tour, divided in five segments, portrays a story in which Spears is a secret agent, who is chased by a stalker named Tormento Lancie, played by Rudolf Martin. The first section features her escaping from prison along with female inmates. The second segment displays upbeat dance numbers and ends with an inspired by Marilyn Monroe. The third section features an Egyptian theme with fireworks and acrobatics, the fourth segment displays energetic routines and motorcycle costumes. The encore begins with an interlude of Spears capturing the stalker. The Femme Fatale Tour received mixed to positive reviews from critics, some described it as Spears most entertaining show and praised her performance, while others criticized her dancing and lack of audience interaction. The Femme Fatale Tour grossed $6.2 million in the first ten shows, 3ality Digital filmed a special of the tour during the Toronto shows in August 2011 in 2D and 3D. The special, titled Britney Spears Live, The Femme Fatale Tour, BBC Worldwide acquired the rights to both 2D and 3D versions outside the United States. Worldwide, the Femme Fatale Tour was the eleventh highest-grossing tour of 2011,697,957 fans attended the shows worldwide, with an average attendance of 8,724, paying an average of $98.43. In an interview on Ryan Seacrests radio show on March 4,2011, on March 29,2011, following her performances on Good Morning America, she announced a co-headlining tour with Enrique Iglesias, starting in June 2011. Hours after the announcement, it was reported by Billboard that Iglesias had pulled out of the tour, ray Wedell of Billboard speculated that the reason may have been that Spears was deemed by news outlets as the headliner, while Iglesias was considered the opening act. The first twenty-six North American dates were announced on March 29,2011. The opening acts were announced on April 12,2011, Spears stated, This is the Femme Fatale tour and Im thrilled to have Nicki Minaj, Jessie and the Toy Boys, and Nervo join me and get everyone on the dance floor

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its …

Timeline of the metric expansion of space, where space (including hypothetical non-observable portions of the universe) is represented at each time by the circular sections. On the left, the dramatic expansion occurs in the inflationary epoch; and at the center, the expansion accelerates (artist's concept; not to scale).

Panoramic view of the entire near-infrared sky reveals the distribution of galaxies beyond the Milky Way. Galaxies are color-coded by redshift.

Artist's depiction of the WMAP satellite gathering data to help scientists understand the Big Bang

A flood myth or deluge myth is a narrative in which a great flood, usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys …

"The Deluge", frontispiece to Gustave Doré's illustrated edition of the Bible. Based on the story of Noah's Ark, this shows humans and a tiger doomed by the flood futilely attempting to save their children and cubs

Mr. George Smith, the man who transliterated and read the so-called "Babylonian Flood Story" of Tablet XI

Tablet XI or the Flood Tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh, currently housed in the British Museum in London

Satellite image of the islands of Santorini. From the Minoan eruption event, and the 1964 discovery of Akrotiri on the island, this location is one of many sites purported to have been the location of Atlantis

The performance of "Nobody Knows Me" was included on the opening segment of the show.

Madonna during the performance of "Frozen". For this performance a video of a naked man and woman was used as the backdrop. This video was directed by Chris Cunningham, the director of the original music video.