Tilly Smith, age 11, and her family were walking along the beach in Phuket, Thailand on December 26, 2004. Tilly noticed that the sea was bubbling. She thought this was like a video she'd seen in geography class two weeks earlier. The English schoolgirl insisted to her parents that a tsunami was coming. Her warning saved the approximately 100 tourists and others who were on that beach.

Earthquakes can cause
tsunamis
. These deadly ocean waves may result from any shock to ocean water. A shock could be a meteorite impact, landslide, or a nuclear explosion. But most come from large underwater earthquakes.

An underwater earthquake creates a tsunami this way: the movement of the crust displaces water. The displacement forms a set of waves. The waves travel at jet speed through the ocean. Since the waves have low amplitudes and long wavelengths, they are unnoticed in deep water. As the waves reach shore they compress. They are also pushed upward by the shore. For these reasons, tsunamis can grow to enormous wave heights. Tsunami waves can cause tremendous destruction and loss of life. Fortunately, few undersea earthquakes generate tsunamis.

The Boxing Day Tsunami, 2004

The Boxing Day Tsunami struck on December 26, 2004. The tsunami was caused by one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded. The Indian Ocean Earthquake registered magnitude 9.1. The quake struck near Sumatra, Indonesia, where the Indian plate is subducting beneath the Burma plate. It released about 550 million times the energy of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

Several tsunami waves were created. The waves went around the Indian Ocean and struck eight countries (
Figure
below
).

Travel time map for the Boxing Day Tsunami (in hours). Countries near red, orange, and yellow areas were affected the most.

About 230,000 people died. More than 1.2 million people lost their homes. Many more lost their way of making a living. Fishermen lost their boats, and businesspeople lost their restaurants and shops. Many marine animals washed onshore, including dolphins, turtles, and sharks.

Japan Tsunami 2011

The Japanese received a one-two punch in March 2011. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake offshore was a magnitude 9.0, and damage from the quake was extensive. The earthquake generated massive tsunami waves which hit the island nation. Waves in some regions topped 9 meters (27 feet).

The tsunami did much more damage than the massive earthquake. In the photo of Sendai (
Figure
below
), the black smoke is coming from an oil refinery. The refinery was set on fire due to the earthquake. The tsunami prevented efforts to extinguish the fire for several days.

An aerial view shows the damage to Sendai, Japan caused by the earthquake and tsunami.

Worst of all was the damage done to nuclear power plants along the northeastern coast. Eleven reactors were automatically shut down. Power and backup power were lost at the Fukushima plant. This lead to equipment failures, meltdowns, and the release of radioactive materials. Cleanup of the disabled plants will go on for many years.

Tsunami Warning Systems

Most of the Indian Ocean tragedy could have been avoided if a warning system had been in place (
Figure
below
). As of June 2006, the Indian Ocean now has a warning system. Communities around the Pacific have had a tsunami warning system since 1948.

This sign is part of the tsunami warning system used in communities around the Pacific Ocean since 1948.

As in Japan, warning systems aren’t always helpful. People in communities very close to the earthquake do not have enough time to move out of the area. Farther away from the quake, evacuation of low-lying areas saves lives.

Vocabulary

tsunami
: Enormous wave generated by vertical movement of the ocean floor during an underwater earthquake; tsunamis can also be caused by volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorite impacts. A deadly set of waves can rise high on a beach and travel far inland.

Summary

Tsunamis have relatively low amplitude and long wavelengths. They are not noticeable until they move up a shore.

Tsunami warning systems are now found in most locations where tsunamis are possible.

The Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 came from a massive earthquake. The waves traveled across the Indian Ocean, causing death and destruction in 12 nations.

In Japan, the tsunami struck very quickly after the 9.0 earthquake in the subduction zone offshore. Many more people died from the tsunami than the quake.

Practice

Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.

Tsunami
at

What does the word tsunami mean?

Why has Japan had so many tsunamis?

What causes a tsunami?

How fast do the waves travel?

What happens to the tsunami as it reaches the continental shelf?

How do tsunamis differ from regular waves?

What was the deadliest tsunami ever recorded?

What does the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center do?

Review

Why is a wave that is so powerful and tall on land unnoticeable at sea?

How does an earthquake generate a tsunami?

Why was there so much damage all around the Indian Ocean from the Boxing Day Tsunami?

Why do you think there was more damage from the tsunami in Japan than from the earthquake that caused it?

Vocabulary

Language:

Enormous wave generated by vertical movement of the ocean floor during an underwater earthquake; tsunamis can also be caused by volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorite impacts. A deadly set of waves can rise high on a beach and travel far inland.