Vaccine studies. Impact of the 13-valent conjugate vaccine. Comparison with the 7-valent vaccine. Influence of child vaccination with the new 13-valent vaccine on invasive infections and on the naso-pharyngeal carriage in the early years of life.

Design of new pneumococcus typing techniques.

The role of pneumococcal biofilm in chronic respiratory infections (COPD).

Streptococcus pyogenes infection.

Incidence and characterisation of the strains causing non-invasive diseases: otitis and vaginitis resulting from S. pyogenes.

Pneumonia caused by S. pyogenes. Clinical-epidemiological aspects.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolated causes of pharyngitis. Study of antibiotic susceptibility.

Characteristics of mixed infections from two or more respiratory viruses or between viruses and bacteria in cases of pneumonia.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Value of new infections and re-infections in the exacerbation of COPD.

Bacterial or viral persistence in the respiratory tract of patients with COPD.

Role of antibiotic and antiviral treatment in the exacerbation.

Tuberculosis.

? Epidemiological study of tuberculosis in Gipuzkoa.

? Application of molecular techniques to the diagnosis and study of anti-tuberculosis resistance directly carried out on clinical samples.

? Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic techniques of antibiotic susceptibility in strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Molecular characterisation of the M. tuberculosis isolates: spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR.

Bacterial resistance:

Main objective: epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance and the mechanisms (presence and dissemination) responsible for them.

Bacterial resistance in Gram-positive bacteria.

To determine the evolution of the antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae over time: new serotypes causing infection and their genetic determining factors of resistance; the influence of antibiotic consumption in the general population on resistance; the dissemination of multi-resistant clones after incorporating conjugate vaccines.

To verify the replacement of “resistant serotypes” as a result of the commercialisation of the 13-valent conjugate vaccine in 2010; influence of childhood vaccination on antibiotic resistance.

To establish the mechanisms of Streptococcus pyogenes resistance to macrolide, tetracycline and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

The effect of prophylaxis with oral antiseptics in ICUs to prevent aspiration pneumonia. Prevalence and selection capacity of resistant microorganisms.

To discover the prevalence of resistance to disinfectants and resistances associated with other antimicrobials in Intensive Care Units (ICU).

Induction of resistance to in vitro antiseptics. Characterisation of the genes and mutations associated with resistance.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of resistant isolates. To determine the phenomena of phenotypic adaptation or stable resistance and the biofilm formation capacity. Comparison of the metabolic profiles between sensitive and resistant strains.

Bacterial resistance in other microorganisms.

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal microbiome and in gastrointestinal pathogens. Molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance.