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Page 22 more controversial. An increase in the early retirement age also implies that workers with short life expectancies will be forced to accept disproportionate reductions in lifetime benefits. A higher retirement age may be more acceptable to white-collar workers, who hold sedentary jobs and enjoy longer life expectancies, than it is to manual workers in physically demanding jobs. Some public concerns about the fairness of raising the retirement age could be alleviated if the disability insurance system were liberalized at the same time the retirement age is increased.

The research in this volume was generously supported by the Tokyo Club Foundation for Global Studies. James Schneider edited the manuscript, Carlotta Ribar proofread it, and Sherry Smith prepared the index. Sheryl Zohn and J. J. Prescott provided research assistance, and Mark Steese provided staff assistance. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and should not be ascribed to the persons or organizations acknowledged above or to the trustees, officers, or other staff members of the Brookings Institution.

Sturm (1996). The age distribution of costs for public spending is assumed to be the same as that for national spending in all countries except for the United States and Germany, where separate data are available. 8. Calculations based on the age distribution of medical care cost shown in item 7. a. After-tax value of public pension as a percentage of after-tax wage while at work for average-wage worker. b. Ratio of health care spending on average person aged 65 and older to spending on average person younger than 65.