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1 CryoLetters 31 (1), (2010) CryoLetters, Abstracts to a Meeting of Workgroup 2 of the COST Action 871 ("Cryopreservation of Crop Species in Europe"). The title of the meeting was "Integration of Cryopreservation in Genebank Strategies". It was held at IPK Gatersleben, Germany, on September HOW CAN ECPGR AND AEGIS CONTRIBUTE TO A MORE EFFICIENT LONG- TERM CONSERVATION IN EUROPE THROUGH A BETTER USE OF CRYOPRESERVATION? J.M.M. Engels Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, Maccarese, Rome, Italy The European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR) is a collaborative programme among most of the European countries aimed at facilitating the long-term conservation and the increased utilization of plant genetic resources in Europe. Since a few years ECPGR has been in the process of establishing a European genebank integrated system (AEGIS) with the aim of conserving the genetically unique and important accessions for Europe and making them available for breeding and research. Countries are invited to formally accept long-term conservation responsibilities for identified unique and important accessions and to make these readily available to bona fide users. Collectively, the selected accessions (i.e. European Accessions) will form the European Collection. Countries are invited to conclude a Memorandum of Understanding with AEGIS to formally agree on responsibilities as a member of AEGIS. Conservation standards will be developed as part of the AEGIS quality management system. The following responsibilities of AEGIS member countries over registered accessions have been identified: o Ensure long-term conservation of the accessions according to agreed quality standards; o Participate in and/or to facilitate supporting conservation activities; o Provide for safety-duplication of the accessions at another genebank; o Facilitate the access to and availability of European Accessions according to agreed international instruments; o Document information on the European Accessions according to agreed standards; o Keep information updated and make it available to EURISCO. Cryopreservation is anticipated to play an important role in AEGIS, including: a. Possibly the only way that vegetatively propagated germplasm and/or non-orthodox seed producing species can be conserved safely and effectively for the long-term; b. It allows to avoid management problems related to maintaining germplasm in an active growth state and might thus complement traditional methods; c. It provides for an effective way of safety-duplicating difficult germplasm; d. It allows integration of long-term conservation and safe movement of germplasm; e. It facilitates distribution of disease free or disease indexed germplasm. 76

2 COORDINATING CRYOPRESERVATION RESEARCH PROJECTS: WAYS TO MINIMIZE LAB TO LAB VARIATION B. M. Reed USDA ARS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Peoria Rd., Corvallis, OR , USA The administration of large scale projects that involve multiple laboratories requires careful coordination in order to produce valid data. Due to the variability of laboratory practices it is necessary to have clear and precise protocols and ensure that they are followed by every participant. Our earlier studies comparing the use of cryopreservation protocols in several laboratories found several critical points that must be controlled so that all laboratories can produce comparable data. Initially the four laboratories following the same protocols had very different results. Examination of each part of the process from plant growth conditions to protocol steps and regrowth parameters was used to determine critical steps that caused most of the variation. Initial planning was vital for successful coordination of the experiments. It was very important for all participants to carefully follow specific written protocols with all details clearly stated. As a result of this experiment we found that our initial protocol was lacking in the detail needed for successful intra-lab coordination. Study of procedures used in each lab allowed us to detail the critical factors that must be addressed in planning a coordinated project. In vitro plant health is a primary factor. This includes the growth conditions, medium used, length of subculture, hyperhydricity, and any pretreatments. Next operator skills or experience can greatly impact all steps of a protocol from explant excision to manipulation of explants during the procedure, so specific training is important. The plant part used and its location on the plant (apical, axillary or basal) also affects recovery after cryopreservation and this must be standardized in any experiments. The physical laboratory conditions, temperature, humidity and type of laminar air flow play a role in several of the techniques as well. Stringent identification and equalization of these critical factors are needed to produce comparable data for the same experiment done in several laboratories. CAN PLANT CRYOPRESERVATION LEARN FROM THE OECD ACTIVITIES TO ESTABLISH A GLOBAL NETWORK OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE CENTRES? H. M. Schumacher DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7b, Braunschweig Germany Although the foundation of biological resource centres for microbial and agronomic biological resources was laid in the late 19 th century, the development of institutions took different directions. In the 70 th, International agreements led to the establishment of rules and institutions to save biological resources for food production as a common global human heritage. In the microbial field, institutions remained in a private or academic environment. This is also reflected by the development of patent protection rights on microbes and related materials under the Budapest treaty. 77

3 Recently, the OECD took the initiative to work on international guidelines for maintenance and exchange procedures to be used in Biological Resource Centres. In the future, collections should work in compliance with these rules to be recognized as BRC s (Biological Resource Centres). OECD activities also led to the foundation of GBRCN, the Global Biological Resource Centres Network, so far dealing only with microbial collections. Although these activities have been initialized by an international group of microbial collections, it has been taken up by collections in the medical field. The EU financed the BBMRI project (Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure) dealing with all kinds of human resources for medical research. This initiative also refers to a set of OECD guidelines. Thus far, plant genetic resources and even plant cell cultures have not been addressed by the OECD. Nevertheless, the plant field has to be aware of these activities. On the one hand, already existing guidelines for technical procedures in other fields may be helpful to develop similar issues in the plant sector. Anyway spreading of rules should be watched to avoid the establishment of requirements which cannot be fulfilled by plant cryopreservation practise. LONG-TERM STORAGE OF PINUS NIGRA Arn. EMBRYOGENIC TISSUES THROUGH CRYOPRESERVATION T. Salaj 1, I. Matusikova 1, B. Panis 2, R. Swennen 2, J. Salaj 1 1 Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, PO Box 39A, Nitra, Slovak Republic; 2 Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Cryopreservation of Pinus nigra Arn. embryogenic tissues has been studied using the slow freezing method. In the first series of experiments, twenty cell lines were included. The aim of this study was to store the tissues in liquid nitrogen for 1 year and 1 hour and to compare their recovery frequencies after thawing. Prior to storage in liquid nitrogen, the tissues were pre-treated with sucrose (180 g.l -1 ) and DMSO (7.5%). After short-term storage, 80% of cell lines regenerated with frequencies ranging between 20 to 100% and their growth was not negatively influenced by storage in liquid nitrogen. After the second week of culture massive growth was observed in most of recovered cell lines. After the long-term storage (1 year) a prolonged lag-phase was observed in growth of tissues. It took 9-10 days for cell lines with high regeneration ability and even 8 weeks for cell lines with lower regeneration ability. The long-term storage resulted in recovery of 70% of cell lines with recovery frequencies ranging between 10 and 100%. Growth and molecular analyses are in progress. In the second series of experiment, the relationship between maturation capacity and recovery after cryopreservation has been studied. Altogether 20 cell lines were included in the experiment. Preliminary results indicate no correlation between maturation capacity of cell lines and their post-thaw recovery. Acknowledgements: The project was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency VEGA, Proj. No and MVTS. T. Salaj thanks to Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) for research grant to perform the cryopreservation experiments at K.U. Leuven. 78

4 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC ASPECTS OF LONG-TERM CRYOPRESERVATION OF ABIES CEPHALONICA Loud. EMBRYOGENIC CELL LINES J. Krajňáková 1, S. Sutela 2, E. Petrussa 3, V. Casolo 3, D. Gömöry 4, A. Vianello 3, H. Häggman 2 1 Mendel University, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Zemědělská 3, Brno, Czech Republic; 2 Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN Oulu, Finland; 3 University of Udine, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Unit of Plant Biology, via delle Scienze 91, Udine, I Italy; 4 Technical University Zvolen, Faculty of Forestry, T. G. Masaryka 24, Zvolen, SK Slovakia Abies cephalonica belongs to the Mediterranean fir species, which are important in coniferous forests. However, most stands are rather degraded due to climate change. Interspecific Abies hybrids with high vigour and growth have been proposed to survive better than native species. Among Abies hybrids, the most promising are those where A. cephalonica is the mother tree. Conifer somatic embryogenesis is emerging as a key component of advanced forestry breeding programmes. Cryopreservation should be considered as an integral part of such programmes. We have developed a cryopreservation protocol for eight half-sib embryogenic A. cephalonica cell lines and we have also tested genetic fidelity of cryopreserved material using molecular markers. Maturation experiments included studies on the effect of sucrose concentration, polyethylene glycol and activated charcoal on quality and quantity of somatic embryos. In the present study, recovery of 6-year-old cryostored samples representing two cell lines was assessed by means of proliferation rate and microscopical performance of embryogenic tissue. Both cell lines reached stable proliferation rate 3 months after thawing when the ATP and glucose-6-phosphate cellular level were analysed at different phases of proliferation cycle. Success with multiple maturation experiments depended on the composition of media and the in vitro technique used (standard approach or spreading embryogenic cells onto filter paper). We report the first results on long-term cryopreservation of A. cephalonica embryogenic cell lines. CRYOPRESERVATION OF IN VITRO SHOOT TIPS OF WILD CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM), ASPEN (POPULUS TREMULA)AND ASPEN-HYBRIDS (P. TREMULA x P. TREMULOIDES) A. Meier-Dinkel Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Dept. of Forest Genetic Resources, Prof.-Oelkers-Straße 6, D Hann. Münden, Germany The deployment of clonal varieties of valuable broadleaved forest species is one of the tasks within the scope of utilization of forest genetic resources at the Northwest German Forest Research Institute. In order to safely maintain reference material of clones currently being on trial and of tested clones, cryopreservation protocols for in vitro shoot tips of different species have been developed. Shoot cultures of wild cherry (Prunus avium) were micropropagated on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l BA, 0.1 mg/l IBA and 0.1 mg/l GA 3. Shoot cultures of aspen (Populus 79

5 tremula) and aspen hybrids (P. tremula x P. tremuloides), later shortly called aspen, were cultured on MS medium containing 0.2 mg/l BA. In vitro shoot tips of wild cherry and aspen were cryopreserved applying a modified PVS2-vitrification protocol developed Betula. Compared to the birch protocol, the incubation times with the PVS2 solution were modified for wild cherry and aspen. The experiments were carried out with four wild cherry clones and 15 aspen clones. Ten shoot tips per treatment variant and clone were frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN), rewarmed after a few days and placed on multiplication medium in order to determine survival and shoot regeneration. Assessments were made 2, 4 and 6 weeks after rewarming. The best treatment variants for four investigated wild cherry clones resulted in 60 to 80% shoot regeneration. In aspen, shoot regeneration percentages of 15 clones varied from 50 to 100%. Regenerated shoots of both species formed shoot clusters which could be propagated in the same way as unfrozen controls. CRYOPESERVATION OF SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL (DASIPHORA FRUTICOSA) BY DROPLET VITRIFICATION METHOD A. Nukari 1, L. Miettinen 2, M. Uosukainen 1 1 MTT Plant Production Research, FI Vihtavuori, Finland; 2 JAMK University of Applied Sciences, School of Technology, FI Jyväskylä, Finland Cryopreservation represents an alternative for long-term preservation of shrubby cinquefoil genetic resources no longer used for vegetative nursery propagation. Four cultivars were used to optimize the method. Suitability of apical and lateral meristems was tested. Use of activated charcoal in preculture medium after meristem isolation and effect of different sucrose pretreatment concentrations were studied. Different PVS2 treatment durations were screened. Buds excised from micropropagated plantlets were pretreated with activated charcoal on Murashige and Skoog medium for 0 to 3 days, and with a progressive increase in sucrose concentration (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 M) for 2-3 days, loaded for 30 min, treated with PVS2 for min and frozen on aluminium foil strips. Apical buds of 2-3 mm in length were superior to lateral and smaller apical meristems. Stepwise preculture with increasing sucrose concentrations ( M) was beneficial, but extending pretreatment with 0.75 M sucrose decreased regrowth and induced some visual damage like vitrification during regrowth. Two-3 mm long apical buds of cultivars Goldteppich and Tervola showed cryopreservation tolerance with regrowth between 16-90% and 20-60%, respectively but Dart s Cream and Elizabeth had lower regrowth with 0-60% and 0-40%, respectively when treated with activated charcoal, stepwise sucrose increase and PVS2 for at least 40 min. Sucrose treatment for one day on 0.25 M and two days on 0.5 M, instead of one day on 0.25 M, 0.50 M and 0.75 M each, combined with PVS2 treatment for 60 min increased regrowth of Dart s Cream up to 70-78%. In conclusion, droplet vitrification combined with activated charcoal and 0.25 M and 0.50 M sucrose pretreatments is suitable for cryopreservation of shrubby cinquefoil. 80

6 BANANA CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES AT THE BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL TRANSIT CENTRE (ITC), BELGIUM B. Panis 1, H. Garming 2, B. Piette 1, N. Roux 3, R. Swennen 1,4, I. Van den houwe 1,2 1 Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13 bus 2455, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; 2 Bioversity International, Commodities for Livelihood programme c/o CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica; 3 Bioversity International, Commodities for Livelihood programme, Montpellier, France; 4 International Transit Centre (ITC), c/o KUleuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 13 bus 2455, 3001 Leuven, Belgium The ITC, hosting around 1245 accessions is the world s largest banana germplasm collection. All material is conserved in vitro under slow growth conditions at reduced light intensity and low temperature (MTS: Medium Term Storage), while 697 accessions are safely cryopreserved (LTS: Long term storage). Cryopreservation takes place using a droplet vitrification protocol that is applicable to all banana accessions that are present at the ITC and that are representing the whole Musa diversity. A safe back up (= black box) of the cryopreserved material containing 480 accessions has been established in IRD, Montpellier. Besides these living collections, also a lyophilized leaf tissue collection of some 700 accessions has been established in 2006 from which samples can be requested for molecular studies (DNA) studies. In this report, also the cost of conservation of MTS was compared to LTS. The calculated time, when the cumulative costs of MTS become equal/higher than for LTS, is 15 years. If stored for a longer time period, LTS becomes the cheaper option for conservation. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS TO USE DIFFERENT EXPLANT SOURCES FOR ROUTINE CRYOPRESERVATION E. R. J. Keller, A. Senula, C. Zanke, A. Kaczmarczyk Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Gatersleben, Germany After screening various parameters, efficient cryopreservation procedures were established. Biological material differs from technical objects with respect to its high levels of individual variability. Therefore, individual parameters can only solve a part of the methodical development and resulting protocols. Genetic variability and the actual morphophysiological state of the donor plants influence the result of the procedure to a major extent. Variability is expressed by different reactions of a plant towards given conditions as well as by the variability of morphological characters and morphogenetic pathways. The main species in the cryobank of IPK, potato, garlic, and mint are very diverse with respect to the parameter donor plant. On the species level major differences exist between monocot bulbous and dicot herbaceous plants. Between potato and mint there are differences in the shoot architecture (sympodium vs. monopodium) making potato a difficult object for morphogenetic analyses. Morphological differences on the infraspecific level are obvious within garlic, where the ability to form bulbils in the inflorescences is limited to some groups and the bulbils moreover differ in size, number and location. Within a species, the availability and quality of the target organs are very much depending on growth cycles and the given 81

7 physiological state. The location of a given bud may determine regeneration percentages as has been demonstrated for potato. In garlic, differences in regeneration rates were found between types with small versus large bulbils. As the mean regeneration rates over different garlic accessions between explants from bulbils (mean 32%), cold-precultured in-vitro plantlets (mean 47%) and inflorescence bases (45% in a test case) are in the same range, technological factors will determine what method to use. Sometimes different regeneration frequencies may be influenced by intrinsic genetic factors. Some accessions of garlic turn into dormancy forming in vitro bulblets whereas others go on growing after rewarming. Cold preculture stimulates regeneration in cryopreservation. All these factors play a role in the genebank logistics. INTEGRATION OF CRYOPRESERVATION IN PLANT GENETIC RESOURCE CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN FRANCE Florent Engelmann 1, 2 1: IRD, BP64501, Montpellier cedex 5, France; 2: Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472a, Maccarese, Rome, Italy In France, conservation of plant genetic resources (PGRs) is organized in a decentralized way, through the operation of 26 crop-specific networks. The GIS IBiSA (Scientific Interest Group/Infrastructures in the Biology, Health and Agronomy Sectors) established in 2007 to coordinate the national policy for accreditation and support to platforms and infrastructures in life sciences, regularly opens and administrates calls for project proposals aiming at providing equipment to these platforms and infrastructures and/or at developing and implementing new technologies. Until today, cryopreservation has been little applied to horticultural or other agricultural species. In order to capitalize upon the dramatic progress made in the development of cryopreservation techniques for plant species and to stimulate the integration of this technology in the national PGR conservation strategy, IBiSA has decided to fund in 2009 the CRYOVEG project (Cryopreservation of French collections of PGRs). The project aims at 1) developing or optimizing cryopreservation techniques in a range of selected species; 2) establishing a national scientific and technical network of BRCs using cryopreservation. The project has a network organization, with IRD/INRA Montpellier as the cryopreservation expertise centre and partners in continental France and overseas departments in charge of genetic resource conservation for various species: INRA Guadeloupe (yam); Corsica (Citrus); Bordeaux (Prunus); Angers (apple and pear); Montpellier (grapevine); Ploudaniel (potato, Brassica); IRD La Réunion (coffee); CIRAD Guadeloupe (sugarcane) and La Réunion (vanilla, garlic). The group will work as a think-tank on the integration of cryopreservation in the national PGR conservation strategy and an action plan for its implementation will be collectively designed. The project will work towards establishing a French research network on PGR cryopreservation, open to all partners interested in cryopreservation. The group will prepare research and development projects whose results will be disseminated through European PGR conservation networks e.g. ECPGR. Finally, network members will train French and foreign (from North and South countries) researchers and technicians in cryopreservation techniques. 82

8 PLANT CRYOPRESERVATION ACTIVITIES IN FINLAND TOWARDS CRYOBANKING H. Häggman 1, M. Uosukainen 2 1 University of Oulu, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 3000, FIN Oulu, Finland; 2 MTT Plant Production Research, FI Vihtavuori, Finland; 2 JAMK Finland Plant germplasm conservation relies on in situ and ex situ strategies. Among ex situ conservation methods, attention has recently focused on cryopreservation. Cryopreservation offers a safe and cheap alternative for maintaining genetic fidelity and protecting germplasm from external threats. The possibility of large scale cryobanking has thus been evaluated. In Finland, the responsibility for conservation of germplasm of horticultural plants lies with MTT Agrifood Research Centre and with Metla (Finnish Forest Research Institute) for forest tree species. For horticultural plants and forest trees, both in situ and ex situ strategies are employed and cryopreservation is in active use in both institutes. In addition to these governmental institutes, Helsinki and Oulu Universities teach cryopreservation and perform cryopreservation research. In Oulu, cryopreservation protocols are actively researched and there is increasing interest for using cryopreservation as one method for conserving wild plant species. A large liquid nitrogen container has recently been purchased for this purpose. Integrating cryopreservation within Nordic genebank (NordGen) activities is envisaged in Nordic countries. However, integration has been concretely initiated only in Finland. In Finland, the national raspberry and hop collections are cryobanked, strawberry collection is partly cryobanked, and cryobanking Ribes, Malus, Prunus and Syringa has been initiated. NordGen has made a tentative plan for using the facilities of MTT Agrifood Research (Laukaa) for establishing a backup long-term collection of vegetatively propagated horticultural plants. The apple germplasm collection will most probably be established in Denmark where most Nordic apple accessions are conserved in the field and already partly cryopreserved. We are thus moving towards cryobanking. Integrating laboratories already engaged in cryopreservation as satellites of the existing genebanks seems the most efficient and cost-effective strategy to make the best use of resources and know-how. CRYOCONSERVATION STRATEGY OF FRUIT GENETIC RESOURCES IN GERMANY M. Höfer Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D Dresden, Germany The National Program for Genetic Resources of Agricultural and Horticultural Plants in Germany is designed to provide long-term preservation, utilization, research and development for these species. In the Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops in Dresden-Pillnitz the Fruit Gene bank with 2600 accessions is integrated. The conservation strategy requires the application of different methods for safety duplication. One way is the German Fruit Genebank established as a network of collections held at several locations. Based on an assessment performed in different institutions, 950 apple cultivars and 369 strawberry cultivars were selected to be included into the National German 83

9 Apple respectively Strawberry Genebank. High operating expenses and budget limitations for field collections do not allow further duplication. The cryopreservation should be established as another safety duplication method. Cryopreservation using winter vegetative buds was successfully applied to the Malus collection maintained at the Institute in Dresden-Pillnitz. Following a two step freezing (prefreezing at 1 C/h to -30 C and maintenance at -30 C for 24 h) and cryopreservation for five months, chip-budding was performed after a 15 days rehydration period at 4 C. Successful recovery was only observed for scion pieces collected in January. Rates between 0 and 77% were reached. Further specifications of the cryopreservation protocol are necessary to adapt the method to mild winter conditions in Central Europe. For strawberry, first in vitro cold storage was elaborated and adapted as a safety duplication method. The average storage duration at 4 C for a range of strawberry cultivars was 22 months and for wild species accessions 9 months. Preliminary experiments with PVS2 vitrification using 22 cultivars and 7 wild species accessions demonstrated recovery data varied from 37 to 86% for the cultivars and from 0 to 60% for the wild species. These experiments indicate that it is likely to be a successful protocol for strawberry, but additional modifications may be needed for species material. HOW TO START A PROGRAMME ON ROSA CRYOPRESERVATION? A. Grapin UMR GenHort, AGROCAMPUS OUEST INHP Angers, 2 rue Le Nôtre, Angers, France GenHort research activities are dealing with genetics of horticultural species and this unit is in charge of several collections of plant genetic resources. Some works are focused in increasing knowledge of our collections, studying the impact of domestication and selection on the genetic variability, defining strategies for an optimal management of these genetic resources. In order to secure the vegetatively propagated collections, studies on cryopreservation have been undertaken on Pelargonium since The main objective was to determine if shoot tip cryopreservation could play a role in the long term maintenance of healthy collections of vegetatively propagated plants. An efficient and reproducible protocol of cryopreservation with a droplet-vitrification procedure allowed obtaining good survival and regeneration rates. Soon, new activities will take place in the cryopreservation studies developed at GenHort. For an applied aim, cryopreservation of Malus and Pyrus, using a dormant bud protocol will be undertaken. A new program focused on the genus Rosa is just about to be initiated. The sub-genus Rosa comprises over 180 wild species, assigned in 10 sections, and plentiful of cultivars within 2 clusters: the old garden roses (20 groups) and the modern roses (13 groups). It presents a huge diversity regarding geographic origins, plant architecture, flowering physiology, environmental adaptation, morphological characters etc. Knowing the few reports previously published on Rosa cryopreservation, the present purpose is to define the scientific questions which can emerge and the best way to approach their solution It is the aim to set up three kinds of cryopreservation protocols (encapsulationdehydration, droplet vitrification and dormant buds). The emerging questions would be: 1) is the tolerance to cryopreservation influenced by the genotype, 2) could the level of tolerance be related to the infrageneric diversity classification? The diversity within a collection of genetic resources could then be affected by the chosen conservation method. 84

10 EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM SHOOTS REGENERATED FROM CRYOPRESERVED APICES: EMPLOYMENT OF CRED-RA TECHNIQUE M. C. Martín, I. García-Ginés, M. E. González-Benito Dept. Biología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. The analysis of epigenetic changes that can appear during tissue culture and cryopreservation is taking an important role in the studies of genetic stability of germplasm during these processes. The aim of this study has been to apply and to assess the capacity of the CRED-RA technique ( Coupled restriction enzyme digestion and random amplification ) (1) to obtain the methylation patterns of chrysanthemum cryopreserved shoots, and by comparing methylation patterns to analyse the epigenetic stability of the cryopreserved material in relation to control non-treated tissues. The methodology of this technique is based on the capacity of certain restriction enzymes (Hpa II and Msp I) to recognize the same cut sequence, but with different restriction capacity depending on the methylation status of the cytosine residues. Subsequently, PCR amplifications, using arbitrary primers, are produced with the digested DNA. These amplifications could show different bands patterns according to the DNA methylation status of the original sample. Analyses were carried out with chrysanthemum regenerated shoots derived from two different cryopreservation protocols: encapsulation-dehydration and vitrification. Controls (unfrozen samples) for each tested samples were included. Besides, the genetic stability of the samples was assessed using RAPD markers. The results obtained in this work showed a high genetic and epigenetic stability of the chrysanthemum samples studied. Nevertheless, two out of six samples, derived from the encapsulation-dehydration treatment, presented different band-patterns compared to their controls when the CRED-RA technique was applied. These differences cannot be correlated to a possible somaclonal variation since the RAPD data did not show any genetic change. No variation was detected in the four samples derived from the vitrification method, although to conclude that this protocol implies a higher stability, compared to encapsulation-dehydration method, further analyses would be necessary. CRED-RA technique has proven to be a useful tool in the assessment of stability in DNAmethylation patterns of regenerated plants of chrysanthemum after cryopreservation. Reference: 1. Cai Q, Guy CL, Moore GA (1996) Genome, 39: GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS AND SURVIVAL OF APPLE BUDS TO CRYOPRESERVATION M.A. Revilla 1, T.B Toldam-Andersen 2, B.W.W. Grout, A. Heras 1, M. Viejo 1, M.E. Santamaría 1, R. Rodríguez 1, M.J. Cañal 1 1 Oviedo University, Department B.O.S., IUBA Instituto, Spain; 2 Copenhagen University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Denmark 85

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Plant Growth & Development Plant body is unable to move. To survive and grow, plants must be able to alter its growth, development and physiology. Plants are able to produce complex, yet variable forms

Information technology to assist in conserving and using crop wild relatives and landrace diversity (the boring version without pictures) Theo van Hintum Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands (CGN)

Biodiversity Concepts WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. For any kind of animal or plant each individual is not exactly the same as any other; nor are species or ecosystems.

The relationship between forest biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and carbon storage Ian Thompson, Canadian Forest Service Brendan Mackey, Australian National University Alex Mosseler, Canadian Forest

Technology For Adaptation. Forestry Conservation Management Dr. Javier Aliaga Lordemann Forests has more carbon store than the currently carbon free atmosphere. By contrast, are important sources of emissions

CULTURE CORNER Growing the Best Phalaenopsis Part 4: A Complete Production Schedule By Matthew Blanchard, Roberto Lopez, Erik Runkle, PhD, and Yin-Tung Wang, PhD TOP An example of mass production of young

Enhancing Biodiversity Proactive management of biodiversity in intensive agriculture Contents Introduction Increasing food security in a sustainable way 3 The importance of biodiversity The vitality and

Introduction to the Biotechnology Supplement What is Biotechnology? Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes

A Quick Start Guide to Establishing a Vineyard in Oregon Patty Skinkis, Ph.D. When thinking of starting a vineyard, many questions come to mind: Would my land be suitable for growing grapes? What types

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE GRADUATE PROGRAMS at the University of Arkansas Excellence one on one The Department of Horticulture is involved in teaching, research and service in accordance with the land

ECPGR Activity Grant Scheme Proposal Form Activity Proposal Activity Full title Acronym (or short title) Identification of a representative set of Prunus domestica accessions of European origin, well documented

GRIN-Global Project the global plant genebank information management system So what is GRIN-Global? GRIN-Global (GG) is a software suite that enables genebanks to store and manage information associated

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria in Agriculture Now a Real Option Guy Webb B.Sc. REM Agricultural Consultant The Pursuit of Protein and Profit All agricultural enterprises, in essence, are based on the pursuit

73 MEASURING QUALITY OF TREE SEED B.S.P. Wang Canadian Forestry Service Petawawa National Forestry Institute INTRODUCTION As we have advanced into the phase of intensive forest management recently, the

INTERNATIONAL ESTUDENT FACULTY OF NURSING OF CUENCA Interested in studying nursing at one of Spain s most attractive historical towns? Then the Faculty of Nursing at Cuenca is your place! The University

The success of any ART laboratory depends on its IVF laboratory. The primary function of an ART laboratory is to provide an optimal environment for gametes and embryos. To set up an ART laboratory, the

Perspectives of water efficient and saline agriculture November 25th, Greet Blom-Zandstra Outline Current and future problems Effects of drought or salinity on plants Plant responses Anticipation in agricultural