We studied eight infants who developed unilateral axial myopia associated with neonatal eyelid closure. Clinical findings and ultrasonographic biometric measurements suggested that axial elongation of the eye may occur as a result of neonatal eyelid closure, a finding similar to that for experimental myopia produced in neonatal animals after eyelid fusion. Early treatment of eyelid occlusion in the neonate may prevent axial myopia and subsequent anisometropic amblyopia.