Five things you didn’t know about Apollo 11’s return

Classic biker or not, it would take a lot to miss all of the coverage in recent news about the celebratory anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission to the moon.

Fifty years on, the programme to take the first humans to the moon is arguably our single greatest achievement.

At
this time, half a century ago, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins
would have been nearing the end of their journey back to Earth, landing in the
North Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969.

Here
are five things you perhaps didn’t know about the return leg of the Apollo 11
mission…

Not everything came back

Not
everything that went up to the moon was brought back. Items left on the lunar
surface included equipment which had been carried up, stowed in the sample
return containers and which were redundant after the moonwalk was over.

Newspaper headlines around the world were dominated by one story that pushed everything else onto the back page as people everywhere celebrated the ‘can do’ era that seemingly made anything possible, triggering the phrase: ‘We’ve been to the Moon, so we can…’. Credit: David Baker.

These
included unused sample bags, two core tube bits, packing material and a spring
scale for gaining some idea as to the weight of the samples, which were placed
in the containers for return to Earth.

Other
items included an armrest, lunar over-boots, a removable stowage compartment, plus
some hand tools including scoop, tongs, an extension handle, a hammer and a
gnomon (the part of a sundial which casts a shadow). This was all part of a
weight reduction programme which had been planned well in advance.

Place your bets!

After
the crew had a meal together, Mission Control read out a long list of news items,
dominated by the flight, noting that the Russians had sent congratulations to
President Richard Nixon and that this had been endorsed by Soviet Premier Alexei
Kosygin.

The astronaut’s wives get to see their husbands for the first time since departing Earth almost nine days earlier. (NASA)

They also reported that a boy in London had bet $5 on the certainty
of a man landing on the Moon before 1970 and had already collected his winnings
amounting to $24,000!

Quarantined

A
period of isolation was required to prevent the release of any bacteria

picked
up off the Moon. All three crew members were put in a Mobile Quarantine
Facility before a welcome by President Nixon. Flown to the Lunar Receiving
Laboratory in Houston, they spent two weeks in isolation before the quarantine
was lifted.

President Richard Nixon represents a joyous nation as they exchange greetings. (NASA)

There
were no bugs but the fear that there might be had granted all three some
respite before a 45-day tour across the United States and 25 countries. None of
them would ever be the same again – and neither would the world.

Storms threaten landing

Weather
satellites were not yet common in 1969, but US Air Force Captain Hank Brandli
had access to top-secret spy satellite images.

The
captain realised that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area.
Poor visibility which could make locating the capsule, and strong upper level
winds – which “would have ripped their parachutes to shreds” according to
Brandli – posed a serious threat to the safety of the mission.

The sine-wave curve traced by the re-entry trajectory where the spacecraft lifts after encountering the atmosphere and has been slowed to sub-escape velocity to reduce the rate of heat build-up on the ablative shield. (NASA)

Brandli
alerted Navy Captain Willard S Houston Jr., the commander of the Fleet Weather
Center at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance. On their
recommendation, Rear Admiral Donald C Davis, commander of Manned Spaceflight
Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the recovery area, to a new
location 215 nautical miles (398km) north-east of the original landing area.

Tributes to the fallen

Commemorative
medallions bearing the names of the three Apollo 1 astronauts who lost their
lives in a launch pad fire, and two cosmonauts who also died in accidents, were
left on the moon’s surface.

The Command Module delivers its crew to the surface of the Pacific Ocean, the astronauts emerging wearing their biological isolation garments to protect Earthlings from any Moon bugs. (NASA)