Mahatma Gandhi had once said, "We have to produce a society of those people who profess different religions, but they live like brothers." In fact, this statement of Gandhiji has the essence of national integration in India.

India is a vast country with a numerous differences in food, clothing, languages, communities, religions etc. Besides, India has seen the mixture of various races, cultures, traditions etc. Through all these diversities and differences there runs the invisible link of common culture, common civility and common heritage.

National integration means a feeling of oneness among the entire Indians. We must think that we are Indians first and members of a particular religion afterwards. National integration is essential for social peace and harmony. The safety and prosperity of our country depends upon our unity.

In past, India has seen some unfortunate incidents of communal riots. These incidents took many innocent lives. Such incidents are a blot on the fair name of our country. The feeling of hatred must be replaced by love and affection. All Indians must consider one another as brothers and live peacefully.

We need national integration on permanent footing and this can be achieved by enlightening our children. All the children, during their formative years, must be taught that we all are Indians belonging to the one Motherland. We must not believe in separate identities. It is the time to merge in one main stream. Unless we develop a sense of unity and leave our narrow outlook, we might loose our independence

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Vertical integration
Definition:
Corporate Strategy is a firms theory of how to gain a competitive advantage by operating in several businesses simultaneously.
Value chain is a set of activities that must be accomplished to bring a product or service from raw material to the point that it can be sold to a final customer
Vertical integration is simply the number of steps in this value chain that a firm accomplishes within its boundaries.
- Backward vertical integration= a firm incorporates more stages of the value chain within its boundaries and those stages bring it more closer to the beginning of the value chain (closer to gaining access to raw material)
- Forward vertical integration= incorporates more stages of the value chain within its boundaries and those bring it closer to the end of the value chain (closer to interacting directly with final customers)
VRIO:
V-the value of vertical integration (the three most influential explanations when v. integration creates value)
- Reduces threat of opportunism (=when firm is unfairly exploited in an exchange)
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= only when cost of vertical integration is less than cost of opportunism
e.g. transaction-specific investment (is an investment that...

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Date: 09.01.2014
Introduction
The following paper will provide an overview on the importance of the regional union of Balkans countries before joining European Union. Initially the paper will describe the main forms of integration and the main benefit for each of them. Furthermore, the paper will explain the main barriers of political integration of the Albania, Macedonia, Kosova and Montenegro. The essay will be based in the daily political development of the region and the theory given from deferent scholars of economics and business.
Regional integration principles
Regional alliances to promote liberalization trade are important features in the second half of the 20th century. Today there are close to 100 agreements although not all of them have a practical implementation. Countries are trying to integrate their economies and open to new markets for their domestic firms and lower prices for their customers. According to Lundby & Jeffrey (2010), the characteristics of most important of international business are the extent of economic integration among the member countries. The economic integration affects exporting and investment opportunities among members and non-member countries. According to Warne &Nicholas (2005), there five different economic integration like free trade area, custom union, common market, economic union and...

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Luxottica – Horizontal and Vertical Integration
Mission and strategy of Luxottica:
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
BRAND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
MARKET EXPANSION
FINANCIAL DISCIPLINE
LUXOTTICANS
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
Luxottica delivers on its mission through its vertically integrated business model, manufacturing excellence, focus on service and geographically diversified footprint, which in turn have led to greater efficiency, flexibility and speed in product design, engineering, supply chain, manufacturing and logistics, whilst being uncompromising in quality
Direct distribution enables Luxottica to offer its products in the major developed and emerging markets and achieve a unique understanding of end users’ needs and tastes. Control over product distribution is viewed as a strength by stylists and fashion houses who come to Luxottica to produce their eyewear collections and access the Group’s global and widespread distribution network.
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
Luxottica SpA is the world's largest manufacturer of eyeglass frames and sunglasses, and is also one of the world's leading optical retailers through subsidiaries LensCrafters and Sunglass Hut. Based in the remote village of Agordo, Italy, Luxottica produces more than 130,000 eyeglass frames each day from six...

...ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN THE ASEAN REGION
By: Noha Abu Mousa (4037856)
TBS983 International Business Economic Environment
Professor’s name: Dr. Gwendolyn Rodrigues
University of Wollongong in Dubai
Economic Integration in the ASEAN Region
Introduction
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political, as well as economic and cultural intergovernmental integration in geographical region of the countries in Southeast part of Asia. It should be noted that this form of integration in the region was needed for strengthening the position of the member-countries worldwide by means of facilitating its economic development, as well as fostering stability and peace, including enforecement of cooperation in terms of economy, science, technology, and culture in the region (ASEAN official website n.d.).
ASEAN includes 10 countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, Thailand, Brunei, Cambodia, Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam and Singapore. In total, these countries are home to 600 million people. ASEAN was founded in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Key strategic attributes of ASEAN countries are recognized in the geographic proximity regarding pivotal sea lanes and also in the economic potential of the region (ASEAN official website n.d.). The map that presents geographical boundaries of ASEAN is given below.
[pic]
Source: Federation of ASEAN...

...Regional Integration
Over the past few decades globalization has brought tremendous benefits to the world, and an even greater reliance on others for products and services. This calls for closer international cooperation to ensure that regional integration is ever more inclusive and works for the benefit of all. There is little doubt that globalization can be a powerful engine for sustained economic growth. Regional economic integration is motivated by a desire to exploit the gains from free trade and investment. This paper will analyze the role of regional integration in promoting global business and compare and contrast economic development stages of the countries included under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Role of Regional Integration
Regional economic integration is fast becoming a major factor in promoting global business. "Regional economic integration refers to agreements between countries in a geographic region to reduce, and eventually remove, tariff and non-tariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other" (Hill, 2004). It is a process by which countries remove the barriers to free trade and the free movement of people across national borders, with the goal of reducing the tensions that can lead to international conflict (Wikipedia.org, 2006).
The World Trade Organization (WTO)...

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Arts Education Partnership was also a great website to learn more why art education is so important. In 1994, the Clinton administration added art to core subjects in the National Education Goals as part of the Goals 200 program. Educate America Act was passed and signed by Clinton. In 2002, ‘No Child Left Behind”’ was established by the Bush administration, which later on led to ‘No Subject Left Behind’ to support art education (aep-arts education partnership). I personally do not agree with all the decision with No Child Left Behind, but that’s just my opinion. I read on and researched about specifically North Carolina art programs in schools. To graduate from high school you must have 6 elective credit units being in Career Technical Education, Art Education, or Foreign Language. But, the more recently Art only has one credit unit.
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...Vertical Integration is the consolidation of all functions related to a particular industry, from the extraction and transportation of raw materials to manufacturing and finished-product distribution and sales. Businessmen made the practice of vertical integration popular in corporate America during the Gilded Age, which began directly after the Civil War and continued through the 1920’s. This mainly took place in the heavily industrialized cities in America.
Vertical Integration is a basic monopoly of one particular product. “Through vertical integration, a company took over all the different businesses on which it relied for its primary function, for example, Carnegie Steel, which came to control not only steel mills, mines, railroads, and other enterprises.” This quote was taken from The Unfinished Nation by Alan Brinkley, published by McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, and was copyrighted in 2008.
One company controls all aspects of a business on which it relies on for its primary product. One company can control the business so there is no profit to be made in anything other than the final product and owners. The finished product came faster and with more new technologies than before.
Vertical integration created a lasting change in the economic structure of America. It was a beginning of big business and major corporations. It also began, what I call “management chains”, which is in layman’s...

...developed and soon leaders recognized that maybe more good could come to Europe as a whole if cooperation as such could grow and eventually arrive at full European integration.
The "establishment of the European Union in November 1993 reoriented the European movement ." The union incorporates a good portion of Western Europe and fundamentally acts as an enforcer of all the agreements the included nations make with each other in terms of trade and the "economic, political, and social stabilization of the entire continent ." As we seem to get closer to Europe's achieving integration, the actual possibility of it ever really occurring has been in constant question among scholars. Liberals believe that cooperation on the level of integration is very possible and likely, as each nation essentially desires to maximize its own individual gains, and each nation gains more by cooperating more and banding together as one "state". However, as constructivists remind us, we cannot neglect the element of identity in this equation. Thereafter, we must recognize that lately it is more popular for nations to fight for their own established identity rather than to create a new one for the good of maintaining peace in their new state as we have seen in so many Eastern European countries. Therefore, as realists would agree, integration is in reality impossible
due to the trend of nations to protect their individual sovereignty and...