Austria: Austria in the European Union: …formed a coalition government, with Alfred Gusenbauer of the Social Democrats as chancellor. However, the unpopularity of Gusenbauer, who was perceived as an ineffective leader, as well as disputes over social policy, soon weakened the coalition. It collapsed in July 2008 following the withdrawal of the People’s Party. Parliamentary elections…

Novosibirsk, city, administrative centre of Novosibirsk oblast (region) and the chief city of western Siberia, in south-central Russia. It lies along the Ob River where the latter is crossed by the Trans-Siberian Railroad. It developed after the village of Krivoshchekovo on the left bank was chosen

Israel: Political and social repercussions of the war: Meanwhile, the Gush Emunim movement on the West Bank gathered force after the Yom Kippur War and between 1974 and 1987 planted small communities near large Arab populations, greatly complicating Israeli policy and arousing international opposition. The secular Israeli government opposed such efforts but rarely used force…

Kushk River, river in Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, formed by the confluence of two headstreams, the Āq Robāţ and the Galleh Chaghar, which rise in northwestern Afghanistan. The river flows northwestward, passing the town of Koshk-e Kohneh (Kushk), where it turns north and receives the waters of

Chinese literature: Poetry: …a new type of poetry, gushi (“ancient-style poems”); contemporary Han dynasty poets at first merely refined the originals of the folk songs without claiming credit and later imitated their fresh and lively metre.

Gushiken Yoko, Japanese professional boxer, World Boxing Association (WBA) junior flyweight world champion. After a promising amateur career, Gushiken turned professional in 1974. He won the first eight bouts of his pro career, knocking out five of his opponents. This record earned him a match with

Zoroastrianism: Cultic places: The Farnbag, Gushnasp, and Burzen-Mihr fires were connected, respectively, with the priests, the warriors, and the farmers. The Farnbag fire was at first in Khwārezm, until in the 6th century bce, according to tradition, Vishtāspa, Zarathustra’s protector, transported it to Kabulistan. Then Khosrow in the 6th century…

Albanian literature: …Albanian literature is the poet Lasgush Poradeci (pseudonym of Llazar Gusho, of which Lasgush is a contraction). Breaking with tradition and conventions, he introduced a new genre with his lyrical poetry, which is tinged with mystical overtones. Writers in post-World War II Albania laboured under state-imposed guidelines summed up by…

Hystaspes, protector and follower of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster. Son of Aurvataspa (Lohrasp) of the Naotara family, Hystaspes was a local ruler (kavi) in a country called in the Avesta (the Zoroastrian scripture) Aryana Vaejah, which may have been a Greater Chorasmian state abolished by the

Gusii, a Bantu-speaking people who inhabit hills of western Kenya in an area between Lake Victoria and the Tanzanian border. The Gusii probably came to their present highlands from the Mount Elgon region some 500 years ago. The Gusii economy comprises a multiplicity of productive activities: they

Vladimir Gusinsky, Russian businessman who built a media empire in Russia in the late 20th century. His holdings included television, radio, newspapers, and magazines known both for their professionalism and for the critical stance they often adopted toward Kremlin policies. Gusinsky was born into

Vladimir Gusinsky, Russian businessman who built a media empire in Russia in the late 20th century. His holdings included television, radio, newspapers, and magazines known both for their professionalism and for the critical stance they often adopted toward Kremlin policies. Gusinsky was born into

Gusla, bowed, stringed musical instrument of the Balkans, with a round wooden back, a skin belly, and one horsehair string (or, rarely, two) secured at the top of the neck by a rear tuning peg. It is played in a vertical position, with a deeply curved bow. It has no fingerboard, the string being

Guslar, the traditional name in the Bosniak-Croatian-Serbian language for an epic singer who performs long narrative tales while accompanying himself on a one- or two-stringed instrument, known as a gusle (gusla). The guslar bows the instrument while holding it vertically between his legs as he

Guslar, the traditional name in the Bosniak-Croatian-Serbian language for an epic singer who performs long narrative tales while accompanying himself on a one- or two-stringed instrument, known as a gusle (gusla). The guslar bows the instrument while holding it vertically between his legs as he

Gusla, bowed, stringed musical instrument of the Balkans, with a round wooden back, a skin belly, and one horsehair string (or, rarely, two) secured at the top of the neck by a rear tuning peg. It is played in a vertical position, with a deeply curved bow. It has no fingerboard, the string being

balloon: …1709 with the work of Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão, a Brazilian priest and inventor. In 1783 Joseph and Étienne Montgolfier at Annonay, France, confirmed that a fabric bag filled with hot air would rise. On June 4 of that year they launched an unmanned balloon that traveled more than 1.5…

Xanana Gusmão, East Timorese independence leader and politician who served as the first president (2002–07) and fourth prime minister (2007–15) of East Timor. Gusmão, the son of schoolteachers, went to high school in Dili, East Timor, which at the time was a Portuguese possession, and later

Xanana Gusmão, East Timorese independence leader and politician who served as the first president (2002–07) and fourth prime minister (2007–15) of East Timor. Gusmão, the son of schoolteachers, went to high school in Dili, East Timor, which at the time was a Portuguese possession, and later

Gust, in meteorology, a sudden increase in wind speed above the average wind speed. More specifically, wind speed must temporarily peak above 16 knots (about 30 km per hour) after accelerating by at least 9–10 knots (about 17–19 km per hour) to qualify as a gust. A gust is briefer than a squall and

Gustav VI Adolf, king of the Swedes from 1950 to 1973, the last Swedish monarch to hold real political power after constitutional reforms initiated in 1971. The son of the future king Gustav V and Victoria of Baden, Gustav entered the army in 1902 and by 1932 had risen to the rank of general. His

Johan Henrik Kellgren: This collaboration culminated in Gustaf Wasa (1786), a successful patriotic opera. The following year he wrote what is considered his greatest poem, Den Nya Skapelsen, eller inbillningensvärld (1790; “The New Creation, or the World of the Imagination”), in which he exalts the cosmic power of the imagination while describing…

Ralph Barker Gustafson, Canadian poet whose work shows a development from traditional form and manner to an elliptical poetry that reflects the influence of Anglo-Saxon verse and the metrical experiments of the 19th-century British poet Gerard Manley Hopkins. Gustafson earned a B.A. in English

Gustav IV Adolf, Swedish king whose intemperate foreign policy led to his overthrow in a coup d’état (1809) and the loss of the eastern part of Sweden and Finland. The son of the assassinated Gustav III, Gustav IV came to the throne in 1792 under the regency of his uncle Charles, duke of

Greta Garbo, Swedish American actress who was one of the most glamorous and popular motion-picture stars of the 1920s and ’30s. She was best known for her portrayals of strong-willed heroines, most of them as compellingly enigmatic as Garbo herself. The daughter of an itinerant labourer, Greta

Swedish literature: Political writing: …his multilayered, often metafictional novels, Lars Gustafsson railed against Sweden’s bureaucratic welfare society, which, he complained, stifled the unique in the name of egalitarianism. He is best known for his partially autobiographical Sprickorna i muren (1971–78; “The Cracks in the Wall”), called by some his Divine Comedy for its richness…

Toini Gustafsson, Swedish skiing champion who competed in two Olympics, winning two gold and two silver medals in Nordic competition. Small in stature, Gustafsson compensated for her short stride length with unusually powerful strokes that provided her more stamina at the end of races. A housewife

Taste, the detection and identification by the sensory system of dissolved chemicals placed in contact with some part of an animal. Because the term taste is commonly associated with the familiar oral taste buds of vertebrates, many authorities prefer the term contact chemoreception, which has a

chemoreception: Taste: The taste receptor cells, with which incoming chemicals interact to produce electrical signals, occur in groups of 50–150. Each of these groups forms a taste bud. On the tongue, taste buds are grouped together into taste papillae. On average, the human tongue has 2,000–8,000 taste buds,…

Rüdiger, count von der Goltz, German army officer who, at the end of World War I, tried unsuccessfully to build a German-controlled Baltikum in Latvia, in order to prevent domination of that country by Soviet Russia. A general commanding an infantry division in France, Goltz was transferred to

Gustav I Vasa, king of Sweden (1523–60), founder of the Vasa ruling line, who established Swedish sovereignty independent of Denmark. Gustav was the son of a Swedish senator and of a noble family whose members had played a prominent part in the factious aristocratic politics of 15th-century S

Gustav I Vasa, king of Sweden (1523–60), founder of the Vasa ruling line, who established Swedish sovereignty independent of Denmark. Gustav was the son of a Swedish senator and of a noble family whose members had played a prominent part in the factious aristocratic politics of 15th-century S

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden (1611–32) who laid the foundations of the modern Swedish state and made it a major European power. Gustavus was the eldest son of Charles IX and his second wife, Christina of Holstein. He was still some weeks short of his 17th birthday when he succeeded his father

Gustav III, king of Sweden (1771–92), who reasserted the royal power over the Riksdag (parliament). Gustav, the eldest son of King Adolf Fredrik, was an intelligent and cultured advocate of the Enlightenment. In 1766 he married Sofia Magdalena, daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. Gustav

Gustav IV Adolf, Swedish king whose intemperate foreign policy led to his overthrow in a coup d’état (1809) and the loss of the eastern part of Sweden and Finland. The son of the assassinated Gustav III, Gustav IV came to the throne in 1792 under the regency of his uncle Charles, duke of

World War II: The Allies’ invasion of Italy and the Italian volte-face, 1943: …notable impression on the Germans’ Gustav Line, which ran for 100 miles from the mouth of the Garigliano through Cassino and over the Apennines to the mouth of the Sangro.

Rose Tremain: …European immigrant in London; and The Gustav Sonata (2016). She also wrote the short-story collections Evangelista’s Fan, &amp; Other Stories (1994) and The Darkness of Wallis Simpson, and Other Stories (2005) as well as the children’s book Journey to the Volcano (1996). The autobiography Rosie: Scenes from a Vanished Life,…

Gustav V, king of Sweden from 1907 to 1950. The eldest son of King Oscar II and Sophie of Nassau, he was created duke of Värmland and from 1872 acted as crown prince. In 1881 he married Victoria, daughter of the grand duke Frederick I of Baden. Succeeding on his father’s death (Dec. 8, 1907), he

August Strindberg: Late years: Of these, Gustav Vasa is the best, masterly in its firmness of construction, characterization, and its vigorous dialogue. In 1901 he married the young Norwegian actress Harriet Bosse; in 1904 they parted, and again Strindberg lost the child, his fifth.

biblical literature: Scandinavian versions: …in any Scandinavian country—was the Gustav Vasa Bible (Uppsala, 1541), named for the Swedish king under whose reign it was printed. It utilized earlier Swedish translations as well as Luther’s. A corrected version (the Gustavus Adolphus Bible, named for the reigning Swedish king) was issued in 1618 and another, with…

Gustav VI Adolf, king of the Swedes from 1950 to 1973, the last Swedish monarch to hold real political power after constitutional reforms initiated in 1971. The son of the future king Gustav V and Victoria of Baden, Gustav entered the army in 1902 and by 1932 had risen to the rank of general. His

Gustavus Adolphus Union, worldwide organization for the spreading of the Christian faith. It was founded by the Lutheran superintendent Gottlob Grossmann at Leipzig in 1832 as a “living” bicentennial memorial to the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf, Protestant hero of the Thirty Years’ War killed at

Swedish Enlightenment, period of rich development in Swedish literature during the second half of the 18th century in which Neoclassicism reached its highest expression and gradually graded into Romanticism. It was a local embodiment of the broader European Enlightenment. The activity of the

Uppsala: Opposite the cathedral is the Gustavianum, which traces back to a medieval archbishop’s residence. Parts of the original structures were incorporated into a building for Uppsala University in the 1620s, and it is now a museum of archaeology and cultural history.

pottery: Pottery factories: Gustavsberg in Sweden and Arabia Oy in Finland achieved a growing reputation for excellent design in the modern idiom. The emphasis on form in present-day pottery is to a great extent due to the import of Chinese wares of the Song dynasty (see below China:…

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden (1611–32) who laid the foundations of the modern Swedish state and made it a major European power. Gustavus was the eldest son of Charles IX and his second wife, Christina of Holstein. He was still some weeks short of his 17th birthday when he succeeded his father

biblical literature: Scandinavian versions: A corrected version (the Gustavus Adolphus Bible, named for the reigning Swedish king) was issued in 1618 and another, with minor alterations by Eric Benzelius, in 1703. The altered Bible was called the Charles XII Bible because it was printed during the reign of Charles XII. In 1917 the…

Gustavus Adolphus Union, worldwide organization for the spreading of the Christian faith. It was founded by the Lutheran superintendent Gottlob Grossmann at Leipzig in 1832 as a “living” bicentennial memorial to the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf, Protestant hero of the Thirty Years’ War killed at

Henry Brooke: …Brooke wrote a celebrated drama, Gustavus Vasa, the Deliverer of His Country, performance of which was forbidden because of the supposition that Sir Robert Walpole, the prime minister, was depicted in the part of the villain. Brooke returned to Ireland, and the play was printed and later performed in Dublin…

tornado: Location in the parent storm: Often called gustnadoes, these vortices are true tornadoes when they are attached to the updraft of a rapidly growing congestus cloud. Gustnadoes draw their spin from the wind shear across the gust front. Their transient nature, relatively small diameters, and lack of a rotating region within the…

Philip Guston, American painter, a member of the second generation of Abstract Expressionists. Guston studied at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles for three months in 1930 but was largely self-taught. From 1935 to 1940 he painted a number of murals for the Federal Art Project. He taught at the

Güstrow, city, Mecklenburg–West Pomerania Land (state), northern Germany. It lies along the canalized Nebel River south of Rostock. Developing out of an early settlement near an ancient Wendish fortress, the town was a significant agricultural market and commercial centre by the time it was

Gastrointestinal tract, pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. See

Unified field theory, in particle physics, an attempt to describe all fundamental forces and the relationships between elementary particles in terms of a single theoretical framework. In physics, forces can be described by fields that mediate interactions between separate objects. In the mid-19th

Jeanette Winterson: …absence of love in society; Gut Symmetries (1997); and The PowerBook (2000). She later published Lighthousekeeping (2004), an exploration of the nature of storytelling told through the tale of an orphaned girl sent to live in a Scottish lighthouse; The Stone Gods (2007), a foray into science fiction; and The…

The Good Woman of Setzuan, drama, a “parable in 10 scenes,” by Bertolt Brecht, produced in 1943 and published in 1953 as Der gute Mensch von Sezuan. The title has many English-language variants, including The Good Person of Szechwan and The Good Soul of Szechuan. The play is set in China between

Gutenberg Bible, the first complete book extant in the West and the earliest printed from movable type, so called after its printer, Johannes Gutenberg, who completed it about 1455 working at Mainz, Ger. The three-volume work, in Latin text, was printed in 42-line columns and, in its later stages

Earth exploration: Conclusions about the deep Earth: The mantle–core boundary is the Gutenberg discontinuity at a depth of about 2,800 kilometres. The outer core is thought to be liquid because shear waves do not pass through it.

Marshall McLuhan: In 1962 McLuhan published The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man, the first of several books in which he examined communications and society. His other works include The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (1951), Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964), The Medium Is the Massage: An…

Beno Gutenberg, American seismologist noted for his analyses of earthquake waves and the information they furnish about the physical properties of the Earth’s interior. Gutenberg served as a professor of geophysics and director of the seismological laboratory at the California Institute of

Johannes Gutenberg, German craftsman and inventor who originated a method of printing from movable type. Unique elements of his invention are thought to have included a metal alloy that could melt readily and cool quickly to form durable reusable type, an oil-based ink that could be made

Anatolian languages: Luwian: …1940 and 1942), pioneering Hittitologist Hans G. Güterbock bridged the gap between the inscriptions of the empire period and the late Neo-Hittite states; the seals found in the French excavations at Ugarit (in northern Syria) served a similar purpose. The most important finding of the mid-20th century was the discovery…

Sophie von La Roche, German writer whose first and most important work, Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim (1771; History of Lady Sophia Sternheim), was the first German novel written by a woman and is considered to be among the best works from the period in which English novels, particularly

António Guterres, Portuguese politician and diplomat who served as prime minister of Portugal (1995–2002) and secretary-general of the United Nations (2017– ). Guterres studied physics and engineering at the Universidade de Lisboa’s elite Instituto Superior Técnico, earning a degree in 1971. His

António Guterres, Portuguese politician and diplomat who served as prime minister of Portugal (1995–2002) and secretary-general of the United Nations (2017– ). Guterres studied physics and engineering at the Universidade de Lisboa’s elite Instituto Superior Técnico, earning a degree in 1971. His

East Timor: History: …the March 2017 presidential election, Francisco Guterres, captured more than 57 percent of the ballots in the first round of voting to exceed the 50 percent threshold necessary to preclude a runoff, and he became the country’s fourth president. A member of the “75 Generation” of resistance fighters who led…

Gütersloh, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), west-central Germany. Chartered in 1825, the town has a garden atmosphere and extends into the surrounding old farm country. The city developed in the 19th century around the textile and meat-processing industries; the diversified economy now

John Gutfreund, (John Halle Gutfreund), American financier (born Sept. 14, 1929, New York, N.Y.—died March 9, 2016, New York City), turned the once-staid investment bank Salomon Brothers into one of the biggest securities trading firms in the world before being forced to resign in 1991 for having

John Gutfreund, (John Halle Gutfreund), American financier (born Sept. 14, 1929, New York, N.Y.—died March 9, 2016, New York City), turned the once-staid investment bank Salomon Brothers into one of the biggest securities trading firms in the world before being forced to resign in 1991 for having

cosmology: Inflation: …inflation by the American physicist Alan Guth and others. The basic idea is that at high energies matter is better described by fields than by classical means. The contribution of a field to the energy density (and therefore the mass density) and the pressure of the vacuum state need not…

PepsiCo, Inc.: …assets were picked up by Charles G. Guth (1876–1948), founder of the modern Pepsi-Cola. He established a new Pepsi-Cola Company, had a chemist formulate a better drink, set up new bottling operations, and began merchandising a hugely successful 12-ounce bottle for five cents. Guth was also president of Loft, Incorporated,…

Olaf Guthfrithson, king of Northumbria and of Dublin. Olaf was the son of Guthfrith (or Godfrey), king of Dublin. He is often confused with Olaf Sihtricson. Olaf Guthfrithson became king of Dublin in 934 and was in England in 937, where he took part in the Battle of Brunanburh against Aethelstan. A

Olaf Guthfrithson, king of Northumbria and of Dublin. Olaf was the son of Guthfrith (or Godfrey), king of Dublin. He is often confused with Olaf Sihtricson. Olaf Guthfrithson became king of Dublin in 934 and was in England in 937, where he took part in the Battle of Brunanburh against Aethelstan. A

B. Traven: In 1987 Karl S. Guthke published B. Traven: The Life Behind the Legends (originally in German), based in part on Traven’s personal papers and conversations with his widow, Rosa Elena Luján. Luján revealed that Traven had been the Bavarian revolutionary Ret Marut; Marut itself, however, was an…

Guthrum, leader of a major Danish invasion of Anglo-Saxon England who waged war against the West Saxon king Alfred the Great (reigned 871–899) and later made himself king of East Anglia (reigned 880–890). Guthrum went to England in the great Danish invasion of 865, and in mid-January 878 he

Guthrie, city, seat (1907) of Logan county, central Oklahoma, U.S., on Cottonwood Creek near its junction with the Cimarron River, north of Oklahoma City. It was founded virtually overnight on April 22, 1889, with the opening of Indian lands to settlement. The gathering place for homesteaders (a

genetic counseling: Infancy: …through blood taken from a neonatal heel prick (or Guthrie test). The blood is screened for a number of genetic conditions for which early detection and intervention can offer increased chances of effective disease management. Examples of conditions covered in the screen include cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria. Although hospitals seek…

Jean Nouvel: …bullet-shaped Agbar Tower (2005), the Guthrie Theater (2006) in Minneapolis, the quirky Quai Branly Museum (2006) in Paris, and Copenhagen’s Concert Hall (2009), with its bright blue exterior that functions at night as a video screen. In 2007 he won commissions to design a 75-story mixed-use tower (later known as…

A.B. Guthrie, Jr., American novelist best known for his writing about the American West. Guthrie grew up in Montana and in 1923 earned a degree in journalism from the University of Montana. He held a number of odd jobs in California, Montana, and New York before joining the Lexington Leader

A.B. Guthrie, Jr., American novelist best known for his writing about the American West. Guthrie grew up in Montana and in 1923 earned a degree in journalism from the University of Montana. He held a number of odd jobs in California, Montana, and New York before joining the Lexington Leader

Edwin Ray Guthrie, American psychologist who played a major role in the development of the contiguity theory of learning, a classical account of how learning takes place. Guthrie studied at the University of Nebraska and the University of Pennsylvania, obtaining his doctorate in symbolic logic from

Edwin Ray Guthrie, American psychologist who played a major role in the development of the contiguity theory of learning, a classical account of how learning takes place. Guthrie studied at the University of Nebraska and the University of Pennsylvania, obtaining his doctorate in symbolic logic from

Janet Guthrie, American race-car driver who in 1977 became the first woman to compete in the Indianapolis 500. Guthrie earned a pilot’s license at the age of 17. After graduating from the University of Michigan in 1960, she worked for six years as a research and development engineer for an aviation

Jimmy Guthrie, Scottish motorcycle-racing champion who won the Tourist Trophy race on the Isle of Man six times. He thought he had won a seventh in 1935 until a recalculation of times revealed he had lost by four seconds. He set several world records during his career, including the world one-hour

Bantu languages: … (1967–71), which was written by Malcolm Guthrie, has become the standard reference book used by most scholars—including those who disagree with Guthrie’s proposed classification, which sets up a basic western and eastern division in Bantu languages with a further 13 subdivisions.

Sir Tyrone Guthrie, British theatrical director whose original approach to Shakespearean and modern drama greatly influenced the 20th-century revival of interest in traditional theatre. He was knighted in 1961. Guthrie graduated from the University of Oxford and in 1923 made his professional debut

Sir Tyrone Guthrie, British theatrical director whose original approach to Shakespearean and modern drama greatly influenced the 20th-century revival of interest in traditional theatre. He was knighted in 1961. Guthrie graduated from the University of Oxford and in 1923 made his professional debut

Woody Guthrie, American folk singer and songwriter whose songs, many of which are now classics, chronicled the plight of common people, especially during the Great Depression. Guthrie, the third of five children, was the son of a onetime cowboy, land speculator, and local Democratic politician who

Woody Guthrie, American folk singer and songwriter whose songs, many of which are now classics, chronicled the plight of common people, especially during the Great Depression. Guthrie, the third of five children, was the son of a onetime cowboy, land speculator, and local Democratic politician who

Guthrum, leader of a major Danish invasion of Anglo-Saxon England who waged war against the West Saxon king Alfred the Great (reigned 871–899) and later made himself king of East Anglia (reigned 880–890). Guthrum went to England in the great Danish invasion of 865, and in mid-January 878 he

Guti, mountain people of ancient Mesopotamia who lived primarily around Hamadan in the central Zagros Range. The Guti were a strong political force throughout the 3rd and 2nd millennia bc, especially about 2230, when they swept down into Babylonia (southern Mesopotamia), overthrowing the Akkadian

Lucio Gutiérrez, Ecuadoran army colonel and politician who served as president of Ecuador (2003–05). Gutiérrez was raised in Tena, an Amazon basin town. He was the son of a traveling salesman and attended primary and secondary school in Tena before transferring at age 15 to a military college in

Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado Gutiérrez Mellado, MARQUÉS DE, Spanish lieutenant general and government official who, in his role as first prime minister for defense, 1976-81, resisted an attempted military coup in 1981 and reorganized the military in Spain to serve the civilian government of King Juan

José Gutiérrez Solana, painter and writer who was a key figure in the Spanish cultural revival of the early 20th century. Gutiérrez Solana attended art school in Madrid from 1900 to 1904. As a young man, he spent his days in the slums and suburbs of Madrid and in the Cantabrian harbours, studying

Gustavo Gutiérrez, Roman Catholic theologian and Dominican priest who is considered the father of liberation theology, which emphasizes a Christian duty to aid the poor and oppressed through involvement in civic and political affairs. Ordained a priest in 1959, Gutiérrez had previously earned a

Inspire your inbox –
Sign up for daily fun facts about this day in history, updates, and special offers.

Enter your email

By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Click here to view our Privacy Notice. Easy unsubscribe links are provided in every email.

Thank you for subscribing!

Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.