A push to allow Internet voting in elections is growing stronger along with advances in the underlying technology, but systems are not yet secure enough to use with relative certainty that the vote counts will be accurate, according to a new report.

Still, while “no existing system guarantees voter privacy or the correct election outcomes,” election officials could take several steps to significantly improve the security and transparency of Internet voting systems, said the report, commissioned by the U.S. Vote Foundation, an organization that helps U.S. residents vote.

Election officials considering Internet voting must embrace an end-to-end verifiable Internet voting system, or E2E-VIV, said the report, released Friday. An E2E-VIV would be difficult to build, but it would allow voters to check that the system recorded their votes correctly, to check that it included their votes in the final tally and to double-check the announced outcome of the election, the report said.

An Internet voting system must be transparent, useable and secure, said the report, echoing some recommendations security groups have made about other electronic voting systems. “An Internet voting system must guarantee the integrity of election data and keep voters’ personal information safe,” the report said. “The system must resist large-scale coordinated attacks, both on its own infrastructure and on individual voters’ computers. It must also guarantee vote privacy and allow only eligible voters to vote.”

While Internet voting is not yet ready to be deployed widely, recent advances in technologies such as high-end encryption are making it more feasible in coming years, said Joseph Kiniry, a co-author of the report and research lead for verifiable elections at Galois, an IT security R&D firm.

There’s been a change in attitude from many security researchers in recent years from opposition to any kind of Internet voting to offering suggestions on how to fix what’s wrong with it, Kiniry said.

The idea of Internet voting “is becoming more of a reality,” he added. “The real concern of the security community is that this is going to happen whether we like it or not, and therefore we need to be constructive moving forward.”

Just five years ago, the debate about Internet voting was “dominated by classically, appropriately paranoid security professionals saying we shouldn’t go down this path,” Kiniry said.

The report’s authors spent two years putting it together with input from election officials in 10 states, a dozen university computer science and e-voting researchers and cryptographers and technologists from IBM, Microsoft, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology and other organizations.

The report comes after about 10 states considered legislation this year to allow some level of Internet voting. Most of those bills were defeated, but a push for Internet voting is likely to continue as state officials look to the benefits of easy voting from residents’ homes, workplaces or community centers.

Two states, Alaska and Arizona, currently allow voters to return ballots via email or Web upload, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Other countries, including Belgium, Norway and Israel, have also experimented with Internet voting.

A Internet voting system that includes E2E-VIV could be ready for use in small-scale elections, such as voting for overseas military members, within five years, Kiniry said. Internet voting on a U.S. nationwide level will take longer, with issues such as large-scale security, cost and access to computers for low-income voters still needing to be resolved, he said.

“To build and deploy a system used in federal elections in America that security professionals would trust? That’s a longer time frame,” he said.

The report’s authors are presenting it at a meeting of the National Association for Secretaries of State, the top election officials in U.S. states, happening this weekend in Portland, Maine.

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