In medicine (particularly veterinary) and in zoology, a poison is often distinguished from a toxin and a venom. .Toxins are poisons produced via some biological function in nature, and venoms are usually defined as biological toxins that are injected by a bite or sting to cause their effect, while other poisons are generally defined as substances which are absorbed through epithelial linings such as the skin or gut.^"It's a rather slow-acting poison–it usually takes about 24 hours for a patient to succumb to its effects completely.

Terminology

Some poisons are also toxins, usually referring to naturally produced substances, such as the bacterialproteins that cause tetanus and botulism. .A distinction between the two terms is not always observed, even among scientists.^Sexy Scent Pheromone Many scientists have proven that pheromone makes a Sexual response (strong attraction) between the two opposite sexes in human as well as animals.

Animal toxins that are delivered subcutaneously (e.g. by sting or bite) are also called venom. .In normal usage, a poisonous organism is one that is harmful to consume, but a venomous organism uses poison to defend itself while still alive.^One of the most popular in this case is rhus tox, which is made from poison oak itself, encapsulating completely the homeopathic philosophy that "like cures like."

The phrase "poison" is often used colloquially to describe any harmful substance, particularly corrosive substances, carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and harmful pollutants, and to exaggerate the dangers of chemicals. The legal definition of "poison" is stricter. A medical condition of poisoning can also be caused by substances that are not legally required to carry the label "poison".

.On the whole, however, poisons are usually not used for their toxicity, but may be used for their other properties.^While conventional wisdom notes that the use of calamine lotion is a must for treating cases of poison ivy, there are actually a couple of other routes to go.

.The property of toxicity itself has limited non-lethal applications: mainly for controlling pests and weeds, cleaning and maintenance, and for preserving building materials and food stuffs.^This is mixed with water and sprayed on vegetation, trees, buildings, can be added to ponds and most of all, it is non-harmful and non-toxic.

Where possible, specific agents which are less poisonous to humans have come to be preferred, but exceptions such as phosphine continue in use.

.Most poisonous materials still in use are used for their chemical or physical properties other than being poisonous.^We're glad he's ok -- and sorry he's hurt, but nothing was funnier than his hat being left in the middle of the stage while casts from the other shows danced around it.

.Many over-the-counter medications, such as aspirin and Tylenol, are quite toxic if ingested in sufficiently large quantities.^In 2007, the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center received 89,000 calls related to pets ingesting over-the-counter and prescription medications.

Alcohol is also toxic if too much is ingested in a short enough time. .In laboratory environments, where specific chemical properties are often required, the most effective, easiest, safest, or cheapest option for use in a chemical synthesis may be a poisonous material.^The material on this site may not be reproduced, except for personal, non-commercial use, and may not be distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used except with the prior written permission of ParadeNet.

Chromic acid is an example of such a "simple to use" reagent, but reactivity, in particular, is important. Hydrogen fluoride (HF), for example, is both poisonous and extremely corrosive. However, it has a high affinity (free energy) for silicon, which is exploited by using HF to etch glass or to manufacture silicon semiconductor chips.

.On the other hand, certain medical treatments actually make deliberate use of the toxicity of certain substances.^It absorbs irritants in the stomach and intestines, which make it useful for other conditions, as well, such as diarrhea, indigestion and intestinal gas.

Antibiotics (originally harvested from organisms but now artificially produced in laboratories) are highly disruptive to the biochemistry of micro-organisms while having almost no direct effect upon humans. Similarly, the drugs used in chemotherapy are quite toxic; the reason chemotheraputic drugs have far more severe side effects than antibiotics is that their toxicity is not as narrowly tailored. .Their benefit arises from the fact that they are—hopefully—more toxic to cancerous cells than normal ones.^If more than one person suffers, what have they consumed in common?

.Such substances could be classified as poisons under the categories defined above, as they are generally artificial in nature, but are not generally discussed as such.^Local chemists and druggists found they could produce cleaning compounds, insect killers, vermin poison, etc.

Biological poisoning

.Acute poisoning is exposure to a poison on one occasion or during a short period of time.^Poisoning to you or a loved one can be prevented take this time to learn the dangers and steps to protect your family.

Symptoms develop in close relation to the exposure. Absorption of a poison is necessary for systemic poisoning. In contrast, substances that destroy tissue but do not absorb, such as lye, are classified as corrosives rather than poisons.

.Chronic poisoning is long-term repeated or continuous exposure to a poison where symptoms do not occur immediately or after each exposure.^An allergic reaction to poison ivy will not occur with the first exposure, and subsequent exposures may not result in an allergic reaction for a few hours, or even a few days later.

The patient gradually becomes ill, or becomes ill after a long latent period. Chronic poisoning most commonly occurs following exposure to poisons that bioaccumulate such as mercury and lead.

.Contact or absorption of poisons can cause rapid death or impairment.^It explores an incident in which Earth passes through a band of poison gas which causes the death of all humanity except for the characters who are the focus of the story.

Most biocides, including pesticides, are created to act as poisons to target organisms, although acute or less observable chronic poisoning can also occur in non-target organism, including the humans who apply the biocides and other beneficial organisms. For example, the herbicide 2,4-D imitates the action of a plant hormone, to the effect that the lethal toxicity is specific to plants. Indeed, 2,4-D is not a poison, but classified as "harmful" (EU).

Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly, by toxication. An example is "wood alcohol" or methanol, which is not poisonous itself, but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between individuals.

.The study of the symptoms, mechanisms, treatment and diagnosis of biological poisoning is known as toxicology.^The patients constitution is more important than the symptoms in choosing the best homeopathic treatment, but for people with skin problems, poison ivy is often included in the regimen.

Poisoning management

Poison Control Centers (reachable at 1-800-222-1222 in the US) worldwide) provide immediate, free, and expert treatment advice and assistance over the telephone in case of suspected exposure to poisons or toxic substances.

Initial management

Poisons that have been injected (e.g. from the sting of poisonous animals) can be treated by binding the affected body part with a pressure bandage and by placing the affected body part in hot water (with a temperature of 50°C). The pressure bandage makes sure the poison is not pumped troughout the body and the hot water breaks down the poison. This treatment however only works with poisons that are composed of protein-molecules.[5]

Activated charcoal is the treatment of choice to prevent absorption of the poison. It is usually administered when the patient is in the emergency room or by a trained emergency healthcare provider such as a Paramedic or EMT. However, charcoal is ineffective against metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium, and alcohols and glycols; it is also not recommended for ingestion of corrosive chemicals such as acids and alkalis.[6]

Whole bowel irrigation cleanses the bowel, this is achieved by giving the patient large amounts of a polyethylene glycol solution. .The osmotically balanced polyethylene glycol solution is not absorbed into the body, having the effect of flushing out the entire gastrointestinal tract.^A ny substance you inhale, ingest, absorb through your skin, or get injected into your body can cause a malfunction in normal biological processes.

Its major uses are following ingestion of sustained release drugs, toxins that are not absorbed by activated charcoal (i.e. lithium, iron), and for the removal of ingested packets of drugs (body packing/smuggling).[7]

Gastric lavage, commonly known as a stomach pump, is the insertion of a tube into the stomach, followed by administration of water or saline down the tube. The liquid is then removed along with the contents of the stomach. .Lavage has been used for many years as a common treatment for poisoned patients.^I have been a fan of Poison for many years.

[8] It is still sometimes used if it can be performed within 1 h of ingestion and the exposure is potentially life threatening.

Nasogastric aspiration involves the placement of a tube via the nose down into the stomach, the stomach contents are then removed via suction. .This procedure is mainly used for liquid ingestions where activated charcoal is ineffective, e.g.^Why?: By the time you realize you have a poisoned victim, much of the toxin has already passed out of the stomach, and there are no contraindications for the use of activated charcoal.

Emesis (i.e. induced by ipecac) is no longer recommended in poisoning situations, because vomiting is ineffective at removing poisons.[9]

Cathartics were postulated to decrease absorption by increasing the expulsion of the poison from the gastrointestinal tract. There are two types of cathartics used in poisoned patients; saline cathartics (sodium sulfate, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate) and saccharide cathartics (sorbitol). .They do not appear to improve patient outcome and are no longer recommended.^Even the white lines and the gaps between them were much longer than they appeared from the car: the length of her whole body, were she to lie down in the road.

From LoveToKnow 1911

Medical warning!
This article is from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Medical
science has made many leaps forward since it has been written. .This
is not a site for medical advice, when you need information on a
medical condition, consult a professional instead.^These terms and conditions regarding your use of the Site constitute a legally binding agreement between you and the Site and the Parent Companies.

POISON. An exact definition of the word
"poison" (derived through Fr. from Lat. potio, potionem, a
drink; i.e. a deadly draught) is by no means easy. There
is no legal definition of what constitutes a poison, and the
definitions usually proposed are apt to include either too much or
too little. .Generally, a poison may be defined to be a substance
having an inherent deleterious property, rendering it capable of
destroying life by whatever avenue it is taken into the system; or it is a
substance which when introduced into the system, or applied
externally, injures health or destroys life irrespective of
mechanical means or direct thermal changes.^I'm leaning on giving Hogan a chance on breathing life into TNA. And by that I dont mean hogan PHYSICALLY, I mean Hogan CREATIVELY. .

In popular language a
poison is a substance capable of destroying life when taken in
small quantity; but a substance which destroys life by mechanical
means as, e.g. powdered glass, is not, strictly speaking, a poison.

The subject of toxicology forms one of the most important
branches of medical jurisprudence. The
medical jurist should be familiar with the nature and actions of
poisons, the symptoms which they produce, the circumstances which
modify their working, the pathological results of their action, and
the methods of combating these.

Action of Poisons

Poisons may exert a twofold action. .This may be either local, or
remote, or both local and remote.^Any unauthorized or prohibited use of any Material may subject you to civil liability, criminal prosecution, or both, under applicable federal, state and local laws.

.The local action of a poison is
usually one of corrosion, inflammation, or a direct effect upon the
sensory or motor nerves.^"It's a rather slow-acting poison–it usually takes about 24 hours for a patient to succumb to its effects completely.

.The remote actions of poisons are usually
of a specific character, though some writers group the remote
effects of poisons under two heads, and speak of the common and the
specific remote effects of a poison..^"It's a rather slow-acting poison–it usually takes about 24 hours for a patient to succumb to its effects completely.

.The local action of a poison
of the corrosive class is usually so well marked and obvious that
the fact of the administration of a poison of this class is
generally unmistakable.^"Well, I'd say the one marked ‘Drink Me' should be the poison and ‘Eat Me' should be the antidote.

The same may be said, in a less degree, of
the irritant poisons, especially the mineral irritants; but here
the symptoms sometimes so closely simulate those of natural disease
as to render the recognition of the administration of poison a
matter of difficulty. Hence an accurate acquaintance with the
remote specific effects of the various poisons is indispensable to
the medical jurist. The class of poisons which has been
administered or taken will thus be suggested to his mind by the
observation of the symptoms; and not unfrequently the specific
poison taken will be suspected. .It is almost universally admitted
that absorption of a poison is necessary for the production of its
specific remote effects, and the old notion that a poison may kill,
by its action through the nervous system, without absorption, is
abandoned.^He knew she was worried, that she'd just sat at his bedside for eight solid hours, that without an antidote to whatever poison was coursing through his system, he'd probably be dead before the sun set.

Modifying Circumstances

The ordinary action of a poison may be greatly modified by the
largeness of the dose, by the slate of aggregation, admixture, or of chemical
combination of the poison, by the part or membrane to which it is
applied, and by the condition of the patient. .Thus, for example, opium may be a medicine or a poison, according to the dose in
which it is given; and a dose of the drug which may be beneficial to
an adult in certain states of the system may be fatal to a child,
or to an adult when suffering from some forms of disease.^Further, if you delete or disable Tracking Technologies, you may not have access to certain features of the Site and some of our other services may not function properly.

^Some jurisdictions do not allow for the exclusion of certain warranties or certain limitations on damages and remedies; accordingly some of the exclusions and limitations described in this Agreement may not apply to you.

All barium salts, again, are
poisonous, except the quite insoluble sulphate. The simple
cyanides, and many double cyanides, are highly poisonous; but
yellow prussiate of potash, which is a double cyanide of iron and potassium, is almost without action upon the
system. The part or tissue to
which a poison is applied greatly effects the activity of a poison,
owing to the varying rapidity with which absorption takes place
through the cutaneous, mucous and serous surfaces, and by the other
tissues of the body. Curare, an arrow poison, may be swallowed in
considerable quantity without appreciable result, whilst a minute
quantity of the same substance introduced into a wound is speedily fatal. Idiosyncrasy has an important bearing in
toxicology. .Pork, mutton, certain kinds of fish, more especially shell-fish so-called, and mushrooms have each
produced all the symptoms of violent irritant poisoning, whilst
other persons who have partaken of the same food at the same time
have experienced no ill effects.^In grad school we called it that all the time!

.Some persons are stated, on good
authority, to be capable of taking with impunity such poisons as
opium, corrosive sublimate, or arsenic, in enormous doses -
and this irrespective of habit, which is known to have such an
influence in modifying the effects of some poisons, notably the narcotics.^Poison should take some tips.

A tolerance of
poisons is sometimes engendered by disease, so that a poison may
fail to produce its customary effect. .Thus, opium is tolerated in
large quantities in tetanus
and in delirium tremens;
and mercurial compounds may in some febrile affections fail to
produce the usual constitutional effects of the metal.^Unfortunately, your home computer may cause some glitches that effect how you see our Site -- and that is beyond our control.

On the other hand, diseases which impede
the elimination of a poison may intensify its effects.

The evidence that a poison has been administered is
based upon the symptoms produced, on the appearances met with in
the body after death, on the analysis of articles of food and
drink, of excreta and ejecta, and of the organs of the body after
death, and on physiological experiments made with substances
extracted from the same articles. .These physiological experiments
are usually made upon animals, but in some cases, as for instance
when aconite has to be
searched for, the physiological experiments must be made also upon
the human subject.^Your use of the Site is subject to all applicable local, state, national laws and regulations and, in some cases, international treaties.

.The evidence obtained from one or more of these
sources, as compared with the properties or effects of various
known poisons, will enable the medical jurist to form an opinion as
to the administration or non-administration of a poison.^"One of these is the poison; the other, the antidote."

.Persons may, however, be found dead of whose
history nothing can be learned.^However, Personal Information that is necessary to check eligibility, such as date of birth or age, cannot be deleted, but may be modified with sufficient verification of the correct information.

.Here post mortem appearances,
chemical analysis, and, it may be, physiological experiments, are
all-important for the elucidation of the nature of the case.^Have sat here for last hour reading every post before mine, and found all othem quite interesting and entriguing.

.Poisoning may be acute or chronic. The general
conditions which should arouse a suspicion of acute poisoning are
the sudden onset of serious and increasingly alarming symptoms in a
person previously in good health, especially if there be pain in the region of the stomach, or, where there is
complete prostration of the vitil powers, a cadaveric aspect, and
speedy death.^Then there would be nothing left except revenge and pain and death.

In all such cases the aid of the analytical chemist
must be called in either to confirm well-founded or to rebut
ill-founded suspicions.

The mode of treatment to be adopted in the case of
poisoned persons varies greatly according to the nature of the
poison. The first indication, when the poison has been swallowed,
is to evacuate the stomach; and this may usually be done by means
of the stomach-pump when the
poison is not of the corrosive class; or the stomach may be gently
washed out by means of a funnel and flexible siphon-tube. In many cases emetics are valuable. Antidotes and counter-poisons may then be
given. The former are such substances as chalk to neutralize the mineral acids and oxalic acid; the latter
have a physiological counteraction, and are such as atropine, which
is a counter-poison to morphia. These may usually be administered
most effectively by hypodermic injection. The stomach may to a
certain degree be protected from the injurious effects of irritants
by the administration of mucilaginous drinks; alkaloids may be
rendered sparingly soluble by means of astringent substances
containing tannin; and pain
may be relieved by means of opium, unless contra-indicated by the
nature of the poison. The effects of the convulsant poisons, such
as strychnine, may be
combated by means of the inhalation of chloroform.

The classification of poisons is a matter of
difficulty. .Various attempts have been made to classify them
scientifically, but with no signal success; and perhaps the best system is
that which groups the various poisons according to the more obvious
symptoms which they produce.^No-they`re more concerned about their damn make-up.

.Our knowledge of the more intimate
action of poisons is still too imperfect to admit of any useful
classification according to the manner in which they specifically
affect the vital organs.^TNA actually has ring action more than WWE, but using all the "old names" i.e.

Poisons may in the manner indicated be
classified as (I) Corrosives, (2) Irritants, (3)
Neurotics, and (4) Gaseous Poisons. i.
Corrosives. The typical member of this class is corrosive
sublimate, the soluble chloride of mercury. In it are included
also the concentrated mineral acids (sulphuric, nitric and
hydrochloric); oxalic acid; the
alkalies (potash, soda, and ammonia) and their carbonates; acid,
alkaline, and corrosive salts of the metals (such as bisulphate of
potash, alum, butter of antimony and nitrate of silver); also carbolic acid.

The symptoms produced by the mineral acids and the alkalies are
almost altogether referable to local action; but some corrosive
poisons, such as carbolic acid, produce, besides a local action,
remote and specific constitutional effects. The symptoms of
corrosive poisoning are marked and unmistakable, except in infants.
Immediately on swallowing the corrosive substance, an acid, caustic or metallic burning
sensation is experienced in the mouth, fauces, gullet and region of the stomach, and
this speedily extends over the whole belly; as a rule vomiting
speedily follows. In the case of the mineral acids, and in oxalic
acid poisoning, the vomit is so acid that if it falls upon a marble or concrete floor effervescence
ensues. No relief follows the evacuation of the stomach. The
ejected matters contain blood, and even fragments of the corroded
walls of the alimentary canal. The belly becomes
distended with gas and horribly tender. High fever prevails. The mouth is found to be
corroded. Death usually ensues within a few hours; or, if the
patient survives, he or she may perish miserably, months after the
poison was taken, through starvation consequent upon the gradual
contraction of the gullet, brought about by its corrosion and
subsequent healing.

The treatment of corrosive poisoning consists in very gently
emptying and washing out the stomach by means of a soft siphontube.
The stomach-pump cannot be used with safety in consequence of the
weakening of the walls of the stomach by corrosion. Demulcents and
opiates may be subsequently administered. After death from
corrosive poisoning the walls of the stomach are found corroded and
even perforated.

i. Corrosive Sublimate. - Here all the signs and
symptoms of corrosive poisoning are produced in their severest
form. A grain or two of this
poison may prove fatal. Fortunately there is an efficient antidote
in white of egg, the albumen of
which, if administered at once, renders the salt insoluble. The eggs should be divested of
their yolks, beaten up with water, and given promptly, repeatedly,
and abundantly, followed by emetics. .Poisoning by corrosive
sublimate may be followed by the specific toxic effects of mercury,
such as salivation and tremor.^Additional Information may be requested depending on the specific Promotion, but submission of such Information may be optional.

Workers in mercury, such as water-gilders, looking-glass makers, and the
makers of barometers and thermometers, are apt to suffer from a
peculiar form of shaking palsy, known as "the trembles," or
mercurial tremor. .This disease affects most frequently those who
are exposed to mercurial fumes.^And to those who also suffer from diabetes, he urges, "Accept that you have the disease.

The victim is affected with tremors
when an endeavour is made to exert the muscles, so that he is
unable, for instance, to convey a glass of water to the lips
steadily, and when he walks he breaks into a dancing trot. The
treatment consists in removal from the mercurial atmosphere, baths, fresh air, and the administration of iron and other
tonics.

2. Mineral Acids. - These are oil of vitriol or sulphuric acid, aqua fortis or nitric acid, and spirit
of salt or hydrochloric (muriatic) acid. These, when taken in a
concentrated form, produce wellmarked symptoms of corrosion. When
they are diluted, the symptoms are those of an irritant poison.
Nitric acid stains the mouth and skin of a yellow colour. The
treatment consists in the administration of the alkalies or other
carbonates, chalk, whiting, or even uncoloured plaster scraped off the walls
or ceiling, with the view of
neutralizing the acid.

3. Oxalic acid is a vegetable acid. When taken in the state of
concentrated solution it acts as a corrosive, but when diluted as
an irritant. But it also exerts a specific effect, killing the
patient by cardiac syncope
not unfrequently within a few minutes. .When a person after taking a
crystalline substance, tasting strongly acid, dies within 15 or 30
minutes, after the manifestation of great weakness, small pulse and failure of the heart's
power, poisoning by oxalic acid is almost certain.^If it had been someone else that LeBarge had asked Rick to kill in order to save his brother's life, Town was almost certain that person wouldn't still be walking around or breathing.

The treatment
consists in promptly administering an emetic, followed by chalk,
whiting, or any substance containing carbonate of calcium. The alkaline
carbonates are valueless, for the alkaline oxalates are almost as
poisonous as oxalic acid itself.

4. The Alkalis

Caustic potash and caustic soda produce symptoms resembling
those of the mineral acids, except that purging is a usual accompaniment.

5. Carbolic acid when taken in the form of a
concentrated liquid acts as a corrosive, causing whitening and
shrinking of all the animal membranes with which it comes in
contact. .The patient, however, becomes speedily comatose, the
poison acting profoundly upon the great nervous centres.^"It's a rather slow-acting poison–it usually takes about 24 hours for a patient to succumb to its effects completely.

A curious
phenomenon - black or
dark green urine - is commonly observed after the administration of
this poison. Saccharated lime-water, diluted and drunk
freely, and a solution of sulphate of soda are perhaps the most
useful remedies.

2. Irritant Poisons. Irritant poisons are of two
classes - metallic irritants and vegetable and animal irritants,
these latter being for convenience grouped together. .Perhaps none
of the irritants act purely as such, the irritant symptoms being
usually accompanied by well-marked effects upon the nervous system.^They were also usually accompanied by an enormous bill that A.J. ultimately ended up being responsible for.

An irritant is a substance which causes inflammation of the part to
which it is applied - usually the alimentary canal. Arsenic is by
far the most important of the metallic irritants. Other irritants
are the moderately diluted acids, many metallic salts, such as
those of antimony, lead, copper, zinc
and chromium. Elaterium, gamboge, aloes, colocynth and croton oil are good
examples of vegetable irritants; and cantharides of animal irritants. Animal and
vegetable food when decomposed, or infested with certain organisms
known as bacteria, may produce violent irritant symptoms. .The
symptoms produced by irritant poisons are usually more slow in
their development than where a corrosive has been administered.^"It's a rather slow-acting poison–it usually takes about 24 hours for a patient to succumb to its effects completely.

Usually, after an interval, greater or less according to the
specific nature of the irritant swallowed, a burning pain is felt
in the mouth, throat and
gullet, with a sense of constriction of the parts, and followed by
burning pain in the region of the stomach. This is increased, and
not alleviated, by pressure, a mark which serves to distinguish
the attack from one of ordinary colic. Nausea, vomiting and thirst ensue, speedily
followed by distension of the whole abdomen, which is exceedingly tender to the
touch. Ordinarily the vomiting is followed by profuse diarrhoea. Should the
poison not be speedily eliminated in the vomited and faecal
matters, inflammatory fever sets in, followed by collapse; and
death may ensue in a few hours.

1. Arsenic is a specific irritant poison. Almost all
the compounds of this metal are poisonous. The term "arsenic" is,
however, most commonly applied, not to the metal itself, but to its
lower oxide, arsenious oxide,
which is also known as white arsenic. By whatever channel
arsenic is introduced into the system, it invariably affects
specifically the stomach and intestines, causing congestion or
inflammation. The common sources of arsenical poisoning are the
taking of white arsenic, which causes acute poisoning, and the
inhalation of dust from arsenical
wall-papers and textile fabrics, whereby a chronic form of
poisoning is induced.

The symptoms and treatment of arsenical poisoning are described
under Arsenic (q.v.).

Arsenic-eating, or the ability of some persons to take
relatively large doses of arsenic habitually, is a well-established
fact. The cause of this singular immunity from the ordinary results of arsenic
is unknown.

2. Lead

.The salts of lead, more especially the acetate (sugar of lead),
are irritant poisons of no very great activity; and, though
occasionally death ensues, recovery is the rule.^Links to More About Bret Michaels-Lead Singer For Poison .

Chrome yellow, or
lead chromate, is a powerful irritant poison. All chromates are,
indeed, irritant poisons. (See Lead Poisoning.) 3. Copper. -
The soluble salts of copper, such as blue vitriol (the
sulphate) and verdigris
(subcarbonate and subacetate), are emetic and irritant salts. Their
emetic effects usually, but not invariably, secure their prompt
rejection by the stomach. Occasionally fatal effects have resulted
from their administration. Copper becomes accidentally mixed with
articles of dietary in a
variety of modes. It is also used for improving the colour of
preserved fruits and vegetables. Its deleterious properties when
thus used in minute quantities have been both asserted and denied.
There is, however, a large body of evidence in favour of the at all
events occasional poisonous effects of minute quantities of
copper.

Of the two chief forms of the elements - the yellow or ordinary
and the red or amorphous - the former only is poisonous. Rarely
there is met with a chronic form of poisoning among workers in the
material, arising from the inhalation of phosphorus vapours. Its
special characteristic is a peculiar necrosis or death of the bony structure of the
lower jaw. Acute phosphorus
poisoning is more common. Phosphorus is used fot tipping matches,
and is also the basis of several vermin destroyers.

(See Phosphorus and
Match.) 7. Vegetable
Irritants. - These produce drastic purgative effects.
Frequently the nature of the illness may be ascertained by the
discovery of portions of the vegetable substance - recognizable by
the microscope - in
the matters ejected by the patient.

8. Cantharides. - The administration of cantharides
(q.v.) is followed by vomiting, purging, strangury, or even entire
inability to pass the urine. In the ejecta portions of the shining
elytra or wing-cases of the fly may often be recognized. There is
often great excitement of the sexual proclivities. The active
principle of the fly, cantharidin, may be extracted from suspected
matters by means of chloroform, and the residue left after the evaporation of this
blisters the lip or any tender
mucous surface to which it is applied. Demulcent remedies, with
opiate enemata and injections, afford the best relief by way of
treatment.

3. Neurotics. i. Prussic or Hydrocyanic Acid. -
.Hydrocyanic acid is one of the best known poisons, and a very
deadly one.^Poison - I Won't Forget You [1986] One of the best videoclip ever made.

In the pure state it is said to kill with lightning-like rapidity. It
is met with in commerce only in a dilute state. In Great Britain two kinds of acid are
commonly sold - the pharmacopoeial acid, containing 2% of anhydrous
prussic acid, and
Scheele's acid, containing 4 to 5%. Less than a teaspoonful of the
2% acid has caused death. .Given in fatal doses, the symptons of
prussic-acid poisoning set in with great rapidity; and, in
consequence of the readiness with which the poison is absorbed from
the stomach and diffused through the circulation, the onset of
symptoms is reckoned by seconds rather than by minutes.^Ideas for great lenses you could build Ready, set, start your own lens!

.Occasionally the victim may be able to perform a few voluntary
actions before alarming symptoms are developed.^After his family relocated from Butler to Mechanicsburg, Michaels performed in a few bands before forming Paris in 1984.

There is first a
very brief stage of difficult breathing, and slow action of the heart, with a tendency for the
organ to stop in the state of dilatation. With widely-dilated pupils of
the eye, the patient is then seized with violent irregular
convulsive movements. The rhythm of the respiratory movements is
disturbed, and the countenance becomes of a bluish cast. The
patient now sinks to the ground with complete loss of muscular
power; and the third or asphyxial stage is reached, in which there
are slow gasping respirations, loss of pulse, and paralysis of motion. Death
is frequently preceded by muscular spasms. The foudroyant
character of the illness, and the speedy death of the patient,
coupled with the peculiar odour of the acid in the breath and
atmosphere around the body, seldom leave any doubt as to the nature
of the case. The treatment consists in inhalation of fumes of
strong ammonia, drinks of
warm and cold water alternately, friction of the limbs, and artificial
respiration. The subcutaneous injection of atropine, which acts as
a cardiac stimulant, may prove serviceable.

Other soluble cyanides, more especially cyanide of potassium, a
salt largely used in photography and in the arts, are equally
poisonous with hydrocyanic acid. (See Prussic Acid.) 2. Opium. - In
consequence of the extent to which opium, its preparations, and its
active alkaloid morphia
are used for the relief of pain, poisoning by opium is of frequent
occurrence. It is largely used by suicides; and children, being
very susceptible to its influence, frequently die from misadventure
after administration of an overdose of the drug. The ordinary
preparations of opium are the drug itself, which is the inspissated
juice of the oriental poppy, and
the tincture, commonly
known as laudanum. Opium
contains a variety of more or less active principles, the chief of
which is the alkaloid morphia, which is present in good opium to
the extent of about io % in combination with meconic acid, which is
physiologically inactive. Opium is largely used by Eastern nations
for smoking, and there is great discrepancy of opinion as to the
extent to which opium smoking is deleterious. The preponderance of
opinion is in favour of the view that opium smoking is a
demoralizing, degrading, and pernicious habit, and that its victims
are sufferers both in body and mind from its use. (See Opium and Morphine.) 3. Strychnine and
Strychnine-yielding Plants. - .The alkaloids strychnine and brucine, as well as all the
plants in which they are found, all act in the same manner, being
highly poisonous, and causing death after spasms of a severe
character.^II and they all say the same things.

.Strychnine, and all substances containing that alkaloid, produce
their effects within a very few minutes - usually within ten or
fifteen minutes.^Instead, he and Town were tied together in an empty warehouse, A.J. was lying in a hospital bed halfway across town, and they were all very likely to be dead in a few hours.

The patient complains of stiffness about the neck,
and his aspect exhibits terror. There is an impression of impending
calamity or death. .Very speedily the head is jerked back, the limbs
extended, the back arched (opisthotonos), so that the body may rest
on the head and heels only.^He knew his limbs shouldn't feel heavy, yet he couldn't move his body or even lift his head.

In a few moments these s y mptoms pass
off, and there is complete relaxation of the spasm. The spasmodic
condition speedily returns, and is brought about by the slightest
touch or movement of the patient. .Accessions and remissions of the
tetanic state ensue rapidly till the patient succumbs, usually
within half an hour of the administration of the poison.^"It's a rather slow-acting poison–it usually takes about 24 hours for a patient to succumb to its effects completely.

The best
treatment is to put, and keep, the patient under the influence of
chloroform till time is given for the excretion of the alkaloid, having previously
given a full dose of chloralhydrate.

(See Strychnine.)
4. Aconite Poisoning. - .The ordinary blue rocket, wolfsbane or monkshood,
Acontium Napellus, and an alkaloid extracted from it,
aconitine, are perhaps the most deadly of known poisons.^Born in Brooklyn,New York as Bruce Anthony Johannesson, C.C. DeVille is most known as the guitarest for "POISON".

Onesixteenth of a grain of aconitine has proved fatal to a man. All
the preparations of aconite produce a peculiar burning, tingling,
and numbness of the parts to which they are applied. .When given in
large doses they produce violent vomiting, as a rule, more or less
paralysis of motion and sensation, and great depression of the
heart, usually ending in death from syncope.^They were also usually accompanied by an enormous bill that A.J. ultimately ended up being responsible for.

Intelligence remains
unaffected till almost the last. The treatment consists in the
hypodermic injection of digitalin, which is a counter-poison in its
action upon the heart. The root of aconite has been eaten in
mistake for that of horse-radish.

The belladonna or deadly nightshade, Atropa Belladonna,
contains an alkaloid, atropine, which is largely used by oculists
to procure dilatation of the pupils of the eye. The bright scarlet berries of the plant
have been eaten by children, who are attracted b y their tempting
appearance. Belladonna produces dilatation of the pupils, rapid
pulse, hot dry flushed skin, with an eruption not unlike that of
scarlatina, soreness of the throat, with difficulty of swallowing,
intense thirst, and gay, mirthful delirium. The treatment consists
in evacuation of the poison by means of the stomach-pump, and the
hypodermic injection of morphia as a counter-poison.

.4. Gaseous Poisons. The effects of these are varied -
some of them acting as irritants, while others have a specific
effect, apparently in consequence of their forming chemical
compounds with the red pigment of the blood, and thus destroying
its capability of acting as a carrier of oxygen.^"You loved him," A.J. said simply, looking over what appeared to be some kind of order form or invoice for laboratory chemicals.

i. Chlorine
and bromine act as
powerful irritants. They provoke spasm of the glottis when inhaled,
and subsequently induce inflammation of the respiratory mucous
membrane, which may prove speedily fatal. Inhalation of diluted
ammonia vapour is the best remedy.

2. Hydrochloric or muriatic acid gas and
hydrofluoric or fluoric acid gas are irritating
and destructive to life. The former is more destructive to
vegetable life than even chlorine. They are emitted in many
processes of manufacture, and especially in the manufacture of
carbonate of soda from common salt by Le Blanc's process, in the
salt-glazing of earthenware,
and in the manufacture of artificial manures.

3. Sulphurous Acid Gas. - The gas given off by burning
sulphur is most suffocating
and irritating. Its inhalation, even in a highly diluted state, may
cause speedy death from spasmodic closure of the glottis.

4. Nitrous vapours, or gaseous oxides of nitrogen (except nitrous
oxide), are given off from galvanic batteries excited by nitric
acid; also in the process of etching on copper. They produce, when diluted,
little immediate irritation, but are exceedingly dangerous, setting
up extensive and fatal inflammation of the lungs.

5. Ammonia gas is highly irritant, but does not often
prove fatal.

6. Carbon dioxide
gas is heavier than atmospheric air, is totally irrespirable
when pure, and is fatal when present in large quantities in
respired air. It is given off from burning fuel, accumulates in pits and wells as choke-damp, and constitutes the deadly afterdamp of coal-mines. It is also formed during
alcoholic fermentation, and hence accumulates in
partially filled vats in which fermented liquors are stored. When
it is breathed in a concentrated state, death is almost
instantaneous. .Persons descending into wells foul with this gas
sink down powerless, and are usually dead before they can be
removed from the vitiated atmosphere.^If someone bothers me personally, usually I’ll just ignore ‘em…unless they get between me and my Admiral, and which point fireballs fly.

In these cases there is true
asphyxia; but carbonic acid is
also a narcotic gas. .Persons exposed to an atmosphere partially
composed of this gas, but not long enough to produce fatal results,
are affected with stertorous breathings, oppression, flushed face,
prominent eyes, swollen tongue and feeble pulse.^His face was flushed and his usually clear blue eyes looked cloudy, distant.

The proper
treatment is removal from the foul atmosphere, alternate cold and
tepid douches to the chest,
friction of the limbs and trunk,
and artificial respiration. When animation is restored the patient
should be put to bed and kept quiet, but should be
carefully watched in case of relapse.

7. Carbon monoxide gas is given off by burning charcoal and other forms of
fuel, mixed with carbonic acid. .The poisonous effects of charcoal
fumes are perhaps due rather to the more poisonous carbonic oxide
than to the less poisonous carbonic acid.^The climb down through the skylight had been less than graceful and more than a little noisy.

An atmosphere containing
less than i % of carbonic oxide would doubtless be fatal if
breathed for many minutes. Carbonic oxide forms with haemoglobin,
the red pigment of the blood, a bright scarlet compound. The
compound is very stable, and
the oxide cannot be displaced by atmospheric oxygen. Hence the
blood after death from the inhalation of carbonic oxide is of a
bright arterial hue, which it
retains on exposure to air.

8. Coal-gas acts as an asphyxiant and narcotic. The
appearances met with after death - more especially the fluid state
of the blood - are similar to those observed after death from
carbonic oxide gas, which is a constituent of coal-gas, and to
which the chief effect of coal-gas may be due.

9. Sulphuretted hydrogen gas is highly poisonous by
whatever channel it gains access to the body. In a concentrated
form it produces almost instant death from asphyxia. Even in a
diluted state it produces colic, nausea, vomiting and drowsiness.
This may pass into insensibility with lividity and feeble
respiration. The skin is cold and clammy, or bathed in perspiration. The red
blood corpuscles are disintegrated. The treatment consists in
removal from the contaminated atmosphere, friction to the surface
of the body, warmth, and the administration of stimulants. The
inhalation of chlorine gas has been recommended on chemical
grounds; but it must be remembered that chlorine is itself
poisonous.

10. Anaesthetics. - Nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, and
the gases or vapours of other anaesthetic substances, such as
chloroform, may, if improperly administered, produce death by
asphyxia, and perhaps otherwise. Obviously, as a rule, medical
assistance is at hand. The treatment consists in artificial
respiration, and the use of galvanic current.

11. Vapours of Hydrocarbons. - The volatile vapours of
the natural hydrocarbons known as benzoline, petroleum, &c., are poisonous when
inhaled for lengthened periods. (T. S.*)

[[File:|right|thumb|150px|The skull and crossbones symbol is traditionally used to label something with poison in it.]]

In biology, poisons are substances that can cause problems to organisms.[1] This is usually done by a chemical reaction. The effect of the poison varies with the quantity that is absorbed by the organism. A dose of poison can cause harmful effects or injuries and sometimes even death. Stuff or substance which has the properties of a poison is poisonous or toxic. If poisoning causes death, it is lethal poison.

Legally and in hazardous chemical labeling, poisons are especially toxic substances. Less toxic substances are labeled "harmful", "irritant", or not labeled at all.

In medicine and zoology, toxins and venoms are different from poisons. Toxins are the result of a biological process. Certain organisms use venoms for hunting, or as a defense. If an organism is poisonous, it is harmful to eat. If it is venomous, it has a harmful bite or sting.

Very often, it is only the quantity of a substance that makes the difference. Drinking alcoholic drinks may lead lead to aggressive behaviour, problems with speech, and different forms of amnesia. This effect is called intoxication. People who drink even more often are in shock. At the same time, alcohol can be used as a disinfectant.

Another example: Drinking water may be deadly: Drinking about ten litres of waters can lead to death for an adult. Water is not poisonous, it is the effect it has, that is, in this case. People will die from a lack of sodium. Drinking the water in smaller doses will give the body time to replace the sodium it loses.

Sometimes, poisons have an antidote. The antidote of a poison will slow or reverse its effects. Note that the antidote may itself be a poison. As an example, Atropine can be used as an antidote against certain nerve gases, like tabun or sarine, or against certain insecticides. It is also used as a drug, In high doses, Atropine is a poison. Atropine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's "Essential Drugs List".[2]

Pollution also sometimes is poisonous. For example, large amounts of potato peeling scraps or milk can kill organisms in waterways, because they contain so much nutrients for microbes that the microbes consume all oxygen from the waterway.