Contents

Gagarin IV – Location of the Federations' Darwin Genetic Research Station.[1] Possibly named after Yuri Gagarin, the first Human in space in 1961.

Gaia – Gamma Quadrant Class-M planet surrounded with a strange quantum energy barrier. In the 22nd Century, the planet was colonized by the crew of the USS Defiant who were sent back into an alternate timeline when the Defiant crashed on the planet and could not send a distress call.[2]

Galador II – A Galador freighter is described as traveling between Farius Prime and Galador II in DS9 episode "The Maquis."

Galdonterre – Planet where the alien known as "The Albino" hid after enacting his revenge against the Klingon's Kang, Kor, and Koloth.[3]

Galen IV – Planet contested between the Federation and the Talarians. It is the birthplace of Jeremiah Rossa/Jono.[4]

Galorndon Core – A magnetically unstable planet near the Romulan Neutral Zone. In 2366 Lt. Cmdr. La Forge is trapped on the planet with a Romulan survivor of a crashed shuttle named Centurion Bochra. The electromagnetic storms blinded Geordi's VISOR and paralyzed the Romulan's nervous system, and the two had to work together to survive.[8][9] The planet was a rendezvous point for the delivery of a stolen deflector array;[10] The Romulan commander Chulak was defeated here.[11]

Galvin V – Planet indicated by Data as having inhabitants who only consider a marriage successful if the couple has a child within the first year.[12]

Gamelan V – Planet threatened by a space barge that leaked radioactive waste into the atmosphere.[13]

Gamma 400 – System where Starbase 12 is located. It lies near the Mutara Nebula.[14]

Gamma II – An uninhabited planetoid where an un-manned Federation research station is located. It was visited by the USS Enterprise[15]

Gamma VII-A – A system around a fourth magnitude sun with billions of inhabitants, killed by a giant space amoeba.[16]

Gault – A farming colony where Lt. Worf was raised under the care of human guardians.[29][30]

Gedi Prime – Federation recreation planet, said to make Risa look like a "tourist trap".[31] The Doctor challenged the hologram Reg to a game of golf on the "back nine" at Gedi Prime.[32] (The name Gedi Prime echoes both the fictional "Giedi Prime" (home of House Harkonnen in the Dune series) and the real Prima Giedi or Algiedi Primastar system.

Gemulon V – Destination of the Federation colony ship SS Santa Maria which instead crashed on an uncharted planet in the Orellius system. Cmdr. Sisko and Chief O'Brien, finding the lost colony ten years later, discovered that the ship had been deliberately marooned there by Alixus, a woman who believed mankind should do without technology.[35]

Genesis Planet – A planet created by Dr. David Marcus' Genesis device that was detonated by the renegade prince Khan Noonien Singh. Genesis aged rapidly and exploded not long after its formation as the result of protomatter used in its creation.[36][37]

Ghorusda – Homeworld of the warp-capable Ghorusdan species who attacked the USS Adelphi during a botched first contact mission.[38]

Gideon – Planet visited by the USS Enterprise whose inhabitants have repeatedly refused to establish diplomatic relations with the UFP. (Non-canonical and semi-canonical sources identify it as planet number VII in the Delta Dorado star system.) Gideon supposedly has a naturally near-sterile environment whose inhabitants have remarkable self-regenerative abilities and thus are incredibly long-lived, and the planet, when the Enterprise encountered it, was severely overpopulated as a direct result.[39]

Golana – Bajoran colony and vacation planet, once inhabited by an advanced now-extinct civilization. In 2374, a time portal was discovered in a cave on the planet where Molly O'Brien was accidentally sent 300 years into the past when the planet was uninhabited.[40]

Gorlan homeworld – Capt. Kirk's equivalent in a parallel universe suppressed an uprising on the Gorlan homeworld in TOS episode "Mirror, Mirror". It is unclear whether the Gorlan homeworld also exists in Capt. Kirk's universe.

Gorn Homeworld – The home world of the reptilian humanoid species the Gorns, a species that has appeared in the Enterprise episode "In a Mirror, Darkly (Part II)" and in the Original Series episode Arena. The Gorn home world is probably the location of the center of the Gorn Hegemony. (Sources not officially recognized as canon identify the Gorns's home world as Tau Lacertae IX.)

Gothos – A rogue planet encountered in the middle of empty space. The puckish Trelane, an immature representative of his alien race of sapient discorporates, controlled the planet, moved it about the galaxy, and molded it into a personal playground with the help of sophisticated machinery, which he called "mediums of instrumentality."[42]

Gravesworld – Planet named for Dr. Ira Graves, a genius physicist who was dying of Varnay's disease. He cheated death by uploading his consciousness into the android Lt. Cmdr. Data. This act disgusted Kareen Brianon, Grave's young assistant with whom he was in love. Graves eventually left Data's mind, transferring all his knowledge to a computer bank, but his soul seemed to had finally "passed on."[44]

Halee – Halee is a system in Klingon space known to have a world with a savage and deadly environment. It was once customary for Klingon criminals who are sentenced to death, to be taken to the world, given a weapon, and stranded there to face the dangers so they can "die as warriors".[29]

Halkan homeworld, presumably properly named Halka – A planet surrounded by spatial conditions that can cause ion storms and inhabited by the Halkan people. The USS Enterprise visits the world to persuade the inhabitants to allow the Federation to mine dilithium there. The inhabitants, however, appear to have little interest in a Federation alliance.[51]

Hanoli – The Hanoli system was destroyed by an expanding subspace anomaly in the 23rd century.[52]

Hanon IV – Inhabited Delta Quadrant planet in an early stage of development similar to Earth's Pliocene Age.[53][54]

Hanoran II – Destination of the Enterprise-E for an archeological mission before it was diverted it to the Ba'ku system.[55]

Hansen's Planet – Planet inhabited by primitive giants similar to those found on Taurus II.[56]

Haven – A paradise planet featured in the TNG episode "Haven". It is also known as Beta Cassius. The Enterprise-D stops for shore leave. The planet is rumored to have mystical healing powers.

Hayashi – Star system where the Enterprise-D is ordered to prepare detailed exospheric charts of the system as the first step toward planet colonization.[38]

Hekaras II – Planet along the Hekaras Corridor whose inhabitants were threatened by a subspace rupture caused by the passing of ships in warp. The Federation passed a non-emergency Warp 5 "speed limit" for all ships.[58]

Hell – Inhospitable Delta Quadrant world discovered by the USS Voyager in 2372. A reptilian race used the planet as a breeding ground.[59]

Holberg 917-G – A planet visited by the USS Enterprise where the crew meet the immortal being known as Flint. Flint had acquired ownership of the planet using the alias Mr. Brack.[63] Non-canonical sources place it in the same star system as Omega IV, described in "The Omega Glory."

Iconia – A fabled planet that lies in the Romulan Neutral Zone. The planet was the home world of the ancient Iconian species, who constructed stargates that allowed them to travel to other worlds as easily as opening a door. The UFP feared that the Romulan Star Empire might have been reverse engineering Iconian technology for use against the Federation. The Enterprise became infected by an Iconian computer virus after downloading contaminated computer logs from one of its sister ships in the USS Galaxy's class, the USS Yamato, which was destroyed after being scanned by an Iconian probe.[70]

Icor IX – Site of Federation astrophysics center. One of the places Capt. Picard thought of visiting to attend a symposium on rogue star clusters.[34]

Idran – Uninhabited Gamma Quadrant system at the end of the Bajoran Wormhole, 70,000 light years from Bajor. It was explored by the Quadros 1 probe in the 22nd Century.[71]

Ilari – Delta Quadrant planet and home to the Ilari species. It has at least five moons.[72]

Ilecom system – a system that was affected by Dr. Paul Manheim's time experiments.[73]

Ilidaria – Delta Quadrant planet and homeworld of the Ilidarians. Located four light years from a Type-4 quantum singularity.[74][75]

Invernia II – Planet where Julian Bashir was raised. It was after witnessing the death of a young girl here that Bashir chose to become a doctor.[81]

Iota Geminorum IV – Homeworld of the tribble.[82] Tribbles are cute little furry creatures who breed every 12 hours if fed.[83] Tribbles were considered mortal enemies by the Klingons, who tracked them down throughout the galaxy and obliterated the tribble homeworld. By the end of the 23rd century, they were eradicated, but Sisko, Dax, Bashir and O'Brien brought some to the 24th century, when they briefly infested DS9.[84]

Iraatan V – According to his Starfleet file, Zibalian trader Kivas Fajo was educated on this planet.[85]

Kar-telos – System in the Gamma Quadrant with thick asteroid belts.[99]

Karemma – Dominion allied homeworld of the Karemma species, located in the Gamma Quadrant. In DS9 episode "Starship Down", Quark learns of the existence of the Karemma. In DS9 episode "The Search" Sisko hopes the Karemma will lead him to the Founders.

Kataan – World destroyed in the 14th century when its star went supernova. Under the influence of a Kataan probe, in just 25 minutes, Capt. Picard lives a lifetime of events on this world.[100]

Kavaria – Home planet of the Kavarian tiger-bat, which Jake Sisko was researching.[102]

Kavis Alpha IV – Planet where the Enterprise-D dropped off a colony of nanites that were infecting the computer core. The nanites developed a collective intelligence and consciousness and went to war with the crew after scientist Paul Stubbs killed some of them. Peace was eventually made and Captain Picard declared them a new species and gave them a home on the planet.[103]

Kazlati homeworld – One of the Maquis crewmen, a Bolian, was wearing a medallion he made in a Kazlati design while he visited their homeworld.[104]

Kelemane's Planet – Delta Quadrant planet notable for its unusual toroidal shape caused by a natural tachyon energy field. In 2376, the USS Voyager was caught in the planet's gravity which disrupted the tachyon field and caused seismic activity on the surface that threatened the lives of native inhabitants.[105]

Kelis' homeworld – Homeworld of the primitive Kelis species located in the Delta Quadrant.[106]

Kelton IV – Planet that suffered a drought and sought help with the Federation for weather control technology.[107]

Kelva – Planet in the Andromeda Galaxy, and homeworld of the Kelvanite species who explored the Milky Way Galaxy in hopes of colonization.[108]

Kenda II – Homeworld of Dr. Dalen Quaice, who the Enterprise-D picked up from Starbase 133.[109]

Kentanna – Mythological planet sought by the Skrreea woman Haneek and her people after their homeworld was conquered by the Dominion. In 2370, Haneek came to DS9 believing Bajor was Kentanna and sought resettlement there, but the Bajoran provisional government refused to grant them asylum and the Skrreea resettled on Draylon II.[110]

Kesat homeworld – Neelix and Tuvok visited this Delta Quadrant planet, homeworld of both the Kesatians and the shadowy Ba'Neths, on a negotiation mission.[111]

Kesprytt III – Planet with two nation-states, the Kes and the Prytt, whose common border is divided by a force field, as they are highly suspicious of each other. While the Kes have applied for Federation membership, the Prytt remain a highly insular and closed society. The mutual race hate between the Kes and the Prytt led the crew of the USS Enterprise-D to recommend that Kesprytt III be denied Federation membership at that time.[112]

Kessik IV – Federation colony and birthplace of B'Elanna Torres. She and her mother were the only Klingons on the planet.[113]

Khitomer (QI'tomer in Klingon) – Planet on the Klingon side of their border with the Romulan Star Empire. Location of Camp Khitomer, site of the First Khitomer Accords, a series of treaties resulting from peace talks between the two empires and the United Federation of Planets in 2293.[115] Also the location of the Khitomer Outpost, site of the Khitomer Massacre in c. 2346, when 4,000 Klingon colonists were killed by Romulans as the result of Ja'rod's defection to the Romulans.[116] Other Klingons were captured by the Romulans and imprisoned on penal colony Carraya IV.[117]

Khosla II – Home of the Ferengi entrepreneur Plegg, who was credited for holosuite technology.[118]

Klendeth – Spock was asked a question about a technological device from Kelndeth during his memory test on Vulcan.[122]

Koinonian homeworld – Once home of two sentient species, the non-corporeal and corporeal Koinonians. The corporeal species ended up destroyed themselves and only the non-corporeal entities remain.[123]

Kolarus III – A planet near the Romulan Neutral Zone that was featured in the movie Star Trek Nemesis. The planet is inhabited by a hostile post-industrial era species. The crew of the Enterprise-E find the remains of an android clone of Data named B-4.

Kressari homeworld – The Kressari are a race of traders in herbaceous goods who are accused of weapons smuggling. The name of their planet is not mentioned.[133]

Krios – (a.k.a. Krios Prime) A Klingon controlled homeworld of the Kriosian species.[134][135][136]NOTE:It is uncertain if Krios and Krios Prime are the same planets since the planet changes color (from blue to green) between the two TNG episodes and the Klingons are not mentioned in either TNG's "The Perfect Mate" or Enterprise's "Precious Cargo".

Ktaria VII – Planet controlled by the Ktarian species. After visiting the planet, Chakotay accidentally removed a sacred stone from a Ktarian burial site as a memento and was accused of desecration.[101]

Ktaris – Homeworld of the Ktarian species.[137] Etana Jol, a Ktarian, tried to take over the Enterprise-D for her people by introducing a mind-controlling game to the crew.[138]

Kurill Prime – Supposed homeworld of the Dominion allied Vorta species in the Gamma Quadrant, but its existence couldn't be verified since Eris, a Vorta operative, and the source of the information, was unreliable.[87]

Kurl – The home world of the Kurlan civilization, which died out thousands of years ago.[78]

Kylata II – Unexplored planet being surveyed by the USS Defiant in 2371 but, the mission was cut short when the crew detected gravimetric distortions in the Trialus system.[139]

Kyria – Delta Quadrant planet where the USS Voyager became caught up in a conflict. 700 years later, a backup copy of Voyager's holographic doctor is reactivated to prove the innocence of the crew, who are still labeled as war criminals.[140]

Laurentian System – In the 2009 Star Trek movie, as the Romulans are attacking Vulcan, Capt. Pike orders Spock that if all else fails, he should rendezvous with the rest of the fleet in the Laurentian System.

Lima-Sierra III – Capt. Picard mentioned that the Enterprise had visited this planet, which has an odd orbit.[153]"

Lissepia – Homeworld to the Lissepian species.[154] Cmdr. Sisko suggests the Lissepians could be involved in weapons smuggling.[155]"

Loque'eque homeworld – Delphic Expanse home of the Loque'eque species who lost the ability to reproduce and fell on the verge of extinction. They tried to preserve their kind by engineered a genetic retrovirus that changed infected members of other humanoid races into their own.[156]

Loracus Prime – Planet in the Gagarin Radiation Belt with pink/purple cloud layers, known to have 5000 subspecies of termites.[157]

Loren III – Planet with a fragment of Dr. Galen's genetic code puzzle to find the origin of humanoid species.[78]

Lorillian homeworld – Planet, whose actual name is not mentioned, whose natives, called Lorillians, breathe methyl oxide, presumably a component of its atmosphere.[158] However, it is known that the Lorillian homeworld is a planet of Gamma Leporis, which is only 29 light-years from Earth.

Lya III – Location of a Federation Starbase, Enterprise-D's destination at the end of the episode.[160] The Enterprise received a coded message from Federation Command on Lya III, about suspected Romulan activity in the Neutral Zone.[161]

Lya IV – Planet where the Enterprise-D traced the smuggler Kivas Fajo's ship in orbit after figuring out Data had been kidnapped by him.[85]

Lyshan – System with a Federation colony located near the Federation-Cardassian border.[162]

Lysia – Homeworld of the Lysian Alliance who were at a decades long war with the Satarrans species. In 2368, the USS Enterprise-D crew had their memories erased and sent false orders by a Satarran spy who posed as second in command to attack the Lysian Alliance headquarters.[17]

1.
Yuri Gagarin
–
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin was a Russian Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into space, when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961. Gagarin became a celebrity, and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union. Vostok 1 marked his only spaceflight, but he served as crew to the Soyuz 1 mission. Gagarin later became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre outside Moscow, Gagarin died in 1968 when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting crashed. The Yuri Gagarin Medal is awarded in his honor, Yuri Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino, near Gzhatsk, on 9 March 1934. His parents worked on a farm, Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin as a carpenter and bricklayer. Yuri was the third of four children, older brother Valentin, older sister Zoya, like millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World War II. Klushino was occupied in November 1941 during the German advance on Moscow, and an officer took over the Gagarin residence. The family was allowed to build a mud hut, approximately 3 by 3 metres inside, on the land behind their house and his two older siblings were deported by the Germans to Poland for slave labour in 1943, and did not return until after the war in 1945. In 1946, the moved to Gzhatsk, where Gagarin continued his secondary education. After graduating in 1951 from both the grade and the vocational school, he was selected for further training at the Saratov Industrial Technical School. While in Saratov, Gagarin volunteered for training as a Soviet air cadet at a local flying club. He also earned money as a part-time dock laborer on the Volga River. After graduating from the school in 1955, the Soviet Army drafted Gagarin. On a recommendation, Gagarin was sent to the First Chkalov Air Force Pilots School in Orenburg, post-graduation, he was assigned to the Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast, close to the Norwegian border, where terrible weather made flying risky. He became a Lieutenant in the Soviet Air Forces on 5 November 1957, in 1960, after much searching and a selection process, Yuri Gagarin was chosen with 19 other pilots for the Soviet space program. Gagarin was further selected for a training group known as the Sochi Six

2.
Star system
–
A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars that orbit each other, bound by gravitational attraction. A large number of stars bound by gravitation is generally called a cluster or galaxy, although, broadly speaking. Star systems are not to be confused with planetary systems, which include planets, a star system of two stars is known as a binary star, binary star system or physical double star. Examples of binary systems are Sirius, Procyon and Cygnus X-1, the last of which consists of a star. A multiple star system consists of three or more stars that appear from Earth to be close to one another in the sky, physical multiple stars are also commonly called multiple stars or multiple star systems. Most multiple star systems are triple stars, systems with four or more components are less likely to occur. These systems are smaller than open star clusters, which have more complex dynamics, most multiple star systems known are triple, for higher multiplicities, the number of known systems with a given multiplicity decreases exponentially with multiplicity. For example, in the 1999 revision of Tokovinins catalog of physical multiple stars,551 out of the 728 systems described are triple, however, because of selection effects, knowledge of these statistics is very incomplete. Each of these groups must also be hierarchical, which means that they must be divided into smaller subgroups which themselves are hierarchical. Each level of the hierarchy can be treated as a problem by considering close pairs as if they were a single star. In a physical triple star system, each orbits the center of mass of the system. Usually, two of the form a close binary system, and the third orbits this pair at a distance much larger than that of the binary orbit. The reason for this is if the inner and outer orbits are comparable in size. Triple stars that are not all gravitationally bound might comprise a physical binary and a companion, such as Beta Cephei, or rarely. Hierarchical multiple star systems with more than three stars can produce a number of more complicated arrangements, which can be illustrated by what Evans has called a mobile diagram and these are similar to ornamental mobiles hung from the ceiling. Some examples can be seen in the figure to the right, each level of the diagram illustrates the decomposition of the system into two or more systems with smaller size. Evans calls a diagram multiplex if there is a node with more than two children, i. e. if the decomposition of some subsystem involves two or more orbits with comparable size. Because, as we have seen for triple stars, this may be unstable, multiple stars are expected to be simplex

3.
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
–
Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan is a 1982 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the film based on Star Trek, and is a sequel to Star Trek. The plot features Admiral James T, when Khan escapes from a 15-year exile to exact revenge on Kirk, the crew of the Enterprise must stop him from acquiring a powerful terraforming device named Genesis. This film is the beginning of an arc that continues with the 1984 film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock and concludes with 1986s Star Trek IV. After the lackluster critical and commercial response to The Motion Picture, executive producer Harve Bennett wrote the films original outline, which Jack B. Sowards developed into a full script, director Nicholas Meyer completed the final script in 12 days, without accepting a writing credit. Meyers approach evoked the atmosphere of the original series. Nimoy had not intended to have a role in The Motion Pictures sequel, negative test audience reaction to Spocks death led to significant revisions of the ending over Meyers objections. The production used various cost-cutting techniques to keep within budget, including utilizing miniatures from past projects and re-using sets, effects footage, among the films technical achievements is it being the first feature film to contain a complete sequence created entirely with computer-generated graphics. The Wrath of Khan was released in North America on June 4,1982 and it was a box office success, earning US$97 million worldwide and setting a world record for first-day box office gross. Critical reaction to the film was positive, reviewers highlighted Khan, the pacing. Negative reaction focused on special effects and some of the acting. The Wrath of Khan is considered by some to be the best film of the Star Trek series, in the year 2285, Admiral James T. Kirk oversees a simulator session of Captain Spocks trainees, in the simulation, Lieutenant Saavik commands the starship USS Enterprise on a rescue mission to save the crew of the damaged ship Kobayashi Maru. When the Enterprise enters the Klingon Neutral Zone to reach the ship it is attacked by Klingon cruisers, the simulation is a no-win scenario designed to test the character of Starfleet officers. Later, Dr. McCoy joins Kirk on his birthday, seeing Kirk in low spirits, meanwhile, the USS Reliant is on a mission to search for a lifeless planet for testing of the Genesis Device, a technology designed to reorganize matter to create habitable worlds for colonization. 15 years prior, the Enterprise discovered Khans ship adrift in space, Kirk exiled Khan, after they were marooned, Ceti Alpha VI exploded, shifting the orbit of Ceti Alpha V and destroying its ecosystem. Khan blames Kirk for the death of his wife and plans revenge and he implants Chekov and Terrell with indigenous creatures that enter the ears of their victims and render them susceptible to mind control, and uses the officers to capture the Reliant

4.
Planet
–
The term planet is ancient, with ties to history, astrology, science, mythology, and religion. Several planets in the Solar System can be seen with the naked eye and these were regarded by many early cultures as divine, or as emissaries of deities. As scientific knowledge advanced, human perception of the planets changed, in 2006, the International Astronomical Union officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System. This definition is controversial because it excludes many objects of mass based on where or what they orbit. The planets were thought by Ptolemy to orbit Earth in deferent, at about the same time, by careful analysis of pre-telescopic observation data collected by Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler found the planets orbits were not circular but elliptical. As observational tools improved, astronomers saw that, like Earth, the planets rotated around tilted axes, and some shared such features as ice caps and seasons. Since the dawn of the Space Age, close observation by space probes has found that Earth and the planets share characteristics such as volcanism, hurricanes, tectonics. Planets are generally divided into two types, large low-density giant planets, and smaller rocky terrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System, in order of increasing distance from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites, several thousands of planets around other stars have been discovered in the Milky Way. e. in the habitable zone. On December 20,2011, the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth-sized extrasolar planets, Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f, orbiting a Sun-like star, Kepler-20. A2012 study, analyzing gravitational microlensing data, estimates an average of at least 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way, around one in five Sun-like stars is thought to have an Earth-sized planet in its habitable zone. The idea of planets has evolved over its history, from the lights of antiquity to the earthly objects of the scientific age. The concept has expanded to include not only in the Solar System. The ambiguities inherent in defining planets have led to much scientific controversy, the five classical planets, being visible to the naked eye, have been known since ancient times and have had a significant impact on mythology, religious cosmology, and ancient astronomy. In ancient times, astronomers noted how certain lights moved across the sky, as opposed to the fixed stars, ancient Greeks called these lights πλάνητες ἀστέρες or simply πλανῆται, from which todays word planet was derived. In ancient Greece, China, Babylon, and indeed all pre-modern civilizations, it was almost universally believed that Earth was the center of the Universe and that all the planets circled Earth. The first civilization known to have a theory of the planets were the Babylonians

5.
Hypothetical types of biochemistry
–
Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry speculated to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time. The kinds of living organisms currently known on Earth all use carbon compounds for basic structural and metabolic functions, water as a solvent and it is also a common subject in science fiction. The element silicon has been discussed as a hypothetical alternative to carbon. Silicon is in the group as carbon on the periodic table and, like carbon, it is tetravalent. Perhaps the least unusual alternative biochemistry would be one with differing chirality of its biomolecules, in known Earth-based life, amino acids are almost universally of the L form and sugars are of the D form. Amino acids whose chirality is opposite to the norm are found on Earth, however, physicist Paul Davies speculates that some of them might be products of anti-chiral life. It is questionable, however, whether such a biochemistry would be truly alien, on Earth, all known living things have a carbon-based structure and system. However, as Carl Sagan argued, it is difficult to be certain whether a statement that applies to all life on Earth will turn out to apply to all life throughout the universe. Sagan used the term carbon chauvinism for such an assumption, Carl Sagan regarded silicon and germanium as conceivable alternatives to carbon, but, on the other hand, he noted that carbon does seem more chemically versatile and is more abundant in the cosmos. Like carbon, silicon can create molecules that are large to carry biological information. However, silicon has several drawbacks as an alternative to carbon, Silicon, unlike carbon, lacks the ability to form chemical bonds with diverse types of atoms as is necessary for the chemical versatility required for metabolism. Elements creating organic functional groups with carbon include hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and metals such as iron, magnesium, Silicon, on the other hand, interacts with very few other types of atoms. Moreover, where it does interact with atoms, silicon creates molecules that have been described as monotonous compared with the combinatorial universe of organic macromolecules. This is because silicon atoms are much bigger, having a mass and atomic radius. Silanes, which are compounds of hydrogen and silicon that are analogous to the alkane hydrocarbons, are highly reactive with water. Molecules incorporating polymers of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms instead of bonds between silicon, known collectively as silicones, are much more stable. It has been suggested that silicone-based chemicals would be more stable than equivalent hydrocarbons in a sulfuric-acid-rich environment, of the varieties of molecules identified in the interstellar medium as of 1998,84 are based on carbon while only 8 are based on silicon. Moreover, of those 8 compounds, four also include carbon within them, the cosmic abundance of carbon to silicon is roughly 10 to 1

6.
Jupiter
–
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants, the other two giant planets, Uranus and Neptune are ice giants. Jupiter has been known to astronomers since antiquity, the Romans named it after their god Jupiter. Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium and it may also have a rocky core of heavier elements, but like the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. Because of its rotation, the planets shape is that of an oblate spheroid. The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence, a prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere, Jupiter has at least 67 moons, including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these, has a greater than that of the planet Mercury. Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft, most notably during the early Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter. In late February 2007, Jupiter was visited by the New Horizons probe, the latest probe to visit the planet is Juno, which entered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4,2016. Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of its moon Europa, Earth and its neighbor planets may have formed from fragments of planets after collisions with Jupiter destroyed those super-Earths near the Sun. Astronomers have discovered nearly 500 planetary systems with multiple planets, Jupiter moving out of the inner Solar System would have allowed the formation of inner planets, including Earth. Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid matter and it is the largest of the four giant planets in the Solar System and hence its largest planet. It has a diameter of 142,984 km at its equator, the average density of Jupiter,1.326 g/cm3, is the second highest of the giant planets, but lower than those of the four terrestrial planets. Jupiters upper atmosphere is about 88–92% hydrogen and 8–12% helium by percent volume of gas molecules, a helium atom has about four times as much mass as a hydrogen atom, so the composition changes when described as the proportion of mass contributed by different atoms. Thus, Jupiters atmosphere is approximately 75% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass, the atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, water vapor, ammonia, and silicon-based compounds. There are also traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, the outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia. The interior contains denser materials - by mass it is roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, through infrared and ultraviolet measurements, trace amounts of benzene and other hydrocarbons have also been found

7.
Supernova
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This causes the sudden appearance of a new bright star, before slowly fading from sight over several weeks or months. Supernovae are more energetic than novae, in Latin, nova means new, referring astronomically to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix super- distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous, the word supernova was coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931. It is pronounced /ˌsuːpərnoʊvə/ with the plural supernovae /ˌsuːpərnoʊviː/ or supernovas, only three Milky Way naked-eye supernova events have been observed during the last thousand years, though many have been seen in other galaxies using telescopes. The most recent directly observed supernova in the Milky Way was Keplers Supernova in 1604, Supernovae may expel much, if not all, of the material away from a star, at velocities up to 30,000 km/s or 10% of the speed of light. This drives an expanding and fast-moving shock wave into the interstellar medium, and in turn, sweeping up an expanding shell of gas and dust. Supernovae create, fuse and eject the bulk of the chemical elements produced by nucleosynthesis, Supernovae play a significant role in enriching the interstellar medium with the heavier atomic mass chemical elements. Furthermore, the shock waves from supernovae can trigger the formation of new stars. Supernova remnants are expected to accelerate a large fraction of primary cosmic rays. They are also potentially strong galactic sources of gravitational waves, in the second case, the core of a massive star may undergo sudden gravitational collapse, releasing gravitational potential energy as a supernova. While some observed supernovae are more complex than these two simplified theories, the astrophysical collapse mechanics have been established and accepted by most astronomers for some time, in Latin, Nova means new, referring astronomically to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix super- distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous, the word supernova was coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931. It is pronounced /ˌsuːpərnoʊvə/ with the plural supernovae /ˌsuːpərnoʊviː/ or supernovas, the earliest recorded supernova, SN185, was viewed by Chinese astronomers in 185 AD. The brightest recorded supernova was SN1006, which occurred in 1006 AD and was described in detail by Chinese, the widely observed supernova SN1054 produced the Crab Nebula. Johannes Kepler began observing SN1604 at its peak on October 17,1604 and it was the second supernova to be observed in a generation. There is some evidence that the youngest galactic supernova, G1. 9+0.3, occurred in the late 19th century, neither supernova was noted at the time. In the case of G1. 9+0.3, high extinction along the plane of the galaxy could have dimmed the event sufficiently to go unnoticed, the situation for Cassiopeia A is less clear. Infrared light echos have been detected showing that it was a type IIb supernova and was not in a region of especially high extinction, before the development of the telescope, there have only been five supernovae seen in the last millennium

8.
Star Trek (film)
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Star Trek is a 2009 American science fiction adventure film directed by J. J. Abrams, written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Kirk and Spock aboard USS Enterprise as they combat Nero, a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets, the story takes place in an alternate reality because of time travel by both Nero and the original Spock. The alternate timeline was created in an attempt to free the film, the idea for a prequel film which would follow the Star Trek characters during their time in Starfleet Academy was discussed by series creator Gene Roddenberry in 1968. After the separation between Viacom and CBS Corporation, former Paramount president Gail Berman convinced CBS to allow Paramount to produce a feature film, Orci and Kurtzman, both fans of the Star Trek series, were approached to write the film and Abrams was approached to direct it. Kurtzman and Orci used inspiration from novels and graduate school dissertations as well as the series itself, principal photography commenced on November 7,2007 and ended on March 27,2008. The film was shot in locations around California and Utah. Abrams wanted to avoid using bluescreen and greenscreen, opting to use sets, heavy secrecy surrounded the films production and was under the fake working title Corporate Headquarters. Industrial Light & Magic used digital ships for the film, as opposed to the films in the franchise. Production for the film concluded by the end of 2008 and it was released in the United States and Canada on May 8,2009, to critical acclaim. Critics praised the development as well as the storyline in the film. Star Trek became a box office success, grossing over $385.7 million worldwide against its budget of $150 million. The DVD and Blu-ray for the film were released on October 19,2010, the film is followed by two sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond with a fourth having been announced. In the 23rd century, the Federation starship USS Kelvin is investigating a storm in space. A Romulan ship, Narada, emerges from the storm and attacks Kelvin, naradas first officer, Ayel, demands that Kelvins Captain Robau come aboard to negotiate a truce. Robau is questioned about the current stardate and an Ambassador Spock, naradas commander, Nero, kills him, and resumes attacking Kelvin. George Kirk, Kelvins first officer, orders the ships personnel, including his pregnant wife Winona, Kirk sacrifices his life to ensure Winonas survival as she gives birth to James T. Kirk. Seventeen years later on the planet Vulcan, a young Spock is accepted to join the Vulcan Science Academy, realizing that the Academy views his human mother Amanda as a disadvantage, he joins Starfleet instead. On Earth, Kirk becomes a reckless but intelligent young adult, three years later, Commander Spock accuses Kirk of cheating during the Kobayashi Maru simulation

9.
Pliocene
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The Pliocene Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era, the Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch.588 to 1.806 million years ago, and is now included in the Pleistocene. As with other geologic periods, the geological strata that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start. The boundaries defining the Pliocene are not set at an easily identified worldwide event, the upper boundary was set at the start of the Pleistocene glaciations. The Pliocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell, the name comes from the Greek words πλεῖον and καινός and means roughly continuation of the recent, referring to the essentially modern marine mollusc faunas. H. W. Fowler called the term a regrettable barbarism, in the official timescale of the ICS, the Pliocene is subdivided into two stages. From youngest to oldest they are, Piacenzian Zanclean The Piacenzian is sometimes referred to as the Late Pliocene, in the system of North American Land Mammal Ages include Hemphillian, and Blancan. The Blancan extends forward into the Pleistocene, South American Land Mammal Ages include Montehermosan, Chapadmalalan and Uquian. In the Paratethys area the Pliocene contains the Dacian and Romanian stages, as usual in stratigraphy, there are many other regional and local subdivisions in use. In Britain the Pliocene is divided into the stages, Gedgravian, Waltonian, Pre-Ludhamian, Ludhamian, Thurnian, Bramertonian or Antian, Pre-Pastonian or Baventian, Pastonian and Beestonian. The exact correlations between these stages and the ICS stages is still a matter of detail. The formation of an Arctic ice cap is signaled by a shift in oxygen isotope ratios and ice-rafted cobbles in the North Atlantic. Mid-latitude glaciation was probably underway before the end of the epoch, the global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have spurred on the disappearance of forests and the spread of grasslands and savannas. Continents continued to drift, moving from positions possibly as far as 250 km from their present locations to positions only 70 km from their current locations, africas collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. The border between the Miocene and the Pliocene is also the time of the Messinian salinity crisis, Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Pliocene marine rocks are exposed in the Mediterranean, India. Elsewhere, they are exposed largely near shores, the change to a cooler, dry, seasonal climate had considerable impacts on Pliocene vegetation, reducing tropical species worldwide. Deciduous forests proliferated, coniferous forests and tundra covered much of the north, tropical forests were limited to a tight band around the equator, and in addition to dry savannahs, deserts appeared in Asia and Africa

10.
Dune (novel)
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Dune is a 1965 epic science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert, originally published as two separate serials in Analog magazine. It tied with Roger Zelaznys This Immortal for the Hugo Award in 1966 and it is the first installment of the Dune saga, and in 2003 was cited as the worlds best-selling science fiction novel. As this planet is the source of the spice melange. Herbert wrote five sequels, Dune Messiah, Children of Dune, God Emperor of Dune, Heretics of Dune, anderson and the authors son, Brian Herbert, starting in 1999. Since 2009, the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the nomenclature of plains. After his novel The Dragon in the Sea was published in 1957, Herbert traveled to Florence, Oregon, here, the United States Department of Agriculture was attempting to use poverty grasses to stabilize the sand dunes. Herbert claimed in a letter to his agent, Lurton Blassingame. Herberts article on the dunes, They Stopped the Moving Sands, was never completed – and only published later in The Road to Dune –. Herbert spent the five years researching, writing, and revising. He published a three-part serial Dune World in the monthly Analog, the serial was accompanied by several illustrations that were not published again. After an interval of a year, he published the much slower-paced five-part The Prophet of Dune in the January – May 1965 issues, the serialized version was expanded, reworked, and submitted to more than twenty publishers, each of whom rejected it. The novel, Dune, was accepted and published in August 1965 by Chilton Books. In the far future, humanity has eschewed advanced computers in favor of adapting their minds to be capable of complex tasks. Much of this is enabled by the spice melange, which is found on the planet Arrakis. Melange improves general health, extends life and can bestow limited prescience, as the novel opens, each planet is ruled by a Great House that owes allegiance to the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV. The Emperor is aware that Duke Leto Atreides of House Atreides has become a challenger to his throne as he gains favor with other Great Houses in the Landsraad. The Emperor seeks to have House Atreides destroyed by assigning control of Arrakis. The Atreides and Harkonnen houses have had a feud

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with a mass …

Jupiter's diameter is one order of magnitude smaller (×0.10045) than that of the Sun, and one order of magnitude larger (×10.9733) than that of Earth. The Great Red Spot is roughly the same size as Earth.