My mentor Imām Hamīd Uddin Farāhī has dealt so
comprehensively and aptly with the central theme of this sūrah and its
relationship with the preceding and succeeding sūrahs that instead of writing
anything myself, I will just quote a few excerpts from his exegesis.

He writes:

It has been mentioned in the exegesis of Sūrah Nasr that
just as the Almighty completed the mission of the Prophet (sws) on the conquest
of Makkah, similarly He ended the Book revealed to him on the mention of this
great victory. This is an indication to the fact that the truth had reached its
central place. It was the conquest of Makkah which was the final assignment of
the Prophet (sws) because the House of God was the centre of monotheism and
Islam and the fountainhead of the religion of Abraham (sws). After this, the
only thing needed was perseverance and steadfastness for which the three
succeeding sūrahs were appended to this sūrah: Sūrah Ikhlās which is a treasure
trove of monotheism and the foundation of religion and then Sūrah Falaq and
Sūrah Nās as supplications which provide perseverance and also protect this
treasure of monotheism from the onslaughts of the devils among men and jinn.1

After this, Imām Farāhī has mentioned the wisdom in the
placement of Sūrah Lahab in between Sūrah Nasr and the three sūrahs which come
after Sūrah Lahab:

It is evident from these introductory remarks that all
these sūrahs: Sūrah Nasr, Sūrah Ikhlās, and the mu‘awwadhatayn are arranged
together harmoniously. Hence the placement of Sūrah Lahab between them must
necessarily be based on some wisdom otherwise this sequence of arrangement would
become meaningless. Consequently, after deliberation on this issue, it becomes
evident that the conquest and dominance mentioned in Sūrah Nasr is actually
predicted in and explained in Sūrah Lahab. Thus as per the overall sequence of
arrangement of these sūrahs, it is implied that the Almighty made His Prophet
victorious and destroyed his enemies. Thus at another place, the Almighty has
said:

There is no god except the one God. He fulfilled His
promise and helped His servant and alone defeated all enemy groups.2

On the face of it, these are just three separate sentences.
In reality, for a man of vision they mention the subject matter of the three
sūrahs in the same sequence as these sūrahs occur. The first sentence “there is
no god except the one God” is the subject matter of Sūrah Kāfirūn; the second
“He fulfilled His promise and helped His servant” that of Sūrah Nasr and the
third “and alone defeated all enemy groups” that of Sūrah Lahab. In other words,
just as these three sentences are in sequence for a man of vision, similarly,
those who would reflect on the subject matter of these sūrahs would find them in
a meaningful sequence.3

Sūrah’s Place of Revelation and the Prediction it makes

One important question about this sūrah is whether it was
revealed in Makkah or in Madīnah. Most exegetes regard it to be a Makkan sūrah.
However, this opinion does not seem sound. The only argument they cite in
support of their opinion is that this sūrah is the answer to the insolence and
disrespect shown by Abū Lahab for the person of the Prophet (sws). Some
narratives mention that when the Prophet (sws) was directed by the Almighty to
warn his near ones from the wrath of God, he, one day, climbed the hillock of
Safā’ and shouted the words: wa sabāhan. In Arabia, these words were considered
an alarm for some imminent danger. After hearing these words, all families of
the Quraysh gathered around the Prophet (sws). He asked them that if he were to
inform them that a great army on the other side of the hillock was waiting in
ambush to attack them, would they believe him? All of them replied in the
affirmative because they had never heard him lie. At this, the Prophet (sws)
said that if this was so, he would warn them of a great punishment that will
come to them. Abū Lahab instantly responded with the words:
تَباًّ لَكَ أَلهِذَا دَعَوْتَنَا (May you be cursed! Did you call us for
this reason).

Exegetes say that it is this incident which occasioned the
revelation of this sūrah. In other words, when Abū Lahab misbehaved with the
Prophet (sws) by uttering these words, the Almighty in order to assure the
Prophet (sws) revealed this sūrah in condemnation of Abū Lahab and his wife.
Since this incident occurred early in the Makkan period, exegetes regard this
sūrah to belong to that time. Now, as far as this incident is concerned, one
cannot deny it; however, for various reasons it is improbable that this sūrah
was revealed in response to Abū Lahab’s misdemeanour and to condemn him and his
wife.

Firstly, it seems unlikely that the misbehaviour of an
adversary of a Prophet (sws) would be responded to in such a tit-for-tat manner.
Abū Lahab was not the only one who showed such enmity and disrespect to the
Prophet (sws). Most leaders of Makkah and Tā’if were involved in this offence;
however, in response to these excesses, the Prophet (sws) not only showed
perseverance and ignored them, he urged his Companions (sws) also to adopt this
attitude of forbearance and the Almighty too directed him repeatedly to adhere
to it. Never did the Prophet (sws) utter even a word of condemnation in response
to even the severest display of disrespect to him by any of them. He had been
directed by the Almighty to call his people to the truth with wisdom and with
kindly exhortation and he always adhered to this directive. He did not even
label his people as kuffār until, as evident from my exegesis of Sūrah Kāfirūn,
the truth had been communicated to them to such an extent that they were left
with no excuse to deny it and until the time had arrived to migrate from them
after announcing his acquittal what to speak of condemning and censuring them.
The prophets before him adopted no different a methodology. How then is it
possible that right at the beginning of his preaching mission, he became so
offended by a remark of his uncle that for his assurance a whole sūrah be
revealed as a result – a sūrah in which according to our exegetes not only is
his uncle taken to task but also his aunt.

Secondly, there is a world of difference between the words
of Abū Lahab تَباًّ لَكَ and the words
تَبَّتْ يَدَا أَبِي لَهَبٍ of this sūrah. The former
do imply condemnation and are used to demean and debase someone; however, this
does not mean that other idioms which begin with the word
تَباًّ also carry in them the meaning of humiliating and demeaning
someone. Had the revealed words been تَبًّ لِأَبِي لَهَبٍ
there could have been a possibility that Abū Lahab was being paid back in
the same coins; however, the revealed words are تَبَّتْ يَدَا
أَبِي لَهَبٍ. These words in no way have a ring of condemnation and
reprimand, but as, will be explained later, they refer to the end of Abū Lahab’s
political dominance, a defeat of all his friends and allies and a devastation of
his pomp and wealth. In other words, this sentence is not a statement of fact;
it is a prediction of Abū Lahab’s destruction given in the past tense. This
prediction was made when the truth had been communicated to him in such an
ultimate form that he was left with no excuse to deny it. It is thus incorrect
to believe that this sūrah is an early Makkah one. It was revealed when the
signs of Abū Lahab’s destruction were becoming evident. He died a little after
the battle of Badr; thus the revelation of this sūrah too should be around this
period. It is also evident from the style of the sūrah that it was revealed
before his death. Had it been revealed after his death the style of the sūrah
would have been like أَلَمْ تَرَ كَيْفَ (Have you not
seen?) or words similar to it. The past tense adopted in the opening verse of
the sūrah is employed for expressing the certainty of a future event. Examples
of this style abound in the Qur’ān and we have referred to them several times
earlier.

Both hands of Abū Lahab have been broken and he himself
shall perish. Neither did his wealth benefit him nor what he had earned. He
shall be caste into a blazing Fire. His wife too such that she will be carrying
firewood. There will be a twisted rope round her neck. (111:1-5)

Explanation

(١) تَبَّتْ يَدَا أَبِي لَهَبٍ وَتَبَّ

(Both hands of Abū Lahab have been broken and he himself
shall perish.)

The Arabic word means تَبٌّ“to
perish and end up in loss”. From this, the idiom تَبَّتْ
يَدَا فُلاَنٌhas been formed, which can only mean that both hands of such
and such a person have failed to achieve an objective. Failure of both hands is
a complete picture of one’s helplessness. If it is said
تَبَّتْ يَدَاهُ then this would mean “he was totally unable to compete”.
Similarly, the words كَسَرَ يَدٌ (his hands broke) are
a portrayal of crushing someone’s force.

A couplet of Fanad al-Zamānī reads:

وَ تَرَكْنَا دِيَارَ تَغْلَبَ قَفَرَا

وَ كَسَرْنَا مِنَ الغَوَاةِ الجَنَاحَا

(We flattened the area of Taghlib and broke the hands of
its arrogant [people])

In Hebrew, a sister language of Arabic, this idiom is used
also. In the Book of Ezekiel, it is written:

In the eleventh year, in the first month on the seventh
day, the word of the Lord came to me. I have broken the arm of Pharaoh king of
Egypt. It has not been bound up for healing or put in a splint so as to become
strong enough to hold a sword. Therefore this is what the sovereign LORD says: I
am against Pharaoh king of Egypt. I will break both his arms, the good arm as
well as the broken one, and make the sword fall from his hand. (Ezekiel, 30:
20-22)

It is evident from this excerpt that the there is no
element of condemnation and censure present in this word. It is only a
prediction that Abū Lahab’s political power will be crushed and he will also
perish. It needs to be appreciated that he has been mentioned by his honorific
title (kuniyyah)and when Arabs mention someone thus, it is generally out of
respect for him.

Here a question arises that in the whole of the Qur’ān no
enemy of the Prophet (sws) has been mentioned by name; so what was special about
Abū Lahab that he was mentioned by his name?

The answer to this question is that there can be several
reasons for mentioning him by name; however, two of them are very significant.

First, the nature of enmity between the Prophet (sws) and
Abū Lahab was extremely different from the one between him and his other
enemies. The main difference which other leaders of Quraysh had with the Prophet
(sws) was that they considered the religion preached by him to be against their
ancestral religion; the reason for this enmity was not that they thought that
this religion was a danger to their own person interests. They had great respect
for the lofty morals towards which he would call people. Many nobles among the
Quraysh held him in high esteem for urging people to be kind to the orphans, the
needy and the slaves. They wanted that all these admirable efforts be
undertaken. In this regard, they thought highly of the Prophet (sws) because
they found him to be an embodiment of exalted traits. The anger they had for him
was because in his preaching he would censure their idols. It has already been
indicated in the exegesis of Sūrah Kāfirūn that they were ready to compromise
with him if he adopted a soft tone for their idols.

On the other hand, the enmity of Abū Lahab was totally for
the protection of his personal interests. He was in charge of the treasury of
the Baytullāh, which was called rifādah. He had taken such control of it that a
greater part of the money received would go into his own pockets instead of
being spent on orphans, the poor and the pilgrims. As a result, he had become
the Shylock of his times. When he heard the calls of the Prophet (sws) towards
lofty morals and the verses which depicted the objectives of building the
Baytullāh,4
he felt that the time of his accountability was drawing near. If he did not make
an immediate effort to curb the intensity of the Prophet’s preaching, he would
have to let go of all his vested interests from which he was being able to
benefit at that time without any hindrance or impediment. He thus rose to make a
concerted effort to oppose the Prophet (sws). Sūrah Humazah and some other
sūrahs portray his character. People who agree or oppose a point of view whilst
disregarding their personal interests have decency in them, even though their
stance might not be correct; on the contrary, people who agree or oppose a point
of view merely because of their personal interests are absolutely devoid of
decency. It is because of this reason that there is a world of difference
between the nature of enmity of Abū Jahal and Abū Sufyān and that of Abū Lahab.
And it is because of this very reason that the name of Abū Lahab was specially
mentioned so that people come to know of the character of people who are the
real enemies of the truth and how the Almighty deals with them.

The second reason is that a trait of preaching of the
prophets becomes evident from it: the real basis for association or
disassociation with a prophet is the religion of God. It is people who become
the companions and loved ones of a prophet who adopt the religion of God however
much they be far from him and those who sever their relationship with him become
adversaries of the religion of God, however much they may be near to him as
regards being their kith and kin. In order to delineate this reality, the
incidents of Noah’s (sws) son, Abraham’s (sws) father and Lot’s (sws) wife are
mentioned with great emphasis in the Qur’ān. For this very reason the name of
Abū Lahab has been mentioned here: it should become evident from this mention
that race and lineage have no status before God. A shepherd can become a loved
one of a prophet if he accepts his message and if an uncle of his rejects his
message, his relation with God and the prophet will stand severed. In other
words, this is a practical testimony of the declaration of acquittal against the
disbelievers mentioned in Sūrah Kāfirūn.

A question arises here: The words
تَبَّتْ يَدَا أَبِي لَهَبٍ were seemingly enough to predict the downfall
of Abū Lahab; what then is the use of the words وَتَبَّ
after them? The answer to this question is that the first part is a
prediction of his political downfall and the second part is a prediction of his
own death. Consequently, these predictions materialized word for word. There
were many of his special allies and cronies among the leaders of the Quraysh who
were killed in the battle of Badr. This really damaged his political status.
Then soon after this battle he was inflicted with small-pox. For fear that this
disease might be contagious, neither his associates nor his sons and other
relatives inquired after his health. It was in this state of helplessness that
he died and for many days his dead body rotted in the house. At last, when his
sons got tired of the taunts of people, they hired a few negroes and with their
help threw his corpse in the upper region of Makkah and covered it with stones
and pebbles which were flung from a distance. It should be kept in consideration
that flinging stones at someone in those times was tantamount to cursing him.

This fact also needs to remain in mind was that all leaders
of the Quraysh participated in the battle of Badr with great fervour and
enthusiasm; however, Abū Lahab stayed back because of cowardice. In fact, he
forced a person from whom he had no hope of recovering a loan to take part in
the battle in lieu of the loan. This person did take part and was most probably
killed whilst the spineless Abū Lahab remained in his house; however, even this
scheme could not save him from death. Very soon, as I have indicated earlier, he
was inflicted with small-pox and died a humiliating death. In my opinion, the
words وَتَبَّ refer to this dreadful fate of his.

(٢) مَا أَغْنَى عَنْهُ مَالُهُ وَمَا
كَسَبَ

(Neither did his wealth benefit him nor what he had
earned)

For those who have greed for money, money is everything. So
much so, they are overcome with the evil notion that money will even save them
from the grasp of God. In Sūrah Humazah, this mentality of such
money-worshipping miserly people is revealed in the following words:

He who amassed wealth and counted it over thinking that
his wealth has rendered him immortal. (104:2-3)

Whilst explaining these verses, I have written that the
words actually portray Abū Lahab and his companions. Such people never think
that one day they will have to face God and that He can put them through such a
trial which will make them realize the shallowness of wealth. All his life, Abū
Lahab remained under this false notion and at last the time did come when he saw
from his very eyes that even the greatest sum of money cannot save man from
God’s grasp.

Exegetes have recorded many opinions while interpreting the
words وَمَا كَسَبَ. Some think that they refer to his
sons. Although it is true, as pointed out earlier, that in the end even the sons
of Abū Lahab could not be of any use to him, however this interpretation seems
far-fetched. Some others regard them to refer to his illegal earnings;
notwithstanding the fact that these words are inappropriate for such an
interpretation, the wordsمَا أَغْنَى عَنْهُ مَالُهُ leave no need for this
interpretation because it would amount to mere repetition. In my opinion, these
words refer to deeds which he did whilst thinking them to be virtuous; however,
because of his evil disposition and his subscription to polytheism they have no
value. It should remain in consideration that he was in charge of the treasury
of the Baytullāh. Therefore, he had to see to some welfare works for the poor,
the indigent and the pilgrims. However, he was forced to carry out these as mere
pretence so that they could cover up his misdeeds. Such works have no value
before the Almighty.

(٣) سَيَصْلَى نَارًا ذَاتَ لَهَبٍ

(He shall be caste into a blazing Fire)

The two preceding verses depict Abū Lahab’s fate in this
world. In this verse, is depicted the fate he will encounter in the Hereafter:
He shall be caste into a blazing Fire. The fire has been described by the words
ذَاتَ لَهَبَْ. The person who will be caste into it is
called by the honorific title أبُو لَهَبْ (Abū Lahab).
In accordance with this name, he will enter a fire which has a similar name.
لَهَبْ means “flame”. It seems that Abū Lahab had a
redish-white complexion like that of a flame. For this reason, he either himself
adopted this honorific title or his flatterers called him by this name and this
honorific title became so famous that his real name: ‘Abd al-‘Uzzā was
forgotten. By this description, the Qur’ān has pointed to the reality that the
very redish white complexion which was a source of pride for him in this world
will lead him to doom. He will be caste into a fire whose flames would be
blazing. The message which is meant to be put across is that pride on outer
beauty has no value; it can lead a person to ruin if there is no inner beauty to
go along with it.

(٤) وَامْرَأَتُهُ حَمَّالَةَ الْحَطَبِ

(His wife too such that she will be carrying firewood)

The verses say that his wife will also be caste into the
blazing fire with him and she will be carrying firewood. The reason that his
wife too will meet this fate is right in accordance with justice: she herself
was his associate in his crimes which led him to Hell. At times, wife and
children become a source for a person committing certain crimes which not only
ruin him but also his wife and children. For this very reason the Qur’ān has
said:

Believers! Some among your spouses and your children are
also your enemies: beware of them. (64:14)

The manner in which a person’s wife and children are
regarded as his enemies is that a person while trying to comply with their
unwarranted and needless desires and while wrongly pampering them becomes
indifferent to the directives of God and becomes guilty of breeching these
directives. In this respect, the wife and the children are called a trial and
the Prophet (sws) has warned that a person’s children can make him stingy and
fearful. It seems that like unseemly women, the wife of Abū Lahab also was fond
of fashion and jewelry, had a great greed for wealth and also possessed a
proclivity for showing off. She ruined the already ruined temperament of Abū
Lahab. So much so, she also became worthy of the same punishment as that of her
husband.

There exists a lot difference of opinion in the
interpretation of the expression حَمَّالَةَ الْحَطَبِ.
Most exegetes think that this expression humiliatingly depicts what her state
was in this world. Like a slave-lady, she would go to the forest with a rope
dangling in her neck in order to gather a pieces of wood. This is the most
famous of all interpretations. However, the more famous it is, the farther away
it is from the truth.

It should be kept in consideration that it was the Quraysh
who ruled Arabia. Among the Quraysh, the tribe of Banū Hāshim in particular was
the real masters of Arabia. Abū Lahab being a member of a very rich clan was
very rich himself. In the times of the Prophet (sws), he held such an esteemed
position in the religious polity of the Quraysh that he virtually had the reigns
of power in his own hands. Can it be imagined that the wife of such an affluent
leader needed to go to the forest to gather wood? Such was the state of affairs
of these wealthy people that each possessed several slave men and women and such
was the delicate temperament of their wives that they would regard suckling
their own children as something below their dignity. Even the commoners among
them would hire women of other tribes to suckle their children.

Abū Lahab’s wife was no ordinary a lady. She was Umm Jamīl
bint Harb, a lady of very high status from among the tribe of Banū ‘Abd al-Shams
who was wedded into the Banū Hāshim tribe. If due consideration is given to the
position her husband held in the Arab nobility, it would not be an exaggeration
to say that she had the same status as is held these days by the first lady of a
country.

Probably because of this very reason some people have said
that she would bring thorny bushes and throw them at the door of the Prophet’s
house and some others say that she had a habit of back-biting and twisting
matters and then wrongly conveying them to others to create discord between
people. They opine that the words حَمَّالَةَ الْحَطَبِ
portray this bad habit of hers. These interpretations are so baseless and so far
off from the linguistic principles of Arabic that to criticize them would be
wasting the time of the readers; hence, I will ignore them. For details, people
can consult the exegesis of Imām Farāhī.

In my opinion, the word حَمَّالَةَ
in حَمَّالَةَ الْحَطَبِ is in an accusative of state (حَال)
and it depicts her state when she will be caste into Hell together with her
husband. At that time, her situation will be akin to the criminal who carries
the very instruments which are responsible for his or her execution.

Except for regardingحَمَّالَةَ as
an accusative of state (حَال), there can be no other
possibility to explain its syntactical construction, in which case all the above
mentioned interpretations become baseless. This is because if
حَمَّالَةَ is regarded as an accusative of state, these interpretations
become grammatically impossible.

The state of affairs of a criminal on the Day of Judgement
is described at various places in the Qur’ān. If this is deliberated upon, the
portrayal of Abū Lahab’s wife by the words حَمَّالَةَ
الْحَطَبِ is in accordance with this description:

So that they carry all their burdens on the Day of
Judgement together with the burdens of those who in their ignorance were misled
by them. (16:25)

It is evident from these details that she would not only be
carrying the burden of her own sins on her back, but also the ones of her
husband’s for which she herself was a motive and that this burden would be in
the form of firewood.

It can thus be surmised from this discussion that Abū
Lahab’s wife is not mentioned in this verse to appease emotions by condemning
and censuring her, as has been generally understood. On the contrary, her
mention is to effectively drive home the message specifically to the female
community that how an impious lady can lead not only herself to doom but also
her husband and children. The Qur’ān has mentioned the female community right
beside the male one so that each can learn a lesson more effectively from the
fate of their own community. Since Abū Lahab’s wife belonged to the upper strata
of the society, hence both affluent ladies as well as slave ladies could learn a
lesson from her fate.

(٥) فِي جِيدِهَا حَبْلٌ مِنْ مَسَدٍ

(There will be a twisted rope round her neck)

These words complete the portrayal of Abū Lahab’s wife
drawn in the previous verse. She will wear a thick rope round her neck – the one
which is carried by slave-women who gather firewood. It is strange that our
exegetes are of the opinion that this will be her state in the Hereafter; so it
is odd that they have not regarded the previous verse to relate to the Hereafter
because according to the linguistic principles of Arabic the two verses are so
deeply connected that one cannot sever them in any way.

The word مَسَدٍ is used for the
fiber, leaves or crust of dates. Strong ropes are made out of it. Hence the word
is also used for a resilient rope whether it is made of the fiber of dates or of
leather or of something similar. Its use for the rope of a spinning wheel is
very common which is a testimony to the fact it is commonly used for a strong
and thick rope.

The apparent interpretation of the verse is that when Abū
Lahab’s wife will rise on the Day of Judgement, a sturdy rope will be dangling
from her neck which will be as thick as the rope found in the necks of
slave-women who carry firewood. A little deliberation shows that the addition of
this feature to her brings out the following facts:

1. It explains the state of Abū Lahab’s wife mentioned in
the expression حَمَّالَةَ الْحَطَبِ.

2. It depicts her state of humiliation which she will
encounter in the Hereafter.

3. It illustrates the harmony between the deeds and the
consequences of these deeds: the very necklace she used to vainly wear in this
world will be transformed into a thick rope in the next world. As a result, she
will resemble a slave-woman who goes out to fetch firewood whilst a rope is
suspended from her neck.

4. Conceited women besides being fond of embellishing
themselves are equally fond of showing off. For this reason, they pay special
attention to the weight and size of their ornaments; for this reason the rope
round the neck of Abū Lahab’s wife is depicted to be a thick one.

By the grace of God, with these lines, the tafsīr of this
sūrah reaches its end. فالحمد لله حمدا كثيرا (so
abundant gratitude be to God)