Cartographica Neerlandica Map Text for Ortelius Map No. 28

Text, scholarly version, translated from the 1579/1580L2Add, 1579 Latin (AB), 1580/1589 German, 1581 French, 1584 Latin, 1587 French, 1588 Spanish, 1592 Latin, 1595 Latin, 1598 French, 1601 Latin, 1602 German, 1602 Spanish, 1603 Latin, 1606 English, 1609/1612/1641 Spanish and 1609/1612 Latin edition. Note the inclusion of the French editions from 1581, 1587 and 1598, which normally side with the vernacular Dutch maptexts. I may be that Ortelius did not have the opportunity to write a popular text in 1581, while a scholarly version from the 1579/1580 second Latin Additamentum was available. However, this 1581 French edition was not updated like the other editions with scholarly texts, and in that respect it belongs to the editions with popular text:

28.1. {1579/1580L2Add{The diocese of SEVILLA, part of ANDALUZIA.

2. The diocese of the church of Sevilla is situated in that province of Spain which in rich commodities, and a kind of fruitful and peculiar pleasantness excels above all the rest. This beautiful province was by the ancients called Bætica after the river Bætis. But later writers have called it VVandalicia {1581F, 1587F & 1598F only{corrupted to{1606E{or Andaluzia}1581F, 1587F, 1598F & 1606E only} {not in 1580/1589G{after the Vandals who in later times {1606E instead{about one thousand years ago}1606E instead}, occupied it}not in 1580/1589G}.28.2 This diocese or territory is of all regions and territories in Spain rightly considered to be the most fortunate one, both with regard to the multitude and civility of its inhabitants, and because of its wealth and the abundance of all things. This was even confirmed by the verses {not in 1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S{of the Greeks}not in 1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S}, who attribute Elysian pleasures and delights to this area {not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F{which borders on the western ocean} not in not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F}. 28.3. This territory contains, spread out [over it], almost 200 important towns, next to a great number of villages, so that there are now more towns under the jurisdiction of this single diocese or convent than there used to be over all four [taken] together, for (as Plinius writes) they prescribed laws, but only to 175 towns. And however small a number this seems to be, if you take into account those one hundred thousand villages which in the territory of Sevilla alone, called Axarafi by the Arabs, were by king Ferdinand received into a loyal allegiance with the city itself? In spite of this, after the expulsion of the barbarians [Moors], most of them became desolate. 28.4. Since the limits of this [diocese] differ much from the ancient precincts of Spanish dioceses, they approach the form prescribed by king Vamba to all the cathedrals of Spain. For this diocese has to the East the territory of Cordoba, West the frontiers of Algarve, North it lies opposite that part of Portugal which is called the government of Saint Jacobus, but the remainder towards the South is enclosed by the diocese of Cadiz and the ocean. Important towns are here very numerous, the most important one being the royal city of Sevilla, spread out and pleasantly situated on the bank of the river Bætis {1588S & 1602S have instead, 1581F, 1587F, 1598F &1608/1612I additionally{Guadalquivir}1588S & 1602S instead, 1581F, 1587F, 1598F & 1608/1612I additionally}, {not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F{and surrounded by beautiful and stately walls}not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F}. 28.5. This famous river Bætis {1588S, 1602S, 1606E, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S instead{Guadalquivir}1588S, 1602S, 1606E, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S instead} comes from a forest formerly called Saltus Tugiensis {1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{plains of Alcatraz}1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S instead} and continues its course past the main cities of the province it has entered. From this noble city, known by the old name of Colonia Romulea, continues its stream in a navigable channel abounding with fish, to the western ocean for a distance of sixty miles {1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S only{to Gibraltar}1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S only}, its banks on both sides flourishing with olive trees, vineyards and most admirable sweet gardens, perfumed with the fragrant smell of lemons.28.6. Now Sevilla, {1581F, 1587F & 1598F only{surrounded by splendid walls}1581F, 1587F & 1598F only}{both for its churches and houses is the most graceful city in all of Spain and for the neat clothing of its citizens and a kind of elegance peculiar to them, is inferior to no city at all in the world. Here religion, the study of liberal arts and the practice of gentleman-like exercises are in their prime. And so infinite are the riches and treasures included within the walls of this city, that the like of it never in the old times could be found in any kingdom or empire however great, with Rome as the only exception. For this being the richest of all the cities of Europe, it largely distributes over the entire Christendom that infinite wealth which it fetches from another world [America] which from here was first discovered. With which it also abundantly furnishes the very barbarous nations inhabiting the innermost parts of Africa and Asia. 28.7. It is quite clear that for a number of years taken together in the bookkeeping of the Indies-contract-houses there was most faithfully registered [a wealth of] a hundred and more millions [of ducats] {1580/1589G & 1602G instead{100 tons}1580/1589G & 1602G instead} of gold. And from this one may guess that even much more was concealed by those that brought it [here], fearing that the king at a certain time would like to have borrowed it. What then should we think of the infinite and incredible amount of riches which after their first discovery of America to the present has been transported to this place, two fleets yearly running into Spain, carrying no other cargo than gold and silver {1580/1589G & 1602G only{instead of being stabilised with sand}1580/1589G & 1602G only}, and mostly weighed by both? But these (you will say) are foreign commodities, fetched from far away. 28.8. It is so rich by itself that it pays a yearly tribute to the king to whom it is loyally devoted, of a million and a half {1580/1589G & 1602G have instead{one and a half tons}1580/1589G & 1602G instead} in gold, as much as many princes can scarcely raise from their entire kingdoms. Here live for trade innumerable multitudes of strangers, next to whom there have lately been counted 24,000 citizens [who are] householders, divided into 28 wards. The first of these wards is famous both for its name and for the church of St. Mary, no church in all of Christendom being better, if you consider this large and magnificent building with its beautiful and admirable ornaments, and its steeple, likewise of exceeding height, from where signals are given at certain hours. In it, you find a lofty pinnacle of most excellent workmanship, from where you may behold a most glorious view all over the city and the adjacent fields. 28.9. How am I to describe the royal magnificence of the kings castle, no others having been built more gorgeously by the kings of Spain, nor more pleasantly situated [than this one]? Or to what purpose should I describe the sumptuous palaces of dukes, counts and noblemen, or the neat houses of [the] citizens, with their rich fountains, green parks and fragrant gardens? In silence I omit [to mention] the ancient water streams, diffused by arches through all parts of the city, and the more recent ones, {Latin & Italian editions only{S.P.Q.H. [Senatus PopulusQue Hispaniae, according to the senate and the people of Spain]}Latin & Italian editions only}, which through infinite costs and industry of the senators and citizens of Sevilla have for public appreciation been channelled to the place commonly called Hercules pillars [strait of Gibraltar], {not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F{which, by planting trees, they have converted from a large swamp into a most beautiful grove, leaving fair and broad spaces open for people to walk, run and amuse themselves. 28.10. Now who can sufficiently recommend the gardens outside the city, full with a variety of pleasures, and those stately houses in the fields bordering on the river Bætis {1588S, 1602S, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Guadalquivir}1588S, 1602S, 1609/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S instead}? From there they may daily behold ships arriving both from the old and the new world}not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F}. For Sevilla, queen of the ocean, located as it is as an intermediate between the two, unites them by prosperous sea travel, and rich trade. It would be tedious to list the majesty of the city senate, the kings palace, or of his castle at Triana. This Triana is a fair suburb on the other side of the [river] Bætis (1588S, 1602S, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Guadalquivir}1588S, 1602S, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S instead}, inhabited by almost three thousand citizens, and joined to the city by a bridge resting on piles, {not in 1588S, 1602S, 1606E & 1609/1612/1641S{brough there by numerous ships}not in 1588S, 1602S, 1606E & 1609/1612/1641S}. But whoever considers the richness and fertility of their fields, abounding with all kinds of grain, may justly acknowledge it as a bountiful and prodigious work of nature, which here above all other places seems to attract and distribute pleasures and treasures for the benefit of mankind. 28.11. Next {1606E only{to Sevilla in authority and size}1606E only} [is] Cæsariana, also called Xeres de la frontiera, and Iulia Firmitas {1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Ecija}1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S instead}, {not in 1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S{now called Astigi}not in 1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S}, which in old times were colonies of the Romans. They excel in authority and size [above] all other towns and cities. Carmona and Utraria may well be called the two granaries and store houses of Sevilla. Next follows Marchena, consisting of ancient stone monuments, and next, I do not truly know why [it is being called as it is] comes Martia Colonia and Arcobriga, being the lordship towns of the most illustrous ducal family of the Ponce {1581F, 1587F & 1598F only{of Leon}1581F, 1587F & 1598F only}. To these you may add Ursao, formerly called Genua Urbanorum, and at this moment Ossuna, the most honourable and richest duchy of the Girones {not in 1608/1612I{ennobled with a university}not in 1608/1612I}. 28.12. For oil, corn and wine Constantina, Cazalla and Moron excel mostly. Nebrissa, {not in 1580/1589G, 1581F, 1587F, 1598F & 1602G{similarly situated at the mouth of the Btis}not in 1580/1589G, 1581F, 1587F, 1598F & 1602G} {1588S, 1602S, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Guadalquivir}1588S, 1602S, 1608/1612I & 1608/1612/1641S instead}, the most happy native soil of Ælius Antonius, the restorer and author of the Latin tongue in Spain is famous for [its] antiquity, and inferior to none in abundance of corn. Also in the very bay in which the Btis (1581F, 1587F, 1588S, 1598F, 1602S, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Guadalquivir}1581F, 1587F, 1588S, 1598F, 1602S, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S instead} discharges its waters {not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F{on the headland formerly called promontory of Lucifer}not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F}, you find the town which we now call Solucar or Sa[i]nt Lucar, the rich market town of the Gothish dukes, and very commodious for the West Indian fleets. Other important towns of this diocese I omit for brevity's sake. 28.13. The soil in this entire area is most miraculously abundant with wheat, wine and oil, and all kinds of grain, with which it supplies remote and foreign countries overseas. And how deservedly would Plinius have preferred this part [of the world] above Italy, had he not, [being] an Italian, entertained a greater affection for his own country? Yet, Spain, wherever it borders on the sea, is recommended by him, which praise we understand to apply especially to that part of Bætica {1581F, 1587F, 1598F, 1606E, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Andalusia}1581F, 1587F, 1598F, 1606E, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S instead} which pertains to the diocese of Sevilla, because it lies open to the main ocean and the gentle blasts of the west {1580/1589G & 1602G instead{south}1580/1589G & 1602G instead}[winds]. 28.14. The sky is here most favourable, always smiling in a temperate and most amiable way. Its people, born to piety and good arts, excelling in sharpness of wit and surpassing others in bold courage and readiness of mind (which is in a way peculiar, and hereditary to this nation)will in no case allow themselves either in offices of courtesy or in the waging of war to be surpassed by any nation.28.15. The archbishop of Sevilla, next to the one of Toledo, is the highest prelacy of all of Spain. Earlier, it had eleven suffrage bishops {1609/1612/1641S only{namely those of Malaga, Cadiz and Canaria}1609/1612/1641S only}, as appears from the composition of the councils, namely the bishop of Cordoba who is now under the spiritual jurisdiction of Toledo, the bishop of Illiberis, who after the expulsion of the Moors moved to the metropolitan see of Granada. [Next is] the bishop of Ilipa or Elepa, now called Pennaflor, [a town] which is presently destitute of a bishops see, and is subject to the authority of the church of Sevilla. The bishopric of Tuccitano, now called Martos, {not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F{and in old times Augusta Gemella Colonia}not in 1581F, 1587F & 1598F}, at this moment destitute of a bishop and under the jurisdiction of Gienna. The bishopric of Malaga, which is now suffrage to Sevilla. The bishopric of Ægabria is now called Cabra. It has no prelate, but belongs to the church of Cordoba. 28.16. The bishopric of Asindia or Asidonia, now called Medina Sidonia, subjected to the bishop of Cadiz, the episcopal see being moved from Gadisea, others call it Asidonia, is now said to stand not far from that place where Xeres is located, {1588S, 1602S & 1606E only{unless you will say that it retained one and the same name}1588S, 1602S & 1606E only}. {not in 1606E{The gardens of Sidonia you now find at the banks of the river Guadalethe, once called Asidonia Cæsariana, much better known by its corrupted name of Xerxes, unless this derives from another place name}not in 1606E}. {1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S only{So far from Silveira}1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S only}. It also had the bishopric of {not in 1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S{Ossonoba near}not in 1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S} Pharo, a town in Algarve, the Moors named it Exuba. Afterwards it was incorporated into the church of Silva, which, before becoming a member of Sevilla, was made suffragan to Ebora by pope Paul the third, which [he] himself had advanced to a metropolitan see. [Then there is] the bishopric of Abdera which was converted to the see of Almeria, and is now suffrage to Granada. 28.17. [Then] the bishopric of Astigi {1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Ecija}1588S, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S instead}, which has now been incorporated into the church of Sevilla. The bishopric of Italica, situated in a most noble settlement of the Romans, not only in terms of citizens, but also of emperors and generals, which, being at a distance of six miles from Sevilla, on the other side of the Btis {1588S, 1602S, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Guadalquivir}1588S, 1602S, 1608/1612I & 1609/1612/1641S instead}, in ancient times, when St. Gerontius the martyr was bishop, was a frequently visited and highly adored place because of its patron or holy manners. From this town came Traianus, Hadrianus and Theodosius, three great and renowned emperors. It is commonly called Old Sevilla, its vast ruins now hardly remaining, a woeful spectacle of the fickleness of human things, to be lamented the more because lost fragments of that most beautiful and large amphitheatre which now lie scattered and disjointed, renew a sadder memory of its ancient greatness and magnificence.28.18. At this time the archbishop of Sevilla has for suffrages the bishops of Malaga, Cadiz and of the Canary isles. The majesty, dignity and wealth of this church we cannot in a few words describe. Let it suffice that we gather from their own accounts that the archbishops yearly revenues amount to more than 100,000 golden ducats. The principals of the church have clearly more than 30,000 [ducats] {1580/1589G & 1602G only{which are used to repair the roof}1580/1589G & 1602G only}, the whole society of the church is allowed 120,000 [ducats], which are distributed among 40 canons, 11 privileged priests, 20 fellow portionaries or pensioners, and as many half-pensioners in such a way that the canons and privileged priests have a daily allowance that amounts yearly to 2000 ducats each. The pensioners have one quarter part less, and the half-pensioners are allowed only one third. 28.19. Next to the archbishop, the greatest authority resides in the dean, whose dignity is esteemed [to be] worth 5000 ducats a year. Besides, there are here in this church 20 mass priests, who because of their number we call veyntinarios, who, for their nightly and daily prayers are allowed among them all 200 ducats and more. There are also 200 other priests who from their private chapels raise stipends [which are] sufficient for their maintenance. Rich benefices in this diocese there are to the number of 600, many of which are valued at 1000 [ducats], some at 2000 ducats yearly, and for lesser cures, which are called chapels or chanceries, almost 2000 [ducats]. 28.20. Here are also many cloisters for monks and nuns, in which their religion and the study of divinity flourishes, most of them in yearly revenues capable of raising 6000 ducats. There stands a monastery of the Carthusians, most sumptuously built on the bank of the river Bætis {1581F, 1587F, 1588S, 1598F, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S have instead{Guadalquiuir}1581F, 1587F, 1588S, 1598F, 1602S & 1609/1612/1641S instead} within view of Sevilla, which has 25,000 ducats yearly. It would take [a] long [time] to add up all their hospitals {not in 1606E{for the poor}not in 1606E}, since in Sevilla alone there are more than 120 of them, very richly endowed, many with 8000 and some with 15,000 ducats of yearly income. So much for this region from the writings of Don Francisco Pacheco}1579/1580L2Add, 1579L, 1580/1589G, 1581F, 1584L, 1587F, 1588S, 1598F & 1602G end here}. {1592L{Concerning Sevilla and its adjacent territory you may read more in the Journal of Navagero}1592L, 1595L, 1601L, 1602S, 1603L, 1606E, 1608/1612I, 1609/1612L & 1609/1612/1641S end here}.

Next, the vernacular text of the 1598/1610/1613 Dutch edition is presented:

28.21. {1598/1610/1613D{Andalusia.

28.22. The jurisdiction of the church of Sevilla is situated in that province of Spain which in richness, fertility and singular gentleness excels above all the rest. The ancients called Bætica, after the river Bætis, the modern writers call it Wandalica after the Wandals, who possessed it in later times. This has excellent agriculture to which the poets referred in their verses when they compared it to the Elysian fields. This diocese has to the East the territory of Cordoba, West the frontiers of Algarve, North it lies opposite Portugal where you find the magistrate of St. James, and the remainder towards the South is enclosed by Gades and the ocean. Important towns are here very numerous, the most important one being the royal city of Sevilla, spread out and pleasantly situated on the bank of the river Bætis [Guadalquivir], and surrounded by beautiful and stately walls. 28.23. This river comes from [a forest formerly called] Tygiensis and continues its course past the main cities of the province it has entered emptying itself in the ocean at Cadiz after about 60 miles, its banks on both sides flourishing with olive trees, vineyards and most admirable sweet gardens, perfumed with the delectable odour of lemons.28.24. Now Sevilla, both for its churches and houses is the most graceful city in all of Spain and for the elegance and pleasantness of its citizens, is inferior to no city at all in the world. The study of liberal arts and the practice of gentleman-like exercises flourish. And so infinite are the riches and treasures included within the walls of this city, that the like of it never in the old times could be found in any city, however great, except possibly the Holy Roman Empire. For this being the richest of all the cities of Europe, it largely distributes over entire Christendom that infinite wealth of merchandise, based on what was brought to it from another world that it has first opened up, as also from the inner provinces of Asia and Africa in abundance. 28.25. It is quite clear that for a number of years taken together in the royal bookkeeping of the Indies-contract-houses there was faithfully registered [a wealth of] a hundred and more millions [of ducats] of gold. And from this one may guess how much more was concealed by those that brought it [here], fearing that the king at a certain time would like to have borrowed it. What then should we think of the infinite and incredible amount of riches which after their first discovery of America to the present has been transported to this place, two fleets yearly running in, carrying no other cargo than gold and silver, and mostly weighed by both? But these (you will say) are foreign commodities, fetched from far away. 28.26. It is so rich by itself that it pays a yearly tribute to the king, of a million and a half in gold through taxation and toll, as much as many princes can scarcely raise from their entire kingdoms. Here live for trade innumerable multitudes of strangers, next to whom there have lately been counted 24,000 Citizens [who are] householders, divided into 28 wards. The first of these wards is famous both for its name and for the church of St. Mary, no church in all of Christendom being better, if you consider this magnificent building with its beautiful and admirable ornaments, and its steeple, likewise of exceeding height, from where you may behold a most glorious view all over the adjacent fields. 28.27. How am I to describe the royal magnificence of the kings castle? Or to what purpose should I describe the sumptuous palaces of dukes, counts and nobles, or the neat houses of [the] citizens, with their cool fountains, and green parks? I omit [to mention] the ancient water streams, diffused through all parts of the city, and the more recent ones, channelled to the place commonly called Hercules' pillars. 28.28. Now who can sufficiently recommend the gardens outside the city and the villas in the countryside, full with a variety of pleasures, bordering on the river Btis? From where they may daily behold ships arriving and leaving, both from and to the old and the new world. For Sevilla, located as it is as an intermediate between the two, unites the merchants of East and West with rich trade. It would be tedious to list the majesty of the Council within Sevilla, the kings beautiful abode, and the castle at Triana. This Triana is a fair suburb on the other side of the [river] Btis, inhabited by about three thousand citizens, and joined to the city by a bridge of timber. But whoever considers the richness and fertility of their fields, may justly acknowledge it as a bountiful work of nature, which here above all other places seems to please the eye for the solace and benefit of mankind. 28.29. Next to Sevilla in authority and size is Xeres de la frontiera. Carmona and Utrera also deserve praise and may well be called the two granaries of the land around Sevilla. Next follow Marchena and Arcobriga, being the lordship towns of the illustrous ducal family of the Ponce. To these you may add Ursao, at this moment called Osuna, the most honourable and richest dukedom of the Girones, ennobled with a university. 28.30. For oil and wine Constantina, Corzalla and Moron excel mostly. Then Nebrissa, rich in corn, the native city of Ælius Antonius, the restorer of the Latin tongue. Then Saint Lucar, the rich market town of the dukes of Guzman, and located very commodiously for the New World fleets. Other important towns of this diocese I omit for brevity's sake. 28.31. The soil in this entire area is most fertile for wheat, wine and oil, and all kinds of grain, with which it supplies remote and foreign countries. And how deservedly would Plinius have preferred this part [of the world] above Italy, had he not entertained a greater affection for his own country? Yet, Spain, wherever it borders on the sea, is recommended by him as second best, which praise we understand especially for that part of Bætica which pertains to Sevilla, because it lies open to the main ocean and the gentle blasts of the west [winds]. 28.32. The sky is here most favourable, always smiling in a temperate and most amiable way. Its people, polite, with good manners and sharp wit, will in no case allow themselves either in offices of courtesy or in the waging of war to be surpassed by any nation.28.33. The archbishop of Sevilla, next to the one of Toledo, is the highest prelacy. Earlier, he had ten suffrage bishops, as appears from the composition of the counsels. At this time the archbishop of Sevilla has for suffrages the bishops of Malaga, Cadiz and of the Canary Isles. The majesty, dignity and wealth of this church we cannot in a few words describe. Let it suffice that we gather from their own accounts that the archbishops yearly revenues amount to more than 100,000 golden ducats. 28.34. The principals of the church have clearly more than 30,000 [ducats] for its construction and maintenance; the whole society of the church is allowed 120,000 [ducats], which are distributed among 40 canons, 11 priests, 20 pensioners, and as many half-pensioners. Next to the archbishop, the greatest authority resides in the dean, whose dignity is esteemed [to be] worth 5000 ducats a year. Besides, there are here in this church 20 mass priests who, for their nightly and daily prayers are allowed every day among them all 200 ducats and more. 28.35. There are also 200 other priests who from their private chapels raise stipends. Rich benefices in this diocese there are to the number of 600, many of which are valued at 2000 ducats yearly, and for lesser chapels almost 2000 [ducats]. Here are also many cloisters, most of them in yearly revenues capable of raising 6000 ducats. 28.36. There stands a monastery of the Carthusians, built on the bank of the river Bætis within view of Sevilla, which has more than 20,000 ducats yearly. It would take [a] long [time] to add up all their hospitals for the poor, more than 120 in Sevilla alone, endowed, many with 8000 and some with 15,000 ducats of yearly income. So much about this country from the writings of Don Francisco Pacheco. Concerning Sevilla and its adjacent territory you may read more in the Journal of Navagero}1598/1610/1613D}.