PrEP project sees Australian HIV infection rates fall

The state of New South Wales in Australia has seen a fall of one-third in diagnoses of recent HIV infection since it started its pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) implementation project, EPIC-NSW (Expanded PrEP Implementation in the Community), the 25th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2018) heard.

Andrew Grulich of the Kirby Institute of the University of New South Wales told the conference that only two people who entered EPIC-NSW had been diagnosed with HIV (both entered the study by the end of October 2016): this represents at least a 97.6% decline in the HIV incidence that would have previously been expected in the study population.

In New South Wales as a whole, HIV diagnoses in the last year fell by a third in the year after the trial was started compared to the previous year. They fell by half in people aged over 35 and in people born in Australia.

Grulich said that participation in EPIC-NSW was concentrated among Australian-born, older, largely white gay men who live in central Sydney’s ‘gay village’. There were considerably lower rates of participation among younger, non-white and suburban gay men, especially in Sydney’s western suburbs which are very ethnically diverse.

The figures presented by Grulich supplement a report issued by the New South Wales Health Department in August last year, which also announced significant drops in HIV infection. This report attributes the drops not only to the PrEP study but also to a near-doubling in the number of tests taken by gay men after the start of the study.

EPIC-NSW started in March 2016 and most other Australian states (apart from Tasmania and the Northern Territory) followed suit. The original intention, based upon calculations of the number of people at high risk of HIV infection in the state, was to enrol 3,700 people in the trial. This was in fact achieved in the first eight months of the trial.

“We were very clearly seeing gay men at high risk of HIV continuing to want to join the trial,” Grulich commented at the Conference. “We asked the state Health Department for a formal protocol amendment and to remove the cap on recruitment.

“It was really helpful to have a government that had an explicit target for reducing HIV transmission,” he added, referring to the New South Wales strategy for reducing HIV infections to near-zero by 2020. “The evidence for PrEP is now so strong that we could say ‘If you want this to happen, you have to include PrEP’.”

EPIC-NSW had nearly 9000 people recruited by the end of last year and there is no sign of the linear increase in enrolments slackening off.

Grulich said that it was estimated that the proportion of at-risk people on PrEP in New South Wales had increased from 3% in 2015 to 17% in 2016, and to 25% by the end of 2017.

Of the 3,700 people enrolled by October 2016, two-thirds were between 25 and 44 years old, 26% 45 or over, and only 8% aged 18 (the lower age limit) to 24. By that time, it had enrolled 23 transgender women (0.6%) and just one cisgender woman. Just 0.5% of the study were not men who have sex with men, and of the 99.5%, only 4.5% described themselves as bisexual or heterosexual rather than gay.

The study said 56% of participants were Australian nationals, including 2% who were aboriginal/Torres Strait Islanders, which is roughly in line with national demographics – 11% were non-nationals from high-income countries, and 9% were classed as Asian, with 11% from other groups. Only 11% of participants came from outside Sydney – 38% of participants came from seven postcodes that between them represent only about 3% of the population of Sydney, reflecting the concentration of the gay community there.

In terms of adherence, half the participants in the period up to October 2016 obtained refills of their PrEP consistent with taking it every day, and 70% had 80% adherence, meaning at least 11 days in every 14. On the other hand, 112 people (3%) never returned to collect any more PrEP after their initial visit.

There were two HIV infections in 3,927 person-years during this period, or 0.05% a year. This represents a 97.6% reduction in the HIV infections that might have been expected in a demographically similar group. One of the infections was in a person who never started PrEP (his doctor advised against combining it with hepatitis C treatment) and the other in a person who had not taken PrEP for at least six months prior to infection.

To assess whether the EPIC-NSW project produced a population-level decline in PrEP, the researchers compared HIV infections in New South Wales in the year before the trial started (from 1 March 2015 to 28 February 2016), with infections in the year after the first phase of the trial, between 1 November 2016 and 31 October 2017.

There were 295 infections in the state during the first 12-month period and 221 in the second – a 25% decline. There was a 32% decline in infections that were classed as recent (acquired during the previous year), down from 149 to 102.

The decline in infections was mainly in older people: infections fell almost by half (down 46%) in people over 35, but only fell by 22% in people aged 25-34 and 9.5% in people aged 18-24. Infections fell by 49% in people born in Australia but only by 21% in people born in Asia and actually increased, by 25%, in people from areas other than Australia, high-income countries, and Asia. Numerically this was only an increase from 17 to 21 infections, but it was statistically significant.

Grulich commented that more needed to be done to reach out to young gay men and those who did not speak English as a first language. To make a larger population-level impact on HIV infections, the programme had to reach out to these people so that more than the 25% of at-risk people in New South Wales who were currently on PrEP were taking it.

Abstract Randomized trials of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in men who have sex with men (MSM) have reported efficacy of more than 85%. Modelling predicts PrEP will have greatest population-level efficacy if rapidly targeted, with high coverage, to those at high risk. In New South Wales (NSW), more than 80% of HIV diagnoses occur in MSM. Despite substantial increases in testing and treatment since 2012, and the state approaching the UNAIDS 90/90/90 targets, annual HIV diagnoses varied little over the decade to 2016. The expanded PrEP Implementation in Communities in NSW study (EPIC-NSW) is an open-label implementation study of the use of co-formulated TDF/FTC to prevent HIV. Commencing March 1 2016, we aimed to recruit all estimated 3700 MSM at high-risk of HIV in NSW by end 2016, in over 20 clinics across the state. High-risk eligibility criteria were based on local epidemiologic data. Co-primary outcomes of the study are (a) HIV incidence among study participants, collected by electronic data capture from clinic data management systems and (b) state-wide HIV diagnoses in MSM, utilizing NSW Ministry of Health HIV surveillance data. HIV surveillance data were reported as (a) all diagnoses and (b) early infection, defined as likely HIV infection in the last 12 months, based on HIV testing history and/or clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis of recent infection. The initial target of 3700 high-risk MSM was reached in October 2016, with an average monthly recruitment of 499 (range: 442-555). Recruitment is continuing (currently 7293). By September 2017 only one HIV seroconversion in a study participant was documented. In the first half-year of 2017 there were 101 HIV diagnoses in MSM in NSW, 35% lower than the 156 diagnoses in the half-year immediately prior to commencement of recruitment (June-Dec 2015). This was the lowest half-yearly number of HIV diagnoses in MSM since HIV surveillance commenced in NSW in 1985. Early HIV infections in MSM declined from 82 to 46, a 44% decrease. The high-level, targeted and rapid roll-out of PrEP in NSW led to a 35% decline in state-wide HIV diagnoses in MSM, and a 44% decline in early HIV infections in MSM, to levels unprecedented since the beginning of the HIV epidemic. This was achieved less than one year after the target recruitment was reached. In a concentrated epidemic with high testing and treatment coverage, PrEP scale up led to a rapid decline in HIV transmission at the population level.

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