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Gibson was born at Fawley, near Southampton on 14 July 1844 and baptised there on 11 August 1844.[2] He was the son of priest William Gibson (1804–1862)[4] and his second wife Louisanna Sumner (1817–1899). Louisanna was the eldest daughter of Charles Richard Sumner (1790–1874; who had been the Bishop of Llandaff, 1826–1827, and served as Bishop of Winchester from 1827–1868) and Jennie Fanny Barnabine [Maunoir] (1794–1849). She was therefore the niece of Charles' elder brother John Bird Sumner who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1848-62. Arthur's father William, had married Arthur's mother in 1837, the year after the death of his first wife Eliza Maria, (1808–1836). Louisanna was in fact the first cousin of William's first wife with Eliza having been the third daughter of John Bird Sumner.

Arthur was born in Fawley, Hampshire where his parents had moved in 1840 and where William became Rector. Arthur had two older half siblings from his father’s first marriage: Marianne (May; 1832–1845) and John Sumner (1833–1892). From his father's second marriage Arthur was the eldest son, having four older sisters, Ella Sophia (1838–1928); Emily Louisa (1840–1887); Ada Frances (1841–1893); and Edith Harriet (1842–1922). His mother, having had four daughters in succession then had four sons consecutively, the first of which was Arthur, followed by Herbert William Sumner (1846–1923); Edgar Charles Sumner (1848–1924); and Walter Sumner (1849–1918). Three more children followed, Rosa Fanny (1850–1904); Florence Jennie (1853–1911) and finally Alan George Sumner (1856–1922).

At Arthur's baptism his sponsors were his grandfather, Charles Richard Sumner and his grandmother, Jennie as well as his maternal uncle, Robert. When he was eight months old he, along with all his siblings, caught whooping cough. His older sister May although suffering lightly with whooping cough then caught dropsy and died in October 1845.[5]

After completing his education he moved to Swinton in Lancashire where he practised as a Civil Engineer.[2] This location gave him the opportunity to play for the Manchester Football Club.[6] Gibson made his international debut on 27 March 1871 at Edinburgh in the Scotland vs England match,[1] the first international rugby match. He was one of four Manchester players to be selected. As with the majority of the side, he was not selected to play for England again, their next game being the following year.

Arthur practised as a Civil Engineer[2] in Lancashire and remained affiliated to the Institution of Civil Engineers until he was 61, in 1905.[7] In 1884 he married Mary Hesketh, whom he had met in Swinton, where she was living with her aunt, Mrs Lempriere.[8] They had three children: Hugh Sumner (1844–1942), who later served in the Indian Forest Service; Percy (Peter) Lemprière (1886–1950) who became a surgeon in the Royal Navy; and Edith Monica (1890–1954) who became a renowned butterfly expert.[4]

Following Arthur's father's death in 1862, his mother, Louisanna, had moved to Farnham, Surrey and then moved again after the death of her father, Bishop Sumner, in 1874, to Blackwater, Hampshire.[4] Arthur, in 1895, chose to be closer to his mother and moved his family down to house in Binfield, roughly nine miles from his mother, which she described in her memoirs as a "great comfort to have him near us."[8] In Binfield, he became the church warden of the parish of St Mark's Church and served as such for over twenty years. On the floor of the church, near to the choir stalls, is a tablet of Cumberland stone in memory of Arthur Sumner Gibson.[9]

1.
Fawley, Hampshire
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Fawley is a village and civil parish in Hampshire, England. It is situated in the New Forest on the shore of the Solent. Fawley is also the site of Fawley Refinery, operated by ExxonMobil, the decommissioned Fawley Power Station is also located less than a mile to the south east of the village. A settlement has existed at Fawley for many centuries, and the village itself was recorded in the Domesday Book, other areas in the parish can boast remains from the Stone Age and Roman occupation. A church at Fawley apparently existed in 971, the present church was built between 1170 and 1340. This church still exists and is the church of much of the surrounding area. The arrival of the Esso oil refinery in 1921 transformed a sparsely populated agricultural area into a centre with a population of around 14,500. Modern Fawley is smaller and less populous than its more recently founded neighbours, Holbury and Blackfield, other villages within the parish of Fawley include Hardley, Langley, Ashlett, and Calshot. Calshot possesses shingle beaches and attracts significant numbers of tourists and local visitors during the summer months, near Calshot is Luttrells Tower, an 18th-century Gothic folly. The origin of the name Fawley is uncertain and it might mean fallow wood/clearing or clearing with land broken in for arable. In Domesday Book of 1086 Fawley is listed among those lands which were held by the Bishop of Winchester for the support of the monks of Winchester, in 1284 the monks gave up all their rights in Fawley to the bishop. There seems to have been a close connexion between Fawley Manor and the manor of Bitterne, which belonged to the bishops of Winchester. In 1546 John Skullard was tenant at Fawley Manor, which remained in the hands of family until 1681. In 1705 the manor was conveyed to Edward Peachey, and a settlement concerning Fawley Manor was made by William. In 1801 the manor was conveyed to Robert Drummond of Cadlands, Fawley thus became annexed to the neighbouring manor of Cadlands. The manor of Cadlands was in the 13th century attached to the lordship of the Isle of Wight until the end of the century when the overlordship was sold to the Crown, the manor was held from 1241 onwards by Titchfield Abbey until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Sometime after 1560 the manor was combined with the estates of Holbury and Langley, one moiety was in the possession of the Stanley family from 1693 onwards, the other moiety passed to Lady Mary Talbot, and thence after 1772 into Drummond family. The Cadland estate, which stretched down the coast of Southampton Water for nearly eight miles, was the residence of the Drummond family, Cadland house was built in 1773, but was greatly enlarged in 1836, it burnt down in 1916 but was rebuilt in 1935

2.
Southampton
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Southampton, on the south coast of England, is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire. It is 75 miles south-west of London and 19 miles north-west of Portsmouth, Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the Rivers Test and Itchen, the city, which is a unitary authority, has an estimated population of 253,651. The citys name is abbreviated in writing to Soton or Soton. Significant employers in the city include the University of Southampton, Southampton Solent University, Southampton Airport, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, Southampton has a large shopping centre and retail park, Westquay. In 2014, the city approved a follow-up from the Westquay park, WestQuay Watermark. This built-up area is part of the area known as South Hampshire. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the one of the United Kingdoms most populous metropolitan areas. Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age, following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester, Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house. Clausentum was not abandoned until around 410, the Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Marys area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun, archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name, viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established. Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. By the 13th century Southampton had become a port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth. The Franciscan friary in Southampton was founded circa 1233, the friars constructed a water supply system in 1290, which carried water from Conduit Head some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road, the friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310. The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships, on visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to close the town

3.
Marlborough College
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Marlborough College is an independent boarding and day school in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. Founded in 1843 for the sons of Church of England clergy, for the academic year 2015/16, Marlborough charges £9,610 per term for day pupils, making it the most expensive HMC day school in the UK. Fees for full boarders are up to £11,310 per term – the 28th most expensive HMC boarding school, the Good Schools Guide described Marlborough as a famous, designer label, co-ed boarding school still riding high. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, a sister school in Johore, Malaysia opened in 2012. Founded in 1843 for the education of the sons of Church of England clergy, currently there are just over 800 pupils, approximately one third of whom are female. New pupils are admitted at the ages of 13+ and 16, Marlborough was, in 1968, the first major British independent school to allow girls into the sixth form, setting a trend that many other schools followed subsequently. The school became fully co-educational in 1989, the school has also been pioneering in other fields, making a major contribution to the School Mathematics Project and initiating the teaching of Business Studies at A level. Fagging was officially abolished in the 1920s, and Marlborough was one of the first public schools to do so, however, unofficial fagging did persist beyond this change for some time. In 1963 a group of boys, led by the future political biographer Ben Pimlott, wrote a book, Marlborough, the writer and television critic T. C. Worsley wrote about predatory masters at the school in his acclaimed autobiography Flannelled Fool. She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying and they are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed. The college is built beside the Mound and this was used as the motte of a castle. No remains of the castle can be seen today, radiocarbon dating of core samples in the early 2010s indicated that the Mound dates from 2400 BC. This is close to the established for Silbury Hill. The main focus of the college is the Court and this is surrounded by buildings in a number of different styles. At the south end is the back of an early 18th-century mansion, next to it are the old stables, now converted into boarding houses. The west side consists of the 1959 red brick dining hall, the rest of the Court is surrounded by buildings in styles ranging from the Jacobethan to classical Georgian and Victorian prison. The latter, B house, was designed by the Victorian architect Edward Blore, whose works include the facade of Buckingham Palace

4.
Trinity College, Oxford
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Trinity College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas Pope, on land occupied by Durham College. Despite its large size, the college is small in terms of student numbers at approximately 400. As of July 2013, Trinity had an endowment of £104.2 million. Trinity has produced three British prime ministers, placing it joint-second with Balliol College in terms of students who have held the office. The site where Trinity College now stands was occupied by Durham College. This college had been founded after land was bought in 1291, Durham College was built around a single quadrangle, now known as the Durham Quadrangle. The site was surrendered to the crown in March 1545, being granted to private owners in 1553 and they were then acquired by civil servant Thomas Pope on 20 February 1555, who used them to found Trinity College 16 days later. Durham College was originally dedicated to the Virgin Mary, St Cuthbert, and the Trinity, Pope was a Catholic who had no surviving children, and he hoped that by founding a college he would be remembered in the prayers of its students. His remains are still encased beside the chapel altar, the original foundation provided for a president,12 fellows, and 12 scholars, and for up to 20 undergraduates. The fellows were required to take Holy Orders and to remain unmarried, the College remained a largely all-male institution until 1979, when it admitted its first women undergraduates. It is now fully co-educational and co-residential, Trinity was one of the locations used for filming of the original miniseries Brideshead Revisited, its grounds were also, in part, the basis for Fleet College in Charles Finchs The Last Enchantments. Sir Ivor Roberts, formerly HM Ambassador to Italy, succeeded The Hon. Michael Beloff QC as President on 26 September 2006. Peter Brown, Tutor in Classics, assumed the position of Pro-President during the interregnum, for many years, there has been a traditional and fierce rivalry shown between the students of Trinity and those of its immediate neighbour to the west, Balliol College. It has manifested itself on the field and the river, in the form of songs sung over the dividing walls. In college folklore, the rivalry back to the late 17th century. The traditional words run, Gordouli Face like a ham, Bobby Johnson says so And he should know, although these words are now rarely heard, the singing of songs over the wall is still known as a Gordouli. The traditional Gordouli is said to have been sung by Balliol, the rivalry was given an extra edge in the early 20th century by the contrast between the radical tendencies of many Balliol students and Trinitys traditional conservatism and social exclusivity

5.
England national rugby union team
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The England national rugby union team represents England in rugby union. They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Scotland, Italy and they are ranked second in the world by the International Rugby Board as of 20 June 2016. England were the first, and to date, the team from the northern hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup. They were also runners-up in 1991 and 2007, the history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team played their first official Test match, losing to Scotland by one goal. England dominated the early Home Nations Championship which started in 1883, following the schism of rugby football in 1895, England did not win the Championship again until 1910. England first played against New Zealand in 1905, South Africa in 1906, England was one of the teams invited to take part in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and went on to appear in the final in the second tournament in 1991, losing 12–6 to Australia. Following their 2003 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam, they went on to win the 2003 Rugby World Cup – defeating Australia 20–17 in extra time and they again contested the final in 2007, losing 15–6 to South Africa. England players traditionally wear a shirt with a Rose embroidered on the chest, white shorts. Their home ground is Twickenham Stadium where they first played in 1910, the team is administered by the Rugby Football Union. Four former players have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame, Englands first international match was against Scotland on Monday 27 March 1871. Not only was this match Englands first, but it proved to be the first ever rugby union international. Scotland won the match by a goal and a try to a try, in front of a crowd of 4,000 people at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh. A subsequent international took place at the Oval in London on 5 February 1872 which saw England defeat Scotland by a goal, in those early days there was no points system, it was only after 1890 that a format allowing the introduction of a points system was provided. Up until 1875 international rugby matches were decided by the number of goals scored, in 1875, England played their first game against the Irish at the Oval, winning by one goal, one drop goal and one try to nil, the match was Irelands first ever Test. England defeated Scotland in 1880 to become the first winners of the Calcutta Cup and their first match against Wales was played on 19 February 1881 at Richardsons Field in Blackheath. England recorded their largest victory, defeating the Welsh by seven goals, six tries, in 1889, England played their first match against a non-home nations team when they defeated the New Zealand Natives by one goal and four tries to nil at Rectory Field in Blackheath. In 1890 England shared the Home Nations trophy with Scotland, England first played New Zealand in 1905. The All Blacks scored five tries, worth three points at this time, to win 15–0, England first played France in 1905, and Australia in 1909 when they were defeated 9–3

6.
Charles Richard Sumner
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Charles Richard Sumner was a Church of England bishop. Charles Sumner was a brother of John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury and their father was Robert Sumner and their mother was Hannah Bird, a first cousin of William Wilberforce. Sumner was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1814, after ordination he ministered for the two winters of 1814–1816 to the English congregation in Geneva. From 1816 to 1821 he was curate of Highclere, Hampshire, other preferments quickly followed, in 1826 he was consecrated Bishop of Llandaff and in 1827 Bishop of Winchester. In 1869 he resigned his seat, but continued to live at the residence in Farnham until his death on 15 August 1874. Though Evangelical in his views he did not confine his patronage to that school and he and his brother were members of the Canterbury Association from 27 March 1848. Sumner published a number of charges and sermons and The Ministerial Character of Christ Practically Considered and he also edited and translated John Miltons De doctrina christiana, which was found in the State Paper office in 1823, and formed the text of Macaulays famous essay on Milton. Sumner married Jennie Fanny Barnabine Maunoir, they had four sons and his son, George Sumner, also a bishop, was the husband of Mary Sumner, founder of the Mothers Union. His second daughter, Sophia Albertina, married William Henry Ridley, attribution, This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Sumner, Charles Richard. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Courtney. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 165–168, endnotes, A Life of Sumner was published by his son, George Henry Sumner, in 1876 cf. Le Neves Fasti, i. 21,81 Stapyltons Eton Lists, p.42 Lady Granvilles Letters,1066,1847 i.108 Times,17 and 18 Aug 1874 Guardian,19 and 26 Aug 1874 Penningtons Recollections, pp. 149–65 Ashwell and Wilberforces Bishop Wilberforce, i. 65–82, 103–4,150,160, 263–4,317,401, 61–2 Lucass Bernard Barton, pp. 108–9,161 information from Mr. W. Aldis Wright

7.
Bishop of Llandaff
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The Bishop of Llandaff is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff. The diocese covers most of the County of Glamorgan, the Bishops seat is located in the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, in the village of Llandaff, just north-west of the City of Cardiff. The Bishops residence is Llys Esgob, The Cathedral Green, Llandaff, the manuscripts—others of which are original and others now known forgeries—list Dyfan as the first bishop and, following his martyrdom, Fagan as his successor. Baring-Gould refers to them as chorepiscopi, the present-day St Fagans is now a village near Cardiff. Originally Celtic Christians, the bishops were in communion with the Roman Catholic Church from 777 until the Reformation. There is only evidence for the bishops being called Bishop of Llandaff from the early 11th century, before this, though still ministering to Glamorgan and Gwent, the bishops described themselves as Bishop of Teilo and were almost certainly based at Llandeilo Abbey. The very early bishops were probably based in Ergyng, before 1107, the title Bishop of Gwlad Morgan had been adopted. It was not until the title Bishop of Llandaff was used by Bishop Urban from c. 1119, in medieval records, the bishop was sometimes referred to as the Archbishop of Llandaff. This appears to have been a reaction to the claim of St Davids to the archiepiscopal title. In 1534, the church in England and Wales broke allegiance with the Roman Catholic Church, following the passing of the Welsh Church Act 1914, the church in Wales and Monmouthshire was disestablished and the independent Church in Wales was created on 31 March 1920. The bishopric and diocese of Llandaff now constitute part of the Church in Wales within the wider Anglican Communion, in 1924, the Dahlia Bishop of Llandaff was named after the Right Reverend Joshua Pritchard Hughes, who was bishop from 1905 to 1931. He is supported by the Assistant Bishop of Llandaff, the Right Reverend David Wilbourne

8.
Bishop of Winchester
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The Bishop of Winchester is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Winchester in the Church of England. The bishops seat is at Winchester Cathedral in Hampshire, the Bishop of Winchester is appointed by the Crown, and is one of five Church of England bishops who are among the Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords regardless of their length of service. The Lords Spiritual are the 26 bishops in parliament, the other members are called the Lords Temporal. The Diocese of Winchester is one of the oldest and most important in England, originally it was the see of the kingdom of Wessex, with the cathedra at Dorchester Cathedral under Saints Birinus and Agilbert. It was transferred to Winchester in AD660, a cathedral at Dorchester was founded in 634 by the Roman missionary Saint Birinus. It was the seat of a Bishop of the West Saxons, Winchester was divided in AD909, with Wiltshire and Berkshire transferring to the new See of Ramsbury. The most recent loss of territory was in 2014 when the Channel Islands were removed from the diocese of Winchester after a dispute with Bishop Tim Dakin led to a breakdown in relations, however, this arrangement is expressed to be an interim one and will not necessarily become permanent. The Channel Islands remain part of the Diocese of Winchester effectively under a scheme of episcopal delegation, the Channel Islands have not been transferred to and incorporated within another diocese. But in 1533, Henry VIII of England raised the rank of the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Winchester has almost always held the office of Prelate of the Order of the Garter since its foundation in 1348. The official residence of the Bishop of Winchester is Wolvesey Palace in Winchester, other historic homes of the bishops included Farnham Castle and a town residence at Winchester Palace in Southwark, Surrey. The bishop is the visitor to five Oxford colleges, including New College, Oxford and St Johns College, the current Bishop of Winchester, Tim Dakin, was enthroned on 21 April 2012, having been elected on 14 October 2011. He was consecrated as a bishop at St Pauls Cathedral, London, on 25 January 2012, deans of Winchester Diocese of Winchester The Bishop of Winchester Academy

9.
John Bird Sumner
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John Bird Sumner was a bishop in the Church of England and Archbishop of Canterbury. John Bird Sumner was a brother of Charles Richard Sumner, bishop of Winchester and their father was Robert Sumner and their mother was Hannah Bird, a first cousin of William Wilberforce. Sumner was born in Kenilworth, Warwickshire and he was educated at Eton College and Kings College, Cambridge. In 1802, Sumner became a master at Eton College, where he was nicknamed Crumpety Sumner by the boys and he was elected a fellow of Eton in 1817 and in 1818 the school presented him to the living of Maple Durham, Oxfordshire. After being a prebendary of the Durham diocese for some years, during his episcopacy many churches and schools were built in the diocese. In 1848 he was elevated to Archbishop of Canterbury and in this capacity he dealt impartially with the different church parties until his death, sumners numerous writings were much esteemed, especially by the Evangelical party to which he belonged. His best known writings are his Treatise on the Records of Creation, in the well-known Gorham Case, Sumner came into conflict with Henry Phillpotts, Bishop of Exeter, who accused him of supporting heresy and refused to communicate with him. He supported the Divorce Bill in parliament but opposed the Deceased Wifes Sister Bill, Sumner was president of the Canterbury Association which founded Christchurch, New Zealand. In 1848 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, Sumner died in 1862 in Addington and is buried in Addington churchyard. He had married Marianne Robertson on 31 March 1803 in Bath and she was the daughter of George Robertson, a captain in the Royal Navy, and Ann Lewis, daughter of Francis Lewis, a New York signer of the Declaration of Independence and Elizabeth Anessley. Sumner and his wife had seven children, Anne, Eliza Maria, Georgiana, Caroline, Maria, John Henry Robertson, Sumner was later to have remarried to Ella Sophia, the fourth child of Stamford Raffles, but she died on the eve of their wedding. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Sumner, John Bird, material relating to John Bird Sumner at Lambeth Palace Library

10.
Swinton, Greater Manchester
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Swinton is a town in Greater Manchester, England. At the 2011 Census, Swinton had a population of 25,362, for centuries Swinton was a small hamlet in the township of Worsley, parish of Eccles and hundred of Salfordshire. The name Swinton is derived from the Old English Swynton meaning swine town, in the High Middle Ages, Swinton was held by the religious orders of the Knights Hospitaller and Whalley Abbey. Farming was the industry, with locals supplementing their incomes by hand-loom woollen weaving in the domestic system. Collieries opened in the Industrial Revolution and Swinton became an important industrial area with coal providing the fuel for the spinning and brickmaking industries. Bricks from Swinton were used for projects including the Bridgewater Canal. Following the Local Government Act 1894, Swinton was united with neighbouring Pendlebury to become a district of Lancashire. Swinton and Pendlebury received a charter of incorporation in 1934, giving it borough status. Swinton has continued to grow as the seat of Salford City Council and as a town, supported by its transport network. The name Swinton derives from the Old English swin, pigs and tun, during the Middle Ages, Swinton belonged to Whalley Abbey. Later, lands at Swinton were granted to Thurston Tyldesley, then of Wardley Hall, documents record that certain areas belonged to the Knights Hospitaller. In 1817 some Swinton weavers joined in the Blanketeers demonstration and marched to London to put their grievances to the Prince Regent, in 1842 some Swinton people took part in Chartist agitations and tried to destroy a local colliery. Sunday schools and libraries were established in Swinton at quite an early period, the Swinton Industrial School was visited by Charles Dickens. The school was created by the Manchester Poor Law Union, in contrast with other institutions for the poor around that time, which were places of final resort, the Swinton Industrial School was built in response to a more enlightened attitude. The Manchester Poor Law Union saw the value of a place where children could be cared for, the school opened in 1843 and survived until the 1920s. During demolition of the buildings in the early 1930s, the foundations proved particularly difficult. Finally explosives were used, which resulted in a number of rats being disturbed. It was a number of weeks before council workers could remove the rats from the surrounding streets, huge nests of baby rats were carried out of the rafters of many buildings

11.
Lancashire
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Lancashire is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300, people from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians. The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century, in the Domesday Book of 1086, some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam, was included in the returns for Cheshire, when its boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. Lancashire emerged as a commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade, the county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Manchester, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashires mill towns, the detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east, with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester, the county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack, in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, in the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as Inter Ripam et Mersam and included in the returns for Cheshire. Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire and it is also claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, the county was divided into hundreds, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby. Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, the part north of the sands of Morecambe Bay including Furness and Cartmel

12.
Civil Engineer
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The term civil engineer was established in 1750 to contrast engineers working on civil projects with the military engineers, who worked on armaments and defenses. Over time, various sub-disciplines of civil engineering have become recognized, other engineering practices became recognized as independent engineering disciplines, including chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering. In some places, an engineer may perform land surveying, in others, surveying is limited to construction surveying. Civil engineers generally work in a variety of locations and conditions, many spend time outdoors at construction sites so that they can monitor operations or solve problems onsite. The job is typically a blend of in-office and on-location work, in many countries, civil engineers are subject to licensure. In some jurisdictions with mandatory licensing, people who do not obtain a license may not call themselves civil engineers, in Belgium, Civil Engineer is a legally protected title applicable to graduates of the five-year engineering course of one of the six universities and the Royal Military Academy. Their speciality can be all fields of engineering, civil, structural, electrical, mechanical, chemical, physics and this use of the title may cause confusion to the English speaker as the Belgian civil engineer can have a speciality other than civil engineering. In fact, Belgians use the adjective civil in the sense of civilian, traditionally, students were required to pass an entrance exam on mathematics to start civil engineering studies. This exam was abolished in 2004 for the Flemish Community, but is organised in the French Community. Today the degree spans over all fields within engineering, like engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, electronics engineering. A civil engineer is the most well-known of the two, still, the area of expertise remains obfuscated for most of the public. A noteworthy difference is the courses in mathematics and physics, regardless of the equivalent masters degree. This is because the educational system is not fully adopted to the international standard graduation system. Today this is starting to change due to the Bologna process, a Scandinavian civilingenjör will in international contexts commonly call herself Master of Science in Engineering and will occasionally wear an engineering class ring. At the Norwegian Institute of Technology, the tradition with an NTH Ring goes back to 1914, in Norway, the title Sivilingeniør will no longer be issued after 2007, and has been replaced with Master i teknologi. In the English translation of the diploma, the title will be Master of Science, since Master of Technology is not a title in the English-speaking world. The extra overlapping year of studies have also been abolished with this change to make Norwegian degrees more equal to their international counterparts, in Spain, a civil engineering degree can be obtained after four years of study in the various branches of mathematics, physics, mechanics, etc. The earned degree is called Grado en Ingeniería Civil, further studies at a graduate school include masters and doctoral degrees

13.
Manchester Football Club
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Manchester Rugby Club, founded as Manchester Football Club, was one of the first rugby union clubs in the world, having been founded in 1860, eleven years before the Rugby Football Union. Home matches are played at Grove Park, Grove Lane, Cheadle Hulme, the club has a Senior Mens section, a Women & Girls section, and also Minis, Juniors and Colts. The clubs home colours are red & white narrow hooped shirts, white shorts, away colours are navy shirts with red piping, navy shorts and navy socks. Although founded in 1860, Manchester actually first played in 1857, when the Gentlemen of Manchester, richard Sykes, a former Captain of Football at Rugby School set up the Manchester team and provided the ball. The game was advertised as Rugby versus the World and some fifty players arrived to play, there is no record of the score, however it appears that five goals were scored and so there must have been a winner. Liverpool FC, who merged with St Helens RUFC to form Liverpool St. Helens F. C. It is not known why Manchester did not also form at this date but the Liverpool, from 1919 until 1968 the clubs home ground was at Moor Lane on Kersal Moor, now the home of Salford City Football Club. Manchester had very strong links with the early RFU, with two former presidents of MFC also taking the office as President of the RFU 1894-1896. Other members who have been President of the RFU are J. W. H. Thorpe, James Milnes, J. Reg. Locker and Dr. T. A. Kemp, MD, FRCP. Manchester FC were also the first recognised soccer side in Manchester, in 1894 Newton Heath were banned from changing their name to Manchester FC by the FA and RFU because of the existence of the rugby side. The full story of Manchester FCs association football history is detailed in Manchester A Football History where it is revealed they hold many Mancunian firsts. Leslie Jones IW1895 D. C. Woods S NZ1889 J. E. Orr E 1890/91/92/93 I 1889/90/91/92/93 W 1890/91/92 E. F. Fookes S 1896/97/99 I 1896/97/98/99 W 1896/97/98 C, peak 1925/27 A. L. Gracie 1928/29 Dr. A. C. Gillies 1930 L. J. O’Reilly 1931 H. C. S. Jones 1932 F. Hughes 1933/35 T. A, bell 1936 J. M. Lee 1937/38 T. A

14.
Raeburn Place
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Raeburn Place is the main street of Stockbridge, Edinburgh, and the name of the playing fields there. The first international football game was played on the playing fields at Raeburn Place on 27 March 1871 between England and Scotland. It was won by Scotland, though England got revenge at the Kennington Oval, Scotland continued to play their home internationals in Raeburn Place, and the Inverleith/Stockbridge area until the SRU acquired Murrays Field, the Edinburgh Polo ground in the 1920s. The playing fields are used by the Edinburgh Academical cricket. In 1994, the Womens Rugby World Cup final between England and the USA, which England won, was played at Raeburn Place and it was also the site of the first ever womens international for both Scotland and Ireland, occurring when the two nations met in 1993. England was the host of the 1999 Cricket World Cup, on 24 May 1999, Bangladesh played Scotland, and on 31 May 1999, Scotland played New Zealand. Rugby union in Scotland History of rugby union in Scotland Cricket in Scotland Library of the Scottish Rugby Union Edinburgh Academicals Football Club Edinburgh Academicals Cricket Club

15.
Scotland national rugby union team
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The Scotland national rugby union team represents Scotland in international rugby union. Rugby union in Scotland is administered by the Scottish Rugby Union, the team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship and participates in the Rugby World Cup, which takes place every four years. As of 27 February 2017, Scotland are fifth in the World Rugby Rankings, the Scottish rugby team dates back to 1871, where they beat England in the first international rugby union match at Raeburn Place. Scotland competed in the Five Nations from the tournament in 1883. In 2000 the competition accepted a sixth competitor, Italy, thus forming the Six Nations, since this change, Scotland have yet to win the competition. Their best finish came in 1991, where they lost to the All Blacks in the third place play-off, Scotland have a strong rivalry with the English national team. They both annually compete for the Calcutta Cup, each year, this fixture is played out as part of the Six Nations, and Scotland last won it in 2008. In December 1870 a group of Scots players issued a letter of challenge in The Scotsman and in Bells Life in London, in front of around 4000 spectators, the Scots won the encounter by a try and a goal to a solitary try scored by England. England later got revenge by winning the match at the Kennington Oval. The Calcutta Cup was donated to the Rugby Football Union in 1878 by the members of the short-lived Calcutta Rugby Club, the members had decided to disband, the cup was crafted from melted-down silver rupees which became available when the Clubs funds were withdrawn from the bank. The Cup is unique in that it is competed for only by England and Scotland. The first Calcutta Cup match was played in 1879 and, since that time, in 1882 the Home Nations Championship, the fore-runner of the modern Six Nations Championship was founded with Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland taking part. Further Triple Crowns wins for Scotland followed in 1901,1903 and 1907, however, Scotlands triumph in 1907 would be the last for eighteen years as the First World War and Englands dominance afterwards would deny them glory. In 1897 land was purchased, by the SFU, at Inverleith, thus the SFU became the first of the Home Unions to own its own ground. The first visitors were Ireland, on 18 February 1899, international rugby was played at Inverleith until 1925. The SFU bought some land and built the first Murrayfield Stadium which was opened on 21 March 1925, in 1925 Scotland already had victories over France at Inverleith, Wales in Swansea and Ireland in Dublin. England, the Grand Slam champions of the two seasons were the first visitors to Murrayfield. 70,000 spectators saw the lead change three times before Scotland secured a 14–11 victory which gave them their first-ever Five Nations Grand Slam

16.
Institution of Civil Engineers
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The Institution of Civil Engineers is an independent professional association for civil engineers and a charitable body which exists to deliver benefits to the public. Based in London, ICE has nearly 89,000 members, ICE supports the civil engineering profession by offering professional qualification, promoting education, maintaining professional ethics, and liaising with industry, academia and government. Under its commercial arm, it delivers training, recruitment, publishing and it sets standards for membership of the body, works with industry and academia to progress engineering standards and advises on education and training curricula. The late 18th century and early 19th century saw the founding of many learned societies, groups calling themselves civil engineers had been meeting for some years from the late 18th century, notably the Society of Civil Engineers formed in 1771 by John Smeaton. The institution made little headway until a key step was taken - the appointment of Thomas Telford as the first President of the body and this official recognition helped establish ICE as the pre-eminent organisation for engineers of all disciplines. Its members, notably William Cubitt, were prominent in the organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851. For 29 years ICE provided the forum for engineers practising in all the disciplines recognised today, by the end of the 19th century, ICE had introduced examinations for professional engineering qualifications to help ensure and maintain high standards among its members – a role it continues today. The ICEs Great George Street headquarters, designed by James Miller, was built by John Mowlem & Co, the institution is a membership organisation comprising 88,810 members worldwide, around three quarters are located in the United Kingdom. Members who are Chartered Engineers can use the protected title Chartered Civil Engineer, ICE is also licensed by the Society for the Environment to award the Chartered Environmentalist professional qualification. The Institution of Civil Engineers also publishes technical studies covering research, under its commercial arm, Thomas Telford Ltd, it delivers training, recruitment, publishing and contract services, such as the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract. All the profits of Thomas Telford Ltd go back to the Institution to further its aim of putting civil engineers at the heart of society. The publishing division has existed since 1836 and is today called ICE Publishing, the ICE Science series is now also published by ICE Publishing. ICE Science currently consists of five journals, Nanomaterials and Energy, Emerging Materials Research, Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials, Green Materials, ICE members, except for students, also receive the weekly New Civil Engineer magazine. The societies provide continuing professional development and assist in the transfer of knowledge concerning specialist areas of engineering, the President is the public face of the institution and day-to-day management is the responsibility of the Director General. The ICE President is elected annually and the holder for 2016-2017 is Professor Tim Broyd, each year a number of young engineers have been chosen as Presidents apprentices. The scheme was started in 2005 during the Presidency of Gordon Masterton, each incoming President sets out the main theme of his or her year of office in a Presidential Address. Many of the professions greatest engineers have served as President of the ICE including, One of Britains greatest engineers, the first woman member of ICE was Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan in 1927. The first female Fellows elected were Molly Fergusson, Marie Lindley, Helen Stone, the first female President was Jean Venables who became the 144th holder of the office in 2008

17.
Indian Forest Service
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Indian Forest Service was created in 1966 under the All India Services Act 1951. Previously, the Imperial Forestry Service existed during the British Raj from 1865 to 1935, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, under the Government of India, is the cadre controlling authority of Indian Forest Service. India was one of the first countries in the world to introduce scientific forest management, in 1864, the British Raj established the Imperial Forest Department. In 1864 Dr Dietrich Brandis, a German forest officer, was appointed Inspector General of Forests, the Imperial Forestry Service was organised subordinate to the Imperial Forest Department in 1867 when five candidates were selected to undergo training in France & Germany. This continued up to 1885 except for a break on account of war between France and Russia. Officers appointed from 1867 to 1885 were trained in Germany and France, from 1905 to 1926, the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, and University of Edinburgh had undertaken the task of training Imperial Forestry Service officers. The Government of India Act 1935, which transferred forestry to Provisional list, with the retirement of IFS officers, the demand for trained foresters cropped up and thus Indian Forest College was born in 1938. The Superior Forest Service officers, recruited from different states, were trained in the Indian Forest College thus retaining the all India character of the service, the main mandate of the service was scientific management of the forests to exploit it on a sustained basis for primarily timber products. It was during this time large tracts of the forest were brought under state control through the process of reservation under the Indian Forest Act,1927. Since the subject of forestry was shifted to the concurrent list in the year 1977, the main thrust of managing forests for production of timber products as in the British period continued even after the reconstitution of IFS in 1966. The recommendations of National Commission on Agriculture in 1976 was a shift in forest management. It was for the first time that peoples perception was taken care of in addressing biomass needs, the concept of sustained yield was addressed in tandem with biomass needs of the people living in and around forest areas. Equal thrust was given to habitat management in protected area and conserving the biodiversity of the land, today there are over 2700 IFS officers serving in the country. The modern Indian Forest Service was established in 1966, after independence, the first Inspector General of Forests, Hari Singh, was instrumental in the development of the IFS. India has an area of 635,400 km2 designated as forests, indias forest policy was created in 1894 and revised in 1952 and again in 1988. Officers are recruited via a competitive examination conducted by the UPSC. Their services are placed under various State cadres and joint cadres, an IFS officer is largely independent of district administration and exercises administrative, judicial and financial powers in their own domain. All top positions in state forest department are held by IFS officers, positions like Divisional Forest Officer, Conservator of Forests and Principal Chief Conservator of Forests etc. are some examples

18.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive

19.
Farnham
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Farnham is a town in Surrey, England, within the Borough of Waverley. The town is 34.5 miles WSW of London in the extreme west of Surrey, by road Guildford is 11 miles to the east and Winchester a further 28 miles along the same axis as London. Farnham is the largest town in Waverley, and one of the five largest conurbations in Surrey and it is of historic interest, with many old buildings, including a number of Georgian houses. A short distance southeast of the centre are the ruins of Waverley Abbey, Moor Park House. Farnham is twinned with Andernach in Germany and it is drained by the River Wey which is navigable only to canoes at this point. The geology of the area continues to influence the town, both in terms of communications, scenic and botanic variety and the local industries of agriculture. Farnham Geological Society is an organisation in the town. Farnham lies in the valley of the North Branch of the River Wey, which rises near Alton, merges with the South Branch at Tilford, the mainly east-west alignment of the ridges and valleys has influenced the development of road and rail communications. The land rises to more than 180 metres above sea level to the north of the town at Caesars Camp which, with the part of the Park. There are a number of holes in the Park where this stratum meets the chalk. Farnham has a maritime climate, free from extreme temperatures, with moderate rainfall. The nearest official weather station to Farnham is Alice Holt Lodge, the highest temperature recorded was 35. 4C, in July 2006. In an average year, the warmest day would reach 29. 1C, the lowest temperature recorded was -14. 0C in February 1986. On average,58.6 nights of the year will register an air frost, annual rainfall averages 799mm, with at least 1mm of rain reported on 122.4 days. All averages refer to the 1971–2000 observation period, there is a Neolithic long barrow at nearby Badshot Lea, now destroyed by quarrying. Occupation of the continued to grow through the Bronze Age. Two bronze hoards have been discovered on Crooksbury Hill, and further artefacts have been found, particularly at sites in Green Lane and near the Bourne spring in Farnham Park. A significant number of Bronze Age barrows occur in the area, including a triple barrow at Elstead, Hill forts from the early Iron Age have been identified locally at Botany Hill to the south of the town, and at Caesars Camp to the north

20.
Blackwater, Hampshire
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Blackwater is a small town in the northeastern corner of Hampshire, England, lying in the countys Hart District. The population at the 2011 Census was included in the parish of Blackwater. It is situated on the borders of both Berkshire and Surrey about 6.5 km north of Farnborough,3 km west of Camberley and 25 km east of Basingstoke on the A30 road, Blackwater is situated 50 km west-southwest of London. An old marker stone signpost near the Agincourt nightclub on the A30, in western Camberley marks 30 miles, and this relative proximity to the capital has made the town popular with commuters. Blackwater is part of the Blackwater Valley conurbation which includes the towns of Farnborough, Aldershot, Camberley, Sandhurst, Yateley, Frimley, the River Blackwater flows through the length of this urban area. The town lies at the point where the A30 trunk road from London to Lands End crosses the River Blackwater and it is served by Blackwater railway station which is on the main line almost precisely midway between Reading and Guildford. The first recorded mention of Blackwater was in 1281, when it was known as Bredeford and it grew around the Brydrs Ford crossing across the River Blackwater. The White Hart Parade of shops and offices, to the west of Blackwater station, is named after the White Hart coaching inn that occupied the site in the late 19th century. Trains from Blackwater Station operate with a service to Reading. Trains do not operate directly to London, requiring a change to London Paddington at Reading, at peak times, some additional trains operate, which usually go only as far as Shalford. Trains are operated by Great Western Railway, the A30 road runs directly through Blackwater, going directly over the station. The town is very close to the M3 and M25. Buses to Camberley operate every 15 minutes via Route 3, Blackwater is a gateway town into Hampshire on a main national route. The high street area is a dual-carriageway which passes over Blackwater railway station, Aldi, and shortly after a new Lidl supermarket was built opposite Aldi in 2003, taking up most of the shopping floorspace in the town. The largest nearby town is Camberley, which provides jobs for residents of Blackwater due to its wide range of shops, particularly within The Mall. Other nearby towns include Sandhurst, home to the Royal Military Academy, following Oracles acquisition of Sun in 2009, employees were relocated to Oracles UK headquarters in the Thames Valley Park. There are two villages to the north, Frogmore and Darby Green, which are considered by Hart District council to be districts of Blackwater. Frogmore has its own village hall, village green, church, pub

21.
Binfield
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Binfield is a village and civil parish in the Bracknell Forest borough of Berkshire, England. According to the 2011 census it has a population of 8,689, the village lies 2 miles north-west of Bracknell,3 miles north-east of Wokingham,8 miles south east of Reading and is located on the western most extremity of the Greater London Urban Area. The name is derived from the Old English beonet + feld, the local hundred of Beynhurst has a similar derivation. Billingbear is the portion of Binfield parish, although Billingbear Park, near Shurlock Row, is over the border. The Stag and Hounds was reportedly used as a lodge by Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. John Constable spent his honeymoon at the Rectory in 1816 and sketched All Saints Church twice and it is also said to have been a refuge for a number of Parliamentary soldiers during the Civil War. The lodge became an inn in 1727. The 18th-century travel writer, William Cobbett, once stayed there and he called nearby Bracknell a bleak and desolate place. All Saints Church is mostly mid-19th century, but has some ancient fittings, of particular note is the 17th century hourglass and elaborate iron stand. It features the arms of the Farriers Company of London, the famous poet, Alexander Pope, lived at Popes Manor in Popeswood and sang in the church choir as a boy in the early 1700s. Binfield Manor was built in 1754 by Sir William Pitt at a cost of £36,000 and it is currently owned by the Sultan of Brunei. The famous mathematician James Doran also originates from Binfield, in the 16th century, Reading was the tenth richest town in the country and the Abbots of Reading Abbey established a country seat at Elm Grove. Although the house has since rebuilt, the street name Monk’s Alley survives from that association. White Gate, opposite, is a significant hall house dates from the 15th century, the Luck of Binfield always hung in Binfield Place, a mostly Jacobean Manor with a mysteriously missing wing. It was a 17th-century bas-relief of a head, said to pour misfortune upon any owner who removes it. The grounds of the manor are used every summer for a party for locals. In the mid-19th century the house was used for at least 35 years as a small school, in 1928 it was purchased by Lady Knox who with her husband Major General Knox rebuilt and greatly extended the house under the guidance of the architect Nugent Cachemaille-Day. Binfield House was sold in 1974 to the then Bracknell District Council, previously, the house may have been called Wyhtwicks after its builder

22.
Bishop of Gloucester
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The Bishop of Gloucester is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Gloucester in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers the County of Gloucestershire and part of the County of Worcestershire, the sees centre of governance is the City of Gloucester where the bishops chair is located in the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Indivisible Trinity. The bishops residence is Bishopscourt, Gloucester, the office has been in existence since the foundation of the see in 1541 under King Henry VIII from part of the Diocese of Worcester. On 5 August 2014, Martyn Snow, the suffragan Bishop of Tewkesbury, on 26 March 2015, it was announced that Rachel Treweek was to become the next Bishop of Gloucester, she legally became the Bishop of Gloucester with the confirmation of her election on 15 June 2015. Chronological list of the bishops of the Diocese of Gloucester

23.
Laurence Olivier
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Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM, was an English actor who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles, late in his career, he had considerable success in television roles. His family had no connections, but Oliviers father, a clergyman. After attending a school in London, Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s. In 1930 he had his first important West End success in Noël Cowards Private Lives, in 1935 he played in a celebrated production of Romeo and Juliet alongside Gielgud and Peggy Ashcroft, and by the end of the decade he was an established star. In the 1940s, together with Richardson and John Burrell, Olivier was the co-director of the Old Vic, there his most celebrated roles included Shakespeares Richard III and Sophocless Oedipus. From 1963 to 1973 he was the director of Britains National Theatre. His own parts there included the role in Othello and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. Among Oliviers films are Wuthering Heights, Rebecca, and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor-director, Henry V, Hamlet and his later films included Sleuth, Marathon Man, and The Boys from Brazil. His television appearances included an adaptation of The Moon and Sixpence, Long Days Journey into Night, Love Among the Ruins, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Brideshead Revisited, Oliviers honours included a knighthood, a life peerage and the Order of Merit. For his on-screen work he received four Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. The National Theatres largest auditorium is named in his honour, and he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards, given annually by the Society of London Theatre. He was married three times, to the actresses Jill Esmond from 1930 to 1940, Vivien Leigh from 1940 to 1960, Olivier was born in Dorking, Surrey, the youngest of the three children of the Revd Gerard Kerr Olivier and his wife Agnes Louise, née Crookenden. Their elder children were Sybille and Gerard Dacres Dickie and his great-great-grandfather was of French Huguenot descent, and Olivier came from a long line of Protestant clergymen. Gerard Olivier had begun a career as a schoolmaster, but in his thirties he discovered a strong religious vocation and was ordained as a priest of the Church of England and he practised extremely high church, ritualist Anglicanism and liked to be addressed as Father Olivier. This made him unacceptable to most Anglican congregations, and the church posts he was offered were temporary. This meant a nomadic existence, and for Laurences first few years, in 1912, when Olivier was five, his father secured a permanent appointment as assistant priest at St Saviours, Pimlico. He held the post for six years, and a family life was at last possible

24.
Coadjutor Bishop
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In modern times, the coadjutor automatically succeeds the current bishop of a diocese upon the latters retirement, removal or death. In the Roman Catholic Church, a bishop is an immediate collaborator of the diocesan bishop. Until then, the diocesan bishop appoints the coadjutor to act as vicar general and he needs to be ordained and generally holds a titular see until his succession. In these cases the Pope may assign a coadjutor in order to him time to become familiar with the diocese that he will eventually take over. Another example is the appointment of San Antonio Archbishop Jose Gomez to succeed Cardinal Roger Mahony as Archbishop of Los Angeles when Mahony retired at age 75 in February 2011. At times, the appointment of a coadjutor is used to remove a diocesan bishop who has become involved in scandal or other problems. An example of this occurred in the Archdiocese of Dubuque in the 1940s, when the scheme fell apart and the man behind the scam was arrested, the fallout resulted in serious financial problems for Beckman and the archdiocese. Because of all of the problems, Bishop Henry Rohlman of Davenport. While Beckman was allowed to retain the office of Archbishop, it was clear to him by the Holy See that the actual power rested with Rohlman. Beckman soon retired and left Dubuque, another example would be that of Cardinal Pedro Segura y Sáenz, whose responsibilities as Archbishop of Seville were given to his Coadjutor Archbishop José Bueno y Monreal. Now, no coadjutor is appointed without the concomitant right of succession, an Apostolic Vicar can also have a coadjutor, who, like him, will be a titular bishop. In some provinces of the Anglican Communion, a coadjutor is a bishop elected or appointed to follow the current diocesan bishop upon the incumbents death or retirement. For example, in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, when a diocesan bishop announces his or her retirement, usually the coadjutor serves with the incumbent for a short time before the latters retirement, at which time the coadjutor becomes the diocesan bishop. Bishops coadjutor are also appointed in the Reformed Episcopal Church, the role of assistant-bishop in the Church of England is fulfilled by a suffragan. There have been bishops coadjutor in the Anglican Church of Australia who have lacked the right of succession to the diocesan see

25.
Archbishop of Cape Town
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The Ordinary of the diocese is Archbishop of Cape Town and ex officio Primate and Metropolitan of the ACSA. His seat is St. Georges Cathedral in Cape Town, desmond Tutu was archbishop from 1986 to 1996 and is currently archbishop-emeritus. The current archbishop is Thabo Makgoba, because of the archbishops responsibilities as primate, many of his diocesan duties are delegated to a suffragan bishop known as the Bishop of Table Bay, an office currently held by Garth Counsell. The original territory of the diocese, which had fallen under the Diocese of Calcutta. In 1853 the territory was reduced by the creation of the Diocese of Grahamstown in the parts of the Cape Colony. In 1859 a Diocese of St Helena was created for Saint Helena, in 1863 the Diocese of Bloemfontein was created, taking over all the territory north of the Orange River and the Drakensberg mountains. The territory of the Cape Town diocese was reduced in 1911 by the creation of the dioceses of George and Kimberley. The Diocese has four schools, Diocesan College Herschel Girls School St. Cyprians School St. Georges Grammar School The diocese has borne arms since its inception. The arms, designed by Bishop Gray, combined elements of those of the dioceses of Durham and Lincoln and of Baroness Burdett-Coutts, the arms were revised by the College of Arms and granted in 1952. The revision consisted of replacing the Burdett-Coutts shield with a stags head erased Gules and these arms were registered at the Bureau of Heraldry in 1968

26.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

27.
Charles Sumner (bishop)
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Charles Richard Sumner was a Church of England bishop. Charles Sumner was a brother of John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury and their father was Robert Sumner and their mother was Hannah Bird, a first cousin of William Wilberforce. Sumner was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1814, after ordination he ministered for the two winters of 1814–1816 to the English congregation in Geneva. From 1816 to 1821 he was curate of Highclere, Hampshire, other preferments quickly followed, in 1826 he was consecrated Bishop of Llandaff and in 1827 Bishop of Winchester. In 1869 he resigned his seat, but continued to live at the residence in Farnham until his death on 15 August 1874. Though Evangelical in his views he did not confine his patronage to that school and he and his brother were members of the Canterbury Association from 27 March 1848. Sumner published a number of charges and sermons and The Ministerial Character of Christ Practically Considered and he also edited and translated John Miltons De doctrina christiana, which was found in the State Paper office in 1823, and formed the text of Macaulays famous essay on Milton. Sumner married Jennie Fanny Barnabine Maunoir, they had four sons and his son, George Sumner, also a bishop, was the husband of Mary Sumner, founder of the Mothers Union. His second daughter, Sophia Albertina, married William Henry Ridley, attribution, This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Sumner, Charles Richard. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Courtney. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 165–168, endnotes, A Life of Sumner was published by his son, George Henry Sumner, in 1876 cf. Le Neves Fasti, i. 21,81 Stapyltons Eton Lists, p.42 Lady Granvilles Letters,1066,1847 i.108 Times,17 and 18 Aug 1874 Guardian,19 and 26 Aug 1874 Penningtons Recollections, pp. 149–65 Ashwell and Wilberforces Bishop Wilberforce, i. 65–82, 103–4,150,160, 263–4,317,401, 61–2 Lucass Bernard Barton, pp. 108–9,161 information from Mr. W. Aldis Wright

28.
Mary Sumner
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Mary Sumner was the founder of the Mothers Union, a worldwide Anglican womens organisation. She is commemorated in a number of provinces of the Anglican Communion on 9 August, Mary Sumner was born Mary Elizabeth Heywood in Swinton near Salford, Lancashire, the third of four children. Her father was a banker and keen amateur historian and her mother was a woman of personal piety, the family moved to Colwall near Ledbury, Herefordshire, in 1832, where Sumners mother held mothers meetings. A year after their arrival in Herefordshire, Sumners six-week-old brother died and her mothers faith, her womens meetings and her brothers infant death may have all inspired Sumner decades later to begin the Mothers Union. Educated at home, young Mary learned to speak three languages and sing well. To complete her education, she travelled with her mother and elder sister to Rome. Whilst there she met her husband, George Henry Sumner, the son of Charles Richard Sumner, the Bishop of Winchester. The couple were married in Colwall on 26 July 1848,18 months after Georges ordination as an Anglican cleric and they had three children, Margaret, Louise and George, the latter became a well known artist. In 1851, Rev. George Sumner received the living of Old Alresford, Hampshire, Sumner dedicated herself to raising her children and helping her husband in his ministry by providing music and Bible classes. In 1876, when her eldest daughter Margaret gave birth, she was reminded how difficult she had found the burden of motherhood, inspired, Sumner publicized a meeting of mothers in the parish to offer mutual support. Her plan was quite radical in its day as it involved calling women of all classes to support one another and to see motherhood as a profession as important as those of men. The first meeting was held in Old Alresford Rectory, but Sumner was so overcome by nervousness that her husband had to speak for her, at that second meeting she had gathered enough courage to lead her own meeting. The nascent Mothers Union was limited to Sumners parish, however, in 1885, she was part of the audience in the Portsmouth Church Congress, some 20 miles from her home. The first Bishop of Newcastle, Ernest Wilberforce, had asked to address the women churchgoers. He felt that he had little to say to women. Although nervous once again, she gave an address about national morality. A number of the women present went back to their parishes to found mothers meetings on Sumners pattern, the Bishop of Winchester, Edward Browne, made the Mothers Union a diocesan organisation. The Mothers Union concept spread rapidly to the dioceses of Ely, Exeter, Hereford, Lichfield and Newcastle, by 1892,60,000 members lived in 28 dioceses, and by the turn of the century, the Mothers Union had grown to 169,000 members

29.
Charles Mackarness
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Charles Coleridge Mackarness was the Archdeacon of the East Riding between 1898 and 1916. In his youth, he had been an amateur sportsman and played twice in the FA Cup Final for Oxford University, being on the victorious side in 1874. Mackarness was born at Tardebigge in Worcestershire, the eldest son of John Mackarness and his wife, Alethea Buchanan Mackarness and his mother was the youngest daughter of John Taylor Coleridge, a judge, who was the nephew of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He was baptised at St Bartholomews Church, Tardebigge on 11 August 1850, another sister, Mary, married Bernard Coleridge, 2nd Baron Coleridge, a judge who became MP for Sheffield Attercliffe. Mackarness was educated at Winchester College, representing the school at cricket in 1868 and he matriculated and went up to Exeter College, Oxford in 1869, graduating with a BA 2nd class in 1873, and an MA in 1876. In 1901, he became a fellow of Denstone College and he obtained his Bachelor of Divinity and Doctor of Divinity degrees in 1914. Having played cricket for Winchester College in 1868, he made appearances for the Gentlemen of Devon. While at Oxford, he made appearances for teams, including a trial for the university team in May 1873. Mackarness was a member of the Oxford University Association Football Club on 9 November 1871. Mackarness played for the university side during its years, generally playing as a full back. Described as having a brilliant kick, never misses his kick, he was a back who knows, Oxford University did not enter the inaugural FA Cup tournament in which the first matches were played two days after the Oxford University AFC was founded. Queens, however, were unable to raise the funds to travel to London and withdrew from the competition, giving Oxford a bye into the final. In the final, played at Lillie Bridge on 29 March 1873, in a desperate attempt to secure an equalising goal, Oxford took the unusual step of dispensing with the use of a goalkeeper and moved Andrew Leach upfield to play as a forward. This plan back-fired at around the 80-minute mark, however, when Charles Wollaston broke through and scored a goal for the Wanderers. The final was played at Kennington Oval on 10 March 1874, Mackarness again played as the universitys sole full-back. Ten minutes later, the university doubled their lead with a goal from Frederick Patton, after some skilful dribbling by captain Cuthbert Ottaway and Robert Vidal. Despite some late attacks on goal from the Sappers, Oxford hung on to win 2–0 and thus secured the cup for the first, Mackarness was ordained as a deacon in 1874 and as a priest the following year. He was the Assistant Curate of St Marys, Reading from 1874 to 1879, and also a chaplain to his father, from 1887, he combined this role with that of rural dean at Aylesbury until January 1889, when he became vicar of St Martins, Scarborough

Fawley, Hampshire
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Fawley is a village and civil parish in Hampshire, England. It is situated in the New Forest on the shore of the Solent. Fawley is also the site of Fawley Refinery, operated by ExxonMobil, the decommissioned Fawley Power Station is also located less than a mile to the south east of the village. A settlement has existed at Fawley for many centuries,

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Calshot Road, Fawley

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All Saints, Fawley

Southampton
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Southampton, on the south coast of England, is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire. It is 75 miles south-west of London and 19 miles north-west of Portsmouth, Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the Rivers Test and Itchen,

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Montage of Southampton. Clockwise from top-left: Bargate; Guilldhall; Top of west walls; Wool house and custom house; Southwestern house

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Logo of the City Council

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Part of Southampton's Town Walls

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The memorial to the engineers of the Titanic

Marlborough College
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Marlborough College is an independent boarding and day school in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. Founded in 1843 for the sons of Church of England clergy, for the academic year 2015/16, Marlborough charges £9,610 per term for day pupils, making it the most expensive HMC day school in the UK. Fees for full boarders are up to £11,310 per term – the

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Marlborough College

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A variety of buildings around Court.

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The listed Science Labs

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"Marlborough College". Caricature of George Charles Bell by Spy published in Vanity Fair in 1902.

Trinity College, Oxford
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Trinity College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas Pope, on land occupied by Durham College. Despite its large size, the college is small in terms of student numbers at approximately 400. As of July 2013, Trinity had an endowment of £104.2 million. Trinity has pro

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Colleges and halls of the University of Oxford Trinity College

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Durham Quadrangle

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Entrance from Broad Street

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The Dining Hall

England national rugby union team
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The England national rugby union team represents England in rugby union. They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Scotland, Italy and they are ranked second in the world by the International Rugby Board as of 20 June 2016. England were the first, and to date, the team from the northern hemisphere to win the Rugby Wo

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England before they played in the first international; versus Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871.

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England

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England versus The Original All Blacks in 1905; the New Zealanders won 15–0.

Charles Richard Sumner
–
Charles Richard Sumner was a Church of England bishop. Charles Sumner was a brother of John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury and their father was Robert Sumner and their mother was Hannah Bird, a first cousin of William Wilberforce. Sumner was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1814, after

1.
Charles Sumner

2.
Deans

Bishop of Llandaff
–
The Bishop of Llandaff is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff. The diocese covers most of the County of Glamorgan, the Bishops seat is located in the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, in the village of Llandaff, just north-west of the City of Cardiff. The Bishops residence is Llys Esgob, The Cathedral Green, Llanda

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Bishop of Llandaff

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Pritchard Hughes was honoured by having a Dahlia Dahlia 'Bishop of Llandaff' named for him in 1924

Bishop of Winchester
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The Bishop of Winchester is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Winchester in the Church of England. The bishops seat is at Winchester Cathedral in Hampshire, the Bishop of Winchester is appointed by the Crown, and is one of five Church of England bishops who are among the Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords regardless of their length of servic

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Arms of the Bishop of Winchester

John Bird Sumner
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John Bird Sumner was a bishop in the Church of England and Archbishop of Canterbury. John Bird Sumner was a brother of Charles Richard Sumner, bishop of Winchester and their father was Robert Sumner and their mother was Hannah Bird, a first cousin of William Wilberforce. Sumner was born in Kenilworth, Warwickshire and he was educated at Eton Colleg

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The Most Revd and Rt Hon John Sumner

Swinton, Greater Manchester
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Swinton is a town in Greater Manchester, England. At the 2011 Census, Swinton had a population of 25,362, for centuries Swinton was a small hamlet in the township of Worsley, parish of Eccles and hundred of Salfordshire. The name Swinton is derived from the Old English Swynton meaning swine town, in the High Middle Ages, Swinton was held by the rel

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Salford Civic Centre, in Swinton

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Salford Civic Centre opened in 1938 as the Swinton & Pendlebury Town Hall for the borough council of Swinton and Pendlebury.

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St Peter's Church, Swinton

Lancashire
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Lancashire is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300, people from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians. The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century, in the Domesday Book of 1086, some o

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John Speed 's map of the County Palatine of Lancaster, 1610

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The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower of Lancashire, and a common symbol for the county.

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Logo

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Lancashire County Hall, Preston

Civil Engineer
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The term civil engineer was established in 1750 to contrast engineers working on civil projects with the military engineers, who worked on armaments and defenses. Over time, various sub-disciplines of civil engineering have become recognized, other engineering practices became recognized as independent engineering disciplines, including chemical en

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While all civil engineers tend to spend at least some time working "on site", much of the modern civil engineering work is done in offices, working with plans or computers.

Manchester Football Club
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Manchester Rugby Club, founded as Manchester Football Club, was one of the first rugby union clubs in the world, having been founded in 1860, eleven years before the Rugby Football Union. Home matches are played at Grove Park, Grove Lane, Cheadle Hulme, the club has a Senior Mens section, a Women & Girls section, and also Minis, Juniors and Colts.

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Manchester

Raeburn Place
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Raeburn Place is the main street of Stockbridge, Edinburgh, and the name of the playing fields there. The first international football game was played on the playing fields at Raeburn Place on 27 March 1871 between England and Scotland. It was won by Scotland, though England got revenge at the Kennington Oval, Scotland continued to play their home

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Calcutta Cup match, Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, 1890

Scotland national rugby union team
–
The Scotland national rugby union team represents Scotland in international rugby union. Rugby union in Scotland is administered by the Scottish Rugby Union, the team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship and participates in the Rugby World Cup, which takes place every four years. As of 27 February 2017, Scotland are fifth in the World

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Scotland's first national team, 1871, for the 1st international, vs. England in Edinburgh.

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Scotland

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The Calcutta Cup

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Scotland v Ireland 2007

Institution of Civil Engineers
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The Institution of Civil Engineers is an independent professional association for civil engineers and a charitable body which exists to deliver benefits to the public. Based in London, ICE has nearly 89,000 members, ICE supports the civil engineering profession by offering professional qualification, promoting education, maintaining professional et

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The Institution's headquarters at One Great George Street

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Institution of Civil Engineers

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The ICE library at One Great George Street

Indian Forest Service
–
Indian Forest Service was created in 1966 under the All India Services Act 1951. Previously, the Imperial Forestry Service existed during the British Raj from 1865 to 1935, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, under the Government of India, is the cadre controlling authority of Indian Forest Service. India was one of the first countr

2.
Dietrich Brandis, who is widely considered as the father of IFS.

3.
Forest Research Institute

Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for

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Royal Navy

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The Battle of Sluys as depicted in Froissart's Chronicles; late 14th century

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A late 16th century painting of the Spanish Armada in battle with English warships

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The Dutch Raid on the Medway in 1667 during the Second Anglo–Dutch War

Farnham
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Farnham is a town in Surrey, England, within the Borough of Waverley. The town is 34.5 miles WSW of London in the extreme west of Surrey, by road Guildford is 11 miles to the east and Winchester a further 28 miles along the same axis as London. Farnham is the largest town in Waverley, and one of the five largest conurbations in Surrey and it is of

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The entrance to Farnham Castle

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Castle Street

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William Cobbett 's birthplace

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St Andrew's Parish Church seen here from the junction of Middle Church Lane and Vicarage Lane Farnham

Blackwater, Hampshire
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Blackwater is a small town in the northeastern corner of Hampshire, England, lying in the countys Hart District. The population at the 2011 Census was included in the parish of Blackwater. It is situated on the borders of both Berkshire and Surrey about 6.5 km north of Farnborough,3 km west of Camberley and 25 km east of Basingstoke on the A30 road

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Entrance to Java House, Sun Microsystems

Binfield
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Binfield is a village and civil parish in the Bracknell Forest borough of Berkshire, England. According to the 2011 census it has a population of 8,689, the village lies 2 miles north-west of Bracknell,3 miles north-east of Wokingham,8 miles south east of Reading and is located on the western most extremity of the Greater London Urban Area. The nam

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All Saints Church

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St Mark's Church was built in 1867 and is a Grade II listed building.

Bishop of Gloucester
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The Bishop of Gloucester is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Gloucester in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers the County of Gloucestershire and part of the County of Worcestershire, the sees centre of governance is the City of Gloucester where the bishops chair is located in the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Indivisib

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Arms of the Bishop of Gloucester: Azure, two keys addorsed in saltire the wards upwards or

Laurence Olivier
–
Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM, was an English actor who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles, late in his career, he had considerable success in television roles. His family

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Olivier in 1973

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Interior of All Saints, Margaret Street

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Peggy Ashcroft, a contemporary and friend of Olivier's at the Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art, photographed in 1936

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Olivier, with his first wife Jill Esmond (left), in 1932

Coadjutor Bishop
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In modern times, the coadjutor automatically succeeds the current bishop of a diocese upon the latters retirement, removal or death. In the Roman Catholic Church, a bishop is an immediate collaborator of the diocesan bishop. Until then, the diocesan bishop appoints the coadjutor to act as vicar general and he needs to be ordained and generally hold

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Saint Peter

Archbishop of Cape Town
–
The Ordinary of the diocese is Archbishop of Cape Town and ex officio Primate and Metropolitan of the ACSA. His seat is St. Georges Cathedral in Cape Town, desmond Tutu was archbishop from 1986 to 1996 and is currently archbishop-emeritus. The current archbishop is Thabo Makgoba, because of the archbishops responsibilities as primate, many of his d

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Christ in Triumph over Darkness and Evil, stained glass window by French artist Gabriel Loire in memory of Earl Mountbatten of Burma, at St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town.

2.
Diocese of Cape Town

3.
Archbishop-emeritus Desmond Tutu

Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving c

1.
Wayback Machine

Charles Sumner (bishop)
–
Charles Richard Sumner was a Church of England bishop. Charles Sumner was a brother of John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury and their father was Robert Sumner and their mother was Hannah Bird, a first cousin of William Wilberforce. Sumner was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1814, after

1.
Charles Sumner

2.
Deans

Mary Sumner
–
Mary Sumner was the founder of the Mothers Union, a worldwide Anglican womens organisation. She is commemorated in a number of provinces of the Anglican Communion on 9 August, Mary Sumner was born Mary Elizabeth Heywood in Swinton near Salford, Lancashire, the third of four children. Her father was a banker and keen amateur historian and her mother

1.
Mary Sumner

Charles Mackarness
–
Charles Coleridge Mackarness was the Archdeacon of the East Riding between 1898 and 1916. In his youth, he had been an amateur sportsman and played twice in the FA Cup Final for Oxford University, being on the victorious side in 1874. Mackarness was born at Tardebigge in Worcestershire, the eldest son of John Mackarness and his wife, Alethea Buchan

1.
Oxford University's F.A. Cup winning side of 1874 (Mackarness sitting in back row, third from left).