abstractMany years ago, Elizabeth Eisenstein wrote The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, arguing that the technology of the printing press had an unexpected revolutionary effect on culture and society. In this talk, I will invite us to explore the ways that libraries and the values they embody offer a challenge to the dominant narratives of the early 21st century. We will unpack the meanings of the word “change” and how it has been used in shaping the organizational culture of libraries and institutions of higher learning, we will consider “agency” as it relates to information literacy and student learning, and we will explore the ways that librarians can participate in advocating not just for libraries, but for the values a library embodies.

In 1979, Elizabeth Eisenstein published an influential book, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, pointing out the many unexpected and mostly unacknowledged ways that a new technology influenced society, making it possible to preserve and share knowledge so that new ideas could be built on it by all kinds of people who previously had been left out. We’re living through another time when technology is changing the way we think about knowledge, but today I want to focus on ourselves as agents of change. I think we librarians have more power than we realize.I think we often fail to recognize our own power because we are so very cognizant of unequal power dynamics and our professional commitment to reducing powerlessness. Exerting power, claiming attention, even having strong opinions seem at times to be at odds with our desire to serve and our commitment to providing information of all kinds without questioning people’s motives. Yet asserting our power can be totally consistent with our values; uncritically providing information, whatever the cost, can actually betray them. Today I want to talk about the metaphors we use when we talk about what we do and what we want to do differently. I want to think through the implications of these metaphors for teaching and learning and for the role that librarians play in the making and sharing of knowledge. But since we are also talking about telling our stories out loud, I will start by telling a few of my own before we venture into more abstract territory.

In high school, I took an English course which included learning how to write a research paper. I had recently read Josephine Tey’s mystery The Daughter of Time, which had convinced me that poor Richard III had been framed for the murder of his nephews. When I handed in my first draft, a thick wad of paper, Mrs. Beard (bless her demanding heart) read the first page and said, “no, this isn’t research. You have to ask a question.” I had been merely retelling the history of Richard III as told by his champions. I had started with an answer. So I started over, found as much of the primary source material as I could, and rewrote the paper. By the time I was finished I had concluded he was probably guilty. That was important for me, because I discovered research might change minds. In my first semester at college, I was assigned a paper in my philosophy course. People were writing about philosophers, about philosophy topics, about whatever they could find in the Encyclopedia of Philosophy. I decided to write about an issue that seemed philosophical, but I didn’t know what philosophers called it, so I couldn’t look it up. (It was the Mind-Body Problem.) Everyone got their papers back but me. The teacher told me to see him after class. He told me it was a good paper, it just wasn’t a philosophy paper. I had to start over. Rather than explain what a philosophy paper was, he advised me to look at the Encyclopedia of Philosophy. I summarized what it said about St. Anselm’s proof of the existence of God, about which I cared not one bit, and finally got my grade. That was the last philosophy course I took. When I was a little further along in college, I took an art history course which was cross-listed for graduate students. I got into mimicking their pompous, wordy nerdiness. I had fun doing the research for my paper, but wrote with my tongue in cheek, making it as absurdly pompous as possible. I made the title as long as possible: Hiberno-Saxon Eusabian Canon Tables and Their East Mediterranean Prototypes. I got an A. I had become a successful imposter. My actual major was Russian literature. It turns out if you like reading big fat novels and writing papers, it’s a fine choice. I never got very good at Russian grammar and syntax, but I got to read a lot of big fat novels in translation, my idea of a good time. But when I took a course on Dostoevsky, I hit a snag. When the teacher got a novel I loved, The Idiot, he pretty much skipped over it, saying he really didn’t get that novel, he couldn’t see how it fit into the author’s body of work, and he just didn’t like it. After class I went up and told him it was the best of Dostoevsky’s novels, and was the key to everything. He said “great, explain it to me in your paper.” Okay. Unfortunately, while I was certain the novel was full of meaning, I wasn’t actually sure what that meaning was. And I had a really hard time getting started. I looked at everything I could find in the library on the novel , but it didn’t help. I stared at the book and the blank page and the calendar and finally began to write, because I was running out of time. And the minute I started writing, I found the key to the whole thing. It was all in a painting that was mentioned several times in the novel. Yes! I cracked it! And it flowed. It flowed, because I was so deeply invested in saying something that hadn’t been said before. It flowed because making a case for the novel mattered to me. And it was intoxicating, at least until I had to type the darned thing up, with a bucket of white out at my side. That was an exhilarating experience. Even though I enjoyed writing papers, this one was different. It mattered in a way nothing else had. And when the teacher told me it gave him a new respect for the novel, and a new way to think about it, that reward meant far more than a grade. I had become a contributor to the conversation about Dostoevsky. I felt a sense of agency I had never felt before. As a librarian, I want students to have that moment of recognition: I matter, I am a part of this, this is a conversation that includes me. Research isn’t about finding the answers. It’s about asking questions that may not have an answer until you put your mind to it. When students have that moment, and many of them do, it’s a time when their whole world pivots. They see themselves differently. They recognize their role in the world of ideas. They join the conversation. This is, for me, the greatest reward of being an academic librarian. I want to help faculty invite students to that moment. I want to make the library a site of transformation. I want to change the metaphors.

What metaphors am I talking about? We tend to think of information as stuff that is manufactured somewhere else, stuff we acquire, store, and exchange. It’s a valuable commodity, and the most successful libraries are the ones that provide an efficient and pleasant customer experience for those goods.

Students come to library to shop for sources.full of nutritious authority – authority that only exists outside themselves. The library’s website is a more or less confusing shopping platform for those nuggets of authority.

Faculty and administrators also see research as monetized stuff; publications are tokens of productivity, to be exchanged for job security, grants, and prestige. Students are consumers. Faculty are brands to be developed. Education is an either an industry or an investment, depending on whether you are a producer or consumer. It’s all about production and consumption. Let’s back up a minute and think about how the cultural significance of the library has evolved over time. We have always used metaphors and they have always expressed something profound about our underlying beliefs.

In the past, according to Scott Bennett, libraries were about readers, [click] mostly solitary men, in a monastic world where books were rare and special, conducive to contemplation. In the 19th century in the US, the public library became a civic project, [click] a place that welcomed all comers in an effort to make them better educated. There was an interesting mix of populist, domestic, and enlightenment messages in the public library, which invited all to the library, but listed the important writers who should be honored, conveying a somewhat mixed message. The Boston Public Library has, in addition to its iconic FREE TO ALL inscription the statement THE COMMONWEALTH REQUIRES THE EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE AS THE SAFEGUARD OF ORDER AND LIBERTY. So the public library had two seemingly conflicting functions – to preserve order and to promote freedom. I can actually see how those two things remain important in libraries. We organize the books on the shelves so that conflicting ideas sit side by side. We want them to have a good brawl.

In the mid-20th century the glory of the academic library was its size. The bigger, the better. That got too expensive to maintain, and we began instead to brag about how much access to information we could provide. We didn’t have to manage the stuff, but when it came to full text journals, the more the merrier.

In the 1990s we began to take our cues from retail shopping. We strove to make our spaces look more like Barnes and Nobles (whose décor was inspired by traditional library motifs). We tried to make our search more like Amazon and Google. Our main function was to pay for whatever our customers want.

Compare Ranganathan’s laws of library science . . .

…. with the current metaphors about our purpose. We have so thoroughly absorbed the market-driven philosophy of human behavior that we forget that there are other ways human beings have interacted. These underlying assumptions have profoundly influenced our thinking about what libraries are for and how they are used.

The Library Bill of Rights has quite a few points to it. But we haven’t done a good job of making those values public and a shared concern. We don’t spend time explaining why privacy matters in an era where the commercial web runs on micropayments of personal information. We don’t make a case for equitable information access as we quibble over license agreements. The most recent Ithaka report on what faculty want from libraries showed that our most important purpose has increasingly become “to pay the bills for the stuff I need.” Unfortunately, we have begun to feel it is our duty and calling to provide information on demand. If we don’t, we are so doomed. We’ve lost some of the rich social meaning of libraries when it’s all about delivering products to customers.

The language we use about libraries and the future is often dystopian and apocalyptic, full of death threats. Think about the keywords that are so often used: customers, value propositions, product mix, irrelevance, competition. When I look around my library, I see a lot of students working, talking, snoozing, searching, studying. They aren’t looking nervously over their shoulder, expecting doom.

They aren’t wondering when the asteroid will hit and we’ll suffer the fate of the dinosaurs.They use Google and Amazon, but they don’t see them as in competition with the library. They like the library. It belongs to them. They like it because it’s the college’s common ground. And sharing makes perfect sense to them. We hear, often enough, that there is something inherently tragic about commons. Like libraries, they are almost by definition doomed, except when we look around and see that they aren’t. Garrett Hardin made commons tragic in a 1968 essay in Science, in which he argued that people are inherently selfish, and we’re not good at allowing nature to take its course and let poor babies starve to death. Given that the lower classes take advantage of this conundrum to “overbreed for their own aggrandizement,” we couldn’t rely on access to birth control to control population growth in the third world – or as he put it succinctly, “freedom to breed will bring ruin to us all”). To make his point, he showed how grazing lands and fisheries collapsed when individual interests collided with the need to promote sustainability. He argued that people are unable to share wisely, so their behavior must be regulated by the state or by private interests. Nobel prize winning economist Eleanor Ostrom studied successful commons and found that actually they can work, even when the resources being called upon might be exhausted if mismanaged. Even so, we continue to use economic scarcity and depletion metaphors for ideas, which are not exhausted through sharing. The inexhaustible nature of ideas is something Thomas Jefferson grasped many years ago

The tragedy of the commons isn’t that people are inherently selfish and will spoil it for everyone, given the chance, it’s that we think commons are impossible, unaffordable, inevitably subject to ruin through greed and selfishness, and in that spirit our intellectual commons have been enclosed, made into private property, made artificially scarce. But let’s remember, it’s not even a free market at work.

The way we currently manage the record of knowledge is not like a well-managed estate built on the messy remains of a tragic commons; it’s more like a giant agribusiness. We artificially prop the information industries up with price supports, even as we know what we’re doing is unhealthy and unsustainable. It was enormously symbolic when the APA updated their citation rules, requiring writers to include either publisher-supplied DOIs or URLs to publishers’ websites as the information needed to recover a text, even if that made the “retrieved from” statement a lie. They have positioned publishers (like themselves) as the curators and source of knowledge. We’re just local distributors. This is a shift in the metaphor that is significant and shocking. We need to reclaim and reopen the commons of knowledge.

Another keyword that has gotten a workout in our post-industrial age is “change.” Often, change is held over us as an imminent threat. It’s something that comes from outside that we have to prepare for before it’s too late. It’s a threat that divides the ready and the unready, a threat only some will survive. In higher education, as you may have noticed, change is the natural force resulting from scarcity. We’re told we have to change because we’re inefficient, too expensive, not able to compete, likely to be overtaken and replaced by nimble competitors.

This is a narrative of fear and austerity that has been used to make competition seem a natural law of the universe, an inescapable force that must redirect public funds into private pockets and dismantle public institutions in order to shift our common wealth to the control of individuals and corporations who promise they will do a better job of managing it for us. We don’t have to let this happen.

Remember, the fifth of Ranganathan’s laws was about change. It was about organic change, chance that happens naturally and continually. because the library is a living thing. Corporatizaiton and commodification isn’t inevitable. Our traditional values, our commitment to sharing and equality and openness, are exactly what this frightened, tattered world needs right now. We can be agents of change. But how? What are the practical steps we can take? That’s where it gets tricky. At another conference earlier this month I tossed out some big ideas and afterwards what I mainly heard was “sounds good, but there’s really nothing we can do; we librarians have no power.” While I recognize that impulse, I think that’s just plain inaccurate. We have bigger budgets than most academic programs. Collectively, we have enormous financial clout. We also have tremendous cultural value, given libraries are a significant and respected symbol, a strength we often overlook. We even have some hipster cachet, ever since an FBI agent complained about “radical militant librarians” in the New York Times. What we need to do is think hard about what our values really are, how to speak about them out loud, and how to put them into practice in our everyday work. That means we need to make sure that we live our values in our own workplaces.

We need to honor intellectual freedom, inclusion, taking risks in the service of knowledge, being open to conflict and questions that don’t have easy answers, in our libraries and on our campuses. We need to become critical of the systems we have come to feel are inexorable and question them. Another world is possible, and it can start at home. The traditional hierarchical library organization is patterned on the factory floor, a place where decisions are made at the top by executives and executed by the workers. That obviously doesn’t fit anymore, if it ever did, so more forward thinking leaders have tried new things, but unfortunately they seem to get their ideas by reading the Harvard Business Review and bestselling management handbooks rather than looking for models developed over the centuries by people who work together to advance knowledge. While we were busy building teams, throwing fish, and wondering where our cheese was, we overlooked the way that scholars seem almost effortlessly to work together as peers embarked on a common if often contentious communal task.

Michael Polanyi called science a “republic” – one in which each citizen raises their own questions, hoping to fill in some pieces of a puzzle that everyone works on together. If we were to treat one another as equals, as members of a community rather than members of work-teams, we can have a much better chance as social organizations of rehearsing and living out our values. Bethany Nowviske wrote a wonderful piece about digital humanities in an era when the whim of a few top administrators can nearly bring down a public university, as we saw last summer at the University of Virginia, where she works.

One thing she said that I wanted as a tattoo was this – But she went on to talk about why digital humanities belong in libraries, and what she says applies to all kinds of work done in libraries. The extent to which we can have an effective prospect on the future depends on our continued ability to do retrospective work. And this means not only preserving our collections and thinking carefully about the ways that we re-mediate them, but it also means understanding what it is to make and build and transmit and share. What, in fact, it means to transmit knowledge by making and building .. . We make things because that’s how we understand. We make things because that’s how we pass them on, and because everything we have was passed on to us as a made object. We make things in digital humanities because that’s how we interpret and conserve our inheritance. Because that’s how we can make it all anew. As we do this work, as we defend our most important values, we need to remember they are shared, they are bigger than our buildings, bigger than our profession.

Values, like ideas, are not depleted by sharing. We don’t have to worry that we’re in competition for market share with Google when what we’re promoting is our values. So what might this look like in practice? For the student, we could help them stop thinking in terms of producing papers and instead help them become passionate about ideas, ideas they want to share. We can work with faculty on helping students frame inquiry as conversation, as an invitation to authentic learning that is so much more inviting than “ten double-spaced pages using five scholarly sources.” We have power because we see students at work, and we can help faculty learn from our observations. It is possible. For our faculty, we can help them shift the conversation from being productive individuals to being active citizens in a republic of knowledge. They want their work to matter, not just to count toward their productivity quotas. This is possible. For librarians, we can change our public identity from being a purchasing agent and a middleman delivering commodities from the vast agribusinesses of knowledge to the consumer, to being a master gardener cultivating our local gardens, with an eye on the health of our global knowledge ecosystem. We can do this. For the library itself, we can stop treating it as a retail outlet and shopping platform and instead make it our community’s common ground, a local node in the global knowledge commons. What’s daunting is that we are individuals and small communities struggling to provide day by day against enormous odds and against the dominant narrative. When I went to a workshop on libraries and publishing a couple of years ago, I got terribly discouraged. The problem seemed too huge, the progress too small, too bogged down in procedure and process and not really making significant headway. But small changes can make a difference, and that’s what I’m aiming for at my small library, steps I can take to try to live my values. Our values. These can be exercised on a small and human scale. One little thing we’re doing at my library is starting a circulating zine collection, as an example of alternative publishing, to provide access to alternative voices, to give students an invitation to DIY culture. I take heart from something Cindy Crabb wrote at the end of an anthology of her collected zines.

In this “outraduction” she wrote Do you believe in happy endings? Because sometimes they do happen. Something inside shifts, something outside comes together, and your fight becomes more purposeful, your rest becomes more restful, your hurt becomes something you can bear, and your happiness becomes something that shines out with ease, not in lightning manic bursts that fill and then drain you, but something else, something steady, something you can almost trust to stay there. We need to nurture hope. Critic Alison Piepmeier praises Crabb’s refusal to become cynical or to oversimplify complicated things. Instead, Crabb creates alternatives by living them, something Piepmeier terms “micropolitical pedagogies of hope” This is the kind of pedagogy that Paolo Freier termed “the practice of freedom,” which is, of course, the purpose of liberal education. Libraries are a perfect place to practice freedom, to gain agency, to learn how to hope. What Elizabeth Eisenstein was talking about when she talked about the printing press as an agent of change wasn’t that it created an new industry, a new supply chain, a disruptive innovation. What interested her was not the economics of printing or technological advances, but that this change enabled people to rediscover our common intellectual history. To compare editions of classical and sacred texts side by side. To know that, when one person read a book, someone else in another place could be reading the same book, and they could discuss it from a distance. For the first time, we could collect in one room all kinds of ideas that could interact together, and rooms just like it were springing up all over Europe. When the technology of the press could help copy texts, people were free to write new ones, and that combination of freedom to do new things and broad access to ideas that had come before was what led to the Reformation and the Enlightenment. It was revolutionary in every sense of the word. But what the printing press did is what we do: preserve the past, make it accessible, and provide the opportunity to build on it. Today, those things are at risk as knowledge becomes intellectual property, monetized and controlled by corporate interests, our knowledge commons enclosed.

We know what’s at stake. We know another world is possible. We can be the change we want to see.

Transcript

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ALA Editions site

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"If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than allothers of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking powercalled an idea . . . He who receives an idea from me, receivesinstruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights histaper at mine, receives light without darkening me. That ideasshould freely spread from one to another over the globe, for themoral and mutual Instruction of man, and improvement of hiscondition, seems to have been peculiarly and benevolentlydesigned by nature . . . like the air in which we breathe,move, and have our physicalbeing, incapable of confinementor exclusive appropriation."- Thomas Jefferson

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Photo creditsBrick wall with sparrow by zenFree ur soul by BreroPower button by schaniQ and A by Leo ReynoldsFactory at night by Gn!pGnopGrocery shelves by Dread Pirate RobertsGears by iansandBound periodicals by thomas ford memorial libraryWallet by Kenn WilsonLocked door by Aris GionisCandles by rogerglennDinosaur extinction by Zina Deretsky, NSFChange or Die by David KingSpare change by lifesuperchargerKeep your coins by m.a.r.c.Resist displacement by bfisterAnother world is possible by house photographyEvidence based change from Owen AbroadCover of Doris 15 thanks to Cindy Crabb, available through MicrocosmBeginning is near by grunzooki