Caption: Burn scar contracture, 19th-century Japan. Illustration of a Buddhist priest with scar contracture of his leg, from 'A Surgical Casebook', a 19th-century manuscript of hand-painted pictures commissioned by Japanese surgeon Hanaoka Seishu (1760-1835). The scar contracture was caused by a burn injury. Surgery will allow full use of the leg again. Hanaoka pioneered the use of general anaesthesia to remove tumours from cancer patients. His book illustrated the cancers and other conditions that he treated, and the patients that came to him for treatment. The illustrations were by an artist named Tangetsu.