ONLINE EXHIBITION

War Resistance, Anti-Militarism, and Deportation,
1917-1919

Though she was not a pacifist, Emma Goldman insisted on the anarchist
principle that the state has no right to make war. She believed that most
modern wars were fought on behalf of capitalists at the expense of the working
class, and that the draft was a form of illegitimate coercion.

As the United States appeared to be drifting toward war in late 1916, Goldman
threw her energy into opposing the government's military preparations, using
her magazine, Mother Earth, as a forum. Goldman was not
alone in this
cause: the antiwar effort was the product of a broad coalition of liberals,
socialists, anarchists, and progressive unionists. Ultimately, however, the
federal government crushed this movement and repressed its elements in an
almost hysterical patriotic prowar and antiradical crusade orchestrated by
President Woodrow Wilson. Mother Earth was banned, along with
other periodicals opposing the war. Hundreds of foreign-born
radicals were deported.

Although Goldman knew federal government officials had been looking for
grounds to deport her for years, she pressed on with her antiwar activities.
Within weeks of America's entry into World War I, she helped launch the No-
Conscription
League to encourage conscientious objectors and spoke repeatedly against the
draft, attracting eight thousand people to one meeting. Predictably, the
government responded, arresting Emma Goldman and her comrade Alexander Berkman
on June 15, 1917. Charged with conspiring against the draft, they were
convicted and sentenced to two years in prison with the possibility of
deportation at the end of their term.

After an unsuccessful appeal to the Supreme Court, Goldman began serving her
term at the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City. On September 27,
1919, Emma was released, only to be re-arrested
shortly afterward by the young J. Edgar Hoover, head of the Justice
Department's General Intelligence Division. Hoover advanced his career by
implementing to the fullest extent possible the government's plan to deport all
foreign-born radicals. Writing the briefs and presenting the case against
Goldman himself, Hoover persuaded the courts to deny Goldman's
citizenship claims and to deport her.

On December 21, 1919, Goldman, Berkman, and over two hundred other foreign-
born radicals were herded aboard the Buford and, accompanied by a
fearsome block of nearly one hundred guards, set sail for the Soviet
Union.

EXHIBITS

Goldman and Berkman Stand Trial, 1917

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman in New York, 1917, awaiting trial on charges
of opposing the draft during World War I.(UPI, Bettmann Archive)

I.W.W. Headquarters After Palmer Raid, 1919

In late 1919, following a period of labor turbulence and several
bombing incidents, post-World War I antiradical hysteria reached
fever pitch. In November 1919, Attorney General A. Mitchell
Palmer launched a series of raids targeting the most vulnerable
radical and progressive organizations. By early 1920, more than
five thousand people were arrested in what became known as the "Palmer
Raids." Goldman's Mother Earth office was among the
first to be ransacked in 1917. Rumor has it that J. Edgar Hoover
used her confiscated library and manuscripts to educate himself
on the radical Left. Apparently, most of the material was later
destroyed.(IWW headquarters, New York City, after the raid of November 15,
1919. Special Collections Library, Labadie Collection, University
of Michigan)

In this, one of the most eloquent statements of her life, Emma Goldman
castigated the "star chamber" proceedings of the American judiciary. Emma also
lamented the increasingly repressive climate in the United States which she
believed made the country indistinguishable from Czarist Russia. She
attributed this repression and intolerance to an alliance of powerful
industrialists and officials of state and federal governments.

Goldman's statement included a scathing critique of the Anti-Anarchist laws,
asserting that "the free expression of the hopes and aspirations of a people is
the greatest and only safety in a sane society."(Statement by Emma Goldman at the Federal deportation hearing, New York,
October 27, 1919. United States National Archives, Record Group
165.)

J. Edgar Hoover Recommends Goldman and Berkman Deportation

J. Edgar Hoover turned the deportation of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman
into a personal crusade. In this letter he brands them as "beyond doubt, two of
the most dangerous anarchists in this country." As special assistant to
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, Hoover amassed evidence against Goldman
and Berkman and presented the case against them at their deportation hearing.
Hoover was also present at 5:00 a.m. on the morning of December 21, 1919, when
the Buford set sail for Russia carrying Goldman, Berkman, and the other
deportees. Hoover and the FBI monitored Goldman's activities closely for the
remainder of her life in exile from the United States.(August 23, 1919. United States National Archives, Record Group
60)

Federal Warrant for Goldman's Deportation

A copy of the warrant ordering Emma Goldman's deportation for advocating
anarchism.(Warrant-Deportation of Alien, John W. Abercrombie, Acting Secretary of
Labor, December 1, 1919, Washington, D.C.)

Uncle Sam Bids Good Riddance to the Deportees

A popular antiradical cartoon celebrating the deportation of Emma Goldman,
Alexander Berkman, and 247 other foreign-born radicals to Russia on December
21, 1919, aboard the Buford.(From J. Edgar Hoover Memorabilia Collection, Federal Bureau of
Investigation)