1 Answer
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I would strongly suggest that you just reinstall, being careful about where the installation goes to.

One quick check before doing that: Looking at that fdisk output, your first primary partition doesn't seem to be marked bootable. Run 'fdisk /dev/sda', type 'a'-Enter to start toggling a bootable flag, '1'-Enter to toggle the first partition's bootable flag. 'w'-Enter to write the partition table changes and exit.

If that doesn't fix things for you, then copying the boot folder (if there isn't one on your primary drive's Linux partition) to the primary drive's Linux partition would be the start of getting booting working off the hard disk. Then changes to /etc/grub.conf or /etc/default/grub would be required.