Re: The monsters wakes up ! Katla Hekla Iceland Dead Zone and rift as uniform system ! A lot of others worldwide !

Candy Wrapper for the Earth's Inner Core

Recent global expansion of seismic data motivated a number of seismological studies of the Earth's inner core that proposed the existence of increasingly complex structure and anisotropy. In the meantime, new hypotheses of dynamic mechanisms have been put forward to interpret seismological results. Here, the nature of hemispherical dichotomy and anisotropy is re-investigated by bridging the observations of PKP(bc-df) differential travel-times with the iron bcc/hcp elastic properties computed from first-principles methods.The Candy Wrapper velocity model introduced here accounts for a dynamic picture of the inner core (i.e., the eastward drift of material), where different iron crystal shapes can be stabilized at the two hemispheres. We show that seismological data are best explained by a rather complicated, mosaic-like, structure of the inner core, where well-separated patches of different iron crystals compose the anisotropic western hemispherical region, and a conglomerate of almost indistinguishable iron phases builds-up the weakly anisotropic eastern side. [link to www.nature.com]

During the last 24 hours the monitoring system of Popocatepetl volcano has recorded tremor of high frequency and low to moderate amplitude (see seismogram), has been accompanied by a persistent emission of steam, gas and light amounts of ash (see image 1).

In addition, there was two explosions, the first yesterday at 14:45 h, whose eruption column headed northwest with a height of a km above the crater rim (see image 2), which was later accompanied by harmonic tremor segments accumulated 10 minutes in total. The second was recorded today at 02:26 h, the eruption column reached 1.5 km of altitude in southwest direction (see image 3).

During the night there was incandescence and the emission of incandescent fragments issuing a short distance from the crater rim on the east side, many of them fell back into the same (see image 4).

From today in the morning until the time of this report there has been persistent emission of steam, gas and light amounts of ash moving west-southwest at an average height of 1.2 km above the crater rim (see image 5), (see image 6).

Quoting: Anonymous Coward 43069827

Popocatepetl July 9th 5am - 8:45am

Quoting: Anonymous Coward 43069827

July 9, 2013 9:02 amKeep an Eye on Popocat&#233;petl, the Volcano Erupting Just Outside Mexico City [link to blogs.smithsonianmag.com] Less than 40 miles outside of Mexico City, the volcano Popocat&#233;petl is erupting, sending ash plumes roughly two miles into the atmosphere. Over the weekend, airlines took the precaution of cancelling flights out of Mexico City, even though the airport itself remained open.

Authorities have upgraded the threat status of the volcano from Yellow-Phase 2 to Yellow-Phase 3. Erik Klemetti, at Wired, describes what the upgrade means:

This means that the eruption at the volcano has moved from sporadic explosions (Phase II) to frequent small to intermediate explosions, usually caused by a dome collapse (that can generate pyroclastic flows). Tremor is almost constant at the volcano, along with constant emission of ash-and-steam from the summit vent.

Pyroclastic flows are extremely dangerous. Composed of a toxic stew of gases, ash and bits of solid and molten rock, they move like an avalanche down the side of a volcano, moving at speeds of over 60 miles an hour, way faster than any human can run.

Pyroclastic flows occurred during the eruption of two of the larger volcanic events of the 20th century, Mt. St. Helen’s and Mt. Pinotubo. Like those two volcanoes, Popocat&#233;petl is a stratovolcano, a type of volcano known for its explosive eruptions.

It has a long history of eruptions, dating back to the Aztec times. It took a brief 50-year nap from 1944 through the early 1990s, but has since been erupting fairly regularly. On Sunday, scientists noticed that a lava dome about 820 feet across had grown in the middle of the crater at the top of the mountain...

Re: The monsters wakes up ! Katla Hekla Iceland Dead Zone and rift as uniform system ! A lot of others worldwide !

[link to volcans.blogs-de-voyage.fr] Airplanes and volcanic ash...As a conclusion to my note of 9 March 2013, I wrote: “The question is to know what will happen the day the Katla or one of her will become active again and send large clouds of ash in the sky. There is a huge gap between theory and practice, simulation and reality! “I remain convinced that the panic in the airports will be the same as in the spring of 2010!

During the last 24 hours the monitoring system of Popocatepetl volcano has recorded tremor of high frequency and low to moderate amplitude (see seismogram), has been accompanied by a persistent emission of steam, gas and light amounts of ash (see image 1).

In addition, there was two explosions, the first yesterday at 14:45 h, whose eruption column headed northwest with a height of a km above the crater rim (see image 2), which was later accompanied by harmonic tremor segments accumulated 10 minutes in total. The second was recorded today at 02:26 h, the eruption column reached 1.5 km of altitude in southwest direction (see image 3).

During the night there was incandescence and the emission of incandescent fragments issuing a short distance from the crater rim on the east side, many of them fell back into the same (see image 4).

From today in the morning until the time of this report there has been persistent emission of steam, gas and light amounts of ash moving west-southwest at an average height of 1.2 km above the crater rim (see image 5), (see image 6).

Quoting: Anonymous Coward 43069827

Popocatepetl July 9th 5am - 8:45am

Quoting: Anonymous Coward 43069827

July 9, 2013 9:02 amKeep an Eye on Popocat&#233;petl, the Volcano Erupting Just Outside Mexico City [link to blogs.smithsonianmag.com] Less than 40 miles outside of Mexico City, the volcano Popocat&#233;petl is erupting, sending ash plumes roughly two miles into the atmosphere. Over the weekend, airlines took the precaution of cancelling flights out of Mexico City, even though the airport itself remained open.

Authorities have upgraded the threat status of the volcano from Yellow-Phase 2 to Yellow-Phase 3. Erik Klemetti, at Wired, describes what the upgrade means:

This means that the eruption at the volcano has moved from sporadic explosions (Phase II) to frequent small to intermediate explosions, usually caused by a dome collapse (that can generate pyroclastic flows). Tremor is almost constant at the volcano, along with constant emission of ash-and-steam from the summit vent.

Pyroclastic flows are extremely dangerous. Composed of a toxic stew of gases, ash and bits of solid and molten rock, they move like an avalanche down the side of a volcano, moving at speeds of over 60 miles an hour, way faster than any human can run.

Pyroclastic flows occurred during the eruption of two of the larger volcanic events of the 20th century, Mt. St. Helen’s and Mt. Pinotubo. Like those two volcanoes, Popocat&#233;petl is a stratovolcano, a type of volcano known for its explosive eruptions.

It has a long history of eruptions, dating back to the Aztec times. It took a brief 50-year nap from 1944 through the early 1990s, but has since been erupting fairly regularly. On Sunday, scientists noticed that a lava dome about 820 feet across had grown in the middle of the crater at the top of the mountain...

During the last 7 hours the monitoring system of Popocatepetl volcano has recorded a decrease in the amplitude of high frequency tremor previously reported. However, the emission of steam and gas has persisted westward (see image). Also, 8 exhalations have been presented of low to moderate magnitude, which has caused the denser pulse emission of water vapor and gas with low ash content. One of the largest was recorded at 11:19 h (see image), which reached 1.3 km above the crater rim and moved westward. Another important exhalation was presented at 16:20 h, whose column reached 2 km high and also moved westward (see image). The cloudy conditions prevailing in the volcano area, have prevented the visibility during most of the afternoon until the time of this report...

my opinion is the calderas are weak points in the crust, that the stress from below is focussing on.

for now, they are giving, and taking up the strain from below.

what if one eruption here leads to a much bigger caldera than is already there being formed though, BECAUSE of the immense pressure from below?

when you look at, and measure all of the calderas in that area, ejaf, katla, hekla, torfajukull, vatnafjoll, and tindfjallajokull, they are all in an area about 20 x 25 miles. That's all. all those big volcanoes, in a tiny area really. Imagine them all going, and unzipping a caldera 20x25 miles.

those quakes in torfajukull need to be watched imho.

an eruption from a caldera 20x25 miles doesn't bear thinking about. it would be utterly devastating for everyone.

another thing to think about is both Hekla, and Katla now, are LATE for their usual eruptions. why is that?

are they being the ladies they are, waiting for the big guy to come beneath them, before they scream?

i think we're in a lot of trouble.

do you think a 20x25 mile caldera is out of the question? I bet the people around Mount Toba 75000 years ago thought that beautiful mountain wouldn't do what it did either.

i doubt anything like that would happen though. what would be the point of paying mortgages on Iceland if it were??

Re: The monsters wakes up ! Katla Hekla Iceland Dead Zone and rift as uniform system ! A lot of others worldwide !

Quoting: Luisport

[link to www.igepn.edu.ec] Google translation...According to reports received from the National Secretariat for Risk Management (SNGR) volcano watchers volunteers, staff and community IGEPN (especially social networking) ashfall was recorded associated with the activity of the volcano Tungurahua in the provinces of Tungurahua, Chimborazo, Bolivar, Los Rios, Manabi and Guayas.

The explosion of 06:47 (local time) and emission tremor that lasted until 08:40 (local time) today, July 14, column generated a high emission of ash falling rubble caused (fragments of slag) of 5 Chacauco centimeter diameter and 4 cm in diameter in Bilbao. Meanwhile Huambal&#243; sector was affected by falling rubble black and pink color. Were affected by a major ashfall thick black Bilbao sectors, Chacauco, Cahuaj&#237;, Choglontus, El Manzano, Puela, Penipe Shrine Saba&#241;ag, Hualcanga, Quero and Mocha. According to the report of the Tungurahua SNGR, Cotal&#243; was affected by mild to moderate drop of thick ash and small gravel.

The Canton Ambato was affected with a thin layer of coarse ash black. In this county were affected the central and southern part of the city, Quisapincha, Raisin, San Fernando and Pilahu&#237;n. Other sectors affected with ash medium to fine, black, were Pelileo, Cevallos, Riobamba, Penipe, Guano, Colt, Guanujo, Guaranda, Echeand&#237;a and various sectors of the provinces of Los Rios, Manabi and Guayas, including Quevedo , Porto Viejo, Buena Fe, Valencia, Quinsaloma, Mocache and The Junction.

To date and according to a field inspection by staff IGEPN it was found that the pyroclastic flows generated in the morning down through ravines of Achupasahal and Juive Grande, leaving their deposits a few meters from the road Bathrooms Penipe ...

As the ash column went upwards, it was visible from places as far as Ambato and Quito: [link to i.embed.ly]

The explosion and events that followed generated some large pyroclastic flows, which appear to have been the largest since the 2006 eruption. Here are some pictures of flows in the Achupashal cebrada: [link to i.embed.ly]

Normally early in the morning, the children from local villages have to cross this channel (and others) to get to school in Ba&#241;os. Good job that the explosion was on a Sunday. Doesn't stop them from warming their feet in what looks like ash (can't tell if it is surge) deposits on the sides of the valley: [link to i.embed.ly]

Apparently this woman has picked up a hot rock, although I don't know if this eruption produced pyroclastic flows containing this particular type of textured block @paulcole23 will know better...: [link to i.embed.ly]

Nevertheless...after events like these, tourists and locals often flock to see the impacts...perhaps unaware of the chance of new eruptive events. The last photo is just spectacular....: [link to i.embed.ly]

Re: The monsters wakes up ! Katla Hekla Iceland Dead Zone and rift as uniform system ! A lot of others worldwide !

[link to onlinelibrary.wiley.com] Turbidite record of frequency and source of large volume (>100 km3) Canary Island landslides in the last 1.5 Ma: Implications for landslide triggers and geohazards

During the last two decades, numerous studies have focused on resolving the landslide histories of the Canary Islands. Issues surrounding the preservation and dating of onshore and proximal submarine landslide deposits precludes accurate determination of event ages. However, submarine landslides often disaggregate and generate sediment gravity flows. Volcaniclastic turbidites sampled from Madeira Abyssal Plain piston cores represent a record of eight large-volume failures from the Western Canary Islands in the last 1.5 Ma. During this time, there is a mean recurrence rate of 200 ka, while the islands of El Hierro and Tenerife have individual landslide recurrences of 500 ka and 330 ka, respectively. Deposits from the 15 ka El Golfo landslide from El Hierro and 165 ka Icod landslide from Tenerife are examined. This study also identifies potential deposits associated with the Orotava (535 ka), G&#252;&#237;mar (850 ka), and Rogues de Garc&#237;a landslides (1.2 Ma) from Tenerife, El Julan (540 ka), and El Ti&#241;or (1.05 Ma) landslides from El Hierro, and the Cumbre Nueva landslide (485 ka) from La Palma. Seven of eight landslides occurred during major deglaciations or subsequent interglacial periods, which represent 55% of the time. However, all of the studied landslides occur during or at the end of periods of protracted island volcanism, which generally represent 60% of the island histories. Although climate may precondition failures, it is suggested that volcanism presents a more viable preconditioning and trigger mechanism for Canary Island landslides.

Several volcanoes erupted in 2009 – but only one screamed in the process. Its unique guttural howls provide an unrivalled glimpse into the heart of a volcanic eruption, and may hold clues to the driving forces that cause volcanoes to blow their tops.

The Redoubt volcano near Anchorage in Alaska sprang to life in March 2009, exploding more than 20 times during a two-week-long eruption that spewed ash some 15 kilometres upwards into the stratosphere.

Before many of those explosions, local seismic stations detected a flurry of tiny tremors of magnitude 0.5 to 1.5. In the final minute before an explosion, the earthquake frequency peaked at about 30 events every second, which meant the seismic waves they generated merged together into a continuous stream. This then gave way to 30 seconds of eerie silence just before the explosion.

The seismologists studying Redoubt have dubbed the stream "the seismic scream", because it built to a crescendo of increasing pitch, entering the lowest range of human hearing (listen to the scream here, sped up 60 times)...To work out why Redoubt screamed, Dunham and his colleagues generated a mathematical model of the seismic activity. Their work shows how a build-up of pressure within the conduit could have increased friction between the surfaces in the heart of the volcano, causing them to slip past each other in a quickening sequence of judders just before it exploded.

Exactly which surfaces scraped against each other is still unclear. "But it's fun to speculate," says Dunham.

It might be that the magma was thick enough to rasp against the walls of the conduit rather than flowing smoothly past them during its upward journey...

The 2009 Redoubt eruption is the only known example of a volcano screaming but establishing the exact cause of the screams – and the silence – will prove invaluable, because so little is known about what goes on at the heart of a volcano. "This region is often several kilometres beneath Earth's surface, so it is quite challenging to study," says Dunham. The screams may hold the key to working out how pressure changes in the heart of a volcano just before an eruption, and that could help establish why some events are particularly destructive.

Discovered by an Australian just over five years ago, volcano boarding (or surfing) is one of Central America’s newest extreme sports. Cerro Negro, Nicaragua's youngest volcano and just over 700 meters tall, is one of the more popular spots. Photos by Anna-Claire Bevan/Tico Times: [link to static3.cdn.ticotimes.net]

...Volcano boarding is a must for anyone visiting Nicaragua with a taste of adventure. Where else in the world can you scale an active volcano and then launch yourself off it at a speed of over 80 kph?

Re: The monsters wakes up ! Katla Hekla Iceland Dead Zone and rift as uniform system ! A lot of others worldwide !

[link to www.vancouversun.com] Scientists link 'Great Dying' to volcanic eruptions Evidence in Canadian high Arctic points to suspect in mass extinction 250 million years ago By Randy Boswell, Postmedia News July 14, 2013

Canadian scientists probing two sites in the High Arctic have found fresh evidence pointing to a fiery Siberian suspect in the greatest mass extinction of all time - a planetwide cataclysm that wiped out more than 90 per cent of the Earth's species about 250 million years ago.

The so-called "Great Dying" at the end of the Permian geological era killed off a larger proportion of species than any of the 25 other mass extinctions scientists have identified from sudden and widespread gaps in the fossil record at certain layers of rock corresponding to specific periods of time.

The precise cause of the biological catastrophe 252 million years ago has been debated by scientists for decades. But nothing else in Earth history compares to the Late Permian disaster, which eclipsed 95 per cent of all marine life and about 70 per cent of species on land...

In short, the findings confirm oxygen starvation as a significant factor in some phases or sites of the global crisis, but rule it out as the underlying cause of the planet-spanning extinctions, the researchers conclude...

"Rather than the direct cause of global extinction, anoxia may be more a contributing factor along with numerous other impacts associated with Siberian Traps eruption and other perturbations to the Earth system." Traces of the ancient volcanic calamity itself can be seen across a wide area of presentday Russia near the Siberian city of Norilsk.

The researchers involved in the new Geology study have published previous papers on the Permian extinction.

Crater Lake sits within the caldera of Mt. Mazama, a center of volcanism in the Oregon Cascades for more than 400,000 years. The morphology of the lake is largely a consequence of a climactic eruption that occurred 6845 + 50 years ago; however, intercaldera volcanism took place as recently as 4000 years ago. The volcanic morphology provides a basin for what is now the deepest lake in the United States (approximately 590 meters). The volcanic terrain strongly limits the nutrient fluxes into the lake, mostly because the lake covers 78% of the total drainage area. Consequently, the lake is highly oligotrophic and one of the clearest lakes in the world...

Conclusions

As a result of more than three years of field studies and our interpretation of these and other data from the literature, we conclude that there are active inputs of hydrothermal fluids into the bottom of Crater Lake...

Re: The monsters wakes up ! Katla Hekla Iceland Dead Zone and rift as uniform system ! A lot of others worldwide !

July 15, 2013 – COSTA RICA - A significant earthquake swarm has started late on 13 July at the volcano and is continuing. This could indicate a rise of magma in progress and could eventually lead to new eruptions in the near future. The stratovolcano is 3,340 m (10,958 ft) high and is about 45 minutes from the Atlantic slope town of Turrialba. The summit has three craters, one of which has fumaroles and sulfur pits. The largest of the craters has a diameter of 164 feet (50 m). Turrialba is adjacent to the Irazú volcano and both are among Costa Rica’s largest volcanoes. It had at least five large explosive eruptions in last 3500 years. The Turrialba volcano last erupted in 2011. –Volcano Discovery , Wikp [link to theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com]