1.
Wales
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Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh

2.
1786 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1786 in Ireland. The last reliably recorded wolf in Ireland is hunted down and killed near Mount Leinster, County Carlow,1 April - William Mulready, painter. 7 May - John Cliffe Watts, military officer, architect in Australia,23 September - John England, first Catholic Bishop of Charleston, South Carolina. 12 November - John Burke, genealogist, eaton Stannard Barrett, poet and author. June - Gorges Edmond Howard, lawyer and writer, october - John Handcock, soldier and politician. 2 December - James OFallon, Roman Catholic Bishop of Elphin

3.
Welsh people
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The Welsh people or the Welsh are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales and the Welsh language. Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, the term Welsh people applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins. Over 300,000 Welsh people live in London, the same etymological origin is shared by the names of various other Celtic or Latin peoples such as the Walloons and the Vlachs, as well as of the Swiss canton of Valais. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. They thus carry a sense of land of fellow-countrymen, our country, the word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century. It is attested in a poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. During their time in Britain, the ancient Romans encountered tribes in present-day Wales that they called the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli. The people of what is now Wales were not distinguished from the rest of the peoples of southern Britain, all were called Britons and spoke the common British language, a Brythonic Celtic tongue. Celtic language and culture seems to have arrived in Britain during the Iron Age, the claim has also been made that Indo-European languages may have been introduced to the British Isles as early as the early Neolithic, with Goidelic and Brythonic languages developing indigenously. The genetic evidence in this case would show that the change to Celtic languages in Britain may have occurred as a cultural rather than through migration as was previously supposed. The assumed genetic imprint of Neolithic incomers is seen as a cline, with stronger Neolithic representation in the east of Europe, when the Roman legions departed Britain around 400, a Romano-British culture remained in the areas the Romans had settled, and the pre-Roman cultures in others. According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of lineages in Llangefni in north Wales derive from Iberia, Genetic marker R1b averages from 83–89% amongst the Welsh. The people in what is now Wales continued to speak Brythonic languages with additions from Latin, the surviving poem Y Gododdin is in early Welsh and refers to the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin with a capital at Din Eidyn and extending from the area of Stirling to the Tyne. John Davies places the change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700, offas Dyke was erected in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia. The genetic tests suggested that between 50% and 100% of the population of what was to become England was wiped out. In 2001, research for a BBC programme on the Vikings suggested a strong link between the Celts and Basques, dating back tens of thousands of years. The UCL research suggested a migration on a huge scale during the Anglo-Saxon period and it appears England is made up of an ethnic cleansing event from people coming across from the continent after the Romans left, said Dr Mark Thomas, of the Centre for Genetic Anthropology at UCL

4.
Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university

5.
George IV of the United Kingdom
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George IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father, George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten years later. From 1811 until his accession, he served as Prince Regent during his fathers mental illness. George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era and he was a patron of new forms of leisure, style and taste. He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace and he even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate, unsuccessful attempt to divorce her. For most of Georges regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister and his ministers found his behaviour selfish, unreliable and irresponsible. At all times he was much under the influence of favourites, taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars. He did not provide leadership in time of crisis, nor act as a role model for his people. Liverpools government presided over Britains ultimate victory, negotiated the peace settlement, after Liverpools retirement, George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it. His only child, Princess Charlotte, died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother, George was born at St Jamess Palace, London, on 12 August 1762, the first child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. As the eldest son of a British sovereign, he automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth, he was created Prince of Wales, on 18 September of the same year, he was baptised by Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents were the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Duke of Cumberland, George was a talented student, and quickly learned to speak French, German and Italian, in addition to his native English. He was a witty conversationalist, drunk or sober, and showed good, the Prince of Wales turned 21 in 1783, and obtained a grant of £60,000 from Parliament and an annual income of £50,000 from his father. It was far too little for his needs – the stables alone cost £31,000 a year and he then established his residence in Carlton House, where he lived a profligate life. Animosity developed between the prince and his father, who desired more frugal behaviour on the part of the heir apparent, the King, a political conservative, was also alienated by the princes adherence to Charles James Fox and other radically inclined politicians. Soon after he reached the age of 21, the prince became infatuated with Maria Fitzherbert and she was a commoner, six years his elder, twice widowed, and a Roman Catholic. Despite her complete unsuitability, the prince was determined to marry her, nevertheless, the couple went through a marriage ceremony on 15 December 1785 at her house in Park Street, Mayfair. Legally the union was void, as the Kings consent was not granted, however, Fitzherbert believed that she was the princes canonical and true wife, holding the law of the Church to be superior to the law of the State. For political reasons, the union remained secret and Fitzherbert promised not to reveal it, the prince was plunged into debt by his exorbitant lifestyle

6.
Princess of Wales
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Princess of Wales is a British courtesy title held by the wife of the Prince of Wales, who is, since the 14th century, the heir apparent of the English or British monarch. The first acknowledged title holder was Eleanor de Montfort, wife of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and it has subsequently been used by wives of post-conquest princes of Wales. The title is held by Camilla, second wife of Charles. She does not, however, use the title, as it has remained associated with the previous holder. Instead, she uses the title Duchess of Cornwall, the Princess of Wales is not a princess in her own right. For most of her childhood, Mary was her fathers only legitimate heir, for example, Spanish scholar Juan Luis Vives dedicated his Satellitium Animi to Dominæ Mariæ Cambriæ Principi, Henrici Octavi Angliæ Regis Filiæ. When a title was discussed for the future Elizabeth II, the possibility of investing her as Princess of Wales in her own right was raised, but proved problematical. If it were used by Princess Elizabeth, it would have degraded her right as a Princess of the United Kingdom unless Letters Patent or legislation were introduced to the contrary. Furthermore, if the then-Princess Elizabeth had been given the title of Princess of Wales, therefore, King George VI decided not to grant his elder daughter the title. The Princess of Wales, by virtue of her marriage to the Prince of Wales, takes on the equivalent of her husbands titles. Of all these titles, Princess of Wales has been used officially, however, as with the example of the current holder, a subsidiary title may just as easily and lawfully be used. The Princess of Wales also holds the titles of Duchess of Cornwall and Countess of Chester, as the wife of the Prince of Wales who is also Duke of Cornwall, several consorts of Welsh princes of Wales were theoretically princesses of Wales while their husbands were in power. The only consort of a Welsh prince definitively shown to have used the title was Eleanor de Montfort, the English bride of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last native Prince of Wales. Their only child was Gwenllian of Wales, who was taken prisoner as an infant following her fathers death. herein is kept the Princess of Wales, whom we have to maintain. This is a list of Princesses of Wales who held the title by their marriage to the Prince of Wales The Green Howards, tystiolaeth Garth Celyn Y Traethodydd 1998 ISSN 0969-8930 Fryer, M. Mary Beacock Fryer, Arthur Bousfield, Garry Toffoli. Lives of the Princesses of Wales

7.
Abraham Rees
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Abraham Rees was a Welsh nonconformist minister, and compiler of Reess Cyclopædia. He was the son of Lewis Rees, by his wife Esther, daughter of Abraham Penry. Lewis Rees was independent minister at Llanbrynmair and Mynyddbach, Glamorganshire, Abraham was educated for the ministry at Cowards academy in Wellclose Square, near London, under David Jennings, entering in 1759. His first ministerial engagement was in the independent congregation at Clapham, in 1768 he became assistant to Henry Read in the presbyterian congregation at St. Thomass, Southwark, and succeeded him as pastor in 1774. A new meeting-house, of form, was erected for him in Jewin Street. He was elected trustee of Dr. Daniel Williamss foundations in 1774, and secretary of the board in 1778. On 31 January 1775 he received the degree of D. D. from Edinburgh University and he made a triennial visit to Wales as examiner of Carmarthen Academy. In 1806 he was appointed distributor of the English regium donum and he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1813. He was the last of the London dissenting ministers who officiated in a wig, Rees survived his wife and all his children, but left several grandchildren. His son, Nathaniel Penry Rees, died 8 July 1802 and his only daughter married John Jones. Reess work as a cyclopædist began as an improver of the Cyclopædia of Ephraim Chambers, originally published in 1728, in 2 volumes. This was re-edited by Rees in 1778, and, with the incorporation of a supplement and much new matter, was issued by him in 1781–6, in 4 volumes, reprinted 1788–91. In recognition of his labour he was elected in 1786 a Fellow of the Royal Society, and subsequently of the Linnean Society and he then projected a more comprehensive publication. The parts were issued at intervals, two parts constituting a volume. Great attention is paid to English biography, the articles were generally contributed by Sir James Edward Smith. Besides single sermons, Rees published ‘Practical Sermons, ’1809,2 vols, 2nd ed.1812, with two additional volumes,1821. In conjunction with Kippis, Thomas Jervis, and Thomas Morgan and he brought out ‘A Collection of Hymns and Psalms, ’ &c. This collection, generally known as Kippiss, was the first attempt to supply, for use among liberal dissenters

8.
Royal Society
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Founded in November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as The Royal Society. The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Societys President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the members of the society. As of 2016, there are about 1,600 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS, there are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members, the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS. The Royal Society President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, who took up the post on 30 November 2015, since 1967, the society has been based at 6–9 Carlton House Terrace, a Grade I listed building in central London which was previously used by the Embassy of Germany, London. The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers, meeting at variety of locations and they were influenced by the new science, as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis, from approximately 1645 onwards. A group known as The Philosophical Society of Oxford was run under a set of rules still retained by the Bodleian Library, after the English Restoration, there were regular meetings at Gresham College. It is widely held that these groups were the inspiration for the foundation of the Royal Society, I will not say, that Mr Oldenburg did rather inspire the French to follow the English, or, at least, did help them, and hinder us. But tis well known who were the men that began and promoted that design. This initial royal favour has continued and, since then, every monarch has been the patron of the society, the societys early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by Denis Papin, who was appointed in 1684. These experiments varied in their area, and were both important in some cases and trivial in others. The Society returned to Gresham in 1673, there had been an attempt in 1667 to establish a permanent college for the society. Michael Hunter argues that this was influenced by Solomons House in Bacons New Atlantis and, to a lesser extent, by J. V. The first proposal was given by John Evelyn to Robert Boyle in a letter dated 3 September 1659, he suggested a scheme, with apartments for members. The societys ideas were simpler and only included residences for a handful of staff and these plans were progressing by November 1667, but never came to anything, given the lack of contributions from members and the unrealised—perhaps unrealistic—aspirations of the society. During the 18th century, the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded, with a number of scientific greats compared to other periods. The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, during the same time period, it became customary to appoint society fellows to serve on government committees where science was concerned, something that still continues. The 18th century featured remedies to many of the early problems

9.
Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden
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Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, PC was an English lawyer, judge and Whig politician who was first to hold the title of Earl of Camden. As a lawyer and judge he was a proponent of civil liberties, championing the rights of the jury. However, he clung to office himself, even when Pitt was out of power, serving in the cabinet for fifteen years, during his life, Pratt played a leading role in opposing perpetual copyright, resolving the regency crisis of 1788 and in championing Foxs Libel Bill. He started the development of the settlement that was later to become Camden Town in London. Born in Kensington in 1714, he was a descendant of an old Devon family of high standing, charless mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of Rev. Hugh Wilson of Trefeglwys, and the aunt of landscape painter Richard Wilson and he received his early education at Eton, where he became acquainted with William Pitt, and Kings College, Cambridge. He had already developed an interest in law and civil liberties. In 1734 he became a fellow of his college, and in the following year obtained his degree of BA, having adopted his fathers profession, he had entered the Middle Temple in 1728, and ten years later he was called to the Bar. He practised at first in the courts of law, travelling also the western circuit. For some years his practice was so limited, and he became so discouraged that he seriously thought of turning his back on the law. He listened, however, to the advice of his friend Sir Robert Henley, a brother barrister, reputedly, once instructed as Henleys junior, Henley feigned illness so that Pratt could lead and earn the credit. The first case brought him prominently into notice and gave him assurance of ultimate success was the government prosecution, in 1752, of a bookseller. The author had left the country so the weight of the governments censure fell on Owen, the jury disagreed and acquitted Owen. Pratt was appointed Kings Counsel in 1755, and knighted in December 1761, in 1756, Newcastle offered Pratt a judgeship but Pratt preferred to take the role of Attorney General to the Prince of Wales. In July 1757, Pitt formed a government with Newcastle. Pratt was preferred over Solicitor General Charles Yorke, Yorke was the son of Lord Hardwicke, a political ally of Newcastle who, as Lord Chancellor had obstructed Pratts career in favour of his own son. They asserted that, while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both, only the property of the former was vested in the Crown, though the original opinion related to the British East India Company, it came to be applied elsewhere in the developing British Empire. The same year he entered the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the borough of Downton in Wiltshire and he sat in Parliament for four years, but did not distinguish himself as a debater

10.
Marquess Camden
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Marquess Camden is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1812 for the politician John Pratt, 2nd Earl Camden, the Pratt family descends from Sir John Pratt, Lord Chief Justice from 1718 to 1725. His third son from his marriage, Sir Charles Pratt, was also a prominent lawyer and politician. These titles are also in the Peerage of Great Britain, Lord Camden was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Jeffreys, of The Priory, Brecknockshire, in Wales. Their son, the second Earl, was a politician and notably served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in 1812 he was created Earl of the County of Brecknock and Marquess Camden. His son, the second Marquess, represented Ludgershall, Bath and Dunwich in the House of Commons, in 1835 Lord Camden was called to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his fathers junior title of Baron Camden. His son, the third Marquess, briefly sat as a Member of Parliament for Brecon in 1866, before he succeeded his father, on his early death the titles passed to his three-month-old son, the fourth Marquess. He was notably Lord Lieutenant of Kent from 1905 to 1943, as of 2013 the peerages are held by his grandson, the sixth Marquess, who succeeded his father in 1983. Lord Michael Pratt was a son of the fifth Marquess. The family lives at Wherwell House near Andover in Hampshire, until the early 1980s the family also owned the Bayham Abbey Estate, near Lamberhurst, in Kent. New York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages The London Gazette,13 May 1786 The London Gazette,15 August,1812 David Pratt, 6th Marquess Camden Genealogics. org Geni. com

11.
David Samwell
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David Samwell was a Welsh naval surgeon and poet. He was an important supporter of Welsh cultural organisations and was known by the pseudonym Dafydd Ddu Feddyg, Samwell was born in Nantglyn, a small village in Denbighshire to William Samuel a local vicar. His grandfather, Edward Samuel was also a notable Welsh author, Samwell became a surgeon in the Royal Navy and between 1776 and 1779 he sailed around the world with Captain James Cook onboard HMS Resolution. As a ships surgeon it was Samwells job to ensure the crews health did not deteriorate over the long journeys to the Pacific Ocean, aboard the ship Samwell wrote of his travels, including some poetry. The journal of his experiences aboard Captain James Cooks ship provide an account of the third. Part of the journal describes the death of Captain Cook at the hands of natives on the Sandwich Islands in 1779 and he also wrote an unpublished journal, Some Account of a Voyage to the South Seas 1776-1777-1778 which is an innovative work of social anthropology. Between his voyages, Samwell lived in London, there he and other Welshmen would meet, and he joined the Gwyneddigion Society which had formed in 1770. The society was formed for men from North Wales. The society celebrated with a ball every St Davids Day. He was described as tall, stout, blackhaired, pock-marked, fierce looking, wondrous friendly in company, in 1792 Iolo Morganwg organised here the first meeting of Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain at Primrose Hill in London. Samwell was present at the event which saw a circle set. The next year though saw Britain enter conflict with France during the French Revolutionary Wars and he returned to Britain in the autumn of that year and died in London in November. Works by David Samwell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about David Samwell at Internet Archive

12.
Hester Thrale
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Hester Lynch Thrale was a British diarist, author, and patron of the arts. Her diaries and correspondence are an important source of information about Samuel Johnson, Hester was born at Bodvel Hall, Caernarvonshire, Wales, the only daughter of Hester and John Salusbury. As a member of the powerful Salusbury Family, she belonged to one of the most illustrious Welsh land-owning dynasties of the Georgian era, through her fathers line she was a direct descendant of Katheryn of Berain. After her father had gone bankrupt in an attempt to invest in Halifax, Canada, she married the rich brewer Henry Thrale on 11 October 1763, at St. Annes Chapel, Soho and they had 12 children and lived at Streatham Park. However, the marriage was strained, her husband was often slighted by members of the Court. The Thrales eldest daughter, Hester, became a viscountess, after her marriage, Mrs Thrale was liberated and free to associate with whom she pleased. In July 1774 Johnson visited Wales in Mrs Thrales company, during time they visited Hesters uncle Sir Lynch Cotton at Combermere in Denbighshire. Her impression was that Mrs Thrale was very vexatious in wishing to engross all his attention, Johnson wrote two verses for Hester Thrale in 1775, the first in celebration of her 35th birthday, and another in Latin to honour her. Her beauty joined to her softness, her manners, her tearful eyes. The touch of understandable spite hereby revealed in Mrs Thrales nature is tempered by her wry humour in remarking, I made her cry to Miss Burney, to show how beautiful she looked in tears and Oh but she liked it. Miss Burney would have run away but she came forward on purpose to show herself, sophy Streatfeild is never happier than when tears trickle down from her fine eyes in company. Fanny records Hesters distress on losing her husband, referring to her as sweet Mrs Thrale and sympathising with the agitation she was under in having to sell the brewery, Fanny was there to congratulate and cheer Hester when the business was concluded. During the ensuing years, Hester fell in love with Gabriel Mario Piozzi, an Italian music teacher and this caused a rift with Johnson, which was only perfunctorily mended shortly before his death. The levelling marriage also earned her the disapproval of Fanny and her cousins the Cottons, with her second husband, Hester retired to Brynbella, a specially built country house on her Bach y Graig estate in the Vale of Clwyd, near Tremeirchion village in north Wales. During this time she began to reflect heavily on her ancestry, and for a time became obsessed with the idea of reclaiming her fathers Canadian lands in Herring Cove, after Johnsons death, she published Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson and her letters. Together with Hester Thrales diaries, which were known as Thraliana, and were not published until 1949, Johnson often stayed with the Thrale household and had his own room above the library at Streatham, in which he worked. Hesters papers provide more insight into his composition process, a marble inside the church was erected in 1909 inscribed with the words Near this place are interred the remains of Hester Lynch Piozzi. Doctor Johnsons Mrs Thrale Born 1741, in an Age of Genius She Ever Held a Foremost Place This Tablet is Erected by Orlando Butler Fellowes Grand-Son of Sir James Fellowes

13.
Helen Maria Williams
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Helen Maria Williams was a British novelist, poet, and translator of French-language works. She was born on 17 June 1759 in London to a Scottish mother, Helen Hay, and her 1786 Poems touch on topics ranging from religion to a critique of Spanish colonial practices. She allied herself with the cult of sensibility, deploying it politically in opposition to war. Du Fossé, who had earlier, in London, given her lessons in French and her letters from France marked a turn from being primarily a writer of poetry to one of prose. After the September Massacres of 1792, she allied herself with the Girondists, as a saloniere, she also hosted Mary Wollstonecraft, Francisco de Miranda, pierres novel Paul et Virginie, to which she appended her own prison sonnets. Upon her release, she travelled with John Hurford Stone to Switzerland, nonetheless, her few poems from this period continue to express Dissenting piety and were published in volumes with those of other religiously like-minded poets. In 1798, she published A Tour in Switzerland, which included an account of her travels, political commentary, and the poem A Hymn Written Amongst the Alps. After the Bourbon Restoration, she became a naturalised French citizen in 1818, nonetheless, Williams works consist of poetry, novels, volumes of letters, and translations. The lines are not always clear, as she might include a poem in the preface of another work. The following list is by no means complete, a legendary tale,1782, her first published work Ode on the Peace,1783, celebrated the end of the American Revolution Perù,1784, a long poem in six cantos Paula R. Feldman Peru and Peruvian Tales. Poems,1786 kindle ebook ASIN B00849523Q The Bastille,1790 Poems on various Subjects,1823 Julia,1790 Fruchtman, Jack, Jr. An Eye-Witness Account of the French Revolution by Helen Maria Williams, fraistat, Neil and Lanser, Susan S. Letters Written in France, In the Summer 1790, to a Friend in England, Containing Various Anecdotes Relative to the French Revolution Broadview Press, Williams, Helen Maria, Letters Written in France,1790. ISBN 978-2-05-102265-1 Paul and Virginia by Bernardin de Saint Pierre, the political and confidential correspondence of Lewis XVI with observations on each letter. Williams also translated works of Alexander von Humboldt, who was German. Personal narrative of travels to the regions of the New continent during the years 1799–1804, by Alexander de Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland, with maps, plans. London 1814–1829 Researches concerning the institutions & monuments of the ancient inhabitants of America, une Anglaise, amie de la révolution française, Hélène Maria Williams et ses amis. Kennedy, Deborah, Helen Maria Williams and the Age of Revolution, blakemore, Steven, Crisis in Representation, Thomas Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft, Helen Maria Williams, and the Rewriting of the French Revolution

14.
Ellis Evans
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David Ellis Evans FBA was a Welsh scholar and academic. He was born in the Towy Valley in Carmarthenshire and went to Llandeilo Grammar School, after studying at Jesus College, Oxford and receiving a doctorate from the University of Oxford, he lectured at the University of Wales, Swansea from 1957 to 1978, rising to become Professor. In 1978, he returned to Oxford University as Jesus Professor of Celtic and he was appointed as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1983, having delivered the Academys Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture in 1977, named in honour of the first Oxford Celtic Professor. A volume of essays on these topics by fellow Celticists was published in honour of his 65th birthday in 1995

15.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

Wales ((listen); Welsh: Cymru [ˈkəmri] (listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of …

Britain in AD 500: The areas shaded pink on the map were inhabited by the CelticBritons, here labelled Welsh. The pale blue areas in the east were controlled by Germanic tribes, whilst the pale green areas to the north were inhabited by the Gaels and Picts.