Showing events on this day in years past that shaped history... just, not our history.

Friday, March 1, 2013

Guest Post from Marko Bosscher: Gruffydd Survives Fall

On
the first of March 1244 Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr fell from the Tower
of London, where he had been held hostage by Henry the Third. The next
morning a Yeoman of the Guard found sheets hanging from his window and
bloodstains on the ground below, Gruffydd had been too heavy for his
improvised escape ladder.

Rumors
soon spread. Some said that Gruffydd had died, others that he had been
allowed to escape by King Henry to ferment a civil war against his
half-brother Dafydd. In
fact Gruffydd had been badly injured in the fall (he would never regain
the use of his left arm, and walked with a limp), but he was whisked
away by men loyal to Daffyd and would publicly proclaim his loyalty in
Daffyd’s court several months later.His
relationship to his brother was difficult. Their father Llywelyn the
Great had greatly expanded the old realm of Gwynedd and proclaimed the
principality of Wales, but he had selected the younger brother Daffyd
(the son of his new English wife Joan) to be his heir. In
exchange for peace and the acknowledgement of his claims by the English
king Gruffydd had been given as a hostage to King John the First.

Gruffydd
would spend many long years as a “guest” to the English King, while in
Wales his half-brother was being groomed to take over from their father,
In 1237 Llywelyn suffered a stroke and Daffyd ruled on his behalf, and
when Llywelyn died three years later he formally became the ruler of the
Gwynedd. Gruffyd was allowed to return to Wales, where he was held in
captivity by his brother, to prevent him from making a claim to the
Gwynedd.But
trouble was brewing on the horizon, the English King would not
recognize Daffyd’s claim outside the Gwynedd, and things came to a head
in 1241. King Henry invaded Wales and forced Daffyd to accept a treaty
that involved giving up his claims to the lands outside, and sending his
half-brother to England as a hostage. Which is how Gruffydd came to be
locked up in the Tower in 1244.With
his half-brother by his side and unrest brewing in the English half of
Wales Daffyd formed an alliance with the other Welsh nobles and invaded
the English lands. During 1245 he dealt King Henry several defeats, but
in february 1246 he suddenly died.

Because
Daffyd had left no heirs his older brother succeeded him, with one of
his sons still held hostage by the English and the military campaign
floundering because of the death of his half-brother Gruffyd agreed to
negotiations. Because he was unwilling to yield the gains made by Daffyd
hostilities soon broke out again. In
order to bolster his support Gruffyd proclaimed himself Prince of Wales
the following year. He himself was was no commander, but he had the
luck that his son Llywelyn was a great military leader and Henry
suffered several defeats before finally agreeing to a treaty.

By
the time of his death in 1257 Gruffyd had been acknowledge as Prince of
Wales by all the Welsh nobles, if not the English King. He was
succeeded by his younger son Llywelyn.Henry
released Owain, who had been in English captivity all this time, in the
hopes of fostering civil war. Despite his strong claims Owain found
little support among the war-weary Welsh, and his small army was quickly
routed. He was imprisoned by his brother and lived in captivity for
most of the rest of his life.

In
1264 the Baron’s Revolt broke out in England, Llywelyn saw an
opportunity. Proffering his fealty to Henry he offered to send an army
in his support. Henry reluctantly accepted and recognized the title of
Prince of Wales. Although this plan seemed to backfire when the Barons
scored several victories, in the end Henry won and his son Edward I
would further strengthen the position of the Prince of Wales in exchange
for soldiers to fight the Scots.In reality:
Gruffydd fell to his death trying to escape from the Tower. His son
Llywelyn would be recognized as Prince of Wales by the Welsh and the
English, but Edward I quashed the nascent principality.