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Nisi Dominus, RV803

Introduction

‘What RV803?’, I hear someone asking. This magnificent work came to light just in time to serve as the keystone of the present series of CDs devoted to Vivaldi’s sacred vocal music, of which this disc is the final offering. In May 2003 I received a tip-off from the Australian musicologist Janice Stockigt that among the Galuppi sacred vocal works in the Sächsische Landesbibliothek in Dresden that she was studying there was an anomalous Psalm setting, which contained obbligato parts for viola d’amore, chalumeau (‘salmò’ in Venetian dialect) and an instrument described as ‘tromba marina’ (which turns out to be not an actual trumpet marine but a ‘violino in tromba marina’, a violin with a modified bridge that causes it to sound like this bowed monochord). She suspected, absolutely correctly, that the ostensible composer, Baldassare Galuppi (whose name appears on the title-page of the score as ‘Buranello’, his nickname), was not the real composer, and wondered whether this Nisi Dominus in A major did not belong to an earlier period. I instantly had four thoughts: first, that only the Pietà (with which Galuppi had no known connection) would have used these instruments; second, that only Vivaldi would have had the audacity to use all three together; third, that among the set of Psalms that Vivaldi supplied to the Pietà in 1739 there was a ‘vacancy’ for a missing Psalm answering to the present description; fourth, that since the Beatus vir in its 1739 version (RV795) preserved in Dresden was wilfully misattributed to Galuppi by its Venetian copyist, Iseppo Baldan, notorious among scholars for his forged attributions, this might well be a companion piece from the same stable.

My subsequent work to authenticate the work as a composition by Vivaldi soon established that all of these hunches were correct. (Those who are interested can read an introductory article on it in the first issue of the new journal Eighteenth-Century Music, scheduled to appear in spring 2004.) This was indeed the last of the group of five Psalms for which Vivaldi was paid in 1739 to be identified (the other four are RV604, RV609, RV795 and the incompletely preserved RV789).

And what a work! Vivaldi scores it for three solo voices – soprano, contralto and ‘tenor’ (actually, a contralto whose part is written in the tenor clef) – and five obbligato instruments (in addition to the three mentioned above, solo cello and solo organ appear), with the usual strings and continuo. The setting allots a separate movement to each verse (of which there are six, plus the two for the Lesser Doxology). Its structure is almost perfectly symmetrical. The outer movements, based on common material, employ all three voices with orchestra. The second and sixth movements are for solo voice, one obbligato instrument (viola d’amore and cello, respectively) and continuo. The third and fifth movements are for solo voice and orchestra (with the ‘violino in tromba marina’ added in the latter case). The sensational fourth movement, the ‘calm at the heart of the storm’, is for one voice, obbligato chalumeau and a bass alternating between unison violins and unharmonized continuo. Even the key scheme, A–D–G–C–G–D–A, is symmetrical. This tidy order is broken, however, by the seventh movement, which is in a minor key (E minor) and is scored, like the fifth movement, for a solo voice, orchestra and an obbligato instrument (organ). The solo voices ‘progress’, as the composition unfolds, from alto (movements 2 to 4) to ‘tenor’ (movement 5) and finally soprano (movements 6 to 7).

This ‘second’ Nisi Dominus by Vivaldi (the first is the familiar RV608, in G minor) is easily the most attractive work in the 1739 set. It shows how thoroughly Vivaldi was influenced, during the 1730s, by the dominant galant style, and how enterprising he continued to be, even at the very end of his career, in his choice of instrumental colours. This is truly his ‘swan song’ for the Pietà.

Recordings

'for King's sterling service to the Vivaldian cause, one of his most important recording and satisfying projects to date, I am thankful' (Gramophone)'This final disc in Robert King's justly acclaimed complete edition of Vivaldi's sacred music is the project's crowning glory' (The Daily Telegraph)» More

'For King's sterling service to the Vivaldian cause, one of his most important recording and satisfying projects to date, I am thankful' (Gramophone)'If you're waiting for the perfect collection of Vivaldi's sacred music, this is it. It was a happy day when this beautiful boxed set arrived in my m ...» More