Monday, April 22, 2013

THE CYCLIC UNIVERSE

Looking Fritz Zwicky in 1933, the curvature of certain spatial areas of visible matter and alteration of orbital velocities of galaxies, he assumed that such phenomena were produced by gravitational effects of a matter that permeated the entire universe which he called dark matter because it does not interacts with light and does not emit enough electromagnetic radiation to be detected. Today it is estimated that ordinary matter accounts for 4.9% of observable universe, dark matter :21% and dark energy :70%. Although most theoretical physicists argue that this energy is a form of matter that promotes accelerating expansion of the Universe it is unknown its ultimate nature. Dark energy may become dark matter if it is hit by baryonic particles, leading to particle excitations in some type of dynamic field (quintessence). Although the composition of this hypothetical dark matter is unknown, it is assumed that it is constituted by baryonic dark matter, ordinary and heavy neutrinos, neutralinos, WIMPS, axions, astronomical bodies such as dwarf stars, certain planets collectively called MACHO, non bright gas clouds and others. A candidate for dark matter is the neutralino which after colliding with his couple would produce an excess of charged particles easily detected by AMS-02. Other candidates are strangelets, endowed with very large mass. None of the above items are part of the standard model of particle physics.

To prove the existence of dark matter was installed in the International Space Station the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), provided with a magnet capable of creating a magnetic field 3000 times stronger than the Earth, whose conduction was commissioned to the Nobel Prize Samue Ting. After 18 months of intense work, Ting announced the detection of an unusual excess of positrons (destroy of antimatter particles, create positrons) in cosmic ray flux (containing high energy particles before interacting with Earth's atmosphere), analyzed by the AMS. Ting argues that detected positrons could have been produced by: a) collision of two dark matter particles b) rotating stars that emit radiation. The AMS, will allow to understand the origin of the universe whose genesis requires equal amounts (principle of symmetry) of matter and antimatter (counterpart of electrons), to analyze dark matter and to measure cosmic rays. Following the logic of current knowledge and several physical hypothesis: to every action there is a reaction, it could be assumed that the Big Bang could have been generated from a previous supercondensation of energy particles, similar to which generate black holes. The presence of dark energy in the universe limiting its expansion would be the prelude to the obvious: the limited universe will finish shrinking in one point (Big Crunch), only to re-occur again and again trough a cyclical process known as Big Bang.

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