Modal and temporal logics
(1991)

Tools

"... We describe a method for reducing the complexity of temporal logic model checking in systems composed of many parallel processes. The goal is to check properties of the components of a system and then deduce global properties from these local properties. The main difficulty with this type of approac ..."

We describe a method for reducing the complexity of temporal logic model checking in systems composed of many parallel processes. The goal is to check properties of the components of a system and then deduce global properties from these local properties. The main difficulty with this type of approach is that local properties are often not preserved at the global level. We present a general framework for using additional interface processes to model the environment for a component. These interface processes are typically much simpler than the full environment of the component. By composing a component with its interface processes and then checking properties of this composition, we can guarantee that these properties will be preserved at the global level. We give two example compositional systems based on the logic CTL*.

"... Description logics are a family of knowledge representation formalisms that are descended from semantic networks and frames via the system Kl-one. During the last decade, it has been shown that the important reasoning problems (like subsumption and satisfiability) in a great variety of descriptio ..."

Description logics are a family of knowledge representation formalisms that are descended from semantic networks and frames via the system Kl-one. During the last decade, it has been shown that the important reasoning problems (like subsumption and satisfiability) in a great variety of description logics can be decided using tableau-like algorithms. This is not very surprising since description logics have turned out to be closely related to propositional modal logics and logics of programs (such as propositional dynamic logic), for which tableau procedures have been quite successful. Nevertheless, due to different underlying intuitions and applications, most description logics differ significantly from run-of-the-mill modal and program logics. Consequently, the research on tableau algorithms in description logics led to new techniques and results, which are, however, also of interest for modal logicians. In this article, we will focus on three features that play an important role in description logics (number restrictions, terminological axioms, and role constructors), and show how they can be taken into account by tableau algorithms.

... the rules that handle number restrictions. The main technical problem to be solved is again to design the appropriate blocking condition. Unravelling is also known in modal logic (see, for example, (=-=Stirling, 1992-=-)), and works as follows. To construct a model from a pre-model, we define elements of the model’s domain to be paths in the pre-model that follow edges � where, instead of going to a blocked individu...

"... We show how to exploit symmetry in model checking for concurrent systems containing many identical or isomorphic components. We focus in particular on those composed of many isomorphic processes. In many cases we are able to obtain significant, even exponential, savings in the complexity of model ch ..."

We show how to exploit symmetry in model checking for concurrent systems containing many identical or isomorphic components. We focus in particular on those composed of many isomorphic processes. In many cases we are able to obtain significant, even exponential, savings in the complexity of model checking. 1 Introduction In this paper, we show how to exploit symmetry in model checking. We focus on systems composed of many identical (isomorphic) processes. The global state transition graph M of such a system exhibits a great deal of symmetry, characterized by the group of graph automorphisms of M. The basic idea underlying our method is to reduce model checking over the original structure M, to model checking over a smaller quotient structure M, where symmetric states are identified. In the following paragraphs, we give a more detailed but still informal account of a &quot;group-theoretic&quot; approach to exploiting symmetry. More precisely, the symmetry of M is reflected in the group, Aut M...

"... Possible world semantics underlies many of the applications of modal logic in computer science and philosophy. The standard theory arises from interpreting the semantic definitions in the ordinary meta-theory of informal classical mathematics. If, however, the same semantic definitions are interpret ..."

Possible world semantics underlies many of the applications of modal logic in computer science and philosophy. The standard theory arises from interpreting the semantic definitions in the ordinary meta-theory of informal classical mathematics. If, however, the same semantic definitions are interpreted in an intuitionistic metatheory then the induced modal logics no longer satisfy certain intuitionistically invalid principles. This thesis investigates the intuitionistic modal logics that arise in this way. Natural deduction systems for various intuitionistic modal logics are presented. From one point of view, these systems are self-justifying in that a possible world interpretation of the modalities can be read off directly from the inference rules. A technical justification is given by the faithfulness of translations into intuitionistic first-order logic. It is also established that, in many cases, the natural deduction systems induce well-known intuitionistic modal logics, previously given by Hilbertstyle axiomatizations. The main benefit of the natural deduction systems over axiomatizations is their

...ties of processes arising from process calculi such as Milner’s CCS [58]. Processes are modelled by labelled transition systems, which are, in turn, models of (multi-)modal logic (see, e.g., Stirling =-=[75]-=-). Thus one naturally ascribes modalChapter 9. Conclusions and further work 180 properties to processes, and one may speak of a process satisfying a formula of a modal program logic such as Hennessy-...

"... : We survey 25 years of research on decidability issues for Petri nets. We collect results on the decidability of important properties, equivalence notions, and temporal logics. 1. Introduction Petri nets are one of the most popular formal models for the representation and analysis of parallel proc ..."

: We survey 25 years of research on decidability issues for Petri nets. We collect results on the decidability of important properties, equivalence notions, and temporal logics. 1. Introduction Petri nets are one of the most popular formal models for the representation and analysis of parallel processes. They are due to C.A. Petri, who introduced them in his doctoral dissertation in 1962. Some years later, and independently from Petri&apos;s work, Karp and Miller introduced vector addition systems [47], a simple mathematical structure which they used to analyse the properties of &quot;parallel program schemata&apos;, a model for parallel computation. In their seminal paper on parallel program schemata, Karp and Miller studied some decidability issues for vector addition systems, and the topic continued to be investigated by other researchers. When Petri&apos;s ideas reached the States around 1970, it was observed that Petri nets and vector addition systems were mathematically equivalent, even though thei...

"... Verifying that a temporal logic specification satisfies a temporal property requires some form of theorem proving. However, although proof procedures exist for such logics, many are either unsuitable for automatic implementation or only deal with small fragments of the logic. In this thesis the algo ..."

Verifying that a temporal logic specification satisfies a temporal property requires some form of theorem proving. However, although proof procedures exist for such logics, many are either unsuitable for automatic implementation or only deal with small fragments of the logic. In this thesis the algorithms for, and strategies to guide, a fully automated temporal resolution theorem prover are given, proved correct and evaluated. An approach to applying resolution, a proof method for classical logics suited to mechanisation, to temporal logics has been developed by Fisher. The method involves translation to a normal form, classical style resolution within states and temporal resolution over states. It has only one temporal resolution rule and is therefore particularly suitable as the basis of an automated temporal resolution theorem prover. As the application of the temporal resolution rule is the most costly part of the method, involving search amongst graphs, different algorithms on w...

"... Many process algebras are defined by structural operational semantics (SOS). Indeed, most such definitions are nicely structured and fit the GSOS format of [15]. We give a procedure for converting any GSOS language definition to a finite complete equational axiom system (possibly with one infinit ..."

Many process algebras are defined by structural operational semantics (SOS). Indeed, most such definitions are nicely structured and fit the GSOS format of [15]. We give a procedure for converting any GSOS language definition to a finite complete equational axiom system (possibly with one infinitary induction principle) which precisely characterizes strong bisimulation of processes.

"... . Monadic second order logic (MSOL) over transition systems is considered. It is shown that every formula of MSOL which does not distinguish between bisimilar models is equivalent to a formula of the propositional -calculus. This expressive completeness result implies that every logic over tran ..."

. Monadic second order logic (MSOL) over transition systems is considered. It is shown that every formula of MSOL which does not distinguish between bisimilar models is equivalent to a formula of the propositional -calculus. This expressive completeness result implies that every logic over transition systems invariant under bisimulation and translatable into MSOL can be also translated into the -calculus. This gives a precise meaning to the statement that most propositional logics of programs can be translated into the -calculus. 1 Introduction Transition systems are structures consisting of a nonempty set of states, a set of unary relations describing properties of states and a set of binary relations describing transitions between states. It was advocated by many authors [26, 3] that this kind of structures provide a good framework for describing behaviour of programs (or program schemes), or even more generally, engineering systems, provided their evolution in time is disc...

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is permitted for educational or research use on condition that this copyright notice is included in any copy. See back inner page for a list of recent publications in the BRICS Report Series. Copies may be obtained by contacting: BRICS

... relationship between binding-time analysis and temporal logic. The structure of this paper is then as follows. In the following section, we start with L fl , an axiomatic formulation due to Stirling =-=[13]-=- for a small classical linear-time temporal logic including fl. We then formulate a natural-deduction system in a similar style to the modal systems of Martini and Masini [9], and prove that it has th...