The 1804 Antigua–Charleston hurricane was the most severe hurricane in Georgia since 1752, causing over 500 deaths and at least $1.6 million (1804 USD) in damage throughout the Southeastern United States.[nb 1] Originating near Antigua on 3 September, it initially drifted west-northwestward, soon nearing Puerto Rico. Throughout its existence in the Caribbean Sea, the hurricane damaged, destroyed, and capsized numerous ships, and at Saint Kitts, it was considered to be the worst since 1772. By 4 September, the storm arrived at the Bahamas and turned northward before approaching the coast of northern Florida on 6 September. The hurricane eventually came ashore along the coastline of Georgia and South Carolina while producing mostly southeasterly winds. A severe gale was noted in New England later that month, on 11 and 12 September, although it was likely not the same system as that which had passed through the Caribbean and southeastern United States earlier that month.

The hurricane produced a wide swath of damage along its path, especially in Georgia and South Carolina. Maritime losses along the coastlines of both states were significant, with numerous ships damaged or destroyed. Crop damage, especially to rice, cotton, and corn, was also considerable, with impending harvests ruined by the hurricane's arrival. Strong winds and heavy rainfall inundated streets, residences, and fields, and also toppled chimneys, fences, and cracked windows across the region. Wharves, struck by stranded boats, endured significant damage as well. Dozens of residences and other structures were destroyed or rendered uninhabitable due to inundation or collapse. Notably, Aaron Burr, then attempting to flee authorities, visited St. Simons Island in Georgia during the hurricane, later returning to Hampton and giving a detailed account of the hurricane's effects. Damage in Savannah, Georgia, totaled $500,000, compared to $1,000,000 at Charleston, South Carolina.

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The 1804 Antigua–Charleston hurricane was first sighted on 3 September as it swept past Saint Barthélemy, Saint Kitts, and Antigua,[1] drifting toward the west-northwest and soon approaching Puerto Rico and the Turks and Caicos Islands. The storm reached the Bahamas while turning northward on 4 September, nearing the northern Floridan coast by 6 September.[2] It remained offshore on 7 September, gradually approaching the coast throughout the day,[3] and eventually made landfall that evening along the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina.[4] Observations in Savannah, Georgia, indicated north-to-northeast winds throughout 8 September,[2] though other reports recorded northeast-to-easterly gusts; at Charleston, South Carolina, however, winds, initially northeast-to-east, curved southeastward later in the storm.[5] Little information exists on the hurricane's whereabouts between North Carolina and New England, with a single report at Norfolk, Virginia of east-northeasterly winds veering east-to-east-southeast from 7 to 9 September, suggesting the disturbance's passage west of there. A severe gale arrived in New England on 11 and 12 September, though the long pause between the departure of the hurricane from the Carolinas and its arrival in the northeastern United States evidences the possibility that the two systems may have been unrelated.[6]

The hurricane of 1804 was the first since 1752 to strike Georgia with such strength.[2] Damage to ships was considerable, especially offshore Georgia. Betsy was stripped of its freight and somewhat damaged, the Phoebe ran aground at Tybee Island,[3] the Liberty perished with its crew killed, the Patsy nearly sank, and the Experiment capsized. At the time the hurricane struck, Aaron Burr, hiding from federal officials, was taking refuge at St. Simons Island on the property of John Couper, though was unable to return to Hampton due to deteriorating conditions.[7] Upon the passage of the storm's eye, Burr fled back to the residence of Pierce Butler at Hampton;[4] in an account of the hurricane, Burr recorded strong winds, which destroyed several outhouses and uprooted numerous trees at St. Simon's, with the storm later cracking windows, toppling chimneys, and flooding the house; in the town proper, he discovered many local roads were obstructed.[2] Nineteen slaves owned by Butler drowned, while Couper suffered $100,000 (1804 USD) in losses alone, with cabins housing over a hundred slaves destroyed. Many other local planters experienced similar difficulties.[8] Seawater inundated and ruined several acres of cotton around the Horton House plantation at Jekyll Island, devaluing the year's harvest by 20 percent; similar losses were endured by other rice, cotton, and corn farmers along the coast.[9]

At Broughton Island, orders were given to transfer slaves away from a rice barn upon indications of a storm's arrival; however, efforts to do so were not undertaken promptly, and more than seventy slaves drowned, leading the plantation owner to sell the property following financial losses. Similar events transpired at St. Catherines Island, where two slaves died.[8] At Darien, meanwhile, a tannery was destroyed, and flood waters ruined its tanning baths, at Sunbury, intense winds and high waves uprooted trees and wrecked three houses, of which two were newly built, and five slaves died after being impaled by flying wreckage or drowning. The hurricane also ruined most boats under the possession of plantation owners, and also devastated crops, storage houses, stables, and slave residences.[10] Meanwhile, at Cockspur Island, Fort Greene was obliterated with all its buildings destroyed and thirteen men killed. Muskets, canisters, bars of lead upward of 300 lb (140 kg), and cannons weighing 4,800 lb (2,200 kg) littered the island, which was completely inundated during the storm.[5] The fort was never rebuilt; Fort Pulaski was later built in its former location. Meanwhile, at Wilmington Island, one house collapsed and swaths of farmland were flooded.[11] North-to-northeast winds surrounded Hutchinson Island, producing tides 7 to 10 ft (2.1 to 3.0 m) above normal, submerging rice crops, sweeping away plantation buildings, and drowning nearly a hundred slaves.[12]

The hurricane's effects were especially severe in the city of Savannah, where winds incessantly gusted northeast-to-north for 17 consecutive hours. The hurricane's storm surge overcame sand bars, sweeping into bays, rivers, wharves, and any areas below an elevation of 10 ft (3.0 m). Droplets of sea spray mixed with rain, apparently giving it a saline taste, while particles of sand were lifted from the shore to the upper floors of 30 ft (9.1 m)-tall houses.[2] By the storm's peak, all vessels in the city harbor were damaged to some degree by the storm, while it also inflicted damage to nearly all residences in the city's southern sector. A gunboat was swept 7 mi (11 km) from its original position and landed in a faraway field.[5] The steeple of the Presbyterian Meeting House in the city toppled and portions of a wall of the Christ Episcopal Church caved in, the local courthouse was also damaged, shingles were torn off of a jail roof, and a tobacco house was unroofed.[12] Two children were crushed to death in one house, one individual was killed by a falling chimney at another. Maritime losses were observed throughout the city; the Mary struck a wharf near Fort Wayne, the Thomas Jefferson came aground at Hunter and Minis's Wharf, the General Jackson slammed into McCradie's Wharf, the Liberty capsized near Howard's Wharf, and the Minevra was driven ashore at Coffee House Wharf. Numerous other wharves were damaged as a result of similar accidents, and at some wharves, vessels became stacked upon each other. Fish and poultry markets, as well as businesses along the wharves,[12] disintegrated into the Savannah River. Timber, cotton, tobacco, liquor, sugar, and produce was also strewn along the bluff.[13] Overall, eighteen vessels were capsized in Savannah throughout the course of the hurricane. Many smaller vessels were apparently "cracked like egg shells," floating in waters paralleling the bluff, which itself was strewn with "serpents, turtles, [and] marsh-birds". Damage in the city totaled at least $500,000 (1804 USD).[14]

Tides in South Carolina rose 9 ft (2.7 m) above normal, causing the May River to top its banks, flooding cotton and rice fields, and sweeping plantations' cotton storage houses and slave cabins away. Inundation also occurred at various offshore locations, including Daufuskie Island, where five slaves drowned. Bridges and roadways at Beaufort, South Carolina were flooded and carried away by high tides, while high tides of up to 5 ft (1.5 m) flooded farmland, ruining fields of cotton and produce. Strong gusts knocked down chimneys and damaged the town's Baptist church.[13] Cotton farmland and African slave prices fell 30 percent in the region following the storm's passage.[14] All residences at Bay Point Island were destroyed, having been driven out to sea, the storm's salt water storm surge rendered thirty barrels of rice aboard the Guilelmi, which ran ashore at Saint Helena Island, worthless, while the Collector came aground at Lady's Island. Copious rainfall caused the Pocotaligo, Stony, and Huspa creeks to overflow, from Sheldon to Motley, the storm flooded creeks and rivers, inundating rice and cotton fields, with the saline water destroying the year's harvest. Roads and causeways inundated under flood waters were rendered unusable, and numerous animals were also killed in the flood.[13]

The hurricane's effects were severe in the city of Charleston, where the storm produced northeasterly winds and heavy rainfall, the bulwark of the fort at nearby James Island was destroyed, and the palisades of the fort at Castle Pinckney were wrecked at the mouth of Charleston's harbor. The hurricane also swept vessels aground into marshes and wharves between Gadsden's Wharf and South Bay along the Cooper River. Several wharves—Pritchard's, Cochran's, Beale's, Craft's, and William's—were struck by vessels and consequently severely damaged, the Montserrat, Mary, Birmingham Packet, Amazon, and Orange all endured some degree of damage. Three vessels and the Mary collided with Governor's Bridge, which was impaired as a result; two vessels and the Favorite slammed into Faber's Wharf, while the Concord filled with water at Prioleau's Wharf, resulting in the loss of 50 tierces of rice. A counting and scale house was separated from its foundation after being struck by the Lydia within the vicinity of Blake's Wharf, while the African slave boat Christopher capsized at Geyer's Wharf, with all aboard escaping safely. Four slaves drowned after a boat overturned in the Ashley River.[15]

High waters enveloped wharves, and neighboring stores collapsed or were washed away, with rice and cotton falling into the water. A breakwater near South Bay disintegrated and a nearby home's chimney toppled, resulting in one death. Homes were inundated, and residents along South Bay consequently fled their dwellings, the hurricane's storm surge also permeated locations along then-new East Bay Street, as well as buildings on Lamboll and Water streets; Meeting Street sank below 2 ft (0.61 m)-high flood waters. High winds, meanwhile, tore off roofs, dislodged trees, and toppled fences.[15] To the north of Charleston, at Sullivan's Island, the storm rendered 15 to 20 houses uninhabitable; although the island was mostly inundated, many residences were saved, encircled by dunes, and several men rescued women and children. Overall, only one death was recorded on the island,[16] the Pee Dee and Black rivers gradually rose throughout the day, eventually spilling their banks. Meanwhile, at Georgetown, high tides flooded wharves and submerged streets and businesses, destroying corn, salt, and other goods. Turtles and fish were killed, and at the Sampit River, two individuals drowned attempting to cross.[17] A rice harvest equivalent to ten thousand barrels was ruined by high tides and torrential rain within the vicinity of Georgetown. Damage in the city reached $1,000,000 (1804 USD),[14] and overall, the 1804 hurricane was responsible for more than 500 deaths in the southeastern United States.[18]

At Saint Kitts, the hurricane destroyed approximately one hundred ships in the local harbor—all that were stationed there—while heavy rainfall drove houses to sea. An additional 56 of the 58 boats at Saint Barthélemy were lost, 58 were wrecked at Antigua, and 26 of 28 were ruined at Dominica. Damage to shipping was also severe on the Windward Islands, several vessels were lost in western Puerto Rico,[1] and another 44 vessels were destroyed at Saint Thomas after the storm's passage. Among these vessels included a 64-gun storeshipHMS De Ruyter was washed ashore and broke apart, resulting in one death, and HMS Drake, a 16-gun sloop-of-war, which came aground on a shoal off of Nevis.[19] At Saint Kitts, the hurricane was considered to be the worst since 1772.[2]

Although high waves and severe northeasterly gusts were noted from 6 to 7 September 1804 at St. Augustine, Florida and eight of the nine vessels in the local port were rendered unfit for use, the town proper largely escaped damage.[2]

1.
HMS Theseus (1786)
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HMS Theseus was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. One of the eight Culloden class ships designed by Thomas Slade, she was built at Perry, Blackwall Yard, London, Theseus was the flagship of Rear Admiral Horatio Nelsons fleet for the 1797 Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Day to day command was vested in her flag captain Ralph Willett Miller, the British were soundly defeated and Nelson was wounded by a musket ball while aboard the Theseus, precipitating the amputation of his right arm. Despite the defeat, morale and good order were retained aboard the ship, in August 1797 ships surgeon Robert Tainsh reported a mere nine cases of illness aboard, with little incidence of scurvy and a ready supply of antiscorbutics. An outbreak of ulcers was attributed to the overuse of salted provisions, in 1798, Theseus took part in the decisive Battle of the Nile, under the command of Captain Ralph Willett Miller. The Royal Navy fleet was outnumbered, at least in firepower, by the French fleet, the Royal Navy fleet in comparison had just thirteen 74-gun ships and one 50-gun fourth-rate. During the battle Theseus, along with Goliath, assisted Alexander and Majestic, the French frigate Artemise surrendered to the British, with the crew setting fire to their ship to prevent it falling into the hands of the British. Two other French ships Heureux and Mercure ran aground and soon surrendered after an encounter with three British warships, one of which was Theseus. The battle was a success for the Royal Navy, as well as for the career of Admiral Nelson and it cut supply lines to the French army in Egypt, whose wider objective was to threaten British India. The casualties were heavy, the French suffered over 1,700 killed, the British suffered 218 dead and 677 wounded. Nine French warships were captured and two destroyed, two other French warships managed to escape. Theseus had five killed and thirty wounded, included one officer. Theseus played a successful role in the 1799 Siege of Acre. On 13 May 1799 she reached the port of Caesarea. A large quantity of ammunition was brought to the deck for use by the ships guns, at 9. 30am on the 14th, the ammunition was accidentally ignited while the ship was under way. The resulting explosion set fire to the deck, main and mizzen masts, another 45 crew members were injured. Flames quickly spread between Theseus decks, and a detonation of ammunition stores destroyed the poop and quarterdecks. A further ten men were killed before the fire was brought under control, four years later a refitted Theseus took part Blockade of Saint-Domingue in 1803, under Captain John Bligh

2.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common

3.
Caribbean Sea
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The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. The entire area of the Caribbean Sea, the islands of the West Indies. The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km2, the seas deepest point is the Cayman Trough, between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, at 7,686 m below sea level. The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays, the Gulf of Gonâve, Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Darién, Golfo de los Mosquitos, Gulf of Paria, the Caribbean Sea has the worlds second biggest barrier reef, the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef. It runs 1,000 km along the coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, the name Caribbean derives from the Caribs, one of the regions dominant Native American groups at the time of European contact during the late 15th century. During the first century of development, Spanish dominance in the region remained undisputed, from the 16th century, Europeans visiting the Caribbean region identified the South Sea as opposed to the North Sea. The Caribbean Sea had been unknown to the populations of Eurasia until 1492, at that time the Western Hemisphere in general was unknown to Europeans. Following the discovery of the islands by Columbus, the area was colonised by several Western cultures. As of 2015 the area is home to 22 island territories, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Caribbean Sea as follows, On the North. In the Windward Channel – a line joining Caleta Point and Pearl Point in Haïti, in the Mona Passage – a line joining Cape Engano and the extreme of Agujereada in Puerto Rico. From Galera Point through Trinidad to Galeota Point and thence to Baja Point in Venezuela, note that, although Barbados is an island on the same continental shelf, it is considered to be in the Atlantic Ocean rather than the Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean Sea is an oceanic sea largely situated on the Caribbean Plate, the Caribbean Sea is separated from the ocean by several island arcs of various ages. The youngest stretches from the Lesser Antilles to the Virgin Islands to the north east of Trinidad, the larger islands in the northern part of the sea Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico lie on an older island arc. The geological age of the Caribbean Sea is estimated to be between 160 and 180 million years and was formed by a fracture that split the supercontinent called Pangea in the Mesozoic Era. It is assumed the proto-caribbean basin existed in the Devonian period, in the early Carboniferous movement of Gondwana to the north and its convergence with the Euramerica basin decreased in size. The next stage of the Caribbean Seas formation began in the Triassic, powerful rifting led to the formation of narrow troughs, stretching from modern Newfoundland to the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico which formed siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. In the early Jurassic due to powerful marine transgression, water broke into the present area of the Gulf of Mexico creating a vast shallow pool, the emergence of deep basins in the Caribbean occurred during the Middle Jurassic rifting. The emergence of these marked the beginning of the Atlantic Ocean

4.
Southeastern United States
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The Southeastern United States is the eastern portion of the Southern United States, and the southern portion of the Eastern United States. It comprises 15 states in the southern United States, there is no official Census Bureau definition of the southeastern United States. The OSBO uses the same states, but includes Arkansas and Louisiana, the most populous state in the region is Florida, followed by Georgia, and North Carolina. With tropical air masses influencing the region precipitation is high throughout the year, the tropical air masses do however cause significant hurricanes such as Hurricane Andrew and Hurricane Katrina wreaking havoc and causing significant damage to coastal areas. The winters highly vary depending on latitude and elevation, the Southeast has changed dramatically in the last two generations. Since 1980, there has been a boom in its economy, manufacturing base, high technology industries. Fortune 500 companies having headquarters in the region included 20 in Virginia,16 in Florida,15 in North Carolina and this economic expansion has enabled parts of the South to have of some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States. In Alabama, there is a manufacturing project owned by the German steel megacorporation Thyssen-Krupp. The Cummings Research Park in the Huntsville, Alabama area is the second largest research complex in the nation, located in Huntsville is the Redstone Arsenal, United States Army Missile Command, the U. S. Space and Rocket Center, NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center and many key government, military. The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee, Florida is the largest laboratory in the devoted to the study of magnetism. There are a number of universities, with several large research universities which exert influence beyond the region. These include the oldest public universities in the country, the University of Alabama, the region is home to the most historically black colleges and universities in the nation. The three largest in the region are North Carolina A&T University, Florida A&M University, and Jackson State University, on this list New Orleans Refers to the Orleans Parish Population. Therefore the population given is for the entire city excluding other incorporated places lying within the county limits, five Major League Baseball teams play in the Southeast, Washington Nationals, Miami Marlins, Atlanta Braves, Tampa Bay Rays and Baltimore Orioles. The Braves, Nationals and Marlins play in the NL East,4 Major League Lacrosse teams play in the southeast, Chesapeake Bayhawks, Florida Launch, Charlotte Hounds, and the Atlanta Blaze. Seven National Basketball Association teams play in the Southeast, Washington Wizards, Charlotte Hornets, Atlanta Hawks, Memphis Grizzlies, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic and New Orleans Pelicans. The Wizards, Heat, Hornets, Magic and Hawks are in the Eastern Conference, the Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, Peach Bowl, and Citrus Bowl are notable college football bowls held in Southeastern cities

5.
New England
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New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south, the Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the south. Its largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston, which also includes Worcester, Manchester, ten years later, more Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 126 years, people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquin allies in North America. In 1692, the town of Salem, Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced one of the most infamous cases of hysteria in the history of the Western Hemisphere. The Boston Tea Party was a protest to which Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government, the confrontation led to the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, and the expulsion of the British authorities from the region in spring 1776. Each state is subdivided into small incorporated municipalities known as towns. The only unincorporated areas in the region exist in the populated northern regions of Vermont, New Hampshire. The region is one of the U. S. Census Bureaus nine regional divisions, the earliest known inhabitants of New England were American Indians who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages. Prominent tribes included the Abenaki, Mikmaq, Penobscot, Pequot, Mohegans, Narragansett Indians, Pocumtuck, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock in present-day Maine, the Penobscot lived along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Narragansett and smaller tribes under Narragansett sovereignty lived in most of modern-day Rhode Island, west of Narragansett Bay, the Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket. The Pocumtucks lived in Western Massachusetts, and the Mohegan and Pequot tribes in the Connecticut region, the Connecticut River Valley includes parts of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and linked different indigenous communities culturally, linguistically, and politically. As early as 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders began exploring the New World, trading metal, glass, on April 10,1606, King James I of England issued a charter for each of the Virginia Companies, London and Plymouth. These were privately funded ventures, intended to land for England, conduct trade. In 1620, Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts was settled by Pilgrims from the Mayflower, in 1616, English explorer John Smith named the region New England. As the first colonists arrived in Plymouth, they wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact, the Massachusetts Bay Colony came to dominate the area and was established by royal charter in 1629 with its major town and port of Boston established in 1630. Massachusetts Puritans began to settle in Connecticut as early as 1633, roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts for heresy, led a group south, and founded Providence Plantation in the area that became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1636

6.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee

7.
Antigua
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Antigua, also known as Waladli or Wadadli by the native population, is an island in the West Indies. It is one of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region, Antigua and Barbuda became an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations on 1 November 1981. Antigua means ancient in Spanish after an icon in Seville Cathedral, the name Waladli comes from the indigenous inhabitants and means approximately our own. The islands circumference is roughly 87 km and its area 281 km2, the economy is mainly reliant on tourism, with the agricultural sector serving the domestic market. Over 32,000 people live in the city, St. Johns. The capital is situated in the north-west and has a harbour which is able to accommodate large cruise ships. Other leading population settlements are All Saints and Liberta, according to the 2001 census, English Harbour on the south-eastern coast is famed for its protected shelter during violent storms. It is the site of a restored British colonial naval station called Nelsons Dockyard after Captain Horatio Nelson, today English Harbour and the neighbouring village of Falmouth are internationally famous as a yachting and sailing destination and provisioning centre. During Antigua Sailing Week, at the end of April and beginning of May, Antiguas economy is reliant upon tourism, and it promotes the island as a luxury Caribbean escape. Many hotels and resorts are located around the coastline, the only regular service to Barbuda flies from VC Bird Airport. Until July 7,2015, the United States Air Force maintained a base near the airport, designated Detachment 1, 45th Operations Group. The mission provided high rate telemetry data for the Eastern Range, the unit was inactivated due to US government budget cuts. The growing medical school and its students also add much to the economy, the University of Health Sciences Antigua and the American University of Antigua College of Medicine teach aspiring doctors. The countrys official currency is the East Caribbean dollar, given the dominance of tourism, many prices in tourist-oriented businesses are shown in US dollars. The EC dollar is pegged to the US dollar at a varied rate, prior to European colonialism, the first residents were the Guanahatabey people. Eventually, the Arawak migrated from the mainland, followed by the Carib, Christopher Columbus was the first European to visit Antigua, in 1493. The Arawak were the first well-documented group of people to settle Antigua. They paddled to the island by canoe from present-day Venezuela, pushed out by the Carib, the Arawak introduced agriculture to Antigua and Barbuda

8.
Puerto Rico
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Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea. It is an archipelago that includes the island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones such as Mona, Culebra. The capital and most populous city is San Juan and its official languages are Spanish and English, though Spanish predominates. The islands population is approximately 3.4 million, Puerto Ricos rich history, tropical climate, diverse natural scenery, renowned traditional cuisine, and attractive tax incentives make it a popular destination for travelers from around the world. Four centuries of Spanish colonial government transformed the ethnic, cultural and physical landscapes primarily with waves of African captives, and Canarian. In the Spanish imperial imagination, Puerto Rico played a secondary, in 1898, following the Spanish–American War, the United States appropriated Puerto Rico together with most former Spanish colonies under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Puerto Ricans are natural-born citizens of the United States, however, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress, which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. As a U. S. territory, American citizens residing on the island are disenfranchised at the level and may not vote for president. However, Congress approved a constitution, allowing U. S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor. A fifth referendum will be held in June 2017, with only Statehood, in early 2017, the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis posed serious problems for the government. The outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion or $12,000 per capita at a time with 12. 4% unemployment, the debt had been increasing during a decade long recession. Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquen – a derivation of Borikén, its indigenous Taíno name, the terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively, and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage. The island is also known in Spanish as la isla del encanto. Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint John the Baptist, eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city. The islands name was changed to Porto Rico by the United States after the Treaty of Paris of 1898, the anglicized name was used by the US government and private enterprises. The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila in 1931, the ancient history of the archipelago known today as Puerto Rico is not well known. The scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish scholarly accounts from the colonial era constitute the basis of knowledge about them. The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786, the first settlers were the Ortoiroid people, an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland

9.
Saint Kitts
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Saint Kitts, also known more formally as Saint Christopher Island, is an island in the West Indies. The west side of the borders the Caribbean Sea. Saint Kitts and the island of Nevis constitute one country. Saint Kitts and Nevis are separated by a shallow 3-kilometre channel known as The Narrows, the island is one of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It is situated about 2,100 km southeast of Miami, the land area of St. Kitts is about 168 km2, being approximately 29 km long and on average about 8 km across. Saint Kitts has a population of around 35,000, the majority of whom are mainly of African descent, the primary language is English, with a literacy rate of approximately 98%. Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest fortress ever built in the Eastern Caribbean, the island of Saint Kitts is home to the Warner Park Cricket Stadium, which was used to host 2007 Cricket World Cup matches. This made St. Kitts and Nevis the smallest nation to ever host a World Cup event, the capital of the two-island nation, and also its largest port, is the town of Basseterre on Saint Kitts. There is a facility for handling large cruise ships there. A ring road goes around the perimeter of the island with smaller roads branching off it, Saint Kitts is 10 km away from Sint Eustatius to the north and 3 km from Nevis to the south. St. Kitts has three groups of volcanic peaks, the North West or Mount Misery Range, the Middle or Verchilds Range. The highest peak is Mount Liamuiga, formerly Mount Misery, a dormant volcano 1,156 m high. There are nine parishes on the island of St. Kitts & Nevis uses the Eastern Caribbean dollar, the US dollar is almost as widely accepted as the Eastern Caribbean dollar. For hundreds of years, St. Kitts operated as a monoculture, but due to decreasing profitability. Tourism is a major and growing source of income to the island, although the number, transportation, non-sugar agriculture, manufacturing and construction are the other growing sectors of the economy. St. Kitts is dependent on tourism to drive its economy, tourism has been increasing since 1978. In 2009, there were 587,479 arrivals to Saint Kitts compared to 379,473 in 2007, as tourism grows, the demand for vacation property increases in conjunction. St. Kitts & Nevis also acquires foreign direct investment from their citizenship by investment program

10.
The Bahamas
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The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence, the designation of the Bahamas can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas is the site of Columbus first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan, although the Spanish never colonised the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera, the Bahamas became a British Crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American War of Independence, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas, they brought their slaves with them, Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. Slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834, Today the descendants of slaves and free Africans make up nearly 90% of the population, issues related to the slavery years are part of society. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas, with an economy based on tourism and finance. The name Bahamas is derived from either the Taino ba ha ma, alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning. In English, the Bahamas is one of two countries whose self-standing short name begins with the word the, along with The Gambia. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century and they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus arrival in 1492, Columbuss first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador. Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island, an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbuss log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive, on the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour, the slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity, half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished, in 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom and they later settled New Providence, naming it Sayles Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks, in 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America

11.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St

12.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation

13.
Aaron Burr
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Aaron Burr Jr. was an American politician. He was the vice president of the United States, serving during President Thomas Jeffersons first term. Burr served as a Continental Army officer in the Revolutionary War, after which he became a successful lawyer, the highlight of Burrs tenure as president of the senate was the Senates first impeachment trial, that of Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase. In 1804, the last full year of his term as vice president. Burr was never tried for the duel, and all charges against him were eventually dropped. After leaving Washington, Burr traveled west seeking new opportunities, both economic and political and his activities eventually led to his arrest on charges of treason in 1807. The subsequent trial resulted in acquittal, but Burrs western schemes left him with large debts, in a final quest for grand opportunities, he left the United States for Europe. He remained overseas until 1812, when he returned to the United States to practice law in New York City, there he spent the rest of his life in relative obscurity. Aaron Burr Jr. was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1756 as the child of the Reverend Aaron Burr Sr. a Presbyterian minister. His mother Esther Burr was the daughter of Jonathan Edwards, the noted Calvinist theologian, Burr had an older sister Sarah, named for her maternal grandmother. She later married Tapping Reeve, founder of the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Burrs father died in 1757, and his mother the following year, leaving him and his sister orphans when he was two years old. He and his sister first lived with their grandparents, but Sarah Edwards also died in 1757. Young Aaron and Sally were placed with the William Shippen family in Philadelphia, in 1759, the childrens guardianship was assumed by their 21-year-old maternal uncle Timothy Edwards. The next year, Edwards married Rhoda Ogden and moved with the children to Elizabeth, New Jersey, rhodas younger brothers Aaron Ogden and Matthias Ogden became the boys playmates. The three boys, along with their neighbor Jonathan Dayton, formed a group of friends that lasted their lifetimes, Aaron Burr was admitted to the sophomore class of the College of New Jersey at the age of 13, after being rejected once at age 11. Aside from being occupied with studies, he was a part of the American Whig Society and Cliosophic Society. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1772 at age 16 and he studied theology for an additional year, before rigorous theological training with Joseph Bellamy, a Presbyterian. He changed his career two years later, at age 19, when he moved to Connecticut to study law with his brother-in-law Tapping Reeve

14.
St. Simons, Georgia
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St. Simons is a census-designated place located on St. Simons Island in Glynn County, Georgia, United States. The community and the island are interchangeable, known simply as St. Simons Island, St. Simons is part of the Brunswick, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, and according to the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 12,743. Located on the southeast Georgia coast, midway between Savannah and Jacksonville, St. Simons Island is both a seaside resort and residential community and it is the largest of Georgias renowned Golden Isles. Visitors are drawn to the Island for its climate, beaches, variety of outdoor activities, shops and restaurants, historical sites. In addition to its base of permanent residents, the island enjoys an influx of visitors and part-time residents throughout the year. The 2010 Census notes that 26. 8% of total housing units are for “seasonal, recreational, the vast majority of commercial and residential development is located on the southern half of the island. Much of the northern half remains marsh or woodland, a large tract of land in the northeast has been converted to a nature preserve containing trails, historical ruins, and undisturbed maritime forest. The tract, Cannon’s Point Preserve, is open to the public on specified days, originally inhabited by tribes of the Creek Nation, the area of South Georgia that includes St. Simons Island was contested by the Spaniards, English and French. The primary mode of travel to the island is by automobile via F. J. Torras Causeway, malcolm McKinnon Airport serves general aviation on the island. St. Simons Island is part of a cluster of barrier islands, Sea Island forms the eastern edge of this cluster, with Little St. Simons on the north, and the marshes of Glynn plus the Intracoastal Waterway to the west. The Köppen Climate Classification System rates the climate of St. Simons Island as humid subtropical, ocean breezes tend to moderate the island climate, as compared to the nearby mainland. Daytime mean highs in winter range from 61 to 68 °F, summertime mean highs are 88 to 90 °F, with average lows 73 to 75 °F. Average rainfall is 45 inches per year, rainfall is greatest in August and September, when passing afternoon thunderstorms are typical. Accumulation of snow/ice is extremely rare, the last recorded snow on St. Simons was in 1989. The island is located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9a, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 17.7 square miles,15.9 square miles of which is land and 1.7 square miles of it is water. On St. Simons Island, a diverse and complex ecology exists alongside residential and commercial development. The island shares many common to the chain of sea islands along the southeastern U. S. coast…sandy beaches on the ocean side, marshes to the west. Despite centuries of agriculture and development, a canopy of live oaks, the abundance of food provided by the marshes, estuaries and vegetation attracts a varied assortment of wildlife on land, sea and in the air

15.
Hampton, Georgia
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Hampton is a city in southwestern Henry County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 6,987, Census Estimates for 2005 show a population of 4,743. Hampton mailing addresses also dip into eastern Clayton County and northern Spalding County and it is a Southeastern Suburb in the Atlanta Metropolitan area. The city was known as Bear Creek or Bear Creek Station. The town was moved, established and renamed in 1873 when the Central Railroad of Georgia was built approx, general Wade Hampton an American soldier in Revolutionary War and War of 1812. The Atlanta Motor Speedway and the Henry County Airport are located 3 miles west of Hampton, the Atlanta Air Route Traffic Control Center, the Federal Aviation Administrations ARTCC for the airspace over Atlanta and other parts of the Southeast U. S. is located in Hampton. Hampton is located at 33°22′53″N 84°17′22″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.3 square miles, of which,4.3 square miles of it is land and 0.04 square miles of it is water. U. S. Route 19 U. S. Route 41 State Route 3 State Route 20 State Route 81 Hampton is home to the Atlanta Motor Speedway. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,857 people,1,411 households, the population density was 899.6 people per square mile. There were 1,525 housing units at a density of 355.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 84. 16% White,13. 38% African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 67% Asian,0. 57% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 74% of the population. 19. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.12. In the city, the population was out with 29. 8% under the age of 18,8. 8% from 18 to 24,35. 4% from 25 to 44,17. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males, the median income for a household in the city was $46,094, and the median income for a family was $48,310. Males had an income of $37,750 versus $25,286 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,924, about 2. 1% of families and 5. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 8% of those under age 18 and 14. 6% of those age 65 or over. Hampton Charter Elementary School Mt. Carmel Elementary School Rocky Creek Elementary School Hampton Middle School Luella High School Hampton High School

16.
Savannah, Georgia
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Savannah is the oldest city in the U. S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia, a strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War, Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport. It is Georgias fifth-largest city and third-largest metropolitan area, Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe. Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta. On February 12,1733, General James Oglethorpe and settlers from the ship Anne landed at Yamacraw Bluff and were greeted by Tomochichi, the Yamacraws, Mary Musgrove often served as an interpreter. The city of Savannah was founded on that date, along with the colony of Georgia, in 1751, Savannah and the rest of Georgia became a Royal Colony and Savannah was made the colonial capital of Georgia. By the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, Savannah had become the southernmost commercial port of the Thirteen Colonies, British troops took the city in 1778, and the following year a combined force of American and French soldiers failed to rout the British at the Siege of Savannah. The British did not leave the city until July 1782, Savannah, a prosperous seaport throughout the nineteenth century, was the Confederacys sixth most populous city and the prime objective of General William T. Shermans March to the Sea. Early on December 21,1864, local authorities negotiated a surrender to save Savannah from destruction. Savannah was named for the Savannah River, which derives from variant names for the Shawnee. The Shawnee destroyed another Native people, the Westo, and occupied their lands at the head of the Savannah Rivers navigation on the fall line and these Shawnee, whose Native name was Ša·wano·ki, were known by several local variants, including Shawano, Savano, Savana and Savannah. Still other theories suggest that the name Savannah originates from Algonquian terms meaning not only southerners, Savannah lies on the Savannah River, approximately 20 mi upriver from the Atlantic Ocean. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 108.7 square miles. Savannah is the port on the Savannah River and the largest port in the state of Georgia. It is also located near the U. S. Intracoastal Waterway, Georgias Ogeechee River flows toward the Atlantic Ocean some 16 miles south of downtown Savannah. Savannahs climate is classified as humid subtropical, in the Deep South, this is characterized by long and almost tropical summers and short, mild winters. Savannah records few days of freezing temperatures each year, due to its proximity to the Atlantic coast, Savannah rarely experiences temperatures as extreme as those in Georgias interior. Nevertheless, the temperatures have officially ranged from 105 °F, on July 20,1986, down to 3 °F

17.
Charleston, South Carolina
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Charleston had an estimated population of 132,609 in 2015. Charleston was founded as Charles Town—honoring King Charles II of England—in 1670 and its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River was abandoned in 1680 for its present site, which became the 5th-largest city in North America within 10 years. Despite its size, it remained unincorporated throughout the period, its government was handled directly by the state legislature and by its Anglican parish wardens. It adopted its present spelling with its incorporation as a city in 1783 at the close of the Revolutionary War. The Confederates burned the town prior to its evacuation but continued demand for the cotton and rice, along with growing industry. In 2016, Charleston was ranked the Worlds Best City by Travel + Leisure, the city proper consists of six distinct areas, the Peninsula or Downtown, West Ashley, Johns Island, James Island, Daniel Island, and the Cainhoy Peninsula. The old town fit into 4–5 square miles as late as the First World War, the city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. The present city has an area of 127.5 square miles. North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River, Charleston Harbor runs about 7 miles southeast to the Atlantic with an average width of about 2 miles, surrounded on all sides except its entrance. Sullivans Island lies to the north of the entrance and Morris Island to itself south, the entrance itself is about 1 mile wide, it was originally only 18 feet deep, but began to be enlarged in the 1870s. The tidal rivers are evidence of a submergent or drowned coastline, there is a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor and the Cooper River is deep. Charleston has a subtropical climate, with mild winters, hot, humid summers. Summer is the wettest season, almost half of the rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November, winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow only occurs several times per decade at the most, however,6.0 in fell at the airport on December 23,1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in snowfall. The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F on June 2,1985, and June 24,1944, and the lowest was 7 °F on February 14,1899. At the airport, where records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F on August 1,1999. Hurricanes are a threat to the area during the summer and early fall

18.
Turks and Caicos Islands
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They are known primarily for tourism and as an offshore financial centre. The resident population is 31,458 as of 2012 of whom 23,769 live on Providenciales in the Caicos Islands, the Turks and Caicos Islands lie southeast of Mayaguana in the Bahamas island chain and north of the island of Hispaniola and the other Antilles archipelago islands. Cockburn Town, the capital since 1766, is situated on Grand Turk Island about 1,042 kilometres east-southeast of Miami, the islands have a total land area of 430 square kilometres. The first recorded European sighting of the now known as the Turks. In the subsequent centuries, the islands were claimed by several European powers with the British Empire eventually gaining control, for many years the islands were governed indirectly through Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Jamaica. When the Bahamas gained independence in 1973, the islands received their own governor, in August 2009, the United Kingdom suspended the Turks and Caicos Islands self-government following allegations of ministerial corruption. Home rule was restored in the islands after the November 2012 elections, the Turks and Caicos Islands are named after the Turks cap cactus, and the Lucayan term caya hico, meaning string of islands. The first inhabitants of the islands were Arawakan-speaking Taíno people, who crossed over from Hispaniola sometime from AD500 to 800, together with Taino who migrated from Cuba to the southern Bahamas around the same time, these people developed as the Lucayan. Around 1200, the Turks and Caicos Islands were resettled by Classical Taínos from Hispaniola, the southern Bahama Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands were completely depopulated by about 1513, and remained so until the 17th century. The first European documented to sight the islands was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the islands passed from Spanish, to French, to British control, but none of the three powers ever established any settlements. Bermudian salt collectors settled the Turks Islands around 1680, for several decades around the turn of the 18th century, the islands became popular pirate hideouts. From 1765–1783, the islands were under French occupation, and again after the French captured the archipelago in 1783, after the American War of Independence, many Loyalists fled to British Caribbean colonies, in 1783, they were the first settlers on the Caicos Islands. They developed cotton as an important cash crop, but it was superseded by the development of the salt industry, in 1799, both the Turks and the Caicos island groups were annexed by Britain as part of the Bahamas. The processing of sea salt was developed as an important export product from the West Indies. Salt continued to be an export product into the nineteenth century. In 1807, Britain prohibited the trade and, in 1833. British ships sometimes intercepted slave traders in the Caribbean, and some ships were wrecked off the coast of these islands, in 1837, the Esperanza, a Portuguese slaver, was wrecked off East Caicos, one of the larger islands. While the crew and 220 captive Africans survived the shipwreck,18 Africans died before the survivors were taken to Nassau, Africans from this ship may have been among the 189 liberated Africans whom the British colonists settled in the Turks and Caicos from 1833 to 1840

19.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain

20.
Norfolk, Virginia
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Norfolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 242,803, in 2015, Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area, officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, the city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay. It also shares borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south. Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads, and is considered to be the historic, urban, financial, the city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point. The largest Navy base in the world, Naval Station Norfolk, is located in Norfolk along with one of NATOs two Strategic Command headquarters. As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water, Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property, including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay. It is linked to its neighbors by a network of Interstate highways, bridges, tunnels. In 1619, the Governor of the Virginia Colony, Sir George Yeardley incorporated four jurisdictions, termed citties and these formed the basis for colonial representative government in the newly minted House of Burgesses. What would become Norfolk was put under the Elizabeth Cittie incorporation, in 1634 King Charles I reorganized the colony into a system of shires. The former Elizabeth Cittie became Elizabeth City Shire, after persuading 105 people to settle in the colony, Adam Thoroughgood was granted a large land holding, through the head rights system, along the Lynnhaven River in 1636. When the South Hampton Roads portion of the shire was separated, one year later, it was split into two counties, Upper Norfolk and Lower Norfolk, chiefly on Thoroughgoods recommendation. This area of Virginia became known as the place of entrepreneurs, the House of Burgesses established the Towne of Lower Norfolk County in 1680. In 1691, a final county subdivision took place when Lower Norfolk County split to form Norfolk County, in 1730, a tobacco inspection site was located here. By 1775, Norfolk developed into what contemporary observers argued was the most prosperous city in Virginia and it was an important port for exporting goods to the British Isles and beyond. In part because of its merchants numerous trading ties with other parts of the British Empire, after fleeing the colonial capital of Williamsburg, Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, tried to reestablish control of the colony from Norfolk. Dunmore secured small victories at Norfolk but was forced into exile by the American rebels and his departure brought an end to more than 168 years of British colonial rule in Virginia. On New Years Day,1776, Lord Dunmores fleet of three ships shelled the city of Norfolk for more than eight hours, the damage from the shells and fires started by the British and spread by the patriots destroyed over 800 buildings, almost two-thirds of the city

21.
Tybee Island, Georgia
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Tybee Island is a barrier island in Chatham County, Georgia, near Savannah, United States. The name Tybee Island is also used for the city located on part of this island, the island is the easternmost point in Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,990. The entire island is a part of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area, officially renamed Savannah Beach in a publicity move at the end of the 1950s, the city of Tybee Island has since reverted to its original name. The small island, which has long been a getaway for the residents of Savannah, has become a popular vacation spot with tourists from outside the Savannah metropolitan area. Tybee Island is home to the first of what would become the Days Inn chain of hotels, the oft-photographed Tybee Island Light Station. It is one of the few locations where the U. S. Air Force dropped an atomic bomb—by accident, though the Tybee Bomb did not detonate, there has been ongoing concern, since the Mark 15 nuclear bomb lost during the mishap was never found. Native Americans, using canoes to navigate the waterways, hunted and camped in Georgias coastal islands for thousands of years. The Euchee tribe likely inhabited the island in the preceding the arrival of the first Spanish explorers in the area in the 16th century. Tybee is the Euchee word for salt, in 1520, the Spanish laid claim to what is now Tybee Island and named it Los Bajos. It was at the end of the Guale missionary province of Spanish Florida. During that time the island was frequented by pirates who used the island to hide from those who pursued them, pirates later used the islands inland waterways for a fresh water source. After the founding of South Carolina in 1670, warfare increased between the English and their allies and the Spanish and their Native American allies. In 1702, James Moore of South Carolina led an invasion of Spanish Florida with an Indian army, the invasion failed to take the capital of Florida, St. Augustine, but did destroy the Guale and Mocama missionary provinces. Tybee Islands strategic position near the mouth of the Savannah River has made the northern tip the ideal location for a lighthouse since Georgias early settlement period. First built in 1736, the lighthouse was made of brick and wood, the original lighthouse has been replaced several times. The second lighthouse was built in 1742 when beach erosion threatened the first, part of the third lighthouse at the site, built in 1773, still stands as the bottom 60 feet of the present lighthouse. The top 94 feet of the current lighthouse were added in 1867, today, the Tybee Lighthouse is a popular tourist destination, having all of its support buildings on the 5-acre site historically preserved

22.
Eye (cyclone)
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The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones. The eye of a storm is a circular area, typically 30–65 km in diameter. It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather occurs, the cyclones lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm. In strong tropical cyclones, the eye is characterized by light winds and clear skies, surrounded on all sides by a towering, symmetric eyewall. In weaker tropical cyclones, the eye is well defined and can be covered by the central dense overcast. Weaker or disorganized storms may also feature an eyewall that does not completely encircle the eye or have an eye that features heavy rain. In all storms, however, the eye is the location of the minimum barometric pressure - where the atmospheric pressure at sea level is the lowest. A typical tropical cyclone will have an eye of approximately 30–65 km across, the eye may be clear or have spotty low clouds, it may be filled with low- and mid-level clouds, or it may be obscured by the central dense overcast. There is, however, very little wind and rain, especially near the center and this is in stark contrast to conditions in the eyewall, which contains the storms strongest winds. Due to the mechanics of a cyclone, the eye. While normally quite symmetric, eyes can be oblong and irregular, a large ragged eye is a non-circular eye which appears fragmented, and is an indicator of a weak or weakening tropical cyclone. An open eye is an eye which can be circular, but the eyewall does not completely encircle the eye, also indicating a weakening, both of these observations are used to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones via Dvorak analysis. Eyewalls are typically circular, however, distinctly polygonal shapes ranging from triangles to hexagons occasionally occur. While typical mature storms have eyes that are a few miles across, rapidly intensifying storms can develop an extremely small, clear. Storms with pinhole eyes are prone to fluctuations in intensity. Small/minuscule eyes—those less than 10 nmi across—often trigger eyewall replacement cycles and this can take place anywhere from fifteen to hundreds of kilometers outside the inner eye. The storm then develops two concentric eyewalls, or an eye within an eye, in most cases, the outer eyewall begins to contract soon after its formation, which chokes off the inner eye and leaves a much larger but more stable eye. While the replacement cycle tends to weaken storms as it occurs and this may trigger another re-strengthen cycle of eyewall replacement

23.
Pierce Butler
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Pierce Butler is recognized as one of United States Founding Fathers and was a soldier, planter, and statesman. He represented South Carolina in the Continental Congress, the 1787 Constitutional Convention, and he introduced the Fugitive Slave Clause of the U. S. Constitution during the convention and supported measures to benefit slaveholders. The compromise measure provided for counting three-fifths of the population in state totals. Pierce Butler was born on July 11,1744, in County Carlow and he was the third son of Sir Richard Butler, 5th Baronet, of Cloughgrenan and his wife Henrietta Percy. He resigned a commission in the British Army in 1773, in early 1779, Governor John Rutledge asked the former Redcoat to help reorganize South Carolinas defenses. Butler assumed the post of the adjutant general, a position that carried the rank of brigadier general. He preferred to be addressed as major, his highest combat rank, meanwhile, Britain was shifting its war strategy. By 1778, King George III and his ministers faced a new situation in the colonies. Their forces in the northern and middle colonies had reached a stalemate with Washingtons Continentals, more adequately supplied, there was the risk of France entering the war as a partner of the Americans. The British developed a southern strategy and they believed that the many Loyalists in the southern states would rally to the Crown if supported by regular troops. They planned a conquest of the colonies one at a time. They launched their new strategy by capturing Savannah in December 1778, Butler joined to mobilize South Carolinas militia to repulse the threatened British invasion. Later, he helped prepare the units used in the counterattack to drive the enemy from Georgia. During the operation, which climaxed with an attack on Savannah. The hastily raised and poorly prepared militia troops could not compete with the well-trained British regulars, in 1780, the British captured Charleston, South Carolina and with it, most of the colonys civil government and military forces. Butler escaped as part of a command group deliberately located outside the city, during the next two years, he developed a counterstrategy to defeat the enemys southern operations. Refusing to surrender, allies in South Carolina, and the portions of Georgia and North Carolina

24.
Outhouse
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An outhouse, also known by many other names, is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers one or more toilets. This is typically either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, the term may also be used to denote the toilet itself, not just the superstructure. Outhouses were in use in cities of developed countries well into the half of the twentieth century. They are still common in areas and also in cities of developing countries. Outhouses that are covering pit latrines in densely populated areas can cause groundwater pollution. In some localities and varieties of English, particularly outside North America, the term refers not to a toilet. Outhouses vary in design and construction and they are by definition outside the dwelling, and are not connected to plumbing, sewer, or septic system. The World Health Organization recommends they be built a distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that of smell. The superstructure exists to shelter the user, and also to protect the toilet itself, the primary purpose of the building is for privacy and human comfort, so that the user is not exposed and does not get wet when it is raining or cold when it is windy. Walls and a roof for privacy and to shield the user from the elements—rain, wind, sleet and snow —and thus to a small degree, Outhouses are commonly humble and utilitarian, made of lumber or plywood. This is especially so they can easily be moved when the pit fills up. Depending on the size of the pit and the amount of use, as pundit Jackpine Bob Cary wrote, Anyone can build an outhouse, but not everyone can build a good outhouse. Floor plans typically are rectangular or square, but hexagonal outhouses have been built, the arrangements inside the outhouse vary by culture. In Western societies, many, though not all, have at least one seat with a hole in it, others, often in more rural, older areas in European countries, simply have a hole with two indents on either side for your feet. In Eastern societies, there is a hole in the floor, a roll of toilet paper is usually available. Old corn cobs, leaves, or other types of paper are also used, the decoration on the outhouse door has no standard. The well-known crescent moon on American outhouses was popularized by cartoonists and had a basis in fact. There are authors who claim the practice began during the period as an early mens/ladies designation for an illiterate populace

25.
Horton House
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Horton House is a historic site on Riverview Drive in Jekyll Island, Georgia. The tabby house was constructed in 1743 by Major William Horton. Horton also brewed beer in Georgias first brewery and this structure has been meticulously preserved over the past 100 years as an example of coastal Georgia building techniques and as one of the oldest surviving buildings in the state. Horton House, the Brewery Ruins, and the cemetery were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, the house is one of the oldest surviving buildings in Georgia. List of the oldest buildings in Georgia NPS website Major William Horton historical marker Media related to Horton House Historic Site at Wikimedia Commons

26.
Jekyll Island
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Jekyll Island is located off the coast of the U. S. state of Georgia, in Glynn County. It is one of the Sea Islands and one of the Golden Isles of Georgia barrier islands, the city of Brunswick, Georgia, the Marshes of Glynn, and several other islands, including the larger St. Simons Island, are close by. Long used seasonally by indigenous peoples of the region, beginning in the colonial era, a few structures still stand made of tabby, a coastal building material of crushed oyster shells. The island was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for private homes of wealthy American businessmen. It was evacuated during World War II by order of the US government, in 1947 the state of Georgia acquired all the property, for security and preservation. A popular tourist destination, the island has beaches frequented by vacationers, guided tours of the Landmark Historic District are available. Bike trails, walks along the beaches and sandbars, and Summer Waves, the historic district features numerous impressive and ambitious buildings from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The island is full of wildlife, consisting of many different mammals, reptiles. Jekyll Island is one of only four Georgia barrier islands that have a causeway to allow access from the mainland by car. It has 5,700 acres of land, including 4,400 acres of solid earth, the rest is tidal marshlands, mostly on the islands western shore. Like the other Golden Isles, Jekyll is mostly made of older Pleistocene land mass, the climate is humid subtropical, with rainfall concentrated in the hottest months. The north end of the island is the area that has been affected by human development over the past few hundred years. Early settlers and the loggers who came afterwards developed plantations in this area and they used fallen trees for the construction of ships. In the early 20th century, much of what was considered wilderness was developed into golf courses, a short winding road leads to a parking lot and one of the three picnic areas on the island. To the west is a vast marsh hammock and a view of the Sidney Lanier Bridge, a large fishing pier extends northwest from the picnic area. To the east, a bridge crosses Clam Creek, in front of a marsh, to connect the picnic area to the North End Beach. These beaches are characterized by another tidal creek emptying into St. Simons Sound, the two-story house built from tabby in 1742 stands along N. Riverview Rd. The frame is intact, while the roof, doors, tabby was an indigenous material developed along the coast that was formed from crushed oyster shells, lime and water to make a kind of cement

27.
Rice barn
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A rice barn is a type of barn used worldwide for the storage and drying of harvested rice. The designs, usually specialized to its function, and it may vary between countries or between provinces, rice barns in Asia appear quite different from rice barns found in other parts of the rice cultivating world. In the United States rice barns were common throughout the state of South Carolina. Rice barns in Indonesia are built on four poles, usually stand between 1½ metre and 2 metres up from ground level, the upper storage area often has a distinct omega shape created by bending flexible framing of split bamboo or betel nut trees to support the roof. The roof is covered with alang-alang grass and the sides are made of woven. The pole support structure beneath the raised, enclosed rice barn is open with no walls, a floor or platform is constructed of wood and bamboo about 1/2 metre above the ground. This lower platform provides a convenient, shady place for people to sit, in many traditional villages this lower sitting area is a meeting place for village residents where both business activities and social interaction commonly occur. The styles could be according to each Indonesian ethnics architectural styles. The omega shaped curved roof is typical Sasak style of Lombok island, the distinct tongkonan style roof can be found on the rice barns of Torajan. Other examples include the Sundanese leuit and Minang rangkiang, rice barns in Laos commonly reflect the design of Laotian homes, though they are usually separate buildings from the home. The rice barn, built on wooden or bamboo piles, is located near the home or on the edge of the village. Thailand is a nation whose culture is very much intertwined with rice, rice barns dot the landscape and the trend of barn conversion has spread to that nation as well. Other structures mimic the traditional rice barn through their architecture, rice barns in the United States were most common in the state of South Carolina. Their design reflected their specialized use in rice cultivation, in South Carolina rice barns were typically rectangular in shape and of frame construction. The exterior walls were covered with cypress shingles. Brick pier foundations support the structures, which usually climbed two stories high, gable roofs topped most of them off, the second floor could be accessed via an interior stairwell. Window and door placement would vary, entrance doors, however, were often found at the end of one of the barns long side walls and into the hay loft on the second floor

28.
St. Catherines Island
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St. Catherines Island is one of the Sea Islands or Golden Isles on the coast of the U. S. state of Georgia,50 miles south of Savannah in Liberty County. The island is ten miles long and from one to three wide, located between St. Catherines Sound and Sapelo Sound. More than half of its 14,640 acres are tidal marsh, about half of it is salt marshes, about a quarter is wooded, and it has fine beaches. It is owned by the Saint Catherines Island Foundation is not open to the public, the island has been inhabited for at least 4000 years, and was a Guale settlement by 1576. It was the site of the first Spanish outpost in Georgia, by 1587 it was the northernmost permanent Spanish outpost on the Atlantic Coast. Spanish colonies were planted as far north as Chesapeake Bay, during the 17th century, the mission of Santa Catalina de Guale, located on the island from 1602 to 1680, was the center of the Guale missionary province of Spanish Florida. David Hurst Thomas has focused on Spanish period mission archaeology on St. Catherines Island, currently, archaeology of the shell ring on St. Catherines Island is spearheaded by David Hurst Thomas and Matthew C. Sanger. In 1766 the island was leased by Button Gwinnett, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and it was run as a plantation for nearly a century, until the Civil War ended. The New Georgia Encyclopedia notes that After the Civil War, Shermans Field Order No.15 awarded St. Catherines, tunis Campbell established dominion over Ossabaw, Sapelo, and St. Catherines islands as governor, with the seat of his kingdom on St. Catherines. Under the auspices of Shermans field order, Campbell ruled from the Button Gwinnett House from 1865 until 1867, when Shermans order was challenged, the island reverted to its previous owner. The former slaves were forced to relocate to White Bluff, on the Georgia mainland, the 1893 Sea Islands Hurricane caused catastrophic destruction, sweeping seawater across the entire island. Only one person who remained on the island survived, and all buildings were destroyed, in 1943 Edward John Noble bought the island. In 1968, ten years after his death, the island was transferred to the Edward J. Noble Foundation, the island is now owned by the St. Catherines Island Foundation, and the islands interior is operated for charitable, scientific, literary, and educational purposes. The island is involved with the conservation of the ring-tailed lemur and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1969

29.
Darien, Georgia
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Darien/dɛəriːˈɛn/ is a city in McIntosh County, Georgia, United States. It lies on Georgias coast at the mouth of the Altamaha River, approximately 50 miles south of Savannah, the population of Darien was 1,975 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of McIntosh County and it is the second oldest planned city in Georgia and was originally called New Inverness. Darien is located at 31°22′16″N 81°25′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.0 square miles, all land. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,975 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 51. 9% White,44. 1% Black,0. 1% Native American,0. 8% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 1% from some other race and 1. 1% from two or more races. 1. 9% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,719 people,697 households, and 464 families residing in the city. The population density was 869.6 people per square mile, there were 832 housing units at an average density of 420.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 54. 10% White,43. 98% African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 64% Asian,0. 17% Pacific Islander,0. 06% from other races, and 0. 93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 64% of the population,30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was out with 29. 2% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,23. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females, there were 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $24,135, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had an income of $26,198 versus $16,897 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,938, about 21. 3% of families and 24. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29. 8% of those under age 18 and 25. 2% of those ages 65 or over. The British built Fort King George in 1721, near what would become Darien, at the time it was the southernmost outpost of the British Empire in North America. The fort was abandoned in 1727 following attacks from the Spanish and its remains constitute the oldest fort on the Georgia coast

30.
Tanning (leather)
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Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather. A tannery is the place where the skins are processed, Tanning hide into leather involves a process which permanently alters the protein structure of skin, making it more durable and less susceptible to decomposition, and also possibly coloring it. Before tanning, the skins are unhaired, degreased, desalted and soaked in water over a period of 6 hours to 2 days, historically this process was considered a noxious or odoriferous trade and relegated to the outskirts of town. Traditionally, tanning used tannin, a chemical compound from which the tanning process draws its name. The use of a solution was adopted by tanners in the Industrial Revolution. The English word for tanning is from medieval Latin tannāre, deriv. of tannum and this refers to use of the bark of oaks in some kinds of hide preservation. Ancient civilizations used leather for waterskins, bags, harnesses and tack, boats, armour, quivers, scabbards, boots, Tanning was being carried out by the inhabitants of Mehrgarh in India between 7000 and 3300 BC. Around 2500 BC, the Sumerians began using leather, affixed by copper studs, formerly, tanning was considered a noxious or odoriferous trade and relegated to the outskirts of town, amongst the poor. Indeed, tanning by ancient methods is so foul smelling, tanneries are still isolated from those towns today where the old methods are used, Skins typically arrived at the tannery dried stiff and dirty with soil and gore. First, the ancient tanners would soak the skins in water to clean, then they would pound and scour the skin to remove any remaining flesh and fat. Next, the tanner needed to remove the hair from the skin and this was done by either soaking the skin in urine, painting it with an alkaline lime mixture, or simply allowing the skin to putrefy for several months then dipping it in a salt solution. After the hairs were loosened, the tanners scraped them off with a knife, once the hair was removed, the tanners would bate the material by pounding dung into the skin, or soaking the skin in a solution of animal brains. Bating was a process which relied on enzymes produced by bacteria found in the dung. Among the kinds of dung commonly used were those of dogs or pigeons, sometimes, the dung was mixed with water in a large vat, and the prepared skins were kneaded in the dung water until they became supple from bacterial enzyme action, but not too soft. The ancient tanner might use his feet to knead the skins in the dung water. This combination of urine, animal feces, and decaying flesh made ancient tanneries malodorous, children employed as dung gatherers were a common sight in ancient cities. Also common were piss-pots located on street corners, where human urine could be collected for use in tanneries or by washerwomen, historically the actual tanning process used vegetable tanning. In some variations of the process, cedar oil, alum, as the skin was stretched, it would lose moisture and absorb the agent

31.
Liberty County, Georgia
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Liberty County is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,453, Liberty County is part of the Hinesville, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Savannah-Hinesville-Statesboro, Georgia Combined Statistical Area. Liberty county was established in 1777 and it is named for the popular American ideal of liberty. Sunbury was first designated the county seat in 1784, in 1797, the seat was transferred to Riceboro and in 1837 it was transferred again to Hinesville. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 603 square miles. The eastern and southern portion of Liberty County is located in the Ogeechee Coastal sub-basin of the Ogeechee River basin, the northern and western portion of the county is located in the Canoochee River sub-basin of the Ogeechee River basin. The population density was 119 people per square mile, there were 21,977 housing units at an average density of 42 per square mile. 8. 15% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,16. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the family size was 3.29. In the county, the population was out with 32. 00% under the age of 18,17. 90% from 18 to 24,33. 90% from 25 to 44,12. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 25 years, for every 100 females there were 111.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $33,477, and the median income for a family was $35,031. Males had an income of $25,305 versus $20,765 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,855, about 13. 50% of families and 15. 00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 20% of those under age 18 and 19. 90% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 63,453 people,22,155 households, the population density was 129.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 26,731 housing units at a density of 54.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 47. 1% white,42. 2% black or African American,2. 0% Asian,0. 6% Pacific islander,0. 6% American Indian,2. 9% from other races, and 4. 7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 9. 7% of the population, in terms of ancestry,8. 8% were German,6. 9% were Irish, and 6. 0% were American

32.
Cockspur Island
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Cockspur Island is an island in the south channel of the Savannah River near Lazaretto Creek, northwest of Tybee Island, Georgia, United States. Most of the island is within the boundaries of Fort Pulaski National Monument, historic buildings on the island include Fort Pulaski and the Cockspur Island Lighthouse, designed by John S. Norris, the New York City architect. During the Spanish–American War, an artillery battery, Battery Hambright, was built on the island, it was reactivated during World Wars One. The founder of Methodism, John Wesley landed at the island on February 6,1736 and a monument marks the spot where Wesley conducted a service of thanksgiving

33.
Canister shot
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Canister shot is a kind of anti-personnel ammunition used in cannons. It was similar to case and the grapeshot, but fired smaller and more numerous balls. The canister round is similar to a case and is used today in modern artillery. At times when the supply of balls was limited, nails, scrap iron or lead, wire, the canister itself was usually made of tin, often dipped in a lacquer of beeswax diluted with turpentine to prevent corrosion of the metal. Iron was substituted for tin for larger-calibre guns, the ends of the canister were closed with wooden or metal disks. Attached to the back of the canister was a cloth cartridge bag. A sabot of wood, metal, or similar material was used to guide the round during firing from the cannon. Case shot is a type of ammunition, but instead of a tin can filled with metal balls. This powder was to open the case and disperse the shrapnel. The projectile had been known since at least the 16th century and was known by various nicknames in the 17th century such as hailshot or partridge shot, rounds recovered from Henry VIIIs warship Mary Rose were wooden cylinders filled with broken flint flakes. When filled with rubbish or scrap the round could be known as scrapshot or langrage, in 1718 Blackbeard aka Edward Teach armed his guns with a range of makeshift weaponry including langrage. Several of his cannon, still loaded with spikes and shot, have recovered from the wreck site of his flagship. Archaeologists have also retrieved conglomerations of lead shot, nails, spikes, langrage was also found among the artifact assemblage of the Mardi Gras shipwreck,4000 ft deep in the Gulf of Mexico. The defenders of The Alamo used old horseshoe nails and chopped up iron horseshoes to make their scrapshot, various types of canister were devised for specific models of artillery field pieces. In 1753, the howitzer, a special gun with an oval bore—intended to spread shot even wider—was briefly introduced into Russian service. When fired, the canister disintegrates and its shards and projectiles spread out in a conical formation and it was particularly effective during the Napoleonic Wars and the American Civil War, where massed troops at close range could be broken up by artillery batteries firing canister. At times, particularly at very close range, artillery crews would fire extremely lethal double canister, at the Battle of Waterloo, in 1815, Mercers Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, fired a roundshot and a canister from each gun as a double-shot. The roundshot was loaded first with the canister on top, canister played a key role for Union forces during their defeat of Confederate troops assigned to support Picketts Charge during the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863

34.
Fort Pulaski National Monument
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Fort Pulaski National Monument is located on Cockspur Island between Savannah and Tybee Island, Georgia. It preserves Fort Pulaski, where in 1862 during the American Civil War, the Union Army successfully tested rifled cannon in combat, the fort was also used as a prisoner-of-war camp. The National Monument includes most of Cockspur Island and all of adjacent McQueens Island, following the War of 1812, U. S. President James Madison ordered a new system of coastal fortifications to protect the United States against foreign invasion. Construction of a fort to protect the port of Savannah began in 1829 under the direction of Major General Babcock, and later Second Lieutenant Robert E. Lee, the new fort would be located on Cockspur Island at the mouth of the Savannah River. In 1833, the facility was named Fort Pulaski in honor of Kazimierz Pulaski, Pulaski was a noted cavalryman and played a large role in training Revolutionary troops. He took part in the sieges of Charleston and of Savannah, Fort Pulaski belonged to what is known as the Third System of coastal fortifications, which were characterized by greater structural durability than the earlier works. Most of the nearly thirty Third System forts built after 1816 still exist along either the Atlantic or Gulf coasts, wooden pilings were sunk up to 70 feet into the mud to support an estimated 25,000,000 bricks. Fort Pulaski was finally completed in 1847 following eighteen years of construction, walls were eleven feet thick, thought to be impenetrable except by only the largest land artillery- which at the time were smooth bore cannon. These cannons had a range of only around a mile. It was assumed that the Fort would be invincible to enemy attack, LT Lee remarked that one might as well bombard the Rocky Mountains as Fort Pulaski. Though completed in 1847, Fort Pulaski was under the control of only two caretakers until 1860 when South Carolina seceded from the United States and set in motion the Civil War. It was at time that Georgia governor Joseph E. Brown ordered Fort Pulaski to be taken by the state of Georgia. A steamship carrying 110 men from Savannah traveled downriver and the fort was seized by the state of Georgia, following the secession of Georgia in February 1861, the state joined the Confederate States of America. Confederate troops then moved into the fort, by December 1861, Tybee Island was thought to be too isolated and unprepared for conflict and was abandoned by Confederate forces. This allowed Union troops to gain a foothold across the Savannah River from Fort Pulaski, Union forces under Quincy A. Gillmore began construction of batteries along the beaches of Tybee. On the morning of April 10,1862 Union forces asked for the surrender of the Fort to prevent needless loss of life, Colonel Charles H. Olmstead, commander of the Confederate garrison, rejected the offer. Fort Pulaski was prepared for an infantry attack. However, it never endured a direct land assault, using 36 guns, including the new James Rifled Cannon and Parrott rifles, Union troops began the long sustained bombardment of Fort Pulaski

35.
Wilmington Island, Georgia
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Wilmington Island is a census-designated place in Chatham County, Georgia, United States. The population was 15,138 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Savannah, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The communities of Wilmington Island form a large and affluent suburb of Savannah, the island lies east of Savannah between the town of Thunderbolt and the beach community of Tybee Island. Wilmington Island is home to the Wilmington Plantation condominiums, Wilmington Island is located at 32°00′12″N 80°58′31″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 9.5 square miles, of which 8.2 square miles is land and 1.3 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,213 people,5,613 households, the population density was 1,682.9 people per square mile. There were 5,946 housing units at a density of 704.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 92. 26% White,3. 93% African American,0. 12% Native American,2. 51% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 35% from other races, and 0. 79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 32% of the population,22. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the family size was 2.99. In the CDP, the population was out with 25. 8% under the age of 18,6. 3% from 18 to 24,33. 6% from 25 to 44,24. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $58,689, and the median income for a family was $67,983. Males had an income of $47,220 versus $31,836 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,654, about 2. 3% of families and 3. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 5% of those under age 18 and 2. 3% of those age 65 or over

36.
Hutchinson Island (Georgia)
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Hutchinson Island is a river island in the Savannah River, north of downtown Savannah in Chatham County, Georgia, United States. The island is formed where the Back River breaks off to the north from the Savannah River, historically, Hutchinson Islands land use has been primarily industrial, much of which supported the Port of Savannah, one of the busiest containerization cargo ports in the world. The island is roughly 7 miles long and 1 mile wide at its widest point, Hutchinson Island also played a major role in the capture of Savannah during the American Civil War. After capturing Atlanta, Union Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman turned his army east and south, toward the Atlantic Ocean, rather than destroying Savannah, Sherman elected to demand the citys surrender. Confederate Gen. William J. Hardee led his troops, under cover of darkness, across the Savannah River on a pontoon bridge, across Hutchinson Island. On the Back River, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers formerly maintained a tidal control system that slowed the natural filling-in of the main shipping channel. The tide gate was abandoned after studies showed that it had increased saltwater intrusion into the upriver freshwater Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, totaling approximately 2,000 acres, Hutchinson Island was targeted as the site for a public-private partnership to build a convention center and hotel. Chatham County voters approved spending $63 million in public special-purpose local-option sales tax money for the trade center, the Savannah International Trade and Convention Center and the Westin Savannah Harbor Resort were built. In addition, the state of Georgia provided $18 million, the Georgia Ports Authority and International Paper still own undeveloped tracts of land on the far west end of Hutchinson Island. In the 1990s, a group of businessmen formed the Colonial Motorsport company. Major international races had last been held on the streets of Savannah with the American Grand Prize in 1908,1910, and 1911, and the Vanderbilt Cup Race in 1911. Public monies helped build a 1. 965-mile county road to serve as a 10-turn circuit, the first time a public road had been pre-designed with the intention of also using it for racing in the USA. In May 1997 the inaugural Dixie Crystals Grand Prix was held, with support races for the North American Touring Car Championship, Barber Dodge Pro Series, and the U. S. F2000 National Championship. Before of a day crowd of over 30,000, future Indianapolis 500 winner, Hélio Castroneves. Mark Blundell quoted, after a feasibility test for future CART races, “As a drivers track, its good, Its quite demanding and its a fun circuit to drive, and there are at least two and possibly three spots for overtaking. It doesnt have a street course feel, its more of a road course feel, from a spectator viewpoint, there are plenty of great vantage points. The event looked like a modest success, drivers seemed happy with the course, fans turned out in numbers. However, creditors and several companies involved in the construction didn’t want to give the promoters a reasonable time frame to make the event profitable, the resulting lawsuit threw Colonial Motorsport company into Chapter 11, and all its contracts, including the one with CART, were dissolved

37.
Storm surge
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Most casualties during tropical cyclones occur as the result of storm surges. The deadliest storm surge on record was the 1970 Bhola cyclone, the low-lying coast of the Bay of Bengal is particularly vulnerable to surges caused by tropical cyclones. The deadliest storm surge in the twenty-first century was caused by the Cyclone Nargis, the next deadliest in this century was caused by the Typhoon Haiyan, which killed more than 6,000 people in the central Philippines in 2013 and resulted in economic losses estimated at $14 billion. Louis, Diamondhead and Pass Christian in Mississippi, a high storm surge occurred in New York City from Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, with a high tide of 14 ft. The pressure effects of a tropical cyclone will cause the level in the open ocean to rise in regions of low atmospheric pressure. The rising water level will counteract the low pressure such that the total pressure at some plane beneath the water surface remains constant. This effect is estimated at a 10 mm increase in sea level for every millibar drop in atmospheric pressure, strong surface winds cause surface currents at a 45° angle to the wind direction, by an effect known as the Ekman Spiral. Wind stresses cause a phenomenon referred to as wind set-up, which is the tendency for water levels to increase at the downwind shore, intuitively, this is caused by the storm simply blowing the water towards one side of the basin in the direction of its winds. Because the Ekman Spiral effects spread vertically through the water, the effect is proportional to depth. The pressure effect and the wind set-up on an open coast will be driven into bays in the way as the astronomical tide. The Earths rotation causes the Coriolis effect, which bends currents to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. When this bend brings the currents into more contact with the shore it can amplify the surge. The effect of waves, while powered by the wind, is distinct from a storms wind-powered currents. Powerful wind whips up large, strong waves in the direction of its movement, although these surface waves are responsible for very little water transport in open water, they may be responsible for significant transport near the shore. When waves are breaking on a more or less parallel to the beach. The rainfall effect is experienced predominantly in estuaries, Hurricanes may dump as much as 12 in of rainfall in 24 hours over large areas, and higher rainfall densities in localized areas. As a result, watersheds can quickly surge water into the rivers that drain them and this can increase the water level near the head of tidal estuaries as storm-driven waters surging in from the ocean meet rainfall flowing from the estuary. This situation well exemplified by the southeast coast of Florida

38.
Sea spray
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Sea spray refers to aerosol particles that are formed directly from the ocean, mostly by ejection into the atmosphere by bursting bubbles at the air-sea interface. Sea salt aerosol contains both inorganic salts and organic matter from the ocean and it is thought that the amount of organic matter transferred to SSA depends on microbiological activity. The organic matter in sea spray can contain dissolved organic matter or even themselves, like bacteria. Salt spray is largely responsible for corrosion of metallic objects near the coastline, as the salts accelerate the process in the presence of abundant atmospheric oxygen. Salts do not dissolve in air directly, but are suspended as fine particulates, the salt spray test is the notable measure of material endurance, particularly if the material will be used outdoors and must perform in a mechanical load bearing or otherwise critical role. These results are often of great interest to the industries, whose products may suffer extreme acceleration of corrosion

39.
Gunboat
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In the age of sail, a gunboat was usually a small undecked vessel carrying a single smoothbore cannon in the bow, or just two or three such cannons. A gunboat could carry one or two masts or be oar-powered only, but the version of about 15 m length was most typical. Some types of gunboat carried two cannons, or else mounted a number of guns on the railings. The gun that such boats carried could be heavy, a 32-pounder for instance. For example, in the Battle of Alvøen during the Gunboat War of 1807-1814, Gunboats used in the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain during the American Revolutionary War were mostly built on the spot, attesting to the speed of their construction. All navies of the era kept a number of gunboats on hand. Gunboats saw extensive use in the Baltic Sea during the late 18th century as they were well-suited for the extensive coastal skerries and archipelagoes of Sweden, Finland and Russia. The rivalry between Sweden and Russia in particular led to an expansion of gunboat fleets and the development of new gunboat types. The majority of these were developed from the 1770s and onwards by the naval architect Fredrik Henrik af Chapman for the Swedish archipelago fleet. The designs, copied and refined by the rival Danish and Russian navies, spread to the Mediterranean, British ships engaged larger 22 m Russian gunboats off Turku in southeast Finland in 1854 during the Crimean War. The Russian vessels had the distinction of being the last oared vessels of war in history to fire their guns in anger, Gunboats played a key role in Napoleon Bonapartes plan for the invasion of England in 1804. Denmark-Norway used them heavily in the Gunboat War, between 1803 and 1812 the United States Navy had a policy of basing its navy on coastal gunboats, experimenting with a variety of designs. President Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party opposed a strong navy and they proved useless against the British blockade during the War of 1812. With the introduction of power in the early 19th century. Initially, these vessels retained full sailing rigs and used steam engines for auxiliary propulsion, the British Royal Navy deployed two wooden paddle-gunboats in the Lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River during the Rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada. The United States Navy deployed an iron-hulled paddle gunboat, the USS Michigan, the Von der Tann became the first propeller-driven gunboat in the world. Conradi shipyards in Kiel built the steam-powered 120 long tons gunboat in 1849 for the navy of Schleswig-Holstein. 1, Von der Tann was the most modern ship in the navy and she participated successfully in the First Schleswig War of 1848-1851

40.
Savannah River
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Two tributaries of the Savannah, the Tugaloo River and the Chattooga River, form the northernmost part of the border. The Savannah River drainage basin extends into the side of the Appalachian Mountains just inside North Carolina. The river is around 301 miles long and it is formed by the confluence of the Tugaloo River and the Seneca River. Today this confluence is submerged beneath Lake Hartwell, the Tallulah Gorge is located on the Tallulah River, a tributary of the Tugaloo River that forms the northwest branch of the Savannah River. Two major cities are located along the Savannah River, Savannah and they were nuclei of early English settlements during the Colonial period of American history. The Savannah River is tidal at Savannah proper, downstream from there, the river broadens into an estuary before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The area where the estuary meets the ocean is known as Tybee Roads. The Intracoastal Waterway flows through a section of the Savannah River near the city of Savannah, the name Savannah comes from a group of Shawnee who migrated to the Piedmont region in the 1680s. They destroyed the Westo and occupied established Westo lands at the Savannah Rivers head of navigation on the fall line and these Shawnee were called by several variant names that all derive from their native name, Ša·wano·ki. The local variants included Shawano, Savano, Savana, and Savannah, another theory is that the name was derived from the English term savanna, a kind of tropical grassland, which was borrowed by the English from Spanish sabana and used in the colonial southeast. The Spanish word was borrowed from the Taino word zabana, other theories interpret the name Savannah to come from Atlantic coastal tribes, who spoke Algonquian languages, as there are similar terms meaning not only southerner but perhaps salt. Historical and variant names of the Savannah River, as listed by the U. S. Geological Survey, include May River, Westobou River, Kosalu River, Isundiga River and Girande River, among others. The Westobou River was the name of the Savannah River that was derived from the Westo Native American Indians. The Westo were thought to have come from the northeast, pushed out by the powerful tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy. This migration beginning in the late 16th century resulted in the Westo Indians reaching the present area of Augusta, Georgia, the Westo used the river for fishing and water supplies, for transportation, and for trade. They were strong enough to hold off the Spanish colonists making incursions from Florida, the Carolina Colony needed the Westo alliance during its early years. When Carolinians desired to expand its trade to Charleston, they viewed the Westo tribe as an obstacle. In order to remove the tribe, they sent a group called the Goose Creek Men to arm the Savanna Indians, a Shawnee tribe, following this, the English colonists renamed the river as the Savannah, it was integral to early development

41.
Daufuskie Island
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Daufuskie Island, located between Hilton Head Island and Savannah, is the southernmost sea island in South Carolina. It is 5 miles long by almost 2.5 miles wide – approximate surface area of 8 square miles, with over 3 miles of beachfront, Daufuskie is surrounded by the waters of Calibouge Sound, Intracoastal Waterway and the Atlantic Ocean. The island was named a district on the National Register of Historic Places due to its Gullah. The island is also the setting of Pat Conroy’s novel The Water Is Wide recounting Conroy’s experiences teaching on Daufuskie in the 1960s. For thousands of early humans called Daufuskie Island home as evidenced by ancient piles of discarded oyster shells exhibiting pottery shards from all phases of the hunter gathering period. Prior to European arrival numerous Indian tribes inhabited the Lowcountry and islands, culturally and linguistically these tribes were of Muskogean stock. Daufuskie comes from the Muscogee language and means ‘’sharp feather’’ for the distinctive shape. As early as 1523, Spanish explorers were sailing the southeastern coast of North America in search of potential settlements, by 1565, the Spanish had settled in St Augustine, Florida and were pushing up the coast establishing and maintaining additional colonies. Concurrent with these 16th century ambitions for settlement, the French also made attempts at colonization in South Carolina Lowcountry areas, by the mid-1600’s the English began to explore the southern coast. Prosperous Caribbean planters sponsored several expeditions to South Carolina, captain William Hilton and Robert Sandford both made voyages to Port Royal Sound and vicinity. In July 1666 Sanford entered Calibogue Sound between Hilton Head and Daufuskie and it was during this period of early exploration that Spanish settlers introduced their distinctive Iberian horses to the Southeastern coast. Today the descendants of horses are known as ′Carolina Marsh Tacky′. These sturdy, intelligent horses are well adapted to the swampy. Examples of this breed can still be found on Daufuskie. The story of two founding families is intertwined throughout their long history, and both rose to become powerful island plantation owners. The American Revolution brought divided loyalties to the lowcountry, Daufuskie received the nickname “little Bermuda” during the Revolution due to the resident’s loyalist sentiments. After the Revolution, Daufuskie thrived with the introduction of famous sea island cotton. High quality, sea island cotton exceeded all other long-staple cottons in fiber length, as well as fineness and it was during this period of strong economic growth that several large plantation mansions were constructed

42.
Beaufort, South Carolina
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Beaufort is a city in and the county seat of Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States. Chartered in 1711, it is the second-oldest city in South Carolina, the citys population was 12,361 in the 2010 census. It is a city within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Beaufort is located on Port Royal Island, in the heart of the Sea Islands, the city is renowned for its scenic location and for maintaining a historic character by preservation of its antebellum architecture. The city is known for its military establishments, being located in close proximity to Parris Island. The Lowcountry region had been subject to numerous European explorations and failed attempts at colonization before the British founded the city in 1711, the city initially grew slowly, subject to numerous attacks from Native American tribes and threats of Spanish invasion. It flourished first as a center for shipbuilding and later, when the colony was established as a slave society, several months after hostilities began between the states, Beaufort was occupied by Union forces following the Battle of Port Royal. Due in part to its occupation, the city attracted escaping slaves. The Union declared the slaves emancipated and initiated efforts at education and preparation for full independence, the Freedmens Bureau worked with local blacks during Reconstruction. After the war, the city relied on phosphate mining before a hurricane in 1893. Their effects slowed growth of the city for nearly half a century, in the latter half of the twentieth century, the community became a destination for tourists. It also benefited by the growth of military installations in the area, local groups have worked to preserve Beauforts historic character and significant architecture. In addition to the Beaufort Historic District, The Anchorage, William Barnwell House, Barnwell-Gough House, Beaufort National Cemetery, John A. Beaufort is located at 32°25′55″N 80°41′22″W. The majority of the city is situated upon Port Royal Island, the city has also annexed lands across the Beaufort River on Ladys Island. The city is amid a marshy estuary, and according to the United States Census Bureau has an area of 33.6 square miles, of which 27.6 square miles is land and 6.0 square miles. Remnants of the original English colonial settlement of Beaufort can be found in the downtown or historic district area,304 acres of the town have been designated a National Historic Landmark. With approximate dimensions, downtown is defined as anything upon the peninsula jutting into the Beaufort River that is located east of Ribaut Road. Further defined, downtown is broken into five distinct neighborhoods, Downtown, The Point, The Bluff, The Old Commons

43.
Saint Helena Island (South Carolina)
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St. Helena Island is a Sea Island in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States. The island is connected to Beaufort by U. S. Highway 21, the island has a land area of about 64 square miles and a population of 8,763 as of the 2010 census. It is included as part of the Hilton Head Island-Beaufort Micropolitan Area, the island is renowned for its rural Lowcountry character and being a major center of African-American Gullah culture and language. It is considered to be the influence behind the childrens television program Gullah Gullah Island. The first European to explore St. Helena was most likely Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón around 1520, deepwater Port Royal was established as the center of the area, and at one time was the capital of the entire Spanish colony of Florida. The area was colonized by the French, the Spanish again, then finally fell into English hands. In the War of 1812, Saint Helena saw some British naval presence, the area was noted to be similar to the rice growing region of West Africa and soon captured slaves were brought to the Sea Islands, many from what is today Sierra Leone. Rice, indigo, cotton and spices were grown by slaves, as well as Native Americans. The mix of cultures, somewhat isolated from the mainland, produced the Gullah culture, the Civil War began when South Carolina fired on Fort Sumter on April 12,1861. After a number of setbacks for the Union, the Battle of Port Royal became an important victory on November 7,1861, lincoln had called for a blockade of Confederate ports and Port Royal was considered one of the most important. A flotilla of Union ships commanded by Samuel F, du Pont launched a furious assault on the forts which defended Beaufort. After several hours, the fell into Union hands and were held throughout the war. Slaves were liberated and immediate steps were taken to improve their lot. One of the most important was the establishment of the Penn School to educate them, another was grants of land to heads of households, from whence came the belief among the slaves that upon emancipation, all would be given forty acres and a mule. St. Helena Island was significantly impacted by the Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893, the economic destruction of the hurricane lingered for decades after the event, causing St. Helena Island to be one of the poorest locations in the United States for many years. Condominium communities and gated communities are not allowed on St. Helena Island, some rural land has been preserved through conservation easements and much of the island is still owned by African-Americans, much of it through heirs property arrangements. The Indian Hill Site and Knights of Wise Men Lodge are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, St. Helena Island is considered an inland Sea Island and does not have actual frontage on the Atlantic Ocean. The island is surrounded by marshes, particularly along the southeastern side of the island

44.
Lady's Island (South Carolina)
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Ladys Island is a predominantly residential Sea Island located in Beaufort County, South Carolina. Small portions of the island are within the City of Beaufort, the island was predominantly rural and agricultural in character for much of its history. In the 1920s the first bridge connected downtown Beaufort with Ladys Island, as development of Beaufort and surrounding areas began in the last half of the 20th century, the island began to develop former plantation and timber tracts into residential subdivisions. A second bridge connected Ladys Island with Port Royal in the 1980s, the island is home to four public schools, Beaufort Academy, a K-12 private school, and Saint Peters Catholic School, a K3-6 private Catholic school. Commercial development clustered at the intersection of S. C, Highway 802 and U. S. Highway 21 serves Ladys Island, Beaufort, and the surrounding Sea Islands of northern Beaufort County. The island is also the location of the Beaufort County Airport

45.
Sheldon, South Carolina
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Sheldon is an unincorporated community in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States, at latitude 32.602 and longitude -80.793. Sheldon is located halfway between Beaufort and Yemassee and just east of Interstate 95 in the heart of the Lowcountry region. U. S. Highway 17 and U. S. Highway 21 run through the center of the community in a wrong-way concurrency, a rural area in character, Sheldon was primarily a common gathering area for various plantation owners and slaves prior to the Civil War. It is renowned for the Old Sheldon Church Ruins, several hunt clubs and gated communities are located in the area. The Pocosobo Town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994

46.
James Island, South Carolina
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James Island is a town in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States. It is located in the central and southern parts of James Island, here at James Island on Nov.14,1792, Andrzej Tad Kosciuszko, Colonel of the Continental Army, led the last known armed action of the Revolutionary War against the British and nearly was killed. Long settled as an area, this island has been affected by increasing urbanization. Island residents incorporated the Town of James Island on January 8,1993, joan Sooy was elected as the first Mayor. A lawsuit was filed by the City of Charleston claiming that the parts of the new Town were not contiguous, the City of Charleston prevailed at Circuit Court and the Town appealed. The South Carolina Supreme Court ruled against the Town in 1997, the South Carolina legislature changed incorporation law to allow incorporation over already annexed salt marsh. The Town of James Island was incorporated a second time in 2002, the City of Charleston challenged the Town again, this time arguing that the new incorporation law was unconstitutional special legislation. The City of Charleston prevailed in Circuit Court and the Town of James Island appealed, the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that the singling out salt marsh was irrational, the legislation was ruled unconstitutional and the Town was closed for a second time. South Carolina changed the laws affecting incorporation, effective on July 1,2005. A third attempt to become a town was successful in June 2006, the day after the vote, Charleston mayor Joseph P. Riley, Jr. filed a lawsuit against the town for the third time saying that it was unconstitutional. Mary Clark was elected mayor of the town for the time in August 2006. On November 7,2008 the City of Charleston lost its lawsuit against the Town of James Island in Circuit Court. In an election on August 3,2010, incumbent Clark lost to Bill Woolsey, the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled against the Town of James Island in June 2011. It ruled that the South Carolina incorporation law used by the Town was constitutional, rather than remove that portion of the Town, it ordered the Town closed. The Town was incorporated a fourth time after a referendum on April 24,2012, the City of Charleston determined that it could not successfully challenge the Town by May and the deadline for a challenge passed on July 17. Former Mayor Bill Woolsey led the effort and was unopposed in the election held on July 31,2013. He was subsequently re-elected July 29, there were approximately 18,000 residents in what were the town boundaries and approximately 20,000 in Charlestons city limits as of the 2010 US Census. The Town currently includes a population of 11,500, approximately 6,000 residents remain in unincorporated Charleston county, and 20,000 in the City of Charleston