Friday, August 26, 2016

King's Survey: Stamps of Disapproval

Stamp Act Protesters

In
which we see how a metaphorical credit card bill helped trigger a
non-metaphorical war.

So look, kids: we’ve been talking about a generalfeelingof unease among some people in British
North America in the middle of the eighteenth century—aperceptionthat some authorities (like religious
ones) weren’t really legitimate and that others (like government ones) were
condescending when they weren’t outright dismissive. And, as we know, feelings
can be powerful things.

—Does that include feelings of boredom?

Sure, Chris. Boredom is among the most powerful.

—How’s that?

Well, Jonah, you might say boredom is a gateway feeling. It
leads to others like restlessness and impulsivity. Or passivity.

—Or napping.

Like I said, passivity. Are you making an observation or an
argument, Chris?

—Just an observation. Not that I’m suggesting that you’re in any
way boring.

Of course not, Chris. Jonah will wake you up when class is over.

—We have math next. I should probably just let him sleep.

Well, I’ll let you be the judge of that. Anyway, my real point
is to say that whileperceptionsare a very important part of politics,policycan be even more so, if for no other
reason that it’s often a source or justification for attitudes. You may
remember I mentioned the Molasses Act of 1733 as a law that went largely
unenforced and was regarded as irrelevant. But then the French and Indian War
came along, with lots of huge bills to pay, and the British started enforcing
laws that had been ignored for decades.

The Molasses Act was just one piece, and a relatively minor one,
of a larger strategy that included a package of new laws the British Parliament
put into place after the war. There were new financial regulations involving
the use of currency, for example, which was always painfully scarce in the
colonies, making it difficult to pay for things or settle debts. I mentioned
that Proclamation about not going west of the Alleghenies, which really annoyed
young guys like George Washington, who was in the real estate business and
believed the wholepointof the French and Indian War was to
get their hands on those lands west of the mountains. None of those new
regulations were intolerable. But then came a real problem: the Stamp Act.

—That was in the homework.

Right. What did the Stamp Act
say,Jonquil?

—I didn’t really get it. It was a tax you paid on paper?

You’re on the right track. It might be more useful to think of
it as a tax on documents: contracts, wills, that kind of thing. Also
newspapers, which were not really documents in the same way, but a source of
information that was largely read by the wealthy. This was key: the British
were looking to raise revenue, and they were making a real effort to focus on
the people who really could afford to pay, like people who hired lawyers or
tracked the shipment of goods in newspapers. The idea was that when you bought
such material, you’d pay a tax and get a receipt in the form of a stamp that
would go on the document and prove you got it legitimately. The law was
structured in such a way that it would pay for itself: the people issued the
stamps would keep a portion of what they collected as a salary.

For the British, the Stamp Act seemed both fair and efficient.
To make sure, government officials approached Benjamin Franklin, who was sort
of a super-lobbyist extraordinaire, and asked him what he thought of the idea.
Franklin basically said, yeah, if you’re gonna raise taxes, this isn’t a bad
way to do it. (In fact, Franklin pulled some strings to get a stamp
commissioner’s job for a buddy back in Pennsylvania.)

—What do you mean that Franklin was a super-lobbyist? He seems to
keep coming up.

Indeed he does, Yin. Franklin is a truly amazing character, and
I’d love to give a course just on him. In short: Franklin was born in Boston,
which he found stifling. He ran away to Philadelphia, which was an
up-and-coming-city, when he was your age. Then we went to London briefly, and
came back to Philly. He made a fortune as a printer, franchised his operation
out to other guys around the colonies, and retired from the business. He then
explored his interest in science. He also continued to be involved in civic
affairs. In the 1750s, the colonial government of Pennsylvania sent him to
London to represent the colony’s interests to the imperial government. Soon
other colonies, like Massachusetts and South Carolina, also hired him. So he
was like the unofficial American representative in England. He was there for
about 15 years. He was the coolest of the Founding Fathers. Incredibly
intelligent, and that included his social skills. Impossible not to like the
guy. (And about as impossible to really get to know him.)

Anyway, the British put the Stamp Act into effect in 1765. And
it proved to be an utterdisaster. The colonistshatedit.

—Why?

Well, some of it is obvious: who likes taxes? I also suspect
that the very thing that made it fair made it a problem: rich people are in a
much better position to complain than poor people,not
in terms of having a more legitimate grievance, mind you, but in knowing how to
get heard—and
getting around rules they don’t like. But rich people weren’t the only unhappy
ones. One of the more remarkable things about the Stamp Act is the way it unleashed
simmering anger that now burst to surface. That anger included angry mobs. One
mob raided the house of the lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, Thomas
Hutchinson, and reduced it to a stack of toothpicks. That buddy of Franklin? He
wrote back to him and said: thanks for nothing. I can’t go out and stamp
documents—people
willkillme.
The outrage was so great that there was a meeting, known as the Stamp Act
Congress, with representatives from a number of colonies. Back at the start of
the French and Indian War, Franklin had suggested that the colonies cooperate,
and no one was interested. Now, suddenly, it seemed that for the first time
they were serious about coming together. In protest. The Stamp Act Congress
sent a petition to London saying the law was illegal.

By the end of 1765, it was clear to the British government that
the Stamp Act had backfired. All the noise aside, it was failing its actual
purpose: to raise money. The colonists were refusing to play by the rules. So
the government had to go back to the drawing board and try again. But how? The
answer was in two steps. First, the Stamp Act was repealed. Then, the same day,
the British Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, which essentially said the
colonists were obligated to obey the laws of the British government. Which is a
little like saying to a child who refuses to go to bed: all right, stay up
then. But from now on you’re sticking to your bedtime, fella!

—Cute.

Well, I was hoping for something more like a shock of
recognition: more like “Oh.”

—It’s not that good, Mr. K.

Oh. Well, then. I’ll keep going. Sort of like the British
government:thatdidn’t work, so we’ll try something
else. Here’s the something else: the Townshend Acts. These were a series of new
taxes on lead, glass, paper and tea. Again: luxury items.

—But if people were mad last time, why would this time be any
different?

Excellent question, Sadie. Actually, this timewasdifferent, but not in the way the
British wanted. And the reason for that is a fellow named Sam Adams.

—As in the beer?

Yes, Ethan: Sam Adams was a brewer. Not a very good one, though.
At least not as a businessman.

—Was he related to John Adams?

Yup. They were cousins.

—Were they close?

Pretty close. Though Sam was a little more exciting than John,
who was kind of a dweeb.

About King's Survey

King's Survey is an imaginary high school history class taught by Abraham King, a.k.a. "Mr. K." Though the posts proceed in a loosely chronological fashion, you can drop in on the conversation any time. For more background on this series, see my other site, Conversing History. The opening chapter of "Kings Survey" is directly below.

“The Greatest Catholic Poet of Our Time . . . Is a Guy from the JerseyShore? Yup,” in The Best Catholic Writing 2007, edited by Jim Manney (Chicago: Loyola Press, 2007)

“I’s a Man Now: Gender and African-American Men,” in Divided Houses:Gender and the Civil War, edited by Nina Silber and Catherine Clinton (Oxford University Press, 1992).

THE COMPLETE MARIA CHRONICLES, 2009-2010

Most writing in the vast discourse about American education is analytic and/or prescriptive: It tells. Little of that writing is actually done by active classroom teachers. The Maria Chronicles, like the Felix Chronicles that preceded them (see directly below), takes a different approach: They show. These (very) short stories of moments in the life of the fictional Maria Bradstreet, who teaches U.S. history at Hudson High School, located somewhere in metropolitan New York, dramatize the issues, ironies, and realities of a life in schools. I hope you find them entertaining. And, just maybe, useful, whether you’re a teacher or not.–Jim Cullen