Results: 4

Mean SMR/Theta ratio between 1st/2nd halves of neurofeedback sessions (1–4 and 5–8), as an index of incremental learning; for high vs low improvers in surgical task time in the SMR group. Error bars signify the standard error of the mean (SEM).

Mean pre-scores minus mean post-scores in trait anxiety. For Alpha-Theta (AT), SMR-Theta (SMR), and control (C) groups. There is a significant decrease in trait anxiety (i.e. in the past few weeks) score for the SMR group. No reliable changes are present in either the control or AT groups. Error bars signify the standard error of the mean (SEM).

Mean pre-post change in surgical performance time. For Alpha-Theta (AT), SMR-Theta (SMR), and control (C) groups. In contrast to the control group, there is a significant reduction in total time on task as well as in the suture task for the SMR group. Marginal improvement is also seen in overall performance time for both SMR and AT groups. Error bars signify the standard error of the mean (SEM).

Mean pre-scores minus mean post-scores in surgical technique. For Alpha-Theta (AT), SMR-Theta (SMR), and control (C) groups. In contrast to the control group, there is a significant increase in judges ratings' of both overall technique and particularly in the more difficult suture task for the SMR group. Marginal improvements are seen for the AT group although they are accompanied by large standard errors. Error bars signify the standard error of the mean (SEM).