Introduction

For over 60 years, Wonder Woman has filled the pages of her
magazine with adventures ranging from battling Nazis, to declawing human-like
Cheetahs. Her exploits thrilled and inspired many young girls, including Gloria
Steinem. Through all of this, she has had to pilot her invisible jet through
territories that her male counterparts have never had to. She is constantly
pulled in two directions; her stories must be entertaining and non threatening
to the male status quo, while simultaneously furthering her as the original
symbol of 'Girl Power.' She is praised for being an icon of strength to women
everywhere, but chastised for wearing a skimpy costume and tying men up, as
if she were no more than a male fantasy. No comic book character has had to
endure as much scrutiny as Wonder Woman. That's because Wonder Woman represents
an entire gender, at a time of important social flux. Although she was created
by a man to influence a male audience, Wonder Woman has evolved into an important
symbol of the feminist movement.

An Amazon is born

Shortly after Superman made his appearance in 1939, a noted
psychologist by the name of William Moulton Marston wrote an article in Family
Circle magazine, praising comic books. According to Les Daniels in
Wonder Woman: The Complete History (Chronicle Books, 2000, pp.
22-24), his article caught the eye of M.C. Gains of DC Comics. Gains was so
impressed by the article, he hired Marston into a new position at DC Comics.
Within a year, at the urging of his wife, Marston set out to create a female
superhero. By February 1941, Marston handed in his first script for ‘Suprema:
The Wonder Woman.’ (We owe a debt of thanks to whoever dropped the Suprema.)
Marston created a unique heroine, based loosely on Greek Mythology. Diana
was the Princess of Paradise Island, a mystical place inhabited by Amazons.
Her mother, Hippolyte (sometimes referred to as Hippolyta), Queen of the Amazons,
wanted a child and petitioned the Goddesses of Olympus to give her one. She
was instructed to sculpt a child from clay.
When she was done, the goddesses imbued the statue with life. Diana was raised
as the princess of her nation, until one day, an aircraft carrying one Steve
Trevor crashed off the shores of the island. Diana rescued him and nursed
him back to health. The Goddesses decreed a contest should be held to find
an Amazon champion to return Trevor to the United States and also help with
the war effort. As the princess, Diana was forbidden to enter the contest
by her mother, the Queen. Diana disguised herself and won. Reluctantly, Hippolyte
awarded Diana the costume of the champion and sent her on her way, and a legend
was born.

Marston had said his aim with Wonder Woman was to influence a male audience
with the notion that females could be just as powerful as men, through the
use of their own gifts. A reoccurring theme is the dominance of women over
men, by teaching them ‘loving submission.’ The reality is that the early issues
of Wonder Woman almost always contained scenes of bondage. Wonder Woman’s
one weakness was to have her bracelets chained together by a man. Many, many
men took advantage of that. Because he was on the team that developed the
first polygraph, Marston gave Wonder Woman a magic lasso that would enable
her to extract the truth from its victim or make them susceptible to her suggestions.
Of course, they had to be tied up. If Wonder Woman wasn’t chained up, she
was busy tying someone else up to do her bidding. When you combine that with
a seductive costume, (The costume created such a ruckus, DC Comics editor,
Dorothy Roubicek wrote a memo to Gains suggesting the costume be given a more
Greek tunic look. (Daniels, pp. 62-63)) the early Wonder Woman comes off as
a fetishistic fantasy. That may be one of the biggest reasons it was such
huge success with a male audience.

Artist H.G. Peter illustrated Wonder Woman for Marston’s entire tenure on
the book. Although he was required to delineate Wonder Woman in bondage motifs
and other sundry escapades, his art was not overly sexual. This was one of
the factors which helped establish Wonder Woman among female fans. She was
strong and athletic, but without an unreal body image.

Many of her adventures pitted her against a real life enemy, the Nazis. This
was World War II, after all, and women were dong their part to help the war
effort. Wonder Woman was a symbol of the emergence of women in active roles.
But, even before the war was over, Marston began introducing costumed villains.
Interestingly enough most were female. Dr. Poison, the very first costumed
villain, was actually a Japanese princess, disguised as a man. As her Rogues
Gallery grew, it became more populated with women, than men; The Cheetah,
Queen Clea, and Giganta, just to name a few. It seemed that Wonder Woman would
be relegated to fighting her own gender. It was another way that she could
be interpreted as powerful, without upsetting the status quo. She was rarely
seen as someone who could overpower a strong male villain.

Wonder Woman did continue to be an important symbol in those early days.
She was the only female superhero in the Justice Society of America (A forerunner
of the Justice League of America), although she was relegated to the office
of secretary. Again, it was a large stride while being subservient to the
male heroes in the book. You can almost see her serving coffee at JSA meetings.
Her magazine debuted a backup feature called ‘Wonder Women of History’ in
which an important female historical figure was profiled. It seemed that the
intention of her being a symbol of feminism were there, while the actions
of the stories painted a different, more sexual picture. This is a contradiction
that survives even into today.

The Silver Age

After Marston’s death, Robert Kanigher took over the duties on Wonder
Woman. In a rare occurrence, Kanigher served as both writer and editor
for over 20 years. Gone were the Nazis, and many of Wonder Woman’s original
foes. In their place, Kanigher began writing stories centered on Wonder Woman’s
romantic life. In Sensation Comics #97 (May-June 1950), Wonder
Woman becomes the romance editor of a women’s magazine. Instead of battling
evil villains, Wonder Woman herself became the center of conflict, as characters
like Bird-Man and Mer-Man vied for the affections of the Amazon Princess.
Other times, she would have a whole story dedicated to explaining to poor
Steve Trevor that they could not marry until her services as a hero were no
longer required. It seemed that Wonder Woman had been relegated to the role
of the maiden fending off numerous suitors, as if she were a southern belle.
It is interesting to note that during this time, ‘Wonder Women of History’
was replaced with a feature called ‘Marriage a la Mode,’ celebrating the marriage
customs of different cultures. Wonder Woman of the 1950’s was in a flux, just
like American women. They had been asked to do their part during the war,
but when the men came home, it was time to go back into the kitchen. The problem
was most women realized an untapped potential to be more than a wife and mother.
This would show up in the form of modern feminism in the next decade. It must
be pointed out that most of the supporting cast was made up of other women;
(Hippolyte, other Amazons, and even a younger version of Wonder Woman, Wonder
Girl) but the stories were still centered on marriage and boyfriends.

The artistic team of Ross Andru and Mike Esposito hiked Wonder Woman’s star-spangled
shorts a bit, but still the art was very respectful to the female body. No
larger than life breasts or pencil thin waists. Wonder Woman had an athletic
build and was considered statuesque.

A Change Will Do You Good?

1968 was an interesting year for our Amazing Amazon. After Kanigher’s departure,
Editorial Director Carmine Infantino assigned writer Dennis O’Neil and penciller
Mike Sekowsky to the title. When a new writer is assigned to a title, the
direction of the character usually shifts, but no one could predict the direction
O’Neil and team were about to take.

“‘ What they were doing in Wonder Woman, I didn’t see how
a kid, male or female, could relate to it. It was so far removed from their
world,’ recalled O’Neil.” (Daniels p. 125) His solution was to remove
Wonder Woman’s powers, effectively putting a normal female out into the world
to fend for her self. Gone were the magic lasso, bulletproof bracelets, and
invisible jet. Wonder Woman was now outfitted in mod 60’s clothes and partnered
with an Asian mentor, I Ching. She relied on martial arts instead of Amazon
strength. O’Neil believed that by making her a normal person struggling in
an extraordinary world, she would be a more viable feminist symbol. Many people
agreed and sales skyrocketed. Wonder Woman was kept in this direction for
almost two years before a very prominent feminist took a very anti-de-powered
Wonder Woman stance: Gloria Steinem.

In July of 1972, Steinem’s new magazine, Ms. hit the newsstands
with a familiar face on the cover. Beneath a banner that read ‘Wonder Woman
for President’ was a rendering of Wonder Woman, in her traditional costume.
Essayist Joanne Edgar took up two pages of the premier issue to denounce the
changes made to Wonder Woman, and to assure readers that Wonder Woman would
return to her roots in 1973. Steinem also wrote the forward to a hardcover
collection of Marston-era Wonder Woman stories, and took the opportunity to
denounce the changes herself. Steinem and others felt that by robbing Wonder
Woman of her powers and tools, they had weakened an important symbol. She
was no longer a unique person. It could also be suggested that because the
idea came from a man, that it was an attempt by males to negate a woman as
a powerful force. It seemed that Wonder Woman had been adopted by the feminist
movement as a powerful symbol of what a woman could aspire to. It is probable
that most women who invoked Wonder Woman in their feminist rhetoric had not
read some of the more outrageous of Marston’s stories.

Wonder Woman finally got her tiara back in Wonder Woman #204
(January-February 1973). Robert Kanigher was again the editor, if only for
a few issues. The adoption of Wonder Woman by Steinem and company appeared
to have an immediate influence, as Wonder Woman became a very active superhero,
with all manner of villains. For the most part, stories did not center on
romance or bondage, but rather on costumed villains and other action oriented
heroics. Wonder Woman was finally getting the recognition of being a top notch
Super Hero.

It was at this time, Wonder Woman finally appeared on network TV. In the
fall of 1975, The New, Original Wonder Woman aired on ABC. Starring
Lynda Carter, the first episode dealt with Wonder Woman’s origin, sticking
very closely to the comic book version. The ABC show was very tongue in cheek,
but was a hit and aired on ABC and CBS, until 1977. Lynda Carter became the
first woman to star in an action/adventure TV series, giving more credence
to the ties between Wonder Woman and feminists.

The comic book version continued in the same vein through the late 70’s and
early 80’s. The only notable event was the change in her costume in 1982.
In Wonder Woman#288 (February 1982), the eagle emblazoned on
her bustier was traded in for a stylized double w. The change was to herald
the creation of the Wonder Woman Foundation, created by DC Comics president
Jenette Kahn. The purpose of the foundation was to honor (financially) women
over 40 who have made a contribution to society. It was launched to coincide
with Wonder Woman’s 40th anniversary.

Rebirth

In 1986, the entire DC Comics universe was given a makeover. Many characters,
including Wonder Woman, had amassed a large and convoluted history, thanks
to the ever revolving door of writers and editors. The solution was a 12 issue
series entitled Crisis on Infinite Earths. Every character in
the DC Universe (DCU) was rebooted, but none was as drastic as Wonder Woman.
In Crisis #12, she was attacked and devolved into the clay from which
she was formed. The clay then spread itself over the shores of Paradise Island.
The stage was set for a comeback.

George Perez took on the daunting task of breathing new life into the Amazon
Princess. He was well aware of the fact that he was tinkering with an icon.
Perez spent copious amounts of time researching Greek Mythology, and also
feminism, discussing the project with his wife, editor Karen Berger, DC President
Jennette Kahn, and of course, Gloria Steinem. Wonder Woman and feminism were
about to become one and the same.

Perez did not tinker with Wonder Woman’s origin too much. He did move
her to present day, instead of World War II. She was still a princess, and
was raised on an island of amazons. He did, however, give a very feminist
slant to the creation of those amazons. In Wonder Woman #1,
(February 1987), it was shown that the amazons were the re-incarnated souls
of women “whose lives had been cut short by the ignorance of man.” As they
migrated to Themyscira (Paradise Island) they became enlightened women, who
spent their days learning and constructing. They were no longer the warrior
race of mythology. As the champion of the contest that sent her to the Patriarch’s
World, Wonder Woman was an ambassador of her nation, charged with espousing
the ideals of her Olympian Gods. This Wonder Woman needed no day job; she
had an ambassadorial post at the United Nations. She was first a teacher,
second, a hero. It is amazing that Perez was able to use Greek Mythology and
give it a feminist slant. In the hands of a lesser writer, the task would
have failed. Greek Myth is rife with the subjugation and humiliation of women.
Perez was able to center on the female contingent of Olympus, and keep the
males as chauvinistic as before.

Perez also handled the art chores, and made Wonder Woman look very real and
very feminine, without resorting to objectifying art. Her physique was that
of an athlete. She was tall, not too slender, and very muscular. It action
sequences, you could see the muscles on her body strain as she attempted feats
such as tossing tanks around.

During Perez’s run, Wonder Woman spent as much time on the lecture circuit
as she did fighting off bad guys. The sales of the comic were strong, but
DC was anxious to use their revamped character in more action oriented stories.
William Messner-Loebs, took over as writer, but the major change was in the
artist, Mike Deodato, Jr. To many people, all the work that was done to portray
Wonder Woman as a strong, intelligent female hero flew out the door as Deodato
brought his brand of art to the title. Wonder Woman now had very large breasts,
a teeny tiny waist, and legs that went on for miles. Sales of the book were
incredibly strong, but much of the attention was on the stylized, sexual appearance
of the Amazon. Wonder Woman had never looked quite so slutty. Many claimed
that Wonder Woman had become cheesecake, never the less, Deodato stayed on
until issue #100.

A Look To The Future

Phil Jimenez took over the book and attempted to reconcile some of the continuity
problems that had already surfaced on the series. Another talented writer/artist,
Jimenez nurtured Wonder Woman through some very tough times. Like a mirror
to actual world events, 2001 was a very difficult year for Wonder Woman. Themyscira
was embroiled in a heated civil war, which resulted in the abolishment of
the matriarchy and the loss of the title of princess for her. In a staggering
galactic war, Hippolyta her mother and supporting character since the beginning
of the book, was killed. Wonder Woman was shown as a woman who had very human
problems to cope with. Her battles were not always with super villains or
natural disasters. Jimenez showed a hero who had to deal with mother/daughter
issues in a way that had rarely been shown in the series. Wonder Woman and
her mother did not always get along! In one of his best issues (Wonder
Woman#172) Jimenez weaved a tale of jealousy and forgiveness, as
a protective mother (Hippolyta) gave her life to protect her seemingly ungrateful
daughter. Jimenez was not afraid to show Wonder Woman in an unflattering light.
She was jealous of her mother donning similar armor and leaving the shores
of Themyscira to become a hero in her own right. Stories such as these brought
some very female oriented issues to the forefront. Wonder Woman had never
had to deal with issues of her royal status, her relationship with her mother,
and the grief of losing a parent. Of course, she came through all of this
on top, and ready to fight the good fight, but it was a difficult and interesting
journey.

As 2003 begins, writer Walter Simonson has revisited the non-powered concept
of the 60’s. With only 2 issues out, only time will tell if it will be as
radical a change as it was before.

In the new millennium of Xena, Lara Croft and other female action heroes,
is Wonder Woman still relevant to the feminist movement? Without her example,
many of these franchises would not have had the inspiration to become a reality.
Those choppy territories Wonder Woman covered have paved the way. Many writers
and artists can use Wonder Woman’s history as a blueprint for what works,
and also what doesn’t. Wonder Woman continues to mirror the complexities of
feminism; strong and assertive, yet caring and nurturing. All the while balancing
family issues and fighting against stereotypes. As her comic book moves ahead,
Wonder Woman will continue to tackle issues relating to every woman, and even,
every human.