Review: This article examines the genesis of development of the legal system of Israel. The author gives characteristics to the main elements, which affected the formation of the current Israeli law, as well as determines certain peculiarities of the legal system of the State of Israel as an integral component of the mixed legal family. The modern Israel, formed across the Western and Eastern traditions, represents a unique cultural and legal institution. Based on this fact, the study of legal reality of the State of Israel before its establishment in 1948, as well as during its further state and legal development, presents a significant practical interest. The author analyzes the historical normative legal documents of the current Israeli legislation along with the works of foreign and Russian scholars regarding the examination of legal reality of Israel. Based on the results of this research, the conclusion is made that the study of experience of the “mixed” legal organization and functionality of Israel can be useful for development and improvement of legal system throughout the world, because namely such systems demonstrate an example of innovation and modernization in law.

Review: The subject of this research is the view of the foreign and particularly English-American scholars upon one of the imperative institutions of state authority of any country – the Parliament, or in this case, the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The perception of Russian in public consciousness of Western countries has always been synonymous with controversy, bordering disapproval and condemnation, which generally reflects the overall relationship between Russian and the West. The foreign researchers of the Russian democratic transit demonstrate that the main vector of the analysis lies in the President of the Russian Federation, but we can also observe pool of the research dedicated to the legislative branch of authority. The authors examine several most illustrative articles on the development of the Russian Parliament of the first four convocations, and based on this, their view upon the genesis of this institution can be traced. The scientific novelty consists in the use of particular little-studied works on this topic on the language of origin. Analyzing these works, the authors conclude that the attitude towards the Parliament changes with time, which correlates with the relation of the Western society regarding the Russian reality. The descriptions differ from the very “democratic” parliament during the time of B. N. Yeltsin to the rubber-stamp parliament of the Presidential Administration during V. V. Putin’s presidency.

Parfenov A.A..
Normative foundations of integration and sociocultural adjustment of the children of migrants in the European countries and Russia
// Law and Politics. – 2016. – ¹ 11.
– P. 1359-1365.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2016.11.21051.

Review: This article examines the questions of the language and sociocultural integration of the migrants’ children in the Russian Federation. Currently, the time of the language integration among adult migrants and their children is one of the most relevant issues within the scientific circles, as well as political debates. This research is based on results of the analysis of foreign and Russian publication, dedicated to the problems of integration and adaptation of the migrants’ children, normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, and bylaws of the government of the Russian Federation. The author conducts an analysis of the existing definitions of the notion of “migrant child”, as well as presents classification of the various groups of the migrants’ children. The key issues inherent to the modern Russian system of integration of the migrants’ children into the accepting society are being determined. In accordance with the results of review of the official documents of the European countries on the problem of integration of the migrants’ children, the article demonstrates an evolution of approaches of various European states towards the solution of the problem of sociocultural adjustment. In conclusion, the author highlights several modern generally accepted approaches towards integration of the migrants’ children in the countries of Europe, as well as signifies the possible ways of implementation of such approaches, considering the nuances and peculiarities of the current system of integration of the migrants’ children in Russia.

Keywords: language policy, European legislation, legislation of the Russian Federation, sociocultural adjustment, educational integration, language integration, children of migrants, Russian as a foreign language, school language, Council of Europe

Review: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of development, organization, and functioning of the constitutional legal protection system in South Korea, considering the historical trends and modern political legal situation in the country. The author examines the most important aspects of the official constitutional law doctrine of the Republic of Korea, as well as discusses the specificities of legal policy for crime prevention in South Korea. The efficiency of the constitutional legal protection is assessed from the perspective of development of the legal regulation alongside the work of the essential constituents of the constitutional control (President, Constitutional Court, and others). The scientific novelty of this work consists in the substantive characteristic of one of the elements of South Korean constitutionalism – the constitutional legal protection. A conclusion is made about the high level of state legal development of the Republic of Korea and its specificity, as well as classic approach towards formulation of the structure and content of the Constitution and objective-subjective characteristic of the constitutional legal protection.

Grigor'ev I.V..
Gaps and collisions in the legislation on anticorruption in state civil service of the Russian Federation
// Law and Politics. – 2016. – ¹ 10.
– P. 1258-1264.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2016.10.20314.

Review: This article explores the peculiarities of the legal regulation of anticorruption measures in the state civil service of the Russian Federation. The author analyzes the key issues in civil servants reporting income, expenses, property, as well as verification of these reports. Analysis is conducted on separate element of the legal status of civil servants that carry anticorruption character. The author highlights the issues pertaining to the possibility of bringing civil servants to disciplinary accountability for violations of corruption nature. The novelty of this research consists in the fact that in represents a comprehensive research of the legal issues of anticorruption measures in state civil service of the Russian Federation. The author formulates a proposal to improve the current civil legislation and legislation on state civil service.

Review: The article analyses new elements of Federal legislation in the public-private partnership sphere and the constituent entities’ experience of applying various models of public-private interaction including investment forms (concessions, public-private contracts, lease with investment commitment) and forms not involving investment (public contract; subsidies to consumers of social services and social services providers). It is demonstrated that in most cases they are interchangeable, which causes the necessity to perform their comparative analysis at the project preparation stage.Methods of logical analysis, and statistical analysis were used to identify regional problems arising in social sphere in connection with public-private partnership development. Surveys of public authorities of Russian regions were conducted. Development of public-private partnership entails a risk of degradation of the budgetary institutions. The process of substituting of budgetary institutions by private providers is very active in home care sector; reallocation of budgetary resources in favor of private providers takes also place in the sphere of healthcare and education. In the home care sector, not requiring significant investments, the process of replacing public services by the private ones does not create significant risks, but those risks are really serious in the sphere of healthcare and education - the capacity of the public sector, in the case of its loss, is not subject to rapid recovery. There was a number of cases, when PPP-reconstruction of health facilities led to the reduction of free services for people.

Review: This article is dedicated to the analysis of the establishment of the principle of federalism in the United States of America, as well as the problems of its practical implementation and factors that affected this selection of the form of cooperation of states. The work generalizes the practical experience of application of federalism of law and judicial system that ensures its realization, “implied authority” and “supremacy clause” of the U. S. Constitution with consideration of opinions of a number of researchers. A comparative analysis is conducted on realization of the principle of federalism of law in the United States and the Russian Federation. Based on the conducted analysis, the author determines the specificity of the functionality of this principle of federalism of law that is characteristic namely for the United States. The author highlights the peculiarities of the development of Russia that form a different understanding and application of this principle. A conclusion is made on the limitation of the branches of government authority on the federal and regional levels in the United States.

Review: The subject of this research is the historical legal experience of the formation of the territorial and constituent composition of the federative states of the world and the corresponding complex of constitutional norms established in the text of federal constitutions. The study is conducted on the constitutions of over 50 federative states signed at the time of the creation of federation. This work presents the analysis on the means of constitutional establishment of the constituent composition of a federation, principles of formation of the territory of the subjects of the federation, order of changes to the borders between them, as well as the principles of formation of federal territories and capital districts in the composition of the federation. The author concludes that the lack of normative establishment of the constituent composition of a federation in the text of the federal constitution is a gap that needs to be filled, but not unambiguous conclusion should be made on the absence of federal foundation in the organization of public authority: this will require analysis of the entire complex of the constitutional norms.

Larichev A.A..
Legal regulation of the administrative control over the work of the branches and officials of the local self-governance in Canada
// Law and Politics. – 2016. – ¹ 7.
– P. 830-834.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2016.7.16788.

Review: The object of this research is the institution of administrative control over the work of the branches and official of local self-governance in Canada. The subject of this work is the normative legal sources, as well as scientific and analytical literature on this topic. Analyzing this institution, the author gives attention to such issues as the forms of administrative control over the work of the branches and official of local self-governance; their internal content and peculiarities; differences in regulation of corresponding issues in the legislations of the different provinces of Canada. Analysis of the forms of administrative control over the work of the branches and official of local self-governance in Canada allows the author to make a conclusion on its wide implementation on all stages of administrative work. Despite the foreseeable trends of expansion of legal personhood of the branches of municipalities and acquisition of discretion authority, the administrative control maintains a significant role in the relations between the executive branches and local self-government.

Review: The subject of this research is the norms of the U. S. legislation that regulate the trade and economic relations with participation of foreign countries. A special attention is given to the key aspects of the legislation, in particular, regulation of the spheres of intellectual property and foreign investments (including antitrust legislation). Among other issues, the author explores the technique of systematization of laws in the United States, the so-called “national security doctrine”, influence of U. S. domestic legislation upon the norms of international law that regulate the trade and economic relations between countries. The author used the works of Russian and American legal scholars in the area of international (including international economic) law and economic theory. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the doctrinal and systemic historical outlook upon the U. S. legislation that regulates the trade and economic relations with participation of foreign countries in the context of modern changes in the international economic legal order, through which the author concludes that the United States have accumulated a substantial amount of experience of state regulation of economic relations inside the country, which ensures regulation of the corresponding trade and economic relations, including trade of goods and services; application of fees and taxes; protective, anti-damping and compensation measures; anti-damping practice; protection of intellectual property laws and investment relations; labor and environmental standards; etc.

Review: The subject of this research is the legal norms that regulate intangible assets, personal intangible rights, as well as the rights of the state as a subject of civil legal relations. The object of this research is public relations associated with such personal intangible right as the state’s right to reputation. The author substantiates the need for protection of the state reputation from defamation and the need for creation of the necessary legal provision for protection of the state’s personal intangible right to reputation. The author also argues that the current categories of civil law cannot cover all possible instances that require protection of state rights. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the fact that based on the current knowledge in the area of civil law the author presents the legal substantiation for introduction into the legislation of the Russian Federation of such category as reputation, which can be applied to state as a subject of civil legal relations.

Review: This article explores the right in the legislative and constitutional initiative of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the right to sign laws passed by the Parliament and object to them (the right to veto), president’s legislative authority in the cases established by the constitutions, and the right to give legislative orders to the Government. Analysis is conducted on the institution of countersignature in the legislation of the Republic regarding laws passed by the Parliament and signed by the President, presidential decrees issued by the initiative of the Government, as well as other means of influence upon the legislative process by the head of state. Introduction of the concept of “legislative act” allows him to introduce into Parliament not only legislative bills, but also Parliamentary and Chambers decrees that are in fact by-laws. This is in essence an infringement upon the competency of the highest representative branch on organization of its activity. The President of the republic is the only subject who can directly realize the right of the constitutional initiative: by introduction of an amendment bill into the Constitution in the Parliament or at the republic referendum. The Parliament and the Government exercise this right indirectly – through the President. Study of the President’s authority with regards to passing legislative acts revealed that the need for preserving this institution is no longer necessary, due to formation of professional Parliament, expansion of its authority, the right of the head of state to introduce legislative initiative, and other means of influencing the legislative process. The author makes recommendations on improving the Constitutional law.

Review: In this article the authors substantiate the axiological importance of the right to protection of health and medical aid by its complex nature, as it pertains to the right to life, favorable environment and others. In addition to that, the value nature of this right consists not only in the protection of such indefeasible benefit as health, but also in creation of conditions for exercising basic rights to free development and a worthy life. Campaigns and programs on protection and restoration of individual and public health are the obligations of both, the state and individual. The scientific novelty of this work consists in exploration of the value aspects of this right, which are not sufficiently analyzed within the juridical science, from the position of modern research and relevant conditions for social reforms. This approach towards the study of constitutional right to protection of health and medical aid is necessary in order to determine new regularities of development of the Russian legislation in this area.

Review: This article is dedicated to the characteristics of the formation and the analysis of the state of the modern model of federalism in the United States of America. The object of this research is the U. S. federalism, which are the form of the government structure of the current United States, as well as the political and historical trends and regularities of the formation of the modern (so-called “competitive”) model of federal government in the U. S. The subject of this research is the forms, methods, and instruments of establishment of federal relations in the United States at the present stage. The goal is to determine the characteristics of the formation and the key aspect of the modern model of the North American federalism. The author pays attention to the fact that the federalism model of the current United States is the result of a long evolution of various ideas and concepts of organization of a complex society. It is the United State that gave the world the four classic concepts of federalism: dualistic, cooperative, technocratic, and competitive, which became the standard for federal structuring in many countries of the world. The modern federalism model in the United States, which represents a new stage in development and modernization of the competitive federalism model, undoubtedly has its flaws and contradictions. But namely the special qualities of this model ensure a determined establishment of U. S. national interests throughout the world and are the foundation of their soft and smart power.

Review: The right to indemnity carries a special character, representing an exception from the constitutional principle of equality of all citizens before the court and law. The historical foundation and the need for creation of additional guarantees for elected officials justified the emergence of this right. The author makes an attempt to define the key elements of this right, and find the correlation between the right to indemnity and the adjoining notions of “immunity” and “nonprosecution”, as well as present the structure of right to indemnity and the form of its establishment in the legal text; analyze the variants of the scope of the right to indemnity that currently exists in the scientific literature and legislation. This work sheds light on such under-studied juridical category as right to indemnity. The analysis presented here can be useful for clarification of the conceptual apparatus of the constitutional law and theory of law, as well as for the purposes of improving the legislation on responsibility of state officials possessing diplomatic immunity or other type of immunity as an exclusion from the general jurisdictional rules.

Review:
The author explores the problem of identification of the Russian republicanism and constitutionalism, demonstrates the relationship between the constitutional form of government and models of separation of powers, open scientific approaches to understanding the nature and features of the republican form of government established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. Particular attention is paid to the dynamic possibilities, realities and prospects of the development of the republican form of government in Russia. The study analyzes the theoretical basis, the origins of the principle of separation of powers, constitutional contours of the model of separation of powers ("flexible", "hard" and "mixed" models), as well as the problem of the origin, development and implementation of the modern principle of separation of powers as the basis of the constitutional order of Russia. The scientific novelty consists in the formulation of specific features of various models of separation of powers in light of their effect, implementation, as well as the future development of the republican form of government within the Russian model, including the identification of legal nature of the Russian constitutionalism.

Keywords: President of the Russian Federation, presidential constitutionalism, semi-presidential system, models of the separation of powers, Russian constitutionalism, form of government, republicanism, the executive branch, "flexible", "hard" model, "mixed" model

Review: This article is dedicated to the examination of development of legal regulation of the government financing of political parties by means of granting state subsidies. A special attention is given to the analysis of the efficiency of federal spending aimed at support of the established party system. The currently existing order of government support of the political parties corresponds neither with the principles of reasonableness nor objectiveness. The severity of this issue has increased due to the fact that Russia is undergoing an economic crisis, thus there is an urgent need for optimization of state revenues. Based on the conducted research, the author concludes that there is a need for reform of the system of state party funding, and suggest the ways of improving the existing legislation. First and foremost, it is recommended to set the order of determining the volume of allocated funds from the federal budget in form of a certain percentage of its total size for the corresponding year, as well as establishing a dual-level system of disbursement of state investments among the parties. Such measures contributed into optimization of the federal spending, as well as encouraged the development of political parties that gain most support among the population of the country.

Keywords: direct government funding, financing of political parties, current activity of political parties, government funding, political parties, optimization of federal spending, state subsidy, party system, principle of reseonableness, federal budget

Musalova Z.M., Gabieva S.M., Gadzhieva Kh.V..
Interaction of the head of a subject of the Russian Federation with the President of the Russian Federation
// Law and Politics. – 2015. – ¹ 12.
– P. 1673-1676.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2015.12.16892.

Review:
The object of this research is the public relations emerging in the process of interaction between the head of a subject of the Russian federation with the President of the Russian Federation, as well as the place of the senior official of a subject of Russian federation within the mechanism of government authority. The authors analyze this position as a head of the subject of Russian Federation who is called to ensure the interests of his people on one hand, and as an element of a the system of executive authority according to part 2 of Article 77 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Based on the research of the interaction of a subject of the Russian Federation with the President of the Russian Federation, we can conclude that among federal branches of government authority it is the head of state that has the highest authority with regards to the highest official of the subject of the federation, which results from his authority to ensure coordinated functionality and cooperation between the branches of government power.

Keywords: authority, mechanism of separation of powers, interaction, head of the subject, president, constitution, law, federation, system, state power

Andreev S.V..
The legal bases of interaction of bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation and local authorities in the sphere of transport services
// Law and Politics. – 2015. – ¹ 12.
– P. 1667-1672.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2015.12.16769.

Review: The subject of this article is the legislation governing the transport service of the population and the need for establishing cooperation between state authorities of the RF subjects and local authorities in the field of socially useful activity. With a focus on their joint activities in the sphere of transport of passengers by bus is the most accessible to the public form of public transport. In the process of the study were used widely tested scientific methods of dialectical materialist knowledge, as well as the system-structural method, the analysis of the laws and other legal acts, formal-logical method. Collectively called the method was the methodology of this study.Problems article is among undeveloped in the legal literature. In this connection, the elements of novelty have definitions of "the interaction of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation and local self-government" and "the organization of transport services", as well as the characterization of the essence of the interaction of bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation and local self-government for the organization of public transport services. The novelty is contained in the proposals on improvement of legal regulation of their activities in this socially important sector.

Review: The object of this research is the institution of commissioners for human rights on the Russian Federation, including the regional commissioners for human rights. The subject of this research is the legal regulation of the work of regional commissioners for human rights. A special attention is given to the analysis of regulation of the work of regional state human rights activists by the federal legislation of Russia. The article examines the latest innovations of the federal legislation in the area of regulation the work of regional commissioners for human rights. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the fact that since the emergence of the new state mechanism for human rights in the Russian Federation – the human rights institution – over the period of almost twenty years State Duma adopted several amendments to the federal law “On the Principles of the Activity of Commissioners for Human Rights in Constituents of the Russian Federation”. The need for introduction of such law was justified by the lack of proper regulation in the relationship between federal and regional human rights activists, federal executive authorities, and regional commissioners, as well as the insufficient guarantees of the independence of regional commissioners in certain constituents of the Russian Federation. This whole time, only regional laws served as the legal basis of the activity of regional ombudsmen. Currently, the problem is solved due to adoption of the Federal Law of April 6, 2015 No.76-FZ “On Introducing Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation for Improvement of Activities of Commissioners for Human Rights”. The author’s contribution into this research consists in his participation in the course of development of this legislative law as a part of a team under the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Russian Federation.

Review: This article examines the peculiarities of the socio-economic development of the regions in Russia. The relevance of this research is justified by the growing disparity between various social classes, as well as separate territories. A special attention is given to the analysis of the correlation between the level of gross regional product (GRP) per capita and the level of average monthly income amongst region’s inhabitants. These indexes are reviewed not only as important factors of current situation within the regions, but also as strategic markers of a long-term socio-economic development. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research consists of the combination of positions that argue the greater importance of internal potential of socio-economic development of the regions in comparison to the administrative and political factors. The main conclusion of the research is determination of the existing disparity within the current socio-economic position of the regions and unfounded domination of the administrative and political approaches in setting the long-term goals for regional development. Inclusion of the indexes of the average monthly income and GRP into the long-term strategies for the socio-economic development of the regions must account not only for the administrative measures, but also for the development of internal potential of the regions, their cultural, economic, and social specificity.

Review: The subject of this research is the aspects of the model of welfare state implemented in Spain. The article demonstrates the guarantees of a welfare state set within the constitutional legislation of Spain, as well as within legislation of its autonomous communities. The author examines the content of the concept of welfare state as one of the foundations of a constitutional structure and as a constitutional legal principle. Analysis is conducted on the history of formation of a welfare state in Spain starting from XVIII century – the rule of King Charles III of Spain, throughout the fascist Franco’s regime, and modern time. The scientific novelty consists in designating Spain as a “welfare state” not only in juridical (legislative) definition of a state that enacted and practices welfare policy, but also as a state that has a real, vast number of instruments in addition to just welfare policy. Based on analysis of the legislation, the author makes conclusions on the peculiarities of the welfare statehood of Spain: the system of social insurance is created with the special accent on covering the elderly working population; mandatory medical insurance is enacted mainly for employees in the industrial sector earning wages below a certain level; employment insurance applies mostly to the male workers.

Review: The article analyzes the Mexican legislation regulating the production, transportation and consumption of oil and gas.The relevance of the analysis is that, on the one hand, Mexico is a member of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and a major exporter of energy to the United States of America. On the other hand, state regulation covers almost all areas of the energy sector. This feature of the energy sector in Mexico adversely affects not only the investment climate and the development of modern technologies in the energy sector, but also in the integration processes of all of North American continent. Currently, all mineral resources are owned by the government, and preserve the state monopoly on oil and on certain types of activity in its initial processing. At the same time, private companies carry out the processing, transportation, storage and sale of the oil.

Review: The subject of this research is the status of the CBRF, which in author’s opinion is rather ambiguous. Determination of the Central Bank’s status, its tasks, rights, and responsibilities is necessary in order to ensure that the national banking industry will have a stable and problem-free functionality. The author claims that practically all doctrinal opinions characterize the Central Bank either as a branch of government authority (although exactly which, remains unclear), or as a non-commercial organization. In author’s opinion, none of these approaches can be considered optimal in determining the status of the Central Bank and maintain its functions and principles of operation. Researching and analyzing current proposals of scholars with regards to solution of issue of status of CBRF, the author proposes an original option of codifying the status of the CBRF by passing the law “On Legal Entities under Public Law”, which will stipulate the criteria for becoming a legal entity under public law. Passing this law would resolve the complications and indeterminacy of the status of CBRF, as well as other organizations legally defined as legal entities under private law, while formally conducting executive activity on a nationwide scale.

Borodach M.V..
Comparative differentiation of private and public interests as a factor of the branch of juridical institutionalization of the phenomenon of public domain
// Law and Politics. – 2015. – ¹ 6.
– P. 766-776.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2015.6.15344.

Review: This work reflect the result of conducted research on the issue of properties in a specific content of public interests acting as grounds for the phenomenon of public property. The comparison is based on the objective existence of only two types of social interest in public life – private and public, as well as the point of reference that consists in presence of both, substantial differences, and inseparable dichotomous correlation of public and private origins of social life. Statement of the problem takes place in the context of the need to define the legal nature of public interest, and subsequently the legal nature of social phenomena, which serve as the basis for the interests in question. The author justifies the thesis that objective qualities of the public interests allow us to speak of a strictly constructive legal nature, and thus of constructive legal nature of social phenomena that serve as direct basis for such interests.

Review: This article reveals the essence and highlights the various types of dualism of the government as a constitutional distribution of functions and authority between two highest branches of government. Based on the analysis of the specificity of the presidential, parliamentary, and semi-presidential form of republican government the author underlines the constitutional prerequisites of dualism of the executive branch: absence of definition of the head of executive branch in the constitution, and endowment of the president with significant authority. This work accentuates the possible constitutional means of overcoming or limiting dualism of the executive branch: declaration of the president as the head of the executive branch with authority over the government (presidential system); institution of countersignature of acts of president by the prime minister and the cabinet of ministers responsible for their execution (parliamentary system); institution of political responsibility of the government before president with the ability to dismiss the prime minister by the presidential order and the institution of countersignature (semi-presidential system). The author concludes that dualism of executive branch, same as constitutional distribution of authority between president and the government, contradicts the centralized character of this authority and can cause disputes and conflict between the president and the government (prime minister), negatively affection the efficiency of government administration.

Review: The subject of this research is the theoretical and practical issues associated with realization of the mechanism for distribution of deputy mandates between the candidates from the slates submitted by the electoral unions during deputy elections for legislative branch of government on the regional level by the proportional electoral system, as well as federal and regional legislation that regulates said procedure of distribution of mandates. A special attention is given to the questions of maintaining priority of the candidates in the slate in case of refusal by one or another candidate from receiving the mandate, and the analysis of the legal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation expressed on this matter. Based on the analysis of the regional electoral legislation, the author comes to a conclusion on existence of a clash of constitutional values, which on one hand are linked to the right of the party to promote candidates within the slate of candidates, and exercising of citizens’ passive electoral right on the other.

Review: The object of this research is the legal relations that form as a result of regulating effect upon the fundamental normative legal act of the Constitution of the Russian Federation with all general qualities and immanently inherent qualities of a special legislative act. The subject of this research is the theoretical and practical aspects of the content and activity of the principle of direct effect of the Constitution of the Russian Federation viewed as a normative-regulatory means along with legal norms. A special attention is given to the constitutional positions of specific character, attributable to a separate type of normative-regulatory means – normative consolidations, among which the principle of direct effect is being reviewed. The principle of direct effect is a mandatory requirement in the field of work of the judiciary, and has a major part in the mechanism of legal realization of normative consolidations contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Review: This article analyzes the factors that promote the increase of effectiveness of the lawmaking process in the Russian Federation. From the perspective of modern juridical scientific knowledge the author researches the peculiarities of modern lawmaking with consideration of the current democratic reforms. The author analyzed the increase in the dynamics of the legislative work on the federal and regional levels, and makes a conclusion on the need for development of a mechanism for sequential improvements to the legislation in form of an institution of public lawmaking initiative as an institution of direct democracy. Analysis is given to the importance of the factor of the timeliness of passing a law, and participation of the scientific juridical community in the legislative process. From the position of modern scientific approach a research is conducted on the factors of improving the efficiency of legislative process pertaining to the modern conditions of democratic reforms. Conclusions are made on the necessity to strengthen the authority of the law, and coordination of lawmaking on the federal and regional levels.

Antonova A.M..
General characteristics of the electoral legislation of Russia and three constituents of the Russian Federation of the Volga Federal Region (Republic of Tatarstan, Republic of Bashkortostan, and Samara Oblast)
// Law and Politics. – 2015. – ¹ 5.
– P. 619-625.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2015.5.11579.

Review: This article presents a comparison of the electoral laws of the constituents of the Russian Federation with the federal electoral legislation. More specifically, the article presents the analysis of the peculiarities of the structure of electoral legislation of the Republic of Tatarstan, Republic of Bashkortostan, and Samara Oblast. The work examines the inner content of the above legal norms. The conducted research allows us to determine the present state of this legislation and its place within the system of constitutional legislation of the Russian Federation. As a result of the conducted research the author formulates the main conclusions of the following facts: - The regional electoral legislation fully complies with the federal electoral legislation;- The regional electoral legislation is constantly being improved and corresponds with the current political situation within the country;- The electoral legislation of the national government formations (republics) is much more similar in structure and content than that of the territorial formations (krai, oblast).

Review: Due to the resource oriented state of the Russian economy, the taxation of the recovery of minerals is one of the main
sources of revenue for the budget of the Russian Federation. Even minor changes in the price of oil on the international market
have a huge impact upon the national budget of the Russian Federation, and the problem of replenishing it has lately become quite
relevant. Over the course of being enacted the Mineral Resource Extraction Tax (MRET) has proven its fiscal orientation, while
its regulating regulatory function has moved to the background and in doing so, acquired multiple problems in the field of oil extraction.
This article reveals the flaws within the MRET of the Russian Federation and reviews the ways of improving it under the
current conditions. The conclusions are made on the quality of the conducted tax policies in the Russian Federation with regards
to taxation of the petroleum extraction industry, including changes to the current legislation. Presently, we can observe an annual
increase in the MRET revenue into the budget of the Russian Federation and the growth in the specific weight of tax within
the overall structure of budget revenue. However, despite the positive dynamics of the MRET index, there is a growing number of
flaws within the current system of oil taxation that have negative effect on the present state and future development of the industry.

Review: The subject of this research is the review if the historical development of the state territorial structure of Russia. The author analyzes
the particularities of the territorial division of the Russian Federations, as well as the criteria and conditions under which the new administrative
territorial units with a certain specifics of the legal status. Based on the conducted research and taking into consideration the evolution of the state
territorial structure of Russia, it was attempted to find ways to resolve the issues of the modern Russian federalism. The historical progression of
this process, along with the main stages of its evolution and various projects aimed at the improvement of the state division of Russia were being
analyzed. By examining the specifics of the state territorial structure of Russia within the historical aspect, the author was able to determine the
main stages of its development. According to the author’s conclusion, in a case of improving the state territorial structure it is necessary to follow
several principles of forming the subjects of the Russian Federation in order to strengthen the legal links between them.

Keywords: Federation, Unitarian state, form of state structure, subject of the Russian Federation, administrative territorial unit, stages of federalism, the Russian Federation.

Review: The subject of this article is the status and main directions of the work of a specific type of government – a minority cabinet
on the example of Canada’s parliamentary system in the end of the 20th, beginning of the 21st century. The author also reviews the
sources of the legal regulation of the status and the work of the minority cabinet. Its relations with the lower house and the opposition
parties, as well as the implementation of the government priorities within the economic and social areas are being researched. The
work of the cabinet aimed at supporting the national state unity of the federation is also being analyzed. The specific of the fuel and
energy strategy of Ottawa is revealed. The author emphasized the difficulties of state government and decentralized federation. The
opinions established within our scientific and publicistic literature about the inherent weakness and non-effectiveness of the minority
cabinet are false. The higher complexity of managing the parliamentary state, precisely under the conditions when the sustained
majority is absent in the lower house, stimulates the increase of the level of management skill of the government.

Demakov R.A..
The mechanisms for improving the procedure of introduction
of a governmental bill to be reviewed by the federal legislature
// Law and Politics. – 2014. – ¹ 12.
– P. 1816-1822.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.12.12821.

Review: The author reviews the governing body of the Russian Federation as a branch of authority that has a status of a
special legal entity of the legislative initiative, and carries a fundamental significance for the normative regulation of social
relations. This article demonstrates that the active participation of Russian government in many ways provides juridical
qualities, which add a high social adequacy of a future federal law. The author comes to a conclusion that the existing system
of the federal government’s participation in a process of lawmaking in introduction of a developed project of federal law to
be reviewed by the legislature cannot be unequivocally claimed to be perfect. Practical recommendations are proposed on
the optimization of cooperation between the executive and legislative branches of government on a federal level, as well as
the need to improve certain by-laws that regulate the work of the government officials of the State Duma of Federal Assembly
of the Russian Federation.

Review: This writing of this article was prompted by the recent changes the Russian Federation made to the
construct of its federal subjects and its tendency towards changing the basis of its organization. The processes
that are currently taking place require deeper examination and carry far-reaching consequences. It is quite possible
that under current conditions, these processes can radically change Russia’s federalism. The methodology
of this research is based on the analysis of normative, doctrinal and empirical elements. This research is one of
the first articles in the cycle of the new federal model of Russia and the global centrifugal and centripetal tendencies.
This work can be implemented in optimization of the governmental structure of modern Russia. The article
forms the public conscience for a deep understanding of the basic sociopolitical process, upon which the current
statism is established.

Muhamedzhanov, A.Z..
Interaction between the Parliament and Government
in the conditions of constitutional reforms in Uzbekistan
// Law and Politics. – 2014. – ¹ 9.
– P. 1309-1326.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.9.12422.

Review: The provided article is devoted to the issues of interaction between the Parliament and the Government in Uzbekistan
within the framework of the ongoing public law reform in Uzbekistan. Currently the democratic amendments have significantly
changed the system of state government, competence and mechanisms of interaction of the supreme government bodies. The new
instruments of democratic society administration are introduced, the system of check and balances in the state mechanism is being
perfected, the measures are taken in order to optimize the competence of the supreme state government bodies. The studies of the
problems regarding interaction between the Government and the Parliament has allowed to single out the following two aspects
reflecting the specific features of the relations between the Government and the Parliament. On one hand, it is greater responsibility
of executive government bodies, on the other hand it is a growing role of parliament. Having analyzed the amendments in the
Constitution of Uzbekistan of the latest years, the author finds the formation of a balanced system of interaction between the legislative
and executive branches of power, based upon the specialization of their competence, being limited by the system of mutual control.
The study involves both general and specialized methods: analysis, generalization, comparative legal studies, logical legal method,
historical method, specific sociological method. The author studies nature and importance of constitutional reforms of 2002-2014,
which significantly changed the basis and forms for the interactions between Oliy Majlis and the Cabinet of Ministers. The author
presents analysis of the transformation of the relations between the Government and the Parliament, which were reflected in the
procedure for presenting the candidature of the Prime-Minister by the party holding parliamentary majority, provisions for the
vote of non-confidence to the Prime-Minister, causing the resignation of the entire Government. Within the framework of this issue
the author evaluates the transfer of some important spheres of competence from the President of the state to the Parliament and the Government. In order to guarantee efficient interaction between the Government and the Parliament the author substantiates
a number of measures, which shall allow to form a balanced system of mutual rights, obligations and responsibility of said bodies,
being regulated in much detail. The article also includes propositions for the clarification of status, competence and specific
spheres of competence of these bodies based upon the principles of equality and mutual control. In order to achieve optimum correlation
between the government and the parliament, their place within the system of state power, it is offered to further strengthen
the role of Parliament, to widen its controlling competence. Author also provides some recommendations for the improvement of
the mechanism and procedures of resolution of appearing disagreements, rationalization of forms and methods of joint activities.

Keywords: Constitution, Parliament of Uzbekistan, Legislative Chamber, Senate, Cabinet of Ministers, Prime-Minister, vote of non-confidence, program for the government activities, state government bodies.

Review: The article is devoted to the constitutional principle of authenticity of the determination of the expression of the
will of the people, the author explains the concept of this principle and identifies its specific features. It is noted that none
of the principles, which are provided for in the legislation include the constitutional principle of authenticity of expression
of the will of the people and there is need to provide for this principle legislatively. The author also mentions the conditions
substantiating the need to provide for this principle legislatively.

Review: The article involves analysis of the problem of development and practical implementation of the constitutional
modernization problem in the Great Britain. The central attention is paid to its two aspects: transfer of competence from
center to regional bodies within the framework of devolution program, and the reform of the House of Lords. The author
analyzes the complex of causes for the need to correct the constitutional legal mechanism of the United Kingdom, evaluating
the attitude towards it of the key political parties in the UK and the internal groups and movements within these
parties. The author studies the history of regional representation in the higher chamber of the British Parliament. The
author evaluates the reforms, which already took place, distinguishing their positive and negative consequence, uncovering
perspectives and directions for the further modernization of the state administration mechanism. The author notes
close links and interdependency of these changes. Growing regionalization requires formation of the new relationships
with the central government, making the issue of revision of the principles of formation and spheres of competence of the
higher chamber of the Parliament, and once again including into the agenda the issue of correcting the election system.

Keywords: The Great Britain, constitutional reform, the House of Lords, devolution, regionalization, nationalism, political strife, Conservatives, Labourites, representation.

References:Busygina I.M. Regionalizatsiya v stranakh Zapadnoy Evropy: Velikobritaniya i Frantsiya v sravnitel'noy perspektive // Kazanskiy federalist ¹ 1-2.
Zvereva G.I. Istoriya Shotlandii. M., 1987.
Malkin S.G. Velikobritaniya i umirotvorenie gornoy Shotlandii v 1715-1745 godakh (sistema Lord-Leytenantstv) // Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya. 2009. ¹
C. 163-176; 4.Act of Union (Ireland), 1800 // URL: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aip/Geo3/40/38 (03.07.2013)
Bond M. F. Guide to the Records of Parliament. L., 1971.
British Electoral Facts 1832-2006 / Comp. and Ed. by C. Rallings and M. Thrasher. Aldershot, 2007.
British Social Attitudes Survey, 2010 // URL: http://www.natcen.ac.uk/media/606961/nat%20british%20social%20attitudes%20survey%20summary%207.pdf (02.07.2013)
Coxe W. Memories of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole. L.,1816.
Governing the UK in the 1990s / Ed. by R. Pyper and L. Robins. N.Y., 1995.
Great Britain. Parliamentary Debates. House of Lords. Third Series. Vol. 195.
Great Britain. Parliamentary Debates. House of Lords. Fifth Series. Vol. 251.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 19. 1709-1714. L., 1802.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 18. 1708-1709. L., 1802.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 26. 1781-1784. L., 1802.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 37. 1785-1787. L., 1787.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 39. 1791-1794. L., 1794.
Liberal Party General Election Manifestos, 1900-1997 / Ed. by I. Dale. L., 2000.
Lord Hailsham Elective Dictatorship, The Richard Dimbleby Lecture. L., 1976.
Lord Longford. A History of the House of Lords. Stroud, 1999. P.91.
Lysaght Ch. The Irish Peers And House of Lords – The Final Chapter// URL: http://www.burkespeerage.com/articles/ireland/page93.aspx
May T.E. The Constitutional History of England Since the Acession of George the Third. L.,1863.
Peerage Act, 1963 // URL: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/48/pdfs/ukpga_19630048_en.pdf (03.07.2013)
Pike L.O. Constitutional History of the House of Lords. L., 1894.
Proposals for Reform of the Composition and Powers of the House of Lords, 1968-1998. L., 1998.
Reform of the House of Lords. Interim Report of a Liberal Party Working Group. L., 1978.
Smith E.A. The House of Lords in British Politics and Society, 1815-1911. L.,1992.
Statute Law (Repeals) Act, 1971 // URL: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/43/pdfs/ukpga_19890043_en.pdf
UK-Wide Referendum on the Parliamentary Voting System // URL: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/referendums/uk (24.12. 2012)
Union with Scotland Act, 1706 // URL: http://www.rahbarnes.demon.co.uk/Union/UnionWithScotlandAct.htm (19.07.2013)

References (transliteration):Busygina I.M. Regionalizatsiya v stranakh Zapadnoy Evropy: Velikobritaniya i Frantsiya v sravnitel'noy perspektive // Kazanskiy federalist ¹ 1-2.
Zvereva G.I. Istoriya Shotlandii. M., 1987.
Malkin S.G. Velikobritaniya i umirotvorenie gornoy Shotlandii v 1715-1745 godakh (sistema Lord-Leytenantstv) // Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya. 2009. ¹
C. 163-176; 4.Act of Union (Ireland), 1800 // URL: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aip/Geo3/40/38 (03.07.2013)
Bond M. F. Guide to the Records of Parliament. L., 1971.
British Electoral Facts 1832-2006 / Comp. and Ed. by C. Rallings and M. Thrasher. Aldershot, 2007.
British Social Attitudes Survey, 2010 // URL: http://www.natcen.ac.uk/media/606961/nat%20british%20social%20attitudes%20survey%20summary%207.pdf (02.07.2013)
Coxe W. Memories of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole. L.,1816.
Governing the UK in the 1990s / Ed. by R. Pyper and L. Robins. N.Y., 1995.
Great Britain. Parliamentary Debates. House of Lords. Third Series. Vol. 195.
Great Britain. Parliamentary Debates. House of Lords. Fifth Series. Vol. 251.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 19. 1709-1714. L., 1802.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 18. 1708-1709. L., 1802.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 26. 1781-1784. L., 1802.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 37. 1785-1787. L., 1787.
Journal of the House of Lords. Vol. 39. 1791-1794. L., 1794.
Liberal Party General Election Manifestos, 1900-1997 / Ed. by I. Dale. L., 2000.
Lord Hailsham Elective Dictatorship, The Richard Dimbleby Lecture. L., 1976.
Lord Longford. A History of the House of Lords. Stroud, 1999. P.91.
Lysaght Ch. The Irish Peers And House of Lords – The Final Chapter// URL: http://www.burkespeerage.com/articles/ireland/page93.aspx
May T.E. The Constitutional History of England Since the Acession of George the Third. L.,1863.
Peerage Act, 1963 // URL: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/48/pdfs/ukpga_19630048_en.pdf (03.07.2013)
Pike L.O. Constitutional History of the House of Lords. L., 1894.
Proposals for Reform of the Composition and Powers of the House of Lords, 1968-1998. L., 1998.
Reform of the House of Lords. Interim Report of a Liberal Party Working Group. L., 1978.
Smith E.A. The House of Lords in British Politics and Society, 1815-1911. L.,1992.
Statute Law (Repeals) Act, 1971 // URL: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/43/pdfs/ukpga_19890043_en.pdf
UK-Wide Referendum on the Parliamentary Voting System // URL: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/results/referendums/uk (24.12. 2012)
Union with Scotland Act, 1706 // URL: http://www.rahbarnes.demon.co.uk/Union/UnionWithScotlandAct.htm (19.07.2013)

Reference:

Semenov, A.S..
Elements of organizing work of prosecution
on its interaction with the state government and municipal
bodies in the sphere of lawfulness guarantees
// Law and Politics. – 2014. – ¹ 8.
– P. 1080-1086.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.8.12580.

Review: The object of studies includes the process of organization of the work of prosecution in on its interaction with the
state government and municipal bodies in the sphere of lawfulness guarantees. In particular, the author discusses its main
stages and organizational conditions. The matter involves distribution of professional spheres of competence among the
staff, information analytical work, forecasting, planning, material and technical guarantees. In addition, as an example
of practical activity in the sphere of organizing interaction the author provides examples from the work of the Perovsky
Inter-District Prosecution of the City of Moscow. The process of studies involved general and specific scientific cognition
methods: systemic, structural-functional, historical legal methods. Organizing the work of the prosecution regarding
interaction with the state government and municipal bodies requires formation of the necessary conditions with mutually
coordinated activities of the said bodies in order to achieve the goals in the sphere of lawfulness guarantees. These matters
involve distribution of spheres of official competence among the staff (zonal principle), information analytical work,
forecasting, planning, material and technical guarantees.

Magomedova, P.R..
Topical problems in the sphere of guarantees
of the constitutional principle of equality in court
and under law
// Law and Politics. – 2014. – ¹ 7.
– P. 902-909.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.7.12432.

Review: Equality of all under the law and in court requires unified application of legal provisions and procedural rights provided
for by the law for every person no matter of sex, race, nationality, language, heritage, proprietary and official position, place of
residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, involvement in public associations or any other circumstances. The principle of equality, as
enshrined in the Art. 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and reflected in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
and Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, is interpreted ambiguously in some cases. It causes problems in the
sphere of guarantees of the principle of equality of all under law and in court, and substantiation of its necessity and possible
solutions are presented in this article. Theoretical conclusions and practical proposals are developed based upon the results of
critical analysis of existing concepts and teachings, historical prerequisites, legislative materials, law-enforcement materials and
legal interpretations. Analysis of the Russian legislation from the standpoint of the forms of implementation of the constitutional
principle of equality has allowed to formulate and substantiate the need to form clear boundaries between the need for additional
protection for a person implementing important functions for state and society and to avoid his impunity for the violations of law,
to regulate the amount of legal immunity of a certain category of subjects of law proportionately to their service functions. IT shall
allow to preserve the meaning of legal immunity as means and guarantees for protection, while not using it for personal privileges,
to limit the tendencies for widening the range of persons with special legal status. Since all of the legal immunities are based upon
the idea of protection from false accusation, the growth of categories of persons in need of immunity shows that the presumption of
innocence, as guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation to all of the citizens of Russia loses its topicality.

Mishunina, A.A., Popova, N.S..
On the work of the Council of the Federation of the Federal
Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Senate of Canada
in the sphere of cross-national relations
// Law and Politics. – 2014. – ¹ 6.
– P. 754-760.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.6.12251.

Review: In this article based upon the examples from the work of the Council of the Federation of the Federal Assembly
of the Russian Federation and the Senate of Canada the authors analyze the work of the higher chambers of parliaments
in the sphere of cross-national relations. The co-authors analyze the normative legal acts, regulating the work
of the specialized Councils and Committees for National Issues, participation of the higher chambers in other procedures,
aimed at dealing with cross-national discords, they also provide recommendations for the improvement of the
said sphere of activities of higher parliamentary chambers in the federal states. The methodology of studies involves a
complex of general scientific methods of studies, as well as comparative legal, sociological, normative, and technical
legal analysis, other scientific approaches, allowing to reveal the key patterns in the practical development of work of
the higher parliamentary chambers, including the information of the Consultative Council under the auspices of the
Chairman of the Council of the Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on cross-national relations
and interaction with religious associations, and the Permanent Committee on Human Rights under the auspices
of the Canadian Senate. Among the theoretical methods applied in the process of studies, there were analysis, generalization
and comparative legal method. The scientific novelty is due to provision of the comparative legal studies based
upon the analysis of practice of the Council of the Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and
the Senate of Canada in the sphere of cross-national relations. As a result, the authors note that in the current conditions
the higher chambers of parliaments actively participate in the implementation of the state policy in the sphere of
harmonization of relations among the nations.

Keywords: parliamentarism, the Council of the Federation of the Russian Federation, the Senate of Canada, the national issue, the collegiate bodies, the higher chamber of parliament, state policy, cross-national relations, protection of human rights, migration policy.

Review: Topicality of the study is due to the need of the constitutional legal cognition of the changes in the sphere of Russian
federalism. The goal of the study is to continue scientific analysis of the problems and specific features regarding distinguishing
objects of competence between the federal center and constituent subjects. The object of studies includes social relations,
which are formed in the process of formation and development of federal relations, which are based on distinguishing the
objects of competence in the modern Russian democratic state. The object of studies involves the norms of constitutional
law, by which the objects of competence are distinguished within the legal system of the Russian Federation. The goal of the
study is to define place of the issues of exclusive and joint competence of the federation and its constituent subjects within the
legal guarantees of federal relations. The methodological basis for the study is formed with the general scientific dialectic
cognition method. When writing the article the author used normative legal, comparative legal, and other special methods
of scientific cognition. The article also involves analysis of various points of view regarding distinguishing competences and
responsibility between the federal center and the constituent subjects, including examples from the legislative practice of the
Chechen Republic. The author made a conclusion that the tendency for the centralization of the public power, which should be
balanced by the other tendencies – decentralization of the public power, establishing the thesis of the special role of contracts.

Ivanov, K.K..
On the issue of specifi c features of application of certain
provisions of law-making process in the foreign states
(examples of the Federal Republic of Germany,
the Kingdom of Spain, and the French Republic)
// Law and Politics. – 2014. – ¹ 4.
– P. 418-426.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.4.11720.

Review: The object of studies in this article concerns the issue of similarities and differences in the modern law-making
process in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Spain, and the French Republic with the law-making process
in the Russian Federation. The author reveals the most interesting legal facts, as provided for in the Constitutions
of Germany, Spain and France, Regulations of the National Assembly and Senate of France, of the Congress of Deputies
and Senate of Spain, of the Bundestag and Bundesrat of Germany, which could have had its use in the Russian legislative
process in the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The methodology, which has allowed the author to complete
the above-mentioned analysis of the law-making process and some of it specific provisions of the above-mentioned states
includes both general and specific methods of scientific cognition. In the process of studies the author applied analytical
legal method, comparative legal method and also the methods of comparison and analysis. The results of the complex
study of theoretical and procedural aspects of the modern law-making process in Germany, France and Spain include
singling out of the specific features of use of legislative initiatives in the parliaments of the above-mentioned states, which
may be used in the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The legislative process of the Republic of France may
be useful in Russia in part of application of constitutional control over the laws of high social value in order to improve
their quality up to the signing by the head of the state. The legislative process of the Federal Republic of Germany may be useful in part of limitation period for the “draft law” status within the current session. The experience of the Kingdom of
Spain may be useful in part of delegation to the people of the right to take part in the formation of a rule-of-law state by
provision of a limited legislative initiative on a condition that a necessary amount of signatures was collected in its support.

Review: The object of studies in this article includes the legal norms regulating the grounds for assigning the old age
pension within the system of obligatory pension insurance in Switzerland and in Russia. The author establishes that the
conditions for provision of this type of pension include a combination of legal facts, being a complicated legal composition.
It includes presence of the certain number of years of pensionable service, achieving a pension age, address to a
competent body for assigning a pension, and a positive decision of this body, while some of its elements are compared by
the author in order to find the possibilities for the improvement of the Russian pension legislation. Comparing Russian
and Swiss pension legislation the author uses comparative legal method as the main method for the studies. The author
draws a conclusion on the need to provide in the Russian pension legislation the goals for assigning a pension in order
to guarantee a retired person a worthy living, definition of years of pensionable service without reference to payment of
insurance at the time of work or other paid activities, enlarging the period of childcare which should be included into the
years of pensionable service in order to improve the Russian pension legislation.

Keywords: pension, old age pension, pension guarantees, social guarantees, years of pensionable service, pension system of Switzerland, obligatory pension insurance, non-insurance periods, goals of pension guarantees, pensions to working pensioners.

Review: Based upon the analysis of various approaches to the place and role of military law in the legal system of the Russian
Federation and the evaluation of the participation of military organizations and military officers in the civil law turnover, the author
establishes the possibility for the interdisciplinary (military law and civil law) regulation of the relations in the sphere of guarantees
of military security of the Russian Federation. The object of studies includes social relations, which appear in regard with the
implementation of the activities for the guarantees of military security of the Russian Federation by the military officers and military
organizations at the current stage of development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The immediate object includes
norms of law, legal constructions and legal means used in the sphere of guarantees of military security of the state. The methods
of study include general scientific cognition methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, systemic structural method), as well as
logical and formal legal methods for the scientific research. The results include the development of the directions for solving the
problems of interdisciplinary (military law and civil law) regulation of the relations in the sphere of guarantees of military security
of the state. Its practical value is due to the fact that the conclusions and provisions formulated in this article have an impact on the
development of legal system of the Russian Federation, its civil and military law, as well as the science of military law.

Keywords: military security, system of law, military law, complex branch of law, interdisciplinary legal institution, participants of civil law relations, military officers, military organizations, civil law regulation, military security of the state.

Review: The problem of socialist ownership privatization inconsistency with the Constitution of the Russian Federation is
considered in the following aspects: 1) Departure from the constitutional provisions on equality of citizens before the law and
court; 2) Violation of the privatization legislation; 3) Unlawful (contrary to the legal principle of formal equality) nature of
de-socialization of socialist property through its privatization. The author focuses on the analysis of the civilism concept, i.e.
post-socialist social system based on the new form of personal (neither public nor private) property as a result of applying
legal principle of formal equality in the process of de-socialization of socialist property. The author justifies the importance
of this concept for the determination of constitutional and legal parameters of the social contract on property, without which
it would be impossible to achieve normal economic, political and legal development of the country. This concept outlines
the legal parameters of such de-socialization, allowing it to enter into the framework of the existing Constitution. Scientific
potential of the concept allows defining the constitutional and legal contours of the social contract of property.

Review: This article represents a theoretical overview of the concept of asymmetrical federalism in multinational states.
Asymmetry is shown as a tool of federation conservation, although it is an unstable institution in that it affects all the
participants of political actions to some extent. In this regard the subject of research is the process of confrontation between
the center and the national minorities, obviously threatening the existing political system; the decision of the center
on providing the asymmetric entities with autonomy can lead to mutually beneficial cooperation. The author uses the
argument as a game-theoretic framework, linking the strategic goals of the federal and regional elites with the issues of
nationwide stability. Particularly in view of the importance of the creation and consolidation of asymmetric institutions,
the institutional approach is also used in this article. The scientific novelty of this study is that asymmetric federalism
can be represented as a “nested (nesting) game”, where the events, occurring within the ethno-national segment, determine
the situation across the whole federation. It is assumed that the rules of asymmetrical federalism are primarily not
stable, in view of the fact that they affect all the participants of the political process in the State. This approach illustrates
the analysis of the development of Russian federalism. The author of the article illustrates the theoretical ideas on the
example of analysis of the Russian federal institutions established in the 1990s during the negotiations between the center
and regional separatist minority elites.

Review: The history of the idea formation of bringing the services of private business to the sphere of penal activities in Great
Britain (1980s); creation of the theoretical and legal framework for the private prison sector, the beginning of the experiment on the
commercial management of first prisons, the development of new forms of commercial forms and mechanisms in the penal system of
England and Wales. The scope of the subject also includes the statistical data relating to the penal system in England and Wales, official
certificates and documents about the positive and negative results of using private businesses in the penal system, debates and
opinions from well-known political figures, scientists and employees of Justice, thereby creating a fairly complete picture of the current
state of this field of legal relations in England and Wales. The methodology of the study, along with the scientific methods (induction,
deduction, etc.), includes the whole complex of methods and techniques that have traditionally been used in criminology and criminal
law enforcement. In particular, this means a historical and comparative legal analysis, a formal-logical one, a statistical one and a
dynamic one; concerning the sociological methods, the method of studying documents was used. The scientific novelty of this article
is aimed, first of all, at the reflection of the problem of using the services of the private sector in the new modern conditions, including
the analysis of the relevant 20-year experience of England and Wales. The novelty is contained in the identity, reflected by the author,
of the originality of formation and development of this institution in relation to the prevailing conditions in Great Britain. The identified
contradictions and results of this experiment are also new; they have been received from English scientific and official sources,
and have been directly studied by the author in the process of writing the article. The author’s conclusions are directly related to the
possibility and practicability of using private business in the penal system of the Russian Federation and to encourage theorists, legal
scholars and practitioners to develop new projects for the development of the penal system of our country.

Review: The article is devoted to the specific features of constitutional conforming interpretation of the Constitution,
based on systemic quality of law, harmonious and united character of the legal system. Conforming interpretation is a
method for guaranteeing legal certainty, and it is one of the methods for overcoming gaps and conflicts in legislation. The
basis of constitutional conforming interpretation is the idea of guarantees of implementation of constitutional norms as
a directly applicable and efficient order, as well as polyvariety of application of constitutional provisions in the situation
of lack of legal certainty. These factors are key to application of law and other normative acts only in those cases, when
they meet constitutionality requirements. Based on comparative legal analysis, the author provides characteristic features
of structure of constitutional conforming interpretation, which is defined by the object of legal regulation, administrative
and judicial practice. The author formulates key approaches to overcoming legislative gaps and conflicts, which fail to
meet the requirements of legal certainty, and they should be overcame by application of the norms of current legislation,
which conform to constitutional values, norms, and principles.

Trofimov, V.V..
Russian constitutional legislation and its constituting role
in the sphere of formation and implementation
of law-making mechanism of the state
// Law and Politics. – 2013. – ¹ 13.
– P. 1770-1778.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.13.9872.

Review: The article contains analysis of legal provisions of state constitution in defining the parameters for the formation and
functioning of the law-making mechanisms. The author studies constitutional norms, which provide the subjects of society and
state with law-making authority. In a number of cases the author provides comparative analysis with the legislative experience of
law-making mechanisms of foreign states. The author also compares law-making prerogatives of the lower and upper chambers
of the Russian parliament t. He provides examples of similar correlations in the parliaments of other states, such as the USA,
the FRG, Switzerland, etc. He analyzes specific features, characterizing interaction of parliamentary chambers, being parts
of the legislative branch of government. The author also evaluates norm-making competence of the President of the Russian
Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation. He analyzes norm-making prerogatives of other empowered subjects
(in both horizontal and vertical dimensions). Attention is paid to the institute of delegated law-making, which is typical for a
number of foreign states. The conclusion is formulated on the need to improve the system of law-making mechanisms in a state.

Keywords: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, law-making mechanism, system, parliament, the President of the Russian Federation, the Government, law-making, competence, delegation, society.

Review: The object of study in this article includes basic rights and freedoms, which have supreme value under the Constitution
of the Russian Federation and are guaranteed by the state. The article establishes the link between protection of basic rights
and freedoms in legislative process of amendments into the Basic Law of Russia and the institution of constitutional control.
The author also defines the role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in law-making and constitutional
amendments in the Russian Federation. The author uses general and specific scientific methods, such as comparative legal
studies, scientific analysis and synthesis. With the use of the above-mentioned methods the author came to a conclusion
that the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation should be provided with the competence to provide opinions on the
legislative drafts on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This article includes scientifically novel
conclusions on the need to arrange control of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation over the constitutionality
of the legislative drafts and their substantiation. The author offers to form a mechanism for implementation of these powers.

Review: The article is aimed at formulating propositions in order to improve the Russian legislation in this
sphere, as well as analysis of the generally recognized international norms implemented into the Russian legislation.
The object of studies includes norms of international law in the sphere of protection of rights of children,
norms of constitutional legislation, and practice of their implementation. The study has shown that the process of
development of legislation on the protection of the rights of children is simultaneously influenced by a number of
factors, including social and economic changes, the abrupt change in the values of the society, social instability.
The authors offer to amend the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation”.
The author contains conclusions on the need for legislative regulation of the status of the Plenipotentiary on the
Rights of Children in the Russian Federation and its constituent subjects and also to adopt a Federal Law “On
Juvenile Justice in the Russian Federation”.

Sevoyan, D.G., Mishunina, A.A..
Experience and problems in the sphere of preservation
of constitutional right of peoples for native language
as guaranteed by the municipal units
// Law and Politics. – 2013. – ¹ 12.
– P. 1606-1610.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.12.10193.

Review: The issues of implementation of local guarantees of the constitutional right of peoples to their native
language at the level of town, city district, or municipal district became especially topical after the Federal Law
“On amendments to some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in part of Competence and Responsibility
of Municipal Self-Government Bodies and their Officials in the Sphere of Relations among the Nations” came
into force. The analysis of municipal legal acts of 82 municipal entities, and 21 constituent subject of the Russian
Federation allowed the authors to single out some positive traits in the sphere of guarantees for the preservation
of native languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation in the activities of the municipal self-government
bodies in the municipal units, where the representatives of native small-numbered people reside. In the opinion of
the author the attention should be paid to the experience of municipal entities within the Republics of the Russian
Federation, where the municipal bodies develop and implement target programs in order to provide extra guarantees
of the preservation of native languages. Finally, the authors draw a conclusion on the need to amend Art.
7 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”.

Review: This article examines the legal and institutional problems in implementing administrative procedures in the
public service. It reveals the peculiarities of these procedures and provides ideas for improving them. The article brings
together different points of view regarding the institution of public service, and traces the direction of its development
from inception to the present. The article notes that administrative procedures provide an opportunity for citizens to
exercise their constitutional right to enter the public service, as well as the materialisation of a career in the public
service. In this regard, it is nowadays effectively necessary to improve each of the available civil service procedures.
The article discusses qualifying examinations and performance reviews, reveals the legal status of a civil service contract,
etc., and concludes with suggestions on improving these administrative procedures. After all, the nature of these
procedures will ultimately result in the concomitant quality of the legal control of many relationships in the civil service.

Sevoyan, D.G., Suntzov, A. P..
Current issues faced by constituent republics
of the Russian Federation in providing their people
with the constitutional right to the preservation
of their national language
// Law and Politics. – 2013. – ¹ 11.
– P. 1438-1443.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.11.9945.

Review: There are 277 languages and dialects currently in use in the Russian Federation. At the same time, as is noted
in the Nationalities Policy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2025, the public education system uses 89 languages:
30 are languages of instruction and 59 are the subject of study. In this context, the role of constituent entities of the
Russian Federation to ensure the constitutional right of peoples to preserve their native language, as envisaged by Part 3
of Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, comes to the fore. Analysis of federal and regional legislation
reveals a positive experience in the practice of consolidating the laws of the Russian Federation for the main uses of the
languages of the various peoples of the Russian Federation. This can be seen in government organizations and bodies of
the republics; in the adoption and publication of laws and regulations; in the organization and conduct of elections and
referenda; in education, science and culture; in the notation of names, titles, symbols; and in the provision of information.
This is the experience of the 19 republics of the Russian Federation which have passed legislation on national languages,
providing additional guarantees for the preservation of the language of titular peoples. Simultaneously, the constituent
territories of the Russian Federation need to make an effort to preserve the native language of other peoples of Russia
who live closely together in the various territories of the Russian Federation. Under current conditions, these types of
efforts should be allocated targeted financial support for national-cultural autonomies, support which has to date been
successfully implemented in a number of constituent territories of the Russian Federation.

Review: The article is devoted to theoretical and practical aspects of legal guarantees of state control over the efficiency of use of its property
situated in the territories of the foreign states. The article includes analysis of the legal position of the property administration subjects for the
property of the Russian Federation abroad, as well as their activities aimed to improve the efficiency of use of such objects. Special attention
was paid to the analysis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the measures for the improvement of the use of the federal
property of the Russian Federation, which is situated outside the Russian Federation and which is settled on the federal executive bodies, their
representatives, other bodies of the Russian Federations, and state organizations. The main goal of this Decree was to improve economic efficiency
of the use of the federal immovable property and to achieve clarity of the property recording system, guarantee its legal protection and
transparency of financial streams. The conclusion was then made on the low efficiency of management of immovable property of the state abroad.

Review: Attracting large-scale foreign investments into its economy is one of the key goals of any state. Dynamic an efficient
development of economy of any state much depend on an amount of foreign investments. In this article the author analyzes the
institutions of the Russian Federation responsible for attracting foreign investments and improvement of the investment climate.
The article contains detailed analysis of the competence and obligations of the Government of the Russian Federation in the
sphere of international investment cooperation. The author describes the factors, on which a decision of a potential investor on
an amount of investment depends, resulting in his evaluation of the correlation of the risks of investment and profits. The article
also provides information on the Foreign Investment Advisory Council (FIAC), which is the body formed in order to guarantee
and implement consecutive and coordinated state policy in the sphere of attracting foreign investments into the economy of the
Russian Federation. The article includes information on its structure, renewal of the Council, its current composition, procedure
for the formation of the working groups. Analysis of the institutional basis of the Russian Federation in the sphere of investment
cooperation shows active participation of the state bodies in this sphere. Generally, one may state that the economic situation in
Russia is currently beneficial for the long-term investments, and the measures are taken in order to stimulate investment processes.

Review: The article is devoted to the problem of contents and status of emergency law as an element within the system of
Russian law. The author discusses specific features of emergency law as a specific legal institution. In his opinion the principles
of emergency law, as provided for in the legislation on emergency situations, may have restraining value. Additionally, in the
article emergency law is analyzed in its subjective aspect as legally provided ability of state government bodies to take emergency
measures in the crisis situations, and in its objective aspect as a universal complex legal institution, regulating by specific
legal means the relations appearing in the conditions of emergency situations. The author analyzes emergency law as a legal
institution, and he makes a conclusion that this is not a standard legal institution, and rather a peculiar exclusive legal matter.

Review: The author considers that implementation of legislatively enshrined functions by any government body or official
may be evaluated from the standpoints of efficiency, propensity for corruption, constitutional lawfulness. Their evaluation
as unsatisfactory causes responsibility. That is why, it is reasonable to raise an issue of parliamentary responsibility, while
the specific feature of this body is that it is a national people representation institution. Inefficient parliamentary work causes
serious, and sometimes irreversible social consequences. The article contains analysis of the constitutional mechanism for
dissolving the State Duma by the President of the Russian Federation. The author evaluates the opinions of the scholars
on whether dissolution of the lower chamber of parliament is a legal responsibility measure. The author concludes that the
representative nature of parliament presupposes its responsibility to the people itself, and not to the President of the Russian
Federation. The grounds for dissolution of the State Duma are not related to constitutional offences, and its dissolution does
not lead to disqualification of the deputies, they are not losing their passive electoral right. That is why the author evaluates
dissolution of the State Duma as a political sanction, which is legally based upon the relevant norms of the Constitution
of the Russian Federation. The author also analyzes the attempts of judicial evaluation of the constitutional legal issues of
obliging the parliament to view the legislative draft and violations of parliamentary procedures. The author raises the issue
of parliament responsibility for the legislative policy, and she turns to the issue of the untimely filling of the gap, which was
formed after the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation recognized the legislative norms unconstitutional. In order
to overcome this problem, the author offers to provide the President of the Russian Federation with the right for the operative
regulation in order to implement the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and fill the gap. Once the
relevant Federal Law is passed, the Decree of the President should be repealed.

Kolomeets, N.E..
Constitutional legal bases for the implementation
of the rights of citizens in the sphere of territorial structure
of the constituent subject of the Russian Federation by the
people
// Law and Politics. – 2013. – ¹ 8.
– P. 994-1002.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.8.9292.

Review: Along with the changes in the territorial basis for the municipal self-government in the constituent subjects of the Russian
Federation, there appears a practical need to change administrative territorial structure. Its implementation calls for establishing
correlation of the powers of the state bodies of the constituent subjects to make independent decisions on it administrative
and territorial structure and the imperative requirements of the legislation on municipal self-government. It is pointed out in
the article that there’s certain autonomy in the process of changing administrative and territorial structure, when an administrative
territorial unit includes territory of several municipal units. One of the most important challenges for the developing
Russian statehood is to overcome alienation between a citizen and the state. The author evaluates the issues of regulations on
administrative territorial structure of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation and the procedures of evaluation of the
public opinion on the changes in administrative and territorial structure. Based on the results of the analysis, the author notes
that the regulations are not sufficiently uniform and they have weak conceptual framework, both in their contents and legal
technique, requiring broadening. This matter makes involvement of the federal legislator into the process of legal regulation of
the administrative and territorial structure of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation so topical.

Review: This article is devoted to status of individual entrepreneur with limited liability as one of the most interesting and
unusual forms of economic activity, which was introduced into the French law in 2010 in order to support the development of
small and medium-scale entrepreneurship in France. Much attention is paid by the author to the specific features of institution of
individual entrepreneur with limited liability in comparison with other forms of economic activity in the French law and means
of protection of personal property of an entrepreneur. The article contains three paragraphs. The first paragraph deals with
the causes and prerequisites for the reform of the legal status of individual entrepreneur in France. The second paragraph is
devoted to the studies of definition and key features of individual entrepreneur with limited liability. The third paragraph includes
analysis of the results of three years of existence of the above-mentioned legal institution and perspectives for its development.
The author provides a detailed study of a wide range of legal sources, including Civil and Trade Codes of France, the norms of
the French Law of June 15, 2010 “On individual entrepreneur with limited liability”.

Review: The municipal self-government is a complicatedly organized system, including three levels: self-organization,
self-administration, and administration within the structural relations. The synergetic effect, which guarantees the
ability of the system to adapt to the environment is caused by an efficient mutual exchange of information and energy
both within the system and with the environment as such.

Keywords: political science, system of local self-government, self-organization, self-administration, administration, dissipative structure, territorial social self-government, social organization, local self-government bodies, forms of direct implementation by the people.

Review: The author analyzes the forms of participation of the Russian state in the economic relations at the current stage. The
article provides that the state participates in economic relations - (1) directly (via its organs); (2) via special legal entities,
which are formed and managed by the state; (3) via other legal entities due to their special status or according to a contract.
The second and third groups of subjects provide for indirect implementation of the functions of the state. The second category
includes state unitary enterprises, commercial companies with state participation, state institutions, state companies and state
corporations. The principal specific feature of the subjects in the third group is that they perform publicly valuable functions,
being private law entities both in their form and in their nature; however, there is no constitutional provision for such delegation
in Russia. Based on the above-mentioned analysis the author offers to amend the legislation.

Keywords: constitutional law, state, functions of the state, economic relations, economic system, state bodies, public partnership, state corporation, public property, public interests.

Review: The article includes analysis of the key approaches
to the nature of the state and civil society, as
well as to the process of their institutionalization. The
author views the issue of possible correlation of these
two institutions in modern social and political conditions
and in the historical perspective.

Review: The article analyzes the institute of public property
and the problem of its identification in the Russian
and foreign doctrines. The article also summarizes the
main differences in approaches applied. The author examines
the correlation between the categories of ‘res publicae
’ and ‘public domain’ and offers a new classification of
public property.

Review: The article covers the problems related to the target-
setting feature of voting rights as the measure of their
efficiency. Based on the critical analysis of the existing
laws and regulations, it is concluded that despite a great
role which the target-setting process plays in theory and
practice, there is not enough attention being paid at this issue
in the legal environment. In particular, Russian legislation
does not have a mandatory requirement to legislate
the target of legal regulation when making a law. Further,
there is no common approach to referring to target-setting
in documents that are enclosed to a draft law in the process
of exercising the right to legislative initiative. Analyzing
the real elections, we can acknowledge that in the course
of law enforcement a whole range of targets is being defined
and it is not always possible to mark out the main,
socially important purpose. Legal regulation can reach the
highest level of efficiency only when the main target of a
regulatory act is being achieved. Noteworthy that interests
of particular holders of voting rights that appear in the
process of target achieving do not necessarily match the
target and sometimes even oppose to it. A typical mistake
in the course of enforcing voting rights is to set out the
incorrect determination of their main target and substitute
for the priority target with the secondary target as result
of the ‘conflict’ of targets. In this regard, it is necessary to
fix relevant targets in regulatory acts.

Review: The article presents an opinion that in order to fi ght economic
crimes and to humanize the criminal legislation, this
legislation should be aimed towards preventing unfair competition
from the dominating economic subjects. Unlike in
the Western states, in Russia the state plays an important
role in the economy, many markets are monopolized by
state or municipal enterprises, or the privatized economic
subjects. In order to effi ciently fi ght crimes in the sphere
of anti-monopoly activities it is reasonable to continue improving
the existing system against cartels, other anti-competition
agreements, and pre-mediated actions. In order to
achieve these goals, fi rst of all, it is necessary to pay attention
to the mechanism of effi cient investigation of the cartel
agreements, secondly, to amend the legislation on operative
and investigative activities, and, thirdly, to deal with the legal
gap, which does not allow to free from criminal responsibility
a person, who has acknowledged his guilt during the
anti-monopoly investigation.

Review: Efficiency of the state agricultural policy is defined with its
correlation to the nature of agricultural economy in its objective
situation. Due to the above-mentioned reason, the goal of
such a policy is to guarantee the symbiosis of subjective and
objective elements, to avoid the contractions between them,
and to depart from the negative attitude to the natural elements
in the agricultural economy. Objectivation of the agricultural
policy of the state as a result of its activities in the sphere of
agriculture is viewed in this article as a process of cognition
and recognition of the objective patterns of nature and society.
The modern challenges demand the presence of the political
interest of the state in the sphere of agricultural sector, which
should be objectivated for the greater efficiency and sustainability
of the agricultural production.

Review: The article includes analysis of the definition apparatus, which
is used in the Federal Law “On automobile roads and road
activities in the Russian Federation” and other normative legal
acts, which contain normative technical terminology, which
is used in road facilities. The authors evaluate the Transport
Strategy of the Russian Federation till 2030 from the point of
view of its correspondence to the normative documents, as
well as results of administrative legal regulation of development
of the road network in Russia.

Review: The article is devoted to the correlation of principles of
Russian federalism, and some perspectives of development of the Russian Federation. The efficient implementation
of principles of the Russian federalism is directly
dependent upon the guarantees of such global values, as
democracy, equal rights, supremacy of law and respect for
human rights. Federalism should be not only based upon
the centralization in order to mobilize the inner resources
and to achieve the goals of the government, but also it
should form the conditions for the development of territorial,
national, religious, cultural and other communities
within the united legal territory.

Keywords: jurisprudence, federal state, structure, principles and norms, legal system, federal form of Russia, principles of federalism, the Russian Federation, the constituent subject of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

Review: This article is devoted to the issues on the improvement of
federal relations in Russia within the aspect of optimization
of federal and regional government bodies. The author offers
to modernize the system of relations in the executive branch
with the use of the “executive federalism” concept, which
showed positive results abroad, however with due attention
to the Russian state and national traditions. Introduction of
the principle of “executive federalism” shall allow to provide
real contents to the legal status of the constituent subjects of
the Russian Federation.

Review: The object of this study is a combination of material and
procedural legal norms, which regulate the activities of the
non-judicial dispute resolution bodies, which deal with the
claims of civil officers in the Great Britain and the USA, as
well as the theoretical provisions of the existing studies on
civil service. The goal of this article is to uncover the specific
features of legal regulation of non-judicial resolution of
claims by civil officers in the Great Britain and the USA, as
well as to establish the status of such bodies and procedural
specific features of non-judicial protection of rights of civil
officers. The methodological basis for the studies is comprised
by the general scientific (analysis and synthesis, comparison,
description, generalization, classification, deduction and
induction) and legal (formal legal and comparative legal)
methods. The result of the study is establishment of the specific
features of the non-judicial protection of civil officers in the
states, belonging to the Anglo-Saxon legal family in accordance
with the specific features of national legal regulation.
The results of this study may be used for the improvement of
the normative legal basis and legal mechanisms for the nonjudicial
protection of civil officers in the Rusian Federation.
The conclusions of the author show the dramatically different but equally efficient approaches to the non-judicial protection
of rights of civil officers, dealing with their claims and
decision-making on these claims.

Review: The article is devoted to an important issue, which draws attention
from lawyers, philosophers, historians, specialists in the
fields of social and cultural studies, in which the Constitution
is regarded as an object of axiological theses. The traditional
view of the Basic Law of the state as a normative legal act,
having supreme legal force, is complemented by the need to
evaluate the Constitution as a meta-text, which is open for the
cultural territory as a civilization value, which establishes the
vector for the development of statehood at a particular historic
period. The inter-disciplinary character of the interpretation
of the phenomenon of the Constitution allows to see the
specific social and cultural bindings, which connect society,
state, culture and people. Such an approach allows for the use
of the findings in order to broaden the heuristic boundaries
in cognition of the Constitution as a value and the spiritually
consolidating force.

Review: The author discusses the anti-corruption expertise of legal
acts at the municipal level. Then he highlights the role of examination
as one of the most effective means of combating
corruption, he studies the problems, which are associated with
inadequate legislation on the subject, offers recommendations
for improving the effectiveness of anti-corruption expertise.

Litovkina, M.I..
Role of the social state in guarantees of medicinal security
in implementation of the constitutional right for the health
protection.
// Law and Politics. – 2013. – ¹ 1.
– P. 34-45.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.01.5.

Review: The author analyses the main characteristics of the social
state (with the priority for the protection of vital social human
rights), as a theoretical doctrine, a constitutional formula and
a social policy within the framework of globalization with the
variety of global threats. The author emphasizes that among
the global threats to health one should consider the negative
effects of medications, including the problem of medication
safety, since about a quarter of diseases on the planet are the
result of its violations The article also focuses on the problem
of patient safety (such as «the ability to reduce the risk of harm
associated with health services to an acceptable minimum»),
particularly taking into account that the health of the population
is currently considered to be the primary goal for the national
security, and the security of an individual and citizen is
recognized to be of the social, constitutional and legal value.
Therefore, the implementation of the constitutional right to
health protection is possible within the safe health care system,
providing for the safe medical activities, including using
the safe medications. The task of medicinal safety can be
fulfilled by the guarantees of the right for the health protection;
by the individual and governmental activities, which are
aimed to protect and defend this right, as well as due to the
development of certain legal rules (through the development
and improvement of legislation on health care, as well as its
structural components, – the legislation on the circulation of
medications), which is impossible without the purposive activity
of Russia, as a socially oriented state.

Sergeeva, S.L..
Functioning of the institutions of the state government
in the conditions of the modernization of the political
system: constitutional bases and political practice
(comparative analysis).
// Law and Politics. – 2013. – ¹ 1.
– P. 27-33.
DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.01.4.

Review: On the basis of the analysis of the key indicators of effective
functioning for the state political system, such as separation
of powers and the checks and balances system, the author
provides comparative analysis of the state systems in the
USA, France and Russia. Based on the studies of interactions
between the presidential, executive, legislative and judicial
branches of power in the Western states, the author shows
specific features and problems of state system in modern Russia,
and she also reveals the tendencies of development and
discusses necessary initiatives for the transition of the Russian
super-Presidential form of government to the Presidential-
Parliamentary form of government.

Keywords: political system, public administration, state power, state system, separation of powers, political system of the USA, political system of France, political system of Russia, Presidential form of government, Presidential-Parliamentary form of government, super-Presidential form of government.

Review: The article is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of
domestic control in the Russian Federation. The author defines
the term “domestic control” in its legal and economic aspects
based on the analysis of its goals, functions, organizational
bases, correlation and differences with the outer control. Then
the author comes to the conclusion that domestic control has
two interrelated functions, that is private law and public law
functions. The author also analyzes the constitutional bases
as well as the international regulation, including the Limoges
Declaration. Then the author analyzes the laws and by-laws
of the Russian Federation on organization and implementation
of domestic control. It is pointed out that there is no clarity
in legal regulation in this sphere, therefore, there is need to
pass a Federal Law on this issue in the Russian Federation.

Review: The article is devoted to the law of legislative initiative as an
independent legal institution and its role in the activities of
the municipal bodies. The author analyzes the options for the
direct and indirect participation of the municipal bodies and
their associations in the legislative process. The answer to the
question on the value of this direction of municipal activity is
key to this article.

Review: This article is devoted to the problems of modern legal
regulation in the sphere of liquidation of Russian credit
organizations. The authors single out three types of
liquidation of the credit organizations as subjects of the
Russian banking system: voluntary liquidation (liquidation
of a credit organization based on the initiative of its
founders (participants); involuntary liquidation on the
initiative of the Bank of Russia, and the involuntary
liquidation as a part of bankruptcy. The authors provide
detailed analysis of the various types of normative legal
acts, which regulate the procedure and grounds for
liquidation of the credit organizations, which include civil,
banking and procedural legislation. Much attention is paid
to establishing the factors, which serve as preconditions
for the choice of certain form of liquidation of a credit
organization as a legal entity. A specific aspect of the
work was analysis of the grounds for annulment and recall
of the license for the banking operations by the credit
organizations, the author shows their legal consequences.
The authors also point out the role of the Deposit Insurance
Agency, which serves as a bancruptcy manager within the
bankruptcy procedure of the credit organizations.

Review: The article is devoted to the issues of distinguishing the
objects of competence and separation of powers between
the Russian Federation and its constituent subjects. The
author uncovers the problems of distinguishing powers
within the spheres of shared competence, then offers the
ways to improve the existing mechanism for separating
federal and regional spheres of competence. The reforms
of the municipal government are meant to optimize the
existing system of relations between the state government
bodies and the municipal government.

Review: This article includes analysis of some issues regarding
development of legislation on occupation and employment
in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The author analyzes the
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, international acts,
and the legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan on occupation
and employment. It is noted that there is need to improve the
legislation on occupation and employment, namely, to codify
the numerous norms on legislation and to Þ ll the gaps in legal
regulation. The author offers to include a separate chapter on
employment into the Labor Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Lichichan, O.P..
Specific features of norm-making during the transitional
period of the formation of the new constituent subjects of
the Russian Federation.
// Law and Politics. – 2012. – ¹ 10.
– P. 1656-1663.

Review: This article is devoted to the studies of the procedural aspects
of the formation of the new constituent subjects of the Russian
Federation during their transitional period. The procedure of
law-making and bylaw-making in the new constituent subjects
of the Russian Federation at the transitional period have no
analogy in the modern constitutional legal practice. They differ
both from both the legislative process in the constituent subjects
of the Russian Federation, and the participation of the regional
parliaments in the federal legislative process. The legislative
process in the new constituent subjects of the Russian Federation
in their transitional period can be implemented by three different
ways: application of the normative legal acts of the merging
constituent subjects in the entire territory of the merged subject;
united law-making by the legislative and government bodies of the
merged subjects of the Russian Federation; synchronized normmaking
by the legislative and government bodies of the united
constituent subjects of the Russian Federation. One may single
out Perm, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk and Trans-Baikalian models for
the formation of legislation. The speciÞ c sources of legislative
process in the newly formed constituent subjects include treaties
among the legislative (representative) bodies of the merged
subjects, their united Regulations, and the treaties of these bodies
with the high ranking ofÞ cials of the new constituent subjects of
the Russian Federation.

Keywords: jurisprudence, federal structure, formation of the new subjects of the Russian Federation, enlargement of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation, merging the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation, transitional period for the new constituent subjects, legislative process, united law-making, the Federal Constitutional Law, application of normative legal acts of the merged subjects.

Review: This article is devoted to the topical problems of implementation of election legislation of the Russian Federation and its
constituent subject – the Republic of Bashkortostan. The author points out the existing gaps in the current election legislation.
The author analyzes the experience of the elections of 2011-2012 and the judicial practice in the sphere of disputes
related to the implementation of election law, then the author offers a number of practical recommendations.

Review: The article is devoted to the study of the institution of address by the citizens of the Russian Federation its positive and
problematic aspects. The author attempts to analyze the key directions of development of this institution, analyzes its place
in the constitutional legal doctrine. The article includes detailed basis for the position that this institution is an universal
mechanism, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and which acts in both Russian and international
legislation in order to protect or reestablish the rights of Russian citizens, which might be infringed by the unlawful
acts of the state bodies and the state itself.

Review: The author studies various aspects of cooperation of the state power institutions of the federal level (the President of the
Russian Federation and its apparatus, the Russian parliament, the Government of the Russian Federation, the courts) and
the religious organization in the modern Russia. When the author analyzes the interaction of the state government bodies
and the religious bodies from the practical point of view, one can see a smoothly running inter-related structure with considerable
changes in the system of management of the Russian Orthodox Church and the system of state government.

Keywords: political science, politics, state institutions of power, aspects of cooperation, religion, religious organizations, the Russian Orthodox Church, state, interaction of religion and politics, system of management.

Review: The article is devoted to the new types of state support of the adopting families, as provided for by the legislation of the
Russian Federation, England and the USA. The author analyzes the reasons for the lack of effi ciency of state policy in the
sphere of adoption, and she offers various options to solve this problem, using the positive experience of the common law
states. Then the author comes to a conclusion on the need to form a special legislative basis in the Russian Federation in
order to support the adopting families at a federal level.

Review: The article includes comparative legal analysis of the specifi c features of the judicial protection of personal rights and
freedoms of a person in the CIS states. The author analyzes role of the courts as bodies which implement justice and judicial
control in the constitutional mechanism of protection of personal rights and freedoms. State guarantees of implementation
of the constitutional right to judicial protection is recognized by the CIS states as an effi cient guarantee of social status
of persons.

Review: The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the representation in the tax disputes, which include specifi c features of the subjects
– tax payer, tax body and representative. The author establishes that a tax representation is based on power and compliance, and
is supported by imperative methods, unlike representation in civil law cases, which are permissive.

Review: This article is devoted to the issues regarding the legal regime of functioning of the trade companies in France. The authors analyze
the legislative and regulating provisions of the Trade Code of France, which are related to the legal status of legal entities
in the French trade law: joint-stock companies and partnerships, then their peculiarities are singled out. The authors include
detailed analysis of the formation and competence of the key managing bodies of these entities, specifi c features of their activities
in different types of trade companies.

Gabieva, S.M..
Definition and contents of the unity of legal territory as a constitutional category in the conditions of federal organization of the Russian state.
// Law and Politics. – 2012. – ¹ 2.
– P. 267-272.

Review: The article is devoted to the definition and contents of the term “unity of legal territory” as a constitutional and legal category within the framework of federal organization of the Russian state. Then the author comes to a conclusion that the principles of unity, undivided character, common character, necessity, continuity, direct application, and supremacy of the Constitution throughout the territory of the Constitution, unity of the state power, use of the federal law as basic when developing and implementing the legislative acts of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation, national and cultural identification, legal phenomena, etc.

Review: The author of this article analyzes peculiarities of formation and implementation of federalism in the foreign states and in Russia. The author then studies constitutional bases of the federalism, as well as the mechanism for the provision of powers within the federal framework, singles out common matters, and pays attention to the differences. Then the author analyzes the contents of the institution of federal interventions into the activities of the constituent subjects of the Federation in the federal states.

Review: The article is devoted to the analysis of legal regulation of the status of the NWF of the Russian Federation. The author
evaluates the practice of use of oil and gas income of the budget. Then the author offers to constitutionalize the legislation
of the Russian Federation regarding the issues of policy of use of the NWF.

Review: Currently the situation in the sphere of education is not stable both socially and politically, and this causes much discussion
on goals and correct settings of legal regulation in this sphere. It seems the most rational to modernize the existing
legislation by necessary amendments and additions and to develop a codifi ed legal act, which would be able to integrate
all levels of the education system. At the same time the modernization of the Russian education cannot achieve its goals
without quality improvement of the legislative system, and establishing effi cient mechanisms for the legal regulation of
education relations.

Review: The article is devoted to the legal aspects of formation and functioning of the system of administration of the state property.
The author analyzes the elements of state property, as well as functions of the state bodies in this sphere, and the problems
regarding this sphere.

Mamsurov, T.D., Tsaliev, A.M..
On legislative coordination of the interests of the Russian Federation and its
constituent subjects: history and modern situation.
// Law and Politics. – 2011. – ¹ 11.
– P. 1792-1797.

Review: The article is devoted to the processes of coordination of interests of the federation and the regions within the legislative
regulation. The authors offers measures on strengthening the Russian statehood based on the provisions of the Constitution
of the Russian Federation. The authors then view the ideas on greater role of regions in the foreign policy of the Russian
Federation.

Review: The author discusses the systemic correlation of the parameters of the proportionate election system, such as the size of
election district, threshold, method of dividing mandates among the lists of candidates. The author then shows how these
parameters in their combinations infl uence the threshold, that is the amount of votes, having which the list of candidates can
guarantee having at least one mandate. Based on legal and political analysis of consequences of application of threshold
the author comes to a conclusion that one can consider reasonable only the threshold of no higher than 5%, but it is even
more reasonable to apply the threshold of 3 or 4%. Such a threshold is a reasonable compromise between the ability of the
parliament to do its work and representation. The author then offers legislative solutions, which can guarantee that a list
of candidates, which gets more than 5% of votes shall get at least one mandate.

Review: The article is devoted to establishing the degree of influence of constitutional legal norms on the formation of state budget policy. The author analyzes the state of legal regulation of the process of establishing the priorities of the budget policy of the Russian Federation as a social state. Based on this legislation, the author provides his evaluation of the role of the President of the Russian Federation in the budget process. The author then offers to form legal prerequisites for the improvement of the financial mechanism of implementation of the constitutional principles of social state in legal regulation of priorities of budget policy in the Russian legislation.

Review: The article is devoted to the key issues of existence of the Swedish monarchy. It also includes the analysis of the modern
status of the King from the position of the theory of monarchy. The author states that in spite of the absence of political
power, the King may formally infl uence the situation in the state.

Kondrashev, A.A..
The dissolution of the legislative body of the constituent
subject of the Russian Federation as one of the measures
of constitutional legal responsibility of a subject
of the Russian Federation.
// Law and Politics. – 2011. – ¹ 8.
– P. 1265-1274.

Review: The author of this article views the grounds for dissolution of the representative body of the constituent subject of the
Russian Federation, showing shortcomings and of its legal regulation and practical implementation. The author then
offers to amend the Federal Law N. 184-FZ “On General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and
Executive Bodies of the State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation” in order to effi ciently implement this measure
of constitutional legal responsibility.

Gabieva, S.M., Basrieva, M.Z..
Representative character of the Council of Federation
of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation:
problems of constitutional and legislative
guarantees.
// Law and Politics. – 2011. – ¹ 8.
– P. 1255-1264.

Review: The article is devoted to the nature of representative function of the Council of the Federation of the Federal Assembly of the
Russian Federation, the author views the problems, which are related to its implementation, constitutional and legislative
guarantees. The authors view the ways to improve the role of the Council of the Federation in the state mechanisms, analyze
the characteristics of the Parliament, the way of its formation in the foreign states and in Russia.

Copyright protected by law. Any materials may be published only subject to Publisher's concent.
All rights to the work, which was published under the name of our publishing house reserved. No part of the works published in printed or electronic editions, books and periodicals, on disks or digital and magnetic media, or on websites www.nbpublish.com, www.history-illustrated.ru, www.aurora-group.eu, www.e-notabene.ru can not be reproduced, translated into another language, stored in printed form or in any other way turned into another form of data storage, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or other - without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher. And even if this was allowed to copy the copyright owner, links to the publisher and its publications are required.
For the content of advertisements published edition is not responsible. Editors reserve the right to place materials and journal articles in electronic legal systems and other electronic databases. The author can notify the Editor of their disagreement with the similar use of its materials no later than the date of the signing of the numbers in print.
Editorial respects the opinion of the authors of the published articles, but their views are not always the opinion of the publisher.