How much do hedge fund traders earn?

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Hedge fund trading may be the highest paying job in the world, so to learn more, we spoke with a former manager at one of the world’s leading hedge funds. They gave us the following information, which allowed us to make a rough estimate of the typical earnings of hedge fund traders.

We also ran this document past several other people in the industry and asked them to point out mistakes.

We found that junior traders typically earn $300k – $3m per year, and it’s possible to reach these roles in 4 – 8 years. Senior portfolio managers can easily earn over $10m per year, though average earnings are probably lower. Read on for the details.

We’re interested in this option because it could allow you to donate a lot to charity – what we call “earning to give”. Whether or not that’s a good idea depends on many other factors, such as your reduced potential to good directly through your work, and even the possibility of causing harm. It’s also an extremely competitive option that won’t be a good fit for many. In this post, we only explore the question of how much staff in hedge funds earn. (Also note we’re focused more on discretionary traders than purely quantitative traders, which have a different career progression.)

How do hedge funds make money and how is it shared among the employees?

Hedge funds trade in financial markets on behalf of clients in exchange for annual fees, and a cut of the profits. They’re similar to mutual funds but face fewer restrictions on what they can invest in, and can only be used by accredited investors.

The revenue of a hedge fund comes from the fees on the assets it manages. The typical fund charges a fee of 2% of assets under management per year, plus a performance fee. The performance fee is typically 20% of any returns it makes for the clients over and above the 2% base fee. So, if a fund makes 10% returns in a year, then the performance fee is 20% of (10% – 2%), or 1.6% of assets. Adding the base fee brings the total revenue to 3.6% of assets under management.

This means that a $1bn hedge fund returning 10% per year on its investments would have annual revenue of $36m. The clients would receive 6.4% per year on what they put in. These figures are fairly typical. 10% per year is a typical performance target, and similar to what hedge funds actually returned before fees over the last two decades.1 A few funds charge higher fees and some charge lower ones. Many people think typical fees in the industry have shrunk in recent years.

How is this revenue split between different employees at the fund?

20-40% goes to operational costs, including the premises, technology, and operational staff. The larger the fund the lower this percentage.

About 10% will go to all the junior traders and analysts.

About 40-55% will go to the senior portfolio manager (who manages the junior traders).

What remains, 0-30%, goes to the owner of the hedge fund (often also the senior portfolio manager). Many of the costs don’t scale linearly with revenue (i.e. running a $10bn fund isn’t nearly ten times more expensive than running a $1bn fund), so the owner will earn a higher percentage the larger the fund. The percentage is also very sensitive to performance – the owner gets what’s left over after costs, which could easily be negative in a bad year.

The traders and portfolio managers within the fund are usually paid as a percentage of their returns, typically 10-20%. E.g. if a manager returns 10% in a year, they’ll receive about 1-2% of the assets they manage within the fund. So if they were managing $100m of assets, then they’d earn $1-$2m in that year. In addition they get a base salary, but that will be a small proportion of their total pay (perhaps around $100,000). This means their total pay is very volatile. In some funds, the percentage the traders earn also depends on performance, making pay even more volatile.

Note there are different compensation structures in different funds and roles (e.g. many quant hedge funds don’t tie pay directly to returns, especially at more junior levels), so this is just a rough guide.

How much do traders actually get?

From the above, we can estimate how much traders earn at each stage. The following is all very rough and could be greatly improved with more data. The extra information about the industry is based on my own judgements having talked to lots of people who work in finance.

To enter the industry, initially you’ll spend 4-8 years working as an analyst. The ideal path is usually said to be 2-3 years at a top investment bank, then 2-5 years working at a hedge fund as an analyst. In these stages, you’ll be paid typical investment banking salaries (perhaps $100-$300k). An alternative but slower route is to continue in investment banking until you’re known as the best analyst in your sector, then switch.

After this time, if you manage to progress, you’ll start managing money as a junior trader or portfolio manager. There are many types of trader, but we’re talking about those with significant responsibility for making investment decisions. You might start with $50-$250m of assets under management. So if you successfully earn 10% returns, your income will be $0.6m – $3.8m per year. Of course, there’s a good chance you’ll fail to perform, which would mean earning only your base salary, and could easily lead to losing your job (see next point). Even taking account of the possibility of earning more, because it’s hard to beat the market, a realistic estimate of expected income is probably less than half.

If you lose money for more than a year, you could easily get fired. How long you have depends on the fund. One or two quarters of bad performance at some funds could already be risky; whereas you might have years at a fund focused on long-term investing. Some quantitative funds rarely fire staff, but let you continue in a more operational role. If you get fired from a top fund, you can usually get a job at a less prestigious fund. If you get fired from a less prestigious fund, you’ll probably have to leave the industry, or switch into a non-trading role. Total turnover varies by fund, but 10-20% is not uncommon for trading roles.

If you perform well, then the amount you manage can grow rapidly. It’s not uncommon to manage several times as much within a couple of months of starting, though a couple of years is more typical.

A more senior portfolio manager would manage about $500m-$1bn. If they achieved 10% performance, that would make their pay $6m – $12m per year, though again, average pay is probably less. Moreover, there are probably about 3-10 junior traders per senior trader, suggesting the chance of making it to this level is at most 10-33%. In reality, it’s less since many people leave the industry in the meantime, especially at the more junior levels.

Note that in some firms, it’s hard to progress from junior trader to portfolio manager, since the managers are recruited directly from banks.

If you end up owning and managing a hedge fund, then you can earn much more again.

The owner/senior manager of a $1bn hedge fund which returns 10% p.a. will earn $15 – $25m. However, if the fund fails to return at least a couple of percent they’ll make nothing. If they lose money for more than a couple of years, they could easily go out of business.

The owner/senior manager of a $10bn hedge fund will make 10-times as much. In fact they’ll probably make even more because many of the costs are fixed, so they get a larger fraction of marginal revenue.

Of course, very few people make it to this level. A $1bn hedge fund would probably employ tens of traders, suggesting each has only a couple of percent chance of making it to being an owner, even if we ignore those who drop out of the industry.

Note that some hedge fund managers make more than these figures suggest because they also invest their own money in the fund. The top 5 hedge fund managers usually earn over $1bn in a year. This is because if you already have $10bn and earn a 20% return – which is common among top hedge funds – then you earn $2bn per year.

Much of the above also applies to prop trading. Prop traders trade on behalf of their institution, rather than external clients. They usually exist within small partnerships and banks (though new regulation has reduced the amount of prop trading in banks). Often prop traders trade with a smaller amount of money, but make more aggressive bets. Prop traders typically receive a larger fraction of the returns they make e.g. 30% rather than 10-20%. This means they end up earning a similar amount per year as hedge fund traders.

Sense checks

Looking at the above, and making a very rough estimate, the mean earnings over an entire career in the job could easily be about $400k – $900k per year. This is based on an analyst salary, plus a 10-20% chance of making it as a junior trader, and a couple of percent chance of making it to a top role.

Does that range check out?

We found that the mean income in finance is about $245,000. This includes a wide range of jobs that are mostly much lower earning than trading positions, so it doesn’t seem unreasonable to think that the mean for trading could be several times higher.

We also found that the 99th percentile in finance (i.e. the highest-paid 10,000-20,000 finance workers in the US) earns $1.4m, so are figures are within this bound.

Some hedge funds have to disclose their total compensation, which means you can estimate the average compensation per staff member. Here is an analysis of 15 UK high-frequency hedge funds, which finds mean compensation from $200k-$1.4m. Many of these figures include support staff too, so they are underestimates of the trading salaries. This puts them in line with our estimates. Keep in mind that high-frequency firms generally offer higher pay than hedge funds.

The average employee at a top investment bank earns about $300,000,2 but “front office” staff like traders should earn more. The typical front office investment banker age 30 in London earns about $400,000.3 I’d expect hedge fund traders to earn more, so this is in line with the estimates above.

What would the expected earnings be for someone entering the industry?

You’d also need to adjust for the chances of leaving the job. It’s common for people to go into more operational roles, other positions in finance, or entirely different industries, and these all usually have lower income.

You’d also need to adjust for the future prospects of the industry, and other issues we cover here.

Finally, your expected earnings will also be very sensitive to personal fit. If you have a higher than average chance of making it to the top roles, your expected earnings could be many times higher, and vice versa.

Areas for further research

Make more detailed estimates of the proportion of traders at each level of seniority, and then make a better estimate of the mean.

Make better estimates of the chances of leaving the industry at each level.

Cross-check our estimates for each level with more people in the industry.

Look for more data sources about aggregate earnings (such as industry surveys), and cross-check.

Make more detailed comparisons with other top earning careers.

Should you “earn to give” in hedge fund trading?

If the mean income of a hedge fund trader is $650,000, then that’s $20m over a 30 year career. If you donated half, that would be enough to cover the salaries of about 5 non-profit CEOs or 2-3 academic researchers, while still having a huge amount left to live on. This is why, if you’re a good fit for an option like this, ‘earning to give’ can be a high-impact career.

Notes and references

Source: “Expected Returns” by Antti Ilmanen, Wiley and Sons, 2011.

Since 2000, the DJ CS index has been run on a real time basis, so there should be little survivorship or backfill bias after that point. The HFR index goes further back...but at least in the early years without adjusting for survivorship bias. One could also expect the value-weighted DJ CS index to exhibit milder biased than equally weighted fund indices such as the HFR, so it may not be surprising that the 1994-2009 average return of the former index is slightly lower (9.3% vs. 9.8%). Both indices easily beat the HFR FoF index (6.0%).
Measuring hedge fund performance in aggregate is notoriously difficult, due to survivorship and backfill bias, as well as the difficulty of finding all the data. The fund of fund figure (composed of funds which invest in a basket of hedge funds) is relatively unlikely to have survivorship or backfill bias, but contains additional fees, so is close to a lower bound. The other indices are more likely to be biased upwards. Together, this gives a range of 6-10%.

Despite the retrenchment of the hedge fund industry in 2008, hedge fund assets under management are currently over one and a half trillion dollars. We analyze the potential biases in reported hedge fund returns, in particular survivor-ship bias and back fill bias. We then decompose the returns into three components: the systematic market exposure (beta), the value added by hedge funds (alpha), and the hedge fund fees (costs). We analyze the performance of a universe of about 8,400 hedge funds from the TASS database from January 1995 through December 2009. Our results indicate that both survivor-ship and back fill biases are potentially serious problems. Adjusting for these biases brings the net return from 14.26% to 7.63% for the equally weighted sample. Over the entire period, this return is slightly lower than the S&P 500 return of 8.04%, but includes a statistically significant positive alpha. We estimate a pre-fee return of 11.42%, which we split into a fee (3.78%), an alpha (3.01%), and a beta return (4.62%).↩

According to their annual report, Goldman paid about $11.65bn in compensation in 2016. Archived link, retrieved 20-April-2017. According to Statistia, they had 34,400 employees in 2016, so the mean is $339,000. The pay at top investment banks is generally thought to be similar, though Goldman might be at the higher end. Note that as we cover elsewhere, compensation dramatically fluctuates depending on the business cycle.↩

*This is how much you should earn as an investment banker in your 20s, 30s and 40s
*, Efinancialcareers, February 2016. Archived link, retrieved 20-April-2017. The mean for bankers aged 37-45 was £406,000, which is about $500,000. We didn’t look into how the data was gathered, so we’re not sure how accurate the figures are.↩

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80,000 Hours is part of the Centre for Effective Altruism, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1149828) and a registered 501(c)(3) Exempt Organization in the USA (EIN 47-1988398).

We do our best to provide useful information, but how you use the information is up to you. We don’t take responsibility for any loss that results from the use of information on the site. Please consult our full legal disclaimer and privacy policy.