buddhaj: buddha-,
Adj.: Awakened One, Enlightened One. It is a pp. of the verb root budh-,
to awaken. Here as an N.m.: a being who has attained Nirvana. The historical
Buddha Shakyamuni. Acc.Sg.: buddhaj.

This verse consists of two syntactically
related sentences. They are: 1) yo ca buddhaj
ca dhammaj ca savghaj
ca saranaj gato
(and who has gone for refuge to the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha). The subject
of this sentence is the relative pronoun yo (who, nominative singular).
The verb is in the past participle, gato (gone, nominative singular).
The object is the noun saranaj
(to refuge, accusative singular). It has three attributes, the nouns buddhaj
(to the Buddha, accusative singular), dhammaj
(to the Dharma, accusative singular) and savghaj
(to the Sangha, accusative singular). These are connected to each other
by multiple conjunctions ca (and). 2) cattari
ariyasaccani sammappabbaya
passati (sees with a true wisdom Four Noble Truths). The subject is
omitted; the verb implies the third person singular pronoun. The verb is
passati (sees, 3rd person, singular, active, indicative,
present tense). It has an attribute, the compound sammappabbaya
(with a true wisdom, instrumental singular). The object is the compound
ariyasaccani (Noble Truths, accusative
plural) with its attribute, the numeral cattari
(four, accusative plural).

Commentary:

The story for this verse is identical
with the one for the preceding verses (DhP 188, DhP 189) and the following
ones (DhP 191, DhP 192). The Triple Gem, the Buddha (Awakened
One), the Dharma (his teaching) and the Sangha (the community of his followers)
are the highest possible refuge, because the Buddha has reached Awakenment,
the Dharma is the teaching how to reach this goal and the Sangha is the
community of people who are on the way to reach it. Having taken refuge in this Triple
Gem, one can clearly see the Four Noble Truths, the most important of all
the Buddhist teachings. They are: 1) The truth of Suffering, 2) The truth
of Origin of Suffering, 3) The truth of Extinction of Suffering and 4)
The truth of the Path, leading to the Extinction of Suffering.