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BHSWG concepts #2

BHSWG- Human Geography terms part 1

This shows the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country

INFANT MORTALITY RATE

The number of deaths among infants under age one per thousand live births.

CARRYING CAPACITY

The number of organisms a piece of land can support.

POPULATION DENSITY

The average number of people who live in a measurable area, such as a square mile. This figure is determined by dividing the number of inhabitants in an area by the total amount of land they occupy

POPULATION PYRAMID

A graphic device that shows sex and age distribution of a population. This is used to examine how events in society, such as wars, famine, or epidemics, affect the population of a country or region

NATURAL INCREASE

Determines the rate at which population is growing by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate

PUSH PULL FACTORS

The factors involved that would cause someone to migrate from one location to another.

IMMIGRATION

the act of moving into a country for the purpose of permanent residence

EMIGRATION

the act of leaving one’s country or region to settle in another.

CULTURE

The total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by the members of a specific group.

DIALECT

Versions of a language; this reflects changes in speech patterns related to class, region, or other cultural changes.

ETHNIC GROUP

A specific group of people that share language, customs, and a common heritage. This group has an identity as a separate group of people within the region where they live.

CULTURAL HEARTH

A site of innovation from which basic ideas, materials, and technology diffuse to many cultures.

CULTURAL DIFFUSION

The spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior between people of different societies, as they come into contact with one another.

ACCULTURATION

This occurs when a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation.

INNOVATION

Taking existing technology and resources and creating something new to meet a need.

DIALECT

Versions of a language; this reflects changes in speech patterns related to class, region, or other cultural changes.

RELIGION

A belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as the creators and maintainers of the universe.

MONOTHEISM

A belief in one god. (Ex- Christianty, Islam, Judaism)

POLYTHEISM

A belief in many gods. (Ex- Hinduism)

ANIMISM

Often called “traditional”, this is a belief in divine forces in nature

SYNCRETISM

the blending of different religious beliefs

NATION

Refers to a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity.

STATE

This term describes an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs.

NATION-STATE

A nation and a state that occupy the same territory.

DEMOCRACY

In this type of government, citizens hold political power, either directly or through elected representatives. (Ex- USA)

COMMUNISM

In this government and economic system, nearly all political power and means of production are held by the government, in the name of all the people. (Ex- China)

MONARCHY

In this type of government a ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies. (Ex- the United Kingdom or Saudi Arabia.)

DICTATORSHIP

In this type of government an individual or group holds complete political power. (Ex- North Korea)

ECONOMY

This consists of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

The way people produce and exchange goods and services

MARKET ECONOMY

In this type of economy, production of goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers. Also called capitalism.

MIXED ECONOMY

This type of economy is a combination of command and market economies and provides goods and services so that all people will benefit.

COMMAND ECONOMY

In this type of economy, production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production. Production does not necessarily reflect the consumer demand. Also called a planned economy.

TRADITIONAL ECONOMY

In this type of economy, goods and services are traded without exchanging money (barter).

PRIMARY ACTIVITY

This type of activity involves gathering raw materials such as timber for immediate use or to use in the making of a final product.

SECONDARY ACTIVITY

This type of activity involves adding value to materials by changing their form. Manufacturing automobiles is an example.

TERTIARY ACTIVITY

This type of activity involves providing business or professional services. Salespeople, teachers, or doctors are examples.

QUATERNARY ACTIVITY

This type of activity involves providing information, management, and research services by highly-trained persons.

PER CAPITA INCOME

The average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit.

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)

The total value of all goods and services produced by a country over a year or some other specified period of time.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

The total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.

CULTURAL CONVERGENGE

The growing similarity between national cultures, including beliefs, values, aspirations; tendency for cultures to become more alike as they interact

CULTURAL ASSIMILATION

When a person blends into the surrounding culture; takes on similar beliefs & practices of a culture that was once not their own.