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Brief History of Oklahoma Governors and other State Officials --since statehood Federal and State Legislators --since statehood Court Justices, Judges and District Attorneys --since statehood Museums in Oklahoma Historical Markers

Oklahoma History

Oklahoma History

that started at Ascot Speedway in Los Angeles and finished in Madison Square Garden in New York City. Payne trained faithfully on Oklahoma roads for many months before going on to win the &quot;Bunion Derby.&quot; The race took eighty­four days to run and covered a total of 3,422.3 miles.

Andy Payne is tended to by a trainer as he prepares for the Great Transcontinental Foot Race

The following information was excerpted from the work of Arrell Morgan Gibson, specifically, The Oklahoma Story, (University of Oklahoma Press 1978), and Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries (University of Oklahoma Press 1989). Also, Oklahoma: A History of the Sooner State (University of Oklahoma Press 1964) by Edwin C. McReynolds was used, along with Muriel Wright's A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma (University of Oklahoma Press 1951), and Don G. Wyckoff's Oklahoma Archeology: A 1981 Perspective (University of Oklahoma, Archeological Survey 1981). Additional information was provided by Jenk Jones Jr., Tulsa; David Hampton, Tulsa; Gary Harrington, Office of Archives and Records, Oklahoma Department of Libraries; Oklahoma Historical Society. Guide to Oklahoma Museums by David C. Hunt (University of Oklahoma Press, 1981) was used as a reference. 686 Oklahoma Almanac

Photograph courtesy--EakinPress

Oklahoma History

A Brief History of Oklahoma

The Prehistoric Age

Substantial evidence exists to demonstrate the first people were in Oklahoma approximately 11,000 years ago and more than 550 generations of Native Americans have lived here. More than 10,000 prehistoric sites are recorded for the state, and they are estimated to represent about 10 percent of the actual number, according to archaeologist Don G. Wyckoff. Some of these sites pertain to the lives of Oklahoma's original settlers--the Wichita and Caddo, and perhaps such relative latecomers as the Kiowa Apache, Osage, Kiowa, and Comanche. All of these sites comprise an invaluable resource for learning about Oklahoma's remarkable and diverse Native American heritage. Given the distribution and ages of studies sites, Oklahoma was widely inhabited during prehistory. Among the earliest people were those who came and resided here at the end of the last Ice Age, some 11,500 years ago. These earliest cultures are: Clovis, 11,500 to 10,900 years ago; Folsom, 10,600 to 10,200 years ago; and Plainview, 10,000 to 9,500 years ago. Named after the Southern Plains locations where their distinctive artifacts were first discovered, these cultures are the material goods of Native American bands that occupied adjacent parts of Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico in different ways. All are so far back in prehistory that they cannot be linked directly to any historically known tribes. Oklahoma archaeologists have discovered good examples of places once occupied by these earliest people. At the Domebo Site in Caddo County, three Clovis-type spear points were found among the ribs and vertebrae of a Colombian mammoth. In Harper County, a major Folsom-age bison kill recently was uncovered near Fort Supply. Called the Cooper site, this location resulted from Folsom hunters trapping and spearing bison herds in a deep gully on three separate occasions. Perhaps a thousand years later, Native American hunters using the Plainview-style spear point killed a small herd at what is now called the Parry Ranch site in Jackson County. Approximately 8,000 years ago, Oklahoma was undergoing drastic environmental changes, and warm, dry weather was becoming prevalent. Bison herds became fewer, and people increasingly turned to hunting smaller game and gathering plants. Band territories became smaller as groups developed seasonal hunting-gathering patterns in favored localities. Among Oklahoma's notable sites that bear witness to this lifeway are the 5,500-year-old Gore Pit site in Comanche County, the equally old Scott site in LeFlore County, and the 4,500-year-old Lawrence site in Nowata County. These sites have yielded a diverse array of chipped or ground stone tools along with remains of roasting ovens made from stones. Currently, professional and avocational archaeologists are documenting a previously unknown hunting-gathering people who lived here 5,000 years ago. Called the Calf Creek culture, these people left important camps in Murray, Garvin, Caddo, Kay, Tulsa, Muskogee, and Haskell counties. About 2,500 years ago, Oklahoma's climate began to become more like that of today. As plant and animal communities like those in the 1800s emerged, Oklahoma's Native Americans began to become farmers and important traders. The bow and arrow was in use 2,500 years ago, and 1,800-to-2,000-year-old clues to pottery making and farming are known from small villages studied in Delaware, Kay, Osage, and Ottawa counties. About 1,000 years ago, Oklahoma had major populations of farming villagers in the Panhandle, along the Washita River in Garvin and Caddo counties, along the Arkansas and Grand rivers in Wagoner, Muskogee, Sequoyah, and LeFlore counties, and along Little River and its tributaries in McCurtain County. Some of these villagers constructed ceremonial centers that vied for power with other southeastern chiefdoms. Between 1,000 and 800 years ago, the Spiro site in LeFlore County was one of the most important political-religious centers known north of the Valley of Mexico. By 500 years

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ago, all of Oklahoma's village societies were undergoing rapid change, in part due to climatic fluctuations, and out of this turmoil came the Wichita and Caddo people who were observed by the first Spanish and French explorers of the area.

The Historic Age

Whites first came to Oklahoma as explorers. Europeans discovered Oklahoma and its people in 1541, when Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led a gold expedition through western Oklahoma. Members of the expedition hunted buffalo and visited the camps of the Plains Apaches, the first Indian tribe the Spaniards met in Oklahoma. Coronado left a small group of missionaries who wished to work among the tribes teaching Christianity, putting Oklahoma under the Spanish flag. Another Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto, introduced some of the eastern tribes to firearms, tools and other European ways, although he only traveled as far as Little Rock, Arkansas. De Soto encountered the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and other tribes then living in the southeastern United States, and who were later removed to Oklahoma. About 1700, two tribes from the North, the Comanches and Kiowas, migrated to Oklahoma. They settled in the Wichita Mountains where they adopted the horse; hunted buffalo; and raided Spanish settlements in Texas, northern Mexico, and New Mexico. Spaniards from New Mexico often came to Oklahoma to trade with the Comanches and Kiowas, and although they did not establish settlements in Oklahoma, they claimed Oklahoma as a part of their territory in North America. Next came the French from the North and the East. Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle led an expedition down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. The territory on the west bank of the Mississippi River he named Louisiana. Fur traders and other French expeditions moved inland from New Orleans, which the French founded in 1718. The first Frenchman to actually visit Oklahoma was Juchereau de St. Denis. He explored land drained by the Red River, searching for places to establish settlements for trading with the tribes. In 1718 Bernard de la Harpe led an expedition to the Canadian River in eastern Oklahoma, that was inhabited by the Wichitas and Caddoes. The French established towns and lived with the tribal people. Oklahoma was under the French flag until the 1760s. The largest conflicts to take place during the 1700s were the battles between the Spanish and the Comanches and Kiowas in the West. The French, who wished to trade for the buffalo hides of the Comanches and Kiowas, sent members of the eastern tribes to trade and avoided conflict with them. In 1762 French and Spanish leaders signed a treaty. It required France to return Louisiana (which included the area of Oklahoma) to Spain. However, in 1800 a treaty between the French and Spanish governments required the return of Louisiana, including Oklahoma, to France. In 1803 ownership of Louisiana changed once again, when the U. S. government purchased it for $15 million. Oklahoma was now under the American flag. Soon after 1803, explorers, soldiers, and private citizens entered Oklahoma. Explorers came to study the land and resources and to map Oklahoma. Soldiers came to build forts and to guard the Oklahoma frontier. Spain still owned Texas and New Mexico, and were not very friendly neighbors at this time. Citizens included settlers, who came to establish farms and towns, and trappers and traders, who came to hunt fur-bearing animals and to supply tribes with goods. These pioneers found several tribes living here: Osages in northeastern Oklahoma's tall grass prairies; Quapaws in eastern Oklahoma, ravaged by measles, smallpox and other European diseases; the Wichitas and Caddoes in the southwest; and the Plains Apaches and Comanches living in western Oklahoma. The Osages, Comanches, and Kiowas fiercely resisted American pioneers. The western boundary of the territory was not established until 1806 and was the

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result of an expedition led by Captain Richard Sparks, the first American official to reach Oklahoma. His expedition was turned back by the Spanish. Another expedition that same year, led by Captain Zebulon M. Pike explored the Arkansas River and reached Oklahoma's eastern border on New Year's Day in 1807. Other explorers who visited the state: George C. Sibley accompanied by Osage scouts, explored northern Oklahoma along the Arkansas River and its tributaries; Stephen H. Long in 1817 established Fort Smith, Arkansas, between the Poteau and Arkansas rivers; and Thomas Nuttall, a scientist, came to Oklahoma in 1819 to study the geology, plants, and animals along the Grand, Verdigris, Cimarron, Poteau, and Arkansas rivers. Nuttall also wrote Journal of Travels in the Arkansas Territory, one of the earliest scientific books about Oklahoma. Through these early expeditions, maps and reports prepared by the explorers assisted American officials to make agreements about the southern and western boundaries separating the territory of the United States and Spain. Portions of this boundary line­the Red River and the 100th Meridian­later became the southern and western boundaries of Oklahoma. Soldiers were assigned to explore Oklahoma and were expected to protect the area against foreign invasion. Fort Smith, as mentioned, was established in 1817; Fort Gibson in northeastern Oklahoma and Fort Towson in the southeast were erected in 1824; and by 1861, several other posts were constructed, including Camp Arbuckle, Camp Holmes, and Camp Washita and Fort Coffee in 1834, and Fort Cobb in 1859. Soldiers surveyed and mapped the territory, built roads, and were some of the first law enforcement officers, farmers, and builders in the territory. Some leading men of the nation served as officers at the Oklahoma forts, including Zachary Taylor, a general in the Mexican War and later president of the United States; Jefferson Davis, later United States secretary of war and president of the Confederate States of America; and Robert E. Lee, later commander in chief of Confederate armies in the Civil War.

Territorial Days

Settlement of the territory by American pioneers ended, temporarily, when the United States government changed the use of Oklahoma: it became the area to which all Indian tribes from east of the Mississippi River would be removed. It would be called Indian Territory until 1906. The federal government resettled many tribes to Oklahoma from the eastern U.S., Kansas and Texas, Arizona, California, Idaho, and Washington. The tribes were relocated to remove them

An example of early homesteading in Oklahoma--a 1901 sodhouse in Beaver county.

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Photograph courtesy--OklahomaHistoricalSociety

Oklahoma History

Indian Territory--1830­1855

Indian Territory--1855­1866

Indian Territory--1866­1889

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from American expansion. Tribes living in the territory south of the Ohio River were among the first to be colonized in Oklahoma. These included the Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles, and Chickasaws who came from Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. These tribes were moving to an area already inhabited by the Wichita, Caddo, Kiowa, Plains Apache, Comanche, Osage, and Quapaw tribes. Many tribes resisted removal, both those being relocated and those already inhabiting the territory. In 1830, under President Andrew Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which increased the federal government's power with respect to removal of the tribes. Jackson appointed a three-man group called the Stokes Commission to prepare Oklahoma for the arrival of the Southern tribes. The Stokes group assigned reservations for the Senecas, Quapaws, and others. The removal of the Southern tribes began in 1820 when the Choctaws signed a removal treaty. In 1826 the Lower Creek leaders signed a treaty, giving up a large portion of their eastern lands in return for a part of Indian Territory, and in 1832, the Upper Creeks made an agreement and moved onto the same reservation with the Lower Creeks. The Seminole tribe signed a treaty soon after requiring emigration to Indian Territory, as did the Chickasaw tribe. Although the most famous removal was that of the Cherokee tribe, known as the &quot;Trail of Tears,&quot; many other tribes, including the Choctaws, were removed by the same method. Most of the removals were completed in the 1830s. The tribal people, however, had been forced to walk all the way to Oklahoma across the South suffering cholera, smallpox, and measles epidemics, often in winter. Each tribe lost about one-fourth of its population on the westward march. Once established in the territory, the Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, and Chickasaws became known as the Five Civilized Tribes, due to their having adopted many European and American ways. They were well educated, and operated businesses, plantations, farms, and ranches. Many were slaveholders. The 1830 map of Indian Territory divided Oklahoma into three Indian nations: Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw. In 1833 the Seminoles accepted a home with the Creeks, and in 1837, the Chickasaws agreed to settle among the Choctaws. Upon arrival in Oklahoma, these tribes also established towns, businesses, and schools including institutions of higher education for men and women years before similar institutions were established by white men in Oklahoma Territory. Very quickly the tribes became nations, establishing governments with written constitutions. Already established in the western part of the territory were the Wichitas and Caddoes, basically agricultural tribes, and the Kiowas, Comanches, and Plains Apaches, primarily buffalo hunters who roamed the western half of Oklahoma, into Texas and New Mexico. Before the Civil War, several battles were fought in western Oklahoma between Americans and Plains tribes. The intrusion of Americans was depleting their hunting range and the size of herds, and these tribes actively resisted being assigned to a small area of the territory as the other tribes had done. The Civil War delayed the conquest of these tribes for nearly fifteen years. By 1861 Indian Territory was prosperous. The tribes had tamed much of the wilderness and had established farms, plantations, schools, ranches, and businesses as mentioned. Their towns were, by now, busy commercial centers. Confederate leaders saw Indian Territory as a good supply of meat, horses, lead, salt, and grains. Since many tribes owned slaves, and their loss would be severe, the Five Civilized Tribes supported the Confederacy. Albert Pike was selected by Confederate officials as the commissioner in charge of the Indians of Oklahoma. He came to Indian Territory during the spring of 1861 and signed a Confederate treaty of alliance with each of the Five Civilized Tribes. Other tribes also sided with the Confederacy, while some remained neutral. Many battles were fought in Oklahoma during the Civil War, and by the time the war ended in 1865, Oklahoma was a wasteland. Battles were fought between the soldiers of the Union and Confederate armies, but also between Confederate and neutral tribes. By 1863 the Union

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army controlled the northern half of Indian Territory. The Confederacy was led by Stand Watie, a Cherokee, and while he had many victories over Union troops, they had little effect on the outcome of the war. On April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia. Confederate commanders in the West then began to surrender. In Oklahoma, Watie and the Confederacy surrendered to Union officials at Doaksville in the Choctaw Nation on June 23, 1865. During Reconstruction, the tribes were punished for helping the Confederacy; the most severe punishment was loss of tribal land. The Plains tribes were assigned to reservations. The Five Civilized Tribes lost much of their territory, and their governments were weakened. The year 1866 marked the beginning of the end for Indian Territory. The war further reduced a population already diminished by removal, and smallpox and cholera epidemics infected Union and Confederate refugee camps. Both armies had burned most of the buildings owned by the tribes. The Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole nations were wastelands. The Choctaw and Chickasaw nations had escaped total destruction, but most of their livestock and food had been used to feed the Confederate army and refugees. In the chaos, many outlaws passed through and hid in Indian Territory due to the lack of law enforcement. Belle Starr; the Younger brothers; the James brothers; and Ned Christie, the Cherokee bandit, were among the robbers and cattle rustlers living in Indian Territory after the war. Eventually the tribes asked the federal government for help and it cooperated by sending a large number of deputy U.S. marshals to Indian Territory. A further complication for the tribes was the arrival of more and more tribes from other parts of the country. In 1867 the Wyandots, Peorias, Miamis, and Ottawas began to arrive in Oklahoma. In 1873 the Modocs were removed from their original homeland and forced to Oklahoma, along with the Delawares and Shawnees. Additionally, many all-black towns were established in Oklahoma during this period due to segregation laws passed by the Five Civilized Tribes. Boley, Foreman, Red Bird, and Rentiesville are examples of all-black towns in Oklahoma. By 1869 prosperity had returned to Oklahoma. Farming, ranching, mining, and railroad building helped the Indian nations. Before the railroads were opened in Oklahoma, the territory was a great highway for Texas cattle moving to railroad yards in Kansas. The first of these trails was the East Shawnee Trail. It crossed the Red River at Colbert's Ferry, to Baxter Springs, Kansas. The West Shawnee Trail branched toward Abilene (Kansas) at Boggy Depot. Abilene was the most important Kansas cow town. The Chisholm Trail was the greatest cattle highway in the West. It crossed central Indian Territory. Most of the Texas cattle marketed in the Kansas cow towns moved along the Chisholm Trail. The fourth cattle highway was the Dodge City, or Great Western Cattle Trail. After rail lines were built across Indian Territory, ranchmen used trains to ship their cattle to market. Coal mining was another important industry in this period. Most of the early-day coal mining was in the Choctaw Nation near McAlester. Railroad companies operated the mines since coal was ideal for firing the locomotives' steam boilers. Miners and their families came to Oklahoma from Italy, Greece, Germany, Russia, Poland, and England. Since many people who came to work in Indian Territory wished to live in the territory, tribes began selling permits, because only members of tribes could officially live in an Indian nation. By 1900 more permit holders were living in Indian Territory than tribal members. The demands of the permit holders led to the end of tribal governments. In western Oklahoma, conditions were quite different than in the East. The federal government had taken the western half of Indian Territory from the Five Civilized Tribes and planned to carve this area into reservations for other tribes from other parts of the U. S. The Kaws, Osages, Sac and Fox, Potawatomis, Iowas, and Kickapoos came to Oklahoma after the war, along with Ponca, Otoe and Missouria, Pawnee, Nez Perce, Tonkawa, Keechi, Anadarko, Ioni, and Waco people. The Comanches, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Arapahos left their reservations to hunt

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buffalo and raid settlements. Between 1868 and 1874, there were many battles in western Oklahoma between Indian tribes and American soldiers. In one of the most famous of these battles, in late November 1868, Colonel George Custer led the Seventh Cavalry from Fort Supply, and at daybreak on November 27, Custer and his troops reached the Washita River. Scouts found a Cheyenne camp led by Chief Black Kettle. Custer ordered a surprise attack, and the Seventh Cavalry killed more than one hundred warriors, including Black Kettle. They took fifty women and children prisoners. Known as the &quot;Battle of the Washita,&quot; it was the first of many campaigns against the Plains tribes. By 1874 the U.S. War Department decided to conquer these tribes. General Nelson Miles was placed in command of a large army. He defeated many warrior bands; others came in to the reservations and surrendered. Cheyenne and Arapaho bands that surrendered, did so at the Darlington Agency near El Reno; Kiowa and Comanche bands at Fort Sill in Lawton. The last warriors to be captured were the Quahada Comanches, led by Quanah Parker, on June 24, 1875. In 1894 Geronimo and his followers were captured and settled on the Comanche-Kiowa reservation. Once the Plains tribes had been conquered, Congress began removing the obstacles to white settlement. The railroad companies also worked to open Oklahoma to settlement. The Katy, Frisco, Rock Island, and Santa Fe lines crossed Indian Territory. The railroad companies wanted more settlement to induce more freight, passengers, and profits. In addition to the railroad interests, a group of promoters called &quot;Boomers&quot; also worked to open Indian Territory to settlement. Boomers described Oklahoma's rich land and resources to large audiences in the East. They wrote newspaper articles describing Oklahoma as a &quot;Garden of Eden.&quot; Leading Boomers were Charles C. Carpenter, Elias C. Boudinot, David L. Payne, and William L. Couch. They led settlers to the border of Indian Territory and set up camps, waiting for Oklahoma to be opened. Boomer raids and the related publicity put pressure on Congress, but before Indian Territory could be opened to homesteaders, tribal title to the land had to be removed. The tribes held their land in common­ownership of the land was vested in the tribe and not in its individual members. During the 1880s, leaders in Congress decided the reservation system was a failure. They wished to change Indian culture, and Congress became convinced the only way to do this was to destroy tribal governments and tribal land ownership. They decided to break up the reservations, giving each tribal member an allotment of 160 acres. Government leaders believed making tribal members landowners would change their culture. In 1887 Congress passed the Dawes Allotment Act, which provided for dividing the reservations. Government agents were to assign each tribal member a 160-acre homestead­an allotment. Any land remaining was declared surplus, and this surplus land was to be opened to settlement by homesteaders. At this time the Dawes Act did not apply to the Five Civilized Tribes. By 1906 all of Oklahoma west of the territory of the Five Civilized Tribes had been opened to settlement. The Indian reservations had been changed to counties in the new Oklahoma Territory. Homesteaders received farms in Oklahoma Territory by land runs and a lottery. The first portion of Indian Territory opened to settlement was the Unassigned Lands, a 2 million-acre tract in the center of Indian Territory. Only about 10,000 claims of 160 acres each remained, so in order to give all homeseekers an equal chance, officials decided to open the Unassigned Lands by a land run. On April 22, 1889, more than 50,000 homeseekers ran to stake their claim, and by evening, every homestead had been staked and town lots in Guthrie, Kingfisher, Oklahoma City, and Norman were claimed. Nearly 1,000 blacks made the Run of 1889. Most were from the South and many obtained homesteads. Langston was an all-black town established by these pioneers. Other land runs were held in 1891 in central Indian Territory; in 1892 in the Cheyenne and Arapaho reservations; and in 1893, the largest land run in history opened the Cherokee Outlet. The final land run was in 1895 when the Kickapoo reservation was opened for settlement.

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For the next land opening, federal officials used the lottery. The surplus lands of the Kiowa, Comanche, Apache, Wichita, and Caddo reservations were opened. In 1906 the Osage reservation was allotted, and no surplus land for settlers existed. In addition, the Osage tribe held mineral rights in common, which later contributed to their being some of the wealthiest people on earth during the oil boom in the decades following statehood in 1907. After each reservation was allotted and settled, it was shifted from Indian Territory to Oklahoma Territory. Once a dispute with Texas about the ownership of Greer County was settled by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1906, which denied Texas's claim to the land, western Oklahoma had reached its present area and shape. The newly arrived Oklahoma pioneers suffered great hardship. Money was scarce, and the environment was often cruel. Families lived in sod houses or dugouts due to shortages of timber. Much of Oklahoma was grassland, and wood­when it was available­was used for fuel. Otherwise, dried buffalo or cattle dung, known as &quot;cowchips,&quot; fueled the pioneers' stoves. During the pioneer period, most Oklahomans lived in the country on homesteads. However, several towns grew with the spread of the railroads. Guthrie, Oklahoma City, Norman, Enid, Woodward, El Reno, Lawton, and other towns developed into regional trade centers. Pioneer farmers marketed grain, cotton, and livestock. Guthrie was the territorial capital with a population of about 6,000 people in 1890, at that time the largest town in Oklahoma Territory.

Statehood

Oklahoma's present state government had its beginning during the territorial period. The guide for forming a government for Oklahoma Territory was a law passed by Congress in 1890, the Oklahoma Organic Act. This law provided for a governor, a secretary, and a supreme court of three judges. The president of the United States appointed these officials. The act provided for a legislature and a congressional delegate to be elected by the voters of Oklahoma Territory.

Land Openings in Oklahoma, 1889 to 1906

The act also divided Oklahoma Territory into temporary counties and provided for county and town governments, and required the territorial capital be located at Guthrie. President Benjamin Harrison appointed George W. Steele of Indiana to be governor. Other territorial governors were Robert Martin (1891­92), Abraham J. Seay (1892­93), William C. Renfrow (1893­97), Cassius M. Barnes (1897­1901), William Miller Jenkins (1901), William C. Grimes (Acting, 10 days in 1901), Thompson B. Ferguson (1901­1906), and Frank Frantz (1906­07). All of these men were Republicans except Governor Renfrow, a Democrat appointed by President Grover Cleveland, also a Democrat. During the territorial period, the Oklahoma Legislature established the foundation of future state government. Laws adopted by the territorial legislature created counties and courts, established the system of public schools, and began formation of the Oklahoma university and college system. The first territorial legislature created three institutions of higher learning: the University of Oklahoma at Norman, the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College at Stillwater, and the Oklahoma Normal School at Edmond. The normal school was to train teachers for the public schools of Oklahoma Territory. White settlers were eager for statehood and held conventions each year. However, Congress did not act on Oklahoma statehood because most congressmen believed Oklahoma Territory should be joined with Indian Territory to form a single, larger state. Until this was done, Congress refused to take any final action on Oklahoma statehood. In 1893 Congress passed a law that extended the Dawes Allotment Act to the Five Civilized Tribes. By 1902 the Dawes

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Land Openings in Oklahoma, 1889­1906

Commission had signed allotment agreements with all of the Five Civilized Tribes and began to assign allotment. There were no surplus lands for homesteaders. The Curtis Act, passed by Congress in 1898, ended tribal rule. The Curtis Act substituted federal law for the laws of the Indian governments. It provided for surveying of townsites and it extended voting rights to more than half a million non-Indians­the permit holders. The Curtis Act abolished tribal courts and made Indian citizens subject to federal courts. With allotment completed and tribal governments abolished, statehood was possible. However, leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes opposed joining Oklahoma Territory. They wanted to form an all-Indian state named &quot;Sequoyah.&quot; Leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes met at Muskogee in 1905 where Creek Chief Pleasant Porter was elected president of the Sequoyah Convention. Alexander Posey, Creek poet and journalist, was elected secretary. The delegates wrote a constitution for the proposed state of Sequoyah. It was approved by the voters of Indian Territory, but Congress refused to consider it. They were preparing to join the Twin Territories to form the state of Oklahoma. On June 16, 1906, Congress passed the Oklahoma Enabling Act. It permitted the people of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory to join and write a constitution. The Constitutional Convention was to meet in Guthrie, and was to consist of 112 delegates. Fifty-five delegates were to be elected from Oklahoma Territory, fifty-five from Indian Territory, and two delegates were to be elected from the Osage Nation. During the summer of 1906, voters in the Twin Territories elected convention delegates. Democratic delegates won one hundred of the convention seats, while Republicans won twelve. Democrat William H. Murray was elected president of the convention. His majority floor leader was Charles N. Haskell. The Republican leader in the convention was Henry Asp. Delegates worked through the winter and drafted a constitution that created three departments for the new government. The executive branch consisted of a governor and eleven other executive officials. The legislative branch consisted of a house of representatives and a senate. The judicial branch was to be made up of a supreme court, district courts, county courts, and municipal courts. The constitution included provisions for initiative and referendum. Citizens could propose laws and could vote on laws submitted to them by the legislature. Social reforms included the eight-hour workday in mines and on public works. Child labor was forbidden. Prohibition, banning the sale of alcoholic beverages, was included. An election in the Twin Territories was held on September 17, 1907, and the people approved the constitution and elected Charles N. Haskell as the state's first governor, upon approval of the U.S. Congress. The constitution was sent to Washington, D.C., and after some study, Congress approved it on November 16, 1907, making Oklahoma the forty-sixth state.

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Governors of the Territory and State of Oklahoma

Territorial Governors

George Washington Steele--Republican--served from 1890 to 1891.

Born December 13, 1839, in Fayette County, Indiana, the first territorial governor read law and was admitted to the bar after completing his studies at Ohio Wesleyan University. He left his law practice in Hartford City, Indiana, to volunteer in the Union Army where he served throughout the Civil War. Returning home, he entered business at Marion, Indiana, and as a Republican, served his locality in Congress from March 4, 1883, to March 3, 1889. His experience in Congress and as an army officer may have influenced President William Henry Harrison to select him as the initial governor of Oklahoma Territory. He took the oath of office in Guthrie on May 22, 1890, and found his hands full trying to bring order out of the chaotic legislative fights that he encountered. The school systems, plus three colleges, and the state library were all established in the course of his term. He resigned effective October 18, 1891, and returned to Indiana where he continued in public service until shortly before his death in Marion on July 12, 1922. Steele is buried in the I.O.O.F. Cemetery in Marion.

Robert Martin--Republican--served from 1891 to 1892. As the

secretary of the territory, Martin served as acting governor from October 18, 1891, when George W. Steele left for Indiana, until February 2, 1892, when Governor Abraham J. Seay took office. Martin was born in Frankfort Springs, Pennsylvania, in 1833. After a law career in Ohio, Martin moved to Wichita, Kansas, and then to Harrison, Oklahoma Territory, in April 1889. He was involved in activity leading to adoption of the Organic Act, and, after moving to El Reno, he was named secretary of the territory. In later political life, he became mayor of Guthrie. He died there on March 2, 1897, and was buried in Summit View Cemetery just northeast of Guthrie.

Abraham Jefferson Seay--Republican--served from 1892 to 1893.

A native of Amherst County, Virginia, Seay was born on November 28, 1832. Three years later his family moved to Osage County, Missouri, where he eventually helped to educate himself while assisting in the care of his ten brothers and sisters. He read law and was admitted to the bar in 1861. He also served in the Civil War, attaining the rank of colonel in the Union Army at the end of the conflict. He returned to Missouri and alternated between private practice and serving as a district judge. Later, he became president of the First National Bank of Rolla, Missouri, an office he held until his death. In the course of that time he served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Oklahoma Territory, from which office he was advanced to the governorship. He took office on February 2, 1892, and served until May 7, 1893. After his death on December 22, 1915, he was buried at Kingfisher.

William Cary Renfrow--Democrat--served from 1893 to 1897. Born March 15, 1845,

at Smithfield, North Carolina, Renfrow left the public schools at seventeen to serve in

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the Confederate Army until 1864. Returning from war he moved to Russellville, Arkansas, in 1865. He was a deputy county official until he entered the banking business in Norman, Oklahoma. He became governor of Oklahoma Territory on May 7, 1893, the only Democrat to serve. During his term, the Cherokee Outlet opened and the Oklahoma Historical Society formed. Four years later he returned to business, operating lead and zinc mines, and promoting oil and gas discoveries in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas. He died on January 31, 1922, and is buried in Russellville, Arkansas.

Cassius McDonald Barnes--Republican--served from 1897 to

1901. Born on August 25, 1845, in Livingston County, New York, Barnes moved in his early life to Michigan where he completed his secondary education. After his Civil War service as a Union soldier he moved to Arkansas. In 1876 he became chief deputy United States marshal, holding that position for ten years. In 1890 he went to Guthrie to become receiver of the United States Land Office. There he read law and in 1893 was admitted to the practice. He served in the third and fourth Oklahoma Territorial Legislatures, and became governor on May 24, 1897. At the end of his tenure he became president of a bank and later was mayor of Guthrie. Later he moved to Kansas, then to New Mexico for his health. He died in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on February 19, 1925, and is buried in Guthrie.

William Miller Jenkins--Republican--served from May 1901

to November 1901, when he was removed from office by President Theordore Roosevelt on November 30. Born on April 25, 1856, in Alliance, Ohio, he received his education there. In Shelby County, Louisiana, he was admitted to the bar in 1893, before moving to Arkansas City, Kansas, to begin his law practice. He made the race into the Cherokee Outlet on September 16, 1893, and secured a homestead in Kay County. He served as secretary of the territory from June 1897 until he became governor on May 12, 1901. Criticism about his involvement with stock purchases in the Oklahoma Sanitarium Company in Norman as well as the death of President William McKinley led to his removal from office in 1901. After a few years in California, he returned to Oklahoma and lived in Sapulpa until his death on October 19, 1941. He is buried in Southern Heights Cemetery in Sapulpa. Thompson B. Ferguson was appointed successor.

William C. Grimes--Republican--served as acting governor from

November 30, 1901 to December 9, 1901--a period of ten days. Grimes was born near Lexington, Ohio, on November 6, 1857, but at age twenty moved to Nebraska where he became a newspaper publisher and owner of a mercantile business. He also served as sheriff of Johnson County, Nebraska, and then moved to Oklahoma just prior to the 1889 Land Run, settling northeast of Kingfisher. He became a strong Republican leader in Oklahoma Territory and served as a U.S. marshal and laid the foundation for establishing a system of law and order in the territory. He later served as secretary of the territory under appointment of President William McKinley. Grimes moved to Oregon and then to California. He died in Santa Monica, California, on April 8, 1931, and is buried there.

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Thompson Benton Ferguson--Republican--served from 1901 to

1906. Born on March 17, 1857, near Des Moines, Iowa, he spent his early years in Kansas where he was educated as a teacher and a Methodist minister. In 1889 he made the run into Oklahoma and secured a claim near Oklahoma City, but returned to Kansas where he was an editor and author. He was a recognized leader in the Republican Party in the territory and state, serving as postmaster and territorial governor under that party. His term was from December 9, 1901, to January 13, 1906. In 1892 he moved to Watonga where he established the newspaper that he continued to publish until his death on February 14, 1921. He is buried in the I.O.O.F. Cemetery in Watonga.

Frank Frantz--Republican--served from 1906 to 1907, the last

territorial governor. He was born on May 7, 1872, at Roanoke, Illinois, and educated there. He made his home in Medford shortly after the opening of the Cherokee Outlet. He served with the &quot;Rough Riders&quot; under Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. After the Spanish-American War he moved to Enid, Oklahoma, where he was named postmaster from 1901 to 1903. He served as Indian agent of the Osage Agency until he assumed the office of governor on January 13, 1906, and remain in office until statehood on November 16, 1907. He lost as the Republican candidate in the first state gubernatorial election. Until his death on March 9, 1941, he was in the oil business. He is buried in Memorial Park Cemetery in Tulsa.

Governors Since Statehood

Charles Nathaniel Haskell--Democrat--served from 1907 to 1911.

Oklahoma's first state governor was born on March 13, 1860, in Putman County, Ohio. He was educated as a lawyer, admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1881, and began practice in Ottawa, Ohio. In 1901 he moved to Muskogee, Indian Territory, where he added to his law practice the promotion of railroads. He was a leader in the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention in 1906. After his term as governor, from November 16, 1907, to January 9, 1911, he engaged in the oil business. He died on July 5, 1933, and is buried in Green Hill Cemetery in Muskogee.

Lee Cruce--Democrat--served from 1911 to 1915. He was born on

July 8, 1863, near Marion, Kentucky. Although he was admitted to the Kentucky Bar in 1887, he never practiced until he joined his older brother's law firm in 1891, at Ardmore, Indian Territory. Ten years later he became cashier of the Ardmore National Bank. In time he advanced to be its president. He served as Oklahoma's second governor from January 9, 1911, to January 11, 1915. In 1930 he was defeated in the primary for the United States Senate. He died on January 16, 1933, in Los Angeles, California. He is buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in Ardmore.

Robert Lee Williams--Democrat--served from 1915 to 1919.

Oklahoma's third governor was born on December 20, 1868, at Brundidge, Alabama. He earned a number of college degrees including LL.D., was admitted to the Alabama Bar in 1891, and began his practice

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in Troy, Alabama. In 1896 he went to Atoka, Indian Territory. His long years of public service included member of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention, 1906 to 1907; chief justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, 1907 to 1914; governor of Oklahoma, January 11, 1915 to January 13, 1919; United States district judge, Eastern District of Oklahoma, 1919 to 1937; and United States circuit judge, Tenth Circuit, 1937 to 1939. He retired in 1939, but continued to serve as needed. He died at his home in Durant, Oklahoma, on April 10, 1948. He is buried in City Cemetery in Durant.

James Brooks Ayers Robertson--Democrat--Served 1919 to 1923.

Robertson was born on March 15, 1871, in Keokuk County, Iowa, and educated in the public schools. In 1893 he moved to Oklahoma and was admitted to the Oklahoma Bar in 1898. He held the following political offices: Lincoln County attorney, 1900 to 1902; Tenth Judicial District of Oklahoma judge, 1909 to 1910; State Capitol Commission member, 1911; Supreme Court Commission member, 1911 to 1914; governor of Oklahoma, January 13, 1919, to January 8, 1923; Democratic Presidential Elector-at-Large, 1932. He died at his home in Oklahoma City, on March 7, 1938. He is buried in Oak Park Cemetery in Chandler.

Jack Callaway Walton--Democrat--served from January 1923 to

November 1923, when he was impeached and convicted. He was born on March 6, 1881, on a farm near Indianapolis, Indiana. After a ten-year stay in Lincoln, Nebraska, he joined the army in 1897. Although he saw no foreign service during the Spanish-American War, he did live in Mexico before coming to Oklahoma City in 1903, as a sales engineer. He was commissioner of public works in 1917; mayor of Oklahoma City, 1919 to 1923; elected governor in 1922, and impeached within the year, serving from January 8, to November 19, 1923; served on the State Corporation Commission from 1933 until 1939, when he retired to enter private law practice. He died on November 25, 1949, and is buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in Oklahoma City.

Martin Edwin Trapp--Democrat--served from 1923 to 1927. Born

on April 18, 1877, in Robinson, Kansas, he was educated almost entirely by association and studied with Mr. McDaniel, a neighbor. He served as Logan County clerk, 1905 to 1907; state auditor, 1907 to 1911; lieutenant governor, 1915 to 1923. After the ouster of Governor Jack Walton, he served as governor from November 19, 1923, until January 10, 1927. He was a dealer in investment securities until his death on July 26, 1951, in Oklahoma City. He is buried in Fairlawn Cemetery in Oklahoma City.

Henry Simpson Johnston--Democrat--served from January 1927

to March 20, 1929, when he was impeached and convicted. Born on December 30, 1867, near Evansville, Indiana, he migrated to Colorado at the age of twenty-four where he studied law and was admitted to the Colorado Bar in 1891. Later he came to Perry, Oklahoma, to practice. He was a member, and temporary presiding officer of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention in 1906. He was elected governor in 1926 and took office on January 10, 1927. He served as president pro tempore of the first Oklahoma Senate, and returned to the Senate from 1933 to 1937. He maintained a law practice in his hometown of Perry until his death on January 7, 1965. He is buried in Perry.

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William Judson Holloway--Democrat--served from 1929 to 1931.

He succeeded Governor Henry Johnston in office and completed the term. A native of Arkadelphia, Arkansas, he was born on December 15, 1888. After graduation from Ouachita College in 1910, he attended the University of Chicago for a time. While he was living in Hugo and working as a high school principal he began to read law. He later completed his course at Cumberland University and was admitted to the practice of law at Hugo. He was elected county attorney in 1916, and was a state senator from 1920 to 1926, serving as president pro tempore. In 1926 he was elected lieutenant governor and advanced to the governor's office upon the impeachment and removal of Governor Johnston. He practiced law in Oklahoma City until his death on January 28, 1970, and is buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in Oklahoma City.

William Henry Murray--Democrat--served from 1931 to 1935.

Probably Oklahoma's most colorful political figure, William Murray was born on November 21, 1869, in Collinsville, Texas. At age twenty, he graduated from College Hill Institute in Springtown, Texas. For the next six years he held various jobs, including day laborer, teacher, editor of a Dallas farm magazine, and of a Corsicana daily newspaper. Admitted to the bar in 1895, he practiced at Fort Worth before moving to Tishomingo, Indian Territory, in 1898. There he became legal advisor to the governor of the Chickasaw Nation. He served as president of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention in 1906; Speaker of the House of Representatives, 1907 to 1908; member of the Sixty-third and Sixty-fourth United States Congresses; and governor of Oklahoma from January 12, 1931, to January 15, 1935. At his urging, the Oklahoma Tax Commission was created. His ranching interests spread to Bolivia, where he established a colony. He wrote articles and books dealing with constitutional rights. He died on October 15, 1956, and is buried in Tishomingo.

Ernest Whitworth Marland--Democrat--served from 1935 to

1939. A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Marland was born on May 8, 1874. He was educated at Park Institute of that city and received his LL.B. from the University of Michigan in 1893. He began his law practice at Pittsburgh, but engaged in the oil production business after moving to Oklahoma. He was president of the Marland Oil Company. Marland was a member of the Seventy-third United States Congress from 1933 to 1935, and served as governor of Oklahoma from January 15, 1935, to January 9, 1939. Before Marland left office, nearly 90,000 Oklahomans were working on 1,300 WPA projects. Marland provided leadership in the development of the Oklahoma Highway Patrol and the Interstate Oil Compact. He died on October 3, 1941. His civic contributions to Ponca City included the Pioneer Woman Statue. He is buried in Ponca City.

Leon Chase Phillips--Democrat--served from 1939 to 1943. Born

on December 9, 1890, in Worth County, Missouri, Phillips moved to Oklahoma at an early age. While a student at Epworth University in Oklahoma City, he studied for the ministry, but changed to law and received his LL.B. from the University of Oklahoma in 1916. He was admitted to the Oklahoma Bar in that year, and later practice before the United States Supreme Court. After service in World War I, he returned to Okemah where he practiced law. He was a member of the Oklahoma Legislature from 1933 to 1938, serving as Speaker of the House in 1935. He served as governor from January 9, 1939, to January 11, 1943. He lived

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in Okemah until his death on March 27, 1958, and is buried in Weleetka.

Robert Samuel Kerr--Democrat--served from 1943 to 1947.

Oklahoma's first native-born governor, Kerr was born near Ada, Indian Territory, on September 11, 1896. He attended college at East Central Normal School, and Oklahoma Baptist University. He was admitted to the Oklahoma Bar in 1922, and practiced in Ada. Beginning as a drilling contractor in 1926, he built up a large oil producing company and at the time of his death was president of the Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, Inc. He served as governor of Oklahoma from January 13, 1943, to January 13, 1947. He was elected to the U.S. Senate on November 2, 1948, and served until his death on January 1, 1963. While governor, Kerr's administration liquidated the state debt. During his tenure in the U.S. Senate, he worked to get the McClellanKerr Arkansas River Navigation System developed, changing much of Oklahoma's landscape. He is buried at his birthplace near Ada.

Roy Joseph Turner--Democrat--served from 1947 to 1951. Turner

was born on November 6, 1894, in Lincoln County, Oklahoma Territory. Upon completion of his high school education, he attended Hill's Business College in Oklahoma City. He was a bookkeeper for Morris Packing Company in Oklahoma City from 1911 to 1915; a salesman for the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company; and after his service in World War I, he was a dealer in real estate, principally in Oklahoma, Florida, and Texas. By 1928 he had become an independent oil producer. In 1933 he established the Turner Ranch at Sulphur, but he maintained a residence in Oklahoma City where he served on the board of education from 1939 to 1946. He served as governor of Oklahoma from January 13, 1947, to January 8, 1951. He lived in Oklahoma City until his death on June 11, 1973. He is buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in Oklahoma City.

Johnston Murray--Democrat--served from 1951 to 1955. He was

born on July 21, 1902, in the mansion of the Chickasaw Nation's governor at Emet, Johnston County, Indian Territory. His early education was governed by the location of the work of his famous father, former Governor William H. Murray. After graduation from the Murray State School of Agriculture in 1924, he went to Bolivia where he lived for four years trying to make a success of his father's colonization expedition there. He received his law degree in 1946, having studied and worked at other things for a number of years. He served as governor from January 8, 1951, to January 1955. He served as an attorney with the State Department of Welfare until his death on April 16, 1974. He is buried at Tishomingo along with his father.

Raymond Dancel Gary--Democrat--served from 1955 to 1959. He

was the first governor to be born in Oklahoma since statehood. Born on January 21, 1908, his birthplace was a farm midway between Madill and Kingston. He was educated in the local schools and Southeastern State College. After five years of teaching he was elected county superintendent of schools and served for four years. In 1936 he began his business career, first in school and office supplies, and later as president of the Sooner Oil Company. He was a state senator from 1941 until he became governor of Oklahoma on January 10, 1955. He died on December 11, 1993, and is buried in Madill.

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James Howard Edmondson--Democrat--served from 1959 to

1963. The youngest governor in the history of the state, Edmondson was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma, on September 27, 1925. He attended elementary and secondary schools in that city and enrolled in the University of Oklahoma after high school graduation. He enlisted in the U.S. Air Force in March 1942, and served until December 5, 1945. He completed his law degree in August 1948. After practicing law in Muskogee, he moved to Tulsa to become the chief prosecutor in the office of the county attorney of Tulsa County. He was elected county attorney in 1954 and was re-elected in 1956. Edmondson was inaugurated governor of Oklahoma on January 8, 1959, after having been elected to that post by the largest majority ever given a gubernatorial candidate in the state. He resigned the office on January 6, 1963, and was appointed to the United States Senate to fill the position left vacant by the death of Robert S. Kerr. At the time of his death on on November 17, 1971, he was a practicing attorney in Oklahoma City, where he is buried.

George Nigh served from January 6 until January 14, 1963, when Bellmon assumed office. Henry Louis Bellmon--Republican--served from 1963 to 1967.

The first Republican governor of the Oklahoma was born in Tonkawa, Oklahoma, on September 3, 1921. He is the son of George and Edith Caskey Bellmon. He attended Colorado State University, later transferring to Oklahoma State University where he was granted the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. Henry Bellmon served with the U.S. Marine Corps from 1942 through 1946, received the Silver Star for action on Saipan and the Legion of Merit for action on Iwo Jima. He was a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives during the Twenty-first Oklahoma Legislature in 1947. He was a farmer in Billings, Oklahoma, at the time of his election as governor. He served from January 14, 1963, to January 9, 1967. He was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1968 and again in 1974, the first Republican in state history to be re-elected to the U. S. Senate. He chose not to run in 1980.

Dewey Follett Bartlett--Republican--served from 1967 to 1971.

The second Republican governor of Oklahoma, Bartlett was born in Marietta, Ohio, on March 28, 1919. He was the son of David A. and Jessie Follett Bartlett. He attended Princeton University where he was granted a BSE degree in Geological Engineering. Dewey Bartlett served in the Marine Corps during World War II as a combat dive-bomber pilot. He received the Air Medal. He was a partner in Keener Oil Company, one of Oklahoma's oldest, small independent oil companies. He was first elected to the Oklahoma Senate in 1962 and was re-elected in 1964. He served as governor from January 9, 1967, to January 11, 1971, and was elected to the U. S. Senate on November 7, 1972. He did not seek re-election because of failing health, and died on March 1, 1979. He is buried in Tulsa.

David Hall--Democrat--served from 1971 to 1975. Hall was born on

October 20, 1930, in Oklahoma City. He is the son of Mr. and Mrs. William A. &quot;Red&quot; Hall. He was Phi Beta Kappa at the University of Oklahoma, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1952. Hall served in the U.S. Air Force from 1952 to 1954. He continued his education at the University of Tulsa, earning his law degree in 1959. He served as assistant county attorney of Tulsa County from 1959 to 1962, and as county

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attorney from 1962 to 1966. In 1968 he returned to the University of Tulsa where he served as professor of law. He was inaugurated governor of Oklahoma on January 11, 1971, following the closest gubernatorial election in the state's history. Hall was indicted by a federal grand jury three days after leaving office. He later served nineteen months of a three-year sentence for extortion and conspiracy convictions.

David Lyle Boren--Democrat--served from 1975 to 1979. Boren was

born in Washington, D.C. , on April 21, 1941, the son of Congressman Lyle H. and Christine McKown Boren. He graduated from Yale University summa cum laude, receiving a BA degree in 1963, graduated with honors with a MA degree from Oxford University, England, in 1965, and received his JD degree in 1968 from the University of Oklahoma, where he was class president of the College of Law. He was an outstanding law graduate and scholar and was selected as a Rhodes Scholar. In addition to his profession as an attorney, he was chairman of the Division of Social Sciences and professor of political science at Oklahoma Baptist University, and also company commander of the Oklahoma Army National Guard. He was elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1967 and served until his election as governor of Oklahoma in November 1974. He was inaugurated on January 13, 1975, and made his home in Seminole before moving into the Governor's Mansion. He is the father of two children, Carrie Christine and David Daniel. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1978, and served successive terms until he became president of the University of Oklahoma in Norman in November 1994.

George Patterson Nigh--Democrat--served from 1979 to 1987. Nigh

was born in McAlester, Oklahoma, on June 9, 1927, the son of Wilbur R. and Irene Crockett Nigh. He attended public schools in McAlester and Eastern Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College at Wilburton, Oklahoma. From June 1945 through September 1946, he served in the U.S. Navy. He was granted a Bachelor of Arts degree from East Central State College, Ada, Oklahoma, in 1950. From 1952 to 1958, he taught at McAlester High School. Nigh served in the House of Representatives from the Twenty-third through the Twenty-sixth Oklahoma Legislatures. He was elected lieutenant governor, the youngest in the state's history, in 1958. In 1963 Nigh became the seventeenth governor of Oklahoma, filling an unexpired 9-day term following the resignation of Governor J. Howard Edmondson. He was elected lieutenant governor again in 1966, 1970, and 1974. He was elected governor on November 7, 1978, and was sworn in on January 3, 1979. Nigh became the twenty-second governor of Oklahoma, serving five days to fill an unexpired term following the resignation of Governor David Boren. He began his regular term as twenty-second governor of Oklahoma on January 8, 1979, and was re-elected in 1982. Nigh was most recently president of the University of Central Oklahoma in Edmond, a position from which he retired in 1997.

Henry Louis Bellmon--Republican--served from 1987 to 1991.

Bellmon was elected the first Republican governor of Oklahoma in November 1962 and then was elected November 4, 1986, to his second term as governor. Bellmon is the first governor to be elected to nonconsecutive terms. He chose not to run in 1990.

David Lee Walters--Democrat--served from 1991 to 1995. Born on

November 20, 1951, near Canute, Oklahoma, in Washita County, Walters is the son of Harold and Evelyn Walters. He graduated as valedictorian from Canute High School

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in 1969, and from the University of Oklahoma in 1973, with a bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering. In 1977 he earned a Master of Business Administration from Harvard University. Walters worked as a project manager in the administration of Governor David Boren, and later served as assistant and associate provost at the OU Health Sciences Center where, at age twenty-nine, he became the youngest executive officer in the university's history. He joined the Burks Group, a commercial real estate company in 1982, and became president of American Fidelity Property Company in 1985. He served on the Commission for the Oklahoma State Department of Human Services in 1983, and was appointed co-chairman of the Governor's 100-member Commission on Government Reform in 1984. On November 6, 1990, Walters was elected governor of Oklahoma, carrying seventyfive of the state's seventy-seven counties. During Walters's term, education funding increased by approximately 30 percent, and a $350-million bond issue for higher education, the first in twenty-five years, brought construction and renovation to every state college campus. While in office, Walters pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor election violation. He did not run for reelection in 1994. He and his wife, Rhonda, have three daughters; a son died in 1991.

Francis Anthony Keating--Republican--elected November 1994

and re-elected in 1998. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, on February 10, 1944, Keating's family moved to Tulsa before he was six months old. He received a Bachelor of Arts in history from Georgetown University in 1966 and earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Oklahoma College of Law in 1969. Keating served as an FBI agent and as an assistant district attorney in Tulsa. From 1972 to 1974, he served in the Oklahoma House of Representatives, and from 1974 to 1981, he served in the Oklahoma Senate and was unanimously elected Republican leader of the Senate. From 1981 to 1986, Keating was the U.S. attorney for the Northern District of Oklahoma and was national chair of the United States Attorneys. He served in both the Reagan and Bush administrations: as assistant secretary of the U.S. Treasury (1988­1989), where he presided over the U.S. prison system, U.S. Marshals, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and all ninety-four U.S. Attorneys; and as acting deputy secretary and general counsel of Housing and Urban Development (1990 to 1993). Keating and his wife, Cathy, are the parents of three children: daughters Carrie and Kelly, and son, Chip.

Brad Henry--Democrat--elected November 2002. Born in Shawnee,

Oklahoma, on July 10, 1963. Henry attended public schools in Shawnee and graduated from Shawnee High School. He attended the University of Oklahoma as a President's Leadership Scholar and earned a bachelor's degree in economics in 1985. In 1988 Henry was awarded his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Oklahoma College of Law, where he served as managing editor of the Law Review. Henry served in the Oklahoma Senate from 1992 to 2002, and as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Governor Henry and his wife, Kim, have three daughters--Leah, Laynie, and Baylee.

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First Ladies of Oklahoma

Oklahoma's first ladies represent a great range of personalities, interests, and backgrounds. They had one common goal--a desire to make a contribution to their state. These contributions varied greatly, especially when considering the continuum of history. Today, and for the past several decades, first ladies adopt a banner cause, or sometimes several, to support through increased awareness and motivating Oklahoma citizens to action. In the beginning of Oklahoma statehood, though, doing much more than taking care of the governor's family while the governor took care of Oklahoma's business was questioned if not condemned. Some first ladies were highly visible, some extremely reclusive, others a source of pride, some a source of embarrassment. Oklahoma's first ladies reflect Oklahoma women in general. They are driven, almost always knowing exactly where they are going. The following is a list of Oklahoma's first ladies and the years they served: Lillian Elizabeth Gallup Haskell, 1907­1911 Isabell Butler Robertson, 1919­1923* Madeleine Orrick Walton, 1923 Lula C. Strang Trapp, 1923­1927 Ethel L. Littleton Johnston, 1927­1929 Amy Arnold Holloway, 1929­1931 Mary Alice Hearrell Murray, 1931­1935 Lydie Roberts Marland, 1935­1939 Myrtle Ellenberger Phillips, 1939­1943 Grayce Breene Kerr, 1943­1947 Jessica Grimm Turner, 1947­1951 Willie Emerson Murray, 1951­1955 Emma Mae Purser Gary, 1955­1959 Jeannette Barleson Edmondson, 1959­1963 Shirley Osborn Bellmon, 1963­1967 Ann Smith Bartlett, 1967­1971 Jo Evans Hall, 1971­1975 Janna Lou Little Boren, 1975 Molly Shi Boren, 1977­1979 Donna Skinner Nigh, 1979­1987 Shirley Osborn Bellmon, 1987­1991 Rhonda Walters, 1991­1995 Cathy Keating, 1995­2003 Kim Henry, 2003­present

* Oklahoma did not have a first lady from 1911 to 1919: Chickie LeFlore Cruce died before her husband, Lee Cruce, became Governor, and Governor Robert Lee Williams never married.

Many of the inaugural gowns worn by Oklahoma's first ladies are displayed at the Kirkpatrick Center in Oklahoma City. Oklahoma's First Ladies, a book by LuCelia Wise, (Evans Publications, Perkins, Oklahoma, 1983) provides some additional information.

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Secretaries of State Since Statehood

The office of the Secretary of State was an elective office from statehood until 1975 when the Oklahoma Constitution was amended and it became an appointive office, running concurrent with the governor and effective January 8, 1979. Passage of State Question 436, on May 3, 1966, made it possible for secretaries of state to succeed themselves.

The Oklahoma Corporation Commission comprises three commissioners who are elected to six-year terms. The terms are staggered so one commissioner vacancy occurs every two years. This pattern was established by lot after election of the first three commissioners in 1907. In-term vacancies are filled by gubernatorial appointment. Appointed commissioners serve until the next regularly scheduled election. Thirty-seven different persons have served on the commission, and there have been forty-eight elections and three initial appointments (and other interim appointments) since statehood. All commissioners have been Democrats except Robert H. (Bob) Anthony, E. R. Hughes, J. C. Watts Jr., Ed Apple, Denise Bode, and Jeff Cloud, all Republicans. Anthony, elected in 1988 and again in 1994 and 2000, was the first Republican commissioner in sixty years. Hughes held the distinction of being the only commissioner to serve two non-successive terms. He was elected in 1920, but lost a 1926 re-election bid. He was elected again in 1928. The commission panel with longest tenure was the twentieth, when Harold Freeman, Wilburn Cartwright and Ray C. Jones sat together for 13 years (1955­68). No other Commission sat longer than eight years without a membership change. The average tenure for a Commission panel is 3.8 years. Commissioners in order of succession are:

* In 1995,J.C. Watts Jr. resigned as commissioner after his election to the U.S. Congress, but didn't vacate this office until 1/9/95, the day Governor Keating was sworn in. Departing Governor Walters attempted to appoint Charles Nesbitt to the commission in December 1994 to fill the vacancy left by Watts. Walters contended the position would be vacant 1/4/95, when Congress convened. Walter's appointment of Nesbitt was denied by the Oklahoma Supreme Court, allowing Keating to appoint Ed Apple.

Original apportionment of the House of Representatives, as provided by the Constitution, authorized at least one representative for each county. In addition, 14 two-county districts and one tri-county district (known as flotorial districts) were created, each of which was to elect one representative. These multicounty districts were superimposed over the single county districts, and were created to provide for population in excess of the minimum specified in the Constitution. This arrangement continued until 1911 when a reapportionment was made on the basis of the 1910 census.

Counties

Atoka and Bryan Alfalfa and Grant Caddo, Canadian and Cleveland Coal and Johnston Comanche and Stephens Craig and Rogers Creek and Tulsa Custer and Washita Garfield and Kingfisher Haskell and Muskogee Hughes and Pittsburg LeFlore and Sequoyah Lincoln and Pottawatomie Pawnee and Payne Pontotoc and Seminole

(1)Resigned.ElectedLt.Governor.PaulStewart(D)electedatSpecialElectionNovember23,1926tofillunexpiredterm. (2)Resigned.FelixSimmons(D)electedatSpecialElectionDecember21,1926tofillunexpiredterm. (3) Died January 2, 1927. J. B. Harper (D) elected at Special Election January 18, 1927. (4) Died January 8, 1929. W. M. Williams (D) elected at Special Election January 29, 1929 to fill unexpired term.

Seminole stickball players (Circa 1900). Stickball is a rough game (similar to modern day Lacrosse), played by not only the Seminole, but many other tribes. Points are scored when a small ball, made of deer hair and hide, strikes a wooden fish or ball on the top of a pole about twenty­eight feet in height. Fewer points are earned when the ball hits the pole..

Gore (D) elected 1930; Josh Lee (D) elected 1936; E.H. Moore (R) elected 1942; Robert S. Kerr (D) elected 1948 (died 1963); J. Howard Edmondson (D) appointed 1­6­63 to fill office until General Election, 1964; Fred R. Harris (D) elected 1964 (for unexpired 2-year term), elected full term 1966; Dewey F. Bartlett (R) elected 1972; David Boren (D) elected 1978, resigned 1994; James Inhofe (R) elected to fill unexpired term at general election, November 1994, elected to full term in 1996.

U.S. Representatives

District 1--Bird S. McGuire (R) elected 1907; James S. Davenport (D) elected 1914;

Congressmen-At-Large--In 1912, the state elected three Congressmen-at-Large:

William H. Murray (D), Joe B. Thompson (D) and Claude Weaver (D). Beginning 1932 to 1940 inclusive, the state nominated and elected one Congressman-at-Large: Will Rogers (D) elected 1932.

*Watkins ran for governor in 1994 as an Independent, and ran as a Republican for Congress in 1996. **No longer districts as of 1950 redistricting that eliminated Districts 7 and 8. ***District 6 eliminated in 2002 re-apportionment.

PoliticalParty Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other

PoliticalParty Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat Republican Other Democrat

Choctaw stickball players lineup. Stickball has been a part of Choctaw life for hundreds of years.

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Photograph courtesy--OklahomaHistoricalSociety

Oklahoma History

Justices of the Supreme Court

The Constitution, Article VII, Section 1, established the Supreme Court of Oklahoma. Section 3 divided the state in five districts, creating the positions of five justices in the court and providing that the number could be changed by law. The Sixth Legislature, R.S. (1917) enacted Senate Bill No. 252 that increased the number of justices from five to nine and redistricted the state into nine Supreme Court Judicial Districts. The act authorized the governor to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one justice from each of the four additional Supreme Court Judicial Districts created. The act further provided for the election of justices at the regular biennial election in 1918. The justices for District Six and Nine were elected for terms of six years, a justice for District Seven was elected for a term of four years and a justice for District Eight was elected for a term of two years, &quot;and thereafter, three of the Justices of the Supreme Court shall be elected at each general biennial election to serve for a term of six years each...&quot; The Sixteenth Legislature, R.S. (1937) enacted Senate Bill No. 249 which authorized each justice of the Supreme Court to appoint a legal assistant, subject to confirmation by the court. Legal assistants were required to have the qualifications of a district judge. The act further authorized the court to appoint two Supreme Court referees having the qualifications of a district judge and one chief legal executive assistant to the chief justice. The chief legal executive assistant was directed to act as marshal. At a Special Election, July 11, 1967, constitutional amendments were adopted to provide a complete reorganization of Oklahoma courts. Beginning in 1968, members of the Supreme Court ran on a nonpartisan statewide retention ballot at the general election only. If retained by the voters, they serve a six-year term. If rejected, the vacancy is filled by the governor.

The Third Legislature, R.S. (1911) enacted House Bill 75 to authorize the Oklahoma Supreme Court to appoint six persons, possessing the qualifications required for justice of the Supreme Court, one from each Supreme Court Judicial District and one from the state at large, to be Supreme Court commissioners. The commissioners were appointed for a two-year term and worked in two divisions known as Supreme Court Commissioners Divisions 1 and 2. The Fourth Legislature, R.S. (1913) enacted House Bill 25 to extend the commission for an additional two years. The provisions and requirements for commissioner were the same as in the previous act. The organization under the acts, the first effective September 1, 1911, was:

1/11/1915. Malcolm E. Rosser (resigned 9/1/1915). C. A. Galbraith, appointed 9/1/1915. The Fifth Legislature, R.S. (1915) enacted Senate Bill 204 authorizing the governor to appoint, with the consent of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, nine persons possessing the qualifications required for justice of the Supreme Court, as Supreme Court commissioners to serve two years; one to be selected from the state at large. The commissioners were divided into groups of three and were designated as Division 1, 2, and 3. The act further authorized the governor to designate not more than nine district judges to act as Supreme Court commissioners for a period of not less than four months at a time. District judges acting as Supreme Court commissioners were divided into groups of three. Each constituted a separate division known as Divisions 4, 5 and 6. All commissioners were subject to removal at any time by the governor. The assignments under Division 4, 5 and 6 are too complicated to show in a tabulation. Organization under Divisions 1, 2 and 3, which became effective April 1, 1915:

appointed 9/19/1916. W. R. Bleakmore, J. B. Dudley (resigned 2/15/1916). Sam Hooker, reassigned from Division 2 to Division 3, 2/15/1916. The Sixth Legislature, R.S. (1917) enacted House Bill 19 to authorize the governor to appoint, with the consent of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, nine persons possessing the qualifications of the justice of the Supreme Court, as Supreme Court commissioners. The commissioners were divided into groups of three each and designated as Divisions 1, 2 and 3, and were subject to removal only in cases of impeachment as provided in impeachment of justices of the Supreme Court. The commissioners served until November 30, 1918. The following was the organization under the act effective March 31, 1917.

J. M. Springer, appointed 2/26/1918. Sam Hooker. The Ninth Legislature, R.S. (1923) enacted Senate Bill 35 to authorize the governor to appoint, with the consent of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, fifteen persons possessing the qualifications required for justice of the Supreme Court, as Supreme Court commissioners, and to serve until December 31, 1926. The following was the organization under the act, effective March 16, 1923:

The Eleventh Legislature, R.S. (1927) enacted Senate Bill 38 to authorize the governor to appoint, with the consent of seven members of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, nine persons possessing qualifications for justice of the Supreme Court and one from each Supreme Court Judicial District, as Supreme Court commissioners. Commissioners were to hold office at the pleasure of the Supreme Court, but for a term not longer than December 31, 1930. The commissioners were divided into two divisions with one presiding commissioner over both divisions. The following was the organization under the Act effective March 25, 1927:

Eagleton Jr., appointed 2/13/1930. W. C. Hall. The Twenty-fifth Legislature, R.S. (1955) enacted House Bill 547 to authorize the governor to appoint, with the consent of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, three persons possessing the qualifications for justice of the Supreme Court, as Supreme Court commissioners. The commissioners were to hold office at the pleasure of the Supreme Court or until the expiration of the act, April 1, 1959, unless it was previously repealed. The following was the organization under the act, effective June 3, 1955: J. W. Crawford (resigned 7/7/1957)--no appointment made. James H. Nease Jean R. Reed (resigned 4/30/1957)--no appointment made.

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Court of Criminal Appeals History

The highest court in Oklahoma with exclusive appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases was established and named the Criminal Court of Appeals by the First Legislature, R.S. (1907­08) when it enacted House Bill 397. The act provided &quot;If in any case appealed to the Criminal Court of Appeals, in which the construction of the Constitution of this State, or of the United States, or any Act of Congress is brought in question, the said Criminal Court of Appeals shall certify to the Supreme Court of the State, the question involving the construction of the Constitution of this State, or of the United States, or any Act of Congress for final determination of the question so certified.&quot; The act further provided that the judges should be appointed by the governor, by and with the consent and advice of the Senate. The judges appointed were to hold office until January 1, 1911, when the court was to terminate, unless continued by the legislature. The Second Legislature, R.S. (1909) enacted House Bill 33 which perpetuated the Criminal Court of Appeals. The act repealed all prior laws in conflict and gave the court exclusive appellate jurisdiction. In case of a vacancy in the office of a judge of the court, the governor was authorized to fill the vacancy by appointment for the unexpired term, or until the first succeeding biennial election. The judges of the court who were in office at the time the act took effect were to continue in office until the expiration of their term of office under their appointment, and until their successors were duly elected and qualified. The act further provided for the first election of judges at the General Election in 1910. The state was divided into three Criminal Court of Appeals Judicial Districts, designated respectively as the Eastern, Northern and Southern Criminal Court of Appeals Judicial Districts. The Twenty-seventh Legislature, R.S. (1959) enacted Senate Bill 36, which changed the name from Criminal Court of Appeals to Court of Criminal Appeals. At a Special Election, July 11, 1967, constitutional amendments were adopted to provide a complete reorganization of Oklahoma courts. Beginning in 1968 judges of the Court of Criminal Appeals ran on a nonpartisan statewide retention ballot at the General Election only. If retained by the voters, judges serve a six-year term. If rejected, the vacancy is filled by appointment of the governor. In 1987 redistricting created two new positions on the court.

Authorized by Article 7, § 1 of the Oklahoma Constitution, the Oklahoma Legislature first established the Court of Appeals of the State of Oklahoma by adoption of 20 O.S. Supp. 1968 § 30.1 (S.B. 697). In 1970 the legislature amended § 30.1 and added § 30.2 et seq., S.B. 563. As initially established, the court consisted of six judges, one elected from each of the six congressional districts (see 20 O.S. 1971 § 30.9) in nonpartisan elections for a term of six years. Staggered initial terms commencing in 1971 were provided for in § 30.9, giving the judges from the first and second districts two years, judges from the third and fourth districts four years, and judges from the fifth and sixth districts six years. The court initially consisted of two permanent divisions with one to sit in Tulsa County and one to sit in Oklahoma County (20 O.S. 1971 § 30.2). In 1982, by adopting H.B. 1611, the legislature amended the statutes to add six judges to the court, one from each of the six congressional districts. These additional judges first took office January 1983. For the additional positions, the legislature adopted a staggered initial term plan identical to the plan provided initially under § 30.9. By this same legislation, two additional permanent divisions of the court were established so that two divisions sit in Oklahoma County (Divisions I and III) and two divisions sit in Tulsa County (Divisions II and IV). In 1987, by adopting S.B. 22, the legislature abolished the nonpartisan election for judges of the court and provided for retention in 20 O.S. 1991 § 30.15­30.18. Under this plan, as with the Oklahoma Supreme Court and the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, a retention question is placed on the general election ballot as to each judge at the general election immediately preceding the expiration of that judge's term. Effective November 1, 1996, the legislature changed the name of the court to the &quot;Court of Civil Appeals of the State of Oklahoma,&quot; 20 O.S. Supp. 1996 § 30.1 (S.B. 1036).

Members of the 1901 Wichita/Caddo Baseball Team. American Indian tribes have a long tradition of playing baseball, both on and off the reservation, amateur and professional. At least twenty­one full­blooded Indians have played major league baseball since Louis Sockalexis (Penobscot) first broke into the pros in 1897--including sports stars Jim Thorpe and Allie Reynolds.

Information contained in the &quot;Oklahoma Museums Guide&quot; published by the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department was used to compile this list of museums. The museums are listed by city in this section, however if the city is not known, please refer to the index where museums are listed alphabetically by name. To obtain a copy of the guide, call 1­800­652­6552. The guide gives hours of operation, admission prices and other information. For more information about Oklahoma museums and historical sites and societies, contact the Oklahoma Museums Association at 2100 NE 52nd Street, Oklahoma City 73111--405/424­7757, or www.okmuseums.org. You may also wish to contact the Oklahoma Historical Society-- 2100 N Lincoln Boulevard, Oklahoma City 73105--405/522­5241, or www.ok-history.mus. ok.us. More tourism information can be found at www.travelok.com

Forty theme rooms in main building include a chapel, kitchen, living room, military room, Oklahoma room, gun room, clothes room, hat room and other exhibits dating from the mid­1800s to 1900s. Agricultural building displays small agricultural items and a one-room schoolhouse.

Stevens-Carter Museum of Natural History

Jesse Dunn Hall, Northwestern Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Boulevard, Alva, Oklahoma 73717--580/327­8564 Museum features fossils and geological and archaeological materials, including an endangered species collection and other natural history items.

Anadarko

Anadarko Heritage Museum

311 East Main Street, Anadarko, Oklahoma 73005--405/247­3240 Railroad memorabilia is displayed in ticket office. Military equipment and uniforms, American Indian doll collection, paintings, costumes, artifacts, photographic collection, pioneer physician's office and country store also are featured.

Delaware Nation Museum

2 miles north of Anadarko on US­281 Box 825, Anadarko, Oklahoma 73005--405/247­2448 Displays of traditional clothing, beadwork and artifacts of the Delaware Nation. Gift shop.

101 West Evans, P.O. Box 101, Apache, Oklahoma 73006--580/588­3392 Housed in a frontier bank, built in 1901, the museum features original fixtures, records, photo gallery, and town history items. Listed on the National Register of Historic Sites.

31 Sunset Drive, P.O. Box 225, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402--580/226­5522 Six thousand square feet of military artifacts, from the Civil War to Desert Storm. Located within the Greater Southwest Historical Museum.

Tucker Tower Museum and Nature Center

Lake Murray Resort Park--3310 S. Lake Murray Drive P.O. Box 1649, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401--580/223­2109 The museum pays tribute to one of the most unusual geological formations in the U.S. Exhibits include one of the world's largest known meteorites. Housed in 1930s governor's retreat built by the WPA, includes natural and cultural history of the Lake Murray area.

6th and Main, P.O. Box 849, Barnsdall, Oklahoma 74002--918/847­2023 Town was once named Bigheart in honor of a prominent Osage chief. Cherokee and Osage Nation artifacts and oil refinery items.

Bartlesville

Bartlesville Community Center

Adams and Cherokee--300 East Adams P.O. Box 1027, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003--918/337­2787 The $13 million center, designed by the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, features an art gallery, conference center and 1,700­seat auditorium.

Bartlesville History Museum

401 S Johnstone, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003--918/338­4290 Local history of a three-county area is presented with genealogy of Indians and pioneers.

Frank Phillips' Home

1107 S. Cherokee, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003--918/336­2491 The 26­room mansion of Frank Phillips, founder of Phillips Petroleum Company, was built in 1908 and is elaborately restored with 1930s furnishings and art.

Laquinta Foster Mansion

2201 Silverlake Road, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74006--918/336­6943

Wesleyan Campus

A Registered National Historical Site, this Spanish-style mansion was built in 1932. It houses the Bartlesville Wesleyan College Library and has 32,000 square feet in 32 rooms with elegant architectural detail.

Nellie Johnstone Oil Well

Johnstone Park, North Cherokee Avenue, Located on the original site, Oklahoma's first commercial oil well has been restored.

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Price Tower Arts Center

510 Dewey Avenue, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003--918/336­4949 Guided tours of this 1956 Frank Lloyd Wright-designed office building are available. The entire 221­foot tower is based on a diamond modular of 30 to 60 degree triangles, entirely supported by four interior columns. Exhibitions and educational opportunities are available throughout the year. A new restaurant and 21­room boutique hotel are scheduled to open in the tower in March 2003. www.pricetower.org

Sutton Avian Research Center

5 miles south of Bartlesville on Gap Road Box 2007, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74005--918/336­7778 Exhibits promote conservation and education about endangered and rare species of birds.

South Douglas Street, County Fairgrounds P.O. Box 457, Beaver, Oklahoma 73932--580/625­4439 Antiques of No Man's Land, disputed territory of surrounding states, are exhibited. The items include clothing, saddles, old pictures and a special exhibit of antique medical supplies.

Bernice

Darryl Starbird Rod and Custom Car Hall of Fame Museum

55251 East SH­85A, Afton, Oklahoma 74331--918/257­4234 Fifty custom built cars and street rods, hall of fame for famous custom designers, photographs and memorabilia, all indoors.

Contemporary artworks are displayed along with historical treasures--such as the Caddos' signature pottery.

Renfrow-Miller Museum

207 S. Broadway, P.O. Box 102, Billings, Oklahoma 74630--580/725­3610 Stonework home and office of a physician who settled in 1903 after the Cherokee Strip Land Run.

Blackwell

Top of Oklahoma Historical Society's Cherokee Outlet Museum

303 S. Main Street, Blackwell, Oklahoma 74631--580/363­0209 Early pioneer history of the Cherokee outlet is featured. The museum is located in the Blackwell Electric Park Pavilion­built in 1912­the state's oldest public building in continuous use for public meetings. Includes items from the 1893 Cherokee Strip Land Run to the present.

Boise City

Autograph Rock

Call for permission and directions--580/544­3379 Approximately 200 signatures, some from the 1840s, of travelers who crossed the Santa Fe Trail.

Bomb Memorial

Town Square, 580/544­3344 Display of one of several bombs mistakenly dropped on the city during testing in WWII.

Beavers Bend State Park, P.O. Box 157, Broken Bow, Oklahoma 74728--580/494­6497 History of forestry research is presented through dioramas depicting the evolution of the forest. A hand carved 22­foot-tall Indian statue decorates the center's entrance.

www.beaversbend.com/fhc.htm

Gardner Mansion and Museum

Six miles east of Broken Bow on US­70 Rt. 1, Box 576, Broken Bow, Oklahoma 74728--580/584­6588 The 1880s home of Jefferson Gardner, principal chief of the Choctaw tribe, houses prehistoric and historic Indian artifacts from eastern Oklahoma. Includes a 2,000­year-old cypress tree killed by lightning in 1982.

810 N 8th Street, Cache, Oklahoma 73527--580/429­3238 Collection of 15 historical buildings, with original furniture. Buildings include 1884 home of the Comanche Chief, which has stars painted on the roof to mimic those on uniforms of U.S. military.

Caddo

Caddo Indian Territory Museum and Library

110 Buffalo Street, P.O. Box 274, Caddo, Oklahoma 74729--580/367­2787

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The museum houses pioneer items, Indian artifacts and a library. Includes horse-drawn fire cart, blacksmith shop, and arrowhead collection.

¼ mile west of Carnegie on SH­9--P.O. Box 369, Carnegie, Oklahoma 73015--580/654­2300 Artifacts, art work and resource materials of the Kiowa tribe are featured. Ten murals by Kiowa artists interpret the heritage of the Kiowa people, from pre-history to the present.

Catoosa

Tulsa Port of Catoosa-Arkansas Waterway Museum

3 miles north of Tulsa on US­169 (exit 46 Street North) 5350 Cimarron Road, Catoosa, Oklahoma 74015--918/266­2291 The head of navigation for the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, Tulsa's port links the Arkansas River with 2,500 miles of inland waterways stretching from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi River to the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway. Museum features artifacts and memorabilia representing development of the waterway.

7 mi NE of Checotah off Business­69 NE of Rentiesville 1863 Honey Springs Battlefield Road--918/473­5572 Site of the territory's largest Civil War battle, this &quot;Gettysburg of the West&quot; involved Black, Hispanic, and Indian soldiers. Monuments and interpretive signs on site.

1 mile south and 4 miles west of Chelsea off US­66--918/789­2220 Replica of an old-fashioned oil well proclaimed as the state's first non-commercial oil well.

Hogue House

1 block west of SH­66, 1001 S. Olive, Chelsea, Oklahoma 74016--918/789­2220 Drive-by photo opportunity of the only known Sears Roebuck-constructed home west of the Mississippi, built for the owner in 1913.

Cherokee

Alfalfa County Historical Society

US­64 and SH­8 117 W Main Street, P.O. Box 201, Cherokee, Oklahoma 73728--580/596­2960 Early Alfalfa County life, from the Land Run of 1893. Former hotel houses Cherokee Strip memorabilia, old-fashioned kitchen, school room, printing press, and war items.

2 miles west and north of Cheyenne on SH­47 and SH­47A P.O. Box 252, Cheyenne, Oklahoma 73628--580/497­2742 The monument and memorial were erected in remembrance of the November 1868 battle between Chief Black Kettle's tribe and General George Custer. The battlefield is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Chickasha

Grady County Historical Museum

415 Chickasha Avenue, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018--405/224­6480 Housed in the Dixie Building, a 1907 former grocery store with period rooms, featuring area history and Harvey House items.

Oklahoma Historic Film Repository

University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma campus 17th and Grand, Chickasha, Oklahoma 73018--405/224­3140, Ext. 323 Exhibits: Rare Oklahoma film footage available to patrons on videotape.

N.E. 23rd and Henney Road, Choctaw, Oklahoma 73020--405/390­2607 The museum has a miscellaneous collection of railroad items, historical photographs of early Choctaw Indians and many small items of pioneer memorabilia. Temporarily closed for repairs.

121 N. Weenonah, Claremore, Oklahoma 74017­2099--918/627­2716 A large collection of memorabilia is featured from Riggs' professional life as a writer and author of the play &quot;Green Grow the Lilacs,&quot; from which the musical &quot;Oklahoma!&quot; was taken. Displays include the surrey used in the original production of &quot;Oklahoma!&quot;

Oklahoma Military Academy Memorial

Rogers State University campus, Will Rogers Boulevard and College Hill Maurice Meyer Hall, Claremore, Oklahoma 74017­2099--918/343­7773 Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the academy pays tribute to the corps of cadets who attended the prestigious Oklahoma Military Academy, now Rogers University.

Will Rogers Memorial

1720 W. Will Rogers Boulevard, SH­88 P.O. Box 157, Claremore, Oklahoma 74017--918/341­0719 or 800/324­9455 Rogers' burial site, and museum relating life and times of the famed humorist and film star, including a children's interactive center, theater, and gift shop. www.willrogers.org

406 S. Colcord Avenue, Colcord, Oklahoma 74338--918/326­4532 Farm machinery from 1900s though WWII. More than 9,000 historical items, including a genealogy library with more than 3,000 books. Collection includes Cherokee and other tribal artifacts and documents.

P.O. Box 520, 1110 W. Main, Collinsville, Oklahoma 74021--918/371­1901 Features history and photos of the people and city of Collinsville, newspaper production equipment dating to 1899.

Cordell

Washita County Museum

P.O. Box 153, 105 E. First Street, Cordell, Oklahoma 73632--580/832­3681 or 580/832­2053 Chuckwagon and farm home displays, photographs, and numerous other items. Records of the settlement and development of Washita County from 1890 to present.

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Covington

Covington Historical Museum

Senior Center--3rd and Main, Covington, Oklahoma 73730--580/864­7612 Pictures of early Covington from the oil boom of the 1920s.

1 1/2 miles south of SH­33 on Kings Highway, Santa Fe Depot P.O. Box 844, Cushing, Oklahoma 74023--918/225­1657 Santa Fe Depot from Yale, Oklahoma, is restored to 1930s condition, and houses an extensive library about railroads. A large collection of railroad items is also featured.

5­1/2 miles east of Highway 75 on Durham Road 402621 W 1600 Road, Dewey, Oklahoma 74029--918/534­2662 The oldest ranch in Oklahoma still operated by the same family. The museum contains a replica of an 1800s prairie village. Texas longhorn herd on site. Catered meals and entertainment by reservation.

301 East Broadway, Old Santa Fe Depot P.O. Box 668, Drumright, Oklahoma 74030--918/352­2204 Old oilfield equipment, tools, clothes, home furnishings, tapes from early day citizens and murals depict the history of the oilfield and area.

US­81 and Beech, Fuqua Park--Duncan, Oklahoma 73533--580/252­0717 The Boomer Room­pioneer life from 1877 to 1920--includes Indian artifacts, Chisholm Trail displays, photographs and replicas of a surrey, covered wagon and blacksmith shop. The Sooner Room--life from 1920 to 1977--features the history of Halliburton Services and its impact on the oil industry from the innovation of cementing methods to the present off-shore drilling techniques. Gift shop.

15 miles NW of Durant on SH­199--15 miles East of Madill HC 62, Box 213, Durant, Oklahoma 74701--580/924­6502 The ruins of a U.S. fort constructed in 1842 features General Cooper's cabin and reconstructed south barracks. The fort provided protection for the civilized Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians against the Plains Indians in the mid­1800s.

Three Valley Museum

16th and Elm streets--P.O. Box 1191, Durant, Oklahoma 74701--580/920­1907 Housed in the basement of 1909 building that serves as Choctaw Nation headquarters, features artifacts of early statehood.

Durham

Break O'Day Farms and Metcalfe Museum

9 miles north of Cheyenne, Oklahoma on SH 283; 12 miles west on SH 33, Durham, Oklahoma 73642--580/655­4467 Five buildings of memorabilia, spinning wheels, historic photographs, guns, blacksmith items, farm equipment. Repository for the works of pioneer &quot;Sage Brush&quot; artist Augusta Metcalf.

Evans Hall, Room 103--100 N. University Drive, Edmond, Oklahoma 73034--405/974­2000 Permanent collections include original graphics, paintings, prints, drawings, photographs and political cartoons, as well as sculpture and artifacts from various world cultures.

The museum features an American Indian display, Darlington and Concho items, Fort Reno display, model trains, original ticket office for Rock Island Railroad. There are 1880s cattle brands, old schoolhouse, the El Reno Hotel built in 1892, and the first Red Cross canteen built in 1917.

Fort Reno

4 miles west of El Reno and 2 miles north off US­66 P.O. Box 1199, El Reno, Oklahoma 73036--405/262­3987 Now a federal and state agricultural station, the fort was a cavalry outpost from 1875­1908. The grave of General Custer's head scout, Ben Clark, is located here, along with a WWII POW cemetery.

Elk City

Old Town Museum Complex

2717 West Highway 66, Elk City, Oklahoma 73648--580/225­3230 Turn-of-the-century, gingerbread-style home furnished in the late Victorian style includes rodeo and Indian rooms, a wagon yard, Rock Bluff schoolhouse, and replicas of a 1900s chapel and of the Katy Depot. The complex also features a town square with replicas of early-day businesses. The latest attraction, the National Route 66 Museum, opened in 1998.

Enid

Humphrey Heritage Village

507 South Fourth Street, Enid, Oklahoma 73701--580/237­1907 Includes an elaborate Victorian style home, original land office where pioneers filed their 1893 land run claims, Enid's oldest church building and original one-room school house.

Owen K. Garriott and 4 Streets--507 S. 4 Street, Enid, Oklahoma 73701--580/237­1907 Artifacts and materials pertaining to settlement of the Cherokee Outlet are displayed in the museum. The barn features farm exhibits.

Railroad Museum of Oklahoma

702 N. Washington, Enid, Oklahoma 73701--580/233­3051

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Railroad memorabilia from across the nation, dining car china, telegraph equipment, history compiled on all railroads that ran though Oklahoma, more than 5,000 postcards from depots located all over the world.

Erick

100th Meridian Museum

Shed Wooley Avenue and Roger Miller Boulevard P.O. Box 564, Erick, Oklahoma 73645--580/526­3221 The museum relates the story of the 100th Meridian of longitude from prehistoric times to the present. Built as the First National Bank in 1907, the building is now on the National Register of Historic Places. An authentic replica of a First National Bank teller's cage is featured.

110 East Ash, P.O. Box 457, Ft. Gibson, Oklahoma 74434--918/478­2669 Originally built in 1824, these stockade houses were reconstructed in the 1930s with displays focusing on the Seventh Infantry. The Garrison Hill area has a reconstructed bakery and restored 1870s barracks with furnished period rooms. The first army post in Indian Territory operating from 1824­1890.

Fort Gibson National Cemetery

1423 Cemetery Road--1 mile east of Ft. Gibson on US­62 Rt. 2, Box 47, Ft. Gibson, Oklahoma 74434--918/478­2334 Established as a national cemetery in 1861, burial place for veterans from the War of 1812 to Persian Gulf War. Self-guided walking tours.

Historic Garrett House Museum

504 E. Coppinger Avenue, Fort Gibson, Oklahoma 73701--918/478­3747 Built in 1867 as the commanding officers residence. Renovated and restored in 1997. Original home contained a ballroom on the 3rd floor.

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Fort Sill

U.S. Army Field Artillery and Fort Sill Museum

437 Quanah Road, Fort Sill--4 miles north of Lawton on I­44 Lawton, Oklahoma 73503­5100--580/442­5123 This national historic landmark features the history of old Fort Sill and field artillery from the Revolutionary War to the present. Eight exhibit buildings include Geronimo's Guardhouse, Old Stone Corral, graves of Geronimo and other Indian chiefs. A visitor's center is located on the grounds of this 1869 Army post.

Fort Supply

Fort Supply Historic Site

1 mile east of Ft. Supply on SH 270 and SH 3 P.O. 247, Ft. Supply, Oklahoma 73841--580/766­3767 Five historic structures from the frontier military days (1868­1894), small museum with Army memorabilia.

Fort Towson

Fort Towson Historic Site

1 mile northeast of Ft. Towson on Highway 70 HC 63, Box 1580, Ft. Towson, Oklahoma 74735--580/873­2634 Ruins of the 1824­1854 army post with artifacts on display. Site of Civil War General Stand Watie's surrender in 1865.

Foyil

Totem Pole Park

4 miles east of town on SH­28A--918/342­9149 Fantasy roadside park created by folk artist Ed Galloway in the 1940s as a tribute to the American Indians. Unique structures--90­foot concrete totem pole.

3 miles south of US­64 on SH­50 in the Freedom City Park Box 125, Freedom, Oklahoma 73842--580/621­3276 Six-foot tall, fifteen-foot wide, red granite monument dedicated to cowboys of the Cherokee Strip.

On US­64, west of Buffalo, MKT Depot--Box 27, Gate, Oklahoma 73844--580/934­2004 Farm and home items, Civil War memorabilia, ancient bones, prehistoric elephant tusks, Indian artifacts, newspapers of the area and other displays which depict life in the early days of the Oklahoma panhandle.

Dedicated to the &quot;Singing Cowboys of the `B' Western Movies&quot; offering memorabilia of Western film stars.

Goodwell

No Man's Land Historical Museum

Panhandle State University Campus--207 W. Sewell Street P.O. Box 278, Goodwell, Oklahoma 73939--580/349­2670 The history of No Man's Land and the Dust Bowl, as well as an art gallery, a library, William E. Baker archaeological collection and the Duckett alabaster carvings collection are featured.

On Lake Road 1, three miles west of Grove off US­59 4404 W. 20 Street, Grove, Oklahoma 74344--918/786­3488 Self-guided tours through 116 buildings furnished with items and artifacts that re-create all aspects of the area's early settlement. Ecology Center and Nature Trail program promote ecotourism. Docent presentations on the area's ecology available.

Guthrie

Guthrie Historic District

Guthrie, Oklahoma 73044--405/282­1949 The 1400­acre site is the largest urban acreage on the National Register of Historic Places. The 14­block original downtown area also contains the largest collection of restored Victorian commercial buildings in the United States. The district has been restored to resemble 1910, the last year it served as Oklahoma's capital. www.guthrieok.com

Guthrie Scottish Rite Masonic Temple

Capitol and Oklahoma streets--900 East Oklahoma P.O. Box 70, Guthrie, Oklahoma 73044--405/282­1281 Located on the site designated in 1890 as land for the Oklahoma Capitol, the temple is one of the largest Masonic buildings in the world. It features 17 rooms including two elaborate theaters. All rooms are furnished with authentic decorations, furniture and artifacts of ancient civilizations and cultures.

Ash and Oklahoma streets--402 E. Oklahoma, Guthrie, Oklahoma 73044--405/282­1889 The late Victorian-style museum is attached to the Carnegie Library building, which was the site of the inaugurations of the last territorial governor and the state's first governor. Displays of all phases of life in Oklahoma Territorial times--1889­1907, are featured including the artwork of Frederick A. Olds.

State Capital Publishing Museum

Second and Harrison streets--301 W. Harrison, Guthrie, Oklahoma 73044--405/282­4123 The museum is the site of the Capital Publishing Company, publisher of Oklahoma's first newspaper. Displays pertain to the settlement of Oklahoma, the development of the State Capital Company, and printing and publishing technology. Included are a restored Victorian salesroom, a working pressroom, and a turn-of-the-century platen, cylinder presses, and linotypes.

Once the home of a prominent Choctaw leader, this house, built in 1867, features period furnishings. Displays detail the &quot;Trail of Tears&quot; period of Indian removal to Oklahoma.

Healdton

Healdton Oil Museum

315 E. Main on SH­76, Healdton, Oklahoma 73438--580/229­0900 Oil field equipment, photographs and books relating to the oil industry. Site of what was once the richest oilfield in the world.

Heavener

Peter Conser Historic Home

4 miles south and 3 miles west of Heavener off US­59/270 HC 64, Box 3725, Heavener, Oklahoma 73937--918/653­2493 The restored--1894 home and barn of Peter Conser, outstanding leader of the Choctaw Lighthorsemen, features the original furnishings.

Heavener Runestone State Park

2 miles east of Heavener on Morris Creek Road Rt. 1, Box 74G, Heavener, Oklahoma 73937--918/653­2241 A 12­foot high monument-like stone bears Runic alphabet markings dating 600 to 800 AD. The inscriptions are believed to have been carved by Viking explorers 500 years before Columbus. An interpretive center is on the grounds as well as a gift shop and amphitheater.

Henryetta

Henryetta Art Association Museum

621 West Main, Henryetta, Oklahoma 74437--918/652­7868 Permanent display of work by local artists, plus a gallery of local art available for purchase.

1 mi. south of downtown on US­281--801 S. Broadway, Hinton, Oklahoma 73047--405/542­ 3181 More than 3,000 articles relating to the Hinton area and its history. Museum is located in a house built before 1909. The 15,000­square foot facility houses one of the state's largest horse

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carriage collections, antique cars from Model T's to Edsels, and antique bicycles from 1910 to 1960s.

Downtown on SH­62--102 W. Broadway, Hollis, Oklahoma 73550--580/688­9545 Area history with rotating displays and work of local artists, dinosaur bones, covered wagon and blacksmith shop.

Hominy

Fred Drummond Home

3 blocks northwest of SH­99 and SH­20 junction 305 N. Price, Hominy, Oklahoma 74035--918/885­2374 The 1905 Victorian-style home of a merchant/ranching family is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It contains almost all of its original furnishings, guided tours.

2 miles south of Hugo on US­271 and 2 miles west on SH­271A HC 79, Box 70, Hugo, Oklahoma 74743--580/326­7568 Two structures available for viewing on the campus are the Presbyterian Church erected in 1850 and a log cabin, dating to 1837, that was occupied by a Choctaw chief. An 1848 building remains in use as an orphanage and school for Indian children.

South of Idabel on US­70 bypass 812 E. Lincoln Road, Idabel, Oklahoma 74745--580/286­3616 The museum features artifacts of American Indian cultures of North and South America, archaeology of the Red River Basin.

Indianola

Choate House Museum

403 W Walnut, P.O. Box 239, Indianola, Oklahoma 74442--918/823­4421 The double log cabin with dogtrot was built in 1867 by George Choate, a leader of the Choctaw Nation. The house is filled with pre-statehood furniture and items, barn and outbuildings. Shown by appointment.

Jay

Delaware County Historical Society and Marie Wallace Museum

538 Krause Street, P.O. Box 567, Jay, Oklahoma 74346--918/253­4345 Artifacts and exhibits from across the nation, including toy trains, buggies, wagons, and American Indian and Trail of Tears items.

Jenks

Oklahoma Aquarium

West Bank of the Arkansas River, between 96 Street and the Creek Turnpike 918­296­FISH The Oklahoma Aquarium offers nearly 200 exhibits including ten major galleries with more than 4,000 creatures from the earth's waters.

16 miles northeast of Ponca City on Highway 11 P.O. Box 56, 910 Washunga Drive, Kaw City, Oklahoma 74641--580/762­3046 Housed in 1902 depot, exhibits relate the history of the area. Indian artifacts are on display.

Kenton

Dinosaur Tracks

6 miles North of Kenton--580/544­3344 Preserved in sandstone creek bed.

10 miles south of Sallisaw on US­59--1/4 mile west on Overstreet-Kerr Road Rt. 2, Box 693, Keota, Oklahoma 74941--918/966­3396 140­acre farm features 1895 home, outbuildings and early livestock breeds, including Choctaw ponies and pigs and Spanish goats.

Kingfisher

Chisholm Trail Museum

605 Zellers Avenue, Kingfisher, Oklahoma 73750--405/375­5176 The museum traces the history of the Chisholm Trail and features Indian artifacts, a restored log cabin, schoolhouse, church and bank. Site is an original trade route opened by Jesse Chisholm in 1861.

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Governor A.J. Seay Mansion

605 Zellers Avenue, Kingfisher, Oklahoma 73750--405/375­5176 The home of the second territorial governor, built in 1892, features period furnishings.

Krebs

Krebs Heritage Museum

85 Main Street, Krebs, Oklahoma--918/426­0377 Area history and artifacts, coal mining history exhibits and equipment, military exhibits and artifacts dating from Revolutionary War period to present.

Langley

Dahl's Fiddlers Memorial

Powder Horn Park--off Highway 82--1 block west of Post office Langley, Oklahoma 74350--918/782­9850 An outdoor commemorative area dedicated to the memory of famous deceased fiddlers.

Langston

Beulah Land Cemetery

off SH­33, northeast of Langston University Markers of town founders and former slaves echo the town's early history as an all-black city in Oklahoma Territory.

Morris House

Tolson and Hale, Langston, Oklahoma 73050--405/466­2271 Circa 1904, the only building remaining from Langston's territorial period. Formerly a boarding house for Oklahoma's Colored Agricultural and Normal College. Listed on the Oklahoma Historical Register.

Melvin B. Tolson Black Heritage Center

Langston University, Langston, Oklahoma 73050--405/466­3346 African American art, books, records, the state's only resource center for the study of African and African American history.

Laverne

Laverne Museum

First and Broadway streets, Laverne, Oklahoma 73848--580/921­3941 Indian artifacts, glass shoe collection, Jayne Jayroe items, an art room and a Western room are displayed.

P.O. Box 311, 1006 S.W. 5 Street, Lawton, Oklahoma 73502--580/353­6884 This 14­room mansion­the first in Lawton­was built in 1901 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Sites.

Museum of the Great Plains

Elmer Thomas Park--601 Ferris Avenue P.O. Box 68, Lawton, Oklahoma 74502--580/581­3460 The history, archaeology and anthropology of the Great Plains are detailed from prehistoric times through the early 1900s. Special attractions include an ancient mammoth skull and tusks, an outdoor prairie dog village and a rendition of an 1840s fortified trading post complete with living history interpretive programming. www.sirinet.net/~mgp

2 miles south of Lindsay on SH­76--410 S.W. 5th, Lindsay, Oklahoma 73052--405/756­2121 The 1881 mansion of Frank Murray, early-day rancher and farmer of the Chickasaw Nation. Period furniture, clothing, a 187­piece teapot collection are featured. Locust Grove

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Locust Grove

Salina Courthouse

9 miles east on US­412, then ¾ mile south (Rose, OK) Only original remaining Cherokee courthouse.

Willard Stone Family Museum and Gallery

1 mile east of Locust Grove on US­412 ALT 7980 E. Hwy 412, Locust Grove--74352--918/479­5388 or 918/479­2329 More than 40 examples of original work of nationally-known wood and bronze sculptor.

Mangum

Old Greer County Museum and Hall of Fame, Inc.

222 W. Jefferson Street, Mangum, Oklahoma 73554--580/782­2851 The museum features Indian artifacts and the history of old Greer County, which includes today's Beckham, Harmon, Greer and Jackson counties. The Hall of Fame is an outdoor display of 114 granite monoliths bearing etched faces and biographies of pioneers who settled in the area prior to statehood. An authentic half-dugout has been erected on the grounds, with an old outhouse and windmill.

Mannford

Keystone Crossroads Museum

Corner of Conrad Avenue and SH 51, P.O. Box 1383, Mannford, Oklahoma 74044 918/865­2808 or 918/865­7099 Artifacts from Keystone Crossroads Lake area including Creek, Pawnee, Osage and Tulsa counties. Indian artifacts and pioneer collections, photographs and video library. A 1200­ square-foot map of prehistoric and historic sites from five counties.

Marietta

Love County Military Museum

408 1/2 West Chickasaw, Marietta, Oklahoma 73448--580/276­2786 Items from Revolutionary War to present, family military history, area law enforcement displays, two-story 1910 jailhouse.

Love County Pioneer Museum

101 S.W. Front Street, Marietta, Oklahoma 73448--580/276­2869 Artifacts from early Love County history, including Civil War artillery, original barber chair and pole and genealogical research center.

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Marlow

Marlow Area Museum

127 West Main, Marlow, Oklahoma, 73055--580/658­2212

Maud

Maud Historical Museum

East Main Street, P.O. Box A, Maud, Oklahoma 74854--405/374­2800 or 405/374­2880 Items of city's early history are displayed within several rooms in an old drug store, still with its original soda fountain.

Oklahoma State Penitentiary, P.O. Box 97, McAlester, Oklahoma 74502--918/423­4700 The state's only museum about the history of prisons in Oklahoma. Numerous historical photographs, equipment and related items.

Oklahoma Trolley Museum

21 East Monroe, P.O. Box 145, McAlester, Oklahoma 74501--918/423­2446

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Small display of trolley cars--1907­1933, from McAlester's street car line.

Pittsburg County Historical Museum

1 block east of Business 69 113 E. Carl Albert Parkway, McAlester, Oklahoma 74501--918/426­0388 Research and genealogical library, Dawes Indian Rolls, mining and Indian artifacts.

6 miles west of I­44--P.O. Box 91, Medicine Park, Oklahoma 73557--580/529­9641 Rex and Grandma Leath's restaurant has world famous sirloins that hang over the plate, located in resort hotel built in 1906 (no accommodations), National Historic Site.

Meeker

Carl Hubbell Museum

510 West Carl Hubbell Blvd., P. O. Box 428, Meeker, Oklahoma 74855--405/279­3321 Memorabilia of baseball great Carl Hubbell, hall-of-famer and left-handed &quot;screwball&quot; pitcher who played with the New York Giants from 1928­1943.

Honor Heights Drive, on Agency Hill Muskogee, Oklahoma 74401--918/683­1701 The original Union Indian Agency building built in 1875, houses a trading post with beadwork and baskets made by members of the Five Civilized Tribes, a gallery of original art, library, print room, and artifacts from each of the tribes. www.fivetribes.com

Muskogee War Memorial Park­USS Batfish

Port of Muskogee--3500 Batfish Road P.O. Box 253, Muskogee, Oklahoma 74401--918/682­6294 The 312­foot WWII submarine holds the record for sinking the greatest number of enemy submarines within a single patrol­three in a 72­hour period. An adjacent military museum houses artifacts from WWII through the Vietnam War.

Thomas-Foreman Home

1 mile east of US­62--1419 W. Okmulgee, Muskogee, Oklahoma 74401--918/682­6938 The former home of Grant and Carolyn Foreman, two of Oklahoma's outstanding historians and world travelers, features the original furnishings, private collections, and souvenirs from trips abroad.

Three Rivers Museum

220 Elgin Street, Muskogee, Oklahoma 74401--918/686­6624 The Midland Valley Depot, built in 1916, has been converted to a museum that tells the story of the settlement and development of the Three Rivers region of Northeastern Oklahoma. This eight-county area surrounds the confluence of three important rivers ­ the Arkansas, Grand, and Verdigris. The exhibits tell the stories of many cultures and events that shaped the history of this area.

508 N. Peters, P.O. Box 260, Norman, Oklahoma 73070--405/321­0156 The 1899 Queen Anne style house contains period rooms and photographs. Special exhibits and events highlight the history of the county. Listed on National Register of Historic Places.

Firehouse Art Center

444 S. Flood, Norman, Oklahoma 73069--405/329­4523 A place for exploring the visual arts. Free exhibits, plus classes on pottery, painting, photography, sculpture and jewelry-making. Housed in the remodeled and expanded Norman Firehouse #2, the Center also hosts special community events. The institution now has a second gallery: the Firehouse Interurban Campus in downtown Norman--105 W. Main Street--405/292­9278.

www.firehouseartcenter.com

Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art

Fred Jones Art Center, University of Oklahoma campus 410 W. Boyd, Norman, Oklahoma 73019--405/325­3272 Permanent collections include American, Native American, and Contemporary art, as well as icons and photography. In 2000, the Weitzenhoffer Collection of French Impressionism was donated to the museum, including works by Degas, Monet, Renoir, and Van Gogh. Temporary

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exhibitions and works from the permanent collection will remain on view during construction of a new wing to house the Weitzenhoffer Collection. www.ou.edu/fjjma

University of Oklahoma campus 2401 Chautauqua, Norman, Oklahoma 73019--405/325­4712 This new 198,000 square-foot facility is home to six million artifacts, including the world's largest Apatosaurus, priceless Native American artifacts and exhibits describing Oklahoma's natural and cultural history. www.snomnh.ou.edu

Santa Fe Depot

200 S. Jones, Norman, Oklahoma 73070--405/366­5472 Restored Santa Fe Railroad Station developed as a multi-use facility and downtown urban park. Available for rent. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Sooner Theatre of Norman

101 E. Main, Norman, Oklahoma 73070--405/321­9600 This 1929 Spanish Gothic theater was spared from the wrecking ball and is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Restored by volunteers, the theater hosts a variety of performances and films throughout the year, and is available for rent. www.soonertheatre.net Nowata

2145 N.E. 36 Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73111--405/424­5313 The history of Oklahoma's citizen-soldier is detailed from the relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory through the 45th Infantry Division up to the present-day Oklahoma National Guard. The nation's largest display of objects and equipment relevant to the state's military history include outdoor exhibits of military vehicles, aircraft and artillery pieces. Housed in a 1938 WPA armory. www.45thdivisionmuseum.com

99s Museum of Women Pilots

4300 Amelia Earhart Lane, Oklahoma City--405/685­9990 Exhibitions and archives focusing on the history of women in aviation.

www.ninety-nines.org

Central High School Museum

815 N. Robinson, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102--405/291­2503 Oklahoma City's first high school. Memorabilia includes classroom clocks, yearbooks, class rings and pins and other student artifacts. Designed by Capitol architect--1910 school is on the National Register of Historic Places.

313 N.E. 16 Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104--405/235­4058 Featured is a pre-statehood homestead restored by the 1889er Society, descendants of the men and women who made the Great Land Run. Located on the 10 acres is a three-story barn­an exact replica of the original­featuring a windmill piercing the roof. Hands-on programs for children. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places. www.harnhomestead.com

2100 NE 52nd Street, Oklahoma City--405/424­4055 Promotes public education of the innovators, technologies, and arts of photographic imaging. Cameras and equipment ranging from the 1860s to present, hands-on classes for children.

www.iphf.org

Martin Park Nature Center

On Memorial Road between N. MacArthur and N. Meridian 5000 W. Memorial Road, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73142--405/755­0676 The center contains exhibits on wildlife, plants and conservation. A 140­acre park has a total of 2 1/2 miles of self-guiding trails, some accessible to wheelchairs.

National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum

1700 N.E. 63 Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73111--405/478­2250 Showcase of the American West features renowned and rare art and artifacts. Numerous heroic-sized works on display. Contains Prosperity Junction, a 14,000 square-foot, turn-of-thecentury western town, and three major exhibition galleries, museum store, and restaurant.

www.nationalcowboymuseum.org

National Softball Hall of Fame

Exit 132A from I­35 north--1 block east of Oklahoma City Zoo 2801 N.E. 50 Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73111--405/424­5266 The Hall presents history, memorabilia and displays on every aspect of softball. Home of the Amateur Softball Association. www.asasoftball.com

Oklahoma City Museum of Art

415 Couch Drive, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102--405/236­3100 The museum's new location in the Donald W. Reynolds Visual Arts Center opened March 2002 in downtown Oklahoma City. The new building features 15 galleries, a 252­seat theater, gift shop, café, library, and education center. The museum's signature piece is the Eleanor Blake Kirkpatrick Memorial Tower created by renowned artist Dale Chihuly.

www.okcartmuseum.com

Oklahoma City National Memorial

NW 5th between Harvey and Robinson--405/235­3313--888/542­4673 The outdoor symbolic memorial to the victims of the Oklahoma City Murrah Building bombing was completed April 19--2000. The Memorial Center museum opened February 19--2001.

Oldest zoo in the Southwest and one of the 10 best in the nation. Exhibits include the Great EscApe primate habitat, Cat Forest/Lion Overlook and Aquaticus marine life exhibit. Picnic areas, rides, tours, and classes. www.okczoo.com

820 N.E. 23 Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105--405/521­8868 The Dutch-Colonial style mansion, built in 1928, houses artifacts such as the silver service from the Battleship Oklahoma and a Victorian dresser and bed from Emperor Maximillian of Mexico.

N.W. 15th and Hudson Avenue downtown 405 N.W. 15 Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73103--405/528­8485 The first mansion in Oklahoma City, built by early-day entrepreneur Henry Overholser, is of late 19th century architecture with original furnishings and hand-painted, canvas-covered walls. The mansion is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society.

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Red Earth Inc.

2100 NE 52nd Street, Oklahoma City--405/427­5228 Unique educational programs and exhibitions focusing on the Native American way of life. Historical artifacts, art exhibits, hands-on exhibits, and research library. It also sponsors the Red Earth Festival.

www.redearth.org

State Museum of History

Wiley Post Building--2100 N. Lincoln Boulevard--405/521­2491 The museum depicts the history of the state of Oklahoma from prehistoric Indians to the present. A new State History Center is under construction. www.ok-history.mus.ok.us

World Organization of China Painters Museum

2641 N.W. 10 Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73107--405/521­1234 Collection of hand-painted china, portraits, figurines, and other items from around the world, as well as local works. Gift shop. www.theshop.net/wocporg

Okmulgee

Creek Council House Museum

Town Square--106 W. 6 Street, Okmulgee, Oklahoma 74447--918/756­2324 Recipient of a national preservation award, and listed as a historic site, the museum interprets the cultures of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and other native people.

Nuyaka Mission Site

17 miles northwest of Okmulgee off SH­56 Historical Society--2100 N. Lincoln, Oklahoma City 73105--405/522­5230 Mission site for the Creek Tribe, established in the 1800s is a definitive representation of the mission era of Indian Territory.

Oologah

Bank of Oologah

Maple and Cooweescoowee streets P.O. Box 109, Oologah, Oklahoma 74053--918/275­4201 Restored historic 1906 bank that closed due to embezzlement. The interior and exterior are restored to the period between 1906 and 1932. All furnishings and equipment are from early statehood banking days. Original ceiling and vault.

Dog Iron Ranch and Will Rogers Birthplace

1 mile north of Oologah on US­169 then 2 miles east--918/275­4201 Overlooking Lake Oologah, the relocated ranch house where Rogers was born in 1879 is elaborately restored with period furnishings. New Amish-built barn and Texas longhorn cattle.

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Oologah Historical Museum

Maple and Cooweescoowee streets--1 block west of US­169 P.O. Box 609, Oologah, Oklahoma 74053--918/443­2790 Antiques from the local area including a complete doctor's office.

Wacker Park, North of City, Pauls Valley, Oklahoma--73075--405/238­3048 Items pertaining to the early pioneer lifestyle of the Garvin County people. Also included are the artifacts of the Washita River people.

Pawhuska

Cathedral of the Osage Immaculate Conception Catholic Church

1/2 mile west of US­60--1314 N. Lynn Avenue, Pawhuska, Oklahoma 74056--918/287­1414 Church originally built in 1887, known for its rare stained glass windows. This French Gothicstyle church was the principal church of the Osage tribe.

520. Lynn Avenue, Pawhuska, Oklahoma 74056--918/287­9924 Historical, Indian, pioneer and Western artifacts include a monument to America's first Boy Scout troop established in 1909. Included are two railroad cars, a gazebo and schoolhouse.

1 mile west of Pawnee on US­64--1141 Pawnee Bill Road P.O. Box 493, Pawnee, Oklahoma 74058--918/762­2513 Pawnee Bill's 1908 home and museum is filled with his personal effects and mementos from the famous Pawnee Bill Wild West Show. Added attractions are an enormous original billboard, a blacksmith shop, log cabin, picnic area, and a drive-through buffalo pasture.

Pawnee County Historical Society Museum

513 Sixth St., Pawnee, Oklahoma 74058--918/762­2108 Focuses on the Pawnee community and Pawnee Tribe as well as surrounding region. Artifacts from area ghost towns. Section dedicated to Chester Gould, Pawnee native and creator of Dick Tracy comic strip.

Pensacola

Civil War Monument/Second Battle of Cabin Creek

3 miles north of Pensacola off SH­28--P.O. Box 882, Vinita, Oklahoma 74301--918/256­7133 Twelve-acre Civil War battle site features granite monument and markers that tell the story of this 1862 Confederate victory.

2617 West Fir Avenue, Rt. 2, Box 81A, Perry, Oklahoma 73077--580/336­2405 Located on five acres, the museum complex traces the history of the Cherokee Outlet and its people. 1895 school offers 1910 curriculum classes September through May.

101 Monroe, one block west of four-way stop P.O. Box 233, Piedmont, Oklahoma 73078--405/373­2582 Artifacts of Piedmont, area families and businesses including Wiedemann's Old Store from the early 1900s.

US­77, behind Pioneer Woman statue on Monument Road 901 Monument Road, Ponca City, Oklahoma 74604--580/767­0420 or 800/422­8340 The home of pioneer oilman, philanthropist, Congressman and 10th Governor of Oklahoma E.W. Marland, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The elegant 55­room mansion is copied from the Florentine estates of the Italian Renaissance and houses the National Petroleum Hall of Fame. www.marlandmansion.com

Pioneer Woman Statue and Museum

Intersection of US­77 and Highland Street 701 Monument Road, Ponca City, Oklahoma 74604--580/765­6108 This 17­foot bronze statue is a memorial to the courage of thousands of women who suffered hardships to create homes in untried lands. Adjacent to the statue is the museum which houses exhibits of antique household furniture, equipment, costumes and memorabilia. Gift shop.

1000 E. Grand, Ponca City, Oklahoma 74601--580/767­0427--800/475­4400 The first showplace home of E.W. Marland is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It now contains an outstanding Indian museum, the 101 Ranch Room filled with memorabilia of world famous Miller Brother's 101 Ranch and the D.A.R. Memorial Museum, honoring more than 100 years of that organization's history. Gift shop.

Ponca City Murals

4th and Grand Avenue--800/475­4400 Ten murals depict 100 years of city history.

6 miles southwest of Poteau on US­270, adjoining the Kerr Conference Center Rt. 1, Box 1060, Poteau, Oklahoma 74953--918/647­9579 Founder of the internationally known Kerr-McGee Corporation, first native governor of Oklahoma, powerful U.S. Senator and devout conservationist, Robert S. Kerr constructed this home to exemplify the unique blend of man-made materials with natural surroundings. It is divided into two sections­a conference center, available for public use, and a museum that depicts the history and development of eastern Oklahoma.

Prague

National Shrine of the Infant Jesus of Prague

SH­99 south of Prague 4th &amp; Jim Thorpe Boulevard, Box 488, Prague, Oklahoma 74864--405/567­3080 When the 300­year-old Shrine of the Divine Infant Jesus of Prague, Czechoslovakia, fell behind the Iron Curtain, this shrine was established in the Catholic church in Prague, Oklahoma.

Prague Historical Museum

1008 N. Jim Thorpe Boulevard, NBU 8601, Prague, Oklahoma 74864--405/567­4750 Shows the history of development of the Prague area and the Czechoslovakian people who started the city in 1902, also features a military room and memorabilia and information since the Land Run of 1891. Prague is the birthplace of Jim Thorpe.

1/2 mile south of SH­20--P.O. Box 185, Ralston, Oklahoma 74650--918/538­2417 Circa 1920s home of Osage Lillie Morrell Burkhart is now a resource learning center for Osage tribal culture and heritage.

Rentiesville

Honey Springs Battlefield Site

1863 Honey Springs Battlefield Road (4 mi NE of Checotah off Bus­69 in Rentiesville) 918/473­5572 Site of the territory's largest Civil War battle, this &quot;Gettysburg of the West&quot; involved Black, Hispanic, and Indian soldiers. Monuments and interpretive signs on site.

Ripley

Washington Irving Trail Museum

2 ¾ miles South of SH­51 on Mehan Road Rt. 1, Box 880, Ripley, Oklahoma 74062--405/624­9130 Chronicles area's heritage, including the 1832 tour by Washington Irving, who documented the journey in his book A Tour on the Prairies. Military exhibits, Billy McGinty exhibit, pioneer and American Indian artifacts. www.cowboy.net/non-profit/irving

Salina

Chouteau Memorial Museum

420 W. Ferry Street, Hwy 20, Salina, Oklahoma 74365--918/434­2224

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History of the fur trade from the 1790s to 1830s is presented, emphasizing the Chouteau family and their impact on Indian Territory and the Three Forks of the Arkansas River.

Sallisaw

Dwight Presbyterian Mission

Northeast of Vian, I­40 and Dwight Mission Road Exit Rt. 2, Box 71, Vian, Oklahoma 74962--918/775­2144 The 1829 cabin was first mission in Oklahoma, now on vocational school campus. Original items include printing equipment used by Sequoyah.

Faulkner's Cabin

West Cherokee/Downtown Sallisaw Built in 1845, the restored cabin of Judge Frank Faulkner, pioneer lawyer of Sequoyah County.

7 miles east of Sallisaw on SH­101 Rt. 1, Box 141, Sallisaw, Oklahoma 74955--918/775­2413 The home of Sequoyah, inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, was constructed in 1829 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Cherokee history and the basics of Cherokee language are taught to visitors.

1714 Hwy. 9 West, Seminole, Oklahoma 74868--405/382­0950 or 800/259­KIDS Hands-on museum featuring an entire town including a courthouse, dentist's office, grocery store, fire department, a television studio and more. Geared for children ages three to 12.

SH­15 and US­283--P.O. Box 755, Shattuck, Oklahoma 73858--580/938­5146 Outdoor display of rare and restored mills from 1850­1950 illustrate the impact of water and wind on the development of the high plains.

Shawnee

Citizen Potawatomi Nation Museum

SH­18 south of Shawnee 1901 Gordon Cooper Drive, Shawnee, Oklahoma 74801--405/275­3119 or 800/880­9880 Pictures, artifacts, including handmade items and paintings by Indian artists.

1900 W. MacArthur Drive, St. Gregory College campus, Shawnee, Oklahoma 74801 405/878­5300 European paintings from the year 1300 to present are on display, as well as 19th and 20th century American paintings and sculpture, Greco-Roman, Oriental, East African, Oceanic, Egyptian and American Indian collections. Two mummies are displayed, as well as more than 500 artifacts from Egyptian tombs.

216 South Main Street, P.O. Box 84, Spiro, Oklahoma 74959--918/962­5321 or 962­2708 First printing press from local newspaper, telephone switchboard, early electric appliances, horse-drawn farm implements and other memorabilia from the area.

Spiro Mounds Archaeological State Park

11 miles northeast of Spiro on Lock &amp; Dam Road Rt. 2, Box 339A, Spiro, Oklahoma 74959--918/962­2062 The state's only archaeological park features artifacts from the lives and cultures of prehistoric Indians discovered through the excavation of burial mounds in the 1930s.

Stigler

Haskell County Historical Museum

204 E. Main, Stigler, Oklahoma 74462--918/967­8681

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Stillwater

Bartlett Center for Studio Arts

108 Bartlett Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078--405/744­6016 The facility consists of 11 studios--two are galleries that feature student talent and visiting art exhibitions. The studios also serve as headquarters for the Oklahoma State University Art Department.

Gardiner Art Gallery

107 Bartlett Center, Knoblock and Morrill Avenue Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078­4085--405/744­6016 Focuses on 20th century American art, also 18th to 20th century European art, non-Western cultures and history of graphic design.

Oklahoma Museum of Higher Education

Old Central, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078--405/744­2828 History and artifacts of higher education in Oklahoma from 1880 to present. Housed in the 1894 Old Central, the first permanent building on the Oklahoma State University campus. Nation's only museum devoted to a state's higher education history.

Pfeiffer Farm Collection

Payne County Fairgrounds--3 miles east of Stillwater on SH­51 4518 Expo Circle East, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075--405/377­1275 The museum features a fascinating collection of antique farm machinery and equipment.

National Wrestling Hall of Fame

405 W. Hall of Fame Avenue, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075--405/377­5243 The nation's only museum dedicated to the sport of amateur wrestling. It contains the Wall of Champions and the Museum of Wrestling History as well as the national offices of USA Wrestling.

US­377, six miles south of City--Rt. 2, Box 246, Stroud, Oklahoma 74079--918/968­3526 Historical exhibits, materials about tribal history and culture, genealogy and language and cultural revitalization information.

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Sulphur

Travertine Nature Center

South of Sulphur on US­177--2 miles east of park headquarters 1008 W 2nd Street, Sulphur, Oklahoma 73086--580/622­3165 Wildlife exhibits, hiking trails, ecology, films and slide presentations and library are featured.

Arbuckle Historical Museum

402 West Muskogee, Sulphur, Oklahoma 73086--580/622­5593 Focuses on history of the Chickasaw, mineral springs, the former Platt National Park, and early ranch life.

Swink

Choctaw Chief's House

½ mile north--1 mile east--¼ mile south of Swink Grocery Store P.O. Box 165, Swink, Oklahoma 74761--580/873­2301 Renovated 1837 log home built for Choctaw Chief Thomas LeFlore displays artifacts and furnishings of the 1800s. One of the oldest houses in Oklahoma, built by the U.S. government according to the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.

Tahlequah

Cherokee Heritage Center

3 miles south of Tahlequah on Willis Road, off US­62 P.O. Box 515, Tahlequah, Oklahoma 74465--918/456­6007 Story of the Cherokee people and the Trail of Tears related through a museum, living history villages, and summer amphitheater performances. www.powersource.com/heritage The Cherokee Heritage Center also features the following attractions: Cherokee National Museum/Adams Corner The museum is one of the most modern facilities of its kind in America. Using state-ofthe-art technology, multi-media exhibits and innovative displays, the entire Cherokee story is presented. Adams Corner is located adjacent to the museum and is a detailed reconstruction of a small crossroads community established in 1875. Gift shop. Tsa-La-Gi Ancient Village A re-created 17th century Cherokee settlement is staffed by Cherokees to portray the village life of their ancestors.

George M. Murrell Home

3 miles south of Tahlequah on SH­82--1 mile east on Murrell Road 19479 E Murrell Home Road, Park Hill, Oklahoma 74451--918/456­2751 George M. Murrell, who married into the Cherokee tribe, built this lavish dwelling around 1845. The home contains artifacts that depict life among the more affluent of the Cherokee people. A nature trail is specially designed for the elderly and disabled.

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Old Cherokee National Capitol

101 S. Muskogee Avenue, Tahlequah, Oklahoma 74464--918/456­3742 Listed on the National Register of Historic places, this building served as the meeting place for the Cherokee government. Built in 1870.

SH­63/1--12 miles West of Talihina--918/522­4426 Exhibits explore the prehistoric life of southeastern Oklahoma beginning with million-year-old plant fossils and dinosaur bones and ending with the relics of the Caddoan people.

413 W. Main, Tishomingo, Oklahoma 73460--580/371­0254 Interior has been restored to original bank facility used by the Chickasaw Tribe during the early 1900s.

Chickasaw Council House Museum

East side of Court House Square on Main Street--200 North Fisher P.O. Box 717, Tishomingo, Oklahoma 73460--580/371­3351 The original log council house, built in 1855, was the first capitol of the Chickasaws after their removal to Indian Territory. Exhibits highlight the culture of the Chickasaw tribe from 1540 to present, and features a genealogy research center.

Tishomingo Cemetery

600 S. Murray, Tishomingo, Oklahoma 73460 One of the oldest cemeteries in the state, burial site of many famous Oklahomans, including &quot;Alfalfa Bill&quot; Murray.

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Tonkawa

A.D. Buck Museum of Science and History

Northern Oklahoma College campus 1220 East Grand Street, Tonkawa, Oklahoma 74653--580/628­6477 Photograph collections of oil field days and history of Northern Oklahoma College.

On the University of Tulsa campus in Phillips Hall 600 S. College, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104--918/631­2202 The gallery presents showings of traveling art collections and featured works by local artists, including photography and design, cultural and ethnic exhibitions.

Creek Nation Council Oak Park

1370 E. 24th Place--18th St. and Cheyenne Avenue, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114--918/585­1201 Known as &quot;Tulsa's First City Hall,&quot; this historic landmark was the site in 1828 where the first contingent of Creek Indians, upon arriving in Indian Territory, spread their ashes from the fire of Talasi, their mother town in Alabama, from which the modern name of Tulsa was derived.

1400 Gilcrease Museum Road, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74127--918/596­2700 This national treasury is one of the world's outstanding museum and research facilities. Collections of art, artifacts, rare books, and documents illustrate the development of North America from the pre-Columbian era through the 19th century. The collection features paintings by major American artists Gilbert Stuart, Winslow Homer, John Singleton Copley, John Singer Sargent, Thomas Eakins, John James Audubon, James A.M. Whistler, Frederic Remington, Charles Russell, Albert Bierstad, George Catlin, William R. Leigh, Thomas Moran and Olaf Carl Seltzer. www.gilcreasemuseum.org

Greenwood Cultural Center

322 N. Greenwood Avenue, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74120--918/596­1020

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Located in the historic Greenwood district, once known as the &quot;Black Wall Street&quot; of America. Location of the Jazz Hall of Fame and Mable B. Little Heritage Center, photographic exhibit of the tragic 1921 riot, music, books, memorabilia, and gift shop.

2210 S. Main Street, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114--918/584­3333 Once home to oil baron Earl Palmer Harwell, Harwelden is a 30­room, four-level Tudor Gothic mansion. It houses the Arts and Humanities Council of Tulsa. Situated in Maple Ridge, one of the National Historic Districts, Harwelden is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

www.ahct.org

International Linen Registry Museum

4107 S. Yale, Promenade Mall, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136--918/622­5223 Ancient linens from around the world are displayed, demonstrations and seminars of various types of needle and textile arts available.

Mac's Antique Car Museum

1319 East Fourth, P.O. Box 3185, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74101--918/583­7400 Warehouse of more than 50 rare and vintage cars, including Rolls Royce, LaSalle, Packard, and the 1948 Hudson featured in &quot;Driving Miss Daisy.&quot;

Mohawk Park, north of Tulsa Zoo 6700 Mohawk Blvd., Tulsa, Oklahoma 74115--918/669­6644 Houses numerous hands-on exhibits of area plants and animals and is situated on an 800­ acre tract threaded with nature trails for exploring. Includes a working beehive.

www.oxleynaturecenter.org

Philbrook Museum of Art

2727 S. Rockford Road--1 block east of Peoria Avenue at 27th Place P.O. Box 52510, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74152­0510--918/749­7941 The beautiful mansion, styled after an Italian Renaissance villa, was built in 1929 as the home of oilman Waite Phillips amid the 23 acres of formal landscaped gardens. Featured is the Samuel H. Kress collection of Italian Renaissance paintings and sculpture, a major collection of contemporary Indian paintings, collections of Indian pottery, basketry and artifacts, and 20th century American art. www.philbrook.org

Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art

2021 E 71st Street, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136--918/492­1818

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The Southwest's largest collection of Judaica is housed in this museum. It contains objects reflecting the history, art and customs of the Jewish faith. The exhibits span the period from 2,000 B.C. to the present and have been collected from Poland, Germany, Spain, Russia, Morocco, India and Persia, reflecting ethnic and national traditions. The facility also houses the Kaiser Museum of the Holocaust.

2435 South Peoria, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114--918/746­5125 1919 mansion and conservatory is part of the Woodward Park complex, a forty-plus acre urban forest with WPA features and numerous gardens. Gift shop.

Tulsa Historical Society Museum

2445 S Peoria, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74114­1326--918/712­9484 The historic Samuel Travis mansion in Woodward Park has been renovated and expanded to serve as the new home of this repository of the city's history. The museum features exhibits of early Tulsa history. The collections are open to researchers by appointment.

www.tulsahistory.org

Tulsa Zoo and Living Museum

Mohawk Park--5701 E. 36 Street North, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74115--918/669­6600 The Tulsa Zoo is located in Mohawk Park, a 2,800­acre tract of natural woodland representing one of the largest city-owned U.S. parks. Zoological park includes a zoo with 800 animals on display, the children's zoo, and the Robert J. LaFortune North American Living Museum.

2 miles north of US­271, Tuskahoma, Oklahoma 74574--918/569­4465 Built in 1884, the building was once the capitol of the Choctaw Nation and now houses Choctaw artifacts, paintings and photographs. Gift shop.

8 blocks north of SH­3--519 N. Weigel, Watonga, Oklahoma 73772--580/623­5069 The mansion of Thomas Benton Ferguson, pioneer newspaperman and Oklahoma's sixth Territorial Governor. Displays interpret the life and influence of Ferguson. Also includes an 1870 remount station and 1893 jail.

Weatherford Airport--3000 Logan Road, Weatherford, Oklahoma 73096--580/772­5871 General Stafford was commander of Apollo 10 in May 1969, first flight of the lunar module to the moon. Previously he piloted Gemini VI, the first space rendezvous. The museum also has full-size replicas of the Wright Flyer, Sprit of St. Louis, and more.

Webbers Falls

Webbers Falls Historical Museum

Commercial and Main--P.O. Box 5, Webbers Falls, Oklahoma 74470--918/464­2728 History of 1828 Cherokee settlers, special emphasis on Confederate General Stand Watie and his Cherokee Mounted Riflemen.

Wewoka

Seminole Nation Museum

524 S. Wewoka Avenue, Wewoka, Oklahoma 74884--405/257­5580 Focuses on the people of Seminole County, including American Indians and Freedmen. Pioneer wing, military room, art gallery, library, and gift shop.

The Whipping Tree

Wewoka Avenue, Seminole county Courthouse lawn--405/257­2413

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The Seminoles punished their criminals at this spot from 1856 to statehood.

Wilburton

Lutie Coal Miner's Museum

2 ½ miles east of Wilburton on US­270 2307 E Main, Wilburton, Oklahoma 74578--918/465­2114 Displays of mining artifacts housed in coal mining house with furnishings (1880­1930).

At Veteran's Colony--9 miles south of Wilburton on SH­2 625 W. Circle, Wilburton, Oklahoma 74578--918/465­2607 The museum is housed in Hawk's Nest, the log cabin built by Col. Hawk who started a colony with veterans of the Spanish-American War.

706 E. Boston, Yale, Oklahoma 74085--918/387­2815 Home of the legendary Olympian who lived here from 1917­1923. Track and field awards and family items are on display.

Yukon

Yukon's Best Railroad Museum

1020 West Oak, Third and Main, Yukon, Oklahoma 73099--405/354­5079 Static display of caboose and rail cars contains Rock Island antiques and artifacts, and general rail items. Also features a Route 66 exhibit. Old Interurban Depot nearby.

Yukon Historical Society Museum and Art Center

601 Oak, Yukon, Oklahoma 73099--405/354­5079 Museum is located in the Old Central School building, constructed in 1910. Exhibits include scale models of Dr. Goodman's office, old drug store and soda fountain with apothecary, and early day post office. Also featured: a &quot;Yukon's Best&quot; flour mill history, and Mulvey's Mercantile display built in 1903.

Heritage Center, 201 NW 14, Oklahoma City, OK 73103--405/235­4458 The Oklahoma Hall of Fame was organized in 1928 by Anna B. Korn to annually recognize the achievements of Oklahomans. Members are listed by the year they were inducted.

Brassnosa, `04 St. John's, `05 Pembroke, `07 Merton, `08 St. John's, `10 Hertford, `11 Worcester, `14 Merton, `17 Merton, `18 Merton, `20 Lincoln, `21 Merton, `23 Merton, `24 St. Edmund Hall, `26 Merton, `27 St. Catherine's, `29 Magdalen, `30 St. Peter's, `31 Pembroke, `32 Lincoln, `33 Queen's, `33 Balliol, `34 Queen's, `34 Lincoln, `35 Jesus, `38 Merton, `38 Hertford, `47 University, `48 Jesus, `48 Jesus, `49 University of Oklahoma Kingfisher College. University of Oklahoma SW State Normal Kingfisher College. Kingfisher College. Austin College Austin College Phillips University University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Cornell University University of Oklahoma Phillips University University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma U.S. Naval Academy University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Harvard University University of Oklahoma University of Illinois University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma U.S. Naval Academy University of Oklahoma

Hertford, `51 Merton, `52 Trinity, `54 Balliol, `55 Balliol, `56 Merton, `59 Magdalen, `62 St. John's, `63 Balliol, `63 Lincoln, `64 Merton, `65 Magdalen, `66 Christ Church, `67 Magdalen, `69 Wadham, `71 Merton, `73 Queen's, `74 St. John's, `75 St. Hugh's,'77 Wolfson, `82 Magdalen, `84 Balliol, `86 St. John's, `87 Wadham, `88 Trinity, `89 St. John's, `89 New College, `90 Magdalen, `94 Merton, `98 Trinity, 2000 Pembroke, 2004 University of Oklahoma University of Tulsa Harvard University University of Oklahoma Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard University Yale University Stanford University Yale University University of Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Harvard University University of Oklahoma U.S. Military Academy Yale University University of Oklahoma Harvard University University of Oklahoma St. John's College Johns Hopkins University Princeton University Radcliffe College Yale University University of Tulsa Baylor University Carleton College Harvard University Middlebury College Oklahoma State University University of Oklahoma Wake Forest University

www.rhodesscholar.org · * Did not take up scholarship.

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Oklahoma A&amp;M wrestling coach and athletic director Ed Gallagher amidst photos of his athletes, taken in his office in February 1939, just 18 months before his death. Coaching wrestling from1916 until 1940, Gallagher is considered instrumental in the evolution of the modern style of the sport--developing over 400 wrestling holds. All together, his Oklahoma A&amp;M wrestling teams went 138­5­4 including 19 undefeated seasons, and 11 NCAA titles. Gallagher remains one of the most successful coaches in NCAA athletics history.