(if your ship be lose, under sail, a hull)at the end of every four glasses

(except calm)sound with your lead.

note what depth you findand also the ground.

if it happen by swiftnessthat you cannot get ground

note what depth youprove you find no ground.

as well outwardsas homewards.

when you come upon any coastor find any bank in the sea

use your lead oftener.note the depths into harbours.

keep your dead reckoning.note what way the ship has made

how her way has been through the water.

consider the sea.note things worth noting.

the wind upon what point you find it

what force or strength it iswhat sails you bear.

if you should omit to note these thingsI would not have you let slip any longer.

do diligently observe the latitude

and variation of the compasswhen you may be ashore.

the place and placesthe time and times.

do the same when you have sightof any coast or land.

do presently the same with your sailing compass

how it bears off younoting your judgement

how far you think itdrawing the form in your book

how it appears to youhow part thereof bears off you

and the extremes alsoin sight of the same land at both ends.

distinguish by numberswhat point of the compass

do you again set that first land seen

of the parts there ofthat you first observed.

if you can well perceivediscern the notable points

or signs upon the landyou may then see

distinguishing by numbersdrawing in your book

the shape of the same landas it appears unto you.

and so the third timein passing any and every coast

draw the manner of biting in every bay

every harbour or river mouththe lying out of every point or headland

(unto which you may give apt namesat your pleasure).

where high cliffs arewhere low land is

whether sandhills or woods

not omitting to note

any thing sensibleany good purpose.

carefullywith great heed

note observations as aforesaidand afterwards make demonstration

how far the land you first sawwas then from you

how far the one parfrom the other

upon what courseone lieth from the other.

when you come upon any coastwhere you find floods and ebbs.

note the time of the highestand lowest water in every place

slake or still wateroff full sea.

which way the flood doth runhow the tides do set

how much waterwhat force the tide hath

to drive a ship in one houror in the whole tide

what difference between the running

of the floodand the ebb.

if upon any coastthe current run always one way

note the same dulywhat force it hath to drive a ship.

as often as you may conveniently come upon any land

make observation for latitude and variation.

with your instrumentfor trying of distances

observe the platform of the placeand many things (worth noting).

your whole traveldescription of discovery

will be chieflyat your hands.

you may not forget.note as much as you can.

learn or perceivethe manner of the soil

the fruitfulness of every placeand disposition of the people

the commodities they havewhat they covet and desire.

give trifling thingsunto such people.

offer them courtesyfriendship.

you maywin their love.

favour toward younot any wrong or hurt.

deal wisely.keep out of dangers.

return home again.

adventures with youour whole country.

...

1775

1 January: entered the Southern Atlantick Ocean
landed on Staten Island
6 January: the Carpenters at work upon a spar we got at Norfolk Island
9 January: many dread to fall in with land.
I am quite impartial
14 January: an island of ice turned out to be land wholly covered with snow
16 January: named an island Bird on account of the vast number upon it
17 January: not a tree or shrub to be seen, not even big enough to make a tooth-pick
20 January: this isle cannot produce ten thousand part of the ice we have seen
either there must be more land, or else ice is formed without it
23 January: after two hours of thick fog, clear weather gave us a sight of 3 or 4 rocky islets
27 January: farther I did not intend to go, unless some certain signs of soon meeting with land
28 January: the ice islands which surrounded us showed a flat even surface.
some were two or three miles in circuit
31 January: the fog cleared away a little and we discovered land ahead
3 rocky islets of considerable height, the outer-most terminated in a lofty peak like a Sugar Loaf
2 February: no more Cape Brandy or Arrack on board
named an island Southern Thule, the most southern land yet discovered
6 February: set our course North
we were now not in a condition to undertake great things
8 February: this wind seems to conduct us nearer & nearer to the end of our career
21 February: it was no longer to be doubted
the ice hills had deceived us

...

...

...

...

Take soundings whilst under way.

Take your place at the forward chain plates.

Secure yourself from falling overboard by a breast band tied between two shrouds.

Lean forward against the breast band to swing your lead in the clear.

Throw your lead as far forward as possible.

If hove properly, the line pays out with a little tension as it passes through the hands.

It is easy to tell when it has reached the bottom by the sudden slack felt.

All that is told of the sea has a fabulous sound to an inhabitant of the land, and all its products have a certain fabulous quality, as if they belonged to another planet, from sea-weed to a sailor's yarn.

...

...

I possessed two or three articles, especially a pocket compass, which created unbounded astonishment.

In every house I was asked to show the compass, and by its aid, together with a map, to point out the direction of various places.

...

2004

28 November: set off from Cambridge on the long journey southwards
crossed the Southern Ocean in calm seas and good weather
9 December: arrived amongst hundreds of gentoo penguins
11 December: continued southwards but soon hit sea-ice
12 December: the shifting brash ice made fascinating patterns
13 December: ice the consistency of porridge, impossible to move through
14 December: by the end of the day we had reached our limit
edged slowly out of the pack-ice
retracing the path we had forged
a disappointed crew returned to the edge of the sea-ice
began the journey northwards
15 December: travelled north through fantastic scenery
16 December: some parts of the coast look quite familiar to us by now
17 December: a plane journey of two and a half hours
18 - 21 December: training
walking roped together as a pair
abseiling and jumaring
crevasse rescue
ice-axe arrest
setting up a pulley system
breaking a fall using an ice-axe
walking with crampons
camping on a glacier
22 December: set up the GPS station to run continuously for at least a week
monitoring small movements in the earth's crust
24 December: a pleasant walk along the scree slopes
25 December: only two of us staying in the isolated hut throughout the festive season
only two of us on an island the size of Wales
27 December: visited a number of survey points on nearby islands
29 December: the aerial survey kit arrived
30 December: went out on test flight to check that the camera equipment and new GPS attachment were working
1 January: took low-level photographs of penguin colonies to be used for a penguin census
2 January: all others have departed
I stay to await the good weather needed to complete our missions

...

...

Our general named sundry islands, mountains, capes and harbours
after the names of divers noblemen and other gentlemen his friends,
as well on the one shore as also on the other.

...

I was no bird of passage, no gannet, or albatross, to circle once and dip a wing and then fly on over the boundless ocean.

...

...

She was launched in 1820. She never saw active service. Her career as a survey ship began in 1826. She was thoroughly prepared for her work. Before her second voyage her deck was raised by 18 inches and her rig was converted from brig to barque by the addition of a mizzen mast. The mizzen made her more handy under sail and the raised deck increased the space below. Nevertheless, her crew lived under extremely cramped conditions. No fewer than 76 people were aboard her 90 foot hull when she sailed for South America in 1831.

...

...

...

1773

This place called the Lick is nearly level and lies between the head of the swamp and the ascent of the ridge. The earth, from the surface to an unknown depth, is an almost white or cinereous-coloured tenacious fattish clay which all kinds of cattle lick into great caves, pursuing the delicious vein. It is the common opinion of the inhabitants that this clay is impregnated with saline vapours arising from fossil salts deep in the earth. I could discover nothing saline in its taste, but I imagined an insipid sweetness. Horned cattle, horses,and deer are immoderately fond of it, insomuch that their excrement, which almost totally covers the earth to some distance round this place, appears to be perfect clay which when dried by the sun and air is almost as hard as brick.

...

...

1575

31 May: departed from Harwich
6 June: came by the coast at Cape Clear
fourteen days without sight of any land or any other living thing
20 June: the general descried land and found it to be West Friesland
the savage and simple people so soon as they perceived us fled fearfully away
we brought away two of their dogs
we left in recompense bells, looking glasses, and diverse of our country toys
23 June: having a fair and large wind we departed from thence
to the northwards of this coast we met with much driving ice
30 June: struck a great whale with such a blow that the ship stood still
forced many times to stem and strike great rocks of ice and so, as it were, to make through mighty mountains
2 July: a sudden and terrible tempest at the southeast, blowing from the main sea
upon our backs great countries and islands of ice
outrageous winds, fleeting ice
8 July: a more favourable wind at the west northwest gave us liberty, scope, and sea room (great comfort)
plied off to seaward
resolved there to abide until sun might consume the ice from the place of our passage
10 July: the weather continuing thick and dark
dark mists, continual fog and ice
we should have perished for lack of food to eat
we should have been eaten by ravenous, bloody, and men-eating people
23 July: long time now alone
ice choked up the passage
26 July: the ship leaky, the stem beaten
much ado to keep above water
it was the most impossible thing of the world
27 July: there fell so much snow, with such bitter cold air, that we could scarce see one another, nor handle our ropes and sails
the winter must be extreme, where found so unseasonable a summer
31 July: not withstanding the great storm, with incredible pain and peril, at length got through the ice
recovered our long wished port after many attempts and came to anchor
9 August: after due examination, and true account taken, there was found want of drink and fuel
it was fully agreed upon that no habitation should be there this year
30 August: the better to allure those brutish and uncivil people to courtesy against other times of our coming, we left pictures of men and women in lead, men on horseback, looking glasses, whistles, and pipes
buried the timber of our pretended fort
sowed pease, corn, and other grain to prove the fruitfulness of the soil against the next year
dark foggy mists and the continual falling snow and stormy weather, now daily ever more increased
argument of the winter's drawing near
31 Auguest: the taking in of fresh water
1 September: departed from the Sound
1 October: arrived safely in England
there died in all this voyage not above forty persons, which number is not great, considering