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What is the coupling agent of oxidation of NADH to phosphorylation of ADP?

proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

What maintains the proton gradient?

as NADH passes electron, free H+ is released and accumulates in mitochondrial matrix creating a positive acidic environment which generates a roton-motive force driving H+ back through channels provided by enzyme complexes called ATP synthetases

How many ATP are produced in substrate-level phosphorylation?

4

How many ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorylation?

32 in eukaryotes; 34 in prokaryotes

What are other energy sources available when glucose runs low?

In order of body preference: other carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Where are fats stored and what are they stored as?

in adipose tissue as triglyceride

How are fats prepped for use as energy?

hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids and glycerol, then carried by blodd to other tissues for oxidation

How are proteins prepped for use as energy?

amino acids undergo transamination to form alpha-keto acid; carbons of amino acid converted into acetyl CoA, pyruvate or another intermediate