Women in Prison: How It Is With Us

Assata Shakur / Joanne Chesimard
published in The Black Scholar, April 1978

Assata Shakur was a member of the Black Panther
Party who went underground to evade police repression, joining the Black
Liberation Army. She was captured in 1973 and held as a political prisoner
until 1979 (one year after this article was written), when she was broken
out of prison by a unit of the Black Liberation Army. She made her was to
Cuba where she lives to this day, despite increasing pressure from the United
States for her extradition.

We sit in the bull pen. We are all black. All restless. And we are all
freezing. When we ask, the matron tells us that the heating system cannot
be adjusted. All of us, with the exception of a woman, tall and gaunt, who
looks naked and ravished, have refused the bologna sandwiches. The rest of
us sit drinking bitter, syrupy tea. The tall, fortyish woman, with sloping
shoulders, moves her head back and forth to the beat of a private tune while
she takes small, tentative bites out a bologna sandwich. Someone asks her
what she’s in for. Matter of factly, she says, “They say I killed some nigga.
But how could I have when I’m buried down in South Carolina?” Everybody’s
face gets busy exchanging looks. A short, stout young woman wearing men’s
pants and men’s shoes says, “Buried in South Carolina?” “Yeah,” says the tall
woman. “South Carolina, that’s where I’m buried. You don’t know that? You
don’t know shit, do you? This ain’t me. This ain’t me.” She kept repeating,
“This ain’t me” until she had eaten all the bologna sandwiches. Then she brushed
off the crumbs and withdrew, head moving again, back into that world where
only she could hear her private tune.
Lucille comes to my tier to ask me how much time a “C” felony conviction
carries. I know, but i cannot say the words. I tell her i will look it up
and bring the sentence charts for her to see. I know that she has just been
convicted of manslaughter in the second degree. I also know that she can
be sentenced up to fifteen years. I knew from what she had told me before
that the District Attorney was willing to plea bargain: Five years probation
in exchange for a guilty pleaø a lesser charge.

Her lawyer felt that she had a case: specifically, medical records which
would prove that she had suffered repeated physical injunes as the result
of beatings by the deceased and, as a result of those beatings, on the night
of her arrest her arm was mutilated (she must still wear a brace on it) and
one of her ears was partially severed in addition to other substantial injunes
Her lawyer felt that her testimony, when she took the stand in her own defense,
would establish the fact that not only had she been repeatedly beaten by
the deceased, but that on the night in question he told her he would kill
her, viciously beat her and mauled her with a knife. But there is no self
defense in the state of New York.

The District Attorney made a big deal of the fact that she drank. And
the jury, affected by t.v. racism, “law and order”, petrified by crime and
unimpressed with Lucille as a “responsible citizen,” convicted her. And
i was the one who had to tell her that she was facing fifteen years in prison
while we both silently wondered what would happen to the four teenage children
that she had raised almost single-handedly.

Spikey has short time, and it is evident, the day before she is to be
released, that she does not want to go home. She comes to the Bing (Administrative
Segregation) because she has received an infraction for fighting. Sitting
in front of her cage and talking to her i realize that the fight was a desperate,
last ditch effort in hope that the prison would take away her “good days.”
She is in her late thirties. Her hands are swollen. Enormous. There are huge,
open sores on her legs. She has about ten teeth left. And her entire body
is scarred and ashen. She has been on drugs about twenty years. Her veins
have collapsed. She has fibrosis epilepsy and edema. She has not seen her
three children in about eight years. She is ashamed to contact home because
she robbed and abused her mother so many times.

When we talk it is around the Christmas holidays and she tells me about
her bad luck. She tells me that she has spent the last four Christmases
in jail and tells me how happy she is to be going home. But i know that
she has no where to go and that the only “friends” she has in the world are
here in jail. She tells me that the only regret she has about leaving is
that she won’t be singing in the choir at Christmas. As i talk to her i wonder
if she will be back. I tell her good bye and wish her luck. Six days later,
through the prison grapevine, i hear that she is back. Just in time for the
Christmas show.

We are at sick call. We are waiting on wooden benches in a beige and orange
room to see the doctor. Two young women who look only mildly battered by
life sit wearing pastel dresses and pointy-toed state shoes. (Wearing “state”
is often a sign that the wearer probably cannot afford to buy sneakers in
commissary.) The two are talking about how well they were doing on the street.
Eavesdropping, i find out that they both have fine “old men” that love the
mess out of them. I find out that their men dress fly and wear some baad clothes
and so do they. One has 40 pairs of shoes while the other has 100 skirts.
One has 2 suede and 5 leather coats. The other has 7 suedes and 3 leathers.
One has 3 mink coats, a silver fox and a leopard. The other has 2 minks,
a fox jacket, a floor length fox and a chinchilla. One has 4 diamond rings
and the other has 5. One lives in a duplex with a sunken tub and a sunken
living room with a water fall. The other describes a mansion with a revolving
living room. I’m relieved when my name is called. I had been sitting there
feeling very, very sad.

There are no criminals here at Riker’s Island Correctional Institution
for Women, (New York), only victims. Most of the women (over 95%) are black
and Puerto Rican. Many were abused children. Most have been abused by men
and all have been abused by “the system.”

There are no big time gangsters here, no premeditated mass murderers,
no godmothers. There are no big time dope dealers, no kidnappers, no Watergate
women. There are virtually no women here charged with white collar crimes
like embezzling or fraud. Most of the women have drug related cases. Many
are charged as accessories to crimes committed by men. The major crimes that
women here are charged with are prostitution, pick-pocketing, shop lifting,
robbery and drugs. Women who have prostitution cases or who are doing “fine”
time make up a substantial part of the short term population. The women
see stealing or hustling as necessary for the survival of themselves or
their children because jobs are scarce and welfare is impossible to live
on. One thing is clear: amerikan capitalism is in no way threatened by the
women in prison on Riker’s Island.

One gets the impression, when first coming to Riker’s Island that the
architects conceived of it as a prison modelled after a juvenile center.
In the areas where visitors usually pass there is plenty of glass and plenty
of plants and flowers. The cell blocks consist of two long corridors with
cells on each side connected by a watch room where the guards are stationed,
called a bubble. Each corridor has a day room with a t.v., tables, multi-colored
chairs, a stove that doesn’t work and a refrigerator. There’s a utility room
with a sink and a washer and dryer that do not work.

Instead of bars the cells have doors which are painted bright, optimistic
colors with slim glass observation panels. The doors are controlled electronically
by the guards in the bubble. The cells are called rooms by everybody. They
are furnished with a cot, a closet, a desk, a chair, a plastic upholstered
headboard that opens for storage, a small book case, a mirror, a sink and
a toilet. The prison distributes brightly colored bedspreads and throw rugs
for a homey effect. There is a school area, a gym, a carpeted auditorium,
two inmate cafeterias and outside recreation areas that are used during the
summer months only.

The guards have successfully convinced most of the women that Riker’s
Island is a country club. They say that it is a playhouse compared to some
other prisons (especially male): a statement whose partial veracity is not
predicated upon the humanity of correction officials at Riker’s Island,
but, rather, by contrast to the unbelievably barbaric conditions of other
prisons. Many women are convinced that they are, somehow, “getting over.”
Some go so far as to reason that because they are not doing hard time, they
are i really in prison.

This image is further reinforced the pseudo-motherly attitude many of
the guards; a deception which all too often successfully reverts women children.
The guards call the women inmates by their first names. The women address
the guards either as Officer, Mis --- or by nicknames, (Teddy Bear, Spanky,
Aunt Louise, Squeeze, Sarge, Black Beauty, Nutty Mahogany, etc.). Frequently,
when a woman returns to Riker’s she will make the rounds, gleefully embracing
her favorite guard: the prodigal daughter returns.

If two women are having a debate about any given topic the argument will
often be resolved by “asking the officer.” The guards are forever telling
the women to “grow up,” to “act like ladies,” to “behave” and to be “good
girls.” If an inmate is breaking some minor rule like coming to say “hi”
to her friend on another floor or locking in a few minutes late, a guard will
say, jokingly, “don’t let me have to come down there and beat your butt.”
It is not unusual to hear a guard tell a woman, “what you need is a good
spanking.” The tone is often motherly, “didn’t I tell you, young lady, to…”;
or, “you know better than that”; or, “that’s a good girl.” And the women respond
accordingly. Some guards and inmates “play” together. One officer’s favorite
“game” is taking off her belt and chasing her “girls” down the hall with
it, smacking them on the butt.

But beneath the motherly veneer, the reality of guard life is every present.
Most of the guards are black, usually from working class, upward bound, civil
service oriented backgrounds. They identify with the middle class, have
middle class values and are extremely materialistic. They are not the most
intelligent women in the world and many are extremely limited.

Most are aware that there is no justice in the amerikan judicial system
and that blacks and Puerto Ricans are discriminated against in every facet
of amerikan life. But, at the same time, they are convinced that the system
is somehow “lenient.” To them, the women in prison are “losers” who don’t
have enough sense to stay out of jail. Most believe in the boot strap theory
- anybody can “make it” if they try hard enough. They congratulate themselves
on their great accomplishments. In contrast to themselves they see the inmate
as ignorant, uncultured, self-destructive, weak-minded and stupid. They ignore
the fact that their dubious accomplishments are not based on superior intelligence
or effort, but only on chance and a civil service list.

Many guards hate and feel trapped by their jobs. The guard is exposed
to a certam amount of abuse from co-workers, from the brass as well as from
inmates, ass kissing, robotizing and mandatory overtime. (It is common practice
for guards to work a double shift at least once a week.) But no matter how
much they hate the military structure, the infighting, the ugliness of their
tasks, they are very aware of how close they are to the welfare lines. If
they were not working as guards most would be underpaid or unemployed. Many
would miss the feeling of superiority and power as much as they would miss
the money, especially the cruel, sadistic ones.

The guards are usually defensive about their jobs and indicate by their
behavior that they are not at all free from guilt. They repeatedly, compulsively
say, as if to convince themselves, “This is a job just like any other job.”
The more they say it the more preposterous it seems.

The major topic of conversation here is drugs. Eighty percent of inmates
have used drugs when they were in the street. Getting high is usually the
first thing a woman says she’s going to do when she gets out. In prison,
as on the streets, an escapist culture prevails. At least 50 percent of the
prison population take some form of psychotropic drug. Elaborate schemes to
obtain contraband drugs are always in the works.

Days are spent in pleasant distractions: soap operas, prison love affairs,
card playing and game playing. A tiny minority are seriously involved in
academic pursuits or the learning of skills. An even smaller minority attempt
to study available law books. There are no jail house lawyers and most of
the women lack knowledge of even the most rudimentary legal procedures. When
asked what happened in court, or, what their lawyers said, they either don’t
know or don’t remember. Feeling totally helpless and totally railroaded a
woman will curse out her lawyer or the judge with little knowledge of what
is being done or of what should be done. Most plead guilty, whether they are
guilty or not. The few who do go to trial usually have lawyers appointed by
the state and usually are convicted.

Here, the word lesbian seldom, if ever, is mentioned. Most, if not all,
of the homosexual relationships here involve role playing. The majority
of relationships are either asexual or semi-sexual. The absence of sexual
consummation is only partially explained by prison prohibition against any
kind of sexual behavior. Basically the women are not looking for sex. They
are looking for love, for concern and companionship. For relief from the
overwhelming sense of isolation and solitude that pervades each of us.

Women who are “aggressive” or who play the masculine roles are referred
to as butches, bulldaggers or stud broads. They are always in demand because
they are always in the minority. Women who are “passive,” or who play feminine
roles are referred to as fems. The butch-fem relationships are often oppressive,
resembling the most oppressive, exploitative aspect of a sexist society.
It is typical to hear butches threatening fems with physical violence and
it is not uncommon for butches to actually beat their “women.” Some butches
consider themselves pimps and go with the women who have the most commissary,
the most contraband or the best outside connections. They feel they are a
class above ordinary women which entitles them to “respect.” They dictate
to fems what they are to do and many insist the fems wash, iron, sew and clean
their cells for them. A butch will refer to another butch as “man.” A butch
who is well liked is known as “one of the fellas” by her peers.

Once in prison changes in roles are common. Many women who are strictly
heterosexual in the street become butch in prison. “Fems” often create butches
by convincing an inmate that she would make a “cute butch.” About 80 percent
of the prison population engage in some form of homosexual relationship.
Almost all follow negative, stereotypic male/ female role models.

There is no connection between the women’s movement and lesbianism. Most
of the women at Riker’s Island have no idea what feminism is, let alone lesbianism.
Feminism, the women’s liberation movement and the gay liberation movement
are worlds away from women at Riker’s.

The black liberation struggle is equally removed from the lives of women
at Riker’s. While they verbalize acute recognition that amerika is a racist
country where the poor are treated like dirt they, nevertheless, feel responsible
for the filth of their lives. The air at Riker’s is permeated with self-hatred.
Many women bear marks on their arms, legs and wrists from suicide attempts
or self-mutilation. They speak about themselves in self-deprecating terms.
They consider themselves failures.

While most women contend that whitey is responsible for their oppression
they do not examine the cause or source of that oppression. There is no sense
of class struggle. They have no sense of communism, no definition of it,
but they consider it a bad thing. They do not want to destroy Rockefella.
They want to be like him. Nicky Barnes, a major dope seller, is discussed
with reverence. When he was convicted practically everyone was sad. Many gave
speeches about how kind, smart and generous he was; no one spoke about the
sale of drugs to our children.

Politicians are considered liars and crooks. The police are hated. Yet,
during cop and robber movies, some cheer loudly for the cops. One woman
pasted photographs of Farrah Fawcett Majors all over her cell because she
“is a baad police bitch.” Kojak and Barretta get their share of admiration.

A striking difference between women and men prisoners at Riker’s Island
is the absence of revolutionary rhetoric among the women. We have no study
groups. We have no revolutionary literature around. There are no groups
of militants attempting to “get their heads together.” The women at Riker’s
seem vaguely aware of what a revolution is but generally regard it as an
impossible dream. Not at all practical.

While men in prison struggle to maintain their manhood there is no comparable
struggle by women to preserve their womanhood. One frequently hears women
say, “Put a bunch of bitches together and you’ve got nothin but trouble”;
and, “Women don’t stick together, that’s why we don’t have nothin.” Men prisoners
constantly refer to each other as brother. Women prisoners rarely refer
to each other as sister. Instead, “bitch” and “whore” are the common terms
of reference. Women, however, are much kinder to each other than men, and
any form of violence other than a fist fight is virtually unknown. Rape,
murder and stabbings at the women’s prison are non-existent.

For many, prison is not that much different from the street. It is, for
some, a place to rest and recuperate. For the prostitute prison is a vacation
from turning tricks in the rain and snow. A vacation from brutal pimps.
Prison for the addict is a place to get clean, get medical work done and
gain weight. Often, when the habit becomes too expensive, the addict gets
herself busted, (usually subconsciously) so she can get back in shape, leave
with a clean system ready to start all over again. One woman claims that
for a month or two every year she either goes jail or to the crazy house
to get away from her husband.

For many the cells are not much differt from the tenements, the shooting
galleries and the welfare hotels they live in on the street. Sick call is
no different from the clinic or the hospital emergency room. The fights are
the same except they are less dangerous. The police are the same. The poverty
is the same. The alienation is the same. The racism is the same. The sexism
is the same. The drugs are the same and the system is the same. Riker’s
and is just another institution. In childhood school was their prison, or
youth houses or reform schools or children shelters or foster homes or mental
hospitals or drug programs and they see all institutions as indifferent to
their needs, yet necessary to their survival.

The women at Riker’s Island come there from places like Harlem, Brownsville,
Bedford-Stuyvesant, South Bronx and South Jamaica. They come from places
where dreams have been abandoned like the buildings. Where there is no more
sense of community. Where neighborhoods are transient. Where isolated people
run from one fire trap to another. The cities have removed us from our strengths,
from our roots, from our traditions. They have taken away our gardens and
our sweet potato pies and given us McDonald’s. They have become our prisons,
locking us into the futility and decay of pissy hallways that lead nowhere.
They have alienated us from each other and made us fear each other. They
have given us dope and television as a culture.

There are no politicians to trust. No roads to follow. No popular progressive
culture to relate to. There are no new deals, no more promises of golden
streets and no place else to migrate. My sisters in the streets, like my sisters
at Riker’s Island, see no way out. “Where can I go?”, said a woman on the
day she was going home. “If there’s nothing to believe in,” she said, “I
can’t do nothin except try to find cloud nine.”

What of our Past? What of our History? What of our Future?

I can imagine the pain and the strength of my great great grandmothers
who were slaves and my great great grandmothers who were Cherokee Indians
trapped on reservations. I remembered my great grandmother who walked every
where rather than sit in the back of the bus. I think about North Carolina
and my home town and i remember the women of my grandmother’s generation:
strong, fierce women who could stop you with a look out the corners of their
eyes. Women who walked with majesty; who could wring a chicken’s neck and
scale a fish. Who could pick cotton, plant a garden and sew without a pattern.
Women who boiled clothes white in big black cauldrons and who hummed work
songs and lullabys. Women who visited the elderly, made soup for the sick
and shortnin bread for the babies.

Women who delivered babies, searched for healing roots and brewed medicines.
Women who darned sox and chopped wood and layed bricks. Women who could swim
rivers and shoot the head off a snake. Women who took passionate responsibility
for their children and for their neighbors’ children too.

The women in my grandmother’s generation made giving an art form. “Here,
gal, take this pot of collards to Sister Sue”; “Take this bag of pecans to
school for the teacher”; “Stay here while I go tend Mister Johnson’s leg.”
Every child in the neighborhood ate in their kitchens. They called each
other sister because of feeling rather than as the result of a movement.
They supported each other through the lean times, sharing the little they
had.

The women of my grandmother’s generation in my home town trained their
daughters for womanhood. They taught them to give respect and to demand respect.
They taught their daughters how to churn butter; how to use elbow grease.
They taught their daughters to respect the strength of their bodies, to
lift boulders and how to kill a hog; what to do for colic, how to break a
fever and how to make a poultice, patchwork quilts, plait hair and how to
hum and sing. They taught their daughters to take care, to take charge and
to take responsibility. They would not tolerate a “lazy heifer” or a “gal
with her head in the clouds.” Their daughters had to learn how to get their
lessons, how to survive, how to be strong. The women of my grandmother’s
generation were the glue that held family and the community together. They
were the backbone of the church. And of the school. They regarded outside
institutions with dislike and distrust. They were determined that their children
should survive and they were committed to a better future.

I think about my sisters in the movement. I remember the days when, draped
in African garb, we rejected our foremothers and ourselves as castrators.
We did penance for robbing the brother of his manhood, as if we were the
oppressor. I remember the days of the Panther Party when we were “moderately
liberated.” When we were allowed to wear pants and expected to pick up the
gun. The days when we gave doe-eyed looks to our leaders. The days when we
worked like dogs and struggled desperately for the respect which they struggled
desperately not to give us. I remember the black history classes that did
mention women and the posters of our “leaders” where women were conspicuously
absent We visited our sisters who bore the complete responsibility of the
children while the Brotha was doing his thing. Or had moved on to bigger and
better things.

Most of us rejected the white women’s movement. Miss ann was still Miss
ann to us whether she burned her bras or not. We could not muster sympathy
for the fact that she was trapped in her mansion and oppressed by her husband.
We were, and still are, in a much more terrible jail. We knew that our experiences
as black women were completely different from those of our sisters in the
white women’s movement. And we had no desire to sit in some consciousness
raising group with white women and bare our souls.

Women can never be free in a country that is not free. We can never be
liberated in a country where the institutions that control our lives are
oppressive. We can never be free while our men are oppressed. Or while the
amerikan government and amerikan capitalism remain intact.

But it is imperative to our struggle that we build a strong black women’s
movement. It is imperative that we, as black women, talk about the experiences
that shaped us; that we assess our strengths and weaknesses and define our
own history. It is imperative that we discuss positive ways to teach and
socialize our children.

The poison and pollution of capitalist cities is choking us. We need the
strong medicine of our foremothers to make us well again. We need their medicines
to give us strength to fight and the drive to win. Under the guidance of
Harriet Tubman and Fannie Lou Hamer and all of our foremothers, let us rebuild
a sense of community. Let us rebuild the culture of giving and carry on the
tradition of fierce determination to move on closer to freedom.