An army brigadier general said hundreds of militants from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (Isil) launched a major assault on the security forces late on Monday.

An interior ministry official said Mosul, the scene of deadly clashes since Friday, was "outside the control of the state and at the mercy of the militants".

Soldiers and police stripped off their uniforms and fled, before the militants us loudspeakers to declare they had "come to liberate" the city of some two million people.

An AFP journalist, himself fleeing the city with his family, said shops were closed, a police station had been set ablaze and that numerous security force vehicles had been burned or abandoned.

Hundreds of families were seen fleeing. Some were on foot, carrying what they could, others in vehicles with their belongings piled on the roofs.

Another AFP journalist said thousands of Mosul residents had fled for the safety of the autonomous Kurdish region in the north.

Dozens of cars and trucks stretched out from one checkpoint on the boundary of the region, as people with plastic bags, suitcases and a pram waited to enter, some with young children in tow.

iddle-east:

"The army forces threw away their weapons and changed their clothes and left their vehicles and left the city," said Mahmud Nuri, a displaced Mosul resident.

"We didn't see anyone fire a shot".

The assailants seized the provincial government headquarters and the Nineveh Operations Command as well as the airport, the army general said. They also freed hundreds of prisoners from three jails.

The Turkish consulate in Mosul said ISIL fighters had captured 28 Turkish truck drivers, while a foreign ministry official said Ankara hoped they would be released once they finished unloading fuel oil at a power station.

Mr Maliki said the cabinet had decided to arm citizens to fight the militants.

It has "created a special crisis cell to follow up on the process of volunteering and equipping and arming", he said in televised remarks.

Mr Maliki said the cabinet also decided to reorganise the security forces, and to ask parliament to impose emergency rule.

State television said parliament had received a joint request from Mr Maliki and the president's office to declare a state of emergency - the procedure laid down in the constitution.

Predominantly Sunni Muslim Nineveh province has long been a militant stronghold and one of the most dangerous areas of Iraq.

Isil, the most powerful militant group in Iraq, is also a key force in the rebellion against President Bashar al-Assad in neighbouring Syria.

In April, it launched a campaign in Syria's Deir Ezzor province, which borders Nineveh, aimed at carving out an Islamic state along the frontier.

Mosul is the second city to fall from government control this year. Militants and allied tribesmen also control Fallujah, west of Baghdad.

Violence also struck other areas of Iraq.

In Baquba, north of Baghdad, two bombs killed 20 people near a funeral procession for a slain teacher. In the capital, nine people died in attacks.

Gunmen have launched major operations in Nineveh, Salaheddin, Anbar, Diyala and Baghdad provinces since Thursday, killing scores of people and highlighting both their long reach and the weakness of security forces.

Militants seized swathes of the city of Samarra for hours before being driven out in heavy fighting and took hundreds of hostages at a university in Ramadi.

Violence is running at its highest levels since 2006-2007, when tens of thousands were killed in sectarian conflict between Iraq's Shiite majority and Sunni Arab minority.

Officials blame external factors for the rising bloodshed, particularly the civil war in neighbouring Syria. But analysts say widespread Sunni Arab anger with the Shiite-led government has also been a major factor.

The Straits Times

We have been experiencing some problems with subscriber log-ins and apologise for the inconvenience caused. Until we resolve the issues, subscribers need not log in to access ST Digital articles. But a log-in is still required for our PDFs.