18 CONSIDERATIONS Energy for developing countries, like Brazil, must be affordable, environmental friendly and available to all. (9,0 million people is without energy and 75 million with energy subsidized) The World must figure out a way to permit growth in developing nations while restricting emissions in the world. The world must understand that pollution has no frontiers and misery still is the worst environmental problem.

19 World CO 2 Overview & Brazil Energy in Brazil = 16,80 % from GHG emissions land use is the problem

21 We need: The Brazilian Coal Industry View to develop and adapt technologies CCTs and CCS suitable for local conditions. It needs international help. Capacity building, Clean Coal Research Center and networks for R,D&D The fossil Industry is doing its voluntary contribution and looking ahead with actions: - Coal and Oil network to develop technology for Carbon Capture and Storage is being started. - To increase public perception on CCS in Brazil - International and Brazilian Conferences on CCS and Climate Change - R&D Centers creation for : CCTs and CO 2 storage

23 Brazilian Hydrotermic Electric System Coal is not in base load, low CO 2 for the integrated electric system for the total energy production. Coal is flexible, can be stored system. and maximize the electric At this moment, there is a market to Export Electricity to Uruguai and Argentina - Coal Power is helping. Brazil is so dependent from hydropower, climate change effects can change the rain regime and cause problems to the security of electricity supply. Back up fossil might be important in the future, and coal can play a important role.

24 Brazil fossil fuels perspectives Problems to make new hydro difficult and long permitting process. Constrains to supply natural gas to South of Brazil coal gasification and methane production has an opportunity. Fossil fuels could be a backup for climate change influence in renewable energy systems. There is synergy among Coal and Oil Industries to increase energy security and mitigate climate change. Petrobras has expertise in deep reservoirs to survey and produce oil and gas that may be applied in coal industry. Coal resources underestimated : incomplete inventory.

25 Climate Change The Fossil Strategy Coal, Oil and Gas : sources of CO 2. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the route for Climate Change Mitigation and we need to address in a voluntary way. To develop CCS, the fossil industry have common interests: capture (pre and post combustion) and geological storage in depleted oil reservoirs and saline formations or coal seams, with ECBM. Map the CO 2 sinks and sources (ex. coal seams). We should work in an integrated view to maximize resources

28 CO 2 Storage & Geology As we have stopped our geological survey for coal in 1982, it is needed to review all the data under the light of the new technologies and an integrated view. Work to analyze all available data: cartography, geophysics, geological studies, sedimentary rocks characterization associated with the coal seams, etc. We should start a geologic survey project in the Parana Basin, including the continental platform (REMPLAC) looking for information to underground coal gasification, methane production and CCS.

29 Geological Survey for Coal REMPLAC Program Ministry of Marine and Brazilian Geologic Service

30 Brazilian Map for CCS under development (Petrobras/PUCRS). Data Base of sources and sinks in Brazil for CO 2. Localization of power plants oil and coal. CO 2 Sinks Coal Seams the geology survey helps the evaluation of the coal deposits and methane production CBM and ECBM. Capacity Building in CO 2 storage for local conditions Large network with Universities, Industries and R&D Centers under construction.

31 CO 2 Capture Need to choose and adapt or develop technology for Brazilian conditions. Pre - combustion gasification pathway - short term benefits: domestic gas production for the south industrial markets. Technological development for SNG - CTL and for hydrogen common for solids fuels (biomass, petcoke, refineries residues). Pos combustion CO 2 capture studies for other stationary sources.

50 KEY POINTS To increase the use of the Brazilian coals it is necessary to address the technology issues regarding the use of low grade coals for conversion into clean fuels. Geologic survey, mining technologies, coal characterization and utilization, environmental technologies and capacity building for all the economic chain, should be done. The need of a new coal industry will lead us to an integrated view of climatechangeless technologies. With this integrated view we can maximize the utilization of the Brazilian Coal Resources. Thus, climate change shall not be a problem for the coal industry in a long term perspective. It can bring the opportunity to give to the Brazilian coal a new scenario.

51 Conclusion High energy demand in the world low offer = high prices => look for domestic energy sources It s important the International Cooperation to develop and adapt the CCS Technology to our conditions Brazil will need all sources of energy and coal is important. ABCM is compromised to contribute to an sustainable energy security future to Brazil and CCS is the bridge for this the future.

The latest development in domestic coal production in Brazil Fernando Luiz Zancan Brazilian Coal Association April 2013 Will speak about... - Coal is the largest energy resource in the world and in Brazil.

CADERNO DE QUESTÕES NOTA FINAL MASTER S DEGREE IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ADMISSION EXAM Before reading the text, pay attention to these important and essential remarks. All the answers must be written in

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