3 PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE - VOLCANOES (6) PRE LAB OBJECTIVES: Students review different types of volcanoes. 1. Plotting volcanoes to help locate certain plate boundaries. 2. Comparing the structure of different types of volcanoes. VOCABULARY: cinder cone composite crater lava magma shield vent MATERIALS: world map placemats inflatable world globe BACKGROUND: Mt. St. Augustine in Alaska The Plate Tectonic Cycle begins with the study of volcanoes. Plate Tectonics is a theory developed by geologists that explains the movements of the Earth s crust and outer mantle. These two layers make up the Earth lithosphere or the outer shell of solid rock. The lithosphere is about 100 kilometers thick. Plate Tectonics also explains the origin of many geologic phenomena, including volcanoes and earthquakes. Conversely, the occurrence of both volcanoes and earthquakes provide data for understanding more about Plate Tectonics. In the sixth grade labs, students will focus on plotting data and interpreting results. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain why and where volcanoes occur. The plates move, and interact at their edges, or boundaries. This creates melting, especially at convergent (where two plates come together) and divergent Figure 1. Math/Science Nucleus 1990,

4 (where two plates move apart) plate boundaries, as shown in figure 1.. Magma is less dense than solid rock, so it will rise towards the Earth s surface. When it reaches the surface, it causes an eruption. However, some volcanic action, such as that in the Hawaiian Islands, does not fit the plate tectonics model. Hawaii is in the middle of the Pacific Plate, not at a plate boundary. This and other volcanoes that occur within the plate and not at the edges (intraplate) are probably caused by hotspots, which are magma sources in the Earth s mantle below the plates. Hotspot magma generation is not fully understood. In the lab, the students will plot the locations of several volcanoes at convergent plate boundary and intraplate settings. We distinguish three shapes of volcanoes. First, a shield volcano is composed of lava. The name shield describes the low, broad structure of the volcano, like an inverted shield. The Hawaiian volcanoes are shield volcanoes. Second, a cinder cone is a steeper structure and is composed of cinders (or finely pulverized rock) that were explosively erupted from the volcano. Finally, a composite volcano is composed of mixed layers of ash and lava. Composite volcanoes are frequently much higher than shield volcanoes, but not as steep as cinder cones. Mt. Shasta in California, and Mt. Fuji in Japan are examples of composite volcanoes. PROCEDURE: 1. Review with the class that earthquakes and volcanoes provide data for geologists that can be used to interpret the Earth's processes, such as plate movement. Have the students locate the following states and countries on their map or globe: Oregon, Parcutin, Mexico. Math/Science Nucleus 1990,

5 Washington, California, Italy, Philippines, Japan, Hawaii, Iceland, Alaska, Indonesia, Arizona, Nicaragua, Mexico, and Chile. This will help them locate them quickly when they complete the lab. 2. Discuss the 3 types of volcanoes by going over the diagrams shown below. See if students can name the parts of the volcanoes before you label them. Ask them to think about whether there is a distribution pattern of volcanoes or do these different types occur in the same places. In lab, they will discover there is no pattern that can be found. Let them discover this in lab. This lab is an example of a "null" hypothesis, a problem whose answer is no. 3. Review with students the different types of eruptions that they may have learned from previous years. The following pictures may be helpful. Volcanic bombs Lava from a quiet eruption. Magma with a high gas content will create vesicular volcanic rocks (with holes). Mt. St Helens violent eruption releasing ash and volcanic bombs. Math/Science Nucleus 1990,

6 PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE - VOLCANOES (6) LAB Students plot data to distinguish a pattern in the locations of OBJECTIVES: volcanoes. 1. Plotting 3 different types of volcanoes on a globe. 2. Determining if composite, shield, or cinder cone volcanoes have a world wide pattern. VOCABULARY: cinder cone composite shield MATERIALS: lab sheet Inflatable World Globes World Placemats stick on dots or note paper BACKGROUND: Mt. Fuji, Japan In the Pre Lab, students learned that there are 3 basic types of volcanoes. Cinder cones make a structure from cinders; shield volcanoes are generally made from lava; and composite volcanoes are composed of layers of cooled lava and ash. In this lab, students plot the locations of examples of all three types of volcanoes on a world map to see if there is a global pattern. The students should be somewhat familiar with terms like,"the Ring of Fire," the circum-pacific area where volcanoes are more prevalent than in other areas. They should also have a feeling for where the volcanoes occur within this area. In North, Central, and South Ring of Fire Math/Science Nucleus 1990,

7 America the volcanoes occur on the west coast of each country. In Alaska and the Asian mainland, the volcanoes are located more along the southern edges of the land. In Japan, Indonesia, and other parts of the South Pacific the volcanoes are on the eastern side of the countries. In the lab, the students will not be able to see the exact location of the volcano, so they must put a dot in its general location. PROCEDURE: 1. Review the three types of volcanoes, and any other terminology that you feel is necessary. 2. Tell the students that they will be using a globe or map to plot the different types of volcanoes on the map. Have them blow up the globes if they are using them. 3. Instruct them to put the number of the volcano on a stick-on dot, and to plot the location of the volcano on the globe or placemat. 4. Ask the students if there is a visible pattern in the locations of the three types of volcanoes, or if they are randomly dispersed. The answer is no, the 3 different types of volcanoes have no pattern. The only pattern is that many volcanoes occur along the "Ring of Fire" in the Pacific Ocean. 5. A map which shows the locations of the volcanoes in the lab is on the next page. Use this to guide the students answers. Math/Science Nucleus 1990,

10 PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE - VOLCANOES (6) POST LAB Students research active volcanoes. OBJECTIVES: 1. Researching where volcanoes occur around the world. 2. Comparing the different areas where volcanoes occur. VOCABULARY: converging diverging plate tectonics MATERIALS: worksheet relief map of the world Internet other publications that list volcanic eruptions BACKGROUND: Volcanic eruptions occur continuously around the world. They have also occurred throughout geologic time. The Earth has been restless since it was created 4.5 billion years ago, so we can assume that volcanoes were a basic building unit of the original Earth. Volcanoes were and are important to the development of the Earth. Lava produced the crust when the Earth was forming. Volcanoes also produced much of the Earth s water. Hydrogen and oxygen chemically combined inside the Earth, and the resulting water molecules outgassed from volcanoes as steam into the atmosphere. The Post Lab is a research activity. The students will find recent eruptions listed in reference material or on the Internet. They will then plot their findings on a classroom map. The pattern that they will find is that most volcanoes are created at diverging and converging plate boundaries. As described in the Pre Lab background, most volcanoes occur at convergent or divergent plate boundaries, and at a few intraplate settings. Only convergent boundaries where subduction (one plate sinks beneath another, creating much magma) produce volcanoes. Convergent boundaries where collisions take place produce little magma. Divergent plate boundaries probably have the most volcanic activity in the world, but most of these are located within the oceans, and are unknown. Intraplate volcanoes are caused by hotspots, and can occur anywhere. Math/Science Nucleus 1990,

11 There are many ways to format this assignment. Enclosed is an example of how the students can collect the data from their reference material. Alternatively, you may want the students just to find locations on a map, and not to copy all the information down. PROCEDURE: 1. Review the settings of volcanoes with the class. 2. Give the class their assignment. Have each group of students find 3-5 volcanoes in the library or on the Internet. You may want to assign particular geographic areas to different students or student groups. If you assign Internet research, here are a few sites to start with or have students conduct their own search. Information on currently erupting volcanoes around the world, with links to each site. Michigan Technological University - volcano sites from around the world. The US Geological Survey website. Excellent information on US volcanoes, as well as plate tectonics and geologic hazards. 3. Have each student group share their information with the rest of the class. Have the students plot their findings on the classroom map. If you are using the relief map, make sure that the students notice that volcanoes are usually on mountainous areas, but that not all mountains are volcanoes. The students will notice that volcanoes are more abundant in the circum-pacific region and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge area. These are primarily convergent and divergent settings, respectively. However your students will have also have plots of areas like Hawaii, that are intraplate volcanoes. Explain that these do not fit the plate tectonic model for the formation of volcanoes, but are still fairly well understood by geologists. Math/Science Nucleus 1990,

12 PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE - VOLCANOES (6) POST LAB DIRECTIONS: Find the active volcanoes in the area assigned by your teacher. Record the following information about each volcano. Plot the location of each volcano the map. 1. NAME OF VOLCANO: WHERE LOCATED: TYPE OF PLATE BOUNDARY WHEN IT ERUPTED COMPOSITION OF LAVA ERUPTED WHAT HAPPENED: How long did the eruption last, what was erupted, what kind of property damage (if any) occurred 2. NAME OF VOLCANO: WHERE LOCATED: TYPE OF PLATE BOUNDARY WHEN IT ERUPTED COMPOSITION OF LAVA ERUPTED WHAT HAPPENED: 3. NAME OF VOLCANO: WHERE LOCATED: TYPE OF PLATE BOUNDARY WHEN IT ERUPTED COMPOSITION OF LAVA ERUPTED WHAT HAPPENED: 4.. NAME OF VOLCANO: WHERE LOCATED: TYPE OF PLATE BOUNDARY WHEN IT ERUPTED COMPOSITION OF LAVA ERUPTED WHAT HAPPENED: Math/Science Nucleus 1990,

Name: Class: Date: What is a Volcano? WHERE DO VOLCANOES FORM AND WHY? A volcano is a weak spot in the crust where molten material, called magma, erupts to the surface. Magma is a mixture of rock-forming

Volcanoes and Earthquakes Part 1: Volcanoes Introduction Earth s crust is made of cool, solid rock. Yet, most of Earth is made of extremely hot rock in the mantle and liquid metal in the core. Sometimes,

Understanding: Volcanoes: Teacher s Guide Grade Level: 6-8 Curriculum Focus: Earth Science Lesson Duration: Two class periods Program Description Once, the power of volcanoes was thought to be the work

BY RYAN O MAHONY INTRODUCTION This project is about volcanoes and how they form and how they function. It will also show you the different aspects of a volcano. MAP OF VOLCANOES AROUND THE WORLD DIAGRAM

Lecture 16 - Introduction to Volcanoes VOLCANOES What is a volcano? A place on the earth s surface (or any other planet) where molten rock and gases are erupted. A hill or mountain built up by the eruption

12.2 Features of Plate Tectonics Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers. These layers are the crust, mantle (upper and lower), outer core, and inner core. Crust outer solid rock layer

Answers Plate Tectonics Year 9 Science Chapter 7 p167 1 Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that is used to explain the movement of the Earth s lithosphere. The lithosphere is the solid outermost shell

20 LESSON Viscosity and Volcano Types This photo, taken in 1943 in Paricutin, Mexico, shows an eruption of the Paricutin volcano at night. Glowing hot, broken rocks outline the shape of the volcano, called

Interactive Plate Tectonics Directions: Go to the following website and complete the questions below. http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/index.html How do scientists learn about the interior

Section 2 Types of Volcanoes Key Concept Tectonic plate motions can result in volcanic activity at plate boundaries. What You Will Learn Nonexplosive eruptions of basaltic magma occur at divergent boundaries.

Earthquakes and Volcanoes Earthquakes There s nothing quite like getting caught up in an earthquake. The ground shakes and rolls. The Earth makes a big shift. Have you ever felt an earthquake? An earthquake

Plate Tectonics Lab II This lab is modified from a UW ESS101 Lab created by Mike Harrell Note: Hand in only the Answer Sheet at the back of this guide to your Instructor Introduction One of the more fundamental

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: Core Mantle Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core Crust The Crust This is where we live! The Earth

ES 104: Laboratory # 8 VOLCANISM AND VOLCANIC LANDFORMS Introduction Volcanoes are classified into several major types depending on the size and shape of the landform. A shield volcano forms a gently sloping

Session 4. The Engine That Drives the Earth What do the lush, tropical islands of Hawaii have in common with the barren, cool summits of the Cascade Mountains in the northwestern United States? Both provide

PLATE TECTONICS ACTIVITY The purpose of this lab is to introduce the concept of plate tectonics and the formation of mountains. Students will discuss the properties of the earth s crust and plate tectonics.

Plate Tectonics A Continental Puzzle Drifting Continents In 1910, a meteorologist from Germany named Alfred Wegener (Vay-guh-ner) developed a theory based on many observations. Even though meteorologists

Earth Science Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics Name: Date: Period: August 2013 Due Date: 17 Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is (1) less dense and more basaltic (3) more dense and

Geol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II 4. Which of the following statements about paleomagnetism at spreading ridges is FALSE? A. there is a clear pattern of paleomagnetic

Plate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007 1. Please fill in the missing labels. 2. Please fill in the missing labels. 3. How many large plates form the outer shell of the earth?

Unit 6 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Essential Questions What evidence can students observe that the Earth is changing? How do scientists know what s inside the Earth? What processes

Mountain Building Folding Faulting Volcanoes Most Major Mountain ranges were formed by the collision of continental Plates Mountains by Folding Fold mountains are actually formed by crust which have been

Features of Plate Tectonics Section 12.2 Summary Textbook pages 518 537 Before You Read Earthquakes frequently occur in British Columbia. State what you already know about earthquakes in the lines below.

Mountain Building Folding Faulting Volcanoes Most Major Mountain ranges were formed by the collision of continental Plates Mountains by Folding Fold mountains are actually formed by crust which have been

Environmental Science Volcano Review Sheet 1. List and describe the components of the 4 spheres of the Earth. a. Geosphere; rock and soil b. Atmosphere; air c. Hydrosphere; water d. Biosphere; area where

Objective: Identify the types of plate boundaries and the land features and geologic events that each feature makes. Transform boundaries exist where two plates slide past each other. No lithosphere is

CHAPTER 11 2 How Mountains Form SECTION Deformation of the Crust KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What kinds of plate collisions form mountains? What are four main types

2 Tectonic processes In this chapter you will study: how the Earth s crust is broken into different types of tectonic s what type of tectonic activity occurs at the boundaries what can happen during earthquakes

Joy of Science Experience the evolution of the Universe, Earth and Life Review Introduction Main contents Quiz Unless otherwise noted, all pictures are taken from wikipedia.org Review 1 Which is not included

Post Assessment Concept(s) Addressed Time Materials Advance preparation The Earth has different layers with different densities, composition and temperatures. Direct and indirect evidence are used to explain

Instructor s Notes Overview The kids take the locations of 25 major volcanos found around the rim of the Pacific Ocean and map them. This is the same kind of data that Alfred Wegener used to create his

Volcanoes These icons indicate that teacher s notes or useful web addresses are available in the Notes Page. This icon indicates the slide contains activities created in Flash. These activities are not

Earth and Space Science Semester 2 Exam Review Part 1 Convection -A form of heat transfer. - Convection currents circulate in the Asthenosphere located in the Upper Mantle. - Source of heat is from the

Tectonics The changing position of the continents is called continental drift. Plates move a few centimetres a year. Plate movement causes continents to collide, and split apart. The Earth s crust is divided

Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 9 Earth Science, 12e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors

Earthquakes Volcanoes Mountains Sea Floor Spreading Where is it located? How does it form? How does it change the Earth s surface? Earthquakes Where are earthquakes located? Most earthquakes happen around

Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth Activities for Grades 6-8 Investigate Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Mountain Formation OVERVIEW Students will learn about why earthquakes happen, and how mountains and volcanoes

Name: Lab: Exploring Patterns in Regional Seismicity Lev Horodyskyj LevH@psu.edu; v1.1 - June 2009 Content Objectives - By the end of the exercise, students should be able to: - Describe the basic properties

Notes on Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics states that the Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections, called plates. These plates move around the mantle. Plates are composed of the crust and

PART ONE Some Processes that Change the Earth s Surface Science standards To prepare students to understand the Essential Academic Learning Requirements (EALRs) introduced at middle school, this series

CHAPTER 4 4 Deforming the Earth s Crust SECTION Plate Tectonics BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What happens when rock is placed under stress?

ByAlejandro Facts about Composite volcanoes: Mount Kilimanjaro is located in northern Tanzania Mount Kilimanjaro is measured to be 19,340 Farmers harvest bananas and coffee beans on lower parts The volcano

Earth Science Grade 4 Minerals Standards: Identifies the physical properties of minerals Teacher Background Minerals are pure substances and mix together to make rocks. Rocks have a cycle and different

1 Geohazards and Me: What geologic hazards exist near me? Which plate boundary is closest to me? Movement of the Earth s plates creates great forces that push and reshape the rock in the crust. Sometimes

Name: Date: 1. The road shown below was suddenly broken by a natural event. 3. The convergence of two continental plates would produce Which natural event most likely caused the crack in the road? island

What does this all mean? DIVIDE COLLIDE - SLIDE There are three types of motion. Plates can divide apart and move away from each other. Plates can collide together and move closer. Plates can slide past

Plate Tectonics Web-Quest Part I: Earth s Structure. Use the following link to find these answers: http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/structure.html 1. Label the layers of Earth in the diagram

Plate Tectonics: An Online Investigation Please visit mrges.com, click on the Labs link, and then on the Plate Tectonics Online Activity link. When you arrive at the module, begin by clicking the ENTER

Lecture 7 Plates and Mantle Plumes Transform Boundaries Transform boundaries occur where one segment of rigid lithosphere slides horizontally past another in response to stresses in the lithosphere. The