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3 Why do we need so many terms?The study of anatomy and physiology may seem much like learning a new language. It is, in fact, learning pieces of old languages put together to create new meaning. This lecture will provide some pointers on how to go about learning these pieces and parts.

4 Jargon of the tradeAre all the new cover sheets on the TPS reports?It appears that the patient has a subdural hematoma in the right temporal lobe.You need get me a blind count on that break-bulk shipment.Any profession practiced today uses jargon to provide quick and meaningful communication. Whether you are a nurse in the emergency room, a family doctor in the office, or a patient awaiting test results, being able to communicate clearly and effectively is extremely important.

5 Precise and efficient communicationMedical terminology is an agreed upon set of words that help explain body parts, body processes, diseases, procedures and diagnoses.Most medical terminology is based in Latin or ancient Greek. These languages are used as the basis for medical terminology because they are no longer used in modern everyday language. This lends stability in the way the terminology is used because the meanings of the words no longer change radically as with commonly used words.This agreed upon system of naming helps speed up written and verbal communication as well as helping to reduce mistakes due to misunderstanding.

6 Hippocrates and AristotleThese two ancient Greek philosophers had a large impact on the teaching and training of physicians for centuries.Over 2,000 years ago Hippocrates and Aristotle saw the need for specific, descriptive medical terminology that could be used widely in training new physicians.Even though many of their ideas about human health proved false (ie. 4 bodily humors that must be balanced) the standards they brought to speaking and writing about medicine have been maintained throughout the centuries.The physician heals, nature makes well.~ AristoleThe art of medicine consists of three elements: the disease, the patient, and the doctor. ~ Hippocrates

7 Prefix+ Root + Suffix= meaningEtymologyEtymology, not to be confused with the study of insects, is the study of the origins of words shown by tracing their development and linguistic relationships.For example, the English adjective medical derives from the 1600s French term médical meaning healer which derives from the Latin medicus which means physician or surgeon.Dissection of words is as important to learning anatomy as the dissection of organs. If you know the meaning of a selection of prefixes, roots and suffixes you can piece together the meaning of most medical terminology.Prefix+ Root + Suffix= meaningComic from maydaycomic.wordpress.com

8 Roots Common Examples:In any medical term there is a root, or the main part of the word. Some terms can even have more than one root.The root of a medical term contains the essential meaning of the word and most often refers to a body part or system.RootMeaningArthrJointAurEarAngiVesselBrachiArmBuccCheekCardiHeartCephalHeadChondroDactylFingersDermSkinEncephalBrainEpisiVulvaGastroStomachGingivGumsGnathJawHematBloodHistTissueLaparAbdomenLinguTongue

9 Prefixes Common Examples: Prefix Meaning A- Without; absence of Ana-Up; again; backwardBrady-SlowCata-DownDia-ThroughEcto-Outer; outsideEso-InwardEpi-On; overHyper-Above; excessiveHypo-Below; deficientInfra-Under; belowMal-BadMeso-MiddleMeta-After; changeOsteo-BonePeri-SurroundingNeo-NewSyn-Joined; togetherTachy-Fast; rapidMany medical terms also have a prefix in front of the root.The prefix is a modifier of the root and usually refers to how, why, when, where how much, how many position, direction, time or status.

10 Suffixes Common Examples:A suffix is a modifier of the root located after the root.Suffixes will most often indicate a procedure, condition or disease.not all medical terms will have a suffix.SuffixMeaning-algiaPain-celeProtrusion, hernia-clastBreak-critTo separate-cyteCell-ectomySurgical removal-emesisVomiting-emiaBlood condition-genicProducing; causing-iaAbnormal state-itisIinflammation-lysisLoosening; separating-omaTumor; swelling-otomyCut into; incision-porosisPassage-sepsisInfection-sisState of-trophyNourishment-uleLlittle

11 Putting it all togetherLinking or combining vowels are often added to medical terms to join roots, prefixes or suffixes.Sternoclaidomastoid is an example of a term that uses three roots and no prefix or suffix but requires two linking vowels. The sternocleidomastoid is a muscle that has an attachment or origin on three different bones:RootMeaningSternSternum (breast bone) 1ClaidClavicle (collar bone) 2MastoidMastoid process(skull temporal bone protrusion) 3321Stern-O-Claid-O-Mastoid

13 EponymsJohann Gottfried ZinnF.G.J. HenleLouis-Antoine RanvierNode of Ranvier:This is gap between the pillows of myelin on a particular part of a neuron.Zonule of Zinn:(my personal favorite eponym)This is the structure in the eye that connects thelens to the iris.Loop of Henle:This is a structure in the nephron of a kidney that helps control water balance.Medical eponyms do not follow the prefix, root, suffix pattern. These medical terms are usually derivedfrom the name of the researcher who discovered the condition or described the anatomical structure first.While there is a trend toward changing some eponyms to more descriptive Greek and Latin based terms thereare still plenty of eponyms in use today. In current usage the possessive apostrophe is not required. Unfortunately, these terms must be memorized or looked up in reference rather that “dissection” the term to find its meaning.

14 Practice Exercise 13. mononeuritis achromatopsia 14. neurogenesisUse the prefix, root, and suffix reference guide from Wikipedia and the Free Medical Dictionary to determine the meaning of the terms below. The definition for each word is either a condition, a procedure or referring to an anatomical structure.achromatopsiabronchoalveolarcephaloceledistrichiasisembolectomyfibrosarcomagastroduodenalhematomyeliainfrascapularjejunectomykinesialabiodental13. mononeuritis14. neurogenesis15. oophorosalpingitis16. peridendritic17. retinoblastoma18. sensorimuscular19. thrombocyst20. uraniscoplasty21. vasodilation22. Wernicke’s encephalopathy23. xanthocyte24. zoonosis

15 Brief Definition: Term TypePractice Exercise Answers 1-8TermPrefix; Root; SuffixBrief Definition: Term Typeachromatopsiawithout; color; visionColorblindness; conditionbronchoalveolarwindpipe; air sac; adjective formreferring to the junction of the windpipe and the alveoli in the lungs; structurecephalocelehead; protrusioncerebral hernia; conditiondistrichiasistwo; hair; formationtwo hairs growing from the same follicle; processembolectomyblood clot; removalsurgical removal of a blood clot within a vessel; procedurefibrosarcomahairlike; tumor of connective tissuemalignant tumor of fibrous connective tissuegastrodoudenalstomach;intestine; relating torelating to the junction of the stomach and 1st segment of the small intestine; structurehematomyeliablood; spinal cord; conditionappearance of blood in the spinal cord

18 Recall techniquesPractice is key to learning any new language. Below you will find a list of methods for practicing anatomy and physiology terminology.Mnemonic devices: These are simple ways to memorize lists of terms. Devise an acronym or phrase to practice the order of terms.cranial bones (skull): “Old Pygmies From Thailand Eat Skulls.”Occipital; Parietal; Frontal; Temporal; Ethmoid: SphenoidWord grouping and color coding: Sometimes it’s easier to remember terms based on their relationship to other terms. Writing related terms in lists or on cards in the same color and using them to review can help to recall the term later.Grouping ideas: system, function, condition, procedure, body part.3. Matching: this is a handy way to connect terms with their definitions. For each term use two cards, one for the term and one for the definition. on the other side of each draw the same small symbol (smiley face, star, square and so on). Place the groups of cards on a table and time yourself while you are matching the definition to the term using the symbol to check that you are correct. Race yourself or a partner to see how your recall improves.4. Crosswords and word searches: Crossword puzzles are handy for recalling terms from definitions and word searches are a great technique for practicing spelling of medical terms.

19 Resource list Free Online References: Book References:Online Etymology Dictionary: provides the meaning and background of words used in the English languageMedilexicon.com: a very complete and searchable site for terms, abbreviations, medical codes and FDA approved drugsFree Medical Dictionary.com: comprehensive definitions in a searchable formatBook References:Most public libraries will have these two helpful references.Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionaryalso has a companion website with electronic versions for purchase at less cost than the print version:Mosby’s Medical DictionaryThere are several different versions available.

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