Back in January, this blog featured a set of 36 wax models which were chosen by UCL Museum Studies students as a research project for their Collections Curatorship course. At that time, the models were a complete mystery. They were unidentified, undocumented and unaccessioned.

I’m thrilled to report that we now have answers! Due to the brilliant efforts of students Nina Davies, Clare Drinkell and Alice Tofts the wax models are no longer a mystery. Here they are (again) – this week’s Specimens of the Week are the…

**Leech Embryo Models**

LDUCZ-G525 Hemiclepsis marginata

The set of wax models is an embryological developmental series of Hemiclepsis marginata, a freshwater leech. Initially, the students sought advice from embryologists, who proposed that the models could be leeches. This was confirmed by a number of leech specialists who recognised them as belonging to the family Glossiphoniidae and suggested that they could be based on Charles Otis Whitman’s pioneering work on cell lineage based on the description of cleavage patterns in leech embryos[1] :

Plate XII from C.O. Whitman’s The embryology of Clepsine 1878

Upon comparison, it is clear that the models are based on Whitman’s illustrations. The taxonomic identification of the models also matches the description for a developmental series offered in Rudolf Weisker’s Institut für Wachsbilderei 1880 catalogue (translated from the German):

‘The Development of the Hirudines (Clepsine marginata)
Study carried out with Mr. C. O. Whitmann from Boston
in the Zoological Institute of the Privy Council Prof. Leuckart
38 Preparations 100 times magnification’ [2].

Besides confirming the taxonomy (Clepsine marginata = Hemiclepsis marginata) and origin based on Whitman’s study, the catalogue reveals that there were 38 models in the set, indicating that 2 models from the Grant Museum have not not survived.

The full text given in Weisker’s catalogue lists the various stages of the models such as the ‘preliminaries of the furrow’, the ‘formation of the ectoderm and mesoderm’, the ‘installation of the germline’ and ‘system of entoderms and nervous system’. These descriptions make it possible to identify the individual developmental stages of the leech embryo through comparison with Whitman’s illustrations and/or Weisker’s models.

They also offer a glimpse as to what the missing models looked like. Model 37 (pictured as the last illustration in Plate XII above) showed the advanced formation of the intestinal canals. The final model in the series was a preparation on a glass plate illustrating ‘circulation, segmental organ, intestine and mouth ring’:

Plate XIII from C.O. Whitman’s The embryology of Clepsine 1878

Only one other collection (of the many contacted) has this Weisker model set – the Aquarium-Muséum de l’Université de Liège. Collections assistant Marie Bournonville kindly provided comparative images of their set which includes the 37th model:

Model 37 from Hemiclepsis series courtesy of the Aquarium-Muséum de l’Université de Liège

The question of how these models came to Grant Museum remains. Despite the fact that there is no documented date of entry in the museum archives, the identification of the models may help in this line of inquiry. When C.O. Whitman’s The embryology of Clepsine (1878) was published in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, E. Ray Lankester was not only the editor of the journal, but also the Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at UCL and curator of the Grant Museum.

Lankester, (who also made important contributions to embryology and is duly referenced throughout Whitman’s paper), was an advocate of object based-learning who encouraged his students to use specimens as teaching aids. Throughout his time at the Grant Museum (1875-1890), Lankester continuously added to the collections including acquiring numerous other wax models and embryological series made by Rudolf Weisker and Studio Ziegler for use in his teaching practicals.

It seems possible, if not likely, that Lankester was responsible for the leech series being added to the collection if not through his purchase of the models for use in the classroom, then perhaps as a gift from Whitman himself. If the models were a personal gift to Lankester, this might explain why they were not listed in the Museum’s earliest accession register (known as the 1890 Lankester Grant Museum Catalogue) unlike the other wax models in the collection at this time.

While not all of the mysteries surrounding the models have been uncovered, the research and process of identification of the wax leech series has given them a scientific and historical identity which was previously unknown. This research has illuminated the forgotten value of these models as important objects in the history of embryology and zoological teaching.

See the models on display in the new Octagon exhibition Spotlight: Illuminating Stories from UCL Culture from 16th May 2017.

Tannis Davidson is the Acting Curator at the Grant Museum of Zoology

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Nina Davies, Clare Drinkell and Alice Tofts for their fabulous research of the Weisker Hemiclepsis marginata models and for providing the group image of LDUCZ-G525.

Thank you to Marie Bournonville from the Aquarium-Muséum de l’Université de Liège for finding a duplicate set of the Hemiclepsis models and supplying images.

Many thanks to the following embryologists for their generous advice and suggestions : Dian-Han Kuo, David Weisblat, Art Woods, Gerhard Scholtz, Amy Moran and Roy Sawyer.