ABSTRACT: Safe operation of ships in restricted areas, in particular in canals and waterways of restricted width and depth, often with presence of current. depends on operator skill. One way to influence operator skill and hence to increase safety against collisions and groundings is proper training of operators in realistic envi-ronment. Training could be accomplished on board ships, which takes, however, long time but also on simula-tors. There are two types of simulators: full mission bridge simulators (FMBS) working in real time and physical simulators using large manned models in purposeful prepared training areas (MMS). Capabilities of both type simulators are discussed in detail. Capability of FMBS depends on computer codes governing them. Few examples of capability of FMBS to reproduce correctly ship handling situations are shown. There are few MMS in the world, one of which is Ilawa Ship Handling Research and Training Centre. In the centre models of several types of ships are available and training areas are developed representing different naviga-tional situations. The main purpose of the training exercises is to show the trainees how to handle the ship in many close proximity situations, in the presence of current, in very restricted water areas etc.

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