A thinner, "Retina" MacBook Pro had been rumored for some time, and Apple did not disappoint when it introduced the new 15" Retina MacBook Pro at its Worldwide Developers Conference last week.

Availability has been rather scarce since the notebook's launch last week, but we were able to get our hands on the base $2,199 model for testing. (Many Apple Store retail locations had little or no stock during launch week, as early inventory apparently went to fill a rash of online orders for early adopters).

The base model is more than adequate to get a feel for the new "Retina" redesign. We put the machine through some benchmark paces to look at relative raw performance, and spent a couple of days using the machine for our usual work to get a more subjective impression of the whole package—and we came away impressed.

"Future of notebooks"

Apple could have chosen a simpler path to revising its MacBook Pro. The Retina display could have been a drop-in replacement for the existing 15.4" 1440x900 display. Perhaps it could have removed the optical drive, replaced the boot drive with a MacBook Air-like SSD module, and kept the internal 2.5" bay for optional additional storage in the form of another SSD or a relatively inexpensive, but vastly more massive, HDD. Such a design would have likely sold well, and Apple's designers could move on to the next project (hello, new Mac Pro).

Then again, the company traditionally hasn't had problems pushing consumers to adopt designs they might be uncomfortable with at first. Recall the words that Steve Jobs used when he introduced the redesigned MacBook Air in October 2010: "We've tried to be really aggressive [with the design]," Jobs said. "We see these as the next generation of MacBooks—all notebooks will be like this."

The new 15" Retina MacBook Pro is the first time Apple has applied the same design thinking that went into that new Air to its "pro" notebooks. Spinning hard drives? Gone. Optical storage? Useless anachronism. FireWire and Ethernet? Vestigial, obsolete ports.

But this isn't a stripped-down machine with ultra low voltage processors. The new MacBook Pro differentiates itself from the Air by packing in a quad-core Ivy Bridge processor built on Intel's latest 22nm process. It includes Intel's HD4000 integrated GPU, which isn't quite the pixel-y sloth that past Intel IGPs used to be. It also packs in a discrete NVIDIA GeForce GT 650M mobile GPU with 1GB of dedicated DDR5 memory, and you get at least 8GB of DDR3 RAM standard.

Chris Foresman

All this hardware pumps 5.1 million pixels to the 2880x1800 pixel Retina display—the sharpest, highest resolution display Apple has shipped in any of its computers thus far.

Still, Apple has kept the previous 15" MacBook Pro design around for those that aren't quite ready for the future. It has an upgradeable 2.5" drive slot and two slots for RAM. It also has a full array of ports, including FireWire and gigabit Ethernet. And, perhaps most importantly to those still dependent on CDs and DVDs, it has an optical drive for those who want the convenience of having one built-in.

But making hard decisions about what stayed in and what had to go has allowed Apple to build a machine that's every bit as powerful—and with the right adapters, as capable—as last year's MacBook Pro design. Yet Apple shaved about 27 percent of the volume and over a pound of weight in the process.

Design

The same huge glass trackpad dominates a large portion of the 15" Retina MacBook Pro when opened.

Chris Foresman

If you have seen any unibody MacBook Pro in the last few years, you already have a pretty good idea of what the Retina MacBook Pro looks like. It has the same textured aluminum finish, the same rounded corners, and the same huge trackpad. The display has a uniform black appearance when the screen is off, due to its fused glass panel—similar to the display assembly of the iPhone 4 and 4S.

The keyboard is slightly different from that used on previous Pro models. Its layout is identical to the current MacBook Air, including the extra key in the F13 position that serves as the power button. (The aluminum power button on the upper right is now gone). And like all of Apple's laptops, the keyboard is backlit.

The backlit keyboard is more Air-like, including the revised power button.

Chris Foresman

The feel of the keyboard is also slightly different. The keys themselves have a very slight texture to them. Key travel appears to be slightly reduced. It's hard to quantify, but there's definitely less travel than previous Pros, or even my 2010 MacBook Air. We wouldn't call this bad, per se, but it's something you will notice and may take some time getting used to.

Laser-etched speaker grilles flank either side of the keyboard, and a noise-canceling microphone is hidden behind each.

One area where the new Pro differs from the old design is the addition of small linear vents along the bottom side edges of the casing. These vents are part of the revised cooling system, and Apple claims that the way they are carved into the unibody creates additional torsional rigidity. There's no noticeable flex in either MacBook Pro as far as we can tell, though—both seem pretty solid.

Additional vents line both edges of the Retina MacBook Pro.

Chris Foresman

So the design isn't really new, per se, just slightly refined for this particular model. It's thin, solid, and feels like a professional machine—exactly what you would expect.

The Retina MacBook Pro is essentially the same thickness as a MacBook Air at its thickest point—0.71 inches versus 0.68 inches, respectively.

232 Reader Comments

The Retina MacBook Pro is a solid machine with plenty of pro performance, a pro-level display in nearly every sense of the word, and for most users, plenty of high-performance ports. Your needs may require one or more dongles, but like every other port standard Apple has pushed, it's ready for the future if not exactly covering all the needs of everyone today. (Remember when Apple ditched serial, ADB, and SCSI ports for USB in 1998?)

Sorry, but in my view the new retina MacBook Pro is anything but "Pro".

I do remember when Apple ditched the ADB, SCSI and Serial ports in a single generation. It was an unmitigated disaster. There where no USB peripherals in the market (not even mice), and suddenly you could not even plug in an ADB keyboard to your Mac! There was only one affordable printer model in the entire world that supported USB (The Epson Stylus - the very first one as I recall). And there where no dongles or adapters for using your multi-thousand $$$ worth or SCSI equipment. We had to resort to keeping our old Macs for several years until we could find adapters or buy new peripherals.

Going back to the retina MacBook, dongles are not a practical solution. First of all, I don't want to pay extra $$$ for what should be standard features.

Second: I don't want to carry a small menagerie of dongles wherever I go. This defeats the purpose of a portable computer.

Third: You can only connect so many dongles/hubs together. Imagine this scenario: a USB printer, a USB HASP (yes some Pro apps still require them) a USB tablet, a USB flash drive, a USB external hard drive for Time Machine backups and a USB DVD drive. These are devices that a professional graphic artist will need to use almost simultaneously on a daily basis. Some of them (like the USB drive) won't work from an external USB hub. Would it kill Apple to offer more ports in what is supposed to be a "Pro" machine?

Fourth: as a professional, I want to be able to increase my computer's useful life by upgrading its RAM, internal storage and battery two or three years from now, so I can keep my investment for as long as possible. I don't want a computer what will be obsolete in two years' time. That's a very bad investment.

Apple's new retina MacBook is built with a clear (and very short) expiration date. That's a deal-killer for me.

The Retina MacBook Pro is a solid machine with plenty of pro performance, a pro-level display in nearly every sense of the word, and for most users, plenty of high-performance ports. Your needs may require one or more dongles, but like every other port standard Apple has pushed, it's ready for the future if not exactly covering all the needs of everyone today. (Remember when Apple ditched serial, ADB, and SCSI ports for USB in 1998?)

Sorry, but in my view the new retina MacBook Pro is anything but "Pro".

Yeah, well, that's just, like, your opinion, man.

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Going back to the retina MacBook, dongles are not a practical solution. First of all, I don't want to pay extra $$$ for what should be standard features.

What if the new MBP had those ports, but it cost more? Would you then be happy that you are not "paying extra"?

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Second: I don't want to carry a small menagerie of dongles wherever I go. This defeats the purpose of a portable computer.

Really, a dongle or two makes the computer utterly unportable? And just how many dongles do you need? I for one know what peripherals and connections I would be using, so I would only need dongles for those. If I needed dongles at all that is. I do not need to carry dongles and cables for every possible situation.

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Third: You can only connect so many dongles/hubs together. Imagine this scenario: a USB printer, a USB HASP (yes some Pro apps still require them) a USB tablet, a USB flash drive, a USB external hard drive for Time Machine backups and a USB DVD drive. These are devices that a professional graphic artist will need to use almost simultaneously on a daily basis.

We can all come up with scenarios that make just about any system unfeasible or not ideal. Your example is not an universal truth that will apply to everyone. There seems to be lots of people already buying this machine, so obviously your complaints do not apply to them. Or maybe they are jus stupid because their wants and needs are not same as yours? Imagine that: different people, different pros even, with different needs and priorities. Amazing.

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Some of them (like the USB drive) won't work from an external USB hub. Would it kill Apple to offer more ports in what is supposed to be a "Pro" machine?

Those ports would take space from some other features of the computer. Would you prefer smaller batteries for example?

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Fourth: as a professional, I want to be able to increase my computer's useful life by upgrading its RAM, internal storage and battery two or three years from now, so I can keep my investment for as long as possible. I don't want a computer what will be obsolete in two years' time. That's a very bad investment.

So you think this computer will be obsolete in two years? Really? Hyperbole much?

And what if the machine was upgradeable, but you had nothing to upgrade? For years computers were limited to 4GB of RAM. what good would RAM-slots be if you were already maxed out at 4GB? And biggest SODIMMs are 8GB, so with two slot laptop you are limited to maximum of 16GB in any case. And if upgradeability is so important to you, shouldn't you be looking at desktops in any case?

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Apple's new retina MacBook is built with a clear (and very short) expiration date.

For some people it may compromise too much, that doesn't make their wants/needs less valid than yours.Different strokes for different folks....Hopefully they'll keep the upgradeable MBP around next year as well, but with the higher res (retina) display.*If they do it'll probably be a step behind the new display used by the more slim-line MBP ofc...Personally I'm going to have a closer look at the competition this year before (if) settling on the newest MBP.

How does it royally suck? I've been on Windows 7 since release and it's quite good. Sure if you have some very very specific needs it might not be for you, but it's the most generally good OS out there. It just works, actaully.

Fair enough - I should have gone into more details:

1) User Interface Inconsistency - open up the control panel or any of the bundled applications and you swear it reminds me of a Linux distribution from 10 years ago where each application appears to be using a different widget kit and a different set of UI guidelines. Microsoft can't control third parties but I do expect them to actually make sure that their whole Windows team is singing from the same song sheet rather than each going off and doing their own thing.

2) Horrible third party vendors (hardware and software) - again, I understand this is something that Microsoft can't directly control but I'm amazed at the number of third parties who can't write a decent installer/uninstaller without it leaving crap in random locations in random directories let alone the the gunk left in the registry that can cause problems later on if you install a newer version or install something that may conflict with an old install. I really have to ask myself - when is Microsoft going to say, "This is a Windows directory - none of you third parties are allowed to touch it, no excuses, no buts, no nothing" and force third parties to install all their applications into a single directory including any dependencies they would normally vomit into the Windows directory.

3) Constant broken promises; we're in 2012 and Microsoft is still basing 99% of their operating system on GDI - why haven't they moved their common control and dialogue (plus other interface libraries) over to Direct2D/DirectWrite yet? Microsoft came out and claimed that WinRT was a native bare metal sitting on the kernel subsystem (a real subsystem and not merely a wrapper around win32) but later third party vendors show it still depends on the same crappy spaghetti of Win32 as was .NET and previous "modern" (as claimed by Microsoft) API's they've released in recent years. Here we are in 2012 and Microsoft is still dragging along out of date 1980s technology whilst claiming to the world that Windows 8 is 'modern' and 'fresh' when in reality it is nothing more than mutton dressed up as lamb.

Raptor's Boomstick wrote:

mrnomnoms wrote:

Moderators: How about having a rule - no posting on stories until you've made at least 100 posts in either the Windows, Linux or Mac forums or otherwise the news section will be chocked to the brim with knuckle dragging shit stirring morons.

Or how about making it so Windows, Linux, or Mac "stories" don't appear on the front page? Obviously only educated users use the subforums, so we should keep this kind of things away from the common, unwashed masses.

(I do have to agree with you on the lock thing though - if you're that worried about your machine, either get something else or move.)

Unfortunately the same stupid comments still exist even on non-OS related topics - I look at some of the idiots who post and the only place they post is on the news responses; sorry for me I'd ban them for failing to participate in the Arstechnica community and treating the forum as a person blog/tumblr account because quite frankly if these people want to rant/rave like idiots then they should sign up for a twitter/tumbler/wordpress to spew their half baked drivel rather than hijack popular websites like this to propagate their stupidity.

I've never heard from anyone that laptop thickness is a problem, usually weight is, thickness is not.

I see no point in paying more for a laptop that is 0.71" thick that is non-repairable

Ok, we need to put this moronic claim to rest. As far as the user is concerned, this computer IS repairable. If your computer has an issue, you take it in for service, and your issue is fixed. How is that "non-repairable"?

"Oh, but the iFixit-guy said...". iFixit is a third party repair-shop. This computer might be difficult to repair for them. That does not mean that it's difficult to repair for Apple and the consumer, who takes the laptop in for service. iFixit has a horse in this race, and they are annoyed because their horse just had bricks tied to its feet. Before accepting their word as gospel, think what is their motivation here. Their motivation is to make money fixing Macs. It's hard for them to fix this new Mac, so they whine.

As a consumer, I don't give a rats ass in how hard the computer is to fix for the repair-shop. What I care is that if/when I take my computer in for repair, I get a fixed computer back. And I can assure you that that is exactly what would happen if you took a retina MBP in for service.

Seriously, you make it sound like that if a retina MPB has some hardware-issues, the only solution is to throw it away and buy a new one.

Monopoly increase prices.

Maybe you forgot about it, but back in 2003 to replace the battery on the iPod you had to spend $255 + mailing fee.It took the effort of two brothers (the Neistat brothers) who made a viral video to have Apple change it's policy.Today the very same battery from a third party vendor cost (no kidding) $5.00

If these are the prices, I don't think I need 0.71" thickness that bad, even an inch laptop would be fine as long as I can buy batteries, memory, SSD from anywhere, 'cause that's really what you need to keep it going.

I know how important is for Apple to make sure you buy parts only from them.

I've never heard from anyone that laptop thickness is a problem, usually weight is, thickness is not.

One thing I've noticed is that PC laptop users generally have laptop carry-on suitcases while Apple laptop users just slide their thinner laptops into whatever bag is handy. I have my entire office in a small cycling backpack. A thinner laptop gives me just a little more room. It also makes picking up the laptop and carrying it around a coffee shop or office that much more easier.

I've never heard from anyone that laptop thickness is a problem, usually weight is, thickness is not.

One thing I've noticed is that PC laptop users generally have laptop carry-on suitcases while Apple laptop users just slide their thinner laptops into whatever bag is handy. I have my entire office in a small cycling backpack. A thinner laptop gives me just a little more room. It also makes picking up the laptop and carrying it around a coffee shop or office that much more easier.

Fine, if 0.19" difference in thinkness is worth the extra price tag, and parts that cost 3 times as much, be my guest.

I've never heard from anyone that laptop thickness is a problem, usually weight is, thickness is not.

I see no point in paying more for a laptop that is 0.71" thick that is non-repairable

Ok, we need to put this moronic claim to rest. As far as the user is concerned, this computer IS repairable. If your computer has an issue, you take it in for service, and your issue is fixed. How is that "non-repairable"?

"Oh, but the iFixit-guy said...". iFixit is a third party repair-shop. This computer might be difficult to repair for them. That does not mean that it's difficult to repair for Apple and the consumer, who takes the laptop in for service. iFixit has a horse in this race, and they are annoyed because their horse just had bricks tied to its feet. Before accepting their word as gospel, think what is their motivation here. Their motivation is to make money fixing Macs. It's hard for them to fix this new Mac, so they whine.

As a consumer, I don't give a rats ass in how hard the computer is to fix for the repair-shop. What I care is that if/when I take my computer in for repair, I get a fixed computer back. And I can assure you that that is exactly what would happen if you took a retina MBP in for service.

Seriously, you make it sound like that if a retina MPB has some hardware-issues, the only solution is to throw it away and buy a new one.

Monopoly increase prices.

Maybe you forgot about it, but back in 2003 to replace the battery on the iPod you had to spend $255 + mailing fee.It took the effort of two brothers (the Neistat brothers) who made a viral video to have Apple change it's policy.Today the very same battery from a third party vendor cost (no kidding) $5.00

If these are the prices, I don't think I need 0.71" thickness that bad, even an inch laptop would be fine as long as I can buy batteries, memory, SSD from anywhere, 'cause that's really what you need to keep it going.

I know how important is for Apple to make sure you buy parts only from them.

I would say Apple has a mono-culture, not a monopoly. Apple positions its brand to not be generic bottom rung corner cutting etc. At least they make the appearance of that. And then they get to make healthy profit.

I would also say Apple is such a dominant force that it is utterly mind boggling that not a single other PC mfg/oem has even more then half-heartedly tried to ape apples market successes. It's ver, very clear: simplify your product line, dominate your supply chain, make sexy product, constantly push to differentiate, and, most importantly, give the average consumer what you think they would want, NOT what an engineer or marketing person thinks they need. The kitchen sink mentality kept floppy drives, PC bios, VGA ports, and (soon) optical drives bogging down our computer lives for years.

Someone needs to push forward. The general pc worldview is so mired that they cant see the light, for example: apples new battery replacement. First off, technical things, even for a lot of heavy computer users, are meaningless. Take usb for example. Consumers more than likely can't differentiate between usb types, and will look at you with their head cocked to the side if you ask if they like all the benefits USB3 offers over usb2. They don't care to know either. They just want the cable that goes to the device they bought to be the right one. And so, battery replacement. It makes every fiber of my geekiness bristle at the thought that I wont be able to take my battery out of my shiny new machine. But a consumer, even if it was user replaceable/removable, will probably go to an apple store anyway. I'm not saying it's not outrageously annoying, but I am saying for most people they will never notice. What they /will/ notice is less wight and less thickness. And thats the point.

Cutting the cord on old technologies, or even making the decision of not having an ethernet port are more than likely battled over furiously inside apple. In the end, market research from MacBook Airs probably won the day.

Anyway, RIP optical drive, you have outlasted your usefulness for about 4 years. May you join floppies in a hell reserved for tech that will live on for another 5-10 years despite being terrible compared to the alternatives. May the VGA port join you soon.

I've never heard from anyone that laptop thickness is a problem, usually weight is, thickness is not.

I see no point in paying more for a laptop that is 0.71" thick that is non-repairable and non-upgradable.I'd rather get a laptop that is 0.9" thick with enough room for off-the-shelf HDD/SSD, memory, and spare batteries.

I'm pretty sure lots of people would be satisfied with the tradeoff.The laptop would last longer, parts would be cheaper, and people wouldn't have to buy a new laptop every so often.

Oh wait!

It is true that Apple's laptops don't sell very well, which backs up your point that few people see the value in what Apple offers. Either that, or Apple gobbles up something like 75% of the entire global PC market's profit, one or the other.

Oh wait!

I am talking about this Retina MacBook Pro, not the entire product line.

But if you wanna to talk about the company, it's another story, let's see:

Traditionaly software updates and new functionality has always been kept separate.On the iDevices, Apple mix the two things together forcing hardware into obsolence before it's time.

As opposed to Android, where brand-new devices shop with old version of the OS and are never upgraded? Or Windows Phone, where the flagship phone doesn't get the upgrade to the new version of the OS hardly one year after the phone is released?

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Now, on the laptop side they are gluing everything together and their laptops will become obsolete before their time is up.

Really, how? Laptops are by definition non-upgradeable when compared to tower-pc's, so should we all. E running towers?

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Don't you see the trend?

I see a trend towards smaller, "appliance-like" computers. And I bet those computers last longer than the modular computers do. When I thought of upgrading my tower-of years ago, it would have basically meant a hole new computer (new CPU, new vid-card, new mobo), so what's the difference when compared to buying a new computer? I get to keep the case?

You are correct, Laptops by definition are not upgradeable, but you can usually squeeze extra life out of it by replacing the obvious parts, batteries, memory and storage.

Chances are, three years from now there'll be a cheaper faster bigger SSD, third party vendors will produce better batteries for cheap price, memory will get cheaper.But if you buy a MacBook Pro Retina you can only buy those from Apple.A new battery for example will cost you $199 + tax

Apple's strategy, as far as I can tell, is to make disposable devices with built in expiration date, usually around three years.

Maybe I am an old fashion guy, but I like to use my hardware until it breaks or I decide to replace it, not when the vendor says so with built-in obsolesce, vendor lock in and expensive replacement cost.

Fine, if 0.19" difference in thinkness is worth the extra price tag, and parts that cost 3 times as much, be my guest.

That's a 0.19" difference against another Apple. In my experience, every Apple laptop is thinner than 95% of the pc laptops (of an equivalent screen size) that you encounter while traveling. I often see people dragging along pc laptop bags with wheels and a luggage handle. My posture and physical health is worth the extra expenditure alone. I used to think that the predominance of Apple laptops at coffee shops and the like was just a cultural phenomenon, but the more I think about it, it may have a lot to do with the increased portability of Apple laptops. I wouldn't cycle down to the shop with my wife's Dell which is 3 times the size of my laptop. Also, we got two years out of the dell including one warranty hard drive replacement before it died not to mention that her battery only lasted 15 minutes at the end. I just gave her my '09 MBP as a replacement because it is still rock solid.

Someone needs to push forward. The general pc worldview is so mired that they cant see the light, for ….they bought to be the right one. And so, battery replacement. It makes every fiber of my geekiness bristle at the thought that I wont be able to take my battery out of my shiny new machine. But a consumer, even if it was user replaceable/removable, will probably go to an apple store anyway. I'm not saying it's not outrageously annoying, but I am saying for most people they will never notice. What they /will/ notice is less wight and less thickness. And thats the point. ….Anyway, RIP optical drive, you have outlasted your usefulness for about 4 years. May you join floppies in a hell reserved for tech that will live on for another 5-10 years despite being terrible compared to the alternatives. May the VGA port join you soon.

Nice post.

I got over my aversion to the non-replacable battery when I realized that making the switch got me another 50% battery life.

Agreed on the optical drive. Good bye and good riddance. I almost never needed it and my $100 external HP drive from 5 years ago is still faster than the drives Apple ships today so I never use the one in my laptop anyway.

I don't get what the benefit of a retina display is on the MBP. I mean, one can argue that the iPhone may be held very close to your eyes from time to time, where the increased pixel density would actually make a difference. But a laptop? I'm sure the display looks very impressive when hunched over an inch away from the display, but in reality nobody is going to use one closer than 18-24 inches from their eyes. At that distance, it is physiologically impossible to perceive the increased pixel density over the last generation MBP. Seems like a lot of additional expense for something that is not really necessary.

Then you're not in the audience for this machine. There are those of us who work with images who see how this displace can improve their workflow.

I'm waiting until I can sit down with the machine and run Photoshop, Lightroom and FCP all using full native resolution for display of their images and GUI. I'll wait for some history on reliability though so probably next summer when all the software has caught up and there's a revision change to work out details. My current machine works for me.

I'm truly mystified about the concern over service and upgradability. Over the last six years I've done one upgrade to a laptop: moved to a SSD on my current 17" MPB. Probably I'll also upgrade to 16 GB of RAM if I decide not to make the shift. Service? It's depot service. I'm good with that. I see soldered in memory and battery as being LESS likely to fail. I buy AppleCare as a matter of course for laptops. I've only had to use it once but when I did it saved me $$$.

I have found that, for MY purposes, the 17" MPB is a bit large and heavy for traveling. I'm not as young as I used to be. I'd rather have the 15" form factor. I already carry external HDs for image backup, etc so that's not an issue. A dongle for ethernet? It won't wear me down. But a great display - that's something I deeply desire. Seeing the difference? That's why I'll visit an Apple Store to play with one.

What I want to know is, is the low-resolution feature going to make things look more like crap because things will be displayed in a non-native resolution?

Not sure I want this, but if I could install a Windows partition and play older games on it, it would go a long way. But I'm afraid the older games would look way crappier than on a lower res laptop used as a native resolution.

There is a reason they call this a MacBook 'Pro'. Wait till you a dealing with pixels on a day-to-day basis, and being payed for it, and you will appreciate the difference. (as a graphic designer btw). What always gets me is people saying 'it's over the top, what's the point'... there are plenty of cheaper, attractive alternatives for you... I, for one, cant wait to get rid of painful staircasing pixel curves!

I've seen the new MBP, and it is nice (I'm also a graphic designer). The new Retina display might be a huge upgrade for some people, but for some of us who have been using dual 30" it's nice, but not as ground breaking as some made it out to be. Just my 2 cents (might still get one later this year though).

What I want to know is, is the low-resolution feature going to make things look more like crap because things will be displayed in a non-native resolution?

Not sure I want this, but if I could install a Windows partition and play older games on it, it would go a long way. But I'm afraid the older games would look way crappier than on a lower res laptop used as a native resolution.

I was just playing with one a bit ago, they all look good because (supposedly) they are rendered at 2x the resolution and then scaled back down.

What I want to know is, is the low-resolution feature going to make things look more like crap because things will be displayed in a non-native resolution?

Not sure I want this, but if I could install a Windows partition and play older games on it, it would go a long way. But I'm afraid the older games would look way crappier than on a lower res laptop used as a native resolution.

I was just playing with one a bit ago, they all look good because (supposedly) they are rendered at 2x the resolution and then scaled back down.

That's good, but it's mostly older 2D games that I'm concerned about. I'm not sure this process would be kind to them. Rendering them at a higher resolution would probably just stretch the 2D assets.

I'm truly mystified about the concern over service and upgradability. Over the last six years I've done one upgrade to a laptop: moved to a SSD on my current 17" MPB. Probably I'll also upgrade to 16 GB of RAM if I decide not to make the shift. Service? It's depot service. I'm good with that. I see soldered in memory and battery as being LESS likely to fail. I buy AppleCare as a matter of course for laptops. I've only had to use it once but when I did it saved me $$$. .

Finally a mention of AppleCare. This machine "cries out for it," even more than other laptops, because all repairs will be very expensive - see the iSupply teardown report which rated its repairability as 1 on a 10 point scale. Small size requires a highly integrated (non-modular) design, which rules out easy service.

Non-upgrade: maybe I live in a different universe, but the only expansion I've done over the years is to DRAM, and perhaps once to my hard drive. Lack of DRAM upgrade is definitely a minus, but the rest is superfluous. My machines only end up in my hands for 2.5 to 3.5 years anyway - then they die, or go back to my employer, or to someone in my family (if a personal purchase). Even the poster who said he had bought only 3 machines since 2004 works out to a 4 year average life. (And my wife's machine succumbed to a new dog.)

Finally with a little care (such as leaving it plugged in overnight), I expect my battery to last 3 years and still be at 70 to 80% of original life. I was very suspicious of integrated batteries, but they Really Work.

So the buy decision comes down to: 1) do you want an SSD? If so, this model is the same effective price as the MBP upgraded to SSD + 8 GB of memory. The screen is essentially "free," as a previous poster pointed out.2) If you don't care about an SSD, do you value the display?3) If you need 512GB mass storage, only then do you have to pay a serious premium. I'm learning to say "Back to the Future: time for another external portable drive."

I don't get what the benefit of a retina display is on the MBP. I mean, one can argue that the iPhone may be held very close to your eyes from time to time, where the increased pixel density would actually make a difference. But a laptop? I'm sure the display looks very impressive when hunched over an inch away from the display, but in reality nobody is going to use one closer than 18-24 inches from their eyes. At that distance, it is physiologically impossible to perceive the increased pixel density over the last generation MBP. Seems like a lot of additional expense for something that is not really necessary.

There is a reason they call this a MacBook 'Pro'. Wait till you a dealing with pixels on a day-to-day basis, and being payed for it, and you will appreciate the difference. (as a graphic designer btw). What always gets me is people saying 'it's over the top, what's the point'... there are plenty of cheaper, attractive alternatives for you... I, for one, cant wait to get rid of painful staircasing pixel curves!

And as for "it is physiologically impossible to perceive the increased pixel density over the last generation MBP"... What?? Ha, rubbish, the difference is pretty darn clear from where i'm sitting... Where is your ludicrous proof that you can't discern individual pixels on a 110ppi display at 18-24 inches, because I certainly can.... (maybe i'm superman :-)

While i'm at it, and posting my third ever comment here, ars your reviews always come a few days late, but are always worth the wait. kutgw.

Also, "physiologically"... still laughing, and cant stop. sorry.

Speaking as someone with pretty "meh" eye site... I can totally tell the difference between the displays. Additionally, the scaling options on the Retina display mean you can increase the size of your workspace dramatically if you need it. Hell, even imperfect, non-native resolutions don't have the usual ugliness you expect.

As for the MBP Retina as a whole... I'd get one if I needed to upgrade now. But, my late 2011 Macbook Pro is still working perfectly for me. It's damn near as powerful as these new Ivy Bridge models, and still has an awesome 1680x1050 screen, and is still about as thin and light as a 15" notebook can get (new MBP not withstanding).

What I want to know is, is the low-resolution feature going to make things look more like crap because things will be displayed in a non-native resolution?

Not sure I want this, but if I could install a Windows partition and play older games on it, it would go a long way. But I'm afraid the older games would look way crappier than on a lower res laptop used as a native resolution.

I was just playing with one a bit ago, they all look good because (supposedly) they are rendered at 2x the resolution and then scaled back down.

That's good, but it's mostly older 2D games that I'm concerned about. I'm not sure this process would be kind to them. Rendering them at a higher resolution would probably just stretch the 2D assets.

Also, is the screen very glossy?

Funny you mention that. Its shiney, not as bad as old shiney notebooks. Probably due to the removal of the extra glass, but with my sunglasses on, I could blank out the 27in IPS display on the imac if my angle was right, but could not even dim (beyond the dimming from the lenses) the rMBP display.

I was almost sold on this. A mac with good hardware, a reasonable gpu, and a display that sounds amazing for design work. Then I read that it has no ethernet. never-fucking-mind. My house does not have wifi, and probably won't for the foreseeable future. A usb adapter is also a no-no, because of the limited number of usb ports available combined with the fact that I always plug in a mouse,keyboard, and headset when at home, not to mention my printer.

Then I read that it has no ethernet. never-fucking-mind. My house does not have wifi, and probably won't for the foreseeable future. A usb adapter is also a no-no, because of the limited number of usb ports available combined with the fact that I always plug in a mouse,keyboard, and headset when at home, not to mention my printer.

If you're not prepared to use WiFi, why not use a Thunderbolt Ethernet adaptor? Problem solved.

Look at what remains on the rMBP ---there are two USB3 ports, 2 TB ports and HDMI. For some people that might be a great combo, while other people are looking at that and wishing the HDMI were ethernet, or FW800, or another USB3 port. That's the PROBLEM with specific, limited ports. Replacing a mishmash of ports with a large number of TB ports is ultimately a way to allow everyone to have the collection of ports they most need.

Obviously one has to be practical about this, so Apple is holding out the dream while still adapting to the real world. That means USB3 ports, an HDMI port, and the TB to ethernet adaptor to show the grand plan.

Apple and Intel have both handled the TB transition stupidly. The one-year Apple exclusive was an idiotic idea on both side, and at least one of them should sell their own TB hub (and perhaps some other TB peripherals like TB to eSATA and TB to FW800) to prime the market. That doesn't change the fact that the vision is sound and ultimately vastly better for everyone.

Oh, I left out my point. Which is that Apple's message is not that ETHERNET is obsolete; it is that having a dedicated ethernet port on a laptop is obsolete. Better to have a generic port on the laptop which can, when appropriate, hook up to ethernet. (And which can, in time, be hooked up to 10gig ethernet, when someone creates a TB to 10G adaptor.)

"The processor can ramp up its raw clock speed to 3.3GHz using Turbo Boost, wherein one or more cores are shut off when running less than the maximum eight threads simultaneously. "

This isn't exactly correct. A better statement is that the system will run as fast as ambient temperature will allow. Specifically, the i7 models Apple is using will run up to 1000MHz faster if only one core is active (so 2.3GHz will run at up to 3.3GHz), they will run up to 900 MHz faster if 2 cores are active, and up to 800MHz faster if 3 or 4 cores are active.

SInce Apple has a cooling system in place that also has to handle the heat from the external GPU (which maxes out at about as the same as from the CPU) this means that under normal conditions, if you are not using the external GPU much or at all, you can get all four cores running for a long time maxed out at 3.1GHz. This is a fact of no small interest to people who are buying this machine for compute tasks (eg aggressive Mathematica use) but don't expect to be using the external GPU much.

guess how much user-replaceable battery for my 2007 MBP costs? 120 euros. $199 for the retina MBP does not sound unreasonable in fomparison.

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If these are the prices, I don't think I need 0.71" thickness that bad, even an inch laptop would be fine as long as I can buy batteries, memory, SSD from anywhere, 'cause that's really what you need to keep it going.

really? We need to be constantly buying new batteries and SSDs for our laptops?

And the claim was that the new MBP is not repairable. That claim is utter BS.

You are correct, Laptops by definition are not upgradeable, but you can usually squeeze extra life out of it by replacing the obvious parts, batteries, memory and storage.

batteries are not an issue with these laptops, as we already heard from someone who oversees a fleet of hundreds of unibody MBPs. So thats one less thing to worry about. What about RAM? Well, the RAM in my 2007 MBP is user-replaceable, so it should be all hood, right? Well, no. The hardware maxes out at 4GB and I'm already at 4GB, so how does user-replaceable RAM help me at all?

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Chances are, three years from now there'll be a cheaper faster bigger SSD, third party vendors will produce better batteries for cheap price, memory will get cheaper.

so we should all he running tower-PCs, because that is the only way to have completely upgradeable computer? Surely using laptops at all is wrong, because its not possible to upgrade the screen, CPU, GPU or the motherboard adter the purchase, right?

Fact is that these things are always compomises. Laptops themselves make compomises in order ti be more mobile, when compared to normal desktops. Apple is just willing to make even more of those compomises in order to be even more mobile. You may disagree with that, which is why you are free to buy something else. It seems to me that you think that the amount of compomises you are willing to make for the sake of mobility is e exact right amount of compomises to make. If someone makes more compromises, its wrong, because the resulting computer is "disposable". Who the hell made you the judge that decides what compomises are allowed and what are not?

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A new battery for example will cost you $199 + tax

which is comparable to the user-replaceable battery on my 2007 MBP, so whats your point?

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Apple's strategy, as far as I can tell, is to make disposable devices with built in expiration date, usually around three years.

how in the fuck is this computer "disposable"? Pray-rell, what is the expiration-date? If you were able to upgrade every single component in a computer, why is that not "disposable"? When I wanted to upgrade my self-built tower-PC few years back, it would have involved replacing practically every single component. So I might as well have bought a new computer. But if I just replaced every component, except the case, then the computer is not "disposed"? I would just have a computer that is practically brand new, and a pile of e-waste. But i could pat myself on the back, because I did not "dispose" my old computer,,,

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Maybe I am an old fashion guy, but I like to use my hardware until it breaks or I decide to replace it, not when the vendor says so with built-in obsolesce, vendor lock in and expensive replacement cost.

so how are you any better than rest of us? You decide to buy a new computer, so you dispose the old computer. But thats completely different from someone who years from now decides to buy a new computer to replace his retina-MBP? How, exactly? Because your computer is not "disposable", even through you make the decison to dispose it in order to buy a new computer?

I have now used my MBP for 5 years, and I'm planning to replace it. Retina-MBP is at the top of my list, and I bet that I would get about as much use from it, than I did from my current computer.

I was surprised to not see as a con that the battery replacement, which is not user replaceable, costs $200 - about 10% of the of the purchase price. That is a HUGE negative and financial consideration in deciding to purchase this machine.

You do realise that MBP batteries (even most high-end laptop batteries) are priced in the region of $100 to $200? With the MBP this fee of course includes the replacement service.

Not only that, but these new integrated batteries are so much longer lasting and reliable than previous models. My early-2009 MBP still gets 3 hours of heavy work time when I take it out a couple of times a week. And it's on its original battery.

You are correct, Laptops by definition are not upgradeable, but you can usually squeeze extra life out of it by replacing the obvious parts, batteries, memory and storage.

batteries are not an issue with these laptops, as we already heard from someone who oversees a fleet of hundreds of unibody MBPs. So thats one less thing to worry about. What about RAM? Well, the RAM in my 2007 MBP is user-replaceable, so it should be all hood, right? Well, no. The hardware maxes out at 4GB and I'm already at 4GB, so how does user-replaceable RAM help me at all?

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Chances are, three years from now there'll be a cheaper faster bigger SSD, third party vendors will produce better batteries for cheap price, memory will get cheaper.

so we should all he running tower-PCs, because that is the only way to have completely upgradeable computer? Surely using laptops at all is wrong, because its not possible to upgrade the screen, CPU, GPU or the motherboard adter the purchase, right?

Fact is that these things are always compomises. Laptops themselves make compomises in order ti be more mobile, when compared to normal desktops. Apple is just willing to make even more of those compomises in order to be even more mobile. You may disagree with that, which is why you are free to buy something else. It seems to me that you think that the amount of compomises you are willing to make for the sake of mobility is e exact right amount of compomises to make. If someone makes more compromises, its wrong, because the resulting computer is "disposable". Who the hell made you the judge that decides what compomises are allowed and what are not?

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A new battery for example will cost you $199 + tax

which is comparable to the user-replaceable battery on my 2007 MBP, so whats your point?

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Apple's strategy, as far as I can tell, is to make disposable devices with built in expiration date, usually around three years.

how in the fuck is this computer "disposable"? Pray-rell, what is the expiration-date? If you were able to upgrade every single component in a computer, why is that not "disposable"? When I wanted to upgrade my self-built tower-PC few years back, it would have involved replacing practically every single component. So I might as well have bought a new computer. But if I just replaced every component, except the case, then the computer is not "disposed"? I would just have a computer that is practically brand new, and a pile of e-waste. But i could pat myself on the back, because I did not "dispose" my old computer,,,

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Maybe I am an old fashion guy, but I like to use my hardware until it breaks or I decide to replace it, not when the vendor says so with built-in obsolesce, vendor lock in and expensive replacement cost.

so how are you any better than rest of us? You decide to buy a new computer, so you dispose the old computer. But thats completely different from someone who years from now decides to buy a new computer to replace his retina-MBP? How, exactly? Because your computer is not "disposable", even through you make the decison to dispose it in order to buy a new computer?

I have now used my MBP for 5 years, and I'm planning to replace it. Retina-MBP is at the top of my list, and I bet that I would get about as much use from it, than I did from my current computer.

It's disposible in that if any part of breaks you are more likely to just throw it away than attempt to get it repaired. If the RAM does die rather than pay $85 to replace it you'll have to replace the entire $700 or so logic board. If the screen fails or cracks rather than get a replacement screen for about $100 you'll have to replace the entire screen housing. By the time this stuff occurs your warrenty will likely be expired and $700 to fix a computer only currently worth maybe $1200 would make no sense. You would likely elect to throw it away and buy a new one. Since Apple is the only supplier for the screen and the RAM they will likely charge a high price for them.

User replaceable batteries also usually allow for 3rd party refurbs or just make it easier for 3rd parties to sell replacement batteries. Looking online I see 2007 MBP batteries for less than $80.

On the new Retina Macbook Pro, you'll find an additional checkbox in the Get Info... window for an application: "Open in Low Resolution". For some applications, like Twitter, it is checked and greyed out so you cannot uncheck it. For iWorks applications (Pages, Numbers, Keynote) it is checked but not greyed out so you can uncheck it and get rid of the fuzziness.

I guess iWorks was prepared for retina displays a while ago but they figured they'd have updated it by now -- it is overdue for an update -- so the ability wasn't enabled.

You are correct, Laptops by definition are not upgradeable, but you can usually squeeze extra life out of it by replacing the obvious parts, batteries, memory and storage.

batteries are not an issue with these laptops, as we already heard from someone who oversees a fleet of hundreds of unibody MBPs. So thats one less thing to worry about. What about RAM? Well, the RAM in my 2007 MBP is user-replaceable, so it should be all hood, right? Well, no. The hardware maxes out at 4GB and I'm already at 4GB, so how does user-replaceable RAM help me at all?

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Chances are, three years from now there'll be a cheaper faster bigger SSD, third party vendors will produce better batteries for cheap price, memory will get cheaper.

so we should all he running tower-PCs, because that is the only way to have completely upgradeable computer? Surely using laptops at all is wrong, because its not possible to upgrade the screen, CPU, GPU or the motherboard adter the purchase, right?

Fact is that these things are always compomises. Laptops themselves make compomises in order ti be more mobile, when compared to normal desktops. Apple is just willing to make even more of those compomises in order to be even more mobile. You may disagree with that, which is why you are free to buy something else. It seems to me that you think that the amount of compomises you are willing to make for the sake of mobility is e exact right amount of compomises to make. If someone makes more compromises, its wrong, because the resulting computer is "disposable". Who the hell made you the judge that decides what compomises are allowed and what are not?

Quote:

A new battery for example will cost you $199 + tax

which is comparable to the user-replaceable battery on my 2007 MBP, so whats your point?

Quote:

Apple's strategy, as far as I can tell, is to make disposable devices with built in expiration date, usually around three years.

how in the fuck is this computer "disposable"? Pray-rell, what is the expiration-date? If you were able to upgrade every single component in a computer, why is that not "disposable"? When I wanted to upgrade my self-built tower-PC few years back, it would have involved replacing practically every single component. So I might as well have bought a new computer. But if I just replaced every component, except the case, then the computer is not "disposed"? I would just have a computer that is practically brand new, and a pile of e-waste. But i could pat myself on the back, because I did not "dispose" my old computer,,,

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Maybe I am an old fashion guy, but I like to use my hardware until it breaks or I decide to replace it, not when the vendor says so with built-in obsolesce, vendor lock in and expensive replacement cost.

so how are you any better than rest of us? You decide to buy a new computer, so you dispose the old computer. But thats completely different from someone who years from now decides to buy a new computer to replace his retina-MBP? How, exactly? Because your computer is not "disposable", even through you make the decison to dispose it in order to buy a new computer?

I have now used my MBP for 5 years, and I'm planning to replace it. Retina-MBP is at the top of my list, and I bet that I would get about as much use from it, than I did from my current computer.

It's a matter of design tradeoff.

Who benefit the most from this 0.19" difference in thickness with non replaceable battery, non upgradable memory and vendor lock-in SSD, the consumers or Apple?

You can't even carry an extra battery with you, but you should carry an Ethernet dongle. That's an interesting logic.

You paid $199 for you MBP 07 battery. Third party vendors sell it between $50 and $100.I don't think it's fair charging customers twice the amount they'd pay somewhere else for the same part.

Personally, if that's what I have to pay for this "diet" I'd rather keeping my laptop nice and fat.

With the same budget, I'd get a Panasonic CF-B11, it has the same specs (- retina, of course). You can replace / upgrade battery, memory and you can use a regular HDD if you need the extra capacity.It last the same number of hours, it's 4.2 pounds (yes, it's lighter) and you can even sit on it without breaking it. Up to 220 pounds.

Try that on a MBP

Unfortunately it's 0.9" thick, but if I have to tradeoff something, I know what I am gonna choose.

It's disposible in that if any part of breaks you are more likely to just throw it away than attempt to get it repaired. If the RAM does die rather than pay $85 to replace it you'll have to replace the entire $700 or so logic board. If the screen fails or cracks rather than get a replacement screen for about $100 you'll have to replace the entire screen housing. By the time this stuff occurs your warrenty will likely be expired and $700 to fix a computer only currently worth maybe $1200 would make no sense. You would likely elect to throw it away and buy a new one. Since Apple is the only supplier for the screen and the RAM they will likely charge a high price for them.

User replaceable batteries also usually allow for 3rd party refurbs or just make it easier for 3rd parties to sell replacement batteries. Looking online I see 2007 MBP batteries for less than $80.

First, I think that "disposable" is misleading. It implies poor-quality design and construction, as in a Bic disposable razor, which is far, far from the case with the cutting-edge Retina MBP.

Second, if your GPU fails, that's probably a logic board replacement. If your CPU fails, that's probably a logic board replacement. If your power controller dies, if your USB port dies, if your SD card reader dies... Nothing much new here. And to be honest, your RAM is less likely to die when it's not cheap (quality) and its less likely to die if its soldered on rather than socketed on.

You can get a 2007 MBP battery because they were rated for something like 300 recharges and it wasn't unusual to have them swell up and need to be replaced. The current Macbook Pro's batteries are rated for 1,000 charges. (Note: the fact you would even mention a 2007 MBP is a good indicator that Apple products do in fact last a long time and hold their value. We wouldn't be talking about batteries for a 2007 Dell.)

The screen has considerably lower glare because of its construction. Using the old-style construction would force you to choose a matte display, which wouldn't work so well with a high-contrast, high-density display. And it would be thicker and probably less structurally strong. It's all tradeoffs.

And it's not like you can't have the battery replaced. The 2007 MBP battery for $80 has a way lower-capacity than the Retina MBP's battery, so you'd easily pay twice the price to begin with. For another 25%, you get same-day, in-store replacement. I maintained my own pre-computer-era car all through college, but now I couldn't do half of that maintenance on my current car. I don't miss it, and I don't regard my car as "disposable".

It's disposible in that if any part of breaks you are more likely to just throw it away than attempt to get it repaired. If the RAM does die rather than pay $85 to replace it you'll have to replace the entire $700 or so logic board.

That is total nonsense. Most grief in computers with RAM comes from poor handling of the packages by incompetent users causing static discharge damage,connector issues, or from compatibility issues that slip through(My last PC just failed to work with perfectly good RAM from some manufacturers).

None of these apply for soldered in RAM. How often have you heard of RAM failure in TV's/Phones/Tablets or other devices with soldered in RAM? Soldered in RAM is a reliable as core MB logic. Soldered in RAM increases the overall reliability of the machine.

With the same budget, I'd get a Panasonic CF-B11, it has the same specs (- retina, of course). You can replace / upgrade battery, memory and you can use a regular HDD if you need the extra capacity.It last the same number of hours, it's 4.2 pounds (yes, it's lighter) and you can even sit on it without breaking it. Up to 220 pounds..

The price I found online runs $300 more, for less RAM (4GB) and less SDD (240 GB). It has half the battery life of the rMBP, no Bluetooth, and is larger (though about 1/4 pound lighter). It features ethernet and a DVD built-in, but no Thunderbolt. The screen is a stupid consumer 16:9 aspect ratio: 1920x1080.

All-in-all, you're trading off rMBP features for some better self-maintenance options and toughness, at the same or a higher price. Sounds fair to me and not a knock on the rMBP.

It's disposible in that if any part of breaks you are more likely to just throw it away than attempt to get it repaired. If the RAM does die rather than pay $85 to replace it you'll have to replace the entire $700 or so logic board. If the screen fails or cracks rather than get a replacement screen for about $100 you'll have to replace the entire screen housing. By the time this stuff occurs your warrenty will likely be expired and $700 to fix a computer only currently worth maybe $1200 would make no sense. You would likely elect to throw it away and buy a new one. Since Apple is the only supplier for the screen and the RAM they will likely charge a high price for them.

User replaceable batteries also usually allow for 3rd party refurbs or just make it easier for 3rd parties to sell replacement batteries. Looking online I see 2007 MBP batteries for less than $80.

First, I think that "disposable" is misleading. It implies poor-quality design and construction, as in a Bic disposable razor, which is far, far from the case with the cutting-edge Retina MBP.

Second, if your GPU fails, that's probably a logic board replacement. If your CPU fails, that's probably a logic board replacement. If your power controller dies, if your USB port dies, if your SD card reader dies... Nothing much new here. And to be honest, your RAM is less likely to die when it's not cheap (quality) and its less likely to die if its soldered on rather than socketed on.

You can get a 2007 MBP battery because they were rated for something like 300 recharges and it wasn't unusual to have them swell up and need to be replaced. The current Macbook Pro's batteries are rated for 1,000 charges. (Note: the fact you would even mention a 2007 MBP is a good indicator that Apple products do in fact last a long time and hold their value. We wouldn't be talking about batteries for a 2007 Dell.)

The screen has considerably lower glare because of its construction. Using the old-style construction would force you to choose a matte display, which wouldn't work so well with a high-contrast, high-density display. And it would be thicker and probably less structurally strong. It's all tradeoffs.

And it's not like you can't have the battery replaced. The 2007 MBP battery for $80 has a way lower-capacity than the Retina MBP's battery, so you'd easily pay twice the price to begin with. For another 25%, you get same-day, in-store replacement. I maintained my own pre-computer-era car all through college, but now I couldn't do half of that maintenance on my current car. I don't miss it, and I don't regard my car as "disposable".

Disposable doesn't imply poor construction. Just once anything requires repair your only option(rational at least) is to throw it away. PC laptops and older Apple models typically have more replaceable parts such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and sometimes even USB ports and GPUs. If anything but the SSD dies on a rMBP it requires a new logicboard which is extremely expensive to replace and can really only be done by a tech.

I only mentioned 2007 MBP batteries since Janne did. You can still buy a Thinkpad T40 battery, a computer from 2003 and even Dell's from that far back as well.

If the transmission in your car dies when you take it to the service center will the mechanic's response be "You should just get a new one, it's too expensive to fix" because that's what an Apple Genius's response will be with most problems on the rMBP.

Being non-disposable doesn't mean you have to do all the work yourself either.

Disposable doesn't imply poor construction. Just once anything requires repair your only option(rational at least) is to throw it away. PC laptops and older Apple models typically have more replaceable parts such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and sometimes even USB ports and GPUs.

Which modern PC laptops have replaceable USB/GPUs/Wifi,BT?

The reality is on most modern Laptops, everything but storage is integrated into the MB, the only non typical item here is the Soldered RAM (which is non issue), so for Repairs will be essentially equivalent. Integrated components also tend to be more reliable.