BACKGROUND: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) mutations (AIPmut) cause aggressive pituitary adenomas in young patients, usually in the setting of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. The prevalence of AIPmut among sporadic pituitary adenoma patients appears to be low; studies have not addressed prevalence in the most clinically relevant population. Hence, we undertook an international, multicenter, prospective genetic, and clinical analysis at 21 tertiary referral endocrine departments. METHODS: We included 163 sporadic pituitary macroadenoma patients irrespective of clinical phenotype diagnosed at <30 years of age. RESULTS: Overall, 19/163 (11.7%) patients had germline AIPmut; a further nine patients had sequence changes of uncertain significance or polymorphisms. AIPmut were identified in 8/39 (20.5%) pediatric patients. Ten AIPmut were identified in 11/83 (13.3%) sporadic somatotropinoma patients, in 7/61 (11.5%) prolactinoma patients, and in 1/16 non-functioning pituitary adenoma patients. Large genetic deletions were not seen using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Familial screening was possible in the relatives of seven patients with AIPmut and carriers were found in six of the seven families. In total, pituitary adenomas were diagnosed in 2/21 AIPmut-screened carriers; both had asymptomatic microadenomas. CONCLUSION: Germline AIPmut occur in 11.7% of patients <30 years with sporadic pituitary macroadenomas and in 20.5% of pediatric patients. AIPmut mutation testing in this population should be considered in order to optimize clinical genetic investigation and management. [less ▲]

Context: AIP mutations (AIPmut) give rise to a pituitary adenoma predisposition that occurs in familial isolated pituitary adenomas and less often in sporadic cases. The clinical and therapeutic features ... [more ▼]

Context: AIP mutations (AIPmut) give rise to a pituitary adenoma predisposition that occurs in familial isolated pituitary adenomas and less often in sporadic cases. The clinical and therapeutic features of AIPmut-associated pituitary adenomas have not been studied comprehensively. <br />Objective: The objective of the study was to assess clinical/therapeutic characteristics of AIPmut pituitary adenomas. <br />Design: This study was an international, multicenter, retrospective case collection/database analysis. <br />Setting: The study was conducted at 36 tertiary referral endocrine and clinical genetics departments. <br />Patients: Patients included 96 patients with germline AIPmut and pituitary adenomas and 232 matched AIPmut-negative acromegaly controls. <br />Results: The AIPmut population was predominantly young and male (63.5%); first symptoms occurred as children/adolescents in 50%. At diagnosis, most tumors were macroadenomas (93.3%); extension and invasion was common. Somatotropinomas comprised 78.1% of the cohort; there were also prolactinomas (n = 13), nonsecreting adenomas (n = 7), and a TSH-secreting adenoma. AIPmut somatotropinomas were larger (P = 0.00026), with higher GH levels (P = 0.00068), more frequent extension (P = 0.018) and prolactin cosecretion (P = 0.00023), and occurred 2 decades before controls (P < 0.000001). Gigantism was more common in the AIPmut group (P < 0.000001). AIPmut somatotropinoma patients underwent more surgical interventions (P = 0.00069) and had lower decreases in GH (P = 0.00037) and IGF-I (P = 0.028) and less tumor shrinkage with somatostatin analogs (P < 0.00001) vs. controls. AIPmut prolactinomas occurred generally in young males and frequently required surgery or radiotherapy. <br />Conclusions: AIPmut pituitary adenomas have clinical features that may negatively impact treatment efficacy. Predisposition for aggressive disease in young patients, often in a familial setting, suggests that earlier diagnosis of AIPmut pituitary adenomas may have clinical utility. [less ▲]

BACKGROUND: The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which the embryo contributes to its implantation is an area of extensive research. The main objective of this study was to investigate the ... [more ▼]

BACKGROUND: The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which the embryo contributes to its implantation is an area of extensive research. The main objective of this study was to investigate the pattern of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion by human endometrial epithelium, and their regulation by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and other growth factors present at the embryonic-endometrial interface. METHODS: Endometrial epithelial cells (EEC) were isolated from biopsies collected at both proliferative and secretory phases of fertile women. RESULTS: HCG (1-50 IU/ml) increased LIF secretion by EEC cultures derived from follicular phase (up to 285+/-75%) or from secretory phase (up to 212+/-16%). In contrast, hCG reduced IL-6 secretion by EEC in both phases. The hCG/LH receptor gene was transcribed by EEC as evidenced by RT-PCR. Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 increased LIF secretion by EEC. Transforming growth factor beta1 stimulated LIF and reduced IL-6 secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Through hCG, the blastocyst may be involved in the control of its implantation (via an increase of proimplantatory LIF) and tolerance (via an inhibition of proinflammatory IL-6). Other growth factors present at the embryonic-endometrial interface are also involved in the control of LIF and IL-6 endometrial secretion. [less ▲]

The objective of the present work was to investigate the existence of an oxytocin (OT)-mediated autocrine/paracrine signaling upon small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) cell growth. In that view, OT ... [more ▼]

The objective of the present work was to investigate the existence of an oxytocin (OT)-mediated autocrine/paracrine signaling upon small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) cell growth. In that view, OT receptor (OTR) expression, concomitant with OT synthesis and secretion, was evidenced on three different SCCL cell lines (DMS79, H146, and H345) and related to the vasopressin (VP) system. Specific OT, VP, OTR, Via VP receptor (V1aR), and V1b/V3 VP receptor (V1bR/V3R) transcripts were identified by reverse transcription-.PCR in all cell lines studied. Binding of I-125-(d(CH2)(5)(1),Tyr(Me)(2), Thr(4), Orn(3),Tyr(9)-NH2)-vasotocin (OVTA) was observed on all SCCL cell lines, with a K-d (dissociation constant) ranging from 0.025-0.089 nm, depending; on the cell line and the analytical method. Selectivity of I-125-OVTA binding was confirmed by displacement curves obtained with various OTR and VP receptor agonists and antagonists (OT, OVTA, L-371,257, VP, F180). Immunocytochemistry identified cellular OT and VP, and peptide secretion was measured in supernatants of SCCL cultures. [H-3]Thymidine incorporations, applied on H345 cells, demonstrated a dose-dependent mitogenic effect of exogenous OT (1 and 100 nM) that was abolished by the OTR antagonist OVTA. A decrease of proliferation was also observed with OVTA alone, showing a functional mitogenic effect of tumor-derived OT. Taken together, these observations demonstrate the existence of a functional OT-mediated autocrine/paracrine signaling actively implicated in growth and development of SCCL tumors. Furthermore, these findings point to the potential of OT antagonists for development as therapeutic agents for the treatment of SCCL. [less ▲]

A radioimmunoassay of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (a-MT6s) was performed in 90 normal subjects: 44 males and 46 females (17-67 years). Patients treated with betablokers or antidepressants were not ... [more ▼]

A radioimmunoassay of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (a-MT6s) was performed in 90 normal subjects: 44 males and 46 females (17-67 years). Patients treated with betablokers or antidepressants were not included in this study. Urine samples were collected over three periods of time: 7 to 11 p.m., 11 p.m. to 7 a.m., and 7 to 11 a.m. Between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m., the subjects slept in their normal environment and had not ingested alcohol for 24 hours. We searched for a possible relation between urinary a-MT6s excretion (expressed in ng/l/h) and age. From 7 to 11 p.m. and from 7 to 11 a.m. no significant relation could be found. On the contrary, between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m. there was a significant relation indicating decrease of a-MT6s secretion with increasing age. Several linear or non-linear curve patters were tested: Boltzmann sigmoid (1(st), 2(nd), and 3(rd) degree), polynomial curves. The Boltzmann sigmoid showed the best fit judging by the r-squared value (0.152) and the runs test (p=0.64). On this curve the inflection point was located at 53 4 years (SDM, standard deviation of the mean). From 19 to 45 years, the upper sigmoid plateau was located at 1381 91 ng/l/h (SDM). The decrease was found between 45 and 60 years and the lower sigmoid plateau then stabilized at 467 370 ng/l/h (\SDM). In the study group, there was no significant difference between men and women according to the Mann-Withney test. Finally, use of oral contraceptives did not affect urinary a-MT6s (Mann-Withney). [less ▲]

Paraneoplastic secretion of the lactation-inducing hormone oxytocin (OT) has been reported in about 30% of cases of small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL). In order to investigate the role of OT in the ... [more ▼]

Paraneoplastic secretion of the lactation-inducing hormone oxytocin (OT) has been reported in about 30% of cases of small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL). In order to investigate the role of OT in the biology of SCCL tumours, a specific enzyme-immunoassay(EIA) for OT, which can be applied to both human plasma <br />and culturemedium, has been developed. OT EIA is performed on 96-well microtiter plates coated with a rabbit polyclonal antibody (Ab) anti-OT (O4). This antibody does not exhibit any significant cross-reactivity either with vasopressin (VP) or with vasotocin (VT). The immunological reaction involving Ab anti-OT is a competition between the tracer (biotinylatedOT) and syntheticOT (standard curve) or OT present in biological samples. In order to limit interference induced by plasma proteins, plasma samples are titrated by a one-step centrifugation on centricon YM-3 (cut-oOE 3000 Da). After plasma filtration, 90.7 ± 5.1 (SD) % (n = 22) immunoreactive ( IR) OT is recovered. The sensitivity of OT EIA is 1 pmol/L, while intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) are around 3.41% and 2.84%, respectively. In healthy volunteers, plasma IR OT is 7.28 ± 4.49 (SD) pmol/L (n = 32) with no gender diOEerence. As shown by the data both from plasma of SCCL patients and from supernatants and cell contents of SCCL cell lines, this EIA procedure offers a novel, reproducible, specific and sensitive method for the measurement of IR OT. [less ▲]

in Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (1999), 84(8), 2834-9

Resistance to glucocorticoid therapy has been observed in patients with autoimmune/inflammatory diseases and may be related to the inflammatory process itself. The aim of this study was to examine the ... [more ▼]

Resistance to glucocorticoid therapy has been observed in patients with autoimmune/inflammatory diseases and may be related to the inflammatory process itself. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, a proinflammatory cytokine) and interleukin (IL)-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) to differentially regulate the sensitivity of human monocytes/macrophages to glucocorticoids. To accomplish this, we first analyzed the pattern of TNFalpha and IL-10 inhibition by dexamethasone in LPS-stimulated whole-blood cell cultures. Second, we studied the modulation of the sensitivity of these cells to dexamethasone by preincubation with TNFalpha or IL-10 and measurement of LPS-stimulated IL-6 secretion. In addition, we evaluated the effect of dexamethasone on phorbolmyristate-acetate-stimulated IL-1 receptor antagonist secretion by the human monocytic cell line U937. Finally, we investigated whether the modulation of corticosensitivity in TNFalpha- and IL-10-pretreated U937 cells was related to a change of the glucocorticoid receptor concentration and affinity. Dexamethasone had different effects on LPS-induced TNFalpha and IL-10 secretion; whereas it suppressed TNFalpha in a dose-dependent fashion, its effect on IL-10 secretion was biphasic, producing stimulation at lower, and inhibition at higher doses. The concentration of LPS employed influenced the effect of dexamethasone on IL-10 secretion (P < 0.001). Pretreatment with TNFalpha diminished, and with IL-10 improved, the ability of dexamethasone to suppress IL-6 secretion in whole-blood cell cultures (P < 0.01 for both) and to enhance IL-1 receptor antagonist secretion by U937 cells (P < 0.05 for both). TNFalpha decreased (P < 0.001), while IL-10 increased (P < 0.001), the concentration of dexamethasone binding sites in these cells, with no discernible effect on their binding affinity. We conclude that glucocorticoids differentially modulate TNFalpha and IL-10 secretion by human monocytes in a LPS dose-dependent fashion and that the sensitivity of these cells to glucocorticoids is altered by TNFalpha or IL-10 pretreatment; TNFalpha blocks their effects, whereas IL-10 acts synergistically with glucocorticoids. This is accompanied by opposite glucocorticoid receptor changes, respectively opposing and favoring glucocorticoid actions. This study suggests that the pattern of pro-/antiinflammatory cytokine secretion may alter the response of patients to glucocorticoid therapy. [less ▲]

We investigated the production of oxytocin (OT) and oxytocin-neurophysin (bNpI) by bovine granulosa cells cultured in presence of 10% foetal calf serum, a condition known to induce spontaneous ... [more ▼]

We investigated the production of oxytocin (OT) and oxytocin-neurophysin (bNpI) by bovine granulosa cells cultured in presence of 10% foetal calf serum, a condition known to induce spontaneous luteinization of these cells. The production of immunoreactive (ir) OT was significantly higher in the cultures harvested from large follicles than in those derived from small follicles. Chromatography on Sephadex G-25 showed similar elution sites of ovarian and synthetic OT, while HPLC revealed two peaks of irOT, one of which (±65%) coincided with synthetic OT. In another experiment, we could observe a gradual increase of OT, bNpI, and progesterone production by granulosa cells derived from large follicles, in relation with the incubation time. These data show that bovine granulosa cells are able to produce OT and bNpI, probably by an active biosynthesis as observed in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system and that the granulosa productions of OT, bNpI and progesterone are closely related. [less ▲]