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Clean Air, Longer Life

Particulate matter that is 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5), the kind emitted from smokestacks and tailpipes, is known to be especially harmful. Reductions in such pollution lead to increased life expectancy. In Boston between 1980 and 2000, for example, as PM2.5 concentrations dropped from 18 to 11 micrograms per cubic meter, local average life expectancy climbed four years. Of that increase, four-tenths of a year—or 10 percent of the total gain—was attributable to improved air quality.

Chart by Stephen Anderson

When it comes to personal health, breathing is not like
handwashing. Clean or dirty, like it or not, every day you breathe in 20,000
liters of air; you can't decide when to do it. But research has shown that the
cleaner the air you breathe, the longer you will live. Investigators at the
Harvard School of Public Health demonstrated that association in 1993 when they
compared the average lifespan of residents in U.S. cities known for the worst
air pollution with that of residents in cities with much cleaner air. Now some
of the same researchers have published a paper demonstrating that federal
regulations reducing concentrations of fine particles--those most hazardous to
human health (PM2.5, or
2.5 microns in diameter)--have had a salutary effect on public health: adding
five months to the average lifespan during the period from roughly 1980 to 2000
in the 51 metropolitan areas studied.

The recent investigations, which compiled data from a variety of
earlier projects, used a different approach than the 1993 study. Rather than
comparing one city to another, the researchers compared the evolving air
quality of the respective metropolitan areas over time. Their findings validate
the previous work.

During the roughly 20-year span studied, the overall average
increase in life-span was just under three years. Although much of this gain
was due to other factors--including greater use of statin drugs, reductions in
smoking, the increased prevalence of defibrillators, better diets, and better
healthcare during the period--the cities with the biggest improvements in air
quality invariably saw the biggest improvements in life expectancy. Even in a
city like Boston, which registered relatively cleaner air, generally good
healthcare, and an increase of four years in life expectancy, cleaner air
accounted for 10 percent of the gain.

In those cities with the largest improvements in air quality, the increase
in lifespan attributable to cleaner air was 10 months. "It is a dramatic gain,"
says professor of environmental epidemiology Douglas Dockery, the paper's
senior author, who chairs the department of environmental health. Given the
small changes in the overall levels of these all-but-invisible particles (whose
average concentration dropped fewer than 7 micrograms per cubic meter), he
notes, "It is startling that we can detect this effect at all." Yet an analysis
by the federal Office of Management and Budget has shown that the public-health
benefits of controlling fine-particle pollution vastly outweigh the costs. As
an editorial stated in the New England Journal of Medicine, in which the new findings appeared, the
results are significant because they provide "direct confirmation of the population
health benefits of mitigating air pollution...."