The Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano (internal code F141) is a grand tourer produced by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari. It was the brand's front engined, two-seat flagship, replacing the 575M Maranello in 2006 as a 2007 model, and was replaced for the 2013 model year by the F12berlinetta.

Styled by Pininfarina under the direction of Ken Okuyama, the 599 GTB debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in February 2006; the bodywork features optimized aerodynamics with distinct sail panels flanking the rear window, directing and maximizing air flow to a linear rear nolder.[5]

The 6.0 L (5,999 cc) Tipo F140 CV12 engine utilised in the 599 produces a maximum power output of 620 PS (456 kW; 612 hp) between 7,600 rpm to 8,400 rpm, making it the most powerful series production Ferrari road car at the time. At the time of its introduction, this was one of the few engines whose output exceeded 100 hp (75 kW) per litre of displacement without any kind of forced-induction mechanism such as supercharging or turbocharging, its 608 N⋅m (448 lb⋅ft) of torque produced at 5,600 rpm was also a record for Ferrari's GT cars. Most of the modifications to the engine were done to allow it to fit in the 599's engine bay (the original version used in the Ferrari Enzo would be taller as it would block forward vision due to its mid-mounted position construction).[6]

A traditional 6-speed manual transmission as well as Ferrari's 6-speed semi-automatic paddle-shift transmission called "F1 SuperFast" was offered which had a shift time of just 100 milliseconds; the 599 also saw the debut of Ferrari's new traction control system, F1-Trac. The vast majority of the 599 GTB's were equipped with the semi-automatic gearbox as opposed to the 6-speed manual gearbox.
Only 30 examples were produced with a manual gearbox of which 20 were destined to the United States and 10 remained in Europe leading Ferrari to abandon the use of the manual transmission in its future GT cars.[7][8]

The 599 saw the use of an aluminium chassis for the first time in a Ferrari GT car, as opposed to the tubular steel chassis used in its predecessors; the new chassis results in more rigidity and contributes to the low dry weight of 1,690 kg (3,726 lb) as compared to its predecessor, the 575M. The 599 boasts a longer wheelbase than it's predecessor and the fuel tank is positioned at the rear in a mid mounted position for better weight distribution. Due to such measures, the 599 has a claimed power to weight ratio of 367 PS per tonne.[9]

The C-pillar shaped like an arch guided air to the rear section to help keep the car on the ground

The side profile of the 599

The 599 utilises an underbody spoiler and venturi tunnels that contribute to downforce; the arched C-pillars in a 'flying buttress' style also aid further in downforce by channeling the air around the rear section thus eliminating the need of a rear wing. Due to this fact, the 599 generates a claimed 160 kg (353 lb) of downforce at 299 km/h (186 mph); the car also has functional brake cooling ducts on the front and rear body panels for improved brake cooling.[9]

The 599 utilises magnetorheological semi-active dampers along with its suspension coils; the dampers function by a liquid within the damper reservoir which when subject to magnetic field within the liquid chamber, changes its viscosity. The function of the liquid along with the reaction and stability control are controlled through a knob on the steering wheel; the 599 came with cast iron brakes as standard while the carbon-ceramic brakes (a technology that was scarcely utilised in road cars at the time) were available as an option. The rotors measured 398 mm (15.7 in) at the front and 360 mm (14 in) at the rear.[9]

The 599 came with a luxurious leather trimmed interior; the driver's seat was positioned slightly towards the centre in order to provide a better driving position. The instrument cluster was a combination of analogue gauges and screens; the foot paddles could either be optioned in aluminium or in carbon fibre and were affixed to the steering column. The three spoke steering wheel housed controls for the car's electronic systems as well as a starter button; the interior has a glove box, storage space in the door panels and combination of simple dials and buttons for operating the stereo, climate control and air conditioning. The car has a rear shelf and a boot-lid providing adequate boot space.[9]

The Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano HGTE (HGTE being an abbreviation of Handling Gran Turismo Evoluzione) is an upgrade package for the 599 designed to improve the car's handling. It includes a modified set-up with stiffer springs and rear anti-roll bar as well as new calibration settings for the Delphi MagneRide magneto-rheological shock absorbers when the manettino is at its sportier settings; the ride height has also been lowered, resulting in a low centre of gravity. The package also includes optimised tyres featuring a compound that offers improved grip; the car's electronic systems were also changed. The gearbox's shift times were faster in high-performance settings, while new engine software provided improved response; the exhaust was modified to produce a more marked and thrilling sound under hard usage while still delivering the right comfort levels at cruising speed. The exterior and interior were upgraded with more carbon fibre components and the car also included new 20-inch wheels.[12]

On 8 April 2010, Ferrari announced official details of the 599 GTO;[13] the car was a road-legal version of the 599XX track day car and at the time Ferrari claimed that the 599 GTO was their fastest ever road car, able to lap the Fiorano test circuit in 1 minute 24 seconds, one second faster than the Ferrari Enzo Ferrari. Its engine generated a power output of 670 PS (493 kW; 661 hp) at 8,250 rpm and 620 N⋅m (457 lb⋅ft) of torque at 6,500 rpm; the car has the multiple shift program for the gearbox from the 599XX along with the exhaust system.[14] Ferrari claimed that the 599 GTO could accelerate from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in under 3.3 seconds and has a top speed of over 335 km/h (208 mph).[14] At 1,605 kg (3,538 lb), the 599 GTO weighs almost 100 kg (220 lb) less than the standard GTB.[15] Production was limited to 599 cars. Of these, approximately 125 were produced for the United States market.
Ferrari has produced only two other models that used the GTO designation: the 1962 250 GTO and the 1984 288 GTO with the third being the 599 GTO.[16] Unlike the previous GTOs however, the 599 GTO was not designed for homologation in any racing series.

At the 2009 Geneva Motor Show,[12] Ferrari unveiled the track only iteration of the 599 GTB, dubbed the 599XX. Designed by Ferrari's Formula-one engineers, the car has many changes over the standard car in order to make it more nimble and responsive on a race track. Exterior enhancements included two winglets on the C-pillars for improved downforce, a vented bonnet for improved engine cooling, darkened lexan tail lamps, a carbon fibre 'ducktail' rear spoiler aiding further in downforce, a large rear diffuser for improved under body airflow, tow hooks at the front and rear, additional ducts for improved cooling, a minimalist race interior with racing bucket seats along with an LCD display behind the steering wheel replacing all analogue gauges equipped with a roll-cage and lexan sliding windows; the car also has two fans that were located in the trunk and worked to keep the car on the ground and stopped working at speeds up to 249 km/h (155 mph), a speed at which the car needed no additional downforce. With all such components, the car was reported to generate 280 kg (617 lb) of downforce at 200 km/h (124 mph) and 630 kg (1,389 lb) of downforce at 299 km/h (186 mph); the air conditioning system was retained for added driver comfort. The car had nine traction and stability control modes, all controlled from the "manettino" knob on the steering wheel; the car was equipped with F1 inspired carbon ceramic brakes with crossed drilled rotors and a new race exhaust system. The rev limiter was raised to 9,000 rpm, with the engine rated at 730 PS (537 kW; 720 hp) at 9,000 rpm. Weight was reduced by reducing the weight of the engine components such as a new carbon fibre intake manifold and graphite coated pistons along with a lightweight crankshaft, as well as through the use of composite materials and the use of carbon fibre body parts. A new gearbox was introduced to cut overall gear change time to 60 milliseconds, holding the upward or downward shift paddle for longer resulted in multiple shifts that improved gearing time; the car also included 29/67 R19 front and 31/71 R19 rear racing slicks with 19 × 11J wheels at the front and 19 × 12J at the rear. The 599XX was capable of accelerating from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 2.9 seconds and attained a top speed of 315 km/h (196 mph) (redline limited top speed).[17]

At the 2010 Beijing International Auto Show, Ferrari announced that the 599XX had completed the Nordschleife circuit at the Nürburgring in a time of 6 minutes and 58.16 seconds - the fastest time ever recorded for a production-derived sports car.[18] This lap was later beaten by the Pagani Zonda R in June 2010, which had set a lap time of 6 minutes and 47.50 seconds.

On November 10, 2011, the first images of the 599XX Evoluzione surfaced, which had a radically restyled aero and exhaust package as well as electronic upgrades and Pirelli racing slicks. On 1 December 2011, Ferrari confirmed details for the 599XX "with evolution package" in preparation for the 2011 Bologna Motor Show;[19] the car with the Evolution package weighed 35 kg (77 lb) less than the standard 599XX and the engine had slightly improved peak power of 740 PS (544 kW; 730 hp) and 700 N⋅m (516 lb⋅ft) of torque. One of the key features of the Evoluzione is its active rear wing which can adjust automatically to provide increased cornering performance.

The roadster variant of the 599, the SA Aperta, was introduced at the 2010 Paris Motor Show as a limited edition in honour of designers Sergio Pininfarina and Andrea Pininfarina, with the "SA" designation standing for both their names; the SA Aperta utilised the higher performance engine and gearbox from the 599 GTO and has a 10 mm (0.4 in) lower ride height, thicker rear anti roll bar and recalibrated magnetic dampers. The SA Aperta also has a slightly raked windscreen as compared to the 599 GTB along with larger cooling ducts in the new front bumper and a rear bumper in body colour; the car has a removable soft top that was only intended for use in city driving and to protect the interior from rain. The boot-lid was made of aluminium while the C-pillars were made of carbon fibre and have a silver finish along with the windshield frame; the exhaust system was a modified version of the one used in the 599XX and the car has special 5-spoke wheels unique to the variant with a chromed finish along with a triple layer body paint. The interior was also redesigned and has a two-tone colour scheme and the car has sports seats as standard equipment.[20][21] Only 80 examples were produced, honoring the 80th anniversary of Pininfarina and all were sold before the car was unveiled to the public.[22]

In December 2011, Ferrari announced a special edition of the 599 GTB to celebrate 60 years of their wins in F1. From Froilán González's win at Silverstone in 1951 with the 375 F1, to Fernando Alonso's win at Silverstone in 2011 in the 150° Italia, Ferrari have been winning hundreds of F1 races; the car was based on the 599 HGTE chassis, that utilised stiff suspension, shorter springs and stiffer anti-roll bars. The new 20" diamond-finished forged alloy wheels and Scuderia Ferrari shields came on the body as standard. There were three choices of paint finishes to choose from:

The colours of the 375 F1 - darker and standing out more than Ferrari Rosso

The colours of the 150° Italia, with the Italian tricolore styled mini spoiler at the back and the white parts of the front spoiler on the body

Another version of the 150° Italia but without the white a-pillars.[23]

The interior in the European version of the car has Sabelt bucket seats whereas the US version featured Recaro bucket seats, both being made from Alcantara.[24]

The Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta is a one-offconvertible sports car based on the Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano.[25] This car represents the second car in Ferrari's Special Project program.

Edward Walson commissioned the car in 2008, asking Ferrari to build a modern interpretation of the gold covered Carrozzeria Fantuzzi-bodied Ferrari 330 LMB built for the 1968 film Spirits of the Dead; the P540 was revealed to the public on December 11, 2009, but had been spotted in spy shots several months previous to this.[26]

Designed by Pininfarina and built in Maranello, this car was designed to comply with international safety and homologation requirements. Using finite element analysis and carbon fibre, the car's chassis was stiffened for the conversion to a convertible body style; as it is based on the 599 GTB F1, many of the specifications of the P540 are similar to its donor car. Total time of development was 14 months.

The Ferrari Superamerica 45 is a one-off with a rotating targa hardtop based on the 599 GTB, that was commissioned to Ferrari by longtime Ferrari enthusiast and collector Peter Kalikow to commemorate his 45 years as a Ferrari client. Part of Ferrari's Special Project programme, it was designed at Centro Stile Ferrari and engineered in-house by Ferrari;[27]
the car made its public debut at Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este on 20 May 2011.[27]

The carbon fibre hardtop roof incorporates a rear screen and rotates around a horizontal axis behind the cabin, a mechanism similar to that of the Ferrari 575 Superamerica; the boot, also made from carbon fibre, has been redesigned to house the roof when open and to increase downforce at the rear of the car. As well as being finished in Blu Antille, other key visual features include a chromed front grille, body coloured wheels, carbon fibre panels and special burnished aluminum A-pillars, wing mirrors and door handles;
the interior features a combination of Cuoio leather trim and Blu Scuro carbon fibre as well as a latest-generation touch-screen infotainment system.

The SP30 is a one-off based on the 599 GTO and completed in 2013, it is the fifth project completed by Ferrari's special projects division and it includes elements from the 599xx and the F12 which was released a few months earlier. It was commissioned by Cheerag Arya, the owner of a petrochemical company.[28]

Motor Authority reported that Ferrari president Luca Cordero di Montezemolo was working on the development of a Ferrari model that would use alternative energy sources and which would be based on what Ferrari is doing in Formula 1, which uses Kinetic Energy Recovery System; the KERS was tested using a 599 as a test mule. The model was later revealed to be the LaFerrari.[29]

A twin-supercharged Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano drift car made its competition debut at Formula D Long Beach 2018, driven by Italian drifter Federico Sceriffo, but was unable to finish the event after a severed fuel line caused the car to catch on fire.[33] Federico and his drifting team, FFF Drifting Department, were able to repair the car and drove it for the first time since the crash at Formula D Orlando 2018;[34] the car is currently competing in the US Formula Drift 2019 series. The car itself has had its 6.0-litre V12 engine modified with twin Rotrex superchargers with supporting modifications and now reportedly produces 917 PS (674 kW; 904 hp) and 856 lb⋅ft (1,161 N⋅m) of torque.[35] It has also been modified with a body kit, a new six-speed sequential gearbox, a carbon clutch, Öhlins suspension, 20 inch OZ wheels and a Sparco ‘Drifting Pro’ seat, and has also been lightened to now weigh around 1,400 kg (3,086 lbs), almost 400 kg less than the 1,793 kg (3,953 lbs) kerb weight of a standard 599 GTB.[36]

^"CARBON FIBER AERODYNAMIC FINS"(PDF). Ferrari.com. The aerodynamic fins are the side view's most distinguishing characteristic and technically speaking, their contribution is vital for achieving the aerodynamic load goals required at high speed since they channel and maximize the air flow towards the nolder.

Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for various purposes including regulation and categorization, among others. This article details used classification schemes in use worldwide; this following table summarises common classifications for cars. Microcars and their Japanese equivalent— kei cars— are the smallest category of automobile. Microcars straddle the boundary between car and motorbike, are covered by separate regulations to normal cars, resulting in relaxed requirements for registration and licensing. Engine size is 700 cc or less, microcars have three or four wheels. Microcars are most popular in Europe, where they originated following World War II; the predecessors to micro cars are Cycle cars. Kei cars have been used in Japan since 1949. Examples of microcars and kei cars: Honda LifeIsettaTata Nano The smallest category of vehicles that are registered as normal cars is called A-segment in Europe, or "city car" in Europe and the United States.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines this category as "minicompact", however this term is not used. The equivalents of A-segment cars have been produced since the early 1920s, however the category increased in popularity in the late 1950s when the original Fiat 500 and BMC Mini were released. Examples of A-segment / city cars / minicompact cars: Fiat 500 Hyundai i10 Toyota Aygo The next larger category small cars is called B-segment Europe, supermini in the United Kingdom and subcompact in the United States; the size of a subcompact car is defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, as having a combined interior and cargo volume of between 85–99 cubic feet. Since the EPA's smaller minicompact category is not as used by the general public, A-segment cars are sometimes called subcompacts in the United States. In Europe and Great Britain, the B-segment and supermini categories do not any formal definitions based on size. Early supermini cars in Great Britain include Vauxhall Chevette.

In other countries, the equivalent terms are full-size car or large car, which are used for affordable large cars that aren't considered luxury cars. Examples of non-luxury full-size cars: Chevrolet ImpalaFord FalconToyota AvalonMinivan is an American car classification for vehicles which are designed to transport passengers in the rear seating row, have reconfigurable seats in two or three rows; the equivalent terms in British English are people carrier and people mover. Minivans have a'one-box' or'two-box' body configuration, a high roof, a flat floor, a sliding door for rear passengers and high H-point seating. Mini MPV is the smallest size of MPVs and the vehicles are built on the platforms of B-segment hatchback models. Examples of Mini MPVs: Fiat 500L Honda FitFord B-MaxCompact MPV is the middle size of MPVs; the Compact MPV size class sits between large MPV size classes. Compact MPVs remain predominantly a European phenomenon, although they are built and sold in many Latin American and Asian markets.

Examples of Compact MPVs: Renault ScenicVolkswagen TouranFord C-Max The largest size of minivans is referred to as'Large MPV' and became popular following the introduction of the 1984 Renault Espace and Dodge Caravan. Since the 1990s, the smaller Compact MPV and Mini MPV sizes of minivans have become popular. If the term'minivan' is used without specifying a size, it refers to a Large MPV. Examples of Large MPVs: Dodge Grand Caravan Ford S-MaxToyota Sienna The premium compact class is the smallest category of luxury cars, it became popular in the mid-2000s, when European manufacturers— such as Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz— introduced new entry level models that were smaller and cheaper than their compact executive models. Examples of premium compact cars: Audi A3Buick VeranoLexus CT200h A compact executive car is a premium car larger than a premium compact and smaller than an executive car. Compact executive cars are equivalent size to mid-size cars and are part of the D-segment in the European car classification.

In North American terms, close equivalents are "luxury compact" and "entry-level luxury car", although the latter is used for the smaller premium compact cars. Examples of compact executive cars: Audi A4 BMW 3 Series Buick Regal An executive car is a premium car larger than a compact executive and smaller than an full-size luxury car. Executive cars are classified as E-segment cars in the European car classification. In the United States and several other coun

The Ferrari F12berlinetta is a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive grand tourer produced by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari. The F12berlinetta debuted at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, replaces the 599 grand tourer; the aspirated 6.3 litre Ferrari V12 engine used in the F12berlinetta has won the 2013 International Engine of the Year Award in the Best Performance category and Best Engine above 4.0 litres. The F12berlinetta was named "The Supercar of the Year 2012" by car magazine Top Gear; the F12berlinetta was replaced by the 812 Superfast in 2017. In 2014, the F12berlinetta was awarded the XXIII Premio Compasso d'oro ADI. Accepting the award was Ferrari’s Senior Vice President of Design, Flavio Manzoni; the F12berlinetta uses a 6,262 cc aspirated 65° V12 engine of the Ferrari F140 engine family. Displacement is shared with the FF, but the F140 FC version installed on the F12 generates a power output of 740 PS at 8,250 rpm and 690 N⋅m of torque at 6,000 rpm, making it the fourth most powerful Ferrari road car produced to date, only surpassed by the LaFerrari, F12tdf and its successor, the 812 Superfast.

The engine of the F12berlinetta has been designed to be more efficient than that of the 599, as well as more powerful. The engine management system is fitted with Ferrari's HELE start-stop system to reduce fuel consumption when idling. Ferrari reports that the F12berlinetta can achieve 18 mpg‑imp – a 30% improvement over the 599 – and produces CO2 emissions of 350 g/km. Similar to the California, 458 Italia, FF and LaFerrari, the F12berlinetta transmits power through a 7-speed dual-clutchsemi-automatic gearbox operated by the driver using paddle shifters present behind the steering wheel. Compared to similar models, the F12berlinetta uses shortened gear ratios to match the power of the engine; the F12berlinetta is built around an aluminium space frame chassis co-developed with Scaglietti. The chassis is made up of 12 different aluminium alloys and improves structural rigidity by 20% over the 599, whilst reducing weight by 70 kg; the centre of gravity has been lowered by around 25 mm. The F12berlinetta's weight distribution is 48% front, 52% rear.

Similar to other contemporary Ferrari models, the F12berlinetta uses Ferrari's third generation CCM3 carbon ceramic disc brakes with ABS, SCM-E magnetorheological suspension, an electronic LSD, ESP Premium stability control and F1-Trac traction control. The car's stability and traction control and other settings are controlled by the Manettino dial mounted on the steering wheel; the F12berlinetta is fitted with Michelin Pilot Super Sport tyres, with the tyre codes 255/35 ZR20 at the front and 315/35 ZR20 at the rear. The F12berlinetta makes use of aerodynamic techniques based on Ferrari's 599XX and Formula One programmes, developed with wind tunnel and CFD testing. A notable feature is the Aero Bridge, an air channel running from the bonnet, through the flanks and along the sides of the vehicle, creating an effect that increases downforce. Another feature is Active Brake Cooling ducts, which open to direct cooling air only when the brakes are hot, keeping them closed at other times to reduce aerodynamic drag.

The F12berlinetta produces 123 kg of downforce at 200 km/h – an increase of 76% over the 599 GTB – and has a drag coefficient of 0.299. Ferrari reports that the F12berlinetta is capable of lapping the Fiorano test circuit in 1 minute, 23 seconds. Ferrari claimed the F12berlinetta to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.1 seconds, 0 to 200 km/h in 8.5 seconds and to reach a top speed of 340 km/h. The body of the F12berlinetta is designed by the Ferrari Styling Centre and Pininfarina, shares some styling elements with other recent Ferrari models; this includes a front grille similar to headlights shared with the FF and 458 Italia. The interior, based on the FF, features new "Frau leather" upholstery with aluminium and carbon fibre trim, has increased luggage space compared to the 599; the body computer system is developed by Magneti MarelliAutomotive Lighting. The F12tdf is a track-focused version of the F12berlinetta unveiled in October 2015; the name pays homage to the Tour de France automobile race held between 1899 and 1986 and, won by the Ferrari 250 between 1956 and 1964.

The F12tdf shares the same 6.3 litre V12 engine with the F12berlinetta, but with power output increased to 780 PS at 8500 rpm and 705 N⋅m of torque at 6750 rpm. The F12tdf is 110 kg lighter than the F12, having a claimed dry weight of 1,415 kg. Ferrari claimed the F12tdf to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 2.9 seconds and 0 to 200 km/h in 7.9 seconds. The top speed was claimed to be'in excess of 340 km/h'; the car has recorded a 1 minute 21 seconds lap time on Ferrari's Fiorano test circuit, 2 seconds faster than the standard F12berlinetta and 488 GTB, just 1.3 seconds behind the fastest lap set by the LaFerrari. F12tdf was designed by Ferrari Styling Centre. Production of the F12tdf was limited to 799 units; the F12 TRS is a one-off barchetta based on the F12berlinetta, made for a customer by Ferrari under its Special Projects programme. It made its public debut in Sicily at the Ferrari Cavalcade in June 2014. Designed in

Ken Okuyama is a Japanese industrial designer. He is the owner of the Ken Okuyama Design company. Okuyama worked for Pininfarina and supervising projects such as the Enzo Ferrari and Ferrari P4/5, his given name goes by Ken Okuyama outside Japan. He was born in the city of Yamagata, lives in Tokyo, speaks Japanese and English fluently. Okuyama graduated in 1986 from the Art Center College of Design in California. For the next three years he was a visiting professor at Tohoku University of Design. In 1991, he returned to teach part-time at the Art Center College of Design. Between 2000 and 2004, he was Chair of the Transportation Design Department at the college, but in 2004 he was offered a job at Pininfarina. Okuyama worked for General Motors and Porsche, helping design the new generation of the Porsche 911 as well as the Boxster. Before moving to Pininfarina, he worked for General Motors in the Advanced Concepts Center in California. On 10 May 2004, Ken Okuyama began work as Creative Director at Pininfarina.

He had been working with Pininfarina before. As Creative Director Ken oversaw projects including the Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano, Ferrari 456M GT, Ferrari California, Ferrari 612 Scaglietti, Chevrolet Camaro, Ferrari Rossa, Mitsubishi Colt CZC, Maserati Birdcage 75th, Maserati Quattroporte V and Ferrari P4/5. In 2006, Okuyama set up his own design firm, Newton Design Lab. In late 2007, Okuyama launched the Ken Okuyama Eyes collection, an eyewear collection manufactured in Japan. In 2008, Ken Okuyama presented his first concept car under his own name, the K. O. 7 Spider, a carbon fiber reinforced unpainted aluminium two-seater. The K. O. 7 was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2008. Ken Okuyama has cooperated with the luxury watch producer TAG Heuer, having fitted the TAG Heuer Grand Carrera at the dashboard of the car; the interior of the concept car was inspired by the design of the TAG Heuer watch. In 2008, Ken Okuyama's design studio produced the first 20 models of the K. O. 7 Spider pre-sold to an "inner circle" of the designer's fans.

It was followed by the production of 99 cars in 2009 and 99 more in 2010. In 2016, Ken Okuyama revealed the Kode 57; this will be an additional member to the limited-edition family, as only five units will be produced. Forbes Magazine stated "Enzo Ferrari Designer Stuns Monterey With Breathtaking Kode 57 Supercar". JR EastE6 Series Shinkansen, introduced in March 2013 JR East E7 Series Shinkansen, introduced in March 2014 Rebuilt KiHa 141 series coaches for the JR East SL Ginga excursion train, introduced on the Kamaishi Line in April 2014 Revised colour scheme for JR East E3 Series Shinkansen fleet used on Tsubasa services from April 2014 JR East E3 series Toreiyu excursion train, entering service on the Yamagata Shinkansen from July 2014 E235 series commuter trains for the Yamanote Line in Tokyo, scheduled to be introduced from autumn 2015 JR East E353 series Super Azusa trains entering service in 2015 HB-E300 series 4-car hybrid DMU set for use on Resort Shirakami - Buna services in the north of Japan from July 2016 JR East E001 series Train Suite Shiki-shima luxury cruise train, scheduled to enter service in May 2017 Tobu 500 series limited express trains entering service in spring 2017 New trains for the Kobe Municipal SubwaySeishin-Yamate Line, entering service in fiscal 2018 Honda NSX Mitsubishi Colt CZC KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode7 KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode7 clubman KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode7 SeriesII KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode8 KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode9 KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode9 Spyder KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode57 Enji KEN OKUYAMA DESIGN・Kode0 Chevrolet Camaro Ferrari 456M GT Enzo Ferrari Ferrari 612 Scaglietti Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano Ferrari P4/5 Ferrari California Ferrari Rossa Maserati Quattroporte V Maserati Birdcage 75th DreamWave M.8LE massage chair.

DreamWave M.8 massage chair. DreamWave M. DX massage chair; the following were awarded to either Ken Okuyama, car, or other project he worked with others to design: The Pininfarina Metrocubo won The Best Interior Design of the Year Award in 1999 The Ferrari Rossa, designed by Okuyama, won The Best Concept Car of The Year award in 2000 The Maserati Birdcage 75th won the Best Concept prize at the Editors Choice Awards by Autoweek The Maserati Birdcage 75th won the Louis Vuitton Classic Concept Award which Pininfarina gave to Okuyama The prestigious Hall of Fame award “La Bella Macchina” was given to Ken Okuyama at Concorso Italiano on August 20, 2016. 2019 Consumer Electronics Show Innovation Honor awarded in the Fitness and Biotech Category Official website Yamagata Koubou website

Ferrari is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1939 out of Alfa Romeo's race division as Auto Avio Costruzioni, the company built its first car in 1940. However, the company's inception as an auto manufacturer is recognized in 1947, when the first Ferrari-badged car was completed. In 2014, Ferrari was rated the world's most powerful brand by Brand Finance. In June 2018, the 1964 250 GTO became the most expensive car in history, setting an all-time record selling price of $70 million. Fiat S.p. A. acquired 50% of Ferrari in 1969 and expanded its stake to 90% in 1988. In October 2014 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N. V. announced its intentions to separate Ferrari S.p. A. from FCA. The separation began in October 2015 with a restructuring that established Ferrari N. V. as the new holding company of the Ferrari group and the subsequent sale by FCA of 10% of the shares in an IPO and concurrent listing of common shares on the New York Stock Exchange. Through the remaining steps of the separation, FCA's interest in Ferrari's business was distributed to shareholders of FCA, with 10% continuing to be owned by Piero Ferrari.

The spin-off was completed on 3 January 2016. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing in Formula One, where it is the oldest and most successful racing team, holding the most constructors championships and having produced the highest number of drivers' championship wins. Ferrari road cars are seen as a symbol of speed and wealth. Enzo Ferrari was not interested in the idea of producing road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari in 1929, with headquarters in Modena. Scuderia Ferrari means "Ferrari Stable" and is used to mean "Team Ferrari." Ferrari bought and fielded Alfa Romeo racing cars for gentleman drivers, functioning as the racing division of Alfa Romeo. In 1933, Alfa Romeo withdrew its in-house racing team and Scuderia Ferrari took over as its works team: the Scuderia received Alfa's Grand Prix cars of the latest specifications and fielded many famous drivers such as Tazio Nuvolari and Achille Varzi. In 1938, Alfa Romeo brought its racing operation again in-house, forming Alfa Corse in Milan and hired Enzo Ferrari as manager of the new racing department.

In September 1939, Ferrari left Alfa Romeo under the provision he would not use the Ferrari name in association with races or racing cars for at least four years. A few days he founded Auto Avio Costruzioni, headquartered in the facilities of the old Scuderia Ferrari; the new company ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories. In 1940, Ferrari produced a race car – the Tipo 815, based on a Fiat platform, it was the first Ferrari car and debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia, but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943, the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained since; the factory was bombed by the Allies and subsequently rebuilt including a works for road car production. The first Ferrari-badged car was the 1947 125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine. The Scuderia Ferrari name was resurrected to denote the factory racing cars and distinguish them from those fielded by customer teams. In 1960 the company was restructured as a public corporation under the name SEFAC S.p.

A.. Early in 1969, Fiat took a 50% stake in Ferrari. An immediate result was an increase in available investment funds, work started at once on a factory extension intended to transfer production from Fiat's Turin plant of the Ferrari engined Fiat Dino. New model investment further up in the Ferrari range received a boost. In 1988, Enzo Ferrari oversaw the launch of the Ferrari F40, the last new Ferrari launched before his death that year. In 1989, the company was renamed Ferrari S.p. A. From 2002 to 2004, Ferrari produced the Enzo, their fastest model at the time, introduced and named in honor of the company's founder, Enzo Ferrari, it was to be called the F60, continuing on from the F40 and F50, but Ferrari was so pleased with it, they called it the Enzo instead. It was offered to loyal and recurring customers, each of the 399 made had a price tag of $650,000 apiece. On 15 September 2012, 964 Ferrari cars attended the Ferrari Driving Days event at Silverstone Circuit and paraded round the Silverstone Circuit setting a world record.

Ferrari's former CEO and Chairman, Luca di Montezemolo, resigned from the company after 23 years, succeeded by Amedeo Felisa and on 3 May 2016 Amedeo resigned and was succeeded by Sergio Marchionne, CEO and Chairman of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Ferrari's parent company. In July 2018, Marchionne was replaced by board member Louis Camilleri as CEO and by John Elkann as chairman. On 29 October 2014, the FCA group, resulting from the merger between manufacturers Fiat and Chrysler, announced the split of its luxury brand, Ferrari; the aim is to turn Ferrari into an independent brand which 10% of stake will be sold in an IPO in 2015. Ferrari priced its initial public offering at $52 a share after the market close on 20 October 2015. Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport, competing in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing through its Scuderia Ferrari sporting division as well as supplying cars and engines to other t

The Pagani Zonda is a mid-engine sports car produced by the Italian sports car manufacturer Pagani. It debuted at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show, production ended in 2017 with the Zonda HP Barchetta and other commemorative special editions being produced until the same year. By 2018, a total of 140 cars had been built, including development mules. Both 2-door coupé and roadster variants have been produced along with a third new variant being the barchetta. Construction is of carbon fibre; the Zonda was to be named the "Fangio F1" after Formula One champion Juan Manuel Fangio, following his death in 1995, it was renamed for the Zonda wind, a regional term for a hot air current above Argentina. The Zonda C12 debuted in 1999 at the Geneva Motor Show, it was powered by a 6.0 L Mercedes-Benz M120 V12 engine having a power output of 450 PS at 5,200 rpm and 640 N⋅m of torque at 4,200 rpm mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. The C12 could accelerate to 161 km/h in 9.2 seconds. Only five cars were built with the 6.0 L engine, though the C12 was still available in 2002 when the C12 S was introduced.

One was used for crash homologation, while another was a demonstrator and show car. The remainder were delivered to customers during the next three years; the crash test and homologation car having chassis number 001 was restored by Pagani's established restoration program called "Pagani Rinascimento" and was presented to the public at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show for the Zonda's 20th anniversary. The Zonda S uses a modified version of the V12 engine used in the C12 enlarged to 7.0 L. Tuned by Mercedes-AMG, the engine has a power output of 550 PS and is mated to a newly developed 6-speed manual transmission in order to handle the high power output produced by the engine; the C12 S can accelerate to 161 km/h in 7.0 seconds. Lateral acceleration on the skidpad is 1.18 g. The C12 S can can attain a top speed of 208 mph. Introduced in 2002 the Zonda S 7.3 used a new, larger aspirated V12 engine displacing 7,291 cc designed and manufactured by Mercedes-Benz AMG having a power output of 555 PS at 5,900 rpm and 750 N⋅m of torque at 4,050 rpm.

And to better handle the power, traction control and ABS were made standard. Performance claims were unchanged from the Zonda C12 S. In 2003, Pagani presented the Zonda Roadster, a roadster version of the Zonda S 7.3. Carrying the same components as the coupé, Pagani promised no loss of performance, a claim supported by the minimal weight gain of 30 kg. A total of 40 roadsters were produced; the Zonda F debuted at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show. It was the most extensive re-engineered variant of the Zonda yet, though it shared much with its predecessors including the 7.3 L AMG V12 engine which through enhanced intake manifolds, exhaust and a revised ECU now had a power output of 602 PS at 6,150 rpm and 760 N⋅m at 4,000 rpm. The transmission was the same as the C12 S but had stronger internals and differential gears. Production of the Zonda F was limited to 25 cars, it came equipped with an extra headlight and different fog lights at the sides, new bodywork that improved the car's aerodynamics, different side mirrors.

Further enhancements over the "S" centered on optional carbon/ceramic brakes developed in conjunction with Brembo, OZ alloy wheels, Inconel exhaust system, hydroformedaluminium intake plenum, a redesigned "Z preg" weave in the crash structure to improve rigidity and reduce weight. The Zonda Roadster F debuted at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. Exterior wise, the roadster was similar to the coupé, but with a removable carbon fibre roof and canvas side curtains, weighing just 5 kg more than the coupé. Power output of the engine increased to 650 780 N ⋅ m of torque. Production of the Roadster F was limited to 25 units; the Roadster F maintained chassis rigidity without any gain in curb weight, eschewing conventional thinking by not strengthening the sills, a process which would have needed more than 35 kg of reinforcement. Pagani instead used racing car materials, construction techniques, strengthening the firewall structure of the chassis tub together with billet alloy braces that connected the points where the roof rails would have joined.

The windscreen was strengthened for safety reasons. These techniques enabled the Roadster to have the same weight as the coupé, 1,230 kg; the Zonda Roadster F Clubsport is a light weight version of the Zonda Roadster F. It has an extensive use of the new carbo-titanium material developed Pagani as well as having an upgraded engine, it was tested by Top Gear's The Stig along with James May and achieved a lap time around their test track of 1:17.8, beating the Bugatti Veyron 16.4 tested during the same episode, but lost in a quarter mile drag race against the Veyron by nearly 2.5 seconds. German racing driver Marc Basseng managed to lap the Zonda F Clubsport around the 20.8 kilometres Nürburgring Nordschleife in 7:24.7. The Zonda Cinque was meant to be the last iteration of the Zonda, being a road-legal version of the Zonda R. Only five were built, hence the name, with deliveries set to June 2009 for all five cars; the Zonda Cinque was developed at the request of a Pagani dealer in Hong Kong. The differences from other variants of the Zonda were the new 6-speed sequential gearbox, resulting in shifts taking less than 100 mi

A grand tourer is a car, designed for high speed and long-distance driving, due to a combination of performance and luxury attributes. The most common format is a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive two-door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement; the term derives from the Italian language phrase gran turismo which became popular in the English language from the 1950s, evolving from fast touring cars and streamlined closed sports cars during the 1930s. The grand touring car concept originated in Europe in the early 1950s with the 1951 introduction of the Lancia Aurelia B20 GT, features notable luminaries of Italian automotive history such as Vittorio Jano, Enzo Ferrari and Johnny Lurani. Motorsports became important in the evolution of the grand touring concept, grand touring entries are important in endurance sports-car racing; the grand touring definition implies material differences in performance, speed and amenities between elite automobiles and those of ordinary motorists. In the post-war United States, manufacturers were less inclined to adopt the "ethos of the GT car", preferring to build automobiles "suited to their long, smooth roads and labor-saving lifestyles" with wide availability of powerful straight-six and V8 engines in all price-ranges of automobile.

Despite this, the United States, enjoying early post-war economic expansion, became the largest market for European grand-touring cars, supplying transportation for movie stars and the jet set. Classic grand-touring cars from the post-war era have since become valuable automobiles among wealthy collectors. Within ten years, grand touring cars found success penetrating the new American personal luxury car market; the terms "grand tourer", "grand turismo", "grande routière", "GT" are among the most misused terms in motoring. The grand touring designation "means motoring at speed, in style and comfort." "Purists define "gran turismo" as the enjoyment and comfort of open-road touring."According to one author, "the ideal is of a car with the ability to cross a continent at speed and in comfort yet provide driving thrills when demanded" and it should exhibit the following: The engines "should be able to cope with cruising comfortably at the upper limits on all continental roads without drawbacks or loss of usable power."

"Ideally, the GT car should have been devised by its progenitors as a Grand Tourer, with all associated considerations in mind." "It should be able to transport at least two in comfort with their luggage and have room to spare — in the form of a two plus two seating arrangement." The design, both "inside and out, should be geared toward complete control by the driver." Its "chassis and suspension provide suitable roadholding on all routes" during travels. Grand tourers emphasize comfort and handling over straight-out high performance or ascetic, spartan accommodations. In comparison, sports cars are more "crude" compared to "sophisticated Grand Touring machinery." However, the popularity of using GT for marketing purposes has meant that it has become a "much misused term signifying no more than a tuned version of a family car with trendy wheels and a go-faster stripe on the side."Historically, most GTs have been front-engined with rear-wheel drive, which creates more space for the cabin than mid-mounted engine layouts.

However, GTS has been used for sedans and other body styles. GT-T: "Gran Turismo Turbo" GTV: Gran Turismo Veloce"- the Italian word for "fast" GTX: "Grand Tourisme Xtreme" HGT: "High Gran Turismo" Several past and present motor racing series have used "GT" in their name; these include: LM GTE 1999-present: A set of regulations for modified road cars, used for the 24 Hours of Le Mans race and several related racing series. LM GTE was called'GT class' and was known as GT2 class from 2005-2010. FIA GT Series 2013-present: A racing series for Group GT3 cars; the FIA GT Series replaced the FIA GT1 World Championship. GT4 European Series 2007-present: A European amateur racing series with the least powerful class of GT cars. IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge 2005-present: A North American racing series for Porsche 911 GT3 Cup cars. FIA GT3 European Championship 2006-2012: A European amateur racing series for Group GT3 cars. There have been several classes of racing cars called GT; the Group GT3 regulations for modified road cars have been used for various racing series worldwide since 2006.

The term Berlinetta refers to a sports coupé with two seats but including 2+2 cars. The original meaning for berlinetta in Italian is “little saloon”. Introduced in the 1930s, the term was popularized by Ferrari in the 1950s. Maserati, Alfa Romeo, other European car manufacturers have used the Berlinetta label. In North America, Chevrolet produced a version of the Camaro called the Berlinetta, from 1979 to 1986; the Berlinetta model was marketed as having a luxury focus, through interior features and softer suspension. Berlinette is the French name for a Berlinetta, defined as a sporty, low-profile two-door type of automobile body style related to the coupé. After World War II, the term came to refer to a small vehicle with enclosed coachwork similar to a two-door berline, or sedan in France, it supplanted use of the term "coach" for a similar but older body style, which had replaced the older term "demi-berline". The most common recent usage was in reference to the Alpine A110 sports car, simply called "la Berlinette"

Ferrari is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1939 out of Alfa Romeo's race division as Auto Avio Costruzioni, the company built its first car in 1940. However, the company's inception as an auto manufacturer is usually …

Automotive design is the process of developing the appearance, and to some extent the ergonomics, of motor vehicles, including automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, buses, coaches, and vans. — The functional design and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large team from many …

A futuristic original sketch for the Ferrari Modulo 512-S concept car by Paul Martin in 1967. There are already many features of the final product, including the reduced height, wheels coved for low drag and the characteristic entry system.

Pininfarina S.p.A. is an Italian car design firm and coachbuilder, with headquarters in Cambiano, Italy. It was founded by Battista "Pinin" Farina in 1930. On 14 December 2015, Mahindra Group acquired Pininfarina S.p.A. for about …

Ken Okuyama is a Japanese industrial designer. He is the owner of the Ken Okuyama Design company. Okuyama formerly worked for Pininfarina, designing and supervising projects such as the Enzo Ferrari and Ferrari P4/5. His given name is Kiyoyuki Okuyama but goes …

Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for various purposes including regulation, description and categorization, among others. This article details commonly used classification schemes in use worldwide. — Classification methods — Vehicles …

A grand tourer is a car that is designed for high speed and long-distance driving, due to a combination of performance and luxury attributes. The most common format is a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive two-door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement. — The term derives from the …

S-segment is the a European segments for passenger cars for sport coupés. The cars are often described as sports cars and the equivalent Euro NCAP class is called "roadster sport". — Characteristics — S-segment cars have a sporting appearance and are usually designed to have superior handling …

A roadster is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat convertibles. — The roadster was also a style of …

In automotive design, an FR, or front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout is one where the engine is located at the front of the vehicle and driven wheels are located at the rear. This was the traditional automobile layout for most of the 20th century. Modern designs commonly use the front-engine …

The Ferrari 612 Scaglietti is a 2+2 coupé grand tourer manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari between 2004 and 2010. It was designed to replace the smaller 456; its larger size makes it a true 4 seater with adequate space in the rear …

A V12 engine is a V engine with 12 cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of six cylinders each, usually but not always at a 60° angle to each other, with all 12 pistons driving a common crankshaft. Since each cylinder bank is essentially a straight-six which is by itself in both primary …

A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device.In British …

The Ferrari 575M Maranello is a two-seat, two-door, grand tourer manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari. Launched in 2002, it is essentially an updated 550 Maranello featuring minor styling changes from Pininfarina. The 575M was replaced by the 599 GTB in the first half …

The Geneva International Motor Show is an annual auto show held in March in the Swiss city of Geneva. The show is hosted at the Palexpo, a convention centre located next to the Geneva Cointrin International Airport. The Salon is organised by the …

Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most …

An anti-roll bar is a part of many automobile suspensions that helps reduce the body roll of a vehicle during fast cornering or over road irregularities. It connects opposite wheels together through short lever arms linked by a …

An anti-roll bar (in black) on the rear of a Porsche, which traverses the underside of the car. Flexible bushings attach it to the chassis. Also visible on the right is one of the links that connect the bar to the suspension (drop link). These twist the anti-roll bar when the vehicle is cornering, resisting body roll.

An SUV, with anti roll bars removed, shows how one wheel can be much lower than the opposite side, as the body rolls (tilts) more without anti roll bars.

Photo of 2 front-wheel springs, with the tires removed. Each suspension spring is connected to the central sway bar assembly.

The Enzo Ferrari is a 12 cylinder mid-engine sports car named after the company's founder, Enzo Ferrari. It was developed in 2002 using Formula One technology, such as a carbon-fibre body, F1-style electrohydraulic shift transmission …

Enzo Ferrari

The F140B V12 engine

The Ferrari Enzo used the F1 transmission and had a gear shift indicator on the steering wheel telling the driver when to change gears

The Ferrari Enzo used carbon ceramic brake discs, a first for a Ferrari road car

The Ferrari 250 GTO is a GT car produced by Ferrari from 1962 to 1964 for homologation into the FIA's Group 3 Grand Touring Car category. It was powered by Ferrari's Tipo 168/62 Colombo V12 engine. — The "250" in its name denotes the displacement in cubic centimeters of each of its cylinders; "GTO" …

The Ferrari GTO is an exotic homologation of the Ferrari 308 GTB produced from 1984 to 1987 in Ferrari's Maranello factory, designated GT for Gran Turismo and O for Omologata. — Background — The Ferrari GTO was built to …

The Nürburgring is a 150,000 person capacity motorsports complex located in the town of Nürburg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It features a Grand Prix race track built in 1984, and a much longer Nordschleife "North loop" track which was built in the 1920s around the village and medieval castle of …

The Pagani Zonda is a mid-engine sports car produced by the Italian sports car manufacturer Pagani. It debuted at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show, and production ended in 2017 with the Zonda HP Barchetta and other commemorative special editions being produced until the same year. By 2018, a total of 140 …

A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, a standard transmission or colloquially in some countries as a stick shift, is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications. It uses a driver-operated clutch, usually engaged and disengaged by a foot pedal …

A floor-mounted gear lever in a 1999 Mazda Protege with a 5-speed manual transmission

Top and side view of a typical manual transmission, in this case a Ford Toploader, used in vehicles with external floor shifters.

In automotive design, a nolder is a small aerodynamic shape integral to bodywork or to an aerodynamic attachment – e.g. a spoiler, diffuser or splitter – perpendicular to the direction of air flow travel for the purpose of further managing and refining …

Nolder, highlighted on rear deck of Ferrari 599, with lateral sail panels at rear window directing air to the Nolder

The F140 engine family is a series of 65° DOHC V12 petrol engines produced by Ferrari since 2002, and used in both Ferrari and Maserati cars. This engine was derived from the already extant Ferrari/Maserati V8. — In the Ferrari Enzo, it set the record for the most powerful naturally aspirated engine …

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines, like the internal combustion engine, burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to do work. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use …

The Fiorano Circuit is a private racetrack owned by Ferrari for development and testing purposes. It is located in Fiorano Modenese, near the Italian town of Maranello. — Built in 1972, it was originally 8.4 metres wide and 3000 metres long. In 1992, a chicane was added making …

Maranello is a town and comune in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy, 18 km from Modena, with a population of 17,165 as of 2013. It is known worldwide as the home of Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari Formula One racing team. Maranello was also home to coachbuilding firm …

The Prancing Horse, symbol of Ferrari, which has its headquarters in Maranello

The term Berlinetta refers to a sports coupé, typically with two seats but also including 2+2 cars.The original meaning for berlinetta in Italian is “little saloon”.Introduced in the 1930s, the term was popularized by Ferrari in the …

The layout of a car is often defined by the location of the engine and drive wheels. — Layouts can roughly be divided into three categories: front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive and four-wheel drive. Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found in practice, and the …

In both road and rail vehicles, the wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels. For road vehicles with more than two axles, the wheelbase is the distance between the steering axle and the centerpoint of the driving axle group. In the case …

The French Crown Jewels comprise the crowns, orb, sceptres, diadems and jewels that were symbols of Royal power between 752 and 1825. These were worn by many Kings and Queens of France. The set was finally broken up, with most of it sold off in 1885 by the …

Crown Jewels of France, on display at the Louvre with the crown and diadem of Empress Eugénie to the left, the set of Queen Marie Amélie in the centre, and the crown of Louis XV to the right with the diadem of the Duchess of Angoulême.

The Côte-de-Bretagne red spinel with the set of Queen Marie Amélie to the left, the bracelets and diadem of the Duchess of Angoulême in the centre and upper right and, between them, the set of Empress Josephine.

World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million …

Hugh Capet was the King of the Franks from 987 to 996. He is the founder and first king from the House of Capet. He was elected as the successor of the last Carolingian king, Louis V. Hugh was a descendant in illegitimate descent of Charlemagne through his mother and …

The Coronation of Hugues Capet. Miniature from a manuscript of the 13th or 14th century.