The libertarian Republican, who hails from a right-leaning district in western Michigan, is widely expected to win reelection on November 4. He already passed the real test: a significant primary challenge from a well-funded opponent backed by neoconservative and corporatist critics of Amash's views. The challenger, Brian Ellis, stooped as low as he could go, releasing an ad that accused Amash of being "al-Qaida's best friend in Congress" due to the representative's opposition to NSA spying and unauthorized wars.

"It felt great to get a big win," Amash told Reason in an interview. "The people of the district came out and said they like what I am offering, which is independent conservative representation, libertarian representation… My challenger was offering run of the mill, establishment big government Republicanism. People are tired of that."

Amash is optimistic that what's true for his district is true for the country at large. A growing cross-partisan swath of the electorate is concerned about issues near and dear to the hearts of libertarians, including police brutality, spying, and drone warfare.

But that doesn't mean Congress is getting on board. Leadership, in particular, remains as hopeless as ever, according to Amash.

"Congress is delayed by five or 10 years," said Amash. "But I'm hopeful some of that will start to change. The public is more libertarian, the public is saying we want people who are going to be independent and not bow to leadership in either of the major parties."

First elected to Congress during the Tea Party wave of 2010, Amash says subsequent elections brought more representatives who are sympathetic to the views of an increasingly libertarian electorate into the fold.

"Our pro-liberty caucus is growing every year," he said.

He credits Sen. Rand Paul for breaking ground as a libertarian-aligned U.S. senator and continuing to draw attention to the cause via his widely-expected presidential run.

"There's no doubt that Rand Paul has a more libertarian perspective than senators from years past and there's no doubt that it's broadly appealing to the public," said Amash. "You're seeing widespread support for Rand Paul and a lot of other presidential candidates or prospective presidential candidates are going to adopt many of his positions with the hopes of expanding their base."

LibertarianismPersonally I call my self a Constitutional Federalist. A 10th Amendment man. Leave most matters up to each state to decide, slash the Federal budget and central controls. If Nevada wants gambling and Montana does not that is fine with me.

The GOP and Dems are working together to FORCE private telecom businesses to build products and phones that are easy for Big Brother to spy on.

The Obama administration is ramping up its campaign to force technology companies to help the government spy on their users.

FBI and Justice Department officials met with House staffers this week for a classified briefing on how encryption is hurting police investigations, according to staffers familiar with the meeting.

The briefing included Democratic and Republican aides for the House Judiciary and Intelligence Committees, the staffers said. The meeting was held in a classified room, and aides are forbidden from revealing what was discussed.

Earlier this month, FBI Director James Comey gave a speech arguing that the "post-Snowden pendulum has swung too far," and that police are often now unable to obtain the information they need for an investigation—even after getting a warrant. As a result, child predators, terrorists, and other criminals could go free, he warned.

The speech was prompted by new policies from Apple and Google to provide default encryption on their phones, making it impossible for the companies to give police access to photos, contact lists, and other data stored on devices.

The FBI chief urged Congress to enact legislation to require tech companies to create a way for police to spy on their users.

A 1994 law, the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, forces telephone companies to build surveillance technologies into their networks to allow law enforcement to install wiretaps. But the law hasn't been updated and doesn't cover new networks and devices.

Comey called for Congress to revise the law to create a "level playing field" so that Google, Apple, and Facebook have the same obligation as AT&T and Verizon to help police.

But the plan faces fierce opposition from tech companies and privacy advocates. They warn that any backdoor for law enforcement could also be exploited by hackers. Forcing U.S. companies to build insecure products will make them less attractive in foreign markets, they claim.

The critics also argue that police often have other ways of legally obtaining information, such as getting warrants for data stored on company servers.

NSA Spying is Far Worse Than You Thought

."Do you begin to see, then, what kind of world we are creating? It is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias that the old reformers imagined. A world of fear and treachery and torment, a world of trampling and being trampled upon, a world which will grow not less but more merciless as it refines itself. Progress in our world will be progress toward more pain."George Orwell1984

The U.S and our Islamist allies Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Qatar have funded and armed Islamists in Syria. Now we want to bomb the Islamists we armed.

The way the US is carrying the anti-ISIS war is a total failure because the countries that initially supported, financed and armed ISIS are within the US coalition right now, Talal Atrache, an expert on Jihadist and Islamist mentality, told RT.

RT:Do you think that the idea of anti-IS coalition led by the US is good? Would this policy be successful?TA: The way that the US is carrying this war is a total failure. Why? Just because the main US allies against ISIS are ISIS’ main allies at the same time. The countries that supported initially and still financed, armed and supported ISIS are within the US coalition right now. And this doesn’t make sense. Turkey, for example, has become a jihadist highway; this is the main place, platform for jihadists. Jihadists are coming all over the world, transited in Turkey and going into Syria with indirect help of the Turkish government – Erdogan has not yet fired a single shot against ISIS. On the contrary, it has even helped, facilitated logistically the ISIS network in order to achieve its goals in Syria which is to topple the Syrian government and to destroy the Kurdish self-administration that has been recently announced.

At the same time Saudi Arabia and Qatar have played a strong role since the beginning of the Syrian war in promoting, helping and financing [jihadists]. The US is allied with these countries to fight ISIS, and the main thing would be, the main policy or attitude, is to fight these countries’ policies that consist of supporting indirectly ISIS or Al-Nusra, which is the Syrian branch of Al-Qaeda, and other extremist groups.

RT:What are the main problems with this US-led coalition fighting ISIS?TA: The problem now is that, unfortunately, the US is unable to deviate from their dogmatic policy that consists of boycotting the Syrian government, and the US really needs boots on the ground. The only viable option would be to coordinate with the Syrian army, to promote and to help the Syrian army who is the only force willing to pay the heavy price of fighting tens of thousands of ISIS and other jihadists. They estimated that the Syrian army has lost more than 70,000 soldiers fighting mostly the jihadist groups since 2011. It’s unimaginable that any other army in the world would be willing to pay that same price. This is on one side.

On the other [side], the US has done everything to reduce the influence of Syria during the past few years, it did everything it could to reduce the influence of Syria, Iran, BRICS group, including Russia and China, which happens to be the most qualified potential partners for the US campaign on terror. The main problem is that the US should change its allies if it really wants to fight terrorism, and to join forces with Russia, China, Iran, Syria, that is the principle, the main country concerned in this war. And on the other hand, to implement all the anti-terrorist laws against Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar who are in the US coalition.

There are many UN resolutions that have been passed in 2001, and here I can recall mainly the resolution 1373 that punishes any country that directly or indirectly supports terrorism. In this aspect the countries that should be targeted for supporting terrorism are Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and other countries like Kuwait at the same time. So it’s a matter of changing alliances and stopping this dogmatic policy that leads nowhere except [to] failing states all over the Middle East from Syria to Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan. American policy in the Middle East has been a total failure, it just created safe haven for terrorists.

Heavy Clashes During The Battle For Al-Qahtaniyah

| Syria War 2014

.CIA Behind ISIS & other Terrorist Groups says New York Times.(New York Times) - With help from the C.I.A., Arab governments and Turkey have sharply increased their military aid to Syria’s opposition fighters in recent months, expanding a secret airlift of arms and equipment for the uprising against President Bashar al-Assad, according to air traffic data, interviews with officials in several countries and the accounts of rebel commanders.

The airlift, which began on a small scale in early 2012 and continued intermittently through last fall, expanded into a steady and much heavier flow late last year, the data shows. It has grown to include more than 160 military cargo flights by Jordanian, Saudi and Qatari military-style cargo planes landing at Esenboga Airport near Ankara, and, to a lesser degree, at other Turkish and Jordanian airports.

I don't like McConnell, but I would love to be a fly on the wall when Comrade Obama has his first meeting with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.

U.S. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell has opened up a five-point lead over Democratic opponent Alison Lundergan Grimes and appears well positioned to win a sixth term, according to the final Bluegrass Poll before Tuesday's election.

In a Bluegrass Poll released early last week, McConnell was clinging to a one-point lead, with 44 percent backing him and 43 percent choosing Grimes reports Kentucky.com

The latest poll of 597 likely voters in Kentucky was conducted by SurveyUSA between Oct. 25 and Oct. 29 on behalf of the Herald-Leader and WKYT-TV in Lexington and The Courier-Journal and WHAS-TV in Louisville. It has a margin of error of plus or minus 4.1 percentage points.

With just five days to go until Election Day, McConnell has surged as Republican voters show increasing unity and President Barack Obama's popularity hits a new low in the state.

Thursday, October 30, 2014

(Daily Mail) - British spies today admitted they can access mobile phone and email records without a warrant - if they are handed over by American or other foreign intelligence agencies.

The Government has until now insisted its GCHQ eavesdropping centre does not use information gathered in the States to bypass restrictions on the what information can be gathered in Britain.

But in court documents released today, GCHQ admitted it scoops up information of 'unanalysed intercepted communications content' from its US intelligence partner without a warrant.

Campaign group Privacy International said the revelation exposed 'a huge gap in protection for British people'.

A spokesman for the organisation, which is suing the UK spy agency alongside Liberty and Amnesty International, said: 'The British public had been consistently persuaded by government over the last year that GCHQ are not using the NSA as a backdoor to sidestep protection in the law.'

It means UK spies can help themselves to data collected by the US National Security Agency without any oversight. GCHQ - which has refused to comment - has not revealed whose phone and email records it has trawled through.

The agreement between the NSA and GCHQ allows the UK to store anything discovered in the data for up to two years.

But this deadline can be extended unilaterally by 'senior UK officials' if they believe it to be necessary for national security purposes.

GCHQ was forced to draw back the veil on some of their top secret policies during a legal challenge to their practices following whistleblower Edward Snowden's revelations about the NSA last year.

Amongst the legal challengers were Amnesty International and the British civil rights advocates, Liberty.

'We now know that data from any call, internet search, or website you visited over the past two years could be stored in GCHQ's database and analysed at will, all without a warrant to collect it in the first place,' said Privacy International deputy director Eric King to the Guardian.

'It is outrageous that the government thinks mass surveillance, justified by secret 'arrangements' that allow for vast and unrestrained receipt and analysis of foreign intelligence material is lawful.'

"Thou shalt not dance," say the retards that run a Utah town. Morally uptight community sets party organizer back $15,000.

An event organizer in Utah was flabbergasted when police stormed his Halloween party over the weekend and proceeded to monitor party goers for signs of dancing, even though a permit had been secured with the city in advance.

Cops terminated the Heart of Dixie’s third annual Monster Mash in St. George, Utah, this past Friday, and issued threats of felony arrest to the event’s organizers for violating a city ordinance which prohibits “public dancing” without the approval of the city council.

Calling the city’s seemingly arbitrary rule “not OK,” Jared Keddington, the event’s organizer, told Fox 13 Now that he had followed the city’s rules and secured a permit.

“We were given a permit and then told by officers that we couldn’t have the dance, under threat of being taken to jail with a felony of inciting a riot,” Keddington said, adding that the permit included awkward stipulations that would have been near impossible to comply with reports Infowars News.

No doubt dancing mice are illegal too.

“Things had been crossed out, and in hand was written, ‘no dance activity permitted,’” Keddington said. “On another page it was typed that the event must not be allowed to become a dance party due to random acts of dancing by patrons.”

Despite the issued permit’s explicit language, the city contends it did not take issue with the “dancing,” but with the organizer’s failure to properly follow the permit process.

“Had this actually come to the city a month in advance, which we typically require for large-scale events, there wouldn’t have been an issue,” a spokesman for the city, Marc Mortensen, stated.

“Do you want them to just ignore the law?” Mortensen added, defending the town police’s crack down. “They were enforcing the law. That’s their job.”

St. George City Code section 3-2A-4 states, “No license for a public dance hall shall be issued until the applicable requirements… of this article have been complied with, and the location of the dance hall shall have been approved by the city council. ”

Nowhere in the City Code does it mention the necessity of having to apply for a permit a month in advance.

Keddington says that the city’s and cops’ actions cost his company a total of $15,000 stemming from people failing to show up after learning that dancing would not be permitted.

“It’s not OK to tell people they can’t dance,” Keddington said. “It’s not OK to tell people they have to get a permit to dance.”

Fascist Big Brother "educators" beat down two children for daring to pose for a photo in a private home and post it on Facebook.

TAUNTON (CBS News) – Two high school students in Taunton have been suspended after they posted a photo of themselves holding Airsoft rifles. Thousands of people have leapt to their defense online, but their school isn’t backing down.

The Airsoft rifles look dangerous, but they shoot plastic pellets. Tito Velez, 15, often competes with a team as a hobby.

Last Friday, Tito and his girlfriend Jamie Pereira posed with the Airsoft rifles before the Bristol Plymouth Regional Technical School homecoming dance. The post got them suspended from school.

“This isn’t dangerous, you can’t kill someone with it,” Tito said Tuesday. “We didn’t shoot anyone; we were pointing them at the floor.”

“I understand but I think they took this way too far,” Jamie said. “Suspending us for 10 days and possible expulsion is way too much.”

Many argue that the Facebook post is protected by the Constitution, even in light of recent school shootings. But when the teenagers put the caption “Homecoming 2014″ on the photo, it tied the rifles to a school function.

“These students know what is provocative,” Superintendent Dr. Richard Gross said. “To tie that to one of our school events kind of puts it over the top which brings us into it.”

There’s a lot to consider here: the Constitutional right to freedom of speech; yet, on the other hand, there is the implied threat whether it’s real or not.

Dr. Gross says police would have cancelled the homecoming dance if they had known about the Facebook post on Friday.

Only free men own guns..."Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart . . . "Ephesians 6:5

The Endless Clusterfuck - The corrupt fruits of Comrade Obama's unconstitutional war on Libya is the gift that just keeps giving.

Egypt is warning terrorist groups are poised to seize control of Libya’s oilfields, as the country’s foreign minister appealed for an expansion of the Western-led campaign against jihadists fighting for the Islamic State of Iraq & Al-Sham (ISIS) to tackle extremism threatening North Africa.

Sameh Shukri, the Egyptian foreign minister, used a visit to London Monday to push for a new approach from Britain and the West to Islamist violence in Egypt and its neighbours, modelled on the campaign targeting the Islamic extremists.

“The natural resources in Libya represents a very large pool of wealth and funding that will fund terrorist activity not only there but in other parts of the world,” he said. “You see [ISIS] in Iraq utilizing gasoline and the black market, and in Libya this is a danger that will have a big impact for us,” reports the National Post.

Six months after the Egyptian leader, Abdelfattah el-Sisi, was elected president following the removal of the Muslim Brotherhood’s Mohammed Morsi, Mr. Shukri said the organization was behind violence similar to ISIS in Egypt, Libya and elsewhere in North Africa.

Egypt has supported the Libyan government against Islamist militias that now control most of the country’s big cities and large swaths of territory, though not yet the oilfields capable of producing 2.7 million barrels a day.

“We have a struggle against similar organizations that are an offshoot of other terrorist ideologies like the [Muslim] Brotherhood and all these organizations support each other,” Mr. Shuki said. We have seen terrorists from Isil move from Iraq and Syria to Sinai, even Nigeria.

“The interconnected nature of all these organizations has to be recognized.”

Given the shared ideological roots of the Muslim Brotherhood and violent Islamist movements, the Egyptian foreign minister said the fight could not be won in Iraq and Syria alone.

That was the line used repeatedly by the U.S. general leading the military campaign against the Islamic State.

While Army Gen. Lloyd Austin praised some “encouraging” signs, he cautioned patience on virtually every aspect of this open-ended battle, suggesting that it would take years to build viable Iraqi and Syrian partner forces, reclaim territory from the militants, and reform the oppressive governments whose policies fuel extremism.

“We can and will get the job done and done well,” Austin said. “But, again, it will take time.”

100% Pure Bullshit

Hell, the CIA has already been training and arming "moderate" Islamists for years to fight Syria. Just how many years more will it take until these very questionable troops are ready? . . . assuming they don't join ISIS once we give them weapons.

Any honest historian has to wonder about the quality of American military training.

World War II - “Give me ten thousand Filipino soldiers and I will conquer the world,” said GeneralDouglas MacArthur in typical American bravado. The problem is the U.S. "trained" and armed Filipino Army collapsed in a matter of weeks.Korean War - The U.S. "trained" and armed South Korean Army also collapsed in a matter of weeks running for the coast at the far southern tip of the nation.Vietnam War - The U.S. "trained" and armed South Vietnamese Army also collapsed in the face of renewed Communist attacks. In this case Gerald Ford and the Democrat Congress helped the Communists along be refusing to resupply the South Vietnamese.ISIS - Iraq War - Years and years of U.S. "training" and billions in spending saw an almost instant collapse of the Iraqi Army once it faced a real enemy.NEXT: Afghanistan - Coming soon, yet another U.S. "trained" and armed army will face an enemy with resolve. Will the Afghans stand against committed Islamists or will there be wholesale desertion to the the Taliban? Time will tell on Afghanistan, but history says we may have to welcome the coming Taliban rulers of Afghanistan.

Fall of SaigonYet another example of American "trained" and armed troops.Pardon me if I see a pattern here.

Liberals are freaking out. It appears that internal polls showed underfunded GOP Congressional candidate Chris Mitchum gaining in what has been a solid Democrat seat.

Democrats are pumping money into liberal congressional districts that were long thought to be safely in their column.

Democrats, for example, have begun to worry about the prospects of California Rep. Lois Capps, an eight-term congresswoman who is typically a lock for reelection but who now finds herself in a competitive race against actor Republican Chris Mitchum, a perennial candidate and the son of the late actor Robert Mitchum.

In a sign of how seriously national Democrats are taking the threat, the DCCC is making a last-minute purchase of $99,000 worth of radio advertising in the Santa Barbara area to boost Capps, according to a committee aide.

The GOP ProblemChris Mitchum is running in California's 24th Congressional District..The GOP has lost solid middle class district after solid middle class district all across California. If Republicans cannot win the middle class then they are finished as a political party.

Louisiana State Senator Elbert Guillory is one of the best spokesmen the Republican Party has. Earlier this month, he produced an amazing video commercial telling Louisiana blacks how Mary Landrieu has failed them.

Radio’s Laura Ingraham on Tuesday morning said the GOP establishment has abandoned former Sen. Scott Brown, who’s in a neck-and-neck race in New Hampshire, because he’s fighting amnesty.

“Republicans should be up 10 to 15 points,” Ingraham said. “I think where Republicans aren't up, we've had an Establishment that has refused to contribute significant money like we're seeing with Scott Brown. They are not giving him the resources he needs. How dare they not! So he's not getting the ad coverage he needs.”

Ingraham said she is hearing that Brown isn’t on television as much as incumbent Democratic Sen. Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) reports Breitbart News.

“People up in New Hampshire are telling me they aren’t seeing any Scott Brown ads on television. Shaheen is pummeling Scott Brown in New Hampshire on television,” she said. “I need you to go to Scottbrown.com [and] support him—he’s standing up for you, your wages, and your ability to get a decent job. He’s standing against the GOP Establishment who’s telling him, 'Shhh... Be careful how you talk about these issues. We’re going to (wink, wink) tacitly support that executive amnesty so Jeb’s okay with it.' Scott Brown is running his own type of campaign.”

Ingraham called on the “Republican business types” to put their money where their mouths are and back Brown up.

“Where are all of these big Republican business types?” Ingraham asked. “Are they giving money to these campaigns? All of these high-paid political consultants—I’m so tired of these people—they give terrible advice, they make sure they get paid on time, but meanwhile, we have people begging for money in the final week of this election cycle. Why?”

Yep, that silence you hear is the bi-partisan collection of Washington D.C. political hacks who say nothing when their unconstitutional spying on the American people is exposed.

Simply, our politicians are traitors to the Constitution that they swore to uphold. Their goal is to build a Police State to "protect" us, but that Police State is really to protect their jobs and power.

Now we have a former CBS News reporter saying she was spied on by the government which planted classified documents on her computer.Sharyl Attkisson says speculates that the motive was to lay the groundwork for possible charges against her or her sources.

Attkisson's government source told her the computer was hacked into by “a sophisticated entity that used commercial, nonattributable spyware that’s proprietary to a government agency: either the CIA, FBI, the Defense Intelligence Agency or the National Security Agency.”

Sharyl Attkisson

The spyware included programs that Attkisson says monitored her every keystroke and gave the snoops access to all her e-mails and the passwords to her financial accounts.

“The intruders discovered my Skype account handle, stole the password, activated the audio, and made heavy use of it, presumably as a listening tool,” she said.

Notice there is no real outrage form the Elite Political Class. After all, they are the ones running and funding the NSA spy system and attacking a free Internet press.

The march to 1984 goes on and on with the eager support of both Liberals and Conservatives.

Both parties have abandoned most of the Bill of Rights in favor of a corrupt neo-Fascist government of, by and for the special interests.

On both parties in Congress allowing the military to arrest U.S. citizens.

"Where I see it going is toward a totalitarian state."

William Binney

Former NSA official

The Bipartisan Police StateBoth Liberals and Conservatives have locked arms to fully fund, protect and grow an unconstitutional 1984 Police Surveillance State. Your every phone call, text, email, purchase and movement is recorded, cataloged and scrutinized by Big Brother..If you dare to speak out against your Masters you can expect an IRS anal probe of biblical proportions and loss of business through intimidation of your customers.

A new ad featuring talking chickens threatens to further place embattled Iowa Senate Democratic candidate Rep. Bruce Braley on the defensive for attempting to sue his next-door neighbor over chickens she uses as therapy animals for autistic children.

The viral ad, sponsored by Americans for Prosperity (AFP), comes just eight days before Braley, a lawyer, faces off with Republican rising star Joni Ernst in a race that political analysts say could alter the balance of power in the U.S. Senate.

The new ad features two barnyard chickens located “Somewhere in Iowa” mocking Braley’s unneighborly behavior as being out of touch and just “Not very Iowa.”

The Iowa race remains one of the nation’s most competitive and closely watched. According to the RealClearPolitics average of polls, Ernst currently maintains a slender 2.2% lead over Braley. In August, Braley denied the chicken lawsuit charges to the Washington Post.

“This was a personal dispute between my wife and a neighbor because chickens were on our property all the time,” Braley told the Post.

(Washington Post) - The cultivation of marijuana is illegal in Lebanon, but that doesn't mean people don't grow it. The industry boomed during the country's lengthy civil war, earning millions for the impoverished yet fertile Bekaa Valley province, and Lebanese authorities have struggled to control it ever since. In 2012, the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime listed Lebanon as one of the five "main countries producing cannabis resin," yielding an amount similar to Pakistan's production.

Political instability in Lebanon has often led to boom times for pot farmers. "The worse the security situation is in Lebanon, the more we can grow," one farmer told the Christian Science Monitor in 2007. As such, the chaos in neighboring Syria appears to have been a boon for the farmers, with troops diverted to the border and annual cannabis-eradication drives skipped.

"I'll burn a tank if I hit it with it," Abo Hamoudi, 65, said as he showed off his arsenal. "If I hit a pickup with Islamic State people in it, it will burn. If I hit any vehicle with Islamic State in it, I'll burn it."

Among Lebanese authorities, there's some suspicion but also a tacit acceptance that, if worse comes to worst, the farmers may act. "I think they're using Islamic State militants as an excuse to justify having weapons, but the real reason is to protect their hashish," Col. Ghassan Shamseddine, head of Lebanon's drug enforcement unit, told SBS News. "But, of course, if there's any assault from outside of Lebanon into Lebanon, they may use their weapons to help the army."

For the farmers, the concern may be understandable: The Bekaa Valley is not far from Syria, and the Lebanese military has clashed with Syrian militants in the border town of Arsal. Neither the Islamic State nor al-Qaeda proxy Jabhat al-Nusra have shown themselves to be sympathetic to marijuana cultivation: In August, Islamic State militants released a video that showed them burning marijuana fields in Syria.

Wow!!! To think that a Muslim nation somehow managed to run their own affairs without the CIA illegally running guns to factions or Comrade Obama bombing the crap out of the country in an unconstitutional war. Maybe, just maybe, the world can somehow function without the U.S. trying to dictate how everyone should live.

(Reuters) - Tunisia's Ennahda party, the first Islamist movement to secure power after the 2011 "Arab Spring" revolts, conceded defeat on Monday in elections that are set to make its main secular rival the strongest force in parliament.

Official results from Sunday's elections - the second parliamentary vote since Tunisians set off uprisings across much of the Arab World by overthrowing autocrat Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali - were still to be announced.

But a senior official at Ennahda, which ruled in a coalition until it was forced to make way for a caretaker government during a political crisis at the start of this year, acknowledged defeat by the secular Nidaa Tounes party.

"We have accepted this result, and congratulate the winner Nidaa Tounes," the official, Lotfi Zitoun, told Reuters. However, he repeated the party's call for a new coalition including Ennahda. "We are calling once again for the formation of a unity government in the interest of the country."

Earlier, a party source said preliminary tallies showed the secular party had won 80 seats in the 217-member assembly, ahead of 67 secured by Ennahda.

"According to the preliminary results, we are in the lead and in a comfortable position," one Nidaa Tounes official said, without confirming figures given by the first source.

One of the most secular Arab countries, Tunisia has been hailed as an example of political compromise after overcoming a crisis between the secular and Islamist movements and approving a new constitution this year that allowed the elections.

Electoral authorities were due to give preliminary results later on Monday, but larger parties had observers at polling stations to oversee the initial counts, allowing them to tally results unofficially.

Ennahda, which espouses a pragmatic form of political Islam, won Tunisia's first free election in 2011 after Ben Ali fled protests against corruption and repression, and went into exile in Saudi Arabia.

The party formed a coalition government with two secular partners but had to stand aside in the crisis that erupted over the murder of two opposition leaders by Islamist militants.

During campaigning Ennahda cast itself as a party that learned from its mistakes, but Nidaa Tounes appeared to have capitalized on criticism that it had mismanaged the economy and had been lax in tackling hardline Islamists.

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GEORGE WASHINGTON

Founder of our Federal Republic

John Adams

Founding Federalist President

Federalist Party

For a stong, but limited Constitutional Republic

Jonathan Dayton, Federalist

Founding Father of the United States. Captain in the Continental Army. Battles of Brandywine Creek, Germantown and Yorktown. Continental Congressman, Constitutional Convention, Federalist Speaker of the House of Representatives and U.S. Senator from New Jersey. Dayton was falsely arrested for treason by order of a power mad Thomas Jefferson in the phony show-trial of Aaron Burr.

Daniel Morgan, Federalist

Brigadier General in the Continental Army, Battles of Quebec, Freeman's Farm, Bemis Heights, Cowpens, and the Whiskey Rebellion. Federalist Congressman from Virginia. Disgusted with Jeffersonian Democrat-Republicans he called them "a parsall of egg-sucking dogs."

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Founding Father of the United States. Major general in the Continental Army, First Quartermaster General, Continental Congressman, President of the Continental Congress, President of the United States in Congress Assembled, Constitutional Convention, President of Pennsylvania, Federalist Governor of Pennsylvania.

Samuel Chase, Federalist

Founding Father of the United States. Member of the Continental Congress, signed the Declaration of Independence. Chief Justice of the Maryland General Court. Appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court. Impeached by order of a power mad Thomas Jefferson in an attempt to intimidate the independent Federal Courts. Found innocent in a Senate trial fairly presided over by Vice President Aaron Burr.

Edmund Randolph, Federalist

Joined the Continental Army as aide-de-camp to General George Washington. Continental Congress. Introduced the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention. 1st United States Attorney General and 2nd United States Secretary of State under Washington. Governor of Virginia. Defense counsel for Vice President Aaron Burr in the phony treason trial ordered by a power mad Thomas Jefferson.

Theodore Sedgwick, Federalist

Major in the Continental Army, Battle of White Plains and the Invasion of Canada. Federalist Speaker of the House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. Early anti-slavery activist.

About Me

"Stood in firelight, sweltering. Bloodstain on chest like map of violent new continent. Felt cleansed. Felt dark planet turn under my feet and knew what cats know that makes them scream like babies in night.
Looked at sky through smoke heavy with human fat and God was not there. The cold, suffocating dark goes on forever and we are alone. Live our lives, lacking anything better to do. Devise reason later. Born from oblivion; bear children, hell-bound as ourselves, go into oblivion. There is nothing else.
Existence is random. Has no pattern save what we imagine after staring at it for too long. No meaning save what we choose to impose. This rudderless world is not shaped by vague metaphysical forces. It is not God who kills the children. Not fate that butchers them or destiny that feeds them to the dogs. It is us. Only us.
Streets stank of fire. The void breathed hard on my heart, turning its illusions to ice, shattering them. Was reborn then, free to scrawl own design on this morally blank world. Was Rorschach."
- - - Rorschach, Watchmen (1986)

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, FEDERALIST

Federalist Party Senator from Massachusetts (1803 - 1808). Ambassador to the Netherlands, Prussia, Russia and the United Kingdom. Secretary of State. Congressman. 6th President of the United States. In 1841, Adams had the case of a lifetime, representing the defendants in United States v. The Amistad Africans in the Supreme Court of the United States. Adams won their freedom.

Thomas Pinckney, Federalist

Commissioned as captain in the 1st South Carolina Regiment of the Continental Army. After seeing much action, he became an aide-de-camp to General Horatio Gates. He was captured by the British at the disastrous Battle of Camden in 1780. After recovering from his wounds, he was released in a prisoner exchange. In 1781 he fought under Lafayette in Virginia. Appointed by President George Washington to be the U.S. minister to Great Britain served as Envoy Extraordinary to Spain. The Federalist Party made him a candidate in the 1796 presidential election as the intended running-mate of John Adams. Served as Congressman and Governor of South Carolina. Served as a major general in the Army during the War of 1812.

Arthur St. Clair, Federalist

Major General U.S. Army. Battles of the Plains of Abraham, Trois-Rivières, Trenton, Siege of Fort Ticonderoga, Yorktown, Battle of the Wabash, President of the Continental Congress, Federalist Governor of the Northwest Territory.

Henry Lee III, Federalist

Major General "Light-Horse Harry" Lee fought at the battles of Paulus Hook, Guilford Court House, Eutaw Springs, Yorktown and the Whiskey Rebellion. Federalist Congressman from Virginia, Governor of Virginia. Father of Robert E. Lee. In 1812 Lee was attacked by a Jeffersonian mob of Democratic-Republicans while defending a Federalist newspaper from attack. Lee and the other Federalists were beaten and tortured by the mob over the next three hours. Lee was left partially blinded after hot wax was poured into his eyes. The men were left for dead. All were severely injured, and one Federalist, General James Lingan, died.

Timothy Pickering, Federalist

Colonel in the Continental Army, served as Adjutant General and Quartermaster General. Postmaster General, Secretary of War, Secretary of State, Federalist Congressman and U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. Pickering and a band of Federalists attempted to gain support for the secession of New England from the Jeffersonian United States.

James Buchanan, Federalist

Buchanan began his political career in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1814–1816, serving as a Federalist. Buchanan went on to be elected as a Federalist Congressman from Pennsylvania 1821-1825. He served as Minister to Russia, Britain, US Senator, Secretary of State and President of the United States.

Roger Taney, Federalist

As a young attorney he organized the Federalist Party of Maryland to better reach out to the mass of voters with committees, mass meetings, barbecues and a Federalist newspaper. Taney's organizing paid off with his election as a Federalist to Maryland's House of Delegates. He went on to serve as Secretary of War, of the Treasury, US Attorney General and Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court.

Fisher Ames, Federalist

A Harvard educated attorney, Ames was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He was then elected to the 1st US Congress defeating Sam Adams for the post. He became an important thinker and leader of the Federalist Party. Ames feared for the future of an America under Jeffersonian politicians pandering to the mob to buy votes in order to gain personal power. He said, "I fear Federalism will not only die, but all remembrance of it will be lost."

Francis Scott Key, Federalist

Key was a Maryland attorney and Federalist Party opponent of the War of 1812. He wrote the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner" during the Battle of Baltimore. Key opened a law office with fellow Federalist Roger Taney, a future U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice. He also practiced law with his uncle, Federalist Congressman Philip Barton Key.

James Schureman, Federalist

In the Revolution he raised a volunteer company in New Brunswick, New Jersey and led it as Captain. Fought in the Battle of Brooklyn where he was captured. Held as a prisoner of war until early in the spring of 1777 when he escaped to rejoin the Continental Army. Served in Continental Congress and as a Federalist in both the Congress and in the U.S. Senate from New Jersey.

John Sullivan, Federalist

Major General Continental Army. Commander in Quebec invasion. Battles of Trois-Rivières, Long Island, Trenton, Princeton, Staten Island, Brandywine, Germantown and Rhode Island. Commanded the Sullivan Expedition against the Iroquois. Member of the Continental Congress; Attorney General of New Hampshire; President of New Hampshire. Appointed by President Washington judge of the United States District Court of New Hampshire. Governor of New Hampshire.

Philip Schuyler, Federalist

Major General of the Continental Army. General Schuyler took command of the Northern Department, and planned the Invasion of Canada (1775). He was active in preparing the defense against British invasion in the Saratoga Campaign (1777). Twice elected Federalist U.S. Senator from New York.

Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., Federalist

Served in the Continental Army as a paymaster; comptroller of the treasury 1778-1779; appointed secretary and aide-de-camp to General George Washington in 1781. 2nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. United States Senator from Connecticut. Federalist Governor of Connecticut (1796 - 1809).

Frederick Frelinghuysen, Federalist

In the War of Independence he served in the New Jersey militia as an artillery captain, seeing action at Trenton and Monmouth. Attained the rank of colonel. Member of the Continental Congress. Served in the New Jersey General Assembly. Member of the New Jersey convention that ratified the United States Constitution in 1787. President George Washington appointed him as brigadier general in the United States Army for the 1790 campaign against the western Indians. Commissioned major general in the New Jersey militia in 1794, during the Whiskey Rebellion. Elected to the United States Senate.

Daniel Webster, Federalist

Federalist Party office holder until 1828. Congressman from New Hampshire (1813 - 1817), Congressman from Massachusetts (1823 - 1827), U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Secretary of State under three Presidents.

Stephen Van Rensselaer, Federalist

Van Rensselaer served in the New York Assembly and Senate. He served as the Federalist Lt. Governor under John Jay. In 1786, Van Rensselaer was made a major of the militia. As a Major General in the War of 1812 he led an army in an invasion of Canada and fought at the Battle of Queenston Heights. In 1813 Van Rensselaer was the Federalist candidate for Governor of New York earning 48% of the vote. A shift of only 1,800 votes would have made him Governor. In 1822 he was elected to Congress as a Federalist serving until 1829.

WILLIAM PATERSON, Federalist

During the Revolutionary War, Paterson served as an officer with the Somerset County Minutemen. Delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey in 1775 and to the State Constitutional Convention in 1776. After helping draft the New Jersey Constitution, he became Attorney General. Delegate to the US Constitutional Convention of 1787. US Senator in the First Federal Congress. Governor of New Jersey. President George Washington nominated Paterson to the US Supreme Court in 1793.

James Hillhouse, Federalist

Hillhouse served as captain in Governor's Foot Guards in the Revolutionary War. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives, Congressman from Connecticut at-large, 1791–96, and a Federalist Party U. S. Senator from Connecticut, 1796–1810. He was the anti-slavery leader of the Congress in the early days of the Republic. After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, Hillhouse fought to bar the importation of slaves into the Louisiana Territory. "I consider slavery as a serious evil," he proclaimed, "and wish to check it wherever I have authority." Two of Hillhouse's amendments restricting slavery passed the Congress and were signed into law.

John Hoskins Stone, Federalist

Colonel, 1st Maryland Regiment of the Continental Army. Battles of Brooklyn, White Plaines, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth and Stony Point. Wounded at Germantown and as a result was lame for the rest of his life. Seriously wounded at Stony Point and resigned his commission. Governor of Maryland.

Benjamin Tallmadge, Federalist

William Richardson Davie, Federalist

Rising to the rank of Colonel, Davie raised and commanded cavalry units in the Revolution. Seriously wounded at the Battle of Stono Ferry outside Charleston. Fought at the Battle of Charlotte. Served as Commissary-General. Delegate to the Constitutional Convention. President John Adams appointed him a Brigadier General in the U.S. Army. Federalist Governor of North Carolina.

Oliver Ellsworth, Federalist

In 1777 he was chosen as one of Connecticut's representatives in the Continental Congress. Served at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia as a delegate from Connecticut. On June 20, 1787 he proposed the use of the name the United States to identify the nation under the authority of the Constitution. United States Senator from Connecticut. Ellsworth was the principal exponent in the Senate of Alexander Hamilton's economic program. In 1796 Ellsworth was appointed by President George Washington to be Chief Justice of the United States. Served as United States Envoy Extraordinary to the Court of France. Ellsworth was a candidate in the 1796 United States Presidential election, receiving eleven votes in the electoral college.

Winthrop Sargent, Federalist

Enlisted as Lieutenant, Gridley's Regiment of Massachusetts Artillery on July 7, 1775. Served in the Siege of Boston, as well as the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He was wounded twice at the Battle of the Wabash, on November 4, 1791. He also served in the Indian wars of 1794 - 1795 and became Adjutant General. Final rank Lieutenant Colonel. Federalist Governor of the Mississippi Territory.

William Moultrie, Federalist

Colonel of the 2nd South Carolina Regiment. Battle of Sullivan's Island, Siege of Savannah, Siege of Charles Town. Prisoner of war for two years. Promoted to Major General. Governor of South Carolina.

Robert Goodloe Harper, Federalist

At the age of fifteen, Harper joined a volunteer corps of Cavalry and served in the American Revolutionary Army. Harper was elected as a Federalist Congressman from South Carolina (1795 - 1801). In 1798 at a dinner in Philadelphia honoring John Marshall, a group of U.S. Congressmen were discussing a recent demand made by the government of France. French vessels had been plundering US ships in a piratical manner. French foreign minister Talleyrand said the attacks would be stopped if the US paid him $250,000 and gave France 50,000 pounds sterling and a $100 million loan. As toasts were made, Harper sent his own defiant reply to the French with this toast: “Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute.” Harper served in the War of 1812, attaining the rank of major general. He moved to Maryland and was elected as a Federalist to the US Senate. He was an unsuccessful Federalist candidate for Vice President in the 1816 election. He also received one electoral vote for Vice President in the 1820 election.

Caleb Strong, Federalist

Delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Elected the first US Senator from Massachusetts. Twice elected Governor of Massachusetts as the nominee of the Federalist Party (1800 - 1807). Strong took a principled stand against the War of 1812 and ran again for Governor opposing "Mr. Madison's War". He served as an anti-war Governor from 1812 - 1816.

Jacob Read, Federalist

Studied law and was admitted to the bar; studied in England 1773-1776; joined other Americans in London in 1774 in a petition against the Boston port bill. Returned to the United States and served South Carolina in various military and civil capacities during the Revolutionary War. Sent with other Americans as a prisoner of the British to St. Augustine 1780-1781. Member of the Continental Congress from South Carolina 1783-1785. Elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate.

General Epaphroditus Champion, Federalist

Champion helped his father gather a herd of cattle and drive them to Valley Forge. He was later named the first Commissary General of the Continental Army. Champion served as captain in the 24th Regiment of the Connecticut State militia rising to brigadier general of the Seventh Brigade from 1800 to 1803. He worked as a merchant, shipowner, exporter and importer. Champion served as a Federalist Congressman from Connecticut 1807 - 1817.

Samuel Huntington, Federalist

Founding Father of the United States. Huntington was an outspoken critic of the Coercive Acts of the British Parliament. Signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. Served as President of the Continental Congress from 1779 to 1781. Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1784 to 1785. Governor of Connecticut from 1786-1796.

Alexander Contee Hanson, Federalist

Member of the Maryland House of Delegates. Editor of the "Federal Republican", a Federalist Party newspaper in Baltimore. Four days after the beginning of the War of 1812 a mob of pro-war Democrat-Republicans destroyed his newspaper office. The paper moved to another building where Hanson was joined by a group of armed allies. When that building was besieged by another mob, Hanson and his group fired, killing two. Hanson and his group surrendered to the militia and were escorted to jail. That evening yet another mob stormed the jail. Hanson was beaten and left for dead. Hanson was elected as a Federalist to Congress in 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he was elected as a Federalist to represent Maryland in the U.S. Senate until his death in 1819 at the age of 33.

William Bingham, Federalist

As a merchant he brought full loads of munitions & guns for the war. Served as a diplomat for Congress to France. Bingham marshaled the Second Troop of Philadelphia Light Horse. He served in the Continental Congress, 1st Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, State Senator, and US Senator. Federalists agreed to hold preliminary votings at the Bingham Estate before propositions were brought before Congress publicly, thus creating unanimity among party lines. Alexander Hamilton sought Bingham as his mentor in managing taxes, tariffs, and in constructing a national bank.

Charles Goldsborough, Federalist

In 1790, Goldsborough was admitted to the bar, and early on held several local political offices. He was also a member of the Maryland State Senate from 1791 to 1795 and later from 1799 to 1801. He was elected as a Federalist to Congress, serving from 1805 to 1817. He also acted as Federalist Party floor leader in the House. He later served as Governor of Maryland in 1818 and 1819.

Ezekiel Whitman, Federalist

Whitman practiced law in New Gloucester, Maine and in Portland, Maine (both communities a district of Massachusetts until 1820). In 1808 Whitman was elected as a Federalist Congressman from Massachusetts and served one term. In 1816 he was again elected as a Federalist to the US House serving from 1817 to 1821. In 1819 he was a delegate to the convention that prepared the constitution which led to Maine's statehood. In 1820 he was elected as a Federalist Congressman from the new state of Maine serving until 1822. Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Court from 1841 to 1848.

William Hunter, Federalist

Federalist U. S. Senator from Rhode Island from 1811 to 1821. Appointed by Andrew Jackson to be the U.S. representative to the Empire of Brazil. He served in this position for 9 years until 1845.

William North, Federalist

Entered the Continental Army in 1775. Served under Benedict Arnold in the invasion of Canada. Captain in Henry Jackson's 16th Massachusetts Regiment, with which he participated in the Battle of Monmouth. 1779 he became aide-de-camp to Baron Steuben and was present at Yorktown. Adjutant General of the United States Army with the rank of brigadier general. Speaker of the New York State Assembly. Federalist U.S. Senator from New York.

David Cobb, Federalist

Cobb studied medicine in Boston and practiced in Taunton, Massachusetts. He was a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1775; lieutenant colonel of Jackson’s regiment in 1777 and 1778, serving in Rhode Island and New Jersey; was aide-de-camp on the staff of General George Washington; appointed major general of militia in 1786. Fought in the New York and New Jersey Campaign, the Battles of Springfield, Monmouth, Rhode Island and Shay's Rebellion. He served the Federalist Party as Lt. Governor of Massachusetts, President of the State Senate and Congressman.

Jared Ingersoll, Federalist

Founding Father of the United States. Federalist Party nominee for Vice President in 1812. Delegate to the Second Continental Congress from Pennsylvania. Delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Attorney General of Pennsylvania. United States District Attorney for Pennsylvania.

John Cotton Smith, Federalist

Smith was a Federalist, serving as Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives (1800, 1806–1807, 1807–1809), as Congressman and Federalist Party floor leader in the House from 1800–1806, the seventh Lieutenant Governor (1811–1812), and finally as the last Federalist Governor of Connecticut from 1812 to 1817.

Josiah Parker, Federalist

In 1775 Parker enlisted in the Continental Army. He was commissioned a major in the 5th Virginia Regiment in 1776 and became its colonel in 1778. His regiment served in Virginia under General Charles Lee and was transferred to George Washington. The regiment thereafter saw action at the Battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth and the Siege of Charleston. During Cornwallis's Virginia campaign in 1781, the notorious Colonel Tarleton ransacked his home. He was elected to the First US Congress from Virginia serving for twelve years.

Daniel Cady, Federalist

Cady was a member of the New York State Assembly, District Attorney, Judge and Federalist Party Congressman from New York. As a lawyer he worked cases with Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and Abraham Lincoln. In 1856, Cady was a presidential elector on the Republican John C. Fremont ticket. He was the father of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, an abolitionist and leading figure of the early women's rights movement.

Louis McLane, Federalist

During the War of 1812 McLane joined the Wilmington Artillery Company serving as a 1st Lieutenant. McLane was elected as a Federalist to the U.S. House of Representatives from Delaware (1817 to 1827). He served for four years as the Federalist Party floor leader in the House. He went on to be US Senator representing the National Republican Party (Adams). McLane also was Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of State and Minister to the United Kingdom.

William Stephens Smith, Federalist

Smith married Abigail "Nabby" Adams, the daughter of President John Adams, and so was a brother-in-law of President John Quincy Adams, and an uncle of Charles Francis Adams. Served in the Revolutionary Army as aide-de-camp to General John Sullivan. Fought in the Battle of Long Island, was wounded at Harlem Heights, Battle of White Plains, was promoted to lieutenant colonel at the Battle of Trenton, fought at the Battle of Monmouth and Newport. He was on the staff of General Lafayette, became an adjutant in the Corps of Light Infantry, then transferred to the staff of George Washington. Elected as a Federalist Congressman from New York.

Timothy Pitkin, Federalist

Pitkin served in the State Legislature of Connecticut in 1790, 1792, and 1794‑1805, and as Speaker 1803‑1805. He was elected as a Federalist to the United States Congress serving from 1805 to 1819. He acted as Federalist Party floor leader in the House for eight years. During his leadership the Federalist Party grew in strength adding 32 new Congressmen in the 1812 elections by opposing "Mr. Madison's War."

Oliver Wolcott, Jr., Federalist

Wolcott was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington in 1795 to succeed Alexander Hamilton. He continued at Treasury under John Adams until 1800. President John Adams appointed him as a Federal judge on the United States Circuit Court. His judgeship was abolished by Jeffersonian Republicans in an attempt to intimidate the independent Federal Courts. In 1817 he was elected Governor of Connecticut as a member of the new Toleration Republican Party.

John Rutledge, Jr., Federalist

Rutledge served as Congressman from South Carolina. A passionate Federalist, he supported Aaron Burr against Jefferson, founding the Charleston Courier (predecessor of the Post and Courier) to support his causes. Joining the South Carolina Militia in 1799, Rutledge served as commander of the Twenty-eighth Regiment in the War of 1812. He subsequently commanded the Seventh Brigade from 1816 until his death. Rutledge's life was fraught with controversy. Catching his wife (mother to his nine children) in a "clandestine visit" with Dr. Horace Senter, Rutledge challenged him to a duel, fatally wounding the doctor.

John Sergeant, Federalist

Member of the Pennsylvania state house of representatives 1808-1810; elected as a Federalist to Congress and served from 1815, to 1823. Sergeant was a strong backer of Henry Clay's American System and the Second Bank of the United States, and even traveled to Europe to negotiate loans to the Bank. He was a strong opponent of slavery who voted against the Missouri Compromise. In 1826 he was an envoy to the Panama Congress. Elected to Congress as an Adams candidate 1827 to 1829. Failing re-election he became legal counsel to the Bank of the United States. Sergeant was the Vice Presidential running mate in Henry Clay's campaign on the National Republican ticket in 1832. Elected as a Whig to Congress serving from 1837 to 1841.

John Laurance, Federalist

Born in England, he emigrated to the United States in 1767 and settled in New York City. Laurance received an officer's commission in the First New York regiment. He was appointed aide-de-camp to Washington in 1777. He presided over the spy trial of Major André. Served in the Continental Congress, the New York State Assembly, State Senate and the 1st United States Congress. Appointed by George Washington to the Federal bench. Elected as a Federalist US Senator from New York.

William Loughton Smith, Federalist

In 1774 he studied law in London, England. Practiced law in Charleston. Elected from South Carolina as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st, 2nd and 3 Congresses. Re-elected as a Federalist to the 4th and 5th Congresses. Appointed by John Adams as United States Minister to Portugal and Spain. Commissioned Minister to the Ottoman Porte on February, 1799.

Thomas Forrest, Federalist

During the American Revolutionary War Forrest was commissioned a captain in Colonel Thomas Proctor's Pennsylvania Artillery Battalion in 1776. He led a 52-man company of artillery at the Battle of Trenton. He ended his service at a Lieutenant Colonel. He was elected as a Federalist Congressman from Pennsylvania from 1819 to 1823.

Philip Barton Key, Federalist

Key had been a Loyalist in the American Revolution. He served in the Maryland Loyalists Battalion as a captain. Key fought with the British Army from 1777 to 1781, until he was captured by the Spanish in Pensacola, Florida with the rest of his battalion. After the war he served as Mayor of Annapolis & member of the Maryland House of Delegates. Appointed a Federal Judge by John Adams. He was a Counsel to Justice Samuel Chase during Chase's Jefferson ordered impeachment show-trial in 1805. Elected as a Federalist to Congress from Maryland (1807 - 1813). Francis Scott Key was his nephew.

Aaron Ogden, Federalist

Lieutenant in the 1st New Jersey Regiment, rising to the rank of brigade major. Wounded at the siege of Yorktown in 1781. Federalist U.S. Senator and Governor of New Jersey.

CHARLES POLK, FEDERALIST

Federalist Governor of Delaware. The Federalist Party selected Polk as their candidate for Governor in 1826. After a hard fought campaign he was narrowly elected. Polk is the last known major officeholder representing the Federalist Party. He left office January 19, 1830.

Roman and Byzantine Marching Camps
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Late Roman Reenactment 3rd - 5th century AD
Byzantine armies maintained the Roman practice of making fortified camps
while marching. Laid out in a square,...

1 week ago

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist

Founding Father of the United States. Co-Author of the Federalist Papers. Founder and leader of the Federalist Party. Enlisted in the Revolution as Lieutenant of New York Provincial Company of Artillery rising to the rank of Major General in 1799. Fought in the Battles of Harlem Heights, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth and Yorktown. Served with General Washington in the Whiskey Rebellion. Appointed by John Adams Commander of a new army in the Quasi-War. Elected in 1782 to the Congress of the Confederation as a New York representative. Delegate to the Constitutional Convention. President George Washington appointed Hamilton as the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.

Charles Pinckney, Federalist

Founding Father of the United States. 1804 and 1808 Federalist Party nominee for President. Joined the Continental Army in 1775 as Captain of the elite Grenadiers of the 1st South Carolina Regiment. Served in the Battle of Sullivan's Island rising to the rank of Colonel. Fought at the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, Alligator Bridge, the Siege of Savannah and American expedition attempting to seize British East Florida. In 1780 with the surrender of the American Army at the Siege of Charleston, Pinckney became a POW. Upon his release two years later he was commissioned a brevet Brigadier General. Delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Served as George Washington's United States Minister to France (1796 - 1797). Pinckney was the Federalist Party candidate for Vice President in the election of 1800. Pinckney famously said, "If I had a vein that did not beat with the love of my Country, I myself would open it. If I had a drop of blood that could flow dishonorable, I myself would let it out."

Rufus King, Federalist

Founding Father of the United States. 1816 Federalist Party nominee for President. In 1778 King volunteered for militia duty in the Revolution. Appointed a major and served in the Battle of Rhode Island. Member of the Continental Congress from Massachusetts 1784-1787. Delegate to the Constitutional Convention where he worked closely with Alexander Hamilton on the Committee of Style and Arrangement to prepare the final draft. United States Senator from New York in 1789; re-elected in 1795 and served from July, 1789, until May 1796, when he resigned to become Minister to Great Britain (1796-1803). Federalist Party candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1804 and in 1808. Again elected as Federalist United States Senator from New York in 1813; re-elected in 1819 and served to 1825. Appointed by John Quincy Adams as United States Minister to Great Britain (1825-1826). Anti-slavery activist.

John Eager Howard, Federalist

1816 Federalist Party candidate for Vice President. Commissioned a Captain at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, Howard rose to the rank of Colonel in the Continental Army. Fought in the Battle of White Plains and in the Battle of Monmouth. He was awarded a silver medal by Congress for his leadership at the Battle of Cowpens, during which he commanded the 3rd Maryland Regiment, Continental Army. Elected to the Continental Congress in 1778. Governor of Maryland. Elected as a Federalist in 1796 to the United States Senate. Received 22 electoral votes for Vice President as the running mate of Federalist Rufus King.

John Jay, Federalist

Founding Father of the United States. Co-Author of the Federalist Papers. Secretary to the New York Committee of Correspondence, where he represented the conservative faction that was interested in protecting property rights and in preserving the rule of law. Delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774. United States Minister to Spain (1779 - 1782). Diplomat with Benjamin Franklin in Paris to end the war with Britain. United States Secretary for Foreign Affairs under the Confederation. Appointed 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by George Washington. Minister Plenipotentiary to Great Britain. Federalist Governor of New York (1795 - 1801). Anti-slavery activist. In 1799 as Governor he signed a bill into law for the emancipation of slaves in New York.

Dr. John Brooks, Federalist

Brooks began his medical practice in Reading, where he became the Captain of the Reading Minutemen. He led them in the Battle of Concord and at Bunker Hill. He accepted a commission as Captain in the Continental Army and took part in battles in White Plains, and Long Island. Wintered with General Washington at Valley Forge. Appointed Major General of the Middlesex Militia in 1786, which he led in suppressing Shays' Rebellion. He was appointed Adjutant General (1812–1816). He won the governorship of Massachusetts with the Federalist Party in 1816.

John Marshall, Federalist

Marshall served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. Lieutenant in the Culpeper Minutemen from 1775 to 1776, and went on to serve as a Lieutenant and then a Captain in the Eleventh Virginia Continental Regiment from 1776 to 1780. Marshall endured the brutal winter conditions at Valley Forge (1777–1778). Special Commissioner to France in 1797 - 1798. Elected as a Federalist Congressman from Virginia. United States Secretary of State for John Adams. Appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1801 - 1835).

Gouverneur Morris, Federalist

Founding Father of the United States. Delegate to the Continental Congress. He was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation. Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Morris was elected to serve on a committee of five which drafted the final language of the proposed constitution. But it was his pen that was responsible for most of the draft, as well as its final polished form. Morris is widely credited as the author of the Constitution's preamble. Morris thought that common people were incapable of self-government because he feared that the poor would sell their votes to the rich. (Time has proven him right.) Gouverneur Morris was one of the few delegates at the Philadelphia Convention who spoke openly against slavery. Served as Minister Plenipotentiary to France from 1792 - 1794. Elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate from New York. - . . . . . . . "The proudest empire in Europe is but a bubble compared to what America will be, must be, in the course of two centuries, perhaps of one." - - - - Gouverneur Morris (Author of the Constitution of the United States)

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