FLYKOwswish
this article has some bearing on the following issues:
Mammal biochronology,the precise timing and/or speed of the G(reat)A(merican)B(iotic)I(nterchange),it contains some remarks on mammal taxa(however brief), magnetostratigraphic resolution from the
Miocene to the Pleistocene, the closing of the Panama isthmus, and the possible diachroneity of mammal taxon appearances.
There are NO taxa illustrated,and the authors' (infrequent)use of "heterochroneity " is unfortunate .
If you have Woodburne(2012): this might be up your alley
I liked it,but I'm weird that way

Alright all you smarty pants, (and thats a good thing), i got this about 20 years ago with a batch of other teeth from south america. I have no idea as to what kind of tooth this is. Any help is greatly apppreciated. Thanks a ton.
RB

I found this paper from 2013. I don't know if this has been posted on the forum before, but I figured it could be pretty interesting for those interested in Theropods.
https://www.academia.edu/9863538/Evolution_of_the_carnivorous_dinosaurs_during_the_Cretaceous_The_evidence_from_Patagonia
Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia
abstract
Patagonia has yielded the most comprehensive fossil record of Cretaceous theropods from Gondwana, consisting of 31 nominal species belonging to singleton taxa and six families: Abelisauridae, Noasauridae, Carcharodontosauridae, Megaraptoridae nov. fam., Alvarezsauridae, and Unenlagiidae. They provide anatomical information that allows improved interpretation of theropods discovered in other regions of Gondwana. Abelisauroids are the best represented theropods in Patagonia. They underwent an evolutionary radiation documented from the Early Cretaceous through to the latest Cretaceous, and are represented by the clades Abelisauridae and Noasauridae. Patagonian carcharodontosaurids are known from three taxa (Tyrannotitan, Giganotosaurus and Mapusaurus), as well as from isolated teeth, collected from Aptian to Cen- omanian beds. These allosauroids constituted the top predators during the mid-Cretaceous, during which gigantic titanosaur sauropods were the largest herbivores. Megaraptorans have become better documented in recent years with the discovery of more complete remains. Megaraptor, Aerosteon and Orkoraptor have been described from Cretaceous beds from Argentina, and these taxa exhibit close relationships with the Aptian genera Australovenator, from Australia, and Fukuiraptor, from Japan. The Gondwanan megaraptorans are gathered into the new family Megaraptoridae, and the Asiatic Fukuiraptor is recovered as the immediate sister taxon of this clade. Although megaraptorans have been recently interpreted as members of Allosauroidea, we present evidence that they are deeply nested within Coelurosauria. Moreover, anatomical information supports Megaraptora as more closely related to the Asiamerican Tyrannosauridae than thought. Megaraptorans improve our knowledge about the scarcely documented basal radiation of Gondwanan coelurosaurs and tyrannosauroids as awhole. Information at hand indicates that South Americawas a cradle for the evolutionary radiation for different coelurosaurian lineages, including some basal forms (e.g., Bicentenaria, Aniksosaurus), megaraptorans, alvarezsaurids less derived than those of Laurasia, and unenlagiids, revealing that Gondwanan coelurosaurs played sharply differing ecological roles, and that they were taxonomically as diverse as in the northern continents. The unenlagiids represent an endemic South American clade that has been recently found to be more closely related to birds than to dromaeosaurid theropods. Analysis of the theropod fossil record from Gondwana shows the highest peak of origination index occurred during the AptianeAlbian and a less intense one in the Campanian time spans. Additionally, peaks of extinction index are recognized for the Cenomanian and TuronianeConiacian time spans. In comparison, the Laurasian pattern differs from that of Gondwana in the presence of an older extinction event during the AptianeAlbian time-span and a high origination rate during the Cenomanian time-bin. Both Laurasian and Gondwanan theropod records show a peak of origination rates during the Campanian.

ART 5.pdf
As far as I could ascertain,not posted before.If I'm wrong sincere apologies to the previous poster
outtakes:
once again the same thing happens the upload takes too long ,and it goes wrong.
Is anybody else experiencing difficulties when posting in "documents"?
Case of butterfingers on my part?

Hello, my name is Andres. I found this in "La Pedrera beach" in Uruguay. At first I had no clue of what it was. I'm prone to think it is a sponge fossil, but would want help in this matter. I found it vaguely buried in the sand close to the shore. The sand of that beach is grainy and loaded with lots of shells of many mollusc species. If it is indeed a sponge fossil, what species it would be? Thanks in advance!

An amazingly well-preserved Jurassic rhamporhyncoid pterosaur known as Allkauren koi has been discovered in South America. Here is the article from SciNews:
Pterosaurs were highly successful flying reptiles that lived between 210 million and 65 million years ago.
These creatures were Earth’s first winged vertebrates, with birds and bats making their appearances much later. They first appeared in the Late Triassic and went on to achieve high levels of morphologic and taxonomic diversity during the Mesozoic era, with more than 150 species recognized so far.
Pterosaurs have traditionally been divided into two major groups: the primitive, primarily long-tailed rhamphorhynchoids (preferably currently recognized as non-pterodactyloids) and the derived short-tailed pterodactyloids.
They had an extraordinary adaptation to flight, including pneumatic bones to lighten its weight, and an elongated digit supporting a wing membrane. Some were the largest flying animals of all time, with wingspans exceeding 30 feet.
Pterosaurs are not rare in the fossil record, but their neuroanatomy is known from only a few three dimensionally preserved remains and, until now, there was no information on the intermediate forms.
Named Allkauren koi, the newly-discovered winged reptile is represented by several skeletal elements including an almost perfect, three-dimensionally preserved braincase that shows a unique combination of characters shared with both pterodactyloids and breviquartossans (non-pterodactyloids).
The fossilized material comes from a single locality within the Cañadón Asfalto Formation in northern central Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina.
“Allkauren koi, from the middle lower Jurassic limit, shows an intermediate state in the brain evolution of pterosaurs and their adaptations to the aerial environment,” said Dr. Diego Pol, a paleontologist at the Museum of Paleontology Egidio Feruglio in Trelew, Chubut, Argentina.
“As a result, this research makes an important contribution to the understanding of the evolution of all of pterosaurs.”
Life restoration:
Skeletal elements:

These are gifts that my father bought for me in his trip to Brazil more than 20 years ago. Knowing the country, I request this ID assuming what I have is probably fake. Attached photos. 2 specimen, I think both actually exist in present time.

Hi people! A friend of mine collected the astragalus of the photo from a fossiliferous site with Pleistocene mammals in southern Brazil. Although we have a large collection of fossils at the university, we couldn't identify it. We have already excluded horses, tapirs, ground sloths, sabertooth cats...could it be a bear or possibly a mastodont?