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In the spirits industry the low boilers are call foreshots (~75% EtOH)

The high boilers are called feints

Congeners - Chemical compounds produced during fermentation and maturation. Congeners include esters, acids, aldehydes and higher alcohols. Strictly speaking they are impurities, but they give whisk(e)y its flavour. Their presence in the final spirit must be carefully judged; too many would make it undrinkable.

Organic whisk(e)y - That made from grain grown without chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides.

Tennessee whiskey - As bourbon, but filtered through a minimum of 10 feet of sugar-maple charcoal. This is not a legal requirement, but is the method by which Tennessee whiskies are currently produced.

Angels' share - A certain amount of whisk(e)y stored in the barrel evaporates through the wood: this is known as the angels' share. Roughly two per cent of each barrel is lost this way, most of which is alcohol.

http://www.whisky-world.com/words/index.php

Interesting Facts

Liquid – Solid to a maximum of 80% abv (160 proof) and put into charred new oak barrels at a strength of no more than 62.5% abv.

Liquid - Liquid

Extraction

Liquid Solid Extraction (Soxhlet) to a maximum of 80% abv (160 proof) and put into charred new oak barrels at a strength of no more than 62.5% abv.whale.wheelock.edu/ bwcontaminants/analysis.html

If it does not end up in the aqueous phase it must be in the organic phase.

You have 100.0 mL of an aqueous solution that is 100.0 mM in compound C. This solution is extracted with 50.0 mL of diethyl ether and the aqueous phase is assayed and it is found that the concentration of compound C that remains is 20.0 mM. What is the equilibrium constant for this extraction system.

Sample Problem

Solution compound C. This solution is extracted with 50.0 mL of diethyl ether and the aqueous phase is assayed and it is found that the concentration of compound C that remains is 20.0 mM. What is the equilibrium constant for this extraction system.

We can do multiple extraction from the aqueous phase. compound C. This solution is extracted with 50.0 mL of diethyl ether and the aqueous phase is assayed and it is found that the concentration of compound C that remains is 20.0 mM. What is the equilibrium constant for this extraction system.

We end up with the following expression for what is left in the aqueous phase.

So if you know Kd and Ka then you can determine Dc as a function of H+ (pH)

However if [H+] is much larger than Ka then Dc will equal Kd. If the [H+] is close in value to Ka then D will be related to the pH

Plotting this we get.

Well we can now move a solute (analyte) from one phase to another. This can be very useful when extracting a compound that has significant chemical differences from other compounds in solution. As a matter of fact this has been used as an interview question for prospective co-ops when I worked in industry.

The question would go like this. You have carried out a series of reactions and it is now time to work up the product which currently sits in an organic solution (methylene chloride). Your expected product is a primary amine. Which of the following solutions would you extract this methylene chloride solution with to isolate your amine.

Well we might just suspect that if we find a solvent system that has different values of Dc for each compound we could end up with most of one compound in one phase and the other compound in the opposite phase. It is not that simple.

Separation

System I another. What if we are try to separate two compounds, A and B

Da = 32 Db = 0.032 (A ratio of 1000)

Vr= 1

Let's recall our equations

q (fraction in aqueous) = 1 / (DVr + 1)

p (fraction in organic) = DVr / (DVr + 1)

Vr (volume ratio) = Vo / Va

Example

p another. What if we are try to separate two compounds, A and Ba = 32*1 / (32*1 + 1) = 0.97

pb = 0.032*1/ (0.032*1 + 1) = 0.03

If we assume that we have equal moles of A and B to start then what is the purity of A in the Organic Phase?

Purity = moles A / (moles A + moles B)

Purity = 0.97 / (0.97 + 0.03) = 0.97 or 97 %

Case I

D another. What if we are try to separate two compounds, A and Ba = 1000 Db = 1 VR = 1 (Ratio is still 1000)

pa = 1000*1 / (1000*1 + 1*1) = 1000/1001 = 0.999

Aha! we got more a into the organic, as we would expect with a higher D value.

What if we were to take the organic phase and extract it with fresh aqueous phase. We know that one of the two compounds will end up mostly in that aqueous phase so we should enhance the purity of the other compound in the organic phase.