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Murine leprosy is an all natural disease from the mouse, typically

Murine leprosy is an all natural disease from the mouse, typically the most popular magic size animal found in biomedical study; the disease can be caused by (MLM), a successful parasite of macrophages. in the lipid envelope of the microorganism, killed the bacteria and abolished their ability to produce an infection in the mouse. and (MLM), respectively, are characterized by the development of granulomatous lesions in organs such as the skin and peripheral nerves in human leprosy, and the viscera and skin in murine leprosy. They are characterized immunologically by the gradual loss of the host’s cell mediated immune response to the mycobacterial antigens (Narayan et al., 2001; Rojas-Espinosa and Lovik, 2001). In the absence of this form of immune response, macrophages do not become immunologically activated. Activation of macrophages, in general, involves a complex series of biochemical changes, some of which are related to these cells ability to produce both proinflammatory molecules (TNF and prostaglandins, for instance) and microbicidal metabolites, such as reactive oxygen- and nitrogen-intermediaries (ROI and RNI). One of the most important microbicidal metabolites is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) because, apart from being bactericidal in itself, this compound is a key participant in the myeloperoxidase (MPO)CH2O2Chalide microbicidal system, one of the strongest bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. The MPOCH2O2Chalide system is not only of prime importance for the microbicidal activity of polymorph nuclear (PMN) neutrophilic leucocytes (Klebanoff and Rosen, 1978; Klebanoff, 1999; Gaut et al., 2001), but it is also important for the microbicidal activity of macrophages (Maslov, 2000; Rojas-Espinosa et al., 2002a,b). PMNs contain large amounts of MPO (at least 5% of their cellular mass) in their primary Dabigatran (azurophil) granules (Schultz and Kaminker, 1962). During phagocytosis, these granules fuse with the endocytic vacuoles in which they discharge their contents to give rise to the phagolysosomes or digestive vacuoles. Within the acidic phagolysosomes the ingested microorganisms are first killed, then broken apart, and finally digested. Killing of microorganisms depends on both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent microbicidal mechanisms. Oxygen-dependent microbicidal mechanisms include the participation of free of charge radicals (superoxide, hydroxyl ions, air singlet and hydrogen peroxide) and also other substances, such as for example MPO. Hydrogen peroxide, the MPO substrate, can be transformed from the enzyme into unpredictable oxidant intermediaries, which avidly bind halides (Cl?, I? or Br?), transforming themselves into lethal halogenating Dabigatran bullets (this is actually the so-called Klebanoff’s microbicidal program). The complete group of oxygen-derived intermediaries is in charge of the oxidative alteration or disruption and halogenation of focus on molecules for the ingested microorganism; oxidation and halogenation of crucial (essential) microbial substances provoke Dabigatran irreversible adjustments that eventually result in microbial DIF loss of life (Sbarra et al., 1976; Gaut et al., 2001). As opposed to neutrophils, macrophages the definitive mobile hosts for mycobacteria, absence granular MPO, although they perform contain smaller amounts from the enzyme, both across the nucleus and connected towards the cell reticuloendoplasma (Schultz and Kaminker, 1962). The quantity of MPO in these cells signifies, however, only a fraction of the MPO within PMNs. and and so are vunerable to the microbicidal aftereffect of the MPOCH2O2Chalide program (Jackett et al., 1978; Klebanoff and Shepard, 1984; Brown et al., 1987; Borelli et al., 1999); however, the deleterious effect of this system on either mycobacterium has not been corroborated and growth of diverse microorganisms, including (Collins and Franzblau, 1997; Bastian et al., 2001; Palomino et al., 2002). Fluorescence readings and processing were carried out in a Fluoroskan Ascent FL (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) with Ascent Software Version 2.6. Lipid extraction Lipids were extracted by suspending the bacilli in chloroform at the ratio of 1 1 ml chloroform per 1 109 bacilli. Extraction was performed for 1 hour with frequent vortexing. The suspensions were then centrifuged at 9000 for 5 min to separate the organic phase, which was then recovered and dried at 30 C; this produced a semisolid residue that was kept frozen at ?20 C in a tightly closed vial until used. Thin layer chromatography For analysis, each lipid residue was.