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Brainwave entrainment, also known as brainwave synchronization, aims to cause brainwave frequencies to synchronize with an external stimulus, with a frequency corresponding to an intended brain-state. For example, to relax by listening to relaxing music. It depends on the assumption that the human brain has a tendency to change its dominant EEG frequency towards the frequency of a dominant external stimulus.

Brainwave entrainment with binaural beats
Brainwave entrainment may be achieved when audio signals are introduced to the brain causing a response directly related to the frequency of the signal introduced, called binaural beats. Two tones close in frequency generate a beat frequency at the difference of the frequencies, which is generally subsonic. For example, a 495 Hz tone and 505 Hz tone will produce a subsonic 10 Hz beat, roughly in the middle of the alpha range. The “carrier frequency” (e.g., the 500 Hz in the example above), is also said by some to affect the quality of the transformative experience. This effect is achieved without either ear hearing the pulse when headphones are used. Instead, the brain produces the pulse by combining the two tones. Each ear hears only a steady tone.

Brainwave entrainment with audio–visual entrainment
Audio–visual entrainment (AVE), a subset of brainwave entrainment, uses flashes of lights and pulses of tones to guide the brain into various states of brainwave activity. AVE devices are often termed light and sound machines or mind machines. Altering brainwave activity may aid in the treatment of psychological and physiological disorders.