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Guidance and counselling

1.
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

2.
INTRODUCTION
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 Guidance & counselling are twin concepts & have
emerged as essential elements of every educational
activity.
 Guidance & counselling are not synonymous term.
Counselling is a part of guidance.
 Guidance,in educational context, means to indicate, point
out, show the way, lead out & direct.
 Counselling is a specialized service of guidance. It is the
process of helping individuals learn more about
themselves & their present & possible future situations to
make a substantial contribution to the society.

3.
DEFINITION OF GUIDANCE
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 Guidance is an assistance made available by a competent
counselor to an individual of any age to help him direct
his own life, develop his own point of view, make his own
decision & carry his own burden.
- Hamrin & Erikson
 Guidance is a process of helping every individual,through
his own effort to discover & develop his potentialities
for his personal happiness & social usefulness.
- Ruth Strang

4.
DEFINITION OF COUNSELLING
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 Counseling is essentially a process in which the
counselor assists the counselee to make
interpretations of facts relating to a choice, plan or
adjustment which he needs to make.
- Glenn F. Smith
 Counseling is a series of direct contacts with the
individual which aims to offer him assistance in
changing his attitude & behaviors.
- Carl Rogers

5.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELLING
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GUIDANCE COUNSELLING
Guidance is broader &
comprehensive
Counselling is in-depth &
narrow
Guidance is more external,
helps a person understand
alternative solutions available
to him & makes him
understand his personality &
choose the right solution.
Counselling helps people
understand themselves & is an
inward analysis.Alternative
solutions are proposed to
help understand the problem
at hand.
Guidance is mainly preventive
& developmental
Counselling is remedial as well
as preventive & developmental

6.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELLING
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GUIDANCE COUNSELLING
Intellectual attitudes are the
raw material of guidance
Emotional rather than pure
intellectual attitude are raw
material of the counselling
process.
Decision making is operable
at an intellectual level in
guidance
Counselling operates at an
emotional level
Guidance is generally
education & career related &
may also be for personal
problems
Counselling is mostly offered
for personal & social issues.

7.
PURPOSES OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
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• Providing the needed information & assistance
• Helping in individual to make wise choices
• Improve the understanding of self
• Facilitate the adjustment
• Helps in adapting to the changes or new environment
• Making self-sufficient & independent

8.
PURPOSES OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
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• Efficient use of capabilities & talent
• Promote the optimal personal & professional
development
• Balanced physical, psychological, emotional, social &
spiritual growth
• Helps in overall development & to live productive life

9.
Other functions of guidance and
counselling…
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 To provide optimum development & well-being for
individual.
 To help individuals adjust to themselves & the society.
 To help people understand themselves in relation to the
world.
 To aid individuals in efficient decision making.
 To help individuals plan for a productive life in their
social context by focusing on their assets, skills, strengths
& possibilities for further development.
 To bring about changes in the attitude & behavior of
individuals.

10.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GUIDANCE
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It is process
It is a continuous process
Choice & problem points are the distinctive
concerns of guidance
It is the assistance to the individual in the process
of development rather than a direction of that
development
Guidance is a service meant for all
Guidance is both generalized & a specialized
service

11.
Count…
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Guidance is an organized service & not an
incidental activity of the school.
Guidance is not a branch of any discipline
Guidance bas limits
Guidance is more an art than science
Guidance bas its roots in the education system
Guidance is centered around the needs &
aspirations of students.

12.
CHARACTERISTS OF COUNSELLING
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Counselling involves two individuals-one seeking help &
the other a professionally trained person who can help
the first.
There should be a relationship of mutual respect
between the two individuals.
Counselling is aimed at bringing about desired changes in
the individual for self-realisation & providing assistance
to solve problems through an intimate personal
relationship.
The counselor discovers the problems of the counselee
& help him to set up realistic goals

13.
Count…
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If counselee is a student,counselling helps him to take a
decision,make a choice or find a direction in matters
related to an educational programme or career.
It helps the counselee acquire independence & develop a
sense of responsibility.
It is more than advice giving.
It involves something more than offering an assistance to
find a solution to an immediate problems.
Counselling is democratic.
Counselling concerns itself with attitudes as well as actions
Counselling is centered around the needs & aspirations of
students

15.
NEED OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
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I. Need s for personal & social domain
 Personal & social development of individual
 To adapt in different stages of development
 Offering art of better living
 Proper use of leisure time
 Holistic personality development
 Best use of available opportunities
 Motivates for effective utilization & development
of self

16.
NEED OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
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II. Needs for educational/professional domain
 Helps in academic growth & development
 Helps in vocational & professional maturity
 Facilitates an individual in the right education & profession
 Offer help to handle educational & professional situations
 Helps in the proper utilization of human resources
 Helps in adapting to the changing concept of education
 Prepares to adapt in changing professional situations &
emerging challenges
 Helps in making proper career choice
 Helps to minimize indiscipline

17.
Need of Guidance and Counselling in
Nursing Education…
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 To help students adjusting with the new environment of the
nursing institute.
 To help in developing qualities required for a successful for a
nursing practice.
 To help students in getting adjusted with the clinical
environment.
 To help students keeping in touch with the latest trends in
nursing
 To help students in developing positive learning habits,
especially skill learning
 To help in the development of appropriate coping straggles in
order to deal with stress in a productive manner

18.
Need of Guidance and Counselling in
Nursing Education…
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 To help nursing students in establishing proper identity.
 To help them to develop a positive attitude towards life.
 To help to overcome periods of turmoil & confusion.
 To help students in developing their leadership qualities.
 To motivate them for taking membership in professional
organizations after competing their studies.
 Helps them to make advantages of technological advancement
in a patient care.
 Helps them to readiness for changes & face challenges
 To carryout responsibilities as a health team member
 Helps them to proper selection of career
 Motivate them for higher studies.

20.
PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
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According to Crow and Crow:
All-round development of individuals
Principles of individual differences
Guidance is related to every aspect of life
Cooperating among persons
Guidance is a continuous & lifelong process
Guidance for all
Principles of elaboration
Responsibility of teachers & parents
Flexibility
Principles of evaluation
Guidance by a trained person
Principle of periodic appraisal

21.
PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
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21
According to Hollies and Hollies:
The dignity of the individual is supreme.
Each individual is different from every other individual.
The primary concern of guidance is the individual, in his social
setting.
The attitude & personal perceptions of the individual are the basis
on which he acts.
The individual generally acts to enhance his perceived self.
The individual has the innate ability to learn.
the individual needs a continuous guidance process from early
childhood through adulthood.
Each individual may need the information & personalized assistance
given by competent professional personnel at some time.

24.
Purposes of organization counselling
services…
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 To help individuals with normal development problems.
 To help individuals through a temporary crisis during the
different stages of life.
 To identify signs of disturbed behavior at early stage, so
manage it.
 To refer critical cases to specialists for best possible
management.
 To facilitate communication within & between nursing
institutions & homes.
 To support not only the tutors/nursing faculty who are helping
individuals but also who themselves want guidance &
reassurance at times.

25.
Ingredients of guidance and counseling
services…
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1. The Admission Service
(Admitting the right candidates
for the right course,
selecting those candidates
most likely)
2.The Orientation Service
(A “welcome service” as it is
concerned with welcoming
fresher's to the world of
nursing )
4.The Information Service
(Information provide usually
related to Education,
occupational & personal-
social )
3.The Student Information
Service
(Assist the student to obtain a
realistic picture of his
abilities, interests, personality
characteristics , achievements,
levels of aspiration , state of
health, etc.)

26.
Ingredients of guidance and counseling
services…
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5.The Counselling Service
(understand what he can do &
what he should do, handle
his difficulties in a rational
way, make his own decision,
etc.)
6.The Placement Service
(Help students to be in proper
scholastic track, to realize
their career expectations,
organize campus selection
interviews, provide
information regarding
current trends, etc. )
8.The follow-up Service
(it is that review or systematic
evaluation which is carried
out to find out whether
guidance services in
particular & educational
programme in general
satisfies the needs of the
students. )
7.The Remedial Service
(it is mainly oriented towards
helping students to
improve their study habits,
improve their adjustment
in the clinical area,
reducing stress, etc.)

27.
Ingredients of guidance and counseling
services…
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9.The Research Service
(It is intended to examine both
the personnel in the college
guidance programme & the
techniques of guidance used
by them so as to discover
their strong & weak points
& ultimately strengthen the
whole programme .)
10.The Evaluation Service
(it determines the effectiveness
& efficiency of the guidance
programme,less number of
dropouts, harmonious
relationship between
teachers & students, good
result, well placed passed
out students, sense of
security, etc. )

29.
Organizational set-up…
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At universities:
Deans are assisted by
head of departments of
psychology & education,
the guidance committee
& counselling officer.
For constituent colleges:
A counselling officer assisted by
the guidance committee in
cooperation with the deputy
chief & academic advisor can
plan according to their needs &
number of students. (<1000
students need a liaison officer
while >1000 students need an
assistant counselling officer .)
For affiliated colleges:
A counselling officer assisted by the guidance committee & a vocational
guidance officer are needed for > 1000 students while a liaison officer
only can manage the counselling services for <1000 students

31.
Counselling committee…
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 The guidance committee serves the following purposes:
• It establishes & maintains policies related to guidance &
counselling services.
• It articulates the programme between the institution & the
community.
• It act in a planning capacity to ensure that the various
functions of guidance are properly coordinated.
• It helps to clarify particular roles & offers support when these
roles are challenged.
• It serves as a source of ideas & recommendations to be
submitted to appropriate bodies.

34.
Tools for counselling services…
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I. Nontesting tools
Interview
It is an interaction
between the counsellor &
counselee with a definite
objective in mind
Observation
It is careful watching or
monitoring of the
counselee by the
counsellor with a specific
objective in mind
Anecdotal record
It consists of recording
an important incident
that happened & is a
carefully recorded
snapshot of the incident
Cumulative record
It is a method of recording
& providing meaningful,
significant & comprehensive
information about an
individual, over a year.
Checklist
A is used to identify the
presence or absence of
specific attributes or
skills of a particular
expected behavior in
students.
Rating Scale
It is better tools to
assess the degree or
extent of the
performance of a
particular task or the
possession of a trait.
Sociometry
It is used to measure sociability or the social
distance between students or members of a
group
Autobiography & diary
It may also provide useful
information about students.

39.
I. Directive Counselling Approach
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 It is also known as prescriptive counselling or counsellor-centred
approach of counselling.
 This approach of counselling is advocated by E.G.Williamson,
a professor at University of Minnesota.
 In directive counselling, the counsellor plays a leading role &
uses a variety of techniques to suggest appropriate solutions
to the counselee's problem.
 This approach also known as authoritarian or psychoanalytic
approach.
 The counsellor is active & help individuals in making decisions
& finding solution to their problems.
 The counsellor believes in the limited capacity of the patient.

40.
I. Directive Counselling Approach
Count…
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 The patient makes the decision but the counsellor does all he
can to get the patient make decision keeping with his diagnosis.
 The counsellor tries to direct the patient’s thinking by informing,
explaining, interpreting & advising.
 The basic assumptions related to directive counselling approach:
A need-
based
approach
Problem
focused
rather
than
patient
focused
approach
Used for
patients
incapable
of solving
their
problems
Task of a
competent
counsellor
Making the
best
possible use
of
counselee's
intellectual
abilities &
resources

41.
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Steps of the directive counselling approach
 E.G.Williamson has given the following six steps in providing
directive counselling
I. Directive Counselling Approach
Count…

42.
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Advantages of the directive counselling approach
 This approach save time.
 It emphasizes the problem & not the individual.The
counsellor can see the patient more objectively than the
patient himself.
 It lays more emphasis on the intellectual rather than the
emotional aspects of an individual’s personality.
 The methods used in directive counselling are direct,
persuasive & explanatory.
I. Directive Counselling Approach
Count…

43.
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Limitations of the directive counselling approach
 The patient does not gain any liability for self analysis or
solve new problems of adjustment by counselling.
 It makes the counselee overdependent on the counsellor.
 Problems regarding emotional maladjustment may be
better solved by nondirective counselling.
 Sometimes the counselee lacks information regarding the
counselee,leads wrong counselling.
 It does not guarantee that the counselee will able to
solve the same problem on his own in future.
I. Directive Counselling Approach
Count…

44.
II. Nondirective Counselling Approach
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 The chief exponent of this counselling approach, Carp R.
 It is also known as the permissive counselling approach
where the counselor's role is passive & the counselee’s
role is active.
 It is a counselee-centred or patient-centred humanistic
approach.
 The counselee makes the final decisions as individuals are
thoughts to have full right to make final decisions for the
self & solve their problems.
 The counsellor has to accept the counselee’s capacity to
make adjustment & adapt.

45.
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 The principles of acceptance & tolerance are extremely
important in this approach.
 The basic assumptions related to nondirective counselling approach
are:
 Patient is given importance than the counselling directions &
investigations
 Emotional aspects are more significant than intellectual aspects.
 Creation of an atmosphere where patients can work out their
understanding is more important than cultivating self-
understanding in the patient.
 Counselling leads to a voluntary choice of goals & a conscious
selection of courses of action.
II. Nondirective Counselling Approach
count…

47.
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Advantages of nondirective counselling approach
 It is a slow but sure process to make an individual
capable of making adjustments.
 No tests are used so one avoids all that is laborious &
difficult .
 It removes emotional block & helps an individual bring
repressed thoughts on a conscious level thereby
reducing tension.
II. Nondirective Counselling Approach
count…

48.
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Limitations of nondirective counselling approach
 It is a slow & time-consuming process.
 One cannot rely upon one’s resources, judgment & wisdom as
the patient is immature in making the decision himself.
 It depends too much on the ability & initiative of the patient.
 Sometime difficulty to control pace of the interview
discussion.
 This approach is individual centric, it may not possible for
counsellor to attend every patient equally well.
 It require high degree of motivation in the patient.
II. Nondirective Counselling Approach
count…

49.
III. Eclectic Counselling Approach
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 This approach is based on the fact that all individuals are
different from one another.
 The techniques are elective in nature because they have been
derived from all sources of counselling.
 This approach is based on selecting the best & leaving out
what is least required.
 The basic assumption related to eclectic counselling approach:
 There is objectivity & co-ordination between counsellor &
the patient during the counselling experience.
 The patient is active & the counsellor remains passive in the
beginning.

50.
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 The principle of low expenditure is adopted.
 The counsellor makes use of all the tools & methods
in his armour.
 The counsellor enjoys the freedom to resort to
directive & nondirective counselling methods.
 The counselling relationship is built during the
counselling interview. This helps the patient gain
reassurance & confidence.
III. Eclectic Counselling Approach
count…

52.
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Advantages of eclectic counselling approach
 It is more cost effective & practical approach.
 It is a more flexible approach of counselling.
 It is more objective & coordinated approach of counselling.
Limitations of eclectic counselling approach
 The role of counsellor & the counselee are not
predetermined.
 It requires more skilled counselors to handle the dynamic
feature of this counselling approach.
III. Eclectic Counselling Approach
count…

53.
IV. Other types of counselling
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A) Based on length of the counselling session:
B) Based on number of counselees involved:
• Short-term counselling
• Long-term counselling
• Individual counselling
• Group counselling

56.
ROLE OF THE COUNSELLOR
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 Arrange orientation programmes for the other support staff
to enlist their cooperation.
 Prepare an up-to-date list of resources, information, referral &
energy available to him.
 Organize the guidance committee.
 Set up an educational & occupational information centre.
 Display the information collected in an attractive way.
 Disseminate information through educational & career talks,
group discussion & so on.
 Arrange talks by expert from different fields.
 Organize career days, career weeks, career conferences,
parents day & so on.

58.
Count…
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 Maintain complete secrecy of the discussion
between him & the patient.
 Administer psychological tests.
 Provide counselling services to students.
 Help in the student placements.
 Take up research projecting relating to the fields of
educational,vocational,personal & social guidance in
colleges.

61.
Characteristics or qualities of counsellor…
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 Personal characteristics:
 Should be imbibed with basic human qualities.
 Should be a person with cultural values & awareness.
 Should have a deep interest in helping people.
 Should patiently listen to others
 Should be sensitive to other’s attitude & reactions
 Should have a capability for being trusted by others.
 Should have respect for the personal autonomy of the
patients.
 Should be tolerate of & accept the patient point of view.

65.
Phase I: Establishing relationship
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 It is an ice breaking session during which the
counsellor & counselee introduce each other &
establish a primary rapport.
 Good rapport building provides the respect, trust &
sense of psychological comfort to the counsellor-
counselee relationship for progression to the
counselling process.
 Strategies to establish an effective relationship:
o Introduce yourself
o Being the phase with adequate social skills
o Always address the individual by his or her name

68.
Phase III: Setting goals
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 During this third phase of the counselling process, goals are
set co-operative by both the counsellor & the counselee.
 While setting goals, the counselee’s strengths, weakness,
constraints & available resources must be kept under
consideration.
 The goal could be immediate & ultimate which directs the
counsellor & the counselee to further progress in the
counselling process.
 Effective & reliable goal setting requires following skills in
counselors:
 Multifaceted knowledge related to the problem of counselee

70.
Phase IV: Intervention
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 This stage of counselling is an operational phase where
the counselee is suggested the best possible options for
the management of the present problem.
 The phase is affected by the counselor's own thoughts
about the counselling process.
 The intervention will depend on the approach used by
the counsellor, the problem & the individual.
 The choice of intervention is a process of adaptation &
the counsellor should be prepared to change the
intervention when the selected intervention does not
work.

71.
Phase V: Termination and follow-up
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 This is the final stage of the counselling process,
where counselling comes to an end.
 Termination must be planned well ahead so that the
counselee may feel comfortable at the departure &
gradually able to handle the problem independently.
 Some follow-up sessions may be required to help the
counselee further to handle the problem
independently.

72.
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR THE
COUNSELLING PROCESS
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There are two types of tools & techniques for the
counselling process:

78.
MANAGEMENT OF CRISIS AND REFERRAL
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 A sudden,generally unanticipated event can profoundly &
negatively affect a significant segment of the institution
population & often involves serious injury or death.
 Crisis events like an incidence of suicide, school bus
crashes, natural disasters or multiple injuries, deaths can
quickly escalate all over the educational institution.
 Crisis must be managed promptly & skillfully to minimize
chaos, rumors & impact of the crisis on the victims &
other students.

81.
Count…
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 Establish a working relationship with community service
providers & develop a list of telephone numbers & contact
persons.
 Set up phone number trees, which are adequately &
appropriately displayed.
 Create or reserve space for service providers involved in
crisis management & for community meeting.
 Develop & print forms to assist in crisis management.
 Develop a plan for emergency coverage of classes.
 Establish a code to alert staff.