Which of the following are biotic factors that could determine where an organism is found?
A) sunlight and water for photosynthesis
B) nutrients for growth
C) viral diseases, parasites
D) water for animals to drink
E) all of the above

explain the proximate cause of behavior

explain the ultimate cause of behavior

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this behavior of increased urination?

A) It will stimulate male cats to mate with her

B) It announces to males that she is in heat

C) Female cats that did this in the past attracted more mates

D) It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle

E) It will stimulate male cats to fight with each other so that only the best male mates with her

D) It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle

A) The sound of the rattlesnake. B) To avoid being killed.
C) Fear of rattlesnakes.
D) To produce more offspring.
E) Aggression.

what is learning

As we discussed, the distribution and abundance of red kangaroos in Australia is negatively correlated with rainfall. That is, kangaroos are more abundant where there is less rain and absent where rain is plentiful. What can we conclude from this pattern?

A) Rainfall determines the distribution of red kangaroos.
B) Nothing, both rainfall and interactions (competition, predation) with other organisms that depend on rain could determine the distribution of red kangaroos.
C) Kangaroos need water to survive.
D) Latitude determines the distribution of red kangaroos.

B) Nothing, both rainfall and interactions (competition, predation) with other organisms that depend on rain could determine the distribution of red kangaroos.

what is the change in population size equation

Unlimited growth ...

All species have capacity for ...

A small population of white-footed mice has the same per capita rate of increase (r) as a large population. If both populations have unlimited growth,

A) the large population will add more individuals per unit time.
B) the small population will add more individuals per unit time.
C) the two populations will add equal numbers of individuals per unit time.
D) each individual in the smaller population will give birth to fewer offspring per unit time.
E) the growth trajectories of the two populations will proceed in opposite directions.

in density dependent factors explain disease

in density dependent factors explain predation

Where does density dependence occur in the life cycle of the mountain ash?

A) Seed stage because there are so many seeds there is strong competition for water to germinate.
B) Sapling tree stage because there is intense competition for light and only the best competitors survive.
C) Mature tree stage because fire can only occur at the highest tree densities.

B) Sapling tree stage because there is intense competition for light and only the best competitors survive.

Which of the following (A-E) does not contribute to density dependent regulation of populations?

A small population of white-footed mice has the same per capita rate of increase (r) as a large population. If both populations have unlimited growth,

A) the large population will add more individuals per unit time.
B) the small population will add more individuals per unit time.
C) the two populations will add equal numbers of individuals per unit time.
D) each individual in the smaller population will give birth to fewer offspring per unit time.
E) the growth trajectories of the two populations will proceed in opposite directions.

what is the demographic transition

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

As a country develops, birth and mortality rates decline
Mortality rates decline first (better healthcare)
Birth rates decline slower as people realize they need fewer children as "insurance"
People decide to have fewer children in developed nations

what is the difference between realized niche and fundamental niche

Other observations showed that Balanus cannot survive high on the rocks because it dries out during low tides. Given this observation, how does Balanus's realized niche compare with its fundamental niche?

A) Wetter
B) Drier
C) Larger
D) Smaller
E) Same

What is the energetic hypothesis

What is the dynamic stability hypothesis

Long food chains are less stable than short chains
Periodic local extinctions of top predators, due to population fluctuations at lower trophic levels
Predicts that food chains will be shorter in unpredictable environments

In a tide pool, the species richness of invertebrates was reduced from 15 to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n)

Two barnacles, Balanus and Chthamalus, can both survive on the lower rocks just above the low-tide line on the Scottish coast, but only Balanus actually does so, with Chthamalus adopting a higher zone. Which of the following best accounts for this niche separation?