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i TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents i List of Tables vii Acknowledgments ix Foreword xi

Arabic Terms xiii

CHAPTER 1 1 1.1.

Arabic Grammar 1 1.2

The Word 2

Noun 2

Verb 3

Particle 3 1.3 4

Types of Noun 4

Types of Verb 4

Types of Particle 4 1.4

Sentences and Phrases 6

1.4.1

Nominal Sentence 6

Verbal Sentence 7 1.4.2

8 1.4.3

Types of Phrases 9 1.

Descriptive Phrase 9 2.

Possessive Phrase 9 3.

Demonstrative Phrase 10 4.

Numerical Phrase 10 ii 5.

Indeclinable Phrase 11 1.4.4 Additional Notes About

14 Summary 15 1.5 16

Signs of a Noun 16

Signs of a Verb 16

Sign of a Particle 16 1.5.1 General Notes 17 1.6

Personal Pronouns 19 1.7

Prepositions 20 1.8

Those Particles That Resemble the Verb 22

1.9

Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs 25

CHAPTER 2

Declinable and Indeclinable Words

27 2.1 27

Signs of Iraab 27

Conditions of Murab 27 Difference Between

and

28 2.2

Indeclinable Word 29

30 2.3

Declinable Word 31 2.4

Types of Indeclinable Nouns 32

2.4.1

Personal Pronouns 33 2.4.2

- Relative Pronouns 39 2.4.3

Demonstrative Pronouns 42 2.4.4

Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs 45

2.4.5

Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound 46

iii 2.4.6

Adverbs 47

Adverbs of Time 47

Adverbs of Place 49 2.4.7

Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified Quantity 52

2.4.8

Numerical phrase 52 2.5

Types of Declinable Nouns 53

53

53

53 2.6

Iraab of the Various Types of Murab Nouns 58

CHAPTER 3 Further Discussion of Nouns 61 3.1

Relative Adjective 61 3.2

Diminutive Noun 63 3.3

Definite and Common Nouns 64

3.4

Masculine and Feminine Nouns 65

3.5

Singular, Dual and Plural 67

3.6

Types of Plural 68 3.7

- Words Which Are Always Marfoo 73

3.7.1

Subject/Doer 73 3.7.2

Substitute of

75 3.7.3

The Noun of Those

and

, Which Are Similar to

76 3.7.4

The

of That

Which Negates an Entire

(Class) 77 3.8

Words Which Are Always Mansoob 79

3.8.1

Object 79 iv 3.8.2

81 3.8.3

81 3.8.4

81 3.8.5

82 3.8.6

State / Condition 84 3.8.7

87 Rules for

(Numerals) 88 3.8.8

92 3.9

Words Which Are Always Majroor 95

3.10

96 3.10.1

Adjective 96 3.10.2

Emphasis 0 10 3.10.3

Substitute 103 3.10.4

Conjunction 105

105 3.10.5

108

CHAPTER 4

Governing Words 109 4.1

Governing Particles 110

Particles Which Govern Nouns 110 Particles Which Govern

110 4.1.1

Particles That Give Nasb 111

4.1.2

Particles That Give Jazm 114

4.2

Governing Verbs 116

4.2.1

Active Verb 116

4.2.2

Passive Verb 116

4.2.3

Intransitive Verb 116

v 4.2.4

116 4.2.5

Transitive Verb 117

4.2.6

119 4.2.7

Verbs of Praise and Blame 121

4.2.8

Verbs of Wonder 123

4.3

Governing Nouns 124

4.3.1

Conditional Nouns 124

4.3.2

126 4.3.2.1

127 4.3.3

129 4.3.4

That Adjective Which is Similar to

130 4.3.5

132 4.3.6

134 4.3.7

135 4.3.8

135 4.3.9

136 4.4

Non-Governing Particles 137

1.

Particles of Notification 137

2.

Particles of Affirmation 137

3.

Particles of Clarification 138

4.

138 5.

Particles of Exhortation 138

6.

Particle of Anticipation 139

7.

Particles of Interrogation 139

8.

Particle of Rebuke 140

9.

140 vi 10.

140 11.

140 12.

Extra Particles 141

13.

Conditional Particles That Do Not Give Jazm 142

14.

) 143 15.

143 Appendix 145 Bibliography 149

vii LIST OF TABLES

Table No

Page No

1.1

Personal Pronouns 19 1.2

Prepositions 20 1.3

Those Particles That Resemble the Verb 22

1.4

Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs 25

2.1

) in

(also called

) 34 2.2

in

(also called

) 35 2.3

and

in

(also called

and

) 36 2.4

( in

(also called

) 37 2.5

39 2.6

39 2.7

42 2.8

42 2.9 Nouns in the Meaning of

45 2.10 Nouns in the Meaning of

45 2.11

59 3.1

69 3.2

69 3.3

70 3.4

70 3.5

73 3.6 Different Forms of the Noun of

and Its Iraab 77

3.7 Rules Governing the Iraab of

80 viii 3.8

93 4.1

111 4.2

114 4.3

117 4.4 Verbs Requiring Three

118 4.5

119 4.6

124 4.7

127 4.8

130 4.9

132

ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

There are many people whom I would like to thank for making this project a success. To begin with, I am in debt to the sister who typed up the old Tasheel al-Nahw, and thus helped to kick-start the project. She does not want her name to be publicized. I would also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon and his students of Darul Uloom al-Madanias eAlim program for their valuable feedback. Last but not the least, I am indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom al-Madania (both 20102011 and 20112012), who have been continuously giving me feedback. I would especially like to mention my current First year students Abdullah, Ayyub, Muhammad, Saeed, Umair, Umar, and Wahid. I have greatly benefitted from their intelligent questions, wise comments, useful suggestions, and help with proof-reading. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.

xi

FOREWORD

This book is the second edition of the revised Tasheel al-Nahw, which in turn was a somewhat expanded translation of the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, Ilm al-Nahw by Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawalis primers for Nahw (Arabic grammar) and Sarf (Arabic Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. The original English translation of Ilm al-Nahw was prepared by scholars from Madrasah Islamiyyah, Benoni, South Africa. They put in a lot of hardwork and made the English translation much more beneficial than the Urdu original. May Allah reward them. At least two versions of this translation are available online. The first one had many errors and typing issues. The newer version made some improvements but issues remained, especially with regards to language and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. In 2010, we decided to bring out a revised edition of this translation to address these issues. During the course of our revision and editing, we consulted various grammar works including al-Nahw al-Wadih, Sharh ibn Aqil, Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah, and A Simplified Arabic Grammar. We completely revised some sections, as well as a number of definitions. The organization was changed in a way that we felt would make it easier for students to understand how each section fits in the overall picture. This second edition has undergone more changes. Further improvements have been made in many sections; some sections have been completely revised; confusing sentences have been elaborated; more examples and exercises have been included, including many from al-Nahw al-Wadih and Muallim al-Insha; and where needed, the relevant al-Nahw al-Wadih section has been pointed out in the footnotes. These footnotes are for the benefit of the teachers. The students can choose to ignore them. Lastly, an appendix has been attached at the end, identifying Tasheel al-Nahws place in Nahw texts, as well as suggesting a possible curriculum of classical Arabic studies. This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabic words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate equivalents that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized to reflect their non-English origin. The documentation in the foot-notes does not follow any particular academic standard; rather, it has been modified for ease of the students. It should also be noted that the English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere approximations. In some cases, they convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not. The student is, therefore, urged to focus on the original term in Arabic. We would also like to point out that this is not a do-it-yourself text. First of all, it assumes some prior knowledge of Arabic such as that acquired through studying Ten Lessons of Arabic and/or Durus al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah vol. 1. Moreover, it needs to be studied with a xii teacher. However, it can be used as a revision text by those who have already studied Nahw using other texts. It is respectfully suggested to the teachers to also use al-Nahw al-Wadih (all six volumes) while teaching, as reference and for additional examples and exercises, as and when needed. Moreover, it should also be pointed out that this is not an exhaustive text. It does not cover every issue of Nahw, in brief or in detail. It is assumed that the student will be studying relatively advanced Nahw texts (such as Hidayat al-Nahw or al-Nahw al-Wadih) after this to round off his/her training of Nahw. The sample curriculum given in the appendix can be used for that purpose. To the best of our ability, we have tried to remove all errors. However, we are merely human. There are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. Your comments, constructive criticism, and suggestions are all welcome. You can contact us with your feedback at the email address given at the end. We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. We also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their prayers. And He alone gives success.

fil majhool The passive verb i.e. that verb whose doer is not known/mentioned.

fil laazim The intransitive verb i.e. that verb, which can be understood without a

fil mutaaddi The transitive verb i.e. that verb, which cannot be fully understood without a

marifah Definite noun. It is generally indicated by an . For example,

the house (a particular/specific house).

nakirah Common noun. It is generally indicated by a tanween. e.g.

a house (any house).

marfoo It is that word, which is in the state of

, which is generally represented by a dammah on the last letter.

mansoob It is that word, which is in the state of

, which is generally represented by a fathah on the last letter.

majroor It is that word, which is in the state of

, which is generally represented by a kasrah on the last letter.

1 CHAPTER 1

Section 1.1

Arabic Grammar Definition: Nahw is that science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to form a correct sentence, as well as what the

(condition) of the last letter of a word should be.

Subject Matter: Its subject matter is

(word) and

(sentence).

Objective: The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak Arabic correctly, and to avoid making mistakes in this. For example,

, and

are four words.

The science of Nahw teaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence. The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Quran, Hadeeth, Fiqh and other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them. The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah Most High.

2 Section 1.2

The Word Any word uttered by humans is called a

. If it has a meaning, it is called

(meaningful); and if it does not have any meaning, it is called

(meaningless). In Arabic,

(meaningful word) is of two types:

and

. 1.

Singular: It is that single word, which conveys one meaning. It is also called

. 2.

Compound: It is a group of words. They may form a complete sentence or an

). However, in the dialect of Banu Asad, the feminine is

. This requires that the masculine

is interchangeably used as munsarif (with tanween) and ghayr munsarif (without tanween). The reason is that it has two feminines. One is

, and the other is

. Considering the first, it becomes ghayr

munsarif (

); and considering the second, it becomes munsarif (

). See Lane, book I, part 5, 2079.

56 8.

: It refers to the case when a proper noun )

( is on the wazn of a

or when a

is on the wazn of

. e.g.

You are not more advanced/ahead than Ahmad.

Here,

is an

and is on the wazn of the verb

, and

is a

and is on the wazn of the verb

. Therefore, these two are ghayr munsarif.

e.g.

Yazeed came. Here,

is an

and is on the wazn of the verb

.

9.

: It is that plural, which has after the

(alif of plural) one of the

following: i. two

letters. e.g.

mosques ii. one

letter. e.g.

animals iii. three letters, the middle letter being

. e.g.

keys Note: If any of the above words ends with a round , it will not be ghayr munsarif. e.g.

polishers

is equivalent to two reasons/causes.

General Note: A ghayr munsarif noun will get a kasrah in

in the following cases:

when it is

. e.g.

I prayed in their mosques.

when it has before it. e.g.

I went to the graves.

EXERCISES 1. Mention with reason why the following words are munsarif or ghayr munsarif. i. 28

ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. 29

28 This is the name of a major Hanafi Imam. It is non-Arabic in origin and is pronounced with a dammah on the first letter and a fathah on the second letter. 29 Its main feminine is

. In the dialect of Banu Asad, its feminine is

. See Lane, book I, part 6, 2265.

57 2. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out with reason the words which are ghayr munsarif. i. ii. iii. ... iv. v. ... vi. vii. ... viii.

)(

58 Section 2.6

Iraab of the Various Types of Murab Nouns

We begin this section by defining some terms. Then, we will outline the iraab of each of the various types of murab nouns.

: It is that noun, which does not end with any of the (

. e.g.

man

: It is that noun, which ends with a or preceded by a

. e.g.

bucket

deer

: These are six nouns, which are not in their diminutive form (

) . These are as follows:

father

mouth

brother

something insignificant

brother-in-law

(plural:

) someone who possesses something

: It is that noun, which ends with an

. e.g.

: It is that noun which ends with a preceded by a kasrah.

e.g.

the judge Note: It should be remembered that the is visible in an

when it is

. When it is

, the is not visible, e.g.

becomes

. However, in

, it does become visible, e.g.

(I saw a judge). Before we list the iraab of each of the various types of murab nouns in a table, it would be useful to remember that a simple method of illustrating different iraab is to make three sentences on the following pattern:

Zayd came. I saw Zayd. I passed by Zayd.

In these three sentences, the word

is displaying the different iraab according to the

changing state (

). Thus, it has a dammah in

, and a fathah in

, and a kasrah in

.

59 Table 2.11

Noun Type

Examples for Each State

30

a. When

to any noun besides the dameer.31

b. When

to the dameer. hidden hidden hidden

c. when not

hidden hidden hidden

hidden hidden hidden

hidden

hidden

hidden

hidden

(masculine)

(feminine)

(masculine)

(feminine) (

32

30 I said to some men. 31 The of

is dropped when it is

to any noun besides the dameer. For example, it is dropped in the

followng hadith:

...

(Whatever you put in the mouth of your wife)

32 Both of them.

60 Table 2.11 Continued Noun Type

Examples for Each State

(plural of

) hidden

33

34

EXERCISE35

1. Translate, fill in the iraab and identify which rule from among those given in Table 2.11, is applicable. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

33

was originally

. First, the was dropped because of

. It became

. Then, the was

changed to a and the two were joined according to the following morphological (

) rule: when a and a

appear together and the first is

, then the is changed to a , and the two are joined (this is called

), and the dammah before the is changed into a kasrah. Thus, it became

. First, the was dropped because of

. Then, the two

Relative Adjective Definition: It is that noun, which shows something or someone to be related to it. e.g.

someone or something from Baghdad

an expert in morphology

an expert in Arabic grammar

someone or something from India

Rules of Forming

: To show this relation, a (

preceded by a kasrah is added at the end of the

noun after affecting the following changes, if needed:

1. If a three-letter or a four-letter noun ends with an )

, then )

should be changed to a . e.g.

becomes

Note: In the case of a five-letter noun, the

( should be dropped. e.g.

becomes

2. If a noun ends with an )(

, then the should be changed to a .

e.g.

becomes

3. That noun which already ends with a does not require

. e.g.

would remain as is.

4. The round at the end of a noun should be dropped. e.g.

becomes

becomes

5. The round and of a noun, which appears on the

of

and

should be dropped. e.g.

becomes

becomes

62 6. In case of the noun, which appears on the

of

and ends with a , the first should

be changed to a preceded by a fathah, and the second should be dropped. e.g. (

becomes

7. If the fourth letter of a noun is a preceded by a kasrah, then the can be dropped or it can be changed to a . e.g.

becomes

or

8. If an original letter from the end of a noun was dropped, it should first be brought back, and then, the relative adjective should be made. e.g.

(originally

) becomes

(originally

) becomes

(originally

) becomes

9. Some words do not follow any particular rule. They are based on usage. e.g.

becomes

becomes

EXERCISE 1. Form the relative adjective from the following words. i. ii. iii. iv.

v.

63 Section 3.2

Diminutive Noun Definition: It is that noun, which is used to express the diminutive form of a noun. Sometimes, the purpose is to show affection or contempt.

Rules: 1. A three-letter noun would come on the wazn of

(or

for feminine). e.g.

becomes

(a little man)

becomes

(a little slave)

2. A four-letter noun would come on the wazn of

. e.g.

becomes

3. A five-letter noun, without a , or as the fourth, would also come on the wazn of

. The fifth letter would be dropped. e.g.

(name of a plant) becomes

A five-letter noun, having a , or as the fourth letter, would come on the scale of

. e.g.

(paper) becomes

Notes: 1. In the diminutive form, the hidden of a

becomes apparent. e.g.

becomes

2. In the diminutive form, the last letter of a noun which has been dropped becomes apparent. e.g.

(originally

) becomes

was originally

, and underwent a morphological process to become

)

EXERCISE 1. Form the diminutive noun from the following words. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

64 Section 3.3

Definite and Common Nouns

(common noun): It is that noun, which denotes something unspecified.

e.g.

a man

(definite noun): It is that noun which denotes something specific. There are seven types of

. 1.

: It is a personal pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.1.

2.

: It is a proper noun, i.e. the name of a specific person, place or thing.

e.g.

3.

: It is the demonstrative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in section 2.4.3.

4.

: It is the relative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.2.

5.

: It is that noun, which has (definite particle) at the beginning.

e.g.

the man

6. That common noun (

) which is mudaaf to any of the above five definite nouns.

e.g.

7.

: It is the vocative noun, i.e. that noun, which appears after a

. e.g.

EXERCISE 1. Which of the following words are marifah (state what type) and which are nakirah. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.

65 Section 3.4

Masculine and Feminine Noun

- Masculine Noun: It is that noun, which does not have any sign from amongst the signs of femininity (

) .

- Feminine Noun: It is that noun, which has a sign from amongst the signs of femininity. This sign could be apparent or hidden.

: The signs of being feminine are of two types:

1.

(in words): It is that sign, which is visible in words. These signs are of the following three types: : This renders the word

even if the appears in a masculine proper

noun. e.g.

(a masculine proper noun)

e.g.

e.g.

If a word has any of these three signs it will be

. 2.

(assumed): It is that sign, which is not visible in words and is assumed to exist. This is determined by looking at the diminutive form (

) of a particular word. This reveals the original letters of the word. e.g.

The diminutive form is

. Therefore, it is

The diminutive form is

. Therefore, it is

.

Based on the signs of femininity being

or

is of two types: 1.

(according to rule): It is that feminine noun, which has a

sign of femininity. 2.

(according to usage): It is that feminine noun, which has a

sign of femininity. In terms of

(essence),

is of two types: 1.

: It is that feminine noun, which has an opposite masculine.

e.g.

(woman). Its masculine is

(man). 2.

: It is that feminine noun, which does not have an opposite masculine.

e.g.

(darkness)

(spring)

66 Notes: 1. The following are used as feminine (

) : a. Name of females. e.g.

b. Words denoting the feminine gender. e.g.

c. Names of countries, cities, towns and tribes. e.g.

d. Parts of the body found in pairs. e.g.

Note: There are exceptions to the rule.

(cheek),

(eyebrow) etc. are

masculine. e. Names of various types of winds. e.g.

f. Various names of Jahannam (hell). e.g.

g. Letters of the alphabet (

) are generally used as

. They can also be used

as masculine. e.g. ..

2. There are some words that Arabs use as feminine without regard to the presence or absence of signs of femininity. Examples include the following:

(bucket)

(tillage/field)

(well)

(self)

(fire)

(house)

67 Section 3.5

Singular, Dual and Plural

Singular: It is that noun, which denotes one.

e.g.

one man

Dual: It is that noun, which denotes two. It is formed by placing at the end of a singular (

) one of the following:

An

preceded by a fathah and followed by a

with a kasrah i.e. [

] for

. (

) e.g.

two men A

preceded by a fathah and followed by a

with a kasrah i.e. [

] for

. (

) e.g.

two men

Plural: It is that noun, which denotes more than two.

e.g.

men Note: The

of

and

is dropped in case of

. e.g.

(Originally,

but the

was dropped due to

.)

(Originally,

but the

was dropped due to

.)

(Originally,

but the

was dropped due to

.)

(Originally,

but the

was dropped due to

.)

EXERCISE 1. Translate the following into Arabic. i. The boys two bicycles. ii. The farmers two servants. iii. Your parents came. iv. I saw your parents. v. The servants of deen. vi. The teachers of the school.

68 Section 3.6

Types of Plural

Sound Plural: It is that plural whose

(letter sequence/form) of

does not change, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence does not break. e.g.

(singular

)

There are two types of

: 1.

Masculine Sound Plural: It is formed by adding at the end of a singular

(

) one of the following:

A

preceded by a dammah and followed by a

with a fathah i.e. [

] for

. (

) e.g.

preceded by a kasrah and followed by a

with a fathah i.e. [

] for

. (

) e.g.

2.

Feminine Sound Plural: It is formed by discarding the round and

adding at the end of a singular, one of the following: An

preceded by a fathah and followed by a madmoom long i.e. [

] for

. (

) e.g.

An

preceded by a fathah and followed by a maksoor long i.e. [

] for

. (

) e.g.

Broken Plural: It is that plural whose

(the singular letter sequence/form) of

changes, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence breaks. e.g.

(singular

)

69

Restricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from three to ten. It has four common

. Table 3.1

Wazn Examples Singular Meaning Plural

self

statement

food

boy

Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural, which is not preceded by an is also considered

. e.g.

intelligent females

intelligent males

Unrestricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from three upwards. Some of the common

are given below.

Table 3.2

Wazn Examples Singular Meaning Plural

slave

knowledgeable

prophet

messenger

star

servant

patient

student

group/sect

boy

70 Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is preceded by an is also considered as

. e.g.

Plural of a Plural: It is the plural of a plural. Sometimes, it appears on the wazn of

and sometimes on the wazn of

. Not every plural has a plural. Some

examples of plurals, which have a plural are given below.

Table 3.3

Singular Meaning Plural Plural of Plural

blessing

nail

house

well-qualified

: It is that plural, which has after the

(alif of plural), one of the following:

two

letters. e.g.

one

letter. e.g.

(the original being

) three letters, the middle one being

. e.g.

Some of the common wazns of

are given below:

Table 3.4

Wazn Examples Singular Meaning Plural

mosque

key

rule/maxim

message/letter

elder

71

Collective Noun:36 It is a singular noun, which gives a plural meaning. Generally, it does not have a singular from the same word. e.g.

nation

group Note: 1. These words have plurals. e.g.

2. In usage, if the word is considered, it will be used as a singular noun. e.g.

The people are present.

If its meaning is considered (as is commonly done), it will be used as a plural noun. e.g.

righteous people

Notes: 1. Some plurals do not have the same root letters as their singulars. e.g.

(woman)

(the one who possesses something)

2. Some plurals are not according to rule (

) . e.g.

(mother)

(mouth)

(water)

(human being)

(goat/sheep)

Generic Noun:37 It is that noun, which is devised for an essence (

). Because of that, it refers to an entire genus (category/class). Generally, its singular has a (). For example,

39 For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 118-122. 40 It refers to the case when a word is connected to another word, which completes its meaning, in the same way that mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi are connected to one another. 41 There is no power (to do good) and there is no power (to stay away from evil)[except with Allahs help].

78 Note: The

of

may be omitted when the meaning is understood.

e.g.

i.e.

There is no harm upon you. / No

problem.

EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the rule which applies. i. ii. iii.

iv. v. vi. vii. viii.

79 Section 3.8

Words Which Are Always Mansoob

42

1.

7.

2.

8.

3.

known as

9.

4.

10.

5.

11.

6.

12.

Of these, 8,9,10 and 11 have been discussed before. Here, we will discuss the remaining.

Section 3.8.1

Object Definition: It is that word on which the action of the

takes place. e.g.

Khalid drank water.

Sometimes, the verb governing the

is dropped as in the following:

a.

(the one being called):

43

e.g.

O son of Zayd!

It was originally (

) . The verb

was dropped.

Note: The

(vocative particle) substitutes the omitted verb.

Some of the vocative particles are as follows: and

These are used when the

is near.

and

These are used when the

is far.

This is used for both (near and far).

42 There are exceptions to the rule. Mustathnaa, for example, is not always mansoob. It is still mentioned under this category because most of the time, it is mansoob. 43 For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 3, 120-124.

80 Table 3.7 Rules Governing the Iraab of the

If the

is Then it will be Example 1.

O son of Zayd! 2.

44

O reader of a book! 3.

(Unspecified nakirah)

O man! Take my hand. (call of a blind man to any person for assisstance) 4.

(Specified nakirah)

O man! 5.

(Singular marifah)

O Zayd! 6.

(masculine) or

(feminine) has to be added between the

and

O man!

O woman!

(abbreviation) is allowed in munaadaa.

e.g.

can become

or

can become

Note: The last letter can be given a dammah or it can retain its original harakah.

b.

: This is said to ones guest for welcoming him/her.

Its original is

, which means You have come to your own people

and have trampled comfortable ground. In other words, you are welcome. Here two verbs,

and

have been dropped.

c. Sometimes, when warning someone, the verb governing the

is dropped due to context. Examples include the following:

is used instead of

to give the same meaning, which is

Beware of the road! Here, the verb

has been dropped.

is used instead of

to give the same meaning, which

is Save yourself from the lion.

44 This is another term for

. As mentioned earlier, it is similar to mudaaf in meaning.

81 Section 3.8.245

Definition: It is the masdar of the verb that governs it and is used for the following:

(emphasis) e.g.

I beat him severely.

(description of type) e.g.

I sat like a Qari would

sit.

(number of times) e.g.

I hit him twice.

Note: Sometimes, the verb governing

is dropped because of context. For example,

. Originally, it was

, which means You came a good coming.

Here, the verb

, and

, which is the

, have been dropped because of context.

Only the

of the

, which is

, remains.

Section 3.8.346

Definition: It is that noun, which explains the reason for the action taking place. Generally, it is a masdar. e.g.

I beat/hit him to teach (him) manners.

Section 3.8.447

Definition: It is that noun, which appears after such a

, which has the meaning of

(with). This

is known as

. e.g.

Zayd came with the book.

I came with Zayd.

45 For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtidaiyyah, vol. 2, 156-160. For additional types of

when it is neither of the above two.

when it has one of the following:

) There is not even a palms measure of clouds in the sky. b. hidden tanween. e.g.

was originally

) There are eleven men with me. c. of a dual noun. e.g.

) I have two qafeezes72 of wheat. d. which resembles the of a sound masculine plural (

) . e.g.

) I have twenty dirhams. The

in the above examples cannot be

while having a tanween or having a noon

of dual/plural, thus the noun after it gets a

because of it being

.

71 For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 131-141. 72 A qafeez is a classical Islamic measure of volume. According to the Hanafis, it is equal to 40.344 litres.

136 Section 4.3.973

Definition: It is that noun, which indicates an unspecified quantity. It is clarified by the noun following it. These are

and

: can be used in two ways: as an interrogative (

) or as an informative exclamation (

) .

1.

(how many) It gives the noun (

) after it a

. The

is singular. e.g.

How many books do you have?

At times, the preposition

appears before the

. e.g.

How many books do you have?

2.

(so many) It gives the noun (

) after it a

(because of it being a

). The

may be singular or plural.

e.g.

So much of wealth you have spent!

e.g

So much of wealths you have spent!

At times the preposition

appears before the

. e.g.

There are so many angels in the skies/heavens!

(so much, such and such)

It gives the noun (

) after it a nasb. The

is singular. e.g.

I have this much dirhams.

EXERCISE 1. What is the difference between the following sentences. i. ii.

, which has the meaning of

(as long as).

: These have been discussed in Section 3.10.4

FINAL EXERCISE Q: Go through the whole book and identify the various meaning and uses of the following:

145 APPENDIX

Studying Classical/Quranic Arabic There are a number of options available for the student of sacred Islamic knowledge seeking to learn classical Arabic on his/her path to learning the deen. The following is a set of suggested curricula for studying Arabic language, based upon the South Asian (Indo-Paki) scholarly tradition. It is by no means the only option. To begin with, Urdu texts have been omitted. Moreover, those following other scholarly traditions (Arab, Turkish, South East Asian) may have a somewhat different set of books, although they will also find some overlap here. The books whose names are only mentioned in English are English texts, while those whose Arabic names are also given are Arabic texts. The texts increase in difficulty and advancement downward. General Arabic Language Level Texts Beginner to Intermediate Durus al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah vols. 1-3 (

) belong to the intermediate to advanced level. The six volumes in general, and the three al-Ibtidaiyyah volumes in particular, can be used in place of, or in conjunction with Tasheel al-Nahw. The six could also be used in conjunction with Hidayat al-Nahw. Almost always, one of these texts has something that the other does not.