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Rome was founded in ________ BC by Romulus and Remus. The city was located near a ford on the _________ River. Because the ______________ Peninsula is located centrally in the Mediterranean region, the city of Rome was destined to be an economic powerhouse. From around 1000 to 500 BC three groups: Greeks, __________, and Etruscans fought for control of the region called ___________. Rome was built on a collection of ___ hills – the largest being the Palatine. The early Romans became skilled at growing grapes and _________: an essential commodity in cooking and other uses. The Romans adopted religious ideas from the Greeks to include _______________. The gods of Greece were known by different names that we associate today with the _________________.

The ___________ eventually ruled and helped unify the collection of villages into the city of Rome. They established a _____________ which would end with the reign of __________ the Proud. The aristocrats overthrew Tarquin in ________ BC establishing a ________________. There were (2) principal groups in early Rome that fought for power – the ___________ were the elite, wealthy landowners. The ______________ were the common people of Rome. The Patricians were represented in the Senate while the Plebeians had limited representation through their _______________. There was hostility between the groups until ______ BC when a group of laws were written down called the __________ ____________. This helped to bring order to early Rome and gave the Plebeians greater authority and legal protection. Instead of a king, the Republic had two ___________ that acted as an executive and would command the army as well.

The Roman Senate had _______ members and they served for life. The assemblies included the ____________ Assembly where citizen-soldiers were represented and the __________ Assemblies created by the _______________. In time of crisis a ______________ can be appointed for 6 months. ___________ __________ claimed to be dictator for life. The Roman army was divided into units of 5,000 men called ___________. Each legion was subdivided into a _____________ of 80 men. They were also supported by ____________ or men who fought on horseback.

Rome began to spread it’s influence throughout the Italian peninsula. It suffered a set back when the _____ sacked Rome in 390 BC. By ______ BC, however; Rome will control all of Italy. Rome became heavily involved in trade and became an economic rival of the city of _______________ in North Africa. Eventually, this would lead to the _________ Wars that were fought between 264 and 146 BC. ___________ won all three resulting in their domination of the central Mediterranean region. The second Punic War: ______ BC is notable because the Carthaginian general ____________ attempted to invade Rome after crossing the _______ on elephants. He was eventually defeated by ________ at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC.

Rome begans to suffer growing pains around 100 BC. Wealthy landowners created large estates called __________. Small farms couldn’t compete so they closed up and were even forced into _________. Almost 1/3 of the population were slaves. Others went to the city and made up the urban poor. Two brothers, ______ and _______ Gracchus attempted reforms, but were killed leading to civil war. Strong Generals attempted reform at the tip of a sword (_______). Sulla marched on _______ and became dictator. Gaius _______ opened the army so everyone can join leading to upward mobility. Eventually, ________ ________, the hero from the war with ________; would bring about the last days of the _______________.

In 60 BC, Caesar creates the first ___________ made up of himself, Crassus, and ___________. After Caesar’s success in the ________ Wars, Pompey and the Senate ordered him home without his army. In ___ BC, Caesar crossed the ______ River with his army. Pompey fled and was eventually hunted down and killed in ______ by the forces of Ptolemey III. In 46 BC, he returned to Rome and became ________ for life. He was then assassinated in ____ BC because of his disregard for the Senate. He made sweeping changes as an ________ ruler and helped the poor adding to his popularity.

Antony, along with __________ would be defeated at the Battle of ________ in 31 BC. Octavian would be the victor and would be granted the title ___________ or “exalted one”. Under Augustus, the _______ ________ would begin and last until AD 180. Augustus was the first in the line of Emperors called the _______________. Under the Pax Romana, the Romans created 15,000 miles of road, constructed the ___________ that held 50-80,000 people, and built the ___________ thanks to Roman concrete (dome)

Caligula: insane and brutal, named his horse consul. Assassinated in AD 41. 37-41

Claudius: wise ruler who conquered Britain. He was killed by his wife in AD 54. 41-54

Nero: accused of starting the fire that burned Rome. He blamed it on the Christians. He was interested in acting and was considered insane. He killed himself in AD 68 before he could be assassinated. 54-68

“He castrated the boy Sporus and actually tried to make a woman of him; and he married him with all the usual ceremonies, including a dowry and a bridal veil, took him to his home attended by a great throng, and treated him as his wife. And the witty jest that someone made is still current, that it would have been well for the world if Nero's father Domitius had that kind of wife. This Sporus, decked out with the finery of the empresses and riding in a litter, he took with him to the courts and marts of Greece, and later at Rome through the Street of the Images, fondly kissing him from time to time.”

Prelude – The Romans controlled __________, home of the Jews by 63 BC. The Romans maintained a Jewish King, __________ who had an allegiance to Rome. He eventually lost control and the Jews rebelled against the ___________. Rome then made Judea a province in AD ___. The __________ fought to end Roman rule, while other Jews sought the ______________ or “anointed one” to free the Jews from Roman rule politically and spiritually. ____________ was born around 6 to 4 BC in and was raised in Nazareth. At the age of _____ he began his ministry where he claimed to be the son of God and stressed love for God, neighbors, and even your enemies. Unlike __________ mythology, Jesus promised a life after death. 12 pupils or ___________ followed Jesus and wrote the _____ ___________ of the Christian Bible. Later, as they taught; they became known as ____________ as they were “sent with a message”. Jesus was a threat to Roman rule as he was praised _________, which in Greek translates to “Christos” giving us _______ ___________

Jesus entered ___________ around AD 29. The Roman governor (prefect) ________ _________ accused Jesus of ____________. It is unclear as to whether the ____________ or Jewish priests really persecuted Jesus or not. In the end, Jesus was found guilty and killed by ___________ (a Roman punishment)The apostles of Christ, set forth to spread Jesus’ teachings. ________ inherited the church, but the later apostle, _________ did the most to spread Christianity as he claimed Jesus was a savior for _____ people – Jews and _______ alike. He was beheaded in Rome around AD 67. Thanks to Paul, Christian ___________ appeared in Rome, Antioch, Nicaea, ________, and Alexandria.

Following the death of Christ, the Zealots rose against Roman rule. This resulted in the massacre at ________ and the destruction of the ______ _______. The Jews were then cast out (______) and their religion was spread throughout the world called the _________. The _____________ was financed with the loot taken from Jerusalem. Christianity also spread out and went against Roman mythology. As a result, __________ were persecuted and killed. Some viewed them as ___________. _____ blamed Christians of the great Rome fire in 64 AD. Soon the church gained structure: _____ were in charge of multiple priests, and the first Bishop of Rome, _______; took the title ______ (papa) as Jesus left Peter the “keys” of the church.

We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, of one Being with the Father.

Through him all things were made. For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end.

We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son. With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets. We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.