The most detailed map of cancer survivorship yet In partnership with

Transcription

1 The most detailed map of cancer survivorship yet In partnership with national cancer intelligence network

2 Routes from Diagnosis was developed by Macmillan Cancer Support in partnership with: national cancer intelligence network National Cancer Intelligence Network The National Cancer Intelligence Network (NCIN) is a UK-wide partnership operated by Public Health England. The NCIN coordinates and develops analysis and intelligence to drive improvements in prevention, standards of cancer care and clinical outcomes for cancer patients. We are a network of organisations working across the UK, including the National Cancer Registration Service (NCRS), the NHS and health departments, cancer charities, research funders and other organisations with an interest in using information to improve outcomes for cancer patients. Our aims and objectives cover five core areas to improve the quality and availability of cancer data from its collection to use: P romoting efficient and effective data collection throughout the cancer journey. Monitor Deloitte Monitor Deloitte is a global leader in strategy consultancy with specific expertise in healthcare, life sciences and consumer business. Our investments in deep analytics, innovation and research help our clients build dynamic organisations to lead in an environment of constant change. Our clients tell us that the way we work side by side with them is distinctive. We are committed to working together to change how we shape the future. Monitor Deloitte refers to Monitor Company Europe, a subsidiary of Deloitte LLP, the United Kingdom member firm of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited ( DTTL ), a UK private company limited by guarantee, whose member firms are legally separate and independent entities. Please see deloitte.co.uk/about for a detailed description of the legal structure of DTTL and its member firms. P roviding a common national repository for cancer datasets. P roducing expert analyses, to monitor patterns of cancer care. E xploiting information to drive improvements in cancer care and clinical outcomes. E nabling use of cancer information to support audit and research programmes. This document is designed for an audience of health professionals, managers and commissioners, and will be of interest to the public. If you are concerned about the effect of cancer and its treatments on yourself or someone you know, please consult a health professional. 1 Foreword 3 Introduction 5 Overview of survivorship by cancer type 7 How the work was done 9 Understanding the survivorship outcome frameworks 17 Findings for breast cancer 25 Findings for lung cancer 33 Findings for prostate cancer 41 Findings for brain and central nervous system tumours 51 Case study: using Routes from Diagnosis for service redesign 55 Recommendations 57 What next for RfD and big data in healthcare? 61 Acknowledgements 63 References

3 The story of cancer is changing by 2020, nearly half of us can expect to get cancer in our lifetime, but almost four in ten will not die from the disease. The number of people living with cancer in the UK will double from today s two million to four million in the next twenty years. But how well do we really understand what happens to patients after diagnosis? In 2013, Macmillan Cancer Support revealed that at least one in four of those living with cancer around 500,000 people in the UK face poor health or disability after treatment. But we knew this wasn t the full picture. In order to support people affected by cancer better, we need a much more detailed understanding of what happens after diagnosis. Crude measures like one and five-year survival are no longer enough. Patients understand well how disjointed their care can be. This report shows how often patients are facing cancer in the context of other illnesses, either during treatment or during the years that follow. All the clinicians who see cancer patients after their treatment need to be aware of the issues cancer survivors may face. We need to know not only how many patients are dealing with significant consequences of cancer and its treatment and other morbidities, but which particular patients are affected. We believe the key to unlocking improvements in cancer care is to understand the variations in survival outcomes, and cost between patient groups, joining up previously disparate sets of data to paint a detailed picture of cancer survivorship. This is exactly what our Routes from Diagnosis (RfD) programme allows us to do for the first time. A major cross-sector research effort drawing on the charitable, private and public sectors, it is driven by a collective desire to improve standards of cancer care and clinical outcomes by using routinely-collected data. RfD combines powerful analytics from Monitor Deloitte and expert clinical insights from the National Cancer Intelligence Network s Site-Specific Reference Groups with Macmillan s vision of the outcomes we want to achieve for everyone affected by cancer. Routes from Diagnosis shows that with the technology and data already available to the NHS it is possible to understand cancer journeys at an unprecedented level of detail. However, this work is not easy. Until recently, routinely collected health data has been treated as an exhaust of the healthcare system a byproduct of the payment and commissioning systems rather than being seen as a vital source of invaluable information about the quality and outcomes of NHS care. The realisation of the potential of this treasure chest of data has nowhere been better understood than in the cancer world, but this is not always well understood more widely and there is a need to continue to show why access to these data sources is of vital importance to all of us. Only now are we starting to realise the benefits of big data analysis, allowing us to unpick, for example, the large variations in the inpatient costs associated with cancer survivors, and how these costs relate to outcomes. Macmillan knows well that poor care is often more costly care, and that outcomes and costs can be improved together. Using insights from RfD, commissioners and other decision makers can target interventions, spot trigger points, and understand how costs accumulate and are segmented. This allows us to match our understanding of needs to solutions, seeing where to make better use of acute oncology services, or physical activity schemes. This report describes the findings of analysis of linked Cancer Registry and inpatient Hospital Episode Statistics data for four cancers. Further detail on the methodology behind this work will be described in a forthcoming academic publication. In the future, we will be adding datasets and expanding the analysis to a wider range of cancer types and treatments. We also believe the Routes from Diagnosis technique could be a valuable approach for the NHS to adopt itself. In the meantime, we hope the findings in this report will improve the healthcare system s understanding of these four cancers. When used as an evidence base to support service and system redesign, big data has the power to change lives. Macmillan is excited to see what others make of the RfD programme and how the NHS can use these insights to improve the lives of people affected by cancer. Jane Maher Chief Medical Officer Macmillan Cancer Support Mick Peake National Clinical Lead National Cancer Intelligence Network 1 2

4 This report summarises the results of the first phase of the Routes from Diagnosis study, including outcome pathways, survival rates, inpatient costs and morbidities associated with breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and brain and central nervous system tumours. What is Routes from Diagnosis? RfD is a programme of research performing retrospective analysis of almost 85,000 cancer patients interactions with the NHS in England over seven years the richest picture yet of cancer survivorship. Pairing big data analysis with clinical insight, it reveals significant variation in outcomes, survival and cost within and between cancer types. It allows us to understand just how many people affected by cancer are living with serious long-term conditions. possible into patients pre- and postdiagnosis clinical journeys. This gives us a new way of understanding the cancer journey. Context: the changing story of cancer There are now two million people living with or beyond cancer in the UK. Higher incidence, an ageing and improved survival rates all mean this figure is set to double to four million over the next 20 years. More people are living with and beyond cancer than ever before, and they need support after treatment to meet their ongoing needs and to live with cancer as a long-term illness. This requires a shift in the way we think about survival and life after cancer. Crude measures like one and five-year survival rates alone are no longer enough. How can this analysis be used? RfD turns routinely collected data into insight to show which groups of patients in particular need more support. The project was set up with the objective of providing the cancer community with a scientific, evidence-based framework to apply to cancer care commissioning, service and system design, policy formulation, and to inform the direction of academic research. This insight can also be used to improve outcomes surveillance and management, and provide information for people living with or affected by cancer about life after diagnosis. Clinical teams and commissioners who understand the variations in clinical journeys can then target improvements to ensure people living with and beyond cancer receive the right tailored care, at the right time, in the right place. The insight offered by RfD is already being used to improve cancer services in the UK. Leading the way is a pathway redesign project run by the South Yorkshire, Bassetlaw and North Derbyshire Clinical Commissioning Groups in partnership with Macmillan, which is featured in the Case Study chapter of this report. A second report will follow, containing findings for colorectal, head and neck, bladder, cervical and ovarian cancers, as well as adding analysis of outpatient and A&E datasets. As part of the National Cancer Survivorship Initiative (NCSI), Macmillan commissioned the RfD programme 1 to find a way to map the cancer journey from diagnosis to death or continued survival, describing the health outcomes that patients experience. By linking and analysing routinely collected data including Cancer Registry data and Hospital Episode Statistics, RfD provides greater insight than was previously By 2020, almost one in two people will get cancer in their lifetime but nearly four in 10 of those will not die from it. 3 4

5 Limited survival Group 1 Limited survival Group 2 More aggressive complications/ recurrence Limited moderate survival Group 3 Patients with other inpatient diagnoses Group 4 Limited intervention Group 5 Less aggressive complications/ recurrence On-going survival Group 6 Living with or beyond cancer Group 7 Living with or beyond other inpatient diagnoses Group 8 Living beyond cancer Breast Although 69% of breast cancer patients experienced ongoing survival, illustrated by the three circles shaded in green, only one in five patients lived for at least seven years without metastases, recurrence or an additional primary cancer, or other inpatient morbidities. Full findings for breast cancer are available on pages Total diagnosed in 2004 = 36,756 Analysis based on patients with inpatient records = 26,926 Breast Lung A large proportion of lung cancer patients experienced limited survival and poor outcomes, illustrated by the large red circle. Less than 1% lived for at least seven years without metastases, recurrence or an additional primary cancer, or other inpatient morbidities. Full findings for lung cancer are available on pages Total diagnosed in 2004 = 31,233 Analysis based on patients with inpatient records = 21,634 Lung Prostate Outcomes for prostate cancer patients are mixed. A large proportion experienced limited survival with poor outcomes, illustrated by the circle in red, though many patients experienced continued survival with no other inpatient morbidities, as illustrated by the green circles. Full findings for prostate cancer are available on pages Total diagnosed in 2004 = 31,200 Analysis based on patients with or without inpatient records = 27,213 Prostate Brain/CNS Patients with brain/cns tumours also experienced mixed survivorship outcomes, due to the different tumour types contained within this group. A large proportion of patients experienced limited survival (predominantly those with glioblastomas), however a substantial proportion of patients lived for at least seven years (predominantly those with meningiomas or nerve sheath tumours). Full findings for brain/cns tumours are available on pages Total diagnosed in 2004 = 11,362 Analysis based on patients with inpatient records = 8,762 The larger the bubble size, the greater the percentage of patients. Note: details of survival time periods for each cancer cohort can be found in their respective chapters. More information to assist with interpreting this diagram can be found in the next chapter ( How the work was done ). Brain/CNS 5 6

6 Routes from Diagnosis (RfD) was initiated and commissioned by Macmillan Cancer Support and conducted by Monitor Deloitte, with guidance from a clinical advisory group composed of the chairs of the National Cancer Intelligence Network s (NCIN) Site Specific Clinical Reference Groups (SSCRG) and a team from Macmillan. The datasets RfD links data from almost 85,000 patients in the National Cancer Data Repository (NCDR) with Inpatient Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data, and uses this to map patients long-term journeys from diagnosis through to a set of clinically defined and meaningful outcomes. This is presented as a survivorship outcome framework. The cancers included in the analysis were chosen to include some of the most prevalent cancers in the UK breast, lung and prostate cancers in addition to rarer brain and central nervous system tumours about which less was known. The study examined the complete national database of patients with these tumours diagnosed in England in 2004, tracking their inpatient hospital activity over a seven-year period. The 2004 cohort was identified as the optimal core study on which to base the survivorship outcome frameworks. This balanced a substantial period of follow-up (up to seven years) while ensuring any conclusions would be sufficiently relevant to modern practice, though it must be acknowledged that some important changes in practice have taken place during this time. For brain/cns tumours, incidence was particularly low, so cohorts diagnosed in 2003 and 2004 were combined to ensure a sufficiently large study. Outpatient and A&E data were not available in time for the first phase of this project, though these data will be added into the analysis when they become available. It is expected that these sources will add further insight into less acute morbidities and complications than those identified through inpatient data (particularly for cancers frequently managed in an outpatient setting, such as prostate cancer), as well as more complete information on the costs of cancer to the NHS. Data cleaning removed patients with invalid records or evidence of prior tumours from the study. For breast cancer, lung cancer and brain/cns tumours, patients with no inpatient records were removed as they were not judged to be representative of the overall cancer s, as most patients have their primary tumour removed by inpatient surgery. However, as many prostate cancer patients are managed with outpatient biopsy, hormone therapy, monitoring or radiation that does not involve an inpatient stay, the clinical advisory group determined that prostate cancer patients from NCDR with no inpatient records in HES should be included in the study to avoid skewing the survivorship frameworks. Clinical review The clinical advisory group was composed of pathologists, surgeons, oncologists and data experts involved in the NCIN SSCRGs. The group provided clinical and data analysis expertise at key stages of development to determine the most appropriate way to break down the survival groupings. 7 8

7 Routes from Diagnosis uses survivorship outcome frameworks to separate patients into mutually exclusive, collectively exhaustive groups, first by survival length and then adding layers of detail appropriate to each cancer type. These have been produced in both detailed and simplified formats. Detailed survivorship outcome frameworks Figure 1 provides an example of the detailed survivorship outcome framework for breast cancer. In this example, 24 detailed outcome pathways have been identified. Figure 1: example of a detailed survivorship outcome framework (breast cancer) Variables The variables that are used to construct each framework describe the clinical elements of survivorship that the clinical advisory group agreed were most important for each cancer. For example, for cancers associated with poor outcomes more detail is provided for patients who experienced short survival, whereas for cancers associated with longer survivorship, the descriptive focus is on longer survival lengths. This is well illustrated in the differences between lung cancer, where more detail is provided on short survival intervals, and breast cancer, where long-term morbidities are described in greater depth. Once appropriate survival breakdowns had been identified for each cancer, the clinical advisory group highlighted the key factors that are both known to affect cancer patients after their cancer diagnosis and can be recorded as a diagnosis in inpatient records. This added a layer of detail to the frameworks beyond simple survival lengths. All patients are allocated to one outcome pathway only, using a hierarchy to prioritise the characteristics which had the greatest bearing on patients lives after diagnosis. First, survival was prioritised as the most important outcome for cancer Key Mets: Metastases D&NL Mets: Distant and non-lymph node metastases A&UL Mets: Axillary and upper limb metastases (i.e. local metastases) Cancer Complications: Recurrence or additional primary cancer OIM: Other inpatient morbidities NOIM: No other inpatient morbidities MSK: Musculoskeletal patients. This is then followed by cancer recurrence, spread or new cancers, and if these did not occur, then other inpatient morbidities. For example, if a patient experienced cancer complications this will always take priority over other inpatient morbidities, which takes priority over no other inpatient morbidities. This means that a patient could have experienced both cancer complications and other inpatient morbidities but would only be categorised and included in a cancer complications pathway. Metastases The first of these additional factors was the presence or development of metastases. Patients with metastases need appropriate treatment and support, and so the ability to distinguish these patients from those without metastases adds a valuable level of detail to the frameworks, helping to tailor care. The way metastases are incorporated in the framework differs by cancer type, based on advice from the clinical team. For example, the breast cancer framework differentiates between axillary and upper lymph node and distant and non-lymph node metastases, as axillary and upper lymph node metastases are often still considered curable. Such a clear-cut distinction was not deemed appropriate for the other cancer types. Furthermore, for breast and prostate cancer, a distinction was made between patients who presented with and developed metastases. Patients diagnosed with metastases up to 90 days after diagnosis were described as having presented with metastatic cancer, whilst metastases diagnosed 90 days or more after diagnosis were described as having developed, as this was found to have a significant impact on outcomes. 9 10

8 High and low inpatient care Levels of inpatient care utilisation were used as a proxy to give some indication of quality of life for patients in some of the lung, prostate and brain/cns limited survival outcome groups. If a patient spent more than 25% of their survival in hospital, they were described as having had high inpatient care, and if they spent less than 25% of their survival in hospital they were allocated to the low inpatient care group. This method was felt to be the best way to combine frequency of visit with time in hospital as an indication of post-diagnosis quality of life. Cancer complications In addition to the presence or development of metastases, the RfD methodology was designed to capture the development of additional primary cancers and the recurrence of an index cancer following a period of remission. These are described using the term cancer complications. As brain/cns tumours seldom metastasise (and because when they do, they usually metastasise only within the brain/cns), metastases were included in the cancer complications groups for these tumours. Other inpatient morbidities Uniquely, RfD also captures a more detailed description of a patient s survivorship through the identification of inpatient morbidities. The clinical advisory group identified what they believed were clinically important inpatient morbidities during the survivorship phase for each index tumour. These were defined as: Common morbidities likely to affect treatment decisions; Common complications of the cancer or cancer treatment. Individual ICD-10 codes 2 were used to identify these occurrences, i.e. any occurrence of a specific relevant circulatory ICD-10 code would count as an occurrence of disease of the circulatory system. Once codes had been identified and finalised for each cancer, inpatient HES data was used to identify the occurrence of these relevant morbidities. These were grouped into high-level categories to avoid too much complexity in the final presentation of outputs. No other inpatient morbidities Patients with no recorded cancer complications or other inpatient morbidities were described as having no other inpatient morbidities. It is important to say that these patients do not necessarily live without any health issues rather that RfD currently only describes inpatient activity. For example, a 2011 study of general practice data found that many breast, colorectal and prostate cancer survivors living five years or more after diagnosis presented to their GPs with chronic illnesses 3, but unless such illnesses resulted in an inpatient admission they are not described in RfD, as they do not appear in inpatient HES. To some extent this may restrict what RfD can say about ; however, as the recording of an inpatient can be taken as a reasonable proxy for acuity, the methodology should capture the most severe morbidities of each type. Common morbidities likely to be more prevalent for the tumour type than a general ; 12

9 Simplified survivorship outcome frameworks Whilst the detailed survivorship outcome frameworks provided a deeper understanding of survivorship, there was also a need to create simplified outcome frameworks for those involved in service redesign, for whom a large number of pathways is impractical. The simplified survivorship outcome frameworks apply a consistent set of four principles across all cancers to describe the length and complexity of survival: A. Survival is the overwhelming priority in cancer B. Early in survivorship, the cancer itself is the priority C. Later in survivorship, morbidities are more impactful D. Wherever possible, it is important to describe factors that may have a bearing on quality of life Within this framework, it is possible to identify 8 simplified groups (see Figure 2) which cover the full spectrum of survivorship over the 7-year period of the RfD study. Please note that in the simplified survivorship outcomes frameworks, cancer complications includes metastases, in addition to recurrence or additional primary tumours. Figure 3 provides an example of how the pathways in the detailed frameworks were grouped together to form the simplified frameworks. This varies slightly between the four cancer types. Figure 3: example of simplified survivorship outcome groups mapped against a detailed survivorship outcome framework (for breast cancer) Figure 2: identifying the simplified survivorship outcome groups A B C D Survival Cancer complications Other inpatient morbidities No other inpatient morbidities Group months Limited survival Limited Moderate On-going Group years More aggressive complications/recurrence Group years Less aggresive complications/recurrence Group 6 7+ years Cancer as a chronic disease Group years Patients with survival limited by other morbidities Group 7 7+ years Living with or beyond cancer with other morbidities Group years Limited intervention Group 8 7+ years Living beyond cancer Key Mets: Metastases D&NL Mets: Distant and non-lymph node metastases A&UL Mets: Axillary and upper limb metastases (i.e. local metastases) Cancer Complications: Recurrence or additional primary cancer OIM: Other inpatient morbidities NOIM: No other inpatient morbidities MSK: Musculoskeletal 13 14

10 Figure 4, below, illustrates the relative distribution of patients across the simplified groups: Figure 4: example of a simplified survivorship outcome framework (for breast cancer) Limited survival Group months survival 6.5% Group years survival with cancer complications 13.8% Limited moderate survival Group years survival with other inpatient morbidities 5.5% A cancer with poor survivorship outcomes will have larger circles coloured in shades of red, while a cancer with better outcomes will have larger circles in shades of green. This visual language helps to inform more broadly an on-going conversation about cancer, and provides a structured way for the cancer community to think about survivorship in the context of planning and service improvement. Costing data RfD includes economic analysis 4 describing the cost of all activity within inpatient HES. This includes all episodes of admitted patient care including elective care, non-elective care, day cases and regular attendances coded in inpatient Group years survival with no other inpatient morbidities 0.9% Group years survival with cancer complications 4.5% On-going survival Group 6 7+ years survival with cancer complications 19.2% Group 7 7+ years survival with other inpatient morbidities 29.1% Group 8 7+ years survival with no other inpatient morbidities 20.5% HES. Activity delivered in any other setting, such as outpatient clinics, primary care (e.g., oral chemotherapy, follow-up) or A&E, is not included in the analysis. This means a large proportion of the coded surgical activity and approximately just over half of chemotherapy delivered in secondary care is included, but the data misses much radiotherapy, oral and injected chemotherapy as well as the initial consultation and diagnosis and many monitoring appointments, which are delivered in an outpatient setting. In addition, chemotherapy and radiotherapy costs have historically been negotiated at a local level and are not in the national dataset. For the purposes of this study national average costs are included for some activity (that which happens in an inpatient setting). The costs do not include: critical care days, neonatal care, specialist palliative care and rehabilitation. Unfortunately some elements of cancer treatment are not well recorded in HES. New national datasets, such as the Radiotherapy Data Set (RTDS) and the Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy (SACT) data set, will ultimately enable a fuller understanding of the treatments being provided and their costs. Comparison To enhance our understanding of how best to manage survivorship care, we needed to know which noncancer morbidities were more prevalent among cancer patients than in patients who did not have cancer. Building on the work of McBride et al, 5 an age and sex matched comparison of 50,000 was created to compare with each of the four cancer (i.e. four different representative 50,000 patient groups). This comparison group was drawn from patients with a HES record in It should be noted that the 40% of the UK who use the secondary care system in a given year are likely to be in poorer health than the 60% who do not. More detailed methodology Full details of the RfD methodology will be outlined in an academic paper currently being prepared for publication

11 1 breast cancer Survivorship The full of 36,756 patients diagnosed with breast cancer in England in 2004 were considered for inclusion in the RfD datasets. Patients with invalid records (2,583), no inpatient records (6,176), or evidence of any prior tumours (1,071) were removed from the cohort. This resulted in 26,926 patients being included in the detailed survivorship outcome framework for breast cancer (see figure 5). Figure 5: detailed survivorship outcomes framework for breast cancer Given the large proportion of patients experiencing continued survival, the framework provides a higher level of detail for these groups. To provide more detail on metastatic breast cancer, the framework distinguishes between whether metastases were distant and non-lymph node (D&NL) metastases or axillary and upper limb (A&UL) metastases, and for some survival lengths, whether patients presented with metastases or subsequently developed them. A large proportion of patients who presented with or developed axillary and upper limb metastases lived to over seven years, which demonstrates the effectiveness of treatment and monitoring for localised cancer. 3.6% of breast cancer patients died within a year of diagnosis despite having only locally advanced disease or no metastases. However, 70.0% of breast cancer patients in this outcome pathway were aged over 75 years, compared to 20.8% of the breast cancer cohort as a whole. The survivorship outcome pathways with the highest prevalence were: 7+ year survival with no metastases, complications or inpatient morbidities (20.5%); 7+ year survival with no metastases, with other or multiple inpatient morbidities (14.0%); and 7+ year survival with axillary or upper limb metastases (12.5%). In a busy NHS setting it is easy to view the success or failure of management as survival or disease-free survival. The reality is that each surviving patient may be living with significant physical and psychological issues, and a lot of the non-cancer would get missed in a busy clinic. Routes from Diagnosis shows us the situation in a clearly understandable way, and could lead to a more accurate description of the potential future for patients embarking on their treatment journey. Where the majority of patients survive, as for breast cancer, this is particularly pertinent. Dr Murray Brunt, Consultant Clinical Oncologist 17 Key No Mets: No metastases D&NL Mets: Distant and non-lymph node metastases A&UL Mets: Axillary and upper limb metastases (i.e. local metastases) Cancer Complications: Recurrence or additional primary cancer OIM: Other inpatient morbidities NOIM: No other inpatient morbidities MSK: Musculoskeletal 18

12 Simplified survivorship outcome frameworks Simplified frameworks (see figure 6) were developed to help easily communicate the distribution of patients into each group, and to offer a consistent way of talking about and comparing each cancer. Figure 6: graphical view of simplified survivorship outcomes framework for breast cancer Limited survival Group months survival 6.5% Group years survival with cancer complications 13.8% Limited moderate survival Group years survival with other inpatient diagnoses 5.5% Group years survival with no other inpatient diagnoses 0.9% Group years survival with cancer complications 4.5% On-going survival Group 6 7+ years survival with cancer complications 19.2% Group 7 7+ years survival with other inpatient diagnoses 29.1% Group 8 7+ years survival with no other inpatient diagnoses 20.5% Post-diagnosis inpatient costs Healthcare commissioners need to unpick variations in costs, linked to outcomes, if they are to deliver high value care. As well as describing outcomes, RfD allows us to see how inpatient costs vary by survivorship outcome group, helping to build a fuller picture of the costs of cancer and its treatment. Uniquely, this includes the cost of inpatient treatment in the survivorship phase up to seven years after diagnosis, including for relevant non-cancer conditions. Figure 7 displays the average postdiagnosis inpatient cost for breast cancer patients in each outcome group, and the volume of patients within each group. The average post-diagnosis inpatient cost was 10.2K per patient, however there is significant variation in cost depending on outcome. The relationship between inpatient post-diagnosis cost and survival is not linear the highest inpatient costs are associated with patients who experienced medium term survival (groups 2, 3 and 5). As the chart shows, although there is some amount of variation in treatment costs, the largest variations are in the cost of the inpatient care that follows during the recovery and survivorship phases. 8 Differences in cost can be explained, in part, by the greater costs for patients with slowly progressive but partially responsive disease who undergo repeated episodes of treatment; and the higher initial costs of treating those with more aggressive disease, ultimately limited by their compromised survival. High inpatient treatment costs are associated with the relatively small (4.5%) group of patients in outcome group five whose inpatient costs continue to accumulate at a rapid rate particularly in the last years of survival. These patients have continuing care needs due to metastases and complications and live Figure 7: average post-diagnosis inpatient costs 7 of breast cancer patients split by phase, by simplified survivorship outcome, with number of patients Note: Cancer complications includes metastases, additional primary cancers and recurrence. Other inpatient morbidities includes relevant complications as defined by the clinical advisory group; colour coding indicates severity of disease, from most severe (red) to least severe (green) While it is already known that the majority of breast cancer patients survive, we now know that more than two thirds of patients surviving seven years or more experienced either cancer complications or other inpatient morbidities. This tells us that the health journey for breast cancer patients can be long-term and complex. RfD also provides further evidence of the presentation of later-stage disease in older patients and the link to poorer survival rates. 6 It was possible to identify 19.9% of the cohort as having experienced metastatic disease. Of those patients identified, 14.7% of patients aged had already developed metastases at the time of their breast cancer diagnosis. This proportion was higher for each of the older age brackets; (19.9%), (22.3%) and 75+ (25.9%). Taking a single age bracket, 54.7% of patients aged who presented with metastases at diagnosis lived to one year, whilst oneyear survival for patients of this age who developed metastases after diagnosis was 95.5%. Five-year survival was 19.7% and 32.1% respectively. Cost after first year post-diagnosis Cost in first year post-diagnosis Number of patients 19 20

13 Table 8: % of breast cancer and comparison living with each at one and five years post-cancer diagnosis / post-earliest 2004 event Endocrine Digestive Respiratory Musculoskeletal Circulatory Genitourinary New Primary Patients living with at one year Patients living with at five years Cancer Comparison Cancer burden (ratio) Cancer Comparison Cancer burden (ratio) 2.5% 2.3% 7.5% 4.9% 19% 7.8% 1.3% 1.4% 3.2% 4.7% 3.9% 11.3% 5.7% 1% % 7.7% 12.8% 11.5% 29.3% 20.7% 3.8% 4.1% 9.4% 11.5% 12.1% 26.6% 14.5% 2.9% Significantly lower proportion in cancer patients with p Significantly higher proportion in cancer patients with p long enough for high costs to be accrued over a long period. Other morbidities Two thirds of breast cancer patients (67%) experience other inpatient morbidities. 9 RfD makes it possible to identify the extent of morbidities and the rate at which morbidities accrue across cancer survivorship outcome groups and between cancer types. Table 8 draws a comparison between the proportion of the breast cancer alive at one and five years after diagnosis who experienced other inpatient morbidities, and the proportion of an inpatient, non-cancer comparison group who experienced the same morbidities. Across a range of morbidities, a significantly higher proportion of cancer patients were living with health issues other than their primary cancer at one and five years after diagnosis, compared to the comparison group. Circulatory morbidities are the most prevalent among breast cancer patients, rising from 19% of the living breast cancer at one year to 29.3% at five years. Respiratory and genitourinary morbidities are also significantly more prevalent in the cancer than in the comparison group, whereas prevalence of digestive morbidities is significantly lower at one year. While the percentage of the living breast cancer with non-cancer inpatient morbidities increases over the study period, much of this is diagnosed shortly after the initial cancer diagnosis incidence 21 22

14 is highest in the first six months, when patients are under surveillance and further tests identify undiagnosed pre-existing conditions and new morbidities. After this point, the incidence of new morbidities drops to a level similar to that experienced by the comparison group. For example figure 9 shows the incidence of new circulatory morbidities at six monthly time periods after cancer diagnosis. The good news story for breast cancer patients is that over time, the risk of acquiring a new inpatient becomes very similar to that of the general. Breast cancer and its treatments can result in long-term side effects, some of which may seriously affect quality of life. Lymphoedema, body image issues, cognitive changes, hormonal symptoms (such as hot flushes), pain, fatigue, fertility issues, peripheral neuropathy, sexual difficulties and psychosocial problems may occur. Some treatments increase the risk of longer term cardiac disease or osteoporosis. Specialist services are needed to manage severe symptoms, but some problems can be minimised or avoided through, for example, earlier identification of lymphoedema, or monitoring heart and bone health. The RfD analysis of the breast cancer cohort can help us to understand better patterns of hospital admissions and associated costs resulting from conditions which may be associated with the consequences of cancer and its treatment. Figure 10 shows the percentage of breast cancer patients who experienced none, one or multiple morbidities throughout their cancer survivorship journey. When compared to the other RfD cancer cohorts, a smaller proportion of breast cancer patients experienced multiple inpatient morbidities (at just less than 40%) than prostate and lung cancer patients. Figure 10: percentage of breast cancer by number of inpatient morbidities taken over the seven year survivorship period Figure 9: circulatory acquisition for breast cancer None 33.0% % % % 4 4.6% % Breast cancer Comparison Months after diagnosis 23 24

15 2Survivorship The full of 31,233 patients diagnosed with lung cancer in England in 2004 were considered for inclusion in the RfD data sets. Patients with invalid records (727), no inpatient records (5,142), or evidence of any prior tumours (3,730), were removed from the cohort. This resulted in 21,634 patients being included in the detailed outcome survivorship framework for lung cancer (see figure 11). Figure 11: detailed survivorship outcome framework for lung cancer To best describe the clinical journeys of the large number of patients who died within a year of diagnosis, further survival breakdowns within the first year were introduced (at 0 1 month, 1 6 months and 6 12 months). The lung cancer framework firstly segments patients by whether they had metastases at any point or not. Further segmentation of patients by level of inpatient care was performed to consider the aggressive nature of the tumours; helping to describe the experience and resource usage of these patients. Almost three quarters of lung cancer patients (73%) die within a year of diagnosis. While this is comparable with previously published statistics, RfD provides additional knowledge about the survivorship outcome pathways. The survivorship outcome pathways with the highest prevalence were: 0 1 month survival with no metastases and high inpatient care (10.9%); 1 6 month survival with metastases and high inpatient care (9.7%); and 1 6 month survival with no metastases and high inpatient care (8.9%). Key Mets: Metastases Cancer Complications: Recurrence or additional primary cancer High inpatient care: Patient spent more than 25% of survival length in hospital Low inpatient care: Patient spent less than 25% of survival length in hospital The process of being involved in RfD has been very interesting. It shows that we need to look again at treatment for people with longer survival, and provide a package of care. Lung cancer survival rates are beginning to improve so this will become much more pertinent in the coming years. Michael Lind, Professor of Clinical Oncology 25 26

16 Simplified survivorship outcomes framework Simplified frameworks (see figure 12) were developed to help easily communicate the distribution of patients into each group, and to offer a consistent way of talking about and comparing each cancer. Figure 12: graphical view of simplified survivorship outcome framework for lung cancer Limited survival Group months survival 55.5% Group 2 6 months 1 year survival with cancer complications 10% Limited moderate survival Group 3 6 months 7 years survival with other inpatient morbidities 9.8% Group 4 6 months 7 years survival with no other inpatient morbidities 3.1% Group years survival with cancer complications 17.1% On-going survival Group 6 7+ years survival with cancer complications 1.5% Group 7 7+ years survival with other inpatient morbidities 2.4% Group 8 7+ years survival with no other inpatient morbidities 0.7% Post-diagnosis inpatient costs Healthcare commissioners need to unpick variations in costs, linked to outcomes, if they are to deliver high value care. As well as describing outcomes, RfD allows us to see how inpatient costs vary by survivorship outcome group, helping to build a complete picture of the costs of cancer and treatment. Uniquely, this includes the cost of inpatient treatment in the survivorship phase up to seven years after diagnosis, including for relevant non-cancer conditions. The graph below (figure 13) displays the average post-diagnosis inpatient cost for lung cancer patients in each outcome group, and the volume of patients within each group. Lung cancer patients had lower postdiagnosis inpatient costs on average when compared to the other cancer cohorts (at around 7.9K per patient). Conversely the average inpatient costs for lung cancer patients during the first year post-diagnosis are among the highest (along with brain/cns tumour patients) when compared to the other RfD cancer frameworks. This means that the majority of inpatient costs for lung cancer patients are attributed to the first year postdiagnosis. This is not a surprise due to the large number of lung cancer patients who are acutely unwell upon diagnosis, for example, where they present with latestage cancer. The average inpatient costs post-diagnosis for groups 1 and 8 are almost the same at around 5K/ 6K; demonstrating once again that the relationship between inpatient cost post-diagnosis and survival is not linear. This shows that the small percentage of lung cancer patients who survive past seven years post-diagnosis with no other inpatient morbidities are no more or less expensive to treat in the secondary care setting than patients with limited survival. Figure 13: average post-diagnosis inpatient costs 7 of lung cancer patients split by phase, by simplified survivorship outcome, with number of patients Note: Cancer complications includes metastases, additional primary cancers and recurrence. Other inpatient morbidities includes relevant complications as defined by the clinical advisory group; colour coding indicates severity of disease, from most severe (red) to least severe (green) Even among patients with long-term survival, there is a high burden of disease due to cancer complications or morbidities. Although Macmillan estimates that by 2020 fewer than half of those who get breast and prostate cancer will ultimately die as a result of their cancer, around three quarters of those who get lung cancer will die from it. 10 Macmillan believes that there are three key things that could help close the gap between survival rates for different cancers and give everyone the best possible chance of recovery. Firstly, supporting the call for plain packaging of cigarettes to discourage people from taking up smoking; secondly catching the illness earlier through better awareness; and making sure access to surgery is more uniform across the country to reduce inequalities in cancer survival. Cost after first year post-diagnosis Cost in first year post-diagnosis Number of patients Note: Cancer complications includes metastases, additional primary cancers and recurrence. Other inpatient morbidities includes relevant complications as defined by the clinical advisory group; Colour coding indicates severity of disease, from most severe (red) to least severe (green) 27 28

17 Table 14: % of lung cancer and comparison living with each at one and five years post-cancer diagnosis / post-earliest 2004 event Figure 15: respiratory acquisition for lung cancer Patients living with at one year Patients living with at five years Cancer Comparison Cancer burden (ratio) Cancer Comparison Cancer burden (ratio) Endocrine Digestive Respiratory Musculoskeletal Circulatory New Primary 15% 11.8% 32.6% 7.9% 31.9% 5.9% 7.4% 8.4% 5.6% 3.1% 16.9% 2.6% % 29.9% 40.4% 13.9% 43.8% 33% 20.4% 22.8% 13.4% 9.7% 38.6% 8.3% Significantly lower proportion in cancer patients with p Significantly higher proportion in cancer patients with p Other morbidities Over three quarters of lung cancer patients (77%) experienced other inpatient morbidities. 9 RfD makes it possible to identify the extent of morbidities and the rate at which morbidities occur across cancer survivorship outcome groups and between cancer types. Table 14 shows the proportion of the lung cancer alive at one and five year intervals after diagnosis who experienced other inpatient morbidities, compared with an inpatient, non-cancer comparison group. At one and five years post-cancer diagnosis, a significantly higher proportion of lung cancer patients were living with morbidities compared to the comparison, for all types of morbidities identified. The percentage of patients experiencing other morbidities is higher across all morbidities than for other cancer cohorts, particularly at one year post-diagnosis. We now know that the risk of acquiring a new primary cancer is higher for lung cancer patients than for patients with breast cancer, prostate cancer or brain/ CNS tumours. A third of the patients (33%) who survived to five years developed a new primary cancer at some stage after diagnosis, and were four times more likely to acquire a new primary cancer than the comparison group. Over the same time period, no more than 10% of patients from the three other RfD cancer cohorts developed a new primary cancer (with the exception of glioblastoma brain tumour patients at just under 20%). It is believed that this could be partly due to some lung cancer patients continuing to smoke, resulting in other primary tumours caused by tobacco (e.g. bladder and pancreas), and other lifestyle factors. Lung cancer Comparison Circulatory and respiratory are the most prevalent inpatient morbidities among lung cancer patients, both increasing from just over 30% of patients to over 40% from one year post-diagnosis to five years post-diagnosis. The incidence rate is highest in the six months post-cancer diagnosis, particularly for circulatory and respiratory morbidities, as further tests identify preexisting conditions and new morbidities arise. Following this, the incidence of new morbidities reduces to a steady rate (see Figure 15 for the incidence of new respiratory morbidities at six monthly time periods after cancer diagnosis). Months after diagnosis The accumulation of respiratory morbidities shows that lung cancer survivors can require very complex care plans. Figure 16 shows the percentage of lung cancer patients who experienced none, one or multiple morbidities throughout their cancer survivorship journey. A higher proportion of lung cancer patients (at just less than a half) experienced multiple inpatient morbidities post-diagnosis than all other RfD cancer cohorts. This demonstrates the complexity of the survivorship journey for many lung cancer patients, suggesting that effective management of lung cancer survivorship may require more active management of other conditions

18 Figure 16: percentage of lung cancer by number of inpatient morbidities taken over the seven year survivorship period None 23.0% % % % 4 4.4% % 31 32

19 Survivorship The full of 31,200 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer in England in 2004 were considered for inclusion in the RfD data sets. Patients with invalid records (2,392) or evidence of any prior tumours (1,595) were removed from the cohort. This resulted in 27,213 patients being included in the detailed Survivorship Outcome Framework for prostate cancer (see figure 17). A large proportion of prostate cancer treatment takes place in an outpatient/primary care setting. Therefore the 7,391 prostate cancer patients with no inpatient records were retained within the prostate cancer data sets as these could feasibly include a significant proportion of patients who have only outpatient treatment. 11 Figure 17: detailed survivorship outcome framework for prostate cancer Similarly to the breast cancer framework, the majority of prostate cancer patients experienced continued survival with around 55% of patients surviving for seven or more years. Hence a large amount of detail is shown for 7+ years of survivorship. As with lung cancer, the prostate cancer framework segments patients by whether they had metastases at any point or not, with a further split of metastases presented or developed for the medium term survival. Further segmentation of patients by level of inpatient care helps to describe the experience and resource usage of these patients. As a statistically meaningful number of patients had more than one other inpatient, further segmentation for single and multiple inpatient morbidities was taken. The survivorship outcome pathways with the highest prevalence were: 7+ year survival with no metastases and no other inpatient morbidities (25.3%); 7+ year survival with no metastases and cancer complications (9.5%); and One to seven year survival with metastases developed and cancer complications (6.9%). Key Mets: Metastases Cancer Complications: Recurrence or additional primary cancer High inpatient care: Patient spent more than 25% of survival length in hospital Low inpatient care: Patient spent less than 25% of survival length in hospital MSK: Musculoskeletal Note: Group 5 is not applicable to the prostate cancer framework 33

20 Simplified survivorship outcomes framework Simplified frameworks (see figure 18) were developed to help easily communicate the distribution of patients into each group, and to offer a consistent way of talking about and comparing each cancer. Figure 18: graphical view of simplified survivorship outcomes framework for prostate cancer Limited survival Group months survival 12.4% Limited moderate survival Group years survival with cancer complications 20.4% Group years survival with other inpatient morbidities 5.9% Group years survival with no other inpatient morbidities 6.3% On-going survival Group 6 7+ years survival with cancer complications 10.9% Group 7 7+ years survival with other inpatient morbidities 18.8% Group 8 7+ years survival with no other inpatient morbidities 25.3% Note: Cancer complications includes metastases, additional primary cancers and recurrence. Other inpatient morbidities includes relevant complications as defined by the clinical advisory group; colour coding indicates severity of disease, from most severe (red) to least severe (green). Group 5 is not applicable to the prostate cancer simplified survivorship outcomes framework. There are two sides to the prostate cancer survivorship story. While over half (55%) of patients survive for more than seven years, a considerable percentage of prostate cancer patients (20.4%) survived between one and seven years with cancer complications. Post-diagnosis inpatient costs Healthcare commissioners need to unpick variations in costs, linked to outcomes, if they are to deliver high value care. As well as describing outcomes, RfD allows us to see how inpatient costs vary by survivorship outcome group, helping to build a complete picture of the costs of cancer and its treatment. Uniquely, this includes the cost of inpatient treatment in the survivorship phase up to seven years after diagnosis, including for relevant non-cancer conditions. Figure 19 displays the average postdiagnosis inpatient cost for prostate cancer patients in each outcome group, and the volume of patients within each group

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