GIS

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Geographic information systems allow for the capturing, storing, analysis, and management of georeferenced information, and is a key underlying element to risk assessment. GIS data represents discrete objects and continuous fields abstracted as raster images or vector points, lines, and polygons. Software can be used for topographic or hydrological modeling, cartography, geostatistics and spatial assessments. Notable mapping software includes ESRI ArcGIS, Google Maps and OpenStreetMap.The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is an international industry group of nearly 400 companies, government agencies, universities, and individuals working towards publicly available geoprocessing specifications.