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All silver, lead, and mercury salts are insoluble (except for compounds soluble under rule 2).

Phase solubility (1)

The solubility of solids in liquids tends to increase with increasing temperature.

Phase solubility (2)

The solubility of gases in liquids tends to decrease with increasing temperature.

Phase solubility (3)

The solubility of gases in liquids tends to increase with increasing pressure.

Colligative properties...

are only dependent on the number of particles in the solution, and are independent of the identity of particle.

vapor pressure

The pressure exerted by the gaseous phase of a liquid that evaporated from the exposed surface of the liquid.

volatile

Having high vapor pressure.

boiling point

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to atmospheric pressure.

Salt water...

... has a lower vapor pressure and boils at a higher temperature than pure water.

Raoult's Law

The partial vapor pressure of a particular substituent in a solution is proportional to its mole fraction.

Dalton's Law

The total vapor pressure over a solution is the sum of the partial vapor pressures of the substituent liquids.

vapor-pressure depression

Change in partial pressure of a solution due to dissolution of nonvolatile solute B into solvent A is equal to the negative product of the mole fraction of B and the partial pressure of pure A.

ideal solution

A solution where all intermolecular forces are equal.

Vapor-pressure depression occurs because...

... dissolution of a solute in a solvent closes the entropy gap between the soution and vapor phases. The smaller increase in entropy from evaporation leads to less tendency to evaporate. Occurs only in solid-liquid solutions.

Boiling point elevation occurs because...

... when vapor pressure is depressed, higher temperature is needed to vaporize the solution. Occurs in only solid-liquid solutions.

The behavior of a liquid-liquid solution deviates from Raoult's Law when...

... soluting a solvent increases the entropic difference between the solution and solid phases (making things easier to melt and harder to freeze). Occurs in both solid-liquid and liquid-liquid solutions.

freezing-point depression

= -(k)(i)(m)

osmotic pressure

= iMRT

force exerted by a spring

F = -kx

elastic potential energy

E = (1/2)kx^2

frequency of a block oscillating on a spring

f = (1/2pi)sqrt(k/m)

period of a block oscillating on a spring

T = 1/f

A pendulum undergoes...

... not simple harmonic motion. When the angle is small, though, it acts like a simple harmonic.

frequency of an oscillating pendulum

f = (1/2pi)sqrt(g/L). (Note: only applies to small angles.)

wave speed

= (wavelength)(frequency)

wave speed on a rope

= sqrt(T/D); T = tension, D = linear density

Wave speed depends on...

... the type of wave and the characteristics of the medium, and not the frequency. Light through a material medium is the only exception.