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Your most important job as an entrepreneurial leader is not to find new opportunities or to identify the critical competitive insights. Your task is to create an organization that does these things for you as a matter of course. You will have succeeded when everyone in the organization takes it for granted that business success is about a continual search for new opportunities and a continual letting go of less productive activities. This chapter focuses on how your behavior as an entrepreneurial leader impacts the search for opportunity in your organization. This chapter is excerpted from "The Entrepreneurial Mindset: Strategies for Continuously Creating Opportunity in an Age of Uncertainty."

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To examine the practices that distinguish leaders who are capable of sustained and significant business revitalization from other managers.

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Are you at risk of being trapped in an uncompetitive business? Chances are the strategies that worked well for you even a few years ago no longer deliver the results you need. Dramatic changes in business have unearthed a major gap between traditional approaches to strategy and the way the real world works now. In short, strategy is stuck. Most leaders are using frameworks that were designed for a different era of business and based on a single dominant idea--that the purpose of strategy is to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Once the premise on which all strategies were built, this idea is increasingly irrelevant. Now, Columbia Business School professor and globally recognized strategy expert Rita Gunther McGrath argues that it's time to go beyond the very concept of sustainable competitive advantage. Instead, organizations need to forge a new path to winning: capturing opportunities fast, exploiting them decisively, and moving on even before they are exhausted. She shows how to do this with a new set of practices based on the notion of transient competitive advantage. This book serves as a new playbook for strategy, one based on updated assumptions about how the world works, and shows how some of the world's most successful companies use this method to compete and win today. Filled with compelling examples from "growth outlier" firms such as Fujifilm, Cognizant Technology Solutions, Infosys, Yahoo! Japan, and Atmos Energy, "The End of Competitive Advantage" is your guide to renewed success and profitable growth in an economy increasingly defined by transient advantage.

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For decades, the business world has been fixated on achieving sustainable competitive advantage, a position within an industry that allows a company to best its rivals over the long term. Though we can all point to organizations that have succeeded with this approach--think GE and Unilever--in today's world, the edge of most companies doesn't last long. The forces at work here are familiar: the digital revolution, disappearing barriers to entry, globalization. In a turbulent environment, businesses can't afford to spend months crafting a single long-term strategy. They need a portfolio of multiple transient advantages that can be built quickly and abandoned just as rapidly. Transient advantages call for a whole new playbook, says Columbia Business School's McGrath. It involves a view of strategy that is less industry-bound and more customer-centric. Executives who grasp this shift don't rely solely on analysis to develop strategy; they use tools like advanced pattern recognition and observation to set broad strategic themes and then let people experiment within them. They also adopt decision metrics that support entrepreneurship, replacing the net present value rule, for instance, with the logic of real options. And, knowing that product features can be copied instantly, they focus on providing experiences and solutions to problems to customers, and turn relationships into competitive barriers.

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Steady, predictable growth is what every big company strives for, and what investors prize above all else. McGrath set out to discover how many companies actually deliver. To meet her initial criteria, a company had to have a market capitalization of at least US$1 billion and to have grown by 5% each year over a five-year period. Only 8% of the companies in her sample of 4,793 qualified. When the five-year period was doubled, only 10 companies qualified--and of those, only five had grown both revenues and net income every year. The success of these "growth outliers" can't be explained by industry, company age or ownership structure, global location or economy (emerging versus developed). They do, however, share a lot of practices. For example, they diversify their portfolios with early, small bets, manage major resource allocations centrally, focus attention on culture and shared values, and hold on to their talent. Their practices add up to an intriguing, counterintuitive profile: Although they are nimble and adaptive, their leadership, strategy, and values are extraordinarily stable. The author concludes that this seeming paradox is a feature, not a bug: Stability is what enables these companies to innovate and to maintain steady growth.

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Business life has always featured the unpredictable, the surprising, and the unexpected. But in today's hyperconnected world, complexity is the norm. Systems that used to be separate are now intertwined and interdependent, and knowing the starting conditions is no guide to predicting outcomes; too many continuously changing interactive elements are in play. Managers looking to navigate these difficulties need to adopt new approaches. They should drop outmoded forecasting tools-for example, ones that rely on averages, which are often less important than outliers. Instead, they should use models that simulate the behavior of the system. They should also make sure that their data include a good amount of future-oriented information. Risk mitigation is crucial as well. Managers should minimize the need to rely on predictions-for instance, they can give users a say in product design. They can decouple elements in a system and build in redundancy to minimize the consequences of a partial system failure, and turn to outside partners to extend their own company's capabilities. They can complement hard analysis with "soft" methods such as storytelling to make potentially important future possibilities more real. And they can make trade-offs that keep early failures small and provide the diversity of thought needed in a nimble organization faced with complexity on virtually every front.

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It's hardly news that business leaders work in increasingly uncertain environments, where failures are bound to be more common than successes. Yet if you ask executives how well, on a scale of one to 10, their organizations learn from failure, you'll often get a sheepish "Two-or maybe three" in response. Such organizations are missing a big opportunity: Failure may be inevitable but, if managed well, can be very useful. A certain amount of failure can help you keep your options open, find out what doesn't work, create the conditions to attract resources and attention, make room for new leaders, and develop intuition and skill. The key to reaping these benefits is to foster "intelligent failure" throughout your organization. McGrath describes several principles that can help you put intelligent failure to work. You should decide what success and failure would look like before you start a project. Document your initial assumptions, test and revise them as you go, and convert them into knowledge. Fail fast-the longer something takes, the less you'll learn-and fail cheaply, to contain your downside risk. Limit the number of uncertainties in new projects, and build a culture that tolerates, and sometimes even celebrates, failure. Finally, codify and share what you learn. These principles won't give you a means of avoiding all failures down the road-that's simply not realistic. They will help you use small losses to attain bigger wins over time.

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With product life cycles growing ever shorter and competition cropping up in unexpected places, nearly every industry is facing disruption. How can you tell if your model is running out of gas? For starters, if your next-generation innovations provide smaller and smaller improvements and your people have trouble thinking of new ways to enhance your offering. Pay heed to the signs and start experimenting with several new options until you find one that will turn your threat into an opportunity.

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Leaders of many of today's mature organizations don't have the right mind-set or practices to help their organizations survive. They grew up with management practices that are suited to a different age - one with higher barriers to entry, greater transaction costs, fewer capable competitors, growing and increasingly affluent markets and less information. But today's business environments are less predictable, more complicated and more volatile. The result is that many core businesses are themselves becoming more uncertain and in need of renewal. Established management tools, such as net present value, are built on a foundation of assumed certainty - that it's realistic to forecast likely cash flows into the future and discount them to today. In volatile business environments, though, such thinking is no longer practical. As an alternative, the authors offer practices used by successful growth companies, entrepreneurs and corporate new-business-development groups to navigate unpredictable, resource-constrained and surprising environments. In an unpredictable world, trying to be right can lead managers terribly astray. The "discovery-driven" approach outlined in this article emphasizes finding the right answers and reducing the assumption-to-knowledge ratio.

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You've been charged with growing your business. Incremental growth can no longer deliver the results you need. You need truly dynamic growth - and you need to achieve it without risking a hugely expensive gamble. How can you encourage innovative new ventures and pursue ambitious growth while minimizing risk? In Discovery-Driven Growth, authors McGrath and MacMillan show how companies can plan and pursue an aggressive growth agenda with confidence. By carefully framing their strategic growth opportunities, testing each project assumption against a series of checkpoints, and creating a culture that acts on evidence and learning instead of blind stumbling, companies can better control their costs, minimize surprises, and know when to disengage from questionable projects -- before it's too late. Providing tools that will help you select and better assess the potential of any strategic venture, from new product lines to entirely new businesses, the authors outline a comprehensive process that lets you identify, manage, and leverage your company's full portfolio of opportunities. By reducing up-front costs and eliminating unnecessary risks, you'll be able to avoid missteps and explore more options to create the breakthrough growth that your business requires.

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