Order No. 227, July 28, 1942, J. Stalin

Preface

Below is the notorious Order No. 227, also known as the "Not one step back!" order, issued by the Peopleís Commissioner of Defense, Joseph V. Stalin. As the military situation became untenable in the summer of 1942 and the Soviet supreme command, Stavka, acknowledged that a symbolical step had to be taken, Stalin issued this order. It was not distributed in print but was read to all military personnel by political officers.

Order by the Peopleís Commissioner of Defense of the USSR

Pertaining measures in order to enhance discipline and order within the Red Army and prohibition to abandon military positions without permission.

Moscow, Nr. 227, July 28, 1942.

The enemy throws fresh units into battle and regardless of his heavy losses, he creeps forward, penetrating deep into the Soviet Union, capturing new territory, destroying our towns and villages, looting, raping and murdering the Soviet population. Fighting is going on near Voronesh, on the river Don and in the south before the gates of the northern Caucasus. The German occupiers have broken through to Stalingrad and aim to capture the Kuban and the northern Caucasus with their riches in oil and grain, whatever the cost. The enemy has already captured Voroshilovgrad, Starobelsk, Rossosh, Kupyansk, Valuiki, Novocherkassk, Rostov-on-the-Don and half of Voronezh. A number of troops on the Southern Front has abandoned Rostov and Novocherkassk Ė emulating a number of scaremongers Ė without putting up any serious resistance or waiting for orders from Moscow and in so doing blemished their banners.

The population of our country, feeling love and respect for our troops, starts to feel disappointment towards the Red Army, looses confidence in the Red Army and many blame the Red Army for leaving our people behind under the yoke of the suppressor while the army itself retreats to the East.

Some unwise people at the front find consolation in talks about the idea we are able to retreat still further east, as we possess a vast territory, lots of land and a large population and because we will always have grain in abundance. In so doing they aim to justify their scandalous behavior at the front. But such talks are utterly false and mendacious and only to the advantage of our enemies.

Every commander, soldier and political officer must realize that our means are not inexhaustible. The territory of the Soviet Union does not consist of just desert but of people: workers, farmers, intellectuals, our fathers, mothers, spouses, brothers and children. The territory of the U.S.S.R. our enemy has captured or attempts to capture, consists of grain and other food stuffs for the army and the rear areas; metal and fuel for the industry, that same industry that provides weaponry and munitions to the armed forces and of railways. After the loss of the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic states, the Donetz basin and other areas we are left with a far smaller territory and hence far less people, grain, metal and factories. We have lost over 70 million citizens, over 13 million tons of grain and over 10 million tons of metal each year. We now no longer exceed the Germans in human reserves or reserves of grain. Retreating further means we work ourselves and our motherland into ruin. Each patch of land we abandon will strengthen the enemy and weakens our defense and our motherland.

Therefore it is essential we must once and for all cut off all talk about retreating indefinitely, possessing a vast territory, our country being large and rich, having a large population and always having grain in abundance. Such talk is mendacious and harmful, it will make us weak and the enemy stronger for if we do not put a stop to this withdrawal, we will end up without grain, without fuel, without metal, without raw materials, without factories and without railways.

It follows from all of this that the withdrawal must be stopped now.

"Not a single step back." That must now be our main slogan.

It is necessary we tenaciously defend every position, every yard of Soviet territory to the last drop of blood, that we cling to every patch of Soviet territory and defend it to the very last.

Our motherland is going through a difficult period. We must stop the enemy, drive him out and destroy him, whatever the cost. The Germans are not as strong as the scare mongers think. They are making a last ditch effort. Withstanding their blow now means we will achieve victory over them within the next couple of months.

Can we withstand such a blow and drive the enemy to the west afterwards? Yes, we can because our factories in the rear areas are functioning very well now and our fronts receive increasingly more aircraft, tanks, artillery pieces and mortars.

But what is still missing?

We miss order and discipline within the companies, battalions, regiments, divisions, within the armored units and within the squadrons of the air force. Herein lies our Achilles heel. Within our armed forces, we must introduce the most stringent order and iron discipline if we want to save the situation and hold on to our motherland.

We shall no longer tolerate that commanders, commissioners, political officers, units and formations leave their military positions without permission. We shall no longer tolerate that commanders, commissioners, political officers allow a number of scare mongers to decide the situation on the battlefield and persuade other soldiers to withdraw and in so doing open the front to our enemies.

Scare mongers and cowards are to be executed on the spot.

From now, iron discipline must be demanded of every commander, soldier and political officer: not one step backwards without being ordered by a superior.

Commanders of companies, battalions, regiments and divisions and comparable commissioners and political officers who leave their military positions without orders from a higher level are traitors to our motherland. Such commanders and political officers are to be treated as traitors to our motherland as well.

That is the slogan of our motherland.

Putting this slogan into practice means we are defending our territory, save our motherland, kill the hated enemy and gain victory over him.

After their withdrawal in the winter due to the pressure of the Red Army, because the discipline of the German troops was shaking, the Germans took some stern measures to restore discipline which have yielded quite good results. They established over 100 penal companies, made up of soldiers who had damaged discipline by their cowardice or instability, deployed them in the harshest sectors of the front and ordered them to atone for their sins with their blood. Furthermore, they formed a dozen penal battalions made up of commanders who had damaged discipline by their cowardice or instability, stripped them of their decorations, positioned them in even more dangerous sectors of the front and ordered them to atone for their sins with their blood. Finally they formed special barricade detachments, positioned these behind instable divisions and ordered them to execute scare mongers on the spot who attempted to abandon their positions without permission or attempted to surrender to the enemy. As is known, these measures were effective and now, the Germans are fighting better than during the past winter. This gave the German troops a high level of discipline, even though the defense of their motherland is not their ultimate goal. They only have one, predatory aim: subjugation of other countries. Our troops, which have the defense of our dishonored motherland as their ultimate target, do not possess such a high degree of discipline and therefore suffer defeats.

Must we not learn from our enemies in this connection like our forebears did in the past and subsequently gained victory over them?

I think we should.

The Supreme Command of the Red Army hereby orders:
1. the military councils at the fronts and especially the front commanders:

a) to quell the mentality of the troops to withdraw unconditionally and resolutely put an end to propaganda about the idea that we ostensibly can and should retreat further east, that such a kind of withdrawal would ostensibly cause no harm.

b) to strip army commanders of their functions unconditionally who have permitted the illicit withdrawal of their troops without having been ordered by the front command and to send them to Stavka to be handed over to a court martial.

c) to establish one to three (dependent on circumstances) penal battalions (each 800 men strong) on the border of the front sector where junior and senior officers and comparable political officers of all branches who have damaged discipline by their cowardice or instability will be sent, deploy them in the harshest sectors of the front in order to offer them the opportunity to atone for their crimes to the motherland with their blood.

2. the military councils of armies and above all the army commanders:

a) to strip commanders and commissioners of corps and divisions of their function unconditionally who have permitted the illicit withdrawal of troops without orders from army command and to send them to the military council of the front in order to be handed over to the court martial

b) to establish three to five well armed barricade detachments (of no more than 200 men each) on the perimeter of the army sector, to deploy them directly behind unstable divisions and compel them, in case of panic and disorderly retreat of units of the division to execute scare mongers and cowards on the spot to help honest soldiers of the division do their duty towards the motherland.

c) to establish five to ten (dependent on circumstances) penal companies (of 150 to 200 men each), at the border of the army sector where soldiers and non commissioned officers, who have damaged discipline by their cowardice or instability, will be sent and to deploy them in the harshest sectors of the army in order to offer them the opportunity to atone for their crimes to the motherland with their blood

3. the commanders and commissioners of corps and divisions:

a) to strip commanders and commissioners of regiments and battalions of their functions unconditionally who have permitted the illicit withdrawal of units without orders by corps or divisional commanders, to take away their decorations and to send them to the military councils at the front to be handed over to the court martial.

b) to assist the barricade detachments of the army in any way possible and to support them in regard to enhancing order and discipline within the units.

This order is to be read to all companies, squadrons, batteries, command units and staffs.