The National Park Service and the
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980: Administrative HistoryEndnotes

Chapter One

1. Nathaniel P. Reed to Undersecretary [of the
Interior], January 11, 1972, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Box 3, Alaska
Task Force General Files, Records of the National Service, Record Group
79, Federal Archives and Records Center (FARC), Seattle, Washington.
Additionally, other "interest areas" which could not be withdrawn
because they were reserved for other purposes were listed. The Alaska
Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, and the National Interest Lands
Provision therein are discussed in Chapter
two.

2. Ibid. The total in the January 11 package
included 54,190,000 acres identified for study for possible inclusion in
the National Refuge System administered by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife (later United States Fish and Wildlife Service), and
9,000,000 acres for study as potential addition to the Wild and Scenic
Rivers System. Some 6,090,000 acres of this total were areas of "mutual
interest."

3. "Natural Areas in Alaska," July 19, 1971, History
of NPS in Alaska, Personal Papers of Theodor R. Swem, Evergreen, Colo.;
William C. Everhart, The National Park Service (New York:
Praeger, 1972), pp. 252-60. The acreage of parks in Alaska amounted to
two percent of Alaska's land mass, but twenty-six percent of the total
acreage of the 284 units of the National Park System.

By 1972 the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife managed eighteen
areas in Alaska totaling 19,819,221.3 acres. The Bureau had a detailed
knowledge of the wildlife values of Alaska gained through its role as
the wildlife managing agency during territorial days, and had only
recently completed a comprehensive survey that identified critical
waterfowl habitats throughout the state. "Annual Report of the Lands
under control of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife as of June
30, 1972," Xerox copy from Division of Realty, Regional Office, Region
6, United States Fish and Wildlife Service; Interview of Roger Allin by
Theodor Swem, January 21, 1979, tapes in Mr. Swem s possession; United
States Department of the Interior (USDI), Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife (BSF&W), An Evaluation of Alaska Habitat For Migratory
Birds, by James C. King and Calvin J. Lensink (Washington, D.C.,
1971); USDI, BSF&W, To Have and to Hold, Alaska's Migratory
Birds (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971).

4. "Report on a Proposed National Monument at Sitka,
Alaska," April 9, 1910, File 1215, Part 1, 3/5/1910-12/5/1910, Parks,
Reservations and Antiquities...Sitka, Records of the National Park
Service, Record Group 79, National Archives (N.A.), Washington, D.C.;
Presidential Proclamation No. 959, March 3, 1910, in U.S., Department of
the Interior, National Park Service, Proclamations and Orders
Relating to the National Park Service up to January 1, 1945,
compiled by Thomas A. Sullivan (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1947), pp.
299-300. Sitka and Old Kasaan were the only historical areas in Alaska
before 1976.

5. Presidential Proclamation No. 959.

6. 39 Stat. 938, February 26, 1917; Annual Report
of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of
Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1917, and the Travel Season,
1917 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1917), p. 24; 1922, p. 83. On
January 30, 1922, the boundaries were enlarged by 284,800 acres. On
March 19, 1932, an additional 246,693 acres were added.

9. Pearson, Mount McKinley, pp 26-27, 60-66.
Apparently, much of the opposition had to do with a policy of the House
Committee on Public Lands that restricted the number of park bills that
would be reported favorably each session.

11. Ibid. Robert F. Griggs led National
Geographic Society expeditions into the area in 1915, 1916, and
1917.

12. Ibid. Mr. Albright told Theodor R. Swem
that he and Gilbert Grosvenor of the National Geographic Society wrote
the proclamation for Katmai. Discussion with Mr. Swem, August 9,
1984.

13. Ibid., pp. 412-16; Presidential
Proclamation No. 1487, September 24, 1918; Annual Report of the
Director of the National Park Service, 1931, p. 102. See also, USDI,
NPS, Katmai National Monument, Alaska: A History of Its Establishment
and Revision of Its Boundaries, by John M. Kauffmann (Washington,
D.C.: NPS, 1954). In 1931 the monument was enlarged by 1,609,590 acres.
The enlargement reincorporated a small, ten-acre tract removed in 1923
by Executive Order 3897. The purpose of removal of that earlier tract,
was, according to Kauffmann, to allow John J. Fulstad to obtain a permit
to mine coal.

18. Statement of Dr. W.S. Cooper, Juneau
Empire, 1924. Quoted in Kauffmann, Glacier Bay, p. 58.
According to Cooper, some eighty of the "principal institutions of the
country devoted to scientific research and the cause of conservation"
approved and actively supported the proposal.

19. "Recommendations submitted by the Ecological
Society of America with regard to the Establishment of a National
Monument at Glacier Bay, Alaska," n.d. [1924], National Monuments,
Glacier Bay, part 1, 12/24/1923-3/20/1924, Central Classified Files, RG
79, N.A.

23. Annual Report of the Director of the
National Park Service, 1925, pp. 56-59. By 1972 the boundary
adjustments mentioned had made Glacier Bay (2,803,840 acres) the largest
unit in the Park System with Katmai (2,792,137 acres) a close second.
Everhart, The National Park Service, pp. 253-54.

The size of Glacier Bay and Katmai blurred even more a vague
distinction between national parks and monuments. Unrau and Williss,
Expansion of the National Park Service, p. 12.

25. From time to time, individuals or organizations
in Alaska, even the territorial and state legislatures, requested
national park or monument status for some area. Among the areas
mentioned were Ice Bluffs of Kotzebue Sound (1929), Shake Island (1939),
Imuruk Lava Beds (1963), Serpentine Hot Springs (1970), and Point Barrow
(1963). It is believed, however, that these were isolated instances, and
do not change the general conclusions. "Alaska wants Ice Bluffs at
Kotzebue Sound made a National Park," March 9, 1939, 0-32, Proposed
Park, General, part 9, 1/12/29 - 4/28/30; [_____] to Anthony J. Diamond,
State Files-Landmark Program, History Division, Washington Office
(WASO); Ben Thompson to Esther McCoy, September 4, 1963, L 58, Volume 2,
Alaska, 1/1/61-12/31/63, Box 42, Records of the Office of the Regional
Director, Region 4, RG 79, Federal Archives and Records Center (FARC),
San Bruno, California; Walter Hickel to Theodor R. Swem, May 22, 1970,
Document No. 002608, ANILCA Papers, Center for Information and Library
Services, United States Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.; Oscar
Dick to Regional Director, Western Region, February 21, 1963, L58,
Proposed areas, Park Files, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska.
The ANILCA Papers are a collection of Department of the Interior agency
files relating to the legislative history of the Alaska National
Interest Lands Act. At this point, not all documents are on the computer
index. When finished, however, documents listed under this reference may
be retrieved by referring to the index.

26. A number of works describe management (or lack)
of parks and monuments before 1916. Information here is from Unrau and
Williss, Expansion of the National Park Service, pp. 14-16.

27. USDI, Report of the Commissioner of the
General Land Office to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year
ended June 30,1916 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1916), p. 62. The
situation was similar in the Department of Agriculture where the Forest
Service was the responsible agency.

28. Annual Report of the Director of the
National Park Service, 1918, p. 90.

31. "Organization, National Park Service, October
10, 1935," In Unrau and Williss, Expansion of the National Park
Service, p. 249. In Alaska, after 1937, the Superintendent of Mt.
McKinley was also responsible for Katmai, and the custodian of Sitka was
responsible for Glacier Bay. Superintendent's Monthly Report, January 1,
1937, Park Archives, Denali National Park/Preserve.

35. USDI, NPS, Public Use of the National Parks:
A Statistical Report 1904-46. (Reprint, 1963). It is perhaps a bit
unfair to compare Yellowstone, which had the highest visitation in the
system, with Alaska. It is believed, however, that such a contrast most
vividly expresses the problem.

36. Unrau and Williss, Expansion of the National
Park Service, passim.

37. Superintendent's Monthly Reports, April and
June 1938, Park Archives, Denali National Park/Preserve. Among the jobs
undertaken by the CCC, which was in McKinley the next year as well, were
constructing new residences for park employees, moving the dog kennels,
building a sewer line, and maintenance of the telephone line.

38. Section G. This cap existed until 1927. John
Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore,
Md.: John Hopkins Press, 1961) p. 229. In 1925, however, $11,920 was
appropriated and $11,533 spent. Annual Report of the Director of the
National Park Service, 1925, p. 70.

39. Annual Report of the Director of the
National Park Service, 1921, p. 96. The $8,000 included all
maintenance, protection, improvements in the park, the salary of the
superintendent and any assistants, as well as costs of surveys of the
boundaries.

The first superintendent was Harry P. Karstens, who had accompanied
Charles Sheldon during his stay in the area during the winter of
1907-1908. His first assistant was hired in November 1921 . As late as
1929 the permanent staff consisted of the superintendent and four
assistants. Pearson, Mt. McKinley, p. 30.

40. Annual Report of the Director of the
National Park Service, 1929, p. 55.

41. Pearson, Mt. McKinley, pp. 33-42;
Superintendent's Monthly Reports, Mount Mckinley National Park,
September 1925, November 1925, and passim, Park Archives, Denali
National Park/Preserve. Road construction was carried on by the Alaska
Road Commission under a cooperative agreement. Annual Report of the
Director of the National Park Service, 1929, p. 106.

Chief Ranger Roger Corbey of Mount McKinley National Park had been
assigned a reconnaissance survey of Katmai in 1937. He was in the area
for a period in June (he left Mt. Mckinley on June 2 and returned on the
20th). According to Hussey, he was able to do little more than spend a
few hours in the monument when his plane landed at Lake Grosvenor and
Naknek Lake. The Superintendent's Monthly Reports (Mt. McKinley),
indicate, however, that he also made an inspection of the concessioner's
camps and operations, of a trail along Brooks River, and of a Fish and
Wildlife Service installation. Following, the superintendent recommended
that logs be gathered along Brooks Lake for any future buildings
constructed by the Service or concessioner, and that a small landing
strip be built near Brooks River.

47. Lowell Sumner, "Special ReportKatmai
Master Planning Field Study, September 5-13, 1963," Box 4, Alaska Task
Force Files, RG 79, FARC, Seattle; Superintendent's Monthly Reports, Mt.
Mckinley National Park, September 1940, December 1945, October 1945,
July 1948, August 1948, June 1954; Hussey, Katmai, pp. 423-24.
Actually, Been and Cahalane spent most of September 1940 on foot in the
monument. Been and Alfred Kuehl visited the area in 1945, and the
regional director authorized sending a ranger from Mount McKinley to
Katmai for temporary duty as early as June 1948.

48. Earl A. Trager, "Glacier Bay Expedition, 1939,"
typescript in Archives, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve; Black,
"Glacier Bay," p. 79; Superintendent's Monthly Report, Mt. McKinley
National Park, July 8, 1936. Associate Director Arthur E. Demaray
visited, or at least flew over the area in 1936. He planned on flying
over Katmai at that time, but was unable to do so.

49. Annual Report of the Director of the
National Park Service, 1921, p. 114; "Report on the Inspection of
Old Kasaan N.M., May 27, 1940," by Ben C. Miller [Custodian of Sitka
N.M.], Old Kasaan N.M., Brown Files, ARO. In the 1930s the Forest
Service removed a number of totem poles and placed them in the
reconstructed village of New Kasaan, and several more were taken by
Natives in Ketchikan, who said their families owned them. In 1970, long
after the area had been abolished, the U. S. Forest Service carried out
salvage work at Old Kasaan under an agreement with the descendents of
Chief Sonihat, who established the village. Alaska Geographic, V,
no. 2 (1978), p. 75.

50. Frank T. Been to Ike P. Taylor, June 19, 1941,
Box 65481, Records of the Alaska Road Commission, RG 30, FARC, Seattle;
Miller, "Inspection of Old Kasaan N.M." When Ernest Gruening visited the
site in 1939, he wrote that the area stood as a "monument to
administrative inefficiency and neglect". Gruening, Many Battles: The
Autobiography of Ernest Gruening (New York: Livenwright, 1973), pp.
258-59.

53. Annual Report of the Director of the
National Park Service, 1921, p. 38; "Field Notes of Katmai National
Monument, Inspection November 12, 1940"; Hussey, Katmai, pp.
426-27; Superintendent's Monthly Reports, Mt. McKinley National Park,
June 8, 1940, July 1948, and September 1948. In 1940 the Alaska Game
Commission assumed protection operations at Katmai and in 1948 the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service agreed to provide that
service.

54. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt refused to
sign a proclamation establishing "Kennicott National Monument" in the
Wrangell mountains in 1941, he noted that the area already received some
protection by its remote location. Franklin D. Roosevelt to Harold L.
Ickes, January 21, 1941, Park Files, Wrangell-St. Elias National
Park/Preserve, Glenallen, Alaska.

55. The views of Alaskans toward the federal
government is developed in John Hanrahan and Peter Gruenstein, Lost
Frontier: The Marketing of Alaska (New York: W. W. Norton, Co.,
1977), p. 67.

56. In 1947 Alaska Delegate Bartlett introduced a
statehood bill (H.R. 206) that included a provision that would have
placed Sitka and Katmai under state control, and reduced Glacier Bay to
its original size. The reason was quite clearly Bartlett's displeasure
over the Service's failure to undertake any development at Katmai.
Newton B. Drury to Fred Packard, February 12, 1947 and Bartlett to
Packard, February 3, 1947, Katmai, 1/1940-4/30/1953, Box 117, Classified
Files, Records of the Regional Director, RG 79, FARC, San Bruno.

57. When the Interior Department discussed setting
aside Shishaldin Volcano in 1949, Ernest Gruening opposed it on the
grounds that the Service had "done nothing with the areas it has."
Gruening to William E. Warne, Jan. 31, 1949, National Parks and
Monuments, 9-1-13, Records of the Office of Territories, RG 126,
N.A.

58. Interview of George Collins, November 18, 1983;
Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1946,
in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1946, p. 336;
Newton B. Drury to Ernest Gruening, November 4, 1949, Alaska
Development, Box 1, Papers of Newton B. Drury, RG 79, N.A. Collins was
one of the earliest and most influential advocates of an expanded
National Park Service presence in Alaska.

59. Black, "History of Glacier Bay," p. 68; John M.
Holzworth to John F. Kennedy, August 22, 1962, L-58, Admiralty Island,
Records of the Office of the Regional Director, Region 4, FARC, San
Bruno. Holzworth, a recognized expert on the brown bear, led the effort
to establish Admiralty Island as a preserve. This long letter to the
president details that effort. See also Lawrence Rakestraw, History
of the United States Forest Service in Alaska (Anchorage: Alaska
Historical Commission, 1981), pp. 113-16.

60. "Notes on Proposed Glacier Bay National Park,"
February 17, 1932, Monuments, Glacier Bay, part 5, 2/9/1927 - 1/3/1933,
Central Classified Files, RG 79, N.A.; "Report on Glacier Bay National
Park (Proposed), Alaska," December [1938], by John Coffman and Joseph S.
Dixon, 1-9-93, National Parks and Monuments, RG 126, N.A.; '"Report of
an Inspection of Admiralty Island Alaska," July 31, 1942, Admiralty
Island, Proposed National Parks, 0-32, Central Classified Files, RG 79,
N.A. Some, apparently, felt that the results of those reports were
dictated by political considerations rather than by an analysis of the
resources of Admiralty Island. Interview of George Collins, Nov. 18,
1983.

62. John M. Holzworth to President Kennedy, August
22, 1963; A Bill to Establish Admiralty Island National Preserve in
the State of Alaska and for other purposes, 95th cong., 1st sess.,
1977.

The addition of 1,000,000 acres to Glacier Bay National Monument in
1939 was, in part, an alternative to establishment of an Admiralty
Island National Park. Black, "Glacier Bay," p. 68; Newton B. Drury to
[_____], January 6, 1947. L-58, Admiralty Island, Proposed National
Parks, Central Classified Files, RG 79, N.A. Additionally, the Bureau of
Sports Fisheries and Wildlife recommended establishment of an Admiralty
Island National Refuge as part of a general evaluation of critical
wildlife habitat in Alaska in 1971. 2050-Admiralty Island, ARO Central
Files, Inactive, ARO.

64. For greater detail on the history of the
Wrangell-Saint Elias mountain region, see Michael Lappen, 'Whose
Promised Land? A History of Conservation and Development Management
Plans for the Wrangell and St. Elias Mountains Regions, Alaska,
1938-1980" (M.A. Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara,
1984).

65. Rakestraw, Forest Service in Alaska, p.
113; "International Park Proposed Between Alaska and Canada,"
Christian Science Monitor, July 17, 1937, File 0-30, Part 3,
Foreign Parks, Canada, General Classified Files, RG 79, N.A.; Lappen,
"Whose Promised Land," pp. 32-34; Gruening, Many Battles, p. 245.
Gruening, who like many Alaskans, and Americans elsewhere, saw parks as
a way of stimulating the economy of an area, was particularly concerned
here with economic problems that he feared would result from the
impending closure of the Kennicott Copper Mine near McCarthy.

74. Annual Report of the Director of the
National Park Service, 1943, pp. 214-15; Interview of Alfred C.
Kuehl by Herbert Evison, October 26, 1962, HFC. Conrad L. Wirth, NPS
chief of lands, had general supervision over the project as Chairman of
the Alaska Highway Land Planning Survey Committee.

83. USDI, NPS, Mission 66: To Provide Adequate
Protection and Development of the National Park System for Human Use
(Washington, D.C.: NPS, 1956), passim. See also, Conrad L. Wirth,
Parks, Politics and the People (Norman: University of Oklahoma
Press, 1980), pp. 237-84.

84. Minutes of the meeting of the Alaska Field
Committee, June 17-18, 1960, Alaska Field Committee, 1/1/1960-3/31/1960,
A 2419, vol. 3, RG 79, FARC, San Bruno, California. Some $205,500 went
to Sitka, $1,823,800 to Glacier Bay, $1,150,000 to Katmai, and
$1,763,900 to Mount Mckinley.

86. Mission 66, p. 58; Annual Report of
the Director of the National Park Service, 1960, p. 276;
1961, pp. 363-64; Interview of Theodor R. Swem by Frank Williss,
June 8, 1983. Mr. Swem transferred to the Park Service's Mid-west
Regional Office in 1957 from the Bureau of Reclamation to work on a
Mission 66-sponsored identification of areas for inclusion in the park
system. Similar positions were established in all regions.

87. Interview of Roger Allin, Jan. 21, 1979. Allin
was responsible for preparing state recreation plans for all states
included in the NPS's Western Region. Allin had earlier (1959) completed
a survey of status and needs of recreation lands in Alaska. "The Status
and Need of Recreational Lands in Alaska," by Roger Allin and John F.
Bowles (Anchorage, 1959) and "The Need for Recreation Lands in Alaska,"
by Roger Allin (San Francisco, 1961), Breedlove Papers, HFC.

88. Parks for America, p. 350. Allin did
recommend protection for a large number of areas by the state and local
governments. Many of these would eventually be given protection under
the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980.

90. Theodor R. Swem, "Outline History of National
Park Service Involvement in Alaska." April 1982, typescript in
possession of author; Interview of Theodor R. Swem, June 8, 1983. Olson,
a well-known author and conservationist, served as a special consultant
on wilderness for both Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall and NPS
Director Conrad L. Wirth.

91. Interview of Theodor R. Swem, June 8, 1983;
Interview of Richard Stenmark, July 26, 1983; Minutes of the 1963 Annual
Meeting of the Governing Council of the Wilderness Society at Camp
Denali, Mt. McKinley National Park, Alaska, July 1 to July 6, 1963 . .
., Conservationists Involvement in Alaska, TWSthru 1975, Swem
Papers. At this date the Service only had one ranger on duty at
Katmai.

93. [John Kauffmann], "Blind Memo," [1964], copy
provided the author by Mr. Kauffmann. "Cheechako" is an Alaskan name for
newcomer. It is not intended to be endearing.

94. Mission 66 Progress Report, p. 2;
National Park Service Newsletter, December 29, 1966. Hartzog's
"Parkscape USA," was a long-range program designed to cope with
increasing public demand on the national parks, and to meet
responsibilities that President Lyndon B. Johnson called the "new
conservation".

95. Interview of George B. Hartzog, Jr. by Frank
Williss, December 7, 1983.

96. Interview of Theodor R. Swem, June 8, 1983;
Interview of George Collins, November 18, 1983; Interview of Stanley
Albright by Frank Williss, June 29, 1984. As a member of the Governing
Council of The Wilderness Society, moreover, Swem had a particular
interest in protection of wilderness areas.

97. George B. Hartzog, Jr. to George L. Collins,
Nov. 13, 1964, Alaska Travel, Swem and others, Swem Papers; Interview of
George Collins Nov. 18, 1983. Similar task forces looked at other areas
in the country.

98. George Collins, who had retired from the Park
Service in 1960, served as chairman. Robert Luntey had worked with
Collins on the Alaska Recreation Survey. Other were Sigurd Olson and
Doris F. Leonard, who was Collins' partner in a private conservation
venture, Conservation Associates. John Kauffmann, who served as
editorial assistant, played a larger part than that title implies.

99. Operation Great Land, PP. 5, 6, 54, 63.
The cost of an adequate NPS role, they estimated, would be a minimum of
$150,000,000 over a ten-year period.

101. "Alaska, A Plan for Action," 1966, typescript
in Brown Files, ARO. Allin called for establishment of four additional
areas, Wood-Tikchik (recreation area), Saint Elias-Wrangell mountains
(National Park), Alatna region (National Park), and Lake Clark Pass
(National Monument). Other recommendations included establishment of a
NPS "Office of Alaska Affairs," and early attention to the Landmark
Program.

102. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Federal Field
Committee, Economic Development in Alaska A Report to the
President (Washington D.C.: GPO, 1966). A joint federal-state
committee, the Federal Field Committee was formed to assist the state in
long-range economic planning and development. It grew out of the Federal
Reconstruction and Planning Commission, established to assist in
rebuilding Alaska following the disasterous earthquake of March 27,
1964.

104. National Park Service Newsletter, 3,
no. 21 (Oct. 17, 1968), p. 1; Everhart, National Park Service
(1972), p. 239; USDI, NPS, The National Park Service Program in
Alaska (October 1967), Historical Files, Brown Files, ARO. In 1967 a
contemplated ten-year development program for Alaska included
$10,651,000 for Glacier Bay, $7,810,000 for Katmai, $23,768,000 for Mt.
McKinley, and $367,400 for Sitka.

106. "Trip Report by Stanley A. Cain, Assistant
Secretary for Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Accompanying the Advisory Board
. . . on Field TripJuly 30 to August 10, 1965, in Alaska," Alaska
up to Native Claims, Swem Papers; "Press Conference, August 1, 1965,
Juneau, Alaska, Secretary Stewart Udall, and Governor William A. Egan,"
Ibid.; "Summary Minutes of Meetings held in Alaska on August 4,
1965, August 8, 1965," Ibid.; Interview of Theodor R. Swem, June
8, 1983; Interview of George B. Hartzog, Jr., Dec. 7, 1983. The presence
of Secretary Udall for a part of the trip was an unexpected bonus. His
trip undoubtedly contributed to his interest in the state and in
establishing additional areas there.

107. Theodor R. Swem to George B. Hartzog, Jr.,
March 20, 1964, Alaska up to Native Claims, Swem Papers; Governor's
Briefing Book; October 10, 1967, Historical Files, Brown Files, ARO;
Interview of George B. Hartzog, Jr., December 7, 1983; Interview of
Theodor R. Swem, June 8, 1983. The meeting was set up by Joseph
Fitzgerald, chairman of the Federal Field Committee for Development
Planning in Alaska.

109. Swem to Senator Bartlett, Dec. 20, 1966, New
Area Studies, 1966-1967, Alaska State Files, Office of Legislation,
WASO; Harthon L. Bill to Regional Director, Western Region, May 25,
1967, Alaska Up to Native Claims, Swem Papers; Interview of Merrill
Mattes, June 21, 1983; Interview of Bailey Breedlove, November 10, 1983.
In the winter the superintendent of Mt. McKinley was in the Anchorage
Office as well.

110. Bill to Director, Western Region, May 25,
1967; Alaska News Review, February 16, 1970; National Park
Service Newsletter, vol. 6, no. 17, August 21, 1971; Anchorage Daily
Times, March 31, 1972, Robert Belous Clipping Files, Special
Collections Division, Denver Public Library (DPL). Although the Pacific
Northwest Regional Office had been established in early 1970, it was not
fully staffed until 1971 . In 1972 the Service established the position
of state director for Alaska, located in Anchorage. The state director
(Stanley T. Albright) had administrative control of all NPS affairs in
Alaska, save planning under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.
Under a 1975 reorganization, the Alaska Area Office assumed control of
that function.

111. John Rutter to George Hall, July 26, 1967,
L7019-General, ARO Central Files-Inactive, ARO. The state coordinator
program was a nationwide one. In terms of operation, superintendents of
Glacier Bay and Sitka had full responsibility for their areas.

114. USDI, NPS, "A Master Plan for Mount Mckinley
National Park" (San Francisco: NPS, 1969 [draft], p. 46. The report was
never signed, but in May 1969, Representative John Saylor introduced
H.R. 11424, a bill that included the recommended changes. Ibid.,
Appendix B. Illustration 3 is a map showing the proposed additions.
Adolph Murie, whose work Wolves of Mt. McKinley (1944) remains a
classic, had long recommended boundary adjustments and in 1965 a chapter
of the Pioneers of Alaska recommended a 2,500-square mile boundary
extension. Murie, "An Important North Boundary Adjustment," undated MS
[1965], and Igloo no. 4, Pioneers of Alaska to Stewart Udall, September
20, 1965, L1417, Acquisition and Disposal of Lands, Park Files, Denali
National Park/Preserve.

15. USDI, NPS, Special Report on a
Reconnaissance of the Upper Kokuk-Koukuk Region Brooks Range, Northern
Alaska (San Francisco: NPS Office of Resource Planning], 1969), p.
32. The name suggested by Mattes"Gates of the Arctic"had
been, of course, coined originally by Robert Marshall, who explored and
did much to publicize the area. The term applies to two mountains along
the North Fork of the Koyukuk River.

120. USDI, NPS, The arctic lowland region:
natural potential landform and lifeform national landmarks, by
Robert L. Detterman Washington, D.C.: NPS, 1977). Volcanic studies, as
mentioned, would be published as part of a nation-wide survey in
1977.

122. United States Department of the Interior,
Press Release, June 27, 1969, Alaska National Parks Study Committee,
Swem Papers; Interview of Richard Stenmark, July 26, 1983; Stenmark to
Co-chairman/Files, August 31, 1977, L-48, Director of Professional
Services, Box 17, Alaska Task Force Files, FARC, Seattle; Ronald
Remykoff, "Preliminary Report, Alaska Parks and Monuments Advisory
Committee, Final Draft," undated report in APA-MAC Preliminary Report,
Richard Stenmark Files, HFC; "Proposals and Potential Areas in Alaska
for Study and Review," September 15, 1970, Alaska up to Native Claims,
Swem Papers. The Advisory Committee itself had no impact, and in fact,
never held a meeting. However, Stenmark's work would be an important
contribution to the Service's knowledge of Alaska.

123. Ernest J. Borgman to Director, Pacific
Northwest Region, January 21, 1971, Stenmark Files, HFC. The Park
Service was the lead agency in preparing the recreation and tourism
section of the land use chapter of the two-volume report, published in
1971 . Alaska Recreation and Tourism Resources, Land Use Chapter,
"Interim Economic Development Plan for Alaska", prepared for the Federal
Field Committee for Development Planning in Alaska by the Alaska Office,
NPS, February 5, 1971, Xerox copy in Technical Information Center,
Denver Service Center.

124. "National Park System Alaska Plan, Summary,"
November 17, 1971, Exhibit 48-a, Cook Inlet Lawsuit Files, ANILCA
Papers, USDI; USDI, NPS, National Park System Plan, 2 vols.
(Washington, D. C. GPO, 1970). The studies were done in accordance with
Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall's Policy Guidelines for National
Park Service, June 18, 1969. The National Park System Plan
divided the system into historical and natural areas. Each category was
sub-divided into themes. It was hoped that this would provide for a more
orderly "rounding out" of the National Park System.

126. Theodor R. Swem to James Hamilton, June 23,
1969, Alaska up to Native Claims, Swem Papers; Swem to James Hamilton,
June 23, 1969, Ibid; Whitehorse Star, Sept. 4, 1969,
Skagway through 1970, Park Files, Klondike National Historical Park,
Skagway, Alaska; "Outline of Program for Possible International Historic
Park in Alaska, British Columbia and Yukon Territory" confidential MS,
September 4, 1969, Xerox provided author by Theodor Swem. Sigard Olson
had mentioned a park in Skagway as early as 1963 and had lobbied with
the Secretary's Advisory Board since then to gain their support for such
a project.

127. Interview of Theodor R. Swem, June 8, 1983;
Russell E. Train to Secretary of Interior, September 15, 1969, Alaska up
to Native Claims, Swem Papers; Draft of letter to Speaker of the House,
January 28, 1972, Ibid.; George B. Hartzog, Jr. to Secretary of
the Interior, January 14, 1972, ANCSA Implementation, 1971-April 1972,
Ibid.; Department of State Briefing Papers, April 1972,
Ibid.; USDI, NPS, A Conceptual Master Plan (modified) for the
Proposed Alaska National Park (Denver: NPS, 1972). (Illustration 5 is a map of the proposed
park). The story of the proposed Alaska National Park is a fascinating
one, far too complex to be studied here. Hopefully, it will be examined
in depth at a future date.

130. Husted, "Johnson Proclamations," p. 1 . The
original six Alaska areas proposed were Mount McKinley (lands adjacent
to park), Wrangell Mountains, St. Elias Range, Lake Clark, Gates of the
Arctic, and St. Lawrence Island. Other areas later considered were
additions to Katmai National Monument and the Wood-Tikchik area.

131. Husted, "History of the Johnson
Proclamations," pp. 15, 12; Interview of Theodor R. Swem, June 8, 1983.
The name, "Gates of the Arctic," not the resources in the area,
determined the configuration of that proposed monument. Accepting BLM
objections to the east unit, Secretary Udall decided on a single-unit
monument (west unit). When he learned that the geological formation
bearing that name was in the east unit, he reversed himself in order to
name the area "Gates of the Arctic." Otherwise the proposal would have
been a one-unit Arctic Circle National Monument.

132. So sure were Park Service officials that the
president would sign all seven proclamations they had mailed press
releases and information packets to all Park Service units and offices
on January 18. The next day Theodor Swem called each one telling them to
hold the material. A second call went out the following day instructing
each office to destroy the material, unopened. Husted, "Johnson
Proclamations," p. 15; Interview of Theodor R. Swem, June 8, 1983.

133. These are reasons given by authors listed in
footnote 128. George Hartzog accepts the last reason, on the basis of
discussion he had with Wayne Aspinall shortly thereafter. Interview of
George B. Hartzog, Jr., December 7, 1983.

134. Husted, "Johnson Proclamation," p. 15;
Crevelli, "Greatest Conservation President," p. 104. President Johnson
had already dressed for the inauguration when he signed the
proclamations. The Service had been interested in an extension to Katmai
that would have included Naknek Lake for some time. "Recommendations for
Boundary Revision, Katmai National Monument," by Lowell Sumner, October
21, 1952, HFC; George B. Hartzog to Walter J. Hickel, December 7, 1967,
Alaska up to Native Claims, Swem Papers.