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Document-specific informationCreator: William Dethick, Garter King of Arms, and William Camden, Clarenceaux King of ArmsTitle: Garter and Clarenceaux's reply to the York Herald, including the Shakespeare coat of arms in trickDate: 1602Repository: College of Arms, London, UKCall number and opening: Record MS WZ fols. 276-277

Item Title

Garter and Clarenceaux's reply to the York Herald, including the Shakespeare coat of arms in trick

Institution Rights and Document Citation

Terms of useThe College of Arms has graciously contributed images from their collections to Shakespeare Documented, and retains sole ownership of said images. Visitors may link to and cite the images within Shakespeare Documented in personal research only. Any further use, including, but not limited to, unauthorized downloading or distribution of the images is strictly prohibited. Visitors must contact the College of Arms to request additional use: by email at: enquiries@college-of-arms.gov.uk; by telephone: (+44)20 7248 2762; or by post at: Officer in Waiting, College of Arms, 130 Queen Victoria Street, London, UK, EC4V 4BT

Document-specific informationCreator: William Dethick, Garter King of Arms, and William Camden, Clarenceaux King of ArmsTitle: Garter and Clarenceaux's reply to the York Herald, including the Shakespeare coat of arms in trickDate: 1602Repository: College of Arms, London, UKCall number and opening: Record MS WZ fols. 276-277

Item Title

Garter and Clarenceaux's reply to the York Herald, including the Shakespeare coat of arms in trick

Institution Rights and Document Citation

Terms of useThe College of Arms has graciously contributed images from their collections to Shakespeare Documented, and retains sole ownership of said images. Visitors may link to and cite the images within Shakespeare Documented in personal research only. Any further use, including, but not limited to, unauthorized downloading or distribution of the images is strictly prohibited. Visitors must contact the College of Arms to request additional use: by email at: enquiries@college-of-arms.gov.uk; by telephone: (+44)20 7248 2762; or by post at: Officer in Waiting, College of Arms, 130 Queen Victoria Street, London, UK, EC4V 4BT

Document-specific informationCreator: William Dethick, Garter King of Arms, and William Camden, Clarenceaux King of ArmsTitle: Garter and Clarenceaux's reply to the York Herald, including the Shakespeare coat of arms in trickDate: 1602Repository: College of Arms, London, UKCall number and opening: Record MS WZ fols. 276-277

Item Title

Garter and Clarenceaux's reply to the York Herald, including the Shakespeare coat of arms in trick

Institution Rights and Document Citation

Terms of useThe College of Arms has graciously contributed images from their collections to Shakespeare Documented, and retains sole ownership of said images. Visitors may link to and cite the images within Shakespeare Documented in personal research only. Any further use, including, but not limited to, unauthorized downloading or distribution of the images is strictly prohibited. Visitors must contact the College of Arms to request additional use: by email at: enquiries@college-of-arms.gov.uk; by telephone: (+44)20 7248 2762; or by post at: Officer in Waiting, College of Arms, 130 Queen Victoria Street, London, UK, EC4V 4BT

Document-specific informationCreator: William Dethick, Garter King of Arms, and William Camden, Clarenceaux King of ArmsTitle: Garter and Clarenceaux's reply to the York Herald, including the Shakespeare coat of arms in trickDate: 1602Repository: College of Arms, London, UKCall number and opening: Record MS WZ fols. 276-277

Item Title

Garter and Clarenceaux's reply to the York Herald, including the Shakespeare coat of arms in trick

Institution Rights and Document Citation

Terms of useThe College of Arms has graciously contributed images from their collections to Shakespeare Documented, and retains sole ownership of said images. Visitors may link to and cite the images within Shakespeare Documented in personal research only. Any further use, including, but not limited to, unauthorized downloading or distribution of the images is strictly prohibited. Visitors must contact the College of Arms to request additional use: by email at: enquiries@college-of-arms.gov.uk; by telephone: (+44)20 7248 2762; or by post at: Officer in Waiting, College of Arms, 130 Queen Victoria Street, London, UK, EC4V 4BT

Document-specific informationCreator: William Dethick, Garter King of Arms, and William Camden, Clarenceaux King of ArmsTitle: Garter and Clarenceaux's reply to the York Herald, including the Shakespeare coat of arms in trickDate: 1602Repository: College of Arms, London, UKCall number and opening: Record MS WZ fols. 276-277

In 1602, Ralph Brooke, York Herald, contested 23 coats of arms granted by William Dethick, Garter King of Arms, including the arms originally granted to Shakespeare’s father, John Shakespeare, and now belonging to William Shakespeare. Brooke argued that these coats of arms were granted to unworthy or deceased individuals, or, in the case of Shakespeare, that they too closely resembled the ancient arms of Lord Mauley, a barony that became extinct in the fifteenth century. Dethick defended Shakespeare’s coat of arms by pointing out its unique features and John Shakespeare’s civic career and marriage into the Arden family. He argued that although the basic pattern of Shakespeare’s arms (a bend sable) resembled others, the use of the spear made it unique, and that John Shakespeare "hath borne magistracy and was justice of peace at Stratford upon Avon," and "married the daughter and heir of Arden and was able to maintain that estate." The outcome is not recorded, but the dispute appears to have been resolved in favor of Dethick.

This is one of two versions of Dethick’s reply to Brooke’s “scroll of arms,” which are also the only two examples of Shakespeare’s arms in color from his lifetime. Dethick had a hand in both versions: this version, with a small revision in his hand, is neater than the Bodleian version, which is entirely in Dethick's own handwriting. They differ in subtle but substantial ways (in addition to the expected spelling differences). For example, in the Bodleian version Dethick notes that Brooke’s complaint “hath so injuriously defamed” the people who hold the coats of arms, a detail omitted from the College of Arms copy. Because Shakespeare’s father died on September 7, 1601, William Shakespeare, who inherited the arms, would have been the target of defamation. Was the dispute between Brooke and Dethick more than just an internal affair? A rich collection of heraldic archival material scattered across the United States and England will surely yield further details.

Modernized/Translated transcriptions

[Image 1: fol. 276r]

The answer of Garter and Clarenceux Kings of Arms to a Libelous Scroll against certain arms supposed to be wrongfully given

Right Honorable. The exceptions taken in the Scroll of Arms exhibited do concern these arms granted or the persons to whom they have been granted. In both, Right Honorable, We hope to satisfy your Lordships in particular if with your favorable leave we may present to your honorable and grave considerations the ancient & manifold authorities granted by the famous Princes of this Realm unto our predecessors. As in the reigns of King Henry 5th and Henry 6th unto William Bridges, knight, then Garter, who gave sundry blazons of Arms, and in the time of king Edward 4th to Sir John Wriothesley, Garter, and also King Henry 7th and king Henry 8th to other Garters, as Sir Thomas Wriothesley, Sir Christopher Barker and Sir Gilbert Dethick, and to all such as had the office of Clarenceux in their times as most plainly may appear under the seals of those famous Princes' authority to give Arms, as well to persons spiritual preferred to places of degrees of honor and worship, by grace, vertue, and learning, as to persons temporal for their service done to the King's Majesty and such as have been advanced to offices of dignity or increased in riches and possessions able to maintain the same.

Whereby may be proved what persons are capable of Arms. And that the granting, exemplifying and testimonials for Arms are to us ex antigua consuetudine. Wherefore relying upon such and other precedents and the Queen's Majesty's great seal of England we do conceive some grief, that exception should be taken against us for some few Arms more than against others that have given two or three thousand. And that we should not use the liberty like as in time of our Predecessors hath been used. Whereas, in these times under her Majesty's happy government hath and doth daily (in lieu of many extinct) breed diverse worthy persons qualified to bear Arms as well as in former ages, from whence no doubt great persons shall in succeeding times arise who will and must deduce their original and descents from the memorials of the places and services which their Parents held in the time of her Majesty's reign for it is said Qui nunc Novi, videntur erunt vetustissimi. /

Norton: [image of Norton coat of arms in left margin]Mortimer: [image of Mortimer coat of arms in right margin]

This coat is not deduced from the Arms of Mortimer, earl of March but is different both in color, number of bars, and the cantons gyrons. And yet in the times when those Mortimers flourished most both Edesin and Hagely bear then coats of Arms nearer in show to that of Mortimer without any contradiction. Neither was their any exception taken in those ages when the Honor of Arms flourished most, for the resemblance of Coats of Arms. But for the Identity of Arms, or the self same Arms to be borne by two of distinct names and families. As in the memorable controversies between Carminow and Grosvenor; Sir Theobald de Gorges and Warbleton; Sitfilt and Fakenham; Singleton and Baud. And yet this Patent hath long since been recalled and cancelled with the parties consent.

[Image 2: fol. 276v]

Lound: [coat of arms in left margin]Echingham: [two coats of arms in right margin]

There is no more offense by the descendants of Sir Peter Lound to be taken than in former time the family of Sir William Echingham, a Baron, summoned to the Parliament tempore Edward II and their descendants might have taken at Sir Peter Lound, for bearing their coat with a bordure gold, and yet the canton of Bray being assigned by the consent of his wife, the Lady Hart, one of the coheirs of the last Lord Bray. Like as the heir of Anthony Lord Lucy assigned her Arms to be quartered with the Arms of Henry Percy her husband, earl of Northumberland. And yet this man can produce that he is extract of that family by a branch of that ancient name of the Lounds./

Hall [coat of arms in left margin]Halle. [coat of arms in right margin]

Whereas Mr Hall by relation of his parents deduceth himself to be descended of that name of Hall of Bradford in Wiltshire, but uncertain with what difference he might bear that arms, these indifferent colors were assigned to him. And herein and in all such like cases we as our predecessors in their acts and visitations are to rely upon the credit and report of persons and their memorials, being worthy to be believed.

Shakespeare [coat of arms in left margin][three coats of arms in right margin: Mauley, Harely, and one with three horseshoes on bend]

It may as well be said that Harely who beareth gold, a bend between two cotises sables, and all other that Or and Argent, a bend sables, usurp the coat of the Lord Mauley. As for the spear in bend is a patible difference. And the person to whom it was granted hath borne magistracy and was justice of peace at Stratford upon Avon. He married the daughter and heir of Ardern and was able to maintain that estate./

Clerke [coat of arms in left margin]

Mr Clerke of Ardington, a man brought up in the laws, having lands and heritages, married the daughter of Mr Wiseman, late sheriff of the county of Berkshire. He produceth these arms engraved in an ancient seal of arms from his ancestors, and not knowing in what colors to bear and use them, desired of us to have the colors and a crest or cognizance assigned to him. And making good proof that his great-grandfather married the daughter and heir of T. Champenny, we did confirm and exemplify the same, as is lawful for us to do./

Peake: [coat of arms in left margin]

Mr Peake is no Grazier but he is a Gentleman of Gray’s Inn, well qualified in all good study and learning, and of competent living. But he made good proof that this coat of arms was borne by his great grandfather John Peake of Thurlangton in Leicestershire. We allowed and testified the same, and without patents contrary to his report./

[Image 3: fol. 277r]

Cowley [coat of arms in left margin]

This Walter Cowley, who as it cannot be denied to be descended of that house of Cowley in the county of Staffordshire, untruly called ironmonger, being unwilling to prejudice the heirs of that house, accepted the mullets to be added upon the bordure of his ancient coat of arms by our advice and consent.

Murgatord [coat of arms in left margin]

The late earl of Essex, Earl Marshal of England, commanded me and Clarencieux to give these Arms to Murgatord, sometime secretary then steward to the most reverent lord, the Archbishop of Canterbury, a justice of peace having other office of dignity, with these express words: A Secretary to a councilor of estate doth serve the estate and therefore qualified to bear Arms. And his Lordship wrote also in that behalf as Mr Temple can testify.

Whitmore [coat of arms in left margin]Whitmore [coat of arms in right margin]

Mr Whitmore, a rich merchant of London born in the county of Shropshire, where he possessed fair lands and where in Cheshire that name and family is far dispersed who all bear this coat of Arms anciently. Whereunto for a more especial difference at his funeral's being worshipfully entered at London, was added the cinquefoil in the canton with the badge or cognizance convenient. Neither doth trades derogate more from Gentry more in England then in Venice, etc.

Hickman [coat of arms in left margin]Birmicham [coat of arms in right margin]

This coat is not the Lord Birmicham's now of Ireland. For that is party per pale, indented, argent and sables. The person to whom it was granted, and that upon some proof by him produced, is a doctor, in the civil law. And they by Rescripts of Emperors are called Clarissima dignitate constituti. And they hold for a principle, that Meritum Scientiae Juris Civilis, ipso Jure reddit eius peritum Nobilem.

Elkin Lee [their two coats of arms in left margin][unlabelled coat of arms in right margin]

Mr Elkin and Mr Lee, who are depraved as base tradesmen, it is well known that they have been both sheriffs of London and Mr Lee shortly to be mayor of that city. So that it cannot be denied, but unto men of that place of civil government such honor of Arms hath been always allowed in former ages.

Thwaites [coat of arms in left margin]

It is certain likewise that Mr Thwaites was an alderman of London and had this coat without the flower de luce given to him by a herald that hath no such authority. Which if it had passed by his warrant without the authority of us Kings of Arms happily it had never been called in question, yet such are daily given and passed without our knowledge.

[Image 4: fol. 277v]

Withins [coat of arms in left margin]

As for the other nine coats, first Withins, a worshipful citizen and alderman of London. The Arms were allowed at the request of the heralds for his funeral, to their profits.

Gibson [coat of arms in left margin]

Mr Gibson, a man of honest parents, justice of peace, alderman, and sheriff of Norwich, of lands and wealth sufficient. And sufficient different from that name and Arms.

Pettous [coat of arms in right margin]

Pettous was alderman and sheriff of Norwich.

Lawrence [coat of arms in left margin]

Mr Lawrence was allowed that coat with a difference at the request of the heralds for their turns at funerals.

Smith: Young: Mouldsworth: [coat of arms of Moulesworth in right margin]

As for Mr Smith, Young, and Mouldsworth, Garter never gave them Arms nor Patent.

Woolger: As for Woolger, he was not in the last roll and yet being inserted in the new paper, Garter answered that he never gave them.

These Arms are falsely and maliciously surmised to be given to Hayward by Garter. As it was directly proved by young Mr John Hayward of the Inner Temple, gent.The true blazon of the Arms exemplified by Garter Anno 1592 to Henry Hayward, late elected alderman of London, now of Tandridge in Surrey, 1601.

Harborne [coat of arms on left][unlabelled coat of arms on right]

As for Mr Harborne, whereas they also say that Garter made a false pedigree for Peirs Harborne, who they evilly and untruly say was a traitor, etc. because he was in Spain. Garter answereth first that the copy which they produce doth not agree but is differing from the original pedigree which he made for Mr Harborne.

The pedigree was for many descents, testified and proved at that time in the Office to be true.

The Arms witnessed and allowed by the late Cook, Clarenciuex, and so confirmed by Garter. And the said Piers Harborne justified to be a good subject to the Queen's Majesty as appeareth by a letter.

Dongan: As for Dongan, Garter answereth that he never gave him any. But what was exemplified by Garter is proved by Mr Dongan's letter for his antiquity.

Semi-diplomatic transcription

[Image 1: fol. 276r]

The answere of Garter & ClarenciauxKinges of Armes to a Libellous Scrowle againstcertein Arms supposed to be wrongfully given

Right Honorable. The exceptions taken in the Scrowle of Armes exhibiteddoe concerne these Armes granted or the persons to whome they haue bin granted.In both right Honorable Wee hope to satisfie your Lordships in perticuler yf with your fauorableleaue wee may present to your Honorable and graue considerations. The auncyent& manifold authorites granted by the famous Princes of this Realme vnto ourPredecessors. As in the Reignes of king Henry 5th and Henry 6th vntoWilliam Bridges knight then Garter. who gaue sundrie blasons of ArmesAnd in the time of king Ew 4th to Sir John Wriothesley Garter, and alsoking Henry 7th and king Henry 8th to other Garters, as Sir ThomasWriothesley Sir Christopher Barker and Sir Gilbert dethickAnd to all such as had the office of Clarenciaux in their times as mostplainely may appeare vnder the seales of those famous Princes authoriteto giue Armes, aswell to parsons spirituall preferred to places of degreesof honor and worshippe, by grace, vertue, & learninge. As to persons temporall fortheir seruice done to the kinges Maiestie and such as haue bin aduanced to Officesof dignitie or increased in riches & possessions able to maintaine the sameWhereby may be proued what persons are capable of Armes. And that thegranting, exemplifieng and testimonialles for Armes are to vs ex antiguaconseuetudine. Wherefore relieing vppon such and other presidentes and theQueenes Maiesties great seale of England wee doe conceaue some greife, thatexception should be taken against vs for some fewe ^Armes more then againstothers that haue giuen two or three thowsandes. And that we should not vse thelibertie like as in time of our Predecessors hath bin vsed. Whereas, in thesetimes vnder her Maiesties happie gouer[n]ment hath and doth daily (in lieu of manyextinct) breed diuers worthy persons qualified to beare Armes aswellas in former ages ffrom whence no doubt great persons shall in succe=ding times arise. who will and must deduce their originall and descentes fromthe memorialls of the places and seruices which their Parentes held in the timeof her Maiesties Raigne for it is said Qui nunc Noui, videntur eruntvetustissimi. /

Norton: [Norton coat of arms in left margin]Mortimer: [Mortimer coat of arms in right margin]

This coate is not deduced from the Armes of Mortimer Erleof Marche but is different both in coulour number of Barrs & the Cantonnesgironnes. And yet in the times when those Mortimers florished most both Edesin andHagely bare then coates of Armes neerer in shew to that ofMortimer without any contradiction. Neither was their anyexception taken in those ages. When the Honor of Armesflorished most. for the resemblance of Coates of Armes. Butfor the Indentity of Armes, or the selfe same Armes to be borneof by two of distinct names and families. As in the memorablecontrouersies betweene Carminow. and. Grasvenor. Sir The=obald de Gorges, and Warbleton, Sitfilit, and Fakenham,Singleton and Baud. And yet this Patent hath long sincebin recalled and cancelled with the parties consent.

[catchword] There is no more

[Image 2: fol. 276v]

Lound: [coat of arms in left margin]Echingham: [two coats of arms in right margin]

There is no more offence by the descendantes of Sir PeterLound to be taken then in former time the family of SirWilliam Echingham a Baron sommoned to the Parliamenttempore Edw. 2. and their descendantes might haue taken at SirPeter Lound, for bearing their coate with a Bordure GouldAnd yet the Canton of Bray being assigned by the consent ofhis wife the Lady Hart, one of the coheires of the last LordBray. Like as the heire of Anthony Lord Lucy assignedher Armes to be quartered with the Armes of Henry Percyher husband Erle of Northumberland. And yet this mancan produce that he is extract of that familie by a branchof that aunciant name of the Loundes./

Hall [coat of arms in left margin]Halle. [coat of arms in right margin]

Whereas Mr Hall by relation of his parents deduceth himselfeto be descended of that name of Hall of Bradford in WiltshireBut vncertaine with what difference he might beare thatArmes these indifferent coulors weare assigned to himAnd herein & in all such like cases wee as our Predecessorsin their actes and visitacions are to relie vppon the credittand report of persons & their memorialls being worthy to bebeleeued.

Shakespere [coat of arms in left margin][three coats of arms in right margin: Mauley, Harely, and one with three horseshoes on bend]

It may aswell be said that Harely who beareth goulda Bend betweene two Cotizes sables, and all other that Or. andArgent. a bend sables vsurpe the coate of the Lo. MauleyAs for the Speare in Bend is a patible difference. And theperson to whome it was granted hath borne magestracy andwas Iustice of peace at Stratford vpon Avon he mariedthe daughter and heire of Arderne and was able to maintainethat estate./

Clerke [coat of arms in left margin]

Mr Clerke of Ardington a man brought vp in the laweshauing landes and heritages maried the daughter ofMr Wiseman late Sheriffe of the countie of Barkshirehe produceth these Armes engraued in an auncient sealeof Armes from his Auncestors and not knowing in whatcoullors to beare and vse them. desired of vs to haue thecoullors and a Creast or cognisance assigned to him. Andmaking good proofe that his great Grandfather mariedthe daughter and heire of T. Champenny wee did con=firme & exemplife the same. As is lawfull for vs to doe./

Peake: [coat of arms in left margin]

Mr Peake is no Grasier but he is is [sic] a Gentlemanof Grayes Inne well qualified in all good study and lerningand of Competent liuing. But he made good proofethat this coate of Armes was borne by his great grand=father Iohn Peake of Thurlangton in Leicestershirewee allowed and testified the same. and withoutPatentes contrary to his report./

[catchword] This Walter Cowley.

[Image 3: fol. 277r]

Cowley [coat of arms in left margin]

This Walter Cowley who as it cannot be denied to bedescended of that howse of Cowley in the countie of Staff.vntruly called Ironmonger being vnwilling to preiudicethe heires of that howse, accepted the Moulletes to be addedvpon the bordure of his auncient coate of Armes by ouraduice and consent.

Murgatord [coat of arms in left margin]

The late Erle of Essex, Erle Marshal of Englandcommaunded mee and Clarenciaulx, to giue these Armesto Murgatord sometime secretary then Steward to themost reuerent Lord the Archbishoppe of Canterburya Iustice of peace hauing other office of dignitie with theseexpresse wordes: A Secretary to a councellor of Estatedoth serue the Estate & therefore qualified to beare ArmesAnd his Lordship wrotte also in that behalfe as Mr Templecan testifie

Whitmore [coat of arms in left margin]Whitmore [coat of arms in right margin]

Mr Whitmore a rich Marchant of London borne inthe countie of Salope where he possessed faire landes andwhere in Chesheire that name and familie is farr dispersedwho all beare this coate of Armes aunciently. Wherevntofor a more especiall difference at his funeralls being wor=shipfully entrered at London was added the Cinquefold inthe canton with the badge or cognisance conuenient. Neitherdoth trades derogate more form Gentrie more inEngland then in Venice &c.

Hickman: [coat of arms in left margin]Birmicham [coat of arms in right margin]

This coate is not the Lord Birmichams now of Ireland. fforthat is partie per pale, indented. Argent and, Sables. Theparson to whome it was granted. and that vppon someproofe by him produced, Is a doctor, in the ciuill LaweAnd they by Rescripts of Emperors are called Clarissima dignitate constituti. And they hould for a principle. That Meritum Scientiae Iuris Ciuilis, ipso Iure reddit eius peritumNobilem.

Elkin: Lee: [their two coats of arms in left margin]

[unlabelled coat of arms in right margin]

Mr Elkin and Mr Lee who are depraued as base tradesmen. It is well knowen that they haue bin both Sheriffes of Londonand Mr Lee shortly to bee Maior of that Cittie. So thatit cannot be denied, but vnto men of that place of Ciuillgouer[n]ment such honor of Armes hath bin allwayes allowedin former ages.

Thwaites [coat of arms in left margin]

It is certaine likewise, That Mr Thwaites was an Alder=man of London and had this coate without the flower deluce giuen to him by a Herauld that hath no such autho=rite. Which if it had passed by his warrant withoutthe authorite of vs kinges of Armes happely it hadneuer bin called in question yet such are daily giuenand passed without our knowledge./

[catchword] As for the other

[Image 4: fol. 277v]

Withins [coat of arms in left margin]

As for the other nine coates ffirst Withins, a worshipfullcitizen and Alderman of London The Armes were allowedat the request of the herauldes for his ffuinerala to theirprofittes.

Gibson [coat of arms in left margin]

Mr Gibson, a man of honest parentes Iustice of PeaceAlderman and Sheriffe of Norwich of landes andwealth sufficient. And sufficient different from thatname and Armes.

Pettous [coat of arms in right margin]

Pettous was Alderman and Sheriffe of Norwich.

Lawrence [coat of arms in left margin]

Mr Lawrence was allowed that Coate with a diffe=rence at the request of the Herauldes for theirturnes at ffuneralls.

Smith: Young:Mouldzworth: [coat of arms of Molesworth in right margin]

As for Mr Smith Yonge, and Mouldzworth Garterneuer gaue them Armes, nor Patent./

Woolger: As for Woolger, he was not in the last Rolle andyet being inserted in the new paper Garter answeredthat he neuer gaue them./

As for Mr Harborne. Whereas they also say that Gartermade a false Pedigree for Peirs Harborne who they euilly &vntruly say was a traitor &c. because he was in Spaine./Garter answereth ffirst that the Copie which they producedoth not agree but is differing from the Originall pedigreewhich he made for Mr Harborne./

The pedigree was for many descentes testified & proued atthat time in the Office to be true./

The Armes witnessed and allowed by the late Cooke ClarencieuxAnd so confirmed by Garter./ And the said Piers HarborneIustefyd to be A good subiect to the Quenes Maiestie as appeareth by A letter.

Dongan: As for Dongan Garter answereth that heneuer gaue him any./ But what was exemplefied byGarter is proued by Mr Dongans letter for his antiquite.