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“I am more afraid of anof 100 sheep led by a lioan army of 100 lions led-Talleyrand.( 1st Prime Minister of France and a great diplomat- 1754-1838 )

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What Is Leadership?LeadershipThe ability toinfluence a grouptoward theachievement of avision or set of goals.ManagementUse of authority inherent indesignated formal rank toobtain compliance fromorganizational members.

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Initiating StructureThe extent to which a leader islikely to define and structure hisor her role and those ofsubordinates in the search forgoal attainment.ConsiderationThe extent to which a leader islikely to have job relationshipscharacterized by mutual trust,respect for subordinate’s ideas,and regard for their feelings.Ohio State Studies

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University of Michigan StudiesEmployee-Oriented LeaderEmphasizing interpersonal relations;taking a personal interest in the needsof employees and accepting individualdifferences among members.Production-Oriented LeaderOne who emphasizes technical or taskaspects of the job.

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Contingency TheoriesFiedler’s Contingency ModelThe theory that effective groups depend on a propermatch between a leader’s style of interacting withsubordinates and the degree to which the situation givescontrol and influence to the leader.Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC)QuestionnaireAn instrument that purports to measure whether a personis task- or relationship-oriented.

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fiedler’s Model: defining the situationLeader-Member RelationsThe degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinateshave in their leader.Task StructureThe degree to which the job assignments areprocedurized.Position PowerInfluence derived from one’s formal structural position inthe organization; includes power to hire, fire, discipline,promote, and give salary increases.

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Cognitive Resource TheoryCognitive Resource TheoryA theory of leadership that states that stress canunfavourably affect a situation and that intelligence as wellas experience can reduce the influence of stress on theleader.Research Support:• Less intelligent individuals perform better in leadershiproles under high stress than do more intelligentindividuals.• Less experienced people perform better in leadershiproles under low stress than do more experiencedpeople.

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PATH-GOAL THEORYThe theory that it is the leader’s job to assistfollowers in attaining their goals and to providethem the necessary direction and/or support toensure that their goals are compatible with theoverall objectives of the group or organization.

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FRAMING: USING WORDS TO SHAPE MEANING ANDINSPIRE OTHERSLeaders use framing(selectively includingor excluding facts) toinfluence how otherssee and interpretreality.FramingA way to use language tomanage meaning.

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INSPIRATIONAL APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIPCharismatics Influence Followers By:1. Articulating the vision2. Setting high performance expectations3. Conveying a new set of values4. Making personal sacrificesCharismatic Leadership TheoryFollowers make attributions of heroic or extraordinaryleadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors.

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KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARISMATIC LEADERS1. Vision and articulation. Has a vision—expressed as an idealizedgoal—that proposes a future better than the status quo; and isable to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that areunderstandable to others.2. Personal risk. Willing to take on high personal risk, incur highcosts and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve the vision.3. Environmental sensitivity. Able to make realistic assessments ofthe environmental constraints and resources needed to bringabout change.4. Sensitivity to follower needs. Perceptive of others’ abilities andresponsive to their needs and feelings.5. Unconventional behavior. Engages in behaviors that areperceived as novel and counter to norms.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSContingent Reward: Contracts exchange of rewards for effort,promises rewards for good performance, recognizesaccomplishments.Management by Exception (active): Watches and searchesfor deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action.Management by Exception (passive): Intervenes only ifstandards are not met.

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DIMENSIONS OF TRUST Integrity honesty and truthfulness. Competence an individual’s technical andinterpersonal knowledgeand skills. Consistency an individual’s reliability,predictability, and goodjudgment in handlingsituations. Loyalty the willingness to protectand save face for anotherperson. Openness reliance on the person togive you the full truth.

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THREE TYPES OF TRUSTDeterrence-based TrustTrust based on fear of reprisal if the trust is violated.Identification-based TrustTrust based on a mutual understanding of each other’sintentions and appreciation of the other’s wants and desires.Knowledge-based TrustTrust based on behavioralpredictability that comes from ahistory of interaction.

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EMPLOYEES’ TRUST IN THEIR CEOSEmployees who believe in senior management:

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ONLINE LEADERSHIP Leadership at a Distance: Building Trust The lack of face-to-face contact in electroniccommunications removes the nonverbal cues that supportverbal interactions. There is no supporting context to assist the receiver withinterpretation of an electronic communication. The structure and tone of electronic messages can stronglyaffect the response of receivers. An individual’s verbal and written communications may notfollow the same style. Writing skills will likely become an extension ofinterpersonal skills

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CHALLENGES TO THE LEADERSHIP CONSTRUCTQualities attributed to leaders:• Leaders are intelligent, outgoing, have strong verbal skills, areaggressive, understanding, and industrious.• Effective leaders are perceived as consistent and unwavering intheir decisions.• Effective leaders project the appearance of being a leader.Attribution Theory of LeadershipThe idea that leadership is merely an attribution thatpeople make about other individuals.