How
Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?

Endnotes

Introduction

1. Edmund Russell,
War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War
I to Silent Spring (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001),
p. 27. For a detailed account of the battle at Ypres, see "The
Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915."Back
to Text

4. Russell, War
and Nature, pp. 53-56. For more on Fries's involvement in conservative
attacks on the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in the 1920s,
see WILPF and Right-Wing Attacks, 1923-1931,
another document project on this website.Back
to Text

5. Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), The Problem of Chemical
and Biological Warfare: A Study of the Historical, Technical, Military, Legal
and Political Aspects of CBW, and Possible Disarmament Measures, Volume 1:
The Rise of CB Weapons (New York: Humanities Press, 1971), pp. 236 and
274.Back
to Text

6. Robert Harris
and Jeremy Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Chemical
and Biological Warfare (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982), p. 33.Back
to Text

8. Carrie A.
Foster, The Women and the Warriors: The U.S. Section of the Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1946 (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University
Press, 1995), p. 34.Back
to Text

10. For more on
WILPF's tolerance of varying opinions and activities, see Linda K. Schott,
Reconstructing Women's Thoughts: The Women's International League for Peace
and Freedom Before World War II (Stanford: Stanford University Press,
1997), pp. 55-77.Back
to Text

11. Augustin
M. Prentiss, Civil Air Defense: A Treatise on the Protection of the Civil
Population Against Air Attack (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1941), pp. 4 and
6.Back
to Text

19.
Perlen, Der Kampf der Frauen, p. 4. A typo in the original has been silently
corrected here. The original German text spells Stowe's last name "Stone." Our thanks to
Dirk Hoerder of the University of Bremen for his help in finding a copy of this pamphlet.
Back
to Text