``os.path`` --- Common pathname manipulations
*********************************************
This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or
write files see ``open()``, and for accessing the filesystem see the
``os`` module.
Note: On Windows, many of these functions do not properly support UNC
pathnames. ``splitunc()`` and ``ismount()`` do handle them
correctly.
Note: Since different operating systems have different path name
conventions, there are several versions of this module in the
standard library. The ``os.path`` module is always the path module
suitable for the operating system Python is running on, and
therefore usable for local paths. However, you can also import and
use the individual modules if you want to manipulate a path that is
*always* in one of the different formats. They all have the same
interface:
* ``posixpath`` for UNIX-style paths
* ``ntpath`` for Windows paths
* ``macpath`` for old-style MacOS paths
* ``os2emxpath`` for OS/2 EMX paths
os.path.abspath(path)
Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname *path*. On
most platforms, this is equivalent to ``normpath(join(os.getcwd(),
path))``.
New in version 1.5.2.
os.path.basename(path)
Return the base name of pathname *path*. This is the second half
of the pair returned by ``split(path)``. Note that the result of
this function is different from the Unix **basename** program;
where **basename** for ``'/foo/bar/'`` returns ``'bar'``, the
``basename()`` function returns an empty string (``''``).
os.path.commonprefix(list)
Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that
is a prefix of all paths in *list*. If *list* is empty, return
the empty string (``''``). Note that this may return invalid paths
because it works a character at a time.
os.path.dirname(path)
Return the directory name of pathname *path*. This is the first
half of the pair returned by ``split(path)``.
os.path.exists(path)
Return ``True`` if *path* refers to an existing path. Returns
``False`` for broken symbolic links. On some platforms, this
function may return ``False`` if permission is not granted to
execute ``os.stat()`` on the requested file, even if the *path*
physically exists.
os.path.lexists(path)
Return ``True`` if *path* refers to an existing path. Returns
``True`` for broken symbolic links. Equivalent to ``exists()`` on
platforms lacking ``os.lstat()``.
New in version 2.4.
os.path.expanduser(path)
On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component
of ``~`` or ``~user`` replaced by that *user*'s home directory.
On Unix, an initial ``~`` is replaced by the environment variable
**HOME** if it is set; otherwise the current user's home directory
is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module
``pwd``. An initial ``~user`` is looked up directly in the password
directory.
On Windows, **HOME** and **USERPROFILE** will be used if set,
otherwise a combination of **HOMEPATH** and **HOMEDRIVE** will be
used. An initial ``~user`` is handled by stripping the last
directory component from the created user path derived above.
If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde,
the path is returned unchanged.
os.path.expandvars(path)
Return the argument with environment variables expanded.
Substrings of the form ``$name`` or ``${name}`` are replaced by the
value of environment variable *name*. Malformed variable names and
references to non-existing variables are left unchanged.
On Windows, ``%name%`` expansions are supported in addition to
``$name`` and ``${name}``.
os.path.getatime(path)
Return the time of last access of *path*. The return value is a
number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the
``time`` module). Raise ``os.error`` if the file does not exist or
is inaccessible.
New in version 1.5.2.
Changed in version 2.3: If ``os.stat_float_times()`` returns True,
the result is a floating point number.
os.path.getmtime(path)
Return the time of last modification of *path*. The return value
is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the
``time`` module). Raise ``os.error`` if the file does not exist or
is inaccessible.
New in version 1.5.2.
Changed in version 2.3: If ``os.stat_float_times()`` returns True,
the result is a floating point number.
os.path.getctime(path)
Return the system's ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the
time of the last change, and, on others (like Windows), is the
creation time for *path*. The return value is a number giving the
number of seconds since the epoch (see the ``time`` module).
Raise ``os.error`` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.
New in version 2.3.
os.path.getsize(path)
Return the size, in bytes, of *path*. Raise ``os.error`` if the
file does not exist or is inaccessible.
New in version 1.5.2.
os.path.isabs(path)
Return ``True`` if *path* is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that
means it begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a
(back)slash after chopping off a potential drive letter.
os.path.isfile(path)
Return ``True`` if *path* is an existing regular file. This
follows symbolic links, so both ``islink()`` and ``isfile()`` can
be true for the same path.
os.path.isdir(path)
Return ``True`` if *path* is an existing directory. This follows
symbolic links, so both ``islink()`` and ``isdir()`` can be true
for the same path.
os.path.islink(path)
Return ``True`` if *path* refers to a directory entry that is a
symbolic link. Always ``False`` if symbolic links are not
supported.
os.path.ismount(path)
Return ``True`` if pathname *path* is a *mount point*: a point in a
file system where a different file system has been mounted. The
function checks whether *path*'s parent, ``path/..``, is on a
different device than *path*, or whether ``path/..`` and *path*
point to the same i-node on the same device --- this should detect
mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants.
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])
Join one or more path components intelligently. If any component
is an absolute path, all previous components (on Windows, including
the previous drive letter, if there was one) are thrown away, and
joining continues. The return value is the concatenation of
*path1*, and optionally *path2*, etc., with exactly one directory
separator (``os.sep``) inserted between components, unless *path2*
is empty. Note that on Windows, since there is a current directory
for each drive, ``os.path.join("c:", "foo")`` represents a path
relative to the current directory on drive ``C:`` (``c:foo``), not
``c:\foo``.
os.path.normcase(path)
Normalize the case of a pathname. On Unix and Mac OS X, this
returns the path unchanged; on case-insensitive filesystems, it
converts the path to lowercase. On Windows, it also converts
forward slashes to backward slashes.
os.path.normpath(path)
Normalize a pathname. This collapses redundant separators and up-
level references so that ``A//B``, ``A/./B`` and ``A/foo/../B`` all
become ``A/B``. It does not normalize the case (use ``normcase()``
for that). On Windows, it converts forward slashes to backward
slashes. It should be understood that this may change the meaning
of the path if it contains symbolic links!
os.path.realpath(path)
Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating
any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported
by the operating system).
New in version 2.2.
os.path.relpath(path[, start])
Return a relative filepath to *path* either from the current
directory or from an optional *start* point.
*start* defaults to ``os.curdir``. Availability: Windows, Unix.
New in version 2.6.
os.path.samefile(path1, path2)
Return ``True`` if both pathname arguments refer to the same file
or directory (as indicated by device number and i-node number).
Raise an exception if a ``os.stat()`` call on either pathname
fails. Availability: Unix.
os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)
Return ``True`` if the file descriptors *fp1* and *fp2* refer to
the same file. Availability: Unix.
os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2)
Return ``True`` if the stat tuples *stat1* and *stat2* refer to the
same file. These structures may have been returned by ``fstat()``,
``lstat()``, or ``stat()``. This function implements the
underlying comparison used by ``samefile()`` and
``sameopenfile()``. Availability: Unix.
os.path.split(path)
Split the pathname *path* into a pair, ``(head, tail)`` where
*tail* is the last pathname component and *head* is everything
leading up to that. The *tail* part will never contain a slash; if
*path* ends in a slash, *tail* will be empty. If there is no slash
in *path*, *head* will be empty. If *path* is empty, both *head*
and *tail* are empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from *head*
unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In nearly all
cases, ``join(head, tail)`` equals *path* (the only exception being
when there were multiple slashes separating *head* from *tail*).
os.path.splitdrive(path)
Split the pathname *path* into a pair ``(drive, tail)`` where
*drive* is either a drive specification or the empty string. On
systems which do not use drive specifications, *drive* will always
be the empty string. In all cases, ``drive + tail`` will be the
same as *path*.
New in version 1.3.
os.path.splitext(path)
Split the pathname *path* into a pair ``(root, ext)`` such that
``root + ext == path``, and *ext* is empty or begins with a period
and contains at most one period. Leading periods on the basename
are ignored; ``splitext('.cshrc')`` returns ``('.cshrc', '')``.
Changed in version 2.6: Earlier versions could produce an empty
root when the only period was the first character.
os.path.splitunc(path)
Split the pathname *path* into a pair ``(unc, rest)`` so that *unc*
is the UNC mount point (such as ``r'\\host\mount'``), if present,
and *rest* the rest of the path (such as ``r'\path\file.ext'``).
For paths containing drive letters, *unc* will always be the empty
string. Availability: Windows.
os.path.walk(path, visit, arg)
Calls the function *visit* with arguments ``(arg, dirname, names)``
for each directory in the directory tree rooted at *path*
(including *path* itself, if it is a directory). The argument
*dirname* specifies the visited directory, the argument *names*
lists the files in the directory (gotten from
``os.listdir(dirname)``). The *visit* function may modify *names*
to influence the set of directories visited below *dirname*, e.g.
to avoid visiting certain parts of the tree. (The object referred
to by *names* must be modified in place, using ``del`` or slice
assignment.)
Note: Symbolic links to directories are not treated as subdirectories,
and that ``walk()`` therefore will not visit them. To visit
linked directories you must identify them with
``os.path.islink(file)`` and ``os.path.isdir(file)``, and invoke
``walk()`` as necessary.
Note: This function is deprecated and has been removed in 3.0 in favor
of ``os.walk()``.
os.path.supports_unicode_filenames
True if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within
limitations imposed by the file system), and if ``os.listdir()``
returns Unicode strings for a Unicode argument.
New in version 2.3.