One Universe at a Time

The Theoretical Dream Of The EmDrive

The reactionless thruster known as the EmDrive is back in the news. This time the buzz arises from a new theoretical paper that attempts to explain just how the device can seem to violate basic physics. While this new work begins with some basic quantum physics, it quickly veers into uncharted (and highly speculative) theoretical waters to achieve its goal.

The EmDrive is highly controversial because it is claimed to create a thrust without a corresponding propellant. Such a “reactionless drive” would violate Newton’s third law of motion, which is one of the basic tenets of classical physics. Usually this kind of thing is quickly tossed onto the compost pile of fringe science, but in this case several independent groups have claimed to observe a thrust from this kind of device. While this might seem like solid evidence, there are several reasons to be skeptical. To begin with, none of the work has yet been peer reviewed. It was announced last month that some of the experimental work is currently undergoing peer review, but no peer-reviewed paper has yet appeared. This is important because the supposedly observed thrust are extremely small, and it is notoriously difficult to rule out more mundane causes for these kinds of odd tiny effects. Secondly, if the EmDrive actually works, it would violate known physics. There is currently no theoretical explanation for why such a thrust might occur. While you don’t need a theoretical explanation for a clear experimental result, it would help to have a theoretical model one could test. This new work attempts to create such a theoretical model.

The model begins with an idea out of quantum physics known as the Unruh effect. In quantum theory, empty space can be described as being filled with a quantum field. A vacuum, in this view, is simply the lowest possible energy state for these fields. For an inertial observer (one that isn’t accelerating) this field has effectively zero energy, and empty space looks like a vacuum just as we’d expect. However, for an accelerating observer the field has an observed energy, and the observer would observe a sea of particles in thermal equilibrium. As a result, an accelerating observer would be heated by quantum particles. While this might seem odd, it’s actually a well known effect, and is somewhat similar to Hawking radiation. While the Unruh effect isn’t controversial, it’s never been observed because it is such an extremely tiny effect. An acceleration of a trillion gees would create a temperature of less than a millionth of a Kelvin. The Unruh effect raises an interesting question for accelerating particles, specifically whether an accelerating particle interacting with an Unruh thermal background will emit radiation that can be observed by a non-accelerating observer. This would be known as Unruh radiation, and there are theoretical models both for and against it. While it seems reasonable that Unruh radiation should exist, it’s also reasonable to be skeptical.

In the theoretical model for the EmDrive, it’s assumed that Unruh radiation is real. Furthermore, the author of the model argues that Unruh radiation is the source of inertia. The basic idea is that an accelerating mass would experience a kind of drag due to the Unruh effect, which we describe as the inertial resistance to acceleration seen in classical physics. This effect would be largely indistinguishable from the usual behavior of inertia, but the author argues that subtle differences would show up as anomalies, such as the flyby anomaly seen in some spacecraft. From there it gets even more speculative, because the author claims that photons can also have inertial mass due to the Unruh effect, and thus give the EmDrive a reactionless thrust.

The overall shape of the EmDrive is somewhat conical. As electromagnetic radiation is is bounced around in this conical cavity, the allowed energy levels of photons at the narrow end are slightly different from the allowed energy levels at the wider end. So photons can transition between energy levels within the cavity of the device. In the model, photons at different energy levels have different inertial mass. So when photons transition from higher energy levels at the narrow end to lower energy at the wider end, their inertia changes. By Newton’s third law, there must be a reaction force on the drive itself. In short, this model buries Newton’s third law in quantum speculation. Through this model the EmDrive can defy Newton’s law by thrusting against the vacuum of space rather than violating the law directly.

In its defense the work does at least strive to make clear and testable predictions. Not only does it predict discrete levels of thrust based upon the geometry of the cavity, it also predicts that one should see a reversal of thrust direction given a cavity of certain dimensions. But it also isn’t something to get too excited about. This new work doesn’t prove the effect is real. It does not even agree with claimed results that strongly. The model also raises further theoretical problems, such as requiring that the speed of light changes within the cavity, which would violate the central property of special relativity. Even if the EmDrive works as this model claims, it still violates well tested laws of physics.

Doesn’t it depend on what you consider a propellant? I mean, solar sails (not to mention Kepler) use radiation pressure to achieve thrust. The real problem with the EmDrive is that it claims able to “amplify” microwave resonance without any corresponding directional reaction. It’s like trying to sweat in space. The only thing I can think of is if highly resonant microwaves produce some heretofore unknown decay of… something.
The only way to test it effectively would be in a true vacuum (i.e. space).

Well, I’m not saying it’s pushing air around (or using radiation as a propellant, that was just an alternate example). I’m just saying that we can’t account for what it might be while there are external factors.

The answer to this conundrum is to scale the device up such that the force produced is a blunt fact that cannot be dismissed. Do that, and theoretical physicists will start expending intellectual capital to address it. Do that, and engineers will stick an EMdrive on a satellite and employ it to delta the V.

Yet here we are 15 years into this thing, and no one has scaled it up to the point where the effect is unambiguously real. One is tempted to infer from this that they don’t know how to scale it up, that bench top attempts to double or quadruple the effect have so far failed, and lacking a theory that passes the sniff test, they don’t know how to proceed.

Is that where this thing is at? Does anyone know? Yeah, someone knows. Probably all the people on those separate teams of experimenters knows. But we are not reading about that in any of the coverage. Instead, we get “it’s controversial.” “Newton’s Third Law!” “Here’s a new paper that no one believes.” Well, all that is true, I guess. And it must be a good too, because no news is good news, right?

Simple and understandable explanation of the Emdrive engine work principle (if it works).
I think that explanation EMdrive engine work (if it works) principle ( Roger Shawyer Explaining The Basic Science behind #EmDrive, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBtk6xWDrwY ) can be considerably simplified and made more understandable.
It is well known that
1. According to second postulate for the special relativity theory the speed of light (and other electromagnetic waves or microwaves) in vacuum is the same for all observers ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity ). Observers should not be accelerated.
2. The speed of the electromagnetic waves or microwave in the waveguide depends on cross-section or diameter of the waveguide likewise the speed of the light in the glass depends on the refractive index of the glass.
3. Light and other electromagnetic waves or microwaves can carry energy, have some virtual mass as energy equivalent, can carry some momentum and create some pressure.
4. Power and energy of the light and other electromagnetic waves are defined by their frequency. Light and electromagnetic waves do not change considerably their frequency during reflection from relatively massive reflecting body, save their energy and cannot give energy to the massive reflecting body during reflection. Thus microwave reflection cannot create real force for acceleration of the massive reflecting body during reflection. Obviously microwaves cannot decelerate relatively massive reflecting body during reflection as even massive reflecting body cannot considerably change frequency of the electromagnetic waves during reflecting.

Work of the Emdrive engine in a great measure is based on the independence of the microwaves velocities of the cavity velocity ( Roger Shawyer Explaining The Basic Science behind #EmDrive, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBtk6xWDrwY , pic. “Independence of velocities” at the time moment 3.13 of the video, approximately ). These microwaves travel and are gained within the cavity. Independence of the microwaves velocities of the cavity velocity is very similar to the second postulate for special relativity theory. The microwaves velocities can depend on the cavity diameter but should not depend on the cavity velocity. It is always true. Independence of the microwaves velocities on the cavity velocity means that microwaves can push the cavity in principle in spite of that microwaves travel within the cavity, but cavity should be designed properly for it. I think it can be imagined for simplicity that microwaves in the cavity are entirely independent and move on themselves like they move in the open space, but velocity of the microwave that travels from the wide side (butt) of the cavity to its narrow side (butt) decreases, and velocity of the microwave that travels from narrow side (butt) of the cavity to its wide side (butt) increases ( Roger Shawyer Explaining The Basic Science behind #EmDrive, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBtk6xWDrwY , pic. “Tapered cavity” at the time moment 5.45 of the video, approximately. ) Then microwave that travels from wide side (butt) of the cavity to its narrow side (butt) loses momentum and should give lost part of the momentum to the cavity. Cavity should get this part of the momentum and should be accelerated in the direction from its wide side (butt) to narrow side (butt). Microwave that travels from narrow side (butt) of the cavity to its wide side (butt) get momentum for account of the cavity momentum and the cavity should be additionally accelerated in the direction from its wide side to narrow side. Cavity gets total momentum that is twice each microwave momentum change due to microwaves velocities changing. As mentioned above microwaves save their frequency, power and energy during reflection from the ends (butts) of the cavity, real force due to such reflections cannot be created because microwaves cannot give energy to the cavity, cavity cannot give energy to the microwaves.
Thus cavity can be accelerated due to microwave velocity changing during propagation within the cavity.

There’s a difference between phase velocity and bulk velocity when it comes to waves. Phase velocity is an apparent motion due to syncopated disturbances. Bulk velocity is the actual motion of the wave. Photons move at the bulk velocity, which is always the speed of light, even in a cavity. Shawyer’s argument confuses the two, which is part of the problem. Put simply, the argument is that if you can violate the laws of physics (assume a varying speed of light in a vacuum) then you can explain a device that violates the laws of physics. That isn’t an explanation, it’s special pleading. The fact that advocates keep making these weird theory arguments is not doing them any favors. It makes it look like they don’t understand basic physics.