sodium bicarbonate

sodium

[so´de-um]

a chemical element, atomic number 11, atomic weight 22.990, symbol Na. (See Appendix 6.) Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid, constituting 90 to 95 per cent of all cations in the blood plasma and interstitial fluid; it thus determines the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. The serum sodium concentration is normally about 140 mEq/L. If the sodium level and osmolality fall, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are stimulated and cause the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This hormone increases the absorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys so that water is conserved while sodium and other electrolytes are excreted in the urine. If the sodium level and osmolality rise, neurons in the thirst center of the hypothalamus are stimulated. The thirsty person then drinks enough water to restore the osmolality of the extracellular fluid to the normal level.

sodium ascorbate an antiscorbutic vitamin and nutritional supplement for parenteral administration. It is also used as an aid to deferoxamine therapy in the treatment of chronic iron toxicity.

sodium benzoate an antifungal agent also used in a test of liver function.

sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3, a white powder commonly found in households. It has a wide variety of uses in chemistry, in pharmaceuticals, and in consumer products. It is sometimes taken in water as a remedy for acid indigestion but should not be used regularly since when taken in excess it tends to cause alkalosis. It can be mixed with water and applied as a paste for relief of pain in treatment of minor burns and insect bites and stings. A cupful in the bath water may help relieve itching caused by an allergic reaction. Called also baking soda and bicarbonate of soda.

sodium carbonate a compound now used primarily as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals; it has been used as a lotion or bath in the treatment of scaly skin, and as a detergent.

sodium chloride common table salt, a necessary constituent of the body and therefore of the diet, involved in maintaining osmotic tension of blood and tissues; uses include replenishment of electrolytes in the body, irrigation of wounds and body cavities, enema, inhaled mucolytic, topical osmotic ophthalmic agent, and preparation of pharmaceuticals. Called also salt.

sodium citrate a sodium salt of citric acid, used as an anticoagulant for blood or plasma that is to be fractionated or for blood that is to be stored. It is also administered orally as a urinary alkalizer.

dibasic sodium phosphate a salt of phosphoric acid; used alone or in combination with other phosphate compounds, it is given intravenously as an electrolyte replenisher, orally or rectally as a laxative, and orally as a urinary acidifier and for prevention of kidney stones.

sodium fluoride a dental caries preventative used in fluoridation of drinking water or applied topically to teeth. Topical preparations include gels (sodium fluoride and phosphoric acid gel, also called APF gel) and solutions (sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate topical solution, also called APF solution).

2. a monosodium salt of phosphoric acid; used in buffer solutions. Used alone or in combination with other phosphate compounds, it is given intravenously as an electrolyte replenisher, orally or rectally as a laxative, and orally as a urinary acidifier and for prevention of kidney stones.

sodium nitrite an antidote for cyanide poisoning; also used as a preservative in cured meats and other foods.

sodium nitroprusside an antihypertensive agent used in the treatment of acute congestive heart failure and of hypertensive crisis and to produce controlled hypotension during surgery; also used as a reagent.

sodium phenylbutyrate an agent used as adjunctive treatment to control the hyperammonemia of pediatric urea cycle enzyme disorders.

Administration

☞ Don't give concurrently with calcium or catecholamines (such as norepinephrine, dobutamine, dopamine). If patient is receiving sodium bicarbonate with any of these drugs, flush I.V. line thoroughly after each dose to prevent contact between drugs.

Patient teaching

• Tell patient using drug as antacid that too much sodium bicarbonate can cause systemic problems. Urge him to use only the amount approved by prescriber.• Advise patient not to take oral form with milk. Caution him to avoid the herb oak bark.• Tell patient sodium bicarbonate interferes with action of many common drugs. Instruct him to notify all prescribers if he's taking oral sodium bicarbonate on a regular basis.• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, and herbs mentioned above.

so·di·um bi·car·bon·ate

used as a gastric and systemic antacid, to alkalize urine, and for washes of body cavities.

sodium bicarbonate

sodium bicarbonate

a common salt (baking soda). Sodium is the most important cation in the extracellular fluid, and bicarbonate is the most import buffer in the body. Also called sodium acid carbonate.

indications It is prescribed in the treatment of metabolic acidosis, gastric hyperacidity, and hyperkalemia to alkalinize the urine as part of the treatment for certain poisonings.

contraindications Alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, severe pulmonary edema, and abdominal pain of unknown cause prohibit its use. It should be administered in cardiac arrest only when there is documented metabolic acidosis of hyperkalemia.

so·di·um bi·car·bon·ate

(sōdē-ŭm bī-kahrbŏ-nāt)

Used as a gastric and systemic antacid, to alkalize urine, and for washes of body cavities.

sodium bicarbonate

Baking soda. An antacid drug used to relieve indigestion, heartburn and the pain of peptic ulcer. Sodium bicarbonate is not a preferred antacid as it leads to the production of carbon dioxide and ‘rebound’ acid production.

so·di·um bi·car·bon·ate

(sōdē-ŭm bī-kahrbŏ-nāt)

Agent used as a gastric and systemic antacid, to alkalize urine, and for washes of body cavities. Synonym(s): baking soda.

sodium

a chemical element, atomic number 11, atomic weight 22.990, symbol Na. See Table 6. Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid (ECF), constituting 90 to 95% of all cations in the blood plasma and interstitial fluid; it thus determines the osmolality of the ECF.

sodium acetate

a systemic and urinary alkalizer.

sodium acetylsalicylate

aspirin.

sodium acid phosphate, sodium biphosphate

used as a dietary supplement of phosphorus for ruminants when only phosphorus is required and in small animals as a urinary acidifier.

sodium aminoarsonate

used as a feed additive to chickens and may cause arsenic poisoning if the dose rate is exceeded.

sodium antimony gluconate, sodium stibogluconate

a pentavalent antimonial used in the treatment of leishmaniasis.

sodium arsanilate

used as a feed additive in the treatment of swine dysentery and in poultry and causes arsenic poisoning when dose rates are excessive.

used topically as an antifungal agent in companion animals, with caffeine as a CNS stimulant and as a diagnostic aid in a liver function test.

sodium bicarbonate

a white powder found in most households in the form of baking soda; called also bicarbonate of soda. Used as a gastric antacid and as a systemic and urinary alkalinizer. See also milk shake. Used locally to remove mucus and to remove exudates and scabs.

sodium cacodylate

an organic compound yielding trivalent inorganic arsenic on metabolism in the body, similar in effects and toxicity to arsenic trioxide. Formerly used as a systemic treatment for chronic skin disease and capable of causing arsenic poisoning if used to excess.

an oldfashioned herbicide which is quite palatable to farm animals and toxic in moderate amounts. Large doses cause abdominal pain, staggering and purging. Lower doses cause methemoglobinemia and dyspnea.

sodium chloride

salt; a necessary constituent of the body and therefore of the diet; sometimes used parenterally in solution to replenish electrolytes in the body.

sodium chloride nutritional deficiency

not a common occurrence but is seen in grazing animals on sodium deficient pastures, where heavy potash fertilizer has been applied in animals that are milking heavily, growing rapidly or losing a lot of sweat. Signs include pica, e.g. drinking urine, polydipsia, polyuria and decrease in appetite, milk yield, body weight, and urinary sodium and chloride.

sodium chloride poisoning (salt poisoning)

can occur via the diet due to accidental inclusion of too much salt; is usually too unpalatable. Most common is drinking of natural saline water from bore or deep well. Causes gastroenteritis, diarrhea and dehydration most noticeable in lactating animals. Animals are restless and play with water, looking for fresh water. Water contains also magnesium, sulfate and carbonate ions. If water intake restricted and salt intake normal a relative poisoning occurs. If combined with water deprivation causes polioencephalomalacia when the water intake returns to normal. In pigs the brain lesion is similar but because of the extensive infiltrations of eosinophils, characteristic of pigs, it is called eosinophilic meningoencephalitis.

sodium chloroacetate

a herbicide with very low toxicity potential.

sodium citrate

an alkalinizing agent; used also as an in vitro anticoagulant in blood stored for transfusion or diagnostic use.

sodium cyanide

a highly toxic industrial chemical and unlikely to enter the animal food chain unless as a result of a spill of reagents or industrial waste.

sodium diethyldithiocarbamate

a chelating agent used in the treatment for thallium poisoning; also used as an immunomodulator in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans.

sodium fluoride

a white, odorless powder used at one time for the treatment of ascariasis in pigs. Has no use in veterinary medicine comparable to its use as a prophylactic against dental caries in humans. See also fluorosis.

sodium fluoroacetamide

1081; causes poisoning similar to sodium fluoroacetate (below).

sodium fluoroacetate

occurs naturally in some plants and used in agriculture as a rodenticide known as 1080. The latter is a restricted substance and is only sold on license. Two forms of poisoning occur: (1) myocardial failure resulting in sudden death in herbivora; signs are dyspnea, cardiac irregularity; (2) excitement and convulsions in pigs and dogs. Both poisonings are highly fatal. Plants containing fluoroacetate are Gastrolobium spp., Acacia georgina (gidgee), Dichapetalum spp., Palicourea spp.

sodium fluorosilicate

is used as an insecticide in bait form for crickets and grasshoppers and as an insecticide dust for poultry. It is as toxic as sodium fluoride.

sodium glutamate

the monosodium salt of l-glutamic acid; used in treatment of encephalopathies associated with liver diseases. Also used to enhance the flavor of foods.

sodium homeostasis

maintenance of the body's sodium status at an appropriate level; effected principally by aldosterone increasing tubular resorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate.

sodium hyaluronate

used in the treatment of degenerative joint disease in horses. See also hyaluronic acid.

sodium hydroxide

an all-purpose caustic. Its biggest use in veterinary science is to clean down fat-laden surfaces in abattoirs prior to disinfection.

sodium hypochlorite

a compound having germicidal, deodorizing and bleaching properties; used in solution to disinfect utensils, and in diluted form (Dakin's solution) as a local antibacterial and to irrigate wounds. A common disinfectant for a wide variety of uses in veterinary medicine, including application to cow's teats in mastitis control programs. Called also bleach.

sodium iodide

a compound used as a source of iodine and as an expectorant. At times used parenterally in the treatment of extensive ringworm, actinobacillosis and actinomycosis. Overuse causes iodism.

sodium lactate

a compound used in solution to replenish body fluids and electrolytes.

sodium lauryl sulfate

an anionic surface-active agent used in shampoos as a detergent and wetting agent to increase skin penetration of active ingredients.

sodium metabisulfite

used as an antioxidant and as an aid in the making of ensilage. Also used as a preservative on meat, as a source of sulfur dioxide.

sodium methanearsonate

a herbicide—monosodium acid methanearsonate—causes arsenic poisoning.

sodium molybdate

used in salt mixture and as pasture topdressing as a prophylaxis against chronic copper poisoning in ruminants.

sodium monofluoroacetate

see sodium fluoroacetate (above).

sodium nitrate

used in food preservation especially meat pickling and as a fertilizer. Can cause nitrate-nitrite poisoning or nitrite poisoning in ruminants.

sodium nitrite

a vasodilator; used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. Can cause methemoglobinemia and death from anoxia.

sodium oleate

used by local injection in horses to cause inflammation and aid healing of chronic injuries such as splints and bucked shins.

sodium oxalate

see soluble oxalate poisoning.

sodium pentachlorophenate

used as a fungicide in wood preservatives. Acute poisoning after heavy dosing causes dyspnea and death due to respiratory failure.

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