three causes:
1. society - objectifies us with technological and bureaucratic systems. makes us lose subjectiveness
2. family - too dominating; shatters sense of being
3. individual - each person is responsible for expression of subjectiveness and autonomy

Bugental's response to #2

- dispiritedness
- depression from damage at juncture of willed intention and assertiveness within system of intentionality.

What is dispiritedness?

- Sadness
- difficulty in carrying out action
- avoidance of investment of action
- being an object instead of a subject

- mature, fully human person whose human potential has been realized and actualized
- large degree of commitment to something larger than or outside of themselves

What are the 5 characteristics of self-actualization?

1. more accurate perception of reality. not guided by expectations.
2. higher degree of self-acceptance, acceptance of others
3. higher degree of spontaneity, naturalness, vitality, creativity.
4. higher degree of autonomy: strong internal locus of control, not influenced by what people think
5. higher capacity for mutuality, intimacy and love.

Maslow's response to #3

- Problem of motivation.
- Internal.
- To be motivated to do anything higher, deficiency needs must first be met.

Skinner's response to #3

- Problem of motivation.
- External (free will is an explanatory fiction which non-behaviorists use to describe behaviors for which there is no understood cause)
- Because choosing to attend is choice, students lose notion of responsibility.

What is Maslow's hierarchy of human needs?

A set of deficiency needs that must be met in order for organism to be motivated to achieve higher needs
1. physiological needs
2. safety/security needs - freedom from chaos and fear
3. need for love
4. need for self-respect, self-esteem, and respect from others

Maslow's suggestion to #3

Set up sections where deficiency needs are met, e.g.:
- sections could be held later so students can sleep
- sections could provide food so students are not hungry or thirsty

Skinner's suggestion to #3

Reinforcement.
- e.g. point reward system. 5 extra credit points every time they come.
- furthermore: variable ratio schedule. 5 extra credit points every certain number of sections. proven to sustain behavior for longest period of time.
- or negative reinforcement: 10 points off after certain number of times.

What is Brewster-Smith's critique of self-actualization?

- self-actualized sample is biased. Maslow elminiated people with gross pathology and only included "exceptional speciments" - white males with high IQs, only one female
- definition of self-actualization is rooted in Maslow's own implicit values
- difficult to understand potentialities - how to measure?
- notion of self is ambiguous, hard to understand, too nebulous
- model is mechanical and linear - "if you meet all esteem needs, you can be self-actualized" when in fact it is impossible to be self-actualized

What is Maslow's response to Brewster-Smith?

Redefines self-actualization as full use and exploitation of one's talents and potentialities

Rogers' response to #5

- Michael is experiencing his own actualizing tendency - inherent motivational system is seen in Michael's need to attend school, learn, and grow.
- What he wants/needs is something else
- Regard for and need for approval from his parents has overridden his own organismic valuing process.
- Acting in ways to gain approval from others rather than to do well for himself.
- full potential does not involve becoming a doctor, it is part of self-concept.
- aspires to achieve ideal self.
- is moving away from his potential, and is moving toward dysfunctionality and rigidity.

Roger's suggestion to #5

- Michael should adhere to his organismic valuing process

What is the organismic valuing process?

Flexible process describing organism's knowledge of what it wants/needs from moment to moment.

What is the ideal self?

Person's sense of what they would ultimately like to become.

Maslow's response to #6

- While going up ladder, motivated by self-esteem or being respected
- Need for safety/security is not being met, therefore, cannot reach higher functions