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1.
A1 in London
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The A1 in London is the southern part of the A1 road. It starts at Aldersgate in the City of London, passing through the capital to Borehamwood on the fringe of Greater London. The A1 is the most recent in a series of routes out of London to York. The Archway Road section was built by Thomas Telford using Roman cement and gravel, a technique that was used there for the first time. The A1 is one of Londons main roads, providing a link to the M1 and the A1 motorways, despite this, its main use is to connect a number of neighbourhoods within north London, less than 5% of its vehicles are through traffic – the bulk is local. The roads along which the A1 route travels are the responsibility of the local boroughs, the Greater London Authority. The A1 is the latest in a series of north from London to York and beyond. Ermine Street later became known as the Old North Road, and is used within London by the current A10. Until the 14th century the route went up what is now Hornsey Road – the A103 road, during the early 1970s plans to widen the A1 along the Archway Road section were abandoned after considerable opposition and four public inquiries during which road protesters disrupted proceedings. The scheme was dropped in 1990. Responsibility for the roads along which the A1 route travels are shared by the local boroughs, the Greater London Authority. The first organised London-wide authority dealing with roads in London was the Metropolitan Board of Works and these different approaches resulted in the Ministry of Transport widening a stretch of the A1 until it reached the control of the GLC, when the widening abruptly stopped. The route of the A1 in London runs from the end of St. The London section of the passes through part of the City of London. The A1 is one of Londons main northern routes, providing a link to the M1 motorway and the A1 motorway, and on to the Midlands, Northern England and Scotland. It connects a number of areas within London, and sections of it serve as the High Street for many of the now-joined villages that make up north London. Even though it is one of Londons major roads, less than 5% of its approximate 60,000 vehicles a day are through traffic – the bulk is local, martins Le Grand, near St Pauls Cathedral. At the end of Aldersgate Street stood Aldersgate Bars, which marked the limits of the City of London

2.
A1 road (Great Britain)
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The A1 is the longest numbered road in the UK, at 410 miles. It connects London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom, with Edinburgh, the course of the A1 has changed where towns or villages have been bypassed, and where new alignments have taken a slightly different route. Several sections of the route have been upgraded to motorway standard, between the M25 and the A696 the road has been designated as part of the unsigned Euroroute E15 from Inverness to Algeciras. The A1 is the latest in a series of north from London to York. It was designated in 1921 by the Ministry of Transport under the Great Britain road numbering scheme, the earliest documented northern routes are the roads created by the Romans during the period from AD43 to AD410, which consisted of several itinera recorded in the Antonine Itinerary. A combination of these were used by the Anglo-Saxons as the route from London to York, Ermine Street later became known as the Old North Road. Part of this route in London is followed by the current A10, by the 12th century, because of flooding and damage by traffic, an alternative route out of London was found through Muswell Hill, and became part of the Great North Road. A turnpike road, New North Road and Canonbury Road, was constructed in 1812 linking the start of the Old North Road around Shoreditch with the Great North Road at Highbury Corner, the A1 route was modified in 1927 when bypasses were built around Barnet and Hatfield. In the 1930s bypasses were added around Chester-le-Street and Durham, in 1960 Stamford, Biggleswade and Doncaster were bypassed, as were Retford in 1961 and St Neots in 1971. Baldock was bypassed in July 1967, during the early 1970s plans to widen the A1 along Archway Road in London were abandoned after considerable opposition and four public inquiries during which road protesters disrupted proceedings. The scheme was dropped in 1990. The Hatfield cut-and-cover was opened in 1986, few of the surviving coaching inns can be seen while driving on the A1, because the modern route now bypasses the towns with the inns. The A1 runs from New Change in the City of London at St. Pauls Cathedral to the centre of Edinburgh, the road skirts the remains of Sherwood Forest, and passes Catterick Garrison. It shares its London terminus with the A40, in the City area of Central London and it runs out of London through Islington, up Holloway Road, through Highgate, Barnet, Potters Bar, Hatfield, Welwyn, Stevenage, Baldock, Biggleswade, Sandy and St Neots. Scotch Corner, in North Yorkshire, marks the point where before the M6 was built the traffic for Glasgow, as well as a hotel there have been a variety of sites for the transport café, now subsumed as a motorway services. Most of the English section of the A1 is a series of alternating sections of dual carriageway and motorway, from Newcastle upon Tyne to Edinburgh it is a trunk road with alternating sections of dual and single carriageway. The table below summaries the road as motorways and non-motorways sections, A 13-mile section of the road in North Yorkshire, neolithic remains and a Roman fort were discovered. The total cost of works was some £50 million

3.
A1(M) motorway
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A1 is the designation given to a series of five separate motorway sections in England. Each section is an upgrade to a section of the A1, a major North-South road, which connects London, the capital of England, with Edinburgh, the first section, the Doncaster Bypass, opened in 1961 and is one of the oldest sections of motorway in Britain. Construction of a new section of A1 is currently underway between Leeming and Barton, with an opening in 2017. When complete it will link the Barton to Washington section with the Darrington to Leeming Bar section, forming the longest A1 section overall, most of the English section of the A1 is a series of alternating sections of dual carriageway and motorway. From Newcastle upon Tyne to Edinburgh it is a road with alternating sections of dual. The table below summaries the road as motorways and non-motorways sections and this stretch is designed to a noticeably high standard, eight miles of it being four lanes in each direction whilst the remainder has three lanes in each direction. It is managed by Road Management Services Ltd under a DBFO contract with the Highways Agency and this section opened in 1961 and is one of the oldest sections of motorway in Britain, and is entirely two lanes in each direction. Data from driver location signs are used to distance and carriageway identifier information. This section opened in sections, Walshford to 49 opened in 1995 Junctions 43 to 44 opened in 1999 When this section opened it ended at a terminus south of the M1. There was an exit into Micklefield Village for non-motorway traffic onto what is now the access road. During the first week of June 2009, Junctions 44 and 45 were renumbered to 43 and 44, at the same time the existing A1/A659 Grange Moor junction became A1 Junction 45. As a result many atlases show incorrect junction numbering for this stretch of motorway, the southern section, with a free-flow interchange with the M62 motorway opened to traffic on 13 January 2006. The Dishforth to Baldersby Section was completed in October 2011 and the Baldersby to Leeming section was opened to traffic on 31 March 2012, data from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information. Work on upgrading the Leeming Bar to Barton section to three-lane motorway began in April 2014, work is expected to be completed by Spring 2017, by when the A1 will be continuous motorway standard from Darrington, West Yorkshire to Washington, Tyne and Wear. There will be two junctions on the route, J52 will be situated on the A6136 near Catterick and J53 at the existing Scotch Corner junction for the A66, as with other sections an access road will run parallel to the A1 for local traffic

4.
A12 road (England)
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The A12 is a major road in England. It runs north-east /south-west between London and the town of Lowestoft in Suffolk. A section of the road between Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth became the A47, and the part of the unsigned Euroroute E30. Unlike most A roads, a significant portion of the A12 has junction numbers as if it were a motorway, the 84 km section of the A12 through Essex has sections of dual two lanes and dual three lanes with eight changes in width between the M25 to Ipswich. It was named as Britains worst road because of potholes and regular closures due to roadworks in a 2007 survey by Cornhill Insurance, the A12 is covered by the Highways Agency A12 and A120 Route Management Strategy. This section in London was rerouted to run on Eastern Avenue by the mid-1940s, and extended to follow the current route from Blackwall Tunnel along the East Cross Route, the M11 link road in 1999. The route from London to Essex has long been important, with Old Ford being the location of an ancient Celtic crossing of the River Lea. The crossing of the Lea moved to its current location at Bow around 1110 when Matilda, wife of Henry I, a map from 1766 shows a route from London to Great Yarmouth which follows much of the current A12. The Ipswich to South Town and Bungay Turnpike Trust was established in 1785, the trust was wound up in 1872 following the arrival of the East Suffolk Line which was fully operational between the two towns in 1859. Following the demise of the Turnpike trust, responsibility reverted to parish responsibility until the new county took over in 1889. A new section of the A12, known as the M11 link road or A12 Hackney-M11 Link Road, was built in the early 1990s in the face of the major M11 link road protest and finally opened in October 1999. The section of road had originally proposed in 1903 in a Royal Commission on London Traffic. A public inquiry had been held in September 1961 and a further three public inquiries, a Parliamentary Bill and a High Court challenge had been required before the work started, initiated in 2000, the London to Ipswich Multi-modal study reported its conclusions late in 2002. The bascule bridge in Lowestoft, built in 1972, was refurbished in spring 2008, Essex County Council carried out its own inquiry into the road in 2008. Work on a £12. 4m scheme for the a new junction on the A12 at Cuckoo Farm and it was promoted by Essex County Council who prepared plans in 2001. and received funding from the Community Infrastructure Fund. It opened on 16 December 2010, the Eastern Avenue was built in the 1920s as a bypass for the section between Romford and Ilford, meeting what was the A11 at Leytonstone. It was numbered A106 until the 1930s when it became part of the A12, the 5-mile long Brentwood bypass was opened in November 1965. A bypass for Chelmsford was first included in the programme in 1968

5.
A15 road (England)
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The A15 is a major road in England. The road restarts 10 miles east, and then north past Barton-upon-Humber. According to the AA, the route is 95 miles long, Norman Cross – Bourne takes 33 minutes, Bourne to Lincoln takes 46 minutes and Lincoln to the Humber Bridge takes 54 minutes. A section of the A15 provides the longest stretch of road in the UK. The A15 is Peterboroughs main connecting road from the south to the A1, joining near Stilton and it begins as London Road at junction 16 of the A1 with the B1043 in Cambridgeshire and the district of North West Cambridgeshire. From here to Yaxley it passes the Norman Cross Hotel and follows the City of Peterborough and Cambridgeshire boundary and it enters the City of Peterborough near Hampton Vale on the left, and meets the A1260 The Serpentine, which leads to two much faster routes around Peterborough. Next is a roundabout for the Cygnet Park business park on the left and it enters Old Fletton near the headquarters of Hotpoint to the left. There is a junction with the A1129 and it crosses the East Coast Main Line. It passes Peterborough United on the right in New Fletton and it meets the start of the A605 at a roundabout and crosses the River Nene. It follows the East Coast Main Line and becomes Lincoln Road and it passes four roundabouts, crossing the Peterborough to Lincoln Line. The route on the east side starts at the Eye roundabout with the A1139 at Newark, then follows the dual-carriageway Paston Parkway, both routes head through Werrington before joining again at Glinton with the roundabout with the B1443. It passes Etton and meets a roundabout with the B1524, B1162, just south of the Welland Gate roundabout on the A1175 and B1166, it crosses the River Welland so entering South Kesteven in Lincolnshire. The roundabout marks the end of the £7 million 4-mile Market Deeping bypass. The A15 and A1175 roads are now merged in a 1-mile dual-carriageway stretch and it meets the B1524 at a roundabout and heads to the left as Peterborough Road Bourne Road and Deeping Road. North of Baston is the Waterside Garden Centre close to where it meets the north-south Roman Road King Street and it goes over the River Glen at the point it is crossed by the Macmillan Way, at Kates Bridge. There is a turn for Obthorpe and it goes through Thurlby, passing the Horseshoe pub, then Northorpe. It meets the recently diverted A151 at a new roundabout, where the road becomes South Road. It passes Bourne Grammar School, then after some treacherous bends near Bourne Abbey becomes South Street, with the towns Heritage centre and war memorial gardens on the left by the Bourne Eau

6.
A2 road (Great Britain)
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The A2 is a major road in southern England, connecting London with the English Channel port of Dover in Kent. This route has always been of importance as a connection between the British capital of London and sea routes to Continental Europe. It was formerly known as the Dover Road, unlike the other single digit A-roads in Great Britain, the A2 does not form a zone boundary. The Zone 1/2 boundary is the River Thames, the route of the current A2 follows a similar route to that of a Romano-British ancient trackway. It was an important route for the Romans linking London with Canterbury and it had river crossings at Rochester over the River Medway, Dartford and Crayford. The Romans paved the road and constructed the first Rochester Bridge across the Medway, access to London was via London Bridge which was first constructed by the Romans in AD50. The road was known as Item a Londinio ad portum Dubris and appeared in the Antonine Itinerary, in Anglo-Saxon times it became part of a longer road known as Wæcelinga Stræt. By the 17th century the road had fallen into disrepair and sections were converted into roads by various Turnpike Acts passed by Parliament. Rochester Bridge was rebuilt in cast iron in 1856, the London, Chatham and Dover Railway completed a railway route from London to Dover in the 1860s. Access to London from the A2 across Thames was improved with the completion of Tower Bridge, Blackwall Tunnel, the road was given the reference A2 within the Great Britain road numbering scheme in the 1920s. The Dartford Southern By-pass, which relieved chronic congestion on the old route through Dartford provided considerable local employment during the Post–World War I recession and it was opened by the Prince of Wales in 1924. It is estimated that the project provided 63,500 days work to unemployed people. The 3-lane stretch of the A2 between Falconwood and Cobham was built in stages from around 1963 until 1973, a section of Ringway 3 (part of the proposed M16 motorway linking to the A2, which later formed part of the M25 motorway opened between 1974 and 1977. The Rochester Way Relief Road, was opened in 1988, the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge opened in 1991. A new flyover for A2 Westbound to M25 Northbound traffic was completed late 2007, in 2008, a section of the A2 beside Gravesend was widened to 3/4 lanes between Pepperhill to Cobham. It was also re-routed away from the houses of Gravesend/Singlewell to make room for the new lanes, the old route of the A2 has been made into a footpath/cyclepath. The new road was opened in 2009, a section of the old road has been turned into Cyclopark, with footpaths, cyclepaths and an equestrian route along the old road. A new Lower Thames Crossing down river from the Dartford Crossing linking to the A2 has been proposed by the Department for Transport in 2009 and its original alignment roughly followed a mix of the ancient Celtic route and the turnpike road to Dover

7.
M25 motorway
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The M25 or London Orbital Motorway is a 117-mile motorway that encircles almost all of Greater London, England, in the United Kingdom. An ambitious concept to build four concentric ring roads around London was first mooted in the 1960s, further widening is in progress of minor sections with plans for managed motorways in many others. To the east of London the two ends of the M25 are joined to complete a loop by the non-motorway A282 Dartford Crossing of the River Thames between Thurrock and Dartford and this crossing, which consists of twin two-lane tunnels and the four-lane QE2 bridge, is named Canterbury Way. Passage across the bridge or through the tunnels is subject to a toll, in the opposite direction, to the east of the point where the M25 diverges from the main east–west carriageway, that carriageway become the M26 motorway. The radial distance from London varies from 12.5 miles in Potters Bar to 19.5 miles in Byfleet.8 miles, major towns listed as destinations, in various counties, adjoin the M25. North Ockendon is the settlement of Greater London situated outside the M25. In 2004, following a poll, the London Assembly mooted for consultation alignment of the Greater London boundary with the M25. Inside the M25 and outside/beyond the M25 are colloquial, looser alternatives to Greater London sometimes used in haulage, the Communications Act 2003 explicitly uses the M25 as the boundary in requiring a proportion of television programmes to be made outside the London area. Two motorway service areas are on the M25, and two others are accessible from it. Those on the M25 are Clacket Lane between junctions 5 and 6 and Cobham between junctions 9 and 10 and those directly accessible from it are South Mimms off junction 23 and Thurrock off junction 31. Cobham services opened on 13 September 2012, originally, the M25 was unlit except for sections around Heathrow, major interchanges and Junctions 23–30. By 2014 only one significant stretch was still SOX-lit and the units were removed the same year, the motorway passes through five counties. Junctions 1A–5 are in Kent, 6–14 are in Surrey, 15–16 are in Buckinghamshire, 17–25 are in Hertfordshire, policing of the road is carried out by an integrated policing group made up of the Metropolitan, Thames Valley, Essex, Kent, Hertfordshire and Surrey forces. The M25 is one of Europes busiest motorways, in 2003, a maximum of 196,000 vehicles a day were recorded on the motorway just south of London Heathrow Airport between junctions 13 and 14. A precursor of the M25 was the North Orbital Road, the idea of an orbital road around London was first proposed early in the 20th century and then re-examined in Sir Charles Bresseys and Sir Edwin Lutyens The Highway Development Survey,1937. Sir Patrick Abercrombies County of London Plan,1943 and Greater London Plan,1944 proposed a series of five roads encircling the capital, the northern sections of the M25 follow a similar route to the World War II Outer London Defence Ring. Little was done to progress these plans until the 1960s when the Greater London Council developed its London Ringways plan consisting of four rings around the capital. Sections of the two outer rings – Ringway 3 and Ringway 4 – were constructed in the early 1970s and were integrated into the single M25 orbital motorway, but the Ringways plan was hugely controversial owing to the destruction required for the inner two ring roads

8.
A215 road
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The A215 is an A road in South London, starting at Elephant and Castle and finishing around Shirley. It runs through the London Boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark and Croydon, beginning as Walworth Road, the A215 becomes Camberwell Road—much of which is a conservation area—after entering the former Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell. Crossing the A202, the A215 becomes Denmark Hill, originally known as Dulwich Hill, after passing Herne Hill railway station the road becomes Norwood Road, Knights Hill, and then Beulah Hill at its crossroads with the A214. Beulah Hill was the site of Britains first independent television transmitter, descending towards South Norwood the A215 becomes South Norwood Hill and then Portland Road, just after crossing the A213. A short section starting at the junction with Woodside Green is known as Spring Lane, leading to Shirley Road, the A215 was Britains most crash-prone A-road between 1999-2010, having had 2,836 crashes over its 10 mile length. At its northernmost point at Elephant & Castle in Newington, the A215 begins as Walworth Road and it runs through Walworth and is the major shopping street of the area. East Street Market is especially busy on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays, other attractions include the Cuming Museum, Newington Reference Library and John Smith House, a former Labour Party headquarters which is now used by the local education authority. Charles Babbage, the Victorian mathematician and computer pioneer, was born at 44 Crosby Row, now Larcom Street. A commemorative blue plaque is displayed on the Sexual Health Clinic at the junction of Larcom Street, just off the Walworth Road was Walworth Road railway station on the London, Chatham and Dover Railway that was opened in 1863 and shut in 1916 due to wartime constraints. Walworth Road transitions into Camberwell Road where the A215 enters the former Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell, the road runs adjacent to the railway between Elephant & Castle tube station and Loughborough Junction railway station. Much of Camberwell Road is an area, due to its well preserved large houses from the early 19th century. By the time of the Domesday Book, Camberwell was already a significant settlement, the town remained a popular resort for Londoners due to its believed medicinal wells. In 1685, John Evelyns Diary mentions a Roman urn filled with bones which was uncovered intact during repairs to the road, Camberwell Green, at the junction of Camberwell Road and Camberwell Church Street, was the traditional site of Camberwell Fair, an annual fair held every August. Following complaints about the noise and high crime levels generated by the fair, in Victorian times Camberwell Road was a focal point of South Londons Music hall scene, with a number of music halls opening from the 1850s onwards. Following the advent of the cinema and later of television, the halls fell into decline. Nearby Orpheus Street marks the site of the Metropole Music Hall, since the New Works Programme of the 1930s, London Transport and its successors have planned to extend the Bakerloo line south to a station on Camberwell Road. The original plans were abandoned due to the war before much construction had been completed, construction again began in the 1950s and 1970s, but was abandoned each time. Transport for London still intend to build this extension but no date has been set for this, after the A215 crosses the A202 it becomes Denmark Hill

9.
A3 road
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The A3, known as the Portsmouth Road or London Road in sections, is a major road connecting London and Portsmouth passing close to Kingston upon Thames, Guildford, Haslemere and Petersfield. For much of its 67-mile length, it is classified as a trunk road, almost all of the road has been built to dual carriageway standards or wider. Apart from bypass sections in London the road travels in a southwest direction and, after Liss, the other section of such restriction is through Battersea, Clapham and Stockwell towards the northern end reflecting its urban setting and also accommodating bus lanes and parking meter bays. The construction of the Kingston and Guildford bypasses in the 1920s and 1930s made use of narrow gauge railways to move the construction materials. The Esher bypass, between Hook from the first mentioned bypass to the M25, is three lanes with a hard shoulder, from here to Guildford the road has three lanes. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu stressed the urgency of building a Kingston By-pass in 1911 however before the onset of World War I public funds were not secured and were not available in the aftermath. It was opened by the Prime Minister, the Rt Hon Stanley Baldwin MP and it ran for 8.5 miles from the Robin Hood Gate of Richmond Park to the near outskirts of Esher. The opening ceremony concluded with refreshments for 800 guests in marquees near to the northern start/end and its construction immediately attracted developments of housing where access was easiest. The road was once the haunt of highwaymen such as Jerry Abershawe who terrorised the area around Kingston, another particularly dangerous location was in the vicinity of the wooded crest skirting the Devils Punch Bowl, Hindhead, about 8 miles south-west of Guildford. In 2011 the Hindhead Tunnel became the centre of the Hindhead Bypass around the road of the small town. Until 2011 the road through Hindhead was the last single carriageway section of the route, outside London and it continues along Newington Butts, and bounds then enters the London Borough of Lambeth on Kennington Park Road which becomes Clapham Road and Clapham High Street. The A3 then turns west as Clapham Common North Side, along this road it enters the London Borough of Wandsworth after which it runs concurrently with the A205 South Circular and goes through Wandsworth, then the A205 carries on west towards Richmond. The A3 then continues south-west between Richmond Park and Wimbledon Common before beginning to bypass Kingston upon Thames while going through Roehampton Vale. The A3 enters The Royal Borough of Kingston Upon Thames just before Kingston Vale where there is a junction with the A308 for Kingston upon Thames, the speed limit then increases to 50 mph before going under the Coombe Flyover. The A3 then goes on a flyover by Shannon Corner in Raynes Park, before having junctions for New Malden, Tolworth, brief features of a section of road contribute to a traffic pinch-point during peak hours around the Hook underpass. The road reduces from three lanes to two in the underpass, the speed limit at this point reduces from 70 miles per hour to 50 miles per hour, with the first of a handful of GATSO speed enforcement cameras. If returning to London traffic from the A309 also joins just before the underpass, after passing Claygate the motorway-standard section has junctions with the A244 between Esher and Oxshott, then the A245 between Cobham and Hersham. The roads Wisley Interchange with the M25 enables a flyover still with a 70 mph speed limit and it bypasses Wisley, Ockham, Ripley before cutting through the major town itself as a dual carriageway and changing to a 50 mph speed limit

10.
M3 motorway (Great Britain)
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The M3 is a motorway that runs from Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey, to Southampton, Hampshire, a distance of approximately 59 miles. From Junction 9 near Winchester, to Junction 14 on the fringe of Southampton. It was constructed as a dual three-lane motorway for most of its length, the motorway was opened in phases, beginning with the first section in 1971. Since then, the motorway has become a major artery to the South Coast, consequently, the M3 faces regular delays and congestion on its busiest sections during rush hours and seasonal periods. The Junctions 2 to 4A section is currently being upgraded to a Smart Motorway, the eastern section, from Sunbury-on-Thames in Surrey to Popham near Basingstoke opened in sections, first the Hampshire section in 1971, and then the Surrey section in 1974. The cost for this first phase was £46m, the completed road acts as a continuation of the A316 Country Way, an express three-lane road from Apex Corner, Hanworth, in Greater London to Sunbury-on-Thames. A second public inquiry was held in 1976–77, the scope of the M3 extension was reduced to defer the difficult decision about the section around Winchester and it was built in two sections in 1995. When this opened, the junction to the A33 parallel route was removed. The section of the M3 from near Junction 12 to the last, Junction 14 for the M27 replaced part of the A33 road which was upgraded to motorway standard and opened in 1991. In 2008 the busiest section of the motorway, at Chandlers Ford and its service station was envisaged at Basingstoke upon the motorways completion but not built – superseded by one just north of Fleet and another north of Winchester. An additional junction, numbered 4A, opened in April 1992 for Fleet and its third junction is for Camberley, Bagshot, Bracknell, Ascot and Worplesdon. The Spitfire Bridge carries the B3404 Alresford Road to Winchester over the M3 motorway and this is known as the Spitfire Link. It replaced a concrete arch bridge under which a Curtiss P-40 had been flown by George Rogers in October 1941. It was generally assumed locally that the aircraft had been a Spitfire hence the name, a private exit of the northern roundabout connected to Junction 4a provides access to the UK headquarters of Sun Microsystems. The section of the M3 between J2 and J4a is currently being made into a Managed Motorway, due to be completed in December 2016, the coroner recorded a verdict of accidental death. On 1 April 2000, a crossing was illegally painted across the northbound carriageway of the M3 between Junctions 4 and 4a. Data from driver location signs are used to distance and carriageway identification information. List of motorways in the United Kingdom Notes References Chriss British Road DirectoryMotorway Database – M3 Bad Junctions – M3/A31 The Motorway Archive – M3

11.
M32 motorway
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The M32 is a motorway in South Gloucestershire and Bristol, England, which at roughly 4.4 miles is one of Britains shortest. It provides a link from the M4, a motorway linking London and South Wales, to Bristol city centre and is maintained by Highways England. The motorway was planned concurrently with the M4 in the 1960s, the southernmost section was delayed by engineering challenges and industrial action, and did not open until 1975. Since the mid-2000s, there have been plans to use the M32 as part of a park, though the M32 has a small traffic flow, it is one of the most congested motorways in the region as it connects a number of key areas. As well as providing one of the few high-quality routes into the centre of Bristol, parts of the M32 are reaching the end of their intended lifespan, leading to reduced speed limits and occasional closures for remedial work. Local residents have criticised the M32, complaining that it has severed communities and has a noise level. The M32 is 4.4 miles long and its northern end is at junction 19 of the M4, near Winterbourne Down. Originally a grade separated junction, it was modified in 1992 to remove conflicting traffic movements in order to increase capacity. The motorway then runs south between Filton in the west and Frenchay in the east, after meeting the A4174 ring road at junction 1, it crosses the boundary from South Gloucestershire to Bristol, passing to the east of Horfield, Lockleaze and Easton. Junction 2, next to Eastville Park, meets the B4469 providing access to Horfield, midway through, a 60 mph speed limit begins. The motorway continues further south and ends just beyond junction 3, a dual carriageway continues as the A4032 into the centre of Bristol, with a 30 mph speed limit. The M32 is a road, therefore its maintenance and upkeep is paid for by Highways England. The M32 was planned to be a key radial link through to the hub of a network of radial, other bounds of this scheme were parts of the M4, the M5 and the tidal reaches of the River Avon, the south eastern side not being defined by landmarks. The motorway was partly funded by Gloucestershire County Council and Bristol City Council and it was provisionally called the Hambrook Spur or the Bristol Parkway during construction and was built in three distinct stages between 1966 and 1975. The first section, from the M4 to junction 1, opened concurrently with that motorway in September 1966, the second section, through to junction 2, was a co-operative design between the Gloucestershire County Surveyor and the design consultants Freeman Fox & Partners. Construction was awarded to Sir Robert McAlpine, who work in June 1968. The northern section was designed as a motorway as far as Eastville. This section was opened by the Secretary of State for Transport, the total cost was £3 million

12.
A38 road
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The A38, part of which is also known as the Devon Expressway, is a major A-class trunk road in England. The road runs from Bodmin in Cornwall to Mansfield in Nottinghamshire and it is 292 miles long, making it the longest 2-digit A road in England. It was formerly known as the Leeds–Exeter Trunk Road, when this also included the A61. Prior to the opening of the M5 motorway in the 1960s and 1970s, considerable lengths of the road in the West Midlands closely follow Roman roads, including part of Icknield Street. Between Worcester and Birmingham the current A38 follows the line of a Saxon salt road, For most of the length of the M5 motorway, the A38 road runs alongside it as a single carriageway road. The road starts on the side of Bodmin at a junction with the A30 before traversing the edge of the town to meet the A30 again. It travels through the picturesque Glynn Valley to Dobwalls and Liskeard, the Dobwalls section contains the most sophisticated bat bridge yet constructed in the UK. The A38 continues through the Cornish countryside, bypassing the centre of Saltash, immediately after the tunnel the River Tamar is crossed using the Tamar Bridge where the route resumes dual carriageway status. It is 42 miles long and was completed in the early 1970s, there are several grade separated junctions along its length mainly for local traffic, including a three-level stacked roundabout for the A386, which heads out towards Dartmoor National Park. The route was reserved for the Parkway as early as 1943, the viaducts carrying the A38 over the River Plym, which after the construction of the Marsh Mills flyover became the Exeter bound sliproads, were built in 1969–70 as part of the Plympton bypass. This required the road to be closed for only 48 hours, the South Brent bypass opened in 1974 and the Ivybridge bypass in 1973, both on new alignments. After Ivybridge, the route parallels the original route, bypassing the village of Lee Mill which is now home to a large trading estate. The road widens to a dual carriageway for the Plympton bypass. This opened in 1971 and was the first section of the Devon Expressway to be built on a new alignment, the route originally ended at the Marsh Mills roundabout, which when opened was the largest in Europe. The section of the A38 between the A382 junction and Ashburton was built on a new alignment parallel to the old road, trago Mills, a locally well known retailer, is passed by the road. The Ashburton bypass, much like the Kennford bypass, uses the alignment of a much older 1930s single carriageway bypass, which was subsequently upgraded to dual carriageway by 1974. At the town of Buckfastleigh, the once again bypasses on a new alignment, although due to the challenging topography of the area. Some of this section follows part of the old Teign Valley Line railway, before Kennford, the route splits, with the A38 heading for Plymouth and the A380 heading towards Torbay