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A solar radiation storm struck the Earth on the morning of Tuesday, January 24. This storm was a product of a solar flare which erupted from the surface of the Sun on Sunday, January 22.

The storm helped to trigger the aurora borealis over the northern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. As always, the Northern Lights did not disappoint in its colorful performance. At one point, there was a chance that the northern latitudes of the United States (and even the parts of the southern U.S.) would be able to take in the the show. However, the show was predominately confined to northern Canada and northern Europe; particularly Scandinavia. The following is collection of photos of the shining green hue in the cold arctic sky.

Strongest solar flare and radiation storm since 2005 hitting Earth
Storm can cause blackouts and pull northern lights further south

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THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

Monday, January 23 2012, 3:55 PM

A solar flare erupts on the sun’s northeastern hemisphere on Monday.

WASHINGTON — The sun is bombarding Earth with radiation from the biggest solar storm in more than six years with more to come from the fast-moving eruption.

The solar flare occurred at about 11 p.m. EST Sunday and will hit Earth with three different effects at three different times. The biggest issue is radiation, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Weather Prediction Center in Colorado.

The radiation is mostly a concern for satellite disruptions and astronauts in space. It can cause communication problems for polar-traveling airplanes, said space weather center physicist Doug Biesecker.

Radiation from Sunday’s flare arrived at Earth an hour later and will likely continue through Wednesday. Levels are considered strong but other storms have been more severe. There are two higher levels of radiation on NOAA’s storm scale — severe and extreme — Biesecker said. Still, this storm is the strongest for radiation since May 2005.

The radiation — in the form of protons — came flying out of the sun at 93 million miles per hour.

A colorized image from NASA shows a flare shooting out of the top of the sun on Monday. (AP)
“The whole volume of space between here and Jupiter is just filled with protons and you just don’t get rid of them like that,” Biesecker said. That’s why the effects will stick around for a couple days.
NASA’s flight surgeons and solar experts examined the solar flare’s expected effects and decided that the six astronauts on the International Space Station do not have to do anything to protect themselves from the radiation, spokesman Rob Navias said.

A solar eruption is followed by a one-two-three punch, said Antti Pulkkinen, a physicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland and Catholic University.

First comes electromagnetic radiation, followed by radiation in the form of protons.

Then, finally the coronal mass ejection — that’s the plasma from the sun itself — hits. Usually that travels at about 1 or 2 million miles per hour, but this storm is particularly speedy and is shooting out at 4 million miles per hour, Biesecker said.

An X-ray image of the massive solar storm, captured by spacecraft on Monday. (NOAA)
It’s the plasma that causes much of the noticeable problems on Earth, such as electrical grid outages. In 1989, a solar storm caused a massive blackout in Quebec. It can also pull the northern lights further south.

But this coronal mass ejection seems likely to be only moderate, with a chance for becoming strong, Biesecker said. The worst of the storm is likely to go north of Earth.

And unlike last October, when a freak solar storm caused auroras to be seen as far south as Alabama, the northern lights aren’t likely to dip too far south this time, Biesecker said. Parts of New England, upstate New York, northern Michigan, Montana and the Pacific Northwest could see an aurora but not until Tuesday evening, he said.

For the past several years the sun had been quiet, almost too quiet. Part of that was the normal calm part of the sun’s 11-year cycle of activity. Last year, scientists started to speculate that the sun was going into an unusually quiet cycle that seems to happen maybe once a century or so.

Now that super-quiet cycle doesn’t seem as likely, Biesecker said.

Scientists watching the sun with a new NASA satellite launched in 2010 — during the sun’s quiet period — are excited.

“We haven’t had anything like this for a number of years,” Pulkkinen said. “It’s kind of special.”

Full-wave loops are very popular antennas. They are especially useful on 80 and 40 meters where they perform well at modest heights. These are closed loops that are one full wavelength long. Horizontal loops may be fed at any convenient spot. For best performance, make your horizontal loop into a square, especially if it is to be used on several bands. The Vertical Loop is a good DX antenna. The shape can be a circle, square, rectangle or a triangle. The larger the area of the loop the better it will work. Feed square and rectangular loops at a corner. For best results, triangular loops should be supported apex-down. This puts less of the antenna parallel with the ground and increased the effective height. Feed triangular loops either at a corner or in the case of apex-down loop, at the apex. Use ladder line and a wideband transmatch (a naturally balanced tuner, like a Johnson Matchbox) for multiband operation. The RemoteBalun 4 is recommended if you will have problem getting ladder line to the operation position. Multiband operation is possible when feeding the loop with coax. The losses will be slightly higher, but the convenience of the coax may be worth the slight signal loss. The designfrequency, the feedpoint impedance, will be between 80 and 150 ohms. Coax fed loops will usually have an SWR between 2:1 and 3:1. You may feed this antenna with a 4:1 balun. If the loop is in the shape of square or large rectangle, the SWR can be below 2:1, but will not get much below 1.5:1. If you decide to feed your loop with coax, I’d suggest using RG-8X or RG-213 and a high power, high performance 1:1 or 4:1 Current-type balun. Experiment with full-wave loops. You may find them to be excellent multiband antennas. Antenna wire can be #14 hard-drawn antenna wire. Use #12 wire for large loops on 160 or 80 meters.

Center Frequency

Total Length in feet

3.5 MHz

287

3.6

279

3.7

272

3.8

264

3.9

258

7.0 MHz

143

7.2

139

Center Frequency

Total Length in feet

10.12 MHz

99

14.0 MHz

72

14.2

70

18.12 MHz

55′ 6″

21.0 MHz

48′ 10″

21.2

47′ 6″

24.93 MHz

40′ 4″

Center Frequency

Total Length in feet

28.0 MHz

35′ 10″

28.5

35′ 3″

29.0

34′ 8″

29.5

34′ 1″

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With this particular antenna, a RemoteBalun and Ladder Line are used to permit multiband operation. If you have a naturally balanced tuner (i.e. a Johnson Matchbox), the RemoteBalun 4 is not needed. Click on the Balun Index do check out the the RemoteBalun’s application notes.