3.
History Sun proposes to incorporate Generic Java Odersky begins design of Scala at EPFL GJ compiler released as Java . First public Scala release Scala version  release Typesafe Inc. founded to support and promote Scala.

11.
Objects and classesIn Java and C++, classes... . are a template for creating new objects dynamically . deﬁne the methods and ﬁelds of those objects . provide a namespace for static methods and ﬁelds, unconnected to a particular objectIn Scala, Classes are responsible only for  and . For , we deﬁne a singleton object as a container for static members.