^Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran’s official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war’s end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate."

^Ward 2014, p. 123: "As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran’s plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the variousarmies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million.”

^Maria T. O'Shea. Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan. Routledge, 2004: p. 100 "Simultaneously, 1000 Christians were killed in Salmas, in a massacre instigated by Simko"

^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-15.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) "Since 1965, the Libyan-backed Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen and the National Liberation Front had unleashed brutal violence on British forces in the south. In the end, the conﬂict claimed some 200,000 lives."

^"Turkey tries to heal coup detat wounds". Today's Zaman. 15 January 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2015. During this coup 650,000 people were detained, prosecutors demanded the death penalty for 7,000 people, 517 were sentenced to death, and 50 were executed. A further 500 people died in prisons, some under suspicious circumstances, some during torture and others on hunger strikes. Sixteen prisoners were shot while attempting to escape. Official records say 74 others were killed during prison riots

^Nat. Arch. 891.00/1-1547, 15 January 1947. Touraj Atabaki, Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. [Revised Edition of Azerbaijan, Ethnicity and Autonomy in the Twentieth-Century Iran] London: I.B.Tauris, 2000. pg 227. "A British source cited by the US Embassy in Tehran gives the number of killed Democrats as 421. The American Embass's report has been classified under wash."

^Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. New York: Columbia. University Press, 1995. p. 154. "Rossow conservatively estimated 500 killed during the lawless interregnum that preceded the coming of the Iranian troops. Hundreds of others were tried and jailed, and scores were hanged."