Abstract: incandescents typically produce 15 to 20 lumens/watt. Ultra-bright white LEDs are now producing 20 to 60 lumens , states that 683 lumens of light is provided by 1 watt of monochromatic radiation at a wavelength of , . What are LEDs? A light-emitting diode (LED) is a PN junction semiconductor diode that emits photons , when minority carriers recombine with carriers of the opposite type in a diode's bandgap. The emitted , conductive paste, because the die substrate forms one of the two diode connections (Figure 8). The ...

Abstract: efficient (1 to maybe 2 lumens/watt) at a few milliamps or less. At 20 mA, it's about 2 ­ 3 times as , as development of new "doping" technologies that increase LED light output by as much as 20 times , in three different shades as a light-emitting diode. (see Figure B) (see What White-Light LEDs Can , ) LED Technology Figure F Semiconductor diode (LED chip) Electrical wire (wire bond) Reflector , diode chip mounted in the reflector cup of a lead frame that is connected to electrical (wire bond ...