In honor of International Women's Day, Haleh Esfandiari, director of
the Middle East Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for
Scholars, asked a cross-section of female scholars, activists, business
executives, journalists, politicians, and officials to comment on how women have fared in the Arab uprisings.
The answers, especially from women living in the thick of it in Middle
Eastern countries, are depressingly negative--and sometimes scathing.

One theme is that women played an essential role in the Arab world's
uprisings, only to be marginalized once transitions began. Moushira
Khattab, a former Egyptian ambassador to South Africa and minister of
family and population, writes that women joined men in calling for
freedom in Tahrir Square. Since then, though, "the train of change has
not only left them behind, but has in fact turned against them... Dormant
conservative value systems are being manipulated by a religious
discourse that denies women their rights." Shirin Ebadi,
an Iranian Nobel Peace Prize winner and human rights activist, says
flatly that "the 'Arab Spring' is not an accurate description" of what
has occurred. She notes that after Iran's revolution, "a dictator fell
from power, but a religious tyranny took the place of democracy." The
uprisings will only be fulfilled, she argues, "when women achieve their
rights."

For many, the rise of traditional and religious-based politics is
deeply harmful to women. Rola Dashti, a former member of the Kuwaiti
parliament who lost her seat in the election last month
(in which Islamists surged and no women were elected), says that
"women's presence and participation in public life--specifically in
politics, decision-making positions, and state affairs--moved from
marginalization during repressive regimes to rejection with Islamist
regimes." She pulls no punches when it comes to moderate Islamists: "the
promotion of moderate Islamism by Islamists in power is nothing more
than a hidden agenda of radical and extremist ideologies when it comes
to social issues and citizens' rights, especially as it concerns women."
Rend Al-Rahim, who served as the first ambassador to the United States
in Iraq's post-Saddam government and now runs the Iraq Foundation, says
that "the retreat in women's rights has more to do with the resurgence
of patriarchal, narrowly conservative social mores embedded in ancient
tribal customs than with religion. Sharia is only a convenient peg for
the deeper instinct of male dominance."

Interestingly, the few optimistic entries come from the Maghreb.
Omezzine Khélifa, a Tunisian woman who ran unsuccessfully for parliament
with the Ettakatol Party, notes that Tunisia's Personal Status Code is
the most progressive in the Arab world. "Women realize that they have
the most to lose if the transition does not go well and, as a result,
have continued to be very active in the political process," she writes.
Indeed, Khélifa says that through Tunisia's progressive electoral law,
women captured 27 percent of parliamentary seats in October's election,
and "women's NGOs played a critical role in pushing the Tunisian
government to lift key reservations to the Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)--the first country
in the region to do so." Najat Zarrouk, from Morocco, says that the
recent upheaval provided "a favorable environment" for democratic
progress in her country, notably through last year's new constitution,
which established "parity, equal opportunities, and the promotion of
merit."

It is too early to tell how women's rights will ultimately fare in
the longer term. Moroccan professor Souad Eddouada argues that the past
year's upheaval is producing "more grassroots youth activism whose equal
access to social media tools is empowering individuals regardless of
their gender or social class." This suggests that the past year has
unleashed a genie of empowerment that will be difficult to put
completely back in the bottle. Many, however, will continue to try.

This article originally appeared at CFR.org, an Atlantic partner site.