【要約】この年は出題されませんでした。【和訳】A Gandhi had a prolonged formal education, finally qualifying as a lawyer, but he received little formal instruction in those questions with which he became increasingly concerned, questions of moral and political philosophy and of religion. It was imprisonment that provided Gandhi with one of the best opportunities for further reading. Indeed, fo...

【要約】80-100 The best thing about a small town is the people who live in it. I say this boldly, knowing how often that element is seized upon as a subject for ridicule --- their dullness, narrow lives and interests. The point is that the charge is simply not true. There are such people and such conditions in small towns, just as there are in large cities, for the human race is plentifully s...

【要約】80-100 Our early ancestors had little conception of the difference between human beings and the animal creation. To them all that had life was animated by a spirit, and the form of the enclosing body made little difference. Primitive man sees nothing impossible in the story that his tribe is descended from a beast or a bird; the lady in the fairy-tale who married a bear or a snake was...

【要約】90-110 All animals are playing a potentially very dangerous game with their environment, a game in which they must make decisions for which the reward is survival and the penalty for a mistake is discomfort or even death. In this game, however, fair play is not to be expected; for, the fact is, it is always rigged in one way or another, and all species cheat in some way. Let us c...

【要約】80～100 If history is regarded as just the record of the past, it is hard to see any grounds for claiming that it should play any large role in the curriculum of elementary education. The past is the past, and the dead may be safely left to bury their dead. There are too many urgent demands in the present, too many calls over the threshold of the future, to permit the child to become deep...

【要約】80-100 It is a matter of argument whether we should wonder at the speed with which human kind has mastered a hostile environment, and so created the industrialized world we now inhabit, or, alternatively, despair at the almost agonizing slowness with which primitive man raised himself from such a low position to one of comparative plenty. The "take-off" to self-sustaining industrial growt...