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Sports Studies

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In the book Wilimowski (Wrocław, 2016) Bosnian writer Miljenko Jergović describes the phenomenon of Silesian identity through the story of Ern(e)st Wil(l)imowski, one of the most outstanding Upper Silesian footballers of the 20th century.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of gender on the 30 m sprint performance of middle school students (10-13 ages). The study included 25 male and 25 female total 50 middle school students. The mean age of female students was found as 12,36 ± 0,48 (year), the mean body weight as 42,03 ± 3,63 (kg), and the mean height as 151,11 ±5,61 (cm), and the mean age of male students was found as 12,28 ± 0,45 (year), the mean height as 152,28 ± 5,04 (cm), and the mean body weight as 43,35 ± 1,88 (kg). The mean sprint performance of female students was calculated as 6,33 ± 0,53 seconds, and the mean sprint performance of the male students was 6,17 ± 0,47 seconds. As a result the effect of gender on sprint performance was found to be insignificant between the groups (p>0,05).

There is little information in literary sources about the program’s content of formation of primary swimming skills, the choice of exercises on land and water as well as the common effectiveness of their compilation program relating to 6–7 year-old children. This question is hardly analyzed even in various papers analyzing primary training of young swimmers in Lithuania. Hypothesis: it is likely that children who will complete the primary teaching swimming program which consists of 16 trainings will acquire such primary swimming skills that will be needed for learning their further swimming techniques as well as they will become physically stronger. The aim of the work: to prepare 6–7 year-old children teaching swimming program consisting of 16 trainings by developing their primary swimming skills and evaluate its effectiveness.

The aims of this study were to describe the anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of top-level male table tennis players, to compare the first 12 top-level table tennis players with the lower ranked players, and to establish profile chart for total of 112 top-level table tennis players. A total of 112 top-level table tennis players, aged between 9 and 12 years participated in this study. The athletes were divided into three groups, the first 12 (Group A, n=12) and the lower ranked players (Group B, n=47) and (Group C, n=53). In the analysis and comment of the data, One Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA) Test were used. There were no significant differences in anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype among the groups. A mesomorph – endomorph somatotype was registered for total of 112 top-level table tennis players. But analysis, taking into account, revealed a balanced ectomorph somatotype for the first 12 players, and a mesomorph - ectomorph somatotype for B group and a mesomorph - endomorph somatotype for C group. Although the influence of anthropometric characteristics on table tennis performance is not clear yet, it seems obvious that a mesomorph - ectomorph predominance can play a decisive role in any sport, On the other hand, high levels of body fat could have a negative effect on sport performance. Regarding to somatotype assessment, balanced ectomorph was the most important component in the first 12 players. In the present study, a greater body fat mass were observed lower ranked players than first 12 players.

This paper deals with the analysis of sports discourse in Croatian through the theoretical framework offered by conceptual metaphor theory. Within this framework, certain metaphorical expressions found in sports discourse are analyzed as expressions of two conceptual metaphors: sport is war and sport is force. The analysis of these metaphorical expressions combines the methodology of cognitive linguistics with corpus linguistics, resulting in the proposal of a new method for discourse analysis in general. In our research, we introduce the notion of the specialized digitized corpus as a basis for further quantitative and qualitative research. On the basis of the specialized digitized corpus created for the purposes of this research, it is shown how the formation of sports discourse is dependent on three categories of metaphorical expressions relative to the degree of their conventionalization within sports discourse: (a) conventionalized, (b) semi-conventionalized, and (c) innovative metaphorical expressions. Each of these categories is analyzed according to their frequency and various aspects of meaning that it entails. Through the introduction of the semi-conventionalized metaphorical expression category, we aim to examine the gradable line between language creativity and conventionality as it is formed within the discourse of sports.

The author, who is one of the most prominent Hungarian sports commentators, reminisces about the humble beginnings of sports broadcasting in his country, the differences between television and radio sports broadcasting styles, and the characteristic of black-and-white TV broadcasts. According to his opinion, and contrary to the popular belief of the fans, sports events broadcasted by television can be at least just as enjoyable to watch as the actual event. The role of the commentator has also changed in time because of new information technologies which empower the viewer. The author’s personal history of sports broadcasting also contains an overview of his activity as a long-time TV commentator of the Olympic Games for the Hungarian-speaking public.

The empirical basis of the study is drawn from a series of interviews performed by the authors in 2012. The narratives along with several texts and articles from the media were defined using the framework and methodology of critical culture studies. The article begins by redifing the meaning of local hockey in Miercurea Ciuc/Csíkszereda/Szeklerburg, focusing on the reinterpretation of social history which surrounds hockey in the region. At the core of this understanding lies the ambition to bring forward the communal and ethnic nature of a „hockey culture” that has a strong tendency towards the traditional, harbors a persisting amateur spirit regarding its appearance and consolida¬tion in a socio-cultural and historical sense, and eventually to place it in a specific context. The study points out how local hockey (sub)culture lags behind in regards to current professional and modern¬ising tendencies, being rather embedded and influenced by strong and persisting local and regional, (neo)tradional mentalities. It’s important to note that the matter of focus here lies not on hockey per se nor on the subcultural aspects that surround it. Instead, the study sheds light and reveals the main role of hockey in Miercurea Ciuc/Csíkszereda/Szeklerburg, how it impacts the modeling of identities and preserves the community spirit altogether. We find how in sports various aspects of society are being revealed but this also goes vice versa, how sports become represented in society.

Exercise and physical activity are beneficial both physically and psychologically but a few individuals use exercise excessively resulting in physical and even psychological damage. There is evidence for bidirectional relationship between exercise with depression and anxiety showing that exercise can reduce anxiety and depression, whereas a lack of exercise is associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. Methods: This study used questionnaires assessing compulsive exercise, anxiety and depression among 20 professional regular exercisers and 51 recreational regular exercisers. Results: Results showed that ratings of compulsive exercise were associated with ratings of anxiety and depression among individuals who exercise for professional and recreational purpose. Secondly, individuals who exercise for professional purpose were more depressed than individuals who exercise for recreational purpose, but did not exhibit higher trait anxiety ratings. Thirdly, individuals who exercise for recreational purpose showed an association between ratings of compulsive exercise and depression but not with ratings of trait anxiety. Discussion: Individuals who exercise for professional and recreational purpose may use it as a means for alleviating depression and anxiety although this small sample of recreational and professional sportsmen showed clinical levels of anxiety and depression that may require further clinical treatment.

The study included 60 young football players aged 10 and 11 years with the aim to examine the influence of motor skills on a specific accuracy in football. The following tests for assessment of motoric abilities were used: Coordination: jumping over the horizontal rope, envelope test, figure „8“ with bending; Flexibility: forward bend-standing upper-body rotation-touch, the splits, side-stepping with a baton; Balance: standing on one leg along the balance bench, standing on one leg with eyes closed, flamingo test. Tests for specific accuracy in football included: elevational accuracy by foot - vertical target, elevational accuracy by foot - horizontal target, linear accuracy by foot - vertical target, the hits of ball by foot on the wall after it rebounces from the surface, elevational accuracy by head - vertical target and elevational accuracy by head - horizontal target. Results obtained by processing the data applying canonical correlation and regression analysis indicated the indisputable influence of motor abilities of young football players on the majority of specific accuracy tests.

Extreme sports athletes are often labeled “adrenaline junkies” by the media, implying they are addicted to their sport. Research suggests during abstinence these athletes may experience withdrawal states characteristic of individuals with an addiction (Celsi, Rose, & Leigh, 1993; Franken, Zijlstra, & Muris, 2006; Willig, 2008). Despite this notion, no research has directly explored withdrawal experiences of extreme sports athletes. Methods: Using semi-structured interviews, we explored withdrawal experiences of high (n = 4) and average-ability (n = 4) male rock climbers during periods of abstinence. We investigated the psychological and behavioral aspects of withdrawal, including craving, anhedonia, and negative affect; and differences in the frequency and intensity of these states between groups. Results: Deductive content analysis indicated support for each of the three categories of anhedonia, craving, and negative affect. Consistent with existing substance addiction literature, high-ability climbers recalled more frequent and intense craving states and negative affect during abstinence compared with average-ability climbers. No differences in anhedonic symptoms between high and average-ability participants were found. Conclusions: Rock climbing athletes appear to experience withdrawal symptoms when abstinent from their sport comparable to individuals with substance and behavioral addictions. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Organized workouts of aerobics might be seen as a self-development tool, as adult person’s decision to get involved into certain activity is taken consciously. One perceives such engagement being related to satisfaction of certain needs and expectations to reach the results of the systematically performed activity. The research was launched in order to reveal the motives of the females’ decision making when choosing aerobics for self-development, as well as to disclose the perceived by women impact of aerobics, considering it as a self-development tool. Half-structured interview method was applied for the research. 11 females, who attended Vilnius aerobics study, were interviewed. The data of the research were processed using qualitative content analysis, based on expert evaluation. It was established that women considered such values as family, health, carrier and happiness being the most important for them. Several universally accepted values were pointed out to be positive personal values, either already possessed or to be perfected further on by the respondents.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between superstitious behavior in sport and trait anxiety levels among college students engaged in active sports. 166 Pamukkale University and Ege University of School of Physical Education and Sports students who are selected simple random sampling method voluntarily participated (61 females and 105 males) for the study. In the study for gathering data “Superstitious Ritual Questionnaire” and “Trait Anxiety Inventory” were used together. To examine the relationship between superstitious behavior in sport and trait anxiety levels the Pearson product-moment coefficients of correlation was used. The results indicated that the relationship between superstitious behavior in sport and trait anxiety level is positive and statistically significant (r=.208; p=.007). To explain whether there are significant differences between participants’ superstitious behavior in sport according to gender, Independent Sample T-test was used. Result of this analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between male and female students tendency to superstitious behaviors according to gender (t=1.15; p=.251). In conclusion study findings showed that anxiety is a factor that increases university students, engaging in active sport, superstitions behavior.

The aim of this study was to investigate secondary school students’ tendency to violence, doing active sport or not. The sampling group of the study was consisted of 101 girls and 99 boys in the total 200 secondary school students in Kütahya city center of whose ages differs between of 12-14. In the study tendency to violence scale, developed by Göka and colleagues, was used as data gathering tool. In the evaluation of the data SPSS package program for Windows was used and after reliability of the scale was assessed One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied for if the obtained data was showing normal distribution and also as hypotheses tests Independent Samples t Test was applied for pairwise comparisons and One Way ANOVA test was applied for triple or more comparisons. As a result of the study there were no significant differences between students’ tendency to violence according to their ages and sport participation situations, on the other hand there were significant differences according to their class and perceived success in class. This study showed that class and perceived success in class are predictors of tendency to violence.

Purpose of the article is to demonstrate the manner, in which the concept of social integration of the disabled, where crucial place is occupied by sports activity, is realized on the background of social and institutional conditions. There are qualitative data used in the research, collected through a technique of an in-depth free interview and observations, conducted among the disabled who play sports. Analysis and interpretation of the empirical material and existing data is performed in accordance with principles of the grounded theory.
The performed studies proved that sport practiced by the disabled may support the inclusion process of the disabled into broader social circles. Sport not only an opportunity to maintain fitness and health, but also for social integration of the disabled.

This paper presents an overview of research on the participation of Poles in sports and physical recreation over the past twenty years. This form of longitudinal analysis of trends in one area of cultural participation reveals significant changes in the rate of participation in sports. From having very low rates of participation in the 1990s, Polish society has progressed to be in the upper-middle group of sports-participating societies in the EU. Specific elements of this progress are described and explained. The authors argue that the significant growth in Poles’ participation in sports is largely due to changes that are not directly related to sports, including a rise in the number of graduates from higher education, improving quality of life, better sport facilities, and a more positive perception of sports across society. Finally, questions concerning further developments and threats to increased participation in sports are considered.

Statistical data and forecasts point to an increasing number of elderly in european societies, including also Poland. This demographic state, causes an economical and social consequences, both in individual as well as in social dimension (health care, social support, etc.). Therefore a gaining increasing importance has the issue of successful aging. The notion of satisfaction is defined as “a feeling of pleasure and contentment” which contributes to feeling of happiness, joy and quality of life. Pointing to the life satisfaction of elderly, must first of all take into consideration, their current state of health and independent physical functioning in environment that allows to keep psychomotor performance.Physiological process of aging is accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes in organs and systems of human body. These natural processes are complex and irreversible, ultimately leads to reduce psychophysical and regenerative capabilities of human. One of the key determinants which cause and give the satisfaction is a healthly lifestyle with properly dosed level of a physical activity. The primary purpose of a physical activity of elderly, with particular indication of exercises is: independent functioning, inhibiting of progressive involutional changes, improve mood, maintain of correct figure and improving of balance. Physical activity of elderly may have significantly impact to the attitudes towards own person, increasing the quality of life and giving the satisfaction feeling.

The aim of this article is to examine the commercials broadcast during prestigious sports events, such as the Super Bowl in the United States, the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, and the World Cup and European Championship in football. The author uses the qualitative method and analyzes the content of the commercials as texts of contemporary culture. Mass media is the universal communication platform of the ‘global village.’ There is a certain expectation that it will be socially responsible, which is reflected in commercials involving disabled persons, or in those encouraging the audience to adopt an active, healthy lifestyle and to engage in sport as an antidote to civilizational diseases.

The Olympic Games (OG) are the world’s greatest sporting event, gathering athletes from more than 200 states. They bring into the spotlight not only the sports competitions featured on the Olympic program, but also the image of the host community and country, and each people’s culture and heritage. Lately, great emphasis has been placed on the economic component of the Olympic Games. This paper aims to outline OG economics through the funding programmes for the Olympic Movement. The timeline of this paper covers the period from 1993 until 2016. With every new edition, the Olympics raise more and more revenue, even if still falling short, by far, of the organisation costs incurred. The revenue generated by broadcasting the sporting events accounts for the largest share in the total income, as opposed to the licensing revenue, which is on the lowest end. Also, there is usually a significant difference between the summer OG and the winter OG, the former generating higher revenue.

The aim of the paper was to determine effective punches and manner of throwing them in professional boxing (heavyweight class) on the basis of an analysis of selected boxing matches. The research material consisted of twenty five boxing matches of leading heavyweight boxing competitors. Boxing matches have been selected on the basis of video analysis, each video has been played several times. The following aspect have been recorded in behaviour observation sheets: punch type, the number of punches (a single punch vs. a series
of punches), body part which was hit (torso or head), range in which the punch was thrown. The most effective punches, which resulted in knockout or knockdown, were right hook punches ending a series of punches, thrown in medium range, into the opponent’s head. Hook punches turned out to be more effective than jabs and uppercuts. They were thrown mainly in medium range with torso being turned. The conducted analysis can be used in training before professional matches. Attention should be paid to practicing series of punches and their combinations should end in hook punches thrown at the head. When it comes to motor skills, special endurance should be taken into consideration.

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