Liberal DemocratsBritish political party founded in 1988 through a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party, or SDP. In the middle ground between the dominant Labour Party and the Conservative Party, the Liberal Democrats occupy a centre-left, libertarian position.

History

The Liberals became a recognizable political party in the mid-19th century. Dedicated to the extension of civil rights and social welfare, they were the principal opposition to the Conservative Party until the rise of Labour in the early 20th century. The Social Democratic Party (SDP) was formed in 1981 by former Labourites who were dissatisfied with that party’s domination by leftists and trade union officials. Almost from the very founding of the SDP, the Liberals and Social Democrats were allied with each other, presenting themselves as the alternative to a polarizing choice between radical Labourites and Conservatives. The Alliance, as it was sometimes called, polled 25 percent of the popular vote in the 1983 general election, raising speculation that it might break the “two-party mold” of British politics. But the party was hampered by internal tension and the anomalous effects of Britain’s first-past-the-post electoral system, and it won only 23 of 633 seats in the House of Commons. The Alliance gained 23 percent of the vote in 1987 but still suffered from the electoral system and widespread criticism that it lacked a coherent identity and program and an effective leadership. On March 3, 1988, the two parties formally merged as the Social and Liberal Democratic Party, and in 1989 the party adopted the present name.

Paddy Ashdown, a former Liberal and a member of Parliament for Yeovil (Somerset), was elected the first leader of the new party in July 1988. Ashdown’s avowed strategy was initially one of “equidistance” between Labour and the Conservatives. He sought to ensure that the new party fully supported free-market economics and was not encumbered by predilections for controversial policies, such as wage and price controls, to reduce unemployment. At the same time, he laid out a program that had a radical and reformist edge.

The initial portents for such an approach were far from promising. The Liberal Democrats won only 6 percent of the popular vote in elections to the European Parliament in June 1989 and trailed badly in national opinion polls. In the early 1990s, however, a series of encouraging by-election results and Ashdown’s growing popularity boosted the party’s fortunes, though the Liberal Democrats won only 18 percent of the vote (20 seats) in the 1992 general election. Between 1992 and 1997, the Liberal Democrats scored stunning by-election victories and increased their support in local elections; at the depth of the Conservative Party’s unpopularity, the Liberal Democrats became the second largest party (after Labour) in local government. The Liberal Democrats’ major breakthrough at the national level came in the 1997 general election, in which they benefited from a sophisticated targeting of campaign resources on a limited number of constituencies. Although they won only 17 percent of the national vote, they more than doubled their parliamentary representation to 46 seats.

After Ashdown resigned as party leader in 1999, Charles Kennedy, the party’s spokesperson on European affairs (1992–97) and on agricultural and rural policies (1997–99), was elected to replace him. Under Kennedy’s leadership, the Liberal Democrats made significant gains in the House of Commons in both the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2006, however, Kennedy resigned after admitting he was an alcoholic, and Sir Menzies Campbell was elected party leader. Although Campbell led the Liberal Democrats to a strong showing in the May 2006 local elections, the party’s popularity subsequently declined. Amid growing concerns that Campbell was too old to lead, he stepped down in 2007 and was succeeded by Nick Clegg. During the 2010 election campaign, the Liberal Democrats surged in the public opinion polls, particularly because of Clegg’s performance in the country’s first televised party-leader debates. In the event, however, the Liberal Democrats finished a disappointing third, winning 57 seats, 5 fewer than in 2005. With no party achieving a majority in the House of Commons, Clegg and the Liberal Democrats subsequently formed a coalition with David Cameron and his Conservative Party (Britain’s first coalition since World War II), with Clegg securing the post of deputy prime minister.

Policy and structure

The Liberal Democrats have maintained the old Liberal Party’s tradition of radical or social liberalism. In particular, they have laid great emphasis on issues of constitutional reform, including electoral reform, devolution of state authority from the centre to the regions, reform of the House of Lords, and the need for freedom-of-information legislation and a bill of rights. The Liberal Democrats take a left-of-centre stance on educational and social issues and are committed to European integration. Such policies have directed the party toward the ideological space occupied by the “new,” less radical, Labour Party—a movement that was attested to by the leadership’s 1995 decision to drop the formal strategy of “equidistance” between the two major parties. After the 1997 elections, the Liberal Democrats sought greater cooperation with the governing Labour Party, forming an informal pact on areas of agreement, including European integration and constitutional reform. The unprecedented agreement provided seats for the Liberal Democrats on a Joint Cabinet Committee.

The Liberal Democrats are an amalgam of their predecessors in organizational terms. Displaying the federalism of the Liberals, they operate separate but parallel English, Scottish, Welsh, and Federal party structures. In policy making, the Federal Conference, which meets twice a year, is formally sovereign, though much of the decisive influence over policy proposals put before conference is wielded by the Federal Policy Committee (an innovation derived from the SDP), which consists of the party leader, the party president (the chief extraparliamentary figure in the party), and representatives of the parliamentary party, the national parties, the local councillors, and the grassroots organizations. The Policy Committee also has control over the drafting of the party’s election manifestos.

The Federal Executive, chaired by the party president, oversees the party’s general affairs. It consists of the party leader, the vice presidents, members of Parliament, local councillors, representatives of the national parties, members elected by the Federal Conference, and various other members.

There are a number of incentives for rank-and-file members to participate in party affairs, chief among which are the right to elect the party leader and president, the right to vote in any consultative policy referendum called by the Federal Executive, and the right to participate in the selection process for parliamentary candidates. The national party organizations draw up lists of approved candidates from which local parties can select their own shortlists; the national parties can remove names from the approved lists at any time.

One of the most striking features of the electoral support won by the Liberal Democrats (as well as their party’s progenitors) is its heterogeneity. The party regularly wins the votes of about two-fifths of all managers, professionals, and nonmanual employees; approximately one-quarter of manual employees; and one-fifth of self-employed individuals. Geographically, some regions of relatively concentrated Liberal Democrat voting are recognizable, especially in the so-called Celtic fringes of Scotland and southwestern England. The party’s membership is overwhelmingly middle-class and highly educated—even more so than that of the Conservatives. Financially, the Liberal Democrats are the most poorly funded British party: unlike the two dominant parties, they are unable to rely on major corporate or trade union sponsors and are forced to raise funds from the individual membership and from a few wealthy sympathizers.