I have often marveled at fruit trees growing wild in dry North Central Washington. I associate fruit trees with irrigation and lushness. They may need irrigation to be fruitful, but fruit trees seem to be able to survive with just the water that falls out of the sky. I have seen apple, pear, plum, and apricot trees growing in very dry places. I have seen cherry trees in creek bottoms right next to sagebrush. Normally, what one sees, is abandoned trees at old homestead and ranch sites.

The most striking example of fruit trees I have come across, is the apricots at the mouth of Toat's Coulee in Okanogan County, west of Loomis. These trees are growing on a rocky slope among sagebrush and bitterbrush. There is no indication that there ever could have been irrigation. The trees are fending for themselves. Besides the larger apricot trees I found numerous small trees, that must have grown from pits spread by animals.

I recently learned from Peter Valaas, a fourth generation North Central Washington resident, that back in the day there was such a thing as "dryland apricot farming". Trees were planted but not irrigated. So, the original trees in Toat's Coulee may have been planted long ago, but they are clearly spreading, slowly.

I have never seen an apricot tree so red before.

The apricot trees are scattered along a southeast facing slope for a mile. The red plant in the foreground is smooth sumac, Rhus glabra, a native.

The hillside with the apricot trees shows signs of heavy livestock use, as evidenced by the change in vegetation along the fence-line. The area at left has a lot of native fescue grass, while the area on the right where the apricot trees grow has very little grass and much in the way of sagebrush and bitterbrush. When ground is chronically grazed hard, the plants favored by cattle tend to disappear, and the ones they don't like to eat increase. Apparently cattle don't like the taste of apricot trees or the trees would not have survived here.

The shift in vegetation from primarily grass to shrubs may actually be of benefit to the mule deer that live at the mouth of Toat's Coulee. Mule deer prefer to eat shrubs rather than grass, and bitterbrush is one of their favorites. Mule deer even eat sagebrush occasionally. I found this shed antler while scoping out the apricot trees.

Much has been said about non-native species taking over wild areas and wreaking havoc- Cheatgrass, carp, starlings, and knapweed being case in point. However, I will say that occasionally I come across non-native plants, particularly trees, that in my opinion add to biological diversity and the richness of life. If apricot trees keep on spreading into our shrub steppe areas, I don't think it will be a bad thing. The latin name for apricots is Prunus armeniaca. It got that name because it is thought to be native to Armenia. Weather-on-line describes the climate of Armenia as "....highland continental, dry with four seasons....." Summer can be quite hot and winters cold. Sound familiar?

On Friday September 30, I hiked into the Buck Creek Fire area, inside of the Glacier Peak Wilderness Area. Buck Creek is reached at the end of Chiwawa River Road, near Trinity, a former mining town. Buck Creek Fire ignited from lightning on July 22nd and is still burning. This is a fire that was never suppressed. The Forest Service made a wise decision in letting it do it's thing, while protecting Trinity, and planning a contingency should the fire burn outside of the wilderness. The Buck Creek Trail is officially closed and for good reason. I had obtained permission, and felt privileged. I had to be very careful as there are a great many charred trees hanging by a thread and ready to fall. This is what I would call a good fire. There are no really large areas left treeless. Burned areas are intermingled with patches of untouched vegetation. The fire has made Buck Creek area more interesting, and more ecologically diverse. I will write more later in an article. Thanks to Cary Stock and Jeff Rivera of Wenatchee River R.D. for letting me in!

Fire and avalanche have both left their mark on Phelps Ridge.

Bridge over the Chiwawa River wrapped for protection. This material is much heavier than ordinary aluminum foil.

Black mixed with green is the norm for the Buck Creek Fire. The trail can be seen at right. The orange-brown bushes are huckleberry. They will send new shoots up next summer.

Most of the fire was mixed severity. I think the scorched trees seen here are pacific silver firs. I saw quite a few woodpeckers. The dead trees will turn into beautiful silvered snags.

The white ash marks areas where the fire burned deep into the soil. Mixed in are pockets that were only lightly touched.

The fire is still going, and could potentially burn beneath the snow over winter. Here the fire is creeping slowly and mainly burning underground in humus and logs. Dr. Paul Hessburg would call this a "skunking around fire".

I photographed this western toad right in the trail, in an area not burned.

This hole in the ground is big enough to bury a volkswagen beetle. The trail can be seen at right. The ground was very loose and ready to cave in. As to the origin of the hole, my only theory is that this section of trail is an old mining road, and the miners used stumps for fill.

I have had the opportunity to take some prescribed fire photos recently. A week ago, on September 22nd I happened on a prescribed fire along U.S. 97 south of Blewett Pass at the junction with Old Blewett Highway. The fire personnel there were gracious in allowing me to walk along the highway taking some photos. Yesterday I had a much better opportunity on the Chelan Ranger District with a burn on Grouse Mountain in the Twenty-five Mile Creek drainage. This time, I had an official invite, thanks to Chelan-Entiat District F.M.O. Kyle Cannon, and Ranger Kari Grover-Weir. I also had the clothes, and the right boots. I will have much more to say about this later in an article, but let me say this: Prescribed fire is an art form. Burn bosses have to tread the line between a fire that does not burn up what it should, and one that gets too rambunctious! It sure is great to see all of that old dried up stuff that has been laying around for years go away, though! It's going to burn sometime, might as well be when a burn boss is in control!.

Prescribed Fire along U.S. 97. When someone throws out a cigarette next summer, it will be easier to contain the fire.

The fire is getting with it. What readily burns, will burn up. These are ponderosa pines, and they can take it!

Believe it or not, most of these trees will emerge from the inferno alive.

I felt conspicuous with a brand new yellow shirt! In this crowd it is much more cool to have a faded shirt with a few tears in it! The Briefing

A member of the Chelan Initial Attack Crew putting fire on the ground.

This stand was thinned fifteen years ago, but the thinned trees were never burned. Now they are!!

Fire is taking apart what photosynthesis put together. Fire intensity does not get any lower than what is shown in this picture.

Another fire scar for this Douglas- fir! The tree will likely survive, but with a higher crown base. The lower limbs will be scorched and fall off, putting the tree at less risk in future fires.

It has been a wet summer, and the green fuels did not readily burn. The crew had to work real hard to get the forest to burn!

Keystone Point is a prominent landmark overlooking the Columbia River, Waterville Plateau, and the Entiat Valley. To get there is to drive up through Mills Canyon, a drainage that burned out in the 1988 Dinkelmann Fire, and again in the 2014 Mills Canyon Fire. My first trip to Keystone Point was in 2011, as part of a project to repeat historic panoramic photographs for the U.S. Forest Service. Out of curiosity I returned to Keystone Point to produce an update.

Mills Canyon is not for everyone. The pavement quickly ends and turns into a steep, narrow, double-grip road. There are no guard-rails and going off the side would likely be fatal. It would make a great motorcycle ride or mountain bike ride for the super-fit. The beauty of Mills Canyon is you can see a long ways, the flowers in spring are abundant, and in fall there is nice color. Other than in deer season, a person is likely to have Mills Canyon to themselves. I have only once encountered another vehicle. On my most recent trip I did find a few Kokanee and Keystone Light beer cans, an indication of who does visit. To my way of thinking driving the roads out there with a beer in hand is pretty foolish.

My comparison photograph turned out particularly well, because the day was clear and the time of the year was a close match with the original image taken on October 2, 1935. I learned something about photography through this project. My whole career, I have avoided middle of the day photos in full sun. Well in this case, I actually got the best match with the original panorama by recording the scene in late morning, close to noon. Without duplicating the shadows in the same way, the two scenes are hardly recognizable. In the nineteen thirties there was a wide expanse of forest. That is all gone now. To read the article on fire and recovery in Mills Canyon click the link at end of this blog entry.

Comparison set of photographs from Keystone Point overlooking Mills Canyon

The Table Mountain Fires started on September 8, 2012 and burned 43,312 acres. Most of the area burned was high elevation forest that experiences fire infrequently. Trees in the area are lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and western larch. There is the occasional ponderosa pine or Douglas-fir. I put some photo points into the Naneum Meadows area at the 5,300 foot level in 2013. Here are some results at the end of the fourth growing season. This area is near Blewett Pass on the Cle Elum Ranger District of the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest in Washington State.

NNMW-6 was taken as a composite panorama using a 45mm Tilt/Shift lens. Here you can compare the image I took on June 18, 2013 with the one I did on September 7, 2016. The log is Engelmann spruce. The predominant plant in the 2016 photo is a species of willow. Fireweed is also abundant. There are many lodgepole pine seedlings hidden among the taller plants. This is a wet area where the fire did not burn real hot.

NNMW-4 June 8, 2013 The curved sticks in this photo were subalpine fir saplings, bent over by the wind generated by the fire, and dried in place. The duff layer of the soil has been retained, indicating that the fire did not burn here for long. June 18, 2013

NNMW-4 September 7, 2016. Fireweed and willow are abundant. Lodgepole pine seedlings can be seen, as a darker shade of green.

NNMW-8 June 8, 2013 This is a site that burned long and hot. The duff layer has all been burned away and there is nothing left but ash and mineral soil. Nutrients have been lost.

NNMW-8 September 7, 2016. This site is showing surprising resilience. Plants besides the lodgepole pine seedlings include pearly everlasting, willow, gooseberry, fireweed, and canadian thistle.

NNMW-7-1 June 18, 2013. Sometimes the heat of a fire is largely in the crowns of the trees and at ground level there is light burning. Seen here are scorched subalpine fir saplings. The dead trees are all lodgepole pine.

NNMW-7-1 September 7, 2016. The scorched sapling subalpine firs have surprised me with their resilience.

Lodgepole pine seedlings were established from seed dropped from serotinous cones at the time of the fire in 2013. Lodgepole pine has cones that open the year they are formed, and others held together by resins and referred to as serotinous. Serotinous cones open when there is enough heat to melt the resins, spilling seeds on to the ground.

Four years have passed since the Naneum Meadows area burned. The progeny from years of stored up lodgepole pine cones can be seen here. I did not see seedlings of any other tree species. Lodgepole pine stands are known to produce up to 320,000 seeds per acre!

Scattered mature western larch trees survived Table Mountain Fire in 2012. I was hoping to see larch seedlings, but found none even under the trees. Apparently larch does not reliably produce cones every year. The larch has been outdone by lodgepole pine. If a re-burn occurs before the lodgepole pines have produced a significant number of cones, then larch has a chance at being the predominant tree in the area.

The north side of Mt. Hood burned in the 6,304 acre Dollar Lake Fire of 2011. This area is normally too wet to have large fires. Fire had not visited many places for several hundred years, so this was a big turning point in time. I hiked in on trail 631 in August of 2012 to explore the burn. This July I was able to return to some of the sites. I was hoping to pick huckleberries, which was not the case. There were many plants that had come back from the roots, but there were few berries. I am not sure whether the crop was frost-killed or the plants are putting their energy into growing instead of reproducing. The trail up to the Wilderness boundary was brushed out and easy to travel. After that there were logs every one hundred feet to one hundred yards. With Forest Service budgets what they are and the requirement that only hand tools be used, it is no wonder.

At about three miles there is a great viewpoint into the Coe Branch of the East Fork of Hood River. My 2012 photo shows needles clinging to the fire-killed trees. August 15, 2012

Five years have passed since the fire, and four years since my last photo. The trees are gray now and are starting to shed their fine branches. It has greened up on the forest floor. July 28, 2016

Oberon, our Catahoula Hound Dog puppy was a great addition to the trip. Nine months old in this picture he carried a light load. He did great at negotiating all of the logs in the trail. He was very willing to put on the pack, and did not try to take it off. Good Boy!!

Living at the edge of a meadow, these two Douglas-fir trees survived the fire. Remnant trees are important in re-seeding the forest.

There were lots of huckleberry bushes, but almost no berries. On the south side of Mt. Hood there was excellent picking this year. Perhaps the plants are putting their energy into growth?

Pearly everlasting was an abundant flower in drier areas.

Golden chinquapin, Chrysolepis chrysophyllais is the champion shrub growing on aspects that tilt to the south. In 2012, I mistakenly indentified it as rhododendron, which has similar leaves and a similar growth form. These plants did not establish from seed, but rather grew back from roots that survived in the fire.

Now that I see the fruits of this plant, there is no mistaking it for rhododendron. There are nuts inside of these burs.

A typical stretch of the trail. Willow, fireweed, and beargrass are the predominant plants.

In late June I took two trips to the Loup Loup Summit area. I had a mission- to re-take historic panoramic photos from 1934, at Buck Mountain Look-out, for Washington State Department of Natural Resources- the DNR. On the first trip I took too many dead end roads, ran out of time and instead of getting up to Buck Mountain, stopped along the highway west of Loup Loup Summit, for the spectacular displays of lupine. The lupine had come up in the area burned two years earlier in Carlton Complex Fire. On my second trip, I still had trouble navigating, and ended up at a lovely little lake in section 20. I finally got on the right road, but nearly did not make it up to the look-out due to the massive boulders and slabs of exposed rock. I should have taken my gas-guzzling Tundra instead of my moderately gas-thirsty RAV-4.

Buck Mountain Look-out nearly burned up in the Beaver Lake Fire in 2015. The Beaver Lake fire was part of massive Okanogan-Complex Fire, the largest fire in Washington state history. Fortunately firefighters were able to save the historic structure. I would like to hear their stories. Buck Mountain Look-out started as a crow's nest in 1919. A pole tower was built in 1934, and the present structure was built in 1961. It is occasionally manned.

Stand replacement fire- where all of the trees are killed, is the norm in the kind of high elevation forest that is around Buck Mountain. Most of the trees are lodgepole pine, with some Engelmann spruce, and subalpine fir. The big difference in modern fire compared with earlier times is the sheer extent of high intensity fires. Visiting a year after the fire, green-up was starting on the south facing slopes (south aspects). I saw numerous snowshoe hares and mountain bluebirds, and also one deer and one grouse. I look forward to returning in a year or two to re-take some photos. This area on the Loup Loup State Forest, east of Twisp, and west of Okanogan is well worth visiting.

Far from ruining this little lake, the fire added ecological diversity. The burned patch will support shrubs and grasses. I can visualize swallows nesting in the snags ten years from now and swooping over the lake to grab insects. This is what is called "mixed severity" fire where there is a mix of live and dead trees. Beaver Lake Fire 2015

Fortunately fire-fighters were able to save this historic structure built in 1961. The fire burned really hot here as evidenced by the complete consumption of needles on the trees. Beaver Lake Fire 2015

Fire has much to do with weathering, I think. This granite boulder is exfoliating. The green-up of grass is inspirational. Beaver Lake Fire 2015, 2016 photo

Photograph from west of Loup Loup Summit. This photograph was taken on June 14, at about 3,500 feet elevation. This area burned as part of Carlton Complex Fire in 2014. The dead trees are a mix of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine. The flowers are a species of lupine. Carlton Complex Fire 2014, 2016 Photo

Insects don't create art, or do they? Egg galleries made by Douglas-fir beetles (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae). I found these patterns on the underside of some bark from a large Douglas-fir tree. The tree was injured by the fire, and finished off by the bark beetles.

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