Which of the following structures is the last one that sensory information would encounter during visual processing?
A)

ganglion cells
B)

bipolar cells
C)

primary visual cortex
D)

optic chiasma
E)

lateral geniculate nuclei
Topic:

Concept 50.4
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

35)

If a baseball player is hit in the back of the head, which part of his brain would be the most likely injured?
A)

the primary visual cortex
B)

the thalamus
C)

the optic chiasma
D)

the lateral geniculate nuclei
E)

the tectorial membrane
Topic:

Concept 50.4
Skill:

Application/Analysis
36)

What structural feature(s) contribute(s) most to the diverse adaptations for animal movement?
A)

sensory system
B)

skeletal system
C)

muscular system
D)

nervous system
E)

B and C only
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

37)

Skeletal fibers may be classified as either oxidative or glycolytic. Which of the following muscles would be called glycolytic?
A)

those with a high concentration of myoglobin
B)

those with a large number of mitochondria
C)

the dark muscle meat of poultry
D)

those with the smallest diameters
E)

the ones most easily fatigued
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

38)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a sex-linked condition in humans that results from abnormal dystrophin protein. The condition results in progressive weakening and atrophy of muscles, usually beginning with the legs. This is most consistent with which of the following?
A)

an abnormality of actin protein distribution
B)

a structural abnormality of the sarcomere
C)

a disturbance of smooth muscle
D)

an abnormality of calcium channels
E)

an enzymatic abnormality
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Synthesis/Evaluation
Use Figure 50.3 to answer the following questions.

Figure 50.3

39)

The structure pictured in Figure 50.3 can be found in which types of muscles?
A)

skeletal
B)

cardiac
C)

smooth
D)

A and B only
E)

A, B, and C
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

40)

Which section consists only of myosin filaments?
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

41)

Which section consists of both actin and myosin filaments?
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

42)

When an organism dies, its muscles remain in a contracted state termed "rigor mortis" for a brief period of time. Which of the following most directly contributes to this phenomenon? There is no
A)

ATP to move cross-bridges.
B)

ATP to break bonds between the thick and thin filaments.
C)

calcium to bind to troponin.
D)

oxygen supplied to muscle.
E)

glycogen remaining in the muscles.
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Application/Analysis 43)

Which of the following does not form part of the thin filaments of a muscle cell?
A)

actin
B)

troponin
C)

tropomyosin
D)

myosin
E)

calcium-binding site
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

44)

What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions?
A)

break the cross-bridges as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP
B)

bind to the troponin complex, which leads to the exposure of the myosin-binding sites
C)

transmit the action potential across the neuromuscular junction
D)

spread the action potential through the T tubules
E)

reestablish the polarization of the plasma membrane following an action potential
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

45)

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminal of
A)

T tubules.
B)

motor neuron axons.
C)

sensory neuron axons.
D)

motor neuron dendrites.
E)

sensory neuron dendrites.
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

46)

Which function associated with muscle would be most directly affected by low levels of calcium?
A)

ATP hydrolysis
B)

the initiation of an action potential
C)

the muscle fiber resting membrane potential
D)

muscle contraction
E)

muscle fatigue

Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension
47)

Which of the following is the correct sequence that occurs during the excitation and contraction of a muscle cell?
1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.
A)

1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B)

2, 1, 3, 5, 4
C)

2, 3, 4, 1, 5
D)

5, 3, 1, 2, 4
E)

5, 3, 2, 1, 4
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Application/Analysis

48)

Which of the following could you find in the lumen of a transverse tubule?
A)

extracellular fluid
B)

cytoplasm
C)

actin
D)

myosin
E)

sarcomeres
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

49)

A sustained muscle contraction due to a lack of relaxation between successive stimuli is called
A)

tonus.
B)

tetanus.
C)

an all-or-none response.
D)

fatigue.
E)

a spasm.
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

50)

Which of the following are shared by skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?
A)

A bands and I bands
B)

transverse tubules
C)

gap junctions
D)

motor units
E)

thick and thin filaments
Topic:

Concept 50.5
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

51)

What are animals with hydrostatic skeletons able to do that animals with exoskeletons or internal skeletons cannot do?
A)

elongate
B)

crawl
C)

live in aquatic environments
D)

grow without replacing their skeleton
E)

A, B, and D
Topic:

Concept 50.6
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

52)

Which of the following could be associated with peristalsis?
A)

hydrostatic skeletons and smooth muscle
B)

hydrostatic skeletons and movement in earthworms
C)

smooth muscle and contractions along the human digestive tract causing movement of the contents within
D)

A and C only
E)

A, B, and C
Topic:

Concept 50.6
Skill:

Knowledge/Comprehension

53)

Which of the following would be expected to expend the greatest amount of energy for locomotion per unit mass?
A)

a tadpole
B)

a bony fish
C)

a terrestrial reptile
D)

a robin
E)

a whale
Topic:

Concept 50.6
Skill:

Application/Analysis

54)

Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?
A)

hair cellmechanoreceptor
B)

muscle spindlemechanoreceptor
C)

taste receptorchemoreceptor
D)

rodelectromagnetic receptor
E)

olfactory receptorelectromagnetic receptor
55)

Some sharks close their eyes just before they bite. Although they cannot see their prey, their bites are on target. Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects, and that sharks can find batteries buried under the sand of an aquarium. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that a
A)

rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow.
B)

male silkworm moth locates a mate.
C)

bat finds moths in the dark.
D)

platypus locates its prey in a muddy river.
E)

flatworm avoids light places.
56)

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials takes place
A)

within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells.
B)

when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons.
C)

as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron.
D)

as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds.
E)

within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes.
57)

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about the vertebrate eye?
A)

The vitreous humor regulates the amount of light entering the pupil.
B)

The transparent cornea is an extension of the sclera.
C)

The fovea is the center of the visual field and contains only cones.
D)

The ciliary muscle functions in accommodation.
E)

The retina lies just inside the choroid and contains the photoreceptor cells.
58)

When light strikes the rhodopsin in a rod, retinal isomerizes, initiating a signal transduction pathway that
A)

depolarizes the neighboring bipolar cells and initiates an action potential in a ganglion cell.
B)

depolarizes the rod, causing it to release the neurotransmitter glutamate, which excites bipolar cells.
C)

hyperpolarizes the rod, reducing its release of glutamate, which excites some bipolar cells and inhibits others.
D)

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