**Contents**
[[!toc levels=3]]
# Using removable media
## Reading data CDs with NetBSD
Data CDs can contain anything from programs, sound files (MP3, wav), movies
(MP3, QuickTime) to source code, text files, etc. Before accessing these files,
a CD must be mounted on a directory, much like hard disks are. Just as hard
disks can use different filesystems (ffs, lfs, ext2fs, ...), CDs have their own
filesystem, *cd9660*. The NetBSD cd9660 filesystem can handle filesystems
without and with Rockridge and Joliet extensions.
CD devices are named /dev/cd0a for both SCSI and IDE (ATAPI).
With this information, we can start:
1. See if your system has some CD drive:
# dmesg | grep ^cd
cd0 at atapibus0 drive 0: type 5 cdrom removable
cd0: 32-bit data port
cd0: drive supports PIO mode 4, DMA mode 0
cd0(pciide0:1:0): using PIO mode 0, DMA mode 0 (using DMA data transfers)
We have one drive here, `cd0`. It is an IDE/ATAPI drive, as it is found on
atapibus0. Of course the drive (rather, its medium) is removable, i.e., you
can eject it. See below.
2. Insert a CD
3. Mount the CD manually:
# mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0a /mnt
This command shouldn't print anything. It instructs the system to mount the
CD found on /dev/cd0a on /mnt, using the `cd9660` filesystem. The mountpoint
`/mnt` must be an existing directory.
4. Check the contents of the CD:
# ls /mnt
INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps TRANS.TBL boot.catalog
INSTALL.more INSTALL.txt binary installation
Everything looks fine! This is a NetBSD CD, of course. :)
5. Unmount the CD:
# umount /mnt
If the CD is still accessed (e.g. some other shell's still "cd"'d into it),
this will not work. If you shut down the system, the CD will be unmounted
automatically for you, there's nothing to worry about there.
6. Making an entry in /etc/fstab:
If you don't want to type the full "mount" command each time, you can put
most of the values into a line in /etc/fstab:
# Device mountpoint filesystem mount options
/dev/cd0a /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto
Make sure that the mountpoint, `/cdrom` in our example, exists:
# mkdir /cdrom
Now you can mount the cd with the following command:
# mount /cdrom
Access and unmount as before.
The CD is not mounted at boot time due to the "noauto" mount option - this
is useful as you'll probably not have a CD in the drive all the time. See
[mount(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
and
[mount\_cd9660(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount_cd9660+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
for some other useful options.
7. Eject the CD:
# eject cd0
If the CD is still mounted, it will be unmounted if possible, before being
ejected.
## Reading multi-session CDs with NetBSD
Use
[mscdlabel(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mscdlabel+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
to add all sessions to the CDs disklabel, and then use the appropriate device
node to mount the session you want. You might have to create the corresponding
device nodes in `/dev` manually. For example:
# mscdlabel cd1
track (ctl=4) at sector 142312
adding as 'a'
track (ctl=4) at sector 0
adding as 'b'
# ls -l /dev/cd1b
ls: /dev/cd1b: No such file or directory
# cd /dev
# ls -l cd1*
brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 8 Mar 18 21:55 cd1a
brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 11 Mar 18 21:55 cd1d
# mknod cd1b b 6 9
to create `/dev/cd1b`. Make sure you fix the permissions of any new device nodes
you create:
# ls -l cd1*
brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 8 Mar 18 21:55 cd1a
brw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 6, 9 Mar 18 22:23 cd1b
brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 11 Mar 18 21:55 cd1d
# chgrp operator cd1b
# chmod 640 cd1b
# ls -l cd1*
brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 8 Mar 18 21:55 cd1a
brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 9 Mar 18 22:24 cd1b
brw-r----- 1 root operator 6, 11 Mar 18 21:55 cd1d
Now you should be able to mount it.
# mount /dev/cd1b /mnt
## Allowing normal users to access CDs
By default, NetBSD only allows "root" to mount a filesystem. If you want any
user to be able to do this, perform the following steps:
* Give groups and other the access rights to the device.
# chmod go+rw /dev/cd0a
* Ask NetBSD to let users mounting filesystems.
# sysctl -w vfs.generic.usermount=1
Note that this works for any filesystem and device, not only for CDs with a
ISO 9660 filesystem.
To perform the mount operation after these commands, the user must own the mount
point. So, for example:
$ cd $HOME
$ mkdir cdrom
$ mount -t cd9660 -o nodev,nosuid /dev/cd0a `pwd`/cdrom
*Note*: The mount options `nodev` and `nosuid` are mandatory from NetBSD 4.0 on.
They are not necessary on NetBSD 3.x systems.
Please also see
[mount(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386) and
as an alternative the *auto mount daemon*
[amd(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?amd+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386), for
which example config files can be found in `/usr/share/examples/amd`.
## Mounting an ISO image
Sometimes, it is interesting to mount an ISO9660 image file before you burn the
CD; this way, you can examine its contents or even copy files to the outside. If
you are a Linux user, you should know that this is done with the special *loop*
filesystem. NetBSD does it another way, using the *vnode* pseudo-disk.
We will illustrate how to do this with an example. Suppose you have an ISO image
in your home directory, called `mycd.iso`:
1. Start by setting up a new vnode, "pointing" to the ISO file:
# vnconfig -c vnd0 ~/mycd.iso
2. Now, mount the vnode:
# mount -t cd9660 /dev/vnd0a /mnt
3. Yeah, image contents appear under `/mnt`! Go to that directory and explore
the image.
4. When you are happy, you have to umount the image:
# umount /mnt
5. And at last, deconfigure the vnode:
# vnconfig -u vnd0
Note that these steps can also be used for any kind of file that contains a
filesystem, not just ISO images.
See the [vnd(4)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?vnd+4+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
and
[vnconfig(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?vnconfig+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
man pages for more information.
## Using video CDs with NetBSD
To play MPEG Video streams as many DVD players can play them under NetBSD, mount
the CD as you would do with any normal (data) CD (see [[Reading data CDs with
NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom]]), then use the
[`multimedia/xine-ui`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/xine-ui/README.html),
[`multimedia/mplayer`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/mplayer/README.html)
or
[`multimedia/gmplayer`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/gmplayer/README.html)
package to play the mpeg files stored on the CD.
## Using audio CDs with NetBSD
There are two ways to handle audio CDs:
1. Tell the CD drive to play to the headphone or to a soundcard, to which
CDROMs are usually connected internally. Use programs like
[cdplay(1)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?cdplay+1+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386),
[`audio/xmcd`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/xmcd/README.html),
"kscd" from the
[`multimedia/kdemultimedia3`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/kdemultimedia3/README.html)
package, mixer programs like
[mixerctl(1)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mixerctl+1+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386),
[`audio/xmix`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/xmix/README.html),
[`audio/xmmix`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/xmmix/README.html),
the Curses based
[`audio/cam`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/cam/README.html),
or kmix, which is part of
[`multimedia/kdemultimedia3`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/kdemultimedia3/README.html).
This usually works well on both SCSI and IDE (ATAPI) CDROMs, CDRW and DVD
drives.
2. To read ("rip") audio tracks in binary form without going through
digital-\>analog conversion and back. There are several programs available
to do this:
* For most ATAPI, SCSI and several proprietary CDROM drives, the
[`audio/cdparanoia`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/cdparanoia/README.html)
package can be used. With cdparanoia the data can be saved to a file or
directed to standard output in WAV, AIFF, AIFF-C or raw format. Currently
the -g option is required by the NetBSD version of cdparanoia. A
hypothetical example of how to save track 2 as a WAV file is as follows:
$ cdparanoia -g /dev/rcd0d 2 track-02.wav
If you want to grab all files from a CD, cdparanoia's batch mode is useful:
$ cdparanoia -g /dev/rcd0d -B
* For ATAPI or SCSI CD-ROMs the
[`audio/cdd`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/cdd/README.html)
package can be used. To extract track 2 with cdd, type:
# cdd -t 2 `pwd`
This will put a file called `track-02.cda` in the current directory.
* For SCSI CD-ROMS the
[`audio/tosha`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/tosha/README.html)
package can be used. To extract track 2 with tosha, you should be able to
type:
# tosha -d CD-ROM-device -t 2 -o track-02.cda
The data can then be post-processed e.g. by encoding it into MP3 streams
(see [[Creating an MP3 (MPEG layer 3) file from an audio
CD|guide/rmmedia#create-mpeg3]]) or by writing them to CD-Rs (see [[Using a
CD-R writer to create audio CDs|guide/rmmedia#cdr-audio]]).
## Creating an MP3 (MPEG layer 3) file from an audio CD
The basic steps in creating an MPEG layer 3 (MP3) file from an audio CD (using
software from the [NetBSD packages
collection](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/)) are:
1. Extract (*rip*) the audio data of the CD as shown in
[[Using audio CDs with NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom-audio]].
2. Convert the CD audio format file to WAV format. You only need to perform
this job if your ripping program (e.g. tosha, cdd) didn't already do the job
for you!
* Using the [`audio/sox`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/sox/README.html) package, type:
$ sox -s -w -c 2 -r 44100 -t cdr track-02.cda track-02.wav
This will convert `track-02.cda` in raw CD format to `track-02.wav` in
WAV format, using **s**igned 16-bit **w**ords with 2 **c**hannels at a
sampling **r**ate of 44100kHz.
3. Encode the WAV file into MP3 format.
* Using the [`audio/bladeenc`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/bladeenc/README.html) package, type:
$ bladeenc -128 -QUIT track-02.wav
This will encode `track-02.wav` into `track-02.mp3` in MP3 format, using
a bit rate if **128**kBit/sec. The documentation for bladeenc describes
bit-rates in more detail.
* Using the
[`audio/lame`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/lame/README.html)
package, type:
$ lame -p -o -v -V 5 -h track-02.wav track-02.mp3
You may wish to use a lower quality, depending on your taste and
hardware.
The resultant MP3 file can be played with any of the
[`audio/gqmpeg`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/gqmpeg/README.html),
[`audio/maplay`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/maplay/README.html),
[`audio/mpg123`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/mpg123/README.html)
or
[`audio/splay`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/audio/splay/README.html)
packages.
## Using a CD-R writer with data CDs
The process of writing a CD consists of two steps: First, a "image" of the data
must be generated, which can then be written to CD-R in a second step.
1. Reading a pre-existing ISO image
# dd if=/dev/rcd0a of=filename.iso bs=2k
Alternatively, you can create a new ISO image yourself:
2. 2. 2.ating the ISO image
Put all the data you want to put on CD into one directory. Next you need to
generate a disk-like ISO image of your data. The image stores the data in
the same form as they're later put on CD, using the ISO 9660 format. The
basic ISO9660 format only understands 8+3 filenames (max. eight letters for
filename, plus three more for an extension). As this is not practical for
Unix filenames, a so-called "Rockridge Extension" needs to be employed to
get longer filenames. (A different set of such extension exists in the
Microsoft world, to get their long filenames right; that's what's known as
Joliet filesystem).
The ISO image is created using the mkisofs command, which is part of the
[`sysutils/cdrtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html)
package.
Example: if you have your data in /usr/tmp/data, you can generate a ISO
image file in /usr/tmp/data.iso with the following command:
$ cd /usr/tmp
$ mkisofs -o data.iso -r data
Using NETBS000.GZ;1 for data/binary/kernel/netbsd.INSTALL.gz (netbsd.INSTALL_TINY.gz)
Using NETBS001.GZ;1 for data/binary/kernel/netbsd.GENERIC.gz (netbsd.GENERIC_TINY.gz)
5.92% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:11 2000
11.83% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:03 2000
17.74% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:00 2000
23.64% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:28:03 2000
...
88.64% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:27:55 2000
94.53% done, estimate finish Wed Sep 13 21:27:55 2000
Total translation table size: 0
Total rockridge attributes bytes: 5395
Total directory bytes: 16384
Path table size(bytes): 110
Max brk space used 153c4
84625 extents written (165 Mb)
Please see the mkisofs(8) man page for other options like noting publisher
and preparer. The [Bootable CD ROM
How-To](http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/bootcd.html) explains how to generate a
bootable CD.
3. Writing the ISO image to CD-R
When you have the ISO image file, you just need to write it on a CD. This is
done with the "cdrecord" command from the
[`sysutils/cdrtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html)
package. Insert a blank CD-R, and off we go:
# cdrecord -v dev=/dev/rcd0d data.iso
...
After starting the command, 'cdrecord' shows you a lot of information about
your drive, the disk and the image you're about to write. It then does a 10
seconds countdown, which is your last chance to stop things - type \^C if
you want to abort. If you don't abort, the process will write the whole
image to the CD and return with a shell prompt.
Note that cdrecord(8) works on both SCSI and IDE (ATAPI) drives.
4. Test
Mount the just-written CD and test it as you would do with any "normal" CD,
see [[Reading data CDs with NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom]].
## Using a CD-R writer to create audio CDs
If you want to make a backup copy of one of your audio CDs, you can do so by
extracting ("ripping") the audio tracks from the CD, and then writing them back
to a blank CD. Of course this also works fine if you only extract single tracks
from various CDs, creating your very own mix CD!
The steps involved are:
1. Extract ("rip") the audio tracks as described as in
[[Using audio CDs with NetBSD|guide/rmmedia#cdrom-audio]]
to get a couple of .wav files.
2. Write the .wav files using cdrecord command from the
[`sysutils/cdrtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html)
package:
# cdrecord -v dev=/dev/rcd0d -audio -pad *.wav
## Creating an audio CD from MP3s
If you have converted all your audio CDs to MP3 and now want to make a mixed CD
for your (e.g.) your car, you can do so by first converting the .mp3 files back
to .wav format, then write them as a normal audio CD.
The steps involved here are:
1. Create .wav files from your .mp3 files:
$ mpg123 -w foo.wav foo.mp3
Do this for all of the MP3 files that you want to have on your audio CD. The
.wav filenames you use don't matter.
2. Write the .wav files to CD as described under [[Using a CD-R writer to
create audio CDs|guide/rmmedia#cdr-audio]].
## Copying an audio CD
To copy an audio CD while not introducing any pauses as mandated by the CDDA
standard, you can use cdrdao for that:
# cdrdao read-cd --device /dev/rcd0d data.toc
# cdrdao write --device /dev/rcd1d data.toc
## Copying a data CD with two drives
If you have both a CD-R and a CD-ROM drive in your machine, you can copy a data
CD with the following command:
# cdrecord dev=/dev/rcd1d /dev/rcd0d
Here the CD-ROM (cd0) contains the CD you want to copy, and the CD-R (cd1)
contains the blank disk. Note that this only works with computer disks that
contain some sort of data, it does *not* work with audio CDs! In practice you'll
also want to add something like `speed=8` to make things a bit faster.
## Using CD-RW rewritables
You can treat a CD-RW drive like a CD-R drive (see [[Using a CD-R writer with
data CDs|guide/rmmedia#cdr]]) in NetBSD, creating images with mkisofs(8) and
writing them on a CD-RW medium with cdrecord(8).
If you want to blank a CD-RW, you can do this with cdrecord's `blank` option:
# cdrecord dev=/dev/rcd0d blank=fast
There are several other ways to blank the CD-RW, call cdrecord(8) with
`blank=help` for a list. See the cdrecord(8) man page for more information.
## DVD support
Currently, NetBSD supports DVD media through the ISO 9660 also used for CD-ROMs.
The new UDF filesystem also present on DVDs has been supported since NetBSD 4.0.
Information about mounting ISO 9660 and UDF filesystems can be found in the
[mount\_cd9660(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount_cd9660+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
and
[mount\_udf(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?mount_udf+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386)
manual pages respectively. DVDs, DivX and many avi files be played with
[`multimedia/ogle`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/ogle/README.html)
or
[`multimedia/gmplayer`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/multimedia/gmplayer/README.html).
For some hints on creating DVDs, see this [postings about
growisofs](http://mail-index.NetBSD.org/current-users/2004/01/06/0021.html) and
[this article about recording CDs and DVDs with
NetBSD](http://www.mreriksson.net/blog/archive/15/).
## Creating ISO images from a CD
To create an ISO image and save the checksum do this:
# readcd dev=/dev/cd0d f=/tmp/cd.iso
Here is an alternative using dd(1):
# dd if=/dev/cd0d of=/tmp/cd.iso bs=2048
If the CD has errors you can recover the rest with this:
# dd if=/dev/cd0d of=/tmp/cd.iso bs=2048 conv=noerror
To create an ISO image from a mounted data CD first, mount the CD disk by:
# mount -t cd9660 -r /dev/cd0d /mnt/cdrom
Second, get the image:
# mkhybrid -v -l -J -R -o /tmp/my_cd.iso /mnt/cdrom/
## Getting volume information from CDs and ISO images
You can read the volume data from an unmounted CD with this command:
# file -s /dev/cd0d
You can read the volume data from an ISO image with this command:
# isoinfo -d -i /tmp/my_cd.iso
You can get the unique disk number from an unmounted CD with this:
# cd-discid /dev/cd0d
You can read the table of contents of an unmounted CD with this command:
# cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cd0d -toc
## Initializing and using floppy disks
PC-style floppy disks work mostly like other disk devices like hard disks,
except that you need to low-level format them first. To use an common 1440 KB
floppy in the first floppy drive, first (as root) format it:
# fdformat -f /dev/rfd0a
Then create a single partition on the disk using
[disklabel(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?disklabel+8+NetBSD-5.0.1+i386):
# disklabel -rw /dev/rfd0a floppy3
Creating a small filesystem optimized for space:
# newfs -m 0 -o space -i 16384 -c 80 /dev/rfd0a
Now the floppy disk can be mounted like any other disk. Or if you already have a
floppy disk with an MS-DOS filesystem on it that you just want to access from
NetBSD, you can just do something like this:
# mount -t msdos /dev/fd0a /mnt
However, rather than using floppies like normal (bigger) disks, it is often more
convenient to bypass the filesystem altogether and just splat an archive of
files directly to the raw device. E.g.:
# tar cvfz /dev/rfd0a file1 file2 ...
A variation of this can also be done with MS-DOS floppies using the
[`sysutils/mtools`](http://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/sysutils/mtools/README.html)
package which has the benefit of not going through the kernel buffer cache and
thus not being exposed to the danger of the floppy being removed while a
filesystem is mounted on it.