Seeing some large numbers in Table B02018 (2012-2016 5-year estimates) at the tract level. I thought tracts had about 4-8,000 people, why are there some with 14,500+?

I downloaded Table B02018 (detailed Asian ethnicities) for all tracts in the US using the Download Center, but now that I'm working with the table, I'm seeing some tracts that have 10,000+ Asian Americans in them. That seems too high to me, I thought that tracts were supposed to have a maximum of 8,000 people.

The only explanation I can think of is that they had <= 8,000 back in 2009 when the tracts' boundaries were finalized, but now in 2012-2016, they've grown in population, but it seems hard to believe that tracts in very built up areas such as Los Angeles (where I'm seeing these large numbers) would gain that many people in just a few years.

I went ahead and took a look at the highest Asian population tracts in the 2012-2016 ACS. The biggest one was 06059052420, with a population of 12,452, as you mention, in the Los Angeles area. I took a look at Google Earth to see if that might have any hints.

Here is a look at the area with the most recent imagery. The orange is the tract border (the boundary overlaying the Google Maps imagery comes from PolicyMap.com). The extreme northeast part of the tract which I've cropped out doesn't appear to be heavily populated.

Now, looking at Google Earth's imagery from 2010 (when the Census data comes from that would have drawn the boundary), that large development in the northeast wasn't built yet:

It's still weird, though. The 2010 total population was 21,098-- way above the 8,000 target max (and it only grew to 22,727 in the latest ACS). It's possible the timing of the Census and aerial imagery accounts for that. In 2000, this tract had a population of just 7,438, and it's shape didn't change from 2000 to 2010.

All over the place, it's often frustrating how much tract shapes changed from 2000 to 2010, because it makes comparisons difficult. But usually it's necessary to keep tracts at that target size. So it's definitely odd that this tract didn't change shapes at all, despite the huge population growth from 2000 to 2010.

This could lead to a whole separate discussion on tract revision, commonly known as retracting. If a new development was built between 2000 and 2008 that added 14K population to that tract, the tract should have been split and the new development isolated into its own tract(s). The ideal tract size is 1500-2000 HUs, which translates to 4K-5K population.