space for transparencyThis blog by Transparency International provides an independent and informed viewpoint on corruption. It gives a space to start a worldwide conversation on possible solutions to overcome corruption, and on governance, transparency and accountability.

Codes of conduct should prevent corruption among public officials who have been elected, appointed or hired.

But they cannot just remain empty words on paper. We have to make sure that they applied.

The question is, who and what should codes cover?

The answer is generally : public officials. But this group includes a wide range of people with different responsibilities. Studies have shown that different regulations are needed based on the category of public official – higher levels of public responsibility require stricter controls and oversight.

Is a US$200 fine a fair punishment for Canada’s defense minister for failing to twice disclose potential conflicts of interest?

Or should ministers even be required to officially file all their activities that could potentially impact decisions in their job?

What about for a staff member in the ministry? Should the same requirements and punishments apply to?

These divergences have led many countries to devise specific codes for specific public officials: government appointees, elected members of the legislature and civil servants.

Government Ministers

As heads of their institutions, government ministers have significant autonomy and discretion in their functions. They have more access to confidential and privileged information, wielding great influence over decision-making processes. Their authority over the allocation of government funds and the approval of programmes requires that they have the strongest controls over their behaviour.

Government ministers should therefore declare :

1) their interests – who they know and what boards they might sit on

2) assets – how much personal wealth they have – as the example from Canada notes.

But who has the power to make sure ministers, by nature yielding lots of power and influence, live by these rules? External regulatory agencies may even be ineffective because if are subordinate to the executive branch of government and cannot enforce decisions.

In June 2012, a Transparency International report on corruption in Europe highlighted the lack of rules holding politicians and officials to account.

It called on 25 European countries to establish rules obliging declarations of assets and interests, and said 19 needed to adopt codes of conduct for parliamentarians.

Elected Officials

Elected public officials should be kept honest and accountable from the threat of being voted out of office for a violation or scandal. As a result, formal codes of conduct for elected officials tend to be less strict than those for other public officials. Sanctions also often are rare and less severe.

Typically, elected officials face more potential conflicts of interest given their voting power over critical legislation. To address this specific problem, declarations of interests are often mandatory and more frequent.

General implementation and oversight of the codes often are tasked to a subcommittee in the legislature. This situation of self-regulation has been critiqued given that those tasked with applying the code of conduct are also the ones who the code applies to.

Civil Servants

As the recent rail concession fiasco in the UK shows, civil servants can wield extreme power in key – and expensive – policy decisions.

This is the eigth and last post in our series on codes of conduct. Previous posts include:

Yet unlike appointed or elected officials, they do not face the scrutiny of the electorate or the decision of the president or prime minister in power.

This has led countries to develop stricter codes of conduct for civil servants. It is common for these codes to be included as part of a civil servant’s contractual obligation. These terms of service also clearly specify the causes for and types of sanctions. Whether the code is contractual or legally binding (such as in Brazil where it is included in the country’s constitution) will determine how the code is regulated.

Another substantial difference between regulations for civil servants and other public officials is related to the mandatory and regular declaration of assets. Civil servants often must declare their assets and interests – or to uphold this principle as part of their duties of service, as in the United Kingdom.

Do you think a different code of conduct is needed for ministers, politicians and civil servants in your country? Would it help to keep them clean?

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Space for Transparency

This blog by Transparency International provides an independent and informed viewpoint on corruption. It gives a space to start a worldwide conversation on possible solutions to overcome corruption, and on governance, transparency and accountability.