HILLIER, GEORGE, army officer and office holder; b. in Devizes, England; m. 31 Jan. 1820 in York (Toronto) Caroline Ann Givins, daughter of James Givins, and they had at least one child, a son; d. 22 Dec. 1840 in Fort William, Calcutta, India.

George Hillier began his career in the British army on 23 March 1809, when he was appointed an ensign in the 29th Foot. Promoted lieutenant on 10 May 1811, he was with his regiment in Spain at the bloody battle of Albuera that year. He was one of the lucky few who escaped unscathed. The shattered 29th returned to England in November; Hillier, however, remained behind as one of three officers of the regiment attached to the Portuguese army. On 1 July 1813 he became a captain and joined the 74th Foot, with which he saw further action in the Peninsular War. Sent to Flanders, he fought with his unit at the battle of Waterloo in 1815 and received the Waterloo medal. He was advanced to brevet major on 21 June 1817. At some point while in Europe he served with Peregrine Maitland*. The two men became friends, and when Maitland, now Sir Peregrine, was appointed lieutenant governor of Upper Canada, Hillier took up duties as his civil secretary.

Hillier arrived in York with Maitland and his entourage in August 1818. The running of the gubernatorial office was an administrative task which encompassed every matter that landed on the lieutenant governor’s desk. Hillier’s position entailed no formal power but offered great possibilities for wielding influence. Depending upon a number of circumstances – ability, force of personality, intimacy with the lieutenant governor, and mastery of detail, to name a few – there was room for a civil secretary to be a real force on the Upper Canadian scene. Over the course of the province’s colonial history, most secretaries, for whatever reason, were content to act as head clerks. Few made of themselves what would now be considered a chief executive assistant. John Macaulay* did (and possibly his successor Samuel Bealey Harrison* as well) during Sir George Arthur*’s administration from 1838 to 1841. But Macaulay and Harrison served only briefly. Hillier held his position for ten years, the entire duration of Maitland’s lieutenant governorship. And no one, before or after, exploited the intrinsic potential of the office as he did.

Some power devolved upon him naturally. Maitland was an aloof individual and, although a few Upper Canadians such as John Beverley Robinson* and John Strachan* became favourites and were probably as close to the lieutenant governor as it was possible for them to be, only Hillier was an intimate. Access to Maitland’s confidence was the more difficult because of the long periods he spent at his preferred residence, Stamford Park, near Niagara Falls, which often made direct communication with him impossible. By reason both of his friendship with Maitland and of his office, Hillier was the gatekeeper to the lieutenant governor’s court. But he was not just the only conduit of information to and from the gubernatorial office; he was also Maitland’s chief counsellor. His position was the more important because Maitland, in spite of his personal and physical remoteness, exercised his full authority over every detail of his administration. Hillier was responsible for coordinating the activities of the lieutenant governor’s principal advisers, Robinson, Strachan, and Macaulay, and for arranging the implementation of policy. As the administration was drawn further into controversy during the 1820s, on such issues as the alien question, the clergy reserves, and the partiality of justice, Hillier, like Robinson and Strachan, became more deeply involved in the fundamental workings of Maitland’s court. A letter written in 1828 to the colonial secretary complained of the “Military and Clericle Domination” gripping the province and cited the treatment meted out to those unwilling “to act in Compleat Subservience to Major Hillier Dr Strachan and Attorney General Robinson.” Francis Collins*, an uncompromising opponent of Maitland’s administration, suggested in 1828 just how far Hillier was associated with the government. In his newspaper, the Canadian Freeman, Collins alleged that during the July election contest in York between Robinson and Thomas David Morrison*, Robinson was “so far pressed” to ensure his victory that “Major Hillier, his Excellency’s private secretary . . . and a mere sojourner here, was bro’t down to the poll and voted as a tenant! Is not this most shameful?”

Hillier’s greatest contributions to shaping events in the colony would almost certainly have been his private, and unrecorded, conversations with Maitland. He was on friendly terms with Robinson, Macaulay, Christopher Alexander Hagerman, and (to a lesser extent) Strachan, and it is evident from the tone of their letters to him that he could be relied upon to influence Maitland and, moreover, that his influence was crucial. In 1822 he intervened with the lieutenant governor to ensure that Strachan, then engaged in a dispute with Chief Justice William Dummer Powell*, would receive a favourable report at the Colonial Office. Robinson worked successfully through Hillier in 1824 to secure approval from Maitland for Strachan’s proposed trip to England that year. Two years later Robinson arranged for Hillier to smooth over with his superior any problems associated with Peter Robinson’s immigrants. Hillier’s recommendation was crucial in Macaulay’s acquisition of government printing contracts, and he undoubtedly helped Hagerman obtain his district judgeship in 1826. He was not, however, uncritical of his friends. In 1823 he had not hesitated to indicate to Macaulay his distress over Hagerman’s reported treatment of Robert Barrie, the commissioner of the Kingston dockyard.

Robinson occasionally wrote casual letters or notes to Hillier, as did Hagerman, but they had to be careful not to overstep the bounds. Replying to a letter from Hillier relating developments in the alien question in 1826, Hagerman excused his familiarity: “I should write in a more guarded, and (certainly) less free style. To you I write, as I would speak to you, I express my opinions ardently but I hope not presumptuously.” Letters could and did contain a mixture of official matters, political developments, and private news. A proud father, Hillier had related to Hagerman in December 1826 that his son was “getting on well with his teething.”

So close was Hillier’s relationship with Maitland that he spoke ex cathedra for him on a range of issues. He had no compunction about instructing Macaulay on the topics to be discussed in the Kingston Chronicle. “You would do well to remark,” he wrote in 1821, “. . . that the Atty Genl. [Robinson] voted for the bill for preserving the independency of the Commons.” “I shall give you all the information I can from time to time in this loose way,” he continued; Macaulay was left to “dish up for the public according to your own taste.” On a subsequent occasion he mentioned “another little history I would like you to give to the public in your own Words.”

Hillier consulted widely on matters of patronage and sought information from different sources on a host of topics, all for Maitland’s judgement. Maitland was scrupulous about his royal prerogative of extending mercy to convicted felons. In each instance Hillier dutifully gathered the necessary documents, occasionally having to harass recalcitrant judges to comply, and placed them before the lieutenant governor who scrawled his decision on them, leaving it for Hillier to ensure that the matter was attended to.

Although Maitland and Hillier relied on a number of Upper Canadian advisers and were prepared to promote their interests on occasion, they were by no means ciphers. One incident in 1828 indicates the extent to which the lieutenant governor, with Hillier, exercised his own judgement. With Hagerman’s temporary elevation to the bench, his position as collector of customs at Kingston became open. Macaulay had long coveted it and used every means available to him to get it. He was anxious about how to proceed with Hillier since a friend of the major’s, James Sampson*, was also an applicant for the job. Hillier was reassuring: “With regard to your delicacy towards myself, (which I feel & appreciate) of addressing your application in an official form as knowing that Sampson, another candidate, was a particular friend of mine, allow me to observe that I have always, regarded yourself in that light also.” Neither Sampson nor Macaulay got the collectorship. Strachan was appalled and told Hillier that the rejection of Macaulay was “a matter of astonishment to all the Friends of Govt.” As Strachan related the episode to Macaulay, Hillier just “shrugged & acknowleged your claims.” “Nothing could be worse in taste and heart,” Strachan concluded, “than Sir P. or rather Perhaps Col Hilliers conduct for the last year in the way of appointment.” Maitland’s isolation from his Upper Canadian advisers toward the end of his governorship may in part explain his imprudent decision not to proceed against William Forsyth of Niagara Falls through the courts.

When Maitland left Upper Canada in November 1828, Hillier went with him. He had been appointed deputy quartermaster general in Jamaica, with the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, on 24 July 1828. Four years later he obtained a majority in the 62nd Foot and joined it in Bangalore, India. In 1834 the regiment moved to Burma, where Hillier became acting commanding officer; he served in this capacity until 1835, when he became junior lieutenant-colonel of the unit. In that year, as a temporary brigadier, he had command of Moulmein and the surrounding province. Ill health forced him in 1839 to recuperate in Calcutta, where he returned, again because of sickness, the following year and died of apoplexy.

An Anglican and a freemason, Hillier had lived in a picturesque cottage in York, once owned by Peter Russell*. Though he had been among the most powerful men in Upper Canada’s history, the death of the major-domo of the Maitland administration received only passing notice there.

[I should like to thank Stuart R. J. Sutherland for sharing with me his knowledge of military sources. r.l.f.]

The bulk of correspondence in the Upper Canada sundries (PAC, RG 5, A1) for Maitland’s governorship consists of letters to and from Hillier. For the most part, this material is formal in nature. The political and, to a degree, the personal sides of the man are revealed in his correspondence with John Macaulay (AO, MS 78). Other references may be found in the John Beverley Robinson papers (AO, MS 4), the Strachan papers (AO, MS 35), the Colonial Office correspondence (PRO, CO 42), and the Canadian Freeman, 17 July 1828. The works listed below are also useful.

We acknowledge the support of the Government of Canada through the Department of Canadian Heritage. Nous reconnaissons l’appui du gouvernement du Canada par l’entremise du ministère du Patrimoine canadien.