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VOLUME
XL: Numbers 1019-1044
Issue
Number
Date of Issue
Pages
1019
Jan. 5, 1959
1- 44
1020
Jan. 12, 1959
45- 76
1021
Jan. 19, 1959
77-112
1022
Jan. 26, 1959
113-148
1023
Feb. 2, 1959
149-180
1024
Feb. 9, 1959
181-216
1025
Feb. 16. 1959
217-252
1026
Feb. 23, 1959
253-288
1027
Mar. 2, 1959
289-324
1028
Mar. 9, 1959
325-360
1029
Mar. 16, 1959
361-392
1030
Mar. 23, 1959
393-424
1031
Mar. 30, 1959
425-464
1032
Apr. 6, 1959
465-504
1033
Apr. 13, 1959
505-540
1034
Apr. 20, 1959
541-576
1035
Apr. 27, 1959
577-616
1036
May 4, 1959
617-656
1037
May 11, 1959
657-692
1038
May 18, 1959
693-732
1039
May 25, 1959
733-772
773-816
817-856
857-900
901-940
1040
June 1, 1959
1041
June 8, 1959
1042
June 15, 1959
1043
June 22, 1959
1044
June 29, 1959
941-980
QJyX
i a l r c ;
•
Corrections for Volume XL
The Editor of the Bulletin wishes to call atten-
tion to the following errors in Volume XL:
January 5, page 7, left column, 41st line of text:
The number of Commandants should read "four."
January 19, page 92, left column, 36th line of
text: The line should read "for the teaching of
Spanish and Portuguese. Our goal should be".
January 26, page 131, footnote in right column:
The date should read "Jan. 19, 1959."
February 9, page 193, right column: Lines 17
and 18 should be reversed.
February 23, page 285, right column: The date
of the convention listed under "Telecommunication"
should be "December 22, 1952."
INDEX
Volume XL, Numbers 1019-1044, January 5-June 29, 19S9
Abs, Hermann, 788n.
Adenauer, Konrad, 859
Administrative agreement (1952), U.S.- Japanese, agree-
ment relating to Japanese contributions for supplies
and services under article XXV, 810
Advertising material and commercial samples, interna-
tional convention (1952) to facilitate importation,
810
Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, 383
Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid, ICA, 21
Afghanistan :
Convention on the high seas, 854
Food-grain shortage, U.S. aid, 164
Soviet-bloc aid, 207
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 250
U.S. Operations Mission director, designation, 462
Africa (sec also individual countries) :
American missionary activities in, 842, 847
Developments in :
Addresses and statement : Dulles, 154 ; Murphy, 188,
628
Role of labor in, address (Satterthwaite), 524
DLF loans, 484
Economic development:
Addresses: Murphy, 296; Satterthwaite, 195, 525
French aid to, statement (Dillon), 638
Role of science and technology in, study tour by Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, 246
IBRD loans, 755
U.N. Economic Commission for, establishment and func-
tions, address and statement: Mansfield, 37; Sat-
terthwaite, 195
U.N. trust territories, developments in, addresses, state-
ments, and resolutions : General Assembly resolu-
tions, 534; Lodge, 531; Satterthwaite, 193, 746;
Sears, 354, 533
U.S. diplomatic and consular officers in, regional con-
ference, 916
U.S. policy for, addresses : Penfield, 841 ; Satterthwaite,
190
West Africa, developments in and U.S. policy toward,
addresses (Satterthwaite), 192, 744
Western policy for, address (Murphy), 296
Agricultural Sciences, Inter-American Institute of (OAS) :
Activities of, address (Rubottom), 663, and Department
statement, 482
Convention (1944) on, protocols of amendment to, 126,
178, 285, 502
Index, January to June 1959
Agricultural surpluses, U.S., use in overseas programs:
Agreements with: Argentina, 105, 107, 977; Brazil, 74,
420, 936 ; Burma, 769 ; Ceylon, 537, 978 ; Colombia,
729 ; Ecuador, 250, 614 ; Finland, 144 ; France, 653 ;
Iceland, 502 ; India, 416, 420 ; Israel, 502 ; Mexico,
383 ; Poland, 959, 978 ; Spain, 213, 286 ; Turkey, 42,
383; U.A.R., 144, 810; Uruguay, 383, 897; Yugo-
slavia, 145
Barter program :
Agreement with India, 416
Fluorspar program, statement (Mann), 600
Disposal policy :
Address (Cabot), 636
Effect on Latin American economy, report to the Pres-
ident (Milton Eisenhower), 99
Joint U.S.-Canadian Committee on Trade and Eco-
nomic Affairs, communique, 130
Distribution for refugee relief, 875, 877, 878
Emergency relief aid to: Afghanistan, 164; Ethiopia,
419, 681 ; Jordan, 246 ; Yemen, 246, 419
Sales for foreign currencies :
Authorization, need for legislation extending, ex-
cerpts from President's economic report, 309
Loans from proceeds, addresses and statements: Dil-
lon, 210 ; Murphy, 232 ; Rubottom, 123 ; Wilcox, 753
Problems arising from, statement (Dillon), 494
U.S. voluntary relief agencies distribution of, 21, 565,
878
Agriculture (see also Agricultural Sciences, Inter-Ameri-
can Institute of, and Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation) :
Cuban agrarian reform law, U.S. views, 958
Latin America, need for increased cooperation, 126, 482
Commodity trade problems. See Commodity trade
Middle East, problems of, article (Pearcy), 413
Price support program, U.S., statement (Mann), 650
U.S.-Mexican cooperation to eradicate screw worm, 332
Viet-Nam, U.S. aid in developing, address (Barrows),
677
Ahidjo, Amadou, 443
Ahmed, Aziz, 554
Aid to foreign countries. See Economic and technical aid,
Military assistance, and Mutual security
Air navigation and transport. See Aviation
Air space, question of defining, statement (Becker), 887
Aircraft. See Aviation
Albania, UNESCO constitution, 42
Algerian refugees, U.S. aid, 876, 878
All-African peoples conference, 190
Allied High Commission for Germany, archives of, pro-
tocol amending agreement (1954) concerning, 502
983
Amberg, Richard H., 278
American Doctrine, U.S. economic and military assistance
to the Middle East to promote peace and stability:
President's 3d report to Congress on activities, 169
Statement (Dulles), 227
American Federation of Arts, 50th anniversary conven-
tion, 672
American Foreign Policy Is Your Business, address
(Murphy), 231
American Illustrated, 596
American national exhibit at Moscow. See Exchange
agreement
American Republics. See Inter-American, Latin America,
Pan American, and individual countries
American-sponsored schools abroad, U.S. aid, 488, 491
American States, 9th international conference of, 789
American States, Organization of. See Organization of
American States
Amcryka, sales in Poland, 271
Amity, economic relations and consular rights, treaty with
Muscat, Oman, and dependencies, 51, 74, 599, 729, 854
Anderson, Peyton, 278
Anderson, Robert B., 445, 646
Antarctica :
Conference at Washington on, proposed, 895
IGY cooperative program, achievements, article (At-
wood), 686, 687
U.S.-New Zealand scientific cooperation :
Agreement, 110
Joint announcement, 51
Antitrust law, U.S. :
Application to Canadian companies in U.S., Joint U.S.-
Canadian Committee on Trade and Economic Af-
fairs, communique, 130
Effect on U.S. foreign relations, address (Becker), 272
Aqaba, Gulf of, 371
Arab-Israeli dispute, address (Rountree), 367
Arab Republic, United. See United Arab Republic
Arab states (see also individual countries) :
Breadth of territorial sea, position on, 371
Communist propaganda in, address (Henderson), 904
Development institution, proposed, U.S. support :
Address and statement: Mansfield, 40; Wilcox, 755,
756
President's economic report, excerpts, 309
Dispute with Israel, address (Rountree), 367
Economic development, Italian aid, statement (Dillon),
638
Nationalism, addresses : Hart, 715, 716 ; Murphy, 187
Refugees. See under Refugees
Soviet efforts to infiltrate, address (Murphy), 829, 831
U.S. aid, 874, 876, 878
Unity of, addresses and article : Hart, 718 ; Pearcy, 414,
415 ; Rountree, 366
Argentina :
Antarctica, proposed conference on, 895
Food for peace conference, participation, 793
Inter-American Development Bank, membership on
Preparatory Committee, 648
President's visit to U.S. :
Address before U.S. Congress, 281
Statement (Dulles), 160
984
Argentina — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 105,
107, 977
Economic development loans, agreements with U.S.
and IMF, 105
German external debts, agreement (1953) on, 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
U.S. aid, 122, 226, 232
Armaments (see also Arms supply; Atomic energy, nu-
clear weapons ; and Disarmament) :
Expenditures for, proposed use of, address (Wilcox),
758
International control and reduction of, Western pro-
posal at Foreign Ministers meeting, 779, 780, 781
Missile programs, U.S. and Soviet. See Missiles
NATO. See under North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-
tion
Armed forces :
Communist bloc, threat of, President's message to Con-
gress, 427, 428
Four-power forces in Berlin and Germany :
Soviet demand for withdrawal of, addresses, note,
and statement: Herter, 736, 949; Soviet note, 83,
88 ; Wigglesworth, 881
U.S. position regarding, addresses, correspondence,
and statement : Cumming, 870 ; Dulles, 221 ;
Murphy, 711 ; U.S. note and memorandum, 5, 80
Western proposal at Foreign Ministers meeting, state-
ment (Herter), 861
Free world, contribution to mutual security program,
President's message to Congress, 430
Geneva conventions (1949) relative to treatment in
time of war, 74, 537, 854, 977
German, Soviet draft peace treaty provisions regard-
ing, 341
Reduction of, Western proposal at Foreign Ministers
meeting, 779, 780, 781
Soviet Union:
Comparison with NATO forces, address (Wiggles-
worth), 881
Status of, address (Allen Dulles) , 584
Armed forces, U.S. :
Aircraft, problems with Soviet Union regarding. See
under Aviation
Budget recommendations for, President's message to
Congress, excerpts, 199
Detention of army truck convoy by Soviets in Ber-
lin, text of U.S. note protesting, 271
In Germany (see also Armed forces: Four-power),
agreement for support of with Federal Republic,
978
Military bases, overseas. See Military bases
Military missions abroad. See Military missions
Strength and flexibility of, address (Eisenhower), 116
Arms supply :
U.S. denial of shipments to Cuba, 197
U.S. supply to NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Or-
ganization : Weapons modernization program
Department of State Bulletin
Arnold, Edwin H., 537
Arthayukti, Visutr, 915
Arts, American Federation of, 50th anniversary conven-
tion of, 672
Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia (see also Far East
and individual countries) :
Collective security in. See Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
Communist aggression and economic offensive, addresses
and statements : Dillon, 207 ; Dulles, 151 ; Mur-
phy, 188, 628 ; Robertson, 375, 477
Economic development:
Colombo Plan. See Colombo Plan
DLF loans, 484
IBRD loans, 755
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization contributions.
See Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
U.N. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far
East, 357, 560
U.S.-Japanese contributions, addresses: MacArthur,
559; Parsons, 914
President's Committee To Study Military Assistance
Program, study group visits, 197
U.S.-Australia common interests in, address (Parsons),
912
U.S. policy in, address (Reinhardt), 398
Associated states of Africa, proposed establishment, ad-
dress (Satterthwaite), 746
Aswan Dam, 207
Atlantic Alliance. See North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-
tion and Atlantic Community
Atlantic Community (see also North Atlantic Treaty Or-
ganization), statement (Luns), 547, 549
Atlantic Fisheries, Northwest, protocol amending 1949
international convention, 322
Atmospheric nuclear tests, U.S. proposal for agreement
to discontinue, letters and statements : Eisenhower,
704, 825 ; Hagerty, 827 ; Khrushchev, 705, 826 ; White
House, 706
Atomic energy, mutual defense uses of. agreements for
cooperation with : Canada, 896, 897 ; France, 769 ;
Germany, 769 ; Greece, 769 ; Netherlands, 770 ; Tur-
key, 770 ; U.K., 768, 770
Atomic energy, nuclear weapons :
Control and limitation, U.S. position, excerpts from
President's message to Congress, 201
Tests, detection of:
Geneva conference of experts to study. See Geneva
conference of experts
Geneva technical talks on, address and statements:
Dulles, 161, 162 ; Murphy, 830
Underground tests, difficulty of detection and iden-
tification, President's Science Advisory Committee
statement, 118
Tests, discontinuance of:
Atmospheric tests, U.S. proposal for, letters and
statements : Eisenhower, 704, 825 ; Khrushchev, 705,
826 ; Hagerty, 827 ; White House, 706
Geneva negotiations for discontinuance of nuclear
weapons tests. See Geneva meeting to negotiate
U.S. policy, statement (Dulles), 224
U.S. supply to NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Or-
ganization : Weapons modernization
Atomic energy, peaceful uses of (see also Atomic Energy
Agency and European Atomic Energy Community) :
Agreements with : China, Republic of, 420 ; EURATOM,
69, 358; Japan, 358; IAEA, 810, 852; Iran, 729;
Switzerland, 729, 978; Viet-Nam, 681, 690
Baghdad Pact, nuclear center, U.K. aid, 321
Development and control of, budget recommendations
for, excerpts from President's message to Congress,
201
Atomic Energy Agency, International :
Agreement with U.S. for cooperation in civil uses of
atomic energy, 810, 852
Cooperation with EURATOM and U.S. concerning de-
velopment of safeguards and controls relating to
health and safety, 72
Relationship with WHO, proposed, 838
Statute, current actions, 420
U.S. representative, confirmed, 867
Atomic Energy Commission, U.S., 69, 70, 71, 201
Atomic Energy Community, European. See European
Atomic Energy Community
Atwood, Wallace W., Jr., 682
Ausland, John C, 286
Australia :
Antarctica, proposed conference on, 895
Food for peace conference, participation, 793
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
IGY World Data Center branch, location of, 685
Pacific area developments, U.S.-Australian interest in,
address (Parsons), 912
SEATO, participation in. See Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air navigation services in Faroe Islands, Greenland,
and Iceland, agreements (1956) for joint financing,
573
North Atlantic Ocean stations, agreement (1954) on,
573
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
U.S. consular districts of Brisbane and Sydney, rede-
fined, 538
U.S. consulates at Adelaide and Brisbane, reestab-
lished, 286
Visit of Under Secretary Dillon, 673
Austria :
FAO/UNICEF Joint Policy Committee, 1st meeting,
participation in, 350
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
German relations with, provision of Soviet draft peace
treaty regarding, 339, 342
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Aircraft, imported, agreement with U.S. for recipro-
cal acceptance of certificates of airworthiness, 769
Claims, U.S., agreement with U.S. providing for
settlement of, 936
GATT, declaration, proces verbal, and protocols con-
cerning, 178, 358, 502, 573
Industrial property, protection of, convention (1900)
revising 1883 convention, 250
Property, rights and interests, Austrian, agreement
with U.S. regarding return of, 243, 250
Index, January to June J 959
985
Austria — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
War claims of political persecutees, fund established
to settle, 962
Zehn Jahre EBP in Oesterreich 1948/1958, published,
515
Austrian state treaty (1955), 936
Aviation :
Air transport, U.S.-Mexico talks recessed, 690
Aircraft :
Berlin corridor flights of U.S. aircraft, address (Mur-
phy), 712; texts of U.S. and Soviet notes, 632
Detection of, opening of Prince Albert Radar Lab-
oratory for research in, 911
Soviet attacks on U.S. planes over Baltic Sea and
Sea of Japan, texts of U.S. and Soviet notes, 134,
135, 597
Soviet destruction of U.S. C-130 over Soviet Armenia,
Department announcement and statements, texts
of Soviet notes, 262; and statement (Hagerty),
743
Civil aircraft and equipment, removal from U.S. Mu-
nitions List, announced, 765
ICAO, U.S. delegation to 12th session of the Assembly
of, 935
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air Force missions agreements. See under Military
missions
Air navigation facilities, short-range tactical, agree-
ment with Canada for establishment, maintenance,
and operation, 769
Air navigation services in Faroe Islands, Greenland,
and Iceland, agreements (1956) for joint financing,
573, 614
Air transport, agreements with: Brazil, 176; Canada,
440, 729 ; Japan, 177, 250 ; Mexico, 977
Aircraft, imported, certificates of airworthiness for,
agreements with : Austria, 769 ; Germany, 110
Carriage by air, international, protocol amending
1929 convention for unification of certain rules
relating to, 285, 420
Civil aviation, international convention on, 614
Bacon, Leonard L., 770
Baghdad Pact:
Ministerial Council, 6th session :
Message and statement: Eisenhower, 318; Hender-
son, 318
Text of final communique, 321
U.S. delegation, 211
SEATO, contact established with, 605, 606, 611
U.S. cooperative agreements with Iran, Pakistan, and
Turkey, 416
U.S. invitation to Council to meet at Washington, 976
U.S. support, address (Rountree), 364
Bahamas Long-Range Proving Ground, agreement with
U.K. relating to use of for observing and tracking
artificial earth satellites and space vehicles, 729
Bailey bridge, U.S. gift to Uruguay, 919
Balance of payments with Latin America, 1st three-quar-
ters of 1958, article (Culbertson-Lederer), 300
986
Baltic States:
Anniversary of independence (41st), statement
(Dulles), 299
Soviet violation of mutual defense pacts with, address
(Wiggles worth), 879, 880
Bane, David M., 770
Barrows, Leland, 74, 674
Barter, arrangements under surplus agricultural com-
modities program, 416, 601
Baruch plan for atomic disarmament, 593
Bases, U.S. military overseas, importance and purposes
of, addresses and statement : McElroy, 496 ; Murphy,
185, 186 ; Penfield, 843
Bataan, 17th anniversary, message (Eisenhower), 627
Beale, W. T. M., 570, 572, 599, 765
Becker, Loftus E., 272, 369, 666, 784, 885
Beech, Mrs. Olive Ann, 278
Belgian Congo :
Belgian policy, address (King Baudouin), 851
Progress toward self-government, address (Satter-
th\vaite),191
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 897
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Belgium :
Antarctica, proposed conference on, 895
Belgian Congo. See Belgian Congo
King Baudouin, visit to U.S., 512, 672, 851
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
GATT, proces verbal concerning article XVI : 4, 502
GATT, protocol relating to negotiations for establish-
ment of new schedule III — Brazil, 728
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Mutual defense assistance, agreement amending
1950 agreement with U.S., 810
Postal convention (1957), universal, 653
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
Bell, John O., 250
Benjamin Franklin Foundation, 672
Bennett, Elmer F., 895
Benson, Ezra Taft, 793
Berkner, Lloyd V., 689»
Berlin :
Developments in. See Berlin situation
East Berlin :
Propaganda and subversive activities in, statement
(Herter), 946
Soviet refusal to discuss, statement (Herter), 950
Social conditions in, contrast of, statement (Luns),
548
West Berlin:
IBM World Trade Corporation, proposed construc-
tion of building in, 418
Medical center, designs completed, 672
Western support, 432, 553, 699
Working model of a free democracy, remarks
(Lodge), 343
Department of State Bulletin
Berlin situation (see also European security and
Germany : Reunification of) :
Background of, address and note: Murphy, 233; So-
viet note, 334, 335
Communist Chinese influence on Soviet position, ques-
tion of, statement (Dulles), 227
Foreign armed forces in. See under Armed forces
"Free city," Soviet proposal, addresses, note, and
statement: Eisenhower, 468; Dulles, 158; Murphy,
233 ; Soviet note, 509
Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting :
Western and Soviet positions, statements (Herter),
822, 943, 948, 951
Western peace plan proposal, statements (Herter),
777, 779, 860, 862 ; text, 779
Legal aspects of, text of U.S. memorandum, 5
Negotiations with Soviets regarding, possibility of,
statements (Dulles). 224
The Soviet Note on Berlin: An Analysis, published, 145
Soviet ultimatum regarding, address, letter, and notes :
Eisenhower, 131; Murphy, 830; texts of U.S. and
Soviet notes, 79
U.S. aircraft flights in Frankfurt-Berlin corridor, U.S.
rejection of Soviet protest regarding, texts of notes,
632
U.S. position, addresses and remarks : Eisenhower, 117,
467, 582; Murphy, 293, 513, 711; Nixon, 622, 623;
Wilcox, 591
U.S. protests detention of truck convoy by Soviets, text
of U.S. note, 271
Western position :
Address and statements : Dulles, 4, 152 ; Herter, 735
NAC communiques and declaration, 3, 4, 553
Secretary Dulles meeting with European allies on,
296, 297
Text of U.S. note, 333
Western Foreign Ministers meetings on, communi-
ques and statement, 554, 555, 699
Working Group on, meetings of, 297, 406
Western right of access to and presence in Berlin,
addresses : Herter, 736, 738 ; Murphy, 183, 184, 628
Berry, Lampton, 250
Bills of lading, international convention for unification of
certain rules relating to, and protocol, 977
Board of Foreign Scholarships, member appointed, 673
Bogota, Pact of, 668
Bolivia :
Anti-U.S. demonstrations in, expression of regret for,
436
DLF loan, 299
U.S. Air Force and Army missions, agreement amending
1956 agreement with U.S., 689
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 654
U.S. establishment of consulate at Cochabamba, 390
Bonbright, James C. H., 250
Bonn conventions, U.S. views, statement (Herter), 820
Bonsai, Philip W., 358
Boonsstra, Clarence A., 502
Border dispute, Honduras-Nicaragua, OAS action to re-
solve, address (Rubottom), 661
Boundary Waters Treaty (1909) agreement with Canada,
462
Bradford, Saxton, 574
Index, January to June 7959
Brandt, Willy, 343
Brazil :
Inter-American Development Bank, membership on Pre-
paratory Committee, 648
International commodity trade policy, statement
(Mann), 652
Tariff concessions, renegotiated with U.S., 305
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements amending 1956
agreement with U.S., 74, 420, 936
Air transport, agreement amending 1946 agreement
with U.S., 176
GATT, Brazilian tariff concessions under:
Proces verbal containing schedules to be annexed to
schedule III, 3S3
Protocol relating to establishment of schedule III
(1958), 383, 573, 728
Industrial property, revision of convention (1883)
for protection of, 250
Uranium resources, agreement amending agreement
(1957) for cooperative program with U.S. for re-
connaissance and investigation of, 42
Whaling convention (1946), international, protocol
amending, 769
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
U.S. Ambassador, confirmed, 897
Breadth of territorial sea. See Territorial waters
Brent, Joseph L., 690
Bretton Woods Agreements Act (1945), 445, 446
Brewster, Robert C, 421
Briggs, Ellis O., 654
Briggs, William T., 502
British Cameroons :
Elections, proposed, statements (Sears) and text of
General Assembly resolution, 533, 534, 535
Future status of, address (Satterthwaite), 193
British East Africa, ICA representative, designation, 814
British Guiana, ICA representative, designation, 978
Brotherhood Week, National, 330
Brown, Ben Hill, Jr., 730
Bulgaria :
Diplomatic relations with U.S., resumption of, 512
Telegraph regulations (Geneval revision, 1958), 285
Travel of U.S. citizens in, U.S. restrictions lifted, 782
Burma :
Agricultural commodities, agreement amending 1958
agreement with U.S., 769
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Burney, Leroy E., 767
Burns, Norman, 690
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (see also Soviet
Union), telegraph regulations (Geneva revision,
1958), 285
Byroade, Henry A., 250
Cables, U.S. transatlantic submarine, breaks in, texts of
U.S. and Soviet notes and U.S. aide memoire, 555
Cabot, John M., 636, 897
Calendar of international conferences and meetings, 22,
171, 316, 499, 643, 811
987
Cambodia :
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prisoners
of war, wounded and sick, and civilians, 74
Obscene publications, agreement (1910) relating to re-
pression of circulation of, 728
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 358
U.S. defense support assistance, 431
Cameroons, British. See British Cameroons
Cameroun, French. See French Cameroun
Canada :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 440
Boundary waters treaty with U.S., 50th anniversary,
statement (Dulles), 130
Breadth of territorial sea, position on, 372
Common heritage with U.S., address (Robertson), 472
Food for peace conference, participation, 793
Geneva technical talks on preventing surprise attack,
13, 163
Gift of research materials to U.S. Library of Congress,
589
International Joint Commission (U.S.-Canada), 130,
243
Joint U.S.-Canadian Committee on Trade and Economic
Affairs, 4th meeting :
Delegations, 17
Text of joint communique, 128
Lake Michigan water diversion, proposed U.S. legisla-
tion to increase, statement (Willoughby), U.S. and
Canadian aide memoire, and text of bill, 404
North Pacific Fur Seal Commission, 2d annual meeting,
142
Prince Albert Radar Laboratory, opening, texts of mes-
sages (Eisenhower, Diefenbaker), 911
St. Lawrence Seaway. See St. Lawrence Seaway
Training course for ICEM officials, 3S6
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air transport, agreement amending 1949 agreement
with U.S., 440, 729
Atomic energy, cooperation on uses for mutual de-
fense purposes, agreement with U.S., S96, 897
Communications facilities at Cape Dyer, Baffin Is-
land, to support Greenland extension of DEW,
agreement with U.S. relating to, 690
GATT, 7th protocol of rectifications and modifications
to texts of schedules, 178
St. Clair River, construction and dredging new chan-
nel in, agreement with U.S., 462
St. Lawrence Seaway, agreement with U.S. govern-
ing tolls for, 440, 537
Short-range tactical air navigation facilities, agree-
ment for establishment, maintenance, and opera-
tion with U.S., 769
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 250
Canal Zone, U.S. rights in, Department statement, 128
CARE. See Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere
Caribbean area (see also Central America) :
OAS efforts to maintain peace and security in, address
(Rubottom), 662
Problems of and U.S. policy in, U.S. Ambassadors meet-
ing, 634
Caribbean Commission, appointment of Commissioners of
U.S. section, 67
Carrillo Flores, Antonio, 230, 236
Central America (see also Caribbean, Inter-America,
Latin America, Pan American, and individual coun-
tries) :
Economic integration, progress of, 98, 125, 479
Visit of Milton Eisenhower, 104
Ceylon :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S.,
537, 978
GATT, declaration and proces verbal concerning ar-
ticle XVI : 4, 178, 502
GATT, 7th protocol of rectifications and modifications
to texts of schedules, 178
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prisoners
of war, wounded and sick, and civilians, S54
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 250
The Challenge of Space Exploration: A Technical Intro-
duction to Space, published, SSon
Charter of the United Nations. See United Nations
Charter
Chiang Kai-shek, 473, 474
Children's Fund, U.N., 350
Chile :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 299
Antarctica, proposed conference on, 895
Breadth of territorial sea, position on, 372
DLF loan, 834
Inter-American Development Bank, membership on
Preparatory Committee, 648
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Earth satellites and space vehicles, cooperative pro-
gram for tracking and receiving radio signals from,
agreement with U.S., 729
GATT, protocols 2, 3, 4, and 5 of rectifications and
modifications to annexes and texts of schedules,
322, 358, 462
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
protocol amending 1944 convention on, 502
China (see also China, Communist; and China, Republic
of), U.S. policy, addresses: Parsons, 913, 914; Rob-
ertson, 472
China, Communist (see also Communism and Soviet-bloc
countries) :
Aggressive activities in :
Asia, addresses and remarks : Dillon, 603 ; Murphy,
512, 513, 62S; Parsons, 913, 914; Reinhardt, 396;
Robertson, 375
Taiwan Straits. See Taiwan Straits
Tibet. See Tibet
Communes, address and report : Parsons, 913 ; Sarasin,
607
Developments in, U.S. views, address (Murphy), 292
988
Department of State Bulletin
China, Communist — Continued
Economic offensive. See under Less developed coun-
tries
IGY, effort to bar Republic of China scientists from
programs, article (Atwood), 6S4
Influence on Soviet policy in Germany, question of,
statement (Dulles), 22T
Material advancement of, statement (Dulles), 151, 154,
155
Propaganda campaign against U.S., address (Parsons),
904
Refugees, problems of, address (Hanes), 874, S76, 878
U.S. newsmen, refusal to grant visas for visit to, 673
U.S. policy of nonrecognition, address (Robertson),
473, 474
China, Republic of :
DLF loans, 197, 346, 484
IGY participation, Communist effort to bar, article
(Atwood), 684
Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, designa-
tion of U.S. commissioner, 574
Maritime Safety Committee, U.S. effort to obtain mem-
bership for, 653
Olympic games, expulsion by International Olympic
Committee, 915
Taiwan Straits, Communist aggression in. See Taiwan
Straits
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement amending
1955 agreement with U.S., 420
Local currency repayments to DLF, agreement with
U.S. regarding ownership and use of, 144
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
U.S. destroyer, agreement with U.S. for loan of, 322
U.S. assistance and support, 398, 431, 472, 496, 513
Cholera research program, SEATO, 605, 978
Chou En-lai, 293
Civil Aviation Organization, International, U.S. delega-
tion to 12th session of Assembly, 935
Civil Service Commission, authority to prescribe rules and
regulations to carry out Federal Employees Inter-
national Organization Service Act, Executive order
delegating, 388
Civilians, protection in time of war, Geneva convention
(1949), 74, 537, 854,977
Claims :
Austrian persecutees, fund established by Austria to
settle war claims of, 962
Austrian property, rights and interests, agreement be-
tween U.S. and Austria regarding return of, 243,
250
Germany, claims against, Soviet draft peace treaty pro-
visions regarding, 341, 342
Philippines, agreement concerning procedures for
settlement of claims arising out of training and
firing exercises, 462
U.S. claims against :
Austria, agreement providing for settlement of, 936
Poland, negotiations for settlement of U.S. property
claims, 382
Utilities claims settlement, agreement between Unified
Command and Republic of Korea, 110
Coal (see also European Coal and Steel Community), sur-
plus and import problems :
European communities-U.S. joint communique, 953
U.S.-Federal Republic of Germany discussions regard-
ing, IS
Coal and Steel Community, European. See European
Coal and Steel Community
Coffee, Latin American, marketing problems, address,
article, report, and statements : Eisenhower, Lemus,
478 ; Milton Eisenhower, 98 ; Lederer, Culbertson, 301,
311; Mann, 932; Rubottom, 119, 120, 125
Coggeshall, Lowell T., 278
"Cold war," address and statements : Dulles, 219, 223, 229 ;
Murphy, 294
Collective security {see also Mutual defense and Mutual
security) :
Arrangements, advantages of, address and statement:
Dulles, 152; Wigglesworth, 882
Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. See Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization
Contributions of mutual security program, message
and statement : Eisenhower, 429, 430 ; Herter, 487
Europe (see also European security and North Atlantic
Treaty Organization), role of Federal Republic of
Germany, address (Herter), 860
Latin America, role of OAS, 635, 660, 661, 792
Near and Middle East. See Baghdad Pact
U.N. Charter sanction of, address (Dulles), 257
U.S. policy, addresses: Eisenhower, 116; Murphy, 185,
186, 292, 831
Colombia :
Agricultural commodities, agreement amending 1957
agreement with U.S., 729
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, pro-
tocol amending 1944 convention on, 502
Rawinsonde observation stations, agreement extending
1956 agreement with U.S. for establishment, opera-
tion, and maintenance, 854
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
U.S. Army and Air Force missions, agreement amending
1949 agreements with U.S., 690
Colombo Plan :
Functions, address (MacArthur), 560
7th annual report, released, 213
Technical Cooperation Council, U.S. membership, 490,
604
U.S. support, address (Dillon), 603
Colonialism, benefits of, address (Nixon) , 16
Columbia River Basin, U.S.-Canadian joint statement re-
questing study by IJC of proposals for development,
243
Commerce, Department of :
Export licensing authority for civil aircraft and equip-
ment, transferred from State Department, 765
Functions regarding foreign aid program, 936
Program to promote expansion of private investment
abroad, 564
Publication Foreign Trade of the U.S.S.R., 1956-57, re-
leased, 722
Commercial samples and advertising material, inter-
national convention (1952) to facilitate importation,
S10
Index, January to June 7959
989
Commission for the Conservation of Shrimp, establish-
ment and duties of, 567
Committee for Reciprocity Information, 18, 244
Committee of 21, OAS :
Buenos Aires meeting :
Statement (Mann), 931
U.S. representative, appointment, 728
U.S. delegation proposals, 479
Washington meeting:
Address and remarks: Dillon, 48; Rubottom, 125,
126
Text of declaration, 49
Commodity Trade, International, U.N. Commission on,
37, 538, 604, 648n.
Commodity trade problems (see also Agricultural sur-
pluses, Rice, and Wheat) :
International :
GATT proposal regarding, 766
U.S. views, statements : Mann, 648 ; Mansfield, 35, 36,
37
Latin American:
OAS approach to, 50, 664, 665
U.S. concern, adddress (Rubottom), 125
Common markets:
European. See European Economic Community
Latin American, proposed, address, report, and state-
ments: Eisenhower, Lemus, 479; Milton Eisen-
hower, 98; Mann, 932; Rubottom, 125; U.S. state-
ment, 481
Communes, Chinese Communist, 607, 913
Communications. See Telecommunications
Communism (see also China, Communist; Propaganda;
and Soviet Union) :
Agreements of, reliability of, adddresses : Murphy, 710 ;
Robertson, 376, 476
Competition with free world, addresses : Herter, 738 ;
Lodge, 344 ; Nixon, 627
Economic offensive. See Lesa developed countries:
Economic offensive
International :
Activities in Africa, addresses (Satterthwaite), 194,
528, 747
Challenge and threat of, adddresses, communique,
message, remarks, reports, and statements: Bar-
rows, 680 ; Dillon, 458, 495 ; Draper Committee re-
port, 799; Dulles, 153, 227; Eisenhower, 428, 469,
544, 579, 580, 582, 621 ; Herter, 485, 486, 547, 738 ;
Luns, 548, 549 ; McElroy, 495 ; Murphy, 829 ; NAC
communique, 533 ; Nixon, 16 ; Reinhardt, 395 ; Rob-
ertson, 473, 474; SEATO report, 606, 607, 611;
Spaak, 551, 552 ; Twining, 497
Creed of, address (Dulles), 255, 257
Objectives of, addresses, remarks, and statements:
Dillon, 908 ; Allen Dulles, 583 ; Dulles, 220 ; Eisen-
hower, 707 ; Henderson, 319
Pressures on free-world relationships, effect on U.S.
policies, adddress (Murphy), 291
Supporters of, need for legislation authorizing denial
of passports to, adddress and statement (Hanes),
517, 723
Nationalist movements, Communist efforts to influence,
addresses: Dillon, 762; Henderson, 904, 905
Subversive activities. See Subversive activities
990
Conferences and organizations, international (see also sub-
ject), calendar of meetings, 22, 171, 316, 499, 643, 811
Confiscation of property of aliens, question of just com-
pensation, address (Becker), 784
Congress, U.S. :
Bipartisan support, addresses and statement: Dillon,
249 ; Nixon, 623 ; Robertson, 473
Documents relating to foreign policy, lists of, 249, 283,
315, 349, 461, 530, 569, 601, 758, 810, 930
Joint sessions, addresses before :
King Baudouin, 851
President Frondizi of Argentina, 280
Legislation, Export-Import Bank, increase in lending
authority of, report (Milton Eisenhower), 93
Legislation, proposed :
DLF, letters and statement : Dillon, 638 ; Eisenhower,
Fulbright, 926
Fluorspar quotas, statement (Mann), 600
Foreign commerce, proposed exemption from antitrust
regulation, address (Becker), 277
IBRD and IMF, increase in U.S. subscriptions to,
statements : Anderson, 445 ; Dillon, 454
Inter-American Bank, U.S. membership, statement
(Dillon), 928
Lake Michigan water diversion, bill to increase, state-
ment (Willoughby), U.S. and Canadian aide me-
moire, and text of bill, 404
Mutual security program, statements (Dillon, Herter,
McElroy, Twining), 485
Passports, control and issuance of, address and state-
ment (Hanes), 517, 723
Under Secretaries of State, duties and designations,
730
Presidential messages, reports, etc. See Eisenhower,
Dwight D. : Messages, letters, and reports to Con-
gress
Resolutions :
Nuclear weapons tests, discontinuance of, S. Res. 96
transmitted to Soviet Union, 742
Outer space, peaceful uses of, concurrent resolution
regarding, statement (Wilcox), 399
Senate advice and consent to ratification requested for :
Convention for the conservation of shrimp with Cuba,
566
Treaty of amity, economic relations, and consular
rights with Muscat and Oman, 599
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, resignation of
Chairman Green, statement (Dulles), 230
Consular rights, amity, and economic relations, treaty
with Muscat, Oman, and dependencies, 51, 74, 599,
729, 854
Consular service, U.S. See Foreign Service
Consultative Committee on Cooperative Economic De-
velopment in South and Southeast Asia. See Co-
lombo Plan
Consultative Subcommittee on the Economic Aspects of
Rice, 3d session, report (Rivenburgh), 813
Continental shelf, convention on, address (Becker), 373
Contingency fund, appropriations for and importance of,
message and statements : Dillon, 491, 806 ; Eisen-
hower, 435 ; Herter, 488
Contracting Parties to GATT. See under Tariffs and
trade, general agreement on
Department of State Bulletin
Control posts for detection of nuclear explosions, U.S.,
Western, and Soviet positions, address and state-
ments : Department statement, 188 ; Wadsworth, 703 ;
Wilcox, 593
Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere, 565
Coote, Wendell B., 145
Costa Rica :
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, pro-
tocol amending convention (1944) on, 285
Membership on Preparatory Committee for the Inter-
American Development Bank, 648
Cotton :
Latin American production, effect of U.S. policies on,
report to the President (Milton Eisenhower), 102
U.S.-Mexico cooperation regarding, joint statement
(Eisenhower-Lopez Mateos), 331
Cottrell, Sterling J., 462
Council on Inter-American Affairs, proposed establish-
ment of, report to the President (Milton Eisen-
hower), 101
Couve de Murville, Maurice, S63, 865
Crocker, Carson O., 390
Crockett, William J., 978
Crowe, Philip K., 358
Cuba:
Agrarian reform law, U.S. views, 958
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 478
Arms shipments to Batista government after cutoff
date, U.S. denial of, 197
New Government :
Statement (Dulles), 159
U.S. recognition, text of note, 128
Sugar, offer of sale to U.S., U.S. reply, 959
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Shrimp conservation, convention with U.S., 566, 978
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.S. Ambassador, resignation (Smith) and confirma-
tion (Bonsai), 178, 358
U.S. military missions in, question of withdrawal,
statement (Dulles), 227
U.S. policy toward, 162
Culbertson, Nancy F., 300
Cultural, technical, and educational fields, agreement
with Soviet Union for exchanges in. See Exchange
agreement
Cultural property, convention and protocol (1954) for
protection in event of armed conflict, 728
Cultural relations and programs (See also Educational
exchange and Exchange of persons) :
NATO program, announcement regarding, 951
SEATO programs :
Address ( Reinhardt ) , 397
Announcement regarding, 444
Report (Sarasin), 605, 610, 612, 613
U.S. relations with :
Africa, address (Penfield), 847
India, 916
Latin America, address (Rubottom), 120
Soviet Union (see also Exchange agreement), state-
ment (Dulles), 154
Cumming, Hugh S., Jr., 868
Customs (see also Tariff policy, U.S.) :
Customs tariffs, international union for publication of,
convention creating and protocol modifying, 614
Private road vehicles, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 420, 653, 810
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs facili-
ties for, 420, 653, 810
Cyprus :
Problem of:
Peaceful solution of, addresses and messages : Eisen-
hower, 367 ; Murphy, 628, 712 ; Rountree, 363
U.S. position regarding, statement (Barco), 41
Republic of, proposed establishment, address (Murphy),
628
Czechoslovakia :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 827
Foreign Ministers conference, proposed, Soviet support
for Czech participation, 510, 511
GATT, 7th protocol of rectifications and modifications
to texts of schedules, 178
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
Dalai Lama, 515, 603, 712, 713
Debts, German, agreements relating to :
External debts, 285, 614
Indebtedness to U.S. for postwar economic assistance,
advance payment on, 573
Defense, Department of, administration of mutual secu-
rity activities, Executive order relating to, 936
Defense. See Mutual defense and National defense
Defense College, NATO, 546
Defense support :
Appropriations for, messages and statement : Eisen-
hower, 204, 431 ; Dillon, 491
Draper Committee recommendation regarding, report,
802
Purposes of, statement (Dillon), 806
De Gaulle, Charles, 163
Denmark :
Dollar import controls, relaxation of, 564
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
GATT, proces verbal concerning article XVI : 4, 502
GATT, protocol relating to negotiations for establish-
ment of new schedule III — Brazil, 573
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Shipbuilding program, agreement with U.S. relating
to, 854
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Department of State. See State Department
Development Advisory Board, International, appointment
of U.S. members, 278
Development association, international, proposed estab-
lishment, addresses, letter, message, and statements:
Dillon, 209, 640, 807; Eisenhower, 204, 926; Mans-
field, 40 ; Rubottom, 124 ; Wilcox, 755
Development Bank, Inter-American. See Inter-American
Development Bank
Index, January to June 7959
991
Development fund, multilateral, proposed establishment,
address (Wilcox), 758
Development institutions, regional :
Latin American. See Inter-American Development
Bank
Near and Middle East. See under Arab states
U.S. support, address, report, and statement: Eisen-
hower, 309 ; Mansfield, 39, 40 ; Wilcox, 755
Development Loan Fund :
Authorization and appropriations for, messages and
statements : Dillon, 4S9, 490, 492, 638 ; Eisenhower,
204, 434; Herter, 4S7; Mann, 932; U.S. delegation
to Committee of 21, 480
Establishment and functions :
Addresses, statements, and reports : Dillon, 167, 456 ;
Milton Eisenhower, 94 ; Mansfield, 40 ; MacArthur,
561
Executive order relating to functions of, 936
General Counsel, appointment, 936
Importance of, address and statement (Dillon), 210,
698
Loans in : Africa, 845 ; Argentina, 106, 122 ; Bolivia,
299; Chile, 834; China, Republic of, 144, 197, 346,
484 ; Ecuador, 22, 530 ; Ethiopia, 920 ; Greece, 245 ;
Guatemala, 306, 419, 920; Haiti, 565, 920: India,
51 ; Indonesia, 345 ; Iran, 136 ; Israel, 382, 793 ; Jor-
dan, 346, 598, 920; Korea, Republic of, 598, 920:
Liberia, 247; Malaya, 2S0, 484; Nicaragua, 346,
793 ; Nigeria, 598 ; Pakistan, 382, 598 ; Philippines,
307, 834; Somalia, 565; Spain, 107, 920; Sudan,
834; Thailand, 419, 598; Tunisia, 920; Turkey, 306,
444 ; Uruguay, 598 ; Yugoslavia, 136, 279
Long-term capitalization, proposed :
Senator Fulbright's proposal, letters (Eisenhower,
Fulbright),926
Statement (Dillon), 807
Summary of loans, June 30, 1957-February 28, 1959,
released, 484
Use of foreign currency repayments to, proposed legis-
lation regarding, statement (Dillon), 490
DEW. See Distant early warning system
Dictatorships, U.S. policy toward :
Letter ( Macomber ) , 726
Recommendations regarding, report (Milton Eisen-
hower), 103
Diefenbaker, John G., 911
Dihigo y Lopez Trigo, Ernesto, 478
Dillon, Douglas :
Addresses, remarks, and statements :
DLF, appropriation request, 638
European Communities, Presidents of, welcome on
visit to U.S., 953
Foreign Economic Policy and the Foreign Service,
327
IBRD and IMF, proposed legislation to increase U.S.
subscriptions, 454, 457
ICA employees, role in conduct of foreign policy, 20
Imperatives of International Economic Growth, 165
Inter-American Development Bank, U.S. membership,
928
Inter-American economic cooperation, 48
Dillon, Douglas — Continued
Addresses, remarks, and statements — Continued
Investment of private capital abroad, incentives for,
96
Less developed countries, challenge to free world,
955
Mutual security program, 489, 695, 804
SEATO, achievements of, 602
Soviet economic policies, 237, 759
Tribute to John Foster Dulles, 834
U.S. foreign economic policy, 206
U.S.-EURATOM joint program, achievements, 247
Letter, IBM proposed building in West Berlin, 419
Meetings :
German coal problem, 18
SEATO, 5th council meeting :
U.S. representative, announcements, 478, 536
Departure and return statements, 573, 673
Under Secretary of State:
Confirmation, 978
Proposed legislation regarding duties as, 730
Diplomacy, international, International Bank's role in,
statements (Dillon), 456, 461
Diplomatic representatives abroad, U.S. See under For-
eign Service
Diplomatic representatives in the U.S. :
European communities, proposed permanent represen-
tation in U.S., joint communique, 953
Presentation of credentials : Canada, 440 ; Chile, 299 ;
Cuba, 478 ; Czechoslovakia, 827 ; Guinea, 709 ; Iraq,
954; Libya, 230; Malaya, 440; Mexico, 230; Paki-
stan, 554 ; Thailand, 915
Disarmament (see also Armaments; Armed forces;
Atomic energy, nuclear weapons; Missiles; Outer
space; and Surprise attack) :
Communist China participation in discussions on, ques-
tion of, adddress (Robertson), 375
Negotiations, progress of, address and statement : Her-
ter, 777 ; Murphy, 830
Relationship to settlement of political problems, state-
ments (Herter), 778, 824
U.S. position, statements: Dulles, 153; Herter, 821
Western and Soviet positions, addresses: Wigglesworth,
881 ; Wilcox, 592
Disarmament Commission Subcommittee, U.N., Soviet ob-
struction in, address (Murphy), 830
Disputes, international, proposed use of the rule of law
for settlement of, address (Nixon), 622
Distant early warning system, Greenland extension,
agreement with Canada relating to communications
facilities at Cape Dyer, Baffin Island, in support of,
690
DLF. See Development Loan Fund
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945, The
Third Reich: First Phase, October Ik, 193S-June IS,
1934, series C (1933-1937), vol. II, released, 897
Dominican Republic :
GATT, proces verbal of rectification concerning, 178
GATT, protocols amending, 178
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Dorman, John, 145
992
Department of State Bulletin
Double taxation on income, conventions for avoidance of,
with :
Pakistan, 853, 854, 936
U.K., agreement relating to extension to British terri-
tories of 1945 convention, 42, 110, 144, 212, 213
U.S. willingness to negotiate with Latin American
countries, address (Rubottom), 124
Draper Committee. See President's Committee To Study
the United States Military Assistance Program
Dreier, John C, 126
Drugs, narcotic :
Pharmacopoeial formulas for potent drugs, protocol
terminating agreement for unification of, 614
Protocol (1948) bringing under international control
drugs outside scope of 19.31 convention, 935
Dryden, Hugh L., 891, 972
Duke University, World Rule of Law Center, 624
Dulles, Allen W„ 5S3
Dulles, John Poster :
Addresses, remarks, and statements :
American Doctrine for the Middle East, 169, 227
Argentina, question of economic aid for, 226
Berlin situation, 158, 160, 224, 227, 296
Canada, 50th anniversary of boundary waters treaty
with, 130
"Cold war," 219, 223, 229
Communist Chinese influence on Soviet policy in
Germany, question of, 227
Cuba :
New Government in, 159
Question of withdrawing military missions in, 227
Economic and military agreements with Turkey, Iran,
and Pakistan, negotiations regarding. 226
Freedom — The Predominant Force, 151
Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting, proposed, 224, 229
German reunification, 156, 157, 159, 161, 223, 227,
228, 230
ICJ, question of U.S. relationship to, 224
Korea, Republic of, U.S. relations with, 224
North Atlantic Council, Ministerial Meeting of, 4
Nuclear test suspension, Geneva meeting on detection
of violations, evaluation of, 161, 162
Nuclear testing, question of modification of U.S.
policy regarding, 224
Philippines, U.S. relations with, 224
Quemoy Islands, reduction of forces on, 225
The Role of Law in Peace, 255
Senator Green's resignation as chairman of Foreign
Relations Committee, 230
Soviet Union, developments in, 223
Turbine contract for Greer's Ferry Dam, question
of awarding, 225
Visit of Anastas Mikoyan to U.S., 156, 157, 228
Correspondence and messages :
Deputy Premier Mikoyan, farewell message to, 189
Resignation as Secretary of State, exchange of letters
with President Eisenhower, 619
Visit of President Eisenhower to Mexico, 236
Gift of personal papers to Princeton University Library,
792
Index, January /o June 7959
Dulles, John Foster — Continued
Meetings with :
Deputy Premier Mikoyan, 263
Secretary General of SEATO (Sarasin), 230
News conferences, transcripts of, 156, 223
Swearing-in as special consultant to President, 671
Tributes to and condolences on death, statements:
Couve de Murville, 863, 865; Dillon, 834; Eisen-
hower, 833 ; Gromyko, 863 ; Herter, 833, 863 ; Lloyd,
863, 865
Earth-circling satellites. See Satellites
East-West contacts (see also Cultural relations) :
Progress of, statement (Herter), 775
U.S.-Soviet Union. See Exchange agreement
ECA. See Economic Commission for Africa
ECAFE. See Economic Commission for Asia and the Far
East
ECE. See Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA. Sec Economic Commission for Latin America
Economic Affairs, Joint United States-Canadian Commit-
tee on Trade and, 4th meeting, 17
Economic and Social Council, U.N. :
Annual report, U.S. views, statement (Mansfield), 33
Commission on International Commodity Trade, U.S.
representative, confirmed, 37, 538, 604, 648»
Documents, lists of, 109, 322, 389, 420, 501, 645, 896, 976
Economic commissions. See Economic commissions
Resolution on self-determination, statements (Lord,
Wise), 172
Economic and technical aid to foreign countries (see also
Agricultural surpluses, Colombo Plan, Development
Loan Fund. Export-Import Bank, Inter-American De-
velopment Bank, International Bank, International
Cooperation Administration, Mutual security and
other assistance programs, and United Nations :
Technical assistance program) :
Addresses, message, and statements: Dillon, 603, 696,
807, 955 ; Eisenhower, 205 ; Hart, 719 ; Wilcox, 595,
757
Aid to : Africa, 196, 74S, 749, 845, 846 ; Argentina, 105,
122, 232 ; Austria, 515 ; Germany, Federal Republic
of, 516, 573 ; Haiti, 3S0 ; Iceland, 598 ; India, 456 ;
Iran, 226, 416 ; Israel, 110 ; Latin America, 89 ; Ma-
laya, 978; Pakistan, 226, 416; Poland, 959; South
and Southeast Asia, 214, 397, 612 ; Turkey, 226, 416,
458, 459 ; Viet-Nam, 674
Draper Committee recommendations regarding, report,
802, 804
Sino-Soviet bloc program. See Less developed coun-
tries : Economic offensive
U.S.-Japanese aid to free Asian countries, address
(MacArthur),560, 562
U.S. policy, address and statements : Dillon, 165 ; Dulles,
155 ; Mansfield, 38
Economic Commission for Africa, U.N., establishment and
functions, address and statement: Mansfield, 37;
Satterthwaite, 195
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, U.N. :
Mekong River area, survey for development, address
(MaeArthur),560
U.S .delegation to 15th session, 357
993
Economic Commission for Europe, U.N. :
Steel Committee, 22d session, U.S. delegate, S95
U.S. representatative to 14th session, 501
Economic Commission for Latin America, U.N. :
Efforts to increase trade in Latin America, 481
U.S. representative to 8th session, 897
Economic Community, European. See European Eco-
nomic Community
Economic Conference of the Organization of American
States ( 1957 ) , provision of draft economic agreement
for protection of foreign investment, address
(Becker), 790
Economic cooperation (»ee also Common markets) :
Baghdad Pact, statement (Henderson), 320
European. See European Atomic' Energy Community,
European Coal and Steel Community, and Euro-
pean Economic Community
Inter- American («ee also Committee of 21, Inter- Ameri-
can Development Bank, OAS, and Operation Pan
America), address and statement: Rubottom, 119;
U.S. Ambassadors statement at Santiago meeting,
793
NATO:
Ministerial meeting communique, 3
Remarks : Eisenhower, 544 ; Luns, 548
South and Southeast Asia. See Colombo Plan and
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
West Africa, associations proposed for, address (Sat-
terthwaite), 745
Economic Cooperation, Special Committee of OAS Coun-
cil To Study the Formation of New Measures for.
See Committee of 21
Economic development (see also Economic and technical
aid) :
Africa. See under Africa
Asia. See under Asia
Financing of. See Agricultural surpluses, Development
Loan Fund, Export-Import Bank, Inter-American
Development Bank, International Bank, Interna-
tional Monetary Fund, Investment of private capi-
tal abroad, and Special Fund
General Assembly resolution for promotion of, state-
ment (Mansfield) and text, 37
Institutions for. See Development association and De-
velopment institutions
Latin America. See under Latin America
Less developed countries, challenge of, addresses: Dil-
lon, 955 ; Dulles, 155 ; Wilcox, 750
Soviet Union, progress of, address (Allen Dulles), 585,
586
U.S. efforts to promote, report and statement: Eisen-
hower, 308, 309 ; Mann, 931
Use of surplus wheat to promote, proposed, joint com-
munique of conference of wheat exporting nations,
794, 795
Viet-Nam, need for, address (Eisenhower), 580
Economic Development, Committee for, 642
Economic disputes, settlement of :
Progress in creating international law for, address
(Nixon), 624, 625
Role of IBRD, statement (Dillon), 456, 461
Economic Experts, SEATO Committee of, 397, 608, 609
Economic growth, world, impact of U.S. economic devel-
opments on, statement (Mansfield), 33
Economic policy and relations, U.S. :
Aid to foreign countries. See Agricultural surpluses,
Development Loan Fund, Economic and technical
aid, Export-Import Bank, and Mutual security
Domestic economy :
Achievements and developments, address and state-
ment: Mansfield, 33, 34; Wilcox, 590, 591
Importance of balanced budget to, remarks (Eisen-
hower), 706
Mutual security program, effect on, address and
statements: Dillon, 210, 494; Wilcox, 751
Need for confidence in and expansion of, addresses
and remarks : Dillon, 764, 957 ; Eisenhower, 620,
707
Foreign economic policy :
Effect of antitrust law on, address (Becker), 272
Objectives, addresses and statements: Beale, 571,
572; Dillon, 165, 206, 327, 454, 457; Eisenhower,
203
President's economic report to Congress, excerpts, 308
Tariff policy. See Tariff policy
Economic relations, amity, and consular rights, treaty
with Muscat, Oman, and dependencies, 51, 74, 599,
729, 854
ECOSOC. See Economic and Social Council, U.N.
ECSC. See European Coal and Steel Community
Ecuador :
Agricultural commodities, agreements amending 1958
agreement with U.S., 614
DLF loans, 22, 530
Rawinsonde observation station at Guayaquil, agree-
ment extending 1957 agreement with U.S. for es-
tablishment and operation of, 178
Reservation to Bogota economic agreement for protec-
tion of foreign investment, 789
Territorial sea, breadth of, position on, 372
U.S. Operations Mission director, designation, 286
Education (see also Educational exchange) :
American-sponsored schools abroad, statements: Dil-
lon, 491, 806 ; Herter, 488
Board of Foreign Scholarships, appointment to, 673
Foreign Service Institute, senior officers training
course, 329
IGY impact on, article (Atwood), 688
Indian research materials, U.S. purchase, 916
Institutions, responsibility of, address (Henderson),
906
Language skills, problem of, address (Wilcox), 757
Less developed countries, FAO/UNICEF assistance to,
article (Phillips), 352
National Defense Education Act, grants to binational
institutions, report to the President (Milton Eisen-
hower), 92
NATO fellowship programs, 344, 934
SEATO programs, report (Sarasin), 609, 610, 613
U.S. emphasis on African affairs, address (Penfield),
848
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, U.N. :
Constitution, 42
Contribution to IGY, 684
994
Department of State Bulletin
Educational Exchange, Advisory Commission on, 383
Educational exchange program, international (see also
Education) :
Advisory Commission on, appointment to, 383
Agreements with : Finland, 978 ; Iceland, 178 ; India, 420
Latin America, expanding U.S. program in, (Rubot-
tom), 121,124
Soviet Union. See Exchange agreement
Educational Foundation in the Philippines, U.S., 42
EEC. See European Economic Community
Egypt (see also United Arab Republic), flight of refu-
gees from, 3S5, 388
Eisenhower, Dwight D. :
Addresses, remarks, and statements :
Abraham Lincoln's ideals, 298
Balanced budget, importance of, 706
Bolivar statue, dedication of, 378
El Salvador, U.S. relations with, 478
Exchange of persons program, 260
Freedom, protection of, 707
Importance of Understanding, 579
Inter- American Development Bank, 646
John Foster Dulles, tribute to, 833
Mexico, U.S. relations with, 332
Mutual security, definition of, 697
Mutual security program, appropriations for, 261
NATO, 10th anniversary meeting, 543
A Pledge to the Peoples of the World, 47
Security in the free world, 467
Trade, international, contribution to peace, 670
U.S. economy and the international situation, 620
World Health Day, 11th anniversary, 596
World Refugee Year, U.S. role, 872
Correspondence and messages :
American Federation of Arts, greetings on 50th an-
niversary convention, 672
Baghdad Pact, message to 6th session of Ministerial
Council, 318
Bataan, message to President Garcia on 17th anni-
versary, 627
Cyprus problem, U.S. welcomes agreement on solu-
tion of, 367
Declaration of Human Rights, Universal, 10th anni-
versary, 108
Development Loan Fund, Senator Fulbright's pro-
posals regarding, 926
Flood damage in Uruguay, U.S. concern, 764
General de Gaulle, congratulations on inauguration
as President of France, 163
Inter-American economic cooperation, 49
New Year greetings to Soviet people, 131, 214
Nuclear weapons tests, negotiations for agreement to
discontinue, 704, 825
Prince Albert Radar Laboratory, opening, 911
Secretary Dulles' resignation, acceptance of, 619
Wool-fabric imports, determination of tariff quota,
720
World Refugee Year, approval of meeting to discuss
U.S. participation, 709
Executive orders. See Executive orders
Index, January to June 1959
Eisenhower, Dwight D. — Continued
Messages, letters, and reports to Congress :
American Doctrine to promote peace and stability in
Middle East, 3d report on, 169
Budget message, excerpts, 198
Convention with Cuba for the conservation of shrimp,
approval requested, 566
Draper Committee interim report on military assist-
ance program, 796
Economic report to Congress, excerpts, 308
Inter-American Development Bank, proposed legis-
lation for U.S. membership, 849
Mutual security program, appropriations for, 427
State of the Union, excerpts, 115
Tartar imports, tariff increase disapproved, 529
U.S. capital subscriptions to IBRD and IMF, legisla-
tion to increase, 347
Participation in ceremonies opening St. Lawrence Sea-
way, announced, 298
Proclamations. See Proclamations
Special consultant, swearing-in of, 671
Visit to Mexico, 236, 331
Visit to Soviet Union, question of, 297
Eisenhower, Milton S., 89
Elbriek, C. Burke, 250
Elections :
Berlin, Western proposal for reunification of, state-
ment (Herter),861
Cameroun, proposals for elections in :
Text of General Assembly resolution, 535
U.S. position, statements: Lodge, 531 ; Sears, 533
East German election system, address (Cumming), 870
Germany, proposal for reunification of :
Statements: Dulles, 227, 228; Herter, 778, 822, 823
Text of Western peace plan, 779
El Salvador:
Army and Air Force missions, agreements amending
agreements with U.S. for, 42, 653
FAO/UNICEF Joint Policy Committee, 1st meeting,
participation, 350
Membership on Preparatory Committee for the Inter-
American Development Bank, 648
Solidarity with U.S. reaffirmed, text of joint statement
(Eisenhower-Lemus), 478
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision 1958), 285
Visit of President to U.S., 330, 478
Emergency Force, United Nations. See United Nations
Emergency Force
Escapee program, U.S., addresses (Hanes), 439, 875
Estonia, 41st anniversary of independence, statement
(Dulles), 299
Ethiopia :
DLF loan, 920
Food shortages, U.S. aid, 419, 681
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
EURATOM. See European Atomic Energy Community
Europe (See also individual countries) :
African interests and territories (see also individual
territory), addresses: Penfield, 846; Satterthwaite,
749
Balance-of-payments situation in, 766
995
Europe — Continued
Collective security. See European security and North
Atlantic Treaty Organization
Common market. See European Economic Community
DLF loans in, 484
Eastern Europe:
Soviet position in, address (Murphy), 292
U.S. concern for peoples of, addresses: Parsons, 914:
Murphy, 292
Economic cooperation and development in Western
Europe. See European Atomic Energy Commu-
nity ; European Economic Community ; and Euro-
pean Economic Cooperation, Organization for
Foreign Relations volume on, released, 770
IGY World Data Center, location of, 685
Refugees. See Refugees and Intergovernmental Com-
mittee for European Migration
Shipping problems, joint U.S.-European discussions on,
406
Soviet objectives in, remarks (Murphy), 514
Trade developments in, article, report, and statement :
Culbertson-Lederer, 301 ; Dillon, 208 ; Eisenhower,
308
U.N. Economic Commission for, U.S. representatives
to meetings of, 501, 895
U.S. policy, address (Murphy), 294
Unity :
Progress of, Draper Committee report, 800, S03
Role of Federal Republic of Germany, statement
(Herter),860
Western program for peace in, address (Herter), 735
European Advisory Commission, 5, 862
European Atomic Energy Community:
Agreement with U.S. for cooperation concerning peace-
ful uses of atomic energy (text), 69, 358
Commission president, visit to U.S., 634, 952
Joint program with U.S., achievements during 1st year
of, statement ( Dillon ) , 247
Role in European integration movement, statement
(Dillon), 208
European Coal and Steel Community:
European coal situation, action of, U.S. discussion,
483
High Authority, president, visit to U.S., 634, 952
European Common Market. See European Economic
Community
European Economic Community :
Antitrust provisions, address (Becker), 276
Commission president, visit to U.S., 634, 952
GATT, consultations and negotiations with, 444, 917,
918, 919
Progress and development, report and statements : Dil-
lon, 247, 248 ; Dulles, 155 ; Eisenhower, 308
Role in expanding intra-European trade, statement
(Dillon), 208
European Economic Cooperation, Organization for, co-
operation with European Communities, statement
(Dillon), 248
European Migration, Intergovernmental Committee for:
Council and executive committee, 9th and 11th sessions,
article (Warren), 384
U.S. contribution, 875
996
European Recovery Program in Austria 19I/8/195S, Ten
Years of, Austrian publication presented to President
Eisenhower, 515
European security (see also Berlin; Germany: Reunifica-
tion; and North Atlantic Treaty Organization) :
Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting, proposal and state-
ments regarding :
Statements (Herter), 777, 823, 824
Western peace plan proposal, 780, 7S1
Relationship to settlement of German problem :
Addresses and statements: Dulles, 159, 160; Herter,
736 ; Murphy, 234
Texts of U.S. and Soviet notes, 81, 337
Exchange agreement, U.S.-Soviet Union, in cultural, tech-
nical, and educational fields :
Films, Soviet completion of selection of, 483
National exhibits, reciprocal exchange of:
Agreement for, text, 132
Performing artists, agreement for exchange, 633
U.S. exhibit at Moscow :
Citizen advisory committee, appointed, 916
Selection of U.S. works for, appointment of com-
mittee, 381
Vice President Nixon to open, announcement, 698
U.S. proposes extension of, text of aide memoire, 782
Exchange of informations. See under Information
activities
Exchange of persons (see also Cultural relations, East-
West contacts, and Educational exchange) :
Importance of program to world peace, remarks (Ei-
senhower), 260
Increase with Latin America, report to the President
(Milton Eisenhower), 91
With Africa, address (Penfield), 846
Executive orders:
Civil Service rights of U.S. employees transferred to
international organizations, protection of, (10804),
388
Foreign aid functions, administration of (10S22), 936
IMCO, designation as public international organization
(10795), 142
Exhibits, national, exchange of. See under Exchange
agreement
Expanded Program of Technical Assistance, U.N. See
United Nations : Technical assistance
Expanding Private Investment for Free World Economic
Oroieth, released, 562
Export-Import Bank :
Accomplishments during 25 years of operation, 382
Contribution to economic development, statements : Dil-
lon, 209 ; Mansfield, 39
Functions of. statements (Dillon), 167, 456
Guaranties, proposed program of, statement (Dillon),
808
Loans and credits in : Africa, 196, 845 ; Argentina, 105 ;
EURATOM, 248; Latin America, 92, 93, 95, 121,
122, 124, 231; Poland, 959; Spain, 107; underde-
veloped countries, 753
Resources, increase in, letter and statements: Eisen-
hower, 926: Mann, 931; U.S. delegation to Com-
mittee of 21, 480
Department of SJofe Bulletin
Exports :
Soviet Union :
Department of Commerce report on, 722
Soviet policies, address (Dillon), 239, 240
Wheat exporting nations, conference of, text of joint
communique, 793
Exports, U.S. (See also Tariffs and trade, general agree-
ment on ; and Trade) :
Civil aircraft and equipment, revision of export con-
trols on, announced, 765
Coal, European curtailment of, meeting on, 483
Discriminatory restrictions against, GATT discussions
regarding removal, 918
Effect of developments abroad on, statement (Mans-
field), 35
Latin America, 1st three quarters of 1958, article,
(Culbertson-Lederer), 303
Primary commodities, statement (Mann) , 648
Strategic materials, decrease in items subject to ex-
port control, address (Dillon), 239
Value of, President's economic report (excerpts), 310,
311, 315
Expropriation of private property, compensation for, U.S.
views:
Addresses (Becker), 667, 784
Text of U.S. note, 958
External debts, German, agreement on, 285, 614
Facilities assistance, special program, agreement amend-
ing 1954 agreement with United Kingdom relating
to, 383
FAO. See Food and Agriculture Organization
Far East (See also Asia and individual countries) :
Refugees in, aid to, address and article: Hanes, 874;
Warren, 385, 387
U.S. and Communist policies in, addresses: Parsons,
913, 914 ; Robertson, 472
Under Secretary Dillon's visits in, 673
Faroe Islands, agreement (1956) on joint financing of
air navigation services in, accession and amendments
to, 573, 614
Federal Employees International Organization Service
Act, 388
Fekini, Mohieddin, 230
Ferguson, Charles B., 538
Films, Soviet completion of selection of, 483
Finet, Paul, 634, 954
Finland :
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
Shipbuilding, U.S. financial aid, 834
Soviet economic-political offensive in, statement (Dil-
lon), 207
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements (1954, 1958)
with U.S., 144
Educational exchange programs, financing of agree-
ment amending 1952 agreement with U.S., 978
GATT:
Article XVI : 4, amendments to, 178, 502
Schedule III — Brazil, protocol relating to establish-
ment of, 383
IMCO, convention on, 769
Index, January to June 7959
543121—60 3
Finland — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Postal convention (1957), universal, 653
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Firestone, Harvey S., Jr., 278
Fish and fisheries :
Breadth of territorial sea, relationship to, address,
article, and statements : Becker, 369 ; Pearcy, 963 ;
Phleger, 64
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocols amending 1949
international convention, 178, 322
Shrimp conservation convention (1948) with Cuba, 566,
978
FitzGerald, Dennis A., 537
Floberg, John F., 248
Flood relief to Uruguay, U.S., announcement and mes-
sage (Eisenhower), 764, 919
Fluorspar, proposed quota legislation on, statement
(Mann), 600
Fobes, John E., 322
Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N. :
FAO/UNICEF Joint Policy Committee, 1st meeting,
article (Phillips), 350
Rice, Consultative Subcommittee on Economic Aspects
of, report on 3d session (Rivenburgh), 813
Foreign aid, U.S. See Economic and technical aid, Mu-
tual security, and individual countries
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, 382
Foreign economic policy. See under Economic policy and
relations
Foreign Ministers meeting, Geneva {see also Berlin and
Germany) :
Addresses and statements : Couve de Murville, 863, 865 ;
Cumming, 869, 871 ; Department, 508 ; Dulles, 224,
229 ; Eisenhower, 469 ; Gromyko, 863 ; Herter, 699,
735, 775, 776, 819, 821, 859, 860, 863, 865, 866, 943,
948, 951; Lloyd, 863, 865; Murphy, 713, 828;
NATO, 739 ; Western Foreign Ministers, 554
Adjournment for Mr. Dulles funeral:
Arrival and departure statements (Herter), 863, 865,
866
Expressions of condolence, remarks : Couve de Mur-
ville, 863, 865; Gromyko, 863; Lloyd, 863, 865
Foreign Ministers meeting with President Eisen-
hower, statement (Hagerty), 865
Communiques and notes : NATO, 553 ; Soviet, 508, 633,
741; U.S., 333, 507, 632, 741; Western Foreign
Ministers, 555, 699
East German advisers, background of, address (Cum-
ming), 869
Negotiations and preparations for :
Address and statements : Dulles, 224 ; Eisenhower,
469
Date, place, and participants, U.S. and Soviet notes,
507
NAC Council meeting, communique, 553
Soviet charge of Western attempt to torpedo, NATO
statement, 739; U.S. and Soviet notes, 632, 633,
741
U.S. proposal for conference, 333
997
Foreign Ministers meeting, Geneva — Continued
Negotiations and preparations for — Continued
Western Foreign Ministers meetings, statements and
communiques, 508, 554, 699, 735
Objectives and responsibilities, statement (Herter), 775
Prospects for success, addresses and statement : Dulles,
229 ; Murphy, 713, S28
Soviet charges against the German Federal Republic,
statement refuting (Herter), 859
U.S. and Western position, addresses: Cumming, 871;
Herter, 735
U.S. delegation, 781
Western peace plan proposal :
Statements (Herter), 776, 819, 821, 824, 945
Text, 779
Foreign Ministers meeting, NATO. See under North At-
lantic Council
Foreign Ministers meetings, Western :
Paris meeting:
Statements (Herter), 699, 735
Text of communique, 699
Washington meeting:
Department statement, 508
Texts of joint statement and communique, 554, 555
Foreign policy, U.S. :
Characteristics of, addresses : Hanes, 437 ; Murphy, 710
Communist-free world relations, effect on, addresses:
Murphy, 291 ; Wilcox, 591
Congressional documents relating to. See under
Congress
Economic matters, relationship to, address (Dillon), 327
ICA employees, role in, remarks (Dillon), 20
Impact of science on, article (Atwood), 689
Legislation. See under Congress
Objectives of, addresses, remarks, statements: Dillon,
908; Dulles, 151, 219, 220; Eisenhower, 621; Hen-
derson, 906 ; Herter, 486 ; Murphy, 231
Problems of, addresses (Murphy), 183, 628
Foreign Relations of the United States, 191,1, Volume
II, Europe, released, 770
Foreign Scholarships, Board of, member appointed, 673
Foreign Service (See also International Cooperation Ad-
ministration and State Department) :
Africa, representation in, 842, 843, 844, 845
Ambassadors and Minister appointments, confirmations,
and resignations, 178, 250, 358, 654, 730, 897
Consul general at Hong Kong and Macao, designation,
462
Consular agency at Las Palmas, Spain, jurisdiction over
transferred, 538
Consular district changes: Brisbane and Sydney, Aus-
tralia, 538 ; Muscat and Oman, 250 ; Yugoslavia, 502
Consulates opened : Adelaide and Brisbane, Australia,
286; Brazzaville, French Equatorial Africa, 145
Cebu, Philippines, 358 ; Cochahamba, Bolivia, 390
Freetown, Sierra Leone, 770 ; Kaduna, Nigeria, 390
Lom6, Togo, 814; Tananarive, Malgache Republic,
730
Consulates raised to consulate general : Nassau, N.P.,
Bahamas, 421 ; Yaounde^ Cameroun, 614
Economic training essential to members of, address
(Dillon), 327
Foreign Service — Continued
Embassy at Conakry, Guinea, established, 390
Examination announced, 729
Functions, address (Hanes), 439
Institute, senior officer training course, address
(Dillon), 329
Legation at Sofia, Bulgaria, reestablishment of, 512
Legation at Taiz, Yemen, opened, 538
Political adviser to Commander in Chief, Pacific, at
Honolulu, designation, 462
Regional ambassadorial meetings : Africa, 916 ; Car-
ibbean, 634 ; Far East, 673 ; South America, 665, 792
Foreign Service Institute, senior officers training course,
address (Dillon), 329
Foreign trade. See Trade
Forestry Congress, 5th World, meeting and members of
U.S. Organizing Committee, 67, 212
Formosa. See China, Republic of ; and Taiwan Straits
Fosdick, Raymond B., 839
Foster, Adm. Paul F., 867
France :
African territories (see also individual suoject), devel-
opments in, addresses, statements, and U.N.
action: Lodge, 531, 534; Satterthwaite, 192, 193,
744 ; Sears, 355, 535 ; text of General Assembly reso-
lution, 534
Antarctica conference, participation in, 895
Berlin situation. See Berlin situation
Cameroun. See French Cameroun
Economic reforms program, statement (Dillon), 248
FAO/UNICEF joint policy committee, 1st meeting, 350
Foreign Ministers meetings. See Foreign Ministers
meetings
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
Geneva technical talks on preventing surprise attack.
See Geneva technical talks
German reunification. See Germany : Reunification of
Nuclear test suspension, Geneva meetings on. See
Geneva conference of experts and Geneva meeting
to negotiate
President de Gaulle, message (Eisenhower) of con-
gratulation upon inauguration, 163
SEATO countries, French aid to, 609, 611, 612
Summit meeting, proposed. See Heads of Government
meeting, proposed
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 653
GATT:
Article XVI :4, declaration and proces verbal ex-
tending standstill provisions of, 573
Schedule III — Brazil, negotiations for establish-
ment of, 573
Germany, Allied High Commission archives, protocol
amending agreement (1954) concerning, 502
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocol amending 1949
international convention for, 178
Nuclear fuel, purchase agreement with U.S., 769
Road vehicles, private, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation, 810
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 195S), 285,
897
998
Department of Stafe Bulletin
France — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs facili-
ties for, 810
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
Viet-Nam, French aid to, 680
Wheat, conference of major exporting nations, partic-
ipation in, 793
Fred, Edwin B., 278
Freedom, addresses, remarks, and statement regarding:
Dulles, 154 ; Eisenhower, 707, 783 ; Murphy, 185, 832 ;
Nixon, 14
French Cameroun:
New elections, proposals for, U.S. position, statement
(Lodge), 531
Prime Minister, visit to U.S., 443
Problems confronting, address (Satterthwaite), 746
Termination of U.N. trusteeship status, text of General
Assembly resolution, 534
U.S. consulate at Yaounde, elevated to consulate gen-
eral status, 614
French Community, establishment and relation to African
territories, addresses (Satterthwaite), 192, 745
French Equatorial Africa, U.S. consulate at Brazzaville
reopened, 145
French West Africa, developments in, addresses (Satter-
thwaite), 192, 744
Frondizi, Arturo, 280
Fulbright, J. William, 926
Fulbright Act. See Educational exchange program
Fund for Special Operations, Inter-American Bank, oper-
ations and proposed U.S. contribution, statements :
Dillon, 929 ; Eisenhower, 850
Fur Seal Commission, North Pacific, 2d annual meeting,
142
Gamble, Millard G., 652
GATT. See Tariffs and trade, general agreement on
General Assembly, U.N. :
Cyprus, problem of, U.S. position, statement (Barco),
41
Documents, lists of, 68, 109, 322, 389, 768, 976
Hungarian situation, actions regarding, statements :
Lodge, 55 ; Wise, 174
Outer space, efforts to promote peaceful uses of, state-
ment (Wilcox), 399, 400
Refugee programs. See Refugees
Resolutions :
Cameroons, British, elections recommended, 535
Cameroun, French, termination of U.N. trusteeship,
534
Economic development of less developed countries, 41
Hungarian situation, 62
Law of the sea, convening of 2d U.N. conference on,
66
Outer Space, Ad Hoc Committee on Peaceful Uses of,
establishment of, 32
Palestine refugees, 141
U.S. alternate representatives to 13th session confirmed,
388
Index, January to June 7959
Geneva Accords on Viet-Nam, Communist China disre-
gard of, address (Robertson), 377
Geneva conference of experts to study the possibility of
detecting violations of a possible agreement on the
suspension of nuclear tests :
Conclusions regarding underground nuclear tests, Pres-
ident's Science Advisory Committee statement, 118
Evaluation of, address and statements : Dulles, 161,
162 ; Murphy, 830
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prisoners of
war, wounded and sick, and civilians in time of war,
74, 537, 854, 977
Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting. See Foreign Min-
isters meeting, Geneva
Geneva Heads of Government conference (1955), direc-
tive of, statements ( Herter ) , 775, 776
Geneva meeting to negotiate an agreement on suspension
of nuclear weapons tests and establishment of an
international control system :
Inspection and control system, U.S. and Soviet posi-
tions, address, letters, and statements : Depart-
ment, 188, 261; Eisenhower, 704, 825; Hagerty,
827; Khrushchev, 704, 826; White House, 706;
Wilcox, 592, 593
Progress and status of negotiations, addresses and
statements : Herter, 775 ; Murphy, 831 ; Wadsworth,
700 ; Wigglesworth, 881 ; Wilcox, 593
Science Advisory Committee, President's, report of find-
ings on underground tests to, 118
S. Res. 96 supporting U.S. position transmitted to
Soviet Union, 742
Geneva technical talks on preventing surprise attack (see
also Surprise attack) :
Recess of talks, Department statement, 13
Reconvening of, U.S. note regarding, 163
Genocide, convention (1948) on the prevention and pun-
ishment of the crime of, 285
Geophysical Tear, International, article (Atwood), 682
Geophysics, Special Committee for Inter-Union Coopera-
tion in, established, 686
Gerig, Benjamin, 388
"German Democratic Republic." See Germany, East
Germany :
Ad hoc Working Group on, meetings of, 297, 406, 554,
555
Allied High Commission archives, protocol modifying
1954 agreement concerning, 502
Berlin. See Berlin
Communist Chinese influence on Soviet policy, question
of, statement (Dulles), 227
Comparison of East and West Germany, addresses
(Murphy), 233, 630, 828
Demilitarization of, U.S.-Soviet views on, statements
(Dulles), 157,159,161
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945, The
Third Reich: First Phase, October 14, 1933-June
13, 1934, series C (1933-1937), vol. II, released, 897
Foreign forces in. See under Armed forces
Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting on problems of.
See Foreign Ministers meeting, Geneva
Reunification of (see also Berlin situation and Euro-
pean security) :
999
Germany — Continued
Reunification of — Continued
Confederation of East and West Germany, proposed,
statements (Dulles), 223, 230
Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting discussions and
proposals concerning. See Foreign Ministers meet-
ing, Geneva
Negotiations with Soviets regarding, possibility of,
statements (Dulles), 223
Peace treaty, Soviet proposal, texts of notes and draft
treaty, 333, 337, 508
Soviet violation of agreement for, address (Wiggles-
worth), 880
U.S., Western, and Soviet positions, addresses, state-
ments, and notes : Dulles, 156, 157, 159, 161, 221, 227,
228; Eisenhower, 467; Herter, 736; Murphy, 183,
184, 185, 233, 293, 628; U.S. and Soviet notes, 79,
333 ; Wilcox, 591, 592
Two Germanies, U.S. position on Communist thesis of,
address (Cumming), 870
U.S. occupation rights in, legal aspects of, text of
memorandum, 5
Germany, East :
Communist puppet government, address (Cumming),
868
Foreign Ministers meeting on German problem, partici-
pation in, texts of U.S. and Soviet notes, 507, 510
Legal status, statement (Herter), 864
Nonrecognition of, U.S. position, statements (Herter),
820, 944, 946
Refugees, flight to West Germany, 876
Germany, Federal Republic of :
Atomic armament of, Soviet views, texts of Soviet notes,
741, 866
Coal surplus, discussions with U.S. regarding, 18
East German refugees, integration of, 876
Foreign Ministers meetings. See Foreign Ministers
meetings
Import restrictions, GATT Contracting Parties discus-
sions, 766, 917
Renunciation of the use of force, statement (Herter),
859
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy for mutual defense purposes, coopera-
tive agreement with U.S., 769
Certificates of airworthiness for imported aircraft,
agreement with U.S. relating to, 110
External debts, agreement (1953) on, 285, 614
GATT, proe&s verbal concerning article XVI :4, 502
IMCO convention, membership, 285, 653
Indebtedness to U.S. for postwar economic assistance,
agreement with U.S. relating to, 516, 573
Industrial property, revision of convention ( 1883 ) for
protection of, 250
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
U.S. troops, agreement providing for voluntary con-
tribution for maintenance, 978
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Western policy in, address ( Murphy ) , 233
Ghana :
Federation with Guinea, proposed, addresses (Satter-
thwaite), 191, 745
Ghana — Continued
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
Genocide, convention (1948) on the prevention and pun-
ishment of the crime of, 285
Relief supplies and packages, agreement with U.S. for
duty-free entry and exemption from taxation of, 653
U.S. aid, address (Satterthwaite), 748
Gibson, William M., 145
Goodrich, Lloyd, 381
"Greater Maghreb" federation of north African areas,
plans for, 193
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Greece :
Cyprus problem. See Cyprus
Defense of, Department statement and message (Eisen-
hower), 431, 867
DLF loan, 245
Postwar developments in, address (Rountree), 363
Refugees, problem of, 878
Rocket bases (U.S.) in, Soviet views, text of Soviet
note, 741
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, agreement with U.S. for mutual de-
fense purposes, 769
GATT:
Declaration and proc&s verbal extending standstill
provisions of article XVI : 4, 573
7th protocol of rectifications and modifications to
texts of schedules, 178
IMCO convention (1948), 358
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 654
Green, Sen. Theodore Francis, 230
Greenland :
Air navigation services in, agreement (1956) and amend-
ment on joint financing of, 573, 614
DEW extension in, agreement (U.S.-Canada) relating
to communications facilities at Cape Dyer, Baffin
Island, in support of, 690
Greer's Ferry Dam, question of awarding turbine contract
for, statements (Dulles), 225
Gromyko, Andrei, 863
Guatemala :
DLF loans, 306, 419, 920
Expropriation of United Fruit Company property, U.S.
views, address (Becker), 787, 791
Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
protocol amending convention (1944), on, 502
Guinea :
Admission to the U.N., statements (Lodge), 52, 55
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 709
Federation with Ghana, proposed, addresses (Satter-
thwaite), 191, 745
President to visit U.S., 917
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Civil aviation, international convention on, 614
ICJ statute, 178
Postal convention (1957), universal, 897
Telecommunication convention (1952), international,
537
1000
Department of State Bulletin
Guinea — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
U.N. Charter, 178
WMO convention, 614
U.S. Embassy established, 390
Gulf of Aqaba, 371
Hagerty, James C, 297, 743, 827
Haiti :
DLF loan to, 565, 920
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air Force mission, agreement with U.S. amending
1949 agreement, 574
GATT, proc&s verbal concerning article XVI :4, 502
GATT, 6th and 7th protocols of rectifications and
modifications to texts of schedules, 178
GATT, standstill provisions of article XVI :4, declara-
tion extending, 178
Naval mission, agreement with U.S. concerning, 110
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.S. aid, 380, 565
Hall, Carlos C, 502
Hallstein, Walter, 634, 953
Hamilton, Wesley D., 895
Hanes. John W., Jr., 437, 517, 723, 873
Hare, Raymond A., 358, 538
Harrar, J. George, 246
Harrison, George McGregor, 137, 140
Hart, Parker T, 715
Heads of Government Conference (1955), directive of,
statements (Herter), 775, 776
Heads of Government meeting, proposed :
Prospects for, address and statement (Herter), 738, 776
U.S. and Soviet views, texts of notes, 507, 510
Health and sanitation :
Berlin medical center, 672
Cholera research project, SEATO communique and
U.S.-SEATO agreement relating to, 605, 978
FAO/UNICEF improvement plans for, article (Phil-
lips), 351
U.S. support for international programs, message and
statements : Eisenhower, 432 ; Herter, 488 ; Dillon,
490, 491, 806
WHO achievements, address (Wilcox), 835
World Health Day, 596
Health Assembly, World, U.S. delegation to 12th assembly,
767
Health Organization, World, achievements and efforts for
world peace, address (Wilcox), 835
Heeney, Arnold D. P., 440
Heinz, Henry J., II, 501
Henderson, Horace E., 74
Henderson, Loy W„ 211, 318, 903
Herter, Christian A. :
Addresses, remarks, and statements :
Acknowledging greetings after swearing-in as Secre-
tary of State, 671
Dulles, John Foster, tribute to, 833
Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting. See Foreign
Ministers meeting, Geneva
Mutual security program, 485
NATO Ministerial Meeting at Washington, 545, 546
Herter, Christian A. — Continued
Addresses, remarks, and statements — Continued
Paris meeting of Western Foreign Ministers preparing
for Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting, 699
Tibet, Communist suppression in, U.S. concern, 514
Confirmation as Secretary of State, 690
Report on convention with Cuba for the conservation
of shrimp, 566
Hess, Walter Muller. 299
High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the U.N., U.S.
support, 874, 878
High seas, convention on the, 373, 854
Highways :
Philippines, DLF loan for, 307
Viet-Nam, U.S. aid in developing, address (Barrows),
678
Hillenbrand, Martin J., 406
Hirseh, Etienne, 634, 954
Hoffman, Paul G., 284
Hofgren, Daniel, 673
Holy See, international wheat agreement (1959), 689
Honduras :
Border dispute with Nicaragua, address (Rubottom),
661
U.S. Operations Mission director, appointed, 390
Hong Kong :
Chinese refugees in, problem of and U.S. aid, 874, 876,
878
Designation of consul general at, 462
Hoofnagle, James G., 770
Hope, Henry Radford, 381
Housing in Latin America, suggestions for promoting low-
cost units, 97, 482
Human rights, U.N. activities in field of :
U.N. Commission recommendations, statements: Lord,
175 ; Wise, 172
Universal declaration of human rights, 10th anniver-
sary of adoption, address ( Lord ) , 108
Hummel, John L., 286
Hungary :
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for pro-
tection of, 250
Refugees, U.S. aid, 875, 877
Representation in the U.N., statement (Lodge) regard-
ing, 63
Soviet activities in, address, statements, and General
Assembly resolution : Murphy, 188 ; Lodge, 55 ; text
of resolution, 62 ; Wise, 174
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
U.S. relations with, 222
IAEA. See Atomic Energy Agency, International
IBM. See International Business Machines
IBRD. See International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development
ICA. See International Cooperation Administration
ICAO. See Civil Aviation Organization, International
Iceland :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 502
Air navigation services in, agreement (1956) on joint
financing of, amendments to, 573, 614
Economic development, U.S. loan to assist, 598
Index, January to June 7959
1001
Iceland — Continued
Educational exchange programs, agreement amending
1957 agreement with U.S. for financing, 178
Postal convention (1957), universal, 653
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
ICEM. See Intergovernmental Committee for European
Migration
ICJ. See International Court of Justice
IGY. See International Geophysical Year
IJC. See International Joint Commission (U.S.-Canada)
Illinois Waterway, diversion of water from Lake Michigan
into, statement (Willoughby), U.S.-Canadian aide
memoire, and text of proposed bill, 404
ILO. See International Labor Organization
IMCO. See Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
Immigration, U.S. program, addresses (Hanes), 438, 876,
877
Imports {see also Customs; Tariff policy, U.S.; Tariffs
and trade ; and Trade) :
Aircraft, agreement with Austria for reciprocal accept-
ance of certificates of airworthiness, 769
Denmark, dollar import controls relaxed, 564
Fluctuation of U.S. imports, effect abroad, address,
statement, and report : Eisenhower, 311, 312 ; Mans-
field, 34 ; Wilcox, 751
German, removal of nontariff restrictions, 917
Latin American imports for 1st three quarters of 1958,
article (Culbertson-Lederer), 301
Private road vehicles, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 420, 653, 810
Soviet policies regarding, address (Dillon), 238
U.K., relaxation of controls on dollar imports, 882
U.S.-Canadian restrictions, joint committee views, 129
Income tax :
Conventions for avoidance of double taxation. See
Double taxation
Malaya, agreement with U.S. to send tax experts to, 978
India :
DLF loans, 51, 456, 460, 484
5-year plan, 2d, U.S. aid to, 640, 641
IBRD assistance, statements (Dillon), 456, 460
Iron ore deposits, development of, address (Mac-
Arthur), 561
Progress in, address (Rountree), 364
Research materials on India, U.S. purchase, 916
Soviet-bloc aid, 207, 587
Tibetan refugees flight to, U.S. promise of aid for, 877
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 416,
420
Educational exchange program, agreement amending
1950 agreement with U.S. for financing, 420
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
Indian conference, 4th inter-American, U.S. delegation
to Guatemala City meeting, 895
1002
Indonesia :
Breadth of territorial sea, proposal on, 372
DLF loan to, 345
Soviet-bloc aid, 207
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
GATT, standstill provisions of article XVI :4, decla-
ration extending and proces verbal extending dec-
laration, 178, 502
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Visit of Under Secretary Dillon, 673
Industrial Development Center, Viet-Nam, U.S. aid to,
679
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for pro-
tection of, 249
Inflation, problem of, remarks (Eisenhower), 620
Information activities and programs :
Atomic information, provisions of agreement between
U.S. and EURATOM regarding, 71
Health and medical information, WHO programs, ad-
dress (Wilcox), 837
IGY data, provision for free and prompt dissemination
of, article (Atwood), 685, 686, 687
News Division activities in Department of State, article
(White), 921
Outer space research. General Assembly provision for
exchange of, 891
SEATO activities, report (Sarasin), 608, 609-610, 613
Soviet propaganda, importance in combatting, address
(Wilcox), 596
Information Agency, U.S. See United States Informa-
tion Agency
Inspection and control system, Geneva negotiations for
establishment of. See Geneva meeting to negotiate
Inter-American Affairs, Council on, proposed establish-
ment, report to President (Milton Eisenhower), 101
Inter-American Committee of Presidential Representa-
tives, recommendations of, report to the President
(Milton Eisenhower) , 89
Inter-American Development Bank :
Establishment, proposed, addresses, message, reports,
and statements : Dillon, 209, 640, 807 ; Eisenhower,
117, 204, 309: Eisenhower-Lemus, 479; Milton
Eisenhower, 93, 94, 95; Mansfield, 39; National
Advisory Council report, 849n; Rubottom, 124, 126
Functions of, addresses : Becker, 666 ; Rubottom, 664
Specialized Committee for Negotiating and Drafting
the Instrument of Organization of an Inter-Ameri-
can Financial Institution:
Final Act, completion and signature of, statements:
Mann, 931 ; Upton, 646
Meeting of, U.S. delegation, 144
Preparatory Committee of, resolution on, 648
Technical assistance department within, proposed, 481
U.S. membership and support, addresses, letter, mes-
sage, and statement : Dillon, 242, 928 ; Eisenhower,
849, 926 ; Murphy, 232
Inter- American Economic and Social Council :
Programs of, address and statement: Rubottom, 663;
Department statement, 481, 482
Specialized Committee on the Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank. See under Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank
Department of State Bulletin
Inter- American economic conference (1957), results of,
addresses : Becker, 790 ; Kubottom, 124
Inter-American Indian conference, 4th, U.S. delegation,
895
Inter- American Institute of Agricultural Sciences ( OAS ) :
Activities of, address and statement : Rubottom, 663 ;
Department statement, 482
Convention (1944) on, protocols of amendment to, 126,
178, 285, 502
Inter-American Juridical Committee, Rio meeting, ad-
dress (Becker), 667
Inter-American Peace Committee, 662
Inter-American problems. See Latin America
Interdependence, principle of, remarks and message :
Eisenhower, 428 ; Murphy, 514
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration :
Council and executive committee, 9th and 11th ses-
sions, article (Warren), 384
U.S. contribution, 875
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization:
Convention (1948) on, 285, 358, 537, 769, 854
Designation as public international organization, Ex-
ecutive order, 142
1st Assembly, U.S. delegation and report on, 143, 652
Internal Security Act of 1950, provisions relating to pass-
port issuance, 723, 725
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development :
Capital subscriptions, proposed increase of, address,
announcement, letter, messages, and statements:
Anderson, 451 ; Department statement, 480 ; Dillon,
209, 455 ; Eisenhower, 117, 204, 347, 348, 926 ; IBRD
announcement, 279 ; Mann, 931 ; Mansfield, 39
Financial report, 743
Investment guaranties, when required, statement
(Anderson), 451, 452
Loans by, addresses, article, report, and statements:
Anderson, 450; Culbertson-Lederer, 303; Depart-
ment statement, 480; Dillon, 167, 455, 456, 458, 459,
460 ; Milton Eisenhower, 92, 93, 95 ; MacArthur, 560 ;
Mansfield, 35 ; Satterthwaite, 195 ; Wilcox, 755
International Business Machines World Trade Corpora-
tion, West Berlin to have major headquarters build-
ing, exchange of letters, (Dillon, Watson), 418
International Commission for Supervision and Control
in Viet-Nam, 377
International Cooperation Administration (gee also De-
velopment Loan Fund, Economic and technical aid,
and Mutual security) :
Administrative funds, need for increase, President's
message to Congress, 435
Asian economic development, assistance to, address
(MacArthur), 560, 562
Confirmations, 250, 462
Coordinating authority for mutual security program,
transfer to State Department, statement (Dillon),
492
Deputy Director, confirmation (Saecio), 250
Designations, 74, 250, 574
Director :
Confirmation (Riddleberger),462
Resignation (Smith), 286
International Cooperation Administration — Continued
Employees role in conduct of foreign policy, remarks
(Dillon), 20
Financial development, international, role in promoting,
address (Dillon), 167
Investment guaranty program. See Investment guar-
anty program
Loans and grants to : Finland, 834 ; Haiti, 380, 565 ; Ice-
land, 598 ; Uruguay, 919
Ocean-freight program for relief supplies for voluntary
agencies, 21
Operations missions, appointment of directors to:
Afghanistan, 462; Ecuador, 286; Jordan, 690;
Libya, 730 ; Morocco, 690 ; Panama, 978
Organizational changes in, 537
Programs in Viet-Nam, address (Barrows), 674
Representatives, designations of: British Guiana, 978;
Nairobi, Kenya, British East Africa, 814
Sub-Sahara Africa, study tour by National Academy
of Sciences, 246
Technical cooperation program, conduct of, 330
International Council of Scientific Unions :
International Committee on Space Research of, state-
ment (Wilcox), 401
Role in IGY, article (Atwood), 683, 684, 685, 686, 688
International Court of Justice :
Statute of:
Application to outer space problems, statement
(Becker), 886
Current actions, 110, 178
U.S. relation to, addresses and statement: Dulles, 224,
259 ; Eisenhower, 118
Wider use of, proposed, address (Nixon), 624
International Development Advisory Board, U.S. members
appointed, 278
International development association, proposed estab-
lishment. See Development association, international
International Geophysical Year in Retrospect, article
(Atwood), 682
International Joint Commission (U.S.-Canada) :
Columbia River Basin, U.S.-Canadian joint statement
requesting I JC study of development, 243
50th anniversary, statement (Dulles), 130
International Labor Organization :
Operations in Africa, address (Satterthwaite), 527
U.S. representative to governing body, appointment
of, 261
International law (see also International Court of Jus-
tice) :
American Republics, legal principles governing relations
among, address (Rubottom), 660
Berlin situation, legal aspects of, text of memorandum, 5
Development and use of, addresses and statement:
Dulles, 153, 255 ; Nixon, 622
International Law Commission, 369
Law of the sea. See Law of the sea
Obligations, international, U.S. position, address
(Murphy), 711
Outer space, problem of laws to govern, statements:
Becker, 885 ; Lodge, 884 ; Meeker, 974
Private property, responsibility of states for protection
of: address (Becker), 666; U.S. note, 958
Index, January fo June 1959
1003
International law — Continued
Submarine telecommunications cables, provisions for
protection of, 556, 557
Territorial waters, question of rights in and breadth of.
See Territorial waters
U.S. antitrust law, relationship to, address (Becker),
272, 274
International Monetary Fund (see also International
Bank) :
Capital subscriptions, proposed increase of, address,
announcement, letter, messages, and statements:
Anderson, 445 ; Dillon, 208, 454, 457 ; Eisenhower,
117, 204, 347, 926 ; IMF announcement, 279 ; Mann,
931 ; State Department statement, 480
Functions of, addresses : Dillon, 167 ; Wilcox, 755
Loans to: Latin America, 105, 106, 232, 303; less de-
veloped countries, 35
International organizations (see also subject) :
Calendar of international conferences and meetings,
22, 171, 316, 499, 643, 811
U.S. employees transferred to, retention of civil service
rights, Executive order, 388
International Organizations Immunities Act (1945), pro-
visions, 143
International Radio Consultative Committee, 9th plenary
assembly, address (Beale) and Department announce-
ments, 570
International Refugee Organization, U.S. contribution,
874
International telecommunication convention (1952), tele-
graph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285, 537,
689, 769, 897
International Telecommunication Union (see also Tele-
communications) :
Allocation of radio frequencies for space vehicles and
objects, proposed as group to study, statement
(Becker), 888
International Radio Consultative Committee, 9th
Plenary Assembly, address (Beale), 570
Investment guaranty program :
Agreements with: Malaya, 714, 729; Nicaragua, 770;
Sudan, 614 ; Tunisia, 637, 690
Expansion of, messages and statements: Dillon, 209,
489, 808 ; Eisenhower, 203, 204, 434 ; Mann, 932
Investment of private capital abroad :
Administration of, ICA, 537
Africa, addresses: Penfield, 843, 848; Satterthwaite,
748, 749
Argentina, address and statement: Dulles, 226;
Frondizi, 282
Asia, inducement of private capital in, address
(MacArthur), 561
ECOSOC resolution on sovereignty over natural wealth
and resources, effects on, statement (Lord), 175
Empaneling Private Investment for Free World Eco-
nomic Growth, Straus report, 562
Foreign policy objectives, role in furthering, address
(Dillon), 909
IBRD assistance to, statement (Dillon), 460
Increase in, address, message, report, and statement:
Dillon, 167, 209 ; Eisenhower, 203, 204, 312 ; Nixon,
625
Investment of private capital abroad — Continued
Investment guaranty program. See Investment
guaranty program
Latin America :
Declaration of Special Committee of OAS, 50
U.S. policy, addresses, article, report, and statement:
Department statement, 481 ; Lederer, Culbertson,
302 ; Murphy, 231, 232 ; Rubottom, 120, 123, 124, 664
Underdeveloped countries, importance to, address and
statement: Mansfield, 39; Wilcox, 753
Viet-Nam, efforts to attract, address (Barrows), 679
Iran:
Defense support assistance, U.S., message (Eisen-
hower), 431
DLF loan to, 136, 484
FAO/UNICEF Joint Policy Committee, participation in
1st meeting, article (Phillips), 350
Outer space, membership in U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on
Peaceful Uses of, 32
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, civil uses of, agreement with U.S., 729
Economic and military assistance, agreement of co-
operation with U.S., 226, 416, 421
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285,
537
U.S.-Soviet policies toward, addresses and statement:
Department statement, 867 ; Murphy, 832 ; Roun-
tree, 364
Iraq :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 954
Communist propaganda campaign against U.S., address
(Henderson), 904
Soviet aid, 587
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Genocide, convention (1948) on the prevention and
punishment of the crime of, 285
IAEA, statute, 420
Postal convention (1952), universal, 357
Telecommunication convention (1952), international,
537
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 250
Ireland :
Commercial samples and advertising material, interna-
tional convention (1952) to facilitate importation,
810
Industrial property, revision of 18S3 convention for
protection of, 250
President visits U.S., 406
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 6S9
Islam, influence on Middle East unity, article (Pearcy),
415
Israel :
Border dispute with Syria, statement (Lodge), 284
DLF loan in, 382, 793
GATT, accession to, consideration by 14th session, 766,
918
Maritime Safety Committee, U.S. effort to obtain mem-
bership for, 653
Palestine refugees. See Refugees : Arab refugees
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 502
1004
Department of Sfofe Bulletin
Israel — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Technical cooperation program, agreement amending
1952 agreement with U.S., 110
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.S. Ambassador, confirmed, 936
Italy :
Aid to economic development of Arab countries, state-
ment (Dillon), 638
FAO/UNICEF Joint Policy Committee, 1st meeting,
350
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
ICEM migrant training program, 386
IMCO Council, membership, 653
Soviet threats regarding, U.S. concern over, 867
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
GATT:
Declaration and proces verbal concerning article
XVI : 4, 178, 502
Protocol concerning establishment of new schedule
Ill-Brazil, 573
7th protocol of rectifications and modifications to
texts of schedules, 178
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Trust Territory of Somaliland. See Somalia
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
Ivory Coast Republic, economic and political ties with
Volta and Niger, address (Satterthwaite), 745, 746
Jackson, James, 724
Japan :
Antarctica, participation in conference on, 895
Communist China's campaign against, address and
statement : Parsons, 913 ; Robertson, 376
Economic development in Asia, contribution to,
addresses: MacArthur, 559; Parsons, 914
Free world security, importance to, address (Eisen-
hower), 581
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
IGT World Data Center branch, location of, 685
IMCO Council, membership, 653
North Pacific Fur Seal Commission, 2d annual meet-
ing, 142
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Air transport, agreements amending agreements with
U.S., 177, 250
Atomic energy, civil uses of, protocol amending re-
search and power reactor agreement (1958) with
U.S., 358
Financial contributions for U.S. supplies and serv-
ices, agreement relating to under article XXV of
1952 administrative agreement, 810
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Index, January to June 7959
Japan — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Loan of naval vessels, agreement supplementing 1954
agreement with U.S., 322
Parcel post, agreement (1958) with U.S., 729
Parcel post, agreement (1938) with U.S., terminated,
729
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Universal postal convention (1957), 74
Whaling convention (1946), international, and sched-
ule of regulations, notification of withdrawal, 322
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
Jernegan, John D., 250
John Foster Dulles Library of Diplomatic History, estab-
lished at Princeton University, 792
Joint Commission, International (U.S.-Canada) :
Columbia River Basin, U.S.-Canadian joint statement
requesting IJC study of development, 243
50th anniversary, statement (Dulles), 130
Joint United States-Canadian Committee on Trade and
Economic Affairs, 4th meeting, 17, 128
Jones, Marshall P., 770
Jordan :
Crisis in, U.K.-U.N. actions, statement (Dulles), 152
DLF loans, 346, 598, 920
Drought relief assistance, U.S., 246
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Obscene publications, agreement relating to repres-
sion of circulation of, 936
Postal convention (1957), universal, 653
Slavery convention (1926), and protocol amending,
936
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285,
769
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 358
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 690
Visit of King Hussein I to U.S., 558
Jordan, Leonard B., 278
Juridical Committee, Inter-American, Rio meeting, ad-
dress (Becker), 667
Justice, Department of, foreign relations implications in
antitrust cases, address (Becker), 273
Justice, International Court of. Bee International Court
Kadar, Janos, 58, 59, 60, 61
Kamil, Nik Ahmad, 137, 440
Kenya, British East Africa, designation of ICA repre-
sentative for, 814
Kerr, Clark, 278
Khrushchev, Nikita, 60, 293, 705, 826
King Baudouin, 512, 672, 851
King Hussein I, 558
Kirk, Grayson, 951
Kline, Allan B., 278
Korea, north, question of U.N. membership, U.S. and So-
viet positions, statement (Lodge), 53
Korea, Republic of:
Communist aggression in, addresses: Reinhardt, 396;
Robertson, 376, 476
DLF loans, 598, 920
1005
Korea, Republic of — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Utilities claims settlement, agreement with Unified
Command, 110
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. membership, question of, statements (Lodge), 52,
53,55
U.S. aid to, 431, 496
U.S. relations with, statement (Dulles), 224
Korean Relief Agency, U.N., U.S. aid, 874
Kuwait :
Load line convention (1930), international, 537
Safety of life at sea, convention (1948) on, 537
Labor :
Africa, developments in, addresses (Satterthwaite) 191,
524, 747
SEATO programs, 397, 609
Labor Conference, International, principal U.S. delegates
to 43d session, 934
Labor Organization, International, operations in Africa,
address (Satterthwaite), 527
Labouisse, Henry R., 140
Laflin, W. Alan, 978
Lake Michigan water diversion, proposed U.S. legislation
to increase, statement (Willoughby), U.S. and Cana-
dian aide memoire, and text of bill, 404
Latvia, 41st anniversary of independence, statement
(Dulles), 299
Laos:
Defense support assistance, U.S., 431
Mutual security program achievements, statement
(Dillon), 809
Road traffic, convention (1949) with annexes, 573
Latin America (see also Inter- American, Organization
of American States, Pan American, and individual
countries) :
Agricultural surpluses, U.S., disposal policy in, re-
marks (Cabot), 636
Balance of payments with U.S., article (Lederer-
Culbertson),300
DLP loans in, 484
Economic development (see also Operation Pan Amer-
ica), addresses and statements: Becker, 666;
Eisenhower-Lemus, 478 ; Frondizi, 281, 282 ; Mann,
931; Murphy, 231, Rubottom, 119; U.S. delegation
to Committee of 21, 479
IBRD loans, 755
Inter-American Bank. See Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank
Regional markets in. See under Common markets.
Trade relations. See under Trade
U.N. Economic Commission for, U.S. representative to
8th session, confirmed, 897
U.S. Ambassadors meetings on problems of, 635, 665,
792
U.S. relations and policy regarding, address, letter, re-
port, and statement : Dulles, 154 ; Milton Eisen-
hower, 89; Macomber, 726; Murphy, 231
Law, International. See International law
Law Commission, International, 369
1006
Law of the sea :
Breadth of territorial sea and fishing jurisdiction, U.S.
views, addresses: Becker, 369; Dulles, 258
High seas, convention on, 373, S54
Panamanian law on, text of U.S. note rejecting, 127
2d U.N. conference on, statements (Phleger) and Gen-
eral Assembly resolution convening, 64, 66
Lead and zinc problem, efforts to solve, statements and
text of U.S.-Canadian communique : communique,
129 ; Eisenhower-Lopez Mateos, 331 ; Mann, 649 ;
Mansfield, 36
League of Nations, defects of, address (Dulles), 256
Lebanon :
Crisis in, U.S.-U.N. actions, address and statement:
Dulles, 152 ; Murphy, 187
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Lebel, Arthur L., 572
Lederer, Walther, 300
Legislation, U.S. See under Congress
Lemus, Jos6 Maria, 330, 478
Lend lease, failure to reach settlement with Soviet Union,
address (Dillon), 240
Less developed countries (see also Development Loan
Fund, International Bank, and Special Fund) :
Economic development. See Economic development
Economic offensive of Soviet Union and Soviet-bloc
countries and U.S. programs and policies to coun-
ter, addresses, messages, report, and statements :
Becker, 272; Dillon, 165, 206, 208, 241, 242, 243,
327, 328, 603, 639, 696, 697, 698, 761, 762, 763, 805,
909, 956 ; Allen Dulles, 587 ; Dulles, 221, 229 ; Eisen-
hower, 199, 203, 204, 205, 432, 433; Hart, 718;
Herter, 486, 487; Luns, 549; Murphy, 295, 296;
Rountree, 363, 364, 366; Sarasin, 607; Satter-
thwaite, 748 ; Wilcox, 594, 750
Exports, GATT committee study of role in expanding
international trade, 766
Importance to free world, statement (Dillon), 639
Investment of U.S. private capital in. See Investment
of private capital abroad
NATO Ministerial Council studies problems of, 4
U.N. technical assistance program. See under United
Nations
U.S. as a model for, statement (Dillon), 330
WHO assistance, address (Wilcox), 837, 838
Liberia :
Associated states of Africa, support for proposed estab-
lishment of, address (Satterthwaite), 746
DLF loan, 247
IMCO, convention, 285
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Maritime Safety Committee, U.S. effort to obtain mem-
bership for, 653
U.S. aid, 748
U.S. interest in, address (Penfield), 842
Libraries :
John Foster Dulles Library established at Princeton.
792
U.S.-Canadian libraries, exchange of research ma-
terials, 589
Department of State Bulletin
Libya :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 230
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 730
Liechtenstein, industrial property, revision of 18S3 con-
vention for protection of, 250
Lincoln, Abraham, 298, 589
Lithuania, 41st anniversary of independence, statement
(Dulles), 299
Lloyd, Selwyn, 863, 865
Load line convention (1930), international, 537
Loan Fund, Development. See Development Loan Fund
Loans, U.N. See International Bank
Loans, U.S. (see also Development Loan Fund and Ex-
port-Import Bank) :
Public loans for promotion of economic development,
statement (Mansfield), 39
Repayment of loans under Mutual Security Act of 1954,
proposed legislation on use of, statement (Dillon),
490
Lodge, George C, 261
Lodge, Henry Cabot :
Addresses and statements :
Cameroons, proposals for new elections, U.S. position,
531
Hungarian situation, U.N. efforts to resolve, 55, 63
Israeli-Syrian border dispute, referral to U.N. Mixed
Armistice Commission recommended, 2S4
Outer Space, U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on Peaceful
Uses of, U.S.-Soviet views, 24, 884
U.N. Special Fund, presentation of initial U.S. con-
tribution to, 284
United Nations, admission of new members, 52
Willy Brandt, tribute to, 343
Appointment as U.S. representative on U.N. Ad Hoc
Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 401,
767
Loomis, John E., 936
Lopez Mateos, Adolfo, 331, 637
Lord, Mrs. Oswald B., 108, 175
Luce, Clare Boothe, 730
Luns, Joseph M. A. H., 547
Luxembourg :
GATT, declaration and proces verbal concerning ar-
ticle XVI : 4, 178, 502
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Mutual defense assistance, agreement amending 1950
agreement with U.S., 897
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Maas, David E., 67
Macao, designation of consul general at, 462
MacArthur, Douglas II, 559
MacDonald, Donald G., 250
Macmillan, Harold, 406, 511
Macomber, William B., Jr., 726
Malaria eradication, WHO progress, address (Wilcox),
840
Index, January to June 1959
Malaya :
Ambassador to U.S., designation and credentials, 137,
440
DLF loans to, 280, 484
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Customs tariffs, international union for publication
of, convention creating and protocol modifying, 614
GATT, declaration and proces verbal concerning ar-
ticle XVI : 4, 178, 502
GATT, 7th protocol of rectifications and modifications
to texts of schedules, 178
Income tax experts, agreement with U.S. for detail of,
978
Investment guaranties, agreement with U.S., 714, 729
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Maleter, Pal, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63
Mann, Thomas C, 538, 600, 648, 728, 931
Maritime Consultative Organization, Intergovernmental.
See Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Or-
ganization
Maritime problems. See Shipping
Marshall plan, aid to European recovery, statements :
Luns, 548 ; Spaak, 551
Mashburn, Lloyd A., 278
Mason, Edward S., 278
McArdle, Richard E., 67
McElroy, Neil H., 495
Meat products, Uruguayan, reduction of tariff on Im-
ports, proclamation, 379
Medical center, Berlin, design completed, 672
Mediterranean littoral, developments in, address (Pen-
field), 841
Meeker, Leonard C, 974
Merchant, Livingston T., 250, 730
Meteorological Organization, World, convention of, 420,
614
Mexico :
Air transport talks with U.S., recessed, 690
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 230
Expropriation of foreign owned property, views regard-
ing, address (Becker), 785, 787
Inter-American Development Bank, membership on
Preparatory Committee, 648
Mutual understanding with U.S., need for, report to
the President (Milton Eisenhower), 89, 92
President's visit to U.S., postponed, 637
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement amending 1957
agreement with U.S., 383
Air transport, agreement extending agreement with
U.S., 977
Postal convention (1957), universal, 769
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Whaling convention (1946), international, protocol
to, 462
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
Visit of President Eisenhower, messages, remarks and
statement : Carrillo Flores, 236 ; Dulles, 236 ; Eisen-
hower, 332 ; Lopez Mateos-Eisenhower, 331
1007
Middle East. See Near and Middle East
Mikoyan, Anastas, visit to U.S. :
C-130 transport case, exchange of views on, with :
Herter, 263 ; Nixon, 262
Effects of, addresses, statements and telegram : Dillon,
237, 239, 240; Dulles, 156, 157, 189, 228; Murphy,
293, 294
Peace treaty with East Germany, presentation of So-
viet proposal for conference to conclude, address
(Murphy), 631
Military assistance (see also Military missions, Mutual
defense, and Mutual security) :
Agreement with Panama relating to sale of military
equipment, 936
Appropriation request for :
President's messages to Congress, 202, 430
Statement (Dillon), 490
Draper Committee to study. See President's Commit-
tee To Study the United States Military Assistance
Program
Importance of, statements : Herter, 487 ; McElroy, 495 ;
Twining, 497
Need for balance between economic and military assist-
ance programs, address (Dillon), 696
SEATO activities, report (Sarasin), 611
U.S. policy in Near and Middle East (see also American
Doctrine), address (Hart), 719
Viet-Nam, U.S. aid to, address (Barrows), 676
Military bases, U.S., overseas, importance of and purposes
of, addresses and statement : McElroy, 496 ; Murphy,
185, 186 ; Penfleld, 843
Military equipment, agreement with Panama relating to
sale of, 936
Military establishment:
Soviet Union, address (Allen Dulles), 583
U.S.:
Need for, President's message to Congress, 429, 430
Status of, addresses : Eisenhower, 470, 471 ; Murphy,
711 ; Nixon, 623
Military missions, U.S. :
Air Force mission agreements, with: Bolivia, 689;
Colombia, 690 ; El Salvador, 653 ; Haiti, 574 ; Para-
guay, 653
Army missions agreements, with: Colombia, 690; Bo-
livia, 689 ; El Salvador, 42, 653 ; Paraguay, 653
Cuba:
Functions of, Department statement, 162
Question of withdrawal from, statement (Dulles),
227
Latin America, address (Rubottom), 661
Naval mission agreement with Haiti, 110
Mills, Shelton T., 358
Missiles :
Soviet program and progress, address (Allen Dulles),
584
U.S. program, address (Eisenhower), 470
Missionary, American, activities in Africa, 842, 847
Monaco :
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Monetary Fund, International. See International Mone-
tary Fund
1008
Money orders, agreement with Panama relative to, 462
Mongolian People's Republic :
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prisoners of
war, wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of
armed forces, and civilians, 537
U.N. membership, question of, U.S. position, statement
(Lodge), 54
Montgomery, Parker Gilbert, 690
Morales Carrion, Arturo, 67
Morocco :
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Slavery convention (1926), protocol amending, 977
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
U.S. exhibit at Casablanca trade fair, 847
U.S. Operations Mission, designation of director, 690
Multilateral development fund, proposed establishment,
address (Wilcox), 758
Munitions List, U.S., removal of civil aviation items, 765
Munro, Sir Leslie, 62, 63
Murphy, Franklin D., 383
Murphy, Robert:
Addresses and remarks :
Asia, promotion of better understanding with, 512
Berlin and German problem, issues involved, 628
Free world and Soviet-bloc relations, 291, 828
Loan agreements with Argentina, 105
U.S. foreign policy, problems of, 183, 231, 710
Meeting with Soviet Ambassador Menshikov regarding
C-130 plane shot down over Soviet Armenia, 262,
263
Nomination as Under Secretary of State for Political
Affairs, proposed, 730
Muscat, Oman, and dependencies :
Treaty of amity, economic relations and consular rights
with U.S., 51, 74, 599, 729, 854
U.S. consular district established, 250
Mutual defense, U.S.-Canadian cooperation, messages
(Eisenhower, Diefenbaker), 911
Mutual defense assistance agreements (see also Military
missions), with:
Belgium, agreement amending annex B of 1950 agree-
ment, 810
Luxembourg, agreement amending annex B of 1950
agreement, 897
U.K., agreement amending 1957 agreement relating to
equipment and material, 178
Mutual defense treaties and agreements (see also
Baghdad Pact, Collective security, Mutual security,
National defense, North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) :
Agreements for cooperation for security and defense,
with : Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, 416, 421
Agreements for cooperation on the uses of atomic
energy for, with. See Atomic energy, mutual de-
fense uses of
Mutual Security Act of 1954, proposed amendments to,
statement ( Dillon ) , 489
Department of State Bulletin
Mutual security and other assistance programs (see also
Agricultural surpluses, Collective security, Economic
and technical aid, Military assistance, and Mutual
defense) :
Addresses, report, and statements: Dillon, 489; Eisen-
hower, 116, 117, 170, 470, 471, 579, 582 ; Herter, 485 ;
McElroy, 495 ; Twining, 497 ; Wilcox, 595, 753
Administration of (see also International Cooperation
Administration) :
Executive order amending Executive orders relating
to, 936
Statement (Dillon), 492
Appropriations and authorizations for, messages, re-
marks, and statements: Dillon, 489, 490, 804;
Eisenhower, 202, 261, 427
Defense support. See Defense support
Development Loan Fund. See Development Loan Fund
Draper Committee report. See President's Committee
Effect on domestic economy, statements (Dillon), 210,
494
Investment guaranty program. See Investment guar-
anty program
Objectives of, addresses : Dillon, 695 ; Robertson, 473
Special Assistant for Mutual Security Coordination,
confirmation (Bell), 250
Mutual understanding and cooperation treaty with
Panama, annuity payment by U.S. under provisions
of, 380
Myerere, Julius, 356
NAC. See North Atlantic Council
Nagy, Imre, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63
Narcotic drugs. See Drugs, narcotic
National Academy of Sciences, study tour regarding de-
velopment aid to sub-Sahara Africa, 246
National Advisory Council, report on proposed Inter-
American Development Bank, 849»
National Brotherhood Week, address (Dillon), 330
National commission for Latin American affairs, U.S.,
proposed establishment, report (Milton Eisenhower),
91
National defense and security (see also Collective secu-
rity. Mutual defense, and Mutual security) :
Expenditures for, address and message (Eisenhower),
200, 580
Military and scientific progress related to, address
(Eisenhower), 116
Offshore procurement. See Offshore procurement
Passport issuance, relation to, address and statement
(Danes), 517, 723
Status of U.S. defense, addresses : Eisenhower, 470, 471 ;
Murphy, 711 ; Nixon, 623
Territorial sea extension to 12 miles, threat to, address
(Becker), 370,373
National exhibits, agreement with Soviet Union for ex-
change of. See under Exchange agreement
National Planning Association, 642
National Science Foundation :
IGY, role in U.S. participation, article (Atwood), 6S4
NATO science fellowship program, administration of
U.S. participation in, 344
National Security Council, advice to President concerning
oil consortium, address (Becker) , 277
Nationalism :
Africa, development and problems in, addresses:
Murphy, 296 ; Satterthwaite, 190, 191, 193
Arab states, developments in, addresses: Hart, 715,
716; Murphy, 187; Rountree, 366
Communist use of, addresses : Dillon, 762 ; Henderson,
904
Nationalization of property of aliens, compensation for,
address (Becker), 784
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Natural Wealth and Resources, U.N. Commission on
Permanent Sovereignty Over, U.S. representative
confirmed, 897
Naval mission, U.S. agreement with Haiti concerning, 110
Naval vessels. See Ships
Navigation (see also Aviation and Safety at sea), pro-
posed use of satellites for improvement of systems,
statement (Dryden), 893
Navigation, friendship, and commerce treaties, anticartel
provisions, address (Becker), 276»
Near and Middle East (See also individual countries) :
Arab states. See Arab states
Baghdad Pact. See Baghdad Pact
Communist efforts to dominate, address (Murphy), 628
Definition of region, article (Pearcy), 407
DLF loans in, 484
Middle East Supply Center, 410w
Palestine refugees. See Refugees: Arab refugees
U.N. action in Middle East situation, address and state-
ment : Dulles, 152 ; Hart, 718, 719
U.S. Military Assistance Program, President's Com-
mittee To Study, area study group under, 197
U.S. policy (see also American Doctrine), addresses:
Hart, 715; Murphy, 296; Rountree, 363
Use of force in, U.S. position, address (Dulles), 258
Netherlands :
FAO/UNICEF Joint Policy Committee, 1st meeting, 350
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
Palestine refugees, cosponsor of resolution on, 140
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, mutual defense purposes of, agreement
for cooperation with U.S., 770
GATT, declaration and proces verbal concerning
article XVI :4, 178, 502
GATT, protocol relating to new schedule III — Brazil,
728
German external debts, agreement on, notification of
extension to Surinam, 614
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285
Whalingconvention (1946), international, notification
of withdrawal, 144
Wheat agreement (1959) , international, 689
New York Philharmonic Orchestra, 634
New Zealand:
Antarctica conference, participation in preliminary
talks on, 895
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
Palestine refugees, cosponsor of resolution on, 140
SEATO, participation in. See Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
Index, January to June 1959
1009
New Zealand — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Antarctica, agreement with U.S. regarding continued
cooperation in, 51, 110
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prisoners
of war, wounded and sick, and civilians, 977
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
News correspondents, passport validations for visits to
Communist China, 513, 673
News Division of the Department of State, article
(White), 921
Nicaragua :
Border dispute with Honduras, address (Rubottom),
661
DLF loan in, 346, 793
Investment guaranties program, agreement with U.S.,
770
WMO, convention, 420
Niger, Republic of, economic and political ties with Ivory
Coast and Volta, address (Satterthwaite), 745, 746
Nigeria, West African Federation of :
Commonwealth status, progress toward, addresses
(Satterthwaite), 192, 747
DLF loan, 598
U.S. aid, 749
U.S. consulate established at Kaduna, 390
Nixon, Richard M., 14, 262, 511, 622, 698
Nonintervention in American Republics, U.S. support of
principle, address and letter : Macomber, 727 ; Rubot-
tom, 660
Nonproject assistance, definition of, 675
Non-Self-Goveruing Territories. See Self-determination
and Trust territories
North African federation, proposed, address (Satter-
thwaite), 193
North Atlantic Council :
Ministerial meeting, Paris :
Text of final communique, declaration on Berlin, and
departure statement (Dulles), 3
Ministerial meeting, Washington :
Remarks and statements : Eisenhower, 543 ; Herter,
546 ; Luns, 547 ; Spaak, 550
Text of communique, 553
U.S. delegation, 554
Permanent representatives to visit U.S. defense in-
stallations, 374
Western position at Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting,
approval of, address (Herter), 735
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1954) on, 573
North Atlantic Studies Committee, NATO, 951
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (see also North At-
lantic Council) :
Accomplishments, address and remarks: Herter, 545;
Murphy, 712
Armed forces, comparison with Soviet, address (Wig-
glesworth), 881
European policy, U.S.-NATO coordination, address
(Murphy), 294
Science adviser appointed, 934
1010
North Atlantic Treaty Organization — Continued
Science fellowships program of, 344
SEATO, contact established between : report (Sarasin),
606, 611 ; and text of SEATO communique, 605
Studies Committee, U.S. representative appointed, 951
Treaty, 10th anniversary of signing :
Proclamation on, 374
Remarks and statements : Eisenhower, 543 ; Herter,
545, 546 ; Luns, 547 ; Spaak, 550
U.S. military assistance, importance of, statement (Mc-
Elroy),496
Weapons modernization, views on :
Draper Committee, letter and report, 797, 800, 801, 804
Letter (Eisenhower), 796
Statements : NATO, 739 ; White, 866
Texts of U.S.-Soviet notes, 740, 866
North Pacific Fur Seal Commission, 2d annual meeting,
142
Northwest Atlantic fisheries, protocol amending 1949 in-
ternational convention, 178, 322
Norway :
Antarctica, conference on, 895
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
GATT, proees verbal concerning article XVI :4, 502
GATT, protocol relating to new schedule III — Brazil,
573
IMCO, convention (1948) on, 358
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Patent applications, classified, agreement with U.S.
approving procedures for reciprocal filing of, 462
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Whaling convention (1946), notification of withdrawal,
110
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Novorossiisk, Soviet fishing trawler, 555
Nuclear energy. See Atomic energy
Nyasaland. See Rhodesia and Nyasaland
OAS. See Organization of American States
Oceanographic research, IGY program, achievements,
article (Atwood), 687
Offshore procurement :
Agreement amending memorandum of understanding
attached to 1954 agreement with Spain, 74
ICA program, address (MacArthur), 562
Oil:
Iranian crisis, oil consortium during, address (Becker),
277, 278
Middle East as world source, article (Pearcy), 414
Supply and demand problems, discussions by Joint U.S.-
Canadian Committee on Trade and Economic
Affairs, 129
O'Grady, John F., 286
O'Kelly, Sean T., 406
Oldini, Fernando Gracfa, 443
Olympic Committee, International, expulsion of Republic
of China, 915
Oman, Muscat, and dependencies :
Treaty of amity, economic relations and consular rights
with U.S., 51, 74, 599, 729, 854
U.S. consular district established, 250
Department of State Bulletin
On-site inspection of suspected nuclear explosions, West-
ern and Soviet positions, letters and statement :
Eisenhower, 826; Khrushchev, 705, 827; Wadsworth,
702, 703
Operation Pan America (see also Latin America: Eco-
nomic development) :
Committee of 21. See Committee of 21
U.S. ambassadors meeting at San Salvador and
Santiago, views on progress, concluding statements,
635, 793
U.S. support, remarks and statements : Department,
480, 482 ; Mann, 931 ; Murphy, 105
Organization for European Economic Cooperation, coop-
eration with European communities, statement (Dil-
lon), 248
Organization of American States :
Agricultural sciences. See Inter-American Institute
of Agricultural Sciences
Charter, provisions of, address and letter : Becker, 669 ;
Macomber, 727
Committee of 21. See Committee of 21
Economic conference (1957), results of, addresses:
Becker, 790 ; Rubottom, 124
Economic development efforts, address and joint state-
ment : Eisenhower-Lopez Mateos, 331 ; Rubottom,
123
History of, address (Rubottom), 659
Role in Western Hemisphere security, U.S. Ambas-
sadors meetings at San Salvador and Santiago,
concluding statements, 635, 793
U.S. alternate representative designated, 462
U.S. contributions, message (Eisenhower), 434
U.S. proposals regarding, report (Milton Eisenhower),
91
Outer Mongolia :
Geneva conventions (1949) on treatment of prisoners
of war, wounded, sick and shipwrecked members
of armed forces, and civilians, 537
U.N. membership, question of, U.S. position, statement
(Lodge), 54
Outer space, peaceful uses of (see also Satellites, earth-
circling) :
International cooperation in, U.S. efforts for, statement
(Wilcox), 399
U.N. ad hoc committee on :
Establishment of, U.S.-Soviet views, statements
(Lodge) and text of General Assembly resolution,
24
U.S. delegation, appointment of, 767
U.S. proposals and views, statements: Becker, 885;
Dryden, 891, 972; Lodge, 883; Meeker, 974
Pakistan :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 554
DLF loans to, 382, 484, 598
IBRD aid, 456, 460
SEATO, participation in. See Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
Subversive activities in, measures to suppress, 611
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Cultural property, convention and protocol (1954) for
protection in event of armed conflict, 728
Pakistan — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Double taxation on income, convention for avoidance
of, with U.S., 853, 854, 936
Security and defense, agreement with U.S., 226, 416,
421
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
U.S. aid, 431, 609
Palestine refugees. See Refugees : Arab refugees
Panama :
Annuity payment by U.S., 380
Armed invasion of, OAS action to frustrate, U.S. Am-
bassadors Santiago meeting concluding statement
on, 792
Breadth of territorial sea, position and views on, 127,
372
ICEM membership, 386
Maritime Safety Committee, U.S. effort to obtain
membership for, 653
Panamanian Housing Agency, proposed establishment
of, report to the President (Milton Eisenhower),
97
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
IMCO convention, 285
Military equipment, agreement with U.S. for pur-
chase, 936
Postal convention (1952), universal, 502
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, convention
of, regulations of execution, agreements relative
to parcel post, money orders, and final protocol,
461
Whaling convention (1946), international, protocol
amending, 322
U.S. Operations Mission director, designation, 978
Panama Canal, U.S. rights in, Department statement, 12S
Pan American Day and Pan American Week, 1959, proc-
lamation, 378
Pan American Highway, DLF loan to Ecuador for con-
struction of, 22
Pan American Railway Congress Association, U.S. mem-
ber of the National Commission appointed, 332
Panchen Lama, 515
Paraguay :
Army and Air Force missions, agreement amending
agreements with U.S. for, 653
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Parcel post :
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, agreement
relative to, 461
U.S. agreements with : Japan, 729 ; Portugal, 614, 810 ;
U.A.R., 690
Parsons, J. Graham, 912, 978
Passports (see also Visas) :
Issuance to Communist supporters, need for legisla-
tion authorizing denial, address and statement
(Hanes), 517, 723
Processing of, procedures improved, address (Hanes),
438
Restrictions on travel to Bulgaria, removed, 782
Validated for travel by U.S. newsmen to Communist
China, 513, 673
Index, January fo June 7959
1011
Patents:
Applications, agreement with Norway approving pro-
cedures for reciprocal filing of, 462
Rights, provisions of atomic energy agreement with
EUBATOM regarding, 71
Peace :
Addresses and remarks : Dulles, 255 ; Eisenhower, 47,
115, 116, 117, 783; Henderson, 903; Herter, 738;
King Baudouin, Sol ; Nixon, 14
Food for peace conference, 793
"Peaceful coexistence," address and messages : Eisen-
hower, 131 ; Murphy, 291 ; Voroshilov, 131
Peace Committee, Inter-American, 662
Peace treaty with Germany, Soviet proposal for, texts of
notes and draft treaty, 333, 337, 508
Peaceful uses of outer space. See Outer space, peaceful
uses of
Pearcy, G. Etzel, 407, 963
Penfield, James K., 841
Performing artists, agreement for exchange with Soviet
Union, 633
Permanent Council of NATO, 544, 545
Peru :
Breadth of territorial sea, position on, 372
Rawinsonde observation station at Lima, agreement
extending 1957 agreement with U.S. for establish-
ment and operation of, 178
Road vehicles, private, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 420
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs facil-
ities for, 420
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Philippines:
Bataan, 17th anniversary of, message from President
Eisenhower, 627
Breadth of territorial sea, proposal regarding, 372
Claims arising out of training and firing exercises
(1959), agreement with U.S. concerning procedures
for settlement of, 462
DLF loans to, 307, 834
FAO/UNICEF Joint Policy Committee, 1st meeting, 350
SEATO, participation in. See Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
Subversive activities in, measures to suppress, 611
U.S. aid, 431, 609
U.S. consulate at Cebu reestablished, 358
U.S. Educational Foundation in, agreement amending
and extending 1954 agreement with U.S. relating
to, 42
U.S. relations with, statement (Dulles), 224
Visit of Under Secretary Dillon, 673
Wheat agreement ( 1959 ) , international, 689
Phillips, Christopher H., 357
Phillips, Ralph W., 350
Phleger, Herman, 64
Planning Association, National, 642
Poland :
Economic and claims discussions with U.S., 381, 959
GATT, application for association, 918
Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting, Soviet support for
Polish participation, 510, 511
Poland — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 959,
978
Industrial property, revision of 18S3 convention for
protection of, 250
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
U.S. aid, 959
USIA Polish-language magazine, Ameryka, distribution
of, 271
Poliomyelitis vaccine, U.S. loan to Poland for purchase,
959
Political consultations, NATO, progress in, 3
Portugal :
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Parcel post, agreement with U.S., 614, 810
Parcel post convention (1916) with U.S., terminated,
810
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 250
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 6S9
Postal agreements and conventions :
Parcel post agreements. See Parcel post
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, convention,
regulations of execution, agreements relative to
parcel post, money orders, and final protocol, 461
Universal postal convention (1952), 357, 502
Universal postal convention (1957), 74, 536, 653, 769,
897
Potsdam agreement, 10, 80, 81, 233, 629
Preparatory Committee for the Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, establishment, 648
Presidential Representatives, OAS Committee of, recom-
mendations, 123, 126
President's Committee To Study the United States Mili-
tary Assistance Program :
Interim report:
Letter of transmittal to the President, 797
President's recommendation and transmittal to Con-
gress, 796
Text of report, 798
Message and statements : Dillon, 493, 642 ; Eisenhower,
431
President's Science Advisory Committee, 118
President's Special International Program, African opera-
tions, address (Penfield), 847
Press coverage of the Department of State, article
(White), 923. 925
Prettyman, E. Barrett, 725
Price support program for agricultural commodities, U.S.,
statement (Mann), 650
Primary commodities, international trade in. See Com-
modity trade
Prince Albert Radar Laboratory, opening, texts of mes-
sages (Eisenhower, Diefenbaker), 911
Princeton University, establishment of John Foster Dulles
Library, 792
Prisoners of war, Geneva convention relative to treatment
of, 74, 537, 854, 977
1012
Department of State Bulletin
Private capital, investment abroad. See Investment of
private capital abroad
Private enterprise:
Office of, established, 537
Role of, addresses and statement : Dillon, 403, 908 ;
Eisenhower, 117
Private property, expropriation without just compensa-
tion, address (Becker), 066
Proclamations by the President :
Meat products of Uruguay, reduction of tariff on im-
ports (3278), 379
North Atlantic Treaty, observance of 10th anniversary
(3277), 374
Pan American Day and Pan American Week, 1959
(3276), 378
United Nations Day, 1959, (3283) , 727
Wool fabrics, determination of tariff quota on im-
ports (3285), 721
World Refugee Year, 1959-60 (3292), 875
World Trade Week, 1959 (3286), 670
Project assistance, definition of, 675
Propaganda, Communist :
Communist Chinese use of in Tibetan action, statement
(Murphy), 713
East Berlin, objectives and techniques, statement (Her-
ter), 947, 948
Near and Middle East, 867, 904
Soviet, objectives and techniques, addresses : Dillon,
760 ; Wigglesworth, 881 ; Wilcox, 595
Soviet request cessation of propaganda in West Berlin,
statement (Herter), 949
Property, cultural, convention and protocol (1954) for
protection in event of armed conflict, 728
Property, industrial, revision of 1883 convention for pro-
tection of, 249
Property, private, expropriation without just compensa-
tion, address (Becker), 666
Property, rights and interests, Austrian, agreement with
Austria regarding return of, 243, 250
Psychological warfare. See Propaganda
Public health and sanitation. Sec Health
Public Information Office, SEATO, 609, 610
Publications :
The Challenge of Space Exploration: A Technical Intro-
duction to Space, published, 885n
Congressional documents relating to foreign policy, lists
of, 249, 283, 315, 349, 461, 530, 569, 601, 758, 810,
930
Foreign Trade of the U.S.S.R., 1956-. r ,7, released, 722
Obscene, agreement relating to repression of circula-
tion of, 728, 936
Science and Foreign Relations, Berkner report, 0S9
State Department :
The Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Devel-
opment in South and Southeast Asia — Seventh An-
nual Report of the Consultative Committee, re-
leased, 213
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945,
Series C (1933-1931), Volume II, The Third Reich:
First Phase, October 11,, 1933-June IS, 1934, re-
leased, 897
Publications — Continued
,State Department — Continued
Expanding Private Investment for Free World Eco-
nomic Growth, released, 502
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1941, Volume
II, Europe, released, 770
Lists of recent releases, 145, 286, 421, 462, 538, 654,
898
The Soviet Note on Berlin: An Analysis, published,
145
Ten Years of the European Recovery Program in Aus-
tria 1948/1958, Austrian publication presented to
President Eisenhower, 515
The Ugly American, address (Wilcox), 757
United Nations :
Commodity Survey 1958, quoted, 648, 649, 650
Lists of current documents, 68, 109, 322, 389, 420, 501,
645, 768, 896, 976
Puhan, Alfred, 322
Purcell, Robert W., 278
Pyatnitsky Choir, 634
Quadripartite Working Group on German problem, meet-
ings of, 297, 406, 554, 555
Queen Elizabeth, 954
Quemoy Islands (see also China. Republic of), address
and statement : Dulles, 225 ; Robertson, 376
Racial problems in Africa, address (Satterthwaite), 190,
194
Radar Laboratory, Prince Albert, texts of messages
at opening (Eisenhower, Diefenbaker), 911
Radio. See Telecommunications
Radio Consultative Committee, International, 9th plenary
assembly, address (Beale) and Department announce-
ments, 570
Railway Congress Association, Pan American, appoint-
ment of U.S. member to U.S. National Commission,
332
Randall, Harold M., 897
Rawinsonde observation stations, establishment and
operation of, agreements with : Colombia, S54 ; Ecua-
dor, 178 ; Peru, 178 ; U.K., 144
Raymond, John M., 897
Reciprocity Information, Committee for, 18, 244
Reconstruction and Development, International Bank
for. See International Bank
Reed, Henry Clinton, 462
Refugee Organization, International, U.S. contribution,
S74
Refugees, U.S. Committee for, establishment, address
(Hanes), 874, 875, 877
Refugees and displaced persons (see also World Refugee
Year) :
Arab refugees, U.S. and U.N. aid to, addresses, article,
resolution, and statements: General Assembly
resolution, 141; Hanes, 874, 876, 878; Harrison,
137 ; Hart, 719 ; Rountree, 376
ICEM. See Intergovernmental Committee for Euro-
pean Migration
Latin American, efforts to control activities of, address
(Rubottom), 662
U.S. and U.N. programs and aid, addresses (Hanes),
438, 872
Index, January to June 1959
1013
Refugees and displaced persons — Continued
Viet-Nam, U.S. aid, address (Barrows), 677
Voluntary relief agencies. See Voluntary relief
agencies
Refugee Year, World. See World Refugee Year
Reid, Ogden Rogers, 936
Reinhardt, Frederick G., 395
Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, U.N., U.S. sup-
port, 874
Relief and rehabilitation (see also Agricultural surpluses,
Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere, Refu-
gees, and Voluntary agencies) :
ICA and voluntary agencies shipments, 21
Relief supplies and packages, agreement with Ghana
for duty-free entry and exemption from taxation
of, 653
Research :
Materials on India, U.S. purchase, 916
Outer space, peaceful uses of (see also Outer space),
U.N. committees, work of, statements : Dryden, 891 ;
Wilcox, 401
Radar detection of missiles, opening of Prince Albert
Radar Laboratory for, 911
Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of :
Double taxation on income, extension of 1945 conven-
tion between U.S. and U.K. for avoidance of, 110,
144
GATT, participation in consultations, 244
GATT, proces verbal concerning article XVI : 4, 502
GATT, protocol relating to negotiations for establish-
ment of new schedule III — Brazil, 573
Industrial property, revision of 18S3 convention for
protection of, 250
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Rice, Edward E., 322
Rice, world trade in, report (Rivenburgh) on 3d session
of FAO Consultative Subcommittee, 813
Riddleberger, James W., 462
Rio Treaty, security provisions of, address (Rubottom),
660, 661
Rivenburgh, Dexter V., 813
Road traffic, convention (1949) on, 573, 653
Road vehicles, private, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 420, 653, 810
Robertson, Walter S., 375, 472, 574
Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Special Studies Project, 642
Roszak, Theodore, 381
Rountree, William M., 363
Roy O. Bale, U.S.S., detention and inspection of Soviet
trawler Novorossiisk by, texts of U.S. and Soviet
notes and U.S. aide memoire, 555
Ruanda-Urundi, Trust Territory of :
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285,
897
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Rubottom, Roy R., Jr., 119, 659
Rumania :
Carriage by air, international, protocol amending 1929
convention for unification of certain rules relating
to, 420
Industrial property, revision of 18S3 convention for
protection of, 250
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
1014
Rural development centers, Thai proposal to set up in
SEATO area, 605
Saar dispute, German-French settlement, statement
(Herter), 860
Saccio, Leonard J., 250
Safety at sea :
IMCO. See Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1954) on,
573
Safety of life at sea, convention (1948) on, 537
Safety Committee, Maritime, 653
St. Lawrence Seaway :
Illinois Waterway, effect of diversion of water from
Lake Michigan, statement (Willoughby), U.S. and
Canadian aide memoire, and text of bill, 404
Opening ceremonies. President to participate, 298
St. Clair River section, agreement with Canada for
construction and dredging of new cutoff channel in,
462
Tolls, agreement with Canada governing, 440, 537
Salk vaccine, loan to Poland for purchase of, 959
Sarasin, Pote, 230
Satellites, earth-circling (see also Outer space) :
Observation and tracking of, agreement with U.K. for
use of Bahamas Long-Range Proving Ground, 729
Tracking and receiving radio signals from, coopera-
tive agreement with Chile, 729
U.S. satellites, address (Eisenhower), 116
Uses of, statements : Dryden, 973 ; Lodge, 883
Satterthwaite, Joseph G, 190, 246, 524, 744
Saudi Arabia :
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
WMO convention, 420
Sayre, Rev. Francis B., Jr., 709
Scholarships, Board of Foreign, member appointed, 673
Science (see also Atomic energy, Outer space, Research,
and Weather) :
Agricultural sciences. See Agricultural sciences
Antarctic scientific cooperation between U.S. and New
Zealand, 51, 110
Fur seals, scientific research regarding, 142
International Geophysical Year in Retrospect, article
(Atwood), 682
National Academy of Sciences, study tour of Africa,
246
National Science Foundation. See National Science
Foundation
NATO program, 934
Science Advisory Committee, President's, 118
Science Committee, NATO, 934
Science Foundation, National. See National Science
Foundation
Scientific Unions, International Council of, role in IGY,
article (Atwood), 683, 684, 685, 686, 688
Sea, law of the. See Law of the sea
Seals, North Pacific Fur Seal Commission, 2d annual
meeting, 142
Sears, Mason, 354, 388, 533
SEATO. See Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Department of State Bulletin
Secretary of State :
News conference of, article (White), 922, 923, 924
Passport issuing authority. See under Passports
Security Council, U.N. (see also United Nations) :
Documents, list of, 68, 322, 3S9, 645, 768, 896, 976
Israel-Syria border dispute, role in, U.S. views, state-
ment (Lodge), 284
Maintenance of peace, effectiveness, address (Wilcox),
835
Membership question, statements (Lodge), 52
Security Experts, SEATO Committee of, 397, 608, 609
Seitz, Frederick, 934
Self-determination, U.S. policy regarding, address and
statements : Lord, 175 ; Satterthwaite, 749 ; Wise, 172
Sheely, D. M., 557
Sheppard, William J., 390
Sheridan, Edward W., 978
Ships and shipping (see also Intergovernmental Maritime
Consultative Organization, St. Lawrence Seaway,
and Safety at sea) :
Breadth of territorial sea, effect on, address (Becker),
371
Danish shipbuilding program, agreement with Den-
mark relating to, 854
Finnish shipbuilding program, agreement with Finland
to finance, 834
High seas convention, effect on, 373, 854
Indonesian harbors, U.S. aid for rehabilitation of, 345
Load line convention (1930), international, 537
Loan of U.S. naval vessels, agreements with: China,
322 ; Japan, 322 ; Thailand, 897
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1954) on,
573
Roy O. Hale, U.S.S., detention and inspection of So-
viet trawler Novorossiisk, texts of U.S. and Soviet
notes and U.S. aide memoire, 555
U.S.-European shipping problems, joint discussions on,
406
Shrimp conservation, convention with Cuba, (text) 566,
978
Sierra Leone, developments in, address (Satterthwaite),
747
Slavery convention (1926), and 1953 protocol amending,
462, 936, 977
Smith, Earl E. T., 178
Smith, James H., Jr., 246, 286
Snyder, Robert Martin, 814
Solar research, IGY program, article (Atwood), 687, 688
Somalia :
DLF loan to, 565
Independence, progress toward, address (Satter-
thwaite), 193
South Africa, Union of :
Developments in, address (Penfleld), 842
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 358
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 6S9
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization :
Cholera research program, agreement with U.S. relat-
ing to, 978
Fifth Council meeting :
Final communique, text, 604
Index, January to June 7959
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization — Continued
Fifth Council meeting — Continued
Report on SEATO, 1958-59 ( Sarasin) , 605
Statements (Dillon), 573, 602, 673
U.S. delegation, 478, 536, 573
Organization and accomplishments of, addresses : Dil-
lon, 696 ; Reinhardt, 395
Research fellowship program, 444
Secretary General confers with Secretary Dulles, 230
Sovereignty :
National, question of infringement in overseas antitrust
cases, address (Becker), 273
Outer space, legal aspects of, statement (Meeker), 975
Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, Soviet views on destruction of U.S.
C-130, 268
Soviet-bloc countries (see also Communism, Soviet Union
and individual countries) :
Activities and objectives in West Africa, address (Sat-
terthwaite), 194,748
Breadth of territorial sea position, address (Becker),
370
Craving for freedom in, statement (Dulles), 154
Economic aid and trade offensive. See Less developed
countries : Economic offensive
Relations with free world, address (Murphy), 185
Rule of law, nonacceptance of, address (Dulles), 257,
259
World trade, increase in, 129
Soviet Union (see also Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re-
public, Communism, Outer Mongolia, Soviet-bloc
countries, and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) :
Abolition of private property, address (Becker), 784
Antarctica, conference on, 895
Arab states, Soviet efforts to infiltrate, address
(Murphy), 829, 831
Armed forces. See under Armed forces
Baltic States, Soviet aggression in, statement (Dulles),
299
Berlin proposals and position. See Berlin situation
"Cold war," Soviet views on, statements: Dulles, 220,
221, 229 ; Murphy, 294
Collective security arrangements, U.S., Soviet views on,
address (Murphy), 185, 186
Cultural, educational, and scientific exchanges with
U.S. (see also Exchange agreement), statement
(Dulles), 154
Deputy Premier Mikoyan, visit to U.S. See Mikoyan,
Anastas
Developments in, statement (Dulles), 223
Diplomacy, comparison with free world, address (Wil-
cox), 590
Disarmament. See Disarmament
Doctrine of hostility, background of, address (Murphy),
186, 187
Domestic economy, addresses and statements: Dillon,
759, 956 ; Dulles, 151, 154, 155
East German regime, established of, address (Cuni-
ming), 869
Economic aid and trade offensive. See Less developed
countries : Economic offensive
Europe, Soviet policy in, remarks and statement:
Murphy, 514 ; Spaak, 551
1015
Soviet Union — Continued
Foreign economic policy, address (Dillon), 237
Foreign policy, developments and objectives, addresses :
Murphy, 293, 295 ; Wigglesworth, 879
Free world-Soviet relations, address (Murphy), 232,
233, 234, 235
Geneva Foreign Ministers meeting. See Foreign Min-
isters meeting, Geneva
German problems. See Armed forces : Four-power
forces ; Berlin situation ; and Germany : Re-
unification of
Greek refugees, return of, address (Hanes), 878
Hungary, Soviet activities in. See under Hungary
IGY World Data Center, located in, 6S5
International agreements, disrespect for, addresses :
Dulles, 257 ; Eisenhower, 115 ; Robertson, 476
Iran, subversive activities in, address (Murphy), 832
Khrushchev, Nikita. See Khrushchev
Military, economic, and subversive threat, address
(Allen Dulles), 583
National exhibits, exchange with U.S. See wider Ex-
change agreement
NATO weapons modernization program, views on, texts
of notes, 739, 8C6
Near and Middle East, Soviet policy in, addresses :
Hart, 717 ; Rountree, 366
Negotiating with, addresses and remarks : Eisenhower,
544; Herter, 737: Murphy, 712, 713, S31; Wiggles-
worth, 880, 882 ; Wilcox, 596
New Year greetings, exchanged with U.S., 131, 214
North Pacific Fur Seal Commission, 2d annual meeting,
142
Novorossiik, protest against U.S. detention and inspec-
tion of, U.S. and Soviet notes and aide memoire,
555
Nuclear test suspension, Geneva meetings on. See
Geneva conference of experts to study and Geneva
meeting to negotiate
Nuclear weapons. See Atomic energy, nuclear weapons
Outer space, peaceful uses of, U.N. discussions, Soviet
position, statements : Lodge, 24 ; Wilcox, 400
President Eisenhower, question of visit to, statement
(Hagerty), 297
Propaganda. See Propaganda
Radio broadcasts to Africa, increase in, address (Sat-
terthwaite), 748
Self-determination of peoples, Soviet interpretation of
principle, 173
Sino-Soviet cooperation, addresses : Murphy, 292 ;
Robertson, 475
The Soviet Note on Berlin: An Analysis, booklet on,
published, 145
Subversive activities. See Subversive activities
Surprise attack, Geneva technical talks on preventing,
13, 163
Trade. Sec Trade : Soviet
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Exchange agreement with U.S. See Exchange agree-
ment
IMCO convention, 285
Postal convention (1957), universal, 769
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
1016
Soviet Union — Continued
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
U.N. membership question, Soviet views on, statements
(Lodge), 52
U.N. specialized agencies, Soviet attitude toward, ad-
dress (Wilcox), 836
U.S. aircraft, attacks on and destruction of. See under
Aviation
Veto. See Veto
Spaak, Paul-Henri, 550
Space Research, International Council of Scientific Unions
Committee on, 401, S84, 891
Space vehicles :
Observation and tracking of, agreement with U.K. for
use of Bahamas Long-Range Proving Ground, 729
Tracking and receiving radio signals from, cooperative
agreement with Chile, 729
Spain :
Defense support assistance, U.S., message (Eisen-
hower), 431
DLF loans to, 107, 920
ICEM Executive Committee, request for membership on,
article (Warren), 388
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements amending 1954
and 1956 agreements with U.S., 213, 286
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Offshore procurement, agreement amending memo-
randum of understanding attached to 1954 agree-
ment with U.S., 74
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, convention
of, regulations of execution, and agreements rela-
tive to money orders, parcel post, and final proto-
col, 461
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.S. consular agency at Las Palmas, jurisdiction over
transferred, 538
Special assistance, mutual security program, appropria-
tion for, message and statements : Dillon, 491, S06 ;
Eisenhower, 432
Special Committee for Inter-Union Cooperation in Geo-
physics, established, 686
Special Committee of the Council of the Organization of
American States To Study the Formulation of New
Measures for Economic Cooperation. See Committee
of 21
Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary, U.N., 56,
57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63
Special Fund, U.N. :
Functions, address ( Wilcox ) , 754
Less developed countries, assistance to, addresses:
Dillon, 603 ; MaeArthur, 560
U.S. initial contribution, 284
Specialized agencies, U.N. :
Activities of, address, statement, and resolution : Gen-
eral Assembly resolution, 41 ; Mansfield, 40 ; Wil-
cox, 754, 756
Soviet attitude toward, address (Wilcox), 836
U.S. support, address (Wilcox), 839, 840
Department of State Bulletin
Specialized Committee for Negotiating and Drafting the
Instrument of Organization of an Inter-American Fi-
nancial Institution. See under Inter-American De-
velopment Bank
State Department (see also Foreign Service and Inter-
national Cooperation Administration) :
Administration and coordination of mutual security
program :
Authority for, transfer from ICA, 492
Executive order relating to, 936
Legislation to employ additional personnel, proposed,
490
Special Assistant for Mutual Security Coordination
(Bell), confirmation, 250
Statement (Dillon), 808
Appointments and designations, 74, 145, 322, 390, 421,
462, 502, 574, 690, 770, 978
Assistant Secretaries of State, confirmations : Mer-
chant, 250; Parsons, 978
Conduct of foreign affairs, President's budget message
to Congress relating to, excerpts, 203, 205
Confirmations, 250, 538, 690, 897, 978
Contribution to IGY program, article (Atwood), 684
Deputy Operations Coordinator, designation (Shep-
pard),390
Documents relating Mr. Dulles' tenure as Secretary,
loan to Princeton University John Foster Dulles
Library, 792
Foreign Service examination, announced, 729
Greetings by personnel following swearing-in ceremony
of Secretary Herter, 671
Organization and activities :
Addresses : Hanes, 439 ; Rountree, 365
African affairs, address (Penfield), 845
Bureau of Intelligence and Research, reorganized, 390
Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs, 438
Near East, article (Pearcy), 411ra
News Division, article (White), 921
Passports, issuance of, address and statement (Hanes),
517, 520, 521, 723
Political Adviser to Commander in Chief, Pacific, at
Honolulu, designation, 462
Publications. See under Publications
Resignations : Dulles, 619 ; Robertson, 574
Role in antitrust cases with foreign relations implica-
tions, address (Becker), 273, 274, 275, 276
Science program, article (Atwood), 689
Secretary of State. See Dulles and Herter
U.S. Munitions List, removal of civil aircraft and equip-
ment from administration, 765
Under Secretaries of State, request for legislation re-
garding, 730
Under Secretary of State, confirmation (Dillon), 978
State of the Union message, excerpts, 115
Steel and Coal Community, European. See European
Coal and Steel Community
Steel Committee, ECE, U.S. delegate to 22d session, 895
Steeves, John M., 462
Strategic materials, decrease in items subject to U.S.
export controls, address ( Dillon ) , 239
Straus, Ralph I., 562
Strauss, Lewis L., 332
Strom, Carl W., 654
Index, January to June 7959
Subversive activities, Communist:
Asia and Far East :
Addresses : Reinhardt, 396 ; Robertson, 375
SEATO efforts to combat, report (Sarasin), 604, 606,
609, 611
Berlin, statements (Herter), 946, 949
Latin America, U.S. Ambassadors statements regarding,
635, 793
Methods of and organizations for, addresses : Allen
Dulles, 587, 588; Hanes, 518; Henderson, 905;
Herter, 946 ; Wigglesworth, 880
Near and Middle East, addresses : Hart, 717 ; Murphy,
628
Sudan :
DLF loan, 834
Investment guaranty program, agreement with U.S.,
614, 637
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Suez Canal problem, U.N. role in solving, address and
statement (Dulles), 152, 258
Sugar, U.S. reply to Cuban offer of sale of, 959
Sulaiman, Ali Haider, 854
Summit meeting, proposed. See Heads of Government
meeting, proposed
Supreme Court, decisions relating to passport issuance,
address and statement (Hanes), 517, 724, 725, 726
Surprise attack, prevention of :
Geneva technical talks on, 13, 163
U.S. efforts, statements : Dulles, 153 ; Herter, 775
Sweden :
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
GATT, protocol relating to negotiations for establish-
ment of new schedule III — Brazil, 573
IMCO, convention on, 854
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 250
Switzerland :
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Nuclear power, cooperative agreement with U.S. amend-
ing 1956 agreement for production of, 729, 978
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 195S), 285,
689
Universal postal convention (1957) , 74
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
Syria (see also United Arab Republic), border dispute
with Israel, statement (Lodge), 284
Taiwan Straits situation :
Communist Chinese objectives, address (Robertson),
376
U.S. policy, addresses and remarks : Dillon, 603 ;
Murphy, 513 ; Parsons, 913
Tananarive, Malgache Republic, U.S. consulate reopened,
730
Tanganyika, Trust Territory of, U.S. views on develop-
ments in, statement ( Sears ) , 354
1017
Tariff policy, U.S. (see also Customs; Tariffs and trade,
general agreement on) :
Fluorspar, proposed legislation imposing quotas on im-
ports, statement (Mann), 600
Lead and zinc. See Lead and zinc
Meat products, reduction of duty on imports from
Uruguay, proclamation, 379
Report to the President (Milton Eisenhower), 102
Tartar imports, decision against escape-clause relief,
529
Withdrawal of most-favored-nation treatment from
Soviet Union, address (Dillon), 240
Wool-fabric imports, determination of tariff quota on,
IS, 720
Tariffs and trade, general agreement on :
Brazil :
Proces verbal containing schedules to be annexed to
new schedule III for, 383
Protocol relating to negotiations for establishment of
new schedule III for, 383, 573, 728
U.S. renegotiation of tariff concessions with, 305
Conference on renegotiation of tariff concessions, pro-
posed, 917, 952
Consultations under articles XII and XIV regarding
import restrictions for balance-of-payments
reasons, views invited, 244
Contracting Parties:
Chairman, economic discussions at Washington, 443
13th session, nongovernmental advisers to U.S. dele-
gation report on, 356
14th session, announcements and reports, 756, 917
Latin American proposals to increase restrictions
against U.S. goods, statement (Mann), 932
Organizational amendments to, protocol of, 178
Part I and articles XXIX and XXX, protocol amend-
ing, 178
Preamble and parts II and III, protocol amending, 178
Proces verbal of rectification concerning protocol
amending part I and articles XXIX and
XXX, protocol amending preamble and parts II
and III, and protocol of organizational amend-
ments, 178
Rectifications and modifications to texts of schedules,
protocols of:
2d protocol, 462
3d protocol, 462
4th protocol, 358
5th protocol, 322
6th protocol, 178
7th protocol, 178
Standstill provisions of article XVI :4 :
Declaration extending, 17S, 573
Proces verbal extending validity of declaration ex-
tending, 502, 573
U.S. antitrust law, effect of, address (Becker), 277, 278
Taxation :
Agreement with Ghana for exemption of relief supplies
and packages from internal taxation, 653
Double taxation, avoidance of. See Double taxation
Incentives to stimulate private investment abroad,
address, statements, and report : Dillon, 96, 167,
808; Mann, 932; Nixon, 625; Straus, 563
Technical aid and cooperation. See Economic and tech-
nical aid and Mutual security
Technical assistance, U.N. See under United Nations
Technical Cooperation Council, Colombo Plan, U.S. mem-
bership, 604
Technical services, ICA organization for administration
of, 537
Telecommunications :
Baghdad Pact network, U.S. aid, 320
DEW extension in Greenland, agreement U.S.-Canada
relating to communications facilities at Cape Dyer,
Baffin Island, in support of, 690
Facilities in Liberia, DLF loan for improvement of, 247
International telecommunication convention (1952),
telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285,
537, 689, 769, 897
International Telecommunication Union. See Inter-
national Telecommunication Union
Transatlantic submarine cables, breaks in, texts of U.S.
and Soviet notes and U.S. aide memoire, 555
Worldwide systems :
IGY system, article (Atwood), 685, 686
Proposed use of earth satellites in, statements,
Dryden, 893, 973 ; Lodge, 8S4
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 285, 537,
689, 769, 897
Terrill, Robert P., 770
Territorial waters :
Breadth of territorial seas, question of :
General Assembly resolution, 66
U.S. position and proposals, address and statements :
Becker, 369 ; Phleger, 64
Convention on territorial sea and contiguous zone, pro-
visions of, address (Becker), 372
Lake Michigan water diversion, proposed legislation
increasing, statement (Willoughby), U.S. and
Canadian aide memoire, and text of bill, 404
Panamanian position, U.S. rejection of, text of note, 127
U.S., measurement of, article (Pearcy), 963
Terry, Carroll M., 770
Thailand :
Ambassador to U.S., credentials, 915
DLF loans in, 419, 598
Rural development centers in SEATO area, proposal
for, 605
SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, Bangkok,
opening, 609
Subversive activities in, measures to suppress, 611
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Destroyer escort, agreement with U.S. for loan of,
897
German external debts, agreement (1953) on, 285
U.S. aid, 431, 609
Tibet :
Communist Chinese aggression and suppression in :
Addresses: Dillon, 603, 695; Murphy, 628, 712, 829;
Parsons, 913 ; Robertson, 476
U.S. concern and views, statements: Department, 515;
Herter, 514
Refugees, U.S. aid, address (Hanes), 877
Tobacco, EEC proposed external duty on, U.S. protest, 918
1018
Department of State Bulletin
Togo, Trust Territory of :
Developments in, addresses (Satterthwaite), 193, 746
U.S. consulate opened at Loin6, 814
Toure, Sekou, 917
Touring. See Travel, international
Trade (see also Agricultural surpluses ; Commodity trade ;
Customs ; Economic policy ; Exports ; Imports ; Tariff
policy ; Tariffs and trade, general agreement on ; and
Trade fairs) :
Africa, value of U.S. trade with, address (Penfield),
843, 848
Barriers to trade :
European countries progress in removal of, 247, 248,
952
Need for removal of, address and statement : Dillon,
166, 957 ; Mann, 651
Canada, U.S. trade relations with, text of U.S.-Cana-
dian Joint Committee on Trade and Economic Af-
fairs communique regarding, 128
Foreign trade, U.S. :
Antitrust law, problem of, address (Becker), 272
Developments in, President's economic report to Con-
gress, excerpts, 309
Importance of, address (Wilcox), 751
International trade :
Contribution to peace, remarks (Eisenhower), 670
Impact of U.S. economy on, statement (Mansfield), 34
Need for expansion of, remarks and statements:
Eisenhower, 70S; Mann, 934; Mansfield, 38
Problems, 14th session of GATT to discuss, 765
Japan :
Free Asia and U.S., trade with, address (MacArthur) ,
559, 562
Trade-deficit problems of, address (Eisenhower), 581
Latin America :
Article (Lederer, Culbertson), 300
Report to the President (Milton Eisenhower), 98,
100, 102
U.S. trade relations with, 120, 231, 481
Soviet Union :
History of and prospects for increase in, address
(Dillon), 237, 238, 239, 240, 241
Summary of Soviet foreign trade, 1956-57, Depart-
ment of Commerce publication released, 722
U.S. trade with, Soviet proposal for increase in, ad-
dresses : Dillon, 207, 239, 759, 762 ; Murphy, 235
Soviet Union and Soviet-bloc countries trade offensive.
See Less developed countries : Economic offensive
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Bills of lading, international convention for unifica-
tion of certain rules relating to, and protocol, 977
Commercial samples and advertising material, inter-
national convention (1952) to facilitate importa-
tion, 810
Viet-Nam, solution of trade problems of, address (Bar-
rows), 677
World Trade Week, 1959, proclamation, 670
Trade and Economic Affairs, Joint United States-Cana-
dian Committee on, 4th meeting, 17
Trade fairs and missions, U.S. participation in Africa,
address (Penfield), 847
Trade unionism in Africa, address (Satterthwaite), 526
Transatlantic submarine cables, U.S., breaks in, texts of
U.S. and Soviet notes and U.S. aide memoire, 555
Transcript of Secretary of State's news conference,
article (White), 924
Travel, international (see also Passports and Visas) :
Latin America, value of U.S. travel in, article (Lederer-
Culbertson),302
Mexican-U.S. travel, beneficial effect of, joint state-
ment (Eisenhower-Lopez Mateos), 331
Middle East, transit zone of three continents, article
(Pearcy),413
Private road vehicles, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, 420, 653, 810
Road traffic, convention (1949) on, with annexes, 573,
653
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs facil-
ities for, 420, 653, 810
U.S. restrictions on travel to Bulgaria lifted, 7S2
Treaties, agreements, etc., international (for specific
treaty, see country or subject) :
Communist nonfulfillment, addresses : Dulles, 257 ;
Eisenhower, 115 ; Robertson, 476
Current actions on, 42, 74, 110, 144, 178, 213, 249, 285,
322, 357, 383, 420, 461, 502, 536, 573, 614, 653, 6S9,
728, 769, 810, 854, S97, 935, 977
Interpretation of meaning, proposal to resolve ques-
tion of, address (Nixon), 625, 626
Trias Monge, Jose, 67
Trimble, William C, 358
Trust territories, U.N. (see also individual territory), de-
velopments in African territories, addresses, state-
ments, and resolutions : General Assembly resolu-
tions, 534; Lodge, 531; Satterthwaite, 193, 746;
Sears, 354, 533
Trusteeship Council, U.N., lists of documents, 501, 768
Tunisia :
DLP loan, 920
FAO/UNICEF Joint Policy Committee, 1st meeting of,
350
Investment guaranties, agreement with U.S. relating to,
637, 690
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 2S6
Turbine contract for Greer's Ferry Dam, question of
awarding, statements (Dulles), 225
Turkey :
Cyprus problem. See Cyprus
Developments in, address (Rountree), 363
DLF loans, 306, 444
IMF assistance to, statements (Dillon), 455, 458
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 42,
383
Atomic energy, mutual defense purposes of, agree-
ment for cooperation with U.S., 770
Economic, security, and defense, cooperative agree-
ment with U.S. concerning, 226, 416, 421
GATT, proces verbal concerning article XVI : 4, 502
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
U.S. aid, 431, 459
Twining, Gen. Nathan F., 497
Index, January to June J 959
1019
U.A.R. See United Arab Republic
U.K. See United Kingdom
U.S.S.R. See Soviet Union
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (see also Soviet
Union) :
Narcotic drugs, protocol (1948) bringing under inter-
national control drugs outside scope of 1931 con-
vention, 935
Slavery convention (1926) and 1953 protocol amend-
ing, 462
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Underdeveloped countries. See Less developed countries
Underground nuclear explosions, detection of:
President's Science Advisory Committee statement, 118
U.S. and Soviet positions, statement (Wadsworth), 701
UNESCO. Sec Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-
ganization, U.N.
UNICEF. See United Nations Children's Fund
Unified Command (Korea), agreement with Federal Re-
public of Korea regarding utilities claims settlement,
110
Union of South Africa :
Antarctica, conference on, 895
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 195S), 286
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See Soviet Union
United Arab Republic (see also Egypt and Syria) :
Soviet aid, 207, 587
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreements with U.S., 144,
810
Parcel post, exchange of, agreement with U.S., 690
Postal convention (1957), universal, 769
Private road vehicles, customs convention (1954) on
temporary importation of, notification of applica-
tion to Syria, 653
Touring, convention (1954) concerning customs fa-
cilities for, notification of application to Syria, 653
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
U.S. Ambassador, confirmation, 358
United Kingdom :
African territories, developments in :
Addresses and statements : Satterthwaite, 192, 193 ;
Sears, 355, 533, 534
General Assembly resolution, 535
Antarctica, conference on, 895
Baghdad Pact nuclear center, aid to, 321
Colonial policy, benefits of, address (Nixon), 16
Controls on dollar imports, relaxation of, 882
Cyprus problem. See under Cyprus
Economic cooperation with other European states,
statement (Dillon), 247, 248
Foreign Ministers meetings. See Foreign Ministers
meetings
GATT consultations, participation in, 244
Geneva technical talks on preventing surprise attack.
See Geneva technical talks
German problems. See Armed forces : Four-power
forces; Berlin situation; and Germany: Reunifica-
tion
1020
United Kingdom — Continued
German war documents, cooperative project with U.S.
and France, 897
Middle East, concept of, article (Pearcy), 410
Nuclear test suspension, Geneva meetings on. See
Geneva conference of experts to study and Geneva
meeting to negotiate
Palestine refugees, cosponsor of resolution on, 140
Queen Elizabeth to visit Chicago, announcement, 954
SEATO, participation in. See Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy for mutual defense purposes, amend-
ment to agreement with U.S. for cooperation, 768,
770
Bahamas Long-Range Proving Ground, agreement
with U.S. relating to use of for observing and
tracking earth satellites and space vehicles, 729
Double taxation on income, agreements relating to
extension to certain British territories of 1945 con-
vention with U.S. for avoidance of, as modified,
42, 110, 144, 212, 213
Facilities assistance, special program of, agreement
amending 1954 agreement with U.S. relating to,
383
GATT, 7th protocol of rectifications and modifica-
tions to texts of schedules, 178
GATT, standstill provisions of article XVI : 4, dec-
laration extending, 178
Germany, Allied High Commission archives, protocol
amending agreement (1954) concerning, 502
ICJ statute, declaration recognizing compulsory
jurisdiction, 110
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250
Mutual defense assistance, agreement amending 1957
agreement with U.S. relating to disposition of
equipment and material, 178
Pharmacopoeial formulas for potent drugs, protocol
terminating agreement for unification of, 634
Rawinsonde observation station on Jamaica and
Grand Cayman Island, agreement with U.S. con-
cerning establishment of, 144
Road traffic, convention (1949) on, 573, 653
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Wheat agreement (1959), international, 689
U.N. Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space, membership, 32
U.S. consulate at Nassau, N.P., Bahamas, raised to
consulate general, 421
U.S. consulate opened at Freetown, Sierra Leone, 770
Visit of Prime Minister to U.S., 406, 511
World Refugee Year, program for, address (Cumming).
874
United Nations :
Charter. See United Nations Charter
Disarmament, efforts for. See United Nations Disarm-
ament Subcommittee
Documents, lists of, 68, 109, 322, 389, 420, 501, 645,
768, 896, 976
General Assembly. See General Assembly
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
United Nations — Continued
Human rights, universal declaration of, 10th anni-
versary of adoption, address (Lord), 108
Hungarian question. See Hungary : Soviet activities in
Membership question :
Admission of Guinea, 52, 178
Communist China, address (Robertson), 476
Hungarian representation, statement (Lodge), 63
Korea and Viet-Nam, U.S. and Soviet views, state-
ments (Lodge), 52
Middle East situation, U.N. actions in, address and
statement : Dulles, 152 ; Hart, 718, 719
OAS, relationship between, address (Rubottom), 665
Objectives of, addresses, (Wilcox), 754, 835
Outer space, peaceful uses of, U.N. consideration of.
See tinder Outer space
Refugees, aid to. See Refugees and displaced persons
Right of states to nationalize property, action regard-
ing, address (Becker), 787
Role in maintaining peace, Soviet obstruction to, ad-
addresses (Murphy), 186, 712
Security Council. See Security Council
Soviet use of veto in, address (Murphy), 712
Specialized agencies. See Specialized agencies and
name of agency
Strengthening of, address (Dulles), 259
Support of, comparison of free world and Communist,
address (Dulles) , 257, 258
Technical assistance program, expanded :
Address (Wilcox), 754
Africa, increased aid to, address (Satterthwaite), 195
Cooperation with FAO/UNICEF, article (Phillips),
352
Special Fund. See Special Fund
U.S. contribution, address, statement, and message:
Dillon, 491 ; Eisenhower, 434 ; MacArthur, 560
Trust territories. See Trust territories and Trusteeship
Council
United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses
of Outer Space. See under Outer space
United Nations Charter :
Outer space, application to, statement (Becker), 886
Provisions for maintaining peace, formulation of, ad-
dress (Dulles), 256,257
Ratification by Guinea, 178
United Nations Children's Fund, 350
United Nations Commission on Human Rights, proposed
resolutions on self-determination, statements : Lord,
175 ; Wise, 172
United Nations Commission on International Commodity
Trade, 37, 538, 604, 648rc.
United Nations Commission on Permanent Sovereignty
Over Natural Wealth and Resources, U.S. representa-
tive confirmed, 897
United Nations conference on the law of the sea, 2d,
statements (Phleger) regarding and text of General
Assembly resolution convening, 64
United Nations Day, 1959, proclamation, 727
United Nations Disarmament Subcommittee, Soviet ob-
struction in, address (Murphy), 830
United Nations Economic and Social Council. See Eco-
nomic and Social Council, U.N.
Index, January to June J 959
United Nations Economic Commissions. See Economic
Commissions
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-
ganization. See Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, U.N.
United Nations Emergency Force, U.S. contributions, re-
port and statement : Dillon, 489, 491 ; Eisenhower, 170
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office
of, U.S. support, 874, 878
United Nations Korean Relief Agency, U.S. aid, 874
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration,
U.S. support, 874
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees :
Annual report, statement (Harrison) and General As-
sembly resolution, 137
U.S. support, address (Hart), 719
United Nations Special Fund. See Special Fund, U.N.
United Nations Trusteeship Council, lists of documents,
501, 768
United States citizens and nationals :
Claims. See under Claims
Protection of :
Health, WHO contributions, address (Wilcox), 836
Property, protection against expropriation, address
(Becker), 787
Role in U.S. foreign policy, address (Herter), 738
United States Committee for Refugees, establishment, ad-
dress (Hanes), 874, 875, 877
United States Educational Foundation in the Philippines,
42
United States Information Agency :
Africa, operations in, address (Penfield), 846
American National Exhibition at Moscow, art selection
committee appointed, 381
Ameryka magazine distributed in Poland, 271
Appropriation request for, President's budget message
to Congress, excerpts, 205
Mutual security program, function relating to, 936
Programs :
Latin American, expansion recommended, report to
the President (Milton Eisenhower), 91, 92
Value in combatting Soviet propaganda, address
(Wilcox), 596
United States Munitions List, 765
United States National Committee for the International
Geophysical Year, 684
United States Operations Missions, appointments of di-
rectors, 286, 462, 690, 730, 978
Universal postal conventions. See Postal agreements
Upton, T. Graydon, 646
Uranium resources, agreement amending 1957 agreement
for cooperative program with Brazil for reconnais-
sance and investigation of, 42
Uruguay :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 3S3,
897
DLF loan, 598
Flood, U.S. aid and concern, 764, 919
U.S. tariff concessions on certain meat products, pro-
claimed, 379
Utilities claims settlement, agreement between Unified
Command and Republic of Korea, 110
1021
Vaccine, Salk, U.S. loan to Poland for purchase, 959
Vatican City, international wheat agreement (1959), 689
Venezuela :
Gift of Bolivar statue to U.S., 378
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 2S6
Vessels. See Ships and shipping
Veto:
On-site inspection of suspected nuclear explosions,
Western and Soviet positions. See On-site inspec-
tion
Soviet use in U.N., address (Murphy), 712
Viet-Nam :
Admission to the U.N., question of, statements
(Lodge), 52,54,55
Defense support assistance, U.S., 431
Geneva Accords on Viet-Nam, Communist disregard of,
address (Robertson), 377
ICA program since 1955, address (Barrows), 674
Refugees, U.S. aid, 874
Security and progress of, importance to U.S., address
(Eisenhower), 5S0
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Atomic energy, peaceful uses of, agreement with U.S.,
681, 690
Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
Transportation by air, international, convention
(1929) for unification of certain rules relating to,
285
Visas (see also Passports) :
Issuance to refugee immigrants, address (Hanes), 876
Procedures for handling, improved, 438
Voice of America, Soviet expenditures to jam, address
(Wilcox), 596
Volta Republic, economic and political ties with Ivory
Coast and Niger, address (Satterthwaite), 745, 746
Voluntary Foreign Aid, ICA Advisory Committee on, 21
Voluntary relief agencies :
Aid to Haiti, 565
Importance of, address (Hanes), 876, 878
Voroshilov, Kliment Ef removich, 131, 214
Wadsworth, James J., 700
Wan Waithayakon, Prince, 58, 61, 62
War claims of political persecutees, fund established by
Austria to settle, 962
War victims, Geneva conventions (1949) for protection
of, 74, 537, 854, 977
Warren, George L., 384
Watkins, Franklin C, 381
Watson, Arthur K., 418
Waugh, Samuel C, 106
Weather {see also Rawinsonde) :
Forecasting, use of satellites in, statements : Dryden,
893, 973 ; Lodge, 883
North Atlantic ocean stations, agreement (1954) on,
573
WMO, convention of, 420, 614
West Africa, developments in and U.S. policy toward
(see also Trust territories), addresses: Penrield, 842;
Satterthwaite, 192, 744
West African Federation of Nigeria. See Nigeria
Whaling convention (1946), international, and protocol
(1956) amending, 110, 144, 322, 462, 502, 769, 854
1022
Wheat :
Conference of major wheat exporting nations, text of
joint communique, 793
Disposal policy, U.S.-Canadian discussions, 130
International wheat agreement (1959), 689, 853
Relief aid to : Jordan, 246 ; Yemen, 419
U.S. use of loan repayment from India, 916
Wheat agreement, international (1959) :
Current actions, 689
Signing, announcement of, 853
Wheat Utilization Committee, established, 794
White, Ivan B., 502
White, Lincoln, 866, 921
WHO. See World Health Organization
Wigglesworth, Richard B., 250, 879
Wilcox, Francis O., 399, 590, 750, 835
Willoughby, Woodbury, 404
Willson, Clifford H, 574
Wise, Watson W., 172
WMO. See World Meteorological Organization
Wollmar, Stellan C, 462
Wool fabrics, determination of tariff quota on Imports,
18, 720
Working group, Western, meetings on German problems,
297, 406, 554, 555
World Data Centers, IGY, 685, 687
World economic growth, impact of U.S. economic develop-
ments on, statement (Mansfield), 33
World Forestry Congress, 5th, meeting and members of
U.S. Organizing Committee, 67, 212
World Health Assembly, 12th, U.S. delegation, 767
World Health Day, statement (Eisenhower), 596
World Health Organization, achievements and efforts for
world peace, address (Wilcox), 835
World Meteorological Organization, convention of, 420,
614
World Rule of Law Center, established, 624
World Refugee Year, 1959-60 :
Proclamation, 875
U.S. role, address, letter, and statement : Eisenhower,
709, 872 ; Hanes, 873
World trade. See Trade : International trade
World Trade Week, 1959, proclamation, 670
World Wide Summary, DLF volume of proposed program,
statement (Dillon), 489, 493
Wounded and sick, Geneva convention (1949) relative to
treatment of, 74, 537, 854, 977
Yemen :
Relief assistance from U.S., 246, 419
U.S. Legation at Taiz, Yemen, opened, 538
U.S. Minister, confirmed, 358
Yost, Robert L., 358
Yugoslavia :
DLF loans, 136, 279
GATT, association with, request for and approval of,
766, 918
Refugees, flight from, article (Warren), 385
Soviet-bloc aid, 207
Treaties, agreements, etc. :
Agricultural commodities, agreement with U.S., 145
Bills of lading, international convention for unifica-
tion of certain rules relating to, and protocol, 977
Department of State Bulletin
Yugoslavia — Continued Yugoslavia — Continued
Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued Treaties, agreements, etc. — Continued
Carriage by air, international, protocol amending 1929 Telegraph regulations (Geneva revision, 1958), 286
convention for unification of certain rules relating U.S. consular districts changed, 502
to, 420 U.S. policy toward, address (Murphy), 292
Industrial property, revision of 1883 convention for
protection of, 250 Zinc. See Lead and zinc
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Publication 6961
Released April 1960
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C. — Price 30 cents
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
°]3 S 30
Vol. XL, No. 1019
January 5, 1959
IE
tlCIAL
EEXLY RECORI
IITED STATES
REIGN POLICY
MINISTERIAL MEETING OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC
COUNCIL • Final Communique, Declaration on Berlin,
and Departure Statement by Secretary Dulles 3
LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE BERLIN SITUATION •
Department Memorandum 5
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING
PEOPLES IN PRESERVING PEACE AND FREE-
DOM • Address by Vice President Nixon 14
U.S. VIEWS ON ECOSOC REPORT AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERDEVELOPED COUN-
TRIES • Statements by Senator Mike Mansfield and
Text of U.N. Resolution 33
UNITED NATIONS ESTABLISHES COMMITTEE ON
PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE • Statements
by Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge and Text of Resolution . . 24
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Boston Public Library
Superintendent of Documents
FEB 18 1359
Vol. XL, No. 1019 • Publication 6749
January 5, 1959
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the Budget (January 20, 1968).
Note: Contents of this publication are not
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public and interested agencies of
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Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council
Following are texts of a final communique and
a declaration on Berlin issued by the North At-
lantic Council, which held its regular semiannual
meeting at the ministerial level at Park December
16 to 18, together with remarks made by Secre-
tary Dulles upon his departure from Paris on
December 18.
FINAL COMMUNIQUE, DECEMBER 18
Press release 768 dated December 19
The North Atlantic Council held its regular
Ministerial Session in Paris from 16th to 18th
December, 1958.
International Situation
In a comprehensive survey of the international
situation, the Council gave first place to the ques-
tion of Berlin. The member countries made clear
their resolution not to yield to threats. Their
unanimous view on Berlin was expressed in the
Council's Declaration of 16th December.
The Council will continue to follow this ques-
tion with close attention and will shortly discuss
the replies to be sent to the Soviet notes of 27th
November.
The member states of NATO sincerely believe
that the interests of peace require equitable settle-
ments of the outstanding political issues which
divide the free world from the Communist world.
A solution of the German question, linked with
European security arrangements, and an agree-
ment on controlled disarmament remain in their
view essential. The NATO Governments will
continue to seek just settlements of these problems,
but regret that Western proposals on these ques-
tions have so far been ignored by the Soviet
Government.
The Council heard reports on the Geneva dis-
cussions on the discontinuance of nuclear weapons
tests, and on measures helpful in preventing sur-
prise attack.
The Council's review of the international situa-
tion, on the basis of reports prepared by the
Political Committee, covered a wide range of
problems.
Special attention was given to the efforts of
the Communist bloc to weaken the positions of
the free world in different areas.
Political Cooperation
The Council had before it a report by the Secre-
tary General on political cooperation in the Alli-
ance. The Ministers consider that important
progress has been made in this field during 1958.
They examined the problems inevitably created by
the widening of political consultation. There was
general agreement that the existing machinery of
NATO is well suited to the needs of the Alliance,
and that flexible methods would produce better
results than any codification of rules. The Minis-
ters agreed that the preparation of political consul-
tation in the Council could be improved, in partic-
ular by more systematic study of long-term polit-
ical questions. The Council paid tribute to the
efforts of the Secretary General in the field of con-
ciliation between member countries.
Economic Questions
The Ministers reaffirmed the importance they
attach to the measures taken both individually and
collectively by member countries to stimulate eco-
nomic activity and to ensure continuing expansion
without inflation.
The Council noted the difficulties encountered in
the negotiations undertaken for the Organization
of Economic Cooperation between the European
members of the Alliance who are in the Common
Market and those who are not.
January 5, 7959
It considers it necessary that a multilateral asso-
ciation should be established at the earliest possible
date and expresses the hope that the efforts now
being undertaken with a view to a solution will be
successful.
The Council heard a joint statement by the
Greek and Turkish Foreign Ministers on the prob-
lems of the less developed member countries, and
instructed the Permanent Council to undertake a
study of this matter.
Military Questions
The Council examined the military situation of
the Alliance. After hearing reports by the Stand-
ing Group and the Supreme Allied Commanders,
the Ministers emphasized the vital need, in view of
the continuing increase in Soviet armaments, to
sustain without relaxation the effort of member
countries to improve the defensive power of the
Alliance.
The Council reaffirmed that NATO defensive
strategy continues to be based on the existence of
effective shield forces and on the manifest will to
use nuclear retaliatory forces to repel aggression.
The Ministers examined the report of the 1958
Annual Review and approved its conclusions.
The implementation of the plans agreed in De-
cember 1957 by the Heads of Government * is
being actively pursued, and methods for accelerat-
ing their realization were agreed.
The next regular Ministerial Meeting of the
Council will be held in Washington on April 2nd
to 4th, 1959, at the invitation of the United States
Government, on the occasion of the tenth anniver-
sary of the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty.
DECLARATION ON BERLIN, DECEMBER 16
Press release 761 dated December 17
1. The North Atlantic Council examined the
question of Berlin.
2. The Council declares that no state has the
right to withdraw unilaterally from its interna-
tional engagements. It considers that the denun-
ciation by the Soviet Union of the interallied
agreements on Berlin can in no way deprive the
other parties of their rights or relieve the Soviet
Union of its obligations. Such methods destroy
the mutual confidence between nations which is one
of the foundations of peace.
3. The Council fully associates itself with the
views expressed on the subject by the Governments
of the United States, the United Kingdom, France
and the Federal Republic of Germany in their
statement of 14th December. 2
4. The demands expressed by the Soviet Gov-
ernment have created a serious situation which
must be faced with determination.
5. The Council recalls the responsibilities which
each member state has assumed in regard to the
security and welfare of Berlin and the mainte-
nance of the position of the three powers in that
city. The member states of NATO could not ap-
prove a solution of the Berlin question which
jeopardized the right of the three Western powers
to remain in Berlin as long as their responsibilities
require it, and did not assure freedom of communi-
cation between that city and the free world. The
Soviet Union would be responsible for any action
which had the effect of hampering this free com-
munication or endangering this freedom. The two
million inhabitants of West Berlin have just re-
affirmed in a free vote their overwhelming ap-
proval and support for that position.
6. The Council considers that the Berlin ques-
tion can only be settled in the framework of an
agreement with the U.S.S.R. on Germany as a
whole. It recalls that the Western powers have
repeatedly declared themselves ready to examine
this problem, as well as those of European security
and disarmament. They are still ready to discuss
all these problems.
SECRETARY DULLES' DEPARTURE STATEMENT,
DECEMBER 18
Press release 769 dated December 19
I leave Paris with a firm conviction that the
NATO Ministerial Council meeting was signifi-
cant and successful.
The 15 member nations united as one in affirm-
ing and determining not to yield to Soviet threats
as to Berlin. This determination in facing the
serious situation created by the Soviet Govern-
ment should assist in effecting a solution.
The NATO nations agreed that our defenses
are in good order. But in the light of our com-
mon view that the threat from the Soviet Union
has not diminished and that the Soviets continue
1 Bulletin of Jan. 6, 1958, p. 12.
2 Ibid., Dec. 29, 1958, p. 1041.
Department of State Bulletin
to increase their armed strength, there is yet
much to be done in fulfilling the long-term plan
on which we are agreed.
The process of political consultation which
makes NATO an association unique in history
was carried forward in this meeting with full co-
operation from the United States.
The Government of the United States is de-
lighted that NATO has accepted the invitation of
the United States Government to hold the next
Ministerial Meeting in Washington in April, on
the 10th anniversary of this vital organization.
The American people look forward to welcoming
the Ministers and their delegations with warmth
and friendship.
I was glad to be able to discuss again questions
of mutual interest with the Prime Minister of
France, General de Gaulle, and with the Foreign
Minister, Monsieur Couve de Murville. I ap-
preciated this opportunity of expressing person-
ally to General de Gaulle my admiration for the
progress he has made and the courageous manner
in which he has been facing the problems of
France.
Legal Aspects of the Berlin Situation
Press release 767 dated December 19
In response to many inquiries from the press
and other representatives of the public, the De-
partment of State is making available the follow-
ing memorandum on the legal aspects of the
Berlin situation.
The Soviet Government, in a note to the United
States Government dated November 27, 1958, 1 has
unilaterally and without legal warrant declared it
considers as null and void certain agreements to
which the United States and the Soviet Union are
parties relating to the occupation of Germany and
of Berlin. This declaration, as clearly appears
from the note, is made to provide a basis for at-
tacking the rights of the United States to be in
occupation in Berlin and to have access thereto
with the purpose of seeking to force the United
States into a surrender of those rights.
The United States considers that the agree-
ments allegedly denounced by the Soviet Union
are in full force and effect, that the Soviet Union
remains fully responsible for discharging the obli-
gations which it assumed under the agreements,
and that the attempts by the Soviet Union to un-
dermine the rights of the United States to be in
Berlin and to have access thereto are in violation
of international law.
The legal dispute of the United States Govern-
ment with the Soviet Government involves funda-
mental questions of international law. Among
1 For a Department statement regarding the Soviet
note, see Bulletin of Dec. 15, 1958, p. 948.
them are the respective rights acquired by the
occupying authorities in Germany at the conclu-
sion of World War II and the status of those
rights pending a final peace settlement with Ger-
many ; the question whether a nation may unilat-
erally abrogate without cause international agree-
ments to which it is a party in order to divest
itself of responsibilities which it has voluntarily
assumed; and what is the effect of a unilateral
renunciation of jointly shared rights of military
occupation by one of the occupiers.
During World War II the United States, the
United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, together
with the forces of the Free French and of the
other United Nations, formed a coalition of allied
forces united in the common effort of defeating
Nazi Germany. Several major international
meetings were held between the heads of govern-
ment of the Allied Powers at which the common
objectives were outlined and plans for the secur-
ing of peace were mapped out.
At the Moscow Conference held from October
19 to October 30, 1943, as stated in the agreed
communique, 2
The Conference agreed to set up machinery for en-
suring the closest cooperation between the three Govern-
ments in the examination of European questions arising
as the war develops. For this purpose the Conference
decided to establish in London a European Advisory
Commission to study these questions and to make joint
recommendations to the three Governments.
3 For text, see ibid., Nov. 6, 1943, p. 307.
January 5, J 959
The European Advisory Commission held its
first meeting on January 14, 1944. Thereafter it
discussed "European questions" including the
anticipated surrender and occupation of Germany.
The nature of the subsequent occupation of Ger-
many and Greater Berlin is clearly reflected by
the discussions held in the European Advisory
Commission and the agreements concluded as a
result of the discussions.
On February 18, 1944, the Soviet representa-
tive submitted a document entitled "Conditions of
Surrender for Germany" for consideration of the
Commission, article 15 of which revealed the
thinking of the Soviet Government at that time
in regard to the establishment of zones of occu-
pation in Germany. Paragraph (d) of article
15 of the document proposed the following with
regard to Berlin :
d). There shall be established around Berlin a 10/15
kilometer zone which shall be occupied jointly by the
armed forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
In discussing the Soviet proposal, the British
representative at a meeting on February 18, 1944,
doubted the desirability of including in the Terms
of Surrender a provision giving boundaries to
such zones, since this appeared to him to be a
domestic matter for the Three Powers themselves.
On March 17, 1944, at the Fifth Meeting of the
European Advisory Commission, the Soviet repre-
sentative, Mr. Gusev, stated that he would not
insist upon the inclusion of article 15 in the In-
strument of Surrender, which could thereby be
made shorter. The delimitation could then be
set forth in a separate document to be agreed
on by the Allies (E. A. C. (44) 5th Meeting,
page 12). This separate document was worked
out in a series of subsequent discussions, and on
September 12, 1944, the representatives of the
three governments signed a Protocol on the Zones
of Occupation in Germany and the Administra-
tion of "Greater Berlin." On November 14, 1944,
agreement was reached regarding certain amend-
ments to the Protocol of September 12. The So-
viet representative on the European Advisory
Commission gave notification that the Soviet Gov-
ernment approved the agreement regarding
amendments on February 6, 1945. The United
Kingdom had previously approved on December
5, 1944, the Protocol and amendments, and the
United States approved on February 2, 1945.
The Crimean Conference was held February
4-11, 1945, and in consequence thereof the follow-
ing significant statement was made by the Prime
Minister of Great Britain, the President of the
United States of America, and the Chairman of
the Council of People's Commissars of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Kepublics on the results of
the Crimean Conference :
The Occupation and Control of Germany
We have agreed on common policies and plans for
enforcing the unconditional surrender terms which we
shall impose together on Nazi Germany after German
armed resistance has been finally crushed. These terms
will not be made known until the final defeat of Germany
has been accomplished. Under the agreed plan, the forces
of the three powers will each occupy a separate zone of
Germany. Coordinated administration and control has
been provided for under the plan through a central con-
trol commission consisting of the Supreme Commanders
of the three powers with headquarters in Berlin. It has
been agreed that France should be invited by the three
powers, if she should so desire, to take over a zone of
occupation, and to participate as a fourth member of the
control commission. The limits of the French zone will
be agreed by the four governments concerned through
their representatives on the European Advisory
Commission.
On July 26, 1945, the United Kingdom, the
United States, and the U.S.S.E. entered into an
agreement with the Provisional Government of the
French Eepublic regarding amendments to the
Protocol of September 12, 1944, which served to
include France in the occupation of Germany and
the administration of "Greater Berlin." The
Soviet representative on the European Advisory
Commission gave notice that his Government ap-
proved this agreement on August 13, 1945. The
United States approved on July 29, 1945; the
United Kingdom approved on August 2, 1945;
and the French Government approved on August
7, 1945.
The Protocol, in its final form, provides :
1. Germany within her frontiers as they were on the
31st December, 1937, will, for the purposes of occupa-
tion, be divided into four zones, one of which will be
allotted to each of the four Powers, and a special Berlin
area, which will be under joint occupation by the four
Powers.
The Protocol then specifies the geographical
boundaries of each zone and provides for the divi-
sion of the territory of Greater Berlin, which
"will be jointly occupied by the armed forces"
of the Four Powers, into four parts. Paragraph
5 of the Protocol provides :
6
Department of State Bulletin
5. An Inter-Allied Governing Authority (Komendatura)
consisting of four Commandants, appointed by their re-
spective Commanders-in-Chief, will be established to
direct jointly the administration of the "Greater Berlin"
Area.
It should be borne in mind that the only changes
in the Protocol subsequent to February 6, 1945,
when it came into force, were the amendments
relating to the French occupation rights. The
French Zone of Occupation and French Sector of
Berlin were carved out from the American and
British Zones and Sectors so that the amendments
did not effect any change as between the U.S.S.R.
and the Western powers in the fundamental allo-
cation of authority in Germany.
The relationship of the occupying powers in
Germany was further clarified by the work of
the European Advisory Commission in connection
with the agreement on control machinery in Ger-
many. On November 14, 1944, an agreement was
reached in the Commission with regard to the
organization of the allied control machinery in
Germany in the period during which Germany
would be carrying out the basic requirements of
unconditional surrender. On May 1, 1945, agree-
ment was reached to include the Provisional Gov-
ernment of the French Republic in the control
agreement.
This agreement, in its final form, provides that :
Supreme authority in Germany will be exercised, on
instructions from their respective Governments, by the
Commanders-in-Chief of the armed forces of the United
States of America, the United Kingdom and the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, land! the Provisional Govern-
ment of the French Republic, each in his own zone of oc-
cupation, and also jointly, in matters affecting Germany
as a whole, in their capacity as members of the supreme
organ of control constituted under the present Agreement.
It also provided, with respect to Berlin :
Article 7 (a). An Inter- Allied Governing Authority
(Komendatura) consisting of three Commandants, one
from each Power, appointed by their respective Com-
manders-in-Chief, will be established to direct jointly
the administration of the "Greater Berlin" area. Each
of the Commandants will serve in rotation, in the position
of Chief Commandant, as head of the Inter-Allied
Governing Authority.
This agreement, unlike the Protocol on Zones
of Occupation, contained a provision with respect
to duration:
Article 10. The Allied organs for the control and ad-
ministration of Germany outlined above will operate
during the initial period of the occupation of Germany
immediately following surrender, that is, the period when
Germany is carrying out the basic requirements of un-
conditional surrender.
On May 7 and 8, 1945, the Acts of Military
Surrender were signed, by which the German
High Command surrendered "unconditionally to
the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary
Force and simultaneously to the Supreme High
Command of the Red Army," all forces under
German control.
At the time of the surrender of the German
military forces, British and United States mili-
tary forces held by force of arms all of Germany
west of a line running from Wismar to Magde-
burg to Torgan to Dresden. This area included
practically all of the German territory which has
been allotted to the Western powers under the
Protocol of Zones of Occupation, and a very sub-
stantial portion of the territory allocated to the
Soviet Zone. Of interest also is that the Western
powers had, in the weeks prior to the German
surrender, rejected German offers to surrender or
withdraw German forces on the western front
while holding on the east against the Soviet
forces and thus permit the Western Allies to
occupy all of Germany. Faithful to their agree-
ments with the Soviet Union respecting the joint
nature of the defeat of the Nazi regime and joint
assumption of supreme authority in Germany,
the Western powers repulsed these proposals.
On June 5, 1945, the Allied Representatives in
Germany issued a Declaration regarding the de-
feat of Germany and the assumption of supreme
authority with respect to Germany. 3
The Declaration provided :
The Governments of the United States of America, the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United King-
dom, and the Provisional Government of the French Re-
public, hereby assume supreme authority with respect to
Germany, including all the powers possessed by the Ger-
man Government, the High Command and any state,
municipal, or local government or authority. The as-
sumption, for the purposes stated above, of the said
authority and powers does not effect the annexation of
Germany.
The Governments of the United States of America, the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United King-
dom, and the Provisional Government of the French
Republic, will hereafter determine the boundaries of
Germany or any part thereof and the status of Germany
or of any area at present being part of German territory.
8 For text, see ibid., June 10, 1945, p. 1051.
January 5, 1959
On June 5, 1945, the four Allied Governments
also issued a statement on control machinery in
Germany. This statement is substantially iden-
tical with the Agreement on Control Machinery
in Germany.
Likewise, on June 5, 1945, the four Allied Gov-
ernments issued a statement on the zones of occu-
pation in Germany. The statement announced
the areas agreed previously in the European Ad-
visory Commission in 1944. Article 2 of the
statement provides that
The area of "Greater Berlin" will be occupied by
forces of each of the four Powers. An Inter- Allied Gov-
erning Authority (in Russian, Komendatura ) consisting
of four Commandants, appointed by their respective
Commanders-in-Chief, will be established to direct jointly
its administration.
On June 14, 1945, the President of the United
States wrote a letter to Marshal Stalin concerning
the withdrawal of American troops from the So-
viet Zone into the United States Zone of Occupa-
tion, to be carried out "in accordance with
arrangements between the respective commanders,
including in these arrangements simultaneous
movement of the national garrisons into Greater
Berlin and provision of free access by air, road,
and rail from Frankfurt and Bremen to Berlin
for United States forces."
Stalin replied by letter dated June 18, 1945,
stating :
On our part all necessary measures will be taken in
Germany and Austria in accordance with the above-
stated plan.
On July 1, 1945, United States forces entered
Berlin and withdrew from their advanced posi-
tion in Eastern Germany.
In accordance with the proposal concerning the
withdrawal of United States forces from Thur-
ingia and Saxony and entry into Berlin, a con-
ference was held on June 29, 1945, between
Marshal Zhukov, General Clay, and General
Weeks. General arrangements were made for use
by the Western powers of specific roads, rail lines,
and air lines for the purpose of exercising their
rights of access to Berlin.
The general arrangements were further defined
through actions of the Allied control machinery in
Germany— the Control Council, the Coordinating
Committee, which was the Council's principal sub-
ordinate body, and the interested functional com-
mittees and directorates. Certain of these specific
arrangements were incorporated in approved
papers, such as Directorate of Transport paper
CONL/P (45) 27 regarding rail access, Minute
( 110) (a) of the Allied Control Council regarding
air corridors to Berlin, the Air Directorate paper
on air safety in Berlin, DAIR/P (45) 67 second
revision, and the Air Directorate paper on rules
of flight in the corridors, DAIR/P (45) 71 sec-
ond revision. In addition, a variety of working
practices and arrangements developed with respect
to the exercise by the Western powers of their
rights of access. The arrangements, however,
related merely to the orderly exercise of the rights
of access.
On March 20, 1948, the Soviet representatives
walked out of the Allied Control Council for
Germany after the Soviet representative, who was
in the Chair, arbitrarily declared the meeting
closed. On March 30, 1948, the Soviet Deputy
Military Governor, General Dratvin, stated in a
letter to the United States Military Government
that supplementary provisions regarding com-
munications between the Soviet and U.S. zones of
occupation in Germany would go into effect on
April 1, 1948. These provisions, which were con-
trary to practice established since the quad-
ripartite occupation of Berlin, set forth that :
( 1 ) U.S. personnel traveling through the Soviet
Zone by rail and highway must present documen-
tary evidence of identity and affiliation with the
U.S. Military Administration of Germany ;
(2) Military freight shipments from Berlin to
the Western zones must be cleared through Soviet
check points by means of a Soviet permit ; freight
shipments into Berlin would be cleared by accom-
panying documents ;
(3) All baggage must be inspected at Soviet
check points, with the exception of personal
belongings of U.S. personnel carried in a passenger
railway car or a passenger automobile.
Similar letters were delivered to the British and
French Military Government authorities.
On March 31 the Chief of Staff, U.S. Military
Government, replied that the new provisions were
not acceptable and that such unilateral changes of
policy could not be recognized.
The Soviets then commenced the series of restric-
tions on traffic to and from Berlin which ultimately
culminated in the Berlin blockade. The facts
regarding the effort of the Soviet Union to starve
the population of Berlin in order to force the
8
Department of State Bulletin
Western powers to surrender their rights in the
city are too well known to require reiteration.
The airlift mounted by the Western powers
defeated this Soviet effort. On May 4, 1949, the
Governments of the United States, U.S.S.R.,
United Kingdom, and France reached an agree-
ment at New York 4 which provided in part as
follows :
1. All the restrictions imposed since March 1, 1948, by
the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
on communications, transportation, and trade between
Berlin and the Western zones of Germany and between
the Eastern zone and the Western zones will be removed
on May 12, 1949.
The Council of Foreign Ministers which con-
vened at Paris subsequent to the New York
agreement of May 4, 1949, 5 agreed as follows :
5. The Governments of France, the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United
States agree that the New York agreement of May 4, 1949,
shall be maintained. Moreover, in order to promote fur-
ther the aims set forth in the preceding paragraphs and in
order to improve and supplement this and other arrange-
ments and agreements as regards the movement of persons
and goods and communications between the Eastern zone
and the Western zones and between the zones and Berlin
and also in regard to transit, the occupation authorities,
each in his own zone, will have an obligation to take the
measures necessary to insure the normal functioning and
utilization of rail, water, and road transport for such
movement of persons and goods and such communications
by post, telephone, and telegraph.
Article 1 of the New York agreement of May
4, 1949, was implemented by Order Number 56 of
the Soviet Military Government and Commander
in Chief of the Soviet occupation forces in Ger-
many, dated May 9, 1949. The order provides
that the regulations which were in effect prior to
1 March 1948 concerning communications between
Berlin and the Western zones were reestablished.
Specifically, paragraph 4 of the Soviet Order
provides,
The procedure in effect prior to 1 March 1948 for mili-
tary and civilian personnel of the British, American, and
French occupation forces permitting them to cross the
demarcation line at the control points of Marienborn and
Nowawes without special passes and requiring passes
authorized by the SMA staff for all other control points
is to be reestablished.
The foregoing historical summary establishes
beyond question that the rights of the United
4 For text, see ibid., May 15, 1949, p. 631.
6 For background, see ibid., July 4, 1949, p. 857.
States in Germany and in Berlin do not depend
in any respect upon the sufferance or acquiescence
of the Soviet Union. Those rights derive from the
total defeat of the Third Reich and the subsequent
assumption of supreme authority in Germany.
This defeat and assumption of authority were
carried out as joint undertakings in which the
participants were deemed to have equal standing.
The rights of each occupying power exist inde-
pendently and underlie the series of agreements
which specify the areas and the methods in which
those rights are to be exercised. From this fact
two important consequences are derived.
In the first place, the specific rights which flow
from the Agreement on Zones of Occupation and
the Status of Berlin do not vary in either kind or
degree. The right of each power to be in occupa-
tion of Berlin is of the same standing as the right
of each power to be in occupation of its zone.
Further, the rights of the three Western powers
to free access to Berlin as an essential corollary of
their right of occupation there is of the same
stature as the right of occupation itself. The
Soviet Union did not bestow upon the Western
powers rights of access to Berlin. It accepted its
zone of occupation subject to those rights of
access. If this were not true and the doctrine of
joint and equal rights is not applicable, then, for
example, the United States would now be free
to require the Soviet Union to withdraw from that
portion of the Soviet Zone originally occupied by
American forces and to assume control of the
area.
In the second place, inasmuch as the rights of
occupation and of access do not stem from the
Soviet Union, the Soviets are without any au-
thority to repeal those rights by denunciation of
agreements or by purported transfer of control
over them to third parties. The Soviet Union
cannot affect the rights by declaring agreements
null and void because the rights exist independ-
ently of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union
cannot affect the rights by declaring them subject
to the sovereignty it claims to have bestowed upon
its puppet regime in East Germany, because,
again, the rights remain in being irrespective of
any act of the Soviets. Whatever relationship
the East German regime may have vis-a-vis the
Soviets, it cannot acquire a power in the Soviet
Zone which the Soviets are powerless to give.
The foregoing discussion is, of course, without
reference to the legality of the purported Soviet
January 5, J 959
action in denouncing its solemn commitments,
which is discussed in the succeeding section.
The Soviet Government, in its note of Novem-
ber 27, 1958, states :
The Soviet Government can no longer consider itself
bound by that part of the Allied agreements on Ger-
many that has assumed an inequitable character and is
being used for the purpose of maintaining the occupation
regime in West Berlin and interfering in the internal
affairs of the GDR.
In this connection, the Government of the USSR hereby
notifies the United States Government that the Soviet
Union regards as null and void the "Protocol of the
Agreement between the Governments of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, the United States of America,
and the United Kingdom on the zones of occupation in
Germany and on the administration of Greater Berlin," of
September 12, 1044, and the related supplementary agree-
ments, including the agreement on the control machinery
in Germany, concluded between the governments of the
USSR, the USA, Great Britain, and France on May 1,
1945, i. e., the agreements that were intended to be in
effect during the first years after the capitulation of
Germany.
In an attempt to justify this action, the Soviet
Government alleges :
(1) that such action is legal because of alleged
violations by the Western powers of the Potsdam
Agreement ;
(2) that the agreements were intended to be in
effect only during the first years after the capitu-
lation of Germany ;
(3) that alleged activities of the Western
powers in their sector of Berlin have resulted in
a forfeiture of their rights to occupy those sectors
and to have free access thereto.
Relationship of the Potsdam Agreement to
United States Occupation Eights With Respect to
Berlin
The so-called Potsdam Agreement was issued at
the conclusion of the Berlin Conference of July 17
to August 2, 1945. The Protocol of the Proceed-
ings which embodied the points of agreement
reached by the Heads of Government of the United
States of America, United Kingdom, and Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics is dated August 1,
1945. 6 From this mere statement of the time fac-
tor it is apparent that the Agreement on Zones of
Occupation and the Status of Berlin which had
entered into force on February 6, 1945, approxi-
mately 6 months earlier, does not depend for its
' Ibid., Aug. 5, 1945, p. 153.
validity upon the Potsdam Protocol of Proceed-
ings. Moreover, there is nothing in the Potsdam
Protocol which specifically subjects the prior
agreement to any of its terms or which can be in-
terpreted as having that effect. Nor is there any
evidence that the subsequent agreements on the
exercise of the rights of access relate to or are
connected in any way with the Potsdam Protocol.
Violations (alleged or real) of the Potsdam
Agreement could not, therefore, have any legal
effect upon the validity either of the basic occupa-
tion rights of the Western powers or upon the
agreements which define the rights of the Western
powers to be in occupation of their zones and of
their sectors of Berlin and to have free access to
Berlin.
Moreover, the Potsdam Agreement, insofar as
Germany is concerned, is related to the common ob-
jectives of the occupation authorities in Germany.
The attainment of these objectives was designed to
further the purposes of the occupation of Ger-
many, but there is no indication anywhere in the
Protocol that the right of occupation depended
upon attainment of the objectives. Further, to the
extent that these objectives were not realized, the
failure resulted from violations by the Soviet
Union of the provisions of the Potsdam Protocol.
The major violations were the refusal of the Soviet
Union to treat Germany as an economic unit and
the continuing attempts of the Soviet Union to
obtain reparation payments to which it was not
entitled under the terms of the Protocol. The
United States is prepared to document violations
of the Potsdam Agreement by the Soviet Union.
It has never contended, however, that such viola-
tions affect the right of the Soviet Government to
occupy its zone of Germany and sector of Berlin.
The United States denies, and is prepared to
document the correctness of its position, that it
has violated the Potsdam Agreement as alleged by
the Soviet Government. The United States sub-
mits, however, that the issue is irrelevant to the
question of whether the Soviet Union may unilat-
erally declare null and void an international agree-
ment such as the Protocol of September 12, 1944,
since the two agreements related to different sub-
jects and were in no way interdependent.
It should also be noted that the Soviet Union has
not, in its note, alleged that it considers the Pots-
dam Protocol as null and void by reason of these
asserted violations by the Western powers. If the
Potsdam Protocol remains in force and effect,
10
Department of State Bulletin
then, accepting for the sake of argument that these
other distinct and independent agreements are in
fact contingent upon that Protocol, how can it be
maintained either logically or legally that the
subsidiary agreements are voided by violation of
the principal agreement although the principal
agreement is not so voided? The position is, on
its face, completely untenable.
Duration of Agreements Relating to Occupation
of Germany
The United States considers that the Soviet
Government is notably vague in its references in
its note of November 27, 1958, to the specific agree-
ments relating to Germany which it considers
"were intended to be in effect during the first years
after the capitulation of Germany."
The United States believes that an examination
of the various documents referred to above, taken
in the historical context in which they were agreed,
makes entirely clear the nature of the commit-
ments undertaken by the four occupation authori-
ties. Certain of the documents, or portions thereof,
referred to immediate goals of the occupation, or
to the administrative arrangements between the
occupation authorities. Understandably, express
provision was made in such cases for review after
a reasonable period of time. Specifically, the
statement on control machinery in Germany of
June 5, 1945, is a case where such arrangements
were made. Paragraph 1 of the agreement stated,
"In the period when Germany is carrying out the
basic requirements of unconditional surren-
der. . . ." Paragraph 8 is even more specific as
to the intention of the parties :
8. The arrangements outlined above will operate during
the period of occupation following German surrender,
when Germany is carrying out the basic requirements of
unconditional surrender. Arrangements for the subse-
quent period will be the subject of a separate agreement.
(Underscoring added.)
There has never been any doubt on the part of
the United States that a "two step" occupation
period for Germany had been envisaged in the pre-
occupation planning. Further, the United States
is fully in accord with the position that the "period
when Germany is carrying out the basic require-
ments of unconditional surrender" has long since
passed. A similar introductory qualification was
made in connection with the items contained in
part II of the Potsdam Protocol entitled "The
Principles to Govern the Treatment of Germany
in the Initial Control Period." Just as the Control
Machinery Agreement was recognized as an ar-
rangement to cover a relatively short period, the
Potsdam "Principles" in part II were to govern in
the immediate postwar period prior to the rees-
tablishment of a central German authority when
the Allied Powers would administer Germany
under military government. Secretary of State
Acheson pointed this out in his statement made to
the Council of Foreign Ministers on May 24,
1949. A few days later, on May 28, Mr. Bevin told
the Council that the Western powers considered
the "initial control period" as over. Secretary
Acheson said he heartily concurred in this state-
ment of Mr. Bevin. Mr. Vyshinsky did not meet
the argument squarely or counter the line of rea-
soning implied. He said on May 27 :
. . . the [Control] Council was established for definite
purposes. If these purposes were already attained, then
this fact should be taken into account and new aims
formulated.
Accordingly the United States does not contest
that the Control Agreement and part II of the
Potsdam Agreement were limited to an "initial
control period." The record is entirely clear, how-
ever, that the limitations in these documents did
not indicate that the basic occupation rights and
the other occupation agreements were to terminate
after the initial control period. No such proviso is
contained in the Protocol of September 12, 1944;
the Act of Military Surrender ; the Declaration of
June 5, 1945, regarding the defeat of Germany and
the assumption of supreme authority; the state-
ment of June 5, 1945, on zones of occupation in
Germany ; the statement of June 5, 1945, on con-
sultation with the governments of other United
Nations; the provisions of the Potsdam Agree-
ment other than part II; or any of the specific
arrangements relating to access to Berlin.
The weakness in an argument that the Septem-
ber 12, 1944, Protocol became ineffective after the
initial control period because of some implied
relationship to the time proviso in the Control
Machinery Agreement of June 5, 1945, is clearly
seen by the fact that the Control Machinery
Agreement, in the sentence following the one which
the Soviets seek to spread to all other occupation
agreements, provides "Arrangements for the sub-
sequent period will be the subject of a separate
January 5, 1959
11
agreement." Accordingly, the Soviet effort to
assert, at this late date, that agreements relating
to the occupation of Germany were all intended to
be effective only "during the first years after the
capitulation of Germany" is without substance.
Forfeiture of the Occupation Rights of the West-
ern Powers by Their Activities in Western
Berlin
The United States does not consider it necessary
to disprove the Soviet charges which are made in
the note of November 27, 1958, regarding United
States activities as an occupying authority in
Berlin. It can and will do so if such action should
appear desirable. The well-known fact that there
is a constant stream of refugees from the Soviet-
controlled areas of Germany into West Berlin is
by itself compelling evidence as to which powers
are properly discharging their occupation respon-
sibilities. ■ But no discussion of the facts is required
because the Soviet charges do not relate in any
way to obligations assumed by the United States
in any of the agreements which the Soviet Union
has denounced.
The Soviet position that one party to a multi-
lateral agreement which is declaratory of existing
rights can denounce that agreement and thus uni-
laterally relieve itself of its obligations thereunder
and void such rights is untenable. In the absence
of agreement by the other parties to terminate the
agreement, or in the absence of a specified dura-
tion in the agreement itself, the question of termi-
nation must be justified in terms of international
law. International law does not recognize any
right of unilateral denunciation under such cir-
cumstances.
In order to place its position on this matter in
correct perspective, the United States wishes to
note that, while, as stated above, there was no
agreement or limitation on the duration of the
allied occupation of Germany, the duration of
which it was recognized would depend on the
length of time it took to accomplish the purposes
of the occupation and might be many years, the
United States recognized an obligation of the
Allied Governments under international law to
reach a peace settlement with Germany and not
to prolong the occupation of Germany unneces-
sarily. It is believed that the public record of
efforts on the part of the Western powers to reach
agreement with the Soviet Government on the
terms of such a peace settlement are well known
and speak for themselves.
(1) At the first meeting of the Second Session
of the Council of Foreign Ministers (Paris, 1946)
Secretary of State Byrnes suggested that a spe-
cial commission be appointed to consider a Ger-
man peace treaty. On May 15, 1946, he proposed
the appointment of special deputies to prepare a
draft peace settlement for Germany which the
Council could submit to a peace conference to be
convened on November 12, 1946.
(2) At the Third Council of Foreign Ministers
Session (New York, 1946) Secretary Byrnes in-
sisted that the Council should immediately ap-
point its deputies for Germany and that these
deputies should explore the problem prior to the
Moscow session.
(3) The proposed peace treaty was debated at
the Moscow Council of Foreign Ministers in
March 1947; at London in 1947; at Paris in 1949.
The position consistently taken by the United
States in favor of a final peace settlement with
Germany is thus a matter of public record.
(4) At the Paris session of the deputies of the
Council of Foreign Ministers, efforts were made
from March 5 to June 22, 1951, without success
just to agree on the agenda for a meeting to con-
sider the German question.
The fact of the matter was that during the
period of the debates between the Soviet Union
and the Western occupation powers between 1946
and 1951 the Soviet Union had initiated a system
of government in its zone of control based on
armed force and police-state methods. The
Western Allied Powers could not accept the in-
dividuals put forward as representing East Ger-
many as other than instruments of the Soviet
Union. The Western powers accordingly have
insisted on German reunification based on free
elections as a prerequisite for negotiation of a
peace treaty with Germany. The Soviet Union
has insisted upon acceptance of its hand-picked
East German representatives as having an equal
voice with the freely elected representatives of
West Germany in any reunification. Thus, this
Soviet rejection of democratic principles has
vitiated efforts to reach agreement on the peace
settlement with Germany envisaged during the
war and during the immediate postwar period.
The fact remains that the Western powers have
supported and support now the right of Germany
12
Department of State Bulletin
to have a final peace settlement and the termina-
tion of the occupation period. It is the position
of the United States that, being thus ready in good
faith to bring the occupation period to a close by
legitimate means, there can be no legal or moral
doubt of the right of the United States to main-
tain its right of occupation in Berlin and its corol-
lary right of access thereto and that efforts of the
Soviet Union to assail and interfere with those
rights are in violation of international law.
Attachment : Battle Map and Area of Withdrawal '
Geneva Talks on Surprise Attack
Recessed for Indefinite Period
Department Statement
Press release 763 dated December 18
The Geneva technical talks on surprise attack
recessed today [December 18]. * The recess oc-
curred at the end of an anticipated duration of 5
weeks. No definite date has been set for resump-
tion.
The United States believes further progress can
best be made after a review by governments of the
conference work to date. We consider such a re-
view to be appropriate at this time. We look for-
ward to an early resumption of the discussion of
the surprise attack problem following a study of
the conference records and accomplishments.
The United States experts at this conference,
together with those of Canada, France, Italy and
the United Kingdom, sought to lay a rational and
technically sound foundation for dealing with the
problem of increasing protection against surprise
attack. Our experts sought to make a realistic
technical assessment of the relative importance of
the varying weapons which might be used in a sur-
prise attack. They wished to determine, for ex-
ample, how and to what degree it is possible to
inspect and control missiles, airplanes, ground and
naval forces to give warning in the event of their
7 Not printed.
1 For texts of U.S. and Soviet notes setting the date for
the technical talks at Geneva, see Bulletin of Oct. 27,
1958, p. 648; for announcement naming the U.S. experts,
see ibid., Nov. 3, 1958, p. 688.
imminent use in surprise attack. The United
States continues to believe that such work is neces-
sary to assure successful political negotiations.
The United States regrets that the approach of
the U.S.S.R. was to deal with this question on a
political basis and to bypass the technical facts
which need to be considered. This was not in
keeping with Prime Minister Khrushchev's letter
of July 2, 1958 to President Eisenhower 2 which
agreed on the desirability of "a joint study of the
practical aspects" of the surprise attack problem.
The introduction of political issues and proposals
can only serve to prevent the achievement of the
objectives of a meeting of experts.
Political negotiations on the complex problems
inherent in disarmament have been under way for
more than a decade. Despite our determined ef-
forts to bring these earlier negotiations to a suc-
cessful conclusion they resulted in little tangible
progress. Accordingly, we proposed technical
meetings in the belief that initial agreement could
be reached on the technical aspects of the disarma-
ment problem.
We are confident that technical discussions
among experts can produce agreements on the
technical facts about instruments of surprise at-
tack and their control and that these results in
turn can provide an agreed basis for subsequent
political negotiations. We have repeatedly made
clear that such technical discussions are not an
end in themselves, and that the United States is
ready to undertake political negotiations on dis-
armament matters at any time in the proper
forum. We have consistently stated that meetings
of experts would be undertaken without prejudice
to respective positions of the governments con-
cerned — either the Soviets or our own — on the tim-
ing and interdependence of various aspects of
disarmament.
We urge the U.S.S.R. to review constructively
their own proposals and the record of the con-
ference. We expect such a review to lead to an
early resumption of discussions on the increas-
ingly urgent problems of reducing the danger of
surprise attack.
' Ibid., Aug. 18, 1958, p. 2T8.
January 5, 1959
13
Responsibility of the English-Speaking Peoples
in Preserving Peace and Freedom
Address by Vice President Nixon r
In the 6 years in which I have had the honor
of serving as Vice President of the United States,
it has been my privilege to visit many countries
and to participate in many significant events. I
can assure you that no occasion in that period will
live more indelibly in my memory than the dedi-
cation of the American Chapel at St. Paul's which
I attended this morning and the gathering in this
historic hall which I am privileged to address this
evening.
This meeting of the English-Speaking Union
dramatizes the enduring character of the friend-
ship and alliance of our two countries. The activ-
ities of this organization have been most vital
in cementing our bonds of comradeship.
I consider it a particular privilege to pay trib-
ute to the thoughtful and inspiring leadership of
His Eoyal Highness Prince Philip, who has
spared no sacrifices in this dedicated work. His
recent visit to Canada was only one of many activ-
ities which indicate Ms vital interest.
You all may be justly proud not only of the
contribution you have made to better understand-
ing between our two countries but also the even
greater work of building an enduring basis of
friendship among all English-speaking peoples.
Unity of English-Speaking Peoples
The dedication at St. Paul's this morning dram-
atizes the unity you have worked so hard to
achieve. It was symbolic of the enduring ties that
bind us. It brought to mind the dramatic events
of earlier and more trying days — the magnificent
leadership and the great sacrifices that made possi-
ble our victory in the Second World War.
1 Made before the English-Speaking Union of the Com-
monwealth at London, England, on Nov. 26.
Our thoughts went back to our great national
leaders, Sir Winston Churchill and President
Roosevelt, working together in intimate harmony.
They will receive the ungrudging tribute of his-
tory for their capacity to marshal the forces of
democracy.
Our thoughts turned also to our incomparable
Generals and Admirals — Eisenhower and Mont-
gomery, Cunningham and King. They were more
than brilliant strategists and commanders. Be-
cause of their unwavering devotion to the con-
cept that military ingenuity must be combined
with recognition of civilian authority, they rank
indeed among the great military leaders of all
times.
But above all, today, we honored brave men —
whose names are legion and whose sacrifices can
never adequately be repaid. British and Ameri-
can — farmers and laborers, from cities and coun-
tryside, from offices and classrooms — these were
the men who made possible our victory in the
greatest war in history. Many events of that war
will be forgotten as we turn our eyes to other
tasks, but their deeds will live forever. They be-
queathed to us a spirit, a sentiment, a national
memory that will never fail to capture our ad-
miration as we move side by side in the path of
friendship and alliance.
As Abraham Lincoln said at Gettysburg, "The
world will little note, nor long remember what
we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedi-
cated here to the unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so nobly advanced."
What is the unfinished work they leave for our
generation? I believe that two American Presi-
dents speaking in this same Guildhall have simply,
but eloquently, answered that question.
14
Department of State Bulletin
Woodrow AVilson on December 28, 1918, said:
"The peoples of the world want peace and they
want it now, not merely by conquest of arms, but
by agreement of mind."
And Dwight D. Eisenhower, 27 years later, on
July 12, 1945, said: "To preserve his freedom of
worship, his equality before law, his liberty to
speak and act as he sees fit subject only to pro-
visions that he trespass not upon similar rights of
others, a Londoner will fight. So will a citizen
of Abilene."
To preserve freedom, to keep the peace, not only
for themselves but for all people — this, then, is
the cause for which the brave men we honored
today gave their lives. It is the challenge and
opportunity of our generation to further the ulti-
mate realization of this noblest goal of mankind.
Policies for Preserving Freedom
Let us examine the policies we should follow
if this goal is to be attained. We begin by rec-
ognizing that the free world must be militarily
stronger than any potential aggressor. The exist-
ence of our military strength and our determina-
tion and ability to maintain it are the basic
elements without which the objectives we seek
would be impossible to realize.
But we recognize that military strength in and
of itself will not keep peace unless it is combined
with a wise and judicious diplomatic policy. Let
us see what some of the guidelines for our policy
should be.
We must retain the armed strength needed for
security in a troubled world, but we should speak
with the calm assurance of those who are not
afraid.
We know that, to the extent the law of the
jungle prevails in any area of the world, weakness
and indecision lead to disaster. Yet firmness is
not and should not be arrogance.
We will shun assurances based merely upon
naive hope or even self-deception. But we must
never tire in our search for enforceable agree-
ments which will reduce tension.
We know that little is lost by discussion but
that all may be lost by war. Yet, even in our
tireless striving for peace, we must always be pre-
pared to say that freedom and the rights of man
are even more ultimate values.
Above all, our policies must represent the best
thinking the free world can produce. We are
indeed fortunate in the fact that in men like
Macmillan and De Gaulle, Adenauer and Spaak,
Fanfani and Eisenhower, we have the kind of
dedicated and experienced leadership which is su-
perbly qualified for the difficult task of keeping
the peace with honor for the free world.
In this connection I wish to pay special trib-
ute to your Prime Minister for his initiative in
developing the enlightened concept of interde-
pendence which has proved so useful in bringing
about closer understanding between our two na-
tions and which points the way for improving con-
sultation and cooperation among all the countries
in the free world.
If the struggles for peace and freedom were to
be decided solely by the adequacy of our military
strength and by the quality of our diplomacy,
we could look to the future with justifiable confi-
dence as to the prospects for our eventual success.
But we must recognize that this is only one phase
of the struggle.
Our military strength and our diplomatic poli-
cies are designed to avoid a war we might other-
wise have to fight in the future. We muse not
overlook the fact that other policies must be de-
signed to avoid losing the nonmilitary battle
which has already begun and which is being
waged in many areas of the world today.
The Revolution of Rising Expectations
Let us examine the battleground where this con-
flict is taking place — in Asia, in the Near East,
in Africa, and in parts of Latin America. A
great revolution is taking place among the people
in these areas of the world. What I refer to is
not a military or political revolt but the revolu-
tion of peoples' expectations — the assertion of all
peoples of their claim to a greater share of this
world's goods.
Millions of people in these newly developing
nations are determined to break the bonds of
wretchedness and poverty that have enslaved them
through the centuries. They wish to achieve in
this very generation a decisive breakthrough in
the struggle against misery and disease.
They would prefer to attain these objectives
and retain their freedom. But we must make no
mistake about it — if they believe they are offered
no other choice, they will choose progress even
without freedom.
What is their choice? On the one hand, they
January 5, 1959
15
have the example of the Soviet Union and the
Communist satellites. Here is a pattern that
promises quick results. Thousands of leaders of
these countries are being invited to visit the Soviet
Union to see the very real changes accomplished
in the 40 years since the Communist revolution.
It is not an adequate answer to this challenge
to cite the far higher material standards in most
Western nations. To the newly developing na-
tions of the world this is not the point. They are
not particularly impressed by achievements pri-
marily accomplished in the century of the Indus-
trial Revolution. They are far more interested
in what can be accomplished in the last half of
the 20th century.
What must be made clear and unmistakable for
all the world to see is that free peoples can com-
pete with and surpass totalitarian nations in pro-
ducing economic progress. No people in the
world today should be forced to choose between
bread and freedom.
To shape the world of tomorrow in a pattern
compatible with freedom and human rights we
must all take our part in a great offensive against
the evils of poverty, disease, and misery. We can-
not, for example, afford to allow the free Gov-
ernment of India to fail in its heroic effort to
produce economic progress and retain freedom at
the same time.
We need to apply in this field the same de-
termination, willingness, and cooperation which
enabled us to build the military strength which
deters aggression today.
We must not be miserly, small-minded, and
negative in our approach to this problem. And
while it is wrong to favor change solely because
it is change, it is worse blindly to insist that we
have nothing better to offer than maintaining the
status quo.
We must associate ourselves with the decent as-
pirations of people everywhere for the better life
to which they are entitled.
Just a few weeks ago Premier Khrushchev
promised his people a revolution in living stand-
ards within the next 12 years. He claimed that
the Communist system would overtake and sur-
pass the economies of the Western World.
We should be happy that such claims have been
marie. We would be eager to match the Soviet
leaders in putting less emphasis upon armies, mil-
itary research, and the costly lethal weapons of
modern warfare and more stress upon better hous-
ing, food, clothing, and the other necessities for
a good life.
If Mr. Khrushchev wishes to consider these
steps as a form of competition or contest, I am
sure that all of us would be delighted to accept
the challenge. In such a contest no one could
really lose. The world would be infinitely better
off if man's energies were used for the welfare
of families rather than the building of armies.
But our answer to the Soviet challenge should
not stop here. We say — broaden this competition
and include the spiritual and cultural values that
have distinguished our civilization.
Material achievements, while necessary, do not
meet the deeper needs of mankind. Man needs
the higher freedoms, freedom to know, to debate
freely, to write and express his views.
He needs the freedom that law and justice
guarantee to every individual so that neither priv-
ilege nor power may make any man subservient
before the law.
He wants the freedom to travel and to learn
from other peoples and cultures.
He wants freedom of worship.
To us, these are the most precious aspects of
our civilization. We would be happy if others
were to compete in this sphere and try to surpass
our achievements.
The free world is too often made to appear to be
relying on our superior military power and eco-
nomic strength. It is not worthy of those with
the heritage of freedom we share to appear to be
resting our case on materialism alone.
British Colonial Policy
I know of no better example to illustrate the
point I am trying to make than through an anal-
ysis of that much-maligned institution — British
colonialism. It is understandable in view of the
surging rise of nationalism that we have heard
all that is bad and little that is good about colon-
ialism in the past few years.
Colonialism has had its faults, but it also has
had its virtues. I speak from some knowledge on
this subject. I have visited 12 countries which at
one time or another have passed through the status
of British colonialism.
I have known personally and admired the dedi-
cated and effective work of your superb colonial
administrators. You can indeed be proud of the
16
Department of State Bulletin
contributions that have been made by men like
Grantham in Hong Kong, Templer in Kuala Lum-
pur, MacDonald in Singapore, Crawford in
Uganda, and Arden-Clarke in Ghana.
Let us examine some of the benefits British
colonial policy has produced in the areas in which
it has operated. It brought the military strength
which provided the security from external attack.
It brought in many areas the technical training
which assured economic progress. But more im-
portant than either of these, it brought the great
ideas which provided the basis for progress in the
future — ideas which will live on for generations
after the nations concerned have acquired the in-
dependent status for which an enlightened policy
has prepared them.
The common law, the parliament, the English
language, freedom of speech, assembly, press, and
religion — these are the institutions which are
the proud legacy of the British people in lands
throughout the world.
And so today let us never forget that in the
momentous struggle in which we are engaged
our major advantage is not in the strength of our
arms or even the productivity of our factories.
It is in the quality and power of the great ideals
of freedom which have inspired men through the
ages.
Our responsibility then is clear. Here is a cause
worthy of the descendants of brave men and
women who crossed boundless oceans and settled
in every area of the globe.
Once again we must venture forth not to seek
unfilled lands but rather to bring encouragement,
aid, guidance, and partnership to those peoples
who want to live in freedom and decent prosperity.
We come to them as friends, as brothers, in a
shrinking world. "We do not seek to impose upon
them our economic system or our culture. It is
theirs to choose the path to the future. But it is
our responsibility to see that this choice is an in-
formed one and a free one.
Let it never be said that because of our failure
to present adequately the aims and ideals of free-
dom others chose the often irreversible path of
dictatorship.
Let us speak less of the threat of communism
and more of the promise of freedom.
Let us adopt as our primary objective not the
defeat of communism but the victory of plenty
over want, of health over disease, of freedom over
tyranny.
January 5, J 959
491598— 59 3
With such a goal we shall give the lie to those
who proclaim that we are witnessing the twilight
of a dying Western civilization. Bather we shall
see the onset of a glorious dawn of a new world
based on the immortal ideals for which men have
sacrificed their lives through the ages.
In this very hall, a century and a half ago, an
English Prime Minister gave a brief address that
has been ranked by Lord Curzon as one of the in-
disputable masterpieces of English eloquence.
After the news of Nelson's glorious victory at
Trafalgar, William Pitt was toasted as "the
saviour of Europe." He responded in these
words : "I return you many thanks for the honor
you have done me. But Europe is not to be saved
by any single man. England has saved herself
by her exertions and will as I trust save Europe
by her example."
Here is a challenge worthy of the brave men
we honored today. May we, the English-speak-
ing peoples, proud in the heritage we share, join
with the friends of freedom everywhere and by
our example save the cause of peace and freedom
for the world.
U.S. -Canadian Joint Committee
Discusses Economic Matters
Press release 759 dated December 16
The Department of State announced on Decem-
ber 16 that the Joint United States-Canadian
Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs, which
meets alternately at Washington and Ottawa, will
hold its fourth meeting at Ottawa on January 5
and 6, 1959.
The Committee will consider matters affecting
the economic relations between the two countries.
In particular the members will exchange informa-
tion and views on matters which affect the high
level of mutually profitable trade.
The Secretaries of State, the Treasury, the In-
terior, Agriculture, and Commerce will represent
the United States. Canada will be represented
by the Ministers of Finance, Trade and Commerce,
and Agriculture and the Secretary of State for
External Affairs. As in the past, the forthcoming
meeting will provide an opportunity for these
Cabinet-level officers of both Governments to re-
view the general field of trade and economic rela-
17
tions between the United States and Canada and
to consider how these relations may be continually
improved.
Industry and Government Leaders
Discuss German Coal Problem
Press release 756 dated December 15
Leaders of the U.S. coal industry, including
representatives of management, labor, and ship-
ping, met at the Department of State on Decem-
ber 15 at the invitation of Douglas Dillon, Under
Secretary for Economic Affairs, to consult with
him and with Elmer M. Bennett, Under Secretary
of the Interior, and James T. O'Connell, Under
Secretary of Labor, concerning the surplus coal
problem in the Federal Eepublic of Germany.
Mr. Dillon explained to the industry repre-
sentatives that he had called a meeting at this
time to inform them that the German Government
had sent Dr. Ludgher Westrick, State Secretary
of the German Ministry of Economics, to Wash-
ington on December 10 to inform the U.S. Gov-
ernment that the Federal Eepublic felt it was
necessary to impose immediate and severe restric-
tions on imports of coal, of which the United
States has been a major supplier.
Mr. Dillon told the industry representatives
he had made it clear to Dr. Westrick that the
United States was also confronted with a coal
problem and that we would strongly oppose any
action of the kind being contemplated by the
German Government. As a result of these official
representations, which have also been made di-
rectly to the German Government by our Am-
bassador at Bonn, the Federal Eepublic is
reexamining its projected measure and is seeking
the cooperation of the trade in order to minimize
the impact of its proposed action.
Consultations between representatives of the
United States and the Federal Eepublic have been
under way since last September, when future im-
ports of coal under new contracts were restricted. 1
These consultations will be continued and inten-
sified. Appropriate agencies of the U.S. Gov-
ernment will keep leaders of the coal industry
informed of the progress of these discussions.
All the representatives of the American coal
1 Bulletin of Oct. 13, 1958, p. 578.
industry present at the December 15 meeting made
known to U.S. officials their unanimous objections
to the action proposed by the Federal Eepublic.
The industry's views will be forwarded by the
State Department to the Federal Eepublic.
Mr. Dillon assured the industry representatives
that the U.S. Government is actively interested
in maintaining and expanding the market for
American coal abroad.
Those present at the meeting included: C. E.
Curtin, High Volatile Coal Exporters Associa-
tion; C. W. Davis, Bituminous Coal Operators
Association ; Willy Hopkins, United Mine Work-
ers; L. D. Lara j a, American Coal Exporters As-
sociation; John L. Lewis, United Mine Workers;
Peter F. Masse, C. H. Sprague and Son Co.;
W. H. Naylor, Consolidation Coal Co.; Jerome
Powell, Southern Coal Producers Association;
Harold J. Spear, Castner, Curran and Bullitt,
Inc.
Reciprocity Committee Seeks Views
on Wool Fabrics Tariff Quota
Press release 762 dated December 18
DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
The interdepartmental Committee for Eeci-
procity Information announced on December 18
that the agencies of the Government responsible
for conducting the review of alternatives to pres-
ent arrangements for applying the tariff on wool
fabrics, requested by the President in March 1958,
have reached the tentative conclusion that the
tariff-rate quota on these fabrics for calendar year
1959 should be continued along the general lines
of the quota established for 1958, subject to any
modifications which might be warranted by facts
presented to this Committee. The Committee
is prepared to consider any written views which
interested parties may care to submit on this
tentative conclusion.
Because of the complexities of the issues in-
volved in the review requested by the President
and of the varied effects of existing arrangements
on the several segments of U.S. business (includ-
ing the pattern of imports from the various coun-
tries), it has not yet been found possible to de-
velop recommendations for a more permanent
solution to the problems involved.
18
Department of State Bulletin
During the j^eriod of this review there have
been informal consultations by the various agen-
cies with interested groups at the request of the
latter. Should any permanent solution depart-
ing appreciably from existing arrangements be
proposed, it is anticipated that formal hearings
would be held before any action would be taken
on such a proposal.
The tariff-rate quota is established pursuant to
a Presidential proclamation of September 28,
1956, as amended by a proclamation of March 7,
1958. 1 The earlier proclamation invoked a reser-
vation applying to tariff concessions made by the
United States on woolen and worsted fabrics pro-
vided for in items 1108 or 1109 (a) of part I of
schedule XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade. This proclamation applies to most
woolen and worsted fabrics imported into this
country and provides that the ad valorem part of
the duty will be increased when such imports, in
any year, exceed an amount fixed by the President
which he has determined to be not less than 5
percent of average domestic production for the 3
preceding calendar years.
For imports entering within the tariff-rate
quota, as established each year, the ad valorem rate
of duty is 20 percent or 25 percent (depending on
the nature of the fabric) and for imports in excess
of the tariff-rate quota the ad valorem rate of duty
is 45 percent for most imports. The 1958 amend-
ment to the proclamation provided that the over-
quota rate for imports of handwoven fabrics less
than 30 inches wide and for imports of "religious"
fabrics would be 30 percent rather than the 45
percent applying to all other overquota imports.
The Committee for Reciprocity Information is
an interagency group which receives views of in-
terested persons regarding proposed or existing
trade agreements. The Committee, which is
chaired by a commissioner of the U.S. Tariff
Commission, has, as other members, representa-
tives of the Departments of Agriculture, Com-
merce, Defense, Interior, Labor, State, and
Treasury, and the International Cooperation
Administration.
Written views should be submitted to the Com-
mittee for Reciprocity Information by the close
of business on January 19, 1959. All communi-
1 Bulletin of Apr. 21, 1958, p. 671.
January 5, 7959
cations on this matter, in 15 copies, should be ad-
dressed to: The Secretary, Committee for Reci-
procity Information, Tariff Commission Building,
Washington 25, D. C.
NOTICE ON SUBMISSION OF VIEWS
Committee For REciPKOcmr Information
Wool Fabrics Tariff Quota for 1959
Closing date for submission of written views : January
19, 1959
The Committee for Reciprocity Information hereby
gives notice that it will receive written views regarding
the tariff quota for 1959 on woolen and worsted fabrics.
The tariff quota on woolen and worsted fabrics was es-
tablished by proclamation of the President of September
28, 1956, as amended (Proc. 3160, 3 C.F.R., 1956 Supp.,
p. 44, Proc. 3225, of Mar. 7, 1958, 23 F. R. 1687), under
the note following item 1108 in Part I of Schedule XX
annexed to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(61 Stat. (pt. 5) A1274). This note reads as follows:
Note : The United States reserves the right to increase
the ad valorem part of the rate applicable to any of the
fabrics provided for in item 1108 or 1109 (a) of this Part
to 45 per centum ad valorem on any of such fabrics which
are entered in any calendar year in excess of an aggre-
gate quantity by weight of 5 per centum of the average
annual production of similar fabrics in the United States
during the 3 immediately preceding calendar years.
The Government agencies responsible for conducting
the review of alternatives to present arrangements for
applying the tariff on wool fabrics, requested by the
President on March 7, 1958 (XXXVIII State Dept Bui.
672), have reached the tentative conclusion that the
tariff quota on these fabrics for the calendar year 1959
should be continued along the general lines of the quota
established for 1958 (Procs. cited above and Presidential
letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, Mar. 7, 1958, 23
F. R. 1689). The purpose of receiving the views of
interested parties is to assist these government agencies
in reaching a final recommendation to the President re-
garding the application of the tariff quota during 1959.
All views should be submitted in writing not later
than the close of business January 19, 1959. Such writ-
ten statements should be addressed to "Committee for
Reciprocity Information, Tariff Commission Building,
Washington 25, D. C." Fifteen copies of written state-
ments, either typed, printed or duplicated, should be sub-
mitted, of which one copy shall be sworn to.
Written statements submitted to the Committee, except
information and business data proffered in confidence,
shall be open to inspection by interested persons. In-
formation and business data proffered in confidence shall
be submitted on separate pages clearly marked, "For Of-
ficial Use Only of the Committee for Reciprocity Infor-
mation."
All communications regarding this notice should be
19
addressed to the Executive Secretary, Committee for
Reciprocity Information, Tariff Commission Building,
Washington 25, D.C.
By direction of the Committee for Reciprocity Infor-
mation this 18th day of December 1958.
Edward Yardley
Secretary
Committee for Reciprocity Information
The Role of ICA Employees
in the Conduct of Foreign Policy
Remarks by Under Secretary Dillon a
I am delighted to be here with you this morning
and to take part in honoring 32 of our fellow ICA
employees for their outstanding services. I refer
to them advisedly as "our fellow employees." For
I have felt that I am one of you ever since Secre-
tary of State Dulles charged me with responsi-
bility for coordinating mutual security matters, of
which ICA is so important a part.
I wish that by some miracle of transportation
we could have with us for this important hour
today the thousands of dedicated men and women
who are serving ICA overseas, where I have seen
them operating under difficult conditions and even
under extreme hardship. For I want to tell all
of you in ICA, whether at home or abroad, what
a magnificent service I think you are performing
for your country.
I can testify that my feelings are shared by
every official of the executive branch who plays
a major part in the shaping and conduct of our
foreign policy — and, I am sure, by many dis-
tinguished Members of the Congress as well.
This is especially true of Secretary Dulles, who
has asked me to give you his warmest personal
greetings and to remind you of something he said
in this same room at the first ICA All-Employees
Meeting a little over a year ago. At that time,
you may recall, he told you :
You do not have the job security of other Government
positions, or the remuneration which you could obtain
in private life. What keeps you on the job is patriotism
and loyalty to your country. Such patriotism is usual
in times of war, but especially exceptional and laudable
in times of peace.
What the Secretary said is as profoundly true
'Made before the All-Employees Meeting of the Inter-
national Cooperation Administration at Washington, D.C,
on Dec. 10 ( press release 744) .
today as it was a year ago. Nothing I could say
would add to his tribute.
After the Congress reconvenes in January there
will be honorable men on both sides of the aisle
who will want to take a hard look at our entire
foreign aid program. It is my hope that they
will examine it vigorously, but unemotionally and
without undue partisanship. I personally ap-
plaud such a full and frank discussion. For we
are constantly seeking ways to streamline and re-
vitalize our programs, to increase their breadth
and flexibility, and to enlarge our objectives.
As you know, we are now preparing to present
our next budget requests to Congress. In draft-
ing our requests we have constantly borne in mind
our overriding responsibility to the American
people to insure that every cent of their tax money
will be expended with scrupulous care and maxi-
mum efficiency. I am confident that, when the
proper time comes, we can, and shall, justify our
requests. For the cost of our foreign aid pro-
grams represents only a modest portion of our
national product. And every penny spent on
foreign aid is an investment in free- world security.
I should now like to touch upon a point which
must disturb you as much as it disturbs me. This
is the fact that too many of our people are coming
to think of our mutual security and other assist-
ance programs solely as instruments of the cold
war and answers to the massive economic drive the
Soviet bloc is directing against the underde-
veloped nations of Asia, Africa, the Middle East,
and Latin America.
Actually, as you well know, we have been in
the foreign aid business a long time. Our pro-
grams began in Latin America 15 years ago and
were made worldwide 8 years ago. We are the
defending champions in this field. The Com-
munist bloc's technical-aid offensive, which began
only 4 years ago, is a response to your efforts and
a tribute to your many successes.
The reasons behind the Communist bloc's offen-
sive are readily apparent: The Communist
leaders are aware that a great, cooperative free-
world effort to improve economic conditions in the
underdeveloped areas will erect the most power-
ful possible barrier to the spread of communism.
Rest assured that they will do everything to dis-
credit you and the country you represent.
We can triumph over the Communists by help-
ing the peoples of the underdeveloped nations to
help themselves. But in the extension of our as-
20
Department of State Bulletin
sistance we must use discretion and forbearance
and demonstrate true statesmanship.
In this connection I was struck by a remark
made the other day in New York by Carlos P.
Eomulo, Philippine Ambassador to this country,
who said :
A way of life determined by a specific set of political
or economic doctrines has no meaning as such to Asian
peoples. The struggle which interests them is rather the
constant and bitter struggle for life itself, the struggle
against hunger, poverty, disease and ignorance.
What he meant, I believe, is that in the ideologi-
cal struggle between communism and the West
most of the peoples of the newly emerging nations
are uncommitted — so far. They need our assist-
ance. But they are jealous of their new-found
independence. They will be reluctant to accept
the idea that either the Communist or the free-
world way provides a desirable blueprint for the
good life until they have seen concrete results close
at hand. The challenge to us to help them to
achieve progress under freedom is clear.
The manner in which we extend our assistance
can have a very great bearing upon the path they
ultimately choose. We must offer aid in an unob-
trusive way, working discreetly in the background.
We are so accustomed to self-rule that we some-
times fail to realize how truly staggering a burden
is the exercise of political responsibility for the
first time.
I should now like to say a word regarding the
role which each and every ICA employee must
play in the conduct of our foreign policy.
Yours is a responsibility which rests squarely
upon the shoulders of each individual, whether
here or 10,000 miles away. It is, in part, a re-
sponsibility to help create a better understanding
of our objectives at home and abroad. Each of
you must also play an explicit and conscious role
in the actual conduct of our foreign relations. To
do so will require maturity, tolerance, and a wid-
ening appreciation of the complexities of our re-
lations with other peoples. Let me urge you
never to lose sight of the idealism in which our
foreign aid program was born. For in the final
analysis the success of our efforts will be measured
as much in terms of reaching the minds and hearts
of the peoples of the less developed nations as in
helping them to achieve material progress. It is
a difficult role, but it can be as rewarding as it is
challenging. I have every confidence that you
will prove equal to it.
ICA and Voluntary Agencies
Aid Needy in 35 Countries
The Department of State on December 19 (press
release 766) announced that 24 American volun-
tary nonprofit agencies moved $128,769,930 worth
of relief and rehabilitation supplies to needy
persons in 35 foreign countries during the last
fiscal year. The International Cooperation Ad-
ministration participated in this program by bear-
ing the cost of ocean-freight charges totaling
$25,886,734, according to figures disclosed in the
annual report of ICA's Advisory Committee on
Voluntary Foreign Aid released on December 19.
The relief supplies are collected by the volun-
tary agencies and represent free donations of the
American people. In addition, surplus food
commodities are made available to the agencies
from Government-owned stocks, under authority
of title III, Public Law 480 (Agricultural Trade
Development and Assistance Act). This law
provides authority for the Commodity Credit
Corporation to make available Government-owned
surplus food commodities for distribution to
needy persons abroad after requirements at home
have been met, including the school-lunch program
and public- welfare distribution.
Authority for the ocean-freight program was
first provided in the Economic Cooperation Act
of 1948. It has been renewed each year by pro-
visions contained in successive Mutual Security
Acts. Beginning in 1957, funds to cover ocean
freight on title III commodities have been ob-
tained by ICA under P.L. 480. Foreign nations
receiving shipments from U.S. voluntary relief
agencies exempt them from import duties and
pay all inland transportation and other charges
from dockside to distribution points.
Shipments of food, clothing, medicine, and other
relief supplies made during the last fiscal year
reached a total volume of 691,973 tons.
Private donations through agencies amounted
to 32,909 tons of the combined shipments and
represented $1.5 million of ocean-freight charges
paid. Government-contributed surplus foods
totaled 659,064 tons, on which ocean-freight
charges equaled $24.36 million.
The number of recipient countries has increased
from 10 in 1953 to 35 in 1958, while the total
quantity of annual shipments rose from 46,524
tons in 1953 to 691,973 in 1958.
January 5, 7959
21
DLF Loan To Help Ecuador
Complete Pan American Highway
Press release 755 dated December 15
The U.S. Development Loan Fund announced
on December 15 the authorization of a $4.7 mil-
lion loan to assist the Government of Ecuador in
completing the last remaining unfinished section
of the Pan American Highway in Ecuador. Jose
R. Chiriboga, the Ambassador of Ecuador, was
informed of the action in a letter from Dempster
Mcintosh, Managing Director of the DLF.
The U.S. funds will be used by Ecuador to
complete construction work on a 125-mile (205-
kilometer) stretch of the Pan American Highway
from Loja to Macara in southern Ecuador. When
this link of the Pan American Highway is opened,
it will permit not only unbroken automobile travel
from Ecuador to Peru for the first time but also
from Caracas in Venezuela to Buenos Aires, thus
Unking virtually all countries in South America
by highway. In addition, completion of the
southern Ecuadoran link will open the Loja Prov-
ince of Ecuador to commerce and further devel-
opment.
The Pan American Highway has been under
construction for a number of years to provide an
unhampered motor highway connecting all the
countries of both North America and South
America. Now mostly completed, there are other
short sections still remaining to be completed in
Guatemala and Panama.
The DLF loan to Ecuador will be repayable
over a period of 20 years, one-half in sucres,
Ecuadoran currency, and one-half in dollars, at
an interest rate of 3y 2 percent annually.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
Calendar of International Conferences and Meetings 1
Adjourned During December 1958
U.N. General Assembly: 13th Session
UNESCO General Conference: 10th Session
Technical Discussions on the Problem of Surprise Attack . .
ICAO Panel on Vertical Separation of Aircraft
ICAO Statistics Division: 3d Session
International Conference of Social Work (and associated con-
ferences) : 9th Session.
Caribbean Commission: 27th Meeting
U.N. ECAFE Working Party on Coordination of Transport .
Inter- American Child Institute: Directing Council
WMO Regional Association IV (North and Central America):
2d Session.
FAO/WHO Technical Meeting on Food Additives
ICAO Map Panel: 2d Meeting
U.N. ECAFE Symposium on the Development of Petroleum
Resources in Asia and the Far East.
FAO Indo- Pacific Fisheries Council: 8th Meeting
UNESCO Executive Board: 53d Session
New York Sept. 16-Dec. 13
(recessed)
Paris Nov. 4-Dec. 5
Geneva Nov. 10-Dec. 18
Montreal Nov. 17-Dec. 1
Montreal Nov. 18-Dec. 8
Tokyo Nov. 23-Dec. 6
Trinidad Nov. 24-Dec. 1
Bangkok Nov. 25-Dec. 2
Montevideo Dec. 1-5
Washington Dec. 1-6
Rome . .
Montreal .
New Delhi
Dec. 1-8
Dec. 1-19
Dec. 3-16
Colombo Dec. 5-22
Paris Dec. 6 (1 day)
1 Prepared in the Office of International Conferences, Dec. 18, 1958. Asterisks indicate tentative dates. Following is
a list of abbreviations: CCEP, Commission Consultative des Etudes Postales; ECAFE, Economic Commission for Asia
and the Far East; ECE, Economic Commission for Europe; ECLA, Economic Commission for Latin America; ECOSOC,
Economic and Social Council; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization; GATT, General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade; IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency; IA-ECOSOC, Inter-American Economic and Social Council; ICAO,
International Civil Aviation Organization; ICEM, Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; ILO, Inter-
national Labor Organization; IMCO, Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; ITU, International Tele-
communication Union; NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization; U.N., United Nations; UNESCO, United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund; UPU, Universal Postal
Union; WHO, World Health Organization; WMO, World Meteorological Organization.
22
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
U.N. ECE Steel Committee and Working Parties Geneva Dec. 8-12
North Pacific Fur Seal Commission: 2d Meeting Washington Dec. 8-13
ILO Technical Tripartite Committee on Timber Industry . . Geneva Dec. 8-19
U.N. ECAFE Conference of Asian Statisticians: 2d Session . Bangkok Dec. 8-19
7th Inter-American Travel Congress Montevideo Dec. 9-19
U.N. ECOSOC: 26th Session (resumed) New York Dec. 10-11
FAO Regional Conference for the Near East Damascus Dec. 10-20
U.N. ECE Coal Trade Subcommittee (and related meetings). Geneva Dec. 15-18
U.N. ECE Inland Transport Committee: 18th Session . . . . Geneva Dec. 15-19
NATO Council: 22d Ministerial Session Paris Dec. 16-18
In Session as of December 31, 1958
Political Discussions on Suspension of Nuclear Tests Geneva Oct. 31-
U.N. Economic Commission for Africa: 1st Session Addis Ababa Dec. 29-
Scheduled January 1 Through March 31, 1959
IMCO Preparatory Committee: 4th Session London Jan. 5-
U.N. Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and New York. Jan. 5-
Protection of Minorities: 11th Session.
IMCO Assembly: 1st Session London Jan. 6-
IMCO Council: 1st Session London Jan. 6-
IMCO Provisional Maritime Safety Committee: 1st Session . London Jan. 6-
ICAO Middle East-Southeast Asia Regional Air Navigation Rome Jan. 7-
Meeting.
IAEA Board of Governors: 10th Session Vienna Jan. 7-
5th Pan American Consultation on Geography Quito Jan. 7-
U.N. ECAFE Committee on Trade: Intraregional Trade Pro- Bangkok Jan. 8-
motion Talks.
ICAO: 2d Special Meeting on North Atlantic Fixed Services . Paris Jan. 12-
WHO Standing Committee on Administration and Finance . Geneva Jan. 13-
4th Pan American Consultation on History Cuenca, Ecuador. Jan. 19-
WHO Executive Board: 23d Session Geneva Jan. 20-
U.N. ECAFE Committee on Trade: 2d Session Bangkok Jan. 23-
Executive Committee of the Program of the U.N. High Com- Geneva Jan. 26-
missioner for Refugees: 1st Session.
U.N. Wheat Conference: Negotiating Meeting Geneva Jan. 26-
International Rubber Study Group: Management Committee . London Jan. 29-
Baghdad Pact: 6th Meeting of the Ministerial Council . . . undetermined January or February
U.N. ECAFE Committee on Industry and Natural Resources: Bangkok Feb. 4-
11th Session.
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission : Annual Meeting . San Pedro, Calif Feb. 6-
U.N. Trusteeship Council: 23d Session New York Feb. 7-
L.N. Population Commission: 10th Session Geneva Feb. 9-
ICAO: Special Meeting on Short- Range Navigational Aids . . Montreal Feb. 10-
South Pacific Commission: Rhinoceros Beetle Technical Ad- Suva, Fiji Feb. 16-
visory Committee.
U.N. General Assembly: 13th Session (resumed) New York Feb. 20-
ILO Governing Body: 141st Session (and committees) .... Geneva Feb. 23-
International Bureau of Education : Executive Committee . . Geneva February
Inter-American Conference of Directors of Tourism, Immigra- San Salvador February
tion, and Customs.
UNICEF Executive Board and Program Committee .... New York Mar. 2-
3d European Civil Aviation Conference Strasbourg Mar. 9-
UPUCCEP Administrative Council: 2d Meeting The Hague Mar. 9-
U.N. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East: 15th Broadbeach, Queensland, Aus- Mar. 9-
Session. tralia.
U.N. Commission on the Status of Women: 13th Session . . . New York Mar. 9-
ILO Asian Advisory Committee: 9th Session Geneva Mar. 16-
ILO Committee on Forced Labor Geneva Mar. 16-
U.N. Commission on Human Rights: 15th Session New York Mar. 16-
U.N. ECE Ad Hoc Working Party on Gas Problems: 5th Geneva Mar. 25-
Session.
U.N. ECAFE Working Party on Telecommunications .... Tokyo Mar. 30-
ICAO Panel for Coordinating Procedures Respecting the Supply Montreal March
of Information for Air Operations.
Caribbean Commission: 28th Meeting undetermined March*
FAO Cocoa Study Group : Executive Committee Rome March
FAO/ECAFE Technical Meeting on Agricultural Marketing . undetermined March
IA-ECOSOC Permanent Technical Committee on Ports: 2d Montevideo March
Meeting.
IAEA Board of Governors: 11th Session Vienna March or April
January 5, 7959 23
United Nations Establishes Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
Following are statements made during the de-
bate on peaceful uses of outer space in Committee
I (Political and Security) on November 21/. and in
plenary session on December 13 by Henry Cabot
Lodge, U. S. Representative to the General Assem-
bly, together with the text of a resolution adopted
in plenary on December 13. 1
FIRST STATEMENT IN COMMITTEE I, NOVEM-
BER 24
U.S. delegation press release 3087
Last week the United States delegation, on be-
half of the 20 cosponsors of A/220, entered into
rather prolonged discussions with the distin-
guished representative of the Soviet Union to try
to bring about an agreement on what the United
Nations should do to develop the peaceful uses of
outer space.
We were encouraged in this by the fact that the
Soviet Union had responded favorably to the in-
terest which other members of the committee had
shown in giving the United Nations an important
role in outer-space exploration.
The cosponsors were therefore willing to incor-
porate in a new draft those elements of the Soviet
text which were compatible with the original con-
cept. The United States talked to the Soviet
Union with this as its objective. We believe that
the revised draft 2 does, in fact, include the most
important elements suggested by the Soviet Union.
To begin with, the seventh and eighth preambu-
lar paragraphs of the revised text were actually
taken from the Soviet draft resolution. 3
More significant is another new paragraph in the
preamble — the next to the last paragraph. This
paragraph explicitly states that an important con-
1 For earlier statements made in Committee I by Am-
bassador Lodge and Senator Lyndon Johnson, see Bulle-
tin of Dec. 15, 1958, p. 972.
3 U.N. doc. A/C.l/L. 220/Rev. L
■ U.N. doc. A/C.l/L. 219/Rev. 1.
tribution can be made by establishing an interna-
tional body for the study of outer space within
the framework of the United Nations. We believe
this paragraph incorporates the major concept of
the Soviet draft, by stating directly what the pre-
vious 20-power draft only implied. We were glad
to make this change. We think it improves the
resolution.
We have also included from the key operative
paragraph of the Soviet draft all of the functions
which it proposed that any United Nations body
on outer space should have. These are now listed
under paragraph 1 (b) of the revised resolution
as proposals to be taken into consideration by
the ad hoc committee. Other proposals have also
been made, and the revised draft provides for their
consideration as well.
I think one can say in all candor, Mr. Chair-
man, that the substance of the resolution as now
revised takes into account the various views which
have been advanced and especially those of the
Soviet Union, and we very much hope that the
resolution will receive the unanimous support of
the committee.
Question of Composition of Committee
Mr. Chairman, I am sorry to have to inform
the committee, however, that in spite of the
prolonged consultations between the Soviet Union
and the United States no final agreement was
reached because of the failure to agree on the
composition of the ad hoc committee.
I should like to summarize the reasons why
we were unable to reach agreement with the Soviet
delegation on the composition of the committee.
In brief, it came about because the United States
and the Soviet Union work from entirely different
premises about the nature of relations between
states, the structure of the United Nations, and
the nature of the world.
In our discussions with the Soviet Union the
24
Department of State Bulletin
United States continued to work on the basis of
the principles which I stated in the committee
on November 13 : that is, that the members of the
ad hoc committee should be chosen from states
who have already demonstrated capabilities or an
active interest in the peaceful uses of outer space.
That is the first criterion. The second was that
the composition should also be representative of
the General Assembly. Now, these were our two
criteria in making up the composition of the ad
hoc committee.
I suggested two possible types of composition
to the Soviet Union in line with these principles,
without specifying countries other than, of course,
the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the
United States, and France. In both of them the
Soviet group was granted a share of seats — 1 out
of 9 in the first slate, 2 out of 13 in the second —
which was either on a par with or superior to
their ratio of seats in the General Assembly.
The Soviet representative, however, did not
work from the two criteria which actuated us, that
is, that of capability and interest in outer space
and of being representative of the membership of
the United Nations. Mr. Zorin continued to advo-
cate the principle proposed in the Soviet draft
resolution : that is, a slate composed of 4 countries
from the Soviet group, 4 countries which he con-
sidered to be "Western," and 3 which he considered
to be "neutral." I use those words "Western" and
"neutral" in quotation marks. His maximum
concession was to say he woidd permit the addi-
tion of one Latin American country, while reserv-
ing the right to accept or reject the specific coun-
try. In insisting upon his formula, the Soviet
representative argued that the committee must
meet the Soviet principle that there should be
equality of representation between what he called
the "two sides."
"Two Sides" Idea Not Accepted by U.S.
Now, Mr. Chairman, this "two sides" idea is
similar to the one that the Soviet Union unsuc-
cessfully tried to persuade the General Assembly
to adopt last year for the Disarmament Commis-
sion. It is a concept which the United States can-
not accept. It is applicable neither to any other
United Nations activity nor to any outer-space
committee.
There are no "two sides" to outer space. There
are not, and never have been, "two sides" in the
United Nations. There is one group of members
which always votes alike, on the one hand, and
then there are over 70 others which make up their
minds on the basis of national independence. We
do not therefore accept the idea of "two sides" —
and, frankly, we don't understand it.
The United Nations has never appointed any
committee based on the idea of two sides. We
think this is neither the time nor the place to be-
gin. We must not fasten the "satellization" meth-
od used by the Communist bloc onto the rest of the
world. Frankly, Mr. Chairman, the United
States could not name four nations of which it
could predict with absolute certainty that they
would always vote with us. We just could not do
it. And we are glad that this is the case and
that the world is still free.
But not only did the Soviet representative in-
sist on this so-called "principle" but he also de-
manded the right to accept or reject every possible
member of the committee as a requirement for
Soviet cooperation. In other words, he insisted
on the right not only to negotiate on an equitable
geographical distribution but to decide that this
or that United Nations member from Latin Amer-
ica, this or that United Nations member from the
Commonwealth, this or that United Nations mem-
ber from Western Europe, this or that United
Nations member from Asia, or this or that United
Nations member from Africa, could or could not
serve on the ad hoc committee. In fact, he ac-
tually named some whom he would not accept.
The United States could not be a party to such
an undemocratic and, I think, arbitrary proce-
dure. To use a French phrase : "Ce ne serait pas
dans nos habitudes" — it would be contrary to our
whole way of doing things and of operating here
in the United Nations. We put forth no such
demands of our own. We confined ourselves to
a discussion of the general composition of the
committee by regions and by well-recognized cate-
gories which have been accepted here ever since
the beginning of the United Nations.
Mr. Chairman, the United States will not
knowingly jeopardize the sovereign equality of
member states and thereby the effectiveness of the
United Nations.
Revision of Proposal on Committee Membership
Having started from such divergent points
of view, the United States and the Soviet Union
January 5, 1959
25
■were not able to agree. The 20 cosponsors there-
fore consulted again on Friday afternoon [No-
vember 21]. After careful thought we decided
that the proper course was to make the changes
in the resolution which is before you and to put
forward a recommended slate which could com-
mand wide support and which would be consistent
with the principles which we had adopted.
After consultations with other United Nations
members the 20 cosponsors therefore decided to
propose the membership of 18 contained in the
revised draft resolution : Argentina, Australia,
Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France,
India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Swe-
den, the Soviet Union, the United Arab Republic,
the United Kingdom, and the United States of
America.
This includes the nations most advanced in
outer-space technology, as they are listed by the
International Conference of Scientific Unions,
and it also reflects the membership of the General
Assembly, which are the two criteria that we have
always tried to meet. We consider it to be a
well-balanced and a competent group which can
effectively contribute to the study it will be asked
to undertake. The composition is similar to that
of the Radiation Committee and of the Prepara-
tory Commission of the International Atomic
Energy Agency. It is as large as it should be —
perhaps it is already too large— for maximum ef-
ficiency. It gives the Soviet group, with three
seats, a greater share than that group holds in
the General Assembly. In fact, it includes other
nations specifically mentioned by the Soviet
Union. The cosponsors have made every effort,
in consultation with others, to produce an equi-
table and competent membership. In addition, as
I have said before, the substantive terms of the
resolution, I think, meet the Soviet point of view
in every essential feature. We urge, therefore,
that this resolution be adopted without alteration.
Mr. Chairman, in spite of the disappointment
which we have had, we hope that the Soviet
Union will decide to cooperate in this new com-
mittee. We hope so because not only has it got
much to contribute; it can make a contribution
that is absolutely unique — and I am glad to admit
that here because it is obviously true.
But, if the Soviet Union does not take part in
the work of this committee, I do not think that
that is a reason for the United Nations to waver
or to falter. While the Soviet contribution would
be uniquely valuable — and I stress that — we of
the rest of the world can still do useful work to-
gether. The time to start United Nations activ-
ities in the field of outer space is now, and no
nation, no matter how powerful, should be allowed
to dictate the terms on which the United Nations
should act or to prevent it from acting.
The time has come, I think, for this issue to be
decided, and we urge the committee to proceed
to vote as soon as possible.
SECOND STATEMENT IN COMMITTEE I
U.S. delegation press release 3088
Mr. Zorin states that the United States broke
off the discussions which took place last week be-
tween the United States and the Soviet Union.
To me the fact is that Mr. Zorin himself said that
there was no purpose in discussing the terms of
the resolution if there were not agreement on the
composition of the ad hoc committee. Then Mr.
Zorin refused to agree to any composition which
did not include four members of what we call here
the Soviet bloc. He also insisted on a veto, or in-
sisted that he be given the chance to express his
approval or disapproval over other countries sug-
gested for the committee. In the course of a
1-hour meeting, which lasted from 12 o'clock to
1 o'clock, in which I brought the matter up several
times, he would not move from either of these posi-
tions. And I thought it was recognized by him,
as well as by me, that our efforts to arrive at agree-
ment had come to an end.
At this juncture the United States delegation
consulted with the cosponsors, and it was this
group which then made further changes in the 20-
power resolution to incorporate additional points
from the Soviet draft. The group also enlarged
the composition of the ad hoc committee slate in
order to show as much reasonableness as we could
on that issue as well.
That is the resolution which is now before the
committee. We gave the text of it to the Soviet
delegation Friday evening [November 21], just
as we gave the text of our original resolution to
Mr. Zorin just before we first put it in. Then, a
day later, the Soviet representative introduced his
resolution.
Mr. Zorin asked me why did I pick the list of
nations which is in the 20-power resolution. The
26
Department of State Bulletin
answer can be very simply and quickly given. It
is that I did not pick them. I am not the leader
of a group of satellites. I do not pick anybody.
This list was selected in an extremely democratic
and rather vociferous meeting of sponsors and was
the subject of debate and the result of open dis-
cussion. The resolution was then introduced by
the sponsors, and anything I may have done was
merely as the agent of the sponsors.
Mr. Chairman, nobody is more anxious than I
am to get an agreed position. As I said today,
having the Soviet Union in this committee means
that a uniquely valuable contribution can be made.
There is no doubt about that. I did consult over
the weekend with people who were in a position
to know and who tell me that even without the
Soviet Union there is useful work which can be
done. But that does not change the fact that, if
the Soviet Union were a member, it would greatly
increase the value of this undertaking.
The Soviet Viewpoint
I have left no stone unturned to try to ascertain
in sharp focus just exactly what is the Soviet view-
point. I did so not only last week but as late as
early this afternoon. I was talking with the
Soviet delegation. And from these talks today it
is clear to me that the Soviet Union still insists on
having four members of the Soviet bloc — that is,
the Soviet Union and three of the bloc. It is clear
to me that the Soviet Union is still opposed to hav-
ing Australia and Belgium on the committee ; that
it is still opposed to having any Latin American
country on the committee with which it has no
diplomatic relations ; and it is clear to me that not
only do they wish to have four members of the
Soviet bloc but they wish to have that and reduce
the total size of the committee as well. I think
I understand that accurately.
These are all positions which, to the best of my
knowledge, are unacceptable to a great majority
of the sponsors of this resolution. I have tried
very hard to find out what they think. In the
speech Mr. Zorin has just made he has said nothing
which in any way disproves or denies what I have
just said.
Under these circumstances it is clear to me that
it would do more harm than good to put the United
States and the Soviet Union together in one room
to try to work something out. I grant that the
resolution which has been introduced by Burma,
India, and the United Arab Republic has a certain
superficial appeal. 4 I know that the authors of it
are all profoundly sincere and are putting this in
with the very best of motives. But I think when
we have had prolonged private talks and when
certain facts have emerged as being unchangeable
positions — and I am not passing judgment now
on the relative merits of the two positions — but
when it has emerged that these unchangeable posi-
tions do exist, then I think clearly it does more
harm than good to try to compel further conversa-
tions. To do so might very well defeat its own
purpose and aggravate tension rather than allay-
ing it.
I also do not think that it is for the Soviet Union
and the United States to determine what it is that
the committee should vote for. I do not think this
is that kind of a body. It seems to me that that is
the type of thing that the committee ought to de-
cide. I really believe that the philosophy behind
this resolution is not completely logical and sound.
The Revised 20-Power Resolution
We think that our resolution is conciliatory and
that it meets the Soviet position more than half-
way. Let me tell you why we think that.
The Soviet Union asked for four members of the
Soviet group. Our resolution provides three. The
Soviet Union specified Sweden as a member.
Sweden is a member in our resolution. The Soviet
Union specified Argentina. Argentina is a mem-
ber. The Soviet Union specified Mexico. Mexico
is a member. These are in addition to the points
of substance which are practically all covered in
our resolution.
I would like to say, Mr. Chairman, that to pass
this resolution is not the last word. It is not an
irrevocable closing of the door at all. It is another
doorway through which we can go. It opens the
way toward further deliberations. It is the best
way, I think, for us to make progress at this time.
At the end of this morning's meeting, Mr. Zorin
asked for clarification regarding the 20-power
draft resolution. He asked whether the appro-
priate international body referred to in the next
to the last paragraph of the preamble is the same
'The three-power draft resolution (U.N. doc. A/C.l/L.
224/Rev. 1) requested the U.S. and U.S.S.R. "to consider
this matter and to report to this committee of the General
Assembly on an urgent basis on an agreed and practical
approach to this problem."
January 5, J 959
27
as or different from the ad hoc committee provided
for in the first operative paragraph of the resolu-
tion. I would like to comment on the meaning of
the revised 20-power resolution so as to remove
any possible doubt on this point.
The two bodies are not the same. The ad hoc
committee which the resolution would establish is
charged with making a study of international re-
sources, activities, and problems in the field of the
peaceful uses of outer space. It is also charged
with making recommendations to the General As-
sembly on a future organization within the frame-
work of the United Nations to facilitate inter-
national cooperation. In making these recom-
mendations the ad hoc committee will have to
consider the form which such arrangements should
take, including the composition and structure of a
continuing international body. Until the study by
the ad hoc committee is completed, it will be im-
possible to know what form such a body should
have. The selection of an ad hoc study committee
now does not in any way prejudge the composition
and the structure of a continuing United Nations
body to deal with outer space.
THIRD STATEMENT IN COMMITTEE I
U.S. delegation press release 3089
Let me just state the position of the United
States on this three-power resolution.
We intend to vote against it because we are
convinced, from all the many conversations which
we have had with the Soviet delegation, that they
still insist on having four members of the Soviet
group on the ad hoc committee and that they
wanted the ad hoc committee to be smaller than
it is. We are convinced that they object to Aus-
tralia being on it, to Belgium being on, and to
any Lathi American being on it with whom they
do not have diplomatic relations. We have that
impression from conversations which are as re-
cent as today.
Obviously, under those circumstances, you tend
to make matters worse if you compel people to
talk when the positions are as rigid as that. 5
I said that the 20-power resolution was not the
last word. Of course it is not the last word. The
"The three-power draft resolution was rejected in
Committee I on Nov. 24 by a vote of 25 to 14 with 42
abstentions.
best tiling to do to advance this whole subject is
to press the 20-power resolution. That opens a
new door. It opens a door to action, to study, to
fruitful endeavor. It is a mucli more promising
avenue for us to follow than to spend any more
of the valuable time of the First Committee in a
sterile discussion as to what nations should or
should not be members of the ad hoc committee.
Believe me, Mr. Chairman, we have been over
that very thoroughly as recently as a few hours
ago. There isn't any give at all in the Soviet
position on the matters that I have just stated.
[In a further intervention, Mr. Lodge said :]
Mr. Zorin seems somewhat agitated at the fact
that I assumed that, when a member of the Soviet
delegation says something in a conversation, it is
the same thing as what he would say in a nego-
tiation. It seems to me that it is a reasonable
thing to assume. When a member of this com-
mittee asks me a question in a hotel dining room,
or in the delegates lounge, or in the corridor, or
here, he always gets the same answer out of me.
I do not have one answer that I give in a con-
versation and another answer that I give in a
negotiation. Our policy is the same to everybody
and all the time.
I think I was perfectly justified in assuming,
after I asked this question about Soviet insist-
ence on having four members of the ad hoc com-
mittee and having received the reply, that, yes,
they still did insist on that — I think I was justi-
fied in concluding that they still insist on it. I
must say I listened very carefully to everything
Mr. Zorin said. There was not a single inkling
or indication that he was willing to give up his
claim to have the Soviet Union and three members
of the Soviet bloc on the ad hoc committee. It
certainly would be very easy for him to say it if
he intended to say it.
Mr. Chairman, it is we who have gone more
than halfway to meet the Soviet Union. They
wanted to have four votes; we offered three.
That is not a bad arrangement from the Soviet
viewpoint. They specifically mentioned Sweden ;
Sweden is on. They specifically mentioned Ar-
gentina ; Argentina is on. They specifically men-
tioned Mexico; Mexico is on.
I think we have shown good faith and a reason-
able attitude. When I got told just a few hours
ago that they still insist on four members and
28
Department of State Bulletin
they want to reduce the size of the ad hoc com-
mittee, I think I am justified in believing that
that is the Soviet position, particularly when Mr.
Zorin does not say anything to deny it.
FOURTH STATEMENT IN COMMITTEE I
U.S. delegation press release 3090
I need scarcely say that the United States is not
foisting its will upon anybody.
Mr. Zorin cannot understand free relationships
between equals. He sees the world in terms of
master and servant. Nothing that I can say or
that anybody can say here can cause him to depart
from that way of looking at life. Everybody is
free to vote any way they want to, as far as the
United States is concerned.
Also I rather think that if a Soviet resolution
were to receive a good, big vote of 50 to 9, for ex-
ample, the Soviet Union would think that was all
right. I just think that. I do not believe they
would complain one little bit. I do not think you
would hear them here talking about their foisting
their will upon anybody. It just depends on
whose ox is gored.
Four times this afternoon I provided a very
definite opportunity for the Soviet representative
to show whether there was any give at all in his
position concerning the composition of the ad hoc
committee. I brought up various points. I
won't tire the committee with repeating them be-
cause I did it four separate times. While there
were all kinds of denunciations about how awful
I was, and that was done in many different ways,
never was there any sign of any flexibility at all
in the Soviet position. We have gone more than
halfway to meet that position. So if this thing
breaks down, it is the fault of the Soviet Union
and not that of the United States.
FIRST STATEMENT IN PLENARY, DECEMBER 13
U.S. delegation press release 3139
Mr. President, I think it is rather a pity that
this General Assembly has been characterized
more prominently than in any other way by the
attempt of the Soviet Union to make every single
subject in the General Assembly a source of ri-
valry between the United States and the Soviet
Union, leaving everyone else out.
We believe in the small countries. We believe
in having a big General Assembly, where every
country has one vote. We can never fall in with
this Soviet plan to divide the world into two
power blocs, where there is just the Soviet Union
and the United States that do the talking. I re-
gret that Mr. Sobolev's speech was very much in
line with that way of thinking.
In his speech he raised the question of disar-
mament to the use of outer space, and he referred
to military bases which are, of course, totally un-
related to this question. But, as he has raised it,
let me say this to him. Whenever the Soviet
Union wishes to talk about realistic measures to
ban the use of outer space for military purposes,
the United States is ready.
We were the first to seek such an agreement.
For 2 years we have repeated our offer to nego-
tiate, most recently on two occasions in the First
Committee. 6 Unfortunately the Soviet Union
has failed ever to respond to our offers. The
United States would like nothing better than to
make real progress in this important field.
Effort To Meet Soviet Position
Let me say, too, that the sponsors of the outer-
space resolution adopted the salient features of
the Soviet resolution. We took those ideas over
and put them in and adopted them as an example
of our good will and our desire for harmony.
The sponsors of this resolution made a number
of offers which, I think, can be characterized as
generous as regards the membership on the pro-
posed committee. I think the sponsors sought to
meet the Soviet Union more than halfway.
But when we tried to do this, the answer that we
got from Mr. Zorin was to eliminate from the pro-
posed committee six countries, all of which have
a big part to play in outer space. And I do not
know why I should not give you the list of the
names of the countries which Mr. Zorin wanted
to eliminate from the proposed committee: Italy,
Belgium, Japan, Brazil, Iran, and Australia, all
of them countries with a contribution to make.
He insisted that they all be dropped out.
We even offered to add Rumania. We thought
that might make the proposed ad hoc committee
more attractive to him if we added Rumania.
But Mr. Zorin said "No."
* For a statement by Ambassador Lodge on Oct. 10, see
Bulletin of Nov. 10, 195S, p. 747 ; for statements of Nov.
24, see p. 24.
January 5, 7959
29
I heard Mr. Sobolev tonight talk about mechan-
ical majorities. One of the things that has im-
pressed me, and I think it has impressed quite a
few others, is the mechanical minority which we
see performing fairly regularly here. I think
that if the day ever comes when the Soviet Union
gets a majority in this body — and I hope it will
come because that means that they will have
changed their policies and their attitude — when
the day comes that they get a majority, I do not
think then they will call it a mechanical major-
ity. It is mechanical when the other fellow gets
it.
Mr. President, the United States supports this
draft resolution on peaceful uses of outer space.
We think it should command the unanimous sup-
port of the General Assembly and that it could
do so were it not for the insistence by the Soviet
Union on what we consider to be a distorted and
unprecedented composition for the committee.
The Soviet representative has made it clear that
he is unwilling to accept a composition based on
two criteria : scientific advancement and technical
activity in the field of outer space on the one hand
and equitable geographical distribution repre-
sentative of the members of the General Assem-
bly on the other.
If you look at the list of the members of the
committee, you will see that they reflect those two
criteria.
Soviet Insistence on "Two Sides" Theory
The Soviet Union insisted on certain conditions
regarding composition which we consider to be
entirely incompatible with the principles upon
which the United Nations was foimded. It in-
sisted with respect to this new venture of interna-
tional cooperation that the world be divided into
two hostile camps, or "two sides," as Mr. Zorin
phrased it. Then the two camps or "sides" must
be represented by equal numbers of countries on
the proposed committee. Decisions woidd be
made by voting blocs. There would not be delib-
eration ; there would not be consideration on the
merits of the questions; there would not be inde-
pendent judgments. There would simply be these
blocs that would play "follow the leader."
Now I do not think the United Nations can ac-
cept something like that. It is totally inappro-
priate to an effort of international cooperation to
approach this subject on these assumptions of con-
flicts and hostility and power politics. It is
clearly undemocratic, and it is out of line with
the previous decisions of the General Assembly
on this question. This is a very f undamental dif-
ference.
The Soviet Union is attempting to create a new
position for itself in the United Nations — and it
is attempting to do so at the expense of the rank
and file of United Nations members. Now there
isn't any other way you can do it. When the So-
viet representative talks about equality, that is
precisely what he means.
If this effort succeeds to divide the world into a
group of satellites of the Soviet Union — which
does exist — and a group of satellites of the United
States — which does not exist and which never will
exist — then the rest of the members of the Gen-
eral Assembly might as well go home. There
would be nothing left here for them to do.
I think the time to resist these demands is when
they start. And that is what the General Assem-
bly did when it rejected the Soviet demand for
the "satellization" of the Disarmament Commis-
sion last year.
We believe that the General Assembly will
continue to do the same in the future, and that
it will prevent the Soviet Union from shrinking
the influence of the General Assembly to the
vanishing point in the same way that it has de-
stroyed the legal authority of the Security Coun-
cil. That is exactly what is at stake here.
Mr. President, the composition of the outer-
space committee is more than fair to the Soviet
Union and its adherents. In spite of the differ-
ences which have developed, we still hope that
the Soviet Union will recognize these facts and
will ultimately decide to participate. The work
of the committee will proceed anyway, but we
hope it can proceed cooperatively.
The United Nations should assume its role in
the peaceful uses of outer space now, when a new
era is starting. This is the reason why the United
States asked the General Assembly to consider the
peaceful uses of outer space and to establish a
committee which would survey the problems and
the resources involved, and which would recom-
mend to the next session of the General Assembly
programs of international cooperation in outer
space which might be undertaken under United
Nations auspices and under organizational ar-
rangements which would be suitable and
consti-uctive.
30
Department of State Bulletin
The proposed ad hoc committee on outer space
has important work before it. The Soviet Union
can make a great and unique contribution to its
work. In spite of the differences of which you
are a witness here tonight, we still hope that the
Soviet Union will not withhold the great contri-
bution it can make to international cooperation
in this field. The United States, for its part,
pledges wholehearted cooperation in the future
work of this committee.
SECOND STATEMENT IN PLENARY 7
U.S. delegation press release 3140
Mr. President, let me begin by saying, in re-
sponse to the remark which you made, that we
would like nothing better than to break the
deadlock.
Now I am just going to give the Assembly the
factual history of these negotiations. The Soviet
Union has tried to cultivate the impression that
it has been eminently reasonable and that the 54
members of the United Nations who voted for the
resolution — but particularly the United States —
have been inflexible and unreasonable and they
have refused to negotiate seriously. So let us see
exactly what happened.
First, the United States gave the Soviet Union
its draft resolution several days before the debate
began, and at the same time we gave it to other
members. We asked the Soviet Union for sug-
gestions, offered the Soviet Union an opportunity
to cosponsor, and we gave it time to consider the
question. One hour later the Soviet Union, with-
out notice to the United States, submitted its own
resolution. Four days later the Soviet repre-
sentative finally replied to our approaches, telling
us that the Soviet Union preferred the debate to
proceed. Now this was the kind of cooperation
which we got at the outset.
Second, the Soviet Union submitted its revised
resolution, which deleted the military-base issue
but which also specified what states should be on
the committee. Again there was no advance
consultation.
The Soviet slate was carefully arranged to
include four members from the Soviet group, four
from what it calls "Western" countries, and four
'Made after the adoption of the 20-power draft reso-
lution (U.N. doc. A/C.l/L. 220/Rev. 1).
of which it regards as "neutrals." It was clearly
based on a "two sides" concept. This was the
second example of Soviet "cooperation." We
welcomed the evolution of the Soviet position,
and after consultation with our cosponsors we
entered into discussions with the Soviet Union to
try to produce a joint resolution with a reasonable
composition.
Third, the United States delegation on behalf
of the cosponsors had private talks with the Soviet
Union on November 20 and 21. We took the
position that the committee should reflect technical
competence in outer space and the membership of
the United Nations. The Soviet Union contended
that it must be made up of "two sides" and that
the Soviet Union should have the right to veto
all candidates.
We suggested two possible slates based on our
criteria and fair to the Soviet Union — one of 9
members, one of 13. The Soviet Union continued
to insist on a composition including 4 Communist
countries and reflecting the "equality of two sides"
idea. It stated that it would neither accept coun-
tries from Latin America with which it did not
have diplomatic relations nor that it would accept
Australia or Belgium. This produced what in
French is called an impasse, a fact which both of
us recognized at that time. In fact, that actual
word was used at the end of the final discussion.
That was the third example of "cooperation."
In the fourth place, the cosponsors then decided
to introduce a revised resolution with their own
slate of 18 members with a ratio still more favor-
able to the Soviet Union, which they did after
discussion of the candidates with other members
of the committee. Then the First Committee
approved this list by a vote on the pertinent
paragraph of 51 to 9. The Soviet Union then
stated it would not serve on the committee, even
though the Soviet Union and its satellites would
have a larger share of seats, a larger proportion
of seats, than they enjoy in the United Nations
itself. This was the fourth example of Soviet
"cooperation."
Fifth, because of the obvious value of Soviet
cooperation in the proposed committee, several
delegations have made informal efforts since the
resolution was adopted to ascertain whether some
agreement could be reached. The Soviet Union
tried to convey the hnpression in these conversa-
tions that it wished to be on the committee and
January 5, 7959
31
that the United States alone prevented its par-
ticipation.
But wherever the Soviet position has been
further explored, in each instance it has become
clear that it has no intention of negotiating. It
continues to insist on the "equality of two sides"
and also on the removal of certain members al-
ready elected to the committee. This has been the
fifth example of Soviet "cooperation."
In order to provide every possible opportunity
for an agreement to be reached, the United States
delegation again consulted with the Soviet dele-
gation Thursday evening — that is, the night before
last [December 11]. I suggested that the com-
mittee might be increased by two more members,
Rumania and Austria. The addition of Rumania
would have meant that every single state origi-
nally suggested by the Soviet Union would be
included. But the representative of the Soviet
Union rejected this offer. He said that any in-
crease would have to be by 6 members — all, he
said, on what he calls "on our side" ; so that there
would be a "balance" in the committee of 12 on
what he regarded as the Soviet "side" and 12 he
regarded as on the United States "side." He rec-
ognized this would sound "artificial" and proposed
instead a "balanced" membership of 14. His pro-
posal was to drop Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
Italy, Iran, and Japan and to substitute Rumania
and Ceylon. There isn't any question about it. I
took the names and checked them off against the
names on our list, and the ones that would have
dropped off were these six. He made it absolutely
clear that the Soviet Union wanted to have a
"balanced" slate reflecting an "equality of two
sides." It was also clear that he still insisted on
vetoing Australia, Belgium, and any Latin Ameri-
can country with which the Soviet Union had no
diplomatic relations, adding opposition this time
to Italy, Iran, and Japan. The negotiations
therefore broke down again. And this was the
sixth example of Soviet "cooperation."
Yesterday morning, to finish this narrative, we
asked the Soviet representatives again whether
they had reached any new conclusions concerning
the suggestion we had made. They repeated their
proposal for reducing the number of members to
14 on a basis of "two sides" and made totally clear
that they could not accept any increase at all in
the size of the committee.
TEXT OF RESOLUTION^
The General Assembly,
Recognizing the common interest of mankind in outer
space and that it is the common aim that it should be used
for peaceful purposes only,
Bearing in mind the provision of Article 2, paragraph
1, of the Charter, which states that "the Organization
is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of
all its Members",
Wishing to avoid the extension of present national
rivalries into this new field,
Desiring to promote energetically the fullest explora-
tion and exploitation of outer space for the benefit of
mankind,
Conscious that recent developments in respect of outer
space have added a new dimension to man's existence
and opened new possibilities for the increase of his
knowledge and the improvement of his life,
Noting the success of the scientific co-operative pro-
gramme of the International Geophysical Year in the
exploration of outer space and the decision to continue
and expand this type of co-operation,
Recognizing the great importance of international co-
operation in the study and utilization of outer space for
peaceful purposes,
Considering that such co-operation will promote mutual
understanding and the strengthening of friendly relations
among peoples,
Believing that the development of programmes of inter-
national and scientific co-operation in the peaceful uses
of outer space should be vigorously pursued,
Believing that progress in this field will materially help
to achieve the aim that outer space should be used for
peaceful purposes only,
Considering that an important contribution can be made
by the establishment within the framework of the United
Nations of an appropriate international body for co-opera-
tion in the study of outer space for peaceful purposes,
Desiring to obtain the fullest information on tie many
problems relating to the peaceful uses of outer space be-
fore recommending specific programmes of international
co-operation in this field,
1. Establishes an Ad Hoc Committee on the peaceful
uses of outer space consisting of the representatives of
Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czecho-
slovakia, France, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland,
Sweden, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab
Republic, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and the United States of America and requests it
to report to the fourteenth General Assembly on the
following :
(a) the activities and resources of the United Nations,
8 U.N. doc. C.l/L.220/Rev. 1 ; adopted in Committee I on
Nov. 24 by a vote of 54 to 9 with 18 abstentions and in
plenary session on Dec. 13 by a vote of 53 to 9 with 19
abstentions.
32
Department of State Bulletin
its specialized agencies and of other international bodies
relating to the peaceful uses of outer space ;
(b) the area of international co-operation and pro-
grammes in the peaceful uses of outer space which could
appropriately be undertaken under United Nations aus-
pices to the benefit of States irrespective of the state
of their economic or scientific development, taking into
account the following proposals, among others :
(i) continuation on a permanent basis of the outer
space research now being carried on within the framework
of the International Geophysical Year ;
( ii ) organization of mutual exchange and dissemination
of information on outer space research ; and
(iii) co-ordination of national research programmes
for the study of outer space, and the rendering of all
possible assistance and help towards their realization ;
(c) the future organizational arrangements to facilitate
international co-operation in this field within the frame-
work of the United Nations ;
(d) the nature of legal problems which may arise in
the carrying out of programmes to explore outer space;
2. Requests the Secretary-General to render appropriate
assistance to the above-named Committee and to recom-
mend any other steps that might be taken within the
existing United Nations framework to encourage the
fullest international co-operation for the peaceful uses
of outer space.
U.S. Views on ECOSOC Report and Economic Development
of Underdeveloped Countries
Following are two statements made by Senator
Mike Mansfield, U.S. Representative to the Gen-
eral Assembly, in Committee II {Economic and
Financial) on November 18 and 19, dealing with
the annual report of the Economic and Social
Council (U.N. doc. A/ '3848) and economic devel-
opment of underdeveloped countries, together with
the text of a resolution adopted in plenary session
on December 12.
STATEMENT OF NOVEMBER 18
U.S. delegation press release 3083
One of the most widely held convictions of our
time is that sustained growth of the world econ-
omy is not only possible but imperative. Of
course, no one argues that such growth can be uni-
form in pace or in its application. New products
and techniques appear. Demand changes for dif-
ferent commodities and services. Some industries
expand ; others lose their momentum, or even re-
cede. Economic growth throughout the world has
been characterized in the past by the unevenness
of its pace.
In the United States we have experienced dur-
ing the last several months such a temporary break
in economic expansion. At the last session of the
Economic and Social Council fears were expressed
that this slackening of economic activity in the
United States might seriously impair prospects
for the continued advancement of the world econ-
omy over the next few years. It was feared that
even the gains achieved since World War II might
be in danger. In part these apprehensions re-
flected the view expressed in the World Economic
Survey for 1957 1 that "neither may it be antici-
pated that in the United States — the country with
maximum impact on the world economy — the re-
cession will be as brief or as mild as in 1948-1949
or 1953-1954."
At that time the United States representative in
the Economic and Social Council [Christopher H.
Phillips] summed up the prospects as he saw them
in these words : 2
We have solid grounds for confidence that we shall
resume economic progress without extended interruption.
. . . There is strong reason to believe that the decline has
been altered and will soon be followed by recovery.
Events since last summer have demonstrated
that this confidence was justified.
Recession and Recovery
The business contraction through which the
American economy has just passed displayed two
major characteristics.
First, it was short. The decline in economic ac-
tivity lasted only 8 months. The previous peak
was reached in the third quarter of 1957. The
'U.N. publication 1958, II. C. 1
2 Bulletin of Sept. 1, 1958, p. 351.
(U.N. doc. E/3110).
January 5, 1959
33
bottom of the recession was reached in the second
quarter of 1958. One-half of the decline in indus-
trial production suffered during the preceding 8
months was erased in the 4 months from May
through August of this year.
Second, the recession has been relatively mild.
The maximum drop in gross national product was
4 percent. The maximum drop in personal income
was 2 percent.
During the third quarter of this year goods and
services were being produced at an annual rate of
about $440 billion. This compares with a rate of
about $428 billion for the first two quarters of this
year and $440 billion for 1957. Personal income is
at an annual rate of about $357 billion — up $6 bil-
lion from a year ago. The seasonally adjusted
figure of total employment was 64.2 million in
October, compared with the low point of 63.7 mil-
lion during the recession.
As has been the case since the end of World War
II, our economy has continued to show strength
and resiliency. It has provided the American
people with the highest standard of living ever
achieved. It has enabled the United States to
assume heavy commitments designed to assist the
economic development of the less developed coun-
tries and to bring greater strength and unity to
free nations. It has come closest to achieving the
purported Communist goal of prosperity for all in
a classless society — not by expropriation, not by
abrogating individual freedom, but by providing
greater opportunities to ever-increasing numbers
to share in a constantly expanding volume of goods
and services.
True, the expansion of our economy has been
interrupted three times in the postwar period. In
each case, however, the halt was brief. The record
of the American economy since the war demon-
strates that a free society can achieve sustained
economic growth with reasonable stability.
But the American people are not content to rest
on what has already been accomplished. Recovery
has not yet reached the point where our existing
productive facilities are being fully utilized. Nor
has the rise in employment been sufficient to reduce
the level of unemployment to the lowest point of
the previous boom, despite a reduction of 400,000
from the peak of unemployment last August.
Moreover, the vigor of the current economic re-
covery has raised again the possibility of upward
pressure on prices as a result of such factors as
rising demand and increased raw-material prices.
By September the demand for capital had lifted
many long-term interest rates above their 1957
peaks.
We are alert to the fact that inflation has been
a persistent and pervasive feature of the postwar
world economy. The United States remains
acutely sensitive to the dangers of inflation. One
of the most serious threats to a healthy recovery
would be the recurrence of general price increases.
The central aim of our domestic economic policy
continues to be the promotion of economic growth
without reviving inflationary pressures.
Impact of U.S. Economy on World Trade
It is, of course, the impact of American economic
developments on the international trade and re-
serve position of other countries that is of greatest
interest to the rest of the world. An analysis of
developments over the last few years suggests the
following points:
First, when consumer expenditures in the United
States have been well maintained, as has been the
case in each of our postwar recessions, our demand
for many types of imports — notably food and
manufactures — has remained strong. During 1957
and 1958 our imports of some types of consumer
goods, such as automobiles, were actually larger
both in volume and in value.
Second, our demand for imports of industrial
raw materials may be more adversely affected by
fluctuations in economic activity, but even the re-
duction in the volume of these imports over the last
few months was relatively mild. The decline in
the value of our imports of metals and certain
other basic materials was in large part a function
of the fall in the prices of these commodities.
The evidence suggests that the level of our im-
ports is less affected by moderate variations in our
industrial production than has commonly been
supposed. During the last recession the annual
rate of our imports was maintained at about $12.5
billion, nearly equal to the record year of 1957.
Third, United States Government transac-
tions — foreign assistance and other governmental
expenditures abroad — are now a significant part
of our total payments to foreign countries. In
the days before World War II the dollars made
available through United States Government ex-
penditures abroad accounted for only 2 or 3 per-
cent of the total. In 1958, including dollars made
34
Department of State Bulletin
available through international organizations, it
was about 28 percent. This supply of dollars has
not been directly responsive to changes in domestic
business activity.
The International Bank and the International
Monetary Fund are two of the principal agencies
through which other countries, particularly under-
developed countries, have been able to obtain dol-
lars both to finance investments and for more gen-
eral purposes. Both agencies recorded sizable
increases in their loans during the last year. In
1957 the funds made available by the Monetary
Fund to underdeveloped countries in balance-of-
payments difficulties totaled more than three times
that of 1956, exclusive of standby arrangements.
During the last fiscal year the International Bank
made loans of almost $600 million to underdevel-
oped areas — a record figure.
Support of these mechanisms continues to be an
essential element of American foreign policy.
Recently this support was again demonstrated by
the initiative taken by the United States substan-
tially to increase the resources of the bank and
fund in order to permit continued high levels of
lending for economic development and to provide
greater international liquidity to avoid hampering
the growth of world trade. 3
Finally, our own exports have become more sen-
sitive to developments abroad. After responding
vigorously at times of peak foreign demand, they
have fallen off sharply as foreign demand has
slackened. For example, our merchandise exports,
which had increased to a rate of $20 billion an-
nually early in 1957 in response to demand from
abroad, fell by 20 percent to a rate of $16 billion
early in 1958. Thus far our exports have played
no part in the current recovery. Clearly, devel-
opments abroad which affect the demand for our
exports can have significant effects upon our
economy.
These various factors indicate that the impact
of an American recession on other countries may
well be less than has been feared. In fact, the
continuing high level of our imports, together
with the outflow of American capital, enabled
many Western European countries, as well as some
s For statements made by Under Secretary Dillon and
Secretary of the Treasury Robert B. Anderson at the an-
nual meeting of the International Bank and the Interna-
tional Monetary Fund at New Delhi, see ibid., Nov. 17,
1958, p. 793.
in other parts of the world, to add substantially
to their reserves of gold and dollars. During the
first 8 months of 1958 foreign reserves increased
through transactions with the United States at a
record annual rate of about $3 billion.
The conclusions to be drawn are clear. The fear
of a so-called dollar shortage should no longer be
allowed to impede our common effort to move to-
ward a fully liberalized multilateral trade-and-
payments system. In this connection it is relevant
to note the judgment of Mr. [Philippe] de Seynes
[U.N. Under-Secretary for Economic and Social
Affairs] in his opening statement on this item that
the current recessionary phase in Western Europe
"was not determined nor even directly influenced
by developments in the United States." "
At the same time we appreciate the serious diffi-
culties facing some of the less developed countries.
Declining prices for primary commodities — a
trend already evident in some cases prior to the
beginning of the recession in the United States —
and a higher level of internal demand than could
be sustained by the resources at their disposal were
important contributing causes. The foreign-ex-
change earnings of some countries have been
sharply cut and exports reduced. Many have had
to draw deeply into their reserves.
In this connection I must point out, as have
other delegations at this Assembly, that the dump-
ing of tin by the Soviet Union has served to disrupt
the economy of Bolivia and to deal severe blows to
the hopes of the peoples of Malaya and Indonesia
for an improvement in their economic well-being.
The dumping of textile products by Communist
China is severely affecting the export markets of
India and Japan. It is making far more difficult
the achievement on schedule of the second 5-year
plan of India and hampering the economic growth
of Japan.
Commodity Problems
The field of commodity problems is difficult and
controversial. As the distinguished representative
of Argentina correctly reminded us, there are no
easy solutions. This view is underlined by the
growing tendency of governments to broaden the
scope of international study and discussion of
economic problems to cover not only price instabil-
ity as such but also the underlying causes and
'U.N. doc. A/C.2/L.3S8 and Corr. 1.
January 5, J 959
35
economic effects and the possible means of dealing
with them.
Over the long term the maintenance of stable
growth in all nations and the diversification of the
economies of the underdeveloped countries is of
greater significance for the well-being of primary
producers than are efforts to regulate production,
prices, and trade in particular commodities. This
view, often expressed by the United States in past
sessions of the General Assembly, was also reflected
in the statement last week of the distinguished
representative of Poland.
We feel that we can make our best contribution
to this end by assisting primary producing coun-
tries to diversify their economies and by maintain-
ing a healthy and expanding economy at home.
We note that the Haberler report, 6 which has been
submitted to the 12th session of the GATT, also
gives high priority to measures designed to main-
tain economic activity in the industrialized coun-
tries and the provision of greater international
liquidity.
There may be particular commodity situations
which require examination of what measures
might be desirable and possible to deal with them.
The United States is — as noted by President
Eisenhower in Seattle a few days ago 6 — now pre-
pared to join in discussions of such commodity
problems on a case-by-case basis. We are glad to
note that much the same view was expressed by the
Commonwealth countries at the recent trade and
economic conference at Montreal.
Most recently, we have participated in discus-
sions with respect to coffee, copper, and lead and
zinc. Coffee, of course, is a commodity which we
do not produce in the United States but which we
consume in great quantities. We recognize the
serious difficulties confronting coffee producers in
Latin America and Africa, and we have joined
with them in trying to work out a means of ameli-
orating these problems.
The case of lead and zinc has already been men-
tioned by previous speakers. Here we are not
only consumers but producers as well. As pro-
ducers we were caught in the squeeze of falling
prices and accumulating inventories — a situation
familiar at one time or another to almost every
primary producing country.
Our domestic industry cut back production by
about 25 percent. However, our imports con-
tinued at high levels, while in some countries the
production of lead and zinc continued to expand.
Mines were shut down; others curtailed produc-
tion to uneconomic levels. We experienced grow-
ing unemployment. The plight of our lead and
zinc industry affected not only those directly em-
ployed in the mines and smelters but entire com-
munities dependent on them.
The lead and zinc problem is not just an Ameri-
can problem. We are acutely aware of the impor-
tance to other countries of lead and zinc exports
to the United States. In some countries the indus-
try constitutes a more important segment of the
total economy than is the case in the United States.
For some, already beset with serious problems of
declines in prices and demand for other jjrimary
commodities, trade in lead and zinc can be a de-
cisive factor in their ability to maintain growing
economies.
In this situation we sought to deal with the
problem by cooperation among importing and ex-
porting countries. When we found that there
was no early prospect of dealing multilaterally
with the problem, we were compelled to apply im-
port restrictions to these commodities. 7
This action had to be undertaken quickly to
meet the emergency which was developing. The
basic fact which I want to emphasize is this : We
are not trying to push onto the rest of the world
the whole burden of the adjustment that must be
made. We are in fact sharing it. Even with the
quota system which has been put into effect, there
is substantial idle capacity in our domestic in-
dustry. The United States continues to be pre-
pared to participate in the search for a multilat-
eral solution to this problem. We are prepared to
take part in an international study group for lead
and zinc which we hope will be organized early
in 1959.
We are not oblivious to the fact that we live,
more than ever before, in an interdependent
world; that trade barriers can impede economic
recovery; and that the policy of devil-take-the-
hindmost practiced in the 1930's can only have
disastrous consequences.
This is the spirit in which we shall continue to
5 GATT doc. MGT/80/58.
6 Bulletin of Dec. 1, 195S, p. 853.
' IMd., Oct. 13, 1958, p. 579; for an address by Thomas
C. Maun, Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs, see
ibid., p. 583.
36
Department of State Bulletin
work with others to try to meet the difficult prob-
lems which are bound to arise in the commodity
field. I shall not at this time review in detail the
many ways in which we have joined in the consid-
eration of commodity problems and in the pursuit
of measures looking toward their solution. They
include participation in commodity arrangements,
study groups, technical committees, and ad hoc
conferences. They involve the conduct of our
stockpiling programs so as to avoid disruptive
effects on world prices. They relate to the precau-
tions taken in the disposal of our agricultural sur-
pluses so as not to displace normal commercial
trade.
Two Economic Commissions
Of particular interest in connection with our
review of the work of the Economic and Social
Council is the reconstitution of the Commission on
International Commodity Trade — an action de-
signed to make it a more effective forum for the
study of developments and trends in commodity
trade. The United States was happy to accept
election to the Commission, and we look forward
to participating actively in its work. We are con-
vinced that, given the broader and more practical
responsibilities assigned to the Commission in
Council resolution 691, the Commission can be a
most useful organ to all member states in their
approach to commodity problems.
One of the most significant actions taken by the
Economic and Social Council during 1958 was
the establishment of the Economic Commission
for Africa. My delegation welcomes this impor-
tant addition to the organs of the United Na-
tions — this symbol of the rapid economic growth
that is taking place in Africa and of the other
changes that are occurring in that continent.
The Commission is more than a symbol. It is
intended to be an important means of encouraging
cooperative action by the countries of Africa to
deal with their problems of economic development.
The regional Economic Commissions for Latin
America and for Asia and the Far East have
assisted the countries of these regions to under-
stand and deal with their economic problems.
There is every reason to be confident that the new
Commission will prove fully equal to what is likely
to be an even more challenging task.
Our attitude toward the Commission is moti-
vated by the deep interest of the people of the
United States in the progress of Africa. To many
of the African countries and territories the United
States has since the end of the war made available
— directly and indirectly — technical and financial
assistance. We shall continue to try to help the
peoples of Africa further their economic develop-
ment so long as it is clear that our help is sought.
In particular my Government will follow closely
the work of the African Commission and will
cooperate with it in every appropriate way.
Mr. Chairman, I have touched on only a few
aspects of the work of the Economic and Social
Council during 1958. My delegation will speak to
others insofar as subsequent discussion of draft
resolutions under this item makes it desirable. Be-
fore concluding my delegation would like to com-
mend the officers and secretariat of the Council for
the comprehensive report which provides the
essential background for this discussion.
STATEMENT OF NOVEMBER 19
U.S. delegation press release 30SG
It was not my intention to intervene again so
soon after my delegation's statement in the general
debate yesterday. However, the secretariat has
told us that a number of delegations would like to
have the resolution sponsored by the United States
and other countries introduced as soon as possible
in order that they might comment on it during
their general debate statements.
As most of you know, draft resolution L. 378 is
intended to follow up on the suggestions made by
Secretary Dulles in his address to the General
Assembly on September 18. 8 At that time he pro-
posed that member states dedicate the year 1959
to taking stock of accomplishments to date and to
charting anew courses of cooperative action to
promote the growth of the less developed areas.
The text, as presented in draft resolution L. 378,
has been modified somewhat in accordance with
suggestions from other cosponsors as well as many
other delegations which have indicated sympathy
with the objectives of this resolution.
Objectives of the Resolution
Let me expand a bit on these objectives. In the
first place, we hope this resolution will be a vehicle
'Ibid., Oct. 6, 1958, p. 525.
January 5, 7959
37
to rally member nations behind intensified cooper-
ative efforts on behalf of the less developed coun-
tries. Secondly, we hope it will provide a greater
marshaling of available forces for economic
development, both among the developed countries
and those in other stages of development. A third
and perhaps significant, though incidental, benefit
would be a better focusing of our next year's debate
on this question as a result of the replies by mem-
ber governments.
The goal, as my Government sees it, is to enable
free nations to go forward in self-reliant growth.
The first step envisioned is what might be called a
global stocktaking during 1959 — an inventory of
measures which governments are taking, or con-
template taking, or would be prepared to take to
give further impetus to economic development.
But let me emphasize that this is only a first step,
not an end in itself. This is not an academic
exercise simply to gather statistics on financial aid
to the less developed countries. It is rather in-
tended to determine whether new courses of action
are desirable.
Some delegations have informally asked us how
the stocktaking proposed in our resolution will
differ from the information member governments
are asked to submit in accordance with General
Assembly resolutions 824 (IX) and 1034 (XI).
Under the latter resolutions governments are pro-
viding useful statistical data on the flow of public
and private capital to the less developed countries.
Our resolution, on the other hand, is concerned
with policies, programs, and courses of action
which may be developed or contemplated during
1959 in the interest of accelerating economic
growth.
Five Major Requirements
In his statement to the General Assembly on
September 18 Secretary Dulles outlined the steps
which the United States would be prepared to take
or support in the coming year. President Eisen-
hower in his remarks of welcome to the Colombo
Plan meeting endorsed the Secretary's proposals
and outlined five major requirements for economic
growth : 9
1. Expanded international trade;
2. More technical skills ;
3. Intensified private investment ;
4. Normal bankable loans ;
5. Financing to cover sound projects which will
afford the borrower flexibility regarding terms of
payment.
Let us examine briefly each of these major re-
quirements in the light of action contemplated.
First, expanded trade. A number of distin-
guished delegates have already emphasized that a
major part of the capital goods required for eco-
nomic development must be financed through in-
ternational trade. It is our hope that this resolu-
tion will stimulate cooperative action by govern-
ments to assure the expansion of international
trade and to relax unwarranted restrictions which
have hindered its flow.
Second, technical skills. President Eisenhower
called these skills "the bedrock of economic devel-
opment." He said :
Unless they are more widely shared in the free world,
no amount of capital flow will bring about the desired
growth. Indeed, without competent management, supple-
mented by satisfactory levels of skills in the professions
and in the trades, the most efficiently constructed factory
would represent nothing but a wasteful and useless
expenditure.
We here in this committee have recognized the
importance of technical skills during our discus-
sions of the U.N. Expanded Program of Technical
Assistance 10 and the new U.N. Special Fund. 11
It is the hope of the United States Government
that this resolution may stimulate further action
by governments in supporting these U.N. pro-
grams and in furthering technical cooperation
through bilateral and regional programs.
Another means by which our resolution hopes
to increase the contribution of technical and scien-
tific research to economic development is sug-
gested in operative paragraph 2. This paragraph
calls upon member states to explore further the
possibility of enlisting the aid of their universities
and scientific institutions for the purpose of ac-
celerating the solution of scientific and technologi-
cal problems of particular concern to the less de-
veloped countries. We have in mind such projects
as: (1) the use of readily available sources of en-
ergy, such as solar and waste heat in silicon cells
' Ibid., Dec. 1, 1958, p. 853.
10 For a statement by Senator Mansfield, see ibid., Nov.
3, 1958, p. 708.
11 For statements by Senator Mansfield and Christopher
H. Phillips and text of the resolution establishing the
Special Fund, see ibid., p. 702.
38
Department of Stale Bulletin
and thermocouple devices; (2) unconventional
electric generation in small quantities for use in
remote areas; (3) low-cost consumer goods, such
as cooking devices, household lighting, refriger-
ators, and radios; (4) electronic semiconductors
which may revolutionize the cost and maintenance
of electronic products; (5) saline water conver-
sion and photochemical processes; (6) electronic
computers to perfect development planning; and
(7) the limited use of automation in industry to
minimize short-term scarcity of trained manpower
in key industries. Perhaps with an intensified
cooperative effort in 1959 breakthroughs can be
achieved on some of these scientific developments
of vital concern to the less developed countries.
Third, private in/vestment. Americans are par-
ticularly conscious of the importance of private
investment for two reasons: (1) The continuing
growth of our own country is due largely to pri-
vate efforts and to private initiative. Our citizens
have confidence in free enterprise because we have
seen it work and we know what it can do. (2) The
financial resources of private capital are far larger
than the sums which governments in free-enter-
prise economies can provide. In such economies
most of the productive talent and resources are in
private hands. Their strength lies in the diversity
of private individuals and organizations and in the
quality of their technical skills, their imagination,
and their initiative. It would obviously be a great
disservice to economic growth if this most impor-
tant resource were not used to the maximum. The
U.S. Government is studying how best to help
bring this about. It is our hope that other govern-
ments in all stages of economic development will
also study ways of maximizing the benefits to be
derived from private investment.
You will note that I said "governments in all
stages of economic development." It is generally
recognized that, while outside cooperation is im-
portant, the main factor in economic development
is the effort of the country itself. These efforts
might include measures to stimulate increased do-
mestic savings ; to increase the productivity of the
land ; to encourage the growth of institutions for
the purpose of channeling resources into produc-
tive investment; to create an appropriate climate
for private investment, both domestic and foreign ;
and to encourage the wider exercise of individual
initiative.
Encouraging in this respect is the communique
issued by the Consultative Committee of the Co-
lombo Plan last week at the conclusion of its meet-
ing in Seattle. 12 The communique said :
The committee noted that member countries in the area
have increasingly recognized the importance of private
investment and have encouraged the growth of the private
sector. Important also in this growth is the role of for-
eign private investment which can provide capital together
with the technical and managerial skills so needed by the
countries of the region.
The fourth requirement President Eisenhower
mentioned is for public loans on normal bankable
terms. These loans are usually made for projects,
like the building of a road system, which are not
attractive to direct private investment. They are
being extended in very substantial amounts by the
International Bank for Eeconstruction and De-
velopment. As most of you know, the recent meet-
ing of the bank's Board of Governors in New
Delhi decided that the executive directors would
promptly consider an increase in the bank's capi-
tal subscriptions. The United States representa-
tives expressed the view that these capital sub-
scriptions should be doubled, and it is our earnest
hope that this view will be shared by other gov-
ernments participating in the bank. The United
States also extends bankable loans for develop-
ment through the U.S. Export-Import Bank. We
believe that the Export-Import Bank has made an
important contribution to economic development.
In May the Congress recognized this contribution
by authorizing an increase of $2 billion in the capi-
tal of the Export-Import Bank. Other countries'
lending agencies can also play an increasingly ef-
fective part in providing bankable loans for sound
development projects and programs, and we hope
that this draft resolution will stimulate such
action.
Another type of financing in which my Govern-
ment has shown an interest is the use of regional
development institutions. We are currently en-
gaged in discussions with 20 other American states
looking toward the establishment of an inter-
American bank. 13 As for the Near East, you will
recall that President Eisenhower, in his address
at the special emergency General Assembly in
12 Ibid., Dec. 1, 1958, p. 860.
13 For a statement by Under Secretary Dillon made be-
fore the Special Committee of the OAS, see ibid., Dec. 8,
1958, p. 918.
January 5, 7959
39
August, 14 suggested consultations between the Sec-
retary-General and the Arab nations of the Near
East to consider the composition and the possible
functions of a regional Arab development institu-
tion, whose task would be to accelerate progress in
such fields as industry, agriculture, water supply,
health, and education, among others. The Presi-
dent declared that, should the Arab states agree
on the usefulness of such a soundly organized re-
gional institution and should they be prepared to
support it with their own resources, the United
States would also be prepared to support it. We
are awaiting with interest the outcome of these
consultations.
The fifth vital requirement is for development
financing which will afford the borrower flexibil-
ity regarding terms of repayment. Such financ-
ing is commonly called "soft loans." As you
know, many sound projects important to economic
development cannot qualify for bankable loans.
It was to help finance such projects that the U.S.
Congress last year established the Development
Loan Fund. Although the initial capital of the
Development Loan Fund was $300 million, appli-
cations for loans during the first 6 months of op-
eration amounted to $2% billion — an impressive
demonstration of the great need for this type of
loan. This summer Congress appropriated an ad-
ditional $400 million for the Development Loan
Fund. In our view, if other more developed coun-
tries should also act vigorously to meet these grow-
ing needs, progress would be accelerated.
The United States Government, for its part,
will be giving the most careful consideration to
this requirement for development financing on
flexible terms. We would, of course, welcome the
contributions of other countries to this end. The
possibility of creating for this purpose an Inter-
national Development Association, as an affiliate
of the International Bank, was discussed infor-
mally at the New Delhi meeting last month, and I
am informed that these discussions were encour-
aging. My delegation was pleased to hear the
statement by the Netherlands representative 2
days ago that, although his Government had not
taken any decision on the proposal for an In-
ternational Development Association, it saw no
inconsistency between such an organization and
the idea of a capital development fund within the
framework of the U.N.
1 Ibid., Sept. 1, 1958, p. 337.
Paragraph 6 of U.S. Resolution
Some delegations have in informal discussions
raised questions concerning paragraph 6 of our
resolution, which
Requests the Economic and Social Council, during its
review of the consolidated report of the five-year ap-
praisal of the scope, trend and cost of the economic and
social programmes of the United Nations, the ILO, FAO,
UNESCO, WHO and WMO called for in its resolutions
665 C (XXIV) and 694 D (XXVI), to give special con-
sideration to the development needs of the less developed
countries and to ways in which such programmes can be
more effectively organized to help meet these needs.
My delegation believes that such action will be
helpful in coordinating the activities of the spe-
cialized agencies in order that they make their
most effective contribution toward the economic
growth of the developing countries. The Coordi-
nation Committee of the Council would be ex-
pected to play an active role in promoting this
type of coordination. I should like to make clear,
however, that the consideration of replies by mem-
ber states in accordance with operative paragraphs
3 and 4 of the resolution would take place in the
Economic Committee and the plenary sessions of
the Economic and Social Council, as well as in this
committee of the General Assembly.
I hope that my remarks have helped to clarify
the broad-gage nature of this resolution's ap-
proach to the problem of economic development.
As many delegations have commented to us pri-
vately, there is no incompatibility between our
resolution and the one presented in draft resolu-
tion L. 386. The latter involves an appeal for
increased resources for the Special Fund and for
efforts toward the establishment of a U.N. capital
development fund. Our resolution is particularly
concerned with action in 1959 on five important
sectors relating to economic development, includ-
ing those of technical assistance and financing.
We all know that the problems of economic
growth are complex. There is no magic formula
or easy solution. But development is taking place,
and actions planned by governments to stimulate
economic growth have been noticeably accelerated
during the past 6 months. The purpose of our
resolution is to keep up this momentum and, if
possible, accelerate it further. Referring to Mr.
Dulles' proposal which forms the basis of our reso-
lution, President Eisenhower observed at the
Colombo Plan meeting on November 10 : "If both
40
Department of State Bulletin
the less developed and the more developed coun-
tries move vigorously to carry out this proposal,
their action could pave the way for the 1960's to
become a decade of unprecedented progress toward
our common goal." This, I submit, is a goal to
which we can all pledge our best faith and our
best efforts.
TEXT OF RESOLUTION
The General Assembly,
Recalling the pledge of all Member States, contained in
Article 56 of the Charter, to take joint and separate action
in co-operation with the United Nations for the achieve-
ment, inter alia, of higher standards of living and condi-
tions of economic and social progress and development,
Recognizing that significant efforts have been made by
both the less developed and the more developed countries
to achieve these ends,
Considering, however, the continuing need for greater
efforts to accelerate the economic development of the less
developed countries,
Noting with satisfaction the initiatives which have been
taken looking toward an increase in the capital of the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
and the quotas of the International Monetary Fund, and
the increasing attention being given by these agencies to
the less developed countries,
1. Calls upon Member States to undertake a review of
accomplishments to date and in the light of this review to
chart their future courses of co-operative action relating
to both the public and private sectors for the purpose of
giving further impetus to the economic development of
the less developed countries ;
2. Invites Member States, having in mind resolution
1260 (XIII) to explore further the possibility of enlisting
the aid of their universities and scientific institutions for
the purpose of accelerating, in co-operation with similar
institutions in other Member States, the solution of scien-
tific and technological problems of particular concern to
the less developed countries ;
3. Invites Member States in a position to assist the
economic development of under-developed countries to
inform the twenty-eighth session of the Economic and
Social Council and the fourteenth regular session of the
General Assembly through the Secretary-General of meas-
ures which they have taken or may contemplate taking in
accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2, such information to
be additional to the information which they are now called
upon to submit in accordance with General Assembly
resolution 824 (IX) and 1034 (XI) concerning what they
are now doing in this field ;
4. Invites the less developed countries similarly to in-
13 U.N. doc. A/Res/1316 (XIII) (A/C.2/L.378/Rev. 1
and Corr. 1, as amended) ; adopted in Committee II on
Nov. 27 by a vote of 55 to with 11 abstentions and in
plenary session on Dec. 12 by a vote of 68 to with 8
abstentions.
form the Economic and Social Council and the Assembly
of any measures which they may decide to take in order
to advance their economic and social progress;
5. Requests the Secretary-General to compile the in-
formation received pursuant to the above paragraphs in
the form of an interim report for submission to the
twenty-eighth session of the Economic and Social Council
and a final report for the fourteenth regular session of the
General Assembly, for consideration under the item "Eco-
nomic development of under-developed countries", includ-
ing a review of the financing of the economic development
of the under-developed countries ;
6. Requests the Economic and Social Council, during its
review of the consolidated report of the five-year ap-
praisal of the scope, trend and cost of the economic and
social programmes of the United Nations, the ILO, FAO,
UNESCO, WHO and WMO called for in its resolutions
665 C (XXIV) and 694 D (XXVI), to give special consid-
eration to the development needs of the less developed
countries and to ways in which such programmes can be
more effectively organized to help meet these needs.
The Problem of Cyprus
Statement by James W. Barco
U.S. Representative to the General Assembly 1
The United States regrets, Mr. Chairman, that
we must once more take up the complex and
difficult problem of Cyprus in the General As-
sembly. As we have made plain on the previous
occasions when this problem was under considera-
tion here, this is not the place to arrive at a solu-
tion of the Cyprus problem. I must emphasize
the conviction of the United States that the par-
ties to this dispute must work out a solution them-
selves. In the course of our discussion here, we
cannot expect to solve the problem of Cyprus.
What we can do here in the General Assembly,
and what we should do, since the question has
been raised again, is to strive to see that our
deliberations facilitate further efforts of those
directly concerned with this problem to find a
mutually acceptable settlement.
The United States has not taken a position in
favor of any particular formula among those
which have been suggested as a final solution.
The reason is that thus far no formula has ap-
peared to be generally acceptable to all concerned.
1 Made in Committee I (Political and Security) on Nov.
28 (U.S. delegation press release 3097).
January 5, 7959
41
This is essential if any formula is to succeed.
This does not mean that we are indifferent to the
crucial necessity of reaching a settlement. On the
contrary, we urgently seek an early, equitable
solution, and we are prepared to assist in every
way we appropriately can.
The violence that has occurred on Cyprus this
past year, and particularly the ugly elements of
communal strife, underscore the necessity of find-
ing an early solution. Despite the violence, we
have noted some encouraging developments since
the General Assembly last considered the Cyprus
question. As envisaged in article 33 of the char-
ter, discussions have taken place with a view to
arranging a conference among all concerned,
including — and this is most important — repre-
sentatives of the two Cypriot communities. The
United States supported the very real efforts
which took place under the aegis of NATO to
arrange a conference where "quiet diplomacy"
could have an opportunity to permit all concerned
to come to an agreement. We were disappointed
when these efforts collapsed, since we were con-
vinced that they offered real promise of sub-
stantial progress.
The United States is heartened by the fact that
all three of the governments directly concerned
with this problem, as their remarks here have
demonstrated, recognize that a solution can be
found only through negotiation and conciliation.
The United States believes that action taken by
the United Nations which would lead to a resump-
tion of efforts in a manner consistent with article
33 of the charter would be the greatest contribu-
tion which this organization could make toward
bringing about agreement among those concerned.
As in the past, the United States will determine
its attitude toward the various resolutions sub-
mitted in the light of our judgment as to whether
their passage would in fact enhance or impair the
chance of fruitful negotiations. 2
2 In plenary session on Dec. 5 the General Assembly
adopted a resolution (U.N. doc. A/Res/1287 (XIII) ) ex-
pressing its confidence "that continued efforts wiU be
made by the parties to reach a peaceful, democratic and
just solution in accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations."
TREATY INFORMATION
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
United Nations
Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization. Done at London November
16, 1945. Entered into force November 4, 1946. TIAS
1580.
Signature and acceptance: Albania, October 16, 1958.
BILATERAL
Brazil
Agreement amending agreement for a cooperative pro-
gram for reconnaissance and investigation of the ura-
nium resources of Brazil of December 26, 1957 (TIAS
3964). Effected by exchange of notes at Washington
December 2, 1958. Enters into force on date Brazil in-
forms the United States of its constitutional approval.
El Salvador
Agreement extending agreement for a United States
Army mission to El Salvador of September 23, 1954
(TIAS 3144). Effected by exchange of notes at San
Salvador April 23 and November 17, 1958. Entered into
force November 17, 1958.
Philippines
Agreement further amending and extending agreement
relating to the United States Educational Foundation
in the Philippines of March 23, 1948, as amended
(TIAS 1730, 1745, and 1910). Effected by exchange
of notes at Manila September 18 and October 3, 1958.
Entered into force October 3, 1958.
Turkey
Agreement amending the agricultural commodities
agreement of January 20, 1958, as supplemented June
25, 1958 (TIAS 3981 and 4056). Effected by exchange
of notes at Ankara November 24, 1958. Entered into
force November 24, 1958.
United Kingdom
Agreement relating to extension to certain British terri-
tories of application of income tax convention of April
16, 1945, as modified (TIAS 1546, 3165, and 4124). Ef-
fected by exchange of notes at Washington August 19,
1957, and December 3, 1958. Entered into force
December 3, 1958.
42
Department of State Bulletin
January 5, 1959
Ind
e x
Vol. XL, No. 1019
Canada. U.S.-Canadian Joint Committee Discusses
Economic Matters 17
Cyprus. The Problem of Cyprus (Barco) .... 41
Disarmament. Geneva Talks on Surprise Attack
Recessed for Indefinite Period 13
Economic Affairs
Industry and Government Leaders Discuss German
Coal Problem 18
Reciprocity Committee Seeks Views on Wool Fabrics
Tariff Quota 18
U.S.-Canadian Joint Committee Discusses Economic
Matters 17
U.S. Views on ECOSOC Report and Economic De-
velopment of Underdeveloped Countries (Mans-
field, text of resolution) 33
Ecuador. DLF Loan To Help Ecuador Complete
Pan American Highway 22
Germany
Industry and Government Leaders Discuss German
Coal Problem 18
Legal Aspects of the Berlin Situation 5
Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council
(Dulles, tests of coniniunique and declaration) . . 3
International Law. Legal Aspects of the Berlin Sit-
uation 5
International Organizations and Conferences. Calen-
dar of International Conferences and Meetings . . 22
Mutual Security
DLF Loan To Help Ecuador Complete Pan Ameri-
can Highway 22
ICA and Voluntary Agencies Aid Needy in 35 Coun-
tries 21
The Role of ICA Employees in the Conduct of For-
eign Policy (Dillon) 20
NATO. Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic
Council (Dulles, texts of communique and declara-
tion) 3
Science. United Nations Establishes Committee on
Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (Lodge, text of
resolution) 24
Treaty Information. Current Actions 42
U. S. S. R. Legal Aspects of the Berlin Situation . . 5
United Kingdom. Responsibility of the English-
Speaking Peoples in Preserving Peace and Freedom
(Nixon) 14
United Nations
The Problem of Cyprus (Barco) 41
United Nations Establishes Committee on Peaceful
Uses of Outer Space (Lodge, text of resolution) . . 24
U.S. Views on ECOSOC Report and Economic De-
velopment of Underdeveloped Countries (Mans-
field, text of resolution) 33
Name Index
Barco, James W 41
Dillon, Douglas 20
Dulles, Secretary 4
Lodge, Henry Cabot 24
Mansfield, Mike 33
Nixon, Richard M 14
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: December 15-21
Press releases may be obtained from the News
Division, Department of State, Washington 25, D.C.
Release issued prior to December 15 which ap-
pears in this issue of the Bulletin is No. 744 dated
December 10.
Subject
Henderson designation (biographic
details).
Educational exchange (Middle East).
DLF loan to Ecuador for Pan Ameri-
can Highway.
German surplus coal problem.
Barrows designation (biographic
details).
Educational exchange (Japan).
U.S.-Canada economic meeting.
DLF loan to Liberian-American
company.
NATO communique on Berlin.
Wool fabrics tariff quota.
Geneva conference on surprise
attack.
Delegation to World Forestry Con-
gress (rewrite).
Educational exchange ( France,
French West Africa, Morocco) .
ICA and voluntary agencies overseas
aid (rewrite).
Department memorandum on Berlin
situation.
Final communique of NATO Minis-
terial Meeting.
Dulles : departure from NATO Minis-
terial Meeting.
* Not printed.
t Held for a later issue of the Bulletin.
No.
*753
Date
12/15
*754
755
12/15
12/15
756
*757
12/15
12/15
*758
759
*760
12/15
12/16
12/16
761
762
763
12/17
12/18
12/18
t764
12/19
*765
12/19
766
12/19
767
12/19
768
12/19
769
12/19
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1959
IMI
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MALAYA
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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
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FICIAL
EEKLY RECORD
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JAN 29 1959
Vol. XL, No. 1020 Iknuary 12, 1959
B. P„ L.
A PLEDGE TO THE PEOPLES OT THE WORLD •
Remarks by President Eisenhower ».. 47
INTER-AMERICAN COOPERATION IN THE ECO-
NOMIC FIELD • Remarks by Under Secretary Dillon
and Text of Declaration Approved by OAS Special Committee . 48
UNITED NATIONS DEBATES ADMISSION OF NEW
MEMBERS; ADMITS GUINEA • Statements by
Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge 52
U.N. TO SEEK IMPROVEMENT OF SITUATION IN
HUNGARY • Statements by Ambassador Henry Cabot
Lodge and Text of Resolution 55
U.N. TO CONVENE SECOND CONFERENCE ON THE
LAW OF THE SEA • Statements by Herman Phleger
and Text of Resolution 64
AGREEMENT WITH THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC
ENERGY COMMUNITY (Text) 69
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XL, No. 1020 • Publication 6753
January 12, 1959
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents
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Price:
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Note: Contents of this publication are not
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A Pledge to the Peoples of the World
Remarks by President Eisenhower x
My fellow Americans : Tonight I would
like to speak not only to you— but for
you — to the peoples of the world.
This is the time of year when Christians
celebrate the birth of the Founder of their
faith. It is also the time when all peoples,
regardless of religious belief, look for-
ward with hope to the coming of another
year. It is quite appropriate, therefore,
to speak tonight of Christmas and of the
New Year, for both can bring a new an-
ticipation of a better, a more peaceful
world to the hearts and minds of men
and women everywhere — of all creeds, of
all ideologies, of all nations.
The Christmas message of "peace on
earth, good will toward men" is not alone
an ideal of Christianity. It is a basic
aspiration of Christian, Jew, Moslem,
Hindu, Buddhist alike — of every person
in the world who has faith in an
Almighty God.
It is not limited to us as Americans or
even to people of the free world. It is
matched in yearning in the innermost
thoughts of all peoples. It is a universal,
divine spark that lights the soul of man-
kind.
As we near Christmas and the New
Year, I again give my solemn word on
'Made at the Christmas Pageant of Peace ceremonies
at Washington, D. C, on Dec. 23 (White House press
release).
behalf of the American people to all the
peoples of the world :
That the people of the United States
and their Government do not want war.
They want to work steadfastly to make
"peace on earth, good will toward men"
a reality for all humankind.
The people of the United States do
not wish to enslave or control any other
nation or any other people. They seek
only to enjoy with their fellow men
peace — a peace of honor and justice.
They respect the rights of all people to
do the same.
The United States is strong — and will
remain strong — because that is the only
way in today's world that the peace can
be protected; but the United States will
never use its strength to break the peace.
Though the United States will never
retreat in the face of force, or the threat
of force, it will always welcome and ac-
cept serious and honest proposals to ne-
gotiate international differences.
The United States has pledged its na-
tional honor to work for peace. For us
this pledge is no less than a sacred obli-
gation. It is freely — but not lightly —
given to the nations of the world.
As I press this button and the dark-
ness surrounding the National Christmas
January 12, 7959
47
Tree is illuminated by light, I hope that
this ceremony has greater significance to
all Americans and to the world than just
the lighting of a tree. I pray that the
darkness, which at times has encom-
passed the world, may be illuminated by
the light of understanding and coopera-
tion of all the nations that earnestly seek
peace in the year ahead.
To the men, women, and children of
America and to all peoples throughout
the world — a Merry Christmas and a
Happy New Year.
Good night — and peace be with you!
Inter-American Cooperation in the Economic Field
Following are remarks made by Under Sec-
retary Dillon before the Special Committee of
the Council of the Organization of American
States To Study the Formulation of New Meas-
ures for Economic Cooperation at Washington,
D.C., on December 12, together with the text of
a declaration approved at the closing session on
December 12.
REMARKS BY MR. DILLON
Press release 750 dated December 12
This meeting just prior to our recess is an ap-
propriate time to review, in general terms, the
accomplishments of our Committee since we first
met here on November 17. 1 This Committee was
created to examine the whole complex of economic
problems with which the American Republics are
presently faced and to devise means for their
solution. Our deliberations have been guided by
the wise and understanding leadership of our
chairman, Dr. Alfonso Lopez of Colombia. We
are indebted to him for the substantial progress
which has been made toward defining and clarify-
ing the various aspects of our task. It is unfor-
tunate that illness keeps him from our midst to-
day. We owe him a vote of thanks for the able
manner in which he has directed our discussions.
You will all agree with me, I am sure, that
it is fitting that recognition be given to the role
played by Brazil in this challenging undertaking.
What is now known as Operation Pan America
had its inception in the timely and thoughtful let-
ter which President Kubitschek addressed to
President Eisenhower in May of this year. 2
President Kubitschek's initiative found a warm
response in each of our governments, and the
machinery of the inter-American system was
promptly set into motion.
Meetings such as this have always contrib-
uted greatly to increased understanding between
our governments and our peoples. No nation in
this hemisphere possesses a monopoly of talent or
of ideas. We all learn from each other in a con-
tinuing process, for understanding is based upon
knowledge of one another's capabilities and mo-
tivations. Speaking for my delegation, I can tell
you that we have benefited greatly from this ex-
change of viewpoints.
I believe that there could be no better occasion
than this on which to reaffirm our individual and
collective support for our inter- American system,
in which, as equal partners, we are striving to-
gether to advance the economic well-being of our
peoples.
The task which faces our Committee is not an
easy one. Each of our economies has its own
individual problems, which add to the technical
difficulties inherent in any group effort in the
field of economic relations.
However, we have made real progress in the
council chamber. We are now establishing a work-
1 For a statement made by Mr. Dillon before the Com-
mittee on Nov. 18, see Bulletin of Dec. 8, 1958, p. 918.
3 For an exchange of correspondence between President
Eisenhower and President Kubitschek. see ibid., June 30,
1958, p. 1090. For documents relating to a visit to
Brazil by Secretary Dulles, see ibid., Aug. 25, 1958, p.
301.
48
Department of State Bulletin
ing group to carry on during our recess period.
We are thereby assured that when the Special
Committee's meetings are resumed further prog-
ress will have been made. The recess also offers
an excellent opportunity for a thorough review by
each of our delegations of its own country's
economic situation in the light of the searching
discussions which we have held here. This exami-
nation may well result in the conception and imple-
mentation of concrete measures which will not
only strengthen our individual economies but will
also add to the contribution each of us can make to
our joint effort in Operation Pan America.
Our discussions have been closely followed by
my Government and by a large number of our
individual citizens who view United States partici-
pation in the inter- American system as a keystone
of our international relations. My Government's
sincere and continuing interest in helping to
advance the economic progress of the other Ameri-
can Eepublics is expressed in a special message
which President Eisenhower has asked me to
deliver to you as we close our current deliberations.
The President says,
I extend my congratulations to the "Special Committee
To Study the Formulation of New Measures for Economic
Cooperation," for its perseverance and diligence in carry-
ing out the tasks assigned to it last September by the
Foreign Ministers of the American Republics. 3
My personal interest in what has come to be known as
"Operation Pan America" began when President Kubits-
chek of Brazil wrote to me on May 28 of this year. The
Secretary of State thereafter formally expressed the will-
ingness of my Government to cooperate in finding ways
of making inter-American economic cooperation more
effective. This remains the policy of the United States
Government, and I assure you that the United States
will lend its warmhearted cooperation to "Operation Pan
America."
I am informed that the Special Committee has now com-
pleted its general review of the problems of underdeveloped
countries and has decided to constitute a working group
which, during the time the Special Committee is in recess,
will address itself to specific concrete measures that can
be taken to promote, by cooperative effort, a greater degree
of economic development. I am confident that this work
will go forward in the same spirit of mutual understanding
and cooperation that has always characterized inter-
American relations and that meaningful and constructive
measures will be devised to achieve our common objective.
The economic development of Latin America is of vital
importance to the strength and well-being of the whole
of the free world. I hope that the working group will
make rapid progress so that the Special Committee may
'Ibid.,0ct 13, 1958, p. 574.
soon resume its meeting here in Washington. As Ameri-
cans, I am sure that we all share a confidence in the future
of this hemisphere and that we are determined to press
forward with the concrete measures necessary to make
inter-American cooperation in the economic field as fruit-
ful as it has been in the political field.
There is little I can add to the message from my
President, other than to assure you that this policy
of the United States Government will be carried
out as vigorously as is possible and within the
framework of our inter- American system.
In conclusion, permit me, Mr. Chairman, to
make a personal observation :
I believe that, if we apply to the economic prob-
lems we have been discussing the same energy,
creativity, and perseverance we have devoted to
solving political problems within our framework
of nations, they will yield to our determination.
What we need is faith in our ability to do what
must be done.
It is undeniably true that each of our countries
must pursue progress in ways consistent with its
own cultural, political, and economic patterns.
But no nation in this hemisphere stands alone.
The spiritual and material well-being of one
country is a matter of continuing and urgent con-
cern to all the members of our family of nations.
I say this with deep conviction. But it is more
than a conviction. It is an article of faith. For
our American community is built upon a bedrock
of friendship and mutual respect. And friend-
ship and solidarity have their roots in the human
heart.
On behalf of my country and my people, I want
to assure you of this : No matter what our commit-
ments in other areas of the world — and you must
know that they are many and burdensome and are
designed to achieve the same free-world goals to
which each of your governments subscribes — the
United States will never forget the needs of any
of its sister republics. Our feeling of friendship
for the citizens of the other Americas is as deep-
rooted and enduring as our belief in freedom and
the dignity of the human spirit.
TEXT OF DECLARATION
At the close of its first meeting, at which the govern-
ments of all twenty-one American republics were repre-
sented, the Special Committee of the Council of the
Organization of American States deems it fitting to state
that, from the start of its deliberations on November 17,
January 12, 1959
49
1958, the representatives of the member states have had
full opportunity, in the course of the sessions, to express
with all frankness and clarity the views of their govern-
ments on the pressing need for strengthening inter-
American cooperation.
Opinions were freely exchanged, always in an atmos-
phere of extreme cordiality and mutual understanding.
The members of the committee unanimously reaffirmed
their faith in the Organization of American States and
their common determination to strengthen the har-
monious relations uniting their countries in bonds of
brotherhood. They also recognized the urgent necessity
of making the best possible use of all the means and the
facilities available within the regional system for pro-
moting the economic development of the hemisphere in a
way that will bring positive benefits to each and every one
of the American republics.
There was a full discussion of each of the topics ac-
cepted at the Informal Meeting of American Foreign
Ministers, held in Washington last September 23 and 24,
and of many other proposals that were presented by the
various delegations during the sessions.
Special attention was given the problem of financing
the economic development of Latin America, and a draft
resolution was adopted endorsing the proposal to estab-
lish an inter-American institution for economic develop-
ment and expressing the hope that the Committee of
Experts convoked by the Inter-American Economic and
Social Council and scheduled to meet next January 8 will,
in the shortest possible time, draw up the draft con-
ventions that are to bring this new instrument of inter-
American cooperation into existence.
In regard to the need for creating new incentives to the
flow of private capital, all the representatives agreed
that it was necessary to supplement such measures as
the countries interested in attracting and receiving for-
eign capital have adopted, or will in the future adopt, by
concluding agreements with capital-exporting countries so
that the special tax rates that are now offered, or may
later be offered, by the former will not be negated by the
absence of counterpart measures in those countries in a
position to furnish capital.
This matter is one in which the initiative is left to the
interested governments, and with respect to which the
willingness of the United States Government to conclude
the necessary agreements, as expressed on the very first
day of the meeting, can be counted on.
There was general agreement that the heavy reliance of
the Latin American economies on the export trade in one
or a few primary products poses a serious problem, since
abrupt fluctuations and sudden drops in the prices of
those commodities give rise to serious disturbances and
impair the entire economic and financial outlook.
In this respect, the representatives of all the American
countries displayed a willingness to participate in the
study of the problems connected with each product in an
effort to find satisfactory solutions within a spirit of
hemisphere solidarity and an awareness of the mutual
benefits that spring from the many and varied relation-
ships linking the countries of the American regional com-
munity.
All the representatives at the meeting placed special
emphasis on the need for intensifying technical coopera-
tion and providing a new and greater stimulus to the cam-
paigns directed toward increasing technical ability and
productivity, which are the principal requirements for
economic development.
In this connection, highly constructive suggestions, in-
spired by a proposal of Argentina, were made. These
suggestions are aimed at expanding and intensifying the
pertinent programs now being conducted by the OAS and
at awakening the interest of and obtaining assistance in
this field from other public and private organizations.
The committee is about to suspend its sessions because
it feels that, now that the general viewpoints have been
expounded, the time has come to proceed without loss of
time to the stage of preparing concrete formulas and
specific proposals. In order to carry out this technical
work, which is essential if useful results are to be ob-
tained, the committee has appointed a working group that
will develop the practical arrangements for arriving at the
aforesaid objectives. The working group will meet at the
Pan American Union beginning January 15, 1959, and will
enlist the effective and indispensable services of the IA-
ECOSOC and the General Secretariat of the OAS. When
it completes its task, which should be no later than April 1,
1959, the Group will report its conclusions and recom-
mendations to the Special Committee. Thus, the new
measures required for more effective inter-American co-
operation are already in progress.
When the Special Committee meets again in April, it
will examine these specific proposals and submit them to
the Council of the Organization of American States, so
that the governments may arrive at final agreements and
decisions.
Strongly evident was a feeling of gratitude on the part
of all the governments to President Juscelino Kubitschek
of Brazil for his timely proposal for setting in motion what
has come to be known as "Operation Pan America."
The Special Committee is fully aware of the far-
reaching importance of the tasks assigned to it by the
American governments ; in view of what has already been
said and done, the Committee feels confident that it will
be possible to advance toward the goal set by the govern-
ments, namely : the promotion of economic development in
their respective countries with a view to raising the stand-
ard of living of their peoples, thus paving the way for
progress and strengthening democracy in the hemisphere.
December 12, 1958
50
Department of State Bulletin
Treaty With Sultan of Muscat
To Regulate Economic Relations
Press release 771 dated December 22
A treaty of amity, economic relations, and con-
sular rights between the United States and the
Sultan of Muscat and Oman was signed on De-
cember 20, 1958, in Salalah. Walter K. Schwinn
signed for the United States. Said bin Taimur
bin Faisal, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, signed
on his own behalf.
The treaty is designed to regulate basic eco-
nomic relations between the United States and
Muscat and to direct the future development of
those relations along mutually beneficial lines.
Upon its entry into force it will replace in full the
existing treaty, long outmoded, which the two
countries entered into in 1833.
This treaty with the Sultan is a commercial
treaty of the customary kind. It is the 17th to
be negotiated by the United States since the cur-
rent program was initiated at the end of the
Second World War. It will be transmitted as
soon as possible to the Senate for advice and con-
sent to ratification. By its terms it will enter into
effect 1 month after the exchange of ratifications.
the jointly operated Hallett Station, the United
States Naval Air Facility in McMurdo Sound, and
New Zealand's Scott Base. As in the past, facili-
ties will be made available in New Zealand to the
United States operation. On December 24, 1958,
notes were exchanged between the Governments of
the United States of America and New Zealand
which set out the basis on which these facilities
will be made available and in which the United
States offered, in return, to continue logistic sup-
port for New Zealand expeditions.
In addition to this bilateral cooperation, both
countries are agreed on the desirability of inviting
interested scientists from other countries to par-
ticipate in the work of the stations referred to
above, subject to the limitations of space, trans-
portation, and accommodations.
The administrative arrangements referred to
above have no effect on the rights or claims asserted
by either country in Antarctica. Each Govern-
ment maintains its traditional position in regard
to such matters.
The Government of New Zealand and the Gov-
ernment of the United States of America jointly
express their satisfaction at this practical mani-
festation of the friendly spirit of cooperation
which animates them and are confident that the re-
sults will redound to the benefit of world science.
U.S. and New Zealand To Continue
Antarctic Scientific Cooperation
Following is the text of a joint announcement
made on December 23 by the Governments of New
Zealand, and the United States.
Press release 770 dated December 23, for release December 24
The Governments of New Zealand and the
United States of America have agreed to continue
their cooperation in scientific and logistical op-
erations in Antarctica in order that the useful
scientific activities which have been carried on dur-
ing the current International Geophysical Year
may be continued without interruption after the
end of the International Geophysical Year on De-
cember 31, 1958.
For this purpose, the two Governments have re-
cently been engaged in making detailed arrange-
ments for improving the efficiency of operations,
both scientific and logistical, at the stations they
are currently maintaining in the Ross Sea area —
United States and India Sign
DLF Loan Agreement
Press release 774 dated December 24
The U.S. Development Loan Fund and the
Government of India on December 24 signed
agreements formally making available an addi-
tional $100 million in DLF funds to assist India
in financing foreign-exchange costs of public and
private economic development projects in connec-
tion with the country's second 5-year plan.
Signing of the documents implemented negoti-
ations which have been in progress for several
months. The agreements were signed on behalf
of the United States by Dempster Mcintosh,
Managing Director of the DLF, and by Ambassa-
dor M. C. Chagla on behalf of the Government of
India.
The agreements bring to $175 million the aggre-
January 12, 7959
51
gate of DLF loans signed this year to help India
in its second 5-year economic development pro-
gram. DLF loans totaling $75 million were
signed June 23 at Washington and New Delhi as
part of a $225 million U.S. loan package to India
which included a $150 million loan from the Ex-
port-Import Bank. The Export-Import Bank
loan was signed last June 12.
The new $100 million in DLF funds is being
made available in five separate loans. Three of
them, totaling $63 million, are for public-sector
projects under India's second 5-year plan. The
two others, totaling $37 million, are for projects
being developed in the private-enterprise sector.
Of the public-sector loans, one for $35 million
is to assist in procuring railway equipment for
India's national railway system. This equipment
will include diesel locomotives, other rolling stock,
steel, and electrical signaling devices. The sec-
ond public-sector loan is for $18 million worth of
steel imports for development projects, while the
third is for $10 million worth of turbines, genera-
tors, transformers, insulators, cables, and other
equipment for public power projects in India.
Of the private-sector loans, one is for $22 mil-
lion in steel imports, including structural steel,
for use in private-enterprise projects. The sec-
ond is for $15 million to assist in financing the im-
ports of machinery and other capital equipment
for expanding facilities in such private industries
as metals and mining, chemicals, cement, machin-
ery, and mechanical engineering.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
United Nations Debates Admission of New Members; Admits Guinea
Following is a series of statements made by
Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. Representative, in the
Security Council on December 9 and in the Gen-
eral Assembly on December 12 during debate
on the question of admission to U.N. membership
of the Republics of Guinea and Korea and Viet-
Nam.
OPENING STATEMENT IN SECURITY COUNCIL
U.S. delegation press release 3111
The United States does not agree with the
stand taken by the Representative of the Soviet
Union [Arkady A. Sobolev]. The item on our
agenda for today is "The Admission of New
Members." The provisional agenda which con-
tained this item was circulated on December 5.
The United States is merely asking that under
this item two applications be considered which
have been before the Security Council for a
number of years. The Council has remained
seized of these two applications and in our view
there is nothing in the rules of procedure which
can prevent this Council, when it meets to con-
sider the admission of new members, to recon-
sider two applications of such long standing.
We do not, Mr. President, ask for their con-
sideration simultaneously with the admission of
Guinea, as Mr. Sobolev implied. We ask merely
for their consideration consecutively.
For us to bring these membership questions up
is not a cold- war gesture. The cold- war element
is brought in by the determination of the Soviet
Union to veto these membership applications.
That is the cold-war responsibility in this
matter.
STATEMENT ON GUINEA
U.S. delegation press release 3112
Once again the United Nations witnesses the
process of peaceful change which has resulted
52
Department of State Bulletin
in the birth of a new member of the free-world
community. We all extend the hand of friend-
ship to this new African state.
The Republic of Guinea, in attaining sover-
eignty, has asserted its ability and willingness to
conduct itself according to the standards of inter-
national conduct embodied in the charter.
We are also happy to express our appreciation
for the guidance and assistance extended by
France toward the development of this new
nation.
The Republic of Guinea attains nationhood
possessing important human and material re-
sources. We should not underestimate, of course,
the difficulties which any independent nation
faces, but neither should we lose sight of the
promising foundation which Guinea possesses for
an independent and prosperous existence. Rich
agricultural lands, abundant resources, and a
united people surely justify the belief that the
Republic of Guinea faces a great future.
The United States looks forward to a close
association with the Republic of Guinea as we
work together in the spirit of the United Nations
Charter for the preservation of world peace and
for better standards of life imder conditions of
human freedom.
The United States is happy to vote today for
the admission of Guinea to the United Nations
and to extend to the Government and people of
Guinea our very best wishes for a happy and
prosperous future. 1
FIRST STATEMENT ON KOREA
U.S. delegation press release 3114
The General Assembly has repeatedly asserted
that the Republic of Korea should be admitted to
membership in the United Nations. This decision
was most recently reaffirmed by the Assembly on
October 25, 1957. 2 We have asked the Security
Council again to consider the Republic of Korea's
application and to register its views that Korea
should become a United Nations member.
The Republic of Korea has a special claim to
membership in the United Nations. It was under
1 The Council on Dec. 9 adopted by a vote of 10 to
With 1 abstention (France) draft resolution S/4131
recommending the admission of Guinea.
'U.N. doc. A/Res/1144 (XII) A and B.
the auspices of the United Nations that the Re-
public of Korea was established as an independent
state, and it was United Nations assistance and
support which made it possible for the Republic
to retain its independence.
The relationship of the Republic of Korea to
the United Nations is very close. Through the
United Nations Commission for the Unification
and Rehabilitation of Korea, the United Nations
is represented in the Republic of Korea. The
Korean Government in turn maintains a perma-
nent observer at United Nations headquarters.
The growth of free and democratic government
in the Republic of Korea is reviewed annually by
the General Assembly on the basis of reports re-
ceived from the United Nations Commission for
the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea. Eco-
nomic progress and developments have been dis-
cussed in connection with the reports of the United
Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency, which
earlier this year officially completed its work with
a record of solid achievement. 3
Remarkable progress has been made during the
5 years since the end of the Korean war. We are
proud of Korea's record and of Korea's eagerness
to secure that this progress will continue. It has
been on the basis of the record of great accom-
plishment, despite grim adversity, that the General
Assembly has found the Republic of Korea fully
qualified for United Nations membership.
We have an opportunity here today, Mr. Presi-
dent, to right a longstanding wrong in which the
United Nations and, specifically, the Security
Council has a clear responsibility, that is, to ap-
prove the application of the Republic of Korea
for membership in the United Nations. The
United States will vote for its approval and will
persevere in its determination to work for justice
for Korea.
SECOND STATEMENT ON KOREA
U.S. delegation press release 3116
The Soviet Union attempts by its amendments
to link admission of the Republic of Korea with
that of the puppet north Korean regime. The
north Korean regime has never been found quali-
fied for membership by the United Nations. It
has received no recognition, no acceptance outside
of the Soviet bloc. Unlike the Republic of Korea,
3 For the final UNKRA report, see U.N. doc. A/3907.
January 72, 7959
53
which is regarded by the United Nations as the
only lawful government in Korea, the north
Korean regime has been condemned by the United
Nations as an aggressor. It fought against the
United Nations in pursuing its aggression, aided
and abetted by Communist China and its other
Communist masters, and it continues to defy the
United Nations. No wonder the United Nations
rejects the attempts of the Soviet Union to obtain
United Nations acceptance of the north Korean
regime. We trust that the Security Council will
reject the Soviet amendments. 4
Let me deal very briefly with Mr. Sobolev's as-
sertions about the so-called "withdrawal" of
Chinese Communist troops from north Korea. 5
It is, indeed, a so-called and not a true withdrawal,
because it brought about no real change in the
threat of Communist military power against the
Republic of Korea and to international security
in that area. It is a propaganda gesture and noth-
ing more. It has not deluded anyone, and I feel
quite sure that it has not deluded Mr. Sobolev.
Nor can it obscure the fact that the Communist
authorities refuse to accept the fair and just plan
for unification favored by the majority of the
United Nations.
Let me say in conclusion, Mr. President, that
this is perhaps as good a time as any to repeat the
position of the United States on the question of
admitting Outer Mongolia to the United Nations.
The United States is opposed to its admission.
We do not think Outer Mongolia is qualified. We
do not think it is independent. And we do not
think it is a state. I have said all this before, and
nothing has happened since to change this view.
[In a further intervention, Mr. Lodge said:]
Mr. President, I simply wish to say that it is
not just I who says that the north Korean regime
were the aggressors. It is the United Nations
General Assembly, and by an overwhelming vote.
Now, I do not know whether that is what the
Soviet Union calls a historical fact. I notice that
phrase crops up. I gather that a historical fact
in Soviet parlance is a twisting of the truth so as
'The Soviet amendments (U.N. doe. S/4132) were re-
jected by a vote of 1 (U.S.S.R.) to 8 with 2 abstentions.
* For text of the U.N. Command's rejection of the Com-
munist proposal on the withdrawal of forces from Korea,
see Bulletin of Nov. 17, 1958, p. 781.
to help the Soviet argument. But the declaration
by the General Assembly that north Korea was
the aggressor is a true fact and a real fact and a
fact that is highly inconvenient to the Soviet
Union. Certainly it cannot be doubted.
Mr. President, the Soviet Union often emulates
the man in the parade who cannot keep step and
who claims everyone is out of step but he. They
are clearly in this position when it comes to the
aggression committed by north Korea. 6
STATEMENT ON VIET-NAM
U.S. delegation press release 3118
The United States has asked the Security Coun-
cil in a resolution introduced with other members
to consider again the application of Viet-Nam for
membership in the United Nations.
There is no doubt that Viet-Nam fulfills the
conditions laid down in article 4 of the charter.
It exercises the normal powers and freedoms of a
state. It has declared itself willing to accept the
obligations arising out of the charter, and it has
demonstrated its ability to do so. Recognition of
Viet-Nam as a sovereign and independent state by
48 countries is eloquent testimony of its achieve-
ments and its qualifications for admission to the
United Nations.
Viet-Nam is a member of 10 specialized agencies
as well as the United Nations Economic Commis-
sion for Asia and the Far East. It has made or
pledged contributions to the United Nations pro-
grams in Korea and Palestine and to the Expanded
Program of Technical Assistance.
The people of Viet-Nam have long been deeply
interested in obtaining admission to the United
Nations. In 1952 the General Assembly found
Viet-Nam to be qualified for membership. The
General Assembly has reaffirmed the finding many
times since, but the Security Council has been
unable to recommend Viet-Nam's admission be-
cause of the Soviet Union's veto. The United
States hopes that the Security Council today will
be able to fulfill its responsibility and unani-
6 Draft resolution S/4129/Rev. 1. cosponsored by the
U.S., France, Japan, and the U.K. and recommending the
admission of the Republic of Korea, was defeated by
Soviet veto on Dec. 9. The vote was 9 to 1 (U.S.S.R.)
with 1 abstention.
54
Department of State Bulletin
mously recommend the admission of this great
Asian country. 7
STATEMENT IN GENERAL ASSEMBLY
U.S. delegation press release 3133
The United States last Tuesday [December 9]
cast its vote in the Security Council in favor of the
admission of the Republic of Guinea to member-
ship in the United Nations. It has been our
pleasant task today to reaffirm that vote here in
the General Assembly. 8
One of the great facts of our day is the emer-
gence to nationhood of the people of Africa. This
development is a source of great gratification to
the United States. We also appreciate the part
which France has played in providing guidance
and assistance to this newest sovereign nation.
The United States recognized the Republic of
Guinea on November 1. In a message sent to the
President of the Republic of Guinea on that day,
President Eisenhower expressed his good wishes
for the future of Guinea. 9 The General Assembly's
decision tonight will enable the United States to
take another step forward in strengthening its ties
with the Government of Guinea through our as-
sociation together in the work of the United
Nations. We look forward to this new association.
The United States is happy to accept the declara-
tion of the Government of Guinea that it is able
and willing to carry out the obligations contained
in the United Nations Charter and has taken great
pleasure in joining with other members here to-
night in this final official act which has resulted in
the admission of the Republic of Guinea to the
United Nations.
Mr. President, this is an appropriate and
orderly time, I think, for me to express on another
subject, but one which falls within the same cate-
gory of membership in the United Nations, the
profound regret which the United States feels
' Draft resolution S/4130/Rev. 1, cosponsored by the
U.S., France, Japan, and the U.K. and recommending the
admission of Viet-Nam, was defeated by Soviet veto on
Dec. 9. The vote was 8 to 1 (U.S.S.R.) with 2 abstentions.
8 The General Assembly on Dec. 12 adopted without vote
draft resolution A/4060/Rev. 1 admitting the Republic of
Guinea to membership in the United Nations.
9 For an exchange of correspondence between President
Eisenhower and President Sekou Toure, see Bulletin of
Dec. 15, 1958, p. 966.
that the Security Council has had to report once
again its failure to recommend the admission of
the Republic of Korea and Viet-Nam to member-
ship in the United Nations.
The United States joined with other members of
the Security Council in submitting two resolutions
asking the Council to recommend the admission of
these two countries.
An overwhelming majority of the members of
the United Nations have repeatedly affirmed that
both the Republic of Korea and Viet-Nam are
fully qualified for membership and should be ad-
mitted to the United Nations. But the will of
the General Assembly continues to be thwarted.
We are deprived of the presence here of two great
Asian countries because the Soviet Union chooses
to abuse its veto power in the Security Council.
Mr. President, the United States shares the dis-
appointment felt by the people of the Republic of
Korea and Viet-Nam in this result. But we believe
firmly that the will of the Assembly will prevail,
and we will continue to do everything in our power
to hasten the day when the Republic of Korea and
Viet-Nam take their rightful places here among us.
But, Mr. President, allow me, please, to conclude
these remarks on a happy note and to extend once
again, on behalf of the United States, the warmest
congratulations and best wishes to the Govern-
ment and people of the Republic of Guinea.
U. N. To Seek Improvement
of Situation in Hungary
Following are statements made in plenary ses-
sion by Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. Representative
to the General Assembly, on the situation in
Hutigary and on the credentials of the Hungarian
delegation, together with the text of a resolution
adopted on December 12.
STATEMENT OF DECEMBER 11
D.S. delegation press release 3125
Once again it is the duty of the General Assem-
bly to face the tragic situation in Hungary and to
consider what help or comfort the United Nations
can give to the brave Hungarian people.
Scarcely more than 2 years have passed since
January ?2, 7959
55
armed forces of the Soviet Union crushed the
attempt of the Hungarians to free their country
from alien rule. The news that Budapest had
suddenly come under fire from an army of Soviet
tanks was brought to us in this very hall during
the night of November 3^, 1956. 1 Here on that
night we learned of the betrayal of the Hungarian
negotiators, led by General Maleter, and the final
radio appeal to the world by Prime Minister Imre
Nagy just before he was deposed.
It was like a physical shock to be told these
things. It was as if the deed had been done right
here before our very eyes. As the Representative
of Burma said so well in this hall at the time,
"There, but for the grace of God, go we."
General Assembly Actions
Mr. President, in the face of that Soviet attack
and all the tragedy which followed it the General
Assembly has done what it could by peaceful
means. We helped to bring food, relief, and
medical supplies to the people of Budapest in
the hour when their suffering was most acute. We
supported the efforts of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees to receive and resettle
the nearly 200,000 refugees who fled from Hun-
gary. And repeatedly, in three successive resolu-
tions, we faced this truth : that the Soviet Union
had intervened by armed force to deprive Hungary
of its liberty and political independence. We
condemned these acts as violations of the charter,
and we demanded that the wrongs done be put
right.
Our last and most important resolution on this
subject was adopted on September 14, 1957, by a
vote of 60 to 10. 2 At that time we had before us
the authoritative report of the United Nations
Special Committee, 3 a report which has probably
become more widely read than any United Nations
report in history. And among its conclusions were
these :
that the original Hungarian revolution of Octo-
ber 23, 1956, was a spontaneous national uprising;
that this uprising was crushed by Soviet armed
force ;
1 For background and texts of resolutions, see Bulletin
of Nov. 19, 1956, p. 800.
* For background and text of the resolution, see Hid.,
Sept. 30, 1957, p. 515.
8 U.N. doc. A/3592. For text of the final chapter of the
report, see Bulletin of July 8, 1957, p. 62.
that Soviet armed forces set up a puppet regime
"in opposition to a Government which enjoyed
the overwhelming support of the people of
Hungary" ;
that this puppet regime had no popular support,
had broken all its promises to the people, and had
resorted to repressive measures ; and it also added
that "A massive armed intervention by one
Power on the territory of another, with the
avowed intention of interfering with the internal
affairs of the country must, by the Soviet's own
definition of aggression, be a matter of interna-
tional concern."
Such were the conclusions of the famous report
of the Special Committee. That report was based
on exhaustive research from the best available
resources, including eyewitness testimony and
many official statements of the Hungarian and
Soviet Communist rulers. After considering that
report this Assembly, in its resolution of Sep-
tember 14, 1957, found as follows :
"The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in
violation of the charter of the United Nations, has
deprived Hungary of its liberty and political in-
dependence and the Hungarian people of the ex-
ercise of their fundamental human rights;" and
further "The present Hungarian regime has been
imposed on the Hungarian people by the armed
intervention of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics."
Those acts, Mr. President, which involved viola-
tions of international obligations of the Soviet
Union and Hungary and defiance of resolutions
of the General Assembly, were condemned in the
climactic resolution of September 14, 1957.
Since that date there have been important and
shocking events. Chief among those events have
been the executions of Imre Nagy, Pal Maleter,
and other Hungarian leaders and the continued
subjection of the Hungarian people to a repressive
regime which is definitely not of their own
choosing.
Again, as a year ago, we have the benefit of an
excellent report by the Special Committee on the
Problem of Hungary. This special report, 4 dated
July 14, 1958, has not yet been considered by the
General Assembly. It is a most useful document.
I shall refer to it from time to time in this state-
ment. The Special Committee on the Problem
* U.N. doe. A/3849.
56
Department of State Bulletin
of Hungary deserves to be commended again for
its further contribution to our work.
Wrongs Still Persist
Mr. President, it is no exaggeration to say that
this subject overflows with tragedy. The United
States would be happy indeed if further debate
on it were unnecessary — if the people of Hungary
were again in possession of their sovereignty and
their basic rights. But such is not the case. The
wrongs which we have repeatedly condemned still
persist. The Soviet Union, with all its power,
still stands in the way of progress for Hungary.
Now the easy thing for us to do would be to
give up, to pretend that this evil, having been pro-
longed for 2 years, need concern us no more.
We could even pretend that, because the voice of
Hungarian patriots cannot be heard in this hall,
the world can forget the Hungarian problem.
But that is not true. Evil prolonged is no less
evil. The voice of Hungarian patriots is still
today, not because it has nothing to complain
about but because it is stifled by the alien power
of the Soviet Union.
If the oppressed Hungarian nation is to have
advocates before the bar of world opinion, we
whose voices are not stifled must be its advocates.
Simple morality and the self-respect of this or-
ganization demand that we do no less.
As a matter of fact, political prudence demands
the same thing. Peace in Eastern Europe cannot
be built on this situation of massive injustice with
all the smoldering hatreds it creates. If the exist-
ing tension is to be relaxed and the danger of
still another tragic explosion ended, it will be
necessary to end the injustice which causes the
tension.
Moreover we cannot expect the protection of the
charter for ourselves when we need it if we fail
to extend that same protection to others in their
time of need.
For these reasons, Mr. President, the United
States considers progress on the Hungarian ques-
tion is of the utmost importance to world peace.
We approach the question in that spirit. We
shall not try to cover up ugly facts with pleasant
words.
Aims for the Hungarian People
Mr. President, in the past year, since this sub-
ject was last discussed in the General Assembly,
events in Hungary have been particularly dis-
heartening. The most vital aims of the General
Assembly for the Hungarian people remain un-
achieved. And let me remind you of what these
aims are:
1. We call for the withdrawal of Soviet troops
from Hungary. But, despite a well-advertised
token withdrawal of a few thousand Soviet troops,
there actually remain some 50,000 Soviet troops
in Hungary — distributed in camps, in cities, and
factories all over Hungary, like the occupation
army that they are. These Soviet troops are the
decisive political fact in Hungary today — the in-
dispensable prop of the Moscow-imposed Hungar-
ian Communist regime.
Indeed, the official newspaper in Budapest ad-
mitted as much a year ago, when it said that "the
very existence of the Hungarian workers'
power" — and, of course, as you know, that is their
jargon for Communist dictatorship—depended on
the so-called "friendship" of the Soviet Union.
Mr. President, what a friendship! Hungarian
freedom has died in the clutch of that friendly
embrace.
2. The General Assembly called on the Soviet
Union to desist from any form of intervention in
the internal affairs of Hungary and to respect
Hungary's liberty and political independence.
But today the Hungarian authorities are as sub-
servient to Moscow as they were when they were
installed by Soviet guns 2 years ago.
3. The General Assembly called for the return
of Hungarians deported to the Soviet Union. In
1957 the Special Committee reported that thou-
sands of Hungarians had suffered this fate, in-
cluding ranking military officers and members of
Parliament. The Special Committee concluded
that "some may not have been returned to their
homes." To this day the world does not know
the facts — and certainly the wholesale denials of
the Soviet Union merely thicken the fog.
4. The General Assembly called upon the So-
viet Union and the authorities in Hungary "to
desist from repressive measures against the Hun-
garian people" and "to respect the Hungarian
people's enjoyment of fundamental human rights
and freedoms." And the reign of terror in Hun-
gary this past year has shocked the world.
Mr. President, the Hungarian people must be
relieved of that scourge of terror. Of all our
aims with respect to Hungary, that is the most
January 12, J959
57
urgent. The rights and liberties— and even the
lives — of countless Hungarians are at stake from
day to day.
The charter obliges us to be concerned with a
great political wrong: that is, the subjugation of
a small state by its powerful neighbor. But from
that political wrong there flows directly an even
more urgent human wrong: that is, the unjust
murder and imprisonment of thousands of Hun-
garians, including Imre Nagy himself, by the
puppet government which now rules Hungary on
behalf of Moscow.
Ten years ago, almost to the day, the General
Assembly approved the Universal Declaration of
Human Eights. Among these are the right of
political opposition, the right to be free from
arbitrary arrest and imprisonment, the right to
judicial safeguards. Never have we had a better
opportunity to promote the observance of those
rights in a member state and to render an elemen-
tal service to people in their hour of trouble than
by acting to halt the reign of terror in Hungary.
Murder in Juridical Disguise
Now I turn to the most shocking act in the
reign of terror — the secret trial and execution of
Prime Minister Imre Nagy, Lieutenant General
Pal Maleter, and their companions.
Some of the facts leading up to this murder in
juridical disguise are well known. Others may
never be known. From the main report of the
United Nations Special Committee we know that
General Maleter and his Hungarian staff were
seized by Soviet agents in the night of November
3, 1956, during a meeting which was supposed to
be for the purpose of arranging the withdrawal
of Soviet troops from Hungary. From that night
on General Maleter was never seen again until
the day 19 months later when his execution was
announced.
We know that Prime Minister Nagy, on the
morning of November 4, 1956, after the Soviet
attack and the announcement of the Soviet-im-
posed Kadar puppet government, found political
asylum in the Embassy of Yugoslavia in Buda-
pest, along with a number of other leading Hun-
garians. The new Prime Minister, Kadar, asked
that Mr. Nagy and his companions be returned,
and he offered to let them go to Rumania. Mr.
Nagy refused. On November 21 the Hungarian
authorities agreed in writing to let the group
"proceed freely to their homes," and it said that
the Hungarian Government "hereby confirms in
writing its verbal declaration that it does not de-
sire to apply sanctions against Imre Nagy and
the members of his group for their past
activities."
On this basis on November 22, 1956, the Yugo-
slav Embassy released Mr. Nagy and his group.
That evening they entered a Hungarian Govern-
ment bus outside the Embassy. In a surprise
move this bus was boarded by Soviet military
personnel and driven to the Soviet military head-
quarters in Budapest. From that point the bus,
escorted by Soviet armored cars, proceeded "to
an unknown destination." Mr. President, Imre
Nagy was never seen after that.
On the evening of the next day the Kadar
government announced that Prime Minister Nagy
and some of his colleagues had gone to Rumania.
The communique stated that this was in accord-
ance with their own request, although this does
not jibe with the known facts. The Rumanian
Government, despite all inquiries, has revealed
nothing about its part in the matter or about how
Mr. Nagy's so-called "asylum" in Rumania came
to its tragic end.
Finally, on June 16 of this year, came the
shocking announcement that Prime Minister
Nagy, along with General Maleter and the two
Hungarian journalists, had been put to death.
Rejection of U.N. Appeals
Both the Soviet Government and the Hungar-
ian authorities knew full well that Mr. Nagy's
status and that of many other Hungarians was a
matter of international concern. In our debates
here at that time a number of speakers, including
me, called attention to Mr. Nagy's disappearance.
In June 1957 the report of the United Nations
Special Committee told in detail the story of his
abduction and disappearance, along with many
other acts of terror by the new regime and their
Soviet masters. On September 14, 1957, the Gen-
eral Assembly, in a resolution adopted by 60 votes
to 10, called on the Soviet Union and the authori-
ties in Hungary "to desist from repressive meas-
ures against the Hungarian people." From Sep-
tember to November 1957 the United Nations
Special Representative, Prince Wan Waithaya-
kon, invoking that same resolution, appealed re-
peatedly to the Soviet and Hungarian authori-
58
Department of State Bulletin
ties for humanitarian action. His report to the
Assembly on December 9, 1957, 5 told of his appeal
of October 10 to the Hungarian Government "for
more lenient treatment of prisoners, of persons
detained in concentration camps, and of persons
awaiting trial and for due process in trials — and,
finally, for an amnesty for political offenders."
That was Prince Wan's appeal. But all his ap-
peals, as we know, were rejected.
On December 14, 1957, the General Assembly
discussed this question further. At that time,
speaking for the United States, I cited reports
that General Maleter and others had been placed
on trial and that other prominent Hungarians had
been put to death or imprisoned for long terms
for their actions during the uprising. 6
On December 20, 1957, the chairman of the
Special Committee, Mr. Alsing Andersen, ad-
dressed a letter on behalf of the Committee to
the Hungarian Foreign Minister, asking him for
information on the circumstances of General Ma-
leter and others and again appealing for hu-
manitarian treatment. Mr. President, his letter
was not answered. In fact the Hungarian repre-
sentative here in New York refused even to for-
ward it to Budapest.
On February 11, 1958, the United States Mis-
sion to the United Nations sent a letter to the
Hungarian Representative, Mr. Mod, reminding
him of his own suggestion that we "ask for au-
thentic information through the proper chan-
nels" — we thought that he might be a proper chan-
nel to the Hungarian regime in Budapest — and
accordingly asking for authentic information
about 21 Hungarians, including Imre Nagy and
Pal Maleter. 7 Our letter was acknowledged and
forwarded, but after a month's delay Mr. Mod
refused in writing to answer our questions. As a
result of this exchange on March 13, I appealed
publicly to the Hungarian authorities to heed the
overwhelming voice of world opinion and to cease
their repressive acts.
Mr. President, these are but a few of the appeals
which were made. Others came from govern-
ments and leading citizens in many countries, but
the authorities in Budapest defied them all, in-
cluding the overwhelming voice of the General
Assembly itself.
5 U.N. doc. A/3744.
6 Bulletin of Jan. 6, 1958, p. 33.
7 Ibid., Apr. 7, 1958, p. 581.
Facts About Soviet Intervention
Now, the Hungarian authorities, as well as the
Soviet leaders, claim that all these matters are
strictly an internal affair of the Hungarian Gov-
ernment. But they made the same claim about the
Soviet military intervention of November 1956,
and that claim was rejected by the General As-
sembly.
Mr. President, Imre Nagy was the lawful Prime
Minister of the independent state of Hungary, a
member of the United Nations. He was put to
death as the crowning act of a Soviet reign of
terror against the Hungarian people, a reign of
terror which is still being carried out today by
Hungarians who are, in truth, agents for the
Soviet Union in the presence of the Soviet oc-
cupation army, which remains the decisive force
in the lives of the unhappy people of Hungary.
That is a strong statement to make. But the
overwhelming weight of evidence bears it out.
We are indeed faced with a series of events which,
for callous cruelty and brazen defiance of civilized
standards in the worst traditions of the tsars of
medieval times, has no parallel in the annals of
the United Nations.
Here are the facts which argue that the Soviet
Union caused the death of Prime Minister Nagy :
1. It was not Hungarians but the Soviet Army
that deposed Imre Nagy.
2. It was not Hungarians but the Soviet Army
that kidnaped Imre Nagy.
3. The Hungarian puppet Prime Minister,
Janos Kadar, repeatedly promised that Mr. Nagy
would not be punished. He made this promise to
the Yugoslav Government on November 21, in
exchange for the release of Mr. Nagy. Six days
later, after Mr. Nagy's mysterious abduction, Mr.
Kadar repeated in the official newspaper Nepsza-
badsag : "We have promised not to start any puni-
tive proceedings against Imre Nagy, and we shall
keep our word." But, when Mr. Kadar went to
Moscow in March 1957, his tune changed. There
he suddenly charged Imre Nagy with preparing
the destruction of Hungarian communism from
without, in alliance with what is quoted as "the
dark forces of reaction." So it was from the
Kremlin in Moscow that the world first heard of
the alleged "treason" of Imre Nagy.
4. In November 1957, after months of official
silence about Imre Nagy, there took place in Mos-
January 12, 7959
59
cow a meeting of the Communist Party leaders of
Communist-ruled countries, including Hungary.
Mr. Kadar was there. He, like most of the others,
reaffirmed that the Soviet Union remains the
leader of world communism. He, like the others,
signed a manifesto of world Communist policy
which attacked the crime of "revisionism" — which
means thinking for yourself — and which blamed
the so-called "counterrevolution" in Hungary on
an alleged "imperialist plan." And in December,
the month after that Moscow manifesto, Imre
Nagy was denounced in a so-called "Hungarian
White Book" and in speeches by two leading
figures in the Budapest regime, the editor of the
Communist daily paper Nepszdbadsag and — om-
inously enough — the chief public prosecutor.
5. Finally, in April 1958, Mr. Khrushchev paid
a visit to Hungary. On April 8 he said in a
speech that the Soviet Union would intervene in
Hungary again if there were another uprising.
That is what Mr. Khrushchev said. And he
added these words: "We must warn amateurs
against all kinds of provocations: We do not
advise the enemies of the working class to try
our patience and organize new provocations."
Mr. Khrushchev did not explain how he acquired
the right to speak for the working class.
Now, Mr. President, it is interesting to com-
pare that statement with the editorial in the
Budapest Communist paper Nepszdbadsag, just
after the Nagy execution was announced. That
paper said this: "These sentences constitute a
warning to all those who dare attack our legal
order." It is interesting too to note Mr. Khru-
shchev's further statement of April 9, in which he
applauded the fact that "governmental organs of
the Hungarian People's Democracy, after the
counterrevolution, put the principal criminals
under lock and key." He said, "It is better to
jail a few instigators than to endanger the people
themselves."
Thus it appears that the highest authority of
world communism came to Hungary 2 months in
advance to prepare public opinion for the killing
of Imre Nagy. I believe that is a fair deduction
to be drawn from this succession of events.
Continuing Reign of Terror
Mr. President, the killings of Imre Nagy and
Pal Maleter are only the most conspicuous and
important in a long list of acts of terror by the
Hungarian Communist regime, in direct defiance
of the United Nations.
On November 4, 1956, when the Kadar govern-
ment was installed in Budaj>est at Soviet gun-
point, that government made this promise : "The
Government will not tolerate, under any pretext,
the persecution of workers for having taken part
in the most recent events." That is what it said.
But, when the General Assembly met in Septem-
ber 1957 to discuss this question, the United
States delegation submitted a list of 1,768 names
of Hungarians who had been arrested, imprisoned,
or put to death "for having taken part in the
most recent events."
It is necessary to face the fact now that this
reign of terror, of which the salient feature was
the killing of Imre Nagy, still continues in full
force. The special report of the United Nations
Special Committee, dated last July 14, lists 30
Hungarians officially announced to have been exe-
cuted between June 20, 1957, and June 21, 1958,
for so-called "counterrevolutionary crimes." The
report further lists 110 individuals, by name, who
have been reported in Hungarian newspapers and
official radio broadcasts as having received prison
sentences, ranging up to life imprisonment, dur-
ing the same period for the same offense.
Among these is Sandor Kopacsi, who was Chief
of Police in Budapest. Also among them are
many writers, including some of the most famous
in Hungary — men like Tibor Dery, Gyula Hay,
both winners of the Kossuth Award, and Gyula
Obersovsky, a journalist sentenced to life impris-
onment. According to Chairman Andersen of
the Special Committe, in July Mr. Obersovsky
was scheduled for a new trial in which the prose-
cutor intended to demand the death penalty.
We have further reliable reports that Istvan
Bibo, a leader of the Petofi Peasant Party and a
Minister of State in the last cabinet of Imre Nagy,
was sentenced to life imprisonment in August
1958. No word about Mr. Bibo has appeared in
the controlled press of Hungary.
We have a Hungarian press report of last sum-
mer that Geza Losonczy, also a Minister of State
under Imre Nagy, who went with Mr. Nagy into
exile in Kumania, had "died in prison."
There are a great many individuals, of course,
whose fate is simply unknown. It is clear that
the regime does not announce publicly all the poli-
60
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
tical sentences it imposes. But we have a United
Press International report from Vienna dated
September 16 which tells of the sentencing of
three more so-called "accomplices" of Imre Nagy :
Gabor Tanczos of the Petofi Club to life impris-
onment, Gyorgy Fazekas to 11 years, and San dor
Haraszti to 8 years.
A Mockery of Justice
The executions and sentences which have been
announced publicly, together with the probably
much larger number which will never be an-
nounced, are only a part of the story. The entire
people of Hungary are affected by this terror.
They are all caught again in the web of lies and
fear from which they were able to break out for
only a few days in 1956. The old AVH, the secret
police of the Bakosi-Gero era, is fully reconstituted
now under other names. The judicial system of
so-called "summary justice," instituted after the
Soviet coup of November 4, has been formally
abolished but actually continues in full force.
Nonprofessional "people's judges" — we are not
told what "people" — still pass judgment on so-
called "counterrevolutionary" cases and hand
down decisions based not on the evidence or the
law but on the fact, as the Minister of Justice put
it, "that they are members of the class tribunal of
the proletarian dictatorship." The President of
the Hungarian Supreme Court admitted that half
of the professional judges had been dismissed for
refusing to join in this mockery of justice. It is
further reported that, of the 1,600 lawyers in
Budapest, over 700 have been disbarred as po-
litically unreliable.
In the midst of that system of terror, Janos
Kadar said last January in the Hungarian Par-
liament: "Not one member of the Hungarian
Government will render an account of any issue
affecting Hungarian internal policy to anyone
apart from the Hungarian National Assembly."
Thus the chief of the Hungarian Communist ma-
chine, and therefore presumably the most powerful
Hungarian in Hungary today, took it on himself
once again to defy the United Nations and to say
that the Soviet terror against the Hungarian
people is a matter exclusively of "Hungarian
internal policy."
Mr. President, these words of defiance are inso-
lent and reprehensible, but they cannot deflect us
from our course. Nothing has been said or done
which can relieve the General Assembly of its duty
to extend to the Hungarian people, insofar as we
can, the protection to which the charter entitles
them.
Indeed, the votes of 61 member states to inscribe
this item on our agenda are overwhelming proof
of our belief that we must continue to be concerned
with the situation in Hungary, aggravated as it
now is by the continuing terror and by the murder
of a Hungarian Prime Minister, Imre Nagy, vir-
tually on orders from Moscow. The question
which remains is not whether to act but what
action to take.
U.S. Cosponsors New Draft Resolution
Mr. President, the United States has joined with
Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Bica, Cuba,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Federation of
Malaya, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Laos, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway,
Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Portu-
gal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uruguay,
and Venezuela in submitting a new draft resolu-
tion. 8 Let me describe its provisions briefly:
First, it expresses our appreciation to the
United Nations Special Committee and to the
United Nations Special Representative, Prince
Wan, for their efforts to achieve the objectives of
the United Nations in Hungary, and it deplores
the continued Soviet and Hungarian refusal to
cooperate with them in any respect.
Second, it records our judgment on the present
continuing repression in Hungary of the funda-
mental rights of the Hungarian people. It de-
nounces specifically the execution of Prime Min-
ister Imre Nagy, General Pal Maleter, and other
Hungarian patriots.
Third, it calls once again upon the Soviet Union
and the present authorities in Hungary "to desist
from repressive measures against the Hungarian
people and to respect the liberty and political in-
dependence of Hungary and the Hungarian peo-
ple's enjoyment of fundamental human rights and
freedoms."
Fourth, it declares that the United Nations will
continue to be seized of the situation in Hungary
1 U.N. doc. A/L. 255.
January 12, J 959
61
in view of the flagrant disregard of its resolutions
by the Soviet and Hungarian authorities.
Finally, it appoints an individual "to represent
the United Nations for the purpose of reporting
to Member States or to the General Assembly on
significant developments relating to the imple-
mentation of the resolutions of the General Assem-
bly on Hungary."
We are glad, Mr. President, that Sir Leslie
Munro [New Zealand] has kindly consented to
fill this important office. Sir Leslie, as his coun-
try's representative at the United Nations for
many years and as the unanimous choice of the
General Assembly to preside over its 12th session
a year ago, is admirably qualified.
We, the sponsors of this resolution, intend that
Sir Leslie be the watchdog of the United Nations.
We cannot now foresee exactly what his tasks may
be. We hope his activity and his reporting role
will be a sign to the authorities in Hungary that
the United Nations is watching to see whether the
current repressions are ended. He may be able
to bring about some improvement in the situa-
tion or at least to prevent it from growing worse.
We know that many thousands of Hungarian
patriots remain in prison. We have ample evi-
dence of the pattern of life in the Soviet satellite
empire to know that each day these prisoners
live in terror that they may be summoned before
the executioners. But if their jailers know that
such actions may be noticed throughout the world,
there is at least some reason to hope that they may
act with restraint.
The United States still shares the hope, voiced
earlier in the session by the distinguished For-
eign Minister of Austria, when he was here, that
the present Hungarian authorities may see fit to
honor their repeated pledge to grant amnesty to
those who participated in the stirring events of
October and November 1956.
We are perfectly aware that those whom the
General Assembly has appointed in the past to
represent it in this matter have met nothing but
defiance and denunciation by the authorities in
Budapest. This callous attitude has sorely tried
the patience of the Assembly. The authorities in
Hungary would be wise to abandon that course of
action and, on their own initiative, to cooperate
with the General Assembly and its representa-
tives. What they decide to do in this matter — if
indeed they are free to decide anything — will un-
doubtedly affect their standing in the world and
in tins organization next year. And I say that
to them in all candor.
Mr. President, I conclude.
Under the charter the United Nations has the
duty to try every available peaceful step which
may improve conditions in Hungary. The reso-
lution before the Assembly is designed as one
means wherewith to show that we will never
forget.
The United States hopes that the 37-power res-
olution will command the support of the over-
whelming majority of members. And, Mr. Presi-
dent, we pray that it may bring some measure of
relief and of hope to the people of Hungary in the
long night of their ordeal and trial.
TEXT OF RESOLUTION 9
The General Assembly,
Having considered the supplementary report, dated 14
July 1958, of the United Nations Special Committee es-
tablished by resolution 1132 (XI) to report on the prob-
lem of Hungary,
Having considered the report, dated 9 December 1957,
of the United Nations Special Representative, H. R. H.
Prince Wan Waithayakon, who was appointed by Gen-
eral Assembly resolution 1133 (XI) to take steps to
achieve the objectives of the General Assembly's resolu-
tions 1004 (ES-II), 1127 (XI), 1131 and 1132 (XI),
1. Expresses its appreciation to its Special Representa-
tive, Prince Wan Waithayakon, for the efforts he has
made to enter into consultation with the appropriate
authorities with a view to achieving the objectives of
the resolutions referred to above ;
2. Endorses the Special Committee's unanimous re-
port dated 14 July 1958 and expresses its thanks to the
Special Committee for its objective and efficient dis-
charge of the tasks entrusted to it ;
3. Deplores the continued refusal of the Government of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the regime
in Hungary to co-operate with the Special Representa-
tive and with the Committee in their efforts to achieve
the objectives of the United Nations in accordance with
pertinent resolutions of the General Assembly ;
4. Deplores the continuing repression in Hungary of
fundamental rights of the Hungarian people and their
freedom of political expression under the shadow of the
continuing presence of Soviet armed forces;
5. Denounces the execution of Mr. Imre Nagy, Gen-
eral Pal Maleter and other Hungarian patriots ;
* U.N. doe. A/L. 255 ; adopted in plenary session A/Res/
1312 (XIII) on Dec. 12 by a vote of 54 to 10 (Soviet bloc
and Yugoslavia) with 15 abstentions (Afghanistan, Cey-
lon, Ethiopia, Finland, Ghana, Greece, India, Indonesia,
Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and
the United Arab Republic) ; Israel and Yemen were
absent.
62
Department of Slate Bulletin
6. Condemns this continued defiance of the resolutions
of the General Assembly ;
7. Again calls upon the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics and the present authorities in Hungary to desist
from repressive measures against the Hungarian people
and to respect the liberty and political independence of
Hungary and the Hungarian people's enjoyment of funda-
mental human rights and freedoms ;
8. Declares that the United Nations will continue to
be seized of the situation in Hungary in view of the
fact that the Government of the USSR and the present
authorities in Hungary are disregarding the above-
mentioned resolutions of the General Assembly ;
9. Decides to appoint Sir Leslie Munro to represent the
United Nations for the purpose of reporting to Member
States or to the General Assembly on significant develop-
ments relating to the implementation of the resolutions
of the General Assembly on Hungary ;
10. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the neces-
sary facilities to assist Sir Leslie Munro in the perform-
ance of his duties.
STATEMENT ON CREDENTIALS, DECEMBER 13
U.S. delegation press release 3138
The United States supports the report of the
Credentials Committee. 10 Again, as at every ses-
sion since the 1956 Hungarian national uprising,
the report recommends that the General Assembly
take no decision regarding the credentials sub-
mitted on behalf of the representatives of the
present regime in Hungary. Because it is clear
that the present Hungarian authorities are not
capable of representing the freedom-loving peo-
ple of Hungary in the United Nations, the Gen-
eral Assembly has at five sessions allowed the
Hungarian representatives to be seated in a pro-
visional status only.
By refusing to accept the credentials of the
Hungarian representatives, the General Assembly
placed the present regime on notice that it in-
tended to watch the situation in Hungary closely.
I would like to recall a few of the things which the
United Nations has discovered about the present
Hungarian regime in the course of the past 2
years.
In resolution 1004, which was passed at the
second emergency session, the General Assembly
stated its conviction
. . . that recent events in Hungary manifest clearly
the desire of the Hungarian people to exercise and to
enjoy fully their fundamental rights, freedom and inde-
pendence.
10 U.N. doc. A/4074.
January 12, 7959
The same resolution condemned the use of Soviet
military forces to suppress the efforts of the Hun-
garian people to reassert their rights.
Among other things, the General Assembly in
resolution 1133 of the 11th session found that
The present Hungarian regime has been imposed on the
Hungarian people by the armed intervention of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics.
In the same resolution an appeal was made to
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the
present Hungarian authorities to cease their acts
of repression and to comply with the numerous
resolutions of the General Assembly.
On the night of June 16, 1958, in simultaneous
announcements in Moscow and Budapest, the
world learned of the execution of former Prime
Minister Imre Nagy and former Minister of De-
fense Pal Maleter and other Hungarian patriots.
The execution of Mr. Nagy was in violation of the
pledged word of the present Hungarian regime
that it did not seek vengeance, and, significantly, it
occurred soon after a visit to Budapest by Mr.
Khrushchev. The United Nations Special Com-
mittee on the Problem of Hungary reconvened on
June 21, 1958, and issued a communique which
contained the following statement :
The execution of Imre Nagy and of his companions
demonstrates that the oppression of the Hungarian people
has not abated, that the reign of terror which began when
Russian forces marched into Hungary early in November
1956 continues.
Then there is the unanimous special report of the
Special Committee on July 14, 1958, which, after
referring to the continuing oppression in Hungary,
made this comment :
The continued presence of foreign armed forces in Hun-
gary is likely to prevent the expression of the feelings of
the people against such procedures by the Hungarian
government.
Mr. President, this is what the General Assembly
and its representatives have determined to be the
present situation in Hungary. The findings that I
have mentioned are but a few of the reasons why
the General Assembly under the existing circum-
stances should continue to refuse to accept the
credentials submitted on behalf of the representa-
tives of the present Hungarian regime. 11
"The General Assembly in plenary session on Dec. 13
approved the report of the Credentials Committee by a vote
of 79 to 1 (Hungary) with 1 abstention.
63
U.N. To Convene Second Conference
on the Law of the Sea
Following are two statements by Herman
Phleger, U.S. Representative to the General As-
sembly, one made in Committee VI (Legal) on
November 25 and the other in plenary session on
December 10, together with the text of a resolu-
tion convening the second V.N. Conference on
the Law of the Sea.
STATEMENT IN COMMITTEE VI, NOVEMBER 25
U.S. delegation press release 3091
In February 1958, pursuant to a General As-
sembly resolution, 1 the representatives of 86 states
met at Geneva to consider the preparation of con-
ventions on the law of the sea. 2 As a basis for
their work they had the draft articles on the law
of the sea which had been prepared by the Inter-
national Law Commission. It is demonstrative of
both the high quality of the Commission's work
and the spirit of conciliation which marked the
conference that agreement was reached on almost
all of the topics covered in the Commission's draft.
However, there remained two important questions
on which the conference was not able to reach
agreement.
The breadth of the territorial sea and the closely
related question of the extent to which a coastal
state may control fishing in the high seas off its
coasts were not agreed upon, although in the
course of the conference a number of proposals
were put forward in an effort to meet the different
views held concerning these questions. There is
reason to believe that, if there had been a little
more time to concentrate on the consideration of
these questions, the conference would have reached
agreement. Those delegates who were present at
Geneva may recall that the possibilities of agree-
ment on these questions had not been exhausted ;
active discussions were continued until the time
schedule necessary to conclude the conference.
On April 27, the last day of the conference, a
resolution was adopted noting that agreement had
not been reached on these questions and requesting
the General Assembly at its 13th session to con-
1 For text, see Bulletin of Jan. 14, 1957, p. 61.
2 For a closing statement by Arthur Dean, chairman of
the U.S. delegation, and texts of conventions, protocol, and
resolutions, see ibid., June 30, 1958, p. 1110.
sider the advisability of convening a second con-
ference on the law of the sea to deal with these
topics of unfinished business. Thus we are now
considering the agenda item before us.
It seems evident from the course of this debate
that there is a wide measure of agreement on the
desirability, and indeed the necessity, of holding
a second conference. The task before us, there-
fore, is to reach agreement on an appropriate date.
My delegation is not able to agree with some
suggestions that have been made, that the convo-
cation of the conference be put off for 2 or even
3 years. It seems clear that no such extended
period of time is required to make proper prep-
aration for a second conference, particularly as
the questions at issue were on the agenda of the
first conference and received extensive considera-
tion at that time. Apart from that consideration,
however, there are compelling reasons which argue
for an earlier date.
One of these is the existence of actual disputes
in some parts of the world as to the breadth of the
territorial sea and particularly regarding fishing
rights in waters off the coasts of other states.
Great practical benefit would result from early
agreement on rules which would resolve these
disputes. Uncertainties would thereby be re-
moved, and sources of tension and potentially
serious international friction would be eliminated.
One of the basic purposes of the United Nations
is to adjust international differences and to pro-
mote friendly relations between states. The
timely convocation of a second conference on the
law of the sea can contribute significantly to the
achievement of these purposes.
There are other compelling reasons for holding
the conference at a relatively early date. In the
6 months during which the four conventions pre-
pared at the 1958 Geneva conference remained
open for signature, 49 states signed one or more
of the conventions and 44 states have signed the
convention on the territorial sea and contiguous
zones.
This last figure is of particular significance. To
give full meaning to and to permit practical ap-
plication of the convention on the territorial sea,
it is necessary to find agreed answers to the yet
unresolved questions of the breadth of the terri-
torial sea and of fishery limits. Indeed, it seems
reasonable to anticipate that a number of states
which have signed this convention will not be
64
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
prepared to ratify it in advance of knowing the
answers to these unresolved questions. The
United States submits that answers to these ques-
tions should be found at an early date. Then and
then only can the work of the first Geneva confer-
ence be given complete and practical effect.
Nor is my delegation able to agree with the
thesis that it is not practicable to fix the date of a
second conference without first considering the
nature and substance of proposals which might
be made at such a conference to resolve the un-
resolved questions. Indeed, this would amount
to prejudging the questions to be considered at
the reconvened conference even if it were possible
to advance specific proposals at this time, which
it is not.
A preparatory period before the next conference
is necessary for the very purpose of developing
possible solutions which can obtain the necessary
support and acceptance. It would, to say the least,
be an anomaly to suggest that the likely formulae
for resolving the existing differences be first ad-
vanced and tested in this committee. That is the
purpose, function, and responsibility of a second
conference.
My delegation supports the calling of a second
conference in the belief that the issues involved
are of such importance that they will affect the
peace of the international community if they are
left unresolved. And it is also our belief that the
states concerned will be inspired to compose their
differing views and reach agreement in conformity
with the principles of justice and international
law.
In considering the most desirable date for a
second conference we must take into account the
necessity for adequate preparation. We believe
that, with the background of the work by the
Geneva conference, the required consultations can
be carried out within a reasonable period. Pro-
tracted delay would be prejudicial. It would lose
much of the advantage of the work and experience
gained at Geneva, and it might in fact result
merely in postponing the initiation of the diplo-
matic preparations for the conference.
It is obvious that a reasonable period for pre-
paratory work and discussion is necessary. In our
view there would not be sufficient time for this
preparation if a second conference were sched-
uled to meet in the first months of 1959. Much as
we sympathize with those delegations which have
expressed themselves in favor of holding a second
conference as early as February 1959, we believe
prudence counsels a reasonable period in which
to make ready.
When the various relevant factors are taken
into account, it seems reasonable to conclude that
the summer of 1959 is the best date for scheduling
the second conference. Following wide con-
sultations on the question, this date was incorpo-
rated in the draft resolution which has been in-
troduced by 11 delegations. 3 It is our hope that
next summer will prove a generally acceptable
date.
The terms of reference under which the second
conference is to be convoked must be carefully
chosen. We ought not to prejudice the success of
agreement on the territorial sea and fishery limits
by including additional topics in the work of the
conference. In our view the phrase "the breadth
of the territorial sea and fishery limits" contained
in the 11-power resolution appropriately states
the scope of the second conference.
In regard to various details in the convoking of
the new conference, the present Assembly can use-
fully follow the precedent of the resolution under
which the first conference was convoked. I am
sure those delegations which participated in the
first conference will agree that no serious prob-
lems were experienced in the implementation of
that resolution. Moreover, since the second con-
ference is a direct extension of the first, it would
seem logical that it should be convoked under sim-
ilar terms.
In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I should like to
urge that the draft resolution submitted by 11
delegations, including my own, be approved as
representing a reasonable accommodation of di-
verse views on the question of date and as offering
the best hope of providing for a successful second
conference.
STATEMENT IN PLENARY, DECEMBER 10
U.S. delegation press release 3124
Since the voting on the present matter which
took place in the Sixth Committee, the United
States has given earnest consideration to the ques-
tion of how the prospects for a successful second
conference on the law of the sea could be maxi-
a U.N. doc. A/C.6/L.442.
January 12, 7959
65
mized. We have engaged in consultations with
a number of delegations, including sponsors of
the amendment which was defeated by a narrow
margin in the committee.
The United States delegation was approached
by the delegation of Mexico earlier this week.
The sponsors of the committee amendment have
now proposed a change in the date of the second
conference from July or August 1959 to "the ear-
liest convenient date in March or April I960.''
The change is embodied in the amendment
appearing in document A/L. 253, which is now
before the Assembly. The United States dele-
gation is prepared to accept this change. We
do so because we believe that the conference at a
later date will command the support of a very
large majority of the members of this Assembly.
We believe that such support will enhance the
prospects of success at the conference.
It is our understanding, from the consultations
we have held, that states throughout the world,
including many which had opposed the holding
of a conference in 1959, will work for the success-
ful outcome of a conference in 1960. With such
an attitude on the part of the prospective partici-
pants, the conference should be able to reach
agreement on the issues left unresolved by the
first Geneva conference. We look forward to
fruitful cooperation at the second conference and
to an atmosphere of accommodation and concili-
ation during the period of the very necessary
preparations which must precede the conference.
It is implicit that during this period governments
will not take actions which would prejudice the
success of the conference.
The amendment proposed by Mexico sets the
timing of the second conference at "the earliest
convenient date in March or April 1960." We
understand this wording is chosen to avoid any
conflict with the 11th Inter- American Conference,
which is to convene late in January 1960. On
this basis the second conference on the law of the
sea could meet by early March. We believe it is
appropriate to leave the precise date to be fixed by
the Secretary-General on the basis of consulta-
tions with governments.
The United States recognizes that setting a date
for the conference subsequent to the summer of
1959 creates special problems for some countries
in certain regions. In regard to the important
problems of those communities which are prima-
rily dependent upon fisheries near their coasts, it
is the view of the United States that efforts to
deal with them should not be delayed until the
convening of the second conference on the law of
the sea. Indeed, we think that efforts should be
made without delay to secure a satisfactory reso-
lution of any such problems. This purpose will
guide the policy and actions of the United States
Government. The United States would welcome
discussions between the parties concerned to find
acceptable solutions and is prepared to lend its
active assistance to this end.
TEXT OF RESOLUTION'
The General Assembly,
Having received the resolution adopted on 27 April
1958 by the United Nations Conference on the Law of
the Sea, 6 requesting the General Assembly to study at
its thirteenth session the advisability of convening a
second international conference of plenipotentiaries for
further consideration of questions left unsettled by the
Conference,
Recalling that the Conference made an historic contri-
bution to the codification and progressive development
of international law by preparing and opening for signa-
ture conventions on nearly all of the subjects covered by
the draft articles on the law of the sea drawn up by the
International Law Commission, *
Noting that no proposal concerning the breadth of the
territorial sea or fishery limits received the two-thirds
majority required for adoption by the Conference,
Believing that the desire for agreement on these two
vital issues continues and that agreement thereon would
contribute substantially to the lessening of international
tensions and to the preservation of world order and peace,
Convinced that to reach such agreement it is necessary
to undertake considerable preparatory work so as to
ensure reasonable probabilities of success,
1. Decides that a second international conference of
plenipotentiaries on the law of the sea should be called
for the purpose of considering further the questions of
the breadth of the territorial sea and fishery limits ;
2. Requests the Secretary-General to convoke the con-
ference at the earliest convenient date in March or April
'U.N. doc. A/Res/1307 (XIII); adopted in plenary
session on Dec. 10 by a vote of 71 to with 6 abstentions.
5 United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,
Official Records, Volume II: Plenary Meetings (United
Nations publication, Sales No.: 58.V.4, vol. II), annexes,
document A/CONF.13/L.56, resolution VIII. [Footnote
in original.]
'Official Records of the General Assembly, Eleventh
Session, Supplement No. 9 (A/3159), para. 33. [Footnote
in original.]
66
Department of State Bulletin
I960, at the European Office of the United Nations in
Geneva ;
3. Invites all States Members of the United Nations
and States members of the specialized agencies to par-
ticipate in the conference and to include among their
representatives experts competent in the matters to be
considered ;
4. Bequests the Secretary-General to invite specialized
agencies and inter-governmental bodies concerned with
the matters to be considered to send observers to the
conference ;
5. Requests the Secretary-General to arrange for the
necessary staff and facilities which would be required
for the conference, and to present to the conference
recommendations concerning its methods of work and
procedures, and other questions of an administrative
nature ;
6. Refers to the conference for its information the
relevant records of the United Nations Conference on
the Law of the Sea held in 1958.
President Appoints Members
to Caribbean Commission
The White House on December 24 announced
that the President had on that day appointed the
following-named persons for 2-year terms as Com-
missioners of the U.S. section of the Caribbean
Commission: David E. Maas, vice E. Leonard
Brewer; Jose Trias Monge (reappointment);
Arturo Morales Carrion (reappointment).
U.S. Delegations to
International Conferences
Fifth World Forestry Congress
The Department of State announced on Decem-
ber 19 (press release 764) that Richard E.
McArdle, chief of the U.S. Forest Service, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, has been named chairman
of the Organizing Committee for the Fifth World
Forestry Congress which will be held at Seattle,
Wash., in 1960. The site of this international
forestry meeting, the first for which the U.S.
Government will be the host, is the campus of the
University of Washington. Officially opening on
August 29, 1960, this Congress will run until
September 10. Official participation in this inter-
national congress will be upon invitation by the
U.S. Government.
Henry Schmitz, president emeritus, University
of Washington, has been named honorary vice
chairman. William M. Gibson, deputy director,
Office of International Conferences, Department
of State, will serve as vice chairman.
I. T. Haig, assistant to the chief, Forest Service,
Department of Agriculture, has been designated
executive secretary, and Harold A. Vogel, regional
representative, Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, has been named
honorary member.
Members of the committee include persons
active in forest conservation and the forest indus-
tries. Those designated members of the Organiz-
ing Committee are :
George B. Amidon, director of Woodlands Minnesota and
Ontario Paper Co.
Kenneth E. Barraclough, extension forester, University
of New Hampshire
Roy Battles, The National Grange
Paul W. Bedard, Office of Food and Agriculture, Inter-
national Cooperation Administration
Willard S. Bromley, executive secretary- treasurer, Amer-
ican Pulpwood Association
Charles C. Butler, American Farm Bureau Federation
Charles H. Callison, Natural Resources Council of America
Whitford B. Carter, Los Angeles Watershed Commission
Fred H. Claridge, president, Association of State Foresters
Henry Clepper, executive secretary, Society of American
Foresters
Kenneth Davis, Western director, United Brotherhood of
Carpenters
Dwight B. Demeritt, vice president, Dead River Co.
Mortimer B. Doyle, executive vice president, National
Lumber Manufacturers Association
Ursula Duffus, Office of International Economic and Social
Affairs, Department of State
Paul M. Dunn, technical director of forestry, St. Regis
Paper Co.
W. Jeter Eason, president, Forest Products Research
Society
Alfred E. Fivaz, Forest Products Division, Department
of Commerce
Edelen Fogarty, Office of International Resources, De-
partment of State
Tom Gill, executive director, Charles Lathrop Pack For-
estry Foundation
V. L. Harper, assistant chief, Forest Service, Department
of Agriculture
Albert F. Hartung, president, International Woodworkers
of America
Edwin F. Heacox, managing forester, Weyerhaeuser
Timber Co.
James H. Kitchens, Jr., president, Council of Forestry
Association Executives
Walter M. Leuthold, president, Deer Park Pine Industries,
Inc.
Joseph E. McCaffrey, vice president, International Paper
Co.
January 72, 7959
67
Gordon D. Marckworth, dean, College of Forestry, Uni-
versity of Washington
David Mason, president, Mason, Bruce and Girard
Robert E. O'Connor, executive secretary, American Paper
and Pulp Association
Kenneth B. Pomeroy, chief forester, American Forestry
Association
Harry V. Ryder, Jr., Office of International Conferences,
Department of State
O. Harry Schrader, Jr., general manager, Northwest Divi-
sion, United States Plywood Corp.
John F. Shanklin, Technical Review Staff, Office of the
Secretary, Department of the Interior
Hardy L. Shirley, dean, College of Forestry, State Uni-
versity of New York
Richard W. Smith, manager, Natural Resources Depart-
ment, Chamber of Commerce of the United States
Edward P. Stamm, consultant, Crown Zellerbaeh Corp.
John B. Veach, president, American Forest Products Ba-
dustries
Corydon Wagner, vice president, St. Paul and Tacoma
Lumber Co.
Lloyd T. Webster, State supervisor of forestry, Depart-
ment of Natural Resources, Olympia, Wash.
Charles L. Wheeler, vice president, Pope and Talbot, Inc.
Having as its theme the multiple-use aspects of
forestry, the program of this Fifth Congress will
emphasize the worldwide dependence of all na-
tions and all peoples on forests and their related
resources, including water, wildlife, and grass.
Individual technical sessions will be scheduled on
such subjects as silviculture, forest genetics, forest
economics, forest products utilization, forest pro-
tection (from fire, insects, and disease), forest
education, and the management of forest ranges
and watersheds.
Papers to be presented at the Congress will be
of two types: (1) those prepared by world au-
thorities upon the invitation of the Program Com-
mittee and (2) papers submitted voluntarily by
participants.
Preceding the technical sessions at Seattle,
there will be a number of optional field tours for
foreign foresters who may wish to visit places of
special forestry interest in the United States and
Canada. The excursions will be so planned as to
enable visitors to observe a wide variety of for-
estry activities.
Current U.N. Documents:
A Selected Bibliography *
Security Council
Report by the Secretary-General on the Plan for With-
drawal of the United Nations Observation Group in
Lebanon submitted in pursuance of the resolution of
the Security Council of 11 June 1958 (S/4023). S/4116.
November 21, 1958. 3 pp. mimeo.
Letter Dated 27 November 1958 From the Permanent
Representative of Saudi Arabia Addressed to the Pres-
ident of the Security Council. S/4119. November 28,
1958. 3 pp. mimeo.
Letter Dated 29 November 1958 From the Permanent
Representative of Cambodia Addressed to the Secre-
tary-General. S/4121. December 2, 1958. 4 pp.
mimeo.
Letter Dated 3 December 1958 Addressed to the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations by the Ambassador
of the Republic of Guinea. S/4122. December 3, 1958.
13 pp. mimeo.
Letter Dated 4 December 1958 From the Permanent
Representative of Israel Addressed to the President
of the Security Council. S/4123. December 4, 1958.
2 pp. mimeo.
Report of the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce
Supervision Organization in Palestine on the Incident
of 3 December 1958 Between Israel and Syria in the
Hula Area. S/4124. December 8, 1958. 15 pp. mimeo.
Letter Dated 8 December 1958 From the Permanent
Representative of Thailand to the United Nations
Addressed to the Secretary-General. S/4126. Decem-
ber 8, 1958. 4 pp. mimeo.
Letter Dated 10 December 1958 From the Permanent
Representative of the United Kingdom Addressed to
the President of the Security Council About an Alleged
Incident at Khor al Odaid. S/4134. December 11,
1958. 2 pp. mimeo.
General Assembly
Question of Nuclear Weapons Tests. Letter dated 15
November 1958 from the Permanent Representative of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the United
Nations, addressed to the Secretary-General. A/4015.
December 1, 1958. 4 pp. mimeo.
Administrative and Budgetary Co-ordination Between the
United Nations and the Specialized Agencies : Budget
of the International Atomic Energy Agency for the
Financial Year 1959. Thirteenth report of the Advisory
Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions
to the thirteenth session of the General Assembly.
A/4016. December 1, 1958. 10 pp. mimeo.
1 Printed materials may be secured in the United States
from the International Documents Service, Columbia
University Press, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.
Other materials (mimeographed or processed documents)
may be consulted at certain designated libraries in the
United States.
68
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
TREATY INFORMATION
Agreement With the European Atomic Energy Community
Following is the text of an agreement signed at
Brussels on November 8, 1958, by representatives
of the U.S. Government and the six-nation Euro-
pean Atomic Energy Community, which provides
for establishment of a joint nuclear power pro-
gram. 1
Agreement foe Cooperation Between the Government
of the United States of America and the European
Atomic Energy Community (EDRATOM) Concerning
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
Whereas the Government of the United States of
America and the European Atomic Energy Community
(EURATOM) on May 29 and June 18, 1958 signed an
agreement ' which provides a basis for cooperation in pro-
grams for the advancement of the peaceful applications of
atomic energy ;
Whereas the Government of the United States of
America and the European Atomic Energy Community
(EURATOM) recognize that it would be to their mutual
benefit to cooperate by establishing a joint program :
(a) To bring into operation within the European
Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) large-scale
power plants using nuclear reactors of types on which re-
search and development have been carried to an advanced
stage in the United States, having a total installed capacity
of approximately one million kilowatts of electricity by
December 31, 1963 (except that two reactors may be
selected to be in operation by December 31, 1965), and
under conditions which would approach the competitive
range of conventional energy costs in Europe ;
(b) To initiate immediately a joint research and de-
velopment program centered on these types of reactors ;
The Parties agree as follows :
Article I
A. Under the joint program, reactor projects may be
proposed, constructed and operated by private or gov-
ernmental organizations in the Community engaged in
the power industry or in the nuclear energy field. Such
projects will be selected in accordance with technical
1 For an announcement of the signing, see Bulletin
of Nov. 24, 1958, p. 830. (Note: The reference in the
footnote on p. 830 is incorrect. The agreement of June
18, to which it refers, was a preliminary agreement.)
2 For text, see ibid., July 14, 195S, p. 70.
standards, criteria (including those relating to radiation
protection and reactor safety), and procedures developed
by the United States Atomic Energy Commission (herein-
after referred to as the "United States Commission") and
the Commission of the European Atomic Energy Com-
munity (hereinafter referred to as the "EURATOM Com-
mission"). In the evaluation and selection of such re-
actor projects, the technical and economic features will
be considered and approved jointly by the United States
Commission and the EURATOM Commission. Other
features of such reactor projects will be considered and
approved by the EURATOM Commission. Reactors now
being planned or constructed in Member States of the
Gonirnunity will be eligible for, and will receive, early
consideration under the criteria established pursuant to
this paragraph.
B. The total capital cost, exclusive of the fuel inven-
tory, of the nuclear power plants with an installed
capacity of approximately one million kilowatts of elec-
tricity to be constructed under the program is estimated
not to exceed the equivalent of $350,000,000 to be financed
as follows :
1. Approximately $215,000,000 to be provided by the
participating utilities and other European sources of
capital, such financing to be arranged with the appropri-
ate assistance of the Community ; and
2. Up to $135,000,000 to be provided by the Government
of the United States of America to the Community in
the form of a long-term line of credit on terms and con-
ditions to be agreed, including terms and conditions sat-
isfactory to the Parties regarding security for such loan,
such funds to be re-lent by the Community for the con-
struction of facilities under this program.
C. The United States Commission and the EURATOM
Commission will enter into special arrangements with
respect to the fuel cycle of reactors to be constructed
and operated under the joint program according to the
principles set forth in Annex "A" to this Agreement.
Article II
A. The United States Commission and the EURATOM
Commission under mutually agreed arrangements in-
tend to initiate a program of research and development
to be conducted both in the United States and in Europe
on the types of reactors to be constructed under the joint
program. This research and development program will
be aimed primarily at the improvement of the perform-
ance of these reactors, and at lowering fuel cycle costs.
It will also deal with plutonium recycling and other
problems relevant to these reactors.
January 12, 7959
69
B. The research and development program will be
established for a ten (10) year period. During the first
five (5) years the financial contribution of the Govern-
ment of the United States of America and the Commu-
nity will amount to about $50,000,000 each. Prior to the
completion of the first five-year period the Parties will
determine the financial requirements for the remaining
five-year period and will undertake to procure funds
necessary to carry out the program. Funds for the second
five-year period may be in the same order of magnitude.
C. The administration of this program will be con-
ducted under arrangements to be mutually agreed.
Article III
A. The United States Commission will sell to the Com-
munity uranium enriched in the isotope U-235 for use in
projects designated by the Parties pursuant to the joint
program up to a net amount of thirty thousand (30,000)
kilograms of contained U-235 in uranium. This net
amount shall be the gross quantity of contained U-235
in uranium sold to the Community less the quantity of
contained U-235 in recoverable uranium which has been
resold or otherwise returned to the Government of the
United States of America or transferred to any other
nation or international organization with the approval of
the Government of the United States of America. The
United States Commission will also from time to time
sell to the Community such quantities of special nuclear
material, in addition to the quantities of enriched ura-
nium set forth above, as may be agreed.
B. Contracts for the sale of special nuclear materials
will specify the quantities to be supplied, composition of
material, compensation for material, delivery schedules
and other necessary terms and conditions. Such con-
tracts for the sale of enriched uranium for fueling
power reactors under the joint program may also provide,
under terms and conditions to be agreed, that payment for
such enriched uranium may be made on a deferred basis.
Such terms and conditions will include an obligation that
the Community return to the United States Commission
enriched uranium to the extent that there is default in
payment. The Community will grant no rights to third
parties that may be inconsistent with such obligation.
The uranium supplied hereunder for use in reactors de-
signed for production of electric power may be enriched
up to twenty percent (20%) by weight in the isotope
U-235. The United States Commission, however, may,
upon request and in its discretion, make a portion of the
foregoing enriched uranium available as material en-
riched up to ninety percent (90%) for use in materials
testing reactors and research reactors, each capable of
operating with a fuel load not to exceed eight (8) kilo-
grams of contained U-235 in uranium, and as highly en-
riched material for use for research purposes.
C. It is agreed that the Community may distribute
special nuclear material to authorized users in the Com-
munity ; the Community will retain, pursuant to the
Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Com-
munity, title to any special nuclear material which is
purchased from the United States Commission.
D. The United States Commission is prepared to per-
form while such services are available from the Com-
mission to its licensees in the United States, and on terms
and conditions to be agreed, chemical reprocessing serv-
ices with respect to any source or special nuclear material
received by the Community from the United States under
this program. It is agreed that such reprocessing will be
performed at established United States domestic prices
in effect upon delivery of such material. It is understood,
except as may be otherwise agreed, that the form and con-
tent of any irradiated fuel elements shall not be altered
after their removal from reactors and prior to delivery
to the United States Commission or to other facilities.
Special nuclear material and other material recoverable
from material returned to the United States for reprocess-
ing will be returned to the Community unless otherwise
agreed. It is anticipated that any withdrawal by the
United States Commission of chemical reprocessing serv-
ices will be based upon the availability of commercial
facilities to meet requirements for such services at rea-
sonable prices, including the requirements of projects in
the joint program. The United States Commission will
give written notice to the Community of non-availability
of its chemical reprocessing services twelve (12) months
prior to such non-availability.
E. With respect to any special nuclear material pro-
duced in reactors fueled with materials obtained from the
United States under this Agreement which is in excess of
the need of the Community for such material for the
peaceful uses of atomic energy, the International Atomic
Energy Agency is granted the right of first option to pur-
chase such material at the announced fuel value price
in effect in the United States at the time of purchase.
In the event this option is not exercised by the Interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency, the Government of the
United States of America is prepared to purchase such
material at the United States announced fuel value price
in effect at the time of purchase. However, with respect
to plutonium produced in any reactor constructed under
the joint program, no purchase commitment shall extend
for a period beyond ten (10) years of operation of such
reactor, or December 31, 1973 (or December 31, 1975, for
not more than two reactors selected under Article I, A),
whichever is earlier. Extension of such period will be
the subject of negotiation on the request of either Party.
Article IV
The United States Commission will assist the EURA-
TOM Commission in obtaining reactor materials other
than special nuclear material from private organizations
located in the United States if the EURATOM Commis-
sion desires such assistance. If no commercial sources
are available, specific arrangements may be made by the
Parties, from time to time, under terms and conditions to
be agreed, for the transfer of such materials.
Article V
Persons under the jurisdiction of the Government of the
United States of America or within the Community will
be permitted to make arrangements to transfer and ex-
port material, including equipment and devices, to, and
perform services for, the other Party and such persons
under the jurisdiction of the Government of the United
70
Department of State Bulletin
States of America or within the Community (as the case
may be) as are authorized by the appropriate Party to
receive and possess such material and utilize such serv-
ices, subject to applicable laws, directives, regulations
and license requirements of the Government of the United
States of America, the Community and the Member States
of the Community.
Aeticle VI
A. 1. Under mutually agreed arrangements, all non-pat-
entable information developed in connection with the joint
program of research and development, and all non-pat-
entable information developed in connection with the
selected projects, concerning designs, plans and specifica-
tions, construction costs, operations and economics, will
be delivered currently to the Parties as developed and
may be used, disseminated, or published by each Party
for any and all purposes as it sees fit without further
obligation or payment. There will be no discrimination
in the dissemination or use of such information for the
reason that the proposed recipient or user is a national of
the United States or of any Member State of the Com-
munity.
2. Both Parties shall have access to the records of the
participating contractors pertaining to their participation
in research and development projects under the joint
research and development program, or pertaining to the
performance of fuel elements that are the subject of
United States guarantees.
B. The United States Commission and the EURATOM
Commission shall also exchange other unclassified in-
formation in fields related to the peaceful uses of atomic
energy to further the joint program. Such exchange of
information shall include technical advice in the design
and construction of future reprocessing plants which the
Community may decide to design and construct or
sponsor.
C. The Parties will expedite prompt exchange of in-
formation through symposia, exchange of personnel, set-
ting up of combined teams, and other methods as may
be mutually agreed.
D. Except as otherwise agreed, the application or use
of any information (including designs, drawings and
specifications) and any material, equipment, and devices,
exchanged or transferred between the Parties under this
Agreement, shall be the responsibility of the Party receiv-
ing it, and the other Party does not warrant the accuracy
or completeness of such information, nor the suitability
of such information, materials, equipment, and devices
for any particular use or application.
Article VII
A. As to any invention made or conceived in the course
of or under the joint program of research and
development :
1. The Government of the United States of America
shall without further obligation or payment be entitled
to assignment of the title and rights in and to the inven-
tion and the patents in the United States subject to a
non-exclusive, irrevocable, and royalty-free license, with
the right to grant sublicenses, to the Community for
all purposes.
2. The Community shall without further obligation or
payment be entitled to assignment of the title and rights
in and to the invention and the patents in the Com-
munity subject to a non-exclusive, irrevocable, and
royalty-free license, with the right to grant sublicenses,
to the Government of the United States of America for all
purposes.
3. With respect to title and rights in and to the inven-
tion and patents in third countries :
a. The Government of the United States of America,
if the invention is made or conceived within the United
States, or the Community, if the invention is made or
conceived within the Community, shall be entitled to
assignment of such title and rights, subject to a non-
exclusive, irrevocable, and royalty-free license, with the
right to grant sublicenses, to the other Party for all
purposes.
b. If the invention is made or conceived elsewhere, the
Party contracting for the work shall be entitled to assign-
ment of such title and rights, subject to a non-exclusive
irrevocable, and royalty-free license, with the right to
grant sublicenses, to the other Party for all purposes.
B. As to inventions and patents under paragraph A of
this Article neither Party shall discriminate in the grant-
ing of any license or sublicense for the reason that the
proposed licensee or sublicensee is a national of the
United States or of any Member State of the Community.
C. As to patents used in the work of the joint pro-
gram, other than those under paragraph A, which the
Government of the United States of America owns or as
to which it has the right to grant licenses or sublicenses,
the Government of the United States of America will
agree to grant licenses or sublicenses, covering use either
in or outside the joint program, on a non-discriminatory
basis to a Member State and to industry of a Member
State, if the Member State has agreed to grant licenses
or sublicenses as to patents used in the work of the joint
program which it owns or as to which it has the right
to grant licenses or sublicenses, on a non-discriminatory
basis to the Government of the United States of America
and to industry of the United States, covering use either
in or outside the joint program.
D. The respective contractual arrangements of the
Parties with third parties shall contain provisions that
will enable each Party to effectuate the provisions of
paragraphs A and B of this Article as to patentable
information.
E. It is recognized that detailed procedures shall be
jointly established to effectuate the foregoing provisions
and that all situations not covered shall be settled by
mutual agreement governed by the basic principle of
equivalent benefits to both Parties.
Article VIII
The United States Commission and the EURATOM
Commission will work closely together to develop train-
ing programs to satisfy requirements of the joint pro-
gram. The Parties may under mutually agreeable terms
January ?2, 7959
71
and conditions make available their facilities for use
by the other, including facilities to satisfy training needs.
Article IX
The Government of the United States of America and
the Community recognize that adequate measures to pro-
tect equipment manufacturers and other suppliers as well
as the participating utilities against now uninsurable
risks are necessary to the implementation of the joint
program. The EURATOM Commission will seek to de-
velop and to secure the adoption, by the earliest prac-
ticable date, of suitable measures which will provide
adequate financial protection against third party liability.
Such measures could involve suitable indemnification
guarantees, national legislation, international convention,
or a combination of such measures.
Article X
The EURATOM Commission will take all action open to
it under the Treaty establishing the European Atomic
Energy Community to minimize the impact of customs
duties on goods and products imported under the joint
program.
Article XI
The Community guarantees that:
1. No material, including equipment and devices, trans-
ferred pursuant to this Agreement to the Community or
to persons within the Community, will be used for atomic
weapons, or for research on or development of atomic
weapons, or for any other military purpose ;
2. No such material will be transferred to unauthorized
persons or beyond the control of the Community, except
as the Government of the United States of America may
agree to such transfer and then only if the transfer of
the material is within the scope of an Agreement for
Cooperation between the Government of the United States
of America and another nation or group of nations ;
3. No source or special nuclear material utilized in,
recovered from, or produced as a result of the use of mate-
rials, equipment or devices transferred pursuant to this
Agreement to the Community or to persons within the
Community will be used for atomic weapons, or for
research on or development of atomic weapons, or for any
other military purpose ;
4. The Community will establish and maintain a
mutually satisfactory system of safeguards and control as
provided in Article XII, to be applied to materials, equip-
ment and devices subject to the guarantees set forth in
paragraphs 1 through 3 of this Article.
Article XII
A. The Community undertakes the responsibility for
establishing and implementing a safeguards and control
system designed to give maximum assurance that any
material, equipment or devices made available pursuant
to this Agreement and any source or special nuclear ma-
terial derived from the use of such material, equipment
and devices, shall be utilized solely for peaceful purposes.
In establishing and implementing its safeguards and con-
trol system, the Community is prepared to consult with
and exchange experiences with the International Atomic
72
Energy Agency with the objective of establishing a system
reasonably compatible with that of the International
Atomic Energy Agency. The Government of the United
States of America and the Community agree that the
principles which will govern the establishment and opera-
tion by the Community of a mutually satisfactory safe-
guards and control system under this Agreement are those
which are set forth in Annex "B" to this Agreement
The Community shall be responsible for establishing and
maintaining a mutually satisfactory and effective safe-
guards and control system which is in accord with the
principles set forth in Annex "B" to this Agreement.
B. As has been requested by the Community, the
Government of the United States of America will provide
assistance in establishing the Community's safeguards
and control system, and will provide continuing assistance
in the operation of the system.
C. The Parties agree that there will be frequent con-
sultations and exchanges of visits between the Parties
to give assurance to both Parties that the Community's
safeguards and control system effectively meets the re-
sponsibility and principles stated in paragraph A of this
Article and that the standards of the materials account-
ability systems of the Government of the United States of
America and the Community are kept reasonably
comparable.
D. In recognition of the importance of the International
Atomic Energy Agency, the Government of the United
States of America and the Community will consult with
each other from time to time to determine whether there
are any areas of responsibility with regard to safeguards
and control and matters relating to health and safety in
which the Agency might be asked to assist.
E. It is understood by the Parties that a continuation
of the cooperative program between the Government of
the United States of America and the Community will be
contingent upon the Community's establishing and main-
taining a mutually satisfactory and effective safeguards
and control system which is in accord with the principles
set forth in Annex "B" to this Agreement.
Article XIII
The Government of the United States of America and
the Community reaffirm their common interest in foster-
ing the peaceful applications of atomic energy through
the International Atomic Energy Agency and intend that
the results of the joint program will benefit the Agency
and the nations participating in it.
Article XIV
A. The Parties anticipate that from time to time they
may enter into further agreements providing for coopera-
tion in the peaceful aspects of atomic energy.
B. Article 106 of the Treaty establishing the European
Atomic Energy Community contemplates that Member
States which before the date of entry into force of that
Treaty have concluded agreements with third countries
for cooperation in the field of nuclear energy shall jointly
with the EURATOM Commission enter into the necessary
negotiations with third countries in order as far as possi-
ble to cause the rights and obligations arising out of such
agreements to be assumed by the Community. The
Department of State Bulletin
Government of the United States of America is prepared
to enter into such negotiations with reference to any
agreement to which it is a party.
C. Existing agreements for cooperation in the field of
nuclear energy between Member States and the Govern-
ment of the United States of America are not modified by
the joint program. Modifications may be made as neces-
sary by mutual agreement between the Member States
concerned and the United States to permit transfers of
reactor projects now contemplated under existing agree-
ments that qualify for and are accepted under the joint
program.
Article XV
For the purposes of this Agreement :
(a) "Person" means any individual, enterprise, cor-
poration, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, pub-
lic or private institution, group, government agency, or
government corporation, but does not include the Parties
to this Agreement
(b) "Special nuclear material" means (1) plutonium,
uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235,
and any other material which either Party determines to
be special nuclear material; or (2) any material artifi-
cially enriched by any of the foregoing.
(c) "Source material" means (1) uranium, thorium,
or any other material which is determined by either Party
to be source material ; or (2) ores containing one or more
of the foregoing materials, in such concentration as either
Party may determine from time to time.
(d) "Parties" means the Government of the United
States of America, including the United States Atomic
Energy Commission on behalf of the Government of the
United States of America, and the European Atomic En-
ergy Community (EURATOM), acting through its Com-
mission. "Party" means one of the Parties.
Abticle XVI
A. The Parties agree that the establishment and initia-
tion of the joint program and the undertakings of the
Parties under this Agreement are subject to appropriate
statutory steps, including authorization by competent bod-
ies of the Government of the United States of America
and the Community, and the provisions of applicable laws,
regulations and license requirements in effect in the
United States and in the Community and within the Mem-
ber States.
B. This Agreement shall enter into force on the day on
which each Party shall have received from the other
Party written notification that it has complied with all
statutory and constitutional requirements for the entry
into force of such Agreement and shall remain in force
for a period of twenty-five (25) years.
In witness whereof, the undersigned representatives
duly authorized thereto have signed this Agreement.
Done at Brussels on November 8, 1958, in duplicate, in
the English, French, German, Italian, and Netherlands
languages, each language being equally authentic.
For the Government of the United States of America :
Pour le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amerique:
Fur die Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika :
Per el Governo degli Stati Uniti dAmerica :
Voor de Regering van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika :
W. W. BUTTERWORTH
John A. McCone
For the European Atomic Energy Community (EURA-
TOM) :
Pour la Communaute Europeenne de l'Energie Atomique
(EURATOM) :
Fiir die Europaische Atomenergiegemeinschaft (EURA-
TOM) :
Per la Comunita Europea dell'Energia Atomica (EURA-
TOM) :
Voor de Europese Gemeenschap voor Atoomenergie
(EURATOM) :
L. Armand
Enrico Medi
Paul de Groote
Heinz L. Krekelee
Sassen
Annex "A"
With the objective of assuring the success of the joint
program, the United States Commission will offer guaran-
tees designed to limit certain financial risks associated
with the fuel cycle.
These guarantees will be extended in the form of maxi-
mum charges for fabrication of the fuel elements and
minimum integrity of the fuel elements under irradiation.
They will be offered only to the extent that equivalent or
better guarantees are not available commercially.
The liability of the United States Commission under
these guarantees will be limited to meeting guaranteed
maximum charges for fabricated fuel elements and to the
adjustment of charges for fabrication, chemical reprocess-
ing, and transportation of fuel elements when required
by failure to meet guaranteed integrity.
The guarantees will provide for equitable sharing of
decreases in costs realized through fuel performance in
excess of guaranteed levels, the United States share not to
exceed costs experienced by the United States Commis-
sion under these guarantees.
The guarantees provided by the United States Commis-
sion will be applicable to all loadings made in reactors
under the joint program during ten (10) years of opera-
tion or prior to December 31, 1973 (or December 31, 1975,
for not more than two reactors selected under Article I,
A, of this Agreement for Cooperation), whichever is
earlier.
Annex "B"
Principles for Establishing the Safeguards and Con-
trol System Under This Agreement
The principles which will govern the establishment and
operation of the safeguards and control system are as
follows :
The EURATOM Commission will :
1. Examine the design of equipment, devices and facili-
ties, including nuclear reactors, and approve it for the
January 12, 7959
73
purpose of assuring that it will not further any military
purpose and that it will permit the effective application
of safeguards, if such equipment, devices and facilities:
(a) are made available pursuant to this Agreement; or
(b) use, process or fabricate any of the following ma-
terials received from the United States : source or special
nuclear material, moderator material or any other ma-
terial relevant to the effective application of safeguards ;
or
(c) use any special nuclear material produced as the
result of the use of equipment or material referred to in
subparagraphs (a) and (b).
2. Require the maintenance and production of oper-
ating records to assure accountability for source or spe-
cial nuclear material made available, or source or special
nuclear material used, recovered, or produced as a result
of the use of source or special nuclear material, modera-
tor material or any other material relevant to the effec-
tive application of safeguards, or as a result of equip-
ment, devices and facilities made available pursuant to
this Agreement.
3. Require that progress reports be prepared and deliv-
ered to the EURATOM Commission with respect to proj-
ects utilizing material, equipment, devices and facilities
referred to in paragraph 2 of this Annex.
4. Establish and require the deposit and storage, under
continuing safeguards, in EURATOM facilities of any
special nuclear material referred to in paragraph 2 of
this Annex which is not currently being utilized for
peaceful purposes in the Community or otherwise trans-
ferred as provided in the Agreement for Cooperation be-
tween the Government of the United States of America
and the Community.
5. Establish an inspection organization which will have
access at all times :
(a) to all places and data, and
(b) to any person who by reason of his occupation deals
with materials, equipment, devices or facilities safe-
guarded under this Agreement, necessary to assure ac-
counting for source or special nuclear material subject to
paragraph 2 of this Annex and to determine whether
there is compliance with the guarantees of the Com-
munity. The inspection organization will also be in a
position to make and will make such independent meas-
urements as are necessary to assure compliance with the
provisions of this Annex and the Agreement for
Cooperation.
It is the understanding of the Parties that the above
principles applicable to the establishment of the Com-
munity's inspection and control system are compatible
with and are based on Article XII of the Statute of the
International Atomic Energy Agency, Chapter VII of
Title Two of the Treaty establishing the European
Atomic Energy Community, and those adopted by the
Government of the United States of America in its com-
prehensive Agreements for Cooperation.
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Postal Services
Universal postal convention with final protocol, annex,
regulations of execution, and provisions regarding air-
mail with final protocol. Done at Ottawa October 3,
1957. 1
Ratifications deposited: Japan, November 7, 1958;
Switzerland, November 14, 1958.
War
Geneva convention relative to treatment of prisoners of
war ;
Geneva convention for amelioration of condition of
wounded and sick in armed forces in the field ;
Geneva convention for amelioration of condition of
wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed
forces at sea ;
Geneva convention relative to protection of civilian per-
sons in time of war.
Dated at Geneva August 12, 1949. Entered into force
October 21, 1950 ; for the United States February 2,
1956. TIAS 3364, 3362, 3363, and 3365, respectively.
Accession deposited: Cambodia, December 8, 1958.
BILATERAL
Brazil
Agreement further amending the agricultural commodities
agreement of December 31, 1956, as amended (TIAS
3725, 3864, and 4074). Effected by exchange of notes at
Washington December 12, 1958. Entered into force
December 12, 1958.
Muscat, Oman, and Dependencies
Treaty of amity, economic relations and consular rights.
Signed at Salalah December 20, 1958. Enters into force
1 month after the exchange of ratifications.
Spain
Agreement amending the memorandum of understanding
attached to the offshore procurement agreement of
July 30, 1954, as amended (TIAS 3094 and 3721).
Effected by exchange of notes at Madrid October 29 and
November 11, 1958. Entered into force November 11,
1958.
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
Designations
Leland Barrows as Regional Director of the Interna-
tional Cooperation Administration for the Near East and
South Asia, effective December 15, 1958. (For biographic
details, see press release 757 dated December 15.)
Horace E. Henderson as Deputy Assistant Secretary
for International Organization Affairs, effective January 9,
1959. (For biographic details, see press release 753
dated December 15.)
1 Not in force.
74
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
January 12, 1959 INDEX
American Republics. Inter-American Cooperation
in the Economic Field (Dillon, text of declara-
tion) 4S
Antarctica. U.S. and New Zealand To Continue
Antarctic Scientific Cooperation (text of joint
announcement) 51
Atomic Energy. Agreement With the European
Atomic Energy Community (text) 69
Department and Foreign Service. Designations
(Barrows, Henderson) 74
Economic Affairs
Inter-American Cooperation in the Economic Field
(Dillon, text of declaration) 48
Treaty With Sultan of Muscat To Regulate Eco-
nomic Relations 51
United States aud India Sign DLF Loan Agree-
ment 51
Europe. Agreement With the European Atomic
Energy Community (text) 69
Guinea. United Nations Debates Admission of
New Members; Admits Guinea (Lodge) ... 52
Hungary. U.N. To Seek Improvement of Situation
in Hungary (Lodge, text of resolution) ... 55
India. United States and India Sign DLF Loan
Agreement 51
International Law. U.N. To Convene Second Con-
ference on the Law of the Sea (Phleger, text
of resolution) 64
International Organizations and Conferences
Fifth World Forestry Congress (delegation) . . 67
President Appoints Members to Caribbean Com-
mission 67
Korea. United Nations Debates Admission of
New Members; Admits Guinea (Lodge) ... 52
Muscat and Oman. Treaty With Sultan of Muscat
To Regulate Economic Relations 51
Mutual Security
Barrows designated Regional Director of ICA for
Near East and South Asia 74
United States and India Sign DLF Loan Agree-
ment 51
New Zealand. U.S. and New Zealand To Continue
Antarctic Scientific Cooperation (text of joint
announcement) 51
Presidential Documents. A Pledge to the Peoples
of the World 47
Vol.fXL, No. 1020
Science. U.S. and New Zealand To Continue
Antarctic Scientific Cooperation (text of joint
announcement)
Treaty Information
Agreement With the European Atomic Energy
Community (text)
Current Actions
Treaty With Sultan of Muscat To Regulate Eco-
nomic Relations
U.S.S.R. U.N. To Seek Improvement of Situation
in Hungary (Lodge, text of resolution) . . . .
United Nations
Current U.N. Documents
United Nations Debates Admission of New Mem-
bers; Admits Guinea (Lodge)
U.N. To Convene Second Conference on the Law of
the Sea (Phleger, text of resolution) ....
U.N. To Seek Improvement of Situation in Hungary
(Lodge, text of resolution)
Viet-Nam. United Nations Debates Admission of
New Members; Admits Guinea (Lodge) . . .
Name Index
51
69
74
51
55
68
52
64
55
52
Barrows, Leland 74
Dillon, Douglas 48
Eisenhower, President 47
Henderson, Horace E 74
Lodge, Henry Cabot 52, 55
McArdle, Richard E 67
Phleger, Herman 64
Check List of Department of'State
Press Releases: December 22-28
Press releases may be obtained from the News
Division, Department of State, Washington 25, D.C.
Releases issued prior to December 22 which ap-
pear in this issue of the Bulletin are Nos. 750 of
December 12 and 764 of December 19.
No.
Date
770 12/23
771 12/22
Subject
Zealand
*772
*773
774
12/22
12/23
12/24
U.S.-New Zealand scientific opera-
tions.
Economic, amity, and consular treaty
with Muscat and Oman.
Educational exchange.
Death of Ross Moore.
DLF loan to India.
♦Not printed.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1959
^7
United States
Government Printing Office
DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
Washington 25, D.C.
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, S300
(GPO)
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
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the Indian Ocean and the China Sea, has exposed the area to
diverse foreign influences. In recent years its strategic location
and the value of its natural resources, in combination with global
political developments, have made Malaya a battleground in the
ideological conflict that has split the world.
The latest of the Department of State's Background pam-
phlets discusses the new Federation of Malaya, with special ref-
erence to the postwar struggle for Malaya, the land, the people,
political Malaya, the economy, and U.S. relationships with
Malaya. The 19-page pamphlet is illustrated with maps and
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FICIAL
EEKLY RECORD
Vol. XL, No. 1021
ftec'd \ Januar y 19 ' 1959
U.S. REPLIES TO SOVIET NX>flE ON BERLIN • Texts
of U.S. Note of December 31 ahd^SovietNote of November 27 . 79
UNITED STATES-LATIN AMERICAN RELATIONS,
1953-1958 • Report to the President by Milton S.
Eisenhower "9
UNITED STATES AND ARGENTINA SIGN LOAN
AGREEMENTS 105
TENTH ANNIVERSARY OF ADOPTION OF DECLARA-
TION OF HUMAN RIGHTS • by Mrs. Oswald B. Lord . 108
IITED STATES
REIGN POLICY
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XL, No. 1021 • Publication 6756
January 19, 1959
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Price:
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the Budget (January 20, 1958).
Note: Contents of this publication are not
copyrighted and items contained herein may
be reprinted. Citation of the Department
of State Bulletin as the source will be
appreciated.
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publiration issued by the
Public Services Division, provides the
public and interested agencies of
the Government with information on
developments in the field of foreign
relations and on the work of the
Department of State and the Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
lected press releases on foreign policy,
issued by the White House and the
Department, and statements and ad-
dresses made by the President and by
the Secretary of Slate and other
officers of the Department, as well as
special articles on various phases of
international affairs and the func-
tions of the Department. Informa-
tion is included concerning treaties
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become a party and treaties of gen-
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Publications of the Department,
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national relations are listed currently.
U.S. Replies to Soviet Note on Berlin
Following is an exchange of correspondence be-
tween the United States and the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics on the subject of Berlin. 1
U.S. NOTE OF DECEMBER 31
Press release 781 dated December 31
The Government of the United States acknowl-
edges the note which was addressed to it by the
Government of the U.S.S.R. under date of
November 27.
The note contains a long elaboration on the
events which preceded and followed the last war.
It attempts to portray the Western Powers —
France, the United Kingdom and the United
States — as supporters of Hitlerism as against the
Soviet Union. This portrayal is in sharp con-
trast with the actual facts. In this connection
we refer to the contemporaneous statement made
by the Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs to the
Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. on October 31,
1939. In that statement he refers, among other
things, to the "conclusion of the Soviet-German
non-aggression pact of August 23" and points out
"we now had a rapprochement and the establish-
ment of friendly relations between the U.S.S.R.
and Germany". The statement goes on to assail
the British and French Governments for their
opposition to Hitlerism in the following lan-
guage : "The ruling circles of Britain and France
have been lately attempting to depict themselves
as champions of the democratic rights of nations
against Hitlerism, and the British Government
has announced that its aim in the war with Ger-
many is nothing more nor less than the 'destruc-
tion of Hitlerism' .... everybody will under-
stand that an ideology cannot be destroyed by
force, that it cannot be eliminated by war. It is
1 For a Department memorandum on the legal aspects of
the Berlin situation, see Bu:lletin of Jan. 5, 1959,
p. 5.
therefore not only senseless, but criminal to wage
such a war — a war for the 'destruction of Hitler-
ism' camouflaged as a fight for 'democracy'."
The situation of Berlin of which the Soviet
Government complains and which it considers ab-
normal is a result of the very nature of the Ger-
man problem such as it has existed since 1945.
When the empire of Hitler collapsed the Western
Allies were in military possession of more than
one-third of what subsequently was occupied by
the Soviet authorities.
The Soviet Union was in possession of Berlin.
On the basis of the agreements of September 12,
1944 and May 1, 1945, the Western Allies with-
drew, thereby permitting a Soviet occupation of
large parts of Mecklenburg, Saxony, Thuringia
and Anhalt, and concurrently, the three Western
Powers occupied the western sectors in Berlin,
then an area of rubble.
The Soviet Union has directly and through its
puppet regime — the so-called German Democratic
Republic — consolidated its hold over the large
areas which the Western Allies relinquished to it.
It now demands that the Western Allies should
relinquish the positions in Berlin which in effect
were the quid pro quo.
The three Western Powers are there as occupy-
ing powers and they are not prepared to relinquish
the rights which they acquired through victory
just as they assume the Soviet Union is not will-
ing now to restore to the occupancy of the West-
ern Powers the position which they had won in
Mecklenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Anhalt and
which, under the agreements of 1944 and 1945,
they turned over for occupation by the Soviet
Union.
The agreements made by the Four Powers can-
not be considered obsolete because the Soviet
Union has already obtained the full advantage
therefrom and now wishes to deprive the other
parties of their compensating advantages. These
January 79, 1959
79
agreements are binding upon all of the signatories
so long as they have not been replaced by others
following free negotiations.
Insofar as the Potsdam agreement is concerned,
the status of Berlin does not depend upon that
agreement. Moreover, it is the Soviet Union that
bears responsibility for the fact that the Potsdam
agreement could not be implemented.
The Soviet memorandum purports formally to
repudiate the agreements of September 12, 1944
and May 1, 1945. This repudiation in fact in-
volves other and more recent engagements. We
refer in this connection to the Four Power agree-
ment of June 20, 1949 whereby, among other
things, the Soviet Union assumed "an obligation"
to assure the normal functioning of transport and
communication between Berlin and the Western
Zones of Germany. This "obligation" the Soviet
Union now purports to shed. The United States
also refers to the "summit" agreement of July 23,
1955 2 whereby the Four Powers recognized "their
common responsibility for the settlement of the
German question", a phrase which necessarily in-
cludes the problem of Berlin. Apparently the
Soviet Union now attempts to free itself from
these agreed responsibilities and obligations.
The United States Government cannot prevent
the Soviet Government from announcing the ter-
mination of its own authority in the quadripartite
regime in the sector which it occupies in the city
of Berlin. On the other hand, the Government of
the United States will not and does not, in any
way, accept a unilateral denunciation of the ac-
cords of 1944 and 1945 ; nor is it prepared to re-
lieve the Soviet Union from the obligations which
it assumed in June, 1949. Such action on the
part of the Soviet Government would have no
legal basis, since the agreements can only be ter-
minated by mutual consent. The Government of
the United States will continue to hold the Soviet
Government directly responsible for the discharge
of its obligations undertaken with respect to Ber-
lin under existing agreements. As the Soviet
Government knows, the French, British and
United States Governments have the right to main-
tain garrisons in their sectors of Berlin and to
have free access thereto. Certain administrative
procedures have been agreed with the Soviet au-
thorities accordingly and are in operation at the
' For text, see ibid., Aug. 1, 1955, p. 176.
present time. The Government of the United
States will not accept a unilateral repudiation
on the part of the Soviet Government of its obli-
gations in respect of that freedom of access. Nor
will it accept the substitution of the regime which
the Soviet Government refers to as the German
Democratic Eepublic for the Soviet Government
in this respect.
In the view of the Government of the United
States, there can be no "threat" to the Soviet
Government or the regime which the Soviet Gov-
ernment refers to as the German Democratic
Republic from the presence of the French, British
and United States garrisons in Berlin. Nor can
there be any military threat from Berlin to the
Soviet Government and this regime. The forces
of the three Western Powers in Berlin number
about ten thousand men. The Soviet Govern-
ment, on the other hand, is said to maintain some
three hundred and fifty thousand troops in East-
ern Germany, while the regime which the Soviet
Government refers to as the German Democratic
Republic is understood also to maintain over two
hundred thousand men under arms. In these cir-
cumstances, the fear that the Western troops in
Berlin may "inflict harm" appears to be wholly
unfounded. If Berlin has become a focus of
international tension, it is because the Soviet Gov-
ernment has deliberately threatened to disturb the
existing arrangements at present in force there,
arrangements to which the Soviet Government is
itself a party. The inhabitants of West Berlin
have recently reaffirmed in a free vote their over-
whelming approval and support for the existing
status of that city. The continued protection of
the freedom of more than two million people of
West Berlin is a right and responsibility solemnly
accepted by the Three Western Powers. Thus
the United States cannot consider any proposal
which would have the effect of jeopardizing the
freedom and security of these people. The rights
of the Three Powers to remain in Berlin with
unhindered communications by surface and air
between that city and the Federal Republic of
Germany are under existing conditions essential
to the discharge of that right and responsibility.
Hence the proposal for a so-called "free city" for
West Berlin, as put forward by the Soviet Union,
is unacceptable.
As is stated in the Soviet Government's note of
November 27, it is certainly not normal that
80
Department of State Bulletin
thirteen years after the end of the war there
should still remain in a part of German territory
a system of occupancy instituted in 1945. The
United States deplores this fact and the fact that
Germany has not yet been reunified so that Berlin
might resume its rightful position as capital of
a united Germany. If the treaty of peace, which
alone can bring an end to this situation, has not
been concluded with a reunited Germany, the re-
sponsibility in no way rests with the Three West-
ern Powers which have not spared any effort to
bring the Four Powers out of the impasse where
they have so long found themselves. Pending the
conclusion of a peace treaty, the present situation
continues.
Tn reality, the form of government in Berlin,
the validity of which the Soviet Government at-
tempts to contest today, is only one aspect, and
not the essential one, of the German problem in
its entirety. This problem, which has often been
defined, involves the well-known questions of re-
unification, European security, as well as a peace
treaty. It has in the past been discussed without
success in the course of numerous international
meetings with the Soviets. The Government of
the United States has always been and continues
today to be ready to discuss it. The United
States made clear this readiness in its note to the
Soviet Union of September 30, 1958, 3 in which it
was stated :
"The Government of the United States is ready
at any time to enter into discussions with the
Soviet Government on the basis of these proposals
[i. e., the Western proposals for free all-German
elections and free decisions for an all-German
Government] , or of any other proposals genuinely
designed to insure the reunification of Germany
in freedom, in any appropriate forum. It regards
the solution of the German problem as essential
if a lasting settlement in Europe is to be achieved".
The Soviet Union has not yet seen fit to reply to
this note.
Public repudiation of solemn engagements,
formally entered into and repeatedly reaffirmed,
coupled with an ultimatum threatening unilateral
action to implement that repudiation unless it be
acquiesced in within six months, would afford no
reasonable basis for negotiation between sovereign
states. The Government of the United States
' For text, see ibid., Oct. 20, 1958, p. 615.
January 79, 1959
could not embark on discussions with the Soviet
Union upon these questions under menace or ulti-
matum ; indeed, if that were intended, the United
States would be obliged immediately to raise a
protest in the strongest terms. Hence, it is as-
sumed that this is not the purpose of the Soviet
note of November 27 and that the Soviet Govern-
ment, like itself, is ready to enter into discussions
in an atmosphere devoid of coercion or threats.
On this basis, the United States Government
would be interested to learn whether the Soviet
Government is ready to enter into discussions be-
tween the Four Powers concerned. In that event,
it would be the object of the Government of the
United States to discuss the question of Berlin in
the wider framework of negotiations for a solu-
tion of the German problem as well as that of
European security. The United States Govern-
ment would welcome the views of the Soviet Gov-
ernment at an early date.
SOVIET NOTE OF NOVEMBER 27
Official translation
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics addresses the Government of the United States
of America as one of the signatory powers of the Potsdam
Agreement on the urgent question of the status of Berlin.
The problem of Berlin, which is situated in the center
of the German Democratic Republic but the western part
of which is cut off from the GDR as a result of foreign
occupation, deeply affects not only the national interests
of the German people but also the interests of all nations
desirous of establishing lasting peace in Europe. Here
in the historic capital of Germany two worlds are in
direct contact and at every turn there tower the barri-
cades of the "cold war." A situation of constant friction
and tension has prevailed for many years in this city,
which is divided into two parts. Berlin, which witnessed
the greatest triumph of the joint struggle of our countries
against Fascist aggression, has now become a dangerous
center of contradiction between the Great Powers, allies
in the last war. Its role in the relations between the
Powers may be compared to a smoldering fuse that has
been connected to a powder keg. Incidents arising here,
even if they seem to be of local significance, may, in an
atmosphere of heated passions, suspicion, and mutual
apprehensions, cause a conflagration which will be diffi-
cult to extinguish. This is the sad pass to which has
come, after the 13 postwar years, the once joint and con-
certed policy of the Four Powers — the USSR, the USA,
Great Britain and France — with regard to Germany.
To assess correctly the real importance of the Berlin
problem confronting us today and to determine the exist-
ing possibilities for normalizing the situation in Berlin
it is necessary to recall the development of the policy of
81
the Powers parties to the anti-Hitler coalition with respect
to Germany.
It is common knowledge that the USA, as well as Great
Britain and France, by no means immediately came to
the conclusion that it was essential to establish coopera-
tion with the Soviet Union for the purpose of counteract-
ing Hitlerite aggression, although the Soviet Government
constantly indicated its readiness to do so. In the capi-
tals of the Western states opposite tendencies prevailed
for a long time and they became especially marked in
the period of the Munich deal with Hitler. Entertaining
the hope of controlling German militarism and of push-
ing it eastward, the governments of the Western Powers
tolerated and encouraged the policy of blackmail and
threats pursued by Hitler and acts of direct aggression
by Hitlerite Germany and its ally, Fascist Italy, against
a number of peace-loving states.
It was only when Fascist Germany, upsetting the short-
sighted calculations of the inspirers of Munich, turned
against the Western Powers, when Hitler's army started
moving westward, crushing Denmark, Norway, Belgium,
and the Netherlands, and toppling France, that the gov-
ernments of the USA and Great Britain had no alter-
native but to admit their miscalculations and embark
upon the path of organizing, jointly with the Soviet
Union, resistance to Fascist Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Had the Western Powers followed a more farsighted
policy, such cooperation between the Soviet Union, the
USA, Great Britain, and France could have been estab-
lished much sooner, in the first years after Hitler seized
power in Germany, and then there would have been no
occupation of France, no Dunkirk, no Pearl Harbor.
Then it would have been possible to save millions of
human lives sacrificed by the peoples of the Soviet Union,
Poland, Yugoslavia, France, Britain, Czechoslovakia, the
USA, Greece, Norway, and other countries to curb the
aggressors.
The creation of the anti-Hitler coalition is a fact with-
out precedent in modern history, if only because states
with different social systems united in a defensive and
just war against the common enemy. The Soviet Gov-
ernment highly reveres the concord of nations that took
shape in the struggle against Fascism and was sealed
by the blood of the freedom-loving peoples. The Soviet
people would like to preserve and develop the feelings of
trust and friendship that marked their relations with the
peoples of the USA, Britain, France, and the other coun-
tries of the anti-Hitler coalition during the grim years of
the last war.
When the peoples were celebrating victory over Hitler-
ite Germany a conference of the heads of government of
the Soviet Union, the USA and Great Britain was held
in Potsdam in order to work out a joint policy with
respect to post-war Germany. The Potsdam Agreement,
to which France acceded soon after it was signed, gener-
alized the historical experience of the struggle waged by
the peoples to prevent aggression by German militarism.
The entire content of this agreement was directed toward
creating conditions precluding the possibility of yet
another attack by Germany against peace-loving states,
toward preventing German militarists from unleashing
another world war so that Germany, having abandoned
forever the mirage of a policy of conquest, might make a
firm start on the road to peaceful development.
Expressing the will of the peoples who made untold
sacrifices for the sake of crushing the Hitlerite aggres-
sors, the governments of the Four Powers solemnly
undertook to eradicate German militarism and Naziism,
to prevent forever their revival, and to take all steps to
ensure that Germany would never again threaten its
neighbors or the preservation of world peace. The par-
ticipants in the Potsdam Conference expressed their
determination to prevent any Fascist and militaristic
activity or propaganda. They also undertook to permit
and encourage all democratic political parties in
Germany.
For purposes of destroying the economic foundation
of German militarism, it was decided to eliminate exces-
sive concentration in Germany's economy, represented in
the form of cartels, syndicates, trusts, and other monop-
olies, which ensured the assumption of power by Fascism
and the preparation and carrying out of Hitlerite
aggression.
The Potsdam Agreement contained important provi-
sions whereby Germany was to be regarded as a single
economic entity, even during the occupation period. The
agreement also provided for the creation of central Ger-
man administrative departments. The Council of For-
eign Ministers, established by a decision of the Potsdam
Conference, was instructed to prepare a peace settlement
for Germany.
The implementation of all these measures should have
enabled the German people to effect a fundamental recon-
struction of their life and to ensure the creation of a
united, peace-loving, democratic German state.
Such are the main provisions of the Potsdam Agree-
ment, which ensured an equitable combination of the in-
terests both of the nations that had fought against Ger-
many and of the fundamental interests of the German
people themselves, and at the same time created a sound
basis for carrying out a joint policy by the Four Powers
concerning the German question, and, hence, for extensive
and fruitful cooperation between them in European mat-
ters in general. However, further developments deviated
a great deal from the direction mapped out at Potsdam.
Relations between the USSR and the Three Western
Powers kept deteriorating. Mutual distrust and suspi-
cion kept growing and have now developed into unfriendly
relations.
The 'Soviet Government sincerely hoped that after the
victorious end of the war it would be quite possible, not-
withstanding all the inevitability of ideological differ-
ences, to continue the fruitful cooperation between the
Great Powers that headed the anti-Hitler coalition, on
the basis of sober recognition of the situation resulting
from the war.
The policy of the Western Powers, however, was in-
creasingly influenced by forces obsessed with hatred for
Socialist and Communist ideas but which concealed dur-
ing the war their hostile designs against the Soviet
Union. As a result, the course was set in the West
toward the utmost aggravation of the ideological struggle
82
Department of State Bulletin
headed by aggressive leaders, opponents of the peaceful
coexistence of states. The signal for this was given to
the United States and to other Western countries by W.
Churchill in his notorious Fulton speech in March 1946.
The conflict between the two ideologies — a struggle of
minds and convictions — in itself could not have been par-
ticularly detrimental to relations between states. The
ideological struggle has never abated and it will continue
so long as there are different views on the structure of
society. But, unfortunately, the pronouncements of W.
Churchill and those who share his views influenced the
minds of other Western statesmen, which had the most
regrettable consequences. Governmental bodies and the
armed forces joined in the ideological struggle that blazed
forth. The results are universally known. Instead of
developing cooperation between the major Great Powers,
the world was split into opposing military alignments and
competition began in the manufacture and stockpiling of
atomic and hydrogen weapons. In other words, war prep-
arations were launched. The Soviet Government deeply
regrets that events took such a turn, since this prejudices
the cause of peace and runs counter to the natural desire
of peoples for peaceful coexistence and friendly coopera-
tion. There was a time when the leaders of the USA
and Great Britain, in particular Franklin D. Roosevelt,
the outstanding American statesman, reflecting the senti-
ments of the mass of the people, proclaimed the necessity
of creating such a system of mutual relations between
states under which the nations would feel secure and
people everywhere could live all their lives without fear.
A particularly drastic change in relations between the
USA, as well as Britain and France, and the Soviet Union
occurred when those powers shifted to pursuing a policy
in Germany that ran counter to the Potsdam Agreement.
The first violation of the Potsdam Agreement was the
refusal by the governments of the USA, Great Britain,
and France to honor their commitments under the afore-
said agreement regarding the transfer to the Soviet Union
of the agreed amount of industrial equipment from West
Germany, in partial compensation for the destruction and
damage inflicted upon the national economy of the USSR
by the aggression of Hitlerite Germany.
But the matter did not end there. With every passing
year the governments of the USA and Great Britain
drifted farther and farther away from the principles un-
derlying the Potsdam Agreement. The same road was
followed by France which, although it acceded to the
Potsdam Agreement later, cannot, of course, disclaim its
share of the responsibility for carrying out this agree-
ment.
Having embarked upon the restoration of the military
and economic potential of West Germany, the Western
Powers revived and strengthened the very forces that
had forged Hitler's war machine. Had the Western
Powers honored the Potsdam Agreement they would have
prevented the German militarists from regaining their
positions, checked revanche tendencies, and not permitted
Germany to create an army and an industry manufactur-
ing the means of destruction. However, it is a known
fact that the governments of the Three Powers not only
failed to do this but, on the contrary, sanctioned the crea-
tion of a West German army and are encouraging the
arming of the Federal Republic of Germany, disregarding
the commitments made at Potsdam. Moreover, they in-
cluded West Germany in the North Atlantic bloc, which
was created behind the back of the Soviet Union and, as
everyone is aware, against it, and are now arming West
Germany with atomic and rocket weapons.
It is evident that the bitter lessons of the murderous
war have been lost on certain Western statesmen, who
are once again dragging out the notorious Munich policy
of inciting German militarism against the Soviet Union,
their recent comrade in arms.
The legitimate question arises as to whether the very
promoters of the present Western policy with respect
to Germany can guarantee that the German militarism
nurtured by them will not once again turn against its
present partners and that the American, British, and
French peoples will not have to pay with their blood for
the violation by the governments of the Three Western
Powers of the Allied agreements on the peaceful and
democratic development of Germany. It is doubtful
whether anyone can give such guarantees.
The policy of the USA, Britain, and France with respect
to West Germany has led to the violation of those pro-
visions of the Potsdam Agreement designed to ensure the
unity of Germany as a peace-loving and democratic state.
And when a separate state, the Federal Republic of
Germany, was set up independently [of the Soviet Union]
in West Germany, which was occupied by the troops of
the Three Powers, East Germany, where forces deter-
mined not to allow the German people to be plunged once
again into disaster assumed the leadership, had no alter-
native but to create in its turn an independent state.
Thus, two states came into being in Germany.
Whereas in West Germany, whose development was
directed by the United States, Britain, and France, a
government took office the representatives of which do
not conceal their hatred for the Soviet Union and often
openly advertise the similarity of their aspirations to
the plans of the Hitlerite aggressors, in East Germany
a government was formed which has irrevocably broken
with Germany's aggressive past. State and public affairs
in the German Democratic Republic are governed by a
constitution fully in keeping with the principles of the
Potsdam Agreement and the finest progressive traditions
of the German nation. The rule of monopolies and
Junkers has been abolished forever in the GDR. Naziism
has been eradicated and a number of other social and
economic reforms have been carried out, which have
destroyed the basis for the revival of militarism and
have made the German Democratic Republic an impor-
tant factor of peace in Europe. The Government of the
GDR has solemnly proclaimed that it will fulfill, to the
letter, its commitments under the Potsdam Agreement,
which, incidentally, the Government of the FRG obsti-
nately evades.
The inclusion of the FRG in the North Atlantic bloc
compelled the Soviet Union to adopt countermeasures, in
as much as the commitments binding the Soviet Union,
the United States, Great Britain, and France were broken
by the Three Western Powers, which united with West
Germany, and previously with Italy, against the Soviet
Union, which had borne the brunt of the struggle against
Jon wary 79, 1959
83
the Fascist aggressors. That closed military alignment
created an equal threat to other countries as well. Such
a situation compelled the Soviet Union, as well as a num-
ber of other European countries that were victims of
aggression by German and Italian Fascism, to establish
their own defensive organization, concluding for this
purpose the Warsaw Treaty, to which the GDR also
acceded.
There is only one conclusion to be drawn from the
foregoing: The Potsdam Agreement has been grossly
violated by the Western Powers. It is like the trunk of
a tree, once mighty and fruitful, but now cut down and
with its heart taken out. The lofty goals for which the
Potsdam Agreement was concluded have long since been
renounced by the Western Powers, and what they are
actually doing in Germany is diametrically opposed to
what the Potsdam Agreement had envisaged. The crux
of the matter is not, of course, that the social and politi-
cal systems of the GDR and the FRG are basically
different. The Soviet Government considers that the
solution of the question of social structure of both Ger-
man states is the concern of the Germans themselves.
The Soviet Union stands for complete noninterference
in the internal affairs of the German people, or in those
of any other people. But the GDR's movement towards
socialism has given rise to the enmity and profound
hostility of the Federal Government toward it— which
finds full support and encouragement by the NATO mem-
bers, and, above all, the United States.
The Government of the FRG, encouraged by the Western
Powers, is systematically fanning the "cold war," and its
leaders have repeatedly stated that the FRG would pursue
the policy "from a position of strength," i. e., a policy of
dictation to the other German state. Thus, the Govern-
ment of the FRG does not want a peaceful unification of
the German people, who are living in two states under
different social systems, but is nurturing plans for abolish-
ing the GDR and strengthening at the latter's expense its
own militaristic state.
The Soviet Government fully understands the position
of the German Democratic Republic, which does not want
to see the democratic and social gains of the German
working people destroyed, the property of capitalists and
landlords restored, the land, plants, and factories taken
away from the people, and the GDR subjected to a milita-
rist regime. The recent elections for the People's Cham-
ber and local bodies of the German Democratic Republic
are yet another striking indication that the population of
the GDR unanimously supports the policy of its Govern-
ment, which is aimed at preserving peace and reuniting
Germany on a peaceful and democratic basis, and is fully
determined to defend its Socialist gains. The Soviet
Union expresses complete solidarity with the GDR, which
is firmly defending its lawful rights.
If one is to face the truth, one should recognize that
other countries are not too eager either to support the
plans of the Government of the FRG for unifying Ger-
many by force. And this is understandable, since peoples
including those of France and Great Britain, are still
smarting from the wounds inflicted on them by Hitlerite
Germany.
Traces of the last war are far from erased from French
towns and villages. The ruins left in the capital and in
many cities of Great Britain after the bombings by Nazi
planes have not yet been removed, and millions of Britons
cannot forget the tragic fate of Coventry. The peoples
that were subjected to occupation by the Hitlerite army
fully understand these feelings. They lost millions of
men and women, killed or tortured to death, and saw
thousands of cities destroyed and villages burned on their
soil. The Soviet people will never forget what happened
to Stalingrad, nor will the Poles ever forget the fate of
Warsaw, nor the Czechoslovak people that of Lidice.
American families also came to know the grief of losing
their kith and kin. Germany twice unleashed world wars
and in both cases dragged into them the United States of
America, whose sons were compelled to shed their blood in
lands thousands of miles away from American shores.
Mindful of all this, the peoples cannot and will not per-
mit the unification of Germany on a militaristic basis.
There is another program for uniting Germany, which
is advocated by the German Democratic Republic. This
is a program for uniting Germany as a peace-loving and
democratic state, and it cannot fail to be welcomed by the
peoples. There is but one way to put it into effect, that is,
through agreement and contacts between the two German
states and through the establishment of a German confed-
eration. The implementation of this proposal would,
without affecting the social structures of the GDR and the
FRG, direct into the single channel of a peaceful policy
the efforts of their governments and parliaments and
would ensure a gradual rapprochement and merger of the
two German states.
The Soviet Union, as well as other states interested in
strengthening the peace in Europe, supports the proposals
of the German Democratic Republic for the peaceful unifi-
cation of Germany. The Government of the USSR
regrets that none of the efforts made in this direction has
as yet produced any positive results, since the governments
of the United States and other NATO members, and, above
all, the Government of the FRG, do not, in fact, display any
concern either for the conclusion of a peace treaty or for
the unification of Germany.
Consequently, the policy pursued by the United States,
Great Britain, and France, directed as it is toward the
militarization of West Germany and toward involving it
in the military bloc of the Western Powers, has also
prevented the enforcement of those provisions of the Pots-
dam Agreement that pertain to Germany's unity.
Actually, of all the Allied agreements on Germany, only
one is being carried out today. It is the agreement on
the so-called quadripartite status of Berlin. On the basis
of that status, the Three Western Powers are ruling the
roost in West Berlin, turning it into a kind of state with-
in a state and using it as a center from which to pursue
subversive activity against the GDR, the Soviet Union,
and the other parties to the Warsaw Treaty. The United
States, Great Britain, and France are freely communi-
cating with West Berlin through lines of communication
passing through the territory and the airspace of the
German Democratic Republic, which they do not even
want to recognize.
The governments of the Three Powers are seeking to
84
Department of State Bulletin
keep in force the long-since obsolete part of the wartime
agreements that governed the occupation of Germany and
entitled them in the past to stay in Berlin. At the same
time, as stated above, the Western Powers have grossly
violated the Four-Power agreements, including the Pots-
dam Agreement, which is the most concentrated ex-
pression of the obligations of the Powers with respect to
Germany. Moreover, the Four-Power agreements on the
occupation of Germany, which the governments of the
USA, Great Britain, and France invoke in support of
their rights in West Berlin, were approved by the Pots-
dam Agreement or adopted for its implementation. In
other words, the Three Powers are demanding, for their
own sake, the preservation of the occupation privileges
based on those Four-Power agreements, which they them-
selves have violated.
If the USA, Great Britain, and France are indeed stay-
ing in Berlin by virtue of the right stemming from the
aforementioned international agreements and, primarily,
from the Potsdam Agreement, this implies their duty to
abide by these agreements. Those who have grossly
violated these agreements have lost the right to maintain
their occupation regime in Berlin or any other part of
Germany. Furthermore, is it possible to insist on the
occupation regime being maintained in Germany or in any
part thereof for more than 13 years after the end of the
war? For, any occupation is an event of limited duration,
which is expressly stipulated in the Four-Power agree-
ments on Germany.
It is well known that the conventional way to put an
end to occupation is for the parties that were at war to
conclude a peace treaty offering the defeated country the
conditions necessary for the re-establishment of normal
life.
The fact that Germany still has no peace treaty is the
fault primarily of the governments of the USA, Britain,
and France, which have never seemed to be in sympathy
with the idea of drafting such a treaty. It is known that
the governments of the Three Powers reacted negatively
to every approach the Soviet Government has made to
them regarding the preparation of a peace treaty with
Germany.
At present, the USA, Great Britain, and France are
opposed, as follows from their notes of September 30 of
this year, to the latest proposals for a peaceful settlement
with Germany put forward by the Soviet Union and the
GDR, while making no proposals of their own on this
question, just as they have made none throughout the
postwar period. As a matter of fact, the last note of the
US Government is a restatement of the position that
proved to be utterly unrealistic, whereby Germany's na-
tional unity is to be re-established by the USSR, the USA,
Great Britain, and France rather than by the German
states that are to unite. It also follows from the US
Government's note that it is once again avoiding negotia-
tions with the Soviet Union and the other interested
states for the purpose of preparing a peace treaty with
Germany. The result is a veritable vicious circle : The
US Government is objecting to the drafting of a German
peace treaty by referring to the absence of a united
German state while at the same time hampering the
reunification of Germany by rejecting the only real
possibility of solving this problem through agreement
between the two German states.
Is it not because the Western Powers would like to
prolong indefinitely their privileges in West Germany
and the occupation regime in West Berlin that they
take this position on the question of drafting a peace
treaty? It is becoming increasingly clear that such is
the actual state of affairs.
The Soviet Government reaffirms its readiness to par-
ticipate at any time in negotiations to draft a peace treaty
with Germany. However, the absence of a peace treaty
can by no means be an excuse now for attempting to
maintain the occupation regime anywhere in Germany.
The occupation period in Germany has long since be-
come a thing of the past and any attempts to prevent
the disappearance of special rights of foreign powers in
Germany are becoming a dangerous anachronism. The
occupation regime in Germany has never been an end in
itself. It was established to help the healthy forces of
the German nation to build their own new peace-loving
and democratic state on the ruins of a militaristic
Germany.
Desirous of living in peace and friendship with the
entire German people, the Soviet Union has established
and is maintaining normal diplomatic relations with both
German states. Close friendly relations bind the Soviet
Union to the German Democratic Republic. These re-
lations were embodied in the treaty concluded between
the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic
on September 20, 1955. In accordance with this treaty,
relations between the two states are based on complete
equality of rights, respect for each other's sovereignty,
and noninterference in each other's internal affairs. The
Soviet Government proceeds from the same principles
in its relations with the other German state — the Federal
Republic of Germany.
On their part, the governments of the USA, Great
Britain, and France proclaimed an end to the occupation
regime in the territory of the FRG, which had been under
their control and administration, when they signed the
Paris agreements. The Four-Power status of Berlin
came into being because Berlin, as the capital of Ger-
many, was designated as the seat of the Control Council
established for Germany's administration during the ini-
tial period of occupation. This status has been scrupu-
lously observed by the Soviet Union up to the present
time, although the Control Council ceased to exist as
early as ten years ago and there have been two capitals
in Germany for a long time. As for the USA, Great
Britain, and France, they have chosen to abuse in a
flagrant manner their occupation rights in Berlin and
have exploited the Four-Power status of the city for their
own purposes to the detriment of the Soviet Union, the
German Democratic Republic, and the other Socialist
countries.
At one time, the agreement on the Four-Power status of
Berlin was an agreement providing for equal rights of the
Four Powers, which was concluded for peaceful demo-
cratic purposes, which purposes later became known as
the Potsdam principles. At that time, this agreement
met the requirements of the day and was in accordance
with the interests of all its signatories — the USSR, the
January 79, 7959
85
USA, Great Britain, and France. Now that the Western
Powers have begun to arm West Germany and turn it
into an instrument of their policy directed against the
Soviet Union, the very essence of this erstwhile Allied
agreement on Berlin has disappeared. It was violated
by three of its signatories, who began using it against
the fourth signatory, i. e., against the Soviet Union. It
would be ridiculous to expect that in such a situation
the Soviet Union or any other self-respecting state in its
place would pretend not to notice the changes that have
occurred.
An obviously absurd situation has thus arisen, in which
the Soviet Union seems to be supporting and maintaining
favorable conditions for the Western Powers in their
activities against the Soviet Union and its Allies under
the Warsaw Treaty.
It is obvious that the Soviet Union, just as the other
parties to the Warsaw Treaty, cannot tolerate such a
situation any longer. For the occupation regime in West
Berlin to continue would be tantamount to recognizing
something like a privileged position of the NATO coun-
tries, for which there is, of course, no reason whatsoever.
It is hardly possible seriously to believe that the
Soviet Union will help the forces of aggression to develop
subversive activities, much less to prepare an attack on
Socialist countries. It should be clear for anybody with
common sense that the Soviet Union cannot maintain
a situation in West Berlin that is detrimental to its lawful
interests, its security, and the security of other Socialist
countries. It would be well to bear in mind that the
Soviet Union is not a Jordan or an Iran and will never
tolerate any methods of pressure upon it for the purpose
of imposing conditions advantageous to the opposing
NATO military bloc. But this is precisely what the West-
ern Powers are trying to get the Soviet Union to endorse
in their attempts to retain their rights of occupants in
West Berlin.
Can the Soviet Union disregard all these facts, which
affect the vital security interests of the Soviet Union, of
its ally — the German Democratic Republic — and of all
the member states of the Warsaw Defense Treaty? Of
course not ! The Soviet Government can no longer con-
sider itself bound by that part of the Allied agreements on
Germany that has assumed an inequitable character and
is being used for the purpose of maintaining the occupa-
tion regime in West Berlin and interfering in the internal
affairs of the GDR.
In this connection, the Government of the USSR hereby
notifies the United States Government that the Soviet
Union regards as null and void the "Protocol of the
Agreement between the Governments of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, the United States of America,
and the United Kingdom on the zones of occupation in
Germany and on the administration of Greater Berlin,"
of September 12, 1944, and the related supplementary
agreements, including the agreement on the control
machinery in Germany, concluded between the govern-
ments of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, and France
on May 1, 1945, i. e., the agreements that were intended
to be in effect during the first years after the capitulation
of Germany.
It is easy to see that all the Soviet Government is doing
by making this statement is to recognize the actual state
of affairs, which consists in the fact that the USA, Great
Britain, and France have long since rejected the essen-
tials of the treaties and agreements concluded during the
war against Hitler Germany and after its defeat. The
Soviet Government is doing no more than drawing con-
clusions that inevitably ensue for the Soviet Union from
this actual state of affairs.
Pursuant to the foregoing and proceeding from the
principle of respect for the sovereignty of the German
Democratic Republic, the Soviet Government will enter
into negotiations with the Government of the GDR at an
appropriate time with a view to transferring to the
German Democratic Republic the functions temporarily
performed by the Soviet authorities by virtue of the
above-mentioned Allied agreements and under the
agreement between the USSR and the GDR of September
20, 1955. The best way to solve the Berlin problem would
undoubtedly be to adopt a decision based on the enforce-
ment of the Potsdam Agreement on Germany. But this is
possible only in the event that the three Western Powers
return to a policy in German affairs that would be
pursued jointly with the USSR and in conformity with
the spirit and principles of the Potsdam Agreement. In
the present circumstances this would mean the with-
drawal of the Federal Republic of Germany from NATO
with the simultaneous withdrawal of the German Demo-
cratic Republic from the Warsaw Treaty [organization],
and an agreement whereby, in accordance with the
principles of the Potsdam Agreement, neither of the two
German states would have any armed forces except
those needed to maintain law and order at home and
guard the frontiers.
Should the Government of the United States be un-
willing to contribute in such a way to the implementation
of the political principles of the Allied agreements on
Germany, it will have no reason, either legal or moral, for
insisting on the preservation of the Four-Power status of
Berlin. Some ill-wishers of the Soviet Union may of
course try to interpret the position of the Soviet Govern-
ment in the question of the occupation regime in Berlin
as the striving for some sort of annexation. It goes with-
out saying that such an interpretation has nothing in
eommon with reality. The Soviet Union, just as the
other Socialist states, has no territorial claims. In its
policy, it is firmly guided by the principle of condemning
annexation, i. e., the seizure of foreign territories and
forced annexation of foreign peoples. This principle was
proclaimed by Lenin, the founder of the Soviet state, as
far back as the first days of Soviet power in Russia.
The USSR does not seek any conquests. All it wants
is to put an end to the abnormal and dangerous situation
that has developed in Berlin because of the continued
occupation of its western sectors by the USA, Great
Britain, and France.
An independent solution to the Berlin problem must
be found in the very near future since the Western
Powers refuse to take part in the preparation of a peace
treaty with Germany and the Government of the FRG,
supported by the same powers, is pursuing a policy
86
Department of State Bulletin
hampering the unification of Germany. It is necessary to
prevent West Berlin from being used any longer as a
springboard for intensive espionage, sabotage, and other
subversive activities against Socialist countries, the
GDH, and the USSR or, to quote the leaders of the
United States Government, to prevent its being used for
"indirect aggression" against the countries of the
Socialist camp.
Essentially speaking, the only interest the United
States, Great Britain and France have in West Berlin
consists in using this "frontline city," as it is vociferously
called in the West, as a vantage point from which to
carry on hostile activities against the socialist countries.
The Western powers gain nothing else from their stay in
Berlin as occupants. The ending of the illegal occupa-
tion of West Berlin would cause no harm whatever, either
to the United States or to Great Britain or France. It
would, on the other hand, substantially improve the in-
ternational atmosphere in Europe and set peoples' minds
at rest in all countries.
On the contrary, the Western powers' insistence on
continuing their occupation of West Berlin would lead
to the conclusion that the matter is not confined to "in-
direct aggression" against the GDR and the Soviet Union,
and that some other plans are apparently being kept
in view for an even more dangerous use of West Berlin.
The Soviet Government makes this approach to the
Government of the USA, guided by the desire to achieve
a relaxation of international tension ; to put an end to
the state of "cold war" and pave the way for the restora-
tion of good relations between the Soviet Union and the
United States, as well as Great Britain and France; to
clear away everything that gives rise to clashes and
quarrels between our countries; and to reduce the num-
ber of causes leading to conflicts. Indeed, one cannot
escape the fact that West Berlin, in its present status,
is just such a source of discord and suspicion between our
countries.
Of course, the most correct and natural way to solve
the problem would be for the western part of Berlin,
now actually detached from the GDR, to be reunited with
its eastern part and for Berlin to become a unified city
within the state in whose territory it is situated.
However, the Soviet Government, taking into account
the present unrealistic policy of the USA as well as of
Great Britain and France with respect to the German
Democratic Republic, cannot but foresee the difficulties
the Western powers have in contributing to such a solu-
tion of the Berlin problem. At the same time, it is
guided by the concern that the process of liquidating the
occupation regime may not involve any painful break in
the established way of life of the West Berlin population.
One cannot of course, fail to take into account the
fact that the political and economic development of West
Berlin during the period of its occupation by the three
Western powers has progressed in a different direction
from the development of East Berlin and the GDR, as
a result of which the way of life in the two parts of
Berlin are at the present time entirely different. The
Soviet Government considers that when the foreign oc-
cupation is ended the population of West Berlin must be
granted the right to have whatever way of life it wishes
for itself. If the inhabitants of West Berlin desire to
preserve the present way of life, based on private capi-
talistic ownership, that is up to them. The USSR, for
its part, would respect any choice of the West Berliners
in this matter.
In view of all these considerations, the Soviet Govern-
ment on its part would consider it possible to solve the
West Berlin question at the present time by the con-
version of West Berlin into an independent political
unit — a free city, without any state, including both exist-
ing German states, interfering in its life. Specifically, it
might be possible to agree that the territory of the free
city be demilitarized and that no armed forces be con-
tained therein. The free city, West Berlin, could have
its own government and run its own economic, admin-
istrative, and other affairs.
The Four Powers which shared in the administration
of Berlin after the war could, as well as both of the
German states, undertake to respect the status of West
Berlin as a free city, just as was done, for instance, by
the Four Powers with respect to the neutral status which
was adopted by the Austrian Republic.
For its part, the Soviet Government would have no
objection to the United Nations also sharing, in one
way or other, in observing the free-city status of West
Berlin.
It is obvious that, considering the specific position of
West Berlin, which lies within the territory of the GDR
and is cut off from the outside world, the question would
arise of some kind of arrangement with the German
Democratic Republic concerning guarantees of unhindered
communications between the free city and the outside
world — both to the East and to the West — with the object
of free movement of passenger and freight traffic. In its
turn West Berlin would undertake not to permit on its
territory any hostile subversive activity directed against
the GDR or any other state.
The above-mentioned solution of the problem of West
Berlin's status would be an important step toward nor-
malizing the situation in Berlin, which, instead of being
a hotbed of unrest and tension, could become a center
for contacts and cooperation between both parts of Ger-
many in the interest of her peaceful future and the unity
of the German nation.
The establishment of free-city status for West Berlin
would firmly ensure the development of West Berlin's
economy, due to its contacts on all sides with the states
of the East and the West, and would ensure a decent
standard of living for the city's population. For its part,
the Soviet Union states that it would contribute in every
way toward the achievement of these ends, in particular
by placing orders for industrial goods and amounts that
would fully ensure the stability and prosperity of the free
city's economy, and by regular deliveries on a commercial
basis of the necessary quantities of raw materials and
food stuffs to West Berlin. Thus, by the liquidation of
the occupation regime, not only would the more than two
million people of West Berlin not be harmed but on the
contrary they would have every opportunity to raise their
living standard.
In case the Government of the USA and the govern-
ments of Great Britain and France express their agree-
January 19, 7959
87
ment to consider the question of liquidating the present
occupation regime in West Berlin by setting up a free
city within its territory, the Soviet government would be
willing on behalf of the Four Powers to enter into official
contact on this matter with the government of the Ger-
man Democratic Republic, with which it has already had
preliminary consultations prior to the sending of the
present note.
Naturally, it would also be realized that the GDR's
agreement to set up on its territory such an independent
political organism as a free city of West Berlin would
be a concession, a definite sacrifice on the part of the
GDR for the sake of strengthening peace in Europe, and
for the sake of the national interest of the German people
as a whole.
The Soviet Government, guided by a desire to normalize
the situation in Berlin in the interest of European peace
and in the interest of a peaceful and independent develop-
ment of Germany, has resolved to effect measures on its
part designed to liquidate the occupation regime in Berlin.
It hopes that the Government of the USA will show a
proper understanding of these motives and make a real-
istic approach to the Berlin question.
At the same time, the Soviet Government is prepared
to enter into negotiations with the governments of the
United States of America and with those of the other
states concerned on granting West Berlin the status of a
demilitarized free city. In case this proposal is not ac-
ceptable to the government of the USA then there will no
longer remain any topic for negotiations between the
former occupying powers on the Berlin question.
The Soviet Government seeks to have the necessary
change in Berlin's situation take place in a cold atmos-
phere, without haste and unnecessary friction, with
maximum possible consideration for the interests of the
parties concerned. Obviously, a certain period of time
will be necessary for the powers which occupied Germany
after the defeat of Hitler's Wehrmacht to agree on pro-
claiming West Berlin a free city provided, naturally, that
the Western powers display due interest in this proposal.
It should also be taken into consideration that the
necessity may arise for talks between the municipal
authorities of both parts of Berlin and also between the
GDR and the PRG to settle any questions that may arise.
In view of this, the Soviet Government proposes to make
no changes in the present procedure for military traffic of
the USA, Great Britain, and France from West Berlin
to the FRG for half a year. It regards such a period as
fully sufficient to provide a sound basis for the solution
of the questions connected with the change in Berlin's
situation and to prevent a possibility of any complica-
tions, provided, naturally, that the governments of the
Western powers do not deliberately seek such complica-
tions. During the above-mentioned period the parties will
have an opportunity to prove in practice their desire to
ease international tension by settling the Berlin question.
If the above-mentioned period is not utilized to reach
an adequate agreement, the Soviet Union will then carry
out the planned measures through an agreement with the
GDR. It is envisaged that the German Democratic Re-
public, like any other independent state, must fully deal
with questions concerning its space, i. e., exercise its
sovereignty on land, on water, and in the air. At the
same time, there will terminate all contacts still main-
tained between representatives of the armed forces and
other officials of the Soviet Union in Germany and cor-
responding representatives of the armed forces and other
officials of the USA, Great Britain, and France on ques-
tions pertaining to Berlin.
Voices are raised in the capitals of some Western
powers that those powers do not recognize the Soviet
Union's decision to relinquish its part in the maintenance
of the occupation status in Berlin. But how can one
place the question on such a level? He who today speaks
of nonrecognition of the steps planned by the Soviet Union
obviously would like to talk with the latter not in the
language of reason and well-founded arguments but in the
language of brute force, forgetting that the Soviet people
are not affected by threats and intimidation. If behind
the words about "nonrecognition" there really lies the
intention to resort to force and drag the world into a war
over Berlin, the advocates of such a policy should realize
that they assume a very grave responsibility for all its
consequences before all nations and before history. Those
who indulge in sabre-rattling in connection with the situ-
ation in Berlin are once again betraying their interests
in preserving for aggressive purposes the occupation
regime in Berlin.
The Government of the Soviet Union would like to hope
that the problem of normalizing the situation in Berlin,
which life itself raises before our states as a natural
necessity, will in any case be solved in accordance with
considerations of statesmenship, the interests of peace
between peoples, without the unnecessary nervous strain
and intensification of a "cold war."
Methods of blackmail and reckless threats of force
will be least of all appropriate in solving such a prob-
lem as the Berlin question. Such methods will not help
solve a single question, but can only bring the situation
to the danger point. But only madmen can go to the
length of unleashing another world war over the pres-
ervation of privileges of occupiers in West Berlin. If
such madmen should really appear, there is no doubt
that strait jackets could be found for them. If the
statesmen responsible for the policy of the Western
powers are guided by feelings of hatred for communism
and the socialist countries in their approach to the Berlin
question as well as other international problems, no good
will come out of it. Neither the Soviet Union nor any
other small socialist state can or will deny its existence
precisely as a socialist state. That is why, having united
in an unbreakable fraternal alliance, they firmly stand
in defense of their rights and their state frontiers, acting
according to the motto — one for all and all for one. Any
violation of the frontiers of the German Democratic
Republic, Poland, or Czechoslovakia, any aggressive ac-
tion against any member state of the Warsaw Treaty
will be regarded by all its participants as an act of ag-
gression against them all and will immediately cause
appropriate retaliation.
The Soviet Government believes that it would be
sensible to recognize the situation prevailing in the world
and to create normal relations for the co-existence of
all states, to develop international trade, to build rela-
88
Department of State Bulletin
ticms between our countries on the basis of the well-
known principles of mutual respect for one another's
sovereignty and territorial integrity, nonnggression, non-
interference in one another's internal affairs, equality and
mutual benefit.
The Soviet Union and its people and government are
sincerely striving for the restoration of good relations
with the United States of America, relations based on
trust, which are quite feasible as shown by the exper-
ience in the joint struggle against the Hitlerite aggres-
sors, and which in peacetime would hold out to our
countries nothing but the advantages of mutually enriched
spiritual and material cooperation between our peoples,
and to all other people the blessings of a tranquil life
under conditions of an enduring peace.
Moscow, November 27, 1958
United States-Latin American Relations, 1953-1958
REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT
by Milton S. Eisenhower, Personal Representative of the President
December 27, 1958
Dear Mr. President: Five years ago I sub-
mitted to you a report 1 on United States-Latin
American Relations following field observations
in the ten Republics of South America and sub-
sequent study with the Federal officials who had
accompanied me on that fact-finding, good-will
trip.
In the 1953 report, I emphasized the vital im-
portance of Latin America and the United States
to each other; suggested the principles which
should be observed in strengthening hemispheric
relations; analyzed those continental conditions
which have a direct bearing upon United States
policies and programs ; and recommended a num-
ber of actions which I believed would be helpful
in binding the American Republics into a co-
operative enterprise dh'ected toward the goals of
peace, freedom, and rising levels of human well-
being.
In the period September 1956 to May 1957, I
had an extraordinary opportunity to learn the
views of distinguished leaders of the twenty re-
publics of Latin America. It was my privilege
to serve as your personal representative on the
Inter- American Committee of Presidential Repre-
sentatives, which unanimously recommended to
the Chiefs of State ways in which the Organiza-
tion of American States might broaden the scope
of its activities for the benefit of the peoples of
this hemisphere. 2
In the summer of 1957, several associates and I,
at your request, responded to an invitation from
President Ruiz Cortines of Mexico, and made a
fact-finding good-will visit to that country.
Then, in July of this year, the Assistant Secre-
tary of State for Inter- American Affairs, the As-
sistant Secretary of the Treasury, the President of
the Export- Import Bank, the Managing Director
of the Development Loan Fimd, a physician of
the Johns Hopkins University, and I made a fact-
finding trip to the five republics of Central Amer-
ica and to Panama, 3 interrupting it for a few
days to participate in Puerto Rico's sixth annual
celebration of its having achieved Commonwealth
status.
It had been my intention to submit to you soon
after my return from this latest mission a report
on our findings, and further recommendations for
improving United States-Latin American rela-
tions. However, I found it desirable to spend all
the time I could spare from my University duties
in holding extensive discussions with Federal
agencies, and one international agency, whose
policies and programs have a significant bearing
on this central problem. During the past four
months I have had helpful conversations with you,
the Vice President, the Secretary of State and
other officials of the State Department, the Secre-
1 For text, see Bulletin of Nov. 23, 1953, p. 695.
January 19, J 959
* Ibid., Oct. 1, 1956, p. 511 ; Mar. 25, 1957, p. 479 ; June
24, 1957, p. 1014.
'Ibid., Aug. 25, 1958, p. 309.
89
tary of the Treasury and some of his associates,
the National Security Planning Board, the Board
of Directors of the Export- Import Bank, the
President of the International Bank for Recon-
struction and Development, the Managing Direc-
tor and other officials of the Development Loan
Fund, various officials in other Departments, and
the heads of some of our industrial enterprises
with activities in Latin America. I suspect,
therefore, that there have already been set in mo-
tion activities which will lead to such results as
might be expected from my studies and observa-
tions. Hence this report, as an addendum to the
one I submitted in 1953, is prepared primarily
for the record.
I reaffirm essentially all I said in my report
of 1953, but now I must add a note of urgency to
my general recommendation that the nations of
Latin America and the United States re-examine
their attitudes and policies toward one another
and constantly seek to strengthen their economic,
political, and cultural relations, to their mutual
benefit.
Latin America is a continental area in ferment.
While its productivity is increasing, so is its popu-
lation, at an unprecedented rate. A high degree
of illiteracy, poverty, and dependence on one-
commodity economies with consequent wide fluc-
tuations in income still characterize most of this
vast area.
But the people generally, including the most
humble of them, now know that low standards of
living are neither universal nor inevitable, and
they are therefore impatiently insistent that
remedial actions be taken. It is perhaps natural
for them to look primarily to the United States
for assistance.
Neither the people nor their leaders seek finan-
cial grants, save in a few isolated and emergency
situations. Rather, they want public and private
credit in increasing quantities, stable trade rela-
tions, greater stability in the prices of raw com-
modities which they sell, and technical assistance
designed to hasten overall development primarily
through improvement in education, health, and
agricultural and industrial productivity.
The Need for Understanding
It is surely a truism to say that if the govern-
ments and peoples of this hemisphere are to coop-
erate fruitfully in ways that are mutually
beneficial — in ways that enable Latin America
to achieve its aspirations without requiring an
excessive drain upon the over-taxed resources of
the United States — there must first be better
understanding among them.
I commented at length on this in my previous
report. I now must report that misunderstand-
ings seem to me to be even more serious than they
were in 1953.
In the United States, the problem stems pri-
marily from a lack of knowledge. We wish to
be a good neighbor. We want the Latin
American republics to regard us as a faithful
friend. But our people generally do not truly
comprehend the problems and aspirations of our
neighbors, and thus we sometimes take actions
which are detrimental to the good relationships
we wish to foster. Thus it is possible that the
people of the United States would have favored
actions different from those that were taken in
the area of trade relations if they had been in
possession of all relevant facts.
In Latin America, misunderstandings of our
policies, programs, and attitudes are pervasive,
and are impediments to the development of more
fruitful cooperation.
Latin Americans believe that our economic
capacity is essentially unlimited and that we are
doing much more for other areas of the world
than we are for Latin America. This leads them
to conclude that their failure to obtain credit in
the desired volume is either sheer perversity or
discrimination on our part. That this is not so
is beside my immediate point. Leaders and
peoples think it is so. This persistent misunder-
standing, noted in my previous report and found
this summer to be even more strongly held,
should warn us that new and dramatic action to
overcome it is now imperative.
Another serious misconception is that we some-
times fix prices, to the detriment of Latin
America. Everywhere one hears it said, among
government officials, university students, and
business leaders: "We must sell to you at prices
you are willing to pay, and we must buy from
you at prices you dictate."
Why is this false idea circulated? One of the
most vexing problems in Latin America stems
from an excessive dependence upon the export of
agricultural products and minerals, whose prices
are subject to sharp fluctuations in world markets,
90
Department of State Bulletin
whereas the prices of industrial commodities they
buy are more rigid. That the United States does
not. fix prices — that raw commodity and industrial
prices are determined in the competitive markets
of the world, as they should be — is again in one
sense beside the point. The erroneous belief
noted above is widely held. It causes bitterness,
and impedes rational resolution of substantive
problems.
I am deeply disturbed by a gross misconcep-
tion which is evidently fairly recent in origin.
At least I did not encounter it in 1953. Based on
a distortion of facts, a false impression is now
held by certain misinformed individuals and is
also being cleverly fostered by communist agita-
tors. Despite our adherence to a policy of non-
intervention, we are charged with supporting
Latin American dictators in the face of a
strong trend toward freedom and democratic
government.
It is ironic that this charge is insidiously spread
by international conspirators who represent the
most vicious dictatorship in modern history.
These three examples of Latin American mis-
understanding of our attitudes, policies, and
capabilities are only illustrative.
In my previous report, I made nine recom-
mendations for action which I hoped would help
solve the problem. I know that since then notable
work has been done by the United States Infor-
mation Agency, the State Department, private
businesses with branches in Latin America, and
mass media. But the problem grows. New,
heroic efforts are required.
/ recommend that the United States take the
leadership in urging the Organization of Ameri-
can States to place high on its program effective
efforts to develop among the governments and
peoples of the American Republics that genuine
understanding on which fruitful cooperative ac-
tion must be based.
(a) The OAS should urge each of the American
Republics to establish a national commission of
distinguished citizens who voluntarily would as-
sume, as their major extramural responsibility,
the promotion within each country of the type of
broad understanding which is obviously required.
Commission membership should include educa-
tors; editors; writers; leaders of business, agri-
culture, and labor ; public officials, and prominent
individuals from social and cultural institutions.
In the larger countries, I would hope that one
hundred distinguished citizens would be willing
to serve on each National Commission; in the
smaller countries, twenty or more might suffice.
As your representative, I made this recommenda-
tion to the Inter-American Committee of Presi-
dential Representatives and it was there unani-
mously approved, but the recommendation has not
been implemented.
/ also recommend that each of the twenty-one
governments be urged to assume a large measure
of responsibility for promoting the relevant
understanding within its own country.
Sometimes, I regret to report, misunderstand-
ings are permitted to prevail or are encouraged for
what may seem to be temporary political advan-
tage. Actually nothing coidd be more self-defeat-
ing. Political leaders must in fact be leaders:
Each has a profound responsibility for keeping
his people informed with respect to those great
problems and issues that determine relationships
among the family of nations.
Responsibility for informing the people of the
United States about Latin American policies, atti-
tudes, and developments — to the extent this is a
government duty — rests with the State Depart-
ment. Responsibility for informing the peoples
of Latin America about similar matters in the
United States rests with the United States
Information Agency.
/ recommend that the information facilities
of the State Department be increased, that the
State Department cooperate continuously with the
United States National Commission for Latin
American Affairs (as recommended above) and
that special efforts be made to induce the mass
media of the United States to maintain competent
correspondents in Latin America and to carry a
steady flow of neios and interpretive material from
all twenty republics.
I also recommend that leadership, student, and-
other exchanges of persons be encouraged by
every means. Fortunately, the United States offi-
cial exchange-of-persons program has recently
been increased. The OAS has initiated an excel-
lent program of scholarships and fellowships.
Private foundations should be urged to grant
scholarships to young men and women who wish
to study in the United States. American business
enterprises with interests in Latin America should
be encouraged to bring promising young employ-
January 79, 1959
91
ees to the United States for travel, training, and
education.
/ further recommend that the activities of the
United States Information Agency in, Latin
America oe increased:
(a) The bi-national center program should be
expanded. It costs us little. It is rapidly helping
to make English the second language of Latin
America, and is enabling many Latin Americans
to gain an insight into our total culture.
(b) The USIA publications program should
be increased and modified so as to place particular
emphasis on reaching students, intellectuals, and
workers.
(c) Government, industry, and foundations
might well cooperate in establishing, upon request,
endowed chairs in leading universities of Latin
America, especially in the social sciences and
humanities. Initially, these chairs might well be
occupied by United States professors, but eventu-
ally by national professors who have done ad-
vanced work in the United States.
(d) The USIA posts which had to be vacated
because of the budgetary cut in 1957 should be
filled.
(e) The private effort in Mexico of prominent
Mexican and United States businessmen to de-
velop mutual understanding should be studied ; if
found successful, as I am convinced it is, the
USIA should arrange for business leaders in the
United States to try to duplicate this pilot proj-
ect in other Latin American countries.
I wish to call attention again to my 1953 sug-
gestion that we should encourage the establish-
ment in the United States of bi-national institutes
for the teaching of Spanish. Our goal should be
to develop genuine linguistic ability among all
classes of our population so that we may com-
municate effectively and read the literature of
Latin America. We are lamentably deficient in
this respect. It is a shameful shortcoming in a
country which has the burden of free world leader-
ship.
In the National Defense Education Act, the
Congress and the Administration have recognized
our limitations in languages and knowledge of
the cultures of regions of the world, and have
made provision, on a matching grant basis to
institutions of higher education, for the establish-
ment of institutes to train teachers and promote
the teaching of these subjects. This Act pro-
vides a good beginning toward the permanent
establishment of bi-national institutes, and may
indeed provide a source of well trained personnel
for them.
The Need for Credit
Though vast opportunities exist in Latin Amer-
ica to increase the efficiency of agricultural pro-
duction — and each of the countries should inten-
sify its efforts in this area — nonetheless it is clear
that a substantial increase in levels of living
requires industrialization. This calls for many
things, including a steady flow of private and
public credit.
The United States drew vast quantities of capi-
tal from Europe during the early years of its
industrial revolution ; so today must the republics
of Latin America look to the United States and
perhaps to certain European countries for devel-
opment capital.
Sound loans in impressive volume have been
made over a period of years by the Export-Import
Bank, and by the International Bank for Eecon-
struction and Development. Private United
States credit and investment have been of power-
ful help to Latin America. About twenty per
cent of outstanding United States investment is
public, eighty per cent private.
The granting of public and private credit must
be accelerated. This seems to me to require four
things : First, each nation of Latin America must
do a better job than heretofore in overall economic
planning and in determining priorities within its
development program ; second, we must coordinate
the knowledge about programs of the lending
institutions, public and private; third, public
lending institutions should take a positive attitude
in the use of credit as a means of helping Latin
America achieve its aspirations, and, fourth, each
Latin American Republic must take those actions
which will attract private credit, since it cannot
and should not be directed.
An imperative first step is more effective eco-
nomic analysis and planning by nations which de-
sire development capital. Sound planning, with
project priorities assigned, and with knowledge
of which projects might be eligible for public
credit and which for private credit, would be
conducive to the receipt of maximum loans.
Lending institutions cannot satisfy the total needs
92
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
of a borrowing nation at one time, nor conM a
borrowing nation absorb vast sums quickly with-
out causing economic dislocations. Timing is im-
portant: One loan, launching a successful enter-
prise, may make a second development loan feasi-
ble. A public loan, such as for a highway into
virgin territory, might make possible a new pri-
vate industry, such as a pulp and paper mill.
Occasionally, confusion has been caused among
lending institutions when nations seeking credit
have presented conflicting requests, or have sud-
denly shifted their priorities; these and other
shortcomings could be overcome by competent
economic analysis and planning.
/ recommend that the projected Inter-American
development institution subsequently discussed
herein, be so organized and staffed as to assist
the American Republics in development planning,
in the assignment of priorities, and in the prepara-
tion of loan projects, and that the United States
International Cooperation Administration assist
in the financing of this section of the development
agency through its technical cooperation funds.
I should also like to see tried a pilot project in
joint planning similar to that which was at-
tempted five or six years ago by the United States
and Brazil. The only criticism I have heard of
that intensive cooperative effort is this: Brazilian
officials erroneously developed the belief that the
joint planning constituted a commitment on the
part of the lending institutions to finance the pro j -
ects developed; this of course was not and could
not have been true ; recriminations flowed from the
misunderstanding. Otherwise, all seem agreed
that the joint effort was remarkably successful.
It ought not to be difficult to avoid the recurrence
of misunderstanding.
Once a nation has assessed its potentialities and
produced a sound program with priorities, it is in
a better position to utilize the facilities of lending
institutions ; initial applications must be well pre-
pared if they are to meet with favorable responses.
In the absence of sound planning of this kind
applicants for loans may become confused and
frustrated.
Effective borrowing by Latin American coun-
tries also requires an understanding of the policies
and limitations of the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, the Interna-
tional Finance Corporation, the International
Monetary Fund, the Export-Import Bank, the De-
January J 9, 7959
492661—59 3
velopment Loan Fund, United States Treasury,
the International Cooperation Administration
(which has made one or two emergency loans in
Latin America) and many private institutions.
The development program of a country may re-
quire the cooperation of several public and private
institutions, first, in determining the credit ca-
pacity of a nation and, then, in timing several
types of loans in such a way that one supports the
other.
/ recommend that the proposed inter-American
development institution exercise leadership in this
field; that it promote more specific planning by
Latin America in the utilization of existing credit
facilities; that it have broad responsibility fur
achieving greater understanding and coordina-
tion in the whole field of loans to the Republics
of Latin America.
I cannot over-emphasize the constructive good
that has been done hi Latin America by the World
Bank and by United States lending institutions.
World Bank loans to Latin America now amount
to about $150,000,000 a year, and total loans out-
standing approximate $800,000,000. Forty per
cent of Export- Import Bank loans over a period
of years has been made to Latin American na-
tions; in all, it has authorized $3,500,000,000 of
such loans, with current outstanding commitments
of $1,800,000,000. The last Congress increased the
lending authority of the Bank from $5,000,000,000
to $7,000,000,000, so that the Bank now has sub-
stantial sums available for lending.
I imply no criticism of these and other lending
institutions when I point out that they have pur-
sued the normal procedure of waiting for appli-
cations to come to them in proper form and deal-
ing with applications, when presented. So far
as United States lending institutions are con-
cerned, I am convinced that the time has arrived
for us to take a more positive approach in using
credit as an effective means of forwarding Ameri-
can foreign policy; this clearly involves helping-
Latin America achieve its sound economic goals
and thus serving the best interest of the United
States itself.
/ recommend that United States lending insti-
tutions, tvith the help of IBRD if possible, inform
the Republics of Latin America that they stand
ready, as a cooperative group, to consider sym-
pathetically the extension of sound, well-timed
loans in support of practical development plans,
93
and that they will meet jointly with delegations
from each applicant country to determine how
credit resources may best be employed to help that
nation proceed effectively with its economic
program.
Shortly after my return from Central America
and Panama, the United States notified the leaders
of Latin America that it was prepared to consider
participation in a new Inter-American Develop-
ment Institution. This offer was in response to a
suggestion which had been advanced persistently
by the twenty Republics of Latin America for
many years.
Many aspects of the financing of economic de-
velopment were discussed at length at the meetings
of the Committee of Presidential Representatives
in 1956 and 1957, including a specific proposal
looking toward the establishment of an Inter-
American financial agency. The Personal Repre-
sentatives of the Presidents of the Latin American
Republics, while acknowledging the benefits which
"existing international (and national) financial
agencies have been providing for the development
of . . . their countries," nonetheless stated that
"it is their firm opinion that those benefits do not
cover the entire field and are insufficient to enable
the Latin American countries effectively to achieve
an adequate rate of investment in projects which
they consider essential to their economic improve-
ment and a rise in their standard of living."
As your personal representative, I found it nec-
essary to oppose this recommendation, first, because
I felt that the question was outside the mandate
which you and the Presidents of the other Ameri-
can Republics had placed upon our Committee,
and, second, because I then agreed with the long-
standing attitude of the United States which is
expressed in this statement in the Committee's
report to the Chief s of State :
The Representative of the President of the United
States maintained that the resources of existing institu-
tions are adequate to meet the effective demand, and that
the creation of new credit institutions could therefore not
be justified, since greater progress would be made by
using the existing ones. He stated that there had been
no change in the United States position (as set forth) at
the Meeting of Ministers of Finance or Economy at the
Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Inter-American
Economic and Social Council with respect to proposals for
the establishment of new credit institutions.
At the time I took this officially authorized po-
sition, the Development Loan Fund had not been
established. This Fund was created primarily to
replace grants with loans. It has broader au-
thority than the Export-Import Bank. It can,
for example, make loans for local currency ex-
penditures, and sometimes loans may be repaid in
local currency. The latter are called "soft" loans
in the jargon of the banking world. Such loans
are not "soft" in the sense that they are unsound
or are grants in disguise. They are "soft" only
in the sense that the credit extended may be repaid
in the currency of the borrower rather than in
dollars.
It is important that the people of the United
States understand this. No responsible person
has suggested that the United States Government
make economically unsound loans. Nothing could
so undermine the whole field of international
credit.
For what it is worth, I applaud the Adminis-
tration and the Congress for changing from grants
to loans in our program of assisting foreign eco-
nomic development. Except in unusual emer-
gency situations, I believe grants for this purpose
yield only temporary benefits and may cause ill
will in all countries save those receiving the largest
grants.
There can be no doubt that "soft" loans are
needed in Latin America. Like most other under-
developed areas of the world, Latin America
suffers from a shortage of domestic savings.
Hence, sound development projects may require
loans involving both domestic and foreign capital.
Further, until underdeveloped countries, includ-
ing those of Latin America, can increase their pro-
ductivity and their exports, which can assure
favorable balances of trade, they may lack dollars
or other borrowed currencies to meet repayment
schedules, even though they could meet their obli-
gations in local currencies.
The Development Loan Fund is now operating
on a global basis, although its loans to Latin
American countries have thus far been relatively
limited. However, a conviction is growing that
effective cooperative efforts of borrowers on a
regional basis should be encouraged whenever de-
sired by the countries concerned. This was im-
plicit in our shift in policy when we announced
our willingness to consider in principle the
establishment of an Inter- American Bank.
Latin America is a natural region for such an
94
Department of State Bulletin
agency, and there can be no doubt about the ex-
istence of the desire and ability to cooperate.
An Inter-American development institution,
properly conceived, established and operated, can
command the cooperative talents of the twenty-
one American republics; it can place a high de-
gree of responsibility for the success of the agency
on the Latin American nations themselves ; it may
be able to tap private as well as public sources of
credit.
It is essential, of course, that the development
agency be set up soundly, with the right policies
and limitations.
For example, the new agency, if established,
should not be operated in such a way as to di-
minish the programs in Latin America of the
Export-Import Bank and the World Bank.
In its initial stages the new institution could
well study the operations of the Export-Import
Bank : its impressive record of help to our neigh-
bors, of businesslike management, and of interest
and loan repayments. It might draw on Export-
Import Bank's competent and efficient manage-
ment.
/ urge that the United States proceed as rapidly
as possible to cooperate with leaders of the Latin
American Republics in creating an Inter-Ameri-
can bank. Such a new institution should coordi-
nate its operations closely with those of the World
Bank, United States lending institutions and pri-
vate lending agencies to the end that the total
flow of development capital into Latin America
may be increased.
(a) I believe that the United States should
subscribe a significant portion of the paid-in
capital of the new institution, the remainder to be
provided by the twenty Latin American Re-
publics. The authorized capital of the institu-
tion might be somewhat greater than the paid-in
capital, the difference representing a guarantee
fund which would help the new institution to issue
its bonds in private capital markets. Depending
upon future developments, and subject to Con-
gressional approval for any increased subscription
by the United States, provision might be made for
the member governments to propose subsequent
increases in paid-in capital on the same basis as
that outlined above.
(b) With respect to its hard-loan activities, the
United States should urge that the Inter- Ameri-
can Bank adhere to sound lending policy so that
in time its securities will become marketable, thus
making possible the tapping of private credit
markets.
(c) The institution should have limited au-
thority to make soft loans from a portion of its
subscribed capital. Any soft-loan activity of the
bank, however, should be segregated in some way
from the hard-loan operations of the institution.
Should the United States agree to subscribe a
somewhat higher proportion for any capital au-
thorized for soft-loan purposes, it should main-
tain an appropriate degree of authority in the
direction of the soft-loan operations of the
institution.
(d) The initial capital advances made by the
United States should be under a new authoriza-
tion which would permit the Treasury to sub-
scribe the funds directly to the new bank.
(e) Assuming the willingness of the IBRD, the
Inter-American development institution should
maintain informal methods of credit coordination
for Latin America and should provide a source
of information and advice to the member nations
seeking loans.
(f) The new Bank should use every means at
its disposal to encourage each cooperating country
to develop local savings, private and public, for
participation in development projects.
(g) The Bank should try to obtain an outstand-
ing Latin American, thoroughly familiar with
financial matters, as its President. Each country
should designate a member of its Board of Gov-
ernors, each Governor having a weighted vote ac-
cording to the percentage of capital advanced by
his country. A smaller Board of Directors
should supervise day-to-day operations of the in-
stitution. If the headquarters of the Bank were
to be in Washington, daily coordination with
other credit institutions would be facilitated.
As I have previously said, about eighty per cent
of all United States capital now invested in Latin
America is private. In recent years new private
capital has flowed from the United States to
Latin America at the rate of $600,000,000 a year.
Each nation of Latin America should take every
feasible step to encourage this capital movement.
Private funds will always be available in larger
quantities than will public funds, and private
loans usually carry with them technical and man-
agement skills which may make the difference be-
Jarwary 19, 7959
95
tween success or failure, particularly in the early
stages of new developments.
In some Latin American countries, irrational
assumptions are made about private capital. It is
said that private credit is imperialistic — that it is
an expression of "dollar diplomacy." Of course
this is not so. Nearly all of the trade between
the United States and Latin America, amounting
to about eight billion dollars a year, is privately
financed, and it does not result in any sort of
imperialism. Just as the private loans we ob-
tained from Europe in our early history— and
finally paid off with interest by 1918— aided our
development and did not impinge upon our free-
dom, so too will private loans to Latin Ameri-
can enterprises help those countries advance with-
out detriment to their sovereignty.
This problem is largely outside our hands.
Private capital cannot be driven. It must be at-
tracted. Attracting private capital to Latin
America, in view of the competitive demand for
it in the United States and throughout the world,
is not an easy matter. It involves the avoidance
of discriminatory restraints, the maintenance of
stable financial and political policies within each
country, the absence of discriminatory labor laws,
control of inflationary forces, a reasonable return
on the investment, ability to remit dividends to
the lending country in the currency of that coun-
try, and, above all, a favorable attitude toward
private competitive enterprises which are to be
financed with the private capital.
I was favorably impressed to observe in Cen-
tral America and Panama a strong tendency
toward financial stability. I noted a genuine con-
cern for keeping budgets balanced, and currency
stabilized and convertible. I found greater faith
being placed, as contrasted to my observations in
1953, in private competitive enterprise.
The people of the United States are often
critical of Latin America for seeming to place
greater emphasis on public credit than upon
private credit. It is important for us to realize
that competitive private enterprise is not precise-
ly the same in each nation to the South as it is
in the United States. In this country we have
a socially-conscious private enterprise, whose
benefits are widespread, and which gives fair re-
turns to capital, management and labor; it is a
system that has benefitted all the people, permit-
ting their standards of living to rise to unprece-
96
dented heights, with seemingly no end to the ad-
vance. In all history its results have not. been
matched.
But we should be aware of the fact that in
some Latin American countries private competi-
tive enterprise may bestow generous benefits upon
a relatively few, and only meager benefits upon
the masses. Tax systems may not adequately
reflect the capacities of different groups to
carry their fair shares of the total burden. On
the other hand, in several South American coun-
tries various controls and regulations have been
placed on private enterprise which have hampered
its ability to contribute to the benefit of the
people as a whole.
With gratification I can report that these short-
comings are gradually being overcome in some
countries, perhaps as rapidly as normal cultural
and intellectual change will permit ; but the nar-
rowly-distributed rewards of private enterprise
in certain industries and countries still cause un-
due emphasis to be placed on public credit which
can initiate those types of development which
obviously are designed for the benefit of large
numbers of people.
I believe that a proper coordination of increas-
ing quantities of public and private credit to
Latin America, each type supporting the other,
will help the people generally to lift their levels
of well-being, and that gradually the benefits of
private competitive enterprise will be more widely
shared. Thus the degree of reliance on private
credit which we deem appropriate will in time be
achieved. In the meantime, patience grounded on
understanding will be helpful.
As to tax incentives to the flow of private capi-
tal, the State Department has recently asked lead-
ing businessmen to study this problem. Under
Secretary C. Douglas Dillon recently stated * that
There Is one new incentive in the field of taxation which
we are already prepared to adopt. . . . Under United
States law, if a foreign government grants a special in-
come-tax reduction in order to attract the United States
investor, that Investor has to pay to the United States
Government whatever has been waived by the foreign
government. We are seeking to correct this situation so
that tax benefits granted to induce investment abroad can
retain their full effect. ... the United States Govern-
ment is prepared to consider conventions which . . .
would contain a tax-sparing provision that would cure
'Ibid., Dec. 8, 1958, p. 918.
Department of State Bulletin
this situation. The only way to accomplish this is by
treaty. We invite negotiations.
The Need for Social Development
It is only natural that most of the dollar credits
which have been made available in Latin America
have been loans repayable either from tax revenues
or from the earnings of the enterprises meriting
the loans. Beyond this, however, many leaders
in Latin America point out the need for "social
development" : They contend that the lack of hous-
ing constitutes their most serious single social
problem. They hope a method can be found to
make credit available for home, hospital, and re-
lated construction. In one country I visited this
summer, I was told that nine persons, on the aver-
age, live in each small room. Health conditions
are sub-standard. Ill individuals are not produc-
tive. It is argued that better housing would im-
prove health, attitudes, and productivity; hence
that loans for housing construction are merited.
I feel that we should be prepared to assist other
countries in improving their health and sanitation
facilities. Loans for these purposes have been
available in the past and should continue to be.
The problem of housing finance is, however, much
more difficult. There are situations where ex-
tremely low productivity of the worker and low
levels of income do not permit the worker to pay
the economic cost of what would be considered
adequate housing. Even in advanced countries,
housing makes very heavy demands on savings,
and absorbs a large share of the income of the
workers.
The choice is then between subsidizing housing
for the individuals concerned or — and this is, of
course, a long-range solution — raising produc-
tivity and improving the level of income in order
to permit the worker to buy or rent adequate hous-
ing. While the second is clearly the better course,
it is, as I have mentioned, a long-run solution. As
to subsidizing housing in one way or another, this
is a decision for each individual government ; the
social and political implications of such a decision
are far-reaching and it does not appear that for-
eign governments or international institutions
should participate in that activity.
A second reason for housing shortages lies in the
inflationary conditions existing in some countries.
Housing finance is normally long-term financing.
In inflationary conditions, a long-term loan, ex-
pressed in monetary terms as it must be, will have
lost much of its purchasing power by the time the
loan is repaid. Under these conditions, domestic
lenders are not prepared to put their money into
mortgages.
A third explanation of the housing problem is
found in the rapid growth of cities. In an area
where total population is growing rapidly, urban
populations are expanding even more sharply.
Under the best of economic conditions, a lag in the
provision of adequate housing would be expected
in these circumstances.
None of these explanations serves to ameliorate
the housing conditions. They do indicate, how-
ever, that the financial problem is of such an enor-
mous magnitude throughout Latin America, and
indeed in other parts of the world, that any at-
tempt to attack it by the use of public interna-
tional funds would be doomed to failure. At best,
the funds available for public lending are limited.
If they are to make the greatest possible contribu-
tion to the economic development of friendly
countries, they must be used primarily in the most
productive way. Whatever we may think about
the social desirability of improved housing, we
cannot assert that investment in housing contrib-
utes directly and in the short-term to increased
productivity to the same extent as does an invest-
ment in transportation, power, irrigation, or
manufacturing.
I suggest, therefore, that the nations of Latin
America should not look to the United States or
to international agencies for significant financial
assistance in housing but should pursue vigorously
the path of economic development and inflation
control in order to enlarge the national product
and available savings, and thus widen the margin
that can be devoted to improvement of housing.
In a few isolated instances, however, loans for
housing might be made by private agencies in the
United States. Thus, thousands of Panamanian
employees of the Canal Company today receive
sufficiently high wages that they could meet in-
terest and amortization payments on homes at low
cost. Local private capital apparently is not now
available. The establishment of a Panamanian
Housing Agency, with some support from the
Panamanian Government, and with substantial
credit from one of the private institutions, could
quickly initiate a sizeable undertaking, without
violating the principles of sound lending.
January 79, 1959
97
I refer to this whole matter in this report pri-
marily because housing is high on the agenda of
nearly every inter- American conference and in all
discussions such as I was privileged to have this
summer. Failure to mention the matter now
might be misconstrued in Latin America as in-
difference to the problem.
The Need for Regional Common Markets
Closely related to credit requirements is the
need for Latin America to develop a common
market.
A special committee under the aegis of the Eco-
nomic and Social Council of the United Nations
recently published an excellent study which sets
out the advantages that would accrue to the Latin
American nations if they were to develop a com-
mon market: the free movement of goods, serv-
ices, and individuals, without tariffs or other im-
pediments, across national boundaries. But a
common market for all twenty republics is at
best remote. Hence, I attach great importance
to the fact that in Central America, and possibly
in Panama, there is today a favorable attitude
toward the construction of a regional common
market.
I would point out the obvious: If each of the
States of the United States were an independent
nation, each with tariff and other barriers, the
people of this country would today have a very
low standard of living. We have a vast common
market available to us at all times, enabling each
industry to locate at the point of greatest efficiency
of production, and to sell in large volume, without
restriction, to 176,000,000 people. Over a long
period of years, our growing efficiency has enabled
us to increase the quality of products and to lower
prices (in terms of a stable dollar), so that both
essential goods and luxury items are available to
most citizens of the United States at reasonable
cost.
Many countries of Latin America are smaller
than most of our States. It is difficult, if not im-
possible, for a steel mill, or an aluminum or
cement plant, to be successfully operated in one
of them, with its market severely restricted; in
such circumstances, an industry cannot develop
the efficiency which would permit it to sell prod-
ucts in competition with those produced by United
States, Canadian, and European industries.
In my judgment, this, more than any other
fact, is responsible for the slow rate of indus-
trialization of many Latin American nations,
and therefore for their precarious dependence
upon the export of a single commodity, such as
coffee or tin.
The five nations of Central America have agreed
upon certain initial principles, looking to the cre-
ation of a regional common market. They will
permit free movements of persons; by agreement,
they will foster the establishment of a single new
industry in each of the five countries, with un-
restricted privilege of selling in the entire area;
this accomplished, they will proceed to try to
establish a second new industry in each country.
This may be a halting and even faulty begin-
ning, but it is a beginning, and deserves open
encouragement from the United States.
/ recommend that, after careful preparation
through appropriate channels, the United States
participate with the five republics of Central
America, and Panama if possible, in a regional
conference, either at the Ministerial or technical
level, to stimulate public and private lending in-
stitutions, and private industrial enterprises, to
take a positive approach in helping Central
America and Panama to the end that new indus-
tries, guaranteed free access to the entire market
of the participating countries, toould be estab-
lished; that every effort be made to have this
development serve as a model for all of Latin
America; and that such steps as may be deemed
appropriate be taken to encourage the northern
group of South American countries, and the
southern group of South American countries, to
consider the creation of common regional mar-
kets in those areas.
The Need for Price Stabilization
One of the most complex problems in Latin
America derives from the fact that raw commodity
prices are continuously changing. I have previ-
ously pointed out that this has evoked detrimental
misunderstandings; it is a substantive problem of
real import.
Fifteen nations of Latin America produce cof-
fee. In several of them, the sale of coffee to the
United States accounts for as much as eighty-five
per cent of their exports to us ; the dollars earned
through the sale of coffee are used for the purchase
of equipment and manufactured and processed
goods. If the price of coffee declines, the eco-
98
Department of State Bulletin
nomic and political stability of the producing na-
tion may be threatened.
Coffee is now being over-produced. Production
is increasing at a faster rate than consumption:
Production is growing at an annual rate of more
than five per cent, but consumption is increasing
only two or three per cent a year. Hence raw
coffee prices, now deemed by Latin America to
be too low, are further threatened. In one coun-
try, a one-cent drop in the price of coffee causes a
loss of eight million dollars in export earnings.
That is catastrophic to a country ridden with debt
and suffering from a very low income.
It is not surprising that the producing nations
instinctively look to the United States, the largest
consumer of coffee, for cooperation and assistance.
The United States, with sympathetic under-
standing of the seriousness of this problem to the
producing nations, has helped to create an inter-
national coffee study group which, I am sure, is
causing experts in the field to stop chasing shad-
ows — to cease directing criticism where criticism
is not due. Now, instead, all the facts about
changing production, consumption, quotas, sur-
pluses, and tax impediments are being objectively
analyzed, and from these facts possible courses of
action are being carefully considered.
Already producing nations of this hemisphere
(it would be better of course if the six producing
nations of Africa could also be induced to co-
operate) have developed an Inter- American coffee
marketing agreement. The hope is that the
orderly movement of coffee to market in harmony
with demand will help to stabilize the market.
Brazil is withholding 40 per cent of its coffee
from market ; Colombia, 15 per cent ; smaller pro-
ducers, 10 per cent; the smallest producers, 5 per
cent.
/ recommend that the United States, if requested
to do so, cooperate to the extent of furnishing such
information as laws and regulations permit to as-
sist the producing countries in enforcing agreed-
upon marketing quotas.
I do not believe that we should go beyond this.
Further, in cooperating, we should make certain
facts and possibilities abundantly clear to the
producing nations.
We in the United States for twenty-five years
have sought through governmental programs to
support agricultural prices — to achieve what we
call "parity" of relationship between agricultural
and industrial prices. We are now spending
more than six billion dollars a year on this effort
within a single country. The price relationship
achieved, while helpful to farmers and hence to
our entire economy, has not, save in war-time,
reached the goal of "parity." With reasonably
satisfactory prices, production control has proved
difficult. We have accumulated huge surpluses.
The storage charges on them are a million dollars
a day. Even with a billion dollars of Federal
funds each year (P. L. 480) to help dispose of
these surpluses, we find it extremely difficult to do
so without causing new problems for other coun-
tries. Thus, our recent efforts to reduce the cot-
ton surplus have caused economic difficulty in two
Latin American countries, and the shipment of
rice to another has hurt one of the smallest South
American nations.
This experience, involving only one nation, sug-
gests the difficulty of having stabilization pro-
grams succeed when many nations are involved.
It should be a pointed warning to the producing
nations not to place too great faith on marketing
quotas for coffee. If such quotas do for a time
stabilize the price of coffee at a fairly good level,
this in itself could further stimulate production,
cause the accumulation of additional surpluses,
and lead eventually to the collapse of world coffee
prices.
Any commodity stabilization plan must be ac-
companied by unrelenting efforts to broaden coffee
markets, reduce production costs, increase quality,
and divert high-cost acres (in terms of coffee
production) from that commodity to other crops
for domestic consumption or export.
It is worth pointing out that if certain nations
of the world purchased as much coffee per capita
as do the people of the United States, the coffee
surplus would quickly disappear. One prosper-
ous European nation now has two types of taxes
on coffee, and these greatly diminish the consump-
tion of coffee. If the producing nations could
persuade this country to eliminate the regressive
taxes, consumption might well increase fully two
million bags a year. I mention this in order to
emphasize that the producing nations should not
look exclusively to the United States for the solu-
tion to this problem ; more than this, they should
not look primarily here for that solution. This
must be self-evident. Either they must sell more
or produce less.
The problem of price fluctuations in coffee is
January 79, 7959
99
repeated in varying degrees with respect to nearly
every major commodity which Latin America sells
to the world. While the relationship of raw com-
modity and industrial prices is more favorable to
Latin America than it once was, especially prior
to World War II, nonetheless it must be said that
the recent deterioration in Latin America's terms
of trade represents a serious problem for the area.
This does not imply that I believe we should
participate in a gigantic hemisphere scheme to
stabilize prices artificially. Such an effort would
violate most of our basic economic tenets; quite
apart from principle, the attempt would fail dis-
mally. The Western Hemisphere is not isolated
from the rest of the world. Nearly every product
produced in Latin America is also produced in
other regions.
Some remedial measures in selected situations
can be taken by the producing nations of the
world, and in many of these situations they do not
need to look to the United States for a helping
hand. Thus the six or seven producers of tin
were cooperating fruitfully for several years in
delivering tin ore to world markets in such a fash-
ion as to avoid serious ups and downs in prices.
This was of crucial importance to Bolivia, which
must earn dollars and sterling through the sale
of tin ore in order to buy food for her people, who
have an average per capita income of less than
one hundred dollars a year. Then Kussia, evi-
dently for no other reason than to scuttle this
cooperative effort, dumped thousands of tons of
tin upon the world market, causing temporary
chaos.
Other instances indicate that Russia intends to
disrupt markets to the detriment of Latin Ameri-
ca whenever she can, and then seek to place the
blame on the largest purchaser of Latin America's
raw commodities, the United States. Kussia has
bartered for certain Latin American commodities,
only later at strategic times to dump them back
on the open markets of the world.
But while the United States should not and
cannot become a party to unworkable, artificial
plans to stabilize prices of most commodities — ■
and this should always be made clear — nonethe-
less much is to be gained by having study groups,
similar to that for coffee, obtain and analyze all
the facts with respect to each major commodity :
information about total production, production
costs, present and potential market demand;
trends in uses of the commodity, and so on. The
facts, when developed, should be widely distrib-
uted, especially in producing nations, not only
among experts, but among the masses of the
people, whose understanding is essential.
/ recommend that the United States, when re-
quested by producing nations, participate in
single-commodity study groups, giving every pos-
sible technical assistance, but always making clear
that owr participation in no way implies subse-
quent cooperation in plans the producing nations
might develop to stabilize prices.
The Need for Technical Cooperation
The technical cooperation program of the
United States, now world-wide, originated in our
programs with Latin America. They have been
helpful to the participating Latin American
countries. They have promoted agricultural effi-
ciency and diversification, brought higher stand-
ards of health and thus of productivity, helped
foster better education, and promoted more skill-
ful management in many enterprises.
We are now spending about $32,000,000 a year
on technical cooperation programs in this hemi-
sphere, not counting payments to the Organization
of American States and the United Nations which
also have certain specialized technical programs
in some of the republics. I recommend a modest
increase in these programs.
Theoretically, all United States activities
within a country of Latin America (as in other
countries of the world) are under the coordinat-
ing direction of the United States Ambassador.
This is not sufficient.
/ recommend that the technical cooperation
program for Latin America be wider the direct
supervision of the Ambassador in each country.
I further recommend that the Assistant Secre-
tary of State for Inter- American Affairs be given
authority under the general guidance of the
Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs,
to coordinate the technical cooperation programs
in Latin American nations with the diplomatic,
social, cultural and other activities over which he
has cognizance.
The Need To Up-Grade U.S. Activities Affecting Latin
America
In my formal report to you in 1953, and in in-
formal reports in 1957 and 1958, 1 have expressed
100
Department of State Bulletin
my strong conviction that the American Repub-
lics are uniquely important to one another : Our
economic interdependence is immense; our polit-
ical interdependence in a threatened world is
notable ; our cultural interdependence is growing
rapidly, and our shared aspirations for freedom,
independence, peace with justice, and rising levels
of human well-being assure that the cooperative
processes in the community of nations can work
here. The American nations for many years have
been able to settle their intra-hemisphere disputes
by peaceful means. They have developed the
most effective regional organization in the world
— an organization through which they have
espoused principles of mutual security, mutual
respect, and cooperation that stand as models for
all the world.
I believe that this unique relationship merits
special organizational recognition in the structure
of our Federal Government. I am persuaded
that such recognition could be attained without
causing misapprehension among other nations or
regions. I understand that the Vice President,
following his trip to South America this year,
became convinced of this.
Special recognition of the interdependence of
the American nations would help overcome a
persistent misunderstanding of the United States
in Latin America — a misunderstanding which I
reported in 1953, and which I found this summer
still to exist, now with a trace of bitterness : It is
a belief that we consider other areas of the world
to be more important to our future than is Latin
America. Nothing could be further from the
truth.
This feeling results from several circumstances.
Most of the publicized statements of our top
government officials, executive and legislative,
tend to deal with the crisis areas of the world, not
with Latin America. Latin America feels that
the vast expenditures under the European Re-
covery Program, in which she did not participate
directly, notwithstanding her indirect gains from
it, and under the Mutual Security Act, in which
she has participated only to a minor degree,
demonstrate our preoccupation with other na-
tions, especially since Latin America has not at
the same time been able to obtain loans in desired
volume. While our attitude toward Latin Amer-
ica with respect to the principles of mutual re-
spect, juridical equality of states, and non-inter-
vention in their internal affairs has been exem-
plary for twenty-five years, nonetheless they have
lingering memories of previous periods when the
United States had a patronizing attitude toward
their countries, sometimes intervened in internal
affairs, and occasionally engaged in outright im-
perialism. Their apprehensiveness might well
disappear, after a quarter of a century of sound
policies and relationships, were it not for the
other two factors I have just mentioned.
Of course neither of these two factors actually
supports what they believe. I have elsewhere
pointed out in detail how our world expenditures
under the European Recovery and Mutual Se-
curity Acts have brought great benefits to Latin
America ; that there has not been either discrimi-
nation or a lack of appreciation of the high im-
portance we attach to continuing good relations
in the Western Hemisphere.
But I emphasize that the belief persists
throughout Latin America that we do not by
words or deeds demonstrate what we profess.
I have sought to find, in discussions with many
officials and others, a method by which we could
give continuing expression to our sincere recog-
nition of the interdependence of the American
Republics.
/ recommend that you establish a Council on
Inter- American Affairs, whose task would be to
advise with the Secretary of State on all matters
of hemispheric importance, bringing to hvm crea-
tive ideas for strengthening relations, and con-
stantly emphasizing by its very existence and pub-
lic statements the importance which the Govern-
ment and people of the United States attach to
good partnership among the American Republics.
(a) The Secretary of State should be the
Chairman of the Council and the Assistant Secre-
tary of State the Vice Chairman. Its member-
ship should include three, perhaps five, American
citizens from the fields of business and cultural
life who are known to have an abiding interest in
Latin America ; a member of the Senate Commit-
tee on Foreign Relations, a member (from the
opposite political party) of the House Commit-
tee on Foreign Affairs, and consultants from those
agencies of the Federal Government which ad-
minister programs of importance to Latin
America, including the Treasury, the Export-Im-
port Bank, the Department of Agriculture, the
January 19, 7959
101
Department of Labor, the Department of Com-
merce, and the Development Loan Fund.
(b) In its first year, the Council might meet
bi-monthly. It should explore with the Secretary
of State every aspect of inter- American relations;
it should be helpful to the Secretary in informing
the American people accurately of critical devel-
opments ; it should bring ideas from the fields of
business, banking, education, and cultural life
generally to the Secretary where these would be
helpful to solutions of central problems; most
important, it should be a constant reminder of
the special importance, the United States attaches
to hemispheric relations. After the first year, it
might be sufficient for the Council to meet every
three or four months.
(c) The Council should be purely advisory.
Its members should accept a special responsibility
for promoting understanding in those areas of
American life which they represent and among
our people generally; they should be helpful to
the OAS National Commission in this country,
previously recommended in this report; informed
and dedicated to Pan Americanism, they might
well be available to you and to the Secretary of
State for special missions to Latin America from
time to time.
(d) The Council should be non-partisan. As
assurance of this, both major political parties
should be about equally represented in its
membership.
The Need To Maintain Stable Trade Relations
In my report, of 1953 I said :
I specifically recommend :
. . . That the United States adopt and adhere to trade
policies with Latin America which possess stability, and
with a minimum of mechanisms permitting: the imposition
of increased tariffs or quotas. I consider this matter of
stability and consistency the outstanding requirement.
The nations of Latin America pay for what they obtain
from us. Their purchases from us are governed almost
wholly by the volume of our purchases from them.
Occasionally the importation of a particular commodity
(into the United States) may cause temporary difficulty
for one of our industries. But if we raise the tariff on
that commodity, the export sale of other United States
commodities is certain to decline. The question then
becomes: Which United States industry, if any, should
be temporarily disadvantaged? And the change in our
tariff may seriously weaken the entire economy of a
Latin American nation.
The United States Government, in harmony
with the prevailing thought in both the Executive
and Legislative branches, has sought generally to
refrain from making changes in the rules of inter-
national trade which would cause harm in a Latin
American nation and which, for the reasons I
have cited, would not in fact help the United
States as a whole, though might temporarily bene-
fit a particular industry.
However, some of our activities in disposing of
agricultural surpluses, and in imposing import
quotas, have not been in harmony with the general
principles for which we stand.
I understand the reasons which impelled us to
take each such action.
Partly through the operation of our own stabi-
lization programs, we had lost a share of the world
cotton market which we had long enjoyed. We
felt entitled to get back that fair share. Few
would argue to the contrary. Criticism can be
directed not so much toward this final decision, as
toward the. changing policy. When we held cot-
ton from the world market, production expanded
in several nations of the world, including Mexico
and Nicaragua. This was not a calculated scheme
on their part to take over a market we had previ-
ously enjoyed. It was their natural response to
a price situation which made it profitable for them
to grow and sell cotton. They not only shifted
much acreage to cotton, but they developed many
facilities, including transportation, to handle and
market it. When we changed the rules of the
game and decided to export more cotton, Mexico
and Nicaragua suffered substantial loss. They
then were compelled to reduce their purchases of
goods and services from us.
The. difficulty with respect to lead and zinc —
which are produced by several Latin American
nations — was also some years in developing.
Similarly, the eventual imposition of quotas
caused economic distress, especially in countries
with only a few commodities for export, although
I understand a concomitant effect has been the
firming up of the market for lead and zinc.
Each nation of the world obviously develops
policies and programs in its own interest. The
nations of Latin America do this. They would
be the first to admit it.
The United States perhaps occupies an unusual
position in this regard. It is the free world's
102
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
creditor and leader. It has a mature, diversified,
profitable economy. Sudden changes in rules
may have little noticeable national effect (though
perceptible local effects) on our economy, and
thus the public may be unconcerned, but the same
changes may have far-reaching and sometimes
disastrous effects upon the economy, level of
living, and political stability of a friendly nation.
I have no thought or word of criticism for the
final actions which in the two cases cited seemed
to be essential to the well-being of the United
States.
My earnest suggestion is that the United States
maintain as firm a policy of stability in trade
relations as it possibly can, recognizing that our
own long-time interest as a creditor country and
free- world leader requires this ; and that in those
rare instances where a departure from this policy
seems unavoidable, we use every means at our
disposal to explain in detail and in advance to
affected friendly nations of Latin America the
compelling reasons for our actions.
The Need for a Modified Attitude Toward Dictators
Everywhere Vice President Nixon went in
South America, and everywhere I went in Central
America this year, the charge arose that while
the United States treasures freedom and democ-
racy for itself, it is indifferent about these in
Latin America — indeed, that we support Latin
American dictators. I have previously men-
tioned this as a serious misunderstanding. It is
just that. But I now wish to recommend a
change in policy which may seem slight, but I
think it is important.
In my visits with Panamanian and Central
American leaders this summer, I pointed out with
candor that from the beginning of our history
until 1933, we had not been very consistent in our
policies toward Latin America and that some of
our actions in that period had clearly strength-
ened the hands of dictators. But I also pointed
out that at Montevideo in 1033, we agreed to a
vital change in policy. We agreed thereafter not
to intervene in the internal affairs of our sister
republics.
Now, obviously, we cannot at one and the same
time refrain from intervention and express judg-
ments regarding the degree of democracy our
sister republics have achieved.
We had a few months of optimism regarding
this knotty problem in 1945 and 1946 when the
Foreign Minister of Uruguay proposed that the
American nations collectively encourage the
development of democratic governments by with-
holding recognition from those which did not
measure up to democratic norms. It seemed
logical to maintain that the collective judgment
could not be construed as internal intervention,
at least by a single nation. The United States
supported the proposal. But our neighbors
overwhelmingly defeated it.
Since the policy of non-intervention was
adopted in 1933, dictatorships in Latin America
have steadily declined. Whether this is a result
of the policy or a coincidence, I leave to others to
argue. My own belief is that one is at least
partly the result of the other. Today, only a
third as many dictators are in power as were
in 1933.
What then, other than constantly reaffirming
our hope that all peoples may enjoy the blessings
of democracy, can we do about the matter?
/ believe the suggestion of Vice President Nixon
is sound and would be applauded by Latin Amer-
ica itself — that we have an "abraBo" for demo-
cratic leaders, and a formal handshake for dic-
tators. Trivial as this may sound, / recom-
mend that it be our official policy in relations with
Latin American leaders and nations.
We have made some honest mistakes in our
dealings with dictators. For example, we dec-
orated several of them. Most Latin American
nations did the same, and in grander style.
Whatever reason impelled them and us to take
those actions, I think, in retrospect, we were
wrong.
/ recommend that we refrain from granting
special recognition to a Latin American dictator,
regardless of the temporary advantage that might
seem to be promised by such an act.
I most emphatically do not believe that we
should withdraw our programs from Latin Amer-
ican countries which are ruled by dictators. We
should not withdraw or diminish our technical
assistance programs, diplomatic missions, loans,
or other activities. Reasoning which caused one
to feel that we should do so would lead logically
to the conclusion that throughout the world we
should cease cooperating with any nation in which
January 79, 1959
103
democracy is not complete. Patently, such a
policy would paralyze the conduct of all foreign
relations.
Non-recognition and non-cooperation would not
help another nation achieve democracy. Most
peoples want freedom, though many have never
experienced it. By cooperating with them, even
through dictators — by keeping open the lines of
communication — one may hope that a growing
understanding of the strength, glory, and basic
morality of democracy will enable the people of
a harshly ruled country to achieve and maintain
democratic institutions of their own design.
We must be careful in deciding which leader
deserves a mere handshake and which an "abrazo."
In Latin America one finds widely varying de-
grees of freedom. At least one nation which to-
day is labeled by some a "dictatorship" has
greater freedom of the press, of assembly, of
speech, of worship, and of research and teaching,
than do several others which are generally con-
ceived to be democratic.
An important consideration, it seems to me,
is the direction a nation is taking. Throughout
Latin America, a strong and irresistible trend to-
ward freedom and democracy is evident. We
should watch this trend in each country, and
encourage it in any way that may be appropriate,
without violating the fundamental policy of non-
intervention.
Finally, I may say I do not know of a single
act the United States has taken since 1954 that
could be construed as granting special or even
friendly favors to a dictator in this hemisphere.
I state this in fairness to our many diplomatic
officials who are on the firing line in international
affairs, and who, dedicated to democratic ideals,
sometimes must suffer quietly under unjustified
criticism. It is true that one dictator has fled
to the United States since 1954. What is not gen-
erally known, apparently, is that the successor
government of his country issued him a diplomatic
passport and requested permission for him to enter
the United States. By such small acts very great
misunderstandings are encouraged.
Conclusion
On the 1958 trip to Panama, Central America
and Puerto Rico, my associates and I traveled
9,300 miles, and met with more than 1,200 leaders
of government, industry, agriculture, labor,
commerce, finance, education, health, and social
and cultural institutions. We held candid, in-
formative conversations with them, and they sub-
mitted to us nearly 11,000 pages of data and sug-
gestions.
I have given to the Department of State the
voluminous material which was presented to me
in each of the countries my mission visited. Most
of this material deals with specific needs for credit
or technical assistance and therefore should be
handled through normal governmental channels.
In every country we received a warm, friendly
reception. The absence of unfriendly incidents
may have confounded those who were looking for
sensational headlines, but this very circumstance
enabled us, calmly and rationally, to accomplish
precisely what we set out to do: to gain a new
perspective of the problems, progress, attitudes,
and aspirations of the nations visited, as a basis
for determining whether new approaches in our
policies and programs might strengthen relations
among us.
My associates and I are grateful for the many
courtesies and kindnesses which were extended to
us. The cordial welcome given us is proof of
the abiding friendship which exists among the
governments and the peoples of the American
Republics. It certainly would not have provided
any comfort to Communists and others who con-
stantly seek to drive a wedge between us and our
friends.
The members of the mission are also indebted
to you and Secretary Dulles for giving us the
opportunity to represent the Government and
people of the United States in furtherance of a
sort of continuing mission which you originally
assigned to me five years ago, and which I now
assume is concluded. We are unanimous in our
conviction that no area in the world is of more
importance to us than Latin America, and that no
other area matches us in our importance to the
future of Latin America. We believe our conver-
sations in the countries visited helped dispel some
misunderstandings and clarified many issues.
This trip, like the previous ones, was a reward-
ing experience.
While everything we did was undertaken as a
team, and while I have held lengthy conversations
with the other members of the mission since our
104
Department of State Bulletin
return, I wish to make clear that this report is
submitted solely on my own responsibility. It
does not speak for any other member of this or
previous missions. Needless to say, I trust that
most of the views expressed and the recommen-
dations submitted are acceptable, or at least
worthy of consideration.
Sincerely yours,
Milton S. Eisenhower
United States and Argentina
Sign Loan Agreements
Folloiving are remarks made by Under Secre-
tary Robert Murphy at a -press conference on
December 29 announcing a $329-million stabiliza-
tion and economic development loan agreement
with the Republic of Argentina, together with a
joint announcement by the organizations partici-
pating in the loan agreement and an announce-
ment on the same day of a surplus agricultural
products loan agreement with Argentina.
REMARKS BY UNDER SECRETARY MURPHY
Press release 778 dated December 29
As detailed in the official announcement which
is being placed in your hands, a $329-million pro-
gram to assist the Argentine Republic in re-
covering from its present economic difficulties has
been worked out by the United States Govern-
ment and private American banking institutions,
in cooperation with the International Monetary
Fund. The United States participation repre-
sents one of the most comprehensive operations
ever undertaken by the United States in Latin
America.
I think it important to point out that the Argen-
tine Government has made this program of fi-
nancial cooperation possible through its own de-
termined efforts toward economic recovery. By
undertaking to help itself to the greatest extent
possible, Argentina has provided a solid basis for
requesting, and receiving, the collaboration of
others. With participation by 3 United States
Government agencies, 11 private financial insti-
tutions, and the International Monetary Fund,
this is truly a cooperative venture in the inter-
national financial field. I should like to empha-
size once again that it has been the Argentine
Government's initiative in analyzing and dealing
with its current economic situation in sound and
realistic terms which has made this joint under-
taking possible.
In addition to the program being announced
here today, the United States Government last
week signed a loan agreement with the Argentine
Government covering the utilization of Argentine
pesos obtained from the sale to the Argentine
Government in 1955 of surplus edible oils, under
the terms of the Agricultural Trade Development
and Assistance Act of 1954, referred to as Public
Law 480. The amount involved is the Argentine
peso equivalent of $17.7 million. These peso
funds will be used for economic development pur-
poses in Argentina.
The Department of State considers that these
examples of joint U.S.-Argentine economic action
fall within the framework and the spirit of the
policy contemplated by Operation Pan America :
cooperating with Latin American neighbors in the
realization of their economic potential.
The United States Government is pleased to
have had this opportunity to demonstrate its
friendship toward the Government and people of
Argentina. Although our two countries are
separated by substantial geographic distance, the
United States feels itself close to Argentina in
many ways.
We look forward with pleasure to the visit of
the President of the Argentine nation, Dr.
Arturo Frondizi, in less than a month's time. 1
We feel sure that his visit will make its own
special contribution to the developing spirit of
understanding between our two nations.
We are honored to have with us today the Am-
bassador of Argentina, Cesar Barros Hurtado.
JOINT ANNOUNCEMENT
Press release 777 dated December 29
A $329-million program to assist the Republic
of Argentina in its efforts to achieve stabilization
and economic development was announced on De-
cember 29 by 3 U.S. Government agencies and
1 For an announcement, see Bulletin of Dec. 15, 1958,
p. 954.
January 19, 7959
105
11 private financial institutions in cooperation
with the International Monetary Fund.
(Simultaneously, a far-reaching program of
financial reform for Argentina was announced by
the Argentine Government at Buenos Aires and
the International Monetary Fund at Washington.)
The United States participation, said Deputy
Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy, repre-
sents "one of the most comprehensive operations
ever undertaken by the United States in Latin
America."
The arrangements were concluded following
negotiations at Washington and New York be-
tween Argentina's Minister of Economy, Emilio
Donato Del Carril ; the Secretary of the Treasury,
Robert B. Anderson; the Under Secretary of
State for Economic Affairs, Douglas Dillon ; the
President of the Export-Import Bank of Wash-
ington, Samuel C. Waugh; the Managing Direc-
tor of the Development Loan Fund, Dempster
Mcintosh ; and officials of the following commer-
cial banks: Bank of America N.T. & S.A., the
Chase Manhattan Bank, the First National Bank
of Boston, the First National City Bank of New
York, Grace National Bank, Guaranty Trust
Company of New York, the Hanover Bank, Manu-
facturers Trust Company, J. P. Morgan & Com-
pany, Inc., the Philadelphia National Bank, the
Royal Bank of Canada (N. Y. Agency).
The U.S. Government agencies and private
banks will make available approximately $250
million. The International Monetary Fund an-
nounced simultaneously the conclusion of a $75-
million standby arrangement with Argentina.
Details of the conditions of availability of the
standby arrangements are contained in a separate
International Monetary Fund release.
The U.S. credits and other arrangements in-
clude: $54 million by 11 private banks; approxi-
mately $125 million by the Export-Import Bank;
about $25 million by the Development Loan
Fund; and a $50-million exchange agreement
with the U.S. Treasury. U.S. assistance in-
volves new economic development credits to help
Argentina reverse the faltering private invest-
ment trend of recent years, increase economic out-
put, develop new exports, and reduce certain
major import requirements.
These major development loans for industrial
free enterprise, a vital part of the Argentine re-
covery programs, include a $10-million credit to
the Argentine Industrial Bank for allocation to
small business. Under the new Argentine finan-
cial program, it is hoped that foreign private in-
vestment will be attracted in amounts consider-
ably in excess of these government development
loans.
Commenting upon these announcements, Mr.
Waugh said :
Argentina's efforts to regain full financial health and
economic vigor are important to the entire Western com-
munity. The magnitude as well as the complexity of
Argentine problems, and the extent of the new Argentine
program, required the farflung and cooperative actions
taken today. The financial arrangements announced to-
day to support the Argentine effort recognize the coura-
geous initiative being undertaken by the Government and
people of that country.
Credits from the 11 private banks are intended
for short-term Argentine requirements, as are the
agreements with the Treasury and the Interna-
tional Monetary Fund. The long-range necessity
in Argentina, however, is for expansion of funda-
mental sources of production.
To help meet this necessity, Eximbank expects
to devote up to $100 million of its $125-million
credit to implement loans on a case-by-case basis —
with participation of investment from U.S. pri-
vate sources — to finance U.S. purchases in con-
nection with the following types of projects: a
substantial electric power expansion program ; de-
velopment of industries such as cement, pulp and
paper, and rubber manufacturing; petrochemi-
cals; expansion of the meat industry; and other
types of industrial expansion.
The remaining $25 million of Export-Import
Bank credit will be used to maintain essential
imports from the United States during the next
year.
The Development Loan Fund credit of about
$25 million will be used to finance importation of
capital items in connection with projects contrib-
uting to economic development in the fields of
transportation, electric power, and waterworks.
Under the Treasury's $50-million agreement
Argentina may request the U.S. Exchange Stabili-
zation Fund to purchase Argentine pesos. Any
pesos acquired by the U.S. Treasury would sub-
sequently be repurchased by Argentina with
dollars.
106
Department of State Bulletin
P.L. 480 LOAN AGREEMENT
Press release 776 dated December 29
The United States and the Government of
Argentina on December 29 announced the signing
of a $l7.7-million Public Law 480 loan agreement
pertaining to the disposition of funds accumu-
lated under an edible-oils sales agreement made
in December 1955. The oil sales were made under
title I of P.L. 480, which authorizes the sale of
U.S. surplus agricultural commodities to friendly
countries for foreign currency.
The agreement provides for an Argentine peso
equivalent of $17.7 million for development loans
to Argentina. These loans are to be repaid in
either dollars or pesos over the next 30 years.
The new agreement, signed at Washington on
December 22, is similar to an earlier one signed
in April 1958, which provided for the utilization
of about $2.3 million in P.L. 480 funds for eco-
nomic development purposes.
Development Loan Fund Authorizes
$22.6 Million in Loans to Spain
Press release 782 dated December 31
The U.S. Development Loan Fund on December
31 announced authorization of two loans totaling
$22,600,000 to assist Spain in financing imports of
equipment and materials for further work on two
of the country's major economic development
programs — railway rehabilitation and land
irrigation.
Dempster Mcintosh, Managing Director of the
DLF, has informed the Spanish Government of
the loans, one for $14,900,000 to the Spanish Na-
tional Railways and the other for $7,700,000 to
the National Colonization Institute under the
Ministry of Agriculture.
The railway loan will be used for track im-
provement on 75 miles of the Barcelona-French
border line, 71 miles of the Madrid-Barcelona
line, 50 miles of the Palencia-Coruna line, and 94
miles of the Madrid-Hendaye line.
Proceeds of the loan to the Colonization Insti-
tute will be used to finance the import of equip-
ment and materials to transform about 190,000
acres of low-yield dry-farming land in the
Bardenas, Monegros, Aragon, and Cataluna areas
in northeastern Spain into more productive irri-
gated land. Spanish agriculture has the highest
priority for development, and this project will
increase the present acreage under irrigation in
Spain by about 4.5 percent.
Of the railway loan funds it is estimated that
$7,400,000 will be used to purchase 62,000 tons of
heavy rail, $5,440,000 to purchase about a million
and a quarter ordinary crossties, $800,000 for
switches, and $180,000 for 20,000 large-size cross-
ties for switches. About $590,000 will be spent
to mechanize two quarries (crushing plant, shov-
els, dumpers, etc.) and $140,000 for mechanical
equipment and materials for track work.
The $7,700,000 in irrigation loan funds will be
used to assist the Colonization Institute in import-
ing earth-moving equipment, related auxiliary
facilities, and spares for clearing, grading, and
leveling of land, and the construction of irriga-
tion ditches, roads, etc. The Colonization Insti-
tute, which was founded in 1939, purchases large
tracts of land, clears them, provides irrigation
facilities where practical, builds roads, and makes
available long-term loans to private farmers for
land purchases and farm improvements.
In its program of economic cooperation with
Spain under the mutual security program, the
United States has assisted Spain previously with
both the railway and irrigation projects. Since
1951 Spain has received two U.S. Export-Import
Bank loans totaling $16,260,000 for railway reha-
bilitation. Some $30,000,000 has also been pro-
vided for Spanish railways by the U.S. Inter-
national Cooperation Administration. Previous
U.S. financial assistance in the land irrigation
program, starting in 1954, includes $9,400,000
worth of machinery financed by ICA and some
700 million pesetas from McCarran Amendment
and Public Law 480 funds.
January 79, 7959
107
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
Tenth Anniversary of Adoption
of Declaration of Human Rights
by Mrs. Oswald B. Lord x
It is my privilege to bring to this gathering the
greetings of the President of the United States.
The President has repeatedly expressed his deter-
mination to protect and promote human rights.
He believes in the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights. 2 In 1953, when I became the United States
Representative on the Human Rights Commis-
sion, he gave me a message to deliver to that body. 3
In it he said this :
For the people of the United States, as well as for people
everywhere, the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human
Bights is a significant beacon in the steady march toward
achieving human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.
Tonight I have his greetings to this assembly
gathered in honor of the f ramers of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights :
Please give my greetings to the members and friends of
the American Association for the United Nations as they
join in tribute to the authors of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights.
This Declaration has become part of the heritage of
mankind. It is an affirmation of the highest hopes of the
human family. Its words contribute to the living unity of
purpose which strengthens the United Nations in all its
activities.
Ten years ago we agreed on certain basic rights, but that
was only a beginning. No nation has yet achieved in full
measure for all its citizens the goals expressed in the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Our common
task and opportunity is to strive, each in his own nation,
to the realization of those goals. In the measure we do so
we will enrich our civilization and serve the Creator who
made of one blood all nations to dwell upon the face of the
earth.
In this spirit, I send congratulations to your guests of
1 Address made before the American Association for the
United Nations at New York, N.T., on Dec. 9 (U.S./U.N.
press release 3110). Mrs. Lord is the U.S. Representative
on the U.N. Commission on Human Rights.
2 For text, see Bulletin of Dec. 19, 1948, p. 752.
8 Ibid., Apr. 20, 1953, p. 580.
honor and best wishes for the continuing success of the
American Association for the United Nations.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Today, 10 years after its adoption, the Uni-
versal Declaration of Human Rights has become
a vitally living document. It has become the
framework for the continuing work of the United
Nations, in the Commission on Human Rights, in
the General Assembly, and in the many other
bodies which deal with human problems. It has
been used as a model in the new constitutions of
many nations. It has become a standard of con-
duct to which the peoples of the world can rally
— even when governments refuse to give it effec-
tive support.
By no means does this imply that the declara-
tion has achieved its purpose. On the contrary,
we are only beginning to understand the length
and breadth of its objectives. It is a call to free-
dom. There is no way the United Nations can
enforce freedom — anymore than it can enforce
peace. But it can rally the tremendous force of
world opinion in the cause of human dignity. As
a great religion touches the hearts of men and
sets the standards of their conduct, so the Uni-
versal Declaration of Human Rights can become
a part of the political philosophy of all people
and all nations.
Because the declaration is a common standard
of achievement, we think of it also as a force to
unite the peoples of the world in common effort.
In the United Nations we speak often of the
progress that is being made toward its objectives,
and we expect to take pride in our own progress
and that of other countries.
But I have come to feel that this is not really
a true picture of our efforts. While it is true that
progress is being made, the force which unites us
with other peoples is something quite different —
a sense rather of what remains to be accomplished,
a sense of common need to do more, to work
faster and more effectively. It is not pride that
unites us in support of the declaration; what
108
Department of State Bulletin
unites us is the growing realization that there are
those in every country and every community
whose rights have not been completely recognized
and fulfilled. It is not easy for leaders of gov-
ernments to admit these lacks, but it is easier
when there is a common standard which can be
used as a measure of our efforts and successes.
Now I want to make a second point, on how
human rights find fulfillment. I have sometimes
heard the declaration quoted as though it were a
demand on governments to provide the rights
therein for their peoples. The idea that each per-
son already has certain inalienable rights is often
forgotten and likewise that individual liberties are
dependent on individual defenders. It is there-
fore the individual who must be strengthened to
claim his rights and make use of them for his own
benefit and in the service of the community.
Now I would like to spell out a little what this
means. I am often asked by persons from other
countries what guaranties a United States citizen
really has, for example, regarding freedom of
speech or protection against arbitrary arrest or
possible destitution in old age.
It would be easy to answer such questions in
terms of our governmental activities, in terms of
laws and the judgments of our courts, or by de-
scribing our vast programs of unemployment in-
surance or public assistance. But here again I
have come to feel that this is not the whole picture
of the human rights we enjoy or hope that all can
enjoy. While we have found ways through gov-
ernment to underwrite the essentials for human
life and assure fundamental equalities of oppor-
tunity, our faith is in the power of freedom it-
self to stimulate and release the energy of the
individual.
It is the function of government to encourage
and protect freedom so that people can choose
among a, multitude of opportunities and agencies
to realize their full potentialities. This is our
purpose in encouraging action programs in the
United Nations, not to concentrate power in gov-
ernments but to equip men and women to take the
risks of freedom and develop in accordance with
the rights and dignities inherently theirs. It is
this same spirit which gives force to the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and inspires new
efforts to achieve its goals.
Current U. N. Documents:
A Selected Bibliography '
General Assembly
Information From Non-Self-Governing Territories Trans-
mitted Under Article 73e of the Charter. Statement
made by the representative of the United Kingdom at
the S20th meeting of the Fourth Committee on 28
November 1958. A/C.4/393. December 1, 1958. 38 pp.
niimeo.
Question of Nuclear Weapons Tests. Letter dated 4
December 1958 from the Head of the Delegation of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the General
Assembly, addressed to the Secretary-General. A/4027.
December 4, 1958. 10 pp. mimeo.
Question of the Frontier Between the Trust Territory
of Somaliland Under Italian Administration and Ethi-
opia. Report of the Italian Government on the measures
taken to give effect to General Assembly resolution 1213
(XII) of 14 December 1957. A/4030. December 5,
1958. 40 pp. mimeo.
Question of the Frontier Between Ethiopia and the Trust
Territory of Somaliland Under Italian Administration.
Report of the Ethiopian Government on the steps taken
to establish an Arbitration Tribunal and the terms of
reference thereto as recommended by General Assembly
resolution 1213 (XII) of 14 December 1957. A/4031.
December 5, 1958. 11 pp. mimeo.
Question of Measures To Prevent Surprise Attack. Letter
dated S December 1958 from the Chairman of the Dele-
gation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the
General Assembly, addressed to Secretary-General.
A/4040. December 8, 1958. 10 pp. mimeo.
Application of the Republic of Guinea for Admission to
Membership in the United Nations. Letter dated 3
December 1958 from the Ambassador of the Republic
of Guinea addressed to the Secretary-General. A/4048.
December 9, 1958. 13 pp. mimeo.
Question of the Frontier Between the Trust Territory of
Somaliland Under Italian Administration and Ethiopia.
Letter dated 10 December 195S from the Permanent
Representative of Ethiopia to the United Nations ad-
dressed to the Secretary-General. A/4031/Add. 1.
December 10, 1958. 15 pp. mimeo.
Questions Considered by the Security Council at its 83Sth
Meeting on 7 August 1958. Report of the Secretary-
General on withdrawal by air of British troops from
Jordan. A/4056. December 10, 1958. 5 pp. mimeo.
Economic and Social Council
Economic Commission for Africa : Programme of Work
and Priorities. Memorandum by the Executive Secre-
tary. E/CN.14/4. November 19, 1958. 29 pp. mimeo.
Economic Commission for Africa : Information Paper on
the United Nations Expanded Programme of Technical
Assistance in Africa. Prepared by the TAB Secretariat.
E/CN.14/7. November 20, 1958. 13 pp. mimeo.
1 Printed materials may be secured in the United States
from the International Documents Service, Columbia Uni-
versity Press, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N.T. Other
materials (mimeographed or processed documents) may
be consulted at certain designated libraries in the United
States.
January J 9, 7959
109
TREATY INFORMATION
Income-Tax Convention Extended
to Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Press release 3 dated January 2
According to information contained in a note
of December 30, 1958, 1 from the British Embassy
in Washington to the Department of State, the
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland has taken
the last of the measures necessary to give full
force and effect to the extension of the income-tax
convention of April 16, 1945, as modified, between
the United States and the United Kingdom.
Accordingly, the extension is effective (1) in the
United States with respect to United States tax,
on and after January 1, 1959, and (2) in the
Federation with respect to tax for the year of
assessment beginning on April 1, 1959, and for
subsequent years of assessment.
On August 19, 1957, the British Government
gave notification to the United States Govern-
ment of a desire that the application of the 1945
convention for the avoidance of double taxation
and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect
to taxes on income, as modified by supplementary
protocols of June 6, 1946, May 25, 1954, and
August 19, 1957, be extended to specified British
overseas territories. 2 That notification was given
in accordance with article XXII of the 1945 con-
vention, as modified. On July 9, 1958, the
United States Senate approved the proposed
extension. On December 3, 1958, the United
States Government, in accordance with the pro-
cedure prescribed in article XXII, notified the
British Government of United States acceptance
of the British notification.
The British notification and the United States
acceptance constitute in effect an agreement
between the United States and the United
Kingdom for extending the application of the
convention, as modified, to the specified British
territories, subject to the modifications and with
effect from the dates specified in the British
1 Not printed.
'" For texts of supplementary protocol and U.K. note of
Aug. 19, 1957, see Bulletin of Oct. 14, 1957, p. 622.
110
notification. The extension will become opera-
tive between the United States and each of those
territories when the particular territory com-
pletes such legislative or other internal measures
as are necessary to give effect to the extension in
such territory. According to the information
received from the British Embassy, the Federa-
tion of Rhodesia and Nyasaland completed the
necessary measures on December 19, 1958.
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
International Court of Justice
Statute of the International Court of Justice (59 Stat.
1055).
Notice of withdrawal and termination of April 18, 1957,
declaration accepting compulsory jurisdiction: United
Kingdom, November 26, 1958.
Declaration recognizing compulsory jurisdiction de-
posited (with conditions and reservations) : United
Kingdom, November 26, 1958. 1 Effective until notice
of termination is given.
Whaling
International whaling convention and schedule of whaling
regulations. Signed at Washington December 2, 1946.
Entered into force November 10, 1958. TIAS 1849.
Notification of withdrawal: Norway, December 29, 1958.
Effective June 30, 1959.
BILATERAL
Germany
Agreement relating to certificates of airworthiness for
imported aircraft. Signed at Bonn December 11, 1958.
Entered into force December 11, 1958.
Haiti
Agreement concerning a naval mission to Haiti. Signed
at Port-au-Prince December 24, 1958. Entered into
force December 24, 1958.
Israel
Agreement amending the technical cooperation program
agreement of May 9, 1952, as amended (TIAS 2570,
2697, 2788, and 3045 ) . Effected by exchange of notes at
Tel Aviv June 10 and July 25, 1958. Entered into force
July 25, 1958.
Korea
Utilities claims settlement agreement between the Unified
Command and Korea. Signed at Seoul, December 18,
1958. Entered into force December 18, 1958.
New Zealand
Agreement relating to cooperation in scientific and logisti-
cal operations in Antarctica. Effected by exchange of
notes at Wellington December 24, 1958. Entered into
force December 24, 195S.
1 Applicable to all disputes arising after Feb. 5, 1930.
Department of Sfetfe Bulletin
January 19, 1959
Index
Vol. XL, No. 1021
Agriculture. United States and Argentina Sign
Loan Agreements (Murphy, text of joint an-
nouncement) 105
American Republics. United States-Latin Ameri-
can Relations, 1953-1958 (Milton S. Eisen-
hower) 89
Argentina. United States and Argentina Sign
Loan Agreements (Murphy, text of joint an-
nouncement) 105
Economic Affairs
Development Loan Fund Authorizes $22.6 Million
in Loans to Spain 107
Income-Tax Convention Extended to Rhodesia and
Nyasaland 110
United States and Argentina Sign Loan Agree-
ments (Murphy, text of joint announcement) . . 105
United States-Latin American Relations, 1953-1958
(Milton S. Eisenhower) 89
Germany. U.S. Replies to Soviet Note on Berlin
(texts of U.S. and Soviet notes) 79
Health, Education, and Welfare. Tenth Anniver-
sary of Adoption of Declaration of Human Rights
(Lord) 108
Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation of. Income-
Tax Convention Extended to Rhodesia and
Nyasaland 110
Spain. Development Loan Fund Authorizes $22.6
Million in Loans to Spain 107
Treaty Information
Current Actions 110
Income-Tax Convention Extended to Rhodesia and
Nyasaland 110
U.S.S.R. U.S. Replies to Soviet Note on Berlin
(texts of U.S. and Soviet notes) 79
United Kingdom. Income-Tax Convention Ex-
tended to Rhodesia and Nyasaland 110
United Nations. Current U.N. Documents . . . 109
Name Index
Eisenhower, Milton S 89
Lord, Mrs. Oswald B 108
Murphy, Robert 105
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: December 29-January 4
Press releases may be obtained from the News
Division, Department of State, Washington 25, D.C.
No.
Date
Subject
t775
12/29
Rubottom : "New Levels of Inter-
American Cooperation."
776
12/29
P. L. 480 loan to Argentina.
777
12/29
Economic program to aid Argentina.
778
12/29
Murphy : remarks on aid to Argentina.
t779
12/29
Exhibits exchange agreement with
U.S.S.R.
*780
12/30
Revised itinerary of Argentine Presi-
dent.
781
12/31
Reply to Soviet note on Berlin.
782
12/31
DLF loan to Spain.
tl
1/2
IMCO delegation (rewrite).
*2
1/2
Educational exchange (Jamaica).
3
1/2
Income-tax convention with U.K.
t4
1/3
Reply to Soviet note on Baltic and
Japan Sea incidents.
*5
1/4
Evacuation of Americans from Cuba.
*Not printed.
tHeld for
a later issue of the Bulletin.
t
United States
Government Printing Office
DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
Washington 25, D.C.
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, S300
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OFFICIAL BUSINESS
The Soviet Note on Berlin:
An Analysis
Department
of
Stat
On November 27, 1958, the Government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics handed the United States Ambassador in Moscow
a communication relating to Berlin.
Similar notes were given by the Soviet Government to the Am-
bassadors of France, the United Kingdom, and the Federal Republic
of Germany.
In essence the Soviet notes demanded that the United States, the
United Kingdom, and France abandon West Berlin.
Declaring the communication to be an attempt to rewrite history
"by omission and by distortion," the Department of State has issued
this analysis of the Soviet note, calling attention to the more im-
portant Soviet omissions and correcting the more obvious distortions.
The analysis is a factual account of developments prior to, during,
and after World War II which led to the present status of Berlin.
An appendix contains the official statements of the United States
on the Berlin question, including the legal status of the city, plus
other official statements of the Western powers and of NATO on the
Berlin question.
Publication 6757
25 cents
Order. Form
To: Supt. of Documents
Govt. Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C
Please send me copies of The Soviet Note on Berlin: An Analysis.
Name:
Enclosed find:
Street Address:
{cash, check, or money
order payable to
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City, Zone, and State:
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
"ICIAL
EKLY REC
Rec'd
JAN 29 1959 '
d a . I 1 J anuar y 26 ' 1959
o« "« W
THE STATE OF THE UNION • Address of the President
to the Congress {Excerpts) 115
NEW LEVELS OF INTER-AMERICAN COOPERA-
TION • by Assistant Secretary Rubottom 119
UNITED STATES VIEWS ON AID TO PALESTINE
REFUGEES • Statements by George McGregor Harrison . 137
U.S. AND U.S.S.R. AGREE TO EXCHANGE EXHIBI-
TIONS IN 1959 (Text of Agreement) 132
ITED STATES
REIGN POLICY
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XL, No. 1022 • Publication 6761
January 26, 1959
For Bale by the Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C.
Price:
62 Issues, domestic $8.50, foreign $12.25
Single copy, 26 cents
The printing of this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of
the Budget (January 20, 1958).
Note: Contents of this publication are not
copyrighted and Items contained herein may
be reprinted. Citation of the Department
or State Bulletin as the source will be
appreciated.
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by the
Public Services Division, provides the
public and interested agencies of
the Government with information on
developments in the field of foreign
relations and on tlie work of the
Department of State and the Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
lected press releases on foreign policy,
issued by the White House and the
Department, and statements and ad-
dresses made by the President and by
the Secretary of State and other
officers of the Department, as well as
special articles on various phases of
international affairs and the func-
tions of the Department. Informa-
tion is included concerning treaties
and international agreements to
which the United States is or may
become a party and treaties of gen-
eral international interest.
Publications of the Department,
United Nations documents, and legis-
lative material in the field of inter-
national relations are listed currently.
The State of the Union
ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE CONGRESS (EXCERPTS)
Members of the 86th Congress and friends:
First, I should like to assure the delegation
from our newest State, Alaska, of my satisfaction
that it now begins its participation with all of
you in the work of the Congress for the benefit
of the United States.
And may I voice the hope that before my term
of office is ended, I may have the opportunity
and the great satisfaction of seeing the 50th star
on our national flag.
Now, Members of Congress, this is the moment
when Congress and the Executive annually be-
gin their cooperative work to build a better
America.
One basic purpose unites us: To promote
strength and security, side by side with liberty
and opportunity.
As we meet today, in the 170th year of the
Republic, our Nation must continue to provide —
as indeed all other free governments have had
to do throughout time— a satisfactory answer to
a question as old as history. It is: Can Govern-
ment based upon liberty and the God-given rights
of man, permanently endure when ceaselessly
challenged by a dictatorship, hostile to our mode
of life, and controlling an economic and military
strength of great and growing power?
For us the answer has always been found, and
is still found in the devotion, the vision, the
courage and the fortitude of our people.
Moreover, we face this challenge not as a single
powerful nation, but as one that has in recent
decades reached a position of recognized leader-
ship in the free world.
We have arrived at this position of leadership
in an era of remarkable productivity and growth.
It is also a time when man's power of mass de-
struction has reached fearful proportions.
Possession of such capabilities helps create
world suspicion and tension. We, on our part,
know that we seek only a just peace for all, with
aggressive designs against no one. Yet we realize
that there is uneasiness in the world because of
a belief on the part of peoples that through arro-
gance, miscalculation or fear of attack, cata-
strophic war could be launched. Keeping the
peace in today's world more than ever calls for the
utmost in the Nation's resolution, wisdom, steadi-
ness and unremitting effort.
We cannot build peace through desire alone.
Moreover, we have learned the bitter lesson that
international agreements, historically considered
by us as sacred, are regarded in Communist doc-
trine and in practice to be mere scraps of paper.
The most recent proof of their disdain of inter-
national obligations, solemnly undertaken, is their
announced intention to abandon their responsi-
bilities respecting Berlin. 2
As a consequence of these actions, we can have
no confidence in any treaty to which Communists
are a party except where such a treaty provides
within itself for self-enforcing mechanisms. In-
1 Delivered on Jan. 9 (White House press release, re-
vised as delivered) ; H. Doc. 1, 86th Cong., 1st sess.
' For an exchange of correspondence between the United
States and the Soviet Union on the subject of Berlin, see
Bulletin of Jan. 19, 1959, p. 79.
deed, the demonstrated disregard of the Commu-
January 26, 7959
115
nists of their own pledges is one of the greatest
obstacles to world success in substituting the rule
of law for rule by f orce.
Yet step by step we must strengthen the insti-
tutions of peace^ — a peace that rests upon justice —
a peace that depends upon a deep knowledge and
clear understanding by all peoples — including our
own — of the causes and consequences of possible
failure in this great purpose.
To achieve this peace we seek to prevent war at
any place and in any dimension. If, despite our
best efforts, a local dispute should flare into armed
hostilities, the next problem would be to keep the
conflict from spreading, and so compromising
freedom. In support of these objectives we main-
tain forces of great power and flexibility.
Our formidable air striking forces are a power-
ful deterrent to general war. Large and growing
portions of these units can depart from their bases
in a matter of minutes.
Similar forces are included in our naval fleets.
Ground and other tactical formations can move
with swiftness and precision, when requested by
friendly and responsible governments, to help curb
threatened aggression. The stabilizing influence
of this capacity has been dramatically demon-
strated more than once over the past year.
Our military and related scientific progress has
been highly gratifying.
Great strides have been made in the develop-
ment of ballistic missiles. Intermediate range
missiles are now being deployed in operational
units. The Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile
program has been marked by rapid development
as evidenced by recent successful tests. Missile
training units have been established and launch-
ing sites are far along in construction.
New aircraft that fly at twice the speed of
sound are entering our squadrons.
We have successfully placed five satellites in
orbit, which have gathered information of scien-
tific importance never before available. Our latest
satellite illustrates our steady advance in rocketry
and foreshadows new developments in worldwide
communications.
Warning systems constantly improve.
Our atomic submarines have shattered endur-
ance records and made historic voyages under the
North Polar Sea.
116
A major segment of our national scientific and
engineering community is working intensively to
achieve new and greater developments. But we
must remember, advance in military technology
requires adequate financing, of course. But even
more, it requires talent and time.
Now, all this I give only as a matter of his-
tory; as a record of our progress in space and
ballistic missile fields in no more than 4 years of
intensive effort. At the same time we clearly rec-
ognize that some of the recent Soviet accomplish-
ments in this particular technology are indeed
brilliant.
Our own vast strength is only a part of that
required for dependable security. Because of this
we have joined with nearly 50 other nations in
collective security arrangements. In these com-
mon undertakings each nation is expected to con-
tribute what it can in sharing the heavy load.
Each supplies part of a strategic deployment to
protect the forward boundaries of freedom.
Constantly we seek new ways to make more
effective our contribution to this system of col-
lective security. Recently I have asked a com-
mittee of eminent Americans of both parties to
reappraise our military assistance programs and
the relative emphasis which should be placed on
military and economic aid. 3
I am hopeful that preliminary recommenda-
tions of this committee will be available in time
to assist in shaping the mutual security pro-
gram for the coming fiscal year.
Any survey of the free world's defense struc-
ture cannot fail to impart a feeling of regret that
so much of our effort and resources must be de-
voted to armaments. At Geneva and elsewhere
we continue to seek technical and other agree-
ments that may help to open up, with some prom-
ise, the issues of international disarmament.
America will never give up the hope that eventu-
ally all nations can, with mutual confidence, dras-
tically reduce these nonproductive expenditures.
III.
I take up next certain aspects of our interna-
tional situation and our progress in strengthening
it.
1 Ibid., Dec. 15, 1958, p. 954.
Department of State Bulletin
America's security can be assured only within
a world community of strong, stable, independent
nations, in which the concepts of freedom, justice,
and human dignity can flourish.
There can be no such thing as "Fortress Amer-
ica." If ever we were reduced to the isolation
implied by that term, we would occupy a prison,
not a fortress. The question whether we can af-
ford to help other nations that want to defend
their freedom but cannot fully do so from their
own means, has only one answer: We can and we
must; we have been doing so since 1947.
Our foreign policy has long been dedicated to
building a permanent and just peace.
During the past 6 years our free-world security
arrangements have been bolstered and the bonds
of freedom more closely knit. Our friends in
Western Europe are experiencing new internal
vitality, and are increasingly more able to resist
external threats.
Over the years the world has come to under-
stand clearly that it is our firm policy not to coun-
tenance aggression. In Lebanon, Taiwan, and
Berlin our stand has been clear, right, and ex-
pressive of the determined will of a united people.
Acting with other free nations we have the
solemn obligation to defend the people of free
Berlin against any effort to destroy their freedom.
In the meantime we shall constantly seek mean-
ingful agreements to settle this and other prob-
lems, knowing full well that not only the integ-
rity of a single city but the hope of all free
peoples is at stake.
We need, likewise, to continue helping to build
the economic base so essential to the free world's
stability and strength.
The International Monetary Fund and the
World Bank have both fully proven their worth
as instruments of international financial coopera-
tion. Their Executive Directors have recom-
mended an increase in each member's subscription.
I am requesting the Congress for immediate ap-
proval of our share of these increases.
We are now negotiating with representatives
of the 20 Latin American Kepublics for the crea-
tion of an inter-American financial institution.
Its purpose would be to join all the American
Republics in a common institution which would
promote and finance development in Latin Amer-
ica. One great result of this would be to make
more effective the use of capital from the World
Bank, the Export-Import Bank, and private
sources.
Private enterprise continues to make major con-
tributions to economic development in all parts of
the world. But we have not yet marshaled the
full potential of American business for this task,
particularly in countries which have recently at-
tained their independence. I shall present to this
Congress a program designed to encourage
greater participation by private enterprise in eco-
nomic development abroad.
Further, all of us know that to advance the
cause of freedom we must do much more than
help build sound economies. The spiritual, intel-
lectual, and physical strength of people through-
out the world will in the last analysis determine
their willingness and their ability to resist com-
munism.
To give a single illustration of our many efforts
in these fields : We have been a participant in the
effort that has been made over the past few years
against one of the great scourges of mankind —
disease. Through the mutual security program
public health officials are being trained by Ameri-
can universities to serve in less developed coun-
tries. We are engaged in intensive malaria
eradication projects in many parts of the world.
In this work, America's major successes in our
own country prove the feasibility of success
everywhere.
By these and other means we shall continue
and expand our campaign against the afflictions
that now bring needless suffering and death to so
many of the world's people. We wish to be part
of a great shared effort toward the triumph of
health.
IV.
Finally, by moving steadily toward the goal of
greater freedom under law, for our own people,
we shall be the better prepared to work for the
cause of freedom under law throughout the world.
All peoples are sorely tired of the fear, and
the destruction, and the waste of war. As never
before, the world knows the human and material
costs of war and seeks to replace force with a
genuine rule of law among nations.
It is my purpose to intensify efforts during the
coming 2 years in seeking ways to supplement the
procedures of the United Nations and other bodies
January 26, 7959
117
with similar objectives, to the end that the rule
of law may replace the rule of force in the affairs
of nations. Measures toward this end will be
proposed later, including a reexamination of our
own relation to the International Court of Justice.
And lastly, let us remind ourselves that Marx-
ist scripture is not new ; this is not the gospel of
the future. Its basic objective is dictatorship, old
as history. What is new is the shining prospect
that man can build a world where all can live in
dignity.
We seek victory — not over any nation or peo-
ple — but over the ancient enemies of us all ; victory
over ignorance, poverty, disease, and human deg-
radation wherever they may be found.
We march in the noblest of causes — human
freedom.
If we make ourselves worthy of America's ideals,
if we do not forget that our Nation was founded
on the premise that all men are creatures of God's
making, the world will come to know that it is
free men who carry forward the true promise of
human progress and dignity.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
The White House,
January 9, 1959
Committee Advises on Difficulty
of Detecting Underground Tests
White House press release dated January 5
The following statement on the detection and
identification of underground nuclear tests has
been prepared by the President's Science Advisory
Committee and has received the concurrence of
the Department of State, the Department of De-
fense, and the Atomic Energy Commission. It
is based on conclusions reached by a panel of
seismologists appointed on the recommendation
of the chairman of the President's Science Advi-
sory Committee.
Since the Geneva Conference of Experts last
summer, 1 United States seismologists on behalf
of the Government have continued to study all
available data on the problem of detecting and
identifying underground explosions, including
1 For a statement by James B. Pisk, chairman of the
Western panel of experts, a communique, and text of the
report, see Bulletin of Sept. 22, 1958, p. 452.
new data obtained from the underground tests
conducted in Nevada this past October. These
studies and new data indicate that it is more dif-
ficult to identify underground explosions than had
previously been believed.
The Geneva Conference of Experts last sum-
mer concluded that, although it is not possible to
identify an underground explosion by seismic
means alone, it is possible to identify a large frac-
tion of seismic events as natural earthquakes
when the direction of first motion of the seismic
signal is observed at several, appropriately located
stations. This procedure reduces the number of
seismic events which would be unidentified and
could, therefore, be suspected of being under-
ground tests. Analysis of all available seismic
data on underground tests, including the data new
since last summer, has shown that this method of
distinguishing earthquakes from explosions is less
effective than had been estimated by the Geneva
Conference of Experts. These analyses and new
data also indicate that the seismic signals pro-
duced by explosions are smaller than had been
anticipated and that there are consequently about
twice as many natural earthquakes equivalent to
an underground explosion of a given yield as
had been estimated by the Geneva Conference of
Experts.
These two factors mean that there will be a
substantial increase in the number of earthquakes
that cannot be distinguished from underground
nuclear explosions by seismic means alone. For
example, the total number of unidentified seismic
events with energy equivalents larger than 5 kilo-
tons may be increased ten times or more over the
number previously estimated for the system rec-
ommended by the Geneva Conference of Experts.
The effect of this new analysis and data on the
capabilities of the system recommended by the
Geneva Conference of Experts as well as modifi-
cations of that system which could restore its
originally estimated capability against under-
ground tests are at jjresent under study by United
States scientists.
The Department of State advises us that the
results of this continuing analysis have been com-
municated to the United Kingdom and the Union
of Soviet Socialist Kepublics delegations at the
present Geneva Conference on the Discontinuance
of Nuclear Weapons Tests, and that the United
States delegation will be prepared to discuss this
118
Department of State Bulletin
information with experts of the other delegations.
This will assure that all the parties at the present
Geneva Conference have available the best scien-
tific information and analysis in their consider-
ation of the problem of detecting and identifying
underground tests.
New Levels of I titer- American Cooperation
by Roy R. Rubottom, Jr.
Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs 1
1958 may prove to be one of the most decisive
years in the history of U.S. relations with the
other American Eepublics and in inter- American
relations as a whole. Thus it seems entirely
fitting that we seize this year-end opportunity to
analyze some of the events which have occurred
and the reasons why.
One might be tempted just to concentrate on
the severe economic problems which have beset
the hemisphere. No country has been spared. A
slowdown in demand for some of the basic prod-
ucts produced in the Americas started in late
1956, was felt throughout 1957, and left a marked
impact on export prices and hence foreign-ex-
change earnings throughout this year. Produc-
tion of other basic products, such as coffee, ex-
panded far in excess of demand. These develop-
ments, especially for countries which depend
primarily on one commodity for their foreign-
exchange requirements, as does most of Latin
America, and the continuing problem of internal
inflation in many of the countries have been par-
ticularly critical. Population growth, education,
and more rapid communications are stimulating
more than ever the desires of the Latin American
peoples for improved standards of living. They
want to provide more for themselves from their
own earnings, and they are seeking more from
their governments.
However, there are some bright spots in the
economic sector. Sound fiscal management has
helped a number of the American Republics to
emerge from this economic downturn without
1 Address made before the American Association of Law
Schools at Chicago, 111., on Dec. 29 (press release 775).
serious damage. In other cases, even where re-
serves have largely been exhausted, the stabiliza-
tion efforts made by the governments have pre-
vented what otherwise might have been runaway
inflation. In this respect I should pay tribute to
the outstanding work of the International Mone-
tary Fund and its highly skilled, dedicated per-
sonnel for the vital role played in those countries
of the area which have sought the fund's counsel.
Another bright spot in 1958 has been the
sharply increased public attention focused on the
Americas. Even though the tendency still is to
feature only the sensational news, there has been
a marked increase in serious and continuing press
news, radio, and television coverage of Latin
American developments, as well as thoughtful
analysis of the problems in the area. We antic-
ipate that the public information media will con-
tinue to give broad coverage to our closest neigh-
bors and longtime friends, with whom we have
so much in common — historically, economically,
culturally, politically, and spiritually.
We can also be encouraged by the notable
strengthening of democratic institutions in most
of the countries of the Americas. Different pat-
terns are emerging in different countries, as will
inevitably be the case when the people are given
a free choice, but the progress toward democracy
is unmistakable. This is, of course, a continuing
process of growth and development. Freely
chosen democratic governments result from the
unselfish efforts of countless individuals who to-
gether mold a country along the lines they want.
It is in the political area where the record of
1958 takes on luster if one can really separate the
political from the economic problems. We have
January 26, J 959
119
seen the inauguration of President Fronclizi in
Argentina, President Lleras Camargo in Colom-
bia, and the election of Dr. Eomulo Betancourt to
the Presidency in Venezuela. It has been espe-
cially heartening to observe that the people of
these countries have had the opportunity freely
to choose. Years of authoritarian rule could not
quench their thirst for a government of their own
choosing. As President Eisenhower recently
said when the Ambassador of Venezuela presented
his credentials :
The United States believes firmly in the democratic
elective process and the choice by the people, through
free and fair elections, of democratic governments re-
sponsive to them. Authoritarianism and autocracy, of
whatever form, are incompatible with the ideals of our
great leaders of the past. Free institutions, respect for
individual rights, and the inherent dignity of man are the
heritage of our Western civilization.
Historically, cooperation among nations came
about mainly because it served the national in-
terests of those concerned to cooperate, whether 2,
21, or 82 (the number in the U.N.) were involved.
During our lifetime something new has been added
to this concejJt in the Americas.
The principle of cooperation is now deeply
imbedded as one of the foundation stones of the
inter-American system. Perfection has not yet
been achieved, but the American Republics are
measurably progressing toward the ideal which
is inherent in this concept. The techniques of
international cooperation have been refined to a
point heretofore not believed possible.
Strategic and Political Bases of Interdependence
The nations of this hemisphere form a distinct
geographic unit, physically separated from the
rest of the world. This in itself has given rise
to a natural drawing together and sense of inter-
dependence. In consequence we are interested
from a strategic and security standpoint in what
happens in the countries to the south of us, and
Latin America recognizes the importance of the
United States to its security.
In political terms we have a common heritage,
a common "New World" tradition. The ideals
of pan-American solidarity have now been forged
into an effective and viable regional institution —
the Organization of American States. This
heritage and tradition form a solid basis for our
120
collaboration in a positive approach to world
problems, particularly when up against those
forces dedicated to the destruction of this heritage
and this tradition. There seems to be a definite
awareness that we depend on each other for the
achievement of our common goals of national
independence, security, and freedom as well as an
awareness that a strong, prosperous United States
is as important to Latin America as a developing,
prosperous Latin America is to the United States.
Economic Interdependence
In the economic sphere this interdependence is
graphically evident. Our trade with Latin Amer-
ica in recent years has been greater than that with
any other area of the world except Western
Europe. Some 22 percent of our total exports go
to Latin America, and we in turn normally take
about 45 percent of all the goods exported by the
Latin American countries as a group. In 1957
our exports to Latin America totaled $4.6 billion ;
and despite serious price declines in coffee, non-
ferrous metals, and some other basic commodities,
Latin American exports to the United States reg-
istered a new high of $3.8 billion.
In the past 12 years the book value of direct
private United States investment in Latin Amer-
ica has grown from $3 billion to about $9 billion,
accounting for more than one-third of our total
private investment abroad. The average rate of
increase in recent years has been in excess of
$600 million annually, and in fact in 1957 it
totaled $1.3 billion, the largest for any area of the
world.
Just as these figures show the importance of
Latin America to us in economic terms, so the
reverse relationship is evident. Latin America
depends upon the United States as its prime mar-
ket for its exports — for example, we take over
two-thirds of Latin America's coffee. The Latin
Americans look to us to supply a good part of the
manufactured and semiprocessed goods which
they need. They seek our capital and technical
know-how to help develop their economic
resources.
Expanding Cultural Ties
In the academic year 1957-58 approximately
8,000 Latin American students studied in United
States institutions compared with 3,900 in
Department of State Bulletin
1947-48 and 700 in 1936-37. The younger gen-
eration in Latin America is far more aware of
and affected by cultural and social developments
in this country than were any of their elders. The
impact extends all the way from science and tech-
nology to milkshakes and baseball.
Here we are increasingly conscious of the im-
pact of Latin America on our society. More and
more United States citizens are traveling and
studying in the other American Republics. Span-
ish is now standard fare in elementary schools in
the southwestern states. There are at present
scores of pan-American societies throughout the
United States, civic organizations formed by ordi-
nary citizens to study and understand something
of Latin America. Our people literally are hun-
gry for knowledge and personal contact with their
neighbors.
It may be of interest to this audience if I pause
at this point to refer briefly to the efforts of the
United States Government to stimulate and
strengthen these cultural ties through its educa-
tional exchange programs. Eleven acts of Con-
gress and the President's proposal for sharing in-
formation on peaceful uses of atomic energy have
authorized educational exchange and related ex-
change-of-persons activities between the United
States and Latin America. Indeed, the first offi-
cial educational exchanges with other countries
started with Latin America in 1938.
Over 5,000 Latin Americans have come to this
country during the last 20 years under State
Department-administered educational exchange
programs. Since the passage of the Smith-Mundt
Act in 1948 there have been 3,844 exchanges with
Latin American countries in both directions.
In addition, large numbers of specialists and
technicians have been exchanged under the Presi-
dent's atoms-for-peace proposal and under our
bilateral technical cooperation programs.
The last session of Congress augmented the
educational exchange appropriation for the Latin
American area by $2 million. This will enable us
to increase the number of exchanges in the area
substantially and to initiate new activities, such
as seminars for Latin American students on
United States campuses.
Interdependence Generates Problems
There is no question in Latin America or the
United States regarding the mutually beneficial
aspects of this interdependence and the basic
strength of the relationship created by it. To say,
however, that we are closely interdependent is not
to say that we have no problems. On the con-
trary, interdependence by its very nature gives rise
to certain problems, just as the closeness within
a family often yields problems and irritations.
Because of our mutuality of interests and
goals — our interdependence, if you will — such
problems are susceptible to joint and constructive
solution. Indeed, as I mentioned at the beginning
of this address, the nations of this hemisphere are
measurably progressing toward new levels of in-
ternational cooperation to meet the challenges and
problems that face us all.
Economic Cooperation
Probably the main preoccupation of our Latin
American friends today is with the drive to de-
velop and build sturdy self-reliant economies, and
it is in the economic sector that the region faces
its more pressing problems. These problems are
aggravated in all countries by the unprecedented
population growth and the consequently formi-
dable job of even maintaining existing living
standards, much less increasing them in the pro-
portion desired.
On occasion some critics are prone to say that,
while we have achieved effective cooperation in the
political and security fields and in social matters,
we have little to show for our joint efforts in the
economic sector. I am convinced, however, that
the record of cooperation here, too, is impressive.
Let us look at that record.
In the past 10 years the Export-Import Bank
has loaned more than $2 billion in Latin
America — more than 40 percent of all the bank's
loans — and the United States Congress recently
authorized an increase of $2 billion in the bank's
lending authority, which will enable it to main-
tain this rapid rate of lending for sound projects.
This assistance has meant new transportation
facilities, modern and expanded ports, more elec-
tric power, steel mills, chemical plants, and a host
of other industries of all kinds. These in turn
have brought benefits of a multiplying nature in
the form of expanded opportunities for employ-
ment, training and new skills for workers, stimu-
lation of other enterprises, and new and better
products— all of which have contributed to im-
proved living standards.
January 26, 7959
121
In recent years, too, the United States has em-
barked on a new field of financial collaboration
with Latin American governments, namely that of
participating with the International Monetary
Fund and with private American banks to help
achieve monetary stabilization. The results, both
psychological and tangible, have been impressive
in the eight countries where these agreements have
been placed in effect.
As a current illustration there may be cited our
recent negotiations with Argentina, the results
of which have just been announced. 2 The gov-
ernment of President Frondizi, as you know, took
office in May 1958 in the midst of a gathering
economic storm. The nation's foreign-exchange
reserves were all but wiped out, its capital goods
had been eaten up, and economic expansion had
stopped.
The Frondizi government, conscious that its
principal problems were within the country, at
once began to act in those key areas where solu-
tions would help most toward placing the nation
on the road to economic recovery. A program to
curb the rampant inflation was worked out and
checked with the International Monetary Fund
to assure compatibility with international mone-
tary objectives. Steps were taken to promote oil
production and thus to diminish rapidly the drain
on the nation for ever-increasing imports of fuel.
Decisions were made to use national resources in
the manner most productive of national and indi-
vidual well-being, with agriculture permitted to
claim again the place which it must have in a
sound economy. The urgently needed capital of
private investors, at home and abroad, was sought
by settlement of long-harassing problems between
government and industry.
This process made evident a need for supple-
mentary outside help, chiefly financial, to bring
the inflation under control and to spur produc-
tivity in key industries. The process itself, how-
ever, had made clear the dimensions and role of
such necessary help. The nation had made its own
decisions for reconstruction, had chosen the de-
monstrably productive course of freeing the econ-
omy from damaging restraints, and had deter-
mined means and procedures for restoring a
reasonable monetary stability.
The foundations were thus laid for the subse-
quently successful negotiations with representa-
tives of American private banks, the International
Monetary Fund, the Development Loan Fund, the
Export-Import Bank, and the United States
Treasury. Because the Argentine officials were
able to present a complete, concise, and frank re-
port to these institutions, it was possible for tech-
nical financial experts promptly to determine the
approximate amount of help Argentina would
require.
Today [December 29] there is being announced
a total program of $329 million to assist the Re-
public of Argentina in its efforts to achieve sta-
bilization and economic development. The United
States participation in this program represents
one of the most comprehensive financial opera-
tions ever undertaken by the United States in
Latin America. It includes approximately $125
million from the Eximbank, about $25 million
from the Development Loan Fund, and $50 mil-
lion from the U.S. Treasury. In addition, 11 pri-
vate United States banks are to make available
$54 million on credit, and the International
Monetary Fund is to provide $75 million.
Credits from the private banks and from the
Treasury and the International Monetary Fund
are intended to meet short-term Argentine re-
quirements. It is recognized that the long-term
need of Argentina, however, is for expansion of
fundamental sources of production. To help meet
this necessity the Eximbank expects to devote up
to $100 million of its $125 million credit to im-
plement loans on a case-by-case basis, with par-
ticipation of investments from United States
private sources, to finance Argentine purchases
in the United States in connection with the fol-
lowing types of projects: electric-power expan-
sion, development of important industries such as
cement, pulp and paper, meat, rubber manufac-
tures, petrochemicals, and others. The Develop-
ment Loan Fund credit of $25 million will be used
to finance imports of capital items for projects
contributing to economic development in the trans-
portation, electric-power, and waterworks field.
European nations, which previously had payments
arrangements with Argentina through the "Paris
Club," 3 have shown a most cooperative attitude
' BuLLmiN of Jan. 19, 1059, p. 105.
8 An arrangement between Argentina and its European
creditors whereby currency earned in any one of the
latter countries could be freely spent by Argentina in any
one of them.
122
Department of State Bulletin
toward this move to promote a freer multilateral
Argentine economy.
Thus the presentation of the clear courses of
action which Argentina planned, together with
a request for the funds she needed to implement
them, made possible the closest possible coopera-
tion between the United States, Argentina, and
the private and international financial institutions.
Another source of loans was created in 1954
with United States Public Law 480, the Agricul-
tural Trade Development and Assistance Act.
Of the $358 million worth of surplus agricultural
products sold to Latin American countries since
then, the equivalent in local currencies of $270
million has been scheduled for loans back to the
purchasing countries for economic development
purposes. The recently created Development
Loan Fund, which has already made a few loans
to Latin American countries, is also ready to con-
tribute to the area's economic development.
Most impressive of all in the realm of economic
cooperation, however, is the private sector. I
mentioned figures on this score earlier, indicating
that U.S. investments in Latin America com-
prise one-third of all United States investments
abroad. Private enterprise is so taken for granted
in the United States as our basic economic way of
life that it may seem unusual for me to stress it
here. Yet its value as an economic and soci-
ological concept — one which is expressed as much
in our political growth toward democratic ideals
as it is in our economic growth — is worth remind-
ing ourselves of over and over again.
I should like also to mention another type of
cooperation which, while not usually associated
with the economic field, nevertheless has signifi-
cant economic results because it is a particularly
dramatic example of the type of across-the-board
cooperation that is under way in this hemisphere —
and that is cooperation in the field of public health
and sanitation. Through our technical coopera-
tion program the United States has undertaken bi-
lateral cooperation with 19 of the other American
Republics in broad programs of public health
and public-health administration. In addition
we have allocated funds and provided technical
cooperation for both bilateral and multilateral
programs aimed at the control and eradication of
specific diseases. For example, the prevalence of
yaws has been greatly reduced in Haiti and is
now considered to be under control. We have
contributed to both multilateral and bilateral pro-
grams for the eradication of malaria and the con-
trol of tuberculosis. Cooperation has also been
provided in the techniques of yellow-fever con-
trol, and programs have been instigated in some
countries for the control of diarrheal diseases.
Several of our bilateral technical cooperation pro-
grams have also provided assistance in the design
and construction of pure-water systems for towns
and small cities. Such programs as these have
obvious economic and sociological benefits.
Current Problems
The examples I have just cited will give you
an idea of the scope of cooperative effort which
has already been undertaken. But what of cur-
rent economic problems? How are we trying to
meet them?
The far-reaching social and economic changes
now sweeping through Latin America have
heightened the deep-seated aspiration and drive in
those countries for rapid development and im-
proved living standards and have lent a sense of
urgency to these aspirations. This has manifested
itself primarily in a deep concern on the part of
Latin American countries that there be an ade-
quate capital flow to finance the economic develop-
ment required. There are related worries over
problems of increasing trade and the all- important
foreign exchange this provides.
Economic Consultations
Now, these problems are not new. For some
time the United States had realized the depth of
the growing impulse toward rapid economic de-
velopment in Latin America and the area's im-
patience on that score. In 1956 President Eisen-
hower proposed that the American Presidents
designate personal representatives to meet and
consider economic and social problems. 4 This was
an effort to examine and improve existing OAS
mechanisms for handling some of the economic
and social problems and to spur active support and
participation by all the American Republics in
multilateral approaches to these problems.
This proposal resulted in the formation of the
Committee of Presidential Representatives, which
held three meetings between September 1956 and
1 Bulletin of Aug. 6, 1956, p. 219.
January 26, 7959
123
April 1957. 5 The Committee made several rec-
ommendations covering a wide variety of economic
and social subjects and thus laid the basis for
further consultation, study, and action. A num-
ber of these recommendations have since been
translated into tangible measures. For example,
the scope of OAS technical cooperation activities
has been expanded in such fields as malaria eradi-
cation, agriculture, and public housing. Over
1,950 new scholarships for academic and technical
training have been set up by the OAS, and a vari-
ety of studies in the fields of transportation, edu-
cation, housing, and statistics have been stimulated.
The Committee's recommendations regarding fi-
nancial assistance laid the basis for further
developments in this field, which I shall refer to
subsequently.
From that base we moved to further considera-
tion of cooperative efforts in the economic field
with the Inter-American Economic Conference
held in Buenos Aires in August 1957. The dis-
cussions there regarding the financing of economic
development, marketing of basic commodities, and
regional markets laid an essential foundation for
better mutual understanding of the problems in-
volved and paved the way for definite advances
during the past year. 6
Inter-American Financial Institution
On August 12 this year Under Secretary for
Economic Affairs Douglas Dillon announced at a
special meeting of the Inter- American Economic
and Social Council that the United States was
prepared to consider the establishment of and to
participate in a regional development institution. 7
We recognized that a multilateral financial or
development institution serving the needs of the
region as a whole has been the aspiration of Latin
Americans for a number of years and that agree-
ment with them on such an institution would rep-
resent an important milestone. A special com-
mittee of experts of the American governments is
now scheduled to be convened on January 8, 1959, 8
to negotiate and draft a charter for this institu-
tion. It would be inappropriate for me to antici-
pate the work of those who are charged with the
responsibility for formulating this new financial
organ, but the United States has high hopes that
there will result an effective financial institution
which will supplement the fine work being done
by those existing institutions which have already
contributed so much to the economic growth of
the American Republics.
The United States also proposed in August an
increase in the resources of the International
Monetary Fund and the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development to enable these
institutions to meet the increased needs through-
out the world. 9 If this is adopted these entities
will undoubtedly be able to expand their contri-
butions to Latin American economic growth and
stability. We have also proposed that member
governments of the World Bank give considera-
tion to the establishment, as an affiliate of the bank,
of a new International Development Association,
which would be authorized to make loans repay-
able in whole or in part in the borrowing coun-
try's currency, somewhat similar to our own
Development Loan Fund. 10
While we are thus acting to stimulate the flow
of assistance by public institutions, we are at the
same time, in recognition of the basic role which
private enterprise must play, earnestly seeking to
find new ways in which we can stimulate the
flow of private investment to Latin America. In
this vein the United States recently made known
to the other American Republics its willingness
to negotiate tax conventions to eliminate the bur-
dens of double taxation and to include a "tax
sparing" provision so that United States investors
may take full advantage of any special tax incen-
tives other countries may offer to encourage pro-
ductive investment.
We have also announced our willingness to
negotiate investment guaranty agreements and
modern treaties of friendship, commerce, and nav-
igation, since these would also help improve the
climate of investment. Finally we have asked
the Business Advisory Council, a group of lead-
5 Ibid., Oct. 1, 1956, p. 511 ; Mar. 25, 1957, p. 479 ; and
June 24, 1957, p. 1014.
6 Ibid., Sept. 16, 1957, p. 463.
' Ibid,., Sept. 1, 1958, p. 347.
8 See p. 144.
9 For an exchange of correspondence between President
Eisenhower and Secretary of the Treasury Robert B.
Anderson, see Bulletin of Sept. 15, 1958, p. 412 ; for state-
ments made by Secretary Anderson and Under Secretary
of State Dillon at a joint meeting of the IBRD and IMF
at New Delhi, see ibid., Nov. 17, 1958, p. 793.
10 Ibid., Apr. 7, 1958, p. 564.
124
Department of State Bulletin
ing businessmen associated with our Department
of Commerce, to study the situation and to tell
us what they, as businessmen, believe our Gov-
ernment can do to make foreign investment more
attractive.
Basic Commodities
Problems of foreign trade continue to be of
concern to our neighbors. Many of the Latin
American countries depend for the great bulk of
their foreign-exchange reserves on the export of
one or a few primary commodities. As a conse-
quence our sister republics are very naturally
concerned over matters of trade, terms of trade,
markets, and above all over world prices for these
primary commodities. The United States fully
understands and shares this concern. We recog-
nize that the problems of basic commodities are
mutual problems; that wide price fluctuations can
benefit no one but the speculator; and that de-
creased export earnings result immediately in re-
duced capacity to import. Because we recognize
the importance of these problems the United
States is prepared, as Under Secretary Dillon
recently stated, 11 to join in the study of individual
commodity problems which are creating difficulties
to see whether cooperative solutions can be found.
We have done this in the case of coffee. A
Coffee Study Group has been established at Wash-
ington to consider the long-range problems of
supply and demand. More recently the United
States participated in an international conference
on lead and zinc under the auspices of the United
Nations to consider the serious problems of over-
production of those products.
Regional Markets
The United States has also announced its
support of soundly conceived plans for economic
integration in Latin America between two or more
countries. We believe that such arrangements, if
correctly designed, can lead to increased competi-
tive opportunities, greater productivity, and a
higher level of trade both within the area con-
cerned and with other countries.
In this belief we have supported the European
Common Market and the proposed European Free
Trade Area. We have followed with keen inter-
est the various Latin American proposals for at-
taining closer economic integration as a means to
promote economic development and the studies
made and in process by the U.N.'s Economic Com-
mission for Latin America. Considerable prog-
ress in this field has in fact been made by the
Central American countries, which began steps in
this direction several years ago when they formed
the Economic Cooperation Committee of the
Central American Isthmus. Only a few months
ago these countries signed a multilateral trade
treaty and an agreement on industrial integration,
both of which are now pending ratification.
Economic circumstances in Latin America differ
of course from those that exist in Western Europe.
In this hemisphere the impulse toward economic
integration is essentially based on the opportunity
for larger internal markets to support new in-
dustrialization. We believe that, properly con-
ceived, economic integration in this area is one
concrete step that could be taken now and that
could provide genuine economic benefits to the
countries concerned and to the expansion of
international trade.
Because we do believe this the United States is
prepared to do what it can to help interested
Latin American countries in framing economic
integration plans which would be economically
sound. It is in this spirit we have made clear
that we are prepared, through the Export-Import
Bank, to consider the dollar financing required by
sound regional industries in Latin America.
Foreign Ministers Meeting and Committee of 21
Recently the American Republics have moved
toward even more effective joint efforts in two
meetings that, in my opinion, mark a high point
in inter-American cooperation — the informal
meeting of American Foreign Ministers, to which
Secretary Dulles was host in mid-September, 12
and the recently concluded meeting of the Special
Committee of the Council of the Organization
of American States, more popularly known as the
Committee of 21.
In May of this year President Kubitschek of
Brazil sent a letter to President Eisenhower sug-
gesting that efforts to strengthen inter- American
solidarity be reviewed. 13 This suggestion was
warmly received by President Eisenhower, and in
August Brazil circulated a proposal to the other
u Ibid., Dec. 8, 1958, p. 918.
January 26, 7959
! Ibid., Oct. 13, 1958, p. 574.
1 Ibid., June 30, 1958, p. 1090.
125
American Republics urging long-range joint ac-
tion, particularly on underdevelopment and eco-
nomic problems, and suggesting immediate con-
sultation. This has become known as Operation
Pan America.
This Brazilian initiative found a warm re-
sponse in the hemisphere, and the machinery of
the inter-American system was promptly set in
motion. Secretary Dulles invited the Foreign
Ministers to meet informally in Washington in
September to exchange views on current problems
and to consider the various economic proposals
made. This meeting approved prompt action in
a number of sectors, such as the establishment of
an inter-American regional development institu-
tion, and recommended the establishment of a
special committee of the Council of the OAS to
consider these matters in detail.
As a result the Committee of 21 was convened.
This Committee, on which the United States was
represented by the Honorable Douglas Dillon,
Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs,
has just completed its first session. Solid prog-
ress was made in the cooperative attack on certain
basic economic problems and in setting the stage
for further developments.
New Levels of Cooperation
No one would of course deny that there is much
yet to be done and many serious problems ahead.
As Under Secretary Dillon put it: "The task
which faces . . . [us] is not an easy one. Each of
our economies has its own individual problems,
which add to the technical difficulties inherent in
any group effort in the field of economic rela-
tions." 14 Yet the fact that much remains to be
done should not conceal our real accomplishments.
Certainly there can be no serious doubt that the
peoples and governments of this hemisphere have
reached new levels of international cooperation.
Not only are these levels of cooperation reached
at the conference table, where new techniques and
instruments for cooperation are developed on a
mutually agreeable basis, but they are being put
to use in the creation of new productive indus-
tries, new schools, new public utilities, in effect,
new wealth which will raise living standards in
each of the 21 American Republics. The under-
lying philosophy of international cooperation
which now exists in the hemisphere has been so
well translated into dynamic action that we can
look forward with confidence to still higher
achievements.
Future Action
Thus, just as the Committee of Presidential
Representatives and the Buenos Aires Economic
Conference prepared the way for definite ad-
vances, so the Foreign Ministers meeting and the
Committee of 21 have laid the foundation for
still further progress in the year to come, and at
a much more rapid pace.
As I mentioned earlier, for example, a special
committee of experts will meet in January to
negotiate and draft a charter for a regional de-
velopment bank. A separate working group,
established by the Committee of 21, will meet im-
mediately to study in depth other possible eco-
nomic measures such as technical cooperation and
trade problems, and the Committee of 21
itself will reconvene in April to study the
recommendations of the working group and their
implementation.
Finally we can look forward to the 11th Inter-
American Conference scheduled to be held in
Quito, Ecuador, in late 1959.
126
American Republics To Increase
Cooperation in Agriculture
Following is a statement made by Ambassador
John C. Dreier, U.S. Representative on the Coun-
cil of the Organization of American States, on
signing the Protocol of Amendment to the Con-
vention on the Inter- American Institute of Agri-
cultural Sciences at the Pan American Union on
January 7.
Press release 8 dated January 7
I am very pleased to sign on behalf of the
United States this Protocol of Amendment to
the Convention on the Inter- American Institute
of Agricultural Sciences.
The purpose of this protocol is to reorganize
and strengthen the Institute as recommended by
the Inter-American Committee of Presidential
Representatives so that the Institute may work
more effectively in the interest of the peoples of
1 IUd., Jan. 12, 1959, p. 48.
Department of State Bulletin
the American Republics. Agriculture continues
to be the largest single economic enterprise in the
American continent. Its improvement through
scientific, technical, and economic advances is
essential to the whole program of economic
development.
The protocol now being signed will change
the system of financial contributions by the mem-
ber states for the maintenance of the Institute.
The present rigid system based upon population
will be supplanted by the quota system which is
already in effect for the support of the Pan
American Union. This new system, once put into
effect in accordance with the terms of the protocol,
will make it possible to expand the program and
budget of the Institute, particularly with respect
to projected research and training activities in the
southern temperate zone, and thus make it a more
truly continental specialized organization of the
OAS.
The protocol also serves to reorganize the In-
stitute's Board of Directors so that its member-
ship will preferably be composed of high officials
of the respective Ministries of Agriculture. This
change will insure that the Institute's program
and development will be fully responsive to the
technical agricultural needs and requirements of
the participating states, as defined by the in-
terested officials of the governments involved.
The time is propitious for the broadening of
the membership of the Institute and for the
strengthening of its activities in the vitally im-
portant field of agriculture, as recommended by
the Committee of Presidential Representatives.
The Foreign Ministers of the American Repub-
lics in their informal meeting last September, 1
and more recently the well-known Special Com-
mittee of the Council of the OAS, 2 have clearly
demonstrated the firm intention of our American
countries to develop further concrete measures
for inter-American economic and technical co-
operation. The Council of the Organization in its
last meeting approved the preparation of a lai-ge-
scale program of technical training, including the
expansion of the OAS teclmical cooperation and
fellowship programs.
The ratification of the present protocol by all
the OAS member states, with their resultant par-
ticipation in a strengthened Inter-American In-
stitute of Agricultural Sciences, is certainly one
concrete measure that can be adopted in this
connection. Such a measure will enable the OAS,
through the Institute, to carry out an effective
hemispherewide program of technical coopera-
tion in agriculture of common benefit to all the
American Republics and will provide another
concrete manifestation of the adherence of all
our countries to the principles of inter-American
progress and solidarity.
U.S. Rejects Panamanian Law
Establishing 12-Mile Sea Limit
Press release 26 dated January 10
TEXT OF U.S. NOTE
Our Ambassador to Panama, Julian F. Har-
rington, delivered on January 9 the following
note to the Panamanian Government in which the
United States stated its nonrecognition of the pro-
visions of the recently enacted Panamanian law
providing for a 12-mile territorial sea and re-
served all of its rights in the area which is the
subject of the law.
Excellency : I have the honor to refer to your
note No. 1096 dated December 23, 1958 x trans-
mitting a copy of Republic of Panama Law No. 58
of December 18, 1958 which has as its purpose
the extension of the territorial sea of the Republic
of Panama to a distance of 12 miles from the
coast.
I have been instructed to state that the United
States Government considers this action of the
Republic of Panama is regrettable in view of the
recent action of the United Nations General
Assembly in voting overwhelmingly to call an
international conference to consider the breadth
of the territorial sea and fishery matters.
It is the view of my Government, as expressed
at the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference
and on previous occasions, that no basis exists in
international law for claims to a territorial sea
in excess of three nautical miles from the baseline
which is normally the low water mark on the
coast. Furthermore, in the United States view
there is no obligation on the part of states adhering
to the three-mile rule to recognize claims on the
part of other states to a greater breadth of terri-
torial sea.
1 Bulletin of Oct. 13, 1958, p. 574.
■ IUd., Jan. 12, 1959, p. 48.
1 Not printed.
January 26, 7959
127
My Government hopes that the Government of
Panama will find it possible to reconsider its
action and awaits the further consideration of
the question of the breadth of the territorial sea
by the international community. In the mean-
time the Government of the United States reserves
all of its rights in the area which is the subject
of Republic of Panama Law No. 58 of December
18,1958.
Accept, Excellency, the renewed assurances of
my highest consideration.
DEPARTMENT STATEMENT
The Department wishes to point out, in view of
the many inquiries, that this new Panamanian law
cannot affect the rights of the United States with
respect to the Panama Canal. Article XXIV of
the convention of 1903 between the United States
and Panama, relating to the canal, provides:
"No change either in the Government or in the
laws and treaties of the Republic of Panama shall,
without the consent of the United States, affect
any right of the United States under the
present convention, or under any treaty stip-
ulation between the two countries that now exists
or may hereafter exist touching the subject matter
of this convention."
United States Recognizes
New Government of Cuba
Press release 14 dated January 7
The U.S. Embassy at Habana on January 7 in-
formed the Foreign Minister of Cuba, Roberto
Daniel Agramonte Pichardo, that the U.S. Gov-
ernment had recognized the new Government of
Cuba. The folloxoing note was delivered to the
Cuban Foreign Minister by Ambassador Earl E.
T. Smith.
I have been instructed by my Government to
inform Your Excellency that, having noted with
satisfaction the assurances given by the new Gov-
ernment of Cuba of its intention to comply with
the international obligations and agreements of
Cuba, the Government of the United States is
pleased to recognize the Government under the
Presidency of Dr. Manuel Urrutia Lleo, as the
provisional Government of the Republic of Cuba.
At the same time the Government of the United
States expresses the sincere good will of the Gov-
ernment and people of the United States towards
the new Government and the people of Cuba.
U.S.-Canadian Joint Committee
Concludes Economic Discussions
Press release 10 dated January 7
The following joint communique was issued at
Ottawa on January 6, 1959.
The Joint United States-Canadian Committee
on Trade and Economic Affairs met in Ottawa
on the 5th and 6th of January, 1959.
The United States was represented by:
Hon. Robert B. Anderson, Secretary of the Treasury
Hon. Fred A. Seaton, Secretary of the Interior
Hon. Lewis L. Strauss, Secretary of Commerce
Hon. C. Douglas Dillon, Under-Secretary of State for
Economic Affairs
Hon. Marvin L. McLain, Assistant Secretary of
Agriculture
Canada was represented by :
Hon. Donald M. Fleming, Minister of Finance
Hon. Gordon Churchill, Minister of Trade and
Commerce
Hon. Douglas S. Harkness, Minister of Agriculture
Hon. E. D. Fulton, Minister of Justice
Hon. Sidney Smith, Secretary of State for External
Affairs.
Senior officials from both Governments also
attended the meetings.
The Committee reviewed the developments that
have occurred in the world economic situation
since its last meeting x and took considerable
satisfaction from what has been accomplished.
The recession in the United States and Canada
has given way to recovery and business activity
in both countries is accelerating. Imports by the
United States from the rest of the world were
much less affected by the slackening of activity
than might have been anticipated. The gold and
dollar reserves of most of the major trading
countries in other quarters of the globe have in-
creased substantially, and this has facilitated
important steps to remove their exchange and
import restrictions. In Europe, progress has
1 For text of communique issued at the close of the
last meeting, see Bulletin of Oct. 2S, 1957, p. 683.
128
Department of State Bulletin
been made toward economic integration, and
efforts are being pursued in spite of many diffi-
culties to establish a broader association with the
European Common Market. It is hoped that
these developments will increasingly create
larger opportunities not only for European but
also for overseas producers. It is thus evident
that, in many ways, the cooperative efforts that
have been made by many countries, including the
United States and Canada, to create conditions
in which goods and currencies could be freely
exchanged over the widest possible area are now
bearing fruit.
In particular, the Committee welcomed the
measures that have been recently introduced for
the convertibility of sterling and of other curren-
cies. These measures were foreshadowed at the
time of the Commonwealth Trade and Economic
Conference last September. They are evidence
of the degree of economic strength and equilib-
rium that has now been achieved. They may
also be regarded as a promise of further progress.
Convertibility has removed the financial justifi-
cation for discriminating against dollar suppliers,
and should be followed by further moves by the
countries concerned to provide non-discrimin-
atory access to their markets for goods from the
United States, Canada and other countries. The
financial strength which has supplied the indis-
pensable basis for convertibility should also make
possible general progress in dismantling quantita-
tive restrictions. The United States and Cana-
dian Governments will be watching with close and
sympathetic interest the way in which the logic
of the new situation is translated into action.
Consideration was also given to the growing
activity of the Communist bloc countries in world
trade. It was agreed that this development made
it all the more necessary to stimulate trade and
development throughout the free world.
In the spirit of the friendliness that has long
characterized relations between the United States
and Canada and of the Agreements to which both
countries have subscribed, the Committee exam-
ined various issues that have an immediate bear-
ing on trade and economic relations between the
two countries. It was recognized that from time
to time temporary measures might have to be
taken to meet emergency problems of particular
groups of domestic producers. But it was agreed
that every effort should be made to keep such ex-
ceptional measures to a minimum and, so far as
January 26, 1959
403074 — 50 3
possible, to limit their scope and duration. It
was also agreed that wherever feasible there
should be close consultation in advance between
the two Governments whenever it seemed neces-
sary for the Government of one country to take
action which might affect the commercial or eco-
nomic interests of the other.
The Canadian Ministers expressed their con-
tinuing concern over the quota restrictions im-
posed by the United States last September on im-
ports of lead and zinc and outlined the effects they
are having on the Canadian mining industry.
The United States representatives hoped these
restrictions could be withdrawn as soon as more
satisfactory international solutions on a broader
basis are found. In the meantime, it was agreed
that both Governments would explore further the
possibility of developing such equitable solutions.
The United States representatives set out the
grounds for their concern as to the amendments
made last year in the Canadian Customs Act.
They were assured by the Canadian Ministers that
it is not intended to apply the new provisions of
the Act in either a discriminatory or an arbitrary
manner and that consultation would be held
wherever feasible before applying the new pro-
visions.
The United States representatives also ex-
pressed concern with respect to the import restric-
tions which the Canadian Government has re-
cently placed on certain agricultural products,
and especially on turkeys and frozen peas.
The current voluntary limitations on the entry
of petroleum into the United States were dis-
cussed. A careful review was made of the factors
affecting petroleum supply and demand, not only
in the United States and Canada but throughout
the world. The Committee agreed that continued
exploration and development were necessary on
defence grounds. The Committee also agreed on
the importance of continuing growth and stability
to the oil industry without which the incentive
for further exploration and development would
disappear. They agreed on the importance of
maintaining a healthy and dynamic oil industry
throughout the Western Hemisphere. Various
aspects of the problem were discussed and the rep-
resentatives of the two countries agreed to take
into consideration all of the opinions expressed in
developing their policies. They will continue
their studies and consultations with reference to
this complex problem.
129
In reviewing agricultural problems, Ministers
agreed that incentives leading to an aggravation
of surpluses were to be avoided. In regard to the
United States programmes of surplus disposal,
Canadian Ministers noted with satisfaction that
the impact on Canadian trade had abated since the
last meeting of the Committee. However, they
expressed anxiety about tied-in sales and about
the recent changes that have been made in the reg-
ulations governing barter transactions. The
United States renewed the assurances given at the
last meeting of the Committee that in all surplus
disposal activities they would endeavor to avoid,
insofar as possible, interfering with normal com-
mercial marketings. They also re-affirmed that
barter contracts must result in a net increase in
exports of the agricultural commodity involved.
In order to give effect to these assurances, insofar
as they related to exports of wheat, flour and
other grains, it was agreed that, in addition to
other consultation, quarterly meetings of wheat
experts from the two countries should be held in
an attempt to solve periodically any problems in-
volving wheat and flour, including those arising
from United States surplus disposal operations.
The Committee agreed that agricultural sur-
pluses should be used to alleviate distress arising
from famine and other disasters throughout the
world and could also help to promote the economic
development of less developed countries. They
agreed that the two Governments would keep each
other informed of programmes intended to serve
such purposes.
Some aspects of the relations between Canadian
subsidiaries and their parent companies in the
United States came under examination. The
Ministers reviewed the arrangements made last
summer under which the United States undertook
to consider licenses to parent companies hi the
United States on a case-by-case basis which would
relieve them from the prohibition against trans-
actions with Communist China insofar as their
Canadian subsidiaries were concerned.
The anti-trust proceedings recently launched in
the United States Courts against the parent com-
panies of Canadian subsidiaries in respect of the
participation of those subsidiaries in Canadian
Radio Patents Limited were also discussed. The
Canadian Ministers expressed their concern over
the extra-texritorial etfect of the decree sought
by the United States Department of Justice and
the implications of such action with regard to
control over Canadian companies acting in con-
formity with Canadian laws and Canadian com-
mercial policy. United States representatives
emphasized that their Government's policy is
based upon the enforcement of United States law
upon companies doing business in the United
States and that their Government has no intention
of infringing upon the sovereignty of the Cana-
dian Government with respect to companies en-
gaged in business in Canada.
It was agreed that the general questions in-
volved would be the subject of further discussions
between the two Governments at the Ministerial
level, and arrangements are being put in hand
accordingly for a meeting.
The United States representatives reviewed
with the Canadian Ministers the proposal for a
new International Development Association to be
affiliated with the International Bank, 2 and the
Canadian Ministers agreed to study it.
The members of the Committee expressed their
renewed realization of the value of their meet-
ings, which afford opportunities for intimate con-
sultation on matters of common interest to the
two countries in their trade and economic rela-
tions.
50th Anniversary of Boundary
Waters Treaty With Canada
Statement by Secretary Dulles
Press release 21 dated January 10
Today, January 11, 1959, is the 50th anniver-
sary of the signing of the treaty which established
the International Joint Commission of the United
States and Canada and provided that "... the
navigation of all navigable boundary waters shall
forever continue free. . . ."
This treaty and the Commission which it
established have made an important contribution
to the maintenance of the excellent relations
which we have enjoyed with Canada over the
years. It has provided a means of resolving
problems connected with boundary waters
through mutual cooperation, and it exemplifies
the spirit with which we and our Canadian
2 For a statement by Mr. Dillon on Mar. 19, 1958,
regarding an International Development Association, see
ibid., Apr. 7, 1958, p. 564.
130
Department of State Bulletin
neighbors have approached many other questions
of joint concern.
The problems which have come before the
International Joint Commission since 1909 have
touched the lives and interests of countless citi-
zens on both sides of the border. They have
ranged from consideration of relatively minor
matters such as the proposal of an individual to
block a transboundary stream to decisions con-
trolling vast power and navigation projects of
the St. Lawrence River, but all have received
fair and thorough consideration by the Com-
mission with a view to protecting the rights of
all concerned.
On this 50th anniversary of the treaty it is
indeed gratifying to observe that the high pur-
pose of the Contracting Parties has been carried
out effectively and to the great mutual benefit of
the people of the United States and Canada.
United States and Soviet Union
Exchange New Year Greetings
White House (Gettysburg, Pa.) press release dated January 1
The White House on January 1 made public
the following exchange of messages between the
President and KMment Efremovich Voroshilov,
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the Union of the Soviet Socialist
Republics.
President Eisenhower to Chairman Voroshilov
January 1, 1959
His Excellency,
Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov,
Chairman of the Presidium
of the Supreme Soviet
of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics
Moscow
I thank you for your message and, on behalf of
the American people, I extend greetings to you,
Prime Minister Khrushchev and the people of the
Soviet Union as the New Year begins. I share
the hope expressed in your message that the com-
ing year will see a substantial improvement in the
relations between our countries, and significant
steps toward a lasting solution of the problems
which endanger world peace.
Peaceful relations with other friendly countries
are the hallmark of our American tradition and
we seek always to develop and strengthen such
relations. We profoundly hope that your wish
for peaceful coexistence may bring about in 1959
genuine efforts to solve existing world problems.
All of us know that mutual understanding and
respect for the rights and legitimate aspirations
of others could not fail to be beneficial to all
peoples. It would enable the nations to strive
more effectively for universal spiritual and mate-
rial well-being.
As of this moment it seems to us critically im-
portant to apply the sentiments expressed in your
message to the Berlin situation. In this connec-
tion, I cannot fail to recall your government's
declaration of intentions toward the people of
Berlin. 1 In my view, they are not in accord with
your expressed aspirations and hopes for peaceful
coexistence. The United States Government re-
peats that, in an atmosphere devoid of any kind
of coercion and threat, it would welcome discus-
sion on the question of Berlin in the wider frame-
work of the whole German problem and European
security. Positive progress in this specific prob-
lem would, I deeply believe, give real substance
to the hope that 1959 would witness great ad-
vances toward the goal of a just and lasting peace.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Chairman Voroshilov to President Eisenhower
December 31, 1958
To His Excellency Dwight D. Eisenhoweb
President of the United States of America
On the occasion of the New Year we send to you, Mr.
President, and also to the people of the United States
of America congratulations and best wishes from the
people of the Soviet Union and from us personally. We
would like to express the hope that in the coming year
our countries will unite their efforts in the search for
a way towards the settlement of urgent international
problems, for the cessation of the arms race and of the
cold war which is hated by the people, with the aim of
reducing dangerous tensions in international relations.
The development of friendly cooperation on the basis of
principles of peaceful coexistence between states would
permit the deliverance of mankind from feelings of
alarm for their future, from the fears of the dangers
of a new war. We would like to express confidence that
in this year there will be taken a decisive step in the
direction of an improvement of Soviet-American rela-
tions, in the development of mutual understanding be-
tween our countries whose responsibility for the fate of
1 For an exchange of notes between the United States
and the Soviet Union, see Buixetin of Jan. 19, 1958, p. 79.
January 26, ?959
131
the world is particularly great. This would be an im-
portant contribution of our countries to the healthy
improvement of the whole international atmosphere and
for the achievements of the great goal — the triumph of
peace in the entire world.
K. Voroshilov
N. Khrushchev
Moscow
The Kremlin
U.S. and U.S.S.R. Agree To Exchange
Exhibitions in 1959
Following is the text of an agreement signed at
Washington on December 29 relating to an ex-
change of exhibitions between the United States
and the U.S.S.R.
Press release 779 dated December 29
Agreement Between the United States and the All-
Union Chamber of Commerce of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, Relating to a Reciprocal Ex-
change of Exhibitions of Science, Technology, and
Culture During the Summer of 1959
This agreement is in furtherance of and subject to the
U.S.-U.S.S.R. Exchange Agreement of January 27, 1958, 1
and the protocol agreement of September 10, 1958,' for
an exchange of national exhibitions in the summer of
1959 ; and it confirms agreements reached between au-
thorized United States and U.S.S.R. representatives in
meetings held in Moscow during October and November,
1958, and in Washington during December, 1958.
By way of introduction and as a mutual declaration of
the spirit and intention which shall govern the interpre-
tation and execution of the terms and conditions of this
agreement, mention is made of the fact that the success
of this exchange of exhibitions requires a substantial
degree of flexibility and discretion for each party hereto
to determine the scope, nature and content of its exhi-
bition and other similar and related matters, and that it
is not necessary, proper, or practicable to specify herein
every relatively unimportant detail and aspect pertaining
to such exhibitions. There is also, on this account, re-
quired and proffered, each to the other, a high degree of
trust and cooperation to the end that each exhibition will
be facilitated and made successful in furtherance of the
mutually advantageous purposes of the above-mentioned
exchange agreements.
It is understood and agreed as follows :
1. The All-Union Chamber of Commerce of the U.S.S.R.,
hereinafter referred to as the Chamber of Commerce, has
agreed to purchase two exhibit buildings which the U.S.
will construct at a certain site in Sokolniki Park, Moscow,
more particularly described in the attached Annex "A," 3
for an agreed purchase price of $375,000, or 50% of the
actual cost of construction, whichever amount is less.
Payment thereof will be made upon delivery of the build-
ing by the U.S. in good condition, except for usual wear
and tear, after the closing of the U.S. exhibition but not
later than October 15, 1959.
The Chamber of Commerce and the Chief Architect of
Moscow have examined preliminary plans for such build-
ings and given approval for construction without further
requirements of permits or other conditions, except that
the U.S. has agreed to take account of and give favor-
able consideration to certain technical recommendations,
attached hereto as Annex "B," 3 submitted by the Chief
Architect of Moscow to the extent compatible with U.S.
contemplated costs and exhibition content. The U.S.
will provide to the Chamber of Commerce, without ad-
ditional charge, final drawings and engineering specifi-
cations, and further agrees that all construction work
may be fully observed, but not supervised or directed, by
a designated, qualified U.S.S.R. representative who may
also, if he so desires, submit additional technical recom-
mendations, but not requirements, to the U.S. super-
visory architect for his careful attention. The completed
buildings will be subject to final inspection by appropriate
U.S.S.R. authorities before opening and use by the public.
2. The U.S. will pay as rental for the above-mentioned
exhibition site the amount of $142,250, of which $30,000 has
been paid in advance, the balance to be paid upon execu-
tion of this agreement.
Certain agreed upon and specified improvements and
changes, listed below, in the exhibition site area are to
be made by the Chamber of Commerce ; item 1 to be ac-
complished not later than May 15, 1959; item 2, not
later than June 15, 1959; item 3, not later than March
1, 1959; item 4, not later than April 30, 1959; item 5,
not later than May 30, 1959; item 6, not later than March
1, 1959 ; item 7, not later than June 15, 1959 :
1. Remove all buildings from so-called central circle
area.
2. Realign, widen and pave with asphalt entry road
from central circle to U.S. exhibition area in line and
width conformity with existing main road from entrance
gate.
3. Remove all buildings from U.S. exhibition area.
4. Remove shrubs and trees obstructing or screening
view from main entrance gate to U.S. exhibition area.
5. Develop new landscaping from main entrance gate
along roadway to U.S. exhibition area, including central
circle.
6. Remove trees on U.S. exhibition area as required
and specified by U.S.
7. Provide additional entry paths if required by U.S.
along western boundary of U.S. exhibition area.
The exhibition site is to be available for use by the
U.S. from March 1 to September 1, 1959 for purposes of
preparation, installation, operation and dismantling of
its exhibition. For use of the exhibition site after Sep-
1 For text, see Bulletin of Feb. 17, 1958, p. 243.
' For text, see ibid., Oct. 13, 1958, p. 577.
' Not printed.
132
Department of Stale Bulletin
tember 1, 1959, or such later date as is hereinafter pro-
vided for in paragraph numbered 3 hereof, the U.S. will
pay rental at the rate of $6 per square meter per month,
prorated for part of a month if applicable, for space
actually occupied and used.
3. The U.S. exhibition will be in actual operation from
July 4, 1959 through August 15, 1959, or in the event the
site preparation, building or exhibition construction is de-
layed, the opening date may, without additional charge,
be postponed until not later than August 2, 1959, and the
exhibition will be in operation for six weeks thereafter.
In such event, also, the same length of time, namely 15
days, will be permitted after closing and prior to the be-
ginning of the supplementary charge referred to in para-
graph numbered 2, above. The U.S. will, not later than
June 1, 1959, notify the Chamber of Commerce of the
intended opening date of the U.S. exhibition which will
be on or before August 2, 1959, as provided herein. In
any event, also, the U.S. will vacate the leased exhibition
site not later than November 1, 1959.
4. In the construction of exhibition buildings and re-
lated structures and installations and the operation of its
exhibition, the U.S. may, in its discretion and for its
account, use materials, tools and machinery, workmen
and specialists (supervisors) available in the U.S.S.R.
through the Chamber of Commerce, from established
local sources of supply in accordance with applicable
local procedures therefor. As soon as practicable, the
U.S. will inform the Chamber of Commerce as to the
work or jobs which the U.S. or its designated contractors
intend to have performed with the use of local materials,
tools and machinery, and workmen. The Chamber of
Commerce will thereafter promptly inform the U.S. or
its designated contractors as to the rates or charges for
such work or jobs, including applicable commissions, and
will perform the required work or jobs in accordance
with agreed specifications and time schedules and submit
bills for such work or jobs performed. The U.S. may
also import necessary materials, machinery and tools,
workmen and supervisors. All materials, machinery and
tools imported and used for such purposes by the U.S.
and not for re-sale, will be admitted with a minimum of
customs formality, and to the extent practicable at or
near the exhibition site, and on a duty-free basis. The
U.S. will be permitted to bring to the U.S.S.R. and to
employ U.S. personnel, generally as needed, and a mini-
mum necessary number of Italian construction specialists
and qualified workmen, subject to compliance with exist-
ing U.S.S.R. visa and related procedural requirements
applicable to individuals. Similar treatment will be ac-
corded the U.S.S.R. in connection with its exhibition in
New York.
5. In connection with each exhibition, souvenir buttons,
emblems, mementos, and samples, either imported or pro-
duced at the exhibition, will be permitted to be dis-
tributed with or without charge on a basis of reciprocity.
Each party will furnish to the other, prior to distribution,
lists and specimens of such articles, and will present, each
to the other, recommendations with respect to them.
6. U.S. and U.S.S.R. exhibition personnel will be
permitted to import, as accompanied or unaccompanied
January 26, 7959
baggage under existing regulations, necessary personal
effects and customary living supplies for their sole per-
sonal use, and not for re-sale or gifts, on a duty-free
basis. Also, on a reciprocal basis, each party will be per-
mitted to bring in to the other's country a maximum of
six (6) automobiles for the use of exhibition personnel,
subject to compliance with existing requirements for reg-
istration, driving, and the like.
7. Each party will, if requested, facilitate for the
other's exhibition personnel the provision of suitable and
conveniently located housing accommodations at appli-
cable prevailing rates.
8. The Chamber of Commerce, at its own expense, will
install and provide up to the U.S. exhibition site ade-
quate facilities for supplying electricity, gas, water, and
sewage disposal. It will also supply, as required and re-
quested by the U.S. or its designated contractors, elec-
tricity for power and lighting, gas and water, and sewage
and trash disposal service, during the period of con-
struction, installation and operation of the U.S. exhibi-
tion, for which the U.S. will pay in accordance with
existing applicable rates or charges therefor, including
charges for installations required within the exhibition
site, if any. The U.S. may import and use supplementary
or auxiliary electric generators and other utilities as re-
quired for exhibition operation and maintenance.
The Chamber of Commerce will also provide, as re-
quested, necessary transportation, storage facilities, clean-
ing service, guarding and fire-fighting service, and the
like, at locally prevailing prices or charges, including ap-
plicable commissions.
9. Regarding the disposition by each party of its sur-
plus or used exhibition materials or items, they may be
re-exported without substantive restriction and with a
minimum of customs formality. Disposition will also be
permitted to the respective Embassies and their personnel
for official or personal use. More particularly, not more
than three (3) cars imported in connection with each
exhibition will be permitted to remain with each respec-
tive Embassy ; and likewise, as to reasonable quantities
of office or household furniture and equipment, prepared
food products and other consumer items. Sales of such
materials or items may, by mutual agreement as to terms
and conditions, be made to qualified firms or trading
organizations in each country.
10. Each party will establish and collect a charge for
public admission to their respective exhibitions, the amount
or amounts to be determined by each for its own exhibition,
taking into account local practice in each country. In
this connection, the Chamber of Commerce will, at its
expense, install a fence and appropriate entrance and
exit facilities surrounding the United States exhibition
site to facilitate traffic control and enforcement of ad-
mission charges. The exact location and nature of such
fence and entrance and exit facilities will be mutually
agreed to, particularly from the point of view of con-
formance to, and non-interference with, the United States
exhibition structures, content and operation.
11. Each party may arrange for the sale of souvenirs
and mementos through the appropriate local concession-
aire or trading organization, as the case may be, with the
133
general understanding that the total sales of each party
will be approximately the same. Each party may also
through appropriate local concessionaires or trading
organizations, arrange for the operation at its exhibition
of a buffet or cafeteria purveying, among others, typical
national food products.
12. Each party hereto may distribute, in connection
with its various exhibit items or displays, such explana-
tory publications as it considers useful relating to the
exhibition items or displays.
13. Each party may show at its exhibition site such
motion pictures or slides as it deems appropriate which
would be cultural and non-political in character, devoted
to an objective presentation of various aspects of its
science, technology, or culture. Each party will be given
a reasonable opportunity in advance to view such motion
pictures or slides and to make, each to the other, appro-
priate recommendations concerning them. The United
States may construct at its own expense on its leased
site such facilities as are necessary for showing the
circarama-type of film, and the United States will assist
to the utmost the Chamber of Commerce in making
necessary arrangements for showing cinerama-type films
either at the exhibition site or elsewhere in New York.
14. Each party may stage, during the period of its
exhibition, on a basis of reciprocity, such examples of
their performing arts as are provided for in the Ex-
change Agreement of January 27, 1958, and such others
as may be mutually agreed to between the United States
Department of State and the U.S.S.R. Ministry of Cul-
ture, in Washington or in Moscow. These performances,
which will be facilitated by the host country, may be
given either on the premises of the respective exhibi-
tions, or if desired by the presentation country, at other
locations in Moscow or New York.
15. Each party and its exhibition personnel will abide
by all applicable municipal regulations pertaining to
such matters as health and sanitation, traffic control, fire
prevention, and the maintenance of law, order and pub-
lic morality.
16. Neither party will assign any of its privileges here-
under except with the prior approval of the other.
17. The United States will use its good offices in ob-
taining cooperation from labor unions in regard to per-
mitting the use of Soviet technical personnel wherever
needed in the installation, operation and dismantling of
the U.S.S.R. exhibition, particularly to operate special-
purpose or specially-designed machinery, tools, and other
similar exhibition items requiring special skills and
training.
18. The United States will, in accordance with estab-
lished Chamber of Commerce practice in such matters,
make reasonable payments in advance as mutually agreed
to in connection with services ordered hereunder. In this
connection, the United States will make a lump-sum
advance payment not later than February 15, 1959, in
the amount of $50,000, to be applied against the costs
of services or material theretofore or thereafter ordered
and obtained from the Chamber of Commerce.
19. The United States will obtain, at its expense, appro-
priate comprehensive public liability and property dam-
134
age insurance covering the period of construction, opera-
tion, and dismantling of its exhibition.
20. The parties will endeavor to settle through ami-
cable negotiation all disputes or disagreements which
may arise out of this agreement.
21. Any and all matters pertaining to the subject of
this agreement not covered herein shall be provided for
in subsequent supplementary agreements.
22. The parties hereto acknowledge that the foregoing
provisions are in full accord with and subject to the
aforementioned United States-U.S.S.R. Exchange Agree-
ment of January 27, 1958, and the protocol agreement of
September 10, 1958, relating to the reciprocal exchange
of national exhibitions. The Chamber of Commerce,
being authorized by the Government of the U.S.S.R. to
assist in organizing foreign exhibitions in the U.S.S.R.,
hereby undertakes to give all necessary and appropriate
assistance to the United States exhibition at all of its
stages, including facilitating its relations with other
U.S.S.R. agencies and organizations and the obtaining
of required information, assistance and services from
them. The United States, on its part, through the Office
of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of State, Am-
bassador W. S. B. Lacy, undertakes to assist the U.S.S.R.
exhibition at all of its stages, including facilitating the
relations of its organizers with other United States
Government agencies and State or local organizations and
the obtaining of required information, assistance and
services from them.
Done in duplicate, in the English and Russian, each
having equal authenticity, at Washington, this 29th day
of December, 1958.
For the United States : For the All-Union Chamber
of Commerce of the
U.S.S.R. :
Harold C. McClellan Alexander V. Saag
For the Department of For the U.S.S.R. Embassy :
State:
Frederick T. Merrill Vladimir S. Axkhimov
U.S. Replies to Soviet Note
on Recent Plane Incidents
U.S. NOTE OF JANUARY 2
Press release 4 dated January 3
On January 2, J 959, the American Embassy at
Moscow delivered the following note to the Soviet
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in reply to a Soviet
note of December 15, 1958. The Soviet note, a
response to an earlier American note of November
13, 1958, 1 denied that Soviet aircraft had attacked
1 For text, see Bulletin of Dec. 8, 1958, p. 909.
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
an American aircraft flying over international
waters in the Baltic Sea and had made simulated
attacks on an American aircraft flying over inter-
national waters in the Sea of Japan.
The Government of the United States acknowl-
edges the receipt of the note of the Soviet Gov-
ernment of December 15, 1958 in reply to the
note of the Embassy of the United States of
America of November 13, 1958 regarding danger-
ous, offensive, and provocative actions of Soviet
fighter aircraft over the high seas.
The position of the United States Government
has been set forth in detail in the Embassy's note
of November 13, 1958 which made clear that
Soviet fighter aircraft on November 7, 1958 sub-
jected a United States military aircraft to attacks
in international airspace over the Baltic Sea,
seeking without provocation and without warning
to destroy the American aircraft by gunfire at
a position approximately 66 miles from the near-
est Soviet territory. This note also stated that
Soviet fighter aircraft on the same day intercepted
another United States military aircraft over the
Sea of Japan and subjected it to repeated harass-
ment, including simulated attacks and dangerous
and unwarranted maneuvers involving great risk
of collision. As was pointed out in the Embassy's
note of November 13, 1958, and contrary to the
statements in the Soviet note of December 15,
1958, the American aircraft attacked over the
Baltic Sea withheld its fire despite the fact that the
Soviet aircraft fired upon it during two attacks.
The Government of the United States categori-
cally rejects the assertion in the Soviet note that
the United States aircraft opened fire on Soviet
aircraft. The facts in this case, as stated by the
Embassy in its note of November 13, 1958, are
that the American aircraft at all times withheld
fire and did not in any way menace the Soviet
aircraft. Despite the Soviet attacks, the Ameri-
can aircraft continued its course and made no
abrupt or provocative maneuvers.
The Government of the United States takes this
occasion to reiterate that if such dangerous tactics
are in the future employed by Soviet aircraft in
close proximity to American aircraft, command-
ers of American aircraft will be under instruc-
tions to take any defensive action which they
consider necessary and appropriate. The Gov-
ernment of the United States expresses once again
its expectation that the Government of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics will take measures
without delay to stop this interference with
American aircraft over the high seas. The Soviet
Government bears full responsibility for the con-
sequences of any continuation of this activity.
SOVIET NOTE OF DECEMBER 15
Unofficial translation
No. 91/OSA
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics in connection with the United States Embassy
Note No. 462 of 13 November this year deems it necessary
to state the following :
As a result of careful investigation conducted by com-
petent Soviet authorities it has been established that on
7 and 8 November there took place clearly premeditated
flights with hostile aims of planes of the United States
Air Force near the territory of the Soviet Union in re-
gions of the Baltic and the Far East. Moreover, one of
the American planes finding itself in direct proximity of
the territory of the U.S.S.R. opened entirely unpro-
voked fire on the Soviet fighter.
The above noted investigations showed the following:
On 7 November at 18 hours 8 minutes Moscow time a
Soviet fighter which was in the air detected 50 kilometers
west of the city of Ventspils (Latvian S.S.R.) an
American military plane B-47 flying on a course toward
the border of the Soviet Union. When the Soviet fighter
drew near to the American plane for the purpose of its
identification, the American plane opened fire on the Soviet
fighter. In self-defense the Soviet fighter was forced to
open answering fire on the American plane, after which
the latter changed course and went off in a western di-
rection.
As for the region of the Far East, on 8 November Soviet
fighters during their flight along State frontiers of the
U.S.S.R. detected in the Japanese Sea two American
planes of RB-47 type which flew along the Far Eastern
coast. For the purpose of observation of the activities
of the American military planes, insofar as they were in
direct proximity to Soviet territory, and of preventing
possible violation by them of the U.S.S.R. State frontier,
the Soviet fighters for some time flew along the same
course at a distance of three to four kilometers from the
American planes without carrying out moreover any simu-
lated attacks.
As follows from the note of the Embassy, flights of
American military planes on 7 and 8 November are not
chance ones but premeditated flights near the territory
of the U.S.S.R.
In its note the United States Government insists on
adoption by the Soviet Government of measures to stop
interference put in the way of flights of American military
planes being undertaken allegedly far from the Soviet
State frontier. The facts, however, attest that American
military planes are conducting flights with hostile aims
precisely near the territory of the Soviet Union, creating
January 26, 7959
135
thereby a threat to Soviet territory and often violating
the U.S.S.R. State frontier. In particular, such flights
were conducted on 7 and 8 November also by above noted
American military planes.
As is known, the command of the U.S. air forces in
essence does not conceal that these flights toward Soviet
territory are carried out by American military planes for
intelligence purposes.
The Soviet Government considers systematic flights of
American planes near the territory of the U.S.S.R. and
violations by them of the Soviet State frontier as dan-
gerous actions which at any time may entail serious
incidents with human victims. One can with confidence
say that the United States Government would adopt an
analogous position if Soviet planes conducted systematic
flights near American State frontiers with the same aims
with which American planes are directed toward U.S.S.R.
State frontiers, and violated American frontiers.
In connection with the above, the Soviet Government
rejects the claims set forth in the Embassy note and
directs a decisive protest to the United States Govern-
ment against the entirely unprovoked firing by American
military planes on Soviet fighter near U.S.S.R. territory.
In order to remove one of the sources of aggravation of
relations between the Soviet Union and the United
States and to exclude the possibility of dangerous inci-
dents with pointless losses of human lives, the United
States Government need undertake, as the Soviet
Government has already stated, only one thing — ban once
and for all its air forces from directing planes toward
U.S.S.R. State frontiers and violating these frontiers.
The Soviet Government once more states that all re-
sponsibility and consequences for dangerous flights of
American planes near the frontier of the Soviet Union
and for violation by them of U.S.S.R. air space lies with
the United States Government.
United States and Iran Sign
Development Loan Agreement
Press release 9 dated January 7
The United States and the Government of Iran
on January 7 signed an agreement establishing a
$47.5 million Development Loan Fund loan to as-
sist in financing economic development projects
in Iran. Dempster Mcintosh, Managing Direc-
tor of the Development Loan Fund, signed on
behalf of the United States while Ali Gholi Ar-
dalan, the Ambassador of Iran, signed for his
Government.
The loan funds will be used by the Plan Organ-
ization of Iran, the Iranian Government agency
charged with planning, financing, and executing
Iran's second 7-year development program, in
carrying out this program. The Government of
Iran has indicated that it plans to spend approx-
imately $1 billion of the country's oil revenues in
financing economic development projects during
the 7-year program, which ends in 19G2.
The DLF loan funds will supplement Iranian
financing for selected projects in such fields as
highways, airport construction and improvement,
railroads, municipal development projects such
as street paving and water and sewer systems,
textile finishing equipment, agricultural machin-
ery imports, telecommunications, and construc-
tion equipment for silos.
The loan will be repayable in dollars in 12 years
at an interest rate of 3^ percent with the excep-
tion of projects in the categories of agricultural
machinery, silos, and textile machinery, which
will be repayable at the rate of 5*4 percent.
United States and Yugoslavia
Sign Fertilizer Plant Loan
Press release 16 dated January 8
The U.S. Government and the Government of
the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
signed an agreement on January 8 establishing a
Development Loan Fund loan of up to $22,500,000
to finance the foreign-exchange costs of a nitrog-
enous fertilizer plant to be built by Yugoslavia
near Pancevo, Yugoslavia. These foreign-ex-
change costs are estimated to represent about one-
half of the total cost of the project.
The agreement was signed by Dempster Mc-
intosh, Managing Director of the Development
Loan Fund, on behalf of the U.S. Government
and by the Yugoslav Ambassador, Marko Nike-
zic, for his Government.
The plant will supply Yugoslavia with about
360,000 tons of nitrogenous fertilizers annually,
thus sharply reducing the country's dependence
on imports for a commodity essential to Yugo-
slavia's food and agriculture production. The
plant should result in a foreign-exchange savings
to Yugoslavia of approximately $11 million a
year, or nearly one-half the foreign-exchange cost
of the plant.
Natural gas, which is easily accessible, will be
the starting material in the production of
ammonia, nitric acid, and calnitro.
This project has the highest priority in Yugo-
slavia's development program, and the Federal
People's Republic of Yugoslavia expects to have
the plant in operation in less than 3 years.
136
Department of State Bulletin
Malaya Names New Ambassador
to United States
Press release 20 dated January 10
The Government of the Federation of Malaya
has designated Nik Ahmad Kamil, Permanent
Secretary of the Ministry of External Affairs
in Kuala Lumpur, as the next Ambassador of
the Federation of Malaya to the United States.
He will succeed Dr. Ismail bin Dato Abdul Rah-
man, the first Ambassador of the Federation of
Malaya to the United States, who left Washing-
ton on January 4 to return to Malaya.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
United States Views on Aid
to Palestine Refugees
Following are two statements made in the Spe-
cial Political Committee on November 10 and
December 10 by George McGregor Harrison, U.S.
Representative to the General Assembly, during
debate on the annual report of the Director of the
U.N. Belief and Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees in the Near East, together with a resolu-
tion adopted in plenary session on December 12.
STATEMENT OF NOVEMBER 10
U.S. delegation press release 3068
We have before us the annual report of the Di-
rector of the United Nations Relief and Works
Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
for the period July 1, 1957, to June 30, 1958. 1
The report, like its predecessor, is a concise ac-
count of the operations of a complex organization
dedicated to the welfare of mankind.
There are a number of hopeful signs in the
report that should give us considerable gratifica-
tion. In the first place the financial condition of
the Agency has improved somewhat over the criti-
cal situation last year. We note that sufficient
contributions have been received or are in sight to
permit the Agency not only to continue its basic
program of relief and education through 1958 but
also to restore some operations, including some in
the self-support field, curtailed by its financial
1 U.N. doc. A/3931.
January 26, 1959
crisis last year. We also note, hopefully, that
there continues the "growing appreciation of the
desirability of self-support and of rehabilitation"
on the part of the refugees, first reported last
year.
On the other hand the report records a number
of problems that are by no means solved. The
budgetary plans of the Agency are dependent
upon a continued flow of contributions that ex-
perience has taught us cannot be taken for
granted. Moreover, although the refugees have
grown to appreciate self-help opportunities, these
opportunities have not been sufficient to reduce
the number of refugees dependent on relief.
A very disconcerting note reoccurs in this year's
report. The continued obstruction of the Agency's
efforts on the part of local officials is disturbing.
We would hope that the governments responsible
would take every step to insure that such instances
of noncooperation do not reoccur. For clearly it
is in the interests of all, and particularly of the
governments of the area, to facilitate UNRWA's
task in every way possible.
Finally, the report points out a problem that
should receive our urgent attention. The
Agency's mandate will soon run out. The ref-
ugees will remain. Steps must be taken to pro-
vide for the refugees after the expiration of
UNRWA's term in mid-1960.
This matter is of utmost importance and in-
volves decisions of such a fundamental nature that
it should be considered not only in the light of
conditions now prevailing but also against the
backdrop of our past experience with the Pales-
137
tine refugee problem. This background can be
of considerable help to us in deciding what
course we should adopt in handling refugee mat-
ters in the future. The work of the United Na-
tions in this field has yielded frustrations and
disappointments ; it has also scored achievements.
It has written a record of trials, errors, and suc-
cesses that provide an invaluable fund of ex-
perience on which we can build. It may be
appropriate, therefore, for us to review briefly
the efforts of the United Nations in behalf of the
refugees.
U.N. Efforts for Refugees
The problem of the Palestine refugees first came
before the United Nations in 1948 when the Arab
states appealed to the Mediator, the late Count
[Folke] Bernadotte, stating that the situation of
the refugees warranted the attention of the United
Nations and requesting the Mediator to take ap-
propriate action.
There was no way of telling in 1948 that the
problem would still be with us 10 years later and
that more would be called for than the provision
of relief. It soon became apparent, however, that
relief was only part of the picture and that much
more would have to be done if the refugee prob-
lem were to be dealt with successfully. It also
has become apparent over the years that there is
a limit to what the United Nations can do. What-
ever the causes of the Palestine refugee problem
may have been, our success in solving it must
ultimately depend on the degree to which Israel
and the Arab host governments will cooperate in
United Nations efforts to find a solution.
In addition to setting up in 1948 the United
Nations Relief for Palestine Refugees Agency,
the General Assembly enunciated the basic rights
of the refugees in a formula that ever since has
influenced our deliberations. This was embodied
in paragraph 11 of resolution 194 and is so im-
portant to our discussion that it bears repetition :
The General Assembly . . .
Resolves that the refugees wishing to return to their
homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be
permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and
that compensation should be paid for the property of
those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to
property which, under principles of international law or
in equity, should be made good by the Governments or
authorities responsible . . .
In 1949 the Palestine Conciliation Commission
recognized that certain refugees might not wish
to return under this formula and reached the con-
clusion that "in the long run, the final solution of
the problem will be found within the framework
of the economic and social rehabilitation of all
the countries of the Near East." Accordingly the
Commission established the Economic Survey
Mission to examine the economic situation in the
countries affected by the Arab-Israeli hostilities
and to make recommendations to facilitate the
repatriation, resettlement, and rehabilitation of
the refugees and the payment of compensation.
The Economic Survey Mission recommended
a plan for relief and works programs under which
direct relief was gradually to be replaced by works
projects furnishing employment to the refugees
In line with this new approach UNRPR was re
placed by UNRWA. It was hoped that the Eco
nomic Survey Mission's recommendations woul
reduce the refugee problem to limits within whic
the Near Eastern governments could reason
ably be expected to assume any remaining
responsibility.
This hope, of course, was optimistic. UNRWA
has had its mandate extended twice, during which
time it sought to set up development projects that
could absorb refugees. In addition to this task its
main function has been to provide continued re-
lief to a growing refugee population. When the
last extension of UNRWA's mandate was under
consideration in 1954, the United States agreed
that UNRWA should continue to function until
June 30, 1960, in recognition of the fact that large
projects then being planned for the resettlement
of refugees in the Jordan Valley and the Sinai
would require time to complete. At that time the
United States delegation made clear 3 that if such
projects were not carried out the United States
attitude would inevitably have to undergo thor-
ough reexamination. Regrettably the large-scale
projects have not moved off the drawing board.
The annual reports from the Director of
UNRWA have recorded the strong desire of the
refugees to return to their homeland. In 1955
the Director emphasized that, failing a political
settlement, this desire would continue to stand in
the way of reintegration and self-support unless
the refugees were given their choice of repatria-
. 2
\
I:
2 For text of the first interim report of the Survey
Mission, see Bulletin of Dec. 5, 1949, p. 847a.
'Ibid., Jan. 3, 1955, p. 24.
T38
Department of State Bulletin
tion or compensation. From the report before us
we note that among the refugees there is "a grow-
ing appreciation of the desirability of self-sup-
port and of rehabilitation" first reported last
year, although there has been no change in the
attitude of the refugees toward repatriation. It
will be recalled that Israel last year in this com-
mittee came out against repatriation as a solu-
tion to the refugee problem. Thus paragraph 11
of resolution 194 has never been implemented.
While UNKWA has been able efficiently and
inexpensively to furnish the necessary relief to
the refugee population, it has not been successful
in integrating refugees into the economy of the
area, a failure due primarily to the attitude of
the governments concerned and of the refugees
themselves. The works projects program did not
succeed and neither has the program for develop-
ment projects. A limited number of very useful
self-help projects arising from the vocational
training and individual grants programs have re-
sulted in making some refugees self-supporting.
However, the numbers have not been sufficient to
counterbalance the natural growth in the refugee
population. Today there are more refugees who
need help than there were in the past, despite
UNEWA's efforts, which have been great and,
considering the obstacles, successful.
Clearly something must be done. Over the past
10 years the world has given some $300 million
to help the refugees, the United States having
contributed two-thirds of this amount. The
world generally, including the contributors, has a
legitimate interest in a solution. Although we
cannot hope to solve the refugee problem at this
General Assembly, we can take steps which will
assist us in deciding the direction we should fol-
low toward a solution. The Director has drawn
our attention to the need for a decision on the
future handling of the refugee problem in view
of the fact that UNRWA's mandate is due to
expire on June 30, 1960.
Future Handling of Refugee Problem
The Director has pointed out that there will
undoubtedly be a continuing need after 1960 for
the services UNBWA now renders to the refugees.
UNRWA, he has noted, is only one of several
means of doing this. If there is any change in
arrangements, he accurately points out, the deci-
sion must be made not later than 1959, so that the
necessary arrangements can be made without a
break in the flow of services and supplies. At
the same time the decision on future arrange-
ments must be preceded by a careful study of all
the factors involved. He has concluded that the
Assembly should this year lay the groundwork
for such a decision.
The United States agrees with the view of the
Director in this regard. Over the past 2 years
the United States has urged that advance plan-
ning be undertaken looking toward the expiration
of UNRWA's mandate in 1960. This year the
need to begin such planning is all the more urgent.
As long as the Agency is in existence, some may
have felt it best to let matters ride as in the past.
UNRWA has organized a very efficient relief pro-
gram and has been able to carry out limited re-
habilitation functions. Some may feel the best
course is to continue the present arrangements
beyond 1960 until a political settlement solves the
refugee problem.
In our view it is not good enough consciously to
perpetuate for over a decade the dependent status
of nearly a million refugees. The refugees them-
selves, and particularly the younger generations,
are apparently coming to realize that much of
their future will depend on their own efforts to
improve their status. The "growing appreciation
of the desirability of self -support and of rehabil-
itation" which the Director has reported is a sig-
nificant indication that the refugees are realizing
that the continuation of the present system is not
in their interest. Finally, those governments
whose contributions year after year have made it
possible for UNRWA to sustain the refugees are
becoming increasingly critical of the dole that
they are called upon to perpetuate. This feeling
was first apparent in this committee in 1955, when
there was evident a growing impatience and con-
cern on the part of several delegations that so
little progress was being achieved on the refugee
problem. It will be recalled that in 1954 the
United States said that its own future attitude
would depend on the working out of the large
development projects through which refugees
could be reintegrated. Let me recall the words of
the United States representative [Genoa S. Wash-
ington] last year : 4
The primary responsibility for working out a solution
of the refugee problem rests with Israel and the Arab
* n>id., Jan. 6, 1958, p. 34.
January 26, 1959
139
states. The resolutions of the General Assembly are on
the record for their guidance. They should always be
guided by them. This responsibility is a continuing one
that the passage of nearly 10 years since the problem
arose does not lessen.
Beyond its political content, the problem has human-
itarian aspects which affect the world community and as
such are a responsibility of all member states. A number
of nations have recognized their responsibility toward the
humanitarian problem by helping to alleviate the plight
of the refugees pending a political settlement. However,
as the years go by without any settlement in sight,
support for the refugees has dwindled to the point where
it may soon be insufficient to meet their needs.
Humanitarian responsibility toward the refugees must
be predicated on the assumption that all member states,
and particularly those most directly involved, will join in
doing their utmost to provide for a sound future for these
unfortunate people. We shall do our part, but we can-
not — and there is no reason why we should — maintain
the refugees indefinitely if Israel and the Arab states,
with the necessary assistance of other interested nations,
do not take positive steps to solve the problem
permanently.
The continuation of UNRWA beyond its pres-
ent mandate is not, in the eyes of the United
States, the proper way to handle the refugee
problem. UNRWA has performed a heroic and
constructive task in relieving the refugees from
the miseries which their displacement had
brought them. To the extent that its budget has
permitted and to the extent that it has received
cooperation, UNRWA has been able to make
significant, if small, achievements in rehabilita-
tion. The net result, however, has been disap-
pointing. Some better system must be found that
will greatly accelerate the rate at which refugees
are made self-supporting. As the Director has
pointed out, this will require careful study and
advance planning.
I cannot conclude my remarks on the refugee
problem without paying tribute to those who most
directly have played a role in helping the un-
fortunate refugees over the past year. The report
before us records the last year in which the
Agency operated under the direction of Henry R.
Labouisse. During the 4 years that he was its
Director, UNRWA built on the solid foundation
laid by his predecessors and achieved a model of
efficiency and effectiveness in caring for the wel-
fare of the refugees. Behind this success lay not
only an ability to solve complex problems of pro-
curement, distribution, and management but,
equally important, a warm, humane heart and an
understanding for the plight and emotions of dis-
placed persons. Harry Labouisse possesses all of
these qualities and displayed them admirably in
his work for the Palestine refugees. The United
States is proud to have had such a capable human-
itarian chosen from among its citizens to head
UNRWA.
The Director's efforts would not have succeeded
were it not for the capable and loyal people who
supported him. Over the next months they will
be called on to play an increasingly important
role in carrying out delicate tasks in a period that
we hope will lead to a better future for the refugees
and for the area as a whole.
STATEMENT OF DECEMBER 10
U.S. delegation press release 3123
The United States, along with the delegations
of the Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United
Kingdom, has the honor to present to this com-
mittee the resolution contained in document
A/SPC/L.31. I hardly need to say to this com-
mittee that it represents the product of long and
earnest efforts to produce a text which would be
acceptable to all the parties involved. We believe
the text before you is reasonable and moderate. It
deals with the immediate operating problems of
the United Nations Relief and Works Agency and
also looks toward the future provision of relief
and rehabilitation for the refugees. The pre-
ambular paragraphs for the most part follow the
formulations which have been worked out in pre-
vious years to protect the interests of the parties
involved and to reaffirm previous United Nations
decisions. The preamble also addresses itself both
to the observations in the Director's report relat-
ing to the expiration of the Agency's mandate on
June 30, 1960, and also to the chronic problem
of insufficient funds. Finally, a paragraph is in-
cluded in response to the problem raised bv the
Director in his opening report to this committee
concerning the character of the Agency as a sub-
sidiary organ of the United Nations.
The first two operative paragraphs deal with
what is annually the greatest problem facing the
Agency, the shortage of funds. The text enlists
the attention of governments and the efforts of the
Secretary-General to meet this problem. Para-
graphs 3, 4, 5, and 6 deal with the operation of
the Agency, thus giving the agency and its Di-
rector the basis on which to continue their work
140
Deparfment of State Bulletin
over the next year. Paragraph 7 looks toward the
discussion at the 14th session of proposals for the
continuation of the United Nations interest in
international relief and rehabilitation for the
refugees, in view of the termination of the present
UNEWA mandate in 1960. Paragraph 8 reflects
the views universally expressed in the committee
in appreciation of the work of Mr. Henry E.
Labouisse and the staff of UNEWA as well as of
the specialized agencies and of private organiza-
tions who together provide the assistance for the
refugees. Finally, the resolution provides for the
future submission of reports by the Director of the
Agency.
The text is simple and contains nothing surpris-
ing or extreme. I would feel it superfluous on
my part to discuss it in greater detail. One ele-
ment, however, warrants a brief comment. Para-
graph 7 has been included so that proposals for
continuation of assistance will be placed before
the committee at the next Assembly. Over the
past 2 years the United States informally has
drawn attention to the need for this. The exact
means by which proposals are brought to the com-
mittee is of secondary importance. If, for in-
stance, the Secretary-General should be prepared
to look at the operation of UNEWA and its man-
date and make appropriate proposals, we would
not, of course, insist on retaining paragraph 7
in the resolution, and we would welcome an indi-
cation by the Secretary-General of his views in
this regard.
In sponsoring this resolution the United States
for its part by no means intends to prejudge the
proposals which it is hoped would be made. We
envisage that proposals will emerge from a care-
ful review of all the facts in the situation. The
United States fully realizes that the refugee prob-
lem will continue to exist after June 30, 1960.
The United States furthermore fully expects
to maintain its interest in the continued welfare
of the refugees.
In order further to explain the United States
position, it should be recalled that the United
States representative said 1 year ago that a "pri-
mary responsibility for working out a solution of
the refugee problem rests with Israel and the
Arab states. The resolutions of the General As-
sembly are on the record for their guidance.
They should always be guided by them. This
responsibility is a continuing one that the passage
of nearly 10 years since the problem arose does
not lessen." This expression was repeated by the
United States in this committee on November 10,
and it remains the position of the United States.
[In a further intervention, Mr. Harrison said:]
Mr. Chairman, in view of the statement made
by the Secretary-General just now, the United
States would be willing to delete paragraph 7 of
the resolution. I do not think it is necessary in
view of the statement of the Secretary-General
because, after all, that is all we have sought, an
examination of the matter in a report.
TEXT OF RESOLUTION 6
The General Assembly,
Recalling its resolutions 194 (III) of 11 December 1948,
302 (IV) of 8 December 1949, 393 (V) of 2 December
1950, 513 (VI) of 26 January 1952, 614 (VII) of 6 No-
vember 1952, 720 (VIII) of 27 November 1953, 818 (IX)
of 4 December 1954, 916 (X) of 3 December 1955, 1018
(XI) of 28 February 1957, and 1191 (XII) of 12 Decem-
ber 1957,
Noting the annual report of the Director of the United
Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees
in the Near East, and in particular the observations re-
lating to the expiration of the Agency's mandate on 30
June 1960, and noting the report of the Advisory Com-
mission of the Agency,
Noting with regret that repatriation or compensation
of the refugees, as provided for in paragraph 11 of reso-
lution 194 (III), has not been effected, that no substan-
tial progress has been made in the programme endorsed
in paragraph 2 of resolution 513 (VI) for the reinte-
gration of refugees and that, therefore, the situation of
the refugees continues to be a matter of serious concern,
Having reviewed the budget prepared by the Director
and having noted the endorsement thereof by the Ad-
visory Commission of the Agency,
Noting with grave concern that contributions to the
budget are not yet sufficient and that the financial situa-
tion of the Agency remains serious,
Recalling that the Agency is a subsidiary organ of the
United Nations,
1. Draws the attention of Governments to the pre-
carious financial position of the United Nations Relief
and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near
East and urges them to consider to what extent they can
contribute or increase their contributions in order that
the Agency may carry out relief and rehabilitation pro-
grammes for the welfare of the refugees;
2. Requests the Secretary-General, in view of the
serious financial position of the Agency, to continue, as
a matter of urgent concern, his special efforts to secure
the additional financial assistance needed to meet the
* U.N. doc. A/SPC/L.34 ; adopted in the Special Politi-
cal Committee on Dec. 10 by a vote of 44 to with 18
abstentions and in plenary session (A/Res/1315 (XIII) )
on Dec. 12 by a vote of 57 to with 20 abstentions.
January 26, 1959
141
Agency's budget and to provide adequate working
capital ;
3. Directs the Agency to pursue its programme for
refugees bearing in mind the response to paragraphs 1
and 2 above;
4. Requests the Director of the Agency, without preju-
dice to paragraph 11 of resolution 194 (III), to plan and
carry out projects capable of supporting substantial num-
bers of refugees, and in particular programmes relating
to education and vocational training;
5. Requests the host Governments to co-operate fully
with the Agency and with its personnel and to extend to
the Agency every appropriate assistance in carrying out
its functions ;
6. Requests the Agency to continue its consultations
with the United Nations Conciliation Commission for
Palestine in the best interests of their respective tasks,
with particular reference to paragraph 11 of resolution
194 (III) ;
7. Expresses its thanks to the Director, Mr. Henry R.
Labouisse, for the devoted attention he has given to the
affairs of the Agency and the welfare of the refugees for
the four years of his incumbency, to the staff of the
Agency for their continued faithful efforts to carry out
its mandate, and to the specialized agencies and the many
private organizations for their valuable and continuing
work in assisting the refugees;
8. Requests the Director of the Agency to continue
to submit the reports referred to in paragraph 21 of
General Assembly resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December
1949, as modified by paragraph 11 of General Assembly
resolution 1018 (XI) of 28 February 1957.
Fur Seal Commission Approves
Coordinated Research Plan
The North Pacific Fur Seal Commission held
its second annual meeting at Washington, D.C.,
December 8-13. In the course of its deliberations
the Commission reviewed the results of the 1958
scientific research programs of the four member
governments — Canada, Japan, the Union of So-
viet Socialist Republics, and the United States —
and approved a coordinated plan for research
during the 1959 season.
The Commission, which was established under
the provisions of the 1957 Interim Convention on
Conservation of the North Pacific Fur Seals,
signed at Washington on February 9, 1957, 1 has
as its major responsibility investigation of the
fur-seal resources of the North Pacific Ocean.
The objective of this investigation is to determine
the measures which will make possible the maxi-
mum sustainable yield from these resources, with
1 For text, see Bulletin of Mar. 4, 1957, p. 376.
due regard for their relation to the productivity
of other living marine resources in the area. In
accordance with a plan developed by the Com-
mission at its first meeting, research agencies of
the four governments are carrying on research
at sea, while United States scientists carry on re-
search on the breeding grounds on the Pribilof
Islands in the eastern Bering Sea and Soviet
scientists do similar work on the Commander
Islands in the western Bering Sea and on Robben
Island in the Okhotsk Sea. The investigations
are concentrated on dynamics of the fur-seal pop-
ulations, distribution and migration at sea, feed-
ing habits, and harvesting methods.
Investigations at sea will begin in early Feb-
ruary on both sides of the Pacific. Investigations
at the rookeries will begin in the early summer
as the seals arrive at the end of their annual
migration to the breeding grounds.
Under the provisions of the interim conven-
tion, commercial harvesting of seals at sea is pro-
hibited. All harvesting is done on the breeding
grounds under the control of the United States
on the Pribilof Islands and under the control of
the Soviet Government on Robben Island and the
Commander Islands. The proceeds of the an-
nual harvest are shared according: to an agreed
formula among the four governments.
At the recent meeting the Canadian Commis-
sioner, George R. Clark, was elected chairman of
the Commission, to serve through the next annual
meeting, and Kenjiro Nishimura, the Japanese
Commissioner, was elected vice chairman. Other
members of the Commission are Aleksandr A.
Ishkov for the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-
lics and Arnie J. Suomela for the United States.
It was agreed that the next annual meeting
would be held at Moscow beginning January 25,
1960.
President Designates IMCO
Public International Organization
WHITE HOUSE ANNOUNCEMENT
White House press release dated December 16
The President has issued an Executive order
designating the Intergovernmental Maritime Con-
sultative Organization as a public international
organization entitled to the benefits of the Inter-
142
Department of State Bulletin
national Organizations Immunities Act of Decem-
ber 29, 1945.
The International Organizations Immunities
Act provides that certain privileges, exemptions,
and immunities shall be extended to such public
international organizations as have been desig-
nated by the President through appropriate Ex-
ecutive order, and to their officers and employees
and the representatives of member states to such
organizations.
The convention on the Intergovernmental Mari-
time Consultative Organization was drawn up in
1948 1 and provided that the organization would
come formally into existence when 21 states, of
which 7 must have a total tonnage of at least 1
million gross tons of shipping, became parties to
the convention. The United States became a
party to the convention in 1950. The convention
came into effect in 1958 when the 21st and 22d
acceptances were deposited. The organization
will have its headquarters in London.
The Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization represents over 50 years of formal
international attention to the problem of human
safety at sea. Among the earliest of the inter-
national organizations established to deal with
maritime matters was the International Maritime
Committee created in 1897.
The basic objectives of the organization are to
encourage the highest standards of maritime
safety and efficiency of navigation, as well as to
provide for intergovernmental cooperation con-
cerning regulations and practices relating to tech-
nical matters affecting international shipping.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10795"
Designating the Intergovernmental Maritime Con-
sultative Organization as a Public International
Organization Entitled To Enjoy Certain Privileges,
Exemptions, and Immunities
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 1
of the International Organizations Immunities Act, ap-
proved December 29, 1945 (59 Stat. 669), and having
found that the United States participates in the Inter-
governmental Maritime Consultative Organization pur-
suant to the authority of the Convention on the Inter-
governmental Maritime Consultative Organization to
which the United States Senate gave its advice and
consent on June 27, 1950, and which the President rati-
fied on July 11, 1950 (T. I. A. S. 4044), I hereby desig-
nate the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization as a public international organization en-
titled to enjoy the privileges, exemptions, and immunities
conferred by the International Organizations Immunities
Act.
The designation of the Intergovernmental Maritime
Consultative Organization as a public international or-
ganization within the meaning of the International
Organizations Immunities Act is not intended to abridge
in any respect privileges, exemptions, and immunities
which that organization may have acquired or may ac-
quire by treaty or congressional action.
The White House,
December 13, 1958.
U.S. Delegations to
International Conferences
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization
The Department of State announced on January
2 (press release 1) that Millard G. Gamble, a
shipping executive of New York, has been desig-
nated chairman of the U.S. delegation to the first
meeting of the Assembly of the Intergovernmental
Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO),
scheduled to convene at London, England,
January 6, 1959.
Mr. Gamble is one of six delegates to this meet-
ing appointed by the President on December 24.
The others are :
Robert T. Merrill, Shipping Division, Department of
State
Clarence G. Morse, Maritime Administrator, Department
of Commerce
Richard Parkhurst, consultant, Boston and Maine Rail-
road
Claiborne Pell, director, International Fiscal Corporation
Vice Adm. Alfred C. Richmond, commandant, U.S. Coast
Guard l
The Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization, a specialized agency of the United
Nations in the field of shipping, came into being
on March 17, 1958. The Organization's conven-
tion provides for a General Assembly, a Council,
and a Maritime Safety Committee. IMCO will
1 For text, see Bulletin of Apr. 18, 1948, p. 499.
2 23 Fed. Reg. 9709.
1 For a list of additional members of the delegation, see
press release 1 dated Jan. 2.
January 26, 7959
143
function as the primary organization to handle
all shipping problems of intergovernmental con-
cern within one organization; encourage general
adoption of the highest practicable standards in
matters of maritime safety ; encourage removal of
all forms of discriminatory action and restrictions
affecting international shipping; provide for
intergovernmental exchange of international
shipping information ; and consider matters con-
cerning unfair shipping practices. This first
meeting of the Assembly will be largely organiza-
tional. The Council and a Provisional Maritime
Safety Committee will meet concurrently with the
IMCO Assembly.
The 25 members of IMCO are: Argentina,
Australia, Belgium, Burma, Canada, China,
Dominican Eepublic, Ecuador, France, Haiti,
Honduras, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Switzer-
land, Turkey, United Arab Eepublic, United
Kingdom, and United States.
Specialized Committee of the 21 American Republics
The Department of State announced on Jan-
uary 8 (press release 17) that meetings of a Spe-
cialized Committee of the 21 American Republics
began on that day at the Pan American Union
at Washington. This Committee is charged with
the task of negotiating and drafting an agreement
for an inter-American financial institution. It is
expected that a final act embodying the agreement
will be signed at the end of the meeting.
The Specialized Committee has been convoked
by the Inter- American Economic and Social Coun-
cil pursuant to resolution XVIII adopted by the
Economic Conference of the Organization of
American States, held at Buenos Aires, Argentina,
in August-September 1957. The communique of
the informal meeting of American Foreign Min-
isters at Washington, September 23-24, 1958, 1
recommended that this Specialized Committee be
convoked as soon as possible.
The U.S. representative on this Specialized
Committee is T. Graydon Upton, Assistant Secre-
tary of the Treasury. Alternate representatives
are Charles W. Adair, Jr., director, Office of In-
ternational Financial and Development Affairs,
Department, of State, and George H. Willis, di-
rector, Office of International Finance, Depart-
ment of the Treasury. 2
TREATY INFORMATION
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Whaling
International whaling convention and schedule of whaling
regulations. Signed at Washington December 2, 1946.
Entered into force November 10, 194S. TIAS 1S49.
Notification of ivithdrawal: Netherlands, December 31,
1958. Effective June 30, 1959.
BILATERAL
China
Agreement regarding the ownership and use of local
currency repayments made by China to the Develop-
ment Loan Fund. Effected by exchange of notes at
Taipei December 24, 1958. Entered into force Decem-
ber 24, 195S.
Finland
Agricultural commodities agreement under title I of the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, as amended (68 Stat. 455; 7 U.S.C. 1701-1709),
with exchange of notes. Signed at Helsinki Decem-
ber 30, 1958. Entered into force December 30, 195S.
Agreement amending the agricultural commodities agree-
ment of February 21, 1958 (TIAS 3996). Effected by
exchange of notes at Washington December 29 and 31,
1958. Entered into force January 2, 1959.
United Arab Republic
Agricultural commodities agreement under title I of the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, as amended (68 Stat. 455; 7 U.S.C. 1701-1709).
Signed at Cairo December 24, 1958. Entered into force
December 24, 1958.
United Kingdom
Agreement relating to the extension to certain British
territories of the income tax convention of April 16,
1945, as modified (TIAS 1546, 3165, and 4124 ) . Effected
by exchange of notes at Washington August 19, 1957
and December 3, 1958. Entered into force December 3,
1958. TIAS 4141.
Notification by United Kingdom of completion of meas-
ures necessary to give effect to agreement in: Fed-
eration of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, December 30,
1958.
Agreement for the establishment and operation of a
rawinsonde observation station on Jamaica and on
Grand Cayman Island. Effected by exchange of notes
at Washington December 30, 1958. Entered into force
December 30, 1958.
1 For text, see Bulletin of Oct. 13, 1958, p. 574.
2 For a list of other members of the U.S. delegation,
see press release 17 dated Jan. 8.
144
Department of Stale Bulletin
Yugoslavia
Agricultural commodities agreement under title I of the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, as amended (68 Stat. 455; 7 U.S.C. 1701-1709),
with exchanges of notes. Signed at Belgrade Decem-
her 22, 1958. Entered into force December 22, 1958.
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
U.S. Reopens Consulate at Brazzaville
The Department of State announced on January 8
(press release 18) that the United States reopened its
consulate at Brazzaville, French Equatorial Africa, on
January 1, 1959. The consulate has all of French
Equatorial Africa, including the autonomous Republics
of Gabon, Middle Congo, Ubangi-Shari, and Chad, within
its consular jurisdiction. Francis N. Magliozzi is the
consul in charge.
Designations
Wendell B. Coote as Deputy Executive Director, Bu-
reau of African Affairs, effective December 28.
John Dorman as Deputy Director, Office of Dependent
Area Affairs, effective January 5.
William M. Gibson as Director, Office of International
Conferences, effective January 1.
PUBLICATIONS
Department Publishes Analysis
of Soviet Note on Berlin
Press release 7 dated January 7
The State Department on January 7 released
an analysis of the Soviet note of November 27,
1958, on Berlin, 1 declaring the communication to
be an attempt to rewrite history "by omission and
by distortion."
The State Department analysis is a factual ac-
count of developments prior, during, and after
1 The Soviet Note on Berlin: An Analysis, Department
of State publication 6757, for sale by the Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton 25, D.C. ; price 25 cents. For text of the Soviet note,
see Bulletin of Jan. 19, 1959, p. 81.
World War II which led to the present status
of Berlin. It makes the point that the people
of Germany, wherever and whenever they have
had an opportunity to express a free choice, have
rejected communism.
Tracing the historical record, the publication
documents the fact that prior to World War II
the United States, Great Britain, and France
did much to discourage Nazi aggression, while
the Soviet Union was engaged in many activities
which tended to encourage Hitler's military am-
bitions. These activities included not only the
furnishing of arms but the concluding of nu-
merous economic agreements. Pronouncements of
Soviet leaders during the prewar period are
quoted to show that they attempted to further
their own ends by temporizing with Nazi Ger-
many and that it was not until the Nazis actually
attacked the Soviet Union that their attitude
changed.
The publication points out that many agree-
ments were arrived at while Russia was allied
with the Western powers but that, instead of im-
plementing these agreements in the postwar pe-
riod, the U.S.S.R. proceeded to carry out its own
plans for Communist expansion in Eastern Eu-
rope and prevented or delayed wherever possible
the actions of the Western powers to promote
economic recovery in Germany and all of Europe.
Before the Potsdam Protocol was signed in
1945, the analysis points out, the U.S.S.R. began
its efforts to turn Germany into a satellite of the
Soviet Union. The outline and organization for
Soviet policies in Germany in the military and
political spheres was accomplished even before
the victorious powers could meet to discuss their
plans and to agree on implementing the stated
principles of the wartime coalition.
An appendix contains the official statements
of the United States on the Berlin question, in-
cluding the legal status of the city, plus other
official statements of the Western powers and of
NATO on the Berlin question.
Recent Releases
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, V. S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Address
requests direct to the Superintendent of Documents, ex-
cept in the case of free publications, which may be ob-
tained from the Department of State.
Mutual Security in Action— Thailand. Pub. 6733. Far
Eastern Series 78. 10 pp. 5tf.
January 26, J 959
145
A fact sheet describing the mutual security program in
Thailand, along with basic data about the country and
its people.
Toward A Common Goal — A Program for Economic De-
velopment. Pub. 6734. Economic Cooperation Series 47.
14 pp. Limited distribution.
An address made by President Eisenhower before the
Colombo Plan meeting at Seattle, Washington, on Novem-
ber 10, 1958, stressing the importance of a common goal
and the ways and means to achieve it for all the countries
concerned.
TIAS 4105. 14 pp.
Surplus Agricultural Commodities.
lOtf.
Agreement, with memoranda of understanding, between
the United States of America and Ecuador — Signed at
Quito June 30, 1958. Entered into force June 30, 1958.
TIAS 4107. 10 pp.
Surplus Agricultural Commodities.
lOtf.
Agreement, with memorandum of understanding and ex-
change of notes, between the United States of America and
India — Signed at Washington September 26, 1958. En-
tered into force September 26, 195S.
Annual and Progressive Reduction in Japanese Expendi-
tures Under Article XXV 2 (b) of the Administrative
Agreement of February 28, 1952. TIAS 4109. 9 pp. lOtf.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Japan. Exchange of notes — Signed at Tokyo August 12,
1958. Entered into force August 12, 1958.
Amendments to the Constitution of the International
Rice Commission. TIAS 4110. 4 pp. 5tf.
Between the United States of America and Other Gov-
ernments — Adopted at the fourth session of the Inter-
national Rice Commission at Tokyo, October 11-19, 1954.
Approved by a resolution adopted November 18, 1955, at
the eighth session of the Conference of the Food and Agri-
culture Organization of the United Nations, held at Rome.
Entered into force November 18, 1955.
Development Loan Fund — Use of Turkish Currency Re-
payments. TIAS 4111. 4 pp. 54.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Turkey. Exchange of notes — Signed at Ankara Septem-
ber 6, 1958. Entered into force September 6, 1958.
Financing Certain Educational Exchange Programs.
TIAS 4112. 5 pp. 5tf.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Chile, amending agreement of March 31, 1955. Exchange
of notes — Signed at Santiago August 18 and September
17, 1958. Entered into force September 17, 1958.
Development Assistance. TIAS 4113. 3 pp. 54.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Lebanon. Exchange of notes — Signed at Beirut Septem-
ber 2 and 3, 1958. Entered into force September 3, 1958.
United States Educational Commission in the United
Kingdom — Additional Financial Contributions. TIAS
4114. 3 pp. 54.
Agreement between the United States of America and the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Exchange of notes — Signed at London September 22, 1958.
Entered into force September 22, 1958.
Parcel Post — Exchanges Between the United States and
Papua and New Guinea. TIAS 4115. 24 pp. 15<S.
Agreement and regulations of execution between the
United States of America and Australia — Signed at Can-
berra May 22, 1958, and at Washington June 20, 1958.
Entered into force October 1, 1958.
United States Educational Foundation in Thailand.
TIAS 4116. 4 pp. 54.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Thailand, amending agreement of July 1, 1950, as
amended. Exchange of notes — Signed at Bangkok Sep-
tember 12, 1958. Entered into force September 12, 1958.
Loan of Vessels to Turkey. TIAS 4117. 5 pp. 54.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Turkey. Exchange of notes — Signed at Ankara October
14, 1958. Entered into force October 14, 1958.
Surplus Agricultural Commodities. TIAS 4118. 3 pp.
54.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Peru, amending agreement of April 9, 1958. Exchange of
notes — Signed at Lima September 10 and 12, 1958. En-
tered into force September 12, 1958.
Commission for Educational Exchange. TIAS 4120. 10
pp. lOtf.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Spain — Signed at Madrid October 16, 1958. Entered into
force October 16, 1958.
TIAS 4121. 3 pp.
Guaranty of Private Investments.
54.
Agreement between the United States of America and
Ghana. Exchange of notes — Signed at Accra Septem-
ber, 30, 1958. Entered into force September 30, 1958.
146
Department of State Bulletin
January 26, 1959
Index
Vol. XL, No. 1022
Africa. Coote Designated Deputy Executive Director,
Bureau of African Affairs 145
Agriculture. American Republics To Increase Cooperation
in Agriculture (Dreier) 126
American Republics
American Republics To Increase Cooperation in Agriculture
(Dreier) 126
New Levels of Inter-American Cooperation (Rubottom) . . 119
Specialized Committee of tbe 21 American Republics
(delegation) 144
Atomic Energy. Committee Advises on Difficulty of Detect-
ing Underground Tests 118
Canada
50th Anniversary of Boundary Waters Treaty With Canada
(Dulles) 130
Fur Seal Commission Approves Coordinated Research Plan . 142
U.S.-Canadian Joint Committee Concludes Economic Dis-
cussions (text of joint communique) 128
Communism. The State of the Union (Eisenhower) . . . 115
Congress, The. The State of the Union (Eisenhower) . . 115
Cuba. United States Recognizes New Government of Cuba
(text of note) 128
Department and Foreign Service
Designations (Coote, Dorman, Gibson) 145
U.S. Reopens Consulate at Brazzaville 145
Economic Affairs
Fur Seal Commission Approves Coordinated Research Plan . 142
New Levels of Inter-American Cooperation (Rubottom) . . 119
Specialized Committee of the 21 American Republics
(delegation) 144
U.S.-Canadian Joint Committee Concludes Economic Dis-
cussions (text of joint communique) 128
French Equatorial Africa. U.S. Reopens Consulate at
Brazzaville 145
Germany. Department Publishes Analysis of Soviet Note
on Berlin 145
International Information. U.S. and U.S.S.R. Agree To
Exchange Exhibitions in 1959 (text of agreement) . . 132
International Law. U.S. Rejects Panamanian Law Estab-
lishing 12-Mile Sea Limit (text of U.S. note) 127
International Organizations and Conferences
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization
(delegation) 143
President Designates IMCO Public International Organiza-
tion (text of Executive order) 142
Specialized Committee of the 21 American Republics
(delegation) 144
Iran. United States and Iran Sign Development Loan
Agreement 136
Japan. Fur Seal Commission Approves Coordinated Re-
search Plan 142
Malaya. Malaya Names New Ambassador to United States . 137
Middle East. United States Views on Aid to Palestine
Refugees (Harrison, text of resolution) 137
Military Affairs. U.S. Replies to Soviet Note on Recent
Plane Incidents (texts of U.S. and Soviet notes) . . 134
Mutual Security
The State of the Union (Eisenhower) 115
United States and Iran Sign Development Loan Agreement 136
United States and Yugoslavia Sign Fertilizer Plant Loan . 136
Panama. U.S. Rejects Panamanian Law Establishing 12-
Mile Sea Limit (text of U.S. note) 127
Presidential Documents
The State of the Union 115
President Designates IMCO Publie International Organiza-
tion 142
United States and Soviet Union Exchange New Year
Greetings 131
Publications
Department Publishes Analysis of Soviet Note on Berlin . 145
Recent Releases 145
Refugees. United States Views on Aid to Palestine
Refugees (Harrison, text of resolution) 137
Science. Committee Advises on Difficulty of Detecting
Underground Tests 118
Treaty Information
American Republics To Increase Cooperation in Agriculture
(Dreier) 126
Current Actions 144
50th Anniversary of Boundary Waters Treaty With Can-
ada (Dulles) 130
U.S. and U.S.S.R. Agree To Exchange Exhibitions in 1959
(text of agreement) 132
U.S.S.R.
Department Publishes Analysis of Soviet Note on Berlin . 145
Fur Seal Commission Approves Coordinated Research Plan . 142
United States and Soviet Union Exchange New Year
Greetings (Eisenhower, Khrushchev, Voroshilov) . . . 131
U.S. and U.S.S.R. Agree To Exchange Exhibitions in 1959
(text of agreement) 132
U.S. Replies to Soviet Note on Recent Plane Incidents
(texts of U.S. and Soviet notes) 134
United Nations. United States Views on Aid to Palestine
Refugees (Harrison, text of resolution) 137
Yugoslavia. United States and Yugoslavia Sign Fertilizer
Plant Loan 136
Name Index
Coote, Wendell B 145
Dorman, John 145
Dreier, John C 126
Dulles, Secretary 130
Eisenhower, President 115, 131, 142
Gibson, William M 145
Harrison, George McGregor 137
Kamil, Nik Ahmad 137
Khrushchev, Nikita 131
Magliozzl, Francis N 145
Rubottom, Roy R., Jr 119
Voroshilov, Kliment E 131
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: January 5-11
Press releases may be obtained from the News
Division, Department of State, Washington 25, D.O.
Releases issued prior to January 5 which appear
in this issue of the Bulletin are Nos. 775 and
779 of December 29, 1 of January 2, and 4 of
January 3.
No. Date
Subject
*6 1/5
ICA institute, 2d session.
7 1/7
The Soviet Note on Berlin: An Analysis.
8 1/7
Dreier : protocol to IAIAS convention.
9 1/7
Development loan to Iran.
10 1/7
U.S.-Canada Committee on Trade and
Economic Affairs.
*11 1/7
Educational exchange (Uruguay).
*12 1/7
Educational exchange (India).
*13 1/7
Educational exchange (Guatemala).
14 1/7
Recognition of new Cuban Government.
*15 1/8
Educational exchange (Yugoslavia).
16 1/8
DLF loan to Yugoslavia.
17 1/8
Delegation to OAS special committee
(rewrite).
18 1/8
Reopening of consulate at Brazzaville,
French Equatorial Africa (rewrite).
*19 1/9
Hanes sworn in.
20 1/10
New Malayan Ambassador to U.S.
named.
21 1/10
Dulles: 50th anniversary of boundary
waters treaty with Canada.
•22 1/10
Educational exchange (Ecuador).
*23 1/10
Educational exchange (Guatemala).
*24 1/10
Educational exchange (Latin America).
*25 1/10
Frondizi itinerary.
26 1/10
Panamanian territorial waters.
*Not printed.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1959
•&***
rf
the
United States
Government Printing Office
DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
Washington 25, D.C.
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, S300
(GPO)
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
The Soviet Note on Berlin:
An Analysis
Department
f
State
On November 27, 1958, the Government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics handed the United States Ambassador in Moscow
a communication relating to Berlin.
Similar notes were given by the Soviet Government to the Am-
bassadors of France, the United Kingdom, and the Federal Republic
of Germany.
In essence the Soviet notes demanded that the United States, the
United Kingdom, and France abandon West Berlin.
Declaring the communication to be an attempt to rewrite history
"by omission and by distortion," the Department of State has issued
this analysis of the Soviet note, calling attention to the more im-
portant Soviet omissions and correcting the more obvious distortions.
The analysis is a factual account of developments prior to, during,
and after World War II which led to the present status of Berlin.
An appendix contains the official statements of the United States
on the Berlin question, including the legal status of the city, plus
other official statements of the Western powers and of NATO on the
Berlin question.
Publication 6757
25 cents
Order Form
To: Siipt. of Documents
Govt. Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C.
Please send me copies of The Soviet Note on Berlin: An Analysis.
Name:
Enclosed find:
Street Address :
(cash, check, or money
order payable to
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City, Zone, and State:
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XL, No. 1023
February 2, 1959
FREEDOM— THE PREDOMINANT FORCE • Statement
by Secretary Dulles 151
SECRETARY DULLES' NEWS CONFERENCE OF
JANUARY 13 156
IMPERATIVES OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
GROWTH • by Under Secretary Dillon 165
THE RIGHT OF PEOPLES AND NATIONS TO SELF-
DETERMINATION • Statements by Watson W. Wise and
Mrs. Oswald B. Lord 172
PROGRESS IN PROMOTING PEACE AND STABILITY
IN THE MIDDLE EAST • Third Report to Congress on
Activities Under the Joint Resolution To Promote Peace and
Stability in the Middle East 169
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XL, No. 1023 • Publication 6766
February 2, 1959
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C.
Peice:
62 Issues, domestic $8.50, foreign $12.25
Single copy, 25 cents
The printing of this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of
the Budget (January 20, 1968).
Note: Contents of this publication are not
copyrighted and Items contained herein may
be reprinted. Citation of the Department
Of State Bulletin as the source will be
appreciated.
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by the
Public Services Division, Bureau of
Ptiblic Affairs, provides the public
and interested agencies of the
Government with information on
developments in the field of foreign
relations and on the work of the
Department of State and the Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
lected press releases on foreign policy,
issued by the White House and the
Department, and statements and ad-
dresses made by the President and by
the Secretary of State and other
officers of the Department, as well as
special articles on various phases of
international affairs and the func-
tions of the Department. Informa-
tion is included concerning treaties
and international agreements to
which the United States is or may
become a party and treaties of gen-
eral international interest.
Publications of the Department,
United Nations documents, and legis-
lative material in the field of inter-
national relations are listed currently.
Freedom— The Predominant Force
Statement by Secretary Dulles 1
Introduction
The world is today changing more rapidly than
ever before. But the fact that much is changing
does not mean that everything has changed.
There are certain values, certain principles, that
are enduring. Among these are the concepts of
individual human dignity and the supremacy of
moral law.
In a changing world our task is to strive reso-
lutely that change shall increasingly reflect the
basic principles to which our nation has, from its
origin, been dedicated.
II. Our Basic Purposes
( 1 ) At a time when war involves unacceptable
risks for all humanity, we work to build a stable
world order.
(2) We seek for general acceptance of the con-
cept of individual dignity which will lead to the
spread of responsible freedom and personal
liberty.
(3) We seek that the free nations shall attain
a more rapid rate of economic growth, so that
their independence will be more secure and vig-
orous and so that there will be greater opportu-
nities for cultural and spiritual development.
III. The Primary Threat
The Soviet Union and Communist China are
expanding their economic and industrial power at
a very rapid pace. They do so by a system which
combines governmental rule of all labor with im-
posed austerity. This makes it possible greatly
to accelerate capital developments.
1 Made before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
on Jan. 14 ( press release 31 ) .
There is emphasis, too, on quality. A spectac-
ular product of Soviet material accomplishment
was its recent space probe. In this field, the
United States is still trying to "catch up" and
make up for the head start of the Soviets. Our
"space" accomplisliments during the past year
justify the belief that we are making good relative
progress.
The Chinese Communists seem to be going into
a dark night of massed regimentation and forced
labor. What they call "the great leap forward"
is in reality a tragic fall backward into the abyss
of human slavery.
Asian nations are experiencing one aspect of
Communist economic development: the Commu-
nist tactic of flooding their market places with
goods at less than prevailing prices. This has
widespread effects, some of which reach into our
own country. As one example only, the dumping
of cotton textiles in Southeast Asia has reduced
Japanese exports in that area and is already re-
ducing exports of cotton from the United States to
Japan. As Communist economic power grows,
we must anticipate and plan for further shocks
to the free-world economic structure from the
Communist trade offensive.
Communist economic methods involve costs in
human privation and misery that, for us, are not
only repugnant but completely unacceptable. We
believe that over the long run such a process must
inevitably be altered. Already there are indica-
tions that the Soviet leaders are beginning to
realize this. There is some scaling down of their
heavy-industry ambitions. They are beginning to
heed demands by workers and peasants for more
leisure and for a greater share in the fruits of their
labor. Peoples sufficiently educated to operate a
modern industrial state may be expected also to
February 2, 7959
151
acquire the desire for freedom and the capacity
to get it. History gives us good reason to believe
that the Soviet peoples will not indefinitely submit
to dictatorial rule by the international Communist
Party leadership. It would appear that the Com-
munists will encounter difficulties increasing in
the long run.
But for the short run — and this may be a period
of years — the situation is full of danger.
That means that we may face a period even
harder than we have become used to. To get ad-
vantage from time we shall have to stand on our
course. We shall need the national will to stand
firm in the face of aggressive threats and probings
from the Sino-Soviet bloc. We shall need to make
whatever unusual sacrifices may be necessary.
People respond to this kind of demand when they
understand that a temporary emergency requires
it. But these burdens seem to grow heavier the
longer they must be borne during a period of rela-
tive peace. Our people will need to show what
freedom can mean in terms of self-sacrifice and
self-discipline and in terms of fortitude and
perseverance.
IV. World Order
Let me speak now about world order. This re-
quires an elimination of the use or threat of force
to accomplish international change. This was
always a bad method. It has become an intolerable
method because the force at man's disposal could
now practically obliterate human life on this
planet.
The United States and other free- world nations
have, by their conduct, done much to establish, for
themselves, the principle of the renunciation of
aggressive force ; and they have shown their abil-
ity and will to deter such use of force by others.
At the time of the Suez affair and the Israeli-
Egyptian hostilities, the United Kingdom and
France, and then Israel, responding to the over-
whelming opinion of the United Nations, with-
drew their armed forces and accepted a United
Nations solution. This may well prove to be a
historical landmark.
During the past year the United States and its
partners have further shown their opposition to
change through force or the threat of force.
When Lebanon and Jordan seemed threatened
from without and appealed to the United States
and the United Kingdom for emergency aid, we
responded with promptness and efficiency. When
the emergency was relieved by United Nations
action, we promptly withdrew our forces.
Throughout the world small nations felt a pro-
found sense of reassurance.
In the Far East the Chinese Communists, with
Soviet backing, initiated military action designed,
as they put it, to "expel the United States" from
the western Pacific. We stood beside the Ke-
public of China as it resisted what seemed the
preliminaries of that attack. Our free-world as-
sociates generally supported our position that
change in that area should not be effected by force
of arms.
The Government of the Republic of China itself
made a notable contribution when, last October,
it declared that it relied primarily upon peaceful
principles and not upon force to secure the freeing
of the mainland. 2 This courageous and states-
manlike act has strengthened the free world's
cause in the western Pacific.
Now in Berlin we face an effort to "expel" the
small Western contingents in West Berlin. Their
presence constitutes an indispensable safeguard to
the freedom of that city. The NATO powers, at
their December meeting, unanimously vowed that
such expulsion should be resisted. 3
Step by step, discernible progress continues to
be made in consolidating a system of collective
security which will effectively operate to exclude
the use of force to effect international changes.
The mutual security arrangements which we
have with free-world countries no longer assume
the aspect of mere military alliances. They are
the framework of consultative processes that, day
by day, are steadily re-forming the society of free
nations.
In primitive and frontier societies security is
on an individual basis. Each householder de-
fends himself by his own means. That primitive
formula is now obsolete domestically. It is be-
coming obsolete internationally. Many free na-
tions combine to help each other. The resultant
power is not a power which can be or would be
used for any aggressive or nationalistic purpose.
It is a power dedicated to the common welfare as
mutually agreed.
" For a U.S.-Republic of China joint communique and a
statement by Secretary Dulles, see Bulletin of Nov. 10,
1958. p. 721.
3 Ibid., Jan. 5, 1959, p. 3.
152
Department of Sfafe Bulletin
The United States has repeatedly made clear —
and I said this again at the last December NATO
meeting — that we regard our own military power
as being a trust for the benefit of our free-world
partnerships ; that we are ready to make known to
all the defensive purposes and circumstances
under which that force might be used; and that
we shall heed in this respect the advice and counsel
of our partners just as we would expect them
to heed our advice and counsel with respect to the
international use of their force.
Thus, out of what may originally have been
conceived primarily as military alliances, there is
developing an international structure which pro-
vides collective security on the basis of organized
and continuous collective consultation. That is
something new in history.
I might add that accomplishment is not always
easy, given the variety of national development
and national viewpoints. Nevertheless the free-
world practice in this regard constantly grows in
efficiency.
World order is not, however, assured merely by
the elimination of violence. There must be
processes of peaceful change. These, too, are
rapidly developing within the free world. The
General Assembly of the United Nations is a
forum where these needs find effective expression.
The General Assembly does not have the power to
legislate change. But it has a capacity to induce
change, at least in the case of governments which
have respect for, and are responsive to, world
opinion.
The peace of the free world is not a peace of
political stagnation or a peace which sanctifies the
status quo. It is a peace characterized by peace-
ful change reflecting new human aspirations and
potentialities.
There is, of course, need not only for processes
which permit of peaceful change, but there is
equally a need for stability in adherence to basic
values, including that of respecting international
agreements and treaties. This requires that, un-
less international law and treaty engagements are
changed by common agreement, they should be
respected.
There has not been as great a development of
international law and recourse to judicial proc-
esses as would be desirable. The United Nations
General Assembly committee on the codification
of international law has made little progress.
Some significant progress in law development was
made at the recent Law of the Sea Conference,
and that conference will be resumed in I960. 4 In-
adequate use has been made of the International
Court of Justice. As the President said last week
in his state-of-the-Union address, 5 we envisage
further steps to encourage the greater use of that
Court.
In such ways as I describe progress is being
made toward establishing a world order where
peace rests, not on mere expediency or on a bal-
ance of power, but on a basis of sound institutions.
This evolution is not spectacular and rarely con-
sidered "news." What attracts attention are the
aggressive probings of the Communists and the
free- world reactions thereto. That gives the im-
pression that our foreign policy consists primarily
of reacting to Communist initiatives.
Nothing could be further from the truth. The
fact is that, day by day, month by month, and
year by year, we are building, quietly but steadily,
in the United Nations, in NATO, in the OAS, in
SEATO, and other organs of consultation, the
solid foundations of an international order based
upon justice and law as substitutes for force.
The Communist rulers do not share in this
effort to build a stable world order based upon
justice and law. International communism avow-
edly seeks worldwide dictatorship. The con-
cept of justice is alien to the Communist creed,
and law, in our sense of that word, is unknown.
The free-world and Communist concepts are mu-
tually antagonistic.
This, however, does not mean that there cannot
be useful contacts and negotiations with the Com-
munists. We have had many such. We are striv-
ing to make progress in the field of disarmament
and in that connection deal with the Soviets, par-
ticularly in relation to the controlled discontinu-
ance of nuclear weapons tests. We also seek
agreement on possible measures which might be
helpful in preventing surprise attack.
At Warsaw we negotiate with the Chinese
Communists.
We have made clear our willingness to negoti-
ate about the German question.
4 For statements made by Herman Phleger, U.S. Rep-
resentative to the General Assembly, during debate in the
General Assembly on the question of convening a second
Law of the Sea Conference and text of a resolution, see
ibid., Jan. 12, 1959, p. 64.
6 Ibid., Jan. 26, 1959, p. 115.
February 2, J 959
153
We have now an agreement with the Soviet
Union on cultural and scientific exchanges which
is operating satisfactorily. 6 Also important are
the visits to and from Russia of influential
citizens.
President Eisenhower urged this in his letter
of February 15, 1958, 7 to the then Soviet Premier
[Nikolai A. Bulganin]. Following this initia-
tive, there have been useful visits on both sides,
and we are glad that the First Deputy Premier of
the Soviet Union, Mr. [Anastas] Mikoyan, is now
here learning about our country. We would like
to see a broader exchange of students. We believe
that in such ways false premises and miscalcula-
tions can be reduced in the interest of peace.
V. The Inevitable Movement Toward Freedom
I turn now to our second major purpose.
One of the strongest forces working in the world
today is the movement toward independence and
freedom.
This force is notably manifest in Africa. Here
change is rapid; new states are arising almost
overnight. This great continent presents a chal-
lenge to the United States to do its best to assist
the peoples now emerging into independence and
new opportunity.
Another such area is our hemisphere to the
south. The peoples of Latin America are making
clear their determination to control their own des-
tinies. One by one dictatorships have made way
for governments more responsive to the popular
will.
This worldwide movement toward freedom is
accompanied by a growing awareness of the dead-
ly nature of Sino-Soviet imperialism. The lead-
ers of the new freedom are coming more and more
to see international communism as an immediate
threat to their liberties, not, as some have
thought, a mere bogeyman of so-called "Western
imperialism."
The Communists are paying a price for the
forced growth of their material power : There is
a developing fear in the less powerful nations
around the world of the dangerous combination
of burgeoning economic and military power with
the imperialist drive of the Communists for world
dominion. This menacing combination brings
1 For text, see ibid., Feb. 17, 1958, p. 243.
r Ibid., Mar. 10, 1958, p. 373.
home with force the threat which, when the Com-
munists were not so strong, was but a matter of
vague and largely academic concern.
There has recently been a surprising clarifica-
tion of understanding around the world of the
real purpose of Communist leaders — to subject all
the world to the dominant influence and control
of international communism, with its primary
power centers at Moscow and Peiping.
In the Middle East the deadly designs of com-
munism are now far more clearly realized than a
year ago.
In Southeast Asia liberty-loving peoples are
struggling — and with success — to remain masters
in their newly built national homes.
In general, I believe the leaders and peoples of
Asia now understand better the sincerity of
American policy favoring their independence and
our willingness to support unconditionally their
efforts to stay free and do so in their own way,
which may indeed be a non- Western way.
In France, we are witnessing an inspiring ex-
ample of national renewal.
The tide of freedom is running strong in West-
ern Europe as Communist strength there ebbs.
Even in Communist countries there is a power-
ful and persistent craving for greater national
freedom. Yugoslavia has been steadfast against
all threats and blandishments from Moscow and
has courageously maintained its independence.
Hungary's great effort to throw off its shackles,
even though crushed by force, has been an in-
spiration and a tribute to man's unquenchable
thirst for liberty. And throughout the bloc, even
in the U.S.S.R., revisionism is a living force and
ferment. Moscow considers it a deadly enemy,
and with reason.
The pull of freedom is daily manifested in the
flow of refugees from the Communist bloc to the
free world.
The free people of West Berlin have, during
years of uncertainty and danger, been an inspir-
ing beacon light for all those whose liberties have
been lost to Communist tyranny. We are deter-
mined that this light shall not fail and that Berlin
shall not be engulfed in the Red undertow.
As we look ahead, we see freedom as a pre-
dominant force, shaping our 20th-century world.
As Americans, we have faith that the aspiration,
deep within the soul of man, to live freely and
with dignity in a just and peaceful world is
154
Department of State Bulletin
stronger than all the material forces which the
Communists invoke as the pledge and promise of
their power.
VI. Economic Progress
I turn now to our third basic purpose.
We believe that economic progress is a necessary
condition of stable and free nations. There must
also be acceptance of economic interdependence
of nations. No nation can live completely to
itself.
Unless and until the less developed areas reach
the stage of self-sustaining economic growth, the
world as a whole will suffer. For the inhabitants
of those areas, an increasing rate of economic de-
velopment has become an essential condition of
free societies. The demand for economic and
social betterment is now universal, and, if prog-
ress cannot be achieved in freedom, it will be
sought by methods that jeopardize freedom.
The Communists are fully aware of the uni-
versal demand for progress, and they point to the
Soviet and Chinese Communist accomplishments
in industrialization as proof that their way is
better than the way of freedom.
Our aid and investment must continue to sup-
port the efforts of the leaders of the developing
free nations to sustain their peoples' confidence
that economic progress can be attained in
freedom.
We have not been alone in providing such sup-
port. Other highly industrialized states have
made significant contributions.
These industrialized nations have also shown
a growing awareness of interdependence among
themselves. This is particularly gratifying to us.
A Common Market for Europe was one of the
policy objectives stated in the preamble to the
European Recovery Act of 1948. Now, after 10
years, the six-nation European Common Market
is a fact. The Western European currencies have
become more freely exchangeable, and there is a
strong movement for broader economic coopera-
tion in Western Europe.
Free- world economic progress does not permit
complacency or relaxation. It calls instead for
renewed effort to increase the forward momentum.
In the years ahead we must through our trade
and financial policies continue to promote recog-
nition and positive use of the benefits of interde-
pendence. These benefits and the inevitability of
economic interdependence become more clear each
year. What is being done in the European Com-
munity of Six provides an example and an inspira-
tion for greater economic cooperation elsewhere
in the world.
We must continue to apply our will, energy,
treasure, and techniques to the problems of the
less developed areas. The cause of freedom can
be won — or could be lost — in these areas.
VII. Conclusion
Let me in conclusion recall the basic purposes
underlying our policies :
(1) The renunciation of aggressive force and
the substitution of collective institutions of peace,
justice, and law among nations;
(2) Promotion of the concept of human dig-
nity, worth, and freedom ;
(3) Stimulation of economic growth and inter-
dependence to create enlarged opportunities for
realization of cultural and spiritual values.
These goals are not attainable in a few years
but will require decades and perhaps even gener-
ations. Why is this so ? We are but one nation
among nearly a hundred sovereignties and but a
scant 6 percent of the world's land surface and
population. Our foreign policy is not something
we can enact into world law or dictate to other
peoples. It means rather constant adjustment to
forces which, though beyond our control to direct,
we can influence through wise statesmanship and
adherence to sound principles. With our im-
mense wealth and power, and even more because of
our spiritual heritage of faith and freedom, we
can exert a shaping influence on the world of the
future.
The price of failure would be the destruction
of all our other national objectives. While mus-
tering all our resources, both material and spirit-
ual, we must press on with courage to build surer
foundations for the interdependent world com-
munity of which we are part. This will call for
austerity and sacrifice on the part of all. We
must put first things first.
Our purpose, ultimately and at all times, should
be to use our great power, without abusing or pre-
suming upon it, to move steadily toward lasting
peace, orderly freedom, and growing opportunity.
Thus do we achieve our constitutional purpose "to
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our
posterity."
February 2, 7959
155
Secretary Dulles' News Conference of January 13
Press release 28 dated January 13
Secretary Dulles: I am sorry that there has
been so considerable an interval between this and
my last preceding press conference. I hope that
will not happen again. I surmise that quite a few
questions have accumulated — perhaps more than
I can handle. But I will do the best I can ; so go
ahead.
Q. Mr. Secretary, what is your approach —
what is the United States approach to the talks
at the etui of this week with Mr. Mikoyan? 1
A. We expect in these talks to conclude the
exchange of views which started when he was
here before and when I talked with him and when
he talked with the Vice President and our Am-
bassador to the Soviet Union [Llewellyn E.
Thompson] , who was also present at that time.
I think that the main purpose of these talks—
certainly as we see it — is to get an understanding
of what is in their minds and if possible to get
them to understand what is in our minds. We
don't look upon these talks as negotiations. We
are not engaged in bilateral negotiations with
the Soviet Union in regard to matters that
equally, and to some extent even more, concern
others than ourselves. But we do think it is in
the general interest to have a meeting of minds
so that we at least understand each other and
thereby eliminate the danger of miscalculations
and inadvertent mistakes. There are enough real
reasons for difficulty between us not to have them
enhanced by what may be artificial and unreal
misunderstandings.
U.S. Views on German Problem
Q. Mr. Secretary, does that view offer a possi-
1 Anastas Mikoyan, First Deputy Chairman of the
Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R., made an unofficial
visit to the United States from Jan. 4 to 20, during which
time he talked with Secretary Dulles on Jan. 5 and on
Jan. 16, with President Eisenhower on Jan. 17, and with
Under Secretary Dillon and Secretary of Commerce
Lewis E. Strauss on Jan. 19.
bility that you or the President would put for-
ward to Mr. Mikoyan to take back to Moscow any
new approach to the Berlin or German problems,
or would you expect him to put forward anything
of a similar nature on the Soviet plan?
A. Well, of course I cannot tell what he may
put forward. As far as we are concerned, we
have only to put forward our general approach—
our general views about the situation — not spe-
cific proposals which we would have to clear first
with our allies.
Q. Is there any effort being made with our
allies to create some new proposals?
A. Well, we are having constant talks with our
allies about the situation, and there are meetings,
as an example, going on on this general topic
before the permanent North Atlantic Council or-
ganization on almost a daily basis. We are talk-
ing almost on a daily basis with the ambassadors
of the principally interested countries. So the
situation is in a very active state.
Q. Mr. Secretary, are you saying that actually
we don't have at this point any counterpro-
posals — that we are standing on our position
previously and that we are just testing what
change, if any, there may be in the Soviet
approach?
A. Well, we are standing of course on the pro-
posal and statement which we made — the allied
powers made — with the approval of all the mem-
bers of NATO, which was made I think on the last
day of December. 2 That proposal is not very old
at the present time, and we are not at the present
time submitting any alteration of that proposal.
Q. Mr. Secretary, how about the proposals
which toere made at the Foreign Ministers meeting
which followed the Geneva summit meeting of
1955 ?* Do those still stand in your view, or woidd
2 For texts of the U.S. note of Dec. 31 and the Soviet
note of Nov. 27, see Bulletin of Jan. 19, 1959, p. 79.
3 For text of the proposals made by France, the U.K.,
and the U.S., see ibid., Nov. 7, 1955, p. 729.
156
Department of State Bulletin
they have to he reviewed in the light of the present
conditions?
A. There are certain basic aspects of those pro-
posals which I think remain valid, and I would
expect that they would continue to survive be-
cause of their basic validity. The basic propo-
sition, as I recall, was, first, that Germany ought
to be reunified; secondly, we could not expect re-
unification under conditions which would involve,
or seem to involve, the Soviet Union in increased
risks or losses. Therefore it would be appropriate
to couple any reunification of Germany with
security provisions and limitations which would
make sure that the Soviet Union would not,
through the reunification, seem to have weakened
its strategic or political position.
Q. Mr. Secretary, Mr. Mikoyan seems to have
made quite an impact on American influential
business people around the country. I wonder if
you could tell lis whether you have any concern
about this impact in terms of future policy toward
the Soviet Union.
A. I have not myself had any direct reports
from any of these business people that you speak of
to confirm what has been the nature of the impact
that he made. He does speak, particularly through
his interpreter, in terms that are appealing in
many respects. I think that probably the talks
have been good because I think that they have also
given him some impression about our feeling and
our unity about questions of Berlin and the like.
I would think on that balance, as far as I can now
judge, it has served a constructive purpose.
Q. Mr. Secretary, do you gather from last week's
conversation with Mr. Mikoyan that an impelling
reason behind his visit and the last two notes was a
fear of West German rearmament?
A. It is very hard to judge what the purpose
or purposes of his visit are. There may be, prob-
ably are, several purposes — not a single purpose.
I do think that there is genuine and under-
standable concern on the part of the Soviet Union
about the future of Germany. And there are two
very basic philosophies on that subject : one that
of the Soviet Union, one that of the Western
powers. And it's very difficult to reconcile those
two philosophies. I hope perhaps that in the
further talks we have we can at least get to under-
stand each other a little better on that subject.
Q. Mr. Secretary, a moment ago when you were
referring to the assumptions of the '55 Foreign
Ministers meeting you spoke of German reunifica-
tion without using the other part, the assxmiption
of reunification on the basis of free elections. I
ask about that especially since Mikoyan is quoted
this morning as having said yesterday, "You're
arming Germans with atomic weapons to be used
against us, and you're demanding free elections.
One is not compatible with the other." Is there
any change in the free-elections part of that pro-
posal, or is that something that is negotiable in
terms of reunification, if that is attainable?
A. We believe in reunification by free elections,
which was indeed the formula that was agreed to
at the summit conference in 1955. 4 It was agreed
to by Khrushchev himself, who was of course a
participant in that conference. There they spoke
of the reunification of Germany by free elections
consistent with the German national interests and
European security. That is approximately the
language of the agreement.
Q. Mr. Secretary, has there been any hint
dropped to you by Mr. Mikoyan or any other
Soviets that the Russians would now like a
new meeting between the President and Mr.
Khrushchev?
A. No. I have heard no suggestion to that
effect.
U.S. and Soviet Philosophies Regarding Germany
Q. Mr. Secretary, what's your reaction — lohat's
the United States reaction to the Soviet proposal
of last weekend for a peace conference to draft a
new peace treaty for Germany?
A. That proposal highlights what I just re-
ferred to as the two different philosophies about
dealing with Germany. The Soviet Union has
consistently believed that Germany should be
isolated, segregated, to a large extent demili-
tarized and neutralized, and separated from close
association with the neighboring countries.
We don't believe that that is a sound approach
to the problem. On the contrary, we take the
view that Germany and the German people are
too great, vigorous, and vital a people to be dealt
with in that way and that that way is fraught
with very great danger for the future. We be-
l IUd., Aug. 1, 1955, p. 176.
February 2, 7959
157
lieve that the future is best served by encouraging
the closest possible relations between Germany
and other Western European countries which are
peace-loving and having such a close integra-
tion — military, political, economic — that inde-
pendent, aggressive, nationalist action by Ger-
many becomes as a practical matter impossible
and also something that would not be desired.
Now, that has been the basic philosophy not
only of this administration but of the preceding
administration. It was reflected by the EDC
(European Defense Community) ; and when the
EDC proved impractical, the basic philosophy
was carried forward in terms of the Brussels treaty
for Western European union, the bringing of the
Federal Republic into NATO — integration of its
forces in that way — the further development of
economic unity through adding to the Coal
and Steel Community, the Common Market,
EURATOM, and measures of that sort with their
common assembly behind them. We believe that
that is the proper way to deal with the German
problem.
Now, as I say, that reflects a philosophy which
is totally different from that of the Soviet Union.
And the Soviet proposal of this peace treaty,
which is similar to the proposals made in '52 and
also again in '54, reflects the Soviet approach.
As Adenauer said yesterday, it's a "brutal" ap-
proach. But it's in our opinion worse than a
a brutal approach ; it's a stupid approach, because
we don't think it will work. We believe the other
approach is the sound one. Now, whether we
can on that basis reach a meeting of minds with
the Soviet Union, I don't know.
Q. Mr. Secretary, pursuing that same subject,
is the American position on the reunification of
Germany by free elections totally incompatible
with a peace treaty which would to a degree limit
German rearmament and German participation in
military pacts?
A. We, of course, have in the Brussels treaty
for European union very definite limitations on
German armament which have been freely ac-
cepted, to some extent indeed proposed, by the
Germans themselves — the Federal Republic of
Germany. So that the concept of having limita-
tions is not a concept which is in any way alien
either to our thinking or to the thinking of the
Federal Republic itself.
Now, you speak about military pacts. I don't
think of these things as military pacts. I think of
them as collective associations where people work
together for peace and security, where they con-
sult together, where they exchange views about
their foreign policies, their political programs,
and the like. The idea that these collective
security associations are aggressive military alli-
ances which are bad is a concept which we reject
totally. We believe that this type of association
of nations coming together for collective security
is the modern way whereby the family of nations
gets the same kind of association that you get
within a community where people associate to-
gether for their security through common
institutions.
Q. So your answer to the second part of my
question is yes it is incompatible with our stand?
A. Well, I don't remember your question clear-
ly enough to go back and say the answer to the
question is "Yes." But I think the record will
show whether or not my answer justifies that
characterization.
Q. Mr. Secretary, in your conversation with
Mr. Mikoyan, was the subject of China men-
tioned at any stage?
A. I don't recall that it was mentioned. It
certainly did not assume any important role. It
might possibly have been mentioned in a passing
way but not sufficiently that it registered partic-
ularly in my mind at the present time.
Q. Mr. Secretary, Mr. Mikoyan has been re-
ported by several sources as having emphasized
that the Soviet proposal to make West Berlin a
free city should not be regarded as an ultima-
tum. Can you tell us whether this is so and
whether at tlie same time the Soviets have indi-
cated any willingness to stop their plan for turn-
ing over their zone to the East Berliners and the
East Germans sometime in June?
A. It has been made clear that there was no
intention on the part of the Soviet Union to
have their note treated as an ultimatum with a
fixed time limit. And that is encouraging be-
cause, as the Western allies said in their note of
the end of December, we would find it very dif-
ficult indeed to negotiate under that kind of an
ultimatum. So to that extent some progress has
been made.
158
Department of State Bulletin
I would not say that there has been any indi-
cation, as far as the substance of the matter is
concerned, of any alteration in the Soviet po-
sition.
New Government of Cuba
Q. Mr. Secretary, has the United States asked
the Cuban Government in any way or indicated
in any way that they ought to discontinue the
blood bath taking j)lace in that country?
A. I don't think we have made any represen-
tations on that subject.
Q. Could you tell us what our position is re-
garding that?
A. It is our hope of course that this new Gov-
ernment of Cuba will be responsive to the aspira-
tions of the Cuban people for a govermnent of
freedom, liberty, justice, and law. We hope that
its actions will conform to that ideal. The actual
facts about what is taking place are not entirely
clear or our information dependable at the pres-
ent time.
Q. Mr. Secretary, going bach to the German
question, in an effort to bring the two political
philosophies together I believe at one time you
undertook to reassure the Soviet Government
that, if it accepted free elections in Germany, the
West would guarantee that it would not seek to
push its defense line farther to the east. Would
you spell out that idea and indicate to us how
this assurance woidd be made positive?
A. That was part of the concept as I recall that
was put forward in '55, although perhaps not as
clearly or as dramatically as might have been
done. In part it has been covered by my answer
to a prior question where I said that I do not
think that it is reasonable to expect that the So-
viet Union will give up positions which it has if
it thinks that by doing so it may be giving a
strategic military advantage to those whom it
regards — I think wrongly, but nevertheless
which it regards — as potential enemies. We just
can't expect that to happen. Therefore, if there
is going to be any reunification of Germany, it
has got to be under conditions which take into ac-
count realistically some of those very elemental,
primitive facts of life. It was in order to meet
that point of view that we tried to give reassur-
ances to the Soviet Union along those lines, and it
is still my view that we should be prepared to
do that.
Q. In addition to that, would you recall for
us what your position was on the proposal of Sir
Anthony Eden at Geneva for the thinning out
of troops and for some linking of the Warsaao
with the NATO pact?
A. I don't recall just what Sir Anthony Eden's
proposals were in that respect. I think that we
recognized that, if events should move along the
lines of the reunification of Germany, under
these conditions there would almost automati-
cally come about a lessening of the military re-
quirements in the Western area and a conse-
quent reduction of forces there. As far as the
linking of the pacts was concerned, I don't think
that that was ever proposed. At least that is not
my recollection. I think what was proposed
was an overriding European security pact which
would embrace perhaps the members of both
NATO and the Warsaw pacts and which would
contain assurances that, if any one of the group
should take aggressive action against the other,
all of the other members would unite to come
to the defense of the victim of attack. That
would be a sort of an overriding European se-
curity proposal which would be superim-
posed upon the Warsaw pact and the NATO
powers.
Q. What is your position on that at the pres-
ent time?
A. I still hold the view that that would be
a sound way in which to proceed.
Q. Mr. Secretary, would you be willing to
liave the present East Germany demilitarized as
part of such a settlement with Russia if they
agreed to a reunification? In other icords, keep
East or West German troops out of that part of
the country?
A. Well, something along that line is im-
plicit in the suggestion that has been made. Of
course, you have got to have ordinary police
forces, forces to maintain law and order and in-
ternal security. But the proposal that was made
earlier and which has been discussed here already
did imply that the military position of the
Western powers, NATO, should not be pushed
forward into East Germany if there should be
reunification.
February 2, 7959
159
Q. Mr. Secretary, if you say you are not nego-
tiating bilaterally with Mr. Mikoyan during this
visit, how do you propose to negotiate all these
aspects of the German question that we have been
discussing, or in fact do you propose to negotiate
them?
A. Well, we have made a proposal to negotiate
on the question of the reunification of Germany,
Berlin, and European security. That proposal
was made in our December 31st note. The Soviets
have said that they are prepared to negotiate on
the question of Berlin and on the question of a
German peace treaty but not on the question of
German reunification or at the same time on the
question of European security.
Now there seems to be one common denomi-
nator which runs through all this, which is, there
seems to be a desire on both sides to get together
and talk. There is not a meeting of minds as to
what we talk about. There seems to be a sharp
difference of opinion as to what we talk about,
but there is at least a common denominator, I
think, in terms of a feeling that there should be
discussions. You might say that it has gotten
down to the point where it is a matter of agenda.
We know that the question of agenda can be a
very serious stumbling block in the way of meet-
ings. It was so at the time of the Palais Bose
conference (Paris session of deputies of Council
of Foreign Ministers, March 5-June 21, 1951),
and it has been a stumbling block in the way of
a summit meeting.
Q. But in Berlin in 195^ you accepted the
Soviet agenda at the outset. It really made no
difference in the substance of the talks. In this
case loould you be willing to accept perhaps the
single word "Germany" as an agenda?
A. I think that our ideas as to the possible
subject of discussion are broad. It is the Soviet
Union that is trying to narrow the subject of
discussion. We would not be alarmed by the
broadness of the agenda. The only thing that
alarms us would be the narrowness of the agenda
and to have a meeting which tried to deal with the
question of a peace treaty and Berlin without
being able at the same time even to discuss the
question of the reunification of Germany or the
question of European security. That seems to
us unrealistic. It was recognized in the Geneva
summit meeting directive that there was a close
interrelationship between the question of Ger-
many and European security. We still believe
that there is that interrelationship. So what con-
cerns us would be not the broadening of the
agenda but being debarred from discussing what
we considered to be vital things by a narrowing
of the agenda before the talks start.
Q. Mr. Secretary, Mr. Mikoyan seems to have
struck on a formula for achieving personal talks
with American leaders by a personal call on the
Ambassador here. What would your reaction be
to an application by Mr. Khrushchev to call on
his Ambassador here and possibly have the same
round of talks?
A. I doubt whether it would be possible for
the Prime Minister to come here in the same
atmosphere of informality that attended the visit
of Mr. Mikoyan. I would just like to recall, how-
ever, that the President in his letter to the then
Premier Bulganin, I think early last year, did
invite the coming to this country of important
persons in the Soviet Union. 5 But I think also
he made clear that that did not comprehend
anybody so important as Mr. Khrushchev.
(Laughter)
Visit of Argentine President
Q. Mr. Secretary, could you tell us what you
expect will be accomplished during the forth-
coming visit of the Argentine President to
Washington?
A. We believe that this visit will serve to con-
solidate the good relations between our two
countries. The Argentine has always been one of
the very important members of the Organization
of American States. There are very important
interests that we have in common. We are en-
couraged by what seems to us to be a sound
approach to many problems being taken by Presi-
dent [Arturo] Frondizi. As you know, there has
been a very considerable amount of economic as-
sistance extended in that connection by various
banking institutions. We have no specific ob-
jective in mind in connection with this talk. We
do think that an exchange of views about general
matters will be in our mutual interests. We look
forward to it very much.
5 For an exchange of letters between President Eisen-
hower and Premier Bulganin, see ibid.. Mar. 10, 1958,
p. 373.
160
Department of State Bulletin
Q. Mr. Secretary, I would like to ask you a
question about your health, if I may. Can you
tell us how you are feeling now and, especially,
whether or not you feel capable to carry on your
present job in view of the fact that it looks like
we are going into a very active period of
diplomatic negotiations?
A. Well, I am feeling good. I feel able to
carry on. At any time I don't feel able to carry
on, you will know it.
Q. Mr. Secretary, is it our position that free
elections are the only method of reuniting Ger-
many? In other words, do we say, "No free
elections, no reunification 1 ''?
A. Well, we never have said that. The formula
of reunification by free elections was the agreed
formula. It seems to us to be a natural method.
But I wouldn't say that it is the only method by
which reunification could be accomplished.
Geneva Talks on Nuclear Test Suspension
Q. Mr. Secretary, on the question of the atomic-
test negotiations in Geneva, in view of the new
scientific findings as released by the White House
recently,* is it now the position of this Govern-
ment that you would not sign a test suspension or
stoppage based exclusively on the findings of the
experts, the agreed findings of the experts at
Geneva last summer? 7
A. It is a bit too early yet to evaluate that in-
formation in terms of what may be the techniques
available for detection. I think that that infor-
mation gained from our recent experiments indi-
cated that the techniques which had originally
been contemplated were perhaps inadequate. But
very careful studies are being made to see whether
there cannot be found ways of detection which
can really be brought within the compass of the
original report of the experts, so that no serious
or revolutionary change would be required.
Q. Well, Mr. Secretary, are we also giving con-
sideration to what appears to be the alternative if
such technical means cannot be found; that is, to
establish a threshold below which explosions
' Ibid., Jan. 26, 1959, p. 118.
' For a statement by James B. Fisk, chairman of the
Western panel of experts, and texts of a final communique
and report, see ibid., Sept. 22, 1958, p. 452.
underground, which would presumably not con-
taminate the air, would be permitted in the so-
called small-er sized weapons?
A. That is a possible fallback position which
has been considered. It was a position, you may
recall, which was presented by Senator Gore when
he came back from the discussions. But we
see no reason at the moment to come to that posi-
tion, because, as I say, we haven't gotten down
yet to the details of a control system and as to
what would be acceptable, what would be prac-
tical. Now if it turns out that what is acceptable
or what is practical leaves an area where there
could be undetected underground explosions, then
at that point we would have to consider, I think,
this alternative.
Question of Free Elections
Q. Mr. Secretary, to clarify an earlier answer
that you made, you said that "free elections are
the natural method for unifying Germany, but it
is not the only method? Gould you tell us what
other methods there might be which could be ac-
ceptable to us and the West Germans and our
allies?
A. No, I wouldn't want to speculate about
that. There are all kinds of methods whereby
countries and peoples draw together, and I merely
said that I did not feel that we should treat any
one method as an absolutely exclusive one.
Q. Mr. Secretary, when you said that the So-
viet plan for Germany is "stupid'''' because it
wouldn't work, in what sense did you mean it
wouldn't work? What bad result did you see
flowing from it?
A. I believe that, if you try to isolate and segre-
gate a great people like the Germans in the center
of Europe, they will become a restive and dan-
gerous force; they will attempt to gain ad-
vantages to themselves by trying to play off the
East against the West. I don't think that you
can put the Germans within the kind of a smoth-
ering blanket that the Soviet Union has in mind
and expect that that will hold. That, in a way,
was the approach of the Treaty of Versailles,
and it just didn't work. And I don't think it
will work again. I think that a so-called neu-
tralized and largely demilitarized Germany, at-
tempted to be demilitarized in the middle of
February 2, 7959
161
Europe, is just something that won't work and
that, instead of trying to isolate Germany, the
best way is to tie Germany in.
Now that is the basic thesis of Adenauer. I
believe that Adenauer's claim to greatness rests
upon his effort to assure that Germany will not
again follow the path which Germany followed
in 1914 and again in 1939. He is the one who
has invented, you might say, this solution. And
I believe it is the most practical and sound solu-
tion for those who really want to end for all
time the kind of danger that has come from Ger-
many in the past.
Q. Mr. Secretary, on the suspension you men-
tioned a moment ago that there had not teen time
yet to evaluate some of the technicalities of detec-
tion and other aspects. If this is true and if the
results will have a very direct hearing on what-
ever agreement, if any, is reached, why are we
negotiating until those technical subjects are
answered? Doesn't it, rightly or wrongly, put
us in a position of seeming to be hypocritical on
the matter t
A. I don't think so. The studies are going on
at a very active rate by our own scientists, and
it may very well be that they will find that,
while there are means of explosion of a charac-
ter not heretofore adequately evaluated, there are
also ways whereby these control posts that were
recommended by the experts can cope with the
problem.
Q. Mr. Secretary, in this connection, what is
your feeling about the inclusion of China in any
disarmament agreement or test agreement on nu-
clear suspension?
A. I take it you are referring to Communist
China, or the Republic of China?
Q. Communist China. {Laughter)
A. Well, I have said before that ultimately I
think that a system of detection should be geo-
graphically worldwide in its scope. But there
is no present effort to make it so, and it is more
or less agreed that for the purpose of the present
negotiations the inspection at this stage will be
limited to areas controlled by the three powers
now possessing nuclear weapons.
Q. Thank you, sir.
United States Explains Policy
Toward Cuba
Department Statement
Press release 35 dated January 15
Recent statements in the Cuban and American
press critical of United States policy in Cuba and
of Ambassador [Earl E. T.] Smith reflect a wide-
spread lack of understanding of what United
States policy toward Cuba has been.
The policy of the United States with respect to
the Cuban revolution has been strictly one of non-
intervention in Cuban domestic affairs, and the
Ambassador's role has conformed always to this
policy. Much as the American people, being free
themselves, would have liked to have seen a free
democratic system in Cuba, the United States
Government was pledged in agreements with its
sister republics to a course of nonintervention.
Like all the other American Republics, the United
States maintained normal diplomatic relations
with the Batista government. Under established
inter- American policy this did not imply judg-
ment in favor of the domestic policy of that
government or against the revolutionary forces.
From the time when it became evident that Cuba
was undergoing a revolution which had the sup-
port of a large segment of the population, the
United States demonstrated its determination to
avoid all possible involvement in Cuba's internal
conflict by suspending all sales and shipments of
combat arms to the Batista government. This ac-
tion coincided with the renewed suspension of con-
stitutional guaranties by the Batista government
following a 46-day period during which the sus-
pension had been lifted following the appeal of
the United States Government through its
Ambassador.
The United States military missions to Cuba
were established in 1950 and '51 pursuant to agree-
ments between the United States and Cuba, nego-
tiated with the Prio government. These agree-
ments had as their sole purpose cooperation in
the common defense of Cuba and the United
States, and of the hemisphere as a whole. The
function of the missions was to lend technical ad-
vice, facilitate access to United States technical
military experience, arrange for the admissions of
Cubans to United States service schools and acad-
emies, and facilitate the procurement of equip-
162
Department of State Bulletin
ment and arms as recommended by the missions
for common defense as described above. Similar
United States missions are maintained in 19 of the
other American Republics. In utilizing for the
purpose of putting down the Cuban revolution
any part of the equipment that had been provided
under the agreement prior to the arms suspension
or the small unit that had been previously trained
and constituted expressly for the common de-
fense, the government of Batista acted in dis-
regard of the agreement and over the reiterated
objections of the United States. No napalm was
sold or otherwise provided by the United States
for use against the Cuban revolutionaries. Eight
napalm bombs were sold in 1955 for demonstra-
tion purposes. This sale was approved prior to
the existence of the recent revolution in Cuba.
By agreement between the Departments of State
and Defense, none has been supplied to Cuba
since. As for the missions themselves, they had
no contact whatever with any military operations
against the revolutionaries. They trained no per-
sonnel for this purpose. No mission personnel
were present at any time in the zones of opera-
tion. Therefore, the charge that the United
States supplied arms for Batista's operations
against the rebels or that the missions assisted
these operations in any way is completely false.
President Eisenhower Congratulates
General de Gaulle
White House press release dated January 9
The White House on January 9 made public the
following message from President Eisenhower to
Gen. Charles de Gaidle, President of the French
Republic.
January 8, 1959
Dear General de Gaulle: At this historic
moment I deem it a privilege and honor to extend
to you greetings and congratulations upon your
inauguration as the first President of the Fifth
French Republic.
France has a special place in the hearts of the
American people. Moreover, you yourself have
come to symbolize for us not only French valor
and resolution in the face of adversity but also a
dynamic and youthful France determined to go
forward with renewed vigor and faith. For these
reasons the American people join me in saluting
the beginning of the Fifth Republic with great
hope and confidence. We send to you and to the
noble people you have the honor to lead a special
message of friendship and of good wishes for your
own future and that of the French nation.
The traditional friendship between our two
peoples and our two Governments is firmly estab-
lished in our foreign relations. I believe, how-
ever, that this is a most fitting occasion for us to
rededicate ourselves to strengthening these ties
and to build an ever more intimate and under-
standing partnership.
Please accept, Mr. President, my best wishes
and the assurances of my highest esteem.
Sincerely,
Dwight D. Eisenhower
His Excellency
General Charles de Gaulle
President of the French Republic
Paris, France
U.S. Asks U.S.S.R. To Review Basis
for Talks on Surprise Attack
Press release 36 dated January 16
Following is the text of a note delivered to the
Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs on January
IS, 1959, concerning the problem of minimizing
the possibility of surprise attach.
The Embassy of the United States of America
presents its compliments to the Ministry of For-
eign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics and has the honor in behalf of the gov-
ernments of the five countries from which the
Western experts were drawn to refer to the re-
port * of the conference of experts to study pos-
sible measures which might be helpful in pre-
venting surprise attack, which by agreement sus-
pended its meetings on December 18, 1958 2 in
view of the Christmas and New Year's holidays
and in order to report to governments on its
work.
While the meetings of this conference were
helpful in clarifying for each side the views of
1 U.N. doc. A/4078.
' Bulletin of Jan. 5, 1959, p. 13.
February 2, 1959
163
the other side, it is a source of deep regret to
the United States that more substantive prog-
ress was not made in joint technical-military
analysis of the problem of minimizing the possi-
bility of surprise attack.
For their part, the Western experts at the con-
ference suggested a plan of work designed to fa-
cilitate a logical technical-military analysis of the
problem by assembling the facts necessary for
evaluating the effectiveness of various systems
of inspection and observation. To facilitate the
discussions the Western experts presented tech-
nical papers on the significant instruments of
surprise attack, and on the techniques which
would be effective in observation and inspection
of such weapons. The Western experts also pre-
sented technical papers on illustrative systems of
observation and inspection for certain instru-
ments of surprise attack, as well as a technical
analysis of the value of warning systems and of
factors to be considered in the integration of such
systems.
The experts from the other side refused to join
the Western experts in a technical-military anal-
ysis of measures of observation and inspection
which would minimize the possibility of surprise
attack except within the context of political pro-
posals considered by the Western experts to be
beyond the competence of the experts conference.
It was thus not possible to conduct a joint anal-
ysis of the type of measures most likely to bring
the greatest amount of security against surprise
attack and of the nature and value of various
possible preliminary measures which govern-
ments might wish to institute.
It thus became apparent that the experts from
the two sides were operating under two different
terms of reference and that this difference was
preventing the type of joint technical analysis
that would give real meaning to the discus-
sions.
It also became clear that future discussions of
the surprise attack problem could not be produc-
tive until governments had resolved these differ-
ences. Referring to the Soviet Government's note
of January 10, 3 the Government of the United
States, for the reasons cited above, does not be-
lieve it useful or desirable to set a date of January
15 for reconvening the conference. The Govern-
3 Not printed.
164
ment of the United States will continue to consult
on this subject with the other governments to
which the Soviet Government's note has been
addressed.
The United States believes that the problem of
reducing the danger of surprise attack is so im-
portant that renewed efforts must be made. The
United States Government, therefore, is giving
high priority to continued study of this problem,
and is carefully studying the record of the confer-
ence in order to determine whether the terms of
reference for future discussions can usefully be
clarified. Thereafter further reviews of this
question will be transmitted to the Soviet Union.
The United States Government has reason to
believe that the governments of the other four
countries from which the Western experts were
drawn are also studying the record of the con-
ference for the same purpose.
It is hoped that the Soviet Union will also
carefully review the records of the conference and
study means of resolving the present differences
and of reaching an agreed basis for earty and
fruitful resumption of discussions of the surprise
attack problem.
United States Sends 50,000 Tons
of Wheat to Afghanistan
Press release 27 dated January 12
The Department of State announced on January
12 that at the request of the Government of Af-
ghanistan the United States will send up to 50,000
tons of wheat to Afghanistan to avert a food-grain
shortage which is developing in this South Asian
country due to recent severe crop losses there.
The wheat, which will come from stocks of the
Commodity Credit Corporation, will be provided
to Afghanistan on a grant basis through the facil-
ities of the International Cooperation Administra-
tion and its Operations Mission in Afghanistan.
The U.S. market value of the shipments, including
ocean freight, will total approximately $4 million.
The Government of Afghanistan will distribute
the grain in Afghanistan. In order that maximum
benefits may be derived from the shipments, Af-
ghanistan is expected to deposit local-currency
proceeds derived from the grain into a special
account. These funds will be used to help finance
Department of Stale Bulletin
development projects in Afghanistan mutually
agreed upon by the United States and the
Afghan Government.
Arrangements have already been initiated to get
the shipments under way in the earliest possible
time.
This is the third successive year that the United
States has responded to requests from Afghan-
istan for relief from crop shortages which have
plagued the country during the past several years
because of adverse weather conditions.
A total of 40,000 tons of wheat were delivered
to Afghanistan during 1958 on a grant basis, and
40,000 tons were provided to that country in late
1956 for delivery from November 1956 through
June 1957.
As in the present case the grain was provided
under provisions of title II of the Agricultural
Trade Development and Assistance Act (P.L.
480), which authorizes the use of U.S. farm sur-
pluses for emergency relief purposes in the United
States and abroad.
Imperatives of International Economic Growth
by Under Secretary Dillon 1
We have recently entered what promises to be
a year of the highest drama. This fateful year is
certain to produce formidable challenges to us as
a nation, as a God-fearing people, and as free-
dom-loving citizens. Inevitably many of 1959's
problems will stem from the aggressive, expan-
sionist ambitions of the leaders of the Sino-Soviet
bloc.
There is no need for me to spell out here the full
dimensions of international communism's mili-
tary, economic, and psychological threat to the
free world. Many of you were among the first to
recognize its total nature and its enormous im-
plications for our way of life. And you, and the
organizations you represent, were among the first
to call for a many-sided response to this many-
sided challenge — a response which your Govern-
ment is pressing forward on every front.
As you well know, Communist efforts in the
economic field have been intensified in recent
years. But I do not intend today to discuss the
Sino-Soviet economic offensive. I want instead
to examine with you the demand being made
upon our resources and upon our consciences to
help raise the living standards of the peoples of
Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These are
1 Address made before the Foundation for Religious
Action in the Social and Civil Order at Washington, D.C.,
on Jan. 16 (press release 37).
the areas where most of mankind lives and where
the struggle between freedom and totalitarianism
may ultimately be decided. The need to help
these peoples forward on the road to economic
progress would confront us even if communism
and the Sino-Soviet bloc simply didn't exist.
To me, the yearning of the peoples of Asia,
Africa, and Latin America for a better way of life
presents us with the ultimate challenge of our
times — and our greatest hope for the future. It
is clearly a moral challenge. If we fail to respond
adequately, we shall stand accused as a people who
proclaim our own satisfaction with the benefits
of freedom but who are slothful in carrying the
spirit of freedom to others around the world.
The plain fact is that our posture before the world
can be no better than the manner in which we
fulfill the obligations that flow from our status
as the most materially favored nation in all
history.
Economic Imperatives for Developed Countries
Our objective must be to help raise other peo-
ples' standards of living. In so doing we shall
also help to raise standards of personal and po-
litical freedom — a goal which is impossible of
achievement in the absence of economic growth.
With these objectives in mind let us consider
the imperatives of international economic
development.
February 2, 7959
165
The first imperative — and a major one — is to
maintain a sturdy, growing economy in the United
States. Our ability to extend aid, to offer the
capital which is so badly needed in the newly
emerging countries, is conditioned upon our do-
mestic strength. Our prosperity also helps to
assure them a market for their output. The
movement of goods is, of course, closely related
to the movement of capital. Not only must we
import in order to export. We must import to
keep investment flowing overseas. For, without
the prospect of returns, the expanding flow of
private investment is impossible.
The second imperative — and one with which we
must reckon increasingly as we continue to pros-
per — is the need to narrow the widening gap be-
tween living standards in the industrialized West
and the underdeveloped nations. Ironically,
while our own living standards and those of our
allies in Europe are rapidly improving, living
standards in the newly emerging nations are ad-
vancing much more slowly — due largely to the
tremendous growth in population. Heroic efforts
to narrow this gap must be made this year, not a
decade hence, when it will be too late. We can
be thankful that we are not alone in our recog-
nition of this imperative. As they have emerged
from the devastation of war, Britain, France, and
Italy have been turning their attention increas-
ingly to assisting the world's underdeveloped
areas. Germany has recently entered this field
with characteristic vigor, as have our neighbor,
Canada, and other members of the British Com-
monwealth. So has Japan. The Japanese are
now beginning to share their skills and resources
with their neighbors.
But this gap cannot be closed by our efforts
alone, nor even by the combined efforts of our-
selves and our allies. The peoples of the newly
emerging nations must make the major contri-
bution to their own progress. I have visited
many of these countries and talked to their lead-
ers. A fresh wind is sweeping through them.
Their peoples are no longer content to sit back
and envy the more developed countries. They
have been caught up in what has been aptly de-
scribed as the revolution of rising expectations.
Their leaders are desperately trying to meet these
expectations. They need our help in their great
effort.
Military security and internal stability must be
present to provide the framework in which eco-
nomic progress can take place at a steady and ac-
ceptable rate. Many of the newly emerging
nations, especially in Asia and Africa, are
plagued by the tensions inherent in the transition
to new-found political independence. Our mu-
tual security program has been of assistance in
this respect by making available equipment, train-
ing, and defense support for indigenous military
and civil forces.
A third imperative is the maintenance of ade-
quate markets on which the developing countries
can place their goods. These countries must sell
their products in order to obtain the industrial
equipment needed for development. We have
made significant strides toward keeping our mar-
ket open to the surplus production of all countries
of the free world through the extension of our
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act on a realistic,
long-term basis. We are also working with other
countries to expand trade through the operations
of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
We must continue to pursue ways to remove arti-
ficial restraints upon world trade — our own and
those imposed by others. Since many of the less
developed countries now find their exports con-
centrated in a few primary commodities, we must
stand ready to study ways to help avoid disastrous
price fluctuations and to assist them in diversi-
fying their economies.
Need for Technical and Managerial Skills
A fourth requirement for the newly emerging
nations is the crying need for the technical and
managerial skills which are the bedrock of de-
velopment. Without them no amount of capital
will bring about growth. The United States has,
over a period of years, made important contribu-
tions in this area: bilaterally, through our In-
ternational Cooperation Administration and,
multilaterally, through the United Nations and
the Organization of American States. The need
for technical skills is fully recognized by the de-
veloping nations themselves. For example, the
recent annual report of the Colombo Plan's Con-
sultative Committee, said : 2
In a year which has seen intensive consideration
given to increasing the capital resources of leading lend-
ing institutions, it is now urgent that the less developed
* For an extract from the annual report, see Bulletin
of Dec. 1, 1958, p. 853.
166
Department of State Bulletin
countries give greater attention to the development of
the human skills which can assure the appropriate and
effective utilization of these capital resources.
A fifth necessity is private investment. If we
are to be of maximum help to less developed
countries, our private resources — which are far
larger than those Government can possibly pro-
vide — must be welcomed and drawn upon to the
greatest extent possible. We are constantly seek-
ing ways to stimulate the flow of private Amer-
ican investment abroad. The investment guar-
anty program of the ICA has been steadily ex-
panding. Through tax treaties, through our sys-
tem of credit for foreign income taxes paid, and
through other provisions of the Internal Revenue
Code, the United States is endeavoring to avoid
double taxation and thus facilitate American in-
vestment abroad. In our current tax-treaty ne-
gotiations we have introduced an important in-
novation. We are preparing to give tax credit
for certain income taxes waived by less developed
countries as an inducement to investment, as if
they had, in fact, been collected abroad. Current-
ly we are studying ways to ascertain how the
Government can more effectively enlist the aid
of private enterprise in achieving the objectives
of our foreign policy. A group of distinguished
citizens drawn from the Business Advisory Coun-
cil of the Department of Commerce is now work-
ing actively on the preparation of concrete sug-
gestions, and the President has stated his inten-
tion of submitting legislation on this subject to
the Congress.
A sixth requirement is for public loans on nor-
mal bankable terms. Such loans are now being
extended by the International Bank for Recon-
struction and Development and the International
Monetary Fund. These organizations have a spe-
cial virtue, for they draw on both the public and
private resources of the entire free world. The
United States has believed in, contributed to, and
supported these agencies from the very beginning.
The directors of these institutions, acting upon
an American suggestion, have proposed to expand
their resources. 3 The United States also extends
bankable loans for development through the Ex-
port-Import Bank, which has made an outstanding
contribution to economic progress.
A seventh requirement is for development fi-
nancing which will provide flexible terms of repay -
3 Ibid., Nov. 17, 1958, p. 793.
February 2, 1959
ment. Many sound projects which are essential to
development cannot qualify for bankable loans.
It was to help finance such projects on a business-
like basis that the United States Congress estab-
lished the Development Loan Fund. It works
closely with our Export-Import Bank and with
the World Bank to stimulate an increased flow of
bankable loans for development programs. One
of its objectives is to help stimulate private enter-
prise, which is so essential to the stability of the
less developed areas. In its first year of operation
it has proved itself as a highly effective tool for
economic development. It deserves your full and
active support.
The United States is also working with its sister
republics of the other Americas toward the estab-
lishment of an inter-American financial institu-
tion. And we are suggesting the establishment of
an International Development Association closely
affiliated with the International Bank. Such an
association would be a multilateral version of our
own Development Loan Fund. It would provide a
means whereby other countries able to do so could
join in financing development projects. We are
now actively examining the feasibility of such an
institution with our friends and allies. This pro-
posal, as many of you know, sprang originally
from an imaginative concept of Senator Monroney,
who has long been a leader in our nation's efforts
to aid the newly emerging peoples.
Economic Imperatives for Underdeveloped Countries
Now I have been discussing the imperatives
which depend heavily upon the initiative and the
resources of the more developed nations. There
are other imperatives of economic development
which rest largely with the peoples of the under-
developed nations themselves. I shall mention
them briefly:
1. The need to create a climate in which foreign
private investment can flourish;
2. The need to stimulate national savings so as
to accumulate the domestic capital which is needed
to insure stability and economic progress ;
3. A willingness on the part of indigenous capi-
tal and business to welcome competition and as-
sume risks normal to healthy free enterprise;
4. The reduction of traditional social and cul-
tural barriers to economic progress, whether based
upon class, race, or tradition ;
167
5. The need to emphasize scientific, technical,
financial, and commercial studies in their educa-
tional systems — plus a willingness on the part of
the more talented individuals to seek training in
skills directly related to economic progress rather
than to pursue education primarily as a means of
enhancing social prestige.
These needs are rooted in problems based on
attitudes, tradition, and established social pat-
terns. They are resistant to change. They will
not all be met tomorrow. But they must eventu-
ally be met if the newly emerging peoples are to
make a successful transition to a state of steady
economic growth.
Redefining Our National Purpose
Finally I come to an imperative which is of
crucial importance to this nation. I refer to the
need for redefining our national purpose in ex-
tending aid to other countries of the free world.
I sometimes wonder if we haven't fallen into a
trap of our own making when, in seeking support
for our mutual security program, we present it to
the American people mainly as an answer to the
menace of Communist aggression. We find that
our motives are sometimes misunderstood abroad.
I wonder if we haven't allowed ourselves to be
identified in the eyes of large parts of the world
as defenders of our own status quo, rather than
as a people whose motivations are founded upon
principle and whose response to the needs of others
arises out of a deep sense of moral responsibility.
We must clearly establish the fact that all of
our endeavors in the foreign aid field are designed
as part of one common free- world enterprise. We
must consolidate a communion of interest with
the aspiring peoples. I know of only one way to
shape an image of integrity and responsibility.
That is to exhibit integrity and responsibility.
This we have most assuredly done. But perhaps
we have allowed our good deeds to be obscured in
the fog generated by our problems with the Soviet
Union.
I neither overlook nor minimize the dangers
to this country inherent in masses of men and
weapons, as well as technical and industrial re-
sources, in the hands of an implacable Communist
enemy. Without question, economic and techni-
cal assistance to the newly developing nations is
in our national self-interest. However, we do our-
selves a grave injustice and distort our true image
before the world if we give our foreign aid pro-
gram a wholly selfish cast. For this program
rests squarely in the great tradition of idealism
that has motivated the American people since our
earliest beginnings.
The Marshall plan, the point 4 program, and
the present mutual security program have no
parallel in all history. The willing acceptance
by the American people of the challenge to help
free other peoples from the bitter slavery of
poverty is one of the greatest moral achievements
of this century. We should not permit it to be
derided by the cynical or deprecated by the
uninformed.
I look to groups such as this to help bring
about a wider understanding of the imperatives
of our foreign policies, both at home and abroad.
That understanding is crucially needed. For our
foreign aid programs grew naturally out of our
social, cultural, and religious heritage. We have
accepted a great challenge from which we cannot
draw back. If we answer it successfully we shall
be assured a place in history as one of the great
humanitarian peoples of all times. In the words
of Arnold Toynbee:
Our age will be well remembered, not for its horrifying
crimes or its astonishing inventions, but because it is the
first generation since the dawn of history in which man-
kind dared to believe it practical to make the benefits
of civilization available to the whole human race.
We are the natural leaders of that generation.
Our duty and our path are clear.
168
Department of State Bulletin
THE CONGRESS
Progress in Promoting Peace and Stability in the Middle East
THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS ON ACTIVITIES UNDER THE JOINT RESOLUTION
TO PROMOTE PEACE AND STABILITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST >
PRESIDENT'S LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
To the Congress of the United States:
I am transmitting herewith the third report to
the Congress covering activities through June 30,
1958, in furtherance of the purposes of the joint
resolution to promote peace and stability in the
Middle East. This report supplements the first
and second reports forwarded to the Congress on
July 31, 1957, 2 and March 5, 1958. 3
Dwight D. Eisenhower.
The White House, September 9, 1958.
TEXT OF REPORT
Chapter 1
Progress in Furtherance of the Resolution
JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 30, 1958
House Joint Resolution 117, 4 to promote peace
and stability in the Middle East, was approved
by the President on March 9, 1957. When adopted,
it established a milestone in U.S. policy for
the area. It is no less important today to U.S.
interests. The policy enunciated in the resolution
continues to be a most significant and vital ele-
ment of our foreign policy.
The resolution sets forth in unmistakable terms
the importance which the United States attaches
to the preservation of the integrity and independ-
ence of the Middle East nations. The resolution
also authorizes assistance in building economic
1 H. Doc. 43, 86th Cong., 1st sess. ; transmitted on Sept.
9, 1958.
2 Bulletin of Aug. 26, 1957, p. 339.
3 Ibid., Mar. 31, 1958, p. 524.
1 For text, see ibid.. Mar. 25, 1957, p. 481.
strength and military security dedicated to the
maintenance of national independence. It states,
in addition, that if the President determines the
necessity thereof, the United States is prepared to
use armed forces to assist any such nation or
group of such nations requesting assistance
against armed aggression from any country con-
trolled by international communism. It is es-
pecially noteworthy that it offers our cooperation
only to those nations which desire such coopera-
tion. Thus, the resolution accomplishes two ob-
jectives: (1) it assures these nations of our sup-
port for their independence and integrity, if they
desire our support, and (2) it leaves no possibility
of miscalculation on the part of Communist or
Communist-controlled aggressors of our intention
in case of an armed attack on these nations.
The Middle East is an area in which the under-
standable desires of the peoples for improvement
in their lot and for fulfillment of their national
aspirations cannot be suppressed. Yet, these very
desires and aspirations lead to tensions which are
exploited by external disruptive forces.
The policies set forth in the resolution have been
under constant attack by the forces which they are
intended to restrain. From the time the resolu-
tion was originally presented to the Congress by
the President on January 5, 1957, the Soviet Union
has used every means at its disposal to distort the
purposes of the United States in the minds of the
peoples of the area. During the period under re-
view that attack continued unabated.
Yet the steadfastness of purpose embodied in
the resolution heartened those who wished our co-
operation in maintaining their strength and in-
tegrity. On January 27, 1958, Secretary of State
Dulles, speaking to the fourth session of the Min-
February 2, 1959
169
isterial Council of the Baghdad Pact in Ankara
said : 6
The purposes of the United States in the Middle East
have been spelled out clearly in the joint congressional
resolution on the Middle East which was adopted last
year. The goal, as there expressed, is "the maintenance
of national independence" of the nations of the Middle
East.
We are well aware of the fact that in this general area
political independence, always an aspiration, has some-
times been lost and oftentimes been threatened, as indeed
it is threatened today.
Also we recognize that it is not enough merely to
want, or now to have independence. Reliable independ-
ence rests on two pillars : the pillar of defensive security
and the pillar of economic health. The United States
is prepared to cooperate, where desired, in assisting in
these two ways any nation or group of nations in the
general area of the Middle East to maintain national
independence.
The independence of nations in the area con-
tinues to be threatened. During May and June
of this year that fact was made clear in Lebanon,
where purely internal problems were exploited by
external forces seeking to destroy that nation's
stability and integrity.
These countries need assurances that the United
States will cooperate with them. We must con-
tinue to assist those desiring our cooperation in
building economic health and defensive security
to maintain national independence. We must
utilize all the means at our disposal — diplomacy,
aid, military strength, the dissemination of un-
distorted information — to achieve that objective.
These means, within the policy enunciated in the
resolution, give encouragement that the U.S. goal
of promoting peace and stability in the Middle
East can be achieved.
Chapter 2
Economic and Military Assistance
The President was authorized by the resolution
to cooperate with nations in the area in develop-
1 For statements by Secretary Dulles and text of the
final communique, see ibid., Feb. 17, 1958, p. 250.
ing economic strength and security through eco-
nomic and military assistance programs. Section
3 of the resolution provided for special authority
in the use of fiscal year 1957 mutual security funds
for these purposes.
During the first half of 1958 action was taken
toward completing economic and military as-
sistance commitments made during fiscal year
1957 pursuant to section 3 of the resolution. In
addition, the regular authorities of the Mutual
Security Act and funds appropriated for fiscal
year 1958 were used to further the purposes of
sections 1 and 2. Thus, we were able to continue
to extend cooperation to those nations which de-
sired such assistance in achieving the objectives
of the resolution. Such tangible evidence of sup-
port not only helped to build the strength of the
countries affected to resist threats, but it demon-
strated, as well, to them and to the world our
determination and seriousness of purpose.
Chapter 3
Action Pursuant to Section 4 of the Resolution
Section 4 of the resolution provides that the
President shall continue to furnish facilities and
military assistance to the United Nations Emer-
gency Force in the Middle East. The United
States continues to support this activity, believ-
ing that the force is making a major contribution
to the cause of peace in the area. On April 17,
1958, the United States transmitted to the Secre-
tary-General a check in the amount of $9,690,563
for this purpose, representing an additional U.S.
assessment of $1,563,063 for the year 1957 and the
assessment of $8,127,500 for the calendar year
1958.
In addition, since the establishment of the
UNEF, the United States has made available to
the force on a reimbursable basis supplies and
equipment valued in excess of $5 million. To
date, the United Nations has compensated the
United States for this material to the amount
of approximately $3 million.
170
Department of State Bulletin
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
Calendar of International Conferences and Meetings 1
Adjourned During January 1959
U.N. Economic Commission for Africa: 1st Session Addis Ababa Dec. 29- Jan. 10
IMCO Preparatory Committee: 4th Session London Jan. 5-19
U.N. ECAFE Committee on Trade: Intraregional Trade Promo- Bangkok Jan. 5-16
tion Talks.
U.N. Subcommission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Pro- New York. Jan. 5-23
tection of Minorities: 11th Session.
IMCO Assembly: 1st Session London Jan. 6-23
IMCO Council: 1st Session London Jan. 6-23
IAEA Board of Governors: 10th Session Vienna Jan. 7-19
5th Pan American Consultation on Geography Quito Jan. 7-15
Telecommunication Experts in Radio — United States, United London Jan. 10-20
Kingdom, and Canada: Ad Hoc Meeting.
ICAO: 2d Special Meeting on North Atlantic Fixed Services. . . . Paris Jan. 12-22
WHO Standing Committee on Administration and Finance . . . Geneva Jan. 13-20
FAO Council: Special Session Rome Jan. 15 (1 day)
4th Pan American Consultation on History Cuenca, Ecuador Jan. 19-27
WHO Executive Board: 23d Session Geneva Jan. 20-30
Baghdad Pact: 6th Meeting of the Ministerial Council Karachi Jan. 26-27
Executive Committee of the Program of the U.N. High Commis- Geneva Jan. 26-30
sioner for Refugees: 1st Session.
In Session as of January 31, 1959
Political Discussions on Suspension of Nuclear Tests Geneva Oct. 31-
ICAO Middle East-Southeast Asia Regional Air Navigation Meet- Rome Jan. 7-
ing.
U.N. ECAFE Committee on Trade: 2d Session Bangkok Jan. 23-
ILO Committee of Social Security Experts Geneva Jan. 26-
U.N. Wheat Conference: Negotiating Meeting Geneva Jan. 26-
International Rubber Study Group: Management Committee. . . London Jan. 29-
U.N. Trusteeship Council: 23d Session New York Jan. 30-
Scheduled February 1 Through April 30, 1959
U.N. ECAFE Committee on Industry and Natural Resources: 11th Bangkok Feb. 4-
Session.
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission: Annual Meeting . . San Pedro, Calif Feb. 6-
U.N. Population Commission: 10th Session Geneva Feb. 9-
ICAO: Special Meeting on Short- Range Navigational Aids. . . . Montreal Feb. 10-
FAO Committee on Commodity Problems: 3d Meeting of Consul- Ceylon Feb. 16-
tative Subcommittee on Rice.
South Pacific Commission: Rhinoceros Beetle Technical Advisory Suva, Fiji Feb. 16-
Committee.
U.N. General Assembly: 13th Session (resumed) New York Feb. 20-
ILO Governing Body: 141st Session (and committees) Geneva Feb. 23-
International Bureau of Education: Executive Committee . . . . Geneva February
3d European Civil Aviation Conference Strasbourg Mar. 9-
U.N. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East: Broadbeach, Queensland, Aus- Mar. 9-
15th Session tralia.
U.N. International Commission on Commodity Trade: 7th Session. New York Mar. 9-
U.N. Commission on the Status of Women: 13th Session New York Mar. 9-
U.N. ECE Road Transport Subcommittee: Working Party on Geneva Mar. 16-
Construction of Vehicles.
1 Prepared in the Office of International Conferences, Jan. 14, 1959. Following is a list of abbreviations: CCIR,
Comite" consultatif internationale des radio communications; ECAFE, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East;
ECE, Economic Commission for Europe; ECOSOC, Economic and Social Council; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion; IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency; IA-ECOSOC, Inter-American Economic and Social Council; ICAO,
International Civil Aviation Organization; ILO, International Labor Organization; IMCO, Intergovernmental Maritime
Consultative Organization; ITU, International Telecommunication Union; TAA, Technical Assistance Administration;
U.N., United Nations; WHO, World Health Organization.
February 2, 7959 17T
Calendar of International Conferences and Meetings — Continued
Scheduled February 1 Through April 30, 1959 — Continued
U.N. Commission on Human Rights: 15th Session
U.N. ECE Ad Hoc Working Party on Gas Problems: 5th Session.
U.N. ECAFE Working Party on Telecommunications
ICAO Panel for Coordinating Procedures Respecting the Supply
of Information for Air Operations.
FAO Cocoa Study Group: Executive Committee
FAO/ECAFE Technical Meeting on Agricultural Marketing . .
IA-NECOSOC Permanent Technical Committee on Ports: 2d Meet-
ing.
Interparliamentary Council: 84th Meeting
World Meteorological Organization: 3d Congress
ITU International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR): 9th
Plenary Assembly.
U.N. Economic and Social Council: 27th Session
ILO Meeting To Establish an Individual Control Book for Drivers
and Assistants in Road Transport.
U.N. Economic Commission for Europe: 14th Session
ILO Coal Mines Committee: 7th Session
U.N. Commission on Narcotic Drugs: 14th Session
U.N. Social Commission: 12th Session
ICAO Aeronautical Information Services Division/Aeronautical
Maps and Charts Division
FAO Governmental Experts on Use of Designations, Definitions,
and Standards for Milk and Milk Products: 2d Meeting.
U.N. ECAFE Working Group of Experts on Development Pro-
graming.
U.N. ECAFE/TAA Regional Seminar on Trade Promotion . . .
New York Mar. 16-
Geneva Mar. 25-
Tokyo Mar. 30-
Montreal March
Rome March
undetermined March
Montevideo March
Nice Apr. 1-
Geneva Apr. 1-
Los Angeles Apr. 1-
Mexico, D.F Apr. 7-
Geneva Apr. 20-
Geneva Apr. 20-
Geneva Apr. 27-
Geneva Apr. 27-
New York Apr. 27-
Montreal Apr. 28-
Rome April
undetermined April
Tokyo April
The Right of Peoples and Nations
to Self-Determination
Following are statements made by Watson W.
Wise and Mrs. Oswald B. Lord, U.S. Representa-
tives to the U.N. General Assembly.
STATEMENT BY MR. WISE
In the many debates which take place in this
committee, sometimes one tends to forget that areas
can be found in which unanimity exists. Such an
area is the importance which we all attach to the
issue of self-determination. My country is no ex-
ception. We are ever mindful of our colonial
origin and of the fact that we had to take up arms
to achieve our independence. "We are ever mind-
ful, too, that since the beginning of our history as a
nation we have endeavored to demonstrate our sin-
"Made In Committee III (Social, Humanitarian and
Cultural) on Nov. 25 (U.S. delegation press release 3093).
The committee had before it two draft resolutions pre-
pared by the Commission on Human Rights and a draft
resolution prepared by the Economic and Social Council,
all contained in ECOSOC resolution 586 D (XX).
cere attachment to the principle of self-determina-
tion. The revolt of the English colonies in North
America has been denned, in fact, as the first as-
sertion of the right of national and democratic
self-determination in the history of the world.
How then can we deny or disregard in our relations
with other peoples a principle on which our na-
tion has been founded? The point is, Madam
Chairman, that we cannot and we do not.
Since the formation of our country our states-
men have rigidly adhered to the basic principles of
self-determination. To cite only a few striking
examples, President George Washington himself
stated clearly in 1796 that his best wishes were ir-
resistibly excited whenever, in any country, he saw
an oppressed nation unfurl the banner of freedom.
Three years earlier, Thomas Jefferson, who was
then our Secretary of State, had said : "We surely
cannot deny to any nation that right whereon our
own is founded — that every one may govern itself
according to whatever form it pleases and change
these forms at its own will." Then, President
Wilson, speaking in 1916, said : "The small states
of the world have a right to enjoy the same respect
for their sovereignty and for their territorial in-
172
Department of State Bulletin
tegrity that great and powerful states expect and
insist on."
This, Madam Chairman, is the heritage of my
country, and it is on this heritage that our belief
in the principle of self-determination is firmly
based. I am certain that the devotion of other free
nations to the principle of self-determination rests
on similar foundations.
In spite of the difficulties which have been
encountered in defining and applying self-deter-
mination, the basic concept or principle commands
our strongest support. Moreover, that the prin-
ciple has gained wider emphasis in the last half
century may be seen from the fact that, while the
word was not mentioned in the covenant of the
League of Nations, it is inscribed twice in the
charter of the United Nations. I think that my
country can be justifiably proud of the fact that,
while President Wilson tried but failed to get a
mention of self-determination into the covenant,
the United States delegation at San Francisco took
a prominent part in getting it into the charter of
the United Nations.
More recently, at the Manila conference in 1954,
to be exact, the delegates of Pakistan, the Republic
of the Philippines, and the Kingdom of Thailand
joined with the United Kingdom, the United
States, France, Australia, and New Zealand in a
joint declaration of their devotion to the principles
of freedom. You will recall that these nations in
becoming signatories to what came to be known as
the Pacific Charter 2 proclaimed that, in accord-
ance with the provisions of the United Nations
Charter, they upheld the principle of equal right
and self-determination of peoples and that they
would earnestly strive by every peaceful means to
promote self-government and to secure the inde-
pendence of all countries whose peoples desire it
and are able to undertake its responsibilities.
The principle of self-determination, as we con-
ceive of it, is reflected in the charter of the United
Nations, signed in San Francisco. Indeed, so
fundamental was the belief of the drafters of the
charter in self-determination that they clearly
stated that the development of friendly relations
among nations, based on respect for the principle
of equal rights and self-determination of peoples,
was one of the purposes of the United Nations.
The thinking of the members of the United
3 For text, see Bulletin of Sept. 20, 1954, p. 393.
February 2, 7959
Nations regarding self-determination has been
reflected over the years in debates in the General
Assembly and its committees, in the Economic and
Social Council, and in the Human Rights Com-
mission. No one who has read the records of these
debates can help but be impressed by the fact that,
although everyone professes devotion to the prin-
ciple of self-determination, there is serious dis-
agreement over its implications and applications.
There are widely varying interpretations of its
meaning, and there are sometimes diametrically
opposing opinions as to what should be done. Let
me cite a few examples of the different and conflict-
ing views which have emerged in United Nations
forums in recent years.
Some assert or imply, for example, that the
obvious solution should be independence for every
non-self-governing territory and trust territory
in the shortest possible time. This they advocate
in spite of the obvious fact that chaos might
result.
Another group gives primary emphasis to eco-
nomic and social development of non-self-gov-
erning territories and trust territories as the
essential basis for the evolution of democratic
political institutions and the attainment of self-
government as well as, where appropriate, inde-
pendence.
Yet another group maintains that self-determi-
nation means that every national, ethnic, or polit-
ical group has a right to secede. This concept
has an obvious appeal with respect to states where
such groups are suppressed and where their rights
to cultural autonomy are denied. If applied with-
out wisdom, however, such a concept could be most
harmful. In fact, self-determination carried to
a logical but absurd extreme would in fact
threaten the very existence of most of the states
members of the United Nations. We learned
our lesson through bitter experience, namely, the
War Between the States. It took a civil war to
teach us that unbridled self-determination which
ignored other considerations important to the wel-
fare of peoples and nations was impossible if our
nation was to survive.
There is still another group which has its own
interpretation as to the, meaning of self-determi-
nation. This group would have you believe that
the only countries which prevent self-determina-
tion are the traditional colonial empires. At the
same time, however, it has reduced to servitude
173
some 800 million people who were once truly in-
dependent peoples. This new imperialism has
made a mockery of the right of those once free
peoples to self-determination.
In order further to put the problem of self-de-
termination into perspective and because this is
such an extremely important point, Madam Chair-
man, I think it worth while to go into some detail.
At its 677th plenary meeting on September 14,
1957, the General Assembly after having consid-
ered the report of a special committee consisting
of Australia, Ceylon, Denmark, Tunisia, and
Uruguay, adopted resolution 1133 (XI) by a vote
of 60 in favor, 10 against, and 10 abstentions. Let
me quote from a few of its operative paragraphs
and you can judge for yourself what I mean by
this new form of imperialism. I'll start with
operative paragraph 4:
Finds that the conclusions reached by the Committee
on the basis of its examination of all available evidence
confirm that :
(a) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in viola-
tion of the charter of the United Nations, has deprived
Hungary of its liberty and political independence and the
Hungarian people of the exercise of their fundamental
human rights;
(6) The present Hungarian regime has been imposed
on the Hungarian people by the aimed intervention of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
(c) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has car-
ried out mass deportations of Hungarian citizens to the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
(d) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has vio-
lated its obligations under the Geneva Conventions of
1949;
(e) The present authorities in Hungary have violated
the human rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty
of Peace with Hungary . . .
Then, as you recall, the resolution goes on to con-
demn the Soviet Union for "these acts and the
continued defiance of the resolutions of the Gen-
eral Assembly." 3
I genuinely regret that I have had to revive
bitter memories by calling the committee's atten-
tion to this resolution, Madam Chairman. I felt
compelled to do so, however, because of the ap-
parent acceptance by some members of this com-
mittee of the view that people are deprived of
self-determination solely by the traditional
colonial powers. The basis for this acceptance is
totally erroneous. Think, for example, of the
countries which were once colonies and which
8 Ibid., Sept. 30, 1957, p. 524.
174
have in recent years become members of the
United Nations as free and independent peoples — ■
India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma, Libya, the Phil-
ippines, Indonesia, Morocco, Tunisia, Ghana, Ma-
laya, Laos, Cambodia, and Nepal. This impres-
sive list of new countries which were once a part
of the traditional colonial powers proves to me
how accurate the late President Magsaysay of the
Philippines was when he warned,
The colonialism that threatens Asia today is world
communism. Nations which have won their freedom
from old-style colonialism now face the danger of losing
that freedom. A good defense against this threat is a
healthy Asian nationalism, a nationalism which defends
the right of all Asian peoples to self-determination. We
support this kind of nationalism as a rallying point for
all free Asians against the focus of aggression and sub-
version.
Madam Chairman, as I said before, all of us
agree as to the importance of the principle of self-
determination. And yet, as I have tried to point
out by the above illustrations, few are in agree-
ment as to defining the concept and as to its prac-
tical application. Many believe that self-determi-
nation is a purely political concept. Yet in the
first resolution before us is the concept of the
permanent sovereignty of nations over their nat-
ural resources. Surely this is partly an economic
matter. Then again, for some delegations here it
is also a legal and constitutional matter.
All members of the United Nations should be
concerned with developing the means whereby the
United Nations might be most effectively utilized
in bringing about agreement on solutions to the
many complex problems which have arisen and
inevitably will continue to arise in the application
of the principle. No member of the United Na-
tions will deny the validity and Tightness of the
principle of self-determination; it has been af-
firmed by all states which have adhered to the
charter. With this basic agreement we think that
it must be possible for us to follow a course of
progress in implementing the principle and at the
same time give due consideration to the divergent
views which have been expressed during the last
few years. We have maintained and we continue
to maintain that a clearer understanding of the
principle itself and its applicability will enhance
the possibility for more valuable and constructive
recommendations. It was in this spirit and with
this intent that my delegation sponsored the reso-
Department of State Bulletin
lution at the 20th session of the Economic and
Social Council which is now before you.
Most members of this committee are fully
aware of our position on the resolutions now be-
fore us. Suffice it to say possibly that we do not
think the adoption of the first would be useful ; in
fact we fear it would be harmful. Due to the
economic and legal implications which it contains
we regret that shortage of time has not allowed
us the benefit of the views of the Second and Sixth
Committees.
With reference to the second resolution we
frankly believe that it is unsound, because to us
it is indefensible to leave the identification of such
a situation to any 10 members in view of the oft
expressed wide differences of opinion as to the
principle of self-determination itself as well as
its applicability. We believe that such a com-
mission would only duplicate functions of United
Nations bodies already existent, such as the Se-
curity Council and the Trusteeship Council. In-
cidentally, Madam Chairman, I have been im-
pressed by delegations which have ignored Gen-
eral Assembly resolution 1133 (XI), concerning
Hungary, and at the same time have paid cynical
lip service in this committee by announcing their
support for this resolution.
As to the third or ECOSOC resolution, we still
believe that, due to the wide variety of opinions
concerning both the principle and its implementa-
tion, to adopt the resolution along with these sug-
gested amendments would be the wisest and most
useful course. 4
4 Committee III on Nov. 26 adopted draft resolution I,
calling for establishment of a commission to conduct a
full survey of "the status of the permanent sovereignty
of peoples and nations over their natural wealth and
resources ...."; the vote was 52 to 15 (U.S.) with 4
abstentions. The committee voted to postpone action on
draft resolution II, which would establish a commission
to examine any situation resulting from alleged denial or
inadequate realization of the right of self-determination ;
the vote was 39 to 7 with 24 abstentions. The draft
resolution prepared by ECOSOC, which would establish
an ad hoc commission to conduct a thorough study of the
concept of self-determination, was rejected by a vote of
16 to 48 (U.S.) with 8 abstentions. In plenary session on
Dec. 12 the President of the Assembly proposed that the
members of the commission recommended in draft resolu-
tion I should be : the United Arab Republic, Afghanistan,
the Philippines, the Netherlands, Sweden, Guatemala,
Chile, the U.S.S.R., and the United States. The resolution
was then adopted by a vote of 52 to 15 (U.S.) with 8
abstentions.
STATEMENT BY MRS. LORD 5
The United States voted against the resolution
entitled "Recommendations Concerning Inter-
national Respect for the Right of Peoples and
Nations to Self-Determination : Establishment of
a Commission," as contained in the rapporteur's
report, which is document A/4019, dated Decem-
ber 3, 1958. I want to take this opportunity to
explain the reasons for our doing so.
First, and most emphatically, no one questions
the power of countries to control and to use their
natural wealth and resources as they see fit, pro-
vided that they respect their obligations under
contract and under international law.
Secondly, neither should our voting against this
resolution be interpreted to mean that we are
against the desirability of promoting, to use the
words of the United Nations Charter, "friendly
relations among nations based on respect for the
principle of equal rights and self-determination of
peoples." The United States, as it has in the past,
continues to sympathize fully with the desires of
peoples to achieve equal rights and self-determina-
tion at the earliest possible moment.
We are opposed to this resolution because in our
opinion it is against the best interests of the less
developed countries. Past experience has shown
without question that such resolutions have had
unfortunate repercussions. Those who are in the
position to supply private capital could not help
but ask themselves whether a country which voted
in favor of a resolution containing the words
"permanent sovereignty over natural wealth and
resources" might not likewise feel fully justified
in terminating contracts or expropriating property
without compensation. In other words, Mr. Presi-
dent, we feared that the adoption of this resolution
might adversely affect that important element
called "investment climate" among potential in-
vestors, regardless of the reasons which might be
cited in favor of the resolution.
In this regard, I was greatly interested to read
several days ago the final declaration of the 45th
National Foreign Trade Convention, which met
here in New York November 17 through 19 of
this year. With your permission, and because it
helps to further clarify the basis for our mis-
5 Made in plenary session on Dec. 12 (U.S. delegation
press release 3130).
February 2, 1959
175
givings, I would like to quote one particular
paragraph from this document. Under chapter
2, entitled "Expansion of Private Investment
Abroad," it reads :
The Foreign Trade Convention
Urges that our Government continue to seek through
improvements in our commercial treaty structure and
through the appropriate means, the establishment of
conditions designed to encourage and safeguard private
investments abroad. Good faith and integrity are basic
requirements in the creation or maintenance of an eco-
nomic and political environment favorable to the flow
of private investment capital. Sanctity of contract, se-
curity of property rights are of paramount importance.
As a means to the assurance of these requisites, the
Convention urges that our Government vigorously strive
to gain acceptance by all nations of the principle that
agreements must be observed and property rights
respected.
Mr. President, my Government does not ques-
tion the sovereignty of a country over its natural
wealth and resources. Nor, as can be seen from
the above statement, does this group of potential
suppliers of foreign private investment capital
question it. Indeed, I think it can safely be said
that we all believe that private capital is the type
of capital import least likely to interfere with
the exercise of sovereignty. What is important,
however, in the minds of potential investors are
the prospects for receiving fair treatment and
for having the sanctity of contract respected.
So much, Mr. President, for the reasons for our
voting against the resolution before us today.
Since ours does not represent the thinking of the
majority, there will be a commission to study this
aspect of self-determination. For two reasons,
my Government has expressed its willingness to
serve on this commission.
First, our original fears have been somewhat
lessened by statements in the Third Committee
on the part of supporters of this resolution re-
affirming their belief in the sanctity of contract
under international law and that sanctity of con-
tract under international law will be respected in
the study which this commission is to undertake.
We hope, in fact, that this will be the case.
Secondly, we believe that, now that this com-
mission is coming into existence, it behooves all
of us to do our utmost to make it as effective and
as useful a body as possible.
We therefore welcome the privilege of serving
on such a commission.
TREATY INFORMATION
Air Transport Agreements Amended
With Brazil and Japan
BRAZIL
Press release 34 dated January 15
Notes were exchanged at Washington on De-
cember 1, 1958, 1 between the Department of State
and the Brazilian Embassy to amend the route
schedule of the air transport agreement between
Brazil and the United States [effective October 6,
1946, as amended December 30, 1950]. 2 The new
schedule, winch went into effect December 1, reads
as follows :
Schedule
A. An airline or airlines designated by the Govern-
ment of the United States of America shall be entitled to
operate air services on each of the air routes specified
via intermediate points in both directions and to make
scheduled landings in Brazil at the points specified in
this paragraph :
1. From the United States of America, via intermediate
points in the Caribbean, Central America, and countries
on the West Coast of South America to Sao Paulo and
Rio de Janeiro.
2. From the United States of America, via intermediate
points in the Caribbean and South America, to Belem,
Natal and beyond to Africa.
3. From the United States of America, via intermediate
points in the Caribbean, Panama, and countries on the
North and East Coasts of South America to Belem or
Manaus, Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre
and beyond Brazil to Uruguay and Argentina and beyond
to Antarctica and beyond.
4. From the United States of America, via intermediate
points in Middle America and countries on the North and
East Coasts of South America to Belem or Manaus,
Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre and
beyond Brazil to Uruguay and Argentina.
B. An airline or airlines designated by the Govern-
ment of the United States of Brazil shall be entitled to
operate air services on each of the air routes specified
via intermediate points in both directions and to make
scheduled landings in the United States of America at
the points specified in this paragraph :
1 Not printed.
2 Treaties and Other International Acts Series 1900 and
2190.
176
Department of Slate Bulletin
1. From the United States of Brazil, via intermediate
points in South America and Middle America to Los
Angeles and Honolulu and beyond to Japan and beyond.
2. From the United States of Brazil, via intermediate
points in South America and the Caribbean, including
Puerto Rico, to Miami and Chicago and beyond to
Canada.
3. From the United States of Brazil, via intermediate
points in South America and the Caribbean, including
Puerto Rico, to Washington and New York and beyond
to Canada.
C. Any point or points on any route or routes contained
in this Route Schedule may be omitted in either or both
directions at the option of the airline designated to oper-
ate such route or routes.
D. The airlines designated by one contracting party
in accordance with the provisions of the Agreement will
be permitted to operate other services across the territory
of the other contracting party without obligation of land-
ing by the most direct route between the points to be
served as long as the safety of operation is not affected.
In any case, the use of uneconomic and circuitous rout-
ings shall be avoided. v,
E. Flights of a designated airline which do not serve
all the points granted in the routes contained in the Route
Schedule may be operated by the most direct route be-
tween the points to be served so long as the safety of
operation is not affected. In any case, the use of un-
economic and circuitous routings shall be avoided.
F. The airlines designated in accordance with the pro-
visions of the Agreement by one contracting party will be
permitted to land for non-traffic purposes in the territory
of the other contracting party. Every airport in the
territory of one of the contracting parties which is open
to public use by its national aircraft shall be open under
uniform conditions to the aircraft of the other contracting
party for such non-traffic purposes.
G. For the purposes of this Annex to the Agreement,
the term "Middle America" is interpreted as including
only those countries situated on the mainland between
South America and the continental United States of
America.
JAPAN
Press release 30 dated January 14
An exchange of notes 3 was concluded on Jan-
uary 14 between the U.S. Embassy at Tokyo and
the Foreign Ministry of Japan amending the
civil air transport agreement effective September
15, 1953, between the United States and Japan. 4
The amendment resulted from consultations held
at Tokyo beginning in April 1958.
The amendment adds Los Angeles to the U.S.
West Coast terminals to which airlines of Japan
may operate. The unlimited "beyond" rights
which Japan previously held at San Francisco are
now divided between San Francisco and Los
Angeles. Under the new arrangement it will be
possible for Japan Air Lines to include Los
Angeles on flights between Japan and South
America. The amendment discontinues the right
of Japan Air Lines to route flights beyond San
Francisco to South America.
The consultations also clarified other important
phases of civil air operations between the United
States and Japan. The two delegations con-
cluded that the present state of air-transport
development, the rapid growth of the volume of
traffic, and the need to insure the further orderly
development of the airlines are amply safeguarded
by the terms of the 1953 agreement.
As amended, the route schedule is completely
restated as follows:
Schedule
An airline or airlines designated by the Government of
the United States of America shall be entitled to operate
air services on each of the air routes specified via inter-
mediate points, in both directions, and to make scheduled
landings in Japan at the points specified in this
paragraph :
1. From the United States, including Alaska, via
intermediate points in Canada, Alaska and the Kurile
Islands, to Tokyo and beyond.
2. From the United States, including its territorial
possessions, via intermediate points in the Central Pacific,
to Tokyo and beyond.
3. From Okinawa to Tokyo.
An airline or airlines designated by the Government of
Japan shall be entitled to operate air services on each
of the air routes specified via intermediate points, in
both directions, and to make scheduled landings in the
United States of America at the points specified in this
paragraph :
1. From Japan, via intermediate points in the Central
Pacific, to Honolulu and beyond :
a) to Los Angeles and beyond to points in South
America.
b ) to San Francisco and beyond to points other than
in South America.
2. From Japan, via intermediate points in the North
Pacific and Canada, to Seattle.
3. From Japan to Okinawa and beyond. 8
Points on any of the specified routes may at the option
of the designated airlines be omitted on any or all flights.
3 Not printed.
' TIAS2S54.
February 2, 1959
s In granting these routes, the respective Contracting
Parties are cognizant of the provisions of Article 3 of
the Treaty of Peace with Japan, signed at San Fran-
cisco on September 8, 1951, under which the United States
of America exercises the powers of administration, legis-
lation and jurisdiction over Okinawa. [Footnote in
original.]
177
Current Actions
MULTILATERAL
Agriculture
Protocol of amendment to the convention on the Inter-
American Institute of Agricultural Sciences of January
15, 1944 (TS 987). Opened for signature at Washing-
ton December 1, 1958. Enters into force 1 month after
the date on which all parties to the convention have
deposited their instruments of ratification or adherence
to the protocol. 1
Signature: United States, January 7, 1959.
Fisheries
Protocol amending the international convention for the
northwest Atlantic fisheries of February 8, 1949 (TIAS
20S9) . Done at Washington June 25, 1956.
Ratification deposited: France, January 10, 1959.
Entered into force: January 10, 1959.
Trade and Commerce
Protocol amending part I and articles XXIX and XXX of
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Done at
Geneva March 10, 1955. 1
Signature: Dominican Republic, November 20, 1958.
Protocol amending the preamble and parts II and III of
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Done at
Geneva March 10, 1955. Entered into force October 7,
1957. TIAS 3930.
Signature (with statement): Dominican Republic, Oc-
tober 27, 1958.
Protocol of organizational amendments to the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Done at Geneva
March 10, 1955. 1
Signature: Dominican Republic, November 20, 1958.
Proces verbal of rectification concerning the protocol
amending part I and articles XXIX and XXX, the pro-
tocol amending the preamble and parts II and III, and
the protocol of organizational amendments to the Gen-
eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Done at Geneva
December 3, 1955. 2
Signature: Dominican Republic, October 27, 1958.
Sixth protocol of rectifications and modifications to the
texts of the schedules to the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade. Done at Geneva April 11, 1957.
Signature: Haiti, October 30, 1958.
Seventh protocol of rectifications and modifications to the
texts of the schedules to the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade. Done at Geneva November 30, 1957. 1
Signatures: Federation of Malaya and Greece, October
14, 1958 ; Ceylon, October 17, 1958 ; United Kingdom,
October 20, 1958; Haiti, October 30, 1958; Czecho-
slovakia, November 6, 1958 ; Italy, November 7, 1958 ;
Canada, November 10, 1958.
Declaration extending standstill provisions of article
XVI : 4 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Done at Geneva November 30, 1957. 1
Signatures: Federation of Malaya, October 14, 1958;
Cevlon and Luxembourg, October 17, 1958 ; Austria,
October 28, 1958; Haiti and Indonesia, October 30,
1958 ; Finland and United Kingdom, November 21,
1958; Italy, December 1, 1958; Netherlands, Decem-
ber 16, 1958.
United Nations
Charter of the United Nations and statute of the Inter-
national Court of Justice. Signed at San Francisco
June 26, 1945. Entered into force October 24, 1945
(59 Stat. 1031).
Admission to membership: Guinea, December 12, 1958.
BILATERAL
Ecuador
Agreement extending the agreement of April 24, 1957
(TIAS 3833), for the establishment and operation of a
rawinsonde observation station at Guayaquil. Effected
by exchange of notes at Quito November 18 and
December 30, 1958. Entered into force December 30,
1958.
Iceland
Agreement amending the agreement of February 23, 1957
(TIAS 37S7), for financing certain educational ex-
change programs. Effected by exchange of notes at
Reykjavik October 2 and November 27, 1958. Entered
into force November 27, 1958.
Peru
Agreement extending the agreement of April 17, 1957
(TIAS 3S23), for the establishment and operation of a
rawinsonde observation station at Lima, Peru. Ef-
fected by exchange of notes at Lima November 13 and
December 24, 1958. Entered into force December 24,
1958.
United Kingdom
Agreement amending the agreement of May 10 and 13,
1957 (TIAS 3843), relating to the disposition of equip-
ment and material no longer required in furtherance
of the mutual defense assistance program. Effected
by exchange of notes at London December 17 and 30,
195S. Entered into force December 30, 195S.
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
1 Not in force.
a Partially in force, section B of the proces verbal having
entered into force Oct. 7, 1957, as a result of the entry
into force on that date of the protocol amending the
preamble and parts II and III of the general agreement.
Resignations
Earl E. T. Smith as Ambassador to Cuba. (For an
exchange of letters between the President and Ambassa-
dor Smith, see White House press release dated January
10.)
178
Department of State Bulletin
February 2, 1959
Ind
ex
Vol. XL, No. 1023
Afghanistan. United States Sends 50,000 Tons of
Wheat to Afghanistan 164
Argentina. Secretary Dulles' News Conference of
January 13 156
Atomic Energy. Secretary Dulles' News Confer-
ence of January 13 156
Aviation. Air Transport Agreements Amended
With Brazil and Japan 176
Brazil. Air Transport Agreements Amended With
Brazil and Japan 176
China. Freedom — The Predominant Force (Dulles) 151
Communism. Freedom — The Predominant Force
(Dulles) 151
Congress, The. Progress in Promoting Peace and
Stability in the Middle Bast (text of President's
report) 169
Cuba
Secretary Dulles' News Conference of January 13 . 156
Resignation of Ambassador Smith 178
United States Explains Policy Toward Cuba . . . 162
Department and Foreign Service. Resignation
(Smith) 178
Disarmament. U.S. Asks U.S.S.R. To Review
Basis for Talks on Surprise Attack (text of note) 163
Economic Affairs. Imperatives of International
Economic Growth (Dillon) 165
Europe. Freedo m — The Predominant Force
(Dulles) 151
France. President Eisenhower Congratulates Gen-
eral de Gaulle 163
Germany
Freedom — The Predominant Force (Dulles) . . . 151
Secretary Dulles' News Conference of January 13 . 156
Health, Education, and Welfare. The Right of
Peoples and Nations to Self -Determination (Lord,
Wise) 172
International Organizations and Conferences. Cal-
endar of International Conferences and Meetings 171
Japan. Air Transport Agreements Amended With
Brazil and Japan 176
Middle East. Progress in Promoting Peace and
Stability in the Middle East ( text of President's
report) 169
Mutual Security. United States Sends 50,000 Tons
of Wheat to Afghanistan 164
Presidential Documents
President Eisenhower Congratulates General de
Gaulle 163
Progress in Promoting Peace and Stability in the
Middle East 169
Treaty Information
Air Transport Agreements Amended With Brazil
and Japan 176
Current Actions 178
U.S.S.R.
Freedom — The Predominant Force (Dulles) ... 151
Secretary Dulles' News Conference of January 13 . 156
U.S. Asks U.S.S.R. To Review Basis for Talks on
Surprise Attack (text of note) 163
United Nations. The Right of Peoples and Nations
to Self -Determination (Lord, Wise) 172
Name Index
Dillon, Douglas 165
Dulles, Secretary 151, 156
Eisenhower, President 163,' 169
Lord, Mrs. Oswald B 175
Smith, Earl E. T 178
Wise, Watson W 172
Check List of Department of State
Press Releases: January 12-18
Press releases may be obtained from the News
Division, Department of State, Washington 25, D.C.
No. Date
Subject
27 1/12
U.S. ships wheat to Afghanistan.
28 1/13
Dulles : news conference.
*29 1/13
NATO economic experts visit U.S.
30 1/14
Air transport agreement with Japan.
31 1/14
Dulles : Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee.
t32 1/14
Baghdad Pact meeting.
*33 1/15
Educational exchange (Ghana).
34 1/15
Air transport agreement with Brazil.
35 1/15
U.S.-Cuba relations.
36 1/16
Note to U.S.S.R. on surprise attack.
37 1/16
Dillon : "Imperatives of International
Economic Growth."
t38 1/16
Satterthwaite: "The United States and
the New Africa."
t39 1/16
Colombo Plan report.
*Not printed.
tHeld for a later issue of the Bulletin.
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OFFICIAL BUSINESS
The Soviet Note on Berlin:
An Analysis
Department
of
State
On November 27, 1958, the Government of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Kepublics handed the United States Ambassador in Moscow
a communication relating to Berlin.
Similar notes were given by the Soviet Government to the Am-
bassadors of France, the United Kingdom, and the Federal Kepublic
of Germany.
In essence the Soviet notes demanded that the United States, the
United Kingdom, and France abandon West Berlin.
Declaring the communication to be an attempt to rewrite history
"by omission and by distortion," the Department of State has issued
this analysis of the Soviet note, calling attention to the more im-
portant Soviet omissions and correcting the more obvious distortions.
The analysis is a factual account of developments prior to, during,
and after World War II which led to the present status of Berlin.
An appendix contains the official statements of the United States
on the Berlin question, including the legal status of the city, plus
other official statements of the Western powers and of NATO on the
Berlin question.
Publication 6757
25 cents
Ureter tcrrm Please send me copies of The Soviet Note on Berlin: An Analysis.
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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XL, No. 1024 February 9, 1959
MAINTAINING WORLD PEACE AND THE SECURITY
OF FREE NATIONS • Excerpts From President
Eisenhower's Budget Message 198
MAJOR FOREIGN POLICY PROBLEMS • by Deputy
Under Secretary Murphy 183
A REVIEW OF U.S. FOREIGN ECONOMIC POLICY •
Statement by Under Secretary Dillon 206
THE UNITED STATES AND THE NEW AFRICA • by
Assistant Secretary Satterthwaite 190
For index see inside back cover
THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Vol. XL, No. 1024 • Publication 6768
February 9, 1959
Boston Public Library
Superintendent of Documents
APR 1 3 1959
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approved by the Director of the Bureau of
the Budget (January 20, 1958).
Note: Contents of this publication are not
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a weekly publication issued by the
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eral international interest.
Publications of the Department,
United Nations documents, and legis-
lative material in the field of inter-
national relations are listed currently.
Major Foreign Policy Problems
by Deputy Under Secretary Murphy *
While it is a distinct privilege and pleasure to
meet with the members of the World Affairs
Council of Philadelphia and their friends, it is
also a severe test for anyone to attempt a discus-
sion of American foreign policy with a group as
well informed as yours. Dr. [Robert L.] Johnson
[of the World Affairs Council] was kind enough
to suggest that I could touch lightly on the spec-
trum of some of the problems with which your
Secretary of State has to deal. After that I will
do my best to reply to whatever questions you
might be interested to put. There is no doubt
that the closer the association of our Department
of State with the informed public opinion repre-
sented here, the more effective we shall be in
coping with the multiplicity of problems that
press on us today.
Germany
In this early part of 1959 the major issue in-
fluencing the international picture would seem to
relate to Berlin and the German problem. 2 Berlin
is the kind of sensitive situation in which a mis-
calculation on one side or the other could lead
to very grave complications. That is why we
have felt it so important that from the outset the
Soviet Union should understand the policies and
firmness of the Western powers and especially
your Government.
Having in mind that the basic objective of
American foreign policy is the preservation and
enhancement of the security of our country and
our people, our fundamental values and institu-
1 Address made before the World Affairs Council of
Philadelphia at Philadelphia, Pa., on Jan. 23 (press re-
lease 59).
* For background, see Bulletin of Dec. 15, 1958, p. 947 ;
Dec. 29, 1958, p. 1041 ; Jan. 5, 1959, pp. 3 and 5 ; and Jan.
19, 1959, p. 79.
tions, the principal threat to that security is
found in the policies of the Sino-Soviet bloc of
countries. In this highly competitive situation
our central problem is to minimize this threat, to
use all our resources and diplomacy to maintain
the peace, to provide the military and economic
strength to deter general war as well as more lim-
ited hostilities. We seek to build our economic,
scientific, and cultural assets, to maintain our in-
dependence and our institutions, and to offer as a
great world power the leadership which the world
is entitled to expect from us.
Now when we apply those general principles
to a problem such as that arising over the Berlin
issue, we find, as we do in other instances, that
it is easier to state a general principle than to
work out a specific solution in line with it. In
the ambitious plans in which the Soviet leader-
ship indulged as a result of the military victories
of World War II, the control of Germany was a
major element. Even before Allied victory over
the German forces became an assured fact, it
was overshadowed by speculation regarding the
question of postwar cooperation between the So-
viet Union and the West on a number of questions
and especially the German question. Instead of
waiting until the fighting had stopped and the
last German units had surrendered, agreements
were negotiated by the United Kingdom and the
United States with the Soviet Union which es-
tablished a zonal division of Germany with a di-
viding line at the Elbe River. France was
subsequently included as a party to these agree-
ments. In addition a four-power occupational
regime was set up for the city of Berlin. All of
this was based on the military conquest of Ger-
many. Actually American forces invaded and
captured a large part of Eastern Germany. We
honored our agreements by evacuating the cap-
February 9, 7959
183
tured territory in favor of the Russian forces and
in consideration of the terms of the agreements
made. It is on these facts that the American
position on Berlin is based and not on the subse-
quent agreement entered into at Potsdam in Au-
gust 1945. 3
Thus Berlin became, to quote President Roose-
velt at the time, a test tube of the possibility of
cooperation between the East and West. It has
from time to time produced violent reactions, as
in the case of the Berlin blockade of 1948. Our
curiosity as to why the Berlin issue has been pro-
voked again by the Soviet Union at this particular
time remains unsatisfied. All we know is that
Chairman Nikita Khrushchev on November 10 in
a speech at Moscow, incident to the visit there of
the Polish Communist Party leader Gomulka,
announced the intention of the Soviet Union to
abandon its occupational position in Berlin and
turn over to the representatives of the govern-
ment of the so-called German Democratic Repub-
lic those functions in Berlin which are still exer-
cised by Soviet organs. Among these functions,
of course, is control of access to Berlin. The
three Western powers having occupational rights
in Berlin, that is the United Kingdom, France,
and the United States, do not recognize the so-
called German Democratic Republic. Neither
does the Western German Federal Republic at
Bonn recognize the East German regime.
Having started off hastily in his November 10
speech, basing his statement on the Potsdam
agreement, Chairman Khrushchev, after a couple
of weeks of reflection and no doubt on the advice
of his lawyers, shifted his ground and dispatched
a note to the Western powers basing the problem
on the London agreements of 1944. 4 The Soviet
Union has been informed by the Western powers
of their unwillingness to accept the Soviet pro-
posal, which, incidentally, was couched in the
tone of an ultimatum expiring after a 6 months'
period.
Since then we have had the benefit of the visit
to the United States of the energetic Soviet
Deputy Prime Minister, Mr. [Anastas] Mikoyan,
who came to this country as he himself indicated
' For text of the Potsdam agreement relating to Ger-
many, see ibid., Aug. 5, 1945, p. 153.
1 For background on the meetings of the European
Advisory Commission at London in 1944, see ibid., Jan. 5,
1959, p. 5.
for a vacation. He wanted to renew the associa-
tions that he had made in 1936 and see for him-
self the progress which this capitalist country had
made in the interval. He came as a guest of the
Soviet Ambassador [Mikhail A. Menshikov] in
Washington, and there was no indication in ad-
vance of a desire on his part to engage in specific
business conversations. However, during the
bland conversation he had with our distinguished
Secretary of State in Washington he spontan-
eously produced a rather elaborate aide memoire
which dealt exhaustively not only with the Ber-
lin issue but the German problem as a whole. It
suggested a warmed-over version of a peace treaty
for a federated Germany duly hamstrung Russian
style. Although an expert at trade and economic
matters, he gave these but incidental attention.
In his informal conversations with our Secretary
of State he dwelt at considerable length on the
German problem. 5 No doubt the phrase that Mr.
Molotov used some time ago to the effect that as
goes Germany so goes Europe is still a major
factor in the thinking of Soviet leadership.
It is quite clear that the Western powers are
determined to maintain their rights and position
in the city of Berlin. We hope that as a result
of his visit here Mr. Mikoyan is convinced that
this is so because understanding by Moscow of the
Western position should eliminate dangerous mis-
calculation on their part. Such understanding
should facilitate eventual negotiation and settle-
ment of problems on a peaceful basis.
At Potsdam in 1945 the Soviet Union agreed to
political and economic unity of Germany and to
free elections. The Soviet Union never was will-
ing to fulfill the obligations assumed by it at Pots-
dam notwithstanding the facile assertions of Mr.
Mikoyan. In fact, as there never was application
by the Soviet Union of some of the provisions of
the agreement, I have often wondered why Mr.
Stalin accepted those portions of the Potsdam
text. Perhaps it was in the belief that in the end
there would prevail the Soviet definition of free
elections and independent political and economic
unity, i.e. a so-called democracy governed by the
single-party system dictated by the all-Russian
Communist Party. Sometimes there arise diffi
culties with the Soviet Union because the same
6 For comments by Secretary Dulles at his Jan. 13 news
conference on his talks with Mr. Mikoyan, see BuiXetin
of Feb. 2, 1959, p. 156.
184
Department of State Bulletin
words mean one thing to them, another to the free
world.
Mr. Mikoyan complains that the Soviet Union
was deprived of German reparations by the West.
The Soviet Union wanted to collect $10 billion in
reparations from Germany. As Germany was
a deficit area at that time, these could only have
been financed and in effect paid for by the United
States.
Whatever the reason for the selection by the
Soviet Union of this particular time to jirovoke
the issue of Berlin and Germany, the fact is that
the great powers, including the United States, are
thus faced with a critical problem. Your Gov-
ernment intends to find a peaceful solution of this
problem, but it has been made clear to the Soviet
leadership that this desire does not involve aban-
donment of Western rights and position. It may
perhaps provide an opportunity to allay Soviet
suspicions about the participation of Western
Germany in the North Atlantic Alliance and its
rearmament for defensive purposes and convince
the Soviet leaders that this is after all in the
interest of a stable Europe and of European
security generally.
Free World-Soviet Bloc Relations
A conclusion which I draw from the events of
1958 in the Middle East, in the Far East, and more
recently those involving Berlin and Germany is
that a change in the relative power positions as
between the free world and Communist forces is
not impending. In a material sense it would ap-
pear that there is good prospect for continued if
not rapid industrial and economic growth in the
Western World as there may be in the Sino-Soviet
bloc. The political trends seem to be running
more favorably to the West than to the bloc coun-
tries. Those trends have been stimulated by the
Western success in the Middle East as well as in
the Formosa Strait issue.
This country remains closely associated with its
partners in the North Atlantic Alliance and the
other treaty relationships such as the Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization and the security treaties
in which it participates with 42 nations. One of
the objectives of the Soviet leadership is to sep-
arate this country from its allies. It is not beyond
the realm of the possible that Mr. Mikoyan may
have been influenced in his statements here by that
objective. I would imagine that he departed from
the United States reasonably convinced that your
Government is loyal to its allies. He should have
learned too that we are willing to discuss and
negotiate problems and differences. In fact your
Government is continuously engaged in such nego-
tiations and discussions within the context of the
United Nations and in normal diplomatic
channels.
We continue to remain acutely aware of the
importance of the countries of Eastern Europe.
We understand the predicament in which the
peoples of those areas exist under Soviet domina-
tion and restrictions. We know how closely re-
lated their problems are to the German question.
We continue to cooperate in a practical way with
the free Government of Yugoslavia, determined as
it is to pursue its own independent course free
from great-power pressures.
There should be no doubt that your Government
observes closely the developments occurring in
Communist China. We remain loyal to our alli-
ance with the Republic of China. It may be true
that Peiping is absorbed with internal problems
and developments which distract it from an active
foreign policy. Its frustration resulting from its
last year's attempt to capture the offshore islands
and achieve its announced objective of the capture
of Formosa may be reflected in the continued
sporadic bombardment of the Quemoys as well
as a propaganda effort to cause dissension among
the Nationalist Chinese. We continue to main-
tain an informal contact with the Communist
regime through ambassadorial talks in Warsaw.
Security
As you know, the keystone of our policy of col-
lective security is the North Atlantic Alliance. At
the beginning of this year its solidarity is cause for
satisfaction. The recent monetary developments
in Europe we believe averted a certain strain on
the alliance, although there have been difficulties
and differences between the six Common Market
countries and other NATO countries over the
establishment of a European free-trade area.
The Soviet leadership, including Mr. Mikoyan,
continuously asserts its suspicions over the fact
that the United States has established military
bases in various world areas. These suspicions
are related to expressed Russian doubts and
anxieties regarding the future peaceful intentions
of the United States. They assert that they do
February 9, 7959
185
not understand why we should maintain such
bases unless we intend to attack the Soviet Union.
On his homeward journey by Scandinavian Air-
lines Mr. Mikoyan's airplane developed trouble in
two engines and it was required to make a forced
landing at our base at Argentia in Newfoundland.
Perhaps this incident, in which fortunately no
one was injured, may be helpful in persuading Mr.
Mikoyan that our bases serve a useful peaceful
purpose.
Our overseas bases are only one element in a
system of worldwide collective security on which
the free world depends for its protection. They
are maintained for defensive and not for aggres-
sive purposes. The Soviet Union, which is per-
haps more sensitive than any other country regard-
ing its national security, has remained in actual
military occupation of other countries ever since
World War II for reasons of its own security and
at a time when there was no possible threat to its
security. Yet as a result of Soviet aggressive
expansion, as a result of the Berlin blockade of
1948 and the takeover of Czechoslovakia and Com-
munist aggression in Korea, when the free-world
powers resort to a system of collective security for
strictly defensive purposes they are accused of war-
mongering. The Soviet leaders gloss over with
pious language the growth of their own immense
centrally controlled military establishment, which
makes a system of collective security inevitable
if the free world is to survive. With the tremen-
dous advances in weapons technology and systems
and the enormous burden of expense these entail,
no one nation, even the most powerful, can alone
provide for its own security through its single
military establishment. This is certainly true of
the many nations situated in Europe and Asia
relatively near to the frontiers of the Soviet bloc.
Their only possible safety lies in collective ar-
rangements. Nations are interdependent in mili-
tary as well as other respects. Security in the
broad community of nations has become a collec-
tive community responsibility, just as security can
be maintained within a civil commonwealth only
through collective community action.
The changing nature of international security
was fully recognized by the United Nations
Charter when it was agreed upon in 1945. That
charter intended to create arrangements and
forces to maintain international peace and se-
curity. Unfortunately, due to Soviet refusal to
186
cooperate, these measures have never been taken
and the United Nations has not been able for that
reason to provide for the general security in the
manner originally planned. The Security Council
of the United Nations has never been able to
function in the way it was intended largely due
to the Soviet exercise of the veto power, which it
has invoked no less than 87 times. Thus, the
United States and other free nations which felt
themselves threatened have been forced to associ-
ate in mutual assistance pacts and arrangements
of a regional nature. Their right to do so is
specifically set forth in the United Nations
Charter, but it is clear that these measures taken
by the United States and more than 40 other free
nations in six continents have no aggressive in-
tent and are solely concerned with assuring ade-
quate defense against external aggression.
Mr. Mikoyan is returning to the Soviet Union
to participate in the meeting at Moscow on Jan-
uary 27 of the 21st Congress of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union. It is hoped that Mr.
Mikoyan's voice will be raised at this important
meeting in the interest of understanding of not
only American peaceful intentions but American
strength and determination as well. It is hoped
that he will stress the point which our Secretary
of State has made so effectively that it would be
dangerous for the Soviet leadership to miscalcu-
late American strength and determination. It
would be useful for Mr. Mikoyan to recommend
to the Party Congress that the Soviet Union
leaders omit from their speeches and resolutions
expressions of hostility toward political move-
ments and states in the free world which they
appear unlikely to be able to control, such as the
United States, for example. It is hoped that Mr.
Mikoyan would report that it is abnormal for a
state of revolutionary origin such as the Soviet
Union, many years after its revolution, to predi-
cate much of its policy, both foreign and domestic,
on hostility to the free world generally and the
United States in particular. To enshrine this
hostility as a part of party dogma may cause the
Soviet rulers eventually to lose the sympathy of
their citizenry because they, as human beings, are
spontaneously developing more and wider human
interests. Even as an incident of Mr. Mikoyan's
visit to the United States some notion of the
friendly attitude of the American people to the
people of the Soviet Union should become appar-
Department of State Bulletin
ent. It would be well for him to avoid suggesting
as he did in his tour of this country that there is
a distinction between the peaceful and friendly
attitude of the American people and what is called
in the Communist vocabulary the "ruling circles"
in Washington.
Of course, there are perhaps deeper sources of
Russia's unstable and basically hostile relations
with the outside world. These originated largely
in the earlier backwardness of that country, its
insecurity, and its poverty. Perhaps Mr. Mikoyan
should ask the delegates to the Soviet Party
Congress to look around them now at a time when
the Soviet Union possesses the military power to
assure its own security and the industrial power
substantially to raise its standard of living. The
delegates could in all honesty ask themselves what
benefits their doctrine of automatic hostility to-
ward political movements and states such as our
country that they cannot control is likely to bring
them. The doctrine of hostility represents a state
of mind which was perhaps understandable when
circumstances subjected the Russian people to
tyranny, insecurity, and poverty. How is it jus-
tifiable now ? To a degree the Soviet people are
still subject to arbitrary rule and to poverty, but
I would ask Mr. Mikoyan to pose the question to
the delegates of the Party Congress whether many