4 OverviewChapter 1 links the six essential elements of geography to the study of the earth. It also shows how legends and archaeology help historians learn about the past. Section 1 describes the six essential elements of geography. Section 2 discusses the kinds of landforms, waterways, and climates found on the earth. Section 3 describes the natural resources on the earth.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Chapter Focus 1

5 Overview (cont.)Section 4 explains how legends have been used to obtain clues to the past. Section 5 examines the importance of archaeology.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Chapter Focus 1

6 Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to:describe how the six essential elements of geography help explain what a place is like and why. explain how landforms, waterways, climate, and natural resources have shaped history. discuss why legends are important to the study of history. summarize how archaeology helps scientists learn about ancient civilizations.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Chapter Focus 2

7 Read to DiscoverHow the six essential elements of geography help explain what a place is like and why How geography has shaped history How legends have been important to the study of history How archaeology helps scientists learn about ancient civilizationsClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 5 of your textbook.Chapter Focus 2

9 Click the Speaker On button to replay the audio.Why It’s ImportantMany scientists believe that people have been living on the earth for more than 2 million years. Where and how they lived was influenced greatly by the kind of land on which they lived. In many ways, the relationship between people and their environment has been the center of world history.Click the Speaker On button to replay the audio.Chapter Focus 4

11 Elements of GeographyGeography is the study of the earth and the ways people live and work on it. Geography helps explain why people live the way they do. Geography also helps explain the past by answering questions about why certain events occurred where they did. Geographers use six essential elements to explain what a place is like and why it is like that.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 5 of your textbook.Section 1-1

12 The World in Spatial TermsGeographers first look at where a place is located. Location helps answer the question “Where is it?” There are two types of location: absolute and relative. Absolute location refers to the exact location of a place on the earth’s surface. Relative location refers to the position of a place in relation to other places.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 1-2

13 Places and Regions Geographers also look at places and regions. Places can be described by their physical characteristics such as climate, mountains, deserts, bodies of water, plants, and animals. Places can also be described by their human characteristics such as how many people live in a place, what language they speak, and what they do for a living.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 1-3

14 Places and Regions (cont.)To make sense of all the complex things in the world, geographers group places into regions. Regions are areas that share one or more common characteristics. Regions can be defined by their physical features, such as the kind of land found there.Regions can also be defined by their human features, such as the religion people practice, the language they speak, or the way they earn a living.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 1-4

15 Physical SystemsWhen studying places and regions, geographers look at how physical systems–such as volcanoes, glaciers, and hurricanes–act together to shape the earth’s surface. They also look at ecosystems, or communities of plants and animals that are dependent upon one another and their particular surroundings for survival.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 1-5

16 Human SystemsGeographers also examine human systems, or how people have shaped our world. They look at how boundary lines that divide countries and states are drawn and analyze why people settle in certain places and not in others. An important theme in geography is the continual movement of goods, people, and ideas.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 1-6

17 Human Systems (cont.)Transportation–the movement of goods–allows people to use products made in places thousands of miles away. Communication–the movement of ideas and information–allows people to see or hear what is happening in their community or in another part of the world.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 1-7

18 Environment and SocietyThe study of geography includes looking at human/environment interaction, or how and why people change their surroundings. People respond to their environment in different ways. Sometimes they adapt, or adjust, to it. At other times, people modify, or change, their environment.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 1-8

19 The Uses of GeographyPeople, businesses, and governments use geography and maps of all kinds on a daily basis. Geographic computer systems allow people to make better decisions about how to make the best use of places and regions. Understanding geography, and knowing how to use the tools and technology available to study it, prepares you for life in our modern society.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 1-9

20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section AssessmentWhat six essential elements do geographers use to study the earth?Geographers use the world in spatial terms, places and regions, physical systems, human systems, environment and society, and the uses of geography to study the earth.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 1-Assessment 1

21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Why do geographers organize the world into regions?They organize the world into regions to make it easier for them to study the world.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 1-Assessment 2

22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Making Comparisons How does the element of the world in spatial terms differ from the element of places and regions?The world in spatial terms gives more specific details about a place, whereas places and regions describes a place’s relation to other places.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 1-Assessment 3

23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Draw a diagram like the one on page 9 of your textbook and use it to summarize the information on each of the six essential elements of geography.Summaries should reflect the information about the six essential elements of geography.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 1-Assessment 4

25 Land, Water, and ClimatePhotographs of the earth taken from space show a contrast of water and land beneath huge swirls of white clouds. These photographs reflect three of the things geographers study: land, water, and climate.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 9 of your textbook.Section 2-1

26 Landforms Land covers about 30 percent of the surface of the earth. Land is made up of four main kinds of landforms, or natural features of the earth’s land surface. These landforms are mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains. Geographers describe each landform by its elevation, or height above sea level, and its relief, or changes in height.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-2

27 Landforms (cont.)Mountains are the highest of the world’s landforms and generally have high relief. Hills are lower than mountains and generally have moderate relief. Plateaus are raised areas of flat or almost flat land that can vary in elevation. Most of them have low relief. Plains are large areas of low lying, flat or gently rolling, land with low relief.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-3

28 Surface Changes From Inside the EarthThe land surface of the earth is constantly changing, usually from heat and pressure. The inside of the earth is made up of three separate layers. At the center of the earth is the core. Around the core is the mantle, which is made up mostly of hot, solid rock. Floating on the melted upper part of the mantle is a thin layer of rock, sand, and soil called the crust.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-4

29 Surface Changes From Inside the Earth (cont.)Heat from the core causes the rock in the mantle to rise, putting pressure on the crust and causing it to move. In recent years, scientists have come to believe that the crust does not move in one piece but in separate sections called tectonic plates. The movement of the plates explains what geographers call continental drift. Plate movement also creates volcanoes.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-5

30 Surface Changes From Inside the Earth (cont.)When tectonic plates slide past one another they can cause earthquakes, or sudden shifts in the earth’s crust. The tectonic plates are still moving.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-6

31 Surface Changes From Outside the EarthThree main forces from outside the earth that cause changes on its surface are wind, water, and ice. All three reshape the land by a process called erosion, in which rock and soil are moved from one place on the earth’s surface to another. Four times in the last 500,000 years, during what are called the Ice Ages, great ice sheets called glaciers spread out from the North and South poles.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-7

32 Landforms in HistoryAll through history, landforms have played an important part in helping people decide where to live. People settled mostly in plains and hilly areas where the soil was rich enough for crops to grow. Landforms also have made a big difference in the political relationships of people.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-8

33 WaterwaysAbout 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered with water. The largest waterways in the world are the four oceans—the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian, and the Arctic. Smaller bodies of salt water, usually partly surrounded by land, are known as seas. Bodies of water that are completely surrounded by land are known as lakes.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-9

34 Waterways (cont.)Waterways that empty into another body of water are known as rivers. A river and all the streams that flow into it make up a river system.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-10

35 Waterways in HistoryWaterways have played an important part in helping people decide where to live. These bodies of water provided them with a means of travel and trade, drinking water, and irrigation for crops as farming developed. Thus, river valleys were often sites for villages and cities.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-11

36 Climate and the SunThe pattern of weather of a place over many years is climate. The sun provides the earth with heat and light thus shaping climate. As the earth moves through space, it rotates, or spins like a top. Geographers say that it spins on its axis, an imaginary line that runs through the earth’s center from the North Pole to the South Pole.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-12

37 Climate and the Sun (cont.)Besides rotating, the earth moves around the sun in an almost circular path called an orbit. This motion, known as a revolution, takes one year of 365 1/4 days to complete. It is the earth’s revolution around the sun that causes the seasons.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-13

38 Climate ZonesThe amount of heat from the sun a place receives depends on its latitude, or distance north or south of the Equator. Geographers often organize the earth into three climate zones based on latitude. The tropical zone, also called the tropics, is the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-14

39 Climate Zones (cont.)The temperate zone is found in the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and the area between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere. The polar zone is the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-15

40 Climate, Water, and WindClimate is also shaped by large bodies of water, which keep the temperature of a place from getting too hot or too cold. Climate is also shaped by the movement of air and ocean water. Some winds are known as prevailing winds because they blow from a certain direction almost all of the time. Ocean water that flows in a steady stream is called an ocean current.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-16

41 Climate and AltitudeThe higher the altitude, the cooler the climate. Mountains also affect precipitation–the falling of moisture such as rain or snow. As the air rises over mountains, it cools and drops its moisture.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-17

42 Climate in HistoryClimate helps determine nearly every aspect of a civilization including where people live and what kinds of crops are grown. Since climate is something humans cannot control, it has affected civilizations since prehistoric times. Climate has even helped decide the outcomes of wars.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 2-18

43 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section AssessmentWhat are some of the ways landforms and waterways have been important to history?Landforms and waterways played an important part in where people lived and their political relationships.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 2-Assessment 1

44 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Into what climate zones do geographers often organize the earth?The earth is organized into tropical, temperate, and polar climate zones.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 2-Assessment 2

45 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Making Generalizations How does climate affect the way you live?Answers will vary but should include examples of the way climate affects the way you live.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 2-Assessment 3

46 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Draw a diagram like the one shown on page 19 of your textbook, and use it to show the four kinds of landforms and to list examples of each landform in your community or state.Your diagrams should include examples of mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 2-Assessment 4

48 Natural Resources Natural resources are materials found in nature. Some places have many natural resources, while others have few.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3 begins on page 19 of your textbook.Section 3-1

49 Kinds of Natural ResourcesThere are different kinds of natural resources. Some resources helpful to people include air, water, soil, sunlight, minerals, fossil fuels, forests, and animal life. Some of these–air, water, soil, and sunlight–are essential for any kind of life to exist. Other natural resources, while not essential for life, are important because they enable people to live better.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 3-2

50 Kinds of Natural Resources (cont.)One such resource is minerals, or nonliving substances found beneath the earth’s surface. Natural resources become valuable only when people learn how to use them. Some resources, called renewable resources, can be replaced as they are used. Other resources, called nonrenewable resources, cannot be replaced as they are used.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 3-3

51 Natural Resources in HistoryNatural resources affected the location and growth of settlements all through history. The sharing of these resources has also been important. Asians and Europeans came into contact with one another partly because Europeans wanted the silks and spices of Asia that had been cultivated. Modern industry started in countries that had large amounts of coal and iron ore for making steel.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 3-4

52 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section AssessmentWhat resources are needed for life?Air, water, soil, and sunlight are needed for life.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 3- Assessment 1

53 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Why do you think people have become more interested in making better use of the world’s natural resources?Answers might include that people are afraid resources will be used up, and they want to stop pollution of these resources.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 3- Assessment 2

54 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Create a diagram like the one on page 21 of your textbook, and use it to show examples of of how natural resources have shaped history.Answers will vary.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 3- Assessment 3

56 LegendsPeople have always been interested in learning about the past. Every group of people on the earth has legends, or folktales, that help to explain the past. These legends began as stories that were spoken or sung. People passed them down from generation to generation.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4 begins on page 22 of your textbook.Section 4-1

57 A Chinese LegendThe Chinese legend about the beginnings of China says that the universe was a huge egg. When the egg split open, the upper half became the sky, and lower half became the earth. Out of the split egg came P’an Gu, the first man, who grew taller each day for 18,000 years. When he died, his body became the earth and sun.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 4-2

58 An African LegendThe Africans have a legend about why the sun shines more brightly than the moon. Because the Moon was bigger and brighter, the Sun became jealous and attacked the Moon. The Sun threw the Moon into the mud. To stop the fighting, God stepped in. He told the Sun that from then on it would be brighter than the Moon. He told the Moon that from then on it would shine only at night for thieves and witches.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 4-3

59 A Rumanian LegendThe Rumanians have a legend about the creation of mountains and valleys. It says that when God finished making the heavens, He measured them with a ball of thread. A mole came along and offered to help. While God was weaving and shaping the earth, the mole let out the thread little by little. At times the mole let out more thread than it should have.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 4-4

60 A Rumanian Legend (cont.)When God was finished, He was amazed to find that the earth was too big to fit under the heavens. The mole, seeing what it had done, was afraid and ran off and buried itself. God sent the bee to find the mole and ask it what should be done. The mole said that it would squeeze the earth so that the mountains would stick up and the valleys would sink down.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 4-5

61 A Rumanian Legend (cont.)The bee told God what the mole had said. God squeezed the flat earth so that the mountains rose up, the valleys sank down, and the earth fit under the heavens.Section 4-6

62 Other LegendsWhile these Chinese, African, and Rumanian legends are about the creation of the world, this is not true of all legends. Many are about the deeds of godlike men and women or about strange and wonderful lands. After people developed writing more than 5,000 years ago, they wrote down their legends. Many came to be thought of as fact.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 4-7

63 Other Legends (cont.)In recent years, archaeologists, or scientists who study the remains of past human life, and anthropologists, or scientists who study the origin and development of humans, became curious about how much of certain legends was fiction and how much was fact.Section 4-8

64 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section AssessmentAnalyzing Information What legends do you know? What do they try to explain?Answers will vary.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 4- Assessment 1

65 Section AssessmentDraw a diagram like the one on page 24 of your textbook, and use it to show the order of events in one of the legends in this section.Section 4- Assessment 2

67 ArchaeologyArchaeology, or the study of the remains of past human life and cultures, began about 500 years ago. At that time, some Europeans dug up old marble statues and ornaments made by ancient Greeks and Romans and sold them for a great deal of money. Scientists began to study these artifacts, or things made by people, finding that they could learn from the artifacts how people lived long ago.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 5 begins on page 25 of your textbook.Section 5-1

70 Archaeology (cont.)People who lived in ancient times did not leave many written records. Artifacts do not have to be works of art; they can be anything made by people, such as weapons, tools, or pottery. The earliest artifacts are pieces of hard rock that were chipped into cutting or digging tools or into weapons.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 5-2

71 Archaeological FindsAbout 1700, some Italian farmers discovered they were living on top of an ancient Roman city named Herculaneum that had been buried for more than 1,000 years. After more than 50 years of digging, they uncovered not only Herculaneum but also another Roman city called Pompeii. In 1799 the Rosetta Stone, a slab of stone on which was carved ancient Egyptian picture-writing and its Greek translation, was found in Egypt.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 5-3

72 Archaeological Finds (cont.)The Rosetta Stone was a two-language dictionary that gave them the key to the meaning of Egyptian picture-writing. A great many archaeological finds have been made since the discovery of the Rosetta Stone. Between 1850 and 1950, archaeologists uncovered five lost civilizations. Archaeologists continue to make discoveries in many parts of the world.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 5-4

73 Dating Archaeological RemainsAfter archaeologists excavate, or dig into the earth, to uncover remains of the past, they have to date, or find the age of, the remains. In 1832, Christian J. Thomsen, a Danish archaeologist, divided early human history into three ages, or periods. Thomsen named these ages the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. Later, scientists also divided the Stone Age into three shorter periods of time–old, middle, and new.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 5-5

74 Dating Archaeological Remains (cont.)Later, archaeologists divided early human history into two general periods. During the first period, people were food gatherers. During the second period, people were food producers. To tell the date of an archaeological find, scientists first used the growth rings in trees.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 5-6

75 Dating Archaeological Remains (cont.)In 1946, an American scientist named Willard Frank Libby discovered that all living things contain a radioactive element called carbon 14. By measuring how much carbon 14 a skeleton or the remains of a wooden boat contain today, scientists can figure out about how old the object is as far as about 30,000 years.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Section 5-7

76 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section AssessmentWhy did scientists begin to study artifacts?They began studying artifacts to learn how people lived a long time ago.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 5- Assessment 1

77 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Why was the discovery of the Rosetta Stone important?It gave scholars the key to the meaning of Egyptian picture-writing.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 5- Assessment 2

78 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Predicting Consequences What would you like about being an archaeologist? What would you dislike?Answers will vary.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 5- Assessment 3

79 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section Assessment (cont.)Draw a diagram like the one on page 30 of your textbook and use it to show the three major periods in early human history.The three periods are the:– Stone Age– Bronze Age– Iron AgeClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Section 5- Assessment 4

81 Chapter Summary & Study GuideGeographers use six essential elements to study the earth: the world in spatial terms, places and regions, physical systems, human systems, environment and society, and the uses of geography. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains make up 30 percent of the surface of the earth. The surface of the earth is constantly undergoing change. About 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Chapter Summary 1

83 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)Renewable resources can be replaced. Nonrenewable resources are gone forever when used up. Legends have helped people explain the past. Archaeologists study artifacts to learn how people lived long ago. Since 1946, scientists have used the carbon 14 method of dating to identify the age of artifacts.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Chapter Summary 3

85 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Understanding the Main IdeaWhat are the four major kinds of landforms?mountains, hills, plateaus, and plainsClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 1

86 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Understanding the Main IdeaWhat do geographers believe caused Pangaea to split into seven continents?continental driftClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 2

87 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Understanding the Main IdeaHow has erosion both helped and hurt people?Sometimes wind erosion contributes to making land rich for farming, as in China. Or erosion can destroy people’s way of life, such as the Dust Bowl.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 3

88 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Understanding the Main IdeaWhy did early people settle along the banks of waterways?They settled along the banks of waterways because they provided drinking water, fish and other food, good hunting grounds, rich soil for farming, water for irrigation, and easier trade and travel.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 4

89 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Understanding the Main IdeaWhy are air, water, soil, and sunlight important natural resources?They are important because they are needed for any kind of life to exist.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 5

90 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Understanding the Main IdeaHow have people’s views about natural resources changed in recent years?They are passing laws to slow down pollution and trying to develop new sources of energy.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 6

91 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Understanding the Main IdeaHow is the carbon 14 test used as a dating tool?This test dates artifacts older than those that can be dated by using trees.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 7

92 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical ThinkingIn what climate zone would you prefer to live? Why?Answers will vary.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 9

93 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical Thinking“It is important to plan the use of the world’s natural resources.” What is your opinion of this statement? Explain.Answers will vary. Natural resources are necessary to maintain life.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 10

94 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical ThinkingWhy is it important to identify the date of artifacts as exactly as possible?Answers will vary. Exact dating helps reconstruct history.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 11

95 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical ThinkingHow do ideas about the past change as more knowledge becomes available?Answers will vary.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 12

96 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Geography in HistoryPhysical Systems Look at the map on page 13 of your textbook that shows how far ice sheets moved during the Ice Ages. What descriptive statements could you make about the movement of ice north of the Equator compared to south of the Equator?There was greater movement of ice north of the Equator than south of the Equator.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 13

97 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.You are living in an area where you receive no sunlight for part of the year and slanted rays the rest of the year. You see a bear. What color is it?white–polar bearClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Chapter Assessment 14

99 Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go toHistory Online

101 Mary Nicol Leakey 1913-1996 PaleoanthropologistAt age 11, Mary Nicol Leakey visited a cave filled with prehistoric paintings. The cave inspired her to become a paleoanthropologist–a person who studies prehistoric humans and prehumans. She later left England for East Africa. Here she discovered prehuman footprints more than 3.6 million years old! For more on this discovery, see pages of your textbook.People in History 5.1

102 Island Tips Record Rain Climate Fun Facts Contents 2Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.Fun Facts Contents 2

103 Island TipsSome of the world’s islands are really mountain summits–the tips of volcanoes that have risen from the sea. The highest summit in Hawaii, Mauna Kea, rises 13,796 feet, or 4,205 meters above sea level. However, when measured from its base, Mauna Kea stands 32,000 feet, or 9,750 meters taller than Mount Everest.Fun Facts 2.1

104 Record RainCherrapunji, India, holds the world’s record for annual rainfall. From August 1860 to August 1861, monsoons dumped 1,042 inches, or 2,647 centimeters, on the town. That’s a downpour!Fun Facts 2.2

105 ClimateEarly Greeks classified climates based on what they knew about Greece and areas to the south and north. They called their own climate temperate because it posed few problems of shelter and clothing. They believed the area south of the Mediterranean Sea became hotter, so they called these lands torrid. Cold winds from the north led them to call that area frigid.Fun Facts 2.3

106 Critical Thinking Skills 1.1Understanding Cause and EffectYou know that if you watch television instead of completing your homework, you will receive poor grades. This is an example of a cause-and-effect relationship. This cause–watching television instead of doing homework–leads to an effect–poor grades.Continued on next slide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Critical Thinking Skills 1.1

107 Critical Thinking Skills 1.2Understanding Cause and EffectWhen you look for why or how an event or chain of events took place, you are developing the skill of understanding causes and effects. A cause is any person, event, or condition that makes something happen. What happens as a result is known as an effect.Continued on next slide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Critical Thinking Skills 1.2

108 Critical Thinking Skills 1.3Understanding Cause and EffectThese guidelines will help you identify cause and effect. Look for “clue words” that alert you to cause and effect, such as because, led to, brought about, produced, and therefore. Look for logical relationships between events, such as “She did this and then that happened.”Continued on next slide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Critical Thinking Skills 1.3

109 Critical Thinking Skills 1.3Understanding Cause and EffectIn a chain of historical events, one effect often becomes the cause of other effects. The chart on page 29 of your textbook shows such a chain of events.Continued on next slide.Critical Thinking Skills 1.3

110 Critical Thinking Skills 1.4Understanding Cause and EffectStudy the cause-and-effect chart on page 29 of your textbook. Then answer the questions that follow.Continued on next slide.Critical Thinking Skills 1.4

111 Critical Thinking Skills 1.5Understanding Cause and EffectWhat were some of the causes of the start of archaeology?Europeans dug up artifacts for sale. The scientists who studied these artifacts discovered important information about the past.Continued on next slide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical Thinking Skills 1.5

112 Critical Thinking Skills 1.6Understanding Cause and EffectWhat were some of the effects of archaeology upon history?Lost civilizations were uncovered. Early human history was divided into periods, and new methods of dating were developed.Continued on next slide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical Thinking Skills 1.6

113 Critical Thinking Skills 1.7Understanding Cause and EffectWhat effect do you think the discovery of lost civilizations has had upon our view of the past?Answers will vary.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical Thinking Skills 1.7

114 Understanding a Mercator ProjectionBecause Earth is a sphere, no flat map can show its whole surface. Mapmakers use different projections, or ways of representing Earth on a flat surface. One projection used often is a Mercator projection.Continued on next slide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Map Skills 1.1

115 Understanding a Mercator ProjectionNamed after Gerardus Mercator, a Flemish mapmaker of the 1500s, it is made by wrapping paper around a globe. A light shining from the center of the globe projects Earth’s features onto the paper. This allows the map to be traced. The parts of the map that are most like the earth are where the paper touches the globe, such as at the Equator.Continued on next slide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Map Skills 1.2

116 Understanding a Mercator ProjectionThe parts that are most distorted, or twisted out of shape, are where the paper does not touch the globe such as near the poles.Continued on next slide.Map Skills 1.3

117 Understanding a Mercator ProjectionStudy the Mercator projection on page 17 of your textbook showing the world’s climate zones. Then answer the questions that follow.Continued on next slide.Map Skills 1.4

118 Understanding a Mercator ProjectionWhich of the earth’s climate zones is shown most accurately?Tropical ZoneContinued on next slide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Map Skills 1.5

119 Understanding a Mercator ProjectionWhich climate zone is most distorted?Polar ZoneContinued on next slide.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Map Skills 1.6

120 Understanding a Mercator ProjectionIs the shape of North America more accurate on this map or on a globe? Why?The globe representation is more accurate because no flat map can accurately represent a sphere.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Map Skills 1.7

121 End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not RemoveThis slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation.End of Custom Shows