Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in Auditorium TS101, Linnanmaa, on 10 April 2015, at 12 noon

Abstract

Inertial sensors are devices that measure movement, and therefore, when they are attached to a body, they can be used to measure human movements. In this thesis, data from these sensors are studied to recognize human activities user-independently. This is possible if the following two hypotheses are valid: firstly, as human movements are dissimilar between activities, also inertial sensor data between activities is so different that this data can be used to recognize activities. Secondly, while movements and inertial data are dissimilar between activities, they are so similar when different persons are performing the same activity that they can be recognized as the same activity. In this thesis, pattern recognition -based solutions are applied to inertial data to find these dissimilarities and similarities, and therefore, to build models to recognize activities user-independently.

Activity recognition within this thesis is studied in two contexts: daily activity recognition using mobile phones, and activity recognition in industrial context. Both of these contexts have special requirements and these are considered in the presented solutions. Mobile phones are optimal devices to measure daily activity: they include a wide range of useful sensors to detect activities, and people carry them with them most of the time. On the other hand, the usage of mobile phones in active recognition includes several challenges; for instance, a person can carry a phone in any orientation, and there are hundreds of smartphone models, and each of them have specific hardware and software. Moreover, as battery life is always as issue with smartphones, techniques to lighten the classification process are proposed. Industrial context is different from daily activity context: when daily activities are recognized, occasional misclassifications may disturb the user, but they do not cause any other type of harm. This is not the case when activities are recognized in industrial context and the purpose is to recognize if the assembly line worker has performed tasks correctly. In this case, false classifications may be much more harmful. Solutions to these challenges are presented in this thesis.

The solutions introduced in this thesis are applied to activity recognition data sets. However, as the basic idea of the activity recognition problem is the same as in many other pattern recognition procedures, most of the solutions can be applied to any pattern recognition problem, especially to ones where time series data is studied.