All the stunning portraits that won at the Wildlife Photographer of the year awards in London

Dutch Photographer Marsel van Oosten won the prestigious Wildlife Photographer of the Year 2018 award at the Natural History Museum in London on Tuesday. Oosten's image, called The Golden Couple, features two golden snub-nosed monkeys in the Qinling Mountains in China -- the only habitat for the primates. The jury describes the image as a glimpse of the extraordinary which captures the beauty and the fragility of life on earth. Other notable winners from the night include 16-year-old Skye Meaker, who won the title of the Young Wildlife Photographer of the Year for his portrait of a leopard waking up from his sleep. In the 10 years and under category, 10-year-old Arshdeep Singh from India won the award for his stunning portrait of two spotted owlets nested inside a pipe. Here are all the pictures that won at the Wildlife Photographers of the Year 2018 event:

Lounging leopard by Skye Meaker, South Africa, Grand Title Winner 2018, 15-17 Years Old. Mathoja was dozing when they finally found her, lying along a low branch of a nyala tree. And she continued to doze all the time they were there, unfazed by the vehicle. 'She would sleep for a couple of minutes. Then look around briefly. Then fall back to sleep,' says Skye. Mathoja's home is Botswana's Mashatu Game Reserve, which Skye and his family regularly visit, always hoping to see leopards, though they are notoriously elusive. In Bantu language, Mathoja means 'the one that walks with a limp'. Skye calls her Limpy. She limps because of an injury as a cub, but otherwise she is now a healthy eight-year-old, and she remains the calmest of leopards around vehicles. Though she dozed just metres away from Skye, she blended into the background, the morning light was poor, leaves kept blowing across her face, and her eyes were only ever open briefly, making it hard for Skye to compose the shot he was after. Finally, just as she opened her eyes for a second, the overhead branches moved enough to let in a shaft of light that gave a glint to her eyes, helping him to create his memorable portrait. Canon EOS-1D X + 500mm f4 lens; 1/80 sec at f4; ISO 1250.

Pipe owls by Arshdeep Singh, India, Winner 2018, 10 Years and Under. Huddled together at the opening of an old waste-pipe, two spotted owlets look straight into Arshdeep's lens. He and his father had been driving out of Kapurthala, a city in the Indian state of Punjab, going on a birding trip, when he saw one of them dive into the pipe. His father didn't believe what he'd seen but stopped the car and backed up. It wasn't long before one of the owlets popped its head out. Guessing this might be a nest site and keen to photograph such an unusual setting, Arshdeep begged to borrow his father's camera and telephoto lens. Using skills accrued from photographing birds since he was six years old, Arshdeep rested the lens on the car's open window and waited. He wasn't at eye level, though. Realizing that if the window was half open, he could place the lens at the right height, he knelt on the seat and waited. It wasn't long before the curious owlet - less than 20 centimetres (8 inches) high - put its head out again, closely followed by the larger female. Framing the pair off-centre, and using a shallow depth of field to isolate them from the building behind, he created a characterful portrait of a species that has adapted to urban life. Nikon D500 + 500mm f4 lens; 1/1600 sec at f4 (-0.7 e/v); ISO 450.

Duck of dreams by Carlos Perez Naval, Spain Winner 2018, 11-14 Years Old The long-tailed ducks were the most beautiful Carlos had ever seen. In fact, it had been the sea ducks that he most wanted to see when the family planned their holiday to Norway. They were staying on the Varanger Peninsula, on the northern coast of the Barents Sea. But to get close enough to photograph the ducks meant booking a floating hide in the harbour and an early-morning boat, so he and his mother and father would be in the hide before sunrise, before the ducks flew in to feed. It was March, and still bitterly cold, and lying on his belly on the floor of the hide, he felt he might gradually freeze. But the discomfort was worth it. As the light broke, the ducks flew in - eider ducks and long-tailed ducks in their breeding plumage. The only sound was the water lapping against the hide as the ducks dived for fish. He focused on one male that was resting after feeding. An overcast sky muted the dawn light and allowed Carlos to capture the subtle colours of the duck's plumage, and reflected lights from the village added a golden sparkle to the ripples, caught in a perfect frame. Nikon D7100 + 200-400mm f4 lens at 400mm; 1/320 sec at f4; ISO 1000.

Bed of seals by Cristobal Serrano, Spain Winner 2018, Animals in their environment A small ice floe in the Errera Channel at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula provides barely enough room for a group of crabeater seals to rest, and the cracks are starting to show. It's the end of summer in the Antarctic, and so sea ice here is in short supply. Crabeater seals are widespread in Antarctica and possibly the most abundant of all seals anywhere. But they are also dependent on sea ice, for resting, breeding, avoiding predators such as killer whales and leopard seals, and accessing feeding areas. Despite their name, crabeaters are adapted to feed almost exclusively on Antarctic krill, using their interlocking, finely lobed teeth to sieve krill from the water. The krill itself is also dependent on sea ice, which provides winter shelter and food (algae). So any decline in sea ice will have a knock-on effect on such specialist krill predators, as will overfishing of krill. For the moment, there is no evidence of any decline in crabeaters, though in the vastness of their pack-ice habitat, it is very difficult to estimate their numbers. Positioned in a rubber dinghy in the channel beside the floe, Cristobal waited until the sea was relatively calm before launching his drone. The batteries would not last long in the cold, so he flew the drone 'high and smoothly ... using low-noise propellers to avoid disturbing the seals'. The picture portrays the group, dozing, with a spattering of krill-coloured seal excrement symbolizing their dependence on Antarctica's keystone species. DJI Phantom 4 Pro Plus + 8.8-24mm f2.8-11 lens; 1/200 sec at f5.6; ISO 100.

Hellbent by David Herasimtschuk, USA Winner 2018, Behaviour: Amphibians and Reptiles It was not looking good for the northern water snake, clamped tightly in the jaws of a hungry hellbender, but it was a remarkable find for David. Drifting downstream in Tennessee's Tellico River, in search of freshwater life (as he had done for countless hours over the past seven years), he was thrilled to spot the mighty amphibian with its struggling prey. North America's largest aquatic salamander - up to 75 centimetres (29 inches) long - the hellbender has declined significantly because of habitat loss and degradation of the habitat that remains. Breathing primarily through its skin and seeking shelter and nest sites under loose rocks, it favours cool, flowing water in clear rocky creeks and rivers. Its presence indicates a healthy freshwater ecosystem. 'It looked as though the hellbender had a firm grip and the snake was tiring,' says David, 'but then the snake squeezed its powerful body against the hellbender's head.' When the attacker tried to reposition its bite, wrinkly folds of skin rippling, the snake pushed free from its jaws and escaped. The intense drama was over in just a few minutes, but with quick reactions, David captured this rarely seen behaviour, portraying the 'diabolic charisma' of the giant hidden just beneath the surface. Sony a7R II + 28mm f2 lens + Nauticam WWL-1 lens; 1/60 sec at f13; ISO 1250; Nauticam housing; Inon Z-240 strobe.

Blood thirsty by Thomas P Peschak, Germany/South Africa Winner 2018, Behaviour: Birds When rations run short on Wolf Island, in the remote northern Gal?pagos, the sharp-beaked ground finches become vampires. Their sitting targets are Nazca boobies and other large birds on the plateau. Boobies thrive here, nesting among dense cactus thickets and fishing in the surrounding ocean, but the finches have a tougher time. The island has no permanent water and little rainfall. The finches - among the species that inspired Darwin's theory of evolution - rely on a scant diet of seeds and insects, which regularly dries up. Pecking away at the base of booby flight feathers with their sharp beaks - a trait that may have evolved from feeding on the birds' parasites - they drink blood to survive. 'I've seen more than half a dozen finches drinking from a single Nazca booby,' says Tom. Rather than leave and expose their eggs and chicks to the sun, the boobies appear to tolerate the vampires, and the blood loss doesn't seem to cause permanent harm. Working on a climate-change story (the Galapagos may offer an early warning of the effects on biodiversity of global changes), Tom had secured a rare permit to land on the island. He made it up the steep cliffs, scrambling over loose rocks to reach the plateau. For maximum impact, he shot the bloody scene at bird's eye level to capture the one female feeding and another waiting just behind. Nikon D5 + 16-35mm f4 lens; 1/200 sec at f20; ISO 160; Profoto B1X 500 AirTTL flash.

Mud-rolling mud-dauber by Georgina Steytler, Australia Winner 2018, Behaviour: Invertebrates It was a hot summer day, and the waterhole at Walyormouring Nature Reserve, Western Australia, was buzzing. Georgina had got there early to photograph birds, but her attention was stolen by the industrious slender mud-dauber wasps, distinctive with their stalk-like first abdominal segments. They were females, busy digging in the soft mud at the water's edge, and then rolling the mud into balls to create egg chambers to add to their nearby nests. A female builds her external nest completely out of mud, cylindrical chamber by chamber, which cement together into one mass as the mud hardens. She provisions each of the dozen or more cocoon-like chambers with the paralyzed bodies of orb-weaving spiders, laying one egg on the first spider in each chamber - usually a soft-bodied species, which is easy for a newly hatched larva to eat. To get a good angle on the industrious mud-daubers, Georgina lay in the mud, pre-focused on a likely flight path and began shooting whenever a wasp entered the frame. It took hundreds of attempts to achieve her ideal shot, of two slender mud-dauber wasps, each displaying an aspect of their quintessential mud-handling skills. Canon EOS-1D X + 600mm f4 lens + 1.4x extender; 1/4000 sec at f8; ISO 1000.

Kuhirwa mourns her baby by Ricardo N??ez Montero, Spain Winner 2018, Behaviour: Mammals Kuhirwa, a young female member of the Nkuringo mountain gorilla family in Uganda's Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, would not give up on her dead baby. What Ricardo first thought to be a bundle of roots turned out to be the tiny corpse. Forced by the low light to work with a wide aperture and a very narrow depth of field, he chose to focus on the body rather than Kuhirwa's face. Guides told him that she had given birth during bad weather and that the baby probably died of cold. At first Kuhirwa had cuddled and groomed the body, moving its legs and arms up and down and carrying it piggyback like the other mothers. Weeks later, she started to eat what was left of the corpse, behaviour that the guide had only ever seen once before. Kuhirwa's initial reactions to her bereavement echo responses to death seen in other species. From elephants stroking the bones of dead family members to dolphins who try to keep dead companions afloat, there is an abundance of credible evidence that many animals - ranging from primates and cetaceans to cats, dogs, rabbits, horses and some birds - behave in ways that visibly express grief, though individual reactions vary. Kuhirwa's behaviour can be understood as mourning, without the need to speculate about her thoughts. Nikon D610 + 70-300mm f4.5-5.6 lens at 185mm; 1/750 sec at f5; ISO 2200.

Desert relic by Jen Guyton by Germany/USA Winner 2018, Plants and Fungi The cones of a female welwitschia reach for the skies over the Namib Desert, proffering sweet nectar to insect pollinators. These desert survivors have an extraordinary biology. There are male and female plants, both producing distinctive cones. Each plant comprises just two leaves, a stem base and a tap root. The woody stem stops growing at the apex but widens with age, forming a concave disc, but the two original seedling leaves continue to grow, gradually splitting and fraying. With a slow growth rate and the largest specimens spanning more than 8 metres (26 feet), some may be 1,000 years old or more (twice that has been claimed). Endemic to Namibia and Angola, welwitschia endures harsh, arid conditions, usually within 150 kilometres (90 miles) of the coast, where its leaves capture moisture from sea fog. Jen's challenge was to find a striking way to photograph what can be seen as just a pile of old leaves. After trekking all day over hot sand, scouting widely scattered plants, Jen found one about 1.5 metres (5 feet) across, and with 'the right shape and lively colours'. It had ripening cones, some with their papery wings ready to detach and carry the seeds away on the wind. Adopting a low, wide angle to catch the vibrant tones and to display the plant's architecture against the expansive landscape, she started shooting just as the sun was going down and while a scattering of clouds rolled in and diffused the light. Canon EOS 7D + Sigma 10-20mm f4-5.6 lens at 10mm; 1/100 sec at f22; ISO 400; Venus Laowa flash; Manfrotto tripod.

Night flight by Michael Patrick O'Neill, USA Winner 2018, Under Water On a night dive over deep water - in the Atlantic, far off Florida's Palm Beach - Michael achieved a long-held goal, to photograph a flying fish so as to convey the speed, motion and beauty of this 'fantastic creature'. By day, these fish are almost impossible to approach. Living at the surface, they are potential prey for a great many animals, including tuna, marlin and mackerel. But they have the ability to sprint away from danger, rapidly beating their unevenly forked tails (the lower lobe is longer than the upper one) to build enough speed to soar up and out of the water. Spreading their long, pointed pectoral fins like wings, flying fish can glide for several hundred metres (more than 650 feet). At night, they are more approachable, moving slowly as they feed on planktonic animals close to the surface. In a calm ocean, Michael was able to get closer and closer to this individual, which became relaxed in his presence. In the pitch black, he tried various camera and light settings, all the while keeping track of both his subject - a mere 13 centimetres (5 inches) long - and his dive boat. The result is his 'innerspace' vision of a flying fish. Nikon D4 + 60mm f2.8 lens; 1/8 sec at f16; ISO 500; Aquatica housing; two Inon Z-220 strobes.

Crossing paths by Marco Colombo, Italy Winner 2018, Urban Wildlife A shadowy movement caught Marco's eye as he drove slowly through a village in the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park in Italy's Apennine Mountains. It was late evening, and he thought there was a chance that it might be a Marsican brown bear rather than a deer waiting to cross the road. Stopping the car, he switched off the lights to avoid stressing the animal. He had just a few minutes to change lenses and prepare to take a shot through the windscreen before the bear walked out of the shadows and across the road, disappearing into the dark of the woods. Though the light was poor, the backdrop made up for it, complete with nature-tourism posters. Most Marsican brown bears - an isolated, unaggressive and critically endangered subspecies - stay well away from humans. A few individuals, though, venture into villages to raid vegetable gardens and orchards, especially in the run-up to winter hibernation, when they need to lay down fat. This puts them at risk of being hit by cars, of retaliatory poisoning and of harassment: video clips have appeared on social media made of bears being chased by cars. With just 50 or so bears remaining, every death is a disaster. Coexistence is possible, but only if a respectful distance is maintained. Electric fences around orchards help deter the bears from coming into the villages, and education can protect both the bears and the nature tourism they attract. Nikon D700 + 28-70mm lens at 70mm; 1/50 sec at f4; ISO 6400; MaGear harness.

Crossing paths by Marco Colombo, Italy Winner 2018, Urban Wildlife A shadowy movement caught Marco's eye as he drove slowly through a village in the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park in Italy's Apennine Mountains. It was late evening, and he thought there was a chance that it might be a Marsican brown bear rather than a deer waiting to cross the road. Stopping the car, he switched off the lights to avoid stressing the animal. He had just a few minutes to change lenses and prepare to take a shot through the windscreen before the bear walked out of the shadows and across the road, disappearing into the dark of the woods. Though the light was poor, the backdrop made up for it, complete with nature-tourism posters. Most Marsican brown bears - an isolated, unaggressive and critically endangered subspecies - stay well away from humans. A few individuals, though, venture into villages to raid vegetable gardens and orchards, especially in the run-up to winter hibernation, when they need to lay down fat. This puts them at risk of being hit by cars, of retaliatory poisoning and of harassment: video clips have appeared on social media made of bears being chased by cars. With just 50 or so bears remaining, every death is a disaster. Coexistence is possible, but only if a respectful distance is maintained. Electric fences around orchards help deter the bears from coming into the villages, and education can protect both the bears and the nature tourism they attract. Nikon D700 + 28-70mm lens at 70mm; 1/50 sec at f4; ISO 6400; MaGear harness.

The vision by Jan van der Greef, The Netherlands Winner 2018, Black and White Perfectly balanced, its wings vibrating, its tail opening and closing, with its tiny feet touching the spike for just an instant, an eastern mountaineer hummingbird siphons nectar from the florets of a red-hot-poker plant. Positioned by the flower, Jan had anticipated the bird's behaviour. For a number of days he had been stationed in the garden of his hotel in southern Peru, observing hummingbirds. He noticed that an eastern mountaineer - a species found only in Peru, characterized by its long, black-and-white forked tail - would rotate around the red-hot-poker spikes as it fed. He also saw that, when the bird moved behind a spike and its tail closed for a moment, a beautiful cross appeared. Determining to capture this strange vision, he staked out a spot underneath a single red-hot-poker plant (native to Africa, where it is pollinated by nectar-drinkers such as sunbirds). It proved to be the hummingbird's preferred garden source of energy-rich nectar. The low position of his wheelchair allowed him to set the spike against the sky, framing it with a dark surround of bushes. It took two half days to get the perfect shot, setting his camera to capture 14 frames a second, as the cross appeared for just a fraction of a second before its creator, with a burst of power, went on to the next flower on its route. Canon EOS-1D X Mark II + 500mm f4 lens; 1.4x III extender; 1/5000 sec at f5.6; ISO 4000; Gitzo tripod + Jobu gimbal head.

The ice pool by Cristobal Serrano, Spain Winner 2018, Creative Visions On a cloudy day - perfect for revealing textures of ice - Cristobal scoured the Errera Channel on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The constant current through this relatively calm stretch of water carries icebergs of all shapes and sizes. These mighty chunks of frozen fresh water have broken off (calved) from glaciers, ice shelves or larger icebergs. Their beauty - towering above the water and looming even larger beneath - is familiar, but their impact from above, less so. Selecting one that looked promising - about 40 metres (130 feet) long and rising up to 14 metres (46 feet) tall) - Cristobal launched his low-noise drone and flew it high over the top, so as not to disturb any wildlife that might be using it for resting. The drone's fresh perspective revealed an ice carving, whittled by biting winds and polar seas. Warmer air had melted part of the surface to create a clear, heart-shaped pool, within the sweeping curves of ice. The sculpture was set off by the streamlined forms of a few crabeater seals, in dark shades following their summer moult, and simply framed by the deep water. DJI Phantom 4 Pro Plus + 8.8-24mm f2.8-11 lens; 1/120 sec at f4.5; ISO 100.

The sad clown by Joan de la Malla, Spain Winner 2018, Wildlife Photojournalism Timbul, a young long-tailed macaque, instinctively puts his hand to his face to try to relieve the discomfort of the mask he has to wear. His owner is training him to stand upright so that he can add more stunts to his street-show repertoire (the word Badut on the hat means clown). When he's not training or performing, Timbul lives chained up in his owner's yard next to a railway track in Surabaya, on the Indonesian island of Java. Should he show aggression as he gets older, his teeth might be pulled out or he will just be disposed of. Macaque street shows are banned in several cities, but still take place elsewhere in Indonesia. The macaques often work for hours performing tricks such as dancing and riding bikes. When the owners themselves aren't working, they might rent out the monkeys. Animal-welfare charities are working at both political and community level to reduce the suffering of these monkeys and to enforce legislation that makes it illegal to take young monkeys from the wild or trade in them without a permit. But the welfare issues reflect other, deeper problems of social justice. Joan spent a long time gaining the trust of the monkey owners in Surabaya. 'They are not bad people,' he says, 'and by doing street shows, they can afford to send their children to school. They just need other opportunities to make a living.' Nikon D810 + 24-70mm f2.8 lens; 1/250 sec at f2.8; ISO 100; Speedlight SB-800 flash.

Signature tree by Alejandro Prieto, Mexico. Winner 2018, Wildlife Photojournalist Award: A male jaguar sharpens his claws and scratches his signature into a tree on the edge of his mountain territory in the Sierra de Vallejo in Mexico's western state of Nayarit. The boundary-post has been chosen with care - the tree has soft bark, allowing for deep scratch marks that are a clear warning, backed by pungent scent, not to trespass. Alejandro set up his custom-built camera trap some 6 metres (20 feet) up the tree and returned every month to change the batteries. Eight months elapsed before the jaguar eventually returned to this corner of his realm to refresh his mark. Jaguars need vast territories to have access to enough prey. But in Mexico, habitat is being lost at a rapid rate as forest is cleared for crops or livestock or for urban development, and much of what remains is fragmented. The loss of even a small area of habitat can cut a jaguar highway between one part of a territory and another and isolate the animal to such an extent that it cannot feed itself or find a mate. Nikon D3300 + Sigma 10-20mm lens; 1/200 sec at f9; ISO 200; home-made waterproof camera box; two Nikon flashes + plexiglas tubes; Trailmaster infrared remote trigger.

Dream duel by Michel d'Oultremont, Belgium, Winner 2018, Rising Star Portfolio Award: As storm clouds gathered over the Ardennes forest in Belgium, Michel hid behind a tree under a camouflage net. It was the best spot for viewing any action on the ridge - a place he knew well - but he needed luck for all the elements to come together. The thrilling sound of two red deer stags, roaring in competition over females, echoed through the trees, but infuriatingly the action was taking place further down the slope. Well matched, neither challenger was giving way, and the contest escalated into a noisy clash of antlers. For years, Michel had wanted to picture this highlight of the rut in the dramatic light of dusk, but the stags were never in quite the right place at the right time. At last, the stags appeared on the ridge, antlers locked, silhouetted. Michel had time to capture the clash - through branches of the tree to create the atmosphere - before the light faded and he had to leave the fighters, still locked in battle. Canon EOS 5D Mark IV + 400mm f2.8 lens + 2x extender; 1/400 sec at f8; ISO 400; Gitzo tripod + Uniqball head.

Mother defender by Javier Aznar Gonz?lez de Rueda, Spain Winner 2018, Wildlife Photographer Portfolio Award: A large Alchisme treehopper guards her family as the nymphs feed on the stem of a nightshade plant in El Jard?n de los Sue?os reserve in Ecuador. Unlike many treehoppers, which enlist the help of other insects (mostly ants), this species is guarded by the mother alone. She lays her eggs on the underside of a nightshade leaf, covers them with a thin secretion and then shields the clutch with her tiny frame. Once the eggs hatch, they develop through five nymphal stages, differing in size, colour and ornamentation - the black stripes and little green spines indicate that these are late-stage nymphs, soon to moult into adult form. The devoted mother watches over them for the duration, twisting her body to wield the spines on her back at any attackers that she senses or is alerted to by her nymphs' vibrations or pheromones (chemicals acting like hormones). She occasionally accepts help from another treehopper, and may even leave it in charge for a while, but she stays with her family until they transform into adults. Nikon D810 + 60mm f2.8 lens; 1/5 sec at f32; ISO 500; Quadralite Reporter flash; Sirui tripod + Uniqball head.