²The colloquial use of the term
"tsar" (or less often "czar") for the emperor is
strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style
was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N.,
Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa
Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya ("By the
Grace of God, N.N., Emperor/Empress and
Autocrat of all Russia"); the term tsar
was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially
imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean
"king" with regard to Poland.

³on
15 Mar 1917 Emperor Nikolay
II (s.a.) abdicated for himself, and
Tsarevich Aleksey Nikolayevich (b. 1904 - d. 1918), in
favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich
Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who was proclaimed Emperor
Mikhail II. In his manifesto on 17 Mar 1917 he
deferred to the will of the people and acknowledged
the Provisional Government, but neither abdicated
nor refused to accept the throne. On
13 Jun 1918, Mikhail
was murdered in Perm.

National Holiday (1928-1991):
7-8 Nov (1917)Anniversary of the Great
October Socialist Revolution
(named Anniversary of the
October Revolution 1928-1965)
---------------------------------(1922-1928):
7 Nov (1917)
Day of Proletarian Revolution

¹chairmen of the Central Executive
Committee of the Soviet Union was a collective body
comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each
constituent soviet republic, although Kalinin (from
Russian S.F.S.R.) was often viewed as the single
chairman.

Territorial Disputes (1945-1991):
Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed
sections of the boundary with China; U.S. Government has
not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and
Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied
by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime
dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has
made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has
reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the
claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran,
Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R.

Note: Although the U.S.S.R.
was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the
republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change
to the other order until various dates in 1937. In
addition, in the national languages of several republics
the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language
was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the
Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine.

For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the
Soviet Union see individual listings:

Territorial Disputes: Russia remains
concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from
Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and
Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the
Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in
accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their
centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute
over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and
the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern
Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils,"
occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered
by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary
sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending
World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and
subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with
Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified
Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on
equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a
one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a
comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010;
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of
Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet
Union following World War II but the Finnish Government
asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia
signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but
Russia recalled its signature in Jun 2005 after the
Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification
act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet
occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920
Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble
allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in
the future, while Estonian officials deny that the
preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia
demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking
population in Estonia and Latvia; Russia remains
involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also
occupying Ukraine's territory of Crimea; Lithuania and
Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006
in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified
by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999;
Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for
Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal
exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU
member state with an EU external border, where strict
Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the
demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine
have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between
Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of
Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by
Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was
ratified on Nov 2005 and field demarcation should
commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990
Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the U.S.;
Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to
the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf
(CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to
augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Ukraine,
U.S. and most other nations do not recognize
Russia's 21 Mar 2014 annexation of Ukraine's
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality
of Sevastopol, nor their re-designation as the
Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of
Sevastopol.

22 Jun 1941
German invasion of the
Soviet Union begins, by Army Group North,
Army Group Centre and Army Group South (on 5 Jul 1941,
the rear
area commanders assume "political and administrative"
authority
in the rear of army groups).
25 Jul 1941
Militarily administered area
("Operation Area East") begins to
diminish as civil administrators (Reichskommissare)
of Ostland
(see under Latvia)
and (from 1 Sep 1941) of Ukraine (see under Ukraine)
assume authority in parts of the former military area.
Nov 1942
Maximum extent of German
advance (Novgorod, Demyansk, Rzhev,
Smolensk,Orel, Voronezh, Stalingrad, Novorossik,
Maikop,
Elista, and Nal'chik are all occupied and with
Leningrad under
siege).
Oct 1943/Mar
1944
Rear areas of the army groups cease to exist in course
of the
Soviet counter attack.
Jan/Jul
1944
Germans lose last military administered
areas (Army Group South:
Kirovograd 8 Jan 1944;
Army Group A [31 Mar 1944 renamed South
Ukraine]: Sevastopol' 9 May 1944; Army Group Middle:
Mogilev
28 Jun 1944; Army Group North: Pskov 23
Jul 1944).14 Nov 1944 – 12 May 1945 Committee
for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia founded in
Prague
by Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov (b. 1901 - d. 1946)
commander
of the
anti-Communist Russian Liberation Army. Its first seat
is in Berlin, later in Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary).

c.1632
The Torghut branch (called by others as the Kalmyks) of
the
Mongolian Oirats settle along the lower Volga River (in
modern
Russia and Kazakhstan), calling themselves the Oirat
Horde.16 Feb 1655
Russian suzerainty
recognized, allowed to roam the east bank of
Volga up to Samara and west bank up to Tsaritsyn (modern
Volgograd).1690
Becomes a khanate (title not recognized by Russia until
1697).1715
Russian
resident placed at the Kalmyk court (from 4 Dec 1717,
Kalmyk areas included in the Astrakhan governorate of
Russia).16 Jan
1771
Ubashi and a majority (3/4) of the Kalmyks
begun return to
Dzungaria. 31 Oct 1771
Khanate abolished (announced
18 Dec 1771), direct rule by the
governor of Astrakhan (the Kalmyk affairs remain subject
to
the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to 23 Mar
1825). 27 Oct 1800 – 8 Nov 1803 Khanate
briefly restored (approximately in boundaries of the
modern Kalmyk Republic).

Note: Names in are given using modern (post-1945)
Tuvan and (from 1921) with Russian in
parentheses using the
BGN/PCGNromanization
system.

1207
Mongol rule. end 16th-early 17th cent. Most of the
Tuvinian tribes under the dominion of Sholoy
Ubashi the first Altyn-Khan
("Golden Khan"). 1616
Nomadic Tuvans in the
Khemchik valley (western Tuva) swear an
oath of
allegiance to Russia before Vasiliy of Tyumen envoy of
the
Czar.
1688 - 1756
Under the Dörben Oyirad
(Dzungaria)(see under China).
21 Oct 1727
Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia under Treaty of
Kyakhta
which
established the northern border of Mongolia (then
including Tuva)(ratified 28 Jun 1728). Mar
1756
Formally annexed to China
(as Tangnu Wulianghai).1759
Tangnu Wulianghai (Mongolian: Tangnuu
Uriyangkhay) organized into
an
administrative system similar to Mongolia with four, later
five, Banners (khoshuns)(Oyun,
Tannu, Kemchik, Salchak, and
later Tozhu). Each Banner
was governed by a chief. In 1762 a
paramount chief (Bügüde-darga[Amban
Noyan]) is appointed to
administer the area. From 1786, the chiefs of the Oyun
Banner
are made the paramount chiefs.
1839/56
Russian settlement of the region begins.
7 Oct
1864
Treaty of Tarbagatai (Tacheng) border protocol between
China
and Russia that defines most of the western extent of
their
border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and
Kokand.
16/29 Dec
1911
Mongolia declares
independence from China, nominally includingTagna
Uriankhay (Russia supported Outer
Mongolian autonomy,
but
rejects Outer Mongolia's claim on Tuva
[then spelled Touva]).
Jan 1912
A meeting of Tuvan banner chiefs
declares the territory of several
banners "independent" and "under Russian
protectorate", but
this does not lead to the emergence of a
polity or a Tuvan central authority.15 Feb 1912
Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy
requests Russian protection for his banner,
which is never given an official reply,
however Russian troops
are sent in to protect Russian settlers. 30 Jul
1914
Russian protectorate declared over
the area of modern Tuva
as the Uryankhay Territory (Uryankhayskiy
kray)(Old Style date
17 Jul
1914)(by proclamation of 17 Apr [O.S. 4
Apr] 1914). 1916
Buyan Badarkhüü, chief of the Khemchik
banner (the largest in
Tuva) calls on China to accept the submission of his
banner.13 Jun 1917
Congress of Russian colonists
requests annexation by Russia.
Aug
1917
Russian Provisional Government confirms Russian
protectorate.
18 Jun 1918
A joint Congress of the Russian and Tuvan
populations adopts an
agreement on the self-determination of Tuva, which
includes an
article about the rights of Russian citizens.
7 Jul 1918 - 2 Aug 1919 Occupation of
Central and Northern Tuva by "White"
Russian
(originally Siberian) military forces. Jan 1919 - Mar 1921
Chinese troops occupy Western Tuva
(declaring Tuva [along with
Mongolia] to be re-incorporated into China on 19 Feb
1920).Mar 1919 - Jul 1920
Mongolian troops occupy
Southern (from Sep 1919, also Central) Tuva.2 Aug 1919 - 4 Sep
1919 Soviet Partisans of Siberia
occupy Central and Northern Tuva.Dec 1920
Soviet Red Army takes
Belotsarsk (Khem-Beldyr) and by Mar 1921 all
of Tuva.
Apr 1921 - May 1921 "White"
Russian invasion from Mongolia led by Ilya
Grigoryevich
Kazantsev (d. 1921), subordinated to
Baron Ungern-Sternberg
(and nominally on behalf of Mongolia).
14 Aug
1921
Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva [RespublikaTannu
Tuva Ulus])(under Soviet Russia
protectorate). 16 Aug
1926
Independence recognized by Mongolia in the Mongolia-Tuva
Treaty of
Friendship and Mutual Recognition.24 Nov
1926
Renamed
Tuvinian People's Republic (Respublika Tuva Arad Ulus).1929
Darxad (Darkhad) region ceded to
Mongolia.
28 Jun
1930
By decree a Latin script orthography using the Uniform
Turkic
alphabet
was introduced, and Tuvan (Tyv) became an
official
language
(prior the language was not written and the Classic
Mongolian script and language was used for official
purposes).
8 Sep
1943
By decision Tuvan orthography switched to (Russian)
Cyrillic.
17 Aug 1944
Tuva declared part of the Soviet Union.
11 Oct
1944
Annexed to the Soviet Union
(effective 1 Nov 1944) as partof the Russian S.F.S.R.

c.1640
Turlo
house begins rule, based in village of Chechen (Chechen-Aul)
(by the
early 18th century theirauthority
extended to much of
lowland
Nokhch people who began to bereferred by others as
the
"Chechen").1733
Turlo declare loyalty to Russia (again 1747 and 1781),
other
lowland princely rulers
(Bragun, Germenchuk) do the same (five
highlandChechen confederacies remain
unaffiliated with Russia).1784
Anti-Russian movement, led by Sheikh
Mansur (b. 1760 – d. 1794)
1785-1791, eliminates princely rule (at the end of the
18thcentury there are a total of eight or nine
Chechen confederacies)12 Oct
1813
Persia cedes its (nominal) sovereignty over Northeast
Caucasus
to Russia by the Treaty of Gulistan. 1819
Groznaya(from Dec 1869 renamed
Grozny) established by Russia. 1825
People's
Assembly (Mekhk Kkhetasho), in
existence for centuries, attempts to create a single political and
military authority,
based at Shali (from 1830 subjected to the Imamate).Dec 1829 - 6
Sep 1859 "Caucasian" Imamate
established (in Dagestan and Chechnya),
based at Gimry (1829-32), Gotsatl (1832-34), Akhulgo
(1834-39),
Dargo
(1839-45) and Vedeno (1845-59); although Imamate covered
Chechnya
from 1830, the Imam (originally elected only by
Dagestanis) was elected by the Chechens only on 19 Mar
1840. 6 Sep
1859
Chechnya incorporated into Russia (Vedeno
occupied 13 Apr 1859).13 Apr 1877 – 27 Nov 1877 Rebellions
under Aldamov and as-Suguri. 2 Dec
1917
Independence declared (Emirate of Chechnya). 11 May 1918 - May 1919 Part of the
North Caucasian Mountain
Republic. 4 Feb 1919 - 7
Mar 1920 Grozny occupied by "White" Russian
forces. 19 Sep 1919 - May 1921 Emirate
of the North Caucasus proclaimed at Vedeno.
20 Jan 1921
Part of Russian
S.F.S.R. (see under Russian
S.F.S.R. admin.).

c.1453
Kabardian polity
established.
1561
Allied with Russia (swore loyalty to Russia in
1615); by the
middle of
the 17th century (until the very end of the 18th
century)
Kabarda dominated in varying degree over (North-)
Ossetia, Ingushetia, Balkaria and Karachay.
18 Sep 1739
Independence recognized by the Ottoman
Empire (it claimed Kabarda
from 1475) and Russia in the Treaty of Belgrade.
1769
Under the Russian
suzerainty (confirmed in 1771), recognized by
the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Küçük
Kaynarca 21 Jul 1774;
the polity
dissolved and annexed to Russia in 1822.
1803
Vladikavkaz (in present
North Ossetia) re-founded by Russia.
1806 - 1828
Subjection to Russia formally accepted by
the former Kabardian
dependencies ([North-] Ossetia 1806, Ingushetia
1811,
Balkaria 1827, and Karachay 1828).
1820 -
1829
Karachay disputed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia
(in 1820
claimed by
the Ottomans as not covered by the 1774 Treaty,
neutrality
agreed by Russia in 1826, Russian occupation 1828,
ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Adrianople 14 Sep
1829).

c.1549
Don Cossack Host
recorded for the first time, ruled by an elected
Ataman.
1570
Formally accepted suzerainty of the Russian Tsar.
1617 -
1708
All-Great Don Cossack Host.
1708
Cossack rebellion, led by Ataman Bulavin.
1708 - 1721
Autonomy effectively ended by Russia (1708
the Host included in
the Azov
governorate; 1721 ceased to be treated by Russia through
the Collegiate of Foreign Affairs, Ataman becomes an
appointed
position
in 1723).
21 Jul 1774
Azov ceded to Russia by the Ottoman
Empire by the Treaty of Küçük
Kaynarca (annexed 1471 from Genoese Gazaria; under
the Russian
and Don
Cossack occupations 1696-1711, 1736-39, 1769-74).
1870
Province of the Don Host.
20 Mar 1917 - 8 Jan 1920 Don Cossack Host
assumes supreme authority in the Don Host oblast
(see
under Russian Civil
War Polities).