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Effectors in plant pathology

Definition

Effectors are proteins expressed by plant pathogens to aid infection of specific plant species. These molecules can alter plant processes and are central to understanding the complicated interplay between plants and their pathogens.

PopP2 is an effector from the YopJ family, present in plant and animal bacterial pathogens. Here, its structure is determined in complex with inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and bound to its target, the WRKY domain of the RRS1-R plant immune receptor.

Transcription activator-like effectors contribute to virulence of the Xanthomonas strain responsible for bacterial blight in cotton. Here Cox et al. show that the Xanthomonas Avrb6 effector induces expression of the cotton SWEET10 sugar transporter and that this induction promotes disease.

Biotrophic fungal plant pathogens secrete protein effectors that support colonization of the host. Here, Kahmann and colleagues discuss new insights into the effector repertoire of smut fungi, the molecular mechanisms whereby effectors of Ustilago maydis change plant cell processes, how the respective genes are regulated and how effectors evolve.

Plant defence against pathogens requires energy, which is provided by photosynthesis. But in addition to this indirect supply role, the photosynthetic light reaction is an active player in fighting off bacteria.