Officials from the Department of Defense, Department of State, and Department of Energy briefed the press on Feb. 2 on the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review at the Pentagon, which calls for the introduction of two new types of weapons. (The Washington Post)

The Pentagon released a new nuclear arms policy Friday that calls for the introduction of two new types of weapons, effectively ending Obama-era efforts to reduce the size and scope of the U.S. arsenal and minimize the role of nuclear weapons in defense planning.

Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said in an introductory note to the new policy — the first update to the military’s nuclear strategy since 2010 — that the changes reflect a need to “look reality in the eye” and “see the world as it is, not as we wish it to be.”

The previous administration’s policy hinged on what President Barack Obama called a moral obligation for the United States to lead by example in ridding the world of nuclear weapons. Officials in the Trump administration and the U.S. military argue that Obama’s approach proved overly idealistic, particularly as relations with Moscow soured. Russia, China and North Korea, they say, all advanced their nuclear weapons capabilities instead of following suit.

“Over the past decade, while the United States has led the world in these reductions, every one of our potential nuclear adversaries has been pursuing the exact opposite strategy,” Deputy Energy Secretary Dan Brouillette said at a Pentagon news conference, explaining why the United States is changing course. “These powers are increasing the numbers and types of nuclear weapons in their arsenal.”

The new nuclear weapons policy follows on Donald Trump’s promise before taking office to expand and strengthen U.S. nuclear capabilities. President Trump also vowed during his State of the Union address Tuesday to build a nuclear arsenal “so strong and powerful that it will deter any acts of aggression.”

President Trump called on Congress to change "fundamental flaws" in the Iran nuclear deal and called China and Russia "rivals" during his State of the Union speech on Jan. 30. (Reuters)

The threats have changed dramatically since the last time the Pentagon updated its nuclear weapons policy, with Russia reemerging as a geopolitical foe. North Korea, meanwhile, has edged closer to possessing a missile capable of striking the U.S. mainland with a nuclear warhead, bringing the prospect of nuclear war back to the forefront of the American psyche for the first time since the Cold War.

Trump’s perceived volatility has raised more concerns among Americans about the president’s exclusive authority to order a nuclear attack. His warning last summer that he would unleash “fire and fury like the world has never seen” on North Korea marked a rare public threat by a U.S. president to use nuclear weapons.

The policy unveiled Friday envisions the introduction of “low-yield nukes” on submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Despite being called “low yield,” such weapons could cause roughly as much damage as the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, depending on their size.

Russia possesses a wide variety of small nuclear weapons that the United States mostly lacks. The Pentagon worries Moscow could seize part or all of a U.S. ally state and then detonate one in a “limited nuclear attack” to prevent American troops from coming to the rescue. Washington would be forced to choose between launching a much larger-scale nuclear attack on Russia or responding with less substantial conventional arms. The Pentagon says it wants a proportionate weapon to match.

John C. Rood, undersecretary of defense for policy, said the United States would not be increasing the number of warheads in its stockpile, which has contained other low-yield weapons for years.

In a veiled reference to Russia, Rood said the new low-yield missiles would ensure that adversaries “do not come to the mistaken impression” they can use small battlefield nuclear weapons because “we don’t have credible response options.”

In the 1960s, under the specter of imminent nuclear war with the Soviet Union, President John F. Kennedy ordered the creation of fallout shelters in population centers. Now, with North Korea as the latest nuclear threat, we visit a nearly untouched fallout shelter in D.C. to see what we can learn from the past. (Erin Patrick O'Connor,Daron Taylor,Monica Hesse,Thomas LeGro/The Washington Post)

The new Pentagon policy also outlines longer-term plans to reintroduce a nuclear submarine-launched cruise missile called an SLCM (or “slick-em”), which the administration of President George H.W. Bush stopped deploying and the Obama administration ordered removed from the arsenal.

Officials say the SLCM would reassure Japan and South Korea in the face of threats from North Korea and put pressure on Russia to stop violating the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. Unlike with the low-yield weapon, which the Pentagon plans to develop quickly, the SLCM’s reintroduction could be many years away.

The Pentagon confirmed its commitment to the modernization of the U.S. nuclear force that Obama approved in 2010 in exchange for Senate ratification of the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, or New START. The military will introduce new bombers, submarines and intercontinental ballistic missiles, as well as a new cruise missile for the bomber. The Congressional Budget Office estimates the plan will cost about $1.2 trillion over 30 years.

After a draft of the new policy leaked in mid-January, disarmament advocates assailed the Trump administration for pursuing what they described as unnecessary new nuclear weapons that could start an arms race and increase the likelihood of nuclear war.

Critics also accused the Defense Department of lowering the threshold for what might provoke a U.S. nuclear strike by mentioning cyberattacks in the list of non-nuclear strategic threats.

At the Pentagon, officials denied those accusations. They said the new policy, if anything, raises the threshold for nuclear strikes. They reiterated the Pentagon’s long-standing policy that says nuclear weapons can be used only in “extreme circumstances.”

The return of “great power competition” with Russia and threats from China, North Korea and Iran render progress toward any weapons reductions at this time “extremely challenging,” the new policy says.

Alex Bell, an Obama administration official and disarmament advocate at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, criticized the Pentagon for effectively abandoning the quest for nuclear reductions, saying it is treating the goal of eliminating nuclear weapons that Obama heralded in a 2009 speech in Prague as “an afterthought.”

“You have a clear message to the world that this administration is not interested in leading global efforts to reduce nuclear threats,” Bell said. She warned that Trump’s boasting about an expanding U.S. nuclear arsenal could set off “a new nuclear arms race.”