Plastic packaging is often pollution for profit

(Nanowerk News) You benefit from plastic from the moment you get up and use your toothbrush or kettle. Plastic is embedded in agriculture Ė and it keeps you alive if you end up in hospital. Even some of our money is made from it. Yet I canít watch the news without being bombarded by the evils of plastic. As a polymer scientist, it feels like my lifeís work is dismissed as immoral by even my hero Sir David Attenborough, simply because I deal with plastics.

But plastic itself is inanimate and cannot be evil Ė whatís morally wrong is what humans do with it.

But some plastic packaging does have benefits Ė even for the environment. Some packaging, for instance, prevents enough food waste (and therefore deforestation, fertiliser use or vehicle emissions) to balance out the inevitable litter. So how can you tell what is and isnít worth it?

One reason this is so hard to figure out is down to the nature of the material itself. Different kinds of plastic have to be separated for recycling because they contain tiny building blocks that donít mix at the molecular level. For instance, even many chemists donít realise that polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) donít mix, though they are the two of the most common forms of plastic and both have the same empirical formula of n(CH2). Thatís why separating plastics at the recycling centre is so important.

No time to peel your fruit and vegetables? (Image: Ayrat A / www.shutterstock.com)

A sports drink, for instance, can have three different and incompatible types of plastic in the bottle, the shrink-wrapped film, and the lid. All three components can be individually recycled but they are rarely separated other than by shredding.

Or look at black plastic trays. Their only function is to amplify the colour of a product, yet they also prevent recycling as sorting machines cannot detect black pigment.

In many cases, the packaging does have a genuine function and prevents waste by, for example, sealing in moisture or gas. But this can also mean certain thin films of plastic become impossible or prohibitively expensive to separate.

Packaged fruit and vegetables are egregious examples of excess plastic because they already come in a protective skin. Bananas already come in a perfectly designed wrapper Ė individuals can be snapped off a from a bigger pack, the skin splits length ways to expose the product, and it is truly biodegradable.

Consumers are waking up to some of the worst excesses Ė see the recent furore over an M&S cauliflower steak that was pulled after complaints. But none of this is simple. Given that prepacked fruit and vegatables enable some disabled people to access fresh food, one personís lazy and profligate is anotherís lifesaver.

Durable plastic can be useful

So what can be done to reduce single-use plastic? A society that valued the environment over marketing could make evidence-based choices. On a larger scale, this involves policies such as the UKís 5p carrier bag charge, which has driven an 80% reduction in single-use bags.

But personal actions matter, too. Take the choices involved in a simple packed lunch of a falafel wrap, prepared at home. For the wrap, many advocate reusing aluminium foil rather than clingfilm. But foil has to be reused nearly 200 times to release less greeenhouse gases than clingfilm – 5g of aluminium versus 0.2g of film at six times more embedded energy and nine times more GHG per gram.

Compare this to a reusable plastic sealed bag made from 14g of the same material as the clingfilm. This only needs to be used 70 times to get ahead (on GHG emmisions) of using new clingfilm every time, while there is no daily clingfilm or weekly foil going to landfill.

Cuckmere Valley UK, 2018. (Image: Sixpixx / www.shutterstock.com)

Or consider bottled water. The logical approach here is to reuse thicker bottles 100 times or more, but this may require a deposit scheme, collection and return, wash and refill – all of which costs. Thin single-use bottles are the lowest price, whereas refilling and reusing has the lowest environmental burden. Companiesí balance sheets and our pockets lead us to single-use plastics in the sea.

Single-use plastic is a complex issue – in some cases it is very useful, in others just the opposite. But consumers can make conscious choices, businesses can act responsibly and governments can enforce good policy to rid ourselves of pollution for profit.

Source: By Anthony J Ryan, Professor of Physical Chemistry and Director of the Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, University of Sheffield