Poll: Attitudes toward gays changing fast

Dec. 5, 2012
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Kathy Kane, left, and Mary Kane embrace after exchanging vows during a mass wedding ceremony for gay couples in Farmingdale, N.Y., on July 26, 2011, just days after same-sex marriage became legal in the state. / Steve Pfost, Newsday, via AP

by Susan Page, USA TODAY

by Susan Page, USA TODAY

In the wake of historic victories for gay-rights supporters in last month's elections, a pair of USA TODAY/Gallup Polls find growing acceptance among Americans toward gay men and lesbians - and soaring optimism among gay Americans that issues involving homosexuality will one day no longer divide the nation.

In a survey of respondents who identified themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, three of four say they are generally open with others about their sexual orientation. More than nine of 10 say people in their community have become more accepting in recent years.

That feeling is ratified in a nationwide USA TODAY poll of all Americans that finds broad acceptance of economic rights for same-sex couples and majority support for gay marriage and adoption. A 51% majority predict that at some point, the country will reach a general agreement on such issues.

The changes echo times when attitudes toward African Americans and women were in flux, scholars say. With young adults by far the most tolerant of homosexuality - among those 18 to 29 years old, 73% support same-sex marriage - the trend seems more likely to accelerate than reverse.

More than a third of Americans surveyed say their views have changed significantly over time toward gay marriage, an issue being battled in states across the country and before the Supreme Court. The high court could announce as early as Friday whether it will accept cases challenging California's Proposition 8 and the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, which bars federal programs from recognizing same-sex marriages.

"They have changed from 'this is appalling' to, you know, 'what is wrong with that idea?'" said Mary Ann Schmertz, 82, a real estate agent in Wilkinsburg, Pa., describing her own views on the issue. In a follow-up interview after she was polled, she noted that her next-door neighbors are a gay couple. "Why should they be discriminated against?" she said. "They're paying taxes. They're leading decent lives."

To be sure, significant opposition remains. While 53% support gay marriage, 46% oppose it. A third would go further: They say gay or lesbian relations between consenting adults should be illegal.

Lance Crawford, 29, a loan officer in Andover, Minn., could accept the idea of some benefits for gay couples, but he draws the line at the institution of marriage. "I don't agree with it based on science reasons alone," he says, calling homosexuality unnatural. "It just opens the door for even more things in the future" that could undermine the country's morality.

He sees a sharper edge in the national debate. "It seems like people who are for it are more outspoken about it, and people who are against it feel stronger and stronger about that," he says.

Since 1998, voters in 30 states have approved constitutional amendments that define marriage as between a man and a woman, and eight other states have enacted statutes barring gay marriage. Nine states and the District of Columbia have moved to legalize same-sex marriages.

Since the issue was engaged in earnest less than two decades ago, public opinion has been reshaped. In 1996, a Gallup Poll found Americans opposing same-sex marriage by an overwhelming 68%-27%. Now, an analysis of aggregated polls over the past decade shows movement toward support in every age group and every region.

In the new survey, the only age group in which a majority opposes same-sex marriage are those 65 and older, and the only region with majority opposition is the South.

Last month's elections may have marked a turning point. Maine, Maryland and Washington became the first states to approve same-sex marriage by popular vote. A fourth state, Minnesota, defeated a proposed constitutional amendment that would have defined marriage as between a man and a woman.

There were groundbreaking elections as well. In January, Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin will become the first openly gay member of the U.S. Senate. Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona will be the first openly bisexual member of the U.S. House. A record four state legislatures - in California, Colorado, Oregon and Rhode Island - are poised to be led by openly gay Assembly speakers.

"We saw a landslide for equality across this country," says Chad Griffin, president of the Human Rights Campaign, the nation's largest political group representing lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender interests. "There really is no other way to describe what happened on Election Night other than it was a watershed moment for equality in this country."

Brian Brown, president of the National Organization for Marriage, argues that the ballot measures legalizing same-sex marriage passed "in the deepest of deep-blue states." They are a spur to opponents, including his group, as they prepare for future battles. "The biggest lesson for us is we will never again allow us to be outspent in this way," he says.

Julie Novkov, a political scientist at the University of Albany, SUNY, sees parallels to the transformation in attitudes toward African Americans in the period just before and after President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. However, the roles of blacks in civic life then regressed, moving forward again with the civil rights movement a century later.

The path for groups battling discrimination rarely follows a straight line, says Novkov, who studies race and gender in politics. "It's a more complicated story of things moving forward and moving back before solid, lasting gains are finally cemented," she says. For gay men and lesbians, progress on issues such as same-sex marriage is undeniable, but "it's hard to say" with any certainty what's ahead.

Getting to know you

One possible reason behind changing attitudes: Nearly eight in 10 adults say they know a relative, friend or co-worker who is gay, and most describe that relationship as a close one. In the survey of gay men and lesbians, 73% say they are generally open about their sexual orientation with other people; 26% say they aren't.

"When you have a brother or sister or relation, a friend, whatever, it's a personal thing," says Mike Haigerty, 49, of Indianapolis, who was called in the poll. The director of religious education at a Catholic parish, he opposes same-sex marriage as a "slippery slope" that would separate sex from procreation in violation of his church's teachings.

Still, he says, "One of my closest friends has a younger brother who has a partner. I see their family at Christmas. Doug and John are great guys. We just don't talk about it. It's like 'don't ask, don't tell,'" the military policy installed in 1993 and repealed last year. When the issue is seen through the perspective of people you know, Haigerty says, "that really pulls on people's hearts."

Asked in an open-ended question why they back gay marriage, about one in 10 supporters cite friends or family members who are gay or lesbian. One-third volunteer that love and happiness should matter, not sexual orientation, and one-third cite equal rights. Fourteen percent say the issue shouldn't be one that is up to the government or them.

Asked why they are against gay marriage, nearly half of opponents say it violates the Bible's precepts or their religion; 16% call it morally wrong. Six percent say civil unions should be enough.

Indeed, a broad national consensus has emerged on granting same-sex couples the economic rights that civil unions generally guarantee. In the poll, more than three of four Americans support inheritance rights for same-sex couples and say gay men and lesbians should have access to their partners' health insurance and employee benefits.

Even among the demographic groups most strongly opposed to gay marriage - seniors, conservatives, Republicans and frequent churchgoers - a majority endorse those rights.

The question of adoption by gay men and lesbians has shown the biggest gains in recent decades. By 61%-36%, those surveyed say gay men and lesbians should have a right to adopt children, more than double the support it had 18 years ago.

However, a majority of Americans, 52%-42%, say the Boy Scouts of America shouldn't allow openly gay adults to serve as troop leaders.

The national poll of 1,015 adults, taken Nov. 26-29, has a margin of error of +/â??4 percentage points. At the end of the survey, 4.9% said in response to a question that they were gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. That's higher than the 3.5% response Gallup typically has gotten, possibly because the previous survey questions dealt mostly with gay rights.

A separate poll was taken Nov. 27-29 of 251 adults who had identified themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender in the Gallup daily tracking poll this year. The margin of error for that survey is +/â??6 points.

In a sign the issue continues to be sensitive, in follow-up phone interviews several of those who identified themselves as LGBT in the survey either declined to be interviewed or asked that their sexual orientation not be revealed.

"Public opinion hasn't changed that much," one man said.

'There are huge changes'

Nine of 10 gay men and lesbians say discrimination against homosexuals remains a serious problem. Nearly two-thirds of all Americans agree.

Even so, 91% of gays say the people around them have become more accepting in recent years. A majority in both polls, of gays and Americans generally, say it's "not too difficult" or not at all difficult for someone to live openly as gay or lesbian in their community.

Americans are now inclined to say that being gay is something a person is born with. Surveys in the 1970s and 1980s showed the public overwhelmingly attributing homosexuality to upbringing or environment.

"I think there are huge changes" in attitudes, says Meghan Mitchell, 19, a college student in Orlando who says she and her friends don't see homosexuality as raising controversial questions. "My grandparents, they didn't know what gay and lesbian really meant; they thought it was bad." Once they knew some openly gay family members and friends, "all of a sudden it wasn't such a scary thing any more."

Those who say their views on same-sex marriage have changed significantly now support it, 71%-28%. Asked why they had changed their minds, more than one-third say they have become more tolerant. Eighteen percent say they are better informed. About one in 10 say it is simply "not as big a deal now as in the past."

Indeed, 77% of gay respondents and 51% of all Americans predict that the divisions over issues involving gay men and lesbians will one day be history, that Americans will reach a general concord on them.

"The younger kids don't even see it as an issue," says Gwen Kesterson, 63, a retiree in Monterey, Calif. "It seems like society will get over it."