Characteristics screened included ability to agglutinate gentamicin-modified latex particles, antibody specificity (minimum cross-reactivity with other aminoglycoside drugs), and similarity of reactivities of various gentamicin subspecies.

Lectins are known as carbohydrate-binding proteins that can bind carbohydrates reversibly and possess the ability to agglutinate cells or precipitate polysaccharides and glycoconjugates (Sharon and Lis 1989; Sharon 2007).

As proteins are coupled or adsorbed to the surface, the surface charge (assessed as the zeta potential) decreases and with sufficient protein, the repulsive charge collapses and the particles agglutinate.

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