As the role of ontology in a multilingual setting
becomes important to Semantic Web development, it becomes
necessary to understand and model how an original conceptual
meaning of a Source Language word is conveyed into a Target
Language translation. Terminological ontology [1] is a tool
used for knowledge sharing and domain-specific translation,
and could potentially be suitable for simulating the cognitive
models explaining real-world inter-cultural communication
scenarios. In this paper, a framework referred to as the
Relevance Theory of Communication [2] is contrasted to an
empirical study applying Tversky´s contrast model [3] to datasets
obtained from the terminological ontology. The results
indicate that the alignment of two language-dependent
terminological ontologies is a potential method for optimizing
the relevance required in inter-cultural communication, in
other words, for identifying corresponding concepts existing in
two remote cultures.

This paper analyzes patterns of conceptualizations
possessed by different groups of subjects. The eventual goal of
this work is to dynamically learn and structure semantic representations
for groups of people sharing domain knowledge. In
this paper, we conduct a survey for collecting data representing
semantic representations of 34 subjects with different profiles
in gender and educational background. The collected data is
analyzed by an approach combining two extended versions of
the Infinite Relational Model (Kemp et al. 2006) [1]: multiarray
Infinite Relational Model (Mørup et al. 2010) [2] and
normal Infinite Relational Model (Herlau et al. 2012) [3].
Results indicate that the employed approach not only localizes
similar patterns of conceptualization within a group of subjects
having a common profile, but also identifies differences in
conceptualization across different subject groups.

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In this work package, we evaluate the CASMACAT workbench in eld trials to study the use
of the workbench in a real-world environment. We will also integrate the workbench into com-
munity translation platforms and collect user activity data from both eld trials and volunteer
translators. This Deliverable covers Tasks 6.1 and 6.2.
Task 6.1: Field trials at translation agency.
Three annual eld trials to evaluate the CASMACAT workbench in a real-world professional
translation environment.
Task 6.2: Analysis of translator feedback and activity data.
Collect feed-back of translators self-estimation through retrospective interviews and correlate
this with the activity data.

In this work package, we evaluate the CasMaCat workbench in eld trials to study the use
of the workbench in a real-world environment. We will also integrate the workbench into com-
munity translation platforms and collect user activity data from both eld trials and volunteer
translators.
This Deliverable covers Tasks 6.1 and 6.2.
Task 6.1: Three eld trials at a translation agency (Celer Soluciones SL)to evaluate the
CasMaCat workbench in a real-world professional translation environment.
Task 6.2: Analysis of translator feedback and activity data. Collection of feedback of trans-
lators' self-estimation through retrospective interviews.

In this work package, we evaluate the CasMaCat workbench in eld trials to study the use
of the workbench in a real-world environment. We have also integrated the workbench into
community translation platforms and collected user activity data from both eld trials and
volunteer translators interacting with the workbench.
This Deliverable covers Task 6.1 and 6.2.
Task 6.1: Third eld trial at a translation agency (Celer Soluciones SL in Madrid) to
evaluate the CasMaCat workbench in a real-world professional translation environment.
Task 6.2: Analysis of translator feedback and activity data. Collection of feedback of
translators' self-estimation through questionnaires and retrospective interviews.
In addition to the originally planned third eld trial for 2014, we have also conducted an
additional longitudinal study between April and May 2014 (as discussed in the last review
meeting { December 2013).

This study reports on the extended time period prior to the introduction of the largest
ever Health IT implementation in Denmark – Sundhedsplatformen. The focus of the
dissertation is on organizational implications of introducing new technology and more
specifically the anticipation of organizational members waiting for changes to take
effect. The 3-year period leading up to the ‘go-live’ of Sundhedsplatformen has been a
unique opportunity to study the anticipatory phase in connection with large scale IT
project and has resulted in the development of a theoretical / conceptual framework for
the analysis of this pre-implementation phase. Three major findings have come out of
the study.

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This study is reporting on the extended period prior to implementation of the largest ever Health IT implementation in Denmark – Sundhedsplatformen. Preliminary analysis of data points to the need to take into consideration what I call the anticipatory phase. The study argues that the anticipatory pre-adoption phase is where individuals prepare for pending changes through positioning. It is as such an early stage where sensemaking is based e.g. on vague strategic messages from management, hear-say-information and experiences from the past IT implementations, rather than on factual and up-to date information about specific changes or concrete experience.

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This document contains details about the implementation of the 2nd prototype of the casmacat
workbench and the Translation Process Research Database (TPR-DB). It outlines the major
components of the workbench and their usage (Sections 1, 2, 3 and 6), as well as the structure
and feature of the TPR-DB (Section 7). Since gaze information is the most valuable source
for tracking translator e ort in text understanding, and due to the noise inherent in current
head-free eye-tracking technology, Sections 4 and 5 report attempts to implement solutions for
obtaining better gaze-to-word mapping accuracy.
At the time of this writing, an installation guide1 has been written and made available to a
select group of alpha testers (researchers from universities and research laboratories) to prepare
a wider release of the prototype.

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The role of ontology in a multilingual context is one of the emerging challenges in our modern information society. This work first explains different types of ontology applications in a multilingual context based on a number of dimensions defined in [Cimiano 2010]. These dimensions are useful for clarifying the role of ontologies depending on different types of cross-cultural communication scenarios. What is emphasized here is a new dimension in the ontology applications, namely the inherent asymmetric relation of communication between a communicator and an information receiver, which has been inspired by the pragmatic approach of the so-called Relevance Theory of Communication (RTC) [Sperber 1986]. Based on this ground theory, a new framework for simulating the cognitive processes involved in a cross-cultural communication is proposed.

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Cross-lingual concept mapping based on the information receiver’s prior-knowledge

Glückstad, Fumiko Kano(Frederiksberg, 2012)

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Resume:

A Japanese acquaintance who has been living in Denmark for more than
40 years formulated his difficult mission of undertaking translation tasks
in the following way: “Once I deeply understood the two cultures [Denmark
and Japan] and the cultural differences/nuances of conceptual
meanings existing in the two countries, it became impossible for me to
translate culturally-specific terms into the other language. Existing language
resources [dictionaries etc.] are in this context useless”. What he
was frustratingly expressing is that it becomes virtually an impossible
task to precisely translate or convey the meaning of a Culturally-Specific
Concept (CSC) if no exact equivalent concept exists in the Target Language
(TL) culture. Despite this inherent frustration, communicators or
translators are still required to convey such CSCs into a TL in an optimal
manner such that a TL reader can instantly infer the original meaning of a
given Source Language (SL) concept. In short, the key issue is whether
there can be found a way to solve this inherently frustrating situation
which even skilled human translators cannot easily cope with ?
The challenge of translating CSCs from an SL is not only caused by the
absence of equivalent concepts in a TL culture, but also due to differences
of the background knowledge possessed by the two parties involved in a
cross-cultural communication scenario. Sperber & Wilson (1986) emphasize
that, although all humans live in the physical world, mental representations
are constructed differently due to differences in our close environment
and our different cognitive abilities. Because people use different
languages and have mastered different concepts, the way they construct
representations and make inference is also dissimilar. Since an individual
possesses a total cognitive environment that is the set of facts
based on his/her perceptual ability, inferential ability, actual awareness of
facts, knowledge he/she has acquired and so on, it is much easier to
achieve a so-called “asymmetric” coordination between communicator
and audience (Sperber & Wilson, 1986)....

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Insights into Language Choice from a Case Study of Danish and Austrian Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Bellak, Nina(Frederiksberg, 2014)

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Resume:

International businesses like multinational corporations (MNCs) operate across national, cultural
and linguistic borders both internally and externally, and thus are under pressure to make
language choices. Despite the increasing tendency towards ‘English only’, little is known about
whether language can be managed. In addressing this research gap, the present thesis explores
language choice in four MNCs. A deeper understanding of language choice in its social context
enables us to learn more about the manageability of language in such international business
contexts.
The theoretical framework draws on primarily sociolinguistic theories, combined with concepts
from applied linguistics, language policy and planning/management, linguistic anthropology,
translation studies, social psychology, and international business and management. The analyses
in this qualitative case study are based on different empirical data, though with a focus on
interview data, collected from two Danish and two Austrian headquarters and selected
subsidiaries.
The findings suggest that language choice is a social, contextually-bound and multilingual
phenomenon. More specifically, the MNCs operate as multilingual speech communities where
headquarters and subsidiaries choose their own language and English as a lingua franca only if
necessary. The notions of corporate language and language policy are partly negatively connotated
and point towards non-management. Furthermore, participants’ language choices are informed by
(1) their language proficiency (first language and possible foreign languages), (2) their roles, role
relationships within the employment domain, and politeness strategies, all shaped by relative
status and power, (3) their attitudes to language and motivations, and (4) social forces external to
the MNC community. At a more abstract level, social context is defined by (1) social-linguistic, (2)
social-relational, (3) social-psychological and (4) social-regulatory contextual dimensions that
inform or impose the choices of HQ languages, local/customer languages and English (as a lingua
franca). The language choices can involve code-switching/-mixing, passive multilingualism,
translation and interpretation, language learning and acquisition, human resource management (selective recruitment and staff relocation). Most of the choices are in fact made at both the
individual and corporate levels, which are hard to separate from one another. The corporate level
is fragmented into individual executives who make language choices in their own right which are
far from harmonized. An additional level is external forces (e.g. authorities, laws) that impose the
use of multiple languages on the MNCs. Finally, language choices vary across the MNCs’
organizational units, internal and external communications and communicative situations. It can
be concluded that language choice is a social, complex, context-dependent and multilingual
phenomenon which makes it hard to control or regulate.
In conclusion, my research indicates that language management in international business contexts
undertaken by MNCs can hardly be centralized or monolingual. Under the influence of external
forces, it is even beyond their control. This suggests that language management needs to be
localized, multilingual and sensitive to social context. Ultimately, one could question whether
language needs to be managed at all or should be better left to individual choice. This knowledge
can contribute to both research and business practice.

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This thesis, titled Cognitive effort in metaphor translation – an eye-tracking and key-logging
study, is an empirical investigation of professional translators’ cognitive effort during metaphor
translation. Metaphors are defined as expressions in which one concept is used to characterise
another concept, such as Peter is a wolf in which the characteristics of the wolf are used to
define Peter. As a point of departure, the thesis adopts the direct access view of metaphors in
which metaphors are regarded as unambiguous expressions which are interpreted as metaphors
directly.
Metaphors have primarily been researched in monolingual studies such as Glucksberg (2001)
and Inhoff et al. (1984), who investigated how metaphors are processed and the cognitive effort
required for this processing compared with literal expressions. The conclusion to their studies
was that metaphors were not more cognitively effortful to process than literal expressions and
that they were not necessarily more ambiguous either.
Dagut (1987) and Newmark (1985, 1988) discussed metaphors from a translation perspective in
which they regarded metaphors as a particular translation problem. Trim (2007) argued that the
translatability of metaphors was related to their language-specific saliency.
Neither Dagut, Newmark or Trim was empirical in his methodology, and the purpose of this
thesis was to bridge the gap between the empirical methodology used in metaphor
comprehension research and the more qualitative methodology used in metaphor translation
research.

Spoken language applications are becoming increasingly
operational and are used in many computer applications today.
Translation dictation is a mode of translation by which a
translator reads a source text and speaks out its translation,
instead of typing it. Translation dictation is thus a method of
translation situated in between interpretation, where the
interpreter hears a text and speaks out the translation (e.g.,
during conference interpreting) and conventional translation by
which a written source text is translated mainly using the
keyboard. It is close to sight translation. Translation Dictation
was a technique used in some translation bureaus in the 1960s
and 1970s (Gingold, 1978) but it has been used less frequently
since the mid-80s, as professional translators started using
micro-computers (Zapata and Kirkedal, 2015).
Already, the ALPAC report (Pierce et al., 1966) mentioned
that “productivity of human translators might be as much as
four times higher when dictating” as compared to writing, and
with today´s increasing quality of voice recognition this mode
of translation is experiencing a come-back. The usage of
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems provides an
efficient means to produce texts, and our experiments suggest
that for some translators and types of text translations it might
become even more efficient than post-editing of machine
translation.
In this paper we describe the ENJA15 translation study and
corpus. The ENJA15 corpus is a collection of translation
process data that was collected in a collaborative effort by
CRITT and NII. The ENJA15 data is part of a bigger data set
which will enable us to compare human translation production
processes across different languages, different translation
modes, including from-scratch translation, machine translation
post-editing and translation dictation.

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Most scholars agree that engaging in preparation and planning is key to a negotiation’s
effectiveness but research has largely focused solely on what happens at the negotiation table, rather
than in preparation for it. This thesis addresses the balance by clarifying which preparation and
planning activities are undertaken to conduct a complex business negotiation. It examines not only
what activities are conducted, but also by whom, and when.
One important question for both practitioners and researchers alike is the extent to which
practitioners follow the recommendations of what is an extensive and highly varied literature on
negotiation preparation. A review of the literature enabled a comprehensive activity checklist to be
developed which, coupled with a number of propositions about how preparation could be expected
to be conducted, formed the foundation for the data collection and analysis.
The bulk of research into negotiation uses data drawn from populations in experimental
design settings. However, this study follows a qualitative research design, which has multiple
sources of inquiry and which draws upon data grounded in a large global, industrial company and,
thereby, contributes to the limited selection of negotiation research that is conducted outside of
university settings.

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Values are crucial for explaining the motivational basis of human attitudes and behavior, as well as social and personal
organization. This project investigates methods to analyze values possessed by diverse individuals residing in several
societies based in Japan and other foreign countries. The aim is to identify useful intercultural data analysis methods to
examine the heterogeneity of societies within and across countries based on advanced AI technologies such as machine
learning and ontology technologies. Our intercultural data analysis project is based on the publicly available data such as
World Value Survey and European Social Survey. The project eventually aims at developing an intercultural data analysis
tool for public and private service providers to identify potential target consumer segments of services/products and to
indicate preferences of the potential customers in a foreign market.

This paper outlines a system, OntoScape, serving to accomplish
complex inference tasks on knowledge bases and bio-models
derived from life-science text corpora. The system applies so-called natural
logic, a form of logic which is readable for humans. This logic affords
ontological representations of complex terms appearing in the text
sources. Along with logical propositions, the system applies a semantic
graph representation facilitating calculation of bio-pathways. More generally,
the system a ords means of query answering appealing to general
and domain speci c inference rules.

In this paper we will describe some problems related to the defini-tion of a set of data categories as well as to the import and merging of data from various resources. First, we illustrate how organizing a taxonomy of data cate-gories is facilitated by using the principles for creating a terminological ontolo-gy (or concept system). Next, we discuss how multiple terminological entries referring to the same concept can be identified with the purpose of merging them.

In this dissertation, I qualitatively explore the everyday lived experiences of thirty-three 1.5 generation
undocumented youth (1.5GUY) in the United States. Specifically, I examine how 1.5GUY experience
and cope with sense of belonging (SofB) in their everyday lives in relation to their undocumented legal
status (ULS).
These youth, who have migrated at or before the age of twelve, have grown up and been socialized in
the United States. Due to the Supreme Court Case, Plyler v. Doe (1982), primary and secondary (K-
12) educational access has been extended to all children, regardless of legal immigration status.
Because the 1.5GUY have the opportunity to participate in everyday social, educational, and cultural
life even despite their ULS, their experiences of belonging are relatively privileged in relation to their
second generation undocumented contemporaries. However, their opportunity for participation parity
is temporary, decreasing, and comes to an abrupt end during their transitions to adulthood, when the
need for legal status becomes increasingly more salient in everyday life.
In my exploratory and phenomenological study, I analyze narratives constructed through semistructured
interviews with 1.5GUY and supplement this material with data from participant
observation. In my examination, I focus on the relationship between ULS and SofB in everyday life,
and especially the relationship between emotions, experiences, and performances. I analyze empirical
material for the presence of emotions and experiences related to SofB, for example attachment,
comfort, inclusion, participation, identification, safety, and community and conversely, insecurity,
instability, uncertainty, doubt, compromised identity, and exclusion that may influence SofB. I am
interested in the banalities of everyday scenarios—actions, interactions, and locations—that shape the
1.5GUY’s SofB. To capture the dynamics and diversity of experiences, emotions, and coping
strategies related to SofB, I incorporate theories of identity, recognition, and citizenship, and related
concepts such as the right to the city, participation parity, and coming out.

In this paper I will discuss the possibility offered by the “linguistic turn” for narrative
research in the realm of financial communication. I will propose three categories by
which a narrative interpretive approach can be applied to financial communication:
narrative-as-artifacts, narrative-as-practice and narrative-as-method. Such a constitutive
communication approach challenges a mechanistic and functionalist view of
communication as a tool to represent social realities in favor of an interpretive view that
could remain sensitive to the production and reproduction of meaning by the actors
involved.