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Veterans Treatment Courts (VTCs) were created to: (1) address issues unique to U.S. Military Veterans; and, (2) where possible, avoid punishing veterans for crimes that may have been committed as a direct result of their mental conditions (e.g., Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and/or Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)). Little research has been undertaken to ascertain whether VTCs are accomplishing...

Four novel linear non‐peptidic HIV‐1 protease inhibitors derived from 2,5‐diamino‐1,6‐diphenyl‐3‐hexanol were synthesized and characterized. All of them exhibit tight binding to HIV‐1 protease, with inhibition constants Ki in the range 20 pm–5 nm. The investigated inhibitors were crystallized, and their crystal structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction. In all cases, the conformations found...

Plasmepsin-2 is a malarial aspartic proteinase that has been implicated in the initial steps of hemoglobin degradation in parasites and thus represents an attractive antimalarial target. Escherichia coli expressed proplasmepsin-2 is capable of activation at acidic pH by autocatalytic cleavage of the pro part region, which results in products of different length. We designed a 10-amino-acid deletion...

With the insight generated by the availability of X-ray crystal structures of various 5,6-dihydropyran-2-ones bound to HIV PR, inhibitors possessing various alkyl groups at the 6-position of 5,6-dihydropyran-2-one ring were synthesized. The inhibitors possessing a 6-alkyl group exhibited superior antiviral activities when compared to 6-phenyl analogues. Antiviral efficacies were further improved upon...

A series of novel unsymmetrical anthranilamide-containing HIV protease inhibitors was designed. The structure-activity studies revealed a series of potent P2-P3' inhibitors that incorporate an anthranilamide group at the P2' position. A reduction in molecular weight and lipophilicity is achieved by a judicious choice of P2 ligands (i.e., aromatic, heteroaromatic, carbamate, and peptidic). A systematic...

Aspartic endopeptidases (plasmepsins) have been implicated in the degradation of hemoglobin in the erythrocytic stage of infection byPlasmodium falciparum.To develop new targets for drug development, these enzymes have been isolated and cloned, expressed, and studied structurally and enzymatically. This study expands this approach to two other species of the malarial parasite,P. vivaxandP. malariae...

Cathepsin D is a lysosomal aspartic proteinase that has been implicated in several pathological processes such as breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease. We designed and synthesized a number of quenched fluorogenic substrates with P2 variations in the series AcEE(EDANS)KPIXFFRLGK(DABCYL)E-NH 2 , where X=cysteine, methylcysteine, ethylcysteine, tert-butylcysteine, carboxymethylcysteine, methionine,...

Human tumor suppressor protein p53 is a 393-amino acid phosphoprotein that enhances transcription in response to DNA damage from several genes that regulate cell cycle progression. The tetrameric state of p53 is critical to wild-type function; the p53 tetramerization element is located in the C-terminal region of the protein. This region is phosphorylated at several evolutionarily conserved serines,...

A combination of structure-activity studies, kinetic analysis, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and modeling were employed in the design of a novel series of HIV-1 protease (HIV PR) inhibitors. The crystal structure of a complex of HIV PR with SRSS-2,5-bis[N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-3,4-dihydroxy-1,6-diphenylhexan e (1) delineated a crucial water-mediated hydrogen bond between the ter-butyloxy...

Several small, achiral nonpeptide inhibitors of HIV-1 protease with low micromolar activity were identified by mass screening of the Parke-Davis compound library. Two of the compounds, structurally similar, were both found to be competitive and reversible inhibitors [compound 1, 4-hydroxy-3-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one: K i = 1.0 μM; compound 2, 4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-3-(phenylthio)-pyran-2-one:...

The structure of the HIV-1 protease in complex with a pseudo-C2 symmetric inhibitor, which contains a central difluoroketone motif, has been determined with X-ray diffraction data extending to 1.7 Å resolution. The electron density map clearly indicates that the inhibitor is bound in a symmetric fashion as the hydrated, or gemdiol, form of the difluoroketone. Refinement of the complex reveals a unique,...

Background: HIV-1 protease (HIV PR), an aspartic protease, cleaves Phe–Pro bonds in the Gag and Gag–Pol viral polyproteins. Substrate-based peptide mimics constitute a major class of inhibitors of HIV PR presently being developed for AIDS treatment. One such compound, KNI-272, which incorporates allophenylnorstatine (Apns)–thioproline (Thp) in place of Phe–Pro, has potent antiviral activity and is...

The photoexcited triplet state of Trp-37 in the C-terminal zinc finger of the HIV-1 p7 nucleocapsid protein was used as a probe of p7 interactions with the heavy atom-derivatized RNA homopolymer, poly-5-mercuriuridylic acid (5-HgU). Binding of p7 to 5-HgU (Hg blocked with 2-mercaptoethanol) produces an external heavy atom effect (HAE) on Trp-37 characterized by fluorescence quenching, reduction of...

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