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My Weekly Reader 14 June 2018.

Well before the arrival of Europeans on the Eastern seaboard of North America, the Native Americans had advanced far beyond simple bands of wandering hunters-and-gatherers. They had become settled hunters-and-farmers; their communities had grown from bands to confederations of tribes. It would be easy to portray their situation as an Eden and the Europeans as the snake in the Garden. This over-simplifies things.

First, the Native Americans were Stone Age people whose lives could be very hard. Europeans were an Iron Age people whose axes, knives, cooking pots, and muskets could ease those hard lives. Second, many tribes disputed with others. Trading with Europeans gave them access to European technology, but alliances could give them the bulge on rivals. Cooperation co-existed with conflict between .Europeans and Native Americans.

Yet conflict became endemic. The two different peoples despised one another. The Europeans—Spanish, French, Dutch, and English—were all monotheists, believing themselves to be in the left lane of the highway to Heaven and everyone else to be taking the off-ramp to Hell. Endlessly busy in pursuit of gain, the Europeans found the Native Americans to be an idle lot. The Native Americans were commonly animists, believing that each living thing possessed a spirit. Lacking much material wealth, the Native Americans couldn’t comprehend the acquisitiveness of the Europeans.

The imbalance in real strength between the two sides doomed the Native Americans. Certainly, the Europeans possessed an immense technological advantage over the Native Americans. Sailing ships, firearms, and iron tools all surpassed anything Native Americans could produce. More importantly, there were just a lot more Europeans who wanted to live in North America than there were Native Americans who might want to keep them out. The spread of European diseases compounded, but did not cause, the imbalance.

The first American “way of war” rested on the English understanding of the Native Americans. The Native Americans could not stand and fight against heavily armed and armored Europeans. They faded away into the forest at the English approach. So march to a stockaded village, burn it down along with stored food and crops in the field, then go home. On occasion, the English could trap the enemy inside their stockade. Then they applied fire and sword.

An early war in New England illustrates these realities.[1] Before 1600, the Narragansett confederacy had dominated southern New England. Then the Pequot tribe intruded itself into the Connecticut River valley. In 1622, they had expanded their territory by defeating the Narragansett. In 1630, the Puritan settlers began to arrive in Massachusetts Bay. Conflicts arose between the Narragansett and the English from time to tie, but the Narragansett understood the danger to themselves. In 1636, they palmed off the murder of a rough-around-the-edges merchant ship captain by some of their own allies as the handiwork of the Pequot. Then they sent a bunch of warriors to fight with the English against the Pequot. The war ended with a gory massacre of many Pequot trapped inside their own stockade at Mystic. Some of the survivors became slaves of the Narragansett. Forty years later it would be the turn of the Narragansett in King Philip’s War (1675-1678).