In terms of culture and customs, how exactly did the Galatians differ from the Celts from the European mainland? I know that there were various language differences, but does archaeology prove the Galatians to be vastly different to, let's say, the Gauls.

So you got a Gallic tribe (probably some Hellenisation) who settled in Dacia an were absorbed into a larger Dacian population, these Dacians would be a mixture of Dacian and Hellenic culture. Next some go to Asia Minor and are absorbed into a larger group of locals who were a mix of Anatolian and Hellenic culture.

The Hellenic culture would be the dominant, followed by Anatolian culture, followed by Dacian and then a few Gallic traditions.

Most of the Galatians were Celtic tribes that were expelled from Greece circa 235 BC. They ended up in what's now modern Turkey, and they were known as HellenoGalatai (Greek Galatians = CeltoGreeks). So it was basically Celts who mixed up with existing Greek populations of Anatolia (Turkey).

Their adoption of a superior culture reminds me of the Gallo-Romans and Romano-British. So these Galtian Celts saw themselves as Greeks?

Not exactly and not in all cases. The Celtic invasions in Anatolia produced what the ancient historians called HellenoGalatai, which were Celtic tribes that were absorbed by existing Greek populations. Gradually they were Hellenized, but how much they considered themselves " GraecoCelts" is unknown.

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