REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE PROBLEM OF HUNGARY

Transcription

1 UNITED NATIONS REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE PROBLEM OF HUNGARY GENERAL ASSEMBLY OFFICIAL RECORDS: ELEVENTH SESSION SUPPLEMENT No. 18 (A/3592) New York NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary Glossary of Hungarian terms Chapter I. Organization and functions of the Committee A. Introduction B. The witnesses C. Conduct of hearings D. Documentary material E. Attempts to observe in Hungary and to meet Imre Nagy F. Arrangement of the report of the Committee G. General observations on the work of the Committee Annex A: Resolution 1132 (XI) of the General Assembly of the United Nations Chapter II. A brief history of the Hungarian uprising A. Developments before 22 October 1956 B. Meetings and demonstrations C. The first shots D. The armed uprising E. Revolutionary and Workers Councils F. Political developments G. Mr. Nagy clarifies H. Declaration of neutrality I. Soviet forces intervene again J. Mr. Kádár forms a government K. The abduction of Mr. Nagy L. Soviet military occupation M. Recent developments N. Summary of conclusions Chapter III. The uprising as seen by the USSR and by the Government of János Kádár A. Introduction B. The issues at stake C. Justification of Soviet intervention D. The progress of events 1. Legitimate grievances 2. Alleged preparations for counter-revolution 3. Reaction in the saddle E. Conclusion 2

3 Part A. Military intervention and its political background Chapter IV. Soviet military intervention (24 October-3 November 1956) A. Introduction B. Movements of Soviet forces and areas of fighting C. Resistance of the Hungarian people to the Soviet attack D. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Budapest E. The logistic deployment of new Soviet forces F. Conclusions Chapter V. Second Soviet military intervention A. Introduction B. Relations between the insurgents and the Hungarian army C. The fighting in Budapest D. The fighting in the industrial districts of Budapest E. Fighting in the Provinces F. Conclusions Chapter VI. The political circumstances of the first military intervention A. Introduction B. The popularity of Imre Nagy C. Doubts arise about Mr. Nagy s position D. Delegations limited access to Prime Minister Nagy before 29 October E. Mr. Nagy s denials F. Mr. Nagy s detention in the Communist Party Headquarters G. Was an invitation actually extended H. Conclusions Chapter VII. The political background of the second Soviet intervention A. Introduction B. The political position of Mr. Kádár prior to 4 November C. Mr. Kádár s relations with Mr. Nagy. D. The overthrow of Mr. Nagy s Government E. The establishment of Mr. Kádár s Government F. Conclusions Chapter VIII. The question of the presence and the utilization of the Soviet armed forces in Hungary in the light of Hungary s international commitments A. Introduction B. Post-war international instruments governing Hungary s international status C. Applicability of these international instruments to the Soviet military interventions D. The demand for withdrawal of Soviet armed forces E. Question of the withdrawal of Soviet armed forces after 4 November 1956 F. Final observations 3

4 Annex A: Agreement between the Government of the Hungarian People s Republic and the Government of the USSR on the Legal Status of Soviet Forces temporarily stationed on the Territory of the Hungarian People s Republic, concluded in Budapest, 27 May 1957 Part B. Effects of the use or threat of use of force on the political independence of Hungary Chapter IX. Background and aims of the uprising A. Introduction B. The background of the uprising C. The declared aims of the uprising 1. The nature of the uprising 2. The resolutions and manifestos of October Analysis of the demands stated at the outset of the uprising (a) Political demands (b) Economic demands (c) Cultural demands D. Attitude of the Hungarian People to the State Security Police (ÁVH) Annexes A. Appeal adopted by a meeting of Budapest Technological Students at the András Hess Students Hostel (the Central Students Hostel of the Building Industry Technological University of Budapest) held on 19 October 1956 B. Appeal issued by DISZ members of the Medical Faculty of the University of Budapest, 22 October 1956 C. Resolution addressed to the participants of the DISZ Mass Meeting on 22 October 1956 D. First draft of the demands of the students of the Building Industry Technological University of Budapest, 22 October 1956 E. The Ten Points of the Petőfi Club, 22 October 1956 F. The aims of the League of Working Youth (DISZ), the Youth Group of the Hungarian Workers (Communist) Party, 23 October 1956 G. Appeal of the Revolutionary Committee of the Hungarian Intellectuals, 28 October 1956 Chapter X. Student demonstrations and the origins of armed conflict in Budapest A. Introduction B. The student meetings on 22 October C. How the demonstrations were initiated and organized D. Demonstrations at the Petőfi and Bem statues E. Demonstration at the Parliament F. Removal of Stalin s statue G. The first shots H. Further developments I. Parliament Building on 25 October 4

5 Chapter XI. Revolutionary and workers councils I. Introduction II. Revolutionary Councils A. Territorial Councils: 1. The provinces 2. The Transdanubian National Council 3. Budapest B. Functional and Representative Councils: 1. Students and youth 2. Armed forces 3. The Revolutionary Committee of Hungarian Intellectuals C. Establishment of Revolutionary Committees within Government departments D. Efforts for the co-ordination of Revolutionary Councils and Committees E. Contacts of Revolutionary Councils within the Government III. Workers Councils in factories A. The establishment and function of Workers Councils B. Authorization and encouragement of Workers Councils by trade unions, the Part and the Government C. Conclusions Chapter XII. The reassertion of political rights (26 October-3 November) A. Introduction B. The transitional period: The National Government of 27 October (26-29 October). C. Abolition of the one-party system and establishment of the Inner Cabinet of 30 October D. The rebirth of political parties E. The streamlined Coalition Government of 3 November Chapter XIII. Soviet intervention under the present regime A. Introduction B. Soviet administration of Hungary C. Soviet repressive measures D. Relationship of Workers Councils and Soviet Authorities E. Attitude towards the Government of Hungary F. The abduction of Premier Imre Nagy G. Conclusions 5

6 Chapter XIV. Political rights after the revolution I. Workers Councils: A. Relationship of the Workers Councils and the Government B. The Role of the Communist Party in the Workers Councils C. Workers Councils and trade unions II. Post-revolutionary status of political organizations: A. Negotiations with political parties B. The fate of other organizations and the Press 1. Revolutionary Councils 2. The Press 3. Youth organizations III. Conclusions Part C. Specific acts in violation of other rights of the Hungarian people Chapter XV. Deportations A. Introduction B. Investigation by the Committee C. Seizure of deportees D. Experience of deportees in the USSR E. Admission of deportations by Soviet Authorities Chapter XVI. Other violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms A. Preliminary remarks B. Hostilities C. The repression D. The spectre of the ÁVH E. Human rights Chapter XVII. Conclusions Annex List of material relating to the problem of Hungary Maps: Map of Budapest Map of Hungary 6

10 Chapter I ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMITTEE A. Introduction 1. The Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary, composed of the representatives of Australia, Ceylon, Denmark, Tunisia and Uruguay, was established by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 January 1957.(1) The following representatives were appointed by their Governments: Australia: Mr. K. C. O. Shann; Ceylon: Mr. R. S. S. Gunewardene; Denmark: Mr. Alsing Andersen; Tunisia: Mr. Mongi Slim; Uruguay: Professor Enrique Rodriguez Fabregat. The Secretary-General appointed Mr. W. M. Jordan as Principal Secretary of the Committee and Mr. P. Bang Jensen as Deputy Secretary. The Committee held its first meeting at the United Nations Headquarters in New York on 17 January 1957, and elected Mr. Alsing Andersen as Chairman and Mr. K. C. O. Shann as Rapporteur. 2. The Committee was charged by the General Assembly with the duty of providing the Assembly and all Members of the United Nations with the fullest and best available information regarding the situation created by the intervention of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, through its use of armed force and other means, in the internal affairs of Hungary, as well as regarding developments relating to the recommendations of the Assembly on this subject. 3. The Committee submitted an Interim Report to the General Assembly on 20 February 1957.(2) In this report, the Special Committee defined the scope of the inquiry which it had been called upon to conduct, and in a summary statement on the course of Soviet intervention in Hungary, indicated certain specific problems to which the Committee would direct its attention. 4. The Committee s task has been to ascertain the facts and, after careful scrutiny of the evidence and in formation received, to present an objective report, together with findings, on the situation in question. The Committee regrets that, owing to the attitude of the Hungarian Government, it has not been in a position to establish and maintain direct observation in Hungary, as enjoined by the General Assembly resolution. 5. After a preliminary examination of the available documentation, the Committee gave hearings to thirty-five witnesses at the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York. The Committee then proceeded to Europe where, from 11 March to 16 April 1957, it held hearings at the European Office of the United Nations in Geneva, and thereafter in Rome, Vienna, London and again in Geneva. These hearings greatly augmented the range of information at the disposal of the Committee and contributed significantly to the Committee s understanding of the character of the events in Hungary. An extensive outline of the report, submitted by the Rapporteur, received the provisional approval of the Committee at its 58th meeting in Geneva on 8 April After further hearings, the Committee returned to New York to complete the preparation of the report. The report has been adopted unanimously by the Committee, which held its last meeting on the report on Friday, 7 June

11 B. The witnesses 6. The Committee has heard 111 witnesses: thirty-five were heard in New York, twentyone in Geneva, sixteen in Rome, thirty in Vienna and nine in London. 7. The first three witnesses were heard in public. They were: Miss Anna Kéthly, Minister of State in the Hungarian Government of Imre Nagy; Major-General Béla Király, Military Commander of the City of Budapest and Commander-in-Chief of the National Guard during the Hungarian uprising and József Kővágó, Mayor of Budapest during the years and again during the days from 31 October to 4 November 1956.(3) 8. These three witnesses and other prominent Hungarians requested the Committee to hear certain other witnesses. In accordance with the provisions of the General Assembly resolution and at the request of the Committee, suggestions as to persons to be heard were also made by the Governments of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. These Governments submitted data regarding Hungarians in their territory whose testimony might, in their opinion, be of special interest. During the hearings, witnesses also on occasion proposed the names of other witnesses who might confirm or supplement their statements. Some 200 Hungarians sent letters on their own initiative to the Committee requesting to be heard; a decision as to the hearing of these persons was reached after obtaining from them further information regarding themselves and the testimony which they could offer. 9. The witnesses were selected under the authority of the Chairman and the Rapporteur. The primary consideration in the selection of witnesses was their capacity to place before the Committee evidence based on direct and personal knowledge of the events in Hungary. Attention was also paid to the need to ensure that the witnesses should be drawn from all segments of the Hungarian people and from all parts of the country. Towards the end of its hearings, the Committee had to exercise increasing discrimination in the selection of witnesses in order to ensure that the testimony did not become unduly repetitive. 10. Among the witnesses the larger number were workers, skilled and unskilled, from light and heavy industry, but a number of white-collar workers, and workers who had been active in trade unions within Hungary were also heard. Many of these workers had participated in the revolt as ordinary freedom fighters, but several had been leaders in various spheres during the uprising. Among these were members of the Revolutionary Councils in Budapest and the provinces and leading members of the Workers Councils in Budapest and the provinces, including members of the Central Workers Council of Csepel. 11. Testimony was also received from engineers and technicians, and from managers in state enterprises, including the uranium mines in Pécs. 12. Relatively few peasants were heard by the Committee, since comparatively little fighting had taken place in country areas. Many of the workers and students who testified before the Committee were, however, of peasant origin. 13. The witnesses included both Communist and non-communist intellectuals. The Committee heard several members of the Petőfi Club, some outstanding Hungarian writers and journalists, an actress, an artist, an architect, professors of law, medicine, philosophy, history, science, technology, economy and agriculture, and several lawyers, including an assistant public prosecutor. The Committee also gave hearings to a number of high school students of both sexes and to young men and women from universities, including members of students councils. 11

12 14. Besides several officers and soldiers of the Hungarian army and members of the Air Force, the Committee heard members of the National Guard and of the ordinary police as well as certain leaders of revolutionary forces, viz., the Commander and Deputy Commander of the National Guard at Csepel; the Commander of the Corvin Block; the Commander of the revolutionary forces of southern Budapest; and the leader of the freedom fighters and guerrilla forces in south western Hungary. Valuable information was received from doctors and nurses who had taken care of the wounded and carried out Red Cross duties, and from railroad and communication workers regarding troop movements. 15. Testimony was also received from a considerable number of Government officials, including diplomats. Certain of these had held high rank or had been assistants to leading Hungarian politicians or Cabinet ministers of various parties. Some had been present in the Parliament Building with Prime Minister Nagy until 4 November and were able to provide valuable and detailed information about events within the Hungarian Government during this critical period. 16. Among the witnesses were Catholics, Protestants and Jews. 17. Several of the witnesses had formerly been members of Parliament or leaders of political parties. Many of the witnesses were Communists or had formerly been Communists. Others were members of the Social Democratic Party or of the Independent Smallholders Party. 18. The witnesses also included a convinced pacifist who, under the stress of events in Hungary, forgot his principles and found himself participating in the fighting. 19. Many of the witnesses had spent years in prison before 1945 on account of anti-horthy or anti-nazi activities. Some of these had spent more years in prison under the Communists. Among the witnesses were some who had been accused in the Rajk trial; all of these had undergone extreme torture, had been forced to sign confessions, and had been kept in prison or forced labour camps for many years without proper legal proceedings. Some of them had, later, after the fall of Rákosi in 1953, been released and reinstated in the Communist Party. One witness had been a stenographer for the security police. 20. None of the witnesses had left Hungary before the October revolution; some had escaped only a few weeks before being heard by the Committee; one witness had revisited Hungary several times in order to bring out his family and various friends. 21. Most witnesses gave the explanation that they had fled because they feared arrest and deportation. Eight witnesses had themselves been deported to the USSR, but had escaped or been returned; other witnesses had been liberated from deportation trains. Many stated that their apartments had been searched and were watched, so that they did not dare to return. Several had been members of Workers and Revolutionary Councils of which other members had been arrested. 22. The great majority of the witnesses were under thirty-five years of age; many were much younger, the youngest being sixteen years of age. 23. The Committee has been impressed by the bearing of the witnesses in the sometimes trying circumstances of the hearings, and by the cogency and coherence of their evidence. Despite the events which they had lived through, their testimony was usually tendered in a level-headed and sober manner. The members of the Committee were especially impressed by the bearing and earnestness of the younger witnesses. 12

13 C. Conduct of hearings 24. The first three prominent witnesses, Miss Anna Kéthly, Major-General Király and Major Kővágó, were heard before the Committee in open meetings. It was, however, found more practical to hold closed meetings, since most of the refugees feared retaliation against their family and friends in Hungary, and since questioning could be more insistent in closed meetings. Eighty-one out of the 111 witnesses were, at their request, heard anonymously; their names were made known to the Chairman and Rapporteur, and to other members of the Committee when they so desired. 25. At the beginning of his testimony, each witness would usually give his personal data and background, and would then make an introductory statement regarding those events of which he had special knowledge. The witnesses were instructed to give evidence based on their personal experience. After the introductory statement, which might last from a few minutes to a few hours, the witnesses were subjected to close cross-examination by the members of the Committee. Some witnesses submitted important documents and original drafts, and some prepared memoranda to support or elaborate their testimony. The verbatim records made of the testimony comprise some 2,000 pages of evidence. 26. Throughout its work, the Committee has sought scrupulously to assess the value of the testimony and of the documentation placed before it. Care has been taken to subject witnesses to detailed interrogation in order to test the reliability of their evidence. The Committee has on many points been in a position to check the testimony of one witness with the testimony of others and with the documentation available to the Committee. As the hearings progressed, it became possible to put to witnesses questions of a more and more precise character. D. Documentary Material 27. As mentioned in the Interim Report, the Committee through the Secretary-General, requested the Member States to make relevant information in their possession available to it. Governments having diplomatic representation in Budapest received a special request from the Committee to this effect. 28. The Committee is grateful for the helpful and voluminous material received from Member States in response to these requests. Besides other documentary material, the Governments of Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States submitted reports giving a detailed and extensive picture of events in Hungary based on information available to them. The Australian Government transmitted a valuable memorandum based on interviews with thirty-eight Hungarian refugees in Australia. 29. Several non-governmental organizations have transmitted memoranda and documentary material. A detailed study was received from the International Commission of Jurists at The Hague. Sir Hartley Shawcross, Q.C., had the opportunity to present this material orally to the Committee, and submitted to questioning by the Members regarding the facts and the views expressed in the memorandum. 30. The initial studies of the Committee were in the main based on monitoring reports, in English and Hungarian, of official Hungarian broadcasts up to the present time and of the unofficial stations which were broadcasting during the Revolution. Use has been made of the available official Hungarian documentation, including issues of the Hungarian Gazette, the 13

14 Hungarian White Book, and official statements by the Hungarian Government. The documentation utilized for the preparation of the Report comprises also Hungarian newspapers covering the time before, during and after the Revolution, including several revolutionary newspapers and leaflets published during the uprising. Annexed to the Report is a list of material of this nature available to the Committee. 31. The Committee has also had the opportunity to view certain films which were made during the uprising. E. Attempts to observe in Hungary and to meet Imre Nagy 32. As stated in the Interim Report, the Committee requested at an early stage, through the Secretary-General, that the Hungarian Government extend assistance or facilities for the Committee s work, especially with regard to the entry of the Committee and its staff within the territory of Hungary. In his reply of 5 February 1957, the Permanent Representative of Hungary informed the Secretary-General that, in the opinion of his Government, the Committee violates, in its function, the Charter of the United Nations, and that consequently, the Hungarian Government is not in a position to permit the members of the Special Committee and its staff to enter into the territory of Hungary. 33. In accordance with the undertaking stated in the Interim Report, the Committee renewed its request to the Hungarian Government during its stay in Europe. The Hungarian Government replied in a Note of 25 March 1957 that it maintained its position. 34. On 14 March 1957, the Committee also requested the Secretary-General to inform the Government of Romania that the Committee desired to meet Imre Nagy in the interest of a full and effective performance of the functions entrusted to it by the General Assembly. The Permanent Representative of Romania replied on 30 March that his Government considered the establishment of the Committee as contrary to the spirit and provisions of the United Nations Charter, as well as to the interests of international co-operation. F. Arrangement of the report of the Committee 35. In deciding the arrangement of information with in the report, the Committee has sought to ensure that the form of the report should reflect the nature of the task assigned to the Committee by the General Assembly. 36. The Committee noted in its Interim Report that its primary concern was to ascertain the extent and the impact of foreign intervention, by the threat or use of armed force or other means on the internal affairs and political independence of Hungary and the rights of the Hungarian people. The internal affairs of Hungary and political and other developments of that country before 1956 were to be considered by the Committee as outside the framework of its investigation, save in so far as those developments had a direct bearing on the uprising of October 1956, the subsequent interventions of the USSR and the resultant aspects of the continuing situation within Hungary. 14

15 37. In view of these considerations, the Committee has considered that a chronological survey of events would not be an appropriate form for the report. It has seemed more appropriate that each chapter should deal with a defined aspect of the situation which the Committee has been called upon to investigate. Since this arrangement has involved a departure from chronological sequence in the presentation of information, the Committee has considered it proper in the following chapter to present a brief outline, in chronological order, of developments in Hungary from 22 October 1956, prefaced by a summary of the political development of Hungary in preceding years. In chapter II references will be found to the places in the report where points at issue are developed at greater length. At the same time, the Committee has sought to present this chapter as an account of the events in Hungary which can be read independently. 38. In chapter III the Committee has endeavoured to state objectively the contentions advanced by the Governments of Hungary and of the USSR in justification of recourse to the assistance of the armed forces of the USSR. The Committee has also endeavoured to indicate within this chapter the degree to which the general contentions of the Governments in question correspond with known facts. 39. The remainder of the report is divided into three parts. The first part covers aspects of the situation directly related to the intervention of the armed forces of the USSR. Two chapters are devoted to an account of the military movements of the Soviet armed forces within Hungary in the last days of October and the early days of November These are followed by two chapters which deal with the alleged invitations by the Governments of Hungary to the Government of the USSR to intervene. This first part closes with an examination of the international instruments bearing on Soviet intervention and gives an account of the negotiations between the Government of Hungary and the Government of the USSR regarding the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary. 40. Having in this first part dealt with the direct problems of Soviet intervention, the Committee has in part II endeavoured to assess the impact on the political independence of Hungary of the use of force by the Government of the USSR. For this purpose the Committee has found it essential to inquire with care into the immediate background of the uprising and into the aims of the different sections of the Hungarian people. In order to present a clear statement on their aims and aspirations, the examination of their social and political thought has been dealt with in chapter IX separately from the narrative of events. The course of events during the uprising is related in chapter X, commencing with the students movements in the middle of October Since a major aspect of the uprising was the establishment of Revolutionary Councils and of Workers Councils in Budapest and in the provinces, the relevant information is brought together in chapter XI, which contains data regarding the course of the uprising in parts of Hungary other than Budapest. In chapter XII the Committee has sought to provide an accurate account of political developments in Hungary in the brief period between the successful termination of the uprising and its repression by a second intervention of Soviet armed force. Two further chapters of part II deal with the characteristics of the régime in Hungary since 4 November, the first providing information relating to the continuance of Soviet intervention in Hungary, and the second relating to the suppression of those political rights and freedoms which the Hungarian people had sought to establish. 15

16 42. Part III of the report deals with matters relating to the treatment of individuals within Hungary, under the heading: Specific acts in violation of other rights of the Hungarian people. One chapter deals with evidence of the violation of human rights in general. A second chapter deals with the problem of the deportation of Hungarians to the USSR. 43. In a final chapter the Committee states its general conclusions and findings. G. General observations on the work of the Committee 44. The Committee regrets that the refusal of the Hungarian Government and of the Government of the USSR to co-operate has prevented it from obtaining the information which those Governments are in a position to place at its disposal. The Committee would undoubtedly have profited by the data which the two Governments could have placed before it. However, in view of the comprehensive and detailed documentation and testimony which have been made available, it is the opinion of the Committee that the data which might have been presented by the Government of the USSR and by the Hungarian Government would not have modified the Committee s main conclusions regarding what actually took place in Hungary, though it might possibly have changed or elaborated certain specific points in this report. Conscious of its obligation to take all views into account, the Committee has examined carefully all evidence, both in documentation and in testimony, which might be adduced in support of the views of the two Governments. Moreover, in the questioning of witnesses, the members of the Committee have throughout borne in mind the description and interpretation of events in Hungary maintained by the two Governments and have endeavoured to test their validity. 45. Though the Committee is aware that in the course of time further documentation and evidence will undoubtedly come to light regarding the situation with which the Committee has been concerned, the range of information at its disposal has been far greater than could have been anticipated at the outset of the inquiry. The Committee has sought throughout its work to apply to the evidence the tests of authenticity and coherence which provide the essential criteria of the objectivity of any such investigation. 46. While therefore bearing in mind the resolutions of the General Assembly, the Committee has approached its task of investigation without prejudgment, deeming it essential to present a factual report based exclusively on the careful examination of reliable evidence. It has consistently sought to avoid any emotional evaluation of the facts. It has endeavoured to depict in restrained language the situation as revealed by the evidence received. The Committee has felt that it would best fulfil its task by rendering to the General Assembly a dispassionate survey of the situation which it has been the duty of the Committee to investigate. 16

17 Annex A Resolution 1132 (XI) of the General Assembly of the United Nations The General Assembly, Recalling its previous resolutions on the Hungarian problem, Reaffirming the objectives contained therein and the continuing concern of the United Nations in this matter, Having received the report of the Secretary-General of 5 January (4) Desiring to ensure that the General Assembly and all Member States shall be in possession of the fullest and best available information regarding the situation created by the intervention of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, through its use of armed force and other means, in the internal affairs of Hungary, as well as regarding developments relating to the recommendations of the General Assembly on this subject, 1. Establishes, for the above-mentioned purposes, a Special Committee, composed of representatives of Australia, Ceylon, Denmark, Tunisia and Uruguay, to investigate, and to establish and maintain direct observation in Hungary and elsewhere, taking testimony, collecting evidence and receiving information, as appropriate, in order to report its findings to the General Assembly at its eleventh session, and thereafter from time to time to prepare additional reports for the information of Member States and of the General Assembly if it is in session; 2. Calls upon the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Hungary to co-operate in every way with the Committee, and in particular, to permit the Committee and its staff to enter the territory of Hungary and to travel freely therein; 3. Requests all Member States to assist the Committee in any way appropriate in its task, making available to it relevant in formation, including testimony and evidence, which Members may possess, and assisting it in securing such information; 4. Invites the Secretary-General to render the Committee all appropriate assistance and facilities; 5. Calls upon all Member States promptly to give effect to the present and previous resolutions of the General Assembly on the Hungarian problem; 6. Reaffirms its request that the Secretary-General continue to take any initiative that he deems helpful in relation, to the Hungarian problem, in conformity with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the resolutions of the General Assembly. 636th plenary meeting, 10 January (1)Resolution 1132 (XI), attached as annex A to this chapter. (2)A/3546. (3)Chapter XI, para (4)Official records of the General Assembly, Eleventh Session, annexes, agenda item 67, document A/

18 Chapter II A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HUNGARIAN UPRISING A. Developments before 22 October Immediately after the Second World War, the Hungarian people sought to give expression to their political views. A general election was fought in 1945 by six political parties, authorized by the Allied Control Commission. Five of these won seats in Parliament. The Independent Smallholders emerged with 245 seats, the Social Democrats with sixty-nine, the Communists with seventy, the National Peasants with twenty-three and the Democratic Party with two. The four major parties formed a coalition, but Communist influence steadily asserted itself. By 1948, leaders of the non-communist parties had been silenced, had fled abroad or had been arrested, and in 1949, Hungary officially became a People s Democracy. Real power was in the hands of Mátyás Rákosi, a Communist trained in Moscow. Under his régime, Hungary was modelled more and more closely on the Soviet pattern. Free speech and individual liberty ceased to exist. Arbitrary imprisonment became common and purges were undertaken, both within and outside the ranks of the Party. In June 1949, the Foreign Minister, László Rajk, was arrested; he was charged with attempting to overthrow the democratic order and hanged. Many other people were the victims of similar action.(1) This was made easier by the apparatus of the State security police or ÁVH, using methods of terror in the hands of the régime, which became identified with Rákosi s régime in the minds of the people.(2) 48. The Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the USSR early in 1956 encouraged a movement within the Hungarian Workers (Communist) Party which aimed at a measure of democratization and national independence and a relaxation of police rule. In March 1956, Rákosi announced that the Supreme Court had established that Rajk and others had been condemned on fabricated charges.(3) This official admission that crimes had been committed by the régime had profound repercussions in Hungary. It was followed in July by the dismissal of Rákosi and, early in October, by the ceremonial reburial, in the presence of a large crowd, of László Rajk and other victims of the 1949 trials. Rákosi was succeeded as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party by Ernő Gerő. From the date of Rákosi s fall, the Hungarian people looked for a softening of the régime. Associated in their minds with better days was the former Premier, Imre Nagy, whose period of office from 1953 to 1955 had been marked by a loosening of the controls imposed earlier by Rákosi. Nagy had also been attacked as a deviationist and, while he had escaped trial, had been expelled from the Party and divested of all his offices. His name continued to stand for more liberal policies in the minds of many Hungarian Communists, who wished for his return to public life.(4) 49. The first protests against the dictatorial régime of the Party were voiced by certain Hungarian writers, as early as the autumn of Articles published by these writers concerned mainly the doctrine of Party allegiance in literature and interference with creative writers and artists by Party spokesmen and bureaucrats. Although a number of writers were arrested, the scope of these protests gradually widened to take in other grievances of the Hungarian people. In the summer of 1956, the foundation of the Petőfi Club provided a new forum for discussions, which were often critical of the régime. This Club was sponsored by DISZ, the official Communist Youth Organization and its debates were mainly attended by young Communist intellectuals.(5) 18

19 50. On 19 October, the Minister of Education, Albert Kónya, announced certain changes as a result of requests put forward by Hungarian students. One of these was an undertaking to abolish the compulsory teaching of Russian in schools. This announcement was followed by student manifestations in Szeged and other towns, during which various demands of a more far-reaching character were discussed and adopted.(6) Also on 19 October, news of Poland s move towards greater independence of the USSR was received in Hungary with enthusiasm. Friendship between the two peoples had been traditional for centuries.(7) 51. Although Soviet troops are said to have been called in to deal with disorders that began during the night of October, there is evidence that steps were being taken by the Soviet authorities from October with a view to the use of armed force in Hungary. On October, floating bridges were assembled at Záhony on the Hungarian-Soviet frontier. On October, in neighbouring areas of Romania, Soviet officers on leave and reserve officers speaking Hungarian were recalled. On 22 October, Soviet forces in Western Hungary were observed moving towards Budapest.(8) B. Meetings and demonstrations 52. On the day before the holding of mass demonstrations, namely 22 October, a number of student meetings took place in Budapest. At the most important of these, held by students of the Building Industry Technological University, the students adopted a list of sixteen demands which expressed their views on national policy. These demands contained most of the points put forward during the uprising itself. They included the immediate withdrawal of all Soviet troops, the reconstitution of the Government under Imre Nagy, who had meanwhile been readmitted to the Communist Party, free elections, freedom of expression, the re-establishment of political parties, and sweeping changes in the conditions of workers and peasants. It was learnt during the meeting that the Hungarian Writers Union proposed to express its solidarity with Poland on the following day by laying a wreath at the statue of General Bem, a hero of Hungary s War of Independence of , who was of Polish origin. The students thereupon decided to organize a silent demonstration of sympathy on the same occasion.(9) 53. Early next morning, the students demands had become known throughout Budapest. Witnesses speak of an atmosphere of elation and hopefulness. Radio Budapest referred to the planned demonstration, but later announced a communiqué prohibiting it from the Minister of the Interior. The ban was, however, lifted during the early afternoon, when the demonstration was already under way. Thousands of young people took part in it, including students, factory workers, soldiers in uniform and others. A similar demonstration took place at the statue of Petőfi.(10) 54. Standing beside the statue of General Bem, Péter Veres, President of the Writers Union, read a manifesto to the crowd, who also listened to a proclamation of the students sixteen demands.(11) Most of the crowd afterwards crossed the Danube to join demonstrators outside the Parliament Building where, by 6 p.m., between 200,000 and 300,000 people were gathered. Repeated calls for Imre Nagy eventually brought the former Premier. Mr. Nagy addressed the crowd briefly from a balcony of the Parliament Building.(12) 19

20 C. The first shots 55. There had so far been nothing to suggest that the demonstration would end in any other way than by the crowds returning home. An episode, however, at 8 p.m. greatly embittered the people. The First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party, Ernő Gerő, had returned that morning from a visit to Marshal Tito, and the public was eagerly awaiting a speech which he was to broadcast at that time. The general hope was that he would take account of the popular demands voiced by the students and would make some conciliatory announcement in connexion with them. The speech, however, made none of the hoped-for concessions and its whole tone angered the people.(13) At the same time, another crowd had taken it into their own hands to carry out one of the students demands, namely that for the removal of the great statue of Stalin.(14) Their efforts caused it to overturn at 9.30 p.m., by which time resentment was being freely expressed over Mr. Gerő s speech. 56. On the evening of 22 October, some of the students had sought to have their demands broadcast by Budapest Radio, in order to bring them to the attention of the people as a whole. The censor had been unwilling to broadcast the demands for the withdrawal of Soviet troops and for free elections, and the students had refused to allow incomplete publication.(15) The following day, some of the students went from the Bem statue to the Radio Building, with the intention of making another attempt to have their demands broadcast. A large crowd gathered at the Radio Building, which was guarded by the ÁVH or State security police. The students sent a delegation into the Building to negotiate with the Director. The crowd waited in vain for the return of this delegation, and eventually a rumour spread that one delegate had been shot. Shortly after 9 p.m., tear gas bombs were thrown from the upper windows and, one or two minutes later, ÁVH men opened fire on the crowd, killing a number of people and wounding others. In so far as any one moment can be selected as the turning point which changed a peaceable demonstration into a violent uprising, it would be this moment when the ÁVH, already intensely unpopular and universally feared by their compatriots, attacked defenceless people. The anger of the crowd was intensified when white ambulances, with Red Cross license plates, drove up. Instead of first aid teams, ÁVH police emerged, wearing doctors white coats. A part of the infuriated crowd attacked them and, in this way, the demonstrators acquired their first weapons. Hungarian forces were rushed to the scene to reinforce the ÁVH but, after hesitating a moment, they sided with the crowd.(16) 57. Meanwhile, workers from Csepel, Újpest and other working-class districts learnt of the situation by telephone. They seized trucks and drove into Budapest, obtaining arms on the way from friendly soldiers or police, or from military barracks and arms factories known to them. From about 11 p.m., the Radio Building was under attack with light arms and, at midnight, the radio announced that clashes had taken place at various points in the city. During the early hours of 24 October, the demonstrators seized the Radio Building, but were driven out of it again. At the offices of the Communist Party newspaper, Szabad Nép, other ÁVH guards opened fire on unarmed demonstrators. Later, insurgents who had obtained arms overcame the ÁVH and occupied the newspaper offices.(17) 58. While fighting was in progress at the Radio Building, the first Soviet tanks made their appearance in Budapest at about 2 a.m. on 24 October, and were soon in action. However, no official announcement was made of the Soviet intervention until 9 a.m.(18) 20

The Kidnapping of Polish Leaders On 27 March 1945, the Soviet political police the NKVD arrested 16 leaders of the Polish Underground State, who had come to Pruszków at the invitation of Soviet commanders.

Draft Resolution for the United Nations Human Rights Council 30 th Session, September 14-25, 2015 Situation of Human Rights in Venezuela The Human Rights Council, Guided by the Charter of the United Nations

Annex 1 Primary sources for international standards 1. The United Nations The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 20 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction Signed at London, Moscow and Washington on 10 April

Criminal Justice (Scotland) Bill [AS INTRODUCED] CONTENTS Section PART 1 ARREST AND CUSTODY CHAPTER 1 ARREST BY POLICE 1 Power of a constable 2 Exercise of the power Arrest without warrant Procedure following

1 / 10 I. APPLICATION Application Rule 1 These rules of procedure apply to the proceedings of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and other forums labelled by the Board of Directors of

Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42) 1 SCHEDULES SCHEDULE 1 Section 1(3). THE ARTICLES PART I THE CONVENTION RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS ARTICLE 2 RIGHT TO LIFE 1 Everyone s right to life shall be protected by law. No

Companies Law of the People's Republic of China Order of the President of the People s Republic of China No. 42 The Companies Law of the People s Republic of China has been revised and adopted at the 18th

UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL MEETING IN SUPPORT OF ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE The two-state solution: a key prerequisite for achieving peace and stability in the Middle East Moscow, 1 and 2 July 2015 CHECK

OAU CONVENTION GOVERNING THE SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF REFUGEE PROBLEMS IN AFRICA Adopted on 10 September 1969 by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. CAB/LEG/24.3. It entered into force on 20 June

CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA [PART 3] V. THE CANTONAL GOVERNMENTS 1. General Provisions Article 1 Each Canton shall, in carrying out its responsibilities as described in Articles

CONVENTION GOVERNING THE SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF REFUGEE PROBLEMS IN AFRICA PREAMBLE We, the Heads of State and Government assembled in the city of Addis Ababa, from 6-10 September 1969, 1. Noting with concern

WHEREAS: AMERICAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF MAN (Adopted by the Ninth International Conference of American States, Bogotá, Colombia, 1948) The American peoples have acknowledged the dignity

SUMMARY The Estonian Military Technical School (1920 1923, 1936 1940). Surveys, memoirs and documents The present publication is compiled from the memoirs and articles of officers who studied or served

CONVENTION ESTABLISHING A CUSTOMS CO-OPERATION COUNCIL 1 CONVENTION ESTABLISHING A CUSTOMS CO-OPERATION COUNCIL signed in Brussels on December 15, 1950 came into force on November 4, 1952 The Governments

Resolution 1244 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th meeting, on 10 June 1999 The Security Council, Bearing in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and

Georgia: Five Years of Non-Action The Failure to Investigate the Crimes of the Russian- Georgian War of August 2008 No. 4-2014 After the brief war in Georgia in August 2008, when Russia invaded and for

The codification of criminal law and current questions of prison matters Kondorosi Ferenc Under Secretary of State Ministry of Justice Hungary Criminal law is the branch of law, in which society s expectations

LAW GOVERNING THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF PETITION Note: Text of Law no. 43/90, as published in Series I of Diário da República no. 184 dated 10 August 1990, and amended by Laws nos. 6/93, 15/2003 and

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF ERITREA The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Government

PROTOCOL TO THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES` RIGHTS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES` RIGHTS The Member States of the Organization of African Unity hereinafter referred

Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of State Property, Archives and Debts 1983 Done at Vienna on 8 April 1983. Not yet in force. See Official Records of the United Nations Conference on

Post World War II Communism and the Cold War Post World War II What is the COLD WAR? Longest Era of American History: 1946-1990 Clash of ideology that never led to a direct war between the United States

Unofficial translation. Federal Law of the Russian Federation on the Procedure for Exit from the Russian Federation and Entry Into the Russian Federation Adopted on 15 August 1996 Came into force on 22

EXTRADITION UP-TO-DATE FULL TEXT TRANSLATIONS of the EXTRADITION LAW 5714-1954 and the EXTRADITION REGULATIONS (LAW PROCEDURES AND RULES OF EVIDENCE IN PETITIONS) 5731-1970 1. Extradition only under this

Since the War on Iraq began on 20 March 2003, concerns have been raised with regards to the treatment of Prisoners of War (POW) by both sides to the conflict. --------------------------------------------------

EXTRADITION UP-TO-DATE FULL TEXT TRANSLATIONS of the EXTRADITION LAW 5714-1954 and the EXTRADITION REGULATIONS (LAW PROCEDURES AND RULES OF EVIDENCE IN PETITIONS) 5731-1970 1. Extradition only under this

H. R. 515 One Hundred Twelfth Congress of the United States of America AT THE FIRST SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Wednesday, the fifth day of January, two thousand and eleven An Act

Europe After WWI Political Challenges New democracies struggled Lack of political skill and experience Economic Struggles War casualties caused a decline in both producers and consumers of good Most European

United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property 2004 Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 2 December 2004. Not yet in force. See General Assembly

UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/RES/53/144 8 March 1999 Fifty-third session Agenda item 110 (b) RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY [on the report of the Third Committee (A/53/625/Add.2)]

Published in the Gazette of the Parliament of Georgia (November 19, 1996) Law of Georgia On Normative Acts Chapter I General Provisions Article 1 This Law shall define the types and hierarchy of normative

SINGAPORE TREATY ON THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS RESOLUTION BY THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE SINGAPORE TREATY ON THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS (done at Singapore on March 27, 2006) AND REGULATIONS UNDER

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA PROHIBITION OF MERCENARY ACTIVITIES AND PROHIBITION AND REGULATION OF CERTAIN ACTIVITIES IN AREAS OF ARMED CONFLICT BILL (As introduced in the National Assembly as a section 75

Department of History Xavier University Essay Contest 2011 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and its Impact on the Nation of Haiti American citizens live in a world that continuously discusses the need

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PALAU HANDBOOK FOR TRIAL JURORS I. Purpose of This Handbook The purpose of this handbook is to acquaint trial jurors with the general nature and importance of their

United Nations S/RES/1674 (2006) Security Council Distr.: General 28 April 2006 Resolution 1674 (2006) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5430th meeting, on 28 April 2006 The Security Council, Reaffirming

This policy paper defines a general strategy for the Office of the Prosecutor, highlights the priority tasks to be performed and determines an institutional framework capable of ensuring the proper exercise

Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties 1978 Done at Vienna on 23 August 1978. Entered into force on 6 November 1996. United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1946, p. 3 Copyright United

Honor Code Owen Graduate School of Management Preamble Owen Students are honorable. They stand for that which is right: they do not lie, cheat, steal, or plagiarize, nor tolerate those who do. Owen Students

Principles of Oversight and Accountability For Security Services in a Constitutional Democracy Introductory Note By Kate Martin and Andrzej Rzeplinski The 1990 s saw remarkable transformations throughout

CORPORATE LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN JORDAN Legal reference: The Companies Law No. 27 of 2002 and its amendments Under the Jordanian different types of companies offer different advantages and have different requirements

United Nations Report of the Open-ended Working Group on the Question of Equitable Representation on and Increase in the Membership of the Security Council and Other Matters related to the Security Council

TREATY BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL ON MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS The Government of Canada and the Government of the Federative Republic

[To be published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Subsection dated the 4 th October, 2007] Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs Notification New Delhi, the 4th October,

FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT ON INTEGRATED CROSS-BORDER MARITIME LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA PREAMBLE THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED

CHAPTER 4 PARLIAMENT Composition of Parliament 42. (1) Parliament consists of (a) the National Assembly; and (b) the National Council of Provinces. (2) The National Assembly and the National Council of

107 THE DECISIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CASES AGAINST CROATIA REGARDING THE RIGHT OF ACCESS TO A LAWYER IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS Lovorka Kušan * INTRODUCTION By 27 November 2016 Croatia

LAW NO. 40/2006 OF 25 AUGUST 2006 LAW ON THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF THE PROTOCOL OF THE PORTUGUESE STATE Pursuant to Article 161 c) of the Constitution, the Assembly of the Republic decrees the following:

HEADQUARTERS AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN AND THE INTERNATIONAL OLIVE COUNCIL HEADQUARTERS AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN AND THE INTERNATIONAL OLIVE COUNCIL HEADQUARTERS AGREEMENT BETWEEN

INDONESIA Trademark Law as amended by Law No. 15 on August 1, 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 CHAPTER II SCOPE OF MARKS Part One General Article 2 Article 3 Part Two Marks

CRIMINAL JUSTICE (SCOTLAND) BILL EXPLANATORY NOTES (AND OTHER ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS) CONTENTS As required under Rule 9.3 of the Parliament s Standing Orders, the following documents are published to accompany

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Preamble Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF TIMOR-LESTE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT LAW No. /2003 INTERNAL SECURITY Ensuring internal security constitutes a pre-condition for safeguarding the peace and stability of any sovereign country

Full list of mistakes and omissions of the English Version of the Hungarian draft- Constitution This document contains the full list of mistakes and omissions of the draft-constitution English version.

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child CRC/C/OPAC/NLD/CO/1 Distr.: General 5 June 2015 ADVANCE UNEDITED VERSION Original: English Committee on the Rights of the Child Concluding observations

NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION ACT, B.E. 2542 (1999) BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ, REX. Given on the 25 th Day of November, B.E. 2542; Being the 54 th Year of the Present Reign. His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej

ACT of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages Chapter 1 General provisions Article 1 This Act shall regulate the issues connected with the maintenance and development

Law governing Political Parties Organisational Law no. 2/2003 of 22 August 2003, as amended by Organisation Law no. 2/2008 of 14 May 2008 In accordance with Article 161(c) of the Constitution, the Assembly

New South Wales Page 1 Name of Act 2 Commencement 3 Definitions 4 Who is a witness? 5 Witness protection program 5 6 Inclusion in the witness protection program 5 7 Assessing witness for inclusion in witness

International Charter for October 17 World Day for Overcoming Extreme Poverty Proclaimed by the United Nations as International Day for the Eradication of Poverty June 2013 International Charter for October

National Human Rights Commission of Mongolia Act CHAPTER ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1. Purpose of the Law 1.1. The purpose of this Law shall be to determine legal basis and operational principles of,

Stages in a Capital Case from http://deathpenaltyinfo.msu.edu/ Note that not every case goes through all of the steps outlined here. Some states have different procedures. I. Pre-Trial Crimes that would

Negotiated Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations Preamble The International Criminal Court and the United Nations, Bearing in mind the Purposes and Principles

STATUTE OF THE COMMONWEALTH SECRETARIAT ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL Adopted by Commonwealth Governments on 1 July 1995 and amended by them on 24 June 1999, 18 February 2004, 14 May 2005, 16 May 2007 and 28 May 2015.

PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE UK THE CONSERVATIVES PROPOSALS FOR CHANGING BRITAIN S HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT Britain has a long history of protecting human rights at home and standing

Page 1 S Korea's National Security Law Editor's note: This is an unofficial translation of the National Security Law (see below for the original document). The sole purpose of this translation is to make

The Rights of Parents to Home-school Their Children in Europe Written by Mr J. Sperling, LL.M and Drs. P.J. van Zuidam Spoken by Drs. P.J. van Zuidam at the World Congress of Families V, Forum 2 10 August,