English Language Terminology Revison

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Transcript of English Language Terminology Revison

By Emma SayersEnglish Language Terminology RevisionAcronymThe first letters of a series of words are pronounced as a new word:* NASA* SCUBAInitialismThe first letters of a series of words are pronounced individually:* BBC* GCSE*RAFContractionA letter is replaced with an apostrophe:* Don't* We'll* Can'tBlendTwo words are blended together to form a new word:* Jeggings* Smog* MotelParalanguageCommunication with your voice, i.e.:* Tone* Volume* Tempo* Pitch* IntonationNon-Verbal CommunicationCommunication without words, i.e.:* Facial Expression* Posture* GestureClippingsA part of the word has been cut off to make an abbreviation:* Maths (Mathematics)* Exam (Examination)* Fave (Favorite)Non-Standard SpellingRather than saying "incorrect" spelling:* Wot* NiteOmission/EllipsisA word or letter is missed out:* "Going to Pub"("Going to the Pub")* Beltin'(Belting)Numerical SubstitutionA number replaces a word or letter(s):* L8r* Off 2 PubDavid CrystalLinguist who came up with/said:* "Nettiquette",* Internet communication is becoming more informal,* Computers imitate human interaction, "Are you sure?".Howard GilesCame up with "Accommodation Theory":* Convergence (adjusting speech to be like someone)* Divergence (to be different from someone)GriceCame up with four Maximsof conversation:* Quality (Being truthful)* Quantity (Not saying too much/little)* Relevance (Keeping to the point)* Manner (Speaking clearly)Norman FaircloughLinguist who came up with "Synthetic Personalisation" (When companies create a relationship or make it seem like they are talking to you)Personal PronounsA pronoun replaces a noun:* First Person: "I"* Second Person: "You"* Third Person: "He"/"She"ImperativesSentences which are commands, that usually start with a verb:* "Sit down!"* "Stir the ingredients"* "Click this button"Shared ContextInsider references that rely on the other person understanding:* "Meet you at the usual place"* "Remember what happened last time?"Asynchronous CommunicationWhen there is a delay between messages:* Texts* EmailSynchronous CommunicationWhen communication happens in "real time":* Skype* TelephoneDyadic CommunicationA conversation between two people.Adjacency PairsConversation is structured around logical pairs of responses:* Question and Answer,* Greeting and Response.ColloquialismInformal Language, that can also be referred to as Informal Lexis. Everyday speech between friends, colleagues etc.Discourse MarkersWords that mark the boundaries between topics of conversation:* "So"* "Now then"* "Well"* "All right then"Field Specific LexisWords relating to a particular subject area:* e.g. Horse-racing - Jockey, Bookie, Paddock, Odds, Furlong, Stallion.HedgingSpeakers soften the impact of what they are saying, or avoid saying it all together:* "Sort of"* "Kinda"* "...Getting back to the point at hand"* "Moving on"IdiolectThe way an individual speaks in a way that is unique to them.Non-Fluency FeaturesHesitations inspoken language:* Fillers("er", "um", "you know")* Pauses in conversationModal VerbsA word added in conjunction with a verb to alter the urgency of a command:* Could * Might* May* Should* Will* Must ("You MUST clean your room")Phatic TalkAnother way of saying "Small Talk". Talking about menial subjects such as the weather or sports scores.Phonological EffectsHow words sound when they are spoken aloud. Certain techniques can be used to emphasis this:* Alliteration* Assonance* Onomatopoeia* Rhyme* Percussive ConsonantsNounsProper Noun: London, John.Concrete Noun: Table, Apple.Abstract Noun: Love, Belief.PragmaticsWhat can be read between the lines.ReduplicationWhen part of a word or letter is elongated for emphasis:* "Soooooo Gooooood"* "Bye lovelyyyyy"* "Feed me more more more"SociolectA dialect from a certain Social Class(Similar to Idiolect but for a group of people rather than an individual)RepairsWhen a speaker makes repairs to their own speech:* "I am... er have a pen"* "Where was... um is the cat"Tag QuestionsQuestions added to the end of sentences to engage the other person in the conversation:* "You've done your homework, haven't you?"* "We went there before, remember?"* "The TV doesn't work, does it?"Temporal ConjunctionsWords often used in instructional texts that relate to time:* Next* Now* Then* Finally* Later* AfterAdverbA word that adds detail to a verb (doing word):* Slowly* Hastily* PassionatelyAdjectiveA word that adds detail to a noun (naming word):* Solid* Soft* Caring* ShinnyBack ChannellingProviding feedback when listening to show the speaker that you are listening:* "Oh right"* "I see"* "Yeah"Convergence & DivergenceAdjusting speech to be similar or different from someone.Upward and Downward Convergence/DivergenceDeclarativeA StatementDialectA form of speech particular to a district, class or person.ElisionWhen two words are slurred together when spoken:* Gonna* Kinda* SortaEmoticonA combination of punctuation, letters and numbers to create smiley faces, that are used in texts and emails:* :)* :P* XD* 8(* ;LInfluential PowerPower used to influence or persuade people.* PoliticiansInstrumental PowerPower used to maintain and enforce authority (backed ultimately by law).* Police officers* Lawyers and JudgesInteractional TalkSocial talk between people who may know each other quite well.InterrogativeA QuestionInterruptionsWhen one speaker interrupts another.LogogramA symbol thatreplaces a word:* @* (Not to be confused with an ampersand - &)OverlappingDialogue that overlaps or is spoken simultaneously.Transactional TalkLanguage used in "transactions" such as buying something or arranging something.Mental Verb ProcessMaterial Verb ProcessVerbs that are physical actions:* Running* Punching* Fussing* LaughingVerbs that are indirect actions:* Watching* Pondering* Believing* Wishing