Drawing on interviews with 25 Latina/o ninth-grade leavers and school policy documents, this article examines how uncertainties about high school completion arise and are negotiated in the school context in ways that contribute to risks for school-leaving. The article employs a theoretical framework that considers both objective and socially constructed dimensions of risk.

In this article we explore the ways in which the work of counseling departments in two different school environments shape students’ STEM participation in high school, with important potential consequences for STEM in college and beyond.

This article examines how students negotiate the “college-for-all” norm in two diverse, high-achieving high schools. The findings indicate that in these contexts, the norm was interpreted as “four-year college-for-all,” leading to the development of a stigma surrounding two-year community college attendance.

This article summarizes research, conducted in three small high schools, on teachers’ conceptualization and enactment of the advisor role. Implications for advisory work in small high schools, teachers assuming social-emotional support roles, and role complexity are discussed.

The authors examine the career and college advice that high school counselors and vocational teachers give to the forgotten half and make suggestions about how schools can better assist in postsecondary planning for workbound students.

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the educational development
of youth cannot succeed solely through the efforts of the
schools. Learning must be enhanced through exposure of young
people to a variety of opportunities to test themselves in the community
and in the workplace alongside supportive adults. Schools
must find ways of working together with other organizations in
the community to make this possible.
It is in the context of such issues at the forefront of current events that riffs yearbook examines the relationships between education
and work.

Since the beginning of the 1960s manpower policy in the United
States has taken on an affective quality reflecting concern for a
work force which has not only occupation-specific skills but also
personal commitment to work, positive self-concepts as effective
workers, and employability skills, including skill in searching for
work and in adjusting to a new job.

The dramatic physical and psychological metamorphosis that
occurs during adolescence places a tremendous stress on the equilibrium
within the organism itself, as well as on the equilibrium
existing between the organism and its environment. The physician
and the educator are in a unique position to evaluate this balance
and to intervene when disequilibrium occurs.

Since Freud and Durkheim, there has been agreement among
social scientists that most people do not go through life viewing
society's moral norms (for example, honesty, justice, fair play) as
external, coercively imposed pressures. Although initially external
and often in conflict with one's desires, the norms eventually
become part of one's motive system and guide behavior even in
the absence of external authority. The challenge is to find out what
experiences foster this internalization. The aim here is to pull together
the relevant findings and theories.

In 1972 the Board of Directors of the National Society for the
Study of Education sought the advice of several educators with
respect to the nature of a possible yearbook on secondary education
in the United States. A large majority of the respondents urged
that such a yearbook should focus on central issues.

In the United States, public secondary education is being vigorously
examined today. The criticism has been sharp during the past decade.
Some critics have concluded that there is no hope whatever for
public secondary education as currently conceived, organized, and
practiced. Others have called for reform through new educational partnerships
between the school and community.

In the history of education all issues with which the writer is
familiar have originated in what people have thought desirable for
education. Thus, the history of issues in American secondary education
involves perceptions of, and sometimes debates on, what is desirable.
In this discussion, we shall deal with a few crucial issues, which we
shall call core issues, plus a very few conjoint issues. Both will be discussed
in terms of their respective social and cultural milieus, and
within broad periods of time.

Whatever is done to improve high school education must be related
to some conception of the nature of learners and of the learning
process. For several generations our thinking about high school education
has been based primarily upon behavioristic views of what people
are like and how they behave. Those concepts may have been useful
guides when high school goals were simpler, curricula were limited,
and the pace of societal change was slower. Secondary education of
today and tomorrow must be much more complex and geared to the
satisfaction of quite different student and societal needs.To meet these
demands, new theoretical concepts are required to orient our thinking
and to point the way to new techniques and processes designed to meet
current needs. Fortunately, such concepts are available in modern
humanistic psychology.

The paramount social reality is that the technologically advanced
nations of the world are approaching one of the great transformations
of human history. Even a few years ago it would have been necessary
to hedge that statement with tentativeness and qualification. At this
point few would question it. In this chapter we undertake the delineation
of this transformation—its salient characteristics and the choice of
responses—and the identification of the most important implications
for education.

In this chapter, we shall examine the ways man's experience is
made available to the young, with special attention to the fact that the
official version of what is most meaningful in man's experience is
offered in school. In systematic school instruction, knowledge is
offered in three forms. The confusion of these forms with one another
explains in some degree the feeling of meaninglessness many high
school students associate with formal school learning. They take what
they can, but many of them consider nonformal experience to be more
meaningful than school experience. From our consideration of this
situation, certain recommendations pertaining to formal school instruction
will emerge.

Where should learning take place? On an airstrip? At an aquarium?
In an artist's studio? In a computer center? At a drug crisis center? In a
hospital? In a hotel? At a medical center? In a museum? In a national
monument? In an office building? At a Playboy Club? In a railroad
station? On a showboat? In a storefront? In a TV studio? At a theater?
In a Victorian mansion? In a warehouse? On wheels? At a zoo? These
are a few of the settings for alternative schools and action-learning
programs currently in operation.

The question to which this chapter is addressed can be phrased in
many ways. Herbert Spencer expressed it as "What knowledge is of
most worth?" To Robert S. Lynd, it was "Knowledge for what?" To
the contributors to a yearbook of the Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development it was "What shall the high schools teach?"
and to the authors of a later ASCD pamphlet, "What are the sources of
the curriculum?''

A cartoon prominently displayed in countless school administrators'
offices shows two recumbent figures, one of whom says, "One of these days we've got to get organized." The message of this
chapter is that organization--the fitting together of all the elements
necessary for an institution to achieve its purposes--is truly a major
factor in the success of any program of secondary education. We will
especially consider the domain of secondary education and, in particular,
curriculum organization, staff organization, other structural
elements, and patterns to enhance motivation.

In this chapter some selected observations on behaviorally oriented
approaches to counseling are presented. A discussion of historical
developments and current definitions of behavioral counseling
is followed by an examination of current techniques. The
relevance of behavioral techniques to contemporary social problems
is discussed.

Study compared subject requirements for college admission with those for ongoing study in the corresponding subjects reflected in the college liberal arts program''; author concludes that colleges have arbitrarily determined high school curriculum, and urges reform.

In 1965, the Department of Education and Science eliminated the Tripartite System where the grammar school was favored, the secondary modern school ignored and technical schools never materialized. The system was reorganized so that individuals were not penalized because of social background and everyone's potential could be fully developed.

The current "crisis in American higher education" has been lamented by many and cheered on by others. There are those who hope and those who fear that current events portend the passing of the university as we have known it. Explanations and diagnoses of what is actually taking place, how­ever, are more than a little confusing.

The author's ambivalence toward the school and "the system" is not uncharacteristic of the conflict experienced by so many of today's students; and our purpose in presenting her piece here is to underscore the warnings that the teaching process must be changed.

Mentoring & TutoringMentoring & Tutoring has quickly become the major resource to exchange information on mentoring and tutoring particularly in schools, further and higher education, hospitals, industry and the management professions.

The American School Counselor The American School Counselor Association is the national organization that represents the profession of school counseling.

American Counseling AssociationFor more than 20 years, the American Counseling Association has led the way in championing the counseling profession through work in advocacy, research and professional standards.

Harvard Educational ReviewThe Harvard Educational Review is a journal of opinion and research in the field of education. In addition to discussions and reviews of research and theory, HER welcomes articles that reflect on teaching and practice in educational settings in the United States and abroad.

Journal of Educational ResearchThe Journal of Educational Research publishes manuscripts that describe or synthesize research of direct relevance to educational practice in elementary and secondary schools.