Morpheus is a vertical test bed demonstrating new green propellant
propulsion systems and autonomous landing and hazard detection
technology. Designed, developed, manufactured and operated in-house by
engineers at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, the Morpheus Project
represents not only a vehicle to advance technologies, but also an
opportunity to try out "lean development" engineering practices.

Morpheus is a NASA-designed vehicle.

It was manufactured and assembled at JSC and Armadillo Aerospace.
Morpheus is large enough to carry 1,100 pounds of cargo to the moon –
for example, a humanoid robot, a small rover, or a small laboratory to
convert moon dust into oxygen – performing all propellant burns after
the trans lunar injection.
The primary focus of the test bed is to demonstrate an integrated
propulsion and guidance, navigation and control system that can fly a
lunar descent profile to exercise the Autonomous Landing and Hazard
Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) safe landing sensors and closed-loop flight
control. Additional objectives include technology demonstrations – for
instance, tank material and manufacture, reaction control thrusters,
main engine performance improvements, helium pressurization systems,
ground operations, flight operations, range safety, software and
avionics architecture.

Morpheus is a full spacecraft, with all the associated subsystems:
avionics; software; guidance, navigation and control; power; power
distribution; structures; propulsion; and instrumentation.
Morpheus’ propellant combination – liquid oxygen and methane – is of
particular interest for a number of reasons. It can be stored for longer
times in space, compared to other common propellants such as liquid
hydrogen. It is extremely cheap and safe to operate and test, and performs better –
much more so than hypergols, another type of fuel often used in
spaceflight.

In addition, the methane can also be made from ice on the moon or Mars.
In fact, about 1,000 pounds of methane are produced on International
Space Station and dumped overboard as waste gas every year – enough to
entirely fill the Morpheus lander.

For in-space propellant transfer, Morpheus utilizes the propellant of
choice for future missions that would utilize in-space refueling and/or
depots. In addition, the lander has all the systems required for
automated rendezvous and docking. With modification of the propellant
and pressurization system for transfer plumbing and a docking mechanism
that meets the international docking standard, two landers could
rendezvous in low Earth orbit and demonstrate all the key technologies
required for in-space propellant transfer and storage of mid-temperature
range cryogenic propellants. For an asteroid rendezvous, the lander
would need more study, but conceptually the lander may have most of the
systems needed to attempt an asteroid rendezvous. The precision landing
system for Project Morpheus, with some modification to the software,
could be used as is to rendezvous with an asteroid.

The workforce behind Project Morpheus has gained valuable experience
that will provide the corner stone for design of future missions. In
addition, the project is setting mid-range performance and design
requirements that will drive down the production cost of future landers –
Project Morpheus is taking the lessons learned from our industry
partners to facilitate this alternative design approach.

Morpheus is actually the second vertical test bed built by the project
team. The first, Pixel, was literally constructed from spare parts from
Armadillo Aerospace through an Innovative Partnership Agreement. NASA
converted the Pixel lander to use liquid oxygen and methane as its fuel,
instrumented the vehicle and conducted early guidance, navigation and
control testing. Pixel was flown last year under tether 17 times and
three free flights, at Armadillo’s facility near Dallas.