in English feudal law, that portion of a manor not granted to freehold tenants but either retained by the lord for his own use and occupation or occupied by his villeins or leasehold tenants. When villein tenure developed into the more secure copyhold and leaseholders became protected against premature eviction, the “lord’s demesne” came ...

allegorical novel by Hermann Broch, published posthumously in 1953 as Der Versucher. It was the only completed volume of a projected trilogy to have been called Bergroman (“Mountain Novel”). The author wrote it in the mid-1930s and then, dissatisfied, completely rewrote it twice more; by his death in 1951, he was halfway through a third revision. Vers...

In 1889 Tennyson wrote the famous short poem “Crossing the Bar,” during the crossing to the Isle of Wight. In the same year he published Demeter and Other Poems, which contains the charming retrospective “To Mary Boyle,” “The Progress of Spring,” a fine lyric written much earlier and rediscovered, and “Merlin and the Gleam,” an allegor...

...passionless features of Classical sculpture into studies of intense emotion. Praxiteles and Scopas seem to typify the new spirit that can readily be discerned in surviving original sculptures. The “Demeter of Cnidus” (British Museum, London; perhaps by the Athenian sculptor Leochares) is Classical in mood, but the features are Praxitelean; and in the reliefs on the Mausoleum......

...Vólos, and just south of it are the ruins of Pagasae, a prominent port from Mycenaean to late Classical times. In 293 bce Pagasae was eclipsed by the newly founded Macedonian town of Demetrias to the north of it....

...Rossini found it easy to learn to sing and play. At age 14 he entered Bologna’s Philharmonic School (now the G.B. Martini State Conservatory of Music) and composed his first opera seria—Demetrio e Polibio (1806; staged in 1812)—for the Mombelli, a family of singers. At 15 he had learned the violin, horn, and harpsichord and had often sung in public, even in the theat...

...reportage of the Neapolitan scene, while Renato Fucini conveyed the atmosphere of traditional Tuscany. Emilio De Marchi, another writer in the realist mold, has Milan for his setting and in Demetrio Pianelli (1890) has painted a candid but essentially kindly portrait of the new Milanese urban middle class. Antonio Fogazzaro was akin to the ......

Greek sculptor, said by ancient critics to have been notable for the lifelike realism of his statues. His style was contrasted with that of Cresilas, an idealizing sculptor of the generation before. Demetrios mainly produced portrait statues, and his portrait of Pellichus, a Corinthian general, was admired by Lucian. A few extant works have been attributed to Demetrios—mo...

...uneducated orthodox Christians of Alexandria, who looked askance at intellectuals, especially at the heretical Gnostics who claimed a special knowledge (gnōsis) and spirituality. Led by Demetrius, the bishop of Alexandria who was elevated to the episcopacy in 189, they taught a legalistic doctrine of salvation and preached that the Christian was saved by faith (pistis)....

...surrender of Hannibal, who had served Prusias against Rome, because he had served Antiochus. Hannibal committed suicide rather than surrender to the Romans. Flamininus worked with the Senate to name Demetrius, Philip’s younger son, as his heir instead of his older son, Perseus. According to Polybius, Philip was shown a letter from Flamininus promising Demetrius the throne (though the Rom...

...his victorious campaign. It is significant, perhaps, that Metrodorus was a philosopher as well as a painter and that he was also employed by Paullus in educating his children. Tradition states that Demetrius, an Alexandrian “place painter” (topographos), was working in Rome by 164 bc. The exact meaning of his title is problematic, but it could mean that he pai...

...approximately 200 “Aesop” fables, but there is no way of knowing who invented which tales or what their original occasions might have been. Aesop had already receded into legend when Demetrius of Phaleron, a rhetorician, compiled an edition of Aesop’s fables in the 4th century bc. The poetic resources of the form developed slowly. A versified Latin collection ...

...has conquered Hippolyta, the Amazon queen, and is about to wed her. Meanwhile, two lovers, Hermia and Lysander, seek refuge in the forest near Athens when Hermia’s father demands that she marry Demetrius. Hoping to win Demetrius’s favour, Helena tells him their whereabouts and follows him to the forest, where he goes in search of Hermia. The forest is also full of fairies who have...

...when his brother Bassianus runs away with her instead, Saturninus marries Tamora. Saturninus and Tamora then plot revenge against Titus. Lavinia is raped and mutilated by Tamora’s sadistic sons Demetrius and Chiron, who cut off her hands and cut out her tongue so that she will be unable to testify against them. She nonetheless manages, by holding a stick in her mouth and guiding it with ...

king of Bactria who was the son and successor of Euthydemus. The historical evidence for Demetrius’ reign is slight and open to varying interpretations. According to some scholars, he ruled from about 190 to about 167, when he was killed by Eucratides, who then became king. Earlier, Demetrius had made such extensive conquests in northern India that for a brief time he vir...

Greek sculptor, said by ancient critics to have been notable for the lifelike realism of his statues. His style was contrasted with that of Cresilas, an idealizing sculptor of the generation before. Demetrios mainly produced portrait statues, and his portrait of Pellichus, a Corinthian general, was admired by Lucian. A few extant works have been attributed to Demetrios—mo...

...heard Epicurus. Superior to both, however, were Metrodorus and Colotes, against whom a small work by Plutarch was directed. Among the Epicureans of the 2nd century bce, mention must be made of Demetrius of Lacon, of whose works some fragments remain, and Apollodorus, who wrote more than 400 books. Much was also written by his disciple Zeno of Sidon, who was heard by Cicero in 79 ...

Athenian orator, statesman, and philosopher who was appointed governor of Athens by the Macedonian general Cassander (317 bc). He favoured the upper classes and gave effect to the ideas of such earlier political theorists as Aristotle. When the old democracy was restored in 307, Demetrius escaped to Thebes and later to Egypt, where he became prominent at the court ...

Athenian orator, statesman, and philosopher who was appointed governor of Athens by the Macedonian general Cassander (317 bc). He favoured the upper classes and gave effect to the ideas of such earlier political theorists as Aristotle. When the old democracy was restored in 307, Demetrius escaped to Thebes and later to Egypt, where he became prominent at the court ...

...about Greece, in Books VIII to X, he still relied upon Artemidorus, but the bulk of his information was taken from two commentators of Homer—Apollodorus of Athens (2nd century bce) and Demetrius of Scepsis (born about 205 bce)—for Strabo placed great emphasis on identifying the cities named in the Greek epic the Iliad. Books XI to XIV descr...

Athenian orator, statesman, and philosopher who was appointed governor of Athens by the Macedonian general Cassander (317 bc). He favoured the upper classes and gave effect to the ideas of such earlier political theorists as Aristotle. When the old democracy was restored in 307, Demetrius escaped to Thebes and later to Egypt, where he became prominent at the court ...

...shock, and as an exercise to loosen muscles and to develop balance. Performed in all of the five basic foot positions, pliés may be shallow, so that the dancer’s heels remain on the floor (demi-plié), or deep, so that in all foot positions except the second the heels rise (grand plié)....

...(1887) and Chonchette (1888). He subsequently wrote 50 more novels, some of which were dramatized and had a moderate success on the stage. The best-known among them was entitled Les Demi-Vierges (1894; “The Half-Virgins”); a dramatized version of the book was a great success....

A deepening sense of personal crisis led Hesse to psychoanalysis with J.B. Lang, a disciple of Carl Gustav Jung. The influence of analysis appears in Demian (1919), an examination of the achievement of self-awareness by a troubled adolescent. This novel had a pervasive effect on a troubled Germany and made its author famous. Hesse’s later work shows his interest in....

...debate among researchers. Many credit C. Friedrich L. Buschmann, whose Handäoline was patented in Berlin in 1822, as the inventor of the accordion, while others give the distinction to Cyril Demian of Vienna, who patented his Accordion in 1829, thus coining the name. A modification of the Handäoline, Demian’s invention comprised a small manual bellows a...

...debate among researchers. Many credit C. Friedrich L. Buschmann, whose Handäoline was patented in Berlin in 1822, as the inventor of the accordion, while others give the distinction to Cyril Demian of Vienna, who patented his Accordion in 1829, thus coining the name. A modification of the Handäoline, Demian’s invention comprised a small manual bellows a...

The armament of an English man-of-war of the early 16th century consisted of four or five short-barreled cannon, or curtals, a similar number of demicannon, and culverins. The average cannon, a short-range gun, hurled an iron ball of about 50 pounds (23 kg), and the demicannon one of 32 pounds (14 kg). The culverin, a longer and stronger gun, fired a smaller shot over a longer range and was......

In Switzerland, canton is the name given to each of the 23 states comprising the Swiss Confederation. Three cantons—Unterwalden, Basel, and Appenzell—are subdivided into demicantons, or half cantons, which function as full cantons; thus, there is often reference to 26 states of Switzerland. Each of the cantons and half cantons has its own constitution, legislature, executive, and......

...and Grant’s bush baby (G. granti) and their relatives live in East African coastal forests from Kenya to Mozambique and Malawi and on the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. The tiny Prince Demidoff’s bush baby (G. demidoff), which weighs only 70 grams (2.5 ounces), is widespread and common in African rainforests from Sierra Leone to Uganda. Even smaller i...

Akinfy Demidov (1678–1745), Nikita’s son, increased his inherited wealth by expanding his holdings and establishing gold, silver, and copper mines, mainly in the Ural Mountains. Largely as a result of Nikita’s and Akinfy’s efforts, the Demidov family, by the end of the 18th century, controlled vast estates and enterprises and produced about 40 percent of the country...

...mainly in Moscow. Nikolay’s elder son, Pavel Nikolayevich Demidov (1798–1840), founded an annual prize for Russian literature, to be awarded by the Academy of Sciences. Nikolay’s younger son, Anatoly Nikolayevich Demidov (1812–70), also a traveler and patron of the arts, lived for many years in Italy, purchased the Tuscan title prince of San Donato, and married (1840...

Nikita Demidovich Antufyev (1656–1725) was a blacksmith from the western Russian city of Tula, who took the surname Demidov in 1702. He began to accumulate his family’s fortune by manufacturing weapons and, after receiving land grants from Peter I the Great (reigned 1682–1725), by building and operating an iron foundry at Tula. Peter made Demidov, a former serf, a nobleman....

Subsequently, other members of the family engaged in philanthropic activities. Akinfy’s nephew Pavel Grigoryevich Demidov (1738–1821) traveled extensively and became a benefactor of Russian education. His nephew Count Nikolay Nikitich Demidov (1773–1828) directed the family’s mining business and also contributed liberally to scientific education, mainly in Moscow. Nikol...

...reign. The first of those works were portraits of grandees, trustees, and patrons of the aristocratic institution known as the Moscow Education House. The best single work was Levitsky’s portrait of Prokopy Demidov (1773), an extravagant millionaire who was a devotee of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the naturists. Levitsky portrayed Demidov in the open gallery of an exquisite palace, leaning...

Russian-born American painter generally identified with the Abstract Expressionist school known as colour field. He was one of the first to use thinned paints in a staining technique to create colour compositions of a delicate, ethereal quality....

Russian-born American painter generally identified with the Abstract Expressionist school known as colour field. He was one of the first to use thinned paints in a staining technique to create colour compositions of a delicate, ethereal quality....

Russian-born American painter generally identified with the Abstract Expressionist school known as colour field. He was one of the first to use thinned paints in a staining technique to create colour compositions of a delicate, ethereal quality....

...in the Potsdam Declaration and elucidated in U.S. government policy statements drawn up and forwarded to MacArthur in August 1945. The essence of these policies was simple and straightforward: the demilitarization of Japan, so that it would not again become a danger to peace; democratization, meaning that, while no particular form of government would be forced upon the Japanese, efforts would.....

...authority to the State of Vietnam, which had its capital at Saigon and was nominally under the authority of the former Vietnamese emperor, Bao Dai. Within 300 days of the signing of the accords, a demilitarized zone, or DMZ, was to be created by mutual withdrawal of forces north and south of the 17th parallel, and the transfer of any civilians who wished to leave either side was to be......

region on the Korean peninsula that demarcates North Korea from South Korea. It roughly follows latitude 38° N (the 38th parallel), the original demarcation line between North Korea and South Korea at the end of World War II....

American dancer and choreographer who further developed the narrative aspect of dance and made innovative use of American themes, folk dances, and physical idioms in her choreography of musical plays and ballets....

city, seat (1901) of Luna county, southwestern New Mexico, U.S., about 55 miles (89 km) west of Las Cruces. The city is located in the broad valley of the Mimbres River (there flowing underground) and is surrounded by mountains. Deming was founded in 1881 as a railroad service point at the junction of the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific railways. Originally call...

leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [Pinyin: Guomindang]), known as the father of modern China. Influential in overthrowing the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1911/12), he served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911–12) and later as de facto ruler (1923–25)....

...Japanese companies quickly adopted his methods, with the result being a commitment to quality control that helped Japanese firms dominate some product markets in many parts of the world. The Deming Prize (established 1951), awarded annually to Japanese corporations that win a rigorous quality-control competition, is named in Deming’s honour. It was not until the 1980s that Deming’...

American statistician, educator, and consultant whose advocacy of quality-control methods in industrial production aided Japan’s economic recovery after World War II and spurred the subsequent global success of many Japanese firms in the late 20th century....

American statistician, educator, and consultant whose advocacy of quality-control methods in industrial production aided Japan’s economic recovery after World War II and spurred the subsequent global success of many Japanese firms in the late 20th century....

...from its roots. Public welfare programs such as Obamacare were seen as intrusions into the spiritual realm, a view summarized in 2011 by then U.S. senator (later Heritage Foundation president) Jim DeMint when he said, “The bigger government gets, the smaller God gets.” For conservative Christians, the tension between church and state would be resolved by eliminating those......

...After that they took a fresh decision to appoint a single general and to entrust him with plenary authority. Margus of Cerynea was the first.” There were also 10 magistrates called demiourgoi. Then, in 251, the Greek statesman Aratus (271–213), incorruptible, adventurous, persuasive, skilled in diplomacy, passionately attached to freedom and implacably ambitious for......

in philosophy, a subordinate god who fashions and arranges the physical world to make it conform to a rational and eternal ideal. Plato adapted the term, which in ancient Greece had originally been the ordinary word for “craftsman,” or “artisan” (broadly interpreted to include not only manual workers but also heralds, soothsayers, and physicians), and which in the 5th c...

...After that they took a fresh decision to appoint a single general and to entrust him with plenary authority. Margus of Cerynea was the first.” There were also 10 magistrates called demiourgoi. Then, in 251, the Greek statesman Aratus (271–213), incorruptible, adventurous, persuasive, skilled in diplomacy, passionately attached to freedom and implacably ambitious for......

in philosophy, a subordinate god who fashions and arranges the physical world to make it conform to a rational and eternal ideal. Plato adapted the term, which in ancient Greece had originally been the ordinary word for “craftsman,” or “artisan” (broadly interpreted to include not only manual workers but also heralds, soothsayers, and physicians), and which in the 5th c...

...buildings, villages, towns, or palaces—were the norm. A single building at Karataş-Semayük was defended by a ditch, a plastered rampart, and an enclosure wall. Villages such as Demirci Hüyük relied on the outer wall of a radial arrangement of houses. The citadel of Troy had heavy stone walls with mud-brick superstructure, a clay-covered glacis, and projecting....

...son Mehmed captured Akşehir and Bolvadin and in 1314 accepted Il-Khanid (western Mongol) suzerainty. He was succeeded by his son Süleyman II, whose reign coincided with an attempt by Demirtaş, the Il-Khanid governor of Anatolia, to assert his authority over the independent Turkmen rulers in Anatolia. About 1326 Demirtaş marched to Beyşehir and killed......

in philosophy, a subordinate god who fashions and arranges the physical world to make it conform to a rational and eternal ideal. Plato adapted the term, which in ancient Greece had originally been the ordinary word for “craftsman,” or “artisan” (broadly interpreted to include not only manual workers but also heralds, soothsayers, and physicians), and which in the 5th c...

Oct. 26, 1964New York, N.Y.Jan. 13, 2002Santa Monica, Calif.American film director who , counted among his credits such films as Beautiful Girls (1996), Life (1999), and Blow (2001), as well as episodes of the television series Homicide: Life on the Street and ...

Oct. 26, 1964New York, N.Y.Jan. 13, 2002Santa Monica, Calif.American film director who , counted among his credits such films as Beautiful Girls (1996), Life (1999), and Blow (2001), as well as episodes of the television series Homicide: Life on the Street and ...

In 1889 Muñoz Rivera founded the newspaper La Democracia, which crusaded for Puerto Rican self-government. He became a leader of the autonomist parties, and in 1897 he was instrumental in obtaining Puerto Rico’s charter of home rule from Spain. He soon became secretary of state and later president of the first autonomist cabinet. He resigned in 1899 afte...

literally, rule by the people. The term is derived from the Greek dēmokratiā, which was coined from dēmos (“people”) and kratos (“rule”) in the middle of the 5th century bc to denote the political systems then existing in s...

...description of Washington, D.C., and is peopled with caricatures of many leading figures of the day, including greedy industrialists and corrupt politicians. Twain’s satire was followed in 1880 by Democracy, a political novel published anonymously by the historian Henry Adams. Adams’ book deals with a dishonest Midwestern senator and suggests that the real source of corrupt...

...pursue common goals, and the freedom to determine and pursue one’s own conception of the good life. Democracy is more than merely a form of government, however; as Dewey remarks in Democracy and Education (1916), it is also a “mode of associated life” in which citizens cooperate with each other to solve their common problems through rational means (...

...of modern history at the University of Oxford and entered politics, being elected in 1895 as a Liberal Unionist to represent Dublin University. His political philosophy is best represented by Democracy and Liberty (1896). He feared the advent of socialism as retrogressive and prophesied a new despotism of the state founded on nationalism and a mass franchise. In Parliament he......

Touré was reelected in 2007, again running as an independent candidate, although he had the backing of the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP), a group of more than 40 parties that formed to support him. Touré captured 71 percent of the vote in the first round of voting, held on April 29, thus avoiding the need for a runoff election. In legislative elections held a few......

...of the people.” Tocqueville’s estimation of the American system of government reached a wide audience in Europe and beyond through his monumental four-volume study Democracy in America (1835–40)....

The centerpiece program of the satellite system was Democracy Now!, inaugurated in 1996 and hosted by WBAI programmer Amy Goodman and New York Daily News reporter Juan González. Democracy Now! represented a significant departure for Pacifica radio. Whereas earlier Pacifica programming usually interviewed prominent leftists, Goodman also aggressively courted the......

American political leader, who served as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives for nearly 17 years. He was first elected to the House in 1912 and served there continuously for 48 years 8 months, which at the time of his death was a record tenure. He was elected to Congress 25 consecutive times. The Rayburn House Office Building, a congressional office building on Capitol Hill, was named in ...

third president of the Turkish Republic (1950–60), who initiated etatism, or a state-directed economy, in Turkey in the 1930s and who after 1946, as the leader of the Democrat Party, advocated a policy of private enterprise....

Consequently, a significant body of literature on democratic transitions, or “transitology,” emerged. Perhaps the best-known starting point here is the waves-of-democratization approach of the American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington. He identified three waves of democratic transition (1828–1926, 1943–1962, 1974 onward) during which certain states (and their......

...(petitions), he came into direct confrontation with the learned Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, an increasingly important figure at court by reason of his Democrates II (“Concerning the Just Cause of the War Against the Indians”), in which he maintained, theoretically in accordance with Aristotelian principles, that the Indians......

...them in a resort to force. The confrontation moved from the streets to the polls. De Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly, and on June 23 and 30 the Gaullists won a landslide victory. The Gaullist Union of Democrats for the Republic (Union des Démocrates pour la République [UDR]; the former UNR), with its allies, emerged with three-fourths of the seats....

...describing the operations of checks and balances that various nonmajoritarian institutions perform in democratic systems. Increasingly, particularly in the literature on democratic transformation, democratic accountability is meant loosely as an aspect of the quality of democracy, deriving not so much from the electoral process and from the enjoyment of political rights but from the protection....

...League of Communists of Yugoslavia fragmented, and multiparty elections were held in each of the country’s six constituent republics. In Bosnia and Herzegovina the national parties—the Bosniak Party of Democratic Action (Stranka Demokratske Akcije; SDA), the Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska Demokratska Stranka; SDS), and the Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednic...

...the Sept. 11, 1973, military coup led by Gen. Augusto Pinochet that overthrew the government of leftist Pres. Salvador Allende. Former president (2006–10) Michelle Bachelet, the candidate of New Majority—the name adopted by the Coalition of Parties for Democracy after it expanded to include the Communist Party, the Broad Social Movement, and the Citizen Left party—became th...

South African political party formed in 2000 through the merger of the Democratic Party, the New National Party (see National Party), and the Federal Alliance. The Democratic Alliance became the official opposition party to the African National Congress (ANC), though the New National Party...

...policies alienated the old political leaders, the Military League (comprising active and reserve officers), and Tsar Boris’s court. The rightist parties united in the National Alliance (later called Democratic Alliance) and planned to march on Sofia to wrest control of the country. On the left, the communists viewed the Agrarian government as their principal opponent. But the most danger...

...to enact an effective austerity program. A number of volatile coalition governments followed, until in 1980, in the general election scheduled by the constitution, a centre-right coalition, the Democratic Alliance (Alianca Democrática), swept into power. The new government swiftly moved to revise the character of the 1976 constitution. The Assembly of the Republic approved a series......

...After the liberation of France he became minister of finance in de Gaulle’s Cabinet and in 1945 was elected deputy to the National Assembly. From 1946 to 1953 he was president of the left-centre Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (Union Démocratique et Socialiste de la Résistance; UDSR); he was twice minister of defense (1949–50, 1952–54) and twi...

decision-making practice and disciplinary policy adopted by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and subsequently followed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and by communist parties in other countries....

...para la Victoria; FPV] and the Federal Peronists); the Front for a Country in Solidarity (Frente del País Solidario; Frepaso), a moderate leftist grouping of dissident Peronists; and the Union of the Democratic Centre (Unión del Centro Democrático; UCD, or UCéDé), a traditional liberal party. The PJ has controlled the government most of the time since......