A fresh look into James Joyce’s ‘dirty mind’ and how his ‘Ulysses’ broke through the censors

“The Most Dangerous Book: The Battle for James Joyce’s ‘Ulysses,’” by Kevin Birmingham, takes an unflinching look at the author and how his novel subverted literary censorship and U.S. suppression of “pornographic” books during the first third of the 20th century.

James Joyce, born 1882 in Dublin, Ireland, is widely considered one of the most important writers of the 20th century. His novel “Ulysses” was initially banned for more than a decade in the U.S.

This is, Kevin Birmingham writes, “the biography of a book.” That emphasis is worth bearing in mind.

If you’re looking for a general guide to James Joyce’s great book, you probably still should turn to those ancient standbys such as Stuart Gilbert’s “James Joyce’s ‘Ulysses.’” For a full account of his life, go to Richard Ellmann’s biography.

“The Most Dangerous Book” is, in fact, mainly about obscenity. Birmingham approaches “Ulysses” as the work that subverted literary censorship and broke the crusading spirit of the U.S. government’s regulation or, more accurately, suppression of “pornographic” books during the first third of the 20th century.

In most of the ways that matter, Birmingham has produced an excellent work of consolidation, bringing together bits and pieces from scores of previous Joyce-related biographies and studies.

He presents a lively history of how Joyce slowly built up the verbal richness and structural complexity of the novel; how the early chapters were serialized in the Little Review and cost its editors, Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap, fines and judicial harassment; what the Paris-based Shakespeare and Company endured to publish the final book in 1922; and why Judge John M. Woolsey came to declare in 1933 that “Ulysses” was not obscene and could be legally printed in the United States.

Until the end of the 20th century, Joyce generally was viewed as a figure inspiring almost religious awe. Espousing the uncompromising individualist’s motto of “Non serviam” — I will not serve — he rejected Ireland, Catholicism, conventional morality and every form of literary and linguistic constraint.

His intense suffering from eye disease and his eventual blindness invited comparisons to Homer and Milton. Joyce was, in short, an icon, the saint of modern literature.

That sacerdotal view has altered in recent years. New biographies, particularly Gordon Bowker’s, have removed the halo and revealed a Joyce who was, for all his genius, all too human. As you read Birmingham’s book, you realize that the author of “Ulysses” was a sponge and a fop, feckless and irresponsible about money, prone to drunken binges and embarrassingly crude in his sexual enthusiasms.

What’s more, as an artist, the self-exiled Irishman may have been above the fray, indifferent, paring his fingernails, but only because he was able to exploit everyone around him. Joyce was high-maintenance. He could defy censors and critics in the name of Art, but he ruthlessly counted on his foot soldiers to fight his battles for him.

Those devoted friends and acolytes included some of the most colorful figures in 20th-century literature: that impresario of modernism, Ezra Pound, who tirelessly championed Joyce’s early writing; shrewd New York lawyer and collector John Quinn, who, sometimes reluctantly, defended him; and, not least, genteel Englishwoman Harriet Weaver, who supported the writer over many years to the tune of almost $2 million (in today’s money).

Then, too, there’s everyone’s favorite Joyce, his irrepressible and down-to-earth wife, Nora Barnacle, who said: “I guess the man’s a genius, but what a dirty mind he has, hasn’t he?” When her husband presented the 1,000th copy of “Ulysses” to her at a dinner party, she immediately offered to sell it.

Birmingham’s book is packed with such entertaining factoids. The 1914 short-story collection “Dubliners” — which Penguin has just reissued in a special centennial edition — by mid-1917 had earned “exactly two and a half shillings in royalties.”

The very first review of “Ulysses,” in the London Observer, is cited, and it is surprisingly spot on: “‘Mr. James Joyce is a man of genius,’ Sisley Huddleston declared. The book was ‘the vilest, according to ordinary standards, in all literature. And yet its very obscenity is somehow beautiful and wrings the soul to pity.’”

Yet for all its undoubted merit, Birmingham’s biography can also be noticeably sensationalistic. He overtly stage-manages his chapters, often withholding key facts so that he can spring them on the reader with a theatrical flourish. For example, he reveals the cause of Joyce’s eye ailments only near the end of the book, arguing there that his iritis was almost certainly caused by that 19th-century curse, syphilis, probably caught from a prostitute in Dublin’s Nighttown.

In addition, Birmingham sometimes veers precipitously close to imagining what people must have been thinking. In one instance, he takes us right into the head of Woolsey, the judge, while he shaves, and only an endnote reveals that some of these morning thoughts are suppositions.

Periodically, the young scholar also makes show-offy, draconian statements, as when he ends a discussion of the famous “Nausicaa” episode — in which a voyeuristic Leopold Bloom observes and is observed by the daydreamy Gerty MacDowell — with a series of weird declarations:

“Meanings in ‘Ulysses’ are coy thrills. They are only partially revealed so as to draw people closer. ‘Ulysses’ is difficult because Joyce was lonely. He was sentimental, prone to fantasy as well as rumination, and he beckoned readers onward through teases written into his book inch by inch. If Joyce resembles someone on that beach, it is not Leopold Bloom. Joyce is Gerty.”

Despite the oratorical flourish, mere assertion is not proof.

To read “The Most Dangerous Book,” you would never guess “Ulysses” is essentially comic. “The body,” Birmingham emphasizes, “was central to Joyce’s work because he was a captive of both its erotic pleasures and its intense pains.” So are we all.

The Most Dangerous Book: The Battle for James Joyce’s “Ulysses,” by Kevin Birmingham (417 pages; Penguin Press; $29.95)