In addition to the Whigs themselves, Grey was supported by Radical and other allied politicians. The Whigs and their allies were gradually coming to be referred to as Liberals, but no formal Liberal Party had been established at the time of this election, so all the politicians supporting the ministry are referred to as Whig in the above results.

The last Tory Prime Minister, at the time of the 1832 election, was the Duke of Wellington. After leaving government office, Wellington continued to lead the Tory peers and was the overall Leader of the Opposition.

John Wilson Croker had used the term conservative in 1830, but the Tories at the time of this general election had not yet become generally known as the Conservative Party. This distinction would finally take hold after the Liberal Party was officially created.

In Irish politics, Daniel O'Connell was continuing his campaign for repeal of the Act of Union. He had founded the Irish Repeal Association and it presented candidates independent of the two principal parties.

Following the passage of the Reform Act 1832 and related legislation to reform the electoral system and redistribute constituencies, the tenthUnited Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 3 December 1832. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 29 January 1833, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired.

At this period there was not one election day. After receiving a writ (a royal command) for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days.

The general election took place between December 1832 and January 1833. The first nomination was on 8 December, with the first contest on 10 December and the last contest on 8 January 1833. It was usual for polling in the University constituencies and in Orkney and Shetland to take place about a week after other seats. Disregarding contests in the Universities and Orkney and Shetland, the last poll was on 1 January 1833.

For the distribution of constituencies in the Unreformed House of Commons, before this general election, see the United Kingdom general election, 1831. Apart from the disenfranchisement of Grampound for corruption in 1821 and the transfer of its two seats as additional members for Yorkshire from 1826, there had been no change in the constituencies of England since the 1670s. In some cases the county and borough seats had remained unaltered since the thirteenth century. Welsh constituencies had been unchanged since the sixteenth century. Those in Scotland had remained the same since 1708 and in Ireland since 1801.

In 1832 politicians were facing an unfamiliar electoral map, as well as an electorate including those qualified under a new uniform householder franchise in the boroughs. However the reform legislation had not removed all the anomalies in the electoral system.

Table of largest and smallest electorates 1832, by country, type and number of seats

1.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

2.
United Kingdom general election, 1831
–
The 1831 general election in the United Kingdom saw a landslide win by supporters of electoral reform, which was the major election issue. As a result, it was the last unreformed election, as the Parliament which resulted ensured the passage of the Reform Act 1832, polling was held from 28 April to 1 June 1831. The Whigs won a majority of 136 over the Tories, which was as near to a landslide as the electoral system could deliver. As the Government obtained a dissolution of Parliament once the new system had been enacted. The election was the first since 1715 to see a victory by a party previously in minority, wellington went into opposition, with Sir Robert Peel as the Tory Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons. A Whig government under Earl Grey was appointed on 22 November 1830, the government Leader of the House of Commons was Viscount Althorp, who also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Grey was determined to bring in reform to the electoral system. With aristocratic colleagues he produced a surprisingly bold scheme of reform and this proposal was a skilfully drafted wrecking amendment and when it was passed by 299-291 on 19 April, the Grey government knew it would not get its legislation. In truth Grey had been ready to ask for a dissolution immediately the Committee stage began, and King William IV reluctantly agreed, the new Parliament was summoned to meet on 14 June 1831, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. At this period there was not one election day, after receiving a writ for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days, the general election took place between the first contest on 28 April and the last contest on 1 June 1831. Monmouthshire is included in Wales in these tables, sources for this period may include the county in England. Source, Dates of Elections - Footnote to Table 5.02 British Historical Facts 1760-1830, by Chris Cook, source, Types of constituencies - Great Britain His Majestys Opposition 1714-1830, by Archibald S. Foord Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland 1801-1922, edited by B. M. Source, Types of constituencies - Ireland)

3.
United Kingdom general election, 1835
–
The 1835 United Kingdom general election was called when Parliament was dissolved on 29 December 1834. The Radicals were also included in this alliance, the eleventh United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 29 December 1834. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 19 February 1835, the maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament, before its term expired. At this period there was not one election day, after receiving a writ for the election to be held, the local returning officer fixed the election timetable for the particular constituency or constituencies he was concerned with. Polling in seats with contested elections could continue for many days, the general election took place between January and February 1835. The first nomination was on 5 January, with the first contest on 6 January and it was usual for polling in the University constituencies and in Orkney and Shetland to take place about a week after other seats. Disregarding contests in the Universities and Orkney and Shetland, the last poll was on 27 January 1835, peel ran a minority Conservative government until 8 April 1835, after being unable to form a majority. Melbourne subsequently became Prime Minister forming a Whig government, total votes cast,611,137 *Coalition parties had won a total of 75 seats and 67. 9% of the vote in 1832. Spartacus, Political Parties and Election Results

4.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
–
The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons

5.
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
–
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC, known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 22 November 1830 to 16 July 1834. A member of the Whig Party, he backed significant reform of the British government and was among the architects of the Reform Act 1832. His government also saw the abolition of slavery in the British Empire, in addition to his political achievements, he has come to be associated with Earl Grey tea, named after him. He had four brothers and two sisters, Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786, aged just 22. He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and the Prince of Wales and he was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings. No advantage of fortune or connection was wanting that could set off to the height his splendid talents, at twenty-three he had been thought worthy to be ranked with the veteran statesmen who appeared as the delegates of the British Commons, at the bar of the British nobility. All who stood at that bar, save him alone, are gone, culprit, advocates, to the generation which is now in the vigour of life, he is the sole representative of a great age which has passed away. Grey was also noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation and his affair with the Duchess of Devonshire, herself an active political campaigner, did him little harm although it nearly caused her to be divorced by her husband. In 1806, Grey, by then Lord Howick owing to his fathers elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey, following Foxs death later that year, Howick took over both as Foreign Secretary and as leader of the Whigs. The government fell from power the year, and, after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807, Howick went to the Lords. He continued in opposition for the next 23 years, there were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government. In 1811, the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley, Grey and Grenville declined because the Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation. Greys relationship with the Prince was strained further when his daughter and heiress, Princess Charlotte. On the Napoleonic Wars, Grey took the standard Whig party line, Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moores successor, the Duke of Wellington. In 1826, believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions, when Wellington became Prime Minister in 1828, George IV singled out Grey as the one person he could not appoint to the Government. In 1830, following the death of George IV and when the Duke of Wellington resigned on the question of Parliamentary reform, in 1831, he was made a member of the Order of the Garter. His term was a one, seeing passage of the Reform Act 1832, which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons. It was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Greys premiership in 1834, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Stanley, however, preferred coercive measures

6.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
–
His defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put him in the top rank of Britains military heroes. Wellesley was born in Dublin, belonging to the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland and he was commissioned as an ensign in the British Army in 1787, serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland. He was also elected as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons and he was a colonel by 1796, and saw action in the Netherlands and in India, where he fought in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War at the Battle of Seringapatam. He was appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799 and, as a newly appointed major-general, following Napoleons exile in 1814, he served as the ambassador to France and was granted a dukedom. During the Hundred Days in 1815, he commanded the army which defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Wellesleys battle record is exemplary, he participated in some 60 battles during the course of his military career. Wellington is famous for his defensive style of warfare, resulting in several victories against numerically superior forces while minimising his own losses. He is regarded as one of the greatest defensive commanders of all time, after ending his active military career, Wellington returned to politics. He was twice British prime minister as part of the Tory party, from 1828 to 1830 and he oversaw the passage of the Catholic Relief Act 1829, but opposed the Reform Act 1832. He continued as one of the figures in the House of Lords until his retirement. As such, he belonged to the Protestant Ascendancy and his biographers mostly follow the contemporary newspaper evidence in saying that he was born 1 May 1769, the day that he was baptised. He was most likely born at his parents townhouse,24 Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, but his mother Anne, Countess of Mornington, recalled in 1815 that he had been born at 6 Merrion Street, Dublin. He spent most of his childhood at his familys two homes, the first a house in Dublin and the second Dangan Castle,3 miles north of Summerhill on the Trim Road in County Meath. In 1781, Arthurs father died and his eldest brother Richard inherited his fathers earldom and he went to the diocesan school in Trim when at Dangan, Mr Whytes Academy when in Dublin, and Browns School in Chelsea when in London. He then enrolled at Eton, where he studied from 1781 to 1784, moreover, Eton had no playing fields at the time. In 1785, a lack of success at Eton, combined with a shortage of funds due to his fathers death, forced the young Wellesley. Until his early twenties, Arthur showed little sign of distinction and his mother grew concerned at his idleness, stating. A year later, Arthur enrolled in the French Royal Academy of Equitation in Angers, where he progressed significantly, becoming a good horseman and learning French, upon returning to England in late 1786, he astonished his mother with his improvement

7.
Daniel O'Connell
–
Daniel OConnell, often referred to as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. OConnell was born at Carhan near Cahersiveen, County Kerry, to the OConnells of Derrynane, a once-wealthy Roman Catholic family, among his uncles was Daniel Charles, Count OConnell, an officer in the Irish Brigades of the French Army. A famous aunt was Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill, while Sir James OConnell, in his early years, he became acquainted with the pro-democracy radicals of the time and committed himself to bringing equal rights and religious tolerance to his own country. While in Dublin studying for the law, OConnell was under his Uncle Maurices instructions not to become involved in any militia activity, when Wolfe Tones French invasion fleet entered Bantry Bay in December 1796, OConnell found himself in a quandary. Politics was the cause of his unsettlement and he desired to enter Parliament, yet every allowance that the Catholics had been led to anticipate, two years previously, was now flatly vetoed. As a law student, OConnell was aware of his own talents and he read the Jockey Club as a picture of the governing class in England and was persuaded by it that, vice reigns triumphant in the English court at this day. The spirit of liberty shrinks to protect property from the attacks of French innovators, the corrupt higher orders tremble for their vicious enjoyments. Later that month, for the sake of expediency, he joined the Lawyers Artillery Corps, on 19 May 1798, OConnell was called to the Irish Bar and became a barrister. Four days later, the United Irishmen staged their rebellion which was put down by the British with great bloodshed, OConnell did not support the rebellion, he believed that the Irish would have to assert themselves politically rather than by force. He went on the Munster circuit, and for over a decade, although he was ultimately to inherit Derrynane from his uncle Maurice, the old man lived to be almost 100 and in the event Daniels inheritance did not cover his debts. He also condemned Robert Emmets Rebellion of 1803, of Emmet, a Protestant, he wrote, A man who could coolly prepare so much bloodshed, so many murders—and such horrors of every kind has ceased to be an object of compassion. He was noted for his fearlessness in Court, if he thought poorly of a judge he had no hesitation in making this clear, OConnell returned to politics in the 1810s. In 1811, he established the Catholic Board, which campaigned for Catholic emancipation, that is, the opportunity for Irish Catholics to become members of parliament. In 1823, he set up the Catholic Association which embraced other aims to better Irish Catholics, such as, electoral reform, reform of the Church of Ireland, tenants rights, and economic development. The Association was funded by membership dues of one penny per month, the subscription was highly successful, and the Association raised a large sum of money in its first year. The money was used to campaign for Catholic emancipation, specifically funding pro-emancipation members of parliament standing for the British House of Commons. Members of the Association were liable to prosecution under a statute. OConnell was often briefed for the defence, and showed extraordinary vigour in pleading the rights of Catholics to argue for emancipation, in 1815 a serious event in his life occurred

8.
Whig (British political party)
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The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Whigs origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute monarchy. The Whigs played a role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were the standing enemies of the Stuart kings and pretenders. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715, and remained dominant until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760. The Whig Supremacy was enabled by the Hanoverian succession of George I in 1714, the Whigs thoroughly purged the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal profession, and local offices. The Partys hold on power was so strong and durable, historians call the period from roughly 1714 to 1783 the age of the Whig Oligarchy. The first great leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government through the period 1721–1742, his protégé was Henry Pelham, who led from 1743 to 1754. Both parties were founded on rich politicians, more than on votes, there were elections to the House of Commons. The Whig Party slowly evolved during the 18th century, later on, the Whigs drew support from the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants, while the Tories drew support from the landed interests and the royal family. The term Whig was originally short for whiggamor, a term meaning cattle driver used to describe western Scots who came to Leith for corn. In the reign of Charles I the term was used during Wars of the Three Kingdoms to refer derisively to a faction of the Scottish Covenanters who called themselves the Kirk Party. It was then applied to Scottish Presbyterian rebels who were against the Kings Episcopalian order in Scotland, Whig was a term of abuse applied to those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. The fervent Tory Samuel Johnson often joked that the first Whig was the Devil, the Whigs, under Lord Shaftesburys leadership, wished to exclude the Duke of York from the throne due to his Catholicism, his favouring of monarchical absolutism and his connections to France. They believed the Duke, if allowed to inherit the throne, would endanger the Protestant religion, liberty, the first Exclusion Bill was supported by a substantial majority on its second reading in May 1679. In response, King Charles prorogued Parliament and then dissolved it and this new parliament did not meet for thirteen months, because Charles wanted to give passions a chance to die down. When it met in October 1680, an Exclusion Bill was introduced and passed in the Commons without major resistance, Charles dissolved Parliament in January 1681, but the Whigs did not suffer serious losses in the ensuing election. The next Parliament first met in March, at Oxford, but Charles dissolved it only after a few days, when he made an appeal to the country against the Whigs, and determined to rule without Parliament. In February, Charles had made a deal with the French King Louis XIV, without Parliament, the Whigs gradually crumbled, mainly due to the Rye House Plot

9.
Tories (British political party)
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The first Tories emerged in 1678 in England, when they opposed the Whig-supported Exclusion Bill which set out to disinherit the heir presumptive James, Duke of York. This party ceased to exist as a political entity in the early 1760s. A few decades later, a new Tory party would rise to establish a hold on government between 1783 and 1830, with William Pitt the Younger followed by Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool. When the Whigs subsequently regained control, the Representation of the People Act 1832 removed the rotten boroughs, in the following general election, the Tory ranks were reduced to 180 MPs. Under the leadership of Robert Peel, the Tamworth Manifesto was issued, however, Peel lost many of his supporters by repealing the Corn Laws, causing the party to break apart. One faction, led by the Earl of Derby and Benjamin Disraeli, survived to become the modern Conservative Party and this action resulted from this parliament not allowing him to levy taxes without yielding to its terms. In the beginning of the Long Parliament, the Kings supporters were few in number, the increasing radicalism of the Parliamentary majority, however, estranged many reformers even in the Parliament itself and drove them to make common cause with the King. By the end of the 1640s, the radical Parliamentary programme had become clear, reduction of the King to a powerless figurehead, and replacement of Anglican episcopacy with a form of Presbyterianism. This prospective form of settlement was prevented by a coup détat which shifted power from Parliament itself to the Parliamentary New Model Army, the Army had King Charles I executed and for the next eleven years the British kingdoms operated under military dictatorship. Charles II also restored episcopacy in the Church of England and these acts did not reflect the Kings personal views and demonstrated the existence of a Royalist ideology beyond mere subservience to the Court. These interests would soon coalesce as the Whigs, as a political term, Tory entered English politics during the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678–81. The Whigs were those who supported the exclusion of James, the Duke of York from the succession to thrones of Scotland and England & Ireland, and the Tories were those who opposed the Exclusion Bill. The Whigs tried to link the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Duke of Ormonde, with the foremost Irish Tory, Redmond OHanlon, in a supposed plot to murder Titus Oates. The Whig Bishop of Meath, Henry Jones, offered OHanlon a pardon and a bribe if he would testify to Parliament that Ormonde was plotting a French invasion. In December 1680, the government seized these letters and the plan collapsed. they call me names, Jesuit, Papish, Tory. I hear further since that this is the distinction they make instead of Cavalier and Roundhead, now they are called Torys, the rebellion of Monmouth, the candidate of the radical Whigs to succeed Charles II, was easily crushed and Monmouth himself executed. In the long run, however, Tory principles were to be severely compromised, James II, however, during his reign fought for a broadly tolerant religious settlement under which his co-religionists could prosper—a position anathema to conservative Anglicans. James attempts to use the church to promote policies that undermined the churchs own unique status in the state

10.
Repeal Association
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The Repeal Association was an Irish mass membership political movement set up by Daniel OConnell in 1830 to campaign for a repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 between Great Britain and Ireland. On its failure by the late 1840s the Young Ireland movement developed, repealer candidates contested the United Kingdom general election,1832 in Ireland. Between 1835 and 1841, they formed a pact with the Liberals, repealer candidates, unaffiliated with the Liberal Party, contested the 1841 and 1847 general elections. The seats figure in brackets is the position after election petitions and by-elections consequent upon election petitions, had been decided, there were 103 Irish MPs in the period. Votes in 1835 and 1837 are included in the Liberal totals in Rallings, sources, Walker and Rallings & Thrasher. M

11.
House of Lords
–
The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the fifteenth century

12.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
–
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party, the office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current prime minister, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016. The position of Prime Minister was not created, it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective, the origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of political parties, the introduction of mass communication. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged, prior to 1902, the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Ministers authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury, certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. As the Head of Her Majestys Government the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet, in addition the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons. As such the incumbent wields both legislative and executive powers, under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation. In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. The Prime Minister also acts as the face and voice of Her Majestys Government. The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, in 1928, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs, In this country we live. Our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the assent of the King, Lords. They rest on usage, custom, convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, the relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Ministers executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still vested in the Sovereign

13.
United Kingdom general election, 1830
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The 1830 United Kingdom general election, was triggered by the death of King George IV and produced the first parliament of the reign of his successor, William IV. Fought in the aftermath of the Swing Riots, it saw electoral reform become a election issue. The eighth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 24 July 1830, the new Parliament was summoned to meet on 14 September 1830, for a maximum seven-year term from that date. The maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the monarch dissolving the Parliament and this election was the first since 1708 to cause the collapse of the government. The Tory leader, at the time of the 1830 election, was the Duke of Wellington and he had been Prime Minister since 1828. The previous Parliament had been unstable, with both principal parties fractured, during the 1826-1830 Parliament, there had been four Tory Prime Ministers. The Earl of Liverpool, who had been Prime Minister since 1812, was forced by ill health to retire in 1827, George Canning, who had been Leader of the House of Commons under Liverpool, became Prime Minister in early 1827. The High Tories, led by the Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel, Canning invited a section of the Whigs, including Lansdowne to join a coalition ministry with the Canningite faction of the Tory Party. Other Whigs, like Earl Grey, remained in opposition, some Whigs like Viscount Althorp adopted a neutral attitude to the government. After Cannings death in August 1827, the passed to the Viscount Goderich for a few more months. Those Whigs who had been in both Cannings and Goderichs governments returned to the opposition, for a short while a band of M. P. There was a split in the Tory administration in 1829 on the issue of Catholic emancipation when Daniel OConnell. Edward Knatchbull and supported by a number of peers in the House of Lords. There had not been a predominantly Whig administration since the Ministry of all the Talents in 1806-1807, the Whig Party had had weak leadership, particularly in the House of Commons, for many years. However, during the 1826-1830 Parliament the situation improved, at the time of the general election, the Earl Grey was the leading figure amongst the Whig peers. However Grey had given up the leadership in 1824. The Marquess of Lansdowne was acting as leader, but had not taken up the title, the animosity which King George IV had to Earl Grey had barred him from government, but in the new reign his chances of office had improved. There had been no official Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons since 1821, in Irish politics, Daniel OConnell and his Catholic Association had succeeded in obtaining Catholic Emancipation in 1829

14.
Reform Act 1832
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The Representation of the People Act 1832 was an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. According to its preamble, the Act was designed to take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament. Before the reform, most members nominally represented boroughs, the number of electors in a borough varied widely, from a dozen or so up to 12,000. Frequently the selection of MPs was effectively controlled by one patron, for example Charles Howard. Criteria for qualification for the franchise varied greatly among boroughs, from the requirement to own land, there had been calls for reform long before 1832, but without success. The Act that finally succeeded was proposed by the Whigs, led by Prime Minister Charles Grey and it met with significant opposition from the Pittite factions in Parliament, who had long governed the country, opposition was especially pronounced in the House of Lords. Nevertheless, the bill was passed, mainly as a result of public pressure. The Act also increased the electorate from about 500,000 to 813,000, with one in five adult males allowed to vote. The full title is An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and its formal short title and citation is Representation of the People Act 1832. The Act applied only in England and Wales, the Scottish Reform Act 1832 and Irish Reform Act 1832 brought similar changes to Scotland and Ireland, respectively. After the Act of Union 1800, sometimes referred to as the Act of Union 1801, there were two types of constituencies, counties and boroughs. County members were supposed to represent landholders, while members were supposed to represent the mercantile. Counties were historical national subdivisions established between the 8th and 16th centuries and they were not merely parliamentary constituencies, many components of government were organised along county lines. The members of Parliament chosen by the counties were known as Knights of the Shire, Parliamentary boroughs in England ranged widely in size from small hamlets to large cities, partly because they had evolved haphazardly. The earliest boroughs were chosen in the Middle Ages by county sheriffs, in later centuries the reigning monarch decided which settlements to enfranchise. The monarchs seem mostly to have done so capriciously, often with regard for the merits of the place they were enfranchising. Of the 70 English boroughs that Tudor monarchs enfranchised,31 were later disenfranchised, after Newark was enfranchised in 1661, no additional boroughs were enfranchised, and the unfair system remained unchanged until the Reform Act of 1832. Grampounds disenfranchisement in 1821 was the sole exception, most English boroughs elected two MPs, but five boroughs elected only one MP, Abingdon, Banbury, Bewdley, Higham Ferrers and Monmouth

15.
Ministry of all the Talents
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The ministry boasted fairly progressive agenda, much of it inherited from Pitt. The Ministry of All the Talents had comparatively little success, failing to bring the peace with France. In fact, the war continued for another decade. It did, however, abolish the trade in Britain in 1807 before breaking up over the question of Catholic emancipation. It was succeeded by the Second Portland Ministry, headed by William Cavendish-Bentinck, examples include the coalition government which led Great Britain through the Second World War and the Canadian government that won the 1896 election. Members of the Cabinet are in bold face

16.
Radical Party (UK)
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The Radical movement arose in the late 18th century to support parliamentary reform, with additional aims including lower taxes and the abolition of sinecures. The term “Radical” itself, however, as opposed to “reformer” or “radical reformer”, only emerged in 1819, Radicals inside and outside Parliament were divided over the merits of the Whig Reform Act 1832. We have a church, an aristocratic bar, an aristocratic game-code. But in fact the Radicals failed either to take over a party, or to create a new. The first was the strength of Whig electoral power in the half-century following the 1832 Act. Whigs were also able to profit in two-member constituencies from electoral pacts made with a more reforming candidate, but thirdly, the Radicals were always more a body of opinion than a structured force. They lacked any party organisation, formal leadership, or unified ideology, following the First Reform Act, popular demand for wider suffrage was taken up by the mainly working-class movement, Chartism. Further Radical pressure led to the ballot and the Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act of 1885. Joss Sheldon is an author from London who has written against war, the education system. Felix Holt, the Radical a social novel written by George Eliot, offered a view of an idealistic. Anthony Trollope offered a more shaded view in his outline for The Way We Live Now, has glimmerings of Radical policy for the good of the people”. The Difference Engine, an alternative history novel, which includes the fictional Industrial Radical Party, the History of the Radical Party in Parliament. London, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. D. Worrall, Radical Culture Getting the vote

17.
Liberal Party (UK)
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The Liberal Party was a liberal political party which was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century. The party arose from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and Radicals favourable to the ideals of the American, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had formed four governments under William Gladstone. Despite splitting over the issue of Irish Home Rule, the party returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory, by the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives main rival. The party went into decline and by the 1950s won no more than six seats at general elections, apart from notable by-election victories, the partys fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP–Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party in 1981. At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, at the 1987 General Election, its vote fell below 23% and the Liberal and Social Democratic parties merged in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. A splinter group reconstituted the Liberal Party in 1989 and it was formed by party members opposed to the merger who saw the Lib Dems diluting Liberal ideals. Prominent intellectuals associated with the Liberal Party include the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the economist John Maynard Keynes, the Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs, who had their origins in an aristocratic faction in the reign of Charles II, and the early 19th century Radicals. The Whigs were in favour of reducing the power of the Crown, although their motives in this were originally to gain more power for themselves, the more idealistic Whigs gradually came to support an expansion of democracy for its own sake. The great figures of reformist Whiggery were Charles James Fox and his disciple, after decades in opposition, the Whigs returned to power under Grey in 1830 and carried the First Reform Act in 1832. The Reform Act was the climax of Whiggism, but it brought about the Whigs demise. As early as 1839 Russell had adopted the name of Liberals, the leading Radicals were John Bright and Richard Cobden, who represented the manufacturing towns which had gained representation under the Reform Act. They favoured social reform, personal liberty, reducing the powers of the Crown and the Church of England, avoidance of war and foreign alliances, for a century, free trade remained the one cause which could unite all Liberals. This allowed ministries led by Russell, Palmerston, and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen to hold office for most of the 1850s and 1860s, a leading Peelite was William Ewart Gladstone, who was a reforming Chancellor of the Exchequer in most of these governments. The formal foundation of the Liberal Party is traditionally traced to 1859 and this was brought about by Palmerstons death in 1865 and Russells retirement in 1868. After a brief Conservative government Gladstone won a victory at the 1868 election. The establishment of the party as a membership organisation came with the foundation of the National Liberal Federation in 1877. John Stuart Mill was a Liberal MP from 1865 to 1868, for the next thirty years Gladstone and Liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as prime minister four times, called the Grand Old Man later in life, Gladstone was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the working class and to the lower middle class

18.
Leader of the House of Commons
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The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons. This office does not attract a ministerial salary, and as such it is held jointly with another ministerial position. The Leader is assisted in the Office of the Leader of the House of Commons by the Deputy Leader of the House of Commons, at times the nominal leadership was held by the Prime Minister but the day-to-day work was done by a Deputy. At other times a Deputy was appointed merely to enhance an individual politicians standing within the government, however, since 2010 the Deputy Leader of the House of Commons has been a ministerial role at the level of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State. The House of Commons devotes approximately three-quarters of its time to Government business, such as introduced by the government. The Leader of the House, with the chief whips, is responsible for organising Government business. The Leader of the House additionally announces the next weeks debate schedule in the Business Statement every Thursday, when there is either no Deputy Prime Minister or First Secretary of State, the Leader of the House may stand in for an absent Prime Minister at Prime Ministers Questions

19.
John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer
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John Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer PC DL FRS, styled Viscount Althorp from 1783 to 1834, was a British statesman. He was notably Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne from 1830 to 1834 and his father George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer had served in the ministries of Pitt the Younger, Charles James Fox and Lord Grenville, and was First Lord of the Admiralty. He was married to the eldest daughter of Lord Lucan and their eldest son, John Charles, was born at Spencer House, London, on 30 May 1782. He was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Northamptonshire on 5 June 1803, in 1804, he entered parliament as a member for Okehampton in Devon. At the general election in November 1806, he was elected for Northamptonshire, for the next few years after this speech Lord Althorp occasionally spoke in debate and always on the side of Liberalism, but from 1813 to 1818 he was only rarely in the House of Commons. His absence was due to a feeling that it was hopeless to struggle against the will of the Tory ministry. In Lord Greys government Althorp was both Leader of the House of Commons and Chancellor of the Exchequer and he was instrumental in success of the government measures. Along with Lord John Russell, he led the fight to pass the Reform Bill of 1832, making more than twenty speeches, and is generally considered the architect of its victory. After the dissolution of 1833 the Whig government had been slowly dying, the new Lord Spencer abandoned the cares of office and returned to country life with unalloyed delight. Henceforth agriculture, not politics, was his principal interest and he was the first president of the Royal Agricultural Society, and a notable cattle-breeder. Often as he was urged by his friends to come to their assistance. He died without issue at Wiseton on 1 October 1845, and was succeeded by his brother Frederick, the Whigs required, to carry the Reform Bill, a leader above party spirit, he has been called the most decent man who ever held high Government office. Spencer Street in Melbourne, is named in his honour, Spencer married on 13 April 1814 to Esther Acklom at Upper Brook Street, Mayfair, London. His devotion after marriage amply compensated for his lack of ardour before, Esther died on 11 June 1818 at age 29 at Halkin Street, Belgravia, London, England, from childbirth and she was buried on 18 June 1818 in Brington, Northampshire, England. John was said to be upset by his wifes death. 1782-1783, The Honourable John C. C. Banks, the Dormant and Extinct Baronage of England, volume 4. The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Wimbledon, Surrey, collins Peerage of England, volume 3. A Heraldic and Genealogical History of the Peerage, a Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, volume 3

20.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
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The office is a British Cabinet-level position. The chancellor is responsible for all economic and financial matters, equivalent to the role of Secretary of the Treasury or Minister of Finance in other nations. The position is considered one of the four Great Offices of State, the Chancellor of the Exchequer is now always Second Lord of the Treasury as one of the Lords Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Treasurer. Formerly, in cases when the Chancellorship was vacant, the Lord Chief Justice of the Kings Bench would act as Chancellor pro tempore, the last Lord Chief Justice to serve in this way was Lord Denman in 1834. The earliest surviving records which are the results of the audit, date from 1129–30 under King Henry I. The Chancellor controlled monetary policy as well as fiscal policy until 1997, the Chancellor also has oversight of public spending across Government departments. The current Chancellor of the Exchequer is Philip Hammond and he is entrusted with a certain amount of misery which it is his duty to distribute as fairly as he can. The Chancellor has considerable control over other departments as it is the Treasury which sets Departmental Expenditure Limits, the amount of power this gives to an individual Chancellor depends on his personal forcefulness, his status within his party and his relationship with the Prime Minister. Gordon Brown, who became Chancellor when Labour came into Government in 1997, had a personal power base in the party. One part of the Chancellors key roles involves the framing of the annual year budget, as of 2017, the first is the Autumn Budget, also known as Budget Day which forecasts government spending in the next financial year and also announces new financial measures. The second is a Spring Statement, also known as a mini-Budget, britains tax year has retained the old Julian end of year,24 March /5 April. From 1993, the Budget was in spring, preceded by an annual autumn statement. This was then called Pre-Budget Report, the Autumn Statement usually took place in November or December. The 1997,2001,2002,2003,2006,2007,2008,2012 and 2016 Budgets were all delivered on a Wednesday, although the Bank of England is responsible for setting interest rates, the Chancellor also plays an important part in the monetary policy structure. He sets the target which the Bank must set interest rates to meet. Under the Bank of England Act 1998 the Chancellor has the power of appointment of four out of nine members of the Banks Monetary Policy Committee – the so-called external members. The Act also provides that the Government has the power to give instructions to the Bank on interest rates for a period in extreme circumstances. This power has never officially used. At HM Treasury the Chancellor is supported by a team of four junior ministers

21.
Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
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The Leader of Her Majestys Most Loyal Opposition is the politician who leads the official opposition in the United Kingdom. The current Leader of the Opposition is Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the Labour Party, the Leader of the Opposition is normally viewed as an alternative prime minister, and is appointed to the Privy Council. They lead an Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet which scrutinises the actions of the Cabinet led by the prime minister, There is also a Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. In the nineteenth century party affiliations were generally fixed and leaders in the two Houses were often of equal status. A single, clear Leader of the Opposition was only definitively settled if the leader in Commons or Lords was the outgoing prime minister. However, since the Parliament Act 1911 there has been no dispute that the leader in the House of Commons is pre-eminent, the Leader of the Opposition is entitled to a salary in addition to their salary as a Member of Parliament. In 2010, this additional entitlement was available up to £73,617, the first modern Leader of the Opposition was Charles James Fox, who led the Whigs as such for a generation, except during the Fox–North Coalition in 1783. He finally rejoined the government in 1806, and died later that year, for there to be a recognised Leader of the Opposition, it is necessary for there to be a sufficiently cohesive opposition to need a formal leader. The emergence of the office coincided with the period when wholly united parties became the norm. This situation was normalised in the Parliament of 1807–1812, when the members of the Grenvillite and Foxite Whig factions resolved to maintain a joint, dual-house leadership for the whole party. The Ministry of all the Talents, in which both Whig factions participated fell at the 1807 general election, during which the Whigs had re-adopted traditional factions, the prime minister of the Talents ministry, Lord Grenville had led his eponymous faction from the House of Lords. Meanwhile, the government leader of the House of Commons, Viscount Howick, led his faction, howicks father, the 1st Earl Grey died on 14 November 1807. As such the new Earl Grey vacated his seat in the House of Commons and this left no obvious Whig leader in the House of Commons. Grenvilles article in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography confirms that he was considered the Whig leader in the House of Lords between 1807 and 1817, despite Grey leading the larger faction. Grenville and Grey, political historian Archibald Foord describes as being duumvirs of the party from 1807 to 1817, Grenville was at first reluctant to name a Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, commenting. All the elections in the world would not have made Windham or Sheridan leaders of the old Opposition while Fox was alive, eventually they jointly recommended George Ponsonby to the Whig MPs, whom they accepted as the first Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons. Ponsonby proved a leader but as he could not be persuaded to resign. Lord Grenville retired from politics in 1817, leaving Grey as the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords

22.
Robert Peel
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Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, FRS, PC, a British statesman and member of the Conservative Party, served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and twice as Home Secretary. He is regarded as the father of modern British policing and as one of the founders of the modern Conservative Party and he entered the House of Commons in 1809 under the tutelage of his father and of Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington. Peel was widely seen as a star in the Conservative Party and served in various junior ministerial offices, becoming Chief Secretary for Ireland. He cut tariffs to stimulate trade, to replace the lost revenue he pushed through a 3% income tax and he played a central role in making free trade a reality and set up a modern banking system. In 1830 the Whigs finally returned to power and Peel became a member of the Opposition for the first time, Peel then issued the Tamworth Manifesto, laying down the principles upon which the modern British Conservative Party is based. His first ministry was a minority government, dependent on Whig support, after only four months, his government collapsed and he served as Leader of the Opposition during the second government of the Viscount Melbourne. Peel declined to head another minority government in May 1839, prompting a political crisis and he finally became Prime Minister again after the 1841 general election. His second government ruled for five years - its major legislation included the Mines and Collieries Act 1842, the Income Tax Act 1842, the Factories Act 1844, Peels government was weakened by anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment following the controversial Maynooth Grant of 1845. After the outbreak of the Great Irish Potato Famine, his decision to join with Whigs, Peel remained an influential backbench MP and leader of the Peelite faction until his death in 1850. Peel often started from a traditional Tory position in opposition to a measure, then reversed his stance, Peel, a Conservative, achieved repeal with the support of the Whigs in Parliament, overcoming the opposition of most of his own party. Many critics accordingly saw him as a traitor to the Tory cause, or as a Liberal wolf in sheeps clothing, taylor says, Peel was in the first rank of 19th century statesman. He carried Catholic Emancipation, he repealed the Corn Laws, he created the modern Conservative Party on the ruins of the old Toryism. Peel was born at Chamber Hall, Bury, Lancashire, to the industrialist and parliamentarian Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet and his father was one of the richest textile manufacturers of the early Industrial Revolution. Peel was educated briefly at Bury Grammar School, at Hipperholme Grammar School, then at Harrow School and finally Christ Church, Oxford and he was a law student at Lincolns Inn in 1809 before entering Parliament. Peel saw part-time military service as a Captain in the Manchester Regiment of Militia in 1808, Peel entered politics in 1809 at the age of 21, as MP for the Irish rotten borough of Cashel, Tipperary. With a scant 24 electors on the rolls, he was elected unopposed and his sponsor for the election was the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, with whom Peels political career would be entwined for the next 25 years. Peel made his speech at the start of the 1810 session. His speech was a sensation, famously described by the Speaker, Charles Abbot, as chief secretary in Dublin in 1813, he proposed the setting up of a specialist police force, later called peelers

23.
John Wilson Croker
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John Wilson Croker was an Irish statesman and author. He was born in Galway, the son of John Croker. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in 1800, immediately afterwards he entered Lincolns Inn, and in 1802 he was called to the Irish bar. His interest in the French Revolution led him to collect a number of valuable documents on the subject. In 1804 he published anonymously Familiar Epistles to J. F. Jones, Esquire, on the State of the Irish Stage, the book ran through five editions in one year. Equally successful was the Intercepted Letter from Canton, also anonymous, during this period a rather scathing poem attributed to Croker led to the suicide of actor John Edwin, husband of Elizabeth Rebecca Edwin. In 1807 he published a pamphlet on The State of Ireland, Past and Present, the following year Croker entered parliament as member for Downpatrick, obtaining the seat on petition, though he had been unsuccessful at the poll. This connection led to a friendship which remained unbroken till Wellingtons death, the notorious case of the Duke of York in connexion with his abuse of military patronage furnished Croker with an opportunity for distinguishing himself. Among the first acts of his career was the exposure of George Villiers. In 1816 he reduced the size of the Royal Navy, and they ask for an Ice House, I give them— a Frieze. In 1827 he became the Member of Parliament for Dublin University, having previously sat successively for the boroughs of Athlone, Yarmouth, Bodmin and Aldeburgh. He was an opponent of the Reform Bill, and vowed that he would never sit in a reformed parliament. Two years earlier he had retired from his post at the admiralty on a pension of £1500 a year. Many of his speeches were published in pamphlet form, and they show him to have been a vigorous and effective, though somewhat unscrupulous and often virulently personal. Croker had been an ardent supporter of Robert Peel, but finally broke with him when he began to advocate the repeal of the Corn Laws. Croker was for years one of the leading contributors on literary and historical subjects to the Quarterly Review. The rancorous spirit in many of his articles were written did much to embitter party feeling. It also reacted unfavourably on Crokers reputation as a worker in the department of literature by bringing political animosities into literary criticism

24.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses

25.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
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It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster

26.
Orkney and Shetland (UK Parliament constituency)
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Orkney and Shetland is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, in the Scottish Parliament, Orkney and Shetland are separate constituencies. The constituency was known as Orkney and Zetland. The constituency is made up of the two groups, Orkney and Shetland. A constituency of this name has existed continuously since 1708, however before 1918 the town of Kirkwall formed part of the Northern Burghs constituency. The constituency is one of three protected constituencies, the others being Na h-Eileanan an Iar and the Isle of Wight, the constituency contains the areas of the Orkney Islands Council and the Shetland Islands Council. Before 2011 the constituency had been unique in having its boundaries protected by legislation, the constituency has the second smallest electorate of any UK parliamentary constituency, after Na h-Eileanan an Iar. The constituency has elected only Liberal and Liberal Democrat MPs since 1950, in each general election from 1955 until 1979, in 1987 and again in 2010 it was the safest Liberal Democrat seat in Britain. In the May 2015 general election it was the seat in Scotland to elect a Liberal Democrat MP. General Election 1939/40, Another general election was required to place before the end of 1940. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918 –1949 F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1885 –1918 F. W. S. psr. keele. ac. uk/

27.
Unreformed House of Commons
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The unreformed House of Commons is a name given to the House of Commons of Great Britain and the House of Commons of the United Kingdom before it was reformed by the Reform Act 1832. From 1707 to 1801 the term refers to the House of Commons of Great Britain, until the Act of Union of 1801 joining the Kingdom of Ireland to Great Britain, Ireland also had its own Parliament. From 1801 to 1832, therefore, the term refers to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, in medieval political theory it was believed that sovereignty flowed from God, not from the people, and that monarchy was the form of government ordained by God. The King was the Lords anointed, and it was the duty of the people to obey the King as Gods representative, to this idea was added the practical consideration that it was easier for the King to collect the taxes he needed if the people consented to pay them. The House of Commons consisted entirely of men, mostly of substantial property, women could neither vote nor stand for election. Members of Parliament were not paid, which meant that men of wealth could serve. Candidates had to be electors, which meant that in most places they had to have substantial property, virtually all members representing county seats were landed gentry. Many were relatives or dependents of peers, while others were independent squires and these independent country gentlemen were often the only source of opposition to the government of the day, since they had no need to gain government favour through their votes in the House. Members for borough seats were also local squires, but were more frequently merchants or urban professionals such as lawyers. Some borough members were men of means, sometimes in debt or insolvent. All 18th century governments depended on this element to maintain their majorities. Some boroughs were under the control of particular ministers or government departments, the members representing the Cinque Ports, for example, were traditionally dependants of the Admiralty and spoke for the interests of the Royal Navy. Even after 1778, eligibility for election to the House of Commons was restricted by the fact that members had to take an Anglican oath to take their seats and this excluded Catholics, non-Anglican Protestants, Jews and atheists from the House. It is a widely held view that the quality of members of the House of Commons declined over the 250 years before its reform in 1832, in the boroughs, he wrote, competition tended to eliminate the less vigorous, less intelligent and unambitious. What did not change was the dominance of country gentlemen in the House. In 1584 they comprised 240 members in a House of 460, two hundred years later this proportion had hardly changed, even though the social composition of Britain had changed radically over that time. But the proportion of independent members had declined, the proportion of these members who were sons or close relatives of peers rose considerably over this period. In 1584 only 24 members were sons of peers, by the end of the 18th century this number had risen to about 130, in the 18th century about 50 members of the House held ministerial or similar government offices

28.
Salford (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Salford was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, the borough constituency dated from 1997 and was abolished in 2010, replaced by Salford and Eccles. A parliamentary borough of the name existed from 1832 to 1885. The historic constituency returned two members of parliament from 1868, in 1832 the constituency was formed from the townships of Broughton, Pendleton and Salford, with part of the township of Pendlebury. In 1883 the detached portion of Pendlebury was absorbed by Pendleton, the constituency was re-created for the 1997 election. A very safe Labour seat which had some of the UKs most deprived areas, typified by council estates like Ordsall, Pendleton and Langworthy, which are now due for apparent redevelopment

29.
Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Reigate /ˈraɪɡeɪt/ is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1997 by Crispin Blunt of the Conservative Party. 1885-1918, The Municipal Borough of Reigate, the Sessional Division of Reigate, 1918-1950, The Municipal Borough of Reigate, the Urban District of Dorking, and the Rural Districts of Dorking and Reigate. 1950-1974, The Municipal Borough of Reigate, and the Rural District of Godstone, 1974-1983, The Municipal Borough of Reigate, and the Urban District of Banstead. The constituency is in Surrey bordering Greater London and is centered on the town of Reigate from which it takes its name and this constituency was first created with the first election of Burgesses to Parliament in 1295, electing two members. It continued to two members until 1832 when its representation was reduced to one member by the Great Reform Act. In 1868 the constituency was disenfranchised for corruption, but was revived in 1885 by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 when the East Surrey constituency was abolished, the Liberal Democrats including their two predecessor parties amassed their largest share of the vote in 2010. The largest opposition party has changed to the Liberal Democrats since the 2005 election, in 1974, the seat saw major boundary changes which removed some of Eastern Surrey which was in the seat into the radically redesigned East Surrey seat and added the Banstead area to the seat. One of the three Green local councillors stood as the Green Party candidate for the first time the party has stood in 23 years at the 2010 general election, george Gardiner changed party from the Conservative Party to the Referendum following his deselection by the local Conservative association. General Election 1914/15, Another General Election was required to place before the end of 1915

30.
Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Westminster was a parliamentary constituency in the Parliament of England to 1707, the Parliament of Great Britain 1707–1800 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801. It returned two members to 1885 and one thereafter, the constituency was first known to have been represented in Parliament in 1545 and continued to exist until the redistribution of seats in 1918. The constituencys most famous former representatives are Charles James Fox and John Stuart Mill, the City of Westminster is a district of Inner London. Its southern boundary is on the bank of the River Thames. It is located to the west of the City of London, to the south of Holborn and St. Pancras and to the east of Kensington, before 1545 the area which became this borough constituency was represented as part of the county constituency of Middlesex. Until 1885 the constituency had two representatives, in the 1885 redistribution of seats the Westminster area was divided into three single-member seats. The official definition of the areas included was the Westminster district, in the north-east was the constituency of Strand and to the west that of St Georges, Hanover Square. In the 1918 redistribution the Metropolitan Borough was divided into two single member constituencies, Westminster St Georges in the west and Westminster Abbey in the east, the Abbey division incorporated the area of the 1885–1918 Westminster constituency. This was a constituency, because it represented the centre of British government and had such a large electorate that it was independent of the control of a patron. Before the Reform Act 1832 the right to vote was held by the male inhabitants paying Scot and Lot and this was an extensive franchise, by the standards of that era. Westminster had the largest electorate of any borough in the Kingdom, only the largest county constituency of Yorkshire had more voters. Sedgwick estimated the electorate at about 8,000 in the first half of the eighteenth century, namier and Brooke estimated that there were about 12,000 voters later in the century. The large size of the electorate made contested elections immensely expensive, in the sixteenth century the Church officials associated with Westminster Abbey had a large influence in the area, but as the community became bigger that became less important. The Court had some influence, because of the royal residences. The use of funds to bribe the electorate was not unknown. Local landowners who were prepared to stir up ill-will by threatening to evict or raise the rents of tenants voting the wrong way, unlawful means were sometimes used to make sure that the right candidates were elected. In 1722 the election of two Tories was declared void because of rioting which prevented some Whigs voting, in 1741 a Whig returning officer called upon the assistance of some troops to close the poll before the Tory candidates could catch up to the Whig votes. The Treasury spent the enormous sums of more than £8,000 in 1780 and £9,000 in 1784, in unsuccessful attempts to defeat the opposition Whig leader Charles James Fox

31.
City of London (UK Parliament constituency)
–
The City of London was a United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and this borough constituency consisted of the City of London, which is the historic core of the modern Greater London. The southern boundary of the City is the bank of the River Thames. The City of Westminster is situated to the west, the districts of Holborn and Finsbury are to the north, Shoreditch to the north-east and Whitechapel to the east. London is first known to have been enfranchised and represented in Parliament in 1298, because it was the most important city in England it received four seats in Parliament instead of the normal two for a constituency. Previous to 1298 the area would have been represented as part of the county constituency of Middlesex, the City formed part of the geographic county, even though from early times it was not administered as part of Middlesex. The City was represented by four MPs until 1885 and two thereafter until 1950, the City of London was originally a densely populated area. Before the Reform Act 1832 the composition of the City electorate was not as democratic as that of some other borough constituencies, the right of election was held by members of the Livery Companies. However the size and wealth of the community meant that it had more voters than most other borough constituencies, namier and Brooke estimated the size of the City electorate, in the latter part of the 18th century, at about 7,000. Only Westminster had a size of electorate. During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries the area of London expanded enormously. The resident population of the City fell as people moved to the new suburbs, however the City authorities did not want to extend their jurisdiction beyond the traditional square mile, so the Parliamentary constituency was left unchanged as its resident population fell. By the 20th century almost all electors in the City qualified as business voters, in 1950 the area was merged for Parliamentary purposes with the neighbouring City of Westminster, to form a new single-member constituency of Cities of London and Westminster. There are special provisions concerning the City and Parliamentary boundaries, see City of London for citizens known to have represented the City in Parliament before 1707 Note, - Expelled In multi-member elections the bloc voting system was used. Voters could cast a vote for one to four candidates, as they chose, the leading candidates with the largest number of votes were elected. In 1868 the limited vote was introduced, which restricted an individual elector to using one, in by-elections, to fill a single seat, the first past the post system applied. After 1832, when registration of voters was introduced, a figure is given for contested elections. In multi-member elections, when the number of participating voters is unknown

32.
Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Isle of Wight is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2001 by Andrew Turner of the Conservative Party. Created by the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election it covers the whole of the Isle of Wight and has had the largest electorate of any constituency in all General Elections since 1983, the Isle of Wight forms a single constituency of the House of Commons. One problem the independent body cited in 2008 was a difficulty of dividing the island in two in a way that would be acceptable to all interests, however, in the 2018 review now underway, dividing the island into two separate constituencies is a requirement. The Commissions draft proposals divide the island into two seats, East and West, before the Reform Act 1832 the island usually had three Parliamentary boroughs, Newport, Newtown, and Yarmouth each electing two MPs. In 1654 an Isle of Wight constituency was created for the First Protectorate Parliament, otherwise, the island was represented by the two members for Hampshire. The Reform Act abolished Newtown and Yarmouth parliamentary boroughs, and created a county constituency for the whole of the Isle of Wight, the county electorate included freeholders, qualified by property, in the remaining parliamentary borough. The separate Newport borough constituency was abolished in 1885, the constituency has traditionally been a battleground between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. Between 1974 and 1987 the seat was a Liberal seat, then becoming Conservative until 1997 when the Liberal Democrats won on a reduced Conservative vote, the seat reverted to the Conservatives in 2001. At the 2015 election, whilst the Conservatives scored one of their largest reductions in vote share in the UK,1654, Lord Lisle, William Sydenham General Election 1939/40 Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940

33.
Oxfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)
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It was represented by two Members of Parliament. In 1832 this was increased to three Members of Parliament, the constituency was abolished in 1885, being split into three single member divisions. The bitterly contested Oxfordshire election of 1754 was the inspiration for Hogarths famous series of paintings and engravings. The constituency comprised the whole of the county of Oxfordshire. In 1885 the representation of the county was changed from one three member constituency to three single member divisions, Banbury and Woodstock ceased to be parliamentary boroughs but the same names were used for two county divisions. The three new county constituencies were Banbury, Woodstock and Henley, the county franchise, from 1430, was held by the adult male owners of freehold land valued at 40 shillings or more. The bloc vote system was used in two seat elections and first past the post for single member by-elections. Each elector had as many votes as there were seats to be filled, votes had to be cast by a spoken declaration, in public, at the hustings, which took place in Oxford. The expense, to candidates and their supporters, of contested elections encouraged the families of the county to agree on the candidates to be returned unopposed whenever possible. Contested county elections were therefore unusual, the Tory Dukes of Marlborough, dominated the county from their seat at Blenheim Palace. One seat was held by a Spencer, the other by a local family acceptable to the Duke. Between 1700 and 1826 there was one contest. Note on percentage change calculations, Where there was one candidate of a party in successive elections, for the same number of seats. Where there was more than one candidate, in one or both successive elections for the number of seats, then change is calculated on the individual percentage vote. Note on sources, The information for the results given below is taken from Stooks Smith 1715–1754, Namier and Brooke 1754–1790. From 1832 the principal source was Craig, with additional or different information from Stooks Smith included, Death of Clerke Death of Jenkinson Death of Herbert Death of Stapleton Death of Perrot Succession of Quarendon to the peerage as The 3rd Earl of Lichfield Wenman was a Peer of Ireland. There was a return after the most hotly contested county election of the century. The disputed election was decided by the House of Commons on petition, seat vacated on Spencer being appointed Ranger of Windsor Forest

34.
Flint Boroughs (UK Parliament constituency)
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From its first known general election in 1542 until 1918, the constituency consisted of a number of boroughs within the historic county of Flintshire in north-east Wales. The seat should not be confused with the county constituency of Flintshire, after 1918 Flintshire was represented in Parliament by the single member county constituency, which included all the boroughs formerly in the Flint District of Boroughs. The Laws in Wales Act 1535 provided for a borough seat for each of 11 of the 12 Welsh counties. The legislation was ambiguous as to which communities were enfranchised and it is not clear whether the burgesses of the contributing boroughs could vote in the election. The only election under the scheme was that for the 1542 Parliament. It seems that only burgesses from the county towns actually took part, an Act of 1544 confirmed that the contributing boroughs could send representatives to take part in the election at the county town. The original scheme was modified by legislation and decisions of the House of Commons. In the case of Flintshire, the county town was Flint, the out boroughs were Caergwrle, Caerwys, Overton and Rhuddlan. In 1690–1715 the freemen of the five boroughs were entitled to vote, the exact number is unknown, but in the only poll of the period there were 760 voters. Between 1715 and 1754 the House of Commons changed the franchise of the constituency, in 1727 there were about 1000 freemen entitled to vote. Thereafter the inhabitants of the five boroughs, paying scot and lot, from 1754 to 1790, there were still about 600 voters. Namier and Brooke point out that the constituency was controlled by local squires, no election went to a poll in that period. The Flint Boroughs was a district of boroughs constituency, which grouped a number of boroughs in Flintshire into one single member constituency. The voters from each participating borough cast ballots, which were added together over the district to decide the result of the poll. The enfranchised communities in district, from 1832, were the eight boroughs of Flint, Caergwrle, Caerwys, Holywell, Mold, Overton, Rhuddlan. The boundaries of the boroughs in the district were altered by the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1868. There were no boundary changes in the 1885 redistribution of parliamentary seats. As there were significant gaps between Parliaments held in this period, the dates of first assembly and dissolution are given

United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border wi

1.
Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.

2.
Flag

3.
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.

4.
The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.

United Kingdom general election, 1831
–
The 1831 general election in the United Kingdom saw a landslide win by supporters of electoral reform, which was the major election issue. As a result, it was the last unreformed election, as the Parliament which resulted ensured the passage of the Reform Act 1832, polling was held from 28 April to 1 June 1831. The Whigs won a majority of 136 over

1.
All 658 seats to the House of Commons 330 seats needed for a majority

United Kingdom general election, 1835
–
The 1835 United Kingdom general election was called when Parliament was dissolved on 29 December 1834. The Radicals were also included in this alliance, the eleventh United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 29 December 1834. The new Parliament was summoned to meet on 19 February 1835, the maximum term could be and normally was curtailed, by the m

1.
All 658 seats in the House of Commons 330 seats needed for a majority

2.
United Kingdom general election, 1835

House of Commons of the United Kingdom
–
The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body cons

3.
The House of Commons in the early 19th century by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson.

4.
Another picture of the old House of Commons chamber. Note the dark veneer on the wood, which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber.

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
–
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC, known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 22 November 1830 to 16 July 1834. A member of the Whig Party, he backed significant reform of the British government and was among the architects of the Reform Act 1832. His government also

3.
In Charon's Boat (1807), James Gillray caricatured the fall from power of the Whig administration, with Howick taking the role of Charon rowing the boat.

4.
Lord Grey, c. 1820

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
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His defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put him in the top rank of Britains military heroes. Wellesley was born in Dublin, belonging to the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland and he was commissioned as an ensign in the British Army in 1787, serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland. He was also

1.
Wellesley spent much of his early childhood at his family house in Dangan Castle, engraving 1842.

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The Duke of Wellington, by Sir Thomas Lawrence. Painted in 1814, a few months before the Battle of Waterloo.

3.
Beginning in 1787, Wellesley served at Dublin Castle (pictured) as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland.

Daniel O'Connell
–
Daniel OConnell, often referred to as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. OConnell was born at Carhan near Cahersiveen, County Kerry, to the OConnells of Derrynane, a once-wealthy Roman Catholic family, among his uncles was Daniel Charles, Count OConnell, an officer in the Irish Bri

Whig (British political party)
–
The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Whigs origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute monarchy. The Whigs played a role in the Glorious Revolution of

1.
Equestrian portrait of William III by Jan Wyck, commemorating the landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688

2.
John Somers, 1st Baron Somers

3.
In A Block for the Wigs (1783), caricaturist James Gillray caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the centre.

Tories (British political party)
–
The first Tories emerged in 1678 in England, when they opposed the Whig-supported Exclusion Bill which set out to disinherit the heir presumptive James, Duke of York. This party ceased to exist as a political entity in the early 1760s. A few decades later, a new Tory party would rise to establish a hold on government between 1783 and 1830, with Wil

1.
James, Duke of York painted in a Romanesque costume.

2.
Tories

3.
James Stuart was the Pretender during the Jacobite rising of 1715. Gaining some Tory support, it was thus used to discredit them by the Whigs.

4.
William Pitt the Younger.

Repeal Association
–
The Repeal Association was an Irish mass membership political movement set up by Daniel OConnell in 1830 to campaign for a repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 between Great Britain and Ireland. On its failure by the late 1840s the Young Ireland movement developed, repealer candidates contested the United Kingdom general election,1832 in Ireland. Bet

1.
"Daniel O'Connell: The Champion of Liberty" poster published in Pennsylvania, 1847.

House of Lords
–
The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britai

2.
Queen Anne addressing the House of Lords, c. 1708–14, by Peter Tillemans

3.
An early 19th-century illustration showing the east wall of the House of Lords in the centre.

4.
The rejection of the People's Budget, proposed by David Lloyd George (above), precipitated a political crisis in 1909.

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
–
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party, the office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current prime minister, Theresa May, leader of

1.
Incumbent David Cameron since 11 May 2010

2.
Arms of Her Majesty's Government

3.
Late in the 17th century Treasury Ministers began to attend the Commons regularly. They were given a reserved place, called the Treasury Bench, to the Speaker's right where the Prime Minister and senior Cabinet members sit today

4.
Portrait of Sir Robert Walpole, studio of Jean-Baptiste van Loo, 1740. Walpole is considered to have been Britain's first Prime Minister.

United Kingdom general election, 1830
–
The 1830 United Kingdom general election, was triggered by the death of King George IV and produced the first parliament of the reign of his successor, William IV. Fought in the aftermath of the Swing Riots, it saw electoral reform become a election issue. The eighth United Kingdom Parliament was dissolved on 24 July 1830, the new Parliament was su

1.
All 658 seats in the House of Commons 330 seats needed for a majority

1.
All 658 seats in the House of Commons 330 seats needed for a majority

2.
United Kingdom general election, 1837

Reform Act 1832
–
The Representation of the People Act 1832 was an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. According to its preamble, the Act was designed to take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House

1.
Start of parchment roll of the Reform Act 1832, with royal assent of King William IV marked above "Le Roy le veult"

3.
The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Ministry of all the Talents
–
The ministry boasted fairly progressive agenda, much of it inherited from Pitt. The Ministry of All the Talents had comparatively little success, failing to bring the peace with France. In fact, the war continued for another decade. It did, however, abolish the trade in Britain in 1807 before breaking up over the question of Catholic emancipation.

Radical Party (UK)
–
The Radical movement arose in the late 18th century to support parliamentary reform, with additional aims including lower taxes and the abolition of sinecures. The term “Radical” itself, however, as opposed to “reformer” or “radical reformer”, only emerged in 1819, Radicals inside and outside Parliament were divided over the merits of the Whig Refo

1.
United Kingdom

Liberal Party (UK)
–
The Liberal Party was a liberal political party which was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century. The party arose from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and Radicals favourable to the ideals of the American, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had formed four governments under William G

1.
A crowd waits outside Leeds Town Hall to see them elect a Liberal Party candidate during the 1880 general elections.

2.
Liberal Party

3.
Viscount Palmerston

4.
William Gladstone

Leader of the House of Commons
–
The Leader of the House of Commons is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Commons. This office does not attract a ministerial salary, and as such it is held jointly with another ministerial position. The Leader is assisted in the Office of the Leader of the House of Comm

1.
Incumbent Chris Grayling since 9 May 2015

2.
Robert Walpole

3.
Samuel Sandys

4.
Henry Pelham

John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer
–
John Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer PC DL FRS, styled Viscount Althorp from 1783 to 1834, was a British statesman. He was notably Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne from 1830 to 1834 and his father George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer had served in the ministries of Pitt the Younger, Charles James Fox and Lord Grenville,

1.
Lord Spencer as Chancellor of the Exchequer by Henry Pierce Bone.

Chancellor of the Exchequer
–
The office is a British Cabinet-level position. The chancellor is responsible for all economic and financial matters, equivalent to the role of Secretary of the Treasury or Minister of Finance in other nations. The position is considered one of the four Great Offices of State, the Chancellor of the Exchequer is now always Second Lord of the Treasur

1.
Incumbent George Osborne since 12 May 2010

2.
Arms of Her Majesty's Government

3.
Budget box or Gladstone box, c. 1860

4.
John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners

Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
–
The Leader of Her Majestys Most Loyal Opposition is the politician who leads the official opposition in the United Kingdom. The current Leader of the Opposition is Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the Labour Party, the Leader of the Opposition is normally viewed as an alternative prime minister, and is appointed to the Privy Council. They lead an Official

1.
Incumbent Jeremy Corbyn since 12 September 2015

2.
Charles James Fox, Leader of Opposition 1783-1806

3.
"the opposition" Bonar Law as caricatured in Vanity Fair, April 1912

Robert Peel
–
Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, FRS, PC, a British statesman and member of the Conservative Party, served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and twice as Home Secretary. He is regarded as the father of modern British policing and as one of the founders of the modern Conservative Party and he entered the House of Commons in 1809 under the t

1.
Detail of a portrait painting by Henry William Pickersgill

2.
The Duke of Wellington, Prime Minister 1828–1830, with Peel

3.
This satirical 1829 cartoon by William Heath depicted the Duke of Wellington and Peel in the roles of the body-snatchers Burke and Hare suffocating Mrs Docherty for sale to Dr. Knox; representing the extinguishing by Wellington and Peel of the Constitution of 1688 by Catholic Emancipation.

4.
Sir Robert Peel

John Wilson Croker
–
John Wilson Croker was an Irish statesman and author. He was born in Galway, the son of John Croker. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in 1800, immediately afterwards he entered Lincolns Inn, and in 1802 he was called to the Irish bar. His interest in the French Revolution led him to collect a number of valuable documen

1.
John Wilson Croker, by William Owen (died 1825)

Conservative Party (UK)
–
The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors

1.
Sir Robert Peel, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party, as well as the 'most considered' first Prime Minister of the UK.

2.
Conservative Party

3.
Sir Winston Churchill, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

4.
1929 poster attacking the Labour Party

Parliament of the United Kingdom
–
It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house

3.
Parliament at night, with the London Eye visible at right

4.
Leading 17th century Parliamentarian John Hampden is one of the Five Members annually commemorated

Orkney and Shetland (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Orkney and Shetland is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, in the Scottish Parliament, Orkney and Shetland are separate constituencies. The constituency was known as Orkney and Zetland. The constituency is made up of the two

1.
Sir Robert Hamilton

2.
Boundary of Orkney and Shetland in Scotland.

3.
Cathcart Wason

Unreformed House of Commons
–
The unreformed House of Commons is a name given to the House of Commons of Great Britain and the House of Commons of the United Kingdom before it was reformed by the Reform Act 1832. From 1707 to 1801 the term refers to the House of Commons of Great Britain, until the Act of Union of 1801 joining the Kingdom of Ireland to Great Britain, Ireland als

1.
Karl Anton Hickel 's painting of William Pitt the Younger addressing the House of Commons on the outbreak of war with France (1793)

2.
Old Sarum in Wiltshire, an uninhabited hill that elected two Members of Parliament. Painting by John Constable, 1829.

3.
Charles James Fox

4.
Earl Grey

Salford (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Salford was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, the borough constituency dated from 1997 and was abolished in 2010, replaced by Salford and Eccles. A parliamentary borough of the name existed from 1832 t

1.
Boundary of Salford in Greater Manchester for the 2005 general election.

Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Reigate /ˈraɪɡeɪt/ is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1997 by Crispin Blunt of the Conservative Party. 1885-1918, The Municipal Borough of Reigate, the Sessional Division of Reigate, 1918-1950, The Municipal Borough of Reigate, the Urban District of Dorking, and the Rural Districts of Dorking and Reigat

1.
George Cockerill

2.
Boundary of Reigate in Surrey.

3.
H.W. Goldberg

Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Westminster was a parliamentary constituency in the Parliament of England to 1707, the Parliament of Great Britain 1707–1800 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801. It returned two members to 1885 and one thereafter, the constituency was first known to have been represented in Parliament in 1545 and continued to exist until the redistri

1.
Westminster in the Metropolitan area from 1868 to 1885.

City of London (UK Parliament constituency)
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The City of London was a United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and this borough constituency consisted of the City of London, which is the historic core of the modern Greater London. The southern boundary of the

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The City of London in the Metropolis, showing boundaries used from 1868 to 1885

Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)
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Isle of Wight is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2001 by Andrew Turner of the Conservative Party. Created by the Great Reform Act for the 1832 general election it covers the whole of the Isle of Wight and has had the largest electorate of any constituency in all General Elections since 1983, the Isle of

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Andrew Turner has served as MP since 2001.

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Location of Isle of Wight within England.

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Constantine Scaramanga-Ralli

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Godfrey Baring

Oxfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)
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It was represented by two Members of Parliament. In 1832 this was increased to three Members of Parliament, the constituency was abolished in 1885, being split into three single member divisions. The bitterly contested Oxfordshire election of 1754 was the inspiration for Hogarths famous series of paintings and engravings. The constituency comprised

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Hogarth's painting The Polling (1755), one of a series depicting the Oxfordshire election of 1754

Flint Boroughs (UK Parliament constituency)
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From its first known general election in 1542 until 1918, the constituency consisted of a number of boroughs within the historic county of Flintshire in north-east Wales. The seat should not be confused with the county constituency of Flintshire, after 1918 Flintshire was represented in Parliament by the single member county constituency, which inc