NBER Working Paper No. 19647Issued in November 2013, Revised in December 2018

---- Acknowledgments ----

We thank seminar and conference participants at the NBER Summer Institute IO and Intellectual Property Policy and Innovation group meetings, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Wharton, IP Scholars Conference (New York), American Law and Economics Association Conference (Nashville), Understanding Entrepreneurship Conference (Israel), Patent Conference (Chicago), and Works in Progress Intellectual Property Conference (Newark). Salomé Baslandze provided excellent research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Frequently Requested:

People

NBER Researchers

New NBER affiliates are appointed through a highly competitive process that begins with a call for nominations in January. Candidates are evaluated based on their research records and their capacity to contribute to the NBER's activities by program directors and steering committees. New affiliates must hold primary academic appointments in North America. On January 1, 2020, there were 1,581 NBER-affiliated researchers based at 180 institutions.