To many Northerners, the Black Codes seemed to

Congress objected to the readmission of Southern states to the Union under Johnson's plan because

the states had adopted Black Codes that limited the civil rights of freed slaves; the states had been readmitted without consultation with Congress; many former Confederates were elected to high political office in those states; and it feared that the restored South would be stronger than ever in national politics.

Radical Republican leaders in Congress included

As part of their Reconstruction plan,

radical Republicans originally expected to secure civil rights for freed slaves; punish the planter aristocracy; restructure Southern society; have President Johnson on their side, and use federal power to aid blacks.

Reconstruction involved extended

controversies over readmission of Southern states into the Union, civil and political rights for former slaves, direction and control of the Reconstruction process, and treatment of former Confederate leaders.

Blacks in the South

During Reconstruction,

African-American women assumed new political roles which included all of the following: participating in black church life; monitoring state constitutional conventions; participating in political rallies; and organizing mass meetings.

Under congressional Reconstruction, Southern states were required to

Political corruption during Reconstruction was

Among the legacies of the Reconstruction effort were

a long-term eclipse of Republican party strength in Southern states; perpetuation of the ideas of states' rights and local self-government under the Constitution and a sense of resentment and grievance among white Southerners.

Congress's impeachment of President Johnson and attempt to remove him from office were

All of the following were reasons the Senate voted to acquit President Andrew Johnson:

opposition to abusing the Constitutional system of checks and balances; concern about the person who would become President; fears of creating a destabilizing period; and Johnson's promise to stop obstructing Republican policies.