The current Premier of Ontario is Kathleen Wynne; she was sworn in on February 11, 2013, and became Ontario's first female premier and Canada's first openly gay premier.[3] The longest serving premier is Sir Oliver Mowat, who was in office from 1872 to 1896. Ontario's first premier was John Sandfield Macdonald.

1.
Coat of arms of Ontario
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The coat of arms of Ontario was granted by royal warrant of Queen Victoria on 26 May 1868. This arms of Canada was shared with the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, the Dominion Arms was simple and lacked supporters. The award of arms was augmented with supporters and a crest by royal warrant of King Edward VII on 27 February 1909. The supporters, crest, and motto, designed by Toronto barrister Edward Marion Chadwick, were added on Feb 27,1909 by Royal Warrant from King Edward VII. The shield of arms consists of three maple leaves on a green background, above which is a wide white band with a red St. Georges cross. The crest is a bear standing on a gold and green wreath. The supporters are a moose and a deer at the sides of the shield, below the shield is a scroll with the Latin motto. The maple leaves on the shield are of course the symbol of Canada, supporters a moose and deer Motto The motto is Ut incepit Fidelis sic permanet, Latin for Loyal she began, loyal she remains. It refers to the Loyalist refugees from the American Revolution, who settled in the Province of Canada, and for whom the area was separated as Upper Canada

2.
Kathleen Wynne
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Kathleen ODay Wynne is a Canadian politician and the 25th Premier of Ontario. In office since 2013, she is a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and she is the first female premier of Ontario and the first openly gay head of government in Canada. She was Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing and Aboriginal Affairs until resigning to run as a leadership candidate, Wynne was born in Toronto to Dr. John B. Wynne and Patsy ODay, a musician who grew up in Nassau, Wynne grew up in Richmond Hill, Ontario. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at Queens University and a Master of Arts degree in linguistics from the University of Toronto and she achieved a Master of Education degree in adult education from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. She was a member of the committee of the Ontario Society of Psychotherapists from 1997 to 2000. Wynne served as president of the Toronto Institute of Human Relations, in 1996, she helped found Citizens for Local Democracy, which opposed the efforts of Ontarios Progressive Conservative government to amalgamate the City of Toronto. She founded the Metro Parent Network which supports improvements in the public education system. Prior to her out as a lesbian at age 37 she was married to Phil Cowperthwaite. She now lives with her spouse, Jane Rounthwaite, whom Wynne has stated is to be referred to as her partner. They were married in July 2005 at Fairlawn Avenue United Church in Toronto, Wynne is a member of the United Church of Canada. Wynne first ran for trustee in 1994 in ward 12 but was defeated by Ann Vanstone, in 2000, she ran again and was elected as a public school trustee in Torontos ward 8. During the campaign she was labelled an extremist lesbian in literature distributed by the Concerned Citizens of North York and this was the ratepayer group that later supported Karen Stintz in her campaign against local councillor Anne Johnston. Wynne strongly opposed cuts to public education mandated by the Conservative government, in 2001, Wynne helped pass a measure encouraging public schools to purchase teaching materials reflecting the presence of gay and lesbian parents in modern society. In December 2001, she ran for chair of the board but was defeated by Donna Cansfield in a 12–10 vote. Wynne was a co-founder with John Sewell of Citizens for Local Democracy, the Liberals won the election, and Wynne was appointed parliamentary assistant to Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities, Mary Anne Chambers, in October 2003. In October 2004, she was appointed assistant to Minister of Education Gerard Kennedy. On September 18,2006, she was promoted to Minister of Education in a cabinet shuffle occasioned by the resignation of Joe Cordiano from the Legislature and she was the provinces first openly lesbian cabinet minister, and only the second openly LGBT cabinet minister after Deputy Premier George Smitherman

3.
Government of Ontario
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The Government of Ontario, or more formally Her Majestys Government of Ontario, is the provincial government of the province of Ontario, Canada. Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act,1867, the civil service that manages and delivers government policies, programs, and services is called the Ontario Public Service. The province of Ontario is governed by a legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The provinces head of government, known as the Premier of Ontario is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor, the Premier, invariably the leader of a political party represented in the Legislative Assembly, selects members of the Cabinet, who are also appointed by the Lieutenant Governor. The Premier has usually been the leader of the party holding the largest number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, due to the location of the Ontario Legislative Building on the grounds of Queens Park, the Ontario government is frequently referred to by the metonym Queens Park. The Ontario Public Service was named one of Canadas Top 100 Employers by Macleans newsmagazine in 2009, the Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada. The legislative powers in the lie with the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The premier and other ministers in the Cabinet are also members of, and responsible to, for the 2013-2014 fiscal year, the Ontario government planned to spend C$127,600,000,000, including a deficit of C$11,700,000,000. As of March 31,2014 the total Ontario debt stood at $295.80 billion

4.
Executive Council of Ontario
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The Executive Council of Ontario plays an important role in the Government of Ontario, in accordance with the Westminster system. Ministers hold the honorific prefix The Honourable while members of the council, also, unlike the Queens Privy Council, members of the Ontario Executive Council are not appointed for life, and are not entitled to post-nominal letters due to their position. Most cabinet ministers are the head of a ministry, but this is not always the case, the Lieutenant Governor, advised by the Premier, determines which portfolios will be created. It is then up to the new minister to organize his or her department, kathleen Wynne and her Cabinet were sworn in by Lieutenant-Governor David Onley on February 11,2013. There was a cabinet shuffle on May 8,2013 following the resignation of Harinder Takhar due to health issues. A second shuffle occurred on July 2nd,2013, following the resignation of Laurel Broten, a third shuffle occurred March 23,2014 following the resignation of Linda Jeffrey to run for the position of Mayor of Brampton. A major shuffle occurred on June 24,2014, following the provincial election, a major shuffle occurred on June 13,2016

5.
Legislative Assembly of Ontario
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The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is one of two components of the Legislature of Ontario, the other being the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. The Legislative Assembly is the second largest Canadian provincial deliberative assembly by number of members after the National Assembly of Quebec, the Assembly meets at the Ontario Legislative Building at Queens Park in the provincial capital of Toronto. The premier is Ontarios head of government, while the Lieutenant Governor, as representative of the Queen, the largest party not forming the government is known as the Official Opposition, its leader being recognized as Leader of the Opposition by the Speaker. The Ontario Legislature is sometimes referred to as the Ontario Provincial Parliament, Members of the assembly refer to themselves as Members of the Provincial Parliament as opposed to Members of the Legislative Assembly as in many other provinces. Ontario is the province to do so, in accordance with a resolution passed in the Assembly on April 7,1938. However, the Legislative Assembly Act refers only to members of the Assembly, the current assembly was elected on June 12,2014 as part of the 41st Parliament of Ontario. The first session of the 41st Parliament opened on July 2,2014, on Friday May 2,2014, the 40th Parliament of Ontario was dissolved by Lieutenant Governor David C. Onley on the advice of Premier Kathleen Wynne after the NDP, the election was held on June 12,2014, as a result of which Kathleen Wynnes Liberal Party formed a majority government. Queens Park is a metonym for the Legislative Assembly, in accordance with the traditions of the Westminster System, most laws originate with the cabinet, and are passed by the legislature after stages of debate and decision-making. Ordinary Members of the Legislature may introduce privately, play an role in scrutinizing bills in debate and committee. Members are expected to be loyal to both their parliamentary party and to the interests of their constituents, in the Ontario legislature this confrontation provides much of the material for Oral Questions and Members Statements. Legislative scrutiny of the executive is also at the heart of much of the carried out by the Legislatures Standing Committees. Finally, it is the task of the legislature to provide the personnel of the executive, as already noted, under responsible government, ministers of the Crown are expected to be Members of the Assembly. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is the first and the legislature in Canada to have a Coat of Arms separate from the provincial coat of arms. Green and gold are the colours in the shield of arms of the province. The Mace is the symbol of the authority of the Speaker. Shown on the left is the current Mace, on the right is the original Mace from the time of the first parliament in 1792. The crossed Maces are joined by the shield of arms of Ontario, the crown on the wreath represents national and provincial loyalties, its rim is studded with the provincial gemstone, the amethyst

6.
Queen's Park (Toronto)
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Queens Park is an urban park in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Opened in 1860 by Edward, Prince of Wales, it was named in honour of Queen Victoria. The park is the site of the Ontario Legislative Building, which houses the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, the park is nearly an enclave of the University of Toronto, which occupies most of the surrounding lands. In 1854, the land was leased by the University of Toronto to the City of Toronto for a 999-year term, in 1880, a portion of the Queens Park selected the Government of Ontario, as a site for the erection of new Legislative and Departmental buildings. The land that is occupied by Legislative Assembly of Ontario is owned by the Government of Ontario, the north park is owned by the University of Toronto and leased to the city. Ministry buildings of the Ontario government occupy other properties to the east of the park, while not adjacent to the park, the Royal Ontario Museum and the Gardiner Museum are located nearby. The section of the north of Wellesley Street follows the traditional British design. Footpaths radiate outwards from a statue of Edward VII, which stands on a large mound at the centre of the northern section. The statue originally stood in Delhi, India, but was moved to Canada in 1969, the main north-south path runs between the statue and the war memorial of the 48th Highlanders at the parks northern tip. The site is oval, however the southwestern edge of Queens Park kinks in somewhat. In the past, this was the bank of Taddle Creek, with the creek long-buried, the kink remains. The oval park is bounded by Queens Park Crescent East and West and these form part of a major through route consist of University Avenue, Queens Park Crescent East and West, Queens Park, and Avenue Road. Queens Park Crescent East and West carry northbound and southbound traffic respectively and are linked to make a complete loop around the park. University Avenue, Queens Park, and Avenue Road have two-way traffic, Wellesley Street bisects Queens Park Crescent slightly north of the loops centre. Line 1 Yonge-University of the Toronto subway runs below University Avenue, Queens Park, other public transit access is provided by the 5 Avenue Road and 94 Wellesley bus routes, and the 506 Carlton streetcar route. The north section of Queens Park is the station for the Province of Ontario. Gun salutes are conducted here to mark special occasions including Victoria Day, Canada Day, other salutes are also conducted here throughout the year as dictated by protocol. The southern section of the park is the site of the Ontario Legislature, the grounds contain several monuments commemorating notable historical figures and events

7.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war

8.
Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
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The current Lieutenant Governor of Ontario is Elizabeth Dowdeswell. The Lieutenant Governor of Ontario is vested with a number of duties and is also expected to undertake various ceremonial roles. For instance, the lieutenant governor acts as patron of certain Ontario institutions, the viceroy further presents the Royal Canadian Humane Association medal, the Lincoln M. Since 2011, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor has served ex officio as the Colonel of the Regiment of the Queens York Rangers, a unit in the Canadian Army. The honorary appointment recognizes the regiment’s links to John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada and the regiments commander during the American War of Independence. The office of Lieutenant Governor of Ontario came into being in 1867, upon the creation of Ontario at Confederation, with the election in 1937 of the Liberal Party to a majority in the Legislative Assembly, the Office of the Lieutenant Governor in Ontario was targeted for spending cutbacks. Government House was closed and the viceroy given a suite at the Legislative Building as a replacement, monarchy in the Canadian provinces Government of Ontario Lieutenant Governor of Ontario

9.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years

10.
John Sandfield Macdonald
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He served as both premier and Attorney-General of Ontario from July 16,1867, to December 20,1871. He was personally referred to by his middle name Sandfield and often signed his correspondence, born in 1812 in Glengarry County, Upper Canada, Macdonald was the first of five children for Alexander and Nancy Macdonald, who were Roman Catholic Highland Scots. Leaving school at 16, he became a clerk at several stores, before deciding to enter the legal profession. When McLean was later elevated to the Court of Kings Bench for Upper Canada, Macdonald became his assistant and he was later appointed as queen’s messenger, charged with carrying dispatches between the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada and the British Minister in Washington. They were married in 1840 and raised three children, a Reformer and advocate of responsible government, Macdonald served in all eight Assemblies of the United Province of Canada prior to Confederation. He also served in several pre-confederation administrations, including a period as co-premier of the United Province from 1862 to 1864 and it was this time when Macdonald suffered a collapsed lung from chronic tuberculosis. Macdonald was initially an opponent of confederation, but came to accept it, John A. Macdonald helped manoeuvre Sandfield Macdonald into the position of first Premier of Ontario. Education aid was concentrated into the University of Toronto, at the expense of the denominational colleges, the election laws were reformed in 1868 to establish a single date for elections to be held, and to broaden the franchise. His government was moderate and initially a coalition of liberals and conservatives and this group joined with the Clear Grits to form the opposition Liberal Party led by Edward Blake and Oliver Mowat. In December 1871, Macdonalds government was defeated by Edward Blakes Liberals, Macdonald resigned, and died several months later. In the early years of confederation, politicians were allowed to serve simultaneously in the House of Commons, from 1867 to 1872, Macdonald was also a Liberal MP in the Canadian House of Commons. Macdonalds brothers, Donald Alexander Macdonald and Alexander Francis Macdonald, were also politicians, Sandfield Macdonald would be the last Roman Catholic Premier of Ontario for 132 years, not until Dalton McGuinty became premier in 2003 would another Roman Catholic assume the office. After Macdonalds tenure, sectarian tensions in the rose. Even though most of the leaders were not sectarian themselves. Catholics, meanwhile, increasingly voted for the Liberal Party, while the Liberals could never be called a Catholic party, the Catholic vote became as important a constituency to the Liberals as the Orange vote became to the Conservatives. Nineteenth century religious tensions aside, Macdonalds election as Ontarios first Premier makes his Catholicity an important historic symbol, Macdonald is buried in historic St. Andrews Cemetery in St. Andrews West, Ontario. The gravesite is marked by a plaque, the first under a new program to honour Ontario premiers at their burial sites. The Ontario Heritage Trust plans to each of the provinces 18 deceased premiers in a similar way

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Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day

12.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes

13.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions

14.
Head of government
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The term head of government is often differentiated from the term head of state, as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country. In parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto leader of the government. For example, in the United Kingdom, the prime minister advises the Queen on the appointment of the cabinet, advice she is required to accept. On the other hand, the Queens long service as the head of state enables her to provide the prime minister with information and insight into many matters to better run the government. However, because the United Kingdom is a monarchy, the Prime Minister uses his or her own discretion regarding whether or not to follow the Queens advice. The Queen also is entitled to appoint a new Prime Minister, in presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government. The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, in semi-presidential systems, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature, with the specifics provided by each countrys constitution. A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958, in France, the president, the head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. In some cases, the head of state may represent one political party, in this case, known as cohabitation, the prime minister, along with the cabinet, controls domestic policy, with the presidents influence is largely restricted to foreign affairs. In directorial systems, the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people, a prominent example is the Swiss Federal Council, where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments. A common title for many heads of government is prime minister, various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question. In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, some of these titles relate to governments below the national level. Have been used by various Empires, Kingdoms and Princely States of India as a title for the Prime Minister, maltese, In Malta, the head of government is Prim Ministru. In this case, the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch, some such titles are diwan, mahamantri, pradhan, wasir or vizier. However, just because the head of state is the de jure dominant position does not mean that he/she will not always be the de facto political leader, in some cases, the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion, the ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government. Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget, all of these requirements directly impact the Head of governments role. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament, heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by Resignation, following, Defeat in a general election

15.
Ontario Liberal Party
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The Ontario Liberal Party is a provincial political party in the province of Ontario, Canada. It has formed the Government of Ontario since the election of 2003. The party is aligned with the Liberal Party of Canada. The party is led by Kathleen Wynne, who was sworn in as Premier of Ontario on February 11,2013 after winning the Ontario Liberal leadership election on January 26,2013. The modern Liberals were founded by George Brown, who sought to rebuild the Reform Party after its collapse in 1854, the party adopted a position in favour of uniting Upper and Lower Canada into the United Province of Canada, a concept that eventually led to Canadian confederation. After 1867, Edward Blake became leader of the Ontario Liberal Party, the party sat in opposition to the Conservative government led by John Sandfield Macdonald. Blakes Liberals defeated the Tories in 1871, but Blake left Queens Park for Ottawa the next year, Mowat served as Premier of Ontario until 1896. The Liberals were defeated in 1905 after over thirty years in power, the party had grown tired and arrogant in government and became increasingly cautious. As well, a growing anti-Catholic sectarian sentiment hurt the Liberals, the party was so disorganized that it was led for seven years by an interim leader, W. E. N. Sinclair, as there was not enough money or a sufficient level of organization, by 1930, the Liberals were reduced to a small, rural and prohibitionist rump with a base in south western Ontario. After a series of leaders, the Liberals turned to Mitchell Hepburn. Hepburn was able to build a coalition with Liberal-Progressives and attract reformers. The Liberal-Progressives had previously supported the UFO and the Progressive Party of Canada, a wet, Hepburn was able to end the divisions in the party around the issue of temperance which had reduced it to a narrow sect. The revitalized party was able to win votes from farmers, particularly in southwestern Ontario, urban Ontario, Catholics. It also had the advantage of not being in power at the onset of the Great Depression, with the economy in crisis, Ontarians looked for a new government, and Hepburns populism was able to excite the province. In government, Hepburns Liberals warred with organized labour led by the Congress of Industrial Organizations, later, he battled with the federal Liberal Party of Canada government of William Lyon Mackenzie King, which, Hepburn argued, was insufficiently supportive of the war effort. The battle between Hepburn and King split the Ontario Liberal Party and led to Hepburns ouster as leader and it also contributed to the partys defeat in the 1943 election, which was followed by the partys long stint in opposition. The Liberals declined to a wing, rural rump

16.
Ontario Liberal Party leadership election, 2013
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With the Liberals forming the Ontario government, Wynne consequently became Premier of Ontario. After leading a minority government for 18 months, she called an election after the defeat of her governments budget, Premier Dalton McGuinty announced his pending resignation as leader of the Liberal Party on October 15,2012, citing a desire to bring new blood to the party leadership. McGuinty also, citing the political logjam in Ontario, prorogued the Legislative Assembly, balloting at convention continued until one candidate received a majority of ballots cast. There was a $50,000 entry fee and $500,000 spending limit not including the 25% of all money raised by candidates which had to be turned over to the party in order to pay for the convention. Candidates were not permitted to accumulate more than $100,000 in debt, nomination papers had to be signed by at least 250 party members. The registration fee for delegates was between $249 and $599,44,421 party members were eligible to vote in the selection of delegates. Of these, less than 15,000 had been members when McGuinty announced his departure,27,206 were recruited by the campaigns before November 24. December 1,1996 – Dalton McGuinty wins the election to succeed Lyn McLeod. October 6,2011 – The general election returns the Liberals to power but reduces them to 53 seats in the legislature, september 6,2012 – By-elections are held in the ridings of Kitchener—Waterloo and Vaughan. The Liberals had hoped to win seats in order to secure a majority, they retain Vaughan but place third in Kitchener-Waterloo which is won by the NDP. September 29,2012 – The Ontario Liberal Partys Annual General Meeting endorses Dalton McGuintys leadership of the party with the support of 86% of delegates. October 15,2012 – Dalton McGuinty announces that he resign as Liberal Party leader and Premier of Ontario as soon as the party holds a leadership convention. October 21,2012 – Liberal Party executive meets to decide on a date for the leadership election, October 28,2012 – Liberal Party executive meets to choose a venue for the convention. November 23,2012,5 pm ET – Deadline for candidates to pay $50,000 entry fee, membership cut-off date for eligibility to vote for delegates. January 25,2013 – convention opens January 26,2013 – leadership election January 27,2013 – convention ends Background, MPP for St. renewliberal. Chris Bentley, Minister of Energy and MPP for London West – retiring from politics Jim Bradley, Minister of Environment and MPP for St. David Orazietti, an additional 419 ex-officio delegates were eligible to vote at the convention by virtue of party and elected offices they have held. = Eliminated from next round = Withdrew nomination = Winner A Takhar endorsed Pupatello before the ballot voting took place

17.
Cabinet (government)
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A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch. They are usually called ministers, but in some jurisdictions are sometimes called secretaries, in some countries, the cabinet is called Council of Ministers or Government Council or lesser known names such as Federal Council, Inner Council or High Council. These countries may differ in the way that the cabinet is used or established, in some countries, particularly those that use a parliamentary system, the Cabinet collectively decides the governments direction, especially in regard to legislation passed by the parliament. In this way, the President gets opinions and advice in upcoming decisions, instead, it is usually the Head of Government who holds all means of power in his hands and the Cabinet reports to him. In most governments, members of the Cabinet are given the title of minister, in a few governments, as in the case of Mexico, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and United States, the title of secretary is also used for some Cabinet members. In many countries, a Secretary is a member with an inferior rank to a minister. In some countries attorneys general also sit in the cabinet, while in others this is strictly prohibited as the attorneys general are considered to be part of the judicial branch of government. The size of cabinets varies, although most contain around ten to twenty ministers, researchers have found an inverse correlation between a countrys level of development and cabinet size, on average, the more developed a country is, the smaller is its cabinet. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, cabinets began as smaller sub-groups of the English Privy Council, the term comes from the name for a relatively small and private room used as a study or retreat. The process has repeated itself in recent times, as leaders have felt the need to have a Kitchen Cabinet or sofa government, under the Westminster system, members of the cabinet are Ministers of the Crown who are collectively responsible for all government policy. All ministers, whether senior and in the cabinet or junior ministers, must publicly support the policy of the government, the cabinet may also provide ideas on/if new laws were established, and what they include. Cabinet deliberations are secret and documents dealt with in cabinet are confidential, in theory the prime minister or premier is first among equals. In some countries, the ministers are referred to as spokespersons. A prime ministerial government is a government where the minister is dominant in terms of the executive. As the prime minister is, by definition, a member of a cabinet – this form of government is often a development from cabinet government, in true cabinet government the prime minister is primus inter pares, where prime ministerial government necessitates the crossing of this boundary. An often cited example of ministerial government is the United Kingdom. Thatcher began using bilateral meetings with ministers to determine policy areas using cabinet to simply announce these decisions. Due to the extent of her success, and her control over cabinet positions, despite John Major moving back towards cabinet government, Tony Blair carried on Thatchers approach

18.
Oliver Mowat
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Sir Oliver Mowat, GCMG PC QC was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and Liberal Party leader. He served as the third Premier of Ontario for nearly 24 years and he was the eighth Lieutenant Governor of Ontario and one of the Fathers of Confederation. This longevity and power was due to his political maneuvering, in terms of building a political base around Liberals, Catholics, trade unions. Mowat was born in Kingston, Upper Canada, to John Mowat, as a youth, he had taken up arms with the loyalists during the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837, which suggested a conservative inclination in politics. However, he did not trust the politics of John A. Macdonald, George-Étienne Cartier, or the leaders of the Conservative Party. On January 27,1836, Mowat, not yet sixteen years old, articled in the law office of John A. Macdonald, early in their work relationship, Mowat and Macdonald were close friends, and worked successfully to build the legal practice. But they grew apart over time, as Mowat matured into a rival of the older Macdonald. Mowat was mostly even-tempered and moderate in his behaviour, in sharp contrast to the firebrand Macdonald, as a young man, Mowat moved away from Kingston, eventually settling in Toronto, to develop his own career and life away from Macdonalds prominence. Mowat was called to the bar of Upper Canada on November 5,1841, in 1846, he married Jane Ewart, a daughter of John Ewart of Toronto. Mowat and his wife had three sons and four daughters, in 1856 Mowat was appointed Queens Counsel. He was known to be a legal practitioner, with two of his cases being upheld by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. In the 1858 case Bowes v. Afterwards, Mowat admitted that I cannot speak with much force unless I have an opponent and he first entered politics as an alderman of the City of Toronto in 1857. From there, he became a member of the Legislative Assembly for South Ontario, as a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1858 to 1864, he was closely associated with George Brown. Mowat served as Provincial Secretary and Postmaster-General in pre-Confederation government, and was also a supporter of representation by population. With Brown, he helped create what became the Ontario Liberal Party as well as the Liberal Party of Canada. On November 14,1864, he was appointed to the judiciary as Vice-Chancellor of the Court of Chancery of Upper Canada, Mowat served as provincial member for the riding of Oxford North, about 150 km west of Toronto, for his entire term as premier. In 1890, it was said, These court battles resulted in a weakening of the power of the government in provincial matters. Although Macdonald had dismissed him as Blakes jackal, Mowats battles with the government greatly decentralized Canada

19.
Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)
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The Leader of the Opposition in Ontario is usually leader of the largest party in the Ontario legislature which is not the government. The current official opposition is formed by the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, ontarios first Leader of the Opposition was Edward Blake of the Ontario Liberal Party who held the position from 1869 until 1871 when he became Premier of Ontario. Archibald McKellar 1867-1869 was not formally recognized as leader. 1The Liberals were recognized as the Official Opposition following the 1923 election by the governing Conservatives, according to historian Peter Oliver, this was an arbitrary decision without basis in precedent or law. UFO parliamentary leader Manning Doherty protested the decision, but to no avail,3 Until 1954, the Liberals were led from outside the legislature by Walter Thomson with Oliver as acting Leader of the Opposition. Oliver led the party in his own right from 1954 until 1958,4 Interim Leader of the Opposition following the personal defeat of Wintermeyer in the 1963 provincial election until Thompsons election as leader. 5 Interim leader of the party and Opposition following the resignation of Stuart Smith,6 Interim leader of the party and Opposition following the personal defeat of Premier David Peterson in the 1990 election. 7 Elston became interim leader when Nixon resigned from the legislature to accept a federal appointment, Elston stepped down in November when he decided to be a candidate at the Liberal leadership convention. 8 Interim leader between resignation of Elston and election of McLeod,9 John Tory was chosen as leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party on September 18,2004, but did not hold a seat in the legislature. On September 28 the party announced that Bob Runciman would act as interim Leader of the Opposition until Tory entered the legislature, Tory was elected to represent Dufferin--Peel--Wellington--Grey on March 17,2005 and was sworn in as an MPP and leader of the opposition on March 29,2005. 10 As Ontario PC leader John Tory did not win a seat in the 2007 election, after spending more than a year outside the legislature, Tory sought a seat in the March 5,2009 by-election in Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock. He lost this by-election, and thereafter resigned as party leader, being replaced by Hudak

20.
National Post
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The National Post is a Canadian English-language newspaper. The paper is the publication of Postmedia Network, and is published Mondays through Saturdays. It was founded in 1998 by Conrad Black, as of 2006, the Post is no longer distributed in Canadas Atlantic provinces and the territories. Black built the National Post around the Financial Post, a newspaper in Toronto which he purchased from Sun Media in 1997. Financial Post was retained as the name of the new business section. The Post became Blacks national flagship title, and Ken Whyte was appointed editor, when the Post launched, its editorial stance was conservative. It advocated a unite-the-right movement to create an alternative to the Liberal government of Jean Chrétien. The Posts op-ed page has included dissenting columns by ideological liberals such as Linda McQuaig, as well as conservatives including Mark Steyn and Diane Francis, and David Frum. Original members of the Post editorial board included Ezra Levant, Neil Seeman, Jonathan Kay, Conservative Member of Parliament John Williamson, the Posts magazine-style graphic and layout design has won awards. The original design of the Post was created by Lucie Lacava, the Post now bears the motto Worlds Best-Designed Newspaper on its front page. The Post was unable to maintain momentum in the market without continuing to operate with annual budgetary deficits, at the same time, Conrad Black was becoming preoccupied by his debt-heavy media empire, Hollinger International. CanWest Global also owned the Global Television Network, izzy Asper died in October 2003, and his sons Leonard and David Asper assumed control of CanWest, the latter serving as chairman of the Post. Editor-in-chief Matthew Fraser departed in 2005 after the arrival of a new publisher, frasers deputy editor, Doug Kelly succeeded him as editor. Pyette departed seven months after his arrival, replaced by Gordon Fisher, the newspaper continued its erosion in 2008 with the announcement that weekday editions and home delivery would no longer be available in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Politically, the Post has retained a conservative editorial stance although the Asper family has long been a supporter of the Liberal Party of Canada. Izzy Asper was once leader of the Liberal Party in his province of Manitoba. The Aspers had controversially fired the publisher of the Ottawa Citizen, Russell Mills, however, the Post endorsed the Conservative Party of Canada in the 2004 election when Fraser was editor. The Conservatives narrowly lost that election to the Liberals, the paper switched camps again in the runup to the 2006 election

21.
Politics of Canada
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The politics of Canada function within a framework of parliamentary democracy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic traditions. Canada is a monarchy, in which the Monarch is head of state. The country has a multi-party system in many of its legislative practices derive from the unwritten conventions of. Such members, in the government caucus, and junior or lower-profile members of opposition caucuses, are known as backbenchers, backbenchers can, however, exert their influence by sitting in parliamentary committees, like the Public Accounts Committee or the National-Defence Committee. Smaller parties like the Quebec nationalist Bloc Québécois, and the Green Party of Canada have also been able to exert their own influence over the political process, far-right politics has never been a prominent force in Canadian society. Thus in 1931, the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster, giving recognition to the autonomy of Canada. Similarly, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain continued to make the decision on criminal appeals until 1933. Name Canada Type of government Westminster style federal parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy, National holiday Canada Day, July 1. Constitution Westminster system, based on unwritten conventions and written legislation, suffrage Citizens aged 18 years or older. Only two adult citizens in Canada cannot vote, the Chief Electoral Officer, and the Deputy Chief Electoral Officer, the Governor General is eligible to vote, but abstains due to constitutional convention. Citizens residing outside of Canada for a greater than 5 years are excluded from voting beginning 2015. Description of national flag A red maple leaf centred on a Canadian pale, head of state Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada. Viceroy David Lloyd Johnston, Governor General of Canada, head of government Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Cabinet Ministers chosen by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Governor General to lead various ministries and agencies, the Governor General is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister for a non-specific term, though it is traditionally approximately five years. Following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons is usually designated by the Governor General to become Prime Minister, the bicameral Parliament of Canada consists of three parts, the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Currently, the Senate, which is described as providing regional representation, has 105 members appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister to serve until age 75. It was created with equal representation from each of Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime region, however, it is currently the product of various specific exceptions, additions and compromises, meaning that regional equality is not observed, nor is representation-by-population. The normal number of senators can be exceeded by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, the House of Commons currently has 338 members elected in single-member districts in a plurality voting system, meaning that members must attain only a plurality rather than a majority

22.
The Crown
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The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions, although the term is not only a metonym for the State. The Crown is a sole that represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative. These monarchies are united by the union of their monarch. The concept of the Crown developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the crown and property of the nation state from the person. The concept spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the lexicon of the other 15 independent realms. In this context it should not be confused with any physical crown, the concept of the Crown took form under the feudal system. Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights, land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage—owners of land held as socage held it only to the Crown. The Crown as ultimate owner of all property also owns any property which has become bona vacantia, the monarch is the living embodiment of the Crown and, as such, is regarded as the personification of the state. He office cannot exist without the office-holder, the Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the Crowns legal personality is usually regarded as a sole, it can, at least for some purposes. Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible, two judgments—Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta and Ex parte Quark —challenged that view. The Crown in each of the Commonwealth realms is a similar, because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each Canadian province and each Australian state. The Succession to the Crown Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the Perth Agreement in Jersey law, as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey. Legislation in the Isle of Man also defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The reserve powers of the Crown for each territory are no longer considered to be exercisable on the advice of the UK government, often cases are brought by the Crown according to the complaint of a claimant. The title of the case follows the pattern of R v Y. Thus R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union is R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, where Miller is Gina Miller, in Scotland, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the Lord Advocate in the name of the Crown

23.
Monarchy in the Canadian provinces
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The monarchy has been headed since 6 February 1952 by Queen Elizabeth II who as sovereign is shared equally with both the Commonwealth realms and the Canadian federal entity. She, her consort, and other members of the Canadian Royal Family undertake various public, however, the Queen is the only member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role. Royal Assent and the royal sign-manual are required to enact laws, letters patent, in all provinces, the monarchys roots lie in the British Crown, while in some, mostly in Eastern Canada, the French Crown also had influence. Over the centuries, the throughout the country has evolved to become a distinctly Canadian one. There is one monarch, but she acts in different rights, such is demonstrated when the sovereign takes on different legal personas in a case wherein a provincial government files a lawsuit against the federal and/or another provincial government. Also, as it was put in Attorney-General of Canada v. Higbie, When the Crown, in right of the Province, transfers land to the Crown, in right of the Dominion, what takes place is merely a change of administrative control. The Canadian Crown thus both remains above and links all of the jurisdictions in Confederation, it has been described as a divided crown. The arrangement provides that each of Canadas provinces are all sovereign of each other, the provincial Crown exists to safeguard the independence of each province. The system was set up as such by the Fathers of Confederation because they saw such a use of constitutional monarchy as a bulwark against any fracturing of the Canadian federation. In 1939, Sir Shuldham Redfern, then Secretary to the Governor General, said that, without a common allegiance to the Crown, the British North America Act,1867, was written so as to reflect the view of John A. That rule was never followed in Ontario and Quebec, though, in his ruling, which discovered a provincial guise of the Crown and thus further empowered the provinces, Watson stated, the Lieutenant Governor. Is as much a representative of Her Majesty, for all purposes of Provincial Government as the Governor General himself is, for all purposes of Dominion Government. The Lord Denning of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales ruled in 1982 that the Crown became separate and divisible and it was separate and divisible for each self-governing Dominion or province or territory. The Crown became the foundation of the principle in Canada. Funding of the Crowns operation in the provinces is split between the federal and provincial governments, the provincial coffers supply the relevant lieutenant governor for other expenses of office, travel costs, and the upkeep of official residences, amongst other necessities. The sovereign and other members of the Royal Family are only supported by tax dollars in the performance of their official duties, residents of the provinces do not pay any money to the royals, either as personal income or to support royal residences outside of the province. This is done in reciprocation to the sovereigns Coronation Oath, wherein he or she promises to govern the Peoples of, according to their respective laws and customs. There was in the 1970s some opposition to the oath by Parti Québécois members of the National Assembly of Quebec, the sovereign may still hold audience with the provincial premiers, however

24.
Monarchy in British Columbia
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By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canadas monarchy operates in British Columbia as the core of the provinces Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within British Columbias jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of British Columbia, Her Majesty in Right of British Columbia and it is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the provinces government. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and this arrangement began with an 1871 Order in Council by Queen Victoria and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the late 18th century. However, though British Columbia has a government headed by the Queen, as a province. Monuments around British Columbia mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event, the main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority. A royal cypher, crown, or the arms may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority. Bennett desired that the Queen of Canada read the Speech from the Throne at the opening of a session of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia and this request was turned down on the grounds that it was constitutionally impossible. The validity and logic behind the refusal was later a matter of debate, the Queen was again in British Columbia to mark the centennial of the provinces entry into Confederation. In 2002, Elizabeth toured Victoria and Vancouver as part of her Golden Jubilee as Queen of Canada, symbols of British Columbia Monarchy British Columbia Archives. Welcoming the Royals, The Archival Legacy

25.
Monarchy in Alberta
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By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canadas monarchy operates in Alberta as the core of the provinces Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Albertas jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Alberta, Her Majesty in Right of Alberta and it is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the provinces government. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and this arrangement began with the granting of Royal Assent to the 1905 Alberta Act and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the late 18th century. However, though Alberta has a government headed by the Queen, as a province. The viceroy resides in a home provided by the provincial Crown. Members of the family have owned property in a private capacity, for example, King Edward VIII owned Bedingfield Ranch, near Pekisko, High River. Monuments around Alberta mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event, at the various levels of education within Alberta there also exist a number of scholarships and academic awards either established by or named for members of the Royal Family. The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority, a royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. A request was made by Premier Ralph Klein for the Queen of Canada to give assent to a bill in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in May 2005. That assertion, however, was contested by Professor and Senior Director of Interdisciplinary Programs at the University of Alberta, symbols of Alberta Monarchy Ministry of Education. The Monarchy in Alberta, Teacher and Student Resource, culture and Community Spirit > Heritage and Museums > Provincial Archives of Alberta > Reference Services > Royal Visits - Textual Records. Culture and Community Spirit > Heritage and Museums > Provincial Archives of Alberta > Reference Services > Royal Visits photos, culture and Community Spirit > Heritage and Museums > Provincial Archives of Alberta > Reference Services > Royal Visits - Film and Video Sources

26.
Monarchy in Saskatchewan
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It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the provinces government. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and this arrangement began with the granting of Royal Assent to the 1905 Saskatchewan Act, and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the mid 17th century. However, though Saskatchewan has a government headed by the Queen, as a province. The viceroy resides in a home provided by the provincial Crown. Monuments around Saskatchewan mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event. Examples include the Globe Theatre, which is under the patronage of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and the Royal Saskatchewan Museum, the main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority. A royal cypher, crown, or the arms may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority. Similarly, under the authority of the Queen in Right of Saskatchewan, in 1882, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, and her husband, the then Governor General of Canada, were the first members of the Royal Family to pass through what would become Saskatchewan. During a stop at the not yet named territorial capital, in the room of the Royal Train, Princess Louise named the new community Regina, after her mother. Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, presided over the celebrations of the 75th anniversary of Saskatchewans entry into Confederation, Queen Elizabeth II presided over the main events in 2005 celebrating the 100th anniversary of Saskatchewans creation. Royal visits to Saskatchewan Crown in Saskatoon University of Saskatchewan > Royal connections Symbols of Saskatchewan Monarchy Barnhart, archer, John H. Regina, A Royal City. About OPS > Protocol Office > Royal Visits, Prince of Wales Becomes a Cowboy. Significance of Treaties Reaffirmed Through Historic Royal Visit, Saskatoon, Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations. Society > The Monarchy > Caribou slippers for Prince Charles, south Saskatchewan Branch of the Monarchist League of Canada

27.
Monarchy in Manitoba
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By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canadas monarchy operates in Manitoba as the core of the provinces Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Manitobas jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Manitoba, Her Majesty in Right of Manitoba and it is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the provinces government. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and this arrangement began with the granting of Royal Assent to the 1870 Manitoba Act and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 17th century. However, though Manitoba has a government headed by the Queen, as a province. Monuments around Manitoba mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event, at the various levels of education within Alberta, there also exist a number of scholarships and academic awards either established by or named for royal persons. The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority, a royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Princess Anne and her brother, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales

28.
Monarchy in Ontario
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By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canadas monarchy operates in Ontario as the core of the provinces Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, the Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. This arrangement began with the 1867 British North America Act, however, though Ontario has its own government, of which the Lieutenant Governor, as the Queens representative, Ontario is not itself a kingdom. The Lieutenant Governor resides in his or her own private residence, the Queen and her relations reside at a hotel when in Ontario. Monuments around Ontario mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event, the main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority. A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Further, though the monarch does not form a part of the constitutions of Ontarios honours, they do stem from the Crown as the fount of honour, list of royal visits to Hamilton, Ontario Symbols of Ontario Monarchy Archives of Ontario. A Celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II

29.
Monarchy in Quebec
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By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canadas monarchy operates in Quebec as the core of the provinces Westminster-style parliamentary democracy and constitution. As such, the Crown within Quebecs jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Quebec, Her Majesty in Right of Quebec and it is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the provinces government. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance, however, though Quebec has a separate government headed by the Queen, as a province, Quebec is not itself a kingdom. The viceroy resides in a home provided by the provincial Crown. Monuments around Quebec mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event, the main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority. A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, Quebec lawyers may be appointed Queens Counsel. Put it—but as an institution involved in Quebec affairs. Most of those in the sovereignty movement also do not recognise the Canadian monarchy, some sovereignists ask that Canadas royals apologise for acts such as the Great Upheaval in the mid 18th century and the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982. In an interview in 1971, the leader of the PQ, René Lévesque. I have great respect for the Queen, but what the hell part should monarchy have in Quebec. University of Toronto professor Richard Toporoski held the theory that a sovereign, not independent, sovereigntists have also been against the presence of members of the Canadian Royal Family in Quebec. Whenever you sing O Canada you are reminded that you come of a proud race, still, as her motorcade passed through Quebec City, the route was lined with Quebecers showing their backs to the monarch, others booed her and shouted separatist slogans. The premier at the time, Robert Bourassa, who had first pushed Trudeau to ask the Queen to attend, the RRQ mounted similar, though less violent, protests when Prince William and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, visited Montreal and Quebec City in 2011. Into the 1960s and 1970s, however, Quebec nationalism grew and created an atmosphere in which the Canadian monarchy was a target of anti-federal, exactly 60 years later, however, Premier Daniel Johnson mused about making Quebec a federated republic

30.
Monarchy in New Brunswick
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By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canadas monarchy operates in New Brunswick as the core of the provinces Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within New Brunswicks jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of New Brunswick, Her Majesty in Right of New Brunswick and it is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the provinces government. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and this arrangement began with the 1867 British North America Act, and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the early 16th century. However, though New Brunswick has a government headed by the Queen, as a province. Monuments around New Brunswick mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event, examples include the Royal New Brunswick Rifle Association, which received its royal prefix from Queen Elizabeth II in 1983. The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority, a royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Queen Elizabeth II journeyed to New Brunswick to celebrate the bicentennial in 1984. While at the Legislative Building, the Queen issued a Royal Warrant augmenting the provinces coat of arms with its present crest, supporters, compartment, motto

31.
Monarchy in Nova Scotia
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By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Nova Scotia as the core of the provinces Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Nova Scotias jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Nova Scotia, Her Majesty in Right of Nova Scotia and it is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the provinces government. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and this arrangement began with the 1867 British North America Act and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the late 16th century. However, though Nova Scotia has a government headed by the Queen, as a province. Monuments around Nova Scotia mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event, examples include the Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo, which is under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II and received its royal prefix from her in 2006. The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority, a royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Only slightly later, King James VI and I laid claim to what is today Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, James son, Charles I, later issued the Charter of New Scotland, which created the Baronets of Nova Scotia, many of which continue to exist today. Over the course of the 17th century, the French Crown lost via war and treaties its Maritimes territories to the British sovereign. After he departed in 1800, he remained remembered for his deeds, for the bicentennial in 1983 of the arrival of the first Empire Loyalists in Nova Scotia, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, and his wife, Diana, Princess of Wales, attended the celebrations. Symbols of Nova Scotia Monarchy Royal Visits to Nova Scotia

32.
Monarchy in Prince Edward Island
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By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Prince Edward Island as the core of the provinces Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, the Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. This arrangement began with an 1873 Order in Council by Queen Victoria, however, though Prince Edward Island has a separate government headed by the Queen, as a province, Prince Edward Island is not itself a kingdom. Examples include the Central Agricultural Society, which was under the patronage of Albert, the main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority. A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, george initially denied Egmonts request, but, after Edgemont again presented his petition in 1767, the King this time approved. On 19 July 1769, Saint John Island was separated from the jurisdiction of Nova Scotia, recognising the Princes interest in the island, its legislature passed a bill on 1 February 1799 that changed the colonys name in honour of Edward. By 1843 construction of Province House was begun, and the laying of the cornerstone was followed by a Royal Salute and three cheers for Queen Victoria. Not four years later, the Legislative Assembly adopted an address to the Queen, asking for the establishment of government in the colony. Queen Elizabeth II attended the 100th anniversary of Prince Edward Islands entry into Confederation, symbols of Prince Edward Island Monarchy Prince Edward visits his island. Royal couple wraps up trip to Prince Edward Island

33.
Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador
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By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Newfoundland and Labrador as the core of the provinces Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, the Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. This arrangement began with the granting in 1949 of Royal Assent to the Newfoundland Act, however, though Newfoundland and Labrador has a separate government headed by the Queen, as a province, Newfoundland and Labrador is not itself a kingdom. Government House in St. Monuments around Newfoundland and Labrador mark some of those visits, the main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign herself, her image thus being used to signify government authority. A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, by commission under the Royal Prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the island of Newfoundland on 5 August 1583. By the mid-1660s, however, the French Crown had also laid claim to half of the same area. Following two referendums in 1948, the island joined Canadian Confederation the next year, making it the province to do so by authority of the Canadian monarch. Princess Mary, Princess Royal, in 1964 marked the 50th anniversary of the departure of the first contingent of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment from St. Johns to the battlefields of World War I, symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador Monarchy

34.
Lieutenant governor (Canada)
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Similar positions in Canadas three territories are termed Commissioners and are representatives of the federal government, however, not the monarch directly. In the Canadian context, there are numerous, and not mutually agreeable, various acts in the Canadian constitution and numerous provincial websites typically indicate Lieutenant Governor of, likely due to the primacy of those positions in their respective jurisdictions. However, The Canadian Style indicates Lieutenant-Governor, though lieutenant-governors when pluralized, the Guide to Canadian English Usage equivocates somewhat, indicating upper case only when used in and associated with a specific provincial lieutenant governor or name, not generally, and varied use. In French, the term is always hyphenated, also, as governor is the main noun in the title, it is the word that is pluralized, thus, it is lieutenant governors, rather than lieutenants governor. There have been two Black and several Aboriginal lieutenant governors, norman Kwong, Lieutenant Governor of Alberta from 2005 to 2010, was Chinese-Canadian and David Lam, the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia from 1988 to 1995, was Hong Kong-Canadian. Former Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Lise Thibault used a wheelchair, while David Onley, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a lieutenant governor-designate. The lieutenant governor then receives the insignia of the order or orders. A lieutenant governor may also resign and some have died in office, the office is the core of authority in a province. While they continue to be appointed by the general, the lieutenant governors are considered to be direct representatives of the sovereign. The Governor-in-Council of both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are also tasked to appoint in the Queens name the judges of the courts of probate. The lieutenant governor alone is also mandated to summon the legislature. Beyond that, the viceroy carries out the other conventional parliamentary duties in the sovereigns stead, including reading the Speech From the Throne, if the governor general withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. R. Altogether, lieutenant governors had also withheld Royal Assent to bills 28 times, the last example of the former was, however, in 1945 and the latter in 1961. The provincial viceroys have been said to be, outside of Quebec, a focus of community ideals and he or she will host members of the Canadian Royal Family, as well as foreign royalty and heads of state, and is also tasked with fostering national unity and pride. In the exercise of duties, the lieutenant governors may sometimes receive advice from the Department of Canadian Heritage Ceremonial. During a provincial election, a lieutenant governor will curtail these public duties, further, the lieutenant governors present the Vice-Regal and Commissioners Commendation to individuals who offer their service—paid or volunteer—to the viceregal offices. As the personal representative of the monarch, a lieutenant governor follows only the sovereign in the order of precedence. Per the orders constitutions, the lieutenant governors, except for that of Quebec and they also upon installation automatically become a Knight or Dame of Justice and a Vice-Prior in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem

35.
Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia
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The Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ is the viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The office of Lieutenant governor is an office of the Crown and serves as a representative of the monarchy in the province, the office was created in 1871 when the Colony of British Columbia joined Confederation. Since then the Lieutenant Governor has been the representative of the monarchy in British Columbia and this position coexisted with the office of Governor of British Columbia served by James Douglas during that time. The present, and 29th, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia is Judith Guichon, the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia is vested with a number of governmental duties. One such task unique to the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia is authenticating with the Great Seal of British Columbia notarized documents to be used outside of the province. However, the issuance of a Certificate of Authentication only means the signature of the notary public matched the ones on file, the viceroy is also expected to undertake various ceremonial roles. Moody selected the site for and founded the capital of British Columbia – New Westminster – and established the Cariboo Road. He named Burnaby Lake after his private secretary Robert Burnaby and named Port Coquitlam’s 400-foot Mary Hill after his wife Mary, Port Moody is named after him. The shortest mandate by a Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia was Edward Gawler Prior, from 1919 to his death in 1920, while the longest was George Pearkes, from October 1960 to July 1968. In 1952, the Lieutenant Governor was, without a majority in the Legislature following the general election. Bennett, which resulted in the start of a dynasty for the latter. Monarchy in the Canadian provinces Government of British Columbia McGregor, D. A and they Gave Royal Assent - The Lieutenant-Governors of British Columbia

36.
Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan
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The present, and 21st, Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan is Vaughn Solomon Schofield, who has served in the role since 22 March 2012. The Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan is vested with a number of duties and is also expected to undertake various ceremonial roles. The former Lieutenant-Governors of Saskatchewan are also honoured in official portraits collected together in the dedicated QuAppelle Gallery in the Saskatchewan Legislative Building. Since that date,20 lieutenant-governors have served the province, amongst whom were notable firsts, Government House was closed and the viceroy given only a small office at the Hotel Saskatchewan as a replacement, and guards of honour and playing of the Viceregal Salute were dispensed with. This trend continued, due to lack of initiative rather than hostility towards the Crown, until the 1980s when the honours were restored. Monarchy in the Canadian provinces Government of Saskatchewan Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan Commissioned Portraits of Lieutenant Governors

37.
Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba
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The present, and 25th, Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba is Janice Filmon, who has served in the role since 19 June 2015. The Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba is vested with a number of duties and is also expected to undertake various ceremonial roles. In 1919, the Manitoba legislature voted in favour of The Initiative and Referendum Act, Lieutenant Governor George Johnson was called upon to use his reserve powers in March 1988. Johnson thereafter dissolved the legislature and called an election and the premier, Howard Pawley, Pawley felt that he could hand over the premiership to whoever succeeded him as party leader. The NDP failed to win the election, regardless, monarchy in the Canadian provinces Government of Manitoba Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba

38.
Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
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The present and 29th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec is J. Michel Doyon, who has served in the role since 24 September 2015. The Lieutenant Governor of Quebec is tasked with a number of governmental duties, not among them, though, is delivering the Throne Speech, which sets the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec apart from the other Canadian viceroys. The lieutenant governor is also expected to undertake various ceremonial roles, others, such as J. Woehrling, however, have claimed that the legislative process towards Quebecs independence would not require any prior change to the viceregal post. The office of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec came into being in 1867, upon the creation of Quebec at Confederation, and evolved from the earlier position of Lieutenant Governor of Canada East. Since that date,28 lieutenant governors have served the province, amongst whom were notable firsts, such as Lise Thibault—the first female and first disabled lieutenant governor of the province. The shortest mandate by a Lieutenant Governor of Quebec was Lomer Gouin, from January to March 1929, while the longest was Hugues Lapointe, bouchard thereafter exploited the revelation of Rouxs past anti-Semitism and the Lieutenant Governor soon resigned his post voluntarily in 1996. Monarchy in the Canadian provinces Government of Quebec Les lieutenants-gouverneurs depuis 1867 Lieutenant Governor of Quebec