3468-13468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
TECHNICAL MANUAL
FIREFIGHTING AND RESCUE PROCEDURI
IN THEATERS OF OPERATIONS
ao».
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE A
APRI
3468-23468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
TM 5-31
TECHNICAL MANUAL
FIREFIGHTING AND RESCUE PROCEDURES
IN THEATERS OF OPERATIONS
RBTURK W ®OV. OOCS.
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARM
APRIL 19
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgment is gratefully made to the organizations listed below for
permitting- us to use their copyrighted material in this manual.
American National Red Cross
Figures 4-81, 4-84, and 4-87.
Fire Service Extension Department, University of Maryland
Data on breathing apparatus, including figures 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7,
2-8,2-9,2-10,2-11,2-12, and 2-13; data on carbon dioxide and combustible
metal agents, including figures 2-60 and 2-67; data on couplings, including
figures 2-19, 2-20, 2-21, 2-23, 2-24, 2-25, 2-26, 2-27, 2-28, 2-29, 2-30,
2-31, 2-32, 2-33, 2-34, 2-35, 2-36, 2-37, 2-38, 2-39, 2-40, 2-41, 2-42,
2-43, 2-44, 2-45, 2-46, 2-47, 2-48, and 2-49; data on hose loads, including
figures 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-9, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14,
4-16, 4-17, and 4-18; the following figures on rope: 2-53, 2-54, 2-55,
and 4-26.
National Fire Protection Association
Reproduced by permission from the Fire Protective Handbook, 13th
Edition, Copyright National Fire Protective Association, Boston, Massa-
chusetts. Data from the following:
Basic Definitions and Properties—ignition and combustion, flammable or
explosive limits, flammable (explosive range, flash point, and fire point).
Principles of Fire—ignition and combustion.
Heat Energy Sources—chemical heat energy, heat of combustion, sponta-
neous heating, heat of decomposition, heat of solution, electrical heat
energy, resistance heating, induction heating, dielectric heating, heating
from arcing, static electricity heating, heat generated by lightning,
mechanical heat energy, friction heat, heat of compression, nuclear heat
energy.
Reuben H. Donnelley Corporation
Reproduced by permission from The Fire Chiefs Handbook, Third Edition,
1967, New York, The Reuben H. Donnelley Corporation. Data on the
chemistry and physics of combustion, simple fire triangle, tetrahedron
of fire, modernizing the fire triangle, and figure 3-2.
I
3468-43468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
This manual contains copyright material
t
TECHNICAL MANUAL
NO. 5-315
*TM 5-315
HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D,C., 20 April 1971
FIREFIGHTING AND RESCUE PROCEDURES
IN THEATERS OF OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Section I. General ------------------------------
II. Organization________________
III. Facilities___________________
IV. DA forms, reports, and records
V. Communications
CHAPTER 2.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
Clothing ____________________
Fire apparatus ______________
Tools, appliances, and knots------
Fire extinguishers ___________
CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERISTICS, CHEMISTRY, AND PHYSICS OF FIRE __..
Paragraph Page
1_5__1_7 1-2—1-4
1-8—1-14 1-4—1-6
1_18_-1_24 1-7—1-15
2-1—2-3
2-4, 2-5
2-6—2-16
2-17—2-28
3_1__3_6
2-1—2-3
2-3, 2-4
2-8—2-27
2-28—2-34
3_1_3_5
4. Section I.
TACTICS AND TECHNIQUES OF FIREFIGHTING Fire control - _.._.. _ _ _ ___ _
4_1__4_3
4_l__4-2
II.
Fire department hydraulics _ _
4_4__ 4_17
4_2—4-8
III.
Hose, ladder, and pumper drills _ _ __ -
4_18— 4-36
4_8_4-39
IV.
Action on arrival, sizeup, and forcible entry
4_3 7—4-39
4_39 — 4_47
V.
Ventilation and salvage
4_40 — 4-46
4_47_4_55
VI.
Rescue operations __ ..
4_47__4_53
4_55 — 4_60
VII.
First aid ... . . ..
4_54 — 4-68
4__g Q __ 4—74
VIII.
Control, extin uishment, and overhaul
4_69—4-72
4-74— 4_76
IX.
Investigation and return to service
4-73- 4 79
4_77—4_8l
CHAPTER 5. Section I.
AIRCRAFT FIREFIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE
Introduction .. ... ... _____ .... ....... . . .
II.
Aircraft fire hazards .. .. ..._ ...
5_5 — 5_i7
5-2 __ 5-14
III.
Emergency procedures ....... ............
5_18 — 5-26
5 14 __ 5_78
CHAPTER 6. Section I.
NUCLEAR WEAPON FIREFIGHTING PROCEDURE Introduction ...... _
6- -1 - 6-1
6 1
II.
Responsibilities and safety factors _ .
6 3-6-13
61 63
III.
General firenghting guidelines
6-14 6 16
64 6 5
IV.
Fires involving nuclear weapons
6 -17- 6 °3
65 68
CHAPTER 7.
MISCELLANEOUS FIRES _.
71 7 11
71 711
8.
FIRE PREVENTION _____ _
Q -1 910
81 K R
APPENDIX A.
REFERENCES ________
A 1
B.
ARMY AIRCRAFT DESIGNATIONS AND FUELS
B 1
INDEX
— Index-1
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TM 5-315
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Section I. GENERAL
1-1. Purpose and Scope
a. This manual is a guide and basic reference
for firefighting teams and other personnel en-
gaged in fire prevention, firefighting, and rescue
procedures at military establishments in theaters
of operations. It covers the policies and proce-
dures, equipment, characteristics and chemistry
of fire, tactics and techniques of firefighting, first
aid, rescue, and fire prevention. It is concerned
primarily with structural, aircraft, petroleum and
unclear weapon fires, but also discusses explosive,
motor-vehicle, and natural cover fires.
b. The material contained herein is applicable
to both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare.
1-2. Changes
Users of this manual are encouraged to submit
recommended changes or commets to improve the
manual. Comments should be keyed to the specific
page, paragraph, and line of the text in which the
change is recommended. Reasons should be pro-
vided for each comment to insure understanding
and complete evaluation. Comments should be for-
warded directly to Office Chief of Engineers,
ATTN: ENGMC-FF, Washington, B.C., 20314.
1-3. What the Fire Protection Specialist
Must Know
Progress in fire protection within the Army has
increased greatly in the last few years. This prog-
ress was brought about by the development of
new techniques and more efficient equipment. But
offsetting this progress, to some extent at least, is
th turnover of military personnel. This turnover
is a serious drawback to efficiency, but broad
training programs, which include the study of
chemistry, physics, mathematics, and building
construction, now make the firefighter's training a
continuing process.
a. Chemistry. The creation and spread of fire is
a chemical reaction involving flammable vapors.
Since this reaction can occur under many condi-
tions and circumstances, the firefighter must know
the characteristics of fuels and other materials.
He gains knowledge through an understanding of
the chemistry of fire.
b. Physics. Physics involves the principles of
mechanics, electricity, heat, light, and sound. The
firefighter needs mechanical knowledge to enable
him to operate the fire trucks and associated
equipment, and to maintain them so they will al-
ways be ready for use. Electricity is a common
source of fire. In addition, there is a danger of
electrocution, especially in the presence of water,
and water is the common extinguishing agent.
Heat is a major consideration in the spread of fire
and in the physical limitations of personnel. Light
is necessary to combat fires at night or in inclosed
or smoke-filled compartments. Sound (the basis of
alarm systems) is the foundation of fast and
efficient response to emergencies.
c. Mathematics. The firefighter must know the
mathematical formulas used to determine the
proper volume and force of extinguishing v agents
needed. His knowledge of fire department hy-
draulics enables the engineer, or pump operator,
to arrive at the correct nozzle pressure. An error
here may cause injuries, extensive water damage,
or unnecessary fire losses. Too much water pres-
sure at the nozzle has been known to throw fire-
men from ladders or out of windows. Wild hose
lines 'Can seriously injure or kill people who are
struck by the heavy nozzle or hose couplings.
d. Construction. A basic knowledge of building
construction is essential for proper forcible entry,
rescue, ventilation, or extinguishment. Buildings
that look identical on the outside may collapse or
burn with great variations of time because of dif-
ferences in internal design and type of construc-
tion. Men who make fire inspections should
become familiar with the construction of each
building so that in case of fire they will know the
approximate length of time the building is safe to
1-1
3468-63468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
before it collapses.
1-4. Policies and Procedures
It is important that a member of a fire protection
unit be familiar with the most common policies
of the Army, and the forms used. The policies and
forms are described in detail in many Army publi-
cations. It is the purpose of this chapter to
acquaint the firefighter with those general princi-
ples which are important in the proper perform-
ance of his duties.
Section II. ORGANIZATION
1-5 Fire Protection
Firefighting science is divided into three phases:
fire prevention, rescue, and fire fighting.
a. Fire Prevention. This phase establishes
standards and practices for the prevention of
accidental fires. These standards and practices are
controlled by frequent surveys and inspections.
Responsibility for inspections and for recom-
mending corrective action is placed in the fire pro-
tection organization.
b. Rescue and Firefighting. On arriving at a
fire, firefighters must determine the exact location
of the fire and then act to rescue people, protect
exposures, confine the fire, and then extinguish it.
While rescue is not needed at most fires, it must
be the first concern. The firefighters must stop the
spreading of the fire (protect exposures or con-
fine) to other buildings or parts of the building on
fire before they can apply themselves to the extin-
guishment of the fire. Ventilation (removal of
.smoke, heat, and gases) is a part of the salvage
effort which may be required at any time during
the firefighting operation. After the fire has been
extinguished, a final search is made for glowing
spark and embers. This search and the extin-
guishment of the rekindling potential are known
as overhaul.
1-6. Firefighting Units
The firefighting units provide fire prevention serv-
ice and protective measures in addition to extin-
guishing fires. They also train auxiliary firefight-
ers, maintain firefighting equipment, and advise
higher commanders of fire defense plans. The fire-
fighting units consist of four types of teams. They
may be attached or assigned as required to fixed
strength units or may be organized into service
units (TOE 5-510G). These service units are de-
signed to provide different-size organizations with
firefighting teams, depending on the tactical and
logistical considerations involved. Command and
administrative control are normally provided by
the firefighting headquarters team.
a. Team FA, Firefighting Headquarters.
(1) Capability. Capable of planning for over-
all area fire prevention and firefighting program
and for controlling assigned or attached firefight-
ing teams.
(2) Basis of allocation. Normally one per
three to five firefighting teams (FB and FD) and
one water truck team (FC) .
(3) Strength. Aggregate — 4, as follows:
Number Grade MOS
1 LT 9414
2 E6(NCO)
1 ' E3
(4) Mobility. 100 percent mobile.
(5) Major items of equipment.
Weapons
Individual weapons only.
Vehicles
51M40
70A10
Trailer, cargo,
Truck, cargo,
Truck, utility,
T
Other equipment
Blanket, fire, wool, w/grommets and
rope handle ___________________________ 2
Extinguisher, fire, carbon dioxide, 15 Ib
(6.76 kilograms) ______________________ 2
Extinguisher, fire, dry chemical, 20 Ib
(9.072 kilograms) ____________________ 2
Extinguisher, fire, foam, 2V2 gal (9.46
liters) _______________________________ 2
Firefighting equipment set, repair of
extinguishers and fire hose ____________ 1
Light, warning, vehicular, red, w/blinker
device ________________________________ 2
Repair and refill kit, carbon dioxide fire
extinguisher __________________________ l
Siren, electric motor operated ___________ 2
Telephone set, TA-312/PT _______________ 1
(6) Method of operation. Team leader serves
as the fire marshal of the installation or area of
responsibility. Team members conduct fire pre-
vention inspections and train volunteer personnel
in firefighting operations. In addition to planning
for overall fire defense and commanding firefight-
ing teams, this team maintains and refills fire ex-
tinguishers and makes minor repairs to fire hose.
1-2
3468-73468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
(1) Capability. Capable of providing fire pro-
tection, administering timely and adequate first
aid, and implementing a fire prevention program
for areas housing 5,000 to 10,000 troops, or a
warehouse and open storage area of 100,000
square feet (9290 square meters).
(2) Basis of allocation. One per installation
housing 5,000 to 10,000 troops, or containing
100,000 square feet (9290 square meters) of
warehouse and open storage.
(3) Strength. Aggregate—6, as follows:
Number Grade MOS
1 E-5 (NCO) 51M40
1 E-4 (NCO) 51M40
3 E-4 51M20
1 E-3 51M20
(4) Mobility. 100 percent mobile.
(5) Major items of equipment.
Weapons
Individual weapons only.
Vehicles
Firefighting equipment set, truck
mounted, structural type, overseas,
class 530B or 530C__________________ 1
Other equipment
Blanket, fire, wool, w/grommets and
rope handle ________________________ 2
(6) Method of operation. Team members pro-
vide fire protection for the team's assigned instal-
lation or area by conducting fire prevention
inspections and by fighting fires. See TM 5-225
for radiological decontamination.
c. Team FC, Water Truck.
(1) Capability. Capable of transporting
water for firefighting purposes when not enough
water is available near the fire.
(2) Basis of allocation. One or more per fire-
fighting headquarters (Team FA) as required.
(3) Strength. Aggregate—.2, as follows:
Number
1
1
Grade
E-4
E-3
MOS
51M20
51M20
(4) Mobility. 100 percent mobile.
(5) Mayor items of equipment.
Weapons
Individual weapons only.
Vehicles
Truck, tank, water, 2%-T_______________ 1
Other equipment
No other major items.
(6) Method of operation. Team transports
water for firefighting when sufficient water is not
available. Team members may be used as fire-
fighters.
(1) Capability. Capable of furnishing protec-
tion against grass or brush fires within its as-
signed area of responsibility when augmented
with personnel and additional handtools. Can also
be used to a limited degree to combat structural
fires.
(2) Basis of allocation. One per installation
housing 5,000 to 10,000 troops, or containing
100,000 square feet (9290 square meters) of
warehouse and open storage.
(3) Strength. Aggregate—2, as follows:
Number Grade MOS
1 E-5 (NCO) '51M40
j E-3 51M20
(4)' Mobility. 100 percent mobile.
(5) Major items of equipment.
Weapons
Individual weapons only.
Vehicles
Firefighting equipment set, truck
mounted, brush type, overseas, class
530 B or 530 C__________.....................- . 1
Other equipment
No other major items.
(6) Method of operation. Team members
train personnel of the supported unit in brush
firefighting and supervise them when so engaged.
Additional handtools (axes, mattocks, brush
hooks) must be provided by the supported unit.
1—7. Responsibilities
AR 611-201 lists the duties, skills, and knowl-
edges of the firefighter. Listed below are the pri-
mary responsibilities of the fire protection person-
nel.
a. Fire Chief. The fire chief, under the direction
of the fire marshal, supervises the fire protection
organization, including management of fire sup-
pression and rescue operations, training and pre-
fire planning programs, and maintenance of fire
equipment, systems, and devices; he also monitors
the fire prevention program. He insures that—
(1) Fire vehicles and personnel are in a state
of immediate readiness and availability.
(2) Training and fire prevention programs
are carried out.
(3) Resources are efficiently utilized.
(4) Duty assignments, equipment mainte-
nance, and operational procedures are accom-
plished.
6. Assistant or Deputy Fire Chief. He assists
1-3
3468-83468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
TM 5-315
the fire chief in carrying out his duties and as-
sumes them in his absence.
c. Station Chief. Under the direction of the fire
chief, a designated person acts as the station
chief. Since no position is authorized for his duty,
the person assigned will also perform duty as
crew chief. He supervises all chiefs assigned to
his station. He will—
(1) Implement the policies and regulations of
the base fire protection organization and higher
headquarters.
('2) Respond with his crews to alarms and
emergency calls and insure adequacy of fire sup-
pression and rescue operations.
(3) When first to arrive at the scene of an
emergency, assume command until the arrival of
a senior fire authority.
(4) Supervise and assist in training and in-
structing the crew members and conducting regu-
lar drills to maintain efficiency of firefighting and
rescue operations.
d. Crew Chief. He will—
(1) Supervise operator inspection and main-
tenance of fire vehicles and insure the upkeep and
protection of all fire organization property.
(:2) Insure the safe arrival of his vehicles,
with its full complement of equipment and person-
nel, at the scene of an emergency.
(3) Respond with his crew and equipment to
alarms, fires, common emergencies, vehicle rescue
emergencies, and routine calls, including recipro-
cal movements as directed.
(4) When first to arrive, assume command
until relieved by senior fire authority.
(5) Perform the station chief's duties, dele-
gated to him or dictated by emergency conditions.
e. Firefighters. Each firefighter normally is as-
signed a specific duty related to equipment opera-
tion or firefighting and rescue. All personnel, how-
ever, will be cross-trained and capable of flexible
action in a fire situation and rescue emergency.
Firefighters will—
(1) Keep apparatus, equipment, tools, and
uniforms clean and serviceable.
(2) Respond with the assigned unit to all
alarms and emergency calls.
(3) Extinguish fires and take necessary pre-
cautions to prevent their being rekindled.
(4) Be careful to avoid unnecessary damage
to or loss of department property, or injury to
himself or other personnel.
(5) Watch for and protect at the scene of a
fire all clues or evidence indicating the fire's
cause.
(6) Participate in the fire prevention pro-
gram.
/. Training of Fire Truck Operators. Drivers of
emergency type vehicles must attain the following
minimum test scores:
(1) Emergency judgment test—108.
(2) Road test—90.
(13) Individuals not achieving the above mini-
mum qualifications will have their SF Form 46
and Driver Qualification Record DA Form 348
stamped "Limited License."
(4) Refresher training will be provided an-
nually to assure familiarity with emergency oper-
ational requirements for the type of vehicle
being operated. Specific attention will be given to
the understanding of legal limitations required by
the installation and by local laws.
(5) Any operator of an emergency vehicle
who is involved in an accident will have his per-
mit suspended, pending completion of remedial
driver training.
(6) Any operator of an emergency vehicle
who is involved in an accident and is convicted of
any moving violation will have his permit re-
voked.
(7) Should a requirement exist for the driver
to be retrained and tested for driving other than
emergency vehicles, the driver's permit will be
stamped "Army Limited—Not Valid for Emer-
gency Vehicle."
(8) 'A proper entry will be made on the
Driver Qualification Record (DA Form 348) to
assure that the above information and qualifica-
tions or limitations are known and available to the
motor officer in case of reassignment of the driver
or loss of a permit.
Section III. FACILITIES
1-8. Introduction
Firefighters often spend 24 hours or more on duty
at an assigned locality in order to assure rapid
response to fire alarms. They should be housed in I
suitable living facilities, when available, including
those necessary for comfortable working, sleep-
1-4
3468-93468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
ing, eating, recreation, training, ana study, inade-
quate facilities can greatly lessen the efficiency of
a .fire protection organization. When not on duty,
firefighters are on call (in case of grave emergen-
cies).
1-9. Structural Stations
A structural fire station must be strategically lo-
cated in the area it is expected to protect.
a. Usually it is centrally located so that each
portion of the area will have as much protection
as possible without slighting any other portion.
However, when one portion is "high risk" in com-
parison with the rest of the area, the station's
location will naturally favor the high risk portion.
b. Reasons for considering an area as a "high-
risk" include the speed of ignition of the flamma-
ble materials located there, the propagation possi-
bilities, and the potential amount of loss if fire
occurs. Those portions of an area containing hos-
pitals, technical buildings, barracks, headquarters
buildings, or other buildings in which life and
property loss potential is greatest are necessarily
classified as critical from the standpoint of fire
hazard.
1-10. Crash Stations
The location of the aircraft fire rescue station is
limited to the vicinity of the airfield, but its loca-
tion even within that limitation is of utmost im-
portance. An aircraft fire rescue station must be
centrally located. At the same time it must be so
positioned that there will be an open view of all
aircraft activity—including the flying field, run-
ways, ramp, parking areas, taxi strips, and dis-
persal areas—from the crash station.
1-11. Sleeping Quarters
Sleeping or bunking facilities should enable crew-
men of both aircraft fire rescue and structural
organizations to reach the apparatus floor quickly
and safely. When the alarm sounds during sleep-
ing hours, a firefighter is expected to awaken,
throw back his blanket, spin around and insert
both feet into his boots, stoop and pull up his
pants, run toward the apparatus floor while plac-
ing his suspenders over his shoulders, and finally
mount the truck, ready for action—all in about 15
seconds. He can do this only if the quarters are so
designed that the distance from the sleeping
quarters to the apparatus is as short as possible,
passageways are wide and clear, and the area is
cause delay or injury.
1-12. Dining Facilities
Dining facilities included in the quarters must be
looked upon as a necessity rather than as a com-
fort or a luxury, because those periods of absence
from the fire station for eating greatly reduce the
strength of the organization, even if only a few
persons are absent for a short time.
1-13. Heating and Sanitation
Each structural and crash station should be prop-
erly heated and ventilated.
a. The comfort of personnel will insure that the
men willingly and efficiently perform their inside
duties, which include keeping the equipment in
excellent condition. Training and study periods
are even required of seasoned firefighters to ad-
vance or refresh their technical knowledge. Per-
sonal comfort is a necessity to the man who is
trying to absorb such knowledge, and proper
building temperature is necessary for personal
•comfort.
b. Shower and latrine facilities are essential to
the health, comfort, and cleanliness of all fire pro-
tection personnel. These facilities should be placed
reasonably clase to the apparatus floor. After re-
turning from a fire, the men are frequently wet,
cold, and dirty, and a shower helps to prepare
them rapidly for another possible emergency.
While showering, the men should keep boots and
pants close by so that in case of alarm they can
put them on immediately.
1-14. Training Facilities
For the important purpose of practical training,
which serves as a proving medium for theories
presented in classrooms, a training ground or
area should be provided for fire protection crews.
a. The training ground should be located, if pos-
sible, in a position from which response to any
part of the area may be made in a minimum of
time. Training areas must have a supply of water
ample to replenish the supply on the vehicles.
Trainers and simulated structures should be pro-
vided to enable actual fire ignition, control, and
extinguishment according to the standing opera-
ting procedures.
b. Neither the entire aircraft fire rescue crew
nor the entire structural crew will be out of serv-
ice at any one time while attending the training
1-5
3468-103468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
mediately available at all times.
c. A reading or study room is a great asset
toward maintaining a progressive study or train-
ing schedule. A 16-millimeter projector should be
available from the signal library for showing
training films. A set of technical manuals and or-
ders should be furnished along with any other
lighted, comfortable, and inviting, so as to encour-
age individual study.
d. A storeroom and repair shop, or a combina-
tion of the two, should adjoin the fire station so
that crew members studying apparatus there, or
working there, will not be far from, their duty
stations.
Section IV. DA FORMS, REPORTS AND RECORDS
1-15. Introduction
Fire protection and firefighting operations require
reports and records. These are used for determin-
ing the effectiveness of firefighting and rescue op-
erations; for appraising fire prevention regula-
tions, programs, and training; and for evaluating
fire protection engineering, equipment, and de-
vices. The statistical data enable the organization
to analyze and evaluate its own conditions and
affect it changes to improve its efficiency. 'Reports
are required for any fire incident which involves
death or disabling injury to personnel or damage
to or destruction of any building, structure,
grounds, utility plant or system, installed or
moveable equipment, aircraft, missile, vehicle,
material, supplies, and personal property. Also,
technical investigations are necessary for fire in-
cidents to analyze causes, contributing factors,
and effects; and to determine the effectiveness of
the measures taken or required to be taken to
meet other such emergencies. Records are re-
quired for fire protection equipment systems or
devices that may be peculiar to an installation.
Routine should be made of inspection and haz-
ards.
1-16. Forms
Listed below are forms to be used for inspections
and test of firefighting equipment.
a. DA Form 253, Fire Extinguisher Record
Tag. DA Form 253 is attached to each installed
extinguisher for recording the monthly inspection
and recharging.
b. DA Form 5-1 (Fire Department Individual
Run Report). This form is designated to give in-
formation on responses made by individual fire
units. The form lists information on such matters
as time of alarm reception and response, type of
apparatus dispatched, location and nature of the
emergency (or other type response), equipment
used, and hose line operation.
c. DA Form 5-2 (Fire Report). This form is
designed to furnish information about fire inci-
dents which affect life or real property. It is used
to—
(1) Identify the incident and related opera-
tions.
(2) Provide close estimates of monetary loss
and the damage or destruction of property, mate-
rial, and equipment.
(3) Indicate the loss of life and the extent
and nature of physical injury owing to fire.
(4) Indicate the extent and nature of contin-
gent loss and its effect on the installation mission.
(5) Determine the cause and contributing
factors.
(6) Evaluate and improve fire protection or-
ganization, personnel, equipment, training, and
procedures.
(7) Determine action to be taken to prevent
similar occurrences.
d. DA Form 5-78 (Fire Hose Record). This
form records the inspection, test, and mainte-
nance of all fire hoses, the type of coupling, and
provides a remarks section.
e. DA Form 5-118 (Annual Dry Pipe Valve
Inspection and Tripping Test). This form is pro-
vided to record tripping, cleaning, and resetting
of dry-pipe and deluge valves with their accesso-
ries.
/. DA Form 5-119 (Automatic Sprinkler and
Standpipe Equipment, Inspection and Test). This
form is used for inspection and tests by mainte-
nance personnel. It is completed as the inspection
or test is made for operation of sprinklers, valves,
and fire pumps.
g. DA Form 2404 (Equipment, Inspection and
Maintenance Worksheet). The equipment inspec-
tion and maintenance worksheet is used by all
personnel performing inspections, preventive
maintenance services, diagnostic checkouts, and
1-6
3468-113468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
vides a standard procedure for temporarily re-
cording equipment deficiencies.
1-17. Records and Reports
Records at the installation level will be prepared
by qualified fire prevention personnel and will be
approved by the operating agency commander or
authorized representative. The forms are to be
prepared as authorized in AR 310-1, as applica-
ble, and used to record technical details of opera-
tions and tests for the following reports (For ad-
ditional information, see TM 38-750).
a. Automatic Sprinkler Water-Flow and Low
Air Pressure, Automatic and Manual Fire Alarm
System Report. Complete and permanent records
will be kept of the operation of fire alarm systems
and of inspections, tests, and services performed.
In addition to inspection and test record forms,
impairment tags will be provided for use when
devices are found inoperable and not immediately
repairable.
b. Fire Hazard Inspection Report. This is used
for either the fire inspection notice or fire hazard
inspection report. The procedure to be used can be
determined locally. The main reason for using the
fire inspection notice is to streamline action and
reduce the time required to complete fire inspec-
tion requirements. The establishment of good will
and cooperation between the fire organization and
the activities occupying the structures will reveal
that the majority of fire hazards can be resolved
with this procedure. For situations where the fire
inspection notice does not prove satisfactory, or is
not adequate, the fire hazard inspection report
will be used. Regardless of the procedure followed
all fire hazards or deficiencies discovered during
any inspection which cannot be or are not cor-
rected during the inspection will be recorded. To
insure that all hazards recorded on this form are
corrected quickly, f ollowup by the fire inspector is
necessary. The time allowed to correct the haz-
ing on the potential dangers involved, will be
listed on the form.
c. The Training Timetable. The training timeta-
ble is a simple chart to assist the supervisor^ in
identifying, planning, and scheduling the training
needed by his employees. It is a means of record-
ing the operations each employee can perform, the
operations in which each employee needs to be
trained, and the date when this training should be
started. The chart may vary in form and size,
depending on the purpose, the size of the ^work
force, and even the complexity of the work itself.
It may also be called a training schedule or work
chart and its essential features may be incorpo-
rated in an operations guide, work distribution
chart, or control chart. However, when once pre-
pared, it gives an overall picture of the specific
training to be done in that unit. If the training
timetable is correctly used, it serves the following
purposes:
(1) Aids in identifying, planning, and sched-
uling training,
(2) Checks on the extent to which training is
carried out as planned.
(3) Aids in determining whether there will
be a trained staff as needed to accomplish the
mission.
(4) Aids in assigning workers.
d. Log. Each fire protection organization will
maintain a daily log containing information on
duty personnel assignments, vehicle movements
and mechanical status, response to fire incidents,
emergencies, false alarms, alarms received, alarm
transmissions over automatic manual, sprinkler
systems, special exercises, names of visitors, inju-
ries to personnel, etc. This log may be typed or
prepared by hand on 8 x 10i/^-inch (20.3 by 26.7-
centimeter) bond paper and maintained in a
bound notebook. It will be reviewed and approved
by the senior officer in charge at the close of each
work shift.
Section V. COMMUNICATIONS
1-18. Introduction
The fire protection facilities of an installation
must include an adequate communications system.
This system consists of telephone systems, auto-
matic, manual, and waterflow alarm systems,
two-way radios, and visual and aerial signals.
1-19. Telephone Systems
Facilities for reporting fires on posts, camjps, and
stations have, at most locations, been standard-
ized.
a. Fires may be reported through the installa-
tion telephone system or through a special system
1-3
3468-123468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
TM 5-315
of outside fire reporting telephones installed in
boxes, and connected directly to the alarm board
at the main fire station.
b. External fire-reporting telephones are housed
in metal boxes mounted on poles or external walls
of buildings, and are placed so that one of them
can be reached rapidly and easily from any possi-
ble post location. These boxes are painted red and
usually have a red target light mounted over them
so they will be visible at night.
c. To report a fire over the fire reporting tele-
phone, a person must open the box, lift the tele-
phone receiver, and give the information to the
alarm board operator.
d. In outdoor storage areas where post tele-
phones or fire reporting telephones are widely
scattered, signs should be posted throughout the
area to show where these fire reporting facilities
are located.
1-20. Automatic, Manual, and Waterflow
Alarm Systems
In the following systems, alarms are transmitted
by electrical impulses and recorded on a tape in
the central fire station alarm room.
a. Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Sys-
tems. These systems are installed where it is not
feasible to install automatic sprinkler systems.
Dormitory type combustible buildings with indi-
vidual sleeping rooms should have automatic fire
detection systems.
(1) These automatic fire detection and alarm
systems incorporate some device sensitive to heat,
fire, and smoke. These devices cause an 'electri-
cally operated transmitter to send a coded signal
to the fire station alarm system.
(2) Heat-sensitive devices used in fire detec-
tion systems may be either fixed-temperature or
rate-of-rise thermostats. Fixed-temperature ther-
mostats will actuate the transmitter when a pre-
determined degree of temperature is created by
unusual circumstances. Rate-of-rise thermostats
will actuate the transmitter when a fire or other
source of heat causes the temperature to rise at a
rate faster than normal. The rate-of-rise devices
must be used with fixed-temperature devices.
b. Manual Alarm Systems. 'Manual alarm sys-
tems are usually installed in areas not provided
with sprinkler or automatic fire detection systems.
Watchman service is often provided in these
areas. Manual alarm boxes are located strategi-
cally throughout an area and are usually operated
by opening the box and pulling a lever. (Due to
the different types of boxes, the operation will
vary.) Only a local alarm is normally provided.
Under certain conditions a coded signal may be
sent to the fire station alarm system.
c. Waterflow Alarm Systems. Waterflow alarm
systems are those that transmit a coded .signal to
the fire station alarm system when a ruptured
sprinkler head .causes water to flow through the
pipes of a sprinkler system. Loss of air pressure
in a dry-pipe system will cause a local alarm and
may also transmit coded signals to the fire station
alarm system.
1-21. Fire Department Radios
The provision of two-way radios for structural
fire apparatus is not a substitute for a fire alarm
system because such radios usually are not availa-
ble to post personnel for reporting fires.
a. Radios installed on structural apparatus are
used successfully for issuing detailed and specific
orders to fire crews while they are enroute to the
scene of an emergency and at any other time
when the apparatus is away from the station.
6. Radios are usually installed in the smaller,
faster vehicles, since these trucks are normally
the first to arrive. Upon arrival, auxiliary equip-
ment or additional emergency assistance can be
ordered by radio without delay.
c. The frequency of radio equipment on the
crash rescue apparatus should be the same fre-
quency as the airfield radio tower.
d. Portable radios for firefighters are advanta-
geous. They permit firefighters to engage in var-
ious activities and be available for fire call.
1-22. Radio Terms and Procedures
Several standardized radio terms and procedures
must be understood and used by fire crews.
a. Terms.
(1) "Roger" means "received your message."
(2) "Wilco" means "received your message
and (where applicable) will comply."
(3) "Say again," "I say again," and "That is
correct" are self-explanatory. To correct some-
thing said, the work "Wrong" is used, followed by
the correction.
(4) "Wait," if used by itself, means "I must
pause for a few seconds" and requests the other
station to stand by (refrain from transmitting)
for a period not to exceed 30 seconds.
3468-133468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
^o; ii me pause is to w *«-"**»— %--*-
minute), the expression "Wait out" is used.
(6) To request an even long-er standby pe-
riod, the expression "Wait — Out," is sued m
which the blank is replaced by a numeral indicat-
ing the number of minutes the other station is
requested to stand by.
NOTE
Standby periods usually are requested by
an operator who has to perform a duty
that takes his attention away from the
transmitter/receiver—or who has ^ to
handle communications of higher prior-
ity or greater urgency. When requested
to stand by, a station normally is ex-
pected to remain in this status until ad-
vised or invited to resume transmission.
b. Numbers. To transmit numbers, the follow-
ing standard pronunciation should be used:
Numeral Spoken as
0 __________________________________zero
1 __________________________________wun
2 _______________________________.—-too
3_______________________________,_m»thu-ree
4 ______________________________.___»fo-wcr
5 ______________________________.__ —fl-yiv
6 ________________________________six
7 _____________________________.__..-seven
8 ______________________________--..ate
9 _________________________________niner
c. Letters. When it is necessary to identify a
letter of the alphabet or to spell a word, the new
standard phonetic alphabet should be used:
Word Pronunciation
Letter
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
ALPHA
BRAVO
CHARLIE
DELTA
ECHO
FOXTROT
GOLF
HOTEL
INDIA
JULIET
KILO
LIMA
MIKE
NOVEMBER
OSCAR
PAPA
QUEBEC
ROMEO
SIERRA
TANGO
UNIFORM
VICTOR
WHISKY
XRAY
YANKEE
ZULU
(Al fah)
(Brah voh)
(Char lee)
(Dell tah)
(Eck oh)
(Foks trot)
(Golf)
(Ho tell)
(In dee ah)
(Jew lee ett)
(Key loh)
(Lee mah)
(Mike)
(No verm ber)
(Oss cah)
(Pah pah)
(K\vi beck)
(Row me oh)
(See air ah)
(Tang go)
(You nee form)
(Vik tah)
(Wiss key)
(Ecks ray)
(Yang kee)
(Zoo loo)
For example, phonetic transmission of "Type
0-5" would be made as follows: "I spell: tango—
yankee—papa—echo, zero-fi-yiv."
d. Calling Procedure. To establish communica-
tion with other units make the initial call—
(1) Once communication is established, begin
each message with the truck's identification and
conclude with the proper closing remark. All mes-
sages will end in "over" or "out," whichever is
appropriate. "Over" means "my transmission is
ended; I expect a response." "Out" means "this
conversation is ended, and no response is ex-
pected." "Over" and "out" are never used to-
gether to end a transmission.
(2) Crews should keep radio equipment clean
and protected from the weather. Particular care
must be given to the condition of the battery,
which must be tested frequently and charged
when necessary.
1-23. Hand Signals
Standard throughout the services are the visual
signals between the senior man in charge and the
pump operator at structural fires. These signals
may be given by hand during the day or by flash-
light or lantern during the night. They cover most
of the orders usually transmitted from the senior
man to the pump operator. The pump operator
must be constantly on the alert for signals and
must acknowledge all signals by repeating them.
Standard signals are easily understood since, in
most cases, they suggest the action desired. Sig-
nals should be deliberate, for careless signals may
be misunderstood. If necessary, additional signals
may be developed to fill special needs. However,
they should be distinctly different from standard
signals and should be understood by all concerned.
The standard hand signals are charge line, shut
off water in line, cease operations, increase pres-
sure, and decrease pressure.
a. Charge Line. During the day this signal is
given by raising both arms vertically from the
shoulders, palms to the front, and holding them
stationary until the signal is acknowledged, as
shown in A, figure 1-1. At night it is given by
holding a flashlight or lantern in one hand and
raising the arm vertically above the head. The
beam is directed toward the pump operator and
the light swung horizontally above the head, as
shown in B, figure 1—1.
b. Shut Off Water in Line. This signal is for a
temporary shutdown to allow for line repairs or
1-9
3468-143468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
A— DAY
A--DAY
B — NIGHT
Figure 1-1. Charge line.
B—NIGHT
Figure 1-2. Shut off water in line.
1-10
3468-153468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
discharge valve, but continues to pump and holds
himself ready to open the valve at the proper sig-
water is given by extending both arms downward
at an angle of 45°, crossing them in front of the
body, and swinging them back and forth, as
shown in A, figure 1-2. At night, it is given by
extending one arm downward at an angle of 45°,
directing the beam of the flashlight or lantern
toward the pump operator, and swinging the arm
back and forth in front of the body as shown in B,
figure l-<2.
DAY
A— DAY
B_ NIGHT
Figure 1-3. Cease operations.
B — NIGHT
Figure 1—4- Increase pressure.
1-11
3468-163468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
operation is over, un receiving it, tne operator
disengages the pump, disconnects all lines, and
picks up his equipment. During the day, this sig-
nal is given by describing a circle in front of the
body with an extended arm, as shown in A, figure
1-3. At night, it is given by holding a flashlight or
A-DAY
B—NIGHT
Figure 1-5. Decrease pressure.
uure as ior uayiime, as siiuwii ui JD,
d. Increase Pressure. This signal is given once
for each 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) increase of
pressure required. During the day this signal is
given by extending the armfs horizontally and
sideways from the shoulders and raising them to
a 45° angle, palms up, as shown in A, figure 1-4.
At night it is given by extending one arm horizon-
tally and sideways from the shoulders, holding
a light in the hand with the beam directed toward
the pump operator, and then raising the arm up-
ward 45°, as shown in B, figure 1-4.
e. Decrease Pressure. Each signal indicates a
decrease in pump pressure of 10 pounds per
square inch (0.7 kilograms per square centime-
ter). During the day the signal is given by extend-
ing the arms horizontally from the shoulders and
lowering them to a 45° angle, palms down, as
shown in A, figure 1-5. At night it is given by
extending one arm horizontally from the shoulder,
holding a light in one hand with the beam directed
toward the pump operator, and then lowering the
arm to a 45° angle, as shown in B, figure 1-5.
1—24. Other Characteristics of Alarm Systems
A functional fire alarm system must have the fol-
lowing characteristics.
a. Distribution and quantity of the alarm boxes
must be such that they can be easily and quickly
reached from any possible fire emergency location.
The operation must be so simple that persons
under the strain of excitement are able to report
the location of the fire accurately. Alarms must be
transmitted without interference by nonemer-
gency communications. The system must be able
to operate properly under stress of time and ad-
verse climatic conditions. Alarm systems must
survive fires and other conditions which may tend
to cause a circuit break.
6. The most frequent causes of alarm failures
and inaccurate impulses are the result of falling
poles and trees, faulty wiring involving commer-
cial utilities, impact of motor vehicles, wind, sleet,
snow, electrical storms, sewer explosions, and ex-
cavations which cut or disturb underground
wires. To assure the dependability of the alarm
systems they must be inspected and tested fre-
quently and kept in the optimum operating condi-
tion.
1-12
3468-173468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
CHAPTER 2
CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
Section I. CLOTHING
2-1. Introduction
Protective clothing provides firefighters with
maximum personal safety which enables them to
approach and attack fires and perform rescue op-
erations effectively.
a. For normal fires in buildings or in the open,
involving basic, ordinary combustible materials
(wood, paper, stored materials, etc.), the protec-
tive clothing issued consists of special fireman's
bunker coat and trousers with suspenders, plastic
helmet, rubber boots, and gloves (fig. 2-1). This
clothing, when properly worn, gives reasonable
protection to the wearer against normal exposures
to heat, flames, water, cold, and physical injury
without too much sacrifice of body freedom.
b. For more extreme fire-intensity exposure,
such as to flammable liquids, liquid or solid fuels
and propellants, chemicals, or explosives encoun-
tered in typcial aircraft or missile fires, special
protective clothing must be worn in varying com-
binations with the normal clothing. Such addi-
tional clothing consists of special heat reflective
coat and trouser covers and protective head, face,
and shoulder hoods.
c. All types of protective clothing are intended
to be worn, in various combinations, over and in
conjunction with normal personal work clothing,
depending upon the climatic, work, and fire condi-
tions.
2-2. Normal Protective Clothing
Protective clothing should be put on before leav-
ing the fire station. The following clothing (fig.
2-1) is issued to the firefighter for use in fighting
the normal installation fire:
a. Bunker Coat. This is a %-length -coat of spe-
cial water repellent flame-retardant duck outer
cloth, with water repellent liner and a removable
blanket inner lining. Special snap fasteners pro-
vide a quick-hitch for putting on the coat. The lin-
ing should not be removed except for cleaning.
b. Bunker Trousers. These consist of an over-
trouser of duck cloth and liner, similar to the
bunker coat. The trouser legs are designed for
rapid donning, and to be worn over fireman's
boots. Special waist flap and snap fastening are
provided to facilitate securing in place. Trousers
are generally worn with heavy duty, quick-hitch
suspenders. When not being worn, bunker trou-
sers are normally assembled over boots with sus-
penders arranged to permit donning in a single
movement.
c. Plastic Helmet. This is a special-molded plas-
tic safety helmet with cushioned heat strap to
provide fit and prevent impact head injury. A
chin strap further secures the helmet in place
under arduous work conditions. In some cases, an
additional removable inner liner with ear and
back-of-neck flaps is provided. This helmet pro-
tects against falling debris, contact with obstruc-
tions and, to some degree, against water and mod-
erate heat reflection.
d. Boots. Rubber boots designed particularly for
firemen's use are hip length with a steel safety
toe cap, flexible punctureproof safety insole of
overlapping steel plates, and a heavy corrugated
non-slip, grease resistant outer sole. It protects
the foot against physical injury and may be worn
with equal- comfort in both hot and cold climates,
with variations in socks.
e. Gloves. Standard gloves issued for firemen
consist of conventional leather shells of medium-
duty type, with thumb and fingers. These gloves
may be worn either separately or in various com-
binations with cotton, wool, or other fabric or
rubber- or synthetic coated or impregnated liners
or covers, depending upon personal preferences
and local conditions. The leather gloves, while not
as water-repellent or heat insulative as some
types and combinations, are generally preferred,
2-1
3468-183468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
th<
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i
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chi
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ere
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em
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since they give reasonable protection aim
ble enough not to hinder the performance of fire-
fighting tasks. It is good practice to carry an
extra pair in the pocket of the turnout coat. As-
bestos gloves, unless treated or worn with some
combination of water-repellants, are not recom-
mended because they tend to soak up moisture
and crate severe internal steaming when exposed
to heat.
all types of protective clothing should be checked
for damage from cuts, abrasions, burns, or wear,
Reflective fabrics of coat and trousers are some-
what more likely to be cut and torn, especially
when working close to jagged metal such as dam-
aged aircraft. All items of clothing should be
flushed off after use to remove any residues of
fuels, extinguishing agents, oils, -chemicals, dirt,
\
Figure 2-1. Normal protective clothing.
Figure 2-2. Special protective clothing.
2-2
3468-193468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
CJL OlCSLCilL UJ-i Ij VJJL
be removed by washing with soap or mild deter-
gents, water, and a brush. In come cases, mild
solvents may be used for cleaning. Tumbling,
scrubbing, or abrasive action would be kept to a
minimum, particularly for aluminized reflective
fabrics. Clothing should be thoroughly dried after
cleaning to prevent molding or rotting. Some pro-
tective hood models have a special facepiece glass
which may be removed for cleaning or replace-
ment. The glass is removed by unfastening one
side of the frame and sliding out the glass.
2-3. Special Protective Clothing
Special protective clothing is used to fight fires of
extreme heat, such as oil, missile, and aircraft
fires.
a. Aluminized Covers. These consist of separate
long coat and trouser covers made of special
heat-reflective aluminized cloth, the same material
of which the hood and gloves in figure 2-2 are
made. This material reflects about 90 percent of
all radiant heat when clean. The basic fabric is
primarily of noncombustible yarns (minimum 84
percent glass fiber and asbestos), and is not read-
ily ignitable if subjected to flashbacks or contact
with splashed burning fuel. When worn over nor-
mal bunker coats and trousers, with inner liners
removed, they absorb and pass on to the body only
about 1/1 Oth as much heat as the normal duck
bunker clothing. This combined assembly's weight
is about 30 percent less than that of the standard
bunker clothing with inner liners, and provides
greater freedom of movement, more effective op-
erations, and personal safety. Covers may be
worn over normal arctic type clothing when on
of the coat and trouser covers with other clothing
allow the wearer to approach closer to a hot fire
and stay longer safely without becoming uncom-
fortable. By proper prearrangement of the reflec-
tive covers over bunker coats and trousers, they
can be put on in essentially the same time as
bunker clothing alone.
b. Hood. This is a protective plastic skull case-
ment with a sweatband and braces positioned in
the upper portion. To this is fastened a swiveled
headpiece of thin, hard, lightweight fire-resistant
composition material holding a thick safety, fire-
resistant, and heat-reflective glass facepiece (fig.
2-2). The hood assembly—from the skull base in
the rear and chin level in the front—is draped
with a special asbestos and glass fiber heat- and
fire-resistive cloth which drops to the shoulders
when worn, to protect the otherwise exposed por-
tion of the head, neck, and face. The entire face-
piece-body assembly to the hood, including draped
fabric, may be swung away from the face to the
top of the hood without moving the skull casement
fromi the hood. Before entering the fire or fuel
spill area, wearers should check that the fabric
drape is completely down and overlapping the
coat at the shoulders. Wearers should also vacate
the area and remove the hood or lift the facepiece
when they notice vapor inside the hood.
c. Goggles. If a mask is not worn which will
protect the eyes, shatter resistant goggles should
be worn when working with power tools or hand
tools in pulling, cutting, or striking operations.
Goggles must be of good quality to avoid distorted
vision.
Section II FIRE APPARATUS
2-4. Breathing Apparatus
The body can survive a great deal of external
damage, but if breathing stops death will result in
a short time. By using the proper breathing appa-
ratus the firefighter will be able to enter and work
in many fire atmospheres and carry out rescue
operations or attack a fire at its seat. A person
working with a breathing apparatus must rely to
a great extent on his sense of touch. His vision
will probably be restricted by smoke and dark-
ness, and to a certain extent by the miask face-
piece itself. It is absolutely necessary that a fire-
fighter is thoroughly trained before he attempts to
use breathing apparatus on the fire ground. In
addition, the apparatus used must be of a suitable
type and properly maintained.
a. Rules for Using a Breathing Apparatus.
When working with breathing apparatus, the fol-
lowing rules must be observed.
(1) Use breathing apparatus only when in
good health and physical condition.
(2) Do not use breathing apparatus when ov-
erexerted. Do not use if you have already suffered
from exposure to the unbreathable atmosphere.
(3) Check the operation of the apparatus be-
fore entering the fire area.
(4) Always work in pairs. It is important to
2-3
3468-203468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
a malfunction in the apparatus.
(5) When possible, stay in contact with a
hose line, or use a life line, so escape can be made
quickly if necessary. If you should lose contact
with a hose line, find a wall and follow it to a
window or doorway. To avoid crawling in circles,
feel the flooring. Usually floor boards, seams in
carpeting, or cracks in tile flooring can be located.
Following these will lead you in a straight line to
a wall.
(6) Conserve air; work efficiently and make
every movement count.
(7) Thorough training and practice with the
type of breathing apparatus to be used is abso-
lutely necessary.
(8) Recognize the limitations of the equip-
ment. Under fire conditions you will have to move
slowly as vision is limited. You cannot work as
efficiently with breathing apparatus, but you
might not work at all without it.
(9) Allow sufficient time to get out of the
area in which you are working when the air sup-
ply or the oxygen generating capability of the
apparatus is used up.
b. Breathing Apparatus for General Fire Fight-
ing Use. The compressed air, self-contained de-
mand type breathing apparatus is the only type
apparatus acceptable for use by Army firefighters.
This demand type compressed air apparatus (fig.
2-3) has a tank of compressed air which is car-
ried by the firefighter and supplies air as he needs
it.
c. The Compressed Air, Self-Contained, De-
mand Breathing Apparatus. This breathing appa-
ratus (fig. 2-3) supplies oxygen in the form of
compressed air from a cylinder which is carried
by the firefighter. Its name reflects the fact that
the air from the cylinder is supplied to the wearer
through a demand valve as the wearer inhales.
This valve regulates the flow of air proportionate
to the supply required and reduces the pressure so
that it is supplied to the facepiece at or slightly
above normal atmospheric pressure. A variety of
this apparatus is designed which maintains a
slight positive pressure at all times to insure
against leakage. This apparatus is called a pres-
sure demand breathing apparatus and is similar
in operation to the demand apparatus. Operation
of the demand valve or regulator is fairly simple.
It consists of a large diaphragm which mioves in
and out with the wearer's inhalation and exhala-
tion. As he inhales, pressure on the diaphragm
LOW PRESSURE
AIR HOSE
COMPRESSED
AIR CYLINDER
CYLINDER
VALVE
REGULATOR
HIGH PRESSURE
AIR HOSE
Figure 2-3. The compressed air, self-contained
demand type breathing apparatus.
decreases and permits air to flow from the cylin-
der. The diaphragm permits enough air to flow
from the cylinder to provide air in the facepiece
at or slightly above normal atmospheric pressure.
When inhalation stops, the diaphragm moves in-
ward and stops the flow of air from the cylinder.
An exhalation valve on the facepiece releases ex- j
haled air to the outside atmosphere. A speaking j
diaphragm is also located on the facepiece of most
apparatus now being manufactured to permit
communication without removing the facepiece.
The air cylinder is normally carried on the user's
back. A cylinder containing about 40 cubic feet (1
cubic meter) of air at a pressure of about 2000
pounds per square inch (140 kilograms per square
centimeter), when full, has become standard in
the fire service. It will provide 30 minutes of pro-
tection under test conditions. When used on the
fire ground, conditions will not be exactly the
same as during the tests. The air supply may last
less than 30 minutes, possibly as little as 15 mi-
nutes. Many makes and models of demand breath-
ing apparatus are in use. In all cases, the detailed
instructions provided by the manufacturer should
be followed carefully when using, maintaining,
and repairing the apparatus. The following are
general procedures for using this apparatus.
(1) Inspect the apparatus visually to make
sure that all parts appear to be in good operating
condition.
(2) Check the cylinder pressure gage to be ^
sure the cylinder is fully charged. I
(3) Quickly check all straps to make sure
they are fully extended.
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(4) Check the demand regulator to be sure
the miain line valve is fully open and the bypass
(red) valve is completely closed. The bypass (red)
valve permits air to flow directly to the facepiece
without being governed by the operation of a reg-
ulator. It is used for escape if the regulator fails
to function properly. If it is necessary to use the
bypass valve, first open it slightly and close the
mainline valve. Next, adjust the bypass valve
slowly until just enough air is being supplied to
the facepiece to permit breathing while escape is
made. If the bypass is opened suddenly excessive
air pressure reaching the facepiece may cause it
to lift and destroy the seal, leaving you exposed to
the contaminated atmosphere until the facepiece
can be seated to obtain a proper seal again. If
both hands are not needed to escape, as they
would be in climbing a ladder, it is possible to
gain additional escape timie by opening and clos-
ing the bypass valve as air is needed while you are
escaping.
(5) Turn the cylinder valve to the full open
position. If the mask is so equipped, set the re-
serve lever to start.
(6) Insert the left arm through the harness,
swing the cylinder assenbly on to the back, and
insert the right arm through the harness. It is
important to insert the left arm through first, to
recude the chance of damaging the regulator by
striking it on something as the harness, swings
around while placing the cylinder on your1 back
(fig. 2-4).
(7) Take up on the shoulder straps so that
the cylinder is positioned well up on the back.
(8) Fasten the chest and waist straps.
(9) Grasp the facepiece between the thumbs
and forefinger. Place the chin in the lower part of
the facepiece and pull the strap harness back over
the head. Tighten the straps by pulling straight
back, not out to the side, first the lower two
straps, next the two side straps. Place the hands
on the strap harness and push it back toward the
neck. Again tighten the lower straps, then the
side straps. They should be snug and not too tight.
It should not be necess-ary to tighten the top
strap. Check the fit of the facepiece by placing one
hand over the end of the breathing tube and in-
haling. The facepiece should collapse against the
face.
(10) When ready to enter the structure or
the contaminated area, connect the breathing tube
to the regulator outlet (fig. 2-5).
(11) When the low air pressure warning
device (bell, whistle, or resistance to breathing)
Figure 2-4- Putting on the compressed air,
self-contained demand breathing apparatus.
Figure 2-5. Connecting the breathing tube to
the regulator outlet.
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operates, if the apparatus is so equipped, place the
reserve lever in the reserve position, and retreat
to a safe and breathable atmosphere at once. Somia
air pressure will remain in the cylinder even after
low pressure warning devices have operated and
escape has been made. This should be allowed to
remain, as a positive pressure in the cylinder will
prevent outside air from being forced into the
cylinder as the air pressure of the atmosphere
changes. This "breathing" would let moisture
into the cylinder and could cause rust. Rusting of
the cylinder might result in cylinder failure under
pressure, or the accumulation of carbon monoxide
within the cylinder.
d. Breathing Apparatus for Special Situations.
Rescue work in an extremely confined space, work
in a remote area of a large building which cannot
be reached or withdrawn from in a short time, or
prolonged operations on an elevated platform pre-
sent situations in which special types of breathing
apparatus are useful. One of these special types is
the air line apparatus. It is similar to the demand
breathing apparatus, except that air is supplied
through a long small diameter hose from large
compressed air cylinders which are usually
mounted on the fire truck. Another special type is
the air hose apparatus. It supplies air through a
large diameter hose from a blower or pump lo-
cated outside the unbreathable atmosphere.
Should the blower fail some air can still be ob-
tained through the large diameter hose.
e. Limitations of All Breathing Apparatus
Breathing apparatuses are a means of supplying
air to the firefighter, but other dangers still exist.
In addition to the time limits in which breathing
apparatus functions adequately, the firefighter
may become exposed to intense heat or toxic gas.
Some of the latter can be absorbed through the
skin and produce serious health effects.
2-5. Fire Trucks
Because of the various firefighting problems
common to all Army installations, several types of
fire apparatus (trucks) are provided. These
trucks have pumping capacities ranging from 300
to 750 gallons per minute (gpm) (1135 to 2650
liters per minute). Factors to be considered in
determining apparatus requirements are: loca-
tion, construction, occupancy, property value, ex-
isting safeguards, and availability of outside fire
protection assistance. Current models of struc-
tural firefighting apparatus used by the Army in-
clude class 750A, class 500, and classes 530B and
530C.
a. Class 750A Fire Truck. These trucks are the
largest pumping units authorized.
(1) They are, in general, the same type used
by municipal fire departments. They are mounted
on a 4 x 2 chassis. (The expression "4 x 2" means
that the truck has four axle endings and that two
of them are power driven.)
(2) Water pressure is provided by a mid-
ship-mounted centrifugal type pump, driven by a
special gear train or transfer unit from the vehi-
cle engine. The pump on a class 750A pumper can
supply four 2i/£-inch (6.35-centimeter) hose lines
at the same time under normal operating condi-
tions. The total pump capacity varies with pres-
sure requirements, as follows: 750 gpm (2839 li-
ters per minute) at 150 pounds (68 kilograms)
net pump pressure, 525 gpm (1987 liters per mi-
nute) at 200 pounds (91 kilograms) net pump
pressure, and 375 gpm (1424 liters per minute) at
250 pounds (113 kilograms) net pump pressure.
The booster water tank is mounted in the front
end of the hose body and is permanently con-
nected to the intake side of the pump. Its capacity
is 150 gallons (568 liters).
(3) The hose body can hold from 1,000 to
2,000 feet (305 to 610 meters) of 2i/2-inch (6.35-
centimeter) double jacketed hose. In addition, the
class 750A fire truck carriers 150 feet (46 me-
ters) of 1-inch (2.54-centimeter) booster hose
permanently attached to the discharge side of the
pump. The purpose of the booster tank and the
attached 1-inch (2.54-centimeter) hose is to ena-
ble the firefighting crew to extinguish a small fire
in the fastest way possible before it spreads so
much as to require a lengthy major layout and
loss of considerable time and property. The
booster hose may be carried either on a reel or in
a compartment basket.
(4) On the class 750A fire truck the linemen
and the plugmian can ride in the cab behind the
driver. Ladders and hard suction hoses are in
compartments on top of the side compartments,
all tools and accessories are in closed compart-
ments, all pump controls are in closed compart-
ments, and there is a 40-gallon (152-liter) foam
tank located forward of the water booster tank.
b. Class 500 Fire Truck. The class 500 fire truck
is commonly used at most installations.
(1) It is similar to the class 750A fire truck
except that it is smaller, has less pump capacity,
and all tools and equipment are externally
mounted. The class 500 fire truck has a 4 x 2
chassis and 90 to 100-horsepower engine. It car-
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ship-mounted 500-gpm (1892-liter per
ump, a booster water tank, hose body,
ndard firefighting tools and equipment,
tie centrifugal pump, driven by a trans-
rom the main engine, can supply two
6.35-centimeter) hose lines within its
opacity. It uses a 150-gallon (568-liter)
ik, 750 to 1,000 feet (229 to 305 me-
!/2-inch (6.35-centimeter) hose, and a
'46-meter) 1-inch (2.54-centimeters)
3 hose.
530B Fire Truck. The 530B pumper
2-6) is a 6 x 6, 2i/2-ton (2.28-metric
equipped to combat all classes of fires.
00-gpm (1892-liter per minute) mid-
;ed pump, a 400-gallon (1514-liter)
ter tank, and 40-gallon (152-liter) liq-
ink. It can carry 800 feet (244 meters)
i (3.8-centimeter) hose and 1,200 feet
s) of 2i/2-inch (6.35-centimeter) hose,
'eels each containing 150 feet (46 me-
nch (2.54-centimeter) hose are located
cab. This truck, like all other fire
ussed in this section, has a foam pro-
system for introducing foam into the
targe. As a self-contained general pur-
pose firefighting vehicle, this truck is completely
equipped with portable extinguishers, ladders,
floodlights, flashlights, tools, and other accessories
commonly knows as "removable firefighting equip-
ment." The equipment on this truck, like the
equipment on the class 500, is in the open and
visible. The pump controls are external and the
hosemen ride on the tailboard. See paragraph 1-6
for the different units that miay be used with the
530B.
d. Class 530C Fire Truck. The 530C (fig. 2-7)
is the same as the 530B fire truck, except that the
530C has a turret extinguisher (pump) which
permits extinguishment while the truck is mov-
ing. The 5'30C also has a 750-gpm (2839-liter per
minute) pump instead of the 500-gpm (1892-liter
per mlinute) pump on the 530B.
e. Trailer-Mounted Pumping Unit. The trailer-
mounted pumping unit consists of a two-wheel
trailer carrying a self-contained 500-gpm (1892
liter per minute) centrifugal pump directly con-
nected to a 90- to 110-hp engine, 300 feet (92
meters) of li/2~mch (3.8-centimeter) hose and 500
to 700 feet (152 to 214 meters) of 2i/2-inch (6.35-
centimeter) hose, and the standard firefighting
equipment. The pump does not have a perma-
KQStFt -ffva
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Figure 2-7. 530C fire truck.
nently installed pressure regulator or pressure-re-
lief valve. The pump operator must meet changing
firefighting requirements by manually adjusting
the controls. The pump can supply 21/3-inch
(6.35-centimeter) hose lines at 500 gpm (1892 li-
ters per minute) at 120 pounds (54 kilograms)
net pump pressure, 250 gpm (946 liters per mi-
nute) at 200 pounds (91 kilograms) net pump
pressure, and 167 gpm (632 liters per minute) at
250 pounds (113 kilograms) net pump pressure.
/. Skid-Mounted Pumping Unit. The skid-
mounted pumping unit is a self-contained unit
consisting of a powerplant and a 500-gpm (1892
liter per minute) pump mounted on a single-skid
base. Fire departments may augment the water
supply and pressure on such systems by pumping
from the hydrant through one or two 21/2-inch
(6.35-centimeter) hose lines connected to the fire
department (Siamese) connection of the sprinkler
system.
Section HI. TOOLS, APPLIANCES, AND KNOTS
2-6. Introduction
a. The tools, appliances, and equipmient needed
in firefighting vary greatly according to the situa-
tion. The firefighting tools and appliances dis-
cussed in this section include hoses and hose tools,
ladders, special tools such as axes and pry-bars,
ropes, wrenches, couplings and connections, sal-
vage equipment, and lights. It is most important
that the firefighter be familiar with all the tools
and appliances he may use.
b. In addition to itemizing, identifying, and de-
scribing the types of equipment used, this section
also explains operation, safety procedures, and
preventive maintenance as they apply to each type
of tool and appliance.
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2-7. Hoses
Hose layouts subjected to any degree of high pres-
sure are always a potential source of danger and
may contribute to the failure of an operation.
Accidents and failures caused by discharge lines
can be prevented if firefighters are well trained in
the proper use of hose lines and if complete tests
and inspections of hoses and related equipment
are made periodically.
a. Types. Five types of hose are currently being
used by the Army, some much more widely than
others. The most widely used type is the cotton-
jacket, rubber-lined hose in 2^-inch (6.35-centi-
m\eter) and li/2-mch (3.8-centimeter) sizes. An-
other type used is the rubber-covered, rubber-
lined hose, usually in comparatively smaller di-
mensions, used for finishing lines, booster lines,
and high-pressure hoses. A third type is the rub-
ber-lined, wire-reinforced hose, used in operations
where rigidity is essential. A fourth type is the
unlined linen hose, which is light and pliable but
not immediately watertight. The fifth type is the
polyester hose. This hose is made of light weight
dacron with pin or rocker plug couplings. It comes
in standard 50-foot (15-meter) lengths in 11/2-
inch (3.8-centimeter) and 2i/£-inch (6.35-centime-
ter) diameters.
b. Care of Hose. Hose is so vital to firefighting
operations that its care must be the responsibility
of every firefighter. The following are some of the
causes of hose damage and general precautions in
handling hose.
(1) Dragging the hose along the ground fre-
quently results in cuts, abrasions, punctures, and
damaged couplings, threads, or lugs.
(2) Pulsations in the pump cause the suction
and discharge hose sections to vibrate which
chafes the hose jackets where the hose touches.
Serious hose injury results when these surfaces
are rough or have sharp edges. Hose damage is
most pronounced near the engine. Farther away,
the vibration is absorbed by the elasticity of the
hose.
(3) Vibration may be almost unnoticed, yet it
may weaken the hose so much that it fails in a
relatively short time. To prevent this, chafing
boots must be inserted between the hose and the
ground at the affected points. If chafing boots are
not available, burlap, rope cushions, or any suita-
ble substitute may be used. The chafing boot con-
sists of a pad, usually a portion of salvaged
hose, which is strapped or clamped to the hard or
soft suction hose during pumping operations.
(4) Hose may be damaged by improper oper-
ation at the shutoff nozzle. Closing the nozzle
quickly causes a sudden increase in pressure
which may rupture the hose. If the nozzle is
opened quickly, back pressure will increase 50
percent, and the operator may lose control of the
hose, which may injure personnel in addition to
damaging the hose.
(5) One of the most common causes of hose
injury is the result of vehicles being driven over
hose layouts. Serious damage is less likely when
the hose is charged with pressure. When the hose
is empty or under insufficient pressure, the jacket
may be separated from the lining or the hose may
be ruptured or torn from the coupling. This type
of damage can be prevented by hose bridges (fig.
2-8). Two of them should be built and carried on
the truck at all times. After the hose lines are
laid, the bridges are placed over them at the de-
sired spacing, generally about 4 feet (1.2 meters)
apart. If standard bridges are not available, a
suitable bridge may be set up with materials
found at the scene of the fire. A simple bridge
consists of planks, laid on each side of the hose,
thick enough to keep the wheels from striking the
hose.
(6) When possible, the hose lines should be
stretched on the same side of the road as the fire.
The lines should be laid parallel to the curb, but
not so close to the curb that acid or oil floating
down the gutter may come in contact with the
hose. When a street or areaway must be crossed,
the hose should be laid on the same side of the
street as the hydrant, parallel to the curb and up
to a point opposite the fire, then across the street.
Thus, fire equipment that follows need not travel
Figure 2-8. Hose bridges.
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over the hose unless it is necessary to pass to the
far side of the fire.
(7) Where freezing temperatures are
common, hose is frequently damaged by rough
handling during the winter. When the ho.se is
frozen, the fibers are weakened and the threads
which run lengthwise in the hose are warped. A
break in the hose will be caused if it is not han-
dled carefully. If the hose is frozen to the ground
or street, remove it by carefully chopping away
the ice beneath it. Do not remove the ice which
remains stuck to the hose. Place the hose in the
truck with the least possible bending and forcing
and take it back to the station. After the frozen
hose thaws out, it should be stretched out, washed,
and left to dry.
(8) Firehose should not be dropped because
this may damage the couplings. When possible,
the hose should be carried at the couplings. When
hose is carelessly handled, the exposed threads of
the male coupling may be damaged so much that
efficient connection to the female coupling is im-
possible. The female coupling is easily knocked
out of round, thus making the entire 50-foot (15-
meter) length of hose useless in a layout.
(9) Firehose is frequently and unavoidably
burned at fires. All hose which has been exposed
to fire should be turned in to salvage if extensive
damage is found at a considerable distance from
either of the couplings. When the damage is close
to the coupling, the damaged portion may be cut
off and the coupling replaced.
(10) If hot liquids penetrate the cover of the
hose, the lining is loosened seriously which weak-
ens the hose. Chemical injury cannot always be
prevented, especially at fires at chemical depots
and warehouses. In addition, it is almost impossi-
ble to detect the presence of injurious chemicals
in water that may be flowing from a burning
structure. Many acids, even when diluted, can
stain and destroy the hose jackets. When acid
damage is suspected, each length should be care-
fully examined for brown or powdery spots. The
exposed portions should be washed immediately
and thoroughly with baking soda solution and
then given a pressure test.
(11) Petroleum products such as gasoline,
oils, and greases, upon coming in contact with
hose, cause rapid deterioration of the rubber lin-
ing by dissolving the cement and loosening the
lining from the jacket. When a single hose length
is used after having been exposed to lubrication
products, the lining tears apart and piles up in
one end of the hose. This causes considerable loss
or complete stoppage of waterflow. w
(12) Paint and paint thinner are equally W
harmful to firehose. Consequently, paint should
not be used to mark the hose. A thin applica4-' n
of indelible ink with the aid of a stencil should ue
used. Hose should be cleaned with maid soap and
water solution, followed by a thorough rinse in
clean water and a complete drying process to pre-
vent mildew. Damp or dirty hose should never be
stored. Hose such as the dacron type will not mil-
dew and may be stored wet in warm weather.
G. Maintenance. Improper or incomplete mainte-
nance shortens the life of the hose and may result
in hose failure at a critical time. Hose mainte-
nance is somewhat complicated because hose com-
ponents present entirely dissimilar problems. The
jacket and rubber lining deteriorate with age re-
gardless of whether or not the hose is used. Rub-
ber deterioration can be delayed if the lining is
not allowed to dry rot. If the jacket is kept wet, it
is subject to mildew and fungus which destroys
the fiber. Keeping the rubber moist and the cotton
clean and dry requires frequent handling of the
hose, which makes the couplings more liable to
damage. ^
d. Inspections and Tests. Fabric-jacket, rub-
ber-lined hose must be inspected daily and after
each use.
(1) The after-use inspection includes the re-
moval and inspection of all hose which is wet.
After the fabric jacket is cleaned and visually
inspected, the couplings should be examined for
proper operation and the hose placed on the
drying rack. If there is dirt or dampness in the
hose bed, the remaining hose should be removed
from the truck and replaced with clean, dry hose.
(2) All discharge and suction hoses should be
hydrostatically tested seminannually to determine
whether each section can withstand operating
pressures. Up to six lengths (300 feet (92 me-
ters)) of discharge hose mjay be tested at one
time. One-inch (2.54-centimeter) rubber-covered
hose and iy* (3.8) and 2i/->-inch (6.35-centimeter)
double, cotton-jacket, rubber-lined hose should be
tested at 150 pounds (68 kilograms) of pressure.
Fabric-jacket, rubber-lined iy>- (3.8) and 2i/2-
inch (6.35-centimeter) hose should be hydrostati-
cally tested at 250 pounds (US kilograms) pres- L
sure for 5 minutes. The hard and soft suction hoses •
should be tested at 100 pounds (45 kilograms) of
pressure. The hard suction hose should be vacuum
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tested to an 11-pound (5-kilogram) vacuum on the
pump and the lining examined for detects. All
previously mentioned hose inspection procedures
are repeated together with the hydrostatic tests
on the semiannual inspection.
e. Drying. All hose must be dried before being
stored. The interior of each length must be
drained of all water. Water that remains in the
hose for any length of time tends to remove the
sulfur from the rubber, as shown by a sulfuric
acid solution which can be drained from carelessly
stored hose. Hose-drying racks may be of any size
or general arrangement as long as they have a
reasonable slope to encourage drainage.
/. Storage. Proper storage of unused hose is a
vital part of hose maintenance. To prevent rapid
deterioration, hose should be stored in a clean,
dry, well-ventilated location out of direct sunlight
and away from heating pipes and radiators. Heat
and sunlight cause rubber covers and linings to
become hard and brittle.
g. Replacing Damaged Couplings and Salvaging
Hose. Fire-department personnel are responsible
for replacing damaged hose couplings and for sal-
vaging damaged hose. Damaged hose may be sal-
vaged by cutting out defective portions and recou-
pling the remaining portions. Not less than two-
thirds of a section should be recoupled, although
short lengths may be used occasionally for pur-
poses other than layouts to fires. Couplings should
be removed and replaced as follows:
(1) Place the coupling in a vise and cut
through the expansion ring with a chisel or some
other tool.
(2) Remove the expansion ring, hose, and
rubber gasket.
(3) Cut off the damaged portion of the hose
with a sharp knife and make sure that the end of
the hose is square and smooth.
(4) Place the expansion ring in the coupling.
(5) Fit the expansion ring inside the hose
flush with the hose end.
(6) Insert the hose in the coupling tailpiece.
(7) Make sure the hose is flush with the gas-
ket and the shoulder of the coupling.
(8) Using an expansion tool, expand the ring
until it locks firmly inside the coupling. Several
types of expansion tools are manufactured. The
directions for use and specifications for pressure
are published by each manufacturer. Follow these
h. Hose Records. Complete records of perform-
ance, maintenance, and testing are a basic part of
any maintenance program. The minimum) records
required for firehose are kept by fire-department
administrative personnel.
(1) As each length of hose is received, an
identifying number is stamped on its coupling. At
the same time, a record (DA Form 5-78) is set up
indicating the hose number, type of hose, date
received, and manufacturer (fig. 2-19). There-
after, operating and maintenance data are entered
regularly on this form.
(2) Entries include the date the hose was
tested, test pressures, and remarks on the test;
explanation of any hose failure, the cause and the
date ; date of any recoupling ; and details of other
unusual maintenance. Firehose records are kept
in the fire station where they are available for
immediate reference. In addition, copies of test
reports may be kept in the daily department rec-
ords.
2-8. Hose Couplings
a. Use. Hoses are issued in sections fitted with a
female-threaded coupling at one end and a male-
threaded coupling at the other. Hard-suction
hoses are usually in 10 to 14-foot (3 to 3.8-meter)
lengths. Hose lines may be made any desired
length by coupling individual sections together.
For fire service use, hose couplings must —
(1) Be easily and quickly made up and bro-
ken (connected and disconnected).
(2) Form a watertight connection when
handtight.
(3) Hold securely when hose is dragged or
hoisted.
(4) Withstand damage from dragging and
dropping when coupled.
(5) Be reusable so that damaged portions of
hose, if close enough to an end, can be cut off and
the remaining portion recoupled.
6. Types. Several types are available, the screw
type having a male coupling with external threads
and a swiveling female coupling with internal
threads being most widely used. Couplings should
conform to the National Standard Fire Hose
Thread (NST) for the particular size hose. This
enables hose to be used interchangeably when
different departments work together on the fire
ground. The following are some of the couplings
and connections.
ft \ 7~)/TJ/7i7/5
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3468-283468THE_ARMY_TECHNICAL_MANUAL_TM5-315_FIREFIGHTING_AND_RESCUE_PROCEDURES_IN_THEATERS_OF_OPERATIONS--
TM 5-315
HOSE NUMBER
sue
TTPE
LENGTH
MANUFACTURER
DATE MANUFACTURED
SRANO
DATE RECEIVED
10
GUARANTEED
PRESSURE
NAME OF INSTALLATION
DATE
IN
SERVICE
LOCATION
OR
COMPANY
NO.
TESTED
DATE
PRES-
SURE
DATE
OUT OF
SERV 1 CE
TYPE COUPLING
REMARKS
foe or failure of teut,
reason out of *rc. etc.)
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