Sunday, January 24, 2016

The two, detachment and faith,
seem contradictory, and yet theologians know that everyone of us live parallel existences,
contributing not to the dilemma ofcompulsory choice, but engaging with co-existence as a principle of
rationality. This relativism is something that sociologists have accepted as
compartmentalisation, and the debate goes back in Indian Sociology, atleast, to
the work of M.N. Srinivas and Milton Singer, foregrounded by Robert Redfield
and his classic work on Mexico . It was understood, in the 60s, of the last
century, that when scientists went to the laboratory, they took off their
traditional identities and put on their scientific roles, and nothing was lost. Renny Thomas, in a
recent work has argued that the scientists in India, see no disjunction between their
acceptance of religious beliefs, or the practise of them, as these are cultural
idioms of the society in which they live. (Thomas 2015) Existentially, how do
human beings live in disparate worlds, and come to terms with the many
different codes of culture, without creating schism in themselves?

I ask this question primarily because
co-existence is accompanied by adaptation, but this adaptation is dependent on
a mutual dialogue, which premises the understanding of one another’s vocabulary.The Sociology of Religion has always
foregrounded Comparitive Religion as its most important apparatus. It is not
possible to understand religious behaviour unless one accepts the axiom of the
existence of the religious. Experience is personal, and yet the vocabulary of
believing assures us that there is the component of ritual and myth that
accompany it. This is the essential aspect of the religious. Monks and Nuns
practising transcendence still assure the laity that the text and the rite are
part of the daily apparatus of the believing community. Silence is possible
only to those who have accepted the ultimate space of the transcended, but to reach there, usually
the path taken is of erudition or
revealation, both of which are dependent on visual or and verbal imagery.
Auditory aspects are fundamentally significant where the participants share the
domain of the heard and the experienced, and music is a part of this constantly
changing scenario, using the voice or instruments to codify. Experience is the
opening up of the mind, and religious people know that tourism elaborates the
secular use of the music, architecture, texts, drama and performance of ritual.
Thus, they open up their holiest sights to the viewer without distinction.

The Vashista
Yoga is an important work that offers us insights into the nature of maya
itself. Rather than seeing existence as a delusion, we are called upon to
enquire. The mode of enquiry then foregrounds narratives not only as a source
of spiritual sustenance, for it elaborates upon existence, and the metalanguage
of reconstruction. Because we tell stories, we understand these manifold
worlds. Time too, is enhanced by the co-existence of many worlds. The stories
are told by Vashista to Ram, in order to communicate that boredom is
unnecessary, and our call to duty is profoundly a form of ordering the world.
To understand the world, then, we must allow our imagination freedom. What is
truth is less objectively defined, for this truth is also part of existence as
a dream. What is reality is more elaborately configured. In order to enter the
realm of this discourse, we must suspend belief or disbelief, we must enter the
domain of existence, because words are our only reality, and action is a by
product of words. By understanding words, we may then disseminate them to
others, by listening we may proceed to a higher level of understanding.

Jean Baudrillard in The Mirror of Production argues that

The
logic of representation – of the duplication of it’s object – haunts all rational
discursiveness. Every critical theory is haunted by this surreptitious
religion, this desire bound up with the construction of it’s object, this
negativity subtly haunted by the very form that it negates. (Baudrillard 1975:50,51)

Whether it is the utopia of equality, or
the subservience of the body to evolution, and the mind/soul dichotomy, we are
constantly facing abstraction as the way in which we approach the existence of theoretical
paradigms. Social Science deals with this not as “true” or “false”, but as
representation. The problem asserts itself only when we subscribe to these as
articles of faith. Detachment then becomes the mystic’s zone of arrival at a
goal, as much as that of the Anthropologist’s.

The art of documentation involves questions
of bias as much as it does of suspension of belief. We choose to study
something because we have a prior understanding of some of it’s elements.
Rituals and communities of believers help us to locate ourselves within the
axes of it’s reproduction through narrative or action. Demonstrably, time as
memory and time as action are encoded with in it. Just as space can be
identified with specific moments of history, modified by events, so also
memories are encapsulated within both tradition as well as within the new
orientations to post modernism. This is what makes the present so
kaleidoscopic, since the time element is submerged in the immediacy of an ever
present significance, and the contemporaneous is commonly felt and known.

Vashista replied, “This universe exists in the
infinite consciousness as waves exist in a calm sea; non-different in truth,
but with the potentiality of an apparent difference. The infinite consciousness
is unmanifest though omnipresent- even as the space, though existing everywhere
is unmanifest.”(Swami Venkatesananda 2003:186)

Vashista tells Rama that just as clouds
exist in the sky, so also reflections exist, and as light refracts, so too
consciousness is manifested, and we understand existence through these.
Seasons, time, space, events are all concealed and made apparent through this
prism of consciousness which is eternal. The body is the citadel, and consciousness
realises it’s goals through the body. The self that is enlightened then allows
for the Consciousness which is all embracing to define itself.

The
mind has no existence apart from the infinite consciousness: it did not exist
in the beginning, it will not exist in the end, and so it does not exist now.
One who thinks that it does exist holds sorrow in his hand. He who knows that
world is the self in reality goes beyond that sorrow; this world give him both
joy and liberation. (ibid 186)

In this discourse, the role of maya is
significant, because that which is real appears as the unreal, and the unreal
then, like the waves of the sea, represent the existence of Brahman, self
limited by individualised consciousness. (ibid 190). It is our desires that
bring about birth, for “bondage is the craving for pleasure and its abandonment
is liberation.” (ibid 185)

It is boredom that brings Rama a teacher,
and the teacher tells his father that he, Rama, has been born to defeat Ravana.

Visvamitra
asks that Dasratha should send Rama to him, and the king replies, “O Sage, Rama
is not even sixteen years old, and is therefore not qualified to wagea war. He has not even seen a combat, except
what goes on in the inner apartment of the palace. Command me and my vast army
to accompany you to exterminate the demons. But I cannot part with Rama. Is it
not natural for all living beings to love their young, do not even wise men
engage themselves in extraordinary activities for the love of their children,
and do not people abandon their happiness, their consorts and wealth rather
than their children? No , I cannot partwith Rama.

If it
is the mighty demon Ravan who causes disturbance to your rite, nothing can be
done to help you. Even the gods are powerless against him. Time and again, such
powerful beings are born on this earth; and in time, they leave the stage of
this world. (ibid 7)

For Rama, time is the essential enemy,for it destroys everything. Time creates
multiple universes, it does not come or go, it uses the sun and moon as its
assets, and while creating the year and seasons it remains hidden ( ibid 17)
Krtanta is the end of time, and with niyati, the laws of nature it subsumes
human beings.

What then is the time of the dream? This
becomes the central problem. The dream involves in real time, the sense of
actors and of transcending space, time and the body. The preoccupation that
Ramana Maharshi had with death as a time of dreaming is the real explanation of
existence. We can only imagine the wandering soul, that identifies with the
cosmic Atma, but when it’s endless desiring is to find a home it chooses the
body. Clement Rosset puts it elegantly.

The
recognition of self, which already implies a paradox (since it involves
grasping that which is precisely impossible to grasp, and since ‘taking
control’ of one-self resides paradoxically in renouncing that control) also
necessarily implies an exorcism: it implies exorcising that double that poses
an obstacle to the existence of the unique and demands that the unique be something
other than simply itself and nothing but itself. (
Rosset 2012:60)

While theologies are culture bound, the
perspective of the Self and the Other becomes premised on the codes represented
by each given theology. Secular theologies are in this sense interesting,
because the dictum may be the sacred charter as constructed by citizenry or by
the mores and rules and aphorisms ascribed to a savant. The sacred can be
anything that stands apart from the everyday, mundane, routine activities of
individuals and collectivities as Emile Durkheim pointed out a hundred years
ago. Therefore our charters of human rights are universally important as
signifiers of how war influenced the lives and minds of human beings in the 20th
century.

Thiruvalluvar in the Thirukkural writes
that detachment is a virtue beyond all else. While abiding in the rule of
conduct, the great are those who have abandoned all desire. (Tiruvalluvar
1989:7) Human Rights is one of the key issues that we need to be concerned
with, when we measure the degree of detachment with which we engage with
questions of justice. Do our religious views influence our action? Can we
believe that what we do is a result of our faith, and that this directs us to
act in what may be termed as judicially negative? Some of the most important
questions regarding politics and ethics may be placed here. Should we do things
because we believe that we are religiously motivated, and others maynot ask questions about their right to
believe differently? Clearly, we are placed in situations where the dilemmas we
face in our everyday life, regarding justice or reason are placed in a
strikingly ambiguous location. It is here, that we are called upon to act, not
as representatives of institutions but in terms of collective good. Yet, what
if the people want fascism? Should we presume that what the people want is a
democratic right?

Resistance always creates for us so many of
the spaces by which we rethink our contexts. Faith and Reason are two sides of
the same coin. When Durkheim wrote Moral
Education, he was faced by theDreyfus Case, and the implications it had for all Jews living in France.
Therefore, this work, essentially posed questions about humanism, science,
rationality and rights. The obligations that an individual had, drew from his
or her position in the family, neighbourhood, school and university. The forms
of socialisation were culturally given. How then can religious education be the
hall mark of modernity or post modernity? How can faith be an equalising force
for all? The right to be secular, or agnostic or atheistic is a given in the
Indian Constitution, and we see that both Nehru and Ambedkar were oriented to
Buddhism, in terms of the charter of conduct. This essentially meant that the
dialogue of religions was implicit by the very codes of conduct given in
justice and social interaction, and the right to citizenship. For Durkheim, a “religion
without God” was expressed best in Buddhism, and yet for Indians, the sages
were resplendent in their experience of nature and the oneness that human
beings could experience in their understanding of purusha and Shakti. The
common language of experience was part of the process of refraction and naming,
and Ramana Maharshi was most comforting in the ultimate theology, of “Be As You
Are.” The resilience of religious dialogue was thus placed in the accident of
birth, and the right to conform, or possibly to adapt to another faith, should
one feel the call to do so.

Since Conversion is one of the most
discussed topics in the Indian continent, it is imperative that we look at the
concept of metanoia. This means transformation of the heart, and is perhaps an
experiential concept that goes beyond the statistics of conversion, and the
matrix of forced conversions, ghar wapsi or money motivated conversions. Faith
is something that is essential to the survival of religions, but it cannot be
forced, it has it’s own ambience, and respect for one’s own religion and the
religion of the other is something that is fostered. Many world religions practise
a particular exclusiveness, and from the Human Rights point of view, it can be
very distressful if the other religion is abused. The freedom to worship is
like the freedom to work. Marx devised the concept of Labor as freedom, and
within that non labor appears as the
term by which fishing in the morning, and attending a political meeting in the
evening, is accompanied by a sense of self worth, which could be applied
equally to writing, scavenging and cooking. How do we reconcile this integrated
notion of the body, and the break down of the distinction between manual and
mental labour as a form of non-work, or pleasure. It is the conditioning of the
mind, that allows for freedom.

Play, Freedom, Transparence, for Jean
Baudrillard are still captured within the bourgeoisie ethics. To be freed of
work is to enter the domain of work, but in a different way. Does Feminism
reiterate the right to understanding, concupiscence, tragedy, tedium, weeping
and tears and laughter. The contradictions of existence are now posed in the
work involved, to make the invisible visible.

Work
and non-work: here is a “revolutionary theme”. It is undoubtedly the most
subtle form of the type of binary, structural opposition discussed above. The
end of the end of exploitation by work is this reverse fascination with
non-work, this reverse mirage of free time (forced time-free time, full
time-empty time; another paradigm that fixes the hegemony of a temporal order
which is always merely that of production.)
(Baudrillard 1975:40)

Within this, he discusses the
preoccupations of institutional structures, and how individuals are placed
within the frameworks of rules, labor, death and mortification. We may also
view pilgrimage, and therefore tourism too, as a show of non work, which is essentially
labor magnified. The hardship of non work, of all art forms as liberation is
similarly, creation and energy, which is typified as non work. When the mind
sees an architectural construction, such as a religious site, or a landscape
that has been prefigured by myth, legend and holiness, one presumes that it
will be peaceful and life generative. But, essentially, the emotions that holy
places garner may be of deep discord, or of dissent, or of violence and death.

One of the most interesting works in this
regard is Rodin’s illustrated manuscript on the Churches of France. It was a
diary kept on his travels to obscure villages, and to well known medieval
churches such as Rheims and Chartres. The manuscript was a symbol of the fear
that he experienced that with bombing all this would be lost. Memorabilia of
nostalgia and vivid experiences, we are led into both text and illustration as
if into the double vault of cereberal spaces, and the mnemonics of space and
architecture. Very often, tourism highlights this dual experience of then and
now, as well as the hiding away so necessary for conservation. Where Humayun’s
mortuary remains truly lie, is a secret known to the archaeologist and monument
preserver: the tourist and the pilgrim only know the sarcophagus and the vault
where pigeons are trapped, high above the ground.

It is not just the past which ties us down.
It is the understanding that the present is necrophilia oriented, and that we
are constantly evading the shadow of war. Christoph Wulf suggests that the
great landscapes of destruction, both a result of geological transformations,
including climate change, and man made disasters bring about a momentum to new
forms. How we adapt to change is often a mystery.

Modernity is associated with optimism and the
rights of citizenship. Post modernity is much more complex, because new
enclaves of metropolis and hinterland relations begin to develop. It would seem
that the right to be an individual, and the need to belong to communities begin
to interconnect in different ways. Tradition, orthodoxy, and modern lifestyles
do not necessarily clash, but may embellish one another in contradictoryand interesting ways. When these become
coercive or life threatening, as in the case of dominant caste interlocutors
who appear as wealthy farmers denying human rights to their clan members, and
all the associated freedoms of citizenship and free choice, where then murder
is the consequence (as for love marriages, daughters who rebel etc) the State
and citizen’s groups do intervene. Religon and secularism are then dramatically
posed against one another. The freedom to believe is not to take another’s life.
Khap Panchayats (the conglomerate of male agnates and male elders) are the new
demon in post-modernist India. They take over from constitutional and elected
bodies, placing repressive law as the given moral good, in seemingly
totalitarian perspectives. Like terrorists, who kill others, in order to fulfil
a personal and hegemonic dream traditionalists here too, as in the Khap Panchayats, express their
belief that religion and their
traditional customs, are the total social good. Fundamentalism by any other
name, murder as intent, ‘honour’ as an excuse, drags India back into
segmentalisation and feudalism. Post modernity has to deal with the question of
hierarchy and tradition in a way that modernity did not. New media, both
Television and Internet have played a substantial role inhighlighting the parallel of ‘talibanisation’
of religions other than Islam. Fearing the orthodoxy of other religions, Hindu
elders of Haryana have become a law unto themselves. In a mimicry of feudal
practises, women and men are murdered if they go against the customary laws of
the clan.

Maosits too, have become similarly
totalitarian in an area which politicians admit to being, now, one third of
India. Ideology becomes a total social fact, where there is no manoeuvrability
for the ordinary citizen. He or she is not powerless, and standing by the
constitution, the majority go to vote.Places
like Kannur in Kerala, which have the greatest index of violent feuding in the
country between RSS and Marxists havealso the highest voting indexes (upto70 percent voter turn out in the country). (Visvanathan 2011 :169)

The dialogue of religions asserts itself in
every way in the most compelling circumstances. Part of the acts of forgiveness
comes from the families who have lost their kin to annihilating acts of murder.
The State may take a stand which is relevant to it’s political orientation, but
the political party only occupies the machinery of the State, it is not the
State. The constitutional rights remain the ‘right to believe’ and the ‘right
not to believe’ as equivalent. These are not contestatory. Raimundo Panikker in
the “Mantramanjari” writes that,

Modern
Human is a secular Human, which does not mean that he/she is not religious or
that he/she has lost the sense of the sacred. The statement means only that his/her
religiousness and even any sense of sacredness he/she may possess are both
tinged with a secular attitude. “Secular attitude” means a particular temporal
awareness that invests time with a positive and a real character: the temporal
world is seen as important and the temporal play of Man’s life and human
interactions is taken seriously; the saeculum, the ayus, is in the foreground.
Man can survive on earth, both as a species and as a person, only if he pays
careful attention to everything secular. Otherwise he will be swallowed up by
the machinery of modern society or the
mechanism of cosmic processes. Secular man is the citizen of a temporal world. (Panikkar 1983:18)

It is in this context of the blurring of
culture, that Raimundo Panikkar refers
to the significance of the Vedas, as shruti and smrithi, carrying forward the
poetry of traditions 3000 years old, and signifying the manner in which
translations globalise words in their new contexts.For Panikkar, translations liberate meaning
and make them universal, from secrecy to shared wisdom. The utterance is the
moment when the author is born, by taking away the authorial space of the text
to the existential moment when language allows for new meanings, new contexts,
the universalization of this experience is promised. Implicit is the need “to
purify our relationship with the text and to avoid any kind of idolatory.”
(ibid 12) He says,

Any
one of us is the author of the Vedas when we read, pray and understand them.
Nobody is the author of living words except the one who utters them. The Vedas
are living words, and the word is not an instrument of Man but his supreme form
of expression. What has no author, according to the apaursya insight, is the
relation between the word and it’s meaning or object.The relationship is not an artificial or
extrinsic relation caused by somebody. There is no author to posit the type of
relationship which exists between the word and it’s meaning. To do this, we
would require another relationship and so on ad infinitum. When a word ceases
to be a living word, when it ceases to convey meaning, when it is not a word
for me, it is not Veda, it does not convey real or saving knowledge.(ibid 12,13)

The central focus of this paper thus has
been the dialectic between faith and Human Rights. How can we pursue our right
to be believers, (or as nonbelievers
protect our spaces as atheists or agnostics) and how can we entrust our
societies to the post modern contexts of withdrawal of rights? Migration
histories and climate change show us that we have no choice when it comes to
the extreme situations in which we may find ourselves. This then forces us to
consider our existential situations in terms of age and gender contexts in
which we find ourselves. While ascription has it’s moments of closure, yet
technological changes, and digital resources make our understanding of the
world so much more complex. This adaptability to the modern world, which
simultaneously compresses and expands our world view, is essential. We see the
beauty of the world through digital photographs, just as we submit to it’s
entropy. What could be more heart-breaking? Many of the resolutions modern
individuals make are to safeguarding earth’s resources for future generation.
The dictum that Christ gave, in the Sermon on the Mount, so well known to the
Gandhians was, “The meek shall inherit the Earth.”Within post modern contexts, talking to
plants, and believing that they can hear us, has become an essential scientific
attribute of horticultural and farming technologies, leading to new survival
strategies.

One of the more successful experiments in
practical wisdom, with it’s empirical follow up, has been how Kerala has
ushered in a domestic revolution with regard to growing vegetables and fruits
for the table. Women were trained by the State, in classes organised by their
local Krishi Bhavan. They learned about seedlings, manure, water harvesting,
bee keeping and bio-diversity. Kochi, Ernakulam, Trivandrum, Pallakad, Wynadu
and Kasergode for some reason took to the social movement with great
enthusiasm. Part of it also revolved around the resurgence of the indigenous
cow as a fount of milk and organic manure. The religious undertones of this
movement are not articulated except to communicate the love for mother earth.
The joy of growing things seems completely unanimous. It is not gender
specific, as men and children also participate and share in the momentum of
growing food for the table. Part of how we understand modernity is to engage
with how tradition reinvents itself. When Logan’s Malabar famously recorded how Malayalis lived in their enclaves of
gardens, lagoons and coconut groves, the attempt was to communicate the
resilience of an ancient culture which represented this humility, this
ownership without partisan identity, this ability to renegotiate with cultural
demands made multitongued by varieties of colonialism. Organic farmers, today,
do not give up their spice gardens, or rubber cultivation, they grow payr or beans as nitrogen fixers instead
of chemical fertiliser, and thus protect their vegetable patches.

Similarly, in Ladakh, the farmers have adapted
to climate change by using tarpaulin green houses in the winter months to grow
vegetables in the dry season, watering their produce with water which does not
freeze as it runs in underground pipes. The work of the scientist and
technologist Sonam Wangchuk and his wife Betty Norman is a compelling account
of faith and reason. They have run SECMOL, a school committed to ecological
values, guided by their Buddhist faith. No story could be more enchanting than
that of their committed dream to green the desert. The ice stupa, which is the
formation of an artificial glacier which rises upwards, to melt slowly through
the summer providing water to the fields is a case in point, of how science
depends on team work, and on the detachment that allows failure to be followed
by endless trials, till success is achieved. The mystical moment of Eureka is
surely when the sense of surprise is compounded by reason and intuition coming
together.In Remembering Sir J.C Bose (2009) one of the Editors, V.A Shepherd
quotes Romain Rolland who wrote to J.C
Bose in 1927,“you have wrested from
plants and stones, the key to their enigma….you made us hear their incessant
monologue, that perpetual stream of soul, which flows through all beings from
thehumblest to the highest.” (cited in Sen Gupta, Engineer and Shepherd 2009:107)

Sociologists never attend to the truth
value of sentiments, as much as they do to the fact of representation. Do
plants really hear the people who foster
them and eat them? The scientists of the Krishi Bhavan, insomuch, as they
pushed forward populist agriculture, programmed their trainees to talk to their
plants daily, to water the plants every alternate day, and provide amino acids
on one day a week( I kg sardines in1 kg jaggery, soaked for three weeks produced
an effective distillation, which was to be watered down in a 1/10 of a litre
mix). The farmers say that the pleasure they get from the every day tasks are huge.
A woman with a vegetable patch among her roses and jasmines ran out to her yard,
while I was talking with her, and said,
“I’m going to check on my children.” (Jyan ende kunjukallue nokkan pogua.) What
more can one say about the inter-relatedness of the world, or the nurturing
ethic? In Allapuzha district, fisher women have now started vegetable
gardening, wild spinach and beans are the most successful, they report, growing
on sandy banks. They come into town, to see what the price for a kilogramme of
beans is, because if they have surplus, after the household needs are
completed, and friendly exchange of
produce between neighbours and friends and kin is over, they may sell it in
town.The success of the experiment
depends on the time and ardour that people put into this venture. At Alathur,
inPalakkad district, there is a complex interrelationship between
state agriculture scientists and those who have been chosen to grow seeds for
distribution among farmers. The best farmers are chosen, and they are
monitoredby rural officers to see that
they are growing these seeds without chemical interference from nearby fields.
The seeds are hybrid, but not GMT, and are the outcome of the work of
laboratory scientists who then link up with farmers to proliferate good quality
seeds. The basic assumption is that Malayalees should not be compulsorily tied
up as thoughtless consumers, with chemical produce coming in from Tamil Nadu in
truckloads, through the Coimbatore pass. An award winning vegetable gardener in
Palakkad, Swapna James, says in an interview with me on 6th January
2016, that for three years they have not bought any vegetables, and that they
receive an income of Rs 2000 a week, from the excess which they sell to a
school in Palakkad. It is these successes that allow one to believe that work
as a vocation is indeed a religious experience itself. The intensity of love
that people feel for their work is tied up with the sense that their labor is
accounted for, and that they are wholly absorbed in it. This is the Marxist
theme of “work which is not work”.

Feminists ofcourse, while being hugely
influenced by Marx and Engels, will not support the idea that love by itself is
enough, or that love and responsibility are values which go beyond recognition.
This is one of the most difficult mazes in the right to wages debate, and
whether it is housewifization or any other form of service, women do look for
accountability in terms of the relation between giver and receiver. The gift is
the paramount symbol of that which cannot be subsumed within reciprocal
exchange, but at it’s outset, as Marcel Mauss would argue, needs to be
distinguished from loot and tax. Let me now close the argument by saying that
for Simone Weil, the concept of dhyana or concentration was both religious and
secular, absorbing both prayer and work.