RESILIENT PEOPLE RESILIENT PLANET

Transcription

1 RESILIENT PEOPLE RESILIENT PLANET A Future Worth Choosing THE REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL S HIGH-LEVEL PANEL ON GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY

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3 Resilient people Resilient planet A Future Worth Choosing The report of the UNited nations Secretary-General s High-level Panel on Global Sustainability

4 Electronic copies of this report, including versions in other official languages of the United Nations, are available at ebook and hard copies are available through United Nations Publications at Disclaimer: The members of the Panel endorse the report and generally agree with its findings. The members think that the message of this report is very important. The recommendations and the vision represent the consensus the Panel members reached, but not every view expressed in this report reflects the views of all individual Panel members. Panel members naturally have different perspectives on some issues. If each Panel member had individually attempted to write this report, she or he might have used different terms to express similar points. The Panel members look forward to the report stimulating wide public dialogue and strengthening the common endeavour to promote global sustainable development. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. Suggested citation: United Nations Secretary-General s High-level Panel on Global Sustainability (2012). Resilient People, Resilient Planet: A future worth choosing. New York: United Nations. Design and layout: Bibi Singh and WhatWorks Inc. This report is printed on low-density paper that is chlorine free and meets the Sustainable Forest Initiative guidelines. Both cover and text papers are printed with vegetable-based inks and produced by means of environmentally-compatible technology. New York, N.Y ISBN: eisbn: United Nations Sales No. E.12.I.2 Copyright 2012 United Nations

5 Letter dated 30 January 2012 from the Co-Chairs of the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability addressed to the Secretary-General We have the privilege to submit to you the report of the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability, entitled Resilient People, Resilient Planet: A Future Worth Choosing. We undertook this report during a period of global volatility and uncertainty. Economies are teetering. Inequality is growing. And global temperatures continue to rise. We are testing the capacity of the planet to sustain us. Efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals and other social and economic targets are hampered by both the inability to agree on decisive and coordinated action in national and multilateral forums, and by unmet commitments for financial support. The signposts are clear: we need to change dramatically, beginning with how we think about our relationship to each other, to future generations and to the ecosystems that support us. Our mission as a Panel was to reflect on and formulate a new vision for sustainable growth and prosperity, along with mechanisms for achieving it. With 7 billion of us now inhabiting our planet, it is time to reflect on our current path. Today we stand at a crossroads. Continuing on the same path will put people and our planet at greatly heightened risk. The other path, we believe, provides extraordinary opportunity, but we must be committed and courageous in following it. Changing course will not be easy. But over time, we believe that following a more sustainable path will enhance human well-being, further global justice, strengthen gender equity and preserve the Earth s life-support systems for future generations. Nearly 20 years after the Rio Earth Summit, the challenge and opportunities of sustainable development are more relevant than ever. Today we see with increasing clarity that economic growth, environmental protection and social equity are one and the same agenda: the sustainable development agenda. We cannot make lasting progress in one without progress on all. People are at the centre of our vision of sustainable development. Our report puts forth a series of core recommendations that, if implemented over time, will help lift large swathes of humanity out of dehumanizing poverty; bolster resilience; strengthen global equity, including gender equity; transform how we value goods and services and measure growth; preserve valuable ecosystems; enhance collaboration, coherence and accountability across sectors and institutions; and create a common framework for global sustainability. In the year 2030, a child born this year will come of age. Our recommendations seek to establish for her, and for all children, a world in which a sustainable, inclusive growth provides more for less, for all. Our report is addressed to you, but our recommendations will require commitment and action from citizens across all sectors of society: from Heads of State and Government and local mayors to business executives, scientists, religious leaders, civil society activists and not least, the leaders of the next generation, today s youth. Each of us must be a part of the solution. Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing 1

6 Letter dated 30 January 2012 from the Co-Chairs of the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability addressed to the Secretary-General We recognize the universal aspiration to sustainable development and our recommendations allow for addressing it in the context of diverse national circumstances. Implementation has to build on and go beyond agreements and mutual commitments reached up to now. Our recommendations emanate from our collective personal experience in the public and private arena in government service, in policy-making roles, in the private sector and civil society. Together, our engagement with the issues we have addressed in the report spans several decades On behalf of the Panel, we wish to express our deep appreciation to you, Mr. Secretary-General, for your dedicated support and commitment not only to the Panel, but more fundamentally, to the sustainable development agenda. We are also grateful for the support and suggestions received from officials within the United Nations system, Member State delegations and civil society organizations with whom we consulted widely. We wish to express our gratitude to the Panel members who gave generously of their time, experience, and insights in fulfilling this Panel s mission. The Secretariat also deserves our deep thanks for its tremendous efforts in supporting the work of this Panel. Tarja Halonen Co-Chair Jacob Zuma Co-Chair 2 Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing

8 Acknowledgements The members of the Secretary-General s High-level Panel on Global Sustainability wish to extend their deepest appreciation to the Governments, organizations, institutions, United Nations entities and individuals who provided valuable perspectives, ideas and support throughout the course of the Panel s work. The Panel extends its sincere gratitude for financial contributions received from the Governments of Denmark, Finland, Germany, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates and from the European Commission. In-kind contributions were gratefully received from the Global Green Growth Institute and the Governments of China, Finland, Spain, South Africa, Switzerland and Turkey. The Panel appreciates the support of the Centre for International Governance Innovation and Open Text in providing the platform used to facilitate the Panel s internal communications. The Panel also extends its appreciation to the following entities of the United Nations system for lending their experts and providing substantive support for its work: a. from the United Nations system: the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the International Telecommunication Union, the Global Compact, the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the United Nations Development Programme, the Economic Commission for Africa, the Economic Commission for Europe, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service, the Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, the World Food Programme and the World Bank; b. other organizations and research institutes: the Centre for International Forestry Research, the Centre for International Governance Innovation, the Agricultural Research Centre for International Development, Columbia University, the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change, the Danish Institute for International Studies, the Gates Foundation, the Global Green Growth Institute, the Global Carbon Project, the International Council for Science, the International Energy Agency, the International Institute for Sustainable Development, the International Renewable Energy Agency, the International Trade Union Confederation, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Stockholm Resilience Centre, Tellus Institute, Tsinghua University, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, the World Economic Forum and Yale University. 4 Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing

10 Summary The vision: a future worth choosing A quarter of a century ago, the Brundtland report introduced the concept of sustainable development to the international community as a new paradigm for economic growth, social equality and environmental sustainability. It argued that sustainable development could be achieved by an integrated policy framework embracing all three of those pillars. Since then, the world has gained a deeper understanding of the interconnected challenges we face, and the realization that sustainable development provides the best opportunity for people to choose their future. The High-level Panel on Global Sustainability argues that by making transparent both the cost of action and the cost of inaction, political processes can summon both the arguments and the political will necessary to act for a sustainable future. The long-term vision of the Panel is to eradicate poverty, reduce inequality and make growth inclusive, and production and consumption more sustainable, while combating climate change and respecting a range of other planetary boundaries. In light of this, the report makes a range of recommendations to take forward the Panel s vision for a sustainable planet, a just society and a growing economy. Progress towards SUSTAinable development Sustainable development is not a destination, but a dynamic process of adaptation, learning and action. It is about recognizing, understanding and acting on interconnections above all those between the economy, society and the natural environment. The world is not yet on this path. Progress has been made, but it has been neither fast nor deep enough, and the need for further-reaching action is growing ever more urgent. At the same time, we face increasingly powerful drivers of change, including the impacts of current production and consumption patterns and resource scarcity, innovation, demographic change, changes in the global economy, green growth, growing inequality, changing political dynamics and urbanization. Empowering people to make SUSTAinable Choices The more influence we have in society, the greater our potential impact on the planet and the greater our responsibility to behave sustainably. This is more true than ever today, when globalization and the pressures on our natural resources mean that individual choices can have global consequences. For too many of us, however, the problem is not unsustainable choices, but a lack of choices in the first place. Real choice is only possible once human rights, basic needs, human security and human resilience are assured. Priority areas for action include: Delivering on the fundamentals of development: international commitments to eradicate poverty, promote human rights and human security and advance gender equality Advancing education for sustainable development, including secondary and vocational education, and building of skills to help ensure that all of society can contribute to solutions that address today s challenges and capitalize on opportunities Creating employment opportunities, especially for women and youth, to drive green and sustainable growth Enabling consumers to make sustainable choices and advance responsible behaviour individually and collectively Managing resources and enabling a twenty-first-century green revolution: agriculture, oceans and coastal systems, energy and technology, international cooperation Building resilience through sound safety nets, disaster risk reduction and adaptation planning 6 Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing

11 Summary Working towards a SUSTAinable economy Achieving sustainability requires us to transform the global economy. Tinkering on the margins will not do the job. The current global economic crisis, which has led many to question the performance of existing global economic governance, offers an opportunity for significant reforms. It gives us a chance to shift more decisively towards green growth not just in the financial system, but in the real economy. Policy action is needed in a number of key areas, including: Incorporating social and environmental costs in regulating and pricing of goods and services, as well as addressing market failures Creating an incentive road map that increasingly values long-term sustainable development in investment and financial transactions Increasing finance for sustainable development, including public and private funding and partnerships to mobilize large volumes of new financing Expanding how we measure progress in sustainable development by creating a sustainable development index or set of indicators Strengthening institutional governance To achieve sustainable development, we need to build an effective framework of institutions and decision-making processes at the local, national, regional and global levels. We must overcome the legacy of fragmented institutions established around single-issue silos ; deficits of both leadership and political space; lack of flexibility in adapting to new kinds of challenges and crises; and a frequent failure to anticipate and plan for both challenges and opportunities all of which undermine both policymaking and delivery on the ground. To build better governance, coherence and accountability for sustainable development at the national and global levels, priority areas for action include: Improving coherence at the subnational, national and international levels Creating a set of sustainable development goals Establishing a periodic global sustainable development outlook report that brings together information and assessments currently dispersed across institutions and analyses them in an integrated way Making a new commitment to revitalize and reform the international institutional framework, including considering the creation of a global sustainable development council Conclusion: a call for ACTion Active follow-up is now crucial. The Panel looks to the Secretary-General to implement the recommendations that fall within his authority and to take the full set of recommendations to the United Nations family as a whole. The Panel also looks to the Secretary-General and the United Nations to use the convening power of the Organization to advance the recommendations with other stakeholders in the wider international community, including governments at all levels, international organizations, civil society, the scientific community and the private sector. Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing 7

13 Table of Contents ANNEXES I. List of recommendations II. Members of the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability III. Terms of reference...90 IV. Sherpas and advisers V. Secretariat VI. Meetings, related consultations and events Boxes 1. The global track record on sustainable development A safe operating space for humanity Mobilizing technology and innovation: Masdar Equality means business The need for more sustainable diets Companies step ahead Food-energy venture in Mozambique The Great Barrier Reef: managing natural resources sustainably Public-private partnerships for energy supply and emissions reduction Red Eléctrica smart grid Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act Using rail and vehicle fees in the Alps: towards the sustainable transport of goods The growing use of emissions trading Bolsa Verde Green public procurement strategy of the Republic of Korea Calculations by the High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing (AGF) of innovative finance sources, 2020 estimates Voluntary involvement in sustainability reporting on the Istanbul Stock Exchange Governance for sustainable development in Norway Mechanisms for policy coherence Multi-stakeholder cooperation in the Baltic Sea...70 Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing 9

14 I. The Panel s vision 1. Today our planet and our world are experiencing the best of times, and the worst of times. The world is experiencing unprecedented prosperity, while the planet is under unprecedented stress. Inequality between the world s rich and poor is growing, and more than a billion people still live in poverty. In many countries, there are rising waves of protest reflecting universal aspirations for a more prosperous, just and sustainable world. 2. Every day, millions of choices are made by individuals, businesses and governments. Our common future lies in all those choices. Because of the array of overlapping challenges the world faces, it is more urgent than ever that we take action to embrace the principles of the sustainable development agenda. It is time that genuine global action is taken to enable people, markets and governments to make sustainable choices. 3. The need to integrate the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development so as to achieve sustainability was clearly defined a quarter of a century ago. It is time to make it happen. The opportunities for change are vast. We are not passive, helpless victims of the impersonal, determinist forces of history. And the exciting thing is that we can choose our future. 4. The challenges we face are great, but so too are the new possibilities that appear when we look at old problems with new and fresh eyes. These possibilities include technologies capable of pulling us back from the planetary brink; new markets, new growth and new jobs emanating from game-changing products and services; and new approaches to public and private finance that can truly lift people out of the poverty trap. 5. The truth is that sustainable development is fundamentally a question of people s opportunities to influence their future, claim their rights and voice their concerns. Democratic governance and full respect for human rights are key prerequisites for empowering people to make sustainable choices. The peoples of the world will simply not tolerate continued environmental devastation or the persistent inequality which offends deeply held universal principles of social justice. Citizens will no longer accept governments and corporations breaching their compact with them as custodians of a sustainable future for all. More generally, the long-term vision of the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability is to eradicate poverty, reduce inequality and make growth inclusive, and production and consumption more sustainable, while combating climate change and respecting a range of other planetary boundaries. 10 Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing

15 The Panel s vision international, national and local governance across the world must fully embrace the requirements of a sustainable development future, as must civil society and the private sector. At the same time, local communities must be encouraged to participate actively and consistently in conceptualizing, planning and executing sustainability policies. Central to this is including young people in society, in politics and in the economy. 6. Therefore, the long-term vision of the High-level Panel on Global Sustainability is to eradicate poverty, reduce inequality and make growth inclusive, and production and consumption more sustainable, while combating climate change and respecting a range of other planetary boundaries. This reaffirms the landmark 1987 report by the World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (United Nations document A/42/427, annex), known to all as the Brundtland report. 7. But what, then, is to be done if we are to make a real difference for the world s people and the planet? We must grasp the dimensions of the challenge. We must recognize that the drivers of that challenge include unsustainable lifestyles, production and consumption patterns and the impact of population growth. As the global population grows from 7 billion to almost 9 billion by 2040, and the number of middle-class consumers increases by 3 billion over the next 20 years, the demand for resources will rise exponentially. By 2030, the world will need at least 50 per cent more food, 45 per cent more energy and 30 per cent more water all at a time when environmental boundaries are throwing up new limits to supply. This is true not least for climate change, which affects all aspects of human and planetary health. 8. The current global development model is unsustainable. We can no longer assume that our collective actions will not trigger tipping points as environmental thresholds are breached, risking irreversible damage to both ecosystems and human communities. At the same time, such thresholds should not be used to impose arbitrary growth ceilings on developing countries seeking to lift their people out of poverty. Indeed, if we fail to resolve the sustainable development dilemma, we run the risk of condemning up to 3 billion members of our human family to a life of endemic poverty. Neither of these outcomes is acceptable, and we must find a new way forward. 9. A quarter of a century ago, the Brundtland report introduced the concept of sustainable development to the international community as a new paradigm for economic growth, social equality and environmental sustainability. The report argued that sustainable development could be achieved by an integrated policy framework embracing all three of those pillars. The Brundtland report was right then, and it remains right today. The problem is that, 25 years later, sustainable development remains a generally agreed concept, rather than a day-to-day, on-the-ground, practical reality. The Panel has asked itself why this is the case, and what can now be done to change that. 10. The Panel has concluded that there are two possible answers. They are both correct, and they are interrelated. Sustainable development has undoubtedly suffered from a failure of political will. It is difficult to argue against the principle of sustainable development, but there are few incentives to put it into practice when our policies, politics and institutions disproportionately reward the short term. In other words, the policy dividend is long-term, often intergenerational, but the political challenge is often immediate. Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing 11

16 The Panel s vision 11. There is another answer to this question of why sustainable development has not been put into practice. It is an answer that we argue with real passion: the concept of sustainable development has not yet been incorporated into the mainstream national and international economic policy debate. Most economic decision makers still regard sustainable development as extraneous to their core responsibilities for macroeconomic management and other branches of economic policy. Yet integrating environmental and social issues into economic decisions is vital to success. 12. For too long, economists, social activists and environmental scientists have simply talked past each other almost speaking different languages, or at least different dialects. The time has come to unify the disciplines, to develop a common language for sustainable development that transcends the warring camps; in other words, to bring the sustainable development paradigm into mainstream economics. That way, politicians and policymakers will find it much harder to ignore. the concept of sustainable development has not yet been incorporated into the mainstream national and international economic policy debate Yet integrating environmental and social issues into economic decisions is vital to success. 13. That is why the Panel argues that the international community needs what some have called a new political economy for sustainable development. This means, for example: radically improving the interface between environmental science and policy; recognizing that in certain environmental domains, such as climate change, there is market failure, which requires both regulation and what the economists would recognize as the pricing of environmental externalities, while making explicit the economic, social and environmental costs of action and inaction; recognizing the importance of innovation, new technologies, international cooperation and investments responding to these problems and generating further prosperity; recognizing that an approach should be agreed to quantify the economic cost of sustained social exclusion for example, the cost of excluding women from the workforce; recognizing that private markets alone may be incapable of generating at the scale necessary to bring about a proper response to the food security crisis; and requiring international agencies, national Governments and private corporations to report on their annual sustainable development performance against agreed sustainability measures. We must also recognize that this is a core challenge for politics itself. Unless the political process is equally capable of embracing the sustainable development paradigm, there can be no progress. 14. The scale of investment, innovation, technological development and employment creation required for sustainable development and poverty eradication is beyond the range of the public sector. The Panel therefore argues for using the power of the economy to forge inclusive and sustainable growth and create value beyond narrow concepts of wealth. Markets and entrepreneurship will be a prime 12 Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing

17 The Panel s vision driver of decision-making and economic change. And the Panel lays down a challenge for our Governments and international institutions: to work better together in solving common problems and advancing shared interests. Quantum change is possible when willing actors join hands in forward-looking coalitions and take the lead in contributing to sustainable development. 15. The Panel argues that by embracing a new approach to the political economy of sustainable development, we will bring the sustainable development paradigm from the margins to the mainstream of the global economic debate. Thus, both the cost of action and the cost of inaction will become transparent. Only then will the political process be able to summon both the arguments and the political will necessary to act for a sustainable future. 16. The Panel calls for this new approach to the political economy of sustainable development so as to address the sustainable development challenge in a fresh and operational way. That sustainable development is right is self-evident. Our challenge is to demonstrate that it is also rational and that the cost of inaction far outweighs the cost of action. 17. The Panel s report makes a range of concrete recommendations to take forward our vision for a sustainable planet, a just society and a growing economy: a. It is critical that we embrace a new nexus between food, water and energy rather than treating them in different silos. All three need to be fully integrated, not treated separately if we are to deal with the global food security crisis. It is time to embrace a second green revolution an ever-green revolution that doubles yields but builds on sustainability principles; b. It is time for bold global efforts, including launching a major global scientific initiative, to strengthen the interface between science and policy. We must define, through science, what scientists refer to as planetary boundaries, environmental thresholds and tipping points. Priority should be given to challenges now facing the marine environment and the blue economy ; c. Most goods and services sold today fail to bear the full environmental and social cost of production and consumption. Based on the science, we need to reach consensus, over time, on methodologies to price them properly. Costing environmental externalities could open new opportunities for green growth and green jobs; d. Addressing social exclusion and widening social inequity, too, requires measuring them, costing them and taking responsibility for them. The next step is exploring how we can deal with these critical issues to bring about better outcomes for all; e. Equity needs to be at the forefront. Developing countries need time, as well as financial and technological support, to transition to sustainable development. We must empower all of society especially women, young people, the unemployed and the most vulnerable and weakest sections of society. Properly reaping Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing 13

18 The Panel s vision the demographic dividend calls on us to include young people in society, in politics, in the labour market and in business development; f. Any serious shift towards sustainable development requires gender equality. Half of humankind s collective intelligence and capacity is a resource we must nurture and develop, for the sake of multiple generations to come. The next increment of global growth could well come from the full economic empowerment of women; g. Many argue that if it cannot be measured, it cannot be managed. The international community should measure development beyond gross domestic product (GDP) and develop a new sustainable development index or set of indicators; h. Financing sustainable development requires vast new sources of capital from both private and public sources. It requires both mobilizing more public funds and using global and national capital to leverage global private capital through the development of incentives. Official development assistance will also remain critical for the sustainable development needs of low-income countries; i. Governments at all levels must move from a silo mentality to integrated thinking and policymaking. They must bring sustainable development to the forefront of their agendas and budgets and look at innovative models of international cooperation. Cities and local communities have a major role to play in advancing a real sustainable development agenda on the ground; j. International institutions have a critical role. International governance for sustainable development must be strengthened by using existing institutions more dynamically and by considering the creation of a global sustainable development council and the adoption of sustainable development goals; k. Governments and international organizations should increase the resources allocated to adaptation and disaster risk reduction and integrate resilience planning into their development budgets and strategies; l. Governments, markets and people need to look beyond short-term transactional agendas and shortterm political cycles. Incentives that currently favour short-termism in decision-making should be changed. Sustainable choices often have higher up-front costs than business as usual. They need to become more easily available, affordable and attractive to both poor consumers and low-income countries. 18. This Panel believes it is within the wit and will of our common humanity to choose for the future. This Panel therefore is on the side of hope. All great achievements in human history began as a vision before becoming a reality. The vision for global sustainability, producing both a resilient people and a resilient planet, is no different. 19. In 2030, a child born in 2012 the year our report is published will turn 18. Will we have done enough in the intervening years to give her the sustainable, fair and resilient future that all of our children deserve? This report is an effort to give her an answer. 14 Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing

19 II. Progress towards sustainable development A. efforts to achieve SUSTAinable development 20. Sustainable development was famously defined by Our Common Future the landmark report of the World Commission on Environment and Development published in 1987 as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In this sense, it is not a destination, but a dynamic process of adaptation, learning and action. 21. Importantly, sustainable development is not a synonym for environmental protection. Instead, sustainable development is fundamentally about recognizing, understanding and acting on interconnections above all those between the economy, society and the natural environment. Sustainable development is about seeing the whole picture such as the critical links between food, water, land and energy. And it is about ensuring that our actions today are consistent with where we want to go tomorrow. 22. With this in mind, how far is the world from a sustainable trajectory? How much has really changed since the Brundtland report, or since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, or since the reaffirmation of the Rio principles at the Johannesburg Summit in 2002? As shown in box 1, real progress has been made but the world is still not on the path of sustainable development. Sustainable development is about seeing the whole picture such as the critical links between food, water, land and energy. And it is about ensuring that our actions today are consistent with where we want to go tomorrow. Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing 15

20 BOX 1: THE GLOBAL TRACK RECORD ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The following snapshots of progress or lack of progress, in some cases give an overview of a range of key areas, in each case looking at changes that took place between 1990 and 2010 (or the nearest years for which data are available). Our objective is to illustrate the direction of travel rather than to suggest that any given problem is hopeless or has been solved. Where has there been progress that needs to be built on, and where are we off track? THE OZONE LAYER 50+ YEARS UNTIL OZONE LAYER WILL RECOVER TO PRE-1980 LEVELS Depletion of the Earth s protective layer of stratospheric ozone was one of the defining environmental concerns of the late 1980s, following the discovery of a major ozone hole over the Antarctic. But following the entry into force of the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1989 and a complete phase-out of chlorofluorocarbon production by 1996, the depletion of the ozone layer has slowed markedly. Without the Montreal Protocol, the Earth would have been on track to lose two thirds of its ozone layer by 2065, leading to dramatic increases in skin cancer. Instead, thanks to multilateral action, the ozone layer is recovering steadily and Antarctic ozone is likely to return to pre-1980 levels sometime between 2060 and ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INEQUALITY 75% GLOBAL GDP GROWTH SINCE 1992 BUT INEQUALITY IS STILL HIGH POVERTY ERADICATION 27% WORLD S POPULATION LIVE IN ABSOLUTE POVERTY DOWN FROM 46% IN 1990 From 1992 to 2010, the world s overall GDP grew by 75 per cent and GDP per capita by 40 per cent. In per capita terms, middle-income countries saw the fastest growth in the 2000s, followed by low-income and then high-income countries. Strong economic growth in some developing countries has led to dramatic improvements in the lives of many poor people. However, in absolute terms, the per capita income difference between rich and poor countries has grown continuously. Gross national income per capita (based on purchasing power parity) in high-income countries was about 5 times higher than in middle-income countries in 2010 and about 30 times higher than in low-income countries. Average countrylevel income inequality increased around 20 per cent between 1990 and 2005, despite a surge in the size of the global middle class. The gap between rich and poor has widened in many developed countries in the past 20 years, and the average income of the richest 10 per cent of the population is now about nine times that of the poorest 10 per cent. In 2000, the world s leaders made a promise to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty by 2015 compared with Today, the world is on track to meet that target. In 1990, 46 per cent of the world s population lived in absolute poverty. In 2005, this had fallen to 27 per cent, and is projected to be below 15 per cent in 2015, putting the world comfortably on track to beat the Millennium Development Goal of halving global poverty. In China and India combined, the number of people living in extreme poverty between 1990 and 2005 declined by about 455 million, and an additional 320 million people are expected to join their ranks by In sub-saharan Africa, progress against poverty appears to be accelerating, with poverty now forecast to fall to 36 per cent by 2015 a level approaching, but still significantly above, the Millennium Development Goal target of 29 per cent. 16 Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing

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