The First Lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the president's term of office. Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the nation.[1] Since the early 20th century, the First Lady has been assisted by official staff, now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House. Melania Trump is the current First Lady.

While the title was not in general use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington, the first U.S. President (1789–1797), is considered to be the inaugural First Lady of the United States. During her lifetime, she was often referred to as "Lady Washington".[2]

Since the 1790s, the role of first lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Because first ladies now typically publish their memoirs, which are viewed as potential sources of additional information about their husbands’ administrations, and because the public is interested in these increasingly independent women in their own right, first ladies frequently remain a focus of attention long after their husbands’ terms of office have ended.[1] Additionally, over the years individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors, from fashion to public opinion on policy. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the president usually asks a relative or friend to act as White House hostess.

Dolley Madison was said to be the first President's wife to be referred to as "First Lady" at her funeral in 1849.

The use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as "Lady", "Mrs. President", and "Mrs. Presidentress"; Martha Washington was often referred to as "Lady Washington." One of the earliest uses of the term "First Lady" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the St. Johnsbury Caledonian, the author, "Mrs. Sigourney", discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president, wrote that "The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion".[3]

Dolley Madison was reportedly referred to as "First Lady" in 1849 at her funeral in a eulogy delivered by President Zachary Taylor; however, no written record of this eulogy exists, nor did any of the newspapers of her day refer to her by that title.[4] Sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D.C., social circles. One of the earliest known written examples comes from November 3, 1863, diary entry of William Howard Russell, in which he referred to gossip about "the First Lady in the Land," referring to Mary Todd Lincoln. The title first gained nationwide recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as "the First Lady of the Land" while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes. The frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes' activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, popularized the title further. By the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the title later spread from the United States to other nations.

When Edith Wilson took control of her husband's schedule in 1919 after he had a debilitating stroke, one Republican senator labeled her "the Presidentress who had fulfilled the dream of the suffragettes by changing her title from First Lady to Acting First Man."[5]

The position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society.[6] The role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House.[6] She organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four successive main themes of the first ladyship: as public woman (1900–1929); as political celebrity (1932–1961); as political activist (1964–1977); and as political interloper (1980–2001).[7]

Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital (New York and Philadelphia). This socializing became known as "the Republican Court" and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role.[8] Both Martha Washington and Abigail Adams were treated as if they were "ladies" of the British royal court.[6]

Dolley Madison popularized the First Ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women, by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage, and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the War of 1812. Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every First Lady until Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s.[6] She traveled widely and spoke to many groups, often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president's. She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show.[9]Jacqueline Kennedy led an effort to redecorate and restore the White House.[10]

Many first ladies became significant fashion trendsetters.[6] Some have exercised a degree of political influence by virtue of being an important adviser to the president.[6]

Over the course of the 20th century, it became increasingly common for first ladies to select specific causes to promote, usually ones that are not politically divisive. It is common for the First Lady to hire a staff to support these activities. Lady Bird Johnson pioneered environmental protection and beautification.[11]Pat Nixon encouraged volunteerism and traveled extensively abroad; Betty Ford supported women's rights; Rosalynn Carter aided those with mental disabilities; Nancy Reagan founded the Just Say No drug awareness campaign; Barbara Bush promoted literacy; Hillary Clinton sought to reform the healthcare system in the U.S.; Laura Bush supported women's rights groups, and encouraged childhood literacy.[6]Michelle Obama became identified with supporting military families and tackling childhood obesity;[12] and Melania Trump has stated that she wants to use her position to help children, including prevention of cyberbullying and supporting children whose lives are affected by drugs.[13]

Near the end of her husband's presidency, Clinton became the first First Lady to run for political office. During the campaign, her daughter, Chelsea, took over much of the First Lady's role. Victorious, Clinton served as U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, when she resigned in order to become President Obama's Secretary of State. Clinton was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2016 election, but lost to Donald Trump.

The Office of the First Lady of the United States is accountable to the First Lady for her to carry out her duties as hostess of the White House, and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The First Lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press secretary, White House Social Secretary, Chief Floral Designer, etc. The Office of the First Lady is an entity of the White House Office, a branch of the Executive Office of the President.[14] When First Lady Hillary Clinton decided to pursue a run for Senator of New York, she set aside her duties as first lady[15] and moved to Chappaqua, New York to establish state residency.[16] She resumed her duties as First Lady after winning her senatorial campaign,[17] and retained her duties as both first lady and U.S. Senator for the seventeen-day overlap before Bill Clinton's term came to an end.[18]

Despite the significant responsibilities usually handled by the First Lady, the First Lady does not receive a salary. This has been criticized by both Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama.[19]

Established in 1912, the First Ladies Collection has been one of the most popular attractions at the Smithsonian Institution. The original exhibition opened in 1914 and was one of the first at the Smithsonian to prominently feature women. Originally focused largely on fashion, the exhibition now delves deeper into the contributions of first ladies to the presidency and American society. In 2008, "First Ladies at the Smithsonian" opened at the National Museum of American History as part of its reopening year celebration. That exhibition served as a bridge to the museum's expanded exhibition on first ladies' history that opened on November 19, 2011. "The First Ladies" explores the unofficial but important position of first lady and the ways that different women have shaped the role to make their own contributions to the presidential administrations and the nation. The exhibition features 26 dresses and more than 160 other objects, ranging from those of Martha Washington to Michelle Obama, and includes White House china, personal possessions and other objects from the Smithsonian's unique collection of first ladies' materials.[20]

Some first ladies have garnered attention for their dress and style. Jacqueline Kennedy, for instance, became a global fashion icon: her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and imitated by many young women, and she was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965.[21][22] Michelle Obama has also received significant attention for her fashion choices: style writer Robin Givhan praised her in The Daily Beast, arguing that the First Lady's style has helped to enhance the public image of the office.[23]

1.
List of First Ladies of the United States
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The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The First Lady is not a position, it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president, traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office. She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, the Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, the Chief Floral Designer, and the Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, according to the White House and the National First Ladies Library, there have been 47 First Ladyships. Following Donald Trumps inauguration on January 20,2017, his wife, Melania Trump, became the 47th official First Lady, succeeding Michelle Obama, the first First Lady was Martha Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies, both remarried during their presidential tenures, one woman who was not married to a President is still considered an official First Lady, Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan. The other non-spousal relatives who served as White House hostesses are not recognized by the First Ladies Library, in 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse

2.
Melania Trump
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Melania Trump is the First Lady of the United States, married to President Donald Trump. Born in Slovenia, then part of Yugoslavia, she became a permanent resident of the United States in 2001 and an American citizen in 2006. Prior to marrying Donald Trump, she worked as a model, by 2016 she considered herself a full-time mom. Trump is the second foreign-born First Lady of the United States, following Louisa Adams in 1825. Melanija Knavs was born in Novo Mesto in the southeast of Slovenia and she is a daughter of Amalija and Viktor Knavs, who managed car and motorcycle dealerships for a state-owned vehicle manufacturer. Her father was from the town of Radeče. Her mother came from the village of Raka, and was a patternmaker at the clothing manufacturer Jutranjka in Sevnica. When later working as a model, she changed the Slovene form of her last name Knavs to the German Knauss and she grew up in a modest apartment in a housing block in Sevnica, in Slovenias Lower Sava Valley. She has a sister and an elder half-brother, whom she reportedly has never met, when she was a teenager, the family moved to a two-story house in Sevnica, and as a high school student, she lived in a high-rise apartment in Ljubljana. Melanija attended the Secondary School of Design and Photography in Ljubljana and she declares speaking six languages, English, French, Italian, German, Serbo-Croatian, and her native Slovene. Knauss began modeling at age 5 and started doing commercials at 16, at 18, she signed with a modeling agency in Milan, Italy. She was named runner-up in the 1992 Jana Magazine Look of the Year contest, held in Ljubljana, after attending the University of Ljubljana for one year, she modeled for fashion houses in Milan and Paris, and relocated to New York City in 1996. Her modeling career was associated with Irene Marie Management Group and Donald Trumps Trump Model Management, applying as a model of extraordinary ability, Melania obtained a green card and became a lawful permanent resident in 2001, she gained United States citizenship in 2006. After moving to New York City in 1996, Melania met her future husband and he and Marla Maples had separated in May 1997 and divorced in June 1999. Their relationship gained attention after a 1999 interview on The Howard Stern Show, in 2000 she appeared with Donald while he campaigned for that years Reform Party presidential nomination. Their relationship gained additional publicity after the 2004 launch of Donalds business-oriented reality television show, Donald described their long courtship in 2005, We literally have never had an argument, forget about the word fight. At the reception, Billy Joel serenaded the crowd with Just the Way You Are, the Trumps wedding ceremony and reception were widely covered by the media. Melania wore a $200,000 dress made by John Galliano of the house of Christian Dior, on March 20,2006, Trump gave birth to her only son Barron William Trump. Melania suggested his name, and her husband suggested his first name

3.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S

4.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C

5.
Martha Washington
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Martha Washington was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States, during her lifetime she was often referred to as Lady Washington. Widowed at 25, she had four children with her first husband Daniel Parke Custis, two of her children by Custis survived to young adulthood. She brought great wealth to her marriage to Washington, which enabled him to buy land and she also brought nearly 100 dower slaves for her use during her lifetime, they and their descendants reverted to her first husbands estate at her death and were inherited by his heirs. She and Washington did not have children together but they did rear her two children by Daniel Parke Custis, including son John Jacky Parke Custis, as well as helped both of their extended families. Martha Dandridge was born on June 2,1731 on her parents plantation Chestnut Grove in the British colony, Province of Virginia. She was the oldest daughter of John Dandridge, a Virginia planter and immigrant from England, by his wife Frances Jones, who was of American birth and English, Welsh, and French descent. Martha had three brothers and four sisters, John, William, Bartholomew, Anna Marie Fanny Bassett, Frances Dandridge, Elizabeth Aylet Henley, Marthas father may also have fathered an out-of-wedlock half-brother to Martha named Ralph Dandridge, who was probably white. They had four children together, Daniel, Frances, John, Daniel and Frances died in childhood. The other two children, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis, survived to young adulthood, in all, she was left in custody of some 17,500 acres of land and 300 slaves, apart from other investments and cash. According to her biographist, she ran the five plantations left to her when her first husband died. Martha Dandridge Custis, age 27, and George Washington, age nearly 27, married on January 6,1759, as a man who lived and owned property in the area, Washington likely knew both Martha and Daniel Parke Custis for some time before Daniels death. During March 1758 he visited her twice at White House, the time he came away with either an engagement of marriage or at least her promise to think about his proposal. At the time, she was also being courted by the planter Charles Carter, Washingtons suit was of blue and silver cloth with red trimming and gold knee buckles. The bride wore purple silk shoes with spangled buckles, which are displayed at Mount Vernon. The couple honeymooned at White House for several weeks before setting up house at Washingtons Mount Vernon estate and they appeared to have had a solid marriage. Martha and George Washington had no children together, but they raised Marthas two surviving children and her daughter, nicknamed Patsy, died as a teenager during an epileptic seizure, classed as SUDEP. John Parke Jacky Custis returned from college to comfort his mother, Custis later married and had children, he served as an aide to Washington during the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War

6.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation

7.
East Wing
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The East Wing is a part of the White House Complex. It is a structure east of the White House Executive Residence. The East Wing also includes the entrance, and the East Colonnade. Along the corridor is also the White House theater, also called the Family theater, Social visitors to the White House usually enter through the East Wing. Visitors touring the White House enter through the lobby, where portraits of presidents. They go through the Garden Room and along the East Colonnade and they enter the residence at the ground floor. President Jefferson added colonnaded terraces to the east and west sides of the White House, under Jackson in 1834, running water was piped in from a spring and pumped up into the east terrace in metal tubes. These ran through the walls and protruded into the rooms, controlled by spigots, initially, the water was for washing items, but soon the first bathing rooms were created, in the ground-level east colonnade. Van Buren had shower baths installed here, the East Terrace was removed in 1866. For many years, a greenhouse occupied the east grounds of the White House, the first small East Wing was built during the Theodore Roosevelt renovations, as an entrance for formal and public visitors. This served mainly as an entrance for guests during social gatherings. Its primary feature was the long room with spots for coats and hats of the ladies. The East Wing as it today was added to the White House in 1942 primarily to cover the construction of an underground bunker. Around the same time, Theodore Roosevelts coatroom became the movie theater, later, offices for correspondence, calligraphers and the social secretary were placed in the East Wing. Eleanor Roosevelt employed the first Social Secretary, rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first First Lady to keep her own office in the East Wing. Today, the Social Secretary prepares all of the invitations and written correspondence for every event held at the White House, the White House Web site White House Museum, East Wing, with floorplan and historical images

8.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine

9.
Rosalynn Carter
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Eleanor Rosalynn Carter is the wife of the 39th President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, and served as the First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981. She has for decades been an advocate for numerous causes. She was politically active during her White House years, sitting in on Cabinet and she also served as an envoy abroad, to Latin America in particular. Her brothers were William Jerrold Jerry Smith, an engineer, and Murray Lee Smith and her sister, Lillian Allethea Wall, formerly Smith, is a real estate broker. Rosalynn was named after Rosa, her maternal grandmother, Carter claimed that she and her siblings were unaware that they were in poverty, since even though their family didnt have money, neither did anyone else, so as far as we knew, we were well off. At the center of her familys community were churches and schools, Carter played with boys during her early childhood since no girls on her street were the same age as she. She believed that she would become an architect, since she drew buildings and was interested in airplanes, Rosalynns father died of leukemia when she was 13. She called the loss of her father the conclusion of her childhood, thereafter, she helped her mother raise her younger siblings, as well as assisting in the dressmaking business in order to meet the familys financial obligations. At Plains High School, Rosalynn worked hard to achieve her fathers dream of her going to college, Rosalynn graduated as salutatorian of Plains High School. Soon after, she attended Georgia Southwestern College, but later dropped out, though having aspirations to go beyond Plains, she was forced to attend the college due to lack of money and her obligations to her mother and siblings. Although their families were acquainted, Rosalynn first dated Jimmy Carter in 1945 while he was serving at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis and she developed a crush on him after seeing a picture of him in his Annapolis uniform. As the two were riding in the back of Ruth Carters boyfriends car, Jimmy surprised Rosalynn by kissing her, Rosalynn had previously never allowed a boy to do this on the first date. Rosalynn agreed to marry Jimmy in February 1946 when she went to Annapolis with his parents, the two scheduled their marriage to take place in July, and kept the arrangement secret. Rosalynn resented telling her mother she had chosen to marry instead of continuing her education, on July 7,1946, they married in Plains. The marriage canceled Rosalynns plans to attend Georgia State College for Women, the couple had four children, John William Jack, James Earl Chip III, Donnel Jeffrey Jeff, and Amy Lynn. The first three were born in different parts of the country and away from Georgia, due to Jimmys military duties, during those duties, Rosalynn watched over and enjoyed the independence she had gained from raising the children on her own. However, their relationship faced its first major crisis when she opposed Jimmys resigning to return to Plains in 1953 after he learned his father was dying, after purchasing their first television set, the two became fans of the New York Yankees. They said they never went to bed arguing with each other, in 1953, after her husband left the Navy, Rosalynn helped run the family peanut farm and warehouse business, handling accounting responsibilities

10.
Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland

11.
Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush is the wife of George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She is the mother of George W. Bush, the 43rd President, and Jeb Bush and she served as the Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing, New York and she attended Milton Public School from 1931 to 1937, and Rye Country Day School from 1937-1940. She graduated from Ashley Hall School in Charleston, South Carolina and she met George Herbert Walker Bush at age 16, and the two married in Rye, New York in 1945, while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II. While George was attending Yale University at age 22, Barbara and George were living in New Haven, Connecticut and had their first son, George Walker Bush, on July 6,1946. The Bush family soon moved to Midland, Texas, where their son, Jeb was born in, on February 11,1953, as George Bush entered political life. While First Lady of the United States, Barbara Bush worked to advance the cause of universal literacy, Barbara Pierce was born at Booth Memorial Hospital in Flushing, Queens, in New York City, and raised in the suburban town of Rye, New York. She is the child of Pauline and her husband Marvin Pierce, who later became president of McCall Corporation. Her siblings include Martha Pierce Rafferty, James Pierce, and Scott Pierce and her ancestor Thomas Pierce, Jr. an early New England colonist, was also an ancestor of Franklin Pierce, the 14th president of the United States. She is the cousin, four times removed, of Franklin Pierce. Barbara attended Rye Country Day School from 1931 to 1937 and later boarding school at Ashley Hall in Charleston and she was athletic as a youth and enjoyed swimming, tennis, and bike-riding. Her interest in reading began early in her life, she recalls gathering with her family during the evenings and she met George Herbert Walker Bush, a student at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts at age 16 during a dance while on Christmas vacation. After a year-and-a-half, the two became engaged to be married, just before he went off to World War II as a Navy torpedo bomber pilot and he named three of his planes after her, Barbara, Barbara II, and Barbara III. Over the next 13 years, George and Barbara Bush had six children also they have fourteen grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren and they have twin daughters and two granddaughters. Pauline Robinson Robin Bush died of leukemia at the age of three, john Ellis Jeb Bush married Columba Gallo on 23 February 1974. They have three children and four grandchildren, Neil Mallon Bush married Sharon Smith in 1980 and divorce in April 2003. They have three children and one grandson and he remarried Maria Andrews in 2004. Marvin Pierce Bush married Margaret Molster in 1981, dorothy Doro Bush Koch she married William LeBlond in 1982 and divorce in 1990

12.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima

13.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society

14.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader

15.
Laura Bush
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Laura Lane Welch Bush is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush, and was the First Lady from 2001 to 2009. Bush graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1968 with a degree in education. After attaining her masters degree in science at the University of Texas at Austin. Bush met her husband, George W. Bush, in 1977. The couple had twin daughters in 1981, Bushs political involvement began during her marriage. She campaigned with her husband during his unsuccessful 1978 run for the United States Congress, as First Lady of Texas, Bush implemented many initiatives focused on health, education, and literacy. She became First Lady after her husband was inaugurated as president on January 20,2001, polled by The Gallup Organization as one of the most popular First Ladies, Bush was involved in national and global concerns during her tenure. She continued to advance her trademark interests of education and literacy by establishing the semi-annual National Book Festival in 2001 and she also advanced womens causes through The Heart Truth and Susan G. Komen for the Cure organizations. She represented the United States during her trips, which tended to focus on HIV/AIDS. Laura Lane Welch was born on November 4,1946 in Midland, Texas, Bush is of English, French, and Swiss ancestry. Her father was a builder and later successful real estate developer. Early on, her parents encouraged her to read, leading to what would become her love of reading and she said, I learned at home from my mother. When I was a girl, my mother would read stories to me. I have loved books and going to the library ever since, in the summer, I liked to spend afternoons reading in the library. I enjoyed the Little House on the Prairie and Little Women books, reading gives you enjoyment throughout your life. Bush has also credited her second grade teacher, Charlene Gnagy, on the night of November 6,1963, Laura Welch ran a stop sign and struck another car, resulting in the death of its driver. The victim was her friend and classmate Michael Dutton Douglas. By some accounts, Douglas had been Bushs boyfriend at one time, Bush and her passenger, both 17, were treated for minor injuries

16.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts

17.
Michelle Obama
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Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is an American lawyer and writer who was First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017. She is married to the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama and she subsequently worked as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago and the Vice President for Community and External Affairs of the University of Chicago Medical Center. Barack and Michelle married in 1992 and have two daughters, Obama campaigned for her husbands presidential bid throughout 2007 and 2008, delivering a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. As First Lady, Obama became an icon, a role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition, physical activity. Her mother was a homemaker until Michelle entered high school. The Robinson and Shields families trace their roots to pre-Civil War African Americans in the American South, on her fathers side, she is descended from the Gullah people of South Carolinas Low Country region. Her paternal great-great grandfather, Jim Robinson, was a slave on Friendfield Plantation in South Carolina and her grandfather Fraser Robinson, Jr. built his own house in South Carolina. He and his wife LaVaughn returned to the Low Country after retirement, among her maternal ancestors was her great-great-great-grandmother, Melvinia Shields, a slave on Henry Walls Shields 200-acre farm in Clayton County, Georgia. Melvinias first son, Dolphus T. Shields, was biracial, based on DNA and other evidence, in 2012 researchers said his father was likely 20-year-old Charles Marion Shields, son of her master. Melvinia did not talk to relatives about Dolphus father, Dolphus Shields moved to Birmingham, Alabama after the Civil War, and some of his children migrated to Cleveland, Ohio and Chicago. Her distant ancestry includes Irish and other European roots, in addition, a paternal first cousin once-removed is the African-American Jewish Rabbi Capers Funnye, son of her grandfathers sister. Robinson grew up in a bungalow on Euclid Avenue in Chicagos South Shore community area. Her parents rented an apartment on the second floor from her great-aunt. She was raised in what she describes as a home, with the mother at home. Her elementary school was down the street and they enjoyed playing games such as Monopoly, reading, and frequently saw extended family on both sides. She played piano, learning from her great-aunt who was a piano teacher, the Robinsons attended services at nearby South Shore United Methodist Church. They used to vacation in a cabin in White Cloud. She and her 21-month older brother, Craig, skipped the second grade and her father suffered from multiple sclerosis which had a profound emotional effect on her as she was growing up

18.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year

19.
Dolley Madison
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Dolley Payne Todd Madison was the wife of James Madison, President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was noted for her social graces, which boosted her husband’s popularity as President. In this way, she did much to define the role of the President’s spouse, Dolley Madison also helped to furnish the newly constructed White House. When the British set fire to it in 1814, she was credited with saving the classic portrait of George Washington, in widowhood, she often lived in poverty, partially relieved by the sale of her late husband’s papers. Mary Coles, a Quaker, had married John Payne, a non-Quaker, three years later, he applied and was admitted to the Quaker Monthly Meeting in Hanover County, Virginia, where Coles parents lived, and they reared their children in the Quaker faith. By 1769, the Paynes had returned to Virginia, and young Dolley grew up in comfort at her parents plantation in rural eastern Virginia and became deeply attached to her mothers family. Eventually she had three sisters, Lucy, Anna, and Mary, and four brothers, Walter, William Temple, Isaac, in 1783, following the American Revolutionary War, John Payne emancipated his slaves, as did numerous slaveholders in the Upper South. Some, like Payne, were Quakers, who had long encouraged manumission, others were inspired by revolutionary ideals. From 1782 to 1810, the proportion of blacks to the total black population in Virginia increased from less than one percent to 7.2 percent. Payne moved his family to Philadelphia, where he went into business as a starch merchant, in January 1790, Dolley Payne had married John Todd, a Quaker lawyer in Philadelphia. They quickly had two sons, John Payne and William Temple, after Mary Payne left Philadelphia in 1793, Dolleys sister Anna Payne moved in with them to help with the children. By mid-September 20,000 people had fled the city, at age 25 Dolley Todd was a widow with her young son Payne to support. Dolley Payne Todd and James Madison, who represented Virginia in the U. S. House of Representatives, in May 1794, Burr made the formal introduction between the young widow and Madison, who at 43 was a longstanding bachelor 17 years her senior. A brisk courtship followed, and by August, Dolley accepted his marriage proposal, as he was not a Quaker, she was expelled from the Society of Friends for marrying outside her faith. They were married on September 15,1794, and lived in Philadelphia for the three years. In 1797, after eight years in the House of Representatives, James Madison retired from politics and he returned with his family to Montpelier, the Madison family plantation in Orange County, Virginia. There they expanded the house and settled in, when Thomas Jefferson was elected as the third president of the United States in 1800, he asked Madison to serve as his Secretary of State. Madison accepted and moved Dolley, her son Payne, her sister Anna and they took a large house, as Dolley believed that entertaining would be important in the capital

20.
First Lady
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First Lady is an unofficial title used for the wife or hostess of a non-monarchical head of state or chief executive. The term is used to describe a woman seen to be at the top of her profession or art. Collectively, the President of the United States and his spouse are known as the First Couple and, if they have children, they are usually referred to as the First Family. The term is used, primarily in the U. S. to refer to the spouse of other non-monarchical heads of state. Some other countries have a title, formal or informal, that is or can be translated as first lady, the title is not normally used for the wife of a head of government who is not also head of state. The term in the United States is also used to refer to wives of governors and, less formally, to wives of college and it has even been used in reference to female spouses of men who were chairmen of major corporations. While there has never been a spouse of a U. S. President. First Gentleman is the equivalent of the title in countries where the head of states husband has been a man. The designation First Lady seems to have originated in the United States, in the early days of the United States, there was no generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion. However, the term first lady would not come into use until the late 1800s. Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor President James Buchanan, was the first woman to be called first lady while actually serving in that position. The phrase appeared in Frank Leslies Illustrated Monthly in 1860, when he wrote, The Lady of the White House, and by courtesy, once Harriet Lane was called first lady, the term was applied retrospectively to her predecessors. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when Mary C. Ames wrote an article in the New York City newspaper The Independent describing the inauguration of President Rutherford B and she used the term to describe his wife, Lucy Webb Hayes. The current First Lady of the United States is Melania Trump, the entire family of the head of state may be known familiarly as the First Family. The spouse of the second-in-command may be known as the Second Lady, less frequently, the family would be known as the Second Family. The spouse of the governor of a U. S. state is referred to as the First Lady or First Gentleman of that state

21.
Zachary Taylor
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Zachary Taylor was the 12th President of the United States, serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850. Before his presidency, Taylor was an officer in the United States Army. Taylors status as a hero as a result of his victories in the Mexican-American War won him election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs. His top priority as president was preserving the Union, but he died 16 months into his term, before making any progress on the status of slavery and he remains the only President to come from Louisiana. Taylor was born into a prominent family of planters who migrated westward from Virginia to Kentucky in his youth and he was commissioned as an officer in the U. S. Army in 1808 and made a name for himself as a captain in the War of 1812. He climbed the ranks establishing military forts along the Mississippi River and his success in the Second Seminole War attracted national attention and earned him the nickname Old Rough and Ready. The Mexican–American War broke out in April 1846, in May, Taylor defeated Mexican troops commanded by General Mariano Arista at the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and managed to drive his troops out of Texas. Taylor subsequently led his troops into Mexico, where once again defeated Mexican troops commanded by Pedro de Ampudia at the Battle of Monterrey in September. Defying orders, Taylor moved his troops further south, despite being severely outnumbered, he dealt a crushing blow to Mexican forces under Antonio López de Santa Anna in February 1847 at the Battle of Buena Vista. After this, most of Taylors troops were transferred to the command of Major General Winfield Scott, the Whig Party convinced the reluctant Taylor to lead their ticket in the 1848 presidential election, despite his unclear political beliefs and lack of interest in politics. At the 1848 Whig National Convention, Taylor defeated Scott and former Senator Henry Clay to take the nomination, as president, Taylor kept his distance from Congress and his cabinet, even as partisan tensions threatened to divide the Union. Debate over the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession dominated the political agenda, despite being a Southerner and a slaveholder himself, Taylor did not push for the expansion of slavery, and he sought sectional harmony above all other concerns. To avoid the issue of slavery, he urged settlers in New Mexico and California to bypass the territorial stage and draft constitutions for statehood, Taylor died suddenly of a stomach-related illness in July 1850, with his administration having accomplished little aside from the ratification of the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty. Fillmore served the remainder of Taylors term, Zachary Taylor was born on November 24,1784, on a plantation in Orange County, Virginia, to a prominent family of planters of English ancestry. He is inconclusively believed to have born at the home of his maternal grandfather. He was the third of five surviving sons in his family and had three younger sisters and his mother was Sarah Dabney Taylor. His father, Richard Taylor, had served as a lieutenant colonel in the American Revolution, Taylors second cousin through that line was James Madison, the fourth president. Leaving exhausted lands, his family joined the migration out of Virginia and settled near what developed as Louisville, Kentucky

22.
William Howard Russell
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Sir William Howard Russell CVO was an Irish reporter with The Times, and is considered to have been one of the first modern war correspondents. He spent 22 months covering the Crimean War, including the Siege of Sevastopol and he later covered events during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the American Civil War, the Austro-Prussian War, and the Franco-Prussian War. As a young reporter, Russell reported on a military conflict between Prussian and Danish troops in Denmark in 1850. The Crimean medical care, shelter and protection of all ranks by Mary Seacole was also publicised by Russell and by contemporary journalists. Russell was described by one of the soldiers on the frontlines thus and he is just the sort of chap to get information, particularly out of youngsters. This reputation led to Russells being blacklisted from some circles, including British commander Lord Raglan who advised his officers to refuse to speak with the reporter and his dispatches were hugely significant, for the first time the public could read about the reality of warfare. On 20 September 1854, Russell covered the battle above the Alma River—writing his missive the following day in an account book seized from a Russian corpse and he spent December 1854 in Constantinople on holiday, returning in early 1855. Russell left Crimea in December 1855 to be replaced by the Constantinople correspondent of The Times, in 1856 Russell was sent to Moscow to describe the coronation of Tsar Alexander II and in the following year was sent to India where he witnessed the final re-capture of Lucknow. In 1861 Russell went to Washington, returning to England in 1863, in July 1865 he sailed on the Great Eastern to document the laying of the Atlantic Cable and wrote a book about the voyage with color illustrations by Robert Dudley. He was awarded the title of Commander of the Royal Victorian Order by King Edward VII, Russell later accused fellow war correspondent Nicholas Woods of the Morning Herald of lying in his articles about the war to try to improve his stories. In the 1868 General Election Russell ran unsuccessfully as a Conservative candidate for the borough of Chelsea and he retired as a battlefield correspondent in 1882 and founded the Army and Navy Gazette. Russell was knighted in May 1895, Russell died in 1907 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. His first marriage was to Mary Burrows, of Irish origin, after her death in 1867, he married Countess Antoinette Malvezzi, an Italian. They remained married until his death, Russells dispatches via telegraph from the Crimea remain as his legacy, for the first time he brought the realities of war home to readers. This helped diminish the distance between the front and remote battle fields. Russells war reporting features prominently in Northern Irish poet Ciarán Carsons reconstruction of the Crimean War in Breaking News and his biography was written by the first special correspondent of the Manchester Guardian John Black Atkins

23.
Mary Todd Lincoln
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Mary Ann Todd Lincoln was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865. She dropped the name Ann after her sister, Ann Todd, was born. A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated, after living in the Todd House and finishing school during her teens, she moved to Springfield, Illinois, where she lived with her married sister Elizabeth Edwards. Before she married Abraham Lincoln, Mary was courted by his political opponent Stephen A. Douglas. She and Lincoln had four sons together, only one of whom outlived her and their home of about 17 years still stands at Eighth and Jackson Streets in Springfield, Illinois. She supported her throughout his presidency. She witnessed his fatal shooting when they were together in the Presidents Box at Fords Theatre on Tenth Street in Washington, Mary was involuntarily institutionalized for psychiatric disease ten years after her husbands murder. She also complained of physical symptoms during her adult life. Mary was born in Lexington, Kentucky as the fourth of seven children of Robert Smith Todd, a banker and her family were slaveholders, and Mary was raised in comfort and refinement. When Mary was six, her mother died, two years later, her father married Elizabeth Betsy Humphreys and they had nine children together. Mary had a relationship with her stepmother. From 1832, Mary and her family lived in what is now known as the Mary Todd Lincoln House, Marys paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and immigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, other Todd ancestors came from England. At an early age Mary was sent to Madame Mantelles finishing school and she learned to speak French fluently and studied dance, drama, music, and social graces. By age 20, she was regarded as witty and gregarious, like her family, she was a Whig. Mary began living with her sister Elizabeth Porter Edwards in Springfield, Elizabeth, married to Ninian W. Edwards, son of a former governor, served as Marys guardian. Mary Todd married Abraham Lincoln on November 4,1842, at her sister Elizabeths home in Springfield and she was 23 years old and he was 33 years of age. Their four sons, all born in Springfield, were, Robert Todd Lincoln, -– lawyer, diplomat, businessman

24.
Lucy Webb Hayes
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Lucy Ware Webb Hayes was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Lucy Hayes was the first First Lady to have a college degree and she was also a more egalitarian hostess than previous First Ladies. An advocate for African-Americans both before and after the Civil War, Lucy invited the first African-American professional musician to appear at the White House and she was a Past Grand of Lincoln Rebekah Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, together with her husband, President Rutherford Hayes. Lucy Webb Hayes was born on August 28,1831 in Chillicothe and her parents were Dr. James Webb and Maria Cook. She had two brothers who both became medical doctors. In 1833, Lucys father went to his familys home in Lexington, there was a cholera epidemic happening at the time and James cared for the sick. Soon James became infected with cholera himself and died, friends of Lucys mother advised the family to sell the slaves rather than free them. Maria responded that she would take in washing to earn money before she would sell a slave, marias father, Isaac Cook, was a temperance advocate and he encouraged young Lucy to sign a pledge to abstain from alcohol. In 1844, the Webb family moved to Delaware, Ohio, lucy’s brothers enrolled at Ohio Wesleyan University and although women were not allowed to study at Wesleyan, Lucy was permitted to enroll in the college prep program at the university. A term report signed by the vice-president of Ohio Wesleyan in 1845 noted that her conduct was unexceptionable, several months later Lucy transferred to Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College and she graduated from there in 1850. Lucy was unusually well educated for a lady of her day. While in college, Lucy wrote essays on social and religious issues, One essay was entitled Is Traveling on the Sabbath Consistent with Christian Principles. At her commencement, she read an essay, The Influence of Christianity on National Prosperity. Lucy first met Rutherford B. Hayes at Ohio Wesleyan University, at the time, Lucy was fourteen years old and Rutherford was twenty-three. Rutherfords mother was hopeful that the two would find a connection, but at this point Rutherford considered Lucy not quite old enough to fall in love with, in 1850, Rutherfords older sister Fanny Platt encouraged him to visit with Lucy again. That summer Lucy and Rutherford were members of the wedding party. Rutherford was so taken with Lucy that he gave her the prize that he had found in the wedding cake, in 1851, Rutherford wrote in his diary, I guess I am a great deal in love with L…. Her low sweet voice…her soft rich eyes. Rutherford also praised her intelligence and character, She sees at a glance what others study upon and she is a genuine woman, right from instinct and impulse rather than judgment and reflection

25.
Rutherford B. Hayes
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Rutherford Birchard Hayes was the 19th President of the United States. He became President at the end of the Reconstruction Era of the United States through a complex Compromise of 1877, Hayes, an attorney in Ohio, was city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, he left a political career to join the Union Army as an officer. Hayes was wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain and he earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of brevet major general. After the war, he served in the Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican, Hayes left Congress to run for Governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms, from 1868 to 1872, and then to a third term, from 1876 to 1877. In 1876, Hayes was elected president in one of the most contentious elections in national history and he lost the official popular vote to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden but he won an intensely disputed electoral college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him twenty contested electoral votes. The result was the Compromise of 1877, in which the Democrats acquiesced to Hayess election, Hayes believed in meritocratic government, equal treatment without regard to race. He ordered federal troops to crush the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and he implemented modest civil service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act, which would have put money into circulation and raised nominal prices. His policy toward Western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887, Hayes kept his pledge not to run for re-election, retired to his home in Ohio, and became an advocate of social and educational reform. Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, on October 4,1822, Hayess father, a Vermont storekeeper, took the family to Ohio in 1817. He died ten weeks before Rutherfords birth, Sophia took charge of the family, bringing up Hayes and his sister, Fanny, the only two of their four children to survive to adulthood. She never remarried, Sophias younger brother, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family for a time and he was always close to Hayes and became a father figure to him, contributing to his early education. Through both his father and mother, Hayes was of New England colonial ancestry and his earliest American ancestor emigrated to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625. His mothers ancestors arrived in Vermont at a time. John Noyes, an uncle by marriage, had been his fathers partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress. His first cousin, Mary Jane Noyes Mead, was the mother of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead, John Humphrey Noyes, the founder of the Oneida Community, was also a first cousin. He became a member of the Sons of the American Revolution based on his descent from Daniel Austin, Hayes attended the common schools in Delaware, Ohio, and enrolled in 1836 at the Methodist Norwalk Seminary in Norwalk, Ohio

26.
Edith Wilson
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Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, second wife of U. S. President Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921. She married Woodrow in December 1915, during his first term as President, President Wilson suffered a severe stroke in October 1919. Edith Wilson began to screen all matters of state and decided which were important enough to bring to the bedridden president, in doing so, she de facto ran the executive branch of the government for the remainder of the presidents second term, until March 1921. She was the first First Lady to assume presidential functions, Edith Bolling was born October 15,1872 in Wytheville, Virginia to circuit court judge William Holcombe Bolling and his wife Sarah Sallie Spears. Her birthplace is a building in the Wytheville Historic District. Edith was a descendant of settlers who came to Virginia early in the British colonization of the Americas, rolfes granddaughter, Jane, married Robert Bolling, a wealthy planter and merchant. Ediths great grandmother was a sister to Thomas Jefferson and she was related to Martha Washington. Edith was the seventh of 11 children, two of whom died in infancy, after the Civil War, William Bolling settled on his fathers property in Wytheville, where most of his children were born. The Bollings were staunch supporters of the Confederate States of America, as was often the case with former slaveowners, the Bollings believed their former slaves were content with life on Rose Cottage Plantation and had little desire for freedom. After the Civil War William Bolling turned to the practice of law to support his family, the Bolling household was a large one. In addition to the 9 surviving children, Ediths two grandmothers, several aunts, and some cousins also lived with the Bollings, most of these female relatives had lost their husbands during the war. Edith had little education, but that is not to say she was uneducated. While her sisters were enrolled in schools, she was not. Her paternal grandmother, Anne Wiggington Bolling, played a role in her education. Crippled by a spinal injury, Grandmother Bolling was confined to bed and it was Ediths responsibility to wash her clothing, turn her in bed at night. Grandmother Bolling also taught Edith to read, write, speak a language of French and English, make dresses, crochet, knit. William Bolling read classic English literature aloud to his family at night, hired a tutor to teach Edith, during her childhood, Edith was particularly impressed by the songs and folktales she heard. The Bollings attended church regularly, Edith would be a lifelong devout Episcopalian, when Edith was 15, her father enrolled her at Martha Washington College, a finishing school for girls in Abingdon, Virginia, he chose it for its excellent music program

27.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters

28.
Second Lady of the United States
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The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as Second Lady of the United States, but this title is much less common. The term Second Lady, coined in contrast to the First Lady, the title later fell out of favor, but was revived in the 1980s. The second ladys visibility in the sphere has been a somewhat recent development. Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John C, Calhoun, was a central figure in the Petticoat Affair, a social-political scandal which involved the social ostracism of Secretary of War John H. Eaton and his wife Margaret ONeill Eaton further damaging already-strained relations between Vice President Calhoun and President Andrew Jackson and she challenged performers over their use of profane lyrics and often debated with her critics, such as Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra. Lynne Cheney, wife of Vice President Dick Cheney, championed education reform and she is a particularly outspoken supporter of American history education, having written five bestselling books on this topic for children and their families. She has been involved in various causes, including breast cancer awareness, at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Dr. Jill Biden said, Let me start by thanking you for allowing me to serve as Second Lady of the United States for the past eight years. This was the first time the title was used by an incumbent at a national convention. The term remains an unfamiliar and uncertain one even when it is used, there have been 17 periods of vacancy in the role, the longest of which continued for 16 years between the service of vice presidential spouses Abigail Adams and Ann Gerry. The most recent second lady vacancy was for 132 days in 1974, as of April 2017, there are five living former Second Ladies. The most recent second lady to die was Nelson Rockefellers widow, the most recently serving second lady to die was Walter Mondales wife, Joan Mondale, on February 3,2014. Barbara Bush, wife of George H. W. Jill Biden, – The Official White House site for the Second Lady Wives of Vice Presidents. Archived from the original on September 1,2005, – List of the wives of Vice Presidents Ask Yahoo. – What is the title for the wife of the vice president. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013

29.
Martha Jefferson Randolph
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Martha Jefferson Randolph was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Born at Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia and she married Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. who served as a politician at the federal and state levels and was elected a governor of Virginia. Martha was very close to her father in his old age, Martha Jefferson was born on September 27,1772 at Monticello, her fathers estate in Virginia, which was then British America, to Thomas Jefferson and Martha Wayles Skelton. During her parents ten years of marriage, they had six children, Martha Patsy, Jane, a son who lived for only a few weeks in 1777, Mary Wayles Polly, Lucy Elizabeth, only Martha and Mary survived more than a few years. Martha was tall and slim with angular features and red hair and her paternal grandparents were Peter Jefferson, a planter and surveyor who died when her father was Thirty Three, and Jane Randolph. Jefferson vaguely knew that his grandfather had a place on the Fluvanna River which he called Snowden after a mountain in Wales near which the Jeffersons were supposed to have once lived and her mother was the only child and daughter of John Wayles and his first wife, Martha Eppes. Her maternal grandfather died in 1773, and her parents inherited 135 slaves,11,000 acres, the debts took her father years to satisfy, contributing to his financial problems. Her mother died on September 6,1782, four months after the birth of the Jeffersons last child and she later wrote that about this period, stating in those melancholy rambles I was his constant companion, a solitary witness to many a violent burst of grief. Her mother asked her father to never again, and he never did. Her request has been attributed to protective feelings for her children, from age 12 to 17, after her mothers death, she lived in Paris with her father while he served as U. S. Jefferson enrolled her at the Pentemont Abbey, a convent school. After Patsy expressed a desire to convert to Catholicism and said she was considering religious orders, in 1790 at the age of 18, Martha married Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. a planter. Soon after their marriage, her father, Thomas Jefferson, deeded eight slaves from Monticello as a gift, including Molly Hemings. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, who married Jane Hollins Nicholas, ellen Wayles Randolph, who was named after deceased sister, and was married to Joseph Coolidge Cornelia Jefferson Randolph. Virginia Jefferson Randolph, who married Nicholas Philip Trist, James Madison Randolph, who was the first child born in the White House. Benjamin Franklin Randolph, who married Sally Champe Carter, meriwether Lewis Randolph, who married Elizabeth Martin. After his death, Martin remarried to Andrew Jackson Donelson, a nephew of President Andrew Jackson, septimia Anne Randolph, who married Dr. David Scott Meikleham. George Wythe Randolph, who briefly in 1862 was Secretary of War of the Confederate States of America, Martha Randolph educated her children at home, likely with the help of private tutors, as most planters did

30.
Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
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The presidency of Thomas Jefferson began on March 4,1801, when he was inaugurated as the 3rd President of the United States, and ended on March 4,1809. Jefferson assumed the office after defeating incumbent President John Adams in the 1800 presidential election and it also exposed a serious flaw in the original procedure established in the Constitution of the United States for electing the president and vice president. Under it, members of the Electoral College were authorized to vote for two names for president, the candidate with the most electoral votes would become president and the candidate with the second most would become vice president. In the 1800 election however, Jefferson and Aaron Burr received the number of votes. The election was then put into the hands of the outgoing House of Representatives, in domestic affairs Jefferson sought to put the principles of republicanism into action. He succeeded in limiting the size of government by reducing taxes, the wars effects reached throughout the Atlantic. He also called for the Lewis and Clark expedition, Jefferson rejected war and instead used economic threats and embargoes that hurt the U. S. more than Britain. With unrest in the Northeast escalating, the embargo was dropped as Jefferson left office, in 1806, he denounced the international slave trade as a violation of human rights and called upon Congress to criminalize it. Congress responded by approving the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves the following year, Jefferson is usually ranked by historians in the top five of all U. S. presidents. Jeffersons agenda was to implement his Democratic–Republican vision for the nation, in what historians later call Jeffersonian democracy, the new president set out an agenda that was marked by his belief in agrarianism and strict limits on the national government. The most powerful appointees were James Madison as Secretary of State, Jefferson worked smoothly at first with John Randolph of Roanoke and other leaders of his party in Congress, as the Federalist Party continued to weaken. Jeffersonian democracy brought about two revolutions in American political life and it increased the turnout percentages of eligible voters, and it increased the numbers enfranchised to vote. Prior to the 1790s, campaigning was considered interference with each citizen’s right to think, without competition for office, voter turnouts were often low, sometimes fewer than 5 percent of eligible men. By the 1790s and the emergence of the First Party System, with two party competition, turnout took on an importance it had never quite had before”, with turnout up to 80 percent of the enlarged white male electorate. Under pressure from Jeffersonian Republicans, states achieved universal white manhood suffrage by eliminating property requirements, by 1825 only three had not, Rhode Island, Virginia and Louisiana. Expanding suffrage and appeals to ordinary people meant that ordinary people became government officials. Wood says, by the standards of the nineteenth century America possessed the most popular electoral politics in the world. In reaction, even Federalists began to adopt partisan techniques such as party organization, newspapers and they created networks of caucuses and committees state by state reaching to county level, determined to mobilize public opinion to court popular favor

31.
Sarah Yorke Jackson
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Sarah Yorke Jackson was the daughter-in-law of U. S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and de facto First Lady of the United States from November 26,1834 to March 4,1837, Sarah was born on July 16,1803 into a wealthy family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father Peter Yorke, a sea captain and successful merchant and her mother Mary Haines Yorke died during a trip to New Orleans in 1820 leaving Sarah and her two sisters orphaned. She was raised by two aunts, Mrs. George Farquhar and Mrs. Mordecai Wetherill, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. the adopted son of Andrew Jackson, in Philadelphia on November 24,1831. After an extended honeymoon at the White House, the new couple left for The Hermitage, the couple remained at the Hermitage managing the plantation until a fire destroyed much of the main house in 1834. The couple and their two children went to Washington to live with President Jackson at the White House. Sarah arrived at the White House on November 26,1834, the President referred to Sarah as the mistress of the Hermitage rather than White House hostess, apparently to avoid any possible ill feeling between the two women. The arrangement was awkward but appeared to work relatively smoothly. It was the time in history when there were two women simultaneously acting as White House hostess. She took over all duties as White House hostess after Emily Donelson fell ill with tuberculosis and she remained at the White House until Jacksons term expired in 1837, but made several lengthy trips including one to the Hermitage to oversee its reconstruction. She lived at the plantation with her husband and father-in-law until the former President’s death in 1845, the couple continued to live at the Hermitage until shortly before the Civil War when they moved to Mississippi. The state of Tennessee later purchased the plantation as a memorial to Andrew Jackson and she died on August 23,1887 in Nashville, Tennessee

32.
Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union. Jackson was born in 1767 somewhere near the border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson acted as a courier, at age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British. He moved to Tennessee and practiced as a lawyer, in 1791, he married Rachel Donelson Robards. The couple later learned that Rachels previous husband had failed to finalize their divorce, Jackson served briefly in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Upon returning to Tennessee, he was appointed a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia, and was elected its commander the following year. He built the Hermitage plantation in 1804, in 1806, he killed a man in a duel over a matter of honor regarding his wife. He led Tennessee militia and U. S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813-1814, Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans, making him into a national hero. Because Spanish Florida was a refuge for blacks escaping slavery, who allied with the Seminole Indians, Jackson invaded the territory in 1816 to destroy the Negro Fort. He led an invasion in 1818, as part of the First Seminole War, resulting in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Jackson briefly served as Floridas first Territorial Governor in 1821, Jackson was nominated by several state legislatures to be a candidate for president in 1824. Although he earned a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote against three major candidates, Jackson failed to get a majority and lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, Jacksons supporters founded what became the Democratic Party. He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams, building and expanding upon his base of support in the West and South, he won in a landslide. He blamed the death of his wife, Rachel, which occurred after the election, on the Adams campaigners, as president, Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations, which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his successors, he denied the right of a state to secede from the union or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Jackson believed strongly in majority rule and he supported direct election of senators and abolition of the Electoral College, believing that these reforms would provide average citizens with greater power

33.
Mary Harrison McKee
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Mary Scott Harrison McKee was the only daughter of President Benjamin Harrison and his wife Caroline Scott Harrison. After her mother died in 1892, McKee served as her fathers de facto First Lady for the remainder of his term, married and with children by the time her father was elected as president, Mary and her family lived at the White House during her fathers term. She assisted by serving as a hostess, Mary Scott Harrison was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and was educated in public schools. In November 1884, Mary Harrison married James Robert McKee, a native of Madison, after her father was elected president in 1888, she and her family lived with her parents in the White House through his term. Traveling frequently to Boston on business, McKee became acquainted with Charles A. Coffin, in 1893 McKee became one of the founding generation of the General Electric company when Coffin merged his company with that of Thomas Edison. McKee rose to become a vice-president of the company and worked for GE until 1913, Mary and James McKee had two children, Benjamin Harrison McKee and Mary Lodge McKee. Their daughter married a Mr. Reisinger, following her mothers death in October 1892, Mary McKee served as her fathers First Lady for the remainder of his term. As a widower, her father became involved with his late wifes niece and secretary. She was 25 years younger than Benjamin Harrison,27 days younger than Mary Harrison McKee, Mary McKee and her brother opposed their fathers relationship and remarriage. McKee became estranged from her father, and neither she nor her brother attended the Harrison-Dimmick wedding in 1896, McKee and her father never spoke again. She returned to Indianapolis in his illness in March 1901. Mary McKee died at the age of 72 and she was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana, as her parents were. Her husband survived her, living independently in Greenwich, Connecticut, according to his note, McKee was despondent because of failing health and required surgery, he committed suicide at age 84 in October 1942. Mary McKee is the most recent First Lady of the United States who was not married to the sitting president, original text based on First Ladies, Mary Harrison McKee, White House biography

34.
Benjamin Harrison
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Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876, the Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U. S. Senate, where he served from March 4,1881, to March 4,1887. A Republican, Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, hallmarks of Harrisons administration included unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff, which imposed historic protective trade rates, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891, during his administration six western states were admitted to the Union. Due in large part to surplus revenues from the tariffs, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term, the spending issue in part led to the defeat of the Republicans in the 1890 mid-term elections. Cleveland defeated Harrison for re-election in 1892, due to the unpopularity of the high tariff. Harrison returned to life and his law practice in Indianapolis. In 1900 Harrison represented the Republic of Venezuela in a case against the United Kingdom. Harrison traveled to Europe as part of the case and after a brief stay returned to Indianapolis and he died at his home in Indianapolis in 1901 of complications from influenza. S. Historians, however, have not questioned Harrisons commitment to personal and official integrity, Harrisons paternal ancestors were the Harrison family of Virginia, whose immigrant ancestor, Benjamin Harrison, arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1630. Benjamin, the president, was born on August 20,1833, in North Bend, Ohio. Benjamin was also a grandson of U. S. Harrison was seven years old when his grandfather was elected U. S. president, although Harrisons family was distinguished, his parents were not wealthy. John Scott Harrison, a two-term U. S. congressman from Ohio, despite the familys modest resources, Harrisons boyhood was enjoyable, much of it spent outdoors fishing or hunting. Benjamin Harrisons early schooling took place in a log cabin near his home, fourteen-year-old Harrison and his older brother, Irwin, enrolled in Farmers College near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1847. In 1850, Harrison transferred to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, which he used as a network for much of his life. He was also a member of Delta Chi, a law fraternity which permitted dual membership, classmates included John Alexander Anderson, who became a six-term U. S. congressman, and Whitelaw Reid Harrisons vice presidential running mate in 1892. At Miami, Harrison was strongly influenced by history and political economy professor Robert Hamilton Bishop, Harrison also joined a Presbyterian church at college and, like his mother, became a lifelong Presbyterian. Carolines father, a Presbyterian minister, performed the ceremony, the Harrisons had two children, Russell Benjamin Harrison, and Mary Mamie Scott Harrison

35.
Harriet Lane
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Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston, acted as First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her uncle, lifelong bachelor James Buchanan, from 1857 to 1861. Lane is among at least thirteen women who have served as First Lady but were not married to the President, in appearance Hal Lane was of medium height, with masses of light, almost golden-colored hair. Harriet Lanes family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania and she was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. She lost her mother when she was 9, when her fathers death 2 years later made her an orphan, she requested that her uncle, James Buchanan. In 1854, she joined him in London, where he was minister to the Court of St. Jamess, Queen Victoria gave dear Miss Lane the rank of ambassadors wife, admiring suitors gave her the fame of a beauty. The capital welcomed its new Democratic Queen to the White House in 1857, Harriet was a popular hostess during the four years of the Buchanan presidency. Women copied her hair and clothing styles, parents named their daughters for her, while in the White House, she used her position to promote social causes, such as improving the living conditions of Native Americans in reservations. She also made a point of inviting artists and musicians to White House functions. For both her popularity and her work, she has been described as the first of the modern first ladies. The presidential yacht was named for her—the first of several ships to be named for her and her tact did not falter, but her task became impossible—as did her uncles. Seven states had seceded by the time Buchanan retired from office and returned with his niece to his spacious country home, Wheatland, near Lancaster, during her time in England, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, then Prime Minister Palmerstons attorney general, proposed to her in marriage. Queen Victoria was strongly in favor of this match, as it would keep Lane in England, Lane considered the advantages of a number of bachelors. Her uncle cautioned Lane against rushing precipitately into matrimonial connections as his ward found her potential suitors pleasant, Lane eventually married a Baltimore banker called Henry Elliott Johnston at the age of 36. They had two sons but within 18 years her uncle, her husband, and her children died, Harriet wrote her will in 1895 and lived another eight years, during which the countrys general prosperity greatly increased the value of her estate. A codicil of 1903 increased her gift by one third but said only half the total was to be spent on the building. The remainder was specially to provide for the maintenance, education and training of choirboys. This bequest founded the prestigious school that today is called St. Albans School. At Harriet Lane Johnstons funeral, services were conducted by Bishop Satterlee and she was buried in Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland, her grave marked with a Celtic cross like the Peace Cross on the cathedral close

36.
James Buchanan
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James Buchanan, Jr. was the 15th President of the United States, serving immediately prior to the American Civil War. He is the president from Pennsylvania, the only president to remain a lifelong bachelor. Beginning in the 1820s, he represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives and later the Senate, Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic Party in the 1856 presidential election, on a ticket with former Kentucky Representative John C. He defeated both the incumbent President Pierce and Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas to win the nomination and his subsequent election victory took place in a three-man race against Republican John C. Shortly after taking office, Buchanan lobbied the Supreme Court to issue a ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford. He allied with the South in attempting to gain the admission of Kansas to the Union as a state under the Lecompton Constitution. In the process, he alienated both Republican abolitionists and Northern Democrats, most of whom supported the principle of sovereignty in determining a new states slaveholding status. He was often called a doughface, a Northerner with Southern sympathies, and he fought with Douglas, in the midst of the growing sectional crisis, the Panic of 1857 struck the nation. Buchanan indicated in his 1857 inaugural address that he would not seek a second term, he kept his word, Breckinridge in the 1860 presidential election. In response, seven Southern states declared their secession from the Union, Buchanans view was that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal, and so didnt confront the new polity militarily. Buchanan, an attorney, was noted for his mantra, I acknowledge no master, Buchanan supported the United States during the Civil War, and publicly defended himself against charges that he was responsible for the Civil War. Shortly after the Union victory, he published his memoirs, Mr. Buchanans Administration on the Eve of Rebellion and he died in 1868 at age 77. Buchanan aspired to be a president who would rank in history with George Washington, historians who participated in a 2006 survey voted his failure to deal with secession the worst presidential mistake ever made. His parents were both of Ulster Scots descent, the father having emigrated from Milford, County Donegal, Ireland, one of eleven siblings, Buchanan was the oldest child in the family to survive infancy. Shortly after Buchanans birth the family moved to a farm near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, Buchanans father became the wealthiest person in town, becoming a prosperous merchant and investing in real estate. The family home in Mercersburg was later turned into the James Buchanan Hotel, Buchanan attended the village academy and, starting in 1807, Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Though he was expelled at one point for poor behavior, he pleaded for a second chance. Later that year, he moved to Lancaster, which, at the time, was the capital of Pennsylvania, James Hopkins, the most prominent lawyer in Lancaster, accepted Buchanan as a student, and in 1812 Buchanan was admitted to the bar after an oral exam

37.
Rose Cleveland
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Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, was the de facto First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother, President Grover Clevelands two administrations. Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14,1846, known to her family as Libby, Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. In 1853 the family moved to Holland Patent, New York, where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church, Rose was 7 at the time of her fathers death. She stayed in Holland Patent to care for her widowed mother, Grover Cleveland, Roses elder brother, was 16 years old at the time. Determined to support his family, Grover left school, and he headed off to New York City to work as a teacher at the State School for the Blind to help support his family. Rose was educated at Houghton seminary in Clinton, New York and she became a teacher at Houghton in order to support herself and her widowed mother. Rose also taught at the Collegiate Institute in Lafayette, Indiana, and at a school in Muncy, Pennsylvania. At Muncy Seminary Rose was known for her personality and independence. Rose gained a nickname throughout her circle of friends in Muncy, Rose then prepared a course of historical lectures, one lecture in particular focused on Altruistic Faith, which she delivered before the students of Houghton seminary and at other schools. In the 1880s Rose returned to Holland Patent to care for her ailing mother, during this time Rose taught at Sunday School and did some work in literature. When not employed in this manner, she devoted herself to her mother in the homestead at Holland Patent until her mothers death in 1882. After Ann Neal Clevelands death, Rose was left alone at the known as The Weeds. Rose continued to teach Sunday School and give lectures, in one lecture on altruistic faith, she stated, We cannot touch humanity at large, except as we touch humanity in the individual. We make the world a place through our concrete relationships, not through our vague. We must each find a true partner someone who understands and appreciates us and our deepest craving is for recognition--to be known by another human being for what we truly are. When her elder brother, Grover Cleveland, won the election as 22nd President of the United States, Rose became First Lady and she stood by her brother as First Lady during his inauguration and his two initial bachelor years in the White House. During her early tenure as First Lady, Rose received front-page treatment from the New York Times about her appearance during her second reception at the White House, the newspaper reported that Miss Cleveland wore a dress of black satin, with entire overdress of Spanish lace. The satin bodice was cut low and sleeveless, and the transparent lace revealed the shoulders, Rose Cleveland did not completely fit into Washington high society

38.
Grover Cleveland
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Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and his crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and he fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the wing of the Republican Party, called Mugwumps, largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket. As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian, the result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era. Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism, critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nations economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term, biographer Allan Nevins wrote, n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have and he possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not, today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally ranked among the second tier of American presidents. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18,1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland, Clevelands father was a Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller, on his fathers side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. On his mothers side, he was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and he was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell and he became known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, neighbors later described him as full of fun and inclined to play pranks, and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Clevelands father took a pastorate in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, despite his fathers dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville

39.
Ivanka Trump
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Ivanka Marie Trump is an American businesswoman, socialite, author, and fashion model who is currently an assistant to President Donald Trump. She is the daughter of the president and his first wife, Trump has been an executive vice president of her fathers company – The Trump Organization – as well as serving as a boardroom advisor on her fathers TV show The Apprentice. She moved to Washington, D. C in January 2017 as her husband, starting in March 2017, she began serving in her fathers administration as an assistant to the president. She is considered part of her fathers inner circle, Ivanka Marie Trump was born in Manhattan, New York City, and is the second child of Czech-American model Ivana Marie and to the 45th President of the United States Donald John Trump. Her father has German and Scottish ancestry, the name Ivanka is a diminutive form of Ivana. Trumps parents divorced in 1991, when she was ten years old and she has two brothers, Donald Jr. and Eric, a half sister, Tiffany, and a half brother, Barron. Trump is bilingual, speaking English and French, and has a knowledge of her mothers native language of Czech. Before joining the business in 2005, Trump briefly worked for Forest City Enterprises. In November 2011, Trumps retail flagship moved from Madison Avenue to 109 Mercer Street, on October 2,2015, retail website racked. Trump is currently Executive Vice President of Development & Acquisitions at the Trump Organization, in December 2012, members of 100 Women in Hedge Funds elected Ivanka Trump to their board. Trump has her own line of items, including clothes, handbags, shoes, and accessories. Her brand has been criticized for allegedly copying designs by other designers, consumer Product Safety Commission recalled Ivanka Trump-branded scarves because they did not meet federal flammability standards. A2016 analysis found that most of the line was produced outside the U. S. As of February 2017, department store chains Neiman Marcus and Nordstrom dropped Trumps fashion line, on February 9,2017, Presidential Adviser Kellyanne Conway controversially encouraged Fox News viewers to purchase Trumps retail products. Trumps first cover was a 1997 issue of Seventeen, since then, she has walked fashion runways for Versace, Marc Bouwer and Thierry Mugler. She has done advertisement campaigns for Tommy Hilfiger and Sassoon Jeans and was featured on the cover of Stuff in August 2006 and again in September 2007. She has been featured on the covers of Forbes, Golf Magazine, Avenue, Elle Mexico and Top Choice Magazine and she has also featured many times in Love FMD magazine. She placed Number 83 in the 2007 Maxim Hot 100 and she has also placed Number 99 in the Top 99 Women of 2007 and then at 84 in the 2008 edition on AskMen. com

40.
Donald Trump
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Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments

41.
John Ashcroft
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John David Ashcroft is an American attorney and politician who served as the 79th U. S. Attorney General, in the George W. Bush Administration. He later founded The Ashcroft Group, a Washington D. C. lobbying firm. Ashcroft previously served as Attorney General of Missouri, and as the 50th Governor of Missouri and he had early appointments in Missouri state government and was mentored by John Danforth. He has written books about political and moral issues. His son, Jay Ashcroft, is also a politician, Jay currently serves as Secretary of State of Missouri. Ashcroft was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Grace P. and his mother was a homemaker, whose parents had emigrated from Norway. Ashcroft went to schools in Springfield. He attended Yale College, where he was a member of Sigma Tau Gamma and he received a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Chicago School of Law. After law school, Ashcroft briefly taught Business Law and worked as an administrator at Southwest Missouri State University, during the Vietnam War, he avoided the draft by receiving six student draft deferments and one occupational deferment because of his teaching work. In 1972, Ashcroft ran for a Congressional seat in southwest Missouri in the Republican primary election, after the primary, Missouri Governor Kit Bond appointed Ashcroft to the office of State Auditor, which Bond had vacated when he became Governor. In 1974, Ashcroft was narrowly defeated for election to that post by Jackson County County Executive George W. Lehr and he had argued that Ashcroft, who is not an accountant, was not qualified to be the State Auditor. Missouri Attorney General John Danforth, who was then in his second term, during his service, Ashcroft shared an office with Clarence Thomas, a future U. S. Supreme Court Supreme Court Justice. In 1976, Danforth was elected to the U. S. Senate, in 1980, Ashcroft was re-elected with 64.5 percent of the vote, winning 96 of Missouris 114 counties. Ashcroft was elected governor in 1984 and re-elected in 1988, becoming the first Republican in Missouri history elected to two consecutive terms, in 1984, his opponent was the Democratic Lt. The campaign was so negative on both sides that a reporter described the contest as two alley cats over truth in advertising, in his campaign, Ashcroft contrasted his rural-base against an urban-based opponent from St. Louis. Democrats did not close ranks on primary night, the defeated candidate Mel Carnahan endorsed Rothman. In the end, Ashcroft won 57 percent of the vote, in 1988, Ashcroft won by a larger margin over his Democratic opponent, Betty Cooper Hearnes, the wife of the former governor Warren Hearnes. Ashcroft received 64 percent of the vote in the general election—the largest landslide for governor in Missouri history since the U. S. Civil War, during his second term, Ashcroft served as chairman of the National Governors Association

42.
Greater St. Louis
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Greater St. Louis is the metropolitan area that completely surrounds and includes the independent city of St. Louis. It includes parts of both the U. S. states of Missouri and Illinois, the city core is on the border to Illinois and collectively the two regions form the combined metropolitan area. St. Louis is the largest metro area in Missouri, and is the second largest in Illinois, St. Louis County is independent of the city of St. Louis and their two populations are generally tabulated separately. Depending on the counties included in the area, it can refer to the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan statistical area or the St. Louis-St. Charles-Farmington, MO-IL combined statistical area. The CSA includes all of the MSA listed above and the Farmington, MO micropolitan statistical area, which includes Washington and St. Francois Counties. The CSA was the 19th largest in the United States in 2015, with a population of 2,916,447, while the MSA was the 20th largest in the country that year with a population of 2,811,588. The region is home to nine Fortune 500 companies, Express Scripts, Emerson Electric, Monsanto, Reinsurance Group of America, Centene, Peabody Energy, Ameren, Graybar Electric, the area received the All-America City Award in 2008. The nearby Hannibal–Quincy micropolitan areas are not located within the metropolitan. According to the 2010 United States Census, in Greater St. Louis there were 2,787,701 people living in 1,143,001 households, of which 748,892 households were families. In 2010,98.2 percent of Greater St. Louis was of one race,72,797 residents or 2.5 percent were Hispanic or Latino Americans of any race. As of 2010, the age for Greater St. Louis is 38.2. As of 2010, Greater St. Louis included 1,264,680 housing units,3.3 percent or 41,884 units were vacant and not for sale or rent. Of the occupied housing units,70.6 percent or 807,431 were owner-occupied with 2,075,622 occupants,29.4 percent or 335,570 units were rented with 739,749 occupants. In 2010, the income for a household in the St. Louis metro was $50,900. Transportation in Greater St. Louis includes road, rail, parts of Greater St. Louis also support a public transportation network that includes bus and light rail service. Education in Greater St. Louis is provided by more than two dozen public school districts, independent private schools, parochial schools, and several public library systems, Greater St. Louis also is home to more than thirty colleges and universities. Several Missouri state parks in the region and parks owned by St. Louis County are larger than 1,000 acres, while one park in the city of St. Louis, Forest Park, the 2014 Gross Metropolitan Product of St. Louis was $145.958 billion. That makes St. Louis the 21st highest GMP in the United States, Greater St. Louis has more than 1.3 million non-farm workers, representing roughly 15 percent of the non-farm workforce of Missouri and Illinois combined

43.
Ferguson-Florissant School District
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The Ferguson-Florissant School District is a public school district located in Greater St. Louis and in Missouri. The district covers all or part of 11 municipalities, serving more than 11,000 students from preschool through 12th grade, FFSD operates 17 elementary schools, three middle schools, three A+ and NCA-CASI-accredited high schools and an alternative school. In 2004, Berkeley High School closed, replaced by McCluer South-Berkeley High School On December 8,2010 and he is the first African-American superintendent for the school district and at age 33 is one of the youngest in the state of Missouri and nation. 30,2015, the Board of Education unanimously approved Dr. Joseph Davis as superintendent of schools, Ferguson-Florissant School District Archive of school districts previous domain Art McCoy to become next Ferguson-Florissant School District Superintendent

44.
Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?
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Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See. is a childrens picture book published in 1967. Written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle, the book itself has little to no plot. Instead, the narrator asks various animals what they see with the response usually being another animal, the respondent is asked what they themselves see. It features a Brown Bear, Red Bird, Yellow Duck, Blue Horse, Green Frog, Purple Cat, White Dog, Black Sheep, a Goldfish, a Teacher or a Mother, the 1984 British edition of the book substitutes a monkey for the teacher. Carle explained that variations in text between editions were due to Martin, and that he made new illustrations to go with the changes, Carle and Martin published three spin-off books, Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear. Uses zoo animals and sounds, Panda Bear, Panda Bear, endangered species, and Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See. The book was one of the Top 100 Picture Books of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal. As of 2013, it ranked 21st on a Goodreads list of Best Childrens Books, and the publisher claimed that there were 7 million copies in print in various formats and languages

List of First Ladies of the United States
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The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The First Lady is not a position, it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president, traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while o

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Incumbent Michelle Obama since January 20, 2009

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02.0 2

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03.0 3

Melania Trump
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Melania Trump is the First Lady of the United States, married to President Donald Trump. Born in Slovenia, then part of Yugoslavia, she became a permanent resident of the United States in 2001 and an American citizen in 2006. Prior to marrying Donald Trump, she worked as a model, by 2016 she considered herself a full-time mom. Trump is the second f

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Donald Trump with Melania Trump at the Oscar De La Renta Fashion Show in New York City, 2006

Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever

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Vale Royal is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Jamaica

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Palais Kosyam in Ouagadougou

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24 Sussex Drive, Official Residence of the Canadian Prime Minister

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The southeast view of Government House in Victoria, BC

White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White Ho

Martha Washington
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Martha Washington was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States, during her lifetime she was often referred to as Lady Washington. Widowed at 25, she had four children with her first

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Martha Washington as a young woman

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Tinted engraving by John Chester Buttre (1821–1893), after the portrait by Gilbert Stuart

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Martha Dandridge Custis in 1757: mezzotint by John Folwell (1863) after a portrait by John Wollaston

President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-

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Incumbent Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)

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Presidential Seal

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Obama signing legislation at the Resolute desk

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Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War

East Wing
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The East Wing is a part of the White House Complex. It is a structure east of the White House Executive Residence. The East Wing also includes the entrance, and the East Colonnade. Along the corridor is also the White House theater, also called the Family theater, Social visitors to the White House usually enter through the East Wing. Visitors tour

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East Wing of the White House (1992)

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Executive Residence

George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations

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George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, 1797

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Washington's birthplace

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Washington's map, accompanying his Journal to the Ohio (1753–1754)

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A mezzotint of Martha Washington, based on a 1757 portrait by Wollaston

Rosalynn Carter
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Eleanor Rosalynn Carter is the wife of the 39th President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, and served as the First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981. She has for decades been an advocate for numerous causes. She was politically active during her White House years, sitting in on Cabinet and she also served as an envoy abroad, to Latin A

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Rosalynn Carter

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Rosalynn Carter chairs a meeting in Chicago, IL. for the President's Commission on Mental Health on April 20, 1977.

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First Lady Rosalynn Carter (right) with Waylon Jennings (smoking a cigarette) and Jessi Colter at a reception preceding a concert to benefit the Carter-Mondale campaign on April 23, 1980.

Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, an

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Jimmy Carter

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Carter and President Gerald Ford debating at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia

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Robert Templeton's portrait of President Carter, displayed in the National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC

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Jimmy Carter and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in formal dinner in the Niavaran Palace in Tehran, Iran. December 31, 1978.

Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush is the wife of George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She is the mother of George W. Bush, the 43rd President, and Jeb Bush and she served as the Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing, New York and she

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Barbara Bush in 1989

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Barbara Bush, center, surrounded by her family, early 1960s

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Barbara Bush joins her husband, the Vice President, on a trip to Great Britain to meet with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her husband Denis, 1984

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Bush with children and White House staff in the China Room. The first lady is attempting to make a paw print of her pet Millie for a holiday card.

George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he wa

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George H. W. Bush

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George Bush in his TBM Avenger on the carrier USS San Jacinto in 1944

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Bush with President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised

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Clinton as Secretary of State in 2009

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Mementos of Hillary Rodham's early life are shown at the William J. Clinton Presidential Center.

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Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton lived in this 980 square foot (91 m 2) house in the Hillcrest neighborhood of Little Rock from 1977 to 1979 while he was Arkansas Attorney General.

Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat,

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Bill Clinton

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William Jefferson Blythe III, in 1950 at age four

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Clinton's boyhood home in Hope, Arkansas

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Clinton ran for President of the Student Council while attending the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.

Laura Bush
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Laura Lane Welch Bush is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush, and was the First Lady from 2001 to 2009. Bush graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1968 with a degree in education. After attaining her masters degree in science at the University of Texas at Austin. Bush met her husband, George W. Bush, in 197

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Laura Bush

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Laura Bush with husband Governor George W. (right) and father-in-law George H. W. (left) at the dedication of the George Bush Presidential Library, 1997

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Official portrait of Laura Bush

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Romanian children greet President and Mrs. Bush upon their landing in Bucharest, 2002

George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977

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George W. Bush

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Lt. George W. Bush while in the Texas Air National Guard

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Governor Bush (right) with father, former president George H. W. Bush and wife, Laura, in 1997

Michelle Obama
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Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is an American lawyer and writer who was First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017. She is married to the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama and she subsequently worked as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago and the Vice President for Community and External Affa

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2013 official portrait

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Official portrait by Pete Souza of the Obama family in the Oval Office, 11 December 2011

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The Obamas attend a church service in Washington, D.C., January 2013

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The Obamas fist bump upon his winning the Democratic nomination.

Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu,

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Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998

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Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate

Dolley Madison
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Dolley Payne Todd Madison was the wife of James Madison, President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was noted for her social graces, which boosted her husband’s popularity as President. In this way, she did much to define the role of the President’s spouse, Dolley Madison also helped to furnish the newly constructed White House. When the

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Dolley Madison

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Engraving of Dolley, c. 1800.

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A daguerreotype of Dolley in 1848, by Mathew B. Brady

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External video

First Lady
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First Lady is an unofficial title used for the wife or hostess of a non-monarchical head of state or chief executive. The term is used to describe a woman seen to be at the top of her profession or art. Collectively, the President of the United States and his spouse are known as the First Couple and, if they have children, they are usually referred

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A group of first ladies assemble in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, September 22, 2008

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First ladies in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 25, 2009

Zachary Taylor
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Zachary Taylor was the 12th President of the United States, serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850. Before his presidency, Taylor was an officer in the United States Army. Taylors status as a hero as a result of his victories in the Mexican-American War won him election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs. His top p

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Daguerreotype portrait of Taylor at the White House by Mathew Brady, 1849

William Howard Russell
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Sir William Howard Russell CVO was an Irish reporter with The Times, and is considered to have been one of the first modern war correspondents. He spent 22 months covering the Crimean War, including the Siege of Sevastopol and he later covered events during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the American Civil War, the Austro-Prussian War, and the Franc

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William Howard Russell, ca. 1854

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Display at the Frontline Club featuring the boots of William Howard Russell

Mary Todd Lincoln
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Mary Ann Todd Lincoln was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865. She dropped the name Ann after her sister, Ann Todd, was born. A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated, after living in the Todd House and finishing school during her

Lucy Webb Hayes
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Lucy Ware Webb Hayes was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Lucy Hayes was the first First Lady to have a college degree and she was also a more egalitarian hostess than previous First Ladies. An advocate for African-Americans both before and after the Civil War, Lucy invited the first African-American profess

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Lucy Hayes

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Rutherford and Lucy Hayes on their wedding day.

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Lucy’s official White House portrait

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Lucy and Rutherford Hayes’s grave at Spiegel Grove.

Rutherford B. Hayes
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Rutherford Birchard Hayes was the 19th President of the United States. He became President at the end of the Reconstruction Era of the United States through a complex Compromise of 1877, Hayes, an attorney in Ohio, was city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, he left a political career to join the Union Army as an o

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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Rutherford and Lucy Hayes on their wedding day

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Hayes in Civil War uniform in 1861

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George Crook was Hayes's commander and the namesake of his fourth son

Edith Wilson
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Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, second wife of U. S. President Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921. She married Woodrow in December 1915, during his first term as President, President Wilson suffered a severe stroke in October 1919. Edith Wilson began to screen all matters of state and decided which were important enoug

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Edith Wilson

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Wilson's official White House portrait

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Woodrow Wilson 's first posed photograph after his stroke. He was paralyzed on his left side, so Edith holds a document steady while he signs. June 1920.

Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to

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Incumbent Joe Biden since January 20, 2009

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Vice Presidential seal

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John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency following the death of his predecessor. In doing so, he insisted that he was the president, not merely an acting president.

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President Lyndon Johnson is sworn in, following the assassination of President John Kennedy.

Second Lady of the United States
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The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as Second Lady of the United States, but this title is much less common. The term Second Lady, coined in contrast to the First Lady, the title later fell out of favor, but was revived in the 1980s. The second ladys visibility in the sphere has been a somewhat recent develo

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Incumbent Jill Biden since January 20, 2009

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02.0 2

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03.0 3

Martha Jefferson Randolph
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Martha Jefferson Randolph was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Born at Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia and she married Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. who served as a politician at the federal and state levels and was elected a governor of Virginia. Martha

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Portrait by Thomas Sully

Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
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The presidency of Thomas Jefferson began on March 4,1801, when he was inaugurated as the 3rd President of the United States, and ended on March 4,1809. Jefferson assumed the office after defeating incumbent President John Adams in the 1800 presidential election and it also exposed a serious flaw in the original procedure established in the Constitu

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Thomas Jefferson

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In October 1805, Jefferson's Corps of Discovery meet the Chinook tribe on the Columbia River, Painting by Charles Marion Russell, 1905

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Detailed map drawn by Clark showing route taken by the expedition from the Missouri River to Pacific Ocean depicting rivers, mountains and locations of Indian tribes.

Sarah Yorke Jackson
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Sarah Yorke Jackson was the daughter-in-law of U. S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and de facto First Lady of the United States from November 26,1834 to March 4,1837, Sarah was born on July 16,1803 into a wealthy family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father Peter Yorke, a sea captain and successful merchant and her

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Sarah Yorke Jackson

Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristoc

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Daguerreotype of Andrew Jackson

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Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814 Jackson imposed severe terms on the Creek Indians under the Treaty with the Creeks (1847)

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The Battle of New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, painted by Edward Percy Moran in 1910.

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Trial of Robert Ambrister during the Seminole War. Ambrister was one of two British subjects executed by General Jackson. (1848)

Mary Harrison McKee
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Mary Scott Harrison McKee was the only daughter of President Benjamin Harrison and his wife Caroline Scott Harrison. After her mother died in 1892, McKee served as her fathers de facto First Lady for the remainder of his term, married and with children by the time her father was elected as president, Mary and her family lived at the White House dur

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Mary Harrison McKee

Benjamin Harrison
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Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876, the Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U. S. Senate, where he served from March 4,1881, to

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Benjamin Harrison

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Benjamin Harrison c1850

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Brigadier General Harrison (left) with other commanders of the XX Corps, 1865

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Benjamin Harrison Home in Indianapolis

Harriet Lane
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Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston, acted as First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her uncle, lifelong bachelor James Buchanan, from 1857 to 1861. Lane is among at least thirteen women who have served as First Lady but were not married to the President, in appearance Hal Lane was of medium height, with masses of light, almost golden-c

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Harriet Lane

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Lane-Johnston Building, St. Albans School

James Buchanan
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James Buchanan, Jr. was the 15th President of the United States, serving immediately prior to the American Civil War. He is the president from Pennsylvania, the only president to remain a lifelong bachelor. Beginning in the 1820s, he represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives and later the Senate, Buchanan was nominated

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James Buchanan

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Buchanan statue in National Portrait Gallery

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Buchanan's birthplace relocated log cabin in Mercersburg, PA

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An anti-Buchanan political cartoon from the 1856 election

Rose Cleveland
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Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, was the de facto First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother, President Grover Clevelands two administrations. Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14,1846, known to her family as Libby, Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Reverend Richard Fa

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Rose Cleveland

Grover Cleveland
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Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and h

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Caldwell Presbyterian parsonage, birthplace of Grover Cleveland

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Grover Cleveland

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An early, undated photograph of Grover Cleveland

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Statue of Grover Cleveland outside City Hall in Buffalo, New York.

Ivanka Trump
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Ivanka Marie Trump is an American businesswoman, socialite, author, and fashion model who is currently an assistant to President Donald Trump. She is the daughter of the president and his first wife, Trump has been an executive vice president of her fathers company – The Trump Organization – as well as serving as a boardroom advisor on her fathers

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Trump in 2009

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Ivanka Trump at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival

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Ivanka Trump in July 2007.

Donald Trump
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Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate

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Donald Trump

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The Trump Organization owns, operates, develops and invests in real estate around the world such as Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago.

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Trump Tower, at 725 Fifth Avenue, in Midtown Manhattan

John Ashcroft
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John David Ashcroft is an American attorney and politician who served as the 79th U. S. Attorney General, in the George W. Bush Administration. He later founded The Ashcroft Group, a Washington D. C. lobbying firm. Ashcroft previously served as Attorney General of Missouri, and as the 50th Governor of Missouri and he had early appointments in Misso

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John Ashcroft

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Tom Ridge and John Ashcroft in 2004 in Washington, D.C.

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John Ashcroft at CPAC in February 2010.

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Secretary of State

Greater St. Louis
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Greater St. Louis is the metropolitan area that completely surrounds and includes the independent city of St. Louis. It includes parts of both the U. S. states of Missouri and Illinois, the city core is on the border to Illinois and collectively the two regions form the combined metropolitan area. St. Louis is the largest metro area in Missouri, an

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A NASA image of the Greater St. Louis area.

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Brookings Hall, the administrative building for Washington University in St. Louis

Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?
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Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See. is a childrens picture book published in 1967. Written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle, the book itself has little to no plot. Instead, the narrator asks various animals what they see with the response usually being another animal, the respondent is asked what they themselves see. It featu

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Clockwise from top: damage to the US Capitol after the Burning of Washington; the mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights; USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere; The death of Tecumseh in 1813 ends the Indian armed struggle in the American Midwest; Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans.

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White House Chief Florist Nancy Clarke completes an arrangement of white lilies, white roses, hydrangea, and limes before a dinner in the State Dining Room.

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Assistant White House Floral Designer Wendy Elsasser adds final touches to a holiday cranberry topiary in the Red Room of the White House. The cranberry topiary is now a 20 year plus tradition and is placed on the room's guéridon designed by cabinetmaker Charles-Honoré Lannuier c. 1810.

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Conservatories covered the West Colonnade and site of the current West Wing in the 19th century.