Rosales (2003) highlights that another charge, the “Universal Charge” (its amount was yet to be determined in 2003), was to be imposed upon all end-users of electricity, including all self-generation entities. This charge will be used "partly for the rehabilitation and maintenance of watershed areas. In particular, the law specifies that PhP0.0025 per kilowatt-hour sales shall be dedicated for such purposes."

Terms of Payment

From users: imposed social/environmental compensation fee; providers (thought the local government) received funds to invest in livelihood improvements in their community. The amount of funds applied for cannot exceed the amount contributed by the local power company.

Funds Involved

Under the RWMHEEF Fund, there have been a total of 349 projects, with a total disbursement of PhP413,935,169 for 38 power plants, over a period of eight and a half years. The majority of the projects are found in Luzon, mainly in metropolitan Manila, corresponding to the number of power plants located per regional centre (Rosales 2003).

Analysis of costs and benefits

Economic

Information not available.

Environmental

Water quality improvements in the form of waste management controls. Reforestation projects included nurseries for afforestation and agroforestry and erosion and flood control structural measures. According to Rosales (2003) the final investment in watershed rehabilitation projects per se accounts only for eight per cent of investment made through these DoE Funds.

Social

Most investments actually go to social benefits: more than half of the projects are either health-related, or water supply projects of the host communities (Rosales, 2003).

Communities obtain better infrastructure in the form of electrification, roads, pavement, etc. Funded activities to support the local economy include improved market access, introduction of new economic activities such as aquaculture, vegetable gardening, and food production, training and capacity building, construction of schools, irrigation systems, better drainage infrastructure, etc.

The NPC provides the communities affected by their power plants with free electricity and water. In return, the communities provide the labour counterpart for the building and maintenance of the water system.

Given that many of the communities hosting these projects have high poverty levels, these improvements are extremely important to their quality of life.

Republic Act No. 9136: Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001, Implementing Rules and Regulations, Rule 29: "one centavo per kilowatt-hour of the total electricity sales” of all electricity generation companies shall be applied as “financial benefit of the host communities of such generation facility…”

The NPC also has a "list of obligations for energy-generating companies to invest in environment-related projects in their area of operations, which would answer for the sustainability of the energy project. The environment-related projects under the RWMHEEF are over and above the NPC list" (Rosales, 2003).

Monitoring

Monitoring plays an important role, and although it is specified in the requirements, compliance has been very poor so far (Rosales, 2003).

Main Constraints

Bureaucracy and lack of information: The impact of benefits could be maximised if more people are made aware of the existence of these projects, and if government agencies were more coordinated in their efforts to spread the benefits throughout the widest range of beneficiaries possible.

Main policy lessons

The three funds of the DoE were created to increase social and political acceptance of energy projects by their host communities, and NOT as an incentive for environmental management with a view to benefit hydropower production. In this way, it is therefore expected that the projects being funded are those that can create more visible improvements to the livelihoods of these poor upland communities. At the same time, the municipalities, for political reasons, also have an interest in implementing projects that can deliver short-term social development and address the most pressing needs of their citizens.

In this way, it is not surprising that most of the funding from this initiative had mainly been allocated to projects related to infrastructure, water supply and waste management instead of watershed rehabilitation.

An important lesson is that environmental investments are difficult to come by unless basic social services of communities are met.