not only bearing children but caregiving, managing households, and educating children

Exogamy;

norms encouraging marriage of different social category

Endogamy

norms encouraging marriage in same social category

Changing families in US

1900- 80% children had mother working in house or farm, 2% both parents worked, 10% had 1 parent homes
Today- 25% father is breadwinner, 44% both parents work, 28% single parents
Infant mortality down 99.9 to 6.8 out of 1,000 live births
RISE AND FALL OF BREADWINNER SYSTEM

Changing Family in Japan

ie family system: multigenerational household, submit to older generation, falling out, first born son
Parasite singles: people don’t have kids and live with parents fearing stress of childbearing

Common Themes of Change

decline of parental authority, changing status of children, kids not seen as economic contributors but hinderances

Facts on Education:

80% of American 15 yos expect a high skilled white collar job by 30, less than 50% o Czech, French and German 15 yo’s expect the same thing
Less tan 10% of American high school students are in vocational programs, 35.6 and 80.7% of Euro students are enrolled in vocational programs
US doesn’t require students to learn 1 other language, Euro Union countries mandate foreign language by age 6
US teachers spend more hours in direct contact with students that European

Functions of Education

Manifest:
Learning knowledge and skills
Cultural values (competition part of society, individualism, patriotism, etc.)
Sorts people based on talents on gifts for jobs
Latent:
Marriage at college, matchmaking
Childcare

decline in birth rates as death rate levels off
Western Europe- 188’s change in eco value of children, infant mortality and female status

Stage 4

Stable birth and death rates
Western europe- 192’s= little population growth

Urbanization:

increase in number of cities and growth of the population living in cities

Demography: study of size and growth of populations through

1. fertility (births)
2. Mortality (deaths)
3. migration

Cohort

group of people who share common characteristic or life event

Population growth:

Natural increase’ (births- deaths) + Net Migration

Demographic Trap

the point at which population growth overwhelms the environments carrying capacity

Factors contribuiting to fertility decline

Biological factors: number of women of childbearing age, health of women
Social Factors: roles of women in society
Opinion about ideal family
Practice of abortion
Available partners
Employment of women
Government policies
Child mortality
Child Labor

Mega City

urban agglomeration with 10 million

Bhopal:

Dec 3, 1984 40 tons of toxic chemical used in making pesticides escaped form Union Carbide storage tank contaminating the entire city of Bhopal India causing the largest unplanned exodus in the industrial age. 22,149 official deaths since the incident due to exposure. Lung and liver related problems effect working capabilities. Union carbide paid Indian Gov’t 470 million but only about half of the 578,000 people receiving $300-500 per person. 20 years later accident still hasn’t been contained and Union Carbide won’t release helpful information for doctors about composition of released gas to protect it’s trade secrets.