49. Transgender – individuals whose sex or sexual identity is not definitively male or female. Some are hermaphrodites, some are transsexuals.

50. Sexism – belief that men and women have biologically different capacities and that these form a legitimate basis for unequal treatment.

51. Family – group of persons linked together by blood, adoption, marriage, or quasi-marital commitment.

52. Marriage – an institutionalized social structure that provides an enduring framework for regulating sexual behavior and childbearing.

53. Propinquity – Spatial nearness.

54. Homogamy – choosing a mate who is similar to oneself.

55. Endogamy – choosing a mate from within one’s own racial, ethnic, or religious group.

56. Heterogamy – choosing a mate who is different from oneself.

57. Rite of Passage – formal rituals that mark the end of one age status and the beginning of another.

58. Hidden Curriculum – the underlying cultural messages taught by schools. Both public and private schools teach young people to accept inequality.

59. Religion – system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things that unites believers into a moral community.

60. Secularization – the process of transferring things, ideas, or events from the sacred realm to the non-sacred realm.

61. Fundamentalism – Refers to religious movements that stress traditional interpretations of religion and the importance of living in ways that mesh with those traditional interpretations.

62. Sacred – things and events that we hold in awe and reverence. What we can neither understand nor control.

63. Profane – all that is routine and taken for granted in the everyday world, things that are known and familiar and that we can control, understand, and manipulate.

64. Protestant Ethic – the belief that work, rationalism, and plain living are moral virtues, whereas idleness and indulgence are sinful.

65. Civil Religion – set of institutionalized rituals, beliefs, and symbols sacred to the US nation.

66. Politics – the social structure of power within a society.

67. Democracy – political system that provides regular, constitutional opportunities for a change in leadership according to the will of the majority.

68. Authoritarian Governments – political systems in which the leadership is not selected by the people and legally cannot be changed by them.

69. Power Elite – people who occupy the top positions in three bureaucracies – the military, industry, and the executive branch of government – and who are thought to act together to run the US in their own interests.

70. Ex-felon Disenfranchisement – the loss of voting privileges suffered by those who have been convicted of a felony. In some states, ex-felon disenfranchisement applies only to those in prison; in other states, it is lifelong.

71. Political Economy – the interaction of political and economic forms within a nation.

72. Corporate Economy – association of the people of a society into different corporate groups such as agricultural, business, labor, etc.

73. Wal-Mart Economy – occurs when a Wal-Mart is opened and soon after begins to dominate the local economy, snuffing out other smaller businesses.

74. Coercive Power – power through force or threat of force.

75. Demography – the study of population (size, growth, and composition).

76. Fertility Rate – number of births per every 1,000 women in a population during a given time period.

77. Birth Rate – number of births per 1,000 of the population per year.

78. Mortality Rate – number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population during a given time period.

79. Migration – movement of people from one geographic area to another.

80. Population Pyramid – used to determine the overall age distribution of a population.

84. Social Change – any significant modification or transformation of social structures and sociocultural processes over time.

85. Collective Behavior – spontaneous action by groups in situations where cultural rules for behavior are vague, inadequate, or debated.

86. Social Movement – an ongoing, goal-directed effort to fundamentally challenge social institutions, attitudes, or ways of life.

87. Relative Deprivation – exists when we compare ourselves to others who are better off than we are.

88. Political Opportunities – resources that allow a social movement to grow; they include preexisting organizations that can provide the new movement with leaders, members, phone lines, copying machines, and other resources.

89. Insurgent Consciousness – individual sense that changes are both needed and possible.

90. Countermovement – seeks to reverse or resist change advocated by another social movement.

91. Technological Imperative – the idea that once a technology becomes available, it becomes difficult to avoid using it.

92. Normal Accident – accidents that can be expected to happen sooner or later, no matter how many safeguards are built into a system, simply because the system is so complex.