These guidelines are written for tournaments using questions provided by NAQT, but are available free of charge for other events provided that:

The guidelines are identified as NAQT guidelines.

Any variations from these guidelines are announced before the tournament begins.

The tournament is not advertised as using NAQT questions (though it may bill itself as an NAQT-style tournament).

If you would like to use these guidelines under other circumstances, please contact NAQT by e-mail at naqt@naqt.com, by phone at 1‑888‑411‑6278 (“NAQT”), or by mail at 11521 W. 69th Street; Shawnee, KS 66203-3749.

The purpose of this document is to provide guidance to moderators, teams, and tournament directors as to when answers meet NAQT’s criteria of accuracy (correctness) and precision (unambiguous and of proper specificity) for judging them to be correct. As such, this document expands on Section I of the NAQT Rules.

It is not intended that moderators memorize this document prior to reading at a tournament; its contents should logically follow from Section I of the NAQT rules and/or be explicitly embodied in the underlining of answers. This document is primarily intended as a guide to players, so they know what kinds of answers will be considered acceptable.

Underlining

The required part of an answer will be underlined (e.g. George Washington or The Scarlet Letter); a team that gives only the underlined portion(s) should be counted correct.

Some answer lines will have multiple underlined sections. In this case, all of the underlined information must be given, but the intervening material need not be. In the case of the answer William Henry Harrison, answers of W. Harrison, W. H. Harrison, and William Harrison would all be accepted.

Some answer lines will have instructions like or Soviet Union or accept Russia. Those indicate an alternate response that should be accepted as well, with the difference (which doesn’t affect gameplay) being that answers introduced by or are completely equivalent while those introduced by accept are not completely equivalent, but should be taken due to the wording of this particular question.

Some answer lines with multiple underlined sections will have an instruction like (accept either underlined portion) or (accept any underlined portion). For instance, in the case of San FranciscoGiants (accept either underlined portion), either the response San Francisco or the response Giants would be acceptable (as would San Francisco Giants).

An instruction of the form accept First Battle of Manassas before “Manassas” indicates a response that should be accepted until the moderator has read the first syllable of the word Manassas in the question. If the word appears multiple times, the directive applies to its first occurrence.

An instruction of the form accept similar answers that mention Beethoven and piano sonatas indicates that the moderator has wide latitude to accept responses that include the specified terms in any reasonable order and with any reasonable connecting information (e.g. Beethoven’s piano sonatas or the sonatas by L. Beethoven for the piano).

Instructions may also be provided to prompt on specific responses, either in general or before certain words. In addition, instructions may be provided to not prompt on specific responses, either in general or after certain words.
In general, moderators should not prompt in the absence of a specific directive to do so.

The instruction prompt on partial answer means that the player should be prompted on any subset of the underlined words in the answer.

If an underlined section includes a generic word (e.g. “war” in Korean War) and that generic word appears in the question itself, then a player need not repeat that word if he or she is answering after it has been read. For instance, if the above question ended “For 10 points—name this 1950-1953 war,” a player would need to say Korean War prior to the final word, but could just say Korean after the question was completed.

Specific Classes of Answers

The following guidelines define NAQT’s interpretation of what constitutes accurate and precise knowledge in several specific cases of answers. The underlining in answer lines will conform to these guidelines.

Real persons:

The following are generally acceptable: last names, nicknames that are nearly universally known (e.g. LBJ but not Landslide Lyndon), pseudonyms, birth names, unmarried or married names, and regnal names.

Responses consisting of a first and last name may be given in either order (e.g. Richard Nixon and Nixon, Richard are both correct). If one or more middle names are included, they must immediately follow the first name (e.g. both Martin Luther King and King, Martin Luther are correct, but King, Luther Martin is not.)

First names are generally neither acceptable nor promptable, except where they coincide with regnal names. Exceptions to this rule are figures like Galileo, Raphael, and Dante who are better known by their given names.

Players will be prompted if they give part of a compound last name that is separated by spaces (e.g. saying Webber for Andrew Lloyd Webber). This rule does not apply to hyphenated names (e.g. saying Strauss for Claude Lévi-Strauss is incorrect).

Nobiliary particles will be required when it is standard practice for English-language works to use them (e.g. Johannes van der Waals); they may be omitted when it is common to do so (e.g. Ludwig van Beethoven). In less clear-cut cases, the answer line will indicate whether a response missing a particle may be prompted. The presence of such a particle does not constitute a “compound last name.”

Dates must usually be exact (e.g. the year 71 will not be accepted if the answer is 1971.) Years given will be assumed to be AD/CE unless otherwise modified. However, if the question explicitly or implicitly indicates that only a particular century, decade, or other limited interval is under consideration, abbreviated dates will be interpreted in that context.

Titles of works must be exact, except that leading articles may be omitted (e.g. Misérables is acceptable for Les Misérables). All words other than leading articles must be correct (e.g. Bridge of San Luis Rey is acceptable, but Bridge over San Luis Rey is not.) Rarely will subtitles or working titles be accepted for the published title.

If an incorrect leading article is used, the response is incorrect (e.g. A Bridge of San Luis Rey is not acceptable.)

Insertion of a leading article before a title where none exists will not invalidate an response (e.g. The San Francisco Chronicle for San Francisco Chronicle), so long as no other ambiguity is introduced (e.g. Invisible Man by H. G. Wells is acceptable; The Invisible Man by Ralph Waldo Ellison is not.)

Commonly used titles may be accepted if the actual title is long and cumbersome (e.g. Wealth of Nations in lieu of Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations).

Players are not prompted if they give a partial title (e.g. saying San Luis Rey for The Bridge of San Luis Rey); partial titles do not count as “accurate and precise knowledge” except in the cases listed above (or when directed by specific notes on the question).

A response that (correctly) combines the possessive form of an author’s name with a title will be treated as a response giving the title (e.g. Dante’s Inferno will be evaluated as Inferno). That is, the author’s name will be treated as a modifying word (as per Rule I.5.b) rather than as the first answer given (as per Rule I.5).

Other than in the case of titles, there is no universal rule concerning leading articles: They will be required when it is standard practice for English-language works to use them (e.g. Los Angeles or Le Havre), and they may be omitted when it is common to do so (e.g. The Ohio State University). In less clear-cut cases, the answer line will indicate whether a response missing an article may be prompted.

Acceptable responses for fictional characters depend on the way in which they are referred to in the book and related scholarship. It is common for just the first name or the last name of a character to be acceptable. Occasionally, identifying phrases (e.g. Tess of the d’Urbervilles or The Hunchback of Notre Dame) may also be acceptable.

Common acronyms and abbreviations for organizations are generally acceptable.

Acronyms and abbreviations for other answers may or may not be acceptable, depending on how widespread their use is and possible ambiguity. If commonly used, they will usually at least be promptable.

Arabic numerals (e.g. Group 18) are generally acceptable for groups on the periodic table, as are trivial names like alkali metals or noble gases. The outdated CAS and old-style IUPAC names that combine a Roman numeral and a letter (e.g. Group VIIIB) are generally promptable (but not acceptable).

Both single-letter and three-letter codes are generally acceptable for amino acids.

Single-letter codes are generally acceptable for nucleotides and nitrogenous bases.

Answers relying on highly specialized knowledge, such as the ISO 3166 codes for countries, are not generally acceptable (or promptable) despite their international use and uniqueness.

For chemical compounds:

Common names and formulas are generally acceptable, but in some cases may be ambiguous (and thus merely promptable).

Systematic IUPAC names are generally acceptable if they are ten syllables or fewer in length (and generally not promptable if longer).

Symbols commonly used for mathematical and physical quantities (e.g. S for entropy) are rarely acceptable and may or may not be promptable. In a limited number of cases, near-universal use (e.g. e for Euler’s number or h for Planck’s constant) may make such symbols acceptable.

Numeric approximations are not generally acceptable or promptable for symbolic constants (e.g. 6.02 times 10 to the 23rd is not acceptable for Avogadro’s number).

Common names and scientific names are generally acceptable for specific organisms (e.g. silkworm or Bombyx mori). In general, when scientific names are acceptable, only the first letter of the genus name will be required (e.g. E. coli is acceptable for Escherichia coli); other forms of the scientific name, including genus names and abbreviations thereof, may be acceptable where commonly used (e.g. staph for Staphylococcus aureus or Drosophila for Drosophila melanogaster), but will not be acceptable or promptable in other cases (e.g. Homo will not be acceptable or promptable for Homo habilis). Similarly, in cases where the species name is not commonly used as shorthand for the scientific name, the species name by itself will be neither acceptable nor promptable (e.g. habilis will not be acceptable or promptable for Homo habilis).

Scientific names and common names for generic members are acceptable for taxa (e.g. either Echinodermata or echinoderm(s) is acceptable).

Answers that are shared by multiple religious or mythological traditions may generally be given
in a form appropriate to any of those traditions so long as the clues that have been read (in a tossup) or that appear in the entire question (in a bonus) do not directly contradict the tradition suggested by the form of the response. This applies until the question explicitly indicates a tradition for the answer. For example, a question beginning "This god was the father of Apollo . . ." could be correctly answered with either Zeus or Jupiter. In contrast, if it began "This Greek god was the father of Apollo . . .", then only Zeus would be correct (and Jupiter would not be promptable).

The notion of "direct contradiction" is looser than that typically applied in guideline G.2, and is mean to reflect the incomplete and interlinked nature of many primary sources. For example, the bonus part "Name the father of Romulus." could be (correctly) answered with Ares since Greek mythology does not give an alternative version of Romulus's parentage (but simply does not contain that story at all). Conversely, a question starting "This religious figure was prepared to sacrifice his son Ishmael" can only be answered with Ibrahim as the Christian and Jewish traditions directly contradict this clue by stating that the would-be sacrifice was Isaac.

The mere mention of names from a specific tradition is not enough to require an answer specific to that tradition. For example, a question beginning "This wife of Zeus . . ." could be (correctly) answered with Juno until a point at which it said "Greek goddess."

The above rule notwithstanding, in the case of Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian mythologies, questions will generally accept any of the three forms of an answer, even if the question has specifically named a tradition. This reflects the especially fragmentary nature of the source material and the widespread use of names outside their native tradition.

In the case of a question that draws clues from different traditions, the form of the name from any of the relevant traditions will be generally be accepted.

Common (e.g. Zimbabwe) and official (e.g. Republic of Zimbabwe) English names are generally acceptable for modern-day countries and other political entities. (Note that Correctness Guidelines F.3 and F.4 allow some non-English names as well.)

Questions with a historical context may require historical names of entities and may or may not prompt on other names depending on the nuances of the question (e.g. a question on the Persian Empire might specify that Iran is neither promptable nor acceptable).

Historical names are generally acceptable if the question involves the time period in which they were in use (e.g. a question about 21st-century Thai politics would neither accept nor prompt on Siam and a question about sulfuric acid with no historical context would neither accept nor prompt on oil of vitriol).

Questions about the United Kingdom as an international actor since 1707 will not generally accept (or prompt on) England as an equivalent answer (but will accept Britain or Great Britain). England will remain a potentially correct answer in other contexts (geography, sports, national politics, etc.) with the context of the question determining whether it is acceptable, promptable, or incorrect.

Responses to computation (“pencil and paper ready”) questions must be simplified.

Fractional responses must generally be given in lowest terms (e.g. 6/10 is not acceptable but 3/5 is). They may, however, be in improper form (e.g. either 1 1/2 or 3/2 is acceptable).

Square roots and other radical expressions should have powers brought outside (e.g. square root of 20 is not acceptable but 2 square root 5 is).

In general, computational responses that are not simplified will not be prompted.

The denominator of a fraction may contain a complex number or a radical (unless the question specifically indicates otherwise).

Questions which ask for a physical quantity will specify the units of the answer in the question; answers given without units will be assumed to be in the units specific in the question, even if that part of the question had not been read when the answer was given. Physically equivalent answers given in different units are generally acceptable so long as, in the moderator’s judgement, the answer was not given with the intention of delaying of the game.

Probabilistic answers may not generally be given in terms of odds, but may be generally given as either fractions, percents, or decimals.

Enharmonic equivalents (such as D flat/C sharp or diminished fourth/major third) will be acceptable only when the wording of the question allows those equivalents as correct answers. For example, if a question asks for “the note that is one half-step above C natural,” then both D flat and C sharp are acceptable; if instead a question asks for “the note that lies a minor second above C natural” then only D flat is acceptable (since C natural to C sharp is an augmented unison rather than a minor second). Similarly, if a question asks for “the third step in the A major scale” then only C sharp is acceptable (since calling that step a D flat would indicate a key signature of mixed flats and sharps, so there would be two steps on the D line of the staff and no steps on the C line).

There is no general rule for the acceptability of opus numbers for musical works: They may be acceptable, promptable, or incorrect depending on the norms of music scholarship.

The name of either party in a court case is acceptable when it reasonably identifies the specific case (e.g. either Baker or Carr would be acceptable for Baker v. Carr, but Ohio is not acceptable for Mapp v. Ohio).

If a player interrupts a question and gives a response that is equivalent to the answer sought, but the response is later used in the question as a clue, the moderator will generally take the answer as correct if a tossup, and will prompt if a bonus.

If a question asks to identify an answer from a list, the player must give an exact or very similar answer to the form included in the list (e.g. saying Mississippi instead of Mississippi River is acceptable, but the second thing you read or the one that started with F are not).

Players may spell answers, but it is considered misconduct for a player to spell an answer intending to delay the game.

Both singular and plural forms are generally acceptable for non-specific nouns (e.g. electron(s) or river(s) or planetary ring system(s)), even if all of the question’s clues suggest a specific word form. This is not necessarily true for more specific answers (e.g. Earth’s moons would not be acceptable for Earth’s moon).

Related Responses

Many questions involve clues that reference topics whose names include some form of the intended answer; a response that names one of those topics (instead of the intended answer) is considered a "related reponse." The evaluation of related responses depends on how the referenced topics relate to the answer.

If the related response is of the same general class of concepts as the intended answer, then it will generally be evaluated as per Rule I.2 (namely, it must be compatible with all clues that have been read). For instance, a response of South Sudan is not acceptable for Sudan if any clue has been read that is specific to Sudan (regardless of whether the question references South Sudan). Similarly, a response of gas laser for lasers is incorrect if any clue has been read that is not true of gas lasers.

If the related response is not of the same general class of concepts, acceptability depends on the connection between the related response and the answer:

A related response will generally be accepted if the required part of the answer appears in an unmodified or possessive form. For instance, Hudson Bay is acceptable for Henry Hudson (if the question references the bay) and Avogadro’s number is acceptable for Amedeo Avogadro (if the question references that number). Such related responses will generally be accepted at any point in the question (this is an exception to Rule I.2 and Correctness Guide G.2).

If the required part of the answer appears in the response in a plural form, the response may be acceptable, promptable, or incorrect.

If the required part of the answer appears in the response in a more highly modified form, the response may be promptable. For instance, Hamiltonian path would be promptable for William Rowan Hamilton (if the question referenced Hamiltonian paths) and German chancellor would be promptable for Germany (if the question referenced the chancellorship).

The determination of whether a response is of the same general class as the answer will generally be based on language in the question like "this color is . . ." or "identify this class of particles that . . . ." If the response matches that description, it will be considered to be of the same general class. For instance, in the case of a question about James Monroe beginning, "This U.S. president gave his name to an 1823 'doctrine' . . .", a related response of Monroe doctrine would not be considered to be in the same general class, as it is not a "president." In the case of a question about plants beginning "This group of organisms . . .", a related response of flowering plants would be considered to be of the same general class.

In the case of questions that specifically ask for a shared first or last name by giving clues about different people who have borne it, the full name of any referenced person will be acceptable (even if the people are relatives). Note that this does not apply to questions asking for a specific person, even if the last name is the only part of the answer that is required.

In all cases, for a related response to be accepted or prompted, it must be relevant to the question (in the sense of providing the name of a topic referenced by the question).

For a related response to be accepted or prompted, it must be an accurate version of the topic’s name. For instance, if a question about Lord Byron referenced Byronic heroes, a response of Byronesque hero would be rejected.

For a related response to be accepted or prompted, it must contain a modified form of the entirety of the required portion of the answer. For instance, Daniel Shays is neither acceptable nor promptable for Shays’s Rebellion (but Shays’s Rebellion could be acceptable for Daniel Shays).

Pronunciation

Correctly pronounced responses are always acceptable. For non-English responses, that may involve either a correct pronunciation in the foreign language or a correct pronunciation of a standard English form (e.g. lohdz, lahdz, or wooch is acceptable for the Polish city of Łódź).

A plausible pronunciation using English phonetics is generally acceptable, unless it demonstrates a fundamental lack of understanding about the correct answer (e.g. Malcolm the Tenth is not acceptable for Malcolm X). As a general rule, while leeway may be given to vowel sounds, consonants should be in the correct order (e.g. Olduvai is not the same as Olvudai), and syllables may not generally be added or omitted. In some cases, however, a pronunciation may still be deemed plausible (and thus acceptable) even if it adds or removes a syllable (e.g. pronouncing koan identically to cone).

It is not the case, however, that “vowels do not matter.” Plausible pronunciations of answers according to standard English phonetics are acceptable, so long as they do not create ambiguity. Plausible pronunciations of answers according to other languages may or may not be acceptable depending on the exact context. For instance, mee-jee, mye-jye, and may-ih-jee would all be acceptable for Meiji. Moo-joo or may-jay would be incorrect. The intent of this rule is to avoid penalizing players for learning by reading without an opportunity to hear words pronounced correctly.

A player may be prompted to spell a phonetically close response. In such cases, the exact spelling is not always required (e.g. a player says muh-NAY and is prompted. A response of M-A-N-A-Y would be sufficient to remove ambiguity with Monet.)

Foreign-Language Responses

English-language responses are usually (but not always) acceptable, even if foreign-language names for the same entity are more commonly used.

In some cases, the use of a foreign-language term may be so universal in English that the English version is not even promptable (e.g. openness would not be prompted for glasnost).

Foreign-language responses are generally acceptable for questions whose geographic context involves a region with which the language is strongly associated. This will be most common in questions about geographic features, political entities, or international organizations but could potentially apply to any answer.

As a specific case, questions about modern-day countries will accept any foreign-language name listed for that country in the CIA World Factbook. This does not necessarily include every official language used by the country.

Titles of, and proper names from, works in the original language of the answer are generally acceptable. English titles under which translations have been published are generally acceptable (e.g. for the Camus work, L’Etranger is acceptable, as is The Stranger or The Outsider—the original British translation—but Der Fremde is not, as the work was not originally written in German.) Potential translations of foreign-language titles into English that have not been used for published editions of the work are generally not acceptable. For the purposes of this guideline, "works" includes texts, films, works of art (visual and musical), TV shows, video games, and songs. Works that were the result of a multinational creative process may have multiple "original languages," all of which will be acceptable.

Names of people in their original language are generally acceptable.

Other Notes

Indicating that a class of response is “generally acceptable” does not prevent it from being merely promptable (or even outright incorrect) if the wording of a particular question disallows it. This would most commonly occur if that response appeared as a clue in the question itself or if a question were very specific about the type of answer sought (e.g. a question that specifically asked for an “English-language” answer or a “regnal name”).

In general, a response to a tossup question must be compatible with every clue that has been read (e.g. a response that is correct for the second clue of a question but too specific to be correct for the first clue will be counted wrong). Responses to parts of bonus questions must be compatible with every clue contained in the question through the end of the current part.

In rare cases, an otherwise acceptable (or promptable) response may be ruled incorrect when it creates ambiguity with another plausible answer (e.g. even though first and last names are generally acceptable, John Adams would not be acceptable—or promptable—for John Quincy Adams, as it creates confusion with the full name of his presidential father).

In general, descriptions of answers that have well-known names are not acceptable (e.g. the first president of the U.S. is not acceptable for George Washington). In some cases, a canonical name may not exist or may be deemed too obscure; in such cases descriptions will be acceptable.

NAQT rules do not allow the giving of multiple, related pieces of information (“blitzing”) as a response. A player who gives such a response will have its first part evaluated and the rest ignored. (See Correctness Guideline C.4.e for a partial exception to this.)