The genealogy of the kings of England after the Norman Conquest of 1066 is so well known that it needs little introduction. What is surprising is that, despite the multiplicity of sources and vast amount of collective study effort, there are still areas where doubt persists. Notable among these are:

the order of birth of the children of King William I and the betrothals of some of his daughters.

the precise number and identity of the illegitimate children of King Henry I.

Both of these issues are among those which are discussed in this document.

WILLIAM I 1066-1087, WILLIAM II 1087-1100

GUILLAUME de Normandie, illegitimate son of ROBERT II Duke of Normandy & his mistress Herlève --- (Château de Falaise, Normandy [1027/28]-Rouen, Prioré de Saint-Gervais 9 Sep 1087, bur Caen, Abbé de Saint-Etienne). His birth date is estimated from William of Malmesbury, according to whom Guillaume was born of a concubine and was seven years old when his father left for Jerusalem[1], and Orderic Vitalis, who states that he was eight years old at the time[2].Deville suggests that Guillaume´s birthdate can be fixed more precisely to [mid-1027], taking into account that his father Robert occupied Falaise immediately after the death of his father Duke Richard II (23 Aug 1026), not wishing to accept the authority of his older brother Duke Richard III, but that Robert´s stay was short as the two brothers were reconciled soon after, it being reasonable to suppose that Robert´s relationship with Guillaume´s mother occurred soon after his arrival at Falaise[3]. According to Orderic Vitalis, Alain III Duke of Brittany was appointed his guardian during his father's absence in 1035[4].He succeeded his father in 1035 as
GUILLAUME II Duke of Normandy. He helped Henri I King of France defeat Geoffroy II "Martel" Comte d'Anjou at Mouliherne in [1045/55][5].
It appears that Edward "the Confessor" King of England acknowledged Guillaume as successor to the English throne on several occasions, maybe for the first time during his visit to England in 1051 which is recorded in the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[6]. Comte de Maine in 1063, after he conquered the county. In [1064/65], Duke Guillaume interceded with Guy de Ponthieu Comte d'Abbeville to secure the release of Harold Godwinsson from captivity in Normandy, in return for Harold's acknowledgement of Guillaume as successor to the English crown (according to the portrayal of the event in the Bayeux tapestry). Harold Godwinsson's visit to Normandy, and swearing allegiance to Duke William, is recorded by William of Jumièges[7]. According to Eadmer of Canterbury, the reason for his visit was to negotiate the release of his brother Wulfnoth and nephew Haakon, both of whom had been hostages in Normandy since 1051. On his deathbed, King Edward "the Confessor" bequeathed the kingdom of England to Harold Godwinsson. Duke Guillaume branded Harold a perjurer and appealed to Pope Alexander II for support. After receiving a papal banner in response to his request, William gathered a sizable army during summer 1066 in preparation for invasion. After some delay due to unfavourable weather conditions, the army set sail for England from Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme 28 Sep 1066[8]. William defeated and killed King Harold at Hastings 14 Oct 1066[9], marched north to Canterbury, then west to Winchester where he captured the royal treasury. He proceeded to London where he was crowned 25 Dec 1066 as
WILLIAM I
"the Conqueror" King of England
at Westminster Abbey, possibly by Ealdred Archbishop of York who may have officiated because of doubts concerning the validity of the appointment of Stigand as Archbishop of Canterbury. The latter had received his pallium in 1058 from Pope Benedict X, later regarded as anti-Pope, an appointment which had not been regularised by Pope Alexander II. He was crowned again at Winchester 1070 with a Papal crown. After taking several years to subdue the whole country, he imposed the Norman feudal structure and rule everywhere with methodical and harsh persistence. The minute description of the country contained in the Domesday Book, completed in 1086, enabled King William to create an effective tax base He died from wounds received at the siege of Mantes, having been injured internally after being thrown against the pommel of his saddle[10], leaving Normandy to his eldest son Robert and England to his second surviving son William. Guillaume de Jumièges records the death of King William at Rouen on 9 Sep and his burial at Saint-Etienne, Caen[11]. Florence of Worcester records the death "Id Sep V" of King William and his burial "Cadomi in ecclesia S Stephani Protomartyris"[12]. The
Brevis Relatio de Origine Willelmi Conquestoris
records that "Willelmus…Roberti filius" was buried "Cadomi in ecclesia beati Stephani" which he had built[13].

m
(Eu, Cathedral of Notre Dame [1050/52]) MATHILDE de Flandre, daughter of BAUDOUIN V "le Pieux/Insulanus" Count of Flanders & his wife Adela de France ([1032]-Caen 2 Nov 1083, bur Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity). The
Genealogica Comitum Flandriæ Bertiniana
names (in order) "Balduinum
Haanoniensem, et Robdbertum cognomento postea Iherosolimitanum, et Matilde uxorem Guillelmi regis Anglorum" as the children of "Balduinum
Insulanum
[et] Adelam"[14]. Her parentage is also stated by Orderic Vitalis[15]. She founded the abbey of la Trinité at Caen, as confirmed by an undated manuscript which records the death "pridie nonas julias" of "abbatissam Mathildem" in the 54th year in which she held the position and names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[16]. Florence of Worcester records that "comitissa Mahtilda de Normannia" came to England 23 Mar [1068] and was crowned "die Pentecostes
[11 May]" by Aldred Archbishop of York[17]. Orderic Vitalis also records that she was crowned Queen of England 11 May 1068[18], presumably at Westminster Abbey or Winchester Cathedral although this appears to be unrecorded. Queen Matilda acted as regent in Normandy during her husband's absences in England. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "IV Non Nov" of "Matildis
Anglorum
regina"[19]. Guillaume de Jumièges records the burial of Queen Mathilde on 3 Nov 1081 at Holy Trinity, Caen[20]. Florence of Worcester records the death "IV Non Nov" in [1083] of "regina
Mahtilda" in Normandy and her burial at Caen[21].

King William I & his wife had ten children:

1.ROBERT
de Normandie
(Normandy [1052/54]-Cardiff Castle [3] Feb 1134, bur Gloucester Cathedral[22]). William of Malmesbury names Robert as eldest son of King William I[23]. "Roberti filii sui Normannorum comitis, Richardi filii sui…" subscribed the charter dated Apr 1067 under which "Willelmus…dux Normannorum…Anglorum rex" confirmed rights to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire[24]. Orderic Vitalis records that, after unsuccessfully aspiring to govern Normandy and Maine during the lifetime of his father, Robert rebelled in 1079 and went into exile in Flanders[25]. William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis both state that he was assisted in his rebellion by Philippe I King of France and that he wounded his father in battle at Gerberoy[26]. He succeeded his father in 1087 as
ROBERT
“Curthose” Duke of Normandy, his nickname due, according to William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis, to his short stature which he presumably inherited from his mother who was also reputed to have been very short[27]. He joined the contingent of Robert II Count of Flanders on the First Crusade in Sep 1096, together with Etienne Comte de Blois, after pledging the duchy of Normandy to his brother King William for 10,000 marks of silver in order to fund the expedition[28]. Albert of Aix records the arrival in Constantinople of "Robertus Normannorum comes, Stephanus Blesensis, Eustachius frater prædicti Ducis", dated to early 1097 from the context[29]. Following the capture of Jerusalem, Robert left Palestine to return to Europe in Sep 1099[30]. On returning to Normandy in Autumn 1100, he recovered his duchy without opposition[31]. He landed at Portsmouth in 1102 aiming to displace his brother King Henry I as king of England, but was persuaded to return to Normandy on payment of 3,000 marks[32]. His brother King Henry invaded Normandy and defeated Robert at the battle of Tinchebrai[33], declaring himself duke of Normandy 28 Sep 1106. King Henry took Robert in captivity back to England, where Robert remained in prison for the rest of his life. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1134 of "Robertus dux Normannorum filius Willermi regis…primogenitus" and his burial at Gloucester[34]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death at Cardiff in [1134] of "Rotbertus frater regis Heinrici quondam comes Normanniæ" and his burial in Gloucester[35].

2.RICHARD
de Normandie
(Normandy [1054 or 1056]-1075 or 1081, bur Winchester Cathedral). William of Malmesbury records that he was the second son of King William I[36]. "The next-born after Robert" according to Orderic Vitalis[37]
who, from the context of this passage appears to be taking into account daughters as well as sons in his list of the king's children although, critically for deciding the birth order of the older children, he omits Cecilia in this section. "Roberti filii sui Normannorum comitis, Richardi filii sui…" subscribed the charter dated Apr 1067 under which "Willelmus…dux Normannorum…Anglorum rex" confirmed rights to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire[38]. Duc de Bernay, in Normandy. According to William of Malmesbury, he "contracted a disorder from a stream of foul air while hunting deer in the New Forest"[39]. Florence of Worcester records that "Willelmi iunioris germanus Ricardus" was killed in the New Forest long before, when recording the death of his brother King William II[40]. Orderic Vitalis recounts that "when a youth who had not yet received the belt of knighthood, had gone hunting in the New Forest and whilst he was galloping in pursuit of a wild beast he had been badly crushed between a strong hazel branch and the pommel of his saddle, and mortally injured" dying soon after[41]. Guillaume de Jumièges records a similar, but less specific, story, saying that Richard was hunting, knocked himself against a tree, fell ill and died from his injury[42].

3.ADELAIDE[Adelisa]
de Normandie
([1055]-7 Dec, 1066 or after). Orderic Vitalis records the betrothal of Adelaide and Harold Godwinson, listing her after Agatha and before Constance in his description of the careers of the daughters of King William[43]. The sources are contradictory concerning the name of the daughter betrothed to Harold Godwinson, as well as the timing of her death. The only near certainty is that it would presumably have been the oldest available daughter who was betrothed to Harold. Matthew Paris does not name her but lists her fourth among the daughters of King William, while distinguishing her from the fifth daughter betrothed to "Aldefonso
Galiciæ
regi"[44]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that Duke Guillaume betrothed his daughter Adelise to Harold, in a later passage (in which he does not repeat her name) stating that she was the third daughter and that she died a virgin although she was of an age to marry[45]. Chibnall specifies[46]
that this reference is contained in the interpolations written by Orderic Vitalis, the latter chronicler therefore contradicting his statement in his own work that Agatha was the name of the daughter who was betrothed to King Harold. Orderic Vitalis says that Adelaide "a most fair maiden vowed herself to God when she reached marriageable age and made a pious end under the protection of Roger of Beaumont"[47]. The daughter betrothed to Harold was alive in early 1066, according to Eadmer of Canterbury[48]
who says that Duke Guillaume requested King Harold, soon after his accession, to keep his promise to marry his daughter. This is contradicted by William of Malmesbury[49], who says that her death before that of Edward "the Confessor" was taken by King Harold II as marking absolution from his oath to Duke Guillaume. She died as a nun at Préaux[50]. A manuscript of la Trinité de Caen names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[51], which, if the order of names is significant, indicates that Adelaide was older than her two named sisters. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "VII Id Dec" of "Adeliza filia regis Anglorum", stating that her father made a donation for her soul[52]. The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death of "Adelina filia regis Anglorum", undated but listed among deaths at the end of the calendar year[53].
Betrothed
([1064/65]) to HAROLD Godwinson Earl of Wessex, son of GODWIN Earl of Wessex & his wife Gytha of Denmark ([1022/25]-killed in battle Hastings 14 Oct 1066, bur [Waltham Abbey]), who succeeded in 1066 as
HAROLD II King of England.

4.MATHILDE
de Normandie
(-26 Apr or 6 Jul [1113]). The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death "VI Kal Mai" of "Mathildis filia Willelmi regis Anglorum"[54]. She is not named as a daughter of King William by either William of Malmesbury or Orderic Vitalis. There is no basis for assessing her order of birth among the other known daughters of the king. An undated manuscript records the death "pridie nonas julias" of "abbatissam Mathildem" in the 54th year in which she held the position[55]. The same source names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[56]. If this is correct, and even assuming that she was appointed abbess as a child, Mathilde must have been one of the oldest of her father´s children, but younger than her sister Adelaide. Delisle dates her death to [1113][57], on the basis of Orderic Vitalis recording that her successor as abbess of la Trinité de Caen, her sister Cecilia, died 13 Jul 1127 after 14 years as abbess[58].

5.CECILIA
de Normandie
(-Caen 3/13 Jul [1126/27], bur Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity). She is named first in his list of King William's daughters by William of Malmesbury and by Matthew Paris[59]. Orderic Vitalis, in his list of the king's children which appears to place both the sons and daughters together in birth order[60], unfortunately omits Cecilia, rendering it particularly difficult to decide if she was older or younger than her brother Richard. Guillaume de Jumièges names Cecile as eldest daughter, stating that she was a nun at the convent of Holy Trinity at Caen[61]. A manuscript at Caen names "Mathildem Anglorum reginam, nostri cœnobii fondatricem, Adilidem, Mathildem, Constantiam, filias eius" heading the list of the names of nuns at the abbey[62], which, if the order of names is significant, indicates that Cecilia was younger than her sisters Adelaide and Mathilde. Her parents offered her as an oblate to the nunnery of the Holy Trinity, Caen (founded by her mother) 18 Jun 1066[63], probably in part to obtain divine blessing for her father´s project to invade England. She became a nun there in 1075[64], her tutor being Arnoul de Choques who later became Chancellor to her brother Robert "Curthose" Duke of Normandy, and subsequently Patriarch of Jerusalem[65]. She succeeded her sister Mathilde as abbess of la Trinité de Caen in [1113][66]. The
Chronicon S. Stephani Cadomensis
records the death in 1126 of "Cecilia
Abbatissa, Willelmi Regis filia"[67].

6.GUILLAUME
de Normandie
([1056/60]-killed in the New Forest 2 Aug 1100, bur Winchester Cathedral[68]). William of Malmesbury records that he was the third son of King William I[69]. He left his father's deathbed in Normandy in Sep 1087 to rush to England to claim the throne, succeeding as
WILLIAM
II
“Rufus” King of England, crowned at Westminster Abbey 26 Sep 1087. Florence of Worcester records that King William was crowned "VI Kal Oct" of King William at Westminster Abbey[70]. His reign was characterised by bitter rivalry with his brother Robert in Normandy, even harsher imposition of Norman rule in England than by his father, and growing resentment of his ways among the nobility. Florence of Worcester records the death "IV Non Aug" of King William in the New Forest, killed by an arrow shot by "quodam Franco Waltero cognomento Tirello" [châtelain de Poix et de Pontoise], and his burial "Wintoniam in Veteri Monasterio in ecclesia S Petri"[71]. Orderic Vitalis records that he was killed while hunting, maybe murdered, by an arrow shot by Walter Tirel[72]. According to Orderic Vitalis, he "never had a lawful wife but gave himself up insatiably to obscene fornications and repeated adulteries"[73]. The necrology of Saint-Nicaise de Meulan records the death "II Non Aug" of "Guillelmus rex Anglorum filius Guillelmi regis"[74].

7.CONSTANCE
de Normandie
(Normandy [1057/1061]-13 Aug 1090, bur Church of St Melans near Rhedon). Listed by Orderic Vitalis after Adelaide and before Adela in his description of the careers of the daughters of King William[75]. Named first in his list of the daughters of King William I by Matthew Paris[76]. Guillaume de Jumièges names Constance as second daughter, naming her husband "Alain
Fergant comte
de la petite Bretagne et fils d'Hoel, qui avait succédé à Conan" and specifying that she died childless[77]. The
Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii
records the marriage in 1086 of "Alanus" and "Constantiam filiam Regis Anglorum Guillelmi"[78]. The
Chronicon
Kemperlegiensis
records the marriage in 1087 of "Alanus
Hoëli Consulis filius" and "Constantiam
Guillelmi Regis Anglorum
filiam"[79]. The
Chronicon
Britannico Alter
records the marriage in 1088 of "Alanus" and "Constantiam filam Regis Guillelmi Anglorum"[80]. Orderic Vitalis records that she was married in Bayeux[81]. William of Malmesbury lists her as second daughter after Cecilia, adding that "she excited the inhabitants [of Brittany] by the severity of her justice to administer a poisonous potion to her"[82]. Orderic Vitalis, on the other hand, says that she "did everything in her power to further the welfare of her subjects" and "was deeply grieved when she died"[83]. "Alanus dux Britannorum et Constantia uxor eius" donated property to the priory of Livré by charter dated 31 Jul 1089[84]. The
Chronicon
Britannico Alter
records the death in 1090 of "Constantia
Alani
coniux…sine liberis"[85]. The
Chronicon Universum
in the cartulary of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé records the death in 1090 of "Constantia comitissa filia regis Anglorum"[86].
m
(Bayeux [1086/88]) as his first wife, ALAIN IV
“Fergant”
Duke of Brittany, son of HOËL V Comte de Cornouaille, de Léon et de Nantes & his wife Havise heiress of Brittany (-13 Oct 1119).

8.AGATHE
de Normandie
(-before 1074, bur Bayeux Cathedral). Listed by Orderic Vitalis after Richard and before Adelaide in his description of the careers of the children of King William[87]. According to William of Malmesbury, an unnamed daughter of King William was "affianced by messengers" to King Alfonso[88]. Orderic Vitalis names her Agatha, identifying her as the daughter who had been betrothed to Harold Godwinson (see above), and says that she was betrothed to "Amfursio regi Galliciæ"[89]. Matthew Paris places her as the fifth daughter (unnamed) betrothed to "Aldefonso
Galiciæ
regi", but different from the daughter betrothed to Harold[90]. Orderic says that she died en route to Spain, her body being brought back to Bayeux for burial[91]. The betrothal to Alfonso must have been a short-lived arrangement as he married his first wife in 1069[92].
Betrothed
(by proxy Caen, Abbey of Holy Trinity [before 1069]) to
ALFONSO VI King of Galicia and Leon, son of FERNANDO I King of Castile & his wife Infanta doña Sancha de Léon (Compostela [1037]-Toledo 30 Jun 1109, bur Sahagún, León, San Mancio chapel in the royal monastery of Santos Facundo y Primitivo). He succeeded in 1072 as
ALFONSO VI King of Castile. [Betrothed
([after 1069]) to
SIMON du Vexin, son of RAOUL III “le Grand” Comte de Valois & his first wife Aelis de Bar-sur-Aube (-[30 Sep/1 Oct] 1080 Rome, bur 1082 Rome St Peter). The
Vita Simonis
records a ficitional speech of William I King of England in which he offers his (unnamed) daughter's hand to Simon, specifying that she had previously been betrothed to "regis Hispaniarum Anfursi et Roberti principis Apuliæ"[93]. The supposed betrothal to Robert of Apulia (which would have to refer to Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia) is unrecorded in the numerous other sources dealing with his life and is probably pure fantasy. This does not instil confidence with respect to the historical accuracy of the whole passage, but if it is correct the daughter in question would presumably have been Agatha who was probably the daughter of King William betrothed to "Amfursio regi Galliciæ" (see above). Count Simon resigned his county in 1077, became a monk and went on pilgrimage to Rome where he died[94].]

9.ADELA
de Normandie
(Normandy [1066/67]-Marigney-sur-Loire 8 Mar 1138, bur Abbey of Holy Trinity, Caen). She is listed by Orderic Vitalis last among the daughters of King William in his description of their careers[95]. She is named third in his list of the daughters of King William I by Matthew Paris[96], but this appears unlikely in view of Adela's child-bearing until her husband's death in 1102. Her birth date is estimated bearing in mind that marriage frequently took place in early adolescence at the time, and also because Adela clearly continued to bear children right up to her husband's death. Orderic Vitalis records that she encouraged her husband to join the First Crusade and did not hide her shame when he deserted from Antioch in 1098[97]. Regent of Blois 1102-1107, after the death of her husband. She became a nun at the Cluniac priory of Marigney-sur-Loire in [1122]. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "VIII Id Mar" of "Adela comitissa"[98], and in another manuscript the death "VIII Id Mar" of "Adela nobilis Blesensium comitissa regis Anglorum Willelmi filia"[99].
m
(Betrothed Breteuil[100]
1080, Chartres[101]
1081) ETIENNE
[Henri]
de Blois, son of THIBAUT III Comte de Blois & his [first/second wife Gersende de Maine/Gundrada ---] (-killed in battle Ramleh 19 May 1102). He succeeded his father in 1089 as
ETIENNE
Comte de Blois, de Chartres, de Châteaudun, de Sancerre et de Meaux.

a)ETIENNE
de Blois
(Blois [1096/97]-Dover 25 Oct 1154, bur Faversham Abbey, Kent). After the death of his uncle Henry I King of England, he crossed at once to England before his rival, King Henry's daughter Maud, and had himself crowned as
STEPHEN King of England
at Westminster Abbey 22 Dec 1135.

HENRY I 1100-1135

HENRY of England, son of WILLIAM I "the Conqueror" King of England & his wife Mathilde de Flandre ([Selby, Yorkshire Sep 1068]-Château de Lyon-la-Forêt, near Rouen 1 Dec 1135, bur Reading Abbey, Berkshire[103]). Orderic Vitalis records that Henry was born "within a year" of his mother's coronation on 11 May 1068[104]. Seigneur de Domfront 1092. Comte de Coutances and Bayeux 1096. He succeeded his brother 3 Aug 1100 as
HENRY I
“Beauclerc” King of England, taking prompt action to ensure his succession by taking control of the royal treasure at Winchester. Florence of Worcester records that "iunior frater suus Heinricus" succeeded King William II and was crowned "Non Aug" in Westminster Abbey[105]. Orderic Vitalis records that he was crowned at Westminster Abbey 5 Aug 1100[106]. He married the niece of the last Saxon claimant to the throne of England to appease the English. After consolidating his position in England, he crossed the Channel to subdue Normandy in 1105[107]. He defeated his brother Robert at Tinchebrai and declared himself
Duke of Normandy
28 Sep 1106. Henry turned his attention to strengthening the position of the crown in the newly united country, creating the Exchequer to improve control over finances, and ensuring that his own supporters filled the potentially powerful positions of county sheriffs. However, tensions increased with the barons, setting the scene for the civil war which followed Henry's death, his male heir having drowned in the White Ship disaster in 1120. The Chronicæ Sancti Albini
records the death "1135 III Non Dec" of "Henricus rex Angliæ"[108]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "IV Non Dec" in [1135] and his burial at Reading[109]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "IV Non Dec" of "Henricus rex Anglorum"[110]. William of Newburgh records the burial of King Henry I "apud Radingam in monasterio"[111].

m firstly
(Westminster Abbey 11 Nov 1100) EADGYTH of Scotland, daughter of MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland & his wife Margaret of England (1079-Palace of Westminster 1 May 1118, bur Westminster Abbey[112]). Orderic Vitalis records that their mother sent Eadgyth and her sister Mary to be brought up by her sister Christina, nun at Romsey Abbey[113]. Florence of Worcester records the marriage of King Henry and "regis
Scottorum Malcolmi et Margaretæ reginæ filiam Mahtildem" and her coronation as queen in a passage dealing with events in late 1100[114]. She adopted the name
MATILDAon her marriage. Crowned Queen Consort 11 or 14 Nov 1100. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "Kal
Mai" of "Matildis
Anglorum
regina"[115]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "Kal
Mai " at Westminster of "Mahthildis regina Anglorum", and her burial at Westminster Abbey[116].

m secondly
(Royal Chapel, Windsor Castle 29 Jan or 2 Feb 1121) ADELISA de Louvain, daughter of GODEFROI V "le Barbu" Duke of Lower Lotharingia, Comte de Louvain & his first wife Ida de Chiny Ctss de Namur ([1103/06]-Afflighem Abbey 23/24 Mar or 23 Apr 1151, bur Afflighem Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "IV Kal Feb" [1121] of King Henry and "Atheleidem filiam Godefridi ducis Lotharingæ puellam virginem" and her coronation as queen "III Kal Feb"[117]. Orderic Vitalis names her and her father[118]. William of Newburgh records the second marriage of King Henry I and "filiam ducis Lotharingie", noting that the marriage was childless[119]. The
Genealogia
Ducum Brabantiæ Heredum Franciæ
names (in order) "Alaida…Anglorum regina…comitissa de Cleves Ida…[et] Clarissia virgo" as the three daughters of "Godefridus Cum-barba"[120]. The
Balduini
Ninovensis Chronicon
records the marriage of "Henricus rex Anglorum" and "Athelam filiam Godefridi ducis Lotharingie" in 1121[121]. She was crowned Queen Consort at Westminster Abbey 30 Jan or 3 Feb 1121. The
Continuatio Chronici Afflegemiensis
records that “Godefridus cum barba Dux Lotharingiæ…filia…Aleidis” married “Regi Angliæ” in 1121[122]. The castle and honour of Arundel was settled on Queen Adelisa after her first husband died. She married secondly ([1136/Sep 1139])
William d’Aubigny
[de Albini], who was created Earl of Arundel soon after his marriage. Robert of Torigny records that "Willermi
de Albinaio
quem vocant comitem de Arundel" married "Aelizam reginam relictam Henrici senioris regis Anglorum"[123]. Adelisa became a nun at Affleghem Abbey, near Aalst in Brabant in 1149/50. The Annals of Margan record the death in 1151 of “Adelidis, regina secunda Henrici regis”[124]. The
Continuatio Chronici Afflegemiensis
records that “Godefridus cum barba Dux Lotharingiæ…filia…Aleidis” died “IX Kal Mai” and was buried at Afflighem after the death of her second husband[125].
The necrology of Lyre monastery records the death "25 Mar" of "Adelicia regina"[126].

Mistress (1): ---, a woman from Caen. The name of King Henry's first mistress is not known. Her origin is assumed because her son is styled "Robertus
de Cadomo " by Orderic Vitalis. A possible family connection of hers is suggested by the undated charter, arranged with charters dated 1127/28 in the compilation, under which Henry I King of England confirmed an exchange of property between the abbot of Fécamp and "Nigello filio Willelmi, nepote Roberti comitis Gloecestrie filii mei", "Nigellus" donating property "in villa Fiscanni habuit et avus et pater eius"[127]. The wording of the document is incompatible with "Willelmi" being another son of King Henry I. The relationship with Robert Earl of Gloucester must presumably therefore be established through Robert´s mother. The alternatives appear to be that William, father of Nigel, was the son of Robert´s mother by a later marriage (and therefore uterine half-brother of Earl Robert), that William´s wife was her daughter by a later marriage (uterine half-sister of Earl Robert), or that the word
nepos
denotes a more remote blood relationship and that Nigel was the first or second cousin of Earl Robert. Another relative of Robert Earl of Gloucester was Christiana, who married, as his first wife,
William FitzAlan. Orderic Vitalis records that "William fitz Alan castellan and vicecomes of Shrewsbury" married "a niece of Robert Earl of Gloucester"[128]. "William Fitz Alan" donated the fishery of Upton-upon-Severn to Haughmond abbey by undated charter, witnessed by "Walter his brother, Christiana his wife…"[129].

Mistress (3):
ANSFRIDE, widow of
ANSKILL, daughter of --- (-bur Abingdon Abbey). The Chronicle of Abingdon names "Anskillus" and "uxore Anskilli iam defuncti…filio eius…Willelmo" adding that "fratrem regis Henricum" was father of her son "Ricardum", in a later passage naming her "Ansfrida" when recording her death and the donation of the mill at Langford by "Willelmus filius eiusdem…de Anskillo marito suo" for her burial at Abingdon[131]. Her husband was a knight, tenant of Abingdon Abbey, who died following a few days of harsh treatment after being imprisoned by King William II.

[Mistress (4): ---.
TheComplete Peerage
suggests that the mother of Sibyl Queen of Scotland was Sibyl Corbet[132], who is shown below as Mistress (5). As explained more fully below under her daughter Queen Sibyl, this suggestion is not ideal from a chronological point of view. In summary, Sibyl Corbet´s son, Renaud Earl of Cornwall, was probably not born before [1110] considering that his marriage is dated to [1141]. If that is correct, the only way in which he could have had the same mother as the queen of Scotland would be if the latter was a young girl at the time of her marriage. In addition, the birth of Herbert FitzHerbert, son of Sibyl Corbet by her marriage, is estimated to [1125/35] (see the document UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY D-K), which appears incompatible with Sibyl also having been the mother of Queen Sibyl. On the other hand, "Robert Corbet" witnessed charters in Scotland which are dated to the reign of King Alexander and the early years of the reign of his brother King David (see UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY A-C). If Robert Corbet had been Queen Sibyl´s maternal grandfather or her maternal uncle, this could account for his presence at the Scottish court at the time.]

Mistress (5):
SIBYL Corbet, daughter of ROBERT Corbet of Alcester, co Warwick & his [first] wife --- ([1090/95]-after 1157).
TheComplete Peerage
deduces her parentage, relationship with King Henry, and her marriage from a charter, dated to [1163/75], under which her son "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ" which he had granted to "Willielmo de Boterells in Cornubia, patri…predicti Willielmi" on his marriage, witnessed by "Nicholao filio meo…Herberto filio Herberti, Baldwino et Ricardo nepotibus meis, Willelmo de Vernun, Willielmo fratre meo…Hugone de Dunstanvill…"[133]. She married ([1115/25])
Herbert FitzHerbert. The [1125/35] birth date range estimated for her son Herbert, born from this marriage, indicates that she married after her relationship with the king. The Pipe Roll of 1157 records a payment to "the mother of Earl Reginald" from an estate at Mienes, Sussex[134].

Mistress (6):
EDITH, daughter of ---. Symeon of Durham names "Rodberto filio Edæ et Henrici regis notho"[135].
TheComplete Peerage[136]
identifies her as the probable daughter of Forn Sigurdson Lord of Greystoke, Cumberland. If this is correct, she married Robert de Oilly
of Hook Norton, constable of Oxford Castle, son of Nigel de Oilly of Hook Norton, Oxfordshire & his wife --- (-1142). The suggestion is presumably based on the undated charter under which “Robertus Henrici regis filius” donated property to Oseney Abbey, Oxfordshire, with the consent of "Henrici de Oleio fratris mei”[137]. However, “Editha, Roberto de Oilly conjugali copula juncta” donated property to Thame Abbey, for the souls of “Henrici et Gilberti filiorum meorum”, by undated charter witnessed by “Fulco de Oilly, Fulco Luval, Henrico filio Roberti filii Aumari”[138]. If Edith, wife of Robert de Oilly, was the same person as the mother of King Henry´s son Robert, it is unclear why she would not have named her son Robert in this charter.

Mistresses (7) - (12): ---. The names of these mistresses of King Henry are not known.

Mistresses (14): ---. The name of this mistress of King Henry is not known.

Mistress (15):
ISABELLE de Beaumont, daughter of ROBERT de Beaumont Comte de Meulan, Earl of Leicester & his wife Isabelle de Vermandois ([1102/07]-). Guillaume de Jumièges records one illegitimate daughter of King Henry I as daughter of "Elisabeth
sœur de Galeran comte de Meulan"[140].She marriedGilbert FitzGilbert de Clare Earl of Pembroke. Guillaume de Jumièges names "la sœur de Galeran comte de Meulan…Elisabeth" as wife of Gilbert[141]. Henry II King of England confirmed the donations to the nuns of Saint-Saens by "Isabel comitissa qui fuit uxor Gilleberti comitis" by charter dated to [1172/1182][142].

King Henry I & his first wife had [three] children:

1.[daughter (Winchester Jul/Aug 1101-died young). According to Weir, a legitimate daughter of King Henry's was born in late Jul or early Aug 1101[143]. She names her Euphemia. The primary source which confirms the birth of a child at that time has not yet been identified. It is possible that there is confusion with the birth of the king's daughter Matilda, probably born in the following year. All the contemporary chronicles so far consulted state that the king had only two children by his first marriage. The name Euphemia appears improbable. The earliest reference to this name so far found among noble families in the British Isles is the mother of Robert de Brus Lord of Annandale (who died in 1191), her precise parentage being unknown although she is recorded as
neptis
of Guillaume "le Gros" Comte d'Aumâle and Lord of Holderness (who died in 1179). The name is not found among the immediate ancestors of the legitimate children of King Henry, and it is unclear why the king would have given a non-family name to his eldest daughter.]

2.MATILDA
(Winchester or London 1102-Abbaye de Notre-Dame des Près, near Rouen 10 Sep 1167, bur Abbaye du Bec, Normandy, later moved to Rouen Cathedral). Her parentage is stated by Orderic Vitalis[144]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the birth "secundo anno regni" of "filiam…Matildis"[145]. According to Weir[146], she was christened Adelaide but adopted the name Matilda on her first marriage. The primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. The chronology of Matilda´s first marriage is complicated. Negotiations for the marriage started in 1109:
Henry of Huntingdon records that ambassadors were sent by “Henrico imperatore Romano” to request “filiam regis” in marriage for “domini sui”, that they were received in the English court “ad Pentecosten”, and that “filia regis” was given (“data”) to “imperatori” in the following year, dated to [1109/10] from the context[147]. The English king's presence in London at that time is confirmed by the
Regesta Regum Anglorum
which lists three charters dated 13 June 1109 “Pentecost” issued at Westminster in King Henry's name[148]. The
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
records in 1109 that “before Whitsuntide” King Henry I returned to England from Normandy and “held his court at Westminster” where “the contracts were completed and the oaths sworn for the marriage of his daughter to the emperor” and in 1110 that “before Lent, the king sent his daughter oversea with innumerable treasures and gave her in marriage to the emperor”[149]. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Anglorum Henricus” granted “filiam suam...in conjugem" to "Heinrico regi Teutonicorum", dated to 1110 from the context[150]. In a later passage, the same source records that "Matildis filia regis Anglorum” who was “Heinrico, Romanorum imperatori...desponsata" was consecrated empress "VIII Id Jan" (6 January) at Mainz, dated to 1114 from the context[151]. The
Continuatio
of the Gesta Ducum Normannorum
records that “Henricus quintus rex et quartus imperator Romanorum et Alemannorum” requested in marriage the daughter of the king of England who was brought to his kingdom, that the couple were betrothed (“desponsavit”) in Utrecht at Easter, and that Matilda was consecrated queen in Mainz “in festivitate sancti Iacobi” (25 July) by the archbishop of Köln. Matilda was then carefully brought up (“studiose nutriri precepit”) by Bruno archbishop of Trier, including learning the German language and customs, until the time for her marriage (“tempus nuptiarum”)[152]. Orderic Vitalis records that "Henricus rex Anglorum" gave “Mathildem filiam suam...in uxorem” to “Imperatori”, that “Rogerius filius Ricardi
[identified as Roger FitzRichard de Clare] cognatus regis, cum nobili comitatu in Anglia” escorted her to Germany, and that her dowry was 10,000 marks, undated but dated to [1110] from the context[153]. The dating is confirmed approximately by a later passage in the same source, recording the death of Emperor Heinrich, which states that he married Matilda three years after succeeding his father (who died in August 1106)[154]. Another passage records that “Henricus rex” gave “Mathildem filiam suam...in conjugium” to “Karolo
[error for Henrico]
Henrici filio Imperatori Alemannorum”, that she was led to her husband by “Burchardus præsul Cameracensium”, in the presence of “Rogerius...filius Ricardi, aliique plures ex Normannis comitati”[155]. This last passage is dated to [1109] from the context. However, Burchard was not appointed bishop of Cambrai until 1114: the
Annales Cameracensis
record that “domnus Burgardus” was elected [as bishop] in 1114[156]. The Annals of Winchester record that “rex” sent “filiam suam Matildem” for betrothal (“desponsandam”) to “imperatori Henrico” with 5,000 marks of silver in 1110, adding that she was only 8 years and 15 days old[157].The Annals of Winchelcombe, Gloucestershire record in 1114 that “Matildis filia regis Anglorum Henrici” married (“desponsatur...sponsam suscepit”) “Anglici regis filiam” and that the dowry was agreed (“more dotavit”) in Utrecht at Easter[158]. Simeon of Durham records in 1110 that "rex Anglorum Henricus" gave “filiam suam” in marriage (“in conjugem dedit”) to “Henrico imperatori”, adding that he sent her from Dover “usque ad Witsand” at the start of “Quadragesimæ...IV Id Apr”[159]. The same source records in 1114 that "Mathildis filia regis Anglorum Henrici" was married (“desponsata”) to “Henrico Romanorum imperatori” and was consecrated empress at Mainz “VIII Id Jan”[160]. The
Annales Hildesheimensis
record a synod held “Non Mar” in 1110 by Pope Paschal who sent legates to Liège (“Leodium ad regem”) and that there (“ibi”) “rex” received as wife (“sponsam suscepit”) “Anglici regis filiam” and that he granted her dower in accordance with the customs of the kingdom (“regio more dotavit”) in Utrecht at Easter[161]. The same source records in 1114 that Matilda married (“desponsatur”) “Henrico Romanorum imperatori”[162]. The
Annales Sancti Disibodi
record in 1109 that “Rex” was betrothed (“desponsata”) to “filia regis Anglorum” and in 1114 that “Imperator” passed Christmas at “Babinberg” and married (“nuptias fecit”) at Mainz “post epiphaniam”[163].
Matilda was crowned empress again in 1117 with her husband at St Peter’s Basilica, Rome. Her second marriage is recorded by Orderic Vitalis[164]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the second marriage of "filiam suam…viduam" to "Gaufrido comiti Andegaviæ"[165]. Matilda asserted the right to succeed after the death of her father and fought King Stephen in a civil war in which she was finally defeated 1 Nov 1141. Robert of Torigny records the death "1167…IV Id Sep Rothomagi" of "matris suæ [Henrici regis] Mathildis imperatricis" and her burial "Becci"[166]. The necrology of Angers Cathedral records the death "II Id Sep" of "Mathildis imperatrix filia Henrici regis uxor Goffredi comitis"[167].
m firstly
(betrothed Utrecht Easter 1110[168], Mainz 6 Jan 1114)
Emperor HEINRICH V, son of Emperor HEINRICH IV & his first wife Berthe de Savoie (1081-Utrecht 23 May 1125, bur Speyer Cathedral).
m secondly
(Le Mans Cathedral, Anjou 17 Jun 1128) GEOFFROY d’Anjou, son of FOULQUES V Comte d’Anjou & his first wife Aremburge de Maine (24 Aug 1113-Château du Loire 7 Sep 1151, bur Le Mans Cathedral, Anjou). He succeeded on the abdication of his father in 1129 as
GEOFFROI
V“le Bel/Plantagenet”
Comte
d’Anjou. He was proclaimed Duke of Normandy 19 Jan 1144. Matilda & her second husband had three children:

a)HENRI
d’Anjou
(Le Mans, Anjou 5 Mar 1133-Château de Chinon 6 Jul 1189, bur Abbaye de Fontevrault). William of Tyre names him and records his parentage[169]. The
Chronicæ Sancti Albini
records the birth "1133 III Non Mar" of "Henricus"[170]. Comte de Touraine et de Maine 1151. He succeeded his father in 1151 as
HENRI Comte d’Anjou,
Duke of Normandy. He became Duke of Aquitaine by right of his wife 18 May 1152. He landed in England in Jan 1153 and obliged King Stephen to recognise him as his heir, from which time Henry governed England as Justiciar. He was recognised as
HENRY II King of England
after the death of Stephen 25 Oct 1154, crowned in Westminster Abbey 19 Dec 1154.

3.WILLIAM
(Winchester 5 Aug 1103-drowned off Barfleur, Normandy 25 Nov 1120). His parentage is stated by Orderic Vitalis[171]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the birth "tertio regni anno" of "Willelmum"[172]. "David
comes" made donations to the monks of Durham by undated charter, witnessed by "Mathildis
Reginæ
et Willelmi filii sui"[173]. William of Malmesbury records that he was designated Duke of Normandy in 1120, and swore allegiance as such to Louis VI "le Gros" King of France[174]. He drowned following the sinking of the “Blanche Nef [White Ship]”, according to William of Malmesbury after returning to the ship in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue his half-sister Mathilde Ctss du Perche[175]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester names "Willelmus
regis
filius, Ricardus frater eius…" among those drowned in the sinking of the White Ship[176].
m
(Betrothed near Alençon late Feb 1113, Lisieux, Normandy Jun 1119[177])
ALICE
[Isabelle]
d’Anjou, daughter of FOULQUES V Comte d’Anjou & his first wife Eremburge Ctss du Maine (Anjou [1110/11][178]-Fontevrault Abbey 1154, bur [Fontevrault Abbey]). Her parentage is specified by Orderic Vitalis, who calls her "Matilda"[179]. William of Tyre also names her, specifying that she was her father's second daughter[180], although it is more probable that he would have betrothed his older daughter to the son of the king of England. Orderic Vitalis records that her marriage was arranged, at "Petra Peculata" near Alençon in late Feb 1113, as part of the alliance between her father and her future father-in-law[181]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records that Henry I King of England arranged the marriage of "filio suo Willelmo" and "comite Andegavensi…filia eius"[182]. She adopted the name
MATILDA
on her marriage. Orderic Vitalis records that she became a nun at Fontevraud Abbey "ten years after her marriage"[183]
and was elected abbess in 1150[184]. Her recent arrival as a nun at Fontevraud is confirmed by the charter dated 2 Feb 1129 under which "Conanus
Britannie
comes" donated property to the abbey of Fontevraud after finding that "meam cognatam Fulconis comitis Andegavensis filiam noviter ibi factam monacham"[185].

King Henry I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

4.ROBERT
de Caen
([1090]-Bristol 31 Oct 1147, bur Priory of St James, Bristol).
Orderic Vitalis records him as "Robert the king's son"[186].According to the
Gwentian Chronicle, Robert was the king´s son by "Nest, daughter of Rhys son of Tewdwr, who was afterwards the wife of Gerald of Pembroke Castle"[187], but this appears unlikely from a chronological point of view.He was created Earl of Gloucester in [Jun/Sep] 1122.

5.MATHILDE
(-drowned off Barfleur, Normandy 25 Nov 1120). She is named as daughter of King Henry I by Orderic Vitalis, who specifies that the king "built up [her husband's] power by greatly augmenting his estates and wealth in England"[188]. Orderic also specifies that the king arranged her marriage at the same time as that of her half-sister Juliane[189].
The
Genealogiæ Scriptoris Fusniacensis
refers to, but does not name, the wife of "Rotaldus comes" as "filiam regis Anglie", specifying that she had daughters[190]. Her father gave her lands in Wiltshire as her dowry[191]. "Rotrocus comes et Beatrix mater eius atque Mathildis uxor comitis" subscribed the charter dated to [1105/07] under which "Guillermus
de Loiscel" made donations to Saint-Denis de Nogent[192].The Continuator of Florence of Worcester names "…filia regis comitissa de Perceio…" among those drowned in the sinking of the White Ship[193].William of Malmesbury also records that she drowned in the sinking of the “Blanche Nef [White Ship]”[194].
m
(1103) as his first wife, ROTROU
[I]
Comte du Perche, son of GEOFFROY Comte du Perche & his wife Béatrix de Roucy
(-killed in battle Rouen [20 Jan/23 Apr] or 6 May 1144).

King Henry I had [three] illegitimate children by Mistress (3):

6.RICHARD
(before 1101-drowned off Barfleur, Normandy 25 Nov 1120).
The Chronicle of Abingdon names "Anskillus" and "uxore Anskilli iam defuncti…filio eius…Willelmo" adding that "fratrem regis Henricum" was father of her son "Ricardum"[195].He is named "Richard
the king's son" by Orderic Vitalis, who describes his capture by the forces of Louis VI "le Gros" King of France in 1119 at Andely[196]. He was present with his father at the siege of Evreux and at the battle of Brémule 20 Aug 1119[197]. Orderic Vitalis records that he "pleaded his sister's cause" with their father concerning the siege of Breteuil[198]. He raised the siege of Breteuil in Sep 1119, and was betrothed to the daughter of its defender in the following year.
The Continuator of Florence of Worcester names "Willelmus
regis
filius, Ricardus frater eius…" among those who drowned in the sinking of the White Ship[199].William of Malmesbury also records that Richard drowned in the sinking of the “White Ship”[200]. Weir[201]
states that King Henry I had a legitimate son named Richard, also drowned in the White Ship disaster, who was "Queen Matilda's son [according to] both Robert of Gloucester and the Saxon Chronicle". In the case of the latter, Chronicle E[202]
refers to "two of the king's sons, William and Richard, being drowned", but does not specify who was their mother.
The Chronicle of Gervase records the birth of "alium quoque…filium Ricardum", which from the context refers to a legitimate son of King Henry by his first marriage[203]. However, Gervase makes it clear that this was the same son Richard who was later drowned in the White Ship.
According to William of Malmesbury[204], Queen Matilda "satisfied with a child of either sex … ceased having issue". Orderic Vitalis also names only two legitimate children of King Henry[205]. While both Malmesbury and Orderic mention no children who may have died in infancy, it is unlikely that they would not have named another legitimate son who survived into young adulthood, particular if he too drowned in the White Ship incident which is otherwise described in such detail. It is therefore assumed that the only son of King Henry's who was named Richard was this illegitimate son.
Betrothed
(1120) to AMICE de Gaël, daughter of RAOUL de Gaël Seigneur de Montfort et de Breteuil & his wife --- (-after Apr 1168). She is named by Orderic Vitalis, who names her father and records that he arranged her betrothal, with Breteuil, Glos and Lire as her dowry[206]. She later married
Robert de Beaumont Comte de Meulan Earl of Leicester.

7.JULIANE. She is named as the daughter of King Henry I by Orderic Vitalis, who specifies that the king arranged her marriage[207]. According to
TheComplete Peerage[208], it is "not unlikely that she was the daughter of Ansfride" as her presumed full brother Richard interceded with King Henry on her behalf in 1119[209]. After her husband's rebellion in 1119, the king (her father) besieged her in Breteuil castle, from where she "was forced to leap down from the walls…and fell shamefully with bare buttocks into the depths of the moat", and fled to her husband at Pacy[210]. She and her husband were later pardoned. Orderic Vitalis records that she became a nun at Fontevraud Abbey[211].
m
(1103) EUSTACHE de Pacy, illegitimate son of GUILLAUME de Breteuil & his mistress --- (-1136).

8.FOULQUES
. The Chronicle of Abingdon records that "Willelmus filius eiusdem…de Anskillo marito suo" donated Langford mill to Abingdon for the burial of "Ansfrida", witnessed by "Fulcone filio regis et Ricardo pedagogo"[212].The inference is that Foulques was also Ansfride´s son by the king. According to
TheComplete Peerage, he probably became a monk at Abingdon Abbey or died young[213].

King Henry I had two illegitimate children by Mistress (4) or Mistress (5):

9.SIBYL
(-Island of the Women, Loch Tay, Perthshire 12/13 Jul 1122, bur Island of the Women, Loch Tay). William of Malmesbury records the marriage of Alexander to the unnamed illegitimate daughter of King Henry, but adds "there was…some defect about the lady either in correctness of manners or elegance of person"[214], which appears to imply mental retardation. Her name is confirmed by various charters, including the charter dated to [1120] under which
"Alexander…Rex Scottorum filius Regis Malcolmi et Reginæ Margaretæ et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Angliæ" made grants[215].
TheComplete Peerage[216]
suggests that she was the daughter of Sibyl Corbet, both because of her name and also because of the possible co-identity between "…Willelmo fratre reginæ…", who witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[217], and"…Willielmo fratre meo…" who witnessed the charter dated to [1163/75] under which "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ"[218]. However, this co-identity is not ideal from a chronological point of view. William, brother of Renaud Earl of Cornwall, died after 1187. If he was the same person as the brother of Sibyl Queen of Scotland, he could only have been a child when he subscribed the Scottish charters in which he is named. In addition, as noted below, it is possible that William, brother of Earl Renaud, may have been his uterine brother, in which case it is unlikely that he would have been chosen to accompany the queen to Scotland. Another factor is that the birth of Herbert FitzHerbert, son of Sibyl Corbet by her marriage, is estimated to [1125/35] (see the document UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY D-K), which means that he could only have been Sibyl´s half-brother if she had been a child when she married the king. On the other hand, "Robert Corbet" witnessed charters in Scotland which are dated to the reign of King Alexander and the early years of the reign of his brother King David (see UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY A-C). If that Robert Corbet had been Queen Sibyl´s maternal grandfather or her maternal uncle, this could account for his presence at the Scottish court at the time. "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey by charter dated to [1114/15][219].The
Extracta ex Cronicis Scocie
records the death in 1122 "apud Lochtay cellam canonicorum de Scona" of "Sibilla…regine Scocie uxor regis Alexandri, filia Henrici Beuclerk regis Anglie"[220].m
(before [1114/15]) ALEXANDER I
“the Fierce”
King of Scotland, son of MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland & his second wife Margaret of England ([1077/78]-Stirling Castle 23, 25 or 27 Apr 1124, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife).

10.WILLIAM
(-after [1129/33]). "…Willelmus frater regine…" witnessed the charter dated to [1114/15] under which "Alexander…rex Scottorum filius regis Malcolmi et regine Margerete et…Sibilla regina Scottorum filia Henrici regis Anglie" reformed Scone Abbey[221]."Willelmus frater reginæ…" witnessed the possibly spurious charter dated to [1120] of "Alexander…Rex Scottorum…Sibilla regina Scottorum…"[222].["Willelmus filius regis" donated "terra…Grenta de Stoca" to Bath St Peter by charter dated 28 Jun 1121, subscribed by "Patricius de Caurz, Hubertus de Sancta Susanna, Winebaldus de Baalun, Alexander de Alnoth, Reinaldus de Dunstanvilla, Giffardus de Salforda…"[223]. It is not certain that the donor was the same William as the brother of the queen of Scotland, although the presence of the latter in Scotland would not exclude him having land interests in Wiltshire.]"…Willelmo fratre reginæ…" witnessed the charter dated 1124 under which "Alexander…Rex Scottorum" granted jurisdiction to the prior of Scone[224].Maybe Constable of Scotland until about 1122. It is assumed that he was born within the same timeframe as his sister, on the assumption that the king´s relationship with their mother was relatively short-lived. As discussed above under his sister Sibyl, William has been identified as the brother of Renaud Earl of Cornwall who is recorded as alive in 1187. This appears difficult to sustain from a chronological point of view. In any case, as discussed more fully below, it is more likely that William, brother of Earl Renaud, was the earl´s uterine brother, his mother´s son by her marriage to Herbert FitzHerbert. "William the king´s son" subscribed a charter of Robert de Tosny dated [1129/33][225].

King Henry I had [four] illegitimate children by Mistress (5):

11.RENAUD
[de Dunstanville] ([1110/15]-Chertsey, Surrey 1 Jul [1175], bur Reading Abbey).
He is named as son of King Henry by Orderic Vitalis[226]. The Chronicle of Gervase names "fratre suo Reginaldo comite Cornubiæ" as one of the main supporters of Matilda[227].
TheComplete Peerage
deduces his mother´s identity from the charter, dated to [1163/75], under which "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ" which he had granted to "Willielmo de Boterells in Cornubia, patri…predicti Willielmi" on his marriage, witnessed by "Nicholao filio meo…Herberto filio Herberti, Baldwino et Ricardo nepotibus meis, Willelmo de Vernun, Willielmo fratre meo…Hugone de Dunstanvill…"[228]. His birth date range is estimated on the basis of his marriage in [1141].According to Domesday Descendants[229], "de Dunstanville" was a label only attributed to him by Orderic Vitalis. He inherited large areas of land in Cornwall, by right of his wife on his marriage and was created Earl of Cornwall in [Apr 1141] by his half-sister Maud, after successfully leading a rebellion in her favour in the West Country[230]. The title was later fully recognised by King Stephen.

12.[WILLIAM
(-after 1187). "…Herberto filio Herberti…Willielmo fratre meo…" subscribed the charter, dated to [1163/75], under which "Reginaldus, Henrici Regis filius, comes Cornubiæ" granted property to "Willielmo de Boterell, filio Aliziæ Corbet, materteræ meæ" which he had granted to "Willielmo de Boterells in Cornubia, patri…predicti Willielmi" on his marriage[231]. Military fee certifications in the Red Book of the Exchequer, in 1166, record that "Willelmus frater comitis Reginaldi" held half of one knight´s fee from "Roberti filii Regis" in Devon[232].Benedict of Peterborough records that Henry II King of England granted the kingdom of Limerick to "Hereberti filio Hereberti, et Willelmo fratri comitis Reginaldi, et Joellano de la Pumerai nepoti eorum" at a council in Oxford in May 1177, but that "Herbertus et Willelmus, fratres Reginaldi comitis Cornubiæ, et Joellanus de Pumeria nepos eorum" declined it at a council at Marlborough 3 Jun 1177[233]. None of the primary sources so far consulted conclusively indicates whether William was the full brother of Earl Renaud or his uterine half-brother by their mother´s marriage to Herbert FitzHerbert. However, the order in which the individuals are named in the documents quoted above suggests that William was younger than Herbert, in which case it is more likely that he was the uterine brother of the earl. The question has been confused by the possible co-identity between William, brother of Earl Renaud, and Willliam brother of Sibyl Queen of Scotland. However, as discussed above, the chronology is unfavourable for this co-identity to be correct.
mALICE, daughter of ---. "Willelmus
de Marisco
frater Reginaldi comitis Cornubie" names his wife Alice in a charter[234].]

13.[GUNDRED. The 1129/30 Pipe Roll records "Gunderede sorori Ragin. de Dunestanvilla" accounting for land in Wiltshire[235].
According to C. Phillips[236],
this connection with Wiltshire makes it more likely that "Ragin. de Dunstanvilla" was a member of the Wiltshire Dunstanville family rather than the Earl of Cornwall. If that is correct, Gundred was not the daughter of King Henry I. This conclusion is also supported by the birth date ranges estimated for the earl of Cornwall ([1110/15], see above) and his uterine brother Herbert FitzHerbert ([1125/35], see UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY D-K), which render it unlikely that they would have had a sister who is recorded as a land-holder in 1130.
"…Reinaldus de Dunstanvilla…" subscribed a charter dated 28 Jun 1121 under which "Willelmus filius regis" donated "terra…Grenta de Stoca" to Bath St Peter[237]. The Dunstanville family is shown in the document UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY D-K.]

14.[ROHESE
(-[1176]).
The parentage of Rohese is uncertain. Renaud Earl of Cornwall granted Roseworthy manor in Cornwall to his sister "Rohesia de Pomeria" in a charter[238]. The wife of Henry de la Pomerai was therefore the daughter of Sibyl Corbet, either the king´s daughter or
Rohese, daughter of Herbert FitzHerbert who later married Sibyl.m
(1146 or before) HENRY
[I]
de la Pomerai, son of JOSCELIN de la Pomerai & his wife Emma --- (-[1156/64]).]

King Henry I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (6):

15.ROBERT
FitzEdith
[FitzRoy] (-31 May [1172]). Symeon of Durham names "Rodberto filio Edæ et Henrici regis notho"[239].
Guillaume
de Jumièges names Robert as illegitimate son of King Henry I "encore jeune et sans établissement"[240].
Landowner in Devon 1130: the 1129/30 Pipe Roll includes a record accounting for "terra Rob fil Reg" in Devon[241].
He supported his half-sister Empress Matilda during the civil war[242].
“Robertus Henrici regis filius” donated property to Oseney Abbey, Oxfordshire, with the consent of "Henrici de Oleio fratris mei”, by undated charter[243].The Red Book of the Exchequer refers to "Robertus filius Regis lix l xvii s i d, et de novo i m" in Devonshire in [1167/68][244].It is uncertain whether his year of death is accurate as the 1176/77 Pipe Roll names "Robertus filius Regis" in Devonshire[245].m
(1142) as her second husband, MATILDA, daughter of --- (-21 Sep 1173). The sources are contradictory regarding the identity of the wife of Robert FitzEdith.
The
Fundationis et Fundatorum Historia
of Ford Abbey records that “domina Alicia uxor domini Randolphi Avenell filia sua…unicam filiam…Matildam” married “Roberto filio regis Henrici primi notho” after the death of her first husband “Roberto de Abrincis id est de Averinges”[246]. If this source is correct, she wasMATILDA Avenell, widow of
ROBERT d´Avranches, daughter & heiress of RANDULF Avenill & his wife Alice ---.On the other hand, a claim, dated 1222, recorded by Bracton, was made by "Matillis de Curteney" against "Robertum de Curtenay" concerning "manerium de Ocumptona", "Robertus" claiming that the land was "hereditas Matillidis de Aueregnes" who had "duas filias…Hawisiam matrem suam primogenitam […filia Gaufridi de Crimes primi viri Matillidis de Auerenches] et…Matillidem", the claimant Matilda replying that she had the land in question "ex dono Roberti filii Regis patris eiusdem Matillidis et secundi viri predicte Matillidis de Auerenches"[247]. If this second source is correct, Robert´s wife was
MATHILDE d´Avranches, widow of
GEOFFROY de Crimes, daughter of ROBERT d´Avranches & his wife [Hawise de Dol]. At first sight, the second source, as a direct quote from a lawsuit, appears the more reliable report. However, it presents a problem of chronology. The marriage of the mother of Robert de Courtenay, Hawise, is dated to 1178 or before, which would place her birth in [1160/65] assuming that she married in adolescence which would have been usual at the time. However, if this is correct, the second marriage of Hawise´s mother with Robert FitzEdith would be dated to [1165/70], which seems late for the son of King Henry I. It is likely that there is some inaccuracy in this source, from which it is possible that a generation has been missed.
Robert & his wife had one child:

a)MATILDA
(-1224).
The
Fundationis et Fundatorum Historia
of Ford Abbey names “Matildam” as the daughter of “Roberto filio regis Henrici primi notho” and his wife “Roberto de Abrincis id est de Averinges”, adding that she married “Reginaldo de Courtenay…filio suo Willielmo de Courtenay”[248].Dame du Sap.
Bracton records a claim, dated 1222, by "Matillis de Curteney" (1) against "Robertum de Curtenay" concerning "manerium de Ocumptona", which records that "Robertus" claimed that the land was "hereditas Matillidis de Aueregnes" who had "duas filias…Hawisiam matrem suam primogenitam […filia Gaufridi de Crimes primi viri Matillidis de Auerenches] et…Matillidem", the claimant Matilda replying that she had the land in question "ex dono Roberti filii Regis patris eiusdem Matillidis et secundi viri predicte Matillidis de Auerenches", and (2) against "Reginaldum de Curtenay" concerning "manerium de Chaunelega"[249].Bracton records a claim, also dated 1222, by "Matillis de Curtenay" against "Robertum de Curtenay" concerning "manerium de Chamelegha" which states that "Robertus filius Regis…Matillidem de Auerenches uxorem suam" held the land which was inherited by "Hawisie filie sui matri eiusdem Roberti de Curtenay que fuit filia Willelmi de Curcy viri eiusdem Matillidis", and names "Matillidem de Abrincis et Matillidem de Curtenay filiam eius"[250].mGUILLAUME de Courtenay, son of RENAUD Sire de Courtenay & his first wife Helvise de Donjon (-before 1190).

King Henry I had [seven] illegitimate children by Mistresses (7) to (12):

16.[daughter
.
Orderic Vitalis records that King Henry I married "Heliæ Sancto Sidonio" to "filiam de pellice sibi natam" and granted him "Arcacensem comitatum"[251]. This passage echoes the earlier reference in the same source to the marriage of Hélie de Saint-Saëns to the illegitimate daughter of Robert III Duke of Normandy, brother of King Henry, and the grant to him of Arques[252]. It is possible that Orderic has been confused about this supposed second marriage, especially as in the former passage he emphasises that Hélie was always loyal to Duke Robert, and that the second passage does not refer to a second marriage.m
[as his second wife,] HELIE de Saint-Saëns, son of LAMBERT de Saint-Saëns & his wife --- (-after 1128).]

17.MATILDA
(-after 1128).
Guillaume
de Jumièges names Mathilde as illegitimate daughter of King Henry I and her husband "Conan
comte
de la Petite-Bretagne"[253]. Her marriage is referred to by Orderic Vitalis[254], in a later passage recording that the betrothal occurred before the alliance was agreed between Henry I King of England and Louis VI King of France, which is dated to 1113[255]. "Alanus, Hoelli filius, comes totius Britannie et princeps" donated property to the abbey of Redon with the consent of "suorum filiorum Conani et Gaufridi, necnon et uxoris suæ Hermengardis et uxoris filii sui Conani, Mahalt" by charter dated 1112[256]. "Mathilda comitissa et Haduisa soror comitis Conani" signed the undated charter Duke Conan III donated a fishery to the abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel[257]."Ermengardis mater mea et uxor mea Matildis…" signed the charter dated 1128 under which Duke Conan III confirmed the possessions of the monks of Saint-Melaine de Rennes[258].m
(1112 or before) CONAN III
"le Gros"
Duke of Brittany, son of ALAIN IV “Fergant” Duke of Brittany & his second wife Ermengarde d’Anjou (-17 Sep 1148).

18.ALIX
[Aline] (-24 Apr, before 1141).
Guillaume
de Jumièges records one illegitimate daughter of King Henry I as wife of "Matthieu fils de Burchard de Montmorency"[259]. Duchesne dates the marriage to 1126 but cites no source which provides the basis for this statement[260].The necrology of Saint-Victor, Paris records the death "VIII Kal Mai" of "Alina uxor Mathei de Montemorenciaco"[261].m
(1126) as his first wife, MATHIEU
[I]
de Montmorency, son of BOUCHARD [III] Sire de Montmorency & his first wife Agnès de Beaumont-sur-Oise (-1160). He succeeded his father as Sire de Montmorency in [1130/32]. Constable of France.

20.MATILDA
. The Chronicon
Valassense
records the donation to the monastery by "imperatricem [Matildis]" on the advice of
"soror sua Mathildis abbatissa Monasterii Villaris"[265]. Abbess of Montvilliers.

21.GILBERT
(-after 1142). Guillaume
de Jumièges names Gilbert as illegitimate son of King Henry I "encore jeune et sans établissement"[266].

22.WILLIAM
de Tracy
(-after Dec 1135). Guillaume
de Jumièges names "Guillaume
de Tracy" as illegitimate son of King Henry I "encore jeune et sans établissement"[267]. The
Chronique de Normandie, based on
le Roman de Rou, records that "Guillaume de Tracy", seventh illegitimate son of King Henry I, died soon after his father[268]. [m
---. The name of William's wife is not known. William & his wife had one possible child]:

a)[GRACE
de Tracy .
The primary source which confirms the name and parentage of the wife of John de Sudeley has not been identified. Indeed, it is not even certain that his two sons were born from the same marriage: their adoption of the different names Sudeley/Tracy may indicate different mothers. Secondary sources commonly show John´s wife as
Grace de Tracy, daughter of William de Tracy, an illegitimate son of Henry I King of England. This appears to be the assumption of many writers, for example
TheComplete Peerage[269]. Frank Barlow comments that "William [de Tracy], the second son of John de Sudeley…chose to take his name from the family of his mother, Grace daughter and heir of William (I) de Tracy, lord of Bradninch in Devon and illegitimate son of King Henry I"[270]. However, I have not yet found any writer who provides a precise primary source citation, which can be checked, to confirm this marriage. Her existence has been doubted by Professor Nicholas Vincent, who states that he could "find no reliable evidence to suggest that the royal bastard fathered a daughter named" Grace and suggests that Grace "seems to have been invented, perhaps in comparatively recent times, to explain certain irregularities in the Sudeley descent, and to justify the claims of the Hanbury-Tracy family of Toddington in Gloucestershire to be descended both from the blood royal of Henry I and from William de Tracy, the murderer of Thomas Becket"[271]. Until more information comes to light, it appears safer to note John de Sudeley´s wife as unknown, and show Grace in square brackets in the present document.m
(before 1129) JOHN de Sudeley, of Sudeley Castle and Toddington co Gloucester, son of HAROLD de Ewias, Lord of Ewias, co Hereford & his wife --- (-before 1166).]

King Henry I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (13):

23.HENRY
([1105/09]-killed in battle 1157). Giraldus
Cambrensis
names "Henricus…regi Henrici primi filius…ex nobili Nesta, Resi filii Theodori filia" in South Wales[272]. He was killed during King Henry II’s invasion of Anglesey[273].
m
---. The name of Henry's wife is not known. Henry & his wife had two children:

a)MEILER FitzHenry
(-1220).
The
Expugnatio Hibernica
names "Roberto
Barrensi" and "Meilerius" as "Stephanidæque alter ex fratre, alter ex sorore nepotes"[274].He took a leading part in the invasion of Ireland and became one of the most powerful Anglo-Irish lords[275].
m
[secondly?] ---, niece of HUGH de Lacy Lord of Meath, daughter of ---.
The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Meiler & his wife had one child:

i)MEILER
---. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

b)ROBERT
FitzHenry
(-after 1180). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Living in Leinster about 1180, died soon afterwards. The
Expugnatio Hibernica
names "Henrici filius Robertus, Meilerii frater"[276].
m
---. The name of Robert's wife is not known. Robert & his wife had one child:

24.daughter
.
Guillaume
de Jumièges records one illegitimate daughter of King Henry I as wife of "Guillaume
Goel"[278].
mGUILLAUME
[III]
Goët
de Montmirail, son of GUILLAUME [II] Goët Seigneur de Montmirail et de Château-du-Loir & his wife Eustachie --- (before 1080-). He succeeded his father in [1117] as Seigneur de Montmirail.

King Henry I had one illegitimate daughter Mistress (15):

25.ISABEL.
Guillaume
de Jumièges records one illegitimate daughter of King Henry I as daughter of "Elisabeth
sœur de Galeran comte de Meulan"[279].
She lived with her mother.
The
Chronique de Normandie, based on
le Roman de Rou, records that "Ysabelle, fille le Conte Gallerant de Meullent", seventh illegitimate daughte of King Henry I, did not marry[280].
She witnessed two charters for her half-brother Richard FitzGilbert de Clare Earl of Pembroke, with her mother[281].

STEPHEN 1135-1154

ETIENNE de Blois, son of ETIENNE Comte de Blois & his wife Adela of England (Blois [1096/97]-Dover 25 Oct 1154, bur Faversham Abbey, Kent[282]). His parentage is stated by Orderic Vitalis, third in order of the sons he lists, specifying that he was son-in-law of Eustache Comte de Boulogne[283]. Orderic Vitalis records that he was created Comte de Mortain by Henry I King of England "after Guillaume Comte de Mortain was captured at Tinchebrai" (1106)[284]. He was invested with Séez, Alençon, Le Mêle-sur-Sarthe and Almenèches with La Roche-Mabille by his brother Comte Thibaut IV, after the latter was invested with these lands by Henry I King of England who had confiscated them from Robert de Bellême[285]. It is difficult to date this event accurately. Robert de Bellême's territories were confiscated in 1112, but the passage in Orderic follows a description of the rebellion of Robert Giroie which is assumed to have taken place in Jul [1119]. Comte de Boulogne,
de iure uxoris, before 1125. "Stephanus comes Bolonie et Morethonii et Mathildis comitissa" confirmed the possessions of the abbey of Samer by charter dated 1141 (presumably misdated because of the donors´ titles), subscribed by "…Eustachius de Fielnes, Willelmus et Rogerus fratres sui…"[286]. After the death of his uncle Henry I King of England, Stephen crossed at once to England[287]
before his rival, King Henry's daughter Matilda, and had himself crowned as STEPHEN King of England
at Westminster Abbey 22 Dec 1135. His first cousin Matilda continued to dispute the succession. During the civil war which ensued, Stephen was deposed and imprisoned by Matilda 7-10 April 1141, but restored to the throne 1 Nov 1141. He was crowned a second time at Canterbury Cathedral 1141, and a third time at Lincoln Cathedral 1146. Robert of Torigny records the death "1154 VIII Kal Nov" as "Stephanus rex Anglorum" and his burial "in monasterio Fasseham"[288].

m
(before 1125) MATHILDE Ctss de Boulogne, daughter of EUSTACHE [III] Comte de Boulogne & his wife Mary of Scotland ([1103/05]-Hedingham Castle, Essex 2/3 or 30 May or 3 Jul 1151, bur Faversham Abbey[289]). Her parentage is recorded by Orderic Vitalis[290]. The
Genealogica comitum Buloniensium
names Mathilde as daughter of "Eustachius, frater Balduini regis Iheruslame" and his wife "Mariam filiam regis Scotiæ", also recording her marriage with "Stephano, filio Stephani Blesensis comitis"[291]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the coronation "XI
Kal
Apr 1136…apud Westmonasterium" of "uxor regis Stephani"[292]. She and her husband founded the Benedictine Abbey of Faversham in Kent, which was first colonised by the Cluniac house of Bermondsey[293]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1152 of "Matildis uxor Stephani regis Anglorum" and in a later passage her burial "in monasterio Fasseham", recording that she had founded the abbey[294]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the death "V Non Mai 1152" of "Matildis regina" and her burial "apud Faversham"[295].

Mistress (1): ([1115/20])
DAMETA, a Norman woman, daughter of ---. Her son granted her the manor of Chelsea for an annual rent of £4[296].
same person as…?DAMETA, daughter of ROBERT & his second wife Felicia ---. She is named and her parentage given by Orderic Vitalis[297]. There is no proof that this co-identity is correct. However, the chronology is favourable and no other person with this name has yet been found in the primary sources consulted during the preparation of this document.

Mistress (2): ---. The name of Stephen's second mistress is not known.

King Stephen & his wife had five children:

1.BAUDOUIN de Blois ([1126]-Tower of London [1136/37], bur Priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate Without, London). William of Newburgh records his burial, together with that of his sister Mathilde, as "children of King Stephen and Queen", quoting the records of Holy Trinity[298]. The reference to his parents as king and queen indicates that he died after his father's accession, but his relative absence from other sources suggests that the event occurred soon after this. King Stephen donated property to Holy Trinity Priory, London, for the souls of "Mathildis filie mee et Bald[wini] filii mei", by charter dated to [1139/46][299].

2.EUSTACE de Blois
([1127/31]-Bury St Edmund’s 10 or 16 Aug 1153, bur Faversham Abbey, Kent[300]). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Eustacium et Guilelmum" as the two sons of "rex
Anglorum Stefanus"[301]. Recorded as son of King Stephen by Matthew Paris, who specifies that he did homage to Louis VI King of France in 1137 as Duke of Normandy[302], but Geoffroy "Plantagenet" Comte d'Anjou conquered Rouen and the whole Duchy in Jan 1144. He was installed as
EUSTACHE
[IV]
Comte de Boulogne
at Christmas [1146/47]. The Gesta Stephani Regis
records that King Stephen knighted "Eustachium filium suum", dated from the context to [1147][303]. Maybe created an earl by his father in 1147, possibly Earl of Huntingdon[304], although this would have been at the same time that the title was held by Simon de Saint-Lis. He was crowned associate king of England in 1152 by Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury. Robert of Torigny records the death "1153 mense Augusto circa octavus sancti Laurentii" of "Eustachius filius Stephani regis Anglorum", and in a later passage his burial "in monasterio Fasseham"[305].
m
(Paris Feb 1140) as her first husband, CONSTANCE de France, daughter of LOUIS VI King of France & his wife Adélaïde de Savoie ([1128]-Reims 16 Aug after 1177). The
Genealogiæ
Scriptoris Fusniacensis
refers to the sister of King Louis as wife firstly of "Eustachieus comes Bolonie" and secondly of "comiti de Sancto Egidio", specifying that she had children by the latter, but does not name her[306]. The
De Genere Comitum Flandrensium, Notæ Parisienses
names "filiam unam [Ludovicum regem Grossum] nomine Constantiam"[307]. Her brother Louis VII arranged her first marriage to symbolise his support for Stephen King of England against his cousin Empress Matilda and her husband Geoffroy Comte d'Anjou. William of Newburgh records the betrothal of Eustache, son of King Stephen, and "regi Francorum…sororem eius Constantiam"[308]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage in Feb [1140] of "regis
Anglie Stephani…filius" and "Francorum
regis
sororem"[309]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the marriage "mense Februario 1140" of "Eustachius filius regis Stephani" and "sororem regis Francia Lodovici Constantiam"[310]. Her marriage is recorded by Matthew Paris, who specifies that she was sister of Louis VII King of France[311]. She married secondly (10 Aug 1154, separated 1166) as his first wife,
Raymond V Comte de Toulouse. Her brother arranged her second marriage to cement his alliance with Toulouse against Henri d'Anjou Duke of Normandy [later Henry II King of England] who had just allied himself with Aragon. Baudouin IV King of Jerusalem confirmed a sale of property, with the consent of "…Constantiæ sorori regis Franciæ et S. Egidii comitissæ", by charter dated [Sep/Dec] 1177[312]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XVII Kal Sep" of "Constantia filia Ludovici regis"[313].

3.WILLIAM
de Blois
([1132/37]-11 Oct 1159, bur hospital of Montmorillon, Poitou). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Eustacium et Guilelmum" as the two sons of "rex
Anglorum Stefanus"[314]. His parentage is recorded by Matthew Paris[315]. Earl of Warenne and Surrey, Lord of Pevensey and Norwich [1148/49],
de iure uxoris[316]. He succeeded his brother in 1153 as
GUILLAUME Comte de Boulogne. He was disinherited from the throne of England by his father in Nov 1153 under the treaty confirming the succession of Henry Plantagenet, although under its terms he was allowed to hold all lands which his father had held before becoming king, including the counties of Mortain and Boulogne, and the honors of Eye and Lancaster[317]. He succeeded his father in 1154 as Comte de Mortain. He surrendered Pevensey, Norwich and other strongholds in England and Normandy to King Henry II in 1157. He was knighted by Henry II at Carlisle in 1158[318]. Robert of Torigny records that "Guillelmus comes Moritonii" died "1159 mense Octobris" while returning from serving in the Toulouse campaign, that he died without children and that King Henry II retained his county[319].
m
(before 6 Nov 1153, maybe before [1148/49]) as her first husband, ISABELLE de Warenne, daughter & heiress of WILLIAM de Warenne 3rd
Earl of Surrey & his wife Ela de Ponthieu (-[12 Jul 1203], bur Chapter House, Lewes). Robert of Torigny records that "filiam tercii Guillermi de Warenna" married "Guillermus filius Stephani regis"[320]. Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1164 of "Hamelinus naturalis frater regis Henrici" and "comitissam de Guarenna, relictam Willelmi comitis Moritoni filii Stephani regis, …filia tercii Willermi comitis de Guarenna"[321]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. She married secondly ([Apr] 1164) [as his second wife,]
Hamelin d’Anjou, illegitimate son of Geoffroy V Comte d’Anjou.

4.MATHILDE de Blois
([1133/34]-before 1141, bur Priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate Without, London). Daughter of King Stephen, Orderic Vitalis records her betrothal when she was "two years old"
but does not name her[322]. The
Chronicon
Valassense
names "comes Mellenti Gualerannus" and "uxore sua regis Stephani familia"[323]. William of Newburgh records her burial, together with that of her brother Baudouin, as "children of King Stephen and Queen" and wife of "comitis de Medlint", quoting the records of Holy Trinity[324]. King Stephen donated property to Holy Trinity Priory, London, for the souls of "Mathildis filie mee et Bald[wini] filii mei", by charter dated to [1139/46][325].
Betrothed
(Easter 1136303)
WALERAN de Beaumont Comte de Meulan, son of ROBERT de Beaumont Comte de Meulan, Earl of Leicester & his second wife Elisabeth de Vermandois (1104-Préaux 9/10 Apr 1166 bur Préaux).

5.MARIE de Blois
([1136]-Montreuil 1182, bur Montreuil).
She is named as daughter of King Stephen by Matthew Paris, when he records her marriage[326]. As noted below, it seems possible that she was the same daughter of King Stephen who was betrothed to Hervé II "le Breton" Vicomte de Léon but there is no proof of this. She became a novice at Lillechurch Priory, Kent, later transferred to Romsey Abbey, Hampshire where she became a nun between 1148 and 1155. She was elected Abbess of Romsey in 1155. She succeeded her brother in 1159 as
MARIE Ctss de Boulogne. Her future husband abducted her from her convent in [1160] and forced her to marry him. Pope Alexander III wrote to Henri Archbishop of Reims, dated 18 Dec 1161, regarding the abduction and marriage of "M. filius…comitis Flandrensis" and "monialem…abbatissam", but the document does not name the abbey from which she was abducted[327]. After the annulment of her marriage, she became a nun at the Benedictine nunnery of St Austrebert near Montreuil.
m
(before 1160, annulled 1169/70) as his first wife, MATHIEU de Flandre
[Lorraine], son of THIERRY I Count of Flanders & his second wife Sibylle d'Anjou ([1137]-killed in battle Driencourt 25 Dec 1173, bur Abbaye de Saint-Josse). He succeeded in 1160 as MATTHIEU Comte de Boulogne, in right of his wife.

King Stephen had [three] illegitimate children by Mistress (1):

6.GERVAIS de Blois
([1115/20]-1160, bur Westminster Abbey). His parentage is confirmed by the charter dated to [1147/53], under which King Stephen confirmed a donation to the Knights Templars by "Bernardus Baillol", witnessed by "G[ervasio] abate Westmonast[erii] filio meo"[328].
The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. His father appointed him abbot of Westminster after [23 Sep 1136/1138][329], ordained 17 Dec 1138 by Alberic, the Papal legate[330], presumably after the necessary dispensation regarding his illegitimacy which would otherwise have prevented him from holding religious office. His uncle Henry, Archbishop of York, proposed him as one of the three candidates for the see of Lincoln in 1148. Henry II King of England deposed him as abbot in 1157/58[331].

7.[ALMARIC. Given-Wilson and Curteis (which does not cite primary sources) report that he and his brother Raoul were described as brothers of Abbot Gervais when witnessing charters, but they may have been his uterine brothers[332]. The corresponding primary source has not yet been identified.]

8.[RAOUL. Given-Wilson and Curteis (which does not cite primary sources) report that he and his brother Almaric were described as brothers of Abbot Gervais when witnessing charters, but they may have been his uterine brothers[333]. The corresponding primary source has not yet been identified.]

King Stephen had one possible illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2):

9.[--- (-before her husband, maybe [1141]).
The
Gesta Stephani Regis
records that "comes…Herveus gener regis" was driven from Devizes, dated to [1140/41][334].
It is possible that this daughter of King Stephen was Marie de Blois, the king´s legitimate daughter, to whom Hervé was betrothed as a child before she became a nun. It is evident from the early betrothal of her older sister Mathilde that the king was eager to arrange marriages for his daughters with his supporters soon after his accession.
m
([before 1140]) HERVE
[II] “le Breton”
Vicomte de Léon, son of --- (-Brittany 1168). He was a supporter of King Stephen after his accession. Created Earl of Wiltshire early 1140 or before. He was besieged at the castle of Devizes in 1141, forced to surrender and left England whereupon his earldom reverted to the crown[335].]

HENRY II 1154-1189, RICHARD I 1189-1199

HENRI d’Anjou, son of GEOFFROY "le Bel/Plantagenet" Comte d'Anjou et de Maine & his wife [Empress] Matilda [Maud] of England (Le Mans, Anjou 5 Mar 1133-Château de Chinon 6 Jul 1189, bur Abbaye de Fontevrault[336]). William of Tyre names him and records his parentage[337]. The
Chronicæ Sancti Albini
records the birth "1133 III Non Mar" of "Henricus"[338]. Comte de Touraine et de Maine 1151. He succeeded his father in 1151 as
HENRI Comte d’Anjou,
Duke of Normandy. He became Duke of Aquitaine by right of his wife 18 May 1152. He landed in England in Jan 1153 and obliged King Stephen to recognise him as his heir, from which time Henry governed England as Justiciar. He was recognised as
HENRY II King of England
after the death of King Stephen 25 Oct 1154, crowned in Westminster Abbey 19 Dec 1154[339]
and at Worcester end [1158][340]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "II Non Jul" in [1189] of "Heinricus rex filius imperatoris" and his burial "ad Fontem-Ebraldi"[341]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death "apud castrum Kinonis versus Cenomannum Non Iul 1189" of "rex
Henricus" and his burial "in abbatia Fontis Ebraldi"[342].

m
(Poitiers or Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152) as her second husband, ELEONORE Dss d'Aquitaine, divorced wife of
LOUIS VII King of France, daughter of GUILLAUME X Duke of Aquitaine [GUILLAUME VIII Comte de Poitou] & his first wife Eléonore de Châtellerault (Nieul-sur-Autize, Vendée or Château de Belin, Guyenne or Palais d’Ombrière, Bordeaux 1122-Abbaye de Fontevrault 1 Apr 1204, bur Abbaye de Fontevrault). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Alienor Guilielmi filia comits Pictavorum et Aquitanie ducis" as wife of "regi Francie Ludovico"[343]. She succeeded her father 9 Apr 1137 as Dss d’Aquitaine, Ctss de Poitou, Ctss de Saintonge, Angoumois, Limousin, Auvergne, Bordeaux et d'Agen. She was crowned Queen Consort of England with her husband 19 Dec 1154 at Westminster Abbey. She supported the revolt of her sons against their father in 1173, was captured and imprisoned in the château de Chinon, later at Salisbury until 1179. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "XII Kal Apr" [1204] of "regina
Alienor" and her burial "ad Fontem Ebraldi"[344]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the burial of "uxor [regis Henrici] regina Alienordis" in the same abbey as her husband[345].

Mistress (1): ([1150/51])
IKENAI, daughter of ---. Walter Mapes names "Ykenai" as mother of Geoffrey Bishop of York[346]. She and her son arrived at King Henry's court soon after his accession[347].

Mistress (2): ([1168])
ALIX de Porhoët, daughter of EUDES de Porhoët ex-Duke of Brittany & his first wife --- . The primary source which confirms her relationship with Henry has not yet been identified. King Henry was holding her in 1168 as a hostage for peace[348].

Mistress (3): ([1173/76])
ROSAMOND Clifford, daughter of WALTER de Clifford & his wife Margaret --- (-[1175/76], bur Godstow nunnery). “Walterus de Clifford” donated property to Dore abbey, Herefordshire, with the consent of "Margaretæ uxoris meæ", for the souls of "…filiorum et filiarum nostrarum et Osberti filii Hugonis", by undated charter, witnessed by "…Waltero de Clifford juvene et Rosamunda sorore sua…"[349]. The
Chronicon Johannis Bromton abbatis Jornalensis
(as cited by Eyton) records that Rosamond Clifford became "openly and avowedly the paramour of the king" after he imprisoned Queen Eleanor following the rebellion of his sons in 1173[350]. Eyton adds that "for an indefinite time previously she had been secretly domiciled at Woodstock" but he does not cite the primary source on which he bases this statement[351]. It is not known whether he draws the conclusion from the
Chronicon Johannis Bromton
(the original of which has not yet been consulted). Eyton also suggests that the start of the king´s relationship with Rosamond can be dated to [1154] and that the king´s known illegitimate children Geoffrey Archbishop of York and William Longespee, later Earl of Salisbury, were Rosamond´s sons[352]. However, as can be seen below, Geoffrey´s birth is estimated to [1151] and William´s to [1176], which is inconsistent with their being full brothers. In any case, as noted above, the name of Geoffrey´s mother is reported as Ikenai. The uncertain chronology of the family of Walter [I] de Clifford appears to be the key to resolving the question of when Rosamond´s relationship with the king started. As discussed in the document UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY A-C in relation to the possible parentage of Walter [I]´s wife Margaret, it appears likely that their children were born after [1140] and, in the case of their son Walter [II], probably considerably later than this date. Rosamond´s appearance, with her brother Walter, as witness to the undated Dore abbey charter quoted above suggests that she was the only remaining unmarried daughter with her parents at the time, which in turn suggests that she was younger than her sisters. If this is correct, her birth could be as late as [1150/60], which would render Eyton´s hypothesis untenable. Further discussion of this problem will have to wait until more indications about the family chronology come to light. The
Chronicon Johannis Bromton abbatis Jornalensis
states that Rosamond died ("sed illa cito obiit")[353], his wording implying that her death occurred soon after the king´s relationship with her started, suggesting the period [1174/76]. “Walterus de Clifford” donated property to Godstow nunnery in Oxfordshire, for the souls of "uxoris meæ Margaretæ de Clifford et filiæ nostræ Rosamundæ", by undated charter[354]. “Osbertus filius Hugonis” donated property to Godstow nunnery in Oxfordshire, at the request of “domini Walteri de Clifford” for the souls of "uxoris suæ Margaretæ et…Rosamundæ filiæ suæ", specifying that they were buried at Godstow, with the consent of "Hugonis fratris mei", by undated charter witnessed by "Waltero de Clifford, Ricardo filio suo et Lucia filia sua…"[355]. Rosamond´s corpse was removed from its burial place on the orders of Hugh Bishop of Lincoln[356]. She was known as "Fair Rosamond", although the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified.

Mistress (4):
IDA, daughter of ---. William Longespee refers to his mother as "comitissa Ida, mater mea" and "Ida comitissa, mater mea" in two charters[357]. She is identified as the wife of
Roger Bigod Earl of Norfolk. This identification is based on a list of hostages captured at the battle of Bouvines in 1214 which includes "Rad[ulfus] Bigot frater comitis Salesbir[iensis]"[358].

Mistress (5):
NESTA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her relationship with Henry has not yet been identified. She married
Sir Ralph Bloet
or Blewer.

Mistresses (6) - (9): ---. The names of these mistresses of King Henry are not known.

King Henry II & his wife had eight children:

1.WILLIAM (Poitiers or in Normandy 17 Aug 1153-Wallingford Castle, Berkshire Apr or Jun 1156, bur Reading Abbey). Robert of Torigny records the birth "1153 mense Augusto circa octavus sancti Laurentii" of "filius Henrico ducis Normannorum et uxore sua Alienor comitissa Pictavensi…Willermus"[359]. The
Chronicæ Sancti Albini
records the birth "1153 XVI Kal Sep" of "Guillelmus…filius Henrici ducis"[360]. Robert of Torigny records that "Henricus rex" required his nobles to swear an oath of fidelity "1155 IV Id Apr…apud Warengefort" to "Willermo primogenito suo" or in case of his premature death to "Henrico fratri suo"[361]. His birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[362], as are his death and burial place[363]. Robert of Torigny records the death in 1156 of "Guillermus primogenitus filius Henrici regis Anglorum" and his burial "Radingis"[364].

2.HENRY
(Bermondsey Palace 28 Feb 1155-Château de Martel, Turenne 11 Jun 1183, bur Le Mans Cathedral, Anjou, later removed to Rouen Cathedral). The
Chronicæ Sancti Albini
records the birth "1155 II Kal Mar…Londoniæ" of "Hainricus, regis Hainrici filius"[365]. Robert of Torigny records the birth "Lundoniæ pridie Kal Mar 1155" of "filius Henrico regi Anglorum ex uxore sua regina Alienor…Henricus"[366]. His birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[367]. He was crowned King of England in his father’s lifetime 14 Jun 1170 at Westminster Abbey[368]. He was also styled Duke of Normandy, Comte d'Anjou et de Maine. After this he was known as “the Young King [rex
iunior]”[369]. He was crowned again 27 Aug 1172 at Winchester Cathedral. He rebelled against his father in 1173. He attempted to take Aquitaine from his brother Richard in 1183 but died from dysentery during the retreat[370]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death "1183 XIII Kal Iun" of "iunior Heinricus rex Anglorum…in castro Martellum versus Gerundam" and his burial in the same place[371]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "III Id Jun" in [1183] of "Heinricus rex filius" and his burial "Senomannis"[372]. The Chronicle of Gervase records that Henry the Young King was first buried "Cenomanensem" and later moved to "Rothomagum"[373].
m
(Betrothed 1160, Newburgh, Normandy 2 Nov 1172) as her first husband, MARGUERITE de France, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his second wife Infanta doña Constanza de Castilla (1158-Acre 1197). Robert of Torigny records arrangements for the betrothal in 1158 of "filium suum [Henrici regis] Henricum" and "filiam regis Francorum Margaritam"[374]. Robert of Torigny records the betrothal "apud Novum Burgum" in 1160 of "Henrico filio Henrici regis Anglorum" and "Margarita filia Ludovici regis Francorum"[375]. She is named daughter of "the King of France" when Matthew Paris records her betrothal in 1160, specifying that her dowry was the castle of Gisors[376]. Ctss de Vexin, with the Château de Gisors, as her dowry. Crowned Queen Consort Associate of England 27 Aug 1172, Winchester Abbey[377]. Her father-in-law arranged her second marriage so he could retain her dowry. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Margareta
soror regis Philippi" as widow of "iunior Henricus rex Anglorum" and her second marriage to "Hungarorum regi Bela"[378]. She married secondly (1185/6)
Béla III King of Hungary. The Chronicle of Ernoul records the arrival of "une reine en Hongrie…veve sans hoir" at Tyre [in 1197] and her death eight days later, specifying that she was the sister of the mother of Henri Comte de Champagne King of Jerusalem and had been "feme…le jouene roi d'Englietere…et suer…le roi Phelippe de France"[379]. Henry & his wife had one child:

a)WILLIAM (Paris 19 Jun 1177-Paris 22 Jun 1177). Benedict of Peterborough records that "circa clausum Pentecosten Margareta…" gave birth to "filium…Willelmus" but that he died three days later in Paris where he had been born[380].

3.MATILDA
(Windsor Castle Jun 1156-Brunswick 28 Jun 1189, bur Brunswick Cathedral). Her birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[381]. Her marriage was arranged as part of the 1165 treaty of alliance between Friedrich I "Barbarossa" King of Germany and her father[382]. The Chronicle of Gervase records the marriage in 1168 of "Matildis filia regis Anglie" and "dux Saxonum Henrico"[383]. The
Chronicon
Sancti Michaelis Luneburgensis
names "Megthildem filiam Henrici regis Anglorum" as second wife of "Heinricus dux"[384]. The
Annales
Sancti Blasii Brunsvicenses
record that "ecclesia Sancti Blasii episcopi" was founded in 1173 and in a later passage record the death in 1188 of "domina nostra Mechtildis fundatrix"[385]. The
Chronicon
Montis Serreni
records that "soror Rikardi Regis Anglie" wife of "Heinricus dux de Bruneswich" was buried "in mon. sancti Blasii"[386].
m
(betrothed 1165, Minden Cathedral 1 Feb 1168) as his second wife, HEINRICH
“der Löwe”
Duke of Saxony
[HEINRICH XII Duke of Bavaria], son of HEINRICH X "der Stolze" Duke of Bavaria and Duke of Saxony & his wife Gertrud von Süpplingenburg ([1128/30]-Braunschweig 6 Aug 1195, bur Braunschweig Cathedral). Heinrich was dispossessed of his German lands in summer 1180. He submitted at the general assembly at Erfurt in Nov 1181, was restored to his allodial lands around Brunswick and Lüneburg, but exiled for three years. He sought refuge with his father-in-law in England, before returning to Germany in 1185[387]. When Emperor Friedrich I was preparing to leave on crusade in late 1189, Heinrich refused to accompany him and chose to go into exile in England once again[388].

4.RICHARD
(Beaumont Palace, Oxford 8 Sep 1157-Chalus 6 Apr 1199, bur Fontevrault Abbey[389]). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth of "filium Ricardum" to "Alienor regina" at Oxford in [1157][390]. Duke of Aquitaine in 1172. He was among the first to follow the call of Pope Gregory VIII in Oct 1187 to join a new crusade to relieve Jerusalem, but his departure was delayed by a rebellion of his vassals in Poitou, a quarrel with Raymond V Comte de Toulouse, and Richard joining Philippe II King of France in Jan 1189 in an offensive against his own father[391]. He succeeded his father as
RICHARD I
" Cœur-de-lion " King of England, crowned 2 Sep 1189 at Westminster Abbey[392]. After his accession, he sold royal estates to raise funds for the crusade, left England in Dec 1189, and met King Philippe of France at Vézelay 4 Jul 1190 for their joint departure for Palestine[393]. He conquered Cyprus in May 1191, following the belligerent reception given by "Emperor" Isaakios Komnenos Dukas after he landed there, defeating the self-styled emperor at Tremithus[394]. He landed at Acre 8 Jun 1191, the town finally capitulating to the siege 12 Jul 1191[395]. After the departure from Palestine in early Aug 1191 of Philippe II King of France, King Richard took full command of the crusading army and of negotiations with Saladin[396]. After massacring his Muslim prisoners, he left Acre 22 Aug 1191 and defeated Saladin at Arsuf in Sep 1191[397]. After signing a five year peace treaty with Saladin 2 Sep 1192, King Richard sailed for England 9 Oct 1192 but was shipwrecked near Aquileja. He continued his journey by land through Austria, but was captured and cast into prison by Leopold IV Duke of Austria. The duke signed an agreement with Emperor Heinrich VI at Würzburg concerning the conditions for King Richard's transfer to the emperor, and handed him over 29 Mar 1193. Emperor Heinrich released Richard 2 Feb 1194 on payment of a large ransom and after he had sworn an oath of allegiance for England and all its possessions[398]. He was crowned King of England a second time 17 Apr 1194 at Winchester Cathedral[399]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "VIII Id Apr" [1199] "in Aquitania castello de Calez" of King Richard after having been wounded by "Bertranno
de Gurdum" and his burial "ad Fontem-Ebraudi"[400]. The
Historia brevi Comitum Andegavensium
records that King Richard was wounded by an arrow "in obsidione castri Lemovicensis vicecomitis…Corlucum", died soon after, and was buried "in cœnobio Fontis Ebraldi"[401]. Roger of Hoveden provides a detailed account of Richard´s death[402]. Arbellot studied the primary sources which record the circumstances surrounding the death of King Richard (he quotes extracts from 32 different sources) in an article published in 1879 and classifies Roger of Hoveden´s report as “plutôt une légende qu´une page d´histoire”[403].
Betrothed
(by peace treaty 30 Sep 1174, betrothed 21 Sep 1177) to
ALIX de France, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his [second wife Infanta doña Constanza de Castilla] ([4 Oct] 1160-after 1200). Robert of Torigny records the death in 1160 of "Constantia regina Franciæ" while giving birth to a daughter[404]. She is named Adelaide by Kerrebrouck[405], but he cites no primary source on which this is based. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "reginam Margaretam Anglie et comitissam Aaliz" as childen of King Louis VII & his second wife, specifying that Alix married "Guilelmus comes de Pontivo"[406]. This highlights the general confusion between this daughter and King Louis VII's supposed daughter Alix by his third wife. Roger of Hoveden records that the betrothal of King Louis's daughter to Richard of England was first proposed in 1161, when Richard's older brother Henry was betrothed to her sister Marguerite[407]. Chronologically, this can only refer to the king's daughter by his second marriage. This appears to be confirmed by the Chronicle of Gervase which records the betrothal in 1169 of "Ricardus…filius regis Anglæ" and "filiam regis Franciæ quam habuit de filia regis Hispanorum"[408]. Ctss de Bourges 1174, as her dowry. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal "XI
Kal
Oct 1177" of "rex
Anglie…Ricardus comes Pictaviæ filius eius" and "regi Franciæ…filiam" as part of the peace agreement between the two kings[409]. It is assumed that this refers to the same daughter, although the primary source which confirms this beyond doubt has not yet been identified. If this is correct, she was presumably the same daughter who later married the Comte de Ponthieu. Until further information comes to light, it is assumed that Alix/Adelaide who was betrothed to Richard, and who later married the Comte de Ponthieu, was the daughter who was born in 1160, and that King Louis had no daughter of this name by his third marriage. Alix was brought up in England after her betrothal. Benedict of Peterborough records that the betrothal of "Alesia soror eius [Philippi regis Franciæ]" and Richard was renewed in 1189, commenting that the king of England "in custodia habet"[410]. Richard refused the marriage after his accession to the throne. Kerrebrouck states that King Richard arranged her betrothal to his younger brother John in early 1193[411], but the primary source which confirms this has not yet been identified. She returned to France in Aug 1195. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Ctss d'Eu, Dame d’Arques in 1195, as her dowry for her marriage.
m
(Chapel of St George, Limassol, Cyprus 12 May 1191) Infanta doña BERENGUELA de Navarra, daughter of don SANCHO VI King of Navarre & his wife Infanta doña Sancha de Castilla ([1163/65]-23 Dec 1230, bur Abbaye de l’Espan (Piété Dieu), Mans, transferred 1821 to Le Mans Cathedral).
The
Nobiliario
of Pedro Conde de Barcelos names "D. Berenguela Reina d´Ingalterra, D. Blanca, D. Constança que murio en Arouca" as the daughters of "Sancho Rey de Navarra"[412].The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "IV Id Mai" in Cyprus in [1191] of King Richard and "Berengariam filiam regis Navarræ"[413]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Berengariam" wife of "rex
Anglorum Richardus" as sister of "Blancham sororis regis Navarreorum"[414]. Matthew Paris names her and calls her daughter of the king of Navarre, when he records her marriage in Cyprus[415]. The marriage was arranged by King Richard's mother[416]. Berenguela arrived with Queen Eléonore at Naples in early 1191 and stayed with her future husband's sister Joanna, dowager Queen of Sicily. She and Queen Joanna sailed with King Richard's fleet to Palestine and landed at Limassol, Cyprus in Apr 1191[417]. She was crowned Queen of England by the Bishop of Evreux immediately after her marriage[418]. She sailed from Acre for France 29 Sep 1191 with her sister-in-law Queen Joanna[419]. The Annals of Burton record that, after the death of her husband, King John granted Queen Berengaria “in vita sua…civitatem Baiocensem…et duo castella in Andegavia” as well as an annual pension of “mille marcas sterlingorum”[420]. The
Rotulus Cancellarii
records "Berengaria Regina" owing in Devonshire, dated [27 May 1201/26 May 1202][421]. The necrology of Le Mans Cathedral records the death "X Kal Jan 1230" of "Berengaria
regina quondam uxor Richardi…regis Anglorum"[422]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death "X Kal Jan 1230" of "regina
Berengaria domna Cenomanensis relicta…regis Anglie Richardi"[423]. The Annals of Waverley record that “Berengaria quondam regina Angliæ” founded “quandam abbatiam de ordine Cisterciensi in pago Cenomannensi…Pietatem Dei” adding that she was buried there[424].
Mistress (1):
JEANNE
de Saint-Pol, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her name, family origin, and relationship with Richard has not yet been identified.
Mistress (2): ---. The name of Richard's second mistress is not known. King Richard I had one possible illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

a)[FOULQUES
. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.]

King Richard I had one illegitimate son by Mistress (2):

b)PHILIPPE
(-after 1201). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. His father gave him the castle of Cognac, installing him as
Seigneur de Cognac.
Courlieu records "Philippes sieur de Cognac et Merpin, qui espousa Amélie nièce de Nobilie dame de Iarnac" living "en Engoumois" at the end of the 12th century but does not cite the corresponding primary sources[425].He allegedly murdered Adémar [V] Vicomte de Limoges whom he considered responsible for the death of his father. He sold his English lordship to King John in 1201[426].
mAMELIE
[de Jarnac], daughter of ---.
The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified.
Courlieu records "Philippes sieur de Cognac et Merpin, qui espousa Amélie nièce de Nobilie dame de Iarnac" living "en Engoumois" at the end of the 12th century but does not cite the corresponding primary sources[427].

5.GEOFFREY
(23 Sep 1158-Paris 19 Aug 1186, bur Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris[428]). Robert of Torigny records the birth "1158 IX Kal Oct" of "filius Henrico regi Anglorum…Gaufredus"[429]. His birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[430]. He was proclaimed Duke of Brittany in 1169 by his father. Duke of Brittany, Earl of Richmond
de iure uxoris
shortly after 6 Sep 1181. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records the death "in civitate Paris XIV Kal Sep" of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius"[431]. He was trodden to death by a horse during a tournament in Paris.
m
(Betrothed 1168, Jul 1181) as her first husband, CONSTANCE de Bretagne, daughter of CONAN IV Duke of Brittany & his wife Margaret of Scotland ([1161]-[Nantes] 3/4 Sep 1201, bur Villeneuve-les-Nantes, Abbaye de Notre-Dame). She is named by Matthew Paris, who also states her parentage when recording her betrothal[432]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Constantiam comitis Conani filia" as wife of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius", specifying that she married [thirdly] "Guido
frater vicecomitem de Tuart"[433]. She succeeded her father in 1171 as
CONSTANCE Dss of Brittany. Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1182 of "Gaufredus dux Britanniæ filius regis Henrici" and "filiam Conani comitis Britanniæ"[434]. She married secondly (3 Feb 1188, repudiated 1198)
Ranulf
"de Blundeville"
Earl of Chester. The
Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ
records that "Constantia filia Conani" married secondly "Ranulphus Comes Cestriæ", stating that he divorced her because of her adultery and that the marriage was childless[435]. Living apart from her second husband, he captured her at Pontorson in 1196 and imprisoned her at his castle at Beuvron. She was liberated in Summer 1198, and repudiated her marriage. She married thirdly (Oct 1199) as his first wife,
Guy de Thouars, who was chosen in 1203 as
Guy Duke of Brittany. The
Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ
records that "Constantia filia Conani" married thirdly "Guidoni
de Thoarcio"[436]. The Annals of Burton record the death in 1201 of “Constantia mater Arthuri comitis Britanniæ”[437]. The
Genealogia Comitum Richemundiæ
records the death in 1201 of "Constantia filia Conani" and her burial "apud Begar"[438]. The
Chronicon
Britannicum
records the death "III Non Sep" in 1201 of "Constantia Ducissa Britanniæ"[439]. Another
Chronicon
Britannicum
records the death "pridie non Sep" in 1201 of "Constantia comitissa, Conani filia, mater Arturi"[440]. The
Chronicon Ruyensis Cœnobii
records the death in 1201 of "Constantia
Comitissa
apud Nannetum"[441]. She died in childbirth. Duke Geoffroy & his wife had three children:

a)ELEONORE de Bretagne
(1184-Corfe Castle, Dorset or Bristol 10 Aug 1241, bur Bristol, St James, transferred to Amesbury convent). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Arturum iuvenum et filiam unam Alienordem" as children of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius" & his wife[442]. She is named daughter of "Galfridi comitis Britanniæ" by Matthew Paris[443]. She was known as "la Brette". Her betrothal was agreed as part of the terms for the release of Richard I King of England from the custody of Emperor Heinrich VI in Feb 1194, together with the betrothal of her fiancé's younger brother to the daughter of "Emperor" Isaakios Dukas Komnenos[444]. The two brides left for Vienna from Normandy in Dec 1194 in the charge of Baudouin de Béthune, but turned back when they learnt of the death of Leopold V Duke of Austria[445]. Eléonore was imprisoned in England by King John, who feared her marriage as she was the rightful heir to the throne of England. She was therefore unable to succeed her brother as Dss of Brittany. She was styled Countess of Richmond from 27 May 1208. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death in [1241] of "Alienor filia Galfridi comitis Britanniæ soror Arturi"[446]. The
Annales
Londonienses
record the death "apud Bristowe" in 1241 of "Alienora quondam comitis Britanniæ filia, in custodia diuturni carceris strictissime reservata", commenting that she was the true heir to England[447]. Her death is recorded by Matthew Paris[448]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “IV Id Aug” in 1241 of “Alienora de Britannia consanguinea domini regis Henrici Angliæ”, her burial “in ecclesia Sancti Jacobi Bristollis” and her transfer “circa festum sancti Nicholai VI regia apud Ambresburiam”[449].
Betrothed
(Feb 1194) to FRIEDRICH of Austria, son of LEOPOLD V Duke of Austria & his wife Ilona of Hungary (-Palestine on crusade 16 Apr 1198, bur Heiligenkreuz). He succeeded his father in 1195 as
FRIEDRICH I
"der Katolische" Duke of Austria.

b)MATHILDE de Bretagne ([1185/86]-died young). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

c)ARTHUR
de Bretagne
(posthumously Nantes 29 Mar 1187-murdered Rouen or Cherbourg 3 Apr 1203, bur Notre Dame des Prés, Rouen or Abbaye de Bec, Normandy). His birth is recorded by Matthew Paris, who specifies that he was born posthumously but does not give the precise date[450]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Arturum iuvenum et filiam unam Alienordem" as children of "Gaufridus dux Britannie comes Richemontis filius Henrici regis Anglie natu tertius" & his wife[451]. He succeeded from birth as
ARTHUR I Duke of Brittany. His uncle Richard I King of England declared him his heir in England and in his territories in France in 1190[452]. On Richard's death 6 Apr 1199, Arthur, who was in Brittany, led a force into Anjou and Maine, where he was recognised by the barons as the rightful heir. He styled himself Duke of Brittany, Comte d'Anjou and Earl of Richmond from 18 Apr 1199. He did homage to Philippe II "Auguste" King of France but, offended by the latter, fled to his uncle John who received him kindly. Warned of John's intentions, he escaped to Angers but was captured by the king at Mirebeau and sent to Falaise. He was murdered on the orders of King John.
Betrothed
(11 Nov 1190) to --- of Sicily, daughter of TANCRED King of Sicily & his wife Sibila de Medania. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal in 1190 of "Arturum ducem Britanniæ" and "unam de filiabus regis Tancredi"[453]. This betrothal was arranged as part of the treaty signed between Richard I King of England and Tancred King of Sicily, concerning the inheritance of Tancred's predecessor Guillaume II King of Sicily, whose widow was King Richard's sister[454]. The agreement between “Tancredo...Regi Siciliæ” and “Ricardus...Rex Angliæ...”, dated 1190, includes the betrothal of “Arthurum...ducem Britanniæ...nepotem nostrum et hæredem si forte sin prole nos obire contigerit” and “filiam vestram” [referring to King Tancred][455].
Betrothed
(Apr 1202) to MARIE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE II "Auguste" King of France & his third wife Agnes von Andechs-Merano (after 1197-15 Aug 1238, bur Louvain, église Saint Pierre). The primary source which confirms her betrothal has not yet been identified.

6.ELEANOR
(Domfront, Normandy 13 Oct 1162-Burgos 25 Oct 1214, bur Cistercian monastery Santa María la Real “de las Huelgas” near Burgos). Her birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[456]. Her first betrothal was arranged as part of the treaty of alliance between Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" and her father in 1165[457], but was broken off in [1169] when the emperor formed an alliance with the king of France[458]. Her betrothal to "Aldefonso regi Castellæ" is recorded by Matthew Paris in 1168[459]. Robert of Torigny records the marriage in 1170 of "Alienor filia Henrici regis Anglorum" and "Amfurso imperatore", commenting that he was not yet fifteen years old[460]. Alfonso VIII King of Castile "cum uxore mea Alionor regina et cum filiabus meis Berengaria et Sancia Infantissis" exchanged property with the Templars by charter dated 26 Jan 1183[461]. The
Crónica Latina
records that “el rey de Castilla” married “la hija del…rey Enrique, doña Leonor” and that his father-in-law had promised him Gascony[462]. The
Annales Compostellani
record the death “II Kal Nov” in 1214 of “Regina
Alienor uxor Aldefonsi Regis Castellæ”[463].
The
Anales Toledanos
record the death “viernes el postrimo dia de Octubre” in 1214 of “la Reyna Doña Lionor, muggier del Rey D. Alfonso”[464].Betrothed
(1165) to FRIEDRICH von Staufen, son of Emperor FRIEDRICH I "Barbarossa" & his second wife Béatrice Ctss Palatine de Bourgogne (Pavia 16 Jul 1164-[28 Nov 1168/1170]), bur Lorch). He was installed as
Duke of Swabia
in 1167. m
(Betrothed 1168, Burgos Sep, before 17, 1177) don ALFONSO VIII King of Castile, son of don SANCHO III King of Castile & his wife Infanta doña Blanca de Navarra (Soria 11 Nov 1155-Gutiérre Múñoz near Arévalo 6 Oct 1214, bur Cistercian monastery Santa María la Real “de las Huelgas” near Burgos).

7.JOAN
(Château d’Angers, Anjou Oct 1165-Fontevrault Abbey in childbirth 4 Sep 1199, bur Fontevrault Abbey). Robert of Torigny records the birth "1165…mense Octobris" of "filiam [reginæ Alienoræ]…Johanna"[465]. Her birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[466]. Matthew Paris records her first marriage in 1176, and refers to her second marriage in a later passage[467]. Her first marriage is also recorded by William of Tyre (Continuator)[468]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage in [1177] of "Johanna
filia regis Angliæ" and "Willelmo regi Siciliæ"[469]. The marriage contract between “Willielmus...Rex Siciliæ...” and “Johannam puellam regii...filiam Henrici...Regis Anglorum” is dated Feb 1177[470]. She was crowned Queen of Sicily 13 Feb 1177 at Palermo Cathedral. After the death of her first husband, she was kept in confinement by his successor King Tancred. After her brother Richard I King of England (who was travelling through Italy on his way to join the Third Crusade in Palestine) demanded her release, she was sent to join him at Messina. The English king captured Messina to force Tancred to negotiate terms over the inheritance of King Guillaume[471]. Berenguela of Navarre, future bride of her brother King Richard, stayed with Joanna after landing in Naples in early 1191. They sailed together for Palestine with King Richard's fleet, landing at Limassol, Cyprus in Apr 1191[472]. Bar Hebræus records that the peace negotiations with between the Franks and the Muslims in Palestine in A.H. 587 (Oct 1191) included a proposal for "son frère el-Malec el-Adel" (referring to Salah-ad-Din) to marry "la sœur du roi d'Angleterre" (which must refer to Joanna as the only living sister of King Richard I who was not married at the time), but that the proposal was rejected because the priests imposed the requirement of his conversion to Christianity[473]. Joanna sailed from Acre for France 29 Sep 1191 with her sister-in-law Queen Berengaria[474]. Her second marriage was arranged by her brother Richard I King of England as part of the peace terms negotiated with Raymond VI Comte de Toulouse in 1196[475]. The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall records the betrothal in 1196 of "soror regis Ricardi Johanna quæ et regina exstiterat Siciliæ" and "comiti Sancti Ægidii"[476]. The Annals of Margan record the betrothal “apud Rothomagum” in 1196 of “Johanna relicta Willelmi regis Apulia” and “comiti Sancti Egidii”[477].
The
Thalamus de Montpellier
records the marriage in 1196 "el mes duchoire" of "R. coms de Tolosa" and "la regina Johanna"[478].
She took the veil on her deathbed. The necrology of the Prieuré de Collinances records the death "4 Sep" of "Johanna regina Sicilie"[479]. The Chronicle of Guillaume de Puylaurens records that Joan died in 1199 after her brother King Richard and was buried "dans l´église de Fontevrault"[480]. Roger of Hoveden records the death "in Normannia apud Rothomagum" in Sep 1199 of "Johanna uxor Raimundi comitis de Sancto Egidio, quondam regina Siciliæ, soror…Johannis regis Angliæ" and her burial "ad abbatiam Frontis Ebraudi"[481]. The
Clypeus Nascentis Fontebraldensis Ordinis
records that a living child was removed from Joan´s body after she died and lived long enough to be baptised, but died and was buried at the church of Notre-Dame de Rouen[482].
m firstly
(Palermo Cathedral 13 Feb 1177) GUILLAUME II King of Sicily, son of GUILLAUME I King of Sicily & his wife Infanta doña Margarita de Navarra (1155-17 Nov 1189).
m secondly
(Rouen Oct 1196) as his third wife, RAYMOND VI Comte de Toulouse, son of RAYMOND V Comte de Toulouse & his wife Constance de France (27 Oct 1156-Toulouse 2 Aug 1222).

9.GEOFFREY
([1151]-monastery of Notre Dame du Parc, near Rouen 18 Dec 1212, bur Notre Dame du Parc). William of Newburgh names "Gaufrido
regis
filio naturali" when recording his appointment as Bishop of Lincoln[484].
He was brought up in the Royal household with his legitimate half-brothers and sisters. Archdeacon of the diocese of Lincoln. He was appointed Bishop of Lincoln in Apr 1173, until 1181. He was loyal to the King in 1173 when Henry’s legitimate sons rebelled against him. Chancellor of England 1181-1189, resigning on the request of King Richard I after their father’s death. He was elected Archbishop of York 10 Aug 1189.
The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records that "Galfridus
Henrici regis
filius" was elected archbishop of York in [1189][485].
He was ordained as a priest Sep 1189, required by King Richard in return for his confirmation as Archbishop. Consecrated as Archbishop 18 Aug 1191 by the Bishop of Tours. He was forced into definitive exile in France in 1207[486].

King Henry II had one possible illegitimate child by Mistress (2):

10.[--- (1168-). The primary source which confirms his or her parentage has not yet been identified.]

King Henry II had one illegitimate child by Mistress (4):

11.WILLIAM
Longespee
(1176-Salisbury 7 Mar 1226, bur Salisbury Cathedral).
The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records that Richard I King of England arranged the marriage of "Willelmus comes Saresberiensis filius comitis Patricii…filiam" and "Wilelmo fratri suo notho cum comitatu" in [1196][487].
He is described as "avunculus" of Richard Earl of Cornwall, Comte de Poitou by Matthew Paris[488]. Earl of Salisbury 1196 by right of his wife.

12.MORGAN
([1180/89]-after 1213). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Provost of Berkeley, Yorkshire 1201. He was elected Bishop of Durham in 1213 but Pope Innocent III refused a dispensation to allow his consecration on the grounds of his illegitimacy[489].

King Henry II had four possible illegitimate children by Mistresses (6) - (8):

13.[MATILDA
(-before 1202). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Abbess of Barking, Essex.

14.[HUGH
of Wells
([before 1154]-1235). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Bishop of Lincoln 1186. According to Given-Wilson & Curteis, the allegations that he was the son of King Henry II are unsubstantiated and doubtful[490].]

15.[RICHARD
. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.]

16.[JULITA
(-29 Jan ----). The necrology of Saint-Père-en-Vallée records the death “IV Kal Feb” of "Lulita
[Julita
in MS B] filia regis Anglorum”[491]. The identity of her father is unspecified in the necrology. The only English kings whose deaths are recorded in the same source are William I, Henry II and Richard I, of whom Henry II is the most likely candidate to be Julita´s father.]

JOHN 1199-1216

JOHN, son of HENRY II King of England & his wife Eléonore Dss d'Aquitaine (Beaumont Palace, Oxford 24 Dec 1166 or 1167-Newark Castle, Lincolnshire 18/19 Oct 1216, bur Worcester Cathedral[492]). The primary sources are contradictory regarding John´s year of birth. Robert of Torigny records the birth "1167…in vigilia Natalis Domini" of "Johannis filius regis Anglorum"[493]. Matthew Paris records that “Alienor Anglorum regina” gave birth to “filium…Johannes”, stating neither the place nor the precise date but the passage is located in the middle of text which records events in 1166[494]. The Annals of Burton record the birth of “Regina…Johannem filium suum” in 1166[495]. The Annals of Dunstable record the birth of “Alienor…filium Johannem” at the end of the paragraph dealing with events in 1165 and immediately before the start of the paragraph for 1167, although it is likely that 1166 was intended as the text includes no separate entry for that year[496]. John was designated King of Ireland in 1177. Created Comte de Mortain 1189. His lands were placed under interdict by Baldwin Archbishop of Canterbury because of his first marriage[497]. He succeeded his brother Richard I in 1199 as
JOHN King of England, crowned London 27 May 1199[498]
and again 8 Oct 1200 with his second wife at Westminster Abbey[499]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the coronation "VI Kal Jul" at Westminster Abbey in [1199] of "Johannes
dominus Hiberniæ"[500]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "XV Kal Nov" [1216] of King John and his burial "Wignorniæ"[501]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “apud Newerk in crastino Sanctæ Luciæ virginis” in 1216 of “Johannes rex Angliæ”[502].

Betrothed
(Auvergne 1173 before 2 Feb) to ALIX de Maurienne, daughter of HUMBERT III Comte de Maurienne & his third wife Klementia von Zähringen (1166-1174). The marriage contract between "Johanni filio Henrici…regis Angliæ" and "Humbertus comes Mauriensis et marchio Italiæ…filia…primogenita…Aalis" is dated 1173[503]. Her parentage is specified by Matthew Paris when he records this betrothal. Although he does not give her first name, he calls her "filia primogenita"[504]. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal of "Humbertus comes de Mauriana…Aalis filiam suam majoram" and "rex…Johannis filii sui iunioris" at "Alvernium…Montem Ferratum" in 1173 before 2 Feb, and the agreement whereby John would inherit the county of Maurienne if Humbert had no sons by his wife[505].

m firstly
(Betrothed 1176, Marlborough Castle 29 Aug 1189, divorced before 30 Aug 1199) as her first husband, ISABEL
[Avise]
Countess of Gloucester, daughter of WILLIAM FitzRobert 2nd
Earl of Gloucester & his wife Avise de Beaumont ([before 1176]-14 Oct or [18 Nov] 1217, bur Canterbury Cathedral Church). An anonymous continuation of the Chronicle of Robert of Mont-Saint-Michel records (in order) "Comitissa Ebroicensis…uxor Guillelmi Comitis de Clara, tertia…in manu Dei et domini Regis" as the three daughters left by "Guillelmus Comes Glocestriæ" when he died[506]. The
Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione
of Tewkesbury Abbey names “Mabiliam comiti de Evereis in Normannia nuptam…Amiciam…Isabellam” as the three daughters of “comes Willielmus” and his wife, adding that Isabel married “Henricus rex…Johanni filio suo”[507]. Benedict of Peterborough records the betrothal in 1176 of "Johannem filium regis minimum" and "Willelmus filius Roberti filii regis Henrici primi comes Gloucestriæ…filiam ipsius comitis" and the agreement whereby John would inherit the county of Gloucester[508]. Her marriage is recorded by Matthew Paris, who specifies that it took place despite the prohibition of Baldwin Archbishop of Canterbury on the grounds of consanguinity, although he does not name her[509]. Benedict of Peterborough records the marriage in 1189 of "Johannes
frater ducis [Normanniæ]" and "filiam comitis Gloucestriæ" at "Marlebegam IV Kal Sep"[510]. The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall records that "comes Johannes frater eius [rege Ricardo]" married "filiam comitis Glocestriæ"[511]. The primary source which confirms her name as Isabelle has not yet been identified. She was recognised as Ctss of Gloucester in her own right from her marriage in [1189]. Matthew Paris records her divorce in 1199, when he calls her "Hawisa"[512]. The
Annales Londonienses
record the divorce in 1200 of King John and "Hawysiam filiam comitis Gloverniæ", stating that they were "in tertio gradu consanguinitatis"[513]. King John appears to have kept her as a state prisoner after their divorce, but retained her title even after her nephew Amaury de Montfort was installed as Earl of Gloucester in 1199[514]. The
Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione
of Tewkesbury Abbey records the second marriage of “Isabellam” and “Galfrido de Mandevile comiti Essexiæ”, and her third marriage to “Huberto de Burgo justiciario Angliæ”[515]. Her lands and title were confiscated on the death of her second husband, who died a rebel. She married secondly ([16/26] Jan 1214) as his second wife,
Geoffrey de Mandeville Earl of Essex, and thirdly ([Sep] 1217) as his second wife,
Hubert de Burgh, who was created Earl of Kent in 1227. The Annals of Waverley record the death in 1217 of “Isabel comitissa Gloucestriæ”[516]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Johannam comitissam Gloucestriæ” died “paucos dies” after her marriage to “Hubertus de Burgo justiciarius Angliæ” and was buried “apud Cantuarium”[517].

Betrothed
(early 1193) to
ALIX de France, daughter of LOUIS VII King of France & his [second wife Infanta doña Constanza de Castilla] ([4 Oct] 1160-after 1200). Kerrebrouck states that Richard I King of England arranged the betrothal of Alix, to whom he had earlier been betrothed himself, to his younger brother John in early 1193[518], but the primary source which confirms this has not yet been identified. She returned to France in Aug 1195.

m secondly
(Bordeaux Cathedral 24 Aug 1200) as her first husband, ISABELLE d’Angoulême, daughter of AYMAR “Taillefer” Comte d’Angoulême & his wife Alix de Courtenay ([1187]-Fontevrault Abbey 31 May 1246, bur Fontevrault Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "IX Kal Sep" [1200] of King John and "Isabellam filiam Engolisimi comitis" and their coronation together "VIII Id Oct" in London[519]. Matthew Paris names her as "filiam comitis Engolismi" when he records her marriage[520]. She was crowned Queen Consort 8 Oct 1200 at Westminster Abbey[521]. She succeeded her father in 1202 as
Ctss d’Angoulême, but was not formally recognised as such until Nov 1206. She married secondly (10 Mar/22 May 1220)
Hugues
[XI]
de Lusignan Comte de la Marche. Her origin is confirmed in the charter dated 1224 under which "Ugo
de Leziniaco
comes Marchiæ et Engolismæ et Ysabella uxor eius…regina Angliæ" confirmed rights granted by "bonæ memoriæ Ademaro comite Engolismæ patre eiusdem dominæ Ysabellæ" to Vindelle[522]. Matthew Paris records her death, when he specifies that she was the wife of Hugues Comte de la Marche[523].

Mistress (1): ---
de Warenne, daughter of HAMELIN d'Anjou Earl of Surrey & his wife Isabelle de Warenne . According to Given-Wilson & Curteis[524], one of the mistresses of King John was the "sister of William de Warenne" but the authors do not specify which sister she was. The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester names "Sir Richard fiz le rei…Ion" and "the erles daughter of Wareine" his mother[525].

Mistress (2):
CLEMENTIA, wife of
HENRY Pinel, daughter of ---. The Annals of Tewkesbury names “reginæ Clemenciæ” as the mother of “domina Johanna Walliæ, uxor Lewelini, filia regis Johannis” when recording her daughter´s death[526]. The primary source which confirms the name of her husband has not yet been identified.

Mistress (3):
HAWISE
[de Tracy]. The primary source which confirms her name, possible family origin and relationship with King John has not yet been identified.

Mistress (4):
SUSANNA, daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her name and relationship with King John has not yet been identified. She was given a "tunic and super-tunic" in 1213[527].

Mistresses (5) - (12): ---. The names of the other mistresses of King John are not known.

King John & his second wife had five children:

1.HENRY
(Winchester Castle 1 Oct 1207-Palace of Westminster 16 Nov 1272, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "die S Remigii" [1207] of "filium…Henricus" to "regina
Isabel"[528]. His birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[529]. He succeeded his father 28 Oct 1216 as
HENRY III King of England.

2.RICHARD
(Winchester Castle 5 Jan 1209-Berkhamstead Castle, Herts 2 Apr 1272, bur Hayles Abbey, Gloucestershire). The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall records the birth in 1209 of "Ricardus secundus filius regis"[530]. His birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[531]. He was designated Comte de Ponthieu before 14 Aug 1225, and created Earl of Cornwall 30 May 1227.

3.JOAN
of England
(22 Jul 1210-Havering-atte-Bower, Essex 4 Mar 1238, bur Tarrant Crawford Abbey, Dorset[532]). The Annals of Worcester record the birth “die Sanctæ Mariæ Magdalenæ” in 1210 of “regi filia Johanna”[533]. King John confirmed the proposed marriage of "Johannam filiam suam genitam de Ysabell uxore sua, filia com Engolism" to "Hugonis de Lysuinan fil H com Marchie" by charter dated 29 Sep 1214[534]. Matthew Paris records her marriage, specifying that she was the sister of King Henry III[535]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “regi Scotiæ” married “rege…sororem suam” in 1221, specifying that she was eleven years old at the time and had previously been betrothed to “Hugoni Brun”[536]. The marriage contract between “Alexando...Regi Scotiæ” and “Rex...Johannam primogenitam sororem nostram” is dated 15 Jun 1220[537]. The
Annales
Londonienses
record the death in 1238 of "Johanna
regina regis Scotiæ, soror regis Anglorum" while on a visit to her brother in England and her burial "IV Non Mar"[538]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “apud Haveringes III Non Mar” of “regina
Scotiæ soror regis Angliæ” and her burial “apud Tarentune monialium”[539].
Betrothed
(29 Sep 1214) to HUGUES
[XI]
de Lusignan Comte de la Marche, son of HUGUES [X] "le Brun" Sire de Lusignan, Comte de la Marche & his first wife --- (-1249 after 15 Jan, bur Abbaye de Valence). He succeeded in 1220 as
Comte d'Angoulême.
m
(contract 15 Jun 1220, York Minster 18 or 25 Jun 1221) as his first wife, ALEXANDER II King of Scotland, son of WILLIAM I “the Lion” King of Scotland & his wife Ermengarde de Beaumont (Haddington, East Lothian 24 Aug 1198-Isle of Kerrara, Bay of Oban 6 Jul 1249, bur Melrose Abbey, Roxburghshire).

4.ISABELLA
of England
(1214-Foggia near Naples 1 Dec 1241, bur Bari). Matthew Paris records her marriage, specifying that she was the sister of King Henry III[540]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Fredericus imperator Alemanniæ” married “Ysabellam filiam Johannis regis Angliæ” in 1235, her dowry being 30,000 marcs of silver[541]. The
Annales
Erphordenses
record the marriage "1235 XVII Kal Aug" at Worms of "sororem Regis Anglie" and the emperor[542]. Her marriage was arranged by her future husband to drive a wedge between England and the Welf faction in Germany, long time allies[543]. She was granted the castle of Monte Sant'Angelo by her husband on her marriage, and crowned empress 20 Jul 1235 at Worms Cathedral. After her marriage, her husband confined her to one of his castles in Sicily where she was guarded by eunuchs. The
Annales
Londonienses
record the death in 1241 of "Isabella
imperatrix, soror regis Angliæ"[544]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “circa festum sancti Nicholai” in 1241 of “Johanna imperatrix” and her burial “apud Barensem urbem”[545]. She died in childbirth[546].
m
(Betrothed London Feb 1235, Worms Cathedral 15 or 20 Jul 1235) as his third wife, Emperor FRIEDRICH II, son of Emperor HEINRICH VI & his wife Constanza of Sicily (Iesi, Ancona 26 Dec 1194-Castel Fiorentino near Lucera, Foggia 13 Dec 1250, bur 25 Feb 1251 Palermo cathedral).

5.ELEANOR
of England
(1215- convent of the sisters of St Dominic, near Montargis 13 Apr 1275). The Annals of Dunstable record that “Willelmus Marscallus junior” married “sororem Henrici regis Angliæ” in 1225, recorded as the first event in that year[547]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage in 1224 of “soror regis Henrici” and “juveni Marescallo”[548]. She is recorded as "Pembrocensis comitissa" (not named), sister of Isabella, by Matthew Paris[549]. He names her as daughter of King John in a later passage which records her second marriage with "Simon
de Monteforti", specifying that she was "relictam Willelmi Marescalli comitis de Penbrochia"[550]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the marriage “XIX Kal Feb in parvula capella regis apud Westmonasterium” of “soror regis Angliæ uxor quondam junioris Marscalli” and “Symoni de Monteforti”[551]. The
Annales Cambriæ
record that "Simon
de Monteforti" married "Alienoram comitissam Penbrok" in 1238[552]. She became a nun after the death of her first husband, taking a vow of perpetual celibacy. This was not a canonical impediment to her second marriage, her second husband obtaining Papal absolution in Rome for the marriage[553]. She retired once more as a nun at Montargis (a cell of the abbey of Fontevraud) after her second husband was killed[554]. A writ dated 3 Jun "3 Edw I", following the death of "Eleanor countess of Leicester late the wife of William Marescal earl of Pembroke" related to "Kemesing manor...Neubiri manor" held in dower by the deceased from her first husband, adjudged to “Roger le Bygot earl of Norfolk and marshal of England one of the heirs of Walter le Marescal brother and heir of the said William...Roger de Mortuo Mari and Maud his wife, Eudo la Zuche and Milicent his wife, John de Hastingges and Humphrey de Boun heirs of Eva de Breuhus a sister and heir of the said Walter...Agnes de Vescy, Emery de Rupe Cauardi and Maud his wife, William de Mohun, John de Mohun, Agatha de Mortuo Mari and John de Boun heirs of Sibyl de Ferrariis another sister and heir of the said Walter...William de Valencia and Joan his wife an heir of the said Walter”[555].
m firstly
(23 Apr 1224) as his second wife, WILLIAM Marshal Earl of Pembroke, son of WILLIAM Marshal Earl of Pembroke & his wife Isabel de Clare Ctss of Pembroke (Normandy [1190]-6 Apr 1231, bur 15 Apr 1231 Temple Church, London). No children. m secondly
(King’s Chapel, Palace of Westminster 7 Jan 1238525)
SIMON de Montfort, son of SIMON de Montfort Earl of Leicester & his wife Alice de Montmorency (1208-killed in battle Evesham 4 Aug 1265, bur Evesham). He left in England for Rome in 1238, while his wife remained at Kenilworth[556].

King John had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

6.RICHARD
FitzJohn
or Fitzroy (-[1245/46]).
The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester names
"Sir Richard fiz le rei…Ion" and "the erles daughter of Wareine" his mother[557]. King John granted "terram…Roes de Dover uxorem suam…castro illo de Chilleha" to "Ric filio nostro" by order dated 11 Jul 1214[558]."William Briwere" was ordered to deliver to "Richard the king´s son all the lands which fell to Rose his wife hereditarily"[559].He was a captain in King John's army during the baronial revolt. He fought the invasion of Louis de France in 1217[560]. Lord of Chilham, Kent,
de iure uxoris.
Henry III King of England granted exemptions to "Ricardo filio Regis" in respect of "castrum suum de Chileham" dated 21 Jun 1217[561].Bracton notes a claim, dated 1227, by "Ricardus filius Reg et Roysia uxor eius" against "Robertum filium Walteri" for land "in Lesnes" of which "Roysia de Douera avia ipsius Roysie" was seised[562].Henry III King of England granted "to Richard de Dovor his cousin…the custody of the lands which belonged to Geoffrey de Costentyn in Ireland" by charter dated 11 Jun 1244[563].Matthew Paris records the deaths of "Ricardi filii Rogeri
[maybe error for "Regii"]
de Chilham, Ricardi de Dover filii eius" among those who died in 1245[564].
m
(before 11 Jul 1214) as her first husband, ROHESE de Dover, daughter and heiress of FULBERT de Dover of Chilham, Kent & his wife Isabel Briwere ([1204/05]-[1264/65]).
KingJohn granted "terram…Roes de Dover uxorem suam…castro illo de Chilleha" to "Ric filio nostro" by order dated 11 Jul 1214[565].Bracton records a claim, dated 1230, by "Matillis de Lucy, Ricardus filius Reginaldi
[error for "Regis", probably incorrectly extended to
Reginaldi
from Regi?]
et Roysa uxor eius" against "Robertum Yellestede" concerning "terre…in Neutona", which records the claimants´ ancestry "Galfrido…filio et heredi suo…et de predicto Galfrido…Herberto…filio et heredi suo et de predicto Herberto Matillidi et Royse sororibus" and "de predicta Roysa…Foberto filio suo et de predicto Foberto isti Royse…filie et heredi suo"[566].She married secondly (after 14 Jul 1250)
William de Wilton. The Pipe Rolls record in 1258 that
"Willelmus de Wilton" married "Roesiam de Douor que fuit uxor Ricardi de Chileham"[567]. A writ following the death of "Richard de Dovor and Rose his wife" names "Richard son of Richard de Dovor, aged 21 on the eve of the Purification" as heir[568].Richard
& his wife had three children:

a)RICHARDof Chilham
(-after 2 Dec 1247). Matthew Paris records the deaths of "Ricardi filii Rogeri de Chilham, Ricardi de Dover filii eius" among those who died in 1245[569]. Lord of Chilham.
m
(before 2 Dec 1247) as her third husband, MATILDA Ctss of Angus, widow firstly of
JOHN Comyn Earl of Angus, secondly of
GILBERT de Umfreville Earl of Angus, daughter and heiress of MALCOLM 6th
Earl of Angus & his wife Mary Berkeley. Her third marriage is confirmed by letters close dated 2 Dec 1247 under which Henry III King of England granted four bucks from Eleham Park to "the countess of Angus, the wife of Richard of Dover"[570].
Lord Richard
& his wife had two children:

i)RICHARD
of Chilham
(1 Feb [1246/47]-[1265/66]).
A writ following the death of "Richard de Dovor and Rose his wife" names "Richard son of Richard de Dovor, aged 21 on the eve of the Purification next" as heir[571].Lord of Chilham.
m
as her first husband, JOAN de Grey, daughter of SIMON de Grey & his wife ---. She married secondly as his second wife,
Gilbert de Pecche.

ii)ISABEL
of Chilham
(after 1245-18 Mar 1292).
The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified.
She was heiress of her brother at Chilham.
"Alexander de Balliol and Isabella his wife…going to Scotland" appointed attorneys for their affairs in England[572].Leland quotes a manuscript which records the death "XV Kal Apr…apud Chilham" in 1292 of "Domina Isabella de Dovora comitissa de Assele" and her burial "Cantuar: in ecclesia Christi"[573].A charter dated 1 May 1292 ordered the valuation of the assets of "the late Isabella countess of Athol to her husband Alexander de Balliol"[574].m firstly
(before 1265) as his second wife, DAVID of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl, son of JOHN of Strathbogie Earl of Atholl & his wife Ada Hastings Ctss of Atholl (-Carthage 6 Aug 1270). He died while on Crusade in Tunisia.
m secondly
(shortly after 7 Nov 1270) Sir ALEXANDER Balliolof Cavers, co Roxburgh, son of Sir HENRY Balliol & his wife Lora [Lauretta] de Valoignes (-[19 Apr 1310/Jun 1311]). Lord of Chilham, by right of his wife.

b)ISABEL
(-7 Jul [1276/77], bur Abbey of St Augustine, Bristol).
The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester names
"Sir Richard fiz le rei…Ion" and "the erles daughter of Wareine" his mother, adding that "Sire Morisse of Berkeleye" married his daughter[575].
The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified.
King Henry III
granted her certain manors 10 Aug 1264 "out of compassion for the poverty of his niece"[576].
m
(before 12 Jul 1247) MAURICE de Berkeley
"the Resolute" feudal Lord of Berkeley, son of THOMAS Lord of Berkeley & his wife Joan de Somery (1218-4 Apr 1281, bur Bristol St Augustine).

c)LORETTE
(-after 1248). In the
Complete Peerage, she is described as the daughter of "Royce, daughter and heiress of Robert of Dover" who granted the manor of Luddington in 1248 to her daughter and son-in-law[577].
An assize of last presentation brought by the king in 1261 against
"William Marmion and Lauretta" shows that "Lauretta was the daughter of Richard FitzRoy"[578].
m
(1248) WILLIAM Marmion, son of ROBERT Marmion & his wife Avice de Tanfield (-27 Jul 1275).]

King John had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2):

7.JOAN
(-30 Mar 1237).
King John confirmed "castrum de Ellesmara" to "Lewelino principi Norwallie in maritagium cum Johanna filia nostra" by charter dated 16 Apr 1205[579].Her husband sent her to make peace with the king her father in 1211 when the latter was attacking North Wales. She was legitimated in 1226 by Pope Honorius III. She and her son David did homage to King Henry III in 1229[580].
The
Chronicle of the Princes of Wales
records that "William Bruse was hanged by Llywelyn son of Iorewerth, having been caught in the chamber of the prince with the princess Jannet, daughter of King John and wife of the prince" in 1230[581].The
Annales
Cambriæ
record the death in 1237 of "domina Johanna filia regis Angliæ et uxor Lewilini principis Walliæ" and her burial "apud Haber"[582].The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “III Kal Apr” in 1236 of “domina Johanna Walliæ, uxor Lewelini, filia regis Johannis et reginæ Clemenciæ”[583].The
Chronicle of the Princes of Wales
records that "Dame Joan daughter of king John and the wife of Llywelyn son of Iorwerth" died in Feb 1237 "at the court of Aber and was buried in a new cemetery on the side of the strand which Howel bishop of Llanelwy had consecrated"[584].m
(1205) as his second wife, LLYWELLYN ap Iorwerth
Fawr ("the Great")
Prince of North Wales, son of IORWERTH
Drwyndwyn ("flat nose") Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-1240).

King John had one illegitimate son by Mistress (3):

8.OLIVER
(-killed at siege of Damietta 1219, bur Westminster Abbey). The 13th century
Histoire des ducs de Normandie et des rois d´Angleterre
names "Oliviers li fils le roi Jehan de bas"[585].
He fought against Louis of France during the latter's invasion in 1216/17. He was granted the castle of Tonge, the manor of Erdington and the estate of Hamedon by his half-brother King Henry III.
Henry III King of England granted "terris Petri filii Herberti" to "fratri nostro Olivero filio Regis" dated 20 Mar 1217[586].He joined the Fifth Crusade in 1218[587].
The
Historia Damiatina
by Oliverus Scholasticus records the deaths in 1218 at Damieta of "comes de Marcha et comes de Bar et filius eius, frater Guillelmus de Carnoto magister militiæ templi, Herveus de Virsione, Iterius de Tacci, Oliverus filius regis Anglie"[588].

King John had [ten] illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

9.GEOFFREY
FitzRoy
(-1205). An order of King John dated 14 Oct 1200 names "Gaufr filii nostri"[589].He held the honour of Perche. He headed a band of mercenaries who were embarking for Poitou from Dartmouth in 1205[590].
King John issued an order dated 26 Apr 1205 to "filius noster Gaufredus et Sauarci de Maloleon et Martin Algeis señ ñr Wascoñ"[591].

10.[OSBERT Giffard
(-1245). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Matthew Paris records the death in 1245 of "Osberti Giffard", although he does not specify his parentage[592]. Other sources corroborate the death of Osbert Giffard around that time (see the document UNTITLED ENGLISH NOBILITY D-K). No indication has been found that Osbert Giffard was the illegitimate son of King John.]

11.[GILBERT de Bolum
(-after 1245). Matthew Paris records the death in 1245 of "Osberti Giffard, Walteri filii Gilberti de Bolum, fratris eius"[593]. This text suggests that Gilbert de Bolum was the brother of Osbert Giffard. If Osbert´s parentage is correctly stated in the present document, Gilbert could have been another illegitimate son of King John (unless they were uterine brothers only).]
m
---. The name of Gilbert´s wife is not known. Gilbert & his wife had one child:

15.[RICHARD
. Constable of Wallingford Castle 1216. Given-Wilson & Curteis say that he "might possibly have been a different man from the lord of Dover"[601]. On the other hand, he may have been the same person as Richard Earl of Cornwall who was later frequently associated with Wallingford Castle.
Henry III King of England issued a notice to "Ricardo filio Regis, fratri suo et Engelardo de Cigony" respecting a grant to "Radulfo Harang" dated 10 May 1217[602]. It is not known whether this entry relates to Richard of Chilham or to this Richard.]

16.[MATILDA]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Abbess of Barking, Essex.

17.[ISABELLA la Blanche
. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.]

18.[--- . Assuming that “nepos” in the source quoted below can be translated as “nephew”, one of Andrew´s parents was an illegitimate child of King John.]
m
---. One child:

HENRY III 1216-1272

HENRY, son of JOHN King of England & his second wife Isabelle Ctss d'Angoulême (Winchester Castle 1 Oct 1207-Palace of Westminster 16 Nov 1272, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "die S Remigii" [1207] of "filium…Henricus" to "regina
Isabel"[604]. He succeeded his father 28 Oct 1216 as
HENRY III King of England. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the coronation "apud Bristowe…V Kal Nov" [1216] of King Henry[605]. Crowned Gloucester Cathedral 28 Oct 1216[606], and again Westminster Abbey 17 May 1220. The Chronicle of Ralph of Coggeshall records the coronation in 1220 "die Pentecostem…XVI Kal Jun" of King Henry at Westminster[607]. He formally renounced the duchy of Normandy under the Treaty of Paris Dec 1259. King Henry planned grandiose schemes to increase England's influence in Europe, through installing his younger son as king of Sicily and with his brother as king of Germany, but failed in their successful implementation. His reign was bedevilled by domestic difficulties with the English barons, triggered partly by his inability to control his wife's relations whose establishment in England he encouraged. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "die S Eadmundi Cantuar. archiepiscopi" 16 Nov 1272 of King Henry III and his burial at Westminster[608].

m
(Betrothed 22 Jun 1235, Canterbury Cathedral 14 Jan 1236) ELEONORE de Provence, daughter of RAYMOND BERENGER IV Comte de Provence & his wife Béatrice de Savoie (Aix-en-Provence [1223]-Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire 24/25 Jun 1291, bur Amesbury Abbey). A charter dated 22 Jun 1235 records the marriage agreement between "Henricus III Angliæ Rex" and "Amedeo IV Sab. Com. ac Willelmo electo Valentino fratribus…nepte, sororis illorum, comitissæ Provinciæ, filia"[610]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "Id Jan" [1236] in Canterbury of King Henry III and "Alienoram filiam comitis Proventiæ" and their joint coronation in London "XIII Kal Feb"[611]. Her marriage is recorded by Matthew Paris, who also states her parentage, and her coronation as Queen Consort 19/20 Jan 1236 at Westminster Abbey[612]. Her marriage signalled the establishment of close ties between the English court and the house of Savoy, the foreign immigrants becoming increasingly unpopular in England and contributing to the difficulties experienced by King Henry III with his barons. The testament of "Beatricis relictæ Raimundi Berengarii comitis Provinciæ", dated 14 Jan 1264, confirms her previous testaments appointing "Reginarum filiarum suarum Margarethæ Franciæ et Alienoræ Angliæ…" as her heirs[613]. She became a nun at Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire 7 Jul 1284. The
Annales
Londonienses
record the death "in crastino Sancti Johannis Baptistæ" in 1291 of "Elianora mater regis Edwardi" and her burial "apud Ambresbury in festo nativitate beatæ Virginis"[614].

King Henry III & his wife had five children:

1.EDWARD
(Palace of Westminster 17 Jun 1239-Burgh-on-Sands, Cumberland 8 Jul 1307, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "XIV Kal Jul" [1239] of "Edwardum filium suum primogenitum" to "Alienor regina Angliæ"[615]. His birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[616]. He succeeded his father in 1272 as
EDWARD I
“Longshanks” King of England.

4.EDMUND
“Crouchback/Gibbosus” (London 16 Jan 1245-Bayonne 5 Jun 1296, bur Westminster Abbey). He is named as son of King Henry III by Matthew Paris in 1254[631]. Created Earl of Leicester 26 Oct 1265, in succession to Simon de Montfort, and Earl of Lancaster 30 Jun 1267.

5.KATHERINE (Palace of Westminster 25 Nov 1253-Windsor Castle 3 May 1257, bur Westminster Abbey). The
Annales
Londonienses
record the birth in 1253 of "Katerina filia regis Henrici"[632]. The Annals of Worcester record the birth “nocte Ceciliæ” in 1253 of “regina…filiam…Katerina”[633]. Her birth is recorded by Matthew Paris[634]. "Alexander le Parker and Amice his wife" were granted "land in Old Wyndesor" in "reward of the good service rendered by the said Amice in the education of Katharine the king´s daughter" dated 11 Apr 1255[635]. Her death is also recorded by Matthew Paris, who specifies that she was "muta et inutilis sed facie pulcherrima"[636].

EDWARD I 1272-1307

EDWARD, son of HENRY III King of England & his wife Eléonore de Provence (Palace of Westminster 17 Jun 1239-Burgh-on-Sands, Cumberland 8 Jul 1307, bur Westminster Abbey). The Annals of Tewkesbury record the birth “XIV Kal Jul…Londoniæ apud Westmonasterium” of “filius…Eadwardus” to “regi Henrico Angliæ filio regis Johannis…de regina sua Alienora filia comitis de Provencia”[637]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "XIV Kal Jul" [1239] of "Edwardum filium suum primogenitum" to "Alienor regina Angliæ"[638]. Matthew Paris records that Edward was installed as Duke of Gascony in 1252, after the territory was subdued by Simon de Montfort[639]. Henry III King of England granted “totam terram Vasconie” to “Eudoardo primogenito filio nostro” by charter dated 8 Jun 1252[640]. He was created Earl of Chester 14 Feb 1254. Taken prisoner with his father at the battle of Lewes 14 May 1264 by the rebel barons under Simon de Montfort, he managed to escape 26 May. As a means of making peace, he delivered the earldom of Chester to Simon de Montfort 24 Dec 1264, though it was restored to Edward after the battle of Evesham 4 Aug 1265. He left England in summer 1270 intending to join Louis IX King of France in Tunisia. On learning of the king's death after arriving in Africa, Edward wintered in Sicily with King Charles and the following spring sailed for Palestine, landing at Acre 9 May 1271, but he had insufficient resources to make any headway against the Mameluk Sultan Baibars and signed a peace agreement with the Sultan at Caesarea 22 May 1272[641]. An attempt was made on his life 16 Jun 1272 when an Assassin stabbed him with a poisoned dagger, the after effects of which left Edward seriously ill for several months, and left Acre for England 22 Sep 1272[642]. He succeeded his father in 1272 as
EDWARD I
“Longshanks” King of England, when he was in Sicily returning from the Crusade. He arrived back in England in Aug 1274, and was crowned 19 Aug 1274 at Westminster Abbey. A strong king, he increased the power of the crown during his reign at the expense of the barons, probably setting the scene for the problems faced by his weaker son Edward II.

Betrothed
(1247) to [MARIE]
de Brabant, daughter of HENRI II Duke of Brabant & his first wife Maria von Staufen (-beheaded Donauwörth 1256, bur Donauwörth Heiliges Kreuz Stift). The betrothal of one of the daughters of Duke Henri II to Edward of England is recorded by Matthew Paris[643]. It is not certain that Marie was the daughter in question. However, she is the most likely candidate as her two older sisters were already married and her younger half-sister was only an infant at the time.

m firstly
(Betrothed 1253, Burgos 18 Oct 1254) Infanta doña LEONOR de Castilla, daughter of don FERNANDO III “el Santo” King of Castile & his second wife Jeanne de Dammartin-Ponthieu (1240-Harby, Nottinghamshire 29 Nov 1290, bur Westminster Abbey). The
Annales
Londonienses
record the marriage "circa translationem beati Edwardi regis apud Boures" in 1254 of "Edwardus filius regis Henrici" and "Alienoram iuvenculam…sororem regis Hispanniæ"[644]. This marriage was first proposed in 1253 in connection with settlement of the Spanish claim to Gascony, according to Matthew Paris who refers to her as "sororem suam uterinani" in reference to "rex
Hispaniæ" but does not give her name[645]. She accompanied her husband on crusade 1270/72. Crowned Queen 19 Aug 1274 at Westminster Abbey. She succeeded her mother in 1279 as Ctss de Ponthieu et de Montreuil. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "IV
Kal
Dec apud Herdeby in comitatu Lincolniensi" of "Alienora regina Angliæ domini regis consors"[646].

m secondly
(treaty Montreuil 19 Jun 1299, Canterbury Cathedral 8 or 9 Sep 1299) MARGUERITE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE III King of France & his second wife Marie de Brabant (1275-Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire 14 Feb 1318, bur Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London).
The Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis names "Ludovicum comitem Ebroiciæ civitatis, Margaretamque reginam Angliæ ac Blancham ducissam Austriæ" as the three children of King Philippe III and his second wife, recording in a later passage the marriage of Marguerite "apud Cantuariam" in 1299[647].
The Annals of Worcester record the marriage “Sep…IV Id…in ecclesia Cantuarensi” in 1299 of “Edwardus rex” and “Margareta soror Philippi Regis Franciæ”[648].

King Edward I & his first wife had sixteen children:

1.ELEANOR
(Windsor Castle [17 Jun] 1264[649]
or 1269-Ghent 12 Oct 1297, bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "apud Wyndleshores" of "filiam…Alienoram" to "Alienora uxor domini Eadwardi regis primogeniti"[650]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner records that Edward I King of England sent "Jean d´Agrilli" to Barcelona to negotiate the marriage of his daughter to Alfonso III King of Aragon, dated to 1286, and records the betrothal later the same year[651]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "apud Bristoll vigilia S Matthaæi Apostoli" 20 Sep [1293] of "Alienora
regis
Angliæ flia primogenita" and "domino Henrico comitis de Baroduc"[652]. The
Oude Kronik van Brabant
records the marriage in 1294 of "comes de Barri" and "filiam primogenitam Eduardi regis Anglorum"[653]. Poull gives no death date for Eleanor, but says that she returned to England after her husband died and that 8 May 1304 her father started negotiations for her marriage with Robert, son of Othon Comte Palatin de Bourgogne & his wife Mathilde Ctss d'Artois[654]. This seems unlikely as Robert de Bourgogne was born in 1300, so was over 30 years younger than Eleanor.
m firstly
(Betrothed [1286], by proxy Westminster Abbey 15 Aug 1290, not consummated) don ALFONSO III
"el Liberal"
King of Aragon, son of don PEDRO III "el Grande" King of Aragon & his wife Constanza of Sicily [Hohenstaufen] (Valencia 4 Nov 1265-Barcelona 18 Jun 1291, bur Barcelona Franciscan Monastery).
m secondly
(Bristol 20 Sep 1293) HENRI III Comte de Bar, son of THIBAUT II Comte de Bar & his second wife Jeanne de Toucy (1259-Naples Sep 1302).

5.ALICE (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire ---- aged 12). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

6.JULIAN [Katherine] (Acre, Palestine 1271-Acre, Palestine 28 May or 5 Sep 1271, bur [Church of the Friars Preachers, Bordeaux). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

7.JOAN
"of Acre" (Acre, Palestine Spring 1272-Clare Manor, Suffolk 23 Apr 1307, bur 26 Apr 1307 Priory Church of the Austin Friars, Clare, Suffolk). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth at Acre in [1272] of "filiam…Johannam" to "Alienor uxor domini Eadwardi"[660]. The
Annales Hospitalis Argentinenses
record that "comes Hartmannus [filius reginæ uxoris Rudolfi Regis]" was betrothed to "filia regis Anglie"[661]. This betrothal was arranged by King Rudolf to exploit Anglo/French rivalry. The marriage was arranged for 8 Sep 1278 in London, but postponed. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "ultimo die mensis Aprilis apud Westmonasterium" of "Gilbertus
de Clare
comes Gloverniæ" and "dominam Johannam dicta de Acra…filium regis Angliæ"[662]. The
Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione
of Tewkesbury Abbey records the marriage of “Gilbertus secundus” and “Johanna de Acres, filia regis Edwardi primi”[663]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “Edwardus rex…Johannam filiam suam secundo genitam” married “Gilberto comiti Gloverniæ” in 1290[664]. The Annals of Dunstable record that “comitssa Gloverniæ, filia domini regis” married “cuidam militia sine assensu regio” in 1296[665]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage more precisely has not yet been identified. Her second marriage was clandestine. The king, her father, did not know that Joan was already married when he agreed 16 Mar 1297 her marriage to Amédée Comte de Savoie. He confiscated Joan's lands 3 Jul 1297 when he found out about the marriage, but pardoned her 2 Aug 1297[666]. A manuscript history of the foundation of Dunmow Priory records the death in 1307 of “Johanna de Acres comitissa de Clare” and her burial “in ecclesia fratrum S. Augustini apud Clare”[667].
Betrothed
to HARTMANN von Habsburg Graf von Kiburg, son of RUDOLF I Graf von Habsburg King of Germany & his first wife Gertrud [Anna] von Hohenberg [Zollern] (Rheinfelden 1263-drowned between Breisach and Strasbourg 21 Dec 1281, bur Basel Münster).
m firstly
(Papal dispensation 16 Nov 1289, Westminster Abbey 30 Apr 1290) as his second wife, GILBERT de Clare Earl of Gloucester and Hertford
"the Red Earl", son of RICHARD de Clare Earl of Gloucester and Hertford & his second wife Maud de Lacy (Christchurch, Hampshire 2 Sep 1243-Monmouth Castle 7 Dec 1295, bur 22 Dec 1295 Tewkesbury). m secondly
(secretly early 1297 or [12 May/3 Jul] 1297) as his first wife, RALPH de Monthermer, son of --- (-5 Apr 1325, bur Salisbury, Grey Friars church). He was a member of the household of her first husband. He was imprisoned by the King at Bristol when he learned of his marriage, but pardoned at Eltham 2 Aug 1297[668]. He used the title Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, in right of his wife, but does not seem to have been so created.

8.ISABELLA (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire or Windsor Castle or Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire [12/15] Mar 1274-1279, bur Westminster Abbey). The Annals of Worcester record the birth “XVIII Kal Apr” in 1274 of “Edwardo regi Angliæ filiam…Ysabellam”[669], although the date is too close to the recorded birth of her older brother Alfonso for 1274 to be the correct year of Isabella´s birth. The Annals of Winchester record the birth “XVIII Kal Apr…apud Wyndesore” in 1275 of “Alianora regina domino Edwardi regi Angliæ…filiam…Isabellam”[670]. It is uncertain which date “XVIII Kal Apr” is intended to indicate.

10.BERENGARIA (Kennington Palace, Surrey 1 May [1277]-[1277/79], bur Westminster Abbey). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth in 1276 of "filiam…Berengariam" to "Alienor regina"[676]. The Annals of Winchester record the birth “Kal Mai…apud Kenyngtone” in 1276 of “Alianora regina domino Edwardi regi Angliæ…filiam…---”[677]. It is consistent with the order of birth of King Edward´s children suggested here if Berengaria was born in May 1277 not May 1276.

12.MARGARET
(Windsor Castle 11 Sep [1279/80]-1318 or after 11 Mar 1333, bur Brussels, Saints Michael and Gudula). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth in 1275 at Windsor of "filiam…Margaret" to "Alienora uxor regis, regina Angliæ"[681]. The order of the birth of the children of King Edward I is difficult to ascertain as none of the sources so far consulted records all their births and the different sources are inconsistent. If the Continuator of Florence of Worcester is accepted for the years of birth of Alfonso (Nov [1273]) and Margaret (1275), the year of birth of Isabella (consistently recorded in Mar 1275 N.S. in all sources so far consulted) is impossible. A solution to the problem is if Alfonso was born in Nov 1275 (see above) and Margaret in either 1279 or 1280. The
Annales
Halesiensibus
record the marriage "1290 XVII Id Iul" of "Margaretam filiam regis" and "Iohannes filius et heres ducis Brabantie"[682]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage "VI Id Jul" at Westminster of "Johannes
filius et hæres Johannis ducis Brabantiæ" and "Margaretam filiam regis Anglie"[683]. The
Annales
Londonienses
record the marriage "VII Id Iul" in 1290 of "domina Margareta…regis Angliæ filia" and "Johanni filio ducis Brabantiæ"[684]. The
Oude Kronik van Brabant
records that "Johannes secundus…dux Lotharingie, Brabancie et Lymburgie marchioque Sacri Imperii" married "Margaretam filiam Eduardi primi regis Anglie"[685].
m
(Westminster Abbey 8 Jul 1290) JEAN de Brabant, son of JEAN I Duke of Brabant & his second wife Marguerite de Flandre (27 Sep 1275-Château de Tervueren 27 Oct 1312, Brussels Saints Michael and Gudula). He succeeded his father in 1294 as
JEAN II Duke of Brabant.

13.ELIZABETH
(Rhuddlan Castle, Flintshire Aug 1282-Quendon, Essex [5] May 1316, bur Walden Abbey, Essex). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "apud Rothelan" in 1282 of "filiam…Elizabetham" to "Alienora regina Angliæ"[686]. The
Chronologia Johannes de Beke
records the marriage of Count Jan and "Elizabeth…Eduardi regis filia", recording in a later passage that she returned to England after her husband died and married (secondly) "comes Erffordie"[687]. The
Annales
Londonienses
record the marriage "in festo Sanctæ Katerinæ…apud Caversham juxta Redyng" in 1302 of "Margareta
filia regis Angliæ, comitissa Hoylandiæ et Salondiæ" and "domino Humfrido de Bohun comiti Herefordiæ"[688]. A manuscript which narrates the descents of the founders of Lanthony Abbey records that “Humfredus octavus de Bohun, comes Herefordiæ et Essex, constabularius Angliæ et dominus Breconiæ” married “Elizabetham filiam regis Edwardi filii regis Henrici tertii”, adding that she was buried “apud Waldene”[689]. The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records the birth “apud Quenden” of “quædam filia” to “Humfridus de Bohun” and his wife “Elizabethæ…regis Angliæ Edwardi…filiæ” during whose birth her mother diedm firstly
(Ipswich Priory Church, Suffolk 18 Jan 1297) JAN I Count of Holland
and Zeeland, son of FLORIS V Count of Holland & his wife Béatrice de Flandre [Dampierre] (1284-10 Nov 1299). m secondly
(Westminster Abbey 14 Nov 1302) HUMPHREY
[VIII]
de Bohun Earl of Hereford and Essex, son of HUMPHREY [VII] de Bohun Earl of Hereford and Essex & his wife Mathilde de Fiennes ([1276]-killed in battle Boroughbridge 16 Mar 1322, bur York, church of the Friars Preachers). He succeeded his father in 1298 as Earl of Hereford and Essex, Constable of England.

19.ELEANOR (Winchester 4 May 1306-Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire 1311). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

Many modern secondary sources indicate that
John Botetourt, was an illegitimate son of Edward I King of England, based on a Hailes abbey chronicle which names him as such[693]. Michael Prestwich comments that "in general terms, the Hailes chronicle is a reliable source", but highlights that Botetourt´s name is "in a genealogical table" in the chronicle and "appears to be written over an erasure". He concludes that "there is nothing in Botecourt´s career to suggest that he was an illegitimate son of the king" and that "in the absence of any corroborative evidence, it is difficult to credit the evidence of the genealogical table"[694]. According to
TheComplete Peerage, the parentage of John Botetourt is unknown[695]. His parentage was studied by F. N. Craig, who sets out evidence which indicates that he was the son of Sir Guy Botetourt of Ellingham, Norfolk, his predecessor in the manors of Ellingham, Uphall and Upton[696].

EDWARD
"of Caernarvon", son of EDWARD I King of England & his first wife Infanta doña Leonor de Castilla (Caernarvon Castle 25 Apr 1284-murdered Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire 21 Sep 1327, bur Gloucester Cathedral). The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the birth "die S Marci Evangelistæ" 25 Apr [1284] at Caernarvon of "domini regi Angliæ filius…Eadwardus"[697]. He succeeded his mother in 1290 as Comte de Ponthieu et de Montreuil. Created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester 7 Feb 1301. Created Duke of Aquitaine in May 1306. He succeeded his father in 1307 as
EDWARD II King of England. Crowned in Westminster Abbey 24/25 Feb 1308. The barons, weakened by the strong rule of Edward's father, took the opportunity to regain their position under the new king of weaker character. A crisis was triggered immediately after his accession due to the unpopularity of his favourite Piers Gaveston. Edward was obliged to accept a committee of Lords Ordainers to control his excesses, remove his own advisers and impose reforms. Gaveston was captured, tried and beheaded near Warwick 19 Jun 1312. Edward's first cousin Thomas Earl of Lancaster led the discontented barons, but lacked the ability to push through the reforms which were needed. Political confusion increased, but the various baronial factions found common cause in opposition to the king's new favourite Hugh Despenser the younger. The Earl of Lancaster, by now in open rebellion, was captured and beheaded at his castle in Pontefract. The other rebellious barons were defeated at Boroughbridge in 1322. But Edward lacked the leadership to push his advantage. Matters came to a head with the queen's affair with Roger Mortimer of Wigmore. The couple attracted baronial support to overthrow the king, who fled to Wales Oct 1326. His son Edward was appointed "Keeper of the Realm" by an extraordinary council at Bristol 26 Oct 1326. He was deposed 20 Jan 1327 by a Parliament convened without his authority, and he formally abdicated in favour of his son 25 Jan 1327.

Betrothed
(Birgham Jul 1290) to MARGARET Queen of Scotland
"the Maid of Norway", daughter of ERIK II King of Norway & his wife Margaret of Scotland (Tönsberg before 9 Apr 1283-on board ship off Orkney [26 Sep] 1290, bur Bergen, Christ's Church). The Chronicle of John of Fordun (Continuator - Annals) records the betrothal between "Edward I king of England…Edward his son and heir" and "Margaret the daughter of the king of Norway…the true heiress of Scotland" in 1290[698]. This betrothal was agreed under the Treaty of Birgham in Jul 1290 which confirmed that Scotland would retain its independence after the marriage took place[699]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester confirms the betrothal of "Margareta
filia Irici regis Norwegiæ…" and "Eadwardo
regis
Eadwardi filio" when recording her death[700].

Betrothed
(2 Feb 1296) to PHILIPPINE de Flandre, daughter of GUY Count of Flanders & his second wife Isabelle de Luxembourg Ctss of Namur (-Paris 1304). The Annals of Worcester record the betrothal of “Edwardum filium regis” and “filiam comitis Flandriæ” as part of the treaty agreed between England and Flanders “die Purificationis beatæ Mariæ” (2 Feb) in 1296[701]. The
Chronique Normande
names "Philippe" as the daughter of "conte en Flandres…Guy de Dampierre" by his second wife "fille au conte de Luxembourg", adding that she was betrothed to "le roy d´Angleterre…Edouart son filz"[702]. Philippe IV King of France obliged her father to abandon the betrothal after summoning him to Paris and imprisoning him for four months with two of his sons. Philippine was sent to Paris for her education[703].

m
(Boulogne-sur-Mer 22 Jan 1308) ISABELLE de France, daughter of PHILIPPE IV "le Bel" King of France & his wife doña Juana I Queen of Navarre (Paris 1292-Castle Rising, Norfolk or Hertford Castle 21 Nov 1358, bur Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). The
Annales
Londonienses
record the marriage "apud Boloniam…in festo Conversionis Sancti Pauli" in 1308 of "rex
Edwardus" and "Isabellam filiam regis Franciæ Philippi"[704].
The
Continuatio
of the Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the marriage in Jan 1308 "apud Boloniam supra mare" of "Eduardus Angliæ rex" and "filiam unicam regis Franciæ Philippi...Isabellam"[705].
She was crowned Queen of England with her husband 24/25 Feb 1308. Her relationship with her husband steadily deteriorated over the years, culminating in her flight to France to seek the protection of her brother Philippe V King of France. In 1325,
Roger Mortimer
became her lover, and together they plotted her husband's overthrow. She was declared head of the Council of Regency by Parliament on the deposition of her husband. However, her rule was unpopular. She signed an unfavourable treaty with France and recognised Robert Bruce as king of Scotland for the first time. In addition, Mortimer alienated the barons with his territorial ambitions. Her son seized power, had Mortimer arrested after a Great Council meeting at Nottingham 19 Oct 1330 and condemned him to death. Isabelle thereafter lived in retirement. Froissart records that Isabelle went to "Ostrevant en Haynau en un chastel…Buignicourt dont messires Nicoles d´Aubrecicourt estoit sires"[706].

Mistress (1): ---. The name of Edward's mistress is not known.

King Edward II & his wife had four children:

1.EDWARD
"of Windsor" (Windsor Castle 13 Nov 1312-Sheen Palace, near Richmond, Surrey 21 Jun 1377, bur Westminster Abbey).
The
Continuatio
of the Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the birth "circa Natale Domini" in 1312 of "Eduardo regi Angliæ ex conjuge Izabella...filius...Eduardus"[707].
He succeeded on the abdication of his father in 1327 as
EDWARD III King of England.

2.JOHN
"of Eltham" (Eltham Manor House, Kent 25 Aug 1316-Perth 13 Sep 1336, bur Westminster Abbey). Froissart names "Jehans de Eltem" as second son of King Edward II and his wife, adding that he "morut jones"[708]. Warden of the City and Tower of London Oct 1326. Created Earl of Cornwall [16/31] Oct 1328. Guardian of the Realm May-Jun 1329, and Apr 1331. According to the
Complete Peerage, he was killed by his brother King Edward III[709].
Betrothed
(Papal dispensation Oct 1334) to Infanta doña MARÍA de Castilla, daughter of don FERNANDO IV King of Castile and Leon & his wife Infanta dona Costança de Portugal .

3.ELEANOR
(Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire 18 Jun 1318-Deventer Abbey, Gelre 22 Apr 1355, bur Deventer Abbey). The
Kronik van Arent toe Bocop
records that "dye Rennaldus…grave van Gelre" married secondly "Helionora, conick Eduerts van Enghelants dochter"[710]. Froissart records that the second daughter (unnamed) of King Edward II and his wife married "au duch de Guerle"[711]. A series of documents relates to the marriage of "Reignaldo comiti Ghelrensi" and "sorore regis Angliæ" including arrangements for the eventual succession of any future children born from the marriage[712]. The
Kronik van Arent toe Bocop
records that "Alyenora, hertich Rennolts wedue" died in 1355 and was buried "toe Groenendaell" with her husband[713].
m
(Nijmegen May 1332) as his second wife, REINALD II Graaf van Gelre, son of REINALD I Graaf van Gelre & his second wife Marguerite de Flandre ([1295]-Arnhem 12 Oct 1343, bur Arnhem).

4.JOAN
(Tower of London 5 Jul 1321-Hertford Castle 7 Sep 1362, bur Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). John of Fordun´s
Scotichronicon
(Continuator) records the marriage at Berwick 17 Jul 1328 of "David filius et heres regis Roberti de Bruce" and "sororem Eadwardi de Windesour, filiam Eadwardi de Carnarvan paulo ante defuncti"[714]. Froissart names "Ysabel" as older daughter of King Edward II and his wife, adding that she married "au jone roy David d´Escoce, filz au roi Robert de Brus" and recording their marriage at Berwick in a later passage[715]. Crowned Queen Consort of Scotland with her husband at Scone Abbey.
m
(Berwick-upon-Tweed 17 Jul 1328) as his first wife, DAVID Earl of Carrick, son of ROBERT I King of Scotland & his second wife Elizabeth de Burgh (Dunfermline Palace, Fife 5 Mar 1324-Edinburgh Castle 22 Feb 1371, bur Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh). Created Earl of Carrick by his father 1328. He succeeded his father in 1329 as
DAVID II King of Scotland.

King Edward II had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

5.ADAM
([1310]-after 1322). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the following members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

EDWARD III 1327-1377, RICHARD II 1377-1399

EDWARD
"of Windsor", son of EDWARD II King of England & his wife Isabelle de France (Windsor Castle 13 Nov 1312-Sheen Palace, near Richmond, Surrey 21 Jun 1377, bur Westminster Abbey).
The
Continuatio
of the Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the birth "circa Natale Domini" in 1312 of "Eduardo regi Angliæ ex conjuge Izabella...filius...Eduardus"[716].
He was created Earl of Chester 24 Nov 1312. Created Comte de Ponthieu et de Montreuil 2 Sep 1325, and Duke of Aquitaine 10 Sep 1325. Elected Keeper of the Realm at an extraordinary council held in Bristol 26 Oct 1326, after his father fled to Wales. He was proclaimed
EDWARD III King of England
25 Jan 1327, under the joint regency of his mother and her lover Roger Mortimer Earl of March. Crowned 1 Feb 1327 at Westminster Abbey. He overthrew the regents 20 Oct 1330 and assumed personal rule. He formally assumed the title King of France Jan 1340. As a mark of his love of chivalry, he founded the Order of the Garter in 1348. His reign was marked by a successful constitutional balance and the maintenance of generally good relations with the barons. The Annals of Bermondsey record the death “1377…21 Jun” of “rex Edwardus tertius” and his burial “apud Westmonasterium”[717].

m
(1326, by proxy Valenciennes 28 Oct 1327, York Minster 24 Jan 1328) PHILIPPA de Hainaut, daughter of GUILLAUME V “le Bon” Comte de Hainaut Count of Holland & his wife Jeanne de Valois (Valencienne or Mons [1313/14]-Windsor Castle 15 Aug 1369, bur Westminster Abbey). The question of Philippa´s birth date has been studied by Bert M. Kamp who concluded that she was born "about 1314", bearing in mind the series of documents which indicate the earlier negotiations for the betrothal of her future husband to her oldest sister Marguerite[718]. The History of
Henricus Dapifer de Diessenhoven
records that "dominus Ludewicus et rex Anglie et marchio Iuliacensis" had married "tres…sorores…fillies comitis Hannonie sive Hollandie"[719]. Froissart records the marriage in "1327" [presumably O.S.] of "li jones rois Edouwars" and "Phelippe de Hainnau" in "l´eglise cathedral, que on dist de Saint Guillaume", adding that the king was 17 years old and "la joine roine sus le point de quatorze ans"[720]. Assuming that the last passage should be interpreted as meaning that Philippa was nearly, but not yet, 14 years old, it would place her birth in late January or early February 1314. However, the text may not be totally reliable as King Edward would only have been 16 years old at the time of the marriage if his birth is correctly stated as 13 Nov 1312 as shown below. She was crowned Queen 2 or 20 Feb 1328 at Westminster Abbey, and again 18 Feb or 4 Mar 1330 at Westminster Abbey.

Mistress (1): ([1363/77])
ALICE
Perrers, daughter of Sir RICHARD Perrers of Hertfordshire & his wife --- ([1348]-1400). She was the king's mistress from [1363] until his death. After King Edward III's death, she was tried for corruption, banished and her goods forfeited. She married
Sir William Windsor, Governor of Ireland.

King Edward III & his wife had thirteen children:

1.EDWARD
"of Woodstock" (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire 15 Jun 1330-Palace of Westminster 8 Jun 1376, bur Canterbury Cathedral, Kent). Created Earl of Chester 18 May 1333, and Duke of Cornwall 3 Mar 1337. He was created Prince of Wales 12 May 1343. Known as the Black Prince. Created Prince d’Aquitaine 19 Jul 1362 (which he resigned 28 Dec 1375 due to ill health). Created Lord of Vizcaya and Castro Urdiales [in Castile] by Pedro I "el Cruel" King of Castile 23 Sep 1366. The Annals of Bermondsey record the death “apud Westmonasterium Dominica in festo Sanctæ Trinitatis…8 Jun” in 1376 of “Edwardus princeps Walliæ, primogenitus Edwardi regis tertii” and his burial “apud Cantuarium”[721].
m
(Papal dispensation 10 Sep 1361, St Stephen’s Chapel, Palace of Westminster or Canterbury Cathedral or Windsor Castle 10 Oct 1361) as her third husband, JOAN Ctss of Kent, Baroness Woodstock and Baroness Wake, widow of Sir THOMAS de Holand of Broughton Lord Holand, daughter of EDMUND Earl of Kent & his wife Margaret Baroness Wake (29 Sep 1328-Wallingford Castle, Berkshire 7, 8 or 21 Aug 1385, bur 29 Jan 1386 Greyfriars Church, Stamford, Lincolnshire, probably later transferred to London). She was known as the Fair Maid of Kent.
Mistress (1):
EDITH
de Willesford, daughter of --- (-after 1385).
Mistress (2): --- . The name of Edward's second mistress is not known.
Mistress (3): ---. The name of Edward's third mistress is not known. Edward Prince of Wales & his wife had two children:

2.ISABELLA
(Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire 16 Feb or [Mar] or 16 Jun 1332-before 4 May 1379 or [17 Jun/5 Oct] 1382, bur Greyfriars Church, Newgate, London). The History of the monastery at Soissons records that "Enguerandus dominus de Coucy" had "duas filias Mariam…et Philippam" from his first wife "filia Eduardi Angliæ regis"[725]. She remained in England after her husband resigned his English honours in 1377.
m
(Windsor Castle 27 Jul 1365) as his first wife, ENGUERRAND
[VII]
Seigneur de Coucy, son of ENGUERRAND [VI] Seigneur de Coucy [Guines] & his wife Katharina of Austria ([1339]-Bursa, Anatolia of plague 18 Nov 1397, bur Soissons, Abbaye de Villeneuve).

a)PHILIPPA
(Eltham Palace, Kent 16 Aug 1355-[21 Nov 1378/9 Feb 1381], bur Cork, Ireland, later transferred to Wigmore, Herefordshire). The
Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione
of Tewkesbury Abbey names “Philippa” as only daughter of “Leonellus filius secundus Regis Edwardi tertii” and his wife Elizabeth, adding that she married “domino Edmundo comiti Marchiæ”[734]. She succeeded her mother in 1363 as Ctss of Ulster.
m
(Queen’s Chapel, Reading Abbey after 1359, probably May 1368) EDMUND Mortimer Earl of March, son of ROGER de Mortimer Lord Mortimer 2nd
Earl of March & his wife Philippa de Montagu (Llangoed, Llyswen, Breconshire 1 Feb 1352-Cork, Dominican Friary 27 Dec 1381, bur Cork, Dominican Friary, later transferred to Wigmore). Earl of Ulster, Lord of Connaught, and Lord of Clare in Suffolk 1368, by right of his wife, having livery of her inheritance 24 Aug 1369 when she came of age. Marshal of England, resigned 1376. He sided with the Prince of Wales and the clergy, against John of Gaunt and the Barons. Appointed to the Council of Regency on the accession of King Richard II. Appointed King's Lieutenant in Ireland 22 Oct 1379, arriving in Ireland 15 May 1380.

13.THOMAS
"of Woodstock" (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire 7 Jan 1355-murdered Prince’s Inn, Calais 8/9 Sep 1397, bur Pleshy, Essex, Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity). Appointed Constable of England 10 Jun 1376, renewed after the accession of King Richard II 22 Jun 1377. He was created Earl of Buckingham 16 Jul 1377. He succeeded as Earl of Essex 22 Jun 1380,
de iure uxoris
after she came of age. Duke of Aumâle from before 3 Sep 1385. He was created Duke of Gloucester 6 Aug 1385. He was foremost of the nobles who obtained the condemnation of Michael de la Pole Earl of Suffolk, the King's favourite, and the confiscation of his estates in Oct 1386. King Richard II arrested him at Pleshy 11 Jul 1397, from where he was taken to Calais. The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records that “Thomas Wodestoke dux Gloucestriæ” was killed “1397 V Non Oct…apud Callis” and buried at Westminster[735]. He was declared guilty of treason after his death, and his estates forfeited.
m
(before 8 Feb 1376) ELEANOR de Bohun, daughter of HUMPHREY de Bohun Earl of Hereford, Essex and Northampton & his wife Joan FitzAlan ([1366]-Minoresses’ Convent, Aldgate, London 3 Oct 1399, bur Westminster Abbey). The History of the foundation of Walden abbey names “Alianoram…et Mariam” as the two daughters of “Humfredus filius domini Willielmi de Bohun, comitis de Northampton” and his wife “dominam Joannam filiam comitis Arundellæ”, adding that Eleanor was wife of “domino Thomæ de Woodstock…regis Angliæ Edwardi tertii filio, duci Gloucestriæ et comiti Buckinghamiæ”[736]. The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records the death “1399 V Non Oct” of “Elianora ducissa Gloucestriæ” and her burial at Westminster[737]. Thomas Duke of Gloucester & his wife had five children:

a)HUMPHREY
([1381]-2 Sep 1399, bur Walden Abbey, Essex). Called Earl of Buckingham, but because of his father's attainder he never succeeded to the peerage. The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records the death “1399 IV Non Sep” of “Humfridus de Boun filius Thomæ Woodstoke ducis Gloucestriæ” and his burial at Walden[738].

b)ANNE
(Apr 1383-16 Oct 1438, bur Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire). She was recognised as Ctss of Buckingham, Hereford and Northampton, Lady of Brecknock and Holderness, from 1399.
m firstly
([1390], not consummated) THOMAS de Stafford Earl of Stafford, son of HUGH de Stafford Earl of Stafford & Philippa de Beauchamp (1368 or before-Westminster 4 Jul 1392, bur Stone, Staffordshire).
m secondly
(before 28 Jun 1398) her brother-in-law, EDMUND de Stafford Earl of Stafford, son of HUGH de Stafford Earl of Stafford & Philippa de Beauchamp (2 Mar 1378-killed in battle Shrewsbury 21 Jul 1403, bur Stafford, Church of the Austin Friars). He succeeded his brother in 1395 as Earl of Stafford. Appointed Constable of England 21 Jul 1403.
m thirdly
(before 20 Nov 1405) Sir WILLIAM Bourchier, son of Sir WILLIAM Bourchier & his wife Eleanor de Lovayne [Louvain] (-Troyes 28 May 1420, bur Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire). He was appointed Constable of the Tower of London 26 Nov 1415. Comte d'Eu 10 Jun 1419.

c)JOAN
(1384-16 Aug 1400, bur Walden Abbey, Essex). The History of the foundation of Walden abbey records the death in 1400 of “Johanna filia Thomæ Woodstoke ducis Gloucestriæ” and her burial at Walden[739].
Betrothed
([20 May 1392]) to GILBERT Talbot, son of RICHARD Talbot Lord Talbot & his wife Ankaret Lestrange (1383-Rouen 19 Oct 1418). He succeeded his father in 1396 as Lord Talbot. He succeeded his mother 1 Jun 1413 as Lord Strange [of Blackmere]. He died at the siege of Rouen.

14.JOHN
de Southeray
([1364/65]-after 1383). Knighted in Apr 1377. During the campaign in Portugal 1381/82, he led a mutiny against his half-brother Edmund of Langley.
m
(Jan 1377) MAUD de Percy, daughter of HENRY de Percy Lord Percy & his first wife Mary of Lancaster.

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

EDMUND
“Crouchback/Gibbosus”, son of HENRY III King of England & his wife Eléonore de Provence (London 16 Jan 1245-Bayonne 5 Jun 1296, bur Westminster Abbey). According to Matthew Paris, after his uncle Richard Earl of Cornwall refused the kingdom of Sicily, the Pope offered it to King Henry who accepted it on behalf of his son Edmund[740]. Nominated King of Sicily by Pope Innocent IV 14 May 1254, in opposition to Manfred von Hohenstaufen, invested 18 Oct 1255[741], although he never arrived in the country and was absolved of all his obligations with respect to Sicily by the Pope 8 Aug 1264. Created Earl of Leicester 26 Oct 1265, in succession to Simon de Montfort, and Earl of Lancaster 30 Jun 1267, although never referred to as Earl. Appointed Steward of England for life 9 May 1269, renounced 20 Aug 1274. He was on crusade in Palestine 1270-1272. Comte de Champagne et de Brie, in right of his second wife, 1276. Commander in Wales 8 Aug 1277. He captured Llywellyn Prince of Wales in 1282, beheaded him and set up his head in the Tower of London. He died during the siege of Bordeaux.
The Chronicle of Guillaume de Nangis records the death "in Gasconiam contra gentes regis Franciæ...apud Baionam" in 1296 of "Emundus regis Angliæ frater"[742].

m secondly
(before 3 Feb 1276, or [27 Jul/29 Oct] 1276) as her second husband, BLANCHE d'Artois, widow of
don ENRIQUE I King of Navarre
HENRI III Comte de Champagne, daughter of ROBERT I Comte d’Artois [Capet] & his wife Mathilde de Brabant (1248-Paris 2 May 1302, probably bur Minoresses Convent, Aldgate, London). The Chronicle of Thomas Wykes records the marriage in 1275 of “dominus Edmundus frater domini regis Anglorum” and “dominam reginam Naveriæ”[746].
The
Gesta Philippi Tertia Francorum Regis
of Guillaume de Nangis records the marriage in 1275 of "comes Attrebati Robertus...sororem...relictam regis Navarræ Henrici" and "Edmundo fratri regis Angliæ Edoardi"[747].
William of Tyre (Continuation) states that she was sister of the Comte d'Artois when recording the death of her first husband and remarriage in 1276 with Edmund[748]. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the marriage in 1276 of "Eadmundus comes Lancastriæ dominis regis frater" and "reginam Navarræ"[749].

Earl Edmund & his second wife had four children:

1.THOMAS
of Lancaster
([1277/80]-executed Pontefract, Yorkshire 22 Mar 1322, bur Pontefract, Priory of St John). He succeeded his father 1296 as 2nd
Earl of Lancaster and Leicester, declared of full age 8 Sep 1298. Sheriff of Lancashire 1298. Styled Earl Ferrers (Derby) from 1301. Created Steward of England 2 May 1308. He was one of the most active of the Barons opposing King Edward II, and the influence of the latter's favourite Piers Gaveston. Leader of the Lords Ordainers appointed to control the King, he lacked the real ability to enforce the reforms needed. Earl of Lincoln 5 Feb 1311, and Earl of Salisbury, both in right of his wife, he renounced these Earldoms when he divorced his wife [1318]. His relations with Edward II continued to deteriorate. In Aug 1321 Thomas forced the banishment of Edward's favourites, the Despensers father and son. By then in open rebellion against the King, his goods in the city of London were confiscated 16 Feb 1322 and his castle at Pontefract besieged 15 Mar 1322. He was beheaded there in the King's presence a few days later. The Book of Lacock
records that “comiti de Lancaster, Leicester et de Ferrers, Thomæ” was captured “1321 XI Kal Apr”, taken to Pontefract, and condemned to death in his own castle[750]. He was rehabilitated posthumously by Parliament 3 Feb 1327, after the deposition of Edward II. Edward III even asked Pope John XXII to canonise Thomas.
m
(on or before 28 Oct 1294, divorced [1318]) as her first husband, ALICE de Lacy, daughter of HENRY de Lacy 3rd
Earl of Lincoln & his first wife Margaret Longespee Ctss of Salisbury ([Denbigh Castle] 25 Dec 1281-2 Oct 1348, bur Barlings Abbey, Birling, Kent). The Book of Lacock
names “Alesiam” as the daughter of “d´no Henrico de Lacy comiti Lincolniæ” and his wife Margaret, adding that she married “comiti de Lancaster, Leicester et de Ferrers, Thomæ”[751]. A manuscript narrating the descent of Hugh Earl of Chester to Alice Ctss of Lincoln names “Edmundum…et filiam Aleseiam” as children of “Henricum Lacy comitem Lincolniæ”, adding that Alice married “domino Thomæ comiti Lancastriæ et Leicestriæ” and after his death “domino Ebuloni de Strange”[752]. A manuscript history of the Lacy family names “Alicia” as daughter of “Henricus de Lacy comes Lincolniæ”, adding that she married “Thomæ filio comitis Lancastriæ”[753]. She succeeded her mother as Ctss of Salisbury before 16 Jun 1310, and her father 5 Feb 1311 as Ctss of Lincoln. She married secondly (before 10 Nov 1324)
Sir Ebles Lestraunge, the squire of the Earl of Surrey who had abducted her in 1317, triggering her divorce from her first husband. She married thirdly (before 23 Mar 1336)
Sir Hugh de Frene, Lord Frene.

2.HENRY
of Lancaster
"Tortcol/Wryneck" (Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire [1281]-Leicester 22 Sep 1345, bur Newark Abbey, Leicester). He was known as Lord of Monmouth from 20 Mar 1297. He was summoned to Parliament as Lord Lancaster from 6 Feb 1299. He used the title Earl of Lancaster from 26 Oct 1326, and was restored to that Earldom 3 Feb 1327 on his brother's rehabilitation.

3.JOHNof Lancaster
(before May 1286-in France before 1327). He succeeded his mother in May 1302 as Seigneur de Beaufort-en-Champagne et de Nogent-Lartauld.
m
(before Jul 1312) as her second husband, ALIX de Joinville, widow of
JEAN Seigneur d'Arcis-sur-Aube et de Chacenay, daughter of JEAN Seigneur de Joinville, Sénéchal de Champagne [historian of Louis IX King of France] & his second wife Alix de Reynel (-after Mar 1336). "Jean seigneur de Joinville" confirm the marriage of "sa fille Alix" and "Jean d'Arcis et de Chacenay", with the consent of "ses fils Jean seigneur d'Ancerville et Anseau seigneur de Rimaucourt", giving "ses neveux Gautier de Vaucouleurs et Gui de Sailly" as guarantors for the dowry, by charter dated 14 Sep 1300[754]. "Jean de Lancastre seigneur de Beaufort et sa femme Alix de Joinville" made donations to the abbey of Chapelle-aux-Planches for masses, by charter dated Jul 1312[755]. An Arrêt of the Parlement de Paris dated 2 Jun 1323 ordered the seizure of the property of "Alix de Joinville dame de Beaufort"[756]. "Aaliz
de Jainville
dame de Biaufort et d'Arsis" donated property to the abbey of la Chapelle-aux-Planches by charter dated 19 Apr 1336[757].

4.MARY of Lancaster (-in France young).

HENRY of Lancaster
"Tortcol/Wryneck", son of EDMUND "Crouchback" Earl of Lancaster and Leicester & his second wife Blanche d'Artois [Capet] (Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire [1281]-Leicester 22 Sep 1345, bur Newark Abbey, Leicester). Known as Lord of Monmouth from 20 Mar 1297. Summoned to Parliament as Lord Lancaster from 6 Feb 1299. He was among the barons who forced King Edward II to agree to the appointment of the Ordainers, the leader of whom was his older brother. Although he joined the confederacy against the Despencers in 1320, he took no part in the rebellion of his brother Thomas. He was restored to the Earldom of Leicester 29 Mar 1324. In Sep 1326, he joined the queen's party and Roger Mortimer against the king. He was sent to in pursuit of Edward, who had fled to Wales, captured him at Neath and was responsible for his custody at Kenilworth castle until 4 Apr 1327. Used the title Earl of Lancaster from 26 Oct 1326, restored to that Earldom 3 Feb 1327 on his brother's rehabilitation. Appointed Guardian of the young King Edward III on his accession. He went blind some time in 1330. He was a close friend and supporter of Edward III after the fall of Mortimer. He succeeded his brother John as Seigneur de Beaufort et de Nogent.

m
(before 2 Mar 1297) MAUD Chaworth, daughter and heiress of Sir PATRICK de Chaworth of Kidwelly & his wife Isabel Beauchamp (2 Feb 1282-before 3 Dec 1322, bur Mottisfont Priory). Inquisitions after a writ dated 7 Jul "11 Edw I" following the death of "Patrick de Cadurcis...” name “Maud his daughter aged 1 at the feast of the Purification last is his next heir...Isabel his wife”[758].

Earl Henry & his wife had seven children:

1.HENRY
"of Grosmont" (Grosmont Castle, Monmouthshire [1300]-Leicester Castle 24 Mar 1360/1, bur Newark Abbey, Leicester). His father granted him the Lordship of Kidwelly (inherited from his mother) 28 Sep 1333. Created Earl of Derby 16 Mar 1337. Succeeded his father 22 Sep 1345 as Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester and Seigneur de Beaufort et de Nogent. Created Seigneur de Bergerac 1 Jun 1347. He was a founder knight of the Order of the Garter, his name being second on the list after the Prince of Wales. Created Earl of Lincoln 20 Aug 1349, and Duke of Lancaster 6 Mar 1351. Created Earl of Moray by David II King of Scotland 5 Apr 1359, but never so styled. An active military man, he led campaigns in Scotland, Flanders, Brittany and France. He died of bubonic plague.
m
([1337]) ISABEL
de Beaumont, daughter of HENRY 1st
Lord Beaumont and Earl of Buchan & his wife Alice Comyn (-Leicester 1361, bur Newark Abbey, Leicester). She died of bubonic plague. Duke Henry & his wife had [three] children:

a)MAUD
of Lancaster
([4 Apr 1339/1341]-in England 10 Apr 1362, bur Rijnsburg Abbey). Co-heir of her father, she inherited the earldom of Leicester and the lordship of Kidwelly. She returned to England to claim her inheritance, but succumbed to bubonic plague.
m firstly
(1 Nov 1344) RALPH de Stafford, son of RALPH Lord Stafford [later created 1st
Earl of Stafford] & his second wife Margaret de Audley (-1347 or before). No children. m secondly
(King’s Chapel, Palace of Westminster 1352) WILLEM V Count of Holland Duke of Bavaria, son of LUDWIG IV Duke of Bavaria King of Germany & his second wife Marguerite de Hainaut Ctss of Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland (Frankfurt-am-Main 12 May 1330-Le Quesnoy 15 Apr 1388, bur Valenciennes). He was confirmed 26 Feb 1357 as
GUILLAUME V Comte de Hainaut, following the death of his mother. He became insane in [1356/57], and was detained at the château du Quesnoy 1358. No children.

c)BLANCHE
of Lancaster
(25 Mar 1345-Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire 12 Sep 1369, bur Old St Paul’s Cathedral, London). Co-heir of her father, she inherited the earldom of Lancaster, Pontefract castle as well as land in Lancashire and Cheshire. She succeeded her sister to the other half of her father's property, including the earldom of Leicester, in 1362. She is the subject of Chaucer's
Boke of the Duchesse. She died of bubonic plague.
m
(Reading Abbey 19 May 1359) as his first wife, JOHN of Gaunt Earl of Richmond, son of EDWARD III King of England & his wife Philippa de Hainaut (St Bavon’s Abbey, Ghent [Feb/Mar] 1340-[Leicester Castle or Ely Place, Holborn, London] 3/4 Feb 1399, bur Old St Paul’s Cathedral, London). Created Earl of Richmond 20 Sep 1342, surrendered 5 Jun 1372. Seigneur de Beaufort et de Nogent 1361, in right of his first wife. Summoned to Parliament as Earl of Lancaster and Richmond 14 Aug 1361. Created Duke of Lancaster 13 Nov 1362.

2.BLANCHE
([1305]-shortly before 12 Jul 1380, bur Stamford, Lincolnshire, Church of the Friars Minor).
m
(before 9 Oct 1316) THOMAS Wake Lord Wake, son of JOHN Wake 1st
Lord Wake & his wife Joan --- ([20 Mar] 1298-30/31 May 1349, bur Haltemprice Priory, Yorkshire). He supported Queen Isabella and Mortimer in their rebellion against King Edward II. He was accused of supporting Edmund Earl of Kent (who had married Lord Wake's sister) when the latter was executed Mar 1329/0. He was forced to flee the country and his lands confiscated, though returned to him in Dec 1330 when it was admitted that he had been wrongly accused. No children.

3.MAUD
([1310]-[Bruisyard Abbey, Suffolk] 5 May 1377, bur Campsey Abbey, Suffolk). She fled to England with her daughter after the murder of her first husband. She became a canoness at the Augustine Abbey of Campsey, Suffolk, [8 Aug 1347/25 Apr 1348]. She transferred to the Poor Clares at Bruisyard Abbey, Suffolk 1364.
m firstly
(Papal dispensation 1 May 1327, before 1330) WILLIAM de Burgh 3rd
Earl of Ulster, son of JOHN de Burgh & his wife Elizabeth de Clare (in Ireland 17 Sep 1312-murdered Le Ford [Belfast] 6 Jun 1333). He succeeded his grandfather in 1326 as Earl of Ulster. He was murdered by John de Logan and some of the Mandevilles. His death marked the end of Norman rule in Ireland.
m secondly
(before 8 Aug 1343) [as his first wife,] Sir RALPH de Ufford, son of ROBERT de Ufford Lord Ufford & his wife Cecily de Valoines (-Kilmainham, Ireland 9 Apr 1346, bur Campsey Abbey, Suffolk). Justiciar of Ireland 1344-1346.

4.JOAN
([1312]-7 Jul [1349], bur Byland Abbey, Yorkshire). A manuscript record of the Mowbray family states that “Johannes filius [Johannis]” married “Johannam sororem domini Henrici primi ducis Lancastriæ”, adding that she was buried “in Bellanda”[760].
m
(after 28 Feb 1327) as his first wife, JOHN de Mowbray Lord Mowbray, son of JOHN de Mowbray Lord Mowbray & his wife Aline de Braose (Hovingham, Yorkshire 29 Nov 1310-1361). He succeeded his father as Lord Mowbray
de iure
when the latter was hanged in 1322. However, his father's estates were confiscated for supporting the rebellion of Thomas Earl of Lancaster in his rebellion. John de Mowbray was imprisoned in the Tower 26 Feb 1322. His inheritance was restored on the accession of King Edward III.

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

JOHN
"of Gaunt", son of EDWARD III King of England & his wife Philippa de Hainaut (St Bavon’s Abbey, Ghent [Feb/Mar] 1340-[Leicester Castle or Ely Place, Holborn, London] 3/4 Feb 1399, bur Old St Paul’s Cathedral, London). Created Earl of Richmond 20 Sep 1342, surrendered 5 Jun 1372. Seigneur de Beaufort et de Nogent 1361, in right of his first wife. Summoned to Parliament as Earl of Lancaster and Richmond 14 Aug 1361. Created Duke of Lancaster 13 Nov 1362. Created Seigneur de Bergerac et de Roche-sur-Yonne 8 Oct 1370. After his second marriage, he claimed the throne of Castile in right of his wife, assuming the title King of Castile and Leon before 6 Oct 1372. He allied himself with Fernando I King of Portugal in July 1380 to pursue this claim, betrothing one of his nephews to Fernando's daughter, and agreed to invade Castile jointly. He invaded Castile in July 1386 to enforce his claim, quickly overrunning Galicia. He pushed further into Castile in March 1387, but was eventually obliged to withdraw and sign the Treaty of Bayonne in July 1388 (under which the marriage of Juan's older son to John of Gaunt's daughter was agreed). Created Duke of Aquitaine 2 Mar 1390 by the English Parliament.

m firstly
(Reading Abbey 19 May 1359) BLANCHE of Lancaster, daughter of HENRY Duke of Lancaster & his wife Isabel de Beaumont (25 Mar 1345-Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire of the Black death 12 Sep 1369, bur Old St Paul’s Cathedral, London). Co-heir of her father, she inherited the earldom of Lancaster, Pontefract castle as well as land in Lancashire and Cheshire. She succeeded her sister to the other half of her father's property, including the earldom of Leicester, in 1362. She is the subject of Chaucer's
Boke of the Duchesse. She died of bubonic plague.

m secondly
(Roquefort, Guyenne 21 Sep 1371) Infanta doña CONSTANZA de Castilla, [illegitimate] daughter of don PEDRO I “el Cruel” King of Castile & his mistress [first wife] doña María de Padilla (Castrojerez [Jun/Jul] 1354-Leicester Castile 24 Mar 1394, bur Newark Abbey, Leicester). Ayala´s
Crónica de Pedro I
records that the king heard news in Jul 1354 of the birth of “una fija de Doña Maria de Padilla...Doña Constanza” in “la villa de Castro Xeriz”, adding that she later married “el Duque de Alencastre” and that their daughter “la Reyna Doña Catalina...es agora muger del Rey Don Enrique”[764]. She succeeded her father 13 Mar 1369 as
de iure
Queen of Castile and Leon.

m thirdly
(Lincoln Cathedral [14/31] Jan 1396) KATHARINE Swynford, widow of
Sir HUGH Swynford
of Coleby and Kettlethorpe, Lincolnshire, daughter of Sir PAYN de Roët[765]
& his wife --- ([1350]-Lincoln 10 May 1403, bur Lincoln Cathedral). She had been governess to John of Gaunt's daughters by his first wife, and became his mistress [1371/72]. Her children by John of Gaunt were legitimated 1 Sep 1396 by Pope Boniface IX and 9 Feb 1397 by charter of King Richard II, but excluded from the succession by the latter charter.

3.ELIZABETH
(Burford, Shropshire before 21 Feb 1363-24 Nov 1425, bur Burford Church, Shropshire). She deserted her first husband, was seduced by her second husband, whom she hurriedly married as she was pregnant, and went to Spain in 1386 with her father.
m firstly
(Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire 24 Jun 1380, annulled after 24 Sep 1383) as his first wife, JOHN Hastings Earl of Pembroke, son of JOHN de Hastings Earl of Pembroke & his second wife Anne de Mauny (11 Nov 1372-Woodstock 30/31 Dec 1389, bur Hereford, church of the Friars Preachers, transferred after Mar 1392 to church of the Grey Friars, London). He succeeded his father in 1375 as Earl of Pembroke, and his mother in 1384 as Lord Mauny. He was killed while practising for a tournament.
m secondly
(Plymouth, Devon 24 Jun 1386) JOHN de Holand, son of THOMAS de Holand Earl of Kent & his wife Joan Ctss of Kent "the Fair Maid of Kent" (after 1350-executed Pleshy Castle, Essex 9 Jan 1400, bur Collegiate Church of Pleshy). He was half-brother of King Richard II. Appointed Lieutenant of Ireland Aug 1382. Evidently a man of violent character, in [May 1384] he murdered a Carmelite Friar who had charged John of Gaunt with high treason. The following May he murdered Ralph de Stafford, eldest son of Hugh de Stafford 2nd
Earl of Stafford, in revenge for the death of his squire who had been killed in a quarrel by one of the earl's archers. His goods were confiscated but he was pardoned by the king 2 Feb 1386. Appointed Constable of the army which John of Gaunt took to Spain to enforce his claim to the throne of Castile, it was on John de Holand's advice that John abandoned this unsuccessful enterprise. Created Earl of Huntingdon 2 Jun 1388, and Duke of Exeter 29 Sep 1397. He was charged with complicity in the murder of the Duke of Gloucester, and with a plot to seize King Henry IV. He was captured in Essex, taken to Pleshy Castle where he was executed. He was declared a traitor by Parliament Jan 1401, and his possessions confiscated. m thirdly
(before 12 Dec 1400) Sir JOHN Cornwall, son of Sir JOHN Cornwall & his wife --- [niece of the Duke of Brittany] (born at sea in St Michael's Mount Bay, Cornwall-Ampthill 10/11 Dec 1443, bur Ludgate, cemetery of the Black Friars). He fought in the French wars, at Agincourt in 1415 and at the siege of Rouen 1418. Created Baron of Fanhope, in Herefordshire, 17 Jul 1432, and Baron of Milbroke, in Bedfordshire, 30 Jan 1441/2.

John Duke of Lancaster & his third wife had four children, legitimated by their parents' subsequent marriage, named "Beaufort" after Beaufort-en-Champagne inherited by Duke John's first wife Blanche of Lancaster:

HENRY IV 1399-1413, HENRY V 1413-1422, HENRY VI 1422-1461

HENRY
"of Bolingbroke", son of JOHN "of Gaunt" Duke of Lancaster & his first wife Blanche of Lancaster (Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire [3] Apr 1367-Jerusalem Chamber, Westminster Abbey 20 Mar 1413, bur Canterbury Cathedral). Earl of Derby from 16 Jul 1377. He was created Earl of Northampton and Earl of Hereford in right of his wife 22 Dec 1384. He was created Duke of Hereford 29 Sep 1397. He quarrelled with the Duke of Norfolk during 1398, which resulted in banishment of both dukes in Sep 1398. Succeeded his father 1399 as Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester and Earl of Lincoln, returning to England Jun 1399 to claim his inheritance. He was declared
HENRY IV King of England
in Parliament 30 Sep 1399, the day after King Richard II abdicated. Crowned 13 Oct 1399 at Westminster Abbey. As part of his plan to obtain international recognition following his accession, he proposed the double marriage of his oldest son Henry of Monmouth and youngest daughter Philippa to Erik VII King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden and the latter's sister Katharina. Although the marriage of Philippa and King Erik later went ahead, that of Henry of Monmouth was abandoned due to the Danish inability to recognise the hereditary right to the Danish throne of any children of the marriage, such right being incompatible with the Danish and Swedish constitutions which guaranteed the elective nature of the monarchies in the two countries[771]. It is possible that King Henry IV died of leprosy.

m firstly
(Rochford, Essex or Arundel Castle, Sussex [20 Jul 1380/10 Feb 1381]) MARY de Bohun, daughter of HUMPHREY de Bohun Earl of Hereford, Essex and Northampton & Joan FitzAlan ([1369/70]-Peterborough Castle 4 Jun 1394, bur Leicester, St Mary’s Church, later removed to Trinity Hospital Leicester). The History of the foundation of Walden abbey names “Alianoram…et Mariam” as the two daughters of “Humfredus filius domini Willielmi de Bohun, comitis de Northampton” and his wife “dominam Joannam filiam comitis Arundellæ”, adding that Mary was wife of “Henrici comiti de Derbi, domini Johannes de Gant ducis Lancastriæ filio”[772]. She was co-heiress of her father. She died in childbirth.

m secondly
(by proxy Eltham Palace, Kent 3 Apr 1402, in person Winchester Cathedral 7 Feb 1402/3) as her second husband, Infanta doña JUANA de Navarra, widow of
JEAN V
"le Vaillant"Duke of Brittany, daughter of don CARLOS II King of Navarre & his wife Jeanne de France (Pamplona 1370-Dower House, Royal Manor of Havering-atte-Bower, Essex 9 Jul 1437, bur Canterbury Cathedral). Regent of Brittany 1399-1402, until her second marriage. Crowned 25/26 Feb 1403 at Westminster Abbey. She was accused of conspiracy by her stepson Henry V King of England, imprisoned at Pevensey Castle, released in 1425 by King Henry VI.

King Henry IV & his first wife had seven children:

1.EDWARD (Apr 1382-Apr 1382, bur [Monmouth Castle Chapel]).

2.HENRY
"of Monmouth" (Monmouth Castle 9 Aug 1387-Château du Bois de Vincennes 31 Aug 1422, bur Westminster Abbey). Created Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, Earl of Chester and Prince d’Aquitaine 15 Oct 1399. Declared Duke of Aquitaine in Parliament 23 Oct 1399, and Duke of Lancaster 10 Nov 1399. He succeeded his father in 1413 as
HENRY V King of England. Crowned 9 Apr 1413 at Westminster Abbey. He defeated the French at Agincourt 25 Oct 1415. Taking advantage of the divisions between the Orleanist and Burgundian parties in France, he allied himself with the latter. He was named heir to the throne of France and Regent of France by the Treaty of Troyes 21 May 1420, signed by Charles VI King of France during one of his periods of insanity, sealed by King Henry's marriage with his daughter.
m
(contract Troyes 21 May 1420, Troyes Cathedral 2 Jun 1420) as her first husband, CATHERINE de France, daughter of CHARLES VI King of France & Isabelle [Elisabeth] von Bayern-Ingolstadt (Hôtel de Saint-Pol, Paris 27 Oct 1401-Bermondsey, Abbey of St Saviour 3 Jan 1438, bur Westminster Abbey). She married secondly (secretly [1425/28])
Owen Tudor. She died in childbirth. A manuscript calendar records the death “III Non Jan” of “queene Katerine”[773]. King Henry V & his wife had one child:

a)HENRY
(Windsor Castle 6 Dec 1421-murdered Tower of London 27 May 1471, bur Chertsey Abbey, Surrey, transferred 1485 to St George’s Chapel, Windsor). Designated Duke of Cornwall at birth. He succeeded his father in 1422 as
HENRY VI King of England. He succeeded his maternal grandfather as King of France in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Troyes 1420. Crowned King of England 5/6 Nov 1429 at Westminster Abbey. Crowned King of France 16 Dec 1431 at Notre-Dame de Paris, he was defeated and expelled from France. He assumed personal rule in England 12 Nov 1437. Deposed by Edward Duke of York 4 Mar 1461. He was restored to the throne 30 Oct 1470, but deposed again 11 Apr 1471. A manuscript calendar records the death “XII Kal Jun” in 1471 of “He´rici vi in t´re london”[774].
m
(contract 22 May 1444, by proxy Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle Mar 1445, in person Titchfield, Hampshire 23 Apr 1445) MARGUERITE d’Anjou, daughter of RENÉ Duc d’Anjou Duc de Lorraine Titular King of Sicily and Jerusalem & his first wife Isabelle Dss de Lorraine (Pont-à-Mousson, Meurthe-et-Moselle 24 Mar 1430-Château de Dampierre-sur-Loire, Maine-et-Loire 25 Aug 1482, bur Angers Cathédrale Saint-Maurice). Crowned Queen of England 30 May 1445 at Westminster Abbey. She returned to France definitively in Jan 1476. A manuscript calendar records the death 3 Oct of “Margarete Regine”[775]. King Henry VI & his wife had one child:

3.THOMAS
of Lancaster
(Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire or London 29 Sep 1388-killed in battle Baugé 22 Mar 1421, bur Canterbury Cathedral). Appointed Seneschal of England by his father 4 Oct 1399. He was Chief Governor of Ireland 1401-1413. He was created Duke of Clarence and Earl of Aumâle 9 Jul 1412. He presided at the trial for treason of Richard Earl of Cambridge in 1415. Constable of the Army 1417, and Lieutenant General of the Army in France 1417-1421, during which he was in command at the siege and eventual capture of Rouen 19 Jan 1419. He was killed by Sir John de la Croise at the battle of Baugé in Anjou.
m
(Papal dispensation 10 Nov 1411) as her second husband, MARGARET de Holand, widow of
JOHN Beaufort Marquess of Somerset, daughter of THOMAS de Holand 2nd
Earl of Kent & his wife Alice FitzAlan ([1381/85]-St Saviour’s Abbey, Bermondsey 30 Dec 1439, bur Augustine Monastery of St Saviour, London). Thomas Duke of Clarence had one illegitimate son by an unknown mistress:

a)JOHN de Clarence
.

4.JOHN
of Lancaster
(20 Jun 1389-Rouen 15 Sep 1435, bur Rouen Cathedral). Made Constable of England 10 Sep 1403. Created Duke of Bedford and Earl of Kendal 16 May 1414, and Earl of Richmond 24 Nov 1414. Appointed Guardian of the Kingdom, during King Henry V's absences in France, 12 Aug 1415, 25 Jul 1417 and 10 Jun 1421. Lord High Admiral 1421, until his death. Made Regent of France Sep 1422, after the death of King Henry V. Appointed Protector of the Kingdom 5 Dec 1422, for his nephew King Henry VI. He commanded the English and Burgundians at the battle of Verneuil 17 Aug 1424. Admiral of England, Ireland and Guyenne 26 Jul 1426.
m firstly
(by proxy Montbar 13 or 17 Apr 1423, contract Troyes 18 May 1423, in person Troyes Cathedral 14 Jun 1423) ANNE de Bourgogne, daughter of JEAN “Sans-Peur” Duke of Bavaria & his wife Marguerite de Hainaut (Arras [1404/05]-Hôtel de Bourgogne, Paris in childbirth 14 Nov 1432, bur Church of the Celestines, Paris, later transferred to the Chartreuse de Champnol, Dijon). The necrology of the Celestins de Paris records the death "XVIII Kal Dec" of "domine Anne sororis…principis Phillippi ducis Burgundie et uxoris…principis Johannis ducis Bethfordis et comitis Kandalle"[778].
m secondly
(Bishop’s Palace, Thérouanne 20 Apr 1433) JACQUETTE de Luxembourg, daughter of PIERRE de Luxembourg Comte de Saint-Pol & his wife Margherita del Balzo ([1416/17]-30 May 1472). She married secondly ([6 Feb 1436/23 Mar 1437])
Richard Wydeville, who was created Lord de Ryvers 9 May 1448 and Earl Rivers 24 May 1466. John Duke of Bedford & his first wife had one child:

a)child (Paris Nov 1432-shortly after birth).

John Duke of Bedford had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

5.HUMPHREY
of Lancaster
(3 Oct 1390-Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk 23 Feb 1447, bur 4 Mar 1447 St Albans Abbey, Hertford). Appointed Lord Great Chamberlain of England 7 May 1413. Created Duke of Gloucester and Earl of Pembroke 16 May 1414. He fought at Agincourt 25 Oct 1415, was wounded and rescued by his brother King Henry V. Appointed Keeper of the Realm and Deputy of the King, during the latter's absence 30 Dec 1419. Appointed Regent of England May 1422. He assumed the title Count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut in right of his first wife. He was a benefactor of Oxford University, from [1411] onwards presenting many books which were the foundation of the Bodleian library. Arrested at Bury St Edmunds, and died soon after.
m firstly
(Hadleigh, Essex before 7 Mar 1423, divorced 13 Feb 1425, annulled by Papal Decree 9 Jul 1428) as her third husband, JACQUELINE de Hainaut, widow (firstly) of
JEAN Dauphin de France, and divorced wife (secondly) of
JEAN IV Duke of Brabant, daughter of GUILLAUME IV Comte de Hainaut [WILLEM IV Count of Holland] & his wife Marguerite de Bourgogne (The Hague 25 Jul 1401-Leijden or Teilingen 8 Oct 1436, bur The Hague). Her previous marriage with Jean de Brabant was pronounced valid 9 Jan 1428 by Pope Martin V, her marriage with Humphrey being consequently annulled. She married fourthly (secretly The Hague 1 Aug 1432, publicly St Maartensdijk 1 Mar 1434)
Frank van Borselen Graaf van Ostervant.
m secondly
(1428) ELEANOR Cobham, daughter of Sir REGINALD Cobham of Sterborough, Kent & his first wife Eleanor Culpeper (-in prison Peel Castle, Isle of Man 1454, bur [Peel Castle]). She became Humphrey’s mistress some time before their marriage. She was convicted of practising witchcraft in 1441, did public penance in London, and was imprisoned at Chester Castle, Kenilworth Castle and (from 1446) in Peel Castle, Isle of Man where she died. Humphrey Duke of Gloucester & his first wife had one child:

a)stillborn child (1424).

Humphrey Duke of Gloucester had two illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

b)ARTHUR
(-1447). Condemned for treason soon after his father's death, but pardoned.

7.PHILIPPA of Lancaster
(Peterborough Castle 4 Jun 1394-convent of Vadstena, Lingkoping, Sweden 5 Jan 1430, bur convent of Vadstena). Her marriage was proposed by her father in 1401 in order to obtain international recognition after his accession, together with the marriage of her oldest brother the future King Henry V to her husband's sister Katharina, although the latter project was abandoned[780].
m
(Lund, Sweden 26 Oct 1406) [as his first wife,] ERIK VII King of Denmark and Norway, son ofWARTISLAW VII Duke of Pomerania in Hinterpommern & his wife Marie von Mecklenburg-Schwerin ([1381]-Rügenwalde 1459 [after 4 Apr], bur Rügenwalde, Marienkirche).

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

EDMUND
"of Langley", son of EDWARD III King of England & his wife Philippa de Hainaut (Abbot’s Langley, Hertfordshire 5 Jun 1341-King’s Langley, Hertfordshire 1 Aug 1402, bur King’s Langley, Church of the Dominican Friars). Created Earl of Cambridge 13 Nov 1362. Her served in the campaign in Brittany 1369, at the siege of Limoges Sep 1370. Created Duke of York 6 Aug 1385. Regent of England 29 Sep 1394-May 1395, 6 Aug 1395, and 27 Sep-Nov 1396, during the King's absences, and also in 1399 when his nephew Henry Duke of Lancaster landed, with whom he made peace.

1.EDWARD
of York
([Norwich] 1373-25 Oct 1415, bur Fotheringhay). Created Earl of Rutland 25 Feb 1389/90, and Earl of Cork before 15 Jan 1395. Appointed Constable of England 12 Jul and 9 Sep 1397-Sep 1399. Created Duc d’Aumâle 29 Sep 1397, deprived of this 3 Nov 1399, restored 1 May 1414. He succeeded his father in 1402 as 2nd
Duke of York and Earl of Cambridge. Betrothed
([Jul 1380]) to Infanta dona BRITES de Portugal, daughter of dom FERNANDO I King of Portugal & his wife doña Leonor Tellez de Menezes (Coimbra end 1372-Madrigal after 1409).
Ayala´s
Crónica de Juan I
records in 1382 that “la Infanta Doña Beatriz fija heredera del Rey Don Ferrando de Portogal” had been betrothed to “Eduarte fijo de Mosen Aymon” after “los Ingleses vinieron en Portogal”[783].
This betrothal was arranged by Edward´s uncle John of Gaunt, as part of the alliance with Portugal agreed in Jul 1380, but nullified when the king of Portugal signed the Peace of Elvas with Castile in Aug 1382.
m
([27 Feb 1397/7 Oct 1398]) as her third husband, PHILIPPA de Mohun, widow firstly of
WALTER FitzWalter 4th
Lord FitzWalter, and secondly of
Sir JOHN Golafre
of Langley, Oxfordshire, daughter of JOHN de Mohun 2nd
Lord Mohun & his wife Joan de Burghersh (-Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight 17 Jul 1431, bur Westminster Abbey).

2.CONSTANCE
([1374]-28 Nov 1416, bur Reading Abbey). The
Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione
of Tewkesbury Abbey records that “Thomam le Despencer et comitem Gloucestriæ”, last child of “Edwardus…secundus, filius…Edwardi” and his wife, married “dominam Constantiam filiam domini Edmundi de Langley, filii regis Edwardi tertii et ducis Eboracensis”, adding in a later passage that Constance married secondly “domino Thomæ comiti de Arundell” by whom she was mother of “filiam…Elianoram” who married “Hugoni domino de Audley” and had “filium…Jacobum”[784]. This last passage is inconsistent with other sources regarding the paternity of Constance´s daughter Eleanor and the identity of Eleanor´s husband. It is not known whether it constituted a conscious effort to cover the tracks regarding her true parentage. The
Chronica de Fundatoribus et Fundatione
of Tewkesbury Abbey records the death in 1417 of “domina Constancia, mater…dominæ Isabellæ” and her burial “apud monasterium de Reding 1420”[785].
m
([16 Apr 1378/7 Nov 1389]) THOMAS le Despenser Lord Despenser, son of EDWARD le Despenser & his wife Elizabeth Burghersh (1373-beheaded Bristol 13 Jan 1400, bur Tewkesbury Abbey).
Mistress: ([1405]) of
EDMUND de Holand Earl of Kent, son of THOMAS de Holand Earl of Kent & his wife Alice FitzAlan of Arundel (6 Jan 1383-killed in battle Ile de Bréhat, Brittany 15 Sep 1408, bur Bourne Abbey, Lincolnshire).

3.RICHARD
"of Conisburgh" (Conisburgh Castle, Yorkshire [Sep] [1375/76]-executed Southampton Green, Hampshire 5 Aug 1415, bur Southampton, Chapel of God’s House). Ambassador to Denmark Aug-Dec 1406. He was created Earl of Cambridge 1 May 1414. He tried to take his brother-in-law Edmund Mortimer to Wales in 1415, to proclaim him king, but Edmund revealed the plot to King Henry V. Richard was attainted and condemned to death, all his honours being forfeited.
m firstly
([May 1406], dispensation 10 Jun 1408) ANNE Mortimer, daughter of ROGER Mortimer Earl of March & his wife Eleanor Holand (27 Dec 1390-Sep 1411, bur King’s Langley Church, Hertfordshire). A manuscript which narrates the descents of the founders of Lanthony Abbey names “Annæ et Alianoræ” as the daughters of “Rogerus comes Marchiæ et Ultoniæ”, adding that Anne married “domino Ricardo comiti Cantabrigiæ”[786]. A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Eleanor Countess of the March, after wed to the Lord Powis [of] Charlton" as daughter of "Thomas Holand Earl of Kent" and mother of "Anne Countess of Cambridge" and of "Jocosa Lady Tiptoft, married John, Lord Tiptoft"[787].
m secondly
([1411/15]) as her second husband, MAUD Clifford, divorced wife of
JOHN Neville 6th
Lord Latimer, daughter of THOMAS de Clifford 6th
Baron Clifford & his wife Elizabeth de Ros (-26 Aug 1446, bur Roche Abbey, Yorkshire). Richard Earl of Cambridge & his first wife had two children:

RICHARD III 1483-1509

RICHARD of York, son of RICHARD "of Conisburgh" Earl of Cambridge & his first wife Anne Mortimer (21 Sep 1411-killed in battle Wakefield 30 Dec 1460, bur Pontefract, transferred 30 Jul 1476 to Collegiate Church of Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire). He succeeded his uncle in 1415 as 3rd
Duke of York. He succeeded his maternal uncle Edmund Mortimer 1425 as 6th
Earl of March, Lord Mortimer [of Wigmore] and Earl of Ulster. Lieutenant General and Governor of France and Normandy 1436-1437 and 2 Jul 1440-1447. Resigned the Earldom of March in favour of his eldest son Edward [Sep/Dec] 1445. Lieutenant of Ireland 9 Dec 1447-Mar 1453, and 1 Dec 1454 until his attainder. He assumed the surname "Richard Plantagenet" [1448]. Protector of the Realm during Henry VI's incapacity 3 Apr 1454-Feb 1455. He assumed leadership of the Yorkist party, defeated and killed Edmund Beaufort Duke of Somerset at St Albans 22 May 1455, as well as taking the King prisoner. He rebelled again in 1459, defeated the King at Blore Heath 23 Sep, but was forced to flee at Ludford 13 Oct. He was attainted 20 Nov 1459 and forfeited all his titles and honours, the attainder and forfeiture were nullified Oct 1460. After his son captured London 2 Jul 1460, he returned, claimed the crown and was restored to his honours. A compromise was reached with the King 31 Oct 1460, under which Richard was recognised as Henry VI's heir, publicly proclaimed as such 9 Nov. However, his army was routed at Wakefield where he was killed. A manuscript calendar records the death “III Kal Jan” in 1460 of “Rici Ducis Ebor”[791].

2.ANNE
(Fotheringhay Castle 10 Aug 1439-12 or 14 Jan 1476, bur St George’s Chapel, Windsor). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Cecily Duchess of York" as mother of "Anne Duchess of Exeter, also wedded to Sir Thomas Saint Leger", and her children "Anthony Saint Leger, Anne"[794]. She may have died in childbirth.
m firstly
(before 30 Jul 1447, divorced 12 Nov 1472) HENRY Holand Duke of Exeter, son of JOHN Holand 3rd
Duke of Exeter & his first wife Anne Stafford (Tower of London 27 Jun 1430-drowned at sea Sep 1475). He succeeded his father in 1447 as Duke of Exeter. He took part in Lord Egremont's rebellion in the north May 1454, was captured and sent to Pontefract Castle, and from there to Wallingford Castle. A Lancastrian supporter, he fled to Scotland after the defeat at Towton and was attainted by Parliament 4 Nov 1461 and all his honours forfeited. He escaped to Flanders, where he seems to have been reduced to extreme poverty[795]. He returned to England on the temporary restoration of King Henry VI, seriously wounded at the battle of Barnet 14 Apr 1471. He was drowned between Calais and Dover when returning from a military expedition to France.
m secondly
([1472/73]) THOMAS
St Leger, son of --- (-beheaded Exeter [8] Nov 1483, bur St George’s Chapel, Windsor). Knighted.

5.EDMUND
(Rouen 17 or 27 May 1443-killed in battle Wakefield 30 Dec 1460, bur Pontefract, later removed to Collegiate Church of Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire). Created Earl of Rutland 29 Jan 1446. He was attainted 20 Nov 1459 and forfeited all his titles and honours, the attainder and forfeiture were nullified Oct 1460.

10.GEORGE
(Dublin Castle 21 Oct 1449-murdered Tower of London 18 Feb 1478, bur Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucestershire). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Cecily Duchess of York" as mother of "George Duke of Clarence"[798]. Created Duke of Clarence 28 Jun 1461. Chief Governor of Ireland Feb 1462-Mar 1470. He joined in the revolt against his brother King Edward IV in 1470, but changing sides assisted in the king's victory at Barnet 14 Apr 1471. He was created Earl of Salisbury and Earl of Warwick 25 Mar 1472,
de iure uxoris. Great Chamberlain of England 20 May 1471. He was accused of high treason, attainted 8 Feb 1478, and forfeited all his titles, honours and estates. He is said to have been drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine.
m
(Calais, Notre Dame 11 Jul 1469) ISABEL Neville, daughter and co-heiress of RICHARD Neville Earl of Warwick and Salisbury & his wife Anne Beauchamp (Warwick Castle 5 Sep 1451-Warwick Castle 22 Dec 1476, bur Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucestershire). She was alleged to have been poisoned by Ankarette Twynho, one of her servants, who was hanged at Warwick for her murder. George Duke of Clarence & his wife had four children:

b)MARGARET
(Farley Castle, near Bath 14 Aug 1473-beheaded Tower of London 28 May 1541, bur Royal Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] records that "the Lady Margaret, dau. of the Duke of Clarence" married "Sir Richard Pole, Knt"[799]. Lady of the Chamber to Queen Catherine of Aragon 1509. She managed to get her brother's attainder reversed in 1514, and was thereby restored as Ctss of Salisbury. Governess of Princess Mary (later Queen Mary I) from before 13 May 1520 to shortly after 1 Oct 1533. She was imprisoned in the Tower of London [Mar/May] 1539, attainted without trial 12 May 1539, and beheaded.
m
(22 Sep 1494) Sir RICHARD Pole, son of Sir GEOFFREY Pole of Medmenham and Ellesborough, Buckinghamshire & his first wife Edith St John (-before 18 Dec 1505).

c)GEORGE
(Warwick Castle 21 or 25 Feb 1475-beheaded Tower Hill, London 28 Nov 1499, bur Bisham Abbey, Berkshire). Earl of Warwick from his baptism. He succeeded his mother as Earl of Salisbury in Dec 1476, but never so styled. He was said to have been declared heir apparent of the throne on the death 9 Apr 1484 of his first cousin Edward Prince of Wales. On the accession of King Henry VII, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London where he remained for the rest of his life. He succeeded his maternal grandmother in 1492 as Earl of Warwick. He was charged with conspiracy and beheaded. His honours were forfeited and he was attainted Jan 1504.

12.RICHARD
(Fotheringay Castle 2 Oct 1452-killed in battle Bosworth Field, Leicestershire 22 Aug 1485, bur Greyfriars Abbey, Leicester). Created Duke of Gloucester 1 Nov 1461. Appointed Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine 12 Oct 1462. Constable of England 17 Oct 1469. He is said to have taken part in the murder of Edward Prince of Wales, whose widow he married. Great Chamberlain of England, in succession to his brother George Duke of Clarence, 21 Feb 1478 the same day he was murdered. Before dying, his brother appointed him Protector of the Kingdom and guardian of his family during the minority of King Edward V. He proclaimed himself 26 Jun 1483 as
RICHARD III King of England, having deposed his nephew. Crowned 6 Jul 1483 at Westminster Abbey.
m
(Westminster Abbey 12 Jul 1472) as her second husband, ANNE Neville, widow of
EDWARD Prince of Wales, daughter of RICHARD Neville Earl of Warwick & Anne Beauchamp (Warwick Castle 11 Jun 1456-Palace of Westminster 16 Mar 1485, bur Westminster Abbey). She probably died of tuberculosis. King Richard III & his wife had one child:

King Richard III had [seven] illegitimate children by unknown mistresses:

b)JOHN
of Gloucester
([1470]-[murdered] [1499]). Captain of Calais.

c)RICHARD
(1469-1550).

d)KATHERINEPlantagenet
. m
([3 Mar/29 Sep] 1484) as his second wife, WILLIAM Herbert Earl of Pembroke, son of WILLIAM Herbert Earl of Pembroke & his wife Anne Devereux ([1455]-16 Jul 1491, bur Tintern Abbey). He resigned the Earldom of Pembroke in 1479, and was created Earl of Huntingdon 4 Jul 1479.

e)[STEPHEN
Hawes
.]

f)[3 other children.]

13.URSULA (Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire 22 Jul 1455-young).

EDWARD IV 1461-1483, EDWARD V 1483

EDWARD of York, son of RICHARD Duke of York & his wife Cecily Neville (Rouen 28 Apr 1442-Palace of Westminster 10 Apr 1483, bur St George’s Chapel, Windsor). Questions about Edward's paternity were first raised during his reign and were repeated by his brother Richard who declared him illegitimate on 22 Jun 1483 prior to seizing the throne. The matter even found its way into Shakespeare's Richard III[800]. It is suggested that his real father was an archer named Blaybourne. Historian Dr Michael K. Jones revealed, in a UK television documentary[801], evidence from the Rouen cathedral register which indicates that Richard Duke of York was on campaign in Pontoise from 14 Jul to 21 Aug 1441, the period when Edward would have been conceived. This does not of course constitute proof that the duke's absence was continuous throughout the period. In addition, there is no proof that Edward's mother stayed in Rouen throughout the time in question, so she could have joined her husband temporarily on campaign. Created Earl of March [Sep/Dec] 1445. After rebelling with his father, he was also forced to flee at Ludford 13 Oct 1459, arriving in Calais 2 Nov. He was attainted 20 Nov 1459, forfeiting all his titles and honours. He defeated the Lancastrians at Northampton 10 Jul 1460 and captured King Henry VI, whom they brought to London 16 Jul 1460. His attainder and forfeiture were nullified Oct 1460. He succeeded his father 1460 as Duke of York, Earl of Ulster and Earl of Cambridge. He defeated the Earls of Pembroke and Wiltshire at Mortimer's Cross, near Wigmore, 2 or 3 Feb 1461, and marched on London where he was proclaimed
EDWARD IV King of England
by Parliament 4 Mar 1461. Crowned 28 Jun 1461 at Westminster Abbey. He was deposed in favour of King Henry VI 3 Oct 1470, but restored to the throne 11 Apr 1471. A manuscript calendar records the death “IV Id Apr” in 1483 of “Rege Edwardi iiii”[802].

m
(Manor of Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire 1 May 1464) as her second husband, ELIZABETH Wydeville, widow of
Sir JOHN Grey
of Groby, daughter of RICHARD Wydeville 1st
Earl Rivers & his wife Jacquette de Luxembourg (Grafton Regis [1437]-St Saviour’s Abbey, Bermondsey 8 Jun 1492, bur St George’s Chapel, Windsor). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Queen Elizabeth" as daughter of "Richard Earl Rivers" and mother of "The Queen that now is" and of "Thomas Marquess of Dorset"[803]. She was crowned Queen 26 May 1465 at Westminster Abbey. Her marriage was declared null and void 25 Jun 1483 by the Act of Parliament “Titulus Regius”, their children becoming illegitimate, but recognised as valid once more Oct 1485 by the first Parliament of King Henry VII.

Mistress (1):
ELEANOR Talbot, widow of
THOMAS
Butler
[son of Ralph Boteler Lord Sudeley], [804]daughter of JOHN Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury & his second wife Margaret Beauchamp (-30 Jun 1468). The declaration of nullity of the marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Wydeville (25 Jun 1483 by the Act of Parliament “Titulus Regius”) was based on his alleged pre-contract of marriage with Eleanor Butler.

3.CECILY
(Palace of Westminster 20 Mar 1469-Quarr Abbey, Isle of Wight 24 Aug 1507, bur Quarr Abbey). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Elizabeth
Queen of England, Cecily Viscountess Welles, The Lady Anne, The Lady Katherine, wedded to the Earl of Devonshire´s son and heir, Madam Bridget, nun" as daughters of "King Edward the Fourth"[807].
[808]Betrothed
(26 Oct 1474, contract broken 12 Oct 1482) to JAMES Stewart, son of JAMES III King of Scotland & his wife Margarethe of Denmark (17 Mar 1473-killed in battle Flodden 9 Sep 1513). He succeeded his father in 1488 as
JAMES IV King of Scotland.
[809]m firstly
(1485, divorced 1486[810]) as his first wife,
RALPH Le Scrope
of Upsall, son of THOMAS Le Scrope Lord Scrope of Masham & his wife Elizabeth de Greystoke (after [1459]-17 Sep 1515, bur Rievaulx Abbey, Yorkshire). A member of the household of King Richard III, he was pardoned by King Henry VII 6 Dec 1485[811]. He succeeded his brother in [1512] as Lord Scrope of Masham.
m secondly
([25 Nov 1487/1 Jan 1488]) JOHN Welles 1st
Viscount Welles, son of LIONEL Welles 6th
Lord Welles & his second wife Margaret Beauchamp (-London, St Sithes Lane 9 Feb 1499, bur Westminster Abbey). Unable to succeed as Lord Welles due to the attainder of the 7th
and 8th
Lords. He took part in the rebellion of the Duke of Buckingham against King Richard III in Oct 1483, escaped to Brittany, but attainted Jan/Feb 1483/4. He returned to England with Henry Tudor, and became Lord Welles when his attainder (and those of his predecessors in the title) were reversed Nov/Dec 1485. Created Viscount Welles before 8 Feb 1485/6. m thirdly
([13 May 1502/Jan/Mar 1504]) THOMAS
Kyme
of Wainfleet and Friskney, Lincolnshire or of the Isle of Wight, son of ---.

4.EDWARD
(The Sanctuary, Westminster Abbey 1, 2 or 4 Nov 1470--[murdered] [Sep] 1483, bur [Westminster Abbey]). Created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester 25/26 Jun 1471, and Duke of Cornwall 17 Jul 1471). Created Earl of March and Earl of Pembroke 8 or 18 Jul 1479. He succeeded his father in 1483 as EDWARD V King of England. Parliament decided 25 Jun 1483 that his parents' marriage was null and void, owing to a pre-contract between his father and Lady Eleanor Butler. He was deprived of the Crown because of this illegitimacy.

7.ANNE
(Palace of Westminster 2 Nov 1475-22 Nov [1511/12], bur Thetford Priory, Norfolk, later removed to Framlingham Church, Suffolk). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Elizabeth
Queen of England, Cecily Viscountess Welles, The Lady Anne, The Lady Katherine, wedded to the Earl of Devonshire´s son and heir, Madam Bridget, nun" as daughters of "King Edward the Fourth"[812]. No surviving children. m
(Greenwich 4 Feb 1495) as his first wife, Lord THOMAS Howard, son of THOMAS Howard Earl of Surrey [later Duke of Norfolk] & his first wife Elizabeth Tylney (1473-Kenninghall, Norfolk 25 Aug 1554, bur 2 Oct 1554 Framlingham). Lord High Admiral 4 May 1513-Jul 1525. Created Earl of Surrey for life 1 Feb 1514, when his father was created Duke of Norfolk. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1520-1522. Lord High Treasurer 4 Dec 1522-Feb 1547. He succeeded his father 1524 as Duke of Norfolk. He signed the letter to the Pope concerning King Henry VIII's divorce in 1529, and took an active part in the overthrow of Cardinal Wolsey. Created Earl Marshal of England 28 May 1533. He was found guilty of high treason and attainted 27 Jan 1547, his honours were forfeited. He was released from prison and restored 3 Aug 1553 after the accession of Queen Mary I.

a)FRANCES
. m firstlyJOHN Basset, son of Sir JOHN Basset & his wife Honora Grenville[816].
m secondlyTHOMAS
Monck
of Potheridge[817], son of ---.

b)ELIZABETH
.

c)BRIDGET
.

13.ELIZABETH
([1464]-).
A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] records that "Thomas Lumley", son of "George Lord Lumley, wedded dau of Richard Thorneton", married "bastard daughter of King Edward IV"[818].mTHOMAS
Lumley, son of GEORGE Lord Lumley & his wife --- Thornton.

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of the members of this family have not yet been identified, unless otherwise stated below.

JOHN Beaufort[819], son of JOHN "of Gaunt" Duke of Lancaster & his third wife Katharine Swynford née Roët ([1371]-Hospital of St Katherine by the Tower, London 16 Mar 1410, bur Canterbury Cathedral). Created Earl of Somerset 10 Feb 1397, the day after his legitimation by Parliament, and Marquess of Dorset and Somerset 9 Sep 1397. Appointed Constable of Dover castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports for life 5 Feb 1398. He was the King's Lieutenant in Aquitaine 29 Aug 1398. He was degraded from the Marquessate 3 Nov 1399 following the accession of King Henry IV, known thereafter as Earl of Somerset. Despite this, he was in favour with Henry IV and was appointed Chamberlain of England 7 Nov 1399, a post which he held until his death.

1.HENRY
Beaufort
(chr 26 Nov 1401-25 Nov 1418). He succeeded his father in 1410 as Earl of Somerset.

2.JOHN
Beaufort
([Apr] 1404-27 May 1444, bur Wimborne Minster, Dorset). He succeeded his brother in 1418 as Earl of Somerset. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Baugé 22 Mar 1421, and not released until 1438 when he was exchanged for Charles d'Artois Comte d'Eu who had been captured at Agincourt. Created Duke of Somerset and Earl of Kendal 28 Aug 1443. After withdrawing to Rouen after taking the castle of Beaumont-le-Vicomte (Sarthe), he returned to England in disgrace in the Spring of 1444. A manuscript calendar records the death “VI Kal Jun” in 1444 of “dñi Johis Som´s´ duc´”[821]. It is said that he committed suicide because of his failure in his campaign in France.
m
([1442]) as her second husband, MARGARET de Beauchamp, widow of
Sir OLIVER St John, daughter of JOHN [Lord] Beauchamp of Bletsoe, Buckinghamshire & his second wife Edith Stourton (-shortly before 3 Jun 1482, bur Wimborne Minster, Dorset). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Sir Oliver Saint John, first husband, John Duke of Somerset, Lionel Lord Welles, last husband" as the three husbands of "Margaret Duchess of Somerset"[822]. She married thirdly (settlement 20 Apr 1447) as his second wife,
Lionel de Welles 6th
Lord Welles
(-killed in battle Towton 29 Mar 1461, bur Methley). John Duke of Somerset & his wife had one child:

5.JOAN
Beaufort
(-Dunbar Castle 15 Jul 1445, bur Monastery of the Charterhouse, Perth). Crowned Queen of Scotland 2 or 21 May 1424 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. She was wounded in defending her first husband from his murderers.
m firstly
(Priory Church of St Mary Overy, Southwark 2, 10 or 13 Feb 1424) JAMES I King of Scotland, son of ROBERT III King of Scotland & his wife Annabella Drummond (Dunfermline Palace, Fife 25 Jul 1394-assassinated Monastery of the Friars Preachers, Perth 21 Feb 1437, bur Perth, either Monastery of the Carthusians or Monastery of the Black Friars). He was a prisoner in England since 1406.
m secondly
(before 21 Sep 1439) Sir JAMES Stewart
“the Black Knight” of Lorne, son of Sir JOHN Stewart Lord of Lorn & his wife Isabel of Argyl (-[1448]).

EDMUND Beaufort, son of JOHN Beaufort Earl of Somerset & his wife Margaret de Holand ([1406]-killed in battle St Albans 22 May 1455, bur St Albans Abbey). He was taken prisoner at the battle of Baugé 22 Mar 1421, with his elder brother, still a prisoner 10 Mar 1426/7. Created Comte de Mortain 22 Apr 1427. Created Earl of Dorset 28 Aug 1442, Marquess of Dorset 24 Jun 1443. He succeeded his brother 1444 as Earl of Somerset. Appointed Lieutenant and Governor General of France in Summer 1447. Created Duke of Somerset 31 Mar 1448. He lost Rouen to Charles VII King of France Oct 1449, and Caen 24 Jun 1450. Appointed Constable of England 11 Sep 1450.

1.HENRY
Beaufort
([Apr] 1436-beheaded Hexham, Northumberland 15 May 1464, bur Hexham Abbey). Earl of Dorset from 1448, until he succeeded his father 1455 as Duke and Earl of Somerset, Marquess of Dorset and Comte de Mortain. He was severely wounded at the battle of St Albans 1455. Appointed Captain of Calais 9 Oct 1459. He commanded the victorious Lancastrian army at Wakefield 30 Dec 1460 and at St Albans 17 Feb 1461. Defeated at Towton 29 Mar 1461, he fled to Scotland. Attainted and forfeited his honours 4 Nov 1461, but restored 10 Mar 1463. He was defeated and captured at the battle of Hexham, and beheaded the same day.

Mistress (1):
JOAN
Hill, daughter of ---. Henry Duke of Beaufort had one illegitimate son by Mistress (1):

2.EDMUND Beaufort
([1439]-beheaded Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire 6 May 1471, bur Tewkesbury Abbey Church). Styled Duke of Somerset after his brother’s death but never formally restored to the title. Attainted of treason 21 Jan 1465. He fought at the battle of Barnet 14 Apr 1471, proclaiming himself Duke of Somerset, but declared a rebel 27 Apr 1471. He fled after the Lancastrian defeat at Tewkesbury, taking refuge in Tewkesbury Abbey from where he was apparently lured by a promise of a pardon.

5.MARGARET
Beaufort
(-1474). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Margaret Countess of Stafford, after wedded to Sir Richard Darell, Knt" as daughter of "Edmund Duke of Somerset, wedded the dau and heir of the Earl of Warwick", and names her child (by her first marriage) "Henry Duke of Buckingham" and her child (by her second marriage) "Margaret, wedd. the son and heir of Lord Audley"[825].
m firstly
(1444) HUMPHREY Stafford Earl of Stafford, son of HUMPHREY Stafford Earl of Stafford, Duke of Buckingham & his wife Anne Neville of Westmoreland (1428-[1459]).
m secondlySir
RICHARD Dayrell
[Darell] of Lillingstone Dayrell, Buckinghamshire, son of ---.

6.ELEANOR
Beaufort
(-16 Aug 1501). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Alianor Countess of Wiltshire, after wedded to Sir Robert Spencer" as daughter of "Edmund Duke of Somerset, wedded the dau and heir of the Earl of Warwick", and names her two daughters by her second marriage[826]. No children by her first marriage.
m firstly
(Woodsford, Dorset [Apr 1458]) as his second wife, JAMES Butler 1st
Earl of Wiltshire
5th
Earl of Ormond, son of JAMES Butler [Le Botiller] 4th
Earl of Ormond & his first wife Joan Beauchamp ([24 Nov 1420]-beheaded Newcastle 1 May 1461). He was created Earl of Wiltshire 8 Jul 1449, and succeeded his father 1452 as Earl of Ormond. Chief Governor of Ireland 1435. He was captured at Cockermouth by Richard Salkeld after the battle of Towton 29 Mar 1461, and taken to Newcastle where he was beheaded. He was attainted in England 4 Nov 1461 and his English honours forfeited. Attainted in Ireland Oct 1462, but this was annulled 1475. m secondly
(1470 or before) Sir ROBERT Spencer
of Spencercombe, Devon, son of --- (-after 1492).

7.ELIZABETH
Beaufort
(-before 1492). A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Elizabeth, wedded to Sire Henry Fitz-Lewis" as daughter of "Edmund Duke of Somerset, wedded the dau and heir of the Earl of Warwick", and names her child "--- first wedded to the Earl of Rivers, after to Sir George Neville the bastard"[827].
mSir
HENRY Fitz-Lewis, son of ---.

8.MARY
[Margaret] Beaufort
. m
--- Burgh, son of ---.

9.ANNE
Beaufort
. A manuscript pedigree dated to [1500] names "Anna, wedd. to William Paston Esq" as daughter of "Edmund Duke of Somerset, wedded the dau and heir of the Earl of Warwick" and her children "William Paston, Agnes and Elizabeth, Talbot and Saville"[828].
mSir WILLIAM Paston of Norfolk, son of WILLIAM Paston & his wife Agnes Berry (1436-1496, bur London, Blackfriars Priory). He was one of the beneficiaries under the will of Sir John Fastolf (Shakespeare's Falstaff). He lived at Warwick's Inn, Newgate.

HENRY VII 1485-1509, JANE 1553

HENRY Tudor, son of EDMUND Tudor Earl of Richmond & his wife Margaret Beaufort (posthumously Pembroke Castle 28 Jan 1457-Richmond Palace, Surrey 21 Apr 1509, bur Westminster Abbey). A manuscript calendar records the birth “V Kal Feb” in 1456 (O.S.) of “dñi Henrici filii Emundi Comitis Richemondie ac dñe M´garete uxoris sue, filie Johis nup duce Somerset”[833]. Earl of Richmond from birth, he lived at Pembroke Castle in the care of his uncle Jasper Earl of Pembroke until 30 Sep 1461, when the castle was surrendered to Lords Herbert and Ferrers of Chartley. Deprived of the earldom of Richmond before 12 Aug 1462. After the Lancastrian defeat at Tewkesbury 4 May 1471, he fled with his uncle to Brittany. They sailed to join the uprising against King Richard III in 1483, but were unable to land. Attainted 25 Jan 1484, in his absence. He sailed from Harfleur 1 Aug 1485, landing at Milford Haven. He defeated Richard III at the battle of Bosworth Field 22 Aug 1485 and seized the crown as
HENRY VII King of England. Crowned 30 Oct 1485 at Westminster Abbey.

m
(Westminster Abbey 18 Jan 1486) ELIZABETH of York, daughter of EDWARD IV King of England & Elizabeth Woodville (Palace of Westminster 11 Feb 1466-Tower of London in childbirth 11 Feb 1503, bur Westminster Abbey). A manuscript calendar records the marriage “XV Kal Feb” in 1485 of “King Harry the vii…[and] the queen Elisabeth”[834]. Crowned Queen 25 Nov 1487 at Westminster Abbey. A manuscript calendar records the death “III Id Feb” in 1502 (O.S.) of “Quene Elisabeth in the towre of london”[835]. She died in childbirth.

2.MARGARET
(Palace of Westminster 28 Nov 1489-Methven Castle, Perthshire 18 Oct 1541, bur Carthusian Monastery of St John, Perth). A manuscript calendar records the birth “IV Kal Dec…at Westm´ at night aft´ the ix hour a q´rt” in 1489 of “my ladi M´garet the ii child to the King Harri the vii”[839]. Queen Regent of Scotland. She died of palsy.
m firstly
(by proxy Richmond Palace, Surrey 25 Jan 1502, in person Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh 8 Aug 1503) JAMES IV King of Scotland, son of JAMES III King of Scotland & his wife Margarethe of Denmark (17 Mar 1473-killed in battle Flodden Field, Northumberland 9 Sep 1513, bur [Sheen Abbey, Surrey]).
m secondly
(Kinnoul Church 6 Aug 1514, divorced 11 Mar 1527) as his second wife, ARCHIBALD Douglas 6th
Earl of Angus, son of GEORGE Douglas Master of Angus & his wife Lady Elizabeth Drummond ([1490]-Tantallon Castle Jan 1557, bur Abernethy). Member of the Council of Regency for James V King of Scotland 1517-1521, and 1523-1526. High Chancellor of Scotland Aug 1527-1528, when a sentence of forfeiture was passed against him and he retired to England. Returned to Scotland 1542, after the death of King James V. He died of erysipelas.
m thirdly
(before 2 Apr 1528) as his second wife, HENRY Stewart, son of ANDREW Stewart Lord Avondale & his wife Lady Margaret Kennedy ([1495/1500]-soon after 10 Oct 1551). Created Lord Methven 17 Jul 1528. Margaret & her first husband had six children:

b)Lady FRANCES Brandon
(Bishop’s Hatfield, Hertfordshire [or Westhorpe Hall, Suffolk] 16 Jul 1517-Charterhouse, Sheen, Surrey 21 Nov 1559, bur 5 Dec Westminster Abbey).
m firstly
([Suffolk Place, Southwark, London] Mar or early May 1533) as his second wife, HENRY Grey 6th
Marquess of Dorset, son of THOMAS Grey 5th
Marquess of Dorset & his wife Margaret Medley née Wotton (17 Jan 1517-executed Tower Hill 23 Feb 1554, bur Royal Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London). Created Duke of Suffolk 11 Oct 1551. He was attainted for treason for his involvement in Wyatt’s rebellion against Queen Mary I and forfeited his titles and estates. m secondly
(9 Mar 1554) as his first wife, ADRIAN
Stokes, son of --- ([1533]-3 Nov 1585). He was his wife’s Master of Horse before their marriage. According to
TheComplete Peerage, Queen Elizabeth I’s comment on learning of this marriage was “Has the woman so far forgotten herself as to marry a common groom?”[842]. Lady Frances & her first husband had five children:

i)son (-young before 1537).

ii)daughter (-young before 1537).

iii)Lady JANE Grey
(Bradgate Manor, Leicestershire Oct 1537-executed Tower Green 12 Feb 1554, bur Royal Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London). King Henry VIII left the crown of England by will to the descendants of his sister Mary, if his own children died without issue. Duke of Northumberland, the Lord Protector of King Edward VII, persuaded the dying King to sign a document purporting to change his father’s will in favour of Jane. She was proclaimed 10 Jul 1553
JANE Queen of England. Deposed 19 Jul 1553.
m
(Ely Place, Holborn or Durham House, Strand 21 May 1553) Lord GUILFORD Dudley, son of JOHN Dudley 1st
Duke of Northumberland & his wife Jane Guilford (1536-executed Tower Hill 12 Feb 1554, bur Royal Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London).

iv)Lady KATHERINE Grey
([Dorset House, Westminster] Aug 1540-Cockfield Hall[843], Yoxford, Suffolk 27 Jan 1568, bur 21 Feb Yoxford). Imprisoned in the Tower following her marriage, she was transferred 21 Aug 1563 to her uncle Sir John Grey’s house in Essex, on account of the plague in the Tower.
m firstly
(Ely Place, Holborn or Durham House, Strand 21 May 1553, annulled 1554) HENRY
Herbert Lord Herbert, Earl of Pembroke (after 1538-1601).
m secondly
(secretly Hertford House, Cannon Row, Westminster [Nov/Dec] 1560, declared “no marriage” 12 May 1561 by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the High Commission Court, declared valid 1608) as his first wife, EDWARD Seymour 1st
Earl of Hertford
and Baron Beauchamp, son of EDWARD Seymour 1st
Duke of Somerset & his first wife Katherine Fillol (12 Oct 1537 or 22 May 1539-Netley, Hampshire 6 Apr 1621, bur Salisbury Cathedral). “He was of very small stature, and of timid and feeble character”[844]. Imprisoned in the Tower by Queen Elizabeth I when he married against her will. He was transferred to his mother’s house in Middlesex 21 Aug 1563, on account of the plague in the Tower. Released after the death of his first wife.

King Henry VII had one possible illegitimate son[846]
by a Breton lady:

9.[ROLAND
de Velville
([1471/85]-1535). Born while Henry Tudor was in exile in Brittany. Constable of Beaumaris Castle, Anglesey 1509-1535.]
mAGNES Griffith, daughter of GWILYM Fychan of Penrhyn [Chamberlain of North Wales] & his second wife Gwenllian daughter of Iowerth ap David (-1542).

m secondly
([York Place, London or Palace of Westminster 25 Jan 1533) ANNE Boleyn, daughter of THOMAS Boleyn 1st
Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond & his wife Lady Elizabeth Howard (Blickling Hall, Norfolk [1500/01]-executed Tower of London 19 May 1536, bur Royal Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London). Created Lady Marquess of Pembroke in her own right 1 Sep 1532. Crowned Queen 1 Jun 1533 at Westminster Abbey. She was tried and found guilty of high treason 15 May 1536, and condemned to death. Her marriage was declared invalid 17 May 1536.

5.MARY
(Greenwich Palace 18 Feb 1516-St James’s Palace, London 17 Nov 1558, bur Westminster Abbey). She was proclaimed
MARY I Queen of England
on the deposition of Queen Jane 19 Jul 1553. Crowned 1 Oct or 30 Nov 1553 at Westminster Abbey. She assumed the title of Queen of Spain 1556 on the accession of her husband as King of Spain. Betrothed
(contract 2 and 4 Oct 1518, marriage by proxy Greenwich 5 Oct 1518) to FRANÇOIS de France
Dauphin de Viennois, son of FRANÇOIS I King of France & his first wife Claude de France (Château d'Amboise, Indre-et-Loire 28 Feb 1518-Château de Tournon, Ardèche 10 Aug 1536, bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). m
(Winchester Cathedral 25 Jul 1554) as his second wife, Infante don FELIPE of Spain Archduke of Austria, son of EMPEROR Karl V King of Spain, Archduke of Austria & his wife Infanta dona Isabel de Portugal (Valladolid 21 May 1527-Escorial 13 Sep 1598, bur Escorial). He succeeded his father 16 Jan 1556 as
FELIPE II King of Spain.

[37]
Orderic Vitalis, Vol. III, Book V, p. 115. On the same page, Orderic discusses King William's other children, in order, "next/porro" Agatha, followed by Adelaide and Constance. He omits Cecilia in this section, so it is unclear whether he meant that Richard was born before or after her.