Rage Against The Machine: The Case Study In Spreadability vs Reach

In case you didn’t know, the UK is experiencing, right now, one of the greatest Social Media case studies ever. The headline and subtext from the BBC is this: “Rage Against the Machine beat X Factor winner in charts: Rock band Rage Against the Machine have won the most competitive battle in years for the Christmas number one”

But the real headline here is this: that 3 months of prime time television marketing and audience engagement are beaten by Social Media.

Now, I’m going to try and say this all without too much waffle, but being such a landmark event, I’m going to make sure I fully unpack the case study, illustrate how things are changing, and also show off how my framework predicted this (hey, when you’re this right about something, you need to celebrate yourself, even if no one else will. It’s how you remain sane, right?)

Spreadability beats Reach

I presented a framework a while ago that illustrates how spreadability is increased the more ‘dynamic, home-made, personal relationship’ and less ‘static, factory-made, public relations’ a message is. The thrust of my argument was that word of mouth has always been about spreadability rather than reach – and whilst reach can get the message before lots of people’s eyes, spreadability gets the message into the right people’s mouths and in turn into the right people’s ears. This is important, obviously, because in order for people to spread the message, it needs to be in their mouth, not before their eyes.

I’ll share the framework in a moment, but first lets look at the facts of the case study and the associated stats.

The X-Factor 2009 took 17 weeks of primetime 1.5 hour Saturday and Sunday night TV programming (as well as spinoffs, etc), with an average of 13.9 million viewers per show and an average 45.9% of the viewing audience (from Wikipedia). Every Monday the papers were full of either front or second page news from the drama surrounding the contestants and the judges fuelled from a rumour mill designed by the world’s best (bar-politicians) to keep media coverage and reach as high as possible. The peak audience was for the final show, totally 19 million viewers and 53.2% of the viewership. The maths are that an average 13.9 million people watched over 50 hours of The X-Factor.

So certain had the tradition become that the X-Factor winner would be the UK Christmas number 1, that bookmaker William Hill was planning to abandon its 30 year tradition of betting on the outcome. Until as you know, some guy (Jon Morter, to be exact, who had attempted a similar stunt the year before) decided to push Rage Against The Machine’s ‘Killing In The Name’ through Facebook to be top of the charts.

Jon and Tracy Morter created a Facebook group and started promoting, and then made a back-up group due to some glictches that the main group on Facebook seemed to experience. There were also a number of ‘fake’ Facebook pages and groups created that made it hard to distinguish which ones were created by Jon. These two ‘official’ groups contained the latest news, carefully instructing people to not buy the single until the week commencing Monday 14th December, as well as warning people that “bulk purchasing will disqualify that entire purchase you’ve made form the chart count”. The tipping point, according to the The Guardian,was:

…helped by the comedian Peter Serafinowicz, who on 15 December urged his 268,000-plus Twitter followers to join in, and it snowballed from there. By the time Paul McCartney and former X Factor winner Steve Brookstein had pledged their support, poor McElderry seemed doomed.

When I spoke to Jon on Twitter he said that it was actually UK celebrity Phil Jupitus who first tweeted about the campaign to his 50,000+ following when he retweeted a request from a follower.

Their numbers, in contrast to the X-Factor’s mainstream medium reach, were almost 1,000,000 members when combining their two groups – however this does not include the members of ‘unofficial’ groups and pages. The Twitter hashtag, #ratm4xmas, was a trending topic for a large part of the week – however the TweetReach stats are very low: just over 12,000 (#likeminds had over 200,000.) What’s also certain is that none of these people spent an hour, let alone 50 hours, on consuming the contents of the Facebook group of page.

The numbers come down to this:

A reach of an average 13.9 million (peak 19 million) viewers, with over 50 hours of consumption, purchase 450,000 copies of Joe McElderry’s single.

Spreadability, of not even 1 million locked-in, sharing individuals, leads up who knows how many impressions, purchasing 500,000 copies of Rage’s single.

That fact that a Social Media induced campaign, that admittedly did get attention in the press in the sales week, beat the weight of an average 13.9 million people consuming 50 hours of ‘message’ over 17 weeks, is not only a case study, but the case study to illustrate the power of Social Media. I really am astounded that people aren’t making more of a song and dance about it because this is huge.

Luckily, here I am to make a song and a dance.

I’ve been writing about this for most of the last 6 months (a collection of links here), but a lot people kicked back against what I was saying. Now, we have the case study. I wrote, also a while ago, that personal relationship is the new prerogative over public relations, and that Social Business heralds the shift from managing people like machine parts in a factory process to developing people and accessing the potential they have to learn and grow. In quite a poetic sense, this really is rage against the machine.

Down to my Framework

So, it’s about time we got to my framework and just a lil bit of bragging. I put this together in September this year to illustrate how spreadability is increasingly more important than reach, as I said above (“whilst reach can get the message before people’s eyes, spreadability gets the message into people’s mouths”, remember?)

As per the image below, you’ll see that I place TV as the pinnacle of spreadability for a static and governed medium. However with a dynamic and guided medium, a far higher level of spreadability is achieved. Note that this is not reach, it is spreadability. Spreadability is not about the message getting to everyone, it’s about the message getting to the right ones. By taking hands off of governing the message, and instead allowing the community to guide the message, the message becomes dynamic rather than static, entering the realm of ‘personal relationship‘ as opposed to ‘public relations‘. Anyway, here’s the framework:

Why this guidance, dynamic, homemade, personal relationship talk matters is because it allows the message to take on multiple forms and therefore becomes more personal and more relevant to more people. Quite litterally, people can make it their own. Another word for this is ‘translating’ – the understanding that you need people who can take your message and translate into the right motivational language for the hive that they influence. It’s like taking your message that’s 2D and then making a a multi-faceted diamond, each different facet communicating the same message in a slightly different way to meet the needs of a slightly different audience.

When you look at the X-Factor campaign, it has governance all over it. Professional at the highest level, every bit of hype, buzz, drama and emotion is factory-made and manipulated to push the audience towards financial commitments (just how the audience can take multiple sob stories of how “this is my whole life” every week just baffles the mind.) It’s also worth pointing out that the X-Factor is incredible expertiential and itself a very good example of the personalisation and Glocalisation that is happening in marketing.

Meanwhile the Rage campaign is not at all professional, but it is personal. Then didn’t create a Facebook vanity-url, have any kind of branding or copywriting expertise, or even run some kind of strategy from a centralised website full of share buttons. But when you look at their Facebook group you see community. You see people uploading the videos that motivate themselves, and in turn motivate others. You see people pitching in ideas, feeding back on sales and numbers, and warning each other not to buy bulk copies of the single. Other than a small note on both presences saying “Jon and Tracy”, you’d never know who was running the thing – the whole message belongs to the community – compared to the X-Factor, which has 13.9 million average viewers, none of which are under any impression that the X-Factor could ever belong to anyone else other than Cowell.

I’d like to be able to pull apart for you the exact components of how the Rage campaign won, but the mechanics are pretty simple:

The climate was one of some unrest about the predictability (and the factory-feel) of the mainstream. This helped the campaign tip, and for any Gladwell fans, illustrates the Law of Context.

The song choice mattered. The mainstream had well oiled machine with vast momentum, meaning the Rage campaign song had to be provocative in order to get any kind of attention – which is was. This meant more was at stake and a more emotional response was provoked, meaning there was a higher chance of action.

Converting passion into action happened. There had to be little inertia between joining the Rage campaign on Facebook and then purchasing the single – which there was in the form of digital download. This meant people could quickly turn their passion into action, and buy the single in a few clicks seeing as they were already sat at their computer. This probably wouldn’t of worked if people had to go and buy the single instore.

The campaign secured the right kind of online viral status through the above points. What helped it become viral was the totally homemade feel, and complete lack of branding, vanity urls, professionalism, etc. This makes it even more newsworthy, and more in line with the renegade spirit that it attached itself too.

The community was pretty tight, as seen by the high degree of commenting on wall posts on the Facebook page and group. This signifies self-moderation by the community. At this point, information travels very quickly between the community and subsequently out of the community. The fact that any action taken inside the group or page comes up on the users’ newsfeed means the message was continually being spread to their friends even if they didn’t intend to be do so.

So

In the end, Simon Cowell purportedly offered jobs to Jon and Tracy, but Jon says that haven’t received any offer (as far as they know), but have spoken to Simon on the phone. What if Simon Cowell has offered them the job? Wise move? What do you think? Do you think this kind of thing can be reproduced by corporates? Or does big business lack the authenticity and personal relationship to pull off not only viral campaigns but movements like this?

What lessons can be learnt here?

Let me hear you comments below.

Archived Comments

http://twitter.com/marshallk Marshall Kirkpatrick
Fascinating read, but eerie to think about its author being a marketer and “experience planner.” Can the corporate world replicate this kind of experience? Uh…would it be good or bad if it could? Also, the song in question isn’t just “provocative of emotional response” – it’s probably the best example of an anti-racist cultural phenomenon spread throughout white culture in the last 20 or 30 years, explicitly calling out closet racists as mainstream white people. Golly, could a Brand replicate the emotional impact of that? Please tell us, Mr. Corporate Experience Planner.

http://twitter.com/marshallk Marshall Kirkpatrick

sorry to be so hostile, but the I found the post above to be provocative of emotional response.

Scott Gould

Hi Marshall

I don’t know if you guys over at RWW still practice courtesy over there, or whether your “most widely read technology blogs” has elevated you above such courtesy, but personally I don’t like to attach someone when commenting on their blog for the first time, and also when missing the point of the article completely.

I’m not making a point about the cultural implications of the song, nor am I saying what’s right and what’s wrong. I’m discussing the fact that we have an incredible case study here, one that I’ve tried to provide some kind of understanding to. As I writer, I’m sure you get criticised a lot – many times when people misunderstand what it is that you are saying – and I believe you have done the same here to me.

Furthermore, I’m not a ‘corporate’ experience planner. Tell me, which corporates have I worked with? To the best of my knowledge it is none. Then again, if you’d done some research, you would’ve seen this.

And my question over whether a brand could replicate what this article about is to open discussion. I don’t think it can – but some people think it could. It’s all part of not thinking you’ve got everything right.

I know I’m not one of your celebrity blogger friends – but please, afford me some level of dignity, rather than sarcasm.

Scott Gould

Would you like me to do a favour and put the link to Mashables review of the situation here, so you can comment there? Or is that too pubic a place, whereas here no one will notice?

Or is it that I’m trying to provide frameworks people can use rather than the typical, same-old same-old reporting nonsense you see there?

http://twitter.com/MHowitt Martin Howitt

er….um… and your point is? care to comment on the article itself? I thought it was useful and insightful, containing a nice dollop of original thinking and analysis without being overly dense and geeky.

I couldn’t care less about what the author does for a living. I can certainly use the framework in my own line of work, which incidentally is nothing to do with marketing, experience planning, or even social media.

If it was my blog, I would have deleted your comment. Because it was rubbish.

annholman

Great post Scott, if it helps it got me thinking a lot. Marketing is about the spreading of ideas and as you say spreadability is perhaps overtaking reach.

For those doubters, case studies are starting to appear from Dell, to the new VW Golf GTI, to how the music business is going to work in the future. Scott’s post is well worth the read and is telling us something fundamental….things have shifted and big time!

Thanks also cos’ I’ve got a two new words for my book “courtesy” and “constructive.”

http://www.davidandcharles.co.uk/ James Woollam

I thought this was a really helpful post. The important thing about this case study is that it helps add weight to the need for organisations (whether corporate or otherwise) to embrace social media. As to whether this success can be reproduced by corporates, it would be naive to believe you can replicate this scale again and again, but there are lots of opportunities through creative thinking around your message to build community in this way.

Scott Gould

Ann, glad this helped you out. Must confess, I was expecting there to be interest in this case study, as I think it’s a pretty significant event!

Scott Gould

James I’m with you in the opinion that you can’t replicate something like this. The context was too important to the spreading of the message to pull this out every week

http://twitter.com/Alheri Lilly Evans

Like your distinctions and the elaboration. The campaign and #RATM hashtag on Twitter got me to listen to BBCR1 Top 100 ( last hour and a half) first time in almost 20y! I wonder what their listening figures will be.

Scott Gould

Thanks Lilly – glad I could add some value!

Tis interesting how this has captured the nation in another sense!

http://twitter.com/jedlangdon Jed Langdon

Hi Scott. Great summary of the X-Factor vs RATM battle. I completely agree that relevance and spreadability are one of the key components of Marketing/PR. Because consumers have been bombarded with so many Ads and messages through the mainstream media over the years, the majority have begun to block them out entirely. Therefore, the beauty of Social Media is that it allows the consumer to pick out the messages/products/services/networks that are most relevant to them.

I think the true extent to which spreadability becomes more powerful than reach remains to be seen, but there is growing evidence that this is happening and it will be interesting to see more case studies like this emerge.

I would like to reply to Marshall’s comment below, but I’m not entirely sure what his point is, or how it is relevant to the points you were trying to make…..

Jed

Gareth Harris

The reason the campaign worked for me was the choice of song. The same people tried to dethrone X Factor the previous year with Rick Astley as the chosen challenger but failed to make any dent on the chart. The choice of RATM and Killing In The Name allowed many people to create their own reasons for backing the campaign (at various stages we had a bit of fun, supporting the charity Shelter, a fight for real music) so it became a nebulously hard target for media commentators to cynic against.

One thing that should be pointed out though is that 500k didn’t buy RATM – it was carefully explained how to buy from multiple accounts from different retailers to ensure each sale counted, and then when it looked like RATM might lose out the free Nokia offer suddenly appeared on the Facebook group allowing users to “buy” multiple versions of the song, whose sales would all be chart eligible and collated towards the final total, without “campaigners” spending a penny.

Scott Gould

Thanks Jed. I’m just trying to illustrate what made this work in what is a huge demonstration of the power of Social Media in comparison to main stream media.

Whether or not, as Gareth above writes, there was manipulation, the point still stands that Social Media has been used to orchestrate this.

Scott Gould

Hey Gareth – thanks for the ocmment. Yes, Jon and Tracy attempted the same stunt last year (with Rick Astley’s Never Gonna Give You Up) – and so the song did make a big difference and created a fight that provoked stronger emotion. I pointed this out as a key contributor – and it’s also important to note that Social Media has more power now than it did a year ago – which is most true of Twitter.

Whether or not people did buy multiple tracks or not doesn’t, in my opinion, detract from the powerful display that has been made. I really don’t think that many people would be purchasing lots of copies of the single when most people only considered this to be a pipe dream of sorts – from what I can tell.

http://twitter.com/sixteenvoices Paul Whaley

sorry to be so hostile, but the I found the post above to be provocative of emotional response.

ahem.

http://twitter.com/sixteenvoices Paul Whaley

Don’t see why a brand couldn’t, in principle, replicate something like this.

Wasn’t the move to fake Joe Schmoes endorsing a Product X part of a marketing strategy to at least make it seem to other Joes that their peers approved of the product? It works, even when people know it’s fake.

I’m wondering if social media isn’t just way of upping the ante a bit – one has to secure genuine endorsement, but the social media marketing world is already trying to do this, no?

I guess this really is a question about relationships – will anyone ever really like the next X Factor song enough to form a facebook group to promote it? I don’t see why not. Let’s wait and see what Cowell gets up to next year – we could have a “how corporates learned from RATM how to make social media marketing work for them, too” case study.

While I’m banging on, it seems to me that since the social media campaign did, basically, jigger the outcome by allowing a small group to organise themselves to beat the system (plus my bet is the papers picking this up made a big difference) I don’t think it’s totally straightforward to conclude that social media makes for effective marketing, as much as it shows how much power a social network has – and therefore how empowering social media can be for groups with an agenda.

As more of a campaigner than someone selling large numbers of records, I think the important observation here is how a small number of people can make one heck of a lot of noise. Especially if you can secure “reach” for your “spreadable” message.

Is that enough? I think so.

kingColon

Some interesting thoughts and food for thought. Makes for interesting reading.