Sequencing a Genome:
Inside the Washington University
Genome Sequencing Center
Activity Supplement
Paper PCR
(DNA Amplification)
Project Outline
The multimedia project Sequencing a Genome: Inside the Washington University Genome
Sequencing Center is aimed at increasing the scientific literacy of biology students in the
technology of genomic sequencing.
The following four video pieces are included on VHS cassette or CD:
A guided tour of the Washington University Genome Sequencing Center, providing a
look at the labs and offices that make up the preparation, production, and data
management facilities. Includes animated explanations of the processes used to
sequence genomic DNA.
Exploration of current genomic research in pathogenic bacteria through an interview
with a molecular microbiologist.
Information about careers available at the Genome Sequencing Center presented
through interviews with actual employees.
An animated explanation of the chemistry of cycle sequencing using
dideoxynucleotides.
Additional CD features include scripts of the video pieces, links to additional resources, and
a glossary of terms.
As the scientific procedures presented in the video tour are complex, simple activities were
specifically designed to better explain and reinforce the key concepts of restriction fragment
mapping, PCR, sequencing, and electropherogram interpretation. The following paper
modeling activity is an inexpensive and simple solution to presenting PCR.
Paper PCR
Acknowledgments
This project was funded in part by a Professorship Award to Dr. Sarah C.R. Elgin from
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). Additional support was provided by the National
Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) through its funding of the Washington
University Genome Sequencing Center Outreach Program.
Editors
Sarah C.R. Elgin, Washington University Department of Biology
Susan K. Flowers, Washington University Science Outreach
Writers
Juanita Chambers, Saint Louis Public Schools
Carla L. Easter, Washington University Genome Sequencing Center
Susan K. Flowers, Washington University Science Outreach
Gabriella Farkas, Washington University Department of Biology
Paper Model Illustrator
Gabriella Farkas, Washington University Department of Biology
Inquiries about this project may be directed to Susan Flowers, Washington University
Science Outreach, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
flowers@wustl.edu, (314) 935-4217
Paper PCR
PAPER PCR
TEACHER MANUAL
Lesson Overview
Paper PCR is designed to provide your students with a deeper understanding of PCR
and DNA amplification through readings, hands-on paper modeling, and completion of a
worksheet. They will read about the required reaction components and thermal cycling and
then model the actions of the components in a paper simulation of three cycles of PCR.
Student pairs will play the part of Taq DNA polymerase, making several copies of a
particular DNA sequence of interest. The whole class will represent several reactions
occurring simultaneously in a single reaction tube. You will play the part of the PCR
machine, directing the timed changes in temperatures during the three cycles of PCR. The
students must blindly select one base at a time from a grab bag and put incorrect bases back
into the grab bag as they go. The copy masters have sufficient components to model three
cycles of PCR. The worksheet will ask them to explain the actions of the components and
think about possible applications of PCR technology.
Paper PCR is specifically designed to precede Paper Terminators, as a fundamental
understanding of PCR technology is critical to understanding PCR-based dye terminator
sequencing.
Timeline
The background reading, paper modeling, and worksheet require 50 minutes to
complete. The supplemental reading should only require 5 minutes and could be assigned as
homework.
Materials
For each pair of students:
1 DNA Template (blue)
7 Forward Primers (green)
7 Reverse Primers (green)
1 Nucleotide Grab Bag (envelope) containing the following:
36 As (white)
36 Ts (white)
36 Cs (white)
36 Gs (white)
1 roll of transparent tape
Advance Preparation
• You will need to print and cut out one complete set of copy masters per pair of
students. The paper pieces will be much more durable if they are laminated before
they are cut out and lamination will ensure that you will be able to use the models
year after year.
• Black print on white paper may be used, but using different colored papers will help
students recognize the different components of the PCR reaction. If you choose to do
Paper PCR
this, we suggest you print the DNA Template page on blue paper, the Forward Primer
and Reverse Primer pages on green, and the Nucleotide pages on white.
• Cut out the DNA Template and tape it together as indicated. It should result in a 16
base pair long double-stranded fragment with the following nucleotide sequence:
TAGTCACGCTAAGTCT
ATCAGTGCGATTCAGA
• The double-stranded DNA Template will need to be separated into two
complementary single strands before the activity can begin. You can choose to cut
the DNA Template ahead of time, or have your students do this as a part of
denaturing the DNA Template for the first cycle of PCR.
Hints and Troubleshooting
• You may find it necessary to demonstrate the paper modeling to the class before
allowing the student pairs to work on their own. We suggest making overhead
transparencies of the copy masters.
• If the DNA Template appears to be too long for your students to handle, the middle
segment can be eliminated, resulting in the following 11 base pair fragment:
TAGTCAAGTCT
ATCAGTTCAGA
Supplemental Reading
“PCR: The Accidental Discovery of Something Obvious”
Your World/Our World Volume 5, Issue No. 2, pages 12-13
http://www.biotechinstitute.org/yourworld.html
Answers to Student Worksheet
1. What are the four main components of a PCR DNA amplification reaction?
DNA template, Taq DNA polymerase, oligonucleotide primers, and nucleotides
2. What is the name for the first step of thermal cycling? ___denaturing_______________
3. Describe what occurs during this first step.
The reaction mixture is heated up to 96˚C so that the double-stranded DNA template
denatures and becomes single-stranded.
4. What is the name for the second step of thermal cycling? ___annealing______________
5. Describe what occurs during this second step.
The reaction mixture is cooled down to 50˚C so that the oligonucleotide primers can
base pair with, or anneal to, the DNA template.
6. What is the name for the third step of thermal cycling? ____extension_______________
7. Describe what occurs during this third step.
The reaction mixture is warmed up to 60˚C, so Taq DNA polymerase can perform
synthesis. Taq puts free-floating nucleotides into the correct places along the DNA
template so that a new complementary strand of DNA is extended from the primer.
8. How is PCR technique like a chain letter?
Every time a chain letter is sent out, the number of new chain letters generated
increases exponentially. Every time a round of PCR is completed, the number of
DNA copies generated increases exponentially.
Paper PCR
9. Describe some beneficial uses of PCR technology.
Possible answers may include identification of criminal suspects, paternity testing, or
genetic disease diagnosis.
Paper PCR
COPY MASTER
DNA Template (blue paper)
Paper PCR
COPY MASTER
Forward Primer (green paper)
Paper PCR
COPY MASTER
Reverse Primer (green paper)
Paper PCR
COPY MASTER
Nucleotide A (white paper)
Paper PCR
COPY MASTER
Nucleotide T (white paper)
Paper PCR
COPY MASTER
Nucleotide C (white paper)
Paper PCR
COPY MASTER
Nucleotide G (white paper)
Paper PCR
PAPER PCR
STUDENT MANUAL
Background Information
The term PCR is an acronym that stands for the phrase polymerase chain reaction.
PCR is a scientific technique used to amplify, or create millions of identical copies of, a
particular DNA sequence, all within a tiny reaction tube. You can think of this procedure as
similar to the DNA replication that occurs in your body cells every time they divide.
However, PCR is different in two major ways. First, PCR only copies a specific region of
DNA (rather than your entire genome). And second, it makes millions of copies of DNA
(rather than just one).
PCR is an incredibly powerful tool that scientists use to analyze DNA. We refer to
these kinds of reactions as DNA amplification reactions, although most people just call them
PCR reactions. You may be most familiar with the use of PCR reactions in constructing
human DNA profiles or “fingerprints” that can be used for forensics, paternity testing, and
genetic disease diagnosis.
So, what things do you need to put into a tiny reaction tube to do a PCR-based DNA
amplification reaction? Let’s deal with each of the key components separately so you can
understand the role that each one plays in the reaction.
DNA Template – This is double-stranded genomic DNA isolated from the cells of
the organism being studied. It can be human DNA, plant DNA, mouse DNA,
bacterial DNA, whatever DNA you would like to have copied! The point is that if
you would like to copy something, then you must have a master template from which
to start.
Taq DNA Polymerase – This enzyme can add complementary nucleotides to a DNA
strand during DNA synthesis. It is similar to the human DNA polymerase responsible
for copying your genome every time one of your body cells divides.
Oligonucleotide Primers – These are short pieces of single-stranded DNA that
match up to DNA sequences flanking (to either side of) the region of genomic DNA
that you would like to copy. One is a forward primer and one is a reverse primer.
When they have bound to the complementary sequences on the genomic DNA
template strand, they show the Taq where to start DNA synthesis. The “oligos” or
“primers” are responsible for making sure that only the region of interest is copied.
Nucleotides – Free floating single nucleotides must be present in the reaction because
they are what the Taq puts in place during DNA synthesis. We can’t copy DNA if we
don’t have something to make the copies with! So we must have As, Ts, Cs, and Gs
in our reaction tube.
Unfortunately, we can’t just micropipette all of these components into a tube and expect new
DNA strands to magically synthesize. There is another critical part to PCR and this is the
thermal cycling.
Paper PCR
Specific changes in temperature, or thermal cycling, are what make the PCR DNA
amplification reaction work. There are three different temperatures involved and a specific
thing happens to the reaction components at each of those temperatures. Let’s look at each
one separately.
STEP 1 – DENATURING
The reaction mixture is heated up to 96˚C so that the double-stranded DNA template
denatures and becomes single-stranded. (This high temperature breaks the hydrogen
bonds between the complementary bases in double-stranded DNA.)
STEP 2 – ANNEALING
The reaction mixture is cooled down to 50˚C so that the oligonucleotide primers can
base pair with, or anneal to, the DNA template. (This cooler temperature allows
hydrogen bonds to form between complementary bases.)
STEP 3 – EXTENSION
The reaction mixture is warmed up to 60˚C, so Taq DNA polymerase can perform
DNA synthesis. Taq can recognize an oligonucleotide primer as a starting point for
DNA synthesis. It is able to put free-floating nucleotides into the correct places along
the DNA template so that a new complementary strand of DNA is extended from the
primer.
So, how do we get our tiny reaction tube to go through this series of temperatures?
The tube is placed in a PCR machine, or thermal cycler, which is able to make rapid
transitions between the different temperatures. Each time the reaction mixture is heated for
denaturing, cooled for annealing, and warmed for extending, more DNA fragments are
created. The reaction mixture in a single tiny tube can generate millions of copies of the
region of interest. How is this possible? In the first round of PCR, only the initial genomic
DNA serves as a template. However, in the second and all subsequent rounds of PCR, the
newly synthesized copies can also be used as templates. This concept will become clear as
you and your partner complete the Paper PCR modeling activity that follows.
Activity Overview
In this activity, you and a partner will play the part of Taq DNA polymerase as you
amplify, or make several copies of, a particular DNA sequence of interest. Your whole class
will represent several DNA amplification reactions occurring simultaneously in a single
reaction tube. Your teacher will play the part of the PCR machine, directing the timed
changes in temperatures during three cycles of PCR.
Paper PCR
Materials
1 DNA Template (blue)
7 Forward Primers (green)
7 Reverse Primers (green)
1 Nucleotide Grab Bag (envelope) containing the following:
36 As
36 Ts
36 Cs
36 Gs
1 roll of transparent tape
Procedure
1. Locate all of the materials listed above. Lay out your double-stranded DNA
Template in front of you and your partner. Wait for your teacher (the PCR machine)
to start the first cycle of PCR.
2. Your teacher will indicate that the PCR machine has reached a temperature of 96˚C.
You may now denature your DNA Template, or separate it into two single strands of
DNA. Slide one strand in front of you and slide the complementary strand in front of
your partner.
3. Your teacher will indicate that the PCR machine has dropped to a temperature of
50˚C. You and your partner may now anneal Oligonucleotide Primers to the
complementary bases at each end of your single-stranded DNA Templates. One of
you will be using a Forward Primer one of you will be using a Reverse Primer,
depending upon which single-stranded DNA Template you have in front of you. (The
Forward Primer will match up at the left end of one DNA Template and the Reverse
Primer will match up on the right end of the other DNA Template.) Lay your Primer
down so that the correct bases match up to those on your DNA Template.
4. Your teacher will indicate that the PCR machine has heated up to a temperature of
60˚C. You will now act as Taq DNA Polymerase, extending a complementary strand
of DNA out from your Oligonucleotide Primer, one base at a time. To do this, you
and your partner will each blindly choose a nucleotide from the Nucleotide Grab Bag.
a. If your selected nucleotide does NOT correctly match up to the corresponding
base on the DNA Template, then you must put it back in the Nucleotide Grab
Bag and select again.
b. If your selected nucleotide correctly matches up to the corresponding base on
the DNA Template then you may lay it down and tape it to the end of the
Primer.
5. Keep selecting nucleotides and putting them in place, taping each one to the previous
one, until you have completed the whole double-stranded DNA fragment. Notice that
Paper PCR
you and your partner now have identical double-stranded DNA fragments! You have
used PCR to make an identical copy of your original DNA Template!
6. Your teacher will indicate that the PCR machine has once again reached a
temperature of 96˚C. You may now denature your double-stranded DNA fragment.
Notice that one strand is from the original DNA Template and one strand was newly
synthesized in the first round of PCR. Both of these will be used as templates in the
second round of PCR.
7. Your teacher will indicate that the PCR machine has dropped to a temperature of
50˚C. You may now anneal new Oligonucleotide Primers to the complementary
bases at each end of your two single-stranded DNA Templates. One strand will
require a Forward Primer and one will require a Reverse Primer.
8. Your teacher will indicate that the PCR machine has heated up to a temperature of
60˚C. You will again act as Taq DNA Polymerase, extending a complementary
strand of DNA out from your Oligonucleotide Primer, one base at a time. It is going
to get complicated, as you and your partner are each now synthesizing on two
separate DNA Templates. When you have finished, you and your partner should
have four identical copies of double-stranded DNA. The second round of PCR
doubled your total number of DNA fragments again!
9. Follow your teacher’s instructions through the temperature changes for a third cycle
of PCR. When you have finished, you and your partner should have eight identical
copies of double-stranded DNA in front of you.
10. Complete the Paper PCR Worksheet that follows.
11. Take apart all of your model pieces and return them to the Nucleotide Grab Bag.
Paper PCR
Name ______________________________________ Class Hour ________ Date
________
Paper PCR Worksheet
1. What are the four main components of a PCR DNA amplification reaction?
2. What is the name for the first step of thermal cycling? ___________________________
3. Describe what occurs during this first step.
4. What is the name for the second step of thermal cycling? _________________________
5. Describe what occurs during this second step.
6. What is the name for the third step of thermal cycling? ___________________________
7. Describe what occurs during this third step.
8. How is PCR technique like a chain letter?
9. Describe some beneficial uses of PCR technology.
Paper PCR