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Designing Next Generation Smart City Initiatives:Harnessing Findings And Lessons From A Study Of Ten Smart City Programs

The proliferation of “Smart Cities” initiatives around the world is part of the strategic response by governments to the challenges and opportunities of increasing urbanization and the rise of cities as the nexus of societal development. As a framework for urban transformation, Smart City initiatives aim to harness Information and Communication Technologies and Knowledge Infrastructures for economic regeneration, social cohesion, better city administration and infrastructure management. However, experiences from earlier Smart City initiatives have revealed several technical, management and governance challenges arising from the inherent nature of a Smart City as a complex “Socio- technical System of Systems”. While these early lessons are informing modest objectives for planned Smart Cities programs, no rigorous developed framework based on careful analysis of existing initiatives is available to guide policymakers, practitioners, and other Smart City stakeholders. In response to this need, this paper presents a “Smart City Initiative Design (SCID) Framework” grounded in the findings from the analysis of ten major Smart Cities programs from Netherlands, Sweden, Malta, United Arab Emirates, Portugal, Singapore, Brazil, South Korea, China and Japan. The findings provide a design space for the objectives, implementation options, strategies, and the enabling institutional and governance mechanisms for Smart City initiatives.

3.
2-year research on state of
research and practice of smart
cities to inform Smart City
related Policy for the Macao
SAR Government
Some Background
Part of an International Smart Cities
Research/Practice Consortium
composed of international research
teams from the US, Canada, Mexico,
Colombia, China and Ireland.

4.
What is a Smart City?
Several definitions emerged in last few years describing the concept. One
definition attempting to capture emerging dimensions of the concept is :
A city in which investments in human and social capital and modern
ICT infrastructure and e-services fuel sustainable growth and quality
of life, enabled by a wise management of natural resources and
through participative government [Caragliu et al., 2009]

5.
Framework Design Goals
Support knowledge and decision needs of Smart City
policymakers in City Governments responsible for
planning Smart City initiatives
Q1: What kinds of outcomes could city residents and other
stakeholders desire with regards to transformation of the City?
Q2: What aspects of City life should be transformed to achieve the
desired outcomes?
Q3: What types of Initiatives can achieve these outcomes?
Q4: What types of concrete objectives can be set for the initiatives?
Q5: What factors contribute to successful Smart City initiatives?
Q6: What are common difficulties faced by managers of Smart City
initiatives?
Q7: What are the typical mechanisms deployed to address
success factors and challenges in Smart City initiatives?

6.
Research Approach
!
Design Process follows DSR guidelines by (Hevner et al., 2004)
1) Identification and motivation of problem
2) Definition of objectives for the framework
3) Design and development of the SCID Framework
4) Demonstration of use of the Framework
5) Evaluation of framework
6) Communication of the framework
At least one iteration has been carried out in each step of the
process.

7.
10 Smart City Cases
Selected Smart Cities initiatives which were considered as good
practices in different policy domains

10.
SCID Elements
Q1: What kinds of outcomes could city residents and other
stakeholders desire with regards to transformation of the City?
Q2: What aspects of the City life should be transformed to achieve
the desired outcomes?
Q3: What types of Initiatives can be pursued towards achieving
these outcomes?
Q4: What types of concrete objectives can be set for these
initiatives?
Q5: What factors contribute to successful Smart City initiatives
Q6: What are the common difficulties faced by managers of Smart
City initiatives?
Q7: What are the typical mechanisms deployed to address
success factors and challenges in Smart City initiatives?

16.
(Q4) Strategies for Initiatives
Exemplar Strategies for major dimensions
Environment Energy Transportation
1. Water management
2. Open and green
space development
3. Material flow and
recycling
4. Sustainable city
operations
5. Land use planning
6. Sustainable
agriculture and
natural resource
management
7. Waste
management.
1. Adoption of energy efficient
practices particularly in
building designs
2. Use of renewable energy
such as biogas and wind
energy by households
3. Use of smart grid
technologies and
deployment of energy
management system at the
community
4. Education of children
through projects on how to
save energy
5. Promotion of the use of e-
vehicles and hybrids
1. Accessibility rather than
mobility in trans. planning
2. Provision of networks for non-
motorized transportation
(bicycles and walking)
3. Prioritization parking for fuel-
efficient and low emitting
vehicles in public places
4. Use of e-vehicles for public
transport with charging
stations across the city
5. Integration of land-use and
public fare collection
6. Adoption of transit-oriented
development in urban
planning.

17.
(Q4) Strategies for Environment
Dimension
Initiative Strategies
Waste
Management
1 Waste separation into dry recyclables; wet recyclable, residuals & solid waste.
(Masdar) (Curitiba)
2 Designed to encourage recycling in low-income areas where it was more difficult to
reach by the conventional waste management system. (Curitiba)
3 Involved children in the program by exchanging recyclable garbage for school
supplies, chocolates, and food parcel. (Curitiba)
4 Hired retired and unemployed residents temporarily to clean up specific areas of the
city where litter has accumulated. (Masdar)
5 Minimize the amount of waste, make reuse and recycling possible and enable the use
of waste and sewage as an energy source. (Malmo)
6 Construction of waste separation system in buildings. (Malmo)
7 Food waste is primarily collected to produce bio-gas for vehicle fuel. (Malmo)

18.
(Q5) Critical Success Factors
Program Success Factor Keyword
Curitiba Leadership and adherence to smart transportation planning has helped
Curitiba strive towards becoming a sustainable city while gaining a
strong reputation as a great example of successful urban planning.
Leadership and
adherence to
implementation
IPPUC’s creation was an essential to ensure long-term implementation
of city plans. IPPUC was effective in ensuring planning continuity and
success regardless of political, economic, and social challenges, and
made substantial contributions as a laboratory for finding creative,
integrated solutions to urban planning problems.
Creation of
research and
Think-tank
Institution
1. Political leadership
2. Adoption of integrated, holistic and whole of government
approach to smart city development
3. Creation of dedicated research and think-tank institution to
support program
4. Non-compromising on core values
5. Ensuring creativity but affordability of solutions
6. Comprehensive master-planning
7. Regulations and standards for stakeholders
8. Build stakeholder collaboration, industry partnerships and
citizens’ participation

22.
Evaluation
Initial user feedback was positive
• Enables clear process for planning smart city
initiatives for targeted users’ decision making
needs
• Options provided are useful
• Framework aligned with their IT Management
practices in areas such as portfolio
management, strategic alignment, and benefits
management
• More support needed for specific choices with
respect to critical success factors and challenges

23.
Conclusion
The Smart City Initiative Design (SCID)
Framework is a design tool to assist Smart City
policymakers and practitioners in making
planning decisions for Smart City initiatives
Limitations & Future Work
• Utility of the tool is partly related to the richness
and freshness of its knowledge base.
• Continue work on dissemination of the tool,
monitoring, and evaluation of its use in more
diverse environments and its periodic update