11. Discuss the prevailing patterns of organization in the animal kingdom; Unicellular,

Multicellular/ Diploblastic, Multicellular/ Triploblastic.

12. Define coelom and discuss the coelom in relationship to Acoelomate,

Pseudocoelomate and Eucoelomate animals.

Resources: ZOOLOGY The Animal Kingdom

UNIT 2: Kingdom Protista

1. State the estimated number of named species and briefly describe their distribution.

2. Summarize the classification scheme of the Kingdom Protista.

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3. Identify the key characteristics used to separate protozoan animals into their

individual phylum and class.

4. Describe the symbiotic relationships that the protozoan commonly employ for

survival.

5. Describe the primary means with which the protozoan acquire food.

6. Discuss both the economic benefits and harm of the animals in this kingdom.

7. Describe and discuss amoeboid movement with pseudopodia as well as locomotion

employing cilia and flagella.

8. State the two prevailing hypotheses of how cilia work.

9. Define the term a cellular, and tell why it may be more suitable than the term one celled , in describing protozoa.

10. Describe the action and function of contractile vacuoles.

11. Define organelle. Describe the form and function of organelles observed in the laboratory specimens.

12. Describe the coordinated mechanisms and taxis ( taxis- responses) of these genera:

Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena and Plasmodium.

13. Outline the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica, state the importance of amoebiasis, and describe control measures.

14. Describe cyst formation in protozoa and its effect on life cycles and distribution. Utilize the flagellate of the genus Trypanosoma as an example.

15. State the significance of the foraminifera and radiolaria in the formation of layers in the earth's crust.

16. Use the diversity among different species of flagellated protozoa to justify the idea that flagellates may represent the primitive group from which other protozoa, the sponges and plants may have evolved.

17. Describe the variation in asexual and sexual reproduction in different groups within the kingdom.

18. Outline the life cycle of Trypanosoma gambiense, state the importance of African sleeping sickness, and describe control measures.

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19. Outline the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, state the importance of malaria .

20. Differentiate between the classes Phytomastigophorea and Zoomastigophorea.

21. Explain how gas exchange and excretion occur in protozoa, and why special

structures for these functions are not necessary.

22. Describe the importance of protozoa in aquatic food chains.

23. List the possible habitats of members of the different classes of protozoa.

Resources: ZOOLOGY The Animal Kingdom

UNIT 3: Phylum Porifera and Phylum Cnidaria (Sponges and Radiates)

1. Explain the basis for separating the sponges into the three classes, Calcarea,

Hexactinellida and Demospongiae, and state the composition of the supporting

structures in the members of each class.

2. Describe the tissues, organs, nerves, coordination, digestive system and general activity .

3. Describe the forms and functions of the following sponge cell types, and list any synonyms of these terms: choanocyte, pinacocyte, porocyte, myocyte, scleroblast, , archaeocyte.

4. Define sessile and describe how this term applies to the phylums porifera and

cnidaria.

5. List the primary building materials used by sponges.

6. Diagram various forms of spicules used by sponges to construct their skeleton.

7. Trace the pathway of a food molecule through a common sponge.

8. Detail the three canal systems used by sponges. Highlight specifically the increase in surface area enabling sponges to attain larger sizes.

9. Discuss reproductive strategies of the sponges. Highlight the use of gemmules by freshwater sponges. Also discuss the lack of differentiation among the sponges allowing them great powers of regeneration.

10. Explain why coelenterates (cnidarians) are referred to as animals of the tissue grade of construction.

2. Appreciate that the ability to move potentially allows parasites to be more harmful to their hosts. Form an opinion as to whether the parasites in the phylum nematode adhere to the rules of being a parasite.

3. Discuss the advent of the pseudocoel and contrast this development with the coelom of the previous group.

4. Discuss common trends within the roundworms, specifically, a complete digestive tract, non-cellular cuticle made of collagen, ecdysis, parthenogenesis .

14. Discuss the impact and diseases caused world wide by the nematode worms in the previous objective.

15. Describe the size, general appearance and distribution of rotifers.

16. Describe the food habits and method of feeding of rotifers, including the function of the corona, mastax and trophi.

17. Define syncytium and describe the unique features of the cell arrangement in

rotifers.

18. Define parthenogenesis and out-ling the reproductive pattern of a rotifer species in which there are no males.

19. Outline the reproductive pattern in a rotifer species in which males occur including the capabilities of amictic and mictic females.

20. Describe the developments in each of the following areas: excretion, digestion, nervous function, muscular system and reproduction.

Resources: ZOOLOGY The Animal Kingdom

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UNIT 6: Eucoelomate Animals: Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks)

1. Diagram and discuss the schizocoel and enterocoel hypotheses of coelom

development.

2. Define the terms protostome and deuterostome. Discuss the differences between the two forms of development.

3. Summarize the evidence which places the mollusks where they are in relationship to the annelids on the phylogenetic tree.

4. Compare the size and diversity of the Phylum Mollusca with other phyla.

5. List the seven classes of mollusks, give any common names for each class, and representatives of each class.

6. List and briefly describe the mollusk characteristics of shell, mantle, radula and foot in each of the seven classes.

7. Diagram and describe the three layers of a typical mollusk shell.

8. Describe the formation of a pearl.

9. Use the variation within the mollusks to illustrate what is meant by adaptive radiation, and relate the success of the mollusks in adaptive radiation to the new phylum characteristics and the conditions at the time the phylum evolved.

10. Compare the mollusk circulatory system and oxygen-combining pigment with those of earlier phyla.

11. Detail the benefits that mollusks provide man, particularly the economic benefits. Contrast the economic benefits of this group with the economic impacts of the previous groups discussed in this class.

12. Describe gastropod torsion and the conditions that result from this process.

13. Define operculum and radula.

14. Describe coiling in gastropods. Identify the differences between gastropoda and scaphopoda.

15. List characteristics of the 2 subclasses of gastropods, the scophopoda

16. Outline the life cycle of a typical freshwater clam.

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17. Briefly describe the anatomy and functioning of the respiratory system, digestive system, circulatory system, excretory system and reproductive system of the clam.

18. Describe the foot in each class, and the general arrangement of the digestive tract.

19. Name the unique organ in the mollusk mouth which is used for feeding.

20. Detail the role of the crystalline style in the digestive system of a clam. Trace the route of a food particle through the digestive system of a clam starting with entry into the clam and ending with exiting of waste.

21. Briefly describe the method of movement, activities in general and the feeding method of members of each class.

22. Summarize the ways in which cephalopods are more complex than the other kinds of mollusks.

23. Compare the circulatory system of the cephalopods to that of the bivalves and higher organisms such as chordates.

14. List the seven classes of vertebrates and give examples and main distinguishing

characteristics of each.

15. List and describe four major advances displayed by the subphylum vertebrata over previously studied groups.

.

Resources: ZOOLOGY The Animal Kingdom

UNIT 11: Sub-Phylum Vertebrata, Agnatha

1. Briefly describe the excretory, skeletal, muscle and nervous systems and method of feeding of the supposed immediate ancestor of the first vertebrate, and relate each of these characteristics to its function in the evolution of fish.

2. Create a fish family tree showing the relationship of the,

Cyclostomata, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.

3. Draw a family tree of the Osteichthyes showing the relationship between the lobefins and the ray fins; describe any outstanding features of each group.

4. Describe the basic differences between pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros , kidneys, and relate each type to the vertebrate group in which it is found.

5. Describe the external appearance of lampreys .

6. Outline the life cycle of the sea lamprey, including the apparent trigger for

metamorphosis.

7. List the ways in which the Chondrichthyes are more advanced than the cyclostomes.

8. Describe the heterocercal tail of the shark. Describe in detail how the body plan of the shark helps it achieve lift.

9. Describe the respiratory apparatus of the shark and special problems it encounters because it lacks an operculum.

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10. Compare the most common reproductive patterns in sharks and in bony fish.

11. State the original function of the swim bladder, and describe the extent to which it is still used for that function in the different osteichthyes.

12. Describe the anatomy and function of the lateral line system, and name the fish groups which have this organ.

13. Compare and contrast the homocercal tail of the bony fish with the heterocercal tail of the sharks.

14. Describe the differences between ram ventilation, the usage of spiracles and the countercurrent mechanism employed by fish to accomplish respiration.

16. Name the fish groups in which the notochord is completely replaced by vertebrae.

15. Name and describe the characteristics of the two main body patterns in the

teleosts, and give examples of local fish representing each body pattern.

16. List and briefly describe the ways in which the bony fish are more advanced than the shark group and cyclostomes.

Resources: ZOOLOGY The Animal Kingdom

UNIT 12: Sub-Phylum Vertebrata, Class Amphibia (Amphibians)

1. Give the main characteristics and list some representatives of each of these orders:

Anura, Apoda and Caudata.

2. Describe the method of fertilization, and the unique characteristics of a fertilized frog egg.

3. Describe why cleavage and embryo formation must be slightly different in the sea star, frog and bird, and state which is considered to show the most basic embryo development for this evolutionary line.

4. Summarize the changes which occur in the metamorphosis of a tadpole into a frog, including changes in the digestive system and feeding methods, gas exchange, locomotion, nervous system and general form.

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5. Relate amphibian evolution to the time and geologic period in which amphibia first appeared became the dominant land animals and were succeeded by the reptiles.

6. List the reasons why amphibia were able to evolve and diversify relatively rapidly.

7. State how and to what extent the amphibia solved these problems of land living: water loss, gas exchange, reproduction, circulatory system modification, locomotion, support, feeding and nutrition, temperature regulation.

8. Describe the habitat and unique features of the blindworms.

9. List the common names of several salamanders, or members of the order Caudata, and state the size range of different species of salamanders.

10. Describe the unique features of the life cycles of the American newt, Necturus .

14. Amphibian anatomy exsample , necturus .

Resources: ZOOLOGY The Animal Kingdom

UNIT 13: Sub-Phylum Vertebrata, Class Reptilia (Reptiles)

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1. List and detail nine characteristics of reptiles that allowed a complete break from dependence upon water.

2. Describe the way in which the heart of alligators and crocodiles is different from other reptiles.

3. State the type of kidney which reptiles have, and name the other classes of

vertebrates which have this kidney.

4. Describe how the reptilian kidney assists in water conservation, and state what the liquid waste excreted by reptiles consists of.

5. Describe the unique arrangement of the pectoral and pelvic girdles in the turtles.

6. List the suborders of the Order Squamata and give some representatives of each suborder.

7. Name the most specialized and also the most successful group of modern day

3. Summarize the adaptive trends of the mammals. (increase in body size, decrease In number of teeth, increase in length and strength of legs, increased radiation into new habitats, increase in size of brain.)

4. List the orders of mammals. State the distinguishing characteristics of each order and give common representatives of each.

5. Define terms herbivorous, carnivorous, insectivorous and omnivorous. Name some animals in each group.

6. List and briefly describe the mammalian characteristics which are superior to those of the reptiles.

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7.Integumentary system.

8.Skeletal system

9. Circulatory system, & digestive system

10.Nervous system & endocrine system

11.Sensory system .

12. Respiratory system.

13.Reproductive & excretory system.

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