3 COPYRIGHT PAGE Revised PNP Criminal Investigation Manual 2010 Copyright 2010 Edited 2011 Printed by: PNP Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management 2010 All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical or by any information storage and retrieval system now known or hereafter invented, without prior written permission of The Director, PNP Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management with postal address at DIDM Office, 2 nd Flr., NHQ Bldg., Camp Crame, Quezon City. Telephone Nos. (632) ; (632) Infringement of the copyright protection law and the provisions expressed here under Intellectual Property Rights law of the Philippines.

4 Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (Kagawaran ng Interyor at Pamahalaang Lokal) Kamuning, Quezon City Message The publication of the revised PNP Criminal Investigation Manual comes at a time with His Excellency President Benigno Noynoy Aquino III s call to join him to transform our government from one that is self-serving to one that works for the welfare of our people. With this call, the PNP is mandated to resolve crimes of violence and give justice to the victims and their families. This Manual is one of the PNP s most important tool to raise the competency of our police investigators and serves as a ready reference and guide in the conduct of investigation, which is part of the Integrated Transformation Program of the PNP. Indeed, this will be indispensable in addressing media and militant killings, disappearances and other crimes in the country. It is my pleasure to assure you that the Department of Interior and Local Government will continue to support your undertakings particularly on your investigative capability enhancement. More power. Mabuhay kayong lahat! ORIGINAL SIGNED JESSE M ROBREDO DILG Secretary i

5 HEADQUARTERS Philippine National Police OFFICE OF THE CHIEF PNP NHQ PNP Building, Camp Crame, Quezon City Manila, Philippines Message of Chief, PNP It is with a deep sense of pride and pleasure that I extend my warmest greetings and congratulations to the officers and personnel of the Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management for spearheading the revision of the Criminal Investigation Manual which is part of the PNP Transformation 2016 Roadmap, which serves as the blueprint for the PNP Integrated Transformation Program-Performance Governance System (ITP-PGS), a long-term moral recovery plan for the police force. This improved criminal investigation manual which is anchored on the full implementation of the capability enhancement program of the PNP will guide all police officers in comprehending and in carrying out the appropriate mechanics and procedures in the discharge of their functions. This improvement aims to lay down all fundamental duties, functions, and basic procedures in a manner easily understood by every police officer. The publication of this Manual is very timely in line with the need to ensure that all investigation procedures are in place and strictly followed by our investigators. Hence, this Manual should be viewed as a living document because criminal investigation supplements may be developed in the future due to the advancement of technology and, as the country turns another page in its illustrious history, I have high hopes and optimism that the realization of achieving the PNP ITG-PGS s goal such as this publication of equally important manuals will be implemented with renewed vigor and enthusiasm. On this note, the PNP expresses its deepest commitment of providing speedy investigation of any particular crime or incident for the full resolution of a case, giving justice both to the victims and their family. JESUS AME VERZOSA Police Director General Chief, PNP i

6 HEADQUARTERS Philippine National Police DIRECTORATE FOR INVESTIGATION AND DETECTIVE MANAGEMENT NHQ PNP Building, Camp Crame, Quezon City Manila, Philippines Message For the past years, the Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM) has been at the forefront of providing services to the people and community not only because it managed to produce policies, guidelines and procedures in both operational and administrative aspects in the field of investigation but emerged as one of the PNP s core players in the solution and investigation of major cases, giving justice both to the victims and their family. As we all know, actions taken at the outset of an investigation of any particular crime or incident can play a pivotal role in the full resolution of a case. The realization of bringing justice to the victims and their family is only part and parcel of the DIDM s main goal; it is putting criminals behind bars and insuring transparent investigation of all cases being handled by the PNP that defines the existence of DIDM. In further support of the goals and objectives of the PNP Transformation Program, this Directorate convened a Technical Working Group (TWG) to review and revise the PNP Manual on Investigation. This improvement aims to lay down all fundamental duties, functions, and basic procedures in a manner that will be easily understood by every police officer. Thus the publication of the Revised PNP Criminal Investigation Manual is a product of painstaking collaboration of dedicated police officers in ensuring that proper procedures and mechanisms are in place. It seeks to present the police officers a comprehensive guide in carrying out the appropriate mechanics and procedures in the discharge of their functions and responsibilities. RAUL M BACALZO, Ph.D Police Director TDIDM i

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The revision of the existing criminal investigation manual requires patience and collective efforts to make it more responsive to the needs of the field investigators and demands of the ever-changing nature of the crime situation in the country. This Revised PNP Criminal Investigation Manual would not have been made possible without the leadership of my Command Group and staff headed by PCSUPT ALAN LM PURISIMA, the Deputy Director and PSSUPT ALEX PAUL I MONTEAGUDO, the Executive Officer of this Directorate, who provided the much needed direction and guidance in the consolidation of all the necessary materials and the final crafting of this Manual. Also, the revision of this manual would not be made possible without the assistance of PSUPT (ATTY) MA LEONORA C CAMARAO and PSUPT (ATTY) ISAGANI S AGUAS of this Directorate, and MS. PATRICIA CANTERO for painstakingly taking their time to proofread this Manual. It is also noteworthy to mention the assistance and support extended by the members of the Technical Working Group composed of PNP Officers and their respective staff in the crafting of this Manual as well as the support provided by our working partner, the European Union-Philippine Justice Support Program (EPJUST), particularly Mr Detlev Mehlis, Team Leader, EPJUST and Mr. Bo Astrom, Senior Police Key Expert. ii

9 3.1.1 Arbitrary Detention RA Rights of the Person Under Custodial Investigation Delaying Release Expulsion Violation of Domicile Search Warrant Maliciously Obtained and Abuse in The Service of those Legally Obtained Searching Domicile Without Witness Prohibition, Interruption and Dissolution of Peaceful Meetings Crimes against Religious Worship CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER Rebellion Coup D Etat Sedition and Conspiracy to Commit Sedition Inciting to Commit Sedition Crimes Against Popular Representation Illegal Assemblies Direct Assault Indirect Assault Resistance and Serious Disobedience Public Disorders Unlawful Use or Means of Publication and Unlawful Utterance Alarms and Scandal Evasion of Service of Sentence CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST Falsification of Documents Investigation of Cases of Falsification Usurpation of Authority or Official Functions Perjury (False Testimony) Fraud Intellectual Property Rights CRIMES RELATIVE TO OPIUM AND OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS Gambling and Betting Offenses against Decency and Good Customs CRIMES COMMITTED BY PUBLIC OFFICERS 3-31 iv

11 3.8.1 Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention Investigation Procedures on Kidnap for Ransom Incidents Slight Illegal Detention Unlawful Arrest Kidnapping and Failure to Return Minor Inducing a Minor to Abandon Home Slavery Exploitation of Child Labor Service Rendered Under Compulsion in Payment of Debt CRIMES AGAINST SECURITY Abandonment of Persons in Danger and Abandonment of One s Victim Abandonment of a Minor Abandonment of a Minor by a Person Entrusted with his Custody; Indifference of Parents Exploitation of a Minor Qualified Trespass Other Forms of Trespass Grave Threats Light Threats Other Light Threats Grave Coercion Light Coercion CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY Robbery Robbery in an Inhabited House or Edifice for Worship and Private Building Brigandage Theft (Hurto) Usurpation Culpable Insolvency Estafa Making or Drawing and issuance of a Without Sufficient Funds or Credit Estafa and Bouncing Checks Investigation Estafa Through Issuance of Postdating of Check Without Funds The Bouncing Check Law (Batas Pambansa Blg 22) Preliminary Steps Case Folder: Estafa Procedures in Handling Cases of Bouncing Checks (Batas Pambansa Blg. 22) vi

12 Case Folder: Bouncing Checks Altering the Substance, Quantity or Quality of Things Misappropriating/Converting Money or Goods Received in Trust or Commission or for Administrative or Under Any other Obligation to deliver or Return Taking Undue Advantage of the Signature of the Offended Party in Blank Other Forms of Swindling Swindling a Minor Other Deceits Arson Arson Investigation CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY Adultery Concubinage Acts of Lasciviousness Acts of Lasciviousness with the Consent of the Offended Party Qualified Seduction Simple Seduction White Slave Trade Forcible Abduction Consented Abduction Investigation of Cases Involving Women and Children CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS OF PERSONS Simulation of Births Usurpation of Child Status Bigamy Marriage Contract Against Provisions of Law Premature Marriage Performance of Illegal Marriage Ceremony CRIMES AGAINST HONOR Libel Threatening to Publish and Offer to Prevent Such Publication for Compensation Slander Slander by Deed Libelous Remarks Incriminatory Machinations Intriguing Against Honor QUASI OFFENSES (CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE) vii

14 5.5 INVESTIGATION OF BOMBINGS Specific Investigative Procedures: A General Procedure Upon Receipt of Explosive-Related Incident such as Discovery of IED/Explosive Materials, Bomb Threats And Explosion During Verification of the Incident by the First Responder/s or Investigators For Bomb Threats For Found Unexploded Explosive Item/s For Exploded Item Specific Investigation Procedures General Guidelines ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT PROCEDURES IN HANDLING OF COMPUTER/ CYBER CRIME CASES Legal Basis Purpose Scope of Application Definition of Terms (Based on Webster Computer Dictionary New Revised Edition) Policy Guidelines of Command Procedures ACCESS DEVICES REGULATION ACT OF CREDIT CARD FRAUD INVESTIGATIONS (VIOLATION OF RA 8484) Account Take Over Steps in Investigating (ATO) Card Steps in Investigating Fraudulently Applied Card Filing of the Case (The Documents Needed can be Secured from the Complainant) Steps in Investigating Counterfeit Cards Lost/Stolen Credit Card Steps in Investigating Manufacturing of Credit Cards SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST ABUSE, EXPLOITATION AND DISCRIMINATION ACT ANTI-CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ACT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE ACT OF ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR ix

15 CHILDREN ACT OF ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT OF ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS ACT OF ECONOMIC SABOTAGE IN RELATION TO ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT FAKE OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS (ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT & HUMAN TRAFFICKING) OPTICAL MEDIA ACT OF ANTI-CARNAPPING ACT OF ANTI-PIRACY AND ANTI-HIGHWAY ROBBERY LAW OF AN ACT PROHIBITING CERTAIN ACTS INIMICAL TO CIVIL AVIATION ANTI-ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINES/MATERIALS PILFERAGE ACT OF ANTI-CATTLE RUSTLING LAW OF THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE OF ANTI-FENCING LAW OF CHAIN SAW ACT OF HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF PHILIPPINE ACT ON CRIMES AGAINST INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, GENOCIDE AND OTHER CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY ANTI-HAZING ACT ANTI-TORTURE ACT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND HOUSING ACT OF PHILIPPINE PASSPORT ACT OF PASSPORT/VISA RACKET INVESTIGATION CHAPTER VI TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIMES 6.1 FORMS OF TERRORISM TACTICS/METHODS OF ATTACK CRIMINAL CHARGES AND PENAL PROVISIONS FOR ACTS x

17 INTRODUCTION The Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management headed by POLICE DIRECTOR RAUL M BACALZO relentlessly pursued the revision of the existing investigation manual in order to provide the PNP field investigators a ready reference, and to keep the field investigators abreast with current laws, procedures and jurisprudence. Further, crime prevention is now the call of the times, thus, an increase in the number of crimes that have been prevented from occurring with the use of proactive investigative techniques would make for a more impressive record for the PNP. The timely revision of this Manual therefore manifests the PNP s commitment of providing the investigators the much-needed guidance in the conduct of their investigation which is primarily anchored on the current program thrust of the PNP, the Transformation 2016 Roadmap. This Manual is a comprehensive but simplified compilation of all penal laws being enforced by the PNP as well as the procedures in the conduct of investigation. The highlights of this Manual are featured in the eight chapters and its sub-sections, covering the rules and policies to be followed by the investigators beginning with Chapter I which provides an overview of the General Principles of the Investigation while the General Investigative Procedures are discussed in Chapter II. On the other hand, Chapter III presents Crimes Punishable under the Revised Penal Code; Chapter IV covers the Basic Criminal Procedure; Chapter V acquaints the investigators with Crimes Punishable under Special Laws; Chapter VI provides an overview of Terrorism and Organized Crimes; Chapter VII presents selected Court Rulings and Jurisprudence; and lastly, Chapter VIII provides guidance to the investigators on Report Formats and other forms of investigative reporting. Additionally, this Manual contains supplemental sections such as the Definition of terms as operationally defined in the discussion, a Glossary Index, and the basic evidence requirements in filing of criminal formats, legal charges in court. xix

18 DEFINITION OF TERMS ABDUCTION The elements constituting the crime of abduction are: (1) the person kidnapped must be a woman. It is immaterial if she is a widow, a married woman, or virgin, as all three classes are comprised within the generic term of woman. (2) The crime must be committed against her will. (3) It must be committed with unchaste designs, that is, with the intention of lying with the woman. ABDUCTION WITH CONSENT Elements. The essential elements of abduction with consent are (1) The taking away of a maiden over 12 and below 18 years of age; (2) the girl shall have consented to being taken away; and (3) the act shall have been committed with lewd designs. ABORTION PRACTICED BY WOMAN HERSELF OR BY HER PARENTS Any woman herself and parents who shall commit this offense to conceal her dishonor. ABORTION PRACTICE BY PHYSICIAN OR MIDWIFE AND DISPENSING OF ABORTIVE Any physician, midwife who, taking advantage of their scientific or skill, shall cause an abortion. (Under Art 259, RPC) ABSOLUTE CLAIM A claim which is subject to no contingency and may be proved and allowed as a debt by a tribunal, or committee on claims. ABUSE OF CONFIDENCE Only the abuse of confidence that facilitates the lustful purpose of rape is the kind of abuse of confidence that aggravates the responsibility of the offender. ABUSE OF RIGHTS A principle in Civil Law, which holds that indemnity for damages, may be granted in cases where there is an abuse of rights. A person should be protected only when he acts in the legitimate exercise of his right, that is, when he acts with prudence and in good faith; but not when he acts with negligence or abuse. Such principle is found in the Chapter on Human Relations in the Civil Code. Through the principle in Art.19, Civil Code, he incurs in liability who, acting under the aegis of a legal right and an apparently valid exercise of the same, oversteps the bounds or, limitations imposed on the right by equity and good faith thereby causing damage to another or to society. The abusive act is simply that which, performed in accordance with a subjective right whose limits have been respected, is nevertheless contrary to the right considered in general and as the sum total of all obligatory laws. There is abuse of right when the right is exercised with the end of damaging another as well as when damage results when the legitimate motive and normal end of the right is violated as in the case of an abnormal exercise of the right. xx

19 If the purpose is evil or not serious or legitimate, or the manner of exercise of the right is abnormal and damage is caused to another, then there is an abuse of right for which damages are recoverable. ACCESSORY The accessory of an automobile is any article designed to be used in connection with such vehicle to add to its utility or ornamentation and which is primarily adapted for such use whether or not essential to the operation of the vehicle. ACCESSORY AFTER FACT Elements. Under Art.19 (1), Rev. Penal code, they are: 1) the accused must not have participated in the criminal design nor cooperated in the commission of the felony; 2) He must have knowledge of the commission of the crime; and 3) he must have profited from the effects of the crime. ACCOMPLICE One who is concerned in the commission of a crime. In its fullness, the term accomplice includes in its meaning all persons who have been concerned in the commission of a crime, all participes criminis, whether they are considered in strict legal propriety as principals in the first or second degree or merely as accessories before or after the fact. In general, the word accomplice should be rendered into Spanish by the use of some such as participante en el delito. ACCOUNTABLE PUBLIC OFFICER A public officer who has been duly entrusted with government funds or property. ACQUITTAL One is acquitted if, after he has been arraigned and trial has been begun, upon a valid indictment or information, he is discharged by a competent court. ACT Certiorari. The act contemplated in the law on certiorari is one which creates some sort of status, i.e., determinative of a certain legal right. A merely threatened act, or an act which is preliminary and does not determine a legal right, cannot be reviewed in a certiorari proceeding. ACT OF LASCIVIOUSNESS All acts of lewdness committed upon a person of either sex, short of lying with a woman and anything leading up to it. What constitutes lewd or lascivious conduct must be determined from the circumstances of each case. ADMISSION The term admission embraces any statement of fact made by a party which is against his interest or unfavorable to the conclusion for which he contends or inconsistent with the facts alleged by him. ADULTERY A crime committed by a married woman who has sexual intercourse with a man not her husband and by the man who has carnal knowledge of her, knowing her to be married, even if the marriage be subsequently declared void. AFFIDAVIT - Summary judgment. The kind of affidavit necessary to support a summary judgment is that affidavit from which it may be clearly drawn that certain facts xxi

20 pleaded by either party are certain, undisputed and indubitable which dispense with the hearing or trial of the case. AFTER OPERATION REPORT It is a report that may be rendered after any successful police operation that leads to the arrest of any member or some members of syndicated crime group. AFTER SOCO REPORT It is a report rendered by the Team Leader of the SOCO that conducted the scene of the crime operations, processing or investigation. AGENT A person who binds himself to render some service or to do something in representation or on behalf of another, with the consent or authority of the latter. AGENT OF PERSON IN AUTHORITY Any person who by direct provision of law or by election or by appointment by competent authority, is charged with the maintenance of public order and the protection and security of life and property. Any person who comes to the aid of persons in authority. AGENT S REPORT It is a report rendered by a documented agent who answers an intelligence requirement. AGREEMENT Proposal. A proposal remains an offer even if not answered and irrespective of the length of time that has passed. It only becomes an agreement when accepted by the other party. The only exception is where there is a duty on the part of the other party to answer, and hence silence is implied assent. AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT It refers to an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the times any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which: (1) Any person suffers death or serious injury as a result of being in or upon the aircraft or by direct contact with the aircraft of anything attached thereto; or (2) The aircraft receives substantial damage. ALIBI To establish alibi, a defendant must not only show that he was present at some other place at about the time of the alleged crime, but also that he was at such other place for so long a time that it was impossible for him to have been at the place where the crime was committed, either before, during, or after the time he was at such other place. ALLEGED The word alleged or allegedly connotes something claimed. It leaves the truth of the averment an open question. xxii

21 ALTER To add, change, substitute or omit something from a pleading or instrument. AMBASSADOR A person who have been appointed as chief of mission and have served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. AMEND To add, change, substitute or omit something from a pleading or instrument. ANSWER The word answer in Sec. 1 Rule 19, Rules of Court, envisions or includes the affirmative and/or special defenses and counterclaim contained therein. ANTE MORTEM Before death. APPEARANCE Voluntary submission to a court s jurisdiction. ARBITRARY Willful and unreasoning action, without consideration of and in disregard of the facts and circumstances of the case. Action is not arbitrary when exercised honestly and upon due consideration where there is room for two opinions, however much it may be believed that an erroneous conclusion was reached. ARBITRARY DETENTION Arbitrary detention begins not merely from the moment a person is locked up in prison cell but from the moment such person is deprived of his liberty without legal grounds. And it ends only when such person is absolutely freed from any restraint on his person. ARREST It is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense. ARSON - Is defined as the intentional or malicious destruction of a property by fire. It is also defined as the criminal burning of property. ASSAULT The term assault in Sec. 87 (b) (2), Judiciary Act, on the original jurisdiction of Municipal Courts, means physical injuries. It does not refer to the crime of direct assault in Art. 148 of the Revised Penal Code. ATTEMPTED BOMBING - Incidents in which a device designed or purposely made to detonate/ignite fails to function. Intent of activity is criminal in nature; this also pertains to malfunctioning, recovered, and/or disarmed devices. ATTEMPT Intent is a quality of the mind and implies a purpose only, while attempt implies an effort to carry that purpose into execution. AUTHORITY A person or persons, or a body, exercising power or command; for those upon whom the people have conferred authority. xxiii

22 BAIL The word bail as used in the prohibition against excessive bail is inadequately translated by the word fianza, as bail implies a particular kind of bond that is to say, a bond given to secure the personal liberty of one held in restraint upon a criminal or quasi criminal charge. BAND A group of more than three armed malefactors who act together in the commission of an offense. BEAT PATROL The deployment of officers in a given community, area or locality to prevent and deter criminal activity and to provide day-to-day services to the community. BEST EVIDENCE Evidence which suffices for the proof of particular fact. That evidence which, under every possible circumstance, affords the greatest certainty of the fact in question and in itself, does not indicate the existence of other and better proof. BEST EVIDENCE RULE A well-known rule of law that a witness cannot be permitted to give oral testimony as to the contents of a paper writing which can be produced in court. BIASED WITNESS A witness who tends to exaggerate. Although he may be honest, he cannot, while human nature remains uncharged, overcome the tendency to distort, magnify or even minimize as his interest persuades, the incidents which he relates. BIGAMY A crime committed by a person who contracts a second or subsequent marriage before the former marriage has been legally dissolved, or before the absent spouse has been declared presumptively dead by means of a judgment rendered in the proper proceedings. BOMBING - Any incident which uses a device constructed with criminal intent and using high explosives, low explosives, or blasting agents explodes. This term also refers to incidents where premature detonation occurs during preparation, transportation, or placement of a constructed device. BOMB THREAT An information or warning, written or oral, claiming knowledge that a dangerous device, such as a bomb or similar type of explosives, has been or will be placed in a building, aircraft, sea craft or other facilities with the intent to harm people and destroy properties. BOOK OF ACCOUNT A book containing charges and showing a continuous dealing with persons generally. To be admissible as evidence, it must be kept as an account book and the charges made in the usual course of business. BRIBERY Bribery and robbery have little in common as regards their essential elements. In the former, the transaction is mutual and voluntary. In the latter case, the xxiv

23 transaction is neither mutual nor voluntary but is consummated by the use of force or intimidation. BURDEN OF PROOF is employed to signify the duty of proving the facts in dispute on an issue raised between the parties in a cause. The burden of proof always lies on the party who takes the affirmative in pleading. In criminal cases, as every man is presumed to be innocent until the contrary is proved, the burden of proof rests on the prosecutor, unless a different provision is expressly made by statute. CADAVER - A corpse or a dead body. CADAVER TAG - An identification tag attached to the cadaver containing tag number, name (if identified), date/time & place of recovery, date/time/type/place of incident, gender, other pertinent information, and name of investigator. The tag shall be made using suitable materials which can be used of in all types of weather. CALAMITY - An event that brings terrible loss, lasting distress, or severe affliction. CALL SLIP A debt and credit ticker authorizing the Central Bank to pay a certain bank chargeable against the account of another bank CARNAPPING - The taking, with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to another without the latter s consent, or by means of violence against or intimidation of persons, or by using force upon things. CASE OFFICER The person responsible for and in charge of the investigation of a case. CASE OPERATIONAL PLAN (COPLAN) A definite target-specific activity conducted in relation to an intelligence project under which it is affected. Several case operations may fall under one intelligence project. Refers to a preparatory plan on how to carry out a case operation which is the last resort to pursue intelligence objectives when normal police operations fail. CASHIER S CHECK - Form of check where the bank is the payer of the funds (sometimes called as teller s check, treasure checks, official check and manager s check). CAUSE OF ACTION A cause of action is the act or omission by which a party violates a right of another (Sec 2, Rule 2 of the Rules of Court). The term cause of action has two elements: 1) the right of plaintiff, and 2) the violation of such right by the defendant. xxv

24 CAUSE OF DEATH A declaration of by what means and by whom the declarant was injured is within the purview of the term the cause of the declarant s death in a dying declaration. CERTAINTY OF GUILT Absolute certainty of guilt is not demanded by the law to convict one of any criminal charge but moral certainty is required, and this certainty is required as to every proposition of proof requisite to constitute the offense. CERTIORARI The extra-ordinary remedy to correct an actuation of a judge who has acted without jurisdiction, in excess of jurisdiction or clearly in grave abuse of discretion, and not to correct errors of procedures and/or mistakes in the judge s findings or conclusions. CHILD Shall refer to a person below eighteen (18) years of age or one over said age and who, upon evaluation of a qualified physician, psychologist or psychiatrist, is found to be incapable of taking care of himself fully because of a physical or mental disability or condition or of protecting himself from abuse. CHILD ABUSE Refers to the infliction of physical or psychological injury, cruelty to or neglect, sexual abuse or exploitation of a child. CHILD TRAFFICKING The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child purpose of exploitation. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE Evidence of circumstances which are strong enough to cast suspicion upon the defendant and which are sufficiently strong to overcome the presumption of innocence, and to exclude every hypothesis except that of the guilt of the defendant. CLERK OF COURT An officer of a court of justice who has charge of the clerical part of its business, who keeps its record and seal, issues process, enters judgment and orders, gives certified copies from the records and the like. While the clerk of court belongs to the judicial as distinguished from the executive or legislative branch of government, his office is essentially a ministerial one. COMMAND POST/HOLDING AREA - Area where case conferences, briefings and debriefings are being conducted by the responding agencies. COMMISSION AGENT One specially employed to receive goods from a principal and to sell them for a compensation called factorage or commission. COMPETENT EVIENCE One that is not excluded by law in a particular case. COMPLAINT A concise statement of the ultimate facts constituting the plaintiff s cause or causes of action. xxvi

25 COMPLAINANT A party or person who makes a complaint or file a formal charge in the court of law. COMPLEX CRIME A single act which constitutes two or more grave or less grave felonies, or an offense which is a necessary means for committing the order. CONDUCTION - Heat transfer to another body or within a body by direct contact. CONFESSION It is an express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charged, while admission refers to statements of fact not directly constituting an acknowledgment of guilt. CONJUGAL PARTNERSHIP A relationship established during the marriage of man and woman by virtue of which they place the fruits of their separate property and their earnings and divide, share and share alike, upon the dissolution of the union, the benefits indiscriminately obtained by either of them during the marriage. CONJUGAL PARTNERSHIP OF GAINS That by means of which the husband and wife place in a common fund the fruits of their separate property and the income from their work or industry, and divide equally, upon the dissolution of the marriage or of the partnership, the net gains or benefits obtained indiscriminately by either spouse during the marriage. CONSPIRACY It exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it. CONSTRUCTIVE DELIVERY A general term comprehending all those acts which, although not conferring physical possession of the thing, have been held by construction of law equivalent to acts of real delivery, as for example, the giving of the key to the house, as constructive delivery of the house from the vendor to the vendee. CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION The possession and cultivation of a portion of a tract under claim of ownership of all is a constructive possession of all, if the remainder is not in the adverse possession of another. CONTEMPT In its broad sense, contempt constitutes a disobedience to the court by acting in opposition to its authority, justice and dignity. In its restricted and more usual sense, contempt comprehends a despising of the authority, justice or dignity of a court. CONTEMPT OF COURT Contempt of court in general must be some act or conduct which tends to interfere with the business of the court, by a refusal to obey some lawful order of the court, or some act of disrespect to the dignity of the court which in some way tends to interfere with or hamper the orderly proceedings of the court and thus to lessen the general efficiency of the same. In re: Jones, 9 Phil xxvii

26 CONTINUING OFFENSE A crime in which some acts material and essential thereto occur in one province and some in another. For example: the crimes of estafa or malversation, and of abduction. In such a case the court of either province where any of the essential ingredients of the offense took place has jurisdiction to try the case. CONTRABAND A generic term covering all goods exported from or imported into the country contrary to applicable statutes. CONSOLIDATION AREA - An area designated by higher authorities as processing area for recovered cadavers from the disaster scene. It is usually a centralized morgue, manned by Disaster Identification Teams (DITs) composed of experts in forensic identifications e.g. DNAs, dental, medical and fingerprint identification. liquid. CONVECTION - Heat transfer by circulation within a medium, such as gas or COORDINATION REPORT A report which is used as a means of formal coordination to be made by the investigating agency with the police unit or military unit having operational jurisdiction over the place where a police case operation shall be conducted. COPYRIGHT- An exclusive right granted or conferred by the government on the creator of a work to exclude others from reproducing it, adapting it, distributing it to the public, performing it in public, or displaying it in public. Copyright does not protect an abstract idea; it protects only the concrete form of expression in a work. To be valid, a copyrighted work must have originality and possess a modicum of creativity. CORPUS DELICTI Latin for the body of the crime It is the legal term used to describe/physical/or material evidence that a crime has been committed such as the corpse of a murder victim or the cleaned of a torched building. It is used to refer to the underlying principle that, without evidence of a crime having been committed, it would be unjust to convict someone. CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE Additional evidence of a different kind and character tending to prove the same point. CORRUPTION OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS Elements. The elements of the crime of corruption of a public official by means of bribery are; 1) the person receiving the bribe is a public officer, as defined in Art. 203, RPC; 2) Said officer shall have actually received, either personally or through another, gifts or presents, or accepted offers or promises; 3) Such reception or acceptance shall have been for the purpose of executing an act, which may or may not be accomplished, but not constituting a crime; and 4) the person offering the gift or making the promises shall be a private individual. xxviii

27 COUNTERFEITING - The act of producing or selling a product containing a sham mark that is an intentional and calculated reproduction of the genuine mark, a counterfeit mark is identical to or substantially indistinguishable from the genuine mark. Often, counterfeit goods are made to imitate a popular product in all details of construction and appearance, so as to deceive customers into thinking that they are purchasing the genuine merchandise. COURIER The person delivering any ransom or other item demanded by the offender; CRIME SCENE A venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been committed. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION It is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the three-fold aims to identify the guilty party; to locate the guilty party; and to provide evidence of his (suspect) guilt. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR A public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation of all criminal cases as provided for and embodied under the Revised Penal Code/Criminal Laws and Special Laws which are criminal in nature. A welltrained, disciplined and experienced professional in the field of criminal investigation duties and responsibilities. CRIMINAL JURISDICTION The authority to hear and try a particular offense and impose the punishment for it. CRIMINAL LAW One that defines crime, treats of their nature and provides for their punishment. Punishment, in this sense, refers strictly to the penalty imposed. CRIMINAL LIABILITY Requisites. Under Art.4 par. 1 RPC, a person may be held criminally liable even if the injurious result be greater than that intended, provided these requisites concur: 1) an intentional felony has been committed; and 2) the wrong done to the victim be the direct, natural, and logical consequence of the felony committed. CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE It consists in the failure to take such precautions or advance measures in the performance of an act as the most common prudence would suggest, whereby injury is caused to persons or to property. CROSS-EXAMINATION It is the most potent weapon known to law for separating falsehood from truth, hearsay from actual knowledge, things imaginary from things real, opinion from fact, and inference from recollection, and for testing the intelligence, fairness, memory, truthfulness, accuracy, honesty and power of observation of the witness. xxix

28 CRUELTY Refers to any act by word or deed which debases, degrades or demeans the intrinsic worth and dignity of a child as a human being. Discipline administered by a parent or legal guardian to a child does not constitute physical or psychological injury as defined herein. CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION Investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action. It includes invitation to a person who is being investigated in connection with an offense. CUSTODIA LEGIS A thing is in custodia legis when it is shown that it has been and is subjected to the official custody of a judicial executive officer in pursuance of his execution of a legal writ. DEATH CAUSED IN A TUMULTUOUS AFFRAY - When several persons, not composing groups organized for the common purposes of assaulting and attacking each other reciprocally, quarrel and assault each other in a confused and tumultuous manner and in the course of the affray someone is killed and it can not ascertain who actually killed the deceased but the persons who inflicted serious physical injuries can be identified, such person shall be punished. DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES - Any legally married person who having caught his spouse in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another, shall kill any of them or both of them in the act or immediately thereafter, or shall inflict upon them any serious injuries, shall suffer the penalty of destierro. DECEDENT The general term applied to the person whose property is transmitted through succession, whether or not he left a will. DEMAND DRAFT A bank transaction wherein a client of a bank will buy or purchase a demand draft to be presented to its branch. DILIGENCE OF A GOOD FATHER OF A FAMILY Used in reference to person of ordinary or average diligence. To determine that diligence, we must use as a basis the abstract average standard corresponding to a normal orderly person. Anyone who uses diligence below this standard is guilty of negligence. DIRECT/ SUPPORT SERVICE PROVIDER Any person, whether from the public or private sector, who provides or assists in the delivery of services that directly benefit the child victim/ survivor of trafficking. DISASTER - An exceptional, damaging or destructive event which causes serious loss, destruction, hardship, unhappiness, injuries or deaths. DISASTER SCENE/AREA - A region or a locale heavily damaged by either natural hazards, such as tornadoes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, earthquakes, xxx

29 technological hazards including nuclear and radiation accidents, or sociological hazards like riots, terrorism or war. The populations living there often experience a loss of energy supply, food, services, and an increasing risk of disease. Declarations of disaster areas open up the affected areas for national and or international aid. DIVERSION An alternative, child-appropriate process of determining the responsibility and treatment of a child in conflict with the law on the basis of his/her social, cultural, economic, psychological or educational background, without resorting to formal court proceedings. DIVERSION PROGRAM A program that the child in conflict with the law is required to undergo after he/she is found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal court proceedings. DOUBLE JEOPARDY The rule of double jeopardy means that when a person is charged with an offense and the case is terminated either by acquittal or conviction or in any other manner without the consent of the accused, the latter cannot again be charged with the same or identical offense. This principle is founded upon the law of reason, justice and conscience. It is embodied in the maxim of the civil law nom bis in idem, in the common law of England, and undoubtedly in every system of jurisprudence, and instead of having specific origin it simply always existed. It found expression in the Spanish law and in the Constitution of the United States, and is now embodied in our own Constitution as one of the fundamental rights of the citizens. DRAGNET OPERATION Is a police operation purposely to seal off the probable exit points of fleeing suspects from the crime scene to prevent their escape. DRAFT A promissory note signed by the client of the bank. DUE PROCESS OF LAW The requirement that no person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law simply requires that the procedures fully protect the life, liberty, and property of the citizens in the State. DYING DECLARATION Requisites. In order that a dying declaration may be admissible, the following requisites must concur; 1) it must concern the crime involved in and the circumstances surrounding the declarant s death; 2) at the time of the declaration, the declarant must be conscious of impending death; 3) the declarant must be competent as a witness; and 4) the declaration must be offered in a criminal case for homicide, murder, or parricide in which the declarant was the victim. ELECTRONIC DATA MESSAGE Refers to information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic, optical or similar means, but not limited to, electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic mail, telegram, telex, or telecopy. Throughout these Rules, the term electronic data message shall be equivalent to and be used interchangeably with electronic document. xxxi

30 ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT Refers to information or the representation of information, data, figures, symbols or other modes of written expression, described or however represented, by which a right is established or an obligation extinguished, or by which a fact be proved and affirmed, which is received, recorded, transmitted, stored, processed, retrieved or produced electronically. Throughout these Rules, the term electronic document shall be equivalent to and be used interchangeably with electronic data message. ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE Refers to any distinctive mark, characteristic and/or sound in electronic form, representing the identity of a person and attached to or logically associated with the electronic data message or electronic document or any methodology or procedures employed or adopted by a person and executed or adopted by such person with the intention of authenticating or approving an electronic data message or electronic document. EMBEZZLEMENT Embezzlement is a purely statutory offense and may be defined as the fraudulent appropriation to one s own use of money or goods entrusted to one s care by another; the fraudulent appropriation of property by a person to whom it has been entrusted or into whose hands it has lawfully come. EMINENT DOMAIN The right of a government to take and appropriate private property to public use, whenever the public exigency requires it; which can be done only on condition of providing a reasonable compensation therefore. ENTRAPMENT While instigation exempts, entrapment does not; the difference between the two being that in entrapment the crime had already been committed while in instigation the crime was not yet and would not have been committed were it not for the instigation by the peace officer. EVIDENCE The means sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact. These include but are not limited to documentary, testimonial, electronic and object evidence, gathered in the course of the investigation. EVIDENT PREMEDITATION Evident premeditation involves, in its legal sense, not only a determination to commit the crime prior to the moment of its execution, but that resolve to carry out the criminal intent must have been the result of deliberation, calculation or reflection through a period of time sufficient to dispassionately consider and accept the final consequences thereof, thus indicating a greater perversity. EX PARTE Of or from one party; without notice to the other party. EXPLOITATION Shall include, at the minimum, child prostitution, child pornography and other forms of sexual exploitation, child labor, force labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, removal and sale of organs, use in illicit/illegal activities, and participation in armed conflict. The hiring, employment, xxxii

31 persuasion, inducement, or coercion of a child to perform in obscene exhibitions and indecent shows, whether live or in video or film or to pose or act as a model in obscene publications or pornographic materials, or to sell or distribute said materials. EXPLOSIVES Any chemical compound, mixture or device, the primary or common purpose of which is to function by explosion. The term includes, but is not limited to, high explosives, black powder, pellet powder, initiating explosives, detonators, safety fuses, squibs, detonating cord, igniter cord and igniter. EXPLOSIVE INCIDENTS Any explosives-involved situation that encompasses bombings, incendiary bombings, attempted bombings, stolen and recovered explosives, threats to government facilities involving explosives, hoax devices and bomb threats. EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL (EOD) PERSONNEL Refers to personnel of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) and the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). FAIT ACCOMPLI A thing done or accomplished. FEE SIMPLE Absolute ownership or full right or proprietorship. FENCING Is the act of any person who, with intent to gain for himself or for another, shall buy, receive, posses, keep, acquire, conceal, sell or dispose of, or shall buy and sell, or in any other manner deal in any article, item, object or anything of value which he knows, or should be known to him, to have been derived from the proceeds of the crime of robbery or theft. FIRE ANALYSIS - The process of determining the origin, cause, and responsibility as well as the failure analysis of fire or explosion. FIRE CAUSE - The circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an ignition source together with proper air or oxygen. FIRE SPREAD - The movement of fire from one place to another. FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION It is the process of recreating the physical scene during the fire scene analysis through the removal of debris and the replacement of contents or structural elements in their pre-fire position. FLASH FIRE - A fire that spreads with extreme rapidity, such as one that races over dust, over the surface of flammable liquids, or through gases. FIRST RESPONDERS Are members of the police, military, fire, medical teams, and other volunteer organizations who are expected to be the first to respond to calls for assistance in cases of incidents involving explosives. xxxiii

32 FORCIBLE ABDUCTION Under Art 342, RPC, they are 1) the person abducted has to be a woman, regardless of her age, morality and reputation; 2) against her will; and 3) with lewd designs. FORUM SHOPPING The act of filling the same suit in different courts. It is an act of malpractice that is proscribed and condemned as trifling with the courts and abusing their processes. It is improper conduct that tends to degrade the administration of justice. FUEL LOAD - The total quantity of combustible contents of the building, spaces, or fire area, including interior finish and trim, expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in wood. FUNCTUS OFICIO Legally defunct. Something which once has had life and power, but which has become of no virtue whatsoever. GOVERNMENT Includes the national government, the local governments, the government-owned and government-controlled corporations, all other instrumentalities or agencies of the Republic of the Philippines and their branches. GRAVEMEN In civil law and as used and understood in ordinary legal parlance, a lien and /or encumbrance is synonymous with gravemen. GRAVE ABUSE OF CONFIDENCE The term grave abuse of confidence in Art 310 of RPC, on qualified theft, refers to a breach of the high degree of confidence reposed by the offended party upon the offender by reason of dependence, guardianship, or vigilance. GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION Error of judgment. Both differ in that grave abuse of discretion means capricious and arbitrary exercise of judgment while error of judgment means the mistakes actually committed in adjudication. HABEAS CORPUS The writ of habeas corpus is the means by which judicial inquiry is made into the alleged encroachments upon the political and natural rights of individuals, such as restraint of liberty. HIJACKING A term which immediately conjures the images of a group of heavily armed and determined men and women holding up an airplane, ship, bus, van, or other vehicle in order to achieve their nefarious objectives. HIGHWAY ROBBERY The seizure of any person for ransom, extortion or other unlawful purposes, or the taking away of the property of another by means of violence against or intimidation of person or force upon thing or other unlawful means, committed by any person on any Philippine Highway. HOMICIDE - Any person who shall kill another without the attendance of any of the circumstances enumerated in the crime of murder. (Under Art 249 RPC) xxxiv

33 ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT - It is any act of canvassing, enlisting, contracting, transporting, utilizing, hiring or procuring of workers which includes referring, contract services, promising or advertising for employment abroad, whether for profit or not, when undertaken by a nonlicense or nonholder of authority contemplated under this provision. ILLICIT CONSIDERATION One which is contrary to law and morals. IN ARTICULO MORTIS At the point of death. IN FLAGRANTE DELICTO In the very act of committing a crime. IN PARI DELICTO The principle of in pari delicto does not apply to a simulated or fictitious contact nor to an inexistent contract which is devoid of consideration, and an illegal purpose cannot supply the want of consideration. INFANTICIDE The killing of an infant less than 3 days old. (Under Art 255 RPC) INFRINGEMENT An invasion of one of the exclusive rights of intellectual property. Infringement of a utility patent involves the making, using, selling, offering to sell, or importing of a patented product or process without permission. Infringement of a design patent involves fabrication of a design that, to the ordinary person, is substantially the same as an existing design, where the resemblance is intended to induce an individual to purchase one thing supposing it to be another. Infringement of a trademark consists of the unauthorized use or imitation of a mark that is the property of another in order to deceive, confuse, or mislead others. Infringement of a copyright involves reproducing, adapting, distributing, performing in public, or displaying in public the copyrighted work of someone else. INITIAL CONTACT WITH THE CHILD Refers to the apprehension or taking into custody of a child in conflict with the law, by law enforcement officers or private citizens. It includes the time when the child alleged to be in conflict with the law receives a subpoena under Section 3(b) of Rule 112 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure or summons under Section 6(a) or Section 9(b) of the same Rule in cases that do not require preliminary investigation or where there is no necessity to place the child alleged to be in conflict with the law under immediate custody. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY- It is the creation of the human mind that has commercial value and is given the legal aspects of a property right. Intellectual property is an all-encompassing term now widely used to designate as a group all of the following fields of law: patent, trademark secret, moral rights, and the right of publicity. INTENTIONAL ABORTION Any person who shall intentionally cause abortion upon a pregnant woman, or if done without violence but acted with the consent of the woman. xxxv

34 INTER-AGENCY COUNCIL AGAINST TRAFFICKING OR IACAT - Shall refer to the inter-agency body created by Sec. 20 of Republic Act INTERVENTION Refers to a series of activities designed to address issues that cause the child to commit an offense. It may take the form of an individualized treatment program, which may include counseling, skills training, education, and other activities that will enhance his/her psychological, emotional and psycho-social well-being. INVESTIGATION While instigation exempts, entrapment does not; the difference between the two beings that in entrapment the crime had already been committed while in instigation the crime was not yet, and would not have been, committed were it not for the instigation by the peace officer. - An inquiry, judicial or otherwise, for the discovery and collection of facts concerning the matter or matters involved. - It is the process of inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting vital information/facts/circumstances in order to establish the truth. INVESTIGATOR/OFFICER Shall refer to any law enforcement personnel belonging to the duly mandated law enforcement agencies (LEA) tasked to enforce Republic Act 9208 such as officers, investigators and agents of the Philippine National Police, National Bureau of Investigation, Bureau of Immigration. IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE A homemade device consisting of explosives/incendiary and firing components necessary to initiate explosion. INTERIM Temporary, provisional, of passing and temporary duration, as opposed to permanent and regular. IPSO FACTO By the fact or act itself. JUDICIAL NOTICE Requisites. Three prerequisites to judicial notice of any suggested fact have been stated, namely, 1) that it must be a matter of common and general knowledge, 2) that it must be will and authoritatively settled, and not doubtful or uncertain, and 3) that it must be known to be within the limits of the jurisdiction of the court. JURISDICTION The word jurisdiction as used in the Constitution and statues means jurisdiction over the subject matter only, unless an exception arises by reasons of its employment in a broader sense. JURISPRUDENCE The groundwork of the written law. The science of law; the particular science of giving a wise interpretation to the laws and making a just xxxvi

35 application of them to all cases as they arise. In an untechnical sense, the term sometimes means Cases Law. LAND TRANSPORTATION DISASTER - Is a land transportation sector accident, e.g. rail road and motor vehicle accidents causing serious loss of lives, injuries and damage to properties. LASCIVIOUSNESS The term lasciviousness in Art 336, RPC comprises all acts of lasciviousness performed upon a person of either sex, short of lying with a woman and anything leading up to it, independently of the intention of the wrongdoer. LASCIVIOUS CONDUCT The intentional touching, either directly or through clothing, of the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh or buttocks or the introduction of any object into the genitalia, anus or mouth, of any person, whether of the same or opposite sex, with an intent to abuse, humiliate, harass, degrade, or arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person, whether of the same or opposite sex, with an intent to abuse, humiliate, harass, degrade or arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person, bestiality, masturbation, lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of a person; LAST CLEAR CHANCE A doctrine that a person who has the last clear chance to void the impending harm and fails to do so is chargeable with the consequences, without reference to the prior negligence of the other party. LAW ENFORCEMENT It involves PNP - initiated projects and activities geared towards improving the peace and order situation and professionalizing the people. LEWD The unlawful indulgence of lust. LICENSE A permission to use an intellectual property right, under defined conditions as to time, context, market line, or territory. In intellectual property law, important distinctions exist between exclusive licenses and nonexclusive licenses. An exclusive license does not necessarily mean that this is the one and only license granted by the licensor. In giving an exclusive license, the licensor promises that he or she will not grant other licenses of the same rights within the same scope of field covered by the exclusive license. However, the owner of rights may grant any number of nonexclusive licenses of the same rights. In a non-exclusive license, title remains with the licensor. A patent license is a transfer of rights that does not amount to an assignment of the patent. A trademark or service mark can be validly licensed only if the licensor controls the nature and quality of the goods or services sold by the licensee under the licensed mark. Under copyright law, an exclusive licensee is the owner of a particular right of copyright, and he or she may sue for infringement of the licensed right. There is never more than a single copyright in a work regardless of the owner s exclusive license of various rights to different persons. LOCAL INTER-AGENCY COUNCIL AGAINST TRAFFICKING Shall refer to the local institutional structure created at the regional, provincial, city and or/ municipal xxxvii

36 level to coordinate and monitor the implementation of Republic Act 9208 within their jurisdiction. MACRO-ETCHING - The examination of the serial number of engine and chassis of a motor vehicle by a Crime Laboratory Technician by means of applying chemicals solution on the said serial numbers to determine whether there is tampering and for possible restoration of the tampered serial numbers. MALA INSE A wrong act by its nature punished as felonies under the RPC. Example: murder, rape, etc. MALA PROHIBITA A wrong act arising out of doing an act prohibited by special laws. Example is illegal possession of firearms. MALFEASANCE or MISCONDUCT Any wrongful, improper or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated, obstinate or intentional purpose. It usually refers to transgression of some established, obstinate or intentional purpose. It usually refers to transgression of some established and definite rule of action, where no discretion is left except where necessity may demand; it does not necessarily imply corruption or criminal intention. MISFEASANCE or IRREGULARITIES IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DUTY The improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done. MAN-MADE DISASTER- A disaster caused by human activity, e.g. fires (initiated by man), transportation accidents (air, sea and land), nuclear attacks, chemical spills, and bombings. MIRANDA DOCTRINE A principle on the rights of a suspect from forced selfincrimination during police interrogation as enshrined in the 1987 Philippine Constitution s Bill of Rights (Article III, Sec. 12). MONEY MARKET A bank transaction wherein a particular bank will issue a promissory note in favor of another bank. MOOT CASE A case is considered as presenting a moot question when a judgment thereon cannot have any practical legal effect or, in the nature of things, cannot be enforced. MORAL RIGHTS - It has three categories: the right of an author to receive credit as the author of a work, to prevent others from falsely being named author, and to prevent use of the author s name in connection with works the author did not create; the right of an author to prevent mutilation of a work; and the right to withdraw a work from distribution if it no longer represents the views of the author. xxxviii

37 MORAL CERTAINTY A certainty that convinces and satisfies the reasons and conscience of those who are to act upon a given matter. MORTGAGOR The word mortgagor, as used in the charter of the Philippine National Bank in connection with the right of redemption, includes both the estate of a deceased mortgagor and his heirs. MOTION Motions are various kinds and may be classified as litigated, expert, special, or a motion of course. MOTOR VEHICLE - Any vehicle propelled by means other than muscular power using the public highways, but excepting rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, sprinklers, lawnmowers, bulldozers, graders, forklifts, amphibian trucks and cranes if not used on public highways; also, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes. Trailers having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by attachments to any motor vehicles shall be classified as separate motor vehicles with no power rating. (Sec 2, RA 4136) MOTU PROPIO On its own motion or initiative. MURDER Any person who shall kill another person with evident premeditation, treachery, superior strength, aid of armed men, consideration of prize and reward of promise and by means of fire, poison, explosion and other means involving great waste and ruin. (Under Art 248, RPC) NATURAL DISASTER - A disaster caused by natural forces rather than by human action, e.g. floods, storms, typhoons/tornados, drought, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions. NEGATIVE EVIDENCE Evidence is negative when the witness states that he did not see or know the occurrence of a fact. NEGATIVE PREGNANT A denial in the answer which, although in the form of a traverse, really admits a material part of the averment. A denial in the form of a negative pregnant does not raise a material issue, and operates as an admission of the substance of the allegations to which it is directed. NEGLECT Failure to provide, for reasons other than poverty, adequate food, clothing, shelter, basic education or medical care so as to seriously endanger the physical, mental, social and emotional growth and development of the child. NEGLECT OF DUTY The omission or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which it was the officer s legal obligation to perform. xxxix

38 NEIGHBORHOOD INVESTIGATION One of the most crucial steps in Kidnap for Ransom cases which is often overlooked or underemphasized. The objective is to identify and interview in person all individuals in the area where the victim was kidnapped and/or last known sighting area during the window of opportunity (last time seen until the time discovered missing). NOMINAL PARTY One who is joined as plaintiff or defendant, not because he has any real interest in the subject matter or because any relief is demanded as against him, but merely because the technical rules of pleading require his presence on the record. NONFEASANCE or NEGLECT OF DUTY The omission or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which it was the peace officer s legal obligation to perform; implies a duty as well as its breach and the fact can never be found in the absence of duty. OBITER DICTUM A statement made in passing; a rule issued on a point not necessarily involved in the case. OBLIGATION A judicial necessity to give, to do or not to do. OCCULAR INSPECTION An auxiliary remedy which the law affords the parties or the court to reach an enlightened determination of the case, either to clear a doubt, to reach a conclusion, or to find the truth, by viewing the object related to the fact in issue. OFFENDED PARTY In oral defamation or libel, the offended party referred to in par. 4 Art 360, RPC, and in Sec 4, Rule 110, Rules of Court, is the person appearing to have been defamed, discredited, damaged and prejudiced by the imputation made. The offender party who intervenes in a criminal action, under Sec 15 Rule 110, Rules of Court, is the person who is entitled to civil indemnity in the civil action arising out of the criminal act for which the accused is charged. ONUS PROBANDI The obligation imposed upon a party who alleges the existence of a fact or thing necessary in the prosecution of defense of an action, to establish its proof. The obligation imposed by law on a party to the litigation to persuade the court that he is entitled to relief. If no evidence is presented on a particular issue, the party having the burden of proof as to issue will lose, and if that issue is terminative of the cause of action, he will lose the litigation. OPINION The opinion of the Court is that portion of the judgment containing the findings of facts and the conclusions of law. ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUP A structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offenses as defined in the United Nations Convention against xl

39 Transnational Organized Crime, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, financial or other material benefit. ORGANIZED CRIME A combination of two or more persons who are engaged in a criminal or virtual criminal activity on a continuing basis for the purpose of profit or power using gangland style to attain their purpose. OUT-OF-TOWN CHECK A check being presented for encashment before any bank not within the territory where the issuing bank is located PARENTS PATRIAE Parent or guardian of the country. The states as a sovereign, as parent patriae, has the right to enforce all charities of a public nature, by virtue of its general superintending authority over the public interest, where no other person in entrusted with it. A prerogative inherent in the supreme, power of every State, to be exercised in the interest of humanity, and for his prevention of injury to those who cannot protect themselves. PARRICIDE - Any person who kills his father, mother or child whether legitimate or illegitimate or any of his ascendants or descendants or his spouse shall be guilty of parricide. PAROLE EVIDENCE Requisites. For the admissibility of parole evidence of the ground of mistake or imperfection of the writing, the following requisites must concur; 1) the mistake should be of fact; 2) the mistake should be mutual or common to both parties to the instrument; and 3) the mistake should be alleged and proved by clear and convincing evidence. PASSPORT A document issued by the Philippine government to its citizens and requesting other governments to allow its citizens to pass safely and freely, and in case of need to give him/her all lawful aid and protection. PATENT A grant by the federal government to an inventor of the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention. There are three very different kinds of patents: a utility patent on the functional aspects of products and processes; a design patent on the functional aspects of products and processes; a design patent on the ornamental design of useful objects; and a plant patent on a new variety of living plant. Patents do not protect ideas, only structures and methods that apply technological concepts. In return for receiving the right to exclude others from a precisely defined scope of technology, industrial design, or plant variety, which is the gist of a patent, the inventor must fully disclose the details of the invention to the public. This will enable others to understand the invention and be able to use it as a steppingstone to further develop the technology. Once the patent expires, the public is entitled to make and use the invention and is entitled to a full and complete disclosure of how to do so. xli

40 PERSON Includes natural and juridical persons, unless the context indicates otherwise. PERSON IN AUTHORITY Person in authority refers to all those persons who by direct provision of law or by appointment of competent authority are charged with the maintenance of public order and the protection and security of life and property, as well as all persons who come to the aid of agents of authority; it being public functionaries are entitled to be considered as agents of authority, it being understood, nevertheless, that in order that the persons who come to the aid of an agent of authority may be considered as agents of authority, it is an essential condition that they lend such assistance, by virtue of an order or request of such agent of authority. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION - The conduct of examining the engine and chassis number of a motor vehicle by a Crime Laboratory Technician and/or Police Officer through the used of the naked eyes to determine whether there is a sign of tampering/alteration. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE - Evidence addressed to the senses of the court that are capable of being exhibited, examined, or viewed by the court. This includes but not limited to fingerprints, body fluids, explosives, hazardous chemicals, soil/burned debris, bombs, electronic parts used in the commission of the crime. PHYSICAL INJURY- Harm done to a child s psychological or intellectual functioning which may be exhibited by severe anxiety, depression, withdrawal or outward aggressive behavior, or a combination of said behaviors which may be demonstrated by a change in behavior, emotional response or cognition; PIRACY The act of exact, unauthorized, and illegal reproduction on a commercial scale of a copyrighted work or of a trademarked product. PNP CRISIS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (PNP CMC) - A Committee created by the PNP that specifically handles cases of kidnapping. POINT OF ORIGIN - The exact physical location where a heat source and fuel comes in contact with each other and a fire begins. POLICE BLOTTER A record or log where all types of operational and undercover dispatches shall be recorded containing the five "W"s (WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN AND WHY) and one "H" (HOW) of an information. POLICE CHECKPOINT A location where the search is conducted which is duly authorized by the PNP to deter/prevent the commission of crimes, enforce the law, and for other legitimate purposes. POST A Philippine diplomatic and consular position such as an Embassy or Consulate. xlii

41 POST-BLAST INVESTIGATION (PBI) - Comprehensive forensic inquiry specifically on a bombing incident through conduct of various investigative techniques which involves recovery of physical evidence mainly for reconstruction of explosive fragments recovered to determine the device components, the modus operandi and subsequently to identify the perpetrator(s). POST BLAST INVESTIGATION TEAM Composed of the criminal investigator(s) assisted by the bomb technicians/eod personnel and SOCO personnel. PROJECT PROPOSAL The recommended format or documentary vehicle to be used in the presentation of the operational concepts and administrative necessities in the conduct of intelligence special projects for the processing and approval of designated authority. PROXIMATE CAUSE The proximate cause of an injury is the one which produces the injury either directly or thru other causes which it sets in motion and thru which it acts in a natural line of causation. It is the cause that directly produces the effects without the intervention of any other cause. PUBLIC OFFICER Elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary, whether in the classified or unclassified or exemption service receiving compensation, event nominal, from the government. QUANTUM MERIT Elements. In fixing the reasonable compensation of lawyers for services rendered on quantum merit, the elements to be considered generally are:1) the importance of the subject matter of the controversy; 2) the extent of the services rendered; and 3) the professional standing of the lawyer. QUESTION OF FACT There is a question of fact when the doubt of difference arises as to the truth or falsehood of alleged facts, or when it involves an examination of the probative value of the evidence presented by the litigants or any of them. QUESTION OF LAW There is a question of law in a given case when the doubt or difference arises as to what the law is on a certain state of facts. RADIATION - Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic energy. REASONABLE DOUBT A reasonable doubt is not a mere guess that defendant may or may not guilty; it is such a doubt as a reasonable man might entertain after a fair review and consideration of the evidence. RECEIVING ANY GIFT Includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly a gift from a person other than a member of the public officer s immediate family, in behalf of himself or of any member of his family or relative within the fourth civil degree, either by consanguinity or affinity, even on the occasion of a family celebration or national xliii

42 festivity like Christmas, if the value of the gift is under the circumstances manifestly excessive. RECLUSION PERPETUA The penalty of life imprisonment. However, the offender is eligible for pardon after serving the penalty for thirty years. RECOVERY/DISCOVERY/SEIZURE - Refers to any seized, abandoned, or purchased (undercover) explosives/military ordnance materials taken into custody by PNP or other law enforcement agencies. REKINDLE - A return to flaming combustion after incomplete extinguishment, such as fire reigning at some time after being put out. RES GESTAE Statement accompanying and explaining the facts in issue. Statements, otherwise inadmissible in evidence because they are hearsay, which are sufficiently contemporaneous with the act they accompany and explain, admissible in evidences as part of the res gestae. RES IPSA LOQUITUR The thing speaks for itself. RIGHT OF PUBLICITY The inherent right of every human being to control the commercial use of his or her identity. ROBBERY The taking of personal property belonging to another with intent to gain, by means of violence against or intimidation of any person, or using force upon anything. SEPARATION OF POWERS A basic concept under our Constitution, embodying the principle of a tripartite division of government authority entrusted to Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court as well as such inferior courts as may be created by law. Three independent departments of government are thus provided for, the legislative vested with the lawmaking function, the executive with the enforcement of what has been thus enacted, and the judiciary with the administration of justice, deciding cases according to law. The reason for such a doctrine is to assure liberty, no one branch being enabled to arrogate unto itself the whole power to govern and thus in a position to impose its unfettered will. SERVICE OF SUMMONS A notice to the defendant informing him that an action has been commenced against him which he must answer within a specified time, or else judgment with is taken against him. It is the means by which the defendant is afforded an opportunity, and rights, and thereby has them safe in the defense of his person, property, and rights, and thereby have those safeguarded. The principal object of this process is to give the party to whom it is addressed a notice of proceedings against him. SEXUAL ABUSE Includes the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement or coercion of a child to engage in, or assist another person to engage in, xliv

43 sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct or the molestation, prostitution, or incest with children. SPALLING - Chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces. SPIRIT OF THE LAW The intent and purpose of the lawmaker, or framer of the Constitution, as determined by a consideration for the whole context thereof and, hence, of the letter of the law, in its entirety and the circumstances surrounding its enactment. SOCIAL SERVICE PROVIDER Licensed social workers of the DSWD, local social welfare and development office, and NGOs workers who provide and assist in the delivery of basic social welfare services such as but not limited to providing food, clothing temporary shelter, psychosocial intervention, etc. SPOT REPORT Refers to an immediate initial investigative or incident report addressed to Higher Headquarters pertaining to the commission of the crime, occurrence of natural or man-made disaster or unusual incidents involving loss of lives and damage of properties. STATE OF CALAMITY A governmental declaration over an area or areas affected by or during a time of a disastrous event or catastrophe. It is a formal proclamation by the President or by the concerned local chief executive over a disaster area upon recommendation of the disaster coordinating councils. STATE WITNESS Requisites The requisites for the discharge of an accused in order that he may be made for the prosecution are: 1) Two or more persons are charged with the commission of the certain offense; 2) the petition for discharge is filed before the defense has offered its evidence; 3) there is absolute necessity for the testimony of the defendant whose discharge is requested 4) there is no other direct evidence available for the proper prosecution of the offense committed except the testimony of said defendant; 5) the testimony of said defendant can be substantially corroborated in its material points; 6) said defendant does not appear to be the most guilty; and 7) said defendant had not at any time been convicted of any offense involving moral turpitude. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE Substantial Evidence means more than a more scintilla; it is of a more substantial and relevant consequence and excludes vague, uncertain and irrelevant matter, implying a quality of proof which induces conviction and makes an impression on reason. It means that the one weighing the evidence takes into consideration all the facts presented to him and all reasonable inferences, deductions and conclusions to be drawn there from, and, considering them in their entirety and relation to each other, arrives at a fixed conviction. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS The constitutional guaranty that no person shall be deprived of his life, liberty, or property for arbitrary reasons, such as a deprivation being constitutionally supportable only if the conduct from which the xlv

44 deprivation flows is prescribed by reasonable legislation (that is, the enactment is within the scope of legislative authority) reasonably applied (that is, for a purpose consonant with the purpose of the legislation itself). SUICIDE Taking one s own life voluntarily and intentionally. SUFFICIENT PROVOCATION As a mitigating circumstance, provocation that is adequate to excite the person to commit the wrong and proportionate to its gravity, and which must also immediately precede the act. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION (SOI) An intelligence report rendered regarding any illegal activity or violation of laws being observed by intelligence operatives within a given area of responsibility. This is the usual basis of case operations hence information received should be cared, validated, counter-checked, analyzed and evaluated. SUPERVENING EVENT A doctrine in criminal procedure which holds that where a new fact (such as a deformity) for which the defendant is responsible has supervened and this new fact charges the character of the crime first imputed to him, so that, together with the facts previously existing, it constitutes a new and distinct offense, no double jeopardy exists. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS Any paper or document which is required to be submitted with the passport application supporting claims to Filipino citizenship to complete the application for a passport without which such application would be deemed incomplete or otherwise become subject to denial by the issuing authority. SUSPECT OR SUSPECTS Individual(s) who is/are pointed to be by the victim(s) and witness(es) to have had committed the crime in issue. Subject person is not considered as a criminal unless otherwise his/her conviction is pronounced in the court. TACTICAL INTERROGATION REPORT The report rendered by an interrogator/ investigator which contains the following information of subjects: a) Personal and family background; b) Educational background; c) Professional background; d) Criminal activities/ associates, armaments; e) Plans. TERRORISM - Any person who commits an act punishable under the Revised Penal Code hereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand shall be guilty of the crime of terrorism THEFT - Theft is committed by any person who, with intent to gain but without violence against or intimidation of neither persons nor force upon things, shall take personal property of another without the latter s consent. xlvi

45 THE STATE Shall refer to the Philippine government and its relevant government agencies, organizations and entities. TRADEMARK - A word, slogan, design, picture, or any other symbol used to identify and distinguish goods. Any identifying symbol, including a word, design, or shape of a product or container, that qualifies for legal status as a trademark, service mark, collective mark, certification mark, trade name, or trade dress. Trademarks identify one seller s goods and distinguish them from goods sold by others. They signify that all goods bearing the mark come from or are controlled by a single source and are of an equal level of quality. A trademark is infringed by another if the second use causes of confusion of source, affiliation, connection, or sponsorship. TRADE NAME A symbol used to identify and distinguish companies, partnerships, and businesses, as opposed to marks used to identify and distinguish goods or services. TRADE SECRET Business information that is the subject of reasonable efforts to preserve confidentiality and that has value because it is not generally known in the trade. Such confidential information will be protected against those who obtain access through improper methods or by a breach of confidence. Infringement of a trade secret is a type of unfair competition. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS The recruitment, transport, transfer or harboring, or receipt of persons with or without consent or knowledge, within or across national borders, by means of threat or use of force, or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or, the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of the person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation or the prostitution of others or others forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor, or services, slavery, servitude or the removal or sale of organs. TRAVEL DOCUMENT A certification or identifying document containing the description and other personal circumstances of its bearer, issued for direct travel to and from the Philippines valid for short periods or a particular trip. It is issued only to persons whose claim to Philippine citizenship is doubtful or who fall under the category enumerated in Section 13 of this Act. UNINTENTIONAL ABORTION Any person who shall cause an abortion by violence, but not intentionally. UNSCRUPULOUS Unprincipled, or not scrupulous. So, a person who is without scruple would be one who is lacking in moral integrity, or in principles; not adhering to ethical standards; careless; imprudent. VENUE Venues deals with the locality, the place where the suit may be had, while jurisdiction treats of the power of the court to decide the case on the merits. xlvii

46 VICTIM The aggrieved party. VICTIM COMMUNICATOR The person to whom any demand has been or is likely to be made by the kidnapper and who is expected by the offender to respond. VICTIMOLOGY/VICTIM PROFILING A detailed account of the victim s lifestyle and personality assists in determining the nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim and the type of person who could have committed the crime. Complete information regarding the victim s physical description, normal behavioral patterns, the family dynamics, and known friends and acquaintances should be obtained as soon as possible. VISA An endorsement made on a travel document by consular officer at a Philippine Embassy or Consulate abroad denoting that the visa application has been properly examined and that the bearer is permitted to proceed to the Philippines and request permission from the Philippine Immigration authorities at the ports of entries to enter the country. The visa thus issued is not a guarantee that the holder will be automatically admitted into the country, because the admission of foreign nationals into the Philippines is a function of the immigration authorities at the port of entry. VOLUNTARY SURRENDER A surrender to be voluntary, as mitigating circumstances in criminal law, must be spontaneous, showing the intent of the accused to submit him unconditionally to the authorities. WAIVER The doctrine of waiver, from its nature, applies ordinarily to all rights of privileges to which a person is legally entitled, provided such rights or privileges belong to the individual and are intended solely for his benefit. WATERBORNE DISASTER- A disaster occurring in water areas as a result of both natural and man-made causes, e.g. ship collision; ships sank by typhoon, overloading resulting in mass drowning, dam collapse, flash floods and marine pollution. Curiosity is one of the most permanent and certain characteristics of a vigorous mind. (Samuel Johnson) xlviii

47 CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INVESTIGATION 1.1 DEFINITION OF INVESTIGATION Investigation is the collection of facts to accomplish a three-fold aim: a. to identify the suspect; b. to locate the suspect; and c. to provide evidence of his guilt. In the performance of his duties, the investigator must seek to establish the six (6) cardinal points of investigation, namely: what specific offense has been committed; how the offense was committed; who committed it; where the offense was committed; when it was committed; and why it was committed. 1.2 PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION Protocol 1: Jurisdictional Investigation by the Territorial Unit Concerned The Police Station, which has territorial jurisdiction of the area where the crime incident was committed, shall immediately undertake the necessary investigation and processing of the crime scene, unless otherwise directed by higher authorities for a certain case to be investigated by other units/agency. Protocol 2: Official Police Blotter a. A Police Blotter is an 18 x 12 logbook with hard-bound cover that contains the daily register of all crime incident reports, official summary of arrests, and other significant events reported in a police station. b. As a general rule, all crime incidents must be recorded in the official police blotter. c. A separate Police Blotter, however, shall be maintained for offenses requiring confidentiality like violence against women and children and those cases involving a child in conflict with the law to protect their privacy pursuant to R.A (Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act of 2004) and R.A (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006)

48 d. The duty police officer shall record the nature of the incident in the police blotter containing the five W s (who, what, where, when and why) and one H (how) of the information and inform his superior officer or the duty officer regarding the occurrence of such incident. e. In answering the above 5 Ws and 1 H and the Case Disposition, all such material details about the incident, including the nature of the action or offense; the Date, Time, and Place of Occurrence; the names of the suspect/s, the victim/s, the witness/es, if any; facts of the case; significant circumstances that aggravate or mitigate the event or the crime should be entered along with the identity of the officer to whom the case is assigned (Officer-on-case); and, the status of the case. Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization and Equipment a. All investigators in any police unit must be a graduate of prescribed investigation course with a rank of at least PO2 (pre-requisite to assignment). b. Composition: 1. Team Leader; 2. Investigator/recorder; 3. Photographer; 4. Evidence custodian; and 5. Composite Illustrator/Artist c. Equipment of the investigator: 1. Police line; 2. Video camera; 3. Voice recorder; 4. Camera; 5. Measuring device; 6. Gloves; 7. Flashlight; 8. Fingerprint kit; 9. Evidence bag; 10. Evidence tag; 11. Evidence bottles/vials; and 12. Investigator s tickler (contains the following) a) Investigator s checklist b) Anatomical diagram form c) Evidence checklist d) Turn-over receipt 1-2 -

49 Protocol 4: Duties of the First Responder a. Proceed to the crime scene to validate the information received; b. Record the exact time of arrival and all pertinent data regarding the incident in his issued pocket notebook and notify the TOC; c. Cordon off the area and secure the crime scene with a police line or whatever available material like ropes, straws or human as barricade to preserve its integrity; d. Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger and call for back up if necessary; e. Identify possible witnesses and conduct preliminary interview and ensure their availability for the incoming investigator-on-case; f. Arrest the suspect/s if around or in instances wherein the suspect/s is fleeing, make appropriate notification for dragnet operations; g. Prepare to take the Dying Declaration of severely injured persons with the following requisites: 1. That death is imminent and the declarant is conscious of that fact; 2. That the declaration refers to the cause and surrounding circumstances of such death; 3. That the declaration relates to facts which the victim is competent to testify to; and 4. That the declaration is offered in a case wherein the declarant s death is the subject of the inquiry. (Section 37, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court). services; h. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital using emergency i. Account for the killed, wounded and arrested persons for proper disposition; j. Conduct initial investigation; and scene. k. Brief the investigator-on-case upon arrival and turn over the crime 1-3 -

50 l. Conduct inventory on the evidence taken at the crime scene; Inventory receipt should be properly signed by the first responder, SOCO and the investigator. Protocol 5: Duties and responsibilities of the Investigating Team a. Take full control of the crime scene to include the conduct of crime scene search; taking of photographs; making sketches; lifting of fingerprints; markings of physical evidence; (Chain of custody) the transmittal of evidence to crime laboratory; interview of witnesses; gathering and evaluation of evidence; follow-up of the case and the documentation and filing of appropriate charges in court. scene; b. Establish a command post in the immediate vicinity of the crime c. Designate a holding area in the immediate vicinity of the crime scene (for the media, VIP s and other personalities present); d. Conduct case conference with the first responder, SOCO, other law enforcers and rescue personnel; e. Note any secondary crime scene (if situation requires); and f. Release the crime scene after investigation. Protocol 6: Investigation of Suspects a. Procedures when arrest is made 1. Secure the person arrested (handcuff at the back); 2. Inform the arrested person on the cause of his arrest and his rights as provided for in the Constitution; 3. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials against the suspect/s; 4. Use reasonable force in making arrest; 5. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented and marked; 6. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for investigation

51 b. Booking procedures of the Arrested Person/Suspect 1. The arrested suspect shall be fingerprinted, photographed and subjected to medical examination to include liquor and drug tests. 2. Conduct record check. Protocol 7: Taking of Sworn Statements of Suspects The execution of a suspect s WAIVER as stipulated in Art 125 of the RPC shall always be done in the presence of his chosen counsel or any independent counsel. Protocol 8: Taking of Sworn Statement/s of the Witnesses a. Sworn Statement or Affidavit of complainant/s and witness/es must be taken immediately by the investigator-on-case. b. Affidavit of Arrest of arresting officers must be taken immediately not later than 24 hours. c. In Inquest cases, the investigator-on-case and the arresting officer/s shall observe Art. 125 of the RPC. Protocol 9: Preparation of Reports and Filing of Charges The Investigator-On-Case shall submit the following: a. Spot Report within 24 hrs to HHQ; b. Progress Report; c. After Operation Report; d. Final Report after the case is filed before the prosecutor s office/court; and e. Accomplishment Report. Protocol 10: Procedure in the Release of Crime Scene a. Ensure that appropriate inventory has been made; b. Release is accomplished only after completion of the final survey and proper documentation of evidence, witness/es, victim/s and suspect/s; and c. If the crime scene is within a private property, the same must be released to the lawful owner witnessed by any barangay official. In case of government facility, it should be released to the administrator

52 Protocol 11: Follow-up of Case The investigator shall conduct police operation to identify and apprehend suspect/s based on the results of the initial investigation conducted. Protocol 12: Preparation of Case Investigation Plan (CIPLAN) The conduct of police operation involving sensational cases, high profile and heinous crimes must be covered by Case Investigation Plan. Protocol 13: Attendance to Court Duties The investigator-on-case and arresting officers shall endeavor to ensure their attendance during court hearings while COPs/Heads of Units shall supervise and ensure the attendance of witness/es. Protocol 14: Uniform of the Investigator Prescribed uniform should be worn by investigators when conducting investigation so as to identify them as PNP personnel TOOLS OF AN INVESTIGATOR IN GATHERING FACTS a. Information Data gathered by an investigator from other persons including the victim himself and from: 1. Public records; 2. Private records; and 3. Modus Operandi file. b. Interview Skillful questioning of witnesses and suspects. c. Instrumentation Scientific examination of real evidence, application of instrument and methods of the physical sciences in detecting crime PHASES OF INVESTIGATIONS The main objective of a police investigator is to gather all facts in order to: Phase I Identify the suspect/s through (1) confession; (2) eyewitness testimony, (3) circumstantial evidence; and (4) associate evidence; 1-6 -

53 Phase II Phase III Locate and apprehend suspect/s; and Gather and provide evidence to establish the guilt of the accused. In proving the guilt of the accused in court, the fact of the existence of the crime must be established; the accused must be identified and associated with the crime scene; competent and credible witnesses must be available; and the physical evidence must be appropriately identified. The investigator must know by heart the elements of a specific crime STANDARD METHODS OF RECORDING INVESTIGATIVE DATA a. Photographs; b. Sketching crime scenes; c. Written notes (what you have seen or observed); d. Developing and lifting fingerprints found at the crime scene; e. Gathering physical evidence; f. Plaster cast; g. Tape recording of sounds; h. Video tape recording of objects; and i. Written statements of subject(s) and witnesses CRIME SCENE PROCESSING a. The Crime Scene Search 1. Processing and Securing a Crime Scene Processing a crime scene includes the application of diligent and careful methods by an investigator/policemen to recognize, identify, preserve and collect fact and items of evidentiary value that may assist in reconstructing that which actually occurred. The crime scene is the area surrounding the place where the crime occurred. The processing of the area at the scene includes all direct traces of the crime. And this is determined by the type of crime committed and the place where the act occurred

54 2. Protecting the Crime Scene and the Evidence Successful crimes scene processing depends upon the policeman s or investigator s skill in recognizing and collecting facts and items of value as evidence, and upon his ability to protect, preserve, and later, to present these in a logical manner. This requires making careful and detailed notes and sketches; written statements and transcribing verbal statements of witnesses, suspects and marking and preservation of collected physical objects of evidentiary nature. 3. Laboratory examination of objects and substances located usually at the crime scene. Objects and substances needing examination in some cases are carried, intentionally or unintentionally, by suspects from the crime scene INVESTIGATOR S NOTEBOOK a. Purpose: Considering the mass of details and the number of cases which in some instances an investigator is handling, it is very possible that he might forget some details. Many of the details associated with the investigation, while not essential to the report, might become points of interest to the court when the case is brought to trial. Experienced investigators employ a notebook to record the relevant details of the case. During trial, the court allows investigators to consult their notes to refresh their memory. b. Recording Note: The data of the investigation should be recorded in a complete, accurate and legible fashion so that in the event another investigator is required to assume responsibility for the investigation, he can make intelligent use of the notebook. 1.8 COMMON INVESTIGATION OVERSIGHTS a. Incomplete Case Folder lack of material documentation of the case under investigation. Recommended Remedies include the police reports in chronological order such as police blotter, spot, progress and final investigation report. Also, append the scene of crime operation reports, forensic reports and photographs. Further, if possible, attach the profile of victim/s and suspect/s, as well as the status of the party involved and the case. b. No template for the conduct of investigation police personnel are not knowledgeable about crime scene preservation and basic investigation

55 Recommended Remedies every police personnel should mandatorily undergo investigation training giving priority to those in the field units. c. Inadequacy of coordination the SOCO, investigators, prosecutors and other concerned agencies work separately and independently in the conduct of their investigation. Recommended Remedies - case conferences should be encouraged at the start of the investigation. The conferences should be attended by the SOCO, investigators, prosecutors, IBP lawyers and other concerned agencies in order to ensure the coordinated actions in the preparation of an airtight case folder. d. Failure to prosecute pertains to absence of police investigator during trial to act as prosecutor s witness due to retirement and transfer of concerned investigator. Recommended Remedies proper turn-over of case folders handled by investigators who shall retire or be transferred, as requisite before the issuance of office clearance. e. Chain of Custody non-observance of proper documentation in the turn-over of evidence from one officer to another or one office to another. Recommended Remedies documentation on the turn over of evidence with actual receipt should be observed and non-observance should be the basis for administrative sanctions. f. Less appreciation of electronic evidence police investigators take for granted the electronic devices such as cellphones, computers and other electronic devices can be processed to give investigative leads. Recommended Remedies proper training on the preservation and processing of electronic devices should be prioritized for all investigators in the field. Be doers of the word and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves. (James 1:22) 1-9 -

56 CHAPTER II GENERAL INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES 2.1 PURPOSE This investigative procedure is designed to adapt to the current trends in modern investigation, in line with the PNP Integrated Transformation Program which seeks to improve and integrate the different manuals used by the PNP to serve as guide in all aspects of police investigation. It also aims to come up with a definite investigative procedure on specific cases from the time the incident happened, until the case is filed, which will be adopted by the PNP investigators in pursuing their mandated tasks. 2.2 PROCEDURES Upon receipt of call/walk-in complainants Duty Desk Officer shall: a. Record the time it was reported; b. Get the identity of the caller/complainant; c. Get the place of the incident; d. Get the nature of the incident; e. Get the number of victim/s; f. Record a brief synopsis of the incident; g. Direct the nearest mobile car/beat patrollers or the nearest police precinct to act as first responder equipped with police line to secure the place of incident a camera; and h. Inform the duty investigator (preferably one team of investigators) At the crime scene The First Responder shall perform his/her duty as stated in Chapter I Protocol

57 In addition, check the condition of the victim while the other members of the first responders shall simultaneously secure the area by putting a police line or any material (like rope, straw and etc). a. If in serious condition 1. Bring the victim immediately to the nearest hospital using emergency services; 2. Photograph and make a sketch of the victim (if the victim is dead); 3. Get the dying declaration; if necessary (ask 3 questions) a) Ano ang pangalan at address mo? b) Kilala mo ba ang gumawa nito sa iyo? c) Sa pakiramdam mo ba ay ikamamatay mo ang tinamo mong sugat? However, if there is still a chance to ask more questions, then follow-up should be done. The statement, once reduced into writing, shall be duly signed by or with thumb mark of the victim. b. If not in serious condition 1. Bring the victim immediately to the nearest hospital using emergency services; 2. Get the identity and other data of the victim; 3. Get initial interview from the victim Note: The other member/s of the first responders shall remain at the crime scene to secure the premises. c. If the suspect is arrested at the scene 1. Get the names of the persons who turned-over or arrested the suspect. 2. Isolate the arrested suspect/s and separate them from any probable witness of the incident. 3. Record what time the suspect was arrested. 4. Wait for the investigator to interview the suspect. 5. If the suspect volunteers any statement, take note of the time, location and circumstances of the statements

58 2.2.3 Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene a. Upon arrival at the crime scene 1. Receive the crime scene from the first responder. 2. Record time/date of arrival at the crime scene, location of the scene, condition of the weather, condition and type of lighting, direction of wind and visibility. 3. Photograph and/or video the entire crime scene. 4. Before entering the crime scene, all investigators must put on surgical gloves. 5. Before touching or moving any object at the crime scene in a homicide or murder case, determine first the status of the victim, whether he is still alive or already dead. If the victim is alive, the investigator should exert effort to gather information from the victim himself regarding the circumstances of the crime, while a member of the team or someone must call an ambulance from the nearest hospital. Before removing the victim, mark, sketch and photograph his/her relative position. Only a coroner or a medical examiner shall remove the dead body unless unusual circumstances justify its immediate removal. 6. Designate a member of the team or ask other policemen or responsible persons to stand watch and secure the scene, and permit only authorized persons to enter the same. 7. Identify and retain for questioning the person who first notified the police, and other possible witnesses. 8. Determine the assailant through inquiry or observe him if his identity is immediately apparent. Arrest him if he is still in the vicinity. 9. Separate witnesses in order to get independent statements. b. Recording The investigator begins the process of recording pertinent facts and details of the investigation the moment he arrives at the crime scene. (He should record the time when he was initially notified prior to his arrival). He also writes down the identification of persons involved and what he initially saw. He also 2-3 -

59 draws a basic sketch of the crime scene and takes the initial photograph (if a photographer is available, avail his services). This is to ensure that an image of the crime scene is recorded before any occurrence that disturbs the scene. As a rule, do not touch, alter or remove anything at the crime scene until the evidence has been processed through notes, sketches and photograph, with proper measurements. c. Searching for evidence 1. Each crime is different, according to the physical nature of the scene and the crime or offense involved. Consequently, the scene is processed in accordance with the prevailing physical characteristics of the scene and with the need to develop essential evidentiary facts peculiar to the offense. A general survey of the scene is always made, however, to note the locations of obvious traces of action, the probable entry and exit points used by the offender(s) and the size and shape of the area involved. 2. In rooms, buildings, and small outdoor areas, a systematic search of evidence is initiated (In the interest of uniformity, it is recommended that the clockwise movement be used.) The investigator examines each item encountered on the floor, walls, and ceiling to locate anything that may be of evidentiary value. 3. You should give particular attention to fragile evidence that may be destroyed or contaminated if it is not collected when discovered. 4. If any doubt exists as to the value of an item, treat it as evidence until proven otherwise. 5. Ensure that the item or area where latent fingerprints may be present is closely examined and that action is taken to develop the prints. 6. Carefully protect any impression of evidentiary value in surfaces conducive to making casts or molds. If possible, photograph the impression and make a cast or mold. 7. Note stains, spots and pools of liquid within the scene and treat them as evidence

60 8. Treat as evidence all other items, such as hairs, fibers, and earth particles foreign to the area in which they are found; for example, matter found under the victim s fingerprints. 9. Proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to the conclusion of the processing of the scene. The search for evidence is initially completed when, after a thorough examination of the scene, the rough sketch, necessary photograph and investigative notes have been completed and the investigator has returned to the point from which the search began. 10. Further search may be necessary after the evidence and the statements obtained have been evaluated. 11. In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to divide the area into strips about four (4) feet wide. The policeman may first search the strip on his left as he faces the scene and then the adjoining strips. 12. It may be advisable to make a search beyond the area considered to be the immediate scene of the incident or crime. For example, evidence may indicate that a weapon or tool used in the crime was discarded or hidden by the offender somewhere within a square-mile area near the scene. 13. After completing the search of the scene, the investigator examines the object or person actually attacked by the offender. For example, a ripped safe, a desk drawer that has been pried open or a room from which items has been stolen, would be processed after the remainder of the scene has been examined for traces of the offender. 14. In a homicide case, the position of the victim should be outlined with a chalk or any other suitable material before the body is removed from the scene. If the victim has been pronounced dead by a doctor or is obviously dead, it is usually advisable to examine the body, the clothing and the area under the body after the remainder of the scene has been searched. This is to enable the policeman/investigator to evaluate all objects of special interest in the light of all other evidence found at the scene. d. Collection of Evidence This is accomplished after the search is completed, the rough sketch finished and photographs taken. Fragile evidence should be collected as 2-5 -

61 they are found. All firearms (FAs) found to have tampered serial numbers (SNs) shall be automatically subjected to macro etching at the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory (PNP-CL). A corresponding request to the Firearms and Explosive Office (FEO) must be made for verification purposes. The investigator places his initials, the date and time of discovery on each item of evidence for proper identification. Items that could not be marked should be placed in a suitable container and sealed. e. Markings of Evidence Any physical evidence obtained must be marked or tagged before its submission to the evidence custodian. These are information to ensure that the items can be identified by the collector at any time in the future. This precaution will help immeasurably to establish the credibility of the collector s report or testimony and will effectively avoid any suggestions that the item has been misidentified. Markings on the specimen must at least contain the following: 1. Exhibit Case Number 2. Initials and or signature of the collecting officer. 3. Time and date of collection. NOTE: It is also important to note the place or location where the evidence was collected. f. Evaluation of Evidence Each item of evidence must be evaluated in relation to all the evidence, individually and collectively. If necessary, these pieces of evidence must be subjected to crime laboratory examination. Example: firearms for ballistic examination, hair strands etc. g. Preservation of Evidence It is the investigator s responsibility to ensure that every precaution is exercised to preserve physical evidence in the state in which it was recovered/ obtained until it is released to the evidence custodian. h. Releasing of Evidence All collected evidence can only be released upon order of the court or prosecutor, as the case maybe

62 i. Chain of Custody A list of all persons who came into possession of an item of evidence, continuity of possession, or the chain of custody, must be established whenever evidence is presented in court as an exhibit. Adherence to standard procedures in recording the location of evidence, marking it for identification, and properly completing evidence submission forms for laboratory analysis is critical to chain of custody. Every person who handled or examined the evidence and where it is at all times must be accounted for. As a rule, all seized evidence must be in the custody of the evidence custodian and deposited in the evidence room or designated place for safekeeping. CHAIN OF CUSTODY (Change of Possession) Evidence Log The Scene Evidence Collector (Officer on Case) Letter Request Evidence Seal, Markings, Crime Laboratory Result Evidence Custodian Court order (Subpoena) Court Presentation j. Transmittal of Evidence to Crime Laboratory Proper handling of physical evidence is necessary to obtain the maximum possible information upon which scientific examination shall be based, and to prevent exclusion as evidence in court. Specimens which truly represent the material found at the scene, unaltered, unspoiled or otherwise unchanged in handling will provide more and better information upon examination. Legal requirements make it necessary to account for all physical pieces of evidence from the time it is collected until it is presented in court. With these in mind, the following principles should be observed in handling all types of evidence: 2-7 -

63 1. The evidence should reach the laboratory in same condition as when it was found, as much as possible. 2. The quantity of specimen should be adequate. Even with the best equipment available, good results cannot be obtained from insufficient specimens. 3. Submit a known or standard specimen for comparison purposes. 4. Keep each specimen separate from others so there will be no intermingling or mixing of known and unknown material. Wrap and seal in individual packages when necessary. 5. Mark or label each of evidence for positive identification as the evidence taken from a particular location in connection with the crime under investigation. 6. The chain of custody of evidence must be maintained. Account for evidence from the time it is collected until it is produced in court. Any break in this chain of custody may make the material inadmissible as evidence in court Methods of Crime Scene Search a. Strip Search Method In this method, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The three (3) Searchers A, B, and C, proceed slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle. When a piece of evidence is found, the finder announces his discovery and the search must stop until the evidence has been cared for. A photographer is called, if necessary. The evidence is collected and tagged and the search proceeds at a given signal. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed along new lanes as shown in the above illustration

64 b. Double Strip Search Method The double strip or grid method of search is a modification of the Strip Search Method. Here, the rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to a side. c. Spiral Search Method In this method, the three searchers follow each other along the path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling in toward the center. d. Zone Search Method In this method, one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant, and then each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants. e. Wheel Search Method In this method of search, the area is considered to be approximately circular. The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward 2-9 -

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