This is a terminology question. Answers will help me satisfy a referee but I'm also genuinely interested. Consider the following two things that you could define for a topological space X:

(1) The Grothendieck ring of the category of real vector bundles over X;

(2) the set $[X, \mathbb{Z} \times BO]$ of homotopy classes of maps from $X$ to $\mathbb{Z} \times BO$ where $BO$ is the classifying space for the infinite orthogonal group.

It is well known that (1) and (2) are in bijection when $X$ is, say, a finite CW-complex. This can fail when $X$ is not compact though, and I think it also fails when $X$ is a nested sequence of circles in the plane with the subspace topology. Anyway, the two are different in general.

Now consider the following names and notation :

(A) the real K-theory of $X$;

(B) the real topological K-theory of $X$;

(C) the K-theory of real vector bundles over $X$;

(D) $K(X)$;

(E) $KO(X)$;

(F) $K_\mathbb{R}(X)$.

Which would you pair to which? and what is your favorite for (1) and for (2)?

For example I don't expect anyone to answer that C2 is reasonable. I'm curious whether E1 or E2 will appear. Some other notation may also be prefered, I think I saw $\mathbf{KO}(X)$ once, meaning (1), while $KO(X)$ was for (2). Or perhaps the other way around. There are also alternative names like "the Atiyah real K-theory", not sure meaning what.

Thanks!
There may not be any universal convention, but at least we can have a vote of sorts.

In my opinion, if $X$ is non-compact then the "real topological K-theory" of $X$ and $KO(X)$ should be reserved for $KO(X^+,\infty)$ - the relative K-theory group of the point at infinity in the one-point compactification of $X$. This generally meets the needs of algebraic topology, but I'm not sure if it is appropriate for algebraic K-theory.
–
Paul SiegelDec 14 '12 at 12:31

In cases where (1) differs from (2), does anyone ever have much use for (1)?
–
Tom GoodwillieDec 14 '12 at 12:54

3

@Tom: I think there's a nice paper by Bob Oliver about (1) for classifying spaces of compact Lie groups. I seem to recall that the answer is interesting and quite different from the Atiyah completion theorem which describes (2) in this case.
–
PierreDec 14 '12 at 13:02

1 Answer
1

One standard notational convention is that
(2) = (E) for unbased spaces $X$, where the
brackets mean unbased homotopy classes of maps.
This is consistent with the classification
theorem that equivalence classes of $n$-plane
bundles over $X$ are classified as $[X,BO(n)]$.
The classification works for general CW complexes
$X$, not just finite ones. The restriction to
finite CW complexes to prove that (1) = (2) comes
in showing that the Grothendieck group, restricted
to elements of virtual dimension zero, is isomorphic
to $[X,BO]$.

However (E) is perhaps more usually used for the entire
generalized cohomology theory whose zeroth term is (2). Then, in modern algebraic topology, it has become standard to
focus on reduced cohomology theories defined on based spaces $X$,
and the bracket $[X,Y]$ is then understood to mean homotopy classes of based
maps. In early literature, $[X,Y]_*$ meant based homotopy classes,
but the modern literature prefers confusion, leaving to context
which is meant. Thus for unbased spaces,
$$KO(X) = KO^0(X) = [X,BO\times \mathbf{Z}] = [X_+, BO\times \mathbf{Z}]_*.$$
The complex analogue is
$$K(X) = K^0(X) = [X, BU\times \mathbf{Z}] = [X_+, BU\times \mathbf{Z}]_*,$$
so you absolutely must not use (D). Here $X_+$ is not the one-point
compactification of Paul's answer in general, but rather the union of
$X$ and a disjoint basepoint. This is the general way to describe
unreduced cohomology in terms of reduced cohomology. It has gradually become
more standard in algebraic topology to write $KO(X)$ rather than the historical
$\widetilde{KO}(X)$ for $[X,BO\times \mathbf{Z}]_*$
when $X$ is based. One point crucial to modern algebraic topology is that
generalized cohomology theories are represented by $\Omega$-spectra $E$, which
are sequences of based spaces $E_n$ and based (weak) homotopy equivalences
$E_n\longrightarrow \Omega E_{n+1}$; of course loop spaces only make sense in
the based context.

Adams used $K_{\mathbf R}(X)$ and $K_{\mathbf C}(X)$
as synonyms for $KO(X)$ and $K(X) = KU(X)$. That is the
context of your (F), but it never really caught on. One
can use (B) instead of (A) for emphasis when necessary,
to distinguish from algebraic $K$-theory. By abuse,
(C) is also sometimes used as synonymous with (A), (B),
(E), and (F), although it ought more logically be paired
with (1). People sometimes use 'orthogonal' rather
than `real' to avoid confusion with Atiyah's Real $K$-theory
$KR$ as in Mark's answer. Atiyah's real vector bundles are
often called Real vector bundles to avoid confusion,
which works Really badly in talks.

In answer to Tom and Pierre, the nice paper in mind is
``Vector bundles over classifying spaces of compact Lie groups''
by Stefan Jackowski and Bob Oliver.
It exploits the Sullivan conjecture to study (1) when $X=BG$
for a compact Lie group $G$.

Thanks! I'm starting to guess what happened in my referee's mind. He or she suggested the use of (E) to mean (1), which confused me; I see now that it would have confused other people. My guess at the moment is that s/he did not really bother to distinguish between (1) and (2) at all but rather, worries that a confusion with Atiyah's theory was possible. It's making more sense. I'll leave this open for a while to see if other people have something to add.
–
PierreDec 14 '12 at 17:34