The Occidental Block in 1900. Peeking out behind it at left is a corner of the Collins Block, which, unlike the Occidental Block, is still standing as of 2008.

The Seattle Public Library (SPL) is the public library system serving Seattle, Washington. It was officially established by the city in 1890, though there had been efforts to start a Seattle library as early as 1868. There are 26 branches in the system, most of them named after the neighborhoods in which they are located. Also included are Mobile Services and the Central Library (opened 2004, designed by Rem Koolhaas), the Seattle Public Library also founded, and until July 2008 administered, the Washington Talking Book & Braille Library (WTBBL).

All but one of Seattle's early purpose-built libraries were Carnegie libraries, although the central Carnegie library has now twice been replaced, all the early 20th century purpose-built branches survive, although some have been subject to significant alterations. Ballard's former Carnegie library has held a number of restaurants, antique stores, etc., but the others (such as the Fremont Branch and Green Lake Branch) have been modernized, and remain in use as libraries.

As of 2011, the Central Location of the library contained about 930,000 books, its special collections include an oral history collection, the state document depository, the federal document depository, an aviation history collection, genealogy records, and historical documents about Seattle.[3] The 26 branches have roughly one million cataloged physical items including Books, CDs, DVDs; in addition all locations have uncatalogued collections of books that can be borrowed without a library card.

Seattle's first attempt to start a library association occurred at a meeting of 50 residents on July 30, 1868, but produced only minimal success over the next two decades,[4] the Ladies' Library Association began a more focused attempt to put together a public library in 1888. They had raised some funds and had even obtained a pledge of land from Henry Yesler, but their efforts were cut short by the Great Seattle Fire of 1889. Nonetheless, encouraged by their ideas, the revised October 1890 city charter formally established the Public Library as a branch of the city government, the ladies' influence can be seen in that the charter required that at least two of the five library commissioners be women. The library was funded by a 10% share of city fines, penalties, and licenses.[5]

The first library opened April 8, 1891 as a reading room on the third floor of the Occidental Block—later the Seattle Hotel—supervised by librarian A. J. Snoke. By December 1891 when books were first allowed to be borrowed, it had 6,541 volumes. Snoke was succeeded in 1893 by John D. Atkinson, who was succeeded in 1895 by Charles Wesley Smith, who remained in the position until 1907. Smith took over a library that, like all of Seattle, had been seriously impacted by the Panic of 1893: by 1895 its annual budget was only half of what it had been that first year.[6]

In its first decade or so, the growing library "developed the traveling habit";[6] in June 1894, it moved across Second Avenue to the Collins Block. By 1895, the budget situation was so dire that Smith initially experimented with charging borrowers ten cents to borrow a book; the experiment was a failure and in 1896 the library moved to the Rialto, a building farther north on Second Avenue, far enough north that at that time it stood outside of Seattle's core. As the city grew out, that building was later occupied by the Frederick and Nelson department store, at the Rialto, the library for the first time moved to an open-stacks policy, where users could browse through the shelves for themselves instead of presenting a request to a librarian.[6] In 1898 the library moved again to the former Yesler Mansion, a forty-room building on the site that would later become the King County Courthouse.[7]

Meanwhile, in 1896, the library established a bindery, and a new city charter drastically decreased the power of the library commission and removed the requirement of its having female members, this greatly increased Smith's power, a change which he himself opposed; in 1902 a new Library Board would be established, again gaining supervisory rather than merely advisory power.[6]

On the night of January 1, 1901, the Yesler Mansion burned taking most of the library collection with it,[8] the library records were salvaged, along with the 2,000 volumes of the children's collection. Other than those, though, practically the only books salvaged were the 5,000 that were out on circulation at the time, the library operated for a time out of Yesler's barn, which had survived,[7] then moved to a building that had been left behind when the University of Washington had moved from downtown to its present campus.[9] By January 6, Andrew Carnegie had promised $200,000 to build a new Seattle library; he later added another $20,000 when this budget proved inadequate.[7]

The new Carnegie library was built not far from the former university campus, occupying the entire block between 4th and 5th Avenues and between Madison and Spring Streets, the land was purchased for $100,000. In August 1903, the city selected a design submitted by P. J. Weber of Chicago for a building to be constructed largely of sandstone. Ground was broken in spring 1905 and the library was dedicated December 19, 1906.[7] Shortly after moving to these new permanent quarters, Smith was succeeded in 1907 by Judson T. Jennings.[9]

Meanwhile, the library began to grow in other respects. A reference department had been established in 1899; in 1903 a position was established for a children's librarian. In 1904 a plan was established to grow eventually to 12 departments, the periodical division was established in 1906, the art division in 1907, and the technology division in 1912. Branch libraries had opened in rented quarters in Fremont (1903), Green Lake (1905), and the University District (1908). In 1908, Carnegie donated $105,000 to build permanent branches in the University District, Green Lake, and West Seattle (all of which opened in summer 1910), the annexation by Seattle of the city of Ballard brought with it another already established Carnegie library, and a further Carnegie donation of $70,000 in 1911 built the Queen Anne branch (opened 1914) and the Columbia Branch (opened December 31, 1915 in Columbia City). The land in the Central District donated by Henry Yesler to the Ladies' Library Association was traded to the parks department and the money was city funds were used to buy land and erect a library about 1 mile (1.6 km) east of downtown and named after Yesler.[9] It would later be renamed as the Douglass-Truth branch.

The 1921 opening of the permanent Fremont branch—also funded with Carnegie money—brought this era of great expansion to an end, it would be over three decades before The Seattle Public Library opened another proper branch.[4]

The Mission-style Green Lake Branch, built 1905, is one of the surviving libraries from this era.

The library's 1915 annual report, on the 25th anniversary of the library, attempted something of a summing up, with reference to the nature of a public library, it stated:

The public library holds no brief for any ism, but after all, what is the institution itself but a particularly good example of applied socialism. It represents government ownership of the bookshelf, for the library is supported entirely by the people of Seattle for their own welfare and use, it is our common property in books.[10]

As for how the library selected books, the 1915 annual report explained:

The ideal of every library is to get a good working collection in which every field of thought and action is represented and every race, nationality, profession, trade or local custom recognized: always with a due regard to proportion and balance in the collection. …[I]n a new, rapidly changing [community] such as ours… attainment [of this ideal] is a long way in the future. Even to approximate it requires much study of the community and of books. … Out in the Far West we must depend, in large part, for reviews and notices of books for our first knowledged of them. … We read carefully our two library “tools,″ the American Library Association Booklist and the Book Review Digest… We also make use of lists published by other libraries, and of publishers' notices though the latter… cannot be depended upon… Our chief dependence, however, is placed upon book reviews appearing in the better magazines. … The selection of the fiction is perhaps the most difficult of all…

While we cannot boast that our books are “made in Seattle,” we may say that they are bought in Seattle … in so far as is consistent with the best interests of the library…[11]

The report describes such economies as waiting for the prices of certain expensive books to drop a year or more after initial issue and that the librarians have become "practiced and merciless beggars" of government documents from around the country and the world.[12]

In 1916, 67,097 people borrowed books from the library, that was 19 per cent of the population of the city. At that time the system appears to have had more total points of contact with the public than today, though few of these were proper branches. A civics textbook from the era indicates the library's points of contact with the public as "the central library, 9 branch libraries, 8 drug store deposit stations, 32 fire-engine houses, 420 school rooms in 77 schools, 3 play grounds and 8 special deposit stations."[15]

The Paul Thiry-designed North East branch (opened 1954) stood in sharp architectural contrast to the older branch libraries.

Seattle suffered heavily in the Great Depression, the Library's official website describes the Library as having been "pummeled" in this period of "soaring demands and evaporating resources".[4] In 1930, a 10-year-plan announced an "urgent" need for a $1.2 million bond issue to expand the Central Library. In the event, nothing of the sort happened, during the Depression, the Central Library became a refuge for the jobless. Library circulation hit record heights, passing 4 million in 1932. Meanwhile, budgets were cut, employees were laid off, and programs were terminated, the Library's 1939 budget was $40,000 less than its 1931 budget.[4]

The Library's 50th anniversary in 1941 occasioned the foundation of Friends of The Seattle Public Library, the economic revival brought about by World War II, and the post-war prosperity, began to bring the library out of its institutional stagnation. Seattle spent $400,000 on a book stack addition to the Central Library in 1949, and three modern new branch libraries were built in 1954.[4] Nonetheless, the library was simply not used nearly as much in this era as in the Depression years. While the city's population had grown from 368,000 to 463,000 since 1932, only 2.4 million books were being borrowed annually, as against over 4 million.[16] Bond issue votes to build a more modern central library failed in 1950 and 1952.[4]

At mid-century, The Seattle Public Library had numerous "book stations" for areas with no branch as such, in locations such as a "rented shop space, clubhouse, or hospital," each with a small, frequently changing collection of books, these book stations were open half-time, and serves one-sixth as many readers as the branch libraries. A bookmobile with 2,500 books serviced two dozen other locations. Also, at this time The Seattle Public Library was a mainstay of the King County Library System, with 70,000 book loans in 1948 to King County patrons outside the city.[17]

By mid-century, The Seattle Public Library circulated a lot more than books. Even in its early years, the library collection had included items such as sheet music. By 1948, the circulating collection included 3,500 phonograph records, which were borrowed a total of 53,000 times that year, as well as 6,000 pieces of sheet music, 6,000 song books and piano albums, 200 reproductions of famous paintings, and 27,000 other pictures; in 1950, the library subscribed to 200 newspapers (mostly from Washington State) and 1,700 periodicals.[17]

The city finally passed its first-ever library bond issue in 1956, this funded, among other things, a new $4.5 million, 206,000-square-foot (19,100 m2) central library, designed in the International style by the Seattle firm of Bindon & Wright, and built on the same site as its Carnegie predecessor. Dedicated March 26, 1960, it featured the first-ever escalator in an American library, a drive-up window for book pick-ups and was Seattle's first public building to incorporate significant new works of art, among the artists represented were James FitzGerald, Glen Alps, and Ray Jensen. It also incorporated a fountain by sculptor George Tsutakawa, the first of many fountains Tsutakawa would construct over the remainder of his career.[4]

The new library energized the public library system, the library's official web site writes that "the atmosphere in the opening weeks was likened to a department store during the holiday shopping season. The new Central Library loaned out almost 1 million volumes in its first nine months, a 31 percent increase over the previous year's circulation." A library that had been "struggling with disinterest in a shabby headquarters" now found itself "loved to tatters," with greater demand than it could readily satisfy.[4]

The 1956 bond issue also provided $500,000 for branch libraries, this paid for the construction of the Southwest Branch (1961), a new Ballard Branch (1963; later Abraxus Books[18]), and the Magnolia Branch (1964). The Magnolia Branch was designed by Paul Hayden Kirk and incorporates the Japanese influences found in much Northwest architecture of the era, the bond issue also bought the land for the Broadview Branch, but did not provide the funds to build it; that branch finally opened in 1976.[4]

In the 1970s and into the 1980s, The Seattle Public Library experienced another period of tight budgets and constricted services, but the picture was never as bleak as in the Great Depression; in 1975 the Yesler Branch—earlier in danger of closing—was renamed as the Douglass-Truth Branch, honoring Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth. That branch features an extensive African American collection.[4]

A $2.3 million federal grant refurbished and expanded public areas of the Central Library in 1979. Another federal grant gave $1.2 million for the Rainier Beach Branch (1981). In the late 1980s, a $4.6 million project restored the Library's six Carnegie branches; this project was recognized with an honor from the National Trust for Historic Preservation.[4]

Meanwhile, capping the career of Library Board president Virginia Burnside, The Seattle Public Library Foundation was established in 1980 to increase outside financial support of the Library. By the mid-1990s, during the dot-com boom years, annual donations exceeded $1 million, while library circulation passed 5 million items annually.[4]

In 1998, Seattle voters, with an unprecedented 69 percent approval rate, approved the largest library bond issue then ever submitted in the United States, the $196 million "Libraries for All" bond measure, along with private funds raised by The Seattle Public Library Foundation, nearly doubled the square footage in Seattle's libraries, including the building of new branches and a new Central Library.

As of 2006, The Seattle Public Library system had 699 staff members (538 full-time equivalents), it circulated 3,151,840 adult books, 1,613,979 children's books, 570,316 WTBBL materials, and 3,895,444 other media (CDs, DVDs, videotapes, etc.) Staff members answered more than 1 million reference questions.[19] The system also provides 1,134 public computers.[20] Anyone with a library card can get up to one and a half hour a day of free computer use; the system accepts reservations for a computer at a particular time at a particular branch.

The library has moved to an RFID system for materials, which allows people to check out their materials without assistance, freeing librarians to focus on matters other than circulation.[20]

From 1993 to 2004, the library was home to Nancy Pearl, one of the few celebrity librarians in the English-speaking world. Pearl's Book Lust book series and her much-imitated "If All Seattle Read the Same Book" project (now called "Seattle Reads") resulted in her being perhaps the only librarian who has ever been honored with an action figure.

After the Great Recession resulted in eight separate operating budget cuts between 2009 and 2012,[21] in November 2012 Seattle voters passed a 7-year levy to restore services, the levy enabled all branches to provide Sunday service (15 previously did not), increased the number of branches with 7-day-a-week service from 12 to 14, added to the maintenance and repair fund, and provided new funds to purchase physical materials, electronic content, and additional computer equipment.[22]

The library unveiled its proposed rebranding strategy in September 2015, including a new name and new logo,[23] that attracted widespread controversy over its cost; the first phase of the project cost $365,000 and the total cost would have been $1.3 million out of private donations. The board of trustees ultimately rejected the proposal on October 28, 2015, citing negative public feedback and other pressing uses for the funds.[24][25][26]

Many of The Seattle Public Library's facilities are notable works of architecture, they reflect the aesthetics of several very different periods. The various former Carnegie libraries and the Douglass-Truth library all date from a single period of two decades in the early 20th century. No further branch libraries were built between 1921 and 1954, and when branch construction resumed, the International style had swept away the earlier revivalism. Today's Greenwood and North East branches are both expanded versions of 1954 libraries, the latter originally designed by Paul Thiry; a third library from 1954, the Susan J. Henry branch on Capitol Hill, has been entirely replaced, as has Bindon & Wright's 1960 Central Library.[4]

In addition, several buildings have been designated as landmarks by Seattle's Landmarks Preservation Board: Columbia,[34] Douglass-Truth,[35] Fremont, Green Lake, Lake City, Magnolia, North East, Queen Anne, University, and West Seattle.[34]

The new Ballard Branch is also one of the first buildings in Seattle to incorporate green architecture, the library is equipped with solar panels to reduce its electricity demands, as well as a green roof, which provides insulation to the building, and also serves to reduce stormwater runoff.[36]

1.
Public library
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A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries, Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public access to books is not new, romans made scrolls in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the empire. In the middle of the 19th century, the push for public libraries, paid for by taxes. Public libraries were started with a donation, or were bequeathed to parishes, churches. These social and institutional libraries formed the base of many academic and public collections of today. The establishment of circulating libraries in the 18th century, by booksellers and publishers provided a means of gaining profit, the circulating libraries not only provided a place to sell books, but also a place to lend books for a price. These circulating libraries provided a variety of including the increasingly popular novels. Circulating libraries were not exclusively lending institutions and often provided a place for other forms of commercial activity and this was necessary because the circulating libraries did not generate enough funds through subscription fees collected from its borrowers. As a commerce venture, it was important to consider the factors such as other goods or services available to the subscribers. The Malatestiana Library, also known as the Malatesta Novello Library, is a public library dating from 1452 in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna and it was the first European civic library, i. e. belonging to the Commune and open to everybody. It was commissioned by the Lord of Cesena, Malatesta Novello, the works were directed by Matteo Nuti of Fano and lasted from 1447 to 1452. In the early years of the 17th century, many famous collegiate, norwich City library was established in 1608 and Chethams Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653. Claude Sallier, the French philologist and churchman, operated an early form of library in the town of Saulieu from 1737 to 1750. He wished to make culture and learning accessible to all people, the Załuski Library was built in Warsaw 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops. The library was open to the public and indeed was the first Polish public library, at the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently lending libraries. The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries, before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature and libraries frequently chained their books to desks

2.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city

3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

4.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state

5.
Seattle Central Library
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The Seattle Public Librarys Central Library is the flagship library of The Seattle Public Library system. The 11-story glass and steel building in downtown Seattle, Washington was opened to the public on Sunday, May 23,2004. The 362,987 square feet public library can hold about 1.45 million books and other materials, features underground parking for 143 vehicles. Over 2 million individuals visited the new library in its first year and it is the third Seattle Central Library building to be located on the same site at 1000 Fourth Avenue, the block bounded by Fourth and Fifth Avenues and Madison and Spring Streets. The library has a unique, striking appearance, consisting of several discrete floating platforms seemingly wrapped in a steel net around glass skin. Architectural tours of the began in June 2004. In 2007, the building was voted #108 on the American Institute of Architects list of Americans 150 favorite structures in the US and it was one of two Seattle buildings included on the list of 150 structures, the other being Safeco Field. There has been a library located in downtown Seattle as far back as 1891, however, the Seattle Carnegie Library, the first permanent library located in its own dedicated building at Fourth Avenue and Madison Street, opened in 1906 with a Beaux-Arts design by Peter J. Weber. Andrew Carnegie, whose patronage of libraries later included five others in Seattle, a second library, at five stories and 206,000 square feet, was built at the site of the old Carnegie library in 1960. George Tsutakawas Fountain of Wisdom on the Fifth Avenue side was the first of that artists many sculptural fountains, a remodeling finished in 1972 gave the public access to the fourth story, dedicated to the arts and sound recordings. By the late 1990s, the library became too cramped again, renewed consciousness of regional earthquake dangers drew concern from public officials about the seismic risks inherent to the buildings design. The current Seattle Central Library is the library building to inhabit the city block between Fourth and Fifth Avenues. The project also received a $20 million donation from Bill Gates, rem Koolhaas and Joshua Prince-Ramus of the Dutch firm Office for Metropolitan Architecture, working in conjunction with the Seattle firm LMN Architects, served as the buildings principal architects. Ramus served as the partner in charge, bjarke Ingels designed the interior boxes for OMA. Ironically, OMA was not one of the invited to compete for the project. Ramus, formerly a Seattle resident, found out from his one day in advance that the library board was inviting interested firms to attend a mandatory public meeting. He flew in, and OMA ended up winning the project, the 11-story Central Library has a capacity for over 1.5 million books, in comparison to only 900,000 in the old library building. The architects also worked to make the library inviting to the public, rather than stuffy, for example, a major section of the building is the Books Spiral

6.
Rem Koolhaas
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Remment Lucas Rem Koolhaas is a Dutch architect, architectural theorist, urbanist and Professor in Practice of Architecture and Urban Design at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University. Koolhaas studied at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London and at Cornell University in Ithaca, Koolhaas is the founding partner of OMA, and of its research-oriented counterpart AMO based in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In 2005, he co-founded Volume Magazine together with Mark Wigley and he is widely regarded as one of the most important architectural thinkers and urbanists of his generation. In 2000, Rem Koolhaas won the Pritzker Prize, in 2008, Time put him in their top 100 of The Worlds Most Influential People. Remment Koolhaas, usually abbreviated to Rem Koolhaas, was born on 17 November 1944 in Rotterdam, Netherlands, to Anton Koolhaas and his father was a novelist, critic, and screenwriter. Two documentary films by Bert Haanstra for which his father wrote the scenarios were nominated for an Academy Award for Documentary Feature and his maternal grandfather, Dirk Roosenburg, was a modernist architect who worked for Hendrik Petrus Berlage, before opening his own practice. Rem Koolhaas has a brother, Thomas, and a sister and his paternal cousin was the architect and urban planner Teun Koolhaas. The family lived consecutively in Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Jakarta, and his father strongly supported the Indonesian cause for autonomy from the colonial Dutch in his writing. When the war of independence was won, he was invited over to run a programme for three years and the family moved to Jakarta in 1952. It was an important age for me, Koolhaas recalls. In 1969, Koolhaas co-wrote The White Slave, a Dutch film noir, Koolhaas first came to public and critical attention with OMA, the office he founded in 1975 together with architects Elia Zenghelis, Zoe Zenghelis and Madelon Vriesendorp in London. They were later joined by one of Koolhaass students, Zaha Hadid – who would go on to achieve success in her own right. Other early critically received projects included the Parc de la Villette, Paris, in September 2006, Rem Koolhaas was commissioned to develop 111 First Street in Jersey City across the Hudson River from Manhattan, working with real estate developer Louis Dubin. In October 2008, Rem Koolhaas was invited for a European group of the wise under the chairmanship of former Spanish prime minister Felipe González to help design the future European Union. Other members include Nokia chairman Jorma Ollila, former European Commissioner Mario Monti, Koolhaass book Delirious New York set the pace for his career. Koolhaas celebrates the nature of city life, The City is an addictive machine from which there is no escape Rem Koolhaas. defined the city as a collection of “red hot spots. ”. As Koolhaas himself has acknowledged, this approach had already been evident in the Japanese Metabolist Movement in the 1960s, a key aspect of architecture that Koolhaas interrogates is the Program, with the rise of modernism in the 20th century the Program became the key theme of architectural design. The notion was first questioned in Delirious New York, in his analysis of architecture in Manhattan

7.
Washington Talking Book & Braille Library
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It is administered by the Washington State Library. The librarys collection includes large print books, Braille books, audio cassette books and it also provides a recording service for audiobooks, a Braille service, a radio reading service, disability-focused reference service, and a variety of youth services. What is now WTBBL began in 1906 when the Seattle Public Library introduced the first Braille service in Washington State, early Braille transcriber groups included the Junior League, Seattle Council of Jewish Women, and the Seattle chapter of the American Red Cross. In 1919, SPL assigned Fanny Howley part-time to specific duty as a librarian to serve the blind, in 1931, under the Pratt Smoot Act, the collection became part of a national Braille and talking books network under the Library of Congress. From 1934, it served as a library serving Washington, Montana. In 1968 the Montana State Library established its own talking book service, the Alaska State Library in Juneau was established as a sub-regional library in 1973 and a full regional library in July 1976, since which time WTBBL has served only Washington State. The Library for the Blind moved in 1945 from the old downtown Carnegie Library to the Fremont branch, by 1954 it had become SPLs Division for the Blind, and moved to the basement of the Susan Henry Memorial Library on Seattles Capitol Hill, custom-designed for the purpose. At the beginning of 1967, the program was extended to any handicapped person certified as unable to read conventional printed materials, accordingly, in 1973 the program became the Washington Regional Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. On March 12 of that year, it moved to new quarters at the King County Library building at 811 Harrison Street,10 days later they began their Radio Talking Book Service. In 1975 Washington State took over the funding of the library from the city of Seattle, Seattle Public Library continued to operate the library on a contract basis until July 1,2008, when the state took over direct responsibility for its operation. The library first moved to its current location at what was then 821 Lenora Street October 1,1983, in 1985, circulation was automated so that blind staff members could use adaptive equipment to access the system. The library began its existence in 1906 without a formal name, by 1945, the program had become known as the Library for the Blind, by 1954 this had become the SPL Division for the Blind. In 1973, it became the Washington Regional Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, on January 1,1994 the present name of Washington Talking Book & Braille Library came into effect. In 1919, Fanny Howley became the first librarian formally assigned by SPL to services for the blind, drusilla Dorland served as acting head librarian from 1932 to 1937, succeeded by Stephanie Howley, head librarian from 1937 to 1952 and Florence Grannis 1952–1960. When Grannis left in 1952 to head the Iowa Library for the Blind, Marcia Finseth became head librarian, sharon Hammer became regional librarian 1974–1979, seeing through the transition to state funding. Jan Ames became interim regional librarian on September 5,1978, as early as 1934, the library introduced talking books on special 33⅓ RPM phonograph records, at the time, normal records were all 78s. In 1962, 16⅔ RPM records were introduced, and still later 8⅓ RPM flexible discs and these formats remained in service until 2001. They were superseded because in 1969 the National Library Service had started a cassette talking book program, the Radio Talking Book Service was founded March 22,1973

8.
Carnegie library
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A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. At first, Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a connection, namely his home-town in Scotland. Beginning in 1899, Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside of these areas, in later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. By the time the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, the first of Carnegies public libraries, Dunfermline Carnegie Library was in his birthplace, Dunfermline, Scotland. It was first commissioned or granted by Carnegie in 1880 to James Campbell Walker, the locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylized sun with the carved motto Let there be light at the front entrance. The first library in the United States to be commissioned by Carnegie was in 1886 in his hometown of Allegheny. In 1890, it became the second of his libraries to open in the USA, the building also contained the first Carnegie Music Hall in the World. It was the second Carnegie Library in the United States to be commissioned,1887, an 1893 addition doubled the size of the building and included the third Carnegie Music Hall in the United States. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest and these would be in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. In America,6 out of the first 7,7 of the first 10, until 1898, only one library was commissioned in America outside of Southwestern Pennsylvania—a library in Fairfield, Iowa, commissioned in 1892. Beginning in 1899, his foundation funded an increase in the number of libraries. They led the establishment of 75–80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country, under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, Carnegie funded separate libraries for African Americans, for example, in Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library. The Carnegie Library in Savannah, Georgia, opened in 1914 to serve black residents, the privately organized Colored Library Association of Savannah had raised money and collected books to establish a small Library for Colored Citizens. Having demonstrated their willingness to support a library, the group petitioned for. Future U. S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in his memoirs that he used it as a boy. Most of the buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival

9.
Ballard Carnegie Library
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The Ballard Carnegie Library, also known until 1963 as the Seattle Public Library – Ballard Branch, is a historic library in the Ballard neighborhood in Seattle, Washington. The library was predated by a library in the 1860s. With a grant for $15,000, among other funds, the building, located at 2026 N. W. Market Street in downtown Ballard, opened to the public on June 24,1904, after its sale, the old library building housed a variety of private commercial enterprises, including an antique shop, a restaurant and a kilt manufacturer. After being nominated in 1976 for the recognition by Seattle architect Larry E. Johnson, in the late 1860s, when Ballard was a new settlement along the edge of Salmon Bay, a homesteader named Ira Wilcox Utter helped create a freeholders library. When construction was completed, the building included features such as a 500-seat auditorium and a smoking room. Part of the work was executed by a chain gang. A call was put out for citizens to donate books to the new facility to expand the collection. In 1907, the Seattle Public Library took control of the Carnegie library, early Scandinavian immigrants to Ballard and the Pacific Northwest in particular made use of the new facility, Ballard as an area has a strong historical presence of Scandinavian people. Early in the existence, it had a turnstile at the entrance to its book stacks. With the arrival of World War I, the Carnegie Library became home to community activities, such as dispensing information on the war. In 1942, during World War II, one of the first African American librarians in Seattle, Lucille Smith, was assigned to the Carnegie library, in 1956, Seattle voters approved a municipal bond to replace what was by then considered the inadequate and impractical library. The Ballard Carnegie Library eventually was shut in 1963, when a new, larger library was built in the area. One of the reasons for the closure and sale of the library building were expert claims that the building would never survive an earthquake. The building has, in fact, survived several quakes since 1963, the building is now owned by Karoline Morrison and her husband, Dennis Beals, The former library was home to Carnegies, a French restaurant from 2003 until 2010. As of April 2010, the building is home to Ström and Ström Consulting, providing legal, as of March 2011, the building is also home to Root. Integrative Health, a wellness center offering massage therapy, chiropractic, nutrition, mental health counseling, acupuncture, naturopathic medicine. As the Carnegie Library building is without the City of Seattles City landmark status despite its NRHP status, as of 2012, the building is occupied by the Kangaroo and Kiwi Pub

10.
Ballard, Seattle
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Ballard is a neighborhood located in the northwestern part of Seattle, Washington. To the north it is bounded by Crown Hill, to the east by Greenwood, Phinney Ridge and Fremont, to the south by the Lake Washington Ship Canal, and to the west by Puget Sound’s Shilshole Bay. The neighborhood’s landmarks include the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, the Nordic Heritage Museum, the Shilshole Bay Marina, the neighborhoods main thoroughfares running north-south are Seaview, 32nd, 24th, Leary, 15th, and 8th Avenues N. W. East-west traffic is carried by N. W. Leary Way, 85th, 80th, 65th, and Market Streets. The Ballard Bridge carries 15th Avenue over Salmon Bay to the Interbay neighborhood, before the settling of Seattle, the land surrounding Shilshole Bay was inhabited by the Shilshole Tribe who lived off the plentiful salmon and clams in the region. The first European resident, homesteader Ira Wilcox Utter, moved to his claim in 1853, Utter hoped to see a rapid expansion of population but that did not happen, so he sold the land to Thomas Burke, a judge. Thirty-six years later, Judge Burke, together with John Leary, the partners also built a spur from Fremont’s main line of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway. Today three miles of line, running along Salmon Bay from N. W. 40th Street to the BNSF Railway mainline at N. W. 67th, are operated as the Ballard Terminal Railroad, during the late 19th century Captain William Rankin Ballard, owner of land adjoining Judge Burkes holdings, joined the partnership with Burke, Leary, and Gilman. Then, in 1887 the partnership was dissolved and the assets divided, capt. Ballard lost the coin-toss and ended up with the undesirable 160-acre tract. The railroad to Seattle ended at Salmon Bay because the company was unwilling to build a trestle to cross the bay. From the stop at Ballard Junction, passengers could walk across the wagon bridge, ability to ship products spurred the growth of mills of many types. Ballard’s first mill, built in 1888 by Mr. J Sinclair was a lumber mill, with the rapid population growth the residents realized that there might soon be a need for laws to keep order, a process that would require a formal government. In the late summer of 1889 the community discussed incorporating as a town, the issue pressed, however, so several months later, on November 4,1889, the residents again voted on the question and this time they voted to incorporate. The first mayor of Ballard was Charles F. Treat, by 1900, Ballards population had grown to 4,568 making it the seventh largest city in Washington, and the town was faced with many of the problems common to small towns. The city also faced problems with loose livestock, so the Cow Ordinance of 1903 made allowing cows to graze south of present-day 65th St. a punishable offense. The city faced more problems, however, with two of the most difficult being the lack of both a proper water supply and a sewer system. The one weakness of the location on Salmon Bay was the lack of freshwater springs

11.
Beacon Hill, Seattle
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Beacon Hill is a hill and neighborhood in southeast Seattle, Washington. The municipal government subdivides it into North Beacon Hill, Mid-Beacon Hill, Holly Park, former home to the world headquarters of Amazon. It is part of Seattles South End, Beacon Hill was also recognized for having the largest Olmsted-planned green space in Seattle, known as Jefferson Park. The neighborhood is highly treasured by its businesses and residents, and the neighborhood is highly involved in local planning affairs such as space, public safety. The plan was awarded the 2012 VISION2040 Award from the Puget Sound Regional Council, Beacon Hill is home to the Beacon Rocks. performance series, beginning its 5th season in 2014 on the last Sunday of June, July and August. This event featuring a variety of types of performances is held on the Roberto Maestas Festival Street, Beacon Hill has recently become known for their Food Forest, a new project that has created neighborhood urban farming west of Jefferson Park. The Beacon Food Forest has gained attention in the news, receiving recognition from the Associated Press, CBS, Gawker. The idea started with a group that secured $22,000 in Neighborhood Matching Funds from the Department of Neighborhoods. The Duwamish called the hill Greenish-Yellow Spine, probably referring to the color of the trees that once grew thickly on the hill. A later arrival, M. Harwood Young, named the hill after the Beacon Hill in his hometown, Boston, Beacon Hill was nicknamed Boeing Hill in the 1950s and 60s due to the number of residents who worked in the nearby airplane factory. The term fell out of use when many Boeing employees joined the exodus to the suburbs. Today the neighborhood is majority Asian, as can be seen by the many Chinese, Vietnamese, however, the area remains racially diverse, as shown by the United States 2000 Census, 51% Asian, 20% white, 13% black, 9% Hispanic/Latino and 7% other. The census also showed the total Beacon Hill population to be 22,300, neighboring Rainier Valley also shows a similar diversity. Pacific Medical Center located at the tip of Beacon Hill. Formerly a marine hospital, the served as headquarters to Amazon. com for ten years. Jefferson Park, Golf, lawn bowling, skate park, Beacon Mountain Playground, tennis courts, open space, Golf professional Fred Couples was raised in the neighborhood and Jefferson Park was his home course as a teen. Beacon Food Forest is one of the nations largest food forest projects in the United States and will be breaking ground in 2012, comet Lodge Cemetery Dr. Seattles Beacon Hill

12.
Broadview, Seattle
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Broadview is a neighborhood in northwestern Seattle, Washington, USA. The name Broadview was given to the neighborhood because of its views of the Puget Sound and Olympic Mountains. Farmers began to settle in Broadview and neighboring Bitter Lake in June 1889 and these farmers had to float their goods into Seattle via the Puget Sound, because there were no roads at the time. Eventually, logging began in the area, according to HistoryLink. org, the population of Broadview is approximately 13,000. On the western edge of Broadview is a bluff, below which runs the BNSF Railway mainline along Puget Sound, carkeek Park occupies the southwest corner of the neighborhood along the shoreline. Broadview is also home to the historic E. B, dunn Gardens designed by the Olmsted firm who are responsible for many of Seattles parks. The gardens can be toured with a reservation, on the northwest side of Broadview bordering the Highlands, Llandover Woods Greenspace is home to many Native Animal and Plant Species such as owls, eagles, mountain beavers, and old-growth trees. The species have been preserved due to limited residential development in the area

13.
Capitol Hill (Seattle)
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Capitol Hill, locally nicknamed the Hill, is a densely populated residential district in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is one of the citys most prominent nightlife and entertainment districts and is the center of the citys counterculture communities, Capitol Hill is situated on a steep hill just east of the citys downtown central business district. Union and E. Madison Streets, beyond which are First Hill and the Central District, Capitol Hills main thoroughfare is Broadway, which forms the commercial heart of the district. Other significant streets are 10th, 12th, 15th, and 19th Avenues, all running north-south, and E. Pine, E. Pike, E. John, E. Thomas, of these streets, large portions of E. Pike Street, E. Pine Street, Broadway, 15th Avenue, the highest point on Capitol Hill, at 444.5 feet above sea level, is in Volunteer Park, adjacent to the water tower. Capitol Hill is also responsible for half of Seattles 12 steepest street grades, the origin of the neighborhoods current name is disputed. According to one story, James A. Moore, the real estate developer who platted much of the area, according to another, Moore named it after the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Denver, Colorado, his wifes hometown. It is thought by the editors of HistoryLink that the story is a combination of the two. Due to its one-time large Roman Catholic population, Capitol Hill was frequently referred to as Catholic Hill up until the 1980s, Capitol Hill contains some of Seattles wealthiest neighborhoods, including Millionaires Row along 14th Avenue E. south of Volunteer Park and the Harvard-Belmont Landmark District. It also has many distinguished apartment houses, including several by Fred Anhalt, however, the neighborhoods architecture did not fare so well in the decades immediately after World War II. Most tenants close their blinds and look for another apartment when their lease runs out, since 1997, Capitol Hill has hosted the Capitol Hill Block Party annually in late July. Bus transit service to and within Capitol Hill is provided by King County Metro, the First Hill Streetcar line, which opened in January 2016, terminates in the neighborhood. The Capitol Hill station of Link Light Rail opened in March 2016, sound Transit will select proposals for transit-oriented development above and around the station location at Broadway and John Street. Huff killed six and wounded two others before taking his own life after being confronted by police, the shooting was the worst mass murder in Seattle since 1983, when the Wah Mee massacre resulted in 13 deaths. Large-scale gay residential settlement of Capitol Hill began in the early 1960s, accordingly, this district is home to a sizable number of gay and lesbian couples making Capitol Hill Seattles gayborhood. The music scene has transformed since those days and now a variety of genres are represented, the neighborhood figures prominently in nightlife and entertainment, with many bars hosting live music and with numerous fringe theatres. Capitol Hill is also home to two of the citys best-known movie theaters, both of which are part of the Landmark Theatres chain. Both theaters are architectural conversions of private meeting halls, the Harvard Exit in the home of the Womans Century Club

14.
Columbia City, Seattle
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Columbia City is a neighborhood located in the southeastern part of Seattle, Washington in the Rainier Valley district. It has a historic business district and is one of the few Seattle neighborhoods with a long history of ethnic. The neighborhoods main thoroughfares running north-south are Rainier Avenue S. the principal east-west thoroughfares are S. Alaska Street and S. Genesee Street, mass transit includes Sound Transits Central Link light rail service from the Columbia City station. The area was once dense conifer forest, inhabited by the local Salish peoples, three streets in the neighborhood have names of other famous explorers, Ferdinand Street after Magellan, Hudson Street after Henry Hudson, and Americus Street after Amerigo Vespucci. Lots in 1891 were sold under a tent with the slogan Columbia. Columbia incorporated as Columbia City in January 1893, annexation to the City of Seattle came May 3,1907 following a petition by citizens to the City Council to hold a special election on the matter. Although opposition to annexation had initially been due to citizens desire for local control. In 1905, the newly renamed Seattle Renton & Southern Railway extended south to Renton, in 1912 the streetcar line went bankrupt and was reorganized as the Seattle & Rainier Valley Railway. Its last run was just after midnight on January 1,1937, the former slough was used as a dump from 1941 to 1963, and is now Genesee Park. A major early employer was the Hitt Fireworks Company located at what is now Hitts Hill Park and it employed 200 workers in the 1930s and was credited for firework displays at several worlds fairs and Fourth of July celebrations. During World War II it produced smoke screens and parachute flares, the Hitt Fireworks Company also provided pyrotechnic effects for some major release films including Gone with the Wind. As African Americans moved to Seattle to be part of the industrial boom, many settled in the area. By the 1970s, the neighborhood had fallen victim to poverty, housing stock had deteriorated, the Columbia City business district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as the Columbia City Historic District, extending north to S. Alaska Street, south to the intersection of 39th Ave S and Rainier Ave S, east to 39th Ave S. and west to the alley east of 35th Ave S. Beginning in the late 1980s, Columbia City saw an influx of minority professionals, artists, gay and lesbian couples. By the late 1990s, Columbia City was already referred to as one of Seattles most creative neighborhoods, in the last decade, it has seen some of the sharpest rises in property values in the entire Seattle metropolitan area. As of 2008, Columbia City is one of Seattles most diverse neighborhoods in terms of income and ethnicity, today, the thriving pedestrian business district along Rainier Avenue S

15.
Delridge, Seattle
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The Delridge Neighborhood Plan Area includes most of the area within the valley itself. Some other nearby neighborhoods also have Neighborhood Plan Areas, the City of Seattle also uses the term Delridge more loosely to describe an informal collection of neighborhoods near the Delridge valley. That area includes the Pigeon Point, Youngstown, Riverview, High Point, Highland Park, Westwood, and Roxhill neighborhoods, and some industrial areas near the river. Pigeon Point is the end of the bluff above the Duwamish, east of the old Youngstown neighborhood that surrounds the steel mill. South Delridge has also replaced Westwood on some maps, but neither of the new terms have entered common speech among longtime area residents. Boeing Hill is the steep forested slope up which Highland Park Way courses and it is generally bounded on the north by Southwest Genesee Street, on the west by West Seattle Golf Course, on the south by Southwest Juneau Street and on the east by 21st Avenue Southwest. It is the area immediately South and adjacent to Youngstown and it is sometimes referred to as Youngstown. For example, the Youngstown Cultural Arts Center is actually in Cottage Grove, High Point is so named because it is the highest point of land in Seattle,520 feet above sea level. Highland Park is traditionally a working-class neighborhood, due to its proximity to Boeing Field, as with White Center immediately to the south, it now features wide demographic and ethnic diversity. Westcrest Park is adjacent to the West Seattle Reservoir and it offers an off-leash dog area. The Pigeon Point neighborhood is located on a bluff directly south of the West Seattle Bridge at the south end of Elliott Bay. Boundaries include SW Spokane Street on the north, Delridge Way SW on the west, West Marginal Way SW and the Duwamish Waterway on the east, Pigeon Point is home to Pathfinder K-8 at Cooper. South Seattle Community College is in Riverview, the college is notable for the South Seattle Community College Arboretum. The Seattle Chinese Garden borders the Arboretum, the gardens are on the bluff overlooking the Duwamish River. Roxhill is mostly residential areas, with a point of retail commerce. Westwood Village in Roxhill is a strip-mall which includes many retail standbys like Marshalls and Target, there are a lot of great areas suitable for field sports, picnics, and other outdoor activities. These green areas are interconnected with others throughout the city, which add to a community spirit. Also, Longfellow Creek flows through Roxhill Park, snake Hill is generally bounded on the north by Southwest Brandon Street, on the west by 31st Avenue Southwest, on the south by Southwest Juneau Street and on the east by 29th Avenue Southwest

16.
Frederick Douglass
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Frederick Douglass was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. In his time, he was described by abolitionists as a living counter-example to slaveholders arguments that slaves lacked the capacity to function as independent American citizens. Northerners at the found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave. After the Civil War, Douglass remained an active campaigner against slavery and wrote his last autobiography, Life, First published in 1881 and revised in 1892, three years before his death, it covered events during and after the Civil War. Douglass also actively supported womens suffrage, and held public offices. Douglass was a believer in the equality of all peoples, whether black, female, Native American. He was also a believer in dialogue and in making alliances across racial and ideological divides, one biographer argues, The most influential African American of the nineteenth century, Douglass made a career of agitating the American conscience. He spoke and wrote on behalf of a variety of causes, womens rights, temperance, peace, land reform, free public education. But he devoted the bulk of his time, immense talent and these were the central concerns of his long reform career. Douglass understood that the struggle for emancipation and equality demanded forceful, persistent, and he recognized that African Americans must play a conspicuous role in that struggle. Less than a month before his death, when a black man solicited his advice to an African American just starting out in the world, Douglass replied without hesitation. Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born into slavery on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay in Talbot County, the plantation was between Hillsboro and Cordova, his birthplace was likely his grandmothers shack east of Tappers Corner, and west of Tuckahoe Creek. The exact date of his birth is unknown, and he chose to celebrate his birthday on February 14. In his first autobiography, Douglass stated, I have no knowledge of my age. Douglass was of mixed race, which likely included Native American on his mothers side and he was given his name by his mother, Harriet Bailey. After escaping to the North years later, he took the surname Douglass and he wrote of his earliest times with his mother, The opinion was. Whispered that my master was my father, but of the correctness of this opinion I know nothing and my mother and I were separated when I was but an infant. It common custom, in the part of Maryland from which I ran away, … I do not recollect ever seeing my mother by the light of day

17.
Sojourner Truth
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Sojourner Truth was an African-American abolitionist and womens rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, Ulster County, New York, after going to court to recover her son, in 1828 she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man. She gave herself the name Sojourner Truth in 1843 after she became convinced that God had called her to leave the city and her best-known speech was delivered extemporaneously, in 1851, at the Ohio Womens Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. The speech became known during the Civil War by the title Aint I a Woman. A variation of the original speech re-written by someone using a stereotypical Southern dialect, whereas Sojourner Truth was from New York. During the Civil War, Truth helped recruit troops for the Union Army, after the war. In 2014, Truth was included in Smithsonian magazines list of the 100 Most Significant Americans of All Time, Truth was one of the ten or twelve children born to James and Elizabeth Baumfree. Charles Hardenbergh inherited his fathers estate and continued to enslave people as a part of that estates property, when Charles Hardenbergh died in 1806, nine-year-old Truth, was sold at an auction with a flock of sheep for $100 to John Neely, near Kingston, New York. Until that time, Truth spoke only Dutch and she later described Neely as cruel and harsh, relating how he beat her daily and once even with a bundle of rods. Neely sold her in 1808, for $105, to Martinus Schryver of Port Ewen, a tavern keeper, Schryver sold her in 1810 to John Dumont of West Park, New York. Around 1815, Truth met and fell in love with a slave named Robert from a neighboring farm, roberts owner forbade their relationship, he did not want the people he enslaved to have children with people he was not enslaving, because he would not own the children. One day Robert sneaked over to see Truth, when Catton and his son found him, they savagely beat Robert until Dumont finally intervened, and Truth never saw Robert again. He later died some years later, perhaps as a result of the injuries, Truth eventually married an older slave named Thomas. She bore five children, James, her firstborn, who died in childhood, Diana, fathered by either Robert or John Dumont, and Peter, Elizabeth, and Sophia, all born after she and Thomas united. The state of New York began, in 1799, to legislate the abolition of slavery, Dumont had promised to grant Truth her freedom a year before the state emancipation, if she would do well and be faithful. However, he changed his mind, claiming an injury had made her less productive. She was infuriated but continued working, spinning 100 pounds of wool, late in 1826, Truth escaped to freedom with her infant daughter, Sophia. She had to leave her children behind because they were not legally freed in the emancipation order until they had served as bound servants into their twenties

18.
Central District, Seattle
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The culture and demographics of the Central District have changed repeatedly throughout many years. It started out as a predominantly Jewish neighborhood, other former synagogues in the neighborhood are the former Sephardic Bikur Holim synagogue, Herzl Congregation synagogue, and Chevra Bikur Cholim. A few decades later, the Central District became a home to Japanese-Americans in Seattle, during World War II, presidential Executive Order 9066 made possible the removal of American citizens of Japanese descent from the West Coast. All Japanese residents were taken out of their homes and sent to internment camps. This and many race-restricted covenants to the north and south paved the way for many African Americans to find a new home in the Central District, by the 1970s, Central District became largely an African-American neighborhood and the center of the civil rights movement in Seattle. In 1970, Blacks made up nearly 80% of the neighborhoods population However, it marked the neighborhoods decline into poverty. In the early 21st century, several trends are changing the population of the Central District again. Due to this pressure, housing in the Central District is mixed, with some homes on the verge of condemnation. Many condemned houses are being replaced by townhouses and condominiums. Easy access to Interstate 5, Interstate 90, and Downtown, as well as street parking, also make the Central District an attractive. Despite the demographic shifts since the early 1970s, many locals still think of the Central District as a predominantly African-American area, one reason for this is that despite the decline in the African-American population, there is black history in the neighborhood. It is home to the Northwest African American Museum, during the early 1960s, the neighborhood was a hotbed for the Seattle civil rights movement. In 1963, civil rights protesters took to the streets and protested against racial discrimination, later, they participated in a sit-in in downtown Seattle. At the same time, the Black Panther Party used the neighborhood as an area for their movement. Hispanic or Latino of any race consisted of 7. 3% of the population, see also The Corner, 23rd and Union, The Hub, KUOW News, August 26,2009. Seattle Photograph Collection, Central District - University of Washington Digital Collection

19.
Fremont, Seattle
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Fremont is a neighborhood in Seattle, Washington. Originally a separate city, it was annexed to Seattle in 1891, and is named after Fremont, Nebraska, the hometown of two of its founders Luther H. Griffith and Edward Blewett. It is situated along the Fremont Cut of the Lake Washington Ship Canal to the north of Queen Anne, the east of Ballard, the south of Phinney Ridge, and the southwest of Wallingford. Its boundaries are not formally fixed, but they can be thought of as consisting of the Ship Canal to the south, Stone Way N. to the east, N. 50th Street to the north, and 8th Avenue N. W. to the west. The neighborhoods main thoroughfares are Fremont and Aurora Avenues N. and N. 46th, 45th, 36th, and 34th Streets. The Aurora Bridge carries Aurora Avenue over the Ship Canal to the top of Queen Anne Hill, a major shopping district is centered on Fremont Avenue N. just north of the bridge. Sometimes referred to as The Peoples Republic of Fremont or The Artists Republic of Fremont, the neighborhood remains home to a controversial statue of Vladimir Lenin salvaged from Slovakia by a local art lover who was teaching in the area at the time. After the 1989 fall of the Communist government, he brought the statue to Fremont with money raised through a mortgage on his house, the street running under the bridge and ending at the Troll was renamed Troll Avenue N. in 2005. In addition, signs throughout Fremont give advice such as, set your watch back five minutes, set your watch forward five minutes, other landmarks include the Fremont Rocket, a Fairchild C-119 tail boom modified to resemble a missile, and the outdoor sculpture Waiting for the Interurban. Since the early 1970s some Fremont residents have been referring to their neighborhood as The Center of the Universe, an unofficial motto De Libertas Quirkas appears in brochures and websites about the area. The Fremont Arts Council sponsors several highly attended events in Fremont. One of those events is the Summer Solstice Parade & Pageant, also important to Fremont is the large block on Linden Avenue N. that contains the B. F. Day is the longest continually operating school in the Seattle school district, another longstanding institution is the Fremont branch of the Seattle Public Library. An informal library predated the 1891 annexation of Fremont to Seattle, the present structure dates from 1921. Day playfield, Fremont has three public parks, Fremont Peak Park just south of N. 45th Street, Ross Park and Playground at 3rd Avenue NW and NW 43rd Street. Ernst Park next to the library, Ernst Park was named for Ambrose Ernst, a Fremont resident. He was known as the Father of City Playfields and he served on the Board of Park Commissioners from 1906 to 1913 and helped implement Seattles Olmsted parks plan. The Burke-Gilman Trail passes through Fremont just north of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, the large Gas Works Park is just east of Fremont on the north shore of Lake Union

20.
Green Lake, Seattle
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Green Lake is a neighborhood in north central Seattle, Washington. Its centerpiece is the lake and park after which it is named, david Phillips surveyed the Green Lake area in September 1855 for the United States Surveyor General. The first settler was Erhart Seifried with a 132-acre homestead on the northeast shore of the lake in 1869, in 1891 a trolley line was extended from Fremont along the eastern shore and around the northern end of Green Lake. Also in 1891, Green Lake was annexed to Seattle, there is an extensive variety of housing types in Green Lake. Since 1995, the neighborhood has undergone significant redevelopment, many houses have been completely remodeled and enlarged, often with the addition of another floor. This is a consequence of Green Lakes easy access to Downtown via both Interstate 5 and Aurora Avenue N, the Green Lake Library, a Carnegie library that occupies 5,000 square feet and cost $35,000 to build, was opened in 1910. In 1999 the library held 54,000 catalogued items, the library was closed during 2003 for remodeling and reopened in March 2004. It is part of the Seattle Public Library system, prior to the 1991 redistricting, Green Lake formed the center of Washingtons 32nd Legislative District. Green Lake is home to Green Lake Elementary School, Daniel Bagley Elementary School, Bishop Blanchet High School, GLSCC is the site of both Green Lake Crew, a public rowing program, and the Seattle Canoe and Kayak Club. There is also a 2. 8-mile path around the lake for runners, bikers, skaters and walkers, many others use the athletic fields or visit the park for boating, picnics and swimming. Green Lake Library is an officially designated Seattle landmark, other, unofficial landmarks include, Beths Cafe a notable restaurant in the Green Lake neighborhood since 1954 Colson House is a historic house constructed in 1904 by Charles and Sophie Colson. Seattle Parks and Recreation, Green Lake Park Seattle City Clerk, Green Lake neighborhood Seattle Photograph Collection, Green Lake - University of Washington Digital Collection

21.
Greenwood, Seattle
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Greenwood is a neighborhood in north central Seattle, Washington, United States. The intersection of Greenwood Avenue North and North 85th Street is the commercial center, Greenwood is known for its numerous bars, restaurants, coffee houses and specialty stores. Since 1993 the neighborhood has hosted the Greenwood Classic Car Show on the last Saturday in June, another event is the Greenwood Seafair Parade, held on the fourth Wednesday in July. Both events draw tens of thousands of visitors to the neighborhood annually, the division between Greenwood and Phinney Ridge is even more nebulous, the two neighborhoods plan events jointly. Greenwood is served by the North Cluster of the Seattle School District, no high school is located within the North Cluster but Nathan Hale, Roosevelt, Ballard, and Ingraham are all nearby. Schools in Greenwood include Greenwood Elementary and St. John Catholic School, the neighborhood has had its own branch of the Seattle Public Library since 1928. The current Greenwood branch building was completed in 2005, recreation areas maintained by the City of Seattle include Sandel Park and Greenwood Park. Greenwood has its own post office, which shares zip code 98103 with the larger Wallingford branch, the heart of Greenwood lies atop a peat deposit, also known as a bog. The area was molded into a bowl shape after the last glacial retreat, when groundwater is removed, the peat compresses, causing building settlement that cannot be undone. Commercial development has created an impervious surface and diverted rainwater to city sewers, on August 22,2008 the city added peat bogs to the list of Environmentally Critical Areas. This is intended to encourage building techniques that would stabilize the ground water, Greenwood has areas where streets and sidewalks have also been damaged due to irregular settlement. In 2012 the city of Seattle rebuilt North 85th Street and repaved much of Greenwood Avenue North, many sidewalks along these streets were also repaired, though evidence of prior damage can still be seen. Originally named Woodland, the neighborhood became Greenwood in 1907, Greenwood Avenue carried city streetcar and Seattle-Everett interurban passenger railroad traffic during the first half of the twentieth century. The section of the north of 85th Street was annexed to the city of Seattle in 1954. Many residents of the area voted for annexation, expecting that the city would build sidewalks, however, it is unconfirmed whether city officials ever made this promise. Many residential streets north of 85th Street are still without sidewalks, in 2009, the heart of Greenwood experienced several dramatic arson fires. On August 13, a fire seriously injured a man. The largest fire, on October 23, burned a building to the ground on N 85th Street in the neighborhood center, four businesses were destroyed, the Green Bean Coffee house, Phở Tic Tac, Szechuan Bistro, and C. C

22.
West Seattle, Seattle
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West Seattle comprises two of Seattle, Washingtons thirteen districts, Delridge and Southwest, and encompasses all of Seattle west of the Duwamish River. It was incorporated as an independent town in 1902 and was annexed by Seattle in 1907, among the areas attractions are its saltwater beach parks along Elliott Bay and Puget Sound, including Alki Beach Park and Lincoln Park. The area is known for its views of the Olympic Mountains to the west. Fully 1/3 of Seattles green space and urban forest is located in West Seattle, High Point is a neighborhood in the Delridge district of West Seattle, Washington, United States. It is so named because it contains the highest point in Seattle, the neighborhood is located on the east side of 35th Ave SW, with approximate north and south boundaries at SW Juneau Street and SW Myrtle Street. The hill is dominated by two water towers, and is also the location of Our Lady of Guadalupe School and Parish. It is also known for the High Point Projects which were torn down in 2005 to make way for new mixed-income housing, High Point is one of Seattles most diverse neighborhoods, with a substantial immigrant population from Southeast Asia and East Africa. The neighborhood was developed during World War II to provide government housing. In 2003, the Seattle Housing Authority began work on the first phase of a project to redevelop High Point into a mixed-income community. The redevelopment removed all existing housing, roads, and utilities, in their place, new roads, underground infrastructure, about 1,600 new housing units, and community facilities were built. The redevelopment embraced many sustainable development principles, the site and rental housing are certified at the highest BuiltGreen levels, most housing is Energy Star rated. The site makes use of permeable paving, including porous sidewalks, parking areas. Some houses were built to reduce symptoms for people with asthma, Alki Point is traditionally credited as the point where the Denny Party founded Seattle prior to moving across Elliott Bay to what is now Downtown. A similar landing at Alki has been reenacted annually since 1950 as part of the colorful, week-long Seafair celebration of Seattles marine, Seafair coincides with West Seattle festivities including Hi-Yu and the West Seattle Summer Fest street festival held each July. Along with its historical significance Alki is the home of the most popular beach in the Seattle area, fittingly named Alki Beach, it offers a significant strip of sandy beach full of driftwood, seashells, and fire pits. Low tides offer West Seattlites an opportunity to explore life in tidepools. Additionally, Alki hosts a flat bike/running trail from which people can view the Seattle skyline, Puget Sound, the heart of West Seattle is the intersection of California Avenue S. W. and S. W. Alaska Street, called The Junction, the center of a business district

23.
Chinatown-International District, Seattle
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The Chinatown-International District of Seattle, Washington is the center of Seattles Asian American community. The geographic area once included Seattles Manilatown. Like many other areas of Seattle, the neighborhood is multiethnic and it is one of eight historic neighborhoods recognized by the City of Seattle. CID has a mix of residences and businesses and is a tourist attraction for its ethnic Asian businesses, boundaries of the CID are from 4th Avenue South to Rainier Avenue and from Yesler Way to Charles Street/Dearborn. The CID neighborhood stretches from Fourth Avenue S. beyond which are Pioneer Square and SoDo, east to Rainier Avenue South, within the CID are the three neighborhoods of Chinatown, Japantown, and Little Saigon. The Seattle Chinatown Historic District, so designated by the U. S. National Register of Historic Places in 1986, is south of Jackson and west of I-5. In the present day, Japantown is centered on 6th Avenue and Main Street, Chinese immigrants first came to the Pacific Northwest in the 1850s, and by the 1860s, some had settled in Seattle. Many of the first Chinese immigrants to Washington came from Guangdong province, the first Chinese quarters were near Yeslers Mill on the waterfront. According to Chinese oral history, the waterfront was the first Chinatown, in 1886 whites drove out most of Seattles Chinese population. However, some shelter with Native Americans on the reservations while others came under the protection of white employers. The Great Seattle Fire of 1889 further hindered the community, eventually, the Chinese re-established new quarters farther inland, along Washington St. and Second Avenue South. Land values rose, especially with impending construction of the Smith Tower, only the Hop Sing Tong managed to retain its building on 2nd and Washington. It sold this building about 2006 in order to purchase the former China Gate building in the current Chinatown, near the end of the 19th century, Japanese immigrants also began arriving, settling on the south side of the district on the other side of the railroad tracks. Part of present-day Dearborn Street, between 8th and 12th avenues, was known as Mikado Street, after the Japanese word for emperor, Japanese Americans developed Nihonmachi, or Japantown, on Main Street, two blocks north of King Street. By the mid-1920s, Nihonmachi extended from 4th Avenue along Main to 7th Avenue, with clusters of businesses along Jackson, King, Weller, Lane, as downtown property values rose, the Chinese were forced to other areas. By the early 1900s, a new Chinatown began to develop along King Street, in 1910, Goon Dip, a prominent businessman in Seattles Chinese American community, led a group of Chinese Americans to form the Kong Yick Investment Company, a benefit society. Their funding and efforts led to the construction of two buildings—the East Kong Yick Building and the West Kong Yick Building, meanwhile, Filipino Americans began arriving to replace the Chinese dock workers, who had moved inland. According to Pamana I, a history of Filipino Americans in Seattle, they settled along First Hill and they were attracted to work as contract laborers in agriculture and salmon canneries

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Lake City, Seattle
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Lake City is the northeast region of Seattle, centered along Lake City Way NE, 7–8 miles northeast of downtown. A broader definition of the Lake City area includes all the land between 15th Avenue NE and Lake Washington, and between NE 95th and 98th streets to the Seattle city limits at NE 145th Street. What is now Lake City has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period, the lake people lost their rights in 1854. A Little Germany neighborhood of several immigrant farmers grew up in the 1870s around where Nathan Hale High School now stands, the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway operated a passenger stop near the current location of NE 115th St called simply, Lake. The area was dubbed Lake City by D. H. and R. H. Lee in 1906 after they purchased and platted the land. With the advent of the automobile, the area developed linearly around major roads rather than centrally around trolley stops, the road to Bothell and Everett was made all-weather with brick in 1918 and then the new material asphalt in 1928. The automobile relationship with Seattle would shape Lake City development and neighborhood character, Lake City would remain relatively remote and suburban from Seattle until years after WWII. Transition to a community was marked in 1935 with the start of the Lake City Branch Library of today as a few shelves of books in part of a room in Lake City School. Sponsorship was by the Pacific Improvement Club community group, Lake City incorporated as a township in 1949 with more than 40,000 residents, rapid growth was a product of a massive influx of young suburban families after World War II. The City of Seattle annexed Lake City and other communities in 1954 when the city limits were expanded from 85th Street to 145th Street, scout Troop 240 and other volunteers moved thousands of books into a new library building in 1955. Lake City relies heavily on retail commerce, and business in the area has risen and fallen based on expansion in the Seattle area. The expansion of Aurora Avenue North to Everett, Washington cut into business in the 1920s, the opening of Northgate Mall in 1950 reduced retail business in Lake City, and the area took another hit after the construction of Interstate 5 in the 1960s. Renovation of the city core along Lake City Way NE near NE 125th Street helped revive the economy in the late 1970s. In 1916, Washington joined Prohibition, and Lake City saw an upswing in commercial activity, unincorporated areas of King County accessible by auto became popular locations for speakeasies selling illegal liquor and purveying prostitution and gambling, often in clever guises. In the event of a raid, patrons and employees could leave via tunnels such as one under the highway, the Jolly Roger continued as a popular dancehall and restaurant. It was designated a Seattle Historic Landmark in 1979, on 19 October 1989, the restaurant, located at 8721 Lake City Way burned in an arson fire. The fire was suspicious, but only relative to its storied past. Police had neither motive nor suspects, investigators were not able to determine how the arsonist got inside past a burglar alarm, with no signs of forced entry

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Madrona, Seattle
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Madrona is a mostly residential neighborhood in east central Seattle, Washington. The neighborhoods main thoroughfares are E, union and E. Cherry Streets, Madrona Drive, and 34th Avenue and Lake Washington Boulevard. It is home to Madrona Park and the 34th Avenue and E, the neighborhood was named by John Ayer, who contributed the land for Madrona Park, after a species of tree common to the area. Madronas motto, The Peaceable Kingdom, reflects its racially mixed heritage, in the early 20th century, the coal mining industry brought Chinese immigrants to Madrona. Later, the boom brought an influx of African Americans. For most of the half of the 20th Century, 34th Avenue divided the neighborhood between mostly middle-class African American and upper-class Caucasian. The Black Panthers used the Madrona Playfield on Spring Street and 34th Avenue as its marching drill location in Seattle, in more recent years, as the neighborhood has gentrified, Madrona has been steadily returning to a more Caucasian demographic. The 2000 Census notes that, of the 5,097 residents in King County Census Tract 78, 72% are Caucasian, 20% are African American, Census Tract 77, two-thirds of which is in the Central District, has a significantly higher percentage of African American residents. Madrona Neighborhood website Madrona neighborhood profile and stats Seattle City Clerk, Madrona neighborhood

26.
Magnolia, Seattle
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Magnolia is the second largest neighborhood of Seattle, Washington by area. It occupies a hilly peninsula northwest of downtown, Magnolia has been a part of the city since 1891. A good portion of the peninsula is taken up by Discovery Park, although magnolia trees do line W. McGraw Street in the neighborhoods commercial district, Magnolias naming was actually a misnomer. It was named by Captain George Davidson of the U. S. Coast Survey in 1856, groups are actively working to save the remaining madronas on the bluff. On Magnolias south end is Magnolia Park, overlooking Puget Sound, Mount Rainier, and it features a picnic area and tennis courts across the street. Also in Magnolia are Smith Cove and its marina, Discovery Park, in the northwest, encompasses 534 acres and is Seattles largest park. The park is home to eagles, herons, falcons, seven miles of trails provide visitors with a wilderness experience and views of Puget Sound and the Olympic Mountains. Parts of Fort Lawton, such as the homes and other historic buildings. Discovery Park has extensive beaches wrapping around West Point, the westernmost point in Seattle, adjacent to Discovery Park is West Point, featuring the West Point Lighthouse, which was built in 1881 and is the oldest lighthouse in the area. Walking trails descend from the park to two miles of beach and the lighthouse, West Point also contains one of Seattles sewage treatment facilities, and several archaeological sites. In the childrens section is a statue of a girl titled Girl Holding Doves. Outside hangs a bronze sculpture titled Activity of Thought, an abstract piece of art designed especially for the library by Glenn Alps. The library is furnished with solid walnut tables and chairs designed by George Nakashima. Magnolias business district, called the Village by locals, is home to specialty stores and professional services, some of Seattles top restaurants. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 87. 4% White,5. 8% Asian,1. 6% African American,0. 6% Native American,0. 3% Pacific Islander,1. 0% from other races, and 3. 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 3% of the population,34. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the family size was 2.73. In the neighborhood the population was out with 17. 0% under the age of 18,7. 6% from 18 to 24,34. 8% from 25 to 44,26. 7% from 45 to 64

27.
Montlake, Seattle
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Montlake is an affluent residential neighborhood in central Seattle. It is bounded to the north by Portage Bay and the Montlake Cut section of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, to the east by the Washington Park Arboretum, and to the south and west by Interlaken Park. Capitol Hill is on its south and west sides, and the University of Washington lies across the Montlake Cut to the north, State Route 520 runs through the northern tip of Montlake, isolating four blocks from the rest of the neighborhood. Though sports at the University of Washington are often referred to metonymically as Montlake, the neighborhoods main thoroughfares are Boyer Avenue E. 24th Avenue E. and Lake Washington and Montlake Boulevards E. and E. Montlake was primarily developed by John E. Boyer and Herbert Turner from 1903 through the early 1930s, in 1916, the northern boundary of Montlake was fixed by the opening of the New Portage Canal, later known as the Montlake Cut, between Lake Washington and Lake Union. The Montlake Bridge, a bascule bridge crossing the Montlake Cut. In 1925, a Montlake neighbor made a low offer for a tiny slice of adjoining land. Out of spite for the low offer, the built an 860-square-foot house at 2022 24th Avenue E. that blocked the neighbors open space. The house is 55 inches wide at the end and 15 feet wide at the north end. The Montlake Spite House still is standing and occupied, Montlake has one church, the Greek Orthodox St. Demetrios, built in 1963 on the grounds of a former garden business called Dahlialand. There is a small commercial corridor in Montlake along 24th Avenue East. It includes the Italian restaurant Cafe Lago, neighborhood pub Montlake Alehouse, Mr. Johnsons Antiques, a Seattle Public Library branch, the houses in Montlake are primarily single-family homes, mainly early 20th century American Craftsman bungalow and Tudor style. Also distinctive are the Old Seattle-style brick and wood homes of the early 20th century. The Montlake Community Club, an organization of residents, has a distinguished history of grassroots activism. Montlake first became active in a failed battle to move or avoid building State Route 520 through the northern section of the neighborhood. The neighborhoods efforts were unsuccessful and SR520 was opened in 1963, a more politically savvy Montlake Community Club helped to end the R. H. Thomson expressway project of the 1960s. It was designed as a bypass around Downtown for through traffic, interchanges with State Route 520 and I-90 were planned and the 520 interchange was partially built, but the project was halted before construction went further. Never-used on- and off-ramps still stand at the end of the Arboretum as a reminder

28.
View Ridge, Seattle
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View Ridge is a neighborhood in north Seattle, Washington. Many homes offer views of Lake Washington, Mount Rainier, View Ridge Elementary School is located within the neighborhood, and the neighborhood also offers a large park and playfield across the street from the elementary school. The View Ridge Swim and Tennis Club is located on the edge of View Ridge. View Ridge is home to a considerable Jewish community, with a Hasidic synagogue, Congregation Shaarei Tefillah Lubavitch, located at the corner of NE 65th St. there are several churches, too, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Catholic. In addition to the elementary and middle school there are many private schools nearby. View Ridge is located on a hill overlooking Magnuson Park, which was formerly the Naval Air Station Seattle, the neighborhood encompasses an area of approximately 1 square mile. The neighborhood is a point between the adjacent neighborhoods of Wedgwood and Hawthorne Hills. View Ridge was first settled in 1936 by Ralph Jones and Al Balch, upon buying 10 acres of forest land in what is now the neighborhood, Jones and Balch cleared trees to create views of Lake Washington and the Cascades. They then sold lots on their land for $450 to $950 and their initial success in selling land in View Ridge enabled them to expand their efforts, and they bought more land to reach the current boundaries of View Ridge. The neighborhood was annexed into Seattle in 1942, View Ridge Elementary School was founded with portable classrooms in 1944 and was built in 1948. In the late 1980s, View Ridge became the site of a series of arsons, the first fires occurred in March 1987, when four houses were set on fire in one night, resulting in the death of an elderly couple. In 1989, several cases of arson were committed in the neighborhood

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Northgate, Seattle
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Northgate is a neighborhood in north Seattle, Washington, named for and surrounding Northgate Mall, the first covered mall in the United States. Its east-west principal arterials are NE Northgate Way and 130th Street, minor arterials are College Way-Meridian Avenue N, 1st, 5th, and 15th avenues NE. Interstate 5 runs through the district, what is now Northgate has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period. The Dkhw’Duw’Absh, People of the Inside and Xacuabš, People of the Large Lake and they harvested cranberries from the Slo’q qed, an 85 acre marsh and bog at what is now the NSCC car park, Interstate 5 interchange, and Northgate Mall. Large open areas for game habitat and foraging were maintained in what are now these neighborhoods by selective burning every few years, today the Native American descendants are represented by the Duwamish tribe. The Northgate area has been subject to an amount of residential and commercial development in the last few years. The height limits in the area have increased to 85 to allow for further population growth. In 2009 the Northgate Mall was remodeled and added dozens more retail shops, in 2006, a new park, library, and community center opened in the Northgate neighborhood across 5th Ave NE from Northgate Mall. These are part of the plan to accelerate development in Northgate. While there is much commerce in the area, hotel development has been limited only the Hotel Nexus, previously a Ramada Inn. The many motels lining Aurora Avenue are further northwest than the Northgate neighborhood, dense mixed-use development is expected to be constructed adjacent to the future Northgate station on Link Light Rail, scheduled to open in 2021 as the terminus of the Northgate Link Extension. Northgate neighborhoods are, Haller Lake Pinehurst Licton Springs or North College Park Maple Leaf The Sheihk Idriss Mosque in Pinehurst has architecture unique in Seattle. The Northgate Mall, opened in 1950, is the oldest, first regional shopping center called a mall. At the time of its opening, it was located outside of the Seattle city limits and it is located in the Maple Leaf neighborhood of Northgate. Surrounding Northgate Mall are many malls and the Northgate North shopping center which features a Best Buy

30.
NewHolly, Seattle
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NewHolly is a neighborhood in southeast Seattle, Washington, United States. It is part of Seattles South End, Holly Park was built in the 1940s to house defense workers and veterans, but in the 1950s, it was converted into public housing under the aegis of the Seattle Housing Authority. The resulting neighborhood is now officially NewHolly, described by the SHA as the first new neighborhood in Seattle in 50 years, Seattle City Clerks Neighborhood Map Atlas — Holly Park NewHolly Learning Center, South Seattle Community College

31.
Queen Anne, Seattle
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Queen Anne Hill is a neighborhood and geographic feature in Seattle, northwest of downtown. The neighborhood sits on the highest named hill in the city and it covers an area of 7.3 square kilometers, and has a population of about 28,000. Queen Anne is bordered by Belltown to the south, Lake Union to the east, the hill became a popular spot for the citys early economic and cultural elite to build their mansions, and the name derives from the architectural style typical of many of the early homes. As a neighborhood toponym, Queen Anne may include Lower Queen Anne, also known as Uptown, whether or not Lower Queen Anne is considered a separate neighborhood matters in setting Queen Annes southern boundary, which is either West Mercer Street or Denny Way. Queen Anne can be reached from Interstate 5 via the Mercer Street Exit, the design was never fully executed, but it remains part of the Seattle Parks System. While Queen Anne stands out in Seattle geography due to its proximity to downtown, Queen Anne slopes are home to seven of the twenty steepest streets in the city and 120 pedestrian staircases. Including the sub-neighborhoods of North Queen Anne, West Queen Anne, East Queen Anne and Lower Queen Anne, Queen Anne has approximately 19,000 households, Queen Anne is disproportionately populated by unmarried, young adults. The population is racially homogeneous and better educated than Seattle as a whole. The Vashon Glacier carved Queen Anne Hills topography more than 13,000 years ago, when White settlers arrived in the mid-19th century, the Duwamish tribe maintained a seasonal presence in and around Queen Anne. White settlement of Queen Anne stemmed from the arrival of the Denny Party at West Seattles Alki Point in November 1851, Denny called the area Potlach Meadows. Development of the hill, called at various times North Seattle, Galer Hill, then an 1875 windstorm flattened thousands of trees on Queen Anne, making the previously dense forest more appealing for settlement. The hill began to be called Queen Anne by 1885, after the Queen Anne style houses that dominated the area. On the south side of the hill, the 1927 completion of a Civic Center on David Dennys Potlach Meadows land brought residents from all over the city to Queen Anne for concerts and sporting events. The first television broadcast in the Pacific Northwest originated from KRSCs facilities at 3rd Avenue N. at Galer Street in 1948, in 1949, KING-TV bought KRSC, this was the first such transaction in the countrys history. Three years later, KOMO-TV installed its own tower, and KIRO followed suit in 1958, the 1962 Seattle Worlds Fair was perhaps the most transformational single event in the history of Queen Anne, according to historians Florence K. Lentz and Mimi Sheridan. Named the Century 21 Exposition, the fair expanded on existing Civic Center infrastructure on the old babakwoh swale, the Seattle SuperSonics began playing at the then-Seattle Center Coliseum in 1967. The Seattle Thunderbirds hockey team began play next door at the Mercer Street Arena in 1977, the Seattle Storm basketball team began play at KeyArena in 2000. Assistant United States Attorney Thomas C, wales was shot in his home in the Queen Anne neighborhood on October 11,2001, dying the next day of his wounds

32.
Rainier Beach, Seattle
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Rainier Beach is a set of neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington that are mostly residential. Also called Atlantic City, Rainier Beach can include Dunlap, Pritchard Island, the neighborhood is located in the far southeastern corner of the city along Lake Washington. Its primary arterials are Rainier and Renton Avenues South, neighborhood boundaries are informal and sometimes overlapping in Seattle, formal designations have not existed since 1910. Rainier Beach blends with the Rainier Valley neighborhood of Dunlap on the north, on the east is Lake Washington, and the South Beacon Hill neighborhood lies to the west. South of Rainier Beach is Rainier View, bounded by South Bangor Street on the north and the city boundary on its south, east, the Lakeridge and Skyway neighborhoods of unincorporated King County lie to the southeast and southwest, respectively, of Rainier View. The city of Tukwila abuts Rainier View on the west, what is now Rainier Beach neighborhood has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period. The Xacuabš were related to, but distinct from, the DkhwDuwAbsh, People of the Inside, both are now of the Duwamish tribe. The Duwamish were dispossessed with the Treaty of Point Elliott of 1855, an electric trolley line came to Rainier Valley in 1891, to Columbia City, to Renton in 1896. An early sharp operator, Clarence Dayton Hillman, namesake of the nearby Hillman City neighborhood, the tangled street names were sorted out, the property was eventually returned to park purposes and the park name has stuck. The interurban railway remained until 1936, when it was torn up to make way for automobiles, of historic buildings, at least two survive. Emerson School, Lakeridge, is a landmark, sitting on a hill over Rainier Beach. Emerson is nearly identical to Hawthorne and Greenwood schools, built at the same time, all are brick in Jacobean style. The first public Kindergarten in Seattle opened in 1914 at Emerson School, a notable Emerson graduate was professional baseball player and manager Fred Hutchinson, remembered today with the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Seattle Fire Department Firehouse #33, is a landmark, built for a single horse-drawn fire engine. The modified Tudor style was fitted architecturally into the Lakeridge neighborhood, the hose tower was built into the ground rather than built above the roof line. For the horses, the floor of the equipment bay was sloped to reduce the starting jolt in responding to a fire alarm. Rainier Beach joined Seattle by annexation in 1907, in 1917, the level of the lake was dropped about 9 feet with US Army Corps of Engineers construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, Pritchard Island became a peninsula, the sloughs went dry. Post World War II, the area became urban, today Rainier Beach has a population of 6,006 and is roughly 55% African American, 20% Asian, 10% Caucasian, 10% Hispanic and 5% from other races

33.
South Park, Seattle
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South Park is a neighborhood in the city of Seattle, in the U. S. state of Washington. It is located just south of Georgetown across the Duwamish River and its main thoroughfares are West Marginal Way S. S. Cloverdale Street and 14th Ave. S. South Park connects to Georgetown by two bridges at 1st Ave S. at the northmost end of the neighborhood, and the South Park Bridge at the end of 14th Ave. South. The South Park Bridge was closed on June 30,2010, the newly constructed bridge reopened to traffic on June 30,2014. The property values are lower than elsewhere in Seattle, though some see growth potential in the area, the Town of South Park was incorporated December 9,1902 and the Town Council held its first meeting on December 23. South Park was served by three mayors in its years of existence as an independent town, S. J. South Park was plagued by problems in securing adequate city services, particularly vexing was the inability to obtain a decent water supply. Although the city of Georgetown owned water mains that ran through South Park, it refused to supply water to the latter, starting a bitter court battle over legal rights to the water. In 1905–1906, the town contracted with an independent water company, the Town Council petitioned Seattle to run Cedar River mains to the edge of the town and has had clean water since. The City of Seattle provides sewage services in modern South Park, in October 1906, the electorate voted 131–59 for annexation to Seattle, but apparently no action was taken beyond the vote. On March 23,1907, a vote for annexation was 181–36 in favor and on May 3,1907. A bend in the river resulted in the South Park side of road bridge actually being the east end. After the Duwamish was straightened, a new bridge was built at 8th Avenue, the present South Park Bridge was a Scherzer Rolling Lift double-leaf bascule bridge, originally built in 1929–31. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and it connects 16th Avenue S. in Georgetown to 14th Avenue S. in South Park. It was closed at the end of June 2010 for major reconstruction, the new bridge opened to the public on June 30,2014. Just west of the bridge in South Park is a section of road that once led to an earlier bridge on more or less the same site. Leading uphill into unincorporated King County, the commonly referred to as Boulevard Park. Crime rate index for South Park as compared to the greater Seattle area, crime rate index for South Park as compared to Greenwood another Seattle neighborhood located approximately the same distance north from downtown Seattle as South Park is south of downtown Seattle

34.
University District, Seattle
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The University District is a district of neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington, so named because the main campus of the University of Washington is located there. The UW moved in two years after the area was annexed to Seattle, while much of the area was clear cut forest or stump farmland. The district of neighborhoods grew with the university to become like a version of urban American cities. Neighborhoods within the district include University Park, Greek Row, University Heights and it also includes, east of these boundaries, a small district on the north shore of Union Bay, bounded on the north by NE 45th Street and on the east by 35th Avenue NE. This extension consists mainly of the east campus and extensive parking lots of the University and its main commercial street, University Way NE, is known throughout the city as The Ave in the U District. Some parts of the University District have had names of their own, what is now the University District has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period. The Duwamish, tribe had the prominent village of SWAH-tsoo-gweel on then-adjacent Union Bay, in spring, people dispersed from their winter villages of longhouses to camps, gathering in summer for salmon. Gaps in the forest were maintained to encourage game and food supplies, such prairies were cultivated in what is now the University District. They were connected by a path along what is now the Lake Washington Ship Canal. Surveyors noted several large Douglas-firs and western red cedars, the U. District was first surveyed in 1855, and its first white settlers arrived 12 years later. In 1890, that part of the due west of the present UW campus was laid out as the Brooklyn Addition. One year later much of the north of the Ship Canal. The UW moved from Downtown in 1893, and the first university building was built in 1895, an 1894 report describes a train wreck just west of the current University District. Latona has now cut off from the University by Interstate 5. Wreck on Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern just west of Latone, freight train from Gilman hit a cow. Ixer freight train,10 col cars, logs and box cars, train had slowed down at Brooklyn for cows. Engineer saw cows on a bank beyond Latona looking one another, one cow was tossed over bank and hit the track just as engine came by. Ngine was raised off the track and when it came down wheels went off the rails, Engineer reversed but was too late

35.
Wallingford, Seattle
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Wallingford is a neighborhood in north central Seattle, lying on a hill above the north shore of Lake Union about four miles from the downtown core. The neighborhood developed quickly during the early 20th century after the establishment of the University of Washington to the east, with trolley tracks laid through the neighborhood as early as 1907, Wallingford is a classic streetcar suburb, typified by its many 1920s era box houses and bungalows. While Wallingford is mostly residential in nature, the southern edge. In recent years, numerous buildings have been developed as an extension of the burgeoning business center in neighboring Fremont. In 2014 Brooks Sports moved its headquarters from Bothell to a new office building at the southwestern edge of Wallingford. Like all Seattle neighborhoods, there are no boundaries for Wallingford. The Seattle City Clerk defines the south of 45th and west of Stone Way as part of Fremont. The cultural center of the neighborhood is considered the intersection of 45th street. John Noble Wallingford Jr. was a local landowner and real estate speculator, at one time his holdings included most of what is now Wallingford. He traveled a lot up and down the West Coast of the United States, Public spaces include Gas Works Park, Meridian Playground, and Wallingford playfield. Gas Works Park on Lake Union borders the Burke-Gilman Trail and provides an extension into Lake Union. Meridian playground features a former Roman Catholic home for girls called the Good Shepherd Center. Major tenants include Seattle Tilth, Meridian School, the Wallingford Senior Center, Wallingford playfield borders recently renovated Hamilton International Middle School and features views and a wading pool open in summer months. To the north lies Lower Woodland Park, which features athletic fields, a park, tennis courts. The University of Wallingford began in 1984, to religious training. It is located in the Seattle First Church of the Nazarene, Wallingford is home to several community organizations. The Wallingford Neighborhood Office, located behind Tullys helps organize local events, the Wallingford Community Council meets the first Wednesday every month in the Good Shepherd Center and engages the community with government organizations. Sustainable Wallingford is a group dedicated to sustainable living

36.
Henry Yesler
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Henry L. Yesler was an entrepreneur considered to be Seattle, Washingtons first economic father and first millionaire. Yesler arrived in Seattle in 1852 and built a steam-powered sawmill, in running the mill, Yesler built the citys first water system, in 1854. The system was made up of a series of open-air, V-shaped flumes perched on stilts that started atop First Hill and ran down past Yeslers home and to the mill. Later on, after complaints of dirty water, Yesler developed a system made up of log pipes and Iron buried beneath the ground. The house where Henry and his wife Sarah lived, a building that resembled a store, was located near the mill, at the corner of First Avenue. When Sarah died in 1887, Henry constructed a mansion on the block between Third and Fourth Avenues at James Street, where he spent the five years of his life. Yesler also served in office, at various times as a county auditor, county commissioner. Yesler built the Pioneer Building on the plot of land where his first home stood. Yesler died on December 16,1892, at the age of 82 and he is buried, along with his wife, in Lake View Cemetery. The mansion he lived in was turned into the first supposedly permanent home of the Seattle Public Library, the King County Courthouse currently occupies that site. In his informative and tongue-in-cheek book, Sons of the Profits, Speidel pointed out some of Yeslers negative aspects. On numerous occasions, Yesler had lawsuits filed against him, on other occasions, it was Yesler himself doing the suing. The City of Seattle made him a millionaire, wrote Speidel, yet he sued it. fought it. plundered it. and on two occasions he brought it to the brink of bankruptcy. Speidel also recounts how, according to records, Yesler owed John McLain. Yesler would pay him $12,000 of it over time, Yesler and his wife Sarah were Spiritualists and believed in free love. Speidel provides a biography with extensive primary sources. James R. Warren, Ten who shaped Seattle, Henry Yesler struck gold in lumber and real estate, junius Rochester, Yesler, Henry L. HistoryLink. org, October 7,1998, revised by Walt Crowley on October 17,2002. Available online through the Washington State Librarys Classics in Washington History collection Finding aids from the Special Collections, includes a finding aid on Henry and Sarah Yesler, available as a PDF or a Word document

37.
Great Seattle Fire
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The Great Seattle Fire was a fire that destroyed the entire central business district of Seattle, Washington, on June 6,1889. The fire burned for hours, destroying 25 blocks and causing as much as $20 million in damage. As a result of the fire, streets in the Pioneer Square neighborhood in Seattle were elevated 22 feet above the street level. In the fall of 1851, the Denny Party arrived at Alki Point in what is now the state of Washington, after spending a miserable winter on the western shores of Elliott Bay, the party relocated to the eastern shores and established the settlement that would become Seattle. Early Seattle was dominated by the logging industry, the combination of a safe bay and an abundance of coniferous trees made Seattle the perfect location for shipping lumber to California. In 1852, Henry Yesler began construction of the first steam-powered mill in the Pacific Northwest, because of the easy access to lumber, nearly every building was constructed of the affordable, but combustible timber. Additionally, because the area was at or below sea level, the town also used hollowed out scrap logs propped up on wooden braces as sewer and water pipes, increasing the combustible loading. The spring of 1889 in Seattle had been beautiful, there had been little rain, and temperatures were consistently in the 70s Fahrenheit. Unfortunately, the good weather proved to be disastrous, as the dry conditions conspired with a handful of other elements to allow for the worst fire in city history. On the afternoon of June 6,1889, John Back, sometime after 2,15, the glue boiled over, caught fire, and spread to the floors, which were covered by wood chips and turpentine. He tried to put the fire out with water, but that only served to thin the turpentine, everyone got out of the building safely, and the fire department got to the fire by 2,45 pm. By that time, there was so much smoke that it was hard to find the source of the fire, and by the time it was found, the fire was out of control. At first it was assumed to have begun in the paint shop above Clairmonts woodworking shop, the fire quickly spread to the Dietz & Mayer Liquor Store, which exploded, the Crystal Palace Saloon, and the Opera House Saloon. Fueled by immense amounts of alcohol, the block from Madison to Marion was on fire. Seattles water supply proved to be a problem in fighting the fire. At that time, water was provided by the privately owned Spring Hill Water Company, Fire hydrants were only located on every other street, the pipes were small, and many were made of hollowed out logs. As more hoses were added to fight the fire, water fell to the point that the hoses stopped working. To add insult to injury, crowds harassed the fire fighters as the pressure fell

38.
Seattle Hotel
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It was built in 1890 from the ashes of the Great Seattle Fire and served as a hotel until early in the 20th Century. By the time neighboring Smith Tower was completed in 1914, the Seattle Hotel had become an office building, before the Seattle Hotel rose in 1890, there was the Occidental Hotel. The first Occidental, which opened in 1861, was a wooden building, twenty years later, on September 26,1881, it held a memorial service for President James Garfield, who had died five days earlier from injuries sustained when he was shot in July. In 1883, the structure was torn down and John Collins built a bigger, grander one in the same location. It lasted just four years, before burning down in the Great Seattle Fire on June 6,1889, the second Occidental Hotel, like the Seattle Hotel, was also triangular-shaped. The Seattle Hotel was a building, with its narrow face located at the junction of James. It stood five stories high and for much of its existence bore the inscription 1890 above the fifth-story window and that was as far as the plan went. By 1970, with its buildings refurbished, a district area including the Square was listed on the National Register of Historic Places

39.
Panic of 1893
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The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 and ended in 1897. It deeply affected every sector of the economy, and produced political upheaval that led to the 1896 realigning election, one of the causes for the panic of 1893 can be traced back to Argentina. Investment was encouraged by the Argentine agent bank, Baring Brothers, however, the failure of the 1890 wheat crop and a coup in Buenos Aires ended further investments. As concern for the state of the economy worsened, people rushed to withdraw their money from banks, the credit crunch rippled through the economy. A financial panic in the United Kingdom and a drop in trade in Europe caused foreign investors to sell American stocks to obtain American funds backed by gold. The Populists were a short-lived agrarian-populist political party which appealed politically to wheat farmers in the West and they saw the resulting panic as confirmation that the values of rootless global finance were assailing traditional American values. Historian Hasia Diner notes, Some Populists believed that Jews made up a class of international financiers whose policies had ruined small family farms, Jews, they asserted, owned the banks and promoted the gold standard, the chief sources of their impoverishment. Agrarian radicalism posited the city as antithetical to American values, asserting that Jews were the essence of urban corruption, the Free Silver movement arose, gaining support from farmers and mining interests. People attempted to redeem notes for gold. Ultimately, the limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached. Investments during the time of the panic were heavily financed through bond issues with high interest payments, the National Cordage Company went into receivership as a result of its bankers calling their loans in response to rumors regarding the NCCs financial distress. The company, a manufacturer, had tried to corner the market for imported hemp. As the demand for silver and silver notes fell, the price, holders worried about a loss of face value of bonds and many became worthless. A series of bank failures followed, and the Northern Pacific Railway, the Union Pacific Railroad and this was followed by the bankruptcy of many other companies, in total over 15,000 companies and 500 banks, many of them in the west, failed. According to high estimates, about 17%–19% of the workforce was unemployed at the panics peak, the huge spike in unemployment, combined with the loss of life savings kept in failed banks, meant that a once-secure middle-class could not meet their mortgage obligations. Many walked away from recently built homes as a result, as a result of the panic, stock prices declined. 500 banks closed,15,000 businesses failed, and numerous farms ceased operation, the unemployment rate hit 25% in Pennsylvania, 35% in New York, and 43% in Michigan. Soup kitchens were opened to feed the destitute

40.
Frederick & Nelson
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Frederick & Nelson was a department store chain in the northwestern United States, based in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1891 as a store, it later expanded to sell other types of merchandise. The company was acquired by Marshall Field & Company in 1929, by 1980, the Frederick & Nelson chain had expanded to 10 stores, in two states, but the company went out of business in 1992. Its former Seattle flagship store building is now occupied by the flagship Nordstrom store, Frederick & Nelson was the successor to a business founded by two partners, Donald E. Frederick and James Mecham, who had been mining pals back in Colorado. They happened to connect shortly after Frederick arrived in Seattle on a steamer in 1890, after setting up shop in several locations, the business was named J. G. Mecham and Company. Another mining pal arrived from Colorado and Nels B, Nelson, who was born in Sweden, purchased with cash a one-third interest in the business. Several months later Mecham sold his interest because of ill health, the name was changed to Frederick & Nelson and they vowed to create the largest and finest store west of the Mississippi and north of San Francisco. D. E. Frederick and Nels B. Nelson proved to be a natural team, early customers included the local Indians and a thriving populace fueled by the news that Seattle would become the western terminus for the Great Northern Railway. In 1891, the acquired the Queen City Furniture Company. They proclaimed, What our customers want, we give them. Frederick and Nelson both sloshed through the snow to the top of Denny Hill to deliver the heavy chair and this was the first delivery in the history of Frederick & Nelson. Legend has it that their first credit customer was an Indian woman who coveted a second-hand parlor stove, the stove was hers for weekly payments of berries, a woven mat and a sweet grass basket. The Klondike Gold Rush around the start of the 20th century fueled further growth of Seattle, there was a growing demand for fine furnishings in the blossoming hotel business as well as in the fine homes of the citys inhabitants. Their simple philosophy was If a customer asks for it, get it, there were departments for furniture, carpeting, housewares, china, and draperies. They even had a mattress factory, munro was leery of rapid expansion, and he soon parted company with Frederick & Nelson. Tragedy struck in 1907 when the ailing Nels Nelson was returning from a trip to a spa in Bohemia. Frederick was left to run the entire operation, expansion plans floated in 1914 for a brand new building six stories tall with a seventh floor in the basement. Despite a shortage of building materials that were needed elsewhere to fight the First World War, over 25,000 shoppers and guests made it through the doors that day

41.
King County Courthouse
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The King County Courthouse is the administrative building housing the judicial branch of King County, Washington government. It is located in downtown Seattle, Washington, just north of Pioneer Square and it is located just north of City Hall Park at 516 Third Avenue, between Dilling Way and James Street. An enclosed skybridge connects the courthouse to the King County Jail, in 1911, King County voters first turned down, then approved plans to build a new structure for county government. The site settled on had once owned by city founder Henry Yesler. Architect A. Warren Gould proposed a twenty-three story tower to handle anticipated growth in county functions, starting in 1914, a five-story steel frame and reinforced concrete structure was built, and dedicated May 4,1916 as the five-story City-County Building. In 1930, six floors were added, and later a three story attic, modernization efforts in 1967 added air conditioning and heavily modified the appearance of the building. In 1987, the King County Courthouse was registered as a King County landmark, after the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the Courthouse was seismically retrofitted. The extensive damage done to buildings in the area by the 6.8 quake pushed the County to move forward with this project. Upon completion, murals and a treatment of the floor on the first floor of the Courthouse were noted decorative touches. King County Courthouse History King County Superior Court

42.
Bookbinding
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Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from an ordered stack of paper sheets that are folded together into sections or sometimes left as a stack of individual sheets. The stack is then bound together along one edge by either sewing with thread through the folds or by a layer of flexible adhesive, for protection, the bound stack is either wrapped in a flexible cover or attached to stiff boards. Finally, a cover is adhered to the boards and a label with identifying information is attached to the covers along with additional decoration. Bookbinding is a trade that relies on basic operations of measuring, cutting. A finished book depends on a minimum of two dozen operations to complete but sometimes more than double that according to the specific style. All operations have an order and each one relies on accurate completion of the previous step with little room for back tracking. An extremely durable binding can be achieved by using the best hand techniques, Bookbinding combines skills from other trades such as paper and fabric crafts, leather work, model making, and graphic arts. It requires knowledge about numerous varieties of book structures along with all the internal and external details of assembly, a working knowledge of the materials involved is required. Bookbinding is a craft of great antiquity, and at the same time. The division between craft and industry is not so wide as might at first be imagined and it is interesting to observe that the main problems faced by the mass-production bookbinder are the same as those that confronted the medieval craftsman or the modern hand binder. Before the computer age, the bookbinding trade involved two divisions, second was Letterpress binding which deals with making new books intended to be read from and includes fine binding, library binding, edition binding, and publishers bindings. A result of the new bindings is a third division dealing with the repair, restoration, with the digital age, personal computers have replaced the pen and paper based accounting that used to drive most of the work in the stationery binding industry. There is a grey area between the two divisions. There are cases where the printing and binding jobs are combined in one shop, a step up to the next level of mechanization is determined by economics of scale until you reach production runs of ten thousand copies or more in a factory employing a dozen or more workers. The craft of bookbinding probably originated in India, where religious sutras were copied on to palm leaves with a metal stylus, the leaf was then dried and rubbed with ink, which would form a stain in the wound. The finished leaves were given numbers, and two long twines were threaded through each end through wooden boards, making a palm-leaf book, when the book was closed, the excess twine would be wrapped around the boards to protect the manuscript leaves. Buddhist monks took the idea through Afghanistan to China in the first century BC, similar techniques can also be found in ancient Egypt where priestly texts were compiled on scrolls and books of papyrus. Another version of bookmaking can be seen through the ancient Mayan codex, writers in the Hellenistic-Roman culture wrote longer texts as scrolls, these were stored in boxes or shelving with small cubbyholes, similar to a modern winerack

43.
University of Washington
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The University of Washington, commonly referred to as simply Washington, UW, or informally U-Dub, is a public flagship research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast, the university has three campuses, the oldest and largest in the University District of Seattle and two others in Tacoma and Bothell. Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked among the top 15 universities in the world by a variety of international publications. In athletics, the university competes in the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference and its athletic teams are called the Huskies. Seattle was one of several settlements in the mid to late 19th century vying for primacy in the new Washington Territory, in 1854, territorial governor Isaac Stevens recommended the establishment of a university in Washington. Several prominent Seattle-area residents, chief among them Methodist preacher Daniel Bagley and they convinced early founder of Seattle and member of the territorial legislature Arthur A. Denny of the importance of Seattle winning the school. When no site emerged, the legislature, encouraged by Denny, in 1861, scouting began for an appropriate 10 acres site in Seattle to serve as the campus for a new university. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, and fellow pioneers Edward Lander and Charlie and this tract was bounded by 4th and 6th Avenues on the west and east and Union and Seneca Streets on the north and south. UW opened on November 4,1861, as the Territorial University of Washington, the following year, the legislature passed articles incorporating the University and establishing a Board of Regents. The school struggled initially, closing three times, in 1863 for lack of students, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to shortage of funds. However, Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt became the first graduate of UW in 1876 when she graduated from UW with a degree in science. By the time Washington entered the Union in 1889, both Seattle and the University had grown substantially, enrollment increased from 30 students to nearly 300, and the relative isolation of the campus had given way to encroaching development. A special legislative committee headed by UW graduate Edmond Meany was created to find a new campus able to serve the growing student population. The committee selected a site on Union Bay northeast of downtown, the university relocated from downtown to the new campus in 1895, moving into the newly built Denny Hall. The regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, the University still owns what is now called the Metropolitan Tract. In the heart of the city, it is among the most valuable pieces of estate in Seattle. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908 and its former site houses the Fairmont Olympic Hotel. The sole surviving remnants of UWs first building are four 24-foot, white, hand-fluted cedar and they were salvaged by Edmond S. Meany—one of the Universitys first graduates and the former head of the history department

44.
Andrew Carnegie
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He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire. During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away to charities, foundations and his 1889 article proclaiming The Gospel of Wealth called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated in 1848 to the United States with his parents, Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe and he built Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million. It became the U. S. Steel Corporation, after selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education. Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in a typical weavers cottage with only one main room, the main room served as a living room, dining room and bedroom. He was named after his legal grandfather, in 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street, following the demand for more heavy damask from which his father, William Carnegie, benefited. He was educated at the Free School in Dunfermline, which had been a gift to the town by the philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask, Lauders son, also named George Lauder, grew up with Andrew and would become his business partner. When Carnegie was thirteen, his father had fallen on hard times as a handloom weaver. His mother helped support the family by assisting her brother who was a cobbler and she eventually became the primary breadwinner by the 1840s. Struggling to make ends meet, the Carnegies then decided to move with his family to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Andrews family had to borrow money from the Lauders in order to migrate. Allegheny was an industrial area that produced many products including wool. The Made in Allegheny label used on these and other diversified products was becoming more and more popular. His first job at age 13 in 1848 was as a bobbin boy and his starting wage was $1.20 per week. Andrews father, William Carnegie, started off working in a cotton mill and his mother, Margaret Morrison Carnegie, earned money by binding shoes. In 1849, Carnegie became a messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburghs businesses

45.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage

46.
Sandstone
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Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earths crust, like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, quartz-bearing sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure, usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts. They are formed from cemented grains that may either be fragments of a rock or be mono-minerallic crystals. The cements binding these grains together are typically calcite, clays, grain sizes in sands are defined within the range of 0.0625 mm to 2 mm. The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages, first, a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of sedimentation, either from water or from air. Typically, sedimentation occurs by the settling out from suspension. The most common cementing materials are silica and calcium carbonate, which are derived either from dissolution or from alteration of the sand after it was buried. Colours will usually be tan or yellow, a predominant additional colourant in the southwestern United States is iron oxide, which imparts reddish tints ranging from pink to dark red, with additional manganese imparting a purplish hue. Red sandstones are seen in the Southwest and West of Britain, as well as central Europe. The regularity of the latter favours use as a source for masonry, either as a building material or as a facing stone. These physical properties allow the grains to survive multiple recycling events. Quartz grains evolve from rock, which are felsic in origin. Feldspathic framework grains are commonly the second most abundant mineral in sandstones, Feldspar can be divided into two smaller subdivisions, alkali feldspars and plagioclase feldspars. The different types of feldspar can be distinguished under a petrographic microscope, below is a description of the different types of feldspar. Alkali feldspar is a group of minerals in which the composition of the mineral can range from KAlSi3O8 to NaAlSi3O8. Plagioclase feldspar is a group of solid solution minerals that range in composition from NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8. Lithic framework grains are pieces of ancient source rock that have yet to weather away to individual mineral grains, accessory minerals are all other mineral grains in a sandstone, commonly these minerals make up just a small percentage of the grains in a sandstone

47.
Mission Revival architecture
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It evolved into and was subsumed by the more articulated Spanish Colonial Revival Style, established in 1915 at the Panama–California Exposition. All of the 21 Franciscan Alta California missions, including their chapels and support structures and these commonalities arose because the Franciscan missionaries all came from the same places of previous service in Spain and colonial Mexico City in New Spain. The New Spain religious buildings the founding Franciscan saw and emulated were of the Spanish Colonial style, also, the limited availability and variety of building materials besides adobe near mission sites or imported to Alta California limited design options. Finally, the missionaries and their indigenous Californian workforce had minimal construction skills, exterior walls were coated with white plaster, which with wide side eaves shielded the adobe brick walls from rain. Revival These architectural elements were replicated, in varying degrees, accuracy, the Spanish Mission Style and its associated Spanish Colonial Revival Style became internationally influential. Examples can be found throughout Australia and New Zealand where the California Bungalow style was also prevalent, in Central and South America its influence is less discernible as the Spanish Colonial Style had, in effect not been departed from, so it is arguable that there wasnt a revival. The Mission Inn in Southern California is one of the largest extant Mission Revival Style buildings in the United States, located in Riverside, it has been restored, with tours of the styles expression. Other structures designed in the Mission Revival Style include, The Hotel Castañeda, ponce De Leon Hotel in St. Four Roses Distillery, in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, francis Lederer estate and residence, in West Hills, Los Angeles, completed 1936 Iao Theater, in Wailuku, Maui—Hawaii, built in 1928. Kelso Depot, in Mojave Desert—Mojave National Preserve, California, completed in 1923 for Union Pacific Railroad, Lederer Stables—Canoga Mission Gallery, in West Hills, Los Angeles, completed in 1936 Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building, Julia Morgan, Downtown Los Angeles,1915. Texas A&M University–Kingsville, in Kingsville, Texas, founded in 1925 with new construction reflecting the Mission Revival style, Union Station, in San Diego, California, completed in 1915. Valdosta State Universitys Main Campus in Valdosta, Georgia Villa Rockledge, in Laguna Beach, California, completed in 1935 Louis P. best Residence and Auto House, Clausen & Clausen, Davenport, Iowa, constructed 1909–1910. Several buildings at Montclair State University in Montclair, New Jersey, santa Fe Coast Lines Depots, Los Angeles Division. Laguna Beach, CA, American National Research Institute, weitze, Karen J. Californias Mission Revival. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, CA

The University District (commonly, the U District) is a district of neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington, so named …

The U-District, looking northeast from Queen Anne. UW Tower is the tall building in the center, with the Hotel Deca (originally the Meany Hotel) to its left. The I-5Ship Canal Bridge is in the foreground.

Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern train wreck in the University District, 20 August 1894.

AmericanWorld War I-era poster in Yiddish. Translated caption: "Food will win the war – You came here seeking freedom, now you must help to preserve it – We must supply the Allies with wheat – Let nothing go to waste". Colour lithograph, 1917. Digitally restored.

Banner from the first issue of the Yidishe Folksshtime ("Yiddish People's Voice"), published in Stockholm, 12 January 1917.

The Central Area, commonly called the Central District or CD, is a mostly residential district in Seattle located east …

Central District

Firehouse Mini Park and the Cherry Hill Community Center: the former Firehouse No. 23, headquarters of the Central Area Motivation Program. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The southernmost section of Central District looks more like a residential extension of International District

Athlete, musician, and community activist Powell Barnett (second from left) in 1970, looking at the plans for the park named after him on the east side of Martin Luther King, Jr. Way (then Empire Way) between E. Alder and E. Jefferson Streets.