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Abatement can be accomplished by removal or cleanup of the contaminant, or by encasing and limiting further release of the hazardous material or chemical. The release of material is sometimes accomplished by installation of a lining or barrier system. Primary and secondary containment systems are available. In cases where the primary containment fails, the secondary system prevents further leakage or leaching of hazardous materials. A tank or vessel would constitute a primary containment system, while a secondary containment system would include a liner or barrier around or below the tank or vessel. In cases where the primary containment fails, the secondary system prevents further leakage or leaching of hazardous materials into the environment.

Acylation synthesis produces deactivated monoacylates through an electrophilic, aromatic substitution reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides. In the Friedel-Crafts alkylation processes, the electrophilic aromatic substitution is catalyzed by a Lewis-acid and produces alkylated products through the reaction of arenes with alkyl halides or alkenes. Alkyl groups can activate arene, resulting in polyalkylated products. Typically, Friedel-Crafts reactions for alkylation or acylation of aromatic compounds are catalyzed by aluminum chloride or other Lewis acids.

Crystallization cools a liquid solution or evaporates a solvent in order to form solid, solute crystals. As they leave the crystallizer, the slurry crystals are often forced through a circulation evaporator and may subsequently be separated from the liquid in a filter or centrifuge.

Destruction can be accomplished through a variety of processes such as shredding, crushing, pulverizing, melting, burning or incinerating. Destruction can include removal of any company labels, stickers and other forms of identification. The destruction of computers and electronics devices often includes the deletion and subsequent physical destruction of data stored on tapes, floppies, CD's, hard drives, or other storage media.

Distillation applies and removes heat in order to separate a liquid or vapor mixture of two or more substances into component fractions of a desired purity. Chemicals and conditions determine which distillation processes can be used. Examples include no-pressure distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation, molecular distillation, and thin film distillation.

Fermentation is used in the production of drugs, foodstuffs and beverages. The process uses fermentation, biological catalysts or enzymatic compounds, microrganisms, and other biological agents or biotransformations to process or synthesize products. Enzymes are very effective at breaking down certain proteins. Composting is a biotransformation process that uses bacteria to break down organic waste.

Granulation, pelletization, briquetting or agglomerations are size enlargement processes. Granulation or agglomeration increases particle size by adhering or bonding together several fine particles with a liquid or wax binder to from larger agglomerates. Pelletization or briquetting compacts fine powders into larger pellets or briquettes.

Halogenation is the reaction, chemical combination or exposure of water or other chemicals to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or other halogens. Exposing water to chlorine can destroy biological contaminants. Halogenation processes include fluorination, chlorination, bromination, electrolytic fluorination and iodination as well as related processes such as iodine recovery.

Hydroformylation or formylation reactions such as Duff, Gattermann-Koch or Vilsmeier-Haack are performed. In Duff reactions, the formylation of phenols or aromatic amines with hexamethylenetetramine uses an acidic catalyst. Gattermann-Koch reactions are catalyzed by using aluminum chloride at high-pressure in order to achieve the formylation of benzene, alkylbenzenes or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. Formylation of the amino acids in proteins is a naturally occurring process.

Hydrogenation is the reaction of hydrogen with another chemical or raw material. For example, Sorbital is formed through the hydrogenation of corn syrup. Formylation of the amino acids in proteins is a naturally occurring process. Fischer Tropsch (gas to liquids) or linear alpha olefin hydroformylation processes are used in the production of synthetic oils fluids. In the Fischer Tropsch reaction or Synthol process, hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones are synthesized by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide using synthesis gas enriched from the passage of steam over heated coke. The Bergius reaction is used to synthesize petroleum-like hydrocarbons by the hydrogenation of coal at high temperatures and pressures (~ 450°C @ 300 atm) with or without catalysts.

Processing or expertise in using organometallic or Grignard reactions is available. Originally, Grignard reactions were the addition of organomagnesium compounds or Grignard reagents to carbonyl compounds to generate alcohols. The reaction scope now includes the addition of Grignard reagents to a wide variety of electrophilic substrates.

Packaging is used for chemicals, pharmaceuticals or bulk materials such as powders, granules, liquids or continuous webs. Alternatively, packaging also provides encapsulation, microencapsulation, tableting, blister packaging or drug delivery systems for powdered or liquid drugs, vitamins or other substances.

Reconditioning of land through contouring and revegetation. Site reconditioning may include adding a layer of top soil and planting seedling back on the recontoured site. Strip mining and forestry sites are often reconditioned.

Cleanup or removal of hazardous wastes or contaminated materials from material or at a site. Cleanup goes beyond abatement, which may just encase and limit further release of a hazardous material or chemical.

Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is used to degrade, breakdown, sterilize certain compounds or chemicals. UV light or radiation sources are used to initiate reactions or cure certain polymers and resins.

Well services include pumping water, oil, gas or contamination from the below ground to sample, bate or extract pollutants or raw materials. Well services also include injection of proppants or neutralizing chemicals to enhance extraction or abate pollutants. Pumping is used where sub-surface contamination has occurred on such a wide scale that excavation is not a feasible option. The pumping process prevents the outward leaching or spreading of the pollutant.

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Typically, laboratory or benchtop scale means that processing capacity does not exceed a few pounds or a few gallons. Actual quantities vary based on the type of material. For example, laboratory scale quantities may be expressed in milligrams for nanomaterials and specialized biochemical compounds. Usually, one person can easily and safely operate laboratory scale equipment. This category excludes facilities whose function is to produce commercial quantities.

Pilot scale is a small-scale production process that is larger than laboratory scale and used to develop a subsequent full-scale process. Typically, pilot scale quantities are in the range of several drums (e.g., 55-gallon drums) or hundreds of pounds or gallons; however, quantities vary with the density and type of processed material, chemical or product. Pilot scale facilities are better than laboratory scale facilities at simulating production processes and can be used for troubleshooting, improving and optimizing processes.

Companies may have commercial, production, field or industrial scale processing facilities. Typically, the processing ranges are in thousands of gallons or pounds; however, quantities vary by material, chemical, or product.

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Non-ferrous metals and alloys are not based on iron and include alloys of aluminum, copper, titanium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, magnesium, tungsten, molybdenum, precious metals, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, refractory metals as well as many other metals and alloys.

Aluminum and aluminum alloys are light weight, non-ferrous metals with good corrosion resistance, ductility and strength. Aluminum is relatively easy to fabricate by forming, machining or welding. It is a good electrical and thermal conductor. Aluminum is also useful as an alloying element in steel and titanium alloys. Aluminum alloys are versatile metals with applications in almost every industrial and commercial segment.

Cobalt and cobalt alloys are non-ferrous magnetic alloys with high strength and toughness, excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance, and high temperature strength. Cobalt can also be magnetized. Cobalt's properties result in the use of cobalt alloys in jet engine super-alloy components, prosthetic devices, magnets, and cutting tool binders. Cobalt is a useful alloying element in tool, maraging and other alloy steels.

Copper and copper alloys are non-ferrous metals with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity as well as good corrosion resistance, ductility and strength. Copper alloys are relatively easy to fabricate by forming, casting or machining. Pure copper is more difficult to weld, cast or machine. Brass, tin bronze, leaded brass, beryllium copper and zirconium copper are examples of copper alloys. Copper is also useful as an alloying element in aluminum alloys and powder metal based iron alloys. Copper is a versatile metal with applications in many industrial and commercial segments. Copper's high electrical conductivity (100% IACS) make it extremely useful in electrical and electronic applications.

Nickel and nickel alloys are non-ferrous metals with high strength and toughness, excellent corrosion resistance, and superior elevated temperature properties. Nickel can also be magnetized. Nickel's properties result in the use of nickel alloys in jet engine super-alloy components, corrosion resistant chemical process equipment (valves, piping, and pumps), magnets and electrical resistance alloys, and heating elements. Nickel is also a useful alloying element in stainless, tool, maraging and other alloy steels.

Titanium and titanium alloys are non-ferrous metals with excellent corrosion resistance, good fatigue properties, and a high strength-to-weight ratio. Titanium's properties result in the use of titanium and titanium alloys in aircraft or air frame parts, jet engine super-alloy components, corrosion resistant chemical process equipment (valves, piping, and pumps), prostheses or medical devices, and marine equipment.

Other unlisted, specialty or proprietary metals or alloy grades. These materials are based on a unique composition or alloy system, use a novel processing technology, or have properties designed for specific applications.

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Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous silicate mineral that was widely used a filler and reinforcement in materials due to its strength, chemical, insulative ability and thermal stability. Common types of asbestiform minerals include chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite. Chrysotile was the source for 95% of asbestos used industrially. When separated or milled the minerals breakdown in long, threadlike fibers. Asbestos causes lung cancer when the fibers are inhaled. Older pipe or thermal insulation in factories or buildings still contains asbestos, which requires professional abatement or removal.

Batteries may be recycled or reclaimed. Lithium, nickel cadmium, sulfuric acid and lead are common materials used in batteries manufacturing. Lead is a metal with a low melting point, a high density, and low hardness. Lead and lead alloys are used in balancing weights, radiation shielding, battery electrodes and solders.

Air pollutants or emissions form factory or natural sources such as radon, methane, sour gas, carbon monoxide or other hazardous gases. The gases can be vented away and then scrubbed, incinerated or stored.

Landfills are specialized sites where wastes or manufacturing by-products were or are intentionally stored or dumped. Containment may have broken down over time due to corrosion or environment breakdown of liners, water table changes and leaching wastes and pollutants.

Lead is a metal with a low melting point, a high density, and low hardness. Lead is toxic and causes brain damage when ingested. Lead and lead alloys are used in lead paint in older facilities, balancing weights, radiation shielding, battery electrodes and solders.

Recycling of slag or other by-product waste streams from industrial production processes is available. Slag waste is often pulverized and used in cement and concrete products to provide a water proof material.

Contamination of environmental media (air, water, soil) through the unintentional release or spills of oil, chemicals, toxic powders, or other hazardous materials. Non-aqueous liquid spills or contamination can consist of LNAPLs or DNAPLs. LNAPLs are light non-aqueous phase liquids that are sparingly soluble in water and less dense than water. Oil is an example of an LNAPL because it "floats" on top of water and does not mix with water. LNAPLs collect at the water table between surface water and ground water regions. DNAPLs or dense non-aqueous phase liquids include separate-phase hydrocarbon liquids that are denser than water, such as chlorinated solvent, wood preservative wastes, coal tar wastes and pesticides. These collect at the bottom of the aquifer, well or ground water region. Soluble inorganic or heavy metal salt solutions can also contaminate water, soil and building sites.

Recycling or reclamation of tires and rubber scrap is available. Scrap rubber can be shredded or ground into crumb rubber, which is used as a component in asphalt or paving, sport surfaces, and molded products.

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