History Notes Chapter 10

A.P. U.S. History Notes:
Chapter 10: “Launching of the New Ship of State”
~ 1789 – 1800 ~

I.A New Ship on an Uncertain Sea1.In 1789, the new U.S. Constitution was launched, and population was doubling every twenty years. a.America’s population was still 90% rural, with 5% west of the Appalachians. b.Vermont became the 14th state in 1791, and Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio (states where trans-Appalachian overflow was concentrated) became states soon after. c.Visitors looked down upon the crude, rough pioneers, and these western people were restive and dubiously loyal at best. 2.In the twelve years after American independence, laws had been broken and a constitution had been completely scrapped and replaced with a new one, something that was not best of government 3.America was also heavily in debt, and paper money was worthless, but meanwhile, restless monarchs watched to see if the U.S. could succeed in setting up a republic while facing such overwhelming odds. II.Washington’s Profederalist Regime

1.At 6’2”, 175 pounds, broad and sloping shoulders, a strongly pointed chin and pockmarks from Smallpox, George Washington was an imposing figure, which helped in his getting unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789. 2.His long journey from Mt. Vernon to New York (capital at the time) was a triumphant procession filled with cheering crowds and roaring festivities, and he took his oath of office on April 30, 1789, on a balcony overlooking Wall Street. 3.Washington established a diverse cabinet (which was not necessary, Constitution-wise). a.Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

b.Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
c.Secretary of War: Henry Knox
III.The Bill of Rights1.Many states had ratified the Constitution on the condition that there would be a Bill of Rights, and many antifederalists had criticized the Constitution for its lack of a Bill. 2.The necessary number of states adopted it in 1791.

a.Amendment I: Freedom of religion, speech or press, assembly, and petition. b.Amendment II: Right to bear arms (for militia).c.Amendment III: Soldiers can’t be housed in civilian homes during peacetime. d.Amendment IV: No unreasonable searches; all searches require warrants. e.Amendment V: Right to refuse to speak during a civil trial; Double Jeopardy. f.Amendment VI: Right to a speedy and public trial.

g.Amendment VII: Right to trial by jury when the sum exceeds $20. h.Amendment VIII: No excessive bails and/or fines.
i.Amendment IX: Other rights not enumerated are also in effect. j.Amendment X: Non-federal powers belong to the state.
3.The Judiciary Act o f 1789 created effective federal courts. 4.John Jay became the first chief justice of the United States IV.Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit1.Born in the British West Indies, his loyalty to the U.S. was often questioned, even though he claimed he loved his adopted country more than his native country. 2.He urged the federal government to assume its debts ($54 million) and try to pay them off at face value, PLUS interest, as well as assume the debts of the states ($21.5 million). a.Massachusetts had a huge debt, but Virginia didn’t, so there needed some haggling. This was because Virginia felt it unfair that all debts were to be assumed, instead of just a set amount. Essentially, its rival states would be at the same level as it even though they had obtained larger debts. b.Virginia would have the District of Columbia built on its land (therefore gaining prestige) in return for letting the government assume all the states’ debts. 3.The “Funding at Par” would gain the support of the rich to the federal government, not the states. V.Customs Duties and Excise Taxes.

1.With the national debt at a huge $75 million, Alexander Hamilton was strangely unworried. 2.He used the debt as an asset: the more people the government owed money to, the more people who would care about what would happen...

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

...out the powers vested in the various agencies
3. By virtue of “implied powers,” Hamilton contended for a “loose” or “broad” interpretation of the Constitution (he and his federalist followers evolved the theory of “loose construction” by invoking the “elastic clause” of the Constitution)
4. Hamilton’s eloquent and realistic arguments were accepted by Washington, who reluctantly signed the bank measure into law; the most enthusiastic support for the bank naturally came from the commercial and financial centers of the North, whereas the strongest opposition arose from the agricultural South
5. The Bank of the United States, as created by Congress in 1791, was chartered for twenty years; located in Philadelphia, it was to have a capital of $10 million, one-fifth of it owned by the federal government—stock was thrown open to public sale
8. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania
1. The Whiskey Rebellion, which flared up in southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794, sharply challenged the new national government; Hamilton’s excise tax was harsh on pioneers
1. The pioneer folk regarded it not as a tax on a frivolous luxury but as a burden on an economic necessity and a medium of exchange; rye and corn crops distilled into alcohol were more cheaply transported to eastern markets than bales of grain
2. Defiant distillers finally erected whiskey poles and raised the cry “Liberty and No Excise”—boldly tarring/feathering revenue officers, they brought collections to a halt...

...Chapter 09 - The Confederation and the Constitution
I. The Pursuit of Equality
1. The American Revolution was more of an accelerated evolution than a revolution.
2. However, the exodus of some 80,000 Loyalists left a great lack of conservatives.
◦ This weakening of the aristocratic “upper crust” let Patriot elites emerge.
3. The fight for separation of church and state resulted in notable gains.
◦ The Congregational church continued to be legally established (tax supported) by some New England states, but the Anglican Church was hπumbled and reformed as the Protestant Episcopal Church.
4. Slavery was a large, problematic issue, as the Continental Congress of 1774 had called for the abolition of slavery, and in 1775, the Philadelphia Quakers founded the world’s first antislavery society.
◦ This new spirit that “all men are created equal” even inspired a few slave owners to free their slaves.
5. Another issue was women. They still were unequal to men, even though some had served (disguised as men) in the Revolutionary War.
◦ There were some achievements for women such as New Jersey’s 1776 constitution which allowed women to vote (for a time).
◦ Mothers devoted to their families were developed as an idea of “republican motherhood” and elevated women to higher statuses as keepers of the nation’s conscience. Women raised the children and thereby held the future of the republic in their hands.
II. Constitution Making in the States
1. The Continental...

...Chapter10 Concepts
John Adams- Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the xyz Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace with France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation".
Thomas Jefferson- was the Secretary of State. When Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new national bank, Jefferson adamantly spoke against it. He felt it would violate states rights by causing a huge competitor for the state banks, then causing a federal monopoly. Jefferson's argument was that since the Constitution did not say Congress could create a bank they should not be given that power. This is the philosophy of strict construction. Thomas Jefferson's beliefs led to the creation of the political party, Democratic Republicans. They believed in an extremely weak central government, no special privileges for special classes, especially manufacturers, and did not believe in letting every white male the ability to vote, only those intelligent enough to make wise decisions.
Alexander Hamilton- Great political leader; youngest and brightest of Federalists; "father of the National Debt"; from New York; became a major general; military genius; Secretary of Treasury; lived from 1755-1804; became Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington in 1789;...

...World Civilizations - The Global Experience Fifth Edition AP Textbook
Chapter10: A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe
In Depth
Introduction
Post Classical Period
Fall of the Roman Empire
Known as the Middle Ages
Gradual recovery from the shock of the Roman Empire’s collapse
Growing interaction with other societies (Mediterranean mostly)
Forms of civilization Northward covering Western Europe
Spread of new religious beliefs
Christian missionaries converted people of polytheistic faiths
Produced and amalgam
beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits coexisted with Christianity
Network of expanding contacts among major societies (Asia Africa Europe)
New technologies
New tools from Asia spurred agriculture from the !0th century onward
New crops in Africa
Increase in food production
Mediterranean trade
Technological gains from the Arabs
First paper factory
11th/12th centuries, contact with Byzantines and the Arabs
taught new mathematics sciences and philosophies
Stages of Post Classical Development
Catholic church advances and new empire briefly
After 900 C.E. revival
agriculture
trade
politics
Feudalism and the church changes political development
550 C.E. - 900 C.E.
West weak from fall of the Roman Empire
Italy divided politically
Spain in the hands of the Muslim peoples
Center of Postclassic Wst was in France, Low England, southern & western Germany
Viking invasions continued West’s weakness...

...Chapter10
The Open System Interconnection (OIS) reference model is a template and using a network and its resources.
Application Layer: Responsible fro interacting with end users.
Presentation Layer: Responsible for the coding of data.
Session Layer: Responsible for maintaining communication sessions between computers.
Transport Layer: Responsible for breaking data into packets and properly transmitting it over the network.
Network Layer: Responsible for the logical implementation of the network.
Data Link Layer: Responsible for transmitting information on computers connected to the same local area network (LAN).
Physical Layer: Responsible for the physical operation of the network.
The two types of networks are:
Wide Area Networks: WANs connect systems over a large geographical area.
Connectivity Options
Routers: is a device that connects two or more networks and selectively interchanges packets of data between them.
Border Routers: is a subject to direct attack from an outside source.
Internal Routers: can also provide enhanced features to your internal networks.
Network Address Translation: (NAT) is a method of IP address assignment that uses an alternate, public IP address to hide a system’s real IP address.
Local Area Networks: (LAN) provide network connectivity for computers located in the same geographical area.
Ethernet Networks
LAN Devices: Hubs and Switches: Hubs are simple network devices. They contain a number...

...﻿AP WH Unit 3 AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS 500–1500
The Worlds of European Christendom Connected and Divided, 500–1300
Chapter Learning Objectives
• To examine European society after the breakup of the Roman Empire
• To compare the diverse legacies of Rome in Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire
• To explore medieval European expansion
• To present the backwardness of medieval Europe relative to other civilizations, and the steps by which it caught up
Key Terms
Aristotle and classical Greek learning: Some works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 b.c.e.) had always been known in Western Europe, but beginning in the eleventh century, medieval thought was increasingly shaped by a great recovery of Aristotle’s works and a fascination with other Greek authors; this infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe’s universities shaped intellectual development for several centuries.
Byzantine Empire: Term used by modern historians to refer to the surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries; named after the ancient Greek city Byzantium, on the site of which the Roman emperor Constantine founded a new capital, Constantinople, in 330 c.e. (pron. BIZ-an-teen)
caesaropapism: A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. (pron. SEEZ-ar-oh-PAPE-ism).
Charlemagne: Ruler of the Carolingian Empire (r. 768–814) who staged an imperial revival in Western...

...History Exam Review
Unit One: World War One
Term | Definition | Significance |
The Treaty of Versailles | * The treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919. * Was signed by Britain, France, Italy and Germany. * The terms essentially blamed Germany for the war * Canada earned more independence | * Germany lost Resources, land, population, and income. * This led to the rise of Hitler, and led to world war two. |
The Battle of Vimy Ridge | * This was a battle fought in 1917. The Canadians had to take over the ridge which was located on the Douai plain, in France, and was in control by the Germans * To take over the ride it was split into 5 parts | * This was the high point of Canadian military * The use of “creeping barrage” allowed the ridge to be taken over quickly * The battle was short * Years later they made a memorial to commemorate the 11,000+ soldiers who died at Vimy ridge. |
The Halifax Explosion | * This took place when two ships that had explosive materials aboard, they collided while pulling out of the port * This explosion ruined about 1.6 km of land mass | * Left many Canadians dead or blind * Damaged the economy * Later months when the war ended, the port was not ready to take ships which was also a factor that delayed the soldiers from returning |
Life in the Trenches | * Horrible, the trenches were filled with rats and lice * Soldiers were always cold, soaking wet, and hungry * Trenches...