Such harmonic generation usually requires rather high intensity laser light, but useful harmonic power can be obtained at the second harmonic, and sometimes at the third harmonic. For example, you can get the 532 nm second harmonic of light from a neodymium-YAG (Nd:YAG) solid state laser emitting at 1.064 μm.

The amount of harmonic generation depends not just on the intensity of the excitation light, but also on the length of the optical path through the crystal, so you wouldn't think that such systems could be miniaturized. However, you would be discounting the ingenuity of optical physicists who have devised methods to circulate the light repeatedly in the same crystal.

You can imagine a symmetrical dome under the floor of such a structure, so that a signal injected at one focus would circulate around the structure many times. Optical structures like this are easy to build using today's photolithographic techniques, so you can circulate a light wave many times in a structure.

Nature tries to disrupt your elegant device by introducing birefringence in crystals. To make a long story short, your attempts at making an efficient whispering gallery harmonic generator are thwarted by birefringence. Interested readers can research phase matching for the full story.

To counter birefringence, it's possible to "pole" ferroelectric crystals so that they have alternating regions of positive and negative birefringence, so that, on average, the birefringence cancels. By such periodic poling, you can make an optical whispering gallery that allows harmonic generation in a small device.

It's also possible to make your whispering mode structure resonant.[1] Resonance is a useful physical phenomenon, and I've mentioned it in several previous articles.[2-3] By forming a whispering gallery resonator, it's possible to produce harmonics of light using much lower input power than previously required. So low, in fact, that small semiconductor laser sources can be used. This is a huge advance in the state of the art in the generation of short wavelength light.

There have been several recent experimental studies of resonant whispering gallery harmonic generators.[4-7] One Japanese study used a periodically poled lithium niobate (LiNbO3) disk resonator to generate third harmonic light from a 1.55 μm laser source at high efficiency.[4] A multi-national team fabricated a similar lithium niobate whispering gallery resonator to generate the second harmonic of 1.064 μm light from a Nd:YAG laser with an efficiency of 9% at an input power of just 30 μW.[5-7]

The resonator disk needed to have a precise shape and extremely smooth surfaces to attain the high Q. The high Q is required, since the efficiency for fourth harmonic generation in harmonic generators is low, so many passes through the material are required.[9] The device was designed also for tunability, as explained by Mona Jarrahi, an assistant professor in the department:

"We optimized the structure to achieve high gain over a broad range of optical wavelengths... This allows us to make low-cost, wavelength-tunable ultraviolet sources using low IR power levels."[10]