Senin, 09 Desember 2013

Memory Procedural

Procedural memory is memory for the performance of particular
types of action. Procedural memory guides the processes we perform and
most frequently resides below the level of conscious awareness. When
needed, procedural memories are automatically retrieved and utilized for
the execution of the integrated procedures involved in both cognitive
and motor skills,
from tying shoes to flying an airplane to reading. Procedural memories
are accessed and used without the need for conscious control or
attention. Procedural memory is a type of long-term memory and, more specifically, a type of implicit memory.
Procedural memory is created through "procedural learning" or,
repeating a complex activity over and over again until all of the
relevant neural systems work together to automatically produce the
activity. Implicit procedural learning is essential to the development
of any motor skill or cognitive activity.
The difference between procedural and declarative memory systems was first explored and understood with simple semantics. Psychologists and Philosophers began writing about memory over a century ago. "Mechanical memory" was first noted in 1804 by Maine de Biran. William James, within his famous book: Principles of Psychology(1890), suggested that there was a difference between memory and habit. Cognitive psychology
disregarded the influence of learning on memory systems in its early
years, and this greatly limited the research conducted in procedural
learning up until the 20th century.[1]
The turn of the century brought a clearer understanding of the
functions and structures involved in procedural memory acquisition,
storage and retrieval processes. McDougall (1923) first made the
distinction between explicit and implicit memory. In the 1970s procedural and declarative knowledge was distinguished in literature on artificial intelligence.
Studies in the 1970s, divided and moved towards two areas of work, one
focusing on animal studies and the other to amnesic patients. The first
convincing experimental evidence for a dissociation between declarative memory
(“knowing what”) and non-declarative or procedural (“knowing how”)
memory was from Milner (1962), by demonstrating that a severely amnesic
patient, Henry Molaison,
formerly known as patient H.M., could learn a hand–eye coordination
skill (mirror drawing) in the absence of any memory of having practiced
the task before. Although this finding indicated that memory was not
made up of a single system positioned in one place in the brain, at the
time, others agreed that motor skills are likely a special case that
represented a less cognitive form of memory. However, by refining and
improving experimental measures, there has been extensive research using
amnesic patients varying locations and degrees of structural damage.
Increased work with amnesic patients lead to the finding that they were
able to retain and learn tasks other than motor skills. However, these
findings had shortcomings in how they were perceived as amnesic patients
sometimes fell short on normal levels of performance and therefore amnesia
was viewed as strictly a retrieval deficit. Further studies with
amnesic patients found a larger domain of normally functioning memory
for skill abilities. For example, using a mirror reading task, amnesic
patients showed performance at a normal rate, even though they are
unable to remember some of the words that they were reading. In the
1980s much was discovered about the anatomy physiology of the mechanisms
involved in procedural memory. The cerebellum, hippocampus, neostriatum, and basal ganglia were identified as being involved in memory acquisition tasks.

everything in our life average about memory procedural, in bank, in fast food and other don't forget in a simple activity we always use memory procedural for example in writing, eating etc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_memory