For brevity's sake I've omitted the articles commonly used in some languages.

The Mandarin and Cantonese words mean (approximately): "The Brightest; Star of Water; Star of Metal;
Sphere of Ground (Earth); Sphere of Moon,
Star of Fire; Star of Wood; Star of Soil (Dirt); Star of the King of Heaven;
Star of the King of the Ocean; Star of the King of Hell".
The Korean, Japanese, Mandarin and Cantonese lines are pronunciations.

Japanese and Korean use simple native words for "Moon" ("tsuki" "tal") but
all the other planetary names in these two languages were imported from Chinese
and have exactly the same meaning as explained for Mandarin and Cantonese.

The Chinese characters at the top of the page are the names of the solar
system bodies in the same order as the table.
The second set of characters at the top of the page is Hindi.
To the right is Arabic script.

The apostrophe character in the Latvian line is a diacritical mark for a long vowel, which is
a straight line over the letter.

Much of this was taken from the
ASTROLANGUAGE mini dictionary of 300 astronomical
terms compiled by Veikko Makela. The remainder was compiled from responses
to a query on the Net.
Thanks to those who replied.

The seven-day system we use is based on the ancient astrological
notion that the seven known celestial bodies
influence what happens on Earth and that each of these celestial bodies
controls the first hour of the day named after it. This system was
brought into Hellenistic Egypt from Mesopotamia, where astrology had
been practiced for millennia and where seven had always been a
propitious number. In A.D. 321 the Emperor Constantine the Great
grafted this astrological system onto the Roman calendar, made the
first day of this new week a day of rest and worship for all, and
imposed the following sequence and names to the days of the week.
This new Roman system was adopted with modifications throughout most
of western Europe: in the Germanic languages, such as Old English, the
names of four of the Roman gods were converted into those of the
corresponding Germanic gods:

The Latin names for the weekdays survive in the modern Romance languages
(though the weekend day names have been altered). Also, Japanese words for the days of the week also correspond indirectly to the same planets.