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Abstract

Purpose:

An important cause of avoidable childhood blindness is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in countries with high human development index and also in some emerging economies countries. To date, no research have been conducted on analyzing data of ROP prevalence in Babol, and this is the first research performed on ROP in this area.

Methods:

All VLBW babies who referred to Babol ophthalmology center over the seven years, from February 2007 to December 2013 were enrolled in this descriptive cross-sectional research. A team of researchers recorded patients’ information completely in check lists. A single experienced ophthalmologist performed ophthalmologic examination of patients.

Result:

The incidence of ROP of any stage in Babol was determined to be 306 (45%) of all babies enrolled in this study. In present study, key risk factors of ROP were low gestational age, oxygen therapy more than five days and low birth weight.

Conclusion:

The findings of current study demonstrate that the main risk factors of developing ROP in newborns are multiple gestation, low birth weight, oxygen therapy for more than five day. Therefore, the progression of ROP to blindness will be prevented by a high index of suspicion, suitable screening, prompt diagnosis, and early treatment.

INTRODUCTION

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) affects immature vasculature of premature infants’ eyes. This disease can appear in mild and aggressive forms. No visual sequelae is resulted in the mild form, while aggressive type is along with neovascularization and develop to retinal detachment and blindness [1, 2]. The prevalence of ROP has enhanced because of surviving smaller and younger infants [3].

In countries with high human development index and also in some emerging economies countries, this disease is a main avoidable cause of childhood blindness [4]. ROP is more prevalent in premature babies with low birth weight. Fielder reported the development of ROP in 51% of infants weighing less than 1700 g. Overall, the evidence of ROP is recognized for more than 50% of premature babies weighing less than 1250 gr at birth, and stage 3 ROP is observed in approximately 10% of these babies [5, 6].

On average, 500-700 cases of blindness as a result of ROP are annually reported among American newborns. This can be stated as 30,000 life years of vision in terms of life years of blindness. 2100 newborns will annually be affected by cicatricial sequel such as myopia, blindness, strabismus, and late-onset retinal detachment [7-9]. The thumb rule is that several types of strabismus or refractive error will progress in about 20% of all premature newborns by 3 years of age [10]. For this reason, babies younger than 32 weeks or less than 1500 gr are given follow-up care every 6 months, regardless not or whether ROP is present [5, 11].

There has been no research until now to analyze data of ROP incidence in north of Iran. Accordingly, this is the first research conducted on ROP prevalence in Babol, which is one of the deprived and developing provinces in north Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

All very low birth weight (VLBW) babies referred to Babol ophthalmology center over the seven years from February 2007 to December 2013 were entered in this descriptive cross-sectional research. The study obtained ethics approval from the Ethics Committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences. Easy sampling method is used to select the patients in this study. Babies who died before a retinal examination were omitted from the study.

Unlike most international guidelines, newborns with a gestational age less than 36 weeks and 2500g birth weight (BW) were not omitted from the study as there is no screening criteria for ROP in Iran. All information corresponding to sex, gestational age (GA), birth weight, presence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), delivery type, oxygen therapy and sepsis were recorded by a team of scientists in a check list. A single experienced ophthalmologist performed ophthalmologic examination of patients.

T-test was applied to perform a comparison between two groups in the terms of the GA, BW, infant's age at examination and oxygen therapy. The comparison of categorical and qualitative variables including sepsis, oxygen therapy, etc. in groups was performed using chi-square test. In order to identify the probability of ROP in study groups, odds ratio (OR) was obtained by using logistic regression statistic tests. SPSS software (Version 21) was used to analysis all data. A P value ˂ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULT

During the study, 680 of 865 VLBW newborns who were referred were followed up for ROP development. 425 (62.5%) males and 255 (37.5%) females were involved in ROP group. Table 1 shows the average birth weight was 1713.9 ± 416.7 grams and the average gestational age was 31.45 ± 2.21 weeks (7% was 25-28 week, 55% was 29-32 week and 38% was more than 32 week).

The overall incidence of ROP in any stage was 306 (45%) among babies who referred to Babol ophthalmology center. Of 306 subjects, 52 (16.99%) subjects were in stage I of ROP, 193 (63.07%) subjects were in stage II and 61 (19.93%) subjects were in stage III or III+.

Table 1.

Demographic and perinatal characteristics of the study neonates.

Characteristic

No (N %)

Sex
Male
Female

425 (62.5%)
255(37.5%)

Mean birth weight (gr)

1713.9 ± 416.7

Birth weight(groups)
500-1000
1001-1500
1501-2000
>2000

48(7%)
197(29%)
292(43%)
143(21%)

Gestational age
25-28
29-32
>32

48(7%)
374(55%)
258(38%)

Delivery type
NVD
CS

201(29.5%)
479(70.5%)

RDS
Yes
No

524(77%)
156(23%)

Sepsis
Yes
No

113(16.7%)
567(83.3%)

Mean duration of oxygen therapy (day)

5.21 ± 2.45

Table 2 shows the results of logistic regression for all independent variables. There was a significant relationship between GA of 32 weeks or less and ROP (P<0.001).

Furthermore, it was observed that babies with BW of less than 1500 g are 3.5 times more at risk for ROP compared to babies with 1500g or more. A significant relationship was observe between sepsis and ROP (P<0.001).

Table 2.

Simple regression analysis results for ROP.

Characteristic

ROP
N(%)

No ROP
N(%)

OR

Cl

P-Value

Sex

Male

211(69%)

214(57.2%)

0.787

0.034-1.78

0.50

Female

95(31%)

160(42.8%)

GA

<32W

141(46%)

71(19%)

2.913

1.237-6.862

0.01

≥32w

165(54%)

303(81%)

Oxygen therapy
>5 day

Yes

267(87.2%)

245(65.5%)

1.793

0.629-5.110

0/32

No

39(12.8%)

129(34.5%)

RDS

Yes

141(46%)

183(49%)

0.853

0.380-1.913

0/87

No

165(54%)

191(51%)

Sepsis

Yes

65(21%)

41(10%)

2.889

1.093-7.633

0.04

No

241(79%)

333(90%)

Birth weight(gram)

<1500gr

133(43.5%)

83(22.1%)

3.512

1.415-8.719

0.007

1500gr≤

173(56.5%)

291(77.9%)

ROP stage

I
II
III

52(16.99%)
193(63.07%)
61(19.93%)

0(0%)
0(0%)
0(0%)

2.713

1.123-7.766

0.001

In ROP group, the mean oxygen therapy was 7.12 ± 4.32 day and this value in healthy group was 3.23 ± 2.18 day. Thus, there is no significant relationship between oxygen therapy with ROP (P>0.05).

DISCUSSION

In current study, the incidence of ROP in any stage, from February 2007 to December 2013 was 306 (45%) among babies referred to Babol ophthalmology center. ROP is considered as an important avoidable cause of blindness in children in countries with high human development index and also in some emerging economies countries [4]. One country is different from another one in terms of the ROP prevalence depending on birth weights, gestational age, and risk factors. Three epidemics have been reported since 1942 after recognizing ROP: The first epidemic was during 1940-1945 when oxygen therapy was recognized as the main reason; the next one occurred between 1960-1970 due to developing neonatal care in industrial countries that enhanced survival of babies with ELBW; and the last one from 1980 until now because of increasing the survival of preterm babies with gestational age more than 32 weeks and a birth weight greater than 1500 grams using the newborn care accessible in developing countries with limited resources [13, 14].

The ROP rate in the current study was 45 %, which was higher as compared to available literature in this context including 32.4 % in Pakistan [15], 29.5 % in Tehran [16], 29.2 % in Singapore [18], 29 % in Kerman (southern Iran) [19], and 10.45 % in the United States [17]. Moreover, Sabzehi et al. [20] reported that the ROP incidence in Tehran was 17.4 % in 3 years study. In another study conducted by Mousavi et al. [21], the prevalence of ROP in Farabi hospital of Tehran was 34.4% in 4 years. Furthermore, the ROP prevalence was reported 37.1% by Mutlu et al. [22].

The outstanding risk factors for ROP have been addressed in this study; our findings are in a good accordance with those obtained from other studies. it was found that multiple gestations is an independent risk factor in progression of ROP in studied subjects as well as the results of Blumenfield’s study, although there was no difference between the ROP severity for children of a multiple gestation and infants of singletons [23]. In a research conducted by Riazi-Esfahani et al. [24], there was observed no significant difference in the rate or severity of ROP between babies of a multiple gestation and singletons unlike the study of Dos Santos Motta et al. [25] on 26 cases in which multiple gestation was considered as a risk factor for progression and severity of ROP.

It was found that oxygen therapy duration is an independent risk factor for ROP that was > 40 days, > 30 days, > seven days and > five days in the studied of Niwald et al. [26], Pinheiro et al. [27], Hakeem et al. [28] and present study, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The findings of current study demonstrate that the main risk factors for infants to develop ROP are multiple gestation, low birth weight, oxygen therapy for more than five days. Therefore, the progressing ROP to blindness will be prevented with a high index of suspicion, apposite screening, rapid diagnosis, and early treatment.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Declared none.

REFERENCES

[1]

American Academy of Pediatrics (Section on Ophthalmology). Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics 2001; 108(3): 809-11.

American Academy of Pediatrics (Section on Ophthalmology); American Academy of Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics 2006; 117(2): 572-6.

About the Editor

Biography of Jorge Alio

Professor and Chairman of Ophthalmology since 1986, Alicante University and Miguel Hernandez University, Spain. Founder and Scientific Director of Vissum Corporation. Author or editor of 89 books, 328 chapters, 500 articles in peer review journals and 36 patents. 95 national and international clinical and research awards. LXIII chair the Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis and XLIX chair of the European Academy of Ophthalmology, past President of the ISRS/AAO and editorial board member of many peer review journals. The Hirsch factor (h-factor) of Dr Alio is 56 (Scopus). He is the creator and Director of the first online course in refractive surgery from the Miguel Hernandez University entitled Scientific Methodology in Refractive, Cataract and Cornea Surgery.

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