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Your search for the perfect polymers textbook ends here - with Polymer Science and Technology. By incorporating an innovative approach and consolidating in one volume the fundamentals currently covered piecemeal in several books, this efficient text simplifies the learning of polymer science.The book is divided into three main sections: polymer fundamentals; polymer formation and conversion into useful articles; and polymer properties and applications. Polymer Science and Technology emphasizes the basic, qualitative understanding of the concepts rather than rote memorization or detailed mathematical analysis. Since the book focuses on the ultimate property of the finished product, it minimizes laborious descriptions of experimental procedures used for the characterization of polymers. Instead, the author highlights how the various stages involved in the production of the finished product influence its properties. Well-organized, clear-cut, and user-friendly, Polymer Science and Technology is an outstanding textbook for teaching junior and senior level undergraduates and first year graduate students in an introductory course covering the challenging subject of polymers.

PART I: FUNDAMENTALS

Introduction

1

(24)

Historical Development

1

(2)

Basic Concepts and Definitions

3

(3)

Classification of Polymers

6

(13)

Natural vs. Synthetic

6

(1)

Polymer Structure

6

(1)

Linear, Branched, or Cross-Linked Ladder vs. Functionality

6

(7)

Amorphous or Crystalline

13

(1)

Homopolymer or Copolymer

14

(2)

Fibers, Plastics, or Elastomers

16

(1)

Polymerization Mechanism

16

(1)

Thermal Behaviour

17

(1)

Preparative Technique

18

(1)

End Use

19

(1)

Problems

19

(6)

References

23

(2)

Polymerization Mechanisms

25

(34)

Introduction

25

(1)

Chain-Reaction Polymerization

25

(7)

Initiation

25

(2)

Propagation

27

(1)

Termination

28

(1)

Chain Transfer

28

(1)

Diene Polymerization

29

(3)

Ionic and Coordination Polymerizations

32

(2)

Cationic Polymerization

32

(1)

Anionic Polymerization

32

(1)

Coordination Polymerization

33

(1)

Step-Growth Polymerization

34

(18)

Typical Step-Growth Polymerizations

38

(1)

Polyesters

38

(2)

Polycarbonates

40

(1)

Polyamides

40

(2)

Polyimides

42

(2)

Polybenzidazoles and Polybenzoxazoles

44

(2)

Aromatic Ladder Polymers

46

(2)

Formaldehyde Resins

48

(3)

Polyethers

51

(1)

Polysulfides

51

(1)

Polysulfones

51

(1)

Ring-Opening Polymerization

52

(4)

Poly (Propylene Oxide)

52

(2)

Epoxy Resins

54

(1)

Polycaprolactam (Nylon 6)

54

(2)

Problems

56

(3)

References

57

(2)

Chemical Bonding and Polymer Structure

59

(36)

Introduction

59

(1)

Chemical Bonding

59

(5)

The Ionic Bond

59

(1)

The Covalent Bond

60

(1)

Dipole Forces

60

(1)

Hydrogen Bond

61

(1)

Induction Forces

62

(1)

van der Waals (Dispersion) Forces

62

(2)

Primary Structure

64

(1)

Polarity of Monomers

64

(1)

Secondary Structure

65

(8)

Configuration

65

(1)

Diene Polymerization

66

(1)

Tacticity

67

(1)

Conformation

67

(1)

Molecular Weight

68

(5)

Tertiary Structure

73

(16)

Secondary Bonding Forces (Cohesive Energy Density)

73

(3)

Crystalline and Amorphous Structure of Polymers

76

(1)

Crystallization Tendency

76

(1)

Structural Regularity

77

(1)

Chain Flexibility

77

(1)

Polarity

78

(3)

Morphology of Crystalline Polymers

81

(1)

Crystal Structure of Polymers

81

(5)

Morphology of Polymer Single Crystals Grown from Solution

86

(1)

Morphology of Polymers Crystallized from the Melt

87

(2)

Crystallinity and Polymer Properties

89

(1)

Problems

90

(5)

References

92

(3)

Thermal Transitions in Polymers

95

(22)

Introduction

95

(1)

The Glass Transition Temperature

96

(12)

Molecular Motion and Glass Transition

97

(1)

Theories of Glass Transition and Measurement of the Glass Transition Temperature

98

(1)

Kinetic Theory

98

(1)

Equilibrium Theory

98

(1)

Free Volume Theory

99

(1)

Factors Affecting Glass Transition Temperature

99

(1)

Chain Flexibility

100

(1)

Geometric Factors

100

(1)

Interchain Attractive Forces

100

(3)

Copolymerization

103

(2)

Molecular Weight

105

(1)

Cross-Linking and Branching

106

(1)

Crystallinity

107

(1)

Plasticization

107

(1)

The Crystalline Melting Point

108

(6)

Factors Affecting the Crystalline Melting Point, TM

109

(1)

Intermolecular Bonding

109

(2)

Effect of Structure

111

(1)

Chain Flexibility

111

(2)

Copolymerization

113

(1)

Problems

114

(3)

References

115

(2)

Polymer Modification

117

(44)

Introduction

117

(1)

Copolymerization

117

(8)

Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers

117

(1)

Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) (Random Copolymer)

118

(1)

Styrene-Butadiene Block Polymers

119

(1)

Ethylene Copolymers

119

(1)

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers (ABS)

120

(1)

Condensation Polymers

121

(1)

Acetal Copolymer

121

(1)

Epoxies

122

(1)

Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) Resins

122

(3)

Postpolymerization Reactions

125

(15)

Reactions of Polysaccharides

125

(1)

Cellulose Derivations

125

(1)

Starch and Dextrins

126

(1)

Cross-Linking

127

(1)

Unsaturated Polyesters

127

(3)

Vulcanization

130

(3)

Block and Graft Copolymer Formation

133

(1)

Block Copolymerization

133

(2)

Graft Copolymerization

135

(2)

Surface Modification

137

(3)

Functional Polymers

140

(14)

Polyurethanes

141

(2)

Polymer-Bound Stabilizers

143

(1)

Antioxidants

143

(1)

Flame Retardants

143

(4)

Ultraviolet Stabilizers

147

(4)

Polymers in Drug Administration

151

(1)

Controlled Drug Release, Degradable Polymers

152

(1)

Site-Directed (Targeted) Drug Delivery

153

(1)

Problems

154

(7)

References

158

(3)

PART II: POLYMER PREPARATION AND PROCESSING METHODS

Condensation (Step-Reaction) Polymerization

161

(20)

Introduction

161

(1)

Mechanism of Condensation Polymerization

161

(1)

Kinetics of Condensation Polymerization

162

(2)

Stoichiometry in Linear Systems

164

(5)

Molecular Weight Control

169

(1)

Molecular Weight Distribution in Linear Condensation Systems

170

(1)

Molecular Weight Averages

171

(3)

Ring Formation vs. Chain Polymerization

174

(1)

Three-Dimensional Network Step-Reaction Polymers

175

(1)

Prediction of the Gel Point

175

(3)

Morphology of Cross-Linked Polymers

178

(1)

Problems

178

(3)

References

179

(2)

Chain-Reaction (Addition) Polymerization

181

(30)

Introduction

181

(1)

Vinyl Monomers

181

(1)

Mechanism of Chain Polymerization

181

(4)

Initiation

181

(1)

Generation of Free Radicals

182

(1)

Propagation

183

(1)

Termination

184

(1)

Chain Transfer

184

(1)

Steady-State Kinetics of Free-Radical Polymerization

185

(4)

Initiation

186

(1)

Propagation

186

(1)

Termination

186

(3)

Autoacceleration (Trommsdorff Effect)

189

(1)

Kinetic Chain Length

190

(2)

Chain-Transfer Reactions

192

(3)

Transfer to Undiluted Monomer

194

(1)

Transfer to Solvent

194

(1)

Temperature Dependence of Degree of Polymerization

195

(1)

Ionic and Coordination Chain Polymerization

196

(11)

Nonradical Chain Polymerization

196

(1)

Cationic Polymerization

197

(1)

Mechanism

197

(1)

Kinetics

198

(1)

Anionic Polymerization

199

(1)

Mechanism

200

(1)

Kinetics

201

(1)

Living Polymers

202

(2)

Coordination Polymerization

204

(1)

Mechanisms

204

(3)

Problems

207

(4)

References

209

(2)

Copolymerization

211

(16)

Introduction

211

(1)

The Copolymer Equation

211

(1)

Types of Copolymerization

212

(2)

Ideal Copolymerization (r1r2=1)

213

(1)

Alternating Copolymerization (r1=r2=0)

213

(1)

Block Copolymerization (r1 > 1, r2 > 1)

214

(1)

Polymer Composition Variation with Feed Conversion

214

(5)

Chemistry of Copolymerization

219

(3)

Monomer Reactivity

219

(1)

Radical Reactivity

220

(1)

Steric Effects

220

(1)

Alternation-Polar Effects

221

(1)

The Q-e Scheme

222

(2)

Problems

224

(3)

References

225

(2)

Polymer Additives and Reinforcements

227

(22)

Introduction

227

(1)

Plasticizers

227

(2)

Fillers and Reinforcements (Composites)

229

(5)

Alloys and Blends

234

(3)

Antioxidants and Thermal and UV Stabilizers

237

(3)

Polymer Stability

237

(1)

Nonchain-Scission Reactions

238

(1)

Chain-Scission Reactions

238

(1)

Oxidative Degradation

238

(1)

Hydrolysis and Chemical Degradation

239

(1)

Polymer Stabilizers

239

(1)

Flame Retardants

240

(3)

Colorants

243

(3)

Antistatic Agents (Antistats)

246

(1)

Problems

247

(2)

References

248

(1)

Polymer Reaction Engineering

249

(32)

Introduction

249

(1)

Polymerization Processes

249

(20)

Homogeneous Systems

249

(1)

Bulk (Mass) Polymerization

249

(3)

Solution Polymerization

252

(1)

Heterogeneous Polymerization

253

(1)

Suspension Polymerization

253

(5)

Emulsion Polymerization

258

(10)

Precipitation Polymerization

268

(1)

Interfacial and Solution Polycondensations

268

(1)

Polymerization Reactors

269

(9)

Batch Reactors

271

(3)

Tubular (Plug Flow) Reactor

274

(2)

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

276

(2)

Problems

278

(3)

References

280

(1)

Unit Operations in Polymer Processing

281

(28)

Introduction

281

(1)

Extrusion

281

(5)

The Extruder

281

(5)

Extrusion Processes

286

(1)

Injection Molding

286

(12)

The Injection Unit

286

(4)

The Plasticizing Screw

290

(1)

The Heating Cylinder

291

(2)

The Clamp Unit

293

(1)

Auxiliary Systems

294

(1)

The Injection Mold

294

(4)

Blow Molding

298

(1)

Process Description

298

(1)

Extrusion Blow Molding

298

(1)

Injection Blow Molding

299

(1)

Rotational Molding

299

(1)

Process Description

299

(1)

Process Variables

299

(1)

Thermoforming

300

(3)

Process Description

300

(1)

Vacuum Forming

300

(1)

Mechanical Forming

301

(1)

Air Blowing Process

301

(2)

Process Variables

303

(1)

Compression and Transfer Molding

303

(2)

Compression Molding

303

(1)

Transfer Molding

304

(1)

Casting

305

(1)

Process Description

305

(1)

Casting Processes

305

(1)

Casting of Acrylics

305

(1)

Casting of Nylon

306

(1)

Problems

306

(3)

References

307

(2)

PART III: PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS

Solution Properties of Polymers

309

(34)

Introduction

309

(1)

Solubility Parameter (Cohesive Energy Density)

309

(3)

Conformations of Polymer Chains on Solution

312

(6)

End-to-End Dimensions

312

(1)

The Freely Jointed Chain

313

(2)

Real Polymer Chains

315

(1)

Fixed Bond Angle (Freely Rotating)

315

(1)

Fixed Bond Angles (Restricted Rotation)

315

(1)

Long-Range Interactions

316

(2)

Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions

318

(11)

Ideal Solution

318

(1)

Liquid Lattice Theory (Flory-Huggins Theory)

319

(1)

Entropy of Mixing

319

(1)

Heat and Free Energy of Mixing

320

(2)

Dilute Polymer Solutions (Flory-Krigbaum Theory)

322

(1)

Osmotic Pressure of Polymer Solutions

323

(6)

Solution Viscosity

329

(10)

Newton's Law of Viscosity

329

(2)

Parameters for Characterizing Polymer Solution Viscosity

331

(2)

Molecular Size and Intrinsic Viscosity

333

(1)

Molecular Weight from Intrinsic Viscosity

334

(5)

Problems

339

(4)

References

341

(2)

Mechanical Properties of Polymers

343

(46)

Introduction

343

(1)

Mechanical Tests

343

(7)

Stress-Strain Experiments

344

(1)

Creep Experiments

344

(2)

Stress Relaxation Experiments

346

(1)

Dynamic Mechanical Experiments

347

(1)

Impact Experiments

348

(2)

Stress-Strain Behavior of Polymers

350

(5)

Elastic Stress-Strain Relations

351

(4)

Deformation of Solid Polymers

355

(4)

Compression vs. Tensile Tests

359

(3)

Effects of Structural and Environmental Factors on Mechanical Properties