-recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail.

-Faster, but more prone to mistakes

Gestalt Principles

ways that the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete

Habituation

the process of becoming used to a stimulus

Dishabituation

occurs when a second stimulus intervenes, causing resensitization to the original stimulus

Observational learning

the acquisition of behavior by watching others

Associative learning

pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviors and consequences

Classical conditioning

a form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus such that the neutral stimulus alone produces the same response as the unconditioned stimulous, the neutral stimulus thus becomes the conditioned stimulus

Operant Conditioning

a form of associative learnign in which the frequency of a behavior is modified using reinforcement(increases behavior) or punishment(decreases the behavior)

Dyssomnias

amount or timing of sleep

Ex.) insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation

Parasomnias

Odd behaviors during sleep

Ex.) night terrors, sleep walking(somnambulism)

Drug addiction

mediated by the mesolimbic pathway, which includes the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle and ventral tegmental area

Instinct theory=innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

Arousal theory=the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli;aim for optimal level of arousal for a given task(Yerkes-Dodson Law)

Drive reduction theory=individuals act to relieve internal states of tension

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

prioritizes needs into 5 categories:

1. Physiological needs(highest priority)

2. Safety and security

3. Love and belonging

4. self-esteem

5. Self-actualization(lowest Priority)

Seven universal emotions

Happines

sadness

contempt

surprise

fear

disgust

anger

James-Lang theory of Emotion

Physical arousal instigates the experience of a specific emotion

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Emotions and bodily changes do not share a cause-and-effect relationship. Rather, they occur simultaneously, following a stimulating event.

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

People's experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

Primary appraisal

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Secondary appraisal

directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress based on harm, threat and challenge

Three stages of the general adaption syndrome

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Self-concept

the sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future

Identities

individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong

Self-esteem

our evaluation of ourselves

Self-efficacy

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation

Locus of control

a self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives.

Either internal(success or failure is a result of our own actions) or External(success or failure is the result of outside factors)

Schizophrenia

psychotic disorder characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances in content and form of thought, perception, and behavior

Positive symptoms

include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought and behavior.

negative symptoms

disturbance of affect and avolition

Major depressive disorder

contains at least one major depressive episode

Pervasive depressive disorder

a depressed mood (either dysthymia or major depression) for at least 2 years

Bipolar 1 disorder

contains at least one manic episode

Bipolar II disorder

contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode

Cyclothymic disorder

contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia

Freud's stages of psychosexual development

In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by theerogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder.[1][2]

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

-stems from conflicts that are the result of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phase of life