The "History and Social Science Standards of
Learning," adopted by the state board of education late last month and
expected to go into effect by the beginning of the next school year,
have been modified in response to concerns that arose as schools
implemented the standards in those subjects that the state adopted in
1995.

"We're one of the few states that has truly tried to introduce
history into our state accountability program," said Kirk T. Schroder,
the president of the Virginia board of education. "That area is full of
controversial issues."

He added that the new 41-page document that specifies what Virginia
students should learn about history and social studies responds to
"sequencing and other pedagogical issues" raised by educators.

E.D. Hirsch Jr., a professor of education and humanities at the
University of Virginia and the author of the influential 1987 best
seller Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know,
said he considered the new standards "a big improvement over the prior
ones."

While he was not formally involved in writing either version of the
Virginia standards, Mr. Hirsch said he had critiqued the 1995 history
and social studies standards at the request of the state school board
and found them wanting for two reasons.

First, he said, they had contained what he felt was an
"indoctrination flavor" in presenting some standards about economics,
such as implying that the free market was "wonderful." Second, he said,
they had crammed too much world history into a short period in
students' school careers, rather than spreading it out over more
grades.

The new standards appear to have omitted references to the economy
that are "ideological," according to Mr. Hirsch, and also seem to have
taken a more gradual approach to teaching world history.

Christopher T. Cross, the president of the Washington-based Council
for Basic Education, a nonprofit organization that reviews and assesses
states' standards, said the 1995 standards reflected a "log-rolling
mentality of creating standards," which resulted in their covering too
much material. He said the revised standards were more focused.

"In the revision, they've moved some material from grade to grade. I
think they include well-thought-through and constructive changes that
reflect the thought that you have to be cognizant of the amount of time
children have to learn," Mr. Cross said.

But Debbie Lou Hague, a geography and government teacher at First
Colonial High School in Virginia Beach, Va., and the president of the
Virginia Council for the Social Studies, said she thought the revised
standards didn't go far enough in omitting some of the "insignificant
details" of the earlier standards.

"Is it really necessary for a 3rd grader to know the importance of
the Charter of Virginia?" she asked.

More Flexibility

Other educators said the revised standards were less prescriptive
than the earlier ones about when to teach various standards, allowing
schools to cover some standards in any one of several grades.

The standards are also clearer and better organized than they were
in the past, said Sara R. Shoob, the K-12 social studies coordinator
for the 160,000-student Fairfax County school district, who served on a
committee to revise the K-3 portion of the history and social studies
standards.

"The skills the kids need to know are put first, which gives greater
emphasis on things such as critical-thinking skills," Ms. Shoob said.
"We're hoping that with a greater emphasis on those skills, we'll
create better test questions that ask kids to think creatively rather
than produce facts."

In addition, she said, the revised standards are "much more
developmentally appropriate" than the earlier ones. For example, she
said, the earlier standards required 2nd graders to compare the ways
that money can increase in value in savings and investments. "That
wasn't appropriate for a 2nd grader," she said, adding the standard had
been cut in the revision.

Ms. Shoob said the standards had some gaps, however, in addressing
the impact of various cultures on American history. She said she hoped
that those gaps might be made up in the teachers' resource guide for
the standards, which is being written now and is expected to be
published by fall.

"There's no mention of the impact of Hispanic-Americans on our
culture," she said. "That's a huge minority group. Granted, they didn't
have a huge impact on the history of Virginia. They have had a huge
impact on the history of the United States."

Mr. Schroder, the president of the state board, noted that a dispute
between Americans of Armenian and Turkish descent over what to include
about the history of the Ottoman Empire in the standards had dominated
board discussions and had not yet been resolved.

"The Armenians strongly urged the formal recognition of the Armenian
genocide by the Ottoman Empire," he said. "The Turks disagreed with
that."

The board decided that the revised standards would require students
to learn about the development of the Ottoman Empire, but the issue of
whether they would be required to learn about a massacre at its hand
would be taken up again in the writing of the teachers' resource
guide.

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