There are a range of arts industries operating within Australia and contributing to the artistic output of the country. In this section they will be examined in turn, commencing with the book industries.

At the end of June 2004, there were 244 organisations which were either predominantly engaged in book publishing, or generated income of $2 million (m) or more from this activity (table 14.1). These organisations employed 5,300 people and generated $1,560.6m in income during 2003-04, of which $1,353.2m was from the sale of new books. Of these book sales, $811.9m (60.0%) came from sales of Australian titles, while the value of books exported was $190.5m.

Book sales valued at $1,103.3m (of a total income of $1,297.0m) were reported by organisations predominantly involved in book retailing during 2003-04. The overall profit margin for these organisations was 1.3%, and there were 561 of them employing 8,717 people at the end of June 2004. Book sales valued at a further $303.2m were achieved by businesses for which selling books was a secondary source of income. These businesses include department stores, supermarkets and newsagents. They sold 26.7 million (mill.) books during 2003-04, approximately a third of the total book sales of 79.9 mill. for that year.

14.1 BOOK INDUSTRIES

Book publishers

Book retailers(a)

2002-03

2003-04

2002-03

2003-04

Organisations at end of June

no.

245

244

522

561

Employment at end of June

no.

5 329

5 300

7 336

8 717

Income

Sales of new books

$m

1 367.9

1 353.2

941.7

1 103.3

Total

$m

1 567.7

1 560.6

1 059.7

1 297.0

Expenses

$m

1 476.9

1 404.4

1 045.2

1 287.6

Operating profit before tax

$m

86.9

152.1

19.7

16.6

Operating profit margin

%

5.5

9.7

1.9

1.3

(a) Includes only those businesses which are classified according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 1993 edition as Newspaper, book and stationery retailing and for which the value of new book sales comprises at least 50% of all income.

During 2002-03, businesses mainly involved in music and theatre production put on 53,241 paid performances which attracted 14.2 mill. paid attendances. There were 865 of these businesses operating at the end of June 2003 and employing 7,842 people (table 14.2). The businesses generated income of $622.1m during 2002-03, of which 53% ($331.6m) came from box office takings.

There were 176 performing arts festivals (of greater than two-days duration) conducted during 2002-03, at which there were 29,707 performances attracting 7.5 mill. attendances. Of these attendances, 80% (6.0 mill.) were free-of-charge. Performing arts festivals generated $88.5m in income during 2002-03, of which 31% ($27.2m) came from ticket sales. These festivals utilised a largely volunteer workforce, there being 15,728 volunteers compared with employment of only 1,272.

Information about many of the performing arts companies in Australia is available by searching under the categories 'Music' and 'Performing Arts' on the Australian Government's Culture and Recreation Portal. The Australia Dancing portal, hosted by the National Library of Australia, provides an information and directory database relating to dance in Australia. Prominent Australian companies, such as Symphony Australia, Opera Australia, The Australian Ballet and Musica Viva publish annual reports on their websites which provide information about employment and attendances. Gateway to the Australian Performing Arts on the AusStage website aims to be a comprehensive listing of all live theatre events in Australia since European settlement (for which records survive).

14.2 SELECTED ARTS INDUSTRIES - 2002-03

Music and theatre production

Performing arts festivals(a)

Film and video production services

Television broadcasting services(b)

Organisations at end of June

no.

865

(c)176

2 174

33

Employment at end of June

no.

7 842

(d)1 272

16 427

9 094

Volunteers(e)

no.

2 548

15 728

na

na

Income

$m

622.1

88.5

1 596.6

5 158.8

Expenses

$m

575.6

82.8

1 504.8

4 991.3

Operating profit before tax

$m

46.5

5.7

^91.7

207.4

Operating profit margin

%

10.7

15.6

^5.9

4.1

^ estimate has a relative standard error of 10% to less than 25% and should be used with caution

na not available

(a) Of greater than two-days duration.

(b) Excludes public and community television broadcasters.

(c) Number of festivals held during the reference period.

(d) Measured during conduct of festival.

(e) Measured during the month of June for Music and theatre production, and during conduct of festival for Performing arts festivals.

The film and video production industry comprises businesses mainly engaged in the production of motion pictures on film or video tape for theatre or television projection, and includes services such as casting, film editing and titling. This industry is well-developed in Australia and comprises, for the most part, small specialised companies producing programmes ranging from feature films to sports coverage, documentaries and television commercials. According to the Australian Film Commission (AFC) the major market for Australian audiovisual products is the domestic television broadcast industry. However, export markets are also important for feature films and television dramas, some high-budget documentaries and some commercials.

At the end of June 2003 there were 2,174 businesses primarily engaged in providing film and video production services and employing 16,427 people (table 14.2). The total income of these businesses for 2002-03 was $1,596.6m, with 49% ($778.6m) coming from the production of movies, television programmes, commercials, etc.

There were 9,094 employees working for 33 television broadcasting businesses at the end of June 2003 (table 14.2). These businesses earned a total income during 2002-03 of $5,158.8m with operating profit before tax of $207.4m. Profitability was markedly different between commercial free-to-air and subscription broadcasters. The 27 commercial free-to-air broadcasters recorded a before-tax operating profit of $658.9m, whereas the six subscription broadcasters recorded a before-tax operating loss of $451.5m.

Film and video production activity is undertaken not only by film and video production businesses (as shown in table 14.2), but also by film and video distribution businesses and television broadcasting businesses. During 2002-03, businesses undertaking film and video production incurred $1,502.5m in production costs. Productions made specifically for television accounted for most of this amount ($1,140.7m or 75.9%). Of these productions, the highest costs were incurred by news and current affairs programmes ($351.0m) and sport programmes ($305.1m). However, these types of programmes were among the cheapest to produce on a cost-per-hour basis at $19,700 and $13,000 respectively. These figures contrast starkly with the corresponding figures for drama ($246,600) and situation and sketch comedy ($222,700) (graph 14.3).

The Australian Government provides assistance and encouragement for the production of high-cost feature films, television dramas and documentaries through measures such as the investment programme of Film Finance Corporation Australia (FFC), the development programme of the AFC and the Australian content regulations of the Australian Communications and Media Authority. A new agency, to be called the Australian Screen Authority (ASA), will be established on 1 July 2008. It will assume the functions currently undertaken by the AFC, FFC and Film Australia Ltd. An exception is the research and statistics function currently undertaken by the AFC. This will be assumed by the Australian Film, Television and Radio School. The ASA will be responsible for funding for the development, production, preservation and promotion of Australian screen content and screen industry enterprises.

Table 14.4 shows the number and value of Australian, co-produced and foreign titles shot in Australia. The combined budgets of these titles in 2005-06 totalled $420m, of which $361m was allocated to expenditure in Australia - significantly below the five-year average of $533m. The fall was largely due to a sharp drop in foreign features being shot in Australia - they accounted for only $23m in Australian expenditure, well below the five-year average of $172m. The total budgets for Australian features amounted to $98m, similar to the five-year average of $96m.

14.4 FILM AND VIDEO PRODUCTION

2004-05

2005-06

Titles

Total budgets

Spent in Aust.(a)

Titles

Total budgets

Spent in Aust.(a)

Type of film

no.

$m

$m

no.

$m

$m

Features

Australian(b)

22

66

65

25

98

97

Co-production(c)

3

45

27

3

22

13

Foreign(d)

9

482

243

4

36

23

Total

34

593

335

32

156

133

TV drama

Australian(b)

29

196

189

34

185

179

Co-production(c)

4

23

13

7

38

23

Foreign(d)

1

5

4

5

41

26

Total

34

224

206

46

264

228

Total

Australian(b)

51

262

253

59

283

277

Co-production(c)

7

67

40

10

60

35

Foreign(d)

10

488

248

9

77

49

Total

68

817

542

78

420

361

(a) Includes some expenditure on foreign production elements - e.g. fees for non-Australian actors or other individuals while working in Australia.

(b) Productions under Australian creative control.

(c) Includes official co-productions and other productions involving shared creative control, that is, with a mix of Australians and foreigners in key creative positions.

(d) Productions under foreign creative control with a substantial amount shot in Australia.

In 2005-06, the total budget of TV drama productions shot in Australia was $264m of which $228m was allocated to expenditure in Australia. This was below the five-year average of $253m. There were less hours of Australian adult series than in previous years, but more Australian telemovies and children's programmes, and more co-productions.

Additional information about film and video production can be obtained from the AFC website which also provides links to nearly 800 Australian film and television websites.

Broadcasting services in Australia are regulated primarily through the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (Cwlth) which established the Australian Broadcasting Authority as the independent regulator for radio and television in Australia. On 1 July 2005, this authority merged with the Australian Communications Authority to form the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), and it is this body which now has regulatory responsibility for radio and television in Australia.

The Act defines six categories of broadcasting services covering both radio and television:

national broadcasting services - the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), which are largely regulated through separate legislation

commercial broadcasting services - free-to-air radio and television services operated for profit and funded predominantly by advertising revenue

subscription broadcasting services - services with general appeal to the public and funded predominantly by customer subscriptions

subscription narrowcasting services - services with limited appeal to the general public (either because of content or availability) and funded predominantly by customer subscriptions

open narrowcasting services - services providing programmes targeted to special interest groups (e.g. foreign language), or of limited appeal because of content or availability, and not funded by subscriptions.

International broadcasting services may fall into any of the last five categories and are targeted, to a significant extent, to audiences outside Australia, using a radiocommunications transmitter in Australia.

ACMA plans the availability of segments of the broadcasting services bands (VHF/UHF television, FM and AM radio), and has the power to allocate, renew, suspend and cancel licences, and collect any fees payable for those licences. It is also the regulator for digital broadcasting and Internet content. Table 14.5 shows the number of licensed broadcasters in Australia at 30 June 2006.

14.5 LICENSED BROADCASTERS - 30 June 2006

NSW

Vic.

Qld

SA

WA

Tas.

ACT

NT

Aust.

Commercial TV(a)

22

14

12

11

8

5

3

4

55

Broadcasting in digital

20

12

10

9

3

3

3

2

48

ABC/SBS TV(a)

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

9

Community TV(b)

1

1

28

4

15

-

-

34

83

Datacasting(a)

10

3

4

2

4

-

-

-

26

Commercial radio(a)

83

41

66

16

41

13

4

5

274

Community radio(c)

98

57

80

29

39

12

6

40

361

Open narrowcast radio(d)

72

30

74

9

38

3

2

17

245

ABC/SBS radio(a)

23

15

16

10

13

7

6

9

64

- nil or rounded to zero (including null cells)

(a) As some TV, radio and datacasting services provide coverage into more than one state or territory, the national total may be less than the sum of services in each state and territory.

Source: Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), At a Glance: Key Statistics for the Australian Communications Industry, January 2007.

ACMA sets various standards which must be adhered to by commercial television broadcasters. For example, the Broadcasting Services (Australian Content) Standard 1999 requires all commercial free-to-air broadcasters to transmit an annual minimum of 55% Australian content between 6:00 am and midnight. Further information about ACMA and its work can be obtained from the website.

Commercial broadcast hours represent the airtime of completed first-release programmes, including commercial breaks. Programme re-runs are excluded. In 2002-03 there were 54,743 commercial broadcast hours for first-release productions made specifically for television by businesses based in Australia. Sport had the most broadcast hours (23,556 or 43.0% of the total), followed by news and current affairs (17,837 or 32.6%) (graph 14.6). Situation and sketch comedy had the least broadcast hours (71 or 0.1%).

The 2001 Census of Population and Housing provides information on the number and characteristics of people aged 15 years and over whose main job in the week prior to the Census was in an arts occupation. People who had unpaid involvement in arts activities - or who worked part time in arts activities but had another job they regarded as their main job in the week prior to the Census - were not recorded in the Census as having arts occupations.

The 2001 Census found that, in August 2001, 213,177 people (2.6% of all employed persons) had their main (paid) job in an arts occupation. Of this number, 59.2% were males. Table 14.7 shows the number of people who were recorded in the 2001 Census as having their main job in one of the ten arts occupations in which the highest numbers of people were employed.

Arts work is often intermittent, unpaid or not a person's main job. Therefore, in order to obtain a more complete picture of arts work, the ABS conducted a household survey in 2004 to measure all involvement over a 12-month period.

During the year ended April 2004, 2.7 million people (17.4% of people aged 15 years and over) were involved in some form of paid or unpaid work relating to the arts activities covered in the survey. The Australian Capital Territory had the highest involvement rate for arts work (27.6%), and this was significantly higher than the rate for Australia as a whole (17.4%) (table 14.8). The Australian Capital Territory also had the highest proportion of paid involvement, with 40.4% of those involved in arts activities receiving some payment.

14.8 PERSONS INVOLVED IN ARTS ACTIVITIES(a) - 2004

Some paid involvement(b)

Unpaid involvement only

Total persons involved

Persons with no involvement

Total persons

Involvement rate(c)

'000

'000

'000

'000

'000

%

New South Wales

272.9

611.2

884.1

4 388.0

5 272.1

16.8

Victoria

245.6

477.9

723.6

3 202.1

3 925.6

18.4

Queensland

180.4

326.3

506.7

2 476.8

2 983.5

17.0

South Australia

67.3

142.9

210.2

1 008.0

1 218.1

17.3

Western Australia

81.6

170.8

252.4

1 288.7

1 541.1

16.4

Tasmania

17.4

52.9

70.2

306.6

376.9

18.6

Northern Territory(d)

*4.2

14.2

18.3

87.4

105.8

17.3

Australian Capital Territory

27.7

40.8

68.5

179.5

248.0

27.6

Australia

897.1

1 836.9

2 734.0

12 937.1

15 671.1

17.4

* estimate has a relative standard error of 25% to 50% and should be used with caution

(a) Excludes persons whose involvement was solely as a hobby, for their own use, or for that of their family.

(b) Includes persons who only received payment in kind.

(c) The number of persons involved in arts activities, expressed as a percentage of the civilian population in the same group.

(d) Refers to mainly urban areas only.

Source: ABS data available on request, Survey of Work in Selected Culture and Leisure Activities.

The survey found that in the year prior to April 2004, more people had paid involvement in design (239,100), writing (185,500) and visual art activities (183,100) than in any other arts activity included in the survey. Of the 370,200 persons involved in design, 65.4% received some payment. This was the activity with the highest percentage of persons with paid involvement, and was followed by television broadcasting for which 63.8% of the 76,200 persons involved were paid. Of persons involved in writing, 35.5% received payment, while the corresponding figure for persons involved in visual art activities was 23.5%.

An ABS household survey conducted during March-July 2006 found that, during the 12 months prior to interview, 207,200 people undertook voluntary work for arts and heritage organisations and this figure was 1.4% of the adult population. Of these arts and heritage volunteers, 63.2% were female. The highest rate of volunteering for arts and heritage organisations - 2.6% of the adult population - occurred in the Australian Capital Territory. In the capital cities overall, the volunteer rate for these organisations was slightly lower than it was in the balance of the states. The highest levels of volunteering were for organisations categorised as sports and physical recreation (1.7 million volunteers), education, training and youth development (1.4 million) and welfare and community (1.1 million).

The ABS conducted a survey of the Indigenous population late in 2002. It found that 77,200 people aged 15 years and over (27.4% of the population) had been involved in at least one Indigenous arts activity during the 12 months prior to interview. There were 45,700 (16.2%) who made Indigenous arts or crafts; 23,500 (8.3%) who performed Indigenous music, dance or theatre; and 35,400 (12.6%) who wrote or told Indigenous stories. Of those involved in making Indigenous arts and crafts, 30.1% received payment. A similar proportion (32.0%) received payment for performing Indigenous music, dance or theatre; while the proportion paid for writing or telling Indigenous stories was somewhat lower at 21.6%.

Government support

The Cultural Ministers Council (CMC) was established in 1984 to provide a forum for the exchange of views on issues affecting cultural activities in Australia and New Zealand. It comprises those ministers from the Australian, state and territory governments who have responsibility for the arts and cultural heritage. The corresponding minister from the New Zealand Government is also a member. The relevant minister from the Papua New Guinea Government participates with observer status. CMC's core activities include the commissioning of studies and investigations through the appointment of working groups, advisory groups or consultants. Additional information about the CMC and its activities can be obtained from its website.

The Australia Council for the Arts is the Australian Government's arts funding and advisory body. It was formed as an interim council in 1973 and was given statutory authority by the Australia Council Act 1975 (Cwlth). The Australia Council supports young, emerging, developing and established Australian artists - and arts organisations - through diverse funding options and a range of grant programs. During 2005-06, 4,728 grant applications were made to the Australia Council, of which 1,911 were successful. These grants totalled $137.0m. Around 67% of the grants, amounting to 93% of the funding, went to organisations or groups, while the remaining grants, with an average value of $16,109, were paid directly to individual artists. Further information about the Australia Council and its activities can be obtained from its website.

In 2005-06 the Australian Government provided $1,406.2m in funding for the arts, while the state and territory governments contributed $456.0m in total (table 14.9). The contribution of local governments to arts funding is not separately available, although it is known that they provided a total of $973.2m for heritage and the arts during 2005-06. The corresponding figures for the Australian and state and territory governments were $1,878.4m and $2,598.1m respectively (see the following Heritage section for information regarding government funding of heritage activities).

Between 2003-04 and 2005-06 there were successive increases in the funding of arts activities by the Australian (Commonwealth) Government, and by the combined state and territory governments. These resulted in overall funding increases over the two-year period of $147.0m (or 11.7%) and $47.4m (or 11.6%) respectively.

In 2005-06, the $1,141.3m in funding allocated by the Australian Government to broadcasting and film activities accounted for 81.2% of the total funding it provided for the arts. The combined state and territory governments, on the other hand, allocated the biggest share of their arts funding to performing arts venues ($183.7m or 40.3%). The next highest allocations went to the performing arts themselves ($80.2m or 17.6%) and broadcasting and film ($76.4m or 16.8%) (table 14.10).

An ABS survey of the performing arts industry, conducted in respect of 2002-03, found that government funding contributed $134.4m to the income of businesses mainly involved in presenting music and theatre productions, and $27.0m to the income of performing arts festivals. These amounts comprised 21.6% and 30.5% respectively of total business income.

A survey of children's activities in the 12 months to April 2006 found 32.6% of children aged 5-14 years (869,600 children) participated in at least one of four selected organised cultural activities outside school hours.

Girls were more than twice as likely as boys (44.1% compared with 21.7%) to participate in at least one of these activities (table 14.11), and were also more likely to participate in two or more of the selected activities (12.2% compared with 3.1%). The rate of participation in at least one of the activities ranged from 37.9% in the Australian Capital Territory to 25.4% in the Northern Territory.

Playing a musical instrument was the most popular activity (19.5% participation), while dancing had the highest ratio of girls to boys - participation by girls was almost ten times that by boys.

The survey of children's activities in April 2006 also provided information about their participation in art and craft activities outside school hours in the two school-weeks prior to interview. There were 1.3 million children who participated in these activities, a participation rate of 49.1%. For girls, the participation rate in art and craft activities was 61.4%, considerably higher than the corresponding rate for boys of 37.4%.

Experiencing the arts

Attendance at the performing arts is a significant aspect of the cultural life of many Australians. Table 14.12 shows that, in the 12 months prior to interview in 2005-06, 25.2% of the Australian population aged 15 years and over (4.0 million people) attended at least one popular music concert, 17.0% (2.7 million people) attended at least one theatre performance, and 16.3% (2.6 million people) attended at least one musical or opera performance.

Attendance at cinemas was much higher than for the individual performing arts. This can be seen in table 14.12 which shows that 65.2% of the Australian population aged 15 years and over (10.4 million people) attended a cinema, drive-in or other public screening of a film at least once in the 12 months prior to interview in 2005-06.

In April 2006 the ABS conducted a survey of children's participation in cultural and leisure activities. These activities included reading for pleasure, watching television, videos or DVDs, and playing electronic or computer games - activities which involve children experiencing products of the arts. The survey found that 97.4% of children aged 5-14 years had watched television, videos or DVDs outside school hours during the two school-weeks prior to interview, with little difference between the participation rates for girls and boys (table 14.13). For the other two activities, however, there were marked differences in the male and female participation rates. Playing electronic or computer games was more popular with boys - 76.8% participated compared with 49.8% of girls. For reading for pleasure, on the other hand, girls had the higher participation rate at 80.4% while only 68.8% of boys participated.

Children spent more time watching television, videos or DVDs than they did on the other activities, with an average of 20 hours of viewing over a school fortnight. For playing electronic or computer games the average time spent over the fortnight was eight hours while for reading for pleasure it was seven hours.

The April 2006 survey of children's activities collected, for the first time, information about children's attendance at cultural venues and events. The survey found that 30.4% of children aged 5-14 years (809,600 children) had attended a performing arts event outside school hours in the previous 12 months. At 34.9%, the attendance rate for girls was substantially higher than the corresponding rate for boys (26.1%).

Regular surveys of household expenditure are conducted by the ABS, most recently in respect of 2003-04. Findings from this survey showed households spent, on average, $36.00 per week on arts products (table 14.14), which was 4.1% of their average weekly expenditure on all products. Individual arts products for which average household expenditure was relatively large included books ($3.94 per week), televisions ($3.41 per week), newspapers ($2.56 per week) and prerecorded video cassettes and video discs ($2.08 per week).

14.14 EXPENDITURE ON THE ARTS BY HOUSEHOLDS - 2003-04

Average weekly household expenditure

Total annual household expenditure

$

$m

Literature

8.43

3 400.2

Music

1.65

665.5

Performing arts

1.59

641.3

Visual arts and crafts

1.66

669.6

Broadcasting, electronic media and film

7.87

3 174.3

Other arts

1.86

750.2

Other culture(a)

12.94

5 219.3

Total

36.00

14 520.4

(a) This category consists predominantly of audio-visual equipment used for home entertainment.

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