Easy To Use Patents Search & Patent Lawyer Directory

At Patents you can conduct a Patent Search, File a Patent Application, find a Patent Attorney, or search available technology through our Patent Exchange. Patents are available using simple keyword or date criteria. If you are looking to hire a patent attorney, you've come to the right place. Protect your idea and hire a patent lawyer.

Aluminum oxide films characterized by a dielectric constant (k) of less
than about 7 (such as between about 4-6) and having a density of at least
about 2.5 g/cm.sup.3 (such as about 3.0-3.2 g/cm.sup.3) are deposited on
partially fabricated semiconductor devices over both metal and dielectric
to serve as etch stop layers. The films are deposited using a deposition
method that does not lead to oxidative damage of the metal. The
deposition involves reacting an aluminum-containing precursor (e.g., a
trialkylaluminum) with an alcohol and/or aluminum alkoxide. In one
implementation the method involves flowing trimethylaluminum to the
process chamber housing a substrate having an exposed metal and
dielectric layers; purging and/or evacuating the process chamber; flowing
t-butanol to the process chamber and allowing it to react with
trimethylaluminum to form an aluminum oxide film and repeating the
process steps until the film of desired thickness is formed.

1. A method for processing a semiconductor substrate, the method comprising: (a) providing a semiconductor substrate comprising an exposed dielectric layer and an exposed
metal layer; and (b) forming an aluminum oxide etch stop film over and in contact with the dielectric layer and the metal layer by reacting an aluminum-containing precursor with a reactant selected from the group consisting of an alcohol and an aluminum
alkoxide, wherein the formed aluminum oxide etch stop film has a dielectric constant of less than about 7, and a density of at least about 2.5 g/cm.sup.3.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the exposed metal layer is an exposed cobalt layer.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the exposed metal layer is an exposed cobalt layer, and wherein cobalt oxide is not formed at an interface between the cobalt layer and the aluminum oxide etch stop film, after the aluminum oxide etch stop film
is formed.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the aluminum oxide etch stop film comprises reacting the aluminum-containing precursor with an alcohol containing at least four carbon atoms.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum oxide etch stop film is formed by a reaction that occurs substantially on the surface of the semiconductor substrate.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum oxide etch stop film is formed by a reaction that occurs substantially off of the surface of the semiconductor substrate.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum oxide etch stop film is formed to a thickness of between about 10-100 .ANG..

9. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the aluminum oxide etch stop film comprises: (i) in a process chamber housing the semiconductor substrate, adsorbing the aluminum-containing precursor to the surface of the semiconductor substrate,
wherein the aluminum-containing precursor is a trialkylaluminum; (ii) after the aluminum-containing precursor has adsorbed, purging and/or evacuating the process chamber; (iii) after purging, providing an alcohol having at least four carbon atoms to
the process chamber and allowing the alcohol to react with the adsorbed aluminum-containing precursor and form aluminum oxide; (iv) after the reacting, purging and/or evacuating the process chamber; and (v) repeating (i)-(iv).

10. The method of claim 9, wherein (iii) is performed in an absence of plasma.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the aluminum oxide etch stop film is formed at a temperature of between about 50-400.degree. C. and at a pressure of between about 0.5-8 Torr.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein (i) comprises flowing the aluminum-containing precursor to the process chamber for about 0.1-10 seconds.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein (iii) comprises flowing the alcohol to the process chamber for about 0.1-10 seconds.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum oxide etch stop film has a dielectric constant of less than about 6 and a density of at least about 2.8 g/cm.sup.3.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminum oxide etch stop film has a dielectric constant of about 4-6 and a density of about 3.0-3.2 g/cm.sup.3.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the exposed layer of dielectric is a layer of ultra low k (ULK) dielectric and wherein the exposed layer of metal comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt, copper, and tungsten.

18. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying photoresist to the semiconductor substrate; exposing the photoresist to light; patterning the photoresist and transferring the pattern to the semiconductor substrate; and selectively
removing the photoresist from the semiconductor substrate.

19. The method of claim 1, further comprising depositing a layer of dielectric over the aluminum oxide layer, and etching recessed features in the deposited layer of dielectric in a presence of exposed etch stop layer.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising removing a portion of the aluminum oxide etch stop layer, after the recessed features have been formed.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains to methods of semiconductor substrate processing. Specifically, this invention pertains to methods of depositing dielectric etch stop layers over inter-layer dielectric (ILD) and over metal during integrated circuit (IC)
fabrication.

BACKGROUND

In integrated circuit fabrication, metal lines (such as copper lines) are typically embedded in ILD layers, where the ILD is often a porous silicon oxide based dielectric material or an organic polymeric dielectric material having a low
dielectric constant, such as an ultra-low-k (ULK) dielectric with a dielectric constant of 2.2 or less. Formation of such embedded metal lines using a Damascene process requires patterning and etching of the ILD to form vias and trenches, followed by
filling of these vias and trenches with a metal (e.g., copper), for example, using electroplating. After the vias and trenches are filled with a metal, a second layer of ILD is deposited and is again patterned to form vias and trenches. These recessed
features are again filled with a metal, such that a stack of ILD layers having embedded metal lines is formed, where the metal lines form the conductive paths of an integrated circuit. Etch stop layers are often deposited over individual ILD layers and
metal lines, and are used in patterning operations of the IC fabrication process to protect the material residing underneath these layers from being etched during patterning. For example, the semiconductor substrate may include an etch stop layer
residing between two ILD layers. When the top ILD layer is patterned and etched (e.g., with a fluorine-based chemistry) to define vias and trenches, the etch stop layer protects the bottom ILD layer underneath the etch stop from being etched.

The material of the etch stop layer should exhibit good etch selectivity versus the material that is being etched. In other words, the etch stop layer material should be etched at a significantly lower rate than the exposed ILD material (or
other material that is being patterned).

Etch stop layers typically are not completely removed during the integrated circuit fabrication, and remain in the final manufactured semiconductor device as thin films between thicker ILD layers. Examples of conventionally used etch stop layer
materials include silicon carbide and silicon nitride.

SUMMARY

Methods, apparatus, and systems for forming high quality aluminum oxide layers are provided. Provided methods allow deposition of aluminum oxide without causing oxidation of metal layers onto which the aluminum oxide is deposited. This is a
significant advantage of provided methods, since oxidation of metal leads to increased resistance of metal lines, and, consequently, to increased resistance-capacitance (RC) delay, which is unwanted. In addition, aluminum oxide materials deposited by
methods provided herein are highly suitable for use as etch stop layers, since they are characterized by low dielectric constants (k) and have high densities. Low dielectric constants are highly desirable for etch stop layers because etch stop layers
are not completely removed from the semiconductor device during processing, and the final device usually contains thin etch stop layers between the individual ILD layers. In order to minimize cross-talk between metal lines and to reduce the RC delay, it
is important to use etch stop materials with low dielectric constants. However, many conventional low-k materials often have relatively low etch selectivity versus the ILD material. Therefore, materials with low dielectric constants and high etch
selectivity are needed. Etch selectivity is a property that positively correlates with material density. Therefore, materials that concurrently possess low dielectric constant and high density are desired.

Aluminum oxide materials deposited by methods provided herein, according to some embodiments, are characterized by dielectric constants of less than about 7, such as of between about 4-6, and densities of at least about 2.5 g/cm.sup.3, such as
between about 3.0-3.2 g/cm.sup.3 (e.g., between about 2.6-3.2 g/cm.sup.3). Examples of formed films include films with a dielectric constant of less than about 6 and a density of at least about 2.8 g/cm.sup.3. In some implementations aluminum oxide
films with dielectric constants of about 4-6, and densities of about 3.0-3.2 g/cm.sup.3, are formed.

According to one aspect, a method for processing a semiconductor substrate is provided. The method includes: providing a semiconductor substrate comprising an exposed dielectric layer (such as a ULK dielectric layer) and an exposed metal layer;
and forming an aluminum oxide etch stop film over and in contact with the dielectric layer and with the metal layer by reacting an aluminum-containing precursor with a reactant selected from the group consisting of an alcohol and an aluminum alkoxide,
wherein the formed aluminum oxide etch stop film has a dielectric constant of less than about 7, and a density of at least about 2.5 g/cm.sup.3. In some embodiments the etch stop film is formed to a thickness of between about 10-100 .ANG., such as
between about 20-50 .ANG..

A variety of metals can be in the exposed metal layer. In some embodiments the metal is selected from the group consisting of copper, cobalt and tungsten, and the deposition of aluminum oxide does not result in formation of metal oxide at an
interface between metal and aluminum oxide. In some embodiments, the metal is cobalt, and no Co--O bonds detectable by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are formed upon aluminum oxide deposition.

In some embodiments forming the aluminum oxide etch stop film comprises reacting the aluminum-containing precursor with an alcohol containing at least four carbon atoms. For example, in one implementation the high quality aluminum oxide etch
stop film is formed by reacting trimethylaluminum (TMA) with t-butanol. The use of alcohols with at least four carbon atoms allows to achieve improved control over the reaction compared with the use of more reactive alcohols with fewer carbon atoms.

In some embodiments the aluminum oxide etch stop film is formed by a reaction that occurs substantially on the surface of the semiconductor substrate. In other embodiments the aluminum oxide etch stop film is formed by a reaction that occurs
substantially off of the surface of the semiconductor substrate.

In one implementation forming the aluminum oxide etch stop film comprises: (i) in a process chamber housing the semiconductor substrate, adsorbing the aluminum-containing precursor to the surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the
aluminum-containing precursor is a trialkylaluminum (e.g., by flowing the trialkylaluminum to the process chamber for about 0.1-10 seconds); (ii) after the aluminum-containing precursor has adsorbed, purging and/or evacuating the process chamber; (iii)
after purging, providing an alcohol having at least four carbon atoms to the process chamber (e.g., flowing the alcohol to the process chamber for about 0.1-10 seconds) and allowing the alcohol to react with the adsorbed aluminum-containing precursor and
form aluminum oxide; (iv) after the reacting, purging and/or evacuating the process chamber; and (v) repeating (i)-(iv). In some embodiments, steps (i)-(iv) are repeated at least three times. Preferably, the reaction between trialkylalumnium and the
alcohol in (iii) is performed in an absence of plasma. In some embodiments the aluminum oxide etch stop film is formed at a temperature of between about 50-400.degree. C. and at a pressure of between about 0.5-8 Torr. In one of the preferred
embodiments the trialkylaluminum is TMA and the alcohol is t-butanol.

In some embodiments the semiconductor substrate processing method further includes: applying photoresist to the semiconductor substrate; exposing the photoresist to light; patterning the photoresist and transferring the pattern to the
semiconductor substrate; and selectively removing the photoresist from the semiconductor substrate. In some embodiments, the semiconductor processing method further involves depositing a layer of dielectric over the aluminum oxide layer, and etching
recessed features in the deposited layer of dielectric in a presence of exposed etch stop layer. In some embodiments the aluminum oxide etch stop layer is removed (at least partially), after the recessed features have been formed.

According to another aspect, an apparatus configured for depositing an aluminum oxide etch stop film is provided. In one embodiment the apparatus includes a process chamber having a support for holding the semiconductor substrate and a
controller. The controller includes program instructions for conducting any of the deposition methods provided herein. In some embodiments, the controller is programmed for: forming an aluminum oxide etch stop film over and in contact with the
dielectric layer and the metal layer by reacting an aluminum-containing precursor with a reactant selected from the group consisting of an alcohol and an aluminum alkoxide, wherein the formed aluminum oxide etch stop film has a dielectric constant of
less than about 7, and a density of at least about 2.5 g/cm.sup.3. The program instructions may include instructions for: (a) introducing (e.g., sequentially introducing) an aluminum-containing precursor and an alcohol or an aluminum alkoxide to the
process chamber; and (b) allowing them to react and form an aluminum oxide etch stop film on the substrate.

In some embodiments the apparatus comprises a first conduit configured for delivery of an aluminum-containing precursor to the process chamber; and a second conduit configured for delivery of an alcohol or aluminum alkoxide to the process
chamber, wherein the first and second conduits are different conduits.

According to another aspect, a system is provided herein which includes the deposition apparatus for depositing the aluminum oxide etch stop film and a stepper.

According to another aspect, a non-transitory computer machine-readable medium is provided. It includes program instructions for control of a deposition apparatus. The instructions include code for deposition methods provided herein. In some
embodiments code is provided for: (a) introducing (e.g., sequentially introducing) an aluminum-containing precursor and an alcohol (or aluminum alkoxide) to the process chamber; and (b) allowing them to react and form an aluminum oxide etch stop film on
the semiconductor substrate.

According to another aspect a semiconductor device comprising an aluminum oxide etch stop film is provided, where the aluminum oxide etch stop film has a thickness of between about 10-50 .ANG., and is characterized by a dielectric constant of
less than about 6, and a density of at least about 2.8 g/cm.sup.3, wherein the aluminum oxide resides in contact with a metal layer, and where the metal layer does not show signs of oxidation.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the associated drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1C show cross-sectional views of a semiconductor substrate during processing illustrating etch stop films according to an embodiment provided herein.

FIG. 2 is a process flow diagram for a processing method provided herein.

FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram for a method of depositing an aluminum oxide etch stop film according to an embodiment provided herein.

FIG. 4 is a schematic presentation of an ALD process station that can be used for deposition of aluminum oxide films according to an embodiment provided herein.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of a multi-station processing tool according to an embodiment provided herein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a processing tool configured for depositing thin films according to an embodiment provided herein.

FIG. 7A is an experimental XPS plot for the cobalt layer after deposition of an aluminum oxide film deposited according to methods herein.

FIG. 7B is an experimental XPS plot for the cobalt layer after deposition of a comparative aluminum-containing film, illustrating cobalt oxidation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific implementations are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed implementations. However, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, the
disclosed implementations may be practiced without these specific details or by using alternate elements or processes. In other instances well-known processes, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily
obscure aspects of the disclosed implementations.

In this description, the terms "semiconductor wafer," "semiconductor substrate", "wafer," "substrate," "wafer substrate" and "partially fabricated integrated circuit" are used interchangeably. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand
that the term "partially fabricated integrated circuit" can refer to a silicon wafer during any of many stages of integrated circuit fabrication thereon. The following detailed description describes deposition of interfacial layers on a wafer. However,
the disclosed implementations are not so limited. The work piece may be of various shapes, sizes, and materials. In addition to semiconductor wafers, other work pieces that may take advantage of the disclosed implementations include various articles
such as printed circuit boards and the like. The term "semiconductor wafer" or "semiconductor substrate" used herein refers to a substrate that has semiconductor material anywhere within its body, and it is understood that the semiconductor material
does not need to be exposed. In many embodiments the semiconductor substrate includes one or more dielectric and conductive layers formed over the semiconductor material.

The aluminum oxide films provided herein contain Al and O. While other elements may be present in some embodiments, in many illustrative embodiments the films consist essentially of Al and O and do not contain more than 5 atomic % of other
elements (e.g., do not contain more than 5 atomic % of carbon and do not contain more than 5 atomic % of hydrogen). The atomic ratio of aluminum to oxygen in these illustrative embodiments is about 2 to 3. It was unexpectedly discovered that the
deposition methods provided herein can be used to deposit aluminum oxide on metal surfaces (e.g., cobalt or copper surfaces) without forming metal oxides at the interface between metal and aluminum oxide. This finding was unexpected because metals, such
as copper and cobalt, are extremely susceptible to oxide formation, and because deposition of aluminum oxide based film by a different method was shown to lead to such unwanted copper and cobalt oxidation.

The aluminum oxide films provided herein are high quality films, where high quality refers to a combination of high density and low dielectric constant. Specifically, films provided herein have dielectric constants of less than about 7 and
densities of at least about 2.5 g/cm.sup.3. In some embodiments the films have a dielectric constant of less than about 6 and a density of at least about 2.8 g/cm.sup.3. In some embodiments aluminum oxide films having a dielectric constant of about 4-6
and a density of about 3.0-3.2 g/cm.sup.3 are provided. Further, in some embodiments provided films are characterized by a breakdown voltage of greater than about 8 MV/cm, such as at least about 9 MV/cm, or at least about 11 MV/cm. The films
demonstrate good adhesion to cobalt, suggesting formation of Al--O--Co bond. Adhesion to copper is also demonstrated to be good. Provided films, according to some embodiments are found to have a unique combination of properties (lack of metal
oxidation, strong adhesion to metal, high density, low dielectric constant, and high breakdown voltage) that makes them highly attractive for use as etch stop layers.

The aluminum oxide films provided herein are deposited typically as thin interfacial layers between dielectric layers and/or between a layer of metal and a layer of dielectric. In some embodiments the films reside at an interface between a
layer comprising metal (e.g., copper, cobalt, or tungsten) and a ULK dielectric and a layer of diffusion barrier material (e.g., a layer of doped or undoped silicon carbide or doped or undoped silicon nitride). The thickness of provided layers is about
10-200 .ANG., more typically, about 10-100 .ANG., such as about 20-50 .ANG..

In some embodiments a semiconductor device is provided, where the semiconductor device includes two layers of ILD (e.g., a ULK dielectric) and a thin layer of provided aluminum oxide film (e.g., between about 10-100 .ANG., such as about 20-30
.ANG.), residing between the two ILD layers. The ILD layers may also include embedded metal (e.g., copper, tungsten, or cobalt) lines, and, in some embodiments, the thin aluminum oxide film also resides between metal and ILD (e.g., ULK dielectric),
while contacting both the ILD and the metal. Advantageously, in some embodiments there is no metal oxide at the interface between the metal layer and the aluminum oxide layer detectable by XPS or reflectometry. In some embodiments the device contains
an interface between cobalt and aluminum oxide

Provided aluminum oxide films are particularly well suited to be used as etch stop layers, but may also be used as interfacial layers for a variety of purposes (e.g., to improve electromigration resistance or as a hardmask).

Generally, provided films can be deposited on a planar or on a patterned substrate. In one embodiment, provided films are deposited on a semiconductor substrate having an exposed planar surface that includes both exposed dielectric and metal
(e.g., copper, cobalt or tungsten).

FIGS. 1A-1C provide an example of a semiconductor substrate undergoing several steps of dual Damascene processing, where provided aluminum oxide films can be used. Referring to FIG. 1A, an example of a partially fabricated integrated circuit
(IC) structure, 100, used for dual Damascene fabrication is illustrated. Structure 100, as shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, is part of a semiconductor substrate, and, in some embodiments, may directly reside on a layer containing active devices, such as
transistors. In other embodiments, it may directly reside on a metallization layer or on other layers that incorporate conductive materials, e.g., layers containing memory capacitors.

A layer 103 illustrated in FIG. 1A is a layer of inter-layer dielectric, which may be silicon dioxide but is more typically a low-k dielectric material. In order to minimize the dielectric constant of the inter-metal dielectric stack, materials
with a k value of less than about 3.5, preferably less than about 3.0 and often lower than about 2.8 are employed as inter layer dielectrics. These materials include but are not limited to fluorine or carbon doped silicon dioxide (e.g., SiCOH), organic
low-k materials and porous doped silicon dioxide materials. Such materials can be deposited, for example, by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or by spin-on methods. In some embodiments layer 103 contains ULK dielectric. Layer 103 is
etched with line paths (trenches and vias) in which a partially conductive metal diffusion barrier 105 is deposited, followed by inlaying with copper conductive routes 107. In other embodiments, metals other than copper (e.g., cobalt or tungsten) are
used. Because copper or other mobile conductive material provides the conductive paths of the semiconductor substrate, the underlying silicon devices and dielectric layers proximate to metal lines must be protected from metal ions (e.g., Cu.sup.2+) that
might otherwise diffuse or drift into the silicon or inter-layer dielectric and result in degradation of their properties. Several types of metal diffusion barriers are used in order to protect the dielectric layers of the IC device. These types may be
divided into partially conductive metal-containing layers such as 105 and dielectric barrier layers. Suitable materials for partially conductive diffusion barrier 105 include materials such as tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, titanium nitride and
the like. These are typically conformally deposited onto a dielectric layer having vias and trenches by a physical vapor deposition (PVD) or an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method.

Copper conductive routes 107 can be formed after diffusion barrier layer 105 has been deposited by a number of techniques, including PVD, electroplating, electroless deposition, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), etc. In some implementations, a
preferred method of forming a copper fill includes depositing a thin seed layer of copper by PVD and subsequently depositing bulk copper fill by electroplating. Since copper is typically deposited with overburden residing in the field region, a chemical
mechanical polishing (CMP) operation is needed to remove the overburden and to obtain a planarized structure 100. As it was mentioned, in some embodiments, conductive routes 107 are made of tungsten or cobalt, which can be deposited, for example, by CVD
or ALD (where CVD and ALD can be thermal or plasma-assisted).

Next, referring to FIG. 1B, after the structure 100 has been completed, the provided aluminum oxide etch stop film 109 is deposited onto copper lines 107 and onto dielectric 103, using methods provided herein. Advantageously, the deposition
methods do not cause formation of copper oxide (or cobalt and tungsten oxides, when these metals are used in metal lines) at the interface between copper lines 107 and the aluminum oxide etch stop film 109.

It is noted that in some embodiments the top portion of the ILD layer 103, onto which the layer 109 is deposited, may be different from the bulk of that layer. For example, in some embodiments, the top portion of layer 103 is more mechanically
robust than the bulk. In one implementation the top portion of layer 103 is a mechanically robust doped or undoped silicon-carbide or silicon nitride, while the bulk of the dielectric layer 103 is a more delicate ULK dielectric (e.g., a porous
material). In one example the top portion of layer 103 is oxygen-doped silicon carbide (ODC). Presence of such more robust layer makes it easier to deposit etch stop films using plasma steps, without damaging the exposed portions of the substrate.

In some embodiments, the aluminum oxide etch stop layer 109 further serves as a dielectric diffusion barrier layer, as it resides at an interface between copper and dielectric in the fabricated structure. In some embodiments, a separate
diffusion barrier layer is deposited on top of the layer 109. Typically, such diffusion barrier layer (not shown) includes doped or undoped silicon carbide (e.g., silicon oxycarbide) or silicon nitride.

Referring to FIG. 1B, a first dielectric layer, 111, of a dual Damascene dielectric structure is deposited onto the aluminum oxide etch stop film 109. This is followed by deposition of an etch stop film 113 on the first dielectric layer 111.
The etch stop film 113 may be the aluminum oxide etch stop film provided herein, or it may contain a different etch stop material. The dielectric layer 111 is typically composed of low-k dielectric materials such as those listed for a dielectric layer
103, and may also include a more mechanically robust top portion (e.g., a top portion composed of ODC). Note that layers 111 and 103 need not necessarily have identical composition. In some embodiments both layer 111 and 103 are ULK dielectric layers.

The process follows, as depicted in FIG. 1C, where a second dielectric layer 115 of the dual Damascene dielectric structure is deposited in a similar manner to the first dielectric layer 111, onto an etch-stop film 113. Deposition of an
antireflective layer (not shown) and a CMP stop film 117 follows. Second dielectric layer 115 typically contains a low-k dielectric material such as those described above for layers 103 and 111, and may optionally include a more mechanically robust top
portion. A CMP stop film 117 serves to protect the delicate dielectric material of inter-layer dielectric layer 115 during subsequent CMP operations. Typically, a CMP stop layer is subject to similar integration requirements as etch stop films 109 and
113, and can include aluminum oxide films provided herein. Alternatively, it may contain a conventional CMP stop material based on silicon carbide or silicon nitride.

During subsequent operations, ILD layers 111 and 115 are patterned to form recessed features (vias and trenches). Patterning is usually performed using conventional photolithographic techniques, and involves applying photoresist to the
substrate, exposing the photoresist to light, patterning the photoresist and transferring the pattern to the substrate by etching the dielectric material typically using a fluorine-based chemistry, and removing the photoresist. Provided aluminum oxide
etch stop film has a good etch selectivity versus the ILD dielectric (e.g., ULK dielectric and/or ODC), and protects the materials that reside below the etch stop layers from being etched. In some embodiments, the dielectric layer 111 (e.g., a SiCOH
layer) is etched using a fluorine-based chemistry (e.g., using a mixture of C.sub.4F.sub.8, CF.sub.4, O.sub.2 and argon in a plasma) in a presence of exposed etch stop aluminum oxide film 119, which protects the underlying layers. When necessary (e.g.,
after the dielectric etch has been completed), exposed portions of the aluminum oxide etch stop film can be removed by a wet etch. Examples of wet etching compositions for aluminum oxide removal include a mixture of ammonia with hydrogen peroxide and a
mixture of bromine with methanol.

It is noted that the provided aluminum oxide etch stop films can be used in a variety of different integration schemes, and their use is not limited to the scheme illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C. It is particularly advantageous to use provided films
on substrates containing cobalt lines, because cobalt is particularly susceptible to oxidation, and methods that allow formation of etch stop films on cobalt without causing cobalt oxidation, are, therefore, highly valuable.

The process flow diagram for a processing method that utilizes an aluminum oxide etch stop layer is provided in FIG. 2. The process starts in 201 by providing a semiconductor substrate having an exposed layer of metal and an exposed layer of
dielectric. For example, the substrate may include an exposed layer of ULK dielectric and an exposed metal layer, such as copper, tungsten, or cobalt layer. An example of such substrate is illustrated in FIG. 1A. Next, in 203, the aluminum oxide etch
stop film is deposited over the substrate. The deposition is carried out by reacting an aluminum-containing precursor (e.g., a trialkylaluminum) with an alcohol or with an aluminum alkoxide, whereby aluminum oxide is formed in the reaction. Generally,
the reaction can be carried out using a variety of methods, such as CVD and ALD. In some embodiments it is preferable to conduct the reaction substantially on the surface of the substrate, which allows a high level of control over the thickness of the
formed layer. In other embodiments, the reaction is carried out substantially off of the surface of the substrate, such as in the bulk of the process chamber in a CVD mode. The reaction is typically performed without the use of plasma. Plasma
treatment, however, can be used after the aluminum oxide film has been deposited to enhance quality of the film.

In one embodiment deposition of the aluminum oxide etch stop film includes providing an aluminum-containing precursor and an alcohol (or an aluminum alkoxide) to a process chamber and configuring the process conditions for deposition of the
aluminum oxide film on the substrate. Suitable volatile aluminum-containing precursors include but are not limited to organoaluminum compounds, such as trimethylaluminum (TMA), dimethyl aluminum hydride, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, and
tris(diethylamino)aluminum. In some embodiments aluminum halides, such as AlCl.sub.3 may be used as aluminum-containing precursors. In many embodiments trialkylaluminums (such as TMA) are the preferred precursors. Examples of alcohols include
methanol, ethanol, propanols (e.g., n-propanol or isopropanol), and butanols (e.g., t-butanol). In some embodiments alcohols with at least four carbon atoms are preferred (particularly when the aluminum-containing precursor is TMA), because they are
less reactive than lower alcohols and the reaction can be more easily controlled, which is advantageous when a very thin film with a defined thickness needs to be deposited. Butanols (and specifically t-butanol) are particularly preferred because they
are less reactive than lower alcohols and allow for good reaction control, but at the same time they are sufficiently volatile and can be easily handled in vacuum chambers. In one of the preferred embodiments a reaction of TMA with t-butanol is employed
to form aluminum oxide.

Examples of suitable aluminum alkoxides include aluminum ethoxide Al(OEt).sub.3, and aluminum isopropoxide Al(O.sup.iPr).sub.3. For example, aluminum oxide film can be deposited by reacting TMA with aluminum isopropoxide, or by reacting
AlCl.sub.3 with aluminum isopropoxide or with aluminum ethoxide by ALD.

The introduction of precursors and reactants in some embodiments is sequential. In some embodiments the reaction occurs primarily on the surface of the substrate, and mixing of precursors and reactants in bulk in the process chamber is
suppressed or not allowed. In other embodiments mixing of precursors and reactants in bulk in the process chamber is allowed, and the reaction may occur both on the surface of the substrate and in bulk in the volume of the process chamber.

In some embodiments, the aluminum oxide films are deposited by a combination of surface-based reaction (ALD) and deposition from the bulk of the process chamber (CVD). For example both surface-based reactions and deposition from bulk can occur,
if the precursors are not completely removed from the process chamber after each adsorption step.

In some embodiments the depositions are carried out at a temperature range of between about 50-400.degree. C., and at a pressure of between about 0.5-8 Torr. The flow rates of aluminum-containing precursor and alcohol (or aluminum alkoxide)
will depend on the size of the process chamber, and in some embodiments are in a range of about 10-20,000 sccm. When the aluminum-containing precursor and the alcohol (or aluminum alkoxide) are dosed sequentially, in some embodiments, each is flowed to
the process chamber for between about 0.1-10 seconds.

Referring again to the process flow diagram of FIG. 2, after the aluminum oxide etch stop film has been deposited, the process follows by optionally depositing a dielectric diffusion barrier layer over and in contact with the aluminum oxide etch
stop film, as shown in 205. The diffusion barrier film may be an oxygen-doped silicon carbide layer deposited, for example, by PECVD.

Next, in operation 207 an ILD layer is deposited over the etch stop layer and the optional diffusion barrier film. The ILD layer is then etched at selected locations (after standard photolithographic patterning) to form recessed features.
During the etch, which is typically conducted using fluorine-based chemistry, the aluminum oxide film protects materials that underlie the etch stop layer from being etched.

One of the exemplary processes for deposition of the aluminum oxide etch stop film is illustrated in FIG. 3. The process involves placing the semiconductor substrate into a process chamber (e.g., into an ALD process chamber), and in operation
301 providing an aluminum-containing precursor (e.g., TMA) to the process chamber. In some embodiments the aluminum-containing precursor is provided to the process chamber with a carrier gas, such as N.sub.2, or a noble gas. The temperature and
pressure during this step are selected such as to allow adsorption of the aluminum-containing precursor on the surface of the substrate. Next, in operation 303 the process chamber is purged and/or evacuated to remove the unabsorbed aluminum-containing
precursor from the process chamber. In some embodiments the removal is substantially complete. In other embodiments, a portion of aluminum-containing precursor can remain in the process chamber. The process follows in 305 by providing an alcohol
(e.g., t-butanol) or aluminum alkoxide (e.g., aluminum isopropoxide) to the process chamber. The alcohol (in vaporized form) can be provided with a carrier gas such as N.sub.2 or a noble gas. Importantly, in some embodiments the aluminum-containing
precursor and the alcohol (or aluminum alkoxide) are introduced to the process chamber via separate conduits, such that no mixing of these precursors would occur during the delivery to the process chamber. The alcohol or aluminum alkoxide is allowed to
react on the surface of the substrate. In this illustrated embodiment the reaction occurs substantially on the surface of the substrate (e.g., more than 50% of the aluminum oxide is formed in a reaction on a surface). In other embodiments, the reaction
may occur substantially off of the surface of the substrate (e.g., more than 50% of aluminum oxide is formed in the bulk of the process chamber and is then deposited on a substrate).

Next, in 307, the process chamber is purged and/or evacuated to remove the reaction products Typically, one cycle of operations 301-307 forms an aluminum oxide film having an average thickness of between about 0.2-3 .ANG. on the substrate. In
operation 311 a decision is made whether further deposition is required. If the layer is not sufficiently thick, operations 301-309 are repeated until the aluminum oxide film of desired thickness is formed. Typically, the deposition process involves
performing a cycle of operations 301-309 at least 4 times, such as at least 5 times, e.g., between about 5-20 times. Typically the thicknesses of deposited etch stop films are between about 10-100 .ANG., such as between about 20-100 .ANG., for example
about 30 .ANG..

Suitable process conditions for deposition of an aluminum oxide film according to the method illustrated in FIG. 3 are provided in Table 1.

It is noted that while the deposition reaction is typically performed in an absence of plasma, in some embodiments the formed aluminum oxide film is plasma treated after deposition.

In several experimentally validated examples, aluminum oxide films were deposited in accordance with the method illustrated in FIG. 3 using TMA and t-butanol as reactants. The depositions were carried out in an ALD process chamber at
temperatures of 250-350.degree. C., at a pressure of 1 Torr, where TMA and t-butanol were each sequentially dosed for 5 seconds. The resulting aluminum oxide films were found to have an excellent combination of high density (3.0-3.2 g/cm.sup.3) and low
dielectric constant (4-6). When aluminum oxide films were deposited over copper, no oxidation of copper was observed by reflectivity measurements. When aluminum oxide films were deposited over cobalt, no oxidation of cobalt was observed by XPS. This
is a surprising result because copper, and particularly cobalt, are highly susceptible to oxidation, and formation of aluminum oxide based film deposited by a different method (using TMA dose followed by plasma treatment in CO.sub.2) exhibited oxidation
of both copper and cobalt. In addition, provided aluminum oxide films are characterized by a breakdown voltage of greater than 11 MV/cm, and have relatively low leakage current of about 510.sup.-9 Amp/cm.sup.2 @ 4 MV/cm. The experimentally obtained
films were found to be substantially free of hydrogen and carbon (contained less than 5 atomic % of each) and had an aluminum to oxygen ratio of about 2:3.

Further, the experimentally obtained films exhibited good adhesion to copper and cobalt and were stable upon anneal. No damage to underlying copper layers was observed after annealing the films at 400.degree. C. for two hours in the atmosphere
of argon. The provided films compare favorably to AlN films because they can have higher densities than AlN films (greater than 3.0 g/cm.sup.3 compared to about 2.7 for AlN films). Further provided films compare favorably to many aluminum oxide films
deposited by other methods, because they exhibit unusually low dielectric constant (e.g., k of 4-6 in comparison with k of greater than 7 observed in comparative aluminum oxide films), and can be deposited onto metals without causing oxidative damage.

Apparatus

Another aspect of the implementations disclosed herein is an apparatus configured to accomplish the methods described herein. A suitable apparatus includes hardware for accomplishing the process operations and a system controller having
instructions for controlling process operations in accordance with the disclosed implementations. In some embodiments the apparatus includes a system controller having program instructions to perform the method steps provided in FIG. 2 or in FIG. 3.

Hardware for accomplishing the deposition process operations includes ALD (including iALD) processing chambers and CVD (including PECVD) processing chambers. In some embodiments all operations of provided methods are performed in a single
process chamber. In other implementations the substrate may be transferred from chamber to chamber to perform different steps of the method. The system controller will typically include one or more memory devices and one or more processors configured
to execute the instructions so that the apparatus will perform a method in accordance with the disclosed implementations. Machine-readable media containing instructions for controlling process operations in accordance with the disclosed implementations
may be coupled to the system controller.

In some embodiments the deposition is conducted in an iALD reactor which is a part of a Vector Excel deposition module available from Lam Research Corp. of Fremont, Calif. While the illustrated apparatus has a capability for plasma formation,
which can be used, for example, for plasma post-treatment of the formed aluminum oxide layer, it is noted that plasma is not required for formation of aluminum oxide layers, and apparatuses without a plasma generator can be also used.

A suitable process chamber includes a support for holding the wafer substrate during deposition (wafer pedestal), and conduits for delivering the aluminum-containing precursor, and the alcohol (or aluminum alkoxide) to the process chamber. In
some embodiments these conduits are separate conduits, where each conduit is connected with a source of an aluminum-containing precursor, and a source of alcohol (or aluminum alkoxide) respectively. In some embodiments, the conduits are connected such
that the aluminum-containing precursor and the alcohol (or aluminum alkoxide) are not allowed to mix within the conduits (e.g., within the delivery lines). The apparatus is further configured for purging and/or evacuating the process chamber, and for
maintaining a desired pressure and temperature in the process chamber during deposition.

Examples of iALD process chambers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,822, U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,859, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,747,964 which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIG. 4 schematically shows an embodiment of a process station 400 that may be used to deposit provided films using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The illustrated apparatus has the capability for forming a plasma, and can be used in both thermal
ALD mode and ion-induced iALD mode. In the provided process plasma treatment is not used during the deposition of aluminum oxide but may be used after the aluminum oxide film is deposited.

For simplicity, the process station 400 is depicted as a standalone process station having a process chamber body 402 for maintaining a low-pressure environment. However, it will be appreciated that a plurality of process stations 400 may be
included in a common process tool environment. Further, it will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, one or more hardware parameters of process station 400, including those discussed in detail below, may be adjusted programmatically by one or more
computer controllers.

Process station 400 fluidly communicates with reactant delivery system 401 for delivering process gases to a distribution showerhead 406. Reactant delivery system 401 includes a mixing vessel 404 for blending and/or conditioning process gases
for delivery to showerhead 406. One or more mixing vessel inlet valves 420 may control introduction of process gases to mixing vessel 404. Similarly, a showerhead inlet valve 405 may control introduction of process gasses to the showerhead 406.

Some reactants, may be stored in liquid form prior to vaporization and subsequent delivery to the process station. For example, the embodiment of FIG. 4 includes a vaporization point 403 for vaporizing liquid reactant to be supplied to mixing
vessel 904. In some embodiments, vaporization point 403 may be a heated vaporizer. The reactant vapor produced from such vaporizers may condense in downstream delivery piping. Exposure of incompatible gases to the condensed reactant may create small
particles. These small particles may clog piping, impede valve operation, contaminate substrates, etc. Some approaches to addressing these issues involve sweeping and/or evacuating the delivery piping to remove residual reactant. However, sweeping the
delivery piping may increase process station cycle time, degrading process station throughput. Thus, in some embodiments, delivery piping downstream of vaporization point 403 may be heat traced. In some examples, mixing vessel 404 may also be heat
traced. In one non-limiting example, piping downstream of vaporization point 403 has an increasing temperature profile extending from approximately 100.degree. C. to approximately 150.degree. C. at mixing vessel 404.

In some embodiments, reactant liquid may be vaporized at a liquid injector. For example, a liquid injector may inject pulses of a liquid reactant into a carrier gas stream upstream of the mixing vessel. In one scenario, a liquid injector may
vaporize reactant by flashing the liquid from a higher pressure to a lower pressure. In another scenario, a liquid injector may atomize the liquid into dispersed microdroplets that are subsequently vaporized in a heated delivery pipe. It will be
appreciated that smaller droplets may vaporize faster than larger droplets, reducing a delay between liquid injection and complete vaporization. Faster vaporization may reduce a length of piping downstream from vaporization point 403. In one scenario,
a liquid injector may be mounted directly to mixing vessel 404. In another scenario, a liquid injector may be mounted directly to showerhead 406.

In some embodiments, a liquid flow controller upstream of vaporization point 403 may be provided for controlling a mass flow of liquid for vaporization and delivery to process station 400. For example, the liquid flow controller (LFC) may
include a thermal mass flow meter (MFM) located downstream of the LFC. A plunger valve of the LFC may then be adjusted responsive to feedback control signals provided by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller in electrical communication
with the MFM. However, it may take one second or more to stabilize liquid flow using feedback control. This may extend a time for dosing a liquid reactant. Thus, in some embodiments, the LFC may be dynamically switched between a feedback control mode
and a direct control mode. In some embodiments, the LFC may be dynamically switched from a feedback control mode to a direct control mode by disabling a sense tube of the LFC and the PID controller.

In some embodiments, in order to avoid mixing of aluminum-containing precursor with the alcohol (or aluminum alkoxide), separate conduits 436 and 434 are used to fluidically connect the source of an aluminum-containing precursor 430 and the
source of silicon-containing precursor 432 respectively to the showerhead, such as to ensure separate delivery of these precursors to the process chamber. Each of aluminum-containing precursor and an alcohol (or aluminum alkoxide) can be separately
mixed with a carrier gas and vaporized (if necessary).

Showerhead 406 distributes process gases toward substrate 412. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, substrate 412 is located beneath showerhead 406, and is shown resting on a pedestal 408. It will be appreciated that showerhead 406 may have any
suitable shape, and may have any suitable number and arrangement of ports for distributing processes gases to substrate 412.

In some embodiments, a microvolume 407 is located beneath showerhead 406. Performing an ALD process in a microvolume rather than in the entire volume of a process station may reduce reactant exposure and sweep times, may reduce times for
altering process conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature, etc.), may limit an exposure of process station robotics to process gases, etc. Example microvolume sizes include, but are not limited to, volumes between 0.1 liter and 2 liters. This microvolume
also impacts productivity throughput. While deposition rate per cycle drops, the cycle time also simultaneously reduces. In certain cases, the effect of the latter is dramatic enough to improve overall throughput of the module for a given target
thickness of film.

In some embodiments, pedestal 408 may be raised or lowered to expose substrate 412 to microvolume 407 and/or to vary a volume of microvolume 407. For example, in a substrate transfer phase, pedestal 408 may be lowered to allow substrate 412 to
be loaded onto pedestal 408. During a deposition process phase, pedestal 408 may be raised to position substrate 412 within microvolume 407. In some embodiments, microvolume 407 may completely enclose substrate 412 as well as a portion of pedestal 408
to create a region of high flow impedance during a deposition process.

Optionally, pedestal 408 may be lowered and/or raised during portions the deposition process to modulate process pressure, reactant concentration, etc., within microvolume 407. In one scenario where process chamber body 402 remains at a base
pressure during the deposition process, lowering pedestal 408 may allow microvolume 407 to be evacuated. Example ratios of microvolume to process chamber volume include, but are not limited to, volume ratios between 1:900 and 1:10. It will be
appreciated that, in some embodiments, pedestal height may be adjusted programmatically by a suitable computer controller.

In another scenario, adjusting a height of pedestal 408 may allow a plasma density to be varied during plasma activation and/or treatment cycles included in the deposition process. At the conclusion of the deposition process phase, pedestal 408
may be lowered during another substrate transfer phase to allow removal of substrate 412 from pedestal 408.

While the example microvolume variations described herein refer to a height-adjustable pedestal, it will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, a position of showerhead 406 may be adjusted relative to pedestal 408 to vary a volume of
microvolume 407. Further, it will be appreciated that a vertical position of pedestal 408 and/or showerhead 406 may be varied by any suitable mechanism within the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, pedestal 408 may include a
rotational axis for rotating an orientation of substrate 412. It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, one or more of these example adjustments may be performed programmatically by one or more suitable computer controllers.

Returning to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, showerhead 406 and pedestal 408 electrically communicate with RF power supply 414 and matching network 416 for powering a plasma. In some embodiments, the plasma energy may be controlled by
controlling one or more of a process station pressure, a gas concentration, an RF source power, an RF source frequency, and a plasma power pulse timing. For example, RF power supply 414 and matching network 416 may be operated at any suitable power to
form a plasma having a desired composition of radical species. Examples of suitable powers are included above. Likewise, RF power supply 414 may provide RF power of any suitable frequency. In some embodiments, RF power supply 414 may be configured to
control high- and low-frequency RF power sources independently of one another. Example low-frequency RF frequencies may include, but are not limited to, frequencies between 50 kHz and 900 kHz. Example high-frequency RF frequencies may include, but are
not limited to, frequencies between 1.8 MHz and 2.45 GHz. It will be appreciated that any suitable parameters may be modulated discretely or continuously to provide plasma energy for the surface reactions. In one non-limiting example, the plasma power
may be intermittently pulsed to reduce ion bombardment with the substrate surface relative to continuously powered plasmas.

In some embodiments, the plasma may be monitored in-situ by one or more plasma monitors. In one scenario, plasma power may be monitored by one or more voltage, current sensors (e.g., VI probes). In another scenario, plasma density and/or
process gas concentration may be measured by one or more optical emission spectroscopy sensors (OES). In some embodiments, one or more plasma parameters may be programmatically adjusted based on measurements from such in-situ plasma monitors. For
example, an OES sensor may be used in a feedback loop for providing programmatic control of plasma power. It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, other monitors may be used to monitor the plasma and other process characteristics. Such
monitors may include, but are not limited to, infrared (IR) monitors, acoustic monitors, and pressure transducers.

In some embodiments, the plasma may be controlled via input/output control (IOC) sequencing instructions. In one example, the instructions for setting plasma conditions for a plasma process phase may be included in a corresponding plasma
activation recipe phase of a deposition process recipe. In some cases, process recipe phases may be sequentially arranged, so that all instructions for a deposition process phase are executed concurrently with that process phase. In some embodiments,
instructions for setting one or more plasma parameters may be included in a recipe phase preceding a plasma process phase. For example, a first recipe phase may include instructions for setting a flow rate of an inert and/or a reactant gas, instructions
for setting a plasma generator to a power set point, and time delay instructions for the first recipe phase. A second, subsequent recipe phase may include instructions for enabling the plasma generator and time delay instructions for the second recipe
phase. A third recipe phase may include instructions for disabling the plasma generator and time delay instructions for the third recipe phase. It will be appreciated that these recipe phases may be further subdivided and/or iterated in any suitable
way within the scope of the present disclosure.

In some deposition processes, plasma strikes last on the order of a few seconds or more in duration. In certain implementations, much shorter plasma strikes may be used. These may be on the order of 10 ms to 1 second, typically, about 20 to 80
ms, with 50 ms being a specific example. Such very short RF plasma strikes require extremely quick stabilization of the plasma. To accomplish this, the plasma generator may be configured such that the impedance match is set preset to a particular
voltage, while the frequency is allowed to float. Conventionally, high-frequency plasmas are generated at an RF frequency at about 13.56 MHz. In various embodiments disclosed herein, the frequency is allowed to float to a value that is different from
this standard value. By permitting the frequency to float while fixing the impedance match to a predetermined voltage, the plasma can stabilize much more quickly, a result which may be important when using the very short plasma strikes associated with
some types of deposition cycles.

In some embodiments, pedestal 408 may be temperature controlled via heater 410. Further, in some embodiments, pressure control for deposition process station 400 may be provided by butterfly valve 418. As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 4,
butterfly valve 418 throttles a vacuum provided by a downstream vacuum pump (not shown). However, in some embodiments, pressure control of process station 400 may also be adjusted by varying a flow rate of one or more gases introduced to process station
400.

In some embodiments, the substrates provided herein are processed in a multi-station tool. FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a multi-station processing tool 500 with an inbound load lock 502 and an outbound load lock 504, either
or both of which may comprise a remote plasma source. A robot 506, at atmospheric pressure, is configured to move wafers from a cassette loaded through a pod 508 into inbound load lock 502 via an atmospheric port 510. A wafer is placed by the robot 506
on a pedestal 512 in the inbound load lock 502, the atmospheric port 510 is closed, and the load lock is pumped down. Where the inbound load lock 502 comprises a remote plasma source, the wafer may be exposed to a remote plasma treatment in the load
lock prior to being introduced into a processing chamber 514. Further, the wafer also may be heated in the inbound load lock 502 as well, for example, to remove moisture and adsorbed gases. Next, a chamber transport port 516 to processing chamber 514
is opened, and another robot (not shown) places the wafer into the reactor on a pedestal of a first station shown in the reactor for processing.

The depicted processing chamber 514 comprises four process stations, numbered from 1 to 4 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5. Each station has a heated pedestal (shown at 518 for station 1), and gas line inlets. It will be appreciated that in
some embodiments, each process station may have different or multiple purposes. While the depicted processing chamber 514 comprises four stations, it will be understood that a processing chamber according to the present disclosure may have any suitable
number of stations. For example, in some embodiments, a processing chamber may have five or more stations, while in other embodiments a processing chamber may have three or fewer stations.

FIG. 5 also depicts an embodiment of a wafer handling system 590 for transferring wafers within processing chamber 514. In some embodiments, wafer handling system 590 may transfer wafers between various process stations and/or between a process
station and a load lock. It will be appreciated that any suitable wafer handling system may be employed. Non-limiting examples include wafer carousels and wafer handling robots. FIG. 5 also depicts an embodiment of a system controller 550 employed to
control process conditions and hardware states of process tool 500. System controller 550 may include one or more memory devices 556, one or more mass storage devices 554, and one or more processors 552. Processor 552 may include a CPU or computer,
analog and/or digital input/output connections, stepper motor controller boards, etc.

In some embodiments, system controller 550 controls all of the activities of process tool 500. System controller 550 executes system control software 558 stored in mass storage device 554, loaded into memory device 556, and executed on
processor 552. System control software 558 may include instructions for controlling the timing, mixture of gases, chamber and/or station pressure, chamber and/or station temperature, purge conditions and timing, wafer temperature, RF power levels, RF
frequencies, substrate, pedestal, chuck and/or susceptor position, and other parameters of a particular process performed by process tool 500. System control software 558 may be configured in any suitable way. For example, various process tool
component subroutines or control objects may be written to control operation of the process tool components necessary to carry out various process tool processes in accordance with the disclosed methods. System control software 558 may be coded in any
suitable computer readable programming language.

In some embodiments, system control software 558 may include input/output control (IOC) sequencing instructions for controlling the various parameters described above. For example, each phase of an ALD process may include one or more
instructions for execution by system controller 550. The instructions for setting process conditions for an ALD process phase may be included in a corresponding ALD recipe phase. In some embodiments, the ALD recipe phases may be sequentially arranged,
so that all instructions for an ALD process phase are executed concurrently with that process phase.

Other computer software and/or programs stored on mass storage device 554 and/or memory device 556 associated with system controller 550 may be employed in some embodiments. Examples of programs or sections of programs for this purpose include
a substrate positioning program, a process gas control program, a pressure control program, a heater control program, and a plasma control program.

A substrate positioning program may include program code for process tool components that are used to load the substrate onto pedestal 518 and to control the spacing between the substrate and other parts of process tool 500.

A process gas control program may include code for controlling gas composition and flow rates and optionally for flowing gas into one or more process stations prior to deposition in order to stabilize the pressure in the process station. The
process gas control program may include code for controlling gas composition and flow rates within any of the disclosed ranges. A pressure control program may include code for controlling the pressure in the process station by regulating, for example, a
throttle valve in the exhaust system of the process station, a gas flow into the process station, etc. The pressure control program may include code for maintaining the pressure in the process station within any of the disclosed pressure ranges.

A heater control program may include code for controlling the current to a heating unit that is used to heat the substrate. Alternatively, the heater control program may control delivery of a heat transfer gas (such as helium) to the substrate. The heater control program may include instructions to maintain the temperature of the substrate within any of the disclosed ranges.

A plasma control program may include code for setting RF power levels and frequencies applied to the process electrodes in one or more process stations, for example using any of the RF power levels disclosed herein. The plasma control program
may also include code for controlling the duration of each plasma exposure.

In some embodiments, there may be a user interface associated with system controller 550. The user interface may include a display screen, graphical software displays of the apparatus and/or process conditions, and user input devices such as
pointing devices, keyboards, touch screens, microphones, etc.

In some embodiments, parameters adjusted by system controller 550 may relate to process conditions. Non-limiting examples include process gas composition and flow rates, temperature, pressure, plasma conditions (such as RF power levels,
frequency, and exposure time), etc. These parameters may be provided to the user in the form of a recipe, which may be entered utilizing the user interface.

Signals for monitoring the process may be provided by analog and/or digital input connections of system controller 550 from various process tool sensors. The signals for controlling the process may be output on the analog and digital output
connections of process tool 500. Non-limiting examples of process tool sensors that may be monitored include mass flow controllers, pressure sensors (such as manometers), thermocouples, etc. Appropriately programmed feedback and control algorithms may
be used with data from these sensors to maintain process conditions.

Any suitable chamber may be used to implement the disclosed embodiments. Example deposition apparatuses include, but are not limited to, apparatus from the ALTUS.RTM. product family, the VECTOR.RTM. product family, and/or the SPEED.RTM.
product family, each available from Lam Research Corp., of Fremont, Calif., or any of a variety of other commercially available processing systems. Two or more of the stations may perform the same functions. Similarly, two or more stations may perform
different functions. Each station can be designed/configured to perform a particular function/method as desired.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a processing system suitable for conducting thin film deposition processes in accordance with certain embodiments. The system 600 includes a transfer module 603. The transfer module 603 provides a clean,
pressurized environment to minimize risk of contamination of substrates being processed as they are moved between various reactor modules. Mounted on the transfer module 603 are two multi-station reactors 609 and 610, each capable of performing atomic
layer deposition (ALD) and/or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) according to certain embodiments. Reactors 609 and 610 may include multiple stations 611, 613, 615, and 617 that may sequentially or non-sequentially perform operations in accordance with
disclosed embodiments. The stations may include a heated pedestal or substrate support, one or more gas inlets or showerhead or dispersion plate.

Also mounted on the transfer module 603 may be one or more single or multi-station modules 607 capable of performing plasma or chemical (non-plasma) pre-cleans, or any other processes described in relation to the disclosed methods. The module
607 may in some cases be used for various treatments to, for example, prepare a substrate for a deposition process. The module 607 may also be designed/configured to perform various other processes such as etching or polishing. The system 600 also
includes one or more wafer source modules 601, where wafers are stored before and after processing. An atmospheric robot (not shown) in the atmospheric transfer chamber 619 may first remove wafers from the source modules 601 to loadlocks 621. A wafer
transfer device (generally a robot arm unit) in the transfer module 603 moves the wafers from loadlocks 621 to and among the modules mounted on the transfer module 603.

In various embodiments, a system controller 629 is employed to control process conditions during deposition. The controller 629 will typically include one or more memory devices and one or more processors. A processor may include a CPU or
computer, analog and/or digital input/output connections, stepper motor controller boards, etc.

The controller 629 may control all of the activities of the deposition apparatus. The system controller 629 executes system control software, including sets of instructions for controlling the timing, mixture of gases, chamber pressure, chamber
temperature, wafer temperature, radio frequency (RF) power levels, wafer chuck or pedestal position, and other parameters of a particular process. Other computer programs stored on memory devices associated with the controller 629 may be employed in
some embodiments.

Typically there will be a user interface associated with the controller 629. The user interface may include a display screen, graphical software displays of the apparatus and/or process conditions, and user input devices such as pointing
devices, keyboards, touch screens, microphones, etc.

System control logic may be configured in any suitable way. In general, the logic can be designed or configured in hardware and/or software. The instructions for controlling the drive circuitry may be hard coded or provided as software. The
instructions may be provided by "programming." Such programming is understood to include logic of any form, including hard coded logic in digital signal processors, application-specific integrated circuits, and other devices which have specific
algorithms implemented as hardware. Programming is also understood to include software or firmware instructions that may be executed on a general purpose processor. System control software may be coded in any suitable computer readable programming
language.

The computer program code for controlling the germanium-containing reducing agent pulses, hydrogen flow, and tungsten-containing precursor pulses, and other processes in a process sequence can be written in any conventional computer readable
programming language: for example, assembly language, C, C++, Pascal, Fortran, or others. Compiled object code or script is executed by the processor to perform the tasks identified in the program. Also as indicated, the program code may be hard coded.

The controller parameters relate to process conditions, such as, for example, process gas composition and flow rates, temperature, pressure, cooling gas pressure, substrate temperature, and chamber wall temperature. These parameters are
provided to the user in the form of a recipe, and may be entered utilizing the user interface. Signals for monitoring the process may be provided by analog and/or digital input connections of the system controller 629. The signals for controlling the
process are output on the analog and digital output connections of the deposition apparatus 600.

The system software may be designed or configured in many different ways. For example, various chamber component subroutines or control objects may be written to control operation of the chamber components necessary to carry out the deposition
processes (and other processes, in some cases) in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Examples of programs or sections of programs for this purpose include substrate positioning code, process gas control code, pressure control code, and heater
control code.

In some implementations, a controller 629 is part of a system, which may be part of the above-described examples. Such systems can include semiconductor processing equipment, including a processing tool or tools, chamber or chambers, a platform
or platforms for processing, and/or specific processing components (a wafer pedestal, a gas flow system, etc.). These systems may be integrated with electronics for controlling their operation before, during, and after processing of a semiconductor
wafer or substrate. The electronics may be referred to as the "controller," which may control various components or subparts of the system or systems. The controller 629, depending on the processing requirements and/or the type of system, may be
programmed to control any of the processes disclosed herein, including the delivery of processing gases, temperature settings (e.g., heating and/or cooling), pressure settings, vacuum settings, power settings, radio frequency (RF) generator settings in
some systems, RF matching circuit settings, frequency settings, flow rate settings, fluid delivery settings, positional and operation settings, wafer transfers into and out of a tool and other transfer tools and/or load locks connected to or interfaced
with a specific system.

Broadly speaking, the controller may be defined as electronics having various integrated circuits, logic, memory, and/or software that receive instructions, issue instructions, control operation, enable cleaning operations, enable endpoint
measurements, and the like. The integrated circuits may include chips in the form of firmware that store program instructions, digital signal processors (DSPs), chips defined as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/or one or more
microprocessors, or microcontrollers that execute program instructions (e.g., software). Program instructions may be instructions communicated to the controller in the form of various individual settings (or program files), defining operational
parameters for carrying out a particular process on or for a semiconductor wafer or to a system. The operational parameters may, in some embodiments, be part of a recipe defined by process engineers to accomplish one or more processing steps during the
fabrication of one or more layers, materials, metals, oxides, silicon, silicon dioxide, surfaces, circuits, and/or dies of a wafer.

The controller, in some implementations, may be a part of or coupled to a computer that is integrated with, coupled to the system, otherwise networked to the system, or a combination thereof. For example, the controller may be in the "cloud" or
all or a part of a fab host computer system, which can allow for remote access of the wafer processing. The computer may enable remote access to the system to monitor current progress of fabrication operations, examine a history of past fabrication
operations, examine trends or performance metrics from a plurality of fabrication operations, to change parameters of current processing, to set processing steps to follow a current processing, or to start a new process. In some examples, a remote
computer (e.g. a server) can provide process recipes to a system over a network, which may include a local network or the Internet. The remote computer may include a user interface that enables entry or programming of parameters and/or settings, which
are then communicated to the system from the remote computer. In some examples, the controller receives instructions in the form of data, which specify parameters for each of the processing steps to be performed during one or more operations. It should
be understood that the parameters may be specific to the type of process to be performed and the type of tool that the controller is configured to interface with or control. Thus as described above, the controller may be distributed, such as by
comprising one or more discrete controllers that are networked together and working towards a common purpose, such as the processes and controls described herein. An example of a distributed controller for such purposes would be one or more integrated
circuits on a chamber in communication with one or more integrated circuits located remotely (such as at the platform level or as part of a remote computer) that combine to control a process on the chamber.

Without limitation, example systems may include a plasma etch chamber or module, a deposition chamber or module, a spin-rinse chamber or module, a metal plating chamber or module, a clean chamber or module, a bevel edge etch chamber or module, a
physical vapor deposition (PVD) chamber or module, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber or module, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber or module, an atomic layer etch (ALE) chamber or module, an ion implantation chamber or module, a track
chamber or module, and any other semiconductor processing systems that may be associated or used in the fabrication and/or manufacturing of semiconductor wafers.

As noted above, depending on the process step or steps to be performed by the tool, the controller might communicate with one or more of other tool circuits or modules, other tool components, cluster tools, other tool interfaces, adjacent tools,
neighboring tools, tools located throughout a factory, a main computer, another controller, or tools used in material transport that bring containers of wafers to and from tool locations and/or load ports in a semiconductor manufacturing factory.

Further Implementations

The apparatus and processes described herein may be used in conjunction with lithographic patterning tools or processes, for example, for the fabrication or manufacture of semiconductor devices, displays, LEDs, photovoltaic panels, and the like. Typically, though not necessarily, such apparatus and processes will be used or conducted together in a common fabrication facility. Lithographic patterning of a film typically comprises some or all of the following steps, each step enabled with a
number of possible tools: (1) application of photoresist on a work piece, i.e., a substrate, using a spin-on or spray-on tool; (2) curing of photoresist using a hot plate or furnace or UV curing tool; (3) exposing the photoresist to visible or UV or
x-ray light with a tool such as a wafer stepper; (4) developing the resist so as to selectively remove resist and thereby pattern it using a tool such as a wet bench; (5) transferring the resist pattern into an underlying film or work piece by using a
dry or plasma-assisted etching tool; and (6) removing the resist using a tool such as an RF or microwave plasma resist stripper. Such processing may be employed, for example, to pattern the dielectric layers on which the tantalum nitride, tantalum,
and/or copper layers are deposited, as described above.

XPS Experimental Results

An aluminum oxide film was deposited on a wafer substrate containing a cobalt layer using process conditions illustrated in Table 1, by sequential exposure of the substrate to TMA and t-butanol. The cobalt layer was analyzed by XPS. The XPS
plot for the film on the edge of the wafer is shown in FIG. 7A. It can be seen that XPS shows that there is no substantial signal attributable to cobalt-oxygen bonds. A similar result was obtained in the center of the wafer substrate.

A comparative aluminum oxide based film was deposited by sequentially treating the substrate having a cobalt layer with TMA and CO2 plasma. The cobalt layer was analyzed by XPS. The XPS plot for the film on the edge of the wafer provided in
FIG. 7B shows significant cobalt-oxygen bonding. Similar results were obtained for the film obtained from the center of the wafer.