________ refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior.

Psychopharmacology

________ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and then excreted from the body.

Pharmacokinetics

Dr. Jackson is doing research in which she examines whether a drug effect is different depending on whether the drug is given orally or rectally. We might say that she is doing a study involving

pharmacokinetics.

The ________ route is the fastest way for a drug to reach the brain.

intravenous

An important drawback to the ________ route is the high likelihood of accidental overdose.

intravenous

The ________ route of drug administration is commonly used for small laboratory animals such as the rat.

intraperitoneal

The ________ route of drug administration is most commonly used for humans.

oral

James snorts a small amount of cocaine into his nose using a rolled up dollar bill. The formal term for this route of cocaine administration would be

insufflation.

A drug that might cause stomach upset if taken orally can alternatively be administered to a human via

a rectal suppository.

Neil has accidentally ingested a toxic chemical, which has made him unconscious and will soon kill him. Which route of administration would emergency physicians most likely use to administer an antidote for the toxin?

intravenous

The ________ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier.

intracerebroventricular

An increase in ________ for a drug would cause that drug to more rapidly reach the brain.

lipid solubility

Which of the following is true of drug effects?

Drugs vary widely in their effectiveness.

The primary route of excretion of drugs from the body is via the

kidneys.

The primary organ that metabolizes drugs is the

liver.

The ________ is a measure of the safety of a drug.

therapeutic index

________ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action.

Affinity

Differences in effectiveness between two drugs that share the same site of action would be expected to result from their different

affinities for the site of action.

Which of the following drugs has the largest therapeutic index?

Valium

Which of the following is true of the therapeutic index?

More caution is required for a drug with a low therapeutic index.

________ refers to a reduced behavioral effect of a drug with repeated administration.

Tolerance

________ refers to an increased behavioral effect of a drug noted with repeated administration.

Sensitization

The term ________ refers to a state of anxious misery, often produced by withdrawal from certain drugs of abuse.

dysphoria

One mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is a(n)

reduced number of receptors for the drug.

Which of the following is true of drug sensitization?

Drug sensitization is less common than is drug tolerance.

A(n) ________ is an innocuous substance that has no physiological effect.

placebo

An example of a withdrawal symptom for a heroin addict would be

dysphoria.

A(n) ________ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects.

antagonist

Drugs that facilitate the postsynaptic receptor effects are termed

antagonists.

Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to

increase the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter.

We would classify a drug as a(n) ________ if that drug acted to block the capacity of vesicles to be filled with neurotransmitter molecules.

antagonist.

A drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor, but does not open ion channels would be termed a(n)

direct antagonist.

A drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter and facilitates the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n)

indirect agonist.

A(n) ________ is defined as drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter and that prevents the opening of ion channels by the neurotransmitter.

indirect antagonist

A drug that activates a presynaptic autoreceptor will usually

reduce the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.

Activation of dendritic autoreceptors produce ________; a drug that is an agonist at these autoreceptors would be classified as an ________ for the synapse.

hyperpolarizations; antagonist

A drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor most likely

increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.

A synapse that contains a presynaptic heteroreceptor would be classified as a(n) ________ synapse.

axoaxonic

Activation of a presynaptic autoreceptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that

reduces transmitter release by reducing the axon firing rate.

Inactivation of a transporter in the presynaptic membrane would be expected to

increase the levels of the transmitter in the synapse.

Termination of the postsynaptic potential would be expected from a drug or process that acts to

enzymatically degrade the neurotransmitter molecule.

The two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are

glutamate; GABA

Which of the following is an incorrect match between a neurotransmitter and its effects?

acetylcholine; subject to reuptake by the axon terminals

Which pair of transmitters are the primary excitatory and inhibitory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?

glutamate; GABA

________ is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by motor axons of the CNS.

Acetylcholine

Which transmitter below induces muscle movement and is the primary transmitter secreted by efferent axons of the central nervous system?

acetylcholine

Match up the transmitter substance below with the appropriate behavioral role or action of that transmitter:

acetylcholine; facilitation of perceptual learning

Cholinergic neurons within the ________ are thought to ________.

dorsolateral pons; elicit most of the aspects of REM sleep

Match up the cholinergic fiber system with the correct role of that system in the control of behavior:

Cholinergic neurons in the medial septum are involved in the control of the electrical

rhythms of the hippocampus.

Damage to the ________ cholinergic system would be expected to impair learning.

basal forebrain

Acetylcholine is produced when ________ accepts an acetate ion from coenzyme A and transfers it to a choline molecule.

choline acetyltransferase

Activation of the ________ has been related to the control of REM sleep.

dorsolateral pons ACh system

Which pair of drugs below is known to facilitate and inhibit (respectively) the release of acetylcholine?

botulinum toxin; black widow spider venom

In the anecdote on cholinergic toxicity, Mr. F. contracted botulism by

tasting the liquid from a spoiled jar of asparagus.

An ionotropic cholinergic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is

rapid and short in duration.

The disease process of myasthenia gravis produces muscle weakness by

reducing the number of ACh receptors on muscles.

A drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase in brain would be expected to

increase the synaptic levels of acetylcholine.

The postsynaptic action of acetylcholine is terminated by

enzymatic destruction via acetylcholinesterase.

Which of the following is true of the cholinergic systems?

Muscarinic receptors are more numerous than nicotinic receptors in the brain.

Nicotinic receptors are found in ________ in the periphery and in ________ in the brain.

muscle fibers; axoaxonic synapses

Which pair below represents the receptor subtypes for acetylcholine?

nicotinic; muscarinic

Which pair of drugs below are antagonists for the muscarinic and nicotinic (respectively) receptors?

atropine; curare

Curare is used in medical clinics to

induce relaxation in muscles that are to be cut during a surgical procedure.