This article applies a methodology for the optimization of the calculation of steel material in the construction of a reinforced concrete structure focused on two projects, a material calculation methodology is used in which we use a steel cutting blade to proceed to measure each bar trace indicated in the structural plans, to then account for the total steel weight of the structure and then measure and account for the total purchase weight.

The management of the energy produced by photovoltaic panel stations can be converted into a management where the consumer himself can have a tendency in the final price of the price of the energy he pays. The system of generation and sale of energy by means of photovoltaic systems can be managed through global BLOCKCHAIN type procedures.

The growing importance of technology in the world today and its continuous development [6,8], makes technology itself an integral part of the training process for children and youth.
For this reason it is important to develop proposals in which children and young people are offered the possibility of coming into contact with new technologies. This is possible through the use of software and hardware tools, such as robotic prototypes and specialized programs for pedagogical purposes.
This article shows the importance of the use of robotics as a learning tool and presents the typical stages that must be faced when implementing educational robotics projects in the classroom. It is also announced an educational robotics project called "Robotic World" which seeks to involve robotics in the classroom by means of practical activities and learning resources articulated from a virtual platform.

This study is part of general problem of developing innovative buiding materials with low environmental impact. For this purpose, tests were carried out for the formulation of cementitious composites based on rhun fibers (borassus aethiopum mart.) and rice huks. The results allowed to obtain the optimal proportion in biomass particles and water content which lead to the best physical and mechanical properties of the composites. Thus, in the case of cement and rice husks mixtures, mechanical strengths decrease with an increase of particle size. On the other hand, in the case of rhun fibers composite, mechanical resistance increase with fibers size. The results also show that physical and mechanical properties of rhunr fibers composites are better than those based on rice husks.

The emergence of e-government around the world has profoundly transformed the relationship between citizens, enterprises and governments. Thus, the Moroccan authorities have decided to launch in recent years several projects and strategies to modernize public administrations and local communities to serve citizens and organizations.
Since there are few empirical studies on e-government in Morocco, and in order to identify the different interactions between citizens and public administrations, our research aims to identify the factors influencing intention to use e-government services by Moroccan citizens.

This study assessed the groundwater quality in southeastern Brazzaville, Congo, in order to calculate iron chemical speciation. A total of twenty two groundwater samples were collected in rainy and dry seasons. Physico-chemical parameters namely pH, TDS, EC, T, D.O, TH, Alk, ORP, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, NO3-, PO43-, F-, Fetot, Fe2+ and Fe3+ were analyzed. The results indicate acidic nature and oxidizing conditions in groundwater, contamination of groundwater by domestic sewage, water septic tanks at the sight of EC values and iron content higher than permissible limit of 0.3 mg/L in the majority of groundwater samples. Modeling of iron chemical speciation in the groundwater samples using Visual Minteq computer program revealed that the predominant species were free ionic form Fe2+ in both season followed by FeSO4(aq) for Fe(II) species. The majority of Fe(III) species were fluoro complexes FeF2+ and (FeF2)+, sulphato complex ion FeSO4+ and free ionic form Fe3+ in rainy season. The hydroxo complexes of Fe(III) are predominant in dry season.

The study unrolled in South Kivu province situated in the East of DRC, in the North part of Kabare territory, respectively on-farm PABU/Katana and on-station INERA/Mulungu. This study aims to identify among the performing varieties the ones which better fit and witch have the high potentially seeds yields and stables in these sites. The comparative adaptation trials have been lead according to the layout in randomized completed block design with three replications and the results analysis was done by using software Statistix 8 and Genstat. The results (at0.05) show that eight varieties got global medium yields significantly over the check VCB81013 (1454kg/ha) in the two sites during the four farming seasons 2015-16AB. It concerns the varieties NUV234-3-1(1932,5 kg/ha), NUV108-3-1(1764,5), NUV108-3-2 (1578,5), NUV119-3 (1506), NUV234-3-2 (1719,5), NUV15-1 (1711), NUV15-2 (1620) and NUV131-1 (1598,5). These varieties have given the best yields exceeding 1500kg/ha with 132,8 à 103,5% upper to the check. As regards to varieties sensibility, the results of the global statistical analysis showed a resistant reaction of the majority of all varieties to the main diseases (1 to 3), at the standard scale of diseases evaluation (1 to 9) regard to CIAT.

Few mathematics and physics sixth form pupils succeed in Physics, such is the case, for example, in the 2017 exam, in Democratic Republic of the Congo/Kinshasa on the notion of moment of force in physics to which only 17,35% have succeeded. Teachers of physics and researchers should think more about the conception and the finding out of mechanisms, implements and strategies in the teaching-learning process for the remediation of the situation.

The dearness of the protein sources usable in the modern avicolous food remains a major challenge to raise in the developing countries. The oil cake cabbage tree available in RD Congo, contains 15 16 % of rough protein with a degradability from 40 to 50%. In this work, on the one hand, its effectiveness (To evaluate on the performances of the animals: Food consumption, Daily Average Profit and Index of consumption); in addition the output (To determine price of kg of food, production cost per Weight Live, gross profit). Four batches of 18 chicks of 10 days of age were nourished with the rations containing oil cake of cabbage tree 0 % (Pilot), 5% (T1), 10 % (T2) and 15 % (T3). Food Consumption was of 175,07 ±3,28g (Pilot), 166,93 ±17,96g (T1);171,70 ±11,53g (T2);175,47±10,48g (T2). Ponderal growth of 62,085 ± 3,84g (Pilot);58,502 ± 8,7g (T1);60,887±4,3g (T2) and 57,806 ± 4,918g(T3).The indices of consumption were of 2,8, similar for (Witness), (T1) and (T2);from 3 for (T3).The output calculated (in FC), the price of production of kg of food was 1465, 73 (Witness);1413,55 (T1);1342,75 (T2);1289,733(T3) and the gross profit of the experimental rations compared to the witness was 146,1 (T1);344,34 (T2) and 220,8 (T3). The output calculated (In FC), the price of production of kg of food was 1465, 73 (Witness);1413,55 (T1);1342,75 (T2);1289,733(T3) and the gross profit of the experimental rations compared to the witness was 146,1 (T1);344,34 (T2) and 220,8 (T3).No significant effect was induced by the various rates of substitution, on the other hand, an identical growth and an acceptable production cost per kg of live weight.

This paper presents the application of a proposed analytical framework that takes cultural dimensions as main parameters to explain territorial development processes. It is illustrated through the analysis of flood risk management in Morocco. This paper explores this relationship and suggests that a cultural studies approach, despite its weaknesses, potentially revitalizes the significance of culture in relationship to territorial development. It aims to help planners and policy makers to better understand how local planning cultures should be taken into consideration in policy planning processes, The culture -territorial development conceptual framework shows a high level of validity and applicability to explain territorial development processes in the Moroccan cultural contexts. The paper addresses three principal elements that are necessary for understanding relations between culture and territory development, local planning cultures and spatial development outcomes. They are (i) three facets of culture expressions relating to flood risk management – risk perception, conception on human-nature relationships and conception on human relationships; (ii) four fundamental factors (physical conditions, attributes of the community, formal institutions and informal institutions) and their interrelationships that condition decision-making processes; and (iii) three change-determining factors (diversity, consistency and power relations).

Today the subject of the social responsibility of companies is a universal debate, in the various recoveries that it is in international symposiums, exhibitions of business or in academic conferences. The objective it is that Morocco adopt a strategy of opening with respect to the international economy. For this purpose, Moroccan companies which target internationalization, the improvement of their competitiveness and sustainable development of their environment, are supposed to assume and integrate in their chains of value the principles of the corporate social responsibility.
The challenge consists to make sensitive companies, in setting up in their processes of production of the new models of ecological affairs (Eco-innovation), allowing to improve their performances economic and assuring afterward a corporate social responsibility towards the environment.
From all that we are going to present, we can consider the concept of Eco Innovation a strategic tool, capable of helping the decision-makers realize the principles of her corporate social responsibility, and to establish a culture of the responsible company.
For that purpose, the main objective of this article is to define the notion of the social responsibility of companies as well as the notion of the eco-innovation and to tie up well their ends (purposes).

Valorization of Vitex doniana fruits requires the development of appropriate technologies. In order to guide these technologies, a survey to determine the profile of consumers was conducted in the department of Bondoukou, followed by a physical and chemical characterization of the fruits of this area. For this, classical methods of analysis have been used. The results indicate that black plum are available, accessible during a given period of the year and are not preserved. The seed is not subject to any transformation. At the physical level, the fruit measures on average 2.46 ± 0.35 cm wide and 2.80 ± 0.31 cm long with a caliber index, a sphericity index and an aspect ratio of 3.42 ± 0.60, 62 ± 7.0% and 89.84 ± 14.22% respectively. The pulp and seed represents 57, 38-± 10.66% and 31.57 ± 9.64% of the whole fruit respectively. Color of the pulp is dark reddish purple with L * = 3.59 ± 0.82, a * = 21.91 ± 3.14, b * = -21.36 ± 2.9, C * = 475.34 ± 102.55 and h * = 38.92 ± 8.99, and its density ρ (g /cm3) is 121.33 ± 55.44. Chemically, its pH, moisture content, soluble dry extract content and degree of ripeness are 4.79 ± 0.03, respectively, 69.18 ± 1.02%, 18.53 ± 1.36 ° B and 10.80 ± 1.51. These characteristics are quite important for the implementation of applicable technologies. These characteristics of plum of savannas are quite important for the implementation applicable technologies.

The aim of the study was to determine variation in iron and zinc concentrations in farmer’s accessions, relationship, and rates between the two essential minerals. Six sites were utilized for collecting accessions in two bean growing zones: South and North Kivu. The South Kivu comprised: Kabare, Walungu and Uvira and the North Kivu: sites of Goma, Rutshuru and Butembo. The CIAT Atlas “African Bean Environment (AFBE) was utilized to characterize the sites. Thousand collected accessions were characterized and went seed increase. The mineral analysis was carried out at Adailine Laboratory, Australia using the inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-method. The 383 genotypes selected went statistical analyses. The ANOVA and correlation analysis was performed using Pearson’s product-moment method to determine the relationship between iron and zinc concentrations. The rates and trends of iron and zinc concentrations were calculated using respectively R software Analysis and the Scatter Diagram Technique. All data were analyzed using Statistix10 and R Development Core Team Software. High variation in iron and zinc concentrations with mean rages of 71.63 ppm for iron and 30.69 ppm for zinc was found. Highly significant correlation (r=0.94***) between iron and zinc concentrations. The effects of variety, environment and growth habit on the mineral concentrations of genotypes were highly significant (***). The rates calculated based on targets were: 3.4% at low concentration (40-50 ppm); 21.7% at baseline level (50-60ppm); 31.0% at increment target (60-70ppm); 21.4% at 1st wave target (70-80ppm); at 2nd wave target (80-90 ppm); and 3rd wave target ≤94 ppm).

The present is a company’s logistics based article. It aims at suggesting simple, rational and effective procedures in firm’s vehicle fleet management. The outcomes presented within here have been collected on a case study carried out on ITM Africa Company. This study came up with a less onerous, easy and practical managing system that can be implement in any company with 5 to 20 vehicles.

The relevance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) to community members no longer needs to be proven; these resources contribute mainly to nutrition and health care in many rural areas in Africa. This study aims at identifying medicinal plant species subject to tree bark commercialization in the Lokoli swampy forest and its surrounded farmlands located in southern Benin (West Africa). We analyzed the economic profitability of medicinal tree bark. Three groups of collectors were identified: G1 sells bark locally (G1), G2 at medium-distant markets (< 50km) and G3 at distant markets (> 50 km).
We identified a total of 17 medicinal plant species belonging to 13 families of which 11 tree bark species were commonly recorded: Anogeissus leiocarpa, Bridelia ferruginea, Khaya senegalensis, Kigelia africana, Lannea acida, Maranthes polyandra, Nauclea diderrichii, Parkia biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Syzygium owariense and Terminalia glaucescens. The net income as well as the economic profitability depended on the group to which collectors belonged. Bark collectors make returns from 31.7±5.45 to 319.0±26.35$ US, annually. The economic profitability ranged from 23% to 54% of the invested costs. The break-even point and safety margin were higher for G3 than G1 and G2 collectors. Similar results were registered for net income and profitability. The most valuable tree bark species were K. africana, M. polyandra, S. owariense, and K. senegalensis.

In the present study, by using the FEM finite element method, a series of toroidal pressure vessels will be constructed and a comparative analysis will be carried out to determine the type of composite material that offers the best resistance that supports the stresses and stresses. deformations that a container subjected to different pressure levels could suffer.
By using the ANSYS software and with the respective APDL code, the models to be compared are built; the tests are carried out virtually in a simulated environment, which allows us to approach a real environment, apply computational engineering criteria to have a greater precision in the measurements made in the geometry combined with the type of material, with the pressure load and with the angular orientation of the sheets within a laminate.
In this study, the code required to create the geometry of the container is exposed, as well as the way in which the data of the material and the corresponding model of the element to be used are entered, as well as the way in which the application is applied. finite element model and the mesh to be used.
The final objective is to determine the angular orientation with a determined number of carbon fiber sheets so that the toroid reaches an acceptable resistance by a criterion of failure, which allows to minimize the waste of material and excess weight at an appropriate cost.

The present study aims at an analysis of the domestic rice market (highly competitive with imported rice) and focuses on the particular balance of supply and demand.
In order to achieve these objectives, the determinants of the supply and demand of rice in Côte d'Ivoire are analyzed using the elasticities calculated from the estimated parameters of two econometric models. Then, we present a partial equilibrium model based on the competition point of these previous models. The results of the application indicate that local rice is a luxury good because the parameter of its price (0,53) is significant at 5% and positive. With supply of rice, the results show that supply is very little influenced by price factors confirming the hypothesis that price factors influence very little the supply of rice in Côte d'Ivoire. Finally, the partial equilibrium model reveals the non-determinant role of the price of local white rice as a means of regulating the market for this cereal.

This study aims to show that, the reproduction of Caledonian complexity of identity positioning in the SLN corporate determines the perception of the organizational culture and mediates the effects of the outline level on the individual commitment towards the organization. In this perspective, we combined ethnological approaches and the analysis of individual behavior to query 430 employees. The main result of our work reveals that, communities membership are essential to understanding the identity attributes whose employees use to enter, grow within the company and justify the rank that they occupy. While the metropolitan’s employees express an emotional attachment towards the SLN, Kanak employees maintain continuance commitment with SLN that they see a source of wealth and employment.

The objective of the present work is to contribute to the study and the numerical modelling of the hydric erosion in the plateau of Thiès: through an application to the watershed of Kissane, according to the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) model. The establishment of the USLE model requires data on the topography, the land use, the climatology and the pedology. One of the major difficulties in the elaboration of the model was the collection of relevant data. Indeed, the rural commune of Noto more exactly the village of Kissane is relatively little informated by the scientific bibliography. The geographical reference data on the topography, the precipitation, the land use either non-existent, or incomplete or obsolete on a small scale and the geo-referenced digital data are even rarer. The study, the combination of the data and in the modelling were operated in a Geographical Information System (GIS). Every factor is a digital estimation of a precise component that affects the gravity of the soil erosion in a given place. The realization of the land use map from the visual interpretation assisted by GIS, from the satellite imaging Landsat that covers the watershed of Kissane facilitated the extraction of the vegetation cover map, what allowed defining with more precision the most sensitive areas with erosion risk.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diversity of source species of NWFP exploited in the Yapo-Abbé classified forest, and to determine the influence of forest block management on the preponderance of NWFP source species. Ethnobotanical investigations among 95 resource persons belonging to three riparian villages and surface surveys in the forest blocks served as a methodological basis. The results obtained indicate that 62 plant species are exploited by the populations. Five are commercial species replanted. Annickia polycarpa, Landolphia owariensis, Khaya ivorensis, and Eremospatha macrocarpa, the most important species, are threatened by logging, mainly used for NWFP collection. In forest blocks, the diversity and average number of useful species do not vary significantly, despite their difference in degree of exploitation. The Abbé block, the most degraded, but also the most reforested and enriched, has a high proportion of useful species (F = 4.53, p = 0.016). The average circumference of individuals, in relation to the availability of the non-wood resource, is also significantly higher in this block (F = 11.63, p ˂ 0.0001). The management of degraded areas with commercial species with multiple uses has made it possible to increase the proportion of useful species and to maintain them at a certain level of availability comparable to or greater than the least developed areas. Management policies should take into account the integration of multipurpose species or NWFP sources for the sustainability of timber and non-timber resources.

The main goal of this study is to appraise the Congolese customs policy with regard to the evaluation of customs duties of used cars imported in DRC in 2013-2014. For the testing of our hypothesis, we used the comparative method, supported by documentary and interview techniques. After analysis, there was noticed a decrease in the income of “DGDA”/Kasindi, and ten years after, sensible takings deriving from the import of secondhand cars were estimated to 75, 483, 793. 22. However, there was a decrease in the number of traffic accidents in 2014 as seen from table2. This work appraises the degree of mobilisation of the income of the “DGDA” (customs and excise service) with regard to the implementation of the prime Minister’s decision concerning the import of secondhand cars.

The various questions on the capacity of companies to self-build stress the need for sociospatial integration of all actors. However, urban construction in African cities forces exclusion and accelerates the impoverishment of socially weakened groups, giving rise to deviant behaviors such as prostitution, whose attempts to eradicate public policies have chess. For this research, the eradication of prostitution in the city of Kara should pass not by sex workers but rather by their clients. This is why through a theoretical and methodological triangulation (documentary, qualitative and sociometry), the research first tried to understand how the girls in Kara enter prostitution, in order to understand how they are looking for clients and build their networks of prostitution. From there, it was possible to identify the two recurring profiles of clients of sex workers in the city of Kara: the first classic profile of individuals in the informal sector between the ages of 30 and 40; and the second, apprentice profile, where individuals are 20-30 years old and unemployed.

The study aims at developing the green capital budgeting approaches as we as emerging structural model of green capital budgeting decisions through adjustment of the environmental degradation forces to the given investment projects’ inflows and outflows respectively. Moreover, the study attempts to know the extent in which these forces contribute to justify the respective green approaches of capital budgeting and to focus how these techniques relate to conventional methods of this budgeting. The researcher has developed the green methods of capital budgeting through using the five determinants that have contributions to impair the environment. The researcher used the data of a single investment project, loan to customer provided by a bank, Rupali Bank Limited, HSTU Branch, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The researcher found that the higher degree of environmental degradation forces are involved in investment, the lower are the value(s) of green capital budgeting approaches than corresponding traditional capital budgeting approaches. No involvement of non- green forces to an investment project till to maturity, results in the individual values of traditional capital budgeting approaches complied with individual values of respective green capital budgeting approaches. Indeed, the development of green capital budgeting approaches are justified but applied in subject to quantifying the abstract characterization of non-green variables.

The most successful designers are those who seek to have a rich ideas. Without diversifying ideas, ordinary ideas become stagnant and lose their advantages. In the end, the designer loses the ability to innovate. So the designer is always keen to change the way of meditation for everything that surrounds it, which leads to the discovery of new relationships between things, and combined them to form innovative concepts are unfamiliar, which in turn lead to the development of creative thinking skills and not compatible with the latest modern technology. Hence the problem of research, the habit of the local furniture designer to draw inspiration from the forms in a logical manner may lead to the cessation of creativity in a moment. Which ultimately leads to the transformation of furniture from a functional composition of an innovative artistic nature, to a rigid thin g that we use in its daily form and does not carry between it what we call the realization of the mind and hopes aspects of beauty. What are the illogical trends of the formal inspiration provided by modern technology and computer programs? And how does inspiration come from using these nonsensical trends to revolutionize the world of furniture design? The research aims to infer the illogical formal trends resulting from the integration of modern digital techniques with logical formal values. By analyzing some of the contemporary furniture designers' work. To explain the effect of the informal and formal trends on local furniture. The research follows the descriptive analytical method. Modern technology has enhanced innovation in furniture design globally by discovering new relationships between objects, because technological advances in science have created a different vision of things. The flexibility of computer programs has enabled the designer to add, delete and merge quickly and easily, enabling him to create new things. Modern technology has also added illusory formality to the inspiration of global furniture design, such as fragmentation of formation, which is in contrast to the principle of unity in logical formal values. Other dimensions were created as a fourth addition within the composition by giving a hint of fast and slow motion. It also enabled the global designer to exploit the possibilities of the third dimension better than before. The existence of economic, technical, technological and cultural restrictions on many local furniture has led to the codification of the vulnerability of modern digital technologies, causing the absence of important foundations such as balance, harmony and unity in some pieces of local furniture.

Pollution abatement techniques, inexpensive and environmentally friendly, are highly desirable and recommended. That is a reason when heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 as a semiconductor is of considerable interest. In this study, the performance of 5 materials was evaluated in the photocatalytic degradation of diuron herbicide. The kinetic of disappearance is pseudo-order 1 whatever the material. This photodegradation is very little influenced by the initial pH of the solution; even if the best results are obtained for initial pH between 5 and 8. The presence of ions such as nitrate, sulfate and ammonium ions in the reaction medium causes a slight decrease in the initial rate of disappearance of the pollutant. This is explained by a competitive adsorption between the pollutant and the added ions and / or an oxidation reaction of these ions by the photogenerated oxidative species. A photocatalytic degradation order of the diuron according to the material used has been established. This order would be: TiO2 P25 > TiO2 PC500 > Our TiO2 > Quartzel > Média 1048.

Introduction: Anemia affects 1.62 billion of people worldwide. Its prevalence remains high in developing countries, estimated at 43% while it is swimming around 9% in developed countries. During pregnancy, anemia is a common health problem all over the world in both developing and developed countries. In this research, our aim has been determine the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in Kisangani town and the most affected age group. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter study was conducted in 5 medicals structures in Kisangani town from November 15, 2016 to November 14, 2017. We diagnosed 840 cases of anemia among 1102 selected pregnant women.
Results: The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in Kisangani was 76.2%. Pregnant women of less than 20 years old were 84%.
Conclusion: Anemia during pregnancy remains a reality in obstetric practice among the population of youth pregnant in Kisangani town.

In Congo-Kinshasa, the mode of creation and management of national parks inherited from the colonial period did not produce convincing results. This "top-down policy" of establishing the authority of the central state and the administration over land and renewable resources by excluding rural populations to limit human degradation by creating a network of protected areas and classified forests has shown its limits. Therefore, we observe the emergence within local communities practices of a "politics from below". This strategy of negating conventional environmental policies is likely to undermine sustainability in Lomami National Park. By placing local communities at the center of the park in their area, "concerted management" thus appears as an intermediary approach that can guarantee the interests of the various actors.

The environment (middle) of three important sites of catchment of water of the REGIDESO in Kinshasa notably the rivers N’djili and Lukunga and the Congo stream is in particular vulnerable following the failure to respect of the environmental hygiene by the riparian populations of these three sites and of all kinois in general. This survey proposes to verify the degree of water pollution treated by the REGIDESO and the efficiency of the treatment techniques applied by this one to purify water. For that to make, 3 samples by site of the raw water and three of water treated have been appropriated and have been analyzed in order to determine the physic-chemical parameters (MO, MES, Turbudité, pH, T°, SD, Co, NO-3, PO 4, FeT, Pb, OD, DBO5 and DCO) and bacteriological (fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and Escherichia Colis) for the raw water, while for the treated water, it has about of the analysis of the data base of the laboratory of the REGIDESO.
The gotten results show that the dismissals descended of the human activities upstream of the sources of catchment have negative impacts on water to treat and that some parameters as the total iron, the DCO and the MY don't answer the norms of the drinking water. Otherwise, the meticulous exam on one period of one year of the archives of the laboratory of the REGIDESO indicates some temporary, daily or periodic failings as for the bacteriology.

The present work is the result of a study that was carried out over the period 2010-2012, the objective of which was to determine the state of quality and the development of the synthesis maps of the surface waters of the basin. the Oued Inaouen slope, based mainly on the study of the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of the surface waters. The analyze were performed on 26 well-distributed sampling points at the Oued Inaouen watershed using standard methods. The results of the analyzes revealed a spatio-temporal differentiation along the Wadi Inaouen watershed, following the intervention of natural and anthropogenic factors. The right bank of the basin is characterized by significant mineralization. On the other hand, the left bank is characterized by fresh water, reflecting the effect of limestone and Liassic dolomites of the Middle Atlas on the chemical composition of the water. This state of pollution is more marked downstream, in the stations that receive more rejects. Added to this are the climatic conditions of the region, which are characterized by very low flows of wadis upstream to dry during the summer season. The origin of this pollution is related to household and industrial discharges (especially waterlogs) dumped without treatment in watercourses, and the leaching of agricultural lands, as a result of the use of fertilizers, with an enrichment of much more important in summer and autumn.

Muslims believe that Islamic teachings involve guidelines and principles, which should be followed, to all needs of Islamic society, starting from spirituality needs, such as prayer, into economy and politics, including the relationship between human behaviors and the environment, particularly in the field of designing houses and buildings. In this regard, Muslim jurists have derived from the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic traditions that have direct applications in the domestic sphere. There are many principles and guidelines that should be respected in the design of Muslim homes/neighborhood buildings. This article will follow and explore some of these principles focusing on two as an example; privacy and avoidance harming the right of others because of their significant effect on the neighborhood housing organization in the Islamic culture. The aim is to find out the importance of these principles and guidelines in achieving tranquility (sakīnah) and peacefulness in homes, in addition to show how people can avoid violating the privacy of the others. All that will be analyzed in the light of the Islamic culture based on the Islamic law, especially the Maliki jurisprudence.

The study investigated seasonal variation in outdoor thermal comfort in Makurdi from 1971-2010. Daily air temperature (0C) and relative humidity (%) of the study area were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency Operational Headquarters, Oshodi, Lagos. Daily thermal comfort levels were computed from the obtained data using the temperature humidity index (THI). The THI values were then summed into monthly, seasonal and annual comfort values. Correlation analysis was used to determine trend in the level of thermal comfort from 1971 to 2010. The monthly variation of THI showed the highest THI of 27.2 in April and the lowest THI of 24.7 in January. The seasonal variation of THI indicated highest THI of 26.5 during the hot dry season and the lowest THI of 25.1 during the cool dry season. The annual variation of THI showed an increasing trend from 1971-2010 with a positive correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.018. The result suggest that human discomfort is common in April while January is thermally comfortable Seasonally, the hot dry season was associated with human discomfort whereas the cool dry season is relatively comfortable. The positive annual trend of THI suggested a progressive change from human comfort to discomfort in the study area. The study concluded that measures of ameliorating human thermal discomfort should be focused principally in the months of March and April which coincides with the hot dry season to minimize the negative effects of outdoor thermal discomfort on the socio-economic development in Makurdi.

The present work is taken into account for the study of the possibility of substituting steel reinforcements by reinforcements of Borassus Aethiopum Mart. Specifically, the purpose of our study was the use of Borassus in the field of prestressing. Several tests have been carried out for this purpose. The characterization tests of the materials carried out at the beginning of this study on the constituents of the concrete made it possible to adopt a concrete formulation by the DREUX-GORISSE method. This allowed us to make six test pieces; Three with steel reinforcements and three others in frame of Borassus. After their preservation for 28 days, they were subjected to flexion tests four points. Thus the loads and the arrows induced were recorded for the different types of concretes. In addition, we performed the direct traction test. This test allowed us to define the elastic zone of our framework of Borassus. A simulation of the flexion test four points on the Borassus reinforced concrete subjected to prestressing by pre-tensioning was then made. This taking into account the elastic zone of our framework and the physical and mechanical characteristics of the reinforced concrete of Borassus. The overall flexural behavior of four points of prestressed beams by numerical simulation and those of reinforced concrete of steel reinforcements were analyzed. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the elastic stress of Borassus reinforced concrete subjected to prestressing is superior to that of reinforced steel.

Urban growth in the Abomey and Bohicon has led to a real metamorphosis of these spaces. This transformation has spawned the urban sprawl whose manifestation and the factors are necessary for the understanding for a sustainable management of these territories.
This research contributes to the knowledge of urban sprawl between Abomey and Bohicon territories.
The methodology combined both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A sample of 944 people was constituted in both territories. The collected data are processed from statistical and spatial analysis and the computation of urban sprawl indicators.
These various indicators show that the suburbs of Abomey and Bohicon are dynamic between 1992 and 2002 with a regular spread from the center towards the periphery marked by a more or less strong intensity between 2002 and 2013.
The settlement of the populations is explained by the geographical position and the crossing of the tracks connecting the hinterland by these territories.
The pedology, relief, climate, varied and diversified structuring services, political decisions, land and real estate contribute intensively.
The correspondence analysis of factors reveals that the low environmental pollution, the inheritance, the land tenure are the main motivations of installation in the peripheries whereas those of the town centers are the proximity of the service or a market, the subdivision of the middle, the presence of water, electricity and security.
This growing facility needs to meet the challenges imposed by this urban sprawl to ensure efficient management of these spaces for future generations.

Despite the fact that many infant formulas exist, malnutrition is still a problem in Cameroon. According to previous studies, this malnutrition could result from inadequate feed practises, lack of time from parents and the fact that mothers are not involved in the formulation process. The aim of this study is to improve the adoption of locally produced instant formulas by the integration of mothers in the formulation and price determination processes. The methodology adopted is made of formulation of instant formula from germinated maize, rice, soya bean and sesame by wet and dry methods, then the determination of acceptability, purchased intention and psychological price by 50 mothers and wet nurses and finally the evaluation of production cost. The results show that flour produced by wet method with an equal proportion of germinated maize, rice and soya bean have the highest production yield (26%), are the most appreciated and have the highest purchased intention (47%). The production cost of this flour (125 FCFA/30 g of flour) is the lower than the price of instant flour sell in the markets (250 à 300 FCFA/50 g of flour). Moreover, the energy density of the produced flour satisfied Codex Alimentarius requirements in terms of infant formula.

Background: Uterine rupture achieves a solution of continuity of the thickness of the wall of the womb. It can be spontaneous or provoked. It can occur during work (most often) or during pregnancy. In all cases, although this occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy, uterine rupture can also occur before this period of gestation, the second trimester of pregnancy.
Case: A 29-year-old woman, gesture 8, par 8, with a history of in utero death and uterine incision presented a hemoperitoneum picture of a 26-year-old pregnancy. She consulted 8 hours after the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain and metrorrhagia. Uterine rupture was observed during laparotomy, and adequate maternal management was performed.
Conclusion: The occurrence of uterine rupture should be suspected before any hemoperitoneum, hemodynamic instability or metrorrhagia, even before the third trimester of pregnancy. Early diagnosis could improve the fetal-maternal prognosis.

Introduction: Induced abortion remains a scourge in Africa where it exposes women to serious or life-threatening complications. Unplanned and unwanted pregnancies result in clandestine abortions carried out under unsuitable conditions. The purpose of this work was to study the prevalence, complications and outcome of clandestine abortions in the city of Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The data collection was retrospective, for the period from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2016, and involved 63 cases of clandestine abortions followed in two general referral hospitals and at Kisangani University Clinics.
Results: The prevalence of clandestine abortions was 8.4%. These abortions were more prevalent among women aged 16 to 25 (61.9%), single women (85.7%) and those at the secondary level (49.2%). The pattern of admission was dominated by genital bleeding associated with pelvic pain (71.4%). This practice was more performed between 4 and 8 weeks of amenorrhea (58.7%), at home (63.5%), with Misoprostol (61.9%) and for reasons of unwanted pregnancy (44.4%). Management was medical in 71.4% of cases, anemia was the most observed complication (73.0%) and 8 cases of death were recorded (12.7%).
Conclusion: Clandestine abortion is a real public health problem in Kisangani. The only way to avoid the harmful consequences of maternal deaths is to make the population aware of the danger of this practice, which is illegal in our country, through the activities of the National Reproductive Health Program.

Barley has interesting characteristics for human health such as fiber, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, proteins and especially β-glucans, which make it one of the best choices of whole grain. Because of its importance for human nutrition, β-glucan and protein contents were determining factors in the grains quality. The aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional grain quality of North African barley collection. Grain color, protein and β-glucan contents, starch and mineral elements contents were determined in sixteen barley genotypes. Obtained results showed that the average of protein content, varied from 10,76 to 14,13%, the β-glucan content varied from 2,18 to 4,75%, starch content varied from 52 to 60% and mineral elements varied from 1.82 to 2.52. The richest genotypes in terms of protein and β-glucan contents were the naked barley genotypes (V10 and V23) from Tunisia and Egypt respectively. In opposite, these two genotypes were the poorest in mineral elements comparatively to the remainder ones. Although some hulled barley genotypes (V7, V8) showed high levels of protein, the naked barley seeds have, in addition, an appreciable color similar to durum wheat allowing them to be easily mixed with wheat in the process of making pasta.

The DRC, like the other countries of the African continent, is in search of the ways and means to start a true dynamics of the development. It explains itself by the existence of the multiple agreements that succeeded to the development of the Constitution that governs the country currently as well as the manifest will of our leaders to make take off the country.
Indeed, the success of such a gait passes above all by the implication of every Congolese since the basis until the summit. So that the aforesaid gait is efficient and applicable to all, it would be appropriated that every Congolese seized the impact of the stakes in a language close to sound lived daily in order to allow him to understand what it is some better.
Besides the role to permit the communication, the languages are also the powerful instruments that help the peoples to appropriate of the actions and permit the country thus to reach progress. In other words, the languages are not only auspicious tools of communication, they reflect and also transmit perceptions of the world. Therefore, the protection and the promotion of the local languages must be a key element to construct a best Congo and to assure a worthy life for all.
Nowadays, it is clearly established that no process of development can materialize outside of the involvement of the populations. The aforesaid involvement to the initiatives of development is primordial bus even though interventions of some solutions sometimes bring in top to some problems, they don't yet have the capacity to understand in depth the need of the beneficiary populations. What is often to the basis of the failures accumulated in several initiatives in relation with all process and all formula aiming the development in our country.
The major worry of this work is to show the impact of the languages local, real common good, in all action aiming the development in our country while proposing a linguistic architecture that will probably enhance a representative number of local languages without disregarding the contribution of French, language inherited of the colonization, that must act us progressively as medium for intellectualize our ancestral languages in order to give them luck to assure the roles that French plays presently in the world appropriately.
To the present stage, we need the French language as language of reference to write our history, to think on our future, to elaborate the scientific theories, to invent some concepts, to construct the future, to search for and to claim our rights, etc.

Many countries on the African continent are at war or face violence of various kinds, not to mention those related to interethnic conflicts. Since 1998, there has been a resurgence of large-scale conflicts in this part of the universe, something that has not happened since the 1960s. Studies show that in 1999, Africa was the scene of more than half of the armed struggles taking place in the world.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is not left out, it faces strong internal opposition caused, inter alia, by the political and economic situation, the land problem, the management of customary power, etc. All these negative facts contribute to the absence of national cohesion, one of the essential guarantees for bringing the country into chaos.
It is in this perspective to help the country turn the page that undermines the life-together between communities that we propose these lines of thinking in order to provide an additional stone in the search for solutions for a real peace between all Congolese and allow them to live happily.
Indeed, we will not address all aspects of conflict but we will try to focus on the issue of Kinyarwanda language that seems to "insecure" its Congolese speakers across the country.
This question may be one of the causes of the deadly tribalism that endangers many users of Kinyarwanda, whether Congolese or not. And yet, the said language is part of the linguistic heritage of the country even if it is also spoken outside the country like other languages of the world.
We believe that if this question is not mastered intelligently, the North Kivu province risks falling into the identity lies that were the cause of the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, as we provide some documentation related to the Rwandan tragedy.
Through the lines that follow, we will try to see through some historical facts which reinforces the negative image of this language and its speakers and propose appropriate solutions throughout the country, especially in the province of North Kivu.
So many studies on the conflicts of the East, often address topics that do not sufficiently emphasize the linguistic facade of the problem but place too much importance on military, economic and diplomatic remedies as effective solutions to put an end to the disorders that tear Province. We believe that these kinds of prescriptions are not enough and that it is time to add other supplements necessary to build a society truly safe from "criminal ethnicity" as is the case today.

This study is focused on the soil morphological and physico-chemical characteristics of soils influenced by the topographical factor in Savanna area. It was carried out along three toposequences in Gogbala area of Korhogo Department, Northern Côte d'Ivoire. Soil samples were collected at each topographic unit, namely, upper slope positions, mid slope positions and bottom slope positions. Samples collected were air-dried, crushed and sieved in a 2 mm sieve preparatory to laboratory analysis. The results showed that Cambisols are the dominant soils in the study area; these are characteristic soils of reddish brown (2.5YR 4/6) to yellowish brown (10YR 4/2) at the upper and mid slope positions, and grey (10YR 5/1) at the lower slope positions. These are well drained soils whose genesis is considered to have been predominantly influenced by climate in which they occur. The profiles are weak fine granular transformation and evident changes in soil structure, color and clay content. They are dominated by sandy loam textures. Organic matter and N, available P, Exchangeable Ca, Mg contents, CEC are in the range of low to medium values. The pH values of the samples are acid (pH < 6). Fertility is low. Therefore, to perform agricultural managements in Gogbala area, decision-makers should take into soil morphological and physico-chemical characteristics consideration, suggest the need of integrated nutrient management with addition of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in the land units.

At the heart of organizations, Human Resources Management brings together a set of diverse and diverse practices aimed at making the most of human capital. Among these practices is internal mobility. This study aims to demonstrate the influence of the management of internal mobility on the individual performance of executives in companies. Data was collected through participant observation, literature search, questionnaire and interviews. The questionnaire, the main instrument for collecting data, was administered to 99 executives from different entities of the target organization. The data were then analyzed from Pearson's bivariate correlations and revealed that the perception of the practice of internal mobility influences individual performance of executives. Thus, the introduction of better management practices for internal mobility of managers would lead to a higher level of performance on their part.

Côte d’Ivoire is the first world producer of cocoa beans and represents 42 % of the world offer. A current reduction of the production is due to numerous constraints and particularly, to diseases and vermin of cacao tree. Documentation dedicated to cacao tree’s enemies in the Centre-West region of Côte d’Ivoire is almost non-existent while this region is the second main cacao zone production. Our study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the impact cacao tree’s enemies. Three sites of plantations were choosed because of their degraded sanitary state and their easy access for a better follow-up. In 25 squares of 4 m aside, after the floristic inventory, the degree of attack was evaluate by direct observation on each tree. 343 trees were observed and 8 enemies were identified. The strongest infestations are Brown rot, other mushrooms and Mosses (77 - 90%), Swollen shoot (> 50%) and Ants (> 50%). The Swollen shoot and the Brown rot which establish the most alarming enemies on the economic aspect are strongly favored by the proximity with other enemies. These results could serve as reference for control diseases in the cacao plantations and sustainable production.

Background: Excess weight (EW) a public health problem in First Nations living on the reserves of British Columbia (BC). EW is a multifactorial condition involving biological, genetic, cultural and environmental and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. We hypothesize that age is a risk factor of excess weight in that population. The objective of this study was to determine whether age is an important factor to be considered in interventions aiming to prevent or manage excess weight, specifically obesity.
Method: A cross-sectional study on data collected in 2008 and 2009 through a research study named “First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study” (FNFNES), aiming to document the nutritional status and exposure to contaminants in Canadian First Nations communities living south of the 60th parallel. Three level’s random sampling: province, communities and households. 493 women and 356 men aged 19 years and over were randomly selected from households in 20 communities. The statistical analysis software (SAS 9.1) was used to carry out univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis.
Results: Association between excess weight and age was observed only in women. As compared to reference age group (19 – 30years), obesity was increased 2.2 times in the 31 to 50 years age category and 4.2 times in the 50 to 70 years category. Similar trend was observed for overweight which augmented 1.06 and 1.28 times respectively in the 31 to 50 years and 51 to 70 years categories. No association was observed in men.
Conclusions: EW was associated to age in the FN women. In men, although no significant association was seen between the two variables, the prevalence of EW increased with age in bivariate analysis. Policies aiming reduction of excess weight should be implemented in early life, in childhood, for a healthier and safer adulthood.

Introduction: Nutritional status of children is influenced by dietary. Better dietary diversity helps ensure intake of essential nutrients especially for growing school-aged children. The aim of this study was to assess both the nutritional status of school children in Ibanda and Nyantende health districts, as well as the level of consumption and of dietary diversity score in their household.
Methods: in a cluster cross-sectional survey, the present study examined nutritional status, through weight-for-age (WA), height-for-age (HA) and weight-for-height (WH) and dietary diversity score of 750 school children aged 6 to 12 years old. Dietary diversity scores were assessed based on frequency of consumption of individual food items categorized into 7 individual food groups.
Dietary diversity was appraised with two types of indices: a dietary diversity score (DDS) based on the number of food categories consumed over a week and a weekly food frequency score (WFFS) which also takes into account the frequency of food intake
Dietary diversity scores were assessed based on frequency of consumption of individual food items categorized into 7 individual food groups.
Results: Chronic malnutrition is still a public health problem in school-aged children in all studied children, 35.9% of children aged 6 to 12 years were stunted (H/A

The use of synthetic pesticides may present a danger to humans and the environment, to the point that the research of an alternative to these chemicals is necessary. The present study, aimed finding new natural molecules that may replace synthetic chemicals, looked at the effect of the ethanolic extract of B.grandiflora bark on eight seed-borne phytopathogenic fungi. The results of this study showed that C. lunata and C. dematium are the most sensitive to the ethanolic extract. This attests the presence of fungicidal or fungistatic substances in B. grandiflora bark. These results show that the ethanolic extract contains active molecules which, once fractionated, could constitute an alternative in the fight against phytopathogenic fungi. These preliminary results open up the possibility of using the bark of B. grandiflora for the production of a natural fungicide. Bioguided fractionation and phytotoxicity tests will identify the most active and non-toxic fractions which could be use in seed protection.

The purpose of this study was to validate the psychometric properties of the scale on the work organization in the hospital developed by the National Agency for Support to the performance of health and medical establishments (ANAP) through the implementation of exploratory and confirmatory analyzes. All these analyzes were performed using SPSS 17 software and Amos. The technique of weighted least squares estimation (Weighted Least Square) from the correlation matrix has been used to evaluate the model. The final results propose four factors (collective work, help at work, organizational and informational change, pace constraints and activity peaks). This provides a factorial appropriate structure and acceptable confirmatory evidence.

Real public health problem, cancer is one of the pathologies that mobilize the entire scientific community. The conception of effective drugs against this pathology has become a challenge for all actors in research.
Some molecules such as makaluvamines have shown important anticancer properties. These molecules belong to the family of alkaloids generally active in charged forms. The purpose of our work is to determine the protonation or methylation sites, relative stability and reactivity potential of some makaluvamines by a quantum chemistry method.
B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) theory level is used for all the calculations done. Firstly, we have estimated the gas phase basicity (GB) and proton affinity (PA) for the different heteroatoms of the molecules. Secondly, electronic energies, enthalpies of formation and free enthalpies of formation calculation permitted us to deduce the relative stability of the different forms of studied makaluvamines. Thirdly, Fukui functions, chemical softness and hardness, chemical potential and electrophilia index calculation lead us to the analysis of the reactivity.
The results obtained permit us to identify the preferred site of protonation / methylation, to show that the charged forms are more stable and more reactive than the neutral forms.