if women are left out of this movement, how universal can the laws of the Enlightenment be

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1792 "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"

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reminding people that this new universalism was leaving people out

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that these universal claims were disguises for creating new patterns of social stratification which did not include everybody as equals

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beyond the boundaries of Europe

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"man" turned out to be a very varied creature which put strains on the "universal" claims of the Enlightenment

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people become increasingly associated with skin color

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an effort was increasingly made to catalog people, to organize people in the Americas and people from parents with different colored skin and from different continents, inventing a category for every sort of mix of people:

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the Casta Paintings

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create new demographic categories

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Indios (Amerindians)

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Mestizos (mixed Amerindian and White)

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Castizos (White with some Mestizo)

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Cholos (Amerindian with some Mestizo)

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Pardos (mixed White, African, and Amerindian)

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Mulatos (mixed African and White)

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Zambos (mixed Amerindian and African mix)

People:

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

Eighteenth-century English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights, best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book

she argued that women were not naturally inferior to men, but appeared to be so only because they lack education

she suggested that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason

she died at the age of thirty-eight, ten days after giving birth to her second daughter, an accomplished writer herself, as Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein

Spelling Corrections:

perfectable ⇒ perfectible

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Portuguese Indian Ocean Empire

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16th and 17th Century Merchant Trading Companies

17th Century Interdependence of Trade and Investment

Francis Drake and Mercantilist Wars

The Apex and Erosion of the Mughal Empire

The Treaty of Westphalia as the Hinge of Modern History

The Influence of Silver on the Ming Dynasty

Political Reverberations of Ming Consolidation

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18th Century Tea Trade, Leisure Time, and the Spread of Knowledge

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