The welfare implications of large litter size in the domestic pig II: management factors

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Abstract

Increasing litter size has long been a goal of pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) breeders and producers in many countries. Whilst this has
economic and environmental benefits for the pig industry, there are also implications for pig welfare. Certain management interventions
are used when litter size routinely exceeds the ability of individual sows to successfully rear all the piglets (ie viable piglets
outnumber functional teats). Such interventions include: tooth reduction; split suckling; cross-fostering; use of nurse sow systems and
early weaning, including split weaning; and use of artificial rearing systems. These practices raise welfare questions for both the piglets
and sow and are described and discussed in this review. In addition, possible management approaches which might mitigate health
and welfare issues associated with large litters are identified. These include early intervention to provide increased care for vulnerable
neonates and improvements to farrowing accommodation to mitigate negative effects, particularly for nurse sows. An important
concept is that management at all stages of the reproductive cycle, not simply in the farrowing accommodation, can impact on piglet
outcomes. For example, poor stockhandling at earlier stages of the reproductive cycle can create fearful animals with increased likelihood
of showing poor maternal behaviour. Benefits of good sow and litter management, including positive human-animal relationships,
are discussed. Such practices apply to all production situations, not just those involving large litters. However, given that
interventions for large litters involve increased handling of piglets and increased interaction with sows, there are likely to be even
greater benefits for management of hyper-prolific herds.