Semester 1 Timeline Project

Main

Dante

Petrarch

-Father of Humanism
-Italian scholar and Poet, one of the first Humanists
-first to develop the "dark ages"

Avignon Papacy "Babylonian Captivity"

1309 - 1377

-increase in papal taxes
-reputation of materialism and political scheming and gave reformers new ammunition
-sold indulgences to get family and themselves out of Purgatory

Boccaccio

1313 - 1375

-Humanist
-author and a Poet
-probably Italian since he was italian

John Wycliffe: Lollards

1320 - December 1384

church shouldnt hoard $, they should be poor, PERSONAL MERIT OVER RANK

Hundred Year's War

May 1337 - October 1453

Noblemen trying to gain more power from the king. Actually strengthened king and weakened nobles

Black Death

1348 - 1350

not just the bubonic plague
emergence of "middle class" artisans got $ b/c people wanted
luxious items
population decreased drastically

Golden Bull

1356

-Seven member electoral college -> Holy Roman Emperor

Jacquerie

1358

peasants rose up in many regions in a series of bloody rebellions

John Huss

1369 - 1415

Followers: Hussites
most famous intellectual and preacher
won audience of the Council of Constance
Hussites significant religious reforms and control over
Bohemian Church from the Council of Basel

The Great Schism

1378 - 1417

2 popes: 1 in Rome, 1 in Avignon---> Charles V elected new pope
that lives in Avignon

Witch Hunts

1400 - 1700

-about 100,000 people killed as "witches"
-magic, (women cast spells...It was REAL!), peasants not conforming to Christianity (pagan traditions), economic issues, misogynistic attitude, and the Reformation were all reasons for these hunts

Start of Spanish Empire

1402 - 1975

-Chritopher Columbus discovered the New World
-reached peak of political and economic power
-global power

Council of Constance

1414 - 1417

asserted supremacy and elected a new pope (Martin V)
Regular meetings (5-->7-->10 years)

Early Exploration o Sp. and Portugal

1419 - 1507

-for Atlantic Ocean exploration
-portugal and spain are explored during this time

Printing Press

1447

-invented by Johann Guttenburg before they died in 1468 in the HRE
-spread Humanism, Eramus and Luther's books

Commercial Revolution

1450

-Went through the 17th century
-shift focus away from the Eng. Industrial Rev

Erasmus

1466 - 1536

-many novels banned
-northern Humanist

Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain)

1469

-Ferdinand r. 1479-1516
-Isabella r. 1574-1504
-once married (1469) their countries allied and they were stronger

Copernicus

1473 - 1543

-Heliocentric
-built on Aristotle's ideas
-On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres Published 1543

Henry VIII rule

Reformation

Protestant reformation. Started in Holy Roman Empire (free cities) and Switzerland (has money) because of the printing press and humanism

95 Thesis

1517

-posted his greivances to start discussion and ended in making a religion

Luther- 95 theses

October 31, 1517

greivances, starts discussion (common practice), didn't intend on starting a religion...at first. He was angered by the selling of indulgences

Mannerism: until the Baroque

1520 - 1580

in years of High Renaissance, influenced and reacted to naturalism

Diet of Worms

April 1521 - March 1522

presented his views before them, but he thought it would go against the Scripture. only go to Bible. denied the infallibility of the pope (pope makes mistakes). This made him an "outlaw" to secular and religious authority. Translated old Testament into German

German Peasant Revolts

1524 - 1525

revolted against landlords...Luther condemned them as "un-Christian", princes to crush revolt

William of Orange

1533 - 1584

-A.K.A. William the Silent
-main leader of the Dutch revolt
-set off eight years' war

Machiavelli's The Prince

1537

-Published in 1537 (5 years after his death).
-Written to enlighten people on what he thought an appropriate leader would be for their country/principality

Mary Stuart's execution

1542 - 1567

-she had her head cut off using the guillitine
-A.K.A. Mary Queen of Scots

Bacon

French Wars of Religion

1562 - 1598

Huguenots and Catholics
balance of Power between Bourbons and Hapsburgs

Shakespeare

1564 - 1616

-Codeified English language

James I of England

1567 - 1625

-first monarch of england from the house od Tudor
-fought with Parliament --> a factor of the English Civil War(ECW)
- his son tried to rule the way he did and it caused the ECW and then his son was executed at the end of the war

Dutch Revolt and revolt in Span. Netherlands

1568 - 1648

-Pacification of Ghent:
-Netherlands and Holland agreed religious toleration and
to ally against Spain and fight with each other
-Union of Utrecht:
-William of Orange united 17 provinces in Union of Utrecht
-Duke of Alba: one of the leaders in the revolt
-Duke of Parma: another Leader in the revolt

Kepler

1571 - 1630

-When Brahe dies, he took his data to support Kepler's idea of a helio-centric universe
-Discovered with Brahe-s data that planetary orbitals are elliptical not circular
-wrote The New Astronomy

Saint Batholomew's Day Massacre

August 24, 1572

Coligny and 3,000 fellow Huguenota were buthered in Paris, a total of approximately 20,000 Huguenots were killed in France

Baroque Art

1580

-"Fancy" art found in palaces and castles of the rulers
-scenes from the Bible
-religious and secular ends

Hobbes

1588 - 1679

-Leviathon 1651
-about English Civil War
-in the state of nature, man is evil and selfish
-thought Absolue government was best
-rights taken away -> gov't pretects you from yourself

Spanish Armada

1588

Defeated by Eng., 1/3 of the Spanish didnt return

Henry IV of France

1589 - 1610

royal absolutism, limited power of parlements, assinated, monpoly on gunpowder, mines, and salt

Decline of Gothic Art...

1590

Consumer Revolution

1590 - 1750

-about 200 years
-products and goods consumed by individuals of different economic and social backgrounds
-allowed everyone to buy similar products as those of upper
and middle class people

Louis XIV

1643 - 1715

-A.K.A. Sun King or Louis the Great
-cheif minister Mazarin
-took rule after his death
-France was leading European power and they fought three major wars: Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg and the War of the Spanish Succession
-France was in debt already and they became even more in debt b/c of the funding of the wars

Dutch Golden Age

1648

-trade, science, military, and art were all improved in this time period

Agricultural Revolution

1650 - 1850

-helped drive the industrial revolution
-innovative farm productions that led to scientific and mechanized agriculture
-enclosure method: rotate crops every couple years or so, it allows the land to refertilize which allows the crops to grow better
-low countries are netherlands and Germany

Robert Walpole

1650 - 1700

Royal Society of London

1660

-Investigate Natural Philosophy...happening in societies, not the universities
-Margaret Cavendish: Only woman allowed to go to the meetings in the societies

Newton's Principia Matematica

july 5 1687

-first published on this date
-has Gravitational laws, Kepler's planetary motin laws, etc -> one of the most important scientific books in history

Voltaire1694

1694 - 1778

-Candide
-French Enlightentment writer, philosopher and historian

end of Witch hunts

1700

-spread of science
-state got involved
-society became orderly

War of Spanish Succession

1701 - 1714

-Charles II died w/o direct heirs power went to Philip of Anjou --> Philip V of Spain
-Eng., Holland & HRE= Grand Alliance to balance all power
-Fr. went to war w/ inadequate finances
-Fr. made peace w/ Eng. at Utrecht in 1713, and holland march 1714 at rastatt

Act of Settlement in Great Britian

1701

-settle succession english and irish crowns for the granddaughter of James I and he protestant heirs

Neoclassicism and Rococo

1710 - 1750

-"Fancier" then Baroque (Rococo)

-many neoclassical painters used scenes of heroism and self-sacrifice

Neoclassicism and Rococo

1710 - 1770

-Rococo "fancier" than baroque
-many neoclassical painters used scenes of heroism and self-sacrifice

Charles the VI of Austria

1711 - 1740

-Pragmatic Sanction:
-didn't have a male heir
-made sure his daughter would be able to take over the
throne after he died

Rousseau

1712 - 1778

-idea of General Will
-Emile 1762
-"best and most important of all my writings"
-Social Contract 1762
- man is born free

Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia

-Considered an enlightened despot
-attacked Austria and claimed Sliesia for Prussia
-Prussia has an outstanding army
-nephew had to take over after he died b/c he didn't have a son

Maria Theresa of Austria

1740 - 1780

-daughter of Charles VI
-pragmatic sanction made for her to have rule

Industrial Revolution

1750 - 1850

-Spinning Jenny: 1765 invented by James Hargreaves, 16 spindles of thread to be spun at a time -> end of cuentury it was able to operate 120 spindles
-Water Frame: invented by Richard Arkwright, water powered device designed of purely cotton fabric
-Steam Engine: perfected by James Watt 1769 but invented by Thomas Newcomen, portable source of industrial power, used in mines to pump water out of the coal and tin mines

Seven Years' War

1756 - 1763

-France and Prussia against Great Britian and Austria -> Great Britian and Prussia against France and Austria....Hapsburgs and Bourbons working with each other...france was weak they had troops in new world
-Ended by Treaty of Paris (balanced power of France and Spain, GB got more power)

Diplomatic Revolution

1756

-reversal of the long standing alliances in the war of Austrian Succession

Wollstonecraft

1759 - 1797

-Vind. of Rts. of Women published 1792
-argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, we are
less educated

Catherine The Great

1762 - 1796

-Enlightened despot
-had to give power to the nobles so she could stop the peasant revolts

Joseph II of Austria

1764 - 1790

-Enlightened despot
-had no sons so hs younger brother took over after he died

Malthus

1766 - 1834

-Principle of Population published anonimously in 1798
-Iron Law of Population