It is generally easy to obtain historic temperature, rainfall and snowfall
information for specific locations in the US. In addition to these
basic variables, it is sometimes possible to obtain other weather
information including humidity and winds. Some stations have hourly
data available though most have daily and monthly only. The places
to check are:

There are six regional climate centers in the US. Each provides
climate information that is relevant to that particular part of the
country. They are more likely to have esoteric information not
available at NCDC

Almost all states in the US have a state climatologist. They
will have access to local climate records, especially those related
to weather events. Some states even have webpages where you can
obtain information and data.

They have links to the webpages of many of their local offices.
These vary widely in what they provide and are worth checking
out.

Global station
data

These are harder to obtain and some countries don't
even give out their data for free. NCDC maintains data files for
daily and monthly
station data. Global extremes can be found here.
Canadian climate
data is available from the CMC. There are also available global
gridded datasets (computer model and/or observation) which have
values most regions. A good starting point for this data is the NOAA server data
search page.

Wind:
This is harder to get. The
National Climate Data Center has wind data for some stations.
In addition, they sometimes list severe wind events in their report
on severe and unusual weather. The NRCS has wind roses
available for select cities throughout the US that show
typical wind directions and speed by month.
Additional sources might be a local
NWS office,
local airports and local newspapers.

Short-term weather forecasts are available through the National
Weather Service. Long-term
climate forecasts are also available including forecasts of
temperature, precipitation and other variables for time periods of
one or more months in the future. A list of El
Niño forecasts is available from the PMEL El Niño
theme page.