A study released Sunday by UN Women India and Landesa, a global NGO working to improve land rights for women and men, finds that despite their time spent working in orchards, cotton fields, and rice paddies, women rarely inherit the land that has sustained them and which they have sustained.

The survey of more than 1,400 women and 360 men in agricultural districts with large numbers of women farmers in three Indian states, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh, found that just one in eight women whose parents own agricultural land inherit any of it.

This is the case even though, in 2005 the government of India amended its inheritance laws to ensure daughters enjoyed equal rights to inherit their parent's land and property.

In fact, the research found that women's inheritance is so rare that two-thirds of the women surveyed didn't know of any female who had inherited land from her parents.

One in four women don't know that they have a right to inherit family land and the overwhelming majority don't know the basic details of their legal rights in this regard - for example only 18 percent of women were able to correctly identify who is entitled to inherit land from fathers.

Just as worrisome, about half of the women reported that religious leaders do not recognize daughters' right to inherit parental land and almost the same number said that these rights are not recognized by Panchayat (local government) officials or by their communities.

This has significance far beyond intra-family squabbles over divvying up the family fortune. It is fundamental to India's rural development and progress on a host of development indicators.

Simply, if women farm the land but don't own it, they are little more than migrant laborers tilling fields owned by others. Without legal control over the land, or any documentation that they have rights to the ground they farm, they can't access institutional credit, such as bank loans. And they can't take advantage of agricultural extension programs, such as government offers of subsidized seeds and fertilizers. All of this stymies agricultural development.

It also limits agricultural production. This doesn't just mean women have fewer tools for climbing out of poverty, it can also mean that their children are stuck there too: Researchers have found that women direct more of their income than men towards their children's education and nutrition.

Women who own land tend to use the profits from it to improve the fortunes of their children, which has been found to reduce poverty and child mortality, and broadly improve children’s education and health.

Recognizing the critical importance that women's land rights play in their economic empowerment and families' ability to climb out of poverty, India acted in 2005 to give sons and daughters equal rights to inheriting family land and property. The passage of the Hindu Succession Act Amendment at the time was heralded as an important step forward for India's women.

The study published Sunday, the first in-depth assessment of the impact of the 2005 amendment, indicates that many women have yet to benefit from the legal changes.

But it also found signs of progress. In Andhra Pradesh, where women gained equal inheritance rights more than 20 years ago thanks to a progressive state law, rates of land inheritance among were significantly higher than the other two states surveyed.

Thirty-four percent of women in the Andhra Pradesh sample had either inherited parental land or expected to as compared to 8% in Bihar and 7% in Madhya Pradesh.

Deep cultural biases, the study found, often prevent women from asserting their right to inherit. In fact, a majority of the women interviewed said they did not want to inherit land from their parents.

Why would women adopt a position so obviously at odds with their own self-interest?

The answer is: tradition. Indian tradition dictates that sons inherit family property. To ask for her share, many women fear, would cause conflict within the family. That fear is well founded given that about half of men surveyed consider it wrong for women to inherit their parents' land.

Many local officials are equally opposed to daughter's inheritance of family property.

In May 2012, for example, local authorities in Jind district in Haryana banned married women from seeking a share in parental property, according to local media reports. Local officials decreed, "Every married girl will have to part with her share of parental land and hand it over to her brothers. If she has no brother, she will give it to other family members at her parental home. If a woman violates the diktat, she will face social boycott and have to pay a fine." Any villager who dared to purchase land from a married woman, the officials declared, would be ostracized.

Women need to know their rights. Families, communities, and authorities need to be aware of and support those rights, and women need to be able to exercise their rights without alienating their family members or becoming pariah.

There are a host of models India can draw on to help address this issue including legal aid programs, improved training for local government officials, and a promising new pilot project that is helping some of the country's poorest girls understand their rights to inherit land and use the land to stay in school and break the cycle of extreme poverty.

The women of India who so diligently labor in the fields should inherit property not poverty.

This blog originally appeared in the Wall Street Journal's India Real Time section.

Ashok Sircar is director of programs, India, and Diana Fletschner is senior director of research, monitoring and evaluation at Landesa, a global development nonprofit that works to secure land rights for the world's poor. Follow us @Landesa_Global.

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