URI

Abstract

During listening comprehension, the identification of individual words can be strongly influenced by properties
of the preceding context. While sentence context can facilitate both behavioral and neural responses, it is unclear
whether these effects can be attributed to the pre-activation of lexico-semantic features or the facilitated integration
of contextually congruent words. Moreover, little is known about how statistics of the broader language
environment, or information about the current speaker, might shape these facilitation effects. In the present
study, we measured neural responses to predictable and unpredictable words as participants listened to sentences
for comprehension. Critically, we manipulated the reliability of each speaker’s utterances, such that individual
speakers either tended to complete sentences with words that were highly predictable (reliable speaker) or with
words that were unpredictable but still plausible (unreliable speaker). As expected, the amplitude of the N400 was
reduced for locally predictable words, but, critically, these context effects were also modulated by speaker
identity. Sentences from a reliable speaker showed larger facilitation effects with an earlier onset, suggesting that
listeners engaged in enhanced anticipatory processing when a speaker’s behavior was more predictable. This
finding suggests that listeners can implicitly track the reliability of predictive cues in their environment and use
these statistics to adaptively regulate predictive processing.