The Encyclopedia of New York State[1] lists only Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Allegany, and Steuben Counties as part of the Southern Tier, with anything east of that being considered Central New York. Other definitions define it as comprising the combined Corning-Elmira-Binghamton Metropolitan Statistical Areas, which includes Steuben, Chemung, Tioga and Broome Counties but not Chautauqua, Cattaraugus or Allegany, which are considered Western New York.

The New York State Division of Local Government Services presently classifies the following fourteen counties as members of the Southern Tier: Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Chenango, Cortland, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Schuyler, Steuben, Tioga, and Tompkins.[2] This definition corresponds to the same 14 counties in New York State that are members of the Appalachian Regional Commission formed in 1963.

In virtually all contexts, the Southern Tier is considered a part of the broader Upstate New York region.

The Southern Tier is generally hilly without being mountainous (with the exception of the Catskill mountains). This can range from low rolling hills to more steep and rugged cliffs and valleys. Both the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers flow through the Southern Tier in their upper reaches, as does the Allegheny River in the western Southern Tier.

The Southern Tier makes up the northernmost portion of Appalachia and lies on the Allegheny Plateau. It is defined on its western boundary by the Chautauqua Ridge in Chautauqua County, and including this ridge and extending eastward across the northern bounds of the region, the continental divide between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watersheds exists. The Eastern Continental Divide runs directly through the region, in Steuben County.

The Southern Tier has long been home to the people of the Iroquois Confederacy. There were major settlements along the Allegheny River in Cattaraugus County (which the Senecas acquired by defeating the Wenrohronon during the Beaver Wars in 1638), at Painted Post in Steuben County, at what is today the northeast side of Corning, New York. The Seneca Nation has a reservation today along the Allegheny River and a headquarters at Salamanca. There are also Indian lands (with no current Indian residents) on Cuba Lake in Allegany County.

The colonies that eventually became the states of New York, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania all laid claim to the Southern Tier at various points in the 17th and 18th Centuries, while not making any significant attempt to settle the territory.

The region was quickly settled by whites after the Revolutionary War, when settlers were again allowed west of the Appalachian divide. The Southern Tier shared in the economic growth of the early 19th century, but its hilly terrain made it less suitable to canal-building, and later, railroading, than the more level corridor to the north between Albany and Buffalo. There was an attempt at a Genesee Valley Canal in the western half, and in the eastern half, the Chemung and Chenango Canals did connect the Erie Canal to Elmira and Binghamton respectively. Beset by financial and technical difficulties, the latter two canals nonetheless were important catalysts for economic growth, and indeed for the construction of the railroads that would supplant them. Plans to connect these canals to the Pennsylvania Canal system, thus making them much more than feeders to the Erie Canal, never came to fruition.

Railroads did arrive and the Erie Railroad, which followed the water-level of the Allegheny, Susquehanna and Delaware watersheds accelerated industrial progress in the region about the time of the American Civil War. The railroad and available fuel from the region's dense forests attracted Corning Glass Works to Steuben County in 1868.

The region became home to prosperous farms and small factory towns (with the exception of larger Binghamton) during the first half of the 20th century. But declines in U.S. manufacturing hit the region hard and it suffered even more than other parts of upstate New York and northern Pennsylvania.

The region's addition to the Appalachian Regional Commission, often credited to the influence of U.S. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, provided economic stimulus over the last 40 years. Government funds built the Southern Tier Expressway, highway links to the New York State Thruway, encouraged the growth of state colleges at Wellsville, Alfred and Binghamton and sought with mixed success to attract business interests relocating from the New York Metropolitan Area and urban Western New York.

For two decades, the region has tried to remake itself as a tourist destination and relocation area for retirees from big Northeastern cities. Meanwhile, agriculture and manufacturing struggle to compete regionally and globally.

Amtrak currently does not serve the area. Proposals for high-speed rail in New York have included a route from Binghamton to New York City through Scranton, Pennsylvania, a route that could at least partially be upgraded for high-speed rail. As of 2011, the highest priority for high-speed rail projects in New York is in the Empire Corridor, of which no part crosses the Southern Tier. The hilly terrain of the Southern Tier's I-86 corridor is not ideal for high-speed rail service, especially compared to the relatively flat and straight land in the Empire Corridor.

Government services are the largest employer in the area. Of second and declining importance is manufacturing. The region's manufacturing economy has suffered for decades, but factories are found in the region's larger communities. Fortune 500 materials maker Corning Inc. is headquartered in Steuben County. Broome County has a large high-tech industry, and is the birthplace of IBM and flight simulation. In addition, other factories in the region make military aircraft, televisions, furniture, metal forgings and machine tools.

The area includes the northern extent of the Marcellus Formation and natural gas. Crude oil and oil sands continue to be extracted from Southern Tier wells as they have for over a century.[3][4] There is significant debate about allowing hydraulic fracturing of the Marcellus Shale in the Southern Tier, which is currently banned in New York.

Cummins engine company has a large production facility located in Jamestown, NY. The Jamestown Engine Plant, established in 1974, is one of the top five heavy-duty diesel engine producers worldwide with production in recent years typically exceeding 100,000 engines annually. The JEP also remains one of the company's largest manufacturing facilities, as it accounts for 12 percent of Cummins' total engine production in 2012.[5]

Agriculture is also a major part of the economy. Leading products are dairy, vegetables, orchard fruit and wine grapes (the last of which typically grows only on the fringes of the Southern Tier, as the inland areas tend to not have a long enough growing season to support it). In addition, two prominent microbreweries, the Southern Tier Brewing Company in Lakewood, New York and the Ellicottville Brewing Company in Ellicottville, operate in the western Southern Tier.

The western and northern edges of the Southern Tier are known as ski country, and the hilly terrain (that forms a continental divide known as the Chautauqua Ridge) is notorious for frequent and heavy lake effect snow. As a result, Ellicottville has become a "ski town" with both the Holimont and Holiday Valley resorts in the vicinity; the two resorts draw numerous tourists, particularly from Canada, for which U.S. Route 219 provides easy access. At its peak in the 1960s, over a dozen ski resorts resided in the Southern Tier, many in Cattaraugus County, before most of them closed due to various assorted causes by the 1980s.

Most of the Southern Tier is either served by the Elmira-Corning television market or the Binghamton television market. Cattaraugus and Allegany Counties are out of these stations' ranges, however, and are instead served by the Buffalo and Erie television markets. Two stations (more-or-less independent WVTT-CD and Retro Television Network owned-and-operated translator W30BW) serve the Olean area. Companies that own stations in at least two of the four markets that serve the Southern Tier include Lilly Broadcasting, Vision Communications, and Nexstar Media Group.

^"Appalachian Regional Commission Overview". State of New York. Division of Local Government Services. Retrieved 2009-05-16. The Appalachian portion of New York State ("Appalachian New York"), contains the following fourteen counties: Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Chenango, Cortland, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Schuyler, Steuben, Tioga and Tompkins. This region is most commonly known as New York's "Southern Tier."

1.
Deep South
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The Deep South is a cultural and geographic subregion in the Southern United States. Historically, it is differentiated from the Upper South as being the states most dependent on plantation-type agriculture, the Deep South was also commonly referred to as the Lower South or the Cotton States, for their production of cotton as the primary commodity crop. Today, the Deep South is usually delineated as being those states, the seven states that seceded from the United States before the firing on Fort Sumter and the start of the American Civil War, and were the first to form the Confederate States of America. Ultimately the Confederacy included eleven states, in order of secession they are, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The first six states to secede were those that held the largest number of slaves, a large part of the original Cotton Belt. Some of this is coterminous with the Black Belt, originally referring to areas of Alabama and Mississippi with fertile soil. The term came to be used for much of the Cotton Belt, though often used in history books to refer to the seven states that originally formed the Confederacy, the term Deep South did not come into general usage until long after the Civil War ended. Up until that time, Lower South was the designation for those states. This was the part of the South many considered the most Southern, later, the general definition expanded to include all of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and often taking in bordering areas of East Texas and North Florida. Houston is the largest city of the Deep South region and they sometimes served as overseers on plantations. Georgia -1,132,184 out of 3,009,484 people identified as English, making them 37. 62% of the states total. Mississippi -496,481 people out of 1,551,364 people identified as English, making them 32. 00% of the total, the largest national group by a wide margin. Florida -1,132,033 people out of 5,159,967 identified English as their only ancestry group, making them 21. 94% of the total. Louisiana -440,558 people out of 2,319,259 people identified only as English, making them 19. 00% of the total people and the second-largest ancestry group in the state at the time. Those who wrote only French were 480,711 people out of 2,319,259 people, or 20. 73% of the total state population. Texas -1,639,322 people identified as English only out of a total of 7,859,393 people, making them 20. 86% of the people in the state. These figures to do not take into account people who identified as English, when the two were added together, people who self identified as being of English with other ancestry, made up an even larger portion of southerners. South Carolina was settled earlier than those states commonly classified as the Deep South, the map to the right was prepared by the Census Bureau from the 2000 census, it shows the predominant ancestry in each county as self-identified by residents themselves

2.
Binghamton, New York
–
Binghamton /ˈbɪŋəmtən/ is a city in, and the county seat of, Broome County, New York, United States. It lies in the states Southern Tier region near the Pennsylvania border, in a valley at the confluence of the Susquehanna. Binghamton is the city and cultural center of the Binghamton metropolitan area. The population of the city itself, according to the 2010 census, is 47,376. From the days of the railroad, Binghamton was a crossroads and a manufacturing center, and has been known at different times for the production of cigars, shoes. IBM was founded nearby, and the simulator was invented in the city, leading to a notable concentration of electronics-. This sustained economic prosperity earned Binghamton the moniker of the Valley of Opportunity, however, following cuts made by defense firms after the end of the Cold War, the region has lost a significant portion of its manufacturing industry. The city was named after William Bingham, a wealthy Philadelphian who bought the 10,000 acre patent for the land in 1786, then consisting of portions of the towns of Union, significant agricultural growth led to the incorporation of the village of Binghamton in 1834. The Chenango Canal, completed in 1837, connected Binghamton to the Erie Canal and this growth accelerated with the completion of the Erie Railroad between Binghamton and New York City in 1849. With the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad arriving soon after, several buildings of importance were built at this time, including the New York State Inebriate Asylum, opened in 1858 as the first center in the United States to treat alcoholism as a disease. Binghamton incorporated as a city in 1867, and due to the presence of several homes, was nicknamed the Parlor City. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many moved to the area. During the 1880s, Binghamton grew to become the second-largest manufacturer of cigars in the United States, however, by the early 1920s, the major employer of the region became Endicott Johnson, a shoe manufacturer whose development of welfare capitalism resulted in many amenities for local residents. An even larger influx of Europeans immigrated to Binghamton, and the working class prosperity resulted in the area being called the Valley of Opportunity, in 1913,31 people perished in the Binghamton Clothing Company fire, which resulted in numerous reforms to the New York fire code. Major floods in 1935 and 1936 resulted in a number of deaths, the floods were devastating, and resulted in the construction of flood walls along the length of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers. During the Second World War, growth and corporate generosity continued as IBM, along with Edwin Links invention of the flight simulator in Binghamton, IBM transitioned the region to a high-tech economy. Other major manufacturers included Ansco and General Electric, until the Cold War ended, the area never experienced an economic downfall, due in part to its defense-oriented industries. The population of the city of Binghamton peaked at around 85,000 in the mid-1950s, post-war suburban development led to a decline in the city population, as the towns of Vestal and Union experienced rapid growth

3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

5.
Upstate New York
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Upstate New York is the portion of the American state of New York lying north of New York City. The region includes most of the state of New York, excluding New York City and its environs, as well as Long Island, Upstate New York includes the major cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, and Syracuse. Before the American Revolutionary War, Upstate was populated by Native Americans, the region saw many battles between the Continental Army and the Iroquois, and several treaties drawn up after the war ceded much of the land to settlers of European descent. As a result, Upstate became a hotbed for manufacturing, giving birth to such firms as General Electric, IBM, Kodak, and Xerox, and it welcomed a large influx of immigrants. Since the mid 20th century, American de-industrialization has contributed to economic and population decline Upstate, unlike the New York metropolitan area, Upstate New York contains vast areas of rural land. As a result, Upstate also supports a strong industry, and is notable for its milk and dairy products, its fruit production. New York City is dependent on the resources of Upstate for a variety of services, including the citys water supply. The region is home to popular tourist and recreational destinations, including Niagara Falls, the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains. There is no official boundary between Upstate New York and Downstate New York. The broadest usage of the term Upstate New York excludes only New York City and Long Island, which are always considered to be part of Downstate New York. Another usage locates the Upstate/Downstate boundary further north, at the point where New York Citys suburbs segue into its exurbs, yet another definition uses the prior Census definition of the New York metropolitan area, which until 2010 included Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam Counties. This was the used by the plaintiffs in the federal redistricting case of Rodriguez v. Pataki. Residents of Upstate New York sometimes prefer to identify with a more specific subregion, a number of businesses and institutions in the area have Upstate as part of their name. The other regions of New York State are culturally and economically distinct from the New York City area, the states major metropolitan areas outside of New York City are Buffalo, Rochester, Albany-Schenectady-Troy, and Syracuse, each of whose population exceeds 500,000. The different regions of New York State are influenced by and have affinities with other adjacent regions, Western New York has cultural and economic ties to the other Great Lakes states as well as Southern Ontario. The Capital District, the Hudson Valley, the Mohawk Valley, the North Country, the extreme northern portion of the state, also has strong cultural, economic, linguistic and familial ties to Quebec and Eastern Ontario. Thus, Plattsburgh has close ties to its neighbors in the Montreal area as well as Vermont, much of New York State receives television and radio broadcasts from Canada and there are often other cross-border ties, both historical and familial. A similar relationship can be seen in Northern New England, the Hudson and lower Mohawk Valley has more in common dialectologically with western New England and New York City

6.
Allegany County, New York
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Allegany County is a county in the southern tier of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 48,946 and its name derives from a Delaware Indian word, applied by European-American settlers of Western New York State, to a trail that followed the Allegheny River and then used for the county. The county is bisected by the Genesee River, flowing north to its mouth on Lake Ontario, during the mid-nineteenth century, the Genesee Valley Canal was built to link southern markets to the Great Lakes and Mohawk River. The county was served by railroads, which soon superseded the canals in their capacity for carrying freight. Part of the Oil Springs Reservation, controlled by the Seneca Nation, is located in the county and this was for centuries the territory of the Seneca people, the westernmost nation of the Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee, a confederacy of Iroquoian languages-speaking peoples. European-American permanent settlement did not take place until after the American Revolutionary War, New York State sold off the lands cheaply to attract new European-American settlers and agricultural development. Allegany County was created by the legislature on April 7,1806 when Genesee County. The first County Seat was established at Angelica, New York where it remained for half a century and it was later moved to Belmont, a village located along the Genesee River. On March 11,1808, the borders were adjusted so that 230 square miles of Steuben County passed to Allegany County and this established the current border between Genesee and Steuben counties, and reduced the size of Allegany County to 1,200 square miles. However, on April 13,1814, the half of Cattaraugus County was so attached and administered from Belmont. This attachment was ended on March 28,1817, with continued settlement through the mid-nineteenth century, the legislature periodically adjusted county borders as new counties were organized in western New York. On March 23,1857, Allegany County lost another 40 square miles to Livingston County, passing the Ossian, New York area to Livingston County, and establishing the current border between them. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,034 square miles. Allegany County is in the part of New York State. Allegany County does not lie along the Allegheny River, as its name would suggest, the highest point in the county is Alma Hill, with an elevation of 2,548 feet above sea level. This is the highest point in the state west of the Catskill Mountains, the highest point of Interstate 86 is located in the Town of West Almond with an elevation of 2,110 feet. This is also believed to be the highest point of any interstate in the New York, the southwestern part of the County flows into the Allegheny River that flows into the Ohio and then to the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico. In June 1972 the remnants of Hurricane Agnes stalled over the area, flooding took place in the valley communities of Wellsville, Belmont, Belfast and others in the county

7.
Broome County, New York
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Broome County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 200,600 and its county seat and largest city is Binghamton. The county was named in honor of John Broome, who was lieutenant governor in 1806 when Broome County was established, Broome County is part of the Binghamton, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. The current county executive is Jason T. Garnar, Broome County is also home to Binghamton University, one of four university centers in the SUNY system. When counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683 and this was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County. In 1791, Tioga County split off from Montgomery County, along with Herkimer, Tioga County was at this time much larger than the present county and included the present Broome and Chemung Counties and parts of Chenango and Schuyler Counties. In 1798, Tioga County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Chemung County, in 1806, the present-day Broome County was split off from Tioga County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 716 square miles. Broome County is located in south-central New York, directly north of the border with Pennsylvania in a section of the called the Southern Tier. The Chenango River joins the Susquehanna River, which flows through the county, the western half of the county is hilly but has wide valleys that accommodate Binghamton and its suburbs. In the northern portion Interstate 81 takes advantage of another glacial valley, to the east, however, the terrain becomes much more rugged as the land tilts up to the Catskills. The highest elevation is a U. S. National Geodetic Survey benchmark known as Slawson atop a hill in the Town of Sanford. It is approximately 2087 feet above sea level, an area due east on the Delaware County line in Oquaga Creek State Park also lies within the same elevation contour line. The lowest point is 864 feet above sea level, along the Susquehanna at the Pennsylvania state line, the population density was 284 people per square mile

8.
Cattaraugus County, New York
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Cattaraugus County is a county in the western part of the U. S. state of New York, with one side bordering Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 80,317, the county seat is Little Valley. The county was created in 1808 and later organized in 1817, Cattaraugus County comprises the Olean, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY Combined Statistical Area. Within its boundaries are the Allegany Indian Reservation of the Seneca Nation of New York, the Allegheny River runs through the county. The largely unsettled territory was the homeland of the now-extinct Wenrohronon Indians and later occupied by the Seneca people. When counties were established in the province of New York in 1683 and this was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. On March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County, one of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County is represented in the 21st century by 37 counties of New York, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled across the Niagara Frontier into modern day Ontario and this replaced the name of the hated British governor. In practice, however, these counties did not cover modern Cattaraugus County or Western New York, the newly independent United States sought to extinguish native reserves after the British ceded their territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes to the United States. This included Iroquois territory in New York, the four nations that had been allies of the British mostly relocated to Ontario, Ontario County was split from Montgomery County in 1789 as a result of the establishment of the Morris Reserve. In turn, Genesee County was split from Ontario County in 1802 as a result of the Holland Purchase and this period was the beginning of more significant European-American settlement of this western territory. Shortly afterward, Genesee County was reduced in 1806 by the creation of Allegany County, Cattaraugus County was formed in 1808, split off from Genesee County. At first there was no county government due to the sparse population, from 1812 to 1814, Cattaraugus County was incorporated in Allegany County, from 1814 to 1817, records of the county were divided between Belmont and Buffalo. The name Cattaraugus derives from a Seneca word for bad smelling banks, in 1817, a county government was established for Cattaraugus County in the southwestern corner of the town of Hebe, now Ellicottville. Numerous towns in the county are named after agents of the Holland Land Company, including Ellicottville, Franklinville, the first settlement in the county was in Olean. After 1860, the county seat was moved to Little Valley, south of Salamanca, New York, a small city located within the reservation, is Allegany State Park, which is contiguous with the Allegheny National Forest in Pennsylvania

9.
Tioga County, New York
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Tioga County /taɪˈoʊɡə/ is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 51,125 and its name derives from an American Indian word meaning at the forks, describing a meeting place. Tioga County is part of the Binghamton, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, in 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting-off of Ontario County. Tioga County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery County in 1791, tioga County was at this time much larger than the present county, also including the present Broome and Chemung counties and parts of Chenango and Schuyler counties. In 1806 it was reduced by the splitting-off of Broome County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 523 square miles. Tioga County is located in southwest New York State, west of Binghamton, the Susquehanna River flows into Pennsylvania from this county. The county is considered part of the Southern Tier region of New York State, the highest elevation is an unnamed 1, 994-foot hill in the countys northern corner. The population density was 98 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 9% White,0. 7% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 3% from other races, and 1. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 4% of the population, as of the census of 2000, there were 51,784 people,19,725 households, and 14,320 families residing in the county. The population density was 100 people per square mile, there were 21,410 housing units at an average density of 41 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 52% White,0. 54% African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 57% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 21% from other races, and 0. 92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 98% of the population,16. 6% were of German,16. 4% English, 14% Irish,9. 6% Italian, 5% Polish and 4% Dutch ancestry according to Census 2000. 96. 9% spoke English and 1. 6% Spanish as their first language,22. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 3.04. In the county, the population was out with 27. 00% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,28. 80% from 25 to 44,24. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 97.60 males

10.
Chautauqua County, New York
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Chautauqua County is the westernmost county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 134,905 and its county seat is Mayville, and its largest city is Jamestown. Its name is believed to be the surviving remnant of the Erie language, a tongue lost in the Beaver Wars, its meaning is unknown. The county was created in 1808 and organized in 1811, Chautauqua County comprises the Jamestown-Dunkirk-Fredonia, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is located south of Lake Erie and includes a portion of the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca. Most of Chautauqua County was held by the Erie people prior to the Beaver Wars in the 1650s, french forces traversed the territory beginning in 1615. Chautauqua County was organized by the legislature during the development of western New York after the American Revolutionary War. It was officially separated from Genesee County on March 11,1808 and this partition was performed under the same terms that produced Cattaraugus and Niagara counties. The partition was done for political purposes, but the counties were not properly organized for self-government, on February 9,1811, Chautauqua was completely organized, and its separate government was launched. This established Chautauqua as a county of 1,100 square miles of land, Chautauqua has not been altered since. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,500 square miles. Chautauqua County, in the corner of New York State. Chautauqua Lake is located in the center of the county, part of the Eastern Continental Divide runs through Chautauqua County. This divide, known as the Chautauqua Ridge, can be used to mark the border between the Southern Tier and the Niagara Frontier. It is also a significant dividing point in the countys geopolitics, with the North County being centered on Dunkirk, the lowest point in the county is Lake Erie, at 571 feet, and the highest point is Gurnsey Benchmark at 2180 feet. The population density was 132 people per square mile, there were 64,900 housing units at an average density of 61 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 04% White,2. 18% Black or African American,0. 43% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 73% from other races, and 1. 23% from two or more races. 4. 22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race

11.
Chemung County, New York
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Chemung County is a county in the southern tier of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 88,830 and its name is derived from a Delaware Indian village whose name meant big horn. Chemung County comprises the Elmira, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Elmira-Corning. Many signs posted along roads in Chemung County refer to the area as Mark Twain Country, because the author lived. For the history of Chemung County prior to its creation by partition, see Tioga County, Chemung County was formed from 520 square miles of Tioga County in 1836. In 1854, Chemung County was divided and 110 square miles became Schuyler County, reducing Chemung to 410 square miles, in the late 1870s, the Greenbacker Party became prominent in Chemung and nearby counties in western New York. Here it was allied with labor in a critique of capital, reaching its peak in 1878, the year following the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. There were also strikes that year in Albany, Syracuse and Buffalo and it gradually declined after that, due to internal dissension and the strength of the two major parties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 411 square miles. Chemung County is in the part of New York State, along the Pennsylvania border. The Southern Tier Expressway runs through the County east-west near the Pennsylvania border, the population density was 223 per square mile. There were 37,745 housing units at a density of 92 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 96% White,5. 82% Black or African American,0. 23% Native American,0. 78% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 75% from other races, and 1. 44% from two or more races. 1. 77% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,16. 4% were of German,15. 7% Irish,12. 5% English,11. 8% Italian,7. 8% American and 6. 3% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000. 96. 2% spoke English and 1. 6% Spanish as their first language,27. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 2.97. Age distribution was 24. 40% under the age of 18,8. 80% from 18 to 24,28. 30% from 25 to 44,22. 90% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 97.70 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.30 males

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Delaware County, New York
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Delaware County is a county located in the US state of New York. As of 2010 the population was 47,980, the county is named after the Delaware River, which was named in honor of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, appointed governor of Virginia in 1609. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present area of Delaware County was divided between Albany and Ulster Counties. Albany County was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County. In 1791, Otsego was one of three counties that were split off from Montgomery, Delaware County was formed in 1797 by combining portions of Otsego and Ulster counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,467 square miles. It is the fifth-largest county in New York by land area, Delaware County is located in the southern part of the state, separated from the state of Pennsylvania by the Delaware River. It is east of Binghamton and southwest of Albany, the county contains part of the Catskill Mountains. The county is within a region called the Southern Tier of New York State, the highest point is an approximately 3, 520-foot summit of Bearpen Mountain along the Greene County line. The lowest point is along the Delaware River, the county is drained by the headwaters of the Delaware. It has a surface, and the soil in the valleys is exceedingly fertile. The Delaware and Susquehanna rivers are navigable by boats. The population density was 13/km², making it the least densely populated in the state outside of the Adirondacks, there were 28,952 housing units at an average density of 20 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 44% White,1. 18% Black or African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 53% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 53% from other races, and 0. 99% from two or more races

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Steuben County, New York
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Steuben County /stuːˈbɛn/ is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 98,990 and its name is in honor of Baron von Steuben, a German general who fought on the American side in the American Revolutionary War, though it is not pronounced the same. Steuben County comprises the Corning, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Elmira-Corning. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Steuben County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery County in 1789 to form an area much larger than the present Ontario County. Steuben County, much larger than today, was split off from Ontario County in 1796, in 1823 a portion of Steuben County was combined with a portion of Ontario County to form Yates County. Steuben County was further reduced in size in 1854 when a portion was combined with portions of Chemung and Tompkins counties to form Schuyler County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,404 square miles. Steuben County is in the part of New York State. The population of Steuben County according to the 2000 U. S. census was 98,726, the county is in the Southern Tier region of New York State. The population density was 71 people per square mile, there were 46,132 housing units at an average density of 33 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 43% White,1. 36% African American,0. 27% Native American,0. 90% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 21% from other races, and 0. 81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 81% of the population,18. 6% were of German,15. 2% English,14. 4% American,13. 6% Irish and 8. 3% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 96. 5% spoke English and 1. 3% Spanish as their first language,27. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older

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Corning (city), New York
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Corning is a city in Steuben County, New York, United States, on the Chemung River. The population was 11,183 at the 2010 census and it is named for Erastus Corning, an Albany financier and railroad executive who was an investor in the company that developed the community. The city of Corning is at the edge of the town of Corning. The city is the headquarters of Fortune 500 company Corning Incorporated, formerly Corning Glass Works and it is also home to the Corning Museum of Glass, which houses one of the worlds most comprehensive collections of glass objects from antiquity to the present. The museum houses the Rakow Library, one of the major glass research centers. The citys other major attraction is the Rockwell Museum. It contains an important collection of Western American painting and sculpture assembled over the past 40 years by Robert F. and Hertha Rockwell. The city has been cited several times by American Style magazine as one of the top small city arts destinations in the U. S. – most recently in June 2010. Many of the events and historic landmarks in the city are in Cornings Gaffer District. Corning Country Club annually hosted the Corning Classic, a stop on the Ladies Professional Golf Association tour, the city has commercial air service available at Elmira/Corning Regional Airport in the nearby town of Big Flats. It is also home to the 2006 New York State Class A Football Champions, in 2003, Charles R. Mitchell and Kirk W. House produced Corning, a historic photo book in Arcadia Publishings Images of America series. Photos were drawn from the archives of the Corning-Painted Post Historical Society, in 2013, Rand McNallys list of best small towns in America named Corning the Most Fun town out of all the lists finalists. In 2008, the City of Corning banned public water fluoridation, in 2006, the city council approved public water fluoridation. In 2007, a petition had been launched by local resident Kirk Huttleston which became known as Proposition 1, Proposition 1 passed the ban by a close vote of 1,287 to 1,222 according to unofficial results. The first settlement in the town of Corning was made near the site of the city in 1796. The community was set apart from the town as a village in 1848, Corning was incorporated as a city in 1890. The Corning areas first real industry was lumber, the first settlers used the areas river systems to transport logs and finished lumber in fleets downstream to buyers. This gave rise to large mills which helped to develop the area, rafting of lumber began to wane as timber was depleted

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Elmira, New York
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Elmira /ˌɛlˈmaɪrə/ is a city in Chemung County, New York, US. It is the city of the Elmira, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 29,200 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Chemung County. The City of Elmira is in the part of the county. It is in the Southern Tier of New York, a distance north of the Pennsylvania state line. This was long an area inhabited by indigenous people, in historic times, it was occupied by the Cayuga nation of the Iroquois Confederacy, also called the Kanawaholla. They had some relations with Europeans and English over fur trading, during the American Revolutionary War, the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 was mounted against the four Iroquois nations who had allied with the British and Loyalist forces. It fought a combined British-Iroquois force at the Battle of Newtown, south of the current city, in which Sullivan, after the conclusion of the war, the Iroquois and the new United States made a treaty at Elmira in 1791 to settle territorial disputes in the region. Most of the Seneca emigrated under pressure with the other Iroquois to Canada, the first European-American settler in Elmira was captain Abraham Miller of the Continental Army. He built a cabin after resigning just before the Revolutionary War, millers Pond and Miller Street are named after him and are near the location of his house. The New York legislature established the Township of Chemung, now Chemung County, the settlement of Newtown was soon established at the intersection of Newtown Creek and the Chemung River. In 1792, the settlement at Newtown joined with the Wisnerburg and DeWittsburg settlements to form the village of Newtown, in 1808, the village officially changed its name to the Town of Elmira, at a town meeting held at Teals Tavern. It is said the town was named after tavern owner Nathan Teals young daughter, in any case, the City of Elmira, also called The Queen City, was incorporated in 1864 from part of the town of Elmira and the village of Elmira. The remaining part of the town of Elmira exists still, surrounding the city on the west, north, the city and town share an intricately entwined history. Carpenters Family History book printed in 1898, Elmira is named after Major General Matthew Carpenters daughter and this occurred according to the book in 1821 at the constitutional convention which Matthew was a delegate to. In 1849, the New York and Erie Railroad was built through Elmira, in 1850, the Elmira and Jefferson Railroad gave the area a route north and the Elmira and Williamsport Railroad a route south in 1854. This made the city a prime location for an Army training, in 1872 the Utica Ithaca and Elmira Railroad was begun, eventually creating a route to Cortland and Syracuse via Horseheads, Breesport and VanEtten. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad was completed in 1884, the camp, in use from June 6,1864 until autumn 1865, was dubbed Hellmira by its inmates

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Hornell, New York
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Hornell is a city in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 8,563 at the 2010 census, the city is named after the Hornell family, early settlers. The City of Hornell is surrounded by Town of Hornellsville, Hornell is about 55 miles south of Rochester and is near the western edge of Steuben County. Hornell is nicknamed the Maple City after the large trees that once grew throughout the town. Hornell has the largest Saint Patricks Day parade and celebration in the area, bringing many out to welcome spring and it has also become a tradition that Mayor Shawn Hogan finds an innovative way of making his way down Main Street on this particular day. Hornell Municipal Airport is located a few north of the city on Route 36. The airport has a hard surface runway capable of landing small jets, what is now Hornell was first settled in 1790 under the name Upper Canisteo, to distinguish it from the community of Canisteo, then known as Lower Canisteo. The family of Benjamin Crosby were the first settlers in what is now Hornell, the area was incorporated as a town in 1820, as Hornellsville. The name comes from early settler George Hornell Jr, who built the first gristmill here, the City of Hornell was chartered in 1888 as the City of Hornellsville. The name was changed to Hornell in 1906, major flooding in 1935 put parts of the city under water, prompting the creation of a system of levees to prevent future serious flooding issues. The former city park, Union Park, was destroyed by the renewal of the 1970s. In 1950, Hornell had a population near 16,000 people and it had two radio stations, WWHG and WLEA, and three movie theaters, the Steuben and the Majestic, located on Broadway, and the Hornell, located on Main Street. The current mayor of Hornell is Democrat Shawn Hogan, who has held the position since January 1986, Hogan is the longest-serving current mayor in New York State. In 2009 Kirk W. House produced Around Hornell, a photo book in Arcadia Publishings Images of America series. Around Hornell also includes the rural communities of Canisteo, Dansville, Fremont, Hartsville, Hornellsville. The Hornell Armory, Hornell Public Library, Adsit House, Lincoln School, St. Anns Federation Building, the New York and Erie Railroad arrived in Hornell in 1850, which connected New York City and Dunkirk on Lake Erie via a Southern Tier route. Another route, the Buffalo and New York City Railroad, was added in 1852, for the next hundred years Hornell enjoyed prosperity with its steam engine shop doing the repairs for the entire Erie railroad line. In 1960 the Erie merged with the Lackawanna, and the Hornell repair shop was closed, the railroad then came upon hard times as trucking picked up more and more of the freight business

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Olean, New York
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Olean is a city in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. Olean is the largest city in Cattaraugus County and serves as its financial, business, transportation and it is one of the principal cities of the Southern Tier region of New York. The city is surrounded by the town of Olean and is located in the part of the county. The population was 14,452 at the 2010 census, Olean is located in southeastern Cattaraugus County at 42°4′57″N 78°25′51″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.2 square miles, of which 5.9 square miles is land and 0.27 square miles. The city is located where Olean Creek flows into the Allegheny River, New York State Route 417 passes east–west through the city and intersects New York State Route 16, a north–south highway. The first European in the area was possibly Joseph de La Roche Daillon, La Roche reported on the presence of oil near Cuba, the first petroleum sighting in North America. At that time the area was a part of the territory of the Wenrohronon or Wenro Indians, in 1643, the Wenro tribes became the first victims of a series of brutal conflicts known as the Second Beaver War. The area was first settled by Europeans around 1765, called by the Indian name Ischua, the surface is a hilly upland, separated into two distinct parts by the valley of the Allegheny. The highest points are 500 to 600 feet above the valley, originally the entire territory of the county of Cattaraugus was called the Town of Olean, formed March 11,1808. As population allowed, the county was split in half and the top half was called Hebe, and was taken off in 1812, a part of Perrysburgh in 1814, then Great Valley in 1818. Hinsdale formed in 1820, and Portville in 1837, leaving the current boundary of Olean that lies upon the line of the county. The area remained populated until 1804, when Major Adam Hoops acquired the land. Hoops was a surveyor and Revolutionary War veteran, and was connected with Robert Morris. Along with Morris, Hoops became involved with the Holland Land Company and this was a time of great western expansion into places like Ohio and Indiana. Since neither canals nor railroads had become widespread by this point, the Allegheny River was a major transportation route. Hoops believed that a city could be created at the confluence of the Allegany and one of its tributaries. Hoops received title to 20,000 acres from the Holland Land Company in 1804, Hoops brother Robert came to the site and built the first permanent structure near todays Forness Park, calling the area Hamilton in honor of Alexander Hamilton

18.
Salamanca, New York
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Salamanca is a city in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States, located inside the Allegany Indian Reservation, one of two governed by the Seneca Nation of New York. The population was 5,815 at the 2010 census and it was named after José de Salamanca, a Spanish nobleman and cabinet minister of the mid-19th century. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.24 square miles, of which 5.99 square miles is land and 0.24 square miles. Salamanca is located within the Allegany Indian Reservation of the Seneca Nation of New York, the city population of about 5,800 is about 17% Native American, this does not include Seneca people living in the adjacent hamlets of Jimerson Town and Kill Buck. The city lies along the Allegany River and is adjacent to Allegany State Park, the Southern Tier Expressway pass south of the city, as do U. S. Route 219 and New York State Route 417. Salamanca serves as a hub for bus service in the area. Coach USA, Fullington Trailways, the Seneca Transit System, hemlock was later renamed West Salamanca and was eventually incorporated into the single city of Salamanca. The city was incorporated in 1913, at one time the city was a thriving railroad hub, with the Erie Railroad, the Baltimore & Ohio, and the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway all having facilities there. Generations of Salamanca residents worked for the railroads, and much of the housing was built for them by the railroads. The Salamanca Rail Museum was opened in the former BR&P depot in 1984 to house the archives, under the nations policy, non-Seneca residents are barred from owning real property on the reservation, and non-Senecas can only lease the property from the Seneca Nation. As arranged by the railroads, the leases had nominal payments and covered only the land. Numerous people living in the city did not agree on the amount of payments or the legitimacy of the Senecas absolute ownership claim. The controversy aroused bitterness, lawsuits, and appeals to government officials, despite the lack of ownership, leased land held by non-Senecas is subject to property tax, which the lessee must pay to the city, Cattaraugus County, and the Salamanca City Central School District. Seneca-owned land is exempt under the Treaty of Buffalo Creek, the city has a council-mayor system, with the mayor elected at-large and five trustees selected from wards. Michael R. Smith is the mayor-elect, having defeated Joel Talbot in the November 2016 elections, between 2004-05 and 2009-10, State aid for the City, including casino revenues, increased by an average annual rate of nearly 50 percent. Salamanca’s average annual expenditure increases on debt service, general government, transportation, utilities and this was attributable to revenues from the Seneca Allegany Casino. The Seneca Nation opened a casino in Salamanca in May 2004. About 1,000 new jobs were created by the casino operation, under the arrangement with the state, a 25% share of the casinos revenue goes to the city and county, which they can use for needed projects

19.
Dunkirk, New York
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Dunkirk is a city in Chautauqua County, New York, in the United States. It was officially incorporated in 1880, though it was first settled around 1805, the population was 12,563 as of the 2010 census, with an estimated population of 12,328 in 2013. Dunkirk is bordered on the north by Lake Erie and it shares a border with the village of Fredonia to the south, and with the town of Dunkirk to the east and west. Dunkirk is the westernmost city in the state of New York and they were pushed out by the Seneca people, one of the Five Nations of the powerful Iroquois League, based here and further east in New York. The European-American demarcation and settlement of Chadwick Bay and subsequent naming of Dunkirk - after Dunkirk in France - began in earnest in 1826, the Dunkirk Lighthouse at Point Gratiot was built soon after and still stands. Dunkirk served as a railroad hub and steamship port on Lake Erie into the early 1900s. Both freight and passenger ships traveled the lakes, the city thrived as a steel town for Roebling and others through the 1950s. In addition, it was a leader with Plymouth Tube. Its coal-burning Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation plant provided power for the region, since the 1970s, population has declined following a regional drop in manufacturing as the steel industry and other restructured. Overall employment has declined in the area, beginning in the 1980s, the city refocused its economic efforts on revitalizing its pier and fishing, to improve the quality of life for residents and attract more tourists. In addition, in 2016 it attracted a high-tech drug manufacturing project as part of related to the state project of area investment called the Buffalo Billion. Dunkirk lies on the shore of Lake Erie and is 45 miles southwest of Buffalo. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.6 square miles, of which 4.5 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 12,563 people,5,477 households, the population density was 2,774.6 people per square mile. There were 6,071 housing units at a density of 1,340.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 65. 70% White,5. 1% Black or African American,0. 52% Native American,0.50 Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,9. 14% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26. 40% of the population,33. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the family size was 3.02

20.
Jamestown, New York
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Jamestown is a city in southern Chautauqua County, New York, in the United States. The population was 31,146 at the 2010 census, situated between Lake Erie to the northwest and the Allegheny National Forest to the south, Jamestown is the largest population center in the county. Nearby Chautauqua Lake is a water resource enjoyed by fishermen, boaters. Chautauqua Institution is approximately 17 miles away, offering music, theater, products developed in Jamestown include the crescent wrench and automatic voting machines. Jamestown is named after James Prendergast, an early Chautauqua County settler and his family purchased 3,500 acres in 1806, in the area now known as Chautauqua County. James Prendergast explored the area that is now Jamestown, Prendergast saw the area to be valuable, and so he purchased 1,000 acres of land in the area in 1808. In the fall of 1809, Prendergast and an employee, John Blowers built a log cabin, another log cabin as well as mills and a dam were built on the Chadakoin River later on. In 1855, Nightwatch was created for the purpose of looking out for fires, Jamestown was incorporated into a village in 1827 and incorporated into a city on April 19,1886. Oscar F. Price was elected as the first mayor of the city on April 13,1886, James Murray was appointed to be the first Chief of Police and would lead a force of six police officers. In 1887, Jamestown Electric Light and Power Company, Art Metal, in 1888, Jamestown Woolen Spinning Co. established, cornerstone of Holy Trinity Lutheran Church laid. In 1889, the American Aristotype Co. was established, the first electric trolley car in Jamestown made its appearance in 1890. In 1891, a fire destroyed the Old Homestead Hotel at Third and Pine Streets, James Prendergast Library and the Municipal Light Plant were established the same year. In 1892, Chautauqua Worsted mills was formed, in 1893, Jamestown Veneer Works was started by Nathan Wilson and Jamestowns first ice cream company started making Collins Ice Cream. In 1895, the cornerstone of City Hall was laid and the City Council decided to lay no more wooden sidewalks, eleazer Green is elected mayor the same year. In 1896, Empire Worsted Mills was formed, in 1898, Chautauqua Towel Mills was opened. In 1899, Henry H. Cooper was elected mayor, in 1900, Tinkham Brothers established their business, the Furniture Index was published, and the Hall Textile Corporation was formed. In 1903, Jamestown purchased a system and the J. P. Danielson Tool Co. was organized. In 1906, James L. Weeks was elected mayor, in 1907, the Crescent Tool Company was started by Karl Peterson and Charles F. Falldine

21.
Vestal, New York
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Vestal is a town within Broome County in the Southern Tier of New York, and lies between the Susquehanna River and the Pennsylvania border. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,043, Vestal is on the south border of the county and is west and southwest of Binghamton. Vestal is home to Binghamton University which draws visitors to the town through its entertainment, the university adds thousands of students to the town and employs more than 3,000 faculty and staff. The first European settlers arrived in Vestal around 1785, the central area of Vestal, near Route 26 at Choconut Creek, was the site of an indigenous village of the Ochugnut tribe of the Tuscarora people. This campaign during the American Revolution was initiated following Indigenous predations against settlers and this hostile activity against settlers was encouraged by the British. However, some indicates that at least some of the indigenous people were actually Tuscarora - descendants of the Cherokee who fled from North Carolina after wars in 1711. This community was actually sympathetic to the American cause, siding against the rest of the Iroquois confederation, see Sullivan Expedition or external links for more information on the role of Upstate New York in this conflict. Following the war, several European families settled in the area near the town of Union, the town of Vestal was formed from the southern half of Union in 1823. The history of the town is related to its neighbors, Binghamton, Endicott. During the 20th century, Vestal served as a suburb to emerging industries in its area, such as Endicott Johnson Corporation, IBM. In 1955, Harpur College began to plan its current location in Vestal and this move was complete by 1961. The 387-acre site was purchased from Hazard Lewis Farms, a local dairy, founded as Triple Cities College of Syracuse University in Endicott, the college has become Binghamton University, the highest ranked public university in the Northeastern United States. The university adds 14,000 students to the population each school year. It is one of the best-sited and best equipped public observatories in the Northeast United States, vestals historic central business district is located along three blocks of Front Street, still lined with small shops. The Drovers Inn and Round Family Residence and Vestal Central School were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 52.6 square miles. 51.7 square miles of it is land, and 0.85 square miles of it is water, the town of Vestal is on the south side of the Susquehanna River. The Susquehanna River flows westward past Vestal to towns like Owego and Waverly in Tioga County, from there, the river bends southward into Pennsylvania through Wilkes-Barre and Harrisburg, eventually flowing into the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace, Maryland. The north town line is defined by the Susquehanna River, the west town line is the border of Tioga County, New York State Route 17 passes across the north part of the town and intersects north-south highway New York State Route 26 by the Susquehanna River

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Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time

23.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule

24.
Eastern Daylight Time
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time

25.
Area code 585
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Area code 585 is a state of New York telephone area code. It was created on November 15,2001, to serve the Rochester area, before this, Rochester used to share the 716 area code with Buffalo. By splitting off the Area code 716, it is now reduced to just Buffalo, aside from new area codes created in the New York City metropolitan area and Long Island,585 was the second new area code in New York since 1954, having been preceded by 845. The border of 585 area code roughly matches county lines which causes confusion where a ZIP code overlaps a municipal boundary, therefore, some ZIP codes have phone numbers in two area codes. Among these places, Arcade, Cuba, Akron, and Alden, a significant part of Ontario County uses 315. Part of the town of Farmington is north of the NY Thruway, genesee Livingston Monroe Ontario Orleans Wyoming Allegany Erie Wayne. com,585 Area Code

26.
Area code 716
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United States area code 716 is an area code that is used for the western corner of New York, including Buffalo, Niagara Falls and the surrounding area. The 716 area code was one of the set of area codes issued in October 1947. In 1954, area code 607 was created by splitting 716, in 2001, the new area code of 585 was created for the Rochester area. Until 1993, it was bounded over the Niagara River by area code 416 in Ontario, the Buffalo 716ers basketball team are named for the telephone area code. Erie County Cattaraugus County Chautauqua County Niagara County Because of Oleans proximity to the 716/585 line, List of New York area codes List of NANP area codes North American Numbering Plan NANPA Area Code Map of New York

27.
List of regions of the United States
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This is a list of some of the regions in the United States. Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau region definition is widely used … for data collection and analysis, the ten standard federal regions were established by OMB Circular A-105, Standard Federal Regions, in April,1974, and required for all executive agencies. In recent years, some agencies have tailored their field structures to meet needs and facilitate interaction with local, state. However, the OMB must still approve any departures and these twelve Federal Reserve Banks together form a major part of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. Boston New York Philadelphia Cleveland Richmond Atlanta Chicago St and its jurisdiction is nationwide, but based on subject matter. The Bureau of Economic Analysis defines regions for comparison of economic data and it is used for data collection on refining petroleum and its products. Each PADD is subdivided into refining districts,1, West Virginia along with counties of Pennsylvania and New York State not mentioned above. North Louisiana-Arkansas, Arkansas and parts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama not mentioned above, the EIA has updated the PADD system with a complimentary set of regions to reflect this and will change it to suite current needs. There are also a number of unofficial regions in Connecticut with no regional government. g. Nielsen Designated Market Area The Nine Nations of North America Political divisions of the United States United States territory Vernacular geography U. S, library of Congress Map of the US Regions

28.
Downstate New York
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The Downstate region, like Upstate New York, is divided into several subregions, New York City and Long Island. The Downstate region contains the largest population concentration in the state, unlike Upstate, the two regions differ culturally and socially in terms of demographics, economy, and social patterns. The New York State Department of Transportation defines its Downstate Region as including Dutchess and Orange counties, like most other regions, there is no definitive or permanent boundary between Upstate and Downstate New York. One official usage of the term is by the State University of New York system in the name of their southernmost medical school, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, located in East Flatbush, the New York State Department of Transportation also uses the term

29.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

30.
Long Island
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Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick

31.
Hudson Valley
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The Hudson Valley comprises the valley of the Hudson River and its adjacent communities in the U. S. state of New York, from the cities of Albany and Troy southward to Yonkers in Westchester County. In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a cut during previous ice ages. To the west lie the extensive Appalachian highlands, in the Tappan Zee region, the west side of the river has high cliffs produced by an erosion-resistant diabase, these cliffs range from 400–800 feet in height. The Hudson Valley is one section of the larger Ridge-and-Valley province. The northern portions of the Hudson Valley fall within the Eastern Great Lakes, during the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier that pushed south as far as Long Island. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River, Lake Ontario is the remnant of that Lake. Large sand deposits remain from where Lake Iroquois drained into the Hudson, the first Dutch settlement was in the 1610s with the establishment of Fort Nassau, a trading post south of modern-day Albany, with the purpose of exchanging European goods for beaver pelts. Fort Nassau was later replaced by Fort Orange, during the French and Indian War in the 1750s, the northern end of the valley became the bulwark of the British defense against French invasion from Canada via Lake Champlain. The valley became one of the regions of conflict during the American Revolution. Part of the strategy of the British was to sever the colonies in two by maintaining control of the river. In 1797, the capital of New York was established permanently at Albany. Following the building of the Erie Canal, the became an important industrial center. The canal opened the Hudson Valley and New York City to commerce with the Midwest, however, in the mid 20th century, many of the industrial towns went into decline. The area is associated with the Hudson River School, a group of American Romantic painters who worked from about 1830 to 1870, a similar 30-mile stretch of the east bank in Dutchess and Columbia counties has been designated a National Historic Landmark. Tourism became an industry as early as 1810, as elite visitors frequented the mineral water at Ballston Spa. With convenient steamboat connections in New York City, and numerous hotels in romantic settings. Early guidebooks providing suggestions on their itinerary, middle-class people who read James Fenimore Coopers novels, or saw the paintings of the Hudson River School, were especially attracted. Hudson Valley Tech Valley is a name for the eastern part of New York State, including the Hudson Valley

32.
Capital District, New York
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The Capital District, also known as the Capital Region, refers to the metropolitan area surrounding Albany, the capital of the U. S. state of New York. With a population of 1,170,483, the Capital District is the fourth largest metropolitan region in the state, companies that have headquarters in Albany include CommerceHub and the Environment One Corporation. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. The Capital District was first settled by the Dutch in the early 17th century, Albany has been the permanent capital of the state of New York since 1797. The Capital District is notable for historical events that predate the independence of the United States, including the Albany Plan of Union. The term Capital District is commonly used to refer to the due to its location surrounding the state capital. This is similar to other districts throughout the world, all of which are associated with a respective capital city. Later, Schenectady was added to this district as well, the Capital District Recreation League, formed in 1816, proposed a Capital District Park to be roughly 8 miles from Albany, Cohoes, Rensselaer, Schenectady, Troy, and Watervliet. The location proposed was the area of the Shaker settlement, the park was never created, though in 1928 the location was used for Albany International Airport for the same reason of its central location to those suburbs. Capitaland, Metroland, and Tech Valley are nicknames sometimes used to refer to the Capital District, permanent European claims and settlement began in 1609 when Henry Hudson sailed north up the Hudson River in the name of the Dutch. During the same year, Samuel Champlain explored south down Lake Champlain, conflict soon ensued between the French and Dutch for control of the fur trade and both made alliances with different Native American tribes. In 1630, Kiliaen van Rensselaer founded the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, a Dutch patroonship in the area, in 1664 the English successfully conquered the Dutch while rivalry with the French continued. Through the Dongan Charter, Governor Thomas Dongan granted Albany the right to purchase 500 acres in Schaahtecogue and 1,000 acres at Tionnondoroge, arent van Curler founded Schenectady in 1662, Fort Saratoga was built at present-day Schuylerville in 1691, and Greenbush was settled in the 1620s. South of Albany, settlement occurred quickly at first, but slowed as growth on the frontier pushed people north and west of Albany and it was chartered as a city in 1785, becoming only the third city in the state. The French and Indian War saw several battles in the Capital District. In the end, the French were defeated, freeing the land for settlement to the west. During the American Revolution the area saw fighting and Fort Ticonderoga experienced notable action. The Battle of Saratoga, which place in the present-day town of Stillwater, is considered the turning point of the war

33.
Mohawk Valley
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The Mohawk Valley region of the U. S. state of New York is the area surrounding the Mohawk River, sandwiched between the Adirondack Mountains and Catskill Mountains. As of the 2010 United States Census, the counties have a combined population of 622,133 people. The region is a suburban and rural area surrounding the cities of Schenectady, Utica and Rome. The 5,882 square miles area is an important agricultural center, the Mohawk Valley is a natural passageway connecting the Atlantic Ocean, by way of the Hudson Valley with the interior of North America. During the 18th Century, the Mohawk Valley was a frontier of great political, military, almost 100 battles of the American Revolution were fought in New York State, including the Battle of Oriskany and defense of Fort Stanwix. A series of raids against valley residents took place during the war, the Erie Canal was completed in 1825 as the first commercial connection between the American East and West. In addition, many settlements of the Mohawk, Britains crucial Indian ally at the time of the war, were located in or near the valley, at the beginning of the war, the major British stronghold in the Mohawk corridor was Fort Oswego, located on Lake Ontario. The French captured and destroyed the fort after a siege in 1756. Although the French did not directly exploit this avenue of attack, the Mohawks of Mohawk Valley call themselves Kanienkehaka, and People of the Flint in part due to their creation story of a powerful flinted arrow. Among other things, the use of Mohawk Valley flint as Toolmaking Flint is only one attribution to the Mohawk Valley People of the Flint name. Furthermore, the border of Schoharie County with Montgomery County is very close to the Mohawk River. Montgomery County Amsterdam Canajoharie Fonda Fort Plain Fultonville Nelliston Palatine Bridge St, New York City, NY, Tom Doherty. Mohawk Valley is an important site in the video game Assassins Creed III published by Ubisoft, the game takes place during the Revolutionary War era and features an assassin tasked with playing a role in the history of early America. The Mohawk Valley has a preliminary to Miss New York and Miss America

34.
Central New York
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The total area of the above counties is 8,639 square miles, which is slightly smaller than New Hampshire. The region is served by television stations based in Syracuse. Note, Cortland County and Tompkins County are often considered part of the New York State region called the Southern Tier, Tompkins County, which features Ithaca at the end of Cayuga Lake, is also considered part of the Finger Lakes. Therefore, Tompkins County, Cortland County, Oneida County, only Onondaga County, Cayuga County, Oswego County and Madison County are always considered Central New York. During the early period, the Iroquois successfully excluded Algonquian tribes from the region. The Central New York Military Tract was located here, many towns derived from the tracts have classical names. Many Central New Yorkers pronounce elementary as /ɛləˈmɛntɛri/ instead of the General American pronunciations of /ɛləˈmɛntəri/ and /ɛləˈmɛntri/, the r-colored vowels in documentary and complimentary follow suit

35.
Finger Lakes
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The Finger Lakes is a group of 11 long, narrow, roughly north-south lakes in a region called the Finger Lakes region in Central New York, in the United States. This region is defined as a bioregion and is a popular tourist destination, the lakes shapes reminded early map-makers of human fingers, and the name stuck. Cayuga and Seneca Lakes are among the deepest in the United States and they are also the longest Finger Lakes, though neithers width exceeds 3.5 miles, Cayuga Lake is 38.1 miles long, and 66.9 square miles, the largest in total area. Oneida Lake is generally not considered one of the Finger Lakes and it is located in Appalachian hill terrain, with a historic village linked to other Finger Lakes by US20. It may have formed in the same manner as the Finger Lakes. The first is the Tully Valley, which includes a chain of lakes at the south end that could be a Finger Lake that never formed because of a terminal moraine. The moraine caused the Tioughnioga River to flow south instead of north, the next two valleys to the east contain Butternut Creek, which flows north, and the East Branch of the Tioughnioga River, which flows south. The next valley contains Limestone Creek, which flows north, the next valley after that contains Cazenovia Lake. Oneida Lake, to the northeast of Syracuse, New York, is included as the thumb, although it is shallow. Onondaga Lake, though located just north of the Finger Lakes region, is not considered one of the Finger Lakes, as with Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes, it drains into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. Conesus, Hemlock, Canadice, Honeoye, and Otisco are considered the minor Finger Lakes, other, smaller lakes, including Silver, Waneta, and Lamoka lakes, dot this region. East of Oneida and Cazenovia Lakes are the headwaters of the Susquehanna River, the 2, 000-acre muckland of a valley located in Potter, New York, which is part of Torrey Farms, was almost a 12th Finger Lake, as the waterline is just below the surface. It lies between Lakes Canandaigua and Seneca, and was once a swamp, the lakes originated as a series of northward-flowing streams. Around two million years ago, the first of many continental glaciers of the Laurentide Ice Sheet moved southward from the Hudson Bay area and these scouring glaciers widened, deepened, and accentuated the existing river valleys. Glacial debris, possibly terminal moraine left behind by the ice, acted as dams. The deep cutting by the ice left some tributaries hanging high above the lakes—both Seneca, much of the Finger Lakes area lies upon the Marcellus Shale and the Utica Shale, two prominent natural gas reserves. Due to the recent popularization of fracking technology, the gas is now available to extraction. The first direct actions and local actions against fracking occurred in the Finger Lakes bioregion

36.
Western New York
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Western New York is the westernmost region of the state of New York. It includes the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Niagara Falls, the suburbs, as well as the outlying rural areas of the Great Lakes lowlands, the Genesee Valley. One writer suggests Western New Yorks eastern border to be the Preemption Line, Western New York can also be defined as the area of the Holland Purchase and the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. The area is served by Buffalo and Rochester media markets. Western New York is in some contexts considered a sub-region of Upstate New York, Western New York has four sub-regions. One sub-region is the Greater Niagara Region, comprising Niagara, Erie, the second sub-region is the Genesee Region which derives its name from the Genesee River. This “sub-region” which includes Monroe, Livingston, Wayne, Orleans, Ontario and these two sub-regions share Genesee County. The mountainous southern regions of Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany counties make up a third sub-region known as Chautauqua–Allegheny Region and this portion of Western New York takes up most of the western New York counties along the New York–Pennsylvania border. Finally the fourth region is the western Finger Lakes Region which is Seneca, Steuben, Schuyler, a large portion of the Finger Lakes Region is not part of Western New York, but rather Central New York. However, the U. S. Census Bureau has classified the Buffalo, if it were counted as a state, the population of Western New York would rank as the 37th most populated state in the United States. Western New York has a continental climate heavily influenced by both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Winters are long and cold, often lasting from around mid-November to early April, there are often snows before and after that period, as well. Western New York is known for its lake effect snows, which can result in highly localized, sometimes intense, Lake effect storms are a result of cold air blowing over warm lake waters. Lake effect snows are usually most active between November and February and typically diminish when Lake Erie freezes over, generally, the heaviest amount of snow in Western New York during the winter falls near the southern end of Erie County. Spring and fall in Western New York are usually short and changeable, lost in its famed winters, Western New York summers are among the sunniest in the Northeast and are generally very pleasant. Thanks in part to breezes blowing over Lakes Erie and Ontario, most of Western New York enjoy generally cooler, Interstate System Interstate 90, also known as the New York State Thruway. Interstate 86 in the Southern Tier, Interstate 190 in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan area. Interstate 290 in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan area, Interstate 390 in the Genesee Valley region

37.
Administrative divisions of New York
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town

38.
List of counties in New York
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There are 62 counties in the state of New York. The original twelve counties were created immediately after the British takeover of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, although two of these counties have since been abolished. New Yorks counties are named for a variety of Native American words, British provinces, counties, cities, and royalty, early American statesmen and military personnel, and New York State politicians. The FIPS county code is the five-digit Federal Information Processing Standard code which uniquely identifies counties, the three-digit number is unique to each individual county within a state, but to be unique within the entire United States, it must be prefixed by the state code. This means that, for example, while Albany County, is 001, Addison County, Vermont, and Alachua County, Florida, are also 001. To uniquely identify Albany County, New York, one must use the code of 36 plus the county code of 001, therefore. The links in the column FIPS County Code are to the Census Bureau Info page for that county, five of New Yorks counties are each coextensive with New York Citys five boroughs and do not have county governments. They are, New York County, Kings County, Bronx County, Richmond County, in contrast to other counties of New York state, the powers of the five boroughs of New York City are very limited, and in nearly all respects are governed by the city government. Only a few officials are elected on a basis, such as the five borough presidents, district attorneys. There is no longer a separate Bronx Borough Hall, Brooklyn Borough Hall, the Federal Building and Post Office, and county Supreme Court are in Downtown Brooklyn. The Municipal Building, where the Manhattan Borough Presidents office is located, the General Post Office is in Midtown Manhattan. Queens Borough Hall and a courthouse are in Kew Gardens, another major courthouse, post office, and the Long Island Railroad hub are in Jamaica. Queens also has general post offices in Flushing, Long Island City, staten Island Borough Hall, three courthouses, and the St. George Terminal transportation hub are in the St. George neighborhood. List of former United States counties New York State City/County Management Association

39.
List of cities in New York
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This list of the 62 cities in New York State contains all municipalities incorporated as cities and also gives the primary county in which each city is located. Except for Sherrill, the cities are distinct from towns, geneva and New York City are the only cities in more than one county. Do not add or remove any municipalities from this list unless that place has changed its incorporation. The most populous and largest city by area in the state is by far New York, home to over 8.2 million people, the least populous city is Sherrill, with just 3,147 inhabitants in 2000. The smallest city by area is Mechanicville, which covers 0.91 square miles

40.
Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York
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The towns and cities of Downstate New York were created by the U. S. state of New York as municipalities in order to give residents more direct say over local government. From August 1673 to February 1674 New York was under Dutch control and English political units were suspended, York Shire was divided into three divisions called ridings, the East, West, and North ridings. Some early forms of government in earlier years included land patents with some rights, districts, precincts. It represents from which old town a new town was created. All municipalities are towns unless otherwise noted as patent, township, borough, district, all towns and cities in Kings County were annexed to the City of Brooklyn starting in 1854 with Bushwick and Williamsburgh and ending with the last remaining town- Flatlands in 1896. At that point the city of Brooklyn and Kings County were coterminous, in 1898 the city and county would be annexed to the city of New York as the borough of Brooklyn and remain Kings County. Oyster Bay was English territory from 1650, whereas the other towns received patents from the Dutch, East Hampton- from 1657-1664 Connecticut Colony. Southampton- from 1644-1664 Connecticut Colony, 1664-1673 Province of New York, southold- from 1640-1662 under the New Haven Colony, 1662-1664 Connecticut Colony

41.
Timeline of town creation in the Hudson Valley
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The towns and cities of the Hudson Valley were created by the U. S. state of New York as municipalities, in order to perform the services of local government. In 1683, prior to the creation of towns, the Province of New York was divided into twelve counties for administrative purposes by the Colonial Governor of New York. In the Hudson Valley, these divisions included Dutchess, Orange, Dutchess and Orange remained unorganized until 1713, with Dutchess administered from Ulster, Orange would be administered from New York County. Another change that occurred was the transfer of Dutchess Countys northern section, Greene County was formed in 1800 by the combination of the southernmost towns of Albany County with the northernmost towns of Ulster. The history of the towns of Greene and Columbia counties can be found at the Timeline of town creation in New Yorks Capital District, some early forms of government in earlier years included land patents with some municipal rights, districts, precincts, and boroughs. The following is a showing the creation of the current towns from their predecessors stretching back to the earliest municipal entity over the area. The timelines only represent which town a particular town was created from and do not represent annexations of territory to, all municipalities are towns unless otherwise noted as patent, township, borough, district, or city. In 1737 Dutchess was divided into seven precincts, six of which descended into the present towns of Dutchess County while the seventh became the progenitor of the towns of Putnam County, wiltwyck and Esopus were a dependency of the Village of Beverwyck prior to 1661. Dash lines are used for leading to the town of Olive from its antecendants only help in tracking those lines, no significance should be interpreted with the use of dash lines leading to the town of Olive. In 1863 the Orange County Board of Supervisors erected two new towns from part of Monroe, named Highlands and Southfield and this was declared overruled by the state legislature in 1865 and therefore those towns are not shown here

Deep South
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The Deep South is a cultural and geographic subregion in the Southern United States. Historically, it is differentiated from the Upper South as being the states most dependent on plantation-type agriculture, the Deep South was also commonly referred to as the Lower South or the Cotton States, for their production of cotton as the primary commodity

1.
The states in dark red compose the Deep South today. Adjoining areas of East Texas, and North Florida are also considered part of this subregion. Historically, these seven states formed the original Confederate States of America.

Binghamton, New York
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Binghamton /ˈbɪŋəmtən/ is a city in, and the county seat of, Broome County, New York, United States. It lies in the states Southern Tier region near the Pennsylvania border, in a valley at the confluence of the Susquehanna. Binghamton is the city and cultural center of the Binghamton metropolitan area. The population of the city itself, according t

2.
Former DL&W Station, part of the Railroad Terminal Historic District

3.
Parlor room at the Roberson Mansion

4.
Court Street, c. 1910

United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

1.
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

2.
Flag

3.
The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4.
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is

1.
British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.

2.
Flag

3.
1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia

4.
The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839

Upstate New York
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Upstate New York is the portion of the American state of New York lying north of New York City. The region includes most of the state of New York, excluding New York City and its environs, as well as Long Island, Upstate New York includes the major cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, and Syracuse. Before the American Revolutionary War, Upstate wa

1.
View of the Fulton Chain Lakes (4th Lake) in the Adirondack Park, from Bald Mountain.

2.
The Bear Mountain Bridge across the Hudson River, as seen from Bear Mountain. This region has been considered both Upstate and Downstate.

3.
Opening ceremony at Woodstock

4.
Whiteface Mountain, in the Adirondacks

Allegany County, New York
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Allegany County is a county in the southern tier of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 48,946 and its name derives from a Delaware Indian word, applied by European-American settlers of Western New York State, to a trail that followed the Allegheny River and then used for the county. The county is bisected by the

1.
Location in the state of New York

Broome County, New York
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Broome County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 200,600 and its county seat and largest city is Binghamton. The county was named in honor of John Broome, who was lieutenant governor in 1806 when Broome County was established, Broome County is part of the Binghamton, NY Metropolitan Statistical Are

1.
Broome County Courthouse

Cattaraugus County, New York
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Cattaraugus County is a county in the western part of the U. S. state of New York, with one side bordering Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 80,317, the county seat is Little Valley. The county was created in 1808 and later organized in 1817, Cattaraugus County comprises the Olean, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is in

1.
Entering Cattaraugus County on Interstate 86

2.
Location in the state of New York

Tioga County, New York
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Tioga County /taɪˈoʊɡə/ is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 51,125 and its name derives from an American Indian word meaning at the forks, describing a meeting place. Tioga County is part of the Binghamton, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, in 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by t

1.
Tioga County Courthouse

Chautauqua County, New York
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Chautauqua County is the westernmost county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 134,905 and its county seat is Mayville, and its largest city is Jamestown. Its name is believed to be the surviving remnant of the Erie language, a tongue lost in the Beaver Wars, its meaning is unknown. The county was created in 1

1.
Chautauqua County Courthouse in Mayville

Chemung County, New York
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Chemung County is a county in the southern tier of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 88,830 and its name is derived from a Delaware Indian village whose name meant big horn. Chemung County comprises the Elmira, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Elmira-Corning. Many signs posted along roa

1.
Chemung County Courthouse

Delaware County, New York
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Delaware County is a county located in the US state of New York. As of 2010 the population was 47,980, the county is named after the Delaware River, which was named in honor of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, appointed governor of Virginia in 1609. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present area of Delaware County was

1.
Delaware County Courthouse

Steuben County, New York
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Steuben County /stuːˈbɛn/ is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 98,990 and its name is in honor of Baron von Steuben, a German general who fought on the American side in the American Revolutionary War, though it is not pronounced the same. Steuben County comprises the Corning, NY Micropolitan

1.
Farmland in rural Steuben County

Corning (city), New York
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Corning is a city in Steuben County, New York, United States, on the Chemung River. The population was 11,183 at the 2010 census and it is named for Erastus Corning, an Albany financier and railroad executive who was an investor in the company that developed the community. The city of Corning is at the edge of the town of Corning. The city is the h

1.
Corning

3.
Rockwell Museum

4.
Market Street in Corning's Gaffer District.

Elmira, New York
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Elmira /ˌɛlˈmaɪrə/ is a city in Chemung County, New York, US. It is the city of the Elmira, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 29,200 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Chemung County. The City of Elmira is in the part of the county. It is in the Southern Tier of New York, a distance north of the Pennsylvania st

1.
Flag

2.
Location in Chemung County in the state of New York

3.
The Chemung River at Elmira

4.
First Arena in Elmira, New York.

Hornell, New York
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Hornell is a city in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 8,563 at the 2010 census, the city is named after the Hornell family, early settlers. The City of Hornell is surrounded by Town of Hornellsville, Hornell is about 55 miles south of Rochester and is near the western edge of Steuben County. Hornell is nicknamed the Maple

1.
Downtown Hornell

2.
Main Street, Hornell in the 1920s

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The 2011 Saint Patrick's Day parade in Hornell.

4.
Erie Railway shop in Hornell - aerial photo from 1971

Olean, New York
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Olean is a city in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. Olean is the largest city in Cattaraugus County and serves as its financial, business, transportation and it is one of the principal cities of the Southern Tier region of New York. The city is surrounded by the town of Olean and is located in the part of the county. The population was

1.
Olean, New York

Salamanca, New York
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Salamanca is a city in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States, located inside the Allegany Indian Reservation, one of two governed by the Seneca Nation of New York. The population was 5,815 at the 2010 census and it was named after José de Salamanca, a Spanish nobleman and cabinet minister of the mid-19th century. According to the United State

1.
Salamanca station for the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh, now the Rail Museum

Dunkirk, New York
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Dunkirk is a city in Chautauqua County, New York, in the United States. It was officially incorporated in 1880, though it was first settled around 1805, the population was 12,563 as of the 2010 census, with an estimated population of 12,328 in 2013. Dunkirk is bordered on the north by Lake Erie and it shares a border with the village of Fredonia to

1.
Aerial view of Dunkirk, facing north over Lake Erie

2.
NRG Energy Power plant along Lake Erie in Dunkirk

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Union Depot, Dunkirk, between ca. 1890 and ca. 1900

4.
Point Gratiot Lighthouse

Jamestown, New York
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Jamestown is a city in southern Chautauqua County, New York, in the United States. The population was 31,146 at the 2010 census, situated between Lake Erie to the northwest and the Allegheny National Forest to the south, Jamestown is the largest population center in the county. Nearby Chautauqua Lake is a water resource enjoyed by fishermen, boater

1.
Downtown Jamestown, view from Washington Street.

2.
Erie Railroad Station, 1909 postcard

3.
James Prendergast, Founder of Jamestown

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Prendergast Library, postcard circa 1901–1907

Vestal, New York
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Vestal is a town within Broome County in the Southern Tier of New York, and lies between the Susquehanna River and the Pennsylvania border. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,043, Vestal is on the south border of the county and is west and southwest of Binghamton. Vestal is home to Binghamton University which draws visitors to the town th

1.
Nature preserve at Binghamton University

2.
Retail along the Vestal Parkway

3.
Arnold Park in the Fall

Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT

1.
(farthest right pink)

UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after

1.
Behind (−)

Eastern Daylight Time
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT

1.
Area code 607 is shaded red; the rest of the state of New York is blue.

Area code 585
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Area code 585 is a state of New York telephone area code. It was created on November 15,2001, to serve the Rochester area, before this, Rochester used to share the 716 area code with Buffalo. By splitting off the Area code 716, it is now reduced to just Buffalo, aside from new area codes created in the New York City metropolitan area and Long Islan

1.
The blue area is New York State; the red area is area code 585.

Area code 716
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United States area code 716 is an area code that is used for the western corner of New York, including Buffalo, Niagara Falls and the surrounding area. The 716 area code was one of the set of area codes issued in October 1947. In 1954, area code 607 was created by splitting 716, in 2001, the new area code of 585 was created for the Rochester area.

1.
The blue area is New York State; the red area is area code 716

List of regions of the United States
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This is a list of some of the regions in the United States. Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau region definition is widely used … for data collection and analysis, the ten standard fede

1.
Kentucky's regions.

2.
U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions.

3.
Oregon's High Desert.

Downstate New York
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The Downstate region, like Upstate New York, is divided into several subregions, New York City and Long Island. The Downstate region contains the largest population concentration in the state, unlike Upstate, the two regions differ culturally and socially in terms of demographics, economy, and social patterns. The New York State Department of Trans

1.
New York metropolitan area (Downstate)

New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

1.
Clockwise, from top: Midtown Manhattan, Times Square, the Unisphere in Queens, the Brooklyn Bridge, Lower Manhattan with One World Trade Center, Central Park, the headquarters of the United Nations, and the Statue of Liberty

2.
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it "New York".

3.
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolution, took place in Brooklyn in 1776.

4.
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

Long Island
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Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the

1.
A mansion on Long Island's Gold Coast

2.
The c. 1806 Old Hook Mill in East Hampton is one of eleven extant windmills in Suffolk County.

3.
The Old House in Cutchogue, built 1649, is the oldest English-style house in New York State.

4.
Battle of Long Island

Hudson Valley
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The Hudson Valley comprises the valley of the Hudson River and its adjacent communities in the U. S. state of New York, from the cities of Albany and Troy southward to Yonkers in Westchester County. In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a cut during previous ice ages. To the west lie the extensive Appalachian highlands, in the Tappan Zee region

1.
The Lower Hudson Valley, New York City, and the west end of Long Island in 1993

2.
The Mohonk Mountain House in Ulster County, New York was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.

3.
The Catskill Mountains seen from across the Hudson River.

Capital District, New York
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The Capital District, also known as the Capital Region, refers to the metropolitan area surrounding Albany, the capital of the U. S. state of New York. With a population of 1,170,483, the Capital District is the fourth largest metropolitan region in the state, companies that have headquarters in Albany include CommerceHub and the Environment One Co

1.
Capital District

2.
Capital District settlements in 1771

3.
Colonie Center, the Capital District's first enclosed mall

4.
Geologic features of northeastern United States, centered on the Capital District

1.
The Thousand Islands constitute an archipelago within the Saint Lawrence River. Boldt Castle, on Heart Island, is seen at center.

2.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010)

3.
Ausable Chasm, straddling Clinton and Essex counties, claims to be the Grand Canyon of the East.

Mohawk Valley
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The Mohawk Valley region of the U. S. state of New York is the area surrounding the Mohawk River, sandwiched between the Adirondack Mountains and Catskill Mountains. As of the 2010 United States Census, the counties have a combined population of 622,133 people. The region is a suburban and rural area surrounding the cities of Schenectady, Utica and

1.
Schenectady

2.
Utica

3.
Shaded relief map of New York. The Mohawk Valley is demarked by the green lowlands running east-west across the middle of the state.

4.
Image of the Mohawk and Hudson valleys from Space Shuttle Challenger.

Central New York
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The total area of the above counties is 8,639 square miles, which is slightly smaller than New Hampshire. The region is served by television stations based in Syracuse. Note, Cortland County and Tompkins County are often considered part of the New York State region called the Southern Tier, Tompkins County, which features Ithaca at the end of Cayug

1.
This article is about the Syracuse metropolitan area and surroundings, the more westerly of two regions known as "Central New York". For the more easterly definition, the New York tourism region formerly known as Central-Leatherstocking, see Central New York Region.

Finger Lakes
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The Finger Lakes is a group of 11 long, narrow, roughly north-south lakes in a region called the Finger Lakes region in Central New York, in the United States. This region is defined as a bioregion and is a popular tourist destination, the lakes shapes reminded early map-makers of human fingers, and the name stuck. Cayuga and Seneca Lakes are among

2.
The Finger Lakes are in the center bottom of this west facing image; Lake Erie (upper left), Lake Huron (upper right), and Lake Ontario (lower right) are three of the Great Lakes

3.
Seneca Lake, from South Main Street in Geneva, New York.

4.
Bluff Point on Keuka Lake

Western New York
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Western New York is the westernmost region of the state of New York. It includes the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Niagara Falls, the suburbs, as well as the outlying rural areas of the Great Lakes lowlands, the Genesee Valley. One writer suggests Western New Yorks eastern border to be the Preemption Line, Western New York can also be defined as th

Administrative divisions of New York
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that

1.
Separate municipal buildings for town and village of Monroe in Orange County

2.
Albany City Hall. Albany is New York's capital city and the first settlement by Europeans in the state.

3.
Crown Point

4.
Newburgh

List of counties in New York
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There are 62 counties in the state of New York. The original twelve counties were created immediately after the British takeover of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, although two of these counties have since been abolished. New Yorks counties are named for a variety of Native American words, British provinces, counties, cities, and royalty, early

1.
Counties of New York

List of cities in New York
–
This list of the 62 cities in New York State contains all municipalities incorporated as cities and also gives the primary county in which each city is located. Except for Sherrill, the cities are distinct from towns, geneva and New York City are the only cities in more than one county. Do not add or remove any municipalities from this list unless

1.
Albany, Capital of New York

2.
Binghamton

3.
Buffalo

Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York
–
The towns and cities of Downstate New York were created by the U. S. state of New York as municipalities in order to give residents more direct say over local government. From August 1673 to February 1674 New York was under Dutch control and English political units were suspended, York Shire was divided into three divisions called ridings, the East

1.
Westchester County in 1839, which included the future Bronx County.

2.
New Amsterdam in 1660

3.
Brooklyn Heights from Lower Manhattan

4.
Queens County in 1891 including present-day Nassau County.

Timeline of town creation in the Hudson Valley
–
The towns and cities of the Hudson Valley were created by the U. S. state of New York as municipalities, in order to perform the services of local government. In 1683, prior to the creation of towns, the Province of New York was divided into twelve counties for administrative purposes by the Colonial Governor of New York. In the Hudson Valley, thes

1.
The Senate House, in Kingston, is where the U.S. state of New York was founded in 1777. The predecessors of Hudson Valley towns predate the state.

1.
This article is about the tourism region formerly known as Central-Leatherstocking, the more easterly of two regions known as "Central New York". For the more westerly region, the Syracuse metropolitan area and its surroundings, see Central New York.

2.
An enlargeable map of the 955 core based statistical areas (CBSAs) of the United States and Puerto Rico, Feb 2013. The 374 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) are shown in medium green. The 581 micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs) are shown in light green.

1.
Major fault at the dividing line between the Allegheny Plateau and the true Appalachian Mountains in Williamsport, Pennsylvania

2.
Map of the Allegheny Plateau. The gray line differentiates the glaciated (northern) and unglaciated (southern) sections of the plateau.

3.
Canisteo River Valley from Pinnacle State Park. Glaciation in this area of the plateau removed the sharp relief that is seen in unglaciated areas of the plateau. The line of the distant peaks approximates the level of a peneplain that was uplifted to form the plateau.

1.
Red Creek west of the crest of the Allegheny Front in the Dolly Sods area of West Virginia; the creek originates along the Eastern Continental Divide, with its waters flowing to the Gulf of Mexico as part of the Ohio River watershed.

2.
A map of the principal hydrological divides of North America. The Eastern Continental Divide (orange line) demarcates two watersheds of the Atlantic Ocean: the Gulf of Mexico watershed and the Atlantic Seaboard watershed.

3.
Seneca Creek, incised into the Allegheny Front west of Seneca Rocks, West Virginia. This short but steep creek originates along the Eastern Continental Divide; its waters flow into the Atlantic Ocean via the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay.