The periods of reforms and its impact on the acceptance and institutionalization of new jobs in the Qajar period (Text in Persian)Mohsen Hosainy , Yaser mousakhaniPage 7Abstract Full Text [PDF 284KB]

Conspicuous development of political، social and economic relations with the west in the Qajar period and acquaintance with their progress industries provided the ground for changes and reforms in the economic sector. Iranians and at the top of their heads some statesmen Such as Abbas Mirza، Amir Kabir، Sepahsalar and Amin al- Dawlah that realized the weakness of the industries and techniques of the country، in effect acquaintance with western’s new Science and technology، In the periods of his rule asking for reform And transfer and settlement of these new industries and techniques to Iran. This research is to pursue study and explanation position and role of these reforms at the entrance and acceptance new jobs among Iranians. The finding of this research according to descriptive-analytical method shows that four reform periods has done، Although not comparable in terms of quality and effectiveness، but all of these courses in proportion to nature and that it was run by government officials and they who worked on this new jobs supported by the government، was caused they can be more resistant against opposite currents that it was helping a lot to acceptance and institutionalization new jobs in community.

Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar (1828-1881) was the Iranian reform politician and Grand Vizier of Iran in the second half of the 19th century. The aim of the paper is to examine the possibility of applying the concept of “reflexive tradionalism” with the empirical study of the political life of Sephasalar. Reflexive traditionism is the response of tradition in dealing with Western modernism. The type of research is qualitative، its methodology was implemented in the framework of the "theorist theory". Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (1868-1896) became the king of Iran after the death of his father Mohammad Shah. Mohammad Shah opposed the actions of his father Abbas Mirza to reform his battalion and bureaucracy with the example of the West. He was one of the first Iranian proprietors to propagandize the anti-reform movement in the first half of the nineteenth century. His son Naser al-Din Shah changed his father's policy again، following Abbas Mirza's grandfather. By placing Mirza Hussein Khan Sepahsalar in the second half of the nineteenth century، the Chancellor intended to proceed with the actions of Mirza Taghi khan Amir Kabir. The Sepahsalar's actions led him to the dismissal of the court، the aristocracy and the clergy in public opposition to him. The installation and dismissal of the Sepahsalar is a turning point in Iranian history، as during his period of his office، the conflict between the two reformist movements with the Western pattern and anti-reform with an internal orientation became public. Findings of the research show that the anti-reform movement، in contrast to the reform movement، was of domestic origin and evolved into a social movement.

Gemstones and semi-precious stones in the documents and archaeological data، are always one of the most important evidences obtained from archaeological excavations. The discovery of these works can help to the archaeological studies in the field of recognition of mines، commerce، trade of goods and materials، production centers of this type of goods، intermediaries in the business، restoration of commercial roads and recognition of elite and wealthy class in a site. Besides the archaeological excavations، historical books and jewelry-letters provide valuable information in connection with the precious and semi-precious stones to the researchers. In this category of sources is presented useful information about mines introduction، mining methods، trade routes and medicinal properties of precious and semi-precious stones. In this research is tried to understand the role of lapis lazuli in trade، economy and culture from the early centuries until the tenth century Ah to can answer to question such as to questions such as what were lapis lazuli mines in the Islamic period? And lapis lazuli what applications have been in the life of society of this period? Recognition of types of mines and decorative، productive and pharmaceutical applications of lapis lazuli can be helped to the creation of new understanding of why the continuity and its commerce during the history.

A look on the Funeral ceremony in Parthian Era (Text in Persian)Parvin Alamalhodaee *Page 67Abstract Full Text [PDF 383KB]

The burial ceremony in the ancestors has a direct correlation with the beliefs and ideologies of the people. What followers of different religions and tribes، each have special instructions for the burial of their deceased. Most nations، living in a geographically and politically single and specific area، have followed a common ritual of burial. But by studying history، we see several burial practices in a single political realm، such as the Parthian realm. The variety of funeral methods in a single political territory could result from beliefs differences as well as socio-political changes. The main question of the present research is why the various burial practices have been prevalent in the Parthian period. During the Parthians، their tolerance in religious affairs allowed for the prosperity of many religions and religious beliefs. According to historical documents in the Parthian realms، there were many religions that their followers lived in comfort. Babylonian، Greek، Buddhist، Jewish، and Christian religions were among the common religions in the Parthian realm In this period، due to the presence of followers of various religions and religions، we are witnessing a variety of burial practices. In fact، one of the important documents that has researched scholars in this regard is that religious and religious tolerance and liberation of beliefs in this period have been the discovery of various burial practices. In general، the major burial practices commonly used in the Parthian period were burial mounds، grasshoppers، gravestones، burial graves، cemetery tombs، wells and graves of the temple. The works and examples of each of these burial practices have been clearly found in different parts of the Parthian realm. In this paper، which has been developed in a descriptiveanalytical manner، the various types of burial practices used during the Parthian period have been studied for these reasons.

Keywords: Parthian- religion-ritual-burial.

Components of Irans Decadence in the Thought of Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob (Focused on uncertainty and the Hellenistic) (Text in Persian)Manouchehr Mohammadyousefi *Page 93Abstract Full Text [PDF 499KB]

The question of decadence and the pursuit of the causes and backgrounds of Iran's historical backwardness، was one of the most important subjects and reflections that could be seen in the thoughts and works of Iranian historians. Each of them، based on his Knowledge، his scientific methodology، his historiography and his historiography، have come to the etiology and of this dilemma .one of the historians who have focused on the issue of decadence based on the facts and the history of Iran، along with other Concerns is Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob. accordingly، one of his most important attempts to get out of this degenerate situation was the question of decadence. Zarrinkoob، with the Suggestion of this question، looked at the chronic and Islamic – civilization. He has worked with Comprehensive studies to explore the decadent Components of Iran from the ancient times to the Islamic era، and more importantly، implicitly، to provide a Solution to this jssue .The achievement of this study shows that Zarrinkoob as a historian and a scholar of history with the introduction of elements such as "intellectual uncertainty" and "Hellenistic" Considers the problem of "degeneration of Iranian history’s" a pathology and for them have a fundamental impact.

Keywords: Iran , Decadence, Hellenistic, Uncertainty, Zarrinkoob.

Investigating the Effects of Nizamiyeh Schools on the Continuation of the Administrative Structure of Iran during the Seljuq Period (Text in Persian)Shahnaz moslemi *Page 137Abstract Full Text [PDF 243KB]

One of the illustrious periods in the field of bureaucracy organization in Iran after Islam was the Seljuq period، during this period، the institution bureaucracy kind of continuity that was based on the administrative structure of the past governments and the measures and decisions of Khajeh Nizam al- Mulk Toosi . The Seljuq period bureaucracy was later used by the next governments; The elements of the continuation of the Iranian administrative system during the Seljuk period were a Nezamiyeh school، Which was the policy of Khajeh Nizam al-Mulk Toosi، the Minister of the Alp Arslan and the king of Seljuk. He took the system of building school from the Al- Bouyeh and Ghaznavids، but organized it in another way in order to build a new class of trusted staff and secretaries to be loyal to the Seljuq regime. The present research tries to analyze the effects and performance of Nizamiyyeh schools on the continuation of the administrative structure of Iran. A topic that has been less respected by researchers. The findings of the research، based on descriptive-analytical method، relying on the main interests and new research، show that the entrance of teachers and graduates of Nizamiyyah schools to the bureaucracy domain for their influence among the people، the inheritance of some positions and the implementation of the rules and regulations.

Correcting and describing the names of the villages of Khaboushan in the historical geography of Hafiz-i Abru (Text in Persian)Musa al-Reza Nazari *Page 157Abstract Full Text [PDF 550KB]

The version of the Abstract Geography of the history of Hafiz-i Abru (Compilation end 823 AH) It can be a matter of new research، and it has many benefits، along with which criticism of the version is necessary. The author of this article، based on two copies of the most authentic historical geography of Hafez Ebro، As well as the text of the modifications by Dr. Gholam Reza Varahram has been corrected by some of the great scholars of the village of Khaboshan. As it turns out from this article، It is necessary to correct the announcement and name of the villages of Khaboshan، acquaintance with the pronunciation of some announcements and their phonetic changes، and somewhat of a typology. The ancient record of the names of places and the ancient cast of the names of some of the lost and existing villages is one of the other things that are appealing to this article. The exact study of this work in the cities and provinces of Iran in the 9th century AH، which is important in the discussion of the old divisions of the country.