The Prime Minister of Jamaica's official residence is Vale Royal. The property was constructed in 1694 by the planter Sir William Taylor, who was one of the richest men in Jamaica at the time. In 1928 the property was sold to the government and became the official residence of the British Colonial Secretary (then Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs). Vale Royal has subsequently become the official residence of the Prime Minister. Vale Royal is not open to the public.

1.
Coat of arms of Jamaica
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Considered as a legacy from the British with slight modifications, the Jamaican coat of arms was granted to Jamaica in 1661 under Royal Warrant. The original was designed by William Sancroft, then Archbishop of Canterbury, the motto of the seal has been a matter of discussion for years since inception. The motto was replaced in 1962 with the English motto Out of Many, One People, perhaps as coincidence, the motto has the same meaning as the motto of the United States, E Pluribus Unum. The Jamaican coat of arms has seen quite a number of changes and these changes occurred in 1906,1957 and 1962

2.
Politics of Jamaica
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Politics in Jamaica takes place in the framework of a representative parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The 1962 Constitution of Jamaica established a system whose political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom. As the head of state, Queen Elizabeth II - on the advice of the Prime Minister of Jamaica - appoints a governor-general as her representative in Jamaica, the governor-general has a largely ceremonial role. Jamaica constitutes an independent Commonwealth realm, the Constitution vests executive power in the cabinet, led by the Prime Minister. Executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested both in the government and in the Parliament of Jamaica. A bipartisan joint committee of the Jamaican legislature drafted Jamaicas current Constitution in 1962 and that Constitution came into force with the Jamaica Independence Act,1962 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which gave Jamaica political independence. Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of worship, freedom of movement, the judiciary operates independently of the executive and the legislature, with jurisprudence based on English common law. The 1962 Constitution established a system based on the United Kingdom model. As head of state, Queen Elizabeth II appoints a governor-general, on the advice of the prime minister, the governor-generals role is largely ceremonial. Executive power is vested in the Queen, but exercised mostly by the Cabinet of Jamaica, led by the Prime Minister, Parliament is composed of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. General elections must be held five years of the forming of a new government. The prime minister may ask the governor-general to call elections sooner, however, the Senate may submit bills, and it also reviews legislation submitted by the House. It may not delay budget bills for more than one month or other bills for more than seven months, the prime minister and the Cabinet are selected from the Parliament. No fewer than two nor more than four members of the Cabinet must be selected from the Senate, general Elections February 25,2016 The judiciary also is modelled on the British system. The Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court in Jamaica, under certain circumstances, cases may be appealed to Britains Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Jamaicas parishes have elected councils that exercise limited powers of local government, firearms offences, including possession of unlicensed guns and ammunition, are tried before a dedicated Gun Court established in 1974. The Gun Court hears cases in camera and practices jury trial only for cases of treason or murder, all other cases are tried by resident magistrates or justices of the Supreme Court of Jamaica. Jamaica has diplomatic relations with most nations and is a member of the United Nations, historically, Jamaica has had close ties with the UK

3.
Andrew Holness
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Andrew Michael Holness, ON, MP is a Jamaican politician who has been the Prime Minister of Jamaica since 3 March 2016, following the 25 February 2016 general election. Holness previously served as Prime Minister from October 2011 to January 5,2012 and he succeeded Bruce Golding as Prime Minister, and decided to go to the polls in the 29 December 2011 general election in an attempt to get his own mandate from the Jamaican electorate. He failed in bid, however, losing badly to the Peoples National Party led by Portia Simpson-Miller. Following that defeat, Holness served as Leader of the Opposition from January 2012 to March 2016, Holness is the youngest person to have become Prime Minister in Jamaicas history, as well as the countrys ninth Prime Minister overall. He is also the first Prime Minister to have been born after Jamaica gained independence in 1962, in 1997 he married Juliet Holness, an accountant, whom he had met as a student at St. Catherine High School during the 1980s. The couple have two children, Adam and Andrew Jr and he is a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. In 1997 he became Member of Parliament for West Central St. Andrew and served as Opposition Spokesperson on Land, in 2002 he switched portfolio to Housing and then Education in 2005. He was sworn in as Minister of Education in September 2007 and he succeeded Bruce Golding as both leader of the Jamaica Labour Party and Prime Minister on 23 October 2011, making him the ninth person to hold this office. As Prime Minister, he chose to retain the education portfolio, on 5 December 2011, Holness called the next election for 29 December 2011. The JLP, however, lost at the polls to the Peoples National Party and his wife Juliet also won a seat in parliament, the first time a Prime Minister or Opposition Leader and his/her spouse will be sitting in the Parliament of Jamaica together. Cabinet of Jamaica Profile Jis Page About Jamaica - Official Jamaican Guide Juliet joins husband Andrew in Parliament

4.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S

5.
Governor-General of Jamaica
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The Governor-General of Jamaica represents the Jamaican monarch and head of state, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Queen, on the advice of the minister, appoints a governor-general as her representative in Jamaica. Both the Queen and the governor-general hold much power, but rarely exercise it, usually only in emergencies, the governor-general represents the monarch on ceremonial occasions such as the opening of parliament, the presentation of honors, and military parades. Jamaican republicanism, a position which is held by the current Jamaican government, list of Governors of Jamaica Monarchy of Jamaica Politics of Jamaica Prime Minister of Jamaica Governor-General of Jamaica - Official website

6.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years

7.
Alexander Bustamante
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Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante GBE PC was a Jamaican politician and labour leader who in 1962 became the first prime minister of Jamaica. He founded the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union following the 1938 labour riots, Bustamante is honoured in Jamaica with the title National Hero of Jamaica in recognition of his achievements. He was born as Alexander Clarke to Mary, a woman of mixed race, and her husband Robert Constantine Clarke and he said that he took the surname Bustamante to honour a Spanish sea captain who befriended him in his youth. Bustamente travelled the world and worked in different places. His occupations included working as a policeman in Cuba and as a dietician in a New York City hospital, at the age of 48, he returned to Jamaica in 1932. He became a leader in activism against colonial rule and he gained recognition by writing frequent letters on the issues to the Daily Gleaner newspaper. In 1937 he was elected as treasurer of the Jamaica Workers Union, during the 1938 labour rebellion, he quickly became identified as the spokesman for striking workers, who were mostly of African and mixed-race descent. Coombs JWU became the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union after the revolt, in 1940, he was imprisoned on charges of subversive activities. The widespread anti-colonial activism finally resulted in Parliaments granting universal suffrage in 1944 to residents in Jamaica, released from prison in 1943, Bustamante founded the Jamaica Labour Party the same year. Previously he had belonged to the Peoples National Party, bustamantes party won 22 of 32 seats in the first House of Representatives elected by universal suffrage. He became the government leader, representing his party as Minister for Communications. He held this position until the JLP was defeated in 1955, in 1947 and 1948, he was elected as mayor of Kingston. In 1952 he was arrested by the American authorities while he was on business in Puerto Rico. Though initially a supporter of the Federation of the West Indies, during the 1950s and he agitated for Jamaica to become independent of Great Britain. He said that the JLP would not contest a by-election to the federal parliament and his rival and cousin, Premier Norman Manley, called a referendum on the issue in 1961. Jamaicans voted for the withdrawal from the Federation. After Jamaica was granted independence in 1962, Bustamante served as the first Prime Minister until 1967, in 1965, after suffering a stroke, he withdrew from active participation in public life. The true power was held by his deputy, Donald Sangster, Bustamante married Gladys Longbridge on 7 September 1962

8.
Jamaica
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Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers

9.
Monarchy of Jamaica
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The monarchy of Jamaica is a constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign of Jamaica. The terms Crown in Right of Jamaica, Her Majesty in Right of Jamaica, though the Jamaican Crown has its roots in the British Crown, it has evolved to become a distinctly Jamaican institution, represented by its own unique symbols. The present monarch is Queen Elizabeth II—officially titled Queen of Jamaica—who has reigned since 6 August 1962 and she, her consort, and other members of the Royal Family undertake various public and private functions across Jamaica and on behalf of the country abroad. While several powers are the sovereigns alone, most of the constitutional and ceremonial duties in Jamaica are carried out by the Queens representative. The Jamaican monarch, besides reigning in Jamaica, separately serves as monarch for each of fifteen other Commonwealth countries known as Commonwealth realms and this developed from the former colonial relationship of these countries to Britain, but they are now independent and the monarchy of each is legally distinct. Jamaica has the person as their monarch as other Commonwealth realms. On all matters of the Jamaican state, the monarch is advised solely by Jamaican Ministers of the Crown, and, effective with the Jamaica Independence Act,1962, no British or other realm government can advise the monarch on matters pertinent to Jamaica. Instead, the practice of sending High Commissioners developed, wherein an individual is sent to be a representative in one realm of the government in another. The sovereigns role specifically as Queen of Jamaica, as well as her status as monarch of other nations, is communicated by mentioning Jamaica separately from, but along with, the Queens other lands. Typically, the sovereign is styled Queen of Jamaica, and is addressed as such when in Jamaica or performing duties on behalf of Jamaica abroad and this applies equally to other members of the royal family. Succession is by male-preference primogeniture governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement,1701, thus, Jamaicas line of succession remains identical to that of the United Kingdom. Upon a demise of the Crown it is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be proclaimed by the Governor-General. All incumbent viceroys, judges, civil servants, legislators, military officers, after an individual ascends the throne, he or she typically continues to reign until death. Since the independence of Jamaica, the role as monarch of Jamaica has been recognised and promoted as separate to his or her position as monarch of the United Kingdom. Today the sovereign is regarded as the personification, or legal personality, according to their respective laws and customs. Save for that taken by senators, the oaths of allegiance were altered in 2002, all institutions of government are said to act under the sovereigns authority, the vast powers that belong to the Crown are collectively known as the Royal Prerogative. The government of Jamaica is also formally referred to as Her Majestys Government. The Form of Oath of Allegiance set out in the First Schedule of the Order in Council, is a declaration of allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Her Heirs and Successors

10.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession

11.
Patrick Allen (governor-general)
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Sir Patrick Linton Allen ON GCMG CD KSt. J is the sixth and current Governor-General of Jamaica. Allen became Jamaicas sixth appointed governor-general and he replaced Sir Kenneth O. Hall, who resigned for health reasons. Allen resigned from his leadership of the West Indies Union prior to becoming governor-general, Patrick Linton Allen was born in Kingston, Jamaica, on 7 February 1951. He was the fourth of five children to Ferdinand Allen, a farmer, and Christiana Allen and his parents were subsistence farmers in a region that had been devastated by Hurricane Charlie around the time of his birth. Allen attended the Fruitful Vale All-Age School as a child, beginning at grade one, Allen was a year ahead in school. Allen had initially intended to study to become a minister, but after his father became too ill to work and he became a member of Fruitful Vale All-Ages teaching staff at age 17. Two years later, and following the death of his father and he became a teacher at an All-Age school in Saint Mary Parish after graduation. Between 1979 and 1983, Allen served as the principal at a succession of schools, Robins Bay All-Age School, Hillside Primary School, Allen first requested to be baptised when he was nine, but his family was initially resistant to the idea. On 15 September 1962, at age eleven, Allen was baptised by the Seventh-day Adventist Church, while still a teacher, Allen was trained and ordained as an Elder, and was encouraged to become a pastor. Allen returned to Jamaica to serve as a pastor, and was given increasing leadership responsibilities within the broader Seventh-day Adventist Church, Allen was appointed as the Director of Education and Communications within the Central Jamaica Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, one of five regional conferences within Jamaica. In 1993, he returned to Andrews University, where he worked in the office while pursuing a doctorate in Educational Administration and Supervision. In 2005, he was elected to a second five-year term, during this time, Allen also served as the chairman of the boards of Northern Caribbean University and Andrews Memorial Hospital. In July 2008, the then Governor-General of Jamaica Sir Kenneth O. Hall and he was persuaded to remain in the post for an additional half-year. On 13 January 2009, the Prime Minister of Jamaica, Bruce Golding, on 28 January 2009, Allen resigned from his presidency of the West Indies Union. He also resigned as chairman of the board of Northern Caribbean University, on 26 February 2009, he became Jamaicas sixth appointed governor-general, and eighth overall. There is a history of appointing former educators to the position, with Governors-General Campbell, Glasspole, Cooke. In 2006, Allen was named to the Order of Distinction, upon becoming the governor-general, Allen was inducted into the Order of the Nation. In May 2009, Allen was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II to the position of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, with the appointment backdated to 26 March 2009

12.
Parliament of Jamaica
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The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. It is a body, composed of an appointed Senate. The House of Representatives, the Lower House, is made up of 63 Members of Parliament, the Parliament meets at George William Gordon House at 81 Duke Street, Kingston. It was built in 1960 and named in memory of Jamaican patriot George William Gordon, the House of Representatives is the Lower House. It is the group of elected members of parliament, prime Minister Andrew Holness, St. Andrew West Central(snap election Hon. Pearnel Charles, Sr. Clarendon North Central - Speaker Hon. The Hon. Christopher Tufton, St. Catherine West Central Hon. Audley Shaw, Manchester North Eastern Hon. Karl Samuda, Senator Matthew Samuda Senator Delroy Williams Senator Kerensia Morrison Senator Dr. Sapphire Longmore-Dropinski Opposition Senator Mark Golding - Leader of Opposition Business Senator Keith D

13.
Senate of Jamaica
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The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. It is a body, composed of an appointed Senate. The House of Representatives, the Lower House, is made up of 63 Members of Parliament, the Parliament meets at George William Gordon House at 81 Duke Street, Kingston. It was built in 1960 and named in memory of Jamaican patriot George William Gordon, the House of Representatives is the Lower House. It is the group of elected members of parliament, prime Minister Andrew Holness, St. Andrew West Central(snap election Hon. Pearnel Charles, Sr. Clarendon North Central - Speaker Hon. The Hon. Christopher Tufton, St. Catherine West Central Hon. Audley Shaw, Manchester North Eastern Hon. Karl Samuda, Senator Matthew Samuda Senator Delroy Williams Senator Kerensia Morrison Senator Dr. Sapphire Longmore-Dropinski Opposition Senator Mark Golding - Leader of Opposition Business Senator Keith D

14.
House of Representatives of Jamaica
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The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. It is a body, composed of an appointed Senate. The House of Representatives, the Lower House, is made up of 63 Members of Parliament, the Parliament meets at George William Gordon House at 81 Duke Street, Kingston. It was built in 1960 and named in memory of Jamaican patriot George William Gordon, the House of Representatives is the Lower House. It is the group of elected members of parliament, prime Minister Andrew Holness, St. Andrew West Central(snap election Hon. Pearnel Charles, Sr. Clarendon North Central - Speaker Hon. The Hon. Christopher Tufton, St. Catherine West Central Hon. Audley Shaw, Manchester North Eastern Hon. Karl Samuda, Senator Matthew Samuda Senator Delroy Williams Senator Kerensia Morrison Senator Dr. Sapphire Longmore-Dropinski Opposition Senator Mark Golding - Leader of Opposition Business Senator Keith D

15.
Leader of the Opposition (Jamaica)
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The Leader of Her Majestys Opposition in Jamaica is the leader of the largest political party which has not formed the current government. The Leader of the Opposition is seen as the alternative Prime Minister, as of January 2012 Jamaica has had no Leader of the Opposition who has not also served as Prime Minister. P. J. Patterson is the only of Jamaicas nine Prime Ministers who has not also served as Leader of the Opposition, |} Politics of Jamaica Governor-General of Jamaica Prime Minister of Jamaica

16.
Elections in Jamaica
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Elections in Jamaica provides information on elections and election results in Jamaica. The Parliament of Jamaica has two chambers, The House of Representatives has 63 members, elected for a term in single-seat constituencies. The Senate has 21 appointed members,13 chosen by the Prime Minister and 8 by the Leader of the Opposition, Jamaica effectively has a two-party system, there are two dominant political parties, and it is difficult for other parties to achieve electoral success. Though the years are fixed due to the term of the prime minister. Recently, there has been debate whether this flexible date system is the best for Jamaica. The Prime Minister said that the government is looking at a number of activities that could help this process of reform, list of political parties in Jamaica JamaicaElections. com Jamaica on the Politics Database of the Americas Adam Carrs Election Archive

17.
Jamaican general election, 2011
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The 2011 Jamaican general election was held on 29 December 2011 in Jamaica. The result was a victory for the PNP which won 42 of the 63 seats. Since the last election in 2007, the number of seats was increased from 60 to 63, the close results of the 2007 general election spurred the change as the Electoral Commission concluded that a tie would not be resolved. Opinion polls indicated a lead for the opposition PNP six days before the election. The win by the PNP shocked even its leaders, such as Peter Phillips who said that the results certainly exceeded our most optimistic scenarios and this low voter turnout may have thrown off the prediction of opinion polls to some extent. The Peoples National Party secured 42 seats to 21 for the Jamaica Labour Party, none of the minor parties won seats in the new Parliament. As a result the PNP ended four years of rule for the Labour Party, several Labour Party cabinet ministers lost their seats including National Security Minister Dwight Nelson and Energy Minister Clive Mullings. As a result, Portia Simpson-Miller assumed the role of Prime Minister for the time in 5 years. Some analysts have suggested that Simpson-Miller intends to establish Jamaica as a republic, polling was reported to have proceeded fairly smoothly, despite glitches with fingerprint scanners at some polling stations, and without the violence that has marred previous elections

18.
Jamaican general election, 2016
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General elections were held in Jamaica on 25 February 2016. The elections were largely a contest between the governing Peoples National Party and the opposition Jamaica Labour Party, the result was a narrow victory for the JLP, which won 32 of the 63 seats. One political commentator described the poll as the closest election Jamaica has ever had, a similarly close election occurred in 2007, in which two seats changed hands on recounts. Prime Minister Portia Simpson-Miller announced the date of the election on 31 January 2016. The nomination date of 9 February 2016 was also announced, the election can be considered as having been called early, as it was constitutionally due between 29 December 2016 and 16 April 2017. There is no fixed date in effect in Jamaica at this time, hence. The 63 members of the House of Representatives are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, the Representation of the People Act permits the candidacy of voters above the age of 21. Any Commonwealth citizen residing in Jamaica can vote in the if they are older than 18 years. To be included on the ballot, a nomination must include the signatures of at least ten eligible voters from the same constituency, the nomination form must then be submitted during a four-hour period on nomination day. A total of 152 candidates registered to contest the elections, with both the Jamaica Labour Party and the Peoples National Party nominating a candidate in every constituency. Preliminary results saw the opposition JLP gaining a total of twelve seats, among those elected were Robert Montague, Chairman of the JLP, and Juliet Holness. The voter turnout of 47. 7% was the lowest since 1983, JLP leader Andrew Holness became Prime Minister-designate, regaining the position he lost to Simpson-Miller after the previous election in 2011. After recounts, the JLP was declared to have the majority in the House of Representatives, the JLP planned to contest the St. Mary South East recount that saw its margin narrow. The final count, as authorised by the Electoral Commission, was announced on 2 March

19.
Judiciary of Jamaica
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The judiciary of Jamaica is based on the judiciary of the United Kingdom. The courts are organized at four levels, with provision for appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. The Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court, the Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction in all cases, and sits as the Circuit Court to try criminal cases. The Residents Magistrates court in each parish hears both criminal and civil cases, excluding grave offences, the Petty Sessions are held under Justices of the Peace, with power to hear minor crimes. Jamaica is a common law jurisdiction, in which precedents from English law, the Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court in Jamaica, it is superior to the Supreme Court. The Court is composed of a President and six other Judges, the Chief Justice is also a judge ex officio of the Court of Appeal, but participates only when asked to do so by the President. The reform will be debated by the Senate, however, the government will need the support of at least one opposition senator for the measures to be approved by the required two-thirds majority. The Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction in criminal and civil cases. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is the head of the judiciary, besides the Chief Justice, the court is composed of the Senior Puisne Judge and additional Puisne Judges, with their number established by Parliament. In response to increasing load, Parliament in 2008 increased the number of spaces on the Supreme Court from 26 to 40 with the new spaces filled over time by appointment of new judges. The Supreme Court has a number of divisions, in which a subset of the justices hear specific types of cases, the Circuit Court is the division for criminal cases, holding sessions in the individual parishes. The The Justices of the Peace Act states that the Circuit Court for every parish in this Island shall be the Appeal Court for matters arising in every such parish. Other divisions of the Supreme Court are the Gun Court, the Commercial Court, the Revenue Court, in the civil division of the Supreme Court the judge sits alone without the jury, except in cases of defamation. The Supreme Court also serves as a Constitutional Court for Jamaica, each parish has a Resident Magistrates Court with power to hear civil and criminal matters. The jurisdiction of each court extends one mile beyond the border of its parish, severe crimes such as rape, treason, and murder are not tried by the Resident Magistrates Courts, but are referred to the Supreme Court after a preliminary hearing. The Petty Sessions hear minor criminal matters, such as resisting arrest, Justices of the Peace serve as judges in the Petty Sessions. In 2001 Jamaica signed the agreement establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice, the Council ruled that although Parliament was within its powers to remove appellate jurisdiction from the Privy Council, it could not grant jurisdiction to the CCJ through an ordinary act. Instead, such a change must meet the rigorous standards for amending entrenched provisions of the Jamaican Constitution

20.
Parishes of Jamaica
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Administratively, Jamaica is divided into fourteen parishes. They are grouped into three counties, which have no administrative relevance. Every parish has a coast, none is landlocked, the traditional county towns were Savanna-la-Mar for Cornwall County, Spanish Town for Middlesex County, and Kingston for Surrey County. The parishes of Kingston and Saint Andrew together form the Kingston, the parish of Kingston does not encompass all of the city of Kingston. Most of the city is in the parish of St. Andrew, Parishes have been a feature of local administration in Jamaica since the island was captured by the English in 1655. The number has varied over time and some no longer exist having either been absorbed into or divided between neighbouring parishes, at the peak, 1841–1865, there were 22. Vere ISO 3166-2, JM List of Caribbean First-level Subdivisions by Total Area Commonwealth Local Government Forum-Americas Jamaica Parishes, a concise description of the parishes in Jamaica

21.
Foreign relations of Jamaica
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Jamaica has diplomatic relations with most nations and is a member of the United Nations and the Organization of American States. Jamaica chairs the Working Group on smaller Economies, Jamaica is an active member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement. Historically, Jamaica has had ties with the UK. Trade, financial, and cultural relations with the United States are now predominant, Jamaica is linked with the other countries of the English-speaking Caribbean through the Caribbean Community, and more broadly through the Association of Caribbean States. Jamaica has served two 2-year terms on the United Nations Security Council, in 1979-80 and in 2000-2001, in the follow-on meetings to the December 1994 Summit of the Americas, Jamaica—together with Uruguay—was given the responsibility of coordinating discussions on invigorating society. Jamaica and Brazil established diplomatic relations on October 14,1962, both countries are full members of the Group of 15. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962, since March 4,1963, Canada has a high commission in Kingston. Jamaica has a commission in Ottawa. On April 15,2009, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper became the first Canadian head of government to address the Jamaican parliament, there are 231,000 people of Jamaican descent living in Canada. Jamaican-Canadians celebrate their heritage through festivals held in major cities across Canada. Caribana is held in Toronto, Ontario every year and attracts one million visitors to the region. In the fall of 1997, Jamaica upgraded its consulate in Havana to an embassy, the PRC has an embassy in Kingston, Jamaica. Jamaica has an embassy in Beijing, Haiti has an embassy in Kingston, Jamaica and Jamaica has an honorary consul in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. In January,2007, Haitian President René Préval, made a working visit to Jamaica. At a press conference, Jamaican Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller announced that a Joint Jamaica/Haiti Commission would be convened later that year. Both nations inherited many cultural and political connections from British colonisation, such as membership in the Commonwealth of Nations, parliamentary democracy, india has a High Commission in Kingston, whilst Jamaica has a consulate in New Delhi. Japan has an embassy in Kingston, Jamaica, Jamaica has an embassy in Tokyo. Both nation established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1966, Jamaica has an embassy in Mexico City

22.
Head of government
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The term head of government is often differentiated from the term head of state, as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country. In parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto leader of the government. For example, in the United Kingdom, the prime minister advises the Queen on the appointment of the cabinet, advice she is required to accept. On the other hand, the Queens long service as the head of state enables her to provide the prime minister with information and insight into many matters to better run the government. However, because the United Kingdom is a monarchy, the Prime Minister uses his or her own discretion regarding whether or not to follow the Queens advice. The Queen also is entitled to appoint a new Prime Minister, in presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government. The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, in semi-presidential systems, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature, with the specifics provided by each countrys constitution. A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958, in France, the president, the head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. In some cases, the head of state may represent one political party, in this case, known as cohabitation, the prime minister, along with the cabinet, controls domestic policy, with the presidents influence is largely restricted to foreign affairs. In directorial systems, the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people, a prominent example is the Swiss Federal Council, where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments. A common title for many heads of government is prime minister, various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question. In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, some of these titles relate to governments below the national level. Have been used by various Empires, Kingdoms and Princely States of India as a title for the Prime Minister, maltese, In Malta, the head of government is Prim Ministru. In this case, the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch, some such titles are diwan, mahamantri, pradhan, wasir or vizier. However, just because the head of state is the de jure dominant position does not mean that he/she will not always be the de facto political leader, in some cases, the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion, the ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government. Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget, all of these requirements directly impact the Head of governments role. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament, heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by Resignation, following, Defeat in a general election

23.
Jamaica Labour Party
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The Jamaica Labour Party is one of the two major political parties in Jamaica, the other being the Peoples National Party. While its name suggests that it is a democratic party. However, it has longstanding ties to the Jamaican labour movement and it is the current governing party, having won 32 of the 63 parliamentary seats in the lower house of parliament in the 2016 general elections. In the November 2016 Local Government Elections, the party won eight of the fourteen municipal corporations. With a 5-5 tie in the St. Thomas Municipal Corporation and with the JLP winning the vote in St. Thomas, the JLP gets control and therefore the mayorship. The JLP uses the Liberty Bell, the sign. The JLP is a member of the Caribbean Democrat Union, the party was founded on 8 July 1943 by Alexander Bustamante as the political wing of the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union. Bustamante had previously been a member of the PNP and it won the 1944 general elections with 22 of the 32 seats. It went on to win the 1949 elections with a reduced majority and it remained in opposition following the 1959 elections, but was victorious in 1962 and was therefore the Government when Jamaica gained its political independence from Great Britain on 6 August 1962. Bustamante suffered a stroke in 1964 and largely withdrew from politics, however, he did not relinquish the title of party leader for another decade. Donald Sangster took over as acting prime minister after Bustamantes stroke and he was named First Deputy Leader in 1967, and led the party to victory at of the 21 February 1967 elections. Sangster suffered a hemorrhage and died about six weeks after the elections. Hugh Shearer succeeded Sangster as First Deputy Leader and Prime Minister, Tavares had come out on top in the first ballot, with Shearer and Robert Lightbourne being the other candidates. Under Shearer, the JLP lost power for the first time to the Peoples National Party, Shearer served as Opposition Leader until 1974. Bustamante finally gave up the post of party leader in 1974, the party lost the 1976 elections, but Seaga became Prime Minister after victory in 1980 when the party won by a landslide, capturing 51 of the then 60 parliamentary seats. The JLP suffered defeat in the 1989 elections and went on to lose elections in 1993,1997 and 2002, in 2005 Bruce Golding succeeded Seaga as leader of the party, and led it to victory in the 2007 elections. Golding resigned as head of the party and Prime Minister in October 2011 and was succeeded by current leader Andrew Holness. Soon after becoming leader, Holness called an election over a year before it was due

24.
People's National Party
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The Peoples National Party is a social-democratic political party in Jamaica founded in 1938 under the leadership of Norman Manley. It holds 31 of 63 seats in the House of Representatives, the party is democratic socialist by constitution. The PNP uses the head, the rising sun, the fist, the trumpet. The PNP was founded in 1938 and is the oldest political party in the Anglophone Caribbean and it is one of the main two political parties in Jamaica and is considered more to the left than its main rival, the Jamaica Labour Party. The PNP held a majority of seats in the parliament of colonial Jamaica from 1955 until 1962, following independence in 1962 it held the majority of seats in the Jamaican Parliament from 1972 to 1980, from 1989 to 2007, and from 2011 to 2016. The PNP was defeated in the first universal elections held in Jamaica in 1944 and it came to office again in 1955, and held office until just before independence in 1962. The party was defeated that year by its rival, the JLP. During this period of government, it promoted actively reformist social democratic policies, Manley led the party in a boycott of the snap election called in 1983. The party was absent from parliament for more than five years, in 1989, it was returned to office under Manleys leadership. Manley retired from politics in 1992, and was replaced as party leader by P. J. Patterson, Patterson led the PNP to victory in 1993,1997, and 2002, becoming the first political leader in Jamaican history to win three successive general elections. In the 2002 election, held on 16 October 2002, the party won 52. 2% of the vote and 34 out of the 60 seats in the House of Representatives. On 26 February 2006, Portia Simpson-Miller was elected as Pattersons successor, becoming the first female president of the PNP, the PNP lost the August 2007 election to the JLP and its leader Bruce Golding. In the 29 December 2011 general election, the PNP was returned to power with 42 of the 63 seats in Jamaicas parliament, at first,41 seats were counted in favour of the PNP. A recount with official results cost the agriculture minister, Christopher Tufton, his seat, putting the PNP at 42. On January 5,2012, PNP president Portia Simpson-Miller was sworn in as Prime Minister for the time in her political career. On the following day, she assigned 20 cabinet ministers to various ministries, the party is a member of the Socialist International. Since its return to office in 1989, it has pursued policies intended to take advantage of globalisation and it has substantially moderated or abandoned the socialist rhetoric of the 1970s. Norman Manley Michael Manley Percival James Patterson Portia Simpson-Miller Peter Phillips Official PNP website Jamaica New 2012 Cabinet Ministers Party manifesto History of the PNP and the JLP

25.
Portia Simpson-Miller
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Portia Lucretia Simpson-Miller, ON, MP, is a Jamaican politician. She served as Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2006 to September 2007 and she was the leader of the Peoples National Party from 2006 to 2017 and the Leader of the Opposition twice, from 2007 to 2012 and from 2016 to 2017. While serving as Prime Minister, Simpson-Miller retained the positions of Minister of Defence, Development, Information and she has also served as Minister of Labour, Social Security and Sport, Minister of Tourism and Sports and Minister of Local Government throughout her political career. The Peoples National Party under her leadership lost the 25 February 2016 general election to the Andrew Holness-led Jamaica Labour Party. Simpson-Miller was elected in 1976 to the Parliament of Jamaica, to represent the constituency of South West St. Andrew Parish, the PNP boycotted the elections called in 1983. She was re-elected to the seat in a later election. She served as president of the PNP from 1978 to 2006. In the PNPs internal vote to elect P. J. Pattersons successor, held on 26 February 2006, she received 1,775 votes, while her nearest rival, then security minister Dr. Peter Phillips, took 1,538 votes. She garnered approximately 47% of the vote, making her the first PNP president to be elected by less than half of eligible delegates. In July 2008, Simpson-Miller was challenged for the presidency of the PNP by Phillips, the election was held among the partys delegates on 20 September. She was re-elected as the head of the PNP for her second consecutive year, in organising the cabinet following her swearing-in, she assumed the portfolio of defence minister. On 3 September 2007, Simpson-Millers party narrowly lost the general election and this margin was revised to 32–28 after recounts and an election petition decision concerning the eligibility of a government MP who had dual citizenship. The loss can in part be attributed to a planned and executed campaign by the JLP. A part of their strategy was a media blitz that claimed to highlight 18 years of neglect under the PNP. Simpson-Miller initially refused to concede defeat, alleging voting irregularities and the possibility that recounts would change the final result, the Organization of American States issued a statement declaring the election free and fair. I believe this election can stand international scrutiny, said OAS assistant secretary-general Albert Ramdin and she conceded defeat on 5 September. On 11 September, Simpson Miller was succeeded as minister by JLP leader Bruce Golding. In 2011, Golding resigned, making way for Andrew Holness to become the 9th Prime Minister of Jamaica, the date of the 2011 election was set as 29 December and major local media outlets viewed the election as too close to call

26.
Head of state
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A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president

27.
Norman Manley
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Norman Washington Manley MM, QC, National Hero of Jamaica, was a Jamaican statesman. A Rhodes Scholar, Manley became one of Jamaicas leading lawyers in the 1920s, Manley was an advocate of universal suffrage, which was granted by the British colonial government to the colony in 1944. He led the PNP in every election from 1944 to 1967 and their efforts resulted in the New Constitution of 1944, granting full adult suffrage. Manley served as the colonys Chief Minister from 1955 to 1959, voters chose to have Jamaica withdraw from the union. He then opted to call an election even though his five-year mandate was barely half way through. His mother, Margaret Shearer, was the daughter of a woman and her Irish husband. His grandparents were Samuel Manley, a trader who had migrated from Yorkshire, Manley was a brilliant scholar, soldier and athlete, and studied law at Jesus College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. He served in the Royal Field Artillery during World War I, after the war, Manley returned to Jamaica and served as a barrister. During the labour troubles of 1938, in the years of the Great Depression, he identified with the workers, donating his time and that year, Manley co-founded the Peoples National Party, which was tied to the Trade Union Congress and later the National Workers Union. The PNP supported the union movement including the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union. At the same time, Manley worked for Universal Adult Suffrage After suffrage was approved in 1944 and he was a strong advocate of the Federation of the West Indies as a means of propelling Jamaica into self-government. The vote was decidedly against Jamaica’s continued membership in the Federation, Manley, after arranging Jamaica’s orderly withdrawal from the union, set up a joint committee to decide on a constitution for separate independence for Jamaica. He chaired the committee and led the team that negotiated independence, and then he called the election that was to see him become Leader of the Opposition instead of Jamaicas first Prime Minister. As premier, Manley renegotiated a government contract with bauxite companies, industrialization, increased agricultural production, and agrarian reform figured large in the People’s National Party’s plan for a great leap forward. According to Philip Sherlock, five years after he took office, according to a 1954-55 census, there were 198,000 farmers with holdings of under 500 acres. The Manley Government showed that it meant business by passing a Land Bonds Law that gave powers for the acquisition of land. Thousands of small farmers were provided with subsidies, while new markets were opened for increase of products in various fields, the Facilities for Title Act of 1955 enabled people who occupy land for more than 7 years to obtain credit for development. Agricultural aid was also increased during Manleys time in office, rather than giving subsidies, as the Jamaican Labour Party had done, incentives were offered and facilities for soft loans were provided

28.
Sir Donald Sangster
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Sir Donald Burns Sangster was a Jamaican solicitor and an old boy of the prestigious Munro College in St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Politician and the second Prime Minister of Jamaica and he entered politics in 1933 at the age of 21 with his election to the council of the Parish of St Elizabeth, Jamaica. In 1944 he was elected to the House of Representatives of Jamaica as a member of the Jamaica Labour Party, becoming Minister of Social Welfare and Labour and and he became Acting Prime Minister in February 1964 when Prime Minister Sir Alexander Bustamante became ill. He succeeded Bustamante as Prime Minister on 23 February 1967 only to die in office on 11 April and his face appears on the Jamaican one hundred dollar banknote. He also has an airport in Jamaica named after him, Donald Sangster - Jamaicas shortest-serving PM at the Wayback Machine, The Jamaica Gleaner,3 September 2007

29.
Hugh Shearer
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Hugh Lawson Shearer ON OJ PC was a Jamaican politician and trade unionist, who served as the third Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1967 to 1972. Born in Martha Brae, Trelawny Parish, Jamaica, near the sugar and banana growing areas and he then graduated from Howard University School of Law. Hugh Shearer was married twice during his life, Shearer was separated from his first wife, with whom he had three children, by the time he became Prime Minister in 1967. Hugh Shearer married his First wife Lunette Shearer on 7 October 1947 at the age of 24, Hugh Shearer was a Journalist at the time and his wife an accounting clerk. They purchased a property at Chisholm Avenue where they lived and until Mr. Shearer left the matrimonial home, http, //supremecourt. gov. jm/sites/default/files/judgments/Shearer%20, Lunette%20v%20Hugh%20Lawson%20Shearer. pdf Hugh Shearer married his second wife, Dr. Denise Eldemire Shearer, on August 28,1998. She is the daughter of the late Dr. Herbert Eldemire, the couple were married for nearly 6 years, until his death in July 2004. He had one son and two daughters, in 1941 he took a job on the staff of a weekly trade union newspaper, the Jamaican Worker. His first political promotion came in 1943, when Sir Alexander Bustamante, founder of the Jamaican Labour Party, took over editorship of the paper, Shearer continued to get promotion after promotion within the union and acquired a Government Trade Union scholarship in 1947. He was appointed Island Supervisor of Bustamantes trade union, BITU, Shearer was elected to the House of Representatives of Jamaica as member for Western Kingston in 1955, an office he retained for the next four years until he was defeated in the 1959 elections. He was a member of the Senate from 1962 to 1967, in 1967 he was elected as member for Southern Clarendon and, after the death of Sir Donald Sangster, appointed Prime Minister on 11 April 1967. Thanks to his work with the Jamaican Worker earlier in his life, Shearer managed to stay on good terms with the Jamaican working class. However, he did cause an outcry of anger in October 1968 when his government banned the historian, Walter Rodney from re-entering the country. Shearer stood by the ban claiming that Rodney was a danger to Jamaica, citing his socialist ties, trips to Cuba, Shearer was generally uncomfortable with notions of pan-Africanism or militant black nationalism. He was also insecure about the stability of newly independent Jamaica in the late 1960s and his term as Prime Minister was a prosperous one for Jamaica, with three new alumina refineries were built, along with three large tourist resorts. These six buildings formed the basis of Jamaicas mining and tourism industries, Shearers term was also marked by a great upswing in secondary school enrolment after an intense education campaign on his part. It was by pressure from Shearer that the Law of the Sea Authority chose Kingston to house its headquarters, in the 1972 elections, the JLP was defeated and the Peoples National Party leader, Michael Manley, became Prime Minister. Between 1980 and 1989, during the ministership of Edward Seaga. He died at his home in Kingston on 5 July 2004, the Most Honourable Hugh Lawson Shearer was survived by his wife, the Most Hon

30.
Michael Manley
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Michael Norman Manley ON OCC was a Jamaican politician who served as the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972 to 1980 and from 1989 to 1992. Coming from a background, Manley was a democratic socialist. According to opinion polls, he one of Jamaicas most popular Prime Ministers since independence. Manley, the son of politician Norman Washington Manley and Edna Manley, attended Jamaica College. In 1945, he enrolled at the London School of Economics and he graduated in 1949, and returned to Jamaica to serve as an editor and columnist for the newspaper Public Opinion. At about the time, he became involved in the trade union movement. In August 1953, he became an official of that union. When his father was elected premier of Jamaica in 1955, Manley resisted entering politics, however, in 1962 he accepted an appointment to the Senate of the Parliament of Jamaica. He won a close election to the Jamaican House of Representatives in 1967. After his fathers retirement in 1969, Manley was elected leader of the Peoples National Party and he then served as leader of the Opposition, until his party won in the general elections of 1972. In the election of 1972, Manley defeated the unpopular incumbent Prime Minister, Hugh Shearer, running on the slogans Better must come, Giving power to the people and he instituted a series of socio-economic reforms that produced mixed results. In this regard he started a revolution, often preferring the Kariba suit. Under Manley, Jamaica established a minimum wage for all workers, in 1974, Manley proposed free education from primary school to university. The introduction of free secondary education was a major step in removing the institutional barriers to private sector. The PNP government in 1974 also formed the Jamaica Movement for the Advancement of Literacy, Land reform expanded under his administration. Historically, land tenure in Jamaica has been rather inequitable, project Land Lease, attempted an integrated rural development approach, providing tens of thousands of small farmers with land, technical advice, inputs such as fertilizers and access to credit. An estimated 14 percent of land was redistributed through this program. The minimum voting age was lowered to 18 years, while pay for women was introduced

31.
Edward Seaga
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Edward Philip George Seaga is a former Jamaican politician and statesman. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1980 to 1989, and he served as leader of the opposition from 1974 to 1980, and again from 1989 until January 2005. His retirement from political life marked the end of Jamaicas founding generation in active politics and he was the last serving politician to have entered public life before independence in 1962, as he was appointed to the Legislative Council in 1959. Seaga is credited with building the financial and planning infrastructure of the country after independence, as well as developing its arts and crafts, as a record producer and record company owner, Seaga also played a major role in the development of the Jamaican music industry. Edward Philip George Seaga was born on 28 May 1930, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Philip George Seaga and Erna, Jamaican parents of Lebanese and Scottish descent and his parents returned to Jamaica with Edward when the boy was three months old. He was baptised in Kingstons Anglican Parish Church on 5 December 1930, Erna was the daughter of Elizabeth Campbell, daughter of John Zungaroo Campbell. The young Seaga was educated at Wolmer’s Boys School in Jamaica and he went to the United States for college, graduating from Harvard University in 1952 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in the Social Sciences. Before he began his political career Edward Seaga was a producer and promoter. He subsequently took a research post at the University of the West Indies, seagas research led to an interest in popular Jamaican music. In 1955, he supervised the recording of an album of ethnic Jamaican music, beginning in 1961, Seaga lived in West Kingston. He became deeply involved in its music scene and recorded some of its artists, WIRL became the most successful record company in the West Indies. After being elected in 1962 as a Member of Parliament, representing the Jamaica Labour Party, over 16 years, Seaga worked on compiling a collection of Jamaican music covering the period from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s. This anthology, Reggae Golden Jubilee Origins of Jamaican Music, was released on 6 November 2012 in celebration of the anniversary of Jamaican independence. His appointment at the age of 29 made him the youngest member appointed to the Legislative Council. In 1961, he participated in drafting the Jamaican Constitution, in April 1962, Seaga was elected Member of Parliament for West Kingston, the waterfront area in the capital city. Historically, it has been the oldest settlement in Kingston for poor, working-class residents, employment is largely petty trading with some semi-skilled craftsmen. He held that seat for 43 consecutive years, until he retired, making him the longest-serving Member of Parliament in the history of Jamaica and he is the only person elected as Member of Parliament for West Kingston for more than one term, and has won 10 consecutive terms. Immediately after winning his seat in 1962, Seaga was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Development and Welfare, with responsibility for all areas of planning, social development and he also used his position to continue to promote Jamaican music

32.
Jamaican general election, 1983
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Early general elections were held in Jamaica on 15 December 1983. The election was boycotted by the opposition party, the Peoples National Party. It allowed the Labour Party to win all 60 seats in the House of Representatives, with their leader, Edward Seaga, the Labour Party had won the 1980 general elections in convincing style, taking 51 of the 60 seats in the House of Representatives. At the time the party promised to update the electoral roll, on 25 November 1983 Seaga called early elections, two years before they were due. Whilst the Peoples National Party boycotted the elections and called for others to do so as well, two of the parties, the Christian Conscience Movement and the Jamaica United Front, had never previously contested an election. The other, the Republican Party, had run in the 1955 and 1967 elections, between them, opposition and independent candidates only contested six constituencies, resulting in Labour Party candidates winning 54 seats unopposed. Whilst turnout in the seats was estimated to be around 55%, the overall total was just 2. 7%, by far the lowest in the countrys history. The Labour Party government was sworn in on 19 December, and remained in power until the 1989 elections, in which the Peoples National Party won 45 of the 60 seats

33.
Jamaican general election, 1989
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General elections were held in Jamaica on 9 February 1989. The result was a victory for the Peoples National Party, which won 45 of the 60 seats and this was the first election contested by the Peoples National Party since 1980, as they had boycotted the 1983 snap election. Prime Minister Edward Seaga announced the date on January 15,1989 at a rally in Kingston. He cited emergency conditions caused by Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 as the reason for extending the parliamentary term beyond its normal five-year mandate, the election date and tone of the election were shaped in part by Hurricane Gilbert, which made landfall in September 1988 and decimated the island. The hurricane caused almost $1 billion worth of damage to the island, with banana and coffee crops wiped out, both parties engaged in campaigning through the distribution of relief supplies, a hallmark of the Jamaican patronage system. Political commentators noted that prior to the hurricane, Edward Seaga and the JLP trailed Michael Manley, the ability to provide relief as the party in charge allowed Seaga to improve his standing among voters and erode the inevitability of Manleys victory. However, scandals related to the effort cost Seaga and the JLP some of the gains made immediately following the hurricane. The election was characterized by an ideological difference between the two parties on economic issues. He cited the PNPs desire to continue the policies of the JLP government. Seaga during his tenure as Prime Minister emphasized the need to tighten public sector spending and he shifted his plans as elections neared with a promise to spend J$1 billion on a five-year Social Well-Being Programme, which would build new hospitals and schools in Jamaica. Foreign policy also played a role in the 1989 election, Manley pledged better relations with the United States while at the same time pledging to restore diplomatic relations with Cuba that had been cut under Seaga. With Manley as Prime Minister, Jamaican-American relations had significantly frayed as a result of Manleys economic policies, the personalities of the two party leaders helped shape the 1989 campaign. While Seaga was portrayed as a manager with a cold public demeanor, Manley was perceived as a person with suspect managerial skills. Seaga summarized the two personalities by saying, Some people prefer to have a husband who will provide for them, others are looking for a lover to give them joy

34.
P. J. Patterson
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Percival Noel James Patterson, ON, PC, QC, is a former Jamaican politician who served as the sixth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1992 to 2006. Following a constituency reorganization, he served as the MP for Westmoreland Eastern from 1993 to 2006 and he retired from all of these positions in March 2006. He was married to Shirley Field-Ridley with whom he had two children, Richard and Sharon and it was also at university that he developed a commitment to Caribbean regionalism as well as to the causes of the countries of the developing world. His time as a Law student of the London School of Economics consolidated the foundation in international politics than his university experience in Jamaica had provided. During his enrolment at the Inns of Court he again came in contact with a number of leaders of the countries of the developing world who were fellow students in England. Patterson entered the Parliament of Jamaica as an Opposition Senator in 1969 and he was elected the youngest ever Vice President of the Peoples National Party later that year at age 33. This was the beginning of a partnership which endured over the next 23 years, Patterson was elected the Member of Parliament for Westmoreland South Eastern in the constituencys by-election of 1970. This led to his first appointment to the Jamaican Cabinet and he also ended Jamaica’s 18-year borrowing relationship with the International Monetary Fund, allowing the country greater latitude in pursuit of its economic policies. Patterson had long supported moves to make Jamaica a republic, but he was unsuccessful in this aim, Patterson arranged for Aristide to take up temporary residence in Jamaica during Aristides lawsuit against the United States and France accusing the countries of kidnapping him. In addition, Patterson presided over a significant decline in poverty during his time in office, Patterson has contributed to numerous Conventions and Statements in the international arena including the Valletta Statement on Multilateral Trade and the Gozo Statement on Vulnerable Small States. These have helped to shape north-south relationship and influence the position of developing countries. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence and he played a seminal role in the process that marked the transition from the first steps in integration of the Caribbean region to the founding of CARIFTA and its evolution into CARICOM. During his tenure as Jamaica’s Foreign Minister he served as President of the ACP/EU Ministerial Council and he has served as President and Spokesman of the ACP Ministerial Council on a number of occasions. A passionate opponent of apartheid, he was an ardent proponent of South Africas liberation movement. Upon becoming the Prime Minister of Jamaica in 1992 Patterson was invested with the Order of the Nation, allowing him to be known as The Most Honourable, in 2006 he was invested with the Order of Excellence of Guyana, allowing him to use the post-nominal letters OE