Project MKULTRA, the CIA's program of research in behavioral modification : joint hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence
and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth
Congress, first session, August 3, 1977 by United States(
Book
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1977
in
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"Project MKUltra, or MK-Ultra, was a covert, illegal human research program into behavioral modification run by the Central
Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Office of Scientific Intelligence. The program began in the early 1950s, was officially sanctioned
in 1953, was reduced in scope in 1964, further curtailed in 1967 and finally halted in 1973. The program used unwitting U.S.
and Canadian citizens as its test subjects, which led to controversy regarding its legitimacy. MKUltra involved the use of
many methodologies to manipulate people's individual mental states and alter brain functions, including the surreptitious
administration of drugs (especially LSD) and other chemicals, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, isolation, verbal and sexual
abuse, as well as various forms of torture. The research was undertaken at 80 institutions, including 44 colleges and universities,
as well as hospitals, prisons and pharmaceutical companies. The CIA would operate through these institutions using front organizations,
although sometimes top officials at these institutions would be aware of the CIA's involvement. MKUltra was allocated 6 percent
of total CIA funds. Project MKUltra was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U.S. Congress, through investigations
by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission. Investigative efforts were
hampered by the fact that CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MKUltra files destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and
Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the relatively small number
of documents that survived Helms' destruction order. In 1977, a Freedom of Information Act request uncovered a cache of 20,000
documents relating to project MKUltra, which led to Senate hearings later that same year. In July 2001 most surviving information
regarding MKUltra was officially declassified."--Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKULTRA, accessed Aug. 28, 2012