Scarface was released on December 9, 1983 and was a box office success, grossing $44 million. Initial critical reception was negative, with criticism over excessive violence and profanity and graphic drug usage. Some Cuban expatriates in Miami objected to the film's portrayal of Cubans as criminals and drug traffickers.

In the years that followed, the film has received reappraisal from critics, considered by some to be one of the best mob films ever made and in general. Screenwriters and directors such as Martin Scorsese have praised the film, which has been referenced extensively in pop culture, especially in rap and hip hop music[6][7] as well as comic books, TV and video games. The film has long since become a cult classic.[8][9][10][11]

In 1980, Cuban refugee and ex-con Antonio "Tony" Montana arrives in Miami, Florida as part of the Mariel boatlift, where he is sent to a refugee camp with his best friends, Manny Ribera, Angel and Chi-Chi. The four are released and given green cards in exchange for assassinating a former Cuban government official at the request of wealthy drug dealer Frank Lopez. They become dishwashers in a diner, to Tony's disgust, proclaiming he was meant for bigger things.

Frank's right-hand man, Omar Suarez, gives them a job: purchase cocaine from Colombian dealers, but the deal goes bad. Angel is dismembered with a chainsaw, while Manny and Chi-Chi rescue Tony and kill the Colombians. Suspecting that Omar set them up, Tony and Manny insist on personally delivering the recovered drugs and money to Frank. During their meeting, Tony is attracted to Frank's trophy wife, Elvira Hancock. Frank hires and befriends Tony and Manny.

Months later, Tony visits his mother Georgina and younger sister Gina, of whom he is fiercely protective. Disgusted by his life of crime, Georgina throws Tony out. Manny is attracted to Gina, but Tony angrily tells him to stay away from her.

Frank sends Tony and Omar to Bolivia to meet with cocaine kingpin Alejandro Sosa. Tony negotiates a deal without Frank's approval, angering Omar, who leaves to contact Frank. Sosa claims that Omar is a police informant and that Frank is weak. Tony witnesses a beaten Omar hanged from a helicopter. Tony vouches for Frank's organization. Sosa, taking a liking to Tony, agrees to the deal, but not before warning Tony to never betray him.

Back in Miami, Frank is infuriated by Omar's demise and the unauthorized deal struck by Tony. At a nightclub, corrupt detective Mel Bernstein attempts to extort money from Tony in return for police protection and information. Tony angers Frank further by openly pursuing Elvira in the club. Spotting Gina with her boyfriend, Tony angrily beats the two of them. Hitmen attempt to assassinate Tony, but he escapes. Tony, certain that his boss sent both Bernstein and the assassins, confronts Frank, with Manny and Chi-Chi in tow. At gunpoint, Frank confesses to the attempted hit and begs for his life, but he and Bernstein are killed.

Tony marries Elvira and becomes the distributor of Sosa's product. He builds a multimillion-dollar empire, living in a vast, heavily guarded estate. By 1983, however, Tony becomes unsatisfied with his lifestyle and cocaine addiction. His money launderer demands a greater percentage, while Manny resents Tony's growing paranoia and abusive treatment of Elvira. A sting by federal agents results in Tony being charged with tax evasion, with an inevitable prison sentence. Sosa offers to use his government connections to keep a desperate Tony out of prison, but only if Tony assassinates a journalist intending to expose Sosa. Later, Tony, during a public dinner, accuses Manny of causing his arrest and Elvira of being an infertile junkie, causing Elvira to leave him. He travels to New York City to carry out the assassination with Sosa's henchman, Alberto, who plants a bomb on the journalist's car. However, the journalist is unexpectedly accompanied by his wife and children. Disgusted, Tony kills Alberto and returns to Miami.

An enraged Sosa calls Tony to promise retribution. Tony, at his mother's behest, tracks down Gina, who has secretly married Manny. After killing Manny, a distraught Tony returns to his mansion, where he begins a massive coke binge. While Sosa's men invade the mansion and kill Tony's men, a drugged Gina accuses Tony of wanting her for himself and attempts to kill him, but is slain by one of Sosa's men, who is in turn killed by Tony. With Tony's men all dead - including Chi-Chi - and assassins at the door, Tony turns a grenade launcher-equipped M16A1 on Sosa's men, mowing down many. Tony is repeatedly shot, but continues to taunt until he is fatally shot from behind by a shotgun blast. His limp body falls into a fountain below, in front of a statue reading "The World is Yours".

Bregman and Lumet's creative differences saw Lumet drop out of the project. Lumet had wanted to make a more political story that focused on blaming the current Presidential administration for the influx of cocaine into the United States, and Bregman disagreed with Lumet's views.[15][13] Bregman replaced him with Brian De Palma, and hired writer Oliver Stone, later stating that it took only four phone calls to secure their involvement.[citation needed] Stone had seen the original 1932 Scarface and didn't enjoy the film so he initially rejected the offer.[16] Only after he talked to Lumet was he convinced to accept the offer since they agreed on transforming the film from a period piece to a contemporary film,[16] saying "Sidney had a great idea to take the 1930’s American prohibition gangster movie and make it into a modern immigrant gangster movie dealing with the same problems that we had then, that we’re prohibiting drugs instead of alcohol. There’s a prohibition against drugs that’s created the same criminal class as (prohibition of alcohol) created the Mafia."[16] Stone researched the script while battling his own cocaine addiction.[17] He and Bregman performed their own research, travelling to Miami, Florida where they were given access to records from the U.S. Attorney's Office and the Organized Crime Bureau.[15] Stone moved to Paris to write the script, believing he could not break his addiction while in the United States, stating in a 2003 interview that he was completely off drugs at the time "because I don't think cocaine helps writing. It's very destructive to the brain cells."[13][18]

Pacino insisted on taking the lead role as Tony Montana, although Robert De Niro had been offered it and had turned it down.[12][19] Pacino worked with experts in knife combat, trainers, and boxer Roberto Duran to attain the body type that he wanted for the role. Duran also helped inspire the character, who had "a certain lion in him", according to Pacino. Meryl Streep's immigrant character in Sophie's Choice (1982) also influenced Pacino's portrayal of Tony Montana. Bauer and a dialect coach helped him learn aspects of the Cuban Spanish language and pronunciation.[13]

Bauer got his role without even auditioning. During the audition process, casting director Alixe Gordin saw Bauer and instantly noted that he was right for the role of Manny, a judgment with which both De Palma and Bregman agreed. He was the only actual Cuban in the principal cast. John Travolta was considered for the role.[12][19][21]

Pacino was injured during rehearsals for a gunfight after he grabbed the barrel of a prop gun which had just been used to fire several dummy bullets. His hand stuck to the hot barrel and he was unable to remove it immediately; the injury sidelined him for two weeks. The gunfight scene also includes a single camera shot directed by Steven Spielberg, who was visiting the set at the time.[22] During filming, some Cuban-Americans objected to the film's Cuban-American characters being portrayed as criminals by non-Cuban-American actors. To counter this, the film features a disclaimer during its credits stating that the film characters were not representative of the Cuban-American community.[21] The entertainment industry initially hated the film, with actress Liza Minnelli asking Pacino what he had done to leave the insiders subdued at a post-screening meal. (Minnelli had not seen the film at the time.) However, during the meal, actor Eddie Murphy told Pacino that he loved the film.[12]

Despite its Miami setting, much of the film was actually shot in Los Angeles, as the Miami Tourist board was afraid that the film would deter tourism with its depiction of the state as a haven for drugs and gangsters.[23] Tony's opulent Miami mansion was portrayed by El Fureidis, a Roman-styled mansion in Santa Barbara, California.[24]

The picture was shot for 24 weeks from November 22, 1982 to May 6, 1983.[25][26]

Scarface was given an X rating in North America three times for extreme violence, frequent strong language, and hard drug usage.[28] The restrictive rating was more associated with pornography at the time, and it both limited the number of cinemas willing to screen such a film and restricted promotional advertising, which would potentially adversely affect any box office takings. An early scene was singled out as the cause of the X rating, where Montana's associate Angel is dismembered with a chainsaw off screen. De Palma made edits to the scene and resubmitted it to the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), but was again given an X rating. He made further edits and resubmitted it from three to five times before refusing to further edit the film, telling Universal to either release it in its current form or fire and replace him with someone who would edit it. Universal opted to appeal the MPAA's decision. Studio president Robert Rehme attended the hearing which was presided over by his friend MPAA President Jack Valenti. Among those speaking on behalf of the film during the appeal were film critic Roger Ebert, the head of Florida's Broward County organized crime division, and the head of a major theater chain named Alan Friedberg. MPAA member Richard Heffner later admitted that he could have fought harder to retain the X rating, but he believed that Valenti did not support the decision, as he did not want to alienate the big film studios. The decision was overwhelmingly in favor of releasing the film with a less restrictive R rating.

In response, De Palma argued that, if the latest version of the film was now considered an R, then his original version would also be rated R, rationalizing that the edits which he made were minor. The MPAA told De Palma that only his latest edit would be certified as an R. De Palma believed that the changes were so slight that no one would notice if he released his original version anyway, which he ultimately did.[29][30]

The initial release of Scarface was met with a negative critical response,[12] and drew controversy regarding the violence and graphic language in the film.[32]The New York Magazine defined it as an empty, bullying, and overblown B movie.[33]

It has been reported that Cher loved the film; Lucille Ball saw the film with her family and hated it because of its strong language and graphic violence; and Dustin Hoffman was said to have fallen asleep.[34] Writers Kurt Vonnegut and John Irving were among those who allegedly walked out in disgust after the notorious chainsaw scene.[35] At the middle of the film, Scorsese turned to Bauer and told him, "You guys are great – but be prepared, because they're going to hate it in Hollywood... because it's about them."[36]

Roger Ebert rated it four stars out of four in his 1983 review, and he later added it to his "Great Movies" list.[37] Ebert wrote, "DePalma and his writer, Oliver Stone, have created a gallery of specific individuals, and one of the fascinations of the movie is that we aren't watching crime-movie clichés, we're watching people who are criminals."[38]Vincent Canby praised the film in the New York Times: "The dominant mood of the film is... bleak and futile: what goes up must always come down. When it comes down in Scarface, the crash is as terrifying as it is vivid and arresting."[39]

Leonard Maltin was among those critics who held a negative opinion of Scarface. He gave the film 1½ stars out of four, stating that Scarface "wallows in excess and unpleasantness for nearly three hours, and offers no new insights except that crime doesn't pay. At least the 1932 movie moved." Maltin included an addendum to his review in later editions of his annual movie guide, stating his surprise with the film's newfound popularity as a cult-classic.[40]

In his review for Newsweek, David Ansen wrote, "If Scarface makes you shudder, it's from what you think you see and from the accumulated tension of this feral landscape. It's a grand, shallow, decadent entertainment, which like all good Hollywood gangster movies delivers the punch and counterpunch of glamour and disgust".[41]Jay Scott writes in his review for the Globe and Mail, "For a while, Al Pacino is hypnotic as Montana. But the effort expended on the flawless Cuban accent and the attempts to flesh out a character cut from inch-thick cardboard are hopeless."[42] In his review for the Washington Post, Gary Arnold wrote, "A movie that appeared intent on revealing an alarmingly contemporary criminal subculture gradually reverts to underworld cliche, covering its derivative tracks with outrageous decor and an apocalyptic, production number finale, ingeniously choreographed to leave the antihero floating face down in a literal bloodbath."[43]

Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes offers a contemporary interpretation of the film's reception, providing an 83% approval rating from 65 critics – an average rating of 7.5 out of 10 – with the following consensus: "Director Brian De Palma and star Al Pacino take it to the limit in this stylized, ultra-violent and eminently quotable gangster epic that walks a thin white line between moral drama and celebratory excess."[44]Metacritic gives it an average score of 65/100.

Scarface was released theatrically in North America on December 9, 1983. The film earned $4.5 million from 996 theaters during its opening weekend, an average of $4,616 per theater, and ranking as the second-highest-grossing film of the weekend behind Sudden Impact ($9.6 million), which debuted the same weekend. It went on to earn $45.4 million in North America and $20.4 million from other markets, for a total of $65.8 million. This figure made Scarface the 16th highest-grossing film of 1983, and seventh highest grossing R-rated film in North America for 1983.[3][45]

The television version of Scarface premiered on ABC on January 7, 1989.[47] 32 minutes of violence, profanity and sex were edited out, and much of the dialogue, including the constant use of the word "fuck", which was muted after the beginning of "f-" or replaced with less offensive alternatives.[48]

The film received a North American DVD release on the film's fifteenth anniversary in 1998 featuring a non-anamorphic widescreen transfer, a "Making of" documentary, outtakes, production notes, and cast and crew biographies. This release was not successful, and many fans and reviewers complained about its unwatchable video transfer and muddled sound, describing it as "one of the worst big studio releases out there".[49] In 2003, a 20th anniversary re-release, featured two documentaries — including a new interview with Steven Bauer and another produced by Def Jam Recordings featuring interviews with various rappers on the film's cult status in the hip hop world.[citation needed]

Scarface was released on Blu-ray Disc on September 6, 2011 in a two-disc, limited edition, steelbox package.[50] The set contains a remastered, 1080p widescreen transfer of the film in 7.1DTS-HD Master Audio surround sound, as well as a digital copy. Disc two is a DVD of the 1932 Scarface, featuring a TMC-produced introduction by Robert Osborne and an alternate ending. Bonus features include The Making of Scarface documentary, and a new retrospective documentary: The Scarface Phenomenon.[51]

A special gift set, limited to 1,000 copies, features the Blu-ray set housed in a cigar humidor, designed by humidor craftsman Daniel Marshall. The humidor box set retailed at $999.99.[52]

Universal also launched a "National Fan Art Contest" via Facebook. The top 25 submissions selected by Universal were entered in a poll where fans voted on their 10 favorite works to be featured as art cards in the Blu-ray set. The Grand-Prize winner had their artwork featured on a billboard in a major US city in order to promote the release. To celebrate the release of Scarface on Blu-ray, Universal Studios and Fathom Events teamed up to make a Scarface Special Event. The event included Scarface coming back to select theaters nationwide for one night only on Wednesday, August 31, 2011. A twenty-minute documentary on how the film impacted the world today also featured.[citation needed].

Instead of using music from the period in which the film was set, the generic music in Scarface was produced by Academy Award-winning Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder. Reflecting Moroder's style, the soundtrack consists mostly of muzak-like synthesizednew wave, electronic music. De Palma says that he has repeatedly denied Universal's requests to release the film with a "pop" score because he feels that Moroder's score is adequate.[56]

Pacino was already an established successful actor, but Scarface helped launch Pfeiffer's and Mastrantonio's careers, both of whom were relatively unknown beforehand, and both went on to individual successes.[21]Entertainment Weekly ranked the film #8 on their list of "The Top 50 Cult Films,"[57] and Empire Magazine placed it among the top 500 films of all time, at #284.[58] In 2010, VH1 rated the movie at number 5 in its list of 100 greatest movies of all time.[citation needed] In 2009, Total Film listed it at number 9 on their list of the 30 Greatest Gangster movies.[59]Scarface was among the earliest films in which the expletive "fuck" is used persistently, 226 times in total.[60] The company set up by former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein to launder money was named Montana Management after Pacino's character.[61]

The release of Scarface coincided with the rise of hip hop music, and the film has had a lasting influence on hip hop artists.[62] American rapper Nas compared himself to Tony Montana and compared rapper Jay-Z to Manolo, both characters from Scarface, on Nas's track "Last Real Nigga Alive" from his album God's Son, during the time of the high-profile feud between the two.[63]

In 2010, artist James Georgopoulos included the screen-used guns from Scarface in his popular Guns of Cinema series.[64]Dark Horse Comics' imprintDH Press released a novel called Scarface: The Beginning by L. A. Banks.[65][66] IDW publishing released a limited series called Scarface: Scarred For Life. It starts with corrupt police officers finding that Tony has survived the final mansion showdown. Tony works at rebuilding his criminal empire, similar to the game The World Is Yours.[67]

In 2001, plans were made for hip hop artist Cuban Link to write and star in a sequel to Scarface titled Son of Tony.[71] The plans drew both praise and criticism and, after several years, Cuban Link indicated that he may no longer be involved with the project as the result of movie rights issues and creative control.[72]

Universal announced in 2011 that the studio is developing a new version of Scarface. The studio stated that the new film is neither a sequel nor a remake, but will take elements from both this version and its 1932 predecessor, including the basic premise: a man who becomes a kingpin in his quest for the American Dream. Martin Bregman produced the 1983 remake and will produce this version also,[73] with a screenplay by David Ayer,[74] and David Yates in talks to direct the film.[75]

On March 24, 2014, TheWrap reported that Pablo Larraín was in negotiations to direct the film, along with Paul Attanasio writing the film's script. The film's update will be an original story set in modern-day Los Angeles that follows a Mexican immigrant's rise in the criminal underworld as he strives for the American Dream.[76] Jonathan Herman was set in March 2015 to rewrite both drafts of the script.[77]

On August 10, 2016, Deadline.com reported that Antoine Fuqua was in talks to direct the film.[78] On September 28, 2016, Variety reported that Terence Winter would be penning the script for the film.[79] In January 2017, Fuqua left the project and Diego Luna was cast in the lead role.[80] On February 10, 2017, it was announced that the film will be released in theaters on August 10, 2018, with the film's script being written by the Coen Brothers.[81]

1.
Brian De Palma
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Brian Russell De Palma is an American film director and screenwriter. He is considered part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, in a career spanning over 40 years, he is best known for his suspense, psychological thriller, and crime films. De Palma, who is of Italian ancestry, is the youngest of three boys and was born in Newark, New Jersey to Vivienne and Anthony Federico De Palma, an orthopedic surgeon. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New Hampshire, and attended various Protestant and Quaker schools, when he was in high school, he built computers. He won a regional science-fair prize for a project titled An Analog Computer to Solve Differential Equations, enrolled at Columbia as a physics student, De Palma became enraptured with the filmmaking process after viewing Citizen Kane and Vertigo. An early association with a young Robert De Niro resulted in The Wedding Party, De Niro was unknown at the time, the credits mistakenly display his name as Robert Denero. The film is noteworthy for its invocation of silent film techniques, De Palma followed this style with various small films for the NAACP and The Treasury Department. In an interview with Gelmis from 1969, De Palma described the film as very good and its distributed by Pathe Contemporary and makes lots of money. I shot it in four hours, with synched sound, I had two other guys shooting peoples reactions to the paintings, and the paintings themselves. Dionysus in 69 was De Palmas other major documentary from this period, the film records The Performance Groups performance of Euripides The Bacchae, starring, amongst others, De Palma regular William Finley. The play is noted for breaking traditional barriers between performers and audience, the films most striking quality is its extensive use of the split-screen. De Palma recalls that he was floored by this performance upon first sight, and in 1973 recounts how he began to try and figure out a way to capture it on film. I came up with the idea of split-screen, to be able to show the actual audience involvement, to trace the life of the audience, De Palmas most significant features from this decade are Greetings and Hi, Mom. Both films star Robert De Niro and espouse a Leftist revolutionary viewpoint common to their era, Greetings was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear award. His other major film from this period is the slasher comedy Murder a la Mod, Greetings is about three New Yorkers dealing with the draft. The film is considered the first to deal explicitly with the draft. The film is noteworthy for its use of experimental techniques to convey its narrative in ultimately unconventional ways. Footage was sped up, rapid cutting was used to distance the audience from the narrative, Greetings ultimately grossed over $1 million at the box office and cemented De Palmas position as a bankable filmmaker

2.
Martin Bregman
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Martin Bregman is an American film producer and former personal manager. Bregman was born in New York City, to Leon and Ida, as a child, he suffered from polio. He began his career selling insurance and first got into the entertainment business as a night club agent, Bregman ventured into film producing in 1973, building projects around Pacino, initially with the Sidney Lumet directed Serpico. The films acclaim set the path for more highly acclaimed collaborations with Pacino, including Dog Day Afternoon in 1975, Scarface in 1983. Beginning in 1979 with The Seduction of Joe Tynan, and for most of the 1980s and their creative and business partnership yielded such well received films as The Four Seasons in 1981, Sweet Liberty in 1986, A New Life in 1988 and Betsys Wedding, in 1990. Other notable films include 1999s The Bone Collector with Denzel Washington and 2002s The Adventures of Pluto Nash, starring Eddie Murphy, Bregman has also produced two short-lived television shows, 1980s S*H*E and 1984s The Four Seasons, with Alda, based on the films. Martin Bregman at the Internet Movie Database The Shadow

3.
Oliver Stone
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William Oliver Stone is an American screenwriter, film director, and producer. Stone won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay as writer of Midnight Express and he also wrote the acclaimed gangster movie Scarface. As a director, Stone achieved prominence as director/writer of the war drama Platoon, for which Stone won the Academy Award for Best Director, Platoon was the first in a trilogy of films based on the Vietnam War, in which Stone served as an infantry soldier. He continued the series with Born on the Fourth of July —for which Stone won his second Best Director Oscar—and Heaven & Earth. Many of Stones films focus on controversial American political issues during the late 20th century and they often combine different camera and film formats within a single scene, as evidenced in JFK, Natural Born Killers, and Nixon. Stone was born September 15,1946, in New York City, the son of Jacqueline and Louis Stone and he grew up in Manhattan and Stamford, Connecticut. His parents met during World War II, when his father was fighting as a part of the Allied force in France and his American-born father was a non-practicing Jew, and his French-born mother was a non-practicing Roman Catholic. Stone was raised in the Episcopal Church, and now practices Buddhism, Stone attended Trinity School in New York City before his parents sent him away to The Hill School, a college-preparatory school in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. His parents were divorced abruptly while he was away at school, Stones mother was often absent and his father made a big impact on his life, father-son relationships were to feature heavily in Stones films. He often spent parts of his vacations with his maternal grandparents in France. Stone also worked at 17 in the Paris mercantile exchange in sugar, Stone graduated from The Hill School in 1964. Stone was admitted into Yale University, but left in June 1965 at age 18 to teach school students English for six months in Saigon at the Free Pacific Institute in South Vietnam. Afterwards, he worked as a wiper on a United States Merchant Marine ship in 1966 and he returned to Yale, where he dropped out a second time. In April 1967, Stone enlisted in the United States Army, from September 16,1967 to April 1968, he served in Vietnam with 2nd Platoon, B Company, 3rd Battalion, 25th Infantry Division and was twice wounded in action. He was then transferred to the First Cavalry Division participating in long range patrols before being transferred again to drive for an infantry unit of the division until November 1968. Stone graduated from New York University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film in 1971, Stone made a short, well received 12-minute film Last Year in Viet Nam. In 1979, Stone won his first Academy Award, after adapting true-life prison story Midnight Express into a hit film for British director Alan Parker. Stones screenplay for Midnight Express was criticized by some for its inaccuracies in portraying the events described in the book, the original author, Billy Hayes, around whom the film is set, spoke out against the film, protesting that he had many Turkish friends while in jail

4.
Al Pacino
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Alfredo James Al Pacino is an American actor of stage and screen, filmmaker, and screenwriter. DeMille Award, and the National Medal of Arts and he is also one of few performers to have won a competitive Oscar, an Emmy and a Tony Award for acting, dubbed the Triple Crown of Acting. He achieved international acclaim and recognition for his role as Michael Corleone in Francis Ford Coppolas The Godfather. He received his first Oscar nomination and would reprise the role in the successful sequels The Godfather Part II. Pacinos performance as Corleone is now regarded as one of the greatest screen performances in film history, for his performances in The Godfather, Dick Tracy and Glengarry Glen Ross, Pacino was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. A lifelong fan of Shakespeare, Pacino directed and starred in Looking for Richard, a film about the play Richard III. He has also acted as Shylock in a 2004 feature film adaptation, since 1994, Pacino has been the joint president of the Actors Studio with Ellen Burstyn and Harvey Keitel. Pacino was born in New York City, to Sicilian-American parents Salvatore Pacino and Rose and his mother moved to The Bronx to live with her parents, Kate and James Gerardi, who, coincidentally, had come from a town in Sicily named Corleone. His father, who was from San Fratello in the Province of Messina, moved to Covina, California, in his teen years Sonny, as he was known to his friends, aimed to become a baseball player, and was also nicknamed The Actor. Pacino went through Herman Ridder Junior High School, but in secondary school dropped out of many classes and he attended the High School of Performing Arts, but dropped out of school at age 17. His mother disagreed with his decision, they argued and he left home and he worked at low-paying jobs, messenger, busboy, janitor, and postal clerk, to finance his acting studies. He once worked in the room for Commentary magazine. He began smoking and drinking at age nine, and took up casual cannabis use at age 13 and his two closest friends died from drug abuse at the ages of 19 and 30. Growing up in The Bronx, he got into fights and was considered something of a troublemaker at school. He acted in basement plays in New Yorks theatrical underground but was rejected for the Actors Studio while a teenager, Pacino then joined the Herbert Berghof Studio, where he met acting teacher Charlie Laughton, who became his mentor and best friend. In this period, he was unemployed and homeless, and sometimes slept on the street, in theaters. In 1962, his mother died at the age of 43, the following year, Pacinos grandfather James Gerardi, one of the most influential people in his life, also died. After four years at HB Studio, Pacino successfully auditioned for the Actors Studio, the Actors Studio is a membership organization of professional actors, theatre directors and playwrights in the Hells Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City

5.
Steven Bauer
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Steven Bauer is a Cuban-American actor. Born Esteban Ernesto Echevarría Samson in Havana, Cuba, the son of Lillian Samson Agostini, a schoolteacher, and Esteban Echevarría, Bauers maternal grandfather was a Jewish refugee from Germany, and Bauers maternal grandmother was a Cuban of partial Italian ancestry. His stage surname comes from his maternal great-grandmother, Bauers parents fled from Cuba to Miami, Florida, on July 4,1960, following Fidel Castros Revolution. He graduated from Miami Coral Park High School in 1974, Bauers first substantial role was in the PBS bilingual sitcom ¿Qué Pasa, USA. Playing the teenage son of a Cuban exile family in Miami and he also appeared in the 1980 TV miniseries From Here to Eternity. He was credited in these and a few other projects as Rocky Echevarría. In 1981, Bauer starred in the television movie Shes in the Army Now and they both moved to New York City and stayed at Ray Liottas apartment, while Liotta moved to Los Angeles and stayed at theirs. Both Bauer and Griffith studied under famed acting teacher Stella Adler, during this time he briefly adopted the stage name Rocky Echevarria, before settling on Steven Bauer. Bauer was given the role of Manny Ribera, the part played by George Raft in the original 1932 version, in the 1983 movie Scarface, even though he was a relatively unknown actor at the time. The producers of Scarface were convinced that he was right for the role based on his strong audition and his performance drew a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor. In 1986 he had two important roles. Frank Sigliano in the Billy Crystal and Gregory Hines cop comedy Running Scared, the Sword of Gideon script was the basis for Steven Spielbergs later film Munich, which follows the same storyline and borrows heavily from the Sword of Gideon story and script. In 1990 Bauer played the role of Drug Enforcement Administration agent Enrique Kiki Camarena in the television miniseries Drug Wars, The Camarena Story alongside Benicio Del Toro and Craig T. Nelson. That same year, Bauer took over the lead of the television show Wiseguy from Ken Wahl for the fourth and final season. Since then, Bauer has made his career primarily, though not exclusively, in action films and he also made an appearance in the video game spin-off Scarface, The World Is Yours, playing drug dealer The Sandman. In 2007 he appeared on an episode of Burn Notice, in 2011, Bauer appeared on the show Breaking Bad playing Mexican drug lord Don Eladio. He stars with Julianne Michelle in the feature film Awakened, a supernatural thriller touching on Life After Death and he currently appears as ex-Mossad agent turned private investigator Avi in the Showtime series Ray Donovan. Bauer married Melanie Griffith on September 8,1981, the couple had a son, Alexander Bauer, on August 22,1985, before divorcing in 1989

6.
Michelle Pfeiffer
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Michelle Marie Pfeiffer is an American actress, singer and producer. She began her career in 1978 and had her first starring film role in Grease 2. Her greatest commercial successes include Batman Returns, Dangerous Minds, What Lies Beneath and she received a third Oscar nomination for Love Field. Her other notable roles include The Witches of Eastwick, Married to the Mob, Frankie and Johnny, The Age of Innocence, Wolf. Pfeiffer was born in Santa Ana, California, the second of four children of Richard Pfeiffer, a contractor, and Donna. She has one brother, Rick, and two younger sisters, Dedee Pfeiffer, a television and film actress, and Lori Pfeiffer. Her parents were originally from North Dakota. The family moved to Midway City, where Pfeiffer spent her childhood and she attended Fountain Valley High School, graduating in 1976. She worked as a girl at Vons supermarket, and attended Golden West College where she was a member of Alpha Delta Pi sorority. After a short stint training to be a stenographer, she decided upon an acting career. She won the Miss Orange County beauty pageant in 1978, and participated in Miss California the same year, following her participation in these pageants, she acquired an acting agent and began to audition for television and films. Pfeiffers early acting appearances included roles in Fantasy Island, Delta House. In the meantime, I was playing bimbos and cashing in on my looks and she then landed her first major film role as Stephanie Zinone in Grease 2, the sequel to the smash-hit musical Grease. The film was a critical and commercial failure, and Pfeiffers single release of Cool Rider from the soundtrack on PolyGram failed to dent the music charts. Despite escaping the critical mauling, Pfeiffers agent later admitted that her association with the film meant that she couldnt get any jobs. Director Brian De Palma, having seen Grease 2, refused to audition Pfeiffer for Scarface, but relented at the insistence of Martin Bregman and she was cast as cocaine-addicted trophy wife Elvira Hancock. The film was considered violent by most critics, but became a commercial hit. Pfeiffer received positive reviews for her turn, Richard Corliss of Time Magazine wrote, most of the large cast is fine

7.
F. Murray Abraham
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F. Murray Abraham is an American actor. He became widely known during the 1980s after winning the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Antonio Salieri in Amadeus and he is also known for his television and theatre work and is now a regular cast member on the award-winning television series Homeland. Abraham was born as Murray Abraham on October 24,1939 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Fahrid Fred Abraham, a mechanic, and his wife Josephine. His father was Assyrian and emigrated from Syria at age 5 during the 1920s famine and his mother, one of 14 children, was Italian American, and the daughter of an immigrant who worked in the coal mines of Western Pennsylvania. He had two brothers, Robert and Jack, who were killed in car accidents. Abraham was raised in El Paso, Texas, near the Mexican border and he attended Vilas Grammar School, and graduated from El Paso High School in 1958. He was a member during his teenage years. He attended Texas Western College, where he was given the best actor award by Alpha Psi Omega for his portrayal of the Indian Nocona in Comanche Eagle during the 1959–60 season. He attended the University of Texas at Austin, then studied acting under Uta Hagen in New York City and he began his acting career on the stage, debuting in a Los Angeles production of Ray Bradburys The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit. Abraham added F. to his name in honor of his father. He has stated Murray Abraham just doesnt seem to say anything and it just is another name, so I thought Id frame it. Abraham made his debut as an usher in the George C. Scott comedy They Might Be Giants. By the mid-1970s, Murray had steady employment as an actor, doing commercials, Abraham can be seen as one of the undercover police officers along with Al Pacino in Sidney Lumets Serpico, and in television roles including the bad guy in one third-season episode of Kojak. He played a cabdriver in the version of The Prisoner of Second Avenue, a mechanic in the theatrical version of The Sunshine Boys. Despite these small roles, Abraham continued to do commercials and voice-over work for income, but in 1978, he decided to give them up. Frustrated with the lack of roles, Abraham said, No one was taking my acting seriously. I figured if I didnt do it, then Id have no right to the dreams Ive always had and his wife, Kate Hannan, went to work as an assistant and Abraham became a house husband. He described, I cooked and cleaned and took care of the kids and it was very rough on my macho idea of life

8.
Robert Loggia
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Salvatore Robert Loggia was an American actor and director. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Jagged Edge and he grew up in the Little Italy neighborhood, where the family spoke Italian at home. He attended New Dorp High School before going to Wagner College, later he started courses towards a degree in journalism at the University of Missouri, but later still switched to drama courses with Alvina Krause at Northwestern University. After serving in the United States Army, he married Marjorie Sloan in 1954, at age 25, he made his debut on Broadway in The Man With the Golden Arm in 1955. Although Loggia made his first film in 1956, in an appearance, it was not until he was cast as a New Mexico lawman Elfego Baca. He later starred as the proverbial cat-burglar-turned-good circus artist, Thomas Hewitt Edward Cat, Cat appeared to be a success, Loggia said, Were drawing about a 30 per cent share of the audience, which NBC considers fine for a new show with new star. After NBC cancelled the series, when viewing figures failed to deliver, Loggia went into a mid-life crisis, for six years his career foundered, and his marriage fell apart. Restless and unnerved, constantly riddled with self-doubt, a meeting with Audrey OBrien was a saving grace. She helped him out of the crisis, and they later married, despite playing Frank Carver on the CBS soap opera The Secret Storm in 1972, he took a new course, when he decided to begin a career in directing. He also carried on acting, and amassed many television credits in a variety of roles, including appearances on Overland Trail, Target, the Untouchables, The Eleventh Hour, Breaking Point, Combat. I. Quincy, M. E. Kojak, Hawaii Five-0, The Bionic Woman, Falcon Crest, Frasier, The Sopranos, Monk, the director Blake Edwards often cast Loggia in his films in one of the minor and supporting roles. These included Revenge of the Pink Panther, S. O. B. which was a satire about Hollywood, Loggia also acted in several widely acclaimed films such as An Officer and a Gentleman, Scarface, Prizzis Honor, and Independence Day. Eddy in David Lynchs Lost Highway, and Don Vito Leoni in David Jablins The Dons Analyst, additionally, he played violent mobster Feech La Manna in several episodes of The Sopranos. In 1998, Loggia appeared in a television commercial lampooning obscure celebrity endorsements, in it, a young boy names Loggia as someone he would trust to recommend Minute Maid orange-tangerine blend. Loggia instantly appears and endorses the drink, to which the boy exclaims, Whoa, in August 2009, Loggia appeared in one of Apples Get a Mac advertisements. The advertisement features Loggia as a personal trainer hired by PC to get him back on top of his game, on October 26,2009, TVGuide. com announced Loggia had joined the cast of the TNT series Men of a Certain Age. In 2012, Loggia portrayed Saint Peter during his imprisonment in The Apostle Peter. Loggia partnered with Canadian entrepreneur Frank DAngelo from 2013, appearing in three films, with a film in production at the time of Loggias death

9.
Giorgio Moroder
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Giovanni Giorgio Moroder is an Italian singer, songwriter, DJ and record producer. Moroder is frequently credited with pioneering Italo disco and electronic dance music, when in Munich in the 1970s, he started his own record label called Oasis Records, which several years later became a subdivision of Casablanca Records. Moroder also composed the soundtrack for the film Midnight Express, which won an Academy Award, in 1990, he composed Unestate italiana, the official theme song of the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He also created a score of songs for performers including David Bowie, Kylie Minogue, Irene Cara, Janet Jackson, Madleen Kane, Melissa Manchester, Blondie, Japan, Moroder has stated that the work of which he is most proud is Berlins Take My Breath Away. What a Feeling earned him the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1986 and 1983, Moroder was born Giovanni Giorgio Moroder on 26 April 1940 in Urtijëi in South Tyrol, Italy. He came to prominence in 1969, when his recording Looky Looky and he then made a name for himself in studios around Germany in the early 1970s. That same year he co-wrote and produced the seminal Donna Summer hit single I Feel Love, the following year he released Chase, the theme from the film Midnight Express. Chase is often used on the American syndicated late-night radio show Coast to Coast and was used as an entrance theme for wrestlings group The Midnight Express. These songs achieved some success in the United Kingdom, the United States and across Europe. The full film score for Midnight Express won him his first Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1979, in 1979 Moroder released his album E=MC². Text on the albums cover stated that it was the first electronic live-to-digital album and he also released three albums between 1977–1979 under the name Munich Machine. In 1980, he composed and produced two soundtrack albums, the first for Foxes and the second for American Gigolo. A double album of the Foxes soundtrack was released on the disco label Casablanca Records which includes Donna Summers hit single On the Radio, the Foxes soundtrack also contains a song titled Bad Love, written and performed by the singer-actress Cher and produced by Moroder. The American Gigolo soundtrack featured the Moroder-produced Call Me by Blondie, the combined club play of the albums tracks was number two for five weeks on the disco/dance charts. In 1982 he wrote the soundtrack of the movie Cat People, in 1983, Moroder produced the soundtrack for the film Scarface. During its initial release, the album was available in a few countries. Notable Moroder-produced tracks included Scarface by Paul Engemann, Rush Rush by Debbie Harry, in 1984, Moroder compiled a new restoration and edit of the silent film Metropolis and provided it with a contemporary soundtrack. This soundtrack includes seven pop music tracks from Pat Benatar, Jon Anderson, Adam Ant, Billy Squier, Loverboy, Bonnie Tyler and Freddie Mercury

10.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s

11.
Crime film
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Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy Wilder in 1957, the film starred Marlene Dietrich and Charles Laughton and is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, another major part is played by the lawyer representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. He or she may enlist the services of an investigator to find out what really happened. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created. Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the very last minute in order to bring a new and this type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom, in Witness for the Prosecution, Leonard Vole, a young American living in England, is accused of murdering a middle-aged lady he met in the street while shopping. His wife hires the best lawyer available because she is convinced, or rather she knows, another classic courtroom drama is U. S. playwright Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men, which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York Court of Law. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a verdict of guilty. The popularity of TV brought about the emergence of TV series featuring detectives, investigators, special agents, lawyers, in Britain, The Avengers about the adventures of gentleman agent John Steed and his partner, Emma Peel, achieved cult status. In Germany, Derrick became a household word, breaking Bad character Walter White is a methamphetamine drug manufacturer, this offered a different approach whereby the protagonist is the criminal instead of being the detective. Crime films may fall under several different subgenres and these include, Crime comedy - A hybrid of crime and comedy films. Mafia comedy looks at organized crime from a comical standpoint, humor comes from the incompetence of the criminals and/or black comedy. Examples include Analyze This, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, In Bruges, tower Heist and Pain & Gain. Crime drama - A combination of crime and dramatic films, examples include such films as Straight Time and Badlands. Crime thriller - A thriller in which the characters are involved in crime, either in its investigation, as the perpetrator or, less commonly. While some action films could be labelled as such for merely having criminality and thrills, the emphasis in this genre is the drama, examples include Untraceable, Silence of the Lambs, Heat, Seven, Witness, Memories of Murder, The Call, and Running Scared

12.
Scarface (1932 film)
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Scarface is a 1932 American pre-Code gangster film starring Paul Muni as Antonio Tony Camonte. It was produced by Howard Hughes and Howard Hawks, directed by Hawks, the story is based on Armitage Trails 1929 novel of the same name, which is loosely based on the rise and fall of Al Capone. The film features Ann Dvorak as Camontes sister, and also stars Karen Morley, Osgood Perkins, the plot centers on gang warfare and police intervention when rival gangs fight over control of Chicago. A version of the Saint Valentines Day Massacre is also depicted, the film was the basis for the Brian De Palma 1983 film of the same name starring Al Pacino. In 1920s Chicago, Italian immigrant Antonio Tony Camonte acts on the orders of Italian mafioso John Johnny Lovo and kills Big Louis Costillo, the leading crime boss of the citys South Side. Johnny then takes control of the South Side with Tony as his key lieutenant, selling large amounts of beer to speakeasies. However, Johnny repeatedly warns Tony not to mess with the Irish gangs led by OHara, Tony soon starts ignoring these orders, shooting up bars belonging to OHara, and attracting the attention of the police and rival gangsters. Johnny realizes that Tony is out of control and has ambitions to take his position, meanwhile, Tony pursues Johnnys girlfriend Poppy with increasing confidence. At first, she is dismissive of him but pays him attention as his reputation rises. At one point, she visits his apartment where he shows her his view of an electric billboard advertising Cooks Tours. Tony eventually decides to war and take over the North Side. He sends the coin flipping Guino Rinaldo, one of his best men and also his close friend and this brings heavy retaliation from the North Side gangs, now led by Gaffney and armed with Thompson submachine guns—a weapon that instantly captures Tonys dark imagination. Tony leads his own forces to destroy the North Side gangs and take over their market, Tony also kills Gaffney as he makes a strike at a bowling alley. Johnny believes that his protégé is trying to take over, Tony manages to escape this attack, and he and Guino kill Johnny, leaving Tony as the undisputed boss of the city. Tonys actions have provoked an outcry, and the police are slowly closing in. Then he sees his beloved sister Francesca with Guino, and kills his friend in a jealous rage—before the couple can inform him of their secret marriage and his sister runs out distraught and tells the police what he has done. The police move to arrest Tony for Guinos murder, and Tony holes up in his house, Cesca comes back, planning to kill him, but ends up helping him to fight the police. Moments later, however, she is killed by a stray bullet, as the apartment fills with tear gas, Tony leaves down the stairs, and the police confront him

13.
Tony Montana
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Antonio Tony Montana is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the 1983 film Scarface. He is portrayed by Al Pacino in the movie, and is voiced by André Sogliuzzo in the 2006 video game Scarface, The World Is Yours. Embodying the rise from the bottom to the top, Tony Montana has become an icon and is one of the most famous movie characters of all time. In 2008, Montana was named the 27th Greatest Movie Character by Empire Magazine and he is partly based on Tony Camonte, the protagonist of the original novel and the 1932 film adaptation. By association the character is inspired by Al Capone. According to Oliver Stone, Tonys last name was inspired by former NFL quarterback, Joe Montana, a prequel novel, Scarface, The Beginning, written by L. A. Banks, was released in 2006. In May 1980, Tony is one of the 125,000 Cubans who after seeking refuge in the Peruvian Embassy, wound up on the Mariel Boatlift to Miami. When he gets there, he is questioned by U. S. officials, he says that he was a political prisoner, however, because of a trident-style tattoo on his right hand, which indicates that he was an assassin in prison, his request is denied. Tony and his friend Manolo Manny Ribera are sent to Freedomtown, after one month in the camp, Frank Lopez, head of a Miami drug cartel, offers to obtain them green cards in return for murdering Emilio Rebenga. Soon after Rebenga arrives at the camp, Manny and Tony and friend take advantage of the August 11 riot, Tony and Manny are granted green cards and released, and the two get jobs as dishwashers for a small food stand in Little Havana. In August 1980, Frank sends his man, Omar Suarez, to offer them a deal smuggling marijuana, offering $500. Tony demands more pay, and he and Omar quarrel, a few days later, Tony, Manny, and their associates Angel and Chi Chi drive to a hotel in Miami Beach to make the deal with a group of Colombians. Tony refuses to talk, and Hector, the enforcers leader, before Hector can do the same to Tony, Manny bursts in the room, shooting an SMG. A short gunfight ensues in which Manny is shot in the arm, Tony, Manny, and Chi Chi escape with the cocaine and the money. Tony, who no longer trusts Omar, takes it to Frank personally, meanwhile, Tony takes an interest in Franks girlfriend, Elvira Hancock. Three months later, Tony pays a visit to his mother Georgina and younger sister Gina, Gina is excited to see Tony, but his mother is ashamed of him, having long ago learned of his life of crime. When he gives his mother $1,000, his mother angrily rejects the gift, Tony leaves, but Gina runs after him and hugs him, telling Tony she has been going to hairdressing school and helping out Mama. Later, while in Bolivia, Tony and Omar go on Franks behalf to see drug cartel lord Alejandro Sosa, Sosa has Omar killed for being a police informant, and makes Tony his business partner

14.
Gangster film
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Mob films — or gangster films — are a subgenre of crime films dealing with organized crime, often specifically with the Mafia. Especially in early mob films, there is overlap with film noir. The American movie The Black Hand is thought to be the earliest surviving gangster film. In 1912, D. W. Griffith directed The Musketeers of Pig Alley, critics have also cited Regeneration as an early crime film. Though mob films had their roots in such silent films, the genre in its most durable form was defined in the early 1930s and it owed its innovations to the social and economic instability occasioned by the Great Depression, which galvanized the organized crime subculture in the United States. The years 1931 and 1932 saw the genre produce three enduring classics, Warner Bros and those suffering from the Depression were able to relate to the gangster character who worked hard to earn his place and success in the world, only to have it all taken away from him. As the appeal and attraction of gangster movie stars such as Cagney, Robinson, Muni, during the early years of crime film, Scarface, arguably the most violent of gangster films created during the entire decade, particularly was the subject of criticism. This is illustrated by James Cagneys role as a law officer in the 1935 movie G Men and these pictures demonstrate the growing acceptance of crime films during the 1930s as long as criminals were not portrayed in a flattering light. It was now the law officers that the films attempted to glamorize, politics combined with the social and economic climate of the time to influence how crime films were made and how the characters were portrayed. Many of the films imply that criminals are the creation of society, rather than its rebel, the institution of Prohibition in 1920 led to an explosion in crime, and the depiction of bootlegging is a frequent occurrence in many mob films. However, as the 1930s progressed, Hollywood also experimented with the stories of the criminals and bank robbers, such as John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson. However, as the FBI increased in power there was also a shift to favour the stories of the FBI agents hunting the criminals instead of focusing on the criminal characters. In fact, in 1935 at the height of the hunt for Dillinger, many of the 1930s crime films also dealt with class and ethnic conflict, notably the earliest films, reflecting doubts about how well the American system was working. As stated, many films pushed the message that criminals were the result of a moral and economic society. In the 1970s there was a revival of mob films, notably with The Godfather and it was followed by two sequels, The Godfather Part II and The Godfather Part III. It also inspired other mob films such as The Valachi Papers, the 1983 remake of Scarface was not particularly well received at the time of its release, but over time it has come to be seen as a classic of the mob film genre. It went on to films such as King of New York. On the other hand, Sergio Leone shot an epic drama film Once Upon a Time in America, starring Robert De Niro

15.
Martin Scorsese
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Martin Charles Scorsese is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and film historian, whose career spans more than 50 years. Scorseses body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, many of his films are also known for their depiction of violence and liberal use of profanity. Part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, he is regarded as one of the most significant. In 1990, he founded The Film Foundation, an organization dedicated to film preservation. Their third film together, The Departed, won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous Academy Award nominations for both as well as winning several other prestigious awards. His work in television includes the episode of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire and Vinyl. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the crime drama The Departed, with eight Best Director nominations, he is the most nominated living director and is tied with Billy Wilder for the second most nominations overall. Scorsese was born in Queens, New York and his family moved to Little Italy, Manhattan before he started school. His father, Charles Scorsese, and mother, Catherine Scorsese and his father was a clothes presser and an actor, and his mother was a seamstress and an actress. His fathers parents emigrated from Polizzi Generosa, in the province of Palermo, Sicily, Scorsese was raised in a devoutly Catholic environment. As a teenager in the Bronx, Scorsese frequently rented Powell, Scorsese was one of only two people who regularly rented that reel. The other was future Night Of The Living Dead director George A. Romero, Scorsese has cited Sabu and Victor Mature as his favorite actors during his youth. He has also spoken of the influence of the 1947 Powell and Pressburger film Black Narcissus, whose innovative techniques later impacted his filmmaking. Enamored of historical epics in his adolescence, at least two films of the genre, Land of the Pharaohs and El Cid, appear to have had a deep, Scorsese also developed an admiration for neorealist cinema at this time. He acknowledges owing a debt to the French New Wave and has stated that the French New Wave has influenced all filmmakers who have worked since. He has also cited filmmakers including Satyajit Ray, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni and he went on to earn his M. F. A. from NYUs School of the Arts in 1966, a year after the school was founded. Scorsese attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts making the short films Whats a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This. and Its Not Just You, Murray

16.
Cuba
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Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and it is south of both the U. S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti, and north of Jamaica. Havana is the largest city and capital, other cities include Santiago de Cuba. Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, with an area of 109,884 square kilometres, prior to Spanish colonization in the late 15th century, Cuba was inhabited by Amerindian tribes. It remained a colony of Spain until the Spanish–American War of 1898, as a fragile republic, Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system, but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1952. Further unrest and instability led to Batistas ousting in January 1959 by the July 26 Movement, since 1965, the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba. A point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, a nuclear war broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Culturally, Cuba is considered part of Latin America, Cuba is a Marxist–Leninist one-party republic, where the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. Independent observers have accused the Cuban government of human rights abuses. It is one of the worlds last planned economies and its economy is dominated by the exports of sugar, tobacco, coffee, according to the Human Development Index, Cuba is described as a country with high human development and is ranked the eighth highest in North America. It also ranks highly in some metrics of national performance, including health care, the name Cuba comes from the Taíno language. The exact meaning of the name is unclear but it may be translated either as where fertile land is abundant, authors who believe that Christopher Columbus was Portuguese state that Cuba was named by Columbus for the town of Cuba in the district of Beja in Portugal. Before the arrival of the Spanish, Cuba was inhabited by three distinct tribes of indigenous peoples of the Americas, the Taíno, the Guanajatabey, and the Ciboney people. The ancestors of the Ciboney migrated from the mainland of South America, the Taíno arrived from Hispanola sometime in the 3rd century A. D. When Columbus arrived they were the dominant culture in Cuba, having a population of 150,000. The name Cuba comes from the native Taíno language and it is derived from either coabana meaning great place, or from cubao meaning where fertile land is abundant. The Taíno were farmers, while the Ciboney were farmers as well as fishers and hunter-gatherers, Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain and named it Isla Juana after Juan, Prince of Asturias. In 1511, the first Spanish settlement was founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa, other towns soon followed, including San Cristobal de la Habana, founded in 1515, which later became the capital

17.
Miami, Florida
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region

18.
Mariel boatlift
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The Mariel boatlift was a mass emigration of Cubans, who traveled from Cubas Mariel Harbor to the United States between 15 April and 31 October 1980. The term Marielito is used to refer to these refugees in both Spanish and English, the boatlift was precipitated by a sharp downturn in the Cuban economy. After approximately 10,000 Cubans tried to gain asylum by taking refuge on the grounds of the Peruvian embassy, the ensuing mass migration was organized by Cuban-Americans with the agreement of Cuban president Fidel Castro. The arrival of the refugees in the U. S. created political problems for U. S, the Mariel boatlift was ended by mutual agreement between the two governments in late October 1980, after as many as 125,000 Cubans had reached Florida. In the late 1970s, the administration of U. S. President Jimmy Carter sought to improve relations between the U. S. and Cuba. He lifted all restrictions on US travel to Cuba, and in September 1977, Cuba, however, relations were still strained because Cuba contributed troops to support the Soviet Unions military interventions in Africa and the Middle East. A group of 55 people who had brought from Cuba to the U. S. by their parents returned for three weeks in December 1978, a rare instance of Cuba allowing the return of Cuban-born émigrés. In December 1978 the two countries agreed upon their maritime border and the month were working on an agreement to improve their communications in the Straits of Florida. The U. S. responded to Cuban relaxation of restrictions on emigration by allowing Cuban-Americans to send up to $500 to an emigrating relative, caribbean Holidays began offering one-week trips to Cuba in January 1978 in cooperation with Cubatur, the official Cuban travel agency. By May 1979, tours were being organized for Americans to participate in the Cuban Festival of Art in July, with flights departing from Tampa, Mexico City and Montreal. Several attempts by Cubans to seek asylum at the embassies of South American countries set the stage for the events of the spring of 1980 and they were sentenced to years in prison. On 13 May 1979, twelve Cubans sought to take asylum in the Venezuelan embassy in Havana, crashing their bus through a fence to gain entry to the grounds, Peru recalled its ambassador in March after he denied entry to a dozen Cubans seeking asylum in his embassy. The embassy invasions then became a confrontation between the Cuban government and the Havana embassies, the Peruvians announced they would not hand those seeking asylum over to Cuban police. The embassy grounds contained two two-story buildings and gardens covering an area the size of a U. S. football field or 6400 sq. yds, following that announcement, about fifty Cubans entered the embassy grounds. By nightfall on 5 April, that number had grown to 2,000, including many children, Cuban officials announced through loudspeakers that anyone who had not entered the embassy grounds by force was free to emigrate provided another country would grant them entry. President Francisco Morales of Peru had announced a willingness to accept asylum-seekers, diplomats from several countries met with the Peruvians to discuss the situation, including the crowds food and shelter requirements. An official of the U. S. State Department stated on 5 April that the U. S. S, by 6 April the crowd had reached 10,000 and as sanitary conditions on the embassy grounds deteriorated Cuban authorities prevented further access. The Cuban government called those seeking asylum bums, antisocial elements, delinquents, by April 8,3,700 of the asylum-seekers had accepted safe conduct passes to return to their homes and the government began providing shipments of food and water

19.
United States Permanent Resident Card
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United States lawful permanent residency is the immigration status of a person authorized to live and work in the United States of America permanently. It is known informally as a green card because of its green design, green card also refers to an immigration process of becoming a permanent resident. The green card serves as proof that its holder, a permanent resident, has been officially granted immigration benefits, including permission to reside. The holder must maintain permanent resident status, and can be removed from the United States if certain conditions of this status are not met, green cards were formerly issued by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 dismantled INS and separated the former agency into three components within the Department of Homeland Security, the first, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, handles applications for immigration benefits. Two other agencies were created to oversee the INSs former functions of immigration enforcement, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and U. S. Customs and Border Protection, respectively. Permanent residents of the United States eighteen years of age or older must carry their actual green card at all times. Failing to do so is a violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act, only the federal government can impose these penalties. Green cards are valid for 10 years for permanent residents, and 2 years for permanent residents. After this period, the card must be renewed or replaced, the format follows the machine-readable travel document TD1 format, First line, 1–2, C1 or C2. Depending on the length of the name, the fathers and mothers initials may be omitted, a full list of category codes can be found in the Federal Register or Foreign Affairs Manual. Since May 11,2010, new cards contain an RFID chip. They are shipped with a protective sleeve intended to protect the card from remote access, a lawful permanent resident can apply for United States citizenship, or naturalization, after five years of residency. This period is shortened to three years if married to a U. S. citizen, lawful permanent residents may submit their applications for naturalization as early as 90 days before meeting the residency requirement. In the United States,8.8 million lawful permanent residents are eligible to naturalize, citizens are entitled to more rights than permanent residents. Male permanent residents between the ages of 18 and 25 are subject to registering in the Selective Service System, Permanent residents who reside in the United States must pay taxes on their worldwide income, like U. S. citizens. If a sibling is applying, she or he must have the parents as the applicant. There are also certain additional limitations by country of chargeability, thus, most immigrants will be placed on lengthy waiting lists

20.
Cocaine
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Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes, Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure, Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013,419 kilograms were produced legally and it is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine, after cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year, use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013 cocaine use resulted in 4,300 deaths. The leaves of the plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860, since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime

21.
Bolivia
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Bolivia, officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru. One-third of the country is the Andean mountain range, with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers, El Alto, Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries that lie outside Afro-Eurasia. Bolivia is geographically the largest landlocked country in the Americas, but remains a small country in economic. Before Spanish colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century. During the Spanish colonial period Bolivia was administered by the Royal Audiencia of Charcas, spain built its empire in great part upon the silver that was extracted from Bolivias mines. After the first call for independence in 1809,16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Since independence, Bolivia has endured periods of political and economic instability, including the loss of peripheral territories to its neighbors, such as Acre. The countrys population, estimated at 11 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, the racial and social segregation that arose from Spanish colonialism has continued to the modern era. Spanish is the official and predominant language, although 36 indigenous languages also have official status, of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani, Aymara, modern Bolivia is constitutionally a unitary state, divided into nine departments. Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West, to the Eastern Lowlands and it is a developing country, with a medium ranking in the Human Development Index and a poverty level of 53 percent. Its main economic activities include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and manufacturing such as textiles, clothing, refined metals. Bolivia is very wealthy in minerals, especially tin, Bolivia is named after Simón Bolívar, a leader in the Spanish American wars of independence. Sucre opted to create a new nation and, with local support. The original name was Republic of Bolívar, some days later, congressman Manuel Martín Cruz proposed, If from Romulus comes Rome, then from Bolívar comes Bolivia. The name was approved by the Republic on 3 October 1825, the region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when the Aymara arrived. However, present-day Aymara associate themselves with the ancient civilization of the Tiwanaku culture which had its capital at Tiwanaku, the capital city of Tiwanaku dates from as early as 1500 BC when it was a small, agriculturally based village. The community grew to urban proportions between AD600 and AD800, becoming an important regional power in the southern Andes

22.
Tax evasion
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Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, and trusts. Tax evasion is an activity associated with the informal economy. In contrast, tax avoidance is the use of tax laws to reduce ones tax burden. In 1968, Nobel laureate economist Gary Becker first theorized the economics of crime, allingham and A. Sandmo produced, in 1972, an economic model of tax evasion. This model deals with the evasion of tax, the main source of tax revenue in developed countries. According to the authors, the level of evasion of income tax depends on the detection probability, the literatures theoretical models are elegant in their effort to identify the variables likely to affect non-compliance. Alternative specifications, however, yield conflicting results concerning both the signs and magnitudes of variables believed to affect tax evasion, empirical work is required to resolve the theoretical ambiguities. Income tax evasion appears to be influenced by the tax rate, the unemployment rate. The U. S. Tax Reform Act of 1986 appears to have reduced tax evasion in the United States, customs duties are an important source of revenue in developing countries. Importers purport to evade customs duty by under-invoicing and misdeclaration of quantity, when there is ad valorem import duty, the tax base can be reduced through underinvoicing. Misdeclaration of quantity is more relevant for products with specific duty, production description is changed to match a H. S. Code commensurate with a lower rate of duty. Smuggling is importation or exportation of products by illegal means. Smuggling is resorted to for total evasion of customs duties, as well as for the importation of contraband, during the second half of the 20th century, value-added tax emerged as a modern form of consumption tax throughout the world, with the notable exception of the United States. Producers who collect VAT from consumers may evade tax by under-reporting the amount of sales, the US has no broad-based consumption tax at the federal level, and no state currently collects VAT, the overwhelming majority of states instead collect sales taxes. Canada uses both a VAT at the level and sales taxes at the provincial level, some provinces have a single tax combining both forms. In addition, most jurisdictions which levy a VAT or sales tax also legally require their residents to report and this is especially prevalent in federal countries like Nigeria, US and Canada where sub-national jurisdictions charge varying rates of VAT or sales tax. In Nigeria, for example, some federated states enforce VAT on each item of goods sold by traders, the price must be clearly stated and the VAT shown separately from the basic price. If the trader does not comply this is punishable as an attempt to siphon the VAT, therefore, it is not generally cost-effective to enforce tax collection on low-value goods carried in private vehicles from one jurisdiction to another with a different tax rate

23.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

24.
M203 grenade launcher
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The M203 is a single-shot 40 mm under-barrel grenade launcher designed to attach to a rifle. It uses the same rounds as the older stand-alone M79 break-action grenade launcher, quite versatile, and compatible with many rifle models, the M203 was originally designed for the U. S. M16 and its variant, the M4 Carbine. The launcher can also be mounted onto a C7, a Canadian version of the M16 rifle, however, stand-alone variants of the M203 exist, as do versions designed specifically for many other rifles. The device attaches under the barrel, the trigger being in the rear of the launcher. The rifle magazine functions as a grip when firing the M203. A separate sighting system is added to rifles fitted with the M203, the version fitted to the Canadian C7 has a sight attached to the side of the launcher, either on the left or right depending on the users needs. The M203 was the part of the armys Special Purpose Individual Weapon project to go into production. The M203 has been in service since 1969 and was introduced to U. S. military forces during the early 1970s, replacing the older M79 grenade launcher and the conceptually similar Colt XM148 design. However, while the M79 was a weapon, the M203 was designed as an under-barrel device attached to an existing rifle. A new grenade launcher, the M320, will replace the M203 in the United States Army. The United States Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast Guard, the M320 features an advanced day/night sight, a double-action firing mechanism as well as other benefits, such as an unobstructed side-loading breech. The M203 grenade launcher is intended to be used as fire support against point. Its primary purpose is to enemies in dead space that cannot be reached by direct fire. A well-trained M203 gunner can use his weapon to suppress the enemy, based on movement, in addition, the M203 can be used as a crowd control weapon when equipped with the M651 Tactical CS grenade. Classified as a weapon, the M203 is not intended to be used against armored or heavy vehicles. The M203 is able to fire a variety of different rounds for many purposes, ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 3-22.31 40-MM GRENADE LAUNCHER, M203, there are 8 different rounds for the M203, High-Explosive. The HEDP round has an olive drab aluminum skirt with a cup attached, white markings. The HE round has an olive drab aluminum skirt with a projectile attached, gold markings

25.
M16 Rifle
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The M16 rifle, officially designated Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16, is a United States military adaptation of the Armalite AR-15 rifle. The original M16 was a select-fire,5. 56×45mm rifle with a 20-round magazine, in 1964, the M16 entered American military service and the following year was deployed for jungle warfare operations during the Vietnam War. In 1969, the M16A1 replaced the M14 rifle to become the U. S. militarys standard service rifle, the M16A1 improvements include a bolt-assist, chrome plated bore and a new 30-round magazine. In 1983, the USMC adopted the M16A2 rifle and the U. S. Army adopted it in 1986, the M16A2 fires the improved 5. Adopted in 1998, the M16A4 is the generation of the M16 series. It is equipped with a carrying handle and Picatinny rail for mounting optics. The M16 has also widely adopted by other militaries around the world. Total worldwide production of M16s has been approximately 8 million, making it the most-produced firearm of its 5.56 mm caliber. The U. S. Army has largely replaced the M16 in combat units with the shorter and lighter M4 carbine, however, early experiments with select-fire versions of the M1 Garand proved disappointing. During the Korean War, the select-fire M2 carbine largely replaced the gun in US service. However, combat experience suggested that the.30 Carbine round was under-powered, American weapons designers concluded that an intermediate round was necessary, and recommended a small-caliber, high-velocity cartridge. This culminated in the development of the 7. 62×51mm NATO cartridge, the US also adopted the M60 general purpose machine gun. Its NATO partners adopted the FN FAL and HK G3 rifles, as well as the FN MAG, the first confrontations between the AK-47 and the M14 came in the early part of the Vietnam War. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammo to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47, and, while the M2 carbine offered a high rate of fire, it was under-powered and ultimately outclassed by the AK-47. A replacement was needed, a medium between the traditional preference for high-powered rifles such as the M14, and the firepower of the M2 Carbine. As a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General Willard G. Wyman, continental Army Command to develop a.223 caliber select-fire rifle weighing 6 lb when loaded with a 20-round magazine. This request ultimately resulted in the development of a version of the Armalite AR-10. However, despite overwhelming evidence that the AR-15 could bring more firepower to bear than the M14, in January 1963, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that the AR-15 was the superior weapon system and ordered a halt to M14 production

26.
Elvira Hancock
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Elvira Hancock is a fictional character in the 1983 American mob film Scarface, portrayed by Michelle Pfeiffer. This proved to be her breakthrough role and she is the mistress of Frank Lopez and after his death, becomes the wife of Tony Montana. Kelly McGillis and Sigourney Weaver were also considered, initially, Pacino did not want Pfeiffer to play Hancock, instead he wanted Glenn Close to play the role. Pfeiffers agent called the films producer Martin Bregman and requested him to pay for her transportation from Los Angeles to New York City, Bregman refused and Pfeiffer reached the audition theater on the West Side of Manhattan by her own means. Bregman said in a interview that, after the audition he was sure that she would get Hancocks part. Pfeiffer said that during the shoot she felt hungry and she is the girlfriend of drug dealer Frank Lopez. Tony Montana has Lopez killed and marries Hancock and they do not share a good relationship. She and Montana do not have kids and the latter blames it on her heavy drug use and she in turn blames Montanas profession as a drug dealer as part of the reason the pair had no children. She left Montana after he berated her for not having kids, critic Roger Ebert wrote, that must have is clear, but what he intends to do with her is not, there is no romance between them, no joy shes along for the drugs. Vincent Canby felt that for her role, would not be easily forgotten, susan C. Boyd labels her as the token cultural symbol of Western male capitalist success. In his review of Scarface for Texas Monthly, James Wolcott likens her to the white-satin molls portrayed by actress Jean Harlow, pointing towards the lack of romance between Montana and Hancock, he notes that both are travelling along parallel lines of toot. Sherrie A. Inness compares her to Poppy in the 1932 Scarface and points out that though Montana and Hancock get married and she terms her an embittered drug addict with the self-esteem of an empty bullet casing and a complainer. Amy Adams played Hancock for Saturday Night Live in an episode aired December 20,2014, the character is noted particularly for her costumes, created by Patricia Norris. In 2006, Gwen Stefani adopted a look inspired by Hancock, askMen has ranked her 3rd in its Top 10 Outlaw Girlfriends list. Richard Kavanagh developed a new hairstyle called Honey Dipped, inspired by Hancock, when a remake of Scarface was announced in 2015, a Bustle magazine article chose Jennifer Lawrence for playing Hancock in the newer version of the film. Elvira Hancock at the Internet Movie Database

27.
Alejandro Sosa
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Alejandro Alex Sosa is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 1983 American crime film Scarface and the 2006 video game Scarface, The World Is Yours. He is a Bolivian drug dealer and the supplier of cocaine for Tony Montana. Only when Sosa was felt betrayed did his relationship with Tony Montana end, Sosa is portrayed by Paul Shenar in the film and voiced by Robert Davi in the game. It is based on the Bolivian drug trafficker Roberto Suárez Goméz, frank Lopez sends Tony Montana and Omar Suarez to make a drug deal with Sosa who asks them to guarantee the buying of a certain amount of cocaine every month. After some issues, Montana promises Sosa to talk with Lopez about sharing the risk, when Sosa gets realization that Suarez was previously a police informant, Suarez is killed by Sosas henchmen and his corpse is hung from a helicopter, which Tony witnesses. When Lopez hears of the developments, he refuses to believe that Omar was a stoolie, Lopez and Tony separate after the argument and the latter proposes marriage to Lopezs girlfriend Elvira Hancock. When Lopez becomes aware of Tonys aspirations regarding Elvira, he sends two hit-men to have him killed, the plan backfires and Tony kills the two hit-men. Tony then goes to Lopez and has his right-hand-man Manny kill Lopez after Lopez confesses to hiring the hitmen to kill Tony, Sosa then asks Tony Montana to murder a journalist in exchange for some help with the latters legal trouble. However, when he sees that the journalist has his family with him in the car they want to blow up, Sosas henchman Alberto The Shadow ignores Montanas instructions and is therefore shot in the head fatally by him. Later, when Montana reaches his home, Sosa calls him angrily, Montana offends him and in retaliation the infuriated Sosa sends his mercenaries to Montanas home to finish him. In Scarface, The World is Yours, Sosa has succeeded in ending Tonys empire, however, Tony has escaped and swore revenge on him for this. He is not seen until in the mission where he held a meeting with Gaspar Gomez. Montana confronts Sosa after killing Gomez and Sheffield, Sosa tells Montana he warned him not to betray him, but Montana did, referring to the incident with the journalist in the film. Sosa says that in their business, sometimes children have to be killed, the Day wrote that Shenar had portrayed the character with a kind of glorious and refined sleaze. Complex has ranked Sosa as 27th in its list of 50 best villains in movie history, Robert Davi voiced Sosa in the 2006 video game. Rapper Pitbull said in 2014 that I wanted to be Sosa – educated, good-looking, a good dresser. The song Criminology by Wu-Tang Clan rapper Raekwon, from his debut album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx. begins with a dialogue between Montana and Sosa where Sosa calls the former a fucking little monkey. Rapper Chief Keef, popularly called Sosa named his fifth child Sno meaning The White Sosa, Montanas killing, ordered by Sosa, has been listed by Complex as the 1st one in its Top 50 Movie Assassinations list

28.
Pepe Serna
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Pepe Serna is an American film and television actor and artist. Sernas first break in movies came in 1970 on the Roger Corman directed film The Student Nurses, over the years Serna has appeared in over 100 films, most notably Car Wash and Scarface directed by Brian De Palma, where he played Montanas friend Angel Fernandez. In the award winning comedy Aguruphobia directed by Richard Montes, Pepe plays the charismatic guru Nanak opposite Jade Puga as the phobic Crystal Luna, Aguruphobia had a limited theatrical run, and is now available on iTunes, Amazon, Google Play and Verizon Fios. He has also appeared on stage, including his solo show El Ruco, Chuco, Cholo, Pepe Serna at the Internet Movie Database Official website

29.
Tiffany Theater
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The Tiffany Theater was the first theater located on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California. Located just west of La Cienega, it stood between the Playboy Club and Dino’s Lodge restaurant, the Tiffany opened on November 2,1966 and was owned by producer Robert L. Lippert and veteran exhibitor Harold Goldman. It was equipped with 400 seats, and boasted “Continental Seating” with no aisle up the middle for “maximum audience viewing and comfort. ”It was designed by architect Jack Edwards and built by Lippert Construction Company, with carpets provided by B. F. Shearer and seats from Haywood –Wakefield. The interior of the theater was designed by Ben Mayer with the new façade, at the time, the $250,000 theater was the most expensive house Lippert had ever built. The newly opened Tiffany Theater can be seen in the Mondo documentary The Forbidden, in that film, the marquee displays Young Aphrodites and Bergmans Smiles of a Summer Night. Young Aphrodites was the first film to be there, with gala champagne opening. It can also be seen in the 1967 John Boorman film Point Blank when the character Walker, the theatre can be seen from the roof of the Lou Costello Building opposite and is showing the 1965 Danish sex comedy Eric Soyas 17, also known as Sytten. By 1968, the Tiffany was hosting live performances by the troop, The Committee, featuring future celebrities Howard Hessman, Peter Bonerz. The act was filmed, and it debuted as a film at the Tiffany in May,1978. The Committee was followed by the Sensual Musical Fantasy As You Like It, in 1970, it was replaced by a live show called Man and Wife, which was advertised as a documentary performance depicting scenes from a marriage. Legal trouble erupted as the show was declared obscene by a local Judge, although cast members testified it was simulated, several performers were arrested for performing a scene allegedly involving sexual intercourse. In the summer of 1971, the Tiffany adopted a policy of showing two films for 49 cents, by the mid ‘70s, the theater was closed, reopening on March 16,1977 as a revival theater and art house leased by film enthusiast Tommy Cooper. The first films shown at the revamped Tiffany were a trio of vintage Sherlock Holmes films followed by the first showing in over 20 years of the 1953 3D film Kiss Me Kate. Cooper operated other revival theaters in the Los Angeles area, including the Tiffanys sister theater, on June 10,1977, the Tiffany began showing The Rocky Horror Picture Show at midnights on Friday and Saturday nights. It rapidly became a hub of the Rocky Horror cult while remaining a prime destination for a variety of overlooked films, new and old. In the days before home video rental, the Tiffany became known for showing quality prints of classics like MGM musicals and other vintage titles and it was not unusual for a film like Lawrence of Arabia to show one week, followed by The Song Remains the Same the next. Many gay themed films played there as well, at a time when such content was seldom seen or brushed aside by mainstream theaters, a unique attribute of the Tiffany was the moderate angle of the theater, creating the perfect projection conditions for 3D films. The Tiffany often took advantage of conditions, showing many rare revivals of 3D movies including Dial M for Murder, House of Wax

30.
Period piece
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The term, historical period drama refers to a work set in an earlier time period, usually used in the context of film and television. It is an informal term that can apply to several genres and is often heard in the context of historical fiction and romances, adventure films. A period piece may be as long and general as the ages or as limited as one decade, for example. Historical drama film stories are based upon events and famous people. A period film is a film that attempts to depict a specific time period. Examples include movies like Cinderella Man, Schindler’s List, Les Misérables or Lincoln, the most common type of period piece is the historical period piece, both on stage and in movies. This category includes Robin Hood, Barry Lyndon, Amadeus, The Young Victoria, films that are set in the 1930s and 1940s, such as Last Man Standing, can also be placed in this category. Other examples include Marie Antoinette, Middle march, and Pride, many highly successful television series have been known as period pieces. Notable examples include The Tudors, Mad Men, Boardwalk Empire, Call the Midwife, Downton Abbey, Deadwood, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, and Little House on the Prairie

31.
Sidney Lumet
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Sidney Arthur Lumet was an American director, producer and screenwriter with over 50 films to his credit. He was nominated for the Academy Award as Best Director for 12 Angry Men, Dog Day Afternoon, Network, and The Verdict. The Encyclopedia of Hollywood states that Lumet was one of the most prolific filmmakers of the modern era and he was noted by Turner Classic Movies for his strong direction of actors, vigorous storytelling and the social realism in his best work. Film critic Roger Ebert described him as having one of the finest craftsmen. Lumet was also known as an director, having worked with the best of them during his career. Sean Connery, who acted in five of his films, considered him one of his directors. A member of the cohort of New Yorks Actors Studio, Lumet began his directorial career in Off-Broadway productions. His first movie was typical of his best work, a well-acted, tightly written, as a result of directing 12 Angry Men, he was also responsible for leading the first wave of directors who made a successful transition from TV to movies. In 2005, Lumet received an Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement for his brilliant services to screenwriters, performers, two years later, he concluded his career with the acclaimed drama Before the Devil Knows Youre Dead. A few months after Lumets death in April 2011, a celebration of his work was held at New Yorks Lincoln Center with the appearance of numerous speakers. In 2015, Nancy Buirski directed By Sidney Lumet, a documentary about his career, Lumet was born in Philadelphia to parents of Jewish descent. He studied theater acting at the Professional Childrens School of New York, Lumets parents, Baruch and Eugenia Lumet, were both veterans of the Yiddish theatre. His father, who was an actor, director, producer and writer, was a Polish Jewish emigrant to the United States who was born in Warsaw, Lumets mother, who was a dancer, died when he was a child. He made his debut on radio at age four and stage debut at the Yiddish Art Theatre at age five. As a child he appeared in many Broadway plays, including 1935s Dead End. In 1935, aged 11, he appeared in a Henry Lynn short film, Papirossen, the film was shown in a theatrical play with the same title, based on a hit song, Papirosn. The play and short film appeared in the Bronx McKinley Square Theatre, in 1939, he made his only feature-length film appearance, at age 15, in. One Third of a Nation. In 1939, World War II interrupted his acting career

32.
Robert De Niro
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Robert Anthony De Niro is an American actor, producer and director who has both Italian and American citizenship. He was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II and his longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake La Motta in the 1980 film Raging Bull. He received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2003, the Golden Globe Cecil B, deMille Award in 2010, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama in 2016. De Niros first major roles were in the sports drama, Bang the Drum Slowly. He earned Academy Award nominations for the psychological thrillers Taxi Driver and Cape Fear, De Niro received additional nominations for Michael Ciminos Vietnam war drama, The Deer Hunter, Penny Marshalls drama Awakenings, and David O. Russells romantic comedy-drama, Silver Linings Playbook. His portrayal of gangster Jimmy Conway in Scorseses crime film, Goodfellas, other notable performances include roles in Once Upon a Time in America, Brazil, The Untouchables, Heat, and Casino. He has directed and starred in such as the crime drama A Bronx Tale. Robert Anthony De Niro was born in the Greenwich Village area of Manhattan, New York, the son of Virginia Admiral and Robert De Niro Sr. Both of his parents were painters, his father was of half Italian and half Irish descent, while his mother was of half German ancestry, with her other roots being French, English and Dutch. De Niros parents, who had met at the classes of Hans Hofmann in Provincetown, Massachusetts. De Niro was raised by his mother in the Greenwich Village and his father lived within walking distance and De Niro spent much time with him as he grew up. His mother was raised Presbyterian but became an atheist as an adult, against his parents wishes, his grandparents had him secretly baptized into the Catholic Church while he was staying with them during his parents divorce. De Niro attended PS41, an elementary school in Manhattan. He then went to Elisabeth Irwin High School, the upper school of the Little Red School House. He was accepted into the High School of Music and Art for the ninth grade, De Niro began high school at the private McBurney School and later attended the private Rhodes Preparatory School, although he never graduated from either. Nicknamed Bobby Milk for his pallor, De Niro hung out with a group of kids as a youth in Little Italy. The direction of his future had already been foreshadowed by his debut at age 10. Along with finding relief from shyness through performing, he was also fixated by cinema and he studied acting at the Stella Adler Conservatory, as well as Lee Strasbergs Actors Studio

33.
Meryl Streep
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Mary Louise Meryl Streep is an American actress and philanthropist. Nominated for 20 Academy Awards, Streep has more nominations than any actor or actress. Streep has also received 30 Golden Globe nominations, winning eight—more nominations, Streep made her professional stage debut in Trelawny of the Wells in 1975, and in 1976 received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play for 27 Wagons Full of Cotton. She made her debut in the 1977 television film The Deadliest Season. In 1978, she won an Emmy Award for her role in the miniseries Holocaust and she went on to win Best Supporting Actress for Kramer vs. Kramer, and Best Actress for Sophies Choice and The Iron Lady. President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts, in 2003, the government of France made her a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters. In 2017, Streep was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B. Mary Louise Streep was born on June 22,1949, in Summit, New Jersey, the daughter of Mary Wolf Wilkinson, a commercial artist and art editor, the eldest child, she has two younger brothers, Dana David and Harry William III. Streeps father Harry was of German and Swiss ancestry and her fathers lineage traces back to Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streeb, immigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor. Another line of her fathers family was from Giswil, Switzerland and her mother had English, German, and Irish ancestry. Some of Streeps maternal ancestors lived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island and were descended from 17th-century immigrants from England and her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle in Rhode Island. Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, Streeps maternal great-great-grandparents, Manus McFadden and Grace Strain, the namesake of Streeps second daughter, were natives of the Horn Head district of Dunfanaghy, Ireland. Streeps mother, whom she has compared in both appearance and manner to Dame Judi Dench, strongly encouraged her daughter and instilled confidence in her from a young age. Streep has said, She was a mentor because she said to me, Meryl and she was saying, You can do whatever you put your mind to. If youre lazy, youre not going to get it done, but if you put your mind to it, you can do anything. Although Streep was naturally more introverted than her mother, at times when she later needed an injection of confidence in adulthood, she would consult her mother, asking her for advice. Streep was raised as a Presbyterian in Basking Ridge, New Jersey and attended Cedar Hill Elementary School and the Oak Street School, in her Junior High debut, she starred as Lousie Heller in the play The Family Upstairs. In 1963 the family moved to Bernardsville, New Jersey, where she attended Bernards High School

34.
Sophie's Choice (film)
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Sophies Choice is a 1982 American drama film directed by Alan J. Pakula, who adapted William Styrons novel Sophies Choice. Meryl Streep stars as Sophie, a Polish immigrant who shares a house in Brooklyn with her tempestuous lover, Nathan. Streeps performance was acclaimed, and she received the Academy Award for Best Actress, the film was nominated for Best Cinematography, Costume Design, Best Music, and Best Adapted Screenplay. British company ITC Entertainment produced the film, and Universal Pictures distributed and released it, in 1947, Stingo relocates to Brooklyn in order to write a novel and is befriended by Sophie Zawistowski, a Polish immigrant, and her emotionally unstable lover, Nathan Landau. One evening, Stingo learns from Sophie that she was married but her husband and her father were killed in a German work camp and that she was interned in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Nathan is constantly jealous, and when he is in one of his violent mood swings he convinces himself that Sophie is unfaithful to him and he abuses and harasses her. There is a flashback showing Nathan with Sophie who is near death due to anemia shortly after her immigration to the U. S. Sophie eventually reveals that her father was a Nazi sympathizer. Sophies wartime lover, Józef, who lived with his half-sister, Wanda tried to convince Sophie to translate some stolen Gestapo documents, but Sophie declined, fearing she might endanger her children. Two weeks later, Józef was murdered by the Gestapo, and Sophie was arrested, Nathan tells Sophie and Stingo that the research he is doing at a pharmaceutical company is so groundbreaking that he will win the Nobel Prize. At a meeting with Nathans physician brother, Stingo learns that Nathan is a paranoid schizophrenic and he has a job in the library of a pharmaceutical firm, which his brother got for him, and only occasionally assists with research. After Nathan discharges a firearm over the telephone in a violent rage, Sophie and she reveals to him that, upon arrival at Auschwitz, she was forced to choose which one of her two children would be gassed and which would proceed to the labor camp. To avoid having both children killed, she chose her son, Jan, to be sent to the childrens camp, Sophie and Stingo make love, but while Stingo is sleeping Sophie returns to Nathan. Sophie and Nathan commit suicide by taking cyanide, Stingo recites the poem Ample Make This Bed by Emily Dickinson—the American poet that Sophie was fond of reading. Stingo moves to a farm his father recently inherited in southern Virginia to finish writing his novel. Styron wrote the novel with Ursula Andress in mind for the part of Sophie, Streep was very determined to get the role. After obtaining a copy of the script, she went after Pakula and threw herself on the ground. Pakula’s first choice was Liv Ullmann for her ability to project the foreignness that would add to her appeal in the eyes of an impressionable, the film was mostly shot in New York City, with Sophies flashback scenes shot afterwards in Yugoslavia. Production for the film at times was more like a theatrical set than a film set, Pakula allowed the cast to rehearse for three weeks and was open to improvisation from the actors, spontaneous things according to Streep

35.
Glenn Close
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Glenn Close is an American actress, singer and film producer. With an acting career spanning over 40 years, she has been acclaimed for her versatility and is widely regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation. She has won three Emmy Awards, three Tony Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and has received six Academy Award nominations and she would later receive nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performances in Fatal Attraction, Dangerous Liaisons, and Albert Nobbs. She starred as Eleanor of Aquitaine in the 2003 TV film The Lion in Winter, in 2005, she starred in the drama series The Shield. Then from 2007 to 2012, she starred as Patty Hewes in the FX drama series Damages and she has voiced the character of Mona Simpson in the animated sitcom The Simpsons since 1995. She returned to Broadway in November 2014, in a revival of Edward Albees A Delicate Balance. Her other films include Jagged Edge, Hamlet, Reversal of Fortune,101 Dalmatians, Paradise Road, Air Force One, Cookies Fortune, Heights, Guardians of the Galaxy and The Girl With All The Gifts. Close is a six-time Academy Award nominee, tying the record for being the actress with the most nominations never to have won, as of 2016, Close has more Oscar nominations without a win than any other living actor. In addition, she has been nominated for four Tonys, fourteen Emmys, thirteen Golden Globes and she has also won an Obie award and has been nominated for three Grammy Awards and a BAFTA. Close has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame and she has two sisters, Tina and Jessie, and two brothers, Alexander and Tambu Misoki, whom Closes parents adopted while living in Africa. Close is also a second cousin once-removed of actress Brooke Shields, during her childhood, Close lived with her parents in a stone cottage on her maternal grandfathers estate in Greenwich. Although Close came from an affluent background, she stated that her family not to participate in WASP society. She would also avoid mentioning her birthplace whenever asked because she did not want people to think she was a dilettante who didnt have to work. When she was seven years old, her parents joined a cult group, Close described MRA as a group that dictated every aspect of her life, from the clothes that had to be worn to what they were allowed to say. In an interview Close stated that her desire to become an actress allowed her to break away from the cult, stating and they had their reasons for doing what they did, and I understand them. It had terrible effects on their kids, but that’s the way it is and we all try to survive, right. And I think what actually saved me more than anything was my desire to be an actress and she spent time in Switzerland when studying at St. Georges School in Switzerland. Close traveled for years in the mid-to-late 1960s with an MRA singing group called Up With People

36.
Geena Davis
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Virginia Elizabeth Geena Davis is an American actress, film producer, writer, former fashion model, and former archer. In 2005, Davis won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her role in Commander in Chief, in 2014, she returned to television portraying Dr. Nicole Herman in Greys Anatomy. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress along with her co-star Susan Sarandon for Thelma, as of autumn 2016, Davis is currently starring as Regan MacNeil/Angela Rance in the horror TV series inspired by the best-selling William Peter Blatty novel The Exorcist, on Fox. Davis was born January 21,1956, in Wareham, Massachusetts and her mother, Lucille, was a teachers assistant, and her father, William F. Davis, was a civil engineer and church deacon, her parents were both from small towns in Vermont. She has a brother named Danforth, at an early age, she became interested in music. She learned piano and flute and played well enough as a teenager to serve as an organist at her Congregationalist church in Wareham. Davis attended Wareham High School and was a student in Sandviken, Sweden. Enrolling at New England College, she graduated with a degree in drama from Boston University in 1979. Davis is a member of Mensa, an organization whose members are in the top 2% of intelligence. Following her education, Davis served as a mannequin for Ann Taylor until signing with New Yorks Zoli modeling agency. Davis was working as a model when she was cast by director Sydney Pollack in his film Tootsie as an opera actress. She followed the role with the part of Wendy Killian in the television series Buffalo Bill. She also wrote the Buffalo Bill episode entitled Miss WBFL, during the run of Buffalo Bill, in 1983, Davis also appeared as Grace Fallon in an episode of Knight Rider entitled K. I. T. T. Her television credits from the also include one episode of Riptide. This was followed by a series of her own, Sara, Davis replaced Debra Winger in the role of Dottie Hinson in A League of Their Own, and received a Best Actress Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance. She then co starred in Hero alongside Dustin Hoffman and Andy Garcia, Davis then teamed up with her husband at that time, director Renny Harlin, for the films Cutthroat Island and The Long Kiss Goodnight. She and Harlin also produced those films, Davis was nominated for the Saturn Awards for her performances as Samantha/Charlie in The Long Kiss Goodnight, and as Eleanor Little in Stuart Little, a role she reprised in 2002 and again in 2005. In 2000–2001, Davis starred in the short-lived sitcom The Geena Davis Show, in the beginning of 2004, she guest starred as Grace Adlers sister, Janet, on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace

Brian De Palma
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Brian Russell De Palma is an American film director and screenwriter. He is considered part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, in a career spanning over 40 years, he is best known for his suspense, psychological thriller, and crime films. De Palma, who is of Italian ancestry, is the youngest of three boys and was born in Newark, New Jersey to

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Brian De Palma, 2007

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De Palma at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival

Martin Bregman
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Martin Bregman is an American film producer and former personal manager. Bregman was born in New York City, to Leon and Ida, as a child, he suffered from polio. He began his career selling insurance and first got into the entertainment business as a night club agent, Bregman ventured into film producing in 1973, building projects around Pacino, ini

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Martin Bregman attending The Tribeca Film Festival

Oliver Stone
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William Oliver Stone is an American screenwriter, film director, and producer. Stone won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay as writer of Midnight Express and he also wrote the acclaimed gangster movie Scarface. As a director, Stone achieved prominence as director/writer of the war drama Platoon, for which Stone won the Academy Award for B

3.
Stone with Hugo Chávez at the Venice International Film Festival, July 9, 2009 for the screening of South of the Border

Al Pacino
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Alfredo James Al Pacino is an American actor of stage and screen, filmmaker, and screenwriter. DeMille Award, and the National Medal of Arts and he is also one of few performers to have won a competitive Oscar, an Emmy and a Tony Award for acting, dubbed the Triple Crown of Acting. He achieved international acclaim and recognition for his role as M

1.
Pacino in September 2004.

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Al Pacino in The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel (1971)

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Al Pacino at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival.

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Al Pacino at the Rome Film Festival in 2008.

Steven Bauer
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Steven Bauer is a Cuban-American actor. Born Esteban Ernesto Echevarría Samson in Havana, Cuba, the son of Lillian Samson Agostini, a schoolteacher, and Esteban Echevarría, Bauers maternal grandfather was a Jewish refugee from Germany, and Bauers maternal grandmother was a Cuban of partial Italian ancestry. His stage surname comes from his maternal

1.
Bauer on August 7, 2008

Michelle Pfeiffer
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Michelle Marie Pfeiffer is an American actress, singer and producer. She began her career in 1978 and had her first starring film role in Grease 2. Her greatest commercial successes include Batman Returns, Dangerous Minds, What Lies Beneath and she received a third Oscar nomination for Love Field. Her other notable roles include The Witches of East

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Pfeiffer in 2007

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Pfeiffer and her husband, David E. Kelley at the 47th Emmy Awards in 1994

F. Murray Abraham
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F. Murray Abraham is an American actor. He became widely known during the 1980s after winning the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Antonio Salieri in Amadeus and he is also known for his television and theatre work and is now a regular cast member on the award-winning television series Homeland. Abraham was born as Murray Abraham on Oct

1.
Abraham in 2008

Robert Loggia
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Salvatore Robert Loggia was an American actor and director. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Jagged Edge and he grew up in the Little Italy neighborhood, where the family spoke Italian at home. He attended New Dorp High School before going to Wagner College, later he started courses towards a degree in journalism

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Robert Loggia in 1990.

Giorgio Moroder
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Giovanni Giorgio Moroder is an Italian singer, songwriter, DJ and record producer. Moroder is frequently credited with pioneering Italo disco and electronic dance music, when in Munich in the 1970s, he started his own record label called Oasis Records, which several years later became a subdivision of Casablanca Records. Moroder also composed the s

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Giorgio Moroder at Melt! Festival 2015.

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Giorgio Moroder in 2007.

Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal C

Crime film
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Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy W

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Humphrey Bogart in The Petrified Forest (1936)

Scarface (1932 film)
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Scarface is a 1932 American pre-Code gangster film starring Paul Muni as Antonio Tony Camonte. It was produced by Howard Hughes and Howard Hawks, directed by Hawks, the story is based on Armitage Trails 1929 novel of the same name, which is loosely based on the rise and fall of Al Capone. The film features Ann Dvorak as Camontes sister, and also st

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Osgood Perkins as John "Johnny" Lovo and Paul Muni as Antonio "Tony" Camonte in a scene from the film's trailer.

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Paul Muni in the trailer for Scarface.

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George Raft in a later film trailer.

Tony Montana
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Antonio Tony Montana is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the 1983 film Scarface. He is portrayed by Al Pacino in the movie, and is voiced by André Sogliuzzo in the 2006 video game Scarface, The World Is Yours. Embodying the rise from the bottom to the top, Tony Montana has become an icon and is one of the most famous movie characte

1.
Al Pacino as Tony Montana

Gangster film
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Mob films — or gangster films — are a subgenre of crime films dealing with organized crime, often specifically with the Mafia. Especially in early mob films, there is overlap with film noir. The American movie The Black Hand is thought to be the earliest surviving gangster film. In 1912, D. W. Griffith directed The Musketeers of Pig Alley, critics

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Little Caesar (1931)

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The Petrified Forest (1936) trailer

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Invisible Stripes (1939)

Martin Scorsese
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Martin Charles Scorsese is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and film historian, whose career spans more than 50 years. Scorseses body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, many of his films are also known for their depiction of violen

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Scorsese at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival

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From left: Salvo Cuccia, Martin Scorsese and Vittorio De Seta at the 2005 Tribeca Film Festival

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Scorsese at the Gangs of New York screening at the Cannes Film Festival with Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Diaz

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Martin Scorsese at the 65th Annual Peabody Awards

Cuba
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Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and it is south of both the U. S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti, and north of Jamaica. Havana is the

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Hatuey, an early Taíno chief of Cuba.

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Flag

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Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, conquistador of Cuba.

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Slaves in Cuba unloading ice from Maine, c. 1832.

Miami, Florida
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as a

3.
Approximately 400 men voted for Miami's incorporation in 1896 in the building to the left.

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The mouth of the Miami River at Brickell Key

Mariel boatlift
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The Mariel boatlift was a mass emigration of Cubans, who traveled from Cubas Mariel Harbor to the United States between 15 April and 31 October 1980. The term Marielito is used to refer to these refugees in both Spanish and English, the boatlift was precipitated by a sharp downturn in the Cuban economy. After approximately 10,000 Cubans tried to ga

United States Permanent Resident Card
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United States lawful permanent residency is the immigration status of a person authorized to live and work in the United States of America permanently. It is known informally as a green card because of its green design, green card also refers to an immigration process of becoming a permanent resident. The green card serves as proof that its holder,

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United States Permanent Resident Card (green card) (May 2010)

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United States Permanent Resident Card (2008)

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United States Alien Registration Receipt Card (1946)

Cocaine
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Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high bloo

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A spoon containing baking soda, cocaine, and a small amount of water. Used in a "poor-man's" crack-cocaine production

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Cocaine (INN)

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A man sniffing cocaine

4.
Cocaine hydrochloride

Bolivia
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Bolivia, officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru. One-third of the country is the Andean mountain range, wi

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Former President, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada

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Flag

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Current President, Evo Morales

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Evo Morales' inauguration as President.

Tax evasion
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Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, and trusts. Tax evasion is an activity associated with the informal economy. In contrast, tax avoidance is the use of tax laws to reduce ones tax burden. In 1968, Nobel laureate economist Gary Becker first theorized the economics of crime, allingham and A. Sandmo produced, in

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The ten countries with the largest absolute levels of tax evasion per year. A 2011 estimate was that tax evasion amounts to 5 percent of the global economy.

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The size of the shadow economy in Europe, 2011.

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A "Lion's Mouth" postbox for anonymous denunciations at the Doge's Palace in Venice, Italy. Text translation: "Secret denunciations against anyone who will conceal favors and services or will collude to hide the true revenue from them."

New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

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Clockwise, from top: Midtown Manhattan, Times Square, the Unisphere in Queens, the Brooklyn Bridge, Lower Manhattan with One World Trade Center, Central Park, the headquarters of the United Nations, and the Statue of Liberty

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New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it "New York".

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The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolution, took place in Brooklyn in 1776.

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Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

M203 grenade launcher
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The M203 is a single-shot 40 mm under-barrel grenade launcher designed to attach to a rifle. It uses the same rounds as the older stand-alone M79 break-action grenade launcher, quite versatile, and compatible with many rifle models, the M203 was originally designed for the U. S. M16 and its variant, the M4 Carbine. The launcher can also be mounted

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(dismounted)

2.
An M16A2 rifle equipped with an M203 grenade launcher lies in the grass near some of the types of 40 mm ammunition available for use with the M203. The cartridges are, from left to right, multiple projectile, practice, green star flare, white star flare, red star flare and high explosive dual purpose.

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M16A2 with an M203

4.
M4A1 with an M203A2

M16 Rifle
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The M16 rifle, officially designated Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16, is a United States military adaptation of the Armalite AR-15 rifle. The original M16 was a select-fire,5. 56×45mm rifle with a 20-round magazine, in 1964, the M16 entered American military service and the following year was deployed for jungle warfare operations during the Vietnam Wa

4.
German Army soldiers of the 13th Panzergrenadier Division qualify with the M16A2 at Würzburg, as part of a partnership range with the U.S. 1st Infantry Division.

Elvira Hancock
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Elvira Hancock is a fictional character in the 1983 American mob film Scarface, portrayed by Michelle Pfeiffer. This proved to be her breakthrough role and she is the mistress of Frank Lopez and after his death, becomes the wife of Tony Montana. Kelly McGillis and Sigourney Weaver were also considered, initially, Pacino did not want Pfeiffer to pla

1.
Pfeiffer as Elvira Hancock

Alejandro Sosa
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Alejandro Alex Sosa is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 1983 American crime film Scarface and the 2006 video game Scarface, The World Is Yours. He is a Bolivian drug dealer and the supplier of cocaine for Tony Montana. Only when Sosa was felt betrayed did his relationship with Tony Montana end, Sosa is portrayed by Paul Shenar i

1.
Paul Shenar as Alejandro Sosa

Pepe Serna
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Pepe Serna is an American film and television actor and artist. Sernas first break in movies came in 1970 on the Roger Corman directed film The Student Nurses, over the years Serna has appeared in over 100 films, most notably Car Wash and Scarface directed by Brian De Palma, where he played Montanas friend Angel Fernandez. In the award winning come

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Serna (left) with Ayako Fujitani and Dave Boyle

Tiffany Theater
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The Tiffany Theater was the first theater located on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California. Located just west of La Cienega, it stood between the Playboy Club and Dino’s Lodge restaurant, the Tiffany opened on November 2,1966 and was owned by producer Robert L. Lippert and veteran exhibitor Harold Goldman. It was equipped with 400 seats, a

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Tiffany Theater in 1980 and 2011

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D. Garrett Gafford as Frank N Furter and Terri Hardin (as Magenta) at the Tiffany Theater on the Sunset Strip in 1978 for a screening of The Rocky Horror Picture Show

Period piece
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The term, historical period drama refers to a work set in an earlier time period, usually used in the context of film and television. It is an informal term that can apply to several genres and is often heard in the context of historical fiction and romances, adventure films. A period piece may be as long and general as the ages or as limited as on

1.
Filming of a 19th-century scene in London

Sidney Lumet
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Sidney Arthur Lumet was an American director, producer and screenwriter with over 50 films to his credit. He was nominated for the Academy Award as Best Director for 12 Angry Men, Dog Day Afternoon, Network, and The Verdict. The Encyclopedia of Hollywood states that Lumet was one of the most prolific filmmakers of the modern era and he was noted by

1.
Lumet at 2007 Toronto International Film Festival

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Lumet in the 1940 play, Journey to Jerusalem

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Directing a TV show in 1953

Robert De Niro
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Robert Anthony De Niro is an American actor, producer and director who has both Italian and American citizenship. He was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II and his longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake La Motta in the 1980 film R

1.
De Niro at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival

2.
De Niro in 1971

3.
De Niro at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival

4.
De Niro with Matt Damon in Berlin in February 2007 for the premiere of The Good Shepherd

Meryl Streep
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Mary Louise Meryl Streep is an American actress and philanthropist. Nominated for 20 Academy Awards, Streep has more nominations than any actor or actress. Streep has also received 30 Golden Globe nominations, winning eight—more nominations, Streep made her professional stage debut in Trelawny of the Wells in 1975, and in 1976 received a Tony Award

1.
Streep in the late 1970s

2.
Meryl Streep as a senior in high school, 1966

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Producer Dino De Laurentiis, who thought Streep too unattractive for film

4.
Robert De Niro, who suggested Streep for her role in The Deer Hunter (1978)

Sophie's Choice (film)
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Sophies Choice is a 1982 American drama film directed by Alan J. Pakula, who adapted William Styrons novel Sophies Choice. Meryl Streep stars as Sophie, a Polish immigrant who shares a house in Brooklyn with her tempestuous lover, Nathan. Streeps performance was acclaimed, and she received the Academy Award for Best Actress, the film was nominated

1.
Theatrical release poster

Glenn Close
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Glenn Close is an American actress, singer and film producer. With an acting career spanning over 40 years, she has been acclaimed for her versatility and is widely regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation. She has won three Emmy Awards, three Tony Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and has received six Academy Award nominations and

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Glenn Close at the Guardians of the Galaxy premiere in July 2014

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Close in Paris at the Albert Nobbs French premiere in February 2012.

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Glenn Close at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival.

Geena Davis
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Virginia Elizabeth Geena Davis is an American actress, film producer, writer, former fashion model, and former archer. In 2005, Davis won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her role in Commander in Chief, in 2014, she returned to television portraying Dr. Nicole Herman in Greys Anatomy. She was nominated for an Ac

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Davis at the World Maker Faire in New York on September 22, 2013.

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Davis at the 61st Academy Awards in 1989

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Reza Jarrahy and Davis in 2009

4.
The handprints of Geena Davis in front of The Great Movie Ride at Walt Disney World 's Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park.

2.
Former logo used from May 1, 1988 to August 1997; several variants of the "eye and profile" design, using different facial expressions, were used during this period. The logo was designed by Noel Frankel, with creative directors Alan Goodman and Fred Seibert of Fred/Alan, Inc.