The solar market in India continues to grow and evolve rapidly –
even as the domestic power sector struggles to keep the lights on. In the last twoyears installed solar photovoltaic capacity has risen from 20 MW to more than 1000
MW. The price for solar power continues to decline (by as much as 7% per annum in India), tracking
the global reduction in solar module costs. It now seems that grid parity in India will be reached
– as earlier forecasts had predicted - by 2017.

The policy framework for promoting solar also continues to evolve
positively. A number of states are pursuing the development of significant solar parks which have the
potential to overcome the challenges of land and power distribution sometimes encountered by
investors. In Gujarat, Asia’s first – and the world’s largest - solar park has been
built and will save an estimated 8 million tonnes ofemissions each year (see images on this page).

Following the successful development of the ADB Partial Credit
Guarantee, the World Economic Forum has continued to look for innovative approaches to support the
sector’s growth and increase private sector investment in the region.

The market for renewable energy certificates (RECs) – which
allows Indian states to comply with renewable purchase obligations – is being touted as a
positive driver for investment. The market, while still nascent, could provide an additional source
of funding and a flexible market mechanism to incentivize investment. To support market expansion,
the World Economic Forum has been working with international donors, including the UK government, to
create new financial structures to support the REC market.

India’s vision for solar power: The Indian government has identified solar power as central to
its long term energy security, a key component of its response to climate change and as a further
spur to its economic growth agenda. The size of the investment opportunity in Indian solar
ranges between $35-110bn over the next decade.

To reflect the importance of solar power as a national priority, the government launched the National
Solar Mission (NSM) in 2009 with the objective of deploying 20,000 mw of solar power by 2022 . Recent
estimates put the total grid connected solar power capacity that is likely to be delivered by 2013 at
1,802MW with the majority (1,098MW) coming from state schemes (704MW under the NSM).

Delivery of these ambitious objectives are expected to have significant co-benefits as a result of:

Energy security: India faces significant, and growing, hydrocarbon import dependence. According
to analysis delivered by KPMG the expansion of solar power has the capacity to replace up to 30% of
imported coal by 2021-22

Job creation: The expansion of solar power has the potential to create a significant number of
new jobs in India, up to 1 million in the period 2017-22

Rural electrification: In a country where as much as 45% of the rural community lack access to
electricity through the grid, expansion in distributed solar power could also play a vital role in
energising communities and replacing diesel and kerosene power generation

To achieve this ambitious goal, the federal government has defined a robust strategy for solar
investment in the first phase of the NSM (2010-2013) with the objective of achieving price parity
with conventional grid power

To achieve the goals set by the central and some state governments, some challenges that prevent
financial closure for some projects need to be addressed, including:

Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) structure: PPAs are not assignable to lenders, and there are
questions over the long term viability of the feed in tariff and the solvency of state utilities

Project size: The first wave of solar projects allocated India under the NSM (5-10MW) have laid
the groundwork for larger projects, with these larger projects the need for larger pools of capital
(private and multi-lateral) is generally considered to be needed

Availability and cost of financing: there are currently high domestic borrowing costs (~11%) and
limited experience with non-recourse debt financing models. There are some good developments here,
with fit-for-purpose financial instruments targeted at India solar (such as partial credit or risk
guarantees) under development

Project objective: To help identify the ‘ways and means’ to scale up private sector
financing of solar projects, the World Economic Forum, in 2010 launched the Critical Mass Initiative
to convene public and private sector stakeholders and design financing vehicles that could help to
‘crowd in’ private sector developers. The UK government’s CMCI is now building on
this. Through this process discussions were held on the significant role that multilaterals
have to play in developing and applying risk mitigation tools for private sector projects. These
discussions concluded that one solution that would draw in private investment would be for the Asian
Development Banks (ADB) to launch a Partial Credit Guarantee (PCG), to provide cover against legal,
political, commercial, and technical risks.

Mitigation and/or Adaptation

The ADB has now successfully launched a US$150 m Partial Credit Guarantee Facility, which covers 50%
of the payment default risk on bank loans made to solar project developers, replacing half of a
project’s risk (estimated at B-BB equivalent) with ADB credit risk (AAA). This enables
extension of loan tenors to over 15 years and allows ADB to leverage financial support for projects
that are too small for typical commercial project financing. The facility is available to local and
foreign commercial banks that are looking to finance private sector solar power plants in India. The
ADB is conducting due diligence on three local banks, which are expected to become partner banks
under the program and to extend credit to solar developers/operators. A number of projects are now in
the due diligence stage and seeking to benefit from the PCG representing in excess of 600MW under
both the NSM and state schemes.

The extension of the PCG represents an important first step and demonstrates how public and private
partnerships could be effectively formed. Other important tools can also be used to catalyse private
sector investment at the scale required to achieve the government’s goals in NSM Phase II.
These include the potential expansion of large scale solar parks concepts to ease issues and costs
associated with land acquisition, access to evacuation infrastructure and financing transactions
costs. A related concept; solar bonds has also been identified as a potential means by which large
scale debt finance could be accessed to support the expansion of the solar industry.

Social Benefits

India needs to sustain economic growth of 9% over the next 20 years to eradicate poverty and meet its
human development goals. Meeting the energy requirements to match this growth rate in a sustainable
manner, as outlined above, presents a major challenge. In a country where as much as 45% of the rural
community lack access to electricity through the grid, expansion in distributed solar power could
also play a vital role in literally – energising communities.

The development of a vibrant domestic solar industry could also act as a powerful spur to endogenous
industrial and rural economic growth and help underpin energy security . According to KPMG the solar
value chain in India presents a potential USD$110bn market in the next decade . In addition the
expansion of solar power has the potential to create a significant number of new jobs in India, up to
1 million in the period 2017-22 . This is in addition to the substantial economic benefits of
increasing rural electrification and reducing negative health outcomes associated with burning fossil
fuels.

Potential for scaling-up and replication of project

This project seeks to support the emergence of financing frameworks and instruments for solar energy
in India. While this has been designed to overcome specific barriers relevant to the domestic
political, technical and financial context it is expected that models have direct relevance across
geographies.

The potential to scale up financial frameworks once proven is significant and limited only by private
capital’s appetite to invest in what could, as a result of this work, become commercially
attractive investment propositions.

Learnings from this project will/are being taken to other countries that aim to scale up solar,
including Kenya and potentially South Africa