Zevin, Shelomoh Yosef, 1999, The Festivals in Halachah: An
Analysis of the Development of the Festival laws, translated by M. a. K. Holder, Uri, ArtScroll Judaica
classics, New York and Jerusalem: Mesorah
Publications and Hillel Press

At the time that our firstborn came into this world, the
adjacent hospital bed was occupied by a mother and child from Fiji. The Fijian
infant was graced with a healthy crop of black hair. A few days after the birth,
we happened to meet the proud mother in the park, and a glance into the
carriage revealed that that her baby's beautiful hair had been shaved off. The
mother explained to us that the shearing was part of a Fijian religious custom.

Contemplating our own child's shiny bald pate, we
offered silent thanks that he had not been born a Fijian.

The classical Jewish sources offer some definite guidelines
about how to cut a child's hair,
but say virtually nothing about when
this procedure should be carried out. For example, the Torah prohibited the
shaving of the sideburns, and the talmudic discussion concerned itself with the
precise definition of what counts as a sideburn for purposes of this law.
However, nowhere in the Bible or Talmud do we find any indication of a special
ritual for the first cutting of the hair.

In the abundant body of medieval literature that was devoted
to the meticulous description of personal and local customs, whether in
Germany, France, Spain or other centres of Jewish habitation, we hear not a
single mention of any obligatory time or method for a child's first haircut.

As was true with respect to many areas in Jewish religious
customs, a fundamental turning point occurred in the sixteenth century among
the residents of the mystic town of Safed.

The disciples of the renowned Kabbalistic teacher Rabbi
Isaac Luria (the "Ari") reported that their revered teacher used to
go to the tomb of Rabbi Shim'on ben Yohai in Meron to cut the hair of his
young son "in accordance with the well-known custom." The day was
celebrated as a virtual festival.

Evidently, Rabbi Luria's custom was not associated
with a particular date on the calendar. A later tradition cited in his name
associated the first haircut with the child's third birthday. Among the
Safed mystics, the custom arose of cutting the haircut on Lag Ba'omer,
which was celebrated as the yahrzeit of
Rabbi Shim'on ben Yohai who was venerated as alleged author of the Zohar,
the central document of Kabbalistic teaching. Lag Ba'omer became the occasion
of a festive pilgrimage to Rabbi Shim'on's tomb in Meron.

It is impossible to trace the origins of this
"well-known custom," inasmuch as Safed itself had virtually no
Jewish history prior to its rise to eminence in the days of Rabbi Luria and his
school following the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal.

An important clue to the practice's source is suggested by
the fact that it was usually referred to as halaqah," from an Arabic word designating the cutting
of hair. Indeed, examination of Middle Eastern folk practices reveals that
offerings of hair were used for diverse religious purposes, including vicarious
sacrifice, fulfillment of vows (in a manner reminiscent of the biblical "nazir"), or as a rite of passage.

A ceremony called 'Aqiqah is performed by many Muslims on the third, seventh or eighth day after
a birth, and it is often associated with the baby naming. The ceremony normally
included a ritual cutting of the infant's first hair, alongside the offering of
an animal sacrifice..

Of especial relevance to our topic is the custom among Arab
mothers of consecrating their children to God or to a saint in return for a
safe childbirth. At some subsequent point in the lad's life, his hair is
ritually cut at a religious sanctuary or shrine as payment of the vow. Until
the completion of the vow, it was forbidden to cut the child's hair. This
practice is attested among the Muslims of Safed.

Among Greek Catholics in Northern Syria, a collective
shearing of twelve-year-old boys was held on April 23, a date that is intriguingly
close to that of Lag Ba'omer.

Early descriptions of the Jewish hair-cutting ritual also
stipulate that the hair should be weighed, and its equivalent in silver or gold
donated to religious or charitable purposes. This element is also common to
most of the non-Jewish versions of the practice.

Although the ritual came to be identified with the Lag
Ba'omer festivities at Meron, the timing was subject to several variations.
Many Sefaradic Jews preferred to hold it in the synagogue during the intermediate
days of Passover. In Yemen, a festive cutting of the bridegroom's curls was
incorporated into wedding ceremonies. On that occasion, the couple's
three-year-old relatives were also given their first hair-cuts.

In reality, the practice of offering one's hair for a
religious purpose is a very ancient one, and was very widespread among the
ancient Greeks. It was customary for youths in those days to shave their heads,
or a particular lock that was grown for that purpose, as part of a
coming-of-age rite, offering it to Apollo, Heracles or a river god. These
rituals were frequently associated with boisterous carousing, and were singled
out by the rabbis of the Talmud as idolatrous acts that should not be emulated
or assisted by self-respecting Jews (even if they happened to be barbers).

The Kabbalistic and Hasidic circles who rediscovered these
dubious custom many centuries later possessed a marvelous flare for providing
ingenious proof-texts to justify them.

A favourite precedent was the biblical law of orlah that forbids the eating of fruit until after the
tree has passed its third year. An old midrashic text had drawn a general
symbolic comparison between the fruit and a human child, inspiring later rabbis
to extend the analogy to the child's first haircut, which marks a significant
milestone in the development process.

Even more clever was a tradition ascribed to Rabbi Isaac
Luria himself, based on the Torah's procedures for purifying one afflicted with
a skin disease. At a certain stage in the process, the Torah (Leviticus 13:33)
requires that the patient's hair be shaved. The Hebrew word for
"shave" [vehitgaleah] is
standardly written with an oversized gimel, a letter that has the numerical value of three. This calligraphic
peculiarity was seized upon as a biblical mandate for the practice of cutting a
the hair of three-year-old boys!

Whether under the Arabic name halaqah or its Yiddish equivalent upsheren, the religious ceremonies for the first haircut were
generally confined to specific communities of Sefaradic Kabbalists or east
European Hasidim. In recent years they have enjoyed a more general popularity,
especially among the newly observant who are often thirsting for rituals, and
not particularly discerning about where those rituals originated.

As with many folk customs, it is difficult to draw precise
lines between the diverse elements of pagan superstition, inter-religious
borrowing, mystical secrets, and normative Jewish observance.

Zevin, Shelomoh Yosef, 1999, The Festivals in Halachah: An
Analysis of the Development of the Festival laws, translated by M. a. K. Holder, Uri, ArtScroll Judaica
classics, New York and Jerusalem: Mesorah
Publications and Hillel Press