Notes: This combined product of French and German technology was conceived as
early as 1964, but firing units were not delivered to military units of France
until 1977, and Germany in 1978. There ware three flavors of Roland: the Roland
1, a clear-weather system, the Roland 2, designed for use in all weather
conditions, and the Roland 3, which adds IR capability, upgraded sights and
radar, and upgraded fire control computers. Roland 1 is now largely out of
service; the firing units have mostly been upgraded to the Roland 2 standard,
and the missiles destroyed or used for training purposes only. Roland 3 began
replacing Roland 2 in NATO units as early as 1988, but budgetary difficulties
have slowed the process considerably, and few Roland 3 launchers and missiles
are actually in service. (France and Germany hope to have all their launchers
and missiles replaced by Roland 3 by 2010.)

Twilight 2000 Notes: Roland 3 exists in somewhat greater numbers in the
Twilight 2000 world, but Roland 1 launchers and missiles have also been placed
back into service.

Notes: This SAM system combines launchers for AIM-7E, AIM-7F, AIM-7M, or
Aspide missiles and a Skyguard radar system for use in an air defense role.
These are mid-budget systems used by some countries to improve or supplement
their current air defense systems. The system can be used in conjunction with
35mm Oerlikon GDF-003 autocannon systems to provide a more comprehensive air
defense solution. Known users include Egypt (who calls it the Amoun system),
Greece (who calls it the Velos system), Taiwan, Kuwait, Spain (who use it with
the Aspide missile, and calls it the Toledo system), and Italy and Thailand
(also using it with the Aspide missile).

Twilight 2000 Notes: Thailand is not using this system, and Spain is using it
with Sparrow missiles.