Plasma and electricity in space. Failure of gravity-only cosmology. Exposing the myths of dark matter, dark energy, black holes, neutron stars, and other mathematical constructs. The electric model of stars. Predictions and confirmations of the electric comet.

After an interesting exchange with Zyxzeven, discussing the high temps in earth's thermosphere, I began to wonder if the sun's corona had been measured in infrared. I found that these measurements had not been carried out until the solar eclipse in August 2017.

Astronomers scrutinized last year’s eclipse. Here’s what they’ve learnedNew research is providing hints about what’s going on in the sun’s atmosphereBY LISA GROSSMAN 11:53AM, MAY 29, 2018

LEESBURG, Va. — Astronomers watching the 2017 solar eclipse from the ground and from the air witnessed new, tantalizing features of the sun’s outer atmosphere.

Three teams have recently presented their first science results from the Great American Eclipse. Combined, the findings could help disentangle lingering solar puzzles, such as how bursts of plasma leave the sun, why the outer atmosphere, the solar corona, is so well organized and what is the nature of the corona’s magnetic field.

While thousands of eclipse watchers gathered across the country last August armed with special glasses and cameras, solar physicists Adalbert Ding and Shadia Habbal and their colleagues set up a specially designed spectrometer in Mitchell, Ore. (That was one of four sites from which their team monitored the eclipse.) The team had used an earlier version of the instrument, which takes in specific wavelengths of light that can trace different coronal temperatures, to watch a solar eclipse in March 2015 from Svalbard, Norway.

NEW AND IMPROVED During the August 21 eclipse, scientists captured the first-ever infrared image of the corona, shown here in an unprocessed form.NASA, SWRI, SOUTHERN RESEARCH

In both 2015 and 2017, the scientists observed evidence of relatively cool blobs of gas embedded in hot plasma in the outer corona. (The sun’s surface simmers at about 6000° Celsius, but its corona roasts at millions of degrees — and no one knows why.) Ding, of the Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics in Berlin, and Habbal, of the University of Hawaii in Honolulu, measured wavelengths of light emitted by atoms and charged particles called ions in the corona, as a proxy for the plasma’s heat.

To the researchers’ astonishment, they saw blobs of plasma during both eclipses that had maintained temperatures as low as 20,000° C embedded within material in the corona that was as hot as 3.7 million degrees Celsius, Ding said at the Triennial Earth-Sun Summit on May 23. “We were very surprised,” Ding says. He thinks the cooler material may be trapped within plasma bubbles and can’t get out. “The stunning thing is that they survive.”

The team also measured solar material’s Doppler shift, or the change in wavelength as the material moved toward or away from Earth. The shifts suggested that the scientists had caught a huge bubble of plasma erupting off the sun’s surface and fleeing out into space in 2015 (SN Online: 6/16/17). At the time, they thought seeing such an explosion, called a coronal mass ejection, was just luck.

If so, their luck held for the 2017 eclipse. The researchers haven’t finished processing all of their data yet, but preliminary results showed uncharged hydrogen and helium atoms fleeing the sun as far out as 3.5 solar radii from the edge of the sun’s bright disk, at speeds of about 600 kilometers per second.

"The shifts suggested that the scientists had caught a huge bubble of plasma erupting off the sun’s surface and fleeing out into space in 2015 (SN Online: 6/16/17). At the time, they thought seeing such an explosion, called a coronal mass ejection, was just luck."

I would like to add a very recent video of the sun releasing a "bubble of plasma" --

In both 2015 and 2017, the scientists observed evidence of relatively cool blobs of gas embedded in hot plasma in the outer corona. (The sun’s surface simmers at about 6000° Celsius, but its corona roasts at millions of degrees — and no one knows why.) ...

The team also measured solar material’s Doppler shift, or the change in wavelength as the material moved toward or away from Earth. The shifts suggested that the scientists had caught a huge bubble of plasma erupting off the sun’s surface and fleeing out into space in 2015

In Eugene Bagashov's most recent Space News presentation, he discussed the path and trajectory of Oumuamua, and offered several possible explanations for its movement through our solar system.

It gives every appearance of having traveled down the axis of the northern polar region of the sun, then swinging around beneath it, and then continuing past our planet, out of sight. But another possibility he raises is that it is not an alien interloper at all:

Yet this deserves to be present in the overall pool of ideas about Oumuamua. Now remember about the date of the supposed perihelion of Oumuamua, the sun suddenly became very active....So maybe the solar activity at the time was actually not the consequence, but the very reason for the appearance of this object in the first place. What I mean is, could it have been ejected by the sun itself during its peak of activity? Of course, that would be impossible according to the model of the sun used by heliophysicists today, but I prefer to remain open-minded, so I do not rule out such a far-stretched possibility.

So maybe Oumuamua did not even arrive from outside of the solar system, but actually appeared from the very center of it. Who knows?

Then I believe it would be natural for such an object to be repelled by the sun, as it would most likely bear some positive charge of its own.

If the sun were to eject solid material, along with all of the billions of tons of charged particles, would a plasma "bubble" form around the charged object? And would it "race away" as these cooler plasma "blobs" in the corona have been observed to do? I think it would! But either way, in looking at all the possibilities he could think of, Eugene Bagashov gave good reasons why Oumuamua could have been positively charged wrt to the near-sun environment, and may not have displayed like a comet.

“Oh for shame, how these mortals put the blame upon us gods, for they say evils come from us, when it is they rather who by their own recklessness win sorrow beyond what is given…”~Homer

Is the Corona at MILLIONS of degrees?The frequency/colour is not related to temperature at all.Lightning on earth would relate to a billion degrees Kelvin.In this case the million of degrees Kelvin are related to well known chemical reactions.(Or electro-chemical reactions)

The Chromosphere: COLDER than you thought! Evidence from Carbon Monoxide Absorption Lines!If we look at the chromosphere emission lines we can see different temperatures.Saha equations can not be used. Chromospheric emission lines are not produced by processes in thermal equilibrium.Absorption lines of CO show that the temperature is much cooler.Using these lines we get a chromosphere that goes from6000 kelvin (at photosphere) down to 3500 kelvin in a fairly simple curve.Just like you would expect from basic thermodynamics.