Imagine a car engine with so much torque that it needs a final drive ratio of
only 1.5:1. A car engine that at a road speed of 205 km/h is spinning at only
630 rpm. An engine that can be permanently connected to the wheels – no clutch
or auto trans needed. An engine that can propel a car smoothly and effortlessly
in a perfectly linear rush of power from stationary to maximum speed, all just
by opening the throttle. An engine that can burn pretty well any combustible
liquid or gaseous fuel without engine-destroying detonation and with potentially
very low emissions.

It sounds a dream powerplant – but it existed and was being widely used in
cars 80 years ago. Steam-powered cars could do all these things – and also set
the 1906 outright land speed record.

And potential modern developments of automotive steam power? They include
design approaches that use triple rotary Mazda engines, steam turbines, and
Lysholm screw-type superchargers run backwards!

Steam Cars

Because of the absolute overwhelming technical dominance of internal
combustion – petrol and diesel – engines, people tend to view other forms of
automotive propulsion as slightly amusing oddities.

The gas turbine engine – used in prototypes by Rover and Chrysler - came and
went (see
The Chrysler Turbine Car), while it’s taken
until very recently for hybrid petrol/electric cars to reappear. (Reappear? Yep,
there were hybrid petrol/electric cars available 100 years ago!) And steam
power? It immediately brings to mind images of old railway locomotives and
lumbering steam-rollers. But nearly all current electrical power stations use
steam power – the water may be boiled by nuclear power, or the burning of coal
or natural gas, but it’s steam that does the work of turning the turbines that
in turn rotate the alternators. So in some respects, steam power is as current
as possible.

Engine

Rather than turbines, the steam cars of the 1920s and 1930s used
reciprocating engines. These were typically double-acting (that is, steam
pressure was used to push the piston both up and down) and had multiple
cylinders. In some cases, the steam did its work twice, firstly in a high
pressure cylinder and then secondly in a low pressure cylinder. The valve gear
included the ability to vary the ‘cut-off’, allowing the stepless tuning of the
engine operation for power or economy. (Cut-off describes the point within the
piston stroke when steam is no longer admitted. Cut it off early and the steam
continued to expand and so drive the piston, but with less consumption of steam.
Make the cut-off later and more steam was used but the power was greater.) In
addition to variable cut-off, a throttle valve was used to alter the pressure of
the steam entering the engine. (We’ll come back to this later, but imagine the
efficiency gains of using mapped microprocessor control of cut-off and throttle
openings!)

The use of multi-cylinder, double-acting reciprocating engines gave a high
number of power pulses per turn of the crankshaft. In fact, a contemporary
advertisement suggested the four cylinder steam engine had the same intrinsic
smoothness as a V12 internal combustion engine. (Incidentally, the steam car
manufacturers always referred to their competition as having "internal
explosion" engines!)

Boilers

The boilers of these steam cars were not constructed on lines similar to a
railway locomotive. Rather than having a large vessel filled with water through
which tubes carrying the hot gasses from the fire passed, the approach was
reversed and water passed through the tubes. A very long coil of tube carried
the water and the hot gasses from the burning fuel enveloped the tube.

Two approaches were used: in some cases the tubes were filled with water
which thermo-syphoned through the tubes, with steam collecting in a sperate
receptacle at the top of the system, and in other cases the water passed only
once through the tubing, turning to steam as it did so. These latter designs are
called ‘flash steam’ (as in, the water flashes into steam) and allowed very
quick start-up times. In fact, from cold, flash-steam boilers could build
pressure in only 30 seconds or so. However, the downside of a flash boiler
design was a lack of ‘reserve power’; in a flash boiler the steam wasn’t stored
– it was used as quickly as it was produced and so if more was needed, more had
to be instantly produced.

In both water tube boiler designs the risk of a major explosion was very
small. This is because the volume of hot water that would instantly turn to
steam when the pressure dropped (eg because of a rupturing vessel) was vastly
less than in even a small fire-tube boiler. Speaking of pressures, those
achieved in the water tube boilers could be much higher than in a fire-tube
design. This is because the size of the pressure vessel was so much smaller –
rather than a boiler measuring feet in diameter, the pressure was held by tubes
perhaps only a half-inch in diameter. In fact, steam car pressures of 750 psi at
700 degrees F were common. (The record-breaking Stanley Steamer of 1906 used
1000 psi!)

Burners

Burners were surprisingly sophisticated. Often rather like large Primus-style
camping stoves, they used forced draught (provided by a fan run by an electric
motor), venturis to draw through the fuel and had automatic control. The automatic
control was on/off: as steam pressure fell, the burner was switched on and
stayed on until steam pressure reached the appropriate level whereupon the
burner was extinguished. Obviously, when no steam was being used, the burner
stayed off. A pilot burner was used in some cars, while others used a spark plug
and ignition coil to light the mixture. The water feed was also automated; in
the case of flash boilers, this had to be regulated very precisely.

Mechanical Make-Up

In nearly all cars, the engine was mounted at the rear of the car under the
floor, being mechanically integrated with the rear axle. (One wonders about
unsprung weight!) The boiler was located at the front of the car and a condenser
(which turned the steam back into water after it had done its work) took the
place of the radiator. Tanks for water (because some water was inevitably lost),
burner fuel, pilot light fuel and lubricating oil were distributed around the
car. Pumps were also needed for the fuel, feed water and oil.

In the days when internal combustion engine cars had controls for ignition
timing on the steering wheel (and it was a control that needed a lot of
adjustment!), and when starting handles, gear levers, clutch pedals, lubrication
reservoirs and the like all needed attention, the steam car was regarded by its
makers as being simple to operate. However, even going on the contemporary
instructions provided by these manufacturers, the start-up and maintenance
procedures look complex. It was also apparently impossible to prevent the water
freezing in sub-zero temperatures – no anti-freeze existed that could be used in
the application.

The first commercial steam cars appeared around 1900 and in Germany steam
trucks were still being built in the late 1930s. However, post-WWII, no new
steam vehicles have been successfully commercially developed. Since then, steam
cars have been the province only of amateur experimenters – despite some
university-backed research projects and a few half-hearted projects by major
manufacturers that took place when emission legislation was first being
introduced in the US.

But what could be achieved with modern technology – especially with fully
electronic control systems and current metallurgy?

Current Possibilities

In an interesting 2002 paper by James D Crank of Doble Steam Motors
Corporation (Doble was one of the earliest steam car manufacturers), the idea of
a current steam car is explored.

Most radical of the changes is the abandonment of the reciprocating engine.
Despite being a favourite of steam car enthusiasts, and possessing the
high-torque/low rpm characteristics that allowed it to be permanently geared to
the drive wheels, a reciprocating steam engine has problems in packaging (it
needs to use large cylinders), thermal disadvantages (the heat lost from the
cylinders reduces the work able to be done on the pistons by the steam), and
lubrication (oil is added to the steam but this then coats the inside of the
condenser and boiler tubes, reducing efficiency, and the oil ends up in the
water tank).

An alternative is the steam turbine. As mentioned earlier, steam turbines are
currently very widely used – not only in power stations, but in ships and
nuclear submarines. However, a turbine is a high speed device and so requires a
reduction gearbox before it can drive the wheels. Furthermore, a turbine is most
efficient at only one speed, so in a car application would require a multi-stage
approach. But the availability of continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) and
the fact that a turbine requires no internal lubrication are positives.

The Wankel rotary engine is another possible candidate. The most practical
approach would be the modification of a Mazda twin or triple rotor design – in
the case of the triple rotor, the second and third chambers could be used in
parallel as low pressure stages. The addition of a steam inlet valve would be
needed, and there are likely to be problems associated with the internal
temperatures. (Superheated steam in the cars of the 1930s used to reach very
high temperatures – there are records of the cylinders glowing a dull red when
the steam was a bit hotter than it should have been!). The replacement of the
alloy rotor housings for cast iron would then be a possible requirement, as
would the use of thermal barriers within the engine. However, the Mazda rotary
is an existing engine that is compact and well developed.

The third alternative is the use of a Lysholm screw-type compressor. These
compressors (used as superchargers on cars including the Mazda Miller Cycle
engine and some Mercedes models) have internal compression. If, rather than
producing air under pressure, steam under pressure is fed to them, this
compression becomes expansion, and work is done. Over the other possible
engines, the Lysholm expander has no internal mixing of hot and cold – hot steam
comes in one end and comes out the other end cold. Furthermore, it doesn’t need
a valve mechanism other than a throttle, and is compact and very efficient (as high
as 94 per cent). However, for maximum efficiency it requires high rotational
speeds (20,000 – 30,000 rpm) and so again a high speed gearbox becomes a
requirement.

The Future

Because of their high combustion pressures, internal combustion engines
produce lots of oxides of nitrogen emissions. On the other hand, an external combustion engine – like
a steam engine – burns its fuel at atmospheric pressure and so NOx emissions are
low. Steam engines can also burn a wide variety of fuels and with the
application of modern control systems to the fuel supply, water supply, throttle
opening and valve timing, the cumbersome operating procedures of the past would
be completely gone. (Just look at this diagram showing the operation of an early
Stanley Steamer to realise how electronic control could revolutionise the car’s
architecture!) Make use of Lysholm-based engine and the whole package could be
made very compact with much higher efficiencies than were previously
achievable.

It certainly won’t happen overnight, and it’s very unlikely to happen for
mainstream cars. But if emissions legislation keeps tightening, and the price of
higher-grade fuels keeps rising, there will be inevitable pressures to
re-examine steam as a source of automotive propulsion. A high performance steam
Lysholm car that burns kerosene? Maybe...