Elegant minimalist design eliminates most of the working parts
traditionally associated with internal combustion engine; offers nearly 100%
energy efficiency for a variety of transport and stationary applications.

Imagine a vehicle with nothing under the hood (or bonnet), no gearbox, no
transmission, no carburetor or other fuel feeds. Yet it converts virtually all
the energy fed to its motors into actual motion. With the elegance of absolute
simplicity, this concept makes traditional internal-combustion cars look like
the Rube-Goldberg contraptions they are: using way too many parts and stages to
do what is really a simple task.

All we have to do is to get wheels to turn, preferably with as little wasted
motion and energy as possible.

By comparison, the traditional car’s engine uses up to about 65% of the energy
potentially available from the fuel, just to move all its parts such as pistons
and cams, plus what is wasted generating excess heat. Then the transmission uses
6%, the accessory load 2% and idling losses come to about 11%, leaving about 16%
of the energy actually engaged in making the wheels turn. Because of the weight
of all these structures, the engine block, crankshaft, gears, transmission,
etc., that 16% of the energy is having to move a vehicle weighing perhaps a ton
and a half – which may have only one person sitting in it, weighing only 150
lb.

There is a lot wrong with that 100-year-old picture. It should be laughed off
the road as unsuitable for the 21st century.

In Melbourne, Australia, an Italian-born mechanical engineer named Angelo Di
Pietro has been experimenting for many years to find a more efficient design
than the traditional reciprocating combustion engine. Inspired by his earlier
work on Wankel rotary engines at Mercedes Benz in Germany, he pursued the notion
of a rotary engine with fewer parts. Since his 1999 breakthrough, Di Pietro has
been testing and perfecting his unique design which also eliminates traditional
pistons and their housings. Though it weighs only 13 kilograms (28.6 lb), this
rotary air motor is capable of powering a car without creating any pollution.

The Rotary Piston Unit

Cross section of Engineair motor.

What he has done is to combine the pistons into a single rotary unit running
on compressed air. With air to cushion the moving parts, there is no wearing of
surfaces. And because this motor is designed to be mounted immediately beside
the wheel with no intermediate parts to transmit motion, almost all energy is
actually used to power the wheel itself.

Six expansion chambers and pivoting dividers effectively convert this single
rotary piston into a six-cylinder expansion motor.

Turned by air pressure on its outer wall, the asymmetric cylindrical shaft
driver turns an axel using two rolling elements mounted on bearings on the
shaft. A thin film of air cushions the parts from wearing. To optimize
performance parameters for the intended application, the motor can be easily
adjusted by altering only the slotted timer (shown in yellow in the animated
cutaway diagram above. (Ref.)

If more torque is desired, the timer is set for a longer air inlet period. With
the air supply limited by a shorter inlet period, the air in the chamber will
perform expansion work at a much higher efficiency.

The Di Pietro motor gives instant torque starting from zero RPM. The user
controls motor speed and torque by throttling the air intake up or down; the
controls are precise enough to allow for a soft start and gradual acceleration.
(Ref.)

In addition to controlling power output, the timer also determines the sound
made by the motor. These motors are capable of running nearly silently; however,
most people prefer to have cars make some noise as warning of their approach.
Whatever the sound level chosen by the user for his application, one thing is
certain: vehicles with dipietro motors will not need mufflers – eliminating
yet another weighty structure that takes energy to move it around.

Automotive Futures

click images for enlargement

Prototypes installed in test vehicles

Engineair of Australia is not a car manufacturing company, Mr. DiPietro
admits. He plans to license the technology to car builders with the background
and expertise to design cars that will meet the needs of consumers, and that
they will want to drive.

Although he has retrofitted an existing vehicle, he says that due to its excess
weight and the heavy chassis designed to accommodate parts his motor does not
need, the older cars are not really worth upgrading. The time and money are
better spent on a new concept designed to take advantage of his motor’s best
capabilities.

Although interested buyers from China have signed a letter of intent, they are
still planning to retrofit older vehicles, and Di Pietro wants to convince them
to think farther ahead. But China lies under a pall of severe air pollution,
exacerbated by sandstorms in some areas. When he was there recently, Di Pietro
could barely make out the sun in the sky; “It looked more like the moon,” he
says. So if Chinese engineers are desperate for a rapid reduction in fuel
consumption and don’t want to take time to redesign the whole vehicle, they
have good reason. They may be hoping to do a total redesign at a later stage
when at least some improvement in their country’s atmosphere has been
established.

The Australian engineer envisions a vehicle redesigned from the ground up, with
a motor to drive each front wheel. The axels can be much smaller and lighter, as
can just about everything else. Or, perhaps a 4WD light truck or SUV could have
one rotary air motor on each wheel. If the four wheels are independently
powered, then with four short, independently-turning axels, a car that can be
parked by driving sideways may really become feasible.

The new vehicle should be aerodynamic, with a carbon-fiber shell and structural
components also made light but sufficiently strong to protect passengers.

Di Pietro says that he has been contacted by an independent small carmaker in
the United States who expressed interest in the technology as an ideal fit for
what they were trying to do. This caller stated that his company was
dissatisfied with lithium-ion batteries. In addition to taking eight hours to
recharge, they would need to be replaced in only three to four years, at a
considerable cost amounting to the price of a whole new motor vehicle.

The Big Chill

Monash University in Melbourne tested an earlier dipietro motor in 2002, and
provided a complete report. This is no longer published as the motor design has
further advanced, based on insights gained from the independent tests.

To understand how this technology differs so completely from the familiar
dinosaur of an internal-combustion engine, and therefore how it functions in
different climate conditions, we have to think about refrigeration technology.

When air is compressed, the molecules rub together, creating heat. When the
compressed air performs expansion into the engine, the air becomes cold. So when
running, instead of heating up, the dipietro motor gets colder. Much colder. So
instead of having excess heat that must be dissipated as in an internal
combustion engine, the dipietro motor becomes like a sponge absorbing heat. Heat
is energy, and we can harness this energy for free from the atmosphere or from
the sunlight.

It seems that another efficiency is available nearly for free here, a
serendipitous bonus for good design. If the exhaust air is circulated into the
passenger compartment, the motor itself would function as an air-conditioning
unit. No environmentally-questionable freon would be required. And of course the
weight of a refrigeration system would also be eliminated from the car, along
with the need to consume energy for cooling the passenger compartment.

It has been found that for most efficient operation, the Di Pietro’s original
concept of the air motor is ideally suited to operating in warmer climates. More
recently, Engineair has applied for a patent on a technological enhancement that
is as astute and minimalist as the motor itself, making the question of climate
irrelevant. With this added factor, the efficiency of operation will be improved
in colder regions as well.

Cost-Savings Galore

When envisioning this stripped-down power system, it’s not hard to imagine the
reduction in cost to manufacture and ship vehicles with dipietro motors in them.
Far fewer parts are needed to begin with, and those that are used will last much
longer. Because of the lighter weight, for example, tires that, on a current car
weighing two tons would last only 3 to five years, might end up lasting for a
couple of decades, depending on factors such as climate and driving habits.

First in Line: the Mining Industry

It has never been possible to use internal-combustion power tools or vehicles
underground due to the risk of explosions and air contamination in a closed
space. Therefore, the mining industry has had to rely on compressed-air power
for the past century; 10% to 30% of electricity is used to generate compressed
air in this and other industries. Billions of dollars per year are poured into
obtaining equipment such as air power tools, and further billions of dollars are
spent to pay for electricity usage to compress air.

The dipietro system will cut such a cost to at least half and, will extend other
savings such as a reduction in the size of the compressor at least by half.

In the cost-plagued business of mining as well as in other industries, the
chance to reduce costs dramatically opens up using the dipietro motor. Much less
material is required to make the device. Less electricity is required to
manufacture and operate it. The first product from Engineair will be motors for
the mining, pharamacuetical and chemical industries, as these can be plugged
into existing systems and uses with little need for redesign, unlike what will
be required for cars and other vehicles.

Comparing Apples & to Other Apples, or to Oranges?

In an episode of Beyond Tomorrow, an Australian television program about
advances in technology, both Di Pietro’s motor and the French version of a
compressed-air car were explored.

To ensure adaptability and to promote its adoption by the public, the French
version of a compressed-air vehicle is intended to run on ordinary fuel when its
supply of compressed air is used up, and therefore has the more complicated
drive train, transmission, and other weighty structures. In the footage filmed
of the reporter riding in the French vehicle, the motor noise overwhelms other
impressions. Whether this vehicle design, which uses the same engine block and
pistons as a standard internal-combustion engine, is always that noisy, or
whether this is just a demonstration model and new muffler designs can
compensate for it, is not stated in that televised report. Therefore, although
it offers a pollution-free drive while running on compressed air, this vehicle
does not achieve the same high efficiency as Di Pietro’s design.

In the related segment of the same program, Di Pietro appears, driving an
assortment of adapted vehicles, including an adapted road car, a “minicat”
for hauling supplies in a vegetable market, and an outboard motor. One can
imagine how fishermen would appreciate a quiet, pollution-free motor. A motor
scooter using the rotary piston has also been created. As the primary area for
trading fresh fruits and veggies, the Melbourne market is incongruously highly
polluted due to the numerous small tractors and forklifts all running on
gasoline. Therefore the managers of this food-trading centre are reported to be
keen on adopting his technology.

Other engineers and inventors are applying different approaches to compressing
air to run a motor. The Gun Engine of Kazimierz Holubowicz uses the explosive
force of fuel to compress the air. His design of a four-stroke cycle during
startup switches automatically to a twelve-stroke cycle that converts all the
energy released from any type of combustible fuel into work. Fuel flexibility is
being touted as “alternative” energy, though combustion and emissions are
still the result.

When running full tilt, the gun-engine’s induction stroke supplies fuel vapor
with air into the explosion chamber where heat and compression occur. Then a
primary power stroke feeds four compression and four extra power strokes, which
convert all the energy into extra work. (Ref.)
This concept has a central drive motor with the usual gears and transmission, so
although it has more of the energy converted to power, it will still be using a
significant percentage of that extra power to move its own parts rather than
only to turn wheels. Also, an engine that is driven by explosions will be
inherently noisy.

Another version by Raphial Morgado, replaces a 3000-lb engine with one weighing
150 lb., hinting at the reason for his naming of it as the MYT ™ or “Massive,
Yet Tiny”! In his design, the pistons move stepwise, each following the other
in a toroidal cylinder while allowing openings for air intake. By firing 16
times in one rotation, he makes the equivalent of a 32-cylinder four-stroke
engine. In demonstrations, the MYT engine is using pressurized air; it has not
been extensively tested yet running on fuel, though they have run it on diesel
briefly.

Morgado has achieved a power to weight ratio forty times better than
conventional motors, and also shows a reduced parts count, smaller size and
weight, and high mechanical efficiency. He envisions the MYT™ Engine installed
in aircraft, big ships, tractor trailers and big-rig trucks, pumping stations,
and power generator applications. The MYT™ Engine as a pump/compressor exceeds
existing pumps and compressors in providing massive pressure, volume, and flow,
all in one unit. (Ref.)

Which compressed-air engine is better?

The answer might be in completing the question and asking, “better for what
purpose?” The new inventions offer greatly improved extraction of power from
available fuel or electricity converted to compressed air at one stage or
another, with air cushioning operation and reducing wear on engine parts. It may
be that each of the above motors will fill a niche in the overall market, being
ideal for some applications and situations, but not in others.

If all of these new, more efficient designs come into production and compete
directly, the public will have a wider choice of motor options that save fuel
and emit fewer or no polluting gases or particles. People can then choose the
one that best fits their needs, considering such factors as noise level, size
and weight, overall power output, and whether they wish to avoid burning or
exploding fuel at any stage of the operation.

The Company

Engineair Pty Ltd was established on 9 September 2000 to research and develop Di
Pietro’s design first built in 1997. They have facilities close to Melbourne
in Australia, with state-of-the-art equipment for testing and measuring
performance. Entering the stage of commercializing its technology, the company
is doing quality checks on the first lot of motors, which are destined for the
mining industry and for various stationary applications.

The company has several partners and investors. They have been receiving
enquiries from around the world. Since their intention is to license the product
for various applications, they are willing to consider further partnerships and
will entertain offers from car manufacturers. Additional investment partners may
be able to participate to expand production and to develop new applications.

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"It is harder to crack a prejudice than an atom." // "I'd rather be an optimist and a fool than a pessimist and
right." -- Albert Einstein

ADVISORY: With any
technology, you take a high risk to invest significant time or money
unless (1) independent testing has thoroughly corroborated the
technology, (2) the group involved has intellectual rights to the
technology, and (3) the group has the ability to make a success of
the endeavor.

All
truth passes through three stages:
First, it is ridiculed;
Second, it is violently opposed; and
Third, it is accepted as self-evident.

--
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)

"When you're one step ahead
of the crowd you're a genius.
When you're two steps ahead,
you're a crackpot."