Facial Blindness Linked To Broader Visual Recognition Problems

Developmental prosopagnosia often occurs as a result of a neurobiological problem in the brain, which affects visual recognition broadly, a new study indicates. People with face blindness or developmental prosopagnosia (DP) have severe difficulties recognizing faces, including those of family and friends, despite having no history of brain damage (e.g., brain trauma, head injuries).

“Our results indicate that neural abnormalities in many people with DP are more widespread than previous studies have suggested,”

said senior author Bradley Duchaine , a professor of psychological and brain sciences and the principal investigator of the Social Perception Lab at Dartmouth College. Duchaine worked closely with Guo Jiahui, a Dartmouth psychological and brain sciences graduate student and member of his lab, who served as first author of the study.

Developmental Prosopagnosia

The Dartmouth team used functional MRI to measure the brain responses to video clips showing faces, objects, scrambled objects, scenes, and bodies. They then compared these responses in 22 people with developmental prosopagnosia and 25 control participants to determine which regions in the facial processing system may be abnormal and whether any regions that respond preferentially to scenes, bodies, or objects respond abnormally in the developmental prosopagnosics.

This is the first study of DP to use videos of moving faces and is more in line with how one experiences the world, rather than relying on static images of faces. It is also the first fMRI study of its kind to investigate activity in scene and body areas.

The researchers examined 12 face-selective areas throughout the brain (six face-selective areas in each hemisphere). These are different parts of the brain that are interconnected and form the face processing network.

The findings showed that DPs had reduced responses to faces but normal responses to objects, scenes, and bodies across all 12 of the face-selective areas.

Visual Category Selection

The study also looked at how DPs responded to visual categories, such as scene areas, body areas and object areas. Known as category-selective areas, the researchers assessed how strongly tuned a cortical area is to a particular category; if the cortex doesn’t develop properly, behavioral deficits ensue.

In comparison to the controls, the DPs had pronounced reductions in their responses to scenes and marginal reductions in their responses to bodies. Yet, DPs’ responses to objects in object areas were normal and the same as that of the controls.

“The study participants with developmental prosopagnosia had reduced responses to not only face areas but also to scene areas and body areas. Our findings suggest that most cases of developmental prosopagnosia are not caused by a lack of experience with faces during development but instead, by a broader neurobiological cause that affects all three types of areas. Our results indicate that the deficits across face areas, scene areas and body areas may be due to a broad region of cortex that did not develop properly. In other words, these areas did not get wired properly during development,”

explained Duchaine.

Past research on visual recognition disorders has focused almost entirely on prosopagnosia; however, the results indicate that many DPs have deficits that extend beyond face areas and it seems likely that abnormalities in scene and body areas will cause difficulties with scene and body perception. Duchaine plans to conduct further research to gain insight into these other visual recognition deficits in order to better understand the types of disorders that impact the visual system.

Image: Guo Jiahui. The yellow and red areas show right hemisphere brain regions that prefer looking at faces (left column) or scenes (right column) more than objects in control and developmental prosopagnosia (DP) participants. The left panels display the outside of the right hemisphere, and the right panels display the inner side of the right hemisphere. The location of selective areas (yellow and red) in controls and DPs was similar for both categories, but the DPs had noticeably weaker activations and smaller area sizes.