The 1860s was a pivotal time for artistic innovation in Paris and London. Artists increasingly featured both the directly observed local landscape and scenes from contemporary life in their works, laying the foundation for impressionism, the painting style that has come to represent the beginning of modern art. Painters also rediscovered the venerable printmaking medium of etching, which had been practiced by Rembrandt and other earlier masters but which fell out of favor following the invention of lithography in 1798. Artists saw etching as an alternative vehicle for creative expression and a versatile means for making original works that would appeal to a growing market of art collectors. While artists like James McNeill Whistler and Charles Daubigny produced etchings as an extension of their painting practice, others, including Charles Meryon and Félix Bracquemond, devoted most of their careers to printmaking.