Optical burst switching thesis

At this point, the burst is sent through the all-optical core. The biggest challenge that packets face in an optical switch is the lack of large buffers for times of contention.

In any case, even if some of the technology on which optical packet switching depends is not here yet, one can still study its performance to see what one can achieve once the technology has been developed.

If the guardband is large relative to the average packet or burst size, then it can limit data channel throughput. Another distinctive characteristic of OBS is that the Control Packet will undergo optical to electronic to optical conversion at each intermediate node, and also optical to electronic conversion at the egress node, as to allow these nodes to be able to configure its optical switching devices.

Sample time diagram of a network using Optical Burst Switching. The control signal is transmitted in optical form in a separated wavelength termed the control channel, but signaled out of band and processed electronically at each OBS router, whereas the data burst is transmitted in all optical form from one end to the other end of the network.

The family of solutions that does packet switching in optics can be further subdivided into two based on the size of the switching units: The data burst can cut through intermediate nodes, and data buffers such as fiber delay lines may be used.

In fact, the burst crosses the intermediate nodes in the network using the pre-established and pre-configured circuit in an agnostic manner, i. OPS tries to overcome the lack of buffers by combining two other techniques to solve contention: Aggregating packets into bursts can reduce guardband impact on data channel throughput.

In OBS data is transmitted with full transparency to the intermediate nodes in the network.

OBS gathers bursts of data at the ingress nodes of the backbone using large electronic buffers until the node has enough data or a burst formation timeout occurs. OBS pushes buffers to the edges of the network, where electronic switches are, leaving no buffers in the optical core.

With OBS, delivery is best effort, and so the burst may be lost. A problem that is perceived with OPS is that IP packet sizes are very short for some optical crossconnects to be rescheduled. El-Bawab and Shin state that major technological challenges need to be overcome before optical packet switching is viable.

El-Bawab and Shin [ 68 ] give an overview of the state of the art in the underlying technologies that used for all-optical packet switching, such as technologies for 3R 6. Furthermore, hotspots and failures happen in unpredictable locations at unpredictable times [ 90 ].

In traditional circuit switching, once a flow has been accepted, it is guaranteed a data rate and no contention. Edge router architectures have been proposed see [1] [2].

Since TCP considers the loss of three consecutive packets as a sign of congestion, when burst sizes are long, the loss of a burst is expensive because it makes TCP sources throttle back their transmission rate.

Therefore, less processing operations per packet are required in an OBS network core optical router compared to an OPS network. The end result is that the high-priority class sees a network load that is much smaller than the total link load.

Current efforts in high-speed optical storage and processing [, ] are still too crude and complex to be usable. It consists of sending IP packets directly over an all-optical backbone. The effect of the burst loss rate is amplified by TCP.

The core wavelengths were carrying bursty IP traffic in the background. With such small buffers, the packet drop rate of an optical packet switch is quite high even for moderate loads.

If two packets arrive simultaneously, and there are no local buffers left, the optical packet switch first tries to find another free wavelength in the same fiber, and if it cannot find it, it will try another fiber that does not have contention.

If during the circuit establishment there is no bandwidth left for the burst, the node can either temporarily buffer the burst using the limited space of local fiber delay lines or it can try to deflect the burst circuit to another wavelength or another fiber.

This is another special feature of OBS. There are different types of OBS, essentially with different degrees of signaling complexity. Moreover, the burst formation time has an important impact on the TCP throughput if it increases the connection RTT [ 64 ]. Reduce processing requirements and core network energy consumption — A core optical router in an OBS network may face reduced control plane requirements when compared to that in an OPS network, as: If the data transmission duration is short relative to the set up time, bandwidth may not be efficiently utilized in the OCS system.

Even if, on average, link loads are low in the core of the network, it is not a reasonable assumption on certain links near hot spots and at certain moments e. Core optical network nodes are likely to either be unbuffered or have limited buffers.An Introduction to MEMS Optical Switches prepared for by Penny Beebe Engineering Communications Program Switches that perform the switching function by converting the optical signal to an electrical signal are not included.

Optical Burst Switching (OBS) was proposed in [,], and it is a hybrid between packet switching and circuit switching. OBS pushes buffers to the edges of the network, where electronic switches are, leaving no buffers in the optical core.

Time Sliced Optical Burst Switching (TSOBS) is a proposed variant of optical burst switching that replaces switching in the wavelength domain with switching in the time domain.

While time-domain switching does require the use of optical buffers. This is to certify that the work in the thesis entitled A Priority Based Optical Header Contention Resolution in Optical Burst Switching Networks, sub. optical burst switching architecture and how researchers derived the optical burst switching from the packet and circuit switching with the optic fiber.

The contention resolution technique contributes the clear picture of transmission of burst from source to destination in the.