The sharpest rise was in English reading, which increased from 3.1 per cent (17,469 reviews) in 2015, to 3.8 per cent (21,587) this year. Just 1 per cent of tests (5,174) were subject to appeal in 2014.

English, grammar, punctuation and spelling rose slightly from 0.9 per cent (4,831) to 1.2 per cent (7,020), and maths was up from 0.4 per cent (2,476) to 0.7 per cent (3,827).

A total of 11,504 schools requested a marking review this year, compared to 9,812 last year.

The DfE report stated this change means review figures are not comparable. The department has been approached for comment this morning.

This year’s SATs results provoked outrage among the education community. Russell Hobby, general secretary of the NAHT union, said the 2016 data was “not fit for publication”, adding “serious mistakes in the planning and implementation” had resulted in confusion in guidance materials.

But former education secretary Nicky Morgan said the government had raised the bar to a more “rigorous system” and said she “knew” it was “asking more”, adding: “This is the first year we have assessed pupils under the new more rigorous system and it is no surprise that this year’s results look different to previous years, but despite that the majority of pupils have achieved above and beyond the new expected standard.”

But, last month, new education secretary Justine Greening announced a raft of primary assessment changes. That included a consultation on primary assessment and a U-turn on a government manifesto pledge that all children who do not achieve the required score in reading and maths at the end of primary school must resit their exams at secondary school.

Meanwhile the National Association of Headteachers is undergoing an indicative ballot of its members over whether to boycott next year’s SATs tests. If successful, a full ballot will be held in March.

A Standards and Testing Agency spokesperson said: “Pupils, parents and schools have the right to expect test papers to be marked accurately and the Government ensures these tests are marked to a high standard.

“Less than 2 per cent of more than 1.7 million tests marked were submitted for review, and of those only 1 in 10 were amended, but we will not be complacent and will continue to improve standards in marking.”