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Wonderful post but would there not also be phases of Venus even in the Ptolemaic model? So I assume that you mean that the observed phases of Venus are proof that the Earth is not the center of the Universe because they do not match up with the phase predictions of the Ptolemic model, or more accurately, are better explained by a heliocentric model. For example, I presume that under that old Ptolemaic model, Venus would appear to almost double in size at certain times from the vantage point of an Earthly observer.

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