Brought to you by the attorneys at

With a 60-year heritage, Gallivan, White, & Boyd, P.A. is one of the Southeast’s leading litigation and business law firms. GWB's products liability team has extensive experience in defending a wide variety of products liability claims, including mass tort and catastrophic loss claims, as well as conducting accident investigations and providing strategic advocacy services to our clients. Gallivan, White & Boyd, P.A. has offices in Anderson, S.C., Greenville, S.C., Charleston, S.C., Columbia, S.C., and Charlotte, N.C.

1931 was a long time ago, and few who live today can claim to remember it all too well. Just two years after the stock market crash of 1929, 1931 claimed Herbert Hoover as the President of the United States (which that year had 48 states). Movie monsters were the rage; Bela Lugosi starred in Tod Browning’s Dracula film and Boris Karloff did his star turn in Frankenstein. Cab Calloway recorded the classic “Minnie The Moocher” (and he was 49 years from performing it again in 1980’s The Blues Brothers). James Dean was born that year; so were William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy. That December, the first Christmas tree was placed at the construction site that would later become Rockefeller Center. The Lindbergh kidnapping was a year in the future, and the attack on Pearl Harbor – precipitating the country’s entry into World War II – was a full decade away.

It was a far different time culturally, socially, politically. The issue: What did the great minds of 1931 predict the rapidly approaching 2011 would be like?

There is actually an answer to that question.

Way back on September 13, 1931, The New York Times, founded in 1851, decided to celebrate its 80th anniversary by asking a few of the day’s visionaries about their predictions of 2011 – 80 years in their future. Those assembled were big names for 1931: physician and Mayo Clinic co-founder W. J. Mayo, famed industrialist Henry Ford, anatomist and anthropologist Arthur Keith, physicist and Nobel laureate Arthur Compton, chemist Willis R. Whitney, physicist and Nobel laureate Robert Millikan, physicist and chemist Michael Pupin, and sociologist William F. Ogburn. Since these guys all have their own Wikipedia entries so many decades later, they had to have been important for their time, right? Perhaps not a diverse lot, but it was 1931.

Ford, perhaps the most recognizable name to modern readers, set the tone of the project in his own editorial of prognostication:

To make an eighty-year forecast may be an interesting exercise, first of the imagination and then of our sense of humility, but its principal interest will probably be for the people eighty years on, who will measure our estimates against the accomplished fact. No doubt the seeds of 1931 were planted and possibly germinating in 1851, but did anyone forecast the harvest? And likewise the seeds of 2011 are with us now, but who discerns them?

We’re not certain why The Times chose to celebrate an arbitrary 80 years of existence. Whatever the case, the predictions are full of gems, so we encourage you to read the original articles (which, hopefully, The New York Times will unlock from its paywall as 2011 approaches). Today, we are just two weeks shy of 2011, so we must ask, how did some of these men fare in their predictions? Let us do as Ford suspected we would and measure their estimates against accomplished fact (at least as much as a humble products liability blog can do).

Contagious and infectious diseases have been largely overcome, and the average length of life of man has increased to fifty-eight years. The great causes of death in middle and later life are diseases of heart, blood vessels and kidneys, diseases of the nervous system, and cancer. The progress that is being made would suggest that within the measure of time for this forecast the average life time of civilized man would be raised to the biblical term of three-score and ten.

Dr. Mayo predicted the average life span in 2011 would be 70. He wasn’t far off. According to this post at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it’s currently 77.9 years.

Interestingly, Keith warned of the coming perils of overspecialization in medicine:

Eighty years ago medicine was divided among three orders of specialists – physicians, surgeons, and midwives. Now there are more than fifty distinct special branches for the treatment of human ailments. It is this aspect of life – its ever growing specialization – which frightens me. Applying this law to The New York Times, I tremble when I think what its readers will find on their doorsteps every Sunday morning.

Any litigator who has ever attempted to secure a medical expert in an obscure field certainly understands the concerns espoused by Keith. All we can say is that Keith would probably not be pleased to see all the various branches of medicine that have arisen in the past eight decades. (But we here at Abnormal Use, as consumers of medicine, are pretty pleased about all the smart folks out there who know lots and lots about important fields and sub-fields of medicine.).

Ford, writing in 1931, just two years after the stock market crash, predicted that we as a nation might focus more on the intangibles of life than the bottom line:

We shall go over our economic machine and redesign it, not for the purpose of making something different than what we have, but to make the present machine do what we have said it could do. After all, the only profit of life is life itself, and I believe that the coming eighty years will see us more successful in passing around the real profit of life. The newest thing in the world is the human being. And the greatest changes are to be looked for in him.

Uh, okay. In these troubling economic times of ours today, we’ll just say, “No comment.”

Among the natural sciences it is rather in the field of biology than in physics that I myself look for the big changes in the coming century. Also, the spread of the scientific method, which has been so profoundly significant for physics, to the solution of our social problems is almost certain to come. The enormous possibilities inherent in the extension of that method, especially to governmental problems, has already apparently been grasped by Mr. Hoover as by no man who has heretofore presided over our national destinies, and I anticipate great advances for moving in the directions in which he is now leading.

Certainly, the scientific method has not solved all of our social problems (and Millikan would likely be displeased to learn how history now views President Herbert Hoover.).

Pupinwas optimistic that workers would come to share in the profits of that they produced:

The great inventions which laid the foundation of our modern industries and of the resulting industrial civilization were all born during the last eighty years, the life time of The New York Times. This civilization is the greatest material achievement of applied science during this memorable period. Its power for creating wealth was never equaled in human history. But it lacks the wisdom of distributing equitably the wealth which it creates. One can safely prophesy that during the next eighty years this civilization will correct this deficiency by creating an industrial democracy which will guarantee to the worker an equitable share in the work produced by his work.

With better communication national boundaries will gradually cease to have their present importance. Because of racial differences a world union cannot be expected within eighty years. The best adjustment that we can hope for to this certain change would seem to be the voluntary union of neighboring nations under a centralized government of continental size.

Well, national boundaries are just as important as they were back in 1931. (And in fact, there have been a ton of wars in the past 80 years over just that issue). The United Nations would be formed fourteen years after Compton’s call for a “voluntary union of neighboring nations,” but its efforts and successes over the past 65 years have been, at best, a mixed bag. (Interestingly, Compton also predicted that China, “with its virile manhood and great nature resources,” would take “a more prominent part in world affairs.”).

Our favorite set of predictions, though, comes from Ogburn, who actually went out on a limb and made some bold predictions (some of which were dead on, other of which were not so much):

The population of the United States eighty years hence will be 160,000,000 and either stationary or declining, and will have a larger percentage of old people than there is today. Technological progress, with its exponential law of increase, holds the key to the future. Labor displacement will proceed even to automatic factories. The magic of remote control will be commonplace. Humanity’s most versatile servant will be the electron tube. The communication and transportation inventions will smooth out regional differences and level us in some respects to uniformity. But the heterogeneity of material culture will mean specialists and languages that only specialists can understand. The countryside will be transformed by technology and farmers will be more like city folk. There will be fewer farmers, more wooded land with wild life. Personal property in mechanical conveniences will be greatly extended. Some of these will be needed to prop up the weak who will survive.

Inevitable technological progress and abundant natural resources yield a higher standard of living. Poverty will be eliminated and hunger as a driving force of revolution will not be a danger. Inequality of income and problems of social justice will remain. Crises of life will be met by insurance.

…

The role of government is bound to grow. Technicians and special interest groups will leave only a shell of democracy. The family cannot be destroyed but will be less stable in the early years of married life, divorce being greater than now. The lives of woman will be more like those of men, spent more outside the home. The principle of expediency will be the dominating one in law and ethics.

Not too bad for a man born in 1886 who didn’t live to see 1960. Sure, he was off by about 150 million on the United States population for 2011. Sure, he didn’t predict the microchip or the Internet. Oh, and yeah, poverty hasn’t been eliminated and hunger is still a problem worldwide. But he generally seemed to understand the coming material leisure culture, the rise of big government, and the differences in the family unit in the world eight decades from his prediction.

Oh, and for the record, we here at Abnormal Use do not plan to use this occasion to make predictions about 2091, save for the lone augury that we here will still be toiling away at our desks in an effort to bring you fresh and insightful commentary each business day.

Bibliography

All of the articles listed below are linked and available online, but they’re also all behind The New York Timespaywall archive. Unless you have access, all you’ll get is the abstract.

A fascinating discovery. Does the NYT analyse their predictions in-depth? If so, it may be the first time I have ever paid for online journalism. These predictions are from eminent thinkers and deserve to be given critical consideration.

I agree with Curt – Compton seems to have been a globalist and was completely correct, hitting the prediction almost on the nose – haven't any of you heard of the North American Union? NAFTA? CAFTA? Nationalism is dead.

My reading of Compton's statement is that he was envisioning something more than a trade bloc or political union. He is speaking in terms of a continental sized government – something short of a "world union" that he finds more desirable.

No, but he did have the insight to predict the significance of the electron tube, the predecessor of the transistor, which a microchip contains in abundance. He absolutely was on the right track with that prediction.

Mihajlo Pupin (Michael Pupin) came from Serbia (Yugoslavia) to USA. At the time, Yugoslav king banned Communist Party in Serbia and in Yugoslavia, since Communist Party threatened his throne and monarchy.

Pupin was pre-war socialist and a communist supporter, he believed in socialist (and communist) ideas he shared with NYT readers of the time.

Unfortunately, capitalism won…

Similar were ideas of one of the greatest scientists and inventors of all times, Nikola Tesla, who hoped for a far better world than this one we now have, 100+ years after Tesla gave us AC theory/motor (Niagara, anyone?), radio control, high-frequency currents, etc.Tesla' monument stands in front of the building of Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, but Tesla's notes – most of them – are still classified and held by secret services in USA (where Tesla, like Pupin, arrived hoping for the better scientific environment than he had in Yugoslavia/Serbia -100 years from now).

In this age of Balanced Budgets and Austerity over Government Investment in bringing the economies of the world out of one of the nastiest Recession in history and an unemployment level already 40% of the level it was during the height of the great depression, I have to say Millikan was right; they might not call it Hooverism, but attempting to balance the budget in these dire times is just a few steps short of the next Boehnerville in Central Park.

Most of their estimates were right which shows these were indeed men of rare insight.I tremble to predict the nature of our world even fifty years hence , i shudder when i read Ray kurzweil predicting the total domination of non-bio intelligence over the familiar bio-intelligence . The future is indeed heading towards a skewed "singularity" as far as bio-intelligence is concerned.

Great blog post (forwarded to me by TheBrowser). One nit to pick – can we not be "medicine consumers"? I hate the idea of medicine as a line of products and services, for us shoppers to peruse and purchase. Metaphors have such power, "medicine consumers" implies medical money-grubbing and profiteering (which I know is far too prevalent already in medicine, but let's not encourage it). I prefer to think of medicine as a benevolent compassionate profession, one that treats us as fellow human beings, not customers. JR

Jim G., I think everyone gets that they were looking forward 80 years because the Times was celebrating its own 80th anniversary. But who celebrates an 80th birthday? I'd get it if it were a 50th anniversary or a 100th anniversary, but an 80th? That's kinda weird.

It may be a stretch, but I think it being on the 80th birthday is more of an excuse than a reason. I think a bigger cause was that the world was in the midst of Depression and that different ideas were being tossed about in the marketplace from socialism to free markets. The world was changing fast with governments' power growing, both democratic and fascist. With so much uncertainty, it was exciting to look ahead and see where this world was going. It could be analogous to now.

"Certainly, the scientific method has not solved all of our social problems."That may be, but it is because the scientific method hasn't been applied to social problems as fully as it should be. Evidence-based policy is pretty hard to find in government, and many politicians don't have a clue about the scientific method – not to mention having a lack of basic numeracy, and limited appreciation for scientific knowledge.

I think our future is less certain as time passes and complex systems (and unintended reactions) produce unexpected results. I am primarily thinking of the environmental and nuclear challenges we face, as well as generations of damaged people in Iraq and Afghanistan. Will two world classes emerge? What will happen in the toxic third world environment to the people who are born, live and reproduce amidst appalling conditions? What will happen when the real Chinese dragon rises in anger at the governments destruction of their ancient lands? Generations of chemically abused people are on our horizon.

I don't think you can predict into this century within the mainstream dialogue because so much of what is happening is too unbelievable and thus incredible to most first-worlders.

Also, the spread of the scientific method, which has been so profoundly significant for physics, to the solution of our social problems is almost certain to come. The enormous possibilities inherent in the extension of that method, especially to governmental problems, has already apparently been grasped by Mr. Hoover as by no man who has heretofore presided over our national destinies, and I anticipate great advances for moving in the directions in which he is now leading.

I think it is worth noting that this idea of applying the scientific method to social issues resulted in eugenics and forced lobotomies. I would rather social issues be solved by society than by the application of the scientific method by a few social engineers.

An interesting blog post which I did read the full article of the prediction and the glory days of past 80 years to be exact Mortgage Louisville KY.Maybe they should say the all predictions should be end in 2012 by Dec.

In 1931, the average cost of new house was $6,790.00 and new car was $640. The US Empire State Building is completed, and becomes the tallest building in the world , it is a 102-story contemporary Art Deco style building in New York City .