Control Design

Technology enables OEM access to its machines and the benefits that come with it

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) will significantly change the world, predicted Greg Gorbach, vice president, ARC Advisory Group. While his prediction isn't exactly bold or risky, Gorbach and a group of roundtable presenters at ARC Forum 2015 in Orlando, Florida, discussed how IIoT not only will change industry, but often how it's already had an impact.
"What is an Industrial Internet of Things thing?" asked Gorbach. "It's an industrial asset, but it's also a platform for new applications and services. It's part of an econsystem, but it has to be secure."
While reduced machine or asset downtime and more rapid service response are the top two drivers, according to ARC survey results, IIoT also can improve operating performance,…

Should you design I/O systems based on the user's needs or the application's

Enclosureless I/O systems have been available for years, but new installations often still use traditional enclosure-based strategies. This happens despite the fact that a centralized enclosure approach has several downsides. What are some of the…

Reduce Cabinet Space and Wiring

Machine mount — the placing of everything from I/O to PCs directly on factory floor equipment instead of in a cabinet — is increasingly being used. The benefits are less cabinet space and wiring, as well as reduced commissioning time and…

Many end users don't really know what PAC is, or what the differences between PLCs and PACs are. The reality is, OEMs and machine designers need to educate users better.

If asked, "Is there really any difference between programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and programmable automation controllers (PACs)," the machine end user will likely answer, "No."
Or that person might ask, "What is a PAC?" You may even get a few…

Recent

Many end users don't really know what PAC is, or what the differences between PLCs and PACs are. The reality is, OEMs and machine designers need to educate users better.

If asked, "Is there really any difference between programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and programmable automation controllers (PACs)," the machine end user will likely answer, "No."
Or that person might ask, "What is a PAC?" You may even get a few…

Recent

New Designs Also Allow Use Outside the Control Cabinet

Industrial devices that have intelligence are a hot topic, and power supplies are no exception. According to Mike Garrick, marketing manager for power supplies at Phoenix Contact USA, users expect the capability to network devices that never had…

Current Approaches Automate Automation

Increasing demands on the time and resources of today's engineers mean that modern control software should be designed with efficiency in mind. "Trends in the industry lean toward the ability to automate the automation software, providing engineers the tools to programmatically change the software configuration of a machine, including the actual PLC code. This enables an OEM to automatically configure the machine controller's code to match the machine's actual I/O layout or to modify the software configuration based on the company's orderable machine options, without requiring the efforts of a controls engineer," says Daymon Thompson, TwinCAT product specialist, Beckhoff Automation.
The resulting better use of engineers' time boosts their…

Recent

Current Approaches Automate Automation

Increasing demands on the time and resources of today's engineers mean that modern control software should be designed with efficiency in mind. "Trends in the industry lean toward the ability to automate the automation software, providing engineers the tools to programmatically change the software configuration of a machine, including the actual PLC code. This enables an OEM to automatically configure the machine controller's code to match the machine's actual I/O layout or to modify the software configuration based on the company's orderable machine options, without requiring the efforts of a controls engineer," says Daymon Thompson, TwinCAT product specialist, Beckhoff Automation.
The resulting better use of engineers' time boosts their…

New technologies make it easier to program and integrate FPGAs into your control systems

If you have an application requiring very high-speed control, signal processing or both, then an FPGA may be a better alternative than trying to push a conventional control system architecture too far and too fast. In the past, you'd be faced with…

Researchers Will Demonstrate Feasibility of Using Standardized 3D Models for Electronically Exchanging and Processing Product and Manufacturing Information

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) researchers and their industrial partners have embarked on a Design to Manufacturing and Inspection Project to add a new dimension to manufacturing capabilities. They will demonstrate the feasibility—and benchmark the advantages—of using standardized, 3D models for electronically exchanging and processing product and manufacturing information all the way from design through inspection of the final part, a tightly integrated, seamless string of activities that manufacturers are calling a "digital thread.”
Tom Hedburg, one of the researchers in the project, explains, “What we’re talking about is a 3D drawing with all the product information embedded in it. It’s a way of…

Recent

The winter 2015 rankings of the best product and machine design software published by G2 Crowd is here.

The first Grid report for product and machine design software, published by business software review site G2 Crowd, ranks seven products to help purchasers in their selections.
The Winter 2015 report is based on more than 170 reviews written by business and engineering professionals.
The Grid, which is created from G2 Crowd's software review platform, factors in customer satisfaction reported by users and vendor market presence determined from social and public data to rank products.
Product and machine design software is a subcategory of computer-aided design (CAD) software, targeted specifically toward designers and engineers across a number of disciplines, including manufacturing, product design, automotive, and aerospace. These tools…

Recent

Applied Motion Products launches its first Motion Control Design & Innovation Competition. First place prize is $5,000.

Applied Motion Products launches its first Motion Control Design & Innovation Competition. The competition is open to teams of young engineers primarily university and high school students, robotics and motion control clubs.
Using a $1,000…

Power Transmission Applications Use Lead Screws and Timing Belts, While Motion Control Applications Include High-Precision, Highly Repeatable Systems Equipped With Feedback and Servo Loops

Recall that a main component of a linear motion system is the linear actuator, which can be a pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical device. A good way to think of the various technologies in terms of a particular task is in the application's…

Power Transmission Applications Use Lead Screws and Timing Belts, While Motion Control Applications Include High-Precision, Highly Repeatable Systems Equipped With Feedback and Servo Loops

Recall that a main component of a linear motion system is the linear actuator, which can be a pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical device. A good way to think of the various technologies in terms of a particular task is in the application's…

Recent

Stepper Motors Also Are Simpler to Deal With During the Design Phase of a Project.

Selecting the right stepper motor—or any stepper motor at all—comes down to answering some questions about what's to be moved, how fast to move it and with what precision. After that, other factors such as cost and suitability to a given…

Evolved from exotic add-ons with separate controls to regular-guy devices serving alongside other mainstream machine components using common controls, robots are well-integrated and ready to cooperate

Robots used to be a big deal. Forests of huge yellow, orange and white arms juggled and welded car bodies, and everyone else looked on in awe at their amazing moves and equally huge price tags.
Times have changed, and many robots appear to be…

See the Latest Product Innovations in the Industry

Display of PressureAG200 media-isolated, digital pressure gauge has 4–20 mA output signal and large LCD that can display psi, bar, kg/cm, ATM, inches H20 and Hg measuring units. With a test button, users can evaluate loop current to ensure the system is set up correctly and adjust the current in 2 mA increments. Loop current update rate is 32 times/s; the display updates 3 times/s. American Sensor Technologies973/448-1901www.astsensors.com
Valve DriverD1 PWM Valve Driver is designed to drive and manage proportional valves. It converts proportional command voltage to a -1.1…1.1 A signal to drive the valve’s linear force motor. It works with 12 or 24 Vdc power supply and valve deadband; dither amplitude and maximum current are…

Applied Motion Products launches its first Motion Control Design & Innovation Competition. First place prize is $5,000.

Applied Motion Products launches its first Motion Control Design & Innovation Competition. The competition is open to teams of young engineers primarily university and high school students, robotics and motion control clubs.
Using a $1,000…

How to make sense of the many options available for ensuring accuracy

Our metal stamping machines need to be able to run a variety of parts through the press. Any errors in the coil-change process can be costly. The manual changeover itself is time-consuming, but a damaged press means expensive repairs and lost…

Today's Robots Have 20/20 Vision

Machine vision systems have long played an important role in inspecting, identifying and guiding parts. Current systems provide an increasingly sophisticated integration of machine vision and robotics, boosting the number of automation options that…

Improvements in machine safety have come about due to changes in attitudes and technology

Machine safety has improved exponentially over the past few decades. Automation and technology have played a key role in improving, but there's still work to be done. In December 2014, we conducted an electronic survey to identify usage and…

Proximity Sensors Enable Object Detection to Determine What is Where

To be sure you hit a target, you have to see or somehow sense it. That truth lies behind the theory and practice of presence sensors, which are used to determine whether a box, bottle, piece of metal, or something else is there or not. Armed with…

Would Our Future Workers be Robots or Humans?

What will the next generation of manufacturing workers look like? One thing is certain. These individuals will be able to work with robots — capable of programming them, as well as allowed to interact with them, side by side.
Ntxuzone Yang and…

The safety of your industrial networks is no joke. Are you doing enough to protect your plant, machines and processes from cyber attacks?

With all the latest security breaches and hackers breaking down firewalls to steal information as if hacking was an accepted and recognized global sport, industry leaders are rethinking the safety of their industrial networks.
There's nothing fun…

The upsides and downsides of contoller-display combo units.

A combo controller and operator interface can save big compared to separates.
As the miniaturization of electronics continues its relentless march across the personal-consumer-device landscape, it's only natural for it to proceed apace in machine…

Because they've gotten smarter and have additional capabilities, panel meters now can take over some functions previously handled by PLCs. For instance, a panel meter with math capabilities can keep count and shut off a machine after a fixed number…

Recent

The latest report examines a range of topics from the industrialization of the Internet of Things (IoT), to the growth impact of the maker movement.

For over 30 years National Instruments has been monitoring trends across the industry that help engineers and scientists work in an productive environment. The company does this by informing their users of efficient systems that can accelerate productivity, innovation, and discovery.
In 2014, National Instruments published its first NI Trend Watch and they have just releases the 2015 edition.
According to the industry leader, the latest report examines a range of topics from the industrialization of the Internet of Things (IoT), to the growth impact of the maker movement.
" know that future systems will be based on architectures and technologies that may not even exist yet," said Eric Starkloff, NI executive vice president of global sales…

Recent

If a Wireless Industrial Device Needs to Connect to Send a Process Update or Alarm and Can't Though the Signal Appears Strong, the Consequences Could be Severe

Have you ever been on a public Wi-Fi hotspot such as a coffee shop or airport with the signal strength indicator on your mobile device or laptop indicating a nice strong signal but then not being able to log on the network? The likely reason is that…

Recent

No Matter What Type of Switch is Used, It’s Important to Recognize and Account for the Needs of Engineering Staff, Maintenance Personnel and Operators to Access a Machine for Upkeep and Cleaning.

When you've got to stop, you've got to stop. For machine builders, that's usually a job for safety switches. They allow safe access to dangerous machines by putting systems in a harmless state, which could mean cutting off power completely. In selecting a safety switch, it's important to keep in mind frequency and function, according to Roberta Nelson Shea, global marketing manager for Rockwell Automation. For something that needs to be opened only once a year, the best solution likely is to use simple guards, such as by completely encasing the area. More frequent access has to be easier. It's when access is frequent, but not constant that an interlocking safety switch comes into play."You expect somebody needs to get in there at least…

How Much Safety Is Enough?

What Level of Safety Is Appropriate for Low-Level Robotics on Metal-Cutting Machines?

September’s Problem

Our metal-cutting machines include some low-level robotics functionality, making safety a huge issue. The more we look into safety components, the more confused we get. We can provide a low level of protection quite easily, but making our machines completely safe is an expensive and complex proposition. How do we decide exactly what level of safety is appropriate for our custom machinery?

—from July ’08 Control Design

Answers

Safety Standards and Risk Assessment

The safeguarding requirements for the robotic portion of an integrated machining cell can be found in the following applicable safety standards—B11.TR3 Machine tool risk assessment; R15.06 Robot safety standard; and B11.20 Safety requirements for integrated Machining cells.

Also, the particular type of machine you are building may have a specific related standard, e.g., mechanical power press. Other safety standards may be applicable; this is where a risk assessment is helpful.

When trying to decide the safeguarding requirements for hazards contained in the robotic portion of the integrated machining cell, the risk assessment is the primary tool to decide which safeguards are needed to reduce the risk to tolerable levels. In addition, the circuit performance—e.g., ISO13849 categories B, 1, 2, 3, 4 and the new PL/SIL ratings—necessary are also derived from the needed risk reduction. A risk assessment must identify the hazards and the risk associated with them. The standard also provides guidance on how to correctly implement the safeguards to be effective.

Most of the safeguarding in any robotic guarding falls into one of these categories:

Perimeter safeguarding and interlocked access gates

Alternative protective measures for minor servicing

Control of hazardous energy

Point of operation/operator interfaces

Safety guarding of entry points for material flow in and out of the cell.

Pilz has experienced personnel participating in most of the machinery safe standards subcommittees such as the RIA R15.06 Robot Safety Standard, of which our general manager, Roberta Nelson-Shea is chairperson. This provides our people with insight to the intent of the standards and helps them to stay current with new developments.

Safety and Productivity

Traditional hardwired safety systems have a major shortcoming in handling emergency situations. Typically they simply shut the entire equipment down. In the case of a metal-cutting machine, this may cause the parts within the machine to be lost and resuming operations can be a time-consuming process. To keep machine output going, safety systems are being manipulated at times to achieve higher machine availability.

But one shouldn't have to compromise safety for productivity. Programmable safety systems allow smart safe reactions to emergency situations. Depending on its state, machine reaction after emergency situations can be programmed. For instance using Safe Motion Control could allow for safely limited speed of the machine in a manual mode with the spindle off, but the door open to allow for easier machine setup. Also in emergency-stop situations the drives can come to a coordinated stop and safely hold their position, allowing the machine to resume a cutting program once the emergency stop has been cleared without ever losing motion precision.

Safety TrainingAn Omron STI technician trains a maintenance engineer on how a new light curtain and muting package operates on a press brake.Source: Omron STI

Utilizing programmable safety systems allow an OEM total design flexibility on how to react on safety-critical situations while still being able to achieve the highest safety categories at a cost comparable to traditional hardwired safety solutions.

Free Standards

Since you mention robots, a good starting place is to review ANSI/RIA R15.06 Industrial Robots and Robot Systems—Safety Requirements. The standard is laid out such that there are two paths the reader can follow in safeguarding a robot system. The first is the Prescribed Method, in which the requirements are very prescriptive and are at a high level of safety. The other path, the Risk Assessment Method, allows for justification of other safeguarding solutions, which is what it sounds like you are looking for. If you do not have a copy of this standard, you can purchase one at IHS Standards Store, or you can get a copy free from your local Banner Engineering representative. Your local Banner Engineering representative can also help and make suggestions as to appropriate safeguarding solutions.

An Integrated Approach: You Can Nest Machine Control and Machine Safety Together. It Doesn't Sting Like It Used To

When It Comes to Safety, You Need a Contingency Plan

Though Manufacturing Has Made Considerable Progress Toward Safer Operations - on a Global Basis, the Frequency Rate of Injuries Has Been Steadily Declining for Years - the Inherent Dangers Remain Very Real