1.
1782 in architecture
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The year 1782 in architecture involved some significant events. Holy Trinity Church, Warsaw, designed by Szymon Bogumił Zug, is completed, hôtel de Mademoiselle de Condé town house in Paris, designed by Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, is completed. Hôtel de Salm town house in Paris, designed by Pierre Rousseau, is built, royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm, designed by Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, is opened. Frankfurter National-Theater in Frankfurt in Hesse, designed by Johann Andreas Hardt Lieb, is opened, kurfürstlicher Pavillon at Schönbusch in Bavaria, designed by Emanuel Herigoyen, is completed. Lohn Estate house in the Swiss canton of Bern is designed by Carl Ahasver von Sinner, oxenfoord Castle in Scotland is rebuilt to designs by Robert Adam. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Pierre Bernard

2.
1783 in architecture
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The year 1783 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September 24 - The Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, in Saint Petersburg, Russia, designed by Antonio Rinaldi, new Vilnius Cathedral in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, designed by Laurynas Gucevičius, is consecrated. Façade of Carmelite Church, Warsaw, Poland, designed by Efraim Szreger, is completed Laleli Mosque, Istanbul, boston Light rebuilt on the site of an earlier one destroyed in the American Revolution. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Antoine Vaudoyer, may 14 - Giuseppe Jappelli, Venetian architect June 2 - Solomon Willard, Massachusetts craftsman, architect and builder February 6 - Capability Brown, English landscape architect

3.
1784 in architecture
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The year 1784 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September 1 - John Sanders becomes the first architectural student of John Soane, in Saint Petersburg, Russia, at the Gardens of Orienbaum, a ride is built that features carriages that undulate over hills within grooved tracks, a predecessor of the roller coaster. Étienne-Louis Boullée proposes a cenotaph to Isaac Newton, st Andrews Church in New Town, Edinburgh, Scotland, designed by Andrew Frazer and Robert Kay, opened. In New London, Connecticut, the hall is built. Ishak Pasha Palace is built in Turkey, work starts on La Moneda Palace in Santiago, originally intended to house the Spanish mint in Colonial Chile, designed by Joaquín Toesca. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert

4.
1785 in architecture
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The year 1785 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. July 17 - A groundbreaking ceremony is held for the Pella Palace in Russia, designed by Ivan Starov, may 19 - Plaza de Toros de Ronda, Spain. Attingham Park, Shropshire, England, designed by George Steuart, chertsey Bridge over the River Thames in England, designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse. Marble Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russia, designed by Antonio Rinaldi, church of St. Stephen Harding in Apátistvánfalva. Odigitrievsky Cathedral in Ulan Ude, Russia, Palace of Iturbide in Mexico City, designed by Francisco Antonio de Guerrero y Torres. Rebuilding of Babolovo Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, Russia, by Ilya Neyelov, modifications to Neue Kirche, Berlin, by Georg Christian Unger after a design by Carl von Gontard. Mussenden Temple on the north coast of Ireland, october 29 - Achille Leclère, French architect William Cubitt, English civil engineer August 11 - Marie-Joseph Peyre, French architect September 26 - Ventura Rodríguez, Spanish architect and artist

5.
1786 in architecture
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The year 1786 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Casa de Esteban de Luca, Buenos Aires, Argentina, creaking Pagoda, Tsarskoe Selo, Russia, designed by Georg von Veldten. Golghar, Patna, India, built by Captain John Garstin, henley Bridge, designed by William Hayward of Shrewsbury, who died before construction had begun. Schloss Bellevue in Berlin, Germany, designed by Philipp Daniel Boumann, st. Catherines Cathedral, Kherson, Ukraine, built by General Ivan Gannibal. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Charles Percier

6.
1787 in architecture
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The year 1787 in architecture involved some significant events in architectural history. In Charleston, SC, the Unitarian Universalist Church is built, in Bedford, New York, the Court House in Bedford Village is built. In White Plains, NY, the courthouse is built. In Philadelphia, PA, the Morris House Hotel is built, in Jefferson County, Ohio, Fort Steuben is built and houses the first American Army Regiment. In Saint Petersburg, the Hermitage Theatre, designed by Giacomo Quarenghi, is completed, in suburban Vienna, the Theater auf der Wieden, designed by Andreas Zach, is built and opened. The Royal Pavilion, at Brighton is established as a retreat for George. The Al-Nabi Mosque, Qazvin, probably designed by Ustad Mirza Shirazi, is built, the Qingshui Temple in Taipei is built. Dome of the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Vita in Bologna, designed by Giuseppe Tubertini, is completed

7.
1788 in architecture
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The year 1788 in architecture involved some significant events. Felix Meritis in Amsterdam, designed by Jacob Otten Husly, is opened, de Kleine Komedie in Amsterdam, designed by Abraham van der Hart, is completed. Théâtre Graslin in Nantes, designed by Mathurin Crucy, is opened, theater in der Josefstadt, Vienna is established. Theatre Royal in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, is built, sofia Albertina Church in Scania, designed by Carl Hårleman before his death in 1753, is inaugurated. Capilla de Ánimas in Santiago de Compostela is completed, St. Spyridon Church, Peroj is completed. St Gregorys Church, Preshome, designed by Father John Reid, is built, façade of St. Annes Church, Warsaw, by Chrystian Piotr Aigner, is completed. Admiralty House, London, designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell, is opened, palazzo Beneventano del Bosco in Syracuse, Sicily, rebuilt by Luciano Alì, is completed. Eriksholm Castle on the Isefjord, designed by Caspar Frederik Harsdorff, is completed, terraced houses in England at Camden Crescent, Bath and 32–44, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol, designed by John Eveleigh, are built. Second Walton Bridge over the River Thames in England, designed by James Paine, is opened

8.
1789 in architecture
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The year 1789 in architecture involved some significant events. The main block of the Grand Pump Room, Bath, England, is begun by Thomas Baldwin, cross Bath, in Bath, England, is rebuilt by Thomas Baldwin at about this date. Buxton Crescent in Buxton, Derbyshire, England, designed by John Carr, is completed New house at Newliston near Edinburgh, Scotland, the Moscow Gostiny Dvor is designed by Giacomo Quarenghi, the favourite architect of Catherine the Great. The rebuilt Prince Vladimir Church, Saint Petersburg, is completed to the designs of Ivan Starov, all Saints Church, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, designed by David Stevenson, is consecrated. The First Methodist Church in Rhode Island is built, with a 160-foot spire, the octagonal Old Stordal Church in Norway, designed by the late priest Ebbe Carsten Tønder, is built. Congress Hall, Philadelphia, designed by Samuel Lewis, is completed as the county courthouse, Philosophical Hall, Philadelphia, is completed for the American Philosophical Society. The Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in London, designed by George Dance the Younger, is opened, the Piață Mică arcaded market hall in Transylvania is built. Duras Castle in Limburg, designed by G. Henry, is completed, the Alma Plantation Sugar Mill in Pointe Coupee, Louisiana, is built. New peers entrance to the Irish Houses of Parliament in Dublin, the Public Library, Ladyshadow in the virtual city of Zanpo is built by Lord William de Shadow

9.
1790 in architecture
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The year 1790 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Date unknown - Work begins on the East India Companys Plantation House in Saint Helena, New church of the Abbey of St Genevieve in Paris, designed by Jacques-Germain Soufflot and finished by Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, is completed to serve as the Panthéon. Royal Observatory in Madrid, designed by Juan de Villanueva, the Pitot House, New Orleans built by Don Santiago Lorreins. The John Dodd Hat Shop in Danbury, Connecticut, built by lawyer John Dodd, the bridge at Warwick Castle, England. Monmouth County Gaol, U. K. designed by William Blackburn, november 7 - Karol Podczaszyński, Polish neoclassical architect date unknown - John Hawks, American architect

10.
1791 in architecture
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The year 1791 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The elevations of Charlotte Square in Edinburgh, Scotland, are designed by Robert Adam, polish architect Jakub Kubicki is ennobled. January 6 - Théâtre Feydeau, Paris, designed by Jacques Legrand, november 7 - The Custom House, Dublin, Ireland, designed by James Gandon. Clyne Castle, Swansea, Wales, built by Richard Phillips, plaza Mayor, Madrid, remodelling by Juan de Villanueva. Rock Castle, United States, home of Daniel Smith

11.
1793 in architecture
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The year 1793 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. August 8 - In Paris, France, the Académie royale darchitecture is suspended by the revolutionary National Convention, november 25 - The Prince Regent lays the foundation stone of the Chapel Royal, Brighton. Date unknown English architect Thomas Baldwin, having appointed as the Bath City Architect in 1775, is dismissed as a result of his rivalry with John Palmer of Bath. The Frydenlund mansion near Copenhagen, Denmark, designed by Caspar Frederik Harsdorff, is destroyed by fire, the Crown sells the estate to Karl Adolf Boheman, who refurbishes and expands Johan Cornelius Kriegers original house with the assistance of Jørgen Henrich Rawert. Lansdown Crescent, Bath, England, designed by John Palmer, george Washingtons sixteen-sided barn, the earliest recorded barn of this type. The West Boston Bridge, connecting Bostons West End to Cambridgeport, it spans 180 piers, puente Nuevo, Ronda, Spain, spanning the Tajo gorge between the old and new sections of the town, designed by Martín de Aldehuela and begun in 1751

12.
1794 in architecture
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The year 1794 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Date unknown - French confectioner Louis Jules Benois, forefather of the Benois family of artists, musicians, and architects, arrives in Russia following the French Revolution. Construction of houses on the edge of Blackheath, London, designed by Michael Searles, begins, The Paragon, South Row and Montpelier Row, the interior of St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig in Saxony is remodeled by Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe in the neoclassical style. Needle of Rijswijk, monument at Forest of Rijswijk, Netherlands, the second Royal Presidio Chapel at the Presidio of Monterey in Spanish Alta California. The chapel, now known as the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo, is the first stone building in the province, the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The Radcliffe Observatory building at Oxford, England

13.
1795 in architecture
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The year 1795 in architecture involved some significant events. Franklin Place in Boston, Massachusetts, designed by Charles Bulfinch, is completed, remodelling of Łazienki Palace in Warsaw by Domenico Merlini, begun in 1764, is completed. Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England, the Welsh Bridge in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, designed and built by John Tilley and John Carline, is completed. The Large Chinese Bridge in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia, designed by Antonio Rinaldi, gallowgate Barracks in Glasgow, Scotland, are built. The Cabildo in New Orleans is started

14.
1796 in architecture
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The year 1796 in architecture involved some significant events. October 8 - The Sans Souci Theatre in Westminster, London, opens to the public, built by dramatist, musician, somerset House in London, designed by William Chambers is completed. The parish church of Urtijëi in the Italian Tyrol, designed by Joseph Abenthung, is completed, hwaseong Fortress in Suwon, Korea, designed by Jeong Yak-yong, is completed. Work begins on Blaise Castle, commissioned by John Scandrett Harford from William Paty, the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in Fustat, Egypt, is rebuilt by Mamluk leader Mourad Bey

15.
1797 in architecture
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The year 1797 in architecture involved some significant events. Ditherington Flax Mill, in Shrewsbury, England, is completed, by the end of the 20th century it will be the oldest iron-framed building in the world, first Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, designed by Samuel Blodgett, is completed. Hassan Basha Mosque in Oran is built, palace of Shaki Khans in Shaki, Azerbaijan is built. May 3 - George Webster, English architect October 4 - Anthony Keck, English architect

16.
1798 in architecture
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The year 1798 in architecture involved some significant events. September 2 - Opening of the Teatro Comunale in Italy to the design of Cosimo Morelli, building of the first major example of Egyptian Revival architecture, Karlsruhe Synagogue in Baden to the design of Friedrich Weinbrenner. Completion of the summer retreat at Castle Coole in Northern Ireland to the design of James Wyatt. Completion of the theatre and summer retreat at Ostankino Palace near Moscow, completion of the Massachusetts State House in Boston to the design of Charles Bulfinch. Completion of the Royal Chapel of St. Anthony of La Florida in Madrid to the design of Felipe Fontana, completion of the İzzet Mehmet Pasha Mosque in Safranbolu, Turkey. Completion of first São João National Theatre in Porto, Portugal as a house to the design of Vicente Mazzoneschi. Opening of the Teatro della Concordia in Iesi, Ancona, building of Bewdley Bridge over the River Severn in England to the design of Thomas Telford. Opening of the skew Store Street Aqueduct on the Ashton Canal in Manchester to the design of Benjamin Outram

17.
1799 in architecture
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The year 1799 in architecture involved some significant events. Marks Church in-the-Bowery in New York City, built by John McComb, gracie Mansion in New York City, designed by John McComb, Jr. is built. The Chester Shot Tower, a shot tower, is built in the Boughton district of Chester. In New Orleans, The Cabildo is completed, reconstruction of Town Hall, Vilnius, by Laurynas Gucevičius is completed. Broadway Tower, Worcestershire, England, designed by James Wyatt, is completed, grand Pump Room, Bath, England, designed by Thomas Baldwin and John Palmer, is completed Hjo Church in Sweden is completed

18.
1800 in architecture
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The year 1800 in architecture involved some significant events. June 30 - Replacement Teatro Riccardi opera house in Bergamo, Lombardy, november 1 - The White House in Washington D. C. However, the porticoes are not added until 1825, the Kings Inns in Dublin, designed by James Gandon, are completed. Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral in Chile is completed, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Simon Vallot and Jean-François-Julien Mesnager

19.
1802 in architecture
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The year 1802 in architecture involved some significant events. New Satu Mare Chain Church in Romania, designed by Preinlich Sigismund, is completed, new St. Georges Church, Dublin, Ireland, designed by Francis Johnston, is completed. The Temple of Saint Philip Neri in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico is completed, the Four Courts in Dublin, designed by James Gandon, is completed. Rebuilding of Liverpool Town Hall in England under the direction of John Foster is completed, the Classen Library in Copenhagen, Denmark, designed by the benefactor Peter Hersleb Classen, presumably assisted by Andreas Kirkerup, is completed. Wildersgade Barracks in Copenhagen, designed by the architects and developers Jørgen Henrich Rawert, mežotne Palace in Latvia, designed by Johann Georg Adam Berlitz, is completed. Badenich Palace in Bejsce, Poland, designed by Jakub Kubicki, is built, sedgeley, a mansion on the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, is completed. Wrangel Palace in Stockholm, Sweden is rebuilt after a fire by Carl Christoffer Gjörwell, new dining room and conservatory for the Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England, designed by Peter Frederick Robinson, are completed. Monument to the Magdeburg Rights in Ukraine, designed by Andrey Melensky, is erected, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Hubert Rohault de Fleury

20.
Stenbock House
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Stenbock House is a prominent neo-classical building located on Toompea hill, Tallinn. It is the seat of the Government of Estonia. Originally, the building was intended as a courthouse, the architect for the new house was Johann Caspar Mohr, a provincial architect who was responsible for the maintenance of public buildings in Estonia and a popular designer of local manor houses. The construction of the started in 1787. Almost immediately, however, the Russian state ran low on funds as a result of expenditures in connection with the ongoing Russo-Turkish War, as a result, the province became indebted to Stenbock, and the unfinished building passed into his possession. He subsequently used it as his Tallinn residence, and the building bears its name in his remembrance. During both the first period of independence of Estonia and during the Soviet occupation it continued to be used as a courthouse. The maintenance of the building was, however, gravely neglected during the Soviet years, among other things, when the Estonian Government assumed ownership in the early 1990s, the whole building was in risk of collapse. A complete renovation was carried out between 1996 and 2000, the newly renovated building became the official seat of the Estonian Government at its re-opening in 2000. The architectural style of the building is a simple form of neo-classicism. The front façade is adorned by six pilasters and two made of dolomite from Saaremaa and a dentiled pediment. It faces a courtyard surrounded by less ornate outbuildings. The street front of the building is characterised by the rather unassuming outbuildings. On the building facing the street, there is a memorial plaque with the names of Estonian members of parliament and government who lost their lives during the Sovietization of Estonia. The best-known view of the building is of its back, which by its location at the edge of Toompea hill enjoys a view of the sea. This face is dominated by a large balcony raised on Doric columns, all in all, the exterior of the building still more or less reflects the original edifice. The interior was, as mentioned, badly damaged during the Soviet era, media related to Stenbock House at Wikimedia Commons

21.
Tallinn
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Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland,80 km south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm, from the 13th century until 1918, the city was known as Reval. Tallinn occupies an area of 159.2 km2 and has a population of 444,591, approximately 33% of Estonias total population lives in Tallinn. Tallinn was founded in 1248, but the earliest human settlements date back 5,000 years, making it one of the oldest capital cities of Northern Europe. The initial claim over the land was laid by the Danes in 1219 after a raid of Lyndanisse led by Valdemar II of Denmark. Due to its location, the city became a major trade hub, especially from the 14th to the 16th century. Tallinns Old Town is one of the best preserved cities in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tallinn is the political, financial, cultural and educational center of Estonia. Often dubbed the Silicon Valley of Europe, it has the highest number of startups per person in Europe and is a birthplace of international companies. The city is to house the headquarters of the European Unions IT agency, providing to the global cybersecurity it is the home to the NATO Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. It is ranked as a city and has been listed among the top 10 digital cities in the world. The city was a European Capital of Culture for 2011, along with Turku in Finland and it has been suggested that Quwri may have denoted a predecessor of the modern city. The earliest names of Tallinn include Kolyvan, which is known from East Slavic chronicles, up to the 13th century, the Scandinavians and Henry of Livonia in his chronicle called the town Lindanisa (or Lyndanisse in Danish, Lindanäs in Swedish and Ledenets in Old East Slavic. It has been suggested that the archaic Estonian word linda is similar to the Votic word lidna. According to this suggestion, nisa would have the meaning niemi, producing Kesoniemi, another ancient historical name for Tallinn in Finnish is Rääveli. The Icelandic Njals saga mentions Tallinn and calls it Rafala, which is a variant of the name Raphael, after the Danish conquest in 1219, the town became known in the German, Swedish and Danish languages as Reval. The name originated from Revelia Revala or Rävala, the adjacent ancient name of the surrounding area and it is usually thought to be derived from Taani-linn, after the Danes built the castle in place of the Estonian stronghold at Lindanisse. However, it could also have come from tali-linna, or talu-linna, the element -linna, like Germanic -burg and Slavic -grad / -gorod, originally meant fortress, but is used as a suffix in the formation of town names

22.
La Fenice
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Teatro La Fenice is an opera house in Venice, Italy. It is one of the most famous and renowned landmarks in the history of Italian theatre, however, the third fire was the result of arson. It destroyed the house in 1996 leaving only the exterior walls, in 1774, the Teatro San Benedetto, which had been Venices leading opera house for more than forty years, burned to the ground. By 1789, with interest from a number of opera lovers who wanted a spectacular new house. The house would face on one side a campo, or small plaza, however, the process was not without controversy especially in regard to the aesthetics of the building. Some thirty responses were received and, as Romanelli accounts, Selvas was designated as the design to be constructed, the actual award for best design went to his chief rival, Pietro Bianchi. However, Selvas design and finished opera house appears to have been of high quality, construction began in June 1790, and by May 1792 the theatre was completed. It was named La Fenice, in reference to the survival, first of the fire. La Fenice was inaugurated on 16 May 1792, with an opera by Giovanni Paisiello entitled I giuochi dAgrigento set to a libretto by Alessandro Pepoli. But no sooner had the house been rebuilt than a legal dispute broke out between the company managing it and the owners, the Venier family. The issue was decided in favor of the Veniers, at the beginning of the 19th century, La Fenice acquired a European reputation. Rossini mounted two major productions there, Tancredi in 1813 and Semiramide in 1823, two of Bellinis operas were given their premieres there, I Capuleti e i Montecchi in March 1830 and Beatrice di Tenda in March 1833. Donizetti, fresh from his triumphs at La Scala in Milan and at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, returned to Venice in 1836 with his Belisario, in December 1836, disaster struck again when the theatre was destroyed by fire. However, it was rebuilt with a design provided by the architect-engineer team of the brothers, Tommaso. The interior displays a late-Empire luxury of gilt decorations, plushy extravagance, La Fenice once again rose from its ashes to open its doors on the evening of 26 December 1837. Giuseppe Verdis association with La Fenice began in 1844, with the performance of Ernani during the carnival season. Over the next 13 years, the premieres of Attila, Rigoletto, La traviata, during the First World War, La Fenice was closed, but it reopened to become the scene of much activity, attracting many of the worlds greatest singers and conductors. On 29 January 1996, La Fenice was completely destroyed by fire, only its acoustics were preserved, since Lamberto Tronchin, an Italian acoustician, had measured the acoustics two months earlier

23.
Venice
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Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II

24.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C

25.
James Hoban
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He worked there as a wheelwright and carpenter until his early twenties, when he was given an advanced student place in the Dublin Societys Drawing School on Lower Grafton Street. He excelled in his studies and received the prestigious Duke of Leinsters medal for drawings of Brackets, Stairs, later, Hoban found a position as an apprentice to Ivory, from 1779 to 1785. Following the American Revolutionary War, Hoban emigrated to the United States, Hoban was in South Carolina by April 1787, where he designed numerous buildings including the Charleston County Courthouse, built on the ruins of the former South Carolina Statehouse. President Washington admired Hobans work on his Southern Tour, may have met him in Charleston in May 1791. In July 1792, Hoban was named winner of the competition for the White House. His initial design seems to have had a 3-story facade, nine bays across, under Washingtons influence, Hoban amended this to a 2-story facade,11 bays across, and, at Washingtons insistence, the whole presidential mansion was faced with stone. It is unclear whether any of Hobans surviving drawings are actually from the competition and it is known that Hoban owned at least three slaves who were employed as carpenters in the construction of the White House. Their names are recorded as Ben, Daniel, and Peter, Hoban was also one of the supervising architects who served on the Capitol, carrying out the design of Dr. William Thornton. Hoban lived the rest of his life in Washington, D. C. where he worked on public buildings and government projects, including roads. He also designed Rossenarra House near the village of Kilmoganny in County Kilkenny, Hobans wife Susanna Sewall was the daughter of the prominent Georgetown City Tavern proprietor. Hoban died in Washington, D. C. on December 8,1831 and he was originally buried at Holmeads Burying Ground, but was disinterred and reburied at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D. C. Little has been published to catalogue Hobans architectural work, considering his stature as the architect of the White House, the number of his landmark buildings that have been lost is surprising. Charleston County Courthouse, 82-86 Broad Street, Charleston, SC, the White House,1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. C. -. Following the 1814 burning of the White House, Hoban rebuilt the Southern Portico for President James Monroe, Prospect Hill, Prospect Hill Plantation,2695 Laurel Hill Road, Edisto Island, SC29438 - circa 1790. First Bank of the United States, Third Street, between Chestnut and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia, PA -1795, mcCleery House,1068 Thirtieth St. NW, Georgetown, Washington, DC, c. The William Seabrook House, Edisto Island, SC - completed 1810, baum-Taft House,316 Pike Street, Cincinnati, OH -1820. Oak Hill, Leesburg, VA -1820, Rossenarra House, near the village of Kilmaganny, Ireland -1824. Belcamp House - Belcamp College, Malahide road, Dublin 17, the college was Established around it in 1893 as a juniorate for the Oblate Fathers, It was built onto the original house but the house still stands intact today

26.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing

27.
Church of St John-at-Hackney
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The Church of St John-at-Hackney is situated in the London Borough of Hackney. It was built in 1792, in a field, north east of Hackneys medieval parish church. Separated by the extension of Lower Clapton Road, it looks north to the late Georgian Clapton Square. The Church of St John-at-Hackney was designed by James Spiller and built in 1792, at this time, Hackney Parish was the largest in Middlesex. The vast and classical style building, on a Greek Cross plan, can hold around 2,000 people. The former churchyard is now a complex of gardens that was awarded Heritage Green Site status in 2008, the building is Grade II* listed and houses monuments dating from Tudor times – transferred from the former church – and other more recent memorials. From the 14th century the church was dedicated to Saint Augustine of Hippo until, after 1660, it was rededicated to Saint John the Baptist, in the 13th century much of the land around Hackney formed part of the possessions of the Knights Templar. When the order was disbanded its possessions were passed to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, the Order of St John began with the First Crusade to the Holy Land in 1095. When the crusaders captured Jerusalem, the order founded a hospice, in 1113, the Pope recognised it as an independent religious order of monks and nuns, The Order of St John, whose special task was to care for the sick. At the Dissolution of the Monasteries the lands passed to the Crown and were parcelled amongst Tudor nobles, including Thomas Sutton, Hackneys proximity to the City of London and the royal court made it popular with courtiers, city merchants and businessmen. An increasing number of schools were established in some of the older houses. By 1789 the church capacity, with the addition of galleries, had reached 1,000. In 1779 a surveyor, Richard Jupp, proposed a rebuilding to increase the capacity to 1,480, by 1788 a committee found that the population of the parish had increased so much that the church should seek to seat 3,000. The appointed architect, William Blackburn, firmly rejected the idea of building on the old site, in April 1789 the committee put the matter to a parochial vote, winning their case by 313 votes to 70. A bill was put to the House of Commons, opponents of the proposal undertook yet another survey with a view to rebuilding on the old site. Finally a compromise was reached, the became an act empowering the trustees to acquire, for £875. The existing tenants, a butcher and corn chandler, were three months to move. A new church, tower and vestry room would be built three years of laying the foundation and the old church then demolished

28.
James Spiller
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James Spiller was an English architect and surveyor, a close associate of Sir John Soane. His designs included the Church of St John-at-Hackney, and the Great Synagogue, John Summerson described Spiller as a clever man, with a difficult temperament, which perhaps was against his emerging into the front rank of architects. He was responsible for two major buildings in London. His Great Synagogue in Dukes Place was built 1788–90, destroyed by bombing during the Second World War, it had tall Ionic colonnades and a flat ceiling. His new parish church of St John-at-Hackney – a bulky brick building – was constructed in 1792–7, in 1812–13 he added porches and, in stark contrast to the rest of the structure, a Portland Stone steeple with flowing curvelinear elements. In 1817 he remodelled the interior of James Wyatts chapel of ease in Highgate Road, Kentish Town and he was surveyor to the British Fire Office, the Royal Exchange Insurance, and the Eagle Insurance Corporation. He died in at his home in Guildford Street, London on 3 May 1829 His brother John was a sculptor who made a statue of Charles II for the Royal Exchange, address to the Governors & Guardians of the Foundling-Hospital, by Jas. Spiller and Thos. Letter to John Soane on the subject of the new churches, Spiller also conducted a lengthy private correspondence with Soane, in which he criticised the Church Commissioners enthusiasm for competitions and their emphasis on economy. Soane financed the printing of 500 copies of the first Letter and it was superseded by a Second Letter to John Soane, more than 100 loose copies of the first one remain in the Soane archive

29.
Old State House (Connecticut)
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The Old State House in Hartford, Connecticut is generally believed to have been designed by noted American architect Charles Bulfinch as his first public building. The State House is currently managed by the Office of Legislative Management of the Connecticut General Assembly, the exterior building and the Senate have been restored to its original Federal style, the Representatives chamber is Victorian, and the halls and courtroom are Colonial Revival. The Hartford State House is, in appearance, very similar to the Town Hall of Liverpool, England, built in the mid-18th century, however, all materials came from the United States. Its first story is 20 feet high and constructed from Portland, the second and third stories are brick patterned in Flemish bond. The State House has been modified somewhat since it was first built, an original stone spiral staircase behind the northern arch, designed by Asher Benjamin, led to the second and third floors, it no longer exists. In 1814, the Hartford Convention was held there, in 1839, the start of the Amistad trial was held there. The building had been in danger of closing in 2008 due to financial constraints, State and Hartford officials have recently signed a 99-year lease placing Connecticuts Old State House under new management. The lease puts the city-owned historic building under the control of the state Office of Legislative Management and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. Exhibits focus on the history of Hartford and important events in Connecticut history, visitors can also tour the original legislative rooms. The Museum of Natural and Other Curiosities is located on the floor of the Old State House. The museum features a recreation of Joseph Stewards original 1798 collection of natural history displays, over the years, several eyewitnesses have claimed to experience paranormal activity inside the building. In 2009, the Old State House was investigated by the investigators of TAPS on episode 524 of the Sci Fi Channel program Ghost Hunters, the episode aired on December 9,2009. Following the investigation, TAPS announced that they captured audio of strange sounds inside the building, before giving a final verdict of haunted or not, the team plans to head back to the Old State House for a more in depth investigation. So until then, this remains open

30.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State

31.
Charles Bulfinch
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Charles Bulfinch was an early American architect, and has been regarded by many as the first native-born American to practice architecture as a profession. Bulfinch split his career between his native Boston and Washington, D. C. where he served as Commissioner of Public Building and built the intermediate United States Capitol rotunda, Bulfinch was born in Boston to Thomas Bulfinch, a prominent physician, and his wife, Susan Apthorp. He was educated at Boston Latin School and Harvard University, from which he graduated with an AB in 1781, Thomas Jefferson became something of a mentor to him in Europe, as he would later be to Robert Mills. Upon his return to the United States in 1787, he became a promoter of the ship Columbia Redivivas voyage around the world under command of Captain Robert Gray and it was the first American ship to circumnavigate the globe. In 1788 he married Hannah Apthorp, his first cousin and their sons include Thomas Bulfinch, author of Bulfinchs Mythology, and Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch, Unitarian clergyman and author. Bulfinchs first building was the Hollis Street Church and he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1791. He built several churches in Boston, of which New North is the last standing, serving from 1791 to 1795 on Bostons board of selectmen, he resigned due to business pressures but returned in 1799. From 1799 to 1817, he was the chairman of Bostons board of selectmen continuously, and served as a paid Police Superintendent, improving the streets, drains. Under his direction, both the infrastructure and civic center of Boston were transformed into a classical style. Bulfinch was responsible for the design of the Boston Common, the remodeling and enlargement of Faneuil Hall, there was no payment for his services as selectman, and he received only $1,400 for designing and overseeing the construction of the State House. In the summer of 1817, Bulfinchs roles as selectman, designer, in this position he was paid a salary of $2,500 per year plus expenses. In 1829 Bulfinch completed the construction of the Capitol,36 years after its cornerstone was laid, during his interval in Washington, Bulfinch also drew plans for the State House in Augusta, Maine, a Unitarian Church and prison in Washington, D. C. In 1827, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary member and he returned to Boston in 1830, where he died on April 15,1844, aged 80, and was buried in Kings Chapel Burial Ground in Boston. His tomb was moved to Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge. In 1943, a United States Liberty ship named the SS Charles Bulfinch was launched, the ship was scrapped in 1971. Bulfinch was known for attaching tunnels to the homes he erected within New England, the tunnel would run 2 to 5 feet within these homes and the chimneys and fireplaces would be built above their terminus. This would alleviate the problem of poor flashing in between the homes and the tunnel and the flue created a draw system bringing fresh air into the tunnel. This advance might have first been realized by General Jonathan Waldo when he restructured the old fort in Salem

32.
John Soane
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Sir John Soane RA was an English architect who specialised in the Neo-Classical style. The son of a bricklayer, he rose to the top of his profession, becoming professor of architecture at the Royal Academy and he received a knighthood in 1831. His best-known work was the Bank of England, a building which had an effect on commercial architecture. He also designed Dulwich Picture Gallery, which, with its galleries, was a major influence on the planning of subsequent art galleries. The museum is described in the Oxford Dictionary of Architecture as one of the most complex, intricate, Soane was born in Goring-on-Thames on 10 September 1753. He was the surviving son of John Soan and his wife Martha. The e was added to the surname by the architect in 1784 on his marriage and his father was a builder or bricklayer, and died when Soane was fourteen in April 1768. He was educated in nearby Reading in a school run by William Baker. After his fathers death Soanes family moved to nearby Chertsey to live with Soanes brother William,12 years his elder, William Soane introduced his brother to James Peacock, a surveyor who worked with George Dance the Younger. Soane began his training as an architect age 15 under George Dance the Younger and joining the architect at his home and office in the City of London at the corner of Moorfields and Chiswell Street. Dance was a member of the Royal Academy and doubtless encouraged Soane to join the schools there on 25 October 1771 as they were free. There he would have attended the lectures delivered by Thomas Sandby. Dances growing family was probably the reason that in 1772 Soane continued his education by joining the household, Soane, a non-swimmer, was going to be with the party but decided to stay home and work on his design for a Triumphal Bridge. By 1777, Soane was living in his own accommodation in Hamilton Street, in 1778 he published his first book Designs in Architecture. He sought advice from Sir William Chambers on what to study, must discover their true beauties, and the secrets by which they are produced. Using his traveling scholarship of £60 per annum for three years, plus an additional £30 travelling expenses for each leg of the journey, Soane set sail on his Grand Tour, his ultimate destination being Rome, at 5,00 am,18 March 1778. His travelling companion was Robert Furze Brettingham, they travelled via Paris and they finally reached Rome on 2 May 1778. Soane wrote home my attention is taken up in the seeing and examining the numerous

33.
Sir John Soane's Museum
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Sir John Soanes Museum was formerly the home of the neo-classical architect John Soane. It holds many drawings and models of Soanes projects and the collections of paintings, drawings, the museum is located in Holborn, London, adjacent to Lincolns Inn Fields. It is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. Soane demolished and rebuilt three houses in succession on the side of Lincolns Inn Fields. 12, externally a plain brick house, after becoming Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy in 1806, Soane purchased No. 13, the next door, today the Museum. In 1808–09 he constructed his office and museum on the site of the former stable block at the back. In 1812 he rebuilt the front part of the site, adding a projecting Portland Stone facade to the basement, ground and first floor levels, originally this formed three open loggias, but Soane glazed the arches during his lifetime. Once he had moved into No,13, Soane rented out his former home at No.12. After completing No.13, Soane set about treating the building as an architectural laboratory, in 1823, when he was over 70, he purchased a third house, No. 14, which he rebuilt in 1823–24 and this project allowed him to construct a picture gallery, linked to No.13, on the former stable block of No.14. The front main part of this house was treated as a separate dwelling and let as an investment. When he died No.14 was bequeathed to his family, the Museum was established during Soanes own lifetime by a Private Act of Parliament in 1833, which took effect on Soanes death in 1837. The Act required that No.13 be maintained as nearly as possible as it was left at the time of Soanes death, and he also wrote an anonymous, defamatory piece for the Sunday papers about Sir John, calling him a cheat, a charlatan and a copyist. The Museums Trustees remained completely independent, relying only on Soanes original endowment, since that date the Museum has received an annual Grant-in-Aid from the British Government. The Soane Museum is now a centre for the study of architecture. In 1997 the Trustees purchased the house at No.14 with the help of the Heritage Lottery Fund. The acquisition of No.14 enabled the Museum, under its new Director, Tim Knox, to embark on Opening up the Soane and it is funded by the Monument Trust, the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Soane Foundation in New York, and other private trusts

34.
Philip Hardwick
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Philip Hardwick RA was an English architect, particularly associated with railway stations and warehouses in London and elsewhere. Hardwick is probably best known for Londons demolished Euston Arch and its twin station Birmingham Curzon Street, Hardwick was born at 9 Rathbone Place in Westminster, London. He was educated at Dr Barrows school in Soho Square and trained as an architect under his father, Thomas Hardwick, the Hardwick family name spans over 150 years in the history of British architecture. Philip Hardwick entered the Royal Academy Schools in 1808 and then studied in France, after travelling Europe, he took over from his father as Surveyor to St Bartholomews Hospital, London. This post later passed on to Philips son – Philip Charles Hardwick, in 1825 he was appointed architect to the St Katherines Dock Company, for whom he designed the dock buildings, Thomas Telford designing the docks themselves. In 1829 he became architect to the Goldsmiths Company, designing a new hall for them which was opened in 1835, in 1836 Hardwick became architect to the London and Birmingham Railway. He built a great Doric propylaeum, which known as the Euston Arch. In 1838 he built the Curzon Street Station as the railways Birmingham terminus and it is an austere cubic three-story building in the Ionic style, with a portico of four giant Ionic columns. At Babraham Hall in 1822-3, on the site of a long-demolished sixteenth-century house, Hardwick adopted a Jacobean style, brick was used again at Lincolns Inn, when, in 1843-5, Hardwick, in collaboration with his son, built a new hall and library. They used a Tudor style, the red brick varied with black brick decoration, Hardwick gained a reputation as a surveyor and was employed by the Westminster Bridge estates, the Portman London estate, Greenwich Hospital, and the estate of the 2nd Marquess of Salisbury. He was also surveyor to Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, in 1831 his father in law, architect John Shaw Senior, helped elect Hardwick as a fellow of the Royal Society. Hardwick was a member of the Institute of British Architects – later the RIBA – and was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. In 1839 he was one of the judges for the new Royal Exchange building in the City of London and he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1839, and became a Royal Academician in 1841. In 1854, he received the seventh Royal Gold Medal for architecture, Philip married Julia Shaw in 1819, at St Jamess Church, Piccadilly. Julias father, John Shaw Sr. and brother, John Shaw Jr. were both architects, the two families lived close by within the boroughs of Westminster and Holborn. Philip Hardwick had two sons, the eldest died of smallpox whilst still at Eton, the younger, Philip Charles Hardwick, was born in 1822, Philip Charles began working in the firm around 1843. Philip Hardwicks pupils included John Loughborough Pearson, Gothic revival architect of Truro Cathedral, Thomas Henry Wyatt, T. Roger Smith, Hardwick was a close friend of the artist J. M. W. Turner, who had been a pupil of his father. In 1851 Turner chose Hardwick as an executor to his will, Hardwick and much of his extended family were buried at Kensal Green Cemetery

35.
1870 in architecture
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The year 1870 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. January 6 - The Musikverein in Vienna, designed by Theophil Hansen, is inaugurated, may 1 - Equitable Life Building, designed by Arthur Gilman and Edward H. Kendall, with George B. Post as a engineer, is completed. The 7-storey building is the first office block to incorporate passenger elevators, june 23 - Keble College, Oxford, designed by William Butterfield, is opened. August 9 - Melbourne Town Hall, Melbourne, Australia is opened, november - University of Glasgow new campus building, designed by George Gilbert Scott, is opened. Perth Town Hall in Australia, designed by Richard Roach Jewell, david Sassoon Library in Bombay, designed by J. Campbell and G. E. Gosling, is completed. Khotan Mosque in China is built, approximate date - Les Halles markets in Paris, designed by Victor Baltard, completed. Royal Gold Medal - Benjamin Ferrey, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Albert-Félix-Théophile Thomas. April 17 - Max Berg, German architect and urban planner December 10 - Adolf Loos, Austrian-Czech Modernist architect

36.
Jacques Ignace Hittorff
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Succeeding Bélanger as government architect in 1818, he designed many important public and private buildings in Paris and also in the south of France. He also designed a new building for the Théâtre de lAmbigu-Comique with Lecointe, in 1833 Hittorff was entrusted with redesigning the Place de la Concorde, carried out in stages between 1833 and 1846. In 1836 the obelisk of Luxor was erected and the two Fontaines de la Concorde, one commemorating river navigation and commerce and the ocean navigation. At each angle of the squares extended octagon a statue was erected representing a French city, Bordeaux, Brest, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Rouen, in 1833 he was also elected a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. Its 20-sided polygon around a central ring or stage surrounded by steeply tiered seating, is covered by a polygonal roof with no central post to mar the sightlines. A project that failed to please Napoleon III was Hittorffs proposal for the palais de lIndustrie to be constructed in 1853 to house the Exposition Universelle of 1855. On 27 March 1852, the Prince-Président— soon to declare himself Emperor— decreed this exhibition take place in a hall to rival the Crystal Palace of the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. Hittorffs solution, a hall of iron and glass, was too audacious, and the commission passed to other architects. Hittorff was part of the team designed the Grand Hôtel du Louvre in Paris. He worked on this project with Alfred Armand Auguste Pellechet and Charles Rohault de Fleury, list of works by Eugène Guillaume Jacques Ignace Hittorff Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Hittorff, Jacques Ignace. Die Sammlung Jakob Ignaz Hittorff in der Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln The Hittorff-Collection in the University and City Library of Cologne

37.
1867 in architecture
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The year 1867 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May 12 — Construction work begins on Toluca Cathedral in Mexico, may 20 — Queen Victoria lays the foundation stone for the Royal Albert Hall in London, designed by Captain Francis Fowke and Colonel H. Y. Ildefons Cerdà publishes Teoría General de la Urbanización, the United States Congress directs the United States Army Corps of Engineers to begin improvements on the Navigation Structures at Frankfort Harbor, Michigan. January 1 — The John A.29, Sitka, Alaska Grande halle de la Villette, Paris, France, designed by Jules de Mérindol, grand Prix de Rome, architecture — Émile Bénard. March 10 — Hector Guimard, French Art Nouveau architect June 8 — Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect, interior designer, writer and educator June 22 — John A

38.
Thomas Deane
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Sir Thomas Deane was an Irish architect. He was the father of Sir Thomas Newenham Deane, and grandfather of Sir Thomas Manly Deane, Thomas was born in Cork, the eldest son of Alexander Deane, a builder, and Elizabeth Sharpe. His grandparents and uncle were also builders and architects, and had married into families of the same professions and his father died in 1806, leaving his mother with seven children to bring up. Mrs. Deane continued the business, and Thomas started work there at fourteen years of age. In 1811 he designed his first building, the Cork Commercial Buildings, on South Mall, Deane was to the forefront of the development of the arts and sciences in his native city. He served on Cork Corporation for many years and he was Mayor of Cork in 1815,1830 and 1851, and was knighted in 1830. He was a staunch Tory, but ended up supporting a Catholic, Daniel Callaghan, later in life he grew tired of the political in-fighting. In 1820 he bought the Ummera Estate in County Cork, and later bought and he designed a number of buildings in the city of Cork, including parts of the University College campus, and St Marys Cathedral, Tuam. In 1860 he moved to Dublin, buying a house in Longford Terrace in Monkstown and he was elected President of the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1866. He had two children by his first marriage, Julia and John Connellan Deane, John was educated at Midleton College, Cork and matriculated in 1831 at Trinity College, Dublin at the age of sixteen. He had to be rescued from debt a number of occasions during his youth and he trained for the bar at the Kings Inn in Dublin and Grays Inn in London. During the Famine he was a Poor Law inspector in Donegal and he came up with the idea of the Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester in 1857. He died at Posillipo, Naples on 24 February 1887 and was buried in the English Cemetery, by his second marriage, to Eliza, Thomas had three children, Thomas Newenham, born 15 June 1828, Susanna Adelaide, born 1837, and Olivia Louise, born 1838. Frederick ODwyer, The Architecture of Deane and Woodward, Cork University Press, Cork,1997, ISBN 0-902561-85-5

39.
1871 in architecture
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The year 1871 in architecture involved some significant events. Abraham Hirsch is appointed architect of the French city of Lyon. - At the Vienna Hofburg, groundbreaking is held for the new Imperial Natural History Museum, march 29 - The Royal Albert Hall in London, designed by Francis Fowke and H. Y. September 14 - Hokkaidō Shrine, Sapporo, Japan, october 15 - Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, Manchester, England, designed by Joseph A. Hansom & Son. Krumbein Lehrter Bahnhof, Berlin, designed by Alfred Lent, Bertold Scholz, Royal Gold Medal - James Fergusson Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Émile Ulmann

40.
Robert Adam
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Robert Adam FRSE FRS FSA FSA FRSA was a British neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam, Scotlands foremost architect of the time, with his older brother John, Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance, after Williams death. In 1754, he left for Rome, spending five years on the continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau. On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, here he developed the Adam Style, and his theory of movement in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in the country. Adam held the post of Architect of the Kings Works from 1761 to 1769, Robert Adam was a leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America, Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses. He served as the member of Parliament for Kinross-shire from 1768 to 1774, Adam was born on 3 July 1728 at Gladney House in Kirkcaldy, Fife, although the family moved to Edinburgh later that same year. As a child he was noted as having a feeble constitution, in autumn 1743 he matriculated at Edinburgh University, and compulsory classes for all students were, the Greek language, logic, metaphysics and Natural philosophy. Students could choose three subjects, Adam attended classes in mathematics, taught by Colin Maclaurin, and anatomy. His studies were interrupted by the arrival of Bonnie Prince Charlie and his Highlanders, at the end of the year, Robert fell seriously ill for some months, and it seems unlikely that he returned to university, having completed only two years of study. On his recovery from illness in 1746, he joined his elder brother John as apprentice to his father and he assisted William Adam on projects such as the building of Inveraray Castle and the continuing extensions of Hopetoun House. Williams position as Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance also began to generate much work, William Adam died in June 1748, and left Dowhill, a part of the Blair Adam estate which included a tower house, to Robert. On William Adams death, John Adam inherited both the business and the position of Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance. He immediately took Robert into partnership, later to be joined by James Adam, the Adam Brothers first major commission was the decoration of the grand state apartments on the first floor at Hopetoun House, followed by their first new build at Dumfries House. For the Board of Ordnance, the brothers were the contractor at Fort George. In the winter of 1749–1750, Adam travelled to London with his friend and he took the opportunity for architectural study, visiting Wilton, designed by Inigo Jones, and the Queens Hermitage in Richmond by Roger Morris. His sketchbook of the trip shows an continuing interest in gothic architecture. Among his friends at Edinburgh were the philosophers Adam Ferguson and David Hume, other Edinburgh acquaintances included Gilbert Elliot, William Wilkie, John Home and Alexander Wedderburn