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In the American imagination, the 1920s were a
boozy, riotous era when flapper girls and gangsters commingled in underground
speakeasies. While the extent of this licentiousness is likely exaggerated, one
thing is certain: all that wickedness was born of Prohibition, a legislative
attempt to promote sobriety and lawfulness. Ironically, liquor consumption
actually increased during the “dry years,” and many illicit fortunes were made
in its trade. The same cannot be said for the wine industry, however:
Prohibition was a nearly fatal blow. Those few wineries that survived, like
Beaulieu Vineyards and Beringer, did so mainly through religious or medicinal
contracts, the only legal channels for wine production at the time.

Grape growers fared slightly better than
winemakers. A provision in the Amendment allowed every household to produce 200
gallons of fruit juice a year; while the wording was clear that the juice must
be “non-intoxicating,” this small allowance effectively served as a license for
home winemaking. Growers were able to save their vineyards by selling fresh
grapes, or grape concentrate, to home winemakers all over the country. However,
the often arduous journey via railcar proved problematic for most grape types,
and vineyard compositions shifted to favor heartier, thicker-skinned varieties
that could better survive such a trip. These “shipper varieties” were almost
always red, though Muscat of Alexandria was a popular white. Growers hastily
grafted over or replanted to these varieties, often interplanting the different
grapes within the same plots. These jumbled plantings became known as “mixed
blacks,” and the scattered sites that remain today are among the oldest
producing vineyards in California. By 1926, the vineyard breakdown for Napa
Valley was 40 percent Alicante Bouschet, 30 percent Petite Sirah, 16 percent Zinfandel,
13 percent Carignane, and 1
percent everything else. Almost
all of the premium varieties favored in the 1890s had disappeared.

When Prohibition was repealed in December 1933,
the wineries of Napa Valley were in serious disrepair, the vineyards were
planted to pedestrian varieties, and America was in the throes of the Great
Depression. Nonetheless, many moved to capitalize on the newly liberated market
for wine—old wineries coughed back to life, releasing what little inventory
they had managed to retain, and newcomers scrambled, fast-forwarding through
many of the steps necessary for the creation of fine wine. The result was a
disaster. Much of the wine that hit the market following Repeal was made of
inferior grape types and crafted with antiquated, faulty equipment. The best
was merely poor in quality, the worst completely biologically unstable; all of
it did little to endear a thirsty country to its national product.

Greystone circa 1900. Upon its completion, Greystone was the largest stone winery in the world.

Quality advocacy became the buzzwords of the
day. Esteemed wine critic Frank Schoonmaker began campaigning for regional and
varietal information to be advertised on labels. UC Davis started taking on a
more proactive, advisory role within the winemaking community, largely through
the work of professors A. J. Winkler and Maynard Amerine. Even the government
stepped in, establishing some basic standards for table wine production, such
as the restriction of chaptalization, and the setting of upper limits on
volatile acidity and lower limits on total acidity. Equally important were the
efforts of a frustrated Georges de Latour, owner of Beaulieu Vineyards, who
through his connections to the clergy was uniquely poised to profit after
Repeal, only to see all his wine rejected as unsuitable. De Latour knew he
needed a proper winemaker, preferably with a background in chemistry, and set
off to France to find one. He returned in 1938 with the Russian Andre
Tchelistcheff, a man who would prove crucial to the future of American wine.

But beyond the immediate quality concerns lurked
another, perhaps greater stumbling block to Napa’s return to glory. It can be
argued that the biggest victim of Prohibition was the American palate. In the
1920s, American cooking underwent a serious transformation: kitchens shrank,
canned food was the latest craze, and the rise of soda pop after World War I
had given America a sweet tooth. By the time of Repeal, wine had long been
eradicated from the dining table, and those that had continued to drink it
during the dry years were now accustomed to the crude, homemade brew of their
neighbors. Fortified and sweet wines were the new preferred styles, often sold
under purloined European monikers. The wineries of California released a slew
of sherries, ports and other “stickies”; more than one winery even offered a
“Château d’Yquem.”

The restoration of Napa Valley to a center of
quality table wine production was a long, slow process, tackled by a stalwart
few. The majority of activity in the 1930s surrounded the reopening of closed
wineries, such as Inglenook, Beringer, and Larkmead, along with the arrival of
some very important newcomers. Louis M. Martini moved his winemaking operations
to St. Helena in 1932 (just prior to Repeal), and the Mondavi family purchased
the Sunny St. Helena winery in 1937. The 1940s also saw a handful of key
players enter the arena. Freemark Abbey, Lee Stewart’s Souverain, Stony Hill,
and Mayacamas were all freshly founded this decade, and old edifices breathed
new life with the Mondavi family’s 1943 purchase of Charles Krug and the
Trinchero family’s 1946 purchase of the old Sutter Home estate.

World War II played a consequential role in
Napa’s revival. European wines became increasingly difficult to import, and the
resulting demand for domestic products helped many of the Napa wineries regain
some lost footing in the market. Eastern distributors were compelled to look to
California when their French supplies ran out, which begat relationships that
survived well beyond wartime. World War II also forced many wineries to begin
estate bottling, as the shipping of casks of wine to East Coast bottlers became
impossible when the rail cars that carried them were commandeered for military
purposes. Estate bottling drastically improved the quality of much of Napa’s
wine, and allowed the wineries greater control over not only their finished
product, but also their branding and marketing.

After the war, and throughout the 1950s, Napa
Valley continued to inch forward. Internally, Andre Tchelistcheff canvassed the
valley, encouraging the planting of better varieties in better places, as well
as improved winemaking techniques. Beyond Napa, a young and irrepressible
Robert Mondavi traveled the country on behalf of the Charles Krug winery,
endlessly campaigning for fine wine in general, and fine wine from Napa in
particular. This resilient collection of individuals and estates could hardly
guess that all their tireless efforts were close to paying off. The slow
progress of the three decades since Repeal was about to reach a tipping point.
The renown of Napa Valley was poised to soar.

Interior shot of Beringer's winery in 1954.

GROWTH SPURT THROUGH THE JUDGMENT OF PARIS,
1960–1976

The 1960s were a period of enormous growth for
Napa. At the decade’s open there were only around 10,000 acres of vines in the
county—still less than half of the 1891 acreage, and only 6 percent of that
total was dedicated to Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Pinot Noir combined.
But both figures would change rapidly as vineyard acreage exploded, most of it
dedicated to premium varieties. The interest of outside investment in Napa
Valley intensified during the 1960s, mirroring Americans’ growing taste for
fine wine. A critical victory for the California wine industry came in 1967—the
first year in which table wine beat fortified wine sales in the United States,
as well as the year that annual per capita consumption topped one gallon. It’s
hard to pinpoint exactly what caused the shift in domestic appetite—some credit
a rising American affluence, some posit that the growing ease of jet travel was
exposing more Americans to European customs, and certainly the growing
appreciation for French cooking as championed by Julia Child had furthered the
cause. However you explain it, it was good news for fine wine. More wine
drinkers could support more wine producers, and those as-yet unfounded wine
producers were about to storm the gates.

The decade of the 1960s can boast of the birth
of several wineries and one very decisive death. In 1964, John Daniel, Jr. sold
his family estate, Inglenook, to corporate interests. In a few short years, the
reputation of Inglenook, considered by many to be Napa’s crown jewel, was
destroyed. But this rain cloud over the Valley could not overshadow all the
positive happenings. Many of today’s best wineries got their start in the
1960s. Names like Heitz, Chappellet, Sterling, Spring Mountain Vineyard, and
Robert Mondavi all set up shop during this remarkable decade. Importantly, many
of these new wineries would take a good long look at Cabernet Sauvignon as the
key to quality. Also of critical importance to the future of Napa Valley was the
creation of the Agricultural Preserve. In 1968, Napa County made history when
it enacted legislature that would safeguard 26,000 acres (now 38,000) of valley
floor and foothills for either agriculture or open space use, thereby
preventing unchecked development. Though this ruling was quite controversial at
the time, today it is widely regarded as a triumph of green over greed, and
marks the beginning of a series of landmark environmental achievements for Napa
Valley.

The 1970s saw another swell of newcomers to the
valley. Many of the wineries that formed in the first half of the decade remain
among Napa’s most illustrious: Diamond Creek, Clos du Val, Silver Oak, Caymus,
Stag’s Leap Wine Cellars, Stags’ Leap Winery, and Joseph Phelps. The people
behind these brands were inspired by the achievements of those that came before
them, and had moved their families (and often their fortunes) to Napa in the
hopes of joining the party. Though by now there were several dozen wineries in
the Valley, life in Napa remained agricultural, remote. The lifestyle was
pastoral but it was also gritty. The decision to found a winery was still
largely an act of optimism mixed with folly. And while there was sage council
available (Tchelistcheff, Mondavi, Amerine), a great deal of the work was
speculative, and much of the success pure luck. And even if the stars aligned
and great wine was produced, it still needed to be sold. Though an appreciation
for fine wine was growing in the United States, California wines were still
relatively unknown. And where they were known, they were often regarded as an
anomaly, more of a curiosity than a serious contender. The 1976 Judgment of
Paris changed all that.

Timed to coincide with the United States
bicentennial, the Paris tasting was organized by British wine merchant Stephen
Spurrier, who owned a wine shop in Paris. Spurrier traveled to California,
selected what he deemed to be the Golden State’s best Cabernets and
Chardonnays, and pitted them against some of France’s top wines in a blind
competition scored by a panel of esteemed French wine professionals. The
controversial results placed California in first place for both white and red,
with the 1973 Chateau Montelena Chardonnay and the 1973 Stag’s Leap Wine
Cellars S.L.V. Cabernet Sauvignon. The tasting was witnessed by a single
journalist, an American named George M. Taber, who covered the event for Time magazine in the June 1976 issue.
The “article” was in fact a single column with no photograph, placed toward the
back of the magazine. But despite its lowly positioning, enough of Time’s massive readership (20 million,
composed largely of the American middle class) read the piece to cause a marked
spike in California wine sales. Before long, the buzz surrounding this event
built to a roar as other publications rebroadcast the results, spreading the
good word. Though the tasting and its scoring has been relentlessly critiqued,
in the eyes of many, this single event brought the wines of California into the
international dialog.

Two Christian Brothers tasting wine

FROM THE FLOODGATES TO THE FLOOD, 1977–1989

The flow of fresh blood into the Valley
positively surged after the Judgment of Paris. In the four years between 1978
and 1981, 46 new wineries opened. This list includes such luminaries as
Duckhorn, Niebaum-Coppola, Grace Family Vineyard, Opus One, Shafer, Saintsbury,
Frog’s Leap, and Far Niente. As a consequence of all this new production,
planted vineyard land exploded, topping 25,000 acres by 1980. The new vines and
wines were all established in the hopes of wooing a nation that was just
warming up to the idea of wine drinking as an inextricable part of the good
life.

The American middle class’s growing interest in
wine at this time was shaped in no small part by the efforts of Robert Parker’s
Wine Advocate and the Wine Spectator, founded in 1978 and ’79,
respectively. Both publications attempted to simplify the subject for a largely
uneducated populace, by fixing a wine’s worth to a simple numerical value.
Though the 100-point scale has been widely criticized, it cannot be emphasized
enough how empowering this seemingly simple and democratic system was to the
nation’s fledgling wine drinkers. Both magazines found a lot to love in Napa,
and the Valley’s place as California’s preeminent wine region grew ever more
irrefutable. The very word “Napa” began to act as a kind of implicit stamp of
approval, bearing all the same promises of quality as the embossed seal of a
luxury brand.

An important side note in this evolution is Napa
Valley’s inaugural wine auction in 1981, a charity function that would grow to
become the preeminent wine lifestyle event in the United States. Over the
years, the auction would attract boundless celebrity and money to a region that
was becoming increasingly glitzy. The rise of this event-turned-phenomenon
perfectly encapsulates Napa’s shifting image from a humble agricultural outpost
to a playground for the wealthy. In fact, Napa’s shiny veneer and the boom
economy worked to attract a new type of vintner to the Valley. Though wine
country had always offered a bucolic appeal, many of those who rushed the
valley in the 1980s were more interested in owning a brand than making the wine
themselves. The shift away from the owner-operated winery of yore to a château-type
model was happy news to the escalating number UC Davis graduates who entered
the job market each year. Winemaking was becoming an increasingly legitimate
career path.

Though valley life seemed all blue skies in the
1980s, there was a storm brewing just over the horizon. In the planting boom
that began in 1983, vineyard land in Napa tripled, much of it planted to slake
America’s newfound thirst for Chardonnay. But Napa’s old nemesis phylloxera had
been dormant in its rich and varied soils since before the turn of the century.
The severe flooding of the winter of 1986 put more than 13,000 acres of land
under water, and the pest, which was still found in isolated pockets, was
spread valley-wide. This was of no consequence to the old vines on St. George
rootstock, but much of the Valley’s explosive growth had been planted on the
questionably resistant AxR-1. It took a handful of years for the infestation to
fully manifest, but once it did, Napa’s viticultural slate was wiped clean once
more.

In 1958 UC Davis had published a study promoting
AxR-1 as a phylloxera-resistant rootstock; its increased yields and ease of
cultivation effectively dethroned the ornery St. George. Though many other
nations and scientific institutions denounced AxR-1 from the early days, UC
Davis did not officially forswear its advocacy until 1989, at which point the
damage in California was done. The resulting massive replant was considered
both a blessing and a curse. Though the cost was enormous, it provided a rare
opportunity for vintners to completely reengineer their vineyards, allowing for
recent innovations in viticulture, as well as a shift in varietal preferences.
Vineyard managers like Andy Beckstoffer and David Abreu led the charge, touting
lessons lifted directly from Bordeaux, such as close-planting and vertical
shoot positioning (VSP). Importantly, the replant, which extended from the late
1980s through the early 90s, was the final push toward Cabernet’s supremacy in
Napa. Prior to this, Petite Sirah, Zinfandel, even Chardonnay had led the pack.
Napa’s insect-driven Bordeaux makeover seemed to many to announce the Valley’s
coming of age—the perfect matching of grape to region. Napa Valley was
officially Cabernet country.