August 2011: Due to long dry season at the location, Australian saltmaker Cheetam Saltworks Ltd. is considering opening a plant in Nagekeo Regency with investment $15 million on a 1,500-hectare plot plus $6 million to build a port and would employ 1,600 people.[1]

Besides pink beach in Komodo National Park area, the other pink beach is in Rii Taa Island, Nagekeo Regency, the island is one hour by traditional fisherman boat from Maropokot small port. In high tide, the island area only 30 meters square, but in low tide becomes 20 hectares area. Popular for local people, but only a few foreign tourists. No shade at all, good for sunbathing in the morning and afternoon.[2]

1.
Regencies of Indonesia
–
This is the list of regencies and cities of Indonesia. Both regencies and cities are second-level administrative subdivision in Indonesia, immediately below the provinces, in Indonesia, both regency and city are at the same administration level, each having their own local government and legislative body. The difference between a regency and a city lies in demography, size and economy, generally, a regency comprises a rural, larger area than a city. A city usually has non-agricultural economic activities, a regency is headed by a regent, known locally as bupati, while a city is headed by a mayor. All regents, mayors and members of legislatures are elected via elections to serve for a five year term which can be renewed once. Each regency or city is divided further into districts more commonly known as kecamatan, an administrative city is a city without its own local legislatures. The mayor of a city is directly appointed by the Governor. This type of city in Indonesia is only found in Jakarta which consisted of 5 administrative cities and 1 administrative regency, following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities became the key administrative units responsible for providing most governmental services. The list below groups regencies and cities in Indonesia by provinces, each regency has an administrative centre, the regency seat. The Indonesian title of bupati is originally a loanword from Sanskrit originating in India, related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are adipati and senapati. A regency is a subdivision of a province in Indonesia. The Indonesian term kabupaten is also translated as municipality. Regencies and cities are divided into Districts, the English name regency comes from the Dutch colonial period, when regencies were ruled by bupati and were known as regentschap. Bupati had been regional lords under the pre-colonial monarchies of Java, when the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority. They were not strictly speaking native rulers because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into Residencies headed by exclusively European Residents. After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the terms bupati, since the start of Reformasi in 1998 a remarkable secession of district governments has arisen in Indonesia. This process has become known as pemekaran, following the surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the end of the Soeharto era in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies from around 300 at the end of 1998 to over 490 in 2008 ten years later, the agreement will be forwarded on for government approval

2.
East Nusa Tenggara
–
East Nusa Tenggara is the southernmost province of Indonesia. It is located in the part of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It has an area of 48,718.1 km2, and the population at the 2010 Census was 4,683,827. The provincial capital is Kupang on West Timor, the province consists of more than 500 islands, the three largest being Flores, Sumba, and the western half of Timor. The eastern part of Timor is the independent country of East Timor, East Nusa Tenggara is the only province in Indonesia where Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion. Nusa Tenggara Timur, in Indonesian, means eastern southeastern islands, compare to Nusa Tenggara Barat, after the declaration of Indonesian independence in 1945, the eastern part of Indonesia declared the State of East Indonesia. The state was included in the United States of Indonesia as part of the agreement with the Dutch contained in the transfer its sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949. In 1950, United States of Indonesia dissolved itself into a unitary state, in 1958, by Indonesian law No. 64/1958, three provinces were established in the Lesser Sunda Islands, namely Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, the area of East Nusa Tenggara province included the western part of Timor island, Flores, Sumba and other several small islands in the region. The province was sub-divided into twelve regencies and the City of Kupang, following the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998 and the passage of a new regional autonomy law, there was a dramatic proliferation of regional governments across Indonesia. Several new regencies were created in East Nusa Tenggara by the division of existing regencies, In 1999, in 2002, Rote and Ndao Islands were split off from Kupang Regency, to form a new Rote Ndao Regency. In 2003, Manggarai Regency was split into two and a new West Manggarai Regency was established, in 2007, the administration of East Nusa Tenggara province was expanded by the establishment of four new regencies - Central Sumba and Southwest Sumba, Nagekeo and East Manggarai. In October 2008 a further regency - Sabu Raijua - was formed part of the remaining Kupang Regency. In December 2012 yet another regency - Malaka - was created out of the half of Belu Regency. Therefore, as of early 2013, there were twenty-one regencies plus the one city in the province. Located in the east of Lesser Sunda Islands, East Nusa Tenggara faces the Indian Ocean in the south, the province is bordered by other provinces, West Nusa Tenggara in the west. In the east, the province is bordered by East Timor, the province consists of about 566 islands, the largest and most dominant are Flores, Sumba, and the western part of Timor. The other is smaller islands include Adonara, Alor, Komodo, Lembata, Menipo, Raijua, Rincah, Rote Island, Savu, Semau, the highest point in the province is Mount Mutis in the South Central Timor Regency,2,427 meters above sea level

3.
Flores
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Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, a group of islands in the eastern half of Indonesia. The population was 1,831,000 in the 2010 census, the name Flores is derived from the Portuguese for flowers. Flores is located east of Sumbawa and Komodo and west of Lembata, to the south, across the Sumba Strait, is Sumba island and to the north, beyond the Flores Sea, is Sulawesi. Unlike most islands in the Indonesian archipelago, the name Flores was given by the Portuguese, from Cabo de Flores and this part of the island, originally called Kopondai, was so named by the Portuguese because of the flowering Delonix regia trees found there. The original name of Flores was Nipa, referring to the serpent, Portuguese traders and missionaries came to Flores in the 16th century, mainly to Larantuka and Sikka. Their influence is still discernible in Sikkas language, culture and religion, the first Portuguese visit took place in 1511, through the expedition of António de Abreu and his vice-captain Francisco Serrão, en route through the Sunda islands. The Dominican order was important in this island, as well as in the neighbouring islands of Timor and Solor. When in 1613 the Dutch attacked the Fortress of Solor, the population of this fort, led by the Dominicans, moved to the town of Larantuka. This population was mixed, of Portuguese and local islanders descent and Larantuqueiros, Topasses or, as Dutch knew them, the Larantuqueiros or Topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. This group used Portuguese as the language for worship, Malay as the language of trade and their Language is Portuguese, and the religion they have, is Romish. They seem in Words to acknowledge the King of Portugal for their Sovereign and they speak indifferently the Malayan and their own native Languages, as well as Portuguese. In 1846, Dutch and Portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories, lima Lopes did so without the consent of Lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 Portugal ceded all its historical claims on Flores. After this, Flores became part of the territory of Dutch East Indies, during World War II a Japanese invasion force landed at Reo on 14 May 1942 and occupied Flores. After the war Flores became part of independent Indonesia, on 12 December 1992, an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale occurred, killing 2,500 people in and around Maumere, including islands off the North coast. Flores is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province, Flores has 39. 1% of the East Nusa Tenggara provincial population as of 2010, and the most Indonesians of all islands in the province. Kelimutu National Park is the national park designated on Flores to protect endangered species. The Flores giant rat is endemic to the island. These giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism, Flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean Stegodon, the most recent disappearing approximately 12,000 years ago and the diminutive Homo floresiensis

4.
Lesser Sunda Islands
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The Lesser Sunda Islands or Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara or Kepulauan Sunda Kecil are a group of islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands, the islands are part of a volcanic arc, the Sunda Arc, formed by subduction along the Sunda Trench in the Java Sea. The main Lesser Sunda Islands are, from west to east, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Alor archipelago, Barat Daya Islands, and Tanimbar Islands. The Lesser Sundas comprise many islands, most of which are part of Indonesia and are administered as the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, the eastern half of Timor is part of East Timor. The Lesser Sunda Islands consist of two geologically distinct archipelagos, the northern archipelago, which includes Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Wetar, is volcanic in origin. A number of volcanoes, like Mount Rinjani on Lombok, are still active while others. The northern archipelago began to be formed during the Pliocene, about 15 million years ago, the islands of the southern archipelago, including Sumba, Timor and Babar, are non-volcanic and appear to belong to the Australian plate. The geology and ecology of the northern archipelago share a history, characteristics and processes with the southern Maluku Islands. Lying at the collision of two plates, the Lesser Sunda Islands comprise some of the most geologically complex and active regions in the world. There are a number of volcanoes located on the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Lesser Sunda Islands differ from the large islands of Java or Sumatra in consisting of many small islands, sometimes divided by deep oceanic trenches. Movement of flora and fauna between islands is limited, leading to the evolution of a rate of localized species. The islands east of the Lombok Strait are part of Wallacea and these islands have the driest climate in Indonesia. Thorn trees used to be common in coastal areas of the islands but have largely been cleared. These islands are home to species including seventeen endemic birds. More than half of the vegetation of the islands has been cleared for planting of rice and other crops, for settlement. Only Sumbawa now contains an area of intact natural forest, while Komodo, Rincah. While many ecological problems affect both small islands and large landmasses, small islands suffer their particular problems and are exposed to external forces. Development pressures on small islands are increasing, although their effects are not always anticipated, although Indonesia is richly endowed with natural resources, the resources of the small islands of Nusa Tenggara are limited and specialised, furthermore human resources in particular are limited

5.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde

6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

7.
Provinces of Indonesia
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Indonesian territory is composed of 34 provinces. A province is the highest tier of the local government divisions of Indonesia, provinces are further divided into regencies and cities, which are in turn subdivided into sub-districts. Each province has its own government, headed by a governor. The governor and members of representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. Five provinces have special status, Aceh, for the use of the law as the regional law of the province. Special Region of Yogyakarta, a sovereign monarchy within Indonesia with the sultan Hamengkubuwono as hereditary Governor, SR Yogyakarta refused to call themselves as the province according to Law No. 12/2012 about The Speciality of Special Region of Yogyakarta, Papua, for implementation of sustainable development. West Papua, for granting implementation of sustainable development, the provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units. This clickable map shows provinces of Indonesia as of 25 October 2012, click on a province name to go to its main article. A considerable number of new provinces have been proposed in addition to the 34 existing provinces of Indonesia, as of 2013, the government has targeted the creation of eight new provinces by 2020, by splitting several of the existing provinces. On 25 October 2013, the Indonesian House of Representatives began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective regencies and 8 new provinces

8.
Capital (political)
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A capital city is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government. In some jurisdictions, including countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the capital and the seat of government, which is in another place. The word capital derives from the Latin caput, meaning head, in several English-speaking states, the terms county town, county seat, and borough seat are also used in lower subdivisions. In unitary states, subnational capitals are known as administrative centres. The capital is often, but not necessarily, the largest city of its constituent, historically, the major economic centre of a state or region often becomes the focal point of political power, and becomes a capital through conquest or federation. Examples are Ancient Babylon, Abbasid Baghdad, Ancient Athens, Rome, Constantinople, Changan, Ancient Cusco, Madrid, Paris, London, Moscow, Beijing, Tokyo, Vienna, and Berlin. Some of these cities are or were also religious centres, e. g. Constantinople, Rome, Jerusalem, Ancient Babylon, Moscow, Belgrade, Paris, and Peking. A capital city that is also the economic, cultural. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal, traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals, e. g. Nanking by Shanghai, Quebec City by Montreal, and numerous US state capitals. The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its city, as occurred at Babylon. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no legal designation as such, for example Bern, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London, Paris, are located in or near them. In Canada, there is a capital, while the ten provinces. The states of such countries as Mexico, Brazil, and Australia all have capital cities, for example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney. In Australia, the capital cities is regularly used, to refer to the aforementioned state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra and Darwin. Abu Dhabi is the city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent countries, such as the United Kingdom or the Kingdom of Denmark, the national capitals of Germany and Russia, the Stadtstaat of Berlin and the Federal City of Moscow, are also constituent states of both countries in their own right

9.
Time in Indonesia
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The Indonesian archipelago geographically stretches across four time zones from UTC+6 in Aceh to UTC+9 in Western Papua. The border between central and eastern time zones runs north from the tip of Timor to the eastern tip of Sulawesi. Daylight saving time is not currently observed in almost all of Indonesia due to its tropical location, the only unofficial exception of this is Muara Teweh and Maurainu, which unofficially uses Western Indonesian Daylight Time. All provinces in the island of Java including major cities such as, Bandung, Surabaya, Jakarta, Semarang, two provinces in Kalimantan island, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. Including major cities such as, Pontianak, Palangkaraya, and Sampit, Muara Teweh and Maurainu unofficially uses Western Indonesian Daylight Time, which has the same time as Central Indonesian Time. All provinces in the Lesser Sunda Islands including major cities such as, Denpasar, Mataram, three provinces in Kalimantan island, North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, including major cities such as, Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, Samarinda, and Tarakan. IANA time zone identifier is Asia/Makassar Indonesia Eastern Standard Time is observed in, Maluku Islands including major cities such as, Ambon City, Ternate City. All provinces in West Papua including major cities such as, Jayapura, Biak, all provinces in Papua including all major islands in the province. IANA time zone identifier is Asia/Jayapura It observed since January 1,1988. Central and Southern Sumatra Time, was observed in Bengkulu, Palembang and Lampung, Java, Bali, and Borneo Time, was observed in Java, Bali, Madura and Kalimantan. Celebes Time, was observed in Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands, moluccan Time, was observed in Ternate, Namlea, Ambon, Sofifi and Banda. West Irian Time was observed in West Irian and it observed during November 1,1932 to August 31,1944. Dutch New Guinea Time, was observed in West Irian during named Dutch New Guinea because Netherlands still hold West Irian. It observed from September 1,1944 to December 31,1963, Daylight saving time was observed in Jakarta from May 1,1948 to May 1,1950. Its UTC offset during daylight saving time is UTC+08,00. tab, asia/Jakarta Asia/Pontianak Asia/Makassar Asia/Jayapura ASEAN Common Time Time in Malaysia Time in the Philippines Time in Singapore UTC+8 Indonesian Standard Time

10.
Subdivisions of Indonesia
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Provinces are made up of regencies and cities. Provinces, regencies and cities have their own governments and parliamentary bodies. Since the enactment of Law Number 22 Year 1999 regarding Local Government, foreign policy, defence, system of law, and monetary policy, however, remain the domain of the national government. Since 2005, heads of government have been directly elected by popular election. A province is headed by a governor, each province has its own legislative body, called Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah. Governors and representative members are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, Indonesia is divided into 34 provinces. Eight provinces have been created since 2000, the Sultan of Yogyakarta is de facto and de jure governor of Yogyakarta since he is given priority when electing the governor. For centuries, the Sultanate of Yogyakarta has reigned in the region, however, recently the central government proposed a law that required the governor to be popularly elected as in the other provinces, while still giving the sultan significant political power. Papua, since 2001 local government has a role, including use of its own flag and anthem of province. West Papua, has the status as Papua. Jakarta Special Capital Region, is the capital of Indonesia, the Governor of Jakarta has the power to appoint and dismiss mayors and regent within the Jakarta Special Capital Region. The local government is allowed to co-operate with other cities from other countries, regency and city, collectively known as Daerah Tingkat II is a local level of government beneath the provincial level. However, they enjoy greater decentralisation of affairs than the body, such as provision of public schools. Both regency and city are at the level, having their own local government. The difference between a regency and a city lies in differing demographics, size and economics, generally the regency has a larger area than the city, and the city has non-agricultural economic activities. A regency is headed by a regent, and a city is headed by a mayor, the regent or mayor and the representative council members are elected by popular vote for a term of 5 years. Regencies and cities are divided into districts, there are two types of districts, Kecamatan, headed by a camat. A camat is a servant, responsible to the regent or to the mayor

11.
Komodo National Park
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Komodo National Park is a national park in Indonesia located within the Lesser Sunda Islands in the border region between the provinces of East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara. The park includes the three larger islands Komodo, Padar and Rinca, and 26 smaller ones, with an area of 1,733 km2. The national park was founded in 1980 to protect the Komodo dragon, later it was dedicated to protecting other species, including marine species. In 1991 the national park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Komodo National Park has been selected as one of the New7Wonders of Nature. The waters surrounding Komodo island also contains rich marine biodiversity, Komodo islands is also a part of the Coral Triangle, which contains some of the richest marine biodiversity on Earth. Komodo National Park was established in 1980 and was declared a World Heritage Site, the park was initially established to conserve the unique Komodo dragon, first discovered by the scientific world in 1912 by J. K. H. Since then conservation goals have expanded to protecting its entire biodiversity, the majority of the people in and around the park are fishermen originally from Bima, Manggarai, South Flores, and South Sulawesi. Those from South Sulawesi are from the Suku Bajau or Bugis ethnic groups, the Suku Bajau were originally nomadic and moved from location to location in the region of Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Maluku, to make their livelihoods. Little is known of the history of the Komodo islanders. They were subjects of the Sultanate of Bima, although the remoteness from Bima meant its affairs were probably little troubled by the Sultanate other than by occasional demand for tribute. The park comprises a section of western Flores, the three larger islands of Komodo, Padar and Rinca,26 smaller islands and the surrounding waters of the Sape Straights. The islands of the park are of volcanic origin. The terrain is rugged, characterized by rounded hills, with altitudes up to 735 m. The climate is one of the driest of Indonesia with annual rainfall between 800mm and 1000mm, mean daily temperatures in the dry season from May to October are around 40 °C. The hot and dry climate of the park, characterized by savannah vegetation and their populations are restricted to the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Gili Motang, Gili Dasami, and Flores, while extinct on Padar. Cloud forests appear only in few areas above 500 metres but they provide habitat to endemic flora. Coastal vegetation includes mangrove forest, which appear in the sheltered bays of the three larger islands. Fringing and patch reefs are extensive and best developed on the north-east coast of Komodo

12.
Kupang
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Not to be confused with Tanjung Kupang in Johore Kupang is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara, and has an estimated population in 2011 of 349,344. It is the biggest city and port on the island of Timor, Kupang was an important port and trading point during the Portuguese and Dutch colonial eras. There are ruins and remnant signs of the presence in the city. Representatives of the Dutch East India Company approached Kupang in 1613 after having conquered the Portuguese fort on Solor, at this time the place and its hinterland was governed by a raja of the Helong tribe which claimed descent from Ceram in Maluku. Kupang was well situated for strategic control over parts of Timor, moreover, the Koinino River provided fresh water for the inhabitants. A VOC-Helong agreement was made, but due to the lack of VOC commitment on Timor, Kupang was later influenced by the Portuguese mestizo population of Flores, a Portuguese stronghold was established by the 1640s. However, the VOC was firmly established on Solor in 1646, in January 1653 a Dutch fortification, Fort Concordia, was built on a height to the left of the river estuary. Kupang became the base of the Dutch struggle against the Portuguese and they were followed by two other groups, Amfoan and Taebenu. The Helong raja remained the lord of the land but was dependent on the VOC authorities. Apart from the old Helong territory, Timor was largely dominated by the Portuguese up to 1749, the Dutch set up a European administration with a chief executive and a council. Affairs with the populations were regulated through regular meetings. The Kupang administration handled affairs with the VOC-allied islands Rote, Savu, Chinese traders and artisans settled by the early 18th century and soon became indispensable for the economic life. The town area was settled by various indigenous groups from the region. In 1752 the population was 827 Christians and an number of non-Christians. Nevertheless, some of this influence contracted after 1761 due to incompetence, Kupang was the final destination of William Bligh who was set adrift in an open boat during the Mutiny on the Bounty. The Mutiny on the Bounty took place about 30 nautical miles from Tofua in the Tonga islands and he recorded the distance as 3,618 nautical miles. He passed through the difficult Torres Strait along the way and landed on 14 June, the only casualty of his voyage was a crewman named John Norton who was stoned to death by the natives of Tofua, the first island they tried to land on. News of the journey of Captain Bligh inspired the escape of a party of convicts from the colony at Sydney Cove

13.
Regency (Indonesia)
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This is the list of regencies and cities of Indonesia. Both regencies and cities are second-level administrative subdivision in Indonesia, immediately below the provinces, in Indonesia, both regency and city are at the same administration level, each having their own local government and legislative body. The difference between a regency and a city lies in demography, size and economy, generally, a regency comprises a rural, larger area than a city. A city usually has non-agricultural economic activities, a regency is headed by a regent, known locally as bupati, while a city is headed by a mayor. All regents, mayors and members of legislatures are elected via elections to serve for a five year term which can be renewed once. Each regency or city is divided further into districts more commonly known as kecamatan, an administrative city is a city without its own local legislatures. The mayor of a city is directly appointed by the Governor. This type of city in Indonesia is only found in Jakarta which consisted of 5 administrative cities and 1 administrative regency, following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities became the key administrative units responsible for providing most governmental services. The list below groups regencies and cities in Indonesia by provinces, each regency has an administrative centre, the regency seat. The Indonesian title of bupati is originally a loanword from Sanskrit originating in India, related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are adipati and senapati. A regency is a subdivision of a province in Indonesia. The Indonesian term kabupaten is also translated as municipality. Regencies and cities are divided into Districts, the English name regency comes from the Dutch colonial period, when regencies were ruled by bupati and were known as regentschap. Bupati had been regional lords under the pre-colonial monarchies of Java, when the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority. They were not strictly speaking native rulers because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into Residencies headed by exclusively European Residents. After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the terms bupati, since the start of Reformasi in 1998 a remarkable secession of district governments has arisen in Indonesia. This process has become known as pemekaran, following the surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the end of the Soeharto era in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies from around 300 at the end of 1998 to over 490 in 2008 ten years later, the agreement will be forwarded on for government approval

14.
Alor Regency
–
Alor Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Established in 1958, Alor Regency administers the Alor Archipelago with its seat in Kalabahi on Alor Island, Alor Regency occupies 2,864.60 km² land area and 10,973.62 km² water area. There are fifteen islands in the archipelago, of which the largest by far are Alor itself and Pantar, there are seven inhabited islands. To the east lies the island of, part of the Republic of East Timor, the Regency had 190,253 inhabitants at the 2010 decennial census. The main transportation access in the regency is by means of sea, the state-owned PELNI sea liners operate in the archipelago for major transport to the main port hub in Kalabahi beside small boats operating between small islands. A small Perintis Mali airstrip can only be used by small CASA airplanes, as is the case in other parts of NTT province, the provision of education is often a major problem, especially in remote areas. In recent years, the government has been trying to make it easier for children to attend school by, amongst other things. The standard of teaching is also a major problem because many teachers lack proper qualifications. Alor Regency is divided into seventeen districts, tabulated below with their populations at the 2010 Census, Official website Van Galens memorandum on the Alor Islands

15.
Belu Regency
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Belu Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Established in December 20,1958, Belu Regency has its seat in Atambua, in December 2012 a separate Regency - Malaka Regency - was created from the southern half of Belu Regency. This regency is served with 2 TV Channel, which are, TVRI Nasional Belu TV. The Belu Regency was until 2013 divided into 24 districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population, in 2013, the 12 southern kecamatan were removed to form the new Malaka Regency, leaving the 12 northern kecamatan in Belu Regency

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East Flores Regency
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East Flores Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Established in 1958, the regency has its seat in Larantuka and it covers a land area of 1,813.20 km2, and it had a population of 232,605 as of the 2010 census. The latest official estimate is 251,820 and it encompasses the eastern tip of the island of Flores, together with the islands of Adonara and Solor, both part of the Solor Archipelago. In 1999 the island of Lembata at the end of the Archipelago was separated out to create its own Regency. The regency is divided into nineteen districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population

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East Manggarai Regency
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East Manggarai Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Established in 2007, the regency has its seat in Borong, the population in 2010 was slightly over 250,000. An additional feature of interest in the regency is the Pota Komodo dragon which has similar traits to the more well-known Komodo dragon found in neighbouring West Manggarai Regency. The population of the Pota Komodo dragon has been declining and there is now concern about conservation of the local dragon population, international visitors travel through various parts of the district, sometimes liaising with local groups such as village Catholic communities. In late 2012, one visiting Polish couple took the decision to be married in Lait valley in the Kota Komba area

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East Sumba Regency
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East Sumba Regency is one of the four regencies which divide the island of Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Waingapu is the capital of East Sumba Regency, the population of East Sumba Regency is 190,214. Currently, Umbu Mehang Kunda Airport has 1,850 runway with 30 meters wide and it will be extended 600 meters and predicted to complete before Sail Komodo 2013 in October 2013

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Ende Regency
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Ende Regency is one of the regencies which divide the island of Flores, within East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The town of Ende is the capital of Ende Regency, the area of Ende Regency is 2,046.62 km2, and at the 2010 Census it had a population of 260,428. The Kelimutu National Park which contains the well-known tourist attraction of Mount Kelimutu with three coloured lakes is in Ende Regency, the Ende Regency is divided into twenty districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population

20.
Kupang Regency
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Kupang Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. It occupies the far end of Timor Island, together with the small offshore island of Semau. Other islands to the southwest and west which were part of Kupang Regency have been separated administratively - the Rote Islands Group in 2002. The capital of Kupang Regency is at Oelamasi, the regency is divided into 24 districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population

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Ngada Regency
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Ngada Regency is one of the regencies which divide the island of Flores, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Bajawa is the capital of Ngada Regency, the population of Ngada Regency was 142,254 at the 2010 Census. The Ngada Regency is one of the regencies in East Nusa Tenggara. The regency was split into two in 2007, with part being formed into a new Nagekeo Regency, as is the case with other regencies across Indonesia, local events sometimes seize the headlines. For example, in December 2013 a row broke out when the Ngada regent head, Marianus Sae, on Saturday 21 December 2013 Marianus Sae was apparently unable to obtain a seat on a local flight in East Nusa Tenggara. Angered by the situation, Sae is reported to have ordered his subordinates to blockade the runway of the Turelelo airport in Soa district, the incident attracted national attention leading to a formal investigation of Saes actions. Under current arrangements the Ngada Regency is divided into nine districts, the language in Ngada is Ngadha. Ngada regency is one of the poorest regions in Indonesia but there is increasing in popularity among international tourists which is providing help to the local economy. The two most visited areas in the Ngada region are Bena and Wogo, both unique megalithic complexes with traditional housing, to Ngadha society, the traditional houses occupy an important role as organizational units, as villagers must each belong to a house, thereby a clan. Clan totems can be ornately crafted symbols of social organization. The megalithic sites in Ngada region were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on October 19,1995 in the Cultural category, in 1968 stegodon fossil and stone artefacts were found in the Soa Valley north of Bajawa. In 1991 excavations were carried out but no significant discoveries were found, in excavations in 1994 researchers found 12 sites of artefacts and the fossils. The age of the Soa Valley is put at around 650,000 to 1.02 million years during which there were at least two devastating volcanic events. So far, researchers have not found human fossils but it is believed that human fossils may yet be found, stone artefacts suggesting hominin activity have been found in caves such as Mata Menge in the area. If human fossils are indeed found, this may contribute to knowledge about migration into eastern Indonesia, Research at nearby Liang Bua cave to the west near Ruteng has also contributed to expanding knowledge about early human activity in the area. Ngada traditional house and megalithic complex - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Accessed 2009-02-27, phillimore, J. & Lisa Goodson, Qualitative Research in Tourism, Ontologies, Epistemologies and Methodologies, Routledge,2004

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North Central Timor Regency
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North Central Timor Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Established in 1958, the regency has its seat in Kefamenanu, the regional economy is underdeveloped with the main activity in many village areas being subsistence agriculture. Infrastructure, particularly, is underdeveloped with local inhabitants noting that infrastructure in the nearby Oecussi enclave, there are high rates of poverty in the region. There are acute shortages of water for household use in the dry season in rural areas. The shortages exacerbate other factors contribute to poor health, such as diarrhea and skin diseases. Stunting and undernourishment of children is common as well, one conducted by an international NGO reported that 57% of children were stunted. The regency is divided into 24 districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population

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Rote Ndao Regency
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Rote Ndao Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia, consisting primarily of the island of Rote, situated south-west of the western tip of West Timor. Established in 2002 formerly part of Kupang Regency, the regency has its seat in Baa, the population was 119,711 as of the 2010 census. Many Beluga Whales are known to breed in this regency, the regency is surrounded by water, bordering the Savu Sea to the north, the Indian Ocean to the south and west, and the Pukuafu Strait to the east. The sasando and the Tii Langga are well-known symbols of Rote Ndao Regency, the sasando is a Rotenese string musical instrument, found nowhere else outside East Nusa Tenggara. The instrument of 28 strings has unique resonance and it is made from a lontar palm leaf. Originally, the sasando was called the gong and consisted of fewer strings. It was later developed into the sasando biola that sounds more like a harp, performers such as Berto Pah in Indonesia Mencari Bakat usually play the sasando biola as a solo player. The sasando gong has become popular recently. However, the sasando is less likely to be found crafted in Rote Ndao Regency, than Timor. In Rote Ndao there are still a few places where the sasando is taught, the Tii Langga on the other hand, is a traditionally crafted lontar leaf hat resembling a Mexican sombrero hat. The hat is worn by male Rotenese, more so in past years and it is made up of lontar leaf webbings and constructed without the aid of glue, sometimes even ornamented with coloured straps that complement the Rotenese tastes of rather simple artistry

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Sabu Raijua Regency
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Sabu Raijua Regency is one of the regencies in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. It comprises the three Savu Islands, lying between Sumba and Rote Island in the Savu Sea, the regency was established by Indonesias Minister of Home Affairs, Mardiyanto, on 29 October 2008, having formerly been part of Kupang Regency. The population was 72,960 at the 2010 census, the regency is divided into six districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population

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Sikka Regency
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Sikka is a regency within East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia, on the island of Flores. It covers an area of 1,731.9 km² and had a population of 300,301 at the 2010 Census, the regency is divided into 21 districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population. Palu island Rokatenda Maumere 1992 Flores earthquake Babi Island

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South Central Timor Regency
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South Central Timor Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Established in 1958, the regency has its seat in Soe, Mount Mutis, the highest mountain in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, is in the northern part of the regency. International visitors have noted that the rich in bird life. The local economy in the area is poor and underdeveloped, subsistence agriculture is the main economic activity in many villages. In addition, when opportunities are available, some local village communities sometimes undertake unregulated mining or other resource-based activities, for example, in the Kolbano Beach area south of Soe, there is a local industry in the collection of coloured stones. The stones, which come in a range of shapes and sizes, are sold to local companies. The companies in turn export the stones to countries such as Australia, China, Malaysia, sacks of stones sell for between Rp 10,000 to Rp 25,000. Local villagers are reported to be able to earn around Rp 50,000 per day collecting stones although there are complaints that the prices paid to workers who collect the stones are too low. However, there are concerns amongst some local community groups, such as the Molo people in the Mount Mutis Sanctuary, there has been social resistance, for example, to the activities of mining firms conducting marble quarrying. Partly as a result of the resistance, marble mining firms abandoned their work in the area in 2010. The regency is divided into 32 districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population

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West Manggarai Regency
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West Manggarai Regency is one of the eight regencies which divide the island of Flores, located in the province of East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia. The regencys capital is the town of Labuan Bajo, the total area of West Manggarai Regency is 9,450 square kilometres, with a land area of 2,947 square kilometres and a sea area of 7,052 square kilometres. The population as at the 2010 Census was 220,430 inhabitants, West Manggarai Regency is divided into seven districts, tabulated below with their 2010 Census population. Rural development The West Manggarai Regency, along with other nearby regencies on Flores, has a long, programs of tree-planting have been initiated in recent years which are helping improve the local environment. These activities include efforts to promote continued attention to the cultivation of sugar palms, Education Education facilities in the region are limited, especially in the outlying areas. Some non-government organisations help, for example, with the provision of books for children to isolated villages, details for Treking in the Mt Mbeliling area. List of places to visit in West Maggarai

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West Sumba Regency
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West Sumba Regency is a regency in East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Established in 1958, the regency has its seat in Waikabubak and its population was 111,023 in the 2010 census. One of the problems for people living in rural areas in the province is frequent shortages of water. Although there are some local supplies of water wells and springs. In some villages local non-government organisations, some supported with international assistance, villages in the area include, Tarung Waitabar Bodo Ede Bodomaroto In 2016 Travel + Leisure magazine has given World Best Award 2016 with highest 98.35 score based on readers choice to Nihiwatu Resort. One of leading sector of the resort is ecotourism