The Otaiba tribe (Arabic: عتيبة‎; also spelled Otaiba, Utaybah) is a tribe originating from Saudi Arabia. This tribe is one of the most respected, dominant, and powerful tribes in the Arabian Penninsula, it is very well known that this family has a lot of alliances with other tribes and good relations with royals. This tribe consists of some extremely wealthy nobles, Oil Sheikhs and Sharifs most predominant in Saudi Arabia.

Many Saudi Royals maternally descend from this tribe as well, the Otaiba branch in the UAE are extremely influental and well known have the surname "AlOtaiba" rather than "AlOtaibi" like other countries, but are still the part of the exact same tribe. The tribe is spread around the entire Arabian Peninsula, and the Middle East, the Otaiba descend from Bedouins as they are pure Arabs but many of them modernized in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE and Kuwait. The Otaiba are fully Arab not descending from Persians or Omanis like many Arab tribes, they are traced back to the Mudar family lineage, and belong to the Qays ʿAylān confederacy, via its previous name, Hawazin, an ancient tribe that has evolved into the modern tribe of Otaibah.[1][2]

In order to mention all the noteworthy ancestors of the tribe of Otaibah, and to determine the exact bloodline, an approach needs to be utilized to history that begins at the highest conceptual level, or starting from the first father, followed then with working towards the details or an endpoint, in this case the lineage of the tribe of Otaibah.

Islamic scholars could have went even further in the science of genealogy, as to search and find people prior to the great ancestor Adnan, but unfortunately the scientific attempt was prohibited by the Prophet of Islam; who blamed scientists for lying when they tried to name ancestors beyond Anan[disambiguation needed]. Through this prohibition, ambiguity was created in finding a direct link between Adnan, and Ishmeal son of Abraham and Hagar. Furthermore, attempts to find the origins of the name Adnan have been unsuccessful.[3][4]

However, the correlation between Ishmeal and the northern Arab tribes in general seems to be founded on historical fact, but to believe such a fact, one must accept and recognize as truth that Ishmeal did live with an early Arab tribe from northern Arabia called Shumuil.[5]

Therefore, all research in the lineage of northern tribes may start with the legendary ancestor Adnan instead of Ishmeal, this is an undisputed fact, according to genealogists, and true also in information passed on to generation after generation of oral tradition. He is without a doubt in the common great ascendant of the modern tribes of Otaibah, Annazah, Tamim, Abd al-Qays, and Quraysh together among many others.[3][6]

Exceptions in the precise ancestry do include a few families and clans (or subdivisions of tribes) who have received admission to a tribe or another as mere allies, these do acquire the name of the tribe as part of joining the alliance. A similar example is that it was considered to be highly acceptable for African slaves to have names based on the tribes of whom their owners plague allegiance. Logically, in these instances the not genuine members of the tribe do not belong to the same origin; however, the greater part of the entire tribe are biologically related, indeed, sharing the same blood. A conclusion based on the factor of sharing a common progenitor, the only concrete element holding the tribe or confederacy together, uniting them under the same banner.[3]

Although Adnan is at the head of the genealogy for the tribe, genealogists and poets typically refer not to him, but to one or two of his descendants. Namely, his son, Ma'ad, a name which was later transformed, over the years, into a collective term for all the northern Arabian tribes, and his grandson Nizar, who brought into this world Rabi'ah and Mudar among other children.[4]

Nizar, grandson of Adnan, who is a common ancestor of the greatest part of the Arabian tribes of the north according to the accepted genealogical system, and tradition has more to say about his sons Rabi'ah and Mudar.[7]

Hawzan is said to be the name of a bird of some kind. The plural version, Hawazin, is the name of a noble tribe which is responsible for the modern tribe of Otaibah, the Hawazin and the Otaibah correspond with each other in the science of genealogy; furthermore, the Hawazin were valued as an invaluable part of the Qaysites. So, to make an assumption for the sake of a debate, whereas, they were a nation made up of diverse ancestries is not unusual; however, all these ancestries must have been presented with one shared ancestor among the entire tribe, and his name is Hawāzin b. Manṣūr b. ʿIkrima b. K̲h̲aṣafa b. Qays ʿAylān b. Nizar b. Mudar b. Adnan. The ancestor is believed and accepted to be one of the posterity of Qays ʿAylān as indicated in the name, these exalted shared bloodlines is the only way for anyone to take part of any large confederacy.[8]

Therefore, the common ancestor for the entire tribe, with some exceptions consisting of a few allies that do not claim the same bloodline, is none other than Otaibah b. Guzayah b. D̲j̲usham b. Muʿāwiya b. Bakr b. Hawāzin b. Manṣūr b. ʿIkrima b. K̲h̲aṣafa b. Qays ʿAylān b. Mudir, b. Nijzar b. Ma'ad b. Adnan of the Ishmaelites. Moreover, the large confederacy of Otaibah is a closely knit amalgamation consisting of several original components which probably first came together not more than five or six centuries ago.[9]

'Otaibah' is attributed to a standard; one of the banners that belong to the tribe of Hawazin. (The name derives from a man) and he is, Otaibah Ibn Guzayah Ibn Jusham Ibn Ibn Mu'awiyah ibn Bakr Ibn Hawazin. The clans (subdivisions) of Hawazin all united under one of his descendants in an early time during the first centuries; other nations from Hawazin intertwined around him (as well). After most of the clans of Hawazin departed (resettled away) from the land of Hejaz and Najd to the (great and) wide lands of God. To the Sham (the Levant), Iraq, Egypt, the farthermost western lands (North Africa), the lands of Persia, and its surrounding Persian territories. None was left of them except those who could not leave their land and country, those who remained, formed the largest Hawazin alliance in our present time, and it was named Otaibah. Additionally, the tribes of Bakr and Taghlib also congregated under its well-known banners.

There is no doubt that Adnan is from the lineage of Ishmeal, the only fact that is disagreed upon (or being disputed) is the number of ancestors between the two. Most of what was said (and known) is that the exact number is forty fathers between Adnan and Ishmeal, and this is (largely) based on what is written among the Christian and Jewish people, who know it from Baruch (the Israelite scribe, disciple, and secretary of Jeremah) writer of The Book of Jeremiah.

And Abu Jafar Al Tabari, and others, have concluded that the almighty God had sent to Jeremiah son of Hilkiah a revelation to go to (the King of Babylon) Nebuchadnezzar (II) and inform him that the almighty God has given him authority over the (ancient) people of Arabia (the Qedarites). God then commanded Jeremiah to take Ma'ad son of Adnan (far away from the imminent conflict) on (a horse). So that he, (Ma'ad), will not be afflicted by any resentfulness (since the victims cursed by the evils of Nebuchadnezzar were his people). (As the command stated) For I, the almighty God, will bring forth from him (Ma'ad son of Adnan) a generous prophet, and the last among prophets. Jeremiah accepted the request, and carried Ma'ad to the land (known as) the levant, where he grew among the sons of Israel; the few whom survived after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.

The scribe who wrote the Book of Jeremiah, Baruch, transcribed the genealogy of his master (and devoted friend) to have it preserved (with the books) in the library of Jeremiah, and to save the lineage of Ma'ad (perhaps for posterity and future generations), but God only knows (the exact truth). This is the reason why Mailk (a primary scholar of prophetic traditions in the 8th century) disliked tracing the lineage to before Adnan (or attempt to name any of forefathers of Adnan, other than Ishmael himself, because no truthful or precise record exists of these ancestors, save the Book of Jeremiah).

The people of Arabia could be one of the most important nations specifically in the preservation of bloodlines and lineage, each person, past and present, bears information about his or her heritage, and would record the facts for future generations. Even if that would be in poetry. Genealogy for the tribe of Otaibah, like many other tribes of Arabia, is significantly important as it has been for centuries. Most of these examinations and oral traditions, which date back to the Middle Ages and beyond, are the center point of pride for the people that are accredited the name of Otaibah by birth.[17]

The lineage of the Otaibah tribe among many scholars may vary in exact details, such as attributing Otaibah exclusively to the sons of the Banu Sa'd ibn Hawazin, while others claim that they are composed solely of the Banu Jusham ibn Muawiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin, or are strictly of the Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah ibn Mu'awiyah ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin. However, all accounts do agree that the lineage is traced back to Hawazin son of Mansur son of Ikrimah son of Khasafah son of Qays ʿAylān son of Mudar son of Nizar son of Ma'ad son of Adnan.[18]

In the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast to the Empire. It then claimed rule over its interior with the fluctuating strength or weakness of the central authority.[29][30][31]

During the 18th century, the Mutayr with the aid of the Qahtan initiated a long series of wars against the Anazzah for the pasturages of central Najd, and they were successful in forcing them out northwards. However, they were both superseded by the Otaibah, who remain to this day numerically the largest tribe of central Najd.[32]

For a long time during the late 18th and early 19th, Otaibah and Ḥarb were counterparts in the actual struggle lasting for centuries among the Sharifs of Mecca and the ruling families of Ibn Rashid and Ibn Saud for domination of Najd. The entire history of the Otaibah in the 19th and early 20th centuries is a reflection of the various wars between the powers in Najd and Hejaz, who all endeavoured to win this important tribe over to their interests.[10][33]

In 1816, the Wahhabi kingdom was vanquished by the Egyptians, and their leader Ibrahim Mohammed Ali persuaded the Otaibah and various Anazzah tribes, by threats and bribes, to assist him against Abdullah bin Saud. Between 1842 and 1872 no less than nine distinct powers were at war with one another in Najd, among them the Otaibah; in 1872, the principal chief of the Otaibah, Muslit bin Rubayan, ravaged western settlements of Riyadh, immediately after which Saud bin Faisal made a raid as an act of retaliation into their territory; he had to retire defeated and was himself critically wounded. In 1881 and 1882, the Otaibah had plundered camps of the Harb tribes who were subjects of Ibn Rashid, and they also attacked the latter in the summer of 1883 but were completely defeated; in the year 1897, members of the house of Ibn Saud joined the Grand Sharif of Mecca, Awn Al-Rafiq, and with the aid of Otaibah undertook campaigns against the possessions of Ibn Rashid.[34]

During World War I in 1915, Ibn Saud began an ambitious plan to settle the nomadic tribes within his control, which included at the time Najd and the Eastern coast of Arabia. This was brought together with the indoctrination of these tribes into religious ideals imposed by Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab, as the nomadic ArabBedouin, including all of the Otaibah tribe, were not considered to be religious. In 1916, with the encouragement and support of Britain, the Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali, led a revolt against the Ottoman Empire to create a united state, the Arab Revolt of 1916 to 1918 failed, but the Allied victory in World War I resulted in the end of Ottoman control of Arabia.[39][40]

The founder ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz began to establish settlements called al-Hid̲j̲ar (sing, hid̲j̲ra ), who was then followed by Sultan of Nad̲j̲d, to promote the sedentarization of the people of Saudi Arabia during the first quarter of this century. These came along with an accompanying political, military, and religious movement called the Ikhwan, or translated from Arabic, the 'Brothers.' The founder ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz attempted to revive the old religious enthusiasm among the rarely pious, virile, but often unpredictable people of the tribes as a starting point for the reclamation and the control of his domain.[41]

The spread of religious enlightenment through the muṭawwiʿūn (preachers) prepared for the idea of an agricultural, settled life, and the first and most successful hid̲j̲ra, or settlement, was established in 1912 by the tribe of Muṭayr. This settlement was soon followed by another by the tribe of Otaibah, the inhabitants constituted the fraternity of Ik̲h̲wān.The growth of an important cause alongside new religious regulations, standards, and principles, helped nomadic people to leave the desert-dwelling culture behind, and for the first time start to live in groups giving birth to multiple societies. A fact that contributed significantly in the modernization of these nomadic communities in the 21st century, this was a tremendously critical service King Abdul-Aziz has completed successfully for the people. The conflict with both Āl Ras̲h̲īd of Ḥāʾil and the Sharifs in Mecca drove the process of settlement further, and eventually there were about 130 such colonies.[41]

Numerous colonies were established across Arabia. A serious endeavor was made to bring different tribes together in a single hid̲j̲ra, or settlement, to put an end to feuding; however, most of the settlements became affiliated with specific tribes alone. In lists recorded by Oppenheim and Caskel which might give some insight on the exact amount of these settlements according to each tribe: Ḥarb 27, Otaibah 19, Muṭayr 16, Ajman 14, S̲h̲ammar 9, and Qahtan 8. The hid̲j̲ras were gathered throughout Najd and the Eastern coast of Arabia; in the south they reached the edges of al-Rubʿ al-K̲h̲ālī desert, and in the north the Syrian Desert. Towards the west they did not extend further than the high mountains of Hejaz and Asir.[42]

This was considered to be a significant contribution in gaining control of the Hejaz region in particular. However, after several victories some factions of the movement grew resentful over policies that appeared to favor modernization and an increase of non-Muslim foreigners in the region, the movement was successful in arousing the religious passion of its members that some of the Ik̲h̲wān became more zealous than the founder himself and turned against him in rebellion.[41][43][44]

Sultan ibn Bjad joined leaders from other tribes in revolt on December 1928. Eqab bin Mohaya, on the other hand, led his legions of the Otaibah tribe in the aid of King Abdul Aziz to vanquish the threat. Eqab of Otaibah and his followers were not the only ones from the tribe to enter into a strong alliance with the young king, since the revolution was doomed at the moment when an important main section of Otaibah, called Roug, under the command of ʿUmar Ibn Rubayʿān chose to be loyal to Ibn Saud.[42]

In 1926, the inhabitants of Najd and Hejaz have given formal allegiance ( bayʿa ) to ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, accepted the title of King ( malik ) in 1927; he ruled the central and provincial governments, authorized by Islamic legal scholars or ʿulamāʾ unrestricted by any elected or appointed bodies and limited only by Islamic law or S̲h̲arīʿa. Moreover, the centralization policies encapsulated chiefdom practices among the tribes up until the 1960, and did not result in formal recognition of such practices as a norm in the presence of governmental entities. These were not being brought under the bureaucratic control. Subjugation of opposition was the clearest detail of centralization. Factions of the Ikhwan tribal groups, markedly the Muṭayr, parts of the Otaiba and the Ajman, supported the preservation of their own chiefdom systems, including the tribes’ own choice of markets, raiding, and political affiliations, but were defeated in a series of battles during 1929–30. Any kind of political opposition, including the formation of political parties, were subsequently forbidden. Furthermore, centralization was apparent in economic change beginning in 1924 where king ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz began to use civilian taxation and pilgrimage income to build a central treasury. Also, laid down during this period was the forbidding of raids into neighbouring states.[45]

In 29 March 1929, the revolution was finally suppressed at the Battle of Sabilla. Following the crushing defeat, another battle took place between a major branch of the Otaibah tribe, Barka, against the only other major branch in the tribe of Otaibah, Roug, the rebellious Barka branch fled under Sultan ibn Bjad, one of three leaders of the rebels. He and his men were eventually caught and defeated at D̲j̲abala by ʿUmar Ibn Rubayʿān, in command of loyal, to the king, elements of al-Roug of Otaibah. Sultan ibn Bjad was later taken prisoner. In the final crushing of the Ik̲h̲wān rebellion in 1930, some settlements were completely destroyed, the King then set out to create the nucleus of a modern, standing army which proved its worth in establishing peace.[41][46][47]

In 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in a successful unification of a large portion of Arabia, its founder began to arrange the affairs of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula that lived in his domain; he implemented powerful polices in favor of its people. Among the tribes, whom in the past centuries were engaged in a constant, unending, and needless wars, the founder has accomplished an impossible, inconceviable task, he has finally strengthened the bonds of unity among the tribes, and sustained peace between all.[48][43]

An event that gained much popularity among the tribe of Otaibah occurred in the first few years after the establishment of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the country allocated a facility called the House of Supplies which provided food supplies for the people. A person of bad character, an African slave, by the name of Khramis managed the location, his questionable behavior was evident in the fact that he treated men poorly, insulting the pride of the visitors by regularly using a large stick to beat those who considered themselves guests. The poet Hamad Al Rukhees of the Shammar tribe wrote the following poem immortalizing the event.[49]

Certainly (our future) days will (soon) be relieved as the free (falcon) gets full out of its own claw (hard effort and work).

This story illustrates the importance of self-reliance and patience; it was one of the last coherent stories uttered by General Hmood Dawi Al-Qthami; a prominent member of the tribe of Otaibah who wrote famous books on genealogy. Furthermore, one could not mention the history of any tribe in the Arabian Peninsula during the late 20th century without mentioning King Faisal Al Saud. Evidenced in a multitude of nomadic poems, he was greatly supported by the Otaibah tribe during his reign and after.[17]

A popular event between the tribe and the King happened when he was the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (between 1953–1964), as the story goes, it occurred when people from the tribe of Otaibah were fighting with the Mutayr tribe over a large land near the city of Ta'if. One year, during the season of spring, a committee was set by the government to legally prohibit both tribes from occupying the land until the issue was resolved. Faisal Al Saud went to the location himself since he felt a need for a conflict resolution between the two tribes. While he was there, he found a roaming shepherd, from the Otaibah tribe, herding sheep and camel, he then called upon the shepherd, and asked him: "Who are you?". The shepherd replied: "I am (so-and-so) of the Otaibah tribe", the then crown prince replied: "Very good. Take these verses of mine to your people, and they will know of its meaning".[50]

Oh son of Otaibah, what say him (when) his mother's cheek (the land) was being defiled (by conflict)

In the core of all knowledge are solutions, (Therefore) take this message, take it (to them).[50]

In this poem, the young crown prince emphasized that the land (i.e their mother) was being defiled, spoiled, and violated with such a conflict, and how can the tribe of Otaibah stand by something that has so many solutions, or could be resolved easily. The shepherd responded: "Ok. I will take it to them, but I do not know who it is from (or who is its sender)", the crown prince replied: "The person speaking to you is Faisal Ibn Abdul Aziz". The shepherd replied: "A name significantly acknowledged and greatly praised; however, please take its response (in poem) at this moment."[50]

Oh, greetings to the greatest of all solutions (manifested) If (we knew) Faisal was against it (the conflict)

We (the Otaibah) would evacuate the land in (an event of) evacuation, take (accept) this message, take (accept) it

And my mother (the land) is like an elderly woman, roses (gentle in essence), white (unspoiled) and clean is her cheek

And (along side) your mother (the land of Arabia), succeeded only by the strongest of King, take (accept) this message, take (accept) it.[50]

The conflict ended soon after. Perhaps by an effort from the tribe of Mutayr, whom have probably heard of the story and abandoned it first. Decades later in the early 21st century, that same land is inhibited mostly by people of the Otaibah tribe, this story, which was recited by many old folks who remember the incident, demonstrates how the King was also unconditionally loved and highly respected among every other tribe, and not only the Otaibah.

On 20 November 1979, Juhayman al-Otaybi and his brother- in-law Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani, who was alleged to be the Mahdi along with hundreds of their followers took over the Great Mosque of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. The band of rebels included Egyptians, Pakistanis and American converts, but most of them were Saudis from the Otaibah tribe just like the two aforementioned leaders.[52]. The Grand Mosque seizure lasted from 20 November to 4 December 1979 and resulted in the deaths of countless civilians who were taken hostage along with the deaths of many Saudi security personnel as well as a majority of the rebels, including Muhammad al-Qahtani - the alleged Mahdi. Juhayman and 67 of his fellow rebels who survived the assault were captured and later publicly beheaded. Many rebels were able to evade capture and fled; in response to the seizure of the Grand Mosque, the Saudi Monarch of the time, Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, gave more power to religious puritans, ulemas and conservatives. He is thought to have believed that "the solution to the religious upheaval was simple: more religion."[53]First, photographs of women in newspapers were banned, then women on television. Cinemas and music shops were shut down. School curriculum was changed to provide many more hours of religious studies, eliminating classes on subjects like non-Islamic history. Gender segregation was extended "to the humblest coffee shop,” and religious police became more assertive.

The Otaibah tribe is subdivided into three major branches: Barga (Arabic: برقا‎), Roug (Arabic: روق‎) and Bano Saad (Sons of Saad) (Arabic: بنو سعد‎). Each major branch is divided into many clans, each clan is divided into various families.[17]

^Parolin, Gianluca P. (2009). Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation-State. p. 30. ISBN978-9089640451. "The ‘arabicised or arabicising Arabs’, on the contrary, are believed to be the descendants of Ishmael through Adnan, but in this case the genealogy does not match the Biblical line exactly. The label ‘arabicised’ is due to the belief that Ishmael spoke Hebrew until he got to Mecca, where he married a Yemeni woman and learnt Arabic. Both genealogical lines go back to Sem, son of Noah, but only Adnanites can claim Abraham as their ascendant, and the lineage of Mohammed, the Seal of Prophets (khatim al-anbiya'), can therefore be traced back to Abraham. Contemporary historiography unveiled the lack of inner coherence of this genealogical system and demonstrated that it finds insufficient matching evidence; the distinction between Qahtanites and Adnanites is even believed to be a product of the Umayyad Age, when the war of factions (al-niza al-hizbi) was raging in the young Islamic Empire."

^Commins, David (2009). The Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. 92. Rank and file Ikhwan fighters formed units in a new military institution, initially the White Army, eventually the National Guard ...

^Lacey, Robert (2009). Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia. Viking. p. 48. `Those old men actually believed that the Mosque disaster was God's punishment to us because we were publishing women's photographs in the newspapers, says a princess, one of Khaled's nieces. The worrying thing is that the king [Khaled] probably believed that as well . . Khaled had come to agree with the sheikhs. Foreign influences and bida'a were the problem, the solution to the religious upheaval was simple--more religion.

1.
Arabic
–
Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested

2.
Adnanites
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According to Arab genealogical tradition, the Adnanites are Arabized Arabs, descended from Adnan, distinguished from the pure Qahtanite Arabs of southern Arabia. Arab genealogical tradition holds that the Adnanites are Arabized Arabs, descended from Adnan, the Adnanites became Arabized when they migrated to the Arabian Peninsula, whereas the Qahtanites of Southern Arabia are pure Arabs. According to modern historians, the distinction between Adnanites and Qahtanites lacks evidence and may have developed out of the later faction-fighting during the Umayyad period

3.
Saudi Arabia
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Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba and it is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast and most of its terrain consists of arid desert and mountains. The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four regions, Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud and he united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been a monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called the predominant feature of Saudi culture, with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called the Land of the Two Holy Mosques in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, the state has a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million are Saudi nationals and 8 million are foreigners. The states official language is Arabic, petroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province. Saudi Arabia has since become the worlds largest oil producer and exporter, controlling the second largest oil reserves. The kingdom is categorized as a World Bank high-income economy with a high Human Development Index and is the only Arab country to be part of the G-20 major economies. However, the economy of Saudi Arabia is the least diversified in the Gulf Cooperation Council, the state has attracted criticism for its treatment of women and use of capital punishment. Saudi Arabia is an autocracy, has the fourth highest military expenditure in the world. Saudi Arabia is considered a regional and middle power, in addition to the GCC, it is an active member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and OPEC. Following the unification of the Hejaz and Nejd kingdoms, the new state was named al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah as-Suʻūdīyah by royal decree on 23 September 1932 by its founder, Abdulaziz Al Saud. Although this is translated as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in English it literally means the Saudi Arab kingdom. Its inclusion expresses the view that the country is the possession of the royal family. Al Saud is an Arabic name formed by adding the word Al, meaning family of or House of, in the case of the Al Saud, this is the father of the dynastys 18th century founder, Muhammad bin Saud. There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 125,000 years ago

4.
Kuwait
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Kuwait /kuːˈweɪt/, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in Western Asia. Situated in the edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, it shares borders with Iraq. As of 2016, Kuwait has a population of 4.2 million people,1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 2.9 million are expatriates, expatriates account for 70% of the population. Oil reserves were discovered in 1938, from 1946 to 1982, the country underwent large-scale modernization. In the 1980s, Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability, in 1990, Kuwait was invaded by Iraq. The Iraqi occupation came to an end in 1991 after military intervention by coalition forces, at the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure. Kuwait is a constitutional emirate with a political system. It has an income economy backed by the worlds sixth largest oil reserves. The Kuwaiti dinar is the highest valued currency in the world, according to the World Bank, the country has the fourth highest per capita income in the world. The Constitution was promulgated in 1962, making Kuwait the most democratic country in the region, Kuwait ranks highly in regional metrics of gender equality, as it has the regions highest Global Gender Gap ranking. During the Ubaid period, Kuwait was the site of interaction between the peoples of Mesopotamia and Neolithic Eastern Arabia, mainly centered in As-Subiya in northern Kuwait. The earliest evidence of habitation in Kuwait dates back 8000 B. C. where Mesolithic tools were found in Burgan. As-Subiya in northern Kuwait is the earliest evidence of urbanization in the whole Persian Gulf basin area, mesopotamians first settled in the Kuwaiti island of Failaka in 2000 B. C. Traders from the Sumerian city of Ur inhabited Failaka and ran a mercantile business, the island had many Mesopotamian-style buildings typical of those found in Iraq dating from around 2000 B. C. The Neolithic inhabitants of Kuwait were among the worlds earliest maritime traders, one of the worlds earliest reed-boats was discovered in northern Kuwait dating back to the Ubaid period. In 3rd century BC, the ancient Greeks colonized the bay of Kuwait under Alexander the Great, according to Strabo and Arrian, Alexander the Great named Failaka Ikaros because it resembled the Aegean island of that name in size and shape. Remains of Greek colonization include a large Hellenistic fort and Greek temples, in 224 AD, Kuwait became part of the Sassanid Empire. At the time of the Sassanid Empire, Kuwait was known as Meshan, Akkaz was a Partho-Sassanian site, the Sassanid religions tower of silence was discovered in northern Akkaz

5.
Qatar
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Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a sovereign country located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait in the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the island country of Bahrain, as well as sharing maritime borders with the United Arab Emirates. Following Ottoman rule, Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971, Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since the early 19th century. Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani was the founder of the State of Qatar, Qatar is a hereditary monarchy and its head of state is Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. Whether it should be regarded as a constitutional or a monarchy is a matter of opinion. In 2003, the constitution was approved in a referendum. In early 2017, Qatars total population was 2.3 million,313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.6 million expatriates, Qatar is a high income economy and is a developed country, backed by the worlds third largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves. The country has the highest per capita income in the world, Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is the most advanced Arab state for human development. Qatar is a significant power in the Arab world, supporting several rebel groups during the Arab Spring both financially and through its globally expanding media group, Al Jazeera Media Network. For its size, Qatar wields disproportionate influence in the world, Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, becoming the first Arab country to do so. A century later, Ptolemy produced the first known map to depict the peninsula, the map also referenced a town named Cadara to the east of the peninsula. The term Catara was exclusively used until the 18th century, after which Katara emerged as the most commonly recognised spelling, eventually, the modern derivative Qatar was adopted as the countrys name. In Standard Arabic, the name is pronounced, while in the local dialect it is, Human habitation of Qatar dates back to 50,000 years ago. Settlements and tools dating back to the Stone Age have been unearthed in the peninsula, Mesopotamian artefacts originating from the Ubaid period have been discovered in abandoned coastal settlements. Al Daasa, a settlement located on the western coast of Qatar, is the most important Ubaid site in the country and is believed to have accommodated a small seasonal encampment. Kassite Babylonian material dating back to the second millennium BC found in Al Khor Islands attests to trade relations between the inhabitants of Qatar and the Kassites in modern-day Bahrain, among the findings were 3,000,000 crushed snail shells and Kassite potsherds. It has been suggested that Qatar is the earliest known site of shellfish dye production, in 224 AD, the Sasanian Empire gained control over the territories surrounding the Persian Gulf

6.
Bahrain
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Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is a small Arab monarchy in the Persian Gulf. Bahrains population is 1,234,567, including 666,172 non-nationals and it is 780 km2 in size, making it the third smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilisation and it has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries, which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century. Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam, following a period of Arab rule, Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521, who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire. In 1783, the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family, in the late 1800s, following successive treaties with the British, Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom. Formerly a state, Bahrain was declared a Kingdom in 2002, in 2011, the country experienced protests inspired by the regional Arab Spring. Bahrain had the first post-oil economy in the Persian Gulf, since the late 20th century, Bahrain has invested in the banking and tourism sectors. Many large financial institutions have a presence in Manama, the countrys capital, Bahrain has a high Human Development Index and was recognised by the World Bank as a high income economy. In Arabic, Bahrayn is the form of bahr, so al-Bahrayn means the two seas, although which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. The term appears five times in the Quran, but does not refer to the modern island—originally known to the Arabs as Awal— but rather to all of Eastern Arabia. Today, Bahrains two seas are generally taken to be the bay east and west of the island. In addition to wells, there are areas of the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the water as noted by visitors since antiquity. An alternate theory with regard to Bahrains toponymy is offered by the al-Ahsa region, another supposition by al-Jawahari suggests that the more formal name Bahri would have been misunderstood and so was opted against. Until the late Middle Ages, Bahrain referred to the region of Eastern Arabia that included Southern Iraq, Kuwait, Al-Hasa, Qatif, the region stretched from Basra in Iraq to the Strait of Hormuz in Oman. This was Iqlīm al-Bahrayns Bahrayn Province, the exact date at which the term Bahrain began to refer solely to the Awal archipelago is unknown. The entire coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as Bahrain for a millennium, the island and kingdom were also commonly spelled Bahrein into the 1950s. Bahrain was home to the Dilmun civilization, an important Bronze Age trade centre linking Mesopotamia, Bahrain was later ruled by the Assyrians and Babylonians. From the 6th to 3rd century BC, Bahrain was part of the Persian Empire ruled by the Achaemenian dynasty, by about 250 BC, Parthia brought the Persian Gulf under its control and extended its influence as far as Oman

7.
United Arab Emirates
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In 2013, the UAEs population was 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates. The country is a federation of seven emirates, and was established on 2 December 1971, the constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by a monarch, together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates, Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language. The UAEs oil reserves are the seventh-largest in the world while its natural gas reserves are the worlds seventeenth-largest, Sheikh Zayed, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the first President of the UAE, oversaw the development of the Emirates and steered oil revenues into healthcare, education and infrastructure. The UAEs economy is the most diversified in the Gulf Cooperation Council, while its most populous city of Dubai is an important global city, nevertheless, the country remains principally reliant on its export of petroleum and natural gas. The UAE is criticised for its rights record, including the specific interpretations of Sharia used in its legal system. The UAEs rising international profile has led analysts to identify it as a regional. It appears the land of the Emirates has been occupied for thousands of years, there is no proof of contact with the outside world at that stage, although in time it developed with civilisations in Mesopotamia and Iran. This contact persisted and became wide-ranging, probably motivated by trade in copper from the Hajar Mountains, in ancient times, Al Hasa was part of Al Bahreyn and adjoined Greater Oman. Sassanid groups were present on the Batinah coast, in 637, Julfar was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the Sassanian Empire. The area of the Al Ain/Buraimi Oasis was known as Tuam and was an important trading post for camel routes between the coast and the Arabian interior. The earliest Christian site in the UAE was first discovered in the 1990s, a monastic complex on what is now known as Sir Bani Yas Island. Thought to be Nestorian and built in 600 AD, the church appears to have been abandoned peacefully in 750 AD and it forms a rare physical link to a legacy of Christianity which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 AD following trade routes. Certainly, by the 5th century, Oman had a bishop named John – the last bishop of Oman being Etienne, in 676 AD. This led to a group of travelling to Medina, converting to Islam and subsequently driving a successful uprising against the unpopular Sassanids. Following the death of Prophet Muhammad, the new Islamic communities south of the Persian Gulf threatened to disintegrate, with insurrections against the Muslim leaders. The Caliph Abu Bakr sent an army from the capital Medina which completed its reconquest of the territory with the battle of Dibba in which 10,000 lives are thought to have been lost

8.
Sunni Islam
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Sunni Islam is the largest group of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the behavior of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. According to Sunni tradition, Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and this contrasts with the Shia view, which holds that Muhammad intended his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib to succeed him. Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and they have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts, as of 2009, Sunni Muslims constituted between 87–90% of the worlds Muslim population. Sunni Islam is the worlds largest religious denomination, followed by Catholicism and its adherents are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah or ahl as-sunnah for short. In English, its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism, while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites, Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam. The Quran, together with hadith and binding juristic consensus form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, sunnī, also commonly referred to as Sunnīism, is a term derived from sunnah meaning habit, usual practice, custom, tradition. The Muslim use of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of the prophet Muhammad, in Arabic, this branch of Islam is referred to as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah, the people of the sunnah and the community, which is commonly shortened to ahl as-sunnah. One common mistake is to assume that Sunni Islam represents a normative Islam that emerged during the period after Muhammads death, and that Sufism and Shiism developed out of Sunni Islam. This perception is due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works. Both Sunnism and Shiaism are the end products of centuries of competition between ideologies. Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and doctrines, the first four caliphs are known among Sunnis as the Rashidun or Rightly-Guided Ones. Sunni recognition includes the aforementioned Abu Bakr as the first, Umar who established the Islamic calendar as the second, Uthman as the third, Sunnis believe that the companions of Muhammad were the best of Muslims. Support for this view is found in the Quran, according to Sunnis. Sunnis also believe that the companions were true believers since it was the companions who were given the task of compiling the Quran, furthermore, narrations that were narrated by the companions are considered by Sunnis to be a second source of knowledge of the Muslim faith. A study conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010 and released January 2011 found that there are 1.62 billion Muslims around the world, Islam does not have a formal hierarchy or clergy. Leaders are informal, and gain influence through study to become a scholar of Islamic law, according to the Islamic Center of Columbia, South Carolina, anyone with the intelligence and the will can become an Islamic scholar. During Midday Mosque services on Fridays, the congregation will choose a person to lead the service

9.
Islam
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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the worlds second-largest religion and the major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and He has guided mankind through revealed scriptures, natural signs, and a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the word of God. Muslims believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses. As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered, certain religious rites and customs are observed by the Muslims in their family and social life, while social responsibilities to parents, relatives, and neighbors have also been defined. Besides, the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca, it spread in the Arabian Peninsula. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders, most Muslims are of one of two denominations, Sunni or Shia. Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, sizable Muslim communities are also found in Horn of Africa, Europe, China, Russia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Northern Borneo, Caucasus and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world, Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means voluntary submission to God, Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means submission or surrender. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the verb form. The word sometimes has connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as a state, Whomsoever God desires to guide. Other verses connect Islām and dīn, Today, I have perfected your religion for you, I have completed My blessing upon you, still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the Hadith of Gabriel, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān, Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies. This term has fallen out of use and is said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims religion

10.
Bedouin
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The term contrasts against Hathar which refers to the city or town dwellers in the Arabic language. Bedouin means Badiyah dwellers in the Arabic language, as Badyah means literally the visible land, the Bedouins identify themselves as Arabs or by the names of their tribes. City dwellers in Arabia who descended from known tribes refer to themselves as Bedouins to recognize their origin to Arabia. Bedouin territory stretches from the vast deserts of North Africa to the sands of the Middle East. They are traditionally divided into tribes, or clans and share a culture of herding camels. The Bedouin form a part of, but are not synonymous with, Bedouins have been referred to by various names throughout history, including Qedarites in the Old Testament and Arabaa by the Assyrians. They are referred to as the Araab in the Koran, traditions like camel riding and camping in the deserts are also popular leisure activities for urbanised Bedouins who live within close proximity to deserts or other wilderness areas. The term Bedouin derives from a form of the Arabic word badu. The Arabic term badu literally translates in Arabic as Badiyah dwellers, the word bādiyah means visible land such as plain or desert. The term Bedouin therefore means those in bādiyah or those in the desert, in English usage, however, the form Bedouin is commonly used for the singular term, the plural being Bedouins, as indicated by the Oxford English Dictionary, second edition. The term Bedouin also uses the root word as the Arabic noun for the beginning, بداية. The Arabs believe the Bedouins to be the predecessors to the settled Arabs, disputes are settled, interests are pursued, and justice and order are maintained by means of this frame, according to an ethic of self-help and collective responsibility. The individual family unit typically consisted of three or four adults and any number of children, when resources were plentiful, several tents would travel together as a goum. These groups were linked by patriarchal lineage, but were just as likely linked by marriage, acquaintance, or no clearly defined relation. The next scale of interaction within groups was the ibn ʿamm or descent group, whilst the phrase descent group suggests purely a lineage-based arrangement, in reality these groups were fluid and adapted their genealogies to take in new members. The largest scale of tribal interactions is the tribe as a whole, the tribe often claims descent from one common ancestor—as mentioned above. The tribal level is the level that mediated between the Bedouin and the governments and organizations. Distinct structure of the Bedouin society leads to lasting rivalries between different clans

11.
Family tree of Muhammad
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This article is about the family tree of the Islamic Nabi Muhammad. He was known as a member of the family of Hashim, * indicates that the marriage order is disputed Family Tree of Banu Hashim Note that direct lineage is marked in bold. According to Islamic prophetic tradition, Muhammad was descended from Adnan, tradition records the genealogy from Adnan to Muhammad comprises 21 generations. The following is the list of chiefs who are said to have ruled the Hejaz, Adnan was the ancestor of the Adnani Arabs of northern, central and western Arabia and a direct descendant of Ismail. It is not confirmed how many generation are between them, however Adnan was fairly close to Ismail, Ismail had twelve sons who are said to have become twelve tribal chiefs throughout the regions from Havilah to Shur. Genealogists also differ in the names on the line of descent, Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari states, The genealogists do not differ concerning the descent of our Prophet Muhammad as far as Ma’add b. But many of them became rebellious transgressors and it is unclear how many generations are between Ibrahim and Nuh. Nuhs son Sam was the ancestor of the Semitic race, so Allah sent prophets as bringers of good news and as warners. ”Nuh Lumik Mutu Shalkh Akhnukh Yarid Mahlail Qainan Anush Sheeth Adam

12.
Adnan
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Adnan is the traditional ancestor of the Adnanite Arabs of Northern, Western and Central Arabia, as opposed to the Qahtanite Arabs of Southern Arabia who descend from Qahtan. According to tradition, Adnan is the father of a group of the Ishmaelite Arabs who inhabited West and Northern Arabia, he is a descendant of Ishmael, son of Abraham. Adnan is believed by Arab genealogies to be the father of many Ishmaelite tribes along the Western coast of Arabia, Northern Arabia and Iraq. Most of Muslim scholars refused any attempt to recite the ancestors between Adnan to Ishmael, and condemned some other such as Ibn Ishaq for doing it. Adnan had two sons, Maad ibn Adnan and Akk ibn Adnan, Akk dwelt in the Yaman because he took a wife amongst the Asharites and lived with them, adopting their language. The Asharites were descend from Saba ibn Yashjub ibn Yarub ibn Qahtan, Adnan was mentioned in various Pre-Islamic poems, such as the Pre-Islamic poets, Lubayb Ibn Rabia and Abbas Ibn Mirdas. The name of Adnan was found many times in various Thamudic inscriptions, in some Nabataean inscriptions, Adnan seems to hold some kind of importance or venerability, to the extent that some Nabataean people were named after him as Abd Adnon. There is no indication that he was worshiped, except as an honorable figure. Adnan died after Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Babylon, according to Islamic tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad was descended from Adnan. The following is the list of chiefs who are said to have ruled the Jazeera and to have been the intraline ancestors of Muhammad

13.
Ishmael
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Ishmael is a figure in the Tanakh and the Quran and was Abrahams first son according to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Ishmael was born to Abrahams and Sarahs handmaiden Hagar, according to the Genesis account, he died at the age of 137. The Book of Genesis and Islamic traditions consider Ishmael to be the ancestor of the Ishmaelites, according to Muslim tradition, Ishmael the Patriarch and his mother Hagar are said to be buried next to the Kaaba in Mecca. Cognates of Hebrew Yishmael existed in various ancient Semitic cultures, including early Babylonian and Minæan and it is a theophoric name translated literally as God has hearkened, suggesting that a child so named was regarded as the fulfillment of a divine promise. This is the account of Ishmael from Genesis Chapters 16,17,21,25 In Genesis 16, the birth of Ishmael was planned by the Patriarch Abrahams first wife, who at that time was known as Sarai. She and her husband Abram sought a way to have children in order to fulfill the Abrahamic covenant that was established in Genesis 15. Sarai was 75 years old and had yet to bear Abraham a child, her idea was to offer her Egyptian handmaiden Hagar to Abraham, so that they could have a child by her. So Sarai, Abrahams wife, took her Egyptian maidservant Hagar, customs of that time dictated that, although Hagar was the birth mother, any child conceived would belong to Sarai and Abram. Genesis 16, 7-16 describes the naming of Ishmael, and Gods promise to Hagar concerning Ishmael and this occurred at the well of Beer-lahai-roi, located in the desert region between Abraham’s settlement and Shur. Hagar fled here after Sarai dealt harshly with her for showing contempt for her mistress following her having become pregnant, here, Hagar encountered an angel of God who said to her Behold, you are pregnant and shall bear a son. You shall call his name Ishmael, because the LORD has listened to your affliction and he shall be a wild donkey of a man, his hand against everyone and everyone’s hand against him, and he shall dwell over against all his kinsmen. The blessing that this father was promised was that Abrahams descendants would be as numerous as the dust of the earth. However, the promise would be to a son of Sarai, yet God would make of this child a great nation, when Ishmael was born, Abraham was 86 years old. When he was 13 years old, Ishmael was circumcised at the time as all other males in Abrahams house becoming a part of the covenant in a mass circumcision. His father Abram, given the new name Abraham, was also at this time, at the age of 99, initiated into the covenant by having himself and the males of his entire household circumcised. At the time of the covenant, God informed Abraham that his wife Sarah would give birth to a son, which he was instructed to name Isaac. God also mentioned that He will be a wild donkey of a man, His hand will be against everyone, And everyones hand will be against him, And he will live to the east of all his brothers. A year later, Ishmaels half-brother Isaac was born to Abraham by his first wife Sarah when she was 90 years old and this proposition was grievous in Abrahams sight because of his son and the bondwoman, Hagar

14.
Abraham
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Abraham, originally Abram, is the first of the three patriarchs of Judaism. His story features in the texts of all the Abrahamic religions and Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in Judaism, Christianity. The biblical narrative revolves around the themes of posterity and land, Abraham is called by God to leave the house of his father Terah and settle in the land originally given to Canaan, but which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. Various candidates are put forward who might inherit the land after Abraham, Abraham later marries Keturah and has six more sons, but on his death, when he is buried beside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives all Abrahams goods, while the other sons receive only gifts. Terah, the ninth in descent from Noah, was the father of three sons, Abram, Nahor, and Haran, Haran was the father of Lot, and died in his native city, Ur of the Chaldees. Abram married Sarah, who was barren, Terah, with Abram, Sarai, and Lot, then departed for Canaan, but settled in a place named Haran, where Terah died at the age of 205. Abram was 75 years old when he left Haran with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and the substance and souls that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan. There was a famine in the land of Canaan, so that Abram and Lot and their households. On the way Abram told his wife Sarai to say that she was his sister, however, God afflicted Pharaoh and his household with great plagues, for which he tried to find the reason. Upon discovering that Sarai was a woman, Pharaoh demanded that they and their household leave immediately. When they came back to the Bethel and Hai area, Abrams and this became a problem for the herdsmen who were assigned to each familys cattle. But Lot chose to go east to the plain of Jordan where the land was well watered everywhere as far as Zoar, Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain of Mamre, where he built another altar to worship God. During the rebellion of the Jordan River cities against Elam, Abrams nephew, the Elamite army came to collect the spoils of war, after having just defeated the king of Sodoms armies. Lot and his family, at the time, were settled on the outskirts of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target, one person who escaped capture came and told Abram what happened. Once Abram received this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants, Abrams force headed north in pursuit of the Elamite army, who were already worn down from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a plan by splitting his group into more than one unit. Not only were able to free the captives, Abrams unit chased and slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah. They freed Lot, as well as his household and possessions, upon Abrams return, Sodoms king came out to meet with him in the Valley of Shaveh, the kings dale

15.
Hagar
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Hagar is a biblical person in the Book of Genesis. She was an Egyptian handmaid of Sarai, who gave her to Abraham to bear a child, the product of the union was Abrahams firstborn, Ishmael, the progenitor of the Ishmaelites. According to Theodor Nöldeke, she is the personification of the nomadic Hagrites. The name Hagar originates from the Book of Genesis, and is alluded to in the Quran. She is considered Abrahams second wife in the Islamic faith and acknowledged in all Abrahamic religions, in mainstream Christianity, she is considered a concubine to Abraham. This is a summary of the account of Hagar from Genesis 16 and 21, Hagar was the Egyptian handmaiden of Sarai, Abrahams wife. Hagar became pregnant, and tension arose between the two women, Sarah complained to Abraham, and treated Hagar harshly, and Hagar ran away. Hagar fled into the desert on her way to Shur. Genesis 16,12 Then she was told to call her son Ishmael, afterward, Hagar referred to God as El Roi. She then returned to Abraham and soon gave birth to Ishmael, later, Sarah gave birth to Isaac, and the tension between the women returned. At a celebration after Isaac was weaned, Sarah found the teenage Ishmael mocking her son and she was so upset by it that she demanded that Abraham send Hagar and her son away. She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaacs inheritance, Abraham was greatly distressed but God told Abraham to do as his wife commanded because Gods promise would be carried out through both Isaac and Ishmael. Early the next morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael out together, Abraham gave Hagar bread and water then sent them into the wilderness of Beersheba. She and her son wandered aimlessly until their water was completely consumed, in a moment of despair, she burst into tears. God heard her and her son crying and came to rescue them, the angel opened Hagars eyes and she saw a well of water. He also told Hagar that God will make a nation of Ishmael. Hagar found her son a wife from Egypt and they settled in the Desert of Paran, according to the Bahai Faith, the Báb was a descendant of Abraham and Hagar, and that God made a promise to spread Abrahams seed. The Bahai Publishing House released a text on the wives and concubines of Abraham, in the New Testament, Paul the Apostle made Hagars experience an allegory of the difference between law and grace in his Epistle to the Galatians. Mount Sinai has been referred to as Agar, possibly named after Hagar, in Catholicism, Saint Augustine referred to Hagar as symbolizing an earthly city, or sinful condition of humanity, In the earthly city

16.
Arabian Peninsula
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The Arabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geological perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia and it is the largest peninsula in the world, at 3,237,500 km2. The Arabian Peninsula consists of the countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the Arabian Peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Middle East and the Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. Before the modern era, it was divided into four regions, Hejaz, Najd, Southern Arabia. Hejaz and Najd make up most of Saudi Arabia, Southern Arabia consists of Yemen and some parts of Saudi Arabia and Oman. Eastern Arabia consists of the coastal strip of the Persian Gulf. The most prominent feature of the peninsula is desert, but in the southwest there are mountain ranges, harrat ash Shaam is a large volcanic field that extends from the northwestern Arabian Peninsula into Jordan and southern Syria. The peninsulas constituent countries are Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the island nation of Bahrain lies off the east coast of the peninsula. Six countries form the Gulf Cooperation Council, however, this is a disputed term. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia covers the part of the peninsula. The majority of the population of the live in Saudi Arabia. The peninsula contains the worlds largest reserves of oil, Saudi Arabia and the UAE are economically the wealthiest in the region. Qatar, a peninsula in the Persian Gulf on the larger peninsula, is home of the Arabic-language television station Al Jazeera. Kuwait, on the border with Iraq, is an important country strategically, though historically lightly populated, political Arabia is noted for a high population growth rate - as the result of both very strong inflows of migrant labor as well as sustained high birth rates. The population tends to be young and heavily skewed gender ratio dominated by males. In many states, the number of South Asians exceeds that of the local citizenry, the four smallest states, which have their entire coastlines on the Persian Gulf, exhibit the worlds most extreme population growth, roughly tripling every 20 years. In 2014, the population of the Arabian Peninsula was 77,983,936. Listed here are the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in Arabia Haplogroup J is the most abundant component in the Arabian peninsula and its two main subclades, show opposite latitudinal gradients in the Middle East

17.
Anazzah
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Anazzah is an Arab tribe in the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and the Levant. Anazzahs existence as a tribal group, like many prominent modern tribes, predates the rise of Islam in the 7th century CE. The classical Arab genealogists placed Anizzah within the large Rabiah branch of Adnanite tribes, alongside the tribes of Abdul Qays, Bakr ibn Wail, Bani Hanifa, in the genealogical scheme, Anazzahs eponymous ancestor is a great uncle of all of these. Two main branches of Anazzah are recorded by the early Muslim scholars, one branch was nomadic, living in the northern Arabian steppes bordering Syria and Mesopotamia. Families tracing their origin to Annizah through Hizzan still exist in that area today, the other tribes of Rabiah were far more prominent in the events of late pre-Islamic Arabia and the early Islamic era. According to historians such as Al-Tabari, Anazzah joined with Bakr ibn Wail under an alliance they called al-Lahazim, many of these tribes were followers of the christian faith prior to Islam. The tribute was known as khuwwa, and in exchange, the tribesmen pledged to protect the farmers from other tribes, other clans of the tribe spread across the northern Arabian steppes as far north and east as the Euphrates. In particular, it is believed originated from the area of Ayn Tamr in the Iraqi desert near Karbala. In the 19th century, the Swiss traveler Burckhardt and the British traveler Doughty visited the tribe in their stronghold of Khaybar, a 19th century oral poetic epic telling the tale of a rivalry between two heroes from Shammar and Annizah was published in 1992. The Ruwallah were among the tribes took part in the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916. Another northern branch of Annizah, the Amarat, was centered in the deserts of Iraq, according to the tribes genealogists, the modern tribe in north Arabia is divided into the following branches, Dhana Bishr - which includes the Amarat of Iraq. Dhana Maslam - which includes the Ruwallah of north Arabia, the sparse chronicles of Nejd relating to the pre-Wahhabi era relate a process of penetration of the tribe into northern and western Nejd, where they began to claim pastures during the winter months. In the 15th century, the region of Al-Qassim in northern Nejd was being rapidly settled through migration, in the early 18th century—just prior to the rise of Wahhabism—the Bedouins of Annizah are recorded to have reached as far as the gates of Riyadh, killing its ruler in battle. This battle was part of a war in which Riyadh. Limited settlement of Bedouin tribesmen in nearby towns and villages has always been a process in the region. These recently settled tribesman are often distinguished from their sedentary cousins by retaining tribal appellations such as al-Annizi or Al-Ruwaili as their surnames, Bedouin Rabiah Ruwallah Banu Bakr Banu Hanifa De Gaury, Gerald

18.
Banu Abdul Qays
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The Banu Abdul Qays is an ancient Arabian tribe from the Rabiah branch of the North Arabian tribes. In pre-Islamic times, the Abd al-Qays frequently raided Iran, when he became of age, Shapur II made it his first order of business to punish the Abd al-Qays. He led an army across the Persian Gulf and devastated large parts of Eastern Arabia and Syria, later in his reign, Shapur moved many Abd al-Qays people to Kerman Province in Iran. During the Arab conquest of Iran, the Abd al-Qays migrated to Iran in large numbers, sizable groups of them settled down in Tavvaz near Dalaki in Bushehr Province. In the early 8th century,4,000 Abd al-Qays warriors accompanied Qotayba on his campaign into Khorasan in Iran, the Abd al-Qays were one of the inhabitants of the coast of Eastern Arabia, including Bahrain island. There are many gaps and inconsistencies in the genealogies of Abd al-Qays in Bahrain, bahraini society has traditionally divided itself into three genealogical categories in order, ansab, la ansab and bani khudair. According to one author, Baharna were probably la ansab because they have unclear genealogies, Abd al-Qays were mostly Christians before the advent of Islam

19.
Quraysh
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The Quraysh were a mercantile tribe that historically inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Kaaba. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe, the Quraysh staunchly opposed Muhammad until converting to Islam en masse in 630 CE. Afterward, leadership of the Muslim community traditionally passed to a member of the Quraysh as was the case with the Rashidun, Umayyad, sources differ as to the etymology of Quraysh, with one theory holding that it was the diminutive form of qirsh. The nisba or surname of the Quraysh is Qurashī, though in the centuries of Islam. Later, particularly after the 13th century, claimants of Qurayshi descent used the Qurashī surname, thus, Fihr belonged to the Kinana tribe and his descent is traced to Adnan, the semi-legendary father of the northern Arabs. The Quraysh gained their name when Qusayy ibn Kilab, a descendant of Fihr ibn Malik, gathered together his kinsmen. Prior to this, Fihrs offspring lived in scattered, nomadic groups among their Kinana relatives, all medieval Muslim sources agree that Qusayy unified Fihrs descendants, and established the Quraysh as the dominant power in Mecca. After conquering Mecca, Qusayy assigned quarters to different Qurayshi clans and those settled around the Kaaba were known Quraysh al-Biṭāḥ, and included all of the descendants of Kab ibn Luayy and others. The clans settled in the outskirts of the sanctuary were known as Quraysh al-Ẓawāhīr, according to historian Ibn Ishaq, Qusayys younger son, Abd Manaf, had grown prominent during his fathers lifetime and was chosen by Qusayy to be his successor as the guardian of the Kaaba. During that time, the tribesmen of Quraysh were not traders, instead, they were entrusted with religious services and they also profited from taxes collected from incoming pilgrims. Though Qusayy appeared to be the strongman of Quraysh, he was not officially a king of the tribe, according to historian Gerald R. Hawting, if the traditional sources are to be believed, Qusayys children, must have lived in the second half of the fifth century. However, historian W. Montgomery Watt asserts that Qusayy himself likely died in the half of the 6th century. The war was precipitated by a Kinani tribesmans slaying of an Amiri tribesman escorting a Lakhmid caravan to the Hejaz, the attack took place during the holy season when fighting was typically forbidden. The Kinani tribesmans patron was Harb ibn Umayya, a Qurayshi chief and this patron and other chiefs were ambushed by the Hawazin at Nakhla, but were able to escape. In the battles that occurred in the two years, the Qays were victorious, but in the fourth year, the tide turned in favor of the Quraysh. After a few clashes, peace was reestablished. According to Watt, the aim in the Fijar War was control of the trade routes of Najd. Despite particularly tough resistance by the Qurayshs main trade rivals, the Thaqif of Taif, and the Banu Nasr clan of Hawazin, the Quraysh gained control over Taifs trade and many Qurayshi individuals purchased estates in Taif, where the climate was cooler

20.
Banu Bakr
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The tribe is reputed to have engaged in a 40-year war before Islam with its cousins from Taghlib, known as the War of Basous. The pre-Islamic poet, Tarafah was a member of Bakr, the region of Diyar Bakr, and later the city of Diyarbakır in southern Turkey, take their names from this tribe. The tribe is distinct from the tribe of Bani Bakr ibn Abd Manat, during the Islamic Prophet Muhammads era the Banu Bakr tribe was involved in various military conflicts. Banu Hanifa - mostly sedentary, were the tribe of al-Yamama. Banu Shayban - mostly nomadic, led the Battle of Dhi Qar against the Sassanid Persians in southern Iraq prior to Islam, the jurist Ahmad ibn Hanbal claimed descent from this tribe. Banu Qays ibn Thalabah - bedouin and sedentary, were the inhabitants of the town of Manfuha, the pre-Islamic poets al-Asha and Tarafah were among its members. Banu Yashkur - bedouin and sedentary, inhabitants of al-Yamama, al-Harith ibn Hillizah, one of the purported authors of the Seven Hanged Poems of pre-Islamic Arabia, was a member of Yashkur. Banu Ijl - mostly bedouin, located in al-Yamama and the borders of Mesopotamia. Abdul Qays in eastern Najd Taghlib ibn Wail, migrated northwards to the Jazirah plain in northern Mesopotamia in the 6th century, anz ibn Wail al-Nammir ibn Qasit Turkey - Southeastern Anatolia P621

21.
Banu Shayban
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The Banu Shayban were an Arab tribe, a branch of the Bakr ibn Wail group. Throughout the early Islamic era, the tribe was settled chiefly in the Jazira and its chief opponents during this time were the Banu Taghlib and Banu Tamim tribes. During the time of Muhammad and his successors, the Shayban were allies of the Banu Hashim. During the Muslim conquest of Persia, the Shaybani al-Muthanna ibn Haritha played a role in the conquest of Iraq. By virtue of proximity, the Shayban would play an important role in the history of early Islamic Armenia. A few isolated groups and individuals of the tribe are also attested in northern Syria and Khurasan, such as Abu Dawud Khalid ibn Ibrahim al-Dhuhli al-Shaybani, in Umayyad times, the Shayban remained powerful in the Jazira. Shabib ibn Yazid ibn Nuaym al-Shaybani was able to raise a large-scale Kharijite-inspired revolt in the 690s against al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, under the early Abbasids, the most prominent Shaybani were the family of Man ibn Zaida, a former Umayyad servant who secured the pardon of al-Mansur. His sons and especially his nephews, Yazid ibn Mazyad and Ahmad ibn Mazyad, Yazid also served twice as governor of Arminiya, where carried out large-scale colonization with Arab Muslims, particularly at Shirvan. Another successful Shaybani line was that of Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani, governor in Syria, Ahmad managed to capture Mosul after Ibn Kundajiqs death, but was driven out by the resurgent Abbasid Caliphate under al-Mutadid in 893. After his death in 898, al-Mutadid seized the last possession of the family, Amid, the Shayban as a whole are not frequently mentioned in the later centuries, as opposed to its many sub-tribes or splinter groups originating from it. Some Shayban are mentioned in later times in southern Iraq as poets, grammarians and philologists, but still Arabs from the Diyar Bakr region in Turkey are tracing their tribal origins back to this tribe. Some families are even claiming descendant from the famous Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani line, however the Banu Shayban of Southeastern Anatolia are organized loose and they do not have a Sheikh as a head of their tribe, like it is common in Arab countries. The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX, San–Sze, slaves on horses, the evolution of the Islamic polity. Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, the Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century. The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia

22.
Banu Kinanah
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Banu Kinanah are the largest Mudhari Adnanite tribe of western Saudi Arabia in Hejaz and Tihama. They are descended from Kinanah, who was a grandson of Ilyas, Kinanah was an ancestor of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik bin Hisham wrote, Muhammad was the son of Abdullah, ibrahim, the friend of the Compassionate. Banu Kinanah are divided in four branches, An-Nadr, Abdumanat, Malakan, An-Nadr is Quraysh, the 13th grandfather of Muhammad An-Nadr is the son of Kinana. This is one of the biggest branches of Kinanah, and his sons are Murrah, Bakr, Banu Laith, Banu Dhumrah, Banu Ghufar, Banu Jadhimah, Banu Mudlij, Banu Aldiil, and Banu Shobah are the descendants of Abdumanat. Ban Firas ibn Ghanam ibn Thaalabah ibn Alharith ibn Malak ibn Kinanah were the best warriors of all and he is the first man to be named Malakan, and his sons are Haram, Thaalabah, Saad, Ausaid, and Ghanam

23.
Nizari Ismaili state
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The Ismaili state, also called the Alamut state, was a Shia Nizari Ismaili state founded by Hasan-i Sabbah after he took control of the Alamut Castle in 1090 AD. The state consisted of a nexus of strategic fortresses throughout Persia and Syria. The state collapsed when Rukn-ud-Din Khurshah surrendered Alamut Castle to the invading Mongols, within two generations, the Fatimid Empire would suffer several more splits and eventually implode. The Seljuq amirs usually held full jurisdiction and control over the districts they administered, meanwhile, Persian artisans, craftsmen and lower classes grew increasingly dissatisfied with the Seljuq policies and heavy taxes. Hasan too, was appalled by the political and economic oppression imposed by the Sunni Seljuq ruling class on Shiite Muslims living across Iran. It was in context that he embarked on a resistance movement against the Seljuqs. The castle had never before been captured by means and thus Hasan planned meticulously. Meanwhile, he dispatched his reliable supporters to the Alamut valley to begin settlements around the castle, in the summer of 1090 AD, Hasan set out from Qazvin towards Alamut on a mountainous route through Andej. Still in disguise, Hasan made his way into the fortress, earning the trust, careful not to attract the attention of the castle’s Zaydi lord, Mahdi, Hasan began to attract prominent figures at Alamut to his mission. It has even suggested that Mahdi’s own deputy was a secret supporter of Hasan. The Alamut fortress was captured from Mahdi in 1090 AD and therefore from Seljuq control by Hasan. Mahdis life was spared, and he later received 3,000 gold Dinars in compensation, capturing of the Alamut Castle marks the founding of the Nizari Ismaili state. These periods of internal turmoil allowed the Ismaili state respite from attack, the state had around 200 fortresses overall. The most important one was Alamut Castle, the residence of the Lord, the largest castle was Lambasar Castle, featuring a complex and highly efficient water storage system. The most important fortress in Syria was Masyaf Castle, though the castle of Kahf was probably the residence of the Syrian Ismaili leader Rashid al-Din Sinan. The natural geographical features of the valley surrounding Alamut largely secured the castle’s defence, positioned atop a narrow rock base approximately 180 meters above ground level, the fortress could not be taken by direct military force. To the east, the Alamut valley is bordered by a range called Alamkuh between which the Alamut River flows. The valleys western entrance is a one, shielded by cliffs over 350m high

24.
Iraq
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The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds, others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, around 95% of the countrys 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish, two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf. These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land, the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation. It was here that mankind first began to read, write, create laws, the area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC. Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian and it was also part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires. Iraqs modern borders were mostly demarcated in 1920 by the League of Nations when the Ottoman Empire was divided by the Treaty of Sèvres, Iraq was placed under the authority of the United Kingdom as the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. A monarchy was established in 1921 and the Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from Britain in 1932, in 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Baath Party from 1968 until 2003, after an invasion by the United States and its allies in 2003, Saddam Husseins Baath Party was removed from power and multi-party parliamentary elections were held in 2005. The American presence in Iraq ended in 2011, but the Iraqi insurgency continued and intensified as fighters from the Syrian Civil War spilled into the country, the Arabic name العراق al-ʿIrāq has been in use since before the 6th century. There are several suggested origins for the name, one dates to the Sumerian city of Uruk and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin, as Uruk was the Akkadian name for the Sumerian city of Urug, containing the Sumerian word for city, UR. An Arabic folk etymology for the name is rooted, well-watered. During the medieval period, there was a region called ʿIrāq ʿArabī for Lower Mesopotamia and ʿIrāq ʿajamī, for the region now situated in Central and Western Iran. The term historically included the south of the Hamrin Mountains. The term Sawad was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In English, it is either /ɪˈrɑːk/ or /ɪˈræk/, the American Heritage Dictionary, the pronunciation /aɪˈræk/ is frequently heard in U. S. media. Since approximately 10,000 BC, Iraq was one of centres of a Caucasoid Neolithic culture where agriculture, the following Neolithic period is represented by rectangular houses. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic, people used vessels made of stone, gypsum, finds of obsidian tools from Anatolia are evidences of early trade relations

25.
Genealogy
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Genealogy, also known as family history, is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history. Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship, the results are often displayed in charts or written as narratives. Amateur genealogists typically pursue their own ancestry and that of their spouses, professional genealogists may also conduct research for others, publish books on genealogical methods, teach, or produce their own databases. They may work for companies that provide software or produce materials of use to other professionals, both try to understand not just where and when people lived, but also their lifestyles, biographies, and motivations. This often requires—or leads to—knowledge of antiquated laws, old political boundaries, migration trends, bloodlines of Salem is an example of a specialized family-history group. It welcomes members who can prove descent from a participant of the Salem Witch Trials or who choose to support the group. Genealogists and family historians often join family history societies, where novices can learn from experienced researchers. Such societies generally serve a specific geographical area and their members may also index records to make them more accessible, and engage in advocacy and other efforts to preserve public records and cemeteries. Some schools engage students in projects as a means to reinforce lessons regarding immigration. Other benefits include family medical histories with families with medical conditions that are hereditary. The terms genealogy and family history are used synonymously. The term family history may be popular in Europe, genealogy more popular in the United States. In communitarian societies, ones identity is defined as much by ones kin network as by individual achievement, would be answered by a description of father, mother, and tribe. New Zealand Māori, for example, learn whakapapa to discover who they are, Family history plays a part in the practice of some religious belief systems. For example, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a doctrine of baptism for the dead, in societies such as Australia or the United States, there was by the 20th-century growing pride in the pioneers and nation-builders. Establishing descent from these was, and is, important to such groups as the Daughters of the American Revolution, in Nazi Germany, family histories were compiled to affirm individuals affiliation with the master race and to adhere to legal requirements for marriage. In Germany today, family history is often perceived as a threat to privacy rather than as a source of self-esteem. Most 20th-century sources remain unavailable to the public on privacy grounds, funding of support for family history at archives is limited

26.
Oral tradition
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Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication where in knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one generation to another. The transmission is through speech or song and may include folktales, ballads, chants, prose or verses. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral law and other knowledge across generations without a writing system, or in parallel to a writing system. Oral tradition is information, memories and knowledge held in common by a group of people, over many generations, in a general sense, oral tradition refers to the recall and transmission of a specific, preserved textual and cultural knowledge through vocal utterance. As an academic discipline, it both to a set of objects of study and a method by which they are studied. The study of tradition is distinct from the academic discipline of oral history. Oral tradition is distinct from the study of orality defined as thought. A folklore is a type of tradition, but knowledge other than folklore has been orally transmitted. According to John Foley, oral tradition has been an ancient human tradition found in all corners of the world, according to Goody, the Vedic texts likely involved both a written and oral tradition, calling it a parallel products of a literate society. In ancient Greece, the tradition was a dominant tradition. Homers epic poetry, states Michael Gagarin, was composed, performed and transmitted orally. This is evidenced, for example, by the multiple scriptural statements by Paul admitting previously remembered tradition which he received orally. Oral traditions face the challenge of accurate transmission and verifiability of the accurate version, Oral cultures have employed various strategies that achieve this without writing. For example, a rhythmic speech filled with mnemonic devices enhances memory. A few useful mnemonic devices include alliteration, repetition, assonance, in addition, the verse is often metrically composed with an exact number of syllables or morae - such as with Greek and Latin prosody and in Chandas found in Hindu and Buddhist texts. Such strategies help facilitate transmission of information from individual to individual without a written intermediate, rudyard Kiplings The Jungle Book provides an excellent demonstration of oral governance in the Law of the Jungle. Not only does grounding rules in oral proverbs allow for transmission and understanding. These stories, traditions, and proverbs are not static, but are often altered upon each transmission barring the overall meaning remains intact, in this way, the rules that govern the people are modified by the whole and not authored by a single entity

27.
Historian
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A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race, if the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is an historian of prehistory. Although historian can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. Historian became an occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany. Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, while ancient writers do not normally share modern historical practices, their work remains valuable for its insights within the cultural context of the times. Understanding the past appears to be a human need. What constitutes history is a philosophical question, the earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name. Systematic historical thought emerged in ancient Greece, a development that became an important influence on the writing of history elsewhere around the Mediterranean region, the earliest known critical historical works were The Histories, composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus who later became known as the father of history. Herodotus attempted to distinguish between more and less reliable accounts, and personally conducted research by travelling extensively, giving accounts of various Mediterranean cultures. Although Herodotus overall emphasis lay on the actions and characters of men and he was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor Xenophon introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis. The Romans adopted the Greek tradition, while early Roman works were still written in Greek, the Origines, composed by the Roman statesman Cato the Elder, was written in Latin, in a conscious effort to counteract Greek cultural influence. Strabo was an important exponent of the Greco-Roman tradition of combining geography with history, livy records the rise of Rome from city-state to empire. His speculation about what would have happened if Alexander the Great had marched against Rome represents the first known instance of alternate history, in Chinese historiography, the Classic of History is one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts and one of the earliest narratives of China. Sima Qian was the first in China to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing and his written work was the Shiji, a monumental lifelong achievement in literature. Christian historiography began early, perhaps as early as Luke-Acts, which is the source for the Apostolic Age. Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages and they wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, that of the Church and that of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middle Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year, muslim historical writings first began to develop in the 7th century, with the reconstruction of the Prophet Muhammads life in the centuries following his death. With numerous conflicting narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions from various sources, to evaluate these sources, they developed various methodologies, such as the science of biography, science of hadith and Isnad

Dubai in 1950; the area in this photo shows Bur Dubai in the foreground (centered on Al-Fahidi Fort); Deira in middle-right on the other side of the creek; and Al Shindagha (left) and Al Ras (right) in the background across the creek again from Deira

Historic photo depicting the first hoisting of the United Arab Emirates flag by the rulers of the emirates at The Union House, Dubai on 2nd of December 1971.

Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is the first President of the United Arab Emirates and is widely recognized as the father of the nation.