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"Importance Of Linguistic" Essays and Research Papers

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TERM PAPER :CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Introduction:
Contrastive Linguistics, roughly defined as a subdiscipline of...linguistics which is concerned with the comparison of two or more (subsystems of) languages, has long been associated primarily with language teaching. Apart from this applied aspect, however, it also has a strong theoretical purpose, contributing to our understanding of language typology and language universals.
The study of two languages in contrast, here called contrastive...

PAPER 6 (DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS)
Discuss synchronic and diachronic approaches to language.
In opposition to the totally historical view of... language of the previous hundred
years, Ferdinand de Saussure emphasized the importance of seeing from two distinct and
largely exclusive points of view, which he called "synchronic" and "diachronic". The
word "chronic" has been derived from Greek word "chronos" which means time.
Synchronic linguistics sees language as a living whole, existing as a state...

Sivasothis’s feelings into consideration. Moreover, he feels that he deserve a good dowry as for his position as a doctor. Furthermore, his love to... Sivasothie becomes fake because he gives importance to dowry rather than love. Hence, it shows that Thiruchelvam is a materialistic person where he gives importance to dowry even though he is a doctor and has a good salary.
Moreover, the reader opines that the women in the Indian society are like to make comparison and talk at back of the people. For...

12. According to Derek Bickerton a creole language is created by:
a. adults who are forced to communicate with each other over a long period of time without... having a shared language
b. people who need to have a secret language
c. children whose linguistic input consists of a pidgin spoken in their community #
13. The fact that children are apparently capable of producing a creole language which has grammatical properties that are not present in the pidgin input can be used as evidence for:
a. The...

AND LITERATURE (PHD PROGRAM)
LINGUISTICS
DR VEYSEL KILIÇ
ESMA ŞENEL
Y1112.620021
HISTORY OF...LINGUISTICSLinguistics as a study endeavors to describe and explain the human faculty of language. The history of linguistics is a branch of intellectual history, for it deals with history of ideas- ideas about language- and not directly with language itself (Law, 2003, p.2). Many histories of linguistics have been written over the last two...

thorough research for scientists of various fields, mixing languages had been, until the last few decades, cast aside as its defective by-product. However,... recent linguistic studies show that intermingling languages should not be considered an ill-conceived overlapping tendency that implies carelessness and a improper use of language, but a linguistic phenomenon with its own intricate rules and purposes. The addition of objectivity towards this subject has enabled linguists to describe in length the downsides...

paraphrase or translation. However, despite this importance of precise wording, the meanings of literary works are often disturbingly... imprecise.
Apparently, the linguistics choices in literature are not the concern of applied linguistics. It does not have the same kind of direct social and economic consequences as language education policy, or the spread of English as lingua franca. Yet, it is wrong to decrease the value of the impact and importance of literature. It reflects our individual and social...

June 20, 2011
Linguistic Diversity
All children deserve an early childhood program or education that recognizes and respects their... family, community, and linguistic diversity. In this nation, there are children of all ethnic and cultural backgrounds. “For young children to develop and learn optimally, the early childhood professional must be prepared to meet their diverse developmental, cultural, linguistic, and educational needs. Early childhood educators face the challenge of how best...

Behaviourists like Thorndike and Skinner, focused on stimulus and response as one of the earliest approaches to language. They believe that development of... language is a result of habits being developed by practices and reinforcement, which touches on the importance of the environment. The theories even stem to the nativist view that language is experiential and innate knowledge. The question still exists; how come children learn so much in their early stages without having equivalent experiences to support...

Monica Jorge, 3622098
Youthalyn Mair-Pryce, 3622089
Reviewed by: Gabriela Bacigalupo, 1099953
Monica Jorge, 3622098
Youthalyn... Mair-Pryce, 3622089
ACG 4651 – Fall 2013 Section 04
September 17, 2013 – Case #1: The importance of being independent (by Deloitte) Discussion Questions
One of the key roles of the external auditor is to protect the interest of the public. To achieve this, it is important for the public to trust and have confidence in the work of an auditor...

February.
This celebration is designed to promote linguistic diversity and multilingual education, to highlight greater awareness of the...importance of mother tongue education.
Multilingualism is a source of strength and opportunity for humanity. It embodies our cultural diversity and encourages the exchange of views, the renewal of ideas and the broadening of our capacity to imagine.
Irina Bokova, UNESCO Director General
Linguistic and cultural diversity represent universal values that...

defined as a branch of linguistics; it is an area of study parallel to, and interacting with syntax and phonology. While syntax and phonology... study the structure of expressive possibilities in language, semantics studies the meaning that can be expressed. Nearly all linguists have accepted a linguistic model in which semantics is at one end and phonetics at the other, with grammar somewhere in the middle. However, until recently, semantics has been the ‘Cinderella’ of linguistics, a branch that had been...

Reading report
Applied linguistics and language use
Here is the role applied linguistics is to recognize that these... problems often cause deep passions and may need to be viewed as issues in which language plays only a part.
The purpose here is that the chief role of applied linguistics is to ask the right questions about the context in which a language problem is embedded, and then to generalize to other contexts where the same problem can be shown often analysis to exist.
Problems, what...

Thinking Mathematically
Short Essay: Understanding Mathematics and Linguistics
How is Mathematics and Linguistics... related with each other?
Linguistics is the science of language. Linguists seek to understand the
proper uses of natural human language. How languages are structured, how and
why they vary and change, how they are acquired, and how people, in
communicating use them.
Mathematics on the other hand is the language of science. It is used to
understand...

John Baugh in his article “Linguistic Profiling” (2003) discusses “linguistic discrimination based on speech or writing” (2003,... p. 155). The article discusses the negative and positive effects that linguistic profiling has on people, specifically on the people with an “undesirable accent or dialect” (2003, p.155). Much like racial profiling and its negative effects on people of color, linguistic profiling is the practice of imposing certain social characteristics on people who speak with a particular...

from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds used language in school and out-of-school settings. Implications of this research have been widely... discussed and interpreted in a variety of ways.
Basil Bernstein (1971) documented the different linguistic codes used by children from lower- and middle-income families in England. Lower-income children were described as using a “restricted code” or highly contextualized language, while children from middle-income families used an “elaborated code,”...

Linguistic rights (or language rights or linguistic human rights) are the human and civil rights concerning the individual and... collective right to choose the language or languages for communication in a private or public atmosphere. Other parameters for analyzing linguistic rights includes degree of territoriality, amount of positivity, orientation in terms of assimilation or maintenance, and overtness.
Linguistic rights include, among others, the right to one's own language in legal, administrative...

this scientific work (from time to time). However, it has apparently not been done. I will therefore abide by taking a common-sense approach to the problem,... informed both by some epistemology of linguistics and by some experience with linguistic work.
1.2. Fundamentals
Like any human activity, linguistics has a place in a teleonomic hierarchy (see teleonomische Hierarchie) which is headed by its ultimate goals. Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek epistēmē, German Erkenntnis)...

transfer the use of their existing linguistic repertoire to their host country. However, what might have been effective at home might be... interpreted differently when placed in different socioeconomic contexts. Hence, the relative value of linguistic repertoire one possesses and how mobile are one’s language skills in the world determines how a migrant interacts with a new community.
Consequently, this paper seeks to provide insight on how the relative value of linguistic resources affects one’s mobility...

Phonetic Symbols and Conventions
The conventions for presenting examples used in this book are widely utilised in linguistics, but it will... be helpful to state the more important of these for any readers unfamiliar with them. Most linguistic examples are given in italics and their glosses (translations into English) are presented in single quotes, for example: Finnish rengas 'ring'. In instances where it is necessary to make the phonetic form clear, the phonetic representation is presented in square...

Comparetive and Historical Linguistics in the 19th Century
The 19th century
* was the era of the comparative and historical study of... languages (especially of the Indo-European l-ges);
* saw the development of modern conceptions, theoretical and methodological of comparative and historical linguistics, and the greatest concentration of scholarly effort and scholarly ability in linguistics was devoted to this aspect of the subject;
* prevailed the opinion that linguistics was mainly historical...

Some Preliminaries about Language
IV. Define the following terms:
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the... scientific study of language.
2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.
3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .
4 Design features: it referred to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language that tell the...

﻿The Importance of Methodology in Teaching English
The University of Jordan
Done by:
Lana Abd AL-Rahem AL-Rewashed....
2013-2014
Abstract
I wrote this research to shed light on one of the practice field in applied linguistics is the educational linguistic, this field very important to me,because I am student in English language specialization,interested in methodology in teaching English.
Introduction
_Back ground: linguistic in educational...

Heteroglossia - Langue and linguistic variation
Bakhtin developed the notion in contrast with the structuralist account of language, which was... centered in the notion of langue, that is, the systematic set of rules determining the well-formedness of an expression or utterance. This concept, introduced by Saussure, emphasised the notion that the code conformed by the linguistic norms must be common to all speakers for communication to be possible. This was seen as a dangerous simplification by Bakhtin...

﻿WA1: Linguistic Oppression
It only takes a few minutes to call someone out. But by changing and challenging this normalized language, you can... actively work against behaviors and ideologies that are racist, sexist, homophobic, transphobic, elitist, ablist, sizist and overall, oppressive. Language oppression is any word that uses an identity or an identifier of belonging to a certain group (class, race, sexuality, ability, gender, etc.) as a negative or undesirable quality. It's a form of verbal...

﻿Linguistics III
Set 1: Cross linguistic influence and learner language
Psychological principles of SLA form the foundation... stones for building a comprehensible understanding of the acquisition of the linguistic system. The studies was centered on the contrasts between the native lang and the target lang (contrastive analysis) and the effect of the native on the target lang (cross linguistic influence).
1-The contrastive analysis Hypothesis
It’s the study of two languages in contrast. Based...

Text linguistics
Module I. Classificationally meaningful characteristics of the text as an integral and independent object of investigation....
Lecture 6. Conceptual variability of linguistic interpretations of the text essence and status and their reflections in the models of the text descriptions.
Problem for discussion
Evolution of the text description approaches. Models of the text descriptions. Grounds for the chosen models and schemes of the text descriptions...

meaningful messages or receive and understand messages. ‘How is language organised in order to be meaningful?’ This is the question we ask and attempt to... answer at the level of semantics. Semantics is that level of linguistic analysis where meaning is analysed. It is the most abstract level of linguistic analysis, since we cannot see or observe meaning as we can observe and record sounds. Meaning is related very closely to the human capacity to think logically and to understand. So when we try to analyse meaning...

﻿Spanglish is a well-known term that describes the linguistic behaviors on Spanish speakers, who’s Spanish is uniquely influenced from the... English language. Spanglish can also be defined as a “mixed-code vernacular that includes a range of linguistic phenomena, most notably code-switching”. Despite the fact that Puerto Rican linguist, Salvador Tio, coined the term ‘Spanglish’ in the late 1940’s, this language contact phenomena has actually been used over the past 150 years, since the Treaty of Guadalupe...

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Linguistics
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
1.1 Why study language?
1. Language is very essential to... human beings.
2. In language there are many things we should know.
3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically.
1.2 What is language?
Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
1.3 Design features of language
The features that define our human languages can be called...

Linguistic Segregation Draft 3
Throughout the history of the United States, the issues of racism, sexism and segregation have always been... stressful because of all the immigration. When it came to the education of immigrant children who did not speak English and stood out otherwise, we often did not know what to do. We have always been striving to eliminate these prejudices, and even though we recovered from most types of segregation, we are still trying to eliminate the problem of language differences...

communicates efficiently and successfully depends upon their communicative competence. Linguist Noam Chomsky depicted a variation within the term... ‘linguistic’ which he divided into to competence and performance. The term linguistic performance is associated with incorrectly and/or repeated ungrammatical delivered actual utterances of language in use. Linguistic competence refers to the knowledge of the language system which will enable the speaker to distinguish the utterances that are grammatical in...

﻿Mukachevo State University
Report
Text linguistics
Prepared by Kamenkova Nastia
2014
Text...Linguistics
A text is an extended structure of syntactic units i.e. text as super-sentence such as words, groups, and clauses and textual units that is marked by both coherence among the elements and completion .A non-text consists of random sequences of linguistic units such as sentences, paragraphs, or sections in any temporal and/or spatial extension.
A naturally...

COGNITIVE STUDIES AS THE DIRECTION OF MODERN LINGUISTICS
At the end of the 20th century linguistics applied to... anthropocentric paradigm of knowledge including among other things presentation about the human factor in the language [4, 2001:15].
The cognitive linguistics is the study of how the person operates the symbols, while coming to understanding the world and themselves in the world, the subject matter of which is the human mind, the thinking and the mental processes and conditions...

Подготовить конспекты по следующим разделам:
1. Applied linguistics
1 History
The term applied linguistics dates back at least to... the 1940s in the USA when linguists applied analytical methods to the practical problems of producing
grammars and phrasebooks and developing language courses.
2 What Is Applied Linguistics?
Applied linguistics: (1) was interdisciplinary, drawing on psychology, sociology, and pedagogy as well as theoretical linguistics; (2) included a range of fields including lexicography...

Linguistics, though one of the youngest behavioral sciences, has a background extending over several millennia. During this period scholars... with various interests have concerned themselves with language. Some of the most readable treatises on language were produced by the Greeks and Romans, such as Plato’s Cratylus and Quintilian’s advice to an orator. Much of our terminology was devised in the course of this earlier concern. Any of introductions to linguistic cannot, therefore, limit itself to one...

Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it links literary criticism and...linguistics, but has no autonomous domain of its own.
Types of Stylistics:
1. Computational Stylistics: Study of patterns formed in particular texts, authors, genres, periods via computational methods. Through the use of computers, it should be possible to achieve more accurate detection and explanation of such linguistic patterns.
2. Linguo-Stylistics: Linguo-stylistics...

TEXT LINGUISTICS
Structure
As a science of text, text linguistics describes or explains among different types of text the:
*... Shared features
* Distinct features
Text linguistics is the study of how texts function in human interaction. Beaugrande and Dressler define a text as a “communicative occurrence which meets seven standards of textuality” – Cohesion, Coherence, Intentionality, Acceptability, Informativity, Situationality and Intertextuality, without any of which the text will not be communicative...

Nature of the Linguistic Sign
Ferdinand de Saussure
1. Sign, Signified Signifier
Some people regard language, when reduced to its elements... as a naming-process only--a list of words, each corresponding to the thing that it names. For example:
operation--an assumption that is anything but true. But this rather naive approach can bring us near the truth by showing us that the linguistic unit is a double entity, one formed by the associating of two terms.
We This conception is open to criticism...

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
Language, Culture & Society:
An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology...
Language, Culture & Society:
An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology
Anthropology, a study of human kind, is and has been concerned with all aspects of human society. Within anthropology are four main subfields: physical/biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, archaeological anthropology, and linguistic anthropology;...

1. Linguistic features of Germanic languages: vowels.
Germanic languages also have some peculiarities in the sphere of vowel sounds, which... distinguish them from other Indo-European languages.
Their main characteristic feature in this sphere is the treatment of the Indo-European short vowels o and a and the long vowels o and a.
Indo-European short o and a appear as short a languages. E.g.:in
IE Germanic
Russ. Яблоко germ. Apfel
Lat. Noctem goth. Nahts
Russ.ночь germ. Nacht
Indo-European...

linguostylistics, is a branch of general linguistics. It deals mainly with two interdependent tasks:
a) the investigation of special language... means which secure the desirable effect of the utterance(stylistics devices and expressive means)
b) certain types of texts (discourse) which due to the choice and arrangement of language means are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication. (functional styles)
Functional styles discusses such general linguistic issues as oral and written varieties...

discuss What is the relationship between the components of the Communication and Communication Process? By knowing the components and processes of... communication, it can be useful for the reader to learn more about how the process of communication is, importance of communication components in supporting the process of good communication and effective.
Discussion
The Components of Communication
There are some experts who explain the communication components, among others:
1. Wilbur Schramm
According...

hypothetical questions they address and their respective
narrative functions. The table also provides information on the sort of linguistic... forms that each
component typically takes. With the exception of Evaluation, the categories listed on the Table are
arranged
Table C5.1 Labov’s model of natural narrative
Narrative
category
Narrative
question
Narrative function Linguistic form
ABSTRACT
What was this
about?
Signals that the story is A short summarising
about to begin and
statement...

meaning of the words in which it functions.
Discussion
If a root does not occur by itself in a meaningful way in a language, it is referred to as a bound... morpheme.
Examples (English)
• Disestablish
• Establishment
• Establishments
In linguistics, a stem is a part of a word. The term is used with slightly different meanings.
In one usage, a stem is a form to which affixes can be attached.Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational...

fact that stumans are not able to pronounce some consonants whereas human can, because of the disconnection of nasal cavity and oral cavity, stumans can also... only articulate nasal vowels while human can produce them all. From the perspective of linguistics, vowels are made with little restriction of airflow passes through lungs and get out of mouth or nose. The tongue, lips and velum determine the quality of vowels. (p. 246/9th ed.) Human may raise different part of their tongue to different place...

﻿APPLIED LINGUISTICS
A Paper
“APPLIED LINGUISTIC AND LANGUAGE LEARNING”
Submitted as Final Assignment
Diki... Atmarizon
2013/1304071
ENGLISH EDUCATION SECTION
GRADUATE PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF PADANG
2013
I. INTRODUCTION
Today, linguistics is developed rapidly. Another aspect related to the fields of language study is also growing. Studies on language not only covers one aspect only, but has extended to areas or aspects outside the language associated with the use...

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Linguistic assignment
An essay about morphology
Morphology which is one branch of linguistic .Its etymology is Greek:... morph- means ‘shape, form’, and morphology is the study of form or forms. It was basically used in biology but then was used in the middle of the nineteenth century, has also used to describe the type of investigation.
Morphemes are the elements form of linguistic message, or in other words a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. Morphemes can indicate the plural...

Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it links literary criticism and...linguistics, but has no autonomous domain of its own.[1][2] The preferred object of stylistic studies is literature, but not exclusively "high literature" but also other forms of written texts such as text from the domains of advertising, pop culture, politics or religion.[3]
Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices...

Lin, Alan
Spring 2013
Linguistics 1
Properties of Language According to Linguistics
Language, we use it everyday, but... what exactly defines “language?” Are there generalizations to be made of all languages? Does everyone learn language same way? What are the rules of language? “What is Language?” by Neil Smith and Deirdre Wilson answers these questions and more by highlighting the three major theories of modern linguistics.
The first modern linguistic theory claims that language is govern...

Defining Applied Linguistics and its scope
Applied linguistics it seems to be a not very easy concept to define, because... many people would think different things when it comes to applied linguistics. Indeed, for many years those who carry out applied linguistics seem do not agree upon a universal definition. However, what it is true for all of them is the fact that there is a gap that needs to be filled in terms of defining applied linguistics. The definition of the problem is probably due to...

Reading Worksheet 1:
Read the extract Applied Linguistics: An emerging discipline for the twenty-first century in your reading packs and... answers the following questions:
1. On the basis of the information provided by Grabe, complete the following chart. Which conclusions can you draw regarding the scope of Applied Linguistics?
|Decade |Focus of Applied Linguistics |
| |Insights...

influencing linguists in the last century. His linguistic theory of regarding language as a synchronic and static sign system has turned the... historical trend of linguistics and opened up a new pattern of modern linguistics, thus makes linguistics get great achievement in the 20th century. His work Course in General Linguistics (1916) that comes from the notes of his lessons collected by his students is one of classical works and is called “Bible” of linguistics. It has caused extensive response with its...

Outline
1. Cognitive Linguistics: some basic facts
2. Branches of Cognitive Linguistics
1. Cognitive...Linguistics: some basic facts
What is cognitive linguistics?
Cognitive linguistics is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the conceptual structures and cognitive processes that underlie linguistic representation and grammar in language. [3]
Cognitive linguistics is the study of language in its cognitive function, where “cognitive” refers to the crucial role of intermediate...