Law and Gospel: What I learned about gender while excavating at Tell Qarqur (Part Four)

Law and gospel are, in a generic sense, aspects of everyone's life. The story of a Syrian teenager that unfolded while excavating at Tell Qarqur may illustrate. This is the last of four posts in a series. For the others, go here, here, and here.

People react to the set of expectations ambient culture imposes on them in contrasting ways. Many embrace the expectations ambient culture imposes. Culture is received as a form of common grace. But it's complicated. The environment often contains cultures in conflict. A global culture may be at odds with the mores of a subculture. In a society with a plural number of cultures superordinated and subordinated to one another in complex ways, members of the culture are subject to rival cultural claims on their lives.

A common term in the Hebrew Bible for cultural expectations is torah ‘instruction, teaching,’ as in the torah of God or the torah of one’s mother (Prov 1:8). The same word is used for the demandsorlaw of God and the demandsorlaw of a mother. But you wouldn't know it, because torah appears as ‘law’ in many translations if the torah is God’s, and as ‘instruction’ or ‘teaching’ if the torah is that of a parent.

The non-concordant translation tradition obscures the meaning. Thetorah of God and the torah of one’s parents are, semantically speaking, members of a single class. They are sets of expectations which complement one another:

תּוֹרַת יהוה תְּמִימָה מְשִׁיבַת נָפֶשׁ

עֵדוּת יהוה נֶאֱמָנָהמַחְכִּימַת פֶּתִי

The torah of the Lord is perfect, renewing life.The decrees of the Lord are enduring, making the simple wise. (Ps 19:8)

Thetorah of God and the torah of one’s parents are both, in biblical terms, means of salvation. In many ways, Greek nomos ‘convention, custom’ captures the sense of torah better than English ‘law’ or ‘teaching.’

None the less, conventions are at times a vehicle of oppression. The expectations a culture imposes on its members in the name of God or in the name of family sometimes threaten the lives of the ones who are supposed to benefit from the conventions.

This relates to an antithesis developed with insight and unilateralism by Paul and Luther. The terms of the antithesis: Law and Gospel. In this polarity, a set of expectations, referred to as Law, has become a cause of oppression. Release from the consequences of not living up to the Law becomes imperative. The gift of release is referred to as "good news," or Gospel.

Law and Gospel define each other. Without one, the other is impossible.

Now for the story.

The director of the Syrian Department of Antiquities who oversaw the excavations at Tell Qarqur arranged to have members of a family from his home village do the cooking for the archaeological équipe. The cooking crew consisted of a mother of 16 children who brought along a daughter aged 13 and an infant whose care she supervised but delegated to her 13 year old daughter, and a brother, unmarried, who was, I think, a homosexual. In Syrian society, there are not many options available to a homosexual. As far as I noticed, homosexuality is looked upon with pity more than disdain.

Most of my colleagues in the équipe were students from Brigham Young University. Mormons one and all, some of the women befriended the 13 year old with the graciousness women of all cultures show each other if given the chance. This, too, is an aspect of gender construction.

A crisis ensued.

Years before, the 13 year old had been promised to a much older man, a trader in camels with other wives to his name. He prepaid for the privilege. For a large family, the importance of the transaction from an economic standpoint is difficult to overestimate.

The 13 year old’s future husband got wind that she was cooking for a bunch of Americans. The man’s knowledge of American culture was limited to what he had seen in bootleg Dean Martin movie cassettes. He was incensed at the turn of events. He made his way to the village where we were ensconsed, stomped into camp headquarters, pistol drawn, and demanded the 13 year old at gunpoint.

The 13 year old caught sight of the mangy 40 year old demanding her, and saw, in the reflection of the man’s fury, the end of life as she knew it. She held her ground. She refused to go. The law put the man in his rights. Was there another law by which that law might be set aside? The situation was not easy to resolve.

We Americans of course sided with the defiant 13 year old. But we were also on edge. The director of antiquities was called in. The girl’s father was brought down from the village. The father met with his daughter one-on-one.

What do you think happened next?

He beat her black and blue. But she stood her ground.

Arrangements were made, with the équipe’s help, such that the bride-price was returned to her erstwhile rightful husband. I cannot forget the tearful joy of the defiant 13 year old.

Law and gospel. The former, sometimes, needs the latter.

Gender construction is a phrase that refers to the way in which something we call culture/religion channels biology and hormones, sets up boundaries, and shapes expectations. But gender construction is also the result of defiant personal choices that challenge the expectations of others as the need arises.

[1] Compare Prov 3:1; 4:2; 6:20, 23; 7:2; 31:26. ‘Son’ and not ‘child’ (NRSV) is the more precise translation. The conventions of the ancient genre of instruction followed in Prov 1:8-19 required that the speaker bear the persona of ‘father’ and the addressee the persona of ‘son.’ The contents of the passage are aimed at a teenager in danger of joining a violent gang. To be sure, 1:8 from the start would have been received by a larger set of potential addressees as if addressed to them. Daughters would have received Proverbs 1:8 as applicable to themselves, and adjusted the rest of the passage to their own situation. The translation of ‘son’ by ‘child’ in NRSV is a concession to the felt need for inclusive language in the faith and practice of the member denominations of the organization which commissioned the translation, the National Council of Churches USA.

I have so much respect for women of other cultures who are subjected to things like arranged marriage and being one of many wives, because of their culture. Things that I could never imagine myself being able to go along with, but it is their culture and tradition, they give that so much respect. I commend the young women in your story for standing up for herself and saying no, in a culture that from what I understand, must have been a very hard thing to do.

I would also like to add that I do not like that many people from other countries get their view on American’s from movies. The majority of American’s are not like those portrayed in movies and it stinks that people form opinions based on this.

This story is strikes me in a different way. It is so powerful and captivating. I find myself wanting to read more! I want to hear the young girl’s feelings and what she has to say. I know if I were in a similar situation, I would be a mess of myself. I would want to please everyone, whether it was the right or the wrong thing to do at the time. Instead she stuck up for herself in this situation, what a brave thing to do. It is sad to me that she has to take the abuse and suffer and not live how she wants to. Having a 40 year old husband must be quite the experience. One I would not be so eager to take on.

Continuing on with the post from Praying with Lior 2, people are quick to judge in general. We can't be the pot calling the kettle black. Everyone needs to be more accepting of others. With religion, their opinions, really anything and everything.

This story is one that I think all people could appreciate. The courage that 13 year old girl showed is amazing. I don’t know that there are many men who would stand up to someone who has a gun pointed at them let alone a 13 year old girl. Then she takes a brutal beating but still stands her ground. Its funny that this post is about following your mother and father’s torah, but this girl goes against what her mother and father are telling her to do. I think this is a great example of how as we grow up we need to make our own decisions as to what we belief and what we think is important in life. This girl saw it important that she not be forced to spend her life with some 40 year old man and she stood up for that belief.

I agree with the above comments, this story is very powerful and again shows how different two cultures can be. It just shows how much the role of gender can influence a country and how it can affect an innocent person's life. This 13 year old girl showed an enormous amount of courage that I think everyone should respect. She was expected to obey her father and be forced into a life she didn't want, no questions asked. For her to stand up for herself and demand for her "rights" so to speak is very inspirational. In this country, there isn't a lot of those types of extreme discriminations of gender of course, but it does show that everyone really needs to stop and think before they judge. Respect is a very important thing to have in this world, and it seems to be lacking.

Believing is KnowingComments on things like prophecy, predestination, and reward and punishment from an orthodox Jewish perspective, by David Guttmann

Ben Byerly's Blogthoughts on the Bible, Africa, Kenya, aid, and social justice, by Ben Byerly, a PhD candidate at Africa International University (AIU), in Nairobi, Kenya working on “The Hopes of Israel and the Ends of Acts” (Luke’s narrative defense of Paul to Diaspora Judeans in Acts 16-20)

C. OrthodoxyChristian, Contemporary, Conscientious… or Just Confused, by Ken Brown, a very thoughtful blog (archive). Ken is currently a Dr. Theol. student at Georg-August-Universität in Göttingen, part of The Sofja-Kovalevskaja Research Group studying early Jewish Monotheism. His dissertation will focus on the presentation of God in Job.

Catholic Biblesa thoughtful blog about Bible translations by Timothy, who has a degree in sacred theology from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas in Rome (Angelicum) and teaches theology in a Catholic high school in Michigan

Chrisendomirreverent blog with a focus on the New Testament, by Chris Tilling, New Testament Tutor for St Mellitus College and St Paul's Theological Centre, London

Claude Mariottinia perspective on the Old Testament and current events by a professor of Old Testament at Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, Chicagoland, Illinois

Codex: Biblical Studies Blogspotby Tyler Williams, a scholar of the Hebrew Bible and cognate literature, now Assistant Professor of Theology at The King's University College in Edmonton, Alberta (archive)

Colours of Scripturereflections on theology, philosophy, and literature, by Benjamin Smith, afflicted with scriptural synaesthesia, and located in London, England

ComplegalitarianA team blog that discusses right ways and wrong ways Scripture might help in the social construction of gender (old archive only; more recent archive, unfortunately, no longer publicly available)

Connected Christianitya place to explore what it might be like if Christians finally got the head, heart, and hands of their faith re-connected (archive)

Conversational TheologySmart and delightful comment by Ros Clarke, a Ph.D. student at the University of the Highlands and Islands, at the (virtual) Highland Theological College (archive)

Daily HebrewFor students of biblical Hebrew and the ancient Near East, by Chip Hardy, a doctoral student at the University of Chicago

Daniel O. McClellana fine blog by the same, who is pursuing a master of arts degree in biblical studies at Trinity Western University just outside of Vancouver, BC.

Davar AkherLooking for alternative explanations: comments on things Jewish and beyond, by Simon Holloway, a PhD student in Classical Hebrew and Biblical Studies at The University of Sydney, Australia

Evedyahuexcellent comment by Cristian Rata, Lecturer in Old Testament of Torch Trinity Graduate School of Theology, Seoul, Korea

Exegetica Digitadiscussion of Logos high-end syntax and discourse tools – running searches, providing the downloads (search files) and talking about what can be done and why it might matter for exegesis, by Mike Heiser

Law, Prophets, and Writingsthoughtful blogging by William R. (Rusty) Osborne, Assistant Professor of Biblical and Theological Studies as College of the Ozarks and managing editor for Journal for the Evangelical Study of the Old Testament

Lingamishdelightful fare by David Ker, Bible translator, who also lingalilngas.

old testament passionGreat stuff from Anthony Loke, a Methodist pastor and Old Testament lecturer in the Seminari Theoloji, Malaysia

Old Testament Pseudepigrapha BlogA weblog created for a course on the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, by James Davila (archive)

On the Main LineMississippi Fred MacDowell's musings on Hebraica and Judaica. With a name like that you can't go wrong.

p.ost an evangelical theology for the age to comeseeking to retell the biblical story in the difficult transition from the centre to the margins following the collapse of Western Christendom, by Andrew Perriman, independent New Testament scholar, currently located in Dubai

PaleoJudaicaby James Davila, professor of Early Jewish Studies at the University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland. Judaism and the Bible in the news; tidbits about ancient Judaism and its context

Serving the Wordincisive comment on the Hebrew Bible and related ancient matters, with special attention to problems of philology and linguistic anthropology, by Seth L. Sanders, Assistant Professor in the Religion Department of Trinity College, Hartford, CT

Targumanon biblical and rabbinic literature, Christian theology, gadgetry, photography, and the odd comic, by Christian Brady, associate professor of ancient Hebrew and Jewish literature and dean of the Schreyer Honors College at Penn State

The Biblia Hebraica Bloga blog about Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, the history of the Ancient Near East and the classical world, Syro-Palestinian archaeology, early Judaism, early Christianity, New Testament interpretation, English Bible translations, biblical theology, religion and culture, philosophy, science fiction, and anything else relevant to the study of the Bible, by Douglas Magnum, PhD candidate, University of the Free State, South Africa

Technorati

Terms

Ancient Hebrew Poetry is a weblog of John F. Hobbins. Opinions expressed herein do not reflect those of his
professional affiliations. Unless otherwise indicated, the contents
of Ancient Hebrew Poetry, including all text, images, and other
media, are original and licensed under a Creative
Commons License.