Cognat, Segolene and Jean-Michel Roux. 2002. Legislation, Regulation and Urban Form in France: From the Ancien Regime to the Present. Working Paper series, no. 87, International Seminar on Urban Form. Birmingham, UK: The University of Central England.

Davis, Howard. 1999. The Culture of Building. New York: Oxford University Press.

Evenson, Norma. 1979. Paris: A Century of Change, 1878-1978. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Hubbard, T.K. and H.V. Hubbard. 1929. Our Cities, Today and Tomorrow: A Study of Planning and Zoning Progress in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Kistemaker, R.E. 2000. The public and the private: Public space in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam. In Arthur K. Wheelock and Adele R. Seeff, Eds., The Public and Private in Dutch Culture of the Golden Age, University of Delaware Press. Pp. 17-23. Translation by Wendy Shattes.

Konvitz, Josef. 1978. Cities and the Sea: Port City Planning in Early Modern Europe. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Kostof, Spiro. 1991. The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History. Bulfinch Press.

The Zahringer Foundations, 1122 (Referenced in Morris, The History of Urban Form); included regulations on market thoroughfares (15-100 ft wide, running the length of town gates); orthogonal geometry (grid-iron) with harmonic proportions (2:3 and 3:5); public buildings separate from main street; fortress at corners, side wall

Richelieu, Indre-et-Loir (1631), by Cardinal Richelieu and architect Jaques Lamercier…walled, grid, ornamental moat, in order to settle quickly there were no taxes but a requirement that plots would be developed in 2 yrs using the cardinal’s architects following “specific rules” (what were they?)

Paris Regulations of 1600s—series of ordinances to prevent city from growing beyond walls, king granted “right of compulsory acquisition of property without compensation”
The Place des Vosges, Plan of Paris (1940) Referenced in: Girourd, Cities and People, pg. 225

From Panerai et al, Urban Forms The Death and Life of the Urban Block:

(pg. 53) municipal interventions—land grants to build plans by the municipal architect, acquisition of land to halt speculation and control property market, 99 year leases

(pg. 60) Woningwet, Law on Housing, 1901—established development plans, taking of land for redevelopment and social housing, building through social housing association

From Morris, History of Urban Form:

Dordrecht 1271—government can acquire land for new moat, owners paid “fair amount”

Leiden 1386—compulsory acquisition of lands for fortification, with compensation

Alkmaar 1558—compulsory for construction of new market square, compensation paid by the landowners that would reap the benefits of the improvements

Amsterdam, port city planning:

From Girourd, Cities and People, pg. 161:

1615: canal district lots created for “beautiful houses for rentiers and other rich people,” industrial uses and shops forbidden, plots 30 ft wide (10 ft wider than customary), speculators would buy two adjacent plots and develop them as three 20 ft lots and middle class ended up populating

1660 extension canal district the opposite happens, speculators buy three 20 ft plots and develop them as two 30 ft plots (why?), warehouses not forbidden

From Josef Konvitz, Cities and the Sea: Port-city Planning in Early Modern Europe:

Simon Stevin, author of Het Burger Leven (The Civic Life, 1590) and De Stercktenbouwing (The Art of Fortification, 1594)