​I​f you own a dog, don’t think he’s your only pet. Your dog comes with trillions of little friends … and if you neglect to treat his friends as well as you treat your dog, his health will suffer.Your dog is made up of trillions of little cells. These cells from your dog’s bones, organs and skin and their function are controlled by your dog’s genes. But there are other residents in your dog … tiny little microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses. The bacteria in your dog outnumber his cells 10 to 1 and their genes outnumber your dog’s genes by more than 100 times. Collectively, these little communities of microbes are called the microbiome.What Is The Microbiome?Inside (and outside) your dog are complex colonies of bacteria (and other microorganisms). They live in your dog’s ears, on his skin, in his mouth and in his respiratory tract … but the vast majority of these bacteria (or microbes) live in your dog’s digestive system. These bacteria find other bacteria that can support and benefit them and they form colonies to increase their chance of growth and survival. And these little colonies support and benefit your dog as well. In fact, the microbiome is so important to your dog’s health that it’s called the “forgotten organ”. The microbiome helps your dog with a number of important functions. Let’s look at the five main ways the microbiome supports and protects your dog: microbiome for dogs1 – Protection Against PathogensThe microbes in your dog’s microbiome can protect your dog from viruses (like parvovirus or distemper), fungi (like yeast), harmful bacteria (like E. coli or salmonella) and other pathogens (leptospirosis or Lyme). The friendly bacteria secrete chemicals that can kill off the harmful bacteria.And if the friendly colonies of bacteria outnumber the pathogenic bacterial colonies, they will compete for their nutrients and attachment sites and will effectively starve them out.2 – Forms A Protective BarrierThe microbiome can form a barrier against drugs, toxins, carcinogens, allergens and carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). The little microbes can bind to them so they can’t enter the body and the toxins will just be passed from the body through the feces.3 – Feeds Your DogThe microbes in your dog’s microbiome aren’t parasites … they’re not like worms that steal nutrients from your dog, In fact, the opposite is true!The friendly bacteria in your dog’s gut microbiome produce special proteins called enzymes that help your dog digest and use his food. If those friendly bacteria aren’t around, your dog won’t get the nutrition he needs from his meals. Once digested, the bacteria help transport the nutrients across the intestinal wall and into your dog’s bloodstream, where they are used to build his body, support his cells and give him energy.The microbiome produces vitamins for your dog … especially thiamin and the B vitamins. In fact, vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is only made by bacteria in the digestive tract and it plays an important role in immune function. If your dog is vitamin deficient, the cause could be his gut and not his diet.The little microbes in the microbiome also produce short chain fatty acids by fermenting fiber in your dog’s colon. These critical fats help your dog absorb important minerals, including calcium, magnesium and iron.4 – Affects Your Dog’s MoodDoes your dog think with his stomach? That’s a good thing!The gut-brain axis is a communication system between your dog’s microbiome and his brain. As crazy as it sounds, the little bugs that live in your dog talk with your dog’s brain through nerves and hormones. The brain can signal the microbiome and demand more food or even control the immune system (see the next point). Scientists are just starting to look at this relationship, but it’s clear that the gut-brain axis exists.Scientists have found differences in the types of gut bacteria in animals exposed to various types of stress, such as premature maternal separation, social stress and prolonged restraint. In humans, there are also differences in the gut bacteria in people who suffer from depression compared to those who don’t.5 – A Critical Part Of The Immune SystemBy far the most important job of the microbiome is to support the immune system. Your dog’s intestinal tract is lined with a mucous membrane. In this membrane is something called the GALT or gut-associated lymphoid tissue).The GALT works very closely with the microbiome to form up to 90% of your dog’s immune system. The GALT contains special immune cells, such as lymphocytes, T and B cells, which are the main workers in the immune system. The GALT is so critical that it’s the largest organ in your dog’s immune system.So your dog’s microbiome plays a key role not just in his nutrition, but in his health and happiness.Research on the microbiome is still in its infancy, but as we’re learning more about this delicate organ, we’re finding that many of the foods we feed our dogs, the meds we give them and the environment they live in is harming those beneficial little bugs.Dysbiosis And Its CausesIf the delicate colonies of friendly microbes are compromised, they’ll no longer be able to protect your dog. The barrier to toxins and allergens is weakened, the vitamins suppled by the microbiome will be depleted, as will the short chain fatty acids … and his immune system will be compromised.And once the friendly colonies start to decline, the harmful, pathogenic bacteria that also live in your dog’s gut will start to steal their nutrients and resources … and then the balance of bacteria shifts, allowing the harmful bacteria to build large colonies and crowd out the good bacteria. This process is called dysbiosis. Dysbiosis is now thought to be the primary cause of many diseases and nutritional deficiencies. A 2007 study in cats with inflammatory bowel disease found that healthy cats had a much higher bacteria count in their gut. And a 2014 article in Cell found that people living in high-income countries have microbiomes that are less diverse and less resilient than those from third world countries. This is significant because there are very clear differences in these two populations (and these same differences can be found in dogs in high-income countries too).Dysbiosis in dogsParasitesWe detest parasites and give our dogs drugs to rid them of intestinal worms. Not only do these drugs damage the microbiome, intestinal worms actually communicate with the microbiome. Some studies even show that worms can rebalance the microbiome. As we learn more about our dog’s little friends, it seems that worms can also be his friends.Processed FoodsJust like humans, dogs living in high income countries enjoy ready-made, processed foods. And most processed foods are high in starch. Sugar and refined starches are quickly absorbed in the digestive tract, before the microbes living there can digest them. That means they need to find an alternate source of food and they can start munching on the cells that line your dog’s intestines. When this happens, your dog can develop leaky gut, which causes chronic inflammation in your dog. This often shows up as allergy symptoms, yeast, joint pain and other ailments.Processed foods are also sterile. The bacteria have been heated and processed out of them. The microbes living in your dog’s gut die off and need to be replaced in his diet. If his food is deficient in bacteria, your dog’s microbiome will begin to become less populated … the colonies will start to die off without any new immigrants.Genetically Modified FoodsDoes your dog’s food contain soy, corn, beets, alfalfa or other genetically modified foods? The glyphosate that’s sprayed on these foods works by disabling something called the Shikamate pathway in pests. This pathway is how they convert food to fuel so glyphosate starves them by shutting off this pathway.Scientists claim glyphosate is safe for humans and other animals like your dog because we don’t have the Shikamate pathway … we use different pathways to metabolize our foods. The problem is, the microbes in the microbiome DO have a Shikimate pathway. So glyphosate will destroy your dog’s microbiome as fast as anything. Except …AntibioticsAntibiotics are like carpet bombers … they destroy every little microbe within range and can essentially wipe out your dog’s entire microbiome. Not only will the pathogenic bacteria be destroyed, but all the friendly bugs that build your dog’s vitamins and construct his immune system will be destroyed too. Drugs and vaccines can also have the same impact.There are many other ways to harm the microbiome, including:Artificial flavorsPreservativesPasteurizationFlea and tick medsVaccinesDrugsStressDo any of these sound familiar? This is why dysbiosis is probably the largest epidemic in dogs today. But what health problems can dysbiosis create?Leaky Gut SyndromeThe wall of your dog’s intestines are lined with a mucous membrane. This membrane is maintained by the microbes living in the gut. The walls of the small intestines are very thin. The small intestine is where nearly all food is digested and those thin walls contain a line of cells with tiny little spaces between them that allow only small, digested proteins and food particles to pass through. Think about the job of the immune system: its primary role is to look for and destroy foreign invaders in the body. And if your dog eats chicken for dinner and that chicken isn’t properly digested before crossing the wall of the small intestine and entering the body, the immune system will literally think it’s being attacked by killer chickens and will seek out those proteins and destroy them. So food must be digested before it crosses the intestinal wall or it will set off inflammation and an immune response.Leaky gut syndrome in dogsIf the microbe population is disrupted, the intestinal wall will be affected in three important ways:The mucous lining shrinks. The mucous membrane protects your dog’s gut lining from abrasions from his meals. If the mucous layer thins, then the intestinal cells beneath them will be scratched and irritated – and eventually inflamed. This is a problem because …Inflammation of the intestinal lining will cause the tight junctions between the intestinal cells to open up.The intestinal cells either die off or become damaged and can no longer do their job of screening out harmful substances that shouldn’t cross the intestinal walls. This allows these harmful substances (like bacteria, viruses, fungi, undigested food and allergens) to enter the bloodstream.Once this happens, you’ll start to see signs of chronic inflammation in your dog. His immune system will be kicked into overdrive, trying to deal with the influx of unwanted, potentially harmful substances entering the body. Every time your dog eats, this cascade of immune hypersensitivity will follow and the cells in his body will start to be chronically inflamed. Then you’ll start to see the symptoms of leaky gut, which include:Food allergies and sensitivities (resulting in itching, scratching, hot spots and skin irritations)Yeast infections (dysbiosis will allow yeast in the microbiome to grow out of control and leaky gut will allow the yeast to enter the body and cause skin issues like infected ears and yeasty feet)Inflammatory bowel disease, diarrhea, constipationAutoimmune issues (such as cancer and allergies)Joint conditions and painThyroid diseaseLiver dysfunctionPancreatic insufficiencyDiabetesMood disordersWeight gainLow energy and slow metabolismYou may think “my dog has allergies” or “my dog has joint pain.” Have you ever thought your dog just has dysbiosis? Because I hope you’re starting to see that most dogs do!The good news is we can repair some of this damage with better nutrition. Here’s how …5 Ways To Reverse DysbiosisFortunately, you can help restore a healthy balance in your dog’s microbiome … and you can do this mainly with some simple changes in diet. Here are the three main dietary changes you should make:1 – Avoid Pesticides, Drugs And Toxins (Especially Antibiotics)Any of these chemicals will damage the delicate ecosystem living in your dog’s gut. Look for natural alternatives whenever possible because drugs and chemicals will damage the microbiome and cause more illness and disease in the long run.2 – Feed Fresh, Whole FoodsFeeding real, whole foods is key! Fresh foods come complete with all their own microbiomes and they’ll help to repopulate your dog’s own colonies. On the other hand, processed foods aren’t allowed to carry any bacteria at all … the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has a zero tolerance against bacteria. This means all bacteria in food (good and bad) must be destroyed before it can be sold. And this includes raw foods too … many raw foods undergo a process called HPP (high pressure pasteurization). This process exerts tons of pressure on the food and this pressure destroys any bacteria in the raw food (good and bad).Feed your dog fresh, raw foods and this will make sure there’s enough bacteria in his diet to keep his microbiome healthy and happy.3 – ProbioticsProbiotics are literally healthy (pro) bacteria (biotics). Probiotics can help your dog restore his microbiome (and they’re a necessity if your dog ever needs probiotics or drugs). There are two ways to get friendly bacteria into your dog: with probiotic products or with probiotic-rich foods. If you’re looking for a probiotic product, not all of them are made the same. Here are some tips for choosing a good quality probiotic: Look for a product that carries more than just a few strains of bacteria. If you look on the label, you’ll see a good mixture of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria … these are the most important strains and you’ll see them displayed as B. And L (for example, B. lactis or L. acidophilus).Probiotics are measured in CFUs (colony forming units). This number should be displayed on the bottle and you’ll want to look for a minimum of 10 billion CFUs. Not all of the bacteria will survive the highly acidic stomach in your dog, so the higher the CFUs, the more likely the product is to help your dog.Look for probiotics that aren’t made from dairy or other sources that can create allergy symptoms in your dog.Dosage: If you buy a product made for dogs, follow the dosing directions on the container. You can also buy a human probiotic supplement. If you do, assume the directions are for a 150 pound human and adjust the dose to your dog’s weight.4 – Probiotic-Rich FoodsFermented foods like kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut or fermented vegetables are all rich in probiotics. You can feed your dog about a teaspoon per 15 pounds of body weight. Start with small amounts and work your way up.5 – PrebioticsAdding a prebiotic will make your probiotics more effective. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that feed the probiotics in the gut. You can buy prebiotic supplements like inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides. As with all human supplements, assume the dose is for a 150 lb person and adjust for your dog’s weight. You can also use whole food sources of prebiotics. A couple of good ones for dogs are:Raw dandelion greens: sprinkle on food 1 teaspoon of dried greens per 20 lbs of body weight per day.Garlic: feed 1 teaspoon of chopped raw garlic per 30 lbs of your dog’s weight per day. (Garlic holds many benefits for dogs. To find out more visit our article here.)I know you take great care of your dog or you wouldn’t have made it this far into the article! And I hope you see it’s not only important to pick the best foods and care for your dog … you also need to be a caregiver to a few trillion of your dog’s best friends too.

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Pomeranians have been my passion since the age of 12. Their beauty and elegance captivated me and through the years I've become somewhat of an expert in their care, genetics, and in their exhibition. Over 40 years of experience go into each post and idea expressed on Posh blog. Please enjoy yourself and be prepared to learn much about this wonderful little entertainer called the Pomeranian!