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Phone details: Moto G dual sim, India. Not rooted, not unlocked the bootloader. Plain stock phone.
How it happened: I decided to move some photos from my phone to my PC. At first I was able to see all the folders. But then when I tried to move one from the phone to the PC, Windows 7 gave me the message that the device had stopped responding. I checked my phone. It was all fine. I reconnected the phone and there - everything was gone from the storage. Statistics still show that the files exist.
http://imgur.com/LmaOzHs
I'm trying to import my photos, but there are no photos imported via Windows. I also have very important documents on the device. Moto helpline is down. I need my files back. How.

On your device, can you still see the photos using an explorer app, like Androxplorer?

My guess is that your photos are fine on the device, but that you can't see them on Windows. I believe that Windows uses the Media Provider to get the photos, so it might be that that index is corrupted or out of date.

Try swapping from MTP to Camera or vice versa, to see if that makes a difference.