Miller - Digit Span Technique. Found people remember 5-9 items. RPs had to recall digits they were shown briefly

Peterson and Peterson - Trigrams. Showed RPs trigrams to remember and then gave them a distracting task to prevent rehearsal. Most forgotten after 18 seconds

Baddely - Showed RPs lists of words to memorise, some sounded similar and some different. RPs struggled to remember words that sounded similar - suggests info is encoded acoustically

Long Term Memory

Can store information for many years

Duration: Up to a lifetime

Does not rely on rehearsal like STM

Encoding: Semantic

Capacity: Appears to be unlimited

Difficult to prove

Research

Bahrick - Showed adults an old school photo. Found that people could correctly identify classmates 48 years later 70% of the time. Shows LTM has a long duration

Baddely - Showed RPs lists of words to memorise, some had similar meanings and some had different meanings. RPs struggled to remember words that had similar meanings - suggests info is encoded semantically

Types of LTM

Episodic - Experiences

Procedural - Skills

Semantic - Knowledge

Evidence

HM - shows that procedural memory is a separate store. HM's hippocampuswas removed from his brain to help with epilepsy. He could no longer form new episodic or semantic memories, but could form new procedural ones - learnt how to mirror-draw

Vicari - reported the case of an 8 year old girl with brain damage due to removal of a tumour. She could not form new episodic memories, but she could recall and form new semantic memories - suggests that they are separate stores.