The paper presents the author's view on digital photography of
caves, based on experience gathered in the last five years.
It begins with an outline of pre-digital, traditional cave photography as practiced
from the 1960's till the end of 1990's. A description of digital photography,
1999-2004, comes next, followed by chapters on technical topics such as resolution,
colour temperature, illumination and equipment. Presentation of pictures,
especially on the Internet, and genre photography in caves are discussed
at the end of the paper. The text is illustrated with 31 pictures, taken in the
caves of Slovenia, southern Adriatic, northern Africa and southern
Pacific.

Slovenia is a small European country, situated at the
northeastern rim of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Italy, Austria,
Hungary and Croatia. There are some 2 million inhabitants across 21,000
square kilometers (8,000 square miles); 44 % is covered by karst area
with over 8,000 caves and potholes. The plain, stretching from northeast of
Triest, on the coast, to the Vremščica Mountain, is the original site
of karst research, beginning with the discovery of inner parts of
Postojnska jama cave in 1818. Cave photography followed at
fin-de-siecle and, since then, good cave pictures and good cave
photographers have not been in short supply. Some of the great
photographers, Bogumil Brinšek (pre-WWI), Franci Bar (mid-1900's) and
Tomaž Planina (late 1900's), have all been members of the Ljubljana
speleo group (www.speleo.net), which also happens to be my home team.
This paper offers a personal (my underground nickname is Klok)
case study in the field of cave
photography - the brands and names of cameras, flashguns etc. are given
without any advertising intentions and some other photographic equipment would of course
serve the purpose well. A very similar text in Slovenian
has been published in Glas podzemlja magazine, april 2004,
pp. 27 - 52 (ISSN 1581-8942, http://www.speleo.net/dzrjl). This
paper, with screen-size pictures in colour and live links, is also available
on the world wide web, at the URL
http://www.jamarska-zveza.si/izobrazevanje/nj_2004/pj.
I would like to express my gratitude to the members
of Ljubljana speleo club (Društvo za raziskovanje jam Ljubljana)
and to all the others (Andreja, Barbara, Bojana, Jana, Lucija, Marjeta and
Marania have shown particularly great courage), who have helped
at the scene of the pictures and contributed to the experience
described in the paper. A short explanation for non-native readers:
jama in Slovenian stands for cave, brezno is a
shaft or pit and Laze is a name for 23 villages
in Slovenia; the most famous Laze in caving context, often mentioned
here, is situated in Inner Carniola, at the northeastern rim of Planinsko
polje, halfway between Vienna and Florence. It is a caver's Eldorado as there
are 150 caves within half an hour walking distance from the village.
It takes time for people to learn to utilize new technologies
and to incorporate them into their work. One might expect this paper to have
a different title, such as Digital cave photography. However
things have changed in the past 5 years to such an extent that the
topic deserves to be named properly. For quite some time in many web
publications, especially American ones, the term photography
now refers to digital photography, while the
standard, film-based photography is termed as traditional photography.
Consider for one moment the impact of the digital camera on the field
of cave photography. The leap forward from film to digital images in
cave photography is as big as the leap from typewriter to computer. It
is always a pleasure to go up, and a great pain to go down (usually as a
last resort when all else fails).
On the other hand digital photography, frankly speaking,
is not exactly the honeymoon. The quality of digital images rivals
good film photographs, but there is still a considerable way to go.
There are a few magazines that still do not publish digital photograhs due
to inadequate reproduction quality. And the magic of monochrome prints
will never go away from those who have ever tasted it.
Many of us also feel very
uncomfortable in the role of riders on the consumer merry-go-round,
long experienced in the field of computers. One awaits
a new technological pet with great joy and excitement, pays for it
dearly, falls in love with it and yet, after very few years, it either
breaks down beyond repair or has to be sold off for pennies or thrown
into garbage as it is obsolete and its use does not make sense any more.
A car can last for ten years or more and traditional, film-based
cameras used to provide even longer good service.

Russian Lubitel, twin-lens reflex camera, kept me company
from mid-sixties, when I started my cavegoing career at 17 (photography at
8 with a Polish 6 x 6 folding camera Druh) till the end of seventies of the
past century and has kept an honorary post on the shelf of the living room
till this day. It had a modest lens,
Tomaž Planina shamelessly compared it to "the bottom of a beer bottle",
and it was inexpensive, the cost was about 50 euros, but still
this camera was a very decent tool when in the right hands.

Lubitel

It was the camera for the pictures of my second photo
exhibition, Excursion pictures (Slike z izletov) which
took place in Ljubljana at Emonska vrata gallery in October 1979 (19 50
x 60 cm sepia enlargements, mounted on wood).
With the aperture stopped down to f 11 or f 16, the camera produced
6 x 6 cm negatives of acceptable quality even when enlarged to 50 x 60 cm (20 x
24 inches).

In the cave, such closed aperture required a bit more flashpowder, and a
two-metre flame coming from the incineration of 50 grams of powder
made much softer shadows than any electronic flash will ever produce.
There were drawbacks of course, repeating the shots was not a very
practical option - the dense cloud of smoky fog, which lifted after the
firing could easily turn finding exit from the hall into a mission
impossible. On the other hand this pyrotechnics had a special charm of
its own: the tense moment after the firing when the fire slowly crawled to the
flashpowder, the burst of the blinding flame, the mushroom-shaped cloud, like that of
an A-bomb, but was not without danger and risk. The skin on the wrist of
the author's right arm is, after many years, still more fragile, sensitive
and lighter in colour, a consequence of second-degree burns acquired after
an accident during the preparation of half-a-kilo of flashpowder in the
garden; the flame reached to the roof of a 2-story house.

Fujica

After Lubitel, in 1976, a second camera followed, single-lens
reflex Leica format (24 x 36 mm) Fujica ST 605. It was the first such
camera offering both a fast silicon-based through-the-lens exposure meter at an
accessible price (500 DEM, what would translate to 250 euros).
Even today the camera has no real flaw, save that it is not digital.
It never broke down. The only trouble worth mentioning happened after
ten years of service. The shutter release got stuck in the middle of an
important assignment: documenting the wedding of an acquaintance's
daughter in Laze. It would not go down any more by
any force. A moment of panic followed until the bride's
father, well versed in agricultural technology, gave some prompt
advice: a drop of tractor oil
and the wedding could continue to the satisfaction of everyone involved.
The following day, while examining the camera's documentation,
I found that the instructions for use actually included a sentence
stating that the camera shutter release has to be oiled every 10 years.
In cave photography, flashpowder has been replaced by the much more
convenient electronic flash but the real joy was still missing.
If the scene was illuminated from
the camera using the automatic setting on the big flash (Metz Mecablitz 45),
surely the object in the frame would be clearly visible
in the picture, provided of course that the distance was within limits
of some 5 - 7 metres.

Illumination from the side or even shooting against the light was
more of a problem. In the cave everything seemed perfect,
we all were very impressed and enthusiastic. However, the results, obtained
a couple of days later, were not quite as expected. There was hardly any
image taken in a cave that you could be 100 % sure it will be OK. Because of the better
tonal range, with details in the shadows as well as in the highlights,
because of better rendering of the skin tones, especially on portraits
but also because of much easier way to photographs on paper I used
colour negative film, not slides. All the colleagues were of course
shooting slide film; they were of more practical (some evil soul
would say "scottish") nature. Such films had prepaid processing, they
had to be sent by post to some authorized developing centre abroad, and it
took several weeks to get the slides back. The concept of digital photography
had not been thought up yet, and the best technology to dream of, at that time, was the
Minolta flashmeter (Flashmeter IV), used by NASA astronauts on the moon, which
costed an unreasonable sum of over 1.000 US dollars.
In short, good cave photography is also possible
with traditional film-based technology, only the road is longer and more
difficult. Two good shots per excursion can be considered a good outcome, three or
more an outstanding achievement.

It is much older than one would think.
The first digital camera,
Mavica
by Sony (acronym from MAgnetic VIdeo CAmera), built in 1981, was
actually a TV camera which stored 490 x 570 pixel images
(280.000 pixels, CCD sensor 10 x 12 mm) on two-inch floppy disks. It
was already a SLR (single lens reflex) with three exchangeable lenses
(25mm f/2, 50mm f/1.4 and a 16-65mm f/1.4 zoom) and a single shutter
speed setting: 1/60 sec. It was powered by 3 AA cell batteries and the pictures
could be watched on a TV screen. Mavica and the other digital cameras that
followed were not intended for the consumer market, but for professional use.
Development slowly decreased the size of cameras and augmented their
capabilities and at the end of the nineties the first digital cameras for amateurs
appeared on the market.
They were more of a point-and-shoot class and the supporting
infrastructure, laboratories that would print digital photographs on
photo-quality paper, did not really exist outside United States.

Coolpix 950

The next milestone has been the introduction of the
Coolpix
950 camera by Nikon in the spring of 1999.
It was not a SLR, following the current
terminology it would be described as a compact camera, but it had the
resolution of 1,200 x 1,600 pixels (2 mil., sensor size 4.8 x 6.4 mm)
for excellent 4 x 5 inch prints and decent 8 x 10 inch
(A4) sized enlargements, zoom lens 7 - 21 mm, which translates into 38 - 115 mm at
the Leica format ("sensor" size 24 x 36 mm). Aperture (f 2.8 wide open)
and shutter speed could not be set manually; one had to live with the
automatic selection, which, in the darkness of a cave, opened the shutter for
the maximal 8 seconds. Two other prerequisites crucial to cave
photography, the manual distance setting and a connector for external flash
(Nikon only), were present. Manual distance could be selected from 10
values, the longer 3 being 3 m, 7 m and infinity. The designers of the
camera however, made a very unwise decision to turn the flash off at the manual distance
setting of infinity - they probably thought that it makes no sense to
shoot over 7 meters with the weak built-in flash. Despite all the described
flaws, the good points, including the price at an acceptable range around
1.000 US dollars (which translated into 2.000 in Slovenia at
the time), tipped the scales into camera's favour.
Besides the two main benefits of digital photography, an instantly
visible, good approximation of the picture taken on camera's display with
ca. 100.000 pixels (on Nikon CP 950 it has a 2-inch diagonal) and the
possibility to immediately delete an unwanted shot from the memory
medium, the technology has some other advantages. The media, postage stamp
sized and up to 2 mm thick cards, is reusable several hundred times; the
pictures are easily transferred to a computer and from there onto CD
ROM (it holds from 250 to 500 photographs, 6 or 5 million pixels
each); media cards are growing larger in capacity every year,
with 3 or 4 such cards, at a total
cost of less than half the camera's price - it is possible to cover the
needs of a month long photo expedition. Another very pleasant bonus of
digital photography is also a complete lack of garbage in the picture.
In traditional photography, even with utmost care, there is always
some small hair or fiber on the negative, a tiny particle of dust and
scratches, introduced while making enlargements.
It all shows on paper or in projected images and spoils the fun
considerably.
So Nikon Coolpix 950 proved itself as a good camera. From July 1999 until
November 2001 the author took over 4500 pictures, mostly in non-cave
environments, but also in some cave experiments. A successful
example is a boating shot from Najdena jama, also used for the title
page of the Ljubljana speleo group's web site,

Figure 3: On the water barrier before Lijak in Najdena jama cave: Jozl, član Giovanni and Manč on
the way back, veteran's excursion (it takes place the last Saturday in May, every
year); Nikon CP 950, f 2.8, 1/60 sec., ISO 100, auto white balance; illuminated by
Nikon SB 28 flash from front and Metz Mecablitz 45 from the left; May 2000

http://www.speleo.net (without
text it can probably still be found at the URL
http://fflj.ff.uni-lj.si/~jakopin/slike/slike/pj01516b.jpg).
In November 2001, the destiny, which often helps put things in order, stepped in -
the length of my both employments (full time, part time) has been switched and
the camera had to be returned to a colleague for further, more academic use.
The purchase of my own digital camera was inevitable.

At that time the true successor to CP 950, Nikon
Coolpix
5000, had been introduced. Geared towards a more professional use, the camera
had much better cave photography features.
The resolution was up to
1,920 x 2,560 pixels (5 mil. in all, sensor size 6,6 x 8,8 mm), which translates
into acceptable enlargements till approx. 60 x 80 cm (24 x 32 inches),
zoom lens 7 - 21 mm, i. e. an equivalent of 28 - 85 mm in Leica format.
No accessible digital camera at that time went so far on the wide angle
side, a point particularly important in cave photography; in a gallery it is
possible to go back only to the wall and no further, and for capturing the entire hall
in one frame such wide angle is a real blessing.
Instead of a dedicated Nikon flash outlet, the CP 5000 had a full hot-shoe
connector; a true necessity since it was difficult to use the built-in
flash whose effect was often unpredictable and inadequate even at
shorter distances.
It was possible to manually set all the basic parameters: distance (from 2
cm to 10 m and infinity), aperture (again 2.8 fully open) and shutter speed - it improved
from 8 seconds to B (bulb), maximally 5 minutes. Still missing was the very
useful shutter speed setting T (time) from the old traditional cameras,
i. e. to open the shutter by pressing the shutter release once and to
close it after the exposure has been completed, with the second click on the
shutter release button. As it is not possible to hold the finger on the
shutter release button for 5 minutes without shaking the camera some
solution had to be found. Since the remote control by Nikon is
inconvenient and less suitable for cave environment, a friend from Laze,
Jože, a specialist in wood and metal, curved a galvanized
iron plate (240 x 8 x 0.6 mm), otherwise part of a window fitting. He
drilled a hole at one end, where the camera tripod mount would be
located and another one on the other end of the plate, curved to fit just above the
shutter release button. Jože fitted this hole with a large metal knob and a screw.
Turning the knob moved the screw downwards and it pressed the shutter
release button (shutter speed set to B). Turning the knob in the other
direction, after all the flashes have been fired as many times as
necessary, released the button and closed the shutter. So it again
became possible to take cave photographs in a very similar way as in
past 100 or so years, the only difference being the distance setting.
It was not possible to sharpen the lens looking through the viewfinder.
The distance had to be estimated and the corresponding closest possible value
selected in the control display.
Back then, the price of the camera depended very much on the
place of purchase. On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean it was 1,100
dollars and 1,600 euros on the northern side of the Alps. The dilemma
where to buy was resolved in favour of the world beer capital (not
Milwaukee) after watching the film Lord of the rings.

Decision

In February 2002 cave photography à la Klok started to
bloom again, after 25 years of a virtual standstill. Has this new
development been based solely on technological advances? Technology was
very tempting, no doubt about it, but such a profound decision needed
other backing. And to be really honest, one has to admit it, a more
precise description (for the reason that tipped the scales)
than middle age crisis would be fear of old age.
When you are 20 years old, all is in front of you. Somewhere in the haze of the
horizon, the world is waiting for you. Our generation used to search for the
long-lost Lipertova jama (the only cave with a river between Planinsko
polje and Vrhnika, discovered and documented around 1880 by W. Putick,
never again located after his death). It was some 30 years ago while now in the pits of
the Kanin mountain, another world depth record is about to be achieved. At 30 you know much
more, for instance, why women are in this world, and, with a little luck,
you happen to be a pater familias, solver of the "home finding
problem", promising talent at the workplace. At 40, there is so much
work that you do not have to think about life - there is no time for it.
At fifty, things suddenly change - the echelon in front of you disappears,
you do not have to think what the parents will say any more, and the
distant enemy that you always used to dismiss easily, is standing on
the horizon, quite well visible. Time is not the ally it used to be
and the Serbian saying "sutra ćemo, lako ćemo" ("we shall do it
tomorrow and it is going to be easy") does not apply any more.
Križna jama, the foremost beauty among Slovenian caves, gets
rediscovered, even more beautiful than years ago and names such as
Carlsbad Caverns, Ana A'eo or Sof Omar are not some abstract terms any
more, but something quite tangible, within reach.

Figure 4: A view from the entrance of the Cueva de Punto Blanco cave towards the bay
Bahia de San Marcos, Klok; Nikon CP 5000, f 7.0, 1/630 sec., ISO 100, white balance
set to fine; illuminated by available light and a full flash from Nikon SB 28,
Tenerife, May 2002

And when you see him on the road, "young man" with white mustache (the hair,
if any, is hidden below the cap) in the black cycle wear, so tight
that every muscle stands out, with sunglasses in the colour of the
rainbow, bowed above the handlebar of a bicycle that would do justice
to the winner of "Tour de France", how he is happily pedaling towards
his destiny, you cannot but think what one would normally think ... for
instance the saying that ends with "... for theirs is the kingdom of heaven".
Yet it is not difficult to come to a conclusion - so what, if I delve
a little bit deeper into the cave photography, it will not be
such a shame, caves are not so fashionable, at least not many will see
me doing it. The alternative, to enjoy a good drink in front of TV, is
indeed quite tempting and taken seriously by many, yet it
somehow does not fit into the image of an ex-caver.

Mačkovica

So it all seriously began at the end of January 2002
(the pictures can be seen on the web page
http://www.jakopin.net/primoz/slike/020203.html) - at first in
the Jama v Škofjem lomu cave near Laze, in a ponor-type cave
of the Planinsko polje where W. Putick made way through a side gallery which leads into the hill
using mine-type wooden supports in the 1880-s. It was a solo excursion,
with the backpack in the acting role in the picture, side flashes
on tripods, and with the following equipment: Nikon CP 5000, 3 tripods,
Nikon SB 28 flash, two Metz Mecablitz 45 flashes, two Metz Mecalux 11
optical slave flash control units and an additional shutter release for
the camera, used at the shutter speed B (made by Jože Jurca from Laze).
It turned out that this set performs quite well, and that it
is advisable, for elimination of hot pixels, to have noise reduction
turned on for long exposures. The camera sensor is composed of five
million tiny light sensitive receptors (on Nikon CP 5000), each of which contributes
one pixel to the image file. These dots are of course not all of the
same quality - the vast majority behaves as expected at all times,
even at speeds longer than 1/30 of a second - dark pixels in the dark
parts of the picture, light pixels in the highlights and also of the
correct colour, while around 20 of this army of receptors are bad
players; at long exposure times they emit green or violet or white
pixels even in the shadows or in total black of the picture. There is
a setting in the menus of the CP 5000 which instructs the camera to
correct those bad pixels after exposure, but it takes some extra time, as long
as the exposure. If the shutter on a cave shot was open for 1 minute,
the camera will make an extra exposure of the same length with the
shutter closed. On this black image the bad pixels are located (those
that are not black) and corrected on the original cave image, with the
help of the pixels emitted by the neighbouring good receptors. The
only flaw was that one had to wait for an extra minute before the
picture could be verified on the camera display (noise reduction on
digital single-lens-reflex cameras such as Canon 300 D is automatic and does not require
extra time).
The white balance feature on camera was set to electronic
flash, which seemed adequate, at least in the Jama v Škofjem lomu cave.
A longer excursion in the famous Mačkovica cave, again near
Laze (probably the last big cave with free access) followed, with
participation of Andreja Jurca from Jakovica; the pictures are on the
same web page as the previous excursion. For the picture below

the white balance had been determined before the exposure using a white sheet of
paper, illuminated by a carbide lamp; the available setting for electrical room
bulb (incandescent) which seemed close enough, did not yield a usable
result. The black & white version of the picture, printed here, looks
quite acceptable, but in the web version of the paper,
http://www.jakopin.net/primoz/clanki/nj_2004_1 it is evident that
it has a strong yellow-green cast. It is quite difficult to select a
proper white balance in the cave - the other photographs from Mačkovica
show that the white balance, set to electronic flash on Nikon
CP 5000, also failed on light-coloured dripstone surfaces: the colours
are too warm, the entire scene appears red. The setting to fine (sunny weather)
proved better, with more realistic colours.
Depth of field at the wide-angle side of the zoom (7 mm),
used on the majority of the pictures, proved quite satisfactory in most
instances, even at the aperture wide open (f 2.8, the usual setting).
This combination is also the most economical for cave photography: the
scene is close to the camera and the flashes give the most illumination -
the amount of light decreases with the square of the distance. In the
summer of 2002 and in the early autumn more excursions to Mačkovica
were made, most with participating members of the Lanski vrh
Tourist club from Laze: Polona and Simona Šušteršič, Brane Simšič,
Uroš Stepišnik from Ljubljana and Tomaž Pehant from Maribor. A number
of photographs were taken, which were displayed in 2004, on exhibitions in
Zaghouan, Tunisia, in Ljubljana and in Laze
(
http://www.jakopin.net/primoz/razstave/2004/laze).

Vjetrenica and other caves

At the end of May 2002 there was an opportunity to visit
the volcanic caves of Tenerife, Canary Islands. The camera was put to
good use there, too; the pictures can be seen on the web page
http://www.jakopin.net/primoz/slike/tf2002.html and one, in Figure 4,
is included in this paper. It was an interesting experience because of
high cave temperature, around 20 deg. C; light mountain shoes, a
cotton over-suit and cotton gloves were all the clothing needed. Gloves
were needed because of small sharp stalactites which formed as
the lava, dripping from the ceiling, solidified. The dark grey walls of lava
were difficult to illuminate with electronic flashes. A similar problem
exists with Mangane-oxyde covered rocks in the riverbed of Planinska
jama, but in lava caves the space was somewhat easier to work in
because of the smaller distances, 5 - 10 metres.
In September 2002 the technique of taking pictures in pair,
with flashes on two tripods, has been successfully tested during the
short visit to Vjetrenica cave (Figure 12). The 8 km long cave
is situated on the southern rim of Popovo polje in Herzegovina and
was the second most famous cave (after Postojnska jama cave)
in the former Yugoslavia; it was electrified, with wide paved pathway along
the first 1.5 km of the main channel. The cave got its name (could be translated as
Wind cave) from the strong winds, noticeable at the
low water level, in the narrow passages close to the entrance and,
especially, in the entrance itself. In no other cave is there such drought
as in summer on the plateau before the Vjetrenica. During the
latest war in the mid-nineties, electrical installations
were seriously damaged and the cave closed.
An opportunity to visit such a glorious cave on your own, even for one day,
was an exquisite luxury. Even at middle distances, up to about 10
metres, in a gallery 12 x 5 metres, 3 flashes (1 x Nikon SB 28
on camera, 2 x Metz Mecablitz 45 with servo controls on tripods)
gave satisfactory illumination. Only for the photograph of a larger
hall (Figure 6) were more flashes required - 3 in front and around
5 from behind the wall at left; it was not feasible with a team of
only two, one of which had to pose in the picture.

The cave is otherwise relatively bright, such as Mačkovica,
has a short, but very picturesque water gallery and very
large, several hundred metres long, ascent in the Cvijićeva dvorana
hall. During the visit the water level was high, the siphon already at
1 kilometer from the entrance, there was no wind.
In January 2003 the first excursion to Križna jama cave took place, into
Pisani rov (Gay-coloured tunnel), with only one boat. The
original idea, to go first to the end of the gallery and to take
pictures on return, had faltered - sightseeing and photography in side
parts (Figure 24) consumed nearly all the precious working time,
limited to around 2 hours at that distance from the entrance, and the best scenes
had to be left alone. The experience was nevertheless very important;
it became clear that for posing in the picture a small, custom-made
boat will be necessary and that at least two boats are required for
other members of the team.
At the end of January and in the first half of February
2003 a small expedition to the caves of the Rurutu island followed;
pictures can be seen on the web page
http://www.jakopin.net/primoz/slike/rurutu_2003). Fulfillment of
my almost thirty year old dreams was made possible by a convergence of favourable
circumstances, mainly connected to the author's late father; irony of fate
had it that the father otherwise strongly opposed son's caving activities.
Rurutu is part of the Austral islands archipelago in French Polynesia,
and like all islands in the group it is of volcanic origin. A volcano rises
from the bottom of the ocean, ceases with activity and starts to
descend back, forming a calcite coral reef
around its shores. When the tip of an extinct volcano slips below
sea level, only a circular or oval coral reef with a lagoon in the middle,
an atoll, remains. On Rurutu the tectonic movements were not as
simple as elsewhere, not only once up and once down, but the story got
repeated several times. Calcite coral reef, tens of meters thick, was
lifted into the air several times, up to 100 metres above sea
level. Without constant exposure to sea water the reef stopped growing and
the rainwater started karst processes, which lead to the development of
caves, homes of the first island natives who fled Tahiti 900 years ago.
After a heavy defeat, caused by a sudden attack of the mountain tribe, the surviving
members of the coastal group embarked in three pirogues and
under the cover of the night set off in the direction of Moorea,
a neighbouring island of Tahiti. In the darkness and haze they missed it and after 3
weeks of ocean travel landed on Rurutu, on a beach with a cave where
they found good shelter.

Figure 7: Cliff south of the Teuta cape with cave remnants and with
the entrance to Ana Eva cave left above the beach, Marania;
Nikon CP 5000, f 5.6, 1/300 sec., ISO 100,
white balance set to "fine"; Rurutu, February 2003

Because they mourned the dead relatives they gave the cave the name Ana Eva;
it could be translated from Tahitian language as the Cave of Grief (Ana = Cave).
There are about 30 caves on the island, and during 17-day long stay
half of them could be visited. The biggest one is called Ana A'eo (Figure
17), and its hall is nearly as big as the entrance hall of Vranja jama
cave near Laze (around 40 x 20 x 15 m). Temperatures are even higher
than in the volcanic caves of Tenerife. A cotton oversuit is too warm.
All that is needed is a straw hat, thin shirt, shorts, garden gloves and beach
sandals with good straps for support and a sole that can resist not
only salt water but also very corroded, sharp rock surfaces.
At the end of May 2003 a very good veteran's excursion to
Najdena jama cave followed. A team of three, with Tomaž and
Marjan, managed to take about 10 very satisfactory pictures, using
three Metz Mecablitz 45 flashes and two weaker ones, with a guide
number of 30 (metres). The cave is mostly dark, and wet clay is
as difficult to overexpose, as are the black riverbed walls in Planinska jama cave,
but using multiple flash firings on the same picture somehow works,
provided there is enough time available; every shot takes several
minutes, which, with some corrections, quickly turns into a half-hour
per picture.
In the August 2003 it was Vjetrenica for two once again, this time with a strong wind
and for three full days. About 50 usable photographs were taken, some of them with flashes
mounted on tripods in the water.

Figure 8: Natural bridge between the eastern and western lake of Modra špilja cave,
three girls from Komiža; Nikon CP 5000, f 2.8, 1 second, ISO 100, white balance set
to "fine"; camera on tripod, the scene illuminated by available light coming
from below the surface of the eastern lake, Metz Mecablitz 45 at full power;
island of Biševo, August 2003

An interesting experience was shooting in the Modra špilja cave
on the Dalmatian island of Biševo, southwest of the island Vis. The cave
is a cavern in the rock, with a diameter of about 20 metres. It has
two connections to the sea. There is a narrow land passage, barely
wide enough for a person to squeeze through, and a large passage some
3 metres below sea level. Light enters from the large passage and is
the brightest at around 11 a. m., when the amount of light above the
surface of the eastern lake is approximately f 2.8,
1/30 sec. at ISO 100. The blue water-filtered daylight gives all
the objects in the cave a special, silvery look.
Unfortunately, serious photography is not
possible at that time because of intense tourist traffic. There is an
artificial entrance on the western side of the rock where an endless
row of small tourist operator boats (10 seaters) pours in and out from
9 a. m. till after 3 p. m., also the time when
there is an admission fee. Later in the afternoon it is better,
but the light intensity falls by 5 f-stops, to f 2.8, 1 sec. at ISO
100. Yet, a different set of problems is waiting for the photographer at the
other large cave on the island, Medvidina špilja, named after
a Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus, medvidica in
Dalmatian dialect of Croatian) that once lived there. At the end of the
water channel, some 100 metres from the entrance, in total darkness,
it is getting quite narrow, around 1 metre - wider below the
water surface but more and more narrow above. Long waves, which seem
to everybody like calm sea in the open, start making real trouble in
the cave - the water level moves up and down by around 40 cm (1 foot and 4
inches). Rubber boat is lifted by the water, gets stuck by the walls,
the wave flushes over it and the photographer with his gear
finds himself immersed in the water to the waist in a split-second.

Canon EOS 300 D

The optical viewfinder in Nikon Coolpix 5000 did not show the whole
picture. Above the upper edge of the picture shown, some 10% of the
height was added to the picture, but it was expected, and while shooting
landscapes, that you just took very little, almost no sky above the
hills, knowing that in the picture it will be just fine. And as I
just got used to the camera well, Nikon Coolpix 5000 was
close enough to what a cave photographer could wish for himself, the fate steps in again.
The successor to CP 5000,
Nikon CP 5400,
actually came about a year later, but it was burdened with some rotten
rationalizations and compromises: the display was diminished, instead
of 1.8 inch diagonal at CP 5000 (it was 2.0 inch on CP 950!) there was
only 1.5 inch, which translates into an area, smaller by one third,
zoom has been prolonged from 3 x to 4 x in the same lens housing,
which forced an introduction of a smaller sensor, less light for every
pixel and slightly less sharp pictures. The maker even decided to cancel
the small control display with basic settings, such as aperture, speed etc.
It was immediately clear that the CP 5000 to CP
5400 transition was the usual trick of modern producers, who do not
want to lower the price of a well established product but prefer to
discontinue it and to offer a new product, on paper slightly better, but
actually slightly worse, for the same price. It is obviously much better
to stay with the product one already has.
But unfortunately it was not possible in this case. On
Friday, night before the excursion in Najdena jama, in mid-September
2003, the camera was in perfect working order. On Saturday morning, it
was not. As it happens sometimes in winter, you wake up in the morning,
look through the window and, instead of dull, grey landscape, you see a
wonderful white, field covered with new snow; only this time it was the camera
display that went all white. When turned on, it did not show the last picture
taken, but an image with all pixels white. No matter what the settings
were or what buttons were pressed, the outcome was always the same. It
was still possible to take pictures, like on a traditional camera, but the
outcome could be checked only later, after transferring the picture to
a computer. The settings, normally selectable through the menu on the display,
could be changed only if the camera was connected to a TV set or if the
key sequence was remembered from before - i.e. press the Menu button,
press arrow right, arrow down, arrow right again, twice arrow down,
followed by Enter key and the white balance was changed from fine
to fluorescent. The whole thing could be described as sort of
digital traditional photography. The excursion to Najdena jama
was nevertheless a success and so was one very good picture; others,
including some quite breathtaking, are on the web page
http://www.jakopin.net/primoz/slike/030913.html.
The camera has been sent from Nikon outlet in Ljubljana to the
regional service center in Germany and after 14 days it was clear that
the repair would cost 90 % of the price of a new camera. Caving buddy
Matej was looking for a 5 mil. pixel camera at a very affordable price,
for quite some time and now he has found it, for some 220 euros.
What to do next? Nikon CP 5400 was not a good choice. What about Nikon
CP 5700? -
the latest and greatest from the labs of this maker: 8 x zoom, great
for taking bird pictures, but digital viewfinder (slow, totally dark
in the cave), wide angle side of the zoom too weak, only 35 mm in Leica
equivalent. Some other choice had to be made.
In September 2003 the first truly affordable digital single-lens-reflex camera,
Canon EOS 300 D,
was launched on the other side of the ocean with much hype.
For the first time an average consumer was able to look through
the lens and actually see what he gets, WYSIWYG or
what you see is what you get.
If the price of the latest traditional (film)
camera in this category, the Canon EOS 300 SLR V (Rebel TI in the US)
with lens (28 - 90 mm) was at about 300 US $, the price of the digital
300 D (Digital Rebel), with D for digital, were at 1,000 US $. It was
much more but, for the first time, below the psychological barrier and,
also, a reduction of predecessor's (Canon 10 D) price by almost one
half.
Other data were no less promising - 6 mil. pixel sensor,
2,048 x 3,072 and 15.1 x 22.7 mm, 3 x zoom, 18 - 55 mm
(Leica equivalent 28 - 85 mm), aperture f 3.5/4.5, speeds to 30
seconds and B (up to 2 hours, as much as the camera battery would last),
sensitivity ISO 100 - 1600. Another bonus for many was interchangeable
lenses, the entire Canon EF series (over 50 pieces) and a long list
from independent lens makers such as Sigma or Tamron. The sensor size
was smaller than 24 x 36 for Leica format and therefore there was a
focal length multiplication factor of 1.6 - 50 mm lens, for instance,
gives on 300 D an image, which would be obtained by an 80 mm lens on a
traditional SLR (50 times 1.6) mm. And there are other things to think
about - the name Canon does not have such real flair for many, it
gives association to guns, probably sounds nicer to artillery fans,
while Nikon (pronounced in a European way, Neecon) sounds almost like Nippon,
razor sharp, clean cut, for many years a symbol of technical perfection. First name
is the first, but if they do not have a right product when you need it,
one has to look elsewhere. Be it this way or another, in October 2003
Canon 300 D was available in small quantities and with some effort the
author had obtained one. It cost him around 40 % more than the US price, but
still less than Nikon CP 5000 19 months ago.

Several very satisfying excursions ensued during the remaining part of
the year, two to Križna jama cave, one to Šimnovo brezno
pothole above Bled and another one to Ocizeljska jama ponor cave near Divača,
where pictures 24 and 25 were taken. At the end of January 2004 the
camera did well at the expedition into the caves of Tunisia,
with 300 pictures (dust clogged the lens mechanisms on the second
occasion in June); it fulfilled the expectations. The camera is indeed
twice as bulky and heavy as the CP 5000, if kept under the over-suit,
especially with an external flash mounted, it makes one feel, while
bending or in narrower parts of a cave, like Quasimodo with his hump
in front and not in the back. Another disadvantage is the picture
height : width ratio, it is 2 : 3, worse than 3 : 4. Most
other parameters are better. Surprisingly the new camera is a
good match to Nikon SB 28 flash, which occasionally caused
problems on the CP 5000. Coolpix sometimes, even with SB 28 set to manual
(M) and with internal flash turned off (via menu), used to fire some
weak preflash, for the reduction of red eyes or for checking the white
balance, which triggered optical servo controls on external flashes.
So all the extra flash units fired, but prematurely and in the picture
only the effect of the SB 28 could be observed. Combination of 300 D
and SB 28 does not try to impress with some quasi artificial
intelligence and all the flashes get fired as required.

The number of photographs which can be saved on a single
memory module, on a tiny CF (Compact Flash) card, depend not only on
the capacity of the medium but also on the selected resolution and
compression level for the image files. If the camera sensor has, say,
6 mil. pixels, the picture can have at most 2,000 x 3,000 coloured
points. All digital cameras certainly can save the picture with
smaller pixel number. For instance, Canon EOS 300 D can save the
picture, captured with 2,048 x 3,072 pixels (6.3 mil. in all), in full
resolution (large) or as 1,360 x 2,028 pixels (2.8 mil., medium) or even as 1,024 x 1,536
(1.6 mil., small). A picture can be saved without the loss of any pixel or using a
lossy compression algorithm with different levels of compression.
Speed of saving and of playback, saving quality and picture file size
all depend on these selections. EOS 300 D gives 7 different
possibilities with saving of the image in raw mode, all pixels as captured by the sensor,
2,048 x 3,072 pixels, being the richest in information content.
The file is about 7 MB long and the white balance does not need to be
selected at the time of shooting. The decision will be made later,
during the postprocessing of the picture in the user's computer.
Besides raw mode of saving there are six further possibilities
to save the picture using the JPEG (Joint Picture Expert Group)
compression standard, which is based on discrete cosine transform and
was adopted as international standard in 1992 (the files usually have
the .JPG suffix). There are three
abovementioned image sizes (large, medium, small), each of which can be
either moderately (fine) or strongly (normal) compressed. The sizes of
saved files are about 3.1 (fine) and 1.8 MB (normal) for the large size (6.3 mil. pixels),
1.8 and 1.2 MB for medium (2.8 mil. pixels) as well as
1.4 and 0.9 MB for the smallest size (1.5 mil. pixels).
What to select? Starting with the assumption that only
serious pictures will be taken, it is always a bad decision to damage
any of them by using a poor saving setting. So the choice actually
narrows down to raw mode (recommended by gurus and purists
of digital photography) or to the best JPEG mode (large, fine). Raw mode
has the drawback that the saving takes much more time, and the time to get the
picture on display for checking is also over 10 seconds instead of
about 1 to 2 seconds for pictures saved in JPEG mode. Raw image
files also have to be postprocessed in the computer for any further
use, which again takes time. So it is reasonable to use the best JPEG
mode, unless the picture is extremely critical or the illumination is
such that the white balance cannot be well estimated. For Internet
applications the pictures, of course, are diminished in size and strongly compressed,
while the originals stay in the archive, big and best for any later use.

In traditional photography, the decision of how the medium
will respond to different light sources is made beforehand,
by the film selection. Black and white films, for instance,
are orthochromatic, insensitive to red light of low intensity as used
in the darkroom; panchromatic, sensitive to all colours; infrared
films, sensitive not only to usual light but also to heat, the
invisible part of the red spectrum region.
The term colour temperature is connected to the temperature
of the light source. As with standard temperature, it is measured in
degrees Kelvin (K). A source does not emit any light at 0 deg. K,
which is the same as - 273 deg. Celsius, but starts emitting light
rays as it gets warmer, at first in the infrared region of the
spectrum, as the radiators of the water central heating, later also in the
visible part of the red spectrum region, such as coals or slowly
burning fire, at higher temperature the colour moves into the yellow
region of the spectrum, such as the bulb filament, and at last, at
very high temperatures, the colour is becoming increasingly blue.
So the match flame has a colour temperature of 1,700 deg. K, candle flame 2,000 deg.
K, electric bulbs from 2,600 (60 W bulb) to 3,200 deg. K (halogen
bulbs), neon bulb 3,400 deg. K, daylight an hour before sunset or
soon after sunrise 3,800 deg. K, ordinary daylight 5,500 deg. K
(sunlight at midday, in the summer and with the sky, slightly covered
by white clouds), the colour temperature of electronic flashes is from
5,500 to 5,800 deg. K, clear blue sky 12,000 deg. K and clear blue sky
high in the mountains 20,000 deg. K.
Colour films, we all once used for cave photography, can be divided
into two basic groups: daylight films (5,500 deg. K), for scenes
illuminated by electronic flash or for scenes in cave entrances and
tungsten films (3,500 deg. K), suitable for pictures,
illuminated by carbide lamps, electric bulbs or flashpowder. If the
picture of a cave entrance was by accident taken on a tungsten film,
the image would be intensively blue while the scene, illuminated by
electric bulbs, would be shining in all the nuances of yellow and
red on a daylight film. Light sources with different colour temperature
than daylight or tungsten require the use of special filters, mounted
in front of the lens.
Digital cameras are much more advanced in this field, white balance
can be selected for every picture and there is a choice between various
settings. Outdoors it is usually safe to choose an automatic white
balance setting, where the camera computer makes the decision. It
works for sources between 3,000 and 7,000 deg. K and it is reliable
provided the picture is at least a little bit colourful, of mixed
colours, preferably including white. Very monochrome motifs, probably
also without white colour, require user intervention to obtain acceptable
results. Besides automatic there are usually the following other
settings: daylight (symbol of the sun), light in the shadow, overcast
sky, electronic flash, electric bulb light (incandescent), neon bulb
light (fluorescent) and the custom white balance setting. The latter
requires a sheet of white (paper), the user illuminates it with a light source,
carbide lamp for instance, and saves the measured value by pressing
the shutter release button. It can be used for subsequent shots.
The second solution is to save the picture in raw mode, the
pixels as received by the camera sensor, and to apply the appropriate
white balance later, during postprocessing. The flaw here is just the
fact that the colour temperature of the carbide lamp flame is rather
low, below 2,000 deg. K and, therefore, falls out of range - on Canon EOS 300 D
only values between 2,800 and 10,000 deg. K can be selected. So the
picture, illuminated by carbide lamp, saved as raw and later
converted to JPEG file in the computer at 2,800 deg. K, still has a
very noticeable yellow hue (see Fig. 5). Similar can be said for
illumination with electric bulbs - their colour temperature changes
(lowers) with the distance - it is much higher at close distance than
it is at 15 or more metres; again the pictures are more yellow or
even red than would be desired. The problem can of course be turned to
the bright side - warm light of carbide lamps and flashpowder gives
the picture a vintage look and a special note or, one could say, a romantic
flair.
Bottom line: if you happen to find yourself in
a cave with a new digital camera, make some trial shots of the same
scene and with the same illumination, electronic flash, for instance,
and with different white balance settings. Examine the pictures
closely and select the best white balance setting. If the setting to
electronic flash gives too warm picture, choose white balance
value for daylight. For illumination with carbide lamp measure
the light with a sheet of paper or select the setting for artificial
light (incandescent or tungsten). The same goes for
illumination with flashpowder or with electric bulbs.

Caves are among the rare natural ambiences inside which the light source
must mainly be provided by the photographer. This fact is
however not only an additional problem but is, in the time of digital
photography, becoming more and more of an asset. The photographer
selects not only the viewpoint and the direction of shooting, which
more or less determine the picture, but also makes such arrangement and
positioning of light sources, usually electronic flashes, which will
draw the objects on the scene in the most suitable, usually the
most beautiful way.

Available light

When taking photographs in caves entrances' or in the
vicinity it is usually best to use only the available light. The views
of cave entrances from the outside, where the emphasis is on the
environment, on rocky walls, vegetation, maybe the riverbed and where
the entrance itself is more or less just a dark patch in the middle of
the picture, are not so rewarding as the views from the entrance looking outwards.
Such views are much more interesting because they have bigger contrast,
show play of light and shadows, and emphasize the difference between
the darkness of the entrance frame and the greenery, brightness of the
outside landscape in a very attractive manner.

The best time for taking cave entrance pictures in Slovenia is in
mid-spring, usually around first of May, when the trees just turn
green and the leaves are of vibrant light green colour. In just a
few weeks the leaves turn dark green and it takes very strong, direct
sun's rays to get a light picture. In such ample light the
photograph can be taken from the hand, otherwise a tripod is
obligatory. With longer exposure times, up to one minute or more,
acceptable pictures of views towards the entrance can be made from the
gallery deeper in the cave, from around the corner. Very popular are
for instance View from the bridge downstream towards the entrance of
Planinska jama cave or View to the path in Mahorčičeva jama of the
Škocjanske jame system.
If the walls in the entrance are dark and the entrance is not too big
it is common practice to soften the black picture frame. Naked eye
can see much more detail in the shadows than can be rendered by the
camera's sensor. Care must be taken, of course, that the
flash strobe is not too strong; it can eliminate the shadow completely.

Single electronic flash

The vast majority of cave photographers nowadays use
electronic flashes as a light source. Their power is given by a
guide number (GN) which is a product of aperture and distance at ISO
100, for proper illumination of the motive in normal conditions and for
distance in metric units. For users of English units (distance in feet
instead of metres) the guide number has to be multiplied by 3.281; in
this paper metric distances (and guide numbers) will be used.
If the flash, for instance, has a guide number 45 (such as Metz
Mecablitz 45) the motive 10 metres from the camera will properly be
illuminated at the aperture f 4.5, and at aperture f 8.0 for the
distance of 5.5 metres; because the quantity of light received is
falling with the square of the distance from the
light source, an aperture value will yield pictures twice as dark as
the picture taken with the preceding value. Values are given as: f 1.0,
f 1.4, f 2, f 2.8, f 4, f 5.6, f 8, f 11, f 16, f 22, f 32, f 44 and f
64. At f 64 the quantity of light
the camera sensor receives is 1/4,096 (0.000244) of what would be
received at f 1.0 (given the exposure time remained constant). The
flash guide number is given by the manufacturer and is, similarly as
the gas mileage, valid for ideal conditions. In this case it
would mean taking pictures indoors, in a room with light, possibly
white walls, where the motive is not illuminated only directly by
the strobe but also by the light, reflected from the walls and the
ceiling. When taking pictures in the open it is already necessary to
open the aperture by one stop more than indicated by the guide number -
for GN 45 at 5.5 metres one should use f 5.6 instead of f 8.0 - while
in the cave, where the walls typically are not very light, of
white dripstone, but are muddy or even darker, as in water caves,
it is necessary to open the aperture by 2 or even 3 values. In a
normal cave the aperture, for GN 45 and at the distance of 5.5 metres,
should be f 4.0, and even f 2.8 if taking picture of stones in the
riverbed of Planinska jama cave. More open aperture values
bring depth-of-field problems (if the distance is set to 6 metres,
objects 3 m away will not be rendered sharp) and lens quality problems.
The lens performance is at its best for the lower middle aperture values,
from f 5.6 to f 8.0 and is the worst at the aperture wide open, i. e. f 3.5
for Canon EOS 300 D kit zoom lens.
Virtually all the electronic flashes are also equipped with
a sensor which measures the light, reflected from the motive. In
automatic mode they will shorten the strobe duration in the moment
when the motive is illuminated enough (for given aperture and ISO
values). This mode is useful at very short distances. After more than
several metres the full flash power is rarely too much.
An additional illumination problem in caves is connected to the person in the picture.
Her or his face, if of Caucasian skin tone, is nearly always lighter
than cave walls and her or his cave clothing and so tends to get overexposed,
one could also say "burnt" or "washed-out".
Digital cameras, compact and single-lens-reflex, come with a
small flash built-in. This flash is of course not big and has a small guide
number, usually around 12. But it can still furnish quite well
illuminated pictures at small distances, up to 2 or 3 metres.

Better digital cameras come with a hot-shoe on top, a mount
with contacts for an additional, more powerful flash, the start of
true cave photography. For considerably less than 100 euros
it is possible to buy a 4 mignon-cell (AA) powered flash, less than half a
kilo in weight and with a guide number around 30. Mount it on the
camera (if the camera will fit behind the caver's over-suit, it will
also fit with the flash mounted), switch it to "M" (manual) and you
are a new cave photographer. Though the flash is not exactly a
Mecablitz 45 (which is bulkier and heavier than most digital cameras),
the pictures up to 4 or 5 metres will suddenly become acceptable,
well exposed.
Many pictures taken "on the road", especially if some action like
jumping, climbing or boating is involved, can be successfully covered
with such "camera and external flash" combination. When an interesting
scene pops up, which will vanish in a few seconds, there is no other
way but zipper down, camera out, shutter release halfway down
to wake the camera from sleep mode, quick check of the settings,
point and click! ... as the friend Jože from Laze would use to say:
Kr je dalu, je dalu (what was done, was done). Over one third
of the images in this paper have been made with a camera and an
additional flash on the hot shoe.

Multiple electronic flashes

More horsepower is better than one pony alone, and the
sensors of digital cameras, just like the film, love scenes which
bathe in the light. If guide number 30 is not bad, GN 45 is better and
90 is quite attractive. And how does one get such firepower? Just use more
flashes instead of one. Their guide numbers do not simply add to get
the cumulative guide number, because of the fact, already mentioned,
that the intensity of light is falling with the square of the distance
from the source, but a formula exists, similar to the one for
determining the distance between two given points in multidimensional space
using Pythagoras theorem: cumulative guide number = square root of the
sum of squares of guide numbers of individual flashes involved.
If, for instance, there are two flashes with guide number 45 and one
flash with GN 28, the cumulative guide number would be: square root
(45**2 + 45**2 + 28**2) = square root (4834) = 70
(double asterisk is used as the operator for exponentiation and slash
(/) for division). Or to turn the problem around: suppose the motive
is 20 metres away and the aperture must be f 8.0, that is, the guide
number should be 160. How many strobes with guide number 45 are
necessary to get proper illumination? Number of strobes = square of
the cumulative guide number, divided by the square of single strobe
guide number. In the latter case it would be
160**2 / 45**2 = 25600 / 2025 = 12.6 or 13 strobes. Since it would be
very difficult (and expensive) to use 13 flash units, the camera should
be tripod mounted for long exposure (B) and less flashes used with
multiple strobes. With only one flash at hand it would be necessary to
walk around the space left and right behind the camera and fire the
flash manually 13 times, for 13 strobes. The flash reloads its capacitor in
10-15 seconds and so the whole procedure would take about 3 minutes.
The person in the picture should be placed in front of some large rock
or stalagmite at the edge of the picture, with his headlight turned
off, illuminated there with one strobe and direct further 12 strobes
so that the person will be in their shadow.
Two flashes would accomplish the same task in one minute and three
flashes (hopefully with two assistants to hold and fire them) in a
little over half a minute.
And what about only one flash with a small guide number, say 20? The
number of required strobes would be 160**2 / 20**2 = 25600 / 400 = 64.
The flashing would take good 15 minutes and it would probably also be
necessary to change the batteries in between. If the cave is darker,
open the aperture more (which is a feasible solution with compact
digital cameras, where depth of field is not such a problem) or set
the speed from 100 to 200 or 400, which is feasible on digital SLRs
with larger sensors.

The previous picture was made with five strobes. In the middle of the
background there were two tripods with two Mecablitz 45 flashes and
one flash Voctron (GN 32), all together fired by two Metz Mecalux 11
servo control units. To the right side, out of the picture, a flash
Demitron (GN 20) was resting on a flat stone, turned towards the three
already mentioned flashes and its servo release Rowi against the
camera. The fifth flash, a Nikon SB 28, was mounted on camera, turned
out of the picture, towards the Demitron auxiliary flash. During the
actual shot the camera triggered the SB 28, which triggered the
Demitron and Demitron's strobe fired both Metz and Voctron flashes.
This arrangement ensured that the motive did not receive frontal
illumination (only in the lower right part of the picture), which
would spoil the contrejour effect of the main strobes.
Contrejour shots are very effective, water drops and wet
surfaces shine out in the full beauty, but, as demonstrated in
Figure 12, it already takes all available artillery at the distance of
around 5 metres. Larger cave spaces require several strobes from every
flash even for standard illumination, without contrejour, and it is
necessary to use them to best advantage, as close to parts of the
motive as possible. This is accomplished by flashing from behind
various obstacles in the middle of the scene, such as piles of rock or speleothemes,
strobes are not in the picture but they properly illuminate parts of the
motive in front of them.

Flashbulbs

In times when the electronic flashes were big, clumsy,
expensive and required heavy external batteries, flashbulbs were
commonplace. Production of such flashguns started in 1930 and they were widely used by
reporters, today it is still possible to see them in the movies
made from the 1930's to the 1960's. Flashbulb units are small and
light, driven by little 9V battery. Their guide numbers are very
reasonable even for today's standards. A flashbulb is a small glass bulb,
filled with oxygen-enriched air and long, twisted magnesium,
aluminum or zirconium wire. During the firing the wire gets inflamed
and burns out in a short period of time (from 4 milliseconds to 2
seconds, depending on the bulb type), emitting a large quantity of light;
the picture in Figure 1 was illuminated in this way. Therefore the
bulbs are single use and have to be discarded after the shot. They are
of two kinds - of colourless glass, for tungsten white balance, and of
blue glass, for daylight white balance.
Compared to electronic flashes, flashbulbs have some
advantages: longer discharge (usually around 1/30 of a second) generates
a softer light, especially suitable for pictures of
flowing water, such as rapids or cascades of an underground river.
The strobe of electronic flash lasts only 1/500 sec. and every drop of
flowing water is frozen in the air, which is very far from proper
visualization of smoothly flowing water. Another advantage is the small size
and weight (Metz Mecablitz 45 weighs with battery almost one kilo)
combined with great power. A typical daylight-balanced flashbulb, such
as Sylvania AG3B (B for blue), has a guide number of 70. Guide numbers
of the biggest flashbulbs reach the value 200, more than 20 Mecablitz
45 strobes, and are therefore the only choice for action shots in
large spaces.
And the disadvantages of flashbulbs? Most producers are long
gone and only the remaining old stocks are on the market, available
through specialized suppliers such as Cress Photo (http://www.flashbulbs.com).
One flashbulb with guide number of 70 will cost around 1 US dollar.
The only remaining producer of flashbulbs is the Irish company
Meggaflash Technologies (http://www.meggaflash.com); they took over
the last factory of the last traditional producer Sylvania, which
ceased operations in the 1980's.
Meggaflash bulb PF 330 has a guide number 200 and burns in two seconds.
They cost 10 dollars apiece and are packed 48 per box, and one box
is the minimum quantity for delivery. Another, minor disadvantage is
high temperature at firing - it is easy to burn one's fingers, though
bulb explosions are very rare.

Painting with light

It is a very attractive way of illuminating the scene. The
camera is tripod mounted, the lens open for at least half a minute,
and the motive is painted by traces of light, coming from electric
headlight with, say 50 W of power. The headlight is crucial; it
must have a wide enough angle of uniform light. 12 V halogen bulbs
for illumination of store display windows come built in a small
glass reflector, usually 20 W to 50 W, and have an angle of 35 degrees,
which is suitable enough. The local plumber or tinsmith will make a
metal casing for the headlight with a grip and a switch. 50 W is
quite a lot of heat, and a sealed lead acid gel battery
is suitable as a power source. Wrap it into a piece of blanket for
protection and put it into a small backpack of heavy duty canvas.
The battery and the charger can be obtained from a specialized battery
store, a 12 Ah (amper hours) model measures
9.5 x 9.5 x 15 cm, weighs a little less than 5 kg and can sustain
50 W drain theoretically for 3/4 of an hour. In a cave, the battery lasts at
least half an hour and such lamp kit has proved quite suitable for painting
with light.

The author's first experiments were made with used car headlights, which
are inexpensive and can be obtained from a car salvage yard, and with
100 W auxiliary headlight with 12 V contact for the car's cigarette lighter,
but it did not work out well. These types of headlights have a very
pointed beam and it is impossible to illuminate the motive evenly.
Painting with light really requires a lot of patience and
fingertips feeling (German word Fingerspitzengefühl is even
better). It often happens that parts of the motive which are of
lighter tones or which the photographer finds very attractive receive
too much (and too long) attention. Very effective pictures can also be
made by walking with the open headlight on the scene, preferably on a path
and never turned towards the camera.

Flashpowder

Flashpowder (Blitzpulver in German) was the
traditional means of illumination in cave photography, from the
second half of 19th century
and through to the 1960's. Up to world war II it was also used in
photographic studios, was the
It is a chemical mixture of a strong oxidizer, such as potassium
permanganate (KMnO4), and a fuel, such as
aluminum or magnesium. Both compounds, usually in proportion 70/30, must be in
powder form, aluminum can be bought as such while potassium permanganate has
to be crushed into small grains in a mortar, and completely dry. 1 gram of
flashpowder has an approximate guide number of 35, and 50 grams, as can be
computed from the section on multiple electronic flashes, a guide
number of 250.

50 grams would be enough to illuminate a motive of light colour at a
distance of 30 metres with the aperture value of f 8.0, in a darker
cave, such as in Figure 14, at some smaller distance. The light source,
as already mentioned at the beginning of this paper, is very large,
from one to two metres, gives very gentle and soft shadows,
takes about two tenths of a second to burn and is therefore most
suitable for photography of flowing water.
Flashpowder, however, is also not flawless. First of all, it is
this area of pyrotechnics that is very dangerous. Compounds are highly
reactive and require extremely careful handling, if possible not in
closed spaces but outdoors and far from heat sources, sparks or, god
forbid, open fire. Ignition of flashpowder is not particularly simple,
especially if pollution of cave floor is to be avoided. Also, the smoke and
the fog, which develop after ignition are a great disadvantage
(flashbulb filament burns inside the bulb and the smoke remains in it).
It is almost impossible to repeat the shot and searching of the exit
from the hall often resembles mission impossible. Since the whole
procedure is not environment friendly, cave animals do not
enjoy the smoke, the decision to use flashpowder must be very
well grounded. Usually it is used when the hall is very large, very
dark, well ventilated and when it is evident that a good cleanup is
feasible.
More can be read in older books on speleology and caving; in
Slovenian, it is the Jamarski priročnik, chapter on cave photography by
Franci Bar. The book was edited by Ivan Gams and published by
Mladinska knjiga in 1964. Some info can also be found on the Internet,
useful pages are for instance
http://krimzonpyro.com/ep/infodir/compoDB.html#chapter6 (Wouter Visser,
http://www.wfvisser.dds.nl) or the page, prepared by Dennis
Fritsinger: http://www.totse.com/en/bad_ideas/ka_fucking_boom/chlorate.html.

Other methods

Besides the usual methods for the illumination of cave photographs,
there are of course other possibilities, undescribed until now.
At close distances, quite useful pictures can be made
using carbide lamps (Figure 5) or even candles, yet, at further
distances, some clean and environmentally friendly alternative
technology is not commonly known.

But alternative methods poped up quickly after a visit
to a chemicals store, in order to buy, after several years, a new supply
of ingredients for flashpowder. Now, you are told that things have
drastically changed because of junkies (potassium permanganate can
supposedly be used as a compound in making drugs) and worsened security
situation in the world after tragic dates such as March 11, 2004 and
September 11, 2001. In order to purchase flashpowder ingredients a
special permit is required. One has to write an application to the
relevant state authority with detailed and convincing argumentation
for what reason the chemicals are necessary, pay an equivalent of 20
US dollars and wait for at least one month to receive an eventual
positive answer. After that the store will order the chemicals from
the central depot (times when the store used to stock them are long
gone) and after several more weeks of waiting, there will be no further
obstacles to the preparation of flashpowder. So it would not be so
strange if someone would say: 100 years old technology for cave
illumination (and photography) is no longer feasible, so let us try
out the 200 years old technique. If the ancient cave guides such as
Luka Čeč could illuminate the cave for distinguished guests with some
handfuls of straw around 1800, the method probably is worth a
try. It works indeed, the light is very warm, about 1,700 deg. K,
gives most romantic effect (Figure 15) but pollutes even more than
the flashpowder. There are not only ashes that fall off during burnout
but a cloud of smoke with ashes lifts towards the cave ceiling, cools
down there and an ash rain follows, like after a volcano eruption.
So the method is unsuitable for pristine cave environment; maybe some
day a better, clean procedure can be invented.
In the end, the use of available electric illumination
remains to be discussed, especially in showcaves where photography, using a
tripod in particular, is not forbidden. This method is most comfortable:
The photographer walks on the paved path, picks a motive, mounts the
tripod, sets white balance and focus to auto, exposure to
program (P), turn the self timer on (not to shake the camera while
pressing the shutter release), walk to aunt Rosemary, nicely put to
the fence, check her bonnet briefly, hug her around the shoulders and
click! The picture has been made. If you manage to set aside some more
travel money or if there is some other business to be done in the
Republic of South Africa, it is well worth visiting Cango Caves.
Photography is allowed and speleothemes, up to 20 metres tall, are
illuminated in various colours for really picturesque photographs:
some in blue, some in red, some in green.

Simple cameras

The selection of a camera for cave photography is not as
difficult as expected. On one hand, it depends on the weight of the
photographer's purse and, on the other hand, on how many pictures are
to be taken and what those pictures will be of.
For documentary photographs without special lighting
effects and for distances up to several metres, the range of the
built-in flash, the most accessible cameras will do the job. Camera choice is big;
besides well known makes such as Canon, Nikon and Fuji, there are many
other brands with decent models. Such cameras are lightweight and
small, they fit nicely into the inner pocket of the over-suit and, in
the worst case of loss or breakdown no costly damage can occur. For
more upscale intentions and not exactly the least expensive solution
some moderately priced camera with a hot-shoe mount on top is recommended,
such as Sony DSC V-1 or a second-hand Canon G3, G4 or G5.

Compact cameras

If you aspire to pursue more serious cave photography,
there is a dilemma over which type of camera to use: either
a compact digital camera or a SLR (single lens reflex) digital camera.
Both types have a lot of pluses and minuses. Compact cameras are slightly less
expensive, still very small and light they fit well, if not in the
pocket, then under the over-suit, above the waist, even with an
additional mid-size flash mounted. Oversuits are usually loose at the
waist and I added an extra leather belt above the oversuit
to prevent the camera from moving down towards the knees.
Compact digital cameras already have manual setting of all parameters,
aperture (starting at f 2.0 to f 2.8), time (usually up to 8 seconds
and B), distance and, of course, the white balance.
In cave photography, the lack of exchangeable-lens feature is of lesser
importance than the wide angle side of the zoom, which is used most of the time.
The main disadvantage is the optical viewfinder; display on the camera's back,
unfortunately, is of little use for cave picture composition.
If the compact camera is furnished with a traditional tunnel-type
viewfinder, it will show even a very dimly lit picture, for instance, a cave
scene illuminated only by a carbide lamp, but not the entire picture,
only about three quarters of it - an extra quarter, mostly in the upper
part of the frame, gets captured but is not seen. This fact makes
precise composition rather difficult, and it is often necessary to
repeat the picture for correction. Compact cameras with an electronic
viewfinder show almost the entire picture (95 % to 97 %), but with
annoying delay, induced by LCD technology and show the picture only if it is rather
bright. In a hall (even a tiny one), illuminated by a carbide lamp, almost
nothing is visible in such a viewfinder and, to estimate where the
borders of the frame are, the camera must be tripod mounted and a
light source (lamp on the helmet will do) ported around the scene.
It works well for left, right and down (floor) but worse for up
(ceiling). Compact digital cameras have another advantage, though: the
height/width ratio, which is 3/4, a most reasonable ratio for taking
pictures of cave tunnels; they are usually more wide than tall.
At the time this article was written, there were 5
representatives of the new 8 megapixel wave of compact digital cameras:
Canon PowerShot Pro 1 (28 - 200 mm equiv., f 2.4/f 3.5, to 15 sec.),
Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 (28 - 200 mm equiv., f 2.8/f 3.5, to 30 sec. and B),
Nikon Coolpix 8700 (35 - 280 mm equiv., f 2.8/f 4.2, to 8 sec. and B),
Olympus C-8080 WZ (28 - 140 mm equiv., f 2.4/f 3.5, to 15 sec. and B),
Sony DSC-F828 (28 - 200 mm equiv., f 2.0/f 2.8, to 30 sec.).
They all have the same size sensor (6.6 x 8.8 mm, 2,448 x 3,264 pixels), an electronic
viewfinder, a hot-shoe external flash mount and all but Canon (2.0 inch) an 1.8 inch LCD.
Prices vary around $ 1,000 (US street price), the weight
inc. battery goes from 512 g (Nikon CP 8700) to 906 g (Sony DSC-F828).
There are plenty to choose from, and all can be expected to deliver good service.
Besides the listed compact cameras with a wide
targeted audience of more demanding, prosumer (professional/consumer)
users, there is another model, for the connoisseurs.
It comes in two flavours, the first being Leica Digilux 2 (around $ 2,000),
and slightly more accessible Panasonic Lumix DMC-LC1 (around $ 1,500).
The two cameras have a digital heart, but a traditional, film soul.
The sensor has 5 mil. pixels (ratio 3 : 4), the lens is
Leica DC Vario-Summicron f 2.0/f 2.4, 28 - 90 mm equiv., the longest
exposure time 8 seconds. Zoom, distance and aperture are controlled by
rubber rings on the lens body, and exposure times by the rotating knob
on top of camera, just as in all good film cameras.
Electronic viewfinder and the LCD both show 100 % of the picture taken
and, the best of all, LCD has a 2.5 inch diagonal and a surface of 16
square centimetres, twice as much as the digital compact and SLR
competition (1.8 inch diagonals). Cameras for those who want to see
how the picture really looks.

Reflex cameras

The other possible solution to the camera type dilemma,
feasible after September 2003, is a single-lens-reflex
digital camera (SLR). These cameras differ from compact digitals in
many ways, most of all they resemble much more of the "real" traditional
cameras. They have a mirror that reflects the image from the lens, over
a pentaprism, to the viewfinder. The viewfinder is therefore very
bright; it covers almost the entire frame (97 % or 98 %). It is an
excellent aid to set the distance manually using the ring on the lens.
Because the zoom is also regulated by rotating a rubber ring on the
lens and because the display on the back cannot be used to frame the
picture (it serves only for checking the picture after it has been
taken), digital SLRs consume very little power. A single battery is
enough for 100 or more pictures, definitely enough for at least one
excursion. Such cameras also cannot film short movies,
a standard feature of compact cameras, but they do have exchangeable
lenses. If the user has a traditional SLR outfit with several lens of
the same brand, they can also be used, more or less, on digital SLR as
well. This feature is not of particular importance in cave photography,
because, on one hand, there is considerable danger that the camera sensor
will get polluted by dust particles during changing of lens in dirty
environment and, on the other hand, as already stated, for most pictures
wide angle setting of the supplied lens is quite satisfactory.
Other true advantage of SLRs is the sensor itself; it is
by an order of magnitude bigger, usually it is 16 x 24 mm or close to
this value. The light recepting cell (that covers one pixel) of a better compact
digital camera has, for instance, the surface of 7 millionths of a square
millimetre (6.6 x 8.8 / 8,000000), compared to 61 millionths (15.5 x 23.7 / 6,000000)
of an average digital SLR. An immediate consequence of this fact is
that every cell gets much more light and can therefore register colour
values of the light it received much more precisely. The image is thus
much softer and closer to the real thing, as it does not require
the application of strong interpolation algorithms for artificial
sharpness, which are a must in compact digital cameras. This is why the
digital SLR image is also much more comparable to the picture obtained
by traditional film cameras; film still has better tonal range and can
preserve more details in the shadows and in the highlights. According
to some authors such as Ken
Rockwell, 35 mm film picture contains 25 mil. pixels
of data, medium format picture around 100 mil. pixels and a 4 x 5 inch
sheet film about 500 megapixels.
At the moment there are two digital SLRs available at a
reasonable price. The first was the already mentioned Canon EOS 300 D
(2,048 x 3,073, 18-55 mm equiv., f 3.5/f 4.5, 30 sec. + B, $ 1000 with lens).
It established itself very well after release on the market in September 2003; it was
the first SLRs to be advertised in wide circulation non-photographic magazines
such as Time. Following the principle Gdje je vojnik, tamo i
desetar (in Serbian, in English it would be Where the soldier,
there the corporal) Nikon moved in half a year later with the model
D 70 (2,000 x 3,008,
27 - 105 mm equiv., f 3.5/f 4.5, $ 1300 with lens, sensor 15.5 x 23.7 mm,
multiplication factor 1.5, ISO 200-1600).
The basic advantage, as far the cave photography is concerned, of the
Nikon D 70 over Canon 300 D could be, besides radio controlled flashes
SB 800 and SB 600, which are discussed later, manual distance
setting. On Canon's kit lens, it is done with a ring on the front side of
the lens, which is very narrow, rotates only a light front part of
the lens, and comes without any scale in metres or feet.
So there are three ways of focusing the cave scene with Canon: using
autofocus on any important part of the scene which is well illuminated,
manual focusing on the helmet-mounted light of the extra (figurant) or
by manually focusing using a rule of thumb, as Alojz Troha from Križna
jama cave would put it: rotate the focus ring to the end (infinity
setting), return the ring a little backwards and that's it.
D 70 kit lens (18 - 70 mm) has much wider rubber focusing ring
on the back side of the lens and has a window with marked distances
in metres and feet (yet with just a few figures from 1 m till infinity).
If there is no flame or other source of light in the picture which
would help in focusing but the distance can still be estimated at, say,
5 metres, it can be set to this value on the lens and all would be fine.
Alternatively, setting a distance to a given value comes in handy
during the shooting of portraits. Many of us who shoot a lot
of portraits, dislike the idea of people having bigger or smaller heads
in the picture when they actually do not. So it is convenient to shoot
portraits always from the same distance, say 1.6 metres on lens with a
focal distance of 100 mm on a traditional SLR. The distance is set to
1.6 m and the camera is moved away from or closer to the person
until the face is in focus.
For photography outside caves, on the surface, Nikon D 70
has another advantage of fast flash synchronization time, up to 1/500 sec.,
while Canon 300 D can only synchronize till 1/180 sec. A drawback for
Nikon, besides weight (D 70 with kit lens weighs in at 1.069 kg,
while 300 D is much lighter at 0.835 kg) is the sensitivity: it
starts at ISO 200 for Nikon and at ISO 100 for Canon, a considerably
more enlargement-friendly value.

Figure 16: A bovine heart-shaped stalagmite with curtains on the passage to the upper part of the Habib Bourgiba Hall
in Grotte de la Mine cave, Dondon, Walid; Canon EOS 300 D, f 8, 1/60 sec., ISO 100,
white balance set to "sunny"; illuminated by a full strobe
from the Nikon SB 28 flash; Tunisia, January 2004

And what are the flaws of digital SLRs when compared to
compact digital cameras? Besides weight and bulk it is primarily the
picture height : width ratio. It is 3 : 4 in compact cameras and 2 : 3
in SLRs, the same as in traditional film SLRs. If taking a panorama of
a hall or if the height of a shaft has to be emphasized, the ratio
2 : 3 is fine, but for an ordinary gallery, which are usually slightly
wider than they are high, the ration 3 : 4 is really better.
An additional drawback is the depth of field. Compact digital cameras
usually allow the usage of aperture value f 2.8 because their wide
angle focal distance of 7 mm (28 mm film camera equivalent) sports a
marvelous depth of field, from about 10 m to infinity. To get the
same depth of field on a digital SLR, where wide angle focal distance
is 18 mm (again 28 mm film camera equivalent) the aperture has to be
closed to at least f 5.6. This is not so bad, though, because SLRs
have much larger sensor and sensitivity of ISO 200 or 400 is quite
acceptable, with little noise, which is not the case in small sensors
of the compacts; f 5.6 at ISO 400 equals to f 2.8 at ISO 100.
The other side of the SLR zoom range, 55 mm at 300 D and 70 mm at D 70,
can also be put to good use while shooting portraits. The picture of a
clearly outlined face with a vague background of hills, a landscape or a cave
is much nicer than a sharp face on an (almost as) sharp background.

Electronic flash

A camera's built-in flash can only be used at short distances,
so an additional light source is required for cave illumination,
in most cases an additional electronic flash. The standard heavy weapon
is the Metz Mecablitz 45, with the servo flash trigger Metz Mecalux 11.
There are many versions of this flash but all have a guide number
of 45 (ISO 100, 35 mm lens equiv.), so the least expensive version,
CL - 1, will suffice; the light diffuser for 28 mm equivalent lens is already
mounted on the flash head. It weighs almost one kg but will recharge
fast after a full strobe - in 8 seconds with Metz NiCd battery and in
12 with 6 NiMH AA cells. There are other, presumably more powerful
models such as Metz Mecablitz 70, but here a guide number 70 is only
valid for a film lens focal distance of 105 mm, at wide angle of
35 mm equivalent GN is less than 50.
The other possibility are flash units which can cooperate
very well with the camera. They must be the same brand as the camera
and are at least as expensive as the Mecablitz 45, but with only about one half its
power. Good examples are the Nikon SB 800 (guide number 36) and SB 600
(GN 30): they are capable of wireless communication and data exchange
with one another and with the camera's built-in flash, of Nikon D 70,
for instance. This compatibility is far reaching. The camera's built-in flash
can be used as a control unit for other flashes even if its strobe is
turned off. The flashes measure reflected light in real-time and
report the values to the camera, which is using them for analysis and
determination of proper white balance and for decisions about when there is
enough light from particular side and when the relevant strobe can be
cut short. The whole procedure is interesting because colour
temperature of a flash strobe is falling with time - short strobes are
more blue while the long ones tend to turn downwards to the red region
of the spectrum. In comparison to Mecablitz units these flashes do not
need servo release boxes; they are half the size, half the weight and
are powered by 4 AA cells (instead of 6).
At the end a general remark on electronic flashes - their
condenser and rechargeable battery grow weaker with time and will eventually
die out if unused for longer periods of time (condenser in several
years, battery in several months). So, it is wise to do a maintenance
check at least once a month.

Tripods and other accessories

Not only camera and external flash units, some additional gear
is required to fill up the transport bag. Number of tripods depends
on how many helping hands there are on a photo excursion. If there
are some additional people, one tripod will do; if not, more tripods
will be necessary. It is, however, difficult to
carry and handle more than three tripods. Tripods must be lightweight
and high, ideally extensible to the height of 150 cm; it is also
important that the tripod head is equipped with a quick release plate
so that the camera can be mounted and dismounted easily and that the
knee joints are locked into place with a handle and not with a screw;
mud and screws are not a very good combination.
For photography in water caves, a pole or a long wooden cane,
2 to 3 metres long, is also recommended. The water in the lakes will
be vivid green if illuminated from the top, the higher the better. The
height, of course, should not be too great, otherwise the effect of the
strobe will be too weak.
And, last but not least, some worthy discussion about the
photographer's personal caving equipment. A carbide lamp is not ideal,
it is inconvenient to turn it off and on frequently. I use
a 12 V, 5 W halogen electric bulb in a small casing (originally
intended for display window illumination), mounted on the helmet and
connected to a 1.8 kg gel lead acid battery, ported in a small
backpack. It lasts 8 hours, with some economization even more.
LED-based headlights, such as Tikka by Petzl, are too weak (in 2004)
for proper illumination of the motive and are also insufficient for safe movement
around the cave, especially if one is burdened with all kinds of photo
gear.

The team is one of the few very serious problems in cave photography.
Unlike the photography in most areas of natural sciences, where the
photographer can work solo, the situation underground is
much different. Botanists for instance are very happy; it is possible
to photograph flowers from all sides, if there is no available light
by using a flash, and they are even more happy because flowers do not run
away - which is a great problem for zoologists. Pictures of mountain
peaks, landscapes in all four seasons, details of ice, river sand,
rapids, all this you can photograph alone, in peace, with no
one to say: Why have we stopped again?Is it necessary to take a
picture right here?I will not stand in this mud.Have you looked on your watch? and so on, and so forth.
The idea to take pictures during some other cave work, for instance
while accompanying a research or a topographic team, really seems
tempting, but it turns out that it is as feasible as a wooden iron.
More about this experience later on in this chapter.

Solo

Cave photography in solo version should be undertaken only
as a last resort, when everything else fails. For instance, if it is
Sunday afternoon already and no cave picture has been made for two
weeks or if the companions let you down in the last
minute, say because of vis maior. You have practically arrived,
the cave is quite near, cell phone signal is weak and the message that
their car broke down has still managed to get through ... It is
not recommended to go caving alone because if you get stuck in the chimney of
Mačkovica cave or if the lamp fails or if you just make a wrong step
on the slippery passage to Mala dvorana hall and twist your ankle,
who will rescue you? Who will go for help? There is no phone
signal underground ... It is therefore wise to limit the choice to
some well known easy cave, where one can wait for several hours until
search-and-rescue mission arrives.
Cave entrances are a good target - the path to get
there is always interesting and their look is different depending on the season.
The solo photographer can also act as the extra in
the picture, using self-timer and some tripods, usually three: one for
the camera, two for the flashes that provide left- and right-
illumination. If the looks of the photographer are not quite desirable,
it is possible to show the camera some less
problematic body part, like the back, for instance.
Solo cave photography can be quite an adrenaline rush,
running with some poor light from the camera after
the self-timer release, over the rocks, water and other obstacles
to the extra's position, to cool down there and take
a proper, loose stance, all in just 10 seconds. Setup of the flashes
also takes much more time solo, there is a lot of jumping between the
tripods and half an hour for a slightly more elaborate shot is not
much. For solo cave photography, it is wise to go
on plain terrain, with a good sense of measure (even better than when
going solo in the mountains) and with few expectations.
Nevertheless, some useful picture may still come out of it (Figure 13).

Couple

Going as a couple is infinitely better than going solo on some
excursion (not only into caves of a south sea island). For some
occasions taking pictures in a pair can be the best choice.
The photographer and the extra both mount the tripods
and flashes, they both decide if the shot has to be repeated. The work
is not boring, time flows by unnoticed and the pictures can be very pretty.
Most shots can be done from hand, without a tripod for the camera.
Most effective entrance shots are from inside of the cave looking
outwards, and they usually require only one additional flash on the
camera for softening the high contrast and filling the shadows.
More elaborate pictures
deeper in the cave are also possible from hand, with three flashes:
one on the camera, for triggering the slave sensors on other two flashes
and for killing very harsh shadows, the second one from the side, on a
tripod, to add plasticity and depth to the picture and the third flash,
also on a tripod, for illumination of the background or for adding
contrejour accents (Spitzlichter in German) to the main motive.

Figure 17: Ana A'eo cave - view from the centre of the hall towards the
eastern side of the entrance, Marania;
Nikon CP 5000, f 2.8, 1/500 sec., ISO 100, white balance set to "fine";
illuminated by available light and one full strobe of
Metz Mecablitz 45, island Rurutu, February 2003

For photography in a pair similar precautions are valid as for
solo excursions - it is better to choose easier cave parts, even
simple shafts and longer water sections can be very risky.
Large halls, which require multiple strobes, are also too difficult
for two. Even if it is possible for the photographer to run away from camera
and fire additional strobes from one side, the extra cannot help
him from the other side; he must stay fixed on his position or he will
become a ghost, a translucent, ethereal figure. The strobes the extra
(and the photographer) have produced after leaving his place in the picture
will illuminate that part of the scene, this time without him.
Fortunately, there still are lots of beautiful cave scenes, in Slovenia
and elsewhere, which are quite suitable for photography in pair.

Ideal team

The ideal team has four members: one at the camera, one on scene,
two handling the left and right (or back) illumination.
The third additional flash, only used for larger spaces or
for special effects, is on a tripod. The work can proceed very fast and
even 10 good pictures per excursion are not impossible. In a crew of three,
the photographer must also handle one of the additional, off camera
flashes. So the camera must be tripod mounted, which takes its time,
and there is also much more running around. For larger halls, it is
very convenient to have a fifth member of the team, who will
take care of the third additional flash.

Special task: photography in water caves, the queen of which is
Križna jama cave. Illumination posts often cannot be placed in the
location required to provide ideal lighting for the picture; instead, the
location of the posts will be determined by a compromise between what
lighting the picture requires, which locations are physically possible
and which locations will best protect the fragile river banks and river
bottom. Ideally the photographer is in the first boat, the extra
in the second, the assistant for side illumination in the third and the
assistant for background illumination either ashore or in the fourth
boat. Some more crew is necessary for rowing; boats, left unattended
even for short period of time are quickly whisked away by the
current or at least rotated by effects of their previous movement.
The picture-taking procedure is not at all simple. With such large fleet,
the voyage to the part of the cave where the photo action is to take
place would take too long, so the smallest boat either has to be loaded
on some other boat or inflated on scene. In the case
of Križna jama cave there are two mitigating circumstances, the
first being the extraordinary beauty of the cave which makes any business
more pleasant, and the other is a very skillful and careful manager of the
cave, he deserves to be decorated for special merit. To have
a partner such as Alojz Troha is any photographer's desire.

The situation is different in caves without such goodies as
in Križna jama. In a water cave with walls dark as in Planinska jama
the team of only four in two boats has to focus on one or two pictures and
hopefully some other good one pops up unexpectedly down the road.

Big team

It often happens that the photographer joins the excursion
with non-photographic goals - an exploration, measurement, digging or
just sightseeing team - if for nothing else than for company and to
stay fit. To leave the camera back home would be too harsh, maybe the
cave ghost will reveal himself exactly on that occasion, but to slow
down the colleagues and poke at their nerves with serious
photography, is also not an option. So the decision falls somewhere in
the middle: make do with handheld documentary shots, say with an additional
flash mounted on the camera at all times, both hidden from sight on the inner
side of the oversuit. Friends will be fond of such pictures,
even if the pictures carry no special weight, they will be good enough for fun
and entertainment. Most photogear can stay at home, with the exception
of a small tripod and two external flashes.

I took part in the excursion at Ocizeljska jama cave just before
New Year 2004, mainly to practice the single rope technique which, to be
frank, is not exactly a pleasant or delightful task. It could only
be a source of joy for Matija (Perne), many of us are green with envy
when watching him move up or down (or any other direction on) the rope.
The gear still filled a voluminous backpack; it went down quite well
but much less so upwards - without Gregor's helping hand a
photographer's life on return would be a real misery. The cave is long;
shaft after shaft, the members of a new caving school course
brought the total crew count to 15 and the time was flowing by
mercilessly fast. Franček was leading the excursion, he took great
care that all ran smoothly, as it should, and he was quite successful in
rejecting some transparent maneuvers from my side to the tune of:
I would like to see just this side-tunnel and two teammates could
join me. But as the excursion drew slowly to a successful end,
when there were only Gregor with his son and daughter, plus Franček
and a more and more melancholic figure of my humble self, at the bottom of
the first series of shafts, the leader showed his more understanding
side and asked: Might we make some bigger photo at the end?
It was, of course, as if someone had asked the frog if it would like to
jump into the water and the picture on Figure 26 was made in 10 minutes.
It happens very rarely that an excursion will end with no
picture having been taken, and that the outcome can still be considered
a success. Sometimes it takes all the strength one has to pass a narrow
squeeze, even without extra gear. And if you happen to be invited to
visit the new parts of the western gallery of Predjama
cave system (or some Welsh cave), and you do not have a small camera
in a waterproof box, and Bojana, who lives nearby, makes a hint that
it would be wise to leave the camera and other gear before the water
barriers and squeezes (Ivo said most convincingly:
It is nothing particular, the water is as
high as the rubber boots, you just run to the other side quickly and
you do not even get wet, a neoprene suit does not make sense, while
climbing the traverses you could get a heat stroke ...),
follow the advice without further discussion. When you find
yourself in a hidden pool waist deep in water, and the water is even
deeper to your left and right, or when you wonder, lying twisted in an
oblique crack with a small stream at the bottom, that it would not be
such a bad idea to have a rib or two removed, like Cher the singer, it will
be too late. Even thoughts of return will not bring any comfort (there are
no shortcuts in style of the PTKRF magic word which would bring you to the
surface from the depths of the labyrinth in Treasure text computer
game on DEC-10 mainframe) and to find yourself again on the lawn at the cave entrance,
below the clear sky, will be nothing but a pure joy.

Good will

Feeling good and proper motivation of all participants,
be it solo or during a large photo excursion, is an absolute necessity.
If any single teammate is in bad mood, if he cannot be amused, the
whole session has to be shortened, the nerves become tense and all the
effort is in vain. So it is up to the photographer to do all in his
power to make the team comfortable. Not many nature photographers got
rich and, as far as it is known, definitely not with
cave photography, despite the amount of work the goes into every
underground picture before it is made. It is very convenient if
the participants of a photo excursion are unfamiliar with the cave or
the cave part - everything new is always interesting and more
attractive. The importance of the extra for the success of
the picture is however critical.

The most perfect shot, with ideal composition, gentle and just right
illumination, can be thrown away if the extra looks like a
pile of bad luck. Beauty and youth are not be underestimated, but good
will is worth even more. A combination of all three, with emphasis on
good will, is the true recipe for success.

If the photo procedure in traditional photography more or less
ends with making prints or developing slides and an eventual
entry in the photographer's log book, in digital photography there are
several other tempting paths to follow. As it is possible to project the
slides onto large screen and show them to a big audience, the same can
be done for digital images with an LCD projector. Such projectors are
expensive, but becoming more and more widespread, and it is not so difficult to
borrow one; there are also some lecture halls where an LCD
projector is already built-in.

Internet

The story does not end here. Today, presentation of pictures on
Internet is a wide reaching, very popular method of publication. The
road to internet publication is very short for digital pictures. The costly and time
consuming scannning of photographs and slides is not required. All we
need is a graphic program for reduction of picture size (a very useful
one, freely available at web address
http://www.irfanview.com, and
written by Irfan Škiljić), an editor for web page composition and,
last but not least, a space on some web server, such as www.speleo.net
of Društvo za raziskovanje jam Ljubljana. When the camera card gets full
or on Sunday evening, whichever comes first, the pictures are
transferred to computer, renamed with proper serial numbers, and prepared
as reduced-size copies with picture descriptions added to the machine-generated web
page. The page and the pictures are transferred over the network or phone
lines to the server, and all concerned cave-lovers are notified via e-mail.
That's it! Examples of such pages, made by the author, can be
checked at the web address
www.jakopin.net.
Besides such presentation, where the pictures are usually
set in chronologic order, it is also not difficult to make a picture
search page, where it is possible to query using words from picture
descriptions. An example, also by the author, is the web page
http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/telri
(write jama into the search window and see what happens ...).

Big eyes

The only major nuisance to all this digital photography,
one of the big problems,
virtually unknown in traditional photography, is the abundance of
pictures. As it is impossible to eat too much fruit, it will just not
go down when there is enough, there are seldom too many prints and slides;
the price of film, development and everything else kept
quantities at reasonable limits. In digital photography, things can
quickly get out of control. The world is beautiful, there is
constantly something going on and to press the shutter release hundred
times a day is also not particularly difficult. The storage card
diligently keeps it all, and then ... the guilty conscience steps in.
To let the pictures lie there just like that is a shame. To process
them, add text descriptions, put them on the server is ideal, but
it is a lot of work and more pictures take even more time. Backlog
quickly starts to build up, some pictures get done, some are left behind,
in style of: I will manage, if not this week then the next one.
Time goes by mercilessly, new pictures keep coming in, old ones fill
the computer disk, they are piling up on CDs ... and slowly move
to the garbage dump of history. The serial number of my last
digital photograph, at the time of writing these lines, was 9100.
Around 3400 have been processed and 5700 are waiting for better times.
So it is better to be disciplined, to shut big eyes a little
and to think twice at every scene: Is the picture worth it?
Is it beautiful enough to get exhibited? Would it not be better to live
on without it?

Copyright infringement

Another problem, related to the presentation of photographs on the
Internet, is the possibility that your author's rights will be
violated. Photographs are the author's work, and like any other intellectual
property, it is yours from the moment it has been created.
Yet, it is difficult to protect a photo web presentation from unauthorized
use, to navigate between the Scylla of users with good intentions and
the Charybdis of Internet thieves who steal everything that is not
nailed down and sell it merrily as it would be something they made
themselves. It is far more pleasant to watch full-screen sized
photographs, 768 x 1024 pixels or at least 600 x 800 pixels than the
small ones, which load much faster, especially if the spectator is
connected to the Internet over a phone line.

Therefore, it is common practice on the Internet to show small versions of
the photographs, say 300 x 400 pixels, and a line of description, with
a hyperlink to a larger, full-frame image that users can access by clicking
on the small picture with the computer mouse. An
example is the following code in the HTML language, related to the
presentation of the user's photograph number 6041, from Križna jama
cave, January 2003 (taken from the web page
http://www.jakopin.net/primoz/slike/030111.html):

The 300 x 400 pixel picture, stored on the server disk as the file pj06041c.jpg,
is shown immediately; a click on it displays the same
picture, this time stored as the file pj06041b.jpg, with 600 x 800
pixels. However, it is true that there are many who
think of the Internet in the way picturesquely described by Ivo Lučić, a
journalist from Zagreb: Internet, pa to vam je samoposluga
(Oh, Internet, it is a self-service grocery store). They pay no
attention to the fact that the page is intended for personal use and
that copying or other manipulation of the information
is not allowed without prior consent from the author.
A typical abuse is installation of your pictures on other web pages,
usually without explanation and, of course, without permission.
It is also a very clumsy compliment to the author if he finds out that
his photographs, taken from Internet, have been published in a foreign
newspaper under some other name.
There are several ways to defend oneself: The most radical and
completely effective way is to avoid any web presence; the less extreme
solution is to publish only small pictures, say up to 300 x 400 pixels; the
more generous approach is making full-screen size, lower grade pictures
available but not the higher quality ones. For about
a year now, I have been using a combination of all three options.

Other methods of presentation

There are some other traditional ways to present the
photographs, besides lectures and the Internet. People love to read
printed media. However, magazine and newspaper editors prefer complete
articles, and photographs alone are less likely to get accepted. If you
are not particularly versatile with a pen, it is best to find a matching
soul who likes to write but is not a keen photographer; such combined
efforts are often very successful. If some cave or cave topic is very
close to your heart it is worth while to take the time, perhaps a few years, to
collect more material and to publish a monograph. Many large and
important caves lack one, so there is ample opportunity for such projects.
The third possibility is an exhibition. Select 20 good photographs
with some common denominator, and have prints made. From a 5 million
pixel file (3 : 4 ratio) acceptable enlargements up to 70 x 90 cm
can be produced, from a 6 mil. pixel file (2 : 3 ratio), enlargements
up to 70 x 105 cm. There are quite a few laboratories where good prints, even on
canvas, can be ordered at a reasonable price. Find a wood craftsman who
will make you inner and outer frames, mount the canvases and there you
go. Photographs on canvas, 60 x 80 cm, with a suitable, not just minimal,
frame weigh 1.25 kg. 20 exhibition-ready pictures at just 25 kilos are
easy to transport around, even in a standard car. Exhibition,
especially the opening, is a great festive day, a unique event which brings
a lot of joy not only to the author, but nearly always to the visitors
as well.

Beyond photography

Photography and photographs are nice. It is a quick and
efficient way of expressing oneself visually. There is a painter
hidden in all of us, but very few have the artistic urge and such an
extraordinary dose of talent to pursue a career in beaux arts.
This is why photography is usually treated, well deserved many would
say, as a very mundane and non-artistic business, to the tune of:
Anyone can press the shutter-release button. There are few notable
artists in the field of photography worldwide, and many fine
photographic opera go by virtually unnoticed.
It is possible to add a different touch to photographs,
using various postprocessing techniques, to make them more acceptable
to the choosy audience. There are many filters available with most
graphic editors, and the results can sometimes be quite pleasing.

Figure 23: View out towards the middle of the hall, Side hall in
Rača špilja (Rača cave), Lastovo island, Canon EOS 300 D,
f 8.0, 1/30 sec., ISO 200, white balance set to "sunny";
illuminated by Nikon SB 28 flash from camera, Metz Mecablitz 45
1 x close from the right and 1 x from the Entrance hall at left; August 2004

The image in Figure 23 has been obtained through a modification using
Microsoft Photo Editor. In the Effects menu, Texturizer
tool has been selected with the following parameter values: Type had
been set to Sandstone, Light position to two o'clock, Scaling to 100 %
and Relief to 10.

As with every other cave activity, photography must be carried out
in such a way that there is as little damage to the pristine cave environment as possible.
For this reason, electronic flash is used as a primary light source, and
other methods of large scale illumination should be avoided. The
locations of lighting assistants should be selected with care, not on
soft or vulnerable surfaces. Mud should not be ported to dripstone
parts of the cave and shoes or boots cleaned or changed before moving
on to such areas. Walk on cave paths or marked corridors, eventually on
rock base, not on dripstone, clay or sand. Take special care on
underwater surfaces. Loud conversation, disturbing to cave animals,
especially bats, should be avoided. Do not approach the animals, light
is very upsetting for them, too. During the hybernation the bats may
wake up which consumes a lot of energy and reduces their chance to survive the winter.
Caves are also not a place for drugs, even not not even legal ones such as tobacco;
alcohol use should be limited to medicinal purposes.
Views of halls and other spaces are much more interesting if
there is some action in the picture. It is also preferable to have
some object in the scene for the measure of size, a fellow caver, an extra
(le figurant). It is also nice to show in the picture that we,
humans, are not the centre of the universe and that the extra
complements the cave composition, rocks, speleothemes.

Ideally, extra is placed in the part of the picture where
she or he is not the main attraction and will get discovered only
after closer examination of the picture. Clothing and shoes which fit well
into the cave environment, both in colour and texture, are recommended.
Red or blue oversuits are fine for action shots
which depict single rope technique (Figure 22) but they take away, no
doubt about it, nine tenths of the glamour to a romantic shot of a beautiful hall
such as Dvorana s ključavnico in Zelške jame cave.

General

When new to the field of cave photography, an aspiring
photographer should grab every opportunity to take some underground
pictures. In time, personal preferences develop and some genre,
in accord with the photographer's other cave activity, will emerge.
Speleobiologists will devote a lot of time to animal pictures; cave
divers will make underwater images; members of a depth-record
attacking team will bring home lots of single-rope-technique related
action photographs. Yet a true cave photographer will remain faithful
to the field in general and will immediately spot a good cave picture
opportunity as the cave and the flow of events on an excursion unfold
in front of him. Every genre has its own particular demands and,
sometimes, requires special equipment.

Animals

Cave flora is very rare and not particularly photogenic, but
cave fauna is different, more attractive and more rewarding for
photographers. Most cave animals tend to be insects of small size.
Proteus, also called olm or human fish (Proteus anguinus) is the
most spectacular cave inhabitant, at least in the Dinaric karst, and bats are
the most common large-size animals. Although they are not troglodytes, they
can also be found in deeper cave areas, kilometres from the entrance.

As already stated in the previous chapter, great care must be taken not to
disturb the cave animals. So, especially when
taking photos of bats, make all preparations for the picture at a safe
distance away from them, approach in silence without excessive light,
take the picture and leave the scene. Great patience is also required
while photographing cave grasshoppers and other flying insects; they
will flee or hide themselves at close light.

Action photography

The following picture, in the style of both the
modern sport-and-alpinism laden caving and
caving magazine covers (Fig. 26), has been taken by the digital
camera, Canon EOS 300 D. It depicts the scene in the hall at the bottom
of the first group of shafts in Ocizeljska jama at the village Ocizla near
Kozina, during the ascent of Gašper Pintar. Fig. 26 is composed from
the following two photographs, shown in Fig. 27 and 28.

Figures 26, 27 and 28: The hall at the bottom of the first sequence of shafts in
Ocizeljska jama cave, Gašper;
Canon EOS 300 D, f 8.0, 30 sec., ISO 200, white balance set to daylight;
illumination is explained below; Ocizla near Kozina, December 2003

Both shots have been illuminated from three sides - 2 flashes from the
left (Metz Mecablitz 45, Nada Pintar, close to the rock wall, outside of both scenes),
above, 1 flash from behind the upper wall
(Unomat B 24, Franci Gabrovšek - Franček) and 3 flashes from the right
(Metz Mecablitz 45, Gregor Pintar, in Fig. 27 sitting on the stone
pier, still in the scene, and in Fig. 28 sitting on the rocky bench,
out of scene). To enhance the contrast and for more dramatic effect the flashgun on
the camera has not been used. The camera was tripod-mounted, exposure time 30
sec., f 8.0, ISO 200. Fig. 27 could not be used because the upper
right quarter of it is way too bright and Gregor also moved while
flashing so that he has two heads in the picture.

Figures 27 and 28

In Fig. 28, taken immediately after Fig. 27, to correct it, Gregor
moved back a little, out of the scene and the upper right quarter of the
picture is now acceptable. The correction, however, worsened the lower
left quarter of the picture, which has fallen out of range of Gregor's
flashes and is now too dark. In the final picture, 24, the
majority of Fig. 27 has been used. Fig. 28 has contributed the larger
part of the right upper quarter, above the wall on which Gregor had
been positioned and to the right of the wall which occupies the larger
part of the left side in both pictures. The final composition has been augmented
by an additional correction - the backpack of the type prasec (hog),
which was overlooked on the beach down right and which was of course
meant to be out of picture, has been covered with the gravel at the
left of the backpack. The procedures have been accomplished with the kind
help of Brane Vidmar from ZRC Publishing using Photoshop; the home
grown editor (Eva) is not yet suitable for the task.

Portraits

Even the lousiest cave, čurka in the parlance of
author's fellow cavers, is a good backdrop for a cave portrait. And as
the gear, elaborate lighting equipment, is already at hand, and assuming
the friends are not in a bad mood, some good picture will be taken quickly and
easily.

Good viewfinder coverage is essential for portraits, so digital
SLRs are best suited for the task. On compact digital cameras, the display
on the back of the camera, which gives good coverage (but is less
convenient), has to be used. Several portraits are normally taken and
the best one selected on scene. The person in the picture is always
a very ruthless judge and will immediately tell what to keep and what
to discard.

Nudes

Nudes are a very attractive genre in any branch of art, but
not an easy one. There is a thin line between pictures which do justice
to the beauty of the human body and images which are just a display of bad taste,
where the flesh prevails the form. The disposition
of the model is quintessential; she/he must be well aware that it is
her/his beauty that counts and this fact should ideally radiate from the picture.
A good approach is also to keep things as simple as possible, but
still be prepared to spend quite some time and effort to get an acceptable
photograph.

The time, required to take the picture, is a real problem
in the caves of the northern hemisphere where the environment,
especially temperatures (8 - 10 deg. C in non-alpine caves),
are not favourable for nude modeling. More
suitable caves are at lower latitudes, especially close to the sea. The
inner temperature of caves on the islands of southern Adriatic is around 16
deg. C (average year-round temperature on the surface) which can be
tolerated nude for 5 to 10 minutes. Even better suited are water caves on the
coast, such as Modra špilja, where the summer
temperatures of both sea and air get to 25 deg. C. Some tan on the
skin is an advantage, preferably without tan lines left by a swimsuit.
Light, reflected from light-coloured rocks or dripstone, will greatly
enhance the skin tones.
Even if the final result will only end up in some secret family album
to preserve the peace of mind of all concerned, nudes are worth the effort.
Caves are usually very secluded places without unwanted onlookers and
so well suited for such projects. If the photographer and the
model are a couple very at ease with each other, taking nudes can be
good time and fun.

Other genres

There are other genres of cave photography not covered here,
underwater photography being the most important one. There are fellow
cavers with good knowledge and experience in this matter, such as
Arne Hodalič.

Cave photography has been a great pleasure to many of us,
even in the traditional, predigital times. Nowadays it makes more
sense than ever, the little display shows a very reasonable approximation
of the picture immediately after the shot
and taking pictures has become a pure joy. Although
the world depth record, attained at the bottom of Renetovo brezno
in the Julian Alps or the first sight of the river, flowing to Boka
above the Soča valley, will never be yours, many, including your humble self,
will enjoy looking at your pictures.

Figure 31: A view of Svetišče (The temple) in the Putik hall of Najdena jama cave, Luka;
Canon EOS 300 D, f 8, 1/30 sec., ISO 200, white balance set to "sunny";
illuminated by Nikon SB 28 flash from camera,
Metz Mecablitz 45: 1 x from the left, 1 x from the right, 1 x from behind the pillars
in the centre of the picture; May 2004

Darkness in the cave is nothing horrible; it is warm; it is a friend
and an ally; within it is hidden the best and the most beautiful for
you to illuminate into a wonderful display of colours and shapes. With
a little luck, moments of underground beauty can be made everlasting
and ported away in a tiny memory card.

The paper and this page by
Primož Jakopin; for comments
click here.
Page posted July 7, 2004 and last changed
September 9, 2013.