Earth’s oxygen-rich atmosphere and its capacity to sustain complex life is the most paramount feature that distinguishes Earth from all other planets. The irreversible oxygenation of atmosphere occurred about half way through Earth’s history at ~2.3 Ga (the Great Oxidation Event – GOE) when for the first-time photosynthetic oxygen production surpassed the consumption by chemical reactions allowing ...

The hypothesis that males are more responsive to placebo treatment than females was tested experimentally in this thesis. The hypothesis was confirmed and the results showed that the sex difference was related to a difference in males’ and females’ stress response after placebo treatment. Placebo responses on pain unpleasantness and the P2 component was found in males, but not in females.
The ...

The Svalbard rock ptarmigan displays a seasonal change of body mass as a selectively beneficial adaptation for survival in the high Arctic. This physiological change is sensitive to photoperiod (daylight duration in a 24h cycle) but little is known of the mechanism through which changes in photoperiod affects body mass in this species. We exposed winer adapted Sv. rock ptarmigan to a simulated ...