Notes: Automobilia is a portmanteau of the words automobile and memorabilia.?It is term which can be used to describe any historical artifact or collectible linked with motor cars and related areas, such as motor racing and motorsport personalities.?In common usage the term is taken to specifically exclude fully or partially complete vehicles, although componentry may be termed automobilia if its ownership is primarily for memento value rather than for practical use.?Artifacts included within automobilia may be highly varied in nature, ranging from those linked with motoring in a general sense (eg ?an in-car tool kit) to those intrinsically linked with a specific vehicle or event (e?g ?the steering wheel from a particular Formula One car, used during a notable Grand Prix race).?Many people around the world are collectors of automobilia, and mostautojumble sale events have a sizeable number of automobilia traders.?In addition, at the upper end of the market, major auction houses such as Bonhams regularly hold specialist automobilia sales.?Most collectors limit themselves to an isolated area of automobilia, commonly linked by a unifying theme.?Examples of popular automobilia collection themes could include items connected to an individual, such as a motor racing driver, or objects of a specific type, such as radiator mascots.?Art, models, books, toys, flags and clothing, while not directly linked with a vehicle, may also be termed automobilia if they have a motoring theme.?A hood/bonnet ornament, or radiator cap, or motor mascot or car mascot is a specially crafted model of something which symbolizes a car company like a badge, located on the front center portion of the hood.?It has been used as an adornment since almost the inception of automobiles.?In the early years, automobiles had their radiator caps outside of the hood and on top of the grille which also served as an indicator of the temperature of the engine's coolant fluid.?The Boyce Motormeter Company was issued a patent in 1912 for a radiator cap that incorporated a thermometer that was visible to the driver with a sensor that measured the heat of the water vapor, rather than the water itself.?This became a useful gauge for the driver because many early engines did not have water pumps, but a circulation system based on the "thermo-syphon" principle as in the Ford Model T Hood ornaments (or car mascots as they are known in the UK) were popular in the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s with many automakers fitting them to their vehicles.?Moreover, a healthy business was created in the supply of accessory mascots available to anyone who wanted to add a hood ornament or car mascot to their automobile.?Most companies like Desmo and Smith's are now out of business with only Louis Lejeune in England surviving.?Sculptors such as Bazin, Paillet, Sykes, Renevey, and Lejeune all created finely detailed sculptures in miniature.?Many automakers wanted their own emblems displayed on their vehicles' hoods, and Boyce Motormeter accommodated them with corporate logos or mascots, as well as numerous organizations that wanted custom cap emblems to identify their members.?The company had over 300 such customers at one time during the mid-1920s, for car, truck, tractor, boat, airplane, and motorcycle manufacturers, and in 1927, had 1,800 employees in six countries: US?, England, Canada, Australia, France, and Germany.?The hundreds of motor vehicle manufacturers before 1929 meant many customers for their customized emblems.?Along with the grille, the hood ornament is often a distinctive styling element and many marques use it as their primary brand identifier.?Examples of hood ornaments include:?Archer on Pierce-Arrow cars?Crest and Wreath on Cadillac cars?Leaping jaguar on Jaguar cars?Lion rampant on Peugeot cars?Rocky Mountain big horn ram's head on Dodge cars and trucks?Rocket on Oldsmobile cars?Spirit of Ecstasy on Rolls-Royce Motors cars? Trishields on Buick cars?Three-pointed star surrounded by a circle on most Mercedes-Benz sedans and wagons, (not on sport coupe models, which instead tend have a grille with horizontal bars and a large centre-mounted star)?Chief Pontiac on Pontiac autos.??Additionally, many vehicle models such as Buick's Regal, the Chevrolet Impala, or Chrysler's Cordoba had their own unique emblem and accompanying distinctive standup hood ornament.?The radiator cap was transformed into an art form and became a way of individualizing the car, "representing a company's vision of the automobile", or "speaking volumes about the owner" of the vehicle.?Hood ornaments are usually cast in brass, zinc, or bronze and finished in a chrome plated finish.?During the years when chrome plate was unavailable, they were plated in either silver or nickel.?Some also incorporated other materials, such as plastic, bakelite, or colored glass, while others incorporated a light bulb for illumination at night.?The best-known glass mascots were made by René Lalique in France, but other sellers or producers of glass mascots include Sabino in France, Red Ashay in England, and Persons Majestic in the US.The latter two had their products made in Czechoslovakia.?The Lalique company, like Louis Lejeune, is one of the few survivors from this era of motoring.?An automobile, autocar, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor.?Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.?The term motorcar has also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage.?These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.?It was estimated in 2010 that the number of automobiles had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, with 500 million reached in 1986.?The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.?The word automobile comes, via the French automobile from the Ancient Greek word auto (autós, "self") and the Latin mobilis ("movable"); meaning a vehicle that moves itself.?The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum ("wheeled vehicle"), or the Middle English word carre ("cart") (from Old North French), in turn these are said to have originated from the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic Chariot).?The first working steam-powered vehicle was likely to have been designed by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672.?It was a 65 cm-long scale-model toy for the Chinese Emperor, that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger.?It is not known if Verbiest's model was ever built.?Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle.?He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.?His inventions were however handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure.?In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle.?It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and was of little practical use.?In 1807 Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude probably created the world's first internal combustion engine which they called a Pyréolophore, but they chose to install it in a boat on the river Saone in France.?Coincidentally, in 1807 the Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed his own 'de Rivaz internal combustion engine' and used it to develop the world's first vehicle to be powered by such an engine.?The Niépces' Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dried spores of the Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.?Neither design was very successful, as was the case with others, such as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with his hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.??In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile powered by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris.?Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile.?In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878.?Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle.?His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany.?He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie.?, which was founded in 1883).?Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model intended for affordability.?They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design.?Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz automobile to his line of products.?Because France was more open to the early automobiles, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany.?In August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife of Karl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove the road-worthiness of her husband's invention.?In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat engine, called boxermotor.?During the last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the largest automobile company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie, became a joint-stock company.?The first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in the world, was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to Tatra) in 1897, the Präsident automobil.?Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their first automobile in 1892 under the brand name, Daimler.?It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, that they retrofitted with an engine of their design.?By 1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after disputes with their backers.?Benz, Maybach and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other's early work.?They never worked together; by the time of the merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG.?Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes, that was placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set by Emil Jellinek.?This was a production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country.?Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG automobile was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine which generated 35 hp.?Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own.?Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers.?Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie ?when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following the First World War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider it initially.?Negotiations between the two companies resumed several years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000.?Both enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or marketed their automobile models jointly, although keeping their respective brands.?On 28 June 1926, Benz & Cie and DMG finally merged as the Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its automobiles Mercedes Benz, as a brand honoring the most important model of the DMG automobiles, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902 Mercedes-35 hp, along with the Benz name.?Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929, and at times, his two sons participated in the management of the company as well.?In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the automobile industry in France.?The first design for an American automobile with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York.?Selden applied for a patent for an automobile in 1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built.?After a delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent (U S ?Patent 549,160) for a two-stroke automobile engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of automobiles in the United States.?His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911.?In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts.?The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893, on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield.?To construct the Duryea Motor Wagon, the brothers had purchased a used horse-drawn buggy for $70 and then installed a 4 HP, single cylinder gasoline engine.?The car had a friction transmission, spray carburetor, and low tension ignition.?It was road-tested again on 10 November, when the The Springfield Republican newspaper made the announcement.? This particular car was put into storage in 1894 and stayed there until 1920 when it was rescued by Inglis M ?Uppercu and presented to the United States National Museum.?In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success, with Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860.? Santler from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-powered car in the country in 1894 followed by Frederick William Lanchester in 1895, but these were both one-offs.?The first production vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Motor Company, a company founded by Harry J ?Lawson in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines.?Lawson's company made its first automobiles in 1897, and they bore the name Daimler.?In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine".?In 1897, he built the first Diesel Engine.?Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s.?Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success.

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Payment

Shipping: REMOVAL OF PURCHASES
From the moment the hammer falls, sold items will be in the exclusive responsability of the buyer. Transportation and storage will be invalided to the buyer. The buyer will be solely responsible for insurance, and Pierre Bergé
& associés assumes no liability for any damage items may incur from the time the hammer falls. All formality procedures, including those concerning exportation as well as transport fall exclusively to the buyer.
Sales in Brussels, Cercle de Lorraine :
Vehicles which have not been retrieved by the buyer on the day following the sales, before 4pm, will be stored in a parking in Brussels where they can be collected at opening hours during 10 days free of charge. Past this period of time, the buyer will be responsible for the fees which will be of 30 euros per vehicle per day, to be payed at Pierre Bergé & associés.
Retrieval of items is done upon appointement and presentation of the paid voucher.

The auction will be conducted in euros ( ) and lots will be paid full in cash. As well as the hammer price, buyers will pay the following premium : up to
300 000 , 20% inclusive of tax (16,53% + 21% VAT), above 300 000 ,
15% inclusive of tax (12,4% + 21% VAT). This calculation applies to each lot individually. For lots sold by a non - resident the buyer will pay a 7% V.A.T. (lots marked by a ) or 21% VAT (lots marked by a ) on the hammer price plus the premium (the buyer will be refunded of this V. A. T.The auction will be conducted in euros ( ) and lots will be paid full in cash. As well as the hammer price, buyers will pay the following premium : up to
300 000 , 20% inclusive of tax (16,53% + 21% VAT), above 300 000 ,
15% inclusive of tax (12,4% + 21% VAT). This calculation applies to each lot individually. For lots sold by a non - resident the buyer will pay a 7% V.A.T. (lots marked by a ) or 21% VAT (lots marked by a ) on the hammer price plus the premium (the buyer will be refunded of this V. A. T.. when he will be presenting to our cashier the proof of export out of EEC). This calculation applies to each lot individually.. when he will be presenting to our cashier the proof of export out of EEC). This calculation applies to each lot individually.

Shipping: REMOVAL OF PURCHASES
From the moment the hammer falls, sold items will be in the exclusive responsability of the buyer. Transportation and storage will be invalided to the buyer. The buyer will be solely responsible for insurance, and Pierre Bergé
& associés assumes no liability for any damage items may incur from the time the hammer falls. All formality procedures, including those concerning exportation as well as transport fall exclusively to the buyer.
Sales in Brussels, Cercle de Lorraine :
Vehicles which have not been retrieved by the buyer on the day following the sales, before 4pm, will be stored in a parking in Brussels where they can be collected at opening hours during 10 days free of charge. Past this period of time, the buyer will be responsible for the fees which will be of 30 euros per vehicle per day, to be payed at Pierre Bergé & associés.
Retrieval of items is done upon appointement and presentation of the paid voucher.

Premium: The auction will be conducted in euros ( ) and lots will be paid full in cash. As well as the hammer price, buyers will pay the following premium : up to
300 000 , 20% inclusive of tax (16,53% + 21% VAT), above 300 000 ,
15% inclusive of tax (12,4% + 21% VAT). This calculation applies to each lot individually. For lots sold by a non - resident the buyer will pay a 7% V.A.T. (lots marked by a ) or 21% VAT (lots marked by a ) on the hammer price plus the premium (the buyer will be refunded of this V. A. T.. when he will be presenting to our cashier the proof of export out of EEC). This calculation applies to each lot individually.

Divers: PRE-EMPTION
In certain cases, the French State is entitled to use its right of pre-emption on works of art or private documents. This means that the state substitutes itself for the last bidder and becomes the buyer. In such a case, a representative of the French State announces the exercise of the pre-emption right during the auction and immediately after the lot has been sold, and this declaration will be recorded in the official sale record. The French State will have then fifteen (15) days to confirm the pre-emption decision. Pierre Bergé & associés will not be held responsible for any administrative decisions of the French State regarding the use of its right of pre-emption.

GARANTEES
The auctioneer is bound by the indications in the catalogue, modified only by eventual annoucements made at the time of the sale noted into the legal records there of. An exhibition prior to the sale permits buyers to establish the condition of the works offered for sale and therefore no claims will be accepted after the hammer has fallen.

The auction will be conducted in euros ( ) and lots will be paid full in cash. As well as the hammer price, buyers will pay the following premium : up to
300 000 , 20% inclusive of tax (16,53% + 21% VAT), above 300 000 ,
15% inclusive of tax (12,4% + 21% VAT). This calculation applies to each lot individually. For lots sold by a non - resident the buyer will pay a 7% V.A.T. (lots marked by a ) or 21% VAT (lots marked by a ) on the hammer price plus the premium (the buyer will be refunded of this V. A. T.. when he will be presenting to our cashier the proof of export out of EEC). This calculation applies to each lot individually.

GARANTEES
The auctioneer is bound by the indications in the catalogue, modified only by eventual annoucements made at the time of the sale noted into the legal records there of. An exhibition prior to the sale permits buyers to establish the condition of the works offered for sale and therefore no claims will be accepted after the hammer has fallen.

BIDS
Bidding will be in accordance with the lot numbers listed in the catalogue or as announced by Pierre Bergé & associés, and will be in increments determinated by the auctioneer. The highest and last bidder will be the purchaser. Should Pierre Bergé & associés recognise two simultaneous bids on an object, the lot will be put up for sale again and all those present in the saleroom may participate in thissecond opportunity to bid.

ABSENTEE BIDS AND TELEPHONE BIDS
Those wishing to make a bid in writing or by telephone should use the form provided with the auction catalogue. This form, accompanied by the bidder's bank details, must be received by PBA no later than two days before the sale. In the event of identical bids, the earliest will take precedence. Telephone bids are a free service designed for clients who are unable to be present at auction. Pierre Bergé & associés cannot be held responsible for any problems due to technical difficulties.

REMOVAL OF PURCHASES
From the moment the hammer falls, sold items will be in the exclusive responsability of the buyer. Transportation and storage will be invalided to the buyer. The buyer will be solely responsible for insurance, and Pierre Bergé
& associés assumes no liability for any damage items may incur from the time the hammer falls. All formality procedures, including those concerning exportation as well as transport fall exclusively to the buyer.
Sales in Brussels, Cercle de Lorraine :
Vehicles which have not been retrieved by the buyer on the day following the sales, before 4pm, will be stored in a parking in Brussels where they can be collected at opening hours during 10 days free of charge. Past this period of time, the buyer will be responsible for the fees which will be of 30 euros per vehicle per day, to be payed at Pierre Bergé & associés.
Retrieval of items is done upon appointement and presentation of the paid voucher.

PRE-EMPTION
In certain cases, the French State is entitled to use its right of pre-emption on works of art or private documents. This means that the state substitutes itself for the last bidder and becomes the buyer. In such a case, a representative of the French State announces the exercise of the pre-emption right during the auction and immediately after the lot has been sold, and this declaration will be recorded in the official sale record. The French State will have then fifteen (15) days to confirm the pre-emption decision. Pierre Bergé & associés will not be held responsible for any administrative decisions of the French State regarding the use of its right of pre-emption.

The auction will be conducted in euros ( ) and lots will be paid full in cash. As well as the hammer price, buyers will pay the following premium : up to
300 000 , 20% inclusive of tax (16,53% + 21% VAT), above 300 000 ,
15% inclusive of tax (12,4% + 21% VAT). This calculation applies to each lot individually. For lots sold by a non - resident the buyer will pay a 7% V.A.T. (lots marked by a ) or 21% VAT (lots marked by a ) on the hammer price plus the premium (the buyer will be refunded of this V. A. T.The auction will be conducted in euros ( ) and lots will be paid full in cash. As well as the hammer price, buyers will pay the following premium : up to
300 000 , 20% inclusive of tax (16,53% + 21% VAT), above 300 000 ,
15% inclusive of tax (12,4% + 21% VAT). This calculation applies to each lot individually. For lots sold by a non - resident the buyer will pay a 7% V.A.T. (lots marked by a ) or 21% VAT (lots marked by a ) on the hammer price plus the premium (the buyer will be refunded of this V. A. T.. when he will be presenting to our cashier the proof of export out of EEC). This calculation applies to each lot individually.. when he will be presenting to our cashier the proof of export out of EEC). This calculation applies to each lot individually.

Shipping

REMOVAL OF PURCHASES
From the moment the hammer falls, sold items will be in the exclusive responsability of the buyer. Transportation and storage will be invalided to the buyer. The buyer will be solely responsible for insurance, and Pierre Bergé
& associés assumes no liability for any damage items may incur from the time the hammer falls. All formality procedures, including those concerning exportation as well as transport fall exclusively to the buyer.
Sales in Brussels, Cercle de Lorraine :
Vehicles which have not been retrieved by the buyer on the day following the sales, before 4pm, will be stored in a parking in Brussels where they can be collected at opening hours during 10 days free of charge. Past this period of time, the buyer will be responsible for the fees which will be of 30 euros per vehicle per day, to be payed at Pierre Bergé & associés.
Retrieval of items is done upon appointement and presentation of the paid voucher.

Premium

The auction will be conducted in euros ( ) and lots will be paid full in cash. As well as the hammer price, buyers will pay the following premium : up to
300 000 , 20% inclusive of tax (16,53% + 21% VAT), above 300 000 ,
15% inclusive of tax (12,4% + 21% VAT). This calculation applies to each lot individually. For lots sold by a non - resident the buyer will pay a 7% V.A.T. (lots marked by a ) or 21% VAT (lots marked by a ) on the hammer price plus the premium (the buyer will be refunded of this V. A. T.. when he will be presenting to our cashier the proof of export out of EEC). This calculation applies to each lot individually.

Divers

PRE-EMPTION
In certain cases, the French State is entitled to use its right of pre-emption on works of art or private documents. This means that the state substitutes itself for the last bidder and becomes the buyer. In such a case, a representative of the French State announces the exercise of the pre-emption right during the auction and immediately after the lot has been sold, and this declaration will be recorded in the official sale record. The French State will have then fifteen (15) days to confirm the pre-emption decision. Pierre Bergé & associés will not be held responsible for any administrative decisions of the French State regarding the use of its right of pre-emption.

GARANTEES
The auctioneer is bound by the indications in the catalogue, modified only by eventual annoucements made at the time of the sale noted into the legal records there of. An exhibition prior to the sale permits buyers to establish the condition of the works offered for sale and therefore no claims will be accepted after the hammer has fallen.

All content, images, and intellectual property on this site protected by digital watermark technology. Digital copying of images strictly prohibited; violators will be pursued and prosecuted to the full extent of the law including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

Unauthorized use including account sharing of Invaluable will result in permanent account cancellation.