1.Define SAMA.Spread Aloha Multiple Access is a combination of CDMA and TDMA. TheCDMA better suits for connection oriented services only and not for connection lessbursty data traffic because it requires to program both sender and receiver to accessdifferent users with different codes.2.Define CDMA.Code Division Multiple Access systems use codes with certaincharacteristics to separate different users. To enable access to the shared medium withoutinterference. The users use the same frequency and time to transmit data. The mainproblem is to find good codes and to separate this signal from noise. The good code canbe found the following 2 characteristic1.Orthogonal.2.AutoCorrelation.3..What are the several versions in CSMA?There are several versions in CSMA, they are as followsa) non-persistent CSMAb) p-persistent CSMAc) 1-persistent CSMA4.What is meant by non-persistent CSMA?In, non-persistent CSMA, stations sense the carrier and start sending immediatelyif the medium is idle., if the medium is busy, the station pauses a random amount of timebefore sensing the medium again and repeating this pattern.5.What is meant by p-persistent CSMA?In p-persistent CSMA system nodes also sense the medium, but only transmit with aprobability of p. With the station deferring to the next slot with the probability 1-p,i.e. access is slotted in addition.6. What is SDMA?Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) is used for allocating separated spaces to usersin wireless networks. The basis for the SDMA algorithm is formed by cells andsectorized antennas which constitute the infrastructure implementing space divisionmultiplexing (SDM)7. What is FDD?In FDMA, the base station and the mobile station establish a duplex channel. The twodirections, mobile station to base station and vice versa are separated using differentfrequencies. This Scheme is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)8.What are the 2 sub layers in DLC?Logical Link Control(LLC)Media Access Control(MAC)9) What is EY-NMPA?Elimination yield –Non Pre-emptive Multiple Access (EY-NMPA) is ascheme which uses several phases to sense the medium. access the mediumand for contention resolution.. Priority schemes can also be included.This is actually used in HIPERLAN1 specification.10) What do you mean by Polling?Polling is a strictly centralized scheme with one master and severalslave stations. The master can collect the list of stations during thecontention phase and can poll these slaves according to many schemeslike round robin, random access, reservation scheme etc.11) What are the four types of handover available in GSM?1.Intra cell Handover2.Inter cell Intra BSC Handover3.Inter BSC Intra MSC handover4.Inter MSC Handover12) What is TETRA?TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) systems use different radio carrier frequencies, butthey assign a specific carrier frequencies for a short period of time according to demand.TETRA’s are highly reliable and extremely cheap.13) what are the categories of Mobile services?• Bearer services• Tele services• Supplementary services14)What are the services provided by supplementary services?• User identification• Call redirection• Call forwarding• Closed user groups• Multiparty Communication15) What are types of Handover?Intra-cell handoverInter-cell ,intra- BSC handoverInter-BSC, intra-MSC handoverInter MSC handover16.What is meant by GPRS?The General Packet Radio Service provides packet mode transfer for applicationsthat exhibit traffic patterns such as frequent transmission of small volumes.17)What are subsystems in GSM system?• Radio subsystem(RSS)• Network & Switching subsystem(NSS)• Operation subsystem(OSS)18)What are the information in SIM?• card type, serial no, list of subscribed services• Personal Identity Number(PIN)• Pin Unlocking Key(PUK)• An Authentication Key(KI)19)Define Normal Burst?The frame used for normal data transmission within a time slot is called NormalBurst.20)What are the logical channels in GSM?• Traffic channel(TCH)• Control channel(CCH)23) What is the function of Medium Access Control Layer?The functions of Medium Access Control Layer is responsible for establishes,maintains, and releases channels for higher layers by activating and deactivating physicalchannels.24) What is meant by GEO?GEO means Geostationary or Geosynchronous earth orbit. GEO satellites have adistance of almost 36000 km to the earth. Examples are almost all TV and radiobroadcast satellites, many weather satellites and satellites operating as backbone for thetelephone network.25) what are the advantages of GEO?Three GEO satellites are enough for a complete coverage of almost any spot onearth, senders and receivers can use fixed antennas positions, no adjusting is needed.Therefore GEO’s are ideal for T.V and radio broadcasting26)What is Handover?The satellite is the base station in satellite communication systems and thatit self is moving. So, additional instance of handover are necessary due to the movementof the satellite1.Intra Satellite handover:2.Inter Satellite handover.3.Gateway handover.4.Inter System handover.27) What are the registers maintained by the gateway of satellite?1.Home Location Register(HLR).2.Visitor Location Register(VLR).3.Satellite User Mapping Register(SUMR).28)Advantages of MEOUsing Orbits around 10,000Km, the system only requires a dozen satelliteswhich is more than the GEO system, but much less than a LEO system. Further morethese satellites move slower relative to the earth’s rotation allowing a simpler systemdesign.Depending on the inclination a MEO can cover larger populations, thus requiring lesshandovers.29) Applications of Satellite ?Satellites can be used in the Following Areas• Weather Forecasting• Radio and TV broadcast Satellites• Military Satellites• Satellites for Navigation30)What are the applications in satellites?• Weather forecasting satellites• Radio & TV broadcast satellites• Military satellites• Satellites for navigation• Mobile communication31) What are the advantages of LEO?• Data rate is 2400 bit/s• Packet delay is relatively low• Smaller footprints of LEO allows frequency reuse• Provide high elevations32) Define the inclination angle and perigee.The inclination angle is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the planedescribed by the satellite orbit. An inclination angle of 0 degrees means that the satelliteis exactly above the equator. If the satellite does not have a circular orbit, the closestpoint tothe earth is called the perigee.33) Define the elevation angle and footprint.The elevation angle is defined as the angle between the centre of satellite beam andtheplane tangential to the earth’s surface. The foot-print can be defined as the area on earthwherethe signals of the satellite can be received.34) Define Header core.Seven bytes field contains the sizes of the header and the body, the content typeof the object. Depending on this header information, the receiver may decide if it hasenough resources(memory, cpu, power, display etc) available to decode and furtherprocessthe object.35) What is MSC?Main Service Channel(MSC) carries all user data.eg. audio, multimedia data.36) What is FIC?The Fast Information Channel(FIC) contains Fast Information Block(FIB) with256bits each(16 bit checksum). An FIC carries all control information which isrequired for interpreting the configuration and content of the MSC.37) What are the different types of disk?• A flat disks• Skewed disks• Multi disks38) What are the goals of DVB?The goal of DVB is to introduce digital TV broadcastingusing satellite transmission (DVB-5) cable technology (DVB-c)and terrestrial transmission (DVB-7).39) Name some of the formats supported by MOT?. Multimedia and Hypermedia information coding experts group(MHEG) Join photograph’s experts group(JPEG) American standard code for information interchange(ASCII) Moving pictures expert group(MPEG) Hypertext markup language(HTML) Hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP) Bitmap(BMP) Graphics interchange format(GIF)40) Give structure MOT object.7bytesvariable sizevariable sizeHeader coreHeader Extension BodyHeader core : contain the size of the header and body and the content type of the object.Header Extension : contains additional object handling data such as repetition distance tosupport caching, segmentation information and priority of the data.Body : contains arbitrary data to be transmitted.41)What are different interleaving and repetition schemes applied by DAB to objects andsegments?1.Object Repetition.2.Interleaved Objects.3.Segment repetition.4.Header repetition.42) What are the advantages of DAB?1.DAB can offer sound in CD like quality.2.DAB can use single frequency network where all senders transmitting the sameradio program can operate at the same frequency.3.DAB use VHF and UHF frequency bands.4.DAB uses DQPSK modulation scheme.5.DAB user COFDM and FEC.6.DAB can transmit up to six stereo audio programmes with a data rate of192kbit/s each.43) What is object repetition?DAB can repeat objects several times. If an object A consists of foursegments(A1,A2,A3,A4)asinglerepetitionpatternwouldbeA1A2A3A4A1A2A3A4A1A2A3A4……..44)What is EIT?Event Information Table(EIT) contains status information about the currenttransmission and some additional information for set-top boxes.45) What are the service information sent by DVB?Digital Video Broadcast Containers are basically MPEG-2 frames. DVBsends service information. These information are,1.Network information table(NIT).2.Service Description Table(SDT).3.Event Information Table(EIT).4.Time and Date Table(TDT)46) What are the advantages of DVB?1.Data rates planned for users are 6-38mbit/s for the downlink and 33-100kbit/s forthe uplink.2.Transmitted along with TV programmes and doesn’t require additional lines orhardware per customer.3.Can be used in remote areas and developing countries where there is no high bandwidth wired network.47) what is meant by beacon?A beacon contains a timestamp and other management information used forpower management and roaming.e.g., identification of the base station subsystem(BSS)48) What is Active scanning?Active scanning comprises sending a probe on each channel and waiting forresponse. Beacon and Probe response contain the information necessary to join the newBSS.49) What is Passive Scanning?Passive Scanning Simply means listening into the medium to find other networks,i.e. receiving the beacon of another network issued by the synchronization functionwithin an access point50) what is the primary goal of IEE 802.11?The primary goal of the standard was the specification of a simple, robust, WLANwhich offers time bounded and asynchronous services also it should be able to operatewith multiple physical layers.51) what is meant by SIFS?SIFS means Short Inter Frame Spacing. The shortest waiting time defined forshort control message such as acknowledgements or polling response.52) What are Advantages of wireless LAN?Flexibility,Planning,Design,Robustness,Quality Service,Cost,Proprietary Solution,Restriction,Safety and Security53) What are Design Goals of Wireless LAN?Global OperationLow PowerLicense-free OperationRobust transmission technologySimplified spontaneous co-operationEasy to useprotection of investmentSafety and SecurityTransparency for application54)What are the three Low Power States provided by Bluetooth?PARK stateHOLD stateSNIFF state55)What is SCO?SCO-stands for Synchronous Connection Oriented LinkStandard telephone (voice) connection require symmetrical, circuit-switched, point-topointconnections.For this type of link, the master reserves two consecutive slots at fixed intervals.56)What are the three phases in EY-NPMA?i. Prioritization: Determine the highest priority of a data packet ready to be sent oncompeting nodes.ii. Contention: Eliminate all but one of the contenders, if more than one sender hasthe highest current priority.iii. Transmission: Finally, transmit the packet of the remaining node.57)What are Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared?Advantages:i. Simple and extremely cheap senders and receivers which integrated in almost allmobile devicesii. No licenses are needed for infrared technology and shielding is very simple.iii. Electrical devices do not interfere with infrared transmission.Disadvantages:i. Low bandwidthii. Quite easily shieldediii. Cannot Penetrate58) What are the system integration functions of MAC management?• Synchronization• Power management• Roaming• Management information base (MIB)59) What do you meant by roaming?.Moving between access point is called roaming. Even wireless networks may requiremore than one access point to cover all rooms. In order to provide uninterrupted service,we require roaming when the user moves from one access point to another.60) What is mobile routing?Even if the location of a terminal is known to the system, it still has to route thetraffic through the network to the access point currently responsible for the wirelessterminal.Each time a user moves to a new access point, the system must reroute traffic. This isknown as mobile routing.61) What are the functions which support service and connection control?>Access point control function>Call control and connection control function>Network security agent>Service control function>Mobility management function62) What are the examples for service scenarios identified in WATM ?>Office environments>Universities, schools, training, centres>Industry>Hospitals>Home>Networked vehicles63) What is BRAN?The broadband radio access networks(BRAN) which have been standardized byEuropean Telecommunications Standard Institute(ETSI) are a possible choice for an RALfor WATM. Although BRAN has been standardized independently from WATM, there isco-operation between the two to concentrate the common efforts on one goal. The mainmotivation behind BRAN is the deregulation and privatization of the telecommunicationsector in Europe.64) What are the different network types of BRAN?>Hyperlan1>Hyperlan2>Hyper access>Hyperlink65) What is the main problem for WATM during handover?The main problem for WATM during the handover is rerouting of all connectionsand maintaining connection quality.66) What are the different segments in ATM end-to-end connection?An ATM end-to-end connection is separated into different segments.>A fixed segment is a part of the connection that is not affected by the handover>Handover segment is affected by the handover and is located completely within ahandover domain.67) What is anchor point? .The Anchor point is the boundary between a handover segment and a fixedsegment.68) What are different types of handover?>Hard handover>Terminal initiated>Network initiated>Network initiated, terminal assisted>Network controlled>Backward handover>Forward handover69) What is mobile terminal and wireless terminal?.Mobile terminal is a standard ATM terminal with the additional capability ofreconnecting after access point change. the terminal can be moved between differentaccess point within a certain domain.Wireless terminal is accessed via a wireless link, but the terminal itself is fixed,i.e., the terminal keeps its access point to the network.70) What is generic routing encapsulation?Generic routing encapsulation (GRE) is an encapsulation scheme which supports othernetwork protocols in addition to IP. It allows the encapsulation of packets of one protocolsuite into the payload portion of a packet of another protocol suite.71) Define COA.The COA (care of address) defines the current location of the MN from an IP point ofview. All IP packets sent to the MN are delivered to the COA, not directly to the IPaddress of the MN. Packet delivery toward the MN is done using the tunnel.72) What is meant by Transparency?Mobility should remain invisible for many higher layer Protocols and applications. Theonly affects of mobility should be a higher delay and lower bandwidth which are naturalin the case of mobile networks.73) What is Generic Routing encapsulation?Generic Routing encapsulation (GRE) allows the encapsulation of packets of oneprotocol suite into the payload portion of a packet of another protocol suit.74)What is Binding Request?Any node that wants to know the current location of an MN can send a binding request tothe HA. The HA can check if the MN has allowed dissemination of its current location.75) What are the possibilities for the location of care-of-address (COA)?The two possibilities for the location of care-of-address are:i.Foreign agent COAii.Co-related COA76) What are the requirements for the development of mobile IP standard?The requirements are:a.Compatibilityb.Transparencyc.Scalability and efficiencyd.Security77) What is COA?Care Of Address (COA) define the current location of the MN (Mobile Node) from an IPpoint of view. DHCP is a good candidate for supporting the acquisition of Care OfAddresses.78) What is Dynamic source Routing?Dynamic Source Routing eliminates all periodic routing updates. If a node needs todiscover a route, it broadcast a route request with a unique identifier and the destinationaddress as parameters. Any node that receivers a route request gives a list of addressesrepresenting a possible path on its way toward the destination.79) Why is need of routing?Routing is to find the path between source and destination and to forward the packetsappropriately.80) Define Mobile node:Mobile node:A mobile node is an end-system or router that can change its point ofattachment to theInternet using mobile IP. The MN keeps its IP address and can continuously with anyother system in the Internet as long as link layer connectivity is given.81) What is Encapsulation and Decapsulation?Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting ofpacket header and data andputting it into the data part of a new packet.The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part ofanother packet,is called decapsulation.82) what are the two functions of the transport layer in the internet?The two functions of the transport layer in the internet are check summing over userdata and multiplexing/ demultiplexing of data from applications.83) what is called the exponential growth of the congestion window?The sendor always calculate congestion window for a window start size of thecongestion window is one segment. Sender sends one packet and waits foracknowledgement. If acknowledgement arise it raises the level of congestion window byone. If sender sends two packet if acknowledgement arrises it raises the level ofcongestion window by two. This scheme raises the level of congestion window everytime the acknowledges come back, which takes roundtrip time(RTT).This is called theexponential growth of the congestion window?84) Advantages of I-TCP:•I-TCP does not require any changes in the TCP protocol as used by thehosts in the fixed network or other hosts in a wireless network that do not usethis optimization.•Without partitioning retransmission of lost packets would take placebetween mobile host and correspondent host across the whole network.•Optimization of new mechanisms is quite simple to be done in I-TCP asthey only cover a single hop.•The short delay between the mobile host and foreign agent can bedetermined and is independent of other traffic streams. Therefore anoptimized TCP can use precise time-outs to guarantee retransmission as fastas possible.•Partitioning into two connections also allows the use of a differenttransport layer protocol between the foreign agent and the mobile host or theuse of compressed headers etc. The foreign agent can act as a gateway totranslate between different protocols..85) Disadvantages of I-TCP:• The loss of the end to end semantics of TCP cause problems if the foreignagent portioning the TCP connection crashes.• An increased handover latency is more problematic in practical use• The foreign agent must be a trusted entity because the TCP connections endat this point.86) Define Slow Start?TCP’s reaction to a missing acknowledgement is quitedrastic, but necessary to get rid of congestion. Thebehaviour TCP shows after the detection of congestionis called Slow start.87) How does data transmission takes place?Data transmission takes place using network adapters, fibre optics, copper wires,special hardware for routers etc.88) What is mean by Slow Start?TCP’s reaction to a missing acknowledgement is quite drastic, but necessary to get ridof congestion fastenough. The behaviour TCP shows after the detection of cogestion is called slowstart.89) What is mean by SCPS-TP?The set of protocols developed for space communication is known as spacecommunications protocol standards(SCPS),the extended TCP is called SCPS-transport protocols.(SCPS-TP).90) What are Advantage and Disadvantage of MobileTCP?Advantage:i. M-TCP maintains the TCP end-to-end semantice. The SH does not send any ACKitself but forwards the ACKs from the MH.ii.If the MH is disconnected, M_TCP avoids useless retransmissions, slow starts orbreaking connections by simply shrinking the sender’s window to 0;iii. Since M-TCP does not buffer data in the SH as I-TCP does, it is not necessary toforward buffers to a new SH.Lost packets will be automatically retransmitted to the new SH.Disvantage:i. As the SH does not act as proxy as in I-TCP, packet loss on the wireless link due tobit errors is propagated to the sender.M-TCP assumes low bit error rates, which is not always a valid assumption.ii. A modified TCP on the wireless link not only requires modification to the MHprotocol software but also new network elements like thebandwidth manager.91) What is Fast retransmit?In TCP, a receiver sends acknowledgements only if it receive any packets from thesender. Thus receiving acknowledgements from areceiver shows additionally that the receiver continuously receives something fromthe sender. Therefore, the gap in the packet stream is notdue to severe congestion, but a simple packet loss due to a transmission error. Thesender can now retransmit the missing packets beforethe timer expires. This behaviour is called fast retransmit.92) What is fast retransmit?The gap in the packet stream is not due to severe congestion, but a simple packetloss due to a transmission error. The sender can now retransmit the missing packet beforethe timer expires. This behavior is called fast retransmit.93) What is fast recovery?The receipt of acknowledgement shows that there is no congestion justifying aslow start. The sender can continue with the current congestion window. The senderperforms a fast recovery from the packet loss. This mechanism can improve theefficiency of TCP dramatically.94)What is HTTP?The Hypertext transfer protocol is a stateless, lightweight, application levelprotocol for data transfer between servers and clients. An HTTP transaction consists of anHTTP request issued by a client and an HTTP response from the server. Stateless meansthat all HTTP transactions independent of each other.95)What is image scaling?If a page contains a true color, high-resolution picture, this picture can be scaleddown to fewer colors, lower resolution, or finally to only the title of the picture. The usercan decide to download the picture separately. Further one can offer clipping, zooming,or detail studies to users if they are interested in a part of the picture.96) What is WAP?Wireless application protocol(WAP) is a common effort of many companies andorganizations to set up a framework for wireless and mobile web access using manydifferent transport systems. Eg. GSM, GPRS, UMTS.97) What is WMLBrowser?WMLBrowser is a library that provides several functions typical for a browser,such as prev to go back one card or refresh to update the context of the user interface.98) Define DampingTransient changes in topology that are short duration should not distablize therouting mechanism.Advertisements containing changes in topology currently stored aretherefore not disseminated further.A node waits with dissemination if these changesaremost likely not yet stable.Waitingg time depends on the time between the first and thebest announcement.99) Define Dynamic source routing.In an adhoc networks where nodes exchanges packets from time to time.Dynamic Source routing divides the task of routing into two separate problemi)Routing Recovery:A node only tries to discover a route to destination if it has tosend something to this destination and there is currently no known routeii).Route Maintenance:If a nodeis continuously sending packets via route,it has tomake sure that the route is held urgent.As soon as a node detects pbm with the currentroute it has ti find an alternative node.100) Define WAPWAP is Wireless Application Protocol.It is the basic Objetive of the WAP forumare to bring diverse Internet content and others data service to digital cellular phones andother wireless,mobile terminals.Moreever a protocol suite should enable global wirlesscommunication across different wireless network technologies.All WAP forum solutionmust be:interoperable,scaleable,efficient,reliable.Part - B1. Explain different TDMA schemes in detail.Fixed TDMA, Classical TDMA, Slotted TDMA, Carrier sense multiple access,Demand assigned multiple access, PRMA Packet reservation multiple access,Reservation multiple access, Reservation TDMA, Multiple access with collisionavoidance, Polling, Inhibit sense multiple access.2. Write notes on DECT and TETRASystem architecture, Protocol Architecture3. Write notes on UMTS and IMT – 2000UMTS basic architecture, UTRA FDD mode, UTRA TDD mode4. Account on CDMA Scheme.Good code, Orthogonal, Autocorrelation, Spread aloha multiple access.5. Explain broadcast systems in detail.Overview – Cyclical repetition of data – Digital audio broadcasting –Multimedia object transfer protocol – Digital video broadcasting.6. Explain satellite systems in detail.History – Applications – Basics – GEO – LEO – MEO – Routing –Localization – Handover – Examples.7. Explain GSM systems in detail.Mobile services- System Architecture – Radio interface – Protocols –Localization and calling – Handover – Security - New data services – HSCSD –GPRS.8. Explain IEEE802.11 standard for WLANS in detail.System architecture – Protocol architecture – Physical layer – Frequency hoppingspread spectrum, Direct spectrum spread spectrum, Infrared – Medium access controllayer- Basic DFWMAC-DCF using CSMA/CA, DFWMAC-DCF with RTS/CTSextension, DFWMAC-PCF with polling, MC frames – MAC management –Synchronization, Power management, Roaming – 802.11b.9. Write notes on WATM services and Functions.Wireless mobile terminal side functions and mobility supporting network sidefunctions.10. Write notes on WATM handover.Handover reference model, handover requirements, types of handover, handover scenarios, backward handover, and forward handover.11. Write notes on location management, addressing and access point controlprotocol.Requirements for location management , procedures and entities12. Explain mobile IP in detail.Goals, assumptions and requirements – Entities and terminology – IPpacket delivery – Agent discovery – Agent advertisement, Agent solicitation –Registration – Tunneling and encapsulation- IP-in-IP encapsulation, minimalencapsulation, generic routing encapsulation –optimizations – Reverse tunneling –IPv6.13. Give a detailed account of mobile ad-hoc networks.Instant infrastructure, Disaster relief Remote areas Effectiveness – Routing –Asymmetric links, redundant links, interference, dynamic topology - Destinationsequence distance vector – sequence numbers, damping - Dynamic source routing –route discovery, route maintenance - Alternative metrics – least interferencerouting.14. Give a detail note on HYPERLAN.Reference model and configurations- Physical layer –Data link controllayer – broadcast phase, downlink phase, uplink phase, random access phasebroascastchannel, frame channel, access feedback channel, long transportchannel, short transport channel, random channel – Convergence layer – Ethernet,IEEE 1394 (Firewire), ATM.15. Account on BLUETOOTH in detail.User scenarios- Connection of peripheral devices, support of ad-hocnetworking, bridging of networks – Architecture – networking, protocol stackradiolayer – Baseband layer- physical links- synchronous connection-orientedlink, Asynchronous connectionless link – link manager protocol –L2CAP –Security –SDP – Profiles –IEEE802.15 .16. Write notes on traditional TCP.Congestion control, slow start, fast retransmit/ fast recovery, implicationson mobility.17. Write notes on wireless TCP.Indirect TCP, snooping TCP, Mobile TCP, Fast retransmit/fast recovery,transmission/time-out freezing, selective retransmission, transaction oriented TCP.18. Write notes on WDP and WTLS.Figure and explanation about WDP and WTLS.19. Write notes on wireless transaction protocol..Figure and explanation about WTP class 0, class 1 and class 2.20. Write notes on wireless sessions protocol.WSP/B over WTP and WSP/ B as connectionless session service21.Explain the various applications of mobile computing:Various applications and explanation22.Write notes on UMTS and IMT 2000Architecture-Frame formats and explanation23.Explain the various satellite orbit and the parameters associatedParameters of satellites and explanations-Three orbits and explanation24.Explain mobile IP in detailArchitecture-various techniques-explanation25.Explain Traditional TCPArchitecture-Types- Frame formats-Explanation

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