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The World’s Loneliest Tree, And The Clues it Holds to a New Epoch

In
the remote Campbell Island, situated more than 600 km south of New
Zealand’s mainland, grows a solitary Sitka spruce that has gained
distinction as the loneliest tree on earth. Its nearest neighbor is over
220 km away, on the Auckland Islands, while the nearest member of its
own species is on another hemisphere altogether, across the Pacific. So
how did this lonely Sitka spruce come to be where it is?
Campbell
Island is one of New Zealand’s most southern island. It is located in a
region dominated by fierce westerly winds—the Furious Fifties— that
doesn’t allow anything taller than a few feet to grow. The weather,
while not freezing, is far from pleasant. Temperatures rarely climb
above 10 degree centigrade. Everyday is cloudy and most days are rainy.
There are only 40 rain-free days on Campbell Island, and barely 600
hours of sunshine per year—that’s an average of less than two hours a
day. The only plants that survive these conditions are a kind of
perennial herbs called megaherbs. They are so called because they grow
unusually big with leaves as large as a sheet of printer paper—a
strategy they have adopted to make the best use of whatever little
sunshine they receive.
Photo credit: chsgardens.co.nz
Sitka
spruce doesn’t grow anywhere around this region. In fact, there are no
Sitka spruce anywhere in the southern hemisphere. The only place the
tree grows natively is a narrow belt on the west coast of North America,
that stretches from southern Alaska and British Columbia to northern
California.
The spruce on Campbell Island is thought to have been
planted by Lord Ranfurly, who was the governor general of New Zealand
from 1897 to 1904. Ranfurly planted the tree while on an expedition to
New Zealand’s outlying islands to collect bird specimens for the British
Museum, sometime between 1901 and 1907. Although the tree
survived—thanks to its natural preference to cold and wet climate—it
hasn’t exactly flourished. After all these years, it’s barely 10 meters
tall, according to the most recent measurement made in 2011. Back in its
native land, it would have stood at least 60 meters tall. The tree,
despite being over a hundred years old, has never bore a cone,
suggesting it has remained in a permanently juvenile state.
The
tree’s stunted growth is partly due to the oceanic climate, and partly
due to the fact that its trunk was routinely chopped down by the staff
of the meteorological station that operated there until 1958. There are
no natural forest in Campbell Island, and the Sitka spruce was their
only source of a Christmas tree.

A New Epoch

This
extraordinary tree, planted far from its natural habitat, has also
become a marker for the changes humans have made to the planet—the so
called “golden spike”.
Over the past few decades, scientists have
been proposing a new geological epoch, the controversial “Anthropocene”,
that marks the commencement of significant human impact on the Earth's
geology and ecosystems. Various different start dates for the
Anthropocene epoch have been proposed, ranging from the beginning of the
Agricultural Revolution 12-15,000 years ago, to the rise in carbon in
the atmosphere that started in the mid-1800s with the Industrial
Revolution, to atmospheric radiocarbon that rose with the nuclear age.
Every
epoch should have a distinctive marker. For instance, to fix a date for
the start of the Holocene, researchers drilled a core into the
Greenland Ice Sheet and found a change in hydrogen concentration
signifying global warming as the planet emerged from the last ice age.
Similarly, the famous asteroid that struck 66 million years ago wiping
the dinosaurs left a strong trace of the element iridium in an outcrop
of rock in Tunisia, helping researchers fix the boundary between
Cretaceous and Palaeogene.
To prove that atmospheric nuclear
testing had an impact on the globe as massive and as far reaching as the
dinosaur killer asteroid, a team of researchers led by Chris Turner
from the University of New South Wales turned to Campbell Island because
the island is so remote that if something shows up there, it's likely
to show up everywhere.
The researchers drilled a core into the
Sitka spruce and analyzed it for carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of
carbon that’s released into the atmosphere by aboveground nuclear
testing. Because plants take up carbon from the atmosphere as they grow,
the carbon-14 isotope should be present in the tree-rings in different
concentrations depending on the level of the element in that particular
year. As expected, the researchers found that atmospheric carbon-14
peaked between October and December 1965, and gradually decreased as as
international treaties restricted nuclear testing.
Discovering
these radiocarbon markers in some of the most remote plants in the
world indicates that carbon-14 is a truly global marker, Chris Turner
said, especially because most nuclear tests occurred in the Northern
Hemisphere, and Campbell Island is very, very far south. Based on these
findings, Turner suggests that the start date of Anthropocene be fixed
at 1965.
One key aspect for any golden spike chosen is that it
should be long-lasting. Carbon-14 has a half-life of nearly 6,000 years,
meaning the amount present decays by half approximately every 6,000
years. So even after tens of thousands of years, the amount of carbon-14
will still be in measurable quantities allowing further geologists to
pinpoint the exact date the Anthropocene started.
Campbell Island. Photo credit: David/Flickr
Photo credit: Alex James/Flickr
Sources: BBC / Live Science / Radio NZ

The World’s Loneliest Tree, And The Clues it Holds to a New Epoch
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on
March 31, 2018
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