Chapter 45

Synopsis of chapter 45

Tess is mesmerised for a little, watching Alec preach. Then she resumes her journey, but soon finds herself overtaken by Alec. He is clearly as perturbed by seeing Tess as she him, especially when she tells him she does not believe the Christianfaith any more. She also tells him about the baby.

They reach a large stone called Cross-in-Hand, a bleak place on the plateau. Alec parts to take up a preaching engagement that evening, but says he will contact Tess again, something she does not wish. Tess continues, learning that the stone monument has a grisly past and is not at all a Christian symbol, as Alec thought it was. She also meets Izz with a boy-friend.

Commentary on chapter 45

This chapter has many parallels with Ch 12, the first chapter of Phase the Second:

Such a reversal of belief raises many ironies, something Hardy revelled in

Tess herself doubts the reality of his conversion, and does not feel it will last.

More on religious discourse in novels:Many Christian groups develop a language of their own, often based on biblical phraseology, especially that of the Authorised or King James Version. For authors who do not belong to such a group, it is often difficult to pick up the right 'language', or register. To those belonging to these groups, the efforts of ‘outsiders' to reproduce their language seem inauthentic and obviously contrived.

The language Hardy attributes to Alec and the sign-writer would not come across as genuine to the religious amongst his readers, whereas the language he gives the Clares sounds much more authentic, because it was modelled on people he knew well.

One of the best efforts to reproduce authentic religious language was made by the Victorian novelist George Eliot. Despite losing her own faith after a religious upbringing, she remained sympathetic to believers and their aspirations, and conveyed their language sensitively, in novels such as Adam Bede, Silas Marner and Felix Holt.

evangelised into the splendour of pious rhetoric: converted into an ability to utter splendid fluent religious speech

turning again to his wallowing in the mire: quoting 2 Peter 2:22, referring to backsliding, or going back again on a profession of faith and returning to old behaviour. Ironically of course, this is exactly what happens to Alec.

diverted from their hereditary connotations...: Hardy seems to be suggesting our physiognomy (that is, outward appearances, especially facial expressions) reflects our true character, and that Alec's change of character has wrenched his features out of their true signification.

on the side of the Spirit, while she remained unregenerate: in an apparent reversal of roles, Alec now seems to be working in step with God's Holy Spirit whilst Tess's life has not been so transformed / purified

her Cyprian image: Hardy may be referring to the occasion when the goddess Diana intervened to prevent the religious sacrifice of Iphigeneia, just as Tess's image is now interfering with Alec's newfound devotion.

accoutred as the Methodist: one of the very few direct comments Hardy makes to Methodism, though it was the second biggest religious grouping in the Dorset area. 'Accoutred' means 'dressed', the Methodist preachers tended to wear plain, dark clothes (see Different religious approaches in Tess of the d'Urbervilles). It would also seem strange for Alec to refer to Methodists as the 'extreme wing of Christian believers'. There were plenty of more extreme sects in Victorian times.

the old Adam: Alec's previous bad character. The phrase is taken from Romans 5:14, where Christ is seen as the new or second Adam, undoing the effects of the old or first Adam's sin. See Second Adam.

Established clergy: the ministers of religion belonging to the Established or State Church, i.e. the Church of England. Alec differs from Mr. Clare by not believing there should be a link between church and state, a characteristic marking all non-conformist churches.

the sense of security: Methodist theology stressed divine assurance, the confidence that a person was truly saved, an emphasis given to it by its founder, John Wesley.

the fleshly tabernacle: her body. This is a biblical phrase (2 Peter 1:13-14) which Hardy is happy to adopt for himself, probably because Milton also uses it in Paradise Regained IV l.597.

wear a veil: it was still quite common in Victorian times for women to wear veils on their hats. Ironically, only a short time previously, Tess had tried to make herself as plain as possible (Ch 42).

relics are not in my creed: the belief in the benefits of relics, (objects – like bones, blood, clothing, or other sacred item - that once belonged to some saint or holy person or place), was typical of medievalpiety, but rejected by Protestants at the Reformation.

Place

Abbot's Cernel: Cerne Abbas, north of Dorchester and south-east of Cross-in-Hand. It is noted for the Cerne Giant, a huge chalk figure carved on the side of a hill.

What do words like 'her seducer' (end of Ch 44) and 'her old lover' tell us about their previous relationship?

Why does he now say he is afraid of her?

Look at the use of 'paralyzing', 'paralysis', 'atrophy' to describe both Tess and Alec.

Has Hardy used similar terminology before?

What does his usage say about their relationship and behaviour?

What are Tess's first feelings when she confronts Alec again?

Do you notice any significant change in her behaviour or words when she talks to Alec compared to the early part of the novel?

What is Tess particularly bitter about in speaking of Alec's conversion?

Do you think she is justified?

Look at the sentence 'And there was revived in her...'

What does it say about Tess's feelings of guilt?

How does Alec try to blame her?

Is he justified?

Is Tess's loyalty to Angel something to be commended in her?

Is it part of her purity?

Look at Hardy's use of the Cross-in-Hand.

What purposes does it serve?

Is it in any way a sign of the future?

Compare the two journeys of Ch 12 and this chapter.

What would be the biggest similarity and the biggest difference?

English Standard Version

King James Version

1But false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you, who will secretly bring in destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing upon themselves swift destruction.2And many will follow their sensuality, and because of them the way of truth will be blasphemed.3And in their greed they will exploit you with false words. Their condemnation from long ago is not idle, and their destruction is not asleep.4For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them into hell and committed them to chains of gloomy darkness to be kept until the judgment;5if he did not spare the ancient world, but preserved Noah, a herald of righteousness, with seven others, when he brought a flood upon the world of the ungodly;6if by turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes he condemned them to extinction, making them an example of what is going to happen to the ungodly;7and if he rescued righteous Lot, greatly distressed by the sensual conduct of the wicked8(for as that righteous man lived among them day after day, he was tormenting his righteous soul over their lawless deeds that he saw and heard);9then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from trials, and to keep the unrighteous under punishment until the day of judgment,10and especially those who indulge in the lust of defiling passion and despise authority. Bold and willful, they do not tremble as they blaspheme the glorious ones,11whereas angels, though greater in might and power, do not pronounce a blasphemous judgment against them before the Lord.12But these, like irrational animals, creatures of instinct, born to be caught and destroyed, blaspheming about matters of which they are ignorant, will also be destroyed in their destruction,13suffering wrong as the wage for their wrongdoing. They count it pleasure to revel in the daytime. They are blots and blemishes, reveling in their deceptions, while they feast with you.14They have eyes full of adultery, insatiable for sin. They entice unsteady souls. They have hearts trained in greed. Accursed children!15Forsaking the right way, they have gone astray. They have followed the way of Balaam, the son of Beor, who loved gain from wrongdoing,16but was rebuked for his own transgression; a speechless donkey spoke with human voice and restrained the prophet's madness.17These are waterless springs and mists driven by a storm. For them the gloom of utter darkness has been reserved.18For, speaking loud boasts of folly, they entice by sensual passions of the flesh those who are barely escaping from those who live in error.19They promise them freedom, but they themselves are slaves of corruption. For whatever overcomes a person, to that he is enslaved.20For if, after they have escaped the defilements of the world through the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they are again entangled in them and overcome, the last state has become worse for them than the first.21For it would have been better for them never to have known the way of righteousness than after knowing it to turn back from the holy commandment delivered to them.22What the true proverb says has happened to them: The dog returns to its own vomit, and the sow, after washing herself, returns to wallow in the mire.

1But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction.2And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of.3And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not.4For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment;5And spared not the old world, but saved Noah the eighth person, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood upon the world of the ungodly;6And turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrha into ashes condemned them with an overthrow, making them an ensample unto those that after should live ungodly;7And delivered just Lot, vexed with the filthy conversation of the wicked:8(For that righteous man dwelling among them, in seeing and hearing, vexed his righteous soul from day to day with their unlawful deeds;)9The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temptations, and to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to be punished:10But chiefly them that walk after the flesh in the lust of uncleanness, and despise government. Presumptuous are they, selfwilled, they are not afraid to speak evil of dignities.11Whereas angels, which are greater in power and might, bring not railing accusation against them before the Lord.12But these, as natural brute beasts, made to be taken and destroyed, speak evil of the things that they understand not; and shall utterly perish in their own corruption;13And shall receive the reward of unrighteousness, as they that count it pleasure to riot in the day time. Spots they are and blemishes, sporting themselves with their own deceivings while they feast with you;14Having eyes full of adultery, and that cannot cease from sin; beguiling unstable souls: an heart they have exercised with covetous practices; cursed children:15Which have forsaken the right way, and are gone astray, following the way of Balaam the son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness;16But was rebuked for his iniquity: the dumb ass speaking with man's voice forbad the madness of the prophet.17These are wells without water, clouds that are carried with a tempest; to whom the mist of darkness is reserved for ever.18For when they speak great swelling words of vanity, they allure through the lusts of the flesh, through much wantonness, those that were clean escaped from them who live in error.19While they promise them liberty, they themselves are the servants of corruption: for of whom a man is overcome, of the same is he brought in bondage.20For if after they have escaped the pollutions of the world through the knowledge of the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, they are again entangled therein, and overcome, the latter end is worse with them than the beginning.21For it had been better for them not to have known the way of righteousness, than, after they have known it, to turn from the holy commandment delivered unto them.22But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire.

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King James Version

1In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea,2Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.3For this is he who was spoken of by the prophet Isaiah when he said, The voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of the Lord; make his paths straight.4Now John wore a garment of camel's hair and a leather belt around his waist, and his food was locusts and wild honey.5Then Jerusalem and all Judea and all the region about the Jordan were going out to him,6and they were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins.7But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to his baptism, he said to them, You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?8Bear fruit in keeping with repentance.9And do not presume to say to yourselves, We have Abraham as our father, for I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up children for Abraham.10Even now the axe is laid to the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.11I baptize you with water for repentance, but he who is coming after me is mightier than I, whose sandals I am not worthy to carry. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.12His winnowing fork is in his hand, and he will clear his threshing floor and gather his wheat into the barn, but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire.13Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan to John, to be baptized by him.14John would have prevented him, saying, I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?15But Jesus answered him, Let it be so now, for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness. Then he consented.16And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him;17and behold, a voice from heaven said, This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.

1In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea,2And saying, Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.3For this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.4And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey.5Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about Jordan,6And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins.7But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come?8Bring forth therefore fruits meet for repentance:9And think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham.10And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: therefore every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire.11I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire:12Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.13Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to Jordan unto John, to be baptized of him.14But John forbad him, saying, I have need to be baptized of thee, and comest thou to me?15And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness. Then he suffered him.16And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him:17And lo a voice from heaven, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.

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King James Version

1Therefore you have no excuse, O man, every one of you who judges. For in passing judgment on another you condemn yourself, because you, the judge, practice the very same things.2We know that the judgment of God rightly falls on those who practice such things.3Do you suppose, O man - you who judge those who practice such things and yet do them yourself - that you will escape the judgment of God?4Or do you presume on the riches of his kindness and forbearance and patience, not knowing that God's kindness is meant to lead you to repentance?5But because of your hard and impenitent heart you are storing up wrath for yourself on the day of wrath when God's righteous judgment will be revealed.6He will render to each one according to his works:7to those who by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, he will give eternal life;8but for those who are self-seeking and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, there will be wrath and fury.9There will be tribulation and distress for every human being who does evil, the Jew first and also the Greek,10but glory and honor and peace for everyone who does good, the Jew first and also the Greek.11For God shows no partiality.12For all who have sinned without the law will also perish without the law, and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law.13For it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous before God, but the doers of the law who will be justified.14For when Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law.15They show that the work of the law is written on their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness, and their conflicting thoughts accuse or even excuse them16on that day when, according to my gospel, God judges the secrets of men by Christ Jesus.17But if you call yourself a Jew and rely on the law and boast in God18and know his will and approve what is excellent, because you are instructed from the law;19and if you are sure that you yourself are a guide to the blind, a light to those who are in darkness,20an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of children, having in the law the embodiment of knowledge and truth - 21you then who teach others, do you not teach yourself? While you preach against stealing, do you steal?22You who say that one must not commit adultery, do you commit adultery? You who abhor idols, do you rob temples?23You who boast in the law dishonor God by breaking the law.24For, as it is written, The name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you.25For circumcision indeed is of value if you obey the law, but if you break the law, your circumcision becomes uncircumcision.26So, if a man who is uncircumcised keeps the precepts of the law, will not his uncircumcision be regarded as circumcision?27Then he who is physically uncircumcised but keeps the law will condemn you who have the written code and circumcision but break the law.28For no one is a Jew who is merely one outwardly, nor is circumcision outward and physical.29But a Jew is one inwardly, and circumcision is a matter of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the letter. His praise is not from man but from God.

1Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest: for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things.2But we are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things.3And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God?4Or despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and longsuffering; not knowing that the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance?5But after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God;6Who will render to every man according to his deeds:7To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life:8But unto them that are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath,9Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile;10But glory, honour, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile:11For there is no respect of persons with God.12For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law;13(For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified.14For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves:15Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;)16In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel.17Behold, thou art called a Jew, and restest in the law, and makest thy boast of God,18And knowest his will, and approvest the things that are more excellent, being instructed out of the law;19And art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them which are in darkness,20An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, which hast the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law.21Thou therefore which teachest another, teachest thou not thyself? thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal?22Thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou commit sacrilege?23Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking the law dishonourest thou God?24For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles through you, as it is written.25For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision.26Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision?27And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil the law, judge thee, who by the letter and circumcision dost transgress the law?28For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh:29But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God.

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King James Version

1Therefore, since we have been justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ.2Through him we have also obtained access by faith into this grace in which we stand, and we rejoice in hope of the glory of God.3Not only that, but we rejoice in our sufferings, knowing that suffering produces endurance,4and endurance produces character, and character produces hope,5and hope does not put us to shame, because God's love has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit who has been given to us.6For while we were still weak, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly.7For one will scarcely die for a righteous person - though perhaps for a good person one would dare even to die - 8but God shows his love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us.9Since, therefore, we have now been justified by his blood, much more shall we be saved by him from the wrath of God.10For if while we were enemies we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, now that we are reconciled, shall we be saved by his life.11More than that, we also rejoice in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have now received reconciliation.12Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned - 13for sin indeed was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not counted where there is no law.14Yet death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those whose sinning was not like the transgression of Adam, who was a type of the one who was to come.15But the free gift is not like the trespass. For if many died through one man's trespass, much more have the grace of God and the free gift by the grace of that one man Jesus Christ abounded for many.16And the free gift is not like the result of that one man's sin. For the judgment following one trespass brought condemnation, but the free gift following many trespasses brought justification.17For if, because of one man's trespass, death reigned through that one man, much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and the free gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man Jesus Christ.18Therefore, as one trespass led to condemnation for all men, so one act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all men.19For as by the one man's disobedience the many were made sinners, so by the one man's obedience the many will be made righteous.20Now the law came in to increase the trespass, but where sin increased, grace abounded all the more,21so that, as sin reigned in death, grace also might reign through righteousness leading to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.

1Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ:2By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand, and rejoice in hope of the glory of God.3And not only so, but we glory in tribulations also: knowing that tribulation worketh patience;4And patience, experience; and experience, hope:5And hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us.6For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly.7For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure for a good man some would even dare to die.8But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.9Much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him.10For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life.11And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement.12Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned:13(For until the law sin was in the world: but sin is not imputed when there is no law.14Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come.15But not as the offence, so also is the free gift. For if through the offence of one many be dead, much more the grace of God, and the gift by grace, which is by one man, Jesus Christ, hath abounded unto many.16And not as it was by one that sinned, so is the gift: for the judgment was by one to condemnation, but the free gift is of many offences unto justification.17For if by one man's offence death reigned by one; much more they which receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness shall reign in life by one, Jesus Christ.)18Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life.19For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous.20Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound. But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound:21That as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord.

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King James Version

1Working together with him, then, we appeal to you not to receive the grace of God in vain.2For he says, In a favorable time I listened to you, and in a day of salvation I have helped you. Behold, now is the favorable time; behold, now is the day of salvation.3We put no obstacle in anyone's way, so that no fault may be found with our ministry,4but as servants of God we commend ourselves in every way: by great endurance, in afflictions, hardships, calamities,5beatings, imprisonments, riots, labors, sleepless nights, hunger;6by purity, knowledge, patience, kindness, the Holy Spirit, genuine love;7by truthful speech, and the power of God; with the weapons of righteousness for the right hand and for the left;8through honor and dishonor, through slander and praise. We are treated as impostors, and yet are true;9as unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and behold, we live; as punished, and yet not killed;10as sorrowful, yet always rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing, yet possessing everything.11We have spoken freely to you, Corinthians; our heart is wide open.12You are not restricted by us, but you are restricted in your own affections.13In return (I speak as to children) widen your hearts also.14Do not be unequally yoked with unbelievers. For what partnership has righteousness with lawlessness? Or what fellowship has light with darkness?15What accord has Christ with Belial? Or what portion does a believer share with an unbeliever?16What agreement has the temple of God with idols? For we are the temple of the living God; as God said, I will make my dwelling among them and walk among them, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people.17Therefore go out from their midst, and be separate from them, says the Lord, and touch no unclean thing; then I will welcome you,18and I will be a father to you, and you shall be sons and daughters to me, says the Lord Almighty.

1We then, as workers together with him, beseech you also that ye receive not the grace of God in vain.2(For he saith, I have heard thee in a time accepted, and in the day of salvation have I succoured thee: behold, now is the accepted time; behold, now is the day of salvation.)3Giving no offence in any thing, that the ministry be not blamed:4But in all things approving ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses,5In stripes, in imprisonments, in tumults, in labours, in watchings, in fastings;6By pureness, by knowledge, by longsuffering, by kindness, by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned,7By the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left,8By honour and dishonour, by evil report and good report: as deceivers, and yet true;9As unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and, behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed;10As sorrowful, yet alway rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing, and yet possessing all things.11O ye Corinthians, our mouth is open unto you, our heart is enlarged.12Ye are not straitened in us, but ye are straitened in your own bowels.13Now for a recompence in the same, (I speak as unto my children,) be ye also enlarged.14Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers: for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? and what communion hath light with darkness?15And what concord hath Christ with Belial? or what part hath he that believeth with an infidel?16And what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people.17Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you.18And will be a Father unto you, and ye shall be my sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty.

English Standard Version

King James Version

1There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus.2For the law of the Spirit of life has set you free in Christ Jesus from the law of sin and death.3For God has done what the law, weakened by the flesh, could not do. By sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, he condemned sin in the flesh,4in order that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.5For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit set their minds on the things of the Spirit.6For to set the mind on the flesh is death, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace.7For the mind that is set on the flesh is hostile to God, for it does not submit to God's law; indeed, it cannot.8Those who are in the flesh cannot please God.9You, however, are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if in fact the Spirit of God dwells in you. Anyone who does not have the Spirit of Christ does not belong to him.10But if Christ is in you, although the body is dead because of sin, the Spirit is life because of righteousness.11If the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, he who raised Christ Jesus from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through his Spirit who dwells in you.12So then, brothers, we are debtors, not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh.13For if you live according to the flesh you will die, but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, you will live.14For all who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God.15For you did not receive the spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you have received the Spirit of adoption as sons, by whom we cry, Abba! Father!16The Spirit himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God,17and if children, then heirs - heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ, provided we suffer with him in order that we may also be glorified with him.18For I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worth comparing with the glory that is to be revealed to us.19For the creation waits with eager longing for the revealing of the sons of God.20For the creation was subjected to futility, not willingly, but because of him who subjected it, in hope21that the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to corruption and obtain the freedom of the glory of the children of God.22For we know that the whole creation has been groaning together in the pains of childbirth until now.23And not only the creation, but we ourselves, who have the firstfruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly as we wait eagerly for adoption as sons, the redemption of our bodies.24For in this hope we were saved. Now hope that is seen is not hope. For who hopes for what he sees?25But if we hope for what we do not see, we wait for it with patience.26Likewise the Spirit helps us in our weakness. For we do not know what to pray for as we ought, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words.27And he who searches hearts knows what is the mind of the Spirit, because the Spirit intercedes for the saints according to the will of God.28And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose.29For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the firstborn among many brothers.30And those whom he predestined he also called, and those whom he called he also justified, and those whom he justified he also glorified.31What then shall we say to these things? If God is for us, who can be against us?32He who did not spare his own Son but gave him up for us all, how will he not also with him graciously give us all things?33Who shall bring any charge against God's elect? It is God who justifies.34Who is to condemn? Christ Jesus is the one who died - more than that, who was raised - who is at the right hand of God, who indeed is interceding for us.35Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or danger, or sword?36As it is written, For your sake we are being killed all the day long; we are regarded as sheep to be slaughtered.37No, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us.38For I am sure that neither death nor life, nor angels nor rulers, nor things present nor things to come, nor powers,39nor height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord.

1There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit.2For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus hath made me free from the law of sin and death.3For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh:4That the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit.5For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh; but they that are after the Spirit the things of the Spirit.6For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace.7Because the carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be.8So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God.9But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of God dwell in you. Now if any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his.10And if Christ be in you, the body is dead because of sin; but the Spirit is life because of righteousness.11But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwell in you, he that raised up Christ from the dead shall also quicken your mortal bodies by his Spirit that dwelleth in you.12Therefore, brethren, we are debtors, not to the flesh, to live after the flesh.13For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die: but if ye through the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live.14For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God.15For ye have not received the spirit of bondage again to fear; but ye have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father.16The Spirit itself beareth witness with our spirit, that we are the children of God:17And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may be also glorified together.18For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us.19For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God.20For the creature was made subject to vanity, not willingly, but by reason of him who hath subjected the same in hope,21Because the creature itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God.22For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now.23And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body.24For we are saved by hope: but hope that is seen is not hope: for what a man seeth, why doth he yet hope for?25But if we hope for that we see not, then do we with patience wait for it.26Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered.27And he that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the Spirit, because he maketh intercession for the saints according to the will of God.28And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose.29For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.30Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified.31What shall we then say to these things? If God be for us, who can be against us?32He that spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all things?33Who shall lay any thing to the charge of God's elect? It is God that justifieth.34Who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us.35Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword?36As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.37Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him that loved us.38For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come,39Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.

English Standard Version

King James Version

1Simeon Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ, To those who have obtained a faith of equal standing with ours by the righteousness of our God and Savior Jesus Christ:2May grace and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord.3His divine power has granted to us all things that pertain to life and godliness, through the knowledge of him who called us to his own glory and excellence,4by which he has granted to us his precious and very great promises, so that through them you may become partakers of the divine nature, having escaped from the corruption that is in the world because of sinful desire.5For this very reason, make every effort to supplement your faith with virtue, and virtue with knowledge,6and knowledge with self-control, and self-control with steadfastness, and steadfastness with godliness,7and godliness with brotherly affection, and brotherly affection with love.8For if these qualities are yours and are increasing, they keep you from being ineffective or unfruitful in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ.9For whoever lacks these qualities is so nearsighted that he is blind, having forgotten that he was cleansed from his former sins.10Therefore, brothers, be all the more diligent to confirm your calling and election, for if you practice these qualities you will never fall.11For in this way there will be richly provided for you an entrance into the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.12Therefore I intend always to remind you of these qualities, though you know them and are established in the truth that you have.13I think it right, as long as I am in this body, to stir you up by way of reminder,14since I know that the putting off of my body will be soon, as our Lord Jesus Christ made clear to me.15And I will make every effort so that after my departure you may be able at any time to recall these things.16For we did not follow cleverly devised myths when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty.17For when he received honor and glory from God the Father, and the voice was borne to him by the Majestic Glory, This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased,18we ourselves heard this very voice borne from heaven, for we were with him on the holy mountain.19And we have the prophetic word more fully confirmed, to which you will do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts,20knowing this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture comes from someone's own interpretation.21For no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.

1Simon Peter, a servant and an apostle of Jesus Christ, to them that have obtained like precious faith with us through the righteousness of God and our Saviour Jesus Christ:2Grace and peace be multiplied unto you through the knowledge of God, and of Jesus our Lord,3According as his divine power hath given unto us all things that pertain unto life and godliness, through the knowledge of him that hath called us to glory and virtue:4Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world through lust.5And beside this, giving all diligence, add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge;6And to knowledge temperance; and to temperance patience; and to patience godliness;7And to godliness brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness charity.8For if these things be in you, and abound, they make you that ye shall neither be barren nor unfruitful in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ.9But he that lacketh these things is blind, and cannot see afar off, and hath forgotten that he was purged from his old sins.10Wherefore the rather, brethren, give diligence to make your calling and election sure: for if ye do these things, ye shall never fall:11For so an entrance shall be ministered unto you abundantly into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.12Wherefore I will not be negligent to put you always in remembrance of these things, though ye know them, and be established in the present truth.13Yea, I think it meet, as long as I am in this tabernacle, to stir you up by putting you in remembrance;14Knowing that shortly I must put off this my tabernacle, even as our Lord Jesus Christ hath shewed me.15Moreover I will endeavour that ye may be able after my decease to have these things always in remembrance.16For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty.17For he received from God the Father honour and glory, when there came such a voice to him from the excellent glory, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.18And this voice which came from heaven we heard, when we were with him in the holy mount.19We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts:20Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private interpretation.21For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man: but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost.

Name originally given to disciples of Jesus by outsiders and gradually adopted by the Early Church.

Belief and trust in someone or something.

Something which represents something else through an association of ideas.

1.To change from one faith or belief system to another; or from no faith to a faith.
2. Used in Christianity to describe the process of change in an individual who repents (turns from sin) and has faith in (turns towards) Jesus Christ.

The translation of the Bible in English which was produced in 1611 by a group of scholars appointed by King James I. It is the origin of many common phrases and sayings in the English language.

In linguistics, the interaction between speaker and recipient, such as diction and tone.

to fall away from, or lose faith in a belief.

Belief and trust in someone or something.

Not having undergone spiritual reformation or renewal.

The Bible describes God as the unique supreme being, creator and ruler of the universe.

The third person of the Trinity (God in three persons). Came upon the disciples at Pentecost after Jesus had ascended in to heaven.

Roman goddess of hunting, sister of Apollo. (Greek name, Artemis.)

Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, due to be sacrificed to appease Artemis and so provide favourable winds for the Greek fleet sailing to Troy.

The complete commitment of oneself to a loved person or thing, and especially to God. The term is also used, in the plural, to mean prayers.

A Protestant church which emerged in Britain in the eighteenth century under the leadership of John Wesley and has members worldwide.

A Protestant church which emerged in Britain in the eighteenth century under the leadership of John Wesley and has members worldwide.

Name originally given to disciples of Jesus by outsiders and gradually adopted by the Early Church.

A group of people with beliefs which differ from those of the larger group to which they belong

1. Wisdom.
2. A decision about guilt, and / or the passing of sentence by the person presiding over a court of justice.
3. In the Bible, God's verdict on human behaviour especially on the Day of Judgement at the end of time.

Title (eventually used as name) given to Jesus, refering to an anointed person set apart for a special task such as a king.

According to Genesis (the first book of the Old Testament), Adam is the first human being, made in the image / likeness of God, placed in the Garden of Eden and given dominion over the earth.

Disobedience to the known will of God. According to Christian theology human beings have displayed a pre-disposition to sin since the Fall of Humankind.

1. Term for a worshipping community of Christians.
2. The building in which Christians traditionally meet for worship.
3. The worldwide community of Christian believers.

The 'Established' or state church of England, the result of a break with the Catholic church under Henry VIII and further developments in the reign of Elizabeth I.

In the U.K., any Protestant group or church that does not adhere to the teachings of the State Church, the Church of England or, in Scotland, the Church of Scotland.

1.To change from one faith or belief system to another; or from no faith to a faith.
2. Used in Christianity to describe the process of change in an individual who repents (turns from sin) and has faith in (turns towards) Jesus Christ.

The third person of the Trinity (God in three persons). Came upon the disciples at Pentecost after Jesus had ascended in to heaven.

The study of God.

The image of God on his throne in heaven surrounded by his angels and ministers to whom he makes announcements and where he may be petitioned.

In the context of religion, rescued or delivered from the consequences of sin.

(1703-1791) A Church of England minister who founded the Methodist denomination with his brother Charles.

The physical remains of people considered especially holy or objects which have come into contact with their remains.

Belonging to the Middle Ages.

Religious devotion; spirituality in practice.

Christians whose faith and practice stems from the Reformation movement in the sixteenth century which resulted in new churches being created as an alternative to the Roman Catholic Church.

Term given to the movements of church reform which in the sixteenth century resulted in new Protestant churches being created as an alternative to the Roman Catholic Church.

The 'Apostle to the Gentiles' (d. c. CE 65). Paul had a major role in setting up the Early Church and is believed to be the author of several letters in the Bible.