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“How can someone else know what is best for me?” “Don’t suppress yourself for anyone.” “What we all have in common is that we wanted it more than anything and that is how we got here.” “You can make whatever you want to make of yourself with a level of focus.” “You disqualify yourself from being effective and able to lead when you believe you …
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“Everybody makes mistakes but at the end of the day, I know when something is not right”

“Service to people is why I am where I am at”

“Your distractions and your blessings usually weigh the same. The bigger the distraction the bigger the blessing”

“When you do not forgive, you are letting another individual be your puppet master.”

“He who angers you, controls you.”

“When I stopped chasing the money and started developing people, my whole world opened up.”

“Life is process of discovery and I am just trying to figure out more.”

Now an associate professor in the
School of Human Ecology
, Gershoff continues to delve into the impact of spanking (and other, more severe forms of physical punishment) on children. She also looks more broadly at the impacts of poverty, community violence and neighborhoods on child and youth development over time.

Is spanking still a common practice in the U.S.?

Most parents still spank, but they do it a lot less frequently than their parents did. Most parents who do spank do it once a month or less, maybe only a couple of times a year. So the prevalence of spanking is still very high (i.e., most parents do it) but the incidence is not (i.e., they don't do it very often).

Is it still the case that the vast majority of children in the U.S. are spanked by their parents at some point?

By the time American children reach middle and high school, 85 percent have been physically punished, either with a spanking or something harsher.

Can you sum up what research has to tell us about the effects of spanking on children?

There's been a lot of research on spanking, going back all the way to the early 1900s, and almost all of it has showed that spanking is associated with negative outcomes for children. It is associated with more aggressive and anti-social behaviors in children. The more frequently or severely children are spanked or hit, the more likely they are to have symptoms of depression or anxiety, both at the time they're punished and later. There is evidence to suggest that it erodes the connection between children and their parents, making children less likely to trust their parents. There's even evidence that it is linked with lower child IQ scores.

Several years ago, I published a research meta-analysis, which statistically summarized the outcomes associated with spanking across 89 studies. I found that the only positive outcome linked with corporal punishment was immediate compliance. The more children were spanked, the more they complied in that moment. Over the long term, however, and when their parents weren't there, spanking did not increase compliance. Even just two weeks later, it didn't seem to make a difference.