Initiation protocol:

Retrofits include new installations or upgrades to existing BMPs in developed areas where there is a lack of adequate stormwater treatment.

Public acceptance:

The public is likely unaware of the permit requirements to upgrade urban infrastructure and this practice is perceived as maintenance to existing facilities.

Implementation Factors (level of difficulty):

Difficult. Requires engineering and engagement with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency officials to ensure permit compliance. This work is typically carried out within local departments of public works or similar responsible parties.