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Brownfields

Def: Vacant sites that were previously occupied by industry and consequently are polluted or not easily converted to commercial or residential uses.Sig: These sites make it more difficult to develop the core through "infilling."

The process where a neighborhood's value decreases, allowing lower income residence to move in and eventually out (invasion & succession).Large, formerly expensive houses are subdivided and rented out. The houses are not kept up and eventually abandoned.

Gentrification

Reverse filtering where higher income people move into lower value neighborhoods (often by young professionals without kids).The new money attracts shops & renewal (and displacement of low income residents).

Green Belts

Government mandated green outer ring of a city that cannot be developed to prevent urban sprawl.Common in Europe (e.g. London)

Informal Sector

Economic activities that are not known about & taxed by the government. Provides a smaller tax base for infrastructure.Common in the LDC

Def: Multi-story buildings that serve as residential and commercial spaces. Usually the street level floor is reserved for commerce while the floors above are residential.Sig: This will allow for greater density and less urban sprawl.

Attempt by urban planners to stop sprawl and return to urban-like living (AKA smart growth). A community will include offices, shops & mixes residential communities. It encourages pedestrian traffic.

Peripheral model (Harris)

N.A. cities have sprawled out due to our desire for homeownership, safe neighborhoods & good schools. Nodes/edge cities emerge in the beltway.

Sector Model (Hoyt)

Due to transportation or environmental factors, or by chance, different parts of the inner rings will develop unique qualities. As the city builds farther out, the peculiarities will remain. Ex: Wealthier housing will be built as an extension of the already wealthy neighborhood, creating a sector that stretches from the original CBD to the outer ring

The urban realm refers to the city that has outgrown its reliance on the CBD.

Census data

Def: data collected from the census bureau every 10 years (and lesser studies in between).Sig: They allow us to know who lives where and observe trends.

Commuter Zone

The outer ring or the suburbs. Land is cheaper (for the amount of space). It's considered safer and the schools are seen as better (except for that well regarded urban school, Hamilton).Residents must commute to downtown or laterally for jobs

Density Gradient

Cities density used to decay from the CBD (inner ring was the most dense, outer ring the least dense)Today, most US cities are seeing an increase in density in the outer rings and a decrease in the inner rings.

Disamenity Zones

Def: regions within the city where residents avoid.Ex: railroad yards, factories, flood plains.

Female-Headed Household

Single mom with kidsFemale-headed households are often in low income parts of the city (cannot afford the money & time to commute from the outer ring)

Field Studies

Def: Studies that use direct observation over quantitative aggregation. Sig: Often these studies are more limited in scope but provide a richer understanding.

In-filling

The attempt by urban planners to use up the low density places within the city rather than sprawling outward (convert abandoned factories into lofts)An attempt to reverse the problems associated with urban sprawl

Lateral Commuting

Moving along well established periphery (or commuter zone) rather than commuting to the CBD

Postindustrial city

Cities of the core that have moved away from manufacturing and towards the high-value service sectorOften associated with middle class, high levels of education & liberalismEx: San Francisco, Boston & Seattle

Redlining

The practice by banks of not investing in certain neighborhoods believed to be in decline (no home loans). The practice would promote decline.Often the neighborhoods were majority black.

Urban Morphology (or Form)

Study of how cities are structured.Latin American city (right)Islamic CityEuropean CityNorth American City: burgess, sector, multiple nuclei, peripheral, etc.

Zone in Transition

The ring next to the CBD. It has industrial and residential uses and is often in decline.Inner ring of the concentric zone mode.

Zones of Abandonment (Blight)

Def: regions of the city that have declined so much (often through the filtering out process) that they have been thoroughly abandoned by owners and renters. Sig: Taken over by squatters making it that much harder to redevelop.