configure your shell to create a core dump when the program crashes (ulimit -c unlimited for bash and zsh, limit coredumpsize unlimited for tcsh; the file command tells you which program created the core dump), and inspect the core dump with GDB.

Memory leaks

Errors prevention

It is interesting to know the sooner possible about problems. You should then use the assert() macro to check all of your parameters or variables that could cause a crash or an error. When debug is not enabled, there will be no code produced and thus no overhead.

You should enable core dumps in your shell (see Segmentation Faults), so that you can watch variables content to have information about the other variables that the one which failed the assert.
If you write your own assert macro, you should call the abort() function to create the core dump file.

If you don't want to save core dumps, you can still catch the sigabrt signal, freeze the program and attach a debugger. You can even unfreeze the program with the debugger (eg by changing a variable content), and continue the program to see what happens.

System calls

strace prints a list of system calls made by the program.

Classic compilation errors

Or not so classic…

error: template with C linkage

This happens when you are declaring templates inside an extern “C” environment. This usually occurs when you include a header with C++ and templates from a C header with extern “C”.