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C Chapter Objectives To identify the common factors used by MNCs to measure a country’s political risk and financial risk; To explain the techniques used to measure country risk; and To explain how the assessment of country risk is used by MNCs when making financial decisions.

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C Country Risk Analysis Country risk represents the potentially adverse impact of a country’s environment on the MNC’s cash flows.

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C Country Risk Analysis Country risk can be used: ¤ to monitor countries where the MNC is presently doing business; ¤ as a screening device to avoid conducting business in countries with excessive risk; and ¤ to improve the analysis used in making long-term investment or financing decisions.

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C Political Risk Factors Attitude of Consumers in the Host Country ¤ Some consumers may be very loyal to homemade products. Attitude of Host Government ¤ The host government may impose special requirements or taxes, restrict fund transfers, subsidize local firms, or fail to enforce copyright laws.

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C Political Risk Factors Blockage of Fund Transfers ¤ Funds that are blocked may not be optimally used. Currency Inconvertibility ¤ The MNC parent may need to exchange earnings for goods.

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C War ¤ Internal and external battles, or even the threat of war, can have devastating effects. Bureaucracy ¤ Bureaucracy can complicate businesses. Corruption ¤ Corruption can increase the cost of conducting business or reduce revenue. Political Risk Factors

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C Find out more about Transparency International and the Corruption Perceptions Index by visiting 001/cpi2001.html. 001/cpi2001.html Online Application

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C Financial Risk Factors Current and Potential State of the Country’s Economy ¤ A recession can severely reduce demand. ¤ Financial distress can also cause the government to restrict MNC operations. Indicators of Economic Growth ¤ A country’s economic growth is dependent on several financial factors - interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, etc.

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C What are the political and financial outlook for various countries? Online Application ¤ Consult the Country Commercial Guides prepared by embassy staff at nsf/ccghomepage?openform. nsf/ccghomepage?openform ¤ Refer to the CIA’s World Factbook at ¤ Visit

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C Types of Country Risk Assessment A macro-assessment of country risk is an overall risk assessment of a country without consideration of the MNC’s business. A micro-assessment of country risk is the risk assessment of a country as related to the MNC’s type of business.

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C Note that the opinions of different risk assessors often differ due to subjectivities in: ¤ identifying the relevant political and financial factors, ¤ determining the relative importance of each factor, and ¤ predicting the values of factors that cannot be measured objectively. Types of Country Risk Assessment

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C Techniques of Assessing Country Risk A checklist approach involves rating and weighting all the identified factors, and then consolidating the rates and weights to produce an overall assessment. The Delphi technique involves collecting various independent opinions and then averaging and measuring the dispersion of those opinions.

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C Techniques of Assessing Country Risk Quantitative analysis techniques like regression analysis can be applied to historical data to assess the sensitivity of a business to various risk factors. Inspection visits involve traveling to a country and meeting with government officials, firm executives, and/or consumers to clarify uncertainties.

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C Often, firms use a variety of techniques for making country risk assessments. For example, they may use a checklist approach to develop an overall country risk rating, and some of the other techniques to assign ratings to the factors considered. Techniques of Assessing Country Risk

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C Developing A Country Risk Rating A checklist approach will require the following steps:  Assign values and weights to the political risk factors.  Multiply the factor values with their respective weights, and sum up to give the political risk rating.  Derive the financial risk rating similarly.

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C Developing A Country Risk Rating  Multiply the ratings with their respective weights, and sum up to give the overall country risk rating.  Assign weights to the political and financial ratings according to their perceived importance. A checklist approach will require the following steps:

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C Developing A Country Risk Rating Different country risk assessors have their own individual procedures for quantifying country risk. Although most procedures involve rating and weighting individual risk factors, the number, type, rating, and weighting of the factors will vary with the country being assessed, as well as the type of corporate operations being planned.

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C Developing A Country Risk Rating Firms may use country risk ratings when screening potential projects, or when monitoring existing projects. For example, decisions regarding subsidiary expansion, fund transfers to the parent, and sources of financing, can all be affected by changes in the country risk rating.

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C Comparing Risk Ratings Among Countries One approach to comparing political and financial ratings among countries is the foreign investment risk matrix (FIRM ). The matrix measures financial (or economic) risk on one axis and political risk on the other axis. Each country can be positioned on the matrix based on its political and financial ratings.

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C Actual Country Risk Ratings Across Countries Some countries are rated higher according to some risk factors, but lower according to others. On the whole, industrialized countries tend to be rated highly, while emerging countries tend to have lower risk ratings. Country risk ratings change over time in response to changes in the risk factors.

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C Incorporating Country Risk in Capital Budgeting If the risk rating of a country is in the acceptable zone, the projects related to that country deserve further consideration. Country risk can be incorporated into the capital budgeting analysis of a project  by adjusting the discount rate, or  by adjusting the estimated cash flows.

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C Adjustment of the Discount Rate ¤ The higher the perceived risk, the higher the discount rate that should be applied to the project’s cash flows. Adjustment of the Estimated Cash Flows ¤ By estimating how the cash flows could be affected by each form of risk, the MNC can determine the probability distribution of the net present value of the project. Incorporating Country Risk in Capital Budgeting

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C Applications of Country Risk Analysis Alerted by its risk assessor, Gulf Oil planned to deal with the loss of Iranian oil, and was able to avoid major losses when the Shah of Iran fell four months later. However, while the risk assessment of a country can be useful, it cannot always detect upcoming crises.

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C Applications of Country Risk Analysis Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait was difficult to forecast, for example. Nevertheless, many MNCs promptly reassessed their exposure to country risk and revised their operations. The Asian crisis also showed that MNCs had underestimated the potential financial problems that could occur in the high-growth Asian countries.

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C Online Application For more information on the Asian crisis, check out the following sites: ¤ aHomepage.html aHomepage.html ¤ sienhau.htm sienhau.htm

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C Reducing Exposure to Host Government Takeovers The benefits of DFI can be offset by country risk, the most severe of which is a host government takeover. To reduce the chance of a takeover by the host government, firms often use the following strategies:  Use a Short-Term Horizon ¤ This technique concentrates on recovering cash flow quickly.

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C Reducing Exposure to Host Government Takeovers  Rely on Unique Supplies or Technology ¤ In this way, the host government will not be able to take over and operate the subsidiary successfully.  Hire Local Labor ¤ The local employees can apply pressure on their government.

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C  Borrow Local Funds ¤ The local banks can apply pressure on their government.  Purchase Insurance ¤ Investment guarantee programs offered by the home country, host country, or an international agency insure to some extent various forms of country risk. Reducing Exposure to Host Government Takeovers

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C The U.S. government provides investment insurance through the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). Visit the OPIC at The World Bank’s Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (M IGA) offers political risk insurance to investors in emerging economies. Visit the M IGA at Online Application

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C Impact of Country Risk on an MNC’s Value E (CF j,t )=expected cash flows in currency j to be received by the U.S. parent at the end of period t E (ER j,t )=expected exchange rate at which currency j can be converted to dollars at the end of period t k=weighted average cost of capital of the parent Exposure of Foreign Projects to Country Risks

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C Why Country Risk Analysis Is Important Political Risk Factors ¤ Attitude of Consumers in the Host Country ¤ Attitude of Host Government ¤ Blockage of Fund Transfers ¤ Currency Inconvertibility ¤ War ¤ Bureaucracy ¤ Corruption Chapter Review

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C Chapter Review Financial Risk Factors ¤ Current and Potential State of the Country’s Economy ¤ Indicators of Economic Growth Types of Country Risk Assessment ¤ Macro-Assessment of Country Risk ¤ Micro-Assessment of Country Risk

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C Chapter Review Developing a Country Risk Rating ¤ Example of Measuring Country Risk ¤ Variation in Methods of Measuring Country Risk ¤ Using the Country Risk Rating for Decision-Making Comparing Risk Ratings Among Countries Actual Country Risk Ratings Across Countries