Di Rupo, Elio (b. July 18, 1951, Morlanwelz, Belgium), minister-president of Wallonia (1999-2000, 2005-07) and prime minister of Belgium (2011-14). He has also been a deputy prime minister (1994-99), minister of communications and public enterprises (1994-95), economy and telecommunications (1995-99), and foreign trade (1998-99), and mayor of Mons (2001- ). When he took office as prime minister to end a record 18-month government crisis, he became the first Francophone since 1979 and first Socialist since 1974 in that office and also the first openly gay head of government in the EU.

Di Tella

Di Tella (Robiola), Guido (José Mario) (b. June 12, 1931, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. Dec. 31, 2001, Buenos Aires), defense minister (1991) and foreign minister (1991-99) of Argentina. In the 1970s he began an association with the Peronist party, the country's preeminent political force, and steadily rose through the ranks. In 1989-91 he was ambassador to the United States. As foreign minister under Pres. Carlos Menem, he helped mend relations with Britain after the 1982 Falkland Islands war. His diplomacy was credited for the emotional 1998 visit Menem paid to Britain, the first by an Argentine leader after the war.

Dia

C. Diaconescu

Dia, Mamadou (b. July 18, 1910, Kombolé, Senegal - d. Jan. 25, 2009, Dakar, Senegal), prime minister of Senegal (1958-62) and vice premier of the Mali Federation (1959-60). After a coup attempt in 1962, he was imprisoned until 1974. He returned to politics in the 1980s, but with little success; in the 1983 presidential elections, he won only 1.4% of the vote.

Diakité, Yoro (b. Oct. 17, 1932, Bangassi village, Kita cercle, French Sudan [now Mali] - d. July 20, 1973, Taoudenni, northern Mali), prime minister (1968-69) and defense and interior minister (1970) of Mali. Accused of having organized a plot on March 9, 1971, he was condemned to forced labour for life on July 31, 1972, and died in the salt mines of Taoudenni.

Diallo, Abdou Salam (b. Aug. 19, 1963, Koungheul, Senegal), Senegalese diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2010-14) and ambassador to Spain (2014-16) and Russia (2016- ).

Diallo, Abdoulaye (b. 1924), Nigerien diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States (1972-74).

Diallo, (El Hadj) Saifoulaye (b. July 1, 1923, Diari, near Labé, French Guinea [now Guinea] - d. Sept. 25, 1981, Conakry, Guinea), finance minister (1964-69) and foreign minister (1969-72) of Guinea. He was also president of the National Assembly (1958-63) and minister of justice (1963-64) and health (1979-81).

Diallo, Salif (b. May 9, 1957, Ouahigouya, Upper Volta [now Burkina Faso] - d. Aug. 18/19, 2017, Paris, France), Burkinabe politician. He was minister of employment, labour, and social security (1991), minister in charge of special duties at the presidency (1992-95), minister of environment and water (1995-99), agriculture (2000-08), and water and fisheries resources (2002-08), ambassador to Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Croatia (2009-14), and president of the National Assembly (2015-17).

Diallo, Sory Mamadou, interior minister of Niger (1976-79). He was also minister of justice (1974-75), posts and telecommunications (1974-75, 1976, 1979-81), and civil service and labour (1975-76) and ambassador to Egypt (1981-87).

Diarra, Cheick Sidi (b. May 31, 1957, Kayes, French Sudan [now Mali]), Malian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2003-07) and UN high representative for the least developed countries, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing states (2007-12).

Diatta, Joseph (b. May 15, 1948, Fadama, Niger), Nigerien diplomat. He was ambassador to Ethiopia (1979-82), the United States (1982-88, 1997-2005), and China (1988-90) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1985-88, 1997-99).

Díaz (Mori), (José de la Cruz) Porfirio (b. Sept. 15, 1830, Oaxaca, Mexico - d. July 2, 1915, Paris, France), president of Mexico (1877-80, 1884-1911). He joined the army in 1846. An illustrious military career followed, including service in the War of the Reform (1857-60) and the struggle against the French in 1861-67. He resigned his command when peace was restored but soon became dissatisfied with the Benito Juárez administration. He led an unsuccessful protest against the 1871 reelection of Juárez, who died in 1872. He continued his protests in an unsuccessful revolt against Pres. Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada in 1876, after which he fled to the U.S. Six months later, however, he returned and defeated the government forces at the Battle of Tecoac (November 1876), and in May 1877 he was formally elected president. He began a slow process of consolidation of power and built up a strong political machine. He decided not to run for another term himself but handpicked his successor, Gen. Manuel González, who also soon dissatisfied him. Therefore, in 1884, he ran for the presidency again and was elected. He produced an orderly and systematic government with a military spirit. He succeeded in destroying local and regional leadership until the majority of public employees answered directly to him. Even the legislature was composed of his friends, and the press was muffled. On Feb. 17, 1908, he announced his retirement. Immediately opposition and pro-government groups began to scramble to find suitable presidential candidates. Then he decided not to retire but to allow Francisco Madero to run against him. Madero lost the election, but when he resorted to a military revolution, the government proved surprisingly weak and collapsed. Díaz resigned and went into exile.

Díaz-Canel (Bermúdez), Miguel (Mario) (b. April 20, 1960, Santa Clara, Cuba), president of the Council of State and Council of Ministers of Cuba (2018- ). He was also minister of higher education (2009-12), a vice president of the Council of Ministers (2012-13), and first vice president of the Council of State and Council of Ministers (2013-18).

Díaz-Casanueva, Humberto (b. Dec. 8, 1907 - d. Oct. 22, 1992), Chilean diplomat. He was ambassador to Algeria (1965-68) and the United Arab Republic (1968-70) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1971-73). He was also known as a writer.

Díaz Ordaz (Bolaños Cacho), Gustavo (b. March 12, 1911, Ciudad Serdán, Puebla, Mexico - d. July 15, 1979, Mexico City), president of Mexico (1964-70). A descendant of José María Díaz Ordaz, associate of 19th-century Mexican leader Benito Juárez, Díaz Ordaz gained a reputation as a labour-law specialist while serving as president of Mexico's Central Council of Conciliation and Arbitration. He served as supreme court president in his native state of Puebla before being elected to the Mexican Senate in 1946. He was named to a post in the interior ministry in 1952, and in 1958 was appointed interior minister by Pres. Adolfo López Mateos. In July 1964 he was elected to the presidency as the Partido Revolucionario Institucional candidate to succeed López Mateos. Díaz Ordaz's administration emphasized economic development for Mexico. On Oct. 2, 1968, government troops and riot policemen engaged student demonstrators in a bloody clash that became known as the "Massacre at Tlatelolco." Although the official death toll included only 40 students killed when troops opened fire on the demonstrators, other reports claimed that hundreds died. He continued to provoke strong public reaction years after he left office. In 1977 when he was named ambassador to Spain, the novelist Carlos Fuentes resigned as ambassador to France, and Mexican newspapers again unfavourably reiterated the drastic measures taken at the Massacre at Tlatelolco. Four months after assuming his post, Díaz Ordaz announced his resignation, which his spokesman said was "strictly due to eye trouble."

Díaz Ordóñez, Virgilio (b. May 5, 1895, San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic - d. April 30, 1968, Washington, D.C.), foreign minister of the Dominican Republic (1947-53). He was also minister to Cuba (1943-47), ambassador to Peru (1947), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1954-56).

Dibba, Sheriff Mustapha (b. Jan. 10, 1937, Salikene, Gambia - d. June 2, 2008, Banjul, The Gambia), Gambian politician. He entered politics in 1960 and was elected as member of parliament for Central Baddibu constituency. He was appointed minister of local government and lands in 1962, minister of works and communication in 1966, and minister of finance in 1968, all in the then People's Progressive Party (PPP) regime. He was the country's first vice president, as well as minister of finance, in 1970-72, then resigned and became ambassador to Belgium (1972-74). He rejoined the cabinet in 1974 as minister of economic planning up to July 1975 when he resigned again from Pres. Sir Dawda Jawara's government; on Sept. 7, 1975, he formed the National Convention Party (NCP). In the aftermath of the 1981 abortive coup led by Kukoi Samba Sanyang he was detained for 11 months, charged with treason, only to be acquitted and discharged in 1982. Although his party fiercely contested elections in 1977, 1982, 1987, and 1992, he was never successful in defeating Jawara's PPP. Following the 1994 military coup that toppled the PPP government, the NCP went into decline as the military junta banned party politics. Dibba was criticized for not having condemned the coup. The NCP resurfaced in 2001 and contested the general elections, but failed dismally. In 2002 he was appointed by Pres. Yahya Jammeh as speaker of the National Assembly but he was removed unceremoniously for his alleged involvement in the March 2006 foiled coup led by army chief Col. Ndure Cham. On April 20, 2006, Dibba called on President Jammeh at State House to reaffirm his allegiance and loyalty to the government.

Didier, Alfred (b. Sept. 23, 1842, Geneva, Switzerland - d. March 31, 1903, Geneva), president of the Council of State of Genève (1899, 1902-03).

R. Didier

Didier, Richard (b. Feb. 23, 1961, Chatou, Seine-et-Oise [now in Yvelines], France), administrator-superior of Wallis and Futuna (2006-08) and high commissioner of French Polynesia (2011-12). He was also prefect of Haute-Loire département (2008-11).

Dieckmann, Johannes (b. Jan. 19, 1893, Fischerhude, near Bremen, Germany - d. Feb. 22, 1969, East Berlin), acting president of East Germany (1949, 1960). He was president of the Volkskammer from 1949 to 1969.

Diefenbaker, John G(eorge) (b. Sept. 18, 1895, Neustadt, Grey county, Ont. - d. Aug. 16, 1979, Ottawa, Ont.), prime minister of Canada (1957-63). In 1936 he was chosen as leader of the Saskatchewan Conservative Party, serving at that post until 1940, when he was elected to the Canadian House of Commons for the constituency of Lake Centre. His quest for leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1948 was unsuccessful, but he became party leader on Dec. 14, 1956. The general election of June 1957 brought victory for the Conservatives, breaking a 22-year Liberal monopoly, and Diefenbaker succeeded Louis Saint Laurent as prime minister. He was the first head of government to come from outside the British and French communities (his ancestors were German). He was also foreign minister until September 1957. In the 1958 election the Conservatives won an unprecedented 208 of the 265 House seats. In the next election, however, in 1962, the Conservatives lost their majority. As prime minister, "Dief the Chief" urged increased independence from the U.S. and refused to arm Canada's NATO force with U.S. nuclear weapons. Diefenbaker also pushed for the development of Canada's natural resources and its vast Arctic northlands. A crisis over the proposed manufacture of nuclear weapons in Canada caused several ministerial resignations and forced Diefenbaker to call an election in 1963, when Lester B. Pearson, leading the Liberals, became prime minister. After struggling to retain party leadership, Diefenbaker resigned in 1967 and was succeeded by Robert Stanfield (September 9). He continued to occupy a seat on the opposition front bench and remained an acerbic critic of Liberal governments. He was elected to the House of Commons for a record 13th term in May 1979.

Diego (Palacios), (Juan) Ignacio (b. May 18, 1960, Castro Urdiales, Cantabria, Spain), president of the Council of Government of Cantabria (2011-15).

Diego (Iglesias), Mario de (b. April 17, 1908, Panama City, Panama), foreign minister of Panama (1947-48). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1948-50).

Diethelm, (Maurice) André (b. July 3, 1896, Bourg, Ain, France - d. Jan. 11, 1954, Paris, France), Free French commissioner of interior (1941-42), economy and finances (1942-43), and war (1944) and French war minister (1944-45). He was also Free French commissioner of information and labour (1941-42), pensions (1942-43), commerce (1943), and production and supply (1943-44).

Diez Urzúa, Sergio (Eduardo) (b. April 2, 1925, Curicó, Chile - d. June 29, 2015, Santiago, Chile), Chilean diplomat/politician. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1977-81) and president of the Senate (1996-97).

DiFrancesco

DiFrancesco, Donald T(homas) (b. Nov. 20, 1944, Scotch Plains, N.J.), acting governor of New Jersey (2001-02). By a law passed in 2006, he was retroactively recognized as full governor.

Dihigo (y López Trigo), Ernesto (b. Jan. 23, 1896, Havana, Cuba - d. February 1991, U.S.), foreign minister of Cuba (1950-51). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1951-52) and ambassador to the United States (1959-60).

Dijoud, Paul (Charles Louis) (b. June 25, 1938, Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris, France), minister of state of Monaco (1994-97). He was also French ambassador to Colombia (1988-91), Mexico (1992-94), and Argentina (1997-2003).

Dikambayev, Kazy (Dikambayevich) (b. Dec. 1 [Nov. 18, O.S.], 1913, Taldy-Su, Semirechye oblast, Russia [now in Issyk-Kul oblast, Kyrgyzstan] - d. Feb. 16, 2010, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan), foreign minister (1944-49) and chairman of the Council of Ministers (1958-61) of the Kirgiz S.S.R. He was also a deputy premier (1940-44, 1948-49), people's commissar of state control (1940-44), first secretary of the party committee of Frunze oblast (1951-58), and chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1953-55).

Dikko, (Alhaji) Umaru (b. Dec. 31, 1936, Wamba, near Zaria [now in Kaduna state], northern Nigeria - d. July 1, 2014, London, England), Nigerian politician. After the fall of Gen. Yakubu Gowon's regime in 1975, he was found guilty of corruption, but this did not prevent his political reappearance when the return to civilian rule took place in 1979. He was made minister of transport by Pres. Alhaji Shehu Shagari, and because of his closeness to the president he became one of the most powerful politicians in the country. He was derided by his enemies for never having personally won an election. Dikko achieved the height of power as the manager of Shagari's 1983 election campaign, but by that time he had made many enemies and, it was said, was reappointed as minister of transport only because of Shagari's gratitude over the election result. Dikko's return to power was seen by many as a denial of Shagari's claim that he would make an independent new start and root out corruption. Dikko was known as Shagari's "third ear," and it was rumoured that most important contracts required his approval. When the military, headed by Maj.Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, seized power again at the end of 1983, Dikko left the country and said he had "declared war" on the new regime. In Nigeria he was accused of setting aside $300 million (presumably of ill-gotten gains) to finance a mercenary-led expedition against the new government. The two chief charges against him were that he had received kickbacks while in office and that he had rigged the 1983 elections. A spectacular but unsuccessful attempt was made by Nigerians to kidnap Dikko from Britain in a crate from Stansted Airport in July 1984. As a result, relations between Britain and Nigeria were temporarily brought to a low ebb. He returned to Nigeria in 1994 when the administration of Gen. Sani Abacha nominated him to participate in a constitutional conference.

Dikshit, Uma Shankar, Dikshit also spelled Dixit (b. Jan. 12, 1901, Ugoo, Unnao district [now in Uttar Pradesh] - d. May 30, 1991, New Delhi), home affairs minister of India (1973-74) and governor of Karnataka (1976-77) and West Bengal (1984-86). He was also minister of works and housing (1971-73), health and family planning (1971-73), without portfolio (1974-75), and transport and shipping (1975).

Dillon, C(larence) Douglas (b. Aug. 21, 1909, Geneva, Switzerland - d. Jan. 10, 2003, New York City), U.S. treasury secretary (1961-65). In 1953, Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower plucked him from private life to begin a six-year stint as U.S. ambassador to France. He became undersecretary of state for economic affairs in 1959 and was serving in that role when tapped unexpectedly to join the new Democratic administration in 1961. As an original member of John F. Kennedy's cabinet, he was one of its two high-profile Republicans - along with Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara - surrounded by Democrats. Dillon also was among the cabinet officers who stayed on at the behest of Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson after Kennedy's assassination in November 1963. He returned to private life in 1965. Under both presidents he led the Alliance for Progress, a program to spur economic development in Latin America, an effort he had earlier spearheaded as a founder of the Inter-American Development Bank. Known as a staunch advocate of free trade, Dillon as treasury secretary developed policies aimed at reducing the U.S. trade deficit by controlling inflation and expanding exports, and backed U.S. cooperation with the European Common Market. He also strongly advocated a massive tax cut program to spur economic growth. The tax measure was pending at the time of Kennedy's death, and Dillon won Johnson's support for its passage by Congress in 1964. In 1989 he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Closely identified with the Rockefellers, he was a patron of the arts and served as chairman of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's board of trustees in 1977-83.

J. Dillon

Dillon, James (Mathew) (b. Sept. 26, 1902, Dublin, Ireland - d. Feb. 10, 1986, Ballaghadeerreen, County Mayo, Ireland), Irish politician. His family was distinguished in the cause of Irish independence; his grandfather John Blake Dillon had been a member of the Young Ireland movement in the 1840s, and his father, John Dillon, a nationalist member of the Westminster Parliament (1880-83 and 1885-1918). Dillon served in the Dáil as member for County Donegal (1932-37) and for County Monaghan (1937-69). He early became deputy leader of Fine Gael, the main opposition to Eamon de Valera's party, Fianna Fáil, but in 1942 he resigned because of Fine Gael's support for Irish neutrality during World War II. Dillon's first tenure of the post of minister of agriculture (1948-51) was as an independent, but he rejoined Fine Gael in 1951. He served again as minister of agriculture in 1954-57. As party leader (1959-65), Dillon improved Fine Gael's standing in the 1961 general election by opposing a proposal for the compulsory use of Gaelic in school and public service examinations. He refused nomination as president in 1966.

Dimas, Stavros (Konstantinou), also appearing as Stavros C. Dimas (b. April 30, 1941, Athens, Greece), foreign minister of Greece (2011-12). He was also minister of commerce (1980-81), agriculture (1989-90), and industry, energy, and technology (1990-91) and a European commissioner (2004-10).

Dimitrios I, also spelled Demetrios, original name Dimitrios Papadopoulos (b. Sept. 8, 1914, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. Oct. 2, 1991, Istanbul), patriarch of Constantinople (1972-91). He was ordained a priest in 1942, served for a few years as a parish administrator in northern Greece, and was later appointed chaplain to the small Greek community in Tehran. He was consecrated bishop in 1964 and on Feb. 15, 1972, was appointed metropolitan of Imroz Adasi and Bozca Ada, two Turkish islands in the Aegean Sea that were formerly Greek and that have Greek populations. On July 16, 1972, in Istanbul, the Holy Synod of the Eastern Orthodox church elected Metropolitan Dimitrios the 269th patriarch of Constantinople (i.e., ecumenical patriarch), succeeding Athinagoras I.

Dimitriu, Constantin D. (b. Dec. 9, 1872, Târgoviste, Romania - d. Oct. 27, 1945, Bucharest, Romania), Romanian politician. He was minister of public works (1927), communications (1927-28), and labour, health, and social welfare (1933-34) and president of the Senate (1935-36).

Dimitrov, Filip (Dimitrov) (b. March 31, 1955, Sofia, Bulgaria), prime minister of Bulgaria (1991-92). On Dec. 11, 1990, he succeeded Petur Beron as the chair of the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) National Coordinating Council. Dimitrov had no tolerance for the Communists as he was known for not accepting any compromise with the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP). Dimitrov believed in "shock therapy" for the economy. On Nov. 4, 1991, he was appointed prime minister by Pres. Zhelyu Zhelev. Dimitrov failed in solving Bulgaria's most important problems such as the privatization of the state firms, inflation, and unemployment. All of this failure was mainly due to the non-cooperation of the BSP, but it was also due to his stubbornness. He also did not succeed in keeping his party united as the UDF began to split into factions. On Oct. 28, 1992, he resigned his cabinet after he lost the necessary parliamentary support of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF). He tried to appoint a new cabinet, but it was not approved. A cabinet of experts was formulated under the leadership of Lyuben Berov. This government was supported by the BSP and the MRF. Dimitrov made numerous efforts to oust this group from power, but after the 1994 parliamentary elections, in which the UDF lost badly, Ivan Kostov replaced Dimitrov as the UDF chair on Dec. 29, 1994. Dimitrov served as permanent representative to the United Nations in 1997-98 and as ambassador to the United States in 1998-2002.

G. Dimitrov

Dimitrov (Mihailov), Georgi (b. June 30 [June 18, O.S.], 1882, Kovachevtsi, Bulgaria - d. July 2, 1949, Barvikha, near Moscow, U.S.S.R.), prime minister of Bulgaria (1945-49). His oratorical gifts secured him the secretaryship of the Bulgarian Trade Union Confederation in 1904. Elected to the Sabranie in 1913, he led the socialist parliamentary opposition to the voting of national war credits in 1915. He was briefly imprisoned for sedition in 1917-18 and played a major role in the formation of the Bulgarian Communist Party in 1919. He journeyed to the Soviet Union, where he was elected to the executive committee of the Comintern (Communist International) in 1921. In 1923 he fostered a Communist revolt in Bulgaria that ended in bloodshed and defeat. He escaped to Yugoslavia, but soon moved to Vienna, where he lived until 1929, when he moved to Berlin. After the Reichstag fire of Feb. 27, 1933, which provided Adolf Hitler, the new German chancellor, with an excuse for a decree outlawing his Communist opponents, Dimitrov was accused with other Communist leaders of plotting the fire. At his trial Dimitrov thoroughly bested the Nazi prosecution and was acquitted. He settled in Moscow and, as secretary-general of the Comintern's executive committee (1935-43), encouraged the formation of popular-front movements against the Nazi menace, except when his patron, Iosif Stalin, and Hitler were cooperating. During 1944 he directed the resistance to Bulgaria's Axis satellite government, and in 1945 he returned to Bulgaria, where he was immediately appointed prime minister of a Communist-dominated Fatherland Front government. He effected the Communist consolidation of power, relying on his fiery oratory for gaining and holding great authority even among the strongly individual Bulgarian peasantry.

Dinbergs, Anatols (b. March 3, 1911, Riga, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. Nov. 9, 1993, Washington, D.C.), Latvian diplomat. He was head of the Latvian diplomatic service in exile (1970-91), permanent representative to the United Nations (1991), and ambassador to the United States (1991-93).

Ding Weifen, Wade-Giles Ting Wei-fen (b. 1874, Rizhao, Shandong, China - d. May 12, 1954, Taipei, Taiwan), Chinese politician. He studied abroad in Japan in 1904 and joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance in 1905. He became a member of the House of Representatives upon the founding of the republic, later participating in several movements against Pres. Yuan Shikai. He started his senior career in the Kuomintang in 1924, holding membership in its Central Political Committee. Years later, he was nominated as head of the Department of Youth, subsequently Propaganda and Training. He became vice president of the Control Yuan in 1932.

Dini, Lamberto (b. March 1, 1931, Florence, Italy), prime minister (1995-96) and foreign minister (1996-2001) of Italy. He held high-flying jobs at the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, and the Bank of Italy. He became treasury minister under Silvio Berlusconi in 1994 and was named a technocrat prime minister in January 1995 (also keeping the treasury portfolio) after Berlusconi's government fell. Since then Dini, nicknamed "The Toad" in Italy because of his appearance, developed an unexpected flair for politics as the leader of the small Italian Renewal Party. As foreign minister during the Romano Prodi administration, Dini made a series of overtures to "rogue" Islamic countries including Iran, Libya, and Algeria, and also made the first visit by a high-ranking European Union official to Cuba. In 1997, when anarchy broke out in Albania, he played a key role in mustering international support for an Italian-led multinational force to restore stability.

Dinkins, David (Norman) (b. July 10, 1927, Trenton, N.J.), mayor of New York City (1990-94). He served in the U.S. Marine Corps during the Korean conflict. In 1965 he was elected to the New York state assembly. In 1973 he was named New York City's deputy mayor for planning, but he was forced to withdraw under the shadow of his having neglected to file income tax returns from 1969 to 1972. From 1975 to 1985 he served as city clerk and was then elected Manhattan borough president. On Sept. 12, 1989, he defeated incumbent Ed Koch in the Democratic Party mayoral primary. Then on November 7, Dinkins again seized victory when he defeated his Republican opponent, former U.S. attorney Rudolph Giuliani, to become New York City's first black mayor. He won the election with the support of a large number of blacks and Hispanics and with nearly one-third of the white vote. A far cry from the flamboyant, acerbic Koch, Dinkins had a soft-spoken, unassuming style that seemed to be just what New Yorkers were looking for to lead them into the 1990s. Accompanying Dinkins' sweet taste of victory was the bitter reality of the many problems that he would have to face. In addition to the $1 billion deficit, there were the 50,000 homeless, the AIDS and drug problems, and racial tensions. Prior to the election he was credited with staying neutral concerning a racially motivated killing in Brooklyn, and asking for calm. Racial harmony became a campaign issue, and Dinkins vowed to "bring New York City together." After the primary Dinkins had told supporters, "You voted your hopes and not your fears." With his easygoing style, he did ease racial tensions but mounting fiscal crises and a persistent crime rate led to his defeat at the hands of Giuliani in 1993.

Dinwiddy, Bruce (Harry) (b. Feb. 1, 1946, Epsom, England), commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory (1996-98) and governor of the Cayman Islands (2002-05). He was also British high commissioner to Tanzania (1998-2001).

Diodoros I, original name Damianos (Georgiou) Karivalis (b. Aug. 14, 1923, Chios island, Greece - d. Dec. 19, 2000, Jerusalem), patriarch of Jerusalem (1981-2000). He moved to what was then British-mandated Palestine in 1938. He became a monk in 1944 and was renamed Diodoros. Three years later he became a priest, then an archbishop in 1962, and he was named patriarch in 1981. In 2000, Diodoros met with Pope John Paul II during the pontiff's visit to the Holy Land. The pope said then he hoped the Vatican and the Orthodox church could overcome theological differences, such as disagreements over the nature of Christ and the extent of the authority of the papacy.

Dion, Stéphane (Maurice) (b. Sept. 28, 1955, Québec, Que.), foreign minister of Canada (2015-17). First elected to the House of Commons in a 1996 by-election, he became minister of intergovernmental affairs (1996-2003), the highlight of his tenure being the creation of the so-called Clarity Act (passed in 2000), which makes it much harder for Quebec to break away from Canada. Dion said the act was one of his finest accomplishments, but some in Quebec never forgave him, one cartoonist regularly portraying him as a rat. In 2004-06 he was environment minister. In December 2006 he was elected leader of the Liberal Party, defeating Michael Ignatieff on the fourth ballot. He came into the leadership convention in fourth place but swayed delegates by giving perhaps the most impassioned speech of the leading contenders in which he stressed energy conservation. In the October 2008 elections he led the Liberals to a historic low, and soon afterwards said he would turn over the reins of the party to the winner of a leadership convention in May 2009. However, in December 2008 he helped engineer a coalition deal with the New Democratic Party and the Bloc Québécois designed to remove the Conservative minority government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper and install Dion as prime minister. But Harper, whose public support increased after the opposition's manoeuvring, forestalled a defeat by getting parliament prorogued until January, and Dion, who remained unpopular with Canadians, then announced he would resign early; he was replaced by Ignatieff on December 10. In 2017 he became ambassador to Germany.

Diop, Abdoulaye (b. Sept. 17, 1965, Brazzaville, Congo [Brazzaville]), foreign minister of Mali (2014-17). He was also ambassador to the United States (2003-09).

Diop, Ousmane Socé (b. Oct. 31, 1911, Rufisque, Senegal - d. Oct. 27, 1973, Dakar, Senegal), Senegalese politician. Also known as a writer, he was mayor of Rufisque (1936-45, 1960-64), minister of planning (1958-59), and permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States (1960-68).

Diori, Hamani (b. June 6, 1916, Soudouré, Niger - d. April 23, 1989, Rabat, Morocco), president of Niger (1960-74). He was a founder member (1946) of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africain and founder of its local branch, the Niger Progressive Party (PPN), and represented Niger in the French National Assembly (1946-51, 1956-58). During the transition period before Niger's independence, the French government banned (1959) all political parties except the PPN and chose Diori to serve as Niger's prime minister (1958-60) and president (1960). On Nov. 11, 1960, he was formally voted into office in the first postindependence elections. Despite pressure from France, he supported Nigeria during the secession (1967-70) of Biafra, and he gained worldwide respect for his attempts to negotiate a peaceful settlement in the conflict. Diori's administration, however, was rife with corruption, and he was unable to implement much-needed reforms or to alleviate the widespread famine brought on by the Sahelian drought of the early 1970s. He was deposed by the army chief of staff, Lieut. Col. Seyni Kountché, on April 15, 1974. Diori was released from prison in 1980, but he remained under house arrest until April 1987.

A. Diouf

Diouf, Abdou (b. Sept. 7, 1935, Louga, northern Senegal), president of Senegal (1981-2000). He joined the civil service in 1960, and over the next years, he was appointed to a succession of posts: governor of the Sine-Saloum region (1961-62), secretary-general to the presidency (1964-68, a key post that he took over at the remarkably young age of 29), and minister of planning and industry (1968-70). He quickly established a reputation for fair-mindedness when he oversaw the liberalization of the political system. In 1970 he became prime minister, a post that had only just been created through a change in the constitution. He retained that position for 11 years and upon the retirement of Pres. Léopold Sédar Senghor and in accordance with the constitution, he succeeded to the presidency (Jan. 1, 1981). He was elected in his own right two years later, was reelected in 1988, and won a third term in multiparty elections in March 1993. He has also served as secretary-general (1981-96) and president (1996- ) of the Socialist Party of Senegal. In 1982-89 he was also president of the Senegambia confederation. Diouf gained international prominence as a delegate to the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1983, when he played a key role at the June 1983 summit meeting, and as that organization's chairman in 1985-86, when his decisive leadership and moderation restored confidence in that troubled body. He served a second term as OAU chairman in 1992-93 and he also served as chairman of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Islamic Conference, and the G-15 nations. He stepped down as president willingly after losing the 2000 elections to Abdoulaye Wade, a move that brought him respect in a continent where leaders tend to cling to power. In 2003-14 he was secretary-general of La Francophonie.

Diouf, Coumba Ndoffène (b. Dec. 29, 1932), foreign minister of Senegal (1972-73). He was also civil service and labour minister (1970-72) and public health and social affairs minister (1973-75).

Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (b. June 27, 1971, Kathmandu - d. June 4, 2001, Chauni, near Kathmandu), king of Nepal (2001). He was the eldest son of Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva and was declared heir apparent in 1972 after his father became king. After his early education in Kathmandu, Dipendra, like his father, went to Eton College in Britain. There, he was reportedly excused from chapel when he turned 18. According to Nepali tradition, the prince effectively became a god on his birthday and he could not be seen worshipping another. Known as "Dippy" to his friends, Dipendra returned to Kathmandu to study at Tribhuvan University. He later joined the Royal Nepal Military Academy. In 1990, he was commissioned as the colonel-in-chief of the Royal Nepalese Army, an honorary title given to the heir to the throne. At a banquet during Prince Charles' 1998 visit to Nepal, Dipendra told him of his country's sorrow at the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. Dipendra also praised Eton for giving him a sense of "fair play and discipline." Childhood classmates remember him as friendly and intelligent, and always at the top of the class. He was often seen in the streets without his bodyguards. He was a flying enthusiast who enjoyed helicopters, reading, and writing poetry. He also held a black belt in kung fu. On June 1, 2001, Dipendra shot his parents and seven other royals before turning the gun on himself. He was widely believed to be angered by an ancient tradition in Nepal: the arranged marriage. Palace officials and local media reports said Queen Aishwarya rejected Dipendra's choice of a bride because of her clan, providing an apparent motive for the shooting spree. He initially survived, though in a coma, and was proclaimed king, but died three days after the massacre.

DiPrete, Edward D(aniel) (b. July 8, 1934, Cranston, R.I.), governor of Rhode Island (1985-91). He pleaded guilty in December 1998 to bribery, extortion, and racketeering, admitting he accepted $250,000 from architects, engineers, and others in exchange for state contracts. DiPrete's son Dennis was fined $1,000 after pleading guilty to playing the middleman for his Republican father.

Diro, Ted, byname of Edward Ramu Diro (b. Dec. 14, 1942, Boku village, Rigo subdistrict, Central district, Papua [now in Papua New Guinea]), foreign minister (1986-87) and deputy prime minister (1990-91) of Papua New Guinea and governor of Central province (1997-99). He was also minister of forests (1985-86) and public service (1990-91) and special minister of state (1989-90).

Dizdarevic, Raif (b. 1926, Fojnica, Bosnia), Yugoslav politician. He was president of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1978-82) and then president of the Federal Assembly (1982-83), foreign minister (1984-87), and president of the Presidency (1988-89) of Yugoslavia.

Djermakoye, Issoufou Saïdou (b. July 10, 1920, Dosso, Niger - d. June 30, 2000, Paris, France), Nigerien politician. He was justice minister (1959-61, 1963-65), permanent representative to the United Nations (1961-62, 1965-66), and ambassador to the United States (1961-62).

Djermakoye, Moumouni Adamou (b. May 22, 1939, Dosso, Niger - d. June 14, 2009, Niamey, Niger), foreign minister of Niger (1974-79). He was also minister of youth, sports, and culture (1979-81) and public health and social affairs (1981-83), prefect of Zinder département (1983-88), ambassador to the U.S. and permanent representative to the UN (1988-91), and president of the National Assembly (1993-95). He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1993, 1996, 1999, and 2004.

Djibo

Djibo, Salou (b. April 15, 1965, Namaro, Niger), chairman of the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy of Niger (2010-11).

Djilas, Dragan (b. Feb. 22, 1967, Belgrade, Serbia), mayor of Belgrade (2008- ). He was minister without portfolio and coordinator for the National Investment Plan of Serbia in 2007-08.

Djindjic

Djindjic, Zoran (b. Aug. 1, 1952, Bosanski Samac, Bosnia - d. March 12, 2003, Belgrade, Serbia), prime minister of Serbia (2001-03). He was never a member of the long-ruling Communist party. Having fled to West Germany to avoid prison after being accused of activities against the state, he returned to Belgrade in 1989, co-founding the Democratic Party which he led inside the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) umbrella alliance. Djindjic was usually perceived as a pragmatic politician but did not enjoy the same broad popularity of the other leading figure in the DOS, Vojislav Kostunica. He was frequently branded a traitor by allies of Pres. Slobodan Milosevic and media outlets they controlled. In 1996, after Milosevic ignored an opposition victory in local elections, Djindjic organized three months of daily protest rallies in Belgrade. Milosevic eventually relented, and Djindjic became the first non-Communist mayor of the city. But he lasted less than a year in the post before the coalition that nominated him split up and he was voted out in September 1997. He was long a leading figure in anti-Milosevic campaigns. He spearheaded a drive to oust the Yugoslav strongman in late 2000. He took office as Serbian prime minister in January 2001. He faced hyperinflation and a chaotic government system where public sector workers often had to wait months to be paid. He stood for a market economy and said that Serbia's future lay in closer integration with the West. Milosevic's arrest and deportation led to a rift between Djindjic and Kostunica, who was shocked at the way that Djindjic used the law to seal Milosevic's fate. Djindjic was shot dead in front of the government building, apparently by members of an organized crime syndicate known as the Zemun Clan.

Djotodia, Michel (Am Nondroko) (b. 1949?), defense minister (2013-14), president (2013), and transitional head of state (2013-14) of the Central African Republic. His mainly Muslim Seleka coalition rose up against the government in December 2012 and overthrew Pres. François Bozizé, a Christian, in March 2013. But even after he officially dissolved the Seleka coalition in September, Djotodia remained unable to end the violence in the country. Bowing to pressure from regional leaders in the Economic Community of Central African States, he resigned in January 2014 and went into exile in Benin.

Djoudi, Hocine (b. May 4, 1930), Algerian diplomat. He was ambassador to Spain (1978-79), Portugal (1979-82), Mozambique and Lesotho (1982-84), and France (1993-97) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1984-91).

Djoussouf, Abbas (b. March 22, 1942, Moroni, Comoros - d. June 13, 2010, Port Louis, Mauritius), prime minister of the Comoros (1998-99). He led the umbrella Forum of National Recovery. He lost to Mohamed Taki in presidential elections in March 1996. He worked towards reconciliation with Anjouan and Mohéli, which declared independence in 1997, and opposed Taki's hard line on the secessionists. His opposition movement proposed a "Federated Republics of Comoros" under which each island would have substantial autonomy, with a central government on Grande Comore retaining limited powers. After Taki's death, he was named prime minister by Interim Pres. Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde.

Djukanovic

Djukanovic, Milo (b. Feb. 15, 1962, Niksic, Montenegro), prime minister (1991-98, 2003-06, 2008-10, 2012-16) and president (1998-2002, 2018- ) of Montenegro. Hand-picked by Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic, Djukanovic rose to power while still in his 20s. As prime minister of Montenegro, he publicly stuck with Milosevic through the Croatian and Bosnian wars in 1991-95, and only broke with the Yugoslav leader in 1996. Djukanovic's skills as a black-market trader during the wars and under subsequent sanctions turned him into a hero among Montenegrins. In a bitter TV debate before the 1997 presidential election, the two candidates - Djukanovic and incumbent Momir Bulatovic - tried to outdo each other with tales of corruption and smuggling to prove their worthiness to be president.

Djukic Dejanovic, Slavica (b. July 4, 1951, Raca, Serbia), acting president of Serbia (2012). She has been president of the National Assembly (2008-12), health minister (2012-14), and a minister without portfolio (2016- ).

Djuranovic, Veselin (b. May 17, 1925, Martinici village, near Danilovgrad, Montenegro - d. Aug. 30, 1997, Martinici?), chairman of the Executive Council (1963-66), secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (1968-77), and president of the Presidency (1982-83) of Montenegro and president of the Federal Executive Council (1977-82) and of the Presidency (1984-85) of Yugoslavia.

Dlamini, Lutfo (Ephraim) (b. July 1960, Nkamanzi, northern Swaziland), foreign minister of Swaziland (2008-11). He was also minister for enterprise and employment (1998-2008) and labour and social security (2011-13).

Dlamini, Moses Mathendele, foreign minister of Swaziland (2006-08). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-2000), ambassador to Taiwan (2000-03), and president of the Senate (2003-06).

Dlamini, Solomon (Mnukwa), foreign minister of Swaziland (1993-95). He was also education minister (1995-98), high commissioner to Kenya (1999-2006) and South Africa (2010-14), and ambassador to Belgium (2006-10).

Dlamini-Zuma, Nkosazana (Clarice) (b. Jan. 28, 1949, Pietermaritzburg, Natal [now in KwaZulu-Natal], South Africa), foreign minister (1999-2009) and home affairs minister (2009-12) of South Africa; former wife of Jacob Zuma. An ardent anti-smoker, she was health minister from 1994 to 1999. Her drive to deliver health services to the poor increased her stature in the African National Congress. Dlamini-Zuma was said to be the most powerful woman politician in the country after Nelson Mandela's former wife Winnie Madikizela-Mandela. But Dlamini-Zuma won few friends in the pharmaceutical industry after pushing through legislation to allow parallel imports of drugs and she failed to stem the AIDS epidemic sweeping the country - her one main effort to fund an anti-AIDS musical ending in scandal over tendering irregularities. In 2012-17 she was chairperson of the Commission of the African Union.

Dlodlo, Ayanda (b. 1962, Soweto, Transvaal [now in Gauteng], South Africa), home affairs minister of South Africa (2017-18). She was also minister of communications (2017).

Do Muoi (b. Feb. 2, 1917, Hanoi, Vietnam), general secretary of the Vietnamese Communist Party (1991-97). He joined the emergent Vietnamese nationalist movement in 1936 and the Communist Party of Indochina three years later. In 1941, at the age of 24, he was arrested by the French colonial government and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Upon escaping in March 1945, he rejoined the independence struggle. Little was known of Do Muoi's activities during the Indochina war, which resulted in the partitioning of the country in 1954, or during the Vietnam war. Following the latter conflict he held a variety of bureaucratic and administrative positions in the Hanoi governments of both the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and, after 1976, the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam. As vice-chairman and minister of buildings from 1974 to 1976, he supervised construction of the mausoleum of revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh. He became vice-chairman of the republic, as well as minister of construction, in 1976. Additionally, during the late 1970s, he held ministerial posts in the Departments of Industry, Communication, and Transport and Postal Services. He became an alternate member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1976 and a full member in 1982. He became premier in 1988 but resigned soon after he was named general secretary at the party's Seventh Congress in 1991. On June 27, 1991, the newly elected party leader announced his intention to extend the economic reforms introduced by his predecessor, Nguyen Van Linh. In both an address to the National Assembly and his first news conference, Do Muoi appealed to the international community for assistance in alleviating the "poor and backward" condition of his country.

Doan Khue (b. 1923? - d. Jan. 16, 1998, Hanoi), Vietnamese politician. He began revolutionary activities in 1939 and was captured and imprisoned by colonial French forces a year later. He joined the People's Army in 1945 and rose to become vice defense minister in 1980. He joined the ruling Communist party's politburo in December 1986. He was named chief of staff in 1987 and was promoted to four-star general in 1990. He became defense minister in 1991. But party sources said he suffered political setbacks after a 1997 trip to France when he boasted to French president Jacques Chirac that the next time they met it would be as equals. In September of that year he failed in a bid for the presidency when he lost out to Tran Duc Luong and was then replaced as defense minister. He retained his seat on the politburo, but with his health ailing soon faded from public view. Khue's feisty rhetoric as defense minister portrayed a man who was still deeply suspicious of the world outside his Communist fatherland. As a former military chief of staff, Khue was seen as a conservative who advocated a leading role for the army in guiding socialism, but who supported expanded business interests among the armed forces. In speeches towards the end of his career he issued vociferous warnings that heightened vigilance was needed against possible "riots to overthrow the government undertaken by opposition forces." In a 1994 speech to mark the 50th anniversary of an army which defeated the French and U.S.-backed South Vietnam, he warned party leaders and bemedalled war veterans that Vietnam should not lower its guard now that the country was at peace. He was given the Ho Chi Minh Medal, Vietnam's highest honour, shortly before his death.

Dodge, Augustus C(aesar) (b. Jan. 2, 1812, Ste. Genevieve, Mo. - d. Nov. 20, 1883, Burlington, Iowa), U.S. politician; son of Henry Dodge. He was a delegate to the House of Representatives (1840-46), member of the Senate (1848-55), minister to Spain (1855-59), and mayor of Burlington, Iowa (1874-75).

Dodik, Milorad (b. March 12, 1959, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina), prime minister (1998-2001, 2006-10) and president (2010- ) of the Republika Srpska. At the height of the Bosnian war, he spoke out in favour of peace plans and dared to attack Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic as corrupt. As prime minister of Bosnia's Serb republic, Dodik turned Bosnian politics on its head and threw his ultra-nationalist rivals into disarray. The former businessman secured millions of dollars in international aid, sacked directors at state enterprises, persuaded striking teachers to go back to work, and moved to cut off smuggling rackets linked to hardliners.

Dodkhudoyev, Nazarsho (b. Dec. 20 [Dec. 7, O.S.], 1915, Derzud village, Badakhshan region, Russia [now in Tajikistan] - d. June 30, 2000), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1950-56) and chairman of the Council of Ministers and foreign minister (1956-61) of the Tadzhik S.S.R. He was also chairman of the Executive Committee of Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast (1948-50).

Doe, Samuel K(anyon) (b. May 6, 19511, Tuzon, Liberia - d. Sept. 9, 1990, Monrovia), president of Liberia (1980-90). A member of the Krahn (Wee) tribe, he enlisted in the army in 1969. He was promoted from private to corporal and first sergeant within two days in 1975, and became a master sergeant in 1979. Like other indigenous Liberians, he resented the privilege and power granted the Americo-Liberians, descendants of the freed American slaves who founded the colony in 1821. Before dawn on April 12, 1980, Doe led a group of 17 Krahn soldiers to the Liberian executive mansion, where they killed 30 officials and guards and Pres. William R. Tolbert, Jr., a member of the Americo-Liberian elite. Later, 13 prominent Tolbert associates were summarily tried and executed. After the coup Doe assumed the rank of general and established a People's Redemption Council (PRC) composed of himself and 14 other low-ranking officers to rule the country. He suspended the nation's constitution until 1984, when a new constitution was approved by referendum. In 1985 he was voted president in what opponents denounced as a rigged election. He defeated a coup attempt that November and took the oath of office on Jan. 6, 1986. His term of office was burdened by deteriorating economic conditions, and his life was continually threatened by assassination attempts and plots, which he suppressed with considerable brutality. These actions, along with Doe's favouritism toward his own Krahn tribe, sparked a rebellion against him that began in eastern Liberia in late 1989. By July 1990 the rebel forces had advanced into the capital city of Monrovia, but Doe refused to yield power. As the civil war continued, he was captured and killed by the rebel forces of Prince Yormie Johnson.1 Since one of the clauses of the 1984 constitution stipulated that the new president was to be at least 35 years of age, Doe had his official birth year changed to 1950.

Doer

Doer, Gary (Albert) (b. March 31, 1948, Winnipeg, Manitoba), premier of Manitoba (1999-2009). In 2009-16 he was Canadian ambassador to the United States.

Doga, (María) Nélida (b. June 27, 1947, Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires province), minister of social development of Argentina (2002-03).

Dogolea, Enoch (b. 1951? - d. June 23, 2000, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire), vice president of Liberia (1997-2000). Dogolea, who in the 1980s went into exile as an opposition campaigner against the rule of Pres. Samuel K. Doe, later joined Charles Taylor's fledgling rebel group which fought a brutal seven-year civil war against several factions. Relative calm was restored in 1996 and Taylor won elections a year later. For nearly all of the war, Dogolea served as Taylor's deputy and he became vice-president immediately after the election. Officials said Dogolea died after going into a coma at a private hospital in Abidjan, where he was flown after falling sick the previous week. One official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said Dogolea suffered a stroke, although this could not be independently confirmed. The state radio station said President Taylor ordered an autopsy in order to refute "speculation" the vice president had been either "poisoned or beaten to death by presidential guards." Dogolea paid a private visit to Taylor's farm shortly before his death, some officials said. Taylor dismissed the rumours of foul play as "the work of detractors to tarnish his image and cause national instability," the station said. A group representing University of Liberia students from Dogolea's home region of Nimba County, meanwhile, accused the government of denying Dogolea access to proper medical care, but did not give details. "Our call is prompted by widespread speculation about the cause of Mr. Dogolea's illness," the group said in a statement broadcast on the radio station.

Dogsom, Dansranbilegiyn (b. 1884, in present Bayan-Ovoo district, Khentiy province, Mongolia - d. [executed] July 27, 1941, Soviet Union), chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1936-39). He was also ambassador to Tannu Tuva (1933-34).

Dohou, Frédéric, acting foreign minister of Benin (2006). He has been minister of culture, handicrafts, and tourism (2003-05), communication and promotion of new technologies (2005-06), and industry and commerce (2016- ).

Doi

Doi, Takako (b. Nov. 30, 1928, Kobe, Japan - d. Sept. 20, 2014), Japanese politician. She was first elected to the Diet in 1969 after serving as vice-chairman of the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) for three years. With the support of every faction of the JSP, Doi won 83% of the votes in September 1986 party elections and thereby became the first Japanese woman ever chosen to lead a major political party. Her victory followed the resignation of Masashi Ishibashi, who felt obliged to step aside as chairman of the central executive committee after the JSP suffered a disastrous defeat in national elections to the Diet two months earlier. The Socialists had long represented the strongest political alternative to the ruling Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP), but in July they lost 25 of their 111 seats in the lower house and had an approval rating of only about 10%. Doi became the party's only celebrity when she led a group of politically inexperienced housewives to victory in the July 23, 1989, elections to the upper house. With the startling defeat of the LDP, the premiership seemed open for Doi. Her "Madonna strategy" capitalized on the voters' anger at corruption and male chauvinism within the ruling party. The then agriculture minister's comment that "women are useless in politics. Their right place is in the home" inadvertently supported her case. The JSP increased its parliamentary strength in the 1990 lower house elections, but the LDP remained in power. Doi resigned on June 21, 1991, one day after the JSP adopted a draft reform platform calling for major changes in policy toward foreign affairs, defense, and energy development. In 1993-96, Doi was speaker of the House of Representatives. She then was again leader (1996-2003) of what was now called the Social Democratic Party.

Doidge, Sir Frederick Widdowson (b. Feb. 26, 1884, Cootamundra, New South Wales - d. May 26, 1954, London, England), foreign minister of New Zealand (1949-51); knighted 1953. He was also minister of island territories (1949-51) and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1951-54).

Dokmanovic, Slavko (b. Dec. 14, 1949, Trpinja, Croatia - d. June 28, 1998, The Hague, Netherlands), president of the Srem-Baranja District (1995-96). He committed suicide in his cell in The Hague where he was awaiting the verdict at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and was known to suffer from severe depression (he was supposed to be under close watch).

Dole, Bob, byname of Robert Joseph Dole (b. July 22, 1923, Russell, Kan.), U.S. presidential candidate (1996). From 1951 to 1953 he was a Republican member of the Kansas state legislature, thereafter serving four terms as the Russell county prosecuting attorney. From 1961 to 1969 he worked against the policies of presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1968 he won the first of five terms in the Senate, eventually becoming the Republican head, as both majority (1985-87, 1995-96) and minority (1987-95) leader. He also chaired the Republican National Committee from 1971 to 1973. Dole generally advocated conservative fiscal policies, but on other issues he took stands that ranged from right of centre to moderate. He supported civil rights and voting rights bills and food stamp programs but voted against proposals for other social programs, including the original bill establishing Medicare. He was the vice presidential candidate in Pres. Gerald R. Ford's unsuccessful 1976 campaign. After losing his own bids for the presidential nomination in 1980 and 1988, he stumbled early in 1996, then quickly won a series of primary victories. Before the Republican national convention, he resigned from the Senate and chose former secretary of housing and urban development Jack Kemp as his running mate. Despite vigorous campaigning, which included the promise of a 15% tax cut and emphasized themes such as character and honesty, the Dole-Kemp ticket went down to defeat. Dole was not able to exploit the vulnerabilities of his Democratic opponent, Pres. Bill Clinton, and gain a significant number of votes outside the core of his own party; he took 41% of the total vote.

E. Dole

Dole, (Mary) Elizabeth (Alexander Hanford),née Hanford (b. July 29, 1936, Salisbury, N.C.), U.S. politician; wife of Bob Dole. Her first government appointment came in 1966 when she was made a staff assistant to the secretary of health, education, and welfare. From 1969 to 1971 she served as executive director of the President's Commission on Consumer Interests. From 1971 to 1973 she was employed at the White House Office of Consumer Affairs. In 1973 Pres. Richard Nixon appointed her to a seven-year term on the five-member Federal Trade Commission. She married Bob Dole in 1975. In 1976 she took a leave of absence from her FTC post to campaign for her husband, who was Pres. Gerald Ford's vice-presidential running mate. Three years later, when Senator Dole was seeking the presidency, she resigned from the commission. After her husband withdrew, she went to work in Ronald Reagan's campaign organization. On Dec. 20, 1980, President-elect Reagan appointed her to a key White House post, assistant to the president for public liaison. Although her appointment in early 1983 as secretary of transportation came amid criticism from women's groups that she was not vocal enough regarding women's rights, she was loudly praised by Congress and the press. Serving in that post until 1987, she was secretary of labor under Pres. George Bush from January 1989 to November 1990. She became president of the American Red Cross in 1991 and took a year's leave of absence in 1995 to help her husband's presidential bid. She gave an electrifying speech to the Republican National Convention in 1996, wading into the audience with a microphone in a way that broke new ground in political speechmaking. She left the Red Cross in 1999 to run for president herself but dropped out of the race on October 20. She was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2002 but defeated for reelection in 2008.

S.B. Dole

Dole, Sanford Ballard (b. April 23, 1844, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands - d. June 9, 1926, Honolulu), president of the Republic of Hawaii (1894-1900). The son of American missionaries, he was twice elected to the Hawaiian legislature (1884, 1886). He was a leader of the reform movement which forced King Kalakaua's signature to the so-called Bayonet Constitution of 1887, which caused the king to resign many of his royal prerogatives. That same year he became a justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii. In January 1893 he became the leader of the committee, acting for Hawaiian sugar interests and their American allies, that was formed to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani (who had succeeded her brother, Kalakaua, in 1891) and to seek annexation of Hawaii by the United States. The committee deposed the queen and installed a provisional government with Dole as president (Jan. 17, 1893). In response to the queen's protest, Pres. Grover Cleveland sent James H. Blount of Georgia to the islands as "commissioner paramount" to investigate conditions in Hawaii. A demand was made on Dole to restore Liliuokalani to the throne, but Dole and his backers denied the right of the U.S. to interfere. They established the Republic of Hawaii (1894), with Dole as president, and continued to seek annexation. In 1898 he made a visit to Washington in behalf of the movement and annexation was effected later that year. When, in 1900, Congress created the Territory of Hawaii, Dole was appointed the first territorial governor by Pres. William McKinley. In 1903 he resigned to become judge of the U.S. district court of Hawaii, serving until his retirement in 1915.

Dolgoruky, Knyaz (Prince) Vasily (Vladimirovich) (b. January 1667, Russia - d. Feb. 22 [Feb. 11, O.S.], 1746, St. Petersburg, Russia), member of the Supreme Privy Council of Russia (during throne vacancy 1730). He was also president of the War Collegium (1730-31, 1741-46).

Dolland, Franklyn (O'Brien) (b. Nov. 21, 1944, Aruba), Grenadian politician. He was minister of labour and youth development (1974-77), permanent representative to the United Nations (1977-78), and ambassador to the United States (1977-78).

Dollfuss

Dollfuss, Engelbert (b. Oct. 4, 1892, Texing, Niederösterreich, Austria - d. July 25, 1934, Vienna, Austria), chancellor of Austria (1932-34). A member of the clerical-conservative Christian Social Party, he rose rapidly in Austrian politics, becoming president of the federal railways in 1930 and minister of agriculture in 1931. He became chancellor in May 1932, heading a conservative coalition; he also became foreign minister and kept the agriculture portfolio. Faced with a severe economic crisis caused by the worldwide depression, he decided against joining Germany in a customs union, a course advocated by many Austrians. Severely criticized by both Social Democrats and nationalists, he dispensed with parliamentary government in March 1933 and began to rule by decree. Benito Mussolini became his principal foreign ally. Italy guaranteed Austrian independence at Riccione (August 1933), but in return Austria had to reform its constitution on the Fascist model. In September 1933 he permanently abolished the legislature and formed a corporate state based on his Vaterländische Front (Fatherland Front), which was to replace Austria's political parties. He also became defense minister in addition to his other portfolios. By converting Austria virtually into an Italian satellite state he hoped to prevent Austria's incorporation into Nazi Germany. On Oct. 4, 1933, he narrowly escaped assassination when a Nazi fired two shots at him. In February 1934 paramilitary formations loyal to Dollfuss crushed Austria's Social Democrats in bloody encounters. With a new constitution of May 1934, his regime became completely dictatorial. In June Germany incited Austrian Nazis to civil war. The following month he was killed in a Nazi coup attempt.

Domenici, Pete V(ichi), originally Pietro Vichi Domenici (b. May 7, 1932, Albuquerque, N.M. - d. Sept. 13, 2017, Albuquerque), chairman of the City Commission of Albuquerque (1967-70). He was also a U.S. senator (1973-2009).

Domingo y Morales del Castillo, Andrés (Antonio) (b. Sept. 4, 1892, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba - d. June 1, 1979, Miami, Fla.), foreign minister and acting president of Cuba (1954-55). He was minister of the treasury in Pres. Fulgencio Batista's 1940-44 term, and became secretary to the president when Batista took power again in 1952. When Batista campaigned for the presidency in 1954, the constitution forbade him to hold the office in that period. The constitutional succession was for the minister of state (foreign minister) to act as president and Domingo was then appointed to that office.

Domingue, Michel (b. Les Cayes, Haiti - d. June 24, 1877, Kingston, Jamaica), president of the Southern State of Haiti (1868-69) and of Haiti (1874-76).

Domínguez, Jorge (Manuel Rogelio) (b. March 20, 1945), intendant of the city of Buenos Aires (1994-96) and defense minister of Argentina (1996-99).

Domínguez, Luis L(orenzo) (b. May 15, 1819, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. July 20, 1898, London, England), finance minister of Argentina (1870-74). He was also minister to Peru (1874-76), Brazil (1876-82), the United States (1882-86), and the United Kingdom (1886-98).

Domínguez (Trujillo1), Miguel (Ramón Sebastián)2 (b. Jan. 20, 1756, Mexico City, New Spain [now Mexico] - d. April 22, 1830, Mexico City, Mexico), member of the Supreme Executive Power of Mexico (1823-24).1 The metronym also appears as de Alemán. While some documents suggest that his mother Josefa was the daughter of José de Alemán, others contradict this and record her as Josefa Trujillo (her mother was Micaela Trujillo).2 He appears sometimes as José Miguel Domínguez, but the name José does not appear in his baptismal record (though it could have been added at confirmation).

Domitien, Elisabeth (b. 1925, Lobaye region, Oubangui-Chari [now Central African Republic] - d. April 26, 2005, Bimbo, near Bangui, Central African Republic), prime minister of the Central African Republic (1975-76). She was closely connected with politics all her life, and joined the independence movement at the age of 20, proving a brilliant orator and leading the national women's organization for independence. She won the support of the women for Jean-Bédel Bokassa before his coup in 1966. She accompanied him on his tours abroad and in January 1975 he appointed her prime minister. Although she was a mere puppet in the newly-created post, she was removed from office and placed under house arrest in April 1976. Nevertheless, she remained vice president of the Mouvement d'Evolution Sociale de l'Afrique Noire (MESAN), the country's only political organization, from 1975 to 1979. After the coup which deposed Bokassa in September 1979, Domitien was arrested in February 1980 and brought to trial on charges of covering up extortion committed by Bokassa during her tenure as prime minister. She served a brief prison term, after which she was prohibited from returning to politics.

Dompok, Tan Sri Bernard (Giluk) (b. Oct. 7, 1949, Penampang, British North Borneo [now Sabah, Malaysia]), chief minister of Sabah (1998-99). He has also been Malaysian minister of plantation industries and commodities (2009-13) and ambassador to the Vatican (2016- ). He received the titles Datuk (1987) and Tan Sri (1997).

Donaldson, John S(tanley) (b. March 30 or 31, 1936, Trinidad and Tobago - d. March 19, 2013, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago), foreign minister (1976-81) and national security minister (1976-85) of Trinidad and Tobago. In 1973-76 he was ambassador to Algeria, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Guinea, and Liberia and high commissioner to Nigeria, Ghana, and Sierra Leone (resident in Lagos, Nigeria).

Dönges, Theophilus (Ebenhaezer) (b. March 8, 1898, Klerksdorp, Transvaal [now in North West province, South Africa] - d. Jan. 10, 1968, Cape Town, South Africa), interior minister (1948-58), finance minister (1958-67), and acting prime minister (1966) of South Africa. On Feb. 28, 1967, he was elected state president for the term to begin June 1, 1967, but he was too ill to ever take office and resigned by proxy after he was declared incapacitated on Dec. 6, 1967.

Dönitz

Dönitz, Karl (b. Sept. 16, 1891, Grünau [now part of Berlin], Germany - d. Dec. 22, 1980, Aumühle, Schleswig-Holstein, West Germany), president of Germany (1945). He entered the German Navy in 1910 and during World War I served as a submarine officer in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. After the war he continued his naval career first as commander of a torpedo boat and later of the cruiser Emden. In the aftermath of Adolf Hitler's accession to power, despite the Versailles Treaty's absolute ban on German submarine construction, Dönitz clandestinely supervised the creation of a new U-boat fleet, over which he was subsequently appointed commander (1936). Because of the shortage of materials and the priority Hitler gave to the Luftwaffe, Germany had only 25 U-boats capable of service in the Atlantic at the outbreak of World War II. By the end of the war, however, around 1,000 U-boats had been built and placed in service, more than half of which were destroyed by the Allies. Out of 39,000 men who served aboard German U-boats, 27,082 perished. In the midst of World War II, in January 1943, he was called to replace Adm. Erich Raeder as commander in chief of the German Navy. His loyalty and ability soon won him the confidence of Hitler. On April 20, 1945, shortly before the collapse of the Nazi regime, Hitler appointed Dönitz head of the northern military and civil command. Finally - in his last political testament - Hitler named Dönitz his successor as president of the Reich, minister of war, and supreme commander of the armed forces. Assuming the reins of government on May 2, 1945, Dönitz retained office for only a few days. In 1946 he was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment by the International Military Tribunal at Nürnberg. He was released from prison in 1956.

Dontsop, Paul (b. 1937, Bafou, French Cameroons [now in West province, Cameroon]), foreign minister of Cameroon (1980-83). He was also minister of labour and social security (1975-80) and ambassador to the Soviet Union (1983-84).

Dookeran, Winston (Chandarbhan) (b. June 24, 1943, Rio Claro, Trinidad and Tobago), finance minister (2010-12) and foreign minister (2012-15) of Trinidad and Tobago. He was also governor of the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago (1997-2002).

Doralta, Djiriabaye, until 1973 Bruno Bohiadi (b. Dec. 12, 1922, Bekoi, Chad), foreign minister of Chad (1973-75). He was also ambassador to the Soviet Union (1965-68), permanent representative to the United Nations (1969-71), and minister of national education and culture (1971-73).

Dorda, Abuzed Omar, Arabic Abu Zid `Umar Durda (b. April 4, 1944, Rhebat, Libya), Libyan politician. He served as governor of Misurata province from 1970 to 1972 and was Libya's minister for information and culture from 1972 to 1974. After serving as an undersecretary in the ministry of foreign affairs from 1974 to 1976, he served as minister of municipalities from 1976 to 1979. Dorda was secretary for economy (1979-82) and for agriculture (1982-86) of the General People's Committee. He also was secretary of the People's Committee for the municipality of Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi from 1986 to 1990. From 1990 to 1994, he was head of the Libyan government as secretary of the General People's Committee. From 1994 to 1995 he served as assistant secretary of the General People's Congress. Subsequently he became permanent representative of Libya to the United Nations (1996-2003).

Dorje, Lyonpo Rinzin (b. June 26, 1964), foreign minister of Bhutan (2013-15). He was also governor of Samtse (2009-10) and Haa (2011-13) districts.

Dorji, Lyonpo Chenkyab (b. 1943, Haa district, western Bhutan), secretary-general of SAARC (2005-08). He was also Bhutanese minister of planning (1991-98), chairman of the National Environment Commission (1992-98), and ambassador to Thailand, Singapore, and Australia (1999-2005).

Dornan, Robert (Kenneth) (b. April 3, 1933, New York City), U.S. politician. He was member of the House of Representatives (1977-83, 1985-97) and a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1996.

Dorr, Noel (b. Nov. 1, 1933, Limerick, Ireland), Irish diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1980-83) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1983-87).

Dors, Christian (b. April 30, 1954, Montpellier, Hérault, France), administrator-superior of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (1991-96) and of Wallis and Futuna (1998-2000).

Dorticós

Dorticós Torrado, Osvaldo (b. April 17, 1919, Cienfuegos, Cuba - d. June 23, 1983, Havana), president of Cuba (1959-76). He became a leader of the underground revolutionary cause in 1957, acting as a coordinator in the Cienfuegos region and ensuring that food reached the rebels. He was arrested in 1958 and expelled from Cuba, going to Mexico. When Fidel Castro first seized power, Dorticós was appointed minister of laws and decrees with responsibility for creating laws for the new government, but in July Castro forced Manuel Urrutia Lleó to resign as president and appointed Dorticós his successor. Though Dorticós was viewed as a figurehead president, he had a commanding knowledge of law and economics and travelled widely in order to project Cuban policy. Because of his dignified and conservative appearance, he was regarded as somewhat of a bourgeois Communist. In 1964 he also became economy minister and chairman of the Central Planning Board and by 1965 he was recognized as the country's undisputed economic planner. In 1976 Castro took over the presidency himself under a new constitution. Dorticós remained a member of the Politburo and became a deputy prime minister. At the time of his death he was also justice minister. Depressed by the death of his wife and a serious spinal disease, he committed suicide.

Dørum, Odd Einar (b. Oct. 12, 1943, Oslo, Norway), justice minister of Norway (1999-2000, 2001-05). He was also chairman of the Liberal Party (1982-86, 1992-96) and minister of transport and communications (1997-99).

dos Santos, José Eduardo (b. Aug. 28, 1942, Luanda, Angola), president of Angola (1979-2017). From his youth he showed himself to be a militant nationalist, joining the Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in 1961 and founding a youth organization within it. He served for a time as an active fighter with the MPLA's Second Military Front in Cabinda, the oil province of Angola. He frequently represented the MPLA at international forums. In 1974 he was elected to the executive committee of the movement's political bureau. After the country achieved independence in 1975, he became Angola's first foreign minister (until 1976). In 1978 he became planning minister. Although dos Santos remained firmly committed to his Marxist ideas, he proved himself in government to be a pragmatist and flexible in his approach to the difficult problems that faced Angola after its independence. He was a firm supporter of Pres. Agostinho Neto's policy of developing close economic ties with the Western nations without abandoning Angola's strong friendship with the U.S.S.R. and Cuba. Before his death, Neto promoted dos Santos to a position which marked him as his chosen successor. As president, he pursued national and international efforts to bring about peace in Angola. His involvement resulted in the successful withdrawal of South African forces from Angola, the repatriation of Cuban forces, and the independence of Namibia. He signed the Bicesse Accords in 1991 which allowed for the country's first democratic elections in 1992. The president and his party won the election and the results were accredited by UN and international observers; however, the UNITA rebels contested the results and the country returned to war for another decade.

Dosanjh

Dosanjh, Ujjal (Singh) (b. Sept. 9, 1947, Dosanjh Kalan village, Jalandhar district, Punjab, India), premier of British Columbia (2000-01). He left India for England on Dec. 31, 1964, and moved to Canada in 1969. He has been active in Sikh religious politics and was viciously beaten with an iron bar in 1985 for speaking out against violent efforts to achieve an independent Sikh homeland. He was first elected as member of the British Columbia legislature for Vancouver Kensington in 1991 and twice served as chairman. He also chaired the Select Standing Committee on Parliamentary Reform, Ethical Conduct, Standing Orders and Private Bills. He served as minister of government services and minister responsible for multiculturalism, human rights, sports and immigration in 1995 and then as attorney general from August 1995 to February 2000, when he was elected leader of the province's New Democratic Party (NDP) government, becoming Canada's first Indo-Canadian premier. He took over a government that had seen its popularity plunge over its handling of the economy and scandals that led to the resignation of Premier Glen Clark. Though his personal approval ratings were high, he proved unable to distance himself from the Clark scandals, and the NDP was soundly defeated in 2001. He lost his own seat, and resigned as NDP leader. In 2004 he was elected to the federal House of Commons as a Liberal and was made minister of health (until 2006).

Dosmukhambetov, Temirkhan (Mynaydarovich) (b. March 8, 1949, Kustanay [now Kostanay] oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), head of Astana city (2003-04). He was also Kazakh minister of youth, tourism, and sports (1996-97) and tourism and sports (2006-11).

Doubane, Charles Armel (b. Nov. 12, 1966, Zémio, Central African Republic), foreign minister of the Central African Republic (2013, 2016- ). He was also minister of national education, literacy, higher education, and research (2006-08) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2011-14). He did not take up the foreign minister's post in 2013.

Douglas, Sir Roger (Owen) (b. Dec. 5, 1937, Auckland, New Zealand), finance minister of New Zealand (1984-89). He was elected MP for Manukau (now Manurewa) in 1969. During the Labour government of 1972-75 he was given the portfolios of broadcasting and the post office, and in the 1974 reshuffle he took on housing in place of the post office. In opposition again, he moved from the shadow portfolios of trade and industry, and overseas trade, to his abiding interest, finance, in 1983. In 1984 he became finance minister. Reform of the tax system, removal of subsidies and controls, conversion of many government departments into corporations in the name of efficiency, removal of import barriers, and introduction of other open market concepts - these were some of the changes introduced by Douglas. The policies were so closely identified with him that they spawned a new term in finance jargon: "Rogernomics." Because they strained relations with the party's powerful trade union wing, the government had a great deal riding on the Douglas doctrine that moneymakers must be free to make money before government can use it to provide for the underprivileged. After retiring from parliament in 1990, he was knighted in 1991. In 1993 he founded the Association of Consumers and Taxpayers, which went on to become ACT New Zealand, for which party he returned to parliament in 2008.

Rosie Douglas

Douglas, Rosie, byname of Roosevelt Bernard Douglas (b. Oct. 15, 1941, Portsmouth, Dominica - d. Oct. 1, 2000, Portsmouth), prime minister and foreign minister of Dominica (2000). While a student at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, he was the charismatic leader of the "Sir George Williams Computer Riot." A dispute over charges of racism levelled against a professor led to the occupation of several floors of the Henry F. Hall Building (then part of the Sir George Williams University) and erupted into violence on Feb. 11, 1969. The computer centre was badly damaged by fire, many of the university's records were lost, and the damages mounted to $2.5 million. The riot still stands as the most dramatic and costly student protest in Canadian history. After police moved in, 97 students were arrested. Douglas was charged with obstructing the use of private property, and found guilty in a jury trial. In 1973-74, he served 18 months of a two-year prison sentence and was then deported. He helped lead the Caribbean's black power movement and fight for Dominica's independence from Britain. He briefly became a senator after independence in 1978. He was dismissed after he invited Cuban troops to help Dominica following 1979's Hurricane David. In the 1980 election he was defeated; he won a seat in 1985, but lost it again in 1990. After the death of his brother Michael in 1992, Douglas succeeded him as leader of the Democratic Labour Party. He won a by-election and held on to the seat till his death. In 2000 the DLP won 10 of 21 seats and formed a government with the conservative Dominica Freedom Party. Soon after he came to power, Douglas announced an ambitious plan to bring Dominica into membership of the European Union, given its location between the French islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. He died in office.

S.A. Douglas

Douglas, Stephen A(rnold) (b. April 23, 1813, Brandon, Vt. - d. June 3, 1861, Chicago, Ill.), U.S. presidential candidate (1860). He quickly rose to a position of leadership in the Illinois Democratic Party. In 1843 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, and in 1846 to the U.S. Senate, in which he served until his death. As chairman of the Committee on Territories, he was particularly prominent in the bitter debates between North and South on the extension of slavery westward. A strong contender for the Democratic presidential nomination in both 1852 and 1856, he was too outspoken to be chosen by a party that was still trying to bridge the North-South gap. In 1858 he engaged in a number of widely publicized debates with Abraham Lincoln in a close contest for the Senate seat in Illinois, and although Lincoln won the popular vote, Douglas was elected 54 to 46 by the legislature. Southern opposition to Douglas intensified, and he was denied reappointment to the committee chairmanship he had previously held in the Senate. When the "regular" (Northern) Democrats nominated him for president in 1860, the Southern wing broke away and supported a separate ticket headed by John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. Although Douglas received only 12 electoral votes, he was second to Lincoln in the number of popular votes polled. Douglas then urged the South to acquiesce in the results of the election. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he denounced secession as criminal and was one of the strongest advocates of maintaining the integrity of the Union at all costs. At Lincoln's request, he undertook a mission to the Border States and to the Northwest to rouse Unionist sentiments among their citizenry.

T.C. Douglas

Douglas, Thomas Clement, byname Tommy Douglas (b. Oct. 20, 1904, Falkirk, Scotland - d. Feb. 24, 1986, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), Canadian politician. He was the head of the socialist Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1935, he served there until 1944, when he was elected premier of Saskatchewan, leading the first socialist government in North America. During his tenure as premier, his innovative administration introduced government-financed health care (which became the model for Canada's socialized health-insurance scheme), public-sector collective bargaining, trade union laws, rural electrification, and government-sponsored automobile insurance. His provincial government also organized an excellent educational system and formed government-owned corporations. He resigned as premier in 1961 to serve as the first federal leader of Canada's New Democratic Party, the successor to the CCF as the country's primary socialist party. In 1971 Douglas retired as party leader, but he continued to sit in the House of Commons until 1979.

Douglas, Sir William (Randolph) (b. Sept. 24, 1921, Barbados - d. Aug. 12, 2003, Pau, France), acting governor-general of Barbados (1976, 1984). He was chief justice in 1965-86 and ambassador to the United States in 1987-91. He was knighted in 1969.

Douiri, M'hamed (b. Dec. 26, 1926, Fès, Morocco), economy and finance minister of Morocco (1960-63). He was also minister of public works (1955-58), equipment and national promotion (1977-81), and planning, executive training, and vocational training (1981-84).

Doumba, Joseph-Charles (b. Feb. 2, 1936, Beten, near Bertoua, French Cameroons [now in Cameroon] - d. March 5, 2017, Yaoundé, Cameroon), Cameroonian politician. He was minister of information and culture (1974-75) and justice (1975-79), minister at the presidency in charge of special missions (1979-88), and secretary-general of the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (1992-2007).

Doumer

Doumer, Paul, byname of Joseph Athanase Doumer (b. March 22, 1857, Aurillac, Cantal, France - d. May 7, 1932, Paris, France), president of France (1931-32). He was elected as a Radical deputy from Aisne département in 1888 and from Yonne in 1891. His reputation as a fiscal expert led to his appointment (1895) as finance minister in the government of Léon Bourgeois. His efforts to introduce a national income tax failed when the Senate refused the measure, and the government had to resign in 1896. He was then appointed governor-general of Indochina and was one of the most active and, from the French point of view, effective holders of that office. Unlike many of his predecessors and successors he occupied the post for a sustained period (1897-1902) and had clearly defined aims. He strengthened the hold of the governor-general over the administrators of the various components of Indochina and placed the colonial economy on a sound basis. While this latter development was welcomed by the French, it involved rigorous imposition of taxes on the local population, which caused deep resentment. Doumer returned to the Chamber of Deputies in 1902 and was its president in 1905-06. In 1906 he unsuccessfully stood for the presidency of the republic. In 1912 he moved to the Senate as representative of Corsica. In 1927-31 he was president of the Senate and chairman of the important budget commission. In addition, he served as finance minister in the Aristide Briand cabinets of 1921-22 and 1925-26. Doumer's election to the presidency on May 13, 1931, was popularly received and he successfully weathered ministerial crises caused by the deaths of Briand and André Maginot. On May 6, 1932, he was fatally shot by a Russian anarchist, Pavel Gorgulov (though he died only on May 7, at 4:37 AM).

Doumergue

Doumergue, (Pierre Paul Henri) Gaston (b. Aug. 1, 1863, Aigues-Vives, Gard, France - d. June 18, 1937, Aigues-Vives), president of France (1924-31). In 1890 he went out to Indochina as a magistrate. He returned in 1893 and was appointed a juge de paix in Algeria. A visit to his home in the same year led to his being invited to stand for parliament, and he was shortly afterwards returned as a Radical-Socialist deputy for Nîmes. He was minister of the colonies (1902-05), labour (1906), commerce and industry (1906-08), and public instruction and fine arts (1908-10). In 1910 he was elected to the Senate. On Dec. 13, 1913, he formed his own cabinet and also took the foreign affairs portfolio. His ministry collapsed within seven months, and thereafter he served again as foreign minister (1914) and minister of the colonies (1914-17). He then returned to the Senate and was its president from 1923 until his election to the presidency of the republic on June 13, 1924. His presidential victory came as a rebuff to the Cartel des Gauches, a coalition of leftist parties, which had won a substantial victory in parliamentary elections and then forced Pres. Alexandre Millerand to resign. Doumergue's term was marked by constant ministerial problems - there were 15 different cabinets - as well as severe social tensions caused by the beginning of the Great Depression. After leaving the presidency, he emerged momentarily in January 1932 by his appointment as a director of the Suez Canal Company. In February 1934, after 24 hours of riot and bloodshed in Paris, he was called upon to form a new government, but his plans for a Union Nationale, a broad-based coalition of all parties, and constitutional reforms were unsuccessful. He resigned Nov. 8, 1934, and retired completely from political life.

Dountas, Michalis (b. 1932, Athens, Greece), Greek diplomat. He was ambassador to Cyprus (1974-79), Norway (1980-82), and the Soviet Union (1987-88) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1982-87).

Douste-Blazy, Philippe (b. Jan. 1, 1953, Lourdes, Hautes-Pyrénées, France), foreign minister of France (2005-07). Earlier he was minister of culture (1995-97), health and social protection (2004), and solidarities, health, and family (2004-05). He was also mayor of Lourdes (1989-2000) and of Toulouse (2001-04).

Dow, Neal (b. March 20, 1804, Portland, Maine - d. Oct. 2, 1897, Portland), U.S. politician. His Quaker parents and his own observations as Portland city overseer of the poor, as well as the excess of drunkenness that was then commonplace, influenced his attitude toward liquor. His resolve to bring the temperance movement into politics was formed after an unsuccessful attempt to persuade a saloon keeper not to sell liquor to a friend of his who was being ruined by drinking habits. "Very well, my friend," said Dow, "the people of the state of Maine will see how long you will go on selling." He organized the Maine Temperance Union in 1838. In 1839 he persuaded the aldermen of Portland to submit to a direct vote of the citizens the question whether any liquor licenses should be issued that year. The citizens rejected the proposal by 599 to 564 votes, but four years later municipal prohibition - not for one year alone - was sanctioned by a majority of 440. In 1850 he introduced a prohibition bill in the Maine legislature which since became known as the "Maine Law"; it obtained majorities in both chambers in 1851, replacing a weaker statute of 1846, for which he also had been partly responsible. He was mayor of Portland in 1851-52 and 1855-56. Illegal liquor selling, which had grown to large proportions, was checked, and the sewers were flushed with confiscated alcohol. A "rum riot" took place, the city hall was besieged, one of the crowd was killed, and Dow was charged with responsibility. His trial, however, ended in an acquittal, and a few years later he was elected to the state legislature. After serving in the Civil War he resumed his temperance activities and in 1880 ran for president as the Prohibition Party candidate, receiving 10,366 votes.

Dowiyogo, Bernard (Dabarnen Annen Auwen) (b. Feb. 14, 1946, Nauru - d. March 9, 2003, Washington, D.C. [March 10, Nauru time]), president of Nauru (1976-78, 1989-95, 1996, 1998-99, 2000-01, 2003, 2003). First elected to Nauru's 18-seat parliament in 1973, he first became president in 1976, ousting the island's head chief and first president, Hammer DeRoburt. Over the next 27 years, Dowiyogo navigated the unpredictable Nauruan political landscape - serving as president for as long as six years and as little as 8 days. The ministerial portfolios he held during his parliamentary career include those of justice (1983-86, 1987-89), health and education (1989), and finance and economic reform, public service, human resources, development, employment, and telecommunications (2000-01). He was a strong voice in the Pacific on environmental issues including nuclear testing, fishing, climate control, and plutonium shipments. In 1994 he was chairman of the South Pacific Forum. He was known as one of the more pragmatic leaders of Nauru but could not stem the waste and corruption on an island that has been environmentally devastated by decades of phosphate mining and is now facing economic collapse. Nauru is almost completely dependent on phosphate deposits, mined as fertilizer for use around the world. The mining produced a great deal of wealth for Nauruans but much of the money has been squandered and the phosphate supply nearly exhausted. In 2001 Nauru agreed to accept hundreds of refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere who had traveled by boat to seek asylum in Australia. In exchange, Nauru received U.S.$10.6 million a year in aid from Australia. Since returning to the presidency for a sixth time in January 2003, Dowiyogo's health deteriorated and he died while on official business in the United States.

Downer, Alexander (John Gosse) (b. Sept. 9, 1951, Adelaide, S.Aus.), foreign minister of Australia (1996-2007); son of Sir Alexander Downer. He served as a diplomat in Australian embassies in Belgium and Luxembourg. In December 1984 he was elected to parliament as Liberal MP for Mayo, South Australia. After holding several senior positions on the opposition frontbench, he became leader of the (conservative) Liberal Party on May 23, 1994. Opinion polls soon put Downer and his party ahead of Prime Minister Paul Keating and his Australian Labor Party government. Downer made a series of mistakes in his handling of Aboriginal policy, however, which reversed the trend. What he saw during a visit to settlements in the Alice Springs area so unnerved him that he made a series of contradictory and confusing statements, causing his approval rating of 53% at the beginning of the trip to dive to only 34% by the time he returned home. But more resolved than ever to bring true former prime minister Bob Hawke's prophecy that Downer would be Australia's next prime minister, the Liberal leader took up an aggressive position, replying to ridicule in kind and drawing attention to Keating's 1994 purchase of a $2 million home in which to house his French clock collection. In January 1995, Downer resigned after only eight months as party leader and was succeeded by John Howard. When a Liberal-National government led by Howard took office following the 1996 elections, Downer became foreign minister, serving until the end of the Howard government in 2007, making him Australia's longest-serving foreign minister. He oversaw Australia's successful intervention in East Timor in 1999, then worked to repair Australia's relations with Indonesia. After the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the U.S., he supported military action in Afghanistan. He also played a leading role in committing Australia to support the U.S. decision to invade Iraq in 2003. After the defeat of the Howard government he resigned from parliament and was appointed a part-time UN special envoy to Cyprus. In 2014-18 he was high commissioner to the United Kingdom.

Downer, Sir Alexander (Russell), byname Alick Downer (b. April 7, 1910, Adelaide, S.Aus. - d. March 30, 1981, Adelaide), Australian politician; knighted 1965; son of Sir John Downer. He was minister of immigration (1958-63) and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1964-72).

Doynov, Ognyan (Nakov) (b. Oct. 15, 1935, Gara Bov, near Sofia, Bulgaria - d. Feb. 13, 2000, Vienna, Austria), Bulgarian politician. He served as vice premier in 1974 and 1984-86 and president of the Bulgarian Chamber for Industry and Trade in 1980-84. In 1981 he became a member of the policy-making Politburo of the then-ruling Communist party and held that post until 1988 when his relations with dictator Todor Zhivkov deteriorated, and he was appointed ambassador to Norway. He was recalled to Bulgaria after the collapse of Zhivkov's regime in 1989. The following year he left for Vienna where he opened a consulting company. He never came back to Bulgaria. In 1992 Doynov was indicted along with other former top Communist officials on charges of impoverishing Bulgaria by giving millions of dollars to Communist movements in the developing world. The prosecutor general requested Doynov be extradited, but Austrian authorities refused to do so.