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204. State grantees do not need to provide direct funding to EMS providers if they can "demonstrate that related
target capabilities have been met or identify more significant priorities." Ibid., 11.
205. Emergency Medical Services for Children National Resource Center, Children's National Medical Center,
Gap Analysis of EMS Related Research: Report to the Federal Interagency Committee on EMS.

206. Ibid., 15-16.

207. Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System, Board on Health Care
Services, Emergency Care for Children: Growing Pains, 314.

208. Ibid., 314.

209. For example, the Department of Defense, DHS, and the Coast Guard.

210. NDMS was originally designed to support the medical care and transport of military and civilian casualties
from a war abroad, but has never been used for this purpose; its mission today includes post-disaster medical
support for civilians. Crystal Franco, Eric Toner, Richard Waldhorn, Thomas Inglesby, and Tara O'Toole, "The
National Disaster Medical System: Past, Present, and Suggestions for the Future," Biosecurity and Bioterrorism:
Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 4, no. 5(2007):319, http://www.upmcbiosecurity.org/website/resources/publications/2007_orig-articles/2007_article_pdfs/2007-12-04-natldisastermedsystempastpresfut.pdf.

214. During Hurricane Katrina, the Coast Guard assisted with the evacuation of 9,462. patients and medical
personnel from hospitals and nursing homes. Federal Emergency Management Agency, "The First Year After
Hurricane Katrina: What the Federal Government Did,"
http://www.dhs.gov/xfoia/archives/gc_1157649340100.shtm.

219. For example, more than 4,000 patients were evacuated through the New Orleans airport and some patients
were placed on Air Force aircraft; however, more than half were placed on National Guard and private aircraft and
thus were not logged and tracked as NDMS patients. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental
Affairs, Hurricane Katrina: A Nation Still Unprepared, 414.

222. National Biodefense Science Board, Strategic Improvements To The National Disaster Medical System
(NDMS): Report From The Disaster Medicine Working Group NDMS Assessment Panel, (Washington, DC: HHS,
September 2008), 5.

223. Disaster case management has been defined as "the process of organizing and providing a timely,
coordinated approach to assess disaster-related needs including health care, mental health, and human services
needs that were caused or exacerbated by the event and may adversely impact an individual's recovery if not
addressed. The purpose of disaster case management is to rapidly return individuals and families who have
survived a disaster to a state of self-sufficiency." Roberta Lavin and Sylvia Menifee, Disaster Case Management:
Implementation Guide, (Washington, DC: Administration for Children and Families, 2009), 6-7,
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/ohsepr/dcm/docs/Draft_DCM_ImplementationGuide.pdf [PDF Help].

236. Save the Children and the National Association of Child Care Resource and Referral Agencies have
developed disaster preparedness standards for child care, including guidance for State regulatory practices and
child care providers, which include these recommended provisions. National Association of Child Care Resource
& Referral Agencies, Keeping Children Safe: A Policy Agenda for Child Care in Emergencies, (Arlington, VA:
NACCRRA, 2008), http://www.naccrra.org/disaster/docs/Disaster_Report.pdf [PDF Help].

237. The lack of coordination and communication with emergency management was evident in Iowa, where only child
care providers in communities near nuclear power plants coordinated planning with local emergency managers, and
that was only because it is required for nuclear preparedness planning. Outside of those areas, there was less
communication between child care providers and emergency management officials. National Commission on Children
and Disasters, "Summary Report: Field Visit, Cedar Rapids, Iowa," (Washington, DC: NCCD, 2010), 5-6,
http://www.childrenanddisasters.acf.hhs.gov/20100106_IowaFieldVisit_Summary.pdf [PDF Help].

266. Jane Knitzer and Jill Lefkowitz, Helping the Most Vulnerable Infants, Toddlers, and Their Families, ed. National
Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health (New York, NY: NCCP,
January 2006), 13-15, http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_669.html.

267. This total is based on an average of 180 days per year, for 13. years. National Center for Education Statistics,
"Average length of school year and average length of school day, based on selected characteristics,"
http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/tables/table_15.asp.

270. The Departments of Education (ED), Homeland Security (DHS), and Health and Human Services (HHS) have
collaborated and developed recommended practices to assist in preparing for emergencies that can be applied to
school districts. For a list of selected recommended practices, see Table 2. U.S. Government Accountability Office,
Emergency Management: Status of School Districts' Planning and Preparedness, GAO-07-821T, (Washington, DC:
GAO, 2007), 11, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07821t.pdf [PDF Help].

278. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Emergency Management: Most School Districts Have Developed
Emergency Management Plans, but Would Benefit from Additional Federal Guidance, 14-15.

279. John F. Pane, Daniel F. McCaffrey, Nidhi Kalra, and Annie J. Zhou, "Effects of Student Displacement in
Louisiana During the First Academic Year After the Hurricanes of 2005," Journal of Education for Students Placed at
Risk (JESPAR) 13(2) (2008):168-211, http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/2008/RAND_RP1379.pdf [PDF Help].

296. P.L. 107-110; 42. U.S.C. §11431. et. seq (2001). Title X, Part C of the No Child Left Behind Act.

297. Section 725. of the McKinney-Vento Act defines "homeless children and youth" as individuals who lack a
fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence, including children and youth who: share the housing of other
persons due to loss of housing, economic hardship, or a similar reason; live in motels, hotels, trailer parks, or
camping grounds due to lack of alternative adequate accommodations; live in emergency or transitional shelters;
live in abandoned in hospitals; await foster care placement; have a primary nighttime residence that is a public or
private place not designed for or ordinarily used as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings; live in
cars, parks, public spaces, abandoned buildings, substandard housing, bus or train stations, or similar settings; and
are migratory children (as defined in section 1309 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as
amended). P.L. 100-77(1987), http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/pg116.html#sec725.

299. National Center for Homeless Education, Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program, Data
Collection Summary, (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, June 2010), 3, http://center.serve.org/nche/.

300. Section 106 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act for 2006, released on December 30, 2005,
provided assistance for homeless youth following the hurricanes in the Gulf Coast in accordance with Section 723
of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. P.L. 109-148, 119 Statute 2797 (2005).
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov.
Additionally, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2009, released September 30, 2008, provided an additional
$15. million to remain available through September 2009 for LEAs whose homeless student enrollment had
increased due to "hurricanes, floods, or other natural disasters occurring during 2008. for which the President
declared a major disaster under title IV of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of
1974." P.L. 110-329, 122. Statute 3595(2009), http://www.usace.army.mil/CECW/Documents/cecwm/cra/pl_110-329.pdf [PDF Help].