A new body of research is Nike Air Max 1 Damen providing accumulating evidence to suggest that commencing fasted endurance exercise increases the transcription rate of several genes and proteins involved in the training response. It appears that exercise in a fasted state increases the activation of several signalling proteins with direct roles in promoting training adaptation.

The first study in this area to show impressive results was one by Hansen et al in 2005, which illustrated that ten weeks of training in a fasted state (with low muscular stores of carbohydrate) resulted in an 85 per cent increase in time to exhaustion compared with training in a glycogen-fed state. Although this study was impressive, it was limited by the use of one leg muscular contractions and extensions as the mode of testing, rather than real running. One of the first whole body studies in this area was Nike Air Max 98 Mujer conducted with 18 endurance athletes, who undertook three weeks of Nike Air Max Jewell Femme training and testing. They were split into a control group labelled as the ‘high’ group, training six days a week, alternating steady-state aerobic sessions at 70 per cent of their max and high-intensity training consisting of eight x five-minute maximal effort work bouts followed by one minute of recovery the next day. The experimental group conducted the same training sessions, but trained twice a day with alternate days off. On these days, the steady state session was performed in the morning followed by several hours of rest and then the high-intensity session. The steady state test was designed to deplete their stored carbohydrate considerably so they would be subsequently training in a ‘low’ carbohydrate state.

Interestingly, although the low-carbohydrate group www.denispushkin.es/ didn’t perform as well during their high-intensity training sessions www.helenalopez.es initially, by week three their performance was not different to the high-carbohydrate group, suggesting a performance adaptation to low carbohydrate stores. They also displayed increased rates of fat oxidation and carbohydrate restoration in the muscles between sessions, as well as displaying increased oxidative enzyme activity in muscle biopsies, which could translate to a greater aerobic adaptation after training in a fasted state. Essentially, the study suggested that training in a ‘low’ carbohydrate (or fasted) state could increase fat loss, potentially spare carbohydrate and lead to faster aerobic training gains, without a detriment to the intensity reached in training once the body is accustomed to training in this state. Further research studies have also backed this up. Sounds like the Holy Grail!