①The Academy is the first school in the world， it was established by Plato.

②He has four works. Dialogues， Apology， Symposium and Republic.

3、Aristotle

①The Lyceum is the second school in the world， it was established by Aristotle.

②Aristotle is a humanist.

（2）、Five contending schools

1、The Sophists诡辩派

①Under the leadership of Protagoras.

②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论

③His doctrine教义 is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的标准

2、The Cynics犬儒派

①Under the leadership of Diogenes.

②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.

③He proclaimed宣扬 his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.权利

3、The Sceptics置疑学派

①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.

②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable可获得的， and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.

4、The Epicureans享乐派

①Under the leadership of Epicurus. 选择：根据领导者的名字直接命名

②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual肉欲 enjoyment.享乐

Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通过实行道德获得

Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.原子

5、The Stoics斯多哥派

①Under the leadership of Zeno.

②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.

One should endure忍受 hardship艰难 and misfortune不幸 with courage.勇气

Developed into Stoics‘ duty.

He was also a materialist.

四、What philosophy system did Plato established？

（Why do we say Plato‘s philosophy system was idealistic？ Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive综合的 system of philosophy？ ）

答：

1、It dealt with， among other things， the problem of how， in the complex， ever—changing world， men were to attain获得 knowledge.

2、The first case and physical自然 world should take the secondary case.

3、Idealistic of philosophy.

4、Many of Plato‘s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. （吸收到基督教的思想中）

五、What‘s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas（system）？

答：

1、For one thing， Aristotle emphasized（强调） direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.（理论联系实际）This is different from Plato‘s reliance（依赖） on subjective thinking.（万物依赖主观思维）

2、For another， he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete（具体的） individual（个别的） realities. （物质与意识共同构成的客观事实）Here， too， he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world（意识高于物质）

3、Aristotle thought happiness was men‘s aim in life. But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的 sense， but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason， goodness and contemplation.（善良和期待）

一句话简答题

What should be man‘s aim in life？

Aristotle‘s answer was： happiness.

六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development？

（What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert运用 on the world civilization文化？）

答：

There has been an enduring excitement兴奋 about classical经典的 Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere别处。Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital有生命力的 part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.

1、Spirit of innovation创新精神

The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy； They first wrote history as opposed反对 to mere纯粹的 annals历史记载； They speculated思索 freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life生命的轮回， without being bound in the fetters束缚 of any inherited orthodoxy.继承的习俗

①Countless无数的 writers have quoted举例， borrowed from and otherwise used Homer‘s epics， the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides， Aristophanes’s comedies， Plato‘s Dialogues，ect.

②In the early part of the 19th century， in England alone， three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作： Byron‘s Isles of Greece， Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats‘s Ode on a Grecian Urn.

③In the 20th century， there are Homeric parallels与…平行 in the Irishman爱尔兰 James Joyce‘s modernist masterpiece代表作 Ulysses.

七、What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture？

答：

1、similarity

① Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.

② Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities（神） to be readily（容易的） identified （一致）， and their myths （崇拜的神） to be fused.（融合）

③ Their languages worked in similar ways， both being members of the Indo-European language family.

2、difference

① The Romans built up a vast （巨大的） empire； the Greeks didn‘t， except for the brief （短暂的） moment of Alexander’s conquests， which soon disintegrated.（瓦解）

② The Romans were confident（自信的） in their own organizational power， their military and administrative capabilities.（管理国家的能力）

八、What is the Rome historical background？

答：

1、The history of Rome divided into two periods： Before the year 27 B.C.， Rome had been a republic； from the year 27 B.C.， Octavius took supreme （最大的） power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.