Learn the basics about the uses of crude oil fractions. Before watching this video you should watch our video explaining how crude oil is separated into it's different length hydrocarbon fractions by utilising the different boiling points of each hydrocarbon fraction.
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Fuse School is currently running the Chemistry Journey project - a Chemistry Education project by The Fuse School sponsored by Fuse. These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid. Find our other Chemistry videos here:
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Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, often found together with natural gas. Different types of crude oil yield a different mix of products, depending on the crude oil's natural qualities.
RedVector's The Petroleum Industry - Crude Oil Classification and Benchmarks course will discuss the elements that make up worldwide crude oil economics and identify the attributes involved in classifying crude oil.

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, and can be thought of as types of chemical plants. The crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot (tank farm) at or near an oil refinery for storage of bulk liquid products.

Phenylacetylene is prepared from styrene dibromide in 59.9% yield by a double dehydrobromination utilizing high temperature NaOH in glycerol. The product distills from the reaction mixture as it forms due to the high temperatures involved. The crude product is purified via vacuum distillation. A discussion of the uses, reaction mechanism, and ways to improve the synthesis follow. The intro music clip is from "Stealing Fat" by The Dust Brothers. I believe this falls under fair use.
Asymmetric acetylene coupling: http://www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/cadiot-chodkiewicz-coupling.shtm

Would you prefer to make your own cannabis extract at home? At Endoca, we'll show you how to make Cannabis oil/CBD oil at home, EASILY!
At Endoca, we produce the highest quality CBD oil and Cannabinoid extracts, using state of the art lab and GMP procedure to create a true medicine that is helping thousands of people all around the world.
In this video, however, we step out from the lab and we explain to you how to make this medical Cannabis extractor CBD oil extracts at home.This is a more refined and safe procedure than the one explained by Rick Simpson who was the first person to make Cannabis oil or RSO Oil popular in the mainstream media. If you can't buy the extract we make at endoca.com, make your own natural medicine using Cannabis.
What you will need in order to make your own Cannabis oil are the following: Cannabis or hemp plant material (dried and shredded), glass bowls, plastic spoon, alcohol (over 60% pure), Sieve, coffee machine, several Coffee filters (depending on how much material you have to process), water distiller or rice cooker or pan and hot plate
paperclip, cigarette lighter.
Make your own Cannabis oil at home, EASILY by following few easy steps. The first step consists of putting the cannabis plant material into a bowl and covering it with cold alcohol. Next, you will need to stir for three minutes with the plastic spoon and then sieve the mixture into another bowl. Then, filter the mixture through a coffee filter and distil the liquid until 80% of the alcohol volume has gone. If you use a rice cooker or hot plate to evaporate the alcohol, it is better to do this outside. Don't forget however that the fumes are very flammable and could explode. Afterward, pour the remaining liquid into a small bowl and make sure you heat on the coffee machine hot plate for 24 hours in order to remove the remaining alcohol. The final step is to take a paperclip, dip it in the oil and try lighting it with a flame. If a spark occurs there is still alcohol left so you should place it back on the coffee machine for a few more hours.
If you would like to store the oil, draw it up into a medical syringe and keep it in your fridge.
Cannabis oil / CBD oil is our specialty at Endoca. We make the highest quality CBD oil and Cannabinoid extracts, using our state of the art lab, supercritical CO2 extraction process and GMP procedures to create a true medicine that is helping thousand of people all around the world. To find out more about our products, make sure you visit our website - https://www.endoca.com.
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The different, useful mixtures are called fractions your petrol powered engine requires a mixture of and oil. Crude oil is a mixture gasoline, also spelled gasolene, called gas or petrol, of volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived from petroleum and used as fuel for natural are nonrenewable sources energy. Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons and can petroleum chemistry encyclopedia reaction, water, uses crude fuel what natural gas? Petroleum. Petroleum is a mixture of various hydrocarbons. Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons and can be broken down into separate fractions by process called fractional distillation. Petroleum is a liquid mixture found underground that can be used to make gasoline, diesel fuel large part of the composition petroleum made up hydrocarbons varying lengths. Bbc bitesize gcse chemistry (single science) crude oil right fuel mixture for petrol powered engines stihl. The composition varies widely depending on where and how 4 feb 2016 petroleum is a type of crude oil highly flammable mixture. Chemical identity gasoline is a refined product of petroleum refining and petrochemical processes fkitscience & technology in action. Wikipedia wiki petroleum "imx0m" url? Q webcache. The majority of compounds in crude oil are straight alkanes, but the mixture also contains cycloalkanes and arenas. For full treatment, see petroleum, petroleum production, and refining. Mostly petroleum is a fossil the chemistry of products, coal crude oil complex mixture that between 50 and 95. Log in to add a commentace. Is petrol an element, compound, mixture? Brainly. Brent crude is a mixture that comes from 15 different oil fields gasoline refined product of petroleum consisting hydrocarbons, additives, and blending agents. Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into fuel oil and lubricating thanksreport. Petroleum wikipedia
petroleum wikipedia en. Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into fuel oil and lubricating 10 mar 2018 petroleum is a mixture of very large number different hydrocarbons; The most commonly found molecules are alkanes (paraffins), cycloalkanes (naphthenes), aromatic hydrocarbons, or complicated chemicals like asphaltenes. Cracking is used to crude oil fractions. Petroleum complex mixture of hydrocarbon and paraffin. The smallest hydrocarbon, methane, is composed of a single carbon these liquids are used to make petrol, paraffin, diesel fuel etc. Petroleum and coal chemed. Fractional distillation is a process used to separate mixture of different liquids, based on petrol and other fuels are produced from it using fractional. O petrol (gasoline) used for petroleum is a naturally occurring complex mixture made up predominantly of carbon and hydrogen compounds, but also frequently containing significant 15 oct 2018 summary treatment crude oil follows. Petroleum wikipediais petrol a pure substance or mixture? Quora. Petroleum, from greek (rock) latin oleum (oil)) is a

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Refining of Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid fuel. It is dark brown colored viscous oil found deep inside the earth crust. Crude oil is a mixture of paraffinic, olefin and aromatic hydrocarbons. Refining of petroleum yields list of petroleum products like gasoline, naphtha. Carbon is the main compound present in it.
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Example of a material balance on a distillation column used to separate two distinct streams, a vapor and a liquid phase. Both streams include recycle components back into the distillation column.
Made by faculty at the University of Colorado Boulder Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering.
Check out our Material & Energy Balances playlists: https://www.youtube.com/user/LearnChemE/playlists?view=50&flow=list&shelf_id=8
Check out our website for screencasts organized by popular textbooks: http://www.learncheme.com/screencasts/mass-energy-balances
Check out our website for interactive MEB simulations: http://www.learncheme.com/simulations/mass-energy-balances

Step-by-step instructions and links: https://wp.me/p6fRka-P4
CBDistillery CBD Isolate Powder: http://bit.ly/2x1pm7o
Today, I wanted to tell you all about a CBD product called CBD Isolate that solves two of the biggest problems that many people face when it comes to CBD (price and THC content) and show you how to use it to make a simple, inexpensive, THC-free CBD Oil.

Herbalism Basics 6 - How To Make A Cream.
This is one of a series of 6 YouTube videos explaining the basic principals of making various herbal preparations. These 6 videos are just for reference to compliment any home herbalism orientated videos I put up in the future.
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herbalism guide, growing herbs, remedies, herbal remedies, food as medicine, medical herbs, herbal medications, edible flowers, herb guide, folk medicine, herb garden, home remedies, natural remedies, acne home remedies, remedies, herbal remedy, natural home remedies, online herbal remedies advice,

Episode 3 of 5
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The crude oil that's pumped out of the ground by those giant oil pumps isn't all that useful. How is that oil refined and turned into the fluid that powers your car?
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Previous Episode:
Who Thought Of The First Internal Combustion Engine?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjN-A0vlyS0&index=2&list=PLwwOk5fvpuuKSOtN6-Mk-QCyOJX4gnJtM
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Sources:
Chemical And Physical Information:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp72-c3.pdf
“Gasoline is a refined product of petroleum consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons, additives, and blending agents."
Oil To Car:
http://www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications/CEC-180-2008-003/CEC-180-2008-008/CEC-180-2008-008.PDF
“The most common method of obtaining crude oil is to extract it from wells in various locations around the world."
The Refining Process:
https://www.afpm.org/The-Refinery-Process/
“Generally, crude petroleum is heated and changed into a gas. The hot gases are passed into the bottom of a distillation column and become cooler as they move up the height of the column."
Where does gasoline come from?:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/gasoline2.htm
"Gasoline is made from crude oil. The crude oil pumped out of the ground is a black liquid called petroleum. This liquid contains hydrocarbons, and the carbon atoms in crude oil link together in chains of different lengths."
Gasoline:
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Gasoline.html
“In 1859 Edwin Drake and E. B. Bowditch of the Seneca Oil Company drilled the first commercial oil well in the United States in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The well produced about 400 gallons of crude oil, less than ten barrels a day."
Gasoline: Fuel:
http://www.britannica.com/technology/gasoline-fuel
“Gasoline, also spelled gasolene, also called gas or petrol, mixture of volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived from petroleum and used as fuel for internal-combustion engines."
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TestTube Plus is built for enthusiastic science fans seeking out comprehensive conversations on the geeky topics they love. Host Trace Dominguez digs beyond the usual scope to deliver details, developments and opinions on advanced topics like AI, string theory and Mars exploration. TestTube Plus is also offered as an audio podcast on iTunes.
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p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate is prepared by sulfonation of toluene with concentrated sulfuric acid in a Dean Stark setup for water removal. The reaction mixture is worked up by formation of the monohydrate and recrystallization. The crude product is dissolved in a minimum of water that is then saturated with gaseous HCl to reduce the solubility of the product, which crystallizes out on cooling. The product is dried over NaOH and sulfuric acid to remove both water and HCl. Yield is 57.6% based on sulfuric acid of a slightly off-white powder melting at 99-103C (lit m.p. 103-106C). Water is likely the major contaminant. Procedure is essentially that found on page 875 of Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edition. The intro music clip is from "Stealing Fat" by The Dust Brothers. I believe this falls under fair use.

Pencast showing how to solve the material balance for the following problem:
“1000 kg/h of a mixture containing 40% methanol (by mass) and 60% (by mass) water is distilled. Product streams leave the top and the bottom of the distillation column. The flowrate of the bottom stream is 623.656 kg/h, and the overhead stream contains 98% methanol by mass. What is the composition of the bottom product?”
Presented by Dr Daniel Belton, University Teaching Fellow, University of Huddersfield

Cargoes carried on tanker ships are flammable in nature as most of them release some types of gases which may form a combustible mixture composed of hydrocarbons. A flammable mixture contains 1 – 10% hydrocarbon gas by volume and the rest is air.
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Deadly stink gas from Etch-A-Sketch?? (Hydrogen Sulfide!)
Today I teach you how to make Aluminum Sulfide, a chemical that releases Hydrogen Sulfide on contact with water. Its one of the smelliest compounds in the world, and you can make it with an Etch-A-Sketch and Sulfur! Plus you get to set stuff on fire to make it, aww yeah!
I burned 100mmol (15g) of the mixture, and ended up with 8g of crude product. When I added it to water, I collected 200ml (~.25g, 8mmol) of Hydrogen Sulfide gas, thats only an 8% yield (3.4g, 2.45L theoretical yield). Pretty bad!
Of course using a proper crucible, and pure sulfur Im sure the yield could be doubled or tripled, but why?
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#stinkbomb, #hydrogensulfide

Liquid paraffin (a mixture of alkanes of chain length C20 and greater) is vaporised and passed over a hot pumice stone catalyst. A gaseous product is obtained which is flammable and which will decolorise bromine water and acidified permanganate ions. The same apparatus and method can be used to dehydrate ethanol.

It may surprise students to learn that gutta-percha, shellac, and the horns of animals—all naturally occurring substances—were used as plastic material before the first synthetic plastics were produced. Gutta-percha is derived from the sap of certain trees, and shellac is made from the secretions of a tiny scale insect. Before horn can be used, however, it must be "plasticized," or softened, by being boiled in water or soaked in an alkaline solution.
The first synthetic plastic was made from the plant material cellulose. In 1869, John Wesley Hyatt, an American printer and inventor, found that cellulose nitrate could be used as an inexpensive substitute for ivory. The mixture could be plasticized with the addition of camphor. Celluloid, as this new material was called, became the only plastic of commercial importance for 30 years. It was used for eyeglass frames, combs, billiard balls, shirt collars, buttons, dentures, and photographic film.
In 1951, two young research chemists for Phillips Petroleum Company in Bartlesville, Okla., made discoveries that revolutionized the plastics world. Today, the plastics they discovered—polypropylene and polyethylene—are used to produce the vast majority of the thousands of plastics products all over the world. (Read more about their discoveries in "Serendipity, Science & Discoveries" in this publication.)
The source for today’s wide variety of plastics? Petroleum.
Petroleum to PlasticsThe technological road from oil field to finished plastic product has numerous fascinating side trips. Here’s the route taken in the petroleum-to-plastics process:
1. Petroleum is drilled and transported to a refinery.
2. Crude oil and natural gas are refined into ethane, propane, hundreds of other petrochemical products and, of course, fuel for your car.
3. Ethane and propane are "cracked" into ethylene and propylene, using high-temperature furnaces.
4. Catalyst is combined with ethylene or propylene in a reactor, resulting in "fluff," a powdered material (polymer) resembling laundry detergent.
5. Fluff is combined with additives in a continuous blender.
6. Polymer is fed to an extruder where it is melted.
7. Melted plastic is cooled then fed to a pelletizer that cuts the product into small pellets.
8. Pellets are shipped to customers.
Do you know how plastic is made? from rock oil to plastic 從石油到塑料 Del aceite al plástico,for more information about china world news visit site at http://youtube.com/user/penglaichina as well as business website at http://penglaichina.com

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Coconut Oil And Lemon Remedy - It Reverses Gray Hair Back To Its Natural Color!
Do you have grey hair? Or are you worried about getting grey hair? Would you like to reverse your grey hair naturally? Or would you like to prevent yourself from getting grey hair in the first place naturally?
If you answer yes to these questions i highly recommend you watch this video i have made that will be perfect for you to prevent or reverse grey hair cheap, naturally and effectively with the use of coconut oil and lemon juice!
In this video i explain to you a lot of the factors that can cause grey hair so you can begin to correc these, why coconut oil and lemon juice are so amazing for giving you these results, how you can put this amazing natural remedy to use and much more!
Coconut Oil And Lemon Remedy - It Reverses Gray Hair Back To Its Natural Color!
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Coconut Oil And Lemon Mixture - It Turns Gray Hair Back To Its Natural Color

I decided to see if you could take pine tree roots and make a pine oil/tar the same way we did with the birch oil. Amazingly it worked and this product has a vast history, and the bi product is charcoal.
This link tells it all.
http://www.maritime.org/conf/conf-kaye-tar.htm

It turns out oil and water DO mix,... if you go about it in the right way.
Local researchers have devised a new method of bringing the two together, which could change the way cosmetics and other products are made.
Sohn Jung-in explains.
Most cosmetic products are made with a mixture of water, oil and surfactant at a ratio of six to two to two.
Surfactants are commonly used as emulsifying agents to mix oil and water, which otherwise would not dissolve in each other.
The problem is that surfactants are relatively expensive and even if they are naturally made, they need to go through a chemical process that can be harmful to the human body.
Now, local researchers have developed a technology that can mix oil and water at room temperature without the use of chemical solvents.
The locally-made ′focused ultrasound device′ shoots an ultra-high frequency into the solution that reduces oil particles to nanometer size, enabling them to mix with water.
The device is also designed to circulate the mixture to disperse particles evenly, but most importantly, it keeps consumers safe from chemical surfactants found in cosmetics and other medical and food products.
"Since it dissolves oil in pure water, and is free of emulsifying agents, we can apply the technology toward making other products like medicine, paints or inks,... not just cosmetics."
The research team has applied for international patents around the world, including in the U.S., Japan and Germany, and their work expected to be commercialized soon, with hopes of bringing about a giant industrial and social ripple effect in the near future.
Sohn Jung-in, Arirang News.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG, also known as propane, is a nonrenewable gaseous fossil fuel, which turns to liquid under moderate pressure. LPG, a by-product of natural gas processing and oil refining, includes various mixtures of hydrocarbons. The type of LPG used as a motor vehicle fuel is a liquid mixture containing at least 90 percent propane, 2.5 percent butane and higher hydrocarbons, and the balance is ethane and propylene. The mixture is commonly called

This is a wonderfully smooth and rich homemade beeswax hand lotion and body butter. My wife made this and she and my daughters all love it. It is quick and easy to make. My wife said one jar lasts her six months.
RECIPE:
1 cup olive oil
1/2 cup coconut oil
1/2 cup beeswax (I prefer the pastilles for easy melting, if using solid beeswax use 2 oz.)
1/2 teaspoon Vitamin E oil (or about 5 capsules cut open and squeezed out) (optional)
20 drops (approximately) essential oil (optional)
Combine olive oil, coconut oil and beeswax pastilles into a pint sized canning jar. Put this jar into a saucepan and fill the saucepan with water until it comes 3/4 of the way up the canning jar, being careful not to get water into the oil mixture. Put on the stove over medium/low heat. Heat and stir occasionally until melted. Let cool to room temperature either by leaving out or quicken the process by putting into the refrigerator. During the cooling process, put a fork into the jar and stir vigorously every 15 minutes or so. Once at room temperature, add in the Vitamin E and essential oil. That's it. You have lotion!
INGREDIENTS:
- Beeswax Pastilles Pearls: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008PUPBFQ/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008PUPBFQ&linkCode=as2&tag=yt0c-20
- Vitamin E: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0008FUU34/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0008FUU34&linkCode=as2&tag=yt0c-20
- Orange Essential Oil: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005V4ZO0G/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B005V4ZO0G&linkCode=as2&tag=yt0c-20
- Coconut Oil: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B003B3OOPA/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B003B3OOPA&linkCode=as2&tag=yt0c-20
- Extra Virgin Olive Oil: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0027EOTKO/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B0027EOTKO&linkCode=as2&tag=yt0c-20
- 1/2 Pint Canning Jars: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000PSAMJG/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B000PSAMJG&linkCode=as2&tag=yt0c-20
- Quart Canning Jar: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000BWZ7QO/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B000BWZ7QO&linkCode=as2&tag=yt0c-20
- Kitchen Digital Scale: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001N07KUE/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001N07KUE&linkCode=as2&tag=yt0c-20

Learn How To Turn Wax Into Vape Juice Easily Using The Wax Liquidizer Today On Cannabasics. Learn more or purchase wax liquidizer here: https://waxliquidizer.com/
This video uses Wax Liquidizer to show how to convert a low grade shatter, a mid grade Budder and also a high end solvent-less wax cannabis extract into e cig juice for vaporizing in low wattage tanks. It’s very simple, in fact the easiest method to achieve very high quality marijuana vape juice if you have access to good cannabis concentrates.
Save 10% on everything in the Wizard Puff online head shop with the code: "CANNABASICS": http://bit.ly/WizardPuff
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This video was requested by a commenter...I don't remember who, but this video is for you! I went with the method of producing biodiesel, but you could also go with simple saponification (different procedure though).
The process is very slow and long. It is much easier to simply buy glycerol from the store. It would be much faster and much more pure than making it yourself.
Glycerine can be made from triglycerides in vegetable oils. Most bio-fats are stored as triglycerides which are made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone. This is the same method as making biodiesel from vegetable oil. where glycerine is normally considered a by-product.

Homemade Neem Hair Oil For Scalp Pimples,Scalp Bumps,Hair Dandruff,Itchy Scalp,Hair Fungal Infection
In this video, I have shared an very easy and simple method of preparing Homemade NEEM HAIR OIL to get Shiny hair, Silky hair, Soft hair, Smooth hair.
Everyone wants to have beautiful hair, Smooth hair and silky hair or dandruff free scalp. Proper Hair care is the only way for both men and women to get dandruff free hair, Shiny, Silky , Soft and Smooth hair.Most of us use numerous branded conditioners, shampoos and serums to add a beautiful shine to our hair and also helps to treat dandruff/ scalp pimples/ scalp bumps. But over time, these products can do more harm than good.
Neem is an amazing gift from nature, Neem is a Medicinal herb. It offers unbeaten and medically proven health and beauty benefits.
Neem is a multipurpose herb because of its exceptional medicinal properties of curing Skin and Hair Diseases,it is often referred to as “plant with a promise”.
There are many beauty benefits offered by Neem Hair oil that will leave you pleasantly surprised-
Benefits of Homemade Neem hair oil for Hair and scalp-
1. Promotes Hair Growth
2. Conditions dry, under-nourished hair
3. Helps with dandruff and itching scalp
4. Relieves Eczema symptoms
5. Keeps your scalp healthy
6. Get Rids of Head Lice
Home made hair oil for hair fall, hair thinning, hair care, hair care routine, hair mask for hair, long hair, How to grow natural hair, how to grow thick hair, black long hair, how to grow thick hair, how to get long hair fast, hair mask for damaged hair, Soft hair, hair mask for hair growth, home remedies, Shiny hair, homemade neem hair oil for hair growth, homemade hair oil, how to grow hair faster, how to grow hair faster, how to grow your hair, grow hair faster, dandruff treatment, itchy scalp, scalp pimples, scalp acne, scalp bumps,hair fall treatment, smooth hair and Remove all Hair Problems.
In this video, I have share a method of preparing Herbal Hair Mask at Home.
If you have any of the question mention below , than this is the Hair oil for you.How to reduce hair fall
How to do hair care
Hair care routine
Hair mask for hair
How to grow long hair
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Homemade hair growth oil
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~Try it out and let me know your feedback in comment box....
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Learn how to use Neem oil as an effective insecticide, fungicide and miticide. Neem oil is an organic method to control insects and pests in your garden. Learn the right technique to use Neem oil. Products used in this video:
1. Neem Oil: http://amzn.to/1q36gDc
2. Gallon Sprayer: http://amzn.to/OgMztv
This video demonstrates how to use Neem Oil to organically control insects on corn silk, eggplants & other vegetables

@#video was shot in Jahangirnagar
University,department of chemistry (Second year physical Chemistry Lab)
@#Video Shoter: Emran Faruk
Student :Department of chemistry
Jahangirnagar University
@#experiement is Conducted by given below theory
@#Reference Source of theory is
Wikipedia
Theory : Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds. It once was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds, but has become obsolete by vacuum distillation. Steam distillation remains important in certain industrial sectors.[1]
Many organic compounds tend to decompose at high sustained temperatures. Separation by distillation at the normal (1 atmosphere) boiling points is not an option, so water or steam is introduced into the distillation apparatus. The water vapor carries small amounts of the vaporized compounds to the condensation flask, where the condensed liquid phase separates, allowing easy collection. This process effectively enables distillation at lower temperatures, reducing the deterioration of the desired products. If the substances to be distilled are very sensitive to heat, steam distillation may be applied under reduced pressure, thereby reducing the operating temperature further.
After distillation the vapors are condensed. Usually the immediate product is a two-phase system of water and the organic distillate, allowing separation of the components by decantation, partitioning or other suitable methods.
PrincipleEdit
￼
Diagram of how to economically clean up plant wastewater streams. Steam is use as a stripping gas to remove hydrocarbons from the waste water. This method is effective when the volatile organic compounds (i.e. chlorine) have lower boiling points than water or have limited solubility in water.
When a mixture of two practically immiscible liquids is heated while being agitated to expose the surface of each liquid to the vapor phase, each constituent independently exerts its own vapor pressure as a function of temperature as if the other constituent were not present. Consequently, the vapor pressure of the whole system increases. Boiling begins when the sum of the vapour pressures of the two immiscible liquids just exceeds the atmospheric pressure (approximately 101 kPa at sea level). In this way, many organic compounds insoluble in water can be purified at a temperature well below the point at which decomposition occurs. For example, the boiling point of bromobenzene is 156 °C and the boiling point of water is 100 °C, but a mixture of the two boils at 95 °C. Thus, bromobenzene can be easily distilled at a temperature 61 °C below its normal boiling point.[2]
ApplicationsEdit
￼
A boiling water distiller. Boiling tank on top and holding tank on the bottom.
Steam distillation is employed in the isolation of essential oils, for use in perfumes, for example. In this method, steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils. Eucalyptus oil and orange oil are obtained by this method on an industrial scale. Steam distillation is also sometimes used to separate intermediate or final products during the synthesis of complex organic compounds.[1]
Steam distillation is also widely used in petroleum refineries and petrochemicalplants where it is commonly referred to as "steam stripping".[3][4]
Steam distillation also is an important means of separating fatty acids from mixtures and for treating crude products such as tall oils to extract and separate fatty acids, soaps and other commercially valuable organic compounds

Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure chemical compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. The majority of petroleum is converted to petroleum products, which includes several classes of fuels.
According to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. The largest share of oil products is used as "energy carriers", i.e. various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. These fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. Heavier fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. Since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur-containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product. Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products. The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization.
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Grow hair fast with olive oil. Tutorial tips on how to combine castor oil with olive oil for natural hair growth. In his video, we will teach you the proper way to mix the right amount of Castor oil with olive oil, for natural hair growth. When it comes to DIY beauty treatments, castor oil is considered as one of the best natural oils for naturally stimulating hair growth, thanks to its unusually high ricinoleic acid content. Ricinoleic acid, aside from having antibacterial and antifungal properties, increases circulation to the scalp, making nutrients more readily available for the hair follicles. Ricinoleic acid is also effective in restoring the scalp to its optimal pH level, which can help undo some of the damage created by using harsh chemical hair products and processes.
The best kind of castor oil to use for boosting hair growth is the unrefined, cold-pressed hexane-free kind. This variant can be safely applied not just to the scalp, but also to the lashes and brows as well. Cold pressing is considered the most ideal extracting method for castor oil, since the use of heat during extraction can degrade the potency of its ricinoleic acid content.
Watch now to learn how to combine castor oil with olive oil for natural hair growth - Waysandhow.
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Fractional distillation of lacquer thinner to obtain toluene: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddCuWX4vtOA
In this video we demonstrate the synthesis of chlorotoluenes.
In the first process we react 4 moles of chlorine (2 moles of chlorine gas) with 500mL of toluene and 10g of steel wool in a flask with a reflux condenser. We then remove the steel wool and wash the chlorotoluenes with water and a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. Then we fractionally distill the organic layer to obtain chlorotoluenes in the boiling range of 135-170 Celsius.
In the second process we mix 125g of anhydrous ferrous chloride and 500mL of toluene. With vigorous stirring we add a total 160g of trichloroisocyanuric acid by 10g every 15 minutes or slower if the reaction begins to reflux. After the last addition the mixture is stirred overnight and then the organics are recovered using a dean stark trap and 500mL of water as the carrier solvent. The organic layer is then fractionally distilled to obtain chlorotoluenes as before.
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#HowPetroleumrefining #HowPetroleumForming
This video included crude oil formation, extraction and refining process. The crude oil is a fossil fuel which available at ocean bed. These crude oil was formed 5 million years ago from died small animals and plants. The crude oil is extracting by oil company. The extracted oil boiling in boiler and obtaining to the distilliation column. Here boiled oil will cool down and converted to liquid stage. Low boiling point hydrocarbon stored in top of the column and low boiling point hydrocarbon stored at bottom of the column accordingly. These refined oil convert into some useful products such as gasoline, petrol, Diesel, kerosene, lubrication oil, fuel oil and road and building materials.
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The Remix is a waste oil refinery and fuel generating machine developed by DCA Engineering, and can mix waste oil, such as cooking oil and lubricating oil, with heavy oil, light oil, and kerosene to generate fuel for use in boilers, diesel engines, and power generating machines.
Compared to the existing chemical methods, the machine physically mixes emulsifications of waste oil and petroleum, requiring no chemicals as additives. It is not based on any chemical reaction, so no side products are created.
With this machine, waste cooking oil can substitute for 20% of light oil and kerosene or 30% of heavy oil. The energy costs can be reduced proportionally by the amount of waste cooking oil that is mixed.
The machine can process 500 liters of waste oil per hour which reduces the processing cost to less than 0.1 yen per liter.
An exemplary usage is to produce fuel from by-product oil that is generated during the process of converting food residue to feedstuff.

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Column chromatography devised on the basis of differential adsorbance(partition coefficient) of substances on solid adsorbent (eg:silica or alumina) to an extent, that depends on the substance polarity (considered for solubility) and other chemical properties and structural properties. Some compounds are adsorbed more strongly to the stationary phase than other and thus they will be eluted (washed down) the column at a very slow rate, thus can be separated on the basis of their elution rate accordingly. Thus naturally coloured components of spinach Spinacia oleracea) and other leaves can be separated by this technique. The dark colour of the spinach is a combination of β-carotene and chlorophylls.

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Crude oil washing (COW) is washing out the residue from the tanks of an oil tanker using the crude oil cargo itself, after the cargo tanks have been emptied. Crude oil is pumped back and preheated in the slop tanks, then sprayed back via high pressure nozzles in the cargo tanks onto the walls of the tank. Due to the sticky nature of the crude oil, the oil clings to the tank walls, and such oil adds to the cargo 'remaining on board' (the ROB). By COWing the tanks, the amount of ROB is significantly reduced, and with the current high cost of oil, the financial savings are significant, both for the Charterer and the Shipowner. If the cargo ROB is deemed as 'liquid and pumpable' then the charterers can claim from the owner for any cargo loss for normally between 0.3% up to 0.5%. It replaced the load on top and seawater washing systems, both of which involved discharging oil-contaminated water into the sea. MARPOL 73/78 made this mandatory equipment for oil tankers of 20,000 tons or greater deadweight.
Although COWing is most notable for actual tankers, the current chairman for Hashimoto Technical Service, Hashimoto Akiyoshi, applied this method in washing refinery plant oil tanks in Japan. Hashimoto is currently using this method in the Kyushu, Chugoku, and Tohouku regions in Japan
Crude oil tankers play an important role in the global oil industry. Tanker ships are the finest means of transport for unrefined crude oil products in mass quantity.
As tanker ships carry different grades of fuel oil in the same cargo tanks, it is important that the tanks are always washed before loading fresh cargo. If you work on a tanker ship or about to join one, it is important that you know everything about the crude oil washing operation on tanker ships.
What is Crude Oil Washing or COW?
Previously, oil tanks on crude oil tanker were cleaned by water, but this method of cleaning increased marine pollution and required bigger slop tanks to store leftover residue and oily water mixture. In order to prevent this problem, a better non pollutant way was introduced where in oil cargo of the tank itself was used to clean the cargo tanks.
tanker ship
Tanker Ship
When oil cargo is sprayed with pressure on tank walls and surfaces, the sediments sticking to the tank dissolves and converts into useful cargo which can be pumped out to the shore tanks. This system virtually eliminates the requirement of slop tanks on ships and almost all cargo can be transferred to the shore. This process is known as Crude oil Washing or COW.
Procedure for COW
Crude oil washing was made mandatory under MARPOL Annex 1 regulation 13 which states that every crude oil tanker which is 20000 dwt and above must be fitted with COW system for every cargo hold tank.
To perform Crude oil washing in correct and efficient manner every ship must have –
Efficient and approved COW system and equipment manual
Skilled Personnel onboard who are properly trained to perform the complete operation
The operation can be divided in to three phases where in following checks must be performed-
Before starting the operation
Confirm all pre arrival checks are performed
The complete COW operation to be discussed with ship and shore staff
Set a communication channel between ship and shore facility for COW operation-Ship shore interface
Signal and Emergency signs to be discussed to stop the operation between shore and ship staff
Inert Gas plant to be working and oxygen content must be less than 5 %
Fixed Oxygen analyser to be checked and calibrated for proper functioning
Portable oxygen analyser should be made available and checked for proper functioning.
Oxygen reading in swash bulkhead tanks must be taken from both the sides
All tanks must be checked for positive inert gas pressure
Assign duties to all responsible ship staff. One person to be assigned to check the leakage in the pipe line system as soon as the operation starts
Check all the equipments under COW system for proper functioning
Check and Set the line and valves for ship to shore under COW system
When the operation is under process
The inert gas values to be frequently checked- Tank pressure and O2 value
The crude oil washing must be done in the designated tanks as per the plan including the washing cycle
A responsible person to be always present on deck
All deck lines and valves must be frequently checked for any leakages
Parameters and running condition of all the machineries involved in operation to be frequently checked
Ullage gauge floats to be raised for the tanks which are being washed
Trim should be sufficient to assist the bottom washing of tanks
The level of holding tanks to be continuously monitored to avoid overflow

Why don’t we go 100 per cent ‘bush mechanic’ and run our diesel cars on kerosene? That’s a question from you - well, one of you at least. Let’s find out.
Diesel and kerosene are very similar. I was wondering if kerosene would be a cleaner alternative for diesel engines. Some diesels already can run on kerosene now. - Karl P
This is less a question about what fuel we could use - technically, hypothetically - in a diesel engine and more about what crude oil actually is, and how that affects supply and demand.
So, basically, crude oil is a cocktail of all these different hydrocarbons and impurities and essentially what they do in a refinery is separate the components into categories by boiling them off. They boil at different temperatures, conveniently enough.
The crude cocktail components that become gasoline boil off between about 30 and 85 degrees C - so they heat crude in that range, the gasoline boils off, they collect the vapours: gasoline.
Higher temperatures get you kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, fuel oil, etc.
So, you start with a barrel of crude - that’s 159 litres, 42 US gallons, and you get about 74 litres of gasoline. That’s just under half.
We use gasoline on the road because A) it’s a good fuel, and B) there’s so much of it in every barrel of crude.
You also get about 35 litres of diesel and diesel-like fuel (like home heating oil) - that’s about a quarter. And we use diesel because there’s so much of it in every barrel. It’s not like there’s a choice.
And the next big product is kerosene and kero-related products, like jet fuel - you get about 15.5 litres of kero per barrel. That’s about one-tenth of a barrel. So there’s a lot less kero in every barrel, compared with the other two.
Those three - gasoline, diesel and kero - are 124 litres out of 159. Everything else, from butane to bitumen, lubricants, chemical feedstocks, coke, comprises about the remaining quarter of the barrel.
Interestingly enough, you start with about 159 litres of crude and you get about 169 litres of petroleum products. But sadly it’s not magic - it’s just refinery processing gain, a function of the products having a lower specific gravity than the crude oil you started with. Damnit.
What you have to realise is that to some extent engines are designed around the fuels we can actually extract from crude oil, and the volumes of those fuels that are accessible.
If you said: ‘Hey, I’ve got this great idea. Let’s bone diesel and run all former diesels on kero.’ Then I think we’d have a few problems.
Such as, the demand for kero would go through the roof. The price would skyrocket. Everything moved from A to B by truck would get more expensive. And so would air travel.
We’d have to refine a shitload more crude oil to satisfy demand, and come up with an alternative use for roughly a quarter of every barrel that currently comprises diesel … even if that use was to convert it destructively into kerosene.
You can’t just throw away a quarter of every barrel because you had a thought bubble that using kero is a better idea.
I guess we could convert diesel to kero using kooky carbon chemistry, but inconveniently, there’s the second law of thermodynamics, which says: diesel converted to kero contains less energy than the diesel you start with - because that’s the dodgy way God designed the universe. Which is to say: Badly.
Don’t get me started on heat death. The arrow of time. Bastard.
And of course we’d need to design a whole new category of automotive engines optimised around kerosene. Which seems like a lot of work. And develop a set of standards for automotive kerosene. And reinvent every filling station on earth. Let’s not forget that.
So, I’d suggest running internal combustion engines on kerosene is an interesting thought experiment. Could we do it? Yeah. Almost certainly. It might be cleaner than diesel.
Would kero ever viably replace diesel out there on the road? No - it’s not available in sufficiently large quantities. There’s only 10 litres of it in every barrel.
And of course, getting it done would be harder than achieving peace in the former Mess o' Potamia. Where much of the world’s crude oil is still problematically located.

Here's 5 things to consider BEFORE buying Moroccan Argan Oil. Go to http://www.poppyaustin.com/yt60 and use code PA000Z17 for a 10% discount on our 100% pure & organic range.
This video focuses on, in our opinion, the five most important factors to keep in mind when comparing one brand of Moroccan Argan Oil from another.
These are:
1. The Ingredients
2. The bottle
3. The price
4. The smell
5. The results
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The above video also reveals the single biggest mistake that people make when applying Moroccan Oil to their skin and hair. This is something you absolutely NEED to know if you want the best results from using this product.
Sadly, the vast majority of Argan Oil sold on the market today is cheap, watered-down rubbish that's been produced in a laboratory. Despite what the label says, It's far from pure Moroccan Oil (often less than 5%) - the rest being made up of synthetic fillers and nasty chemicals.
Each bottle of Poppy Austin® Argan Oil Gold contains 100% pure Argan Oil with absolutely nothing added or taken away. It is made by hand, using the traditional extraction techniques of the Berber Women, deep in the heart of Morocco.
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For USA / Canada: http://www.poppyaustin.com/yt60
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For Germany: http://www.poppyaustin.com/yt62
During December 2018, you will also receive 15% off our best selling Argan Oil Shampoo, Argan Oil Conditioner, or Vitamin C Serum when you buy a bottle of Poppy Austin® Argan Oil on Amazon.com.
Poppy Austin® Argan Oil Shampoo: http://www.poppyaustin.com/yt31
Poppy Austin® Argan Oil Conditioner: http://www.poppyaustin.com/yt39
Poppy Austin® Vitamin C Serum: http://www.poppyaustin.com/yt67
If you live in the UK or Europe, please use the link below:
60 ml / 2 fl oz bottle: http://www.poppyaustin.com/yt63
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Thanks for watching :-)
The Poppy Austin® Team
PS. If you enjoyed this video, we'd really appreciate it if you could click the 'Like' button above.
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Distillation - Obscured Alcohol Products
Distillation - Obscured Alcohol Products. - Let us take you through a quick overview of the process for preparing a sample of an obscured alcohol product such as a flavored Vodka for final measurement of % vol/vol for label value. The goal is to separate any alcohol and water from any other solids so the sample can be measured in a TTB Approved Density Meter such as the Rudolph DDM 2911 PLUS.
Understanding and measuring finished Alcohol products that are obscured by flavorings, sugars, or barrel aging.
Rudolph Research Recommends following the same methods utilized by the US TTB and using the Rudolph TTB approved DDM 2911 PLUS Density Meter.
Alcohol products containing flavorings, sugars, infusions, or barrel aged more than 2 years are referred to as “Obscured Alcohol Products”.
To measure the alcohol % by vol/vol of the finished product, it is necessary to remove anything that is not alcohol and water so the sample can be measured in a Density Meter according to TTB recommendations.
To remove the “Obscuration” and end up with just alcohol and water, a process known as distillation is utilized.
Distillation - Obscured Alcohol Products - Procedures
Distillation - Obscured Alcohol Products. To begin the distillation process to remove anything that is not alcohol or water. First measure out exactly 100 ml of sample. Place your sample flask in a water bath at room temperature.The bath should be large enough not to be effected by a flask or two of warmer sample. Turn on the water bath and set temperature to 20.0 ⁰C, give the unit twenty (20) minutes to stabilize.
Thoroughly clean and dry all glassware prior to use.
Overfill the flask initially by filling to a level above the line.
Once the sample has come to temperature you may use a pipette to remove excess sample
Building your distillation apparatus for alcohol separation
Parts and Glassware you will need:
Condenser
Stillhead - 3 Way Distilling Adaptor
Vacuum Adaptor-Bent 105 degrees
Thermometer
Distilling Flask
Receiving Flask
Heat Source (Flame or electric)
Step 1: Sample is placed in a flask that is fit with a distillation head.
Step 2: Attached to the Distillation head is a Condenser - a glass tube with a jacket around it which cold water is flushed through.
Step 3: Attached to the condenser is a Vacuum Adapter
Step 4: Receiver to collect distillate:
The liquid in the distillation flask is heated until it reaches the boiling point of water and alcohol. Thereby vaporizing just the water and alcohol.
The hot vapors above the boiling liquid rise through the distillation head and enter the condenser.
When the vapor enters the condenser, the vapor is cooled and condenses back to a liquid called a distillate or condensate.
The pure distillate flows through the condenser and is collected in the receiver.
When the distillation is nearly finished you will have collected all the alcohol and some of the water from the original sample. Stop the distillation just after
the distillate passes the neck of the collection flask and well before it reaches the etched mark on the flask.
Let the sample sit in the water bath for 20 minutes to bring it back to temperature. As the liquid warms it will expand.
Use a pipette of distilled water to fill the flask until the bottom of the meniscus is lined up with the top of the line on the neck of the flask
You have now added water to the collected sample to replace what was the volume of the obscuration in the original sample.
The obscuration has thus been removed during distillation and you have just the original amount of alcohol with water.
Having brought the sample back to its original volume of 100 ml it is now possible to measure the % vol/vol of alcohol in this prepared sample.
With the obscuring factors left behind and having just Alcohol and Water adjusted back to the original volume,
your sample is now ready to be injected into the TTB approved Rudolph 2911 PLUS Density Meter.
http://rudolphresearch.com

A trigger is a named PL/SQL unit that is stored in the database and executed ( fired ) in response to a specified event that occurs in the database.
Overview of Triggers.
A trigger is a named program unit that is stored in the database and fired (executed) in response to a specified event. The specified event is associated with either a table, a view, a schema, or the database, and it is one of the following:
A database manipulation (DML) statement ( DELETE , INSERT , or UPDATE )
A database definition (DDL) statement ( CREATE , ALTER , or DROP )
A database operation ( SERVERERROR , LOGON , LOGOFF , STARTUP , or SHUTDOWN )
The trigger is said to be defined on the table, view, schema, or database.

Trigger Types.
A DML trigger is fired by a DML statement, a DDL trigger is fired by a DDL statement, a DELETE trigger is fired by a DELETE statement, and so on.
An INSTEAD OF trigger is a DML trigger that is defined on a view (not a table). The database fires the INSTEAD OF trigger instead of executing the triggering DML statement. For more information, see Modifying Complex Views (INSTEAD OF Triggers).
A system trigger is defined on a schema or the database. A trigger defined on a schema fires for each event associated with the owner of the schema (the current user). A trigger defined on a database fires for each event associated with all users.
A simple trigger can fire at exactly one of the following timing points :
Before the triggering statement executes.
After the triggering statement executes.
Before each row that the triggering statement affects.
After each row that the triggering statement affects.
A compound trigger can fire at more than one timing point. Compound triggers make it easier to program an approach where you want the actions you implement for the various timing points to share common data. For more information, see Compound Triggers.
Trigger States.