The University of Bern offers top quality across the board: it enjoys special recognition in leading-edge disciplines, is renowned for the excellent quality of its teaching, offers a delightful setting, and a campus environment intimately linked to the social, economic and political life of the city.

published:25 Feb 2011

views:20077

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.
The Berne Convention formally mandated several aspects of modern copyright law; it introduced the concept that a copyright exists the moment a work is "fixed", rather than requiring registration. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize copyrights held by the citizens of all other signatory countries.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SACreative Commons image source in video

After nearly 500 years in a pit, Bern's famous bears have a new home - a riverside reserve on the edge of the old city. The opening of the new enclosure brings to an end years of protests by tourists and animal lovers, who complained that the pit was an unsuitable place to keep bears. (Julie Hunt, SF, swissinfo.ch 25.10.2009)

published:30 Oct 2009

views:24588

Video footage of take-off and landing on the short 1730m runway, plus a couple of pictures from the actual flight to Heraklion (Crete, Greece) and back!
Edit: I was just informed that the speeds shown on final approach are probably a bit off. Partly due to the GPS recording groundspeed and not indicated airspeed (plane slowed down by the headwind), partly due to possible inaccuracy of the GPS watch...

Overseas Chinese in BerneWelcomePresident Xi Jinping
Overseas Chinese in Bern gathered in front of the Swiss parliament building on Sunday to welcome the visiting President Xi Jinping.
Many Chinese students, teachers and businessman traveled from other cities early in the morning to witness the historic visit -- the first to the Alpine country by a Chinese president in the 21st century.
"Historically, China and Switzerland have always enjoyed good friendship. And now it is the first state visit by a Chinese president in this century. So we feel very honored to be here to witness the historic moment," said Li Zhengxin, a Chinese student from University of Fribourg.
Overseas Chinese businessman expect the president’s visit to bring about more bilateral trade agreements and commercial exchanges between the two countries.
"We want to express our warm welcome to President Xi on his visit to Switzerland. I believe that President Xi will surely help enhance the commercial cooperation and exchanges between the peoples of the two countries. It will also boost the bilateral cooperation in trade and many other areas," said Tang Yu Lap, head of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Switzerland.
"The growing China-Switzerland relations will help us expand the China market. We will see more exchanges in personnel, technologies and trade and more bilateral cooperation between the two countries," said Zhao Jun, a Chinese staff member of a Swiss company.
President Xi will hold talks with Swiss leaders during his four-day visit starting from Sunday. A series of bilateral agreements on politics, economy and culture are expected to be signed during his visit.
"I am closely watching over the possibility of setting up a Chinese culture center in Bern during President Xi's visit. I believe that it will be a good platform for us to make some contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and Switzerland. I would like to say that the president's visit will surely bring about new opportunities for us," said Wang Xia, a Chinese music teacher in Switzerland.
More on: http://www.cctvplus.com/news/20170116/8040954.shtml#!language=1
Subscribe us on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/CCTVPlus
CCTV+ official website: http://www.cctvplus.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/cctv-news-content
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NewsContent.CCTVPLUS
Twitter: https://twitter.com/CCTV_Plus

The original form of trade, barter, saw the direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services. Barter is trading things without the use of money. Later one side of the barter started to involve precious metals, which gained symbolic as well as practical importance. Modern traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade.

Trade exists due to the specialization and division of labor, in which most people concentrate on a small aspect of production, trading for other products. Trade exists between regions because different regions may have a comparative advantage (perceived or real) in the production of some trade-able commodity, or because different regions' size may encourage mass production. As such, trade at market prices between locations can benefit both locations.

Bern

The city of Bern or Berne (German:Bern, pronounced[bɛrn]; French:Berne[bɛʁn]; Italian:Berna[ˈbɛrna]; Romansh:Berna[ˈbɛrnɐ]; Bernese German: Bärn[b̥æːrn]) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or "federal city". With a population of 140,634 (November 2015), Bern is the fifth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000. Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons.

Etymology

The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft". The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s.

The Berne Convention formally mandated several aspects of modern copyright law; it introduced the concept that a copyright exists the moment a work is "fixed", rather than requiring registration. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize copyrights held by the citizens of all other signatory countries.

Content

The Berne Convention requires its signatories to treat the copyright of works of authors from other signatory countries (known as members of the Berne Union) at least as well as those of its own nationals. For example, French copyright law applies to anything published or performed in France, regardless of where it was originally created.

In addition to establishing a system of equal treatment that internationalised copyright amongst signatories, the agreement also required member states to provide strong minimum standards for copyright law.

Son of communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi Jinping rose through the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces. He served as the governor of Fujian between 1999 and 2002, then as governor and party secretary of the neighboring Zhejiang between 2002 and 2007. Following the dismissal of Chen Liangyu, Xi transferred to Shanghai as the party secretary for a brief period in 2007. Xi joined the Politburo standing committee and central secretariat in October 2007, and was Hu Jintao's successor. He served as vice-president, between 2008 and 2013.

Huáyì (simplified Chinese:华裔; traditional Chinese:華裔; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Hôa-è) refers to ethnic Chinese residing outside of China. Another often-used term is 海外华人 (Hǎiwài Huárén), a more literal translation of overseas Chinese; it is often used by the PRC government to refer to people of Chinese ethnicities who live outside the PRC, regardless of citizenship.

The University of Bern in a nutshell

The University of Bern offers top quality across the board: it enjoys special recognition in leading-edge disciplines, is renowned for the excellent quality of its teaching, offers a delightful setting, and a campus environment intimately linked to the social, economic and political life of the city.

11:56

Berne Convention

Berne Convention

Berne Convention

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.
The Berne Convention formally mandated several aspects of modern copyright law; it introduced the concept that a copyright exists the moment a work is "fixed", rather than requiring registration. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize copyrights held by the citizens of all other signatory countries.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SACreative Commons image source in video

Bern-Belp Airport (19.06.2016)

Berne 8 7 The Berne Union 'Prague Club'

5:01

Bern's bears trade pits for park

Bern's bears trade pits for park

Bern's bears trade pits for park

After nearly 500 years in a pit, Bern's famous bears have a new home - a riverside reserve on the edge of the old city. The opening of the new enclosure brings to an end years of protests by tourists and animal lovers, who complained that the pit was an unsuitable place to keep bears. (Julie Hunt, SF, swissinfo.ch 25.10.2009)

4:31

Taking off and landing in Berne in Helvetic Airways' new Airbus A319

Taking off and landing in Berne in Helvetic Airways' new Airbus A319

Taking off and landing in Berne in Helvetic Airways' new Airbus A319

Video footage of take-off and landing on the short 1730m runway, plus a couple of pictures from the actual flight to Heraklion (Crete, Greece) and back!
Edit: I was just informed that the speeds shown on final approach are probably a bit off. Partly due to the GPS recording groundspeed and not indicated airspeed (plane slowed down by the headwind), partly due to possible inaccuracy of the GPS watch...

Overseas Chinese in Berne Welcome President Xi Jinping

Overseas Chinese in BerneWelcomePresident Xi Jinping
Overseas Chinese in Bern gathered in front of the Swiss parliament building on Sunday to welcome the visiting President Xi Jinping.
Many Chinese students, teachers and businessman traveled from other cities early in the morning to witness the historic visit -- the first to the Alpine country by a Chinese president in the 21st century.
"Historically, China and Switzerland have always enjoyed good friendship. And now it is the first state visit by a Chinese president in this century. So we feel very honored to be here to witness the historic moment," said Li Zhengxin, a Chinese student from University of Fribourg.
Overseas Chinese businessman expect the president’s visit to bring about more bilateral trade agreements and commercial exchanges between the two countries.
"We want to express our warm welcome to President Xi on his visit to Switzerland. I believe that President Xi will surely help enhance the commercial cooperation and exchanges between the peoples of the two countries. It will also boost the bilateral cooperation in trade and many other areas," said Tang Yu Lap, head of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Switzerland.
"The growing China-Switzerland relations will help us expand the China market. We will see more exchanges in personnel, technologies and trade and more bilateral cooperation between the two countries," said Zhao Jun, a Chinese staff member of a Swiss company.
President Xi will hold talks with Swiss leaders during his four-day visit starting from Sunday. A series of bilateral agreements on politics, economy and culture are expected to be signed during his visit.
"I am closely watching over the possibility of setting up a Chinese culture center in Bern during President Xi's visit. I believe that it will be a good platform for us to make some contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and Switzerland. I would like to say that the president's visit will surely bring about new opportunities for us," said Wang Xia, a Chinese music teacher in Switzerland.
More on: http://www.cctvplus.com/news/20170116/8040954.shtml#!language=1
Subscribe us on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/CCTVPlus
CCTV+ official website: http://www.cctvplus.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/cctv-news-content
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NewsContent.CCTVPLUS
Twitter: https://twitter.com/CCTV_Plus

What is BERNE THREE-STEP TEST? What does BERNE THREE-STEP TEST mean? BERNE THREE-STEP TEST meaning - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST definition - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
SUBSCRIBE to our Google Earth flights channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6UuCPh7GrXznZi0Hz2YQnQ
The Berne three-step test is a clause that is included in several international treaties on intellectual property. Signatories of those treaties agree to standardize possible limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights under their respective national copyright laws.
The three-step test was first established in relation to the exclusive right of reproduction under Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1967. Article 9 of the Berne Convention states that:
Right of Reproduction: 1. Generally; 2. Possible exceptions; 3. Sound and visual recordings - (1) Authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention shall have the exclusive right of authorizing the reproduction of these works, in any manner or form. (2) It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction of such works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. (3) Any sound or visual recording shall be considered as a reproduction for the purposes of this Convention.
The three-step test in Article 9(2) of the Berne does not apply to copyright exceptions that are implemented under other parts of the Berne convention that have a separate standard, such as those in articles 2(4), 2(7), 2(8), 1 bis, 10, 10 bis and 13(1), or the Berne Appendix.
Since then, the three-step test has been modified and transplanted into the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the WIPO Copyright Treaty (Article 10), the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, the EU Computer Programs Directive (Article 6(3)), the EU Database Directive (Article 6(3)), and the EU Copyright Directive (Article 5(5)).
The test as included in Article 13 of TRIPs reads:
"Members shall confine limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder."
The WTO three-step test does not apply to cases where the Berne or Rome Conventions provide separate standards for exceptions, or for rights not covered in the TRIPS Agreement.
The technical legal reasoning which has been applied to suggest how this wording should be interpreted is arcane (see the references below). To date, only one case (before a WTO dispute settlement panel, involving U.S. copyright exemptions allowing restaurants, bars and shops to play radio and TV broadcasts without paying licensing fees, passed in 1998 as a rider to the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act) has actually required an interpretation of the test.
The three-step test may prove to be extremely important if any nations attempt to reduce the scope of copyright law, because unless the WTO decides that their modifications comply with the test, such states are likely to face trade sanctions. Exceptions to copyright protection are required to be clearly defined and narrow in scope and reach. For instance, the three-step test was invoked as a justification for refusing certain exceptions to copyright wished for by members of the French parliament during the examination of the controversial DADVSI copyright bill.
TRIPs Article 30, covering limitations and exemptions to patent law, is also derived from a somewhat different three-step test, that includes "taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties." Exceptions to exclusive patent rights are not subject to this test if they are implemented through Article 31 of the TRIPS, or Articles 6, 40 or 44.2.

The University of Bern in a nutshell

The University of Bern offers top quality across the board: it enjoys special recognition in leading-edge disciplines, is renowned for the excellent quality of its teaching, offers a delightful setting, and a campus environment intimately linked to the social, economic and political life of the city.

published: 25 Feb 2011

Berne Convention

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.
The Berne Convention formally mandated several aspects of modern copyright law; it introduced the concept that a copyright exists the moment a work is "fixed", rather than requiring registration. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize copyrights held by the citizens of all other signatory countries.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SACreative Commons image source in video

published: 29 Oct 2015

Berne 4

published: 24 Jul 2014

Bern-Belp Airport (19.06.2016)

Berne 8 7 The Berne Union 'Prague Club'

published: 24 Jul 2014

Bern's bears trade pits for park

After nearly 500 years in a pit, Bern's famous bears have a new home - a riverside reserve on the edge of the old city. The opening of the new enclosure brings to an end years of protests by tourists and animal lovers, who complained that the pit was an unsuitable place to keep bears. (Julie Hunt, SF, swissinfo.ch 25.10.2009)

published: 30 Oct 2009

Taking off and landing in Berne in Helvetic Airways' new Airbus A319

Video footage of take-off and landing on the short 1730m runway, plus a couple of pictures from the actual flight to Heraklion (Crete, Greece) and back!
Edit: I was just informed that the speeds shown on final approach are probably a bit off. Partly due to the GPS recording groundspeed and not indicated airspeed (plane slowed down by the headwind), partly due to possible inaccuracy of the GPS watch...

Overseas Chinese in Berne Welcome President Xi Jinping

Overseas Chinese in BerneWelcomePresident Xi Jinping
Overseas Chinese in Bern gathered in front of the Swiss parliament building on Sunday to welcome the visiting President Xi Jinping.
Many Chinese students, teachers and businessman traveled from other cities early in the morning to witness the historic visit -- the first to the Alpine country by a Chinese president in the 21st century.
"Historically, China and Switzerland have always enjoyed good friendship. And now it is the first state visit by a Chinese president in this century. So we feel very honored to be here to witness the historic moment," said Li Zhengxin, a Chinese student from University of Fribourg.
Overseas Chinese businessman expect the president’s visit to bring about more bilateral trade agreements and commercia...

What is BERNE THREE-STEP TEST? What does BERNE THREE-STEP TEST mean? BERNE THREE-STEP TEST meaning - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST definition - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
SUBSCRIBE to our Google Earth flights channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6UuCPh7GrXznZi0Hz2YQnQ
The Berne three-step test is a clause that is included in several international treaties on intellectual property. Signatories of those treaties agree to standardize possible limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights under their respective national copyright laws.
The three-step test was first established in relation to the exclusive right of reproduction under Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention for the Prot...

The University of Bern in a nutshell

The University of Bern offers top quality across the board: it enjoys special recognition in leading-edge disciplines, is renowned for the excellent quality of ...

The University of Bern offers top quality across the board: it enjoys special recognition in leading-edge disciplines, is renowned for the excellent quality of its teaching, offers a delightful setting, and a campus environment intimately linked to the social, economic and political life of the city.

The University of Bern offers top quality across the board: it enjoys special recognition in leading-edge disciplines, is renowned for the excellent quality of its teaching, offers a delightful setting, and a campus environment intimately linked to the social, economic and political life of the city.

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.
The Berne Convention formally mandated several aspects of modern copyright law; it introduced the concept that a copyright exists the moment a work is "fixed", rather than requiring registration. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize copyrights held by the citizens of all other signatory countries.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SACreative Commons image source in video

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.
The Berne Convention formally mandated several aspects of modern copyright law; it introduced the concept that a copyright exists the moment a work is "fixed", rather than requiring registration. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize copyrights held by the citizens of all other signatory countries.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SACreative Commons image source in video

Bern's bears trade pits for park

After nearly 500 years in a pit, Bern's famous bears have a new home - a riverside reserve on the edge of the old city. The opening of the new enclosure brings ...

After nearly 500 years in a pit, Bern's famous bears have a new home - a riverside reserve on the edge of the old city. The opening of the new enclosure brings to an end years of protests by tourists and animal lovers, who complained that the pit was an unsuitable place to keep bears. (Julie Hunt, SF, swissinfo.ch 25.10.2009)

After nearly 500 years in a pit, Bern's famous bears have a new home - a riverside reserve on the edge of the old city. The opening of the new enclosure brings to an end years of protests by tourists and animal lovers, who complained that the pit was an unsuitable place to keep bears. (Julie Hunt, SF, swissinfo.ch 25.10.2009)

Video footage of take-off and landing on the short 1730m runway, plus a couple of pictures from the actual flight to Heraklion (Crete, Greece) and back!
Edit: I was just informed that the speeds shown on final approach are probably a bit off. Partly due to the GPS recording groundspeed and not indicated airspeed (plane slowed down by the headwind), partly due to possible inaccuracy of the GPS watch...

Video footage of take-off and landing on the short 1730m runway, plus a couple of pictures from the actual flight to Heraklion (Crete, Greece) and back!
Edit: I was just informed that the speeds shown on final approach are probably a bit off. Partly due to the GPS recording groundspeed and not indicated airspeed (plane slowed down by the headwind), partly due to possible inaccuracy of the GPS watch...

Overseas Chinese in BerneWelcomePresident Xi Jinping
Overseas Chinese in Bern gathered in front of the Swiss parliament building on Sunday to welcome the visiting President Xi Jinping.
Many Chinese students, teachers and businessman traveled from other cities early in the morning to witness the historic visit -- the first to the Alpine country by a Chinese president in the 21st century.
"Historically, China and Switzerland have always enjoyed good friendship. And now it is the first state visit by a Chinese president in this century. So we feel very honored to be here to witness the historic moment," said Li Zhengxin, a Chinese student from University of Fribourg.
Overseas Chinese businessman expect the president’s visit to bring about more bilateral trade agreements and commercial exchanges between the two countries.
"We want to express our warm welcome to President Xi on his visit to Switzerland. I believe that President Xi will surely help enhance the commercial cooperation and exchanges between the peoples of the two countries. It will also boost the bilateral cooperation in trade and many other areas," said Tang Yu Lap, head of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Switzerland.
"The growing China-Switzerland relations will help us expand the China market. We will see more exchanges in personnel, technologies and trade and more bilateral cooperation between the two countries," said Zhao Jun, a Chinese staff member of a Swiss company.
President Xi will hold talks with Swiss leaders during his four-day visit starting from Sunday. A series of bilateral agreements on politics, economy and culture are expected to be signed during his visit.
"I am closely watching over the possibility of setting up a Chinese culture center in Bern during President Xi's visit. I believe that it will be a good platform for us to make some contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and Switzerland. I would like to say that the president's visit will surely bring about new opportunities for us," said Wang Xia, a Chinese music teacher in Switzerland.
More on: http://www.cctvplus.com/news/20170116/8040954.shtml#!language=1
Subscribe us on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/CCTVPlus
CCTV+ official website: http://www.cctvplus.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/cctv-news-content
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NewsContent.CCTVPLUS
Twitter: https://twitter.com/CCTV_Plus

Overseas Chinese in BerneWelcomePresident Xi Jinping
Overseas Chinese in Bern gathered in front of the Swiss parliament building on Sunday to welcome the visiting President Xi Jinping.
Many Chinese students, teachers and businessman traveled from other cities early in the morning to witness the historic visit -- the first to the Alpine country by a Chinese president in the 21st century.
"Historically, China and Switzerland have always enjoyed good friendship. And now it is the first state visit by a Chinese president in this century. So we feel very honored to be here to witness the historic moment," said Li Zhengxin, a Chinese student from University of Fribourg.
Overseas Chinese businessman expect the president’s visit to bring about more bilateral trade agreements and commercial exchanges between the two countries.
"We want to express our warm welcome to President Xi on his visit to Switzerland. I believe that President Xi will surely help enhance the commercial cooperation and exchanges between the peoples of the two countries. It will also boost the bilateral cooperation in trade and many other areas," said Tang Yu Lap, head of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Switzerland.
"The growing China-Switzerland relations will help us expand the China market. We will see more exchanges in personnel, technologies and trade and more bilateral cooperation between the two countries," said Zhao Jun, a Chinese staff member of a Swiss company.
President Xi will hold talks with Swiss leaders during his four-day visit starting from Sunday. A series of bilateral agreements on politics, economy and culture are expected to be signed during his visit.
"I am closely watching over the possibility of setting up a Chinese culture center in Bern during President Xi's visit. I believe that it will be a good platform for us to make some contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and Switzerland. I would like to say that the president's visit will surely bring about new opportunities for us," said Wang Xia, a Chinese music teacher in Switzerland.
More on: http://www.cctvplus.com/news/20170116/8040954.shtml#!language=1
Subscribe us on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/CCTVPlus
CCTV+ official website: http://www.cctvplus.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/cctv-news-content
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NewsContent.CCTVPLUS
Twitter: https://twitter.com/CCTV_Plus

What is BERNE THREE-STEP TEST? What does BERNE THREE-STEP TEST mean? BERNE THREE-STEP TEST meaning - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST definition - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
SUBSCRIBE to our Google Earth flights channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6UuCPh7GrXznZi0Hz2YQnQ
The Berne three-step test is a clause that is included in several international treaties on intellectual property. Signatories of those treaties agree to standardize possible limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights under their respective national copyright laws.
The three-step test was first established in relation to the exclusive right of reproduction under Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1967. Article 9 of the Berne Convention states that:
Right of Reproduction: 1. Generally; 2. Possible exceptions; 3. Sound and visual recordings - (1) Authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention shall have the exclusive right of authorizing the reproduction of these works, in any manner or form. (2) It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction of such works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. (3) Any sound or visual recording shall be considered as a reproduction for the purposes of this Convention.
The three-step test in Article 9(2) of the Berne does not apply to copyright exceptions that are implemented under other parts of the Berne convention that have a separate standard, such as those in articles 2(4), 2(7), 2(8), 1 bis, 10, 10 bis and 13(1), or the Berne Appendix.
Since then, the three-step test has been modified and transplanted into the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the WIPO Copyright Treaty (Article 10), the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, the EU Computer Programs Directive (Article 6(3)), the EU Database Directive (Article 6(3)), and the EU Copyright Directive (Article 5(5)).
The test as included in Article 13 of TRIPs reads:
"Members shall confine limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder."
The WTO three-step test does not apply to cases where the Berne or Rome Conventions provide separate standards for exceptions, or for rights not covered in the TRIPS Agreement.
The technical legal reasoning which has been applied to suggest how this wording should be interpreted is arcane (see the references below). To date, only one case (before a WTO dispute settlement panel, involving U.S. copyright exemptions allowing restaurants, bars and shops to play radio and TV broadcasts without paying licensing fees, passed in 1998 as a rider to the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act) has actually required an interpretation of the test.
The three-step test may prove to be extremely important if any nations attempt to reduce the scope of copyright law, because unless the WTO decides that their modifications comply with the test, such states are likely to face trade sanctions. Exceptions to copyright protection are required to be clearly defined and narrow in scope and reach. For instance, the three-step test was invoked as a justification for refusing certain exceptions to copyright wished for by members of the French parliament during the examination of the controversial DADVSI copyright bill.
TRIPs Article 30, covering limitations and exemptions to patent law, is also derived from a somewhat different three-step test, that includes "taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties." Exceptions to exclusive patent rights are not subject to this test if they are implemented through Article 31 of the TRIPS, or Articles 6, 40 or 44.2.

What is BERNE THREE-STEP TEST? What does BERNE THREE-STEP TEST mean? BERNE THREE-STEP TEST meaning - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST definition - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
SUBSCRIBE to our Google Earth flights channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6UuCPh7GrXznZi0Hz2YQnQ
The Berne three-step test is a clause that is included in several international treaties on intellectual property. Signatories of those treaties agree to standardize possible limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights under their respective national copyright laws.
The three-step test was first established in relation to the exclusive right of reproduction under Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1967. Article 9 of the Berne Convention states that:
Right of Reproduction: 1. Generally; 2. Possible exceptions; 3. Sound and visual recordings - (1) Authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention shall have the exclusive right of authorizing the reproduction of these works, in any manner or form. (2) It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction of such works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. (3) Any sound or visual recording shall be considered as a reproduction for the purposes of this Convention.
The three-step test in Article 9(2) of the Berne does not apply to copyright exceptions that are implemented under other parts of the Berne convention that have a separate standard, such as those in articles 2(4), 2(7), 2(8), 1 bis, 10, 10 bis and 13(1), or the Berne Appendix.
Since then, the three-step test has been modified and transplanted into the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the WIPO Copyright Treaty (Article 10), the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, the EU Computer Programs Directive (Article 6(3)), the EU Database Directive (Article 6(3)), and the EU Copyright Directive (Article 5(5)).
The test as included in Article 13 of TRIPs reads:
"Members shall confine limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder."
The WTO three-step test does not apply to cases where the Berne or Rome Conventions provide separate standards for exceptions, or for rights not covered in the TRIPS Agreement.
The technical legal reasoning which has been applied to suggest how this wording should be interpreted is arcane (see the references below). To date, only one case (before a WTO dispute settlement panel, involving U.S. copyright exemptions allowing restaurants, bars and shops to play radio and TV broadcasts without paying licensing fees, passed in 1998 as a rider to the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act) has actually required an interpretation of the test.
The three-step test may prove to be extremely important if any nations attempt to reduce the scope of copyright law, because unless the WTO decides that their modifications comply with the test, such states are likely to face trade sanctions. Exceptions to copyright protection are required to be clearly defined and narrow in scope and reach. For instance, the three-step test was invoked as a justification for refusing certain exceptions to copyright wished for by members of the French parliament during the examination of the controversial DADVSI copyright bill.
TRIPs Article 30, covering limitations and exemptions to patent law, is also derived from a somewhat different three-step test, that includes "taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties." Exceptions to exclusive patent rights are not subject to this test if they are implemented through Article 31 of the TRIPS, or Articles 6, 40 or 44.2.

Making export finance more accessible

The TXF podcast, live from Venice! A great discussion looking at how ECAs and banks are judged internally and externally, and how origination works in practice and how it could be improved. Could export finance be simplified in how it is communicated to clients, colleagues, regulators and governments?
Featuring:
Simon Sayer of Deutsche Bank, Simon Jones of TD Securities, GabbyBuck of GKBVentures, and special guest Topi Vesteri of Finnvera and president of the Berne Union.

The Dalai Lama at the University of Bern - short version

Rick and Morty - 50 Jokes & References You Missed

Get Quidd here: http://bit.ly/2spWO7E My username is NewRockstars. Add me!
Rick and Morty Jokes & References from the first two seasons and the Rick and Morty Season 3 first episode. ErikVoss explains the more subtle Rick and Morty jokes that you might have missed the first time watching, like references to Gravity Falls and cameos by Mr. Meeseeks. What are the dirtiest Rick and Morty jokes? Who actually tracked in the parasite in Total Rickall? How did the series foreshadow the chair, phone, and pizza universe in Close Rick-Counters of the Rick Kind? Rick and Morty Funniest Jokes!
CONNECT WITH US!
Facebook: http://facebook.com/newmediarockstars
Twitter: http://twitter.com/newrockstars
CONNECT WITH ERIK:
http://www.twitter.com/eavoss
SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR PATREON SUPPORTERS (http://ww...

Special Trade Schweiz

Mum, Heroin and Me (Addiction Documentary) - Real Stories

Check out our new website for more incredible documentaries: HD and ad-free. https://goo.gl/LwMcmY
Hannah is 20 and a heroin addict. She is blonde and beautiful and comes from a good family, who care about her. This documentary follows Hannah and her families ongoing battle with addiction.
Want to watch more full-length Documentaries?
Click here: http://bit.ly/1GOzpIu
Follow us on Twitter for more - https://twitter.com/realstoriesdocs
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/RealStoriesChannel
Instagram - @realstoriesdocs
Content licensed from ITVGlobal. Any queries, please contact us at: realstories@littledotstudios.com
Produced by ITV Studios

published: 23 Sep 2017

The world trade organization: 1 (LAW)

published: 16 Oct 2015

International Transportation of Goods Quiz | QCM Transport International de Marchandises

Making export finance more accessible

The TXF podcast, live from Venice! A great discussion looking at how ECAs and banks are judged internally and externally, and how origination works in practice ...

The TXF podcast, live from Venice! A great discussion looking at how ECAs and banks are judged internally and externally, and how origination works in practice and how it could be improved. Could export finance be simplified in how it is communicated to clients, colleagues, regulators and governments?
Featuring:
Simon Sayer of Deutsche Bank, Simon Jones of TD Securities, GabbyBuck of GKBVentures, and special guest Topi Vesteri of Finnvera and president of the Berne Union.

The TXF podcast, live from Venice! A great discussion looking at how ECAs and banks are judged internally and externally, and how origination works in practice and how it could be improved. Could export finance be simplified in how it is communicated to clients, colleagues, regulators and governments?
Featuring:
Simon Sayer of Deutsche Bank, Simon Jones of TD Securities, GabbyBuck of GKBVentures, and special guest Topi Vesteri of Finnvera and president of the Berne Union.

Mum, Heroin and Me (Addiction Documentary) - Real Stories

Check out our new website for more incredible documentaries: HD and ad-free. https://goo.gl/LwMcmY
Hannah is 20 and a heroin addict. She is blonde and beautifu...

Check out our new website for more incredible documentaries: HD and ad-free. https://goo.gl/LwMcmY
Hannah is 20 and a heroin addict. She is blonde and beautiful and comes from a good family, who care about her. This documentary follows Hannah and her families ongoing battle with addiction.
Want to watch more full-length Documentaries?
Click here: http://bit.ly/1GOzpIu
Follow us on Twitter for more - https://twitter.com/realstoriesdocs
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/RealStoriesChannel
Instagram - @realstoriesdocs
Content licensed from ITVGlobal. Any queries, please contact us at: realstories@littledotstudios.com
Produced by ITV Studios

Check out our new website for more incredible documentaries: HD and ad-free. https://goo.gl/LwMcmY
Hannah is 20 and a heroin addict. She is blonde and beautiful and comes from a good family, who care about her. This documentary follows Hannah and her families ongoing battle with addiction.
Want to watch more full-length Documentaries?
Click here: http://bit.ly/1GOzpIu
Follow us on Twitter for more - https://twitter.com/realstoriesdocs
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/RealStoriesChannel
Instagram - @realstoriesdocs
Content licensed from ITVGlobal. Any queries, please contact us at: realstories@littledotstudios.com
Produced by ITV Studios

The University of Bern in a nutshell

The University of Bern offers top quality across the board: it enjoys special recognition in leading-edge disciplines, is renowned for the excellent quality of its teaching, offers a delightful setting, and a campus environment intimately linked to the social, economic and political life of the city.

11:56

Berne Convention

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as t...

Berne Convention

The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, is an international agreement governing copyright, which was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland, in 1886.
The Berne Convention formally mandated several aspects of modern copyright law; it introduced the concept that a copyright exists the moment a work is "fixed", rather than requiring registration. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize copyrights held by the citizens of all other signatory countries.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SACreative Commons image source in video

Bern's bears trade pits for park

After nearly 500 years in a pit, Bern's famous bears have a new home - a riverside reserve on the edge of the old city. The opening of the new enclosure brings to an end years of protests by tourists and animal lovers, who complained that the pit was an unsuitable place to keep bears. (Julie Hunt, SF, swissinfo.ch 25.10.2009)

4:31

Taking off and landing in Berne in Helvetic Airways' new Airbus A319

Video footage of take-off and landing on the short 1730m runway, plus a couple of pictures...

Taking off and landing in Berne in Helvetic Airways' new Airbus A319

Video footage of take-off and landing on the short 1730m runway, plus a couple of pictures from the actual flight to Heraklion (Crete, Greece) and back!
Edit: I was just informed that the speeds shown on final approach are probably a bit off. Partly due to the GPS recording groundspeed and not indicated airspeed (plane slowed down by the headwind), partly due to possible inaccuracy of the GPS watch...

Overseas Chinese in Berne Welcome President Xi Jinping

Overseas Chinese in BerneWelcomePresident Xi Jinping
Overseas Chinese in Bern gathered in front of the Swiss parliament building on Sunday to welcome the visiting President Xi Jinping.
Many Chinese students, teachers and businessman traveled from other cities early in the morning to witness the historic visit -- the first to the Alpine country by a Chinese president in the 21st century.
"Historically, China and Switzerland have always enjoyed good friendship. And now it is the first state visit by a Chinese president in this century. So we feel very honored to be here to witness the historic moment," said Li Zhengxin, a Chinese student from University of Fribourg.
Overseas Chinese businessman expect the president’s visit to bring about more bilateral trade agreements and commercial exchanges between the two countries.
"We want to express our warm welcome to President Xi on his visit to Switzerland. I believe that President Xi will surely help enhance the commercial cooperation and exchanges between the peoples of the two countries. It will also boost the bilateral cooperation in trade and many other areas," said Tang Yu Lap, head of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Switzerland.
"The growing China-Switzerland relations will help us expand the China market. We will see more exchanges in personnel, technologies and trade and more bilateral cooperation between the two countries," said Zhao Jun, a Chinese staff member of a Swiss company.
President Xi will hold talks with Swiss leaders during his four-day visit starting from Sunday. A series of bilateral agreements on politics, economy and culture are expected to be signed during his visit.
"I am closely watching over the possibility of setting up a Chinese culture center in Bern during President Xi's visit. I believe that it will be a good platform for us to make some contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and Switzerland. I would like to say that the president's visit will surely bring about new opportunities for us," said Wang Xia, a Chinese music teacher in Switzerland.
More on: http://www.cctvplus.com/news/20170116/8040954.shtml#!language=1
Subscribe us on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/CCTVPlus
CCTV+ official website: http://www.cctvplus.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/cctv-news-content
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NewsContent.CCTVPLUS
Twitter: https://twitter.com/CCTV_Plus

What is BERNE THREE-STEP TEST? What does BERNE THREE-STEP TEST mean? BERNE THREE-STEP TEST meaning - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST definition - BERNE THREE-STEP TEST explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
SUBSCRIBE to our Google Earth flights channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6UuCPh7GrXznZi0Hz2YQnQ
The Berne three-step test is a clause that is included in several international treaties on intellectual property. Signatories of those treaties agree to standardize possible limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights under their respective national copyright laws.
The three-step test was first established in relation to the exclusive right of reproduction under Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1967. Article 9 of the Berne Convention states that:
Right of Reproduction: 1. Generally; 2. Possible exceptions; 3. Sound and visual recordings - (1) Authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention shall have the exclusive right of authorizing the reproduction of these works, in any manner or form. (2) It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction of such works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. (3) Any sound or visual recording shall be considered as a reproduction for the purposes of this Convention.
The three-step test in Article 9(2) of the Berne does not apply to copyright exceptions that are implemented under other parts of the Berne convention that have a separate standard, such as those in articles 2(4), 2(7), 2(8), 1 bis, 10, 10 bis and 13(1), or the Berne Appendix.
Since then, the three-step test has been modified and transplanted into the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the WIPO Copyright Treaty (Article 10), the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, the EU Computer Programs Directive (Article 6(3)), the EU Database Directive (Article 6(3)), and the EU Copyright Directive (Article 5(5)).
The test as included in Article 13 of TRIPs reads:
"Members shall confine limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder."
The WTO three-step test does not apply to cases where the Berne or Rome Conventions provide separate standards for exceptions, or for rights not covered in the TRIPS Agreement.
The technical legal reasoning which has been applied to suggest how this wording should be interpreted is arcane (see the references below). To date, only one case (before a WTO dispute settlement panel, involving U.S. copyright exemptions allowing restaurants, bars and shops to play radio and TV broadcasts without paying licensing fees, passed in 1998 as a rider to the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act) has actually required an interpretation of the test.
The three-step test may prove to be extremely important if any nations attempt to reduce the scope of copyright law, because unless the WTO decides that their modifications comply with the test, such states are likely to face trade sanctions. Exceptions to copyright protection are required to be clearly defined and narrow in scope and reach. For instance, the three-step test was invoked as a justification for refusing certain exceptions to copyright wished for by members of the French parliament during the examination of the controversial DADVSI copyright bill.
TRIPs Article 30, covering limitations and exemptions to patent law, is also derived from a somewhat different three-step test, that includes "taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties." Exceptions to exclusive patent rights are not subject to this test if they are implemented through Article 31 of the TRIPS, or Articles 6, 40 or 44.2.

Making export finance more accessible

The TXF podcast, live from Venice! A great discussion looking at how ECAs and banks are judged internally and externally, and how origination works in practice and how it could be improved. Could export finance be simplified in how it is communicated to clients, colleagues, regulators and governments?
Featuring:
Simon Sayer of Deutsche Bank, Simon Jones of TD Securities, GabbyBuck of GKBVentures, and special guest Topi Vesteri of Finnvera and president of the Berne Union.

Mum, Heroin and Me (Addiction Documentary) - Real Stories

Check out our new website for more incredible documentaries: HD and ad-free. https://goo.gl/LwMcmY
Hannah is 20 and a heroin addict. She is blonde and beautiful and comes from a good family, who care about her. This documentary follows Hannah and her families ongoing battle with addiction.
Want to watch more full-length Documentaries?
Click here: http://bit.ly/1GOzpIu
Follow us on Twitter for more - https://twitter.com/realstoriesdocs
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/RealStoriesChannel
Instagram - @realstoriesdocs
Content licensed from ITVGlobal. Any queries, please contact us at: realstories@littledotstudios.com
Produced by ITV Studios

The Evolution Of Plumbing - Geographic History...

mcgtf...

Flame of Truth in Bern, Switzerland 3rd Nov. 2012...

It turns out that a theory explaining how we might detect parallel universes and prediction for the end of the world was proposed and completed by physicist Stephen Hawking shortly before he died ... &nbsp;. According to reports, the work predicts that the universe would eventually end when stars run out of energy ... ....

In another blow to the Trump administration Monday, the US Supreme Court decided Arizona must continue to issue state driver’s licenses to so-called Dreamer immigrants and refused to hear an effort by the state to challenge the Obama-era program that protects hundreds of thousands of young adults brought into the country illegally as children, Reuters reported ... – WN.com. Jack Durschlag....

Britain’s Royal Astronomical Society announced Monday that an object called 1I/2017 (‘Oumuamua) – the first confirmed asteroid known to have journeyed here from outside our solar system – most likely came from from a binary star system, or two stars orbiting a common center of gravity, EarthSky reported ... They looked at how common these star systems are in the galaxy ... ....

Uber announced on Monday that it was pulling all of its self-driving cars from public roads in Arizona and San Francisco, Toronto, and Pittsburgh after a female pedestrian was reportedly killed after being struck by an autonomous Uber vehicle in Tempe, according to The Verge.&nbsp; ... “We are fully cooperating with local authorities in their investigation of this incident.” ... "Some incredibly sad news out of Arizona....

The North AmericanFreeTrade Agreement (NAFTA) is responsible for nearly 40 percent of Oklahoma’s total exports and over 100,000 Oklahoma jobs rely on our trade with those two countries ...Last month, I had the privilege of meeting with President Trump at the White House to discuss the future of our nation’s trade agreements ... But as I shared with the president, trade and infrastructure go hand-in-hand....

Ahead of a meeting of over 40 countries, the WorldTradeOrganisation (WTO) on Monday warned of escalation of trade tensions following recent US decision to increase tariffs and urged members to work together to “step back from the brink” ... The WTO chief also acknowledged the challenges faced by the 23-year-old global trade body ... Trade environment globally is very risky at this point of time....

Finance ministers and central bankers from the 20 leading industrial and developing countries are meeting in Argentina at a summit that has been eclipsed by growing concerns over the potential of a global trade war following U.S....

A formal signing of the trade deal by heads of state is expected in March ... Intra-African trade recovers. The objective of the CFTA is primarily to engender more intra-African trade; currently 15 percent of the continent’s total merchandise trade. When compared with intra-regional trade in other continents – 67 percent in Europe, 58 percent in Asia and 48 percent in North America – this is quite low ... The post Intra-African trade....

With the increase in regulatory scrutiny and safeguards in the domestic market, coupled with a bearish sentiment across the globe, cryptocurrency trading in India has crashed to $10 million per day, just around 5% of the level it had hit during the boom period last year ... Even though the level of trading has gone down, the number of traders has not gone down in the same proportion," he said....

Vikings finalize trade for Sieman. The Minnesota Vikings have finalized their trade with the Denver Broncos for quarterback Trevor Siemian to be the backup to free agent prize Kirk Cousins. Though Siemian started 24 games for the Broncos over the past two seasons, he didn't balk at his unquestioned place as the second-stringer on the depth chart. "I'm here for Kirk...Navratilova upset with pay inequity ... we were not told the truth."....