All about Drugs, live, by DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO, Worlddrugtracker, OPEN SUPERSTAR Helping millions, 10 million hits on google, pushing boundaries,2.5 lakh plus connections worldwide, 24 lakh plus VIEWS on this blog in 221 countries, 7 CONTINENTS The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent, USE CTRL AND+ KEY TO ENLARGE BLOG VIEW……………………A 90 % paralysed man in action for you, I am suffering from transverse mylitis and bound to a wheel chair, With death on the horizon, I have lot to acheive

Follow Blog via Email

DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO, Born in Mumbai in 1964 and graduated from Mumbai University, Completed his Ph.D from ICT, 1991,Matunga, Mumbai, India, in Organic Chemistry, The thesis topic was Synthesis of Novel Pyrethroid Analogues, Currently he is working with GLENMARK PHARMACEUTICALS LTD, Research Centre as Principal Scientist, Process Research (bulk actives) at Mahape, Navi Mumbai, India. Total Industry exp 30 plus yrs, Prior to joining Glenmark, he has worked with major multinationals like Hoechst Marion Roussel, now Sanofi, Searle India Ltd, now RPG lifesciences, etc. He has worked with notable scientists like Dr K Nagarajan, Dr Ralph Stapel, Prof S Seshadri, Dr T.V. Radhakrishnan and Dr B. K. Kulkarni, etc, He did custom synthesis for major multinationals in his career like BASF, Novartis, Sanofi, etc., He has worked in Discovery, Natural products, Bulk drugs, Generics, Intermediates, Fine chemicals, Neutraceuticals, GMP, Scaleups, etc, he is now helping millions, has 9 million plus hits on Google on all Organic chemistry websites. His friends call him Open superstar worlddrugtracker. His New Drug Approvals, Green Chemistry International, All about drugs, Eurekamoments, Organic spectroscopy international,
etc in organic chemistry are some most read blogs He has hands on experience in initiation and developing novel routes for drug molecules
and implementation them on commercial scale over a 30 year tenure till date Dec 2017, Around 35 plus products in his career. He has good knowledge of IPM, GMP, Regulatory aspects, he has several International patents published worldwide . He has good proficiency in Technology transfer, Spectroscopy, Stereochemistry, Synthesis, Polymorphism etc., He suffered a paralytic stroke/ Acute Transverse mylitis in Dec 2007 and is 90 %Paralysed, He is bound to a wheelchair, this seems to have injected feul in him to help chemists all around the world, he is more active than before and is pushing boundaries, He has 9 million plus hits on Google, 2.5 lakh plus connections on all networking sites, 50 Lakh plus views on dozen plus blogs, He makes himself available to all, contact him on +91 9323115463, email amcrasto@gmail.com, Twitter, @amcrasto , He lives and will die for his family, 90% paralysis cannot kill his soul., Notably he has 19 lakh plus views on New Drug Approvals Blog in 216 countries......https://newdrugapprovals.wordpress.com/ , He appreciates the help he gets from one and all, Friends, Family, Glenmark, Readers, Wellwishers, Doctors, Drug authorities, His Contacts, Physiotherapist, etc

Fosdevirine, also known as GSK2248761 and IDX899, a Highly Potent Anti-HIV Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor having an EC50 of 11 nM against the Y181C/K103N double mutant. GSK2248761 is a novel, once-daily (QD), next-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with activity against efavirenz-resistant strains. GSK2248761 at 100 to 800 mg QD for 7 days was well tolerated, demonstrated potent antiviral activity in treatment-naive HIV-infected subjects, and had favorable PK and resistance profiles. GSK2248761 is no longer in clinical development.

IDX-12899 is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) originated by Idenix (acquired by Merck & Co.). It had been in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of HIV infection. However, in 2010, the compound was placed on clinical hold by the FDA. In 2009, the compound was licensed by Idenix to GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of HIV infection on a worldwide basis.

[00348] A suitable reactor was charged Compound 301 (10Og, 0.23mol) and tetrahydrofuran (IL). The resulting solution was chilled between -90° to -100°C under nitrogen using a LN2 / IPA slush bath, then was treated with n-butyl lithium (2.5M in Hexanes, 99ml, 0.25mol) added over 10 minutes. To this was added diethyl chlorophosphite (37.1g, 0.24mol) over 10 minutes. HPLC (Method 001, RT = 18.9 min) showed no starting material and ca. 85% product. The reaction was then diluted with ethyl acetate (IL) and was allowed to warm to -4O0C. The mix was then treated with hydrochloric acid (0.5M, 590ml) and was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stir for 30 minutes. The resulting layers were separated and the aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate (500ml). The organics were combined and washed with brine (500ml) dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to an oil. 88% HPLC AUC (Method 20, RT = 5.8 min) 115g, >100% yield due to impurities and solvent. Used as is in the next step. Compound 303

[003511 A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 303 (537g, 0.90mol) and methylene chloride (2.0L). The resulting solution was cooled to O0C, and was treated with bromotrimethylsilane (45Og, 2.9mol) added over 15 minutes. The reaction was then warmed to 400C for 1.5 hours. ΗPLC (Method 20, RT = 4.4 min) indicated a complete reaction. The excess TMSBr was stripped under vacuum (40 – 45°C) and the resulting sticky solid was resuspended in DCM (2.5L) and chilled to 00C. Oxalyl chloride (156ml, 1.8mol) was added over 15 minutes, followed by N,N-dimethylformamide (13.7ml, 0.18mol) both added at O0C. Gas evolution was observed during the DMF addition. After 1 hour, ΗPLC (Method 20, RT = 6.2 min, sample quenched with anhydrous methanol prior to injection) showed a complete reaction. The solvents were stripped again to remove residual oxalyl chloride and the mix resuspended in chilled methanol (3.0L) at 0° – 5°C, and then was allowed to warm to ambient. After two hours, HPLC indicated a complete reaction (HPLC Method 20, RT = 6.2 min). The solution was concentrated to a volume of 1.5L, and the resulting thin slurry was cooled to 0°C, and was diluted with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (126g, 3L water). After 2 hours at 50C, the product was filtered and washed with cold water / methanol (2:1, 1.5L) then dried to leave 50Og Compound 304. HPLC (Method 20) purity 92% used as is.

Compound 305

[00352] A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 304 (ca. 28Og, 0.48mol) and tetrahydrofuran (2.8L). The resulting solution was then cooled to 5°C and was treated with lithium hydroxide monohydrate (45g, 1.07mol) added in one portion. The reaction was allowed to warm to ambient, during which time the color lightened and a white precipitate formed. After overnight stirring, HPLC indicated an incomplete reaction (Method 20, product RT = 4.3, partially deprotected RT = 5.1, major impurity RT = 3.8). An additional 10% LiOH-H2O was added, but after 10 hours, the partially deprotected intermediate remained at 5%, and the impurity peak at 3.8 minutes had increased to ca. 25%. The reaction was cooled to 50C and was acidified with hydrochloric acid (5N, 280ml) then was diluted with ethyl acetate (2L). The layers were separated and the aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate (500ml). The combined organics were washed with brine (IL) and dried with sodium sulfate, then concentrated to leave a crude oily solid, Compound 305. Ca. 300g, HPLC AUC 57%.

[00353] The crude product was taken up in acetonitrile (1.2L) at 4O0C, and the product triturated w/ water (1.2L). The resulting slurry was cooled to 50C and was allowed to granulate for 30 minutes, after which time the product was filtered and washed with ACN:H2O (1 :1, 100 ml). Ca. 103g, 88% by HPLC. The product was then recrystallized from 360ml ACN at 400C and 360ml water as before. Filtered, washed and dried to leave 75g Compound 305. HPLC AUC 97%. Used as is in the next step.

Compound 306 (chiral resolution)

[00354] A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 305 (28Og, 0.66mol) and acetone (4.2L). The resulting thin slurry was then treated with (-)-cinchonidine (199g, 0.66mol) added in one portion. After one hour, a solution had formed, and after an additional hour, a white solid precipitated, and the mix was left to stir for an additional two hours (four hours total) after which time the solids were filtered, washed with acetone (200ml) and dried to leave 199g Crude Compound 306 cinchonidine salt. HPLC showed an isomer ratio of 96:4.

[00355] The crude salt was then slurried in ethyl acetate (3L) and hydrochloric acid (IN, 3L). The two phase solution was vigorously stirred for 2 hours at ambient temperature. The layers were separated, and the aqueous extracted with ethyl acetate (3L). The organics were combined, dried with sodium sulfate, and concentrated to leave the free base Compound 306, 107g, 95:5 by chiral HPLC.

[00356] The crude Compound 306 was then suspended in acetone (1.07L) and treated with (-)-cinchonidine (76g, 0.26 mol.) After 4 hours total stir time (as above) the solids were filtered, washed with acetone (200ml) and dried to leave 199g of the salt. HPLC 98.6:1.4.

[00358] A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 306 (0.63g, O.OOHmol) and 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane (10ml.) The mix was treated with 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (0.47g, 0.0028mol) added in one portion, and the mix was allowed to stir at ambient temperature until gas evolution ceased (ca. 1.5 hours.) The solution was then cooled to 50C, and was sparged with ammonia gas for 5 minutes. HPLC (Method 20, product RT=5.0 min) showed a complete reaction after one hour at ambient. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 1Og crushed ice, and was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the DME. The resulting slurry was stirred for one hour at 50C to granulate the product. The solids were filtered and dried to leave pure Compound III ((2-Carbamoyl-5-chloro-4-fluoro-lH-indol-3- yl)-[3-((E)-2-cyano-vinyl)-5-methyl-phenyl]-(S)-phosphinic acid methyl ester) as a white solid 0.56g, 89% yield. HPLC (Method 20) chemical purity 98.5%. Chiral purity 97%. [00359] A suitable reactor was charged with Compound 306 (1Og, 0.024mol) and 1,2- dimethoxyethane (150ml). The mix was treated with 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole (7.8g, 0.048mol) added in one portion, and the mix was allowed to stir at ambient temperature until gas evolution ceased. The solution was then cooled to 5°C, and was sparged with ammonia gas for 5 minutes. HPLC (Method 20, product RT=5.0 min) showed a complete reaction after one hour. The reaction was quenched by the addition of lOOg crushed ice, and was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the DME. The resulting oily solid (in water) was diluted with methanol (20ml) and stirred for one hour at 50C to granulate the product. The solids were filtered and dried to leave pure Compound III ((2-Carbamoyl-5- chloro-4-fluoro-lH-indol-3-yl)-[3-((E)-2-cyano-vinyl)-5-methyl-phenyI]-(S)-phosphinic acid methyl ester). 9.8g, 98% yield. HPLC (Method 20) chemical purity 99.5%. Chiral purity 94.3%.

Amidation of indole 2-carboxylate 1 with ammonia gas via the imidazolide 2 gave GSK2248761A API 3, which was in development for the treatment of HIV. Three significant impurities, namely the phosphinic acid 4, the N-acyl urea 8, and the indoloyl carboxamide 6, were formed during the reaction, and the original process was unable to produce API within clinical specification when run at scale. Investigation into the origin, fate, and control of these impurities led to a new process which was able to produce API within clinical specification.

Abstract

A new and improved synthetic route to an intermediate in the synthesis of the phosphinate ester GSK2248761A is described. In the key step, we describe the first process-scale example of a palladium-catalyzed phosphorus–carbon coupling to give the entire backbone of GSK2248761A in one telescoped stage in 65% average yield on a 68 kg scale. This unusual chemistry enabled the route to be reduced from six chemistry stages to four and eliminated a number of environmentally unfriendly reagents and solvents.

Netarsudil dimesylate is a light yellow-to-white powder that is freely soluble in water, soluble in methanol, sparingly soluble in dimethyl formamide, and practically insoluble in dichloromethane and heptane.

Netarsudil ophthalmic solution 0.02% is supplied as a sterile, isotonic, buffered aqueous solution of netarsudil dimesylate with a pH of approximately 5 and an osmolality of approximately 295 mOsmol/kg. It is intended for topical application in the eye. Each mL of netarsudil contains 0.2 mg of netarsudil (equivalent to 0.28 mg of netarsudil dimesylate). Benzalkonium chloride, 0.015%, is added as a preservative. The inactive ingredients are: boric acid, mannitol, sodium hydroxide to adjust pH, and water for injection

Netarsudil, also known as AR-11324, is a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor. Netarsudil is potential useful for treating glaucoma and/or reducing intraocular pressure. Netarsudil Increases Outflow Facility in Human Eyes Through Multiple Mechanisms. Netarsudil inhibited kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 with a Ki of 1 nM each, disrupted actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in TM cells with IC50s of 79 and 16 nM, respectively, and blocked the profibrotic effects of TGF-β2 in HTM cells. Netarsudil produced large reductions in IOP in rabbits and monkeys that were sustained for at least 24 h after once daily dosing, with transient, mild hyperemia observed as the only adverse effect.

Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is a kinase belonging to the AGC (PKA/ PKG/PKC) family of serine-threonine kinases. It is involved mainly in regulating the shape and movement of cells by acting on the cytoskeleton. ROCK signaling plays an important role in many diseases including diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson´s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pulmonary hypertension and cancer. It has been shown to be involved in causing tissue thickening and stiffening around tumours in a mouse model of skin cancer, principally by increasing the amount of collagen in the tissue around the tumour.

WO 2014144781

SYNTHESIS

WO2010127329

CONTINUED………..

PATENT

WO 2014144781

CN 107434780

[0091] The 2,4-dimethyl benzoic acid (1.5g, IOmmol) and a catalytic amount of DMF was added to the toluene and cooled to 2-5 ° C, was added dropwise oxalyl chloride (I.64g, 13_〇1 ), warmed to room temperature after dropwise, stirred overnight, during which a solid gradually dissolved to give a clear solution, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give a yellow oil with dichloromethane (IOml) was dissolved in dichloromethane to give the acid chloride ;

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Lutathera (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) for the treatment of a type of cancer that affects the pancreas or gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). This is the first time a radioactive drug, or radiopharmaceutical, has been approved for the treatment of GEP-NETs. Lutathera is indicated for adult patients with somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NETs. Continue reading.\

Release

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Lutathera (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) for the treatment of a type of cancer that affects the pancreas or gastrointestinal tract called gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). This is the first time a radioactive drug, or radiopharmaceutical, has been approved for the treatment of GEP-NETs. Lutathera is indicated for adult patients with somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NETs.

“GEP-NETs are a rare group of cancers with limited treatment options after initial therapy fails to keep the cancer from growing,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., director of the FDA’s Oncology Center of Excellence and acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “This approval provides another treatment choice for patients with these rare cancers. It also demonstrates how the FDA may consider data from therapies that are used in an expanded access program to support approval for a new treatment.”

GEP-NETs can be present in the pancreas and in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract such as the stomach, intestines, colon and rectum. It is estimated that approximately one out of 27,000 people are diagnosed with GEP-NETs per year.

Lutathera is a radioactive drug that works by binding to a part of a cell called a somatostatin receptor, which may be present on certain tumors. After binding to the receptor, the drug enters the cell allowing radiation to cause damage to the tumor cells.

The approval of Lutathera was supported by two studies. The first was a randomized clinical trial in 229 patients with a certain type of advanced somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NET. Patients in the trial either received Lutathera in combination with the drug octreotide or octreotide alone. The study measured the length of time the tumors did not grow after treatment (progression-free survival). Progression-free survival was longer for patients taking Lutathera with octreotide compared to patients who received octreotide alone. This means the risk of tumor growth or patient death was lower for patients who received Lutathera with octreotide compared to that of patients who received only octreotide.

The second study was based on data from 1,214 patients with somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, including GEP-NETS, who received Lutathera at a single site in the Netherlands. Complete or partial tumor shrinkage was reported in 16 percent of a subset of 360 patients with GEP-NETs who were evaluated for response by the FDA. Patients initially enrolled in the study received Lutathera as part of an expanded access program. Expanded access is a way for patients with serious or immediately life-threatening diseases or conditions who lack therapeutic alternatives to gain access to investigational drugs for treatment use.

Common side effects of Lutathera include low levels of white blood cells (lymphopenia), high levels of enzymes in certain organs (increased GGT, AST and/or ALT), vomiting, nausea, high levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia).

Serious side effects of Lutathera include low levels of blood cells (myelosuppression), development of certain blood or bone marrow cancers (secondary myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia), kidney damage (renal toxicity), liver damage (hepatotoxicity), abnormal levels of hormones in the body (neuroendocrine hormonal crises) and infertility. Lutathera can cause harm to a developing fetus; women should be advised of the potential risk to the fetus and to use effective contraception. Patients taking Lutathera are exposed to radiation. Exposure of other patients, medical personnel, and household members should be limited in accordance with radiation safety practices.

Lutathera was granted Priority Review, under which the FDA’s goal is to take action on an application within six months where the agency determines that the drug, if approved, would significantly improve the safety or effectiveness of treating, diagnosing or preventing a serious condition. Lutathera also received Orphan Drugdesignation, which provides incentives to assist and encourage the development of drugs for rare diseases.

The FDA granted the approval of Lutathera to Advanced Accelerator Applications.

Lutetium-177

Lutetium-177 has been quite a late addition as an isotope of significance to the nuclear medicine yet it is making big strides especially as a therapeutic radiopharmaceutical for neuroendocrine tumours in the form of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE on regular basis as described by Das & Pillai (2013).

Lutetium-177 a lanthanide is an f block element that has a half-life of 6.7 days and decays mainly by beta emission to Hf-177, is accompanied by two gamma ray emissions. These radionuclide properties are very similar to those of I-131 which has long served as a therapeutic radionuclide, it was therefore not surprising that Lu-177 also emerged as a highly valuable radionuclide for similar applications,

There are several other upcoming applications especially for bone pain palliatiion. As a result of its convenient production logistics Lu-177 as discussed by Pillai et al (2003) is fast emerging a radionuclide of choice in radionuclide therapy (RNT).

Lu-177 can be prepared in a nuclear reactor by one of the two reactions given below :

176Lu(n,gamma)177Lu or

176Yb(n,gamma)177Yb –beta–> 177Lu

The former reaction has a high thermal neutron capture cross section and is presently the method adopted at our reactors in spite of the formation of long lived Lu-177m whose yield is very much low and is considered insignificant to cause any great concern.

Lutetium-177 Impact

Recently there has been a rush of several research reviews and articles where Lu-177 holds the centre stage, for example, Banerjee et al (2015) have reviewed the chemistry and applications of Lu-177; Dash et al (2015) reviewed its production and available options; Knapp & Pillai (2015) highlighted its usefulness in cancer treatment and chronic diseases and Pillai and Knapp (2015) have discussed the evolving role of Lu-177 in nuclear medicine with this ready availability of Lu-177. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy is one of the upcoming field of investigation where Lu-177 holds much promise among few other radionuclides. Indeed Lutetium-177 has covered a good distance especially for Therapeutic and as a palliative radiopharmaceutical.

Limouris (2012) has reviewed applications in neuroendocrine tumors with focus on Liver metastasis. Das and Banerjee (2015) described the potential theranostic applications with Lu-177.

Anderson et al (1960) were among the first to use Lutetium (as chloride and citrate) in a clinical trial which were not so successful and did not encourage much promise. Keeling et al (1988) published their results with in vitro uptake of Lutetium hydroxylapatite particles. Lu-EDTMP as bone palliating agent by Ando et al (1998) soon followed, However the greatest impact was seen with the advent of a somatostatin analogue Lu-DOTATATE for targetting neuroendocrine tumors reported by Kwekkeboom et al (2001) and reviewed recently by Bodei et al (2013).

PRRNT – IAEA (2013) has brought out a human health series booklet on the subject with emphasis on neuroendocrine tumors.

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

DOTA-TATE, DOTATATE or DOTA-octreotate is a substance which, when bound to various radionuclides, has been tested for the treatment and diagnosis of certain types of cancer, mainly neuroendocrine tumours.

Chemistry and mechanism of action

DOTA-TATE is an amide of the acid DOTA (top left in the image), which acts as a chelator for a radionuclide, and (Tyr3)-octreotate, a derivative of octreotide. The latter binds to somatostatin receptors, which are found on the cell surfaces of a number of neuroendocrine tumours, and thus directs the radioactivity into the tumour.

Patients are typically treated with an intravenous infusion of 7.5 GBq of lutetium-177 octreotate. After about four to six hours, the exposure rate of the patient has fallen to less than 25 microsieverts per hour at one metre and the patients can be discharged from hospital.

A course of therapy consists of four infusions at three monthly intervals.[5]

Availability

Lu177 octreotate therapy is currently available under research protocols in five different medical centers in North America: Los Angeles (CA), Quebec City, (Qc), Birmingham, AL, Edmonton, (Ab), London, (On) as Houston (Tx) on clinical trial.[6] Medical centers in Europe also offer this treatment. For instance: Cerrahpasa Hospital in Turkey, Uppsala Centre of Excellence in Neuroendocrine Tumors in Sweden and Erasmus University in the Netherlands.[7] In Israel, treatment is available at Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center. In Australia, treatment is available at St George Hospital and Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney;[8] the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital in Brisbane [9], the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre [1] and at the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Fremantle Hospital in Western Australia.[10] In Aarhus universitet hospital in Denmark. In the coming years such therapy will also become commercially available in Latvia, Riga – “Clinic of nuclear medicine”.

Delafloxacin is a Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial. The chemical classification of delafloxacin is Fluoroquinolones.

Delafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic which has been used in trials studying the treatment and basic science of Gonorrhea, Hepatic Impairment, Bacterial Skin Diseases, Skin Structure Infections, and Community Acquired Pneumonia, among others. It was approved in June 2017 under the trade name Baxdela for use in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.

Adverse effects occurring in more than 2% of clinical trial subjects included nausea, diarrhea, headache, elevated transaminases, and vomiting.[1]

Interactions

Like other fluoroquinolones, delafloxacin chelates metals including aluminum, magnesium, sucralfate, iron, zinc, and divalent and trivalent cations like didanosine; using this drugs with antacids, some dietary supplements, or drugs buffered with any of these ions will interfere with available amounds of delafloxacin.[1]

Pharmacology

The half-life varies in around 8 hours at normal doses. Excretion is 65% through urine, mostly in unmetabolized form, and 28% via feces. Clearance is reduced in people with severe kidney disease.[3]

Chemistry

The chemical name is 1-Deoxy-1 (methylamino)-D-glucitol, 1-(6-amino-3,5-difluoropyridin-2-yl)-8-chloro-6-fluoro-7-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl) 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (salt).[1]

The injectable form of delafloxacin is sold as the megluminesalt of the active ingredient and its United States Adopted Name, delafloxacin meglumine, reflects that; the injection formulation also includes EDTA and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. The tablet is made of delafloxacin, citric acid anhydrous, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate.[1]

History

Delafloxacin was known as ABT-492, RX-3341, and WQ-3034 while it was under development.[4]

Key clinical trials for delafloxacin have been performed by Melinta regarding indications for skin and skin structure infections as well as complicated bacterial infections and uncomplicated gonorrhea. The trial on gonorrhea was terminated before data was released.[7]

Delafloxacin was approved by the FDA in June 2017, after it was noninferior to vancomycin plus aztreonam in two trials on 1042 patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection.[8] New Drug Applications (NDA) for delafloxacin (Baxdela) 450 mg tablets and 300 mg injections were approved by the FDA in June 2017.[9]

Melinta has entered into commercialization and distribution agreements with both Menarini Therapeutics (March 2017) and Eurofarma Laboratórios (January 2015) for international commercialization of delafloxacin. The agreement with Menarini allows them to commercialize and distribute in 68 countries, including Europe, China, and South Korea among others. A similar agreement with Eurofarma allows for commercialization in Brazil.[7]

The total synthesis of quinolone antibiotic ABT-492 has been achieved in 67% yield over nine steps from 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoic acid. The highlights of this synthesis include a novel chemoselective chlorination at the 8-position of a highly elaborated quinolone core. In addition, a Lewis acid promoted cyclization reaction to form the quinolone heterocycle was developed which was incorporated into a one-pot, three-step cyclization/coupling/protection sequence that proceeds in 93% yield.

EXAMPLE 5
A solution of 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoic acid (139.5Kg) in DMF (8.4Kg) and toluene (613Kg) was treated with thionyl chloride (139.4Kg), stirred at 60°C for 3.5 hours, cooled to 250C, concentrated to 20% of its original volume, treated with toluene (600Kg), distilled and stored at ambient temperature.

EXAMPLE 7A
A solution of EXAMPLE 6 (83.2Kg) in triethyl orthoformate (80.1Kg) at reflux was stirred for 0.5-1 hour, treated with acetic anhydride (103.5Kg), stirred for 12 hours and cooled to ambient temperature to provide a solution that was used immediately.

EXAMPLE 8A
A mixture of EXAMPLE 7 (115Kg) and lithium chloride (24.3Kg) in
N-methylpyrrolidinone (769Kg) below 350C was treated with DBU (946.1Kg) and stirred for 2 hours to provide a solution of EXAMPLE 8 A that was used immediately.

EXAMPLE 8B
The solution of EXAMPLE 8A below 4O0C was treated with EXAMPLE 2 (33.9Kg) and DBU (109Kg) and stirred for 2-5 hours to provide a solution of EXAMPLE 8B that was used immediately.

Naldemedine is an opioid receptor antagonist [FDA Label]. It is a modified form of [DB00704] to which a side chain has been added to increase molecular weight and polar surface area resulting in restricted transport across the blood brain barrier. Naldemedine was approved in 2017 in both the US and Japan for the treatment of Opioid-induced Constipation.

Naldemedine, also known as S 297995, is a peripherally-selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist under development by Shionogi for the treatment of opioid-induced adverse effects including constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Clinical studies have thus far found it to possess statistically significant effectiveness for these indications and to be generally well-tolerated with predominantly mild to moderate gastrointestinal side effects. No effects indicative of central opioid withdrawal or impact on the analgesic or mydriatic effects of co-administered opioids have been observed.

Commercialization

Naldemedine is manufactured by Shionogi Inc., a U.S. based subsidiary of Shionogi & Co., Ltd. Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (SGIOF) is a Japanese pharmaceutical company founded in 1878 based in Osaka, Japan. Shionogi Inc. is fully funded by its parent company, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. The parent company specializes in pharmaceuticals, diagnostic reagents and medical devices in Japan and internationally. Naldemedine is their only gastroenterology product in the United States.

In the US market, Shionogi Inc. has partnered with Purdue Pharma in a joint venture for US commercialization of Symproic.[4] Purdue Pharma LP is a privately held pharmaceutical company based in the United States that specializes in chronic pain disorders.[5]

Purdue Pharma appealed to remove the Class II scheduling of Symproic as accordant to the Controlled Substances Act. The appeal was posted to the Federal Register on July 12, 2017.[6] The Drug Enforcement Administration officially removed the Class II scheduling in September 2017.[7]

SYN

US 8084460

WO 2012063933

Manufacturer Finances

Since 2015, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. has produced increasing net income. At the end of fiscal year 2016, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. had a net income of $66,687,000. At the end of fiscal year 2017, they increased their net income to $83,879,000.[8] How much of this is attributed to sales of Symproic is unknown. Shionogi & Co., Ltd. ends their fiscal year on March 31 of each year. Considering the drug was only FDA approved on March 23 of 2017, the true valuation of the drug is yet to be seen. Purdue Pharma has begun advertising for the medication to be available by October 2017.[9]

Intellectual Property

There are currently three patents issued for naldemedine tosylate by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. All patents are owned by Shionogi Inc. and will expire from 2026-2031.[10] Naldemedine tosylate has 46 other patents in 18 different countries.[11]

Preclinical Trials

12 Phase I clinical trials were reported for the use of naldemedine in healthy volunteers.[12] In a single ascending dose study, subjects received one dose of naldemedine (0.1–100 mg) or one dose of a placebo. In a multiple ascending dose study, subjects received once daily naldemedine (3–30 mg) or placebo for 10 days. Maximum plasma concentrations were reached within 0.5-0.75 hours. There were no reported major safety concerns, even at doses 150-500 times the available dose of 0.2 mg. In both studies, gastrointestinal events occurred more frequently with naldemedine, but researchers concluded these to be treatment related.[13]

Clinical Trials

The approval of naldemedine came from the results of the COMPOSE program, a phase three clinical studies program conducted in adults 18–80 years of age with chronic non-cancer pain opioid induced constipation. COMPOSE-I and COMPOSE-II were 12-week double blind randomized controlled trials comparing the use of naldemedine to placebo in the patient population. COMPOSE-I began in August 2013 until January 2015 in 68 outpatient clinic in seven countries. COMPOSE-II began in November 2013 until June 2015 taking place in 69 outpatient clinics in six countries. In both trials, patients were randomly assigned to receive either naldemedine 0.2 mg or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. A responder had at least three spontaneous bowel movements per week with an increase of one spontaneous bowel movement for nine of the 12 weeks, including three of the final four weeks of the study. In COMPOSE-I and COMPOSE-II, the proportion of responders were significantly higher in the naldemedine group than the placebo group. Adverse events were similar in both trials, however, patients in the naldemedine group had slightly higher rates of adverse events.[14]

COMPOSE-III was a 52 week clinical trial examining the long term safety with naldemedine in patients with non cancer chronic pain. Results from this trial showed statistical significance for increased weekly bowel movements and no opioid withdrawal symptoms. The study also concluded adverse effects were more similar between two groups.[12]

All trials were conducted following Good Clinical Practice guidelines.[12]

Discovery of 7-hydroxyaporphines as conformationally restricted ligands for beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors

aDepartment of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Science and Research Building 2, Houston, USAE-mail:gdcuny@central.uh.edu

Abstract

A series of (−)-nornuciferidine derivatives was synthesized and the non-natural enantiomer of the aporphine alkaloid was discovered to be a potent β1– and β2-adrenergic receptor ligand that antagonized isoproterenol and procaterol induced cyclic AMP increases from adenylyl cyclase, respectively. Progressive deconstruction of the tetracyclic scaffold to less complex cyclic and acyclic analogues revealed that the conformationally restricted (6a-R,7-R)-7-hydroxyaporphine 2 (AK-2-202) was necessary for efficient receptor binding and antagonism.

Abstract

7-Oxygenated aporphines 1–6 possessing anti-configurations have previously been reported. In order to explore their bioactivities, a synthesis was established by utilizing a diastereoselective reductive acid-mediated cyclization followed by palladium-catalyzed ortho-arylations. Moderate XPhos precatalyst loading (10 mol %) and short reaction times (30 min) were sufficient to mediate the arylations. Alkaloids 1–5 were successfully prepared, while (−)-artabonatine A was revised to syn-isomer 30. Consequently, (−)-artabonatine E likely also has a syn-configuration (31).

Lasmiditan (COL-144) is an investigational drug for the treatment of acute migraine. It is being developed by Eli Lilly and is in phase III clinical trials. It is a first-in-class “neurally acting anti-migraine agent” ditan.

WO-2018010345, from Solipharma and the inventor on this API. Eli Lilly , following its acquisition of CoLucid Pharmaceuticals , is developing lasmiditan, a 5-HT 1f agonist, for treating acute migraine.

Phase II clinical trials for dose finding purposes were completed in 2007 for an intravenous form[6] and in early 2010 for an oral form.[7]Two separate Phase III clinical trials for the oral version are currently ongoing under special protocol agreements with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Eli Lilly has stated that they intend to submit a new drug application to the FDA in early 2018.[5]

As of 2017, three phase III clinical trials have been completed or are in progress. The SPARTAN trial compares placebo with 50, 100, and 200 mg of lasmiditan.[8] SAMURAI compared placebo with 100 and 200 mg doses of lasmidatin. In 2016, CoLucid announced that the trial had met its primary and secondary endpoints of patients being pain-free two hours after dosing.[5] GLADIATOR is an open-labelstudy comparing 100 and 200 mg doses of lasmidatin in patients that received the drug as part of a prior trial.[9] In August 2017 topline results from the SPARTAN trial showed that the drug induced met its primary and secondary endpoints in the trial. The primary result showed a statistically significant improvement in pain relief relative to placebo 2 hours after the first dose. The secondary result showed a statistically significantly greater percentage of patients were free of their most bothersome symptom (MBS) compared with placebo at two hours following the first dose. [10]

Biological Activity

In vitro binding studies show a K(i) value of 2.21 nM at the 5-HT(1F) receptor, compared with K(i) values of 1043 nM and 1357 nM at the 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(1D) receptors, respectively, a selectivity ratio greater than 470-fold. Lasmiditan showed higher selectivity for the 5-HT(1F) receptor relative to other 5-HT(1) receptor subtypes than the first generation 5-HT(1F) receptor agonist LY334370.

In two rodent models of migraine, oral administration of lasmiditan potently inhibited markers associated with electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion (dural plasma protein extravasation, and induction of the immediate early gene c-Fos in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis).

Conversion of different model animals based on BSA (Value based on data from FDA Draft Guidelines)

Species

Mouse

Rat

Rabbit

Guinea pig

Hamster

Dog

Weight (kg)

0.02

0.15

1.8

0.4

0.08

10

Body Surface Area (m2)

0.007

0.025

0.15

0.05

0.02

0.5

Km factor

3

6

12

8

5

20

Animal A (mg/kg) = Animal B (mg/kg) multiplied by

Animal B Km

Animal A Km

For example, to modify the dose of resveratrol used for a mouse (22.4 mg/kg) to a dose based on the BSA for a rat, multiply 22.4 mg/kg by the Km factor for a mouse and then divide by the Km factor for a rat. This calculation results in a rat equivalent dose for resveratrol of 11.2 mg/kg.

Heat R-acid chloride (300 μL of 0.5M solution in pyridine) to 55°C, add 2-amino- (6-(l-methylpiperidin-4-ylcarbonyl)-pyridine (200 μL of 0.5M solution in pyridine), and continue heating the reaction mixture for 24 hr. Concentrate the reaction mixture and then dilute with 10% Acetic acid in methanol (0.5 mL) and methanol (0.5 mL). Load the resulting reaction mixture directly onto a 2 g SCX column. Thoroughly wash the column with methanol and then elute the column with 1 M ammonia in methanol. Concentrate the eluent and then further purify the product by high- throughput mass guided chromatography. This procedure is repeated in parallel for examples 55-58.

Examples 59-71

Heat 2-amino-(6-(l-methylpiperidin-4-ylcarbonyl)-pyridine (200 μL of 0.5M solution in pyridine) to 55°C then add R-acid chloride (0.10 mmol), heat for 2 hr. Concentrate the reaction mixture and then dilute with 10% Acetic acid in methanol (0.5 mL) and methanol (0.5 mL). Load the resulting reaction mixture directly onto a 2 g SCX column. Thoroughly wash the column with methanol and then elute the column with 1 M ammonia in methanol. Concentrate the eluent and then further purify the product by high-throughput mass guided chromatography. This procedure is repeated in parallel for examples 59-71.

Lasmiditan, also known as COL-144, LY573144, is a 5-HT 1F receptor agonist. Can be used to inhibit neuronal protein extravasation, to treat or prevent migraine in patients with diseases or conditions associated with other 5-HT 1F receptor dysfunction. The chemical name is 2,4,6-trifluoro-N- [6 – [(1 -methylpiperidin-4-yl) carbonyl] -pyridin- 2-yl] -benzamide, which has the chemical structure shown below I) shows:

Patent document CN100352817C reports on Lasmiditan, Lasmiditan hemisuccinate and Lasmiditan hydrochloride and the synthetic preparation thereof, and discloses the mass spectra of Lasmiditan, Lasmiditan hemisuccinate and Lasmiditan hydrochloride, 1 H-NMR, 13 C -NMR detection data and the melting points of Lasmiditan hemisuccinate and Lasmiditan hydrochloride. The inventor of the present invention has found that Lasmiditan, which is obtained according to the preparation method of Example 17 and Example 21 in CN100352817C, is a light brown oily amorphous substance, which has the defects of instability, moisture absorption and poor morphology.

Example 8 of patent document CN100352817C reports the preparation of Lasmiditan hydrochloride, which mentions Lasmiditan free base as an oily substance. The Lasmiditan hydrochloride obtained according to the preparation method of Example 8 in CN100352817 is a white amorphous substance which also has the disadvantages of unstable crystalline form, high hygroscopicity and poor topography.

The synthesis of Lasmiditan hemisuccinate intermediate, including Lasmiditan and Lasmiditan hydrochloride, is reported in Example 2 of U.S. Patent No. 8,697,876 B2. The inventor’s study found that Lasmiditan prepared according to US8697876B2 is also a pale brown oily amorphous substance and Lasmiditan hydrochloride is also a white amorphous substance.

In view of the deficiencies in the prior art, there is still a need in the art for the development of crystalline polymorphic Lasmiditan solid forms with more improved properties to meet the rigorous requirements of pharmaceutical formulations for physico-chemical properties such as morphology, stability and the like of active materials.

Preparation 1 Preparation of Lasmiditan (Prior Art)

Lasmiditan was prepared as described in Example 21 of CN100352817C by the following procedure: Triethylamine (10.67 mL, 76.70 mmol, 2.4 equiv) was added to a solution of 2-amino- (6- (1-methylpiperidine -4-yl) -carbonyl) -pyridine (7 g, 31.96 mmol, 1 eq) in dry THF (100 mL). 2,4,6-Trifluorobenzoyl chloride (7.46 g, 5 mL, 38.35 mmol, 1.20 equiv.) Was added dropwise at room temperature. After 2 hours, an additional 2,4,6-trifluorobenzoyl chloride (0.75 mL, 0.15 eq) and triethylamine (1.32 mL, 0.3 eq) were added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was stirred for a further 3 h. The reaction was quenched with distilled water (10 mL) and 30% NaOH (15 mL). The resulting two-phase system was stirred for 1 hour, then the two phases were separated. By addition of H 2 to extract the organic portion O (75mL) and acetic acid (12mL), followed by addition of cyclohexane (70mL). The organic portion was washed with water (50 mL) containing acetic acid (1 mL). All aqueous phases were combined, washed and neutralized with 30% NaOH (15 mL). Extract with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (3 x 50 mL). The organic phases were combined, dried MgS04 . 4 dried, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure and dried in vacuo at room temperature to give the title compound as a pale brown solid (11.031g, 91% yield).

The isothermal adsorption curve shown in Figure 5, in the 0% to 80% relative humidity range of 9.5% weight change.

The above characterization results show that Lasmiditan obtained by the preparation method of Example 21 according to CN100352817C is amorphous.

Preparation 2 Preparation of Lasmiditan hydrochloride (Prior Art)

The Lasmiditan hydrochloride was prepared as described in Example 8 of CN100352817C by the following procedure: A mixture of 2-amino-6- (1-methylpiperidin-4-yloxy) pyridine Trifluorobenzoyl chloride (3.57 g, 18.4 mmol) and 1,4-dioxane (100 mL) were combined and heated to reflux with heating. After 3 hours, cool the reaction mixture to room temperature, reduce pressure and concentrate. The concentrated mixture was loaded onto a SCX column (10 g), washed with methanol and eluted with 2M ammonia in methanol. The eluate was concentrated to give the title compound as an oily free base (3.65 g (> 100%)). The oil was dissolved in methanol (50 mL) and treated with ammonium chloride (0.5 g, 9.2 mmol). The mixture was concentrated and dried in vacuo to give a white amorphous.

IC characterization showed that Lasmiditan hydrochloride salt formed by Lasmiditan and hydrochloric acid in a molar ratio of 1: 1.

The XRPD pattern shown in Figure 19, no diffraction peaks, no amorphous.

The PLM pattern is shown in Figure 20 as an irregular, unpolarized solid.

The isotherm adsorption curve is shown in FIG. 21, with a weight change of 8.1% in a relative humidity range of 0% to 80%.

The above characterization results show that: Lasmiditan hydrochloride obtained by the preparation method of Example 8 with reference to CN100352817C is amorphous.

Example 1

Take 500mg of Lasmiditan of Preparation 1, add 1mL methanol solution containing 5% water to clarify, evaporate the crystals at room temperature and evaporate dry after 1 day to obtain 487mg Lasmiditan Form 1 in 95% yield.

Nastorazepide, also known as Z-360, is a selective, orally available, 1,5-benzodiazepine-derivative gastrin/cholecystokinin 2 (CCK-2) receptor antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Z-360 binds to the gastrin/CCK-2 receptor, thereby preventing receptor activation by gastrin, a peptide hormone frequently associated with the proliferation of gastrointestinal and pancreatic tumor cells.

In January 2018, Zeria is developing nastorazepide calcium (phase II clinical trial), a CCK2 receptor antagonist, for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Zeria is developing nastorazepide calcium (Z-360), an oral CCK2 receptor (gastrin receptor) antagonist, for the potential treatment of pancreatic cancer. In September 2005, a phase Ib/IIa trial began in the UK for pancreatic cancer , in February 2008, the trial was completed ; in June 2008, data were presented . In March 2010, the drug was listed as being in phase II preparation in Europe ; in August 2011, this was still the case . In April 2014, a phase II trial began in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. In November 2015, the drug was listed as being in phase II development

Nastorazepide (calcium salt)

CAS No. : 343326-69-2

M.Wt:540.62Formula:C29H36N4O5Ca0.5

Cholecystokinin (CK) is a digestive hormone produced and released in the duodenum, jejunal membrane and is known to have actions such as secretion of secretion, constriction of the gallbladder, stimulation of insulin secretion and the like. C CK is also known to exist in high concentrations in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus, and it is also known that it has actions such as suppression of food intake, memory enhancement, anxiety action and the like. On the other hand, gastrin is a gastrointestinal hormone produced and released in G cells distributed in the pyloric region of the stomach, and it is known that it has gastric acid secretion action, contraction action of the gastric pyloric part and gallbladder, and the like. These C CK and gastrin have the same 5 amino acids at the C-terminus, and all express the action through the receptor. C CK receptors are classified into peripheral type C CK – A distributed in the ile, gall bladder and intestinal tract and central type C CK – B distributed in the brain. The gastrin receptor and the CKK – B receptor show similar properties in receptor binding experiments and sometimes called C CK 1 B / gastrin receptor due to high homology. These receptors, such as gastrin or a CCK-B receptor antagonist compound, are useful in the treatment of gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, splenitis, Zollinger-EUison syndrome, cavitary G cell hyperplasia, basal hyperplasia, Choleditis, gallstone stroke, gastrointestinal motility disorder, sensitive bowel syndrome, certain tumors, eating disorders, anxiety, panic disorder, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, late onset dyskinesia, It is expected to be useful for treatment and prevention of La Tourette’s syndrome, addiction due to drug ingestion, and withdrawal symptoms. It is also expected that the induction of analgesia or the enhancement of induction of analgesia by opioid drugs is expected (Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 106, 171-180 (1995), Drugs of the Future, Vol. 18, 919-931 (1993), American Journal of Physiology, Vol.

Compounds capable of strongly binding to gastrin or cholecystokinin receptors are expected for the prevention and treatment of diseases involving their respective receptors in the digestive tract and the central nervous system.

Compound A ((R) – (-) – 3- [3- (1-tert-butylcarbonylmethyl-2-oxo-5-cyclohexyl- 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro- 2H- 1,5-benzodiazepine -3-yl) ureido] benzoate) has the following structural formula and can be produced by the method described in Patent Document 1.

[Chemical formula 1]

Example 1
Compound A 20.0 g of amorphous substance was suspended in 253 mL of methanol. After dissolving by heating, it was cooled and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration and washed with methanol. The obtained wet crystals were dried under reduced pressure.

Example 1
(1) (R) – (-) – 2-Oxo-3-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-5-cyclohexyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,5-benzodiazepine (compound 2)), 139.3 g of 1-chloropinacolone and 8.3 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide in 1432 ml of toluene was added dropwise 461 g of 30% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution at 10 ° C. or lower. After stirring for 1 hour, the aqueous layer was removed. To the toluene layer, 620 ml of water was added and the liquid was separated, and the toluene layer was used for the next step.

(2) 628.9 g of hydrochloric acid was added dropwise to the toluene layer obtained in the previous step at 30 ° C. or lower. After stirring for 30 minutes, liquid separation was carried out, and the aqueous layer was separated. It was neutralized with 908.5 g of 30% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and extracted with 1432 ml of toluene. The toluene layer was separated with 620 g of a 20% sodium chloride aqueous solution, and toluene was distilled off under reduced pressure. (R) – (-) – 1 -tert-butylcarbonylmethyl-2-oxo-3-amino-5- cyclohexyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1,5-benzodiazepine (Compound (6) ) Was obtained.

(3) The (R) – (-) – 1-tert-butylcarbonylmethyl-2-oxo-3-amino-5-cyclohexyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1 , 5-benzodiazepine (Compound (6)), 221.8 g of 3-phenyloxycarbonylaminobenzoic acid, 174.5 g of triethylamine and 77.7 g of water were added and the mixture was stirred at 45 to 50 ° C. for 2 hours. To the reaction solution were added 1375 ml of ethanol and 930 ml of water, and 62.9 g of hydrochloric acid was added dropwise at 30 ° C. or lower. The precipitated crystals were centrifuged.
The obtained crystals were heated to dissolve in 4714 ml of ethanol at 60 ° C., and 2790 ml of water was added dropwise to precipitate crystals. The precipitated crystals were separated by centrifugation and dried under reduced pressure to give (R) – (-) – 3- [3- (1-tert-butylcarbonylmethyl-2-oxo-5-cyclohexyl- 5-tetrahydro-2H-1,5-benzodiazepin-3-yl) ureido] benzoic acid (Compound (5)) 0.5 ethanolate monohydrate 430.2 g.

Example 2 In
step (4) of Example 1, investigation was carried out by changing the amount of the solvent and sodium hydroxide.
First, when the IPA / water ratio is 1 / 2.5 to 1/10, preferably 1 / 2.75 to 1/8, more preferably 1 / 2.75 to 1/5, the compound (1 ) Amorphous can be stably obtained.
Next, when the amount of sodium hydroxide is 1.0 to 1.10 mol with respect to the compound (1) and the amount of calcium chloride is 0.5 to 1.5 mol with respect to the compound (1), the amount of the compound 1) can be obtained in high yield.
Further, it was found that impurities are not produced when the reaction temperature of the compound (1) and sodium hydroxide in the step (4) is 20 ° C. or less, more preferably 10 ° C. or less, further preferably 0 to 10 ° C.

Abstract

Fluoroform (CHF3) can be considered as an ideal reagent for difluoromethylation reactions. However, due to the low reactivity of fluoroform, only very few applications have been reported so far. Herein we report a continuous flow difluoromethylation protocol on sp3 carbons employing fluoroform as a reagent. The protocol is applicable for the direct Cα-difluoromethylation of protected α-amino acids, and enables a highly atom efficient synthesis of the active pharmaceutical ingredient eflornithine.

Conclusions

A gas–liquid continuous flow difluoromethylation protocol employing fluoroform as a reagent was reported. Fluoroform, a by-product of Teflon manufacture with little current synthetic value, is the most attractive reagent for difluoromethylation reactions. The continuous flow process allows this reaction to be performed within reaction times of 20 min with 2 equiv. of base and 3 equiv. of fluoroform. Importantly, the protocol allows the direct Cα-difluoromethylation of protected α-amino acids. These compounds are highly selective and potent inhibitors of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylases. The starting materials are conveniently derived from the commercially available α-amino acid methyl esters, and the final products are obtained in excellent purities and yields after simple hydrolysis and precipitation. The developed process appears to be especially appealing for industrial applications, where atom economy, sustainability, reagent cost and reagent availability are important factors.

09 Dec 2017 Adverse events, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics data from a phase Ib trial in healthy volunteers presented at the 59th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Hematology

IW-1701

Currently in Phase II Clinical Development

Area of focus:

Achalasia and Sickle Cell Disease
Dysregulation of the nitric oxide-soluble guanylate cyclase-cyclical guanosine monophosphate (NO-sGC-cGMP) signaling pathway is believed to be linked to multiple vascular and fibrotic diseases, such as achalasia and sickle cell disease.

Our candidate:

IW-1701 is an investigational soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator from Ironwood’s diverse library of sGC stimulators, which are being investigated for their potential effects on vascular and fibrotic diseases. The compound has been shown in nonclinical studies to modulate the NO-sGC-cGMP signaling pathway and is currently being evaluated in a Phase II study in achalasia. IW-1701 is wholly-owned by Ironwood Pharmaceuticals.

IW-1701 is being evaluated to determine its potential effects on vascular and fibrotic diseases.

sGC is the primary receptor for NO in vivo. sGC can be activated via both NO-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms. In response to this activation, sGC converts Guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) into the secondary messenger cGMP. The increased level of cGMP, in turn, modulates the activity of downstream effectors including protein kinases, phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and ion channels.

In the body, NO is synthesized from arginine and oxygen by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes and by sequential reduction of inorganic nitrate. Three distinct isoforms of NOS have been identified: inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS II) found in activated macrophage cells; constitutive neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS I), involved in neurotransmission and long term potentiation; and constitutive endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS III) which regulates smooth muscle relaxation and blood pressure. Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that reduced concentrations orbioavailability of NO and/or diminished responsiveness to endogenously produced NO contributes to the development of disease.

NO-independent, heme -dependent sGC stimulators, have shown several important differentiating characteristics, when compared to sGC activators, including crucial dependency on the presence of the reduced prosthetic heme moiety for their activity, strong synergistic enzyme activation when combined with NO and stimulation of the synthesis of cGMP by direct stimulation of sGC, independent of NO. The benzylindazole compound YC-1 was the first sGC stimulator to be identified. Additional sGC stimulators with improved potency and specificity for sGC have since been developed.

Compounds that stimulate sGC in an NO-independent manner offer considerable advantages over other current alternative therapies that target the aberrant NO pathway. There is a need to develop novel, well-characterized stimulators of sGC. Compound I is an sGC stimulator that has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of a number of NO related disorders in preclinical models. Compound I was previously described in WO2014144100, Example 1, as a light orange solid. Compound I may be present in various crystalline forms and may also form several pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Compounds which enhance eNOS transcription: for example those described in WO

N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (0.10 mL, 0.56 mmol) were mixed in dimethylsulfoxide (1.5 mL) and heated at 95°C for 8 hr. The solution was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (2 mL) and the pH taken to 2-3 with 1 N (aq) HC1. The solution was mixed with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and the organic phase was washed with water (2 x 5 mL), brine, then dried over Na2S04, filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The residue was subjected to preparative reverse phase HPLC

Novel crystalline solid forms of olinciguat (presumed to be IW-1701), an SGC stimulator and their salts, such as hydrochloride acid (designated as Forms A, B, D, E, F, H and G), processes for their preparation and compositions comprising them are claimed. Also claimed are processes for preparing the crystalline forms. Further claimed are their use for treating cancer, sickle cell disease, osteoporosis, dyspepsia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscle atrophy

In one aspect, the invention relates to crystalline solid forms of Compound I, depicted below:

Compound I

[0009] For purposes of this disclosure, “Compound I,” unless otherwise specifically indicated, refers to the free base or to the hydrochloric acid salt of the structure denoted above. Compound I, as its crystalline free base, is highly polymorphic and known to have seven crystalline forms (Forms A, B, D, E, F, G and H) as well as multiple solvates. Compound I was previously described in

WO2014144100, Example 1, as a light orange solid.

[0010] In one embodiment, the crystalline solid forms of Compound I here disclosed are polymorphs of the free base. In another embodiment, a crystalline solid form of Compound I is the hydrochloric acid salt. In one embodiment, the polymorphs of Compound I are crystalline free base forms. In another embodiment, they are solvates.

[001 1] In another aspect, also provided herein are methods for the preparation of the above described crystalline free forms and salts of Compound I.

[0012J In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the polymorphs of Compound I herein disclosed, or the hydrochloric acid salt of Compound I, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier. In another embodiment, the invention relates to pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising said pharmaceutical compositions.

[0013] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of treating a disease, health condition or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering, alone or in combination therapy, a therapeutically effective amount of a polymorph of Compound I herein disclosed, or a mixture of polymorphs thereof, or its hydrochloric acid salt , to the subject; wherein the disease or disorder is one that may benefit from sGC stimulation or from an increase in the concentration of NO and/or cGMP.

[00238] Isooxazole-3-carboxylic acid ((l’)> 241.6 g, 2137 mmoles, 1.0 equiv.), toluene (1450 mL) and DMF (7.8 g, 107 mmoles, 0.05 equiv.) were charged to a suitable reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer and a digital thermometer. The resulting slurry was heated to 45-50 °C. Oxalyl chloride (325 g, 2559 mmoles, 1.2 equiv.) was then charged via an addition funnel over the course of 2 h while maintaining the reaction temperature between 45 to 50 °C and a vigorous gas evolution was observed. A brown mixture was obtained after addition. The brown mixture was heated to 87 to 92 °C over 1 h and stirred at 87 to 92 °C for 1 h. The reaction was completed as shown by HPLC. During heating, the brown mixture turned into a dark solution. The reaction was monitored by quenching a portion of the reaction mixture into piperidine and monitoring the piperidine amide by HPLC. The dark mixture was cooled to 20-25 °C and then filtered through a sintered glass funnel to remove any insolubles. The dark filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of 400 mL dark oil.

[00239] Potassium carbonate (413 g, 2988 mmoles, 1.4 equiv.) and water (1000 mL) were charged to a suitable reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer and a digital thermometer. The reaction solution was cooled to -10 to -5 °C. N,0-dimethylhydroxyamine hydrochloride (229 g, 2348 mmoles, 1.1 equiv.) was charged to a suitable reaction vessel and dissolved in water (1000 mL). The N,0-dimethylhydroxyamine solution and dichloromethane (2500 mL) were then charged to the potassium carbonate solution.

[00240] The above dark oil (400 mL) was then charged slowly via an addition funnel while maintaining the reaction temperature -10 to 0 °C. The addition was slightly exothermic and a brown mixture was obtained after addition. The mixture was stirred at 0 to 5 °C over 20 min. and then warmed to 20 to 25 °C. The bottom organic layer was collected and the top aq. layer was extracted with dichloromethane (400 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with 15% sodium chloride solution (1200 mL). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give intermediate (2′) as a dark oil (261.9 g, 97 wt%, 76% yield, 3 wt% toluene by Ή-ΝΜΡν, 0.04 wt % water content by KF). Ή-ΝΜΡν (500 MHz, CDC13) δ ppm 8.48 (s, 1 H); 6.71(s, 1 H); 3.78 (s, 3 H); 3.38 (s, 3 H).

slowly via an addition funnel while maintaining the reaction temperature at 20 to 40 °C (Note:

Methane gas evolution was observed during addition). Then the mixture was heated to 75 to 80 °C over 30 min. and a clear white solution was obtained. Intermediate (4′) (315 g, 999 mmoles, 1.0 equiv.) was charged to reaction mixture in four equal portions over 1 h at 75 to 90 °C. The reaction was stirred at 80 to 90 °C over 30 min. and then heated to 100 to 110 °C and stirred at 100 to 110 °C over 3 h. The reaction was completed by HPLC. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10 to 20 °C and methanol (461 g, 14.4 moles, 14.4 equiv.) was charged slowly via an addition funnel while

[00245] Intermediate (5’B) (224.6 g, 698 mmoles, 1.0 equiv.), methanol (2250 mL) and diethyl fluoromalonate (187 g, 1050 mmoles, 1.5 equiv.) were charged to a suitable reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer and a digital thermometer. Then sodium methoxide in methanol solution (567 g, 30 wt %, 3149 mmoles, 4.5 equiv.) was charged via an addition funnel while maintaining the reaction temperature 20 to 35 °C. The mixture was stirred at 20 to 35 °C over 30 min. and a light suspension was obtained. The reaction was completed by HPLC. A solution of 1.5 N HQ (2300 mL, 3450 mmoles, 4.9 equiv.) was charged via an addition funnel over 1 h while maintaining the reaction temperature 20 to 30 °C. A white suspension was obtained. The pH of the reaction mixture was to be ~1 by pH paper. The slurry was stirred at 20 to 30 °C over 30 min. The resulting slurry was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with a pre-mixed solution of methanol and water (500 mL/500 mL), and then with water (1000 mL). The filter cake was dried under vacuum at 50 to 60 °C over 16 h to furnish intermediate (6′) as an off-white solid (264 g, 97% yield, >99% pure by HPLC). ¾-NMR (500 MHz,

[00250] Intermediate (10′) (214 g, 602 mmoles, 1.0 equiv.), acetonitrile (3000 mL) and NN-dimethylaniline (109 g, 899 mmoles, 1.5 equiv.) were charged to a suitable reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer and a digital thermometer. The slurry mixture was heated to 70 to 80 °C. Then phosphorous oxychloride (276 g, 1802 mmoles, 3.0 equiv.) was charged via an addition funnel over 30 min. while maintaining the reaction temperature 70-80 °C. The mixture was stirred at 75 to 80 °C over 2 h and a green solution was obtained. The reaction was completed by HPLC. Then the mixture was cooled to 0 to 5 °C. Water (1500 mL) was charged slowly via an addition funnel while maintaining the reaction temperature at 0 to 10 °C. The slurry was stirred at 0 to 10 °C over 30 min. The resulting slurry was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with a pre-mixed solution of

c): N-Alkylation of compound (17) to provide of 2-(aminomethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanamide (14)

(17) (14)

[00253] A 7 N solution of ammonia in methanol (600 mL, 4.28 moles, 10 equiv) was charged to a suitable reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer and a digital thermometer. The solution was cooled to 0 to 5 °C. Then the intermediate (17) (102 g, 0.432 moles, 1 equiv) was added via an addition funnel over 30 min at 0 to 5 °C. The reaction mixture was warmed to 20 to 25 °C over 1 h and held for 72 h. The reaction was completed by HPLC. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 to 5 °C and sodium methoxide (78 mL, 5.4 M, 0.421 moles, 0.97 equiv) was added over 2 min. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of 300 mL. 2 L of ethyl acetate was added and concentration was continued under reduced pressure to a volume to 700 mL to get a slurry. 700 mL of ethyl acetate was added to the slurry to make the final volume to 1400 mL. 102 mL of water was added and stirred for 2 min to get a biphasic solution. The layers were separated. The ethyl acetate layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of 600 mL. Then the ethyl acetate layer was heated to > 60 °C and heptane (600 mL) was added slowly between 55 to 60 °C. The mixture was cooled to 15 to 20 °C to give a slurry. The slurry was stirred at 15 to 20 °C for 2 h and filtered. The solids were dried under vacuum at 25 °C for 16 h to furnish amine (14) as white solid (48 g, 64% yield). ‘H-NMR (500 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ ppm 2.94 (d, J= 13.73 Hz, 1H); 3.24 (d, J= 13.58 Hz, 1H).