Gardiner on Geoengineering & Desperation

Some argue that geoengineering by desperate nations would be justified, and that the developed nations ought to aid them through research on how to do it. In this paper, I explore two interpretations of such arguments and find them wanting. I also argue that, whether or not geoengineering by the desperate would be justified, focusing on justification alone obscures important aspects of the ethics of geoengineering.