24/03/2009

The black marketeers of Bahnhof Zoo

Karl Schlögel looks at the molecular movements that brought down the Berlin Wall.

Looking at "historical moments" renders everything else invisible. The brilliant light radiating from such moments blinds or at least desensitises us to other things that may have happened. One need only look in the newspapers from 1988 and 1989, or leaf through notebooks from the time, to realise just how reductive the heroic image we retroactively constructed for 1989 is. In notebooks, there is no mention of an historic moment but rather scribbled information regarding doctors' appointments, obligatory talks to attend, parent evenings. That year, as I recall by consulting diary entries, we were looking for a new apartment and a school for our daughter. Pending royalty payments from publishers and broadcasters are also noted. Birthdays of friends and the flight times of a firm that doesn't exist anymore - Transworld Airways.

Simplifications, generalisations are unavoidable; we cannot think, let alone live, without them. But it would be wrong to forget that these are simplifications. What does this imply for the historiography of the year 1989? Every historical second is based on infinite premises. There is no historical zero point. As true as it is that there are points of no return, it is also true that every point of no return has its own history, and a long process of accretion precedes every caesura. There are no jumps without a run-up and no collapses come out of the blue; that 1989 came for many "out of the blue" speaks only to the limited horizons, quality of vision, sensitivities or insensitivities of people of that time. Moments of success aren't brought about by magic, even if the abundance of puzzling and unexplained aspects make us inclined to speak of a miracle.

A tone must have been set - but it can't have been done without preliminary tests. A self-assurance must have developed - in behaviour, in the violation of invisible borders - in order to be able to assess even the riskiest of situations. People must have developed a sense that something had definitively come to an end, had gone astray, in order to refrain from any further evasions. That's how many things come together in a surprising moment, and part of succeeding is in fact not being prepared for the successof one's actions. With regard to writing the history of 1989, this means understanding that there were individual actors but there were also many more people there, and that without their support there would have been no "historic moment" . It means understanding that entire societies found themselves in a prolonged state of trial and error in which nothing was fictive and everything was a test of strength.

The Moscow - Paris Express

In my memory, it is not the fall of the Wall on November 9 that I connect with the feeling in 1989 that the old days were over Ã¢â¬â that night, as "crazy" as it was, was just the verification. It was the sanctioning of what had already been decided Ã¢â¬â beforehand and elsewhere. I connect the end of the epoch with other dates, other places, other people. They do not feature in the most recent master narratives.

A long process of erosion and attrition preceded the fall of the Wall. In my mind this is all tied up with the movement of the East-West Express, also known as the Paris-Moscow Express. Sometime in the second half of the 1980s, this train transformed into a shuttle between Moscow and West Berlin, and the Bahnhof Zoomutated from an exotic railway station into a grand transfer point in the developing East-West black marketeering scene. Bahnhof Zoo, a West Berlin locus of memory par exellence, the final stop for all the young people wanting to distance themselves from West Germany, for students, for all sorts of travelling people, the last long-distance railway station connecting the island with the rest of the continent, a transit stop for trains with exotic inscriptions, Warszawa-Hoek van Holland-London Victoria Station, Paris-Moskow, Oostende-Leningrad, Aachen-Kiev Ã¢â¬â but also the final destination for people who themselves had been derailed, whose story was told by Christiane F in "We Children of Bahnhof Zoo." Bahnhof Zoo: ever seedier, a biotope for junkies and prostitutes, a station that a certain type of West Berliner avoided his whole life long.

But in the mid-80s something happened to it - not world history, but the sort of molecular movement that world history is made of. Students from the Third World, particularly from Moscow's Patrice Lumumba University Ã¢â¬â prospective engineers, agronomists, architects, hydraulic engineers Ã¢â¬â were using this new freedom to travel, courtesy of their passports and the special status of the "independent unit West Berlin," to visit the "island" - where not West German but "allied jurisdiction" applied. A "thick description" is needed of this operation, which can only be summoned by impression and memory here. It appears to have been good business, otherwise it would not have happened: Having better possibilities for currency exchange than the Soviet or Polish citizens, in West Berlin the marketeers stocked up on high-demand products: consumer electronics, fridges, fashion accessories, books. Back in Moscow they could sell the products from West Berlin at a profit. Demand was limitless; one could finance a university degree, maybe even become affluent.

On the German end, a bazaar-city arose. From the late 1980s and well into the 90s, the entire stretch from Kantstraße to Neue Kantstraße was transformed into a giant bazaar. There were back to back electronics shops; wares were displayed on the pavement. Export-import companies shot out of nowhere, like weeds, servicing an endless stream of buyers between Bahnhof Zoo and Kantstraße. First came the Moscow students from the Communist client states - black Africans, Mozambicans, Cubans - and later the Russians themselves, including the "new Russians" with their cafes, real estate, gambling houses, and fashion shops.

West Berlin was rudely shaken out of its island existence. "Residents" complained that the once quiet Kantstraße had become loud, that they had to clear a paths through all the packing cartons and shopping trolleys. The New constituted disorder; the tabloids played on West Berliners' old-new fear of insecurity and chaos. A new discourse on criminality emerged. Suddenly, languages were heard on Kantstraße that hadn't been heard in West Berlin in decades. On the trans-European railway platforms, there were scenes that no one had witnessed since the days of refugees: mountains of cartons and luggage that had to be towed to the the sleeping car section.

But it wasn't just about brilliant logistical feats. New routines evolved. New mental maps - Kantstraße, West Berlin as a new address - emerged for the inhabitants of the East Bloc, but this also demanded an adjustment from the insular West Berliners, discovering a world beyond West Berlin and Mallorca. The end of West Berlin as an islandmanifested itself most strikingly when thousands of Poles transformed the godforsaken, sandy stretch of Potsdamer Platz into a gigantic marketplace. On that day, the new identity of the city hitherto known as West Berlin was born.

All of this was a rehearsal for a new mobility, for a routinisation on a massive scale of border crossings that hitherto had been an adventure for the few. The new era didn't arrive on the paws of tigers, or even of cats, but almost imperceptibly on the suitcase wheels of the black marketeers. They crossed the Wallbefore it fell. They drove past the border officials when they were still heavily armed and patrolling the area from the Reichstag ruins to the Friedrichstraße station, unaware that the Wall was disintegrating before their eyes. To this day, there is no memorial for the anonymous black marketeers of Patrice Lumumba University at the Zoological Garden railway station. Instead, a freedom memorial is being planned for the exact spot where absolutely nothing happened.

The Clever Women from Kaunas

The dissolution of the Soviet Bloc in the 1980s has many names; national peculiarities and vanities also played a role. But one common feature was certainly the simple disappearance of jurisdictions and responsibilities.An entire class snuck awayfrom its responsibilities. Never before were there so many deserters from power or people profiting from a well-timed resignation. But for "society," this meant that, from one day to the next, individuals were on their own.Institutions were dissolved, careers and life paths were cut off, entire professional disciplines were devalued, families were thrown off track, the old sense of security was revoked.

Changes of this magnitude rarely transpire without panic and hysteria. The post-Cold War societies, to speak rhetorically of a collective subject, have preserved tranquility, reacting with astonishing alertness, and prudently making arrangements for the new situation. It was exactly this combination of a new beginning and the cautiously defensive wait-and-see testing of the state powers that contributed to making the so-called "transformation" proceed more or less smoothly.

But, oddly, there is rarely any talk of agents of change. Perhaps it's time consult Bert Brecht's "Questions of a Reading Worker" once again: Who built it - the new Warsaw, the new Moscow, the new Berlin? Who held the societies togetheras the state and political order fell out of joint? There's no need to undertake a vast archival study, as the "agents" can be recognised with the naked eye - provided one trusts one's eyes. The time before and shortly after 1989 was full of improvisations, trial actions and tests of how to cope with a situation in which the state had, for some time, no longer played a role. Millions were practising crisis management, preparing for an emergency in which one could no longer count on help from outside but only on oneself and one's peers - as a rule, on one's friends and family. Crisis management was needed - skillful, socially intelligent, groping and yet not backing away from new paths. And a "chaos competence" developed out of this, an advantage which the former residents of the Eastern hemisphere have over their contemporaries in the West and which, in light of the pending developments in the West, is of no small consequence.

The gurus of the liberal market economy, who imagined themselves in an "experimental and laboratory situation" when in fact the lives and survival of millions of people were at stake, had more faith in their doctrines than in the social intelligence and crisis management abilities of the millions who had to adapt to a new structure of living. No, those millions didn't even have a medium for communicating the strength of a society that had to resort to self-organisation. What they produced was, in the eyes of the doctrine experts and exporters, not worthy of mention, although the question of whether societies would collapse in chaos and despair or catch themselves depended on them. The concepts of Jeffrey Sachs& Co. have been forgotten. What remains is the accomplishment of the many who prevented catastrophe.

It is time, finally, for the heroes to return to the stage from which they have been driven by the dramas of men in high places. These heroes are an infinitely large ensemble, from all ranks and classes, consisting of the educated and less qualified, of the old elite and the up-and-coming. They were scattered across Europe. They transferred cars from Rotterdam to the markets of Lodz and Marjampole. They traveled the Minsk-Istanbul route maybe twice a month, stocking up at the bazaar and then going back to Belarus to tend to the business that allowed them to keep their families above water. They boarded planes in Sverdlovsk/Yekaterinburg, heading to Tianjin or Abu Dhabi, and made the connections that helped them get by. By appearances, they seemed to be shopping tourists, but in truth they were on a grand tour, collecting utterly new experiences.

As a result, they became cosmopolitan and worldly - from firsthand experience, not from books. Their motto was "learning by doing." Their whole lives, they had never escaped their "system," but now they were looking around: students, housewives, members of academies, former officers, fathers, adventurers. From firsthand experience, they learned in one year what others can't even learn in a lifetime. These weren't vagrants; they were people grounded in real life.

I remember the women on the bus from Kaunas to Warsaw, or, to be more exact: to the stadium in Praga district that had been transformed into the largest bazaar in Europe, "Jarmark Europa." They made the trip twice a week. Almost all of them knew each other. They knew the procedures and tricks for getting over the border, which of course meant they had to leave a little something for the border officials. They were old hands, and it was hard to unnerve them. This is how amber made its way by the kilo from the Baltic republics to the the bazaars and streets of Central and Western Europe - contributing to the stabilisation of thousands of precarious households.

But this shuttle economy was more than just an economy: It was about entrepreneurial initiative, mobility, organisational talent, and becoming familiar with the outside world. One could meet these people on any route in Europe in the late 1980s and early 90s, at border crossings, at the harbours. Soon, trickles turned into streams and quick visits turned into long-term footholds. It was the ingenuity and perseverance of the women of Kaunas and other places that held together a continent that, politically and economically, was falling apart; it preserved a connectedness that precluded total collapse. In retrospect, there's no reason whatsoever for giving others the credit that they, the silent heroes, deserve. They were the ones who dealt with the hardships of daily life, not their "representatives."

A Charlemagne Prize for Eurolines!

The grand moments with which history usually preoccupies itself are inconceivable without the molecular events that make them possible. And the Europeans who make a career out of standing and speaking for Europe are nothing at all without the unknown Europeans whose stories are never told. We all know the stages of Brussels, Strasbourg, Paris or Maastricht, upon which "Europe's representatives" play their parts. It's not enough that that we're kept up to date on all their entrances and declarations. It's always the same names, the same faces, the same gestures. In 1949, a group of townspeople from Aachen, Europeans of the first hour, created the Charlemagne Prize for "persons who have advanced the ideas of European understanding in political, economic, and spiritual relations."

In the list of those honoured since 1950, one more or less finds all the great Europeans, from Count Coudenhove-Kalergi to Vaclav Havel, from Jean Monnet to the Euro. One can extrapolate this line and list easily and without a great deal of imagination. But one could also award the prize to people who were indispensable to the Europe that has evolved since 1989. There are more than a few claimants for these honours: the transportation ministers and the engineers who built the bridges, streets, and rails that paved the way to a new Europe and brought Europeans closer to one another. The shippers and logistics experts who have made careers out of shortening distances and creating a sense of proximity should also be eligible. Nor should one leave out the transportation companies and founders of discount airlines who have radically altered the map of Europe in our heads. Now, we not only know where Palermo is, but also Tallinn; not only Lisbon, but also Riga and Odessa. They have established lines of transit between the Rhein-Main area and Galicia, between Warsaw and the English Midlands, between Lviv and Naples. The discount airlines have made Berlin a neighbour of Moscow and contributed to an increase in cosmopolitanism. Krakow now has a connection to Dublin.

Entire economies can no longer function without this flow of traffic. The renovation of apartments, the care for pensioners and for the infirm in cities - even those located far from the border - now lie in the hands of personnel crossing over our borders. The Aachen Prize Committee could easily get an idea of the eligibility of candidates by looking at their timetables, price lists, and bookkeeping methods. They would determine that there's not a place in Europe that can't be looked up. Every act of research would become a joyous virtual journey to the New Europe.

But the job of a firm like Eurolines has nothing to do with fantasy journeys and eveything to do with travels in a Europe that is real. Eurolines has been doing this for many years, day after day, night after night, in an unexcited and unspectacular routine and with reliability, independent of political votes, electoral campaigns, and legislative periods: transnational, European, in millions of molecular movements. It is the electric currents that keep Europe's motor in motion. Few previous recipients of the prize can make that claim with more justification than, for example, the Eurolines coach company!

Tuesday 22 November, 2011

Read the first English excerpt from historian Goetz Aly's new book "Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Equality, Envy and Racial Hatred 1800 - 1933". In response to this question that has been hanging in the air since the end of WWII, Goetz Aly points to the lack of education and fear of progress in so many German Christians at the turn of the century - and to the contrasting readiness of the Jewish population to embrace the new opportunities and education as the ticket to social mobility. Shamed by their shortcomings, the Germans soon turned to racial theory to conceal their envy and resentment.
read more

Thursday 15 June, 2011

Berlin is rich in authentic places where history can be experienced in a tangible and personal manner. We don't need simulation, we should just listen more closely to the genius loci. The planned Memorial to Freedom and Unity is a case in point. By Karl Schlögelread more

Monday 18 April, 2011

The trial of SS officer Adolf Eichmann began fifty years ago. Research continues to show that many of the perpetrators were not just bureaucrats and cretins but educated men who acted out of intellectual conviction - Eichmann, contrary to what Hannah Arendt said, included. An interview with Holocaust historian Ulrich Herbert by Stefan Reinecke and Christian Semler. (Photo: Adolf Eichmann during his trial in Jerusalem)read more

Monday 21 March, 2011

Sir Sassoon Eskell was a Jewish Iraqi and the country's first minister of finance. His magnificent house, once home to the largest private library in Iraq, sits between Baghdad's Al Rashid Street and the River Tigris. After a close brush with death, author Najem Wali revisited the building, which young Iraqi filmmakers and the army both dream of making their own. read more

Thursday 29 April, 2010

The historically strained relations between Russia and Poland seem to be improving at long last, thanks to the considerable show of Russian sympathy at the funeral of the Polish president Lech Kaczynski. It remains to be seen whether these positive developments will continue beyond a short-lived expression of mourning. An interview withArseni Roginski,the president of the Russian human rights organisation "Memorial", by Ulrich M. Schmid.read more

Wednesday 6 January, 2010

Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht was one of Germany's most influential musicologists. His magnum opus "Music in the Occident" sits on the shelves of many a music lover. Ten years after his death, historian Boris von Haken has now revealed that Eggebrecht was involved in mass shootings of Jews during the Second World War.read more

Monday 7 December, 2009

The history of German terrorism was also the story of the amour fou between Gudrun Ensslin and Andreas Baader. But this affair caused the breakup of Ensslin's relationship with Bernward Vesper, who was also the father of her child. Their letters, dating from 1968/69, while Ensslin was in Stammheim, offer profound insights into the political pathology of the time. By Gerd Koenen.read more

Monday 8 June, 2009

The death of student Benno Ohnesorg saw the birth of the West German '68 movement. Now evidence has emerged that Karl-Heinz Kurras, the West German police officer who shot him during a demonstration against the Shah, was a Stasi spy. Wolfgang Kraushaar, an acclaimed chronicler of '68, asks whether the killing was an unofficial East German act of state.read more

Tuesday 17 February, 2009

Bernard-Henri Levy looks at some of the problems posed by the film "Valkyrie" which are too complex and delicate to be resolved within Hollywood logic. First on the list: the Scientology question.read more

Friday 13 February, 2009

To deny Stauffenberg and the other conspirators any moral and cultural relevance is blinkered and consitutes intellectual bigotry. Even if their ideas seem politically anachronistic today, these men showed the sort of noblesse and strength of character of which todayÃ¢â¬â¢s politicians and other bureaucratic elites can only dream. Karl Heinz Bohrer responds to the thesis of British historian Richard J. Evans.read more

Tuesday 10 February, 2009

Was it because Hitler was losing the war? Was it to put an end to the mass murder of the Jews. Or was it to save Germany's honour? Whatever his motives, he was no role model for future generations, says British historian Richard Evans. (Photo: Deutsches Historisches Museum)read more

Monday 4 February, 2008

A large-scale and long-overdue project has begun. German historians are documenting the persecution and extermination of the Jews in 16 volumes of primary source texts where metal merchants and budgie lovers all have their say - with no recourse to hindsight. By Eckhard Fuhrread more