This research was carried out at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. The authors thank Ming Lu, Mingzhao Liu, and Charles Black for helpful discussions.

[Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components or integrated circuits formed in or on a common substrate or of specific parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of specific parts thereof, Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of
a plurality of solid state components or integrated circuits formed in or on a common
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