Bladder Cancer

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Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the epithelial lining of the urinary bladder, a balloon-shaped organ in your pelvic area that stores urine. Tobacco smoking is the main known contributor to urinary bladder cancer. Carcinogens such as nitrosamines are concentrated and excreted in the urine, thereby exposing them to the cells lining the urinary tract. This exposure is prolonged in the bladder (where 95% of urothelial carcinomas arise) but malignant transformation can arise anywhere in the urinary tract, from the renal calyx to the urethral meatus. Bladder cancer can be treated by surgery by removing tumor, tumor and a small portion of the bladder, biological therapy, removing the entire bladder, Chemotherapy, radiation therapy.

Symptoms: The presence of large numbers of abnormal cells in the bone marrow can inhibit the marrow from producing normal healthy blood cells. Symptoms caused by bone marrow failure include paleness, tiredness, shortness of breath, excessive bleeding, and increased susceptibility to infections. Cancer cells can also infiltrate organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver leading to swelling.

Treatment: Herbal deals in leukemia/blood cancer cure: Certain herbs, at least two varieties of herbs known by the names of 'Garcinia Mangostana' and 'xanothenes' have been found to be effective with respect of leukemia. The herbs and compounds based on them have reflected intrinsic potential of growth inhibiting features.

Statistics:Highest rate of bladder cancer in 2012, followed by Lebanon and Turkey. 1 Bladder cancer is the 5th most frequent tumour in males (5.2%). In females, bladder cancer is less frequent (1.7%). Bladder cancer is the 6th most frequent cause of cancer death in males (3.8%) and the 12th most frequent cause of cancer death in females (1.9%). No differences are observed between the regions.Mean age at diagnosis is 73 years in males and 74 years in females.

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Yosef YardenClassically, the 3âuntranslated region (3âUTR) is that region in eukaryotic protein-coding genes from the translation termination codon to the polyA signal. It is transcribed as an integral part of the mRNA encoded by the gene. However, there exists another kind of RNA, which consists of the 3âUTR alone, without all other elements in mRNA such as 5âUTR and coding region. The importance of independent 3âUTR RNA (referred as I3âUTR) was prompted by results of artificially introducing such RNA species into malignant mammalian cells. Since 1991, we found that the middle part of the 3âUTR of the human nuclear factor for interleukin-6 (NF-IL6) or C/EBP gene exerted tumor suppression effect in vivo. Our subsequent studies showed that transfection of C/EBP 3âUTR led to down-regulation of several genes favorable for malignancy and to up-regulation of some genes favorable for phenotypic reversion. Also, it was shown that the sequences near the termini of the C/EBP 3âUTR were important for its tumor suppression activity. Then, the C/EBP 3âUTR was found to directly inhibit the phosphorylation activity of protein kinase CPKC in SMMC-7721, a hepatocarcinoma cell line. Recently, an AU-rich region in the C/EBP 3âUTR was found also to be responsible for its tumor suppression. Recently we have also found evidence that the independent C/EBP 3âUTR RNA is actually exists in human tissues, such as fetal liver and heart, pregnant uterus, senescent fibroblasts etc. Through 1990âs to 2000âs, world scientists found several 3âUTR RNAs that functioned as artificial independent RNAs in cancer cells and resulted in tumor suppression. Interestingly, majority of genes for these RNAs have promoter-like structures in their 3âUTR regions, although the existence of their transcribed products as independent 3âUTR RNAs is still to be confirmed. Our studies indicate that the independent 3âUTR RNA is a novel non-coding RNA species whose function should be the regulation not of the expression of their original mRNA, but of some essential life activities of the cell as a whole.PPT Version |
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