Saturday, September 25, 2010

The project I'm engaged in has been the most difficult thing I've ever attempted. I so want to understand. You are one-quarter of mankind. It is important to me to understand that large a part of who we are.

I seek the soul here and because China is one-quarter of mankind I seek the soul of mankind here, and I seek my own soul. There is blackness in my soul, and in China's, and in man's and I have seen so much of it in the last several months that I have thought it should drive me mad. If there is that much blackness in China's soul, then there is too in man's and if so then man is worse than worthless, man is a net negative on the universe. This project has been one of the most excruciating times of my life.

It was painful for me to watch the first forty-nine minutes of Red Art last night. The Chinese children taught in song and verse to "Kill! Kill! Kill!" The hatred. It was painful to hear the hatred inculcated in children and adults alike. Hatred of most everyone but Mao Zedong it seemed like. But it was particularly painful for me to hear the hatred of America, for I love my country.

I was shaken today. I don't know shaken very well. I don't get shaken very often but I have been shaken a few times over China in these last several months and I was today. I called a Chinese friend living in America when I woke up because I needed to talk to somebody.

Tonight I finished watching Red Art. Do you know that I had never seen your face before? Do you remember the picture you once sent me, holding up People's Daily, covering your face. So that's my friend, I thought when I finally saw your face last night. That's my friend.

"We do possess the awareness to confess." I have watched that five times tonight while composing this brief note. Five times just tonight I have seen you turn your head slightly to the right and then up, away from Hu Jie's camera, in pain, just before you speak. And then, my brave friend, I have watched your face and heard your strong voice break as you say those words. My friend: you redeemed mankind's soul with that,for each of us is part of the soul of man. When one of us commits a black act we darken man's collective soul and when one of us ennobles it, we are all ennobled.

My friend, once long ago, you reached your hand out across cyberspace to the hand of this foreigner. We do understand each other in heart, as you wrote in your note.

Friday, September 24, 2010

Mr. Mu's essay is historically accurate. It was painstakingly researched from available sources in China. The significance of Mr. Mu's essay is not this history but in the email that accompanied it. He explained that he wrote the essay "to introduce Chinese Cultural Revolution to the world." The Chinese government deter its people (when it cannot prevent them entirely) from learning about their history. It is forbidden to study formally the Cultural Revolution in university in China. There is much that the Chinese people do not know about their history and some think, reasonably, that the rest of the world does not know either.

In fact in the West the decade of the Cultural Revolution is the most written-about ten year period in the 5,000 year history of China. It may be the most written-about period of any length in China's history. Go into any big bookstore in America. There will be one or more books on the CR. Books on the CR may be the only books on China on the shelf. Definitive scholarly accounts like Macfarquar and Schoenhals "Mao's Last Revolution" are widely available in the West. But look at the footnotes in Mr. Mu's essay. Every source is Chinese. Most Chinese, even university professors like Mr. Mu, do not have access to "Mao's Last Revolution," or Jonathan Spence's "In Search of Modern China," or Anne F. Thurston's "Enemies of the People," or Chang and Halliday's "Mao: The Unknown Story." Etc.

It will pain Mr. Mu to read this. He may be embarrassed, humiliated. There is pain in the soul of the Chinese people.

The whole process Chinese Culture Revolution is a series of coups

[Summary] From Mao Zedong began to launch the “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” in 1966, to the Chinese Communist Party’s 11th National Representative Congress fromally announced the “Great Cultural Revolution” being over, it caused all China in a turmoil and catastrophe, and Deng Xiaoping called it “decade-long calamity”. Disregarding the launching process of Cultural Revolution, and during the the Cultural Revolution period Mao’s strategy transformation which caused “usurp power” and “contrary-usurp power”, large-scale violence between factories and the official replacement, as well as the process of so-called “crushing the Gang of Four”after Mao’s death, the process of the ending of the Cultural Revolution; analyse these processes based the happening causes, the phenomenon and the consequences, we can say all the processes were the “coups”. In other words, the decade process of China's Cultural Revolution is a large disturbance constituted by a series of bloody and bloodless coups.

We all know that the so-called “coup” is the taking over an existing country usually violently and illegaly in a short period of time. Deng Xiaoping said, “the Cultural Revolution is a decade-long calamity.”[1] This topic is that the whole process Chinese Culture Revolution is a series of coups, it’s launching, it’s transformation and it’s ending, all are the coups, this conclusion seems untenable, because "coup" took place a short period of time, what happened ten years how to say “coups” mean? The purpose of this paper is to explain the problem.

1. Mao and Lin forge an alliance to divest Liu Shaoqi’s power was a coup

On the “Seventh Chinese Communists All Congress” in Yanan, Liu Shaoqi and other touted Mao as a "God" and the party constitution wrote “Mao Zedong Thought is the guideline for all work”, Mao became China's,Stalin and the undisputed emperor; Liu has thus become the second in command. CCP's rule is autocratic Emperor Mao, the CCP's constitution and the Chinese Constitution are null and void to him. The CPC Party Constitution fixed that the term of office of the Party leader is three to five years. If it really practice, mao will end his power, so Mao has to engage in “Mass movement”. Mao wanted to choose the most favorable time to convene a party congress, he can be safe become the party's chairman, so he postponed 17 years to convene the 7th party congress in 1945, and postponed 11 years to convene 8th party congress in 1956. Party Constitution decides the 9th party congress in 1961, this is the time when tens of millions starved to death, if this time held the congress, Mao may has to step down, so he postponed indefinitely by engaging in mass movement. Chinese "National Constitution” was formulated in 1954,It provides a system of five-year term to the Head of State, Chairman of the Central Government. Mao did the second successive Chairmen of state, its term of office would end in 1959. Since the impact of the Soviet anti-Stalinist, on the Eighth Party Congress in 1956, Liu and others remove Mao thought content from the party constitution, which makes Mao hates Liu. Mao handed over the post of “national Chairman” to Liu in 1959 and “retreat to the back line”. After the “Down Peng Dehuai” Lushan Conference, Mao let Liu clean up the mess of the “Great Leap Forward” and “Great Famine”. In February 1962, on enlarged political bureau meeting (7000 person Assembly), seemingly Liu flattered Mao, substantially criticized errors of Mao's Great Leap Forward and other, more severe than Peng Dehuai, and promoted collective leadership and so on.This greatly increased Liu’s prestige. Mao determined to overthrow the 8th party congress spirit, overthrow the constitution, justifiably arrogate all authority by himself. Mao wanted to overthrow Liu, strategy is to let his wife Jiang to go into action, start from the cultural field, criticizing opera "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", Hence the name the “Cultural Revolution”.Mao said "the crucial point is dismissed from office, we dismissed Peng's official in Lushan meeting." Lin Biao stated the truth of Mao: “The Soviet Union got out a Khrushchev, the country had changed color…If anyone in China did as Khrushchev (anti-Stalinist), the whole party and the whole country would overthrough him.Cultural Revolution meas to dismissed a group of persons from Office and to Promote a group of persons to a higher position”[2].

When ought to to be considered as starting of the “Great Cultural Revolution”? Mao once said “Great Cultural Revolution began from Yao Wen-yuan's article was published.”[3] It is certain. Yao's article in fact was Mao to appoint Jiang Qing to go to Shanghai and ask Zhang and Yao to draft it in 1965, Mao personally modify the final. On November 10, 1965, Yao's article "Comment on New Historical Drama ‘Hai Rui Dismissed from Office’"published in Shanghai “Wenhui Daily”[4]. Differences between Mao and Liu began from the Eighth Party Congress in 1956. Also from the time Mao wanted to use his great prestige, Gimmick pulling one faction striking one faction, rope non-Party personages in carrying out "Party consolidation" to fight against Liu. But unexpectedly these personages “clear” Mao’s errors. So Mao got angry and conversely rope Deng Xiaoping and Liu, and these persons were said become "the Rightist ", at least 550,000 people accepted a merciless blow, som people among them were oppressed cruelly lethal. These people's family members nearly same be oppressed cruelly[5，6]. Peng De Huai discontented Mao about his errors, "Great Leap Forward" "people's commune" "indigenous method smelt iron", bring about starving about 40 million peasant to death. In 1959 Mao roped Liu Shao Qi and Lin Biao , Peng is stricken down. In February , 1962, the Communist Party of China Politburo enlarged meeting (seven thousand people assemblies) ,Mao intended to break with Liu completely, but the opportunity was fairly immature. Mao launched a "socialist education campaign”, also called "four clean-ups" movement" (clean up workpoints, clean up account, clean up a storehouse and clean up property), "four clean-ups" was form and pretend, but the reality was to be engaged in a class struggle, stimulate one of the Cultural Revolution to preview a performance.

Why Mao was going to act arbitrarily to launch the Cultural Revolution? How do? Mao does not light up the cards, everybody unable to guess. Liu could not guess. On July 29, 1966, Culture Revolution activist of “All Beijing Universities and Schools Assembly” was held at the Great Hall, Liu was forced to self-criticism the errors of dispatching of work teams. Liu said “how does the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, you do not know, you ask me how to do it, I honest to answer you, I do not know neither.” Zhou Enlai also could not guess, on December 13, 1966, he met with the revolution representatives of the Academy of Sciences, Zhou said “This spring I never dreamed of so called Cultural Revolution. If you had dreamed of it, I admire you.” The CCP senior statesmen and Veteran chief commanders, all do not know.[7]

On August 5 , 1966, Mao has written a Bigcharacter poster，“The cannon strikes headquarter”.Mao revealed the card in his hand that he wanted hit Liu and Liu’s clique. Mao depended upon Jiang Qing and Lin Biao to mobilize the student of schools and universities as the main strength to hit “the capitalist-roader”. On July 21, 1966, Mao said that Liu sent the working teams to schools is wrong, had to rescind these working teams. But actually the CCP always carries on “the movement” to send the working teams. And Mao said to the students “the first do not attend class, the secound need eat meal, the third need to cause trouble, cause trouble means revolution”[8]. Mao repeatedly said in the different situation “the schools all of the country suspended classes for six months”, students “ate meal must give off heat, must make trouble, if doesn't cause trouble what they does?” Mao instigated them to strike all authority down , set up new authority. Mao asked a question and answered it himself: “Whom is authority at present? Be Yao Wenyuan”[9,10]. From August to December in 1966, Mao 8 times interviewed 13 million “Red Guards” and “Revolution masses”, therefore China becomes greatly chaotic filthy and does not have the rationality, everywhere “sweep away all bad elements”, From August 1966 to January 1967, “The Rebels” supported by Mao, seized power everuwhere in the whole nation. Mao called it as “January storm of revolution”. Numerous “Capitalist-roaders” were overthrown, Liu clique's influence was overthrown basically.

It started from criticizing “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office” in November, 1965，pass through the firing to Beijing Municipal party committee’s “three-family village”(Deng Tuo, Wu Han, Liao Mosha), till to August 1966, Mao wrote the big-character poster “artillery hits the headquarters”, this stage may be called the “preparatory stage of seize power of the Cultural Revolution”. From August 1966 to January 1967, there was a “January storm of revolution”, this stage may be called the “seize power stage”; Seize power stage in fact is the coup d'etat stage, which is in only 6 months, by the violence and the unlawful means that has eliminated Liu Shaoqi’s president power and all levels of Party committees and government's authority, all the power and authority took over by newly founded “Revolutionary committee” which controlled by Mao and his “Central Cultural Revolution Group”.

In September 1968, with the exception of Taiwan, everywhere established the Revolutionary Committee, “Red mountains and rivers in all of the country”. The party committee and government in all the 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions,were abolished. At the stage of seize-power as well as the preparing stage of seize-power, there were the turmoils, unnatural death's population is huge, until now did not have the concrete statistical figure. On July 25, 1966, Liaoning University entire has hit 409 “rightists” in this school (These rightists were different from that in 1957). According to incomplete statistics, 1,772 people were beaten to death in one month (August, 1966, which was called “Red Terror August”) in Beijing, and 33,695 households had their homes searched, 85,198 people were expelled from Beijing[11,12]. In August 1966, 74 members of National Political Consultative Conference committee (The total member of the committee is 159 persons) had received Jiang Qing and Kang Sheng's attack, the charges were “the spy”, “the rebel”, “illicit traitorous relations with a foreign country”, “the counter-revolutionary”. Massive cases of injustice weremade and several hundred thousand people were persecuted in each province, city and autonomous region. “The Inner Mongolian Peaple Party Case” caused more than 346,000 people to suffer false charge and persecution, more than 16,000 people were persecuted lethal[13]. “Injustice case in East of Hebei Province” caused 8,240,000 people to receive false charge and more than 2900 people were persecuted lethal[14]. Also there were“Xinjiang Betrayer Group Case”, “Case of Northeast Gang’s Betraying and Surrenderst” and so on. In the literary and art circles, the scientific and technical circles, the health and sport circles, tens of thousands of people were persecuted lethal.The large-scale murder during the turmoil stage of seize-power as well as to the preparing stage of seize-power, we may call it “the first RedTerror”. The characteristic is killing so-called “the reactionary gang member, the capitalist-roader, the class enemy”.

This coup is a military coup which has fully manifested Mao and his CCP’s spirit of “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” Mao always does not put on the military uniform, only this time he put on uniform. Mao’s “close comrade” (the title, if it is not Mao identified, that certainly can not be used) Lin Biao substituted for Peng in 1959 as secretary of defense, obviously, Mao is henceforth long premeditated to the coup d'etat. Jiang is also the military, this time she and the members of the Cultural Revolution Group led by her, all wore military uniforms. "Red Guards" mobilized by Mao basically all wore uniforms, Some “Red Guards” also had gun in afterward resort to violence. There were 29 directors of the provincial Revolutionary Committee, 21 are military, accounted for more than 72%, among the remaining 28 percent, many Deputy Directors were military. It can be called the military government.

2. "Fight February Adverse Current" and the national scale of resorting to violence also are coups

How long time Mao intends to do the Great Cultural Revolution? In June, 1966, Wang Li, a member of the Central Cultural Revolution Group said “Chairman Mao decided that it has a vacation for a half year to carry on the Great Cultural Revolution”[15]. Mao planed about six months to be possible to succeed, Mao also proposed several times when he received foreign guests that he estimated six months could finish the Great Cultural Revolution[7]. Obviously was he has underestimated at that time China's objective situation. He thinks at first, so long as he goes into action to “hit the headquarters” personally, Liu's clique may be cleaned cleanly in six months.

The first step of Mao’s political movement is to put on a “culture” coat, criticize historical play “Hai Rui Dismissed from Office”, uncover Beijing Deputy Mayor Wu Han who is not only the historiographer, also the literary arts and CCP bureaucrat, in order to launching this Cultural Revolution. From hiting Wu Han then extended to the so-called “Three-family Village” in CCP Beijing Municipal Committee, and then encourages the students and teachers of all schools and universities to seize power of the schools and various units' leadership, and take the opportunity to control the Central Propaganda Department and Central Culture Ministry which Mao thougt these ware dominated by Lu Dingyi. Second, capture the Beijing Municipal Committee which Mao said “the needle inserts not move forward, water drop does not show” and dominated by Peng Zhen (first CCP secretary of Beijing, and Mayor of Beijing). Third, based on grasping Beijing, the Capital and heavy place, then use Party's established procedure, through Political Bureau and the People's Congress, put Liu under isolated. So, Mao achieves his peaceful and unitary[7]. Mao said: “If somebody in central authority playing tricks, I appeal provincial people to rise to attack them right away. Peng Zhen was a small figure mingled within the party. Not so great. I poke a finger down on him”[16].

From October 9 to 28, 1966, Mao hosted the Central Working Conference in Beijing, criticized the bourgeoisie reactionary route. Ye Jian Ying in the convention that very day said: “Chairman Mao says this movement is tentative be engaged till to the next January , still have 4 months. After the 11th CCP Plenary Session, does for two months, must sum up the experience well.” They have not expected, although Liu has overthrown, the aspect is not easy to tidy up, the fire easy to burn, but put out the fire not easy. Finally, circumstances is out of control , the movement is forced to be delayed.

On October 25, 1966, in the central work conference, Mao’s original tone “about six months may succeed” had changed, Mao said “The movement has only done for five months, possibly it must do for two five months, and perhaps need a little more time, can be concluded”[17].

After Mao felt self-satisfied “January revolutionary storm”, around February 1967, some CCP grand old men, like Tan Zhenlin, Chen Yi, Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian, Xu Xiangqian and so on “veteran revolutionary”, expressed strong discontent to the Cultural Revolution in different conventions and meetings. Kang Sheng and others reported this to Mao. On February 18, Mao convened an emergency session, Mao said: “The Central Cultural Revolution Group carries out the policy of 11th Plenary Session of the eighth Central Committee, their error is only 1～3%, the 97% are correct. Who opposes Central Cultural Revolution Group, whom I oppose determinedly! You deny the Great Cultural Revolution, cannot accomplish! Comrade Ye Qun, you tell Lin Biao that his status is unstable! Some people want seize his power, lets him make preparation. If this Great Cultural Revolution has been defeated, I and he withdraw from Beijing, go to Jinggang Mountains engage in guerrilla warfare again. Arrest and shoot Chen Boda and Jiang Qing! Let Kang Sheng be sent to frontier service! I also leave office, please Wang Ming come back to work as president! You, Chen Yi, want to turn the case of Yan'an Rectification, entire Party does not promise! You, Tan Zhenlin, be also considered as old party member, why stood speaking on bourgeoisie route?” Mao launched the Central Cultural Revolution Group and the rebelling factions to attack these CCP grand old men cruelly. Mao called theirs resistance “February Countercurrent”[18].

Not only Mao and his Central Cultural Revolution Group carried on “counter-attack” to these CCP grand old men’s “February Countercurrent”, also “revolutionary rebel masses” evoked by Mao, interior unceasingly to split to different cliques and factions, the different cliques were unable to co-exist. In the process of seize-power and establishment Revolutionary Committee, the benefit assignment is uneven between the different cliques, in addition to Mao and Jiang Qing’s instigation, large-scale armed fights between factions happened, which led to the “second red terror” climax.. This “red terror” was not hit “the reactionary gang, the capitalist-roader, the class enemy”, but is the massacre between mutually “revolutionary rebel factions”.

In process of seizing-power and anti-seizing-power happens the national large-scale militant fight. On December 30, 1966, Wang Hongwen led more than 100,000 rebel faction to besiege other factions (place is Kangping Road, Shanghai Municipal Party Committee ) to seize power of Shanghai City, a large-scale violence bloodshed was happended, this is the beginning of the national factions resorting to violence. From June to August 1967, the rebel masses incited by the Central Cultural Revolution Group set up a “clutch Liu (Shaochi) firing line”, and ten thousands of people besiege Zhongnanhai. After June 20,1967, in Chongqing, Hunan, Jiangxi and variou places of the country, appeared militant fight between factions, both sides all dead many persons. Mao tolerated regarding the resort to violence for seizing powert, this is the basic reason of the national large-scale militant fight. On July 14 1967, in his southern tour, Mao said to Yang Chengwu, Wang Dongxing and Zheng Weishan: “I thought that Hunan, Jiangxi Nanchang and Ganzhou pass through the large-scale violence, the situation are excellent, the battleline has been also distinct.” On July 18 in Wuhan Mao said to Zhou Enlai , Wang Li and others: “I think that equip them (workers and students) with arms.” Mao wrote comment “Do not see too serious about the populace snatche guns”[19]. Some places the Chinese People's Liberation Army distributed guns to the faction masses which the Army support. The whole nation resorts to violence thereupon in large scale civil war spreads out all round. Now some articles metioned about the national large-scale militant fight, said some place rebels “to rob weapon from the army”, in fact if not have Mao’s permission, who dares to rob? Occurred on July 20 “Wuhan Incident”, is typical, is a major event that shocked the world. Everywhere the situation of large-scale Bloody militant fight happened is much the same as Wuhan’s condition.

Rebels in Wuhan splited into two factions, one was “Workers General” which fight aganst Wuhan Military Region (Chen Zaidao is military commander, supports not greatly to overthrow Liu Shaoqi), the other is "Million Heroes" which supports Wuhan Military Region. In February 1967, “Workers General ” and so on has seized power of the “Yangtze River Daily”. On March 21,Wuhan Military Region announced that the “Workers General” is“reactionary organization”, and has arrested the organization’s leaders. Jiang Qing and so on warned the Wuhan Military Region. The Wuhan Military Region was compelled to release the leaders of the “Workers General”, but did not rehabilitate. Mao decided to arrive Wuhan to solve the problem personally. On July 14 Mao, Zhou Enlai, Xie Fuzhi , Wang Li etc. got to Wuhan. Zhou Enlai announced Mao's instructions in Wuhan: Wuhan Military Region is wrong, and rehabilitation for the “Workers General”, but the "Million Heroes" is a conservative organization. Greatly exceeds the total number of the “Workers General”, the "Million Heroes" refuses to accept. On 20th before dawn, the “Million Heroes” sieged in the Military Region by more than 50 vehicles, interrogated and injured Wang Li, member of the.Central Cultural Revolution. After the Military Region shifted Wang Li away, up to thousand vehicles and about ten thousands of people arm parade at 10 o'clock, streetful slogans of “uncover Xie Fuzhi, strike Wang Li”. All factories in Wuhan stoped work, the traffic disrupted, three people seriously injured, one person was killed. On 19th already left Wuhan's Zhou Enlai returned to Wuhan on 20th, arranged Mao to flee Wuhan on 21st fly to Shanghai (At this time Mao was in isolation and has life-threatening, originally Mao will never take plane). On 21th Wuhan nearly thousand vehicles and ten thousands of people arm- paraded. On 22th Zhou Enlai , Xie Fuzhi , Wang Li etc. returned to Beijing. Lin Biao hosted the Central Cultural Revolution Group meeting that night, took the “7•20 incident” as “counterrevolutionary incident”. On July 22 “People's Daily” published “Thoroughly overthrow a handful inner-party’s capitalist roadersfrom politics and thought”, and proposed that “clutch handful villains within the military”. On July 25, “million soldiers and civilians welcome Central Delegation returned” was held in Tiananmen Square, and every city of China also held general assembly to declare support for the Wuhan rebels. On July 26, approved by Mao, the Wuhan Military Region was compelled to make “Announcement”, said: “7•20 Incident” are the counter-Mao, counter-party, counter-Great Cultural Revolution's revolting behavior, Chen Zaidao cannot avoid punishment. On July 27, the CCP Central Committee, the State Council, the Central Military Committee, the Central Cultural Revolution Group published “a letter giving revolutionary masses and extensive military men in Wuhan City”, supporting rebel faction. CCP army Marshal Xu Xiangqian, Senior General Xu Haidong and so on were accused as the background of “720 Incident”, encountered searching house and confiscating the property. According to Hubei provincial CCPcommittee statistics, since “7•20 Incident”, the entire province more than 184,000 people were killed. Only in Wuhan, 66,000 people were injured, more than 600 people.were killed[20,21].

The struggle of “Fighting February Adverse Current” and the violence fighting holocaust between the “revolutionary rebels”, are actually the struggles around the establishment of “Revolutionary Committees”, seizing-power and opposing seizing-power..This is yet another bloody and illegal coup, is the Maoist “Revolutionary Committee” regime defence battle, it can be called the “Second Red Terror” climax, in which there are numerous non-normal deaths.

This national large-scale civil war for seize-power and anti- seize-power, explained that although Mao got victory superficially (Jiang Qing and Lin Biao led all country to hold demonstration to declare support for Wuhan rebels, and the “Million Heroes” was put down), everybody shouted Long live Mao, read Mao's quotations; in fact, there are quite stubborn anti-Maoist forces everywhere in the country, regardless of central high-level (for example Tan Zhenlin, Chen Yi, Ye Jianying et al.), army (for example Wuhan Military Region, Qinghai Military Region and so on), magistrate and populace (for example "Million Heroes" and so on Public organizations). Mao launched the Cultural Revolution can not therefore end.

At this time the anti-Maoists probably not opposed Mao himself, but at least they did not understand and did not coordinate to Mao’s strategic plan at that time. Mao’s strategic principle and deployment were to be varying unceasingly. In fact, after Mao died, the anti-Maoists gained the authority. Many unjust cases which created because of Mao’s transformation strategy obtained the rehabiliation afterward. For example, the CCP Central Committee rehabilitated for “7.20 Incident” on November 26 , 1978.

3. The Actions Mao Changed His Tactics Like So-called “Wang, Guan and Qi Incident” and so on Are Coups

Mao and the Cultural Revolution Groupalways stirred up to “clutch the capitalist-roader of inner-party and inner-army”. After seizing power and establishment of "Revolutionary Committees", Liu Shao Qi and so on “capitalist-roader of inner-party” had been cleaned, but the army had not been cleaned. In early 1967, advocating by Kang Sheng, the Cultural Revolution Group wrote to Lin Biao about “clutching handful villains within the military”. Lin Biao had his own plan, just using the name of the Cultural Revolution Group to clean the military for his goal, wrote“totally agree”[22]. After Wuhan“7.20 Incident” which caused chaotic in army, Lin Liguo, son of Lin Biao, using the pen name “Red Vanguard”, published articles advocating “clutch handful villains within the military” in the “Liberation Army Daily” on July 22, 1967 and the “Red Flag” magazine. Then caused chaos in the army. In the army，the number of the Generals who tormented to death, navy was the most, altogether five. In General Logistics Department, there were 133 injustice “group case”, more than 1700 people were isolated imprisons, 143 were killed. 6 Central Military Committee members among the total 11, were placed a case on file for investigation and prosecution. 106 people among the total 175 military officers above the corps level, were being discriminated against.

The Cultural Revolution has caused the popular indignation, after Wuhan “7.20 Incident”, Mao realized that the military unrest will be out of control; he immediately adjusted his strategy. Mao said in mid-August, Chen Boda, Wang Li and Guan Feng published articles inciting “clutch the capitalist-roader in army” which are “big poisonous weeds”. Lin Biao was facing the danger of trouble, Ye Qun told Lin Liguo to write a letter to Jiang Qing, explained that some viewpoints in the article of "Red Vanguard" were added by the editorial. Kang Sheng and Jiang Qing shifted the responsibility to Chen Boda. Mao treated Chen Boda inconveniently, so he knocked down several “scholars” in Central Cultural Revolution Group, Wang Li (vice-minister of CCP Central Committee International Department), Guan Feng (editor of “Red Flag” magazine, director of Central Politics Research Institute, writer of the “5.16 notice” of CCP Central Committee), Qi Benyu (chief of inquiry branch section of CCP Central Committee Staff Office, group leader of the “Red Flag" magazine editors). In fact, “Wang Li, Guan Feng and Qi Benyu” desperately encouraged the rebels fighting “capitalist roaders” for Mao, and only then Mao arranged them in the Central Cultural Revolution Group. But this time Mao knocked them down as the scapegoats for the army stability[23].

Mao was indeed inconsistent and could blow hot and clod to serve his purpose. After “Wang,Guan and Qi” had been used and then knocked down, Jiang Qing, Chen Boda, Kang Sheng and Lin Biao worried that later also will have the possibility to investigate themselves, so they need to create disturbances diverting people's attention. Lin Biao and Jiang Qing once ordered Fu Chongbi (commander of Beijing Capital Garrison) to catch Ye Jianying’s child and Deng Xiaoping's child and to do something to create trouble to grand old men of CCP, but all those things were dodged by Fu Chong Bi. On July 27, 1967, the CCP Central Committee, State Council, the Central Military Commission and the Central Cultural Revolution Group announced “A Letter to Revolutionary Masses and Extensive Military of Wuhan City”, it said “In order to solve Wuhan events, Chairman Mao and the Party Central Committee sent Representatives, Xie Fuzhi, Wang Li and Yu Lijin and so on Comrades who hold the great red flag of Mao Tse-tung Thought high, insisted on Chairman Mao's proletarian revolution route, they returned to Beijing already successfully”. On March 22 before dawn to 25th, 1968, Lin Biao held the congress of officers and soldiers of People's Liberation Army, Jiang Qing created something out of nothing criticizing Fu Chongbi leading persons to attacks the Central Cultural Revolution with guns, Fu Chong Bi's secretary had stricken her waist, and Yang Chengwu, Yu Lijin and Fu Chongbi reversed the case of “February counter current”. Lin Biao said that Yang Chengwu (Chief of the General Staff of Chinese Army) and Yu Lijin (political commissar of air force) gang up to usurp leadership of the air force and to strike down Wu Faxian (Commander of the air force and Lin Biao’s trusted follower), Yang Chengwu and Fu Chongbi want to strike down Xie Fuzhi and to edge Huang Yongsheng (Lin Biao’s trusted follower) and others out. On March 25 1:00 am, Mao issued an order to process “Yang, Yu and Fu event”, this three people were abolished the duty, and encounters the brutal persecution. This case caused a lot of people to receive persecutes, some crippled,some were killed. Lin Biao's trusted follower Huang Yongsheng was substitute for Yang Chengwu to be appointed the chief of the General Staff. After Lin Biao’s fall, in December, 1973, Mao had a lingering fear, he exchanged the post of commanders of national greater Military Regions, and Mao rehabilitated for “Yang, Yu and Fu”[24].

“Red Guards” was Mao mobilized the youth campaign, it made the “worldwide chaos” for him to overthrow Liu and so on “capitalist-roader”, but Mao did not achieve his “well governed” purpose completely, “Red Guards” had already lost the use value, Mao want abandon this already useless tool, just like he treated the “Wang, Guan and Qi” group. Mao’s method is to send out “the People's Liberation Army Mao Zedong Thought Propaganda Team” (PLA propaganda team)” and the “Worker Mao Tse-tung Thought Propaganda Team (workers propaganda team)” to enter and stay in the schools, finally lets these Red Guards get rid in rural area “accepting the poor peasant reeducation”. Mao personally set up the Great Cultural Revolution's Key Units, they were “six factories (Beijing Knitting Factory and so on six important Beijing factories) and two schools (Beijing University and Tsinghua University)”. These two schools were the “model” of the national Red Guard movement. Nie Yuanzi, who was the author of Mao praised the “national first Marxist-Leninist big-character poster” in Beijing University; Kuai Dafu in Tsinghua University who was controlled by Jiang Qing’s Central Cultural Revolution as the leader of the national “Red Guards”, not only those two were the directors of these two schools’ Revolutionary Committee, but also were Deputy Directors of Beijing Municipal Revolutionary Committee. But, in summer of 1968, these two school campuses has become a large-scale bloodshed of resorting to violence of the battlefield[25]. In Tsinghua University, the student rebels organized once together to fight Liu Shaoqi and Liu’s wife Wang Guangmei in the campus, now they splited into two factions. On April 23, 1968, these two factions nearly a thousand students in Tsinghua University campus began launch a “Hundred Days Great resorting to violence”, using spears, guns, grenades, self-made tanks and armored vehicles. On July 27, Mao sent the “Worker's Propaganda Team” to stop the violence in Tsinghua University. The rebel factions used weapons to boycott the Worker's Propaganda Team entering school. In the Worker's Propaganda Team side, 5 people of were beaten to death and 731 people were wounded. In Tsinghua University side, at least 13 people were killed and more than 400 people were wounded, more than 30 people life-long disability.[26]. The militant fight situation of other schools and other places throughout the country was the samebasically. Finally the army came and then it was put down. Nie Yuanzi, Kuai Dafu and other leaders of rebels and the Red Guards not only been deprived of their position in the Revolutionary Committee, also were imprisoned. Later, Mao's military government (Revolutionary Committee) engaged in the 1968's “clean-up class ranks”" campaign; the leaders of rebels and the Red Guards in all province, were received to shut in “bullpen”,beat cruelly , extort a confession by torture lethal, hundreds of thousands of them suicides.

Above-mentioned Cultural Revolution important actions done because of Mao’s strategy changes, ought to be a series of coups, some were bleeding, some were not bleeding.

4. “Crushing Lin Biao Group” Is a Coup D'etat

Mao and his “close comrade-in-arms” Lin Biao stricken Peng down in 1959, then in the process of overthrewing Liu Shaoqi group in 1966, the two families of Mao and Lin including their wife and children formed an alliance which was in the summit during the CCP’s 9th Party Congress; the ninth party constitutions (made in the 9th Party Congress) stipulated that Lin Biao was Mao’s successor, Mao’s wife Jiang Qing and Mao’s nephew Mao Yuanxin (Mao preparation forward lets him take over, he expected originally his son Mao Anying took over, unfortunately he was killed by explosion in the North Korean battlefield, Mao’s other son had neurosis) and Lin Biao's wife Ye Qun, were appointed the important duty. But, Mao & Lin alliance has broken up very quickly.

Although the Revolutionary committees were established throughout the country， Jiang Qing and Mao's cronies get the leadership, it is difficult to reach “a vast orderly community”, therefore Mao proposed a three steps strategy of the Cultural Revolution movement: the first year is to open and begin, the secound year to see prospect of a solution, set the foundation, the third year to finish[27]. Mao changed his strategy unceasingly, abandoned the Red Guards to entrust with heavy responsibility the army and the working class has subsided the civil war, after the CCP 9th Party Congress in 1969, again through “fighting , criticizing, reforming”, basically it might finish the Cultural Revolution. In March, 1969, Mao said: “the Central Cultural Revolution Group has not needed any more, it is the leadership of the Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution had soon ended,it has to use the standing members of CCPCentral Committee.”[28] However, Lin Biao’s influence has been formidable, it threatens Mao’s imperial authority takes-over, and it starts a bloody between Mao and Lin. Mao thought that although Jiang Qing enters Central Political Bureau, Mao Yuanxin has worked as member of the Central Committee, Lin Biao's health and age cannot endure Jiang Qing, But, Lin Biao wants to be engaged in an imperial power coming to self hands and passes on to his son, Lin Liguo. Before April of 1970, Wu Faxian, Air Force Commander and Lin Biao’s trusted fellow, gave the air force's command jurisdiction to 25 year-old Lin Liguo. Lin Liguo trained a group young military officer, set up a special panel in Air Force Headquarters office, to collect information, secret contact, afterward expanded it and is called the “United Fleets”, seized power and service for Lin Biao[29].On May 1 evening, Lin Biao as Mao's “the most close comrade” mounted the rostrum of Tian An Men together with Mao. On May 3 evening, the “special panel” held a faithful swear oath. They successively have written “letter of allegiance” to Lin Biao and his son. Because May 13, 1967, was the day Ye Qun promotes Wu Faxian and the Li Zuopeng’s duty post, so every year on May 13 they will meet and express allegiance to Lin Biao and Ye Qun [30].

Mao won the duel with Liu Shaoqi and abolished “state president” position and “National People's Congress”, a rubber stamp. Lin Biao wanted to snatch the state president's position justifiably from Mao’s hand, and Mao’s plan of imperial authority take-over encountered Lin Biao and his son’s challnge, Mao determined that must carry on the contest with the Lin Biao group. In July of 1959, Peng Dehuai was overthrew and replaced by Lin Biao in CCP Politbureau enlarged meeting convened in Mt. Lushan. Now in August of 1970, the Second Plenary Session of the Ninth Central Committee of the CCP held again in Mt. Lushan, Mao wanted duel with Lin Biao. Lin Biao's health was difficult to accept the challenge, but he would just have to risk it, his wife and son attended the conference; Lin Biao proposed that a country must has a state president and want Mao hold the post, Lin Biao instructed Chen Boda to do the propaganda about Mao is "genius", .so it drove Mao to drastic alternatives. Mao did not let Lin Biao work as state president, but it was not easy to get rid of Lin Biao, so Mao first. punished Chen Boda. The majority local officials who attend the meeting did not understand the true situation, they discussed the national economic planning. Wu Faxian proposed the meeting must study Lin Biao's speech, Chen Boda also echoed, so many attendees agreed that the nation must has a state president. On 25th Mao convened the enlarged meeting, Mao said “Chen Boda's speech has gone against the Ninth CCP Congress,…..If you continue do as they said, I will go descend of Mt. Lushan, giving way to you. Do not mention the problem about to set up the state president again, ask me work as state president meams let me die early. whom to be insisted that let him be state president, I do not work that in any case”. Afterward it mainly criticized Chen Boda, the conference wrapped up hastily.[31] Lin Biao left Mt. Lushan filled with angrily awkwardly. In October , 1970, Lin Liguo led his “United Fleets” to develop an armed coup plan –“571 Project”. Although Lin Biao's son Lin Liguo's ability is much stronger than Mao Yuanxin, but Mao is supremacy after many years apotheosis, Mao’s Machiavellian capacity is much stronger than the Lin Biao, so Mao defeated Lin Biao group effortlessly. Mao alerted Beijing had potential dangers, he used the his common method of facing political situation accident he left Beijing seeing an opportunity to attack, on August 14, 1971, he secret goes to southward provinces and discloses to the local leaders about his plan to destroy Lin Biao group. Meanwhile, Lin Liguo has designed 8 or 9 kinds of scheme to murder Mao. Mao carefully observed his situation in his travel and always ingeniously changed his traveling schedule suddenly, so it made Lin’s murder plot become bankruptcy. Lin’s family decided to run away southern to Guangzhou, to set up a new CCP central committee. On September 12 evening, Zhou Enlai was informed from Lin‘s daughter and other places that Lin Biao intended to flee by aircraft, so the airport was controlled immediately. At zero hour on the 13th, Lin Biao, Ye Qun, Lin Liguo decided to change southern escape to north rebellion, they fled sad and anxiety, and soon because of lack of jet fuel the aircraft crashed and they died in the territory of Mongolia. Lin Biao's partisans, Huang Yongsheng (chief of the PLA general staff), Wu Fa Xian (commander of air force), Li Zuopeng (navy political commissar) and Qiu Huizuo (director of PLA General Logistics Department) were punished easily[32].This obviously is a thrilling coup.

5. “Criticizing Lin Biao，Confucius and Zhou”, “Criticizing Deng” and “Crushing a Gang of Four” Are Coups

Under Zhou’s help, Mao easily solved the problem of Lin Biao group, but Mao’s body and mind therefore was a major blow to long to live. At this time, Mao's imperial succession conflicts was mainly to struggle with Zhou. In order to clean Lin Biao group’s influence, Mao said “Do not talk anymore abput February counter-current” and re-use the old cadres. Mao gave the army affairs to Ye Jianying, and the daily works of the CCP and central government were hosted by Zhou and Deng, Mao arranged Mao Yuanxin (his nephew) work as his liaison man to convey his instructons about the important affairs of the party and government. Zhou and Deng brought an order out of chaos of the Cultural Revolution, the natioal economy recovered slightly, and their prestige increased greatly. Mao afraid of their prestige would endanger his plan of imperial power inheriting which Jiang Qing and Mao Yuanxin would be succession. In order to restrict Zhou, Mao promoted Wang Hongwen, who was young and obedient, having the experience of “worker, peasant and soldier”, and unlikely to compete power with Jiang Qing. In 1973 Zhou Enlai’s disease was heavy, he suggests “reinstating” Deng. Deng was knocked down as the second “capitalist roader” of the “bourgeoisie headquarters” at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, his family members were affected and his son Deng Pufang was suffered jumps from a building to suicide not die but became disability. Deng and his family was sent to Jiangxi to reform-through-labor.Deng wrote letter to Mao many times, expressed that “use Mao Zedong Thought to reform my Bourgeois world-view diligently. For people like me, how to deal with not too much. I promise never to reverse the verdict, would not like to be an unrepentant capitalist roader.”[33] In 1973 Deng was appointed as vice-premier by Mao.

The CCP prepared the 10th National Congress in May of 1973，Mao let Wang Hongwen attend the Political Bureau meeting and lead the Party Constitution Revision Group, put forward a new party constitution draft. On August 20, Mao let Zhou convey his instruction: Wang must be the director of the Elections Committee. On August 24, 1973, Mao hosted the opening ceremony of the CCP 10th National Congress, Zhou made the Politics Report, Wang made the Report of Revision Party Constitution, and Wang was the vice-president of CCP Central Committee[34].

The most powerful weapon of Mao engaged in faction fights, is to give the opposite party a “betrayer” charge. Liu Shaoqi was charged “betrayer”, so Liu was “dismiss out the CCP Party forever” in October, 1968, and secret persecuted to death in November 1969. At this time Mao not only used this way to deal with Zhou and wanted take him dead. In May of 1972, it found out Zhou has early bladder cancer, it is curable with surgery; the medical experts have written a report recommending the surgery as soon as possible. Mao arranged follows by Wang Dongxing: (1) keep it secret , not tell Zhou and his wife Deng Yingchao; (2) do not check; (3) do not operate; (4)strengthen the care and nutrition. The medical experts stressed that the treatment is urgent, did not understand Mao’s decision and wanted write directly to Mao, but it was blocked by Wang Dongxing. Then, Zhou was very busy about “forming a cabinet” and “seizing power” before “the fourth National People's Congress”, and “crushing Lin Biao Group” and so on. This time Mao and Jiang Qing have done four significant strike actions to Zhou[35].

The first, is to criticize Zhou’s “capitulationism route” at the end of 1973. In February of 1932, Shanghai “Times” newspaper published an announcement "Wuhao (Zhou Enlai's alias) and others “breaking away from the Communist”. Without doubt it was forged, moreover possibly it was forged by Mao. Immediately Mao put up a pageantry to “refute a rumour” using the name of Chinese Soviet Area Chairman, let Zhou’s reputation accepted smear, where the people could never read Shanghai newspaper. Mao used this way take Zhou under control. Zhou knew Mao’s Machiavellian and cruelty very well, had to accepts his advice and adopt his plan. Regardless of Yan'an Rectification Movement and the "Cultural Revolution", Zhou did as “attending the king, accompany a tiger”[36]. In May of 1967, Jiang Qing got the “Wuhao” materials through the Red Guards, sent it to Lin Biao, Zhou immediately wrote a letter to Mao to clarify the explanation. Mao written an ambiguous comment: “Hand over this to each comrade of members of the Cultural Revolution Group to read and save”. In October, Data Management Group of Shanghai Revolutionary Committee published the 55th issue of “Brief Report of Grasping Betrayers” which mentioned “Wuhao event”, afterwards unceasingly criticized Zhou on this account. The CCP broke with Soviet Union completely, there was a nuclear war crisis, USA showed kindness to China, Mao invited Nixon to visit China, Zhou arranged American Kissinger to visit China many times, it has improved Sino-U. S. relation , therefore Zhou’s reputation enhanced in home and abroad. Mao launched attack against Zhou many times. In June of 1973, Mao said that Zhou “unites with the bourgeoisie often forgets to struggle”, and said Zhou did not ask anyone and without authorization made the promise of China and US military cooperation with Kissinger. Many times Mao ordered to hold the Politburo enlarged meeting to criticize Zhou, said that Zhou accepted the American nuclear umbrella, Zhou is a capitulationist clique , it must “criticize capitulators”. Mao asked Tang Wensheng to convey his message “Zhou Enlai fears seriously to Soviet Union, if Soviet fight in China, he wants to serve as Soviet's puppet emperor” [35].In July of 1973, Mao and Jiang Qing talked volubly of criticizing Confucius “deny self and return to propriety”,. said that Zhou departs from the Great Cultural Revolution to practice the revisionism. Wang Hairong (Assistant of Chinese Foreign Minister, Mao's relatives) and Tang Wensheng (Mao's translator) recalled: “In November of 1973, CCP Political Bureau held a meeting to criticize Premier Zhou’s mistake talk with Kissinger, Jiang Qing suggests that this is eleventh time of route fight., and Yao Wenyuan also said to follow[37].This Make Zhou so angry that said in patting a table at the meeting: “I, Zhou Enlai made many mistakes for a lifetime, but the Right Deviation Surrenderism's hat does not take on my head!” On June 23, 1972, Zhou was in heavy disease, said that “Wuhao event” is an enemy (not mentioned Kuomintang) to counterfeit, he wrote down and made a sound recording. When he in imminent peril before entering operating room, Zhou took the records in 1972, serious signed, and indicated that: “In the operating room, September 20, 1975”; then loudly said: "I'm not capitulators!.”[35]

The second, Mao launched a “Criticize Lin Biao, Confucius and Zhou” movement. Criticize Lin and Confucius is false and the purpose is to criticize Zhou. Because Lin was dead, Confucius is a great educator and thinker in more than two thousand years ago. Mao and Jiangqing feared that “criticize Zhou” is too explicit and undisguised, so they called it “Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius" for short. At the beginning of 1974, Mao said to Wang Hairong: “Now is the time to criticize Zhou”. Because Wang Hairong is Mao’s relative, for the special status, she record these words in her small tape recorder. After Mao died, when the Foreign Ministry criticized the "Gang of Four"，Wang Hairong was investigated “anti-Premier Zhou” crimes, she had no way to extricate herself and was forced to take out the tape to play Mao’s sound “Now is the time to criticize Zhou”. The leaders of Foreign Ministry said: “Do not pursue again, the matter is this appearance.”[38] Mao and Jiang Qing launched nationally to do “criticize Lin Biao and Confucius” movement, “People's Daily” and the “Red Flag” and so on media made the essence of the movement very clear, that was to criticize Zhou. For example, on January 4, 1974, People's Daily pointed out specially: “Confucius held the post of Lu country’s judicature manager, leader of punishment and prison, and took the prime minister post”[39] The "Red Flag"of vol.4 in 1974, used the image of Confucius to curse Zhou: “71 years old, very sick in bed ... ... still desperately struggling to get up and staggered to the King of Lu country.”[40]An article in The "Red Flag" vol.10 in1974 obvious analogy Jiang Qing to the Queen who was in history inherit the throne.[41] On June 22, 1974, Jiang Qing asked a village woman in Tianjin whose family nane is Zhou, to change a name to be “Zhou Ke Zhou”, Jiang explained “we used this Zhou to struggle against that Zhou”.[42]

The third, is to criticize “empiricism”. The purpose is to cause mental pressure and to accelerate the collapse of Zhou’s body. On April 5, 1975, Jiang Qing said, “Now the biggest dange in the party is not dogmatism but isempiricism”. According to Chen Xilian’s expose, Jiang Qing was “one by one in the Politburo to mobilize struggle against the Prime Minister Zhou”[43].The whole nation immediately has carried out a movement which named “criticizing empiricism” actually is to criticize Zhou. On April 18, Deng used the chance of accompany Mao to meet Kim Il Sung, said to Mao: “I do not agree with this formulation about the empiricism is the current primary hazard”. Mao made comments on a report wrote by Yao Wenyuan on April 23: The formulation should propose to do against revisionism, including against empiricism and dogmatism.Both are modified Marxism, do not mention one only let another slip[44].

The fourth, is Mao lanched a movement of Judging “The Water Margin” (a Chinese classical fiction). It returned to the so-called “capitulationist clique” problem. Mao authorized to send out the No 1 documenti 1974 of the CCP Central Committee. Mao demanded the whole nation to learn “Lin Biao and the doctrines of Confucius and Mencius” which was Jiang Qing arrange to edit. Mao emphasized many times it should “take seriously to Judge “The Water Margin (other name: All Men Are Brothers)”, he said Zhou is the type of character “Song Jiang” in the story of “The Water Margin”， is a capitulator. The CCP summoned that further comment “The Water Margin” and crisize capitulationists is center political task in 1976.[45].

On May 9, 1975, Zhou’s medical team leader Dr. Wu Jieping reported to CCP central that Zhou should do operation immediately. Zhang Chunqiao represented Mao to say “at present operation can not be considered”, the reason is, Zhou is general manager of party, government, military and internal affairs, others are unable to replace to do his work. The surgery question repeatedly delayed. On January 8, 1976, Zhou died of illness at the age of 76 years old. During Zhou’s long-term treatment, Mao lived near the hospital which Zhou stayed, Mao did not go to watch Zhou and also not give telephone ragards. Some people explained regarding this said Mao himself was seriously ill, but actually it is not the reason. Before New Year's Day of 1976, Mao met American former president Nixon’s daughter and the son-in-law in his studio, and in this meeting Mao said “There are 800 million population, it is not right if there has no fight”. Then, on February 21, Mao met Nixon who had left the US President post, on May 12 he met Singapore Premier Lee Kuan Yew, and on May 27, he also met Pakistani Premier Benazir Bhutto. After Zhou died, most CCP Leaders hoped that Mao participated in Zhou’s memorial service, and the medical experts also thought participating memorial will not affect Mao's health. But Mao did not go. According to Wang Dongxing saved Mao’s conversation records, Mao once said on January 12, 1976, “Why should I participate in the Prime Minister's memorial service? I still have the right not participating in! …..I have struggled with the premier no less than ten times”. At the same time, Mao ordered the people near him, not allowed to pay last respects to Zhou’s remains, and not allow wearing black armband [35].

April 5, 1976 was Qingming Festival, the Chinese tradition this day it mourns the ancestors. Nanjing, Taiyuan, Xi'an and so on regional populace mourn Zhou Enlai. At the beginning of April, Beijing populace spontaneous assembly in the Tiananmen Square every day, takes this occasion to give vent to Mao and Gang of Four's hatred. On April 4 in the square the population reaches more than 2,000,000. At 4 o'clock on the April 5, Beijing authorities (security minister Huang Guofeng) put clear to the square and give suppression. Beijing authorities determine the event as the “counter-revolutionary riot”. After Mao death, in December, 1978, the CCP rehabilitates for this “Tian'anmen event”.

After Zhou passes away, Mao and Jiang Qing changed “criticizing Zhou” to “criticizing Deng”. In 1976, Mao was seriously ill but his thought is not muddled. He is determined before dying to overthrow Deng, guaranteed that his imperial authority inherits. On April 7, the CCP Political Bureau desided that the protest activities in Tiananmen is “the counter-revolutionary event”, said that Deng Xiaoping’s performance already “became the antagonism contradiction”, and passed “Resolution about appointed Hua Guofeng to be the first vice-president of CCP Central Committee, and the premier of China State Council”, and “Resolution about abolishes Deng Xiaoping’s all post of inside and outside of the Party”. The CCP organized 100,000 people in Beijing to hold congress of “the capital soldiers and civilians firmly support two resolutions of the CCP Central Committee, celebrate the victory of crushing the counter-revolutionary adverse current”. Every province and city all over the country had done like Beijing. Maoonce more overthrowed Deng Xiaoping before approached his life end, paved the way for Jiang Qing and Mao Yuanxin to get the power of the country. Chen Xilian serves as the vice-chairman of the Central military Commission so Mao Yuanxin replaced Chen Xilian’s original post, the commander of Shenyang Military Region, to charge military and political power in Chinese Northeast. Ye Jian Ying was forced to remove off from central authority core by Mao using as an false excuse that ye was falling ill. During the period when Mao was critically ill, Mao personally selected Jiang Qing , Hua Guo Feng , Zhang Chunqiao , Wang Dongxing , Yao Wenyuan , Chen Xilian and so on to guard him and care of him, and also these were Mao selected future leading core of the CCP Central Committee. On September 9 , 1976, Mao Zedong passed away. Jiang Qing and her “gang of four” diligently plotted striving for the country supreme power, using so-called Mao’s death-bed injunction, “act according to the principles laid down”.[46] From 11th to 21st September 1976, Hua Guofeng secret contacted Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian and so on to conspire the coup d'etat. On October 6 evening, Ye Jianying, Huang Guofeng, Wang Dongxing, Li Xiannian and so on collaborated secret to seize Jiang Qing et al., Jiang Qing group was destroyed.

On September 21. Gang of Four’s faction in Shanghai's remnants distributed weapon to the militiamen, prepared to rebel. But knowing that they were in hopeless situation, and all were controlled by Beijing. Hua Guofeng had inherited Mao’s position temporarily[47].

In August, 1977, the CCP eleventh National Representative Convention convened in Beijing, it fromally announced “the Great Cultural Revolution” being over. [48]

[1] Communist Party of China Central Committee:Resolution on Centain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China. People's Publishing House, 1981

[5] Wang Youqin: Sufferers,The Correlation Between “Opposing right” and the Cultural Revolution, Take Peking University as Example. http://www.edubridge.com/letter/wangyouqin_2.htm

[6] The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Document, No.55 in 1978, Organization Dept of CCP, Propaganda Dept of Central CCP, United Front Work Dept of Central CCP , the Ministry of Public Security , Ministry of Civil Affairs, “The implementation plan of extracting away all of the Rightist hat”

[28] The Record of Mao Zedong talks with the Central Cultural Revolution Group Members, on March 3, 1969. Zhen Yan: Comrade Mao Zedong in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Great Cultural Revolution network material downloading

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