International Issues

World agricultural production in 1997 was 1% above the previous high recorded in 1996, according to statistics compiled by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Crop production remained about the same as in 1996, but livestock production increased nearly 2%. Food products accounted for the increase in agricultural output; production of nonfood agricultural products such as fibres and industrial products remained the same as in 1996. The increase in food production in 1997 kept pace with world population growth. Since 1990, world agricultural production per capita had increased 4%. (For Selected Indexes of World Agricultural and Food Production, see Table.)

Total agricultural production

Total food production

Per capita food production

Region or country

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

Developed countries

95.4

96.6

94.7

97.7

97.2

95.7

96.7

95.0

98.3

97.9

94.1

94.7

92.6

95.4

94.7

Canada

102.5

107.0

111.1

115.2

111.2

102.7

106.7

110.6

115.2

110.6

99.1

101.9

104.5

107.9

102.7

European Union

98.7

97.3

97.2

101.8

99.6

98.7

97.2

97.1

101.9

99.6

97.6

95.9

95.4

99.8

97.4

Japan

94.7

99.9

97.9

96.1

95.7

95.0

100.3

98.4

96.5

96.1

94.2

99.3

97.1

95.1

94.5

Russia

86.3

74.3

67.3

69.3

69.8

86.6

74.6

67.7

69.8

70.2

86.2

74.3

67.5

69.8

70.4

South Africa

95.6

99.2

86.4

102.4

98.5

97.3

101.4

88.3

104.9

100.7

90.9

92.7

78.9

91.7

86.1

United States

100.4

116.3

109.4

114.7

116.8

100.1

115.9

109.3

114.5

117.6

97.1

111.3

104.0

108.0

110.0

Less-developed countries

111.2

116.3

122.6

128.0

130.0

112.1

117.8

124.0

129.6

131.8

106.2

109.7

113.5

116.6

116.7

Argentina

102.0

109.5

116.0

119.4

118.6

103.8

111.7

117.8

121.0

120.7

99.8

105.9

110.3

111.8

110.1

Bangladesh

103.2

100.5

103.4

106.2

110.2

103.5

99.9

103.8

105.9

110.1

98.9

94.1

96.3

96.8

99.0

Brazil

106.1

110.8

114.1

118.6

122.3

107.1

112.3

116.9

121.4

125.2

102.3

105.9

108.8

111.5

113.6

China

120.0

129.8

141.8

152.3

157.3

121.9

133.0

145.5

156.6

162.1

117.7

127.1

137.8

146.8

152.0

Congo, Dem. Rep. of the

104.0

105.6

104.2

103.7

102.7

104.4

106.1

105.5

105.1

104.1

92.5

90.5

87.0

84.1

81.2

Egypt

114.8

111.0

119.2

119.7

118.8

113.6

112.6

121.6

119.7

119.7

107.0

104.1

110.3

106.5

104.6

Ethiopia

106.4

107.2

118.2

127.1

128.1

107.7

107.7

118.8

128.5

129.1

98.0

94.9

101.4

106.2

103.4

India

108.7

112.2

116.0

117.4

118.0

108.6

111.8

115.2

116.5

117.4

102.9

104.1

105.5

104.9

104.0

Indonesia

112.8

113.1

119.6

124.2

123.7

112.7

113.0

119.7

124.3

124.7

107.5

106.2

110.8

113.3

112.0

Malaysia

112.1

113.2

114.4

116.9

119.0

118.6

119.7

121.1

124.1

126.7

110.3

108.8

107.6

108.0

107.9

Mexico

108.4

113.3

117.2

117.8

123.0

110.6

115.0

118.3

117.3

122.9

104.7

106.9

108.1

105.3

108.5

Nigeria

124.7

128.9

132.1

134.2

134.9

124.9

129.4

132.5

134.6

135.7

114.3

114.8

114.2

112.7

110.4

Philippines

111.2

114.2

115.2

116.3

120.9

111.7

115.2

116.2

117.4

122.4

104.6

105.5

104.1

103.1

105.2

Turkey

103.5

103.0

104.6

107.0

104.1

103.5

104.0

104.2

106.8

104.0

98.5

97.4

96.1

96.9

93.0

Venezuela

110.9

113.2

110.5

115.9

117.4

112.3

114.4

111.7

116.7

117.9

104.7

104.3

99.7

101.9

101.0

Vietnam

116.6

122.9

129.4

135.2

136.1

116.1

121.7

127.7

133.2

134.0

109.1

112.1

115.4

118.1

116.8

World

104.0

107.4

109.9

114.3

115.2

104.5

108.1

110.6

115.1

116.2

99.9

101.8

102.7

105.4

104.9

Farmers in industrial countries expanded their production at the modest pace of about 1% per year between 1990 and 1997. Their crop output expanded at twice the rate of livestock production. Farm production of fibres, industrial products, and other nonfood items declined slightly from 1990. Total agricultural production in the United States grew at a vigorous rate of over 2% per year, whereas in the European Union (EU) there was no obvious trend. The growth in U.S. agricultural production was boosted in 1996 and 1997 by a change in federal farm policy that relaxed restrictions on the area planted to crops and allowed farmers more freedom in allocating their land among crops. The lack of growth in agriculture in the EU reflected an agricultural policy that gradually removed financial incentives for farmers to increase output.

Since 1990, food production in less-developed African countries had been expanding about 2% per year. In 1997, however, grain production was down nearly 10% from the record 1996 harvest, which more than offset increases in production of other crops and livestock products. Growth in food production did not keep up with population growth. On average, per capita production in 1997 was down about 3% from 1990.

China demonstrated amazing ability to expand agricultural production in the 1990s. At something over 3%, production expansion in 1997 was modest, relative to recent years, owing to a poor grain harvest. Between 1990 and 1997, however, total agricultural output grew well over 50%, recording a 35% increase in crop production and a 115% increase in livestock products. Per capita food production in China increased 50% during the seven years; per capita production of animal products doubled.

Experts on Chinese agriculture accurately predicted China’s rapid expansion of production and consumption of livestock products. They also predicted that China would not be able to expand feed production enough to meet the needs of the livestock and would have to greatly increase imports of coarse grains (corn, sorghum, oats, and barley). By year-end 1997, however, that had not happened. During the 1990s production of domestic feeds--along with the near elimination of coarse grain exports--enabled the domestic feed supply to keep pace with livestock production. Domestic production of high-protein meal, an important source of animal feed obtained from processed oilseeds, increased more than 300% between 1990 and 1997. Grain production increased about 15% from 1990, with most of that increase being used to feed livestock rather than people. In addition, inventories of grain reached a record high by the end of the 1996-97 crop year. In 1997 coarse grain production fell about 4%, but feed requirements were expected to be maintained through the 1997-98 feeding year by drawing down year-end stocks by about 50%.

The countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics presented an entirely different picture of agricultural well-being. Production from their farms peaked in 1990. During the following years of political and economic restructuring, agricultural output in those countries declined by more than one-fourth. Crop production fell 18%, owing primarily to lower crop yields, and livestock products were down 34%. The hardest-hit countries--Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Estonia, and Latvia--experienced declines in agricultural production of between 40% and 50%. In 1997, however, there were signs that the decline had hit bottom. A large increase in cereal production, due to higher yields, offset small declines in production of other crops and livestock.

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