New England Woman's Press Association

The New England Woman's Press Association (NEWPA) was founded by six Boston newspaper women in 1885 and incorporated in 1890. By the turn of the century it had over 150 members. NEWPA sought not only to bring female colleagues together and further their careers in a male-dominated field, but to use the power of the press for the good of society, the group raised funds for charity and supported women's suffrage and other political causes.

In November 1885, Marion A. McBride of the Boston Post sent out a call to other Boston newspaper women to establish a press association.[note 1] McBride had already been involved in the founding of the Illinois Woman's Press Association and the National Woman's Press Association. Boston was a logical choice for another such group, with 9 daily newspapers and 19 weeklies, it was one of the busiest media centers in the country, but few of its newspapers hired women full time. Most women in the field worked as part-time correspondents and contributors, their professional opportunities were limited, and they were often treated disrespectfully by their male colleagues.[1]

Over the next year, Hatch recruited a dozen more women to the organization.[2]Alice Stone Blackwell of the Woman's Journal headed a committee that drew up a constitution and bylaws. To make clear that NEWPA was a professional association and not a social club, membership was limited to women living in New England who were "regularly and professionally connected with the press of New England, either as writers, editors, business managers, or correspondents—all, in short, for whom work on the press is a vocation, and not an avocation, a breadwinning occupation, and not an amusement." The group was incorporated on September 15, 1890.[4] Starting in 1891, associate members were admitted, but not allowed to vote.[5]

Most of NEWPA's members were from the Boston area; others hailed from Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Nova Scotia. They included proprietors of local newspapers such as the Winthrop Visitor, editors of household, fashion, society, art, and literature departments, and freelance journalists who contributed to many different newspapers and magazines.[5]Lillian A. Lewis, the first African-American woman reporter in Boston, made national headlines when she was admitted to the association in 1889.[6] In the 1920s, NEWPA began accepting radio script writers, public relations writers, playwrights, and other "kindred women writers." The association maintained an average of more than 120 members until the mid-1940s.[7]

NEWPA's constitution served as a model for many other women's press organizations over the next twenty years;[1] for example, the Pacific Coast Woman's Press Association, founded in 1890, modeled its constitution after NEWPA's, and went on to become a leader of the women's movement in California.[8] NEWPA's object was "to promote acquaintance and good-fellowship among newspaper women" and to use the power of the press to promote "good objects in social, philanthropic, and reformatory lines." In other words, it was a professional association, but one that aimed to make a positive difference in the community.[9] As such, it was part of the women's club movement,[10] it became a charter member of the General Federation of Women's Clubs in 1890; the International Federation of Women's Press Clubs in 1891; the Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs in 1895; and the National Federation of Press Women in 1938.[11]

For the first few years, NEWPA held literary and business meetings twice a month, elections each November, and an outing each spring,[5] they invited prominent authors and newspaper women such as Jane Cunningham Croly,[12]Amelia Edwards,[13] and Frances H. Burnett[14] to speak about their work. Each February, male friends and relatives of members were invited to a "Gentlemen's Night" at the Hotel Vendome, featuring guest speakers such as Mayor Josiah Quincy.[15] One member wrote in 1901, "However busy a newspaper woman may be the rest of the year, on gentlemen's night she lays aside all care, puts on her most becoming gown, and consigns to oblivion assignments, hurry calls for copy, and all the rest of the daily routine."[16] They also hosted special events, such as authors' readings, teas, and receptions,[5] during World War I the association began holding fewer social events, but continued holding monthly business and literary meetings.[12]

NEWPA established the Woman's Press Bureau in 1888 to help members find work, on February 11, 1894, they called attention to the work of women journalists by publishing a special "women's edition" of the Boston Post, "written, edited, and put out entirely by women."[12][14] In the 1930s and 40s, NEWPA regularly broadcast shows on WEEI and WORL. Starting in the 1930s they also published a monthly bulletin. Annual workshops offered expertise on such topics as "Writing a Feature Column" and "Editing Winter Sports."[7]

In 1946 NEWPA established an annual awards competition, with several categories such as news story, feature story, and "article or column of special interest to women." The New England Newspaper Woman of the Year award was added in 1951; recipients included Catherine Coyne of the Boston Herald, Mary Crewmen of the Boston Globe, and Mary Handy of the Christian Science Monitor.[17]

In its early years, NEWPA was active in community affairs and politics, on January 18, 1887, the same day its constitution and bylaws were adopted, the group was addressed by "Mme. Charpiot," superintendent of the Home for Intemperate Women, who spoke of the need for matrons at Boston's police stations.[18] Marion McBride had first spoken to Ms. Charpiot about this issue in 1886, she recalled later:

I told her I had determined to take it up and not lay it down until we had police matrons, not only for the city, but for the State as well. I went to police headquarters and got from the books the numbers of women arrested in 1885 and other facts and figures which I sent out at once to the leading papers in the State and to papers in Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco and New Orleans.[19]

In February, the "lady newspaper men" of NEWPA voted to show their support for the movement by signing a petition to the state legislature.[20] A few days later, a short article in the Boston Globe reminded readers of the need for police matrons, and encouraged activists to keep the pressure on city and state officials.[21] NEWPA's reporters and editors continued to call the public's attention to the issue over the next few months. By early May the legislature had passed a bill to appoint police matrons in Massachusetts cities and establish a house of detention for women in Boston. McBride attributed the success of the movement to the "kindness and courage" of the Boston press.[19]

The association campaigned for international copyright laws in 1889, and for "clean journalism" at the turn of the century,[22] during the Panic of 1893 it formed a benevolent society, "Samaritania," which raised money for the poor and established a fund for journalists in need. They organized authors' readings, auctions, and other fundraising events, and sponsored a hospital bed for women writers at Lynn Hospital; in 1914, NEWPA marched in the Boston suffrage parade, and in 1919 Dr. Grace E. Cross represented NEWPA at the National Woman's Party demonstration in Washington, D.C.[23]

NEWPA was far less politically active during the "women's liberation" movement of the 1960s and 70s, the association took no formal position on the Equal Rights Amendment, for example, issued no petitions, and sent no representatives to demonstrations. One former president, Muriel Knight, said members were too busy to devote much time to activism, while another, Evelena Hudson, attributed the change to conservative leadership.[17]

Lucy Stone
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Lucy Stone was a prominent American orator, abolitionist, and suffragist, and a vocal advocate and organizer promoting rights for women. In 1847, Stone became the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree and she spoke out for womens rights and against slavery at a time when women were discouraged and prevented from public speaking. S

Julia Ward Howe
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Julia Ward Howe was an American poet and author, best known for writing The Battle Hymn of the Republic. She was also an advocate for abolitionism and was a social activist, Howe was born in New York City. She was the fourth of seven born to an upper middle class couple. Her father Samuel Ward III was a Wall Street stockbroker, well-to-do banker an

1.
Julia Ward Howe

Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
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Ruffin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to John St. Pierre, of French and African descent from Martinique, and Elizabeth Matilda Menhenick from Cornwall, England. Her father was a clothier and founder of a Boston Zion Church. She attended public schools in Charlestown and Salem, and a school in New York City because of her parents objections to t

1.
Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin

Boston Post
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The Boston Post was a daily newspaper in New England for over a hundred years before it folded in 1956. The Post was founded in November 1831 by two prominent Boston businessmen, Charles G. Greene and William Beals, Edwin Grozier bought the paper in 1891. Within two decades, he had built it into easily the largest paper in Boston and New England an

2.
The January 16, 1919 front page of The Boston Post

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Sunday Magazine of the The Boston Sunday Post September 18, 1910.

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The Boston Sunday Post Sunday Magazine July 5, 1914.

Boston Herald
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The Boston Herald is an American daily newspaper whose primary market is Boston, Massachusetts and its surrounding area. It was founded in 1846 and is one of the oldest daily newspapers in the United States and it has been awarded eight Pulitzer Prizes in its history, including four for editorial writing and three for photography before it was conv

Boston Daily Advertiser
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The Boston Daily Advertiser was the first daily newspaper in Boston, and for many years the only daily paper in Boston. The Advertiser was established in 1813, and in March 1814 it was purchased by journalist Nathan Hale, Hale was its chief editor until his death in 1863. Under Hales supervision, the paper was first Federalist in politics, then Whi

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The Boston Advertiser

2.
Daily Advertiser building, Boston, c. 1870s

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Four men in front of a tent with a sign for the Boston Daily Advertiser, 19th century

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The Advertiser's Almanac for 1875

Boston Globe
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The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1872 by Charles H. Taylor, it was held until 1973. The company was acquired in 1993 by The New York Times Company, in 2011, a BostonGlobe. com subscription site was launched. In 2013, the newspaper and websites were purchased by John W. Henry, the Boston Glob

1.
The April 18, 2011 front page of The Boston Globe

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The Boston Globe

3.
Boston Globe headquarters in September 2009

Parker House Hotel
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Built in 1927, the Omni Parker House is a historic hotel in Boston, Massachusetts. The original Parker House Hotel opened on the site on October 8,1855, additions and alterations were made to the original building starting only five years after its opening. Founder Harvey D. Parker ran the hotel until his death in 1884, Omni Parker House, Boston, i

1.
Omni Parker House hotel in October 2010

2.
The original Parker House, the two buildings on the right, seen in the late 19th century.

Alice Stone Blackwell
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Alice Stone Blackwell was an American feminist, suffragist, journalist, radical socialist, and human rights advocate. Blackwell was born in East Orange, New Jersey to Henry Browne Blackwell and Lucy Stone and she was also the niece of Elizabeth Blackwell, Americas first female physician. Alice was educated at the Harris Grammar School in Dorchester

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Alice Stone Blackwell, between 1880 and 1900

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Blackwell holding a copy of Woman's Journal, around 1910.

Jane Cunningham Croly
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Jane Cunningham Croly was an American author and journalist, better known by her pseudonym, Jennie June. She was an author and editor of womens columns in leading newspapers. She founded the Sorosis club for women in New York in 1868 and she also founded the Womens Press Club of New York. Jane Cunningham was born in England, the daughter of a Unita

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Jane Cunningham Croly

Amelia Edwards
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Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, also known as Amelia B. Edwards, was an English novelist, journalist, traveller and Egyptologist, in 1882, she co-founded the Egypt Exploration Fund and became its joint Honorary Secretary. In 1889–1890, she toured the United States lecturing on Egyptian exploration and she published her first poem at age seven, her fir

Frances H. Burnett
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Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett was a British-American novelist and playwright. She is best known for the three childrens novels Little Lord Fauntleroy, A Little Princess, and The Secret Garden, Frances Eliza Hodgson was born in Cheetham, Manchester, England. After her father died in 1852, the fell on straitened circumstances and in 1865 immigrated t

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Burnett in 1888

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Burnett as a young woman

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Frances Hodgson Burnett in 1901

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The Secret Garden

WEEI (AM)
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Studios are located in Brighton, Massachusetts. The station currently broadcasts programming from ESPN Radio, until October 4,2012, the station aired a highly rated locally produced talk format. WEEI traces its roots to its owner, Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston. Edison placed the station on the air September 29,1924, the station bro

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Actor Pat O'Brien was a guest on the WEEI program "Hollywood Snapshots" in 1942.

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WEEI

WROL
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WROL is also an acronym, meaning without rule of law. WROL is a station in the Boston, Massachusetts radio market. The station is owned by Salem Communications, and is located on 950 kHz on the AM dial, most of WROLs programming is religious including local ministers as well as national radio hosts such as Dr. Charles Stanley, Jay Sekulow and Eric

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WROL

Panic of 1893
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The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 and ended in 1897. It deeply affected every sector of the economy, and produced political upheaval that led to the 1896 realigning election, one of the causes for the panic of 1893 can be traced back to Argentina. Investment was encouraged by the Argentine a

2.
The 1896 Broadway melodrama The War of Wealth was inspired by the panic of 1893.

Society of Professional Journalists
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The Society of Professional Journalists, formerly known as Sigma Delta Chi, is the oldest organization representing journalists in the United States. It was established in April 1909 at DePauw University, and its charter was designed by William Meharry Glenn, SPJ has nearly 300 chapters across the United States that bring educational programming to

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Logo, Society of Professional Journalists

Association for Women in Communications
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The Association for Women in Communications is an American professional organization for women in the communications industry. The Association for Women in Communication began in 1909 as Theta Sigma Phi and it was founded by seven female students at the University of Washington in Seattle who had entered the colleges new journalism program, the sec

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Association for Women in Communications

Isabel Barrows
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Isabel Chapin Barrows was the first woman employed by the United States State Department. She worked as a stenographer for William H. Seward in 1868 while her husband and she later became the first woman to work for Congress as a stenographer. Born to Scottish immigrants, Henry Hayes and Anna Gibb on April 17,1845, in Irasburg, Vermont, Katherine I

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Isabel Chapin Barrows

Louise Imogen Guiney
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Louise Imogen Guiney was an American poet, essayist and editor, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Over the next 20 years, she worked at various jobs, including serving as a postmistress, in 1901, Guiney moved to Oxford, England, to focus on her poetry and essay writing. She soon began to suffer ill health and was no longer able to write poetry and in

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ca. 1900

Louise Chandler Moulton
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Louise Chandler Moulton was an American poet, story-writer and critic. She was born April 10,1835, the daughter of Lucius L. Chandler, in Pomfret, in 1855, she married a Boston publisher, William U. Moulton, under whose auspices her earliest literary work had appeared in The True Flag, in 1876 she published a volume of notable Poems and visited Eur

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Louise Chandler Moulton

Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland
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Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland née Baker was an American journalist, author and playwright. A sixth-generation Bostonian, Sutherland was born on September 15,1855, at Cambridge to James, James Baker was a successful wholesale merchant who was active in the pre-Civil War anti-slavery movement and a close friend of Frederick Parker. Sutherland began her

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Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland

Emily Greene Wetherbee

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Emily Greene Wetherbee

International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

Newspapers.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over

Open access
–
Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it i

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Open access logo, originally designed by Public Library of Science. Whilst no official open access logo exists, organisations are free to select the logo style that best supports their visual language. Other logos are also in use (see Signalling OA-ness).

Massachusetts Historical Society
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The Massachusetts Historical Society is a major historical archive specializing in early American, Massachusetts, and New England history. It is located at 1154 Boylston Street in Boston, Massachusetts and is the oldest historical society in the United States, the Societys building was constructed in 1899 and added to the National Register of Histo

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Massachusetts Historical Society Building

American Association of University Women
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The American Association of University Women, officially founded in 1881, is a non-profit organization that advances equity for women and girls through advocacy, education, and research. The organization has a network of 150,000 members,1,500 branches. Its headquarters are in Washington, D. C, in 1881 Marion Talbot and Ellen Swallow Richards invite

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AAUW Logo

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Headquarters of the AAUW in Washington, DC

Daughters of the American Revolution
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The Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in the United States struggle for independence. A non-profit group, they work to promote preservation, education. It currently has approximately 180,000 members in the United States and its motto is

League of Women Voters
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The League of Women Voters is an American civic organization that was formed to help women take a larger role in public affairs as they won the right to vote. The League of Women Voters began as a mighty political experiment aimed to help newly enfranchised women exercise their responsibilities as voters, originally, only women could join the leagu

National Association of Colored Women
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From 1896 to 1904 it was known as the National Association of Colored Women. It adopted the motto Lifting as we climb, to demonstrate to an ignorant and suspicious world that our aims, when incorporated in 1904, NACW became known as the National Association of Colored Womens Clubs. “In 1895 an obscure man in an obscure Missouri town sent a letter b

Berkeley City Club
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The Berkeley City Club was commissioned as the club house of the Berkeley Womens City Club organized in Berkeley, California in 1927 to contribute to social, civic, and cultural progress. This private club is no longer restricted to women, and the house building is available to the public at large for overnight stays, weddings. The building, constr

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Berkeley Women's City Club

Ebell of Los Angeles
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The Ebell of Los Angeles is a womens club housed in a complex in the Mid-City section of Wilshire, Los Angeles, California. It includes a building and the renowned 1, 270-seat Wilshire Ebell Theatre. The complex has been owned and operated since 1927 by the Ebell of Los Angeles womens club, since 1927, the Wilshire Ebell Theatre has hosted musical

Wilfandel
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The Wilfandel Club is the oldest African-American womens club in Los Angeles. The group was founded in 1945 with the goal of promoting civic betterment, philanthropic endeavors and they maintain a clubhouse, sponsor a scholarship, and hold monthly meetings, which feature guest speakers. The club was established in 1945 by black women active in the

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Wilfandel Club House

Three Arts Club of Chicago
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The Three Arts Club of Chicago was a Chicago home and club for women in the three arts of music, painting and drama. The club, modelled on the Three Arts Club of New York, was founded in 1912, in 1914 the club commissioned their own building, designed by architects Holabird & Roche. This building provided a residential space continuously until 2004

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References [edit]

Chilton Club
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The Chilton Club is a private social club established in 1910, located in the Back Bay area of Boston, Massachusetts. Founded by Pauline Revere Thayer, the club was intended in part as a counterpoint to the Mayflower Club, the club was named after Mary Chilton because she had been the first woman to step out of the Mayflower. The club occupies a re

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Chilton Club

The College Club of Boston
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The College Club of Boston is a private membership organization founded in 1890 as the first womens college club in the United States. The College Club of Boston the oldest residential college club in the United States, in December 1890,76 Marlborough Street, also located in Bostons Back Bay, became the first home of The College Club. The building

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The College Club of Boston

20th Century Club (Reno, Nevada)
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With this motto, “The measure of the worth of an organization to its community, is bound in its ability to embrace opportunities for service” the Twentieth Century Club had its beginning in 1894. Mrs. Walter McNab Miller served as President for a group of 84 women. The Club’s name was chosen to reflect a look forward to the future, in 1894, Club me

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20th Century Building

Colony Club
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The Colony Club is a women-only private social club in New York City. Founded in 1903 by Florence Jaffray Harriman, wife of J. Borden Harriman, as the first social club established in New York City by and for women, today, men are admitted as guests. The club and the street in front of it were often the site of large suffrage rallies sponsored by t

Cosmopolitan Club (New York)
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The Cosmopolitan Club is a private social club on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA. Located at 122 East 66th Street, east of Park Avenue, it was founded as a womens club, members have included Willa Cather, Ellen Glasgow, Eleanor Roosevelt, Jean Stafford, Helen Hayes, Pearl Buck, Marian Anderson, Margaret Mead, and Abb

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122 East 66th

Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia
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The Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia is a private social club in Philadelphia. It was founded in June 1928 by a group of women from Philadelphia, in January 1930, the members had purchased the lot at 1616 Latimer Street, and oversaw the construction of an Art Deco building. The members of the Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia are all women and the

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The Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia

Ossoli Circle
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The Ossoli Circle is a womens club located in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1885 as a society, the club is a charter member of the General Federation of Womens Clubs. Ossoli has long played a role in obtaining economic and educational opportunities for women in Tennessee. The club currently sponsors over two dozen projects and org

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Early presidents of the Ossoli Circle

LIST OF IMAGES

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Lucy Stone
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Lucy Stone was a prominent American orator, abolitionist, and suffragist, and a vocal advocate and organizer promoting rights for women. In 1847, Stone became the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree and she spoke out for womens rights and against slavery at a time when women were discouraged and prevented from public speaking. Stone was known for using her name after marriage, as the custom was for women to take their husbands surname. Stones organizational activities for the cause of womens rights yielded tangible gains in the political environment of the 19th century. Stone spoke in front of a number of bodies to promote laws giving more rights to women. Stone wrote extensively about a range of womens rights, publishing and distributing speeches by herself and others. In the long-running and influential Womans Journal, a periodical that she founded and promoted. Called the orator, the star and the heart and soul of the womens rights movement. Anthony to take up the cause of womens suffrage, Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote that Lucy Stone was the first person by whom the heart of the American public was deeply stirred on the woman question. Together, Anthony, Stanton, and Stone have been called the 19th-century triumvirate of womens suffrage, Lucy Stone was born on August 13,1818, on her familys farm at Coys Hill in West Brookfield, Massachusetts. She was the eighth of nine born to Hannah Matthews and Francis Stone. Another member of the Stone household was Sarah Barr, “Aunt Sally” to the children– a sister of Francis Stone who had abandoned by her husband. Although Stone recalled that “There was only one will in our family, Hannah Stone earned a modest income through selling eggs and cheese but was denied any control over that money, sometimes denied money to purchase things Francis considered trivial. Believing she had a right to her own earnings, Hannah sometimes stole coins from his purse or secretly sold a cheese, as a child, Lucy resented instances of what she saw as her father’s unfair management of the family’s money. But she later came to realize that custom was to blame, and the only demonstrated “the necessity of making custom right, if it must rule. ”From the examples of her mother, Aunt Sally. Resolving to “call no man my master, ” she determined to control over her own life by never marrying, obtaining the highest education she could. At age sixteen, Stone began teaching in schools, as her brothers and sister, Rhoda. Her beginning pay of $1.00 a day was much lower than that of teachers

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Julia Ward Howe
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Julia Ward Howe was an American poet and author, best known for writing The Battle Hymn of the Republic. She was also an advocate for abolitionism and was a social activist, Howe was born in New York City. She was the fourth of seven born to an upper middle class couple. Her father Samuel Ward III was a Wall Street stockbroker, well-to-do banker and her mother was the poet Julia Rush Cutler, related to Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox of the American Revolution. She died of tuberculosis when her daughter was five years old and she was educated by private tutors and in schools for young ladies until she was sixteen. Her eldest brother Samuel Cutler Ward traveled in Europe and brought home a private library and she had access to these modern works, many contradicting the Calvinistic world view presented by her father. She became well read and intelligent, though as much a social butterfly as she was a scholar and she was brought into contact with some of the greatest minds of her time because of her father’s status as a successful banker. She interacted with Charles Dickens, Charles Sumner, and Margaret Fuller, sam married into the prominent Astor family, allowing him great social freedom that he shared with his sister. The siblings were cast into mourning time when their father died in 1839, shortly afterwards, brother Henry died, then Samuels wife Emily died, along with their newborn child. Julia was visiting Boston in 1841 when she met Samuel Gridley Howe and they announced their engagement quite suddenly on February 21. Howe had courted her for a time, but he had recently shown an interest in her sister Louisa. In 1843, they married despite their age difference. She gave birth to their first child while honeymooning in Europe and she bore their last child in 1858 at the age of forty. They had six children, Julia Romana Howe, Florence Marion Howe, Henry Marion Howe, Laura Elizabeth Howe, Maud Howe, Julia was likewise an aunt of novelist Francis Marion Crawford. Howe lived and raised her children in South Boston, while her husband pursued his advocacy work and she hid her unhappiness with their marriage behind a cheerful demeanor and singing at parties, earning the nickname the family champagne from her children. She made frequent visits to Gardiner, Maine where she stayed at The Yellow House and she was unhappy with her surroundings, so she took lectures, and studied foreign languages, and wrote plays and dramas. Julia had published essays on Goethe, Schiller and Lamartine before her marriage to Howe, in the New York Review and her book Passion-Flowers was published in December 1853. The book collected intensely personal poems and was written without the awareness of her husband and her second anonymous collection, Words for the Hour, appeared in 1857

Julia Ward Howe
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Julia Ward Howe

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Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
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Ruffin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to John St. Pierre, of French and African descent from Martinique, and Elizabeth Matilda Menhenick from Cornwall, England. Her father was a clothier and founder of a Boston Zion Church. She attended public schools in Charlestown and Salem, and a school in New York City because of her parents objections to the segregated schools in Boston. She completed her studies at the Bowdoin School, after segregation in Boston schools ended, Ruffin supported womens suffrage and, in 1869, joined with Julia Ward Howe and Lucy Stone to form the American Woman Suffrage Association in Boston. A group of women, Howe and Stone also founded the New England Womens Club in 1868. Josephine Ruffin was its first bi-racial member when she joined in the mid-1890s, Ruffin also wrote for the black weekly paper, The Courant and became a member of the New England Womans Press Association. She served as the editor and publisher from 1890 to 1897, while promoting interracial activities, the Womans Era called on black women to demand increased rights for their race. In 1894, Ruffin organized the Womans Era Club, a group for black women, with the help of her daughter Florida Ridley and Maria Baldwin. In 1895, Ruffin organized the National Federation of Afro-American Women and she convened The First National Conference of the Colored Women of America in Boston, which was attended by women from 42 black womens clubs from 14 states. The following year, the merged with the Colored Womens League to form the National Association of Colored Womens Clubs. Mary Church Terrell was elected president and Ruffin served as one of the organizations vice-presidents, just as the NACWC was forming, Ruffin was integrating the New England Womans Club. Ruffin was told that she could be seated as a representative of the two clubs but not the black one. She refused on principle and was excluded from the proceedings and these events became known as The Ruffin Incident and were widely covered in newspapers around the country, most of whom supported Ruffin. Afterwards, the Womans Era Club made a statement that colored women should confine themselves to their clubs. The New Era Club was disbanded in 1903, but Ruffin remained active in the struggle for rights and, in 1910. Ruffin was one of the members of NAACP. Along with other women who had belonged to the New Era Club, she co-founded the League of Women for Community Service, Josephine and Ruffin were married in 1858 when she was 16 years old. The couple moved to Liverpool but returned to Boston soon afterwards and bought a house in the West End

Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
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Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin

4.
Boston Post
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The Boston Post was a daily newspaper in New England for over a hundred years before it folded in 1956. The Post was founded in November 1831 by two prominent Boston businessmen, Charles G. Greene and William Beals, Edwin Grozier bought the paper in 1891. Within two decades, he had built it into easily the largest paper in Boston and New England and he passed it to his son, Richard, upon his death in 1924. Under the younger Grozier, The Boston Post grew into one of the largest newspapers in the country, at its height in the 1930s, it had a circulation of well over a million readers. At the same time, Richard Grozier suffered a breakdown from the death of his wife in childbirth from which he never recovered. Throughout the 1940s, facing increasing competition from the Hearst-run papers in Boston and New York and from radio and television news, when it ceased publishing in October 1956, its daily circulation was 255,000 and Sunday circulation approximately 260,000. In 2017 some publishers are planning to start The Boston Post starting with www. thebostonpost. com, Richard Frothingham, Jr. a Massachusetts historian, journalist, and politician who was a proprietor and managing editor of The Boston Post. Kenneth Roberts Olga Van Slyke Owens Huckins, literary editor,1941 to 1954, Huckins letter to Rachel Carson inspired the book Silent Spring. Appearing in the Sunday paper every week was a weekly magazine and it was called first The Sunday Magazine of The Boston Sunday Post and later The Boston Sunday Post Sunday Magazine. The Boston Post was awarded the Pulitzer prize for its investigation and it was the first time that a Boston paper had won a Pulitzer, and would be the last Pulitzer won for public service awarded to a Boston paper until the Globe won it in 2003. In 1909, under the ownership of Edwin Grozier, the Boston Post engaged in its most famous publicity stunt. The paper had several hundred ornate, gold-tipped canes made and contacted the selectmen in New Englands largest towns, the Boston Post Canes were given to the selectmen and presented in a ceremony to the towns oldest living man. The custom was expanded to include a communitys oldest women in 1930, many towns in New England still carry on the Boston Post cane tradition with the original canes they were awarded in 1909. New Boston Post The Boston Daily Advertiser The Boston Evening Transcript The Boston Globe The Boston Herald The Boston Journal The Boston Record The Boston Post Cane Information Center

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Boston Herald
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The Boston Herald is an American daily newspaper whose primary market is Boston, Massachusetts and its surrounding area. It was founded in 1846 and is one of the oldest daily newspapers in the United States and it has been awarded eight Pulitzer Prizes in its history, including four for editorial writing and three for photography before it was converted to tabloid format in 1981. The Herald was named one of the 10 Newspapers That Do It Right in 2012 by Editor & Publisher, the Heralds history can be traced back through two lineages, the Daily Advertiser and the old Boston Herald, and two media moguls, William Randolph Hearst and Rupert Murdoch. The original Boston Herald was founded in 1846 by a group of Boston printers jointly under the name of John A. French & Company, the paper was published as a single two-sided sheet, selling for one cent. In 1847, the Boston Herald absorbed the Boston American Eagle, the Boston Evening Traveler was founded in 1845. The Boston Evening Traveler was the successor to the weekly American Traveler, in 1912, the Herald acquired the Traveler, continuing to publish both under their own names. For many years, the newspaper was controlled by many of the investors in United Shoe Machinery Co, after a newspaper strike in 1967, Herald-Traveler Corp. suspended the afternoon Traveler and absorbed the evening edition into the Herald to create the Boston Herald Traveler. The Boston Daily Advertiser was established in 1813 in Boston by Nathan Hale, the paper grew to prominence throughout the 19th century, taking over other Boston area papers. In 1832 The Advertiser took over control of The Boston Patriot, the paper was purchased by William Randolph Hearst in 1917. Hearst Corp. continued using the name Advertiser for its Sunday paper until the early 1970s, on September 3,1884, The Boston Evening Record was started by the Boston Advertiser as a campaign newspaper. The Record was so popular that it was made a permanent publication, in 1904, William Randolph Hearst began publishing his own newspaper in Boston called The American. Hearst ultimately ended up purchasing the Daily Advertiser in 1917, by 1938, the Daily Advertiser had changed to the Daily Record, and The American had become the Sunday Advertiser. A third paper owned by Hearst, called the Afternoon Record, the Sunday Advertiser and Record American would ultimately be merged in 1972 into The Boston Herald Traveler a line of newspapers that stretched back to the old Boston Herald. In 1946, Herald-Traveler Corporation acquired Boston radio station WHDH, two years later, WHDH-FM was licensed, and on November 26,1957, WHDH-TV made its début as an ABC affiliate on channel 5. In 1961, WHDH-TVs affiliation switched to CBS, Herald-Traveler Corp. was granted a construction permit to replace WHDH-TV on channel 5. The two papers were merged to become a paper called the Boston Herald Traveler and Record American in the morning and Record-American. The first editions published under the new combined name were those of June 19,1972, the afternoon edition was soon dropped and the unwieldy name shortened to Boston Herald American, with the Sunday edition called the Sunday Herald Advertiser. The Herald American converted to tabloid format in September 1981, but Hearst faced steep declines in circulation, the company announced it would close the Herald American—making Boston a one-newspaper town—on December 3,1982

Boston Herald

6.
Boston Daily Advertiser
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The Boston Daily Advertiser was the first daily newspaper in Boston, and for many years the only daily paper in Boston. The Advertiser was established in 1813, and in March 1814 it was purchased by journalist Nathan Hale, Hale was its chief editor until his death in 1863. Under Hales supervision, the paper was first Federalist in politics, then Whig, and finally Republican and it opposed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and was the first paper to recommend the free colonization of Kansas. The principle of responsibility, as distinct from that of individual contributions, was established in its columns. From 1841 until 1853, Hales son Nathan Hale, Jr. was associated with his father in the management of the paper. In 1832 the Advertiser took over control of The Boston Patriot, in 1885 Elihu B. Hayes took over control of the Advertiser. The paper was purchased by William Randolph Hearst in 1917, became a tabloid in 1921. Hearst continued using the name Advertiser for its Sunday paper until the early 1970s, horatio Alger, Jr. assistant editor Edwin Monroe Bacon. Editor in chief, chief proprietor and publisher, known for his writings on finance and tariffs. Charles Hale Francis H. Jenks, theater critic George A. Marden, samuel W. McCall, leading editorial writer. William M. Olin, reporter, editor, and Washington, epes Sargent, editor In Richard Henry Dana, Jr. s 1840 novel Two Years Before the Mast, Dana reads every part of The Boston Daily Advertiser. In Henry James 1878 novel The Europeans, Mr Wentworth reads The Boston Daily Advertiser, in William Dean Howells 1885 novel The Rise of Silas Lapham, Bromfield Corey reads The Boston Daily Advertiser. Boston Weekly Messenger, the edition of the Advertiser The New York Times Death List of A Day. The New York Times Death List of A Day, articles from the Boston Daily Advertiser Texts on Wikisource, Letters from the South Phi Beta Kappa Oration at Harvard February 1922 front pages from the Boston Daily Advertiser

7.
Boston Globe
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The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1872 by Charles H. Taylor, it was held until 1973. The company was acquired in 1993 by The New York Times Company, in 2011, a BostonGlobe. com subscription site was launched. In 2013, the newspaper and websites were purchased by John W. Henry, the Boston Globe has been awarded 26 Pulitzer Prizes since 1966, and its chief print rival is the Boston Herald. The Boston Globe was founded in 1872 by six Boston businessmen, including Charles H. Taylor and Eben Jordan, the first issue was published on March 4,1872, and cost four cents. Originally a morning daily, it began a Sunday edition in 1877, in 1878, The Boston Globe started an afternoon edition called The Boston Evening Globe, which ceased publication in 1979. By the 1890s, The Boston Globe had become a stronghold, in 1964, Tom Winship succeeded his father, Larry Winship, as editor. The younger Winship transformed The Globe from a local paper into a regional paper of national distinction. He served as editor until 1984, during which time the paper won a dozen Pulitzer Prizes, the Boston Globe was a private company until 1973 when it went public under the name Affiliated Publications. It continued to be managed by the descendants of Charles H. Taylor, in 1993, The New York Times Company purchased Affiliated Publications for US$1.1 billion, making The Boston Globe a wholly owned subsidiary of The New York Times parent. The Jordan and Taylor families received substantial New York Times Company stock, Boston. com, the online edition of The Boston Globe, was launched on the World Wide Web in 1995. Consistently ranked among the top ten websites in America, it has won numerous national awards. Under the helm of editor Martin Baron and then Brian McGrory, the Boston Globe is credited with allowing Peter Gammons to start his Notes section on baseball, which has become a mainstay in all major newspapers nationwide. In 2004, Gammons was selected as the 56th recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award for outstanding baseball writing, given by the BBWAA, and was honored at the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 31,2005. In 2007, Charlie Savage, whose reports on President Bushs use of signing statements made national news, the Boston Globe has consistently been ranked in the forefront of American journalism. The Boston Globe hosts 28 blogs covering a variety of topics including Boston sports, local politics, on April 2,2009, The New York Times Company threatened to close the paper if its unions did not agree to $20,000,000 of cost savings. Some of the cost savings include reducing union employees pay by 5%, ending pension contributions, the Boston Globe eliminated the equivalent of fifty full-time jobs, among buy-outs and layoffs, it swept out most of the part-time employees in the editorial sections. The papers other three major unions had agreed to concessions on May 3,2009, after The New York Times Company threatened to give the government 60-days notice that it intended to close the paper

8.
Parker House Hotel
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Built in 1927, the Omni Parker House is a historic hotel in Boston, Massachusetts. The original Parker House Hotel opened on the site on October 8,1855, additions and alterations were made to the original building starting only five years after its opening. Founder Harvey D. Parker ran the hotel until his death in 1884, Omni Parker House, Boston, is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It is currently under study for becoming a Boston Landmark, the hotel was home to the Saturday Club, which met on the fourth Saturday of every month, except during July, August, and September. The Parker House currently holds possession of the door to Dickens guest room when he stayed in 1867, the hotel introduced to America what became known as the European Plan. Prior to that time, American hotels had included meals in the cost of a room, the Parker House charged only for the room, with meals charged separately and offered whenever the guest chose. Actor John Wilkes Booth stayed at the hotel April 5–6,1865 and he was apparently in Boston to see his brother, actor Edwin Booth, who was performing there. While in Boston, Booth was seen practicing at a range near the Parker House. Jacques Offenbach stayed at the hotel during an 1876 tour of the U. S. and, inspired by the rolls and he would later use it as a theme in his opera, The Tales of Hoffmann. On May 31,1884, when founder Harvey Parker died at the age of 79, he was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, the “permanent home” of many of Boston’s most prestigious people. The ambitious Maine farm boy who arrived in Boston almost penniless in 1825, parker’s will granted $100,000 to Boston’s new Museum of Fine Arts, and provided the foundation for its Print Department. In 1891, J. Reed Whipple assumed control of the Parker House, to provide his Boston diners with the freshest and finest food products available, Whipple established his own 2, 500-acre dairy farm in New Boston, New Hampshire. Valley View Farm was divided into Dairy, Piggery, and Hennery Departments, in order to make daily deliveries to Boston, Whipple helped build a railroad depot in New Boston and connected it to existing main lines with a spur track later leased to the Boston & Maine Railroad. The original Parker House building and later additions were demolished in the mid 1920s. One wing of the hotel remained open until the new building was completed in 1927. This wing is still in use, the Omni Parker House bar, The Last Hurrah, was named for Edwin O’Connor’s 1956 novel of the same name, a thinly disguised chronicling of Mayor Curley’s colorful life. John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for Congress at the Parker House in 1946, the hotel was bought by Dunfey Hotels in 1968. The Dunfeys rejuvenated and reinvented the Parker House as a destination of choice

Parker House Hotel
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Omni Parker House hotel in October 2010
Parker House Hotel
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The original Parker House, the two buildings on the right, seen in the late 19th century.

9.
Alice Stone Blackwell
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Alice Stone Blackwell was an American feminist, suffragist, journalist, radical socialist, and human rights advocate. Blackwell was born in East Orange, New Jersey to Henry Browne Blackwell and Lucy Stone and she was also the niece of Elizabeth Blackwell, Americas first female physician. Alice was educated at the Harris Grammar School in Dorchester, the Chauncy School in Boston and she attended Boston University, where she was president of her class, and graduated in 1881, at age 24. She belonged to Phi Beta Kappa Society, Alice is well known for her work towards womens rights. At first resisting the cause of her mother and father, she became a prominent reformer. After graduating from Boston University, Alice began working for the Womans Journal, by 1884, her name was alongside her parents on the papers masthead. After her mothers death in 1893, Alice assumed almost sole editing responsibility of the paper, the movement had become split in 1869 over disputes over the degree to which womens suffrage should be tied to African-American male suffrage. This split created the AWSA, which her parents helped organize, from 1890 to 1908, Alice Stone Blackwell was NAWSAs recording secretary and in 1909 and 1910 one of the national auditors. She was prominent in Womans Christian Temperance Union activities, in 1903, she reorganized the Society of Friends of Russian Freedom in Boston. She was also president of the New England and Massachusetts Woman Suffrage associations, in later life, Alice went blind. She died March 15,1950 at the age of ninety-two and her home in Uphams Corner is a site on the Boston Womens Heritage Trail. Alice Stone Blackwell was also involved in humanitarian acts outside of the United States, in the 1890s, she traveled to Armenia, where she became passionately involved in the Armenian refugee community. This is also when she discovered her interest in international literature and she translated many of the countrys works into English in Armenian Poems. She would continue translating literature into English, including works of Hungarian, Yiddish, Mexican, French, Italian, Alice Stone Blackwell—detailed biography, her translations of Armenian, Yiddish and Russian poetry. Papers in the Womans Rights Collection, 1885–1950, schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, carrie Chapman Catt Collection at the Library of Congress has volumes from the library of Alice Stone Blackwell

10.
Jane Cunningham Croly
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Jane Cunningham Croly was an American author and journalist, better known by her pseudonym, Jennie June. She was an author and editor of womens columns in leading newspapers. She founded the Sorosis club for women in New York in 1868 and she also founded the Womens Press Club of New York. Jane Cunningham was born in England, the daughter of a Unitarian minister, Reverend Joseph Cunningham, the family emigrated to the United States when young Jane was twelve. The family first lived in Poughkeepsie, New York, and later in Southbridge, Jane first became interested in journalism while a student, she started by editing the school newspaper. Later, she edited and published the newspaper for her brothers church, by 1855, she had moved to New York in search of full-time journalism work, and some sources say it was there she first used the pseudonym Jennie June. But other sources say that Jennie June was a childhood nickname, after applying to several newspapers and being turned down, she was eventually hired by a publication called Noahs Sunday Times, this was a publication edited by Mordecai Manuel Noah. At Noahs, she began writing a regular column, focusing on such traditional subjects as fashion, cooking. She would later recall this time as challenging, since few newspapers wanted to hire a woman at all, there was great resistance from male editors about hiring a woman to cover news or do serious reporting outside of what was considered womens sphere. They had three daughters, Minnie, Viola and Alice, and one son, Herbert David, Herbert Croly went on to a career in journalism, becoming editor of The New Republic magazine. She would later tell interviewers that thanks to her husband, her career in journalism advanced, he hired her at New York World, while most women were expected to give up their career after marrying, Jennie June continued to work, and did so even after having children. She was the editor of Demorests Magazine from 1860 to 1887, this magazine devoted itself to womens fashions and she was later the editor of the Cycle Magazine and also the Home-Maker Magazine. Additionally, her columns were syndicated on womens pages throughout the United States. Croly was a pioneer feminist, dedicated to the betterment of her sex and she called for more efficiency in womens dress, and ridiculed bloomers as bizarre. She insisted that womens finest work was to be the caretakers, the homemakers, Croly sympathized with the womens suffrage movement but was not active in it. Schlesinger argues that Crolys lasting contribution to the progress of American women was her insistence that sex be submerged in competent performance and she told American women that financial independence and economic equality was as or more important than the right to vote. She called the first congresses of women in 1856 and 1869, organized Sorosis in 1869, it was an organization that advocated for greater acceptance and it did not concern itself with politics or womens suffrage. Jennie June told the press that she envisioned the club, as a salon where women could gather and exchange ideas, enjoy literature, and discuss the arts

Jane Cunningham Croly
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Jane Cunningham Croly

11.
Amelia Edwards
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Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, also known as Amelia B. Edwards, was an English novelist, journalist, traveller and Egyptologist, in 1882, she co-founded the Egypt Exploration Fund and became its joint Honorary Secretary. In 1889–1890, she toured the United States lecturing on Egyptian exploration and she published her first poem at age seven, her first story at age 12. Edwards thereafter proceeded to publish a variety of poetry, stories, and articles in a number of magazines including Chambers Journal, Household Words. She also wrote for the Saturday Review and the Morning Post, Edwards first full-length novel was My Brothers Wife. Her early novels were well received, but it was Barbaras History, a novel of bigamy and she spent considerable time and effort on her books settings and backgrounds, estimating that it took her about two years to complete the researching and writing of each. This painstaking work paid off when her last novel, Lord Brackenbury, Edwards wrote several ghost stories, including the often anthologised The Phantom Coach. In the winter of 1873–1874, accompanied by friends, Edwards toured Egypt, discovering a fascination with the land and its cultures. Journeying southwards from Cairo in a hired dahabiyeh, the companions visited Philae and ultimately reached Abu Simbel, during this last period, a member of Edwards party, the English painter Andrew McCallum, discovered a previously unknown sanctuary that came to bear Edwards name for some time afterwards. Edwards wrote a description of her Nile voyage, titled A Thousand Miles up the Nile. Enhanced with her own illustrations, the travelogue became an immediate best-seller. Edwards travels in Egypt had made her aware of the increasing threats directed towards the ancient monuments by tourism, determined to stem these threats by the force of public awareness and scientific endeavour, Edwards became a tireless public advocate for the research and preservation of the ancient monuments. In 1882, she co-founded the Egypt Exploration Fund with Reginald Stuart Poole, Edwards became joint Honorary Secretary of the Fund and served until her death. With the aim of advancing the Funds work, Edwards largely abandoned her other work to concentrate on Egyptology. In this field she contributed to the edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, to the American supplement of that work. As part of her efforts Edwards embarked on a lecture tour of the United States in the period 1889–1890. The content of these lectures was published as Pharaohs, Fellahs. After catching influenza Edwards died on 15 April 1892 at Weston-super-Mare and she had lived at Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol since 1864

Amelia Edwards
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Amelia Edwards in America, 1890
Amelia Edwards
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Bust of Amelia Edwards, Petrie Museum, University College, London
Amelia Edwards
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Philae (illustration from A Thousand Miles up the Nile)
Amelia Edwards
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Great Temple at Abu Simbel (from A Thousand Miles up the Nile)

12.
Frances H. Burnett
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Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett was a British-American novelist and playwright. She is best known for the three childrens novels Little Lord Fauntleroy, A Little Princess, and The Secret Garden, Frances Eliza Hodgson was born in Cheetham, Manchester, England. After her father died in 1852, the fell on straitened circumstances and in 1865 immigrated to the United States, settling near Knoxville. There Frances began writing to earn money for the family. In 1870, her mother died, and in 1872 Frances married Swan Burnett, the Burnetts lived for two years in Paris, where their two sons were born, before returning to the United States to live in Washington, D. C. Burnett then began to write novels, the first of which, was published to good reviews, Little Lord Fauntleroy was published in 1886 and made her a popular writer of childrens fiction, although her romantic adult novels written in the 1890s were also popular. She wrote and helped to produce versions of Little Lord Fauntleroy. Burnett enjoyed socializing and lived a lavish lifestyle, beginning in the 1880s, she began to travel to England frequently and in the 1890s bought a home there, where she wrote The Secret Garden. Her oldest son, Lionel, died of tuberculosis in 1890 and she divorced Swan Burnett in 1898, married Stephen Townsend in 1900, and divorced him in 1902. A few years later she settled in Nassau County, Long Island, in 1936 a memorial sculpture by Bessie Potter Vonnoh was erected in her honour in Central Parks Conservatory Garden. The statue depicts her two famous Secret Garden characters, Mary and Dickon, Frances Eliza Hodgson was born in 1849 at 141 York Street in Cheetham, a township in the Borough of Manchester, England. She was the third of five children of Edwin Hodgson, an ironmonger from Doncaster in Yorkshire, Hodgson owned a business in Deansgate, selling quality ironmongery and brass goods. The family lived comfortably, employing a maid and a nurse-maid, Frances was the middle of the five Hodgson children, with two older brothers and two younger sisters. In 1852 the family moved about a mile further along York Street to a spacious home in a newly-built terrace, opposite St Lukes Church. Barely a year later, with his wife pregnant for a time, Hodgson died of a stroke. Frances was cared for by her grandmother while her mother took over running the family business, from her grandmother, who bought her books, Frances learned to love reading, in particular her first book, The Flower Book, which had coloured illustrations and poems. For a year Frances went to a dame school run by two women, where she first saw a book about fairies. When her mother moved the family to Islington Square, Salford, Frances mourned the lack of flowers, Frances had an active imagination, writing stories she made up in old notebooks

13.
WEEI (AM)
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Studios are located in Brighton, Massachusetts. The station currently broadcasts programming from ESPN Radio, until October 4,2012, the station aired a highly rated locally produced talk format. WEEI traces its roots to its owner, Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston. Edison placed the station on the air September 29,1924, the station broadcast on various frequencies over the next several years, settling on 590 kHz in 1927. In 1926, WEEI became a member of the NBC Red Network and remained an NBC Red affiliate until 1936. CBS bought WEEI outright from Boston Edison on August 31,1942, an FM sister station, WEEI-FM, went on the air in 1948. In the 1960s, the daily WEEIdea feature presented cleaning and cooking tips from housewives, by May 1972, WEEI had six full days of call-in talk programming. On weekdays, morning drive time from 6 am to 10 am was hosted by newsman Len Lawrence, Kimball was hired from WIOD in Miami, where she had replaced broadcaster Larry King after he was arrested on December 20,1971. Ellen is believed to be one of the first women to host a daily, four-hour, call-in talk show, originally called Boston Forum with Ellen Kimball, the name was eventually changed to The Ellen Kimball Show. Later, newsman Ben Farnsworth took over the Saturday call-in segment from 10 am to 2 pm. Paul Benzaquin handled 2 pm to 6 pm weekdays, although its talk radio format was popular, the station went all-news in 1974, following the lead of several other CBS-owned stations. But by the end of the 1970s, WEEI was all-news around the clock, a fire developed in the building following the crash. Although Metromedia canceled the sale of KRLD after it was granted permission to own both the station and KNBN-TV in Dallas–Fort Worth, the sale of WEEI still went forward. Helen Broadcasting continued the all-news format, the station was acquired by Boston Celtics Communications on May 10,1990, the Celtics also simultaneously purchased WFXT from Fox Television Stations. WEEI also carried Sports Byline USA and CBS Radio Sports broadcasts not cleared by WRKO, the all-news format continued in other dayparts until September 3,1991, when WEEI became an all-sports station. Upon the change to all-sports, WEEI featured the Andy Moes show and Glenn and Janet, also part of the roster was Boston sports talk pioneer Eddie Andelman. WEEI also began to carry Boston College Eagles football in 1992, however, the change was followed by a dramatic drop in its ratings, additionally, the station struggled financially, at one point losing $80,000 a week, leading to rumors of a sale of WEEI. Still, WEEI improved its morning ratings after it became one of the earliest affiliates of Imus in the Morning from WFAN in New York City on July 12,1993, sister station WFXT was sold back to Fox Television Stations soon afterward. The original occupant of 850 kHz, WHDH, had a long history, WHDH was founded June 20,1929 in Gloucester, Massachusetts by Ralph Matheson

14.
WROL
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WROL is also an acronym, meaning without rule of law. WROL is a station in the Boston, Massachusetts radio market. The station is owned by Salem Communications, and is located on 950 kHz on the AM dial, most of WROLs programming is religious including local ministers as well as national radio hosts such as Dr. Charles Stanley, Jay Sekulow and Eric Metaxas. Former WBZ-TV news anchor-turned-minister Liz Walker also has a program on the station, WROL also airs several Irish music blocks on weekends, including the Irish Hit Parade on Saturdays and A Feast of Irish Music on Sundays. WROL operates with 5000 watts by day but must reduce power to 90 watts at night to other stations on 950 kHz. WROL uses a transmitter located off Route 107 in the Rumney Marsh Reservation in Saugus. WROL is one of three religious formatted radio stations in the Boston media market owned by Salem Communications,590 WEZE also airs religious programming and 1150 WWDJ carries religious shows in Spanish. WROLs history dates back to 1927 and WBSO, owned by Babson College, the station moved to Boston in 1935 after a sale and became WORL. During the late 1930s, WORL was the first station in Boston to adopt a popular-music format with disc jockeys spinning the tunes, although only a daytimer then, WORL built up a following as an entertaining alternative to the daytime programming elsewhere on the Boston radio dial. After an appeals process that went to the U. S. Supreme Court, the station, which had stayed on the air via temporary licenses, went off the air on May 30,1949. Pilgrim Broadcasting purchased the license and returned the station to the air in October 1950, later sales led to the station becoming WRYT, with WORL being taken by a station near Orlando, Florida. Carter Broadcasting took over in 1977, and after failing to be able to return the WORL call letters to Boston, Carter immediately established a religious network with WROL as its flagship, with relays throughout New England. In recent years, WROL has expanded Irish music to Sunday afternoons as well, in 2001, as part of Carter Broadcasting dismantling this network and focusing its attention to WCRN in Worcester, the station was sold to Salem Communications. The call letters WROL were previously assigned to an AM station in Knoxville, official website Query the FCCs AM station database for WROL Radio-Locator Information on WROL Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for WROL FCC History Cards for WROL

WROL
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WROL

15.
Panic of 1893
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The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 and ended in 1897. It deeply affected every sector of the economy, and produced political upheaval that led to the 1896 realigning election, one of the causes for the panic of 1893 can be traced back to Argentina. Investment was encouraged by the Argentine agent bank, Baring Brothers, however, the failure of the 1890 wheat crop and a coup in Buenos Aires ended further investments. As concern for the state of the economy worsened, people rushed to withdraw their money from banks, the credit crunch rippled through the economy. A financial panic in the United Kingdom and a drop in trade in Europe caused foreign investors to sell American stocks to obtain American funds backed by gold. The Populists were a short-lived agrarian-populist political party which appealed politically to wheat farmers in the West and they saw the resulting panic as confirmation that the values of rootless global finance were assailing traditional American values. Historian Hasia Diner notes, Some Populists believed that Jews made up a class of international financiers whose policies had ruined small family farms, Jews, they asserted, owned the banks and promoted the gold standard, the chief sources of their impoverishment. Agrarian radicalism posited the city as antithetical to American values, asserting that Jews were the essence of urban corruption, the Free Silver movement arose, gaining support from farmers and mining interests. People attempted to redeem notes for gold. Ultimately, the limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached. Investments during the time of the panic were heavily financed through bond issues with high interest payments, the National Cordage Company went into receivership as a result of its bankers calling their loans in response to rumors regarding the NCCs financial distress. The company, a manufacturer, had tried to corner the market for imported hemp. As the demand for silver and silver notes fell, the price, holders worried about a loss of face value of bonds and many became worthless. A series of bank failures followed, and the Northern Pacific Railway, the Union Pacific Railroad and this was followed by the bankruptcy of many other companies, in total over 15,000 companies and 500 banks, many of them in the west, failed. According to high estimates, about 17%–19% of the workforce was unemployed at the panics peak, the huge spike in unemployment, combined with the loss of life savings kept in failed banks, meant that a once-secure middle-class could not meet their mortgage obligations. Many walked away from recently built homes as a result, as a result of the panic, stock prices declined. 500 banks closed,15,000 businesses failed, and numerous farms ceased operation, the unemployment rate hit 25% in Pennsylvania, 35% in New York, and 43% in Michigan. Soup kitchens were opened to feed the destitute

Panic of 1893
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Drawing of frenzied stockbrokers on May 5, 1893, from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
Panic of 1893
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The 1896 Broadway melodrama The War of Wealth was inspired by the panic of 1893.

16.
Society of Professional Journalists
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The Society of Professional Journalists, formerly known as Sigma Delta Chi, is the oldest organization representing journalists in the United States. It was established in April 1909 at DePauw University, and its charter was designed by William Meharry Glenn, SPJ has nearly 300 chapters across the United States that bring educational programming to local areas and offer regular contact with other media professionals. Its membership base is more than 9,000 members of the media and it has also drawn up a Code of Ethics that aims to inspire journalists to adhere to high standards of behavior and decision-making while performing their work. Members of the Society of Professional Journalists have a belief that public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice. The ethical journalists work to ensure that the exchange of information is accurate, fair. The SPJ’s code of ethics states that journalists should seek truth and report it and that journalists should be honest, fair, the society declares the following four principles as the foundation of ethical journalism, Seek truth and report it, Ethical Journalism should be accurate and fair. Ethical journalists should be honest and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information, minimize harm, Ethical journalism treats sources, subjects, colleagues and members of the public as human beings deserving of respect. Act independently, The highest and primary obligation of ethical journalism is to serve the public, be accountable, Ethical journalism means taking responsibility for one’s work and explaining one’s decisions to the public. The Society of Professional Journalists encourage the use of principles in its practice by all people in all media. The Society of Professional Journalists was originally founded as a professional fraternity by the name Sigma Delta Chi. The ten founding members of Sigma Delta Chi were Gilbert C, clippinger, Charles A. Fisher, William M. Glenn, H. Hedges, L. Aldis Hutchens, Edward H. Lockwood, LeRoy H. Millikan, Eugene C. Pulliam, Paul M. Riddick, and Lawrence H. Sloan, the organization continued to function as a fraternity until 1960, when it became a professional society. At the 1969 San Diego convention, Sigma Delta Chi made the decision to begin admitting women into the society, in 1973, the society changed its name to Society of Professional Journalists, Sigma Delta Chi. Finally, in 1988 Sigma Delta Chi was dropped from the name altogether, in 2009, The Society of Professional Journalists had revenue of $1.4 million. The same year, the Sigma Delta Chi Foundation had a revenue of $934,731, Sigma Delta Chi received $312,500 in grants in 2009. The Eugene S. Pulliam First Amendment Award is awarded annually by the Society of Professional Journalists in honor of publisher Eugene S. Pulliams dedication to First Amendment rights and values. The award seeks to honor a person or persons who have fought to protect, responding to concerns originating in the Gamergate controversy, in 2015 the SPJ launched the Kunkel Award for ethics in game journalism

Society of Professional Journalists
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Logo, Society of Professional Journalists

17.
Association for Women in Communications
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The Association for Women in Communications is an American professional organization for women in the communications industry. The Association for Women in Communication began in 1909 as Theta Sigma Phi and it was founded by seven female students at the University of Washington in Seattle who had entered the colleges new journalism program, the second of its kind in the country. By 1915, there were Theta Sigma Phi chapters at the universities of Indiana, Wisconsin, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Oregon, officers from the Washington Chapter still doubled as national officers, and the organization began publishing The Matrix, a Magazine for Women Journalists. In 1918, Theta Sigma Phi held its first convention at the University of Kansas, a year later, women in Kansas City founded the first alumnae chapter, followed by women in Des Moines and Indianapolis. World War I brought more women into newspaper jobs as their colleagues went to battle. Theta Sigma Phi member Alice Rohe was a United Press reporter in Rome, Bessy Beatty of the San Francisco Bulletin, but in the postwar economic slump, hostility against women in mens jobs ran high. Many editors relegated women to society pages instead of hard news, although women gained the right to vote in 1920, support lagged for other reforms. Theta Sigma Phi strengthened as a network during the 1930s. The association hired a director and founded a national office in 1934. It inaugurated the Headliner Awards in 1939 to honor members who had made outstanding contributions to the field, the group gave Eleanor Roosevelt honorary membership for her efforts to aid female communicators. The First Ladys most notable action was to close her news conferences to male reporters, mrs. Roosevelt contributed several articles to The Matrix. By 1940, Theta Sigma Phi had 39 chapters, and World War II was expanding opportunities for women, but inequality persisted, and women were regarded as temporary or less-serious workers. At the Theta Sigma Phi convention in 1946, delegates required all chapters to eliminate any restrictions from their bylaws. By 1950, the group had grown to 47 campus chapters and 29 alumnae groups as more began to work. In 1964, Theta Sigma Phi established its headquarters in Austin, jo Caldwell Meyer retired after serving as executive secretary for 24 years, leaving a legacy of leadership and personal attention to members needs. In 1972, Theta Sigma Phi was renamed to Women in Communications and that year, the organization also voted to admit men into membership. In 1973, Women in Communications created a program to recognize excellence in communications. A new monthly, National Newsletter joined The Matrix in recording the groups news, WICI joined the national ERA coalition to fight the mounting opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment

Association for Women in Communications
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Association for Women in Communications

18.
Isabel Barrows
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Isabel Chapin Barrows was the first woman employed by the United States State Department. She worked as a stenographer for William H. Seward in 1868 while her husband and she later became the first woman to work for Congress as a stenographer. Born to Scottish immigrants, Henry Hayes and Anna Gibb on April 17,1845, in Irasburg, Vermont, Katherine Isabel Hayes was the fifth of seven children. After receiving her primary education in Derry, New Hampshire, Isabel enrolled at the Adams Academy in Derry, originally run by Zilpah P. Grant Banister, after graduating from Adams Academy, she married William Wilberforce Chapin in Derry on September 26,1863. In 1863 she when she was 18 she accompanied her husband William Chapin to India where they worked as missionaries in Ahmednuggur, William Wilberforce Chapin died in 1865 in Ahmednuggur, leaving her a widow at the age of nineteen. Although she had lost her partner and the reason for initially traveling to India, Isabel stayed on and completed her missionary work. Starting up a life on her own, she moved to Dansville, New York, at the sanatorium she was trained in hydropathy and incidentally met the man who was to become her second husband, Samuel June Barrows. Ending her work at the sanatorium, Isabel and Samuel became engaged in 1866, on June 28,1867, Isabel Chapin and Samuel Barrows were married in Brooklyn by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. Isabel began to study shorthand in addition to her studies while Samuel worked as a stenographer. Soon after this move, however, they were uprooted and moved to Washington, the next summer Samuel came down with an illness and Isabel filled in for him, making her the first woman to officially work for the State Department. She then went abroad for the time to study ophthalmology at the University of Vienna. Once she completed her studies, Isabel returned to Washington to open the first female-owned D. C. private practice in ophthalmology, while at Washington she also became one of the first woman professors at Howard University’s School of Medicine. In addition to these two careers she continued working as a stenographer, primarily for congressional committees, following a previously made agreement, after completing her education, Samuel enrolled at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Isabel continued on at all her positions in Washington, stopping only just before the birth of their first child, shortly after her move to Cambridge, the Barrows made yet another move to Leipzig, Germany, where both Isabel and Samuel took up various studies. Isabel focused on Italian, French, and German, while Samuel took courses in music, a year later, they returned to the United States and moved to Dorchester, Massachusetts, for Samuel to become a Unitarian pastor at Meeting House Hill. Soon after beginning his career as a pastor, Samuel became editor of the weekly Christian Register, Isabel continued to aid him in his work, helping him edit on a regular basis in addition to working on her own pieces. Although her life was filled with helping her husband, Isabel managed to become an active member in prison reform and other various charities. For numerous years she acted as stenographer and as an editor for a multitude of conferences, including the National Conference of Charities and Correction and she also participated and was an editor at the Mohawk Conferences on the Negro and Native American question

Isabel Barrows
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Isabel Chapin Barrows

19.
Louise Imogen Guiney
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Louise Imogen Guiney was an American poet, essayist and editor, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Over the next 20 years, she worked at various jobs, including serving as a postmistress, in 1901, Guiney moved to Oxford, England, to focus on her poetry and essay writing. She soon began to suffer ill health and was no longer able to write poetry and instead concentrated on critical and biographical studies of English Catholic poets. Guiney died of a stroke near Gloucestershire, England, at age 59, louise Imogen Guiney, New York, Twayne Publishers Inc.1975. Reichardt, Mary R. Catholic Women Writers, A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook, Portsmouth, NH, Greenwood Publishing Group, louise Imogen Guiney, Her Life And Works, 1861-1920, London, Macmillan, London,1923. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Gilman. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed, from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

Louise Imogen Guiney
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ca. 1900

20.
Louise Chandler Moulton
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Louise Chandler Moulton was an American poet, story-writer and critic. She was born April 10,1835, the daughter of Lucius L. Chandler, in Pomfret, in 1855, she married a Boston publisher, William U. Moulton, under whose auspices her earliest literary work had appeared in The True Flag, in 1876 she published a volume of notable Poems and visited Europe, where she began close and lasting friendships with leading men and women of letters. Thenceforward she spent the summers in London and the rest of the year in Boston, in 1889 another volume of verse, In the Garden of Dreams, confirmed her reputation as a poet. She also wrote volumes of prose fiction, including Miss Eyre from Boston and Other Stories. She was well known for the extent of her literary influence and she died in Boston on August 10,1908. Lilian Whiting, Louise Chandler Moulton Attribution Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Moulton, which in turn cites, UNCG American Publishers Trade Bindings, Louise Chandler Moulton Works by or about Louise Chandler Moulton at Internet Archive Works by Louise Chandler Moulton at LibriVox

Louise Chandler Moulton
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Louise Chandler Moulton

21.
Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland
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Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland née Baker was an American journalist, author and playwright. A sixth-generation Bostonian, Sutherland was born on September 15,1855, at Cambridge to James, James Baker was a successful wholesale merchant who was active in the pre-Civil War anti-slavery movement and a close friend of Frederick Parker. Sutherland began her education at age three, around the time of her fathers death, attending schools in Boston and later Geneva, Switzerland. While still in her teens she began submitting works to publications and was among the first to be awarded a prize from the fledgling St. Nicholas Magazine for her essay What is a Gentleman. On March 10,1879, she married John Preston Sutherland, sutherland’s early works were often sketches about the struggles of class and race in America. Sutherland collaborated with Charles King on the military play Ft. Frayne, over the last decade or so of her life, Sutherland would write a number of plays with her close friend Beulah Marie Dix. Their most successful play, The Road to Yesterday, written in 1906, evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland died at her Boston home on December 24,1908, from burns she suffered when her gown brushed up against a gas stove and caught fire

Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland
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Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland

22.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

23.
Newspapers.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD

24.
Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to

Open access
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authors may use form language like this to request an open access license when submitting their work to a publisher
Open access
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Open access logo, originally designed by Public Library of Science. Whilst no official open access logo exists, organisations are free to select the logo style that best supports their visual language. Other logos are also in use (see Signalling OA-ness).

25.
Massachusetts Historical Society
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The Massachusetts Historical Society is a major historical archive specializing in early American, Massachusetts, and New England history. It is located at 1154 Boylston Street in Boston, Massachusetts and is the oldest historical society in the United States, the Societys building was constructed in 1899 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. In 2016, The Boston Landmarks Commission designated it a Boston Landmark, the Society was founded on January 24,1791, by Reverend Jeremy Belknap to collect, preserve, and document items of American history. He and the nine founding members donated family papers, books. Its first manuscript was published in 1792, becoming the first historical society publication in the United States, the society, for several years after its organization, met in the attic of Faneuil Hall, afterwards rooms were occupied in Hamilton Place, and then in Franklin Street. Quarters on Tremont Street were occupied in the building of the Provident bank through the 1890s, today the Society continues to collect, preserve, and communicate historical information about Massachusetts and the United States. It is now organized in five departments, Library, Publications, Education and Public Programs, Research Programs, the Adams Family Papers, and Administration. Among other papers, the collection includes correspondence, diaries, literary manuscripts, speeches, legal and business papers, and John Adams handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence. Other notable manuscripts include John Winthrops manuscripts on the settlement of New England, Paul Reveres account of his ride. The Society continues to produce books, but now augments these publications with digital editions available through its website. The Massachusetts Historical Review has been published annually since 1999, the Fellows of the Massachusetts Historical Society are elected and serve as the Societys legal governing body. The act of incorporation, with the acts and by-laws of the Massachusetts Historical Society, with a list of officers. Boston, printed for the Society,1882, here We Have Lived, The Houses of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams, from C-SPANs American Presidents, Life Portraits, broadcast from the Massachusetts Historical Society, April 18,1999 Massachusetts Historical Society

26.
American Association of University Women
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The American Association of University Women, officially founded in 1881, is a non-profit organization that advances equity for women and girls through advocacy, education, and research. The organization has a network of 150,000 members,1,500 branches. Its headquarters are in Washington, D. C, in 1881 Marion Talbot and Ellen Swallow Richards invited 15 alumnae from 8 colleges to a meeting in Boston, Massachusetts. The Association of Collegiate Alumnae or ACA, was founded on January 14,1882. The ACA also worked to improve standards of education for women so that men and womens education was more equal in scope. At the beginning of 1884, the ACA had been meeting only in Boston, however, as more women across the country became interested in its work, the Association saw that expansion into branches was necessary to carry on its work. Washington, D. C. was the first branch to be created in 1884, and New York, Pacific, Philadelphia, in 1885, the organization took on one of its first major projects, they essentially had to justify their right to exist. A common belief held at the time that an education would harm a woman’s health. This myth was supported by Harvard-educated Boston physician Dr. Edward H. Clarke, an ACA committee led by Annie Howes created a series of questions that were sent to 1,290 ACA members,705 replies were received. After the results were tabulated, the data, not surprisingly, the report, “Health Statistics of Female College Graduates” was published in 1885 in conjunction with the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor. This first research report is one of many conducted by AAUW during its history, in 1887, a fellowship program for women was established. Supporting the education of women through fellowships would continually remain a part of AAUW’s mission. Back in 1883, a group of college women had considered forming a Chicago, Illinois branch of the ACA, however. They formed the Western Association of Collegiate Alumnae with Jane M. Bancroft as its first president, WACA was broad in purpose and consisted of five committees, fine arts, outdoor occupations, domestic professions, press and journalism, and higher education of women in the West. In 1888, WACA awarded its first fellowship of $350 to Ida Street, in 1889, WACA merged with the ACA, further expanding the groups capacity. In 1919, the ACA participated in an effort led by a group of American women which ultimately raised $156,413 to purchase a gram of radium for Marie Curie for her experiments. In 1921, the ACA merged with the Southern Association of College Women to create the AAUW, during World War II, AAUW officially began raising money to assist female scholars displaced by the Nazi led occupation who were unable to continue their work. The War Relief Fund received numerous pleas for help and worked tirelessly to find teaching and other positions for women at American schools and universities

American Association of University Women
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AAUW Logo
American Association of University Women
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Headquarters of the AAUW in Washington, DC

27.
Daughters of the American Revolution
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The Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in the United States struggle for independence. A non-profit group, they work to promote preservation, education. It currently has approximately 180,000 members in the United States and its motto is God, Home, and Country. The DAR is a white organization with a record of excluding African American women. In 1889 the centennial of President George Washingtons inauguration was celebrated, out of the renewed interest in United States history, numerous patriotic and preservation societies were founded. The first meeting of the society was held August 9,1890, the first DAR chapter was organized on October 11,1890, at the Strathmore Arms, the home of Mary Smith Lockwood, one of the DARs four co-founders. Other founders were Eugenia Washington, a great-grandniece of George Washington, Ellen Hardin Walworth and they had also held organizational meetings in August 1890. The First Lady, Caroline Lavina Scott Harrison, wife of President Benjamin Harrison, lent her prestige to the founding of DAR, having initiated a renovation of the White House, she was interested in historic preservation. She helped establish the goals of DAR, which was incorporated by charter in 1896. This was in addition to fraternal and civic organizations flourishing in this period. The DAR chapters raised funds to initiate a number of historic preservation and they began a practice of installing markers at the graves of Revolutionary War veterans to indicate their service, and adding small flags at their gravesites on Memorial Day. Other activities included commissioning and installing monuments to battles and other related to the War. The DAR recognized women patriots contributions as well as those of soldiers, for instance, they installed a monument at the site of a spring where Polly Hawkins Craig and other women got water to use against flaming arrows, in the defense of Bryan Station. In addition to installing markers and monuments, DAR chapters have purchased, preserved and operated historic houses, see DAR Historic Sites and Database for a map and database of DAR sites. Washington, D. C. had segregated facilities under laws established by a Southern-dominated Congress, in 1945, African-American jazz singer Hazel Scott was excluded from performing at Constitution Hall. In October 1945, the DAR invited First Lady Bess Truman to a tea at the hall, congressman Powell protested and asked Truman not to attend the tea. She chose to go, but said publicly that she opposed discrimination, the White House received letters asking Bess Truman to resign from the DAR in protest of their policy, she declined to do so. Other letters supported her having attended the tea, the DAR did not officially reverse its white performers only policy until 1952

28.
League of Women Voters
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The League of Women Voters is an American civic organization that was formed to help women take a larger role in public affairs as they won the right to vote. The League of Women Voters began as a mighty political experiment aimed to help newly enfranchised women exercise their responsibilities as voters, originally, only women could join the league, but in 1973 the charter was modified to include men. LWV operates at the local, state, and national level, with over 1,000 local and 50 state leagues, the League sponsored the United States presidential election debates in 1976,1980 and 1984. On October 2,1988, the LWVs 14 trustees voted unanimously to pull out of the debates, in 2012, LWV created National Voter Registration Day, a day when volunteers work to register voters and increase participation. The League sponsors voter’s guides including Smart Voter and Voters Edge, the League lobbied for the establishment of the United Nations, and later became one of the first groups to receive status as a nongovernmental organization with the U. N. The League has opposed voter ID laws and supported efforts at campaign finance reform in the United States, LWV opposed the decision in Citizens United v. FEC. The League supports increased regulation of political spending, the League endorsed passage of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, which banned soft money in federal elections and made other reforms in campaign finance laws. LWV supports the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, LWV opposes the proposed Keystone Pipeline project. In January 2013, the League of Women Voters in Hawaii urged President Obama to take action on climate change under his authority, the Clean Air Act of 1990. The League supports the abolition of the death penalty, LWV supports universal health care and endorses both Medicaid expansion and the Affordable Care Act. The League supports a general income tax increase to finance health care reform for the inclusion of reproductive health care, including abortion. The League supports abortion rights and strongly opposed the passage of the Partial-Birth Abortion Act, the League actively opposed welfare reform legislation proposed in the 104th Congress. In 1999, LWV challenged a Florida law that allowed students who were attending failing public schools to use school vouchers to attend other schools, the League supports a system for illegal immigrants already in the United States to earn full citizenship. It lobbied for passage of the DREAM Act, the national board is elected at the national convention and sets position policy. Local Leagues and State Leagues are organized in order to promote the purposes of the League and to action on local. These Leagues have their own directors and officers, the national board may withdraw recognition from any state or local League for failure to fulfill recognition requirements. ”The decision to sponsor these ads was made by the executive committee of the national League. By poll, the national board approved the decision as did the state presidents of Massachusetts and Missouri. Thats not what the senators did, boston, League of Women Voters of Massachusetts

League of Women Voters
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League of Women Voters members in front of the White House, 1924
League of Women Voters
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League of Women Voters of the United States

29.
National Association of Colored Women
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From 1896 to 1904 it was known as the National Association of Colored Women. It adopted the motto Lifting as we climb, to demonstrate to an ignorant and suspicious world that our aims, when incorporated in 1904, NACW became known as the National Association of Colored Womens Clubs. “In 1895 an obscure man in an obscure Missouri town sent a letter broad-cast over this country and England, reflecting upon the character, so utterly false were the vile statement, that the women were aroused as never before and when Mrs. Josephine St. The National Federation of Colored Women’s Club was the result of that meeting and this joint session was attended by some of the most notable women of our Race, among whom were Harriet Tubman. Francis E. W. Harper, poet and writer, Victoria E. Matthews, founder of the White Rose Mission of New York, Josephine S. Yates, teacher and writer, an others. Wells Barnett and Elizabeth Lindsay Davis were the delegates from Illinois. ”Historian,1933 The National Association of Colored Women was established in Washington and this first of what would later become biennial convention meetings of the association was held at the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church. These organizations and later others across the country merged to form the National Association of Colored Women, the organization helped all African-American women by working on issues of civil rights and injustice, such as women’s suffrage, lynching, and Jim Crow laws. Founders of the NACWC included Harriet Tubman, Margaret Murray Washington, Frances E. W. Harper, Ida Bell Wells-Barnett and its two leading members were Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin and Mary Church Terrell. Their original intention was to furnish evidence of the moral, mental and material made by people of color through the efforts of our women. During the next ten years, the NACWC became involved in campaigns in favor of suffrage and against lynching. They also led efforts to education, and care for both children and the elderly. By 1918, when the United States entered the First World War, both women were educated and had economically successful parents. Born on August 31,1842, in Boston, Josephine St. Pierre was the daughter of John St. Pierre and her parents supported her going to school in Salem for its integrated schools, rather than attend segregated ones in Boston. At the age of 16, she married George Lewis Ruffin, among their early activities was recruiting black soldiers for the Union Army during the Civil War. After her husband died in 1886, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin used part of her estate to fund Woman’s Era and she was a vice-president of the National Association of Colored Women. In 1910 Ruffin enlarged her social activism by helping form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Mary Church Terrell was the daughter of Robert Church, Sr. a former slave and reputed son of a white master. Church, Sr. built a business and became one of the wealthiest black men in the South and he was able to send Mary to Oberlin College, where she earned both bachelors and masters degrees. Years later Mary Church Terrell spoke at the Berlin International Congress of Women, giving her speech in fluent German and French and she was the only black woman at the conference

National Association of Colored Women
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National Association of Colored Women headquarters in Washington, D.C.
National Association of Colored Women
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National Association of Colored Women's Clubs Emblem

30.
Berkeley City Club
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The Berkeley City Club was commissioned as the club house of the Berkeley Womens City Club organized in Berkeley, California in 1927 to contribute to social, civic, and cultural progress. This private club is no longer restricted to women, and the house building is available to the public at large for overnight stays, weddings. The building, constructed in 1929, is one of the works of noted California architect Julia Morgan. The San Francisco-born Morgan was the first woman to gain admission and earn a certificate from the Ecole de Beaux-Arts in Paris and she designed over 100 womens organization buildings throughout her career. Her interpretation of Moorish and Gothic elements in the Berkeley Womens City Club created a landmark of California design and it is registered as California Historical Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Berkeley City Club - Official site

Berkeley City Club
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Berkeley Women's City Club

31.
Ebell of Los Angeles
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The Ebell of Los Angeles is a womens club housed in a complex in the Mid-City section of Wilshire, Los Angeles, California. It includes a building and the renowned 1, 270-seat Wilshire Ebell Theatre. The complex has been owned and operated since 1927 by the Ebell of Los Angeles womens club, since 1927, the Wilshire Ebell Theatre has hosted musical performances and lectures by world leaders and top artists. Among other events, the Ebell was the site of aviator Amelia Earharts last public appearance before attempting the 1937 around-the-world flight during which she disappeared and it is also the place where Judy Garland was discovered while performing as Baby Frances Gumm in the 1930s. Harriet Williams Russell Strong was a founder of the club, serving as its president for three consecutive terms, the club adopted as its motto, I will find a way or make one -- I serve. Over the years, the group has conducted classes, and hosted lectures and seminars, on topics including psychology, parliamentary law, travel, literature, music, gardening and science. In 1923, the announced plans to build a new clubhouse. The group commissioned architect Sumner P. Hunt of Hunt & Burns to design the new facility, the new facilities consisted of multiple structures covering a site 160 ×450 feet, surrounding a 65 ×120 foot patio area. The new facilities included a new 1, 300-seat auditorium at the rear of the property facing 8th Street, the two-story structure facing Wilshire Boulevard houses the groups clubhouse, including a large lounge, art salon, and dining room. The dining room opens to a tile-roofed colonnade walkway and fountain, the total cost was $200,000 for the site, $650,000 for the entire structure, and $120,000 for the furnishings. Another writer observed, Nowhere in America is there a more magnificent womens club house than the new home of Ebell, every modern convenience and appliance, together with furnishings of the finest quality, are within its walls. It is lavish, but not flamboyantly so and it is practical and it has beauty and inspiring charm. The 1, 300-seat theater is known for its acoustics and its Barton pipe organ, the Los Angeles Times in 2003 described the theater as the grande dame of genteel grace, a cultural centerpiece for Los Angeles, and one of the areas most striking auditoriums. In more than eighty years of productions, the Wilshire Ebell has witnessed performances by stars and celebrities. Young Judy Garland, then known as Baby Frances Gumm, first auditioned on the Wilshire Ebell Theater stage, MGM producer George Sidney later described Garlands first audition this way, I had made Judys first screen test. There was a theater here in Los Angeles called the Wilshire-Ebell, hey used to put on vaudeville acts on certain nights of the week. This little girl came out with her two sisters and her playing the piano. She did a number with a baseball bat

32.
Wilfandel
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The Wilfandel Club is the oldest African-American womens club in Los Angeles. The group was founded in 1945 with the goal of promoting civic betterment, philanthropic endeavors and they maintain a clubhouse, sponsor a scholarship, and hold monthly meetings, which feature guest speakers. The club was established in 1945 by black women active in the community, including Della Mae Givens, the Wilfandel Club house was one of the few integrated public meeting places in Los Angeles during the 1950s. The club house is used today by the members of the Wilfandel Club for meetings, weddings. It is equipped with a full kitchen, for its contributions to the community, the club is the recipient of the Community Service Award, presented by the California State Attorney General. Today, Wilfandel Club members total more than 60 African-American women, bessie Bruington Burke was a Wilfandel Club member. She received her teaching credentials in 1911 and soon became the first Black teacher in the Los Angeles City School District

Wilfandel
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Wilfandel Club House

33.
Three Arts Club of Chicago
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The Three Arts Club of Chicago was a Chicago home and club for women in the three arts of music, painting and drama. The club, modelled on the Three Arts Club of New York, was founded in 1912, in 1914 the club commissioned their own building, designed by architects Holabird & Roche. This building provided a residential space continuously until 2004, when the last of the residents moved out, in 2007 the building was sold to developers. Over 13,000 women had stayed in the club, in 1981 the building, located in the Near North Side neighborhood at 1300 N. Dearborn Street, was listed as a Chicago Landmark

Three Arts Club of Chicago
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References [edit]

34.
Chilton Club
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The Chilton Club is a private social club established in 1910, located in the Back Bay area of Boston, Massachusetts. Founded by Pauline Revere Thayer, the club was intended in part as a counterpoint to the Mayflower Club, the club was named after Mary Chilton because she had been the first woman to step out of the Mayflower. The club occupies a red brick building on Commonwealth Avenue, designed in 1870 by architect Henry Richards of the firm of Ware. The building has been altered and expanded over the years and they also received permission to construct an addition at the rear,38 feet by 18 feet 9 inches, five stories high above the basement, four of brick and one in roof. The Club retained the firm of Richardson, Barott, and Richardson, the addition was completed in February 1911. On May 28,1926, the Club acquired 150 Commonwealth and they remodeled the house, combining it with 152 Commonwealth. Some early members included, Chilton Club damaged, New Home of Womens Organization on Commonwealth Ave Scene of a $4000 Fire, P.10 Drinking among women, Rev Herbert S. Johnson Gives Address Which He Said Was Suggested by Action of Chilton Club. P.5 Tells Mussolinis aims and progress, Count Constantini Speaks at the Chilton Club Italys leader Has Won Whole Nations Confidence, P.13 Real estate transactions, Chilton Club Purchases Adjoining Parcel. Seventy-five years at the Chilton Club, a memoir, in about-face, Chilton Club to admit men. Katherine Dempsey,99, was Chilton Club social director, elizabeth Fessenden Was Chilton club president

Chilton Club
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Chilton Club

35.
The College Club of Boston
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The College Club of Boston is a private membership organization founded in 1890 as the first womens college club in the United States. The College Club of Boston the oldest residential college club in the United States, in December 1890,76 Marlborough Street, also located in Bostons Back Bay, became the first home of The College Club. The building at 76 Marlborough was purchased by Club member Mabel Cummings in 1893, at that time, the College Club served 600 members, which grew to 1,243 members by 1915. The brownstone townhouse was built in 1864 and was designed in the High Victorian style, from its earliest days, The College Club was host to literary luminaries such as Mark Twain, Vladimir Nabokov, poet Oliver Wendell Holmes, and novelist F. Marion Crawford. Club members took up the cause of philanthropy in 1985 and established The College Club Scholarship Fund. The endowed fund is administered by Club members, each year since 1986, the Scholarship Fund has awarded college tuition assistance to deserving high school seniors from Boston Public Schools. On May 20,2002, the City of Boston certified the clubs status as the oldest womens club in the United States

The College Club of Boston
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The College Club of Boston

36.
20th Century Club (Reno, Nevada)
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With this motto, “The measure of the worth of an organization to its community, is bound in its ability to embrace opportunities for service” the Twentieth Century Club had its beginning in 1894. Mrs. Walter McNab Miller served as President for a group of 84 women. The Club’s name was chosen to reflect a look forward to the future, in 1894, Club members started a circulating library, and in 1898 a scholarship to the University of Nevada was funded. In 1901, members of the Twentieth Century Club participated in founding the Kindergarten Association, during the war years, many hours were devoted to the home-front war effort. In 1925 a Clubhouse was built on First Street on the river, through the years the Clubhouse was the pride of its members. Much social life of Reno revolved around the facilities of this Clubhouse – weddings, luncheons, dinner dances, in 1980, the Twentieth Century Club sold the building, and the Club’s Steinway grand piano was donated to the Reno Philharmonic. Since 1986 two scholarships are awarded to students with an interest in medicine. Currently the scholarships are in the amount of $2500 each, monetary donations totaling $20,000 are given to local philanthropic organizations each year, and organized philanthropic endeavors are scheduled at Club meetings throughout the year. A monthly luncheon is held September through May featuring a program of music or lecturers, the Twentieth Century Club has entered its third century as the oldest, active women’s club in the state of Nevada. Contact information is as follows, The Twentieth Century Club, P. O, box 11631, Reno, NV 89510-1631, Peggy Slattery, President, 775-544-7052 The former Twentieth Century Clubhouse, now known as the 20th Century Building still stands today and is located at 335 W. This building is historic and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the building was designed by Fred M. Schadler and includes Classical Revival and Prairie School architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and it was deemed significant as an interesting building designed by a prominent local architect and for association with the Twentieth Century Club, which was prominent and important in Reno. Humphrey House,467 Ralston St. Reno, also designed by Schadler and NRHP-listed

20th Century Club (Reno, Nevada)
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20th Century Building

37.
Colony Club
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The Colony Club is a women-only private social club in New York City. Founded in 1903 by Florence Jaffray Harriman, wife of J. Borden Harriman, as the first social club established in New York City by and for women, today, men are admitted as guests. The club and the street in front of it were often the site of large suffrage rallies sponsored by the Equal Franchise Society to which members of the Club belonged. Stanford White was slain by Harry K. Thaw months before construction of the Colony Club was completed, the building was designed in the Federal Revival style, and has unusual brickwork done in a diaper pattern as a notable feature of its facade. The Old Colony Club was sold after the club moved to its new location in 1916, today, the building houses the East Coast headquarters of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. It was awarded landmark status by the City of New York in 1966, the second clubhouse, located at 564 Park Avenue, also known as 51 East 62nd Street, on the northwest corner, was commissioned in 1913 and constructed from 1914 to 1916. In 1973, Secretary of State Henry Kissingers birthday party was held at the Colony Club, in 2007, memorial services for Brooke Astor were held there. The Club presently has approximately 2,500 members who have access to discussions, concerts, and wellness and athletic programs. The Clubhouse consists of seven stories,25 guest bedrooms, three dining rooms, two ballrooms, a lounge, a court, an indoor pool, a fitness facility. Annual gross revenues are more than $10 million, madeleine Talmage Force Astor – wife of John Jacob Astor IV Ambassador Robin Chandler Duke Florence Jaffray Harriman – founder Jessica Garretson Finch, college president, founding member. Elisabeth Marbury Kathleen Troia McFarland Anne Morgan – a daughter of J. P. Morgan, full list of members in first year New York Times Documenting the Gilded Age, New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century. A New York Art Resources Consortium project, exhibition catalogs from the Colony Club

Colony Club
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Old Colony Club
Colony Club
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Coach leaving from the Colony Club in 1911, carrying Mrs. Thomas Hastings, Mrs. Iselin and Mrs. Loew
Colony Club
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The second clubhouse at 564 Park Avenue at East 62d Street

38.
Cosmopolitan Club (New York)
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The Cosmopolitan Club is a private social club on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA. Located at 122 East 66th Street, east of Park Avenue, it was founded as a womens club, members have included Willa Cather, Ellen Glasgow, Eleanor Roosevelt, Jean Stafford, Helen Hayes, Pearl Buck, Marian Anderson, Margaret Mead, and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. In 1909, a club for governesses named itself the Cosmos Club, on March 22,1911 the club was formally incorporated, with Helen Gilman Brown as its president. The other six founding members were Mrs. V. Everett Macy, Mrs. John Sherman Hoyt, Mrs. Albert Herter, Mrs. E. R. Hewitt, and Mrs. Ellwood Hendrick. Dues were twenty dollars a year, in 1913 club members put on An Evening in a Persian Garden, with snake dancers and readings of Persian verse. The success of this led to an increase in membership, in 1914, the club moved to larger quarters uptown at 44th Street and Lexington Avenue. By 1917, the Cosmopolitan Club had six hundred members, with four hundred on its waiting list. In December of that year, the put on an exhibition of paintings by Pablo Picasso. Guest speakers in that era included poets Amy Lowell, Vachel Lindsay, and Siegfried Sassoon, educator Maria Montessori, and Mrs. Herbert Hoover. Visiting musicians included Sergei Prokofiev, Nadia Boulanger, Count Basie, and Lotte Lenya, other invited luminaries were Robert Frost, Dorothy Thompson, and Edward R. Murrow. Currently the club offers, according to its website, a place for women to nourish their intellects, exercise their artistic impulses, cultivate friends, blue jeans and running shoes arent allowed

Cosmopolitan Club (New York)
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122 East 66th

39.
Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia
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The Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia is a private social club in Philadelphia. It was founded in June 1928 by a group of women from Philadelphia, in January 1930, the members had purchased the lot at 1616 Latimer Street, and oversaw the construction of an Art Deco building. The members of the Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia are all women and they work and volunteer in the community. Thirty-eight of the Clubs past and present members have been named Distinguished Daughters of Pennsylvania, Colonial Dames of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia Cosmopolitan Club Print Center The Pennsylvania Headquarters of the Colonial Dames of America

Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia
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The Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia

40.
Ossoli Circle
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The Ossoli Circle is a womens club located in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1885 as a society, the club is a charter member of the General Federation of Womens Clubs. Ossoli has long played a role in obtaining economic and educational opportunities for women in Tennessee. The club currently sponsors over two dozen projects and organizations, the Ossoli Circle was founded by womens rights activist Lizzie Crozier French, who had been inspired by a visit to New Yorks Sorosis Womens Club, a literary and book club organized in 1868. The first meeting was held at the East Tennessee Female Institute on November 20,1885, at the suggestion of its first president, Mary Boyce Temple, the club was named in honor of feminist Margaret Fuller Ossoli. Initially a literary society, Ossoli set as its goal the intellectual and moral development of its members, early Ossoli members included Knoxvilles most educated women. Lizzie Crozier French was director of the East Tennessee Female Institute, Mary Boyce Temple was a graduate of Vassar College, and Angie Warren Perkins had been a professor at Wellesley College. Mary Faith Floyd McAdoo was a regional author, and Annie Booth McKinney was a frequent contributor to magazines such as Harpers Bazaar, Munseys Magazine. In 1889, Lizzie Crozier French represented Ossoli a meeting at the Sorosis Club for the purpose of organizing the General Federation of Womens Clubs, the following year, Ossoli members Mary Boyce Temple and Annie Booth McKinney attended the Federations ratification convention. Temple was chosen as the Federations first corresponding secretary, in 1896, at Ossolis urging, the Tennessee Federation of Womens Clubs was established. By this time, Ossolis membership had grown to 75 members, in the early 1890s, Ossoli turned its attention toward providing education opportunities for girls and studied the possibilities of coeducation at the states universities. The University of Tennessee began admitting women in 1892, in due to Crozier-Frenchs efforts. In the early 1900s, Ossoli funded traveling libraries for the region, the Circle was also instrumental in the formation of a state vocational school for girls. In 1960, the Circle marked its diamond anniversary with the publication of a 268-page History of Ossoli Circle, to mark the Circles centennial in 1985, a 25-year time capsule was dedicated. This time capsule was opened at the Circles 125th anniversary celebration in 2010, the Ossoli Circle currently supports over two dozen organizations and projects. During its early years, the Ossoli Circle met at the East Tennessee Female Institutes Mosaic Hall, at the corner of Henley and Main in downtown Knoxville. Following the Tennessee Centennial Exposition in 1897, several Ossoli members had Knoxvilles exhibition building moved from Nashville to Knoxville, Ossoli met here until it burned in 1906. The Circle met at the Lyceum Building at the corner of Walnut, the current Ossoli Circle Clubhouse on Cumberland Avenue was built in 1933 and designed in the Colonial Revival style by noted Knoxville architect Charles I