The nonproprietary name of a drug product approved under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is its established name, which , in most instances , will be the United States

Pharmacopeia (USP) drug product monograph title for that product. If there is no USP monograph for the liposome drug product, you should refer to 21 CFR 299.4, USP General

Chapter <1121> Nomenclature, and the USP Nomenclature Guidelines. The liposome drug product nonproprietary name should include terminology to express that the product is a liposome or a pegylated liposome. Examples:

Since 1990, 12 PEGylated biopharmaceuticals have been introduced into the market place as drugs for human use (Table 1).Eleven are PEGylated protein biopharmaceuticals and one is aPEGylated aptamer (Macugen) administered intravitreally. Adagen®, Krystexxa®,

Are you looking for a better way to improve your PEGylation yield? I bet you are. Keep reading then……..

Many parameters affect PEGylation process. The surface accessibility of the reactive site of amino acids is the most critical. On protein surfaces, there exist hydrophobic patches and concaves that expel water and thus hydrophilic PEGs. Reactive sites such as cysteine residues can be buried inside the hydrophobic domains. This makes the PEGs hardly contact the free thiols. It has to contact to react. Improving the surface accessibility of reactive sites such as cysteine residues is demonstrated to improve PEGylation efficiency. How to achieve this?

The answer is to temporarily unfold protein structures such as changing pH values, ionic strength or even externally applied stress, all of which could potentially change the protein conformation to allow PEGylation, followed by re-forming the native 3D structure.

Just be smart, and sometimes a bit crazy to try different things. A paper in one ACS journal of Bioconjugate Chemistry doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00531 solved this problem by applying high pressure to the PEGylation process. At 250 mega-pascals, 90% of protein human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was PEGylated without using excess of PEG reagents, which normally have to be used to achieve even a low degree such as 5-10% of PEGylation. Upon PEGylation, the protein reversibly refolds.