Sunday, September 21, 2008

What should I know first about chemical protective clothing?What is meant by permeation rate, breakthrough time, and degradation?How do I choose the right material for the job?What is an example of a guide to the selection of skin protection?What are some other points to remember about skin and hand protection?What is meant by a workplace evaluation?Does the use of chemical protective clothing require a program audit?What are some sources of information for chemical protective clothing material selection?What should I know first about chemical protective clothing?Chemical protective clothing should not be considered as a replacement for engineering control methods. However, there are often few alternatives available, or an emergency (e.g., a spill) requires their use. Since the clothing is the last line of defense for protecting the skin, care must be taken to ensure it provides the protection expected.The phrase commonly found on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) "Wear impervious (or impermeable) gloves" has very limited value. It is technically inaccurate. No glove material will remain impervious to a specific chemical forever. No one glove material is resistant to all chemicals. Some chemicals will travel through or permeate the glove in a few seconds, while other chemicals may take days or weeks.Information specifying the best type of chemical protective material is what should be on the MSDS (e.g., neoprene, butyl rubber). If this information is missing, contact the supplier or manufacturer of the product. Manufacturers of chemical protective gloves and clothing may also assist their customers in making the appropriate choices.What is meant by permeation rate, breakthrough time, and degradation?Permeation rate is the rate at which the chemical will move through the material. It is measured in a laboratory and is expressed in units like milligrams per square meter per second (or some other [weight of chemical] per [unit area of material] per [unit of time]). The higher the permeation rate, the faster the chemical will move through the material.Permeation is different from penetration. Penetration occurs when the chemical leaks through seams, pinholes and other imperfections in the material: permeation occurs when the chemical diffuses or travels through intact material.Breakthrough time is time it takes a chemical to permeate completely through the material. It is determined by applying the chemical on the glove exterior and measuring the time it takes to detect the chemical on the inside surface. The sensitivity of the analytical instruments used in these measurements influence when a chemical is first detected. The breakthrough time gives some indication of how long a glove can be used before the chemical will permeate through the material.Degradation is a measurement of the physical deterioration of the material due to contact with a chemical. The material may get harder, stiffer, more brittle, softer, weaker or may swell. The worst example is that the material may actually dissolve in the chemical.How do I choose the right material for the job?Based on the above information, it becomes apparent that you must carefully choose the appropriate material for each job. Before deciding about which kind of glove or other chemical protective clothing to use, you should gather and analyze information on a number of factors such as:Complete, accurate description of the task.Identification of all hazards that may require hand protection. This should include a list of the chemicals involved as well as physical hazards such as abrasion, tearing, puncture and temperature. The kind of hazards will also affect the decision to use other chemical protective clothing in addition to gloves.Flexibility and touch sensitivity needed for the task. This need may significantly limit the thickness of glove material that can be used. The requirement for textured or non-slip surfaces to improve grip must also be considered.Type of potential contact (e.g., occasional contact or splash protection or continuous immersion of hands). This will also help in choosing the appropriate length of the glove.Contact period. How long the worker could be in contact with the chemical (and which chemicals) may also influence the selection of type and thickness of the glove material and the choice of lined or unlined gloves.Potential effects of skin exposure. The immediate irritation or corrosion of the skin must be considered in addition to the potential health effects to the entire body from absorbing the chemical through the skin.Decontamination procedures. Consider whether the gloves should be disposed of or cleaned after use. If they are cleaned, consider the cleaning method, how often they can be cleaned, and any special procedures required for disposing of the "decontamination wash waste"?Training required. This includes:what are the hazards of skin contact with the chemical,what are limitations of the gloves,what could happen and what to do if the gloves fail, andwhen to dispose of or to decontaminate gloves.Suggested materials should be selected based on quantitative information such as permeation rate, breakthrough time, penetration and degradation, and the other considerations mentioned above. Various factors like the thickness of the material, manufacturing methods, and product quality control can have a significant effect on these properties.For a few specific situations when it is impossible to predict the variety of hazards, multilaminate gloves made of layers of several different materials are available.)What is an example of a guide to the selection of skin protection?Guide to the Selection of Skin ProtectionHazardDegree of HazardProtective MaterialAbrasionSevereReinforced heavy rubber, staple-reinforced heavy leatherLess SevereRubber, plastic, leather, polyester, nylon, cottonSharp EdgesSevereMetal mesh, staple-reinforced heavy leather, Kevlar (TM) aramid-steel meshLess SevereLeather, terry cloth (aramid fiber)Mild with delicate workLightweight leather, polyester, nylon, cottonChemicals and fluidsRisk varies according to the chemical, its concentration, and time of contact among other factors. Refer to the manufacturer, or product MSDS.Dependant on chemical. Examples include: Natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), Teflon (TM), Viton (TM), polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, Saranex (TM), 4H (TM), Barricade (TM), Chemrel (TM), Responder (TM), Trellchem (TM)Cold

Lead-lined rubber, plastic or leatherNote: The mention of trade name products in the above table is not intended as a recommendation or endorsement of any product. Checking on any TM will take you to the web page "Personal Protective Clothing - Trade Names & Manufacturers". This document lists trade names of protective clothing material mentioned in OSH Answers, the name of companies to which the trade names are registered, and a brief description of the protective clothing material. Check with your supplier or the manufacturer to find out if a particular glove meets your requirements. This list is not intended to be comprehensive; you may know of other products that meet your needs.What are some other points to remember about skin and hand protection?Since there are many hazards, hand protection can be provided in a variety of ways: finger guards, cots and thimbles, hand pads, mitts, and gloves.Choose hand protection that adequately protects from the hazard(s) of a specific job and adequately meets the specific tasks involved in the job (such as flexibility or dexterity).Follow the manufacturer's instructions for care, decontamination, and maintenance of gloves.Be aware that some materials may cause reactions in some workers such as allergies to latex. Offer alternatives where possible.Ensure the gloves fit properly.Ensure all exposed skin is covered by gloves. Gloves should be long enough so that there is no gap between the glove and sleeve.Do not wear gloves with metal parts near electrical equipment.Do not use worn or torn gloves.Clean gloves as instructed by the supplier.Inspect and test gloves for defects before using.Test all rubber or synthetic gloves for leaks by inflating them (see figures below).Figure 1Hold cuff as illustrated, with thumbs inside, stretch cuff slightly.Figure 2Swing glove outward and over towards the face, two or three times, trapping air inside.Figure 3Squeeze inflated portion of glove with left hand, causing rubber to expand and magnify any defect.

Figure 4If large numbers need testing use a compressed air jig.Figure 5Double roll cuff over and grip with right hand.What is meant by a workplace evaluation?The selected glove should be carefully tested in the actual job conditions. In some situations it may be desirable to do laboratory tests on the gloves using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods. This is especially important if you do not have information of the permeation time of a particular chemical you are using or if you are using mixtures of solvents or chemicals. Some glove manufacturers may undertake these tests for their customers.Does the use of chemical protective clothing require a program audit?A process needs to be in place to ensure a competent person reviews the selection and use of chemical protective clothing. If chemical protective gloves and clothing are required, there should be a complete program in place that includesthe training of workers in the proper use and care of protective gear andthe selection, fitting, maintenance and inspection of the protective clothing and gloves.A successful program will ensure that any changes in chemicals being used are accounted for, will uncover any problems and will result in necessary changes or improvements.Unfortunately, chemical protective clothing are often considered as a fast and easy method of providing skin protection. The long-term costs of setting up and maintaining a chemical protective clothing program may be higher than the costs for implementing proper engineering controls. In addition, even with the use of gloves, the risk of contact with the chemical still remains. However, in many situations, when the engineering controls for enclosing hazardous chemicals are not practicable, a chemical protective clothing program becomes essential for the protection of workers.Since personal protective equipment such as gloves are the last line of defense, considerable effort should be expended to ensure that adequate protection is actually being provided.What are some sources of information for chemical protective clothing material selection?Many manufacturers of chemical protective clothing provide charts and computer software to help in selecting the appropriate gloves when working with a chemical or a specific mixture. In addition, there are various glove-material compatibility charts and other glove selection aids available from independent sources. However care must be taken in interpreting generic information, since the properties, thicknesses, and quality assurance of glove materials may vary between manufacturers.For solvent mixtures, however, tests may have to be carried out if data are not available of the specific mixture. The reason for this is that the properties of the mixture, especially permeation time, cannot be predicted by using data from the individual components of the mixture.Protective clothing has been recommended for some materials on our web site. Please refer to Chemical Profiles in the Chemicals and Materials section for information on some selected chemicals. The CCOHS database CHEMINFO also has occupational health and safety information such as recommendations for chemical protective clothing for some 1,300 chemicals. By courtesy ofDocument last updated on June 17, 1999Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety

What should I know about head protection?What should I know about the shell of my headwear?What should I know about the suspension of my headwear?What should I know about maintenance?What should I know about head protection?If you are at risk for head injury at your workplace, you should wear the appropriate head protection.If head protection is required, establish a complete safety protection program including selection, fit testing, training, maintenance and inspection.Choose the correct headwear for the job. Refer to CSA Standard Z94.1(M1977 or -92), "Industrial Protective Headwear" or the legislation that applies in your jurisdiction.Classes of headwear can include:Class G: General Usage (non-conducting) Class E: Electrical Trades (non-conducting) Class C: ConductingHeadwear consists of a shell and the suspension. These work together as a system and both need regular inspection and maintenance.Do not transport headwear in rear windows of vehicles.Inspect headwear before each use.Do not draw the chin strap over the brim or peak of the headwear.Do not wear headwear backwards (the peak should always face forwards).What should I know about the shell of my headwear?The shell is rigid and light, and is shaped to deflect falling objects. Correct maintenance is important.DO:Inspect and replace a shell that shows signs of wear, scratches or gouges. Shells exposed to heat, sunlight and chemicals can become stiff or brittle. A visible pattern of tiny cracks may develop. Over time, weathered hats can become dull in colour or have a chalky appearance.Replace headwear when hairline cracks start to appear.Replace headwear that has been struck, even if no damage is visible.Remove and destroy any headwear if its protective abilities are in doubt.DO NOT:Do not drill holes, alter or modify the shell. Alterations may reduce the protection provided by the headwear.Do not paint the plastic shell. Paint solvents can make plastic headwear brittle and more susceptible to cracks. Paint can also hide cracks that may develop. Instead, use reflective marking tape to make numbers or symbols for identification purposes. Metal headwear may be painted.Do not use winter liners that contain metal or electrically conductive material under Class G or E headwear.Do not use metal labels on Class G or E headwear.What should I know about the suspension of my headwear?The suspension system is as important as the shell. It holds the shell away from the head and acts as a shock-absorber. It also holds the shell in place on the head and allows air to flow freely.Adjust headband size so that headwear will stay on when the wearer is bending over, but not so tight that it leaves a mark on the forehead.Ensure that the suspension is in good condition. The main purpose of the suspension is to absorb energy.Look closely for cracked or torn adjustment slots, frayed material or other signs of wear.Check the suspension lugs carefully. Long periods of normal use can damage the suspension. Perspiration and hair oils can speed up the deterioration of suspension materials.Replace the suspension if it has torn or broken threads.Do not put anything between the suspension and the shell. There must be a clearance inside the headwear while it is being worn. In case of a blow to the head, that space helps absorb the shock.What should I know about maintenance?The care and maintenance of headwear are needed if the headwear is to protect as designed. Its lifespan is affected by normal use and by heat, cold, chemicals and ultraviolet rays.Clean the suspension and shell regularly according to the manufacturers' instructions.Document last updated on May 5, 1999By courtesy of:-Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety

HomeOSH AnswersPrevention & Control of HazardsPersonal Protective EquipmentHearing ProtectorsAsk a QuestionFeedbackPrinter-friendlyHow can I protect my hearing at work?What are some things I should know about selecting hearing protection devices?What types of hearing protectors are available?How do I pick my hearing protectors?How can I find out how much a hearing protector can reduce a worker's exposure to noise?How do I use Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) value to determine the protection provided by a hearing protector?What is a Single Number Rating (SNR)?What are the advantages and limitations of ear plugs and ear muffs?Why is user preference so important?What should I know about the fit of my hearing protectors?What happens to the protection level when hearing protectors are removed for short periods of time?How should I care for my hearing protection device?How can I protect my hearing at work?The surest method of preventing occupational deafness is to reduce noise at the source by engineering methods. However, in certain workplace conditions, there is very little or nothing one can do to reduce noise at the source. In such workplaces, workers wear hearing protectors to reduce the amount of noise reaching the ears.What are some things I should know about selecting hearing protection devices?People should wear a hearing protector if the noise or sound level at the workplace exceeds 85 decibels (A-weighted) or dB(A). Hearing protectors reduce the noise exposure level and the risk of hearing loss.If hearing protection is required, then a complete hearing conservation program should be instituted. A hearing conservation program includes noise assessment, hearing protector selection, employee training and education, audiometric testing, maintenance, inspection, record keeping, and program evaluation.The effectiveness of hearing protection is reduced greatly if the hearing protectors do not fit properly or if they are worn only part time during periods of noise exposure. To maintain their effectiveness, they should not be modified. Remember, radio headsets are not substitutes for hearing protectors and should not be worn where hearing protectors are required to protect against exposure to noise.Select hearing protection that is:Correct for the job. Refer to the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard Z94.2-02 "Hearing Protection Devices - Performance, Selection, Care and Use" or contact the agency responsible for occupational health and safety legislation in your jurisdiction for more information.Provides adequate protection. Check the manufacturer's literature.Comfortable enough to be accepted and worn.What types of hearing protectors are available?Ear plugs are inserted to block the ear canal. They may be premolded (preformed) or moldable (foam ear plugs). Ear plugs are sold as disposable products or reusable plugs. Custom molded ear plugs are also available.Semi-insert ear plugs which consist of two ear plugs held over the ends of the ear canal by a rigid headband.Ear muffs consist of sound-attenuating material and soft ear cushions that fit around the ear and hard outer cups. They are held together by a head band.How do I pick my hearing protectors?The choice of hearing protectors is a very personal one and depends on a number of factors including level of noise, comfort, and the suitability of the hearing protector for both the worker and his environment. Most importantly, the hearing protector should provide the desired noise reduction. It is best, where protectors must be used, to provide a choice of a number of different types to chose from.If the noise exposure is intermittent, ear muffs are more desirable, since it may be inconvenient to remove and reinsert earplugs.How can I find out how much a hearing protector can reduce a worker's exposure to noise?Manufacturers provide information about the noise reducing capability of a hearing protector as an NRR (noise reduction rating) number. The NRR ratings are based on noise reduction obtained in laboratory conditions.How do I use Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) value to determine the protection provided by a hearing protector?NIOSH recommends using subject fit data based on ANSI S12.6-1997 [ANSI 1997] to estimate hearing protector noise attenuation.If subject fit data are not available, NIOSH recommends derating hearing protectors by a factor that corresponds to the available real-world data. Specifically, NIOSH recommends that the labeled NRRs be derated as follows:Earmuffs - Subtract 25% from the manufacturer's labeled NRRFormable earplugs - Subtract 50% from the manufacturer's labeled NRRAll other earplugs - Subtract 70% from the manufacturers labeled NRR1. When the noise exposure level in dBC is known, the effective A-weighted noise level (ENL) is:ENL [dB(A)] = Workplace noise level in dBC - derated NRR2. When the noise exposure level in dB(A ) is known, the effective A-weighted noise level is:ENL = Workplace noise level in dB(A) - (derated NRR -7)There are other single number ratings available. For details refer to the Canadian Standard CSA Z94.2 - 2002. Another single number rating is based on (Subject Fit) Real Ear Attenuation measurements, known as Single Number Rating (Subject Fit 84th percentile) and abbreviated as SNR (SF 84) (for details see ANSI Standard S12.6). "SF 84" indicates that 84% of the users in a well run hearing conservation program are expected to receive at least that much protection.What is a Single Number Rating (SNR)?An SNR is a single number rating system determined according to Interantional Standard ISO 4869. The tests are carried out by commercial laboratories that are independent of the manufacturers. Like NRRs, SNRs are expressed in dB's and are used as a guide for comparing the potential noise reduction capability of different hearing protection devices. Since the procedures for measuring NRRs and SNRs are different, the NRR and SNR values for an individual hearing protector are different. For further details please refer to the Canadian Standard CSA Z94.2-02 or American Standard ANSI S12.6.What are the advantages and limitations of ear plugs and ear muffs?There are advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of either ear muffs and ear plugs.Ear plugs can be mass-produced or individually molded to fit the ear, and they can be reusable or disposable. On the positive side, they are simple to use, less expensive than muffs, and more comfortable in hot or damp work areas. On the negative side, they provide less protection than some muffs, and should not be used in areas having noise levels over 105 dB(A) (A-weighted decibels). They are not as visible as muffs and a supervisor cannot readily check to see if workers are wearing them. They must be properly inserted to provide adequate protection.Ear muffs can vary with respect to the material and depth of the dome, and the force of the headband. The deeper and heavier the dome, the greater the low-frequency attenuation provided by the protector. The headband must fit tightly enough to maintain a proper seal, yet not be too tight for comfort. On the positive side, ear muffs can usually provide greater protection than plugs, although this is not always true. They are easier to fit, generally more durable than plugs, and they have replaceable parts. On the negative side, they are more expensive, and often less comfortable than plugs, especially in hot work areas. In areas where noise levels are very high, muffs and plugs can be worn together to give better protection.The following table summarizes the differences between ear plugs and ear muffs.Comparison of Hearing ProtectionEar PlugsEar MuffsAdvantages:small and easily carriedconvenient to use with other personal protection equipment (can be worn with ear muffs)more comfortable for long-term wear in hot, humid work areasconvenient for use in confined work areasAdvantages:less attenuation variability among usersdesigned so that one size fits most head sizeseasily seen at a distance to assist in the monitoring of their usenot easily misplaced or lostmay be worn with minor ear infectionsDisadvantages:requires more time to fitmore difficult to insert and removerequire good hygiene practicesmay irritate the ear canaleasily misplacedmore difficult to see and monitor usageDisadvantages:less portable and heaviermore inconvenient for use with other personal protective equipment.more uncomfortable in hot, humid work areamore inconvenient for use in confined work areasmay interfere with the wearing of safety or prescription glasses: wearing glasses results in breaking the seal between the ear muff and the skin and results in decreased hearing protection.Why is user preference so important?The human aspects of hearing protection are particularly important since the only useful kind of protection is the protection that is actually worn. Some people do not accept particular kinds of protectors; every human being is different, and the anatomy of the ear and ear canal can vary significantly from person to person.It is a good idea for the employer to provide a number of different types of hearing protection from which workers can choose, keeping in mind any safety or hygienic reasons for not providing a particular kind of protector. That is, a particular type of protector should not be used if noise levels are too high or if it proves to be inadequate from a hygienic point of view. For example, ear plugs which are used in a plant setting where people reuse them throughout the day, often reinserting them with dirty fingers, can introduce dirt and bacteria into the ears, causing ear infections.The bottom line on hearing protection is worker preference. If the workers do not like the type of protection (for example, if it is uncomfortable, does not fit well, or is impractical), they will not wear it.What should I know about the fit of my hearing protectors?Follow manufacturers' instructions. With ear plugs, for example, the ear should be pulled outward and upward with the opposite hand to enlarge and straighten the ear canal, and insert the plug with clean hands.Ensure the hearing protector tightly seals within the ear canal or against the side of the head. Hair and clothing should not be in the way.What happens to the protection level when hearing protectors are removed for short periods of time?In order to get full benefit, hearing protectors must be worn all the time during noisy work. If hearing protectors are removed only for a short duration, the protection is substantially reduced. The following table gives a maximum protection provided for non-continuous use of an ideally fitted "100%" efficient hearing protector. For example if one takes off his/her hearing protector for 5 min in a 8-hour shift, the maximum protection will be 20 dB. The following tables gives other examples.Maximum protection provided bynon-continuous use of Hearing ProtectionPercent time usedMaximum Protection50%3 dB60%4 dB70%5 dB80%7 dB90%10 dB95%13 dB99%20 dB99.9%30 dB Ear protectors must be used ALL THE TIME to get full benefit.How should I care for my hearing protection device?Follow the manufacturer's instructions.Check hearing protection regularly for wear and tear.Replace ear cushions or plugs that are no longer pliable.Replace a unit when head bands are so stretched that they do not keep ear cushions snugly against the head.Disassemble ear muffs to clean.Wash ear muffs with a mild liquid detergent in warm water, and then rinse in clear warm water. Ensure that sound-attenuating material inside the ear cushions does not get wet.Use a soft brush to remove skin oil and dirt that can harden ear cushions.Squeeze excess moisture from the plugs or cushions and then place them on a clean surface to air dry. (Check the manufacturer's recommendations first to find out if the ear plugs are washable.)Document last updated on July 25, 2007By courtesy of Canadian Standards Association

Respirator SelectionWhen should a respirator be used?How should you control respiratory hazards?Are there some things that you should know before you choose a respirator?What are the different classes of respirators?How do you select the right respirator?Where can I get more information?When should a respirator be used?Workers should use respirators for protection from contaminants in the air only if other hazard control methods are not practical or possible under the circumstances. Respirators should not be the first choice for respiratory protection in workplaces. They should only be used:when engineering or administrative controls are not technically feasiblewhile engineering controls are being installed or repairedwhen emergencies or other temporary situations arise (e.g., maintenance operations).How should you control respiratory hazards?Respiratory hazards can include airborne contaminants such as dusts, mists, fumes, and gases, or oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Well designed and maintained engineering controls are the preferred methods of controlling worker exposure to hazardous contaminants in the air. These control methods include:mechanical ventilationenclosure or isolation of the process or work equipmentproper control and use of process equipment, andprocess modifications including substitution of less hazardous materials where possible.Administrative controls may be used in addition to engineering controls. Administrative controls limit workers' exposures by scheduling reduced work times in contaminant areas or by implementing other such work rules. These control measures have many limitations because the hazard is not removed. Administrative controls are not generally favoured because they can be difficult to implement, maintain and are not reliable.Are there some things that you should know before you choose a respirator?Employers should have a written respirator program that describes the proper procedures for selecting and operating respiratory protective equipment. The correct use of a respirator is just as important as selecting the proper respirator. Parts of the respirator program deal with finding out what hazards are present and how much protection that the workers will need. Other parts should describe how to wear and look after the respirator.Without a complete respiratory protection program, people will probably not receive the best protection from a respirator even if it is the correct choice for a specific job. A respiratory protection program includes several components such as:hazard identification and controlexposure assessmentrespirator selectionrespirator fit-testingtraining programinspection and record keepingcleaning and sanitizing respiratorsrepairing and maintaining respiratorsproper storage of respiratorshealth surveillancestandard operating procedures (available in written form)program evaluation.A physician should examine the medical and psychological fitness of workers. This should be done before they are assigned to work in areas where respirators may be required. The workers must be physically fit to carry out the work while wearing respiratory equipment. They must also be psychologically comfortable (e.g., not claustrophobic) about wearing respirators.Workers with beards, long sideburns, or even a two-day stubble may not wear respirators because the hair breaks the seal between the skin and the respirator mask. Wearing eyeglasses would also break the respirator seal. This means that the respirator mask will "leak" and will not provide the needed respiratory protection. Also, if a worker has facial scars or an acne problem, the facial skin may not be able to form a good seal with a respirator mask.What are the different classes of respirators?The two main types are air-purifying respirators (APRs) and supplied-air respirators (SARs).Air-purifying respirators can remove contaminants in the air that you breathe by filtering out particulates (e.g., dusts, metal fumes, mists, etc.). Other APRs purify air by adsorbing gases or vapours on a sorbent (adsorbing material) in a cartridge or cannister. They are tight-fitting and are available in several forms:mouth bit respirator (fits in the mouth and comes with a nose clip to hold nostrils closed - for escape purposes only)quarter-mask (covering the nose and mouth),half-face mask (covering the face from the nose to below the chin), orfull facepiece (covering the face from above the eyes to below the chin).Respirators with a full facepiece also protect the eyes from exposure to irritating chemicals.Supplied-air respirators (SARs) supply clean air from a compressed air tank or through an air line. This air is not from the work room area. The air supplied in tanks or from compressors must meet certain standards for purity and moisture content (e.g., CSA Standard Z180.1-00: Compressed Breathing Air and Systems).Supplied-air respirators may have either tight-fitting or loose-fitting respiratory inlets. Respirators with tight-fitting respiratory inlets have half or full facepieces. Types with loose-fitting respiratory inlets can be hoods or helmets that cover the head and neck, or loose-fitting facepieces with rubber or fabric side shields. These are supplied with air through airlines.Examples of these classes of respirators include:Air-purifying respirators (APRs):particulate respirators (previously called dust, fume, and mist respirators or masks),chemical cartridge respirators that can have a combination of chemical cartridges, along with a dust prefilter: this combination provides protection against different kinds of contaminants in the airgas masks (contain more adsorbent than cartridge-type respirators and can provide a higher level of protection than chemical cartridge respirators)powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs).Supplied-air respirators (SARs):self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA),airline supplied-air respirators,protective suits that totally encapsulate the wearer's body and incorporate a life-support system.There are some combinations of airline respirators and SCBAs that allow workers to work for extended periods in oxygen-deficient areas or where there are airborne toxic contaminants. The auxiliary or backup SCBA source allows the worker to escape with an emergency source of air if the airline source fails.There are also combination air-purifying and atmosphere supplying respirators. These will offer worker protection if the supplied-air system fails, if the appropriate air-purifier units are selected. These cannot be used in oxygen-deficient areas or where the air concentration of a contaminant exceeds the IDLH level (i.e., immediately dangerous to life or health).How do you select the right respirator?Choosing a respirator is a complicated matter. Experienced safety professionals or occupational hygienists, who are familiar with the actual workplace environment, are the staff who should select the proper respirator. They can choose a suitable respirator only after they have evaluated all relevant factors. This includes considering the limitations of each class of respirator.Before the proper respirator can be selected for a job, be sure you have already:identified the respiratory hazard.evaluated the hazard.considered whether engineering controls are feasible.There are too many types of situations to cover them all fully here. However, the following questions represent part of "decision logic" that a safety professional or occupational hygienist can use when selecting a respirator:Is it to be used in firefighting or emergencies?Is it to be used in oxygen-deficient atmospheres (less than 18% oxygen in air; some jurisdictions say below 19.5%)?What is the nature of the hazard (chemical properties, concentration in the air, warning properties)?Is the airborne contaminant a gas, vapor or particulate (mist, dust or fume)?Are the airborne levels below or above the exposure limit, or are they above levels that could be immediately dangerous to life or health?What are the health effects of the airborne contaminant (carcinogenic, potentially lethal, irritating to eyes, absorbed through the skin)?What are the characteristics of the operation or the process (e.g., hot temperature, confined space)?What activities will the worker be doing while wearing the respirator (e.g., strenuous work)?How long will the worker need to wear the respirator?Does the selected respirator fit the worker properly?Where is the nearest safe area that has respirable air?The CSA Standard "Selection, Use and Care of Respirators" Z94.4-02 outlines a respirator selection decision logic model in more detail.Where can I get more information?Contact the governmental occupational health and safety officials in your jurisdiction to obtain additional information on regulatory requirements for respiratory protection. In addition, Canadians can also contact the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) at 416-747-4000 or 1-800-463-6727 (in Rexdale, Ontario) to purchase the CSA Standard "Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators" (CSA Standard Z94.4-02).Document last updated on January 14, 2003By courtesy of Canadian Standards Association.

Safety Footwear What should I know about safety footwear?What should I know about the fit and care of safety footwear?What symbols will be on the footwear?Will there be other markings?What should I know about safety footwear?If you are at risk for foot injury at your workplace, you should wear the appropriate protective footwear.If foot protection is required, set up a complete foot safety protection program including selection, fit testing, training, maintenance and inspection.Safety footwear is designed to protect feet against a wide variety of injuries. Impact, compression, and puncture are the most common types of foot injury.Choose footwear according to the hazard. Refer to CSA Standard Z195-02 "Protective Footwear" (Reaffirmed 2007).Select CSA-certified footwear. Ensure that it has the proper rating for the hazard and the proper sole for the working conditions.Use metatarsal protection (top of the foot between the toes and ankle) where there is a potential for injury.The OSH Answers section on Foot Comfort and Safety at Work has more information on foot care and selection of protective footwear.What should I know about the fit and care of safety footwear?Fit:Walk in new footwear to ensure it is comfortable.Boots should have ample toe room (toes should be about 12.5 mm from the front)Make allowances for extra socks or special arch supports when buying boots.Boots should fit snugly around the heel and ankle when laced.Lace up boots fully. High-cut boots provide support against ankle injury.Care:Use a protective coating to make footwear water-resistant.Inspect footwear regularly for damage.Repair or replace worn or defective footwear.Electric shock resistance of footwear is greatly reduced by wet conditions and with wear.What symbols will be on the footwear?The following symbols, or markings, will help you determine which footwear is appropriate for the job.Selection of Safety FootwearMarkingCriteriaUse

Green triangle footwear has sole puncture protection with a Grade 1 protective toe (withstand impact up to 125 joules).Any industrial or heavy work environment, including construction, where sharp objects are present (such as nails).

Yellow Rectangle with green letters "SD" and grounding symbol footwear has soles that are static dissipative.Any industrial environment where a static discharge can be a hazard for workers or equipment.

Red rectangle with black letter "C" and grounding symbol footwear has soles that are electrically conductive.For any industrial environment where low-power electrical charges can be a hazard for workers or equipment.

White label with green fir tree symbol footwear provides protection when using chainsaws.For forestry workers and others who work with or around hand-held chainsaws and other cutting tools.Note 1: The ® symbol indicates the preferred position for the identifying logo or mark or the certifying agency.Note 2: Labels are on the tongue of the right shoe at ankle height. They may also appear at ankle height on the shoe itself (for electrical protection footwear)From: "Z195.1-02 Guideline on Selection, Care and Use of Protective Footwear" , Canadian Standards Association, 2002.Will there be other markings?Yes. An "internal protection code" is also required. This code will be permanently marked on the outside or inside of at least one shoe/boot.Protection CodePosition:12345Mark:1PMEXPosition:1 -- level of toe protection (1 for Grade 1, 2 for Grade 2, 0 for neither)2 -- presence of puncture-resistant sole (P if present, 0 if not)3 -- presence of metatarsal protection (M if present, 0 if not)4 -- type of electrical protection (E if shock resistant, S if static dissipative, C if conductive, 0 if no protection)5 -- chainsaw protection (X if present, 0 if not)From: "Z195.1-02 Guideline on Selection, Care and Use of Protective Footwear", Canadian Standards Association, 2002.

Foot Comfort and Safety at WorkWhy is foot comfort important?What are some causes of foot problems?How does the working position contribute to the foot problem?How does the flooring contribute to the foot problems?How does the foot wear contribute to the foot problems?What are some specific examples of workplace foot injuries?How can foot injuries be prevented?How can the job design improve foot safety?How can the workplace design improve foot safety?How can one improve the foot safety in workplaces where foot injuries occur frequently?How can the kind of floor improve foot comfort?What should I know about footwear?What should I know when I buy footwear for work?What should I know about protective footwear?What type of footwear is appropriate for cold conditions?How should I care about feet?What exercises can I do at the workstation?Why is foot comfort important?As the old saying goes, "When your feet hurt, you hurt all over."There are two major categories of work-related foot injuries. The first category includes foot injuries from punctures, crushing, sprains, and lacerations. They account for 10 percent of all reported disabling injuries. The second group of injuries includes those resulting from slips, trips and falls. They account for 15 percent of all reported disabling injuries. Slips and falls do not always result in a foot injury but lack of attention to foot safety plays an important role in their occurrence.These two categories of foot injuries, however, do not exhaust the whole range of foot problems at work. There are also other conditions such as calluses, ingrown toenails or simply tired feet that are common among workers. Although these may not be considered as occupational injuries in the strictest sense, they can have serious consequences for health and safety at the workplace. They cause discomfort, pain and fatigue. Fatigue sets up the worker for further injuries affecting the muscles and joints. Also, a worker who is tired and suffering pain is less alert and more likely to act unsafely. An accident of any kind may result.What are some causes of foot problems?Some foot problems are so common that they can occur in virtually any workplace and under any working conditions.Foot ProblemsCommon CausesSeverely aching feet, blisters, calluses, corns, hard flooring, rheumatism, arthritis, malformations of toes, fallen arches (flat feet), bunions, sprainsLong periods of standing, hard flooring, and poorly fitted footwear: -high heels -pointed shoes -lack of arch support -too loose or too tight footwearSweaty feet, fungal infections (athlete's foot)Hot and humid environment, strenuous work, footwear with synthetic (non-porous) uppersThere are no comprehensive statistics on these kinds of problems with feet. Surveys suggest that two out of every three workers suffer from some form of a foot problem.How does the working position contribute to the foot problem?Common foot problems occur both on and off the job. Still, there is no doubt that some work-related factors can lead to foot problems, especially jobs that require long periods of standing. Since the human foot is designed for mobility, maintaining an upright stance is extremely tiring. Standing for hours, day after day, not only tires the worker's feet but can also cause permanent damage. Continuous standing can cause the joints of bones of the feet to become misaligned (e.g., cause flat feet) and can cause inflammation that can lead later to rheumatism and arthritis.How does the flooring contribute to the foot problems?The type of flooring used in the workplace has an important influence on comfort, especially on tender feet. Hard, unyielding floors like concrete are the least comfortable surfaces to work on. Working on a hard floor has the impact of a hammer, pounding the heel at every step. Slippery floors are hazardous for slips and falls that can result in sprained ankles or broken foot bones.How does the foot wear contribute to the foot problems?Footwear that fits poorly or is in of repair also contributes heavily to foot discomfort. Pointed toes and high heels are particularly inappropriate for working footwear.Prolonged standing, hard flooring and inappropriate footwear are common working conditions. Are there jobs that are safe for feet? Statistics show there are not, really. Among teachers and workers in clerical occupations that belong to "safe" jobs, foot injuries account for from 15 percent to more than 20 percent of all disabling injuries. Not knowing about the need for foot protection in workplaces like schools or offices can play a role in the onset of foot problems.What are some specific examples of workplace foot injuries?InjuriesCommon CausesCrushed or broken feet, amputations of toes or feetFeet trapped between objects or caught in a crack, falls of heavy objects, moving vehicles (lift trucks, bulldozers, etc.), conveyor belts (feet drawn between belt and roller)Punctures of the sole of the footLoose nails, sharp metal or glass objectsCuts or severed feet or toes, lacerationsChain saws, rotary mowers, unguarded machineryBurnsMolten metal splashes, chemical splashes, contact with fire, flammable or explosive atmospheresElectric shocksStatic electricity, contact with sources of electricitySprained or twisted ankles, fractured or broken bones because of slips, trips or fallsSlippery floors, littered walkways, incorrect footwear, poor lighting.Additional hazards for foot injury exist in outdoor jobs such as logging, hydro linework or fishing which involve freezing temperatures, or wetness in low temperature: frostbite and trench foot.How can foot injuries be prevented?There is no workplace where a worker is immune to foot injury. However, the hazards differ according to the workplace and the types of tasks the worker does. The first step in developing a strategy to reduce foot problems is to identify the relevant hazards at the workplace. Such hazards should be assessed in each workplace, no matter how safe or how dangerous it may seem.How can the job design improve foot safety?Aching, flat or tired feet are common among workers who spend most of their working time standing.The most important goal of job design is to avoid fixed positions especially fixed standing positions. Good job design includes varied tasks requiring changes in body position and using different muscles. Job rotation, job enlargement and team work are all ways to make work easier on the feet.Job rotation moves workers from one job to another. It distributes standing among a group of workers and shortens the time each individual spends standing. However, it must be a rotation where the worker does something completely different such as walking around or sitting at the next job.Job enlargement includes more and different tasks in a worker's duties. If it increases the variety of body positions and motions, the worker has less chance of developing foot problems.Team work gives the whole team more control and autonomy in planning and allocation of the work. Each team member carries a set of various operations to complete the whole product. Team work allows workers to alternate between tasks which, in turn, reduces the risk of overloading the feet.Rest breaks help to alleviate foot problems where redesigning jobs is impractical. Frequent short breaks are preferable to fewer long breaks.How can the workplace design improve foot safety?However, redesigning the job alone will not effectively reduce foot problems if it is not combined with the proper design of the workplace.For standing jobs, an adjustable work surface is the best choice. If the work surface is not adjustable, two solutions include installing a platform to raise the shorter worker or a pedestal to raise the object for a taller worker.Work station design should allow the worker room to change body position.A foot-rail or footrest enables the worker to shift weight from one leg to the other. This ability reduces the stress on the lower legs and feet.Where possible, a worker should be able to work sitting or standing at will. Even when work can only be done while standing, a seat should be provided for resting purposes.How can one improve the foot safety in workplaces where foot injuries occur frequently?Job and workplace designs also have the potential to increase foot safety in workplaces that are specifically hazardous. Here are some examples:Separating mobile equipment from pedestrian traffic and installing safety mirrors and warning signs can decrease the number of accidents that might result in cut or crushed feet or toes.Proper guarding of machines such as chain saws or rotary mowers can avoid cuts or severed feet or toes.Effective housekeeping reduces the number of accidents at workplaces. For example, loose nails, other sharp objects, and littered walkways are hazards for foot injury.Using colour contrast and angular lighting to improve depth vision in complicated areas such as stairs, ramps and passageways reduces the hazard of tripping and falling.How can the kind of floor improve foot comfort?Standing or working on a hard, unyielding floor can cause a lot of discomfort. Wood, cork, carpeting, or rubber - anything that provides some flexibility - is gentler on workers' feet. Where resilient floors are not practical, footwear with thick, insulating soles and shock-absorbing insoles can alleviate discomfort. Anti-fatigue matting can also be useful wherever workers have to stand or walk. They provide a cushioning which reduces foot fatigue. However, the use of matting requires caution. When installed improperly, it can lead to tripping and slipping accidents.Special anti-slip flooring or matting can reduce slipping accidents. If installed properly, these mats are useful, but workers may find that their feet burn and feel sore. The non-slip properties of the flooring mat cause their shoes to grab suddenly on the flooring making their feet slide forward inside the shoes. Friction inside the shoes produces heat that creates soreness and, eventually, calluses. A non-slip resilient insole can reduce this discomfort.What should I know about footwear?Proper footwear is important, not only for foot comfort but also for one's general well-being. Improper footwear can cause or aggravate existing foot problems. Unfortunately, being fashionable sometimes takes precedence over choosing well-fitting, supportive safety footwear. However, many safety footwear manufacturers produce safety footwear that does look fashionable.The best way to involve workers in programs to protect their feet is to provide:training and information on the health hazards of wearing improper shoes,the principles for selecting proper ones, andthe simple rules of general foot care.What should I know when I buy footwear for work?Good footwear should have the following qualities:The inner side of the shoe must be straight from the heel to the end of the big toe.The shoe must grip the heel firmly.The forepart must allow freedom of movement for the toes.The shoe must have a fastening across the instep to prevent the foot from slipping when walking.The shoe must have a low, wide-based heel; flat shoes are recommended.People buying footwear for work should take the following advice:Do not expect that footwear which is too tight will stretch with wear.Have both feet measured when buying shoes. Feet normally differ in size.Buy shoes to fit the bigger foot.Buy shoes late in the afternoon when feet are likely to be swollen to their maximum size.Ask a doctor's advice if properly fitting shoes are not available.Consider using shock-absorbing insoles where the job requires walking or standing on hard floors.When selecting footwear, one should remember that tight socks or stockings can cramp the toes as much as poorly-fitted shoes. Wrinkled socks, or socks that are too large or too small, can cause blisters. White woollen or cotton socks may be recommended since coloured socks cause skin allergies in some people.What should I know about protective footwear?In designing strategies to protect foot injury, one has to remember the fundamental principle of occupational health and safety: that occupational hazards should be eliminated at the source. The role of personal protective equipment is to minimize exposure to specific occupational hazards, not to eliminate them. Protective footwear does not guarantee total protection. The OSH Answers document Designing an Effective Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Program discusses personal protective equipment in more detail.All jurisdictions in Canada require that workers wear adequate protection against workplace hazards. For workers exposed to foot hazards, the required protection is protective footwear certified by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA Standard "Protective Footwear", CAN/CSA-Z195-02, Reaffirmed 2007). In the US, in 2005, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard Z41 "Personal Protection - Protective Footwear" was replaced by a number of standards from the American Society of Testing Material (ASTM) International Standards which include F2412-05 Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection and F2413-05 Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Foot Protection.Providing adequate protective footwear is an effective protective strategy. By providing CSA-approved protective footwear and requiring its use, the Ontario construction industry reduced the frequency of foot injuries by 60 percent over the fifteen years between 1968 and 1984.All working footwear, for both men and women, whether it is safety wear or not, should provide comfort without compromising protective value. In addition, protective footwear should conform with CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z195-02 or appropriate standard for your jurisdiction.A steel toe cap should cover the whole length of the toes from tips to beyond the natural bend of the foot. A soft pad covering the edge of the toecap increases comfort. If the toecap cuts into the foot, either the size or style of the footwear is incorrect.Soles come in a variety of thicknesses and materials. They need to be chosen according to the hazards and type(s) of flooring in the workplace.Uppers of protective footwear come in a variety of materials. Selection should take into account the hazards, and individual characteristics of the worker's foot.A steel midsole which protects the foot against penetration by sharp objects should be flexible enough to allow the foot to bend.No one type of non-slip footwear can prevent the wearer from slipping on every surface type.What type of footwear is appropriate for cold conditions?Selection should be made to suit the specific working condition. Working outdoors in cold weather poses a special requirement on selecting the proper footwear. "Normal" protective footwear is not designed for cold weather. "Insulated" footwear gives little temperature protection in the sole for it has no extra insulation there. Loss of heat through steel toe caps (commonly blamed for increased heat loss) is insignificant.Foot protection against cold weather can be resolved by:Insulating the legs by wearing warmers--"dancercise" type.Wearing insulating overshoes over work footwear.Wearing insulating muffs around the ankles and over the top of the footwear.How should I care about feet?Feet are subject to a great variety of skin and toenail disorders. Workers can avoid many of them by following simple rules of foot care:Wash feet daily with soap, rinse thoroughly and dry, especially between the toes.Trim toenails straight across and not too short. Do not cut into the corners.Wear clean socks or stockings and change them daily.Some feet sweat more than others and are more prone to athlete's foot. Again, following a few simple guidelines may help:Select shoes made of leather or canvas--not synthetic materials.Keep several pairs of shoes on hand and rotate shoes daily to allow them to air out.For some workers, non-coloured woollen or cotton socks may be recommended since dyes may cause or aggravate skin allergies.Use foot powder.If problems persist, see a doctor.In cases of persisting ingrown toenails, calluses, corns, fungal infection and more serious conditions such as flat feet and arthritis, see a doctor and follow the doctor's advice.What exercises can I do at the workstation?Standing still requires considerable muscular effort. Even so, it is not exercise--only a strain. It does not allow for the alternate contracting and relaxing of muscles of the feet and legs.To keep feet healthy, it is necessary to compensate for working in a stationary position. One action that can be done frequently on the job is alternately to contract and relax the calf muscles, and flex and straighten ankles and knees. Another bit of advice is to walk whenever practical instead of riding. More information on exercise for feet can be obtained from a foot specialist or from a local fitness centre.By courtesy of :-Document last updated on September 12, 2007Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety

1910.136(a)General requirements. The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects, or objects piercing the sole, and where such employee's feet are exposed to electrical hazards.1910.136(b)Criteria for protective footwear.1910.136(b)(1)Protective footwear purchased after July 5, 1994 shall comply with ANSI Z41-1991, "American National Standard for Personal Protection-Protective Footwear," which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6, or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective.1910.136(b)(2)Protective footwear purchased before July 5, 1994 shall comply with the ANSI standard "USA Standard for Men's Safety-Toe Footwear," Z41.1-1967, which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6, or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective.[59 FR 16360, April 6, 1994; 59 FR 33910, July 1, 1994; 61 FR 9227, March 7, 1996; 61 FR 19547, May 2, 1996; 61 FR 21228, May 9, 1996]