Principal Proposed Uses

Other Proposed Uses

Some red yeast rice products may contain an unauthorized drug called lovastatin (Altoprev, Mevacor).17,18
Lovastatin is a prescription medicine used to treat high cholesterol. Because of the risk of potential health problems, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has banned red yeast products that contain lovastatin. These include: Red Yeast Rice and Red Yeast Rice/Policosonal Complex (sold by Swanson Healthcare Products) and Cholestrix (sold by Sunburst Biorganics). For more information, read the
FDA's warning.

Red yeast rice is a traditional Chinese substance made by fermenting a type of yeast called
Monascus purpureus
over rice. Various formulations of this product have been used in China since at least 800 AD as a food and also as a medicinal substance within the context of
Traditional Chinese Herbal medicine. This ancient preparation contains naturally occurring substances similar (and, in some cases, identical) to cholesterol-lowering prescription drugs in the “statin” family.

What Is Red Yeast Rice Used for Today?

Red yeast rice is thought to be effective for lowering cholesterol, presumably because of its statin constituents. There is evidence to support this use.

An 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 83 people with high cholesterol evaluated red yeast rice.1 At the end of the 8-week treatment period, levels of total cholesterol decreased significantly in the red yeast rice group as compared to the placebo group. Benefits were also seen in LDL (“bad” cholesterol) and triglycerides as well. No significant differences were noted in HDL (“good” cholesterol) levels from baseline or between groups. In an 8-week study of 79 people, use of red yeast rice was noted to improve the LDL/HDL ratio, along with several other measures of cardiac risk.9,11

In a carefully conducted review of 93 randomized trials involving almost 10,000 patients, researchers concluded that red yeast rice can significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, and raise levels of HDL compared with placebo.13 Similarly, in a subsequent review of 22 trials, researchers concluded that an alcohol extract of red yeast rice (called xuezhikang) was no more or less effective than statins in lowering levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in people with high cholesterol and/or high triglycerides.19
They also found that the supplement may be more effective than inositol nicotinate (another cholesterol-lowering medication) in reducing cholesterol levels.

A double-blind study performed in China compared an alcohol extract of red yeast rice (xuezhikang) against placebo in almost 5,000 people with heart disease.10
Over a 4-year study period, use of the supplement reportedly reduced
heart attack
rate by about 45% as compared to placebo, and total mortality by about 35%. However, these levels of reported benefit are so high as to raise questions about the study’s reliability.
At least 3 other studies, all from this same original population of participants, have found similar results in diabetics with heart disease
14 and in patients with previous heart attack,15,16
with surprisingly large reductions in the rates of coronary events (such as a heart attack) and mortality. These levels of reported benefit however, are so high and so similar as to raise questions about their reliability.

Red yeast rice significantly decreased LDL cholesterol and significantly increased HDL cholesterol compared to placebo. Results were amplified in those who took red yeast rice when compared to a nonstatin active control. The review of 20 randomized trials included 6,663 patients, some of whom were followed for up to 3.5 years. Interestingly, an evaluation of 3 trials of 191 patients found that red yeast rice was as effective as commonly prescribed statin drugs.20

Because red yeast rice is essentially a drug supplied by a natural product, and this drug has many
potential side effects, we suggest that it should be used only under physician supervision.

Dosage

The dosage of red yeast rice used in most studies is 1.2 to 2.4 g of red yeast rice powder daily. However, due to patent-infringement suits by the manufacturer of a statin drug that is naturally present in red yeast rice, the most studied red yeast rice product has been taken off the market, and it is not clear whether the remaining products have greater or lesser potency.
Note: The herb St. John’s wort is known to reduce the effectiveness of drugs in the statin family.12
There is every reason to believe it would have the same effect on the action of red yeast rice.

Safety Issues

In clinical trials, use of red yeast rice has not been associated with any significant side effects. However, red yeast rice contains naturally occurring statin drugs, and use of statin drugs can cause side effects ranging from minor to life-threatening. Some of the most common include muscle pain, joint pain, liver inflammation, and peripheral nerve damage; severe breakdown of muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis) leading to kidney failure has also occurred. It is almost certain that red yeast rice can cause the same problems if it is used by enough people, and there are at least two case reports in the literature of muscle injury caused by red yeast rice; in one case, rhabdomyolosis developed.2,3 Due to the relative lack of regulation of supplement manufacture, the statin content of red yeast rice products is unpredictable, and this could increase potential risk. In addition, red yeast rice may at times contain the toxic substance citrinin.4

Based on the known effects of statins, pregnant or nursing women, women likely to become pregnant, young children, and people with liver or kidney disease should not use red yeast rice. Furthermore, red yeast rice should not be combined with
fibrate drugs,
cyclosporine, erythromycin-family drugs, antifungal drugs, or high-dose
niacin. Finally, it would not make sense to combine red yeast rice with standard statin drugs.

Statin drugs are known to interfere with the body’s ability to produce the natural substance
CoQ10,5-7 and one animal study found the same effect with red yeast rice.8
For this reason, people taking red yeast rice could conceivably benefit from CoQ
10
supplementation; however, this has not yet been proven. (See the full article on
Statins
for more information.)

FDA warns consumers to avoid red yeast rice products promoted on internet as treatments for high cholesterol products found to contain unauthorized drug. US Food and Drug Administration website. Available at:
http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm108962.htm. Published August 9, 2007. Accessed October 3, 2011.

Red yeast rice. US Food and Drug Administration website. Available at:
http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm153116.htm. Published August 9, 2007. Accessed October 3, 2011.

Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.