Sucht - Hirnareale und neurologische Veränderungen

Sucht

"We conclude that there are at least two underlying types of dysfunction where emotional signals
(somatic markers) turn in favor of immediate outcomes in addiction: (1) a hyperactivity in the amygdala
or impulsive system, which exaggerates the rewarding impact of available incentives, and
(2) hypoactivity in the prefrontal cortex or reflective system, which forecasts the long-term
consequences of a given action."
Q

"Drug abusers present significant alterations in extensive areas of the cortex
(especially in the frontal and temporal cortex), subcortex (amygdala, hippocampus and insular cortex)
and basal regions (striatum). These alterations are associated with abnormal patterns of activation
during cognitive memory tasks, inhibition and decision-making."
Q

"... insular hypocretin transmission plays a permissive role in the motivational
properties of nicotine, and therefore may be a key neurobiological substrate necessary for
maintaining tobacco addiction in human smokers."
Q

Increase in the neuronal activity in the insular cortex during craving
Q

"... the interoceptive system, which provides information about the subject's internal state
and is integrated in the insular cortex, and not the subcortical ventral striatum, is the critical
neural substrate for reward-related processes."
Q

"... greater abstinence-induced craving was significantly correlated with increased smoking cue
activation in dmPFC areas involved in action planning and decision making. These findings suggest that
drug abstinence can increase the salience of conditioned cues, which is consistent with
incentive-motivation models of addiction."
Q

"Basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons provide a major excitatory input to mPFC-layer V
pyramidal neurons. Under stressful conditions, commonly associated with chronic cocaine abuse,
altered BLA-to-mPFC synaptic transmission could lead to defective emotional information
processing and decision making within the mPFC and result in misguided and inappropriate behaviors."
Q

The OFC modulates the value of rewards by regulating the magnitude of dopamine increases
in the ventral striatum, and disruption of this regulation may underlie the decreased sensitivity
to rewards in addicted subjects
Q

23-day abstinent "cocaine abusers showed less activation than non-drug-using comparison subjects in
the left ACC and the right LPFC and greater activation in the right ACC"
during performance of a modified version of the Stroop Task
Q

"In contrast to previous findings on abstinent alcohol-dependent patients, nicotine craving
seems to be maintained by a region-specific shift in D(2)/D(3) (dopamine 2/ 3) receptor availabilities,
with higher availability within the ventral striatum but lower availability within the ACC and
inferior temporal cortex."
Q

"The OFC modulates the value of rewards by regulating the magnitude of dopamine increases
in the ventral striatum and disruption of this regulation may underlie the decreased sensitivity
to rewards in addicted subjects."
Q