Friday, January 12, 2018

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 150 types of viruses. They are called papillomaviruses because some of them cause a type of growth called a papilloma. Papillomas are not cancers, and are more commonly called warts.

Infection with certain types of HPV can also cause some forms of cancer, including cancers of the penis, cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and throat. Other types of HPV cause warts in different parts of the body.

HPV can be passed from one person to another during skin-to-skin contact. One way HPV is spread is through sexual activity, including vaginal and anal intercourse and even oral sex.

HPV types are given numbers. The type linked to throat cancer (including cancer of the oropharynx) is HPV16.

Most people with HPV infections of the mouth and throat have no symptoms, and only a very small percentage develop oropharyngeal cancer. Oral HPV infection is more common in men than in women. In some studies, the risk of oral HPV infection was linked to certain sexual activities, such as open mouth kissing and oral-genital contact (oral sex). Smoking also increases the risk of oral HPV infection . At this time the US Food and Drug Administration has not approved a test for HPV infection of the mouth and throat.

The number of oropharyngeal cancers linked to HPV has risen dramatically over the past few decades. HPV DNA (a sign of HPV infection) is now found in about 2 out of 3 oropharyngeal cancers and in a much smaller fraction of oral cavity cancers. The reason for the rising rate of HPV-linked cancers is unclear, although some think that it could be because of changes in sexual practices in recent decades, in particular an increase in oral sex.

Oropharyngeal cancers that contain HPV DNA tend to have a better outlook than those without HPV.

Friday, January 5, 2018

Study Identifies the Metabolic Relationship Between Inflammation and Diabetes

More than 30 million Americans have diabetes, according to the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UM SOM), a disease with significant links to oral health. Now, researchers at the school have uncovered how inflammation contributes to diabetics’ inability to metabolize glucose, a condition known as insulin resistance.

“Until now, we didn’t really understand how insulin resistance occurred,” said Xiao-Jian Sun, PhD, an assistant professor in the Department of Medicine at UM SOM. “Our study has done something new. It has identified a new molecule involved in the development of insulin resistance.”

Sun began his research by focusing on Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 (IRS-2). These signaling molecules allow insulin to do its work, such as synthesizing fat, promoting muscle growth, and breaking down glucose. Since the hormone plays many such roles, diabetics have multiple problems, often including gum disease.

“Poor blood glucose control could lead to thick blood vessels, leading to gum disease because it prevents the normal blood supply from maintaining healthy gums. It also could provide glucose for the bacteria to thrive, which sets the stage for gum disease,” said Sun. “Severe gum disease also could induce inflammation, which escapes into the bloodstream and upsets the body’s defense system, which in turn affects blood sugar control.”

Researchers have noted that many patients suffer from both type 2 diabetes and chronic inflammation, which can be caused by factors such as aging, obesity, and high sugar consumption. These factors also increase the risk of diabetes. A gene called Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) plays a key role in this process.

Inflammation activates IRAK1. Sun and his team discovered that this enzyme blocks insulin signaling in muscle by blocking IRS-1, reducing insulin’s ability to metabolize glucose in muscle. Research showed that mice that had been genetically modified to lack IRAK1 had significantly higher insulin sensitivity in muscle than regular mice.

“What we suspect is that high IRAK1 activity is bad in humans,” Sun said. “It increases insulin resistance, particularly in muscle. This gives us insight into how to improve insulin resistance in patients with diabetes.”

Sun said that in the future, it may be possible to test diabetes patients to see what version of IRAK1 they have. Some may have a more active version of the gene, while others may have a less active version. With testing, clinicians may be able to predict how much insulin resistance might be possible with weight loss or other preventive measures. Also, drugs that inhibit IRAK1 activity may be developed.

“Diabetes remains one of our country’s most urgent public health challenges,” said UM SOM dean E. Albert Reece, MD, PhD, MBA. “Especially because it is a chronic illness, it causes enormous suffering not only for patients but for their families. Dr. Sun’s new paper opens up a new avenue that has the potential to eventually help millions of patients with the disease.”