On May 26, 1830, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by the
Twenty-First Congress of the United states of America. After four months of strong debate,
Andrew Jackson signed the bill into law. Land greed was a big reason for the federal
government's position on Indian removal. This desire for Indian lands was also abetted by
the Indian hating mentallity that was peculiar to some American frontiersman.

This period of forcible removal first started with the Cherokee Indians
in the state of Georgia. In 1802, the Georgia legislature signed a compact giving the
federal government all of her claims to western lands in exchange for the government's
pledge to extigiush all Indian titles to land within the state. But by the mid-1820's
Georgians began to doubt that the government would withhold its part of the bargain. The
Cherokee Indian tribes had a substantial part of land in Georgia that they had had for
many generations though. They were worried about losing their land so they forced the
issue by adopting a written constitution. This document proclaimed that the Cherokee
nation had complete jurisdiction over its own territory.

But by now Indian removal had become entwined with the state of
Georgia's rights and the Cherokee tribes had to make their claims in court. When the
Cherokee nation sought aid from newly elected president Andrew Jackson, he informed them
that he would not interfere with the lawful prerogatives of the state of Georgia. Jackson
saw the solution of the problem with the removal of the Cherokee tribes to lands west.
This would keep contact between Indians and colonists rare. He suggested that laws be past
so that the Indians would have to move west of the Mississippi river.

Similar incidents happened between the other "civilized"
tribes and white men. The Seminole tribe had land disputes with the state of Florida. The
Creek Indians fought many battles against the federal army so they could keep their land
in the states of Alabama and Georgia. The Chickisaw and Choctaw had disputes with the
state of Mississippi. To ensure peace the government forced these five tribes called the
Five Civilized Tribes to move out of their lands that they had lived on for generations
and to move to land given to them in parts of Oklahoma. Andrew Jackson was quoted as
saying that this was a way of protecting them and allowing them time to adjust to the
white culture. This land in Oklahoma was thinly settled and was thought to have little
value. Within 10 years of the Indian Removal Act, more than 70,000 Indians had moved
across the Mississippi. Many Indians died on this journey.

"The Trails of Tears"

The term "Trails of Tears" was given to the period of ten
years in which over 70,000 Indians had to give up their homes and move to certain areas
assigned to tribes in Oklahoma. The tribes were given a right to all of Oklahoma except
the Panhandle. The government promised this land to them "as long as grass shall grow
and rivers run." Unfortunately, the land that they were given only lasted till about
1906 and then they were forced to move to other reservations.

The Trails of Tears were several trails that the Five civilized Tribes
traveled on their way to their new lands. Many Indians died because of famine or disease.
Sometimes a person would die because of the harsh living conditions. The tribes had to
walk all day long and get very little rest. All this was in order to free more land for
white settlers. The period of forcible removal started when Andrew Jackson became
Presidentin 1829. At that time there was reported to be sightings of gold in the Cherokee
territory in Georgia which caused prospectors to rush in, tearing down fences and
destroying crops. In Mississippi, the state laws were extended over Choctaw and Chickisaw
lands, and in 1930 the Indians were made citizens which made it illegal to hold any tribal
office. Also in Georgia, the Cherokee tribes were forbade to hold any type of tribal
legislature except to

ratify land cessions, and the citzens of Georgia were invited to rob and
plunder the tribes in their are by making it illegal for an Indian to bring suit against a
white man.

When President Jackson began to negotiate with the Indians, he gave them
a guarantee of perpetual autonomy in the West as the strongest incentive to emigration.

The Five tribes gave all of their Eastern lands to the United States and
agreed to migrate beyond the Mississippi by the end of the 1830's. The Federal agents
accomplished this by bribery, trickery,and intimidation. All of the treaties signed by the
Indians as the agreed to the terms of the removal contained guarantees that the Indians,
territory should be perpetual and that no government other than their own should be
erected over them without their consent.

The land retained by the five civilized tribes was known as the Indian
Territory. The 19,525,966 acres were divded among the the five tribes. The Choctaws
received 6,953,048 acres in the southeast part of Oklahoma; the Chickisaw recieved over
4,707,903 acres west of the Choctaws reservation; the Cherokees received 4,420,068 acres
in the northeast; the received 3,079,095 acres southwest of the Cherokees; and the
Seminoles purchased 365,852 acres which they purchased from their kin, the Creeks. The
Chickisaw and the Choctaw owned their lands jointly because they were so closely related
but the tribes still exercised jurisdiction over its own territory though.

Besides the land that the tribes obtained, they also received a large
sum of money fom the sale of its Eastern territories. This money was a considerable part
of the revenue for the tribes and was used by their legislatures for the support of
schools and their governments. The Cherokee nation held $2,716,979.98 in the United States
trust; the Choctaw nation had $975,258.91; the Chickisaw held __BODY__,206,695.66;the Creek had
$2,275,168.00; and the Seminole had $2,070,000.00 by the end of 1894.

After the end of the Trails of Tears, the conversion tof all tribes to
Christianity had been efected rapidly. The Seminoles and Creeks were conservative to their
customs but other tribes were receptive to any custom considered supperior to their own.
The tribes found Christian teachings fitted to their own. Mainly the modernization change
began at the end of the removal.

Andrew Jackson Gave a speech on the Indian removal in the year of 1830.
He said, "It gives me great pleasure to announce to Congress that the benevolent
policy of the government, steady pursued for nearly thirty years, in relation with the
removal of the indians beyond the white settlements is approaching to a happy
consumation."

"The consequences of a speedy will be important to the United
States, to individual states, and to the Indians themselves. It puts an end to all
possible danger of a collision betweewn the authorities of the general and state
governments, and of the account the Indians. It will place a dense population in large
tracts of country now occupied by a few savaged hunters. By opening the whole territory
between Tenesee on the north and Louisiana on the south to the settlement of the whites it
will incalcuably strengthen the Southwestern frontier and render the adjacent states
strong enough to repel future invasion without remote aid."

"It will seperate the indians from immediate contact with
settlements of whites; enable them to pusue happiness in their own way and under their own
rude institutions; will retard the progress of decay, which is lessening their numbers,
and perhaps cause them gradually, under the protection of the government and through the
influences of good counsels, to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting,
civilized, and christian community."

FORT GIBSON

For two decades Fort Gibson was the base of operations for the American
army as they tried to keep the peace. During the 1810's to 1830's, John C. Calhoun, James
Monroe's secretary of war, tried to relocate several Eastern tribes beyond the area of the
white settlements. Fort Gibson was brought up because it served as barracks for the army.
The relocation area for the Eastern tribes was part of other tribes land. The other tribes
wanted toprotect it so they fought for it.

The soldiers from Fort Gibson began to make boundaries, construct roads,
and escort delegates to the region. The soldiers also started to implement the removal
process in other ways to. The soldiers of Fort Gibson were fiercly hated by the Indian
tribes of that region. Yet during the many years of the indian removal, there was never a
alsh between the soldiers or the tribes. An Indian was never killed by the Army. The
soldiers at Fort Gibson served as a cultural buffer between the whites and the indians.

The Fort was established in the 1820's by General Matthew Arbuckle. He
served and commanded it through most of it's two decades during the Indian removal. He
wrote his last report from it on June 21, 1841.

THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

The Cherokee Indians live in many parts of the United states, but more
than 100,000 live in parts of Oklahoma. Many Cherokee have moved elsewhere. In the 1800's,
the Cherokee Nation was one of the strongest Indian tribes in the United States. They were
part of the Five Civilized Tribes.

The Cherokee Nation began to adopt the economic and political stucture
of the white settlers in the early 1800's. They owned large plantations and some even kept
slaves. The Cherokee Nation was a form of republican government. A Cherokee Indian named
Sequoya introduced a system of writing for the Cherokee language in 1821 also.

White settlers began to protest the Cherokee's right to own land in the
early 1800'. They demanded that the Cherokee Nation be moved west of the Mississippi to
make room for white settlers. Some members of the Cherokee Nation signed treaties with the
government in 1835 agreeing to move to designated areas in Oklahoma. Most of the tribe did
not want to be relocated so they opposed the treaty. But most of the Cherokees, led by
Chief John Ross, were forced to move to the Indian Territory in the winter of 1838-1839.
More than 17,000 Cherokees marched from their homes to Oklahoma. This march was called the
Trail of Tears. Many Indians died on this journey. Even though most of the Cherokee nation
had

been forced to move, more than a 1,000 Cherokee escaped and remained in
the Great Smoky Mountains, which is in parts of Tenessee and North Carolina. These tribes
became known as the Eastern Band of Cherokee.

The Cherokee who went west reformed the political system that they had
before. The Cherokee Nation set up schools and churches. But all this progress was stopped
in the late 1800's. Congress voted to abolish the Cherokee Nation to open yet more land
for settlement by whites. Today most of the Cherokee remain in northeastern Oklahoma,
where they have reestablished their form of government.

CHICKISAW INDIANS

The Chickisaw Indians were a tribe that lived in the southern United
States. Their land included western Tenessee and Kentucky, northwestern Alabama, and
northern Mississippi before the Indian removal. They were relocated to Oklahoma by the
government in the 1830's.

The Chickisaws lived in several small vilages with one- room log cabins.
The people supported meach other by trading with other tribes, fishing, farming, and
hunting. Each village was headed by a chief.

The Chickisaw Indians were known as fierce warriors. They fought for
Great Britain when they fought France and Spain for control of the southern United States.
They also helped them fight against the colonists in the Revolutionary War (1775-1783).
And During the Civil War, the tribe fought for the Confederacy (1861-1865).

The tribe was relocated to the Indian Territory in 1837 by the National
Government. They also took part in the Trail of Tears. In 1907, the Chickisaw Indian
territory became part of the new state of Oklahoma. About 5,300 Chickisaw descendants live
in Oklahoma. They have a Democratic government in which they elect their leaders for the
welfare of the tribe.

CHOCTAW INDIANS

The Choctaw tribe originates from Alabama and Mississippi. They believed
in the primitive ways and hunted and farmed to support themselves. They raised corn and
other crops to trade with other Indians. They celebrate their crops with their chief
religious ceremony which is a harvest celebration called the Green Corn Dance. One of
their legends states that the Choctaw Indian tribe was created at a sacred mount called
Nanih Waiya, near Noxapater, Mississippi.

After the Indian Removal Act was passed, the Choctaw Indians were forced
to move west in order to make room for more white settlers. They were forced to sighn the
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek after fierce fighting with the United States army. This
treaty exchanched the Indians land for the assigned Indian Territory in what is now
Oklahoma. In the early 1830's, over 14,000 Choctaws moved to the Indian Territory in
several groups. Although many groups of Indians were gone, over 5,000 Choctaws remained in
Mississippi.

The Choctaws who moved to the Indian Territory established their own way
of life. They modernized themselves by establishing schools and an electoral form of
government. In the Civil War, the Choctaw Indians fought on the side of the Confederacy
and when the south was defeated, they were forced to give up much of their land. Their
tribal governments were dissolved by 1907, when Oklahoma became a state. It stayed that
way unttil 1970 when they were recognized by congress and allowed to elect their own
chief. Today, many Choctaw are farmers. About 11,000 still live in Oklahoma and nearly
4,000 still live in Mississippi as a seperate tribe.

CREEK INDIANS

The Creek Indians a part of a 19 tribal group that once resided in much
of what is now Alabama and Georgia. Today, many of the 20,000 Creek Indians live in
Oklahoma. The Muskogee and the Alabama are the largest Creek tribes. Most of them live
north of the other Creek tribes. They are called the Upper Creeks. The lower Creek tribes
belong to either Yuchi or Hitichi tribes.

In the 1800's, the Creeks fought wars with people trying to settle on
their lands. They fought in the first and second Creek Wars. They were great warriors who
attacked with the element of surprise. After the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, the Creeks were
forced to sign a Treaty that made them give up their land. In the 1830's, they were forced
to move to the Indian Territory in what is know Oklahoma. Very few Indians were left
behind and they ones who did leave had to leave their belongings behind. The Creeks
recieved very little payment for their lands.

The Creeks were forced to live in poverty for many years. Many Creeks
are still very poor today. Some struggled with crops and became fairly prosperous. Much of
the land given to them was not of much value. Also in 1890, a series of laws broke up many
tribal landholdings of the Creeks and they were sold to individual Indians. After this,
many Creeks were forced back into poverty.

SEMINOLE INDIANS

The Seminole Indians are a tribe the used to reside in Florida in the
early 1800's. The Seminole originally belonged to the Creek tribe. They broke apart from
them and moved out of Alabama and Georgia and moved into Florida in the 1700's They became
known as Seminoles because the name means runaways.

The Seminoles opposed the United States when they came for the
Seminole's land. The United acquired Florida in 1819, and began urging them to sell their
land to the government and to move to the Indian Territory along with the other
southeasten tribes. In 1832, some of the Seminole leaders signed a treaty and promised to
relocate. The Seminole tribe split at this time. After the Indians that agreed to move had
gone the other part of the tribe fought to keep their lands. They fled into the Florida
swamps. They started the Second Seminole war (1835). This was fought over the remaining
land that the Seminole had fled to. It lasted for seven years. 1,500 American men died and
the cost to the United States was $20 million. The Seminole were led by Osceola until he
was tricked by General Thomas Jessup. Osceola was seized and imprisoned by Jessup during
peace talks under a flag of truce. Osceola died in 1838 when he still in prison. After the
war, many Seminoles moved west but still asmall group stayed hidden in the Florida swamps.