On what does volume delivered depend during pressure-targeted modes of ventilatory support?

I. Set pressure limit II. Patient lung mechanics III. Patient effort

For patients with respiratory insufficiency, pressure-supported ventilation (PSV) has all of the following advantages over spontaneous breathing except:

Increased muscle activity

Positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) can reduce urinary output by how much?

30% to 50%

Which of the following statements are TRUE about negative-pressure ventilation (NPV)?

I. NPV is similar to spontaneous breathing. II. Airway (mouth) pressure during NPV is zero. III. Expiration during NPV is by passive recoil. IV.NPV decreases pressure at the body surface.

Which of the following variables determine the level of support achieved with adaptive support ventilation?

I. Patient effort III. Resistance of the endotracheal tube

Inspection of the airway pressure waveform of a patient receiving volume-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation assist-control with constant flow reveals a large dip or drop in pressure at the beginning of inspiration. Which of the following problems is most likely?

The trigger setting is improper.

Which of the following parameters are set when volume-supported ventilation (VSV) is used?

Hyperventilation should generally be avoided during mechanical ventilatory support. Exceptions to this rule include:

II. failure of other methods to reduce intracranial pressure.

Which of the following is considered a normal spontaneous tidal volume?

5 to 7 ml/kg

Which of the following is the best explanation for the decreased levels of atrial natriuretic hormone commonly observed among patients receiving positive-pressure ventilation?

Decreased right atrial transmural pressure

A patient receiving long-term positive-pressure ventilation support exhibits a progressive weight gain and a reduction in the hematocrit. W hich of the following is the most likely cause of this problem?

Water retention

Which of the following is the recommended tidal volume for mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure?

4 to 8 ml/kg

Which level of plateau pressure increases the likelihood of causing lung injury?

> 30 cm H2O

Which of the following variables determine the level of support achieved with proportional assist ventilation?

I. Patient effort II. Elastance III. Resistance

Which of the following is a benefit of high inspiratory flows during positive-pressure ventilation?

Reduced air trapping

Which of the following variables determine the level of support achieved with adaptive support ventilation?

I. Patient effort III. Time constant

Which of the following modes of ventilatory support is used to help decrease airway and alveolar pressures?

Pressure-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation

The volume of gas actually delivered to a patient by most positive-pressure ventilation is always less than that expelled from the machine. Which of the following factors help to explain this finding?

A patient switched from pressure-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation (PC-IRV) shows a good improvement in PaO2 but a decrease in tissue oxygenation. Which of the following best explains this observation?

High mean pressures caused by PC-IRV decreased cardiac output.

The increased work of breathing associated with auto?positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during mechanical ventilation is due to: