Research found that laundering an average washing load of 6kg, could release hundreds of thousands of microplastic fibres.

More than 700,000 microscopic fibres could be released into wastewater during each use of a domestic washing machine, with many likely to pass through sewage treatment and into the environment, according to new research.

A study by Plymouth University in the U.K., examined the mass, abundance and size of fibres present in waste effluent, following washes of synthetic fabrics at standard temperatures of 30°C and 40°C.

It found hundreds of thousands of tiny synthetic particles could be released in each wash, confirming earlier work at Plymouth University that the washing of clothes is a major source of microscopic fibres within the aquatic environment.

The research, published in Marine Pollution Bulletin, was led by PhD student Imogen Napper in conjunction with Professor Richard Thompson, who is a leading international expert on microplastics and marine debris, having worked in the field for more than 20 years.

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In the paper, the authors say: “The quantity of microplastic in the environment is expected to increase over the next few decades, and there are concerns about the potential for it to have harmful effects if ingested. But, while the release of tiny fibres as a result of washing textiles has been widely suggested as a potential source, there has been little quantitative research on its relevant importance, or on the factors that might influence such discharges. That was the focus of our research.”

For the study, a series of polyester, acrylic and polyester-cotton items were washed at 30°C and 40°C, using various combinations of detergent and fabric conditioner. Fibres were then extracted from the waste effluent and examined, using an electron microscope to determine the typical size and any differences in mass and abundance among treatments.

The research found that laundering an average washing load of 6 kg, could release an estimated 137,951 fibres from polyester-cotton blend fabric, 496,030 fibres from polyester, and 728,789 from acrylic. The polyester-cotton blend was consistently found to shed fewer fibres than both the other fabric types, regardless of the differing treatments; however, the addition of bio-detergents or conditioners tended to release more fibres.

Professor Thompson, who leads the International Marine Litter Research Unit at Plymouth University, recently gave both written and oral evidence to the microplastics inquiry held by the United Kingdom’s House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, which led to recommendations for a ban on the use of microbeads in cosmetics. In Canada, plastic microbeads were recently classified as a toxic substance under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, as they have shown “adverse effects in aquatic organisms.”

“We are not advocating that this research should trigger something similar to the recently announced ban on microbeads,” said Professor Thompson.

“In that case, one of the considerations guiding policy intervention was the lack of clear societal benefit from incorporating microplastic particles into the cosmetics, coupled with concerns about environmental impacts. The societal benefits of textiles are without question and so any voluntary or policy intervention should be directed toward reducing emissions either via changes in textile design or filtration of effluent, or both.”

3 COMMENTS

Since the researchers were able to filter and count the number of fibres released, it would seem that the technology to remove them from the waste stream already exists. The next step would be to determine why we should remove them. Absent any toxicological evidence of negative health effects from the bio-concentration of the fibres, what is the point?

[…] The highest concentrations of plastics are thought to be within our wastewater and urban runoff. Wastewater contains fibres found in fleece, or other textile products made from plastics. Urban runoff includes foam, films, […]

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