1.
Volcano
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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. Earths volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of plate hypothesis volcanism, Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called hotspots, for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the boundary,3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two plates slide past one another. Erupting volcanoes can pose hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Historically, so-called volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines, the word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology, at the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another as new oceanic crust is formed by the cooling and solidifying of hot molten rock. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, therefore, most volcanic activity is submarine, black smokers are evidence of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed, for example, subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. In this case, the plate subducts, or submerges under the continental plate forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called flux melting, water released from the subducting plate lowers the temperature of the overlying mantle wedge. This magma tends to be very viscous due to its high content, so it often does not reach the surface. When it does reach the surface, a volcano is formed, typical examples of this kind of volcano are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Because tectonic plates move across them, each volcano becomes dormant and is eventually re-formed as the plate advances over the postulated plume and this theory is currently under criticism, however. The most common perception of a volcano is of a mountain, spewing lava and poisonous gases from a crater at its summit, however. The features of volcanoes are more complicated and their structure. Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater while others have features such as massive plateaus

2.
Costa Rica
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It has a population of around 4.5 million, of whom nearly a quarter live in the metropolitan area of the capital and largest city, San José. Costa Rica was sparsely inhabited by people before coming under Spanish rule in the 16th century. Since then, Costa Rica has remained among the most stable, prosperous, following a brief civil war, it permanently abolished its army in 1949, becoming one of only a few sovereign nations without a standing army. Costa Rica is a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. The country has consistently performed favourably in the Human Development Index, placing 69th in the world as of 2015 and its rapidly developing economy, once heavily dependent on agriculture, has diversified to include sectors such as finance, pharmaceuticals, and ecotourism. Costa Rica is known for its environmental policies, being the only country to meet all five UNDP criteria established to measure environmental sustainability. Costa Rica officially plans to become a country by 2021. In 2012, it became the first country in the Americas to ban recreational hunting, historians have classified the indigenous people of Costa Rica as belonging to the Intermediate Area, where the peripheries of the Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures overlapped. More recently, pre-Columbian Costa Rica has also described as part of the Isthmo-Colombian Area. The oldest evidence of occupation in Costa Rica is associated with the arrival of various groups of hunter-gatherers about 10,000 to 7,000 years BCE in the Turrialba Valley. The presence of Clovis culture type spearheads and arrows from South America opens the possibility that, in this area, agriculture became evident in the populations that lived in Costa Rica about 5,000 years ago. They mainly grew tubers and roots, for the first and second millennia BCE there were already settled farming communities. These were small and scattered, although the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture as the livelihood in the territory is still unknown. The earliest use of pottery appears around 2,000 to 3,000 BCE, shards of pots, cylindrical vases, platters, gourds and other forms of vases decorated with grooves, prints, and some modelled after animals have been found. The impact of indigenous peoples on modern Costa Rican culture has been small compared to other nations. Costa Rica was described as the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all America by a Spanish governor in 1719, for all these reasons, Costa Rica was, by and large, unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. Costa Rica became a democracy with no oppressed mestizo or indigenous class. It was not long before Spanish settlers turned to the hills, where they found rich volcanic soil, like the rest of Central America, Costa Rica never fought for independence from Spain

3.
Arenal Volcano
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Arenal Volcano is an active andesitic stratovolcano in north-western Costa Rica around 90 km northwest of San José, in the province of Alajuela, canton of San Carlos, and district of La Fortuna. The Arenal volcano measures at least 1,633 metres high and it is conically shaped with a crater 140 metres in diameter. Geologically, Arenal is considered a volcano and it is estimated to be less than 7,500 years old. It is also known as Pan de Azúcar, Canaste, Volcan Costa Rica, the volcano was dormant for hundreds of years and exhibited a single crater at its summit, with minor fumaroles activity, covered by dense vegetation. In 1968 it erupted unexpectedly, destroying the town of Tabacón. Due to the three more craters were created on the western flanks but only one of them still exists today. Since 2010, Arenal has been dormant, Arenal is one of seven historically active Costa Rican volcanoes along with Poás, Irazú, Miravalles, Orosí, Rincón de la Vieja complex, and Turrialba. It was Costa Ricas most active volcano until 2010, and one of the ten most active volcanoes in the world and it has been studied by seismologists for many years. The volcano is located at the center of Arenal Volcano National Park in the zone of the country,15 kilometres southwest of the La Fortuna district in San Carlos. Arenal Volcano area is an important watershed for the Arenal Lake Reservoir, the reservoirs water is used for hydroelectric power. It is also connected to the national system, Chato is a dormant stratovolcanic cone. It is believed Chato first erupted 38,000 years ago during the Pleistocene period, chatito 10°26′17″N 84°41′13″W is a lava dome with an elevation of 1,100 metres. Arenal is the youngest and most active of all the volcanoes in Costa Rica, scientists have been able to date its activity back to more than 7000 years ago. The area remained unexplored until 1937, when a documented expedition took place to reach the summit. It has been considered eruptive since 1968, on Monday, July 29,1968 at 7,30 AM, the Arenal Volcano suddenly and violently erupted. The eruptions continued unabated for several days, burying over 15 square kilometers under rocks, lava and ash. When it was finally over, the eruptions had killed 87 people and buried 3 small villages – Tabacón, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luís –, crops were spoiled, property was ruined, and large amounts of livestock were killed. At the height of its ferocious activity, the volcano flung giant rocks – some weighing several tons – more than a kilometer away at a rate of 600 meters per second and these explosions would go on to form three new active craters

4.
Pacaya
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Pacaya is an active complex volcano in Guatemala, which first erupted approximately 23,000 years ago and has erupted at least 23 times since the Spanish invasion of Guatemala. Pacaya rises to an elevation of 2,552 metres, after being dormant for a century, it erupted violently in 1965 and has been erupting continuously since then. Much of its activity is Strombolian, but occasional Plinian eruptions also occur, Pacaya is a popular tourist attraction. Pacaya lies 30 kilometers southwest of Guatemala City and close to Antigua, the volcano sits inside the Escuintla Department. So far, the last activity reported has been the eruption that peaked on March 2,2014 causing ash to rain down in Guatemala City, Antigua, Pacaya lies on the southern edge of a sizable volcanic caldera formed in the Pleistocene age which contains Lago de Amatitlán. This caldera has been the source of at least nine very large explosions over the past 300,000 years, after the last caldera-forming eruption 23,000 years ago several smaller vents within and around the caldera have seen eruptive activity. Pacaya is the largest post-caldera volcano, and has one of Central Americas most active volcanoes over the last 500 years. It has erupted at least 23 times since the Spanish conquest, producing basalt, about 1,100 years ago, the volcanos edifice collapsed, causing a huge landslide. Deposits from the landslide travelled about 25 kilometres from the volcano down to the Pacific coastal plain, the landslide left a large crater, within which the current active cone has grown. The presence of a chamber at shallow depths beneath Pacaya means that distortion of the cone leading to instability. With its almost continuous activity, the volcano has been a location for tourism. Pacaya is easily accessible from Guatemala City and from Antigua, the volcano and surrounding area now lie within the Pacaya National Park, which was created to supervise and protect tourism in this region. The Pacaya Park generates its income from tour groups who are charged a fee to enter the park. In 1998, several explosive eruptions emitted lava, debris and ash columns with a height of 1500 m -5000 m, ash fall affected nearby cities including Guatemala city and La Aurora airport. During 2006, a increase in Pacayas volcanic activity brought about the creation of several lava rivers that slowly flow down its slope. Word about these phenomena spread, and local tourism increased significantly, on May 27,2010, the Pacaya volcano erupted, followed in several tremors. At approximately 20,00 hours there was an eruption ejecting debris. Ash rained down in many Guatemalan cities to the northwest of the volcano, the volcanic ash fall pelted Guatemala City, and the international airport, La Aurora

5.
Izalco (volcano)
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Izalco is a stratovolcano on the side of the Santa Ana Volcano, which is located in western El Salvador. It is situated on the flank of the Santa Ana volcano. Izalco erupted almost continuously from 1770 to 1958 earning it the nickname of Lighthouse of the Pacific, during an eruption in 1926, the village of Matazano was buried and 56 people were killed. Izalcos formation was preceded by fumorolic activity in 1658, before Izalco was born in 1770, today, Izalco experiences only fumarolic activity in the form of rainwater seeping into the volcano and contacting hot rocks, rather than steam emissions from underground gases. The fumarole deposits of the volcano are noted as sources for several rare minerals and it is the type locality for the copper vanadium minerals, bannermanite, blossite, fingerite, howardevansite, lyonsite, mcbirneyite, stoiberite and ziesite. The volcano is visited and climbed regularly by tourists to El Salvador via the Cerro Verde National Park and is an icon of the country. The volcano is currently quiescent but may erupt again, a hotel was built on the nearby Cerro Verde to provide accommodation with a view of the erupting volcano, but the volcano ceased to erupt shortly before the hotel was completed. In the French novella The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Izalco and Santa Ana Volcano are the two active, and Cerro Verde is the dormant volcano. The book was inspired by Antoines life with his Salvadoran wife Consuelo de Saint Exupéry, covers genuinely used with these stamps are rare. So far, only 37 have been recorded, List of volcanoes in El Salvador List of stratovolcanoes