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...music for liturgical of the church, it tended to opera or a dramatic style. It was the feature of the Catholic Church music of the baroque period in Italy. During the Baroque period, people saw the invention of a new music form: the oratorio in the 17th century in Europe. The oratorio has a long and profound history since Italian Renaissance. In this essay, I will be answering question number two: Explain briefly the meaning of this musical term oratorio and give an account of the most popular and arguably greatest oratorio of the firsthalf of the eighteenth century.
Oratorio
Oratorio was born in Italy at about the same time as opera. This word ¡®oratorio¡¯ originally comes from the Latin word for oratory or prayer room which were many in the Rome of that time. It is originally religious music of the Roman Catholic Church. However, by using so many words from the Bible and fitting various music, the rich description was loved by people. The first oratorios were performed at St. Philip Neri¡¯s Oratory in Rome in February 1600. St. Philip Neri used to stage scenes from the scriptures in the Oratory of his church in Florence, the Santa Maria in Vallicella. These productions came to be known as ¡®oratorios¡¯.
At first, oratorios were very similar to operas. They have their roots deep in the middle ages. ¡®Their forbears were the mystery and passion plays and portrayals of the...

...
In 19th and 20th century, British and French were the two of the most influential country in the world. At that time, Great Britain was the first colonial country in the world. They controlled the 1/3 lands of the world. France also was an industrialized nation with a large empire. They colonized lots of country and became the second colonial country. These two countries were all interested in Africa where have lots of oil, gold, diamond and plenty of good resources for them to exploit. They were all colonized in African but used different way to control and manage their colonies. Britain used “Indirect Rule” to control their colonies, and France used “Direct Rule” to control their colonies.
Great Britain was a huge empire. Their industry technology was the best in the world. They had strong navy and they used to conquer about 1/3 of the world. During nineteen century, Britain was interested on the recourse where in the Africa. British occupied Egypt at first, and then they also took over the Sudan. And more and more country controlled by British. British used a way called “Indirect rule” to colonize their colonies. British government encouraged African farmers to grow cash crops, and they also built railroad system (Goff 48). Their acts made African’s economy developed faster and faster. Because of the absence of a British immigrant, African gained more opportunities to get jobs. African demanded...

...Vikash Chanzaplal
His 111A final exam fall 2012
December 18th at 11am
Through out the 19thcentury history course I took this semester, I have learned about the two different view points about history. They have the Traditional view and the Revisionist view, both of these view of 19thcentury history are completely different and bring about very interesting debates when every talked about. I will talk about the Revisionist school of history and why I like them better then the tyrannical Traditional views. I also like the Revisionist view of history because, they don’t sugar cote anything but tell it like it is. Unlike the lying, deceiving, radical Traditional view. I would like to give a few examples of why I support the Revisionist view, “Mazur thesis the power of myth and how people think about the American dream”. “The completion of the transcontental railroad helps trigger the 19thcentury economic boom”.” The two versions, two visions and the meaning of America”. “The great man theory”, were the great men great? These are some of the topics that mad me chose the revisionist school of thought. When I am done writing this essay u would feel the same way I do.
The first piece of evidence that I would like to use is, “America has been and evil empire which has oppressed its neighbors as wells as those designated as foreigners, according to...

...19thcentury: period of growing consciousness, restlessness which promulgated the formation of two major movements
 Propaganda Movement (failed)
 Revolutionary Movement (replaces the PM)
Leaders:
 Jose Rizal
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 Lopez Jaena
Members:
 Pedro Paterno
 Ponce
 Panganiban
 Antonio Luna
*They worked for the Philippines’ assimilation as a Spanish province and equal treatment of the Filipinos as for the Spaniards
*Writings in this period cannot be called literature except for the novels and poems of Rizal.
*The writings were a big part in developing sense of nationhood among the Filipinos
*Propaganda literature was centered on the writings of Rizal
*He and Paterno changed the concept of “Filipino” to Spanish mestizos, Chinese mestizos, and Hispanized Indios
Sampaguitas
- Poems by Paterno in the 1880a
- Beginning of national consciousness
- Ninay – first novel (enlisted in nationality)
Diariong Tagalog
- Bulk of Filipino writings
- Spanish-Tagalog newspaper which publication signaled the open campaign for reforms
Essays
- Developed during the campaign for reforms in the last quarter of the 19thcentury
- Provided impetus by PM
La Solidaridad
- 1889 was the official mouthpiece of the Reform Movement
- Essays in this paper became P-S literature’s significant contribution to Philippine literature
 Su Excelencia, Senor Don Vicente Barrantes...

...Throughout history there have been many reform movements that have changed the country which they took place in. During the firsthalf of the nineteenth century the reform movements in America brought lasting change by causing the citizens of America to rethink their views on many important issues brought about by the economic and social disruptions of the market revolutions. First of all, the Temperance Movement helped to make a lasting change on the dangerous amounts of alcohol that the average citizen consumed. Secondly, the Woman's Rights Movement gave women many rights which they had not previously had. Finally the Abolitionist Movement caused a division in the country that led to armed conflict. Through all of these reform movements the United States have been forever changed.
The excessive consumption of alcohol was becoming a national problem in the United States. The American Society for the promotion of temperance was founded in 1826 to try to combat this problem. They had their hands full. In 1830's the consumption of alcohol was 7 gallons per capita. Also by the 1830's The American Society for the promotion of temperance had 200,000 members. The large amount of alcohol consumption by American citizens led to many problems both with the consumer's social and family interaction and with their work. Many families were hurt economically because of the massive amounts of money that the men of the house spent...

..."Developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture, sparked American economic growth in the firsthalf of the nineteenth century." is not accurate. While development in transportation played a fundamental role in America's growth, if it were not for developments in manufacturing and agriculture the new technology in transportation could not have successfully been completed. Without the raw materials, and the products which came out of the early US iron and steel industry, (which were all ultimately determined by the United States agricultural market), the transportation revolution could not have been carried out. Also, with the rapid growth of the agricultural markets, American economic growth boomed. All three factors, (transportation, agriculture and manufacturing) played an equal role in sparking the American economic growth in the firsthalf of the nineteenth century.
The cotton gin was just one of the few reasons in which the American economy grew at a rapid pace. Eli Whitney's intention in 1793 of the cotton gin, which separated raw cotton from seeds and other waste, caused the economy to boom, with the growth of southern farms. As the southern plantations who could keep up with this new boom in cotton got larger and larger, small farmers moved west. This migration of small farmers to the...

...The second half of the 19thcentury introduced a new style of enterprise to America, Big Business. The 19thcentury values of work and of being an independent business man clashed with the modern 20th century values of extreme expansion with large work forces and of earning the most money possible. The rise of the robber barons and the captains of industry helped the economy by pushing America intofirst place in the production of several products and by creating many new jobs. Although these new opportunities appealed to the masses, not everyone was satisfied by his new occupation. The creation of labor unions was a reaction to the numerous complaints about working conditions, wages, and work hours. The first unions protested with peace and reason. Once they realized that nothing could be accomplished through negotiation, drastic measures were taken and violence was the answer to their problems. The clashes between management and workforce in the Great Railroad Strike, Homestead Strike, and Pullman Strike emphasize these crises that were resolved through force and destruction.
Economic depression in 1873 was the main factor in setting off the 10% wage cuts and shortening of work days in the railroad business. In 1877, Laborers took action by seizing control of the rails by sequestering the rail switches and by blockading freight trains, only letting...

...In the 19thCentury, European society underwent great changes due to industrialization. Manufacturing readily developed and began to take over the traditional economic activities of European countries, agriculture. This caused many European communities economic production to shift from homes and small shops, this in turn led to the creation of many new factories. Due to this major transformation from "agricultural societies" to modern "industrial societies" much of the European populace relocated from small towns or wilds to larger areas of industry. This was extremely influential in the creation and expansion of major cities.
With the help of industrialization, large cities, and massive populations in more dense areas, the disparity between the working class and aristocracy had an ideal setting. John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx were two philosophers who analyzed industrialization and the detrimental conditions which were influenced by it. Each had their own perspective, very distinctive perspective, on the best way to improve society. Although Mill and Marx differed on many issues, they were rather clear on their industrialized society's main failing; the fact that the lower class, "proletarians," was being constantly exploited by the upper class, "bourgeoisie."
From Britain, philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill produced many articulate and well-structured critiques throughout the 19thcentury. It would be...

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