former Enron executive, admitted in August to paying kickbacks to the company's CFO, Andrew Fastow, from money he earned in running off-the-book partnerships that hid debt and led to the company's collapse. Kopper also pleaded guilty to wire fraud and money laundering and was ordered to pay the government $12 million—money that he earned in defrauding the company. Kopper's testimony was considered crucial in linking top Enron officials to the company's demise.