State must therefore act to ensure both. Energy ConsumptionUS Department of Energy estimates that the worldwide consumption of energy will increase by ~56% between 2005 and 2035

China and India both driving the increase in consumption, expected to double their energy needs by the year 2035Energy Security & Policy-MakingChina - Energy Diplomacy?Japan - Pragmatic Energy Shift?Russia - Revived Energy Geopolitics and/or a Return to Relevance?United States - Energy Imperialism?Iran - Energy as Leverage?Trends in Energy SecurityMix of short-term and long-term approaches (heavy on the former)Energy security at the expense of other forms of human and environmental securityEnergy geopolitics remain dominantSlow progress of cooperationUS Energy Security PolicyEnergy security considered a key part of our foreign policy, stated by G.W. Bush in 2001 and reiterated in the 2007 Energy Independence and Security ActOil security cited as a primary motivation for a number of US led or supported conflicts, including the overthrow of the Shah of Iran in 1953, the US defense of Kuwait in the first Gulf War, and the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003China Energy Security PolicyEnergy security considered a domestic issue, rather than a foreign policy issueReliant on externally supplied oil since the early 90s, currently imports more than 58% of its consumed energy per annum, mostly from the Middle East. Expected to rise to 65% by 2015.Heavy investment in Africa and Latin America.

Case Study - China and SudanChina now Sudan's biggest trading partnerChina's official policy is "non-interference"China exports oil from Sudan (invested in ~40% of their oil activities, signed a decades long lease agreement for exclusive access to oil production) and imports low cost items (cars, microwaves, etc. and small arms)