Description: This is the story of the 14th Dalai Lama, from the "discovery" of his "reincarnation" at age two until his self-exile in India after the Chinese occupation of Tibet. Before he reaches maturity, the Dalai Lama is placed at the head of his small, undeveloped and very religious country. He must contend with the surging strength and territorial ambitions of China, a newly unified and invigorated great power. The film shows how the boy grows to be a young man, trying to do what is right and serve his people, while resisting the Chinese through nonviolence. The film also shows some of the superstitions and practices of Tibetan Buddhism.

Benefits of the Movie: "Kundun" will introduce children to Tibet, to its relationship with China, and to the Dalai Lama.

Possible Problems: MODERATE. The script of this film was written by people who revere the Dalai Lama. It was reviewed and authorized by the Dalai Lama himself. The movie should be seen in that light.

Parenting Points: China continues its efforts to undermine the Tibetan culture. The Dalai Lama is still in exile and has become a major religious leader. Make sure your child understands this and then ask and help your child to answer the Quick Discussion Questions.

Tibet is a huge country, about the size of Western Europe or three times the size of California. It consists of a high plateau surrounded by some of the highest mountain ranges in the world. Tibet is rich in mineral resources. The climate is dry with temperatures ranging from very cold in the mountains to mild in the valleys. The dry climate discourages epidemics and permits the storage of grain for 50 to 60 years. The Tibetan people, between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 in number, come from one ethnic group. They share the same language, customs, and religion. Before the 1950 Chinese invasion, Tibet was ruled by a theocracy and sought isolation from the world. Its economic development was minimal. The vast majority of its people were nomads or subsistence farmers.

The most recent Chinese invasion of Tibet occurred in 1950. China has attempted to pull Tibet into the modern world, bringing modern medical care, modern economic development, a network of roads and bridges, modern education and modern Chinese political indoctrination (formerly Communist but we don't really know what to call it now). The Chinese are also attempting to destroy the religious culture of the Tibetans and undermine the power of the religious hierarchy. Tibet is flooded with many temporary Chinese immigrants. The Tibetans resent Chinese influence. There was an open rebellion in 1959, followed by severe Chinese repression, including forced collectivization of farms. There are occasional magazine and newspaper articles about the plight of the Tibetan people. See, e.g., Los Angeles Times, Tuesday August 3, 1999, Page 1.

After years of trying to work within the restraints imposed by the Chinese government, the Dalai Lama fled Tibet in 1959. He established a Government in Exile at Dharamsala, India, and he has fought the Chinese occupation of Tibet through nonviolent means. In 1998 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. The citation reads:

The Committee wants to emphasize the fact that the Dalai Lama in his struggle for the liberation of Tibet consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people.

The Dalai Lama has developed his philosophy of peace from a great reverence for all things living and upon the concept of universal responsibility embracing all mankind as well as nature.

The Dalai Lama continues his nonviolent resistance to Chinese rule. The situation continues to evolve. In early 2000, the young Karmapa Lama, who the Chinese had been grooming as a counterweight to the Dalai Lama's authority, fled from Tibet. He has now joined the Dalai Lama in exile in India.

During his exile, the Dalai Lama has grown from the leader of a small and superstitious sect of Buddhism to a broad-minded and recognized leader of one of the major religions of the world. He has stated that his reincarnation will not occur in Tibet as long as it is controlled by China.

QUICK DISCUSSION QUESTION #1: If you were Mao Zedong, the leader of China, would you have been doing your duty to your country to permit a huge power vacuum, such as Tibet, to exist on your border? What would your people and history have thought if another and potentially hostile power such as Russia, India, or the United States had established a friendly relationship with Tibet? What if that friendly relationship had included foreign military bases on Tibetan soil very close to the Chinese border? Were these "balance of power" considerations enough to justify what China has done in Tibet?

Suggested Response: No. There are several ways of trying to prevent other countries from establishing a power base near your borders. The first is to warn them off, e.g., the Monroe Doctrine of the United States. The second is to be such a good friend to your neighbors, through aid or trade, that they would not want another alliance. The need to prevent a power vacuum does not justify denying independence to another people. Of course, the Chinese are not the only country guilty of trying to invade and/or control their neighbors. For example, the U.S. tried to overthrow the government of Cuba in 1961 with the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion. Later, we supported a revolution in Nicaragua. The U.S. has traditionally intervened in the Caribbean and Latin America (other recent examples include, Graneda and Panama, to oust hostile regimes. Another example is how Russia, before 1991, treated its neighbors such as the Ukraine, Poland, and the Baltic nations (to name a few), controlling some by direct conquest and others through spheres of influence, such as the Iron Curtain.

QUICK DISCUSSION QUESTION #2: Before the Chinese invasion, Tibet was a quaint but backward country. Modern medicine and education were not available. This meant that every day, people were dying unnecessarily and that lives were spent in extreme poverty. The Tibetans were ruled by an ancient theocracy which, while it may have been benevolent, was neither democratically elected nor able to meet the challenges of the modern age. Any change allowed by the monks was very slow. Tibetan society was altered dramatically by the Chinese invasion which brought education, some degree of modern medical care, and economic development. It is, however, generally acknowledged that the Chinese have attempted to destroy Tibetan culture. Given these facts, how would you evaluate the Chinese invasion?

Suggested Response: There is no one right answer to the question and that is a large part of what there is to learn by answering it. A good answer should include the following: There were many things that the Tibetan theocracy didn't get right when it ruled Tibet. The lack of modern medicine, the lack of democracy, the lack of opportunity, especially for women. However, that doesn't mean that the Chinese had the right to invade the country and attempt to destroy its distinctive culture. There were other ways for the Chinese to help the Tibetan people obtain education and modern medicine, ways that did not involve invasion, subjugation and the destruction of Tibetan culture.

2. If the Dalai Lama returns to Tibet and the Chinese withdraw their troops, what should happen in Tibet in relation to the power of the monks and the Dalai Lama, democracy, and economic development?

3. If the Chinese invasion was wrong, should the United States have helped the Dalai Lama and his supporters in Tibet? What form should this help have taken? Help from CIA agents? Troops? Nuclear missiles? Or should the U.S. have simply let China take control of this large and valuable country? What are the pros and cons of each course of action and what would you have done?

4. Who is Mao Zedong and what was his relationship with China and with Tibet?

5. Do you think that this film uncritically accepts reincarnation, the superstitious practices of Tibetan Buddhism, and the legitimacy of a theocracy in Tibet? Does this affect your view of the film?

6. In what way is this film propaganda? If it is propaganda, how does that affect the way in which you react to the film? Compare this film to some of the excellent Allied World War II propaganda, such as Mrs. Miniver. How do these films get their point across? Do they honestly foster a frank discussion of the issues of the time?

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Social-Emotional Learning Discussion Questions:

REBELLION

1. Do you believe that nonviolent civil disobedience is an effective strategy in all situations? Is it working now for the people of Tibet? Would it have worked against Hitler, Stalin or Pol Pot? Suggested Response: This question can be extended by asking children to compare the following situations: the Indians seeking independence from the British Empire, see Gandhi; the Irish seeking independence from Britain, see Michael Collins; blacks in the American South seeking relief from segregation, see The Long Walk Home or the Burmese people in their resistance to military rule, see Beyond Rangoon. Other examples are: the Russian people seeking the end to the Soviet Union (when Yeltsin faced down Soviet tanks); and the people of the Philippines going into the streets to oust Ferdinand Marcos.

LEADERSHIP

2. Compare and contrast Kundun and Mahatma Gandhi describing the situations they faced, their response to the situations, how their response to the situations changed over time, and the political/religious theory they applied. See Learning Guide to "Gandhi".

3. Compare and contrast Kundun and Dr. Martin Luther King describing the situations they faced, their response to the situations, how their response to the situations changed over time, and the political/religious theory they applied.

4. Compare and contrast Kundun and Michael Collins describing the situations they faced, their response to the situations, how their response to the situations changed over time, and the political/religious theory they applied. See Learning Guide to "Michael Collins".

5. Why do you think Kundun's pleas to the West for help went unanswered?

(Be honest; Don't deceive, cheat or steal; Be reliable -- do what you say you'll do; Have the courage to do the right thing; Build a good reputation; Be loyal -- stand by your family, friends and country)

1. Describe how the life of the Dalai Lama has honored this Pillar of character.

Bibliography:In addition to web sites which may be linked in the Guide and selected film reviews listed on the Movie Review Query Engine, the following resources were consulted in the preparation of this Learning Guide:

Many thanks to Nora Bevilacqua, a high school social studies teacher from Williamsburg, Virginia, for her valuable suggestions for this Learning Guide.

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