About Me

is the founder and president of Classic Value Investors LLC, an investment management firm that builds and manages customized investment portfolios for its clients. He is the author of “Why Are We So Clueless about the Stock Market? Learn How to Invest Your Money, How to Pick Stocks, and How to Make Money in the Stock Market.”

Tuesday, July 28, 2009

Every day I listen to experts argue about when is the best time to get back into the market, and I have to say that I am sick of it. They tend to find something to worry or disagree about. One day, it might be about future inflation, and another day, it might be the weakness of a dollar. When the stock market appreciates for several days or weeks, they start questioning whether the rally is for real and how long it will last. My take on this is: “Please, stop scaring people because they have had enough.” This article is not about the general direction of the stock market or the economy, but about American Express and how it just might be an excellent buy for long-term investors.

At the beginning of this month, American Express’s stock was trading at $23, which is as low as the lowest price in 1998. Is the stock cheap? To answer this, let’s learn a bit about the company and its industry.

Description of the Company and its Industry

American Express is a leading global payments, network, and travel firm that was founded in 1850. The company’s business consists of two segments: Global Consumer and Global Business-to-Business. Global consumer includes products such as charge and credit card products for consumers and small businesses worldwide. Global business-to-business includes business travel, corporate cards, network services, and merchant services.

American Express, just as other credit card companies, makes money from two primary sources: fees and interest income. Fees include merchant discount fees, annual membership fees, late fees, service fees, and foreign exchange fees. A merchant discount fee is a payment that a merchant makes when a consumer purchases its products or services. The amount of the fee ranges depending on what card is used. Interest income is earned simply when a customer carries a credit card balance and is charged a hefty 20 percent or more interest rate.

How is American Express different?

When people think of paying with plastic, three companies come into mind: Visa, MasterCard, and American Express. Visa and MasterCard operate in a similar way, but they are different from American Express. Visa and MasterCard are not credit card companies. They are networks, meaning that they do not extend credit and only process transactions.

There are two types of credit card networks: open and closed. Visa and MasterCard participate in an open credit card network. In this type of network, the merchant discount fee is split among different members because each of them performs a different function. There is the card issuer, the merchant acquirer, and the network. The card issuer could be a bank, such as Bank of America or an insurance company, such as State Farm. The merchant acquirer is a company that pays the merchant and connects it to the network, which in this case could be Visa or MasterCard.

American Express operates a closed network, where the company acts as the issuer, the merchant acquirer, and the network. As mentioned before, because the company performs all these functions, it keeps the entire merchant discount fee.

The company is also different from other credit card companies because it follows a “spend-centric” business model instead of “lend-centric.” Most credit card companies have the latter business model, meaning that the majority of revenues are earned by charging high interest rates on credit card balances. American Express makes only 11 to 13 percent of total revenues from interest income. Because its business model is “spend-centric,” the majority of revenues come from the merchant discount fees. This is an important distinction because as more people default, American Express is less affected by it than other credit card companies, such as Capital One.

American Express Advantage

Not only does American Express keep the whole merchant discount fee, but also charges a higher fee compared to the competitors. The merchant discount fee is slightly over 2.5 percent for American Express and 2.0 percent or less for the competitors. Why is the company able to do that? It is because its card holders spend significantly more than card holders of competing cards. But why? To answer this, one has to understand the history of American Express.

In the early days, the company was mainly a travel firm and people using its services were wealthy individuals. When it transitioned into being a credit card company, it already had relationships with big spenders who are more valuable to merchants. These merchants are willing to pay a higher fee to get these spenders in the door.

The company also encourages its card holders to use the card as much as possible. It does so is by charging annual membership fees and offering rewards. Card holders who pay annual fees are more likely to use the card frequently to earn rewards to justify the annual cost. As a result, the company is able to offer the best rewards in the industry.

American Express has another advantage, and it stems from operating a closed network. Because the company performs all the functions, it has access to information from direct relationships with merchants and card members. Because of this advantage, it is able to market and promote its services in more targeted way than competitors using the open network.

Since a closed network offers advantages over an open network, why don’t other credit card companies operate in the same way? Because, it is not easy to build a closed network. Over the years, American Express had to recruit merchants that were willing to accept its card and also card holders that were willing to use it. In order for merchants to accept the cards, they want to make sure that there are card holders willing to pay with it. Card holders, on the other hand, are not willing to sign up for the card unless they know there are merchants accepting it. It is a Catch 22 for any company trying to duplicate what American Express has done. This gives the company a tremendous advantage.

Profitability of American Express

This advantage allowed the company to earn incredible returns on equity. According to Value Line, the company earned the following returns on equity:

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

24.5%

24.1%

14.3%

19.3%

19.6%

21.9%

27.4%

33.1%

35.8%

22.8%

The rest was used to grow earnings. The earnings per share are shown below:

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

1.81

2.07

1.28

2.01

2.31

2.74

2.30

2.82

3.29

2.33

Current Situation

During the current recession, most companies are experiencing problems, and American Express is no different. During past recessions, the company was immune to problems shared by others because affluent consumers held up relatively well compared to the broader population. This recession, however, is different because it is hitting the affluent hard. Many of these consumers saw their home value, personal wealth, and job security erode. As a result, they cut back significantly on their discretionary purchases.

American Express saw a decrease in overall spending, which affected the merchant discount fee. It also saw an increase in late payments and defaults in the charge cards and lending portfolios. The company had to add more money to its credit reserves to protect it from future losses.

When consumers purchase items from merchants, they do not pay for the purchases immediately. Usually, they have 30 days to pay off the card. Meanwhile, the merchants get the money advanced by American Express, which finances these amounts through various types of financing. During the fourth quarter 2008, some of the financing options, such as commercial paper froze up, making it difficult for American Express. This is when the company searched for other financing alternatives. As a result, the company became a bank holding company, because this classification allowed it to benefit from government assistance and permitted it to accept retail deposits. The company received $3.39 billion from the government, which in return received preferred shares of American Express. On June 17, 2009 the company announced that it has repurchased the $3.39 billion of preferred shares.

Things got so bad that the company only earned $0.32 the first quarter of 2009. On an annualized basis, this is $1.28, and it represents a considerable drop from $3.29 and $2.33 in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Because the company’s management forecasts that fundamentals will deteriorate further, Value Line estimates that earnings per share will be $0.90 in 2009. The last time earnings per share were this low was in 1994. The good news is that the company is still profitable due to its flexibility in its cost structure, which can be adjusted with the level of revenues.

American Express Valuation

Some experts argue that American Express’s stock is undervalued and others disagree. Perhaps the bears see nothing but negative news and continued deteriorations in the economy. But, I tend to agree with the CEO of American Express who said,

“… just as good economic times don’t last forever, neither do bad times.”

So what exactly is American Express’s stock worth? I will not get into too much detail here. I teach investors how to value companies in my book, Why Are We So Clueless about the Stock Market. In this blog, I will do a comparative analysis of 2008 vs. 1998 and let readers draw their own conclusions on whether American Express is overvalued or undervalued and whether it is a good buy.

I chose 1998 because this is the level that the stock is trading at as of this posting.

1998

2008

Revenues

$19.1 billion

$28.4 billion

Net Income

$2.1 billion

$2.7 billion

Cards in Force

42.7 million

92.4 million

Card member Spending

$6,885

$11,594

These findings tell us that if we bought the stock in 1998, we would acquire a company with $19.1 billion in revenues, $2.1 billion in net income, 42.7 million cards in force, and $6,885 average card member spending. Fast forward to 2008 and 2009 - we could purchase this same company but with a much better earning power of $28.4 billion compared with $19.1 billion, with 94.4 million cards in force compared with 42.7 million, and with $11,594 average card member spending compared with $6,885. The only metric that is almost the same is the net income. What did it take to increase net income from $2.1 billion in 1998 to $3.9 billion in 2007? It required more card members, which resulted in more cards in force, and higher average card member spending.

Today, the company already has it all. It has more card members than it did in 1998, and these members also spend significantly more dollars than they did in 1998. But, the market is pricing it identically to what it did in 1998. What needs to happen now for net income to return to more normalized levels? Card members have to stop seeing their home values, personal wealth, and job security erode. This will only happen when the economy improves. The improvement will not happen overnight, but eventually it will take place. When net income recovers to a more normalized level, what likely to happen with the stock price? Well, readers can make this determination themselves.

Disclosure: I, or persons whose accounts I manage, own shares of American Express at the time of this posting.