10 - The economic and social history of Former Han

This chapter discusses social and economic conditions in China under the Han dynasty when the unified, centralized state that had been achieved by the short-lived Ch'in empire was consolidated into a permanent form which lasted-allowing only for the short break caused by the Hsin dynasty of Wang Mang, for some four centuries. The succeeding Han empire inherited the results of the social, economic, and administrative changes which had taken place over the preceding centuries. The Han founder Liu Pang, Kao-ti, was of peasant origins, having been born and brought up in Chung-yang li of Feng-i in P'ei-hsien. From the point of view of agriculture, the country may be divided into two main regions, north and south China, separated by the eastward-flowing Huai River and in the west by the Ch'in-ling Mountains. During the Han dynasty, agriculture along the Yangtze was greatly inferior in productivity to that of north China.

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Balazs, Étienne. “Political philosophy and social crisis at the end of the Han dynasty.” In his Chinese civilization and bureaucracy: Variations on a theme, trans. Wright, H. M., ed. Wright, ArthurF.. New Haven and London: Yale Univ. Press, 1964.

Ebrey, PatriciaBuckley. “Estate and family management in the Later Han as seen in the Monthly instructions for the four classes of people”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 17 (1974). [abbreviation: “Estate and family management”]

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