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2 Today s lecture Goals of Today s Lecture: What is a User Interface (UI)? What is the difference between 3D graphics and 2D graphics? History of Video Games and Interfaces Different types of Output: 2D vs 3D vs Virtual Reality vs Augmented Reality What is a 3D UI?

3 What is a User Interface? Where the interaction between humans and machines occurs. User interface refers to the parts of a computer and its software that you (the user) see, hear, touch, or talk to. Input allowing the users to manipulate a system. Output allowing the system to indicate the effects of the input. For example, if I use a mouse to point and click, or I speak instructions to the computer those are input. And the output is what I see displayed on the screen or what I hear coming out of the speakers.

4 User Interfaces

5 User Interfaces

6 User Interfaces

7 User Interfaces

8 2D vs 3D

9 2D vs 3D Graphics 3D Graphics Use a 3-dimensional representation of geometric data, that is rendered as a 2D image to the screen. Same as how a movie is rendered as a 2D image is a recording of a 3D world. 3D graphics often use 3D models which is the geometrical representation of any 3- dimensional object. 2D Graphics Displaying digital images to the screen. As an array of pixels.

10 Why Video Games? Why do you want to learn about video games? Video Games Multi-billion dollar industry: $18.5 billion in 2010 in US alone. Major driving force in home entertainment. Driving force in technological innovation Graphics algorithms, hardware, sound, AI, etc. can be applied to other fields. Technological transfer to healthcare, biomedical research, defense, and education.

11 History of Game UIs Does anyone know when the first video game was invented? 1947: Cathode-ray tube amusement device. Earliest proposal for an electronic gaming device. The interface consisted of knobs and buttons. Based on WWII radar displays, players use knobs to adjust the trajectory of light beams (missiles) in an attempt to hit targets. Nobody knows if it was actually implemented, but the idea was patented.

12 Early Video Games Tennis for two: Original video game: 1958 Display: oscilloscope graph that shows a change in voltages. Input: dial and a button tube_gdata_player

13 Early Video Games Spacewar! First computer game: 1961: by Russel, Graetz, and Wiitanen at MIT. Interface: mostly buttons, but also joysticks and light pen. 2 armed spaceships attempt to shoot one another while maneuvering in the gravity well of a star.

14 Early Video Games 1972: Magnavox Odyssey is a first ever home game console. Could play Ping-Pong with 2 people. Buttons and dials, 1D. 1975: Atari creates Pong for home and arcades. Game industry is born. atch?v=h2eisnr_cv4&featu re=related

15 Early Video Games 1977: Atari 2600 console Cartridge based system, so you could change games. 2D controllers joystick and a trackball. Introduce quality sound hardware, which is still popular today.

16 Early Video Games 1978: Magnavox Odyssey2 Includes full-sized keyboard. Used for educational software and programming. First home electronics device with speech synthesis.

17 Modern Consoles 1983: Nintendo Famicom Modern controller layout: controls for both hands, directional buttons. Increasingly complex controllers and interfaces: games are still 2D, but interaction is more complex and rich. 1994: Nintendo 64 First true 3D console Adds joystick to controller, game pad gets more controls.

18 Modern Consoles 1996: Sony dual-shock controller Adds second joystick and shoulder buttons. Standard controller for PS, PS2, PS3. Observations Increased complexity of game interface allows for more expression in games. Difficult to master Focuses more and more on hard-core games, since casual gamers often find games more difficult.

19 Arcade Games Easy to learn, but difficult to master Has to be learned immediately. Interface can t be too complex. Began in the mid 1970 s Specialized interfaces Often based on simulation activities: Shooting, driving, snowboarding. Many innovative and original interfaces

20 Arcade Games UI Innovation

21 Arcade Games UI Innovation

22 Virtual Reality Arcade Games Arcades were first to introduce VR and 3DUI in games (1990 s) Head/body tracking Stereoscopic vision Immersive displays 3D spatial interaction In a virtual reality environment, a user experiences immersion, or the feeling of being inside and a part of that world. The user is able to interact with his/her environment in meaningful ways. The combination of a sense of immersion and interactivity is called telepresence. An effective VR experience causes you to become unaware of your real surroundings and focus on your existence inside the virtual environment.

24 3D and VR on Game Consoles Several attempts to introduce 3D/VR for game consoles. 1986: Sega Master System 3D glasses, LCD shutters, few games. 1995: Nintendo Virtual Boy Virtual reality goggles, monochrome, stereo. Not successful Low quality, didn t work well. Not necessary since games were so simple.

26 Some Conclusions from History The complexity of controllers increased Use same interface components as in the 60s Buttons, Joysticks, Keyboard/mouse Combined together / increased number. More difficult to learn and master. Less accessible to casual user. 3D spatial controllers / 3DUI Very successful in arcades. Failed in home devices. Inaccurate/low quality.

29 3DUI in the Home Today Rapid growth of 3D spatial interfaces for games today Cheaper and higher quality of sensors Fast game hardware can perform complex tracking/recognition Need for simpler and more intuitive interaction with games. Games has become mainstream culture, more casual not only hard-core gamers.

30 3DUI in the Home Today 2003: Sony PS2 Eye Toy Video camera interface for PS2 Casual/party games Significant success in Europe/US Based on several decades of research on visual tracking in robotics and computer vision.

35 Timeline Tennis for Two Odyssey Atari Nintendo Nintendo 64 Disney Quest Kinect Nintendo Sony Wii Move years from the first video game in 1958 to , 17 years of 3D games , 5 years of development in spatial tracking of user gestures.

36 3DUI in the Home Today Conclusions: New wave in video games with 3D / spatial user interfaces. Attracts casual gamers

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