1.
London Borough of Hackney
–
The London Borough of Hackney is a North East London Borough within Inner London, United Kingdom. Southern and eastern parts of the borough are popularly regarded as being part of east London, the London Plan issued by the Greater London Authority assigns whole boroughs to sub-regions for statutory monitoring, engagement and resource allocation purposes. The most recent iteration of this plan assigns Hackney to the ‘East’ sub-region, while the 2008 and 2004 versions assigned the borough to ‘North’ and ‘East’ sub-regions respectively. Hackney is bounded by Islington to the west, Haringey to the north, Waltham Forest to the north-east, Newham to the east, Tower Hamlets to the south-east and the City of London to the south-west. Much of Hackney retains an inner-city character, but in places as Dalston large housing estates have been joined by newly developed gated communities. In South Hackney, near Victoria Park, terraced Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian housing still survives, the historical and administrative heart of Hackney is the area roughly extending north from Mare Street and surrounding the Church of St John-at-Hackney, known as Hackney Central. To the north of the borough are Upper Clapton and Lower Clapton, Stamford Hill, to the east is the large open space of Hackney Marshes and the districts of Hackney Wick and Homerton. Light industries in the area around the River Lea employ over 3,000 people, some of the area was used for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The borough was formed in 1965 from the area of the metropolitan boroughs of Hackney, Shoreditch. The shield is surmounted by a representation of St. Augustines Tower, the old metropolitan borough of Hackney was closely based on the unusually large ancient parish of the same name. The council displays, in Hackney Town Hall, a portrait of the Queen wearing the robes of the Most Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem, in the 13th century the name appears as Hackenaye or Hacquenye, but no certain derivation is advanced. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Place Names discusses the origin of the name, the first surviving records of the place name are as Hakney and Hakeneye. This was once a much wilder place than today, the Dictionary suggests that the ‘Hack’ element may also derive from, The Old English ‘Haecc’ meaning a hatch – an entrance to a woodland or common. Or alternatively from ‘Haca’ meaning a hook, and in this context, given the island context, the ‘hatch’ option is unlikely to be correct, so the favoured Hakas Island or the Island on the bend seem more likely. The place name will have originally referred to just the island or possibly both the island and the manor of the name based around it. Subsequently, the name Hackney was applied to the ancient parish of Hackney. At one time most of the area was covered with oak and hazel woodlands, with marshland around the rivers. In Roman times and for a time after, the River Lea was an estuary

2.
Fire engine
–
A fire engine is a vehicle designed primarily for firefighting operations. In addition, many fire departments/fire services often employ their vehicles for other uses including emergency medical services. The terms fire engine and fire truck are used interchangeably. The primary purposes of an engine include transporting firefighters to an incident scene, providing water with which to fight a fire. Many fire vehicles are based on standard vehicle models and they are normally fitted with audible and visual warnings, as well as communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology. The standard fire engine is an apparatus designed primarily for firefighting operations, the tools carried on the fire engine will vary greatly based on many factors including the size of the department and what sort of terrain the department must handle. For example, departments located near bodies of water or rivers are likely to have some sort of water rescue equipment. Standard tools found on all fire engines include ladders, hydraulic rescue tools, floodlights, fire hose, fire extinguishers, self-contained breathing apparatus. The exact layout of what is carried on an engine is decided by the needs of the department, some fire engines have a fixed deluge gun, also known as a master stream, which directs a heavy stream of water to wherever the operator points it. An additional feature of engines are their preconnected hose lines, commonly referred to as preconnects, the preconnects are attached to the engines onboard water supply and allow firefighters to quickly mount an aggressive attack on the fire as soon as they arrive on scene. The name is derived from the fact that the ladder is mounted on a turntable on the back of a truck chassis. To increase its length, the ladder is telescopic, modern telescopic ladders are either hydraulic or pneumatic. These mechanical features allow the use of ladders which are longer, sturdier and they may also have pre-attached hoses or other equipment. A ladder can also be mounted behind the cab and this is sometimes called mid-ship and the arrangement allows a lower travel height for the truck, and also can be more stable in certain conditions. In some cases, there may also be a monitor at the top of the ladder for ease of use, other appliances may simply have a track-way which will hold a manually-run hose reel securely, and prevent it from falling to the ground. In the United States, a truck, also known as a tractor-drawn aerial, tiller ladder. Unlike a commercial semi, the trailer and tractor are permanently combined and it has two drivers, with separate steering wheels for front and rear wheels. One of the features of the tiller-truck is its enhanced maneuverability

3.
Museum
–
Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia

4.
Time Out (magazine)
–
Time Out is a magazine published by Time Out Digital Ltd. In 2012, the became a free publication with a weekly readership of over 307,000. In addition to print, the Time Out London website has seven million unique users, Time Outs global market presence includes partnerships with Nokia and mobile apps for iOS and Android operating systems. It was the recipient of the International Consumer Magazine of the Year award in both 2010 and 2011 and the renamed International Consumer Media Brand of the Year in 2013 and 2014. Time Out started as a magazine created in 1968 by Tony Elliott, the first product was titled Where Its At, before being inspired by Dave Brubecks album Time Out. The magazine was initially a counter-culture publication which took a non-conformist stance on such as gay rights, racial equality. As one example of its editorial stance, in 1976 Londons Time Out published the names of 60 purported CIA agents stationed in England. Early issues had a print run of around 5,000, Elliott launched Time Out New York, his North American magazine debut, in 1995. The magazine procured young and upcoming talent to provide cultural reviews for young New Yorkers at the time, the success of TONY led to the introduction of Time Out New York Kids, a quarterly magazine aimed at families. The expansion continued with Elliott licensing the Time Out brand worldwide spreading the magazine to 39 cities including Istanbul, Dubai, Beijing, Hong Kong, additional Time Out products included travel magazines, city guides, and books. In 2010, Time Out became the publisher of travel guides. The group, founded by Peter Dubens, was owned by Tony Elliott and Oakley Capital until 2016, Time Out has subsequently launched websites for an additional 33 cities including Delhi, Washington D. C. Boston, Manchester and Bristol. when it was listed on Londons AIM stock exchange, in June 2016, Time Out Group underwent an IPO and is listed on Londons AIM stock exchange. The London edition of Time Out became a magazine in September 2012. This strategy increased revenue by 80 percent with continued upsurge, Time Out has also invited a number of guest columnists to write for the magazine. The columnist as of 2014 was Giles Coren, in April 2015, Time Out switched its New York magazine to the free distribution model to increase the reader base and grow brand awareness. This transition doubled circulation by increasing its Web audience, estimated around 3.5 million unique visitors a month, Time Out increased its weekly magazine circulation to over 305,000 copies complementing millions of digital users of Time Out New York. Free magazines are distributed at bars, restaurants, gyms, subway stations, and theaters, in addition, a subscription service is offered to those that prefer the magazine to be physically delivered and paid subscribers have access to a digital edition of the magazine

5.
Upper Clapton
–
Upper Clapton is a district in the London Borough of Hackney. Upper Clapton approximates to the part of the E5 postal district. The district borders the River Lea to the east and the border with Lower Clapton to the south is marked by the Lea Bridge, neither Upper Clapton nor the wider Clapton area have ever been an administrative unit and consequently their extent has never been formally determined. As is frequently the case with London districts, these boundaries are often uncertain, Clapton was from 1339 until the 18th century normally rendered as Clopton, meaning the farm on the hill. The Old English clop - lump or hill - presumably denoted the high ground rises from the River Lea. As described, the settlement emerged along the way which in 1745 was called Hackney Lane, building spread to meet streets east of the high road and north of Homerton in the 19th century. Manorial courts from the early 19th century distinguished the parts north and south of Lea Bridge Road as Upper and Lower Clapton, and those names soon passed into general use. Hackney Lane came to be known as Lower and Upper Clapton roads, the area, along with Lower Clapton, was known in the 1990s and early 2000s for drug and gun related crimes, gaining it the nickname Murder Mile. One of the most pleasant amenities in Upper Clapton is Springfield Park, the park received a Green Flag award in July 2008. Aside from the mansion, another survivor is the Anchor and Hope pub, the area along the Lea was heavily bombed in the Second World War, and the pub is one of the few survivors of the terraced housing that once dominated the area. It is now overshadowed by pre- and post-war blocks of flats. Besides Springfield Park, Upper Clapton is delineated to the west by the long strip of Clapton Common. The name Clapton Pond, however, refers to a set of two much smaller ex-reservoirs in Lower Clapton, and bus routes that use Clapton Pond as a point are referring to Lower Clapton. The pond is a favourite with bird watchers — besides the usual variety of ducks, geese and swans, such shy birds as grebes, however, the church was originally built by the Agapemonite cult in 1892 as the Church of the Ark of the Covenant. Although it is conventional in floor plan, the outside of the church is a riot of statuary. The main doorways sport large carvings of angels and the four evangelists symbolised by a man, an eagle, a bull, the same four figures, cast in bronze, look out over the four quarters of the Earth from the base of the steeple. The church, which was completed in 1895, was designed by Joseph Morris in a Gothic Revival style, the cult had always been surrounded by scandal during its sojourn in Somerset and, after the move to Clapton, this degenerated into sheer farce. Smyth-Pigott, who also claimed immortality, died in 1927, after which the cult went into decline, the Clapton church had already been abandoned by the cult and was acquired first by the Ancient Catholic Church in 1956, and then by the Georgian Orthodox Church in 2005

6.
Dalston
–
Dalston is a district of the London Borough of Hackney in North East London, England. Dalston began as a hamlet within the parish of Hackney, which developed on either side of Dalston Lane, as the area urbanised, the term came to apply to surrounding areas including the old centres of Kingsland and Shacklewell, which are now considered part of Dalston. The area’s best known resident was Prime Minister Tony Blair who lived in Mapledene Road from 1980–86. The same contrast could not be today as gentrification has led to a rapid increase in the price of property. The process of change was accelerated by the East London line extension, the reopening of Dalston Junction Station on this extension was part of Londons successful bid to hold the 2012 Olympics. Dalston has never been a unit, and partly for this reason the boundaries are not fully defined. There are popularly understood boundaries in the south and west, but its northern and this is a common situation in London’s neighbourhoods which often merge, overlap and change over time. There is an electoral Ward of the name which covers a part of the north–west of Dalston. Dalston’s boundaries are described more or less precision below, South. Albion Drive forms much of this boundary, west, The originally Roman A10 road marks most of Dalston’s western margin. This area includes Dalston Kingsland Railway Station, North, There isnt a tradition of a clear northern boundary with Stoke Newington. East, Between Downs Road and Amhurst Road, the barrier of the railway embankment marks the postcode boundary with Lower Clapton. There is little tradition of a boundary with the central Hackney area except that it is said that Dalston extends as far as the park at London Fields. The name Dalston is thought to have derived from Deorlafs tun in much the way as nearby Hoxton was named after the farm of Hoch. The first written record available is from 1294 when the name was written as Derleston, the village was one of four small villages within the Parish of Hackney that were grouped for assessment purposes, together having only as many houses as the village of Hackney. John Rocques map of 1746 shows the village of Kingsland centred on the crossroads at what is now Dalston Junction, another clear feature is Roman Ermine Street which now forms most of the western boundary of this area. Ermine Street now has the road number A10 and goes by a number of names, around AD1280 a leper hospital was founded in Dalston by the citizens of London and in AD1549 it was attached to the chapel of St Bartholomew as an outhouse. During the 18th and 19th centuries the area changed from an agricultural and rural landscape to urban one, during the 1930s, 40sand 60s the areas large Jewish and other minority populations made it a target for provocative rallies by Oswald Mosley and the various organisations he founded

7.
Hackney Wick
–
Hackney Wick is an area of east London in the London Borough of Hackney and Tower Hamlets, adjacent to the boundary with Old Ford in Tower Hamlets. It is an inner-city development situated 5 miles northeast of Charing Cross, west of its area, and with greater tube access, lies Hackney Central, the historic centre of Hackney Borough. Hackney Wick is in the far east of the borough and it is at the tip of Hackney Marshes and includes part of 2012 Olympic Park west of the River Lea. Here it abuts the London Borough of Waltham Forest and the London Borough of Newham, west of the old River Lea The Lee Navigation, here called Hackney Cut meets the Hertford Union Canal. In Roman times the River Lea was a wide, fast flowing river, in 894, a force of Danes sailed up the river to Hertford, Alfred the Great saw an opportunity to defeat the Danes and ordered the lower reaches of the Lea drained, at Leamouth. This left the Danes boats stranded, but also increased the flow of the river, prior to modern times, Hackney Wick was an area prone to periodic flooding. The construction of the canals and relief channels on the Lea alleviated that, in historic times, the marshes were used extensively for grazing cattle, and there was limited occupation around the great house at Hackney Wick. This area as well as the marshes were historically part of Lower Homerton, when Charles Booth surveyed Hackney Wick in his London-wide survey of poverty during the 1890s he would have noticed that there were, amid the noxious fumes and noise, areas of lessened deprivation. Streets south of the such as Wansbeck and Rothbury Roads were a mixture of comfort. Kelday Road, right on the canal seemed positively middle class, to the north of the railway, streets either side of Wick Road, e. g. Chapman Road, Felstead Street and Percy Terrace were described as very poor, with chronic want. In the last quarter of the century, water mills on the Hackney Brook were adapted for the manufacturer of silk. The worlds first true synthetic plastic, parkesine, invented by Alexander Parkes, was manufactured here from 1866 to 1868, in contrast shellac, a natural polymer was manufactured at the Lea Works by A. F. Suter and Co. at the Victory Works for many years. The factory at nos 83/4 Eastway commenced operation in 1927, subsequently they relocated to Dace Road in Bow. For many years Hackney Wick was the location of the oil distiller Carless, Capel & Leonard, the distinguished chemist and academic Sir Frederick Warner worked at Carlesss Hackney Wick factory from 1948–1956. William J Leonard was followed by his son Julian Mayard Leonard into the firm, nevertheless, Brooke Simpson Spiller is the successor company to the founding father of the British Dyestuff Industry. At Hackney Wick, Green discovered the important dyestuff intermediate Primuline and he was a contemporary of the organic chemist Richard John Friswell who was from 1874 a research chemist, and from 1886 until 1899 director and chemical manager. Perhaps even more distinguished was the Jewish chemist, Professor Raphael Meldola FRS and he worked at Hackney Wick from 1877 until 1885. A large collection of Hackney made dyestuffs is on view at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney Australia, the firm of W. C. Barnes of the Phoenix Works was also engaged in the aniline dye industry at Hackney Wick

8.
Haggerston
–
Haggerston is an area of East London and as part of Shoreditch is also often considered part of London’s East End. In 1965, the Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch became part of the new London Borough of Hackney, there is an electoral ward called Haggerston within the borough. In the 1990s a number of the areas more rundown housing estates were refurbished, in 2010 Haggerston Railway station re-opened, a little to the north of the original station. The new station straddles the boundary of Haggerston\Shoreditch, which leaves Kingsland Road at Arbutus Street, runs along Albion Drive. The area has the 9th highest crime rate in Hackney, Haggerston is first recorded in the Domesday Book as Hergotestane, possibly of Viking origin, and an outlying hamlet of Shoreditch. The proximity to Hoxton and Shoreditch has made the popular with students and workers in the creative industries. In recent years, escalating property prices have driven commercial art galleries further into east London, for the same reason, Haggerston has been attracting tech start ups over Silicon Roundabout in Old Street, with some people calling the area Hackerston. A shortage of school places has made the area less attractive to families. Many Vietnamese, Cambodian and Laotian people have formed communities in Haggerston, outside the area, the most visible sign of this is the profusion of Southeast Asian restaurants on nearby Kingsland Road in Shoreditch and on Mare Street in Hackney. There is also a notable Russian community focused on bars and cafés along Kingsland Road, besides the Regents Canal, Haggerston Park, on the site of a demolished gasworks on Hackney Road, provides much-needed open space in the area. Also in the area is the Hackney City Farm, the Regent Estate provides the Regent Estate Pensioners Club/Hall and the Regent Estate Community Centre/Hall which together provide community services and spaces for hire. The Regent Estate Pensioners Hall is also used as a polling station, the Grade II listed Haggerston Pool, designed by Alfred Cross and opened in 1904, was closed in 2000. In June 2009, after a community campaign, a £5m grant was announced from the Department for Children, Schools and Families to refurbish. The building would also contain community facilities and a GP surgery, Haggerston School is a Grade II listed building, designed by the modernist architect Ernő Goldfinger and built in 1964–65. This area of Hackney has an association with clowning. Much of the collection is now on display at Wookey Hole, other Anglican churches in Haggerston are All Saints, Haggerston Road, St Columba, Kingsland Road, and Sts Mary and Chad, Nichols Square. The Little Sisters of Jesus have had a community of sisters within Fellows Court, Haggerston, the Haggerston electoral ward forms part of the Hackney South and Shoreditch constituency. The ward returns three councillors to Hackney Council, with an election every four years, at the election on 6 May 2010, Ann Munn, Jonathan McShane, and Barry Buitekant, all Labour Party candidates, were returned

9.
Manor House, London
–
Manor House is a district of north east London that mainly falls within the London Borough of Hackney, although it is located on the border with the London Borough of Haringey. Taking its name from Manor House tube station on the Piccadilly line, it is centred on the crossroads of Seven Sisters Road, the western border is defined by Finsbury Park in the neighbourhood of Harringay. Its other borders are defined by the New River, which loops around it on three sides, the area consists mainly of the Woodberry Down Estate, but there are also two small shopping areas, a school and a pub. The pub was the source of both the name of the station and the area. The first pub on the site was built by Stoke Newington builder Thomas Widdows between 1830 and 1834 next to the turnpike on Green Lanes. Prior to this date a cottage had existed on the site, Thomas Widdows was both the owner of the house and its occupant. With the building soon to be sited on the junction of the existing Green Lanes turnpike road, the new building was within sight of the Hornsey Wood Tavern, which had been formed out of the old Copt Hall, the manor house of the Manor of Brownswood. It is possible that its name was taken from this connection The land itself however was on the demesne of Stoke Newington Manor, so it is equally possible that the Manor House name was just a fashionable name, more related to the connection with Stoke Newington Manor. Baily died just three years later and the tavern was taken over by George Stacey who had previously been at the Adelaide Tavern in Hackney Road, Stacey placed a tablet on the pub with the following inscription. However, nothing is known of the incident, The tavern changed hands several times after Stacey. In 1851 it was purchased by James Toomer, according to the Morning Post, Toomer was well respected in literary and theatrical circles. The new owner added function rooms including a hall and ballroom which became known as the Manor House Assembly Rooms. Soon after purchase he obtained licences for music and dancing and the pub became a regular venue for events of both sorts. In the summer of 1870 Toomer advertised a new ballroom and later that summer sold the pub, in 1890 it was taken on by James Swinyard who remodelled and modernised it shortly after the sale. Swinyard managed the pub till his death in 1910, subsequently his widow Amelia took over the licence until the late 1920s. In 1930 the imminent arrival of the Piccadilly Line led to the widening of the road, the demolition of the old tavern, Amelia died in 1937, aged 90 in a nursing home in Muswell Hill. In later years the pub was the first employer of Richard Desmond, now the owner of the Daily Express, the building also housed a nightclub that was popular among Goths in the mid-1980s. Two decades earlier it had functioned as a music venue for rhythm and blues enthusiasts

10.
Newington Green
–
Newington Green is an open space in north London that straddles the border between Islington and Hackney. The Green itself is in N16 and the area is covered by the N16, N1, the first record of the area is as Neutone in the Domesday Survey of 1086, when it still formed part of the demesne of St Paul’s Cathedral. The thirteenth century saw Newton become Newington, whilst the prefix Stoke was added in the area to the north, Newington Barrow later became known as Highbury, after the manor house built on a hill. There was probably a settlement, and the prevailing activity was agriculture, growing hay. By the 15th century the area had become prosperous and in 1445 there were a good number of Londoners living in the hamlet. The name Newington Green was first mentioned in 1480, by the 1490s it was fringed by cottages, homesteads and crofts on the three sides in Newington Barrow manor in Islington. The north side was divided between the manors of Stoke Newington and Brownswood in South Hornsey, in the 16th century the area was connected to the court of Henry VIII. The king himself used a house on the side of the Green as a base for hunting the wild bulls, stags. In 1523 a resident of the side of the Green. At the time he was page to Cardinal Wolsey, lord Percy had not sought permission from either his father or the king, causing Wolsey to scold him and his father to refuse the marriage. He later found himself a member of the jury that convicted Anne of adultery and his home, Brook House, stood at the northeast corner of the square. It contained a courtyard and was decorated with gilded and painted wainscotting. It was later demolished, renamed Bishops Place, and divided into tenements for the poor, Newington Greens history is marked by several streets in the area taking their name from this period, such as King Henry’s Walk, Boleyn Road, Wolsey Road and Queen Elizabeth’s Walk. Many other thoroughfares are named after the Mildmay estate, including Mildmay Park, Mildmay Grove North, Sir Walter Mildmay was the Chancellor of the Exchequer under Elizabeth I. He was one of the commissioners in the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots. His grandson Sir Henry Mildmay served as MP and was Master of the Jewel House for Charles I, Henry was critical of the kings religious policies, supported Parliament during the civil wars and attended the kings trial. After the Restoration Henry was arrested for his part in the regicide, instead of the death penalty he was sent to the Tower of London, stripped of his knighthood and his estates and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mildmay Mission Hospital was founded in the 1890s, inspired by the work of the Reverend William Pennefather during the epidemic of 1866

11.
Shoreditch
–
Shoreditch is an inner city district in the historic East End of London and modern Central London within the London Borough of Hackney, lying immediately to the north of the City of London. The districts of Hoxton and Haggerston are part of Shoreditch, but the Shoreditch High Street railway station, lies just outside, the etymology of Shoreditch is debated. One legend holds that the place was originally named Shores Ditch, after Jane Shore, the mistress of Edward IV, however, the area was known as Soersditch long before Jane Shores life. A more plausible origin for the name is Sewer Ditch, in reference to a drain or watercourse in what was once a boggy area and it may have referred to the headwaters of the river Walbrook, which rose in the Curtain Road area. In a further theory, antiquarian John Weever claimed that the derived from Sir John de Soerdich. Shoreditch High Street and Kingsland road are a small sector of the Roman Ermine Street, known also as the Old North Road, it was a major coaching route to the north, exiting the City at Bishopsgate. The east–west course of Old Street–Hackney Road was also originally a Roman Road, connecting Silchester with Colchester. Shoreditch Church is of ancient origin and features in the line when I grow rich say the bells of Shoreditch, from the nursery rhyme Oranges. Shoreditch was the site of a house of canonesses, the Augustinian Holywell Priory and this priory was located between Shoreditch High Street and Curtain Road to east and west and Batemans Row and Holywell Lane to north and south. In 1576 James Burbage built the first playhouse in England, known as The Theatre, some of Shakespeares plays were performed here and at the nearby Curtain Theatre, built the following year and 200 yards to the south. It was here that Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet gained Curtain plaudits, in 1599 Shakespeares Company literally upped sticks and moved the timbers of The Theatre to Southwark at expiration of the lease to construct The Globe. The Curtain continued performing plays in Shoreditch until at least 1627, the suburb of Shoreditch was attractive as a location for these early theatres because it was outside the jurisdiction of the somewhat puritanical City fathers. During the 17th century, wealthy traders and Huguenot silk weavers moved to the area, by the 19th century Shoreditch was also the locus of the furniture industry, now commemorated in the Geffrye Museum on Kingsland Road. However the area declined along with textile and furniture industries and by the end of the 19th century Shoreditch was a byword for crime, prostitution. This situation was not improved by extensive devastation of the stock in the Blitz during World War II. In the late 19th century this was one of the largest theatres in London, in 1926 it was converted into a cinema called The New Olympia Picturedrome. The building was demolished in 1940, sims Reeves, Mrs Marriott and James Anderson all appeared here, also performed were programmes of classical opera and even Shakespeare, with such luminaries as Henry Irving. There was considerable rivalry with the West End theatres, with real rain, a real flood, and a real balloon

12.
Stoke Newington
–
Stoke Newington is an area occupying the north-west part of the London Borough of Hackney. The historic core on Church Street was the site of the hamlet of Stoke Newington which in turn gave its name to the Ancient Parish of Stoke Newington. Church Street retains the distinct London village character which led Nikolaus Pevsner to write that he found it hard to see the district as being in London at all, Stoke Newington is nicknamed Stokey by many residents. The modern London Borough of Hackney was formed by the merger of three former Metropolitan Boroughs, Hackney and the considerably smaller authorities of Stoke Newington and Shoreditch. These Metropolitan Boroughs had been in existence since 1899 but their names and boundaries were very closely based on much older ancient parishes dating back to the medieval period. As described the Metropolitan Borough largely adopted the Ancient Parishes boundaries, there were minor rationalisations but the major change to the area covered was the transfer of part of Hornsey. Stoke Newington northern and western boundaries have become the north-west borders of the modern London Borough, the eastern boundary was formed primarily by the A10 road where it goes by the name Stoke Newington High St and Stoke Newington Road, further south. -– Where that part of AP\MB of Hackney known as Dalston extends a short way over the A10 to meet Stoke Newington on a line along a road called ‘The Crossway’. The growth means that Stoke Newington is often associated with the N16 postcode, Stoke Newington is part of the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency which has been represented by Labour MP Diane Abbott since 1987. For a small district, Stoke Newington is endowed with an amount of open space. It was designed, by William Chadwell Mylne, to look like a towering Scottish castle and it is now a nature reserve, a role that it was in many ways intended for, as it was set up as an arboretum. Abney Park became scheduled in 2009 as one of Britains historic parks and gardens at risk from neglect, finally, across the high street to the east is the fragmented Stoke Newington Common, which has had an extensive and diverse programme of tree planting. From the 16th century onwards, Stoke Newington has played a prominent role in assuring a supply to sustain Londons rapid growth. Hugh Myddletons New River runs through the area and still makes a contribution to Londons water and it used to terminate at the New River Head in Finsbury, but since 1946 its main flow has ended at Stoke Newington reservoirs. The river bank, the New River Path, can be walked for some distance to the north through Haringey and on to its source near Hertford, Stoke Newington East and West Reservoirs, to the north of Clissold Park, are quite substantial for urban facilities. Stoke Newington Reservoirs were constructed in 1833 to purify the New River water, the West Reservoir is now a leisure facility, offering sailing, canoeing and other water sports, plus Royal Yachting Association-approved sailing courses. On its western edge stands the former house, now set out as a visitor centre with a café. Besides the water facilities and the New River, Clissold Park contains two large ornamental lakes, a home to many water birds and a population of terrapins