12. Kyiv craft and industrial (textbook)

Kyiv craft, industrial

Key
questions:

- What role the city played in the life
trade, industry and commerce?

- What products and famous
Kyiv is famous for?

- What industries are most
developed in Kiev now?

Ancient
Kyiv can be called masters of the city. Numerous artisans
satisfy the diverse needs of the population. And the needs of these were actually
much. I became more and more, because the town developing, growing, rich.

Kiev
artisans were famous for their skill. Some of their products have been known not only
in Russia but also abroad. While the vast majority meet the needs of
residents of Kyiv and province.

Great
respect blacksmiths used. Their art seemed mysterious - they had
dealing with fire and miraculously appeared on the fire iron. And it was
plastic in such skilful hands. And is not it a miracle when the result
unknown outsider action from the blacksmith hammers out
so different and such necessary things: weapons, tools, items of house
use. No wonder the smiths always thought Faith Healer.

Source 1

Blacksmith's workshop. Reconstruction

Us consider

-Describe what you see. Try
explain what might serve you or any other object. Pay special attention
on the horn (in front).

-Do you think that is why blacksmiths believed
Faith Healer.

Most
known outside Kiev Kyiv were jewelers - they called the "blacksmiths in Zlatev,
silver and copper. From their studios out various decorations- Earrings, bracelets, tiaras,
items of clothing and decoration of horse harness, refined religious items
use. All these benefits from strong demand, because people always tried to
decorate your life. In addition, the number and sophistication of jewelry cited
social status - wealth, nobility.

Source 2

(A) One of the notable examples found in
Kiev

(B) Products Kiev Jewelers

Help.

- On the territory of Kyiv found about
3 thousand treasures remaining from the Kievan Rus. This often
just jewelry.

Let us consider:

- Describe what you see. What is this
objects?

- In your opinion, who, why, under what
these circumstances, it was hidden objects? Why are these?

Do it yourself or
with friends

- Discover and make small
story about the techniques that used Ancient Jewelers - SCAN,
grain, cloisonn

Source 3

That
understand how adept craftsmen were Kiev, Let us examine closer to
their work. Here is just one of the famous Kyiv articles:

Help

It - hauberk. It protected the warrior in battle, but it almost does not disturb
movements, and therefore highly valued. They did it with iron rings. But first
had to make wire. In one such iron shirt went about
600 meters of wire - it is enough to turn your school. Wire skruchuvaly
into a spiral with a special device (see source 3). Then it
cut in rings. Half of them zvaryuvaly, and in the second half plyuschyly
end and made holes in them for rivets. Collecting chain armor had to connect
rozimknute one ring with four welded and sklepaty its rivets, which was
millimeter thinner! Such jewelry operation repeated many, many times, because
one chain armor went about 20 thousand rings. Then the finished product
there were only cleaned and sanded.

Let us consider:

- How long it could go on
making such a chain-mail?

- It is clear that such a product could
be cheap. And what determined the price?

- Do you think, how would you
took the time to learn to do?

Rozpytayemo Experts

(A)P. Tolochko
the findings of archaeologists during excavations of ancient Kyiv
(IX-XIII centuries).

- Who and how to use these objects (products)? What
of them were easier to produce and which are more difficult?

- Which ones were expensive and that cheap? How is this determined?

- Can it make them without special
Training? Why do you think so?

- Try to find the names of masters specialties
(Expert (b)) the names of their products (an expert (a)).

- What needs satisfied Kiev craft? These were
needs of city residents only, is not only?

Tasks.

Museums.

Using stories and photos Experts
actual (real) museum exhibits, create its own version of museums
text and excursions. Your story should contain information about the subject, his
name, for which he served as who and how it produced.

Source 4

(A) Dwelling house. Reconstruction with authentic objects

(B) Products Kiev artisans

From
middle XIIIArt.
Kiev trade decline.

RememberWith
that events in the history of the city is that?

It
to restore very slow and never reached the level which was at times
Kievan Rus. Many complex technologies were simply lost. This is not
means of course that the city was not great masters, but the vast
Most craftsmen worked to meet the elementary needs of Kiev.

Source 5

(A)From
Kyiv, the descriptions 1774-1775

"Craft in all three parts of the city
normally required, ie: silver, icon-painting, sewing, skornyazhne
(Manufacturing leather goods), Chobotars'kyi, blacksmithing, metalwork, weaving,
pottery and carpentry and pereplit books and all that? (Kyiv masters)
lead to (different) in painting and craftsmanship of silver and gold
affairs. "

Glossary

Statistics - The science that studies the quantitative side of various phenomena, accounting;
statistical - associated with the account of something.

"With the exception of some trained artists who work for the rich houses
all others on skill rather mediocre craftsmen. These products seen
nedovchenist, negligent treatment, complete indifference to and lack of improvement
any ingenuity in forms. All work on routines, order
by the original artists in the picture brings enormous difficulties. Yet
less, whatever they are, in the absence of the best, always find their
work if they do not shy away from it, and sell their products profitable? Prices
all crafts are very high and do not meet their quality?

How many accounts souls of the total population in each
craftsman (master), namely: for the manufacture of clothing and footwear - 28 souls
by building specialties - the same, but this need is met
mostly nonresident masters; on making economic instruments
(Accessories) - 38 persons, food supplies - 60 and on luxury goods -
119 shower in every master (including apprentices and students).

- How do you think, why this list came
icons, silver and gold are you? Who was the customer?

- What explains the low level of Kiev Crafts
I. Fundukley? Do you agree with this explanation?

- Do you think that a lot or little has been
artisans in Kiev (source 5 (b))? What can explain the different number
artists of different specialties with respect to the population?

But XIXArt.
Craft time is away in the past. He squeezed industry.

Source 6

Us consider

- What can you say about this company (where it
There were, which produced, how many people could work there)?

- About that demonstrated the existence of a large pipe? Why it
shown in promotional leaflet?

- How is it different from the craft enterprise
workshop? How do you understand what the factory?

Help.

Refined sugar Demiivskyi
plant.

Founded in 1867 The first production made in 1870 - 12
sugar goals. He became one of the largest refineries in Europe - released to
million pounds of refined annually (pood - 16kg). The factory employed to
1 000 - 1 500.

It was exemplary enterprise that cared about their
employees. Onarea was gas lighting, working town with moderate
prices, tax free dining room, laundry room, a hospital, even its own fire brigade. It
notmeant that the relationship of workers and employers were
straightforward. For example, in 1907the plant was struck. Increasing wage workers are not
achieved, but at their request later when the plant was opened library.

Kiev
legend.

"Cake" Kyiv " seems, has always been one of the symbols of Kyiv and
Kiev best souvenir. It was hard to get, but who went on to another
LIVING in the city or for always trying to take a miracle
culinary arts. Then matters were handled easily and the relationship
became warmer, and guests were welcomed.

It is clear that such a cult
thing not to occur normally. There is a legend Kyiv cake was invented quite by accident. As if the end
60 s XXArt. Master of one of the shops of confectionery factory
them. Karl Marx (ex-factory Demiivskyi to speech), forgot to ask
refrigerator egg white to biscuit. Since he became scared suddenly ingenious
and zahusloho protein prepared crispy wafers between which put mixture
hardened foam with cream. Later in the cake began to add nuts -
necessarily cashews. Undergone some changes and cream, but the basis - the famous white
wafers are, in fact, provide "Kiev" unique taste remains. Now
patent for the production of cake "Kyiv" has a factory "Roche" -
former name. Karl Marx.

Kiev
legend.

History
famous Kiev "dry cooking" (with M. Zakrevsky)

"In 1787 Travel to Kiev was Russian
Empress Catherine II. With it came a huge suite, which served
most sophisticated needs of the court. He was among the mail and waiting Swiss confectioner
Bal. In Kiev misfortune happened to him - he broke his leg and had to
stay in the city. Since he was with the retinue of the Empress, and the city
treated him with great respect. Specifically ball settled in a country
log house himself (head of city government) to Pryortsi renowned for
their gardens. Swiss Oduzhuvav bad, but he was active, so began
to love - from Kiev to prepare fruit jams and candies.
Several samples of its products were sent to St. Petersburg. Courtiers and
impreratrytsya itself could ensure that Kiev does not jam worse
overseas, and is much cheaper. Bal was ordered to remain for some
time in Kiev and set up production here jam. He needed assistants.
Cunning swine representatives of the then top of Kiev as assistant prystavyly
Swiss to their relatives and secrets found themselves in the hands of a few
families. Since then, the glory of Kiev jam spread in the Russian Empire and
later and abroad. It rewarded at international exhibitions, his
praised the famous gourmet Monpensier Duke (the same one who gave his name
small candy) and zakupav it in large quantities. The most famous of
Kiev famous producers of "dry cooking" (in fact they were candied fruits or candied
fruits) was Balabuh firm. Specifically, its products are so valued in Europe. "

Rozpytayemo expert

(A)P. Andreev. Illustrated
guide to South Western Railway (beginning XXcentury).

"? End XVIIIArt.
Kyiv was mainly distilling center. Other industries can
say did not exist. Now Kyiv became a prominent factory
centers in 1896 here there were 153 factories and plants and 86
Kiev district. There is no doubt that over time the value of Kyiv as a manufacturing center
industry will increase.

In the case of processing
Fossil first occupied the brick factories, where there are 43. All
more developing engineering - a number of factories manufactures equipment for
sugar factories, mills, breweries and more.

Deserve
attention to the tannery, a furniture factory, piano factory, five and ekipazhnyh
three factory of musical instruments.

(B)By
materials, electronic encyclopedia "Kyiv"

"In
50-80's Twentieth century. produced in Kiev: food, clothing, shoes,
aircraft, excavators, motorcycles, machine tools and electrical equipment, cameras,
radios and tape recorders, television sets and equipment for various industries
industry, and various electrical equipment, computers. The city acted
large variety of design bureaus and design institutes,
who developed new models and technologies. The most prominent among them were
Institute of Cybernetics and Institute of Electric them. Paton.

(C)From
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

"In 2005 in Kiev produced goods and services by 32 billion dollars
6 th place among the cities of Central and Eastern Europe. Sectors of services that enable
the main contribution to the economy of Kyiv - transport and communications, small and
wholesale trade, real estate, legal and financial services. Key
growing sectors are retail, information technology,
finance.

One of the largest
industrial centers of Ukraine. Almost 300 000. work on
production: in mechanical engineering, metal processing, food processing and
others. In Kiev, are known in the world Antonov. Antonova, Institute
Electric them. EOPaton. "

Let us consider:

- That the industry (management?)
evolved in Kiev at the beginning of 20 centuries., 50 to 80 years Twentieth century. And which
early two centuries.?

-. What changes have you noticed? What can be
explain?

-. Is fulfilled, in your opinion, prediction
P. Andreev?

-. Why do you think, ceased to
existence of many Kiev enterprises that existed before?

Source 7

Modern Kiev industry (the "newspaper in Kiev, 09.09.2008)

"We went to St. Nicholas Borschagivka
bakery at number 12. ? In shops where baked bread and cakes are allowed only in white
gowns and caps. A unshaven fellow even forced to wear special
tissue "muzzle" that even a little hair is not got the dough.

First get the department, where
order "print" fototorty! You can order a cake with his picture. The Department is
printer that will print out your picture on rice paper food food
paints. ? Printer gets an order from a special table. Girl
sharp movements "rozsadzhuye" around the pictures and photos of animals cream?
"Confectioners that decorate cakes, we call goldsmiths - very thin in these
work ", - says head of production?

But bread is not baked by hand. In
bread shop are special lines. They consist of large vessels in
dough which is haunting and fits as well as various "gadgets" that cut
him to pieces elongated. And, of course, stoves, large as the tram
cars. Before "batonozahotovky" go into the oven, knives whizzing over them,
that make the cut on the top, from what Baton become "striped".
From tubs to kneading bread trays with eight passes
way. On the tray lay only in his gloves, because the temperature in the furnace 250
degrees, and bake as "Ukrainian" - 350. In the shop in winter and heat
summer. "Work hard - very hot near stoves, always drink cold water,
- Says the worker who makes the bread on trays. - For half an hour to be filled
four trolleys.

Information:

-
about 100 tons of bread a day bakery issue number 12. Around 1100
shops selling bakery products in Kiev and some areas
Kyiv region.