The warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as it is now evident from many observations. Most of the climatic warming caused by human activities; include in particular the burning of fossil fuels that generate the 'greenhouse' gases. The transport sector is one of the most important causes of the high levels of air pollution. Alternative gaseous fuels relates to a wide range of fuels that are in the gaseous state at ambient conditions, whether when used on their own or as components of mixtures with other fuels. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is one of the principal techniques used to control spark ignition NOx. However, EGR has different effect on performance, combustion, and emissions production that are difficult to distinguish.The knock characteristics in a single cylinder SI engine were investigated under high load operation and higher useful compression ratio with cooled EGR addition. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), natural gas (NG) and hydrogen gas were used as fuels. In this paper, practical analysis has been done to predict the influence of cooled EGR on engine knock by changing some operational and design parameters such as equivalence ratio, spark timing and compression ratio.

The research studies the loss of a lot of the architectural characteristics of the heritage and historical buildings in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The Great Mosque is one of these buildings, in the old city of Duhok, which is adopted as a model for the study, as it represents the personal and the urban architectural identity of the city.
The research emphasis on the importance of the architectural heritage of the city of Dohuk over different periods, particularly the Great Mosque, the landmarks was completely removed due to the negligence of Architectural Conservation, in addition to the renovation and modification that got the mosque through the completely redone during the seventies of the twentieth century. So the research aims to reach the original drawings of the mosque (before the modification and renewal processes), by following the analytical method based on a historical survey of the mosque and the region, containing historical documents, photos and interviews with scientists, historians, residents of the region, and visitors to the mosque before the renovations.

Facebook is one of the social networks which have lots of users among Kurdish people. Although there are no formal or published statistics about the number of the Facebook users, in the last few years Facebook was the most used website among Kurdish society. This swift development of the Kurdish society towards Facebook imposes new challenges that need to be addressed. For example, a poem or an article published on Facebook possesses properties such as author name, gender, age, and nationality among others. In this paper the gender of Kurdish authors in Facebook determined by using a feed-forward artificial neural network model. 120 Facebook Kurdish written posts were used for learning the model designed to determine the gender of Kurdish writers in Facebook. The posts were taken from Facebook pages of different persons with different backgrounds. Twenty eight text features were extracted from each post; these features were distinct in discriminating between genders. The feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network with three layers (28 nodes, 14 nodes, 1 node) is used as a classification technique. The accuracy ratio which based on the ten-fold technique (taking the average ratio among ten trials) obtained was 77.5 %. This proposed idea of this paper is important for detecting the real gender of Facebook page owners.

Erbil castle is the oldest one among all in the area and is still inhabited. It is situated within the borders of Islamic architectural principles hence it lived in the same circumstances that governed the area as of cities in Turkey, Syria, Iran and the rest of Islamic cities. When the Islamic architecture characterized by architectural unit, the concept of Islam emerged carrying diversity in countries that added its Islamic architectural touch in a way that gave it its privacy and was not free from its rudiments that made it an architectural unit besides the concepts and vocabulary on which the system of relations and the construction engineering for the Islamic architecture are based. Therefore, the problem of research can be specified as: the ambiguity of the construction engineering for what is related to the system of relations and the desirable dimensions between the levels of one part and other parts in Erbil castle. The study will demonstrate this through the following hypotheses:
1. The existence of a construction engineering based on the system of relations and dimensions that determine the architectural samples in Erbil castle
2. The architectural samples in Erbil castle get unified through the engineering system between the levels of one part, other parts and the whole for the architectural formation in its diverse parts and criteria.

Soil temperature varies both diurnally and seasonally and can determine the temperature gradient within the collector loops of the ground source heat pump. To study spatial and temporal variations of soil temperature besides investigating the possibility of using underground soil temperature of the region for the installation of ground heat exchange systems, the current study was conducted. Soil temperature was measured at two locations in Erbil city/ IKR during the period from November, 1st, 2012 to February, 28th, 2013 with temperature sensors inserted in the ground at different depths. . It has been observed that during January and February the soil temperature offered the highest and lowest fluctuations respectively and they were closely related to ambient air temperature. The results also indicated that soil temperature increased with increasing depth up to a depth of 3.5 m in most cases and thereafter started to decrease with increasing depth. Furthermore, it was shown that the reliability of soil temperature prediction from air temperature decreased with the increase in soil depth. Positive differences at a depth of 3.5 m February ranged from 13.73 to 21.56 oC during the winter season from December to. The results can be valuable in planning for preheating system during the cold seasons.

Identity represents the priority in our contemporary communities since nothing more than identity satisfies the individual's quest to achieve his global existence through his belonging to a large unit that embraces him. Since architecture is the civilized expressive outcome of community's ideology, identity has been the subject for many studies and research, and has been studied and researched by many philosophers and critics from different perspectives. Since the concept of identity tackles different knowledge fields, it has added a diverse impression on our contemporary architecture in general and in Kurdistan in specific and is characterized by constant change impacted by technical, economical, political and social factors. The exposure of Kurdistan to the effect of economic expansion and the development of technology, mass media, and communication had an effect on the existence of an architectural style characterized by rapid change. This caused first governing the architectural shape resulted from frequent ideology and the different expressions of considerations to our environment (and this is through the international modern trend). The governing of west civilization increased in all domains architecture being one of them to the extent that it controlled the privacy of architecture. From this point, the research came to show the architectural identity in Kurdistan Region.