The battle for Mali's soul is a battle for its music

Nowhere does music have a greater social and political importance than in the vast desert state of Mali. Therefore, it is shocking that it has been banned in the two-thirds of Mali currently controlled by Islamic rebel groups.

As “Manny” Ansar, the director of the country’s celebrated Festival in the Desert, which has now been forced out of the country, explained: “Music is important as a daily event.
It’s not just a business, for it’s through our music that we know history and our own identity. Our elders gave us lessons through music. It’s through music that we declare love and get married — and we criticise and make comments on the people around us.”

Several Malian musicians have become household names in the West. The list is remarkable, from the late Ali Farka Touré to the soulful Salif Keita, from Toumani Diabate, the world’s finest exponent of the kora, to the bravely experimental Rokia Traoré. Tinariwen have performed alongside the Rolling Stones. There is the passionate social commentary of Oumou Sangare and the rousing, commercially successful African pop-fusion of Amadou & Mariam.

These musicians, with varied, distinctive styles, have educated Western audiences about Africa and their country’s ancient civilisation, and the way in which traditional families of musicians, the griots, acted as advisers to the rulers and as guardians of the country’s history, and kept alive an oral tradition for generation after generation.

But the Islamic rebel groups are attempting to wipe out this ancient culture — and in the process have forced Malian musicians to examine the role they should now play. Ansar said he was “ashamed at what has happened — and it was provoked by people who call themselves Muslims, like me”.

Muting dissent
At a censorship conference in Oslo, he said the militias were stopping the music “to impose their authority, so there’s nothing to threaten them. That’s why they are attacking the traditional chiefs and the musicians. And they are using concepts of Islam that are 14 centuries old and have never been applied. I find it strange that these ideas are being imposed now. It’s as if they took a computer and wiped the hard drive, and then imposed their ideas instead.”

The situation is particularly painful for musicians from the north of Mali, for bands such as Tinariwen from the nomadic Touareg or Kel Tamashek people, whose international popularity has been helped for the past 12 years by the Festival in the Desert.

There have been upheavals in the region in the past, including a huge rebellion in 1990, when Tamashek fighters turned against the Malian government, demanding greater autonomy, a right to defend and support their culture, and even demands for a new country, Azawad.

It seemed at first that the latest rebellion, now a year old, might follow a similar pattern, but it splintered and changed course, and Islamic groups took over from the nationalists, partly because the former nationalist leader, Iyad Ag Ghali (whose songs were once covered by Tinariwen), has now converted to a more extreme form of Islam.

Tinariwen are currently back in northern Mali or living in exile in southern Algeria, but when they played in London last year, guitarist and bass player Eyadou Ag Leche talked about their problems after the Islamists took over the north. Young people have been stopped from listening to music and families have had their televisions smashed for watching music shows, but music was still being played “underground”, he said.

As for the Islamists, he said that he “didn’t know where these people had come from”, and suggested they were financed through Qatar.

Other bands from the rebel areas reported similar problems. Pino Ibrahim ag Ahmed of Terakaft said he had been forced into exile in Algeria and “lost much of his land. I don’t know these groups, or what they want, and it’s dangerous moving around.” But he was determined to keep playing.

In the Malian capital Bamako, outside the rebel-controlled area, musicians are also determined to keep working but face different problems.

Bassekou Kouyaté, the world’s leading n’goni player, said that musicians in the city were unable to work at the moment because clubs had been closed, public concerts postponed, very few weddings were taking place and “even the concert in honour of the great balafon player Keletigui Diabaté, who died recently, has been cancelled. The government is nervous and afraid of terrorist attacks on public gatherings,” he said.

“They are asking everyone to wait until the situation in the north has calmed down.”

But he and his wife, the singer Amy Sacko, did take part in a national television programme, along with Oumou Sangaré, in which they “all sang against all forms of sharia law”.

One Mali
Asked about the French military involvement, Kouyaté said: “They have saved Mali from the Islamists. I am going to buy a French flag to put in front of my house, to say thank you. That is how us Malians feel now.”

The singer Fatoumata Diawara has just finished a new song and video, Peace. The aim, she said, was to promote peace and “show that not all Touaregs want an independent state in the north — we want one Mali”.

Touareg musicians appear in the video or perform on the song, as part of an extraordinary 45-strong cast that features 13 musicians, including Toumani Diabaté and guitar hero Djelimady Tounkara, and 29 singers, including Sangare, Amadou & Mariam and Ivory Coast reggae artist Tiken Jah Fakoly.

“There has never been anything like this in Mali,” Diawara said. “The political situation is bad so it’s time for the musicians to come together.”

She also agreed with Bassekou that “people are happy” about the French military involvement.