5 Sponsors: International Brain Research Organization International Research Universities Network Office of the Municipality of Krakow ( Krakowskie Konferencje Naukowe ) Head of the Institute of Psychology of the Jagiellonian University Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College Dean of the Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences of the Jagiellonian University Council of Student Science Societies of the Jagiellonian University Fund of Jan Kochanowski, Jagiellonian University Ph. D. Students' Association of the Jagiellonian University "Bratniak" Foundation of the Jagiellonian University Students and Graduates Hostel Centrum Krakow Exhibitors: Abcam plc Elmiko Medical Elsevier Urban & Partner Media Patronage: Świat Nauki (Scientific American) Aktualności Neurologiczne laboratoria.net szkolenia-krk.pl krakow.pl Contact: 5

8 Beck's place in the history of electroencephalography Anton Coenen (Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands) Life and work of Beck in Lemberg/Lwów Oksana Zayachkivska (Lviv National Medical University, Ukraine) * Discussion and Closing Remarks Stanisław Konturek (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland) coffee break Opening Ceremony with the special introduction by prof. Ryszard Przewłocki (the Chair of IBRO-CEERC) (Large Aula A) 8

20 May 9 th 2013 (Thursday) : ADOLF BECK S MEMORIAL SESSION Adolf Beck - discovery of the brain electrical activity Andrzej Trzebski Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Warsaw Medical University, Poland On 20 October 1890 Adolf Beck submitted for publication a short version of his doctoral thesis on the electrical potentials on the distinct areas of the brain cortex in dogs and rabbits, evoked by visual, auditory and limb sensory stimulations and observed spontaneously as a waxing and waning rhythmical electrical activity (Centralblatt Physiol., 1890; vol.4: ). The subject of his thesis was proposed by his teacher and mentor Napoleon Cybulski, the professor and chairman of the Department of Physiology at the Medical Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. The response to Beck s publication was immediate. Several claims to the priority of discovery and some critical remarks were raised and published. Beck (Centralblatt Physiol. 1890; vol.4: ) and Beck with Cybulski (Centralblatt Physiol. 1892; vol.6: 1-6) discussed and rejected them after additional testing experiments. Only an early publication of Richard Caton, a Liverpool physician (Br. Med. J. 1875, vol. 2: 278), unknown to Beck and to physiologists at that time, reported the findings similar to that discovered independently by Beck. The importance of the discovery is clear. In the last decades of the XIX century neuroscience was at its beginning. General view on the microstructure of the cerebral cortex was based on the theory of protoplasmic reticular theory unable to generate action potentials and on work of Golgi on thin interconnecting nerve filaments in the cortex. Recognition of nerve cells as independent units in cerebral cortex by Ramon y Cajal and the term neuron (von Waldeyer) were ahead. Debates on holistic function versus specific localized function of the brain cortex were going on. Discovery of Richard Caton, and independently of Adolf Beck was in the mainstream of emerging modern neuroscience in XIX century. Napoleon Cybulski and Adolf Beck the most prominent Polish physiologists at the Department of Physiology at the Faculty of Medicine of the Jagiellonian University between 1885 and 1895 Wiesław W. Pawlik, Tomasz Brzozowski, Stanisław Konturek Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland When Gustaw Piotrowski, for many years a professor of physiology at the Jagiellonian University Faculty of Medicine, died on the last day of 1884, the Faculty Council initiated the search for the most suitable candidate for the vacant position. The decision was made very soon and turned out to be extremely accurate. The faculty offered the position to a young 31-year-old researcher Napoleon Cybulski, a most promising student of Professor Ivan Tarchanov who was recognized as a prominent physiologist at the Military Surgical-Medical Academy in St Petersburg. Under Tarchanov s supervision Cybulski gained experience in physiology and experimental studies. After his graduation in 1880 with a medical diploma, Cybulski continued to work for Prof. Tarchanov until leaving for Kraków in During his work at St. Petersburg he had a scientific contact with Ivan Pavlow, because of the fact that they both worked on blood circulation at that time. One of his greatest achievements was the construction of a device for precise measurements of blood movement in the vessels - the photohemotachometer. In the field of endocrinology Cybulski together with Szymonowicz, found out that adrenal extracts contain biologically active substances that elevate blood pressure. He applied for the first time the device called condensator discharges, to stimulate nerves and in using this device, he analyzed changes in the excitability of tissues depending on the electrical energy and the time of its duration. In 1890 Adolf Beck received a doctor s degree in all medical sciences after completing his medical studies at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. As early as during his studies in 1886, he started working at the Department of Physiology of this university under the guidance of Napoleon 20

21 Cybulski. On Cybulski, s recommendation, Beck performed the research on the sensory centers in the central nervous system by means of the observations of electrical phenomena. In 1891 he published his famous doctoral thesis The determination of localizations in the brain and spinal cord with the aid of electrical phenomena. In the following years Beck continued research related to neurophysiology and electrical activity of the brain, but he also carried out a number of studies using the photohemotachometer. Beck studied blood flow in the portal vein. Oscillations in blood flow velocity in this important vein were rather moderate in normal conditions, but an increase in the velocity was observed during digestion, with an elevation of blood pressure and the increased heart rate. He also studied the blood pressure in peripheral veins and published the results in In 1895 Adolf Beck was appointed as the Chair in the newly organized Department of Physiology at the University in Lwów. From this extraordinary moment in Beck s life the scientific collaboration of both outstanding scientists was strengthened and continued until Cybulski s death on 26 April Beck s place in the history of electroencephalography Anton M.L. Coenen Department of Biological Psychology, Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands A cornerstone in the history of electroencephalography formed a paper of Adolf Beck from Poland in the Centralblatt für Physiologie in This was about the recording of electrical waves from the brains of animals. This was the start of a polemic arose between physiologists concerning the discovery of electrical brain activity. The discussion was ended by the Englishman Richard Caton referring to a, completely ignored, abstract from 1875, in which he described the spontaneous waxing and waning of the electrical waves recorded from the brains of animals. Caton's claim was convincing, and it is now accepted that this abstract contained the first description of the electroencephalogram. Beck was not aware of Caton's work, but he explored the electrical brain activity much more detailed and extensively. Beck described the localization of sensory modalities on the cerebral cortex by electrical and sensory stimulation and by recording the electrical activities with clay electrodes and a string galvanometer. Beck explored, in frogs, dogs and rabbits, the parts of the cortex that reacted upon stimulation with electronegativity. This was done for several sensory modalities and this was the first description of evoked potentials. Beck also found the spontaneous fluctuations of brain potentials, and brought up the potential decrease upon sensory stimulation. He observed a cessation in the fluctuations of the electrical waves after afferent stimulation. Thus, he was the first to describe the desynchronisation in the EEG following stimulation. Much later in 1929, the German Hans Berger published a lengthy paper about the recordings of electrical activity from the surface of the human brain, and promoted so the technique into a non-invasive one for humans. Berger described the conditions under which the two rhythms, alpha and beta rhythm, appeared. After seeing the changes in the electrical wave pattern during sleep and narcosis, and the aberrant activities during epileptic attacks, Berger came to the conclusion that the discovery of the EEG was a main breakthrough in neurophysiology, and highly important for its diagnostic value. This makes that he is now considered as the father of electroencephalography. Nevertheless, but in looking back it seems best to attribute the discovery of electroencephalography to the trio Richard Caton, for his brief description of brain waves, to Adolf Beck, for his extensive and innovative brain work in animals, and to Hans Berger, for making the recording technique applicable for humans. Life and work of Adolf Beck in Lemberg/Lwów Oksana Zayachkivska Physiology Department, Lviv National Medical University, Ukraine On the 28 th of May 1895 at an age of 32 Adolf Beck accepted the offer to take the chair and to be appointed professor at the Physiology Department in the Medical Faculty at the University in Lemberg, where he worked till This department in nowadays known as the Lviv National Medical University at Lviv in the Ukraine, a city formerly known as Lemberg ( ) or Lwów ( ; ). Beck also spent the rest of his life in this city where he, despite political 21

22 discrimination and racism, became one of the XX century s leading scientist, but unknown in the XXI century to a wide audience. Beck served the university as Dean in 1904/1905 and in 1916/1917, as a Rector in the period 1912/1913, and as a Pro-rector in the turbulent period 1914/1915. The whole scientific portrait of Adolf Beck is not only related to the development and use of electrophysiological and neurophysiological methods to investigate the cerebral cortex, but also to his work in the field of general physiology, such as visceral, sensory functions, and laboratory medicine. He achieved investigations into complicated, interdisciplinary problems, ranging from basic science to clinical problems. Beck s scientific creativity involved a synthesis of concepts and methods from diverse disciplines. Beck's influence on the growth of the fields of electrophysiology, neuroscience and human physiology is much greater than is apparent from his publications. During the First World War Beck was speaking on behalf of science with political opponents and developed lines of communication with them. As professor at the Medical Faculty, Adolf Beck emphasized that the science and education must be seen to bridge the political and social antitheses in public society. After the Second World War Adolf Beck was mainly disregarded, until Mary Brazier ( ) from the Harvard Medical School, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( ), of the Brain Research Institute at the University of California at Los Angeles ( ), neuroscientist, author and editor par excellence, international organizer, and the prominent expert in the history of neuroscience, translated Beck's dissertation into English (Beck, 1973). Despite the efforts of Dr. Brazier the name of Prof. Beck, important scientist, innovator, teacher, and great person, is still hidden in the world of global medical history, science and culture : OPENING LECTURE Kainate receptors and their interactome in neuron plasticity Juan Lerma Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain Of the known ionotropic glutamate receptors, kainate receptors (KARs) are ubiquitous in the CNS and are present at both sides of the synapse. Pre- and postsynaptic KARs regulate both transmission of information and excitability in a synapse-specific manner. The involvement of KARs in synaptic plasticity is now clear and they play a fundamental role in epilepsy through the strategic control of network excitability. Proteins interacting with KARs subunits are being identified and functional studies have evidenced the existence of a dual signalling system. Indeed, KARs may signal through ion flux or by activation of G-proteins. The latter was first observed in the hippocampus and later confirmed in other preparations. An essential aspect for neurotransmitter receptors function is the appropriate localization and cell surface expression. Differential subunit trafficking, targeting and assembly tightly regulates the physiological roles of glutamate receptors and these events are controlled through interactions with proteins that bind to cytoplasmic domains of receptor subunits. The knowledge of these aspects from KARs lags far behind that for other receptors, and only lately has our understanding of KARs trafficking and targeting grown. To get insights into these aspects, our lab recently started a project with the aim of identifying proteins involved in KARs signalling and/or trafficking. As a result, we have identified a number of proteins that seems to be important for the KARs function. Two instances of this are the following. 1- We have found that SNAP25, a protein classically involved in transmitter release, is critical for the synaptic removal of KARs, specifically acting via GluK5 subunits. SNAP25/PICK1/GluK5 interactions are dynamically regulated by protein kinase C resulting in the activity-dependent long-term depression of KAR-mediated synaptic responses, which provides a mechanism for both rapid and chronic changes in the number of synaptic KARs. 2-We have also identified CRMP2 and CRMP4 as interactors of GluK5 subunits. These proteins are highly expressed in the developing nervous system and are known to control neurite outgrowth, neuronal polarity and axon guidance. To assess how KARs could modulate neuronal development, mice DRG neurons were used as a model. We found that KARs modulate neuronal maturation and neurite outgrowth in a bidirectional manner. Data indicate that these actions were mediated by the control of CRMP2 phosphorylation sites after the kainate receptor activation of PKC. These facts document roles from KARs interacting proteins and further unveil a number of unexpected roles for KARs, some of them triggered through their non-canonical signalling. 22

23 May 10 th 2013 (Friday) : BASIC NEUROSCIENCE chaired by: Matthew Holt (VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Belgium) Fundamental Mechanics of Membrane Trafficking: Lessons from the Central Nervous System Matthew Holt VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Belgium Membrane fusion is absolutely fundamental to maintain the complex organization of eukaryotic cells, in which biochemically distinct processes occur in discrete membrane-bound organelles. These organelles need to communicate with each other, a process that usually involves specialized trafficking vesicles, which bud from the precursor compartment and are transported to the target compartment, where they dock and fuse. However, there are many problems inherent to such a system. For instance, how does one form a fully functional transport vesicle containing all the relevant lipids and proteins? How can it be ensured that this transport vesicle fuses with the correct target? How can you actually force together two negatively charged phospholipid membranes packed with protein? In this talk I will attempt to give an overview of our current understanding of mechanisms involved in membrane trafficking, using the best characterized example the release of neurotransmitter form neurons in response to action potential stimulation a process which requires the constant trafficking of small synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. A novel tangential neurons in the peripheral visual system of the Drosophila melanogaster Agata Kołodziejczyk Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagielonian University, Poland The morphology of the visual system in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, is very well described. However tangential neurons communicating in paracrine fashion are only partially known. Using transgenic fly lines combined with immunocytochemistry we discovered four new types of efferent tangential neurons branching distally to the lamina which express respectively: myoinhibitory peptide, acetylcholine and two types of serotonin receptors: 5-HT1A and 5-HT7. We speculate, that discovered tangential 'plexus' may function as an internal eyelid of the Drosophila eye. Different availability of potassium currents determines two functionally distinct populations of CCK-expressing neurons in the CA3 region Viktor Oláh, Janos Szabadics Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary Specific functions of various voltage-dependent ionic channels contribute to the functional divergence of GABAergic cell types by resulting in different excitability properties. We distinguished two populations of CCK-expressing GABAergic cells (CCK-IN) in the CA3 region of the hippocampus based on the presence or the absence of a potassium current that leads to state-dependent firing properties using recordings from anatomically identified GABAergic cells in acute slices. We found that in a large subset of CCK-INs action potentials are inhibited at the onset when the firing patterns were recorded from hyperpolarized membrane potentials. However, this transient outward rectification (TOR) was absent in the same cells at depolarized membrane potentials. Interestingly, the second 23

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