This is my project config.xml. Notice that whitelist plugin is well installed and is configured by me to allow-intent to geo:*

Third,

We should install device, geolocation, network-information and test out that other plugins are working properly or not. We should that we are focused on geolocation not working error.

The timeout for geolocation code should be increased upto 50000 to make it test well that our code is working or not.

Finally lets work on your device. It might happen to you that your geolocation might be working on one device and not on other. So this should too be confirmed. Because if your code running well on one android device. Then problem is already solved. It might only be network issue on second.

While adding android platform to your project make sure that you have used following command. Because it will provide you latest cordova-android version. Other commands will never do out this job for you. Geolocation plugin always asks for cordova version > 5.0 To achieve this kindly use following code to add android platform to your project.