Johnson founded one of New Mexico's largest construction companies.[2] He entered politics for the first time by running for Governor of New Mexico in 1994 on a low-tax, anti-crime platform,[3] promising a 'common sense business approach'. He beat incumbent Democratic governor Bruce King by 50% to 40%. He cut the 10% annual growth in the budget, in part due to his use of the gubernatorial veto 200 times during his first six months.[2]

Johnson sought re-election in 1998, winning by 55% to 45%. In his second term, he concentrated on the issue of school voucher reforms[4] as well as campaigning for cannabisdecriminalization. During his tenure as governor, Johnson adhered to an anti-tax policy, setting state and national records for the number of times he used his veto power:[2] more than the other 49 contemporary governors put together.[5][6]Term-limited, Johnson retired from front-line politics in 2003.

Johnson ran again in 2016,[10] once again winning the Libertarian nomination and naming former Republican Governor of Massachusetts Bill Weld as his running mate.[11] Johnson received 4,489,235 votes (3.27% of the total vote), which is the most for a third party presidential candidate since 1996 and the highest national vote share for a Libertarian candidate in history.
After the 2016 presidential election, Johnson stated he will not run for the presidency again.[12] In August 2018, Johnson declared his intention to run for the U.S. Senate in the 2018 New Mexico senate race against incumbent Democratic senator Martin Heinrich.[13]

While in college, Johnson earned money as a door-to-door handyman.[18] His success in that industry encouraged him to start his own business, Big J Enterprises, in 1976. When he started the business, which focused on mechanical contracting, Johnson was its only employee.[19] His firm's major break came when he received a large contract from Intel's expansion in Rio Rancho, which increased Big J's revenue to $38 million.[20]

To cope with the growth of the company, Johnson enrolled in a time management course at night school, which he credits with making him heavily goal driven.[20] He eventually grew Big J into a multimillion-dollar corporation with over 1,000 employees.[21] By the time he sold the company in 1999, it was one of New Mexico's leading construction companies.[22]

Johnson entered politics in 1994 with the intention of running for governor and was advised by "Republican Elders"[20] to run for the State Legislature instead.[20] Despite their advice, Johnson spent $500,000 of his own money and entered the race with the intent of bringing a "common sense business approach" to the office.[23] Johnson's campaign slogan was "People before Politics".[24] His platform emphasized tax cuts, job creation, state government spending growth restraint, and law and order.[3] He won the Republican nomination, defeating state legislator Richard P. Cheney by 34% to 33%, with John Dendahl and former governor David F. Cargo in third and fourth. Johnson subsequently won a plurality in the three-way general election, defeating the incumbent Governor Bruce King (a relatively conservative Democrat) and the former Lieutenant Governor Roberto Mondragón (who ran as a Green) with just under 50% of the vote. Johnson was elected in a nationally Republican year, although party registration in the state of New Mexico at the time was 2-to-1 Democratic.[25]

As governor, Johnson followed a strict small-government approach. According to former New Mexico Republican National Committee member Mickey D. Barnett, "Any time someone approached him about legislation for some purpose, his first response always was to ask if government should be involved in that to begin with."[26] He vetoed 200 of 424 bills passed in his first six months in office—a national record of 47% of all legislation—and used the line-item veto on most remaining bills.[2] In office, Johnson fulfilled his campaign promise to reduce the 10% annual growth of the state budget.[2] In his first budget, Johnson proposed a wide range of tax cuts, including a repeal of the prescription drug tax, a $47 million income tax cut, and a 6-cents-per-gallon gasoline tax cut. However, of these, only the gasoline tax cut was passed.[27] During the November 1995 federal government shutdown, he joined 20 other Republican governors who called on the Republican leadership in Congress to stand firm against the Clinton administration in budget negotiations; in the article reporting on the letter and concomitant news conference he was quoted as calling for eliminating the budget deficit through proportional cuts across the budget.[28] Although Johnson worked to reduce overall state spending, in his first term he raised education spending by nearly a third.[29] When drop-out rates and test scores showed little improvement, Johnson changed his tactics and began advocating school vouchers—a key issue in budget battles of his second term as governor.[29]

In 1998, Johnson ran for re-election as governor against Democratic Albuquerque MayorMartin Chávez. In his campaign, Johnson promised to continue the policies of his first term: improving schools; cutting state spending, taxes, and bureaucracy; and frequent use of his veto and line-item veto power.[30] Fielding a strong Hispanic candidate in a 40% Hispanic state, the Democrats were expected to oust Johnson,[29] but Johnson won by a margin of 55% to 45%.[31] This made him the first governor of New Mexico to serve two successive four-year terms after term limits were expanded to two terms in 1991.[23] Johnson made the promotion of a school voucher system a "hallmark issue" of his second term.[32] In 1999, he proposed the first statewide voucher system in America, which would have enrolled 100,000 students in its first year.[29]

That year, he vetoed two budgets that failed to include a voucher program and a government shutdown was threatened,[29] but ultimately yielded to Democratic majorities in both houses of the New Mexico Legislature, who opposed the plan. Johnson signed the budget, but line-item vetoed a further $21 million, or 1%, from the legislative plan.[33] In 1999, Johnson became one of the highest-ranking elected officials in the US to advocate the legalization of marijuana.[34] Saying the War on Drugs was "an expensive bust", he advocated the decriminalization of marijuana use and concentration on harm-reduction measures for all other illegal drugs. He compared attempts to enforce the nation's drug laws with the failed attempt at alcohol prohibition. In remarks in 2011, he noted: "Half of what government spends on police, courts and prisons is to deal with drug offenders."[19] He suggested that drug abuse be treated as a health issue, not as a criminal issue. His approach to the issue garnered supportive notice from conservative icon William F. Buckley,[35] as well as the Cato Institute and Rolling Stone.[20]

In 2000, Johnson proposed a more ambitious voucher program than he had proposed the year before, under which each parent would receive $3,500 per child for education at any private or parochial school.[32] The Democrats sought $90m extra school funding without school vouchers, and questioned Johnson's request for more funding for state-run prisons, having opposed his opening of two private prisons.[36] Negotiations between the governor and the legislature were contentious, again nearly leading to a government shutdown. In 2000, New Mexico was devastated by the Cerro Grande Fire. Johnson's handling of the disaster earned him accolades from The Denver Post, which observed that:

Johnson.....was all over the Cerro Grande Fire last week. He helped reporters understand where the fire was headed when low-level Forest Service officials couldn't, ran herd over the bureaucratic process of getting state and federal agencies and the National Guard involved, and even helped put out some of the fire with his feet. On a tour of Los Alamos last Wednesday, when he saw small flames spreading across a lawn, he had his driver stop his car. He jumped out and stomped on the flames, as did his wife and some of his staffers.[37]

Johnson's leadership during the fire was praised by Democratic Congressman Tom Udall, who said: "I think the real test of leadership is when you have circumstances like this. He's called on his reserves of energy and has just been a really excellent leader under very difficult circumstances here."[37] Johnson rebuffed efforts by the Libertarian Party to draft him in the 2000 presidential election, stating himself to be a Republican with no interest in running for president.[38]

According to anonymous sources, Governor Johnson was known for a lack of interest in policy details[39] and those who worked with Johnson at the time "recall a chief executive who would speed through meetings and often preferred to discuss his fitness routine than focus on the minutiae of policymaking."[39] In his first term, he frequently clashed with the legislature, but in the second term, he "became more comfortable with the limits of his executive power" and took a more conciliatory approach.[39]

Commentator Andrew Sullivan quoted a claim that Johnson "is highly regarded in the state for his outstanding leadership during two terms as governor. He slashed the size of state government during his term and left the state with a large budget surplus."[40] In an interview in Reason magazine in January 2001, Johnson's accomplishments in office were described as follows: "no tax increases in six years, a major road building program, shifting Medicaid to managed care, constructing two new private prisons, canning 1,200 state employees, and vetoing a record number of bills."[23] According to one New Mexico paper, "Johnson left the state fiscally solid" and was "arguably the most popular governor of the decade… leaving the state with a $1 billion budget surplus."[41]The Washington Times reported that when Johnson left office, "the size of state government had been substantially reduced and New Mexico was enjoying a large budget surplus."[26]

According to a profile of Johnson in the National Review, "During his tenure, he vetoed more bills than the other 49 governors combined—750 in total, one third of which had been introduced by Republican legislators. Johnson also used his line-item-veto power thousands of times. He credits his heavy veto pen for eliminating New Mexico's budget deficit and cutting the growth rate of New Mexico's government in half."[42] According to the Myrtle Beach Sun News, Johnson "said his numerous vetoes, only two of which were overridden, stemmed from his philosophy of looking at all things for their cost–benefit ratio and his axe fell on Republicans as well as Democrats."[19]

While in office, Johnson was criticized for opposing funding for an independent study of private prisons after a series of riots and killings at the facilities.[43] Martin Chavez, his opponent in the 1998 New Mexico gubernatorial race, criticized Johnson for his frequent vetoing of programs, suggesting that it resulted in New Mexico's low economic and social standing nationally.[44] Journalist Mark Ames described Johnson as "a hard-core conservative" who "ruled the state like a right-wing authoritarian" and only embraced marijuana legalization in his second term for populist gain.[45] This was mainly in reference to a commercial from Johnson's reelection campaign featuring Johnson saying that a felon in New Mexico would serve "every lousy second" of their prison sentence. Johnson insisted, however, that the commercial was directed at "the guy who's got his gun out" rather than nonviolent drug offenders.[45]

Johnson was term limited and could not run for a third consecutive term as governor in 2002.[46] In the 2008 presidential election campaign, Johnson endorsed Ron Paul for the Republican nomination, "because of his commitment to less government, greater liberty, and lasting prosperity for America."[47][48] Johnson spoke at Paul's "Rally for the Republic" on September 2, 2008.[49]

As of April 2011[update], he serves on the board of directors of Students For Liberty, a nonprofit libertarian organization.[51] His first book, Seven Principles of Good Government, was published on August 1, 2012.[52]

In 2009, Johnson began indicating interest in running for president in the 2012 election.[53][54] In the April 20, 2009 edition of The American Conservative magazine, Bill Kauffman told readers to "keep an eye out" for a Johnson presidential campaign in 2012, reporting that Johnson had told him that "he was keeping his options open for 2012" and that "he may take a shot at the Republican presidential nomination in 2012 as an antiwar, anti-Fed, pro-personal liberties, slash-government-spending candidate—in other words, a Ron Paul libertarian".[53] During a June 24, 2009 appearance on Fox News's Freedom Watch, host Judge Andrew Napolitano asked Johnson if he would run for president in 2012, to which Johnson responded that he thought it would be inappropriate to openly express his desires before President Obama is given the opportunity to prove himself, but he followed up that statement by saying "it appears personal freedoms are being shoveled out the window more and more."[55]

In an October 26, 2009, interview with the Santa Fe New Mexican's Steve Terrell, Johnson announced his decision to form an advocacy committee called the Our America Initiative to help him raise funds and promote small government ideas. In December 2009, Johnson asked strategist Ron Nielson of NSON Opinion Strategy, who has worked with Johnson since 1993 when he ran his successful gubernatorial campaign, to organize the Our American Initiative as a 501(c)(4) committee. Nielson serves as a senior advisor to Our America Initiative. The stated focus of the organization is to "speak out on issues regarding topics such as government efficiency, lowering taxes, ending the war on drugs, protecting civil liberties, revitalizing the economy and promoting entrepreneurship and privatization".[56] The move prompted speculation among media pundits and Johnson's supporters that he might be laying the groundwork for a 2012 presidential run.[57][58] Throughout 2010, Johnson repeatedly deflected questions about a 2012 presidential bid by saying his 501(c)(4) status prevented him from expressing a desire to run for federal office on politics.[59][60] However, he was outspoken about the issues affecting the country, particularly "the size and cost of government" and the "deficits and debt that truly threaten to consume the U.S. economy, and which represent the single greatest threat to our national security."[61]

On April 21, 2011 Johnson announced via Twitter, "I am running for president."[66] He followed this announcement with a speech at the New Hampshire State House in Concord, New Hampshire.[7] He was the first of an eventually large field to announce his candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination.[67] Johnson again chose Ron Nielson of NSON Opinion Strategy a director for both of his New Mexico gubernatorial campaigns, as his presidential campaign manager and senior advisor.[67] The campaign was headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, where Nielson's offices are located.[67] Johnson's economics advisor was Harvard economics professor Jeffrey Miron.[68] Initially, Johnson hoped Ron Paul would not run for president so that Johnson could galvanize Paul's network of libertarian-minded voters, and he even traveled to Houston to tell Paul of his decision to run in person,[67] but Paul announced his candidacy on May 13, 2011.

Johnson participated in the first of the Republican presidential debates, hosted by Fox News in South Carolina on May 5, 2011, appearing on stage with Herman Cain, Ron Paul, Tim Pawlenty, and Rick Santorum. Mitt Romney and Michele Bachmann both declined to debate. Johnson was excluded from the next three debates on June 13 (hosted by CNN in New Hampshire), August 11 (hosted by Fox News in Iowa), and September 7 (hosted by CNN in California).[67] After the first exclusion, Johnson made a 43-minute video responding to each of the debate questions, which he posted on YouTube.[67][69] The first exclusion, which was widely publicized, gave Johnson "a little bump" in name recognition and produced "a small uptick" in donations.[67] But "the long term consequences were dismal."[67] For the financial quarter ending June 30, Johnson raised a mere $180,000.[67] Fox News decided that because Johnson polled at least 2% in five recent polls, he could participate in a September 22 debate in Florida, which it co-hosted with the Florida Republican Party (the party objected to Johnson's inclusion).[67] Johnson participated, appearing on stage with Michele Bachmann, Herman Cain, Newt Gingrich, Jon Huntsman, Ron Paul, Rick Perry, Mitt Romney, and Rick Santorum. During the debate, Johnson delivered what many media outlets, including the Los Angeles Times, and Time, called the best line of the night: "My next-door neighbor's two dogs have created more shovel ready jobs than this administration."[70][71]Entertainment Weekly opined that Johnson had won the debate.[72]

Although Johnson had focused the majority of his campaign activities on the New Hampshire primary, he announced on November 29, 2011 that he would no longer campaign there due to his inability to gain traction with less than a month until the primary.[73] There was speculation in the media that he might run as a Libertarian Party candidate instead. Johnson acknowledged that he was considering such a move.[74][75][76] In December, Politico reported that Johnson would quit the Republican primaries and announce his intention to seek the Libertarian Party nomination at a December 28 press conference.[77] He also encouraged his supporters to vote for Ron Paul in 2012 Republican presidential primaries.[78]

On December 28, 2011, Johnson formally withdrew his candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination, and declared his candidacy for the 2012 presidential nomination of the Libertarian Party in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[8] On May 5, 2012, at the 2012 Libertarian National Convention, Johnson received the Libertarian Party's official nomination for president in the 2012 election, by a vote of 419 votes to 152 votes for second-place candidate R. Lee Wrights.[1][79] In his acceptance speech, Johnson asked the convention's delegates to nominate as his running mate Judge Jim Gray of California.[80] Gray subsequently received the party's vice-presidential nomination on the first ballot.[79]

Johnson spent the early months of his campaign making media appearances on television programs such as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart[81] and Red Eye w/Greg Gutfeld.[82] Starting in September 2012, Johnson embarked on a three-week tour of college campuses throughout the US.[83][84] On October 23, 2012, Gary Johnson participated in a third-party debate that was aired on C-SPAN, RT America, and Al Jazeera English.[85][86] A post-debate online election allowed people to choose two candidates from the debate they thought had won to face each other head to head in a run-off debate. Gary Johnson and Jill Stein won the poll.[87] They debated in Washington, D.C., on November 5, 2012.[88]

Johnson stated that his goal was to win at least 5 percent of the vote, as winning 5 percent would allow Libertarian Party candidates equal ballot access and federal funding during the next election cycle.[89][90] In a national Gallup poll of likely registered voters conducted June 7 through June 10, 2012, Johnson took 3% of the vote,[91] while a Gallup poll conducted September 6 through September 9, 2012, showed Johnson taking 1% of likely voters.[92]

The final results showed Johnson received 1% of the popular vote, a total of 1,275,971 votes.[93] This was the best result in the Libertarian Party's history by raw vote number, though under the 1.1 percentage of the vote won by Ed Clark in 1980.[9][94][95] Despite falling short of his stated goal of 5%, Johnson stated, "Ours is a mission accomplished."[96] In regards to a future presidential bid, he said "it is too soon to be talking about 2016".[96]

In December 2013, Johnson announced the founding of his own Super PAC, Our America Initiative PAC. The Super PAC is intended to support libertarian-minded causes. "From the realities of government-run healthcare setting in to the continuing disclosures of the breadth of NSA's domestic spying, more Americans than ever are ready to take a serious look at candidates who offer real alternatives to business-as-usual," the release announcing the PAC said.[99]

In July 2014, Johnson was named president and CEO of Cannabis Sativa Inc., a Nevada-based company that aims primarily to sell medical cannabis products in states where medicinal and/or recreational cannabis is legal.[100][101]

In an April 2014 "Ask Me Anything" session on Reddit, Johnson stated that he hoped to run for president again in 2016.[102] On whether he would run as a Libertarian or a Republican, he stated: "I would love running as a Libertarian because I would have the least amount of explaining to do."[102]

In November 2014, Johnson affirmed his intention to run for the 2016 Libertarian nomination.[103] In July 2015, Johnson reiterated his intentions for a presidential campaign but stated he was not announcing anything imminently: "I just think there are more downsides than upsides to announcing at this point, and, look, I don't have any delusions about the process. In retrospect, 90 percent of the time I spent [trying to become president] ended up to be wasted time."[104]

In January 2016, Johnson resigned from his post as CEO of Cannabis Sativa, Inc., to pursue political opportunities, hinting to a 2016 presidential run.[105]

On September 8, Johnson drew widespread negative attention when he appeared on MSNBC's Morning Joe and was asked by panelist Mike Barnicle, "As president, what would you do about Aleppo?" Johnson responded, "And what is Aleppo?". After a clarification from Barnicle, Johnson answered by saying that "the only way that we deal with Syria is to join hands with Russia to diplomatically bring that at an end"[108] Johnson criticized U.S. support for the Free Syrian Army and Kurdish forces and stated that the "mess" in Syria was "the result of regime change that we end up supporting. And, inevitably, these regime changes have led to a less-safe world."[108] Johnson's "what is Aleppo?" question drew widespread attention, much of it negative.[109][110] In response to charges that he was uninformed, Johnson said that he had "blanked," that he did "understand the dynamics of the Syrian conflict," and that he had thought that Barnicle's reference to "Aleppo" was in relation to "an acronym, not the Syrian conflict."[110]

On September 23, in a MSNBC interview with Kasie Hunt, Gary Johnson noted the benefits of being invited to the 2016 Presidential Debates. While discussing this topic, Johnson stuck out his tongue through his teeth at the reporter while explaining that he could win a three-way debate, and ultimately the Presidency, versus Clinton and Trump while speaking in that manner. Johnson's spokesperson, John LaBeaume, later stated, "He was just having fun" and that it was "lighthearted".[111]

On September 28, in a MSNBC Town Hall, Johnson was asked by Chris Matthews to name a world leader he respected, he tried to name Vicente Fox, a former President of Mexico, but could not remember his name.[112][113][114] The following day, he tweeted, "It's been almost 24 hours...and I still can't come up with a foreign leader I look up to." Later in a CNN interview, he expanded upon his reluctance to endorse political leaders, "I held a lot of people in this country on pedestals and then I get to meet them up front and personal and I find out that they're all about getting re-elected, that they're not about issues, a lot of empty suits that I held up on pedestals."[115]

When asked on October 5 by The New York Times if he knew the name of the leader of North Korea, Johnson said "yes," but declined to give the name despite being pressed.[116][117]

Johnson was not invited to participate in the presidential debates because he did not meet the criterion of 15% support in five polls set by the Commission on Presidential Debates. In 2015, Johnson and Green Party nominee Jill Stein filed a lawsuit against the commission, arguing that the commission and its rules violated antitrust law and the First Amendment. In August 2016, the lawsuit was dismissed.[118] Johnson's poll numbers had been averaging between 7 and 9 percent.[119] Johnson's campaign manager Ron Nielson argued for Johnson's inclusion, citing Ross Perot's admission to the debates in the 1992 debates, when Perot was polling at 8 percent.[120]

A Washington Post-SurveyMonkey 50-state poll, conducted online between August 9 and September 1 found Gary Johnson polling at 10% or higher in 42 states, and at 15% or higher in 15 states (Johnson received 25% in his home state of New Mexico and 23% in Utah).[121] Another poll conducted in mid-August by the Pew Research Center found Johnson supported by about 10% of registered voters. Of Johnson supporters, more than 60% identified as independent and more than 70% were younger than fifty years old. Johnson's supporters were evenly divided between men and women.[122]

After the election, Johnson stated in an interview with the Albuquerque Journal that he does not intend to run for public office again, saying, "Maybe I stay politically active, but not as a candidate. I will leave that to others."[12] He subsequently confirmed that he would not seek the Libertarian Party's nomination in 2020.

Johnson's views have been described as fiscally conservative and socially liberal[125] with a philosophy of limited government[126] and military non-interventionism.[127][128] Johnson spoke at the 2016 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC),[129] a forum for conservative politicians. He has identified as a classical liberal.[130] He would repeal Obamacare.[131] Johnson has said he favors simplifying and reducing taxes.[132] During his governorship, Johnson cut taxes fourteen times and never increased them.[133] Due to his stance on taxes, political pundit David Weigel described him as "the original Tea Party candidate."[134] Johnson has advocated the FairTax as a template for tax reform. This proposal would abolish all federal income, corporate and capital gains taxes, and replace them with a 23% tax on consumption of all non-essential goods, while providing a regressiverebate to households according to household size, regardless of income level. He has argued that this would ensure transparency in the tax system and incentivize the private sector to create "tens of millions of jobs."[135] In June 2016, Johnson said that he supported the Trans-Pacific Partnership, stating that he previously was skeptical "because these trade agreements are just laden with crony capitalism," but is now informed it, in fact, fosters free trade.[136]

Despite acknowledging the possibility that humans may be partially responsible for climate change, Johnson rejects government action to control or limit it - including cap and trade - as ineffective. "When you look at the amount of money we are looking to spend on global warming — in the trillions — and look at the result, I just argue that the result is completely inconsequential to the money we would end up spending," he said. "We can direct those moneys to other ways that would be much more beneficial to mankind."[137] Johnson has signed the Western Governors' Association resolution, which aims at "collaborative, incentive driven, locally-based solutions," and has advocated for free market solutions to environmental problems. He has stated that he will not "compromise when it comes to clean air, clean land, or clean water."[138] Johnson supports nuclear energy and fossil fuels, but has stated that the government has a role to protect Americans against businesses that would harm human health or property, including environmental harm.[139]

Unlike Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton, Johnson supports the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC, allowing unlimited corporate independent expenditures on political campaigns. Johnson supports, however, full disclosure of such expenditures.[140]

He has stated he supports "slashing government spending", including Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security,[132] which would involve cutting Medicare and Medicaid by 43 percent and turning them into block grant programs, with control of spending in the hands of the states to create, in his words, "fifty laboratories of innovation."[141] He has referred to Social Security as a pyramid scheme. He has advocated passing a law allowing for state bankruptcy and expressly ruling out a federal bailout of any states.[126] Johnson has expressed opposition to the Federal Reserve System, which he has cited as massively devaluing the strength of the U.S. dollar, and would not veto legislation to eliminate it - although he has stated that no such bill is likely to come out of Congress during his administration. He has also supported an audit of the central bank, and urged Members of Congress in July 2012 to vote in favor of Ron Paul's Federal Reserve Transparency Act.[142]

In his campaign for the Libertarian Party nomination, he stated he opposed foreign wars and pledged to cut the military budget by 43 percent in his first term as president.[128] He would cut the military's overseas bases, uniformed and civilian personnel, research and development, intelligence, and nuclear weapons programs, while maintaining an "invincible defense."[143][144] Johnson opposes U.S. involvement in the War in Afghanistan and opposed the U.S. involvement in the Libyan Civil War.[145] He has stated that he does not believe Iran is a military threat, would use his presidential power to prevent Israel from attacking Iran, and would not follow Israel, or any other ally, into a war that it had initiated.[146] While Johnson views the Islamic threat to the US as overrated, he has been openly advocating for greater diplomacy with China regarding North Korea, which, in his view, "is the biggest threat in the world today," stating "...one of these days, one of their ICBMs is going to work."[147] However, he does support waging war for humanitarian reasons.[148][149][150]

Johnson presents himself as a strong supporter of civil liberties and received the highest score of any candidate from the American Civil Liberties Union for supporting drug decriminalization while opposing censorship and regulation of the Internet, the Patriot Act, enhanced airport screenings, and the indefinite detention of prisoners.[151] He has spoken in favor of the separation of church and state, and has said that he does not "seek the counsel of God" when determining his political agenda.[152] Johnson endorsed same-sex marriage in 2011;[153] he has since called for a constitutional amendment protecting equal marriage rights,[153] and criticized Obama's position on the issue as having "thrown this question back to the states."[154] Johnson supports the enforcement of Protected Classes that was established by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and believes that providers should be prohibited from discriminating between customers based on demographics, such as race or sexuality. This differentiated him from his Libertarian Party opponents in the party primary, especially Austin Petersen. He has been a longtime advocate of legalizing marijuana and has said that if he were president, he would remove it from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act as well as issue an executive order pardoning non-violent marijuana offenders.[155] Johnson has stated that he would pardon NSAwhistleblowerEdward Snowden.[156]

Johnson supports current federal laws regarding abortion. He has stated he believes that "it's the woman's choice." His 2016 position page on abortion states the "woman must be allowed to make decisions about her own health" and "government should not be in the business of second guessing".[157]

Johnson opposes federal and state gun control legislation, saying: "I'm a firm believer in the Second Amendment and so I would not have signed legislation banning assault weapons or automatic weapons."[158] Johnson says that the Second Amendment "was designed to protect us against a government that could be very intrusive. And in this country, we have a growing police state - if people can own assault rifles or automatic rifles, I think leads to a more civil government."[158] Johnson would, however, limit weapons such as rocket launchers.[158] Johnson believes that allowing concealed carrying of guns reduces crime and gun violence.[158][159] He opposes barring gun sales to individuals on the no-fly list, because he claims that such lists have a high error rate.[159] Johnson has called for a "thousand-person taskforce" or "hot line" to prevent terrorists from obtaining guns, and has questioned why the perpetrator of the Orlando nightclub shooting was not "deprived of his guns" after being interviewed three times.[160]

Johnson was married to his college girlfriend, Dee Johnson (née Simms; 1952–2006) from 1977 to 2005.[161][162] As First Lady of New Mexico, she engaged in campaigns against smoking and for breast cancer-awareness[163] and oversaw the expansion of the Governor's Mansion. He initiated a separation in May 2005, and four months later he announced that they would divorce.[164] At the age of 54, Dee Johnson died unexpectedly on December 22, 2006,[165] her cause of death later attributed to hypertensive heart disease.[166] The couple had two children, now adults.[161]

Johnson became engaged to Santa Fe real estate agent Kate Prusack in 2009, a year after meeting her at a bike race in Santa Fe.[167] Prusack has stated that the reason they have not yet married is because "[m]y fiance's always on the road."[168]

On October 12, 2005, Johnson was involved in a near-fatal paragliding accident when his wing caught in a tree and he fell approximately 50 feet (15 m) to the ground. Johnson suffered multiple bone fractures, including a burst fracture to his twelfth thoracic vertebra, a broken rib, and a broken knee; this accident left him 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) shorter.[176][177][178] He used medicinal marijuana for pain control from 2005 to 2008.[179]

Common Sense for the Common Good; Libertarianism as the End of Two-Party Tyranny was published as an e-book on September 27, 2016. Johnson describes the book as an examination of "the root causes that have brought the two-party system to crisis."[186]

1.
Bruce King
–
Bruce King was an American businessman and politician. He served three terms as the governor of the state of New Mexico and he was a member of the Democratic Party. King was born on April 6,1924 in Stanley, New Mexico and he served in the U. S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, Kings career in politics began when he was elected to the Santa Fe Board of County Commissioners in 1954. He was re-elected and served as the chairman of the board during his second term, in 1959, he was elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives. He served five terms in the House and during three of his terms he was Speaker of the House. From 1968 to 1969, King was chairman of the state Democratic Party, in 1969, he was also the president of the State Constitutional Convention. In 1970, King was elected as governor, defeating Republican Pete Domenici and he served as the 23rd, 25th and 28th Governor of New Mexico from 1971 until 1975,1979 until 1983 and from 1991 until 1995. His terms were non-consecutive because the New Mexico constitution did not allow governors to succeed themselves prior to 1991 and it is suggested in this work that the corruption and brutality tolerated under Kings administration were contributing factors to the high level of violence in the riot. King was married to his wife Alice for 61 years until her death on December 7,2008 and their son Gary King served as New Mexico Attorney General from 2007 to 2015 and was the Democratic nominee for Governor in 2014. King was recovering from a procedure in September 2009 to adjust the pacemaker that was implanted after he had a heart attack in 1997. He died on November 13,2009 in Stanley, New Mexico, the 1980 New Mexico Prison Riot. Cowboy in the Roundhouse, A Political Life, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. New Report Describes Events Surrounding New Mexico Prison Riot, bruce King at Find a Grave

2.
Bill Richardson
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William Blaine Bill Richardson III is an American politician who was 30th Governor of New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. Although the investigation was dropped, it was seen to have damaged Richardsons career, as his second. Richardson occasionally troubleshoots diplomatic issues with North Korea, Bill Richardson was born in Pasadena, California. His mother, María Luisa López-Collada Márquez, was the Mexican-born daughter of a Spanish father from Villaviciosa, Asturias and a Mexican mother, Richardsons father was born on a ship heading towards Nicaragua. Just before Bill Richardson was born, his father sent his mother to California to give birth because, as Richardson explained, Richardson, a U. S. citizen by birthright, spent his childhood in Mexico City and was raised Roman Catholic. When Richardson was 13, his parents sent him to Massachusetts to attend a school, Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts. He entered Tufts University in 1966 where he continued to play baseball, Richardson is a descendant of William Brewster, a passenger on the Mayflower. In 1967, he pitched in the amateur Cape Cod Baseball League for the Cotuit Kettleers in Cotuit, a Kettleers program included the words Drafted by K. C. Information which, according to the investigation, was provided by the players or their college coaches. Richardson said, He earned a Bachelors degree at Tufts University in 1970, majoring in French and political science and he earned a masters degree in international affairs from Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1971. He had met his wife, Barbara Flavin, in high school. After college, Richardson worked for Republican Congressman F. Bradford Morse from Massachusetts and he was later a staff member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Richardson worked on congressional relations for the Henry Kissinger State Department during the Nixon Administration, two years later, Richardson was elected to New Mexicos newly created third district, taking in most of the northern part of the state. Richardson spent 14 years in Congress, representing the countrys most diverse district, Richardson served as Chairman of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus in the 98th Congress and as Chairman of the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Native American Affairs in the 103rd Congress. For his work as a channel to Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Mexicos president at the time of the negotiations, he was awarded the Aztec Eagle Award. Richardson also visited Nicaragua, Guatemala, Cuba, Peru, India, North Korea, Bangladesh, Nigeria, due to these missions, Richardson was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize three times. The Senate confirmed Richardson to be Clintons Secretary of Energy on July 31,1998 and his tenure at the Department of Energy was marred by the Wen Ho Lee nuclear controversy. Richardson publicly named Lee, an employee at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lee was later cleared of espionage charges and won a settlement against the federal government for the accusation

3.
Minot, North Dakota
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Minot is a city in and the county seat of Ward County, North Dakota, United States, in the states north-central region. It is most widely known for the Air Force base located approximately 15 miles north of the city, founded in 1886 during the construction of the Great Northern Railway, Minot is also known as Magic City, commemorating its remarkable growth in size over a short time. It was the end of the line, so whenever a train came into the town and the stop was announced, the conductor would call out Minot. The town site was chosen by the railroad to be placed on the land of then-homesteader Erik Ramstad, Ramstad was convinced to relinquish his claim, and became one of the city leaders. The town was named after Henry D. Minot, a railroad investor and its Arikara name is niwaharít sahaáhkat, its Hidatsa name is dibiarugareesh. The city was incorporated on June 28,1887, the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad later built a line from Valley City up to Canada, while initially their plan was to cross the Souris River at Burlington, local interests and arguments convinced them otherwise, landholders along the new route donated the right-of-way. Minot and its area were wide open throughout 1905-20. Population grew rapidly due to construction and availability of unclaimed land. The hotbed of bootlegging, prostitution, and opium dens that sprang up in the Downtown area soon led people to give Minot the nickname Little Chicago. The Smugglers used a network of tunnels to transport and conceal the illicit cargo entering from Canada. In 1969, a flood on the Souris River devastated the city. Afterward, the Army Corps of Engineers straightened the path of the river through the city, on January 18,2002, a severe train derailment west of the city sent a gigantic cloud of anhydrous ammonia toward Minot, and Burlington. One man died and many of Minots citizens were sickened and severely injured by the noxious gas, in early 2006, court cases were heard in Minneapolis, Minnesota, against Canadian Pacific Railway, the owner of the derailed train. The anhydrous ammonia spill was the largest such spill in U. S. history, the 2011 Souris River flood caused extensive damage throughout the Souris River Valley. On June 21,2011, KXMC-TV reported that a flood of historic proportions was imminent in the Souris River Valley, largely due to large dam releases upstream. On June 26, flooding exceeded previous records when the river crested at 1,561.72 feet above sea level and it is estimated that 20 percent of Minot sustained damage from the flood. This figure includes over 4,100 homes which were affected,2,376 extensively damaged

4.
Libertarian Party (United States)
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The Libertarian Party is a Libertarian political party in the United States that promotes civil liberties, non-interventionism, laissez-faire capitalism and the abolition of the welfare state. The LP was conceived at meetings in the home of David F. Nolan in Westminster, Colorado in 1971 and was formed on December 11,1971, in Colorado Springs. The founding of the party was prompted in part due to concerns about the Nixon administration, the Vietnam War, conscription, the party generally promotes a classical liberal platform, in contrast to the Democrats modern liberalism and progressivism and the Republicans conservatism. Gary Johnson, the presidential nominee in 2012 and 2016, states that the LP is more culturally liberal than Democrats. Current cultural policy positions include ending the prohibition of drugs, supporting same-sex marriage, ending capital punishment. Many libertarians believe in lowering the age to 18. While it is the third largest political party in the United States, there are 499,492 voters registered as Libertarian in the 27 states that report Libertarian registration statistics and Washington, D. C. The LP was the party under which the first electoral vote was cast for a woman, Tonie Nathan, for Vice President in a United States presidential election, the first Libertarian National Convention was held in June 1972. In 1978, Dick Randolph of Alaska became the first elected Libertarian state legislator, in 1994, over 40 Libertarians were elected or appointed which was a record for the party at that time. 1995 saw a membership and voter registration for the party. In 1996, the Libertarian Party became the first third party to earn ballot status in all 50 states two presidential elections in a row, by the end of 2009,146 Libertarians were holding elected offices. He was renominated for president in 2016, this time choosing former Massachusetts Governor William Weld as his running mate, johnson/Weld shattered the Libertarian record for a presidential ticket, earning over 4.4 million votes. Though the party has never won a seat in the United States Congress, it has seen success in the context of state legislatures. Three Libertarians were elected to the Alaska House of Representatives between 1978 and 1984 and another four to the New Hampshire General Court in 1992, rhode Island State Representative Daniel P. Gordon was expelled from the Republicans and joined the Libertarian Party in 2011. Ebke was not up for re-election in 2016, dyer changed party affiliation to the Libertarian Party from the Republican Party in February 2017. In 1972, Libertarian Party was chosen as the partys name, the current slogan of the party is The Party of Principle. Also in 1972, the Libersign—an arrow angling upward through the abbreviation TANSTAAFL—was adopted as a party symbol, by the end of the decade, this was replaced with the Lady Liberty until 2015, with the adoption of the current Torch Eagle logo. In the 1990s several state libertarian parties adopted the Liberty Penguin as their official mascot, another mascot is the Libertarian porcupine, an icon that was originally designed by Kevin Breen in March 2006, that is also often associated with the Free State Project

5.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883

6.
University of New Mexico
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The University of New Mexico is a public research university in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is New Mexicos flagship research institution, the largest post-secondary institution in the state in total enrollment across all campuses as of 2012, founded in 1889, UNM offers bachelors, masters, doctoral, and professional degree programs in a wide variety of fields. Its Albuquerque campus encompasses over 600 acres, and there are campuses in Gallup, Los Alamos, Rio Rancho, Taos. UNM is categorized as an R1 doctoral university in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the University of New Mexico was founded on February 28,1889, with the passage of House Bill No. Two years later, Elias S. Stover became the first president of the University, the third president of UNM, William G. Tight, who served from 1901–09, introduced many programs for students and faculty, including the first fraternity and sorority. Tight introduced the Pueblo Revival architecture for which the campus has become known, under David Ross Boyd, the universitys fifth president, the campus was enlarged from 20 to 300 acres and a 200, 000-acre federal land grant was made to the university. In 1922, the university was accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges, under Zimmerman, many new buildings were constructed, student enrollment increased, new departments were added, and greater support was generated for scientific research. Among the new buildings constructed were Zimmerman Library, Scholes Hall, the first student union building and this period also saw the foundation of UNMs branch facilities in Los Alamos and Gallup and the acquisition of the D. H. Lawrence Ranch north of Taos. During the early 1970s, a series of protests were held at the university, on May 5,1970, a protest over the Vietnam War and the Kent State massacre occupied the Student Union Building. The National Guard was ordered to sweep the building and arrest those inside, on May 10,1972, a peaceful sit-in protest near Kirtland Air Force Base led to the arrest of thirty-five people and was pushed back to UNM, leading to eight more arrests. The following day, tear gas was used against hundreds of demonstrators on campus, New programs and schools were created in the 1970s and the university gained control over the hospital on North Campus. At the end of the decade, the university was implicated in a recruiting scandal dubbed Lobogate by the press, subsequent investigation turned up a manufactured college seal from Mercer County Community College in New Jersey, along with blank transcripts and records of previous forgery. Further investigation uncovered alleged incentives like cars and apartments doled out to prime players, the scandal forced Ellenberger to resign and defined the term of William E. Davis, UNMs eleventh president. The university has continued to grow, with expanding enrollment and new facilities, in the 1980s, dramatic expansion occurred at the medical center, business school, and engineering school. The Centennial Library was also constructed, during the 1990s, an Honors College was founded, and the university completed construction of a new bookstore and Dane Smith Hall. The Research Park at South Campus was also expanded, by this point, the university had one of the largest student and faculty populations of Hispanics and Native Americans in the country. A study released in 1995 showed that the number of full-time Hispanic faculty at UNM was four times greater than the national average, the schools of law and business had some of the largest Hispanic student populations of any university in the country. In the first decade of the 2000s, major expansion began on medical facilities on North Campus, the current visitor center, a new engineering center, and George Pearl Hall were constructed

7.
Bachelor of Science
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A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years

8.
Political positions of Gary Johnson
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Gary Johnson was the governor of New Mexico from 1995 to 2003 and ran for president in 2012 and 2016. In December 2011 he announced he would pursue the nomination of the Libertarian Party for the 2012 general election. The Libertarian National Convention in May,2012 chose Johnson as the partys candidate, in November 2014, Johnson announced he would pursue the presidential nomination of the Libertarian Party for the 2016 general election. Johnson is known for having a philosophy of limited government with fiscally-conservative but socially-progressive views and these are sometimes described as fiscally conservative, pro-civil liberties, and non-interventionist, especially as in opposition to a large military and foreign wars. According to a survey of National Association for Business Economics members, Gary Johnson has said that the United States is heading toward an economic crisis similar to the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and that it can be stopped only by balancing the federal budget. As such, he promised to submit a budget for the year 2013. He promises to look at every decision as a cost-benefit analysis and he calls the notion that we can control spending and balance the budget without reforming Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security lunacy. Constitution to require a balanced budget. Johnson opposes earmarks, and would veto any bills containing them and he has said that the federal spending in these laws is wasteful and ineffectual, and calls them bloated. He once quipped, My next-door neighbors two dogs have created more shovel ready jobs than this current administration, Johnson supports ending the federal personal and corporate income tax system and replacing it with the FairTax reform proposal, a national consumption tax on new goods and services. He believes the FairTax would reboot the American economy without impacting those at or under the poverty level and he believes that abolishing the federal corporate income tax, which he says is the second highest in the world, would create tens of millions of jobs immediately. Due to his stance on taxes, David Weigel described him as the original Tea Party candidate and he does not believe that government can actually create jobs, but instead that it can encourage private business, which in turn creates jobs. Johnson favors building new coal-fired and nuclear power plants and he supports private sector research and development of renewable energy, but does not believe that the government should subsidize it. Johnson has stated that the best environmental practices are due to a good economy and he says America needs to be a land with a clean environment, and supports clean-air and clean-water action and believe in conservationism. He cites the Environmental Protection Agency as an example of good government, although he has stated he agrees that human carbon emissions do impact the climate, Johnson rejects government action to control or limit it - including cap and trade - as ineffective. We can direct those moneys to other ways that would be more beneficial to mankind. Johnson has signed the Western Governors Association resolution, which aims at collaborative, incentive driven, although he briefly considered being open also to the notion of a carbon tax, Johnson quickly retreated from a carbon tax. Johnson has stated that he will not compromise when it comes to air, clean land

9.
New Mexico gubernatorial election, 1994
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An election for governor and lieutenant governor of New Mexico was held on November 8,1994, for the four-year term beginning on January 1,1995. Candidates for governor and lieutenant governor ran on a ticket as running mates, incumbent Democrat Bruce King ran for a fourth term with Patricia Madrid as a running mate, losing to Republican nominees Gary Johnson, a businessman, and Walter Bradley, a former state senator. Former Lieutenant Governor Roberto Mondragón ran with Steven Schmidt as the nominees of the Green Party, the election was marked by the surprising rise of Republican Gary Johnson, the 41-year-old owner of one of the states largest construction companies. Johnson, who had never held elected office, upset a crowded Republican primary field by a margin of less than 1,300 votes. With the states split between the centrist King and progressive Mondragón, King failed to gain a majority and Johnson won the election with 49. 82% of the vote. King also had the support of the Gold Boot Club, a political coalition that channeled thousands of dollars to his campaign. Kings quest for a fourth term faced obstacles from the left. From the left, King was challenged by Green Party nomineee Roberto Mondragón, Mondragón was a populist former Democrat, who had served as Lieutenant Governor from 1971 to 1975 and in the state House from 1979 to 1983. Mondragón had a knack for appealing to both whites and working-class Hispanics, and attacked King for his cushy relationships with big business. Gary Johnson was the nominee of New Mexicos Republican Party, a party that had won just one gubernatorial election since 1970. Johnson faced the challenge of keeping together his Republican base while appealing to independents and Democrats frustrated with King, Johnson campaigned as a political outsider and self-made entrepreneur. In college, Johnson had worked as a handyman, a business that gradually expanded into Big J Enterprises. By 1990, the company employed over 1,000 people and was several million dollars. Johnson avoided then-divisive social issues like abortion and gay rights, and focused his campaign on issues like taxes. Johnson touted his experience in the world of balancing budgets while growing his company. In November, Gary Johnson won the election with just under 50% of the vote, while King got almost 40% and Mondragón pulled in just over 10%

10.
Gary Johnson presidential campaign, 2012
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The 2012 presidential campaign of Gary Johnson, the 29th Governor of New Mexico, was announced on April 21,2011. He declared his candidacy for the 2012 Republican Party nomination for President of the United States, on December 28,2011, Johnson withdrew his candidacy for the Republican nomination, and declared his candidacy for the 2012 presidential nomination of the Libertarian Party. The 2012 Libertarian National Convention was held during the first weekend of May 2012. On November 6,2012, Johnson received just under 1% of the vote in the general election, amounting to more than 1.2 million votes. This was the most successful result for a third-party presidential candidacy since 2000, Johnson initially indicated interest in running for president in the 2012 election in 2009. In October of that year, he founded the Our America Initiative, the stated focus of the organization was to. The move prompted speculation among pundits and Johnsons supporters as to whether he was laying the groundwork for a 2012 presidential run. In December 2009, Johnson hired strategist Ron Nielson of NSON Opinion Strategy to organize the committee, Nielson has worked with Johnson since 1993 when he ran his successful gubernatorial campaign. S. Economy, and which represent the single greatest threat to our national security, in February 2011, Johnson was a featured speaker at both the Conservative Political Action Conference and the Republican Liberty Caucus. Johnson tied with New Jersey Governor Chris Christie for third in the CPAC Straw Poll, trailing only Ron Paul, david Weigel of Slate called Johnson the second-biggest winner of the conference, writing that his third-place showing in the straw poll gave Johnson his first real media hook. He met tons of reporters, commanded a small scrum after the vote, on April 21,2011 Johnson officially announced via Twitter that he was running for president. He followed this announcement with a speech at the New Hampshire State House in Concord, Johnson focused the majority of his Republican campaign activities on the New Hampshire primary. Johnson chose Ron Nielson of NSON Opinion Strategy, the director of both of his two New Mexico gubernatorial campaigns, as his campaign manager and senior advisor. His campaign was run from Salt Lake City, Utah, where Nielsons offices are located, Johnsons economics advisor was Harvard economics professor Jeffrey Miron. Mitt Romney and Michele Bachmann both declined to debate, Johnson was excluded from the next three debates on June 13, August 11, and September 7. After the first exclusion, Johnson made a 43-minute video responding to each of the debate questions, the first exclusion, which was widely publicized, gave Johnson a little bump in name recognition and an increase in small donations for a few days. For the financial quarter ending June 30, Johnson raised a mere $180,000, Johnson still managed to poll higher two weeks prior to the September 7th debate than Rick Santorum or Jon Huntsman, who were invited to that debate while Johnson was not. Johnson participated, appearing on stage with Michele Bachmann, Herman Cain, Newt Gingrich, Jon Huntsman, Ron Paul, Rick Perry, Mitt Romney, entertainment Weekly opined that Johnson had won the debate

11.
United States presidential election, 2012
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The United States presidential election of 2012 was the 57th quadrennial American presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6,2012, as the incumbent president, Obama secured the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition. Romney effectively secured the nomination by early May as the economy improved, the campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising, including from new nominally independent Super PACs. The campaigns focused heavily on issues, debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession in terms of economic recovery. Other issues included long-term federal budget issues, the future of social programs. Obama defeated Romney, winning both the popular vote and the college, with 332 electoral votes to Romneys 206. Obama carried all states and districts that he had won in the 2008 presidential election except North Carolina, Indiana, as such, his margin of victory decreased from 2008. Consequently, Obama became the first incumbent since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 to win reelection with fewer electoral votes, nonetheless, Obama also became the first two-term president since Ronald Reagan to win both his presidential bids with an absolute majority of the nationwide popular vote. Not since 1820 had three consecutive American presidents succeeded in securing two consecutive terms, september–October 2012, Early voting begins in some states and continue as late as November 5. November 6,2012, Election Day, at around 11,15 p. m. EST, November 7,2012, Romney concedes the election to Obama at around 1,00 a. m. November 10,2012, The electoral outcomes of all 50 states, Obama won 332 electoral votes while Romney won 206 electoral votes. December 17,2012, The Electoral College formally re-elects President Obama, January 3,2013, The 113th Congress is sworn in. January 4,2013, Electoral votes are counted before a joint session of Congress. The re-election of President Obama and Vice President Biden is certified, January 20,2013, President Obama and Vice President Biden take the oaths of office, Obamas second presidential term begins at noon. January 21,2013, The inauguration ceremonies are held, Florida, Georgia, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginias state legislatures approved measures to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting, kansas, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin state legislatures passed laws requiring voters to have government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. This meant, typically, that people without drivers licenses or passports had to gain new forms of ID, Obama, the NAACP, and the Democratic Party fought against many of the new state laws. Clinton said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, including students, Blacks

12.
2012 Libertarian National Convention
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Former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson won the presidential nomination on the first ballot. Retired California state court judge Jim Gray won the vice-presidential nomination, the convention also chose to replace most of the Libertarian National Committee party officers and members-at-large. The theme of this convention was Liberty Will Win and this was the first presidential nominating convention ever held in the Las Vegas Valley. Other cities that bid to host the convention included Dallas, Texas and San Francisco, California. In February 2012, Gary Johnson, Lee Wrights, Bill Still, Carl Person, the debate participants were selected by convention delegates in a secret ballot, in which a candidate needed to score 10 percent of the vote or higher to be allowed to take part. The convention covered five days over May 2–6, the business of deciding the national platform and candidates formally began on May 3, and a second candidate debate was held on May 4. On May 5, the party nominated Gary Johnson as its presidential candidate, on May 6, elections for the Libertarian National Committee concluded. Candidates for the nomination were required to gather tokens from delegates. 53 tokens were required to participate in debates, while 30 were needed to be listed on the ballot. S. Senate in Massachusetts in 2002 Sharon Harris – President of Advocates for Self-Government Carla Howell – Executive Director of the Libertarian Party,2000 LP nominee for the U. S. The voting for chair saw the first instance where None of the Above, after a new list of individuals was nominated, Geoff Neale was elected chair. R. Lee Wrights was elected Vice Chair, Ruth Bennett Secretary, elected as national committee members-at-large were Bill Redpath, Michael Cloud, Arvin Vohra, and Wayne Allyn Root

13.
Gary Johnson presidential campaign, 2016
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The 2016 presidential campaign of Gary Johnson, the 29th Governor of New Mexico, was announced on January 6,2016, for the nomination of the Libertarian Party for President of the United States. He officially won the nomination on May 29,2016, at the Libertarian National Convention in Orlando, Florida, former Massachusetts Governor William Weld was endorsed by Johnson for the Libertarian vice-presidential nomination, which he also received on May 29,2016. Johnson and Weld form the first ticket of any party to feature two governors since the 1948 presidential election, Johnson ran as the Libertarian presidential nominee in the 2012 election. In that race, he finished with the third highest popular vote total, nearly 1.3 million votes, Johnsons vote total was the highest received by any LP candidate—for any office—in the partys history. Shortly after the election, Johnson began to express interest in running for the Libertarian nomination again in the 2016 election. Johnson formally announced his candidacy for the 2016 Libertarian presidential nomination, in an interview with Neil Cavuto on the Fox Business Network program Coast to Coast, on March 3,2016, Johnson addressed the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington D. C. Johnsons campaign attracted increased attention as a vehicle for the Stop Trump movements votes in the general election. Johnson has branded Trumps political views as authoritarian, on March 15,2016, Johnson won the North Carolina Libertarian primary with 42% of the vote, ahead of No Preference at 35%, with other candidates all polling below 6%. On March 1,2016, Johnson won the Libertarian Party of Minnesota caucus with 76% of the vote, on March 29,2016, Johnson attended the first nationally televised pre-nomination convention Libertarian Party presidential debate, hosted by Fox Business Network, on John Stossels show Stossel. The two-hour debate was divided into two one hour segments which were televised on April 1 and 8 at 9,00 Eastern Time, the debate featured Johnson, along with Austin Petersen and John McAfee. In early May, some commentators opined that Johnson was moderate enough to pull away from both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump who are very disliked and polarizing. Both conservative and liberal media noted that Johnson could get votes from Never Trump Republicans, Johnson also began to get time on national television, being invited on ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, Bloomberg, and many other networks. On May 18, Johnson announced that he had chosen former Republican Massachusetts Governor William Weld to be his running mate, on the first ballot of the 2016 Libertarian National Convention on May 29,2016, Johnson earned 49. 5% of the vote. On the second ballot, he won the nomination with 55. 8% of the vote, Mitt Romney, the 2012 Republican presidential nominee and also a former Republican governor of Massachusetts, has said he will consider supporting the Johnson-Weld ticket. Romney remarked that If Bill Weld were at the top of the ticket, on June 22, Johnson and Weld participated in a nationally televised Town Hall hosted by CNN. On August 3, Johnson and Weld returned to CNN for a nationally televised town hall. It was viewed by over 1.61 million people, beginning on August 12, a pro-Johnson political action committee, America Deserves Better PAC, began running television ads in Maine. On August 17, Johnson and Weld attended a Libertarian town hall hosted by Fusion, Johnson also began doing major rallies

14.
United States presidential election, 2016
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The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine. Trump took office as the 45th President, and Pence as the 48th Vice President, on January 20,2017. Concurrent with the election, Senate, House, and many gubernatorial and state. While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide, leading up to the election, a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts. In the Electoral College vote on December 19, seven electors voted against their pledged candidates, a further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227, Trump is the fifth person in U. S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote. It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Democrat Andrew Jackson that a vote split occurred in Maine. On January 6,2017, the United States governments intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections. A joint U. S. intelligence review stated with confidence that Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia’s goals were to undermine public faith in the U. S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Hillary Clinton, investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI, the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee. Traditionally, the elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U. S. The series of primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia. With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23,2015, prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1,2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul, following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1,2016, the first of four Super Tuesday primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma and his home of Texas, failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later. On March 15,2016, the second Super Tuesday, Kasich won his only contest in his state of Ohio

15.
Our America Initiative
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The Our America Initiative is a 501 political advocacy committee formed by Gary Johnson, the former Republican politician who served as the 29th Governor of New Mexico from 1995 to 2003. The 501 committee was created in December 2009, when Johnson hired strategist Ron Nielson of NSON Opinion Strategy to help organize a 501 committee, the two have worked together since 1993, when Nielson ran Johnsons successful gubernatorial campaign. Johnson served as the Honorary Chairman for the Our America Initiative, the mission statement of the Our America Initiative, OUR America Initiative seeks to broaden the parameters of the public policy debate of current topics in the national arena. We look to enlighten the population about civil liberties, free enterprise, limited government and it is our aim to increase the amount of discussion and involvement regarding all-important issues

16.
Governor of New Mexico
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The Governor of the State of New Mexico is the chief executive of the state of New Mexico. The governor is the head of the branch of New Mexicos state government. Responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the New Mexico State Legislature, submitting the budget, the officeholder is afforded the courtesy title of The Honorable for life. The current governor is Susana Martinez, a Republican, Martinez won the November 2010 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 31st Governor of the state of New Mexico on January 1,2011. She is also the first elected governor of the state. In 1850, New Mexico was organized as a Territory, the office of Governor of the State of New Mexico was created in 1912 when New Mexico was officially admitted to the United States as the 47th state. Section Three of Article V of the New Mexico Constitution establishes the requirements a person must meet in order to become governor. The governor must be a citizen of the United States, be at least 30 years old, under Section One of Article V of the New Mexico Constitution, no person may hold the office of governor for more than two terms until one full term has intervened. The Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico is elected jointly as the mate of the gubernatorial candidate in the general election. While the governor heads the Executive Branch of the New Mexico state government, other state executives, such as the lieutenant governor, the Secretary of State, and the attorney general are also elected to office. Since 1954, the Governor of New Mexico has resided in the New Mexico Governors Mansion, prior to its construction, the governors residence was located adjacent to the New Mexico State Capitol in downtown Santa Fe. Before 1909, the governor resided in the Palace of the Governors, the Palace of the Governors is the oldest continuously occupied public building in the United States. If there is no lieutenant governor, or that person is unable to perform the duties of governor, if there is no Secretary of State, the President pro Tempore of the Senate serves as governor. If there is no President pro Tempore of the Senate, or if that person is unable to perform the duties of governor, see, List of Governors of New Mexico Official site of Governors office

17.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation

18.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president

19.
Cannabis (drug)
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization

20.
National debt of the United States
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The National debt of the United States is the amount owed by the federal government of the United States. The measure of the debt is the value of the outstanding Treasury securities at a point of time that have been issued by the Treasury. The terms national deficit and national surplus usually refer to the government budget balance from year to year. A deficit year increases the debt because more money is spent than is received, Debt held by government accounts represents the cumulative surpluses, including interest earnings, of these accounts that have been invested in Treasury securities. In general, government debt increases as a result of government spending, in practice, Treasury securities are not issued or redeemed on a day-by-day basis, and may also be issued or redeemed as part of the federal governments macroeconomic monetary management operations. The aggregate, gross amount that Treasury can borrow is limited by the United States debt ceiling, historically, the US public debt as a share of gross domestic product has increased during wars and recessions, and subsequently declined. The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus or due to growth of GDP, for example, debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II, but then fell over the following 35 years. In recent decades, however, aging demographics and rising costs have led to concern about the long-term sustainability of the federal governments fiscal policies. On November 7,2016, debt held by the public was $14.3 trillion or about 76% of the previous 12 months of GDP. Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.4 trillion, giving a total gross national debt of $19.8 trillion or about 106% of the previous 12 months of GDP. The United States government has continuously had a public debt since its formation in 1789. To allow comparisons over the years, public debt is expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product. Historically, the United States public debt as a share of GDP has increased during wars and recessions, the United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Trumans first presidential term, during and after World War II. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period, Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except under Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton. Public debt rose during the 1980s, as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and it fell during the 1990s, due to decreased military spending, increased taxes and the 1990s boom. Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis, on January 26,2016, debt held by the public was $13.62 trillion or about 75% of the previous 12 months of GDP. Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.34 trillion, giving a total gross national debt of $18.96 trillion or about 104% of the previous 12 months of GDP. The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities, most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes, bills, and bonds held by investors and governments globally

21.
Balanced budget
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A balanced budget refers to a budget in which revenues are equal to expenditures. Thus, neither a budget nor a budget surplus exists. More generally, it refers to a budget that has no budget deficit, balanced budgets and the associated topic of budget deficits are a contentious point within academic economics and within politics. Most economists agree that a balanced budget decreases interest rates, increases savings and investment, shrinks trade deficits, however, it should be noted that Keynesian economics does not advocate for fiscal stimulus when the existing government debt is already significant. Budget deficits are argued to be necessary by some within Post-Keynesian economics, budget deficits can usually be calculated by subtracting the total planned expenditure from the total available budget. This will then either a budget deficit or a budget surplus. In the United States, the fiscal conservatism movement believes that balanced budgets are an important goal, every state other than Vermont has a balanced budget amendment, providing some form of ban on deficits, while the Oregon kicker bans surpluses of greater than 2% of revenue. The Colorado Taxpayer Bill of Rights also bans surpluses, and requires the state to refund taxpayers in event of a budget surplus, today the goal is 1% over the business cycle, as the retirement pension is no longer considered a government expenditure. In 2015 George Osborne, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, announced that he intended to implement a law whereby the government must deliver a budget surplus if the economy is growing, the government increases its expenditures, balancing it by an increase in taxes. Since only part of the money away from households would have actually been used in the economy. Therefore, the money which would have saved by households is instead injected into the economy. In general, a change in the budget will change aggregate demand by an amount equal to the change in spending

22.
United States non-interventionism
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Robert Walpole, Britains first Whig Prime Minister, proclaimed in 1723, My politics are to keep free from all engagements as long as we possibly can. He emphasized economic advantage and rejected the idea of intervening in European affairs to maintain a balance of power, walpoles position was known to Americans. However, during the American Revolution, the Second Continental Congress debated about forming an alliance with France. When Britain and France went to war in 1792, George Washington declared neutrality, with support of his cabinet. Europe has a set of interests, which to us have none. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies the causes of which are foreign to our concerns. President Thomas Jefferson extended Washingtons ideas about foreign policy in his March 4,1801 inaugural address, Jefferson said that one of the essential principles of our government is that of peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none. It is only when our rights are invaded, or seriously menaced that we resent injuries, after Tsar Alexander II put down the 1863 January Uprising in Poland, French Emperor Napoleon III asked the United States to join in a protest to the Tsar. The United States policy of non-intervention was maintained throughout most of the 19th century, the first significant foreign intervention by the US was the Spanish–American War, which ultimately resulted in the Philippine–American War from 1899–1902. Theodore Roosevelts administration is credited with inciting the Panamanian Revolt against Colombia in order to secure rights for the Panama Canal. The President of the United States Woodrow Wilson, after winning reelection with the slogan He kept us out of war, was able to navigate neutrality in World War I for about three years. Early on, their historic shunning of foreign entanglements, and the presence in the US of immigrants with divided loyalties in the conflict helped maintain neutrality. A few months after the declaration of War, Wilson gave a speech to congress outlining his aims to end the conflict, labeled the Fourteen Points. After the war, Wilson traveled to Europe and stayed for months to labor on the post-war treaty, in that Treaty of Versailles, Wilsons association was formulated as the League of Nations. In the wake of the First World War, the non-interventionist tendencies of US foreign policy gained ascendancy, while some of the sentiment was grounded in adherence to Constitutional principles, some of the sentiment bore a reassertion of nativist and inward-looking policy. Although the United States was unwilling to commit to the League of Nations, they continued to engage in international negotiations, in August 1928, fifteen nations signed the Kellogg–Briand Pact, brainchild of American Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand. This pact that was said to have outlawed war and showed the United States commitment to international peace had its semantic flaws. The Kellogg–Briand Pact was more of a sign of good intentions on the part of the US, the economic depression that ensued after the Crash of 1929, also continued to abet non-intervention

23.
FairTax
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The FairTax is a proposal to reform the federal tax code of the United States. It would replace all federal taxes, payroll taxes, gift taxes. The Fair Tax Act would apply a tax, once, at the point of purchase on all new goods and services for personal consumption. The proposal also calls for a payment to all family households of lawful U. S. residents as an advance rebate, or prebate. In recent years, a tax reform movement has formed behind the FairTax proposal, as defined in the proposed legislation, the tax rate is 23% for the first year. This percentage is based on the amount paid including the tax. This would be equivalent to a 30% traditional U. S. sales tax, the rate would automatically adjust annually based on federal receipts in the previous fiscal year. With the rebate taken into consideration, the FairTax would be progressive on consumption, opponents argue this would accordingly decrease the tax burden on high-income earners and increase it on the middle class. Supporters contend that the plan would effectively tax wealth, increase purchasing power, the plan is intended to increase cost transparency for funding the federal government. Supporters believe it would increase civil liberties, benefit the environment and effectively tax illegal activity, opponents contend that a consumption tax of this size would be extremely difficult to collect, and would lead to pervasive tax evasion. They also argue that the sales tax rate would raise less revenue than the current tax system. The legislation would remove the Internal Revenue Service, and establish Excise Tax, the states are granted the primary authority for the collection of sales tax revenues and the remittance of such revenues to the Treasury. The plan was created by Americans For Fair Taxation, a group formed to change the tax system. The group states that, together with economists, it developed the plan and the name Fair Tax, based on interviews, polls, and focus groups of the general public. The FairTax legislation has been introduced in the House by Georgia Republicans John Linder and Rob Woodall, Linder first introduced the Fair Tax Act on July 14,1999, to the 106th United States Congress and a substantially similar bill has been reintroduced in each subsequent session of Congress. Former Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert had cosponsored the bill in the 109th–110th Congress, in the 109th–111th Congress, Representative Dan Boren has been the only Democrat to cosponsor the bill. A number of committees have heard testimony on the FairTax. The legislation was also discussed with President George W. Bush, in 2005, President Bush established an advisory panel on tax reform that examined several national sales tax variants including aspects of the FairTax and noted several concerns

24.
War on drugs
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However, two years prior to this, Nixon had formally declared a war on drugs that would be directed toward eradication, interdiction, and incarceration. Today, the Drug Policy Alliance, which advocates for an end to the War on Drugs, oNDCPs view is that drug addiction is a disease that can be successfully prevented and treated. Making drugs more available will make it harder to keep our communities healthy, one of the alternatives that Kerlikowske has showcased is the drug policy of Sweden, which seeks to balance public health concerns with opposition to drug legalization. The prevalence rates for use in Sweden are barely one-fifth of those in Spain. The report was criticized by organizations that oppose a general legalization of drugs, the first U. S. law that restricted the distribution and use of certain drugs was the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914. The first local laws came as early as 1860, in 1919, the United States passed the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol, with exceptions for religious and medical use. In 1920, the United States passed the National Prohibition Act, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics was established in the United States Department of the Treasury by an act of June 14,1930. In 1933, the prohibition for alcohol was repealed by passage of the 21st Amendment. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt publicly supported the adoption of the Uniform State Narcotic Drug Act, the New York Times used the headline Roosevelt Asks Narcotic War Aid. In 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was passed, several scholars have claimed that the goal was to destroy the hemp industry, largely as an effort of businessmen Andrew Mellon, Randolph Hearst, and the Du Pont family. These scholars argue that with the invention of the decorticator, hemp became a cheap substitute for the paper pulp that was used in the newspaper industry. These scholars believe that Hearst felt that this was a threat to his extensive timber holdings, however, there were circumstances that contradict these claims. One reason for doubts about those claims is that the new decorticators did not perform satisfactorily in commercial production. To produce fiber from hemp was a process if you include harvest, transport. Technological developments decreased the labor with hemp but not sufficient to eliminate this disadvantage, the Nixon campaign in 1968, and the Nixon White House after that, had two enemies, the antiwar left and black people. We could arrest their leaders, raid their homes, break up their meetings, did we know we were lying about the drugs. - John Ehrlichman, to Dan Baum for Harpers Magazine in 1994, about President Richard Nixons war on drugs, in 1973, the Drug Enforcement Administration was created to replace the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. The Nixon Administration also repealed the federal 2–10-year mandatory minimum sentences for possession of marijuana and started federal demand reduction programs and drug-treatment programs

25.
Bill Weld
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William Floyd Bill Weld is an American attorney, businessman, and politician who was the 68th Governor of Massachusetts from 1991 to 1997. He was the Libertarian Partys nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2016 election and he resigned from the latter position in 1988, along with the Deputy Attorney General, in protest of an ethics scandal and associated investigations of Attorney General Ed Meese III. He was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1990 and was Governor from 1991 to 1997 and he was re-elected by the largest margin in Massachusetts history in 1994 and was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 1996, losing to incumbent Democrat John Kerry. Weld was born in Smithtown, New York and his ancestor Edmund Weld was among the earliest students at Harvard College. He would be followed by eighteen more Welds at Harvard, where two buildings are named for the family, General Stephen Minot Weld Jr. fought with distinction in many major battles of the Civil War. They sent the servants over first to get the cottage ready, Welds father David was an investment banker, his mother, Mary Nichols Weld, was a descendant of William Floyd, who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His siblings are Dr. Francis Tim Weld, David Weld and his maternal grandfather was ichthyologist and ornithologist John Treadwell Nichols, and his first cousin is novelist John Nichols. Weld was educated at Middlesex School, Weld began his legal career as a counsel with the House Judiciary Committee during the Watergate impeachment inquiry, where one of his colleagues was Hillary Rodham. In 1978, he ran unsuccessfully for Massachusetts Attorney General, losing to Democratic incumbent Francis X. Bellotti by 1,532,835 votes to 421,417. He was appointed as United States Attorney for Massachusetts in 1981 by President Ronald Reagan, in that capacity, Weld expanded an ongoing public corruption investigation of the administration of Boston Mayor Kevin White. More than 20 city employees were indicted, pleaded guilty, or were convicted of a range of charges, including several key political supporters of the Mayor. In 1981, Weld was recommended to President Reagan by Rudolph W. Giuliani, then Associate U. S. Attorney General, during Welds tenure, the Attorney Generals office prosecuted some of New Englands largest banks in cases involving money laundering and other white-collar crimes. In 1985, the Boston Globe said Weld has been by far the most visible figure in the prosecution of financial institutions, Weld gained national recognition in fighting public corruption, he won 109 convictions out of 111 cases. In 1986, President Reagan promoted Weld to head of the Criminal Division of the Justice Department in Washington, where Weld oversaw 700 employees. Weld was responsible for supervising all federal prosecutions, including those investigated by the FBI, during this time, Weld worked on some of the Reagan administrations most significant prosecutions and investigations, including the capture of Panamas Manuel Noriega on drug trafficking charges. Meese resigned from office in July 1988 shortly after Welds and Burns testimony, in 1990, Weld announced his candidacy for Governor of Massachusetts, to replace the out-going Michael Dukakis. At the state Republican convention, party officials backed Steven Pierce over Weld, Weld gained enough support to force a primary, and in an upset election, Weld won the Republican nomination over Pierce by a 60–40 margin. In the general election, he faced John Silber, the president of Boston University, polls showed Weld anywhere from a statistical tie to trailing by as many as ten points

26.
United States presidential election, 1996
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The United States presidential election of 1996 was the 53rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5,1996, the Democratic national ticket was led by Bill Clinton, the former five-term governor of Arkansas, and his running mate Al Gore, congressman and senator for the state of Tennessee. The Republican nominee for President was Bob Dole, the former long-time Senator from Kansas who was previously the running mate of incumbent Gerald Ford in 1976. Doles running mate for Vice President was Jack Kemp, a former NFL football player, standards, did not renew his success of the 1992 election. Turnout was registered at 49. 0%, the lowest for an election since 1924. He was able to ground as the economy began to recover from the early 1990s recession with a relatively stable world stage. He went on to win re-election with a margin in the popular vote. Despite Doles defeat, the Republican Party was able to maintain a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win re-election after serving a full term. As of 2017, this is the last time Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, West Virginia, in 1995, the Republican Party was riding high on the significant gains made in the 1994 mid-term elections. Gingrich became Speaker of the House, while Bob Dole elevated to Senate Majority leader, the Republicans of the 104th Congress pursued an ambitious agenda, highlighted by their Contract with America, but were often forced to compromise with President Clinton, who wielded veto power. A budget impasse between Congress and the Clinton Administration eventually resulted in a government shutdown, Clinton, meanwhile, was praised for signing the GOPs welfare reform and other notable bills, but was forced to abandon his own health care plan. At the 1996 Democratic National Convention, Clinton and incumbent Vice President Al Gore were renominated with token opposition, incarcerated fringe candidate Lyndon LaRouche won a few Arkansas delegates who were barred from the convention. Jimmy Griffin, former Mayor of Buffalo, New York, mounted a brief campaign, former Pennsylvania governor Bob Casey contemplated a challenge to Clinton, but health problems forced Casey to abandon a bid. Clinton easily won primaries nationwide, with margins consistently higher than 80%, Bill Clinton –9,706,802 Lyndon LaRouche –596,422 Unpledged –411,270 Republican Candidates Bob Dole, U. S. S. Senator from Texas Alan Keyes, former U. S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland Richard Lugar, Senator from Indiana Bob Dornan, U. S. Representative from California Arlen Specter, U. S, the fragmented field of candidates debated issues such as a flat tax and other tax cut proposals, and a return to supply-side economic policies popularized by Ronald Reagan. Former U. S. Army General Colin Powell was widely courted as a potential Republican nominee, however, on November 8,1995, Powell announced that he would not seek the nomination. Former and future Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld formed a presidential campaign exploratory committee, ahead of the 1996 primary contest, Senate majority leader and former vice-presidential nominee Bob Dole was seen as the most likely winner

27.
Martin Heinrich
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Martin Trevor Heinrich /ˈhaɪnˌrɪk/ is an American politician and businessman, the junior United States Senator for New Mexico, in office since 2013. A native of Cole Camp, Missouri, Heinrich lived much of his adulthood in New Mexico, specifically Albuquerque, as a member of Democratic Party, Heinrich was the U. S. Representative for New Mexicos 1st congressional district from 2009 to 2013, Heinrich won the Senate seat vacated by retiring Senator Jeff Bingaman in 2012. Heinrich was mentioned as a nominee for vice president in 2016 under Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. However, Senator Tim Kaine from Virginia was later selected for the ticket, Martin Trevor Heinrich was born in Fallon, Nevada, a town located in the states western portion, not far from Reno and the state capital of Carson City. Heinrich is the son of Shirley A. a seamstress, raised as a Lutheran, Heinrich and his parents are of German ancestry. Now based in Albuquerque, Heinrich grew up in the town of Cole Camp, Missouri, located near Missouris fifth largest city, Heinrich was educated and went to local public schools in Cole Camp, then moved to nearby Columbia in 1989 to attend the University of Missouri. After a brief stint doing mechanical drawings, Heinrich worked as an AmeriCorps fellow in New Mexico, from 1996 to 2001, he served as executive director of the Cottonwood Gulch Foundation, a New Mexico non-profit organization dedicated to educating young people on natural science and the environment. In 2002, Heinrich founded his own public affairs consulting firm, Heinrich served on the Albuquerque City Council from 2003 to 2007, which included one term as city council president in 2006. As a city councilman, he stated that his goals were to reduce crime, raise the minimum wage and he also advocated the use of wind and solar power. In February 2006, he was appointed by Governor Bill Richardson to be the states Natural Resources Trustee,2008 In 2008, Heinrich filed papers to run in New Mexicos 1st congressional district, based in Albuquerque. He originally planned to challenge five-term Republican incumbent Heather Wilson, in the general election, Heinrich faced Bernalillo County Sheriff Darren White, whom Heinrichs campaign focused on linking to President George W. Bush. Heinrich also called for independence and an end to the war in Iraq. He defeated White, 56%-44%, carrying three of the five counties, Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Valencia. White won Santa Fe and Torrance counties, upon his swearing in on January 3,2009, he became the first Democrat to represent the district. 2010 Heinrich was challenged by Republican Jon Barela, who told Politico he did not believe Heinrich reflected the district, saying he was too far left on budget and spending issues. Heinrich was elected to a term, defeating Barela 52%-48%. Barela won Santa Fe, Torrance, and Valencia counties, on January 14,2009, Heinrich was elected to a six-month term as class president by the House Democratic freshmen

28.
Bureau of Indian Affairs
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The Bureau of Indian Affairs is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the U. S. Department of the Interior. The BIA’s responsibilities include providing health care to American Indians and Alaska Natives, located at 1849 C Street, NW, in Washington, D. C. the BIA is headed by a bureau director who reports to the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs. The current director is Michael S. Black, the current assistant secretary is Lawrence S. Roberts, an enrolled member of the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin. On January 1,2016, Roberts succeeded Kevin K. Washburn, a member of the Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma. The Office of Justice Services, directly operates or funds law enforcement, tribal courts, OJS funded 208 law enforcement agencies, consisting of 43 BIA-operated police agencies, and 165 tribally operated agencies under contract, or compact with the OJS. The OJS also provides oversight and technical assistance to law enforcement programs when. It operates four divisions, Corrections, Drug Enforcement, the Indian Police Academy, the Office of Trust Services, works with tribes and individual American Indians and Alaska Natives in the management of their trust lands, assets, and resources. Agencies to relate to Native Americans had existed in the U. S. government since 1775, benjamin Franklin and Patrick Henry were appointed among the early commissioners to negotiate treaties with Native Americans to obtain their neutrality during the American Revolutionary War. In 1789, the U. S. Congress placed Native American relations within the newly formed War Department. By 1806 the Congress had created a Superintendent of Indian Trade, or Office of Indian Trade within the War Department, the post was held by Thomas L. McKenney from 1816 until the abolition of the factory system in 1822. The government licensed traders to have control in Indian territories. The abolition of the system left a vacuum within the U. S. government regarding Native American relations. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was formed on March 11,1824, Calhoun, who created the agency as a division within his department, without authorization from the United States Congress. He appointed McKenney as the first head of the office, which went by several names, McKenney preferred to call it the Indian Office, whereas the current name was preferred by Calhoun. In 1832 Congress established the position of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in 1849 Indian Affairs was transferred to the U. S. Department of the Interior. In 1869, Ely Samuel Parker was the first Native American to be appointed as commissioner of Indian affairs and it emphasized being educated to European-American culture. Some were beaten for praying to their own creator god, the bureau was renamed from Office of Indian Affairs to Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1947. The rise of activist groups such as the American Indian Movement worried the U. S. government and they intended to bring attention to American Indian issues, including their demands for renewed negotiation of treaties, enforcement of treaty rights and improvement in living standards

29.
State school
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State schools generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally and it is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions. Although typically provided to groups of students in classrooms in a school, it may be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space, State education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to school up to a certain age. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state, the funding for state schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because child labour is exploited and it is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance. The term public education when applied to schools is not synonymous with the term publicly funded education. Government may make a policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over. Grants-in-aid of private schools and vouchers systems provide examples of publicly funded private education, conversely, a state school may rely heavily on private funding such as high fees or private donations and still be considered state by virtue of governmental ownership and control. In some countries, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, when these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. Proponents of state education assert it to be necessary because of the need in society for people who are capable of reading, writing. In most industrialized countries, these views are distinctly in the minority, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas independent schools usually charge attendance fees. They can be divided into two categories, open and selective schools, the open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic, regardless of whether a school is part of the Government or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for flexibility in the syllabus. Public or Government funded schools are found throughout Bangladesh and these schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examinations for students in years 5,8, and 10

30.
Sandia High School
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Sandia High School is a Public High School located in the northeast heights of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is a member of the Albuquerque Public Schools district, the school opened in school year of 1958-1959. The originally proposed name was the Sandia Satans, which prompted negative reactions from the surrounding community. Thereafter, the name was changed to Matadors. A matador sculpture was placed in the student commons area in 1961, in the late 1970s, the school reached a record student population for the state of New Mexico. This led to the approval and construction of a facility, La Cueva High School. In 2006, due to flooding in the high desert environment of Albuquerque. However it has been repaired, and is open for use to the students. Sandia High School has a very strong Mock Trial team led by Sandia teacher Cramer Johnson, in 2007 the Sandia Mock Trial A team took first place at both Regionals and State while two students, one at Regionals and one at State, received individual awards. The team then went on to Nationals where they took 9th place, in 2008 they again took first at both Regionals and State, and once again gained individual awards. When the team went to Nationals in 2008 they beat their previous 9th place record, at the 2008 National Mock Trial Competition one of the teams attorneys also got an award for being one of the top attorneys at the competition. The Sandia Mock Trial team is the second highest-placing team in the National Mock Trial Competition out of all New Mexico Mock Trial teams, and highest placing coming from APS schools. In 2010 Sandia High School once again went to the Nationals competition held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania after taking first place at both the Regionals and State competition, in 2011 Sandia teacher Cramer Johnson moved away leaving the school. Since then the trial program at Sandia High School has ended. Similarly, another student made repeat appearances at the 2004, and 2005 Intel International Science and Engineering Fairs, Sandia High School is known for its outstanding drama, choir programs and its strong band program. In Fall of 2010, the band performed a show of old video game theme music ranging from Mario to Donkey Kong. In 2012 the schools Wind Ensemble went on to become concert band state champions, the drama program won the NMAA one act play competition in 2011 and placed second in 2013. The program is notable for its outside of the box show selections, Urinetown, the Musical, The Laramie Project, Godspell, Jimmy the Antichrist, SHS competes in the New Mexico Activities Association, as a class 6A school in District 2

31.
Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Albuquerque is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Mexico. The high-altitude city serves as the county seat of Bernalillo County, the city population is 557,169 as of the July 1,2014 population estimate from the United States Census Bureau, and ranks as the 32nd-largest city in the U. S. The Albuquerque metropolitan statistical area has a population of 907,301 according to the United States Census Bureaus most recently available estimate for 2015, Albuquerque is the 60th-largest United States metropolitan area. The Sandia Mountains run along the side of Albuquerque. Albuquerque is also the home of the International Balloon Fiesta, the worlds largest such gathering of hot-air balloons from around the globe, the event takes place during the first week of October. Albuquerque was named in honor of Francisco, Duke of Alburquerque, the growing village soon to become Albuquerque was named by provincial governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés. Franciscos title referred to the Spanish town of Alburquerque, in the Spanish province of Badajoz, the name has two theories of origin which denote either Latin or Arabic roots. The first of which derived from the Latin albus quercus meaning white oak and this name was probably in reference to the prevalence of cork oaks in the region, which have a white wood when the bark is removed. Alburquerque is still a center of the Spanish cork industry, another theory suggests that it may come from the Arabic Abu al-Qurq, which means father of the cork. The change was also in due to the fact that citizens found the original name difficult to pronounce. Western folklore offers a different explanation, tracing the name Albuquerque to the Galician word albaricoque, the apricot was brought to New Mexico by Spanish settlers, possibly as early as 1743. As the story goes, the settlement was established near an apricot tree, as frontiersmen were unable to correctly pronounce the Galician word, it became corrupted to Albuquerque. The Tanoan and Keres peoples had lived along the Rio Grande for centuries before European settlers arrived in what is now Albuquerque, Albuquerque was founded in 1706 as the Spanish colonial outpost of Villa de Alburquerque. Present-day Albuquerque retains much of its historical Spanish cultural heritage, Albuquerque was a farming community and strategically located military outpost along the Camino Real. The town was also the center of the West. Spain established a presidio in Albuquerque in 1706, after 1821, Mexico also had a military garrison there. The town of Alburquerque was built in the traditional Spanish village pattern, a plaza surrounded by government buildings, homes. This central plaza area has preserved and is open to the public as a museum, cultural area

32.
Track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC

33.
Sigma Alpha Epsilon
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Sigma Alpha Epsilon is a North American Greek-letter social college fraternity. It was founded at the University of Alabama on March 9,1856, of all existing national social fraternities today, Sigma Alpha Epsilon is the only one founded in the Antebellum South. Its national headquarters, the Levere Memorial Temple, was established on the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, the fraternity has chapters and colonies in 50 states and provinces as of 2011. The creed of Sigma Alpha Epsilon, The True Gentleman, must be memorized and recited by all prospective members, New members receive a copy of The Phoenix, the manual of Sigma Alpha Epsilon, for educational development. In March 2014, the fraternity announced that it was eliminating the tradition of pledging following several alcohol, drug, Sigma Alpha Epsilon was founded on March 9,1856, at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Its founders were Noble Leslie DeVotie, Nathan Elams Cockrell, John Barratt Rudulph, John Webb Kerr, Samuel Marion Dennis, Wade Hampton Foster, Abner Edwin Patton and their leader was DeVotie, who wrote the ritual, created the grip, and chose the name. Of all existing national social fraternities today, Sigma Alpha Epsilon is the national fraternity founded in the Antebellum South. Founded in a time of intense feeling, Sigma Alpha Epsilon confined its growth to the southern states. By the end of 1857, the fraternity numbered seven chapters and its first national convention met in the summer of 1858 at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, with four of its eight chapters in attendance. By the time of the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, the fraternity had fewer than 400 members when the Civil War began. Of those,369 went to war for the Confederate States, seventy-four members of the fraternity lost their lives in the war. While many Sigma Alpha Epsilon Chapters today claim that Noble Leslie DeVotie was the first person to die in the Civil War, DeVotie lost his footing while boarding a steamer at Fort Morgan, Alabama, on February 12,1861, hit his head and drowned. His body washed ashore three days later, because Alabama had already seceded from the Union in January of that year, DeVotie is viewed by many to be the first casualty of the war. He is recognized as such by the state of Alabama, after the Civil War, only one chapter survived – at tiny Columbian College in Washington, D. C. When a few of the veterans returned to the Georgia Military Institute and found their college burned to the ground, they decided to enter the University of Georgia in Athens. The founding of a chapter there at the end of 1865, along with the re-establishment of the chapter at the University of Virginia, led to the fraternitys revival. Soon, other came back to life and, in 1867, the first post-war convention was held at Nashville, Tennessee. In the 1870s and early 1880s, more than a score of new chapters were formed, older chapters died as fast as new ones were established

34.
Intel Corporation
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Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California that was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce. It is the worlds largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel Corporation was founded on July 18,1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, the companys name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics. The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information made the name appropriate. Intel was a developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips. Although Intel created the worlds first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, during the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and supports other projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, and Threading Building Blocks. Client Computing Group – 55% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in desktop, data Center Group – 29% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in server, network, and storage platforms. Internet of Things Group – 5% of 2016 revenues – offers platforms designed for retail, transportation, industrial, buildings, non-Volatile Memory Solutions Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – manufactures NAND flash memory products primarily used in solid-state drives. Intel Security Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – produces software, particularly security, programmable Solutions Group – 3% of 2016 revenues – manufactures programmable semiconductors. In 2016, Dell accounted for 15% of Intels total revenues, Lenovo accounted for 13% of total revenues, in the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten sellers of semiconductors in the world. In 1991, Intel became the biggest chip maker by revenue and has held the position ever since, other top semiconductor companies include TSMC, Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics. Competitors in PC chip sets include Advanced Micro Devices, VIA Technologies, Silicon Integrated Systems, however, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. Some smaller competitors such as VIA Technologies produce low-power x86 processors for small factor computers, however, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in particular, smartphones, has in recent years led to a decline in PC sales. Since over 95% of the worlds smartphones currently use processors designed by ARM Holdings, ARM is also planning to make inroads into the PC and server market. Intel has been involved in disputes regarding violation of antitrust laws. Intel was founded in Mountain View, California in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore, a chemist, and Robert Noyce, arthur Rock helped them find investors, while Max Palevsky was on the board from an early stage. Moore and Noyce had left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel, Rock was not an employee, but he was an investor and was chairman of the board

35.
Rio Rancho, New Mexico
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Rio Rancho is the largest city and economic hub of Sandoval County in the U. S. state of New Mexico. A small portion of the city extends into northern Bernalillo County and it is the third-largest and also one of the fastest expanding cities in New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, Rio Rancho had a population of 93,820, Rio Rancho is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Rio Rancho area was part of the Alameda Grant. By the early 20th century, much of the grant had been sold to land investment companies. Amrep Corporation purchased 55,000 acres in 1961 and turned the land into a development called Rio Rancho Estates. Most of these residents were New Yorkers, as the developers advertised heavily in New York media. The population grew ten-fold between 1970 and 1980, and the City of Rio Rancho was incorporated in 1981, the opening of a large Intel Corporation plant in 1981 had a major economic impact on the city. The arena opened in October 2006, City Hall opened in September 2007. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.14. In the city, the population was distributed as 29. 2% under the age of 18,7. 0% from 18 to 24,32. 0% from 25 to 44,20. 1% from 45 to 64, the median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males. The median income for city was $47,169, and for a family was $52,233, males had a median income of $39,162 versus $27,385 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,322, about 3. 7% of families and 5. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 1% of those under age 18 and 5. 8% of those age 65 or over. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 37. 74% of the city’s population, Rio Rancho is located at 35°1710 North, 106°4014 West. It lies in the Albuquerque Basin to the west of the Rio Grande, an escarpment lies to the west of the city limit. Rio Rancho is bordered by Albuquerque to the south, the Santa Ana Indian Reservation to the north, and Bernalillo and Corrales to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 103.7 sq mi, of which 103.4 square miles is land and 0.31 sq mi

36.
Time management
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Time management is the process of planning and exercising conscious control over the amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency or productivity. Time management may be aided by a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to time when accomplishing specific tasks, projects. Initially, time management referred to just business or work activities, a time management system is a designed combination of processes, tools, techniques, and methods. Time management is usually a necessity in any project development as it determines the project completion time, the related process of reduction of time spent on non-priorities Incentives to modify behavior to ensure compliance with time-related deadlines. Time Management has also identified as one of the core functions identified in project management. Attention management, Attention Management relates to the management of cognitive resources, organizational Time Management is the science of identifying, valuing and reducing wasted time within organizations. Some time-management literature stresses tasks related to the creation of an environment conducive to real effectiveness. g, Procrastination Writers on creating an environment for effectiveness refer to such matters as having a tidy office or home for unleashing creativity, and the need to protect prime time. Literature also focuses on overcoming chronic psychological issues such as procrastination, excessive and chronic inability to manage time effectively may result from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Attention Deficit Disorder. Diagnostic criteria include a sense of underachievement, difficulty getting organized, trouble getting started, many projects going simultaneously, some authors focus on the prefrontal cortex which is the most recently evolved part of the brain. It controls the functions of attention-span, impulse-control, organization, learning from experience, some authors argue that changing the way the prefrontal cortex works is possible and offer a solution. Time management strategies are associated with the recommendation to set personal goals. For individual tasks or for goals, a rating may be established, deadlines may be set. This process results in a plan with a task list or a schedule or calendar of activities, authors may recommend a daily, weekly, monthly or other planning periods associated with different scope of planning or review. This is done in ways, as follows. A technique that has used in business management for a long time is the categorization of large data into groups. These groups are often marked A, B, and C—hence the name, activities are ranked by these general criteria, A – Tasks that are perceived as being urgent and important, B – Tasks that are important but not urgent, C – Tasks that are unimportant. Each group is then rank-ordered by priority, to further refine the prioritization, some individuals choose to then force-rank all B items as either A or C. ABC analysis can incorporate more than three groups, ABC analysis is frequently combined with Pareto analysis

37.
New Mexico Legislature
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The New Mexico Legislature is the legislative branch of the state government of New Mexico. It is a body made up of the New Mexico House of Representatives. In 1922, Bertha M. Paxton became the first woman elected to the New Mexico Legislature, the Legislature meets in regular session on the third Tuesday in January of each odd-numbered year. The New Mexico Constitution limits the regular session to 60 calendar days, the lieutenant governor presides over the Senate, while the Speaker of the House is elected from that body in a closed door majority member caucus. Both have wide latitude in choosing committee membership in their houses and have a large impact on lawmaking in the state. Only the Governor may call the Legislature into special sessions, unlike other states where the legislature may call itself into session, the Governor may call as many sessions as he or she wishes. Any bill passed by the Legislature takes effect 90 days after its passage unless two-thirds of each house votes to give the bill immediate effect, earlier effect, the legislature consists of 70 representatives and 42 senators. Each member of the House represents roughly 25,980 residents of New Mexico, each member of the Senate represents roughly 43,300 residents. Currently the Democratic Party holds a majority in both of the chambers of New Mexico Legislature, while the Republican Party holds the Governors office, currently, there are no term limits for legislators. The longest current member of the legislature has served since the 1970s, House members are elected every 2 years, while Senate members are elected every 4 years

Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, …

Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine brewery during the Prohibition era

The Drunkard's Progress: A lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement, January 1846

"Who does not love wine, wife and song, will be a fool for his lifelong!" Intended as an assertion of the cultural values of German-Americans in 1873

This 1902 illustration from the Hawaiian Gazette newspaper humorously illustrates the Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union's campaign against the producers and sellers of beers in Hawaii.