A primary object of thepresent invention is to increase the fatigue li-fe of a iluid pressure transducer having strain sensitive force-responsive elements with a high electrical output.

A further object of the invention is to yprovide an improved pressure transducer which is compact, economical andrquickly mounted as an integral portion of a pressurized piping `system Without requiring line taps and which is insensitive to bending `and `torque when in an unsupported pipeline.

A still further object of the invention is to locate a plurality of strain sensitive force-responsive elements on a thin Wall portion of an improved `pressuretransducer so 4that lead lines will contact terminals of the forceresponsive Velements substantially within neutral stress zones on the improved pressure transducer with the remainder of4 the force-responsive `element being disposed ,either in a high tension region or a high compression re- `gion'for maintaining a highidegree of electrical strain gage output.

Further objects, features and advantages of` this invention :will lbecome apparent from a consideration of `Willie"following description, the appended claims and the accompanying drawing in which:

FIGURE 3 is a vertical sectional view taken along the .a second embodiment of the invention;

FIGURE 8 is a plan view of a portion of the embodiment illustrated in FIGURE 7 showing the location of strain sensitive force-responsive elements;

FIGURE 9 is a `diagrammatic representation of a bridge circuit containing the strain sensitive force-respontive force-responsive elements of the second embodiment;

FIGURE l0 is a partial plan view of a third embodiment of the invention;

FIGURE 11 is a vertical sectional view taken along the line y11-11 of FIGURE l0; and

FIGURE l2 is a diagrammatic representation of a bridge circuit containing the strain sensitive force-responsive e-lements of the third embodiment.

Referring now to the drawings, the embodiment illustrated in FIGURES 1 6 includes a transducer body generally designated 10 having a bore `12 extending axially therethrough. Each end of the body 10 has conventional pipe threaded portions y14, 16 so that the body 10 can be easily connected in standard piping systems wit-hout restricting iluid iiow therethrough.

The top of the Amid-section 18 of the body 10thas a recess 2t) formed therein. iIntermediate the recess -20 and the axially extending bore 12 is a thin Wall portion 22.

The thin wall portion 22 has outer edge portions 24, 26 of greater thickness than its center portion 28.` Thus, when pressure in the axially extending bore 12 strains the transducer bodyiltl including the .thinwall portion 22, a stress configuration as illustrated in FIGURE 4 occurs.

The stress connliguration is uniquely suited to the objects of the present invention. Straining the thin Wall portion 2210i the improved pressure transducercauses a highposiltive stress 30 to occur at the center portion `2S. This lstress rapidly drops to zero on either side of the center portion 28 resulting in two neutral stress regions 32,-34 which extend along the length of the thin Wall portion 22. A substantial negative stress region V36 exists onthe outer side or each of the neutral stress zones 32,64 as illustrated. Neutral stress regions 32a, 34a occur at the strain insensitive edges of the `thin wall 22.

It has been found that the coniiguration of the thin wall portion 22 and the resultant'stress distributionis unusually suited forimproved pressure transducer performance when combined with strain sensitive forceresponsive elements in a manner to be discussed.

Thethin wall portion 22 carries a plurality of strain sensitive force-responsive elements 40,42, 44, 46`which are representatively illustrated in AFIGURE.' 6 as strain gages having a continuous iine lwi-re yiilament 48, shown in broken lines, formed as a grid and embedded'between two sheet of insulating material Sil from which `two'ends of the wire project as terminalportion 52. Whenfastened to a surface undergoing mechanical strain, 'such a gage undergoes equivalent strainy in such a manner as to proportionately change the electrical resistance properties of the Wire lament 48.' The terminal portions 52 `of the continuous wire iilaments48 connect to suitablelea'd lines (not shown) which connect the strain 'gages 40, 42 44, 46 in a circuit `to be described.`

The placement of the strain gages/'40, '42, "4,4, 46 lon the outer surface of the thin Wall portion22 results .in the improved pressure transducer having a long fatigue life under normal heavy usage. The terminal portions `52 of the strain gages 40, 42, 44, 46' arelocated substantially valong the neutral stress regions 32, 34: and 32u11, 34a of the pressure transducer. Thus, during cyclical operation in which the pressure transducer is alternately pressurized'and depressurized, the continuous strain gage 22 changes resistance with temperature.

filament 48 will be strained in the plus and minus stress regions but the interconnection between the lead lines and the terminal portions 52 of the strain gage iilaments will be subject to little or no stress. Therefore, the interconnection between the terminal portions 52 of the strain gage iilaments 48 and the lead lines running therefrom will not fatigue fail following a relatively small number of cycles of operation.

Furthermore, the recess 20 has a depth which places the strain gages 40, 42, 44, 46 very close to the neutral axis of the transducer body 10. The gages are therefore essentially insensitive to bending and torsional forces in 'the piping system which act on the transducer body 10.

A temperature-responsive resistance 54 located on the outermost edge of the outer surface of the wall portion tory adjustment which compensates for zero shift of the main strain gages 40-46 and the transducer body 10 with temperature. Another small resistance 56 on the wall 22 is adjustable to electrically balance the bridge circuit in which the strain gages connect. A third resistor 58 changes resistance with temperature. It is in series with Vthe voltage supplied to a bridge illustrated in FIGURE and is intended to reduce the net bridge voltage and, consequently, the transducers output signal as temperature increases. The modulus of elasticity of the body to which the strain gages -46 attach reduces with temperature. Therefore, for any given pressure the strain value increases with temperature and the gages have a greater output or resistance change. The third resistor 58 compensates for this temperature eiect.

A plate 59 covers the recess 20 to protect the strain gages during normal heavy usage. When the cover plate 59 is suitably fastened to the transducer block 10 as by bolting or soldering, the block 10 becomes extremely rigid. This rigidity and the locating of the gages close to the neutral axis cause the transducer to be essentially insensitive to any applied load except pressure.

In FIGURE 5 the four main strain gages 40-46 are in a conventional bridge circuit generally designated 60, in which each of the gages 40-46 forms one leg of the circuit and pairs of symmetrically located gages 40, 42 and 44, 46 are connected as opposite legs of the circuit. For measurement purposes, a source of current comprising a battery 62 or the like connects between two terminals 64, 66 representing the junctions between gages 42, 44 and gages 40, 46, respectively, while a voltage sensitive instrument 68 connects between terminals 70, 72 representing, respectively, the junctions between gages 40, 42

and gages 44, 46.

It has been found that the inventive concept is especially adapted to differential pressure measurements. One embodiment of an improved pressure transducer for static differential pressure measurement is illustrated in FIG- URES 7-9. It includes aV pressure transducer body 74 having conventionally threaded end portions 76 and a lrstV Vbore 78 extending axially through a first portionV of the body 74 and a second bore y80' extending axially through a second portion of the body 74 colinear with the rst bore 78. A transverse wall portion 82 separates the `rst and second bores 78, `80. The mid-section 84 of the ,Each of the strain gages has a continuous filament and terminal points which are similar to those illustrated in FIGURE 6. The thin wall portions 88, `90 each have edge portions thicker than the centermost portion thereof similar to the thin Wall portion 22 illustrated in FIGURE 3. Therefore, neutral stress regions are-present in the outer surface of the thin wall portions 88, 90. The terminal portions of the strain gages 92, 96, and 92', 96 are This is a fac- Y located Ain these regions to improve the .fatigue life of 4 the improved differential pressure transducer. A plate 97 covers the recess `86 to protect the strain gages 92, 96 and 92', 96.

Each of the strain gages 92, 96 and 92', 96 is included in the legs of a conventional bridge circuit 100 as illustrated in FIGURE 9. The bridge has a power source 102 and connects to a voltage sensitive instrument 104 for indicating the pressure differential existing across the transverse plate 82 illustrated in FIGURE 7. Compensating resistances 54', 56 and 58' are provided having the same function as their counterparts 54-58 in the first embodiment.

Another embodiment found especially suitable for measuring dierential pressures without restricting flow is illustrated in FIGURES 10-12 and includes a transducer body 106 having a rst axially extending bore 108 and a second axially extending bore in spaced parallelism with the iirst bore. Each of the bores 10S, 110 extend through the transducer body 106 to terminate in threaded end portions similar to those illustrated in FIG- URES l and 7. A rigid transverse wall 109 separates the bores 108, 110.

Thus the unit can be located in two continuous piping systems by connecting the threaded end portions therein. The transducer body 106 has an upper recess 114 formed therein overlying the spaced parallel bores 108, 110 running through the transducer body. Thus, a pair of spaced thin wall portions 116, 1118 are formed in the transducer body 106 which have stress distribution patterns similar to that illustrated in FIGURE 4 for each of the pressure systems. A series of strain gages 1Z0-126 are mounted on the outer surface of the thin wall portions 116, 118 as illustrated in FIGURE 10 with each of their terminal points located in neutral stress regions similar to those illustrated in FIGURE 4. The strain gages 1Z0-126 connect in a conventional bridge circuit in a manner similar to the gages in the bridge circuit illustrated in FIGURE 9. The bridge circuit 125 has a power source 128 and a voltage sensitive instrument 4130 for indicating the pressure differential between the pressure sources connected to the bores 108, 110. Compensating resistance 54"-58 are provided in this embodiment of the invention which are analogous to resistances 54-58 and 54-58 discussed in the earlier embodiments.

Thus, it can be appreciated that I have developed a pressure transducer having a compact body which is readily adapted to be inserted in a pressurized fluid ow system for either measuring a single pressure source or indicating a differential pressure between different pressure systems. My pressure transducer has a configuration which when combined with conventional strain gages results in a pressure transducer having an exceptionally long fatigue life as a result of reducing failures at the connection between lead lines and the termini of the continuous filaments ofthe strain gages.

VIt will be understood that the specic embodiments of the improved pressure transducer which are herein disclosed and described are presented for purposes of explanation and illustration and are not intended to indicate limits of the invention, the scope of which are defined by the following claims.

What is claimed is:

1. A pressure transducer comprising a body having a thin wall portion varying in thickness to provide adjacent tension and compression stress zones with a neutral stress zone therebetween, and strain gage means on the surface of said thin wall portion having terminals in said neutral stress zone so as to improve the fatigue life of said pressure transducer.

2. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means .deiining a bore in said body, said body having a thin wall portion with a center portion and an outer edge portion of greater thickness than said center portion, and

AaV plurality of force-responsive strain gages on` the outer surface of said thin wall portion having terminal pory tions overlying neutral stress zones between said center portion and said outer edge portion forimproving the fatiguelife of said pressure transducer.

3. vA pressure transducer comprising a body, means defining a `longitudinally extending bore in said body, means on said body for couplingl the ends of said body in a piping system, said bodyihavinga thin wall portion with a center portion and an outer edge portion of greater thickness than said center portion, and a plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion having terminal portions overlying neutral stress zones between said center portion and said outer edge portion for improving the fatigue life of said pressure transducer.

4. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means defining a longitudinally extending bore through said body, means coupling the ends of said body in a piping system causing unrestricted fluid fiow through said bore, said body having a thin Wall portion with a center portion and an outer edge portion of greater thickness than said center portion, and a plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion having terminal portions overlying neutral stress zones between said center portion and said outer edge portion for improving the fatigue life of said pressure transducer.

5. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means defining a first bore in said body, means defining a second bore in said body, a rigid wall means separating said first and second bores, said body having a thin wall portion overlying said first and second bores, said thin wall portion including a center portion and an outer edge portion of greater thickness than said center portion, a first plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said first bore, a second plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said second bore, and said first and second force-responsive strain gages having terminals overlying neutral stress zones between said center portion and said outer edge portion for improving the fatigue life of said pressure transducer.

6. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means defining a first bore in said body, means defining a second bore in said body, a rigid wall means separating said first and second bores, means on said body for coupling the ends of said body in a piping system, means defining a recess in said body including a thin wall portion overlying said first and second bores, said thin wall portion including a center portion and an outer edge portion of greater thickness than said center portion, a first plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said first bore, a second plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin Wall portion adjacent said second bore, said first and second forceeresponsive strain gages having terminals overlying neutral stress zones between said center portion and said outer edge portion for improving the fatigue life of said pressure transducer, and means sealing saidrrecess from the exterior of protect said strain gages. l

7. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means defining a first bore in said body, means defining a second bore in said body, a rigid Wall means separating said first and second bores, means including said rigid wall restricting flow of fiuid through said body, means defining a recess in said body including a thin wall portion overlying said first and second bores, said thin wall portion including a center portion and an outer edge portion of greater thickness than said center portion, a first plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said first bore, a second plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surfaceV of said thin wall portion adjacent said second bore, and said first and second force-responsive strain gages having terminals overlying neutral stress zones between said center portion and said outeredge portion for improving the fatigue life of said pressure transducer.

8. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means defining a first bore in said body, means defining a second bore in said body, a rigid wall means separating said first and second bores, means including said first and second bores allowing unrestricted fluid flow through said body, means defining a recess in said body including a thin wall portion overlying said first and second'bores, said thin wall portion including a center portion and an outer edge portion of greater thickness than said center portion, a first plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said first bore, a second plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said second bore, and said first and second force-responsive strain gages having terminals overlying neutral stress zones between said center portion and said outer edge portion for improving the fatigue life of said pressure transducer.

9. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means defining a first longitudinal bore through said body, means defining a second bore through said body in spaced parallelism with said first bore, a rigid wall means separating said first and second bores, means for coupling the ends of said body in two piping systems to allow unrericted fiuid flow through said first and second bores, means including a thin wall portion defining a recess in said body overlying said first and second bores, said thin wall portion including a center portion and an outer edge portion of greater thickness than said center portion, a first plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said first bore, a second plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said second bore, and said first and second force-responsive strain gages having terminals overlying neutral stress zones between said center portion and said outer edge portion for improving the fatigue life of said pressure transducer.

10. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means defining a first longitudinally extending bore in said body, means defining a second longitudinally extending bore in said body colinear with said first bore, a transverse rigid Wall means separating said first and second bores restricting uid flow through said first and second bores, means including a thin wall portion defining a recess in said body overlying said first and second bores, said thin wall portion including a center portion and an outer edge portion of greater thickness than said center portion, a first plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said first bore, a second plurality of force-responsive strain gages on the outer surface of said thin wall portion adjacent said second bore, and said first and second force-responsive strain gages having terminals overlying neutral stress zones between said center portion and said outer edge portion for improving the fatigue life of said pressure transducer.

l1. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means on said body for coupling the ends of said body in a piping system, means defining a recess in said body including a thin wall portion located substantially along a neutral axis of said body so that said thin wall portion is essentially insensitive to bending and torque forces in said piping system, said thin wall portion varying in thickness to provide adjacent tension and compression stress zones with a neutral stress Zone therebetween, and strain gage means on the surface of said thin wall portion having terminals at the juncture between said tension and compression stress zones within said neutral stress zone for improving the fatigue life of said pressure transducer.

l2. A pressure transducer comprising a body, means on said body for coupling the ends of said body in a piping system, means defining a recess in said body including a thin wall portion located substantially along a neutral axis of said body so that said thin Wall portion is essentially insensitive to bending and torque forces in said piping `sys- Y tem, said thin Wall portion having a center portion and References Cited in the lfile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Shayne et al. Feb. 22, 1944 Nevius May 17, 1949 Boytim et al. May 29, 1956 McGrath Nov. 17, 1959 Green Ian. 12, 1960

High pressure sensor has an inner drilled hole in a deformation body with deformation sensors attached to its surface, with the deformation body subjected to plastic deformation during manufacture to remove stress peaks