1. Tectonic hazards and causes1.1 You need to be able to define tectonic hazards and disasters (here as defined by the UN and EMDAT) and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. You also need to appreciate the range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc), as defined by the USGS here.1.2 You need to appreciate variations in the event profiles of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent, as per Degg's model.1.3 You need to understand the causes of tectonic hazards, including the pattern of tectonic plates, their movements and possible causes of these movements.1.4 You need to know about the tectonic activity associated with different types of plate margins (convergent, divergent and transform) and the impact of this on the spatial distribution of tectonic hazards. The Geological Society has a very good site on this area, with graphics and GIS maps you can interact with.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ﻿Tectonic hazards: Physical impacts on the landscape﻿

2.1 The varying impact of extrusive igneous activity, including the formation of volcanic cones, fissures and lava plateaux.2.2 The formation and morphology of different types of volcano and the characteristics of different types of eruption. How these variations link to the processes at different plate margins and at hot spots.2.3 The varying impact of intrusive igneous activity, both major and minor on landscape.2.4 The effects that earthquakes can have on landscapes, such as fault lines, rift valleys and ground displacement, and the stresses and forces the ground is subjected to during such activity.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Tectonic hazards: Human impacts

3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas (such as ignorance, choice and inertia) and how this might relate to the level of economic development.3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity (impacts on people to include physical, social and economic).3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development.

3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time both long and short term (e.g. Park Model).…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4. Response to tectonic hazards4.1 The varying approaches (including 'do nothing', 'adjust' or 'leave') of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development.4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment: modifying loss burden, modifying the event and modifying human vulnerability; and the range of approaches and strategies used in locations at different stages of development.4.3 The effectiveness of different approaches and methods of coping (before, during and after events) and the way in which approaches have changed over time, and possible future coping strategies.

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