text to be deleted. [Bracketed language] indicates a change from the proposed text of the regulation.

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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.

Titles of Regulations:

12

VAC 5-480. Radiation Protection Regulations (repealing 12

VAC 5-480-10 through 12

VAC 5-480-8920).

12

VAC 5-481. Virginia Radiation Protection Regulations (adding 12

VAC 5-481-10 through 12

VAC 5-481-3670).

Statutory Authority:

§

32.1-229 of the Code of Virginia.

EffectiveDate:

September 20, 2006.

Summary:

The Virginia Department of Health has abolished the existing Radiation Protection Regulations (12 VAC 5-480) andpromulgated new regulations (12 VAC 5-481) that incorporate federal standards and state legislative requirementsincluding (i) radiation protection standards of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, (ii) requirements of the federalMammography Quality Standards Act of 1992, (iii) standards included in the Suggested State Regulations of theConference Radiation Control Program Directors, (iv) requirements for mammography machines passed by the 2000Acts of Assembly, and (v) requirements authorizing civil penalties for violation of standards passed by the 1999 Acts ofAssembly.

The proposed regulations were modified based on public comments received. The changes include less restrictiverequirements for private inspector qualifications, an update of federal citations that have changed since the proposedregulations were drafted, and technical corrections to the X-ray machine performance standards.

CHAPTER 481.

VIRGINIA RADIATION PROTECTION REGULATIONS.

PART I.

GENERAL PROVISIONS.

12

VAC 5-481-10. Definitions.

As used in these regulations, these terms have the definitions set forth below.

"A1" means the maximum activity of special form radioactive material permitted in a Type A package.

"A2" means the maximum activity of radioactive material, other than special form radioactive material, permittedin a Type Apackage.

"Absorbed dose" means the energy imparted by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material. The units of absorbeddose are the gray (Gy) and the rad.

"Accelerator" means any machine capable of accelerating electrons, protons, deuterons, or other charged particles in avacuum and of discharging the resultant particulate or other radiation into a medium at energies usually in excess of one MeV.For purposes of this definition, "particle accelerator" is an equivalent term.

"Accelerator-produced material" means any material made radioactive by a particle accelerator.

"Accessible surface" means the external surface of the enclosure or housing of the radiation producing machine as providedby the manufacturer. It also means surface of equipment or of an equipment part that can be easily or accidentally touched by

persons without the use of a tool.

"Act" means §§

32.1-227 through 32.1-238 of the Code of Virginia.

"Active maintenance" means any significant activity needed during the period of institutional control to maintain areasonable assurance that the performance objectives in 12 VAC 5-481-2490 and 12 VAC 5-481-2500 are met. Such activemaintenance includes ongoing activities such as the pumping and treatment of water from a disposal unit or one-time measuressuch as replacement of a disposal unit cover. Active maintenance does not include custodial activities such as repair of fencing,repair or replacement of monitoring equipment, revegetation, minor additions to soil cover, minor repair of disposal unit covers,and general disposal site upkeep such as mowing grass.

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"Activity" means the rate

of disintegration or transformation or decay of radioactive material. The units of activity are thebecquerel (Bq) and the curie (Ci).

"Added filtration" means any filtration that is in addition to the inherent filtration.

"Address of use" means the building or buildings that are identified on the license and where radioactive material may beproduced, prepared, received, used, or stored.

"Adult" means an individual 18 or more years of age.

"Agency" means the Radiological Health Program of the Virginia Department of Health.

"Agreement state" means any state with which the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or the Atomic Energy Commission hasentered into an effective agreement under subsection 274b of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (73 Stat. 689).

"Airborne radioactive material" means any radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates,mists, vapors, or gases.

"Airborne radioactivity area" means a room, enclosure, or area in which airborne radioactive materials exist inconcentrations:

1. In excess of the derived air concentrations (DACs) specified in Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20; or

2. To such a degree that an individual present in the area without respiratory protective equipment could exceed, during thehours anindividual is present in a week, an intake of 0.6% of the annual limit on intake (ALI) or 12 DAC-hours.

"Air kerma (K)" means the kinetic energy released in air by ionizing radiation. Kerma is determined as the quotient of De byDm, where De is the sum ofthe initial kinetic energies of all the charged ionizing particles liberated by uncharged ionizingparticles in air of mass Dm. The SI unit of air kerma is joule per kilogram and the special name for the unit of kerma is the

gray(Gy).

"Aluminum equivalent" means the thickness of type 1100 aluminum alloy affording the same attenuation, under specifiedconditions, as the material in question. The nominal chemical composition of type 100 aluminum is 99.00% minimum aluminum,0.12% copper.

or gamma-rays to determine the elemental compositionor to examine the microstructure of materials.

"Annual limit on intake" (ALI) means the derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adultworker by inhalation or ingestion in a year. ALI is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by the referenceman that would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 0.05 Sv (5 rem) or a committed dose equivalent of 0.5 Sv(50

rem) to any individual organ or tissue. ALI values for intake by ingestion and by inhalation of selected radionuclides are givenin Tables 1

and 2 in Appendix B of 10 CFR 20.

"Annual refresher safety training" means a review conducted or provided by the licensee or registrant for its employees onradiation safety aspects of industrial radiography. The review shall include, as a minimum, any results of internal inspections,new procedures or equipment, new or revised regulations, and accidents or errors that have been observed. The review shallalso provide opportunities for employees to ask safety questions.

"Annually" means at intervals not to

exceed one year.

"ANSI" means the American National Standards Institute.

"Area of use" means a portion of a physical structure that has been set aside for the purpose of producing, preparing,receiving, using, or storing radioactive material.

"As low asis reasonably achievable" (ALARA) means making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to radiation asfar below the dose limits in these regulations as is practical, consistent with the purpose for which the licensed or registeredactivity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to state oftechnology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other societal andsocioeconomic considerations,

and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed or registered sources of radiation inthe public interest.

"Assembler" means any person engaged in the business of assembling, replacing, or installing one or more componentsinto an X-ray system or subsystem. The term includes the owner of an X-ray system or his or her employee or agent whoassembles components into an X-ray system that is subsequently used to provide professional or commercial services.

"Associated equipment" means equipment that is used in conjunction with a radiographic exposure device to makeFinal Regulations

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radiographic exposures that drive, guide, or come in contact with the source.

"Authorized user" means a practitioner of the healing arts who is identified as an authorized user on an agency, agreementstate, licensing state or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission license that authorizes the medical use of radioactive material.

"Automatic exposure control (AEC)" means a device that automatically controls one

or more technique factors in order toobtain at a preselected location(s) a required quantity of radiation (includes devices such as phototimers and ion chambers).

materials, that have not beentechnologically enhanced, including radon, except as a decay product of source or special nuclear material, and including globalfallout as it exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear explosive devices, or from past nuclear accidents such asChernobyl that contribute to background radiation and are not under the control of the licensee or registrant. "Backgroundradiation" does not include sources of radiation from radioactive materials regulated by the agency.

"Barrier" (See "Protective barrier").

"Beam axis" means a line from the source through the centers of the X-ray fields.

"Beam-limiting device" means a device that provides a means to restrict the dimensions of the X-ray field.

"Beam monitoring system" meansa system designed and installed in the radiation head to detect and measure the radiationpresent in the useful beam.

"Beam scattering foil" means a thin piece of material (usually metallic) placed in the beam to scatter a beam of electrons in

order to provide a more uniform electron distribution in the useful beam.

"Becquerel" (Bq) means the SI unit of activity. One becquerel is equal to one disintegration or transformation per second(dps or tps).

"Beneficial attribute" means, as used in Part XVI, the radioactivity of the product necessary to the use of the product.

"Beneficial to the product" see "Beneficial attribute."

"Bent beam linear accelerator" means a linear accelerator geometry in which the accelerated electron beam must changedirection by passing through a bending magnet.

"Bioassay" means the determination of kinds, quantities or concentrations, and, in some cases, the locations of radioactivematerial in the human body, whether by direct measurement, in-vivo counting, or by analysis and evaluation of materialsexcreted or removed from the human body. For purposes of these regulations, "radiobioassay" is an equivalent term.

"Brachytherapy" means a method of radiation therapy in which sealed sources are utilized to deliver a radiation dose at adistance of up to a few centimeters, by surface, intracavitary, or interstitial application.

"Buffer zone" means a portion of the disposal site that is controlled by the licensee and that lies under the disposal unitsandbetween the disposal units and the boundary of the site.

"Byproduct material" means:

1. Any radioactive material, except special nuclear material, yielded in or made radioactive by exposure to the radiationincident to the process of producing or utilizing special nuclear material; and

2. The tailings or wastes produced by the extraction or concentration of uranium or thorium from ore processed primarily forits source material content, including discrete surface wastes resulting from uranium or thorium solution extraction processes.Underground ore bodies depleted by these solution extraction operations do not constitute "byproduct material" within thisdefinition.

"C-arm X-ray system" means an X-ray system in which the image receptor and X-ray tube housing assembly are connectedby a commonmechanical support system in order to maintain a desired spatial relationship. This system is designed to allow achange in the projection of the beam through the patient without a change in the position of the patient.

"Cabinet radiography" means industrial radiography conducted in an enclosure or cabinet so shielded that every location onthe exterior meets the dose limits for individual members of the public as specified in12 VAC 5-481-720.

"Cabinet X-ray system" means an X-ray system with the X-ray tube installed in an enclosure independent of existingarchitectural structures except the floor on which it may be placed. The cabinet X-ray system is intended to contain at least thatportion of a material being irradiated, provide radiation attenuation, and exclude personnel from its interior during generation ofradiation. Included are all X-ray systems designed primarily for the inspection of carry-on baggage at airline, railroad, and busFinal Regulations

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terminals, and in similar facilities. An X-ray tube used within a shielded part of a building, or X-ray equipment that maytemporarily or occasionally incorporate portable shielding, is not considered a cabinet X-ray system.

"Calendar quarter" means not less than 12 consecutive weeks nor more than 14 consecutive weeks. The first calendarquarter of each year shall begin in January and subsequent calendar quarters shall be so arranged such that no day is includedin more than one calendar quarter and no day in any one year is omitted from inclusion within a calendar quarter. The methodobserved by the licensee or registrant for determining calendar quarters shall only be changed at the beginning of a year.

"Calibration" means the determination of (i) the response or reading of an instrument relative to a series of known radiationvalues over the range of the instrument or (ii) the strength of a source of radiation relative to a standard.

"Camera" (See "Radiographic exposure device").

"Carrier" means a person engaged in the transportation of passengers or property by land or water as a common, contract,or private carrier, or by civil aircraft.

"Cephalometric device" means a device intended for the radiographic visualization and measurement of the dimensions ofthe human head.

"Certifiable cabinet X-ray system" means an existing uncertified X-ray system that has been modified to meet thecertification requirements specified in 21 CFR 1020.40.

"Certified cabinet X-ray system" means an X-ray system that has been certified in accordance with 21 CFR 1010.2 as beingmanufactured andassembled pursuant to the provisions of 21 CFR 1020.40.

"Certified components" means components of X-ray systems that are subject to regulations promulgated under Pub.L. 90-602, the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 of the Food and Drug Administration.

"Certified system" means any X-ray system which has one or more certified component(s).

"Certifying entity" means an independent certifying organization meeting the agency’s requirements for documentingapplicant’s training in topics set forth in 12 VAC 5-481-1320 or equivalent state or Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations.

"CFR" means Code of Federal Regulations.

"Changeable filters" means any filter, exclusive of inherent filtration, that can be removed from the useful beam through any

"Class" means a classification scheme for inhaled material according to its rate of clearance from the pulmonary region ofthe lung. Materials are classified as D, W, or Y, which applies to a range of clearance half-times: for Class D, Days, of less than10 days; for Class W, Weeks, from 10 to 100 days; and for Class Y, Years, of greater than 100

days. For purposes of theseregulations, "lung class" and "inhalation class" are equivalent terms.

"Closed transport vehicle" means a transport vehicle equipped with a securely attached exterior enclosure that duringnormal transportation restricts the access of unauthorized persons to the cargo space containing the radioactive material. Theenclosure may be either temporary or permanent but shall limit access from top, sides, and ends. In the case of packagedmaterials, it may be of the "see-through" type.

"Coefficient of variation (C)" means the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value of a set of observations. It isestimated using the following equation:

1-n)x-x(x1=xs=C2in1=i2/1

where:

s

= Standard deviation of the observed values;

x

= Mean value of observations in sample;

xi

= ith

observation in sample;

n

= Number of observations in sample.

"Collective dose" means the sum of the individual doses received in a given period of time by a specified population fromFinal Regulations

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exposure to a specified source ofradiation.

"Collimator" means a device used to limit the size, shape, and direction of the primary radiation beam. For industrialradiography it means a radiation shield that is placed on the end of the guide tube or directly onto a radiographic exposuredevice to restrict the size of the radiation beam when the sealed source is cranked into position to make a radiographicexposure.

"Commencement of construction" means any clearing of land, excavation, or other substantial action that would adverselyaffect

the environment of a land disposal facility. The term does not mean disposal site exploration, necessary roads for disposalsite exploration, borings to determine foundation conditions, or other preconstruction monitoring or testing to establishbackground information related to the suitability of the disposal site or the protection of environmental values.

"Committed dose equivalent" (HT,50) means the dose equivalent to organs or tissues of reference (T) that will be receivedfrom an intake of radioactive

material by an individual during the 50-year period following the intake.

"Committed effective dose equivalent" (HE, 50) is the sum of the products of the weighting factors (wT) applicable to each ofthe body organs or tissues that are irradiated and thecommitted dose equivalent to each of these organs or tissues (HE,50

= Σ

(

wTHT,50)).

"Computed tomography" means the production of a tomogram by the acquisition and computer processing of X-raytransmission data.

"Computed tomography dose index" means the integral from-7T to +7T of the dose profile along a line perpendicular to thetomographic plane divided by the product of the nominal tomographic section thickness and the number of tomograms producedin a single scan, that is:

dz

D(z)

Tn1

=

CTDIT7+T7-

where:

z = Position along a line perpendicular to the tomographic plane;

D(z)

= Dose at position z;

T = Nominal tomographic section thickness;

n = Number of tomograms produced in a single scan.

This definition assumes that the dose profile is centered around z = 0

and that, for a multiple tomogram system, the scanincrement between adjacent scans is nT.

"Contact therapy system" means a therapeutic radiation machine with a short target to skin distance (TSD), usually lessthan five centimeters.

"Contrast scale" means the change in the linear attenuation coefficient per CTN relative to water, that is:

CTN

-

CTN

-

=

CSwxwx

where:

x

= Linear attenuation coefficient of the material of interest;

w

= Linear attenuation coefficient of water;

CTNx

= of the material of interest;

CTNw

= of water.

"Control cable" means the cable that is connected to the source assembly and used to drive the source to and from theexposure location.

"Control drive mechanism" means a device that enables the source assembly to be moved into and out of the exposuredevice.

"Control panel" means that part of the X-ray control upon which are mounted the switches, knobs, pushbuttons, and otherFinal Regulations

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hardware necessary for manually setting the technique factors.

"Control tube" means a protective sheath for guiding the control cable.The control tube connects the control drivemechanism to the radiographic exposure device.

"CT conditions of operation" means all selectable parameters governing the operation of a CT X-ray system including, butnot limited to, nominal tomographic section thickness, filtration, and the technique factors as defined in these regulations.

"CT Number" means the number used to represent theX-ray attenuation associated with each elemental area of the CTimage.

wwx)

-

(k

=

CTN

where:

k

= A constant, a normal value of 1,000 when the Houndsfield scale of CTN is used;

x

= Linear attenuation coefficient of the material of interest;

w

= Linear attenuation coefficient of water.

"Curie" means a unit of quantity of activity. One curie (Ci) is that quantity of radioactive material that decays at the rate

of3.7E+10 disintegrations or transformations per second (dps or tps).

"Custodial agency" means an agency of thegovernment designated to act on behalf of the government owner of thedisposal site.

"Dead-man switch" means a switch so constructed that a circuit closing contact can be maintained only by continuouspressure on the switch by the operator.

"Declared

pregnant

woman" means a woman who has voluntarily informed her employer, in writing, of her pregnancy andthe estimated date of conception.

"Dedicated check source" means a radioactive source that is used to assure the constant operation of a radiation detectionor measurement device over several months or years. This source may also be used for other purposes.

"Department of Energy" means the Department of Energy established by Pub. L. 95-91, August 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 565, 42USC§

7101 et seq., to the extent that the Department exercises functions formerly vested in the Atomic Energy Commission, itsChairman, members, officers and components and transferred to the Energy Research and Development Administration and tothe Administrator thereof pursuant to sections 104(b), (c) and (d) of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93-438,October 11, 1974, 88 Stat. 1233 at 1237, 42 USC§

"Depleted uranium" means the source material uranium in which the isotope uranium-235 is less than 0.711 weightpercentage of the total uranium present. Depleted uranium does not include special nuclear material.

"Derived

air

concentration" (DAC) means the concentration of a given radionuclide in air which, if breathed by the referenceman for a working year of 2,000 hours under conditions of light work, results in an intake of one ALI. For purposes of theseregulations, the conditionof light work is an inhalation rate of 1.2 cubic meters of air per hour for 2,000 hours in a year. DACvalues are given in Table I, Column 3, of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20.

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"Derived

air

concentration-hour" (DAC-hour) means the product of the concentration of radioactive material in air, expressedas a fraction or multiple of the derived air concentration for each radionuclide, and the time of exposure to that radionuclide, inhours. A licensee or registrant may take 2,000 DAC-hours to represent one ALI, equivalent to a committed effective doseequivalent of 0.05 Sv (5 rem).

"Detector" (See "Radiation detector").

"Diagnostic clinical procedures manual" means a collection of written procedures that describes each method (and otherinstructions and precautions) by which the licensee performs diagnostic clinical procedures, where each diagnostic clinicalprocedure has been approved by the authorized user and includes the radiopharmaceutical, dosage, and route of administration.

"Diagnostic X-ray system" means an X-ray system designed for irradiation of any part of the human or animal body for thepurpose of diagnosis or visualization.

"Diagnostic X-ray imaging system" means an assemblage of components for the generation, emission and reception of X-rays and the transformation, storage and visual display of the resultant X-ray image.

"Direct scattered radiation" means that scattered radiation that has been deviated in direction only by materials irradiated bythe useful beam (See "Scattered radiation").

"Disposal" means the isolation of wastes from the biosphere inhabited by man and his food chains by emplacement in aland disposal facility.

"Disposal site" means that

portion of a land disposal facility that is used for disposal of waste. It consists of disposal unitsand a buffer zone.

"Disposal unit" means a discrete portion of the disposal site into which waste is placed for disposal. For near-surfacedisposal, theunit is usually a trench.

“Distinguishable from background” means that the detectable concentration of a radionuclide is statistically different from thebackground concentration of that radionuclide in the vicinity of the site or, in the case of structures, in similar materials usingadequate measurement technology, survey, and statistical techniques.

"Dose equivalent (HT)" means the product of the absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and all other necessary modifyingfactors at the location of interest. The units of dose equivalent are the sievert (Sv) and rem.

"Dose limits" means the permissible upper bounds of radiation doses established in accordance with these regulations. Forpurposes of these regulations, "limits" is an equivalent term.

"Dose monitor unit (DMU)" means a unit response from the beam monitoring system from which the absorbed dose can becalculated.

"Dose profile" means the dose as a function of position along a line.

"Dosimetry

processor" means an individual or an organization that processes and evaluates individual monitoring devices inorder to determine the radiation dose delivered to the monitoring devices.

"Doubly encapsulated sealed source" means a sealed source in which the radioactive

material is sealed within an innercapsule and that capsule is sealed within an outer capsule.

"Drive cable" (See "Control cable").

"Effective dose equivalent (HE)" means the sum of the products of the dose equivalent (HT) to each organ or tissue and theweighting factor (wT) applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated (HE

= Σ wTHT).

"Elemental area" means the smallest area within a tomogram for which the X-ray attenuation properties of a body aredepicted. (See also "Picture element").

"Embryo/fetus" means the developing human organism from conception until the time of birth.

"Engineered barrier" means a manmade structure or device that is intended to improve the land disposal facility's ability tomeet the performance objectives in these regulations.

"Entrance exposure rate" means the exposure free in air per unit time at the point where the center of the useful beamenters the patient.

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"Entrance or access point" means any opening through which an individual or extremity of an individual could gain access toradiation areas or to licensed or registered radioactive materials. This includes entry or exit portals of sufficient size to

permithuman entry, irrespective of their intended use.

"Equipment" (See "X-ray equipment").

"Exclusive use" means the sole use by a single consignor of a conveyance for which all initial, intermediate, and finalloading and unloading are carried out in accordance with the direction of the consignor or consignee. The consignor and thecarrier must ensure that any loading or unloading is performed by personnel having radiological training and resourcesappropriate for safe handling of the consignment. The consignor must issue specific instructions, in writing, for maintenance

ofexclusive use shipment controls, and include them with the shipping paper information provided to the carrier by the consignor.

"Explosive material" means any chemical compound, mixture, or device that produces a substantial instantaneous releaseof gas and heat spontaneously or by contact with sparks or flame.

"Exposure" means being exposed to ionizing radiation or to radioactive material.

"Exposure" means the quotient of Dq by dm where "Dq" is the absolute value of the total charge of the ions of one signproduced in air when all the electrons (negatrons and positrons) liberated by photons in a volume element of air having mass"dm" are completely stopped in air. The SI unit of exposure is the coulomb per kilogram (C/kg). See 12 VAC 5-481-240 Units ofExposure and Dose for the special unit.

"Exposure head" means a device that locates the gamma radiography sealed source in the selected working position.

"Exposure rate" means the exposure per unit of time, such as roentgen per minute and milliroentgen per hour.

"External beam radiationtherapy" means therapeutic irradiation in which the source of radiation is at a distance from thebody.

"External dose" means that portion of the dose equivalent received from any source of radiation outside the body.

"Fissile material" means any special nuclear material consisting of or containing one or more fissile radionuclides. Fissileradionuclides are plutonium-238, plutonium-239, plutonium-241, uranium-233, and uranium-235. Neither natural nor depleteduranium is fissile material. Agency jurisdiction extends only to special nuclear material if quantities are not sufficient to form acritical mass as defined in Part I (12 VAC 5-481-10 et seq.) of this chapter.

1. Fissile Class I: A package that may be transported in unlimited numbers and in any arrangement, and that requires nonuclear criticality safety controls during transportation. A transport index is not assigned for purposes of nuclear criticality safetybut may be required because of external radiation levels.

2. Fissile Class II: A package that may be transported together with other packages in any arrangement but, for criticalitycontrol, in numbers that do not exceed an aggregate transport index of 50. These shipments require no other nuclear criticalitysafety control during transportation. Individual packages

system supporting and allowing movements of the radiation head about acenter of rotation.

"Generally applicable environmental radiation standards" means standards issued by the Environmental Protection Agencyunder the authority of the Atomic Energy Actof 1954, as amended, that impose limits on radiation exposures or levels, orconcentrations or quantities of radioactive material, in the general environment outside the boundaries of locations under thecontrol of persons possessing or using radioactive material.

"General environment" means, as used in Part XVI (12 VAC 5-481-3460 et seq.) of this chapter, the total terrestrial,atmospheric, and aquatic environments outside the site boundary within which any activity, operation, or process authorized by ageneral or specific license issued under Part XVI, is performed.

"Gray (Gy)" means the SI unit of absorbed dose. One gray is equal to an absorbed dose of one joule per kilogram (100 rad).

"Guide tube" means a flexible or rigid tube, or "J"

tube, for guiding the source assembly and the attached control cable fromthe exposure device to the exposure head. The guide tube may also include the connections necessary for attachment to theexposure device and to the exposure head.

"Half-value layer (HVL)" means the thickness ofa specified material that attenuates X-radiation or gamma radiation to anextent such that the air kerma rate, exposure rate or absorbed dose rate is reduced to one-half of the value measured withoutthe material at the same point.

"Hands-on experience" means experience in all of those areas considered to be directly involved in the radiographyprocess, and includes taking radiographs, calibration of survey instruments, operational and performance testing of surveyinstruments and devices, film development,

posting of radiation areas, transportation of radiography equipment, posting ofrecords and radiation area surveillance, etc., as applicable. Excessive time spent in only one or two of these areas, such as

filmdevelopment or radiation area surveillance,should not be counted toward the 2,000 hours of hands-on experience required for aradiation safety officer in 12

VAC 5-481-1310 A 2 or the hands-on experience for a radiographer as required by 12 VAC 5-481-1320 A.

"Healing arts" means the art or science or group of arts or sciences dealing with the prevention and cure or alleviation ofailments, diseases or infirmities, and has the same meaning as "medicine" when the latter term is used in its comprehensivesense.

"Healing arts screening" means the testing of human beings using X-ray machines for the detection or evaluation of healthindications when such tests are not specifically and individually ordered by a licensed practitioner of the healing arts legallyauthorized to prescribe such X-ray tests for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment.

"Heat unit" means a unit of energy equal to the product of the peak kilovoltage, milliamperes, and seconds, such as (kVp)times (mA) times (seconds).

"High radiation area" means an area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels from radiation sources external tothe body could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of one mSv (0.1 rem) in one hour at 30 centimetersfrom any source of radiation or 30 centimeters from any surface that the radiation penetrates.

"Human use" means the internal or external administration of radiation or radioactive material to human beings.

"HVL" (See "Half-value layer").

"Hydrogeologic unit" means any soil or rock unit or zone which by virtue of its porosity or permeability, or lack thereof, has adistinct influence on the storage or movement of groundwater.

"Image intensifier" means a device, installed in its housing, that instantaneously converts an X-ray pattern into aFinal Regulations

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corresponding light image of higher intensity.

"Image receptor" means any device, such as a fluorescent screen or radiographic film, that transforms incident X-rayphotons either into a visible image or into another form that can be made into a visible image by further transformations.

"Image receptor support" means, for mammographic systems, that part of the system designed to support the imagereceptor during mammography.

"Inadvertent intruder" means a person who might occupy the disposal site after closure and engage in normal activities,such as agriculture, dwelling construction, or other pursuits in which an individual might be unknowingly exposed to radiationfrom the waste.

"Independent certifying organization" means an independent organization that meets the agency’s criteria for documentingapplicant’s training in topics set forth in 12 VAC 5-481-1320 or equivalent state or Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations.

"Individual" means any human being.

"Individual monitoring" means the assessment of:

1. Dose equivalent (i) by the use of individual monitoring devices or (ii) by the use of survey data; or

2. Committed effective dose equivalent (i) by bioassayor (ii) by determination of the time-weighted air concentrations towhich an individual has been exposed, that is, DAC-hours. (See the definition of DAC)

"Individual monitoring devices" means devices designed to be worn by a single individual for the assessment of doseequivalent. For purposes of these regulations, "personnel dosimeter" and "dosimeter" are equivalent terms. Examples ofindividual monitoring devices are film badges, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), pocket ionization chambers, opticallystimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters and personal air sampling devices.

"Industrial radiography" means an examination of the structure of materials by the nondestructive method of utilizing ionizingradiation to make radiographic images.

"Inhalation class" (See "Class").

"Inherent filtration" means the filtration of the useful beam provided by the permanently installed components of the tubehousing assembly.

"Inspection" means an official examination or observation including, but not limited to, tests, surveys, and monitoring todetermine compliance with rules, regulations, orders, requirements, and conditions of the agency.

"Institutional controls" means: (i) permanent markers placed at a disposal site, (ii) public records and archives, (iii)government ownership and regulations regarding land or resource use, and (iv) other methods of preserving knowledge aboutthe location, design, and contents of a

disposal system.

"Instrument traceability" (for ionizing radiation measurements) means the ability to show that an instrument has beencalibrated at specified time intervals using a national standard or a transfer standard. If a transfer standard is used,

thecalibration must be at a laboratory accredited by a program that requires continuing participation in measurement qualityassurance with the National Institute of Standards and Technology or other equivalent national or international program.

"Interlock" means a device arranged or connected such that the occurrence of an event or condition is required before asecond event or condition can occur or continue to occur.

"Internal dose" means that portion of the dose equivalent received from radioactive material taken into the body.

"Interruption of irradiation" means the stopping of irradiation with the possibility of continuing irradiation without resetting ofoperating conditions at the control panel.

"Intruder barrier" means a sufficient depth of coverover the waste that inhibits contact with waste and helps to ensure thatradiation exposures to an inadvertent intruder will meet the performance objectives set forth in these regulations, or engineeredstructures that provide equivalent protection to theinadvertent intruder.

"Irradiation" means the exposure of matter to ionizing radiation.

"Irradiator" means a facility that uses radioactive sealed sources for the irradiation of objects or materials and in whichradiation dose rates exceeding five grays (500 rads) per hour exist at one meter from the sealed radioactive sources in air orwater, as applicable for the irradiator type, but does not include irradiators in which both the sealed source and the area subjectto irradiation are contained within a device and are not accessible to personnel.

"Irradiator operator" means an individual who has successfully completed the training and testing described in 12 VAC 5-Final Regulations

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481-2830 and is authorized by the terms of the license to operate the irradiator without a supervisor present.

"Irradiator operator supervisor" means an individual who meets the requirements for an irradiator operator and whophysically oversees operation of the irradiator by an individual who is currently receiving training and testing described in

12

VAC

5-481-2830.

"Isocenter" means the center of the sphere through which the useful beam axis passes while the gantry moves through itsfull range of motions.

"Kilovolt (kV) (kilo electron volt (keV))" means the energy equal to that acquired by a particle with one electron charge inpassing through a potential difference of 1,000 volts in a vacuum. Current convention is to use kV for photons and keV forelectrons.

"Kilovolts peak" (See "Peak tube potential").

"kV" means kilovolts.

"kVp" (See "Peak tubepotential").

"kWs" means kilowatt second.

"Land disposal facility" means the land, buildings, and equipment that is intended to be used for the disposal of wastes into

the subsurface of the land.

"Lay-barge radiography" means industrial radiography performed on any water vessel used for laying pipe.

"Lead equivalent" means the thickness of the material in question affording the same attenuation, under specifiedconditions, as lead.

2. Radiation produced when the exposure switch or timer is not activated.

"Leakage technique factors" means the technique factors associated with the diagnostic source assembly that are used inmeasuring leakage radiation. They are defined as follows:

1. For diagnostic source assemblies intended for capacitor energy storage equipment, the maximum-rated peak tubepotential and the maximum-rated number of exposures in an hour for operation at the maximum-rated peak tube potential withthe quantity of charge per exposure being 10 millicoulombs, i.e., 10 milliampere seconds, or the minimum obtainable from theunit, whichever is larger;

2. For diagnostic source assemblies intended for field emission equipment rated for pulsed operation, the maximum-ratedpeak tube potential and the maximum-rated number of X-ray pulses in an hour for operation at the maximum-rated peak tubepotential;

3. For all other diagnostic source assemblies, the maximum-rated peak tube potential andthe maximum-rated continuoustube current for the maximum-rated peak tube potential.

"License" means a license issued by the agency in accordance with the regulations adopted by the agency.

"Licensed material" means radioactive material received, possessed, used, transferred or disposed of under a general orspecific license issued by the agency.

"Licensee" means any person who is licensed by the agency in accordance with these regulations and the Act.

"Licensing state" means any state that has been finally

designated as such by the Conference of Radiation Control ProgramDirectors, Inc., that reviews state regulations to establish equivalency with the Suggested State Regulations and ascertainswhether a state has an effective program for control of naturaloccurring or accelerator produced radioactive material (NARM).The conference will designate as licensing states those states with regulations for control of radiation relating to, and aneffectiveprogram for, the regulatory control of NARM.

"Light field" means that area of the intersection of the light beam from the beam-limiting device and one of the set of planesparallel to and including the plane of the image receptor, whose perimeter is the locus of points at which the illumination is one-fourth ofthe maximum in the intersection.

"Limits" (See "Dose limits").

"Line-voltage regulation" means the difference between the no-load and the load line potentials expressed as a percentageof the load line potential. It is calculated using the following equation:

system and include areas that are struck by X-rays such as radiationsource housings, port and shutter assemblies, collimators, sample holders, cameras, goniometers, detectors, and shielding, butdo not include power supplies, transformers, amplifiers, readout devices, and control panels.

"Logging assistant" means any individual who, under the personal supervision of a logging supervisor, handles sealedsources or tracers that are not in logging tools or shipping containers or who performs surveys required

by Part XIV (12 VAC 5-481-3140 et. seq.) of this chapter.

"Logging supervisor" means the individual who uses sources of radiation or provides personal supervision of the utilizationof sources of radiation at the well site.

"Logging tool" means a device used subsurface to perform well-logging.

"Lost or missing source of radiation" means licensed (or registered) source of radiation whose location is unknown. Thisdefinition includes, but is not limited to, radioactive material that has been shipped but hasnot reached its planned destinationand whose location cannot be readily traced in the transportation system.

uranium or thorium decay series radionuclides) anduranium or thorium concentrates of such ores; or

b. Solid unirradiated natural uranium or depleted uranium or natural thorium or their solid or liquid compounds or mixtures;or

c. Radioactive material, other than fissile material, for which the A2

value is unlimited; or

d. Milltailings, contaminated earth, concrete, rubble, other bulk debris, and activated material in which the radioactive materialis essentially uniformly distributed, and the average specific activity does not exceed 1.0 E-06 A2/g.

2. LSA-II

a. Water with tritium concentration up to 0.8 terabecquerel per liter (20.0 Ci/L); or

b. Material in which the radioactive material is distributed throughout, and the average specific activity does not exceed 1.0E-04 A2/g for solids and gases, and 1.0 E-05 A2/g for liquids.

3. LSA-III

Solids in which:

a. The radioactive material is distributed throughout a solid or a collection of solid objects, or is essentially uniformlydistributed in a solid compact binding agent (for example: concrete, bitumen, or ceramic); and

b. The radioactive material is relatively insoluble, or it is intrinsically contained in a relatively insoluble material, sothat, evenunder loss of packaging, the loss of radioactive material per package by leaching, when placed in water for seven days, wouldnot exceed 0.1

A2; and

c. The average specific activity of the solid does not exceed 2.0 E-03 A2/g.

"Major processor" means a user processing, handling, or manufacturing radioactive material exceeding Type A quantities asunsealed sources or material, or exceeding four times Type B quantities as sealed sources, but does not include nuclearmedicine programs, universities, industrial radiographers, or small industrial programs. Type A and B quantities are definedinthis section.

"Maximum line current" means the root-mean-square current in the supply line of an X-ray machine operating at itsmaximum rating.

"Management" means the chief executive officer or that individual's designee.

"Medical institution" means an organization in which several medical disciplines are practiced.

"Megavolt (MV) (mega electron volt (MeV))" means the energy equal to that acquired by a particle with one electron chargein passing through a potential difference of one million volts in a vacuum. (Note: current convention is to use MV for photons andMeV for electrons.)

"Member of the public" means an individual except when that individual is receiving an occupational dose.

"Medical use" means the intentional internal or external administration of radioactive material, or the radiation therefrom,tohumans in the practice of the healing arts.

"Mineral logging" means any logging performed for the purpose of mineral exploration other than oil or gas.

b. When both the administered dosage differs from the prescribed dosage by more than 20% of the prescribed dosage andthe differencebetween the administered dosage and prescribed dosage exceeds 1.11 megabecquerels (30 mCi);

2. A therapeutic radiopharmaceutical dosage, other than sodium iodide I-125 or I-131:

a. Involving the wrong patient, wrong radiopharmaceutical, or wrong route of administration; or

b. When the administered dosage differs from the prescribed dosage by more than 20% of the prescribed dosage;

3. A gamma stereotactic radiosurgery radiation dose:

a. Involving the wrong patient or wrong treatment site; or

b. When the calculated total administered dose differs from the total prescribed dose by more than 10% of the totalprescribed dose;

b. When the treatment consists of three or fewer fractions and the calculated total administered dose differs from the totalprescribed dose by more than 10% of the total prescribed dose; or

c. When the calculated weekly administered dose exceeds the weekly prescribed dose by

30% or more of the weeklyprescribed dose; or

d. When the calculated total administered dose differs from the total prescribed dose by more than 20% of the totalprescribed dose;

5. A brachytherapy radiation dose:

a. Involving the wrong patient, wrong radionuclide, or wrong treatment site (excluding, for permanent implants, seeds thatwere implanted in the correct site but migrated outside the treatment site); or

b. Involving a sealed source that is leaking; or

c. When, for a temporary implant, one or more

sealed sources are not removed upon completion of the procedure; or

d. When the calculated administered dose differs from the prescribed dose by more than 20% of the prescribed dose;

"Mobile nuclear medicine service" means the transportation and medical use of radioactive material.

"Mobile X-ray equipment" (See "X-ray equipment").

"Monitor unit (MU)" (See "Dose monitor unit").

"Monitoring" means the measurement of radiation, radioactive material concentrations, surface area activities or quantitiesof radioactive material and the use ofthe results of these measurements to evaluate potential exposures and doses. Forpurposes of these regulations, "radiation monitoring" and "radiation protection monitoring" are equivalent terms. For Part XI

(12VAC 5-481-2330 et seq.) of this chapter it means observing and making measurements to provide data to evaluate theperformance and characteristics of the disposal site.

"Moving beam radiation therapy" means radiation therapy with any planned displacement of radiation field or patient relativeto each

other, or with any planned change of absorbed dose distribution. It includes arc, skip, conformal, intensity modulationand rotational therapy.

"Multiple tomogram system" means a computed tomography X-ray system that obtains X-ray transmission datasimultaneously during a single scan to produce more than one tomogram.

"NARM" means any naturally occurring or accelerator-produced radioactive material. It does not include byproduct, source,or special nuclear material.

"Near-surface disposal facility" means a land disposal facility in which waste is disposed of within approximately the upper30 meters of the earth's surface.

"Noise" means the standard deviation of the fluctuations in CTN expressed as a percentage of the attenuation coefficient ofwater. Its estimate (Sn) is calculated using the following expression:

wns

CS

100

=

S

where:

CS

= Linear attenuation coefficient of the material of interest.

w

= Linear attenuation coefficient of water.

s

= Standard deviation of the CTN of picture elements in a specified area of the CT image.

"Nominal tomographic section thickness" means the full width at half-maximum of the sensitivity profile taken at the center ofthe cross-sectional volume over which X-ray transmission data are collected.

"Nonstochastic effect" means a health effect, the severity of which varies with thedose and for which a threshold is believedto exist. Radiation-induced cataract formation is an example of a nonstochastic effect. For purposes of these regulations,"deterministic effect" is an equivalent term.

1. For electron irradiation, the distance from the scattering foil, virtual source, or exit window of the electron beam to theentrance surface of the irradiated object alongthe central axis of the useful beam.

2. For X-ray irradiation, the virtual source or target to isocenter distance along the central axis of the useful beam. Fornonisocentric equipment, this distance shall be that specified by the manufacturer.

"Nuclear waste" means a quantity of source, byproduct or special nuclear material (the definition of nuclear waste in this partis used in the same way asin 49 CFR 173.403) required to be in United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission-approvedspecification packaging while transported to, through or across a state boundary to a disposal site, or to a collection point

fortransport to a disposal site.

"Occupational dose" means the dose received by an individual in the course of employment in which the individual'sassigned duties for the licensee or registrant involve exposure to sources of radiation, whether or not the sources of radiation arein the possession of the licensee, registrant, or other person. Occupational dose does not include dose received: frombackground radiation, or from any medical administration the individual has received, from exposure to individuals administeredradioactive materialand released in accordance with 12

VAC 5-481-1870, or from voluntary participation in medical researchprograms, or as a member of the public.

"Offshore platform radiography" means industrial radiography conducted from a platform over a body of water.

"Open-beam configuration" means an analytical X-ray system in which an individual could accidentally place some part ofhis body in the primary beam path during normal operation.

"Output" means the exposure rate, dose rate, or a quantity related in a known manner to these rates from a teletherapy unitfor a specified set of exposure conditions.

"Package" means the packaging together with its radioactive contents as presented for transport.

"Packaging" means the assembly of components necessary to ensure compliance with the packaging requirements of theseregulations. It may consist of one or more receptacles, absorbent materials, spacing structures, thermal insulation, radiationshielding, and devices for cooling or absorbing mechanical shocks. The vehicle, tie-down system, and auxiliary equipment maybe designated as part of the packaging.

"Panoramic dry-source-storage irradiator" means an irradiator in which the irradiations occur in air in areas potentiallyaccessible to personnel and in which the sources arestored in shields made of solid materials. The term includes beam-typedry-source-storage irradiators in which only a narrow beam of radiation is produced for performing irradiations.

"Panoramic irradiator" means an irradiator in which the irradiations are

done in air in areas potentially accessible topersonnel. The term includes beam-type irradiators.

"Panoramic wet-source-storage irradiator" means an irradiator in which the irradiations occur in air in areas potentiallyaccessible to personnel and in which the sources are stored under water in a storage pool.

"Peak tubepotential" means the maximum value of the potential difference across the X-ray tube during an exposure.

"Periodic quality assurance check" means a procedure that is performed to ensure that a previous calibration continues tobe valid.

"Permanent radiographic installation" means an enclosed shielded room, cell, or vault, not located at a temporary jobsite, inwhich radiography is performed.

"Person" means any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group,agency, political subdivision of this state, any other state or political subdivision or agency thereof, and any legal successor,representative, agent, or agency of the foregoing (but shall not include federal government agencies).

"Personal monitoring equipment"

(See"Individual monitoring devices").

"Personal supervision" means guidance and instruction by the supervisor who is physically present at the jobsite andwatching the performance of the operation in such proximity that contact can be

maintained and immediate assistance given asrequired. In radiography it means guidance and instruction provided to a radiographer trainee by a radiographer instructor who ispresent at the site, in visual contact with the trainee while the trainee is using sources of radiation, and in such proximity thatimmediate assistance can be given if required.

"Phantom" means a volume of material behaving in a manner similar to tissue with respect to the attenuation and scatteringof radiation. This requires that both the atomic number (Z) and the density of the material be similar to that of tissue.

"Pool irradiator" means any irradiator at which the sources are stored or used in a pool of water including panoramic wet-source-storage irradiators and underwater irradiators.

"Pharmacist" means an individual licensed by this state to compound and dispense drugs, prescriptions, and poisons.

"Physician" means an individual licensed by this state to dispense drugs in the practice of medicine.

"Picture element" means an elemental area of a tomogram.

"PID" (See "Position indicating device").

"Pigtail" (See "Source assembly").

"Pill" (See "Sealed source").

"Planned

special

exposure" means an infrequent exposure to radiation, separate from and in addition to the annualoccupational dose limits.

"Portable X-ray equipment" (See "X-ray equipment").

"Position indicating device" means a device on dental X-ray equipment used to indicate the beam position and to establish adefinite source-surface (skin) distance. It may or may not incorporate or serve as a beam-limiting device.

"Positive beam limitation" means the automatic or semi-automatic adjustment of an X-ray beam to the size of the selectedimage receptor, whereby exposures cannot be made without such adjustment.

"Primary beam" means radiation that passes through an aperture of the source housing by a direct path from the X-ray tubeor a radioactive source located in the radiation source housing.

"Primary dose monitoring system" means a system that will monitor the useful beam during irradiation and that will terminateirradiation when a preselected number of dose monitor units have been delivered.

"Primary protective barrier" (See "Protective barrier").

"Practical examination" means a demonstration through application of the safety rules and principles in industrialradiography including use of all procedures and equipment to be used by radiographic personnel.

"Practical range of electrons" corresponds to classical electron range where the only remaining contribution to dose is frombremsstrahlung X-rays. A further explanation may be found in "Clinical Electron Beam Dosimetry: Report of AAPM RadiationTherapy Committee Task Group 25" (Medical Physics 18(1): 73-109, Jan/Feb. 1991) and ICRU Report 35, "Radiation Dosimetry:Electron Beams with Energies Between 1 and 50 MeV", International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements,September 15, 1984.

"Prescribed dosage" means the quantity of radiopharmaceutical activity as documented:

1. In a written directive; or

2. Either in the diagnostic clinical procedures manual or in any appropriate record in accordance with the directions of theauthorized user for diagnostic procedures.

"Prescribed dose" means:

1. Forgamma stereotactic radiosurgery, the total dose as documented in the written directive; or

2. For teletherapy, the total dose and dose per fraction as documented in the written directive; or

3. For brachytherapy, either the total source strength and exposure time, or the total dose, as documented in the writtendirective.

"Private inspector" means an individual who meets the requirements set forth in 12 VAC 5-481-340 and who hasdemonstrated to the satisfaction of the agency that such individual possesses the knowledge, training and experience tomeasure ionizing radiation, to evaluate safety techniques, and to advise regarding radiation protection needs.

"Product" means, as used in Part XVI (12 VAC 481-3640 et seq.) of this chapter, something produced, made, manufactured,refined, or benefited.

"Product conveyor system" means a system for moving the product to be irradiated to, from, and within the area whereirradiation takes place.

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"Projection sheath" (See "Guide tube").

"Projector" (See "Radiographic exposure device").

"Protective apron" means an apron made of radiation-attenuating or absorbing materials used to reduce exposure toradiation.

"Protective barrier" means a barrier of radiation absorbing material(s) used to reduce radiation exposure. The types

made of radiation absorbing materials used to reduce radiation exposure.

"Public dose" means the dose received by a member of the public from exposure to sources of radiation released by thelicensee or registrant, or to any other source of radiation under the control of the licensee or registrant. Public dose does notinclude occupational dose, or doses received from background radiation, from any medical administration the individual hasreceived, from exposure to individuals administered radioactive material and released in accordance with 12 VAC 5-481-1870, orfrom voluntary participation in medical research programs.

"Pyrophoric material" means any liquid that ignites spontaneously in dry or moist air at or below 130F (54.4C) or any solidmaterial, other than one classed as an explosive, which under normal conditions is liable to cause fires through friction, retainedheat from manufacturing or processing, or that can be ignited readily and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently

asto create a serious transportation, handling, or disposal hazard. Included are spontaneously combustible and water-reactivematerials.

"Quality factor" (Q) means the modifying factor, that is referenced in 12 VAC 5-481-240, that is used to derive doseequivalent

from absorbed dose.

"Quarter" means a period of time equal to one-fourth of the year observed by the licensee, approximately 13 consecutiveweeks, providing that the beginning of the first quarter in a year coincides with the starting date of the year and

that no day isomitted or duplicated in consecutive quarters.

"Rad" means the special unit of absorbed dose. One rad is equal to an absorbed dose of 100 erg per gram or 0.01 joule perkilogram (0.01 gray).

"Radioactive marker" means radioactive material placed subsurface or on a structure intended for subsurface use for thepurpose of depth determination or direction orientation.

"Radiation" means alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-speed protons,and other particles capable of producing ions. For purposes of these regulations, ionizing radiation is an equivalent term.Radiation, as used in these regulations, does not include nonionizing radiation, such as radiowaves or microwaves, visible,infrared, orultraviolet light.

"Radiation area" means any area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving

adose equivalent in excess of 0.05 mSv (0.005 rem) in one hour at 30 centimeters from the source of radiationor from anysurface that the radiation penetrates.

"Radiation detector" means a device which in the presence of radiation provides a signal or other indication suitable for use

in measuring one or more quantities of incident radiation.

"Radiation dose" (See "Dose").

"Radiation field" (See "Useful beam").

[

"Radiation detector" means a device which, in the presence of radiation provides, by either direct or indirect means, asignal or other indication suitable for use in measuring one or more quantities of incident radiation.

]

"Radiation head" means the structure from which the useful beam emerges.

"Radiation machine" means any device capable of producing radiation except those devices with radioactive material as theonly source of radiation.

"Radiation room" means a shielded room in which irradiations take place. Underwater irradiators do not have radiationrooms.

"Radiation safety officer" means an individual who has the knowledge and responsibility to apply appropriate radiationprotection regulations and

has been assigned such responsibility by the licensee or registrant.

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"Radiation safety officer for industrial radiography" means an individual with the responsibility for the overall radiation safetyprogram on behalf of the licensee or registrant and who

"Radiation therapy simulation system" means a radiographic or fluoroscopic X-ray system intended for localizing the volumeto be exposed during radiation therapy and confirming the position and size of the therapeutic irradiation field.

"Radiograph" means an image receptor on which the image is created directly or indirectly by an X-ray pattern and results ina permanent record.

"Radiographer" means

any individual who performs or who, in attendance at the site where the sources of radiation arebeing used, personally supervises industrial radiographic operations and who is responsible to the licensee or registrant for

assuring compliance with the requirements of the agency's regulations and the conditions of the license or registration.

"Radiographer certification" means written approval received from a certifying entity stating that an individual hassatisfactorily met the radiation safety, testing,and experience criteria in 12

VAC 5-481-1320.

"Radiographer's assistant" means any individual who under the direct supervision of a radiographer, uses radiographicexposure devices, sources of radiation, related handling tools, or radiation survey instruments in industrial radiography.

"Radiographic exposure device" means any instrument containing a sealed source fastened or contained therein, in whichthe sealed source or shielding thereof may be moved, or otherwise changed, from a shielded to unshieldedposition for purposesof making a radiographic exposure.

"Radiographic imaging system" means any system whereby a permanent or semi-permanent image is recorded on animage receptor by the action of ionizing radiation.

"Radiographer instructor" means any radiographer who has been authorized by the agency to provide on-the-job training toradiographer trainees in accordance with Part V (12 VAC 5-481-1170 et seq.) of this chapter.

"Radiographic operations" means all activities performed with a radiographic exposure device, or with a radiation machine.Activities include using, transporting except by common or contract carriers, or storing at a temporary job site, performingsurveys to confirm the adequacy of boundaries, setting up equipment, and any activity inside restricted area boundaries.Transporting a radiation machine is not considered a radiographic operation.

"Radiographer trainee" means any individual who, under the personal supervision of a radiographer instructor, uses sourcesof radiation, related handling tools, or radiation survey instruments during the course of his instruction.