Developed by Johan Kjeldahl in 1883, the method is used for the determination of nitrogen and carbon in organic compounds from the oxidation of substances like sulfuric acid. The apparatus shown in figure 1606 is…

Figures 1858 and 1859 depict pumps where the tap control is either operated by hand or is a self-acting control. The two-stage pump in figure 1860 is outfitted with Babinet's cock, and is suitable for faster working.

Figure 1969 depicts an apparatus for determining boiling point, and figure 1970 shows an apparatus for determining molecular weight according to Beckmann, with tripod and movement device according to Gilson.

Including what is believed to be the earliest depiction of the chemical structure of a benzene ring, this German work by August Kekulé (1829-1896) outlines his discoveries on the structure of benzene. An early founder…

Early examples of paper chromatography from German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who is considered to be the originator of the analytic technique. Runge investigated the color reactions of various chemical…

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