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Ecosystems and Communities
Chapter 4
Chapter Mystery
The Wolf Effect
• Read the chapter mystery on Page 95
• Answer the following in your notebook:
– Explain why scientists predicted that
reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone National
Park would lead to a decline in the number
of elk in the park.
– Predict how fewer elk might affect
other organisms in the park.
Weather and Climate
• Partly cloudy, high of 84, low 62,
30% chance of rain in the evening,
winds SE 4mph, pressure 31.2in and
falling.
Winters are bitterly cold, summers
are mild and long enough to allow
the ground to thaw.
Weather and Climate
• Weather – the day to day conditions of the
earth’s atmosphere
• Climate – year after year patterns of
temperature and precipitation
• Microclimate – difference within
small region.
South vs North facing trees.
Factors that affect climate
• Solar energy trapped in the biosphere
• Latitude
• Transport of heat by winds and ocean
currents.
• In Your Notebook:
– Describe the climate where you live.
– What factors influence it?
The Greenhouse Effect
• Balance between heat that stays in
biosphere and heat lost to space
determines earth’s average temperature.
• Controlled by concentration of
– Carbon dioxide
– Methane
– Water vapor
a.k.a. – the greenhouse gases
The Greenhouse Effect
The Greenhouse Effect
• Gases are like the glass of the
greenhouse – light gets in – then gets
trapped
• What happens if gas concentration rises?
• Without gases – earth would be
30 degrees Celsius cooler
Latitude
• Climate zones are produced by unequal
distribution of sun’s heat
– Polar regions get less
– Equator gets most intense
– Tilt of earth determines temperate regions
Heat transport in biosphere
• Wind and ocean currents caused by
unequal distribution of heat by sun
– Warm air rises
– Cold air sinks
– Earth’s rotation causes wind to blow
Heat transport in biosphere
• Ocean currents can transport heat
– Cold water sinks and moves along floor
– Rises when passes warm area - upwelling
Section 4.1 Review
• Answer the following in your notebook:
– What are the main factors that determine
climate?
– Explain what would likely happen to global
climate if there was a dramatic
decrease in greenhouse gases
trapped in the atmosphere.
Niches and Community Interactions
• Organisms not only live together in ecological
communities, but they also constantly interact
with one another. These interactions help shape
the ecosystem in which they live. Some
organisms are predators, while others are prey.
Some organisms compete with each other
for resources. Some organisms are
parasites on others. For each organism,
all of its interactions with other
organisms and with nonliving things
define its role within its ecosystem.
Niches and Community Interactions
• Describe the living and non-living things
that define the area in which you live.
• What might happen if you suddenly move
to an area with a very different
temperature range?
• Based on your experiences,
define predation. Give an
example.
Niches and Community Interactions
• Based on your experiences, define
competition. Give an example.
• Name an organism that can be a parasite
on humans. What effect does this
organism have on the human?
Tolerance
• The ability to survive and reproduce under
a range of environmental circumstances.
Habitat vs. Niche
• Habitat – a species’ address – the general
place where it lives.
• Also need to know its occupation
– Where and how it makes a living
• Niche – the range of physical and
biological conditions in which a
species lives and the way the
species obtains what it needs
to survive and reproduce.
3 Parts of the Niche
• Resources – necessities of life
– Water, nutrients, light, food or space
• Physical Aspects – abiotic factors
– Amphibians need moisture, stable
temperatures
• Biological Aspects – biotic factors
– When it reproduces, are predators
around, feeding area
Competition
• Usually, more than one organism needs
various essential resources.
– Forests – plant roots compete for water and
nutrients in the soil.
– Animals compete for food, mates and
places to live and raise their young.
Intra = within
Inter = between
Competition
• In Your Notebook:
– Look at the beetles in Figure 4-5 on page 100.
– Is this an example of intraspecific or
interspecific competition?
– How do you know?
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
• No two species can occupy exactly the
same niche in exactly the same habitat at
exactly the same time.
– Someone always wins and someone always
loses
Dividing Resources
• By causing species to divide resources,
competition helps determine the number
and kinds of species in a community and
the niche each species occupies.
Dividing Resources
• Answer the following In Your Notebook:
• What would happen if two of the warbler
species tried to occupy the same niche
in the same tree at the same time?
Explain your answer.
Predation and Herbivory
• Predator – the eater
• Prey – the eaten
– Predators affect the size of prey populations
in a community and determine the places prey
can live and feed.
• Herbivores can affect both the size
and distribution of plant populations
in a community and determine
the places certain plants can
survive and grow
Predation and Herbivory
• In Your Notebook:
– Answer the questions about Predator-Prey
Dynamics on Page 102
Keystone Species
• A single species that is not usually
abundant in a community yet exerts strong
control on the structure of the community.
– Pacific coast – sea otters eat sea urchins.
Urchins are herbivores that eat kelp.
– When sea otters were eliminated by hunting
the kelp forest vanished. Why?
Keystone Species
• In Your Notebook:
– Not all keystone-species effects are due to
predation. Describe the dramatic effects that
the dam-building activities of beavers, a
keystone species, might have on
other types of organisms.
Mystery Clue
• Answer the following in your notebook:
• One of the favorite prey species of the
wolves in Yellowstone is elk.
How do you think this relationship
could affect the ability of certain
plants to grow in Yellowstone?
Symbioses
• Any relationship in which two species live
closely together.
• Three types
– Mutualism
– Parasitism
– Commensalism
Mutualism
• Both species benefit
Parasitism
• One is hurt – the other is helped
Commensalism
• One is helped the other is unaffected
4.2 Review
• Answer the following In Your Notebook:
• What is the difference between a habitat
and a niche?
• Bacteria living in a cow’s stomach
help the cow break down the
cellulose in grass, gaining nutrients
in the process. Is the an example
of commensalism or mutualism?
Explain.
4.3 Introduction
• The same natural disasters known for
having devastating impacts on human
homes and communities can also affect
natural ecosystems.
• These disturbances can wipe out many
individuals of some species, which
can drastically alter the interactions
that occur between organisms in
an ecosystem.
In Your Notebook
• List three natural disasters that have
affected the community in which you live
or you have learned about in the news.
• Choose one type of natural disaster and
describe how it may alter the ecosystem
where it strikes.
• What happens in human communities
after a natural disaster?
• What happens in natural
ecosystems?
Succession
• Ecological succession – a series of moreor-less predictable changes that occur in a
community over time.
• Ecosystems change over time, especially
after disturbances, as some species die
out and new species move in.
Primary Succession
• Succession that begins in an area with no
remnants of an older community.
– Volcanic eruptions, glacier retreat
• Pioneer species – the first to colonize
barren areas.
– Lichen, some grasses
Secondary Succession
• Existing community not completed
destroyed – just altered – soil and possibly
a few plants remain.
– Forest fires, logging, farming
– Quicker recovery time
Why does succession occur?
• Every organism changes the environment
it lives in.
• As one species alters environment another
species finds it easy to live there.
– Lichens add organic matter and form soil
so grasses can now live there.
Trees grow branches that shade the
ground underneath so new plants
can grow in the cooler temps.
In Your Notebook
• Summarize what happens in primary and
secondary succession. How are they alike
and how are they different?
Climax Communities
• Do ecosystems return to “normal”
following a disturbance?
– We used to think yes, but recent studies show
succession doesn’t always follow the same
path.
– Which species colonize which areas
are often due to chance.
Succession after Natural Disturbances
• Secondary succession in healthy
ecosystems following natural disturbances
often reproduces the original climax
community.
– So everything returns to “normal”
Succession after Humans
• Ecosystems may or may not recover from
extensive human-caused disturbances.
– Cutting down tropical rain forests changes soil
composition, timing of rainfall, breeding of
animals before and right after disturbance.
4.3 Review
• In your notebook – write a short story
about an ecosystem that is disturbed and
undergoes either primary or secondary
succession.
– Write about both biotic and abiotic factors.
In Your Notebook
• Describe the climate in which you live.
• On the biome map, locate the place where you
live.
• Which biome do you live in? (Pg 111)
• Does your climate description match the
description of the biome on found on pg 112114?
Understanding Biomes
• Lesson 1 told us global climate was
affected by latitude and heat transported
by winds.
• Oregon, Montana and Vermont all have
similar latitude and the wind always blows
from east to west, so why are their
climates different?
Understanding Biomes
• There are other factors at work.
– Proximity to ocean
– Mountain ranges
– Elevation
Defining Biomes
• Abiotic factors
– Climate – seasonal patterns of temperature
and precipitation
– Soil type
• Biotic factors
– Plant life
– Animal life – organisms are characterized
by adaptations that enable them to
live and reproduce successfully in
the given environment.
Climate Diagram
In Your Notebook
• Answer the questions in the analyzing
data section on page 115.
Other Land Areas
• Not easily defined in terms of a typical
community of plants and animals.
• Mountain Ranges
– Conditions vary with elevation
• Polar Ice Caps
– Too cold
– Very few plants
– Many areas covered with ice
Mystery Clue
• Answer the following In Your Notebook:
– Yellowstone has high mountain slopes and
valleys with streams. Can you think of any
reason why moose and elk might prefer to
graze in one of those places rather than the
other? How do you think their preference
might affect Yellowstone’s plant
communities?
Biome Acrostic
•
•
•
•
•
Biotic factor in tropical dry forests include oak trees and lilacs.
I
O
M
E
•
•
•
•
•
F
A
C
Temperate forests have soil rich in humus.
S
Aquatic Ecosystems
• The marine ecosystem that is exposed to
regular and extreme changes in its
surroundings is the intertidal zone. During
high tide, the intertidal zone is covered by
seawater. During low tide, this area is
exposed to air, sunlight, and heat.
Aquatic Ecosystems
• What types of organisms would you
expect to find living in the intertidal zone?
• What characteristics do you think these
organisms have that enable them to live in
this zone?
• What effect do waves have on the
intertidal zone?
Underwater Conditions
• Aquatic organisms are affected primarily
by:
– the water’s depth
– temperature
– flow
– amount of dissolved nutrients.
Underwater Conditions
• Water Depth
– Photic Zone
• sunlit region near the surface
• Photosynthesis occurs here
• Phytoplankton makes food and is eaten by
zooplankton – start of many food chains
– Aphotic Zone
• No sun
• No photosynthesis
– Benthic Zone
• Aquatic organisms (benthos) living on
or in rocks and sediments on bottom
of lakes, streams and oceans.
Underwater Conditions
Underwater Conditions
• Temperature and Currents
– Warmer near equator
– Colder toward poles
– Vary with depth
• Nutrient Availability
– Need oxygen, nitrogen, potassium
and phosphorus.
– Different bodies of water have
different amounts
Mystery Clue
• Answer the following In Your Notebook:
• What is one way in which life in
Yellowstone's streams might be affected
by the presence or absence of plants
along stream banks?
Freshwater Ecosystems
• Only 3% of earth’s water is freshwater.
• Possible for chains of streams, lakes and
rivers to begin in interior of continent and
flow through several biomes on way to
the sea.
• Three categories:
– Rivers and streams
– Lakes and ponds
– Freshwater wetlands
Freshwater Ecosystems
• Rivers and streams
– Originate underground or in mountains
– Near source
• Plenty of oxygen
• Little plant life
– Downstream
• Sediments build up
• Plants established
– Farther downstream
• Water meanders through flat areas
Freshwater Ecosystems
• Lakes and Ponds
– Food webs based on presence of
phytoplankton and zooplankton
– Water flows in and out
– Circulates between the surface and benthos
• Circulation distributes heat, oxygen
and nutrients
Freshwater Ecosystems
• Freshwater Wetlands
– Water covers soil or is at least present at or
near surface for part of the year
– Water may flow or stay in place
– Nutrient rich
– Highly productive
– Breeding grounds
– Purify water and prevent flooding
– Three types
• Bogs, marshes and swamps
In Your Notebook
• What kinds of adaptations would you
expect in organisms living in a fast-flowing
river or stream?
Estuaries
• Special wetland where river meets sea
– Mix of fresh and saltwater
– Affected by rise and fall of ocean tides
– Many are shallow
• Allows for photosynthesis
– Spawning and nursery grounds for
important fish and shellfish species
– Two types
• Salt marsh
• Mangrove swamp
Marine Ecosystems
• Based on depth and distance from shore
• Divided into three categories:
– Intertidal Zone
– Coastal Zone
– Open Ocean
In Your Notebook
• How would you expect communities of
organisms in the open ocean to differ from
those along the coast?
Intertidal Zone
• Submerged during high tide
• Exposed during low tide
• Subjected to extreme temperature
changes
• Battered by waves and currents
• Barnacles and seaweed live here
Coastal Ocean
• Extends from low-tide mark to edge of
continental shelf
• Water
– Brightly lit
– Full of nutrients from land runoff
– Highly productive
• Examples
– Kelp forests
– Coral reefs
Open Ocean
• Begins at continental shelf
• 90% of ocean
• Two zones
– Open Ocean Photic Zone
• Low nutrient levels but due to sheer size most
of the photosynthesis on earth occurs here
– Open Ocean Aphotic Zone
• Permanently dark
• Depends on dead things falling from
above or chemosynthesis
• High pressure
• Frigid temperatures
Ocean Zones
4.5 Review
• What are some ways in which life in an
aphotic zone might differ from life in a
photic zone?
• Why are wetlands important?
• How might a dam upriver affect
an estuary at the river’s mouth?