The weblog of the Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice. Here's where editorial panellists, readers and contributors can come together and share their view on all aspects of IP law and practice. Join us!

Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2015) doi: 10.1093/jiplp/jpv041, first published online: March 8, 2015

The US Supreme Court confirms that trade mark tacking is a question of fact to be resolved by the fact-finder (typically the jury) rather than a question of law to be resolved by the court.

Legal context

Under US law, a party claiming trade mark ownership must establish that it was the first to use the mark in the sale of goods or services, or that it has ‘priority’. The trade mark ‘tacking’ doctrine allows a trade mark owner to ‘tack’ the date of the first use of the original mark on to a revised mark to establish priority where the two marks create the same, continuing commercial impression and are regarded as essentially the same by the consumer. In other words, the two marks must be ‘legal equivalents’. The tacking doctrine allows a trade mark owner to modify its mark over time without losing priority and ownership.

In Hana Financial, Inc v Hana Bank, No 13-1211, 574 US __ (21 Jan 2015) (‘Hana’), the US Supreme Court addressed the question of whether ‘tacking’ is a question of fact to be resolved by the fact-finder, for example the jury, or a question of law to be resolved by the court.

Facts

The District Court

In 2007, Hana Financial claimed a US priority date of 1995 as the basis for a trade mark infringement suit against Hana Bank. Hana Bank defended by arguing it was the senior user with priority, because it had first used the mark ‘Hana Overseas Korean Club’ in the US in 1994, before it changed its name to ‘Hana World Center’ in 2000, and finally settling on ‘Hana Bank’ in 2002 (500 F Supp 2d 1228 (CD Cal 2007)). The District Court granted summary judgment to the defendant Hana Bank, but the Ninth Circuit determined there were genuine issues of material facts as to priority, and remanded for a new trial (398 Fed Appx 257 (9th Cir 2010)). On remand, the District Court gave the jury the following instruction:

A party may claim priority in a mark based on the first use date of a similar but technically distinct mark where the previously used mark is the legal equivalent of the mark in question or indistinguishable therefrom such that consumers consider both as the same mark. This is called ‘tacking’. The marks must create the same, continuing commercial impression, and the later mark should not materially differ from or alter the character of the mark attempted to be tacked (735 F3d 1158, 1163 (9th Cir 2013)).

On appeal, the Ninth Circuit affirmed, concluding that the jury received an instruction that correctly conveyed the narrowness of the tacking doctrine (735 F3d 1158, 1166). The jury could have reasonably concluded that the ordinary purchasers of the financial services at issue likely had a consistent, continuous commercial impression of the services the defendant offered and the origin of those services, due in part to the advertisements that grouped the name ‘Hana Overseas Korean Club’ in English, next to its ‘Hana Bank’ mark in Korean and an unchanged distinctive ‘dancing man’ logo.

Petition for Certiorari

Hana Financial petitioned to the United States Supreme Court for certiorari, citing the circuit split between the Ninth Circuit—which views tacking as a question of fact for the jury—and the Sixth Circuit, Federal Circuit and Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB)—which view tacking as a question of law for the judge. In its opposition, Hana Bank argued that the Supreme Court should not take this case, because it would leave unanswered a similar circuit split over whether likelihood of confusion in trade mark cases is a question of fact or law (or a mixed question). Notwithstanding this, the Supreme Court granted Hana Financial's petition to resolve the circuit split on tacking.

Analysis

In a unanimous decision penned by Justice Sonia Sotomayor, the Supreme Court held that ‘when a jury trial has been requested and when the facts do not warrant entry of summary judgment or judgment as a matter of law, the question whether tacking is warranted must be decided by a jury’. The Court reasoned that ‘when the relevant question is how an ordinary person or community would make an assessment, the jury is generally the decisionmaker that ought to provide the fact-intensive answer’. However, there are circumstances where a judge would make that determination—where there are no material facts at issue.

The Court was unconvinced by Hana Financial's four arguments as to why tacking should be considered a question of law to be resolved by a judge:

the ‘legal equivalents’ test for tacking is a mixed question of law and fact, which is appropriately resolved by juries;

tacking determinations by juries will not create new law to be relied on in deciding other tacking cases;

tacking should not be treated differently than other areas of the law in which decision-making in fact-intensive disputes is performed by a jury and necessarily involves some degree of uncertainty; and

judges may resolve, and have historically resolved, tacking disputes when there are no material facts at issue, but ‘when a jury is to be empaneled and when the facts warrant neither summary judgment nor judgment as a matter of law, tacking is a question for the jury’.

The Court explained in a footnote that its holding is not inconsistent with its decision in the patent case of Markman v Westview Instruments, Inc, 517 US 370 (1996), in which it held that ‘construing patent terms falls to judges and not to juries’. The Court reasoned that, while claim construction is the responsibility of judges as they are likely to do textual interpretation better than jurors, tacking is an appropriate question for the jury as it is a factual judgment about consumer impression and not a task that ‘judges often do better than jurors (Hana, slip op at 6-7 n2)’.

As to the question of the split in the circuits concerning whether likelihood of confusion is a question for the fact-finder or the court, the Supreme Court left that issue for another day.

Practical significance

Hana is significant for its analysis on what constitutes a question of fact to be resolved by a fact-finder versus a question of law to be resolved by the court. While it is unlikely that the tacking issue which was specifically resolved in this dispute will have a great effect on US trade mark disputes, the broader outlines of the Court's analysis on the fact versus law distinction may impact other aspects of trade mark law, as well as other areas of law in general. For example, a few days prior to its decision in Hana, the US Supreme Court issued a decision in Teva Pharms USA, Inc v Sandoz, Inc, No 13-854, 574 US __ (20 January 2015), where it found that, although claim construction in patent cases are questions of law for the court, to the extent the district court resolves underlying factual disputes, such factual disputes should be reviewed under a ‘clear error’ standard under Fed R Civ P 52(a)(6) (instead of a de novo standard, as the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has applied). While Hana did not answer the question of whether likelihood of confusion is a question of fact for the jury, the reasoning of Hana gives an indication that the Supreme Court would ultimately hold that it is.

Receive jiplp blogposts by email

1,044 people have already subscribed to receive items posted on this weblog by email. To join them, just type your email address in the box below, then click the 'Subscribe' button

email:

JIPLP tweets

JIPLP now has over 2,300followers on Twitter.You too can follow JIPLP on Twitter. The journal's Twitter page can be found at http://twitter.com/JIPLP

jiplp page views since November 2009

JIPLP by phone and QR

To enjoy JIPLP via your mobile device, all you need do is visit m.jiplp.oxfordjournals.org

Our cover

About this weblog

The principal contents of this weblog are drawn from the Current Intelligence features which are published monthly in JIPLP.

Current Intelligence articles are designed to analyse recent key cases, legislation and topical matters. Normally they are of between 500 and 1,500 words (though in exceptional cases a greater word length may be agreed with the Editors).

The selected Current Intelligence articles are now posted on this weblog to enable readers to engage with them, posting comments if they so choose. All comments are moderated, which means that they will not appear immediately upon their being posted.

About the Journal

JIPLP is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to intellectual property law and practice. Published monthly, coverage includes the full range of substantive IP topics, practice-related matters such as litigation, enforcement, drafting and transactions, plus relevant aspects of related subjects such as competition and world trade law.

The journal is specifically designed for IP lawyers, patent attorneys and trade mark attorneys both in private practice and working in industry. It also aims to be an essential source of reference for academics specialising in IP, members of the judiciary, officials in IP registries and regulatory bodies, and institutional libraries. Subject-matter covered is chosen for its practical relevance and international interest.

... and authors in search of an article

JIPLP is often approached by prospective authors who would like to write something, but who would appreciate guidance regarding subject-matter, style and so forth. Here are a few pointers:

* Ask yourself what is it that you'd like to read in the journal, since that is handy rule of thumb which probably reflects the interests of your colleagues and your competitors;

* IP law and practice is very much a 'here and now' activity for JIPLP subscribers. The history of a right may be inherently interesting, or even sometimes relevant to the resolution of a specific issue, but would you expect a reader to look for it in JIPLP?

* Recycled Masters' dissertations and university essays make poor articles and are often difficult to convert from a piece that is designed to display erudition and research ability into an article that addresses lawyers, businesses and decision-makers. It's usually easier to start afresh by working out who your readers are and what you want to tell them.

* Please comply with the authors' instructions and note the journal's preferred length for articles. Most authors like to publish long ones, but subscribers tend to prefer reading shorter ones.

Peer reviewers

All substantive articles published in JIPLP are peer-reviewed. If you'd like to be considered for admission to the roll of peer reviewers, please email Sarah Harris here, and either attach a short-form CV or let him know of your credentials for reviewing articles on IP-related issues.