10 10 LearnNoW - by NTNU for Vox Note that some verbs have irregular present tense forms: å være to be er å gjøre to do gjør NOUNS Norwegian nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The indefinite articles are en (masculine), ei (feminine) and et (neuter). The corresponding indefinite articles in English are a/an. Masculine: en brus a soda Feminine: ei jente a girl Neuter: et kart a map (Feminine nouns can have the article en instead of ei: ei/en jente.) Leaving out en/ei/et When stating certain situations you can leave out en/ei/et: Anton reiser med tog. Anton travels by train. The same applies i.e. for occupations: Jeg er student. I am a student. CONJUNCTIONS The conjunctions og (and) and men (but) connect sentences: Jeg heter Boyana, og jeg kommer fra Bulgaria. My name is Boyana, and I come from Bulgaria. Jeg snakker bulgarsk, men jeg snakker ikke tysk. I speak Bulgarian, but I do not speak German. QUESTION WORDS The most common question words are: hva what Hva heter du? What is your name? hvem who Hvem er det? Who is it? hvor where (how) Hvor bor du? Where do you live? Hvor gammel er du? How old are you? hvordan how Hvordan går det? How are you?

11 NoWiN by NTNU for HiN 11 WORD ORDER Main clauses (sentences) In a main clause the verb is the second element: Jeg snakker norsk. I speak Norwegian. Negation In a narrative clause the negation ikke (not), which is an adverb, usually comes after the verb: Jeg snakker ikke spansk. I do not speak Spanish. Other adverbs like også (also/too) come after the verb as well: Jeg snakker også spansk. I also speak Spanish. Questions In questions with question words the verb is also the second element: Hva heter du? What is your name? Hvor kommer du fra? Where do you come from? In questions without a question word the sentence starts with the verb: Snakker du norsk? Do you speak Norwegian? NATIONALITIES Countries Nationalities (adjectives) Languages Norge norsk norsk Russland russisk russisk Bulgaria bulgarsk bulgarsk Nepal nepalsk nepalsk USA amerikansk (amerikansk) engelsk Kina kinesisk kinesisk Spania spansk spansk

13 NoWiN by NTNU for HiN 13 The Norwegian and English letters compared Below is a short overview comparing the pronunciation of the Norwegian alphabet compared to English. The overlap between English and Norwegian speech sounds is smaller than what the list below seems to indicate as the list only refers to the letters. There are several consonant sounds that are expressed through consonant clusters (consequently they are not included in the alphabet, but they will be discussed in Chapter 5). The alphabet by itself does not express the difference between long and short vowels. Norwegian letter a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w English reference Like <a> in «hard» Like <b> in «buy» Before front vowels <i, e, y> cf. /s/ in «circus» Before back vowels <a, o, u> cf. /k/ in «camping» Like <d> in «dog» Like <e> in «bed» Like <f> in «fine» Like <g> in «girl» Like <h> in «hat» Like <ee> in «see» Like <y> in «yes» Like <k> in «kite» Like <l> in «live» Like <m> in «map» Like <n> in «now» No equivalent Like <p> in «pen» In Norwegian, <qu> is pronounced as /kv/, cf. «quiz» - /kvis/ Like Scottish «r». The tip of the tongue taps the alveolar ridge. Like <s> in «see» Like <t> in «tea» Approximately as the final vowel in «new» Like <v> in «violin» Like <v> in «violin»

19 NoWiN by NTNU for HiN 19 Anton skal sjekke adressa. Han vil ta en taxi. Boyana kan betale med kort. Hun må vente på neste buss. Skal + infinitive is often used to express future time: Hun skal reise til Narvik. De skal dra til England snart. Imperative form The imperative form of the verb is made by removing the infinitive -e from the infinitive: å stoppe to stop Stopp! Stop! å vente to wait Vent! Wait! When the infinitive form is short (consists of only one syllable) the infinitive and the imperative form is the same: å dra to go Dra! Go! å gå to walk Gå! Go/Walk! NOUNS In Chapter 1 we presented the indefinite articles en, ei and et which indicate the gender of the noun (cf. a/an). Norwegian is unusual in that the definite article, i.e the, is formed by adding -en at the end of masculine words, -a at the end of feminine words and -et at the end of neuter words. en brus a soda brusen the soda ei avis a newspaper avisa the newspaper et tog a train toget the train If the noun already ends with an -e, you just add the -n and the -t at the end of masculine and neuter words. When adding -a at the end of feminine words ending in -e, you drop the -e: en pose a plastic bag posen the plastic bag ei jente a girl jenta the girl et frimerke a stamp frimerket the stamp

20 20 LearnNoW - by NTNU for Vox Plural forms The plural of indefinite nouns is normally formed by adding -(e)r. If the singular indefinite form ends in -e, you only add -r: en bil a car (to) biler (two) cars ei avis a newspaper (to) aviser (two) newspapers et frimerke a stamp (to) frimerker (two) stamps Exceptions - Short (one syllable) et-words take no ending in the indefinite form plural: et kart a map (to) kart (two) maps et kort a card (to) kort (two) cards In the definite form of the plural, the ending is usually -(e)ne: biler cars bilene the cars aviser newspapers avisene the newspapers frimerker stamps frimerkene the stamps QUESTION WORDS Hvilken which There are several question words in Norwegian. Hvilken (which) is in general used to single out one object among many. This question word agrees with the noun's gender and number: Hvilken buss tar du? Hvilken avis leser du? Hvilket kart vil du ha? Hvilke aviser leser du? hvilken in front of a masculine noun (en buss) hvilken in front of a feminine noun (ei avis) hvilket in front of a neuter noun (et kart) hvilke in front of plural nouns (aviser) WORD ORDER As mentioned in Chapter 1 the verb is the second element when the person(s) is carrying out the action: Jeg snakker norsk The verb is also the second element when the sentence starts e.g. with words for time or place: Nå (now) kommer bussen. Der (there) ligger resepsjonen.

21 NoWiN by NTNU for HiN 21 Note that we by verb mean finite verb when describing word order. A finite verb is a verb in present or past tense (preterite). In the following examples the finite verb (the auxiliary verbs vil and skal ) is placed in the second position of the sentences while the main verb comes later. Anton vil gjerne ta (main verb) en taxi. Nå skal han dra. (main verb) Der vil han bo. (main verb) Pronunciation Norwegian vowels The Norwegian alphabet contains nine vowels: A - E - I - O - U - Y - Æ - Ø - Å The vowel letters may indicate short or long vowel sounds. All nine vowels may occur as long or short. In the examples below, the colon, < ː >, indicates a long vowel. Absence of colon after the vowel indicates a short vowel. The vowel is usually short before two or more consonant letters: <takk> /'tɑk/ thank you <legge> /'lege/ put In other cases the vowel is normally long: <ta> /'tɑː/ take <tak> /'tɑːk/ roof <lege> /'leːge/ doctor In addition to the distinction between short and long vowel, some vowel letters in Norwegian may also represent other vowel sounds: 1) In many words a short < o > is pronounced like < å >: <komme> /'kome/ come <jobbe> /'jobe/ work 2) A short < u > may be pronounced as < o >: <nummer> /'numer/ number

22 22 LearnNoW - by NTNU for Vox 3) In many words with < e > + r, both short and long < e > is pronounced like < æ >: <terminal> /tærmi'nɑːl/ terminal <er> /'æːr/ am, are, is <her> /'hæːr/ here 4) In one important word < e > is pronounced < i >: <de> /'diː/ they The Norwegian and English vowel letters compared Norwegian letter English a e i o u y æ ø å Like <a> in «hard» Like <e> in «bed» Like <ee> in «see» No equivalent Approximately as the final vowel in «new» No equivalent Like <a> in «bad» No equivalent Like <aw> in «saw»

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