The four "cornerstone" constellations, which date back to the Prophet Enoch, correspond to the
four faces of the cherubim and the four principal tribes of Israel. Their symbols of the lion,
eagle/serpent, man and wild ox (unicorn) are emblazoned on family coats of arms and the banners
of nations. But most importantly, each testifies of a different aspect of the life of Jesus
Christ.

Last month's article, "The Constellations Testify of Christ" was an introduction to
understanding how the constellation figures revealed to the Prophet Enoch over 5,000 years ago
testify of antediluvian knowledge of the coming of the Messiah, Jesus Christ. References to the
constellations found in the scriptures were reviewed, as well as how the same symbolic imagery
was employed by many prophets. Now let us focus on four of the most important constellations,
and their four bright "royal stars."

1. The Four Royal Stars

Several ancient cultures designated four bright stars in the zodiac as the "four corners of the
earth" or the "four royal stars." At the time the constellations were drawn by Enoch, these four
stars were near the sun's location in the heavens on the first day of autumn, winter, spring and
summer, and were thus in four of the most important locations in the sky. The identity of these
four stars is well known because there are, in fact, four bright stars which fit these requirements
admirably. First, the star Antares is a bright red star, which anciently marked the autumnal
equinox, that is, the place in the sky where the sun appears on the first day of autumn. The next
star in the sequence is Fomalhaut, which is also a bright star, marking winter. The next star is
Aldebaran, another very bright red star located 180.0° around the ecliptic (the apparent path of the sun through the stars) from Antares. Thus, it precisely marked the spring equinox when Antares
marked the autumn. Finally, the bright star Regulus, located almost exactly on the ecliptic, marked
summer. Regulus, meaning "the Prince," was traditionally the leader of these four royal stars.[1]

Each of the four royal stars is in one constellation of the zodiac, which is the circle of
twelve constellations around the ecliptic. Antares is located at the heart of the Scorpion (Scorpius).
Fomalhaut is located at the end of the rivers of water being poured out by the Water Bearer
(Aquarius). Aldebaran is located at the eye of the Bull (Taurus). Finally, Regulus is located at the
heart of the Lion (Leo), which is the king of the constellations, even as the lion is called the king of
beasts. These are called the four cornerstone constellations in this article because they form the
corners of a great square in the sky and also provide a foundation for understanding gospel
symbolism.

Two of the royal stars are listed by the ancients as being shared by two constellations.
Antares is not only the heart of the scorpion, it is also the heel of the Serpent Bearer (Ophiuchus),
[2]
who was encircled by a great serpent (Serpens) and who is stepping on the body and head of the
Scorpion. Fomalhaut is not only in the stream of the Water Bearer, it is also in the Head of the
Southern Fish (Piscis Australis).[3]

In the case of the Scorpion/Serpent pair, there is a third constellation which is very closely
associated with them. It is the Eagle (Aquila), which is located near the tail of the Serpent. The
Eagle has been considered to typify the enemy of the serpent and is often shown holding the
Serpent in its claws, even as the Serpent Bearer is crushing the Scorpion.

2. The Four Cornerstone Constellations

2.1 Four Faces of the Cherubim. Both Ezekiel and John the Revelator describe creatures
which correspond to the four cornerstone constellations. Ezekiel describes creatures with four
faces: the face of a lion, of an ox, of a man and of an eagle, and later identifies them as cherubim
(Ezek. 1:10, 10:14, 20-22). The first three of those forms correspond to the Lion, the Bull, and
the Water Bearer constellations. The fourth apparently corresponds to the Eagle, the constellation
which is often substituted for the serpent/scorpion when symbolizing the celestial aspect of the
fourth cornerstone.

John the Revelator also describes four creatures, each of which is found on one side of the
throne of God. One was like a lion, one like a calf, one like a man, and one like a flying eagle
(Rev. 4:7). Here again we find the same four creatures which correspond to those four
constellations, in this case given in the reverse order as they are found in the zodiac, which puts the
leader first. The fact that these four symbols are found in a heavenly vision of the throne of God is
strong corroboration of the claim in the Book of Enoch that an angel revealed the figures of the
constellations to the Prophet Enoch.

2.2 Four Principal Tribes of Israel. Jacob (Israel) had twelve sons, and each of them is
associated in Hebrew tradition with one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac.[4] Hebrew
scholars are not sure of the correspondence of all twelve, but the identity of the four which refer to
the royal constellations are clear from the scriptures. They are the four principal tribes: Reuben,
Judah, Dan, and Joseph.

The Water Bearer pours out a river onto the Southern Fish.

Each of those four tribes is associated with one of the royal constellations in the blessing
given them by Jacob or by Moses. Reuben was told he is "unstable as water," which alludes to the
Water Bearer. The name Reuben, meaning "Behold a son," also ties him to the Water Bearer,
which, of all the zodiac constellations, has the figure of a man. He is also mentioned as being over
the "excellency of power" (Gen. 49:3-4)

"Judah is a lion's whelp" (Gen. 49:9) ties him to the Lion. Moreover, John refers to Christ
as "the lion of the tribe of Judah" (Rev. 5:5), again linking Judah to the lion. The Lion represents
the King, and Judah began the royal lineage through which the Davidic line of kings came. The
name Judah means "praised," suggesting that the kings who would come through him (especially
Christ) would be praised.

"Dan shall be a serpent...that biteth the horse heels" (Gen. 49:17), which parallels the
symbolism of the Scorpion/Serpent, depicted stinging the Serpent Bearer in the heel. The name
Dan means "judge" and the serpent symbolizes the wisdom of a judge. The serpent is
acknowledged by the Lord as being one of the wisest of his creatures, probably because of its
having the wise judgment of knowing when to strike. For example, the Lord has admonished his
servants to be "wise as serpents and yet without sin" (D&C 111:11). The kind of wisdom
referred to especially refers to that of being a good judge. Antares, the bright star in the scorpion,
is located at the heart, which the Lord acknowledges as the seat of wisdom. For example, the Lord
put wisdom into the heart of King Solomon so that he could judge his people wisely (2 Chron.
1:11-12, 1 Kings 10:24; compare Exodus 26:2, Ecc. 8:5, Job 38:36).

Finally, Joseph is compared to a wild ox, with the multitudes of Ephraim and Manasseh
compared to its two horns (Deut. 33:17). The King James version of the Bible translates the
Hebrew word for wild ox as "unicorn," as noted in the footnote of the L.D.S. edition. The
Hebrew word apparently refers to an extinct species of wild ox which has two long forward
pointing horns, which is exactly how Taurus is depicted. The bright star in the Bull represents its
eye, which is the symbol of a seer (one who "sees"). Joseph was known as a great seer, so the
Bull was especially appropriate for his sign. The name Joseph means "Jehovah has added,"
probably referring to his multitude of descendants. Thus, each of the four principal tribes of Israel
is explicitly correlated in the blessings of Jacob to one of the four cornerstone constellations.

2.3 Balaam's Prophecy. This same imagery was repeated in the prophecy of Balaam about
the destiny of Israel. He mentions that Israel "shall pour water out of his buckets" (Reuben/Water
Bearer), "he lay down as a lion" (Judah/Lion), and he has "the strength of an unicorn"
(Joseph/Bull), and shall "break their bones" as does either an eagle or constrictor serpent (Dan;
Num. 24:7-9). The fact that again all four figures correspond to the cornerstone symbolism
indicates that this prophecy likely refers to the constellations associated with these tribes.

2.4 Banners and Directions. Each of the tribes of Israel had a flag or banner with its sign.
The Hebrew word for "sign" is translated "ensign" in the King James Bible (Num. 2:2), but
Hebrew commentators make it clear that the signs also refer to zodiac constellations. According to
tradition, the figure of a man was found on Reuben's banner, a lion on Judah's, a serpent on
Dan's, and a bull on Joseph's (or more precisely, on his son Ephraim's, who took his place).
When they camped, they did so with these four banners facing the four directions: Judah facing
East, Reuben facing South, Ephraim facing West, and Dan facing North (Num 2:3,10,18,25).

2.5 Heart, Might, Mind and Strength. The four cornerstone constellations are also
apparently symbolic of the four aspects of living souls: the emotional, spiritual, mental and
physical. One example where the Lord seems to acknowledge these categories is when he tells us
to serve him with all our "heart, might, mind and strength" (D&C 4:2, 59:5). The heart seems
clearly to indicate emotions, the mind represents mental capacities, and strength is physical. The
word "might" apparently refers to spiritual strength because the Lord sometimes says "soul"
instead of might (Mark 12:30). Thus "heart, might, mind and strength" apparently refers to our
emotional, spiritual, mental, and physical aspects. Note that again these four are in the same order
as the four cornerstone constellations.

2.6 Elements. The Lord also uses the symbols of fire, wind, water, and earth to represent
these four aspects of living creatures. For example, he stated that "ye were born into the world by
water, and blood, and the spirit, and so became of dust a living soul..." (Moses 6:59). As a related example, there are two baptismal ordinances, each of which has a double significance. We
are taught that the baptism of water symbolizes burial after death (Rom. 6:4), when we are
immersed in the earth. Furthermore, the baptism that is associated with the ordinance of
confirmation is often referred to in the scriptures as the "baptism of fire and of the Holy Ghost" (2
Nep. 31:13-17; D&C 19:31, 20:41).

2.7 Colors. These four elements are also represented by four colors. Red symbolizes the
fire, blood, and emotions. White represents the spiritual, just as white clothing is used for
baptisms and other sacred ordinances. Black represents the earth, and physical things in opposition
to the spiritual. The water is blue (or sometimes blue-green). One example of these colors from
the scriptures is the colors of the four horses in the Book of Revelation. The first four of the seven
seals each have a different colored horse and also one of the four cherubim associated with them.
The colors in order are white, red, black, and yellow-green (chloros in Greek, translated "pale,"
Rev. 6:1-8). A further indication that this symbolism refers to the constellations is that the rider of
the black horse holds a balance in his hand even as the Scorpion holds the Balance (Libra) in its
claws. And again, they are in the same order as the constellations, but beginning with the Bull.

One of the strong indications of these four aspects in the stars is the placement of each of
the royal stars in the constellation. Regulus is located at the heart of the Lion and the color
associated with Judah/East/Lion is red. The heart is considered to be the center of the emotions
and red is the color of blood/fire, which was the element associated with the emotions. Thus the
red lion of Judah ties to the emotions.

The ancient Greeks described Taurus as a snow-white bull. Aldebaran, the first magnitude
star is located at the eye of the Bull. The eye is symbolic of a seer, as was Joseph of Egypt, who
was associated with the Bull. Thus, the Bull is apparently symbolic of spiritual strength, and
especially the gift of being a seer.

Fomalhaut is located in the head of the Southern Fish. This is perfect placement to
represent mental powers. The color that is associated with this direction varies: it can be blue,
green or even yellow. The blue and green probably represent the water, whereas the yellow has
been attributed to the sunlight coming from the south (the direction associated with Reuben/Water
Bearer).

Antares is located at the heart of the scorpion, whose color is black. The heart is the seat of
wisdom, and the scorpion/serpent symbolizes wisdom. The heart/chest can also symbolize
physical strength.

Thus, the placement of all four of the royal stars in the cornerstone constellations is
consistent with the symbolism of emotional, spiritual, mental and physical aspects of all living
souls. Note also that the spiritual and physical are opposite each other in the circle (white opposite
black), as are the mental and emotional (blue opposite red).

The Royal Flag of Scotland with the Red Lion of Judah

2.8 Heraldry and National Flags. The four symbols with their traditional colors are
common in coats of arms used in heraldry, and also in the symbolism of many national flags. For
example, the royal flag of Scotland is composed of the red lion on a gold background. The
symbolism here is apparently that their kings are from the royal blood line of Judah. The arms of
England reverse those colors, with a gold lion on a red background. The coat of arms of Great
Britain combines these symbols (along with Ireland's harp), flanked by the lion and unicorn. The
unicorn is an excellent symbol for the British people who are mostly descendants of Joseph, and
the lion for their kings, from the royal line of Judah.

The Griffin is half eagle and half lion

Some nations combine two different symbolic animals together, perhaps to represent the
combining of two families. One example is the griffin, which has the head and wings of an eagle
and the lower body of a lion. It also said to have the ears of a horse (unicorn or wild ox?). It is
found on many coats of arms throughout the region of the Baltic Sea and may represent the
combining of Dan and Judah (and Joseph?).

The British Coat of Arms with the Lion and Unicorn

2.9 Four Hebrew Tabernacle Colors. The Lord commanded Moses to use four colors of
cloth repeated throughout the tabernacle, especially for embroidering images of the cherubim.
They were blue, purple, scarlet, and linen (white), nearly always mentioned in that order (Ex.
26:31, 36; 27:16; 28:5-15). Those are the same as the four colors of the cherubim, with purple
substituted for black. That substitution could well be because purple was the color of Levi, and the
tribe of Levi were the temple workers. Moreover, black is the least appropriate of the colors for a
temple, which symbolizes spirituality (white). In support of this interpretation, note that in the
Book of Revelation, the 144,000 temple workers include the tribe of Levi (purple), but not the
tribe of Dan (black) (Rev. 7:4-8).

2.10 The Four Kinds of Flesh. The symbolism of the figures of the constellations also
explain the "four kinds of flesh" as described in the scriptures. As already discussed, the Book of
Revelation and Ezekiel both mention creatures having the faces of the lion, bull, man, and eagle.

When the Prophet Joseph Smith inquired to know their meaning, the Lord explained:

"They are figurative expressions, used by the Revelator, John, in describing
heaven, the paradise of God, the happiness of man, and of beasts, and of creeping
things, and of the fowls of the air; that which is spiritual being in the likeness of
that which is temporal; and that which is temporal in the likeness of that which is
spiritual; the spirit of man in the likeness of his person, as also the spirit of the
beast, and every other creature which God has created."  D&C 77:2

Here the Lord mentions four kinds of creatures: man, beasts, creeping things, and birds.
The Hebrew word translated as "creeping things" in the Old Testament includes reptiles,
amphibians, fish,[5] and all invertebrates.

Paul also mentions four kinds of flesh: " All flesh is not the same flesh: but there is one kind
of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds" (I Cor. 15:39).
Here he used "fishes" to represent the "creeping things" category. The Lord gives modern day
support to Paul's usage by repeating his same four categories (D&C 29:24, 101:24).

The four cornerstone constellations include representatives of each zoological category of
animal by making use of double and triple constellations. First, the Scorpion, Serpent Bearer, and
Eagle form a set represent invertebrates, reptiles, and birds. Second, the Water Bearer and the
Southern Fish form a double constellation representing mankind and fish. The Bull represents
beasts (mammals). The lion is the king of all the beasts and hence might well represent all
creatures.[6]

3. Roles of Christ

Each of these four constellations also refers to a different role of the Savior, who
personifies all the best traits of mankind combined. To understand them, let us consider each of
these four constellations in more detail.

The Scorpion, with his red heart Antares

3.1 The Scorpion and Serpent Bearer. The Serpent Bearer has been wounded in the heel
by the Scorpion and is wrestling the Serpent, which encircles him.[7] He appears, however, to have
the Serpent under control. His feet are firmly planted, and one of them is crushing the body and
head of the Scorpion.

There are at least two important meanings which these constellations bring to mind. First,
they can be seen as a graphic portrayal of the great promise that Adam and Eve heard in the Garden
of Eden, when they were being judged by the Lord for having partaken of the forbidden fruit. The
promise was given that someday her seed (her descendant) would have power to crush the
serpent's head, even though the serpent would be able to bruise his heel (Gen. 3:15). There are
several heroes in the constellations with one foot on the head of a serpent and the other foot having
been wounded. For example, the Lion's feet are on the head of the Fleeing Serpent (Hydra), and
Hercules' foot is firmly planted on the head of the Dragon (Draco).

The Serpent Bearer's Foot Crushes the Scorpion

Second, it reminds us of the serpent around the staff that healed the Israelites who looked at
it, after having been bitten by the fiery flying serpents (Num. 21:8). The serpent on the staff has
long been a symbol of healing and medicine, generally believed to be the source of the caduceus staff of
Mercury still is used by our medical profession today. If, however, the idea was already shown in the constellations, then it dates much farther back than Moses. The Serpent Bearer apparently symbolizes
Christ as the great Healer who would crush the serpent's head by overcoming death. Paul's
imagery in asking "O death, where is thy sting?" (1 Cor. 15:55) readily calls to mind the futility of
the scorpion stinging the Master Healer who could victoriously crush death forever.

The Caduceus

The symbolism of the serpent is two fold. Sometimes the serpent represents Satan, and
sometimes it represents the Savior, as when Moses had the people look to the serpent on the staff
to be healed. Thus, it is not only the Serpent Bearer who crushes the scorpion who represents
Christ, but also the serpent/scorpion itself. The Heart of the Scorpion most likely symbolizes the
Wise Judge, which again is best typified by Christ, who is called the "Righteous Judge" (2 Tim
4:8, Moses 6:57). The red star Antares, which is noted for its reddish color, is also in the foot of
the Serpent Bearer, and Christ is described as having "feet like unto fine brass," (Rev. 1:15).

The Water Bearer

3.2 The Water Bearer. This constellation shows a man pouring a river of water out of a
small jar, which descends onto the head of a fish. The water was said by the Greeks to be mixed
with nectar, or to be "living water." The living water seems to refer to the Savior's true teachings
and to temple blessings (John 4:14, 7:38; D&C 110:10), so the Water Bearer apparently
represents Christ as the Master Teacher as well as he who endows with power. A very common
name for the Savior during his ministry was "Master," which is the translation of the Greek word
for teacher. This ties to the symbolism of the Water Bearer as representing the mental aspect of
mankind.

This is another double constellation, and the royal star is also in the head of the Southern
Fish. The fish is one symbol of Christ's Church, and one of the Savior's roles is to be the head of
his church (Eph. 5:23).

The Bull with his red eye Aldebaran

3.3 The Bull. Taurus, the Bull, is a wild ox described by the Greeks as having a hide as
white as snow and two long forward pointing horns like polished bronze or gold. Only the front
half of the bull is shown in the constellation. Its front two legs are bent as if charging ferociously.

The bright red star in the Bull is found in its eye, representing a seer, and the Savior was
the greatest prophet and seer. Even as the bull is described as being "snowy white"[8] and having a
red eye, so also the savior was described as having hair "white as snow and his eyes were as a
flame of fire" (Rev. 1:14).

The meaning of the wild ox seems to have been capsulized perfectly by Moses who
declared that the thousands of Manasseh and the ten thousands of Ephraim are the two horns of the
wild ox of Joseph, and that they would "push the people together from the ends of the earth"
(Deut. 33:17, D&C 58:45), referring to the gathering of the house of Israel in the latter-days.[9]
Note that the Lord used this same imagery of the thousands and also ten thousands as he
introduced Moses on the day that Moses actually restored the keys of gathering Israel (D&C
110:9).

Perhaps the most interesting part for latter-day saints is that the Bull is apparently symbolic
of the latter-day Kingdom of God. The prophecy of the history of the world in the Book of Enoch
refers to kingdoms as animals, with the great millennial kingdom represented by a white bull:

Then I saw that a snow-white bull was born, with huge horns; all the beasts
of the field and all the birds of the sky feared him and made petition to him all the
time. I went on seeing until all their kindred were transformed, and became snow
white cattle; and the first among them became a wild ox, and that wild ox became a
great beast with huge black horns on its head. The Lord of the sheep rejoiced over
it and over all the cattle. I myself [Enoch] was in their midst.
 1 Enoch 90:37-39[10]
(89:45-49
in Laurence translation).

This symbolism precisely matches that of the constellations. The white bull, the Kingdom
of God in the last days, breaks into pieces the other kingdoms and grows to fill the whole earth
(Dan. 2:35, 44; D&C 65:2, 105:32). "All their kindred" being transformed into snow-white
cattle matches the symbolism of the twelve snow-white oxen which hold up the baptismal font in
L.D.S. temples, in which all the tribes of Israel are symbolized by the bull, the symbol of the tribe
of Joseph. Note also that it prophesies that Enoch himself would be with the latter-day saints,
which agrees with modern revelation (Moses 7:63).

The Bull may represent Zion, the Kingdom of God in the western hemisphere, from which
the law will go forth (Isa. 2:3, D&C 133:21). Moreover, because the Bull apparently represents
the Kingdom of God and its great armies, another probable role of the Savior represented by the
Bull is "the Lord of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel" (1 Samuel 17:45).

The Lion, with Regulus at his heart

3.4 The Lion. The Lion is the symbol of the King, and the symbolism for the Savior's
mission is clearly as his role as King of Kings (Rev. 17:14, 19:16). Thus, all of these
constellations point to Christ.

The Lion may also represent the eastern half of the Kingdom of God in Jerusalem from
which the word will go forth, even as the Bull represents the Kingdom of God in the West (Isa.
2:3). It is depicted with its forepaws near the head of the Fleeing Serpent.

4. The Gospel Story

It was proposed a century and a half ago that the set of all 48 of the original constellations
tell the entire gospel story from the birth of Christ through his reign in the millennium.[11] That
appears to be true, but will require much more research to be well understood. One feature of that
story is that it appears to be in chronological order, beginning with the Virgin (Virgo) and ending
with the Lion (Leo). The four cornerstone constellations only tell a small part of that story, but
nevertheless form key points. The first two apparently refer to the first coming of Christ, and the
second two to the second coming.

The Serpent Bearer crushing the Scorpion, clearly refers to the promise that Adam and Eve
heard in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:15). It apparently refers to when Christ was wounded by the
serpent (Satan) at his Crucifixion, but the Serpent was crushed when Christ overcame death.

Next, the Water Bearer pouring living water onto the head of the Fish was begun during
the Savior's mortal ministry, but more fully fulfilled after the Resurrection when Christ spent forty
days teaching deeper truths to his apostles and giving them further blessings. He did likewise with
the Nephites and lost ten tribes.

The third sign, the Bull, refers to the Kingdom of God in the last days which will prepare
for the second coming of Christ by gathering the tribes of Israel from the four corners of the earth.
It also refers to the restoration of his teachings through a great seer. It probably includes the
symbolism of the Savior at his Second Coming at the beginning of the Millennium, trampling
enemies underfoot.

The fourth sign, the Lion, most likely refers to the Kingdom of God in the millennium,
where all things are gathered into one, and Christ rules as King of Kings. It also seems to include
the final overcoming of Satan at the end of the Millennium because the Lion is crushing the head of
the Fleeing Serpent. Thus, the Lion may represent the Kingdom of God finally overcoming Satan
forever at the end of the Millennium in the great war at that time.

Next month we will discuss the four royal stars in more depth. As we begin to understand
the depth of information contained in these constellations, we might exclaim with Enoch,

"I blessed the Lord of glory, who had made those great and splendid signs,
that they might display the magnificence of his works to angels and to the souls of
men; and that these might glorify all his works and operations; might see the effect
of his power; might glorify the great labor of his hands; and bless him forever."
 Enoch 35:3

Notes

Rolleston Frances, Mazzaroth; or the Constellations, (London: Rivingtons, 1862), p. II:15 quotes Dupuis who quotes Zoroaster in The Boundesh as stating that Antares is also in the heel of the Serpent Bearer. Aratus also states that the Serpent Bearer's foot is firmly planted on the breast and eye of the scorpion.

Today Fomalhaut is considered to be only in the Southern Fish, but Ptolemy lists it as in both constellations.

For example, Josephus, when referring to the 12 stones on the breastplate of the high priest on which are inscribed the names of the 12 tribes of Israel (Ex. 28:21), states, "And as for the twelve stones, whether we understand by them the months, or whether we understand the like number of the signs of that circle which the Greeks call the Zodiac, we shall not be mistaken in their meaning."
(Antiquities III.vii.7, Whiston translation).

The word is translated "moving creatures" in Gen. 1:20, which describes the creation of life in the waters.

Another aspect of these scriptures is that D&C 77 mentions symbolism of degrees of happiness and I Cor. 15:40 mentions the three degrees of glory. There are indications that anciently the ecliptic represented the earth, which would mean the four cornerstone constellations were the four corners of the earth. The constellations found above the ecliptic represented beings in heaven and those below were in the underworld. If so, then the four vertical constellations might represent the celestial kingdom (eagle), terrestial (man, lion, bull, serpent), and telestial (scorpion). Or perhaps the scorpion represents the sons of perdition (D&C 88:102). More research is required.

Most star maps do not show the encircling, which Aratus explicitly mentions.