2019-05-25T15:56:10ZEffectiveness of “Тhe IUCN red list of threatened species” application on a regional scale: current state of the “Red Data books” of Russiahttp://hdl.handle.net/11701/6291
Название: Effectiveness of “Тhe IUCN red list of threatened species” application on a regional scale: current state of the “Red Data books” of Russia
Авторы: Popov, Igor; Fadeeva, Anastasia; Palenova, Elena; Shamilishvily, George; Gorin, Kirill; Burdo, Andrey; Melchakova, Evgenia; Trofimova, Yulia; Sukristik, Viktor; Morova, Nadezhda; Kroo, Ksenia; Kirillova, Yulia
Краткий осмотр (реферат): Nowadays at least 140 Red Data books or lists are used in Russia. They reflect
threatened species of various subdivisions of Russia in addition to all-Russian Red
Data book. None of them uses criteria for the species assessment of the modern
version of the IUCN list. Non-threatened species had not been included in the Russian
red books. Most of species listed in the all-Russian Red Data book (77 %) has
not yet been assessed for the IUCN red list. These particularities indicate on the
necessity of gap-analysis in the planning of the following work on the IUCN red list
keeping. It should focus first of all on revealing of the most urgent objectives, but not
on the simple increase of species assessments. Now more than a half of species
of “Тhe IUCN red list of threatened species” are not threatened ones, that is why its
title does not reflect its contents.2017-03-01T00:00:00ZReorientation ability in redtail splitfin (Xenotoca eiseni): Role of environmental shape, rearing in group and exposure timehttp://hdl.handle.net/11701/6290
Название: Reorientation ability in redtail splitfin (Xenotoca eiseni): Role of environmental shape, rearing in group and exposure time
Авторы: Sovrano, Valeria Anna; Chiandetti, Cinzia
Краткий осмотр (реферат): When passively disoriented in an enclosed space, animals use the geometry of the
environment (angular cues and metrically distinct surfaces) to find a position. Whether
the ability to deal with geometry is a mechanism available at birth, with little influence
of previous experience with the same kind of information, is still debated. We
reared fish (Xenotoca eiseni) in tanks of different shape (circular or rectangular) either
singly or in group and tested at different ages (at one week or one, five or ten months).
Fish were trained to reorient in an enclosure with a distinctive geometry (a rectangular
arena) and a blue wall providing non-geometric, featural information. Then, they
were tested after an affine transformation that created conflict between geometric and
non-geometric information as learned during training. We found that all fish, since
one-week old, use significantly more the geometry of the enclosure for reorientation
independently from the experience in circular or rectangular tanks. At one month of
age, we observed a modulatory effect of rearing experience during learning with an
advantage of individuals reared singly in rectangular cages, but no difference was
evident at test. Furthermore, such effect on learning propensity disappeared later in
development, i.e., when fish were trained at five or ten months of age. These results
confirm that the use of geometric information provided by the shape of an enclosure is
spontaneous and inborn, and that a modulatory effect of experience can appear briefly
during ontogeny, but experience is not essentially needed to deal with geometry.2017-03-01T00:00:00ZAn unusual elbow muscle in the red howler monkey: does it deserve invention of a new name musculus contrahens cubiti?http://hdl.handle.net/11701/6289
Название: An unusual elbow muscle in the red howler monkey: does it deserve invention of a new name musculus contrahens cubiti?
Авторы: Novikova, Mellin; Kuznetsov, Alexander
Краткий осмотр (реферат): During dissection of a juvenile specimen of howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus),
we discovered a supernumerary muscle. This muscle originates from the lateral
epicondyle of the humerus, distal to the m. brahioradialis and beneath the m. extensor
carpi radialis longus, and runs deeply to insert on the proximal part of the radius
adjacent to the m. supinator.
To determine homology of the unusual muscle, we compared it with the known
abnormal extra muscles in the group of preaxial forearm extensors in humans and
other primates, as well as other mammals. The only similar muscle is the so-called
m. brachioradialis accessorius, which is very rarely found in humans medial to the
n. radialis r. superficialis. Both in howlers and humans, its unique topological interrelations
with the n. radialis suggest that this muscle is fundamentally different from all
surrounding forearm extensors including the proper m. brachioradialis. At the same
time, its innervation by the n. radialis confirms that it is a true extensor, contrary to
the reptilian m. tractor radii.
The general problem of identifying homology of anomalies and novelties is
considered. As the enigmatic muscle departs from rules of myological architecture
of the tetrapod forelimb, we failed to establish its general homology and, instead,
suggest naming it as m. contrahens cubiti. This means that the muscle acts as the
elbow flexor although it intimately belongs to extensors.2017-03-01T00:00:00ZNeural crest contribution to the avian shoulder girdle and implications to girdle evolution in vertebrateshttp://hdl.handle.net/11701/6288
Название: Neural crest contribution to the avian shoulder girdle and implications to girdle evolution in vertebrates
Авторы: Ponomartsev, Sergey; Valasek, Petr; Patel, Ketan; Malashichev, Yegor
Краткий осмотр (реферат): Neural crest (NC) is an established source for many endochondral and intramembranous
bones in the skull and postcranial skeleton in vertebrates. Neural crest
cells also contribute to the trapezius/cleidohyoideus muscle attachment sites on
the shoulder girdle of the mouse, where they are found in the scapula, clavicle,
and sternum. In the avian shoulder girdle, NC cells from the level of the first two
cranial−most somites were only found so far in the clavicle, while in the axolotl, the
NC contribution to the shoulder girdle was not found at all. In this study we aimed
to determine whether NC cells caudal to the level of the second somite contribute
to the cartilaginous shoulder girdle in birds and to analyse the phylogenetic distribution
of NC cells in the vertebrate shoulder girdle. Homotopic quail to chick embryos
and GFP+ to white chick embryos transplantations of the neural tube including
presumptive NC, as well as immunohistochemical detection of NC markers, such
as HNK-1 and PDGFRα revealed no contribution of NC cells from somite levels
3−27 to the skeletal elements of the shoulder girdle, including, but not restricting
to muscle attachment sites, despite abundance of other NC derivatives. Thus, in
birds, NC does not contribute to the formation of the cartilaginous shoulder girdle.
The negative result is discussed in a broad evolutionary aspect. It supports the notion
of the uniqueness of NC contribution to the variety of endochondral bones in
mice (or mammals). In other vertebrates, including birds, only the cells of the cranial
NC seem to migrate to the shoulder girdle and contribute to the intramembranous
clavicles and/or interclavicle. We critically evaluate the existing hypotheses on evolution
of NC contribution to the shoulder girdle in vertebrates.2017-03-01T00:00:00ZEnzyme activity of topsoil layer on reclaimed and unreclaimed post-mining siteshttp://hdl.handle.net/11701/6287
Название: Enzyme activity of topsoil layer on reclaimed and unreclaimed post-mining sites
Авторы: Heděnec, Petr; Vindušková, Olga; Kukla, Jaroslav; Šnajdr, Jaroslav; Baldrian, Petr; Frouz, Jan
Краткий осмотр (реферат): Topsoil layer contains various components of soil organic matter such as branches,
leaves, bark, or metabolites and residues of soil biota. Soil organic matter (SOM)
in forest ecosystems consists mostly of lignin, cellulose, chitin and other hydrocarbons.
These compounds are decomposed mainly by soil fungi which produce
extracellular enzymes to decompose wide range of organic residues. These enzymes
may alter nutrient cycling and change soil properties such as water retention
capacity, ion exchange capacity, formation of soil microstructure, soil microbial
respiration, etc. In this study, we studied enzyme activity in the topsoil layer of postmining
spoil heaps near Sokolov, Czech Republic. We investigated the effect of the
following factors and their combinations on enzyme activity: i) dominant vegetation,
ii) time of sampling, iii) reclamation, and iv) soil macrofauna.
We measured enzyme activity in plastic mesocosms with autochthonous litter
deposited on reclaimed and unreclaimed post-mining sites. We used mesocosms
accessible for macrofauna (mesh size > 2 mm) and mesocosms inaccessible for
macrofauna (mesh size < 2 mm). Under laboratory conditions, we measured enzyme
activity (laccase, oxidase, peroxidase, Mn-peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase,
acid phosphatase, endoglucanase, xylanase, cellobiohydrolase, glucosidase, xylosidase
and chitinase) using buffer extraction method followed by spectrophotometric
assay. We did not find any statistically significant difference between mesocosms
accessible and inaccessible for fauna. However, we found significant effect of time
of sampling on enzyme activity. Our results showed significant difference between
reclaimed and unreclaimed post-mining sites. Reclaimed sites showed significantly
higher enzyme activity than unreclaimed sites.2017-03-01T00:00:00ZA new lithostrotian titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Transbaikalia, Russiahttp://hdl.handle.net/11701/6286
Название: A new lithostrotian titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Transbaikalia, Russia
Авторы: Averianov, Alexander; Skutschas, Pavel
Краткий осмотр (реферат): Tengrisaurus starkovi, gen. et sp. nov., is described based on three caudal vertebrae
from the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian?) Murtoi Formation at Mogoito locality,
near Gusinoe Lake in Buryatia, Russia. The new taxon is characterized by strongly
procoelous anterior and middle caudal vertebrae, with strongly developed pre-epipophyses,
highly pneumatic neural spine, and solid bone structure of the centrum.
The reweighted phylogenetic analysis places the new taxon as a non-saltasaurid
lithostrotian titanosaur (Sauropoda). This is one of the oldest fossil records of
Lithostrotia and Titanosauria, which suggests a long and unexplored evolution of
titanosaurs in the Early Cretaceous of Asia.2017-03-01T00:00:00ZFrom Open Access to Open Science (Editorial)http://hdl.handle.net/11701/6285
Название: From Open Access to Open Science (Editorial)
Авторы: Malashichev, Yegor
Краткий осмотр (реферат): From Open Access to Open Science (Editorial)2017-03-01T00:00:00Z