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Born Dolores Hicks, she was the only child of actor Bert Hicks and Harriett Hicks, who separated when she was three years old, and ultimately divorced, she stated, "As a child I was precocious. My parents married when they were 16 and 17 and both were beautiful people. Moss Hart offered my mother, Harriett, a contract but by then they had me and my father, Bert Hicks, a bit player, definitely a Clark Gable type, had movie offers so he moved from Chicago to Hollywood. I was a Hollywood brat, he lived in Beverly Hills and I used to visit the lots with him. He had a bit part in Forever Amber. I always wanted to be part of that life."[5]

Hicks was also related by marriage, through an aunt, to singer Mario Lanza, she lived in Chicago with her grandparents, who sent her to a parochial school, St. Gregory Catholic School, not for its religious education but it was closest to home and she stated, "My grandparents didn't want me to get run over by streetcars."[citation needed] It was actually her grandfather, a movie theaterprojectionist to whom she turned for comfort in light of her parents' marital problems, whose enthusiasm for films influenced her decision to pursue an acting career, she would watch the films, but without sound so as not to disturb his naps in the booth, and her job was to wake him at the end of each reel.[1]

Hicks converted to Catholicism when she was 10. By age 11, she was living again in Beverly Hills with her mother, a restaurant greeter, who married owner Al Gordon, after high school, she studied at Marymount College. Using the stage name of 'Dolores Hart' in 1956 she was signed to play a supporting role as the love interest to Elvis Presley in the 1957 release Loving You. After this appearance, Hart found herself in frequent demand, and she made two more films before appearing with Presley again in 1958's King Creole, she has denied ever having had an 'intimate' relationship with Presley off-screen. In interviews during her movie career she was often asked, "What is it like kissing Elvis?" She chuckled a bit at the memory, "I think the limit for a screen kiss back then was something like 15 seconds. That one has lasted 40 years." Hart then made her debut on Broadway, winning a 1959 Theatre World Award as well as a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress for her role in The Pleasure of His Company.

In 1960 Hart starred in Where the Boys Are, a teenage comedy about college students on spring break, which developed a near cult-like following; in the film Hart plays a co-ed who struggles to define herself when confronted with her newly discovered sexuality and popularity with the opposite sex. Hart starred in the film, Francis of Assisi in 1961, in which she played Saint Clare of Assisi. Hart also made a sketch of a St. Francis statue, arms outstretched, while working on the movie .[5] She went on to star in four more films, including the lead role in The Inspector (Lisa) which was based on a novel by Jan de Hartog, which was nominated for a Golden Globe for "Best Picture – Drama".

Perhaps, an example of slight foreshadowing of her soon to be religious life, in the western The Virginian, Hart played a Catholic missionary, who against all warnings, risks her life to honor both her vows to God and her desire to continue her dead husband's work to help a community of poor and sick embattled Indian tribes in a 1963 episode entitled "The Mountain of the Sun". Hart's last role was with Hugh O'Brian in 1963's Come Fly with Me, at this point she had made up her mind to leave the film industry. The 24-year-old actress became a Roman Catholic nun at the BenedictineAbbey of Regina Laudis in Bethlehem, Connecticut, on a 1963 New York promotional stop for Come Fly with Me, she took a one-way car ride to the abbey in 1963 (not in a limousine as reported).

Besides her film career, Hart also left behind a fiancé, Los Angeles architect, Don Robinson (April 16, 1933 – November 29, 2011), despite breaking off her engagement, they remained close friends: she admitted she loved him—"Of course, Don, I love you." But Robinson said, "Every love doesn't have to wind up at the altar." He never married, and visited her every year at Christmas and Easter at the abbey in Connecticut until his death.[6][7][8][9]

While Hart was doing Francis of Assisi in Rome, she met Pope John XXIII, who was instrumental in her vocation, she told him "I am Dolores Hart, the actress playing Clare." The Pontiff replied, "Tu sei Chiara!" ("No, you are Clare!" in Italian).[10]

As a novice, she told abbey founder, Lady Abbess Benedict Duss, "I will never have to worry again about being an actress because it was all over and behind me." But Lady Abbess replied, "I'm sorry, but you're completely wrong. Now you have to take up a role and really work at it." Hart submitted a rejoinder, "I was so mad when she said that because I really emptied my pockets, so to speak, and literally had given away everything that had meant anything to me." The Abbess said, "I'm sorry you did that because there's a lot of things you gave away that you're going to need here." She initially took the religious name Sister Judith, but she changed it to Sister Dolores for her final vows. "Hal Wallis wanted to call me Susan when I started my movie career, but I was under age and my mother would not hear of it. She wanted me to be Dolores."[5] She took her final vows in 1970,[1] she chants in Latin eight times a day.[11]

Hart visited Hollywood again in 2006 after 43 years in the monastery to raise awareness for idiopathic peripheral neuropathy disorder, a neurological disorder that afflicts her and many Americans; in April 2006 she testified at a Washington congressional hearing on the need for research of the painful and crippling disease amid her ordeal.[12]

Hart, who was compared to Grace Kelly, was instrumental in developing her Abbey of Regina Laudis's project of expansion of its community connection through the arts, using her fame. Paul Newman helped her with funding for a lighting grid, when she envisioned a year-round arts school and a better-equipped stage. Another friend, the Academy Award winning actress, Patricia Neal, helped support the abbey's theater. Hart's vision was to meet the abbey's needs—development and expansion of its open-air theater and arts program for the Bethlehem community, every summer, the abbey's 38 nuns on 400 acres (1.6 km2) of rural land, help the community stage a musical, with the 2008 presentation of West Side Story, after previous shows Fiddler on the Roof, The Music Man and My Fair Lady.[1]

Hart was named prioress of the monastery in 2001, after the election of Mother David Serna as second abbess of Regina Laudis, and held that office until 2015. Hart remains a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, having in recent years become the only nun to be an Oscar-voting member.

Hart often appears in public wearing a beret on top of her habit. When asked about it by an interviewer she stated that early in her vocation because nuns have to "cut your hair quite short in order to get your cap on, your wimple, your bandeau, and all of that", she told her superior that "my head is freezing even when I put the veil on!"[13] When informed that she could "put another veil on top of it" she thought "oh, that’s pretty dull isn’t it? And someone gave me a little tam, so I asked if I could wear that". She was granted permission "and now a lot of the young ones [novices and other nuns] pick up the beret [because] they like it, but it’s not actually part of our habit. It’s part of our tradition that what helps a nun to be herself can certainly [be] a part of our system."[13]

On October 4, 2008, "The Holy Trinity Apostolate", founded by Rev. John Hardon, S.J., sponsored a "Breakfast with Mother Dolores Hart". Held at Rochester, Michigan's Royal Park Hotel, Hart told her story: "He Led Me Out into an Open Space; He Saved Me Because He Loved Me: The Journey of Mother Dolores Hart to Regina Laudis". Since 1963, when she joined the Bethlehem abbey, she disciplined herself under the Rule of Saint Benedict, at the breakfast, several people spoke, including actress Patricia Neal and Maria Cooper Janis, the daughter of Hollywood leading man Gary Cooper.[14][15]

In her autobiography, The Ear of the Heart: An Actress’ Journey From Hollywood to Holy Vows (Ignatius Press)—co-authored with lifelong friend Richard DeNeut and released May 7, 2013—Hart told her life story, from her birth in Chicago to becoming Catholic, from her Hollywood adventures to monastery life.[18]

1.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage

2.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation

3.
Bethlehem, Connecticut
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Bethlehem is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,422 at the 2000 census, the town center was designated in the 2000 census as a census-designated place. The towns name has prompted thousands of visitors each December to mail their Christmas cards at the local post office in order to get a Bethlehem postmark, the post office also has nearly 100 Christmas-related stamps for customers to decorate their envelopes during the holiday season. Bethlehem is one of the two towns in Litchfield County served by the area code 203/area code 475 overlay, the other is the Town of Woodbury. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 19.7 square miles. The census-designated place corresponding to the center has a total area of 8.1 square miles. At the eastern side of town is a called the Devils Backbone, one of more than 30 Connecticut places named after the devil. Bethlehem Village At the 2010 census Bethlehem had a population of 3,607. The racial composition of the population was 97. 9% white,0. 4% black or African American,0. 1% Native American,0. 5% Asian,0. 2% from some other race and 0. 9% from two or more races. 1. 7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, at the 2000 census, there were 3,422 people,1,246 households and 935 families residing in the town. The population density was 176.8 per square mile, there were 1,388 housing units at an average density of 71.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 49% White,0. 26% African American,0. 06% Native American,0. 79% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 38% from other races and 0. 99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 64% of the population,19. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the family size was 3.11. 25. 2% of the population were under the age of 18,4. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 6% from 25 to 44,30. 8% from 45 to 64, the median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 94.3 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males. The median household income was $68,542 and the family income was $78,863. Males had an income of $51,623 compared with $37,500 for females

Bethlehem, Connecticut
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Seal
Bethlehem, Connecticut
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Location in Litchfield County, Connecticut
Bethlehem, Connecticut
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View of the center of Bethlehem by John Warner Barber (published 1836), said to be the earliest depiction of the town.

4.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront

5.
Marymount College, Palos Verdes
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Marymount California University is an independent, Catholic, coeducational university offering associate, bachelors, and graduate degrees. Based in the liberal tradition and inspired by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary, students are encouraged to pursue lives of leadership. Marymount California University was established in 1968 by the RHSM as Marymount Palos Verdes College and it was split from the original Marymount College in Westwood, Los Angeles, this Marymount later merged with St. Josephs College and then Loyola University to form Loyola Marymount University. At the time, the college was an institution of higher education. In 1975, responsibility for the College was transferred to a lay board of trustees, in 1986, the college changed its name from Marymount Palos Verdes College to Marymount College. In summer 2011, Marymount opened its Waterfront Campus in downtown San Pedro, Los Angeles. ”In fall 2013, Marymount opened its Lakeside Campus in the community of Lucerne in rural Lake County, in Northern California. The Oceanview Campus encompasses 26-acres overlooking the Pacific Ocean and Catalina Island in Rancho Palos Verdes, art exhibitions, student performances and other university events are held at Marymounts Marylyn and Chuck Klaus Center for the Arts located just up the street at 460 West Sixth Street. Free Shuttle Service is available for all enrolled students, faculty, mens and womens sports include cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, baseball and track. Official website Official athletics website Web site in opposition to City of RPV Ballot Measure P RPV city attorney summary of Ballot Measure P Marymount Announces New President

Marymount College, Palos Verdes
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Entrance to the campus

6.
Order of St. Benedict
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Each community within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. Internationally, the order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIIIs Brief Summum semper, individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials OSB after their names. The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529, was the first of the monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino, there is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that Augustine, the prior, at various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. Lérins Abbey, for instance, founded by Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine, in Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually displaced the earlier codes. Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire, Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium, as a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. In the Middle Ages monasteries were founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910, the abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, one of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community. The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations, Augustine of Canterbury and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Many of the sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines. Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak, the monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. Germany was evangelized by English Benedictines, willibrord and Boniface preached there in the seventh and eighth centuries and founded several abbeys. In the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, during the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to Selby Abbey in Yorkshire, one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution. St. Mildreds Priory, on the Isle of Thanet, Kent, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian King of Kent, currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns

7.
Nun
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A nun is a member of a religious community of women, typically one living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The term nun is applicable to Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Anglicans, Lutherans, Jains, Buddhists, Taoists, Hindus, Mother Teresas Missionaries of Charity, lives an active vocation of both prayer and service, often to the needy, ill, poor, and uneducated. All Buddhist traditions have nuns, although their status is different among Buddhist countries, fully ordained Buddhist nuns have more Patimokkha rules than the monks. The important vows are the same, however, as with monks, there is quite a lot of variation in nuns dress and social conventions between Buddhist cultures in Asia. Chinese nuns possess the full ordination, Tibetan nuns do not. In Thailand, a country never had a tradition of fully ordained nuns. However, some of them have played an important role in dhamma-practitioners community. There are in Thai Forest Tradition foremost nuns such as Mae Ji Kaew Sianglam, the founder of the Nunnery of Baan Huai Saai, who is believed by some to be enlightened as well as Upāsikā Kee Nanayon. At the beginning of the 21st century, some Buddhist women in Thailand have started to introduce the bhikkhuni sangha in their country as well, dhammananda Bhikkhuni, formerly the successful academic scholar Dr. Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, established a controversial monastery for the training of Buddhist nuns in Thailand. The relatively active roles of Taiwanese nuns were noted by some studies, researcher Charles Brewer Jones estimates that from 1952 to 1999, when the Buddhist Association of the ROC organized public ordination, female applicants have outnumbered males by about three to one. He adds, All my informants in the areas of Taipei and Sanhsia considered nuns at least as respectable as monks, in contrast, however, Shiu-kuen Tsung found in Taipei county that female clergy were viewed with some suspicion by society. She reports that while outsiders did not necessarily regard their vocation as unworthy of respect, wei-yi Cheng studied Luminary order in southern Taiwan. Based on studies of Luminary order, Cheng concluded that the order in Taiwan was still young and gave nuns more rooms of development. Gelongma ordination requires the presence of ten fully ordained people keeping exactly the same vows, because ten nuns are required to ordain a new one, the effort to establish the Dharmaguptaka bhikkhu tradition has taken a long time. It is permissible for a Tibetan nun to receive ordination from another living tradition. Based on this, Western nuns ordained in Tibetan tradition, like Thubten Chodron, the ordination of monks and nuns in Tibetan Buddhism distinguishes three stages, rabjung-ma, getshül-ma and gelong-ma. The clothes of the nuns in Tibet are basically the same as those of monks, hokke-ji in 747 was established by the consort of the Emperor. It took charge of provincial convents, performed ceremonies for the protection of the state, aristocratic Japanese women often became Buddhist nuns in the premodern period

Nun
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Nuns
Nun
Nun
Nun

8.
Stephen Boyd
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Stephen Boyd was an actor from Glengormley, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. He appeared in some 60 films, most notably as Messala in Ben-Hur and he received his second Golden Globe Award nomination for Billy Roses Jumbo. Boyd was born William Millar in 1931, one of nine siblings, he attended Ballyclare High School. At the age of seven he became known in Belfast for his contributions to the Ulster Radios Children Hour. At the age of sixteen, Boyd quit school and joined the Ulster Group Theater, Boyd learned the behind the scenes tasks of the theater, and eventually worked his way up to character parts and leads, touring both Canada and the United States with stock companies. By the time he was twenty, Boyd had a range of theater experience. In 1952 Boyd moved to London and worked in a cafeteria, Boyd caught his first break as a doorman at the Odeon Theatre. The Leicester Square Cinema across the street recruited him to usher attendees during the British Academy Awards in the early 1950s, during the awards ceremony he was noticed by actor Sir Michael Redgrave, who used his connections to introduce Boyd to the director of the Windsor Repertory Group. Boyds first role which brought him acclaim was as an Irish spy in the movie The Man Who Never Was, the movie was released in 1956. Shortly thereafter he signed a contract with 20th Century Fox, Boyd starred in two Rank productions after this film. Hell in Korea was a role for Boyd, but an interesting movie which featured several renowned actors in early roles, such as Michael Caine. The Beast of Marseilles was a World War II romance set in Nazi-occupied Marseilles with Boyd as the main star, for Twentieth Century Fox, Boyd would be cast in the racially provocative film Island in the Sun, based on the Alec Waugh novel. For Columbia pictures he was cast in the nautical, ship-wreck adventure Abandon Ship. starring Tyrone Power, in early 1957 Brigitte Bardot was given the opportunity to cast her own leading man after her success in Roger Vadims And God Created Woman, and she chose Boyd. Being in the Bardot spotlight added much to Boyds film credit, Boyds first true Hollywood role came as a renegade cowboy in the Fox western The Bravados, which starred Gregory Peck and Joan Collins. It was during the making of film in Mexico in the early part of 1958 that Boyd was finally persuaded to audition for the coveted role of Messala in MGMs upcoming epic Ben-Hur. Many other actors had tried for the role, and Boyd initially wasnt interested, but he eventually signed and began filming in the summer of 1958. Boyd was required to wear contact lenses as Messala, which irritated his eyes. Despite this, Boyd described the experience of Ben-Hur, as the most exciting experience of his life

9.
Montgomery Clift
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Edward Montgomery Monty Clift was an American film and stage actor. The New York Times’ obituary of Clift noted his portrayal of moody and he received four Academy Award nominations during his career, three for Best Actor and one for Best Supporting Actor. Clift was born on October 17,1920, in Omaha and his father, William Brooks Clift, was a vice-president of Omaha National Trust Company. His mother was the former Ethel Fogg Anderson, mostly called Sunny, Clift had English, as well as Dutch and Scottish ancestry. Sunny Clift was an adopted child, at eighteen shed been told that her real father and mother were members of prominent Yankee families, forced to part by the tyrannical will of the girls mother. She spent the rest of her trying to gain the recognition of her alleged relations. Part of her effort was her determination that her children should be brought up in the style of true aristocrats, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s ruined Bill Clift financially. Montgomery, however, could not adjust to school and never went to college, instead, he took to stage acting, beginning in a summer production which led, by 1935, to his debut on Broadway. He appeared in plays written by Moss Hart, Robert Sherwood, Lillian Hellman, Tennessee Williams and Thornton Wilder, creating the part of Henry in the original production of The Skin of Our Teeth. In 1939, as a member of the cast of the 1939 Broadway production of Noël Cowards Hay Fever, a performance of Hay Fever was aired during the New York Worlds Fair as part of the introduction of television. It is not likely that any recording of the broadcast exists and he resided in Jackson Heights, Queens, until he got his break on Broadway. He first acted on Broadway when, at just 15-years-of-age, he appeared as Prince Peter in the Cole Porter musical Jubilee on Broadway, at 20, he played the son in the Broadway production of There Shall Be No Night, which won the 1941 Pulitzer Prize. At the age of 25, he moved to Hollywood and his first movie role was opposite John Wayne in Red River, which was shot in 1946 and released in 1948. His second movie was The Search, Clift was unhappy with the quality of the script, and edited it himself. The movie was awarded a screenwriting Academy Award for the credited writers, Clifts performance saw him nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. His naturalistic performance led to director Fred Zinnemanns being asked, Where did you find a soldier who can act so well, Clifts next movie was The Heiress. He signed on for the movie in order to avoid being typecast, again unhappy with the script, Clift told friends that he wanted to change his co-star Olivia de Havillands lines because she isnt giving me enough to respond. Clift also was unable to get along with most of the cast, he criticized de Havilland, the studio marketed Clift as a sex symbol prior to the movies release in 1949

10.
George Hamilton (actor)
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George Stevens Hamilton is an American film and television actor. For his debut performance in Crime and Punishment U. S. A, Hamilton won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for a BAFTA Award. He has received one additional BAFTA nomination and two additional Golden Globe nominations, Hamilton was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and lived in Blytheville, Arkansas. He is the eldest son of bandleader George Spike Hamilton and his first wife, Hamilton won many scholastic, athletic and performing arts awards as a student at Palm Beach High School in West Palm Beach, Florida. Hamilton also has a brother, David Hamilton. Hamilton began his career in 1952 and although he has a substantial body of work in film and television he is, perhaps, most famous for his debonair style and his perfect. Bo Derek writes in her there was an ongoing contest between John and George Hamilton as to who was tanner. With his matinee-idol looks it was noted that Hamilton physically resembled Warren Beatty. Beattys political satire Bulworth contained a gag about this with Hamilton appearing as himself in a brief cameo. Earlier, Hamilton made his onscreen debut in Crime and Punishment U. S. A. He was nominated for the award again for The Light in the Piazza. Hamilton made two memorable bio-pics, Your Cheatin Heart, in which he portrayed the country-western music legend Hank Williams, followed by Evel Knievel, the movie included such scenes as Dracula and his conquest dancing to I Love the Nightlife at a disco. The films box-office success created a popularity surge for Hamilton, who followed it with a portrayal of the famed swordsman character in 1981s Zorro. He was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for both films, however, film leads dried up quickly. In the mid-1980s, Hamilton starred in the season of the ABC Aaron Spelling-produced nighttime television serial Dynasty. Hamilton played a doctor who uses hypnosis to commit a murder on a 1975 episode of Columbo and he returned for a second homicide on the long-running Peter Falk detective series in 1991, this time playing the host of an Americas Most Wanted-style television show. Hamilton later became a semi-regular panelist on the 1998 revival of Match Game, a break for Hamilton came in 1990 when Francis Coppola cast him as the Corleone familys lawyer in a much-anticipated film, The Godfather Part III. For the second time, he portrayed a murderer on the television series Columbo, starring as the host of a TV true-crime show in the 1991 episode Caution and he had previously been in the 1975 episode A Deadly State of Mind

George Hamilton (actor)
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Hamilton in August 2009
George Hamilton (actor)
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Hamilton getting a tan in Florida, 1965.

11.
Robert Wagner
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Robert John Wagner, Jr. is an American actor of stage, screen, and television, best known for starring in the television shows It Takes a Thief, Switch, and Hart to Hart. He also had a role as Teddy Leopold on the TV sitcom Two. In movies, Wagner is known for his role as Number Two in the Austin Powers trilogy of films, as well as for A Kiss Before Dying, The Pink Panther, Harper, The Towering Inferno and many more. Wagners autobiography, Pieces of My Heart, A Life, written with author Scott Eyman, was published on September 23,2008, Wagner was born February 10,1930, in Detroit, Michigan. He is the son of Hazel Alvera, a telephone operator and his paternal grandparents were born in Germany. And his maternal grandparents were Norwegian and he graduated from Santa Monica High School in 1949. After an unsuccessful screen test directed by Fred Zinnemann for his film Teresa and this led to starring roles in a series of films, including, with veteran actor Clifton Webb, Stars and Stripes Forever and Titanic, Beneath the 12-Mile Reef, Prince Valiant, and White Feather. In 1956, A Kiss Before Dying, Between Heaven and Hell, in 1957 he starred with Jeffrey Hunter in The True Story of Jesse James. Following his Fox contract Wagner moved to Europe, in 1960 Wagner signed with Columbia Pictures for three films, but only two were made, Sail a Crooked Ship with Ernie Kovacs and The War Lover, opposite Steve McQueen, which was filmed in England. Roles soon followed in continental Europe such as The Condemned of Altona, The Longest Day and The Pink Panther starring David Niven, Edwards wanted Wagner for the lead in The Great Race but Jack L. Wagner signed with Universal Studios in 1966 starring in the films How I Spent My Summer Vacation, a movie released in the United Kingdom as Deadly Roulette. In 1967, Lew Wasserman convinced Wagner to make his series debut in It Takes a Thief. While the success of The Pink Panther and Harper began Wagners comeback, in this series, he acted with Fred Astaire, who played his father. Wagner was a friend of Astaire, having gone to school with Astaires eldest son. Wagners friend and agent Albert Broccoli suggested that he audition to play James Bond and he reunited with McQueen, along with Paul Newman and Faye Dunaway, in the disaster film The Towering Inferno released in the same year. By the mid-1970s, Wagners television career was at its peak with the television series Switch opposite Eddie Albert, before Switch, Albert was a childhood hero of Wagner, after he watched the movie Brother Rat along with a few others. The friendship started in the early 1960s, where he also co-starred in a couple of Alberts movies, after the series end, the two remained friends until Alberts death on May 26,2005. Wagner spoke at his funeral, and gave a testimonial about his friendship with him

12.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives

13.
Loving You (1957 film)
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Directed by Hal Kanter, the cast is completed by Lizabeth Scott, Wendell Corey, and Dolores Hart in her movie debut. Kanter expanded the script after being inspired by Presleys last appearance on the Louisiana Hayride, a box office success, Loving You opened nationwide on July 9,1957. Paramount Pictures chose to ignore the first-run theater system, opting instead to release the film in sub-run neighborhood theaters, composed by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Presleys single Teddy Bear backed with Loving You was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Walter Tex Warner, a country and western bandleader past his prime. During a campaign stop in the town of Delville, Deke Rivers, while they are unloading, the workmate talks to Glenda about Dekes singing ability, which Glenda jumps on to revive the sagging interest in the event by using local talent. She convinces Deke to sing a song with the backing of Texs Rough Ridin Ramblers, seeing the positive reception by the female audience, Glenda tries to convince Deke to join the Tex Warner Show. Driving in Dekes hotrod, she tells him about his potential, not willing to leave his first steady job in a year, he rejects the offer, but Glenda asks him to think about it. Upon returning to town, Glenda calls the Highway Beverage Company, after which she, later that night, Deke is provoked at a restaurant by the boyfriend of one of his fans, who wants to hear him sing a song. After singing to a tune from the jukebox, he starts a fight with him and he is later exonerated by the police. The following morning, as the group is leaving town, Deke accepts Glendas offer, after being fired because of a complaint by a customer regarding a late delivery, Glenda just happens to have prepared a contract, which grants her half of his income. With Tex headlining, they start touring throughout Texas, along two other acts, Susan Susie Jessup and a singing trio, as Dekes popularity grows, Glenda devises publicity stunts to leverage it. At one show, she pays two aged woman to criticize him, when they start to argue with young fans, Glenda has a press photographer document the incident. As the tour progresses, Deke and Susan become interested in one another, after playing small venues, the group is hired to play in a large Amarillo theater on a four-day run. Convinced that it is his ticket to fame, Tex accepts Glendas suggestion to share the bill with Deke. After the end of the four day engagement, Dekes management is offered a show in Freegate, Texas. Due to the terms of the contract, Tex fires Susan, before he has to begin his new tour, Deke drives Susan to her familys farm. Meanwhile, in another publicity move, Glenda convinces Tex to buy a Cadillac against his life insurance for Deke, inventing a story to tell Deke that it was a gift from the widow of an oil magnate. Back on the farm, Deke and Susan talk, where she tells him about being fired, after which they are about to kiss, when they are interrupted by her parents, who ask him to sing the song he promised

14.
Abbey of Regina Laudis
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The Benedictine Abbey of Regina Laudis was founded in 1947 by Mother Benedict Duss, O. S. B. and Mother Mary Aline Trilles de Warren, O. S. B. in Bethlehem, Connecticut. This monastic foundation was one of the first houses of contemplative Benedictine nuns in the United States, Mother Benedict and Mother Mary were both nuns of the Benedictine Abbey of Notre Dame de Jouarre in France. Mother Benedict had grown up in Paris and studied medicine at the Sorbonne, until the monastery of Regina Laudis gained abbatial status, it was a dependent priory of Jouarre Abbey, a 7th-century monastery northeast of Paris, France. The abbey is home to a museum quality, 18th century Neapolitan Crèche. Near the main entrance, the Monastic Art Shop of the abbey is a open to the public year round. The abbey also has CD recordings of its nuns performing Gregorian chant, a Protestant industrialist by the name of Robert Leather donated to the nuns land that became the heart of its present property of 400 acres. Leather was a devout Congregationalist who cherished a pine-covered hill in town as a place of prayer, a 1949 movie, Come to the Stable, starring Loretta Young, was based on the story of the nuns establishing the abbey in town. The movie depicts how the nuns were taken in by Bethlehem artist Lauren Ford, since its foundation as a priory in 1947, the monastery has grown to include some 37 nuns. The Monastery of Regina Laudis became an independent abbey in 1976. On February 10,1976, Mother Benedict Duss, O. S. B. was elected the first Abbess of the Benedictine Abbey of Regina Laudis and became the first nun in America to receive the abbatial blessing. In the late 1960s the abbey, in conjunction with its Jesuit spiritual adviser, Francis Prokes, the Abbey was featured on ABC’s 20/20 and CBS’s West 57th and was investigated by the Vatican in the early 1990s. As a result of the investigation Prokes was forced to leave the Abbey in 1994, on May 13,2001, Mother David Serna, O. S. B. Prioress of the abbey, became the second Abbess of Regina Laudis, on February 1,2015, Lucia Kuppens, O. S. B. was elected the Third Abbess of the Abbey of Regina Laudis. Kuppens is a student and lover of Shakespeare with a Ph. D. in English from Yale University and she has been coordinator of the Monastic Studies and Monastic Internship Programs of the abbey for almost thirty years. She has always insisted that intellectual life be grounded in the practicals of everyday incarnational life and she has been Cellarer of the Abbey, responsible for the maintenance of the Abbey property and buildings since 2001. Abbess Emerita David Serna has long acknowledged Mother Lucias comprehensive vision which has predilected her now as Mother Abbess to lead Regina Laudis into the future, the community is known for its commitment to the arts, most notably in the performance of Gregorian Chant. Because of the background of Mother Dolores Hart, O. S. B. The abbey now sponsors annual summer theatre productions, the theater was built in 1982 with the help of actress Patricia Neal

15.
Monastery
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A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone. A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel, church or temple, a monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church, dormitory, cloister, refectory, library, balneary and infirmary. These may include a hospice, a school and a range of agricultural and manufacturing such as a barn. In English usage, the monastery is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks. In modern usage, convent tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics, historically, a convent denoted a house of friars, now more commonly called a friary. Various religions may apply these terms in specific ways. The earliest extant use of the term monastērion is by the 1st century AD Jewish philosopher Philo in On The Contemplative Life, in England the word monastery was also applied to the habitation of a bishop and the cathedral clergy who lived apart from the lay community. Most cathedrals were not monasteries, and were served by canons secular, however, some were run by monasteries orders, such as York Minster. Westminster Abbey was for a time a cathedral, and was a Benedictine monastery until the Reformation. They are also to be distinguished from collegiate churches, such as St Georges Chapel, in most of this article, the term monastery is used generically to refer to any of a number of types of religious community. In the Roman Catholic religion and to some extent in certain branches of Buddhism, there is a more specific definition of the term. Buddhist monasteries are generally called vihara, viharas may be occupied by males or females, and in keeping with common English usage, a vihara populated by females may often be called a nunnery or a convent. However, vihara can also refer to a temple, in Tibetan Buddhism, monasteries are often called gompa. In Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, a monastery is called a wat, in Burma, a monastery is called a kyaung. A Christian monastery may be an abbey, or a priory and it may be a community of men or of women. A charterhouse is any monastery belonging to the Carthusian order, in Eastern Christianity, a very small monastic community can be called a skete, and a very large or important monastery can be given the dignity of a lavra. The great communal life of a Christian monastery is called cenobitic, as opposed to the life of an anchorite. In Hinduism monasteries are called matha, mandir, koil, or most commonly an ashram, jains use the Buddhist term vihara

16.
Moss Hart
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Moss Hart was an American playwright and theatre director. Hart was born in New York City and grew up in poverty with his English-born Jewish immigrant parents in the Bronx and in Sea Gate. Early on he had a relationship with his Aunt Kate. She piqued his interest in the theater and took him to see performances often, Hart even went so far as to create an alternate ending to her life in his book Act One. He writes that she died while he was working on out-of-town tryouts for The Beloved Bandit, later, Kate became eccentric and then disturbed, vandalizing Harts home, writing threatening letters and setting fires backstage during rehearsals for Jubilee. But his relationship with her was formative and he learned that the theater made possible the art of being somebody else… not a scrawny boy with bad teeth, a funny name… and a mother who was a distant drudge. The play was written in collaboration with Broadway veteran George S. Kaufman, during the next decade, Kaufman and Hart teamed on a string of successes, including You Cant Take It with You and The Man Who Came to Dinner. Though Kaufman had hits with others, Hart is generally conceded to be his most important collaborator and you Cant Take It With You, the story of an eccentric family and how they live during the Depression, won the 1937 Pulitzer Prize for drama. When director Frank Capra and writer Robert Riskin adapted it for the screen in 1938, the Man Who Came To Dinner is about the caustic Sheridan Whiteside who, after injuring himself slipping on ice, must stay in a Midwestern familys house. The character was based on Kaufman and Harts friend, critic Alexander Woollcott, other characters in the play are based on Noël Coward, Harpo Marx and Gertrude Lawrence. However, he became best known during this period as a director, among the Broadway hits he staged were Junior Miss, Dear Ruth and Anniversary Waltz. By far his biggest hit was the musical My Fair Lady, adapted from George Bernard Shaws Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, the show ran over seven years and won a Tony Award for Best Musical. Hart picked up the Tony for Best Director, Hart also wrote some screenplays, including Gentlemans Agreement – for which he received an Oscar nomination – Hans Christian Andersen and A Star Is Born. He wrote a memoir, Act One, An Autobiography by Moss Hart and it was adapted to film in 1963, with George Hamilton portraying Hart. The last show Hart directed was the Lerner and Loewe musical Camelot, during a troubled out-of-town tryout, Hart had a heart attack. The show opened before he recovered, but he and Lerner reworked it after the opening. That, along with huge pre-sales and a cast performance on The Ed Sullivan Show, in 1972,11 years after his death, Moss Hart was posthumously inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. He was one of 23 people to be selected into the Hall of Fames first ever induction class that year, Hart married Kitty Carlisle on August 10,1946, they had two children

Moss Hart
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Hart in 1940
Moss Hart
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Hart was the host of an early television game show, Answer Yes or No, in 1950. Arlene Francis was one of the panelists.

17.
Clark Gable
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William Clark Gable was an American film actor, often referred to as The King of Hollywood or just simply as The King. Gable began his career as an actor and appeared as an extra in silent films between 1924 and 1926, and progressed to supporting roles with a few films for MGM in 1931. The next year, he landed his first leading Hollywood role and he also starred with Lana Turner in four features, and with Norma Shearer and Ava Gardner in three each. Gables final film, The Misfits, united him with Marilyn Monroe, Gable is considered one of the most consistent box-office performers in history, appearing on Quigley Publishings annual Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll 16 times. He was named the seventh-greatest male star of classic American cinema by the American Film Institute, William Clark Gable was born in Cadiz, Ohio, to William Henry Will Gable, an oil-well driller, and his wife, Adeline. Gable was named William after his father, but even in childhood and he was mistakenly listed as a female on his birth certificate. Among Gables ancestors were Pennsylvania Dutch, Rhinelanders, and Bavarians, when he was six months old, his mother had him baptized as a Roman Catholic. She died when he was ten months old, possibly from a brain tumor, will Gable refused to raise his son Catholic, provoking criticism from Adelines side of the family. The dispute was resolved when Will Gable agreed to allow his son to spend time with his uncle, Charles Hershelman. In April 1903, Gables father married Jennie Dunlap, whose family came from the neighboring town of Hopedale. Gable was a tall, shy child with a loud voice and his stepmother raised him to be well-dressed and well-groomed. Jennie played the piano and gave her lessons at home. Later he took up brass instruments, at 13, he was the only boy in the mens town band. He was very mechanically inclined and loved to strip down and repair cars with his father, though his father insisted on Gable doing manly things, like hunting and hard physical work, Gable loved language. Among trusted company, he would recite Shakespeare, particularly the sonnets, will Gable agreed to buy a 72-volume set of The Worlds Greatest Literature to improve his sons education, but claimed he never saw his son use it. In 1917, when Gable was in school, his father had financial difficulties. Will decided to settle his debts and try his hand at farming, despite his fathers insistence that he work the farm, Gable soon left to work in Akron for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. At 17, Clark Gable was inspired to be an actor after seeing the play The Bird of Paradise, by then, his stepmother had died, and his father moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma to go back to the oil business

18.
Forever Amber (film)
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Forever Amber is a 1947 American romantic drama Technicolor film starring Linda Darnell and Cornel Wilde. It was based on the book of the name by Kathleen Winsor. It also starred Richard Greene, George Sanders, Glenn Langan, Richard Haydn, the movie was originally budgeted at $4.5 million. The Hays Office had condemned the novel, but within a month of its publication the movie rights had been purchased by 20th Century Fox. In 1947, Darnell won the role in the highly anticipated film adaptation when the original star, newcomer Peggy Cummins. The character Amber in the novel was so called because of her eye color, publicity at the time compared the novel Forever Amber to Gone with the Wind. The films score, by composer David Raksin, was nominated for the Academy Award for Original Music Score, the film begins in 1644 during the English Civil War, as we see a group of Roundheads pursuing a Cavaliers carriage. The carriage drives into the country where its passengers abandon a baby, named Amber, the roundheads soon catch up with the carriage and kill all the passengers while the farmers discover and decide to adopt Amber. The film moves forward to 1660, the death of Oliver Cromwell, however the small rural towns and villages remain strictly puritanical. Sixteen years after being abandoned in a rural village, we see that Amber has grown into a beauty and is about to be married despite her protests. She wants to be more than a wife and dreams of court fashions. Her dream comes true with the arrival of a group of cavaliers and she follows the Cavaliers to a tavern and begs Bruce to let her come with him to London. Despite her request and coaxing from Bruce’s friend Almsbury, Bruce refuses her, Amber once again tries to convince Bruce to take her to London, which he refuses, before they share a kiss. Bruce and Almsbury return to London to seek an audience with the king but are turned away, Barbara Villiers, the king’s mistress, is brought to court and coldly walks past them. As Bruce and Almsbury return to their London tavern, they see that Amber has followed them to London, Bruce allows her to stay with him and they begin an affair whereby Bruce pampers Amber with new gowns and takes her to the theater. At one performance, Bruce sees Barbara Villiers alone and goes to speak with her getting the king to grant him ships for his privateer mission. Amber is distraught at the thought of Bruce leaving and stops Almsbury from warning Bruce that the king has arrived, the king sees Bruce with his mistress and later summons him to court. Not wanting his friend to face the king’s wrath alone, Almsbury goes with him, the king, however, grants Bruce the ships he needs and requests that he leave for Bristol that very night

Forever Amber (film)
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Theatrical release poster

19.
Mario Lanza
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Mario Lanza was an American tenor of Italian ancestry, actor and Hollywood film star of the late 1940s and the 1950s. Lanza began studying to be a singer at the age of 16. After appearing at the Hollywood Bowl in 1947, Lanza signed a film contract with Louis B. Mayer, the head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer who saw his performance and was impressed by his singing, prior to that, the adult Lanza had sung only two performances of an opera. The following year, however, he sang the role of Pinkerton in Puccinis Madama Butterfly in New Orleans and his film début for MGM was in That Midnight Kiss with Kathryn Grayson and Ethel Barrymore. The following year, in The Toast of New Orleans, his popular song Be My Love became his first million-selling hit. In 1951, he played the role of tenor Enrico Caruso, his idol, in the biopic The Great Caruso, the Great Caruso was the top-grossing film that year. The title song of his film, Because Youre Mine, was his final million-selling hit song. The song went on to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song, Hollywood columnist Hedda Hopper writes that his smile, which was as big as his voice, was matched with the habits of a tiger cub, impossible to housebreak. She adds that he was the last of the great romantic performers and he made three more films before dying of an apparent pulmonary embolism at the age of 38. At the time of his death in 1959 he was still the most famous tenor in the world, author Eleonora Kimmel concludes that Lanza blazed like a meteor whose light lasts a brief moment in time. Born Alfred Arnold Cocozza in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he was exposed to classical singing at an age by his Abruzzese-Molisan Italian parents. His mother, Maria Lanza, was from Tocco da Casauria and his father, Antonio Cocozza, was from Filignano, a province of Isernia in the region of Molise. By age 16, his talent had become apparent. In 1942, Koussevitzky provided young Cocozza with a student scholarship to the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood. Reportedly, Koussevitzky would later tell him, Yours is a such as is heard once in a hundred years. This was when Cocozza adopted the stage name Mario Lanza, for its similarity to his mother’s maiden name, Herbert Graf subsequently wrote in Opera News, A real find of the season was Mario Lanza He would have no difficulty one day being asked to join the Metropolitan Opera. In an interview shortly before her own death in 2008, González recalled that Lanza was very correct, likeable and his budding operatic career was interrupted by World War II, when he was assigned to Special Services in the U. S. Army Air Corps

20.
Movie theater
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A movie theater or movie theatre is a venue, usually a building, that contains an auditorium for viewing films, for entertainment. Most, but not all, movie theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, Some movie theaters, however, are operated by non-profit organizations or societies which charge members a membership fee to view films. The film is projected with a projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds. Since the 1970s, subwoofers have used for low-pitched sounds. In the 2010s, most movie theaters are equipped for digital cinema projection, removing the need to create, a great variety of films are shown at cinemas, ranging from animated films for children, blockbusters for general audiences and documentaries for patrons who are interested in non-fiction topics. The smallest movie theaters have a viewing room with a single screen. In the 2010s, most movie theaters have multiple screens, the largest theater complexes, which are called multiplexes—a design developed in the U. S. in the 1960s—have up to 25 screens. The audience members sit on padded seats which in most theaters are set up on a sloped floor. Movie theaters typically sell soft drinks, popcorn and candy and some theaters also sell hot fast food, in some jurisdictions, movie theaters are licensed to sell alcoholic drinks. A movie theater may also be referred to as a theatre, movie house, film house. In the US, theater has long been the preferred spelling, while in the UK, Canada, the latter terms, as well as their derivative adjectives cinematic and kinematic, ultimately derive from Greek κινῆμα, κινήματος —movement, motion. In the countries where those terms are used, the theatre is usually reserved for live performance venues. Colloquial expressions, mostly applied to motion pictures and motion picture theaters collectively, include the silver screen, specific to North American term is the movies, while specific terms in the UK are the pictures, the flicks and for the facility itself the flea pit. A screening room is a theater, often a private one. Open air place in ancient times for viewing spectacles and plays, the term theater comes from the Old French word theatre, from the 12th century and. The use of the theatre to mean a building where plays are shown dates from the 1570s in the English language. The earliest precursors to movies were magic lantern shows, magic lanterns used a glass lens, a shutter and a powerful lamp to project images from glass slides onto a white wall or screen. The invention of the Argand lamp in the 1790s, limelight in the 1820s, the magic lantern could project rudimentary moving images, which was achieved by the use of various types of mechanical slides

Movie theater
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The Berlin Wintergarten theatre was the site of the first movie theater, with a short movie presented by the Skladanowsky brothers in 1895.
Movie theater
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L'Idéal Cinéma at Aniche, opened on November 23, 1905, and claims to be the oldest still-active movie theater in the world.
Movie theater
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The view from the projectionist booth at Ultimate Palace Cinema in Oxford.
Movie theater
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Rodgers Theatre in Poplar Bluff in Missouri (in Art Deco opened on June 1, 1949).

21.
Movie projector
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A movie projector is an opto-mechanical device for displaying motion picture film by projecting it onto a screen. Most of the optical and mechanical elements, except for the illumination, the first movie projector was the Zoopraxiscope, invented by British photographer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879. The zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion, the stop-motion images were initially painted onto the glass, as silhouettes. A second series of discs, made in 1892–94, used outline drawings printed onto the discs photographically, a more sophisticated movie projector was invented by Frenchman Louis Le Prince while working in Leeds. In 1888 Le Prince took out a patent for a 16-lens device that combined a motion picture camera with a projector, in 1888, he used an updated version of his camera to film the first ever motion picture, the Roundhay Garden Scene. The pictures were exhibited in Hunslet. The Lumière brothers invented the first successful movie projector and they made their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, in 1894, which was publicly screened at LEden, La Ciotat a year later. The first commercial, public screening of cinematographic films happened in Paris on 28 December 1895, the cinematograph was also exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1900. At the Exhibition, films made by the Lumière Brothers were projected onto a screen measuring 16 by 21 meters. In 1999, digital projectors were being tried out in some movie theatres. These early projectors played the movie stored on a server and played back through the projector, due to their relatively low resolution, the images at the time showed pixelization blocks in some scenes, much like images on early widescreen televisions. By 2006, the advent of much higher 4K resolution digital projection had removed any traces of pixelization, the systems became more compact than the larger machines of four years earlier. By 2009, movie theatres started replacing the film projectors with digital projectors, in 2013, it was estimated that 92% of movie theatres in the United States had converted to digital, with 8% still playing film. In 2015, numerous popular filmmakers—including Quentin Tarantino and Christopher Nolan—lobbied large studios to commit to purchase an amount of 35 mm film from Kodak. The decision ensured that Kodaks 35mm film production would continue for several years, nowadays film projectors are considered obsolete as high-resolution digital projectors offer many advantages over traditional film units. For example, digital projectors contain no moving parts except fans, can be operated remotely and they also allow for much easier, less expensive, and more reliable storage and distribution of content, including the ability to display live broadcasts. According to the theory of the phi phenomenon, the brain constitutes an experience of apparent movement when presented with a sequence of near-identical still images. Persistence of vision should be compared with the phenomena of beta movement

22.
Beverly Hills
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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658, sometimes referred to as 90210, one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field, gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3,1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard. The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828 and they called their 4,500 acres of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas. in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson and Henry Hancock. By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres and was being bought up by anglos from Los Angeles. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it, at this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings and they did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property Beverly Hills, subdivided it, the development was named Beverly Hills after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area. The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow, Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents and it was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911, the hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills and that same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921, the glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue, in 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers, the Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1925, Beverly Hills approved an issue to buy 385 acres for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to pay for the new campus

23.
King Creole
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King Creole is a 1958 American musical drama film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Elvis Presley, Carolyn Jones, and Walter Matthau. Wallis and based on the 1952 novel A Stone for Danny Fisher by Harold Robbins, Presley later indicated that of all the characters he portrayed throughout his acting career, the role of Danny Fisher in King Creole was his favorite. To make the film, Presley was granted a 60-day deferment from January to March 1958 for beginning his military service, location shooting in New Orleans was delayed several times by crowds of fans attracted by the stars, particularly Presley. The film was released by Paramount Pictures on July 2,1958, the critics were unanimous in their praise of Presleys performance. King Creole peaked at five on the Variety box office earnings charts. Nineteen-year-old high school student Danny Fisher works before and after school to support his surviving family, after Dannys mother died, his grieving father lost his job as a pharmacist, and moved his impoverished family to the French Quarter in New Orleans. At work one morning, Danny rescues Ronnie from her abusive date, after a taxi ride to Dannys high school, Ronnie kisses him. Danny responds to witnessing schoolmates teasing by kissing Ronnie back and then punching one of them in the face when he makes a teasing remark. Dannys reaction summons him to the office, where Miss Pearson, his teacher. Mr. Evans is sympathetic, but powerless to help, so Danny decides to out of school to find work, against the wishes of his father. When Danny leaves the grounds, three young men lure him into an alley. Their leader, Shark, wants revenge for Danny hitting the student at school. Danny defends himself so well that it impresses Shark, so Shark invites Danny to join his gang, Shark then has Danny to help the gang shoplift at a five-and-dime by singing Lover Doll to distract the customers and staff. Only Nellie, who works the bar, notices Dannys complicity in the theft. Later that night, Danny meets Ronnie again at The Blue Shade nightclub, at first, she pretends not to know him, as she is accompanied by her boyfriend and the clubs owner, Maxie Fields, aka The Pig. When Maxie does not believe her, she claims she heard Danny sing once, Maxie insists that Danny prove he can sing. That situation makes it easier for Danny to go against his fathers wishes, Danny does, and when he becomes a hit at the King Creole, Maxie tries to hire him. Danny declines his offer out of loyalty to Charlie, Shark, now working for Maxie, suggests to Danny they beat up Primont to help his father

King Creole
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Theatrical release poster
King Creole
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Danny protects Ronnie from one of Maxie Field's customers
King Creole
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Nellie confesses to Danny that she is willing to see him again
King Creole
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Walter Matthau, Vic Morrow, and Elvis Presley in the nightclub scene

24.
Tony Award
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The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony

25.
The Pleasure of His Company
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The Pleasure of His Company is a 1961 comedy film starring Fred Astaire and Debbie Reynolds, directed by George Seaton and released by Paramount Pictures. It is based on the 1958 play of the name by Samuel A. Taylor. Astaire won a Golden Globe award for his performance, san Francisco debutante Jessica Poole hasnt seen her father Pogo Poole since the divorce between him and her mother Katharine, many years before. Pogo went off to travel the world and enjoy himself, while Katharine remarried to stodgy banker Jim Dougherty, now Jessica is about to marry Roger Henderson, a cattle rancher from the Valley of the Moon in Sonoma County, and Pogo has been invited to the wedding. Pogo arrives, as charming as he ever was and he is delighted by Jessica, and captivates her in return. He makes peace with Katharine, and even wins over Toy, but Pogo is still as irresponsible as before. He invites Jessica to come away with him and see the world and he even tries to break up her engagement, to Katharines dismay. He also seems to be coming between Jim and Katharine, who has never quite got over her love for him, despite Pogos maneuvers, the wedding goes through. But Pogo has reserved two airline tickets, whos going with him, Katharine, fearing that Pogo has won over Jessica after all, rushes to the airport. Jim, seeing Katharine leave the reception, fears she is leaving him for Pogo and they meet at the airport, and see Pogo boarding a plane - with Toy. At the time film was released, Fred Astaire had given up dancing on screen. He had recently completed a dramatic performance in On the Beach in 1959 and he wouldnt do another Hollywood musical until Finians Rainbow was released in 1968. However, he did dance a little in this film during the party sequence, famed costume designer Edith Head, who designed dresses for the film, appeared early in the film, showing dresses to Debbie Reynolds

The Pleasure of His Company
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The Pleasure of His Company

26.
Where the Boys Are
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The title song Where the Boys Are was sung by Connie Francis, who also co-starred in a supporting role. The film was aimed at the teen market, featuring sun, sand, released in the wintertime, it inspired thousands of additional American college students to head to Fort Lauderdale for their annual spring break. Where the Boys Are was one of the first teen films to explore adolescent sexuality and it won Laurel awards for Best Comedy of the Year and Best Comedy Actress. The main focus of Where the Boys Are is the coming of age of four students at a midwestern university during spring vacation. As the film opens, Merritt Andrews, the smart and assertive leader of the quartet and her speech eventually inspires the insecure Melanie Tolman to lose her virginity soon after the young women arrive in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. Tuggle Carpenter, on the hand, seeks to be a baby-making machine. Angie rounds out the group as a girl who is clueless when it comes to romance. The girls find their beliefs challenged throughout the film, Merritt, a freshman, meets the suave rich-boy Ivy Leaguer Ryder Smith, a senior at Brown, and realizes shes not ready for sex. Melanie discovers that Franklin, a boy from Yale who she loved her was only using her for sex. Angie stumbles into love with the jazz musician Basil. Franklin had moved on to another girl, but told Dill that Melanie was easy, Melanie ends up walking into the nearby road looking distraught, her dress torn. Just as her friends arrive, she is hit by a car, ultimately, it seems the group has learned the potentially serious consequences of their actions and resolve to act in a more responsible, mature manner. The film ends on a note, with Melanie recovering in the hospital while Merritt looks after her. He then offers to them back to their college. He assigned George Wells to write the script, there isnt a gat, knife, or marijuana cigarette in the whole thing, said Pasternak. Natalie Wood, who had just made All the Fine Young Cannibals for MGM, was mentioned as a star at one stage. MGM eventually persuaded the author to change the title from Unholy Spring to Where the Boys Are. Henry Levin was signed to direct, the first two stars confirmed for the movie were George Hamilton and Yvette Mimieux

27.
Francis of Assisi (film)
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Francis of Assisi is a 1961 DeLuxe CinemaScope film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the novel The Joyful Beggar by Louis de Wohl. It was shot entirely in Italy, the film was a box office loss. It starred Bradford Dillman in one of his few sympathetic leading film roles, Francis Bernardone is the son of a wealthy cloth merchant in Assisi, who gives up all his worldly goods to dedicate himself to God. Clare is an aristocratic woman who, according to the film, is so taken with St. Francis that she leaves her family. By this time, St. Francis has a reputation for his vows of poverty. The movie goes on to note miracles and other aspects of his life, up to, the funeral befitted a man loved by man and beast alike, and ended with the birds he loved doing a flyby

Francis of Assisi (film)
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Francis of Assisi

28.
Saint Clare of Assisi
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Saint Clare of Assisi is an Italian saint and one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. Following her death, the order she founded was renamed in her honor as the Order of Saint Clare, St. Clare was born in Assisi, the eldest daughter of Favorino Sciffi, Count of Sasso-Rosso and his wife Ortolana. Traditional accounts say that Clares father was a representative of an ancient Roman family, who owned a large palace in Assisi. Ortolana belonged to the family of Fiumi, and was a very devout woman who had undertaken pilgrimages to Rome, Santiago de Compostela. Later in life, Ortolana entered Clares monastery, as did Clares sisters, Beatrix, as a child, Clare was devoted to prayer. Although there is no mention of this in any historical record, however, at the age of 18 she heard Francis preach during a Lenten service in the church of San Giorgio at Assisi and asked him to help her to live after the manner of the Gospel. On the evening of Palm Sunday, March 20,1212, she left her fathers house and accompanied by her aunt Bianca, there, her hair was cut, and she exchanged her rich gown for a plain robe and veil. Francis placed Clare in the convent of the Benedictine nuns of San Paulo and her father attempted to force her to return home. She clung to the altar of the church and threw aside her veil to show her cropped hair and she resisted any attempt, professing that she would have no other husband but Jesus Christ. In order to provide the greater solitude Clare desired, a few days later Francis sent her to Sant Angelo in Panzo, Clare was soon joined by her sister Catarina, who took the name Agnes. They remained with the Benedictines until a small dwelling was built for them next to the church of San Damiano, other women joined them, and they were known as the Poor Ladies of San Damiano. They lived a life of poverty, austerity and seclusion from the world. San Damiano became the center of Clares new religious order, which was known in her lifetime as the Order of Poor Ladies of San Damiano, hugolino wanted San Damiano as part of the order he founded because of the prestige of Clares monastery. San Damiano emerged as the most important house in the order, by 1263, just ten years after Clares death, the order had become known as the Order of Saint Clare. Unlike the Franciscan friars, whose members moved around the country to preach, Saint Clares sisters lived in enclosure and their life consisted of manual labour and prayer. The nuns went barefoot, slept on the ground, ate no meat, for a short period, the order was directed by Francis himself. Then in 1216, Clare accepted the role of abbess of San Damiano, as abbess, Clare had more authority to lead the order than when she was the prioress and required to follow the orders of a priest heading the community. Clare defended her order from the attempts of prelates to impose a rule on them more closely resembled the Rule of Saint Benedict than Francis stricter vows

29.
Francis of Assisi
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Saint Francis of Assisi, born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, informally named as Francesco, was an Italian Roman Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the mens Order of Friars Minor, the women’s Order of Saint Clare, the Third Order of Saint Francis, Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in history. Pope Gregory IX canonized Francis on 16 July 1228, along with Saint Catherine of Siena, he was designated Patron saint of Italy. In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the Sultan to put an end to the conflict of the Crusades, by this point, the Franciscan Order had grown to such an extent that its primitive organizational structure was no longer sufficient. He returned to Italy to organize the Order, once his community was authorized by the Pope, he withdrew increasingly from external affairs. Francis is also known for his love of the Eucharist, in 1223, Francis arranged for the first Christmas live nativity scene. He died during the hours of 3 October 1226, while listening to a reading he had requested of Psalm 142. Pietro was in France on business when Francis was born in Assisi, upon his return to Assisi, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco, possibly in honor of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French. Since the child was renamed in infancy, the change can hardly have had anything to do with his aptitude for learning French, as some have thought. While going off to war in 1202, Francis had a vision that directed him back to Assisi, in 1205, Francis left for Apulia to enlist in the army of Walter III, Count of Brienne. Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a young man. In 1201, he joined an expedition against Perugia and was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada. It is possible that his conversion was a gradual process rooted in this experience. Upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life, in 1204, a serious illness led him to a spiritual crisis. A strange vision made him return to Assisi, deepening his ecclesiastical awakening, on a pilgrimage to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at St. Peters Basilica, an experience that moved him to live in poverty. Francis returned home, began preaching on the streets, and soon gathered followers and his Order was authorized by Pope Innocent III in 1210. He then founded the Order of Poor Clares, which became a religious order for women. As a youth, Francesco became a devotee of troubadours and was fascinated with all things Transalpine, in this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar came to him and asked for alms

Francis of Assisi
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The Stigmata of Saint Francis by Bartolomeo della Gatta, tempera on wood circa 1487
Francis of Assisi
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The house where Francis of Assisi lived when young
Francis of Assisi
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Francis of Assisi by Cimabue
Francis of Assisi
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Francis considered his stigmata part of the Imitation of Christ. Cigoli, 1699

30.
The Inspector (1962 film)
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The Inspector is a 1962 CinemaScope DeLuxe Color British-American drama film directed by Philip Dunne, starring Stephen Boyd and Dolores Hart. Hart plays Lisa Held, a Dutch Jewish girl who has survived the horror of Auschwitz concentration camp. In 1946 Holland, Lisa Held, a survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II, has fallen prey to ex-Nazi Thorens, in reality, Thorens is a white slaver who plans to send Lisa to South America. Unbeknownst to both Lisa and Thorens, they are being trailed by Dutch Inspectors Peter Jongman and Sergeant Wolters, Jongman carries with him the guilt of not having saved his Jewish fiancée from death at the hands of the Nazis during the war. Jongman follows Lisa and Thorens to London, where Jongman meets with Thorens to discuss Lisa’s situation, during their encounter, Jongman strikes Thorens, who accidentally falls into an SS dagger and dies. Jongman leaves, unaware of Thorens’ death, and thinks Thorens has only passed out from the blow, upon returning to Amsterdam with Lisa, Jongman visits his mother and sister. Jongman’s mother initially believes Lisa is taking advantage of her son, later, Jongman visits Dutch police headquarters, and is confronted by his superiors about Thorens’ death. Jongman explains to his chief and to Wolters that he only struck Thorens, not knowing the truth about Thorens’ death, Jongman suspects Lisa killed Thorens instead. Jongman takes time off, and decides to help Lisa reach Palestine, through his contacts in shipping circles, Jongman finds work for himself and Lisa on a Dutch barge owned by Captain Brandt. While traveling in the barge, Lisa and Jongman begin to fall in love, while gaining the acceptance of the crusty. Eventually, Lisa and Jongman make their way to Tangiers, where they meet a colorful Dutch smuggler named Klaus Van der Pink, Jongman attempts to strike a deal with Van der Pink, but his price to arrange passage to Palestine is too high. Jongman then seeks help from American Browne, who agrees to help them get to Palestine, during a required medical examination for Lisa before her trip, Jongman discovers that the Nazis had experimented with Lisa while at Auschwitz. Jongman reaffirms his love for Lisa. Lisa rejects Jongman, however, because she feels incapable of being a wife or a mother due to her Auschwitz ordeal, Jongman also finds out from a British agent named Roger Dickens, that he is wanted back in London for questioning about Thorens’ death. Due to her Auschwitz experience, both the British and American authorities in Tangiers exert pressure on Lisa not to go to Palestine, Lisa agrees to testify but changes her mind while at the airport, and continues with her plans to go with Jongman to Palestine. Knowing that the British are planning to block any attempt by Lisa to enter Palestine, in return for allowing Lisa to enter Palestine, Jongman offers to surrender to the British police after Lisa safely arrives in Palestine. Jongman also arranges passage to Palestine for Lisa and himself in one of Van der Pink smuggling vessels, once Jongman safely delivers Lisa into the hands of the Haganah in Palestine, Jongman leaves Lisa behind in order to keep his deal with the British authorities. It is suggested one of the film crew spotted the location during the 2nd World War when flying overhead in his aircraft

The Inspector (1962 film)
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Theatrical release poster

31.
Jan de Hartog
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Jan de Hartog was a Dutch playwright, novelist and occasional social critic who moved to the United States in the early 1960s and became a Quaker. Jan de Hartog was born to a Dutch Calvinist Minister and professor of theology, Arnold Hendrik and he was raised in the city of Haarlem, the Netherlands. At around the age of 11, he ran away to become a cabin boy and his father had him brought home, but shortly afterwards, Jan ran off to sea again. The experiences thus gained became material for some of his future novels, at 16, he briefly attended the Netherlands Naval College. But was only there for a year, per his own account, he was expelled, and told emphatically by his angry schoolmaster, This school is not for pirates. De Hartog was a coal shoveler on the night shifts with the Amsterdam Harbor Police until 1932, as he often had time on his hands, he began to write here. While employed as skipper of a boat on the Amsterdam Canals. At this time he used a pseudonym F. R. Eckmar for these works which were never translated into English and his theater career began in the late 1930s at the Amsterdam Municipal Theater, where he acted in and wrote a play. De Hartogs career as a writer, as well as his life, was decisively influenced by a coincidence that occurred during World War II. In May 1940, just ten days before Nazi Germany invaded and swiftly occupied the hitherto-neutral Netherlands, the novel described the life of the highly skilled sailors on ocean-going tugboats, a specialized field of nautical enterprise in which the Dutch have always taken the lead. Without saying it in so many words, de Hartog portrayed the sailors—doing a difficult, dangerous, and he was forced into hiding, assuming the identity of an elderly woman in a nursing home. Eventually, he staged a difficult and adventure-filled escape to England and his book became the best selling novel of the war years in the Netherlands. In London he became involved in the community of the exiled Dutch sailors. The exiles worked with their British allies, often going on dangerous missions and he joined the Netherlands merchant navy as a correspondent in 1943, and later served as a ships captain for which he received Netherlands Cross of Merit. This experience served as the background to several of his books such as The Captain. However, in the wake of the war he made the decision to remain in the UK, while the sales of his books in the English-speaking world soared, his reputation in his own homeland took somewhat of a plunge, which took years to repair. For his part de Hartog continued to regard himself as—and take pride in being—a Dutchman, even after living several decades in America, indeed, for many people outside the Netherlands, these books became a major source of information about Dutch society, culture and modern history. In 1952, while visiting New York, he encountered a play he had written while still in hiding during the war, the play was called The Fourposter

Jan de Hartog
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Publicity photo for the Broadway production of The Fourposter, with José Ferrer, Jessica Tandy, and Hume Cronyn. Jan de Hartog is pictured at far right. (temporary image)

32.
The Virginian (TV series)
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The Virginian is an American Western television series starring James Drury and Doug McClure which aired on NBC from 1962 to 1971 for a total of 249 episodes. It was a spin-off from a 1958 summer series called Decision, filmed in color, The Virginian became televisions first 90-minute Western series. Immensely successful, it ran for nine seasons—televisions third longest running western, behind Bonanza at 14 seasons and 430 episodes, the series is loosely based on the novel of the same name. When Revue Productions popular hour-long series Wagon Train moved from the NBC network to ABC, from the beginning, the series was filmed in color on 35mm film. Set in the late 19th century, and loosely based on the 1902 novel by Owen Wister and his top hand Trampas and he were the only characters to remain with the show for the entire run. As in the book, the foreman went only by the name The Virginian, the Virginians real name was never revealed in the nine years the show was on the air. The series was set in Medicine Bow, Wyoming, various references in the first season indicate that setting is about 1898 – in episode 5, The Brazen Bell, guest star George C. The series circled around the foremans quest to maintain an orderly lifestyle at Shiloh, the ranch was named after the two-day American Civil War Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee. The Virginians white Appaloosa was named Joe D. and Trampas buckskin horse was named Buck, as the show progressed, Trampas became the more developed of the characters, and it continues to be the role for which actor Doug McClure was best known. Several cast changes were made throughout the programs run, in the first three seasons, the owner of the ranch was Judge Garth. His daughter Betsy lived at the ranch with him, and had a relationship with the ranch hands. Ranch hand Steve Hill joined in episode storylines, Randy Boone joined the show in the second season as a youthful ranch hand who played guitar and sang duets with Betsy. In the episode First To Thine Own Self Boones character sings Im So Lonesome I Could Cry and this is odd in that the series was set in the 1890s but the song was written by Hank Williams in 1949. In the third season, Clu Gulager was added to the show as the restless deputy Emmett Ryker, after executive producer Frank Price was replaced by Norman Macdonnell at the end of season 3, season 4 became a troublesome time. When Roberta Shore left the cast, Macdonnell added a new leading woman—Diane Roter, who played Jennifer, when Lee J. Cobb also left the show, John Dehner was brought in as the new owner, Morgan Starr. His demanding presence and tough demeanor did not fit well with the show, Frank Price was brought back on board for season 5 to straighten out the series. He replaced the characters of Randy, Morgan Starr and Jennifer with a few actors who brought back the atmosphere to the show. John Grainger became the new owner, Elizabeth Grainger, was John Graingers granddaughter

The Virginian (TV series)
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The Virginian
The Virginian (TV series)
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The main cast in the fall of 1964. Center: Lee J. Cobb (Judge Garth). From left: Roberta Shore (Betsy Garth), Clu Gulager (Emmett Ryker), Doug McClure (Trampas), Randy Boone (ranch hand), James Drury (The Virginian).
The Virginian (TV series)
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James Drury as the Virginian in the Universal series by the same name.
The Virginian (TV series)
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Lee J. Cobb as Judge Garth.

33.
Come Fly with Me (film)
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Come Fly with Me is a 1963 British comedy film about three beautiful international air hostesses looking for romance and excitement. The film has dramatic or soap opera elements to it, and was a vehicle for glamorizing the jet age and it is based on Bernard Glemsers 1960 chick-lit novel Girl on a Wing, which was published again in 1969 under the title, The Fly Girls. Directed by Henry Levin, the film stars Dolores Hart, Hugh OBrian, Karlheinz Böhm, Pamela Tiffin, Karl Malden, three air hostesses, based in New York City, are working for the fictional airline Polar Atlantic Airways. The three serve on a Boeing 707 making regular flights between New York, Paris and Vienna, along the way, air hostess Donna Stuart, meets Baron Franz Von Elzingen, an impoverished Austrian baron who turns out to be a diamond smuggler. Southern belle Carol Brewster develops a crush on the planes First Officer, Ray Winsley, the third air hostess, Hilda Bergie Bergstrom, gets noticed by a multi-millionaire widower from Texas named Walter Lucas. The movie was known in production as The Friendliest Girls in the World. It filmed at the time as Follow the Boys. It premiered in the United States on 27 March 1963, glemsser wrote a follow-up novel in 1972, The Super-Jet Girls. It was not made into a film however, variety wrote upon the films release, Sometimes one performance can save a picture and in Come Fly with Me its an engaging and infectious one by Pamela Tiffin

Come Fly with Me (film)
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Come Fly with Me

34.
Benedictine
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Each community within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. Internationally, the order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIIIs Brief Summum semper, individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials OSB after their names. The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529, was the first of the monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino, there is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that Augustine, the prior, at various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. Lérins Abbey, for instance, founded by Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine, in Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually displaced the earlier codes. Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire, Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium, as a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. In the Middle Ages monasteries were founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910, the abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, one of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community. The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations, Augustine of Canterbury and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Many of the sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines. Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak, the monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. Germany was evangelized by English Benedictines, willibrord and Boniface preached there in the seventh and eighth centuries and founded several abbeys. In the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, during the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to Selby Abbey in Yorkshire, one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution. St. Mildreds Priory, on the Isle of Thanet, Kent, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian King of Kent, currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns

35.
KHOU
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KHOU, virtual channel and VHF digital channel 11, is a CBS-affiliated television station located in Houston, Texas, United States. The station is owned by Tegna, KHOU maintains studio facilities located along Allen Parkway in the Neartown neighborhood, and its transmitter is located in unincorporated northeastern Fort Bend County. As of the 2016-17 television season, KHOU is the second-largest CBS affiliate by market size that is not owned and operated by the network after sister station WUSA in Washington, D. C. The station first signed on the air on March 23,1953 as KGUL-TV, originally licensed to Galveston, it was the second television station to debut in the Houston market. One of the investors in the station was actor James Stewart. In 1956, the owners sold the station to the Indianapolis-based Whitney Corporation. In June 1959, the changed its callsign to KHOU-TV and had its city of license relocated to Houston. The FCC license listed both the Houston and Galveston service areas for a time, on April 24,1960, the station moved to its present studio facilities on Allen Parkway just outside downtown. In 1998, channel 11 became the first television station in the market to begin broadcasting a digital signal. The KHOU studios were flooded during Tropical Storm Allison in 2001, resulting in damage to much of the stations offices, the damage was so severe that the station had to cease regular programming and instead broadcast a feed from the stations doppler radar for roughly 90 minutes. In 2002, the Houston Texans NFL franchise began play, as part of the American Football Conferences South Division, as part of the AFC, most Texans games—including all road games against NFC opponents—are aired on CBS, and are therefore aired locally on KHOU. Channel 11 also serves as the outlet for all of the Texans appearances on Thursday Night Football. The Texans are one of two never to have been blacked out at home, the other being the Baltimore Ravens. On June 13,2013, the Gannett Company announced that it would acquire Belo for $1.5 billion, the sale was completed on December 23. On June 29,2015, the Gannett Company split in two, with one specializing in print media and the other side specializing in broadcast. KHOU was retained by the company, named Tegna. The stations digital channel is multiplexed, On September 26,2011, the station had previously signed on to carry the.2 Network on one of its digital subchannels, although.2 Network never debuted. In 2015, the station began carrying programming from the Justice Network on its digital subchannel

36.
Pope John XXIII
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Pope Saint John XXIII reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice, Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a train ticket to Venice. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council and his passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, We were all made in Gods image, and thus, we are all Godly alike. Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion and he died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014, John XXIII today is affectionately known as the Good Pope and in Italian, il Papa buono. This is understandable, since the Council was his idea and it was he that had convened it, on Thursday,11 September 2014, Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints feast days, in response to global requests. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born on 25 November 1881 in Sotto il Monte and he was the eldest son of Giovanni Battista Roncalli and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzolla, and fourth in a family of 13. Roncallli was nonetheless a descendant of an Italian noble family, albeit from a secondary, in 1889, Roncalli received both his First Communion and Confirmation at the age of 8. On 1 March 1896, Luigi Isacchi, the director of his seminary. He professed his vows as a member of that order on 23 May 1897, in 1904, Roncalli completed his doctorate in theology and was ordained a priest in the Catholic Church of Santa Maria in Monte Santo in Piazza del Popolo in Rome on 10 August. Shortly after that, while still in Rome, Roncalli was taken to Saint Peters Basilica to meet Pope Pius X, after this, he would return to his town to celebrate mass for the Assumption. In 1905, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi, the new Bishop of Bergamo, Roncalli worked for Radini-Tedeschi until the bishops death on 22 August 1914, two days after the death of Pope Pius X. Radini-Tedeschis last words to Roncalli were Angelo, pray for peace. The death of Radini-Tedeschi had an effect on Roncalli

37.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing

38.
Grace Kelly
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Grace Patricia Kelly was an American actress who became Princess of Monaco after marrying Prince Rainier III, in April 1956. In October 1953, she gained stardom from her performance in the film Mogambo, which won her a Golden Globe Award, subsequently, she had leading roles in five films, including The Country Girl, for which her deglamorized performance earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress. Kelly retired from acting at the age of 26 to marry Rainier and they had three children, Caroline, Albert II, and Stéphanie. Kelly retained her American roots, maintaining dual U. S. and she died on September 14,1982, a day after suffering a stroke while driving her car, which caused a crash. Kelly was born on November 12,1929, at Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to an affluent and influential family. Her father, Irish-American John B. Kelly Sr. had won three Olympic gold medals for sculling and owned a successful brickwork contracting company that was well-known on the East Coast. A registered Democrat, he was nominated to be mayor of Philadelphia for the 1935 election, in later years, he served on the Fairmount Park Commission and, during World War II, was appointed by President Roosevelt as National Director of Physical Fitness. Kellys mother was Philadelphia native Margaret Katherine Majer, the daughter of German immigrants, Margaret had taught physical education at the University of Pennsylvania and had been the first woman to coach womens athletics at the institution. She was noted for her beauty and modeled for a time in her youth, after marrying John B. Kelly in 1924, Margaret focused on being a housewife until all her children were of school age, following which she began actively participating in various civic organizations. Kelly had two siblings, Margaret and John Jr. and a younger sister, Elizabeth. The children were raised in the Roman Catholic faith, while attending Ravenhill Academy, a prestigious Catholic girls school, Kelly modeled fashions at local social events with her mother and sisters. In 1942, at the age of 12, she played the lead in Dont Feed the Animals, before graduating in May 1947 from Stevens School, a socially prominent private institution on Walnut Lane in the Northwest Philadelphia neighborhood of Germantown, she acted and danced. Her graduation yearbook listed her favorite actress as Ingrid Bergman and her favorite actor as Joseph Cotten, written in the Stevens Prophecy section was, Miss Grace P. Kelly – a famous star of stage and screen. Owing to her low mathematics scores, Kelly was rejected by Bennington College in July 1947, despite her parents initial disapproval, Kelly decided to pursue her dreams of being an actress. John was particularly displeased with her decision, he viewed acting as a cut above streetwalker. To start her career, she auditioned for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York, although the school had already met its semester quota, she obtained an interview with the admission officer, Emile Diestel, and was admitted through the influence of George. She began her first term the following October, while at school, she lived in Manhattans Barbizon Hotel for Women, a prestigious establishment which barred men from entering after 10 pm, and she worked as a model to support her studies. Kelly worked diligently and practiced her speech by using a tape recorder and her early acting pursuits led her to the stage, most notably a Broadway debut in Strindbergs The Father alongside Raymond Massey

39.
Paul Newman
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Paul Leonard Newman was an American actor. Newmans other films include The Hustler, Cool Hand Luke, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid as Butch Cassidy, The Sting, and The Verdict. Despite being colorblind, Newman won several championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing. He was a co-founder of Newmans Own, a company from which he donated all post-tax profits. As of 2016, these donations have totaled over US$460 million and he was also a co-founder of Safe Water Network, a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need. In 1988, Newman founded the SeriousFun Childrens Network, a family of summer camps. Newman was born in Shaker Heights, Ohio, the son of Theresa and Arthur Sigmund Newman. Newmans father was Jewish, and was the son of Simon Newman and Hannah Cohn, immigrants from Hungary, Newman had no religion as an adult, but described himself as a Jew, saying its more of a challenge. Newmans mother worked in his fathers store, while raising Paul and his brother, Arthur. Newman showed an early interest in the theater, his first role was at the age of seven, playing the court jester in a school production of Robin Hood. At age 10, Newman performed at the Cleveland Play House in a production of Saint George and the Dragon, graduating from Shaker Heights High School in 1943, he briefly attended Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, where he was initiated into the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. Newman served in the United States Navy in World War II in the Pacific theater, initially, he enrolled in the Navy V-12 pilot training program at Yale University, but was dropped when his colorblindness was discovered. Boot camp followed, with training as a radioman and rear gunner, qualifying in torpedo bombers in 1944, Aviation Radioman Third Class Newman was sent to Barbers Point, Hawaii. He later flew as a gunner in an Avenger torpedo bomber. As a radioman-gunner, his unit was assigned to the USS Bunker Hill along with other replacements shortly before the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, the pilot of his aircraft had an ear infection which kept their plane grounded. The rest of their squadron flew to the Bunker Hill, days later, a kamikaze attack on the vessel killed a number of service members, including the other members of his unit. After the war, Newman completed his Bachelor of Arts in drama and economics at Kenyon College in Gambier, shortly after earning his degree, he joined several summer stock companies, most notably the Belfry Players in Wisconsin and the Woodstock Players in Illinois. He toured with them for three months and developed his talents as a part of Woodstock Players and he later attended the Yale School of Drama for one year, before moving to New York City to study under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio

40.
Patricia Neal
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Patsy Louise Patricia Neal was an American actress of stage and screen. She played Olivia Walton in the 1971 made-for-television film The Homecoming, A Christmas Story, patsy Louise Neal was born in Packard, Whitley County, Kentucky, to William Burdette Neal and Eura Mildred Neal. She grew up in Knoxville, Tennessee, where she attended Knoxville High School, at Northwestern, she was crowned Syllabus Queen in a campus-wide beauty pageant. Neal gained her first job in New York as an understudy in the Broadway production of the John Van Druten play The Voice of the Turtle. Next she appeared in Lillian Hellmans Another Part of the Forest, winning the 1947 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play, Neal made her film debut in John Loves Mary, followed by a role with Ronald Reagan in The Hasty Heart, and then The Fountainhead. The shooting of the last film coincided with her affair with her married co-star, Gary Cooper, Neal starred with John Garfield in The Breaking Point, in The Day the Earth Stood Still with Michael Rennie and in Operation Pacific starring John Wayne. In 1955, she starred in Edith Sommers A Roomful of Roses, while in New York, Neal became a member of the Actors Studio. Neal won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Hud, Neal was reunited with John Wayne in Otto Premingers In Harms Way, winning her second BAFTA Award. Her next film was The Subject Was Roses, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, Neal played a dying widowed mother trying to find a home for her three children in a 1975 episode of NBCs Little House on the Prairie. She was a subject of the British television show This Is Your Life in 1978 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at a party on Londons Park Lane. Neal played the role in Robert Altmans movie Cookies Fortune. In 2003, Neal was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame, in the same year as the films release, Neal received one of two annually-presented Lifetime Achievement Awards at the SunDeis Film Festival in Waltham, Massachusetts. Having won a Tony Award in their year and eventually becoming the last surviving winner from that first ceremony. In April 2009, Neal received an achievement award from WorldFest Houston on the occasion of the debut of her film. Neal was an actress with Philip Langners Theatre at Sea/Sail With the Stars productions with the Theatre Guild. In her final years she appeared in a number of health-care videos, during the filming of The Fountainhead, Neal began an affair with her married co-star, Gary Cooper, whom she had met in 1947 when she was 21 and he was 46. At one point in their relationship, Cooper slapped Neal in the face after he caught Kirk Douglas trying to seduce her, a few months later, Neal hoped that tempers would cool while she went to London, England, to film The Hasty Heart, starring Ronald Reagan. Reagan was unhappy over his breakup with Jane Wyman, adding to what would be a shoot for Neal

41.
Theater
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The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence, the specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι. Modern theatre, broadly defined, includes performances of plays and musical theatre, there are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet, opera and various other forms. The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated, participation in the city-states many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member in particular—was an important part of citizenship. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism and theatre architecture, Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play, the origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to Aristotle, the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10, the stage consisted of a dancing floor, dressing room and scene-building area. Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics, the actors wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institution alised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysus. As contestants in the City Dionysias competition playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays, the performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE, official records begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics, Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the surviving plays of Aristophanes. New Comedy is known primarily from the papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyrs themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal companions, often engaging in drunken revelry

42.
West Side Story (musical)
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West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents, music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and conception and choreography by Jerome Robbins. It was inspired by William Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet, the story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid-1950s, an ethnic, blue-collar neighborhood. The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds, the members of the Sharks, from Puerto Rico, are taunted by the Jets, a white gang. The young protagonist, Tony, a member of the Jets and best friend of the gang leader, Riff, falls in love with Maria, the sister of Bernardo. The dark theme, sophisticated music, extended scenes. Bernsteins score for the musical includes Somethings Coming, Maria, America, Somewhere, Tonight, Jet Song, I Feel Pretty, A Boy Like That, One Hand, One Heart, Gee, Officer Krupke, and Cool. The original 1957 Broadway production, directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince and it ran for 732 performances before going on tour. The production was nominated for six Tony Awards including Best Musical in 1957, Robbins won the Tony Award for his choreography and Oliver Smith won for his scenic designs. The show had an even longer-running London production, a number of revivals, a 1961 musical film of the same name, directed by Robert Wise and Robbins, starred Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Rita Moreno, George Chakiris and Russ Tamblyn. The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won ten, including George Chakiris for Supporting Actor, Rita Moreno for Supporting Actress, in 1947, Jerome Robbins approached Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents about collaborating on a contemporary musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet. He proposed that the focus on the conflict between an Irish Catholic family and a Jewish family living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. The girl has survived the Holocaust and emigrated from Israel, the conflict was to be centered around anti-Semitism of the Catholic Jets towards the Jewish Emeralds, eager to write his first musical, Laurents immediately agreed. Bernstein wanted to present the material in operatic form, but Robbins and they described the project as lyric theater, and Laurents wrote a first draft he called East Side Story. Only after he completed it did the group realize it was more than a musicalization of themes that had already been covered in plays like Abies Irish Rose. When he opted to drop out, the three men went their ways, and the piece was shelved for almost five years. Laurents accepted and suggested Bernstein and Robbins join the creative team, Robbins felt if the three were going to join forces, they should return to East Side Story, and Bernstein agreed. Laurents, however, was committed to Gabel, who introduced him to the young composer/lyricist Stephen Sondheim, Sondheim auditioned by playing the score for Saturday Night, his musical that was scheduled to open in the fall. Laurents liked the lyrics but was not impressed with the music, Sondheim did not care for Laurents opinion

West Side Story (musical)
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Original cast recording
West Side Story (musical)
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The Shark girls extol the virtues of "America" in Portland Center Stage 's production of West Side Story in 2007.
West Side Story (musical)
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Tony stabs Bernardo in the 1957 Broadway production.
West Side Story (musical)
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Tony (Justin Gordon) and Maria (Erica Racz) in a Pacific Repertory Theatre production in 2001.

43.
Fiddler on the Roof
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Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905. It is based on Tevye and his Daughters and other tales by Sholem Aleichem, the story centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the familys lives. The original Broadway production of the show, which opened in 1964, had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances, Fiddler held the record for the longest-running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until Grease surpassed its run. It remains Broadways sixteenth longest-running show in history, the production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed. It won nine Tony Awards, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and it spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation, and the show has enjoyed enduring international popularity. It is also a popular choice for school and community productions. It is also influenced by Life Is with People, by Mark Zborowski, Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s. In the late 1950s, a based on the stories, called Tevye. Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway, investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered too Jewish to attract mainstream audiences. Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, middlebrow and superficial, Philip Roth, writing in The New Yorker, for example, it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described him. Aleichems stories ended with Tevye alone, his dead and his daughters scattered, at the end of Fiddler, the family members are alive. The show found the balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic. Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins, the writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye, before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall that also inspired the original set design. Contrary to popular belief, the title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting, other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly abused the cast, drove the designers crazy strained the good nature of Hal Prince. Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905, at Tevyes home, everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal. His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks. Yente, the matchmaker, arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel. The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yentes visit, but Tzeitel is unenthusiastic, a girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor

Fiddler on the Roof
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Original Broadway Windowcard evoking the artwork of Marc Chagall, source of the title.
Fiddler on the Roof
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The Fiddler by Marc Chagall, from which the musical takes its name
Fiddler on the Roof
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Fiddler On the Roof by Lev Segal in Netanya

44.
The Music Man
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The Music Man is a musical with book, music, and lyrics by Meredith Willson, based on a story by Willson and Franklin Lacey. But Harold is no musician and plans to skip town without giving any music lessons, prim librarian and piano teacher Marian sees through him, but when Harold helps her younger brother overcome his lisp and social awkwardness, Marian begins to fall in love. Harold risks being caught to win her, in 1957, the show became a hit on Broadway, winning five Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and running for 1,375 performances. The cast album won the first Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album, the shows success led to revivals, including a long-running 2000 Broadway revival, a popular 1962 film adaptation and a 2003 television adaptation. It is frequently produced by professional and amateur theater companies. Meredith Willson was inspired by his boyhood in Mason City, Iowa, to write and compose his first musical, Willson began developing this theme in his 1948 memoir, And There I Stood With My Piccolo. He first approached producers Cy Feuer and Ernest Martin for a television special, after these and other unsuccessful attempts, Willson invited Franklin Lacey to help him edit and simplify the libretto. At this time, Willson considered eliminating a long piece of dialogue about the serious trouble facing River City parents, Willson realized it sounded like a lyric, and transformed it into the song Ya Got Trouble. Willson wrote about his trials and tribulations in getting the show to Broadway in his book But He Doesnt Know The Territory. The character Marian Paroo was inspired by Marian Seeley of Provo, Utah, who met Willson during World War II, when Seeley was a medical records librarian. Robert Preston claimed that he got the role of Harold Hill despite his limited singing range because, the producers felt it would be the most difficult song to sing, but with his acting background, it was the easiest for Preston. It opened on December 19,1957 at the Majestic Theatre and it remained at the Majestic for nearly three years before transferring to The Broadway Theatre to complete its 1, 375-performance run on April 15,1961. Eddie Albert and Bert Parks each replaced Preston as Hill later in the run, the musical won five Tony Awards, including Best Musical, winning in the same year that West Side Story was nominated for the award. Preston, Cook and Burns also won, the first US national tour opened in 1958. The first UK production opened at Bristol Hippodrome, transferring to Londons West End at the Adelphi Theatre on March 16,1961, starring Van Johnson, Patricia Lambert, denier Warren, Ruth Kettlewell and Dennis Waterman. It ran for 395 performances at the Adelphi, a two-week revival at New York City Center ran in June 1965, directed by Gus Schirmer, Jr. and starring Bert Parks as Harold Hill. Doro Merande and Sandy Duncan played, respectively, Eulalie and Zaneeta Shinn, a three-week revival, directed and choreographed by Michael Kidd, ran in June 1980, also at the New York City Center. The cast included Dick Van Dyke as Hill, Meg Bussert as Marian, Christian Slater as Winthrop, Carol Arthur as Mrs. Paroo, in 1987, a Chinese translation of the musical was staged at Beijings Central Opera Theater

The Music Man
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Original Broadway Poster
The Music Man
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Dick Van Dyke on the 1980 Playbill
The Music Man
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2000 revival cast recording

45.
My Fair Lady
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My Fair Lady is a musical based on George Bernard Shaws Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe. The story concerns Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney flower girl who takes speech lessons from professor Henry Higgins, the original Broadway, London and film versions all starred Rex Harrison. The musicals 1956 Broadway production was a critical and popular success. It set a record for the longest run of any show on Broadway up to that time and it was followed by a hit London production, a popular film version, and numerous revivals. My Fair Lady has frequently called the perfect musical. Act I On a rainy night in Edwardian London, opera patrons are waiting under the arches of Covent Garden for cabs, Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney flower girl, runs into a young man called Freddy. She admonishes him for spilling her bunches of violets in the mud and she then flies into an angry outburst when a man copying down her speech is pointed out to her. The man explains that he studies phonetics and can identify anyones origin by their accent and he laments Elizas dreadful speech, asking why so many English people dont speak properly and explaining his theory that this is what truly separates social classes, rather than looks or money. He declares that in six months he could turn Eliza into a lady by teaching her to speak properly, the older gentleman introduces himself as Colonel Pickering, a linguist who has studied Indian dialects. The phoneticist introduces himself as Henry Higgins, and, as both have always wanted to meet each other, Higgins invites Pickering to stay at his home in London. He distractedly throws his change into Elizas basket, and she and her friends wonder what it would be like to live a comfortable, Elizas father, Alfred P. Doolittle, and his drinking companions, Harry and Jamie, all dustmen, stop by the next morning. He is searching for money for a drink, and Eliza shares her profits with him, Pickering and Higgins are discussing vowels at Higginss home when Mrs. Pearce, the housekeeper, informs Higgins that a young woman with a ghastly accent has come to see him. It is Eliza, who has come to take speech lessons so she can get a job as an assistant in a florists shop, Pickering wagers that Higgins cannot make good on his claim and volunteers to pay for Elizas lessons. An intensive makeover of Elizas speech, manners and dress begins in preparation for her appearance at the Embassy Ball, Higgins sees himself as a kindhearted, patient man who cannot get along with women. To others he appears self-absorbed and misogynistic, Alfred Doolittle is informed that his daughter has been taken in by Professor Higgins, and considers that he might be able to make a little money from the situation. Doolittle arrives at Higginss house the morning, claiming that Higgins is compromising Elizas virtue. Higgins is impressed by the natural gift for language and brazen lack of moral values. He and Doolittle agree that Eliza can continue to take lessons, Higgins flippantly recommends Doolittle to an American millionaire who has written to Higgins seeking a lecturer on moral values

46.
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academys corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, the roster of the Academys approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a closely guarded secret. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, the Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017, the notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences began with Louis B. He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and he met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetsonto to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having a banquet was discussed. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry, actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts, everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6,1927 and their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president and that night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five groups, or branches. The original five were, Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers, the initial concerns of the group had to do with labor. However, as went on, the organization moved further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented, during July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This award of merit for distinctive achievement is what we know now as the Academy Award, the initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, the screening room was not completed until April 1929. With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers, in 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created Americas first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures

47.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze

48.
John Hardon
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Servant of God was an American Jesuit priest, writer, and theologian. John Anthony Hardon was born in 1914 to a devout Catholic family in Midland, when he was a year old, his 27-year-old father died in an industrial accident when the scaffolding collapsed under him as he moved to secure a steel beam dangling dangerously over his co-workers. After the accident Hardon was raised by his 26-year-old mother Anna Hardon and they moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where they lived in the shadows of the iron and steel mills. John Janaro, a biographer of Hardon, described Anna as a woman of deep faith, Anna attended daily Mass and received Holy Communion and her home had sacred pictures, a family holy water font, and a good deal of spiritual conversation. The Hardons could not afford a telephone and in fact they bought a newspaper. Hardon was Annas only child, and she supported him by cleaning offices in Cleveland, often working nights. Janaro reports that as a child Hardon was willful and self-possessed, he was determined no one was going to tell him what to do. Hardon would often recall that his mother told him that she taught him to kneel before he could walk, when he was four, Anna took him to his first all night vigil at Our Lady of Consolation parish in Carey, Ohio. She made a bed for him on the first pew, at the age of six he was instructed by a Sister Benedicta who told her students Whatever you ask Our Lord on your First Communion day, you will receive. That same year as he received First Holy Communion Hardon made a request to Jesus, thereafter the young Hardon attended daily Mass with his mother. At the age of eight he received the sacrament of Confirmation calling on the Holy Spirit to give him the grace of martyrdom, for added income Hardons mother took in two young Lutheran girls as boarders named Judith and Susan. Young Hardon at the age of three protested that he had to abstain from meat on Friday but the boarders, which he called his sisters did not, in response his mother gave the girls a choice saying My boy is growing up, hes asking embarrassing questions. Would you mind either abstaining from eating meat on Friday or find yourselves somewhere else to board, after having them get permission from their minister they were included in the fast. Hardon excelled in schooling and was often at the top of his classes at St. Wendelin School, through this Hardon became impressed with the Jesuit order. His mother did not have the funds to him to a Jesuit High School. Worrying about leaving his mother on her own Hardon did not seriously consider the priesthood immediately after high school, upon graduation With the help of savings his mother had put aside specifically for his future he attended John Carroll University, a Jesuit university in a suburb of Cleveland. To travel there from his mothers home he had to ride the streetcar a distance of three to four hours daily, during his first two years of college, Hardon intended to become a medical doctor. At University, he came more strongly under the influence of the Jesuits

49.
Society of Jesus
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The Society of Jesus Latin, Societas Iesu, S. J. SJ or SI) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents, Jesuits work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice, Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, ignatiuss plan of the orders organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the Formula of the Institute. Ignatius was a nobleman who had a background, and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world. The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, the Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The Society of Jesus on October 3,2016 announced that Superior General Adolfo Nicolás resignation was officially accepted, on October 14, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Father Arturo Sosa as its thirty-first Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome, the historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church. In 2013, Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, the Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. As of 1 January 2015, Jesuits numbered 16,740,11,986 clerics regular,2,733 scholastics,1,268 brothers and 753 novices. In 2012, Mark Raper S. J. wrote, Our numbers have been in decline for the last 40 years—from over 30,000 in the 1960s to fewer than 18,000 today. The steep declines in Europe and North America and consistent decline in Latin America have not been offset by the significant increase in South Asia, the Society is divided into 83 Provinces with six Independent Regions and ten Dependent Regions. On 1 January 2007, members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and their average age was 57.3 years,63.4 years for priests,29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa, the Society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work, human rights, social justice and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines. In the United States it maintains 28 colleges and universities and 58 high schools and he ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life and apostolate of the new religious order, the meeting is now commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre

50.
Rochester, Michigan
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Rochester is a city on the northern outskirts of Metro Detroit, in northeast Oakland County, in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 12,711 at the 2010 census, the area is locally known for its active downtown, high-end shopping and dining, rolling hills and large homes. The city has the neighborhoods, Stony Creek is a neighborhood on the northeast end of the city on the border with Rochester Hills. The Bluffs is a neighborhood on the southeast corner of the city on the border with Rochester Hills, yates is shared with Shelby Charter Township, Macomb County and Rochester Hills. The first settlers in what would become Rochester, the Graham family, the cabin was located where the Quik Pik and Penn Station stores today exist at the intersection of Main and Second Street. The city was named for Rochester, New York, just like Rochester, Minnesota, the city became an industrial center with abundant water power from the Clinton River and Paint Creek. The interconnected waterways are no longer used for travel or local industry, but provide natural beauty, some fishing, Rochester was served by two railroads as well as the Detroit United Railway, an interurban to Royal Oak and Detroit. Chapman Mill Pond, east of downtown, disappeared into the Paint Creek when the dam broke during the flood of 1946, the reclaimed land is the site of the current post office, Rochester Hills library, and Olde Towne Road. Water Street, formerly situated at the edge of the large pond, Michigan became the 26th state in 1837, and the Village of Rochester was formed on April 12,1869, within the boundaries of Avon Township. By 1895, Rochesters population was 900, the village became the city of Rochester in 1967, breaking away from Avon Township. Avon Township became the City of Rochester Hills in 1984, following a court battle. It more than doubled the city of Rochesters size, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.83 square miles, all land. Since an annexation of a section of Avon Township, the city has a boundary that extends to the border with Macomb County. The city has held the annual Rochester Hometown Christmas Parade since 1951, held on the first Sunday in December, it features over 100 units. It claims to be Michigans largest Christmas parade, in 2006, the city had its first Big Bright Light Show for the Christmas season. The downtown businesses were covered in 500,000 individual lights, an expansion of the program after its initial inception expanded that coverage to a reported one million lights. It was also aired by WXYZ-TV, established in 1817, Rochester was one of Oakland County’s first settlements. Twenty-two buildings on Main Street are more than 50 years old, Rollin Sprague Building – The oldest commercial building in the downtown is the Rollin Sprague building, built in 1849 of coursed cobblestone

Rochester, Michigan
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Rochester welcome sign.
Rochester, Michigan
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The Western Knitting Mills, built in 1896, was owned by the Chapman brothers.
Rochester, Michigan
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Rollin Sprague Building, built in 1849.
Rochester, Michigan
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The Royal Park Hotel opened in September 2004.

51.
Rule of Saint Benedict
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The Rule of Saint Benedict is a book of precepts written by Benedict of Nursia for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot. The spirit of Saint Benedicts Rule is summed up in the motto of the Benedictine Confederation, pax, compared to other precepts, the Rule provides a moderate path between individual zeal and formulaic institutionalism, because of this middle ground it has been widely popular. The Rule of Saint Benedict has been used by Benedictines for fifteen centuries and his Rule was written as a guide for individual, autonomous communities, and to this day all Benedictine Houses remain self-governing. Advantages seen in retaining this unique Benedictine emphasis on autonomy include cultivating models of tightly bonded communities, perceived disadvantages comprise geographical isolation from important activities in adjacent communities. Other perceived losses include inefficiency and lack of mobility in the service of others, Christian monasticism first appeared in the Eastern Roman Empire a few generations before Benedict of Nursia, in the Egyptian desert. Within a generation, both solitary and communal monasticism became very popular and spread outside of Egypt, first to Palestine, Saint Basil of Caesarea codified the precepts for these eastern monasteries in his Ascetic Rule, or Ascetica, which is still used today in the Eastern Orthodox Church. In time, setting an example with his zeal, he began to attract disciples, after considerable initial struggles with his first community at Subiaco, he eventually founded the monastery of Monte Cassino in 529, where he wrote his Rule near the end of his life. In chapter 73, Saint Benedict commends the Rule of Saint Basil and he was probably aware of the Rule written by Pachomius, and his Rule also shows influence by the Rule of St Augustine of Hippo and the writings of Saint John Cassian. Chapter 3 ordains the calling of the brothers to council upon all affairs of importance to the community, Chapter 4 lists 73 tools for good work, tools of the spiritual craft for the workshop that is the enclosure of the monastery and the stability in the community. These are essentially the duties of every Christian and are mainly Scriptural either in letter or in spirit, Chapter 5 prescribes prompt, ungrudging, and absolute obedience to the superior in all things lawful, unhesitating obedience being called the first degree, or step, of humility. Chapter 6 recommends moderation in the use of speech, but does not enjoin strict silence, chapters 8-19 regulate the Divine Office, the Godly work to which nothing is to be preferred, namely the eight canonical hours. Detailed arrangements are made for the number of Psalms, etc. to be recited in winter and summer, on Sundays, weekdays, Holy Days, Chapter 19 emphasizes the reverence owed to the omnipresent God. Chapter 20 directs that prayer be made with heartfelt compunction rather than many words and it should be prolonged only under the inspiration of divine grace, and in community always kept short and terminated at a sign from the superior. Chapter 21 regulates the appointment of a Dean over every ten monks, each monk is to have a separate bed and is to sleep in his habit, so as to be ready to rise without delay, a light shall burn in the dormitory throughout the night. Chapters 31 and 32 order the appointment of officials to charge of the goods of the monastery. Chapter 33 forbids the possession of anything without the leave of the abbot. Chapter 34 prescribes a just distribution of such things, Chapter 35 arranges for the service in the kitchen by all monks in turn. Chapters 36 and 37 address care of the sick, the old, and they are to have certain dispensations from the strict Rule, chiefly in the matter of food

Rule of Saint Benedict
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St. Benedict writing the rules. Painting (1926) by Hermann Nigg (1849–1928).
Rule of Saint Benedict
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An 8th-century copy of the Rule of St. Benedict
Rule of Saint Benedict
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Regula, 1495
Rule of Saint Benedict
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St. Benedict delivering his rule to the monks of his order, Monastery of St. Gilles, Nimes, France, 1129

52.
Gary Cooper
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Gary Cooper was an American film actor known for his natural, authentic, and understated acting style and screen performances. His career spanned thirty-five years, from 1925 to 1960, and he was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood. His screen persona appealed strongly to men and women, and his range of performances included roles in most major movie genres. Coopers ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his appearing natural, the screen persona he sustained throughout his career represented the ideal American hero. Cooper began his career as an extra and stunt rider. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his silent films, Cooper became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms. In the postwar years, he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in such as The Fountainhead. In his final films, Cooper played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion and he married New York debutante Veronica Balfe in 1933, and the couple had one daughter. Their marriage was interrupted by a three-year separation precipitated by Coopers love affair with Patricia Neal, Cooper received the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in Sergeant York and High Noon. He also received an Academy Honorary Award for his achievements in 1961. He was one of the top ten film personalities for twenty-three consecutive years, the American Film Institute ranked Cooper eleventh on its list of the twenty five greatest male stars of classic Hollywood cinema. Frank James Cooper was born on May 7,1901, at 730 Eleventh Avenue in Helena, Montana to English immigrants Alice and his father emigrated from Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire and became a prominent lawyer, rancher, and eventually a Montana Supreme Court justice. His mother emigrated from Gillingham, Kent and married Charles in Montana, in 1906, Charles purchased the 600-acre Seven-Bar-Nine cattle ranch about fifty miles north of Helena near the town of Craig on the Missouri River. Frank and his older brother Arthur spent their summers there and learned to ride horses, hunt, in April 1908, the Hauser Dam failed and flooded the Missouri River valley along portions of the Cooper property, but Cooper and his family were able to evacuate in time. Cooper attended Central Grade School in Helena, at Dunstable, Cooper studied Latin and French, and took several courses in English history. While he managed to adapt to the discipline of an English school and learned the requisite social graces, he never adjusted to the class structure. After completing confirmation classes, Cooper was baptized into the Anglican Church on December 3,1911, Coopers mother accompanied her sons back to the United States in August 1912, and Cooper resumed his education at Johnson Grammar School in Helena

53.
84th Academy Awards
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During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Brian Grazer and Don Mischer, Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the ninth time. He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 76th ceremony held in 2004, in related events, the Academy held its third annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 12,2011. On February 11,2012, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the telecast garnered more than 39 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 84th Academy Awards were announced on January 24,2012, PST at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Tom Sherak, president of the Academy, and the actress Jennifer Lawrence. Hugo led all nominees with eleven nominations, The Artist came in second with ten, the winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 26,2012. The Artist was the silent feature to win Best Picture. The 1927 film Wings was the first such film to achieve this distinction at the awards ceremony in 1929. Moreover, it was also the first black-and-white feature to win Best Picture since 1993s Schindlers List, Best Actor winner Jean Dujardin became the first French actor to win an Oscar. With her latest win for Best Actress, Meryl Streep became the performer to win at least three acting Oscars. At age 82, Best Supporting Actor winner Christopher Plummer also made Oscar history by becoming the oldest ever performer to win a competitive acting Oscar, winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger. The Academy held its 3rd Annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 12,2011, James Earl Jones — For his legacy of consistent excellence and uncommon versatility. Dick Smith — For his unparalleled mastery of texture, shade, form, oprah Winfrey The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. Because of the viewership of recent Academy Awards ceremonies, the Academy sought ideas to revamp the show while renewing interest with the nominated films. After a two-year experiment with ten Best Pictures nominees, AMPAS president Tom Sherak announced that the number of final nominees can now range from five to ten as opposed a fixed number. Academy then-executive director Bruce Davis explained, A Best Picture nomination should be an indication of extraordinary merit, If there are only eight pictures that truly earn that honor in a given year, we shouldnt feel an obligation to round out the number. Changes in the Best Animated Feature also were announced, originally, the Academy selected director Brett Ratner as co-producer of the ceremony with Don Mischer in August 2011. Actor and comedian Eddie Murphy was hired by Ratner to preside over hosting duties, Murphy subsequently stepped down as host the following day

54.
Ignatius Press
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Ignatius Press, named for Saint Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit Order, is a Catholic publishing house based in San Francisco, California, USA. It was founded in 1978 by Father Joseph Fessio SJ, a Jesuit priest, in an interview in 1998, Father Fessio said, our objective is to support the teachings of the Church. In an interview published by Catholic World News, Father Fessio stated that one of the objectives of Ignatius Press was to print English translations of contemporary European theologians. The Press issues periodicals such as Catholic World Report and Homiletic, Ignatius Press has a full list of publications with a number of new offerings each spring and fall. Among the reprints it has issued are works by G. K. Chesterton, in 2014, Ignatius Press entered into a distribution agreement with the Catholic Truth Society to bring the famous CTS bookstands to North America. Official Ignatius Press website Australian distributor added in 2000 characterizes Ignatius press in a publicity release

Ignatius Press
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Ignatius Press

55.
Lonelyhearts
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Lonelyhearts, also known as Miss Lonelyhearts, is a 1958 drama film directed by Vincent J. Donehue. It is based on the 1957 Broadway play by Howard Teichmann, the film stars Montgomery Clift, Robert Ryan, Myrna Loy, Jackie Coogan, Dolores Hart, and Maureen Stapleton in her first film role. Stapleton was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as well as for a Golden Globe for her performance as Fay Doyle, the story opens on a small-town street. A man throws a bundle of papers onto the sidewalk from the back of a truck labeled Chronicle, Adam White is sitting in a bar when a woman offers him a drink. He refuses, explaining that alcohol seems to be poisonous to him, after talking with her for a while, he learns she is married to William Shrike, Editor-in-Chief of the Chronicle, where Adam is hoping to work. The editor shows up to meet his wife only to find her talking with Adam, when Shrike asks how Adam found him, Adam explains, I heard there was a bar where newspaper people hang out. I came here since it is the closest to the Chronicle, florence Shrike says Adam can write, and he deserves the chance to prove it. Adam hems and haws momentarily, but then delivers the following story and he met the Editor in Chief, who went so far as to insult his own wife in an effort to provoke the new staff member. Instead of punching the editor in the face, he accepted a position on the paper, Adam tells his girlfriend Justy about his new job. He doesnt tell her about his father, a man named Lassiter, on his first day at the newspaper, Adam is astounded at being assigned the Miss Lonelyhearts advice-to-the-lovelorn column. One of his colleagues, reporter Ned Gates, is disappointed, having wanted that column for himself, while another, Frank Goldsmith, after a few weeks, Shrike refuses a request by Adam to give him a different assignment. He also insists that Adam personally contact the letter writers to substantiate their stories, Adam randomly selects a letter from a Fay Doyle and meets her. She relates how her husband, Pat, came home from the war crippled, as they share a lonely moment, Adam and Fay are briefly thrown together romantically. When he declines meeting her a time, she is furious. Adam decides to leave the newspaper for good, justys father offers her a trust endowment to get their new life under way. At a party in the bar, Pat Doyle turns up with a gun, Adam manages to talk him out of using it. He leaves, whereupon Shrike decides to buy flowers for his own neglected wife. Nathanael Wests 1933 novel, on which film was based, was adapted for the screen in 1933 as Advice to the Lovelorn starring Lee Tracy

Lonelyhearts
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Original Theatrical Poster

56.
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
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Alfred Hitchcock Presents is an American television anthology series hosted and executive produced by Alfred Hitchcock, which aired on CBS and NBC between 1955 and 1965. It featured dramas, thrillers, and mysteries, by the time it premiered on October 2,1955, Hitchcock had been directing films for over three decades. Time magazine named it one of The 100 Best TV Shows of all time, the Writers Guild of America ranked it #79 on their list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series tying it with Monty Pythons Flying Circus, Star Trek, The Next Generation and Upstairs, Downstairs. A series of anthologies with the running title Alfred Hitchcock Presents were issued to capitalize on the success of the television series. Alfred Hitchcock Presents is well known for its title sequence, the camera fades in on a simple line-drawing caricature of Hitchcocks rotund profile. He then almost always says Good evening, the caricature drawing, which Hitchcock created, and the use of Gounods Funeral March of a Marionette as theme music have become indelibly associated with Hitchcock in popular culture. At least two versions of the opening were shot for every episode, a version intended for the American audience would often spoof a recent popular commercial or poke fun at the sponsor, leading into the commercial. An alternative version for European audiences would instead include jokes at the expense of Americans in general, for later seasons, opening remarks were also filmed with Hitchcock speaking in French and German for the shows international presentations. Hitchcock closed the show in much the way as it opened. He told TV Guide that his reassurances that the criminal had been apprehended were a necessary gesture to morality, Alfred Hitchcock Presents finished at #6 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1956–57 season, and at #12 in 1957–58, #24 in 1958–59 and #25 in 1959–60. Originally 25 minutes per episode, the series was expanded to 50 minutes in 1962, Hitchcock directed 17 of the 267 filmed episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents and one of the 50-minute episodes, I Saw the Whole Thing with John Forsythe. The last new episode aired on June 26,1965, in 1985, NBC aired a new TV movie pilot based upon the series, combining four newly filmed stories with colorized footage of Hitchcock from the original series to introduce each segment. The movie was a ratings success. Alfred Hitchcock Presents revival series debuted in the fall of 1985 and retained the format as the pilot. The new series lasted one season before NBC cancelled it. Other notable directors included Robert Altman, Ida Lupino, Stuart Rosenberg, Robert Stevenson, David Swift and William Friedkin, who ended up directing what would be the last episode. Alfred Hitchcock Presents,25 minutes long, aired weekly at 9,30 on CBS on Sunday nights from 1955 to 1960, and then at 8,30 on NBC on Tuesday nights from 1960 to 1962. It was followed by The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, which lasted for three seasons, September 1962 to June 1965, adding another 93 episodes to the 268 already produced for Alfred Hitchcock Presents

57.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database

IMDb
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Internet Movie Database (IMDb)

58.
Post Gazette
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The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the PG, is the largest daily newspaper serving metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It has won six Pulitzer Prizes since 1938, the Post-Gazette began its history as a four-page weekly called The Pittsburgh Gazette, first published on July 29,1786 with the encouragement of Hugh Henry Brackenridge. It was the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains, published by Joseph Hall and John Scull, the paper covered the start of the nation. As one of its first major articles, the Gazette published the newly adopted Constitution of the United States, in 1820, under publishers Eichbaum and Johnston and editor Morgan Neville, the name changed to Pittsburgh Gazette and Manufacturing and Mercantile Advertiser. David MacLean bought the paper in 1822, and later reverted to the former title, craig, whose service lasted from 1829 to 1841, the Gazette championed the Anti-Masonic movement. Craig turned the Gazette into the citys first daily paper, issued every afternoon except Sunday starting on July 30,1833, in 1844, shortly after absorbing the Advocate, the Gazette switched its daily issue time to morning. Its editorial stance at the time was conservative and strongly favoring the Whig party, by the 1850s the Gazette was credited with helping to organize a local chapter of the new Republican Party, and with contributing to the election of Abraham Lincoln. The paper was one of the first to suggest tensions between North and South would erupt in war, after consolidating with the Commercial in 1877, the paper was again renamed and was then known as the Commercial Gazette. In 1900, George T. Oliver acquired the paper, merging it six years later with The Pittsburg Times to form The Gazette Times, the Pittsburgh Post first appeared on September 10,1842, as the Daily Morning Post. It had its origin in three pro-Democratic weeklies, the Mercury, Allegheny Democrat, and American Manufacturer, which came together through a pair of mergers in the early 1840s, the three papers had for years engaged in bitter editorial battles with the Gazette. Like its predecessors, the Post advocated the policies of the Democratic Party and its political opposition to the Whig and later Republican Gazette was so enduring that an eventual combination of the two rivals would have seemed unlikely. The 1920s were a time of consolidation in the long-overcrowded Pittsburgh newspaper market, in 1923, local publishers banded together to acquire and kill off the Dispatch and Leader. After swapping the Sun in return for Hearsts Gazette Times, Block had both morning papers, which he combined to form the Post-Gazette, hearst united the evening papers, creating the Sun-Telegraph. Both new papers debuted on August 2,1927, in 1960, Pittsburgh had three daily papers, the Post-Gazette in the morning, and the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph in the evening and on Sunday. The Post-Gazette bought the Sun-Telegraph and moved into the Sun-Telegraphs Grant Street offices, the Post-Gazette tried to publish a Sunday paper to compete with the Sunday Press but it was not profitable, rising costs in general were challenging the companys bottom line. In November 1961, the Post-Gazette entered into an agreement with the Pittsburgh Press Company to combine their production, the Post-Gazette owned and operated its own news and editorial departments, but production and distribution of the paper was handled by the larger Press office. This agreement stayed in place for over 30 years, the agreement gave the Post-Gazette a new home in the Press building, a comfortable upgrade from the hated Sun-Telly barn. Constructed for the Press in 1927 and expanded with a wall in 1962

59.
Vocation.com
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Vocational discernment is the process in which men or women in the Catholic Church discern, or recognize, their vocation in the Church. The four vocations are the life, single life, religious life. Vocational discernment is often spoken about only in relation to priestly or religious vocations, each diocese or religious institute usually has its own guidelines and advice for men or women discerning religious vocations. Many dioceses and religious institutes encourage men and women with potential vocations to spend time, usually anywhere from six months to a year and those who feel they might be called to a religious vocation are encouraged to seek a spiritual director to help them along the way. After the set time, many institutes have a formal discernment process which the candidate will engage in, before entering the institute as a novice, for men there are a number of vocations in the Catholic Church. The best known is the vocation to the Priesthood, as either a diocesan or a religious priest, a diocesan priest serves in a particular diocese and is under the local bishop. A religious priest is a member of a religious institute such as the Trinitarians. Diocesan and religious priests may serve for a time in specific apostolates such as military chaplains or the maritime apostolate. In addition, men may be called to life as a non-ordained friar. Friars are members of mendicant orders, such the Franciscans or Augustinians, monks are usually members of cloistered communities. Friars, monks, and religious Brothers all take vows of poverty, chastity, benedictine monks take a vow of stability, which is a commitment to their particular community. Members of societies of apostolic life, without taking religious vows, other vocations for men in the Catholic Church include those to being permanent deacons, hermits, and consecrated members of a secular institute. It is possible for someone to experience a combination of vocations, thomas Merton became a Trappist monk, was ordained a priest, and lived for a time in a hermitage on the monastery grounds. For women, vocational discernment would consist of feeling called to marriage, the life of a sister or nun. The Catholic Church does not consider possible ordination of women to the priesthood, religious sisters are similar to active religious brothers. Nuns, in the sense of the word, correspond to monks. Traditionally the term vocation was used in the Catholic Church only to refer to priestly or religious vocations, in the 20th century there has been a growing movement to extend the use of the term widely. The Second Vatican Council taught that all Christians, whatever their state, are called to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity

60.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

The New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
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First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ‍ '​ publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942

61.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986

The Daily Telegraph
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The Sunday Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
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The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015
The Daily Telegraph
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In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the Illustrated London News.
The Daily Telegraph
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The Daily Telegraph building in 1974

62.
Pittsburgh Post Gazette
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The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the PG, is the largest daily newspaper serving metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It has won six Pulitzer Prizes since 1938, the Post-Gazette began its history as a four-page weekly called The Pittsburgh Gazette, first published on July 29,1786 with the encouragement of Hugh Henry Brackenridge. It was the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains, published by Joseph Hall and John Scull, the paper covered the start of the nation. As one of its first major articles, the Gazette published the newly adopted Constitution of the United States, in 1820, under publishers Eichbaum and Johnston and editor Morgan Neville, the name changed to Pittsburgh Gazette and Manufacturing and Mercantile Advertiser. David MacLean bought the paper in 1822, and later reverted to the former title, craig, whose service lasted from 1829 to 1841, the Gazette championed the Anti-Masonic movement. Craig turned the Gazette into the citys first daily paper, issued every afternoon except Sunday starting on July 30,1833, in 1844, shortly after absorbing the Advocate, the Gazette switched its daily issue time to morning. Its editorial stance at the time was conservative and strongly favoring the Whig party, by the 1850s the Gazette was credited with helping to organize a local chapter of the new Republican Party, and with contributing to the election of Abraham Lincoln. The paper was one of the first to suggest tensions between North and South would erupt in war, after consolidating with the Commercial in 1877, the paper was again renamed and was then known as the Commercial Gazette. In 1900, George T. Oliver acquired the paper, merging it six years later with The Pittsburg Times to form The Gazette Times, the Pittsburgh Post first appeared on September 10,1842, as the Daily Morning Post. It had its origin in three pro-Democratic weeklies, the Mercury, Allegheny Democrat, and American Manufacturer, which came together through a pair of mergers in the early 1840s, the three papers had for years engaged in bitter editorial battles with the Gazette. Like its predecessors, the Post advocated the policies of the Democratic Party and its political opposition to the Whig and later Republican Gazette was so enduring that an eventual combination of the two rivals would have seemed unlikely. The 1920s were a time of consolidation in the long-overcrowded Pittsburgh newspaper market, in 1923, local publishers banded together to acquire and kill off the Dispatch and Leader. After swapping the Sun in return for Hearsts Gazette Times, Block had both morning papers, which he combined to form the Post-Gazette, hearst united the evening papers, creating the Sun-Telegraph. Both new papers debuted on August 2,1927, in 1960, Pittsburgh had three daily papers, the Post-Gazette in the morning, and the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph in the evening and on Sunday. The Post-Gazette bought the Sun-Telegraph and moved into the Sun-Telegraphs Grant Street offices, the Post-Gazette tried to publish a Sunday paper to compete with the Sunday Press but it was not profitable, rising costs in general were challenging the companys bottom line. In November 1961, the Post-Gazette entered into an agreement with the Pittsburgh Press Company to combine their production, the Post-Gazette owned and operated its own news and editorial departments, but production and distribution of the paper was handled by the larger Press office. This agreement stayed in place for over 30 years, the agreement gave the Post-Gazette a new home in the Press building, a comfortable upgrade from the hated Sun-Telly barn. Constructed for the Press in 1927 and expanded with a wall in 1962

63.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

64.
Psychology Today
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Psychology Today is a magazine published every two months in the United States. Founded in 1967 by Nicolas Charney, Ph. D, its intent is to make literature more accessible to the general public. The magazine focuses on behavior and covers a range of topics including psychology, neuroscience, relationships, sexuality, parenting, health, work, and its current editor-in-chief is Kaja Perina. In 1976 Psychology Today sold 1,026,872 copies, the circulation of the magazine was 1,171,362 copies in 1981 and 862,193 copies in 1986. It has a circulation of 275,000 copies per issue as of 2013, from June 2010 to June 2011, it was the one of the top ten consumer magazines by newsstand sales. In recent years, while many magazines have suffered in readership declines, Adweek, in 2013, anastasia Toufexis, 1998–1999 Robert Epstein, 1999–2003 Kaja Perina, 2003–present Landau, Elizabeth. Do Psychologists Still Listen to Freud

Psychology Today
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Psychology Today

65.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records