1.
18th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
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The German 18th Infantry Division was formed on 1 October 1934 as Infanterieführer III in Liegnitz and renamed 18. Mobilized in August 1939 it participated in the Invasion of Poland, after the French campaign the division was motorized and redesignated 18th Motorized Infantry Division on 1 November 1940 serving on the Eastern Front for the remainder of the war. In June 1943 the division was redesignated 18th Panzergrenadier Division, from September 1939 until May 1940 the division fought in Invasion of Poland and then made up part of the occupation force. From May 1940 until November 1940 the division fought in the Battle of France, formed 1 November 1940 Part of the occupation force in France from November 1940 until June 1941. Fought on the Eastern Front, central sector from June 1941 until January 1942, fought on the Eastern front, northern sector from January 1942 until June 1943 when it was redesignated 18th Panzergrenadier Division. Fought on the Eastern front, northern sector from June 1943 until October 1943, fought on the Eastern front, central sector from October 1943 until September 1944. It was devastated in the Soviet 1944 summer offensive, the remnants of the Division fought in Eastern Prussia and in the Battle of Berlin. The survivors tried to fight their way out of Berlin on 2 May 1945 when Berlin surrendered to the Soviets, hans Boelsen,6 July 1944 –1 January 1945 Generalmajor Josef Rauch,1 January –8 May 1945 Burkhard Müller-Hillebrand, Das Heer 1933-1945. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende, mittler, Frankfurt am Main 1969, p.286. Georg Tessin, Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg,1939 -1945, vol. Iv, Die Landstreitkräfte 15 -30

2.
18th Reserve Division (German Empire)
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The 18th Reserve Division was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914, the division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. At the beginning of the war, it formed the IX Reserve Corps with the 17th Reserve Division, the division was composed primarily of troops from Schleswig-Holstein, the Hanseatic Cities, and the Mecklenburg grand duchies. The 31st Reserve Infantry Regiment was a Hanseatic regiment, primarily recruited in Hamburg, the 84th and 86th Reserve Infantry Regiments were raised in Schleswig, with one battalion of the 84th Reserve Infantry Regiment raised in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The 90th Reserve Infantry Regiment was raised in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the 9th Reserve Jäger Battalion was raised in Lauenburg, a former duchy on the Baltic coast which had passed from Denmark to Prussia in 1864. The 18th Reserve Division fought on the Western Front alongside its sister division and it fought across Belgium in August 1914 and then occupied the line on the Aisne until September 1915. It then went to Flanders and the Artois, where it remained engaged in positional warfare until June 1916, from mid-July to late October 1916, it fought in the Battle of the Somme with only one interlude away from the front. The division then remained in the trenchlines along the Yser until May 1917, in May it fought in the Battle of Arras. It remained in the Flanders region for the rest of the year and into 1918, in 1918, it occupied various parts of the line and fought against several Allied offensives, including in the second Battle of Cambrai. In 1918, Allied intelligence rated the division as second class, the order of battle of the 18th Reserve Division on mobilization was as follows,34. Reserve-Infanterie-Brigade Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr.31 Großherzoglich Mecklenburgisches Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr.9035, over the course of the war, other changes took place, including the formation of artillery and signals commands and a pioneer battalion. The order of battle on March 8,1918, was as follows,35, reserve-Division - Der erste Weltkrieg Hermann Cron et al. Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee Hermann Cron, Geschichte des deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914-1918 Günter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939

3.
18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
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The 18th Division was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its tsūshōgō code name was the Chrysanthemum Division, the division received its colors on 13 November 1907. Its original headquarters was in a suburb of the city of Kurume in Fukuoka Prefecture, notably, an aircraft from divisional air force has become the first airplane ever downed in the air-to-air combat. The 18th Division was resurrected in September 1938 as a division as a part of general military build-up following the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese 18th division subsequently participated in the Battle of Nanjing, the division remained in China through the 1939–40 Winter Offensive under the command of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake. From 6 November 1941 the division came under the command of Lieutenant-General Renya Mutaguchi and was reassigned to the IJA 25th Army and it participated in the invasion of Malaya and Singapore. The 124th Infantry Regiment and some units of the 18th Division took part in the Battle of Borneo from 16 December 1941 on. The supply situation was so bad that some elements of the division stole rations and weapons from the stores of 53rd division, in 1942, the divisions Kawaguchi Detachment was detached and sent to Sarawak, the Philippines and finally to Guadalcanal. There, it took heavy losses in the battles of Edsons Ridge, after the detachment, the main body of the division was converted to the triangular division format in 1943, while the detachment became the 31st division. Late in 1943, Mutaguchi was promoted, and replaced as commander of the division by Lieutenant-General Shinichi Tanaka, although suffering heavy losses, the division nevertheless inflicted many casualties and imposed severe delays on the Allies. Especially hit was the 114th infantry regiment which suffered about 2000 combat casualties while holding an important rail, in the 1945 campaigning season, the division once again lost many thousands of men in the Battle of Central Burma, particularly at Meiktila, south of Mandalay. During the battle, the division was reinforced by 119th infantry regiment from the 53rd division in attempts to recapture Meiktila from the Allies, the 18th division ended the war in southern Burma. Of the 31,444 men of the division sent to Burma, list of Japanese Infantry Divisions Madej, W. Victor, Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937-1945, Allentown, PA,1981 Latimer. Jon Burma, The Forgotten War, London, John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-6576-6 Tsingtao Campaign by Colin Denis Hough, Frank O. historical Division, Division of Public Information, Headquarters U. S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 24 December 2006, miller, John, Jr. CARTWHEEL, The Reduction of Rabaul. United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific, office of the Chief of Military History, U. S. Department of the Army. Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937-1945 Allentown, PA,1981 This article incorporates material from the Japanese Wikipedia page 第18師団, accessed 3 March 2016

4.
18th Indian Division
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The 18th Indian Division was an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service in the First World War. It took part in the Mesopotamian campaign and formed part of the force for Iraq post-war. The division was not reformed for the Second World War, the 18th Indian Division was formed in Mesopotamia on 24 December 1917, although the last of its brigades was not formed until January 1918. Many of the units transferred directly from India so time was needed for them to become acclimatized. It remained in Mesopotamia for the rest of the First World War, taking part in the Action at Fat-ha Gorge on the Little Zab, at the end of the war, the 18th Division was chosen to form part of the occupation force for Iraq. It took part in the Iraq Rebellion in 1920 and was broken up in the following year,12 Mobile Veterinary Section, AVC 18th Division Train, ASC The division was commanded from 7 January 1918 by Major-General H. D. List of Indian divisions in World War I Haythornthwaite, Philip J, the World War One Source Book. Loyalty & Honour, The Indian Army September 1939 – August 1947, official History of the War, Mesopotamia Campaign. Perry, F. W. Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B, newport, Gwent, Ray Westlake Military Books. Account of the Operations of the 18th Division in Mesopotamia December 1917 to December 1918, 18th Indian Division on The Regimental Warpath 1914 -1918 by PB Chappell at the Wayback Machine Battle of Sharqat,1918

5.
British Indian Army
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The Indian Army was the principal army of India before independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. It was responsible for the defence of both British India and the Princely states, which could also have their own armies. The Indian Army was an important part of the British Empires forces, the term Indian Army appears to have been first used informally, as a collective description of the Presidency armies of the Presidencies of British India, particularly after the Indian Rebellion. The first army officially called the Indian Army was raised by the government of India in 1895, however, in 1903 the Indian Army absorbed these three armies. The Indian Army should not be confused with the Army of India which was the Indian Army itself plus the British Army in India, before 1858, the precursor units of the Indian Army were units controlled by the Company and were paid for by their profits. These operated alongside units of the British Army, funded by the British government in London. Many of these took part in the Indian Mutiny, with the aim of reinstating the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II at Delhi. The meaning of the term Indian Army has changed over time, The officer commanding the Army of India was the Commander-in-Chief, the title was used before the creation of a unified British Indian Army, the first holder was Major General Stringer Lawrence in 1748. By the early 1900s the Commander-in-Chief and his staff were based at GHQ India, Indian Army postings were less prestigious than British Army positions, but the pay was significantly greater so that officers could live on their salaries instead of having to have a private income. Accordingly, vacancies in the Indian Army were much sought after and generally reserved for the higher placed officer-cadets graduating from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. British officers in the Indian Army were expected to learn to speak the Indian languages of their men, prominent British Indian Army officers included Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood, Claude Auchinleck and William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim. Commissioned officers, British and Indian, held identical ranks to commissioned officers of the British Army, Kings Commissioned Indian Officers, created from the 1920s, held equal powers to British officers. Viceroys Commissioned Officers were Indians holding officer ranks and they were treated in almost all respects as commissioned officers, but had authority over Indian troops only, and were subordinate to all British Kings Commissioned Officers and KCIOs. They included Subedar Major or Risaldar-Major, equivalents to a British Major, Subedar or Risaldar equivalents to Captain, recruitment was entirely voluntary, about 1.75 million men served in the First World War, many on the Western Front and 2.5 million in the Second. Soldier ranks included Sepoys or Sowars, equivalent to a British private, British Army ranks such as gunner and sapper were used by other corps. In the aftermath of the Indian Mutiny of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. The three Presidency armies remained separate forces, each with its own Commander-in-Chief, overall operational control was exercised by the Commander-in-Chief of the Bengal Army, who was formally the Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies. From 1861, most of the manpower was pooled in the three Presidential Staff Corps

6.
18th Division (South Vietnam)
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The 18th Division was an infantry division in the III Corps of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. Military Assistance Command Vietnam considered the 18th as undisciplined and was known throughout the ARVN for its cowboy reputation. In 1975 the 18th was made famous for its tenacious defense of Xuân Lộc, during the last major battle of the Vietnam War, the vastly outnumbered 18th Division stood and fought at Xuân Lộc,38 miles northeast of Saigon. This battle is considered the last stand of ARVN forces, where the 18th earned the name The Supermen and it was commanded by General Le Minh Dao. The 18th fought against communist forces in Xuan Loc, a city important for intersecting five main routes. The fierce fighting raged for two weeks, the 18th Division, outnumbered 7,1 by the Peoples Army of Vietnam forces, destroyed all but three PAVN divisions before finally being overwhelmed by superior numbers. The division was forced to evacuate from the city on April 21,1975, the 18th was finally destroyed while defending Bien Hoa Air Base. South Vietnam surrendered on the afternoon of 30 April 1975, web site of veterans of the 18th Division Battle of Xuan Loc