gnemon is compared explicitly to the plesiomorphic developmental patterns expressed in the female gametophytes of basal extant seed plants (cycads and Ginkgo) and to Ephedra, which is basal within Gnetales [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED].

This requires clear estimation of the phylogenetic position of Gnetum within the Gnetales and more global hypotheses of the relationships of Gnetales to other groups of seed plants [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED].

Finally, it is evident that Ephedra, which is basal among Gnetales, has also retained a pattern of female gametophyte development that is highly similar to that of basal seed plants (Martens 1971; Moussel 1983).

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