(1) The essence of Yin-Yang is that yin and yang are contrary yet
complementary.
阴阳的本质是阴阳是相生相克的关系。
(2) This contrary yet complementary relationship can be described by three
characteristics of Yin-Yang: nonexclusivability, transformability, and
coopetitionability. Nonexclusivability means that anything contains yin
and yang elements and neither yin nor yang elements can be excluded
because within both elements there is a seed of the opposite element.
Due to the existence of a seed of the opposite element, the yin and yang
elements can be mutually transformed when the opposite seed grow to a
certain size. Due to this possible growth of the inside opposite element,
the relationship between yin and yang and their inside opposite element
is one of competition and cooperation, i.e. coopetition. When the
configuration ratio of an element’s opposite seed is within the range of
1% to 25%1, their relationship is more co-operative than competitive, and therefore there is more synergy than tradeoff between them. The closer
the ratio is to 25%, the stronger the synergy. When the ratio is within the
range of 25% to 49%, their relationship is more competitive than
cooperative, and therefore there is more tradeoff than synergy between
them. The closer the ratio is to 49%, the stronger the tradeoff.
阴阳的相生相克关系可以描述为三个特性：不可排除性、相互转化性、竞
争合作性。不可排除性是指任何事物都包含阴阳两个对立元素，二者之任
何一个均不可能被排除在我，这是因为在阴或阳元素内部天然的包含着对
立元素的种子。正是因为这个种子的天然存在，阴和阳元素可以互相转
化，这种转化发生在对立元素种子成长到一定程度的时候。正是由于这种
对立元素的成长可能性，阴或阳元素和它内部的对立元素之间的关系是既
竞争又合作的。当内部的对立元素占总体元素的力量比例在1%到25%之
间时，两者的关系是合作多于竞争，越靠近25%这个点，这种合作的协同
效果也强烈。当这个搭配比例处于25%到49%之间时，它们的关系将是
竞争多于合作，也就是他们更多互相排斥而非互相促进。当这个比例越靠
近49%，这种排斥效应越强烈。

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Over the past two decades, considerable interest has grown in high growth firms (HGFs). However, the concept of HGFs still remains controversial. One of the most controversial issues is size and age of these firms. The present study argues that the current literature on HGFs may offer little help in addressing this issue given the constantly changing population of HGFs. This study uses an alternative conceptual framework and proposes a concept of ‘High Impact Group of Firms’ (HIGF). It explains the HIGFs in the framework of a new stream of literature that focuses on business dynamics, productivity growth and industry evolution, formulates testable hypotheses, and uses a novel methodology to identify it. The empirical analysis is based on the plant level panel data of 22 manufacturing industries in Indian manufacturing during the period 2000-01 to 2005-06. Our empirical results reveal that much depends on the industry/sector specific characteristics.

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Among the people in Greater China (People’s Republic of China [PRC], Taiwan and Hong Kong), needless to say, economic incentive, political relations and business relations all conjure up an ethos of relations, if not close bonds, among Hong Kong, Taiwan and the PRC. The rise of China matters to everyone who lives in Greater China. Hong Kong is already part of China. Taiwan, according to the PRC, cannot be independent without running the risk of a war. Yet, my question is that are those Chinese the same in Greater China? Do they have different identities? If living with China is inevitable, do they need to search for a new identity to face the challenges?
Keywords: Chineseness, Greater China, identity, national boundaries, Hong Kong, Taiwan

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China’s impressive development since the introduction of market-oriented reforms in the late
1970s has had a considerable impact on the world economy. After a first decade and a half of
cautious experiments with liberalization, markets, and internationalization, Chinese reforms
accelerated in the early 1990s and the Chinese economy started growing at a rate that has not
been matched by any other country. The GDP growth rate has averaged nearly 10 percent per
year since that time. China has become the world’s largest exporter and one of the largest
importers, with a huge domestic market driven both by export-oriented industry and nearly
1.4 billion increasingly affluent domestic consumers. It is one of the main destinations for
foreign direct investment (FDI) and has also become an important outward investor. The
emergence of this new economic superpower has created both opportunities and challenges
for other countries. The purpose of this paper is to focus on some of the challenges and to
discuss three imbalances that put pressure on the relationship between the EU and China.
These concern the large deficit in Europe’s trade with China, the unequal conditions for
European investment in China and Chinese investment in Europe, and the EU’s inability to
agree on a common China policy.

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Business model innovation plays a very important role in developing competitive advantage when multinational small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from developed country enter into emerging markets because of the large contextual distances or gaps between the emerging and developed economies. Many prior researches have shown that the foreign subsidiaries play important role in shaping the overall strategy of the parent company. However, little is known about how subsidiary specifically facilitates business model innovation (BMI) in emerging markets. Adopting the method of comparative and longitudinal case study, we tracked the BMI processes of four SMEs from Denmark operating in China. Using resource-based view (RBV), we develop one theoretical framework which indicates that initiative-taking and improvisational capability of subsidiary are the two primary facilitators of business model innovation in emerging markets. We find that high initiative-taking and strong improvisational capability can accelerate the business model innovation. Our research contributes to the literatures on international and strategic entrepreneurship.

This paper aims to describe how a commercially successful innovation occurs
with the altering of the existing competitive structure in a market under
environmental and competitive pressures. I study the history of the laundry
detergent market in Japan and elucidate the manner in which Kao accomplished
an innovation and increased their market share during the late 1980s. Kao
introduced their new detergent Attack through a biotechnological innovation and
dramatically changed the competitive structure to their advantage. The
innovations introduced were of two kinds 1) fermentation engineering
technologies to improve the cleaning performance of detergents by using
alkaline cellulase, and 2) concentration of detergents to four times their earlier
strength through changes in their powder processing technologies. This
historical innovation that occurred in the laundry detergent market in Japan has
a contemporary implication because combining firms’ activities and
environmental sustainability has been one of the most crucial topics over recent
years.

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Assessing the Impact of Global Economics on Industrial Developments and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Penang, Malaysia

Jacobsen, Michael(Frederiksberg, 2010)

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Due to the increasingly integration and thus inter-dependency between the global economy, a given national economy and their societal embedment a triangulation between the three elements is a must if one is to understand the dynamic processes between them. This article focuses especially on the national economic and societal aspects of such a triangulation thus positioning the national dependencies of the global economy in the background. The notion of triangulation is perceived by the author to be more holistic and relational oriented compared to an approach based on decoupling. The latter aims through sector defined studies to assess the level of connectivity between global and national economics as well as between them and their societal embedment in order to detect whether there are potential fault-lines between the three thus mitigating the notion of decoupling. This article applies a triangular approach on the electronic and electrical manufacturing sector in Penang. It concentrates in particular on how companies within this sector relate to pertinent governmental initiated industry policies and the impact of the inter-ethnic related affirmative action policy in this connection. The global aspect of the triangulation has thus been put on a back burner in this study, as the article emphasises the importance of pointing towards the inter-dependency between the political, the inter-ethnic and the economic sectors in Penang, as they are perceived to condition each other.

The aim of this article is to take a critical look at how to perceive informal
institutions within institutional theory. Douglas North in his early works on
institutional theory divided the national institutional framework into two main
categories, formal and informal institution or constraints as he called them. The
formal constraints consisted of political rules, judicial decisions and economic
contracts, whereas informal constraints consisted of socially sanctioned norms
of behaviour, which are embedded in culture and value systems. As formal
constraints are straight forward to deal with the informal ones are much more
vaguely defined and thus more difficult to grasp analytical. This imprecise
perception of informal constraints is surprising as they basically constitute the
foundation of the society in question, whereas formal constraints ‘only’
constitute the functional aspects of the state apparatus in that particular society.
In order to, however, begin excavating what lies further behind the informal
constraints and their impact on the functionality of the formal constraints it is
important to take an overall critical look at the way in which institutional theory
relate to a given societal context. This article suggest that this is done by first
employing an overall international business (IB) approach to analyse a national
economy, in this case the Malaysian economy. This will not, however, be done
according to the generally accepted procedure in IB studies using either a firm
specific or a generic market-based approach, but rather by employing a
combination of selected IB theories and a ‘glocalised reading’ on how the
relationship between the global economy and a national economy pan out and
how this translate into impacting a given societal setup. In other words, IB
theories are not only employed in the economic sphere, but also confronted with
a variety of societal factors that have a positive or negative impact on the
explanatory power of the individual IB theories employed.

The crane has been an ancient symbol of longevity in China carrying with it intimation of distinctive principles of ancient China; harmony, patience and graceful coexistence with nature. It is ironic that the construction crane is the new symbol of a changing land, where old hutong neighborhoods are disappearing as fast as the bird and its habitat. Is this new crane helping to create a harmonious society, as the HuWen administration would have you believe? The economic boom fueled in large part by the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games brings with it many new construction jobs, labour issues and in some cases new forms of corruption. Does this development reinforce solidarity and good working conditions in a country where unions are largely controlled by the government? Or do business networks, guanxi, continue to dominate business relationships and hamper the achievement of good working conditions? These questions will be examined, including issues such as corruption, safety and working conditions. Comparisons to labour issues in the United States will be included.

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A Comparative Analysis of foreign and local firms in Indian Industries

Aggarwal, Aradhna(Frederiksberg, 2016)

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This study examines how inter-firm heterogeneities in technology modes and intensities are linked to ownership of firms in India, using a panel dataset of 2000 odd Bombay Stock Exchange listed firms for the period from 2003 to 2014 drawn from the PROWESS database of CMIE. For the analysis, foreign ownership is categorised according to the control exercisable by them as defined under the Companies’ Act of India. A comparative analysis of domestic and different categories of foreign firms was conducted at two time periods: the global boom period of 2004-2008 and post crisis period of 2008-2014. The propensity score matching (PSM) analysis reveals that the majority owned foreign companies spend less on R&D and more on technology transfers than their local counterparts. Overall, threshold equity holding and global conditions matter. A panel data regression analysis on matched sample confirms the findings and validates the PSM findings. A horizontal cluster analysis on 3-digit industry level data shows that foreign firms cluster in high technology industries.

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This paper examines recent debates about reproductive policy in Singapore by examining the responses of two different groups of women - women Members of Parliament and feminist activists. Women currently make up 10% of MPs in Singapore. Although this figure is low when compared to average rates of female representation globally, it is the highest level in Singapore since Independence. All these women are members of the ruling People’s Action Party (PAP) in power since 1959. While publicly supportive of the view of the PAP male elite, this group of women has introduced a level of critique into reproductive policy not previously seen by the Singapore public. Local women’s groups too have played a visible role in public debates about population policy. The feminist group, the Association of Women for Action and Research (AWARE) has had a long interest in reproductive policy issues and released its own position paper to address the government’s recent policy making. This paper examines the responses of these two groups of women towards the PAP’s pro-natalist stance. It explores the extent to which these women have challenged the PAP as well as the obstacles to an independent feminist voice on population matters
Keywords: Singapore, population policy, reproductive policy, total fertility rate, feminism, women in politics

When analysing modes of navigating cross-cultural business communities most IB studies employ an etic approach that delineates how ethnically owned companies thrive and manoeuvre in complex cross-cultural business environments. This approach implies employing theoretical models and empirical observations that from a methodological point of view identify a local entrepreneur either as an objectified agent or as an anonymous ‘other’ thus pointing towards the assumption that such an approach has its roots in an ethnocentric academic tradition. This article goes beyond an etic approach and introduces an emic approach in which it is the local entrepreneurs themselves, who provide the main bulk of data on why and how they position themselves in a cross-cultural business environment the way they do. The main objective of this study is thus to show how local entrepreneurs develop business strategies so as to navigate and grow their companies in a complex cross-cultural business environments. The discussion on local entrepreneurship begins by outlining a theoretical framework for how to approach emic studies and from there proceeds towards suggesting a methodological approach that is capable of providing the empirical data that supports a theoretical framework based on an emic approach. The focus in this paper is thus to excavate how local entrepreneurs manoeuvres in a multi-cultural business context by combining both an etic and emic approach.

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The paper addresses the importance of network trade between Malaysia and China and assesses the extent of product upgrading in components traded. The study brings to the fore the following. First, China is emerging as an important market for component imports relative to component exports. As such the increase in two-way flows of parts and components for further processing and development, implying a shift away from assembly-end operations, remains insignificant. Second, network trade appears to have improved the quality of exports (reflecting the ‘moving up of the value chain’) destined to China, but the gaps between the unit values of export and imports have narrowed in the recent past, implying less product development. network trade, two-way trade, unit values, relative unit values, product upgrading

The concept of transnationalism is characterised by an important contradiction. While it makes an important contribution to the literature on identity by focussing on the themes of hybridity and pluralism, when it discusses the issue of transnational capital, it falls into the trap of essentialising ethnicity. Transnational theorist argue that there exists a pan-ethnic unity among the Chinese diaspora that would enable this community to emerge as a new economic force globally. The case studies in this essay reveal, however, that transnational networks do not influence the way ethnic groups do business with co-ethnics in other countries. This study argues that there is significant competition among Chinese-owned enterprises, which explains the dynamism of these firms. There is also much evidence of inter-ethnic corporate ties involving Chinese firms. These findings bring into question the importance of common ethnic identity in transnational business transactions undertaken by the Chinese companies.
Keywords: Transnationalism, Chinese Identity, Networks, Enterprise Development.

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A Case of Danish Multinationals and their Subsidiaries in P.R. China and India

Worm, Verner; Xu, Xiaojun; Shinha, Jai b.P.(København, 2005)

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By drawing on a selective review of literature, we propose that the culture of Danish multinationals and transnational organizations interface with the Chinese and Indian societal and managerial cultures in order to create hybrid cultures in Danish subsidiaries in P. R. China and India. The hybrid culture moderates the relationships between the forms of knowledge and internationalization of multinationals on one hand and the transfer of knowledge on the other. It is postulated that stable cultural frames of the Danes and Chinese managers, both having stable cultural frame, will require long drawn efforts to overcome the cultural distance and transfer the various forms and levels of knowledge in the initial years of the subsidiaries. On the other hand, Indians’ style of switching their cultural frames will create less entry problems but more recurring problems once Danish multinationals will get going. Once the postulates are empirically validated, potential implications for strategic interventions are briefly discussed.
Keywords: Knowledge transfer, culture, MNCs.

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The recent Bo Xilai affair has created strains in the Chinese political system
and has intensified the power struggle concerning the new leadership
appointments due to take place at the 18th Party Congress. The pressure on
the political system is intensified by a number of social phenomena such as
increased fragmentation, vested interests, corruption, social unrest, increased
income and social inequalities and a de facto reform stop since 2009. Some
scholars believe that we now see the end of ‘resilient authoritarianism’ and
that China either will experience a political and social collapse or move
towards a democratic system. However, developments since 1989 show the
regime’s amazing ability to revitalize its organizational capabilities and regain
its Mandate of Heaven. It may be too early to declare the Party over.

This paper argues that the fluidity that permeates the contemporary international community is driven by especially political and economic globalisation, which has a huge impact of the relationship between the nation and the state. As the individual nation state is increasingly depending on the international community for its economic survival this dependency on the global has as a consequence that it rolls back aspects of national sovereignty thus opening up the national hinterland for further international influences. These developments initiate a process of disaggregating state and nation, meaning that a gradual disarticulation of the relationship between state and nation produces new societal spaces, which are contested by non-statist interest groups and transnational more or less deterritorialised ethnic affiliated groups and networks. The argument forwarded in this article is that the ethnic Chinese utilises these newly created spaces for setting up diasporic like networks thus providing substance for transnational ethnoscapes or nations without states.
Keywords: globalisation, nation state, diaspora, ethnicity, Chinese, Southeast Asia

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Two things characterize the ethnic Chinese overseas: their subjection to discrimination and their over-representation (relative to the local people in the place of destination) in self-employment and entrepreneurship (Chan Kwok-bun 2004:xiii).
Much has been written on ethnic Chinese firms in Southeast Asia. A major part of the scholarly attention has gone into trying to understand and explain business success. As such the debate has for a long time, in a rather dichotomizing way, been divided into capitalist (profit maximisation) and cultural (personal relationship) explanations as the main drivers for this so-called success. Since the late 1990s the debate has entered a new phase, sometimes referred to as the "revisionist mood‿ enhancing the deconstruction and de-mystification of ethic Chinese businesses. Interestingly enough the debate has been rather quiet on issues of identity and ethnic self-representation. This is where this paper tries to fill a gap. By focusing on the role and meaning of ethnicity and religion (as identity markers) in enterprise development, leadership and management styles, and decision-making and networking I hope to contribute to a better understanding of the significance of "being Chinese overseas‿ and "New-Born Christian‿ in entrepreneurial identity. Empirical case material on several new-born Christian ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs of small and medium sized companies in Indonesia shall be used to explore this delicate relationship. The overtly non-Christian socio-political domination and the contested citizenship position of ethnic Chinese in parts of the region shall be features of the necessary contextual discussion.
Keywords: Ethnic Chinese, Indonesia, Entrepreneurship, New Order, Chineseness.

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This paper draws inspiration from Edward Said’s orientalism, and examines how the three National Museums of Singapore – the Singapore History Museum, the Singapore Art Museum and the Asian Civilizations Museums – are orientalized. The process is mediated through the museums’ close links to tourism promotion in the city-state. The tourism authorities in Singapore have found that the city destination has become too modern and western for many tourists, and the destination has embarked on a campaign to make Singapore more oriental. The creation of the museums is one strategy to orientalize Singapore; these museums assert different layers of Singapore’s oriental identities. Each museum appropriates the tourist orientalist imagination in different ways. This paper argues that the orientalist imagination can be understood as a set of knowledge resources for the construction of local identities to enhance a destination’s uniqueness and attractiveness. Besides reviewing Said’s orientalism, this paper visits criticisms of the theory, within the context of the orientalization process of museums in Singapore.
Keywords: orientalism, Singapore Art Museum, Singapore History Museum, Asian Civilizations Museum, Singapore tourism.

Indian OFDI has increased and diversified substantially in the last 10 years. This paper uses quantile difference-in-difference measure to estimate home country effects of the OFDI decision of Indian corporate on their firm level characteristics reflected in various financial/non-financial ratios. Quantile coefficients inform us about differential effects of OFDI on different segments of the probability distributions of these firm characteristics and also change in within group inequality.
It is observed that in the Indian context, the ‘home’ effect of OFDI is a slow process and the true effect of OFDI is revealed as time progresses. Also the effects (dimension, intensity and significance level) of OFDI are not same across segments (top, median or bottom) of the distribution of the selected variables and effects are found to be mostly muted when they are analysed on the bases of mean of the distribution (i.e. general DiD effect). OFDI leads to (a) reduction of inequality of firms (b) improvement in R&D expense of firms except those firms with already relatively high expenditure (3rd quartile) (c) exports to sales initially improve for three years and then worsen for small firms (first quartile), however, for the mid-size firms (median) it worsens after one year and (d) median of operating ratio (expense/sales) as well as after tax profit margin (PAT/sales) worsened over the year.