Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics form the trifecta of
skills for developing social language and communication. Before
understanding how these skills relate to language disorders,
specifically Semantic-Pragmatic Disorder (SPD), one must
understand their meanings and how these skills work together.

Syntax refers to the order of words in phrases and
sentences. When toddlers learn to speak, they may use incorrect
syntax, or word order. As children get older and enter school,
the complexity of their sentences increases. Students, even in early grades, begin to
understand the importance of word order and how it affects the meaning of a phrase,
sentence, or passage. Students with good reading and comprehension skills have a better
grasp of grammar and syntax than students with a communication or language disorder.

Semantics gives meaning to words in phrases or sentences. We listen to or read
and comprehend the meanings of words in their particular arrangement. Young children
make errors in the semantics of their speech. For instance, “Babies bottles like.” Even
though the syntax (word order) of this phrase is incorrect, we understand its meaning
because we know babies like bottles. However, a phrase like “Babies godlatle bieopraba”
could possibly be correct in its syntax but is semantically incorrect because the last
words cannot be interpreted. The use of syntax and semantics leads to our expression of
language – or pragmatics.

Pragmatics refers to the expression of language. Children with autism, Asperger’s
syndrome, or PDD (Pervasive Developmental Disorder), etc., have difficulty expressing
themselves, especially in social situations. They may express their thoughts and feelings
openly and explicitly with little or no consideration for others in their surroundings.
Controlling the volume of voice may also be an issue.

Children diagnosed with “Semantic-Pragmatic Disorder” experience delays in
language development and have difficulty with comprehension and expression. Check
with your pediatrician or speech-language pathologist if you have questions regarding
your child’s inability to express himself/herself or communicate effectively with you
and others.

Has difficulty following rules, taking turns, or participating in team or group activities.

Speaks literally in a grown-up tone and doesn’t like “baby talk.”

Finds facial expressions, gestures, and body language confusing.

Has difficulty comprehending idioms and figurative language.

Has difficulty with abstract concepts like time or motivation (e.g., next week, when you get ready, don’t stay too long).

Reads very early or late, but without comprehension.

Finds social events challenging, is unsure how to take part, and dislikes crowds.

Has minor problems with motor-skills.

Has specific language impairments.

Becomes distracted while on task by something very random.

Appears indifferent or aloof regarding the feelings and opinions of others.

Support Strategies

Communication skills of children with SPD can improve with age and continuous
support. Constant attention and interaction is necessary to help the child change and
manage his/her behaviors and improve communication skills. Everyone involved in the
child’s support system (including friends) can help by…

Encouraging participation in practical, hands-on tasks with a logical and sequential order (simple games).

Providing a quiet, orderly environment for homework, conversations, and socializing.