The Group recognizes a financial asset when it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. The Group initially recognizes trade and other receivables on the date of transaction.

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of financial asset not measured at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction cost of a financial asset measured at fair value through profit or loss is recognized as profit or loss.

(b) Classification of non-derivative financial assets

Classification and measurement model of non-derivative financial assets are summarized as follows. The Group classifies financial assets at initial recognition as financial assets measured at amortized cost, debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income or financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss.

(i) Financial assets measured at amortized cost

A financial asset that meets both the following condition is classified as a financial asset measured at amortized cost.

The financial asset is held within the Group’s business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows.

The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A financial asset measured at amortized cost is initially recognized at fair value plus transaction cost directly attributable to the asset. After initial recognition, carrying amount of the financial asset measured at amortized cost is determined using the effective interest method, net of impairment loss, if necessary.

(ii) Debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

A debt instrument that meets both the following condition is classified as a financial asset measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.

The financial asset is held within the Group’s business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets.

The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

A debt instrument measured at fair value through other comprehensive income is recognized initially at fair value plus transaction cost directly attributable to the asset. After initial recognition, the asset is measured at fair value with changes in fair value included as “financial asset at fair value through other comprehensive income” in other comprehensive income. Accumulated gains or losses recognized through other comprehensive income are directly transferred to profit or loss when debt instrument is derecognized.

(iii) Equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income

The Group makes an irrevocable election to recognize changes in fair value of investments in equity instruments through other comprehensive income, not through profit or loss. A gain or loss from fair value changes will be shown in other comprehensive income and will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss.

An equity instrument measured at fair value through other comprehensive income is recognized initially at fair value plus transaction cost directly attributable to the asset. After initial recognition, the asset is measured at fair value with changes in fair value included as “financial asset at fair value through other comprehensive income” in other comprehensive income. Accumulated gains or losses recognized through other comprehensive income are directly transferred to retained earnings when equity instrument is derecognized or its fair value substantially decreased.

Dividends are recognized as “finance income” in profit or loss.

(iv) Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss

When any of the above-mentioned conditions for classification of financial assets is not met, a financial asset is classified as “at fair value through profit or loss” and measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss.

A financial asset measured at fair value through profit or loss is recognized initially at fair value and its transaction cost is recognized in profit or loss when incurred. A gain or loss on a financial asset measured at fair value through profit or loss is recognized in profit or loss, and presented in “finance income” or “finance cost” in the consolidated statement of income for the reporting period in which it arises.

The Group does not designate any debt instrument as at fair value through profit or loss to remove or significantly reduce an accounting mismatch.

(c) Derecognition of financial assets

The Group derecognizes its financial asset if the contractual rights to the cash flows from the investment expire, or the Group transfers substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset. Any interests in transferred financial assets that are created or continuously retained by the Group are recognized as a separate asset or liability.

ii.Non-derivative financial liabilities

(a) Recognition and measurement of financial liabilities

The Group recognizes financial debt when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. The measurement of financial debt is explained in (b) Classification of financial liabilities.

(b) Classification of financial liabilities

(i) Financial liabilities measured at amortized cost

A financial liability other than those measured at fair value through profit or loss is classified as a financial liability measured at amortized cost. A financial liability at amortized cost is initially measured at fair value less transaction cost directly attributable to the issuance of the financial liability. After initial recognition, the financial liability is measured at amortized cost based on the effective interest rate method.

A financial liability measured at fair value through profit or loss is initially measured at fair value. After initial recognition, the financial liability is measured at fair value with subsequent changes recognized as profit or loss.

(c) Derecognition of financial liabilities

The Group derecognizes a financial liability when the financial liability is distinguished, i.e. when the contractual obligation is discharged or cancelled or expired.

(d) Preference shares

Preference shares are classified as equity or financial liabilities based on the substance of the contractual arrangements, not on their legal forms. Preference shares mandatorily redeemable on a particular date are classified as financial liabilities. Preference shares classified as liabilities are measured at amortized cost in the consolidated statement of financial position and the dividends on these preference shares are recognized as interest expense and presented as financial cost in the consolidated statement of income.

iii. Presentation of financial assets and liabilities

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the consolidated statement of financial position only when the Group currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

(12) Impairment of financial assets

The Group recognizes 12-month expected credit loss as loss allowance when there is no significant increase in the credit risk since initial recognition. When there is a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, expected credit losses for the remaining life of the financial assets are recognized as loss allowance. Whether credit risk is significantly increased or not is determined based on the changes in default risk. To determine if there is a change in default risk, following factors are considered. However, the Group always measures loss allowance for trade receivables at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses.

External credit rating of the financial asset

Downgrade of internal credit rating

Operating results, such as decrease in sales, decrease in working capital, asset deterioration and increase in leverage

Reduced financial support from the parent company or associated companies

Delinquencies (Overdue information)

Expected credit losses are measured based on the discounted present value of the differences between the contractual cash flows and the cash flows expected to be received.

(13) Derivatives and hedge accounting

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value as of the date in which the derivative contracts are entered into. After initial recognition, derivatives are remeasured at fair value at the end of each reporting period.

The method of recognizing the resulting gain or loss depends on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument, and if so, the nature of the item being hedged.

The Group designates derivatives as cash flow hedge (hedges to the exposure to variability in cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk associated with a recognized asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction).

At the inception of the transaction, the Group documents the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item, along with their risk management objectives and strategies to conduct various hedge transactions.

At the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, the Group assess whether the derivative used in hedging transaction is highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged item.

Specially, when the Group assess whether the hedge relationship is effective, the Group assess whether all of the following requirements are met:

(i) There is an economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument

(ii) The effect of credit risk does not dominate the value changes that result from that economic relationship;

(iii) The hedge ratio of the hedging relationship is the same as that resulting from the quantity of the hedged item that the entity actually hedges and the quantity of the hedging instrument thatthe entity actually uses to hedge that quantity of hedged item.

Hedge effectiveness is assessed on an ongoing basis and about whether the hedging criteria described above are met.

The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognized in other comprehensive income. The ineffective portion is recognized in profit or loss. Cumulative gain or loss recognized through other comprehensive income is transferred to profit or loss on the same period that the cash flows of hedged items affects profit or loss.

If a hedging relationship ceases to meet the hedge effectiveness requirement relating to the hedge ratio but the risk management objective for that designated hedging relationship remains the same, an entity should adjust the hedge ratio of the hedging relationship so that it meets the qualifying criteria again (rebalancing).

After rebalancing, in cases where no longer meet the requirements of hedge accounting or hedging instruments are expired, sold, terminated or exercised, hedge accounting will be discontinued.

In the case that the hedge accounting is discontinued, the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument that has been recognized in other comprehensive income when the hedge was effective will remain in other comprehensive income until the forecast transaction occurs. When forecast transactions are no longer expected to arise, accumulated amount of gains or losses recorded in equity is transferred to profit or loss.

Aggregated fair values of hedging instrument derivatives whose maturities are over 12 months are classified as non-current assets or liabilities, and those whose maturities are less than 12 months are classified as current assets or liabilities.