Appendices

Table A (below) covers several different categories of weapons systems, including:
1) Aircraft; 2) Missiles; 3) Naval Ships; 4) Armored Vehicles/Tanks; and 5) Small
Arms/Ammunition. The table documents orders by the Turkish armed forces of U.S.
military equipment in the following quantities:

Note: Most of the orders documented below were placed since 1992, but several
large long-term deals that were concluded prior to 1992 are also included. Not all orders
result in final deliveries, but where information on deliveries is available it has been
provided. For a rundown on current U.S. systems that are already in the inventory of the
Turkish armed forces, see the summary on page18 above, under "Measuring Dependency:
The Role of U.S. Weapons in the Turkish Armed Forces."

Notes: In May of 1997 the Turkish military issued a "request for proposals" for the sale of 145
attack helicopters. The $3.5-4.5 billion deal has brought bids from the five companies listed
above. The US State Department has approved the marketing license for the two US companies,
but has informed Turkey that "significant progress" must be made in human rights before the US
will approve the final export license. All five companies have been included on the short list.
Turkey announced that it will reject any US proposal that does not include the transfer of the
aircraft's advanced fire-control software. Final offers are to be submitted to prime contractor
Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) by September 30th with a decision to be made in spring of
2000. However, due to financial constraints in the aftermath of Turkey's August 17th
earthquake, Defense News reported that the Turkish Army may seek the direct purchase of 20-25
attack helicopters to meet the services urgent needs. (DN 5/17/99 and 10/4/99)

50 Black Hawk Utility Helicopters

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon System Offered

Sikorsky Aircraft Corp., division of United
Technologies - US

S-70 Black Hawk

Notes: The Turkish Land Forces Command has signed a $561 million contract for the direct
purchase of 50 Sikorsky Black Hawk utility helicopters. Defense News reported that despite the
SSM's insistence on coproduction, Turkey will go ahead with the deal because of "urgent"
operational needs against the Kurdish rebels. In a tentative agreement between Turkey and
Sikorsky, local companies TAI, Akinci, and Askeri Elektronik Sanayii (Aselan) will be given
related subcontract work valued at $110 million. The deal is to be financed under a reactivated
Export-Import Bank loan guarantee that was issued in 1990. Nearly $700 million in loan
guarantees remain available. Turkey has already received 10 Black Hawks with the entire
delivery to be completed in early 2001. (DN 1/18/99 and JDW 6/30/99)

8 Sea Hawk Naval Helicopters

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon System Offered

Sikorsky Aircraft Corp., a division of United
Technologies - US

SH-60 Sea Hawk

Notes: Turkey is awaiting the delivery of the first 4 of 8 Sea Hawks ordered. Jane's noted that
the $250 million deal is part of Turkey's modernization of its current anti-submarine warfare
helicopter fleet and over the horizon capability. Turkey plans to purchase up to 30 of the Sea
Hawks equipped with short-range anti-ship missiles. (JDW 4/7/99)

84 Hellfire Laser Guided Missiles

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon System Offered

Hellfire Systems (a joint venture between
Boeing and Lockheed) - US

AGM-114 Hellfire 2 Laser-Guided Missile

Notes: An export license has been granted to Hellfire Systems under a $6.7 million contract to
produce 84 missiles equipped with high-explosive blast fragmentation warheads. The contract
includes training missiles, spares, and support equipment. The missiles are to be mounted on the
Sea Hawks mentioned above. Originally Turkey had sought Norwegian Penguin missiles (known
to be superior to the Hellfire because of its medium-range air-to-surface capabilities) but Norway
has continued to support an arms embargo against Turkey in protest of ongoing operations
against the Kurds. (JDW 4/7/99)

8 Heavy Lift Helicopters

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon System Offered

Sikorsky Aircraft Corp., division of United
Technologies - US

CH-53E Super Stallion heavy-lift helicopters

Boeing Co. - US

CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters

Rostvertol - Russia

Mi-26T Halo

Notes: Turkey has decided to open the bid for 8 heavy lift helicopters worth an estimated $150
million rather than purchase them from Sikorsky as previously planned. A final decision is
expected in late 1999 or early 2000. Jane's has reported that Sikorsky has cut its bidding price in
half following talks between the US company and the Turkish Ministry of Defense. The
helicopters will be used in cross-border operations against the Kurdish militants in northern Iraq.
(JDW 9/8/99 and DN 5/17/99)

Notes: Turkey plans to directly purchase 4 AEW aircraft, worth between $800 million and $2
billion, to be used in monitoring neighboring countries' military movements. The two companies
above have been short-listed with the final offers to be submitted within the next few months and
a winner to be announced next year. Local Turkish companies, Havelsan and Milsoft, are
competing for a $50 million or more subcontract for all software work. Delivery is to take place
by 2003. (JDW 8/19/98 and DN 6/21/99)

18 Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs)

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon System Offered

General Atomic - US

GNAT family of vehicles, possibly the Prowler
II

Israel Aircraft Industries - Israel

IAI would not disclose the UAV proposed, but
it is likely to be the Searcher or Hunter
platforms

Notes: Turkey originally planned to purchase 37 UAVs (one system is comprised of 6 aircraft
plus ground control equipment), but has decided to reduce the number requested to18 due to
budgetary constraints. Turkey plans on using the UAVs for reconnaissance purposes but is
considering using armed versions in the future. TAI has been selected as the prime contractor.
The project is estimated to cost between $350-$500 million and is scheduled to be completed in
2005. Delays are expected due to companies having to revise their original proposals. (JDW
1/20/99 and DN 5/31/99)

Long-Range Oblique Photography (LOROP) Systems

Bidding Company and Country

Lockheed Martin - US

El-Op - Israel

Notes: The Turkish Air Force Command is planning on using the LOROP system on 42 RF-4
Phantom reconnaissance aircraft. The direct purchase is the first stage of an overall program to
modernize Turkish airspace control. The second stage includes the purchase of UAVs mentioned
above, and the third stage is to acquire satellite reconnaissance capability. More than $45 billion
has been allocated for the Air Force modernization over the next 25 to 30 years. (JDW 3/17/99)

40 F-15 Eagle Fighter Aircraft

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon Systems Offered

Boeing Co. - US

F-15 Strike Eagle

Notes: US officials have briefed Turkish officers and procurement officials on the performance,
range and payload of the Boeing F-15 Strike Eagle, however, as of yet there has been no official
offer made. Turkey's decision to acquire 40 F-15s worth close to $2 billion comes as a
countermeasure to Greece's efforts to buy the same aircraft. Both countries currently have
Lockheed Martin's F-16 in their inventories, but the F-15 is known for its superior
maneuverability and combat capabilities. (TDN 2/10/98 and DN 2/22/99)

48 Helicopters

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon Systems Offered

Bell Helicopter Textron - US

Bell 427, 430, or 412 and Bell 407

Boeing - US

MD-900 and MD-800

Sikorsky Aircraft Corp., division of United
Technologies - US

S-76

Agusta - Italy

AB-109 and AB-119

Pzlswidnik - Poland

TZL-Sokols

Eurocopter - France and Germany

EC-135 or EC-155 and HA-120

Notes: The Turkish police are launching a $300 million international tender for 48 helicopters of
various sizes and characteristics. Contractors are preparing proposals for 10 lightweight single-engine helicopters to be directly purchased and 30 intermediate twin-engine helicopters that are
to be co-produced at TAI. The remaining 8 cargo helicopters are to be obtained from
Eurocopter which is currently producing the AS-532 Cougars under license at TAI. Training,
logistical support and spare-part production are also being provided. Turkey is requesting 50%
in direct and indirect offsets. The firms are also required to come up with financing packages for
the project. The deal is expected to be made by the end of the year. (TDN 2/3/99)

Maritime Patrol Aircraft

Bidding Company and Country

Boeing - US

Raytheon - US

Tracor (US) and Marconi Electronic Systems (UK)

DaimlerChrysler Aerospace - Germany

DCN International - France

Thomson-CSF - France

Elbit - Israel

Notes: Requests for proposals were sent to the companies listed above for Turkey's $150 million
program to configure nine CN-235 transports as maritime patrol aircraft. Turkish Aerospace
Industries will be the main domestic contractor with other local Turkish companies playing a
major role in the program as well. (JDW 9/8/99)

F-5 Upgrades

Bidding Company and Country

Northrop Grumman - US

Notes: Northrop Grumman Corporation's Integrated Systems and Aerostructures Sector has
been awarded a $1.8 million contract to upgrade 50 F-5 tactical fighters originally acquired by
Turkey in the 1960s. The contract calls for delivery of 34 upper cockpit, nine lower cockpit and
20 dorsal longerongs beginning in May 2000. The structural replacement parts will allow the
Turkish Air Force to extend the life of their F-5 fleet for another decade or more. (DD 9/15/99)

Helicopter Decoy Dispensers

Bidding Company and Country

Tracor - US

Thomson-CSF - France

Israeli Military Industries (IMI) - Israel

Notes: Turkey is seeking the co-production of helicopter chaff-and-flare decoy dispensers. Both
Tracor and IMI plan to work with the local Turkish company Aselan, and Thomson has planned
to work with local company Mikes. The $50 million contract would involve the production of
about 300 decoy dispensers. (JDW 1/13/99)

1,000 Main Battle Tanks (MBTs)

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon Systems Offered

General Dynamics - US

Abrams M1A2

GIAT Industries - France

Leclerc

Krauss-Maffei - Germany

Leopard 2

Iveco and Auto Breda - Italy

C1 Ariete

Ukrspetsexport - Ukraine

T-84

Notes: The above companies have been short listed from the10 foreign companies competing for
the local production of 1,000 MBTs. The $7 billion deal is an effort on Turkey's part to obtain
the highest possible technology transfer in order to establish a tank-building infrastructure.
General Dynamics, however, is likely to come up against opposition in Washington because of
the unprecedented technology transfer the deal will entail. In addition, General Dynamics and
Israeli Military Industries have joined forces in order to increase their chances of winning both of
Turkey's tank projects. Under the agreement, IMI withdrew from the tank production project
while General Dynamics will do the same for the tank modernization project (detailed below). A
winner is expected to be announced in 2002. (TDN 6/16/99 and AFP 9/10/99)

Upgrade of 1,000 M60 A1 and A3 Tanks

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon Systems Offered

General Dynamics Land Systems - US

the M60 2000 is an upgraded M60 series
chassis with a MIAI Abrams turret armed with
a 120mm M256 smoothbore gun

Israeli Military Industries - Israel

the Sabra retains the existing hull and chasis
with many modifications and is fitted with the
IMI 120mm smoothbore gun as fitted to the
Merkava 3 MBT which is also being offered to
Turkey

Notes: Turkey is planning on upgrading nearly 1,000 of its M60 A1 and A3 MBTs. As with the
tank deal above, Turkey wants maximum contribution from Turkish industry and hopes that the
prime contractor will be a local company. The tank modernization program will make the
Turkish Land Forces the strongest army of NATO in the 21st century. Estimated cost is about
$1.5 billion. (JDW 1/6/99 and TDN 6/16/99)

140 Armored Vehicles

Bidding Company and Country

Weapon Systems Offered

General Dynamics - US

Armored Personnel Carriers and Crowd
Control Vehicles

Notes: The sale of 80 armored personnel carriers and 60 crowd control vehicles to the Turkish
Police, a deal worth $45 million, marked a modest win for human rights groups and non-governmental organizations. Due to human rights abuses committed by some of the Turkish
units that were to receive the vehicles, General Dynamics was unable to use Ex-Im Bank to
finance the entire deal. Instead, the State Department decided the loan guarantee could be used in
financing 101 of the vehicles going to 32 provinces, but could not be used to finance 39 vehicles
destined for 11 provinces where there exists credible evidence of human rights abuses. General
Dynamics will finance the remaining vehicles. (Wpost 12/31/98)

This is Turkey's first and largest co-production program
that was started in 1984 and marked the development of a
significant industrial infrastructure. Under the Peace
Onyx I program TAI co-produced 152 of 160 Lockheed
Martin F-16s that were delivered to the air force between
1987 and 1995. Peace Onyx II began in mid-1996 with
48 of the 80 F-16s ordered already delivered. Production
of the 240 F-16s is due to end next year. 80 of the planes
are being financed by a $2.5 billion fund set up by the
U.S., Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait in return for Turkey's
cooperation in the Gulf War. Lockheed Martin owns
49% of TAI.

(JDW 8/19/98)

F-110-GE-100 Engine
for F-16
fighters

General
Electric

TUSAS
Engine
Industries
(TEI)

TEI was established in 1985 to manufacture engine
components and assemble the F110-GE-100 engine for
the TAI F-16 production line. TEI is a Turkish-American
joint stock company. (DISAM)

ALQ-178 V5
radar warning
and electronic
countermeasures for use on
F-16 fighter
planes

Lockheed
Martin Corp.

MIKES

MIKES produced the ALQ-178 V3 for the first batch of
160 co-produced F-16s, which was worth $325 million.
Lockheed Martin owns 49% of MIKES. (JDW 11/18/98)

Aselan is also collaborating with Philips (Netherlands) on
this project. (HRW)

Armored
Vehicles and
Tanks

1,698
Armored
Combat
Vehicles
(ACV)

FMC
Corporation

Nurol SS

The U.S. company FMC entered into a joint venture with
Turkish Nurol Savunma Sanayii to form the company
FNSS. Nurol SS has been assembling the first part of the
order under license. The plan calls for 1,698 vehicles of
various configurations based on a FMC design, worth an
estimated $1.3 billion, to be produced over an eight-year
period in four variations (Infantry Fighting Vehicle,
Armored Personnel Carrier, Mortar Vehicle, and TOW
Vehicle). As of August 1998 the TLFC had received
1,500 vehicles with the complete delivery expected by the
end of 1999. In September 1999, Prime Minister Bulent
Ecevit approved the acquisition of an additional 655
Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicles from FNSS (valued
at $450 million). (JDW 8/19/98 and 9/15/99)

components
and parts for
the 1,698
ACV's

Texas
Instruments

Aselan

Texas Instruments has a contract through Aselan to
produce optical sights. The U.S. companies Alison
Transmission, Detroit Diesel, and Cadillac Gage are also
supplying parts. (DISAM)

This is a joint venture between Turkey, Germany, Greece,
and the Netherlands to develop a European version of the
U.S. Stinger shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missile
licensed by the U.S. company Raytheon. Turkey is
producing around 4,800 missiles. Assembly of the final
product is taking place at both the German plant Dornier
and the Turkish plant Rokestan AS. Rokestan was
formed in 1988 and produces rocket motors and
propellants for the Raytheon Stinger missile. (HRW and
DISAM)