Ever since Darwin, evolutionists have had a huge difficulty: the fossil record lacks the innumerable ‘missing links’ predicted by them and required by their theory. Instead, all evolutionists can produce are a handful of debatable examples (see The Links are Missing); whereas it’s not just links that are missing but whole lengths in the evolutionary chain!

From time to time, evolutionists produce a transitional-series-du-jour. One of the most prominent recent claims is that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs, a supposedly carnivorous group that included T. Rex and Velociraptor. However, even a number of evolutionary paleo-ornithologists (fossil bird experts), such as Alan Feduccia, Professor Emeritus at the University of North Carolina, have been harshly critical of the dogmatic way in which the theory has been promoted. They partly blame this dogma for the notorious Archaeoraptor hoax of 1999–2000.

Another big problem is the hugely different avian lung design. The alleged first bird Archaeopteryx had the classic avianthrough-flow lungs, while the alleged feathered dino Sinosauropteryx had a clearly reptilian bellows lung. And it was younger than Archaeopteryx, according to the evolutionists’ own dating methods and contrary to evolutionary expectations. As Feduccia likes to quip, “You can’t be older than your grandfather.” While evolutionists claim that a trait might persist in a lineage well after a descendant lineage has evolved, the evidence they are claiming dates the version with a fully-formed avian lung prior to the other. When did the avian lung, then, evolve? And the main point was that evolution was alleged to be supported by the order of fossil succession, but clearly this is not so.

Feathered dinosaurs?

One major point evolutionists use to support their ‘missing link’ between birds and dinos is dinosaurs having feathers. One of the most famous is Sinosauropteryx (meaning Chinese reptilian wing), a tiny creature discovered in 1996. The largest known specimen weighed only about 0.55 kg (1.2 lb), and was only 1.07 m (3.5 ft) long. This included its tail, the longest in relation to its total body length of any theropod.

Nonetheless, the feather claim has its defenders as well, such as Prof. Zhang Fucheng of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and his colleagues, who claim to be “refuting recent claims that the filaments are partially decayed dermal collagen fibres.”3

Wikipedia.org

This Struthiomimus dinosaur is also in the ‘dead dinosaur pose’.

To support their claimed refutation, Zhang et al. claimed to have discovered colour-producing cell organelles called eumelanosomes and pheomelanosomes in a Sinosauropteryx specimen. These produce the very dark eumelanin and reddish-brown pheomelanin pigments in feathers (see also Colourful creature coats). From this, they argued that they even had proof for stripes on its tail. But Prof. Theagarten Lingham-Soliar at the University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa (and co-author of Ref’s 1 and 2) has criticized their claims as an: “optical illusion created when the SEM [scanning electron micrograph] is reproduced at low image size.”4 And in a recent paper, he has provided further evidence against this claim, and also inadvertently found strong evidence for the Genesis Flood.5

Animal decay

As noted above, Sinosauropteryx had a reptilian lung. How could we know? Because unlike most dinosaur fossils, which are nothing but mineralized bones, this creature was well enough preserved that one could analyze the shape of some of its internal organs. The fact that these details were preserved points to very rapid burial, before these organs could rot or be scavenged away. (Since the discovery of Sinosauropteryx, dinosaur blood cells, blood vessels and collagen, and osteocalcin have been found, which could not have lasted millions of years.) Also, the preservation of the internal organs would seem to rule out vertebrate predators or scavengers, since they “usually target the gut first.”

Linnaeus (1767) stated that three flies may decompose the cadaver of a horse as quickly as a lion.—Theagarten Lingham-Soliar.

Therefore, Lingham-Soliar wanted to find out why Sinosauropteryx should be so well preserved. He noted the typical ‘dead dinosaur posture’ with the neck and tail thrown backwards (all the fossils illustrated in this article illustrate that posture). In the last few years, scientists have realized that this posture was actually opisthotonus, the result of severe muscle spasms caused by malfunctioning of the central nervous system, especially with oxygen deprivation.6 Thus they are the final death throes, which we have argued is consistent with most of them being drowned or buried alive by the Flood.

Since no-one saw the creature die and fossilize, the next best thing is to see what happens to dead animals. (The study of decay and fossilization is called taphonomy). Lingham-Soliar analyzed two dead animals over time in a ‘natural’ setting: a genet (Genetta genetta), a cat-like animal but probably in the mongoose kind; and the Mozambique spitting cobra (Naja mossambica), the second deadliest snake in Africa, after the black mamba.

Sparing some of the gory details, with the genet, within a day, internal decomposition and bloating had already forced liquids out the body openings. Then maggots had their fill, but notably, not in the gut region until day 4. After that, the decay increased exponentially, so only one day later, almost all the soft tissue was gone, and the maggots left the carcass to pupate. The authors note about the creationist founder of taxonomy (classification):

Wikimedia/H. Raab

Archaeopteryx lithographica, Museum für Naturkunde (Museum of Natural History) in Berlin. This is a picture of the actual fossil, not a cast. It also shows clear signs of opisthotonus.

Linnaeus (1767) stated that three flies may decompose the cadaver of a horse as quickly as a lion.

With the cobra, the process took longer, but once again, it was mainly maggots, but this time also ants, and again the gut was targeted quite late. Also, the insects liked the protein-rich connective tissue under the scales, which quickly separated the scales from the body. The authors note:

it is possible to hypothesize from this phenomenon why scales are so rarely (or sparsely) preserved in small non-avian dinosaurs such as Sinosauropteryx, Compsognathus and Juravenoter—the absence of scales have frequently been used to suggest the presence of feathers in the animals’ primary condition.

But neither the genet nor the cobra carcasses exhibited opisthotonus, which ruled out the earlier idea that the dead dinosaur posture was caused by post-mortem changes.

Applications to Sinosauropteryx death

As noted, the dead dinosaur posture indicates death by suffocation. The specimen seemed to exhibit the signs of the same purged decomposition liquids as the dead genet. The preserved gut (including a pair of eggs), indicate that any scavenging was likely by insects, then the carcass was quickly buried “at most a few days after death.” The authors attribute the death to toxic volcanic gases, then burial by volcanic ash or mud flows.

Actually the evidence, considering how widespread the dead dino posture is (also seen in Archaeopteryx), is consistent with the Genesis Flood. This would produce greatly increased volcanic activity. The rapid burial is also consistent with the Flood. But what about insect decomposition? Actually, computer simulations have shown that the flood waters would not rise steadily but would fluctuate so that land would be exposed for days at a time.7 This is why we find dinosaur footprints and eggs (see In the footsteps of giants). This exposure would allow insects time to colonize the carcass, but not time to eat the gut, before it was buried completely.

Crest not feathers

Back to the heading of the article, the dead dino posture provided insights into what the claimed feather filaments actually were. The death throes caused buckling of the thick integument (skin) on the animal’s back, which would be possible only if the filaments were part of a single structure not separate feathers.

compressive and tensile forces acting on a clearly unified structure, i.e. an upright frill or crest overlying the neck, back and tail of Sinosauropteryx … as opposed to individual proto-feathers, is considered more reasonable …

the results include the most controversial issue associated with Sinosauropteryx and strongly demonstrate, based on soft tissue analysis and forensic animation, that the dorsal, externally preserved integumental tissue represents a dorsal crest rather than protofeathers …

The filamentous structures were internal support fibres that together with the overlying dermal tissue … comprised a composite structure, i.e. an external frill or crest … comprehensively refuting the notion of … protofeathers in Sinosauropteryx—Theagarten Lingham-Soliar.

This supports their earlier statement:

The description presented here shows that the filamentous structures were internal support fibres that together with the overlying dermal tissue … comprised a composite structure, i.e. an external frill or crest (compare Jesus lizard, Basiliscus plumifrons, and frilled lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii), comprehensively refuting the notion of free filaments, i.e. protofeathers in Sinosauropteryx.

In further support, “the tail terminates in a unique, smoothly edged, spatula-shaped structure”, which near the end provided “little surface area for the attachment of protofeathers.” Also, because this creature seemed to live near a lake, according to evolutionary reconstructions anyway, “a crest-like structure on the tail or body or both [would be] useful in swimming”, so they express amazement that such a structure had not been considered.

Conclusion

While feathered dinosaurs are not ruled out by the biblical creationist model, the claims of feathers are looking more and more dubious. In one of the most famous claimed feathered dinosaurs, Sinosauropteryx, the evidence indicates that the filaments were not separate feathers, but support fibres for a unified structure like a crest. Also, the death posture indicates suffocation, and careful analysis of the normal decay process of animal carcasses in nature shows that it must have been buried completely within a few days at most.

Update: Another theory for the ‘dead dino posture’ is also consistent with the Flood: it turns out that recently killed chickens spontaneously go into the same arched-back pose after immersion under water (see also Water and death throes). They have a strong ligament along the spine, the Ligamentum elasticum, which is already taut. The buoyancy under water enabled the ligament to overcome the weight and pull the neck and tail back. As the muscles decayed, this ligament encountered even less resistance, so the bending increased even more.

This effect would have been even stronger in dinosaurs with long, slender necks and tails. They would have needed very strong, elastic ligaments for energy saving. The length would have also increased the leverage of the elastic forces.

A strong Ligamentum elasticum was essential for all long necked dinosaurs with a long tail. The preloaded ligament helped them saving energy in their terrestrial mode of life. Following their death, at which they were immersed in water, the stored energy along the vertebra was strong enough to arch back the spine, increasingly so as more and more muscles and other soft parts were decaying. It is a special highlight that, in the Compsognathus specimen, these gradual steps of recurvature can be substantiated, too. Therefore, biomechanics is ruling the postmortem weird posture of a carcass in a watery grave, not death throes.9,10

Of course, the Genesis Flood would provide excellent conditions for full immersion of animals!

Reisdorf and Wuttke, cited in Why Do Dinosaur Skeletons Look So Weird? ScienceDaily, 16 February 2012. Return to text.

See also Wile, J., Arched Necks In Dinosaur Fossils: Is Water to Blame? blog.drwile.com/?p=7118, 28 February 2012. Return to text.

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Readers’ comments

Peter B.,Australia, 24 July 2012

[A known biblioskeptic]: Does the Bible state the flood reconfigured the Earth’s surface with sedimentary and volcanic rocks during the flood?

Jonathan Sarfati responds

My article Flood models and biblical realism explains the difference between direct teachings of Scripture about the Flood, and models consistent with these teachings.

Jeff M.,United Kingdom, 24 July 2012

I don’t think evolutionists have any “problem” with their evidence. They might have different ways of interpreting it and they might even argue amongst themselves but nearly all of them are happy that evolution is fact.

Dr Jonathan Sarfati replies:

The whole point is that we are using hostile witnesses to destroy some of the most popular ‘evidences’ for evolution. See more at Feduccia v Creationists.

It helps of course that discoveries in so many other scientific fields have corroborated the long-age of the earth.

I am happy to call myself a Christian, to accept the biblical God but most certainly not to interpret the Bible literally. It was written by middle eastern tribesmen long ago and it shows. The world has come on since then.

I guess you are right. I do disagree with Him. I am a follower, not a slave.

JS:Yet in the New Testament, we are meant to be “slaves of Christ” (some translations say “bondservants”), appropriate for one who is both fully divine and fully human, and this leads to true freedom (e.g. 1 Corinthians 7:22–24). Your explicit disagreement with Christ, not your compromise with evolution, makes one question your claim to be a Christian.

Doug T.,United States, 26 July 2012

Excellent article and handling of the old-earther! By the way, have you seen National Geo’s recent article on Sciurumimus albersdoerferi? While not a paleontologist by any stretch, it still just looks like more of the same, i.e. the authors claiming we’re clearly seeing what’s plainly not there.

If the feathers really are genuine this time, I would remind readers that we pointed out that this would not contradict the biblical creation model.

Readers should also notice from the linked article that the Sciurumimus albersdoerferi fossil also displays the ‘dead dinosaur posture’.

Jenny J.,Australia, 26 July 2012

I have trouble when people start saying the Bible is written by man in old times—man might have held the pen, the words are directed by God. Another creation just like a tree is—only not alive but yet alive as it gives direction for eternal life.

Careful reading and studying of this book leaves no alternative.

So just like a tree is modern today so is the Bible.

Careful reading and studying of this book demands no other alternative

Hans G.,Australia, 27 July 2012

So often people use this “The Bible was written by man” argument. Don’t they see their dumbness? Every newspaper,magazine, book or everything else was written by man and yet they believe Dan Brown or Harry Potter …

Geoff W.,Australia, 28 July 2012

Dear Jeff M.,

If Jesus was wrong, then He is not Divine. And if he is not Divine, then there is no salvation, in which case there is no sense in being a Christian, unless you just like the philosophy of it, but then you might as well be a Buddhist.

I sincerely and strongly recommend that you take another look at the Person of Jesus Christ, and reconsider your position—one side of the fence of the other. The stakes arevery high!

Ryan P.,Australia, 28 July 2012

“If he is not Divine, then there is no salvation.” Now that I take issue with! I am sorry but God neither “changes into” nor “needs to become” a man to save.

Researchers recently found forty straight, parallel trackways of two types of large plant-eating dinosaurs in southern England. The trackway of a large meat-eating dinosaur was also discovered nearby, going in the same direction. These trackways provoked a predator-prey interpretation by the evolutionists.

But that’s not how predator-prey flight happens is it? Don’t prey try to elude predators by running in ‘zig-zag’ (etc.) patterns?

Jonathan Sarfati responds

I think that was the point: they were running from something else that was deadly but brainless, The article continues:

But the tracks could just as easily, if not better, be interpreted as different types of dinosaurs, all fleeing the same event in the same direction.