Common Screening Conditions Diabetes I & II follow up panel

WHAT IS

It is a set of metabolic disorders, that result from high levels of sugar over a long period of time.

Diabetes is divided into two categories

Type 1 – appearing at younger age due to loss of insulin production capacity

Type 2 with a higher age due to insulin resistance. It has a ~9% prediction in the general population, mainly due to obesity – lack of exercise

There is a special also the Pregnancy Diabetes. This certen type of Diabetew is transient, and it does not affect organs or causes metabolic disorders, as it is a short time phenomenon. It is only monitored for the safety of pregnancy and fetus development.

SYMPTOMS – IMPLICATIONS

The main signs of diabetes are

Polyurea – Polydipsia

Continuous hunger

Increased levels of sugar have a long-lasting detrimental effect on the entire body’s vascular system. The most serious side effects of inefficiently controlled diabetes are:

Nephropathy

Loss of vision

Ulcers in the lower extremities

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LABORATOTY TESTS

The purpose of the tests used, is to establish the successful regulation of diabetes and avoid any organ damage. The proposed tests are intended only for diabetes I / II follow up. These tests are:

The Basic Check up Panel

Tests is used to detect if diabetes has a negative effect on kidney, liver or body metabolism and if has caused any inflammation.

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1-c)

This test shows the average levels of sugar for the last 45 days. Based on HbA1c levels, the effectiveness of the treatment of diabetes is evaluated.

24-hour urinary microalbumin (Alb-U-24h)

It tests the kidney health of the diabetic patient, having a particular predictive value for their potential damage due to elevated levels of sugar.

Creatinine clearance (cre – cle)

It is the best measure of effective kidney function with much greater sensitivity to classic urea and creatinine tests.

Electrolytes (Na + / K +)

They are the main salts of the body, the concentration of which is regulated by the kidneys. Diabetic medications that may be combined with other treatments, can achange electrolyte levels significatly, with very serious consequences, especially in cardiac function.

Urine test -Culture

The test additionally evaluates the health of the kidneys, and in particular to rule out possible asymptomatic urinary tract infection. Urinary infections in diabetic individuals are common as the sugar exits in the urine and creates a favorable environment for microbial growth.

OPTIONAL ADDITIONAL BLOOD PREVENTION TESTS

The following tests are proposed based on age, social habits, staff – family medical history

Fructosamine

It estimates the average sugar levels in the last 5 days, and it is used :

in gestational diabetes

to directly check the effectiveness of change in the treatment regimen

in cases of hemoglobin types where glycosylated hemoglobin can not be measured

Vitamine B12

B12 levels are estimateed as a protective agent against diabetes neuropathy.

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ULTRASOUND IMAGING

The following audits are based on criteria – age and staff – family history

Ultrasound Imgaing upper abdomen

Triplex Imaging of heart – carotid – lower limbs

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Information selected from :

MayoClinic.org

Labtestsonline.org

Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests – J.Wallach

The exact choice of tests required is under the responsibility of your treating physician

Editor: I. Gratsias Lab Director / Clinical Biochemist

Last Update May 2019

Medical Tests performed with analytical systems and reagents

by SIEMENS-USA & BECMAN COULTER-USA

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Recommendations -preparation for blood sampling :

A meal the previous night is mandatory.

The last meal should be taken up to 11-12 hours before blood sampling.

The evening meal is preferred to include the least possible animal fats.

No meal should be taken in the morning. Coffee without sugar and water are free.

For urine collection:

A sample of the first urination is preferrable

Prior to urination, a topical wash with plenty of water is recommended, with no use of soap.

Results

Results are given within day.

Cost

Diabetes follow up panel is at special offer at 79 euro (original price 157 euro)