AWIPS images of the GOES-12 and MODIS fog/stratus product around 07:30 UTC or 3:30 AM local time Â (above) told two very different stories regarding the formation of river valley fog across parts of the Northeast US on 07 October 2008. In general, there was a surprising amount of disagreement between to two images: the 4-km resolution GOES-12 fog/stratus product suggested that fog was forming over places like the Finger Lakes region of New York and the Lake Champlain region along the Vermont/New York border, while the 1-km resolution MODIS fog/stratus product indicated significant areas of river valley fog across parts of northern Pennsylvania into southern New York.

A closer view (below) helps to illustrate the problem of fog/stratus product verification — there was a lack of reporting stations in the actual areas where river valley fog was forming.

AWIPS images of GOES and MODIS fog/stratus product

A 1-km resolution NOAA-15 AVHRR fog/stratus product (below) from a few hours later (11:10 UTC or 7:10 AM local time) indicated that the fingers of river valley fog across northern Pennsylvania and southern New York had increased in the hours leading up to sunrise.

NOAA-15 fog/stratus product

Post-sunrise GOES-12 and GOES-13 visible images (below) revealed the widespread coverage of river valley fog across the Pennsylvania/New York border region, which dissipated rather quickly by 15:00 UTC or 11 AM local time.

AWIPS images of geostationary satellite water vapor channel data (above) showed a long moisture plume moving across the Pacific Ocean toward the west coast of the US on 02-03 October 2008. A comparison of GOES-11 water vapor channel data with POES (AMSU) and SSM/I Total Precipitable Water (TPW) products (below) revealed that TPW values were as high as 50-60 mm (2.0-2.4 inches) within this moisture plume. The MIMIC TPW product suggested that this moisture plume originated over the western Pacific Ocean, southeast of Japan.

AWIPS images of POES TPW products and GOES water vapor channel

This moisture plume was associated with a strong polar jet stream, as seen by an overlay of hourly MADIS atmospheric motion vectors on GOES water vapor channel imagery (below).

GOES water vapor images + MADIS winds

The 18 UTC GFS model fields were forecasting maximum winds in the core of the jet to reach 170 knots (below) — there were a few MADIS wind vectors with speeds of 177-181 knots around that time (and a MADIS wind vector with a speed of 191 knots was seen at 21 UTC).

A patch of stratus cloud was easily identifiable on AWIPS images of the GOES-12 and MODIS fog/stratus product (above) across parts of eastern Saskatchewan and western Manitoba in central Canada on 02 October 2008. Note how much sharper the cloud edge appeared on the 1-km resolution MODIS image compared to the 4-km resolution GOES-12 image.

Other AWIPS satellite products such as the MODIS Cloud Top Temperature and Cloud Phase, and the GOES-12 Low Cloud Base (above) indicated that this particular stratus cloud feature would likely not have posed a hazard to aircraft icing, given that the cloud phase was water droplets which exhibited cloud top temperaturesÂ in the +3 to +6Âº C range. The lowest cloud bases appeared to be along the western portions of the stratus feature, which was confirmed by a ceiling report of 400 feet above ground level at Key Lake, Saskatchewan (station identifier CYKJ) versus 800 feet at The Pas, Manitoba (station identifier CYQD).

GOES-12 and GOES-13 visible images

The daytime dissipation of this area of stratus cloud could then be monitored using visible channel imagery from GOES-12 and GOES-13 (above). The stratus deck burned off over the Key Lake (CYKJ) area around 18:00 UTC (Noon local time). Note that the surface features on the GOES-13 animations exhibit less image-to-image movement compared to GOES-12 â€” improvements to the GOES-13 spacecraft Image Navigation and Registration (INR) systemÂ include the use of star trackers to provide more precise image navigation.

Lake Athabasca (which staddles the Alberta/Saskatchewan border region) was seen in the upper left portion of the GOES-12 imagery, due to the different viewing angle from that satellite — note the brighter white features along parts of the southern shore of the lake. The initial question of “Could those bright white features be ice that had formed in the lake?”Â was addressed by examining a 4-panel comparison of MODIS Visible, Snow/Ice, Land Surface Temperature, and Sea Surface Temperature (below); ice would have exhibited a darker signal on the 1.6 Âµm near-IR Snow/Ice image, but this feature was brighter white on both the Visible and the Snow/Ice images. In addition, the MODIS sea surface temperatures in the lake were in the mid 40s F (green colors), which argues against ice formation.

Hello: I sometimes look at the GOES-12 vis nightime images even though they are usually devoid of any light of course. The 03:15 image tonight, however, is showing a meteor-type streak with a comet-like head and tail. I wonder, though, if GOES can actually detect a rapid transient event such as a meteor – or is this some sort of internal reflection caused by another light source or process? Many thanks! Rob Jackson, Hampton, NH

Excellent question, Rob! A sequence of GOES-12 visible images every day at 03:15 UTC from 27 September through 02 October 2008 (above) revealed that an increasing amount of “stray light”Â was finding its way to the satellite’s instrument detectors just prior to the time when the GOES-12 satellite was entering the Fall “eclipse period” (when the satellite passes through the Earth’s shadow). During such Spring and Fall season eclipse periods, imagery from the satellite is interrupted, since the solar panels cannot generate the power needed to operate the various instrument packages.

An example of stray light affecting GOES-12 imagery during a Spring season eclipse period can be seen here.

Beginning with GOES-13, larger batteries on-board the satellite allow the instruments to operate through the eclipse periods (when the satellite is still in the Earth’s shadow). However, while imagery is available through the eclipse period, it is still vulnerable to small amounts of stray light which can affect the accuracy of any images or products. An animation of night-time GOES-13 visible imagery (below) shows the impact of stray light during the eclipse period (during that same time period, no imagery was available from GOES-12 between 03:32 UTC andÂ 06:45 UTC).