Wednesday, 10 April 2013

nb tolong baca paragraph 4

Exports

The Soviet and later Russian nuclear submarine program involved a
variety of industrial enterprises. It encompassed an expansive network
of research, design, and production centers, including the world's
largest shipbuilding complex, known today as the Russian State Center
for Atomic Shipbuilding (GRTsAS) in Severodvinsk, made up of two
shipyards: the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise (more commonly
referred to as Sevmash) and the Zvezdochka State Machine-Building
Enterprise. The Severodvinsk shipyards are involved in the design,
construction, testing, repair, and decommissioning of nuclear-powered
ships. Submarine Tables for Russia

Russia's Submarine Exports

Project 865 Piranya (NATO Name Losos)

Previously, construction of nuclear-powered submarines was also carried
out at the Amurskiy Zavod shipyard in Komsomolsk-na-Amure, in the
Russian Far East. However, although the Zvezda shipyard in Primorskiy
Kray continues to be used for submarine dismantlement, all nuclear
submarine modernization procedures are now carried out at the
Severodvinsk shipyards in the Russian Northwest.

To date,
neither Russia nor the Soviet Union before it has sold nuclear
submarines to foreign parties. However, technology transfer from the
Soviet Union assisted the Chinese in the construction of their first
nuclear boat in 1966, which copied but was not identical to Soviet
Project 629 (NATO name Golf) class submarines. In addition, from 1988 to
1991 the Soviet Union leased a Project 670 Skat (NATO name Charlie I)
class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine, the K-43 (renamed Chakra
while in Indian service), although the reactors were operated by a
Soviet crew and the vessel was returned to the Soviet Union.[1] Since
the late 1990s, there have been reports that Russia and India have been
discussing the possible lease of a Project 971 Shchuka B (NATO name
Akula II) submarine.[2] President Medvedev confirmed that the Kremlin
was considering the deal during his trip to India in December 2008. One
vessel rumored to be a likely candidate for the lease is the Akula-II
class K-152 Nerpa, which made headlines in November 2008 after it
suffered an onboard accident while undergoing sea trials in the Sea of
Japan. A further indication of Russian plans was the creation of a
training center in Sosnovyy Bor, where three teams of Indian naval
personnel are reportedly undergoing extensive training in the operation
of an Akula-II class submarine.

Sosnovyy Bor, in the Leningrad region,
is the location of the Russian Navy Training Center, which has working
nuclear submarine reactors; the new training center building is adjacent
to the Russian Navy training center, and likely has simulators, not
reactors, inside.[4] The Russian Navy's Shchuka B submarines are
equipped with 28 cruise missiles, each armed with nuclear or
conventional warheads with a striking range of 3,000 km. However, the
Indian version is expected to be armed with the 300-km Klub missiles
already installed on the Project 1135 (NATO name Krivak) class frigates
and Project 877 Varshavyanka (NATO name Kilo) class diesel submarines
Russia has built for India.

Russia, like the Soviet Union
before it, has a large diesel submarine production program and actively
exports these boats. The height of Soviet submarine exports came between
1960 and 1980, when some 90 diesel boats were exported around the
world. The most-exported submarine was the Project 613 (NATO name
Whiskey) class boat: 61 submarines of this class were exported to eight
countries. In the early 1970s, the Soviets also exported large numbers
of Project 633 (Romeo) class submarines, which became the mainstay of
the Chinese fleet. By the mid-1970s, the Soviet Union had begun
exporting Project 641 (Foxtrot) class submarines.

Finally, in the
mid-1980s, it started selling the Project 877 Varshavyanka (NATO name
Kilo) and its later variant Project 636 class submarines, which are the
mainstay of its current export program. Contracts for 37 Varshavyankas
have been concluded to date, including three to Iran in the early 1990s,
as well as boats sold to India, China, Poland, Romania and Algeria.
Additional countries that have recently purchased Project 636 Kilo-class
submarines include Indonesia, who ordered two in 2007 at a cost of $200
million each, and Vietnam, who ordered six of the vessels in December
2009 at a cost of $2 billion. [12, 35] There are also widespread reports
that Venezuela may purchase six Project 636 submarines in the near
future.

Russia has ambitious plans for the export of additional
diesel-electric submarines and Rosoboroneksport believes that it may be
able to sell up to 40 fourth-generation vessels to foreign customers by
2015. [39] Both the Project 636 Kilo-class and the export version of the
Project-677, the Amur-1650, are equipped with the Novator 3M-54 Klub-S
integrated missile system. The Amur-1650 has also been fitted with a new
anti-sonar coating for its hull, as well as advanced anti-ship and
anti-submarine weaponry.

China has emerged as a critical
importer of Russian-made naval equipment. In 1994 Beijing purchased four
diesel-electric Varshavyankas from Russia, including two improved
Project 636 models. It is believed that these four original vessels are
scheduled to be retrofit in Russian shipyards in the near future where
they will be installed with the Klub-S anti-ship missile system. [3]
Today, however, China's inventory of kilo-class submarines has risen to
twelve with the remaining eight being Project 636 or 636M variants armed
with Klub-S missiles. [3] The order for an additional eight submarines
was completed in 2002 and by 2007 all of the submarines had been
delivered.

Five of these submarines were built at the Admiralty Shipyard
in St. Petersburg with the remainder being constructed at the Sevmash
Shipyard in Severodvinsk and Krasnoye Sormovo in Nizhniy Novgorod. There
have also been suggestions that Russians have continued to have a role
in assisting China in its construction of nuclear-powered submarines.
Further, it is possible that Russia might decide to export nuclear
submarines to China in the future, although no such negotiations appear
to have begun.

In addition to China, India is a key export
market for Russian submarines. Besides the possible lease of a
nuclear-powered submarine (mentioned above), India has imported ten
Varshavyankas (known in India as the Sindhughosh-class), six of which
are equipped with the 3M-54 Klub-S missile system. [11] Furthermore,
Russia is reportedly part of a joint bid with Germany's HDW for a sale
of submarines and submarine construction technology to India. The
Russian participation likely focuses on the submarines' weapon systems
(Russia has been jointly developing the BrahMos missile with India.

The chief promoter of Russian submarine exports is the Rubin Central
Design Bureau for Marine Engineering in St. Petersburg, which designed
three generations of Russian nuclear- and diesel-powered submarines,
including all of Russia's diesel submarines for export. Rubin showcases
these vessels at international defense exhibitions. The boats are
constructed at the Admiralteyskiye Verfi (Admiralty Shipyards) in St.
Petersburg, the Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard in Nizhniy Novgorod, and
Amurskiy Shipyard. The Malakhit (or Malachite) Central
Marine-Engineering Design Bureau, in St. Petersburg, has also been a
major designer of submarines, submarine power plants (both nuclear and
diesel), and submarine-launched weaponry since its formation in 1948.
More recently, it has turned to the design and production of
mini-submarines, for military and civilian uses.