city, western Rio Grande do Sul estado (state), southern Brazil. It lies along the Uruguay River, across the bridge from the town of Paso de los Libres, Argentina. Founded in 1839 as Sant’ Ana do Uruguai, Uruguaiana was made a town and renamed in 1846; city status was accorded in 1874. Uruguaiana ...

city, western El Salvador. Santa Ana is situated in a basin between mountains at an elevation of 2,182 feet (665 metres). It is located on the Inter-American Highway, a section of the Pan-American Highway, at a point northwest of San Salvador and 10 miles (16 km) north-northeast of Santa Ana Volcano. Known as Santa Ana since 1708, it ranks among the country...

city, seat (1889) of Orange county, southern California, U.S. It lies at the base of the Santa Ana Mountains, on the Santa Ana River. It was explored by the Spaniard Gaspar de Portolá in 1769, and Juan Pablo Grijalva was subsequently (1801) given a land grant for the area, which he named Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana and developed for ...

The many days of sun and comparative lack of rain add to a sense of physical well-being. Blasts of Santa Ana winds, usually hot and dry, streak through the mountain passes in the fall and winter. Mystery writer Raymond Chandler wrote that during these “red winds,” “Meek little wives feel the edge of the carving knife and study their husbands’ necks.”...

, mountain peak in southwestern El Salvador. The highest peak in the country, it rises to 7,749 feet (2,362 metres). The volcano has been active since the 16th century and last erupted in 2005, its first eruption in more than 100 years. It has a small sulfurous lake in its crater. Lake Coatepeque, a popular recreation area, is at its eastern foot. The city of Santa Ana lies at t...

city, capital of Falcón state, northwestern Venezuela. It lies 200 miles (320 km) west-northwest of Caracas, at the southern end of the isthmus linking the Paraguaná Peninsula to the mainland. It is 105 feet (32 metres) above sea level. Coro and its Caribbean Sea port, La Vela, 7 miles (11 km) to the east-nor...

city, south-central Ecuador. It lies in an intermontane basin (cuenca) of the Andes Mountains at an elevation of 8,517 feet (2,596 metres) on the Matadero River, a tributary of the Paute River. The Spanish colonial city was founded in 1557 by the conquistador Gil Ramírez Davalos on the ruins of the former residence ...

two islets (Greater and Lesser Swan) in the Caribbean Sea, 97 miles (156 km) north of Honduras. Discovered by Christopher Columbus on St. Anne’s feast day in 1502, they were named Islas Santa Ana. The islands, only 3 square miles (8 square km) in area, served as a pirate haunt from the 16th through the 18th century. In 1775 they appeared on a map as the...

segment of the Coast Ranges (see Pacific mountain system), southern California, U.S. The range extends for about 25 miles (40 km) from the Santa Ana River southward along the Orange-Riverside county line. Lying south and east of the city of Santa Ana, the mountains rise to their highest point at Santiago Pea...

, mountain peak in southwestern El Salvador. The highest peak in the country, it rises to 7,749 feet (2,362 metres). The volcano has been active since the 16th century and last erupted in 2005, its first eruption in more than 100 years. It has a small sulfurous lake in its crater. Lake Coatepeque, a popular recreation area, is at its eastern foot. The city of Santa Ana lies at t...

city, seat (1875) of Tom Green county, west-central Texas, U.S. It lies about 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Abilene. Founded in 1869 near Fort Concho (now a museum) at the confluence of the North, South, and Middle Concho rivers, it was first known as Over-the-River but was renamed Santa Angela (later masculinized) for a sister-in-law of Bart J. DeWitt, one o...

deep channel separating the two parts of Willemstad, capital of Curaçao. The bay is a narrow waterway, about 1 mile (1.6 km) long and 300 to 1,000 feet (90 to 300 metres) wide. The south end opens into the Caribbean Sea, and the north end opens up into the Schottegat—a giant, deep lagoon that serves as a harbour and seaplane anchorage. Spanning S...

town, northwestern Honduras. It lies in the hot lowlands near the Ulúa River and west of Lake Yojoa. It was founded in 1761 by settlers from Gracias. Santa Bárbara is a commercial centre. The raising of livestock and the cultivation of sugarcane are the principal economic activities in the hinterland; palm hats, clothing, and furniture are made in the town. Ruins ...

city, seat (1850) of Santa Barbara county, southwestern California, U.S. It lies along the Pacific coast at the base of the Santa Ynez Mountains, facing the Santa Barbara Channel. It is situated 97 miles (156 km) northwest of Los Angeles. Because it is protected to the south by the Santa Barbara Islands and to the north by the mountains, Santa Barbara has a mi...

city, northeastern Dominican Republic, on the southern shore of the Samaná Peninsula. The city was founded in 1756 by Spaniards from the Canary Islands. In 1825 there was a notable influx of black immigrants from the United States. Samaná serves as a commercial and manufacturing centre for the hinterland, which yields timber, cacao, coconuts, ric...

...established by Philip IV (1605–65), operated at Pastrana near Madrid. It was not until Philip V (1683–1746) established the Real Fábrica de Tapices y Alfombras de Santa Barbara (Royal Factory of Tapestries and Rugs of St. Barbara) in 1720 at Madrid, however, that important tapestry was produced in Spain. Initially, the weavers and director were Flemings. The first tapestrie...

island chain extending some 150 miles (240 km) along, and about 12–70 miles (20–115 km) off, the Pacific coast of southern California. The islands form two groups. The Santa Barbara group, to the north, is separated from the mainland by the Santa Barbara Channel and includes San Miguel Island, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Anacapa, a ...

The little church of Santa Bibiana in Rome harbours three of the key works that ushered in the High Baroque, all executed in 1624–26: Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s facade and the marble figure of Santa Bibiana herself, over the altar, and Pietro da Cortona’s series of frescoes of Bibiana’s life, painted on the side wall of the nave. The rich exuberance of the compositions is a...

one of the Channel Islands, 22 miles (35 km) off the Pacific coast of California, U.S. The largest of the Santa Catalina group of the Channel Islands, it is 22 miles long and 8 miles (13 km) across at its greatest width and has an area of 74 square miles (192 square km). It rises to Mount Orizaba (2,130 feet [649 metres] above sea level) and...

southern coastal estado (state) of Brazil, bounded to the north by the state of Paraná, to the south by the state of Rio Grande do Sul, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Misiones province of Argentina. It is one of the smaller Brazilian states. The capital is Florianópolis, located on coastal Santa Catarina Island. The ...

city, central Nuevo León estado (state), northeastern Mexico. It lies 672 feet (205 metres) above sea level on the Santa Catarina River, about 3 miles (5 km) east of Monterrey, the state capital. Guadalupe is primarily an agricultural centre. Corn (maize) is the principal crop in the environs, but chick-peas are also important. Cattle and sheep are also raised in the vicinity. By......

...Glossopteris is particularly cited in this regard. The rock strata that contain this evidence are called the Karoo (Karroo) System in South Africa, the Gondwana System in India, and the Santa Catharina System in South America. It also occurs in the Maitland Group of eastern Australia as well as in the Whiteout conglomerate and Polarstar formations of Antarctica. Though the concept......

...within structures might also be illusionistically achieved or enhanced by skillful painting or by the manipulation of lighting through cleverly placed windows. A prime example is the Church of Santa Chiara at Bra (1742); it has a low vault pierced by windows through which one sees a second shell, painted with heavenly scenes and lit by windows not visible from the interior....

Overlooked from the west by Palazzo Pignatelli (where the painter Edgar Degas resided while in Naples) and with the 18th-century ornate Neapolitan obelisk Guglia dell’Immacolata at its centre, this square is dominated by the church of Gesù Nuovo, its gem-cut facade masking a sumptuous Baroque interior. Opposite rises the medieval complex of Santa Chiara, erected for the Franciscan or...

...city in northern California. Electronics, computers, and computer software made the region’s wealth, but much of that wealth was absorbed by real estate: by 2000 the median price of a home in Santa Clara county was more than twice the national median for major metropolitan areas....

city, Santa Clara county, west-central California, U.S. It lies along the Guadalupe River in the Santa Clara Valley, about 48 miles (77 km) southeast of San Francisco and immediately adjacent to San Jose on the southeast. The original settlement grew around the Mission Santa Clara de Asís, which was founded in 1777 and was the eighth ...

private coeducational institution of higher learning in Santa Clara, California, U.S., affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. It offers a variety of undergraduate programs as well as graduate and professional degrees in law, business, engineering, education, counseling psychology, and pastoral ministries. The College of Arts and Science...

private coeducational institution of higher learning in Santa Clara, California, U.S., affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. It offers a variety of undergraduate programs as well as graduate and professional degrees in law, business, engineering, education, counseling psychology, and pastoral ministries. The College of Arts and Science...

...east of Sacramento. In 1864 the coming of the railroad from San Francisco gave San Jose improved trade connections and enabled the produce of nearby farms to be readily shipped to San Francisco. The Santa Clara Valley thus soon developed into a region of orchards and fruit processing....

city, Los Angeles county, southern California, U.S. Situated along the Santa Clara River in the Santa Clarita valley between the San Gabriel and Santa Susana mountains, it lies 35 miles (55 km) northwest of central Los Angeles. It consists of several communities, including Canyon Country, Newhall, Saugus, and Valencia, that voted to incorpor...

town, Spencer county, southwestern Indiana, U.S. It lies 38 miles (61 km) east-northeast of Evansville. Laid out in 1846, it was jocularly called Santa Claus after the preferred name, Santa Fe, was found to be that of another Indiana community (and because it was the Christmas season). Its post office annually remails hundreds of thousands of pieces of Christmas mail with the Santa Claus postmark....

one of the most popular minor saints commemorated in the Eastern and Western churches and now traditionally associated with the festival of Christmas. In many countries children receive gifts on December 6, Saint Nicholas Day....

legendary figure who is the traditional patron of Christmas in the United States and other countries, bringing gifts to children. His popular image is based on traditions associated with Saint Nicholas, a 4th-century Christian saint. Father Christmas fills the role in many European countries....

...building, round, polygonal, or cruciform in design, gathered considerable momentum in the West as well as in the East in the course of the 4th and 5th centuries. The deconsecrated church of Santa Costanza in Rome, built between 337 and 350 for members of the imperial family, was a rotunda with an ambulatory or circular walkway separated from the central area by columns; the mausoleum of......

church of the Franciscans in Florence, one of the finest examples of Italian Gothic architecture. It was begun in 1294, possibly designed by Arnolfo di Cambio, and was finished in 1442, with the exception of the 19th-century Gothic Revival facade and campanile. On many of the interior walls are masterpieces of Tuscan Gothic or proto-Renaissance painting: the Bardi and Peruzzi ch...

The Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (Holy Cross in Jerusalem) minor basilica was built into the palace in which St. Helena lived (317–322). About this time a hall of the palace was converted into a church, and two adjoining small rooms were converted into chapels. The rest of the palace continued to be lived in for centuries. Alleged relics of the True Cross, reputedly the wood of the cross on.....

provincia (province), southern Argentina. It lies within the region of Patagonia and extends westward from the Atlantic Ocean to the cordilleras of the southern Andes Mountains on the frontier with Chile. It is sparsely inhabited. Río Gallegos, in the far sout...

Frisch’s play Santa Cruz (1947) established the central theme found throughout his subsequent works: the predicament of the complicated, skeptical individual in modern society. One of Frisch’s earliest dramas is the morality play Nun singen sie wieder (1946; Now They Sing Again), in which Surrealistic tableaux reveal the effects caused by hostages being assassina...

largest island of the U.S. Virgin Islands, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It lies some 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Puerto Rico and 40 miles (65 km) south of St. Thomas. In the west some hills run parallel to the coast, culminating in Mount Eagle (1,088 feet [332 metres]) and Blue Mountain (1,096 feet [334 metres]). It is...

...rope and cordage, soap, and other goods. Factories generally are small and are located mostly in the congested districts of Tondo (which also has the railroad and truck terminals), Binondo, and Santa Cruz. Heavy industries are located in the districts of Paco, Pandacan, and Santa Ana....

city, seat (1850) of Santa Cruz county, west-central California, U.S. It lies on the north shore of Monterey Bay, at the foot of the Santa Cruz Mountains, and is about 80 miles (130 km) south of San Francisco. The area was first explored by the Spaniard Gaspar de Portolá (1769), who named the hills above the river running through the ...

the foremost Spanish naval commander of his day. He was prominent in many successful naval engagements in a century that saw Spain rise to the zenith of its power and was the first proponent and planner of the Spanish Armada, the fleet that was to attempt the invasion of England shortly after his death....

...independence of neighbouring Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay, which continued to pursue their destinies as independent states rather than as parts of a Buenos Aires-controlled federation. General Andrés de Santa Cruz, who had established a confederation of Peru and Bolivia, supported opponents of Rosas in Argentina. Rosas in turn aided the influential governor of the northern province......

...ravine on a hill. The newer city, called La Ville Nouvelle and built by the French after 1831, occupies the terraces on the east bank of the ravine. La Blanca is crowned by the Turkish citadel of Santa Cruz, which was subsequently modified by the Spanish and the French. The Spanish quarter, with its narrow streets, contains the former Cathedral of Saint-Louis (rebuilt by the French in 1838),......

city, southwestern Dominican Republic. It lies along Neiba Bay, off the Caribbean Sea, at the northeastern foot of the Baoruco Mountains. The gateway to the Dominican Republic’s lake district, Barahona is an important port and fishing centre. Sugarcane is grown in the surrounding alluvial lowlands and coffee in the mountains. The city’s industria...

provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of the Canary Islands, Spain. It consists of the western members of the Canary Islands, specifically Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, and Ferro...

port city, capital of the island of Tenerife and of Santa Cruz de Tenerife provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of the Canary Islands, Spain. The city occupies a small plain between two usually waterless...

town, northwestern Guatemala. It lies in the southwestern Chuacús Mountains at an elevation of 6,631 feet (2,021 metres) above sea level. It was founded in 1539. The University of San Carlos of Guatemala and the Academy of Mayan Languages both have campuses in Santa Cruz del Quiché. The town also functions as a market centre for the Indian villages in the vicinity....

city, eastern Dominican Republic, on the Soco River. Founded in 1502, the city serves as a trading centre for the agricultural hinterland. The region yields cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and corn (maize), in addition to beeswax and medicinal plants. Cattle are also raised. The city lies on the main highway linking Santo Domingo with Higüey...

In Argentina the Santa Cruz Formation of Middle Miocene time provides an excellent record of the unusual Miocene fauna of South America. Marsupial carnivores, aberrant endentates (mammals resembling anteaters, armadillos, and sloths), litopterns (hoofed mammals similar to horses and camels), and toxodonts (mammals with long, curved incisors) are among the odd groups represented. These forms......

volcanic group of islands in the country of Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 345 miles (555 km) east of Guadalcanal. The main islands are Nendö (also called Ndeni Island or Santa Cruz Island), Utupua, Vanikolo, and Tinakula. Nendö is 25 miles (40 km) long and 14 miles (22 km) wide, with heavily wooded slopes rising to 1,800 feet (550 metres). The Spanish navigator......

second largest of the Galapagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. It is roughly circular in shape, has a central volcanic crater that rises to 2,300 feet (700 metres), and covers an area of 389 square miles (1,007 square km). Puerto Ayora, on the southern coast, originally a colony of Scandinavians and Ger...

volcanic group of islands in the country of Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 345 miles (555 km) east of Guadalcanal. The main islands are Nendö (also called Ndeni Island or Santa Cruz Island), Utupua, Vanikolo, and Tinakula. Nendö is 25 miles (40 km) long and 14 miles (22 km) wide, with heavily wooded slopes rising to 1,800 feet (550 metres). The Spanis...

...of the Japanese capital. Consistent successes led to his appointment in October 1942 as commander of the South Pacific force and area. During the next two months, he played a vital role in the Battle of Santa Cruz Islands and the naval Battle of Guadalcanal (November 12–15) and was promoted to admiral. From 1942 to mid-1944 Halsey directed the U.S. campaign in the Solomon Islands....

Baroque painting never fully replaced Mannerism in 17th-century Cuzco. Among those artists who did engage the Baroque style was the late 17th-century indigenous painter Basilio de Santa Cruz Pumacallao. The Virgin of Belén, for example, reveals Santa Cruz’s use of dynamic composition and rich colouring....

...through the arid land. The Colorado and Negro rivers, the largest in the south-central part of the country, produce major floods after seasonal snow and ice melt in the Andes. Farther south the Santa Cruz River flows eastward out of the glacial Lake Argentino in the Andean foothills before reaching the Atlantic....

The ENCODE Production Centers were supported by a Data Coordination Center (DCC), located at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The DCC served as the project’s main data repository, provided study participants with a common portal through which they could submit their data, captured metadata associated with experiments and data sets, and developed data-standardization-and-verificatio...

...South American genus Victoria, comprising two species of giant water lilies. The leaf margins of both the Amazon, or royal, water lily (V. amazonica, formerly V. regia) and the Santa Cruz water lily (V. cruziana) have upturned edges, giving each thickly veined leaf the appearance of a large, shallow pan 60 to 180 cm (about 2 to 6 feet) across and accounting for its.....

...American novel. In these early novels, one encounters at every turn the Neoclassical conviction that society would be reformed by a combination of informed individual choice and state regulation. Francisco Javier Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo, son of a Quechua father and a Spanish mother, penned satirical novels, treatises on medical and religious matters, and legal papers. His novel......

peninsula in western Ecuador that is the northernmost extension of the west-coast desert of South America. It is bounded by the Gulf of Guayaquil on the south and by Santa Elena Bay on the north. It is an arid region, but it has Ecuador’s important oil field at Ancón, as well as refineries, salt mines, and a fertilizer plant. The oil deposits, however, are not far from depletion. Th...

city, A Coruña provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. The city lies on the Arousa Inlet across the inlet from Vilagarcia de Arousa, in the coastal zone. Remains of Roman fortifications ...

city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. It is a southwestern industrial suburb of Barcelona city and extends from the Marina Mountains to the coastal delta of the Llobregat Ri...

Martínez is best known as the author of two classics of Argentine and Latin American literature: La novela de Perón (1985) and Santa Evita (1995); the latter was translated into 30 languages and sold more than 10 million copies. In 2002 Martínez was awarded the prestigious Alfaguara Prize for his novel El vuelo de la reina. His other......

county, a scenic area of northern New Mexico, U.S. The northeastern portion is in the Sangre de Cristo range of the Southern Rocky Mountains, featuring Santa Fe Baldy and Lake Peak, both more than 12,000 feet (3,650 metres) in elevation. At the mountains’ southern end is Glorieta Mesa, an area of hilly, grassy plains in the Basin and Range Province, with a landscape marke...

provincia (province) of lowland plains, northeastern Argentina. It is bounded to the east by the Paraná River. Much of the province lies within the northern reaches of the Pampa, but in the subtropical northeast it has marshes, tall savannas, and clusters of w...

capital of New Mexico, U.S., and seat (1852) of Santa Fe county, in the north-central part of the state, on the Santa Fe River. It lies in the northern Rio Grande valley at 6,996 feet (2,132 metres) above sea level, at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. A dry, invigorating climate makes it a popular summer resort, while mountain skiing attracts winter...

county, a scenic area of northern New Mexico, U.S. The northeastern portion is in the Sangre de Cristo range of the Southern Rocky Mountains, featuring Santa Fe Baldy and Lake Peak, both more than 12,000 feet (3,650 metres) in elevation. At the mountains’ southern end is Glorieta Mesa, an area of hilly, grassy plains in the Basin and Range Province, with a landscape marked by colourful hill...

case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 19, 2000, ruled (6–3) that a Texas school board policy that allowed “student-led, student-initiated prayer” before varsity high-school football games was a violation of the First Amendment’s establishment clause, which generally prohibits the government from establishin...

In 1984 Gell-Mann cofounded the Santa Fe Institute, a nonprofit centre located in Santa Fe, N.M., that supports research concerning complex adaptive systems and emergent phenomena associated with complexity. In “Let’s Call It Plectics,” a 1995 article in the institute’s journal, Complexity, he coined the word plectics to describe the type of research suppo...

one of the Galápagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 600 mi (965 km) west of Ecuador. Situated halfway between San Cristóbal and Santa Cruz islands, it is south of the vortex of the archipelago, is dotted with small volcanic cones, and has an area of 7 12 sq mi (19 sq km). The island was originally named for Sir Samuel Barrington, a 19t...

former railway that was one of the largest in the United States. Chartered in Kansas as the Atchison and Topeka Railroad Company in 1859, it later exercised great influence on the settlement of the southwestern United States. It was renamed the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in 1863 and acquired its modern name in 1895. Its founder was Cyrus K. Holliday, a Topeka lawyer ...

in U.S. history, famed wagon trail from Independence, Mo., to Santa Fe, N.M., an important commercial route (1821–80). Opened by William Becknell, a trader, the trail was used by merchant wagon caravans travelling in parallel columns, which, when Indians attacked, as they did frequently between 1864 and 1869, could quickly form a circular line of defense. From the Missouri River the trail f...

...Francis Drake, Flora Robson’s canny Elizabeth I, the villainy of Rains and Henry Daniell, and Korngold’s outstanding score. Curtiz’s final effort of 1940, the misleadingly titled Santa Fe Trail, was a fanciful retelling of the story of abolitionist John Brown (Raymond Massey), with Flynn and Ronald Reagan along for the ride as Jeb Stuart and George ...

...Parthenopean Republic was the work of bands of peasants organized by Fabrizio Cardinal Ruffo, a faithful adherent of the king. Ruffo’s bands quickly disposed of the weak democratic militia. Their Armata della Santa Fede (“Army of the Holy Faith”) was the most important peasant uprising in the history of modern Italy. Invoking God and king, they devastated the castles of the...

breed of beef cattle developed in the 20th century by the King Ranch in Texas. It originally resulted from crossing Brahman bulls of about seven-eighths pure breeding and purebred Shorthorn cows. Over a period of years beginning with first crosses in 1910, selective breeding was practiced in which preference was given to red colour without sacrificing type and...

...to work without pay on the lord’s demesne, an area whose produce went entirely to the lord. These estates, mostly royal or ecclesiastical, could be huge, as were, for example, those of Bobbio and Santa Giulia at Brescia, whose estate records survive. They produced a sizable agricultural surplus, which the estates’ owners often sold in the cities (Santa Giulia, at least, had its ow...

...Further, ruling authority was concentrated in the annual general chapter or legislative meeting. This radical reform spread within a century to all the Benedictines of Italy and became known as the Cassinese Congregation. There were similar reforms throughout Europe. These reforms were confronted by the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Within a few years......

capital of Equatorial Guinea. It lies on the northern edge of the island of Bioko (or Fernando Po) on the rim of a sunken volcano. With an average temperature of 77 °F (25 °C) and an annual rainfall of 75 inches (1,900 mm), it has one of the more onerous climates in the Bight of Biafra (Gulf of Guinea). Malabo is the republic’s commercial and financial centre. Its harbour, pro...

island, central Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Guadalcanal. About 130 miles (209 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) across at its widest point, it has a mountainous backbone with Mount Marescot (4,000 feet [1,219 metres]) as its highest peak. A narrow passage divides Santa Isabel from a group of islets (Barora Fa, Barora Ite, and Ghaghe) at...

...in 1979. Volcanic in origin, it is parallelogram-shaped with a north–south axis, embracing 779 square miles (2,017 square km), and rises sharply from the sea with its highest point being Santa Isabel Peak (9,869 feet [3,008 m]). Malabo, the republic’s capital and chief port, stands near a crater breached by the sea....

...period, various dialects began to develop into separate languages. The outlying languages—which today survive as Moghol in Afghanistan; Daur in the east; and Monguor (Tu), Bao’an (Bonan), and Santa (Dongxiang) in the south—were isolated from the main body of Mongolian languages when the tide of Mongol conquest receded. These languages diverged from the main group of Mongoli...

...by the Picunche Indians, who were placed under the rule of the Spanish settlers. The original city site was limited by the two surrounding arms of the Mapocho River and by Huelén (renamed Santa Lucía) Hill to the east, which served as a lookout....

segment of the Coast Ranges (see Pacific mountain system), west-central California, U.S. The rugged range extends southeastward for about 140 miles (225 km) from Carmel Bay to the Cuyama River in Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties. Lowest in the south, the range rises to 5,862 feet (1,787 metres) at Junip...

city, northwestern Rio Grande do Norte estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies on the Apodi River, about 30 miles (50 km) from its mouth on the Atlantic coast, at 66 feet (20 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Santa Luzia de Mossoró, it was given city status in 1870 and is now the state’s second ...

island of Cape Verde, situated in the Atlantic Ocean about 400 miles (640 km) off the West African coast between the islands of São Nicolau and São Vicente. It has an area of 14 square miles (35 square km) and rises to an altitude of 1,296 feet (395 metres). The island is largely uninhabited....