For centuries, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various "Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, the Lithuanian lands were united by "Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania, and the first unified Lithuanian state, the "Kingdom of Lithuania, was created on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the "Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe; present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were the territories of the Grand Duchy. With the "Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries "systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the "Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.

The first known record of the name of Lithuania ("Lithuanian: Lietuva) is in a 9 March 1009 story of "Saint Bruno recorded in the "Quedlinburg Chronicle ("Latin: Annales Quedlinburgenses).[12] The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva: Litua[13] (pronounced [litua]). Due to the lack of reliable evidence, true meaning of the name is unknown. Nowadays, scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few persuasive versions.

There have been several attempts to associate Lietuva with "Celtic "toponyms, and with Latin or "Italian words, but these attempts all lack strong linguistic support. According to a widespread popular belief, the word Lietuva (Lithuania) originated from the Lithuanian words lyti (to rain) and lietus (rain).[14][15] However, there is no serious scientific support for this theory. Since the word Lietuva has a suffix (-uva), the original word should have no suffix. A likely candidate is Lietā. Because many "Baltic "ethnonyms originated from "hydronyms, linguists have searched for its origin among local hydronyms. Usually such names evolved through the following process: hydronym → toponym → "ethnonym.[16]

A small river not far from "Kernavė, the core area of the "early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the would-be "Grand Duchy of Lithuania, is usually credited as the source of the name. This river's original name is "Lietava.[16] As time passed, the suffix -ava could have changed into -uva, as the two are from the same suffix branch. The river flows in the lowlands and easily spills over its banks, therefore the traditional Lithuanian form liet- could be directly translated as lietis (to spill), of the root derived from the Proto-Indo-European *leyǝ-.[17] It is believed that "Rimgaudas (father of "Mindaugas) ruled the area of Kernavė.[18] However, the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation. On the other hand, such a fact is not unprecedented in world history.[19]

While the word's etymology continues to be debated, scientists agree that the primary origins of the ethnonym were the Lithuanian forms *Lētuvā/Lietuva, which were then used by different languages, including Slavic. It is very unlikely for the name to have derived from a Slavic language, since the Slavic -i- (и) could never be transliterated into the Lithuanian diphthong -ie-.[19]

Among other etymologies of the name of Lithuania there is Artūras Dubonis' hypothesis,[20] that Lietuva relates to the word *"leičiai (plural of leitis, a social group in the early Grand Duchy of Lithuania). From the middle of the 13th century, "leičiai were a distinct social group of the "Lithuanian society subordinate to the "Lithuanian ruler or the state itself. They were living in the "Vilnius and "Trakai Voivodeships "manors. Possibly, already in the 14th century part of them became "bajorai. Another meaning of leičiai is used in the 14th – 16th centuries historical sources as a Lithuanians "ethnonym. It is believed that occasionally all Lithuanians were called using it (except for "Samogitians). Term leiši (plural of leitis), as a "synonym to the Lithuanians ethnonym (beside the newer lietuvietis), to this day maintained "Latvians who are speaking with a very closely related "Latvian language.[21][22]

The first people settled in the territory of Lithuania after the "last glacial period in the 10th millennium BC: "Kunda, "Neman and "Narva cultures. They were traveling hunters and did not form stable settlements. In the 8th millennium BC, the climate became much warmer, and forests developed. The inhabitants of what is now Lithuania then traveled less and engaged in local hunting, gathering and fresh-water fishing. Agriculture did not emerge until the 3rd millennium BC due to a harsh climate and terrain and a lack of suitable tools to cultivate the land. Crafts and trade also started to form at this time. Over a millennium, the "Indo-Europeans, who arrived in the 3rd – 2nd millennium BC, mixed with the local population and formed various "Baltic tribes.[23]

From the 9th to the 11th centuries, coastal Balts were subjected to raids by the "Vikings, and the kings of "Denmark collected tribute at times. During the 10–11th centuries, Lithuanian territories were among the lands paying tribute to "Kievan Rus', and "Yaroslav the Wise was among the "Ruthenian rulers who invaded Lithuania (from 1040). From the mid-12th century, it was the Lithuanians who were invading Ruthenian territories. In 1183, "Polotsk and "Pskov were ravaged, and even the distant and powerful "Novgorod Republic was repeatedly threatened by the excursions from the emerging Lithuanian war machine toward the end of the 12th century.[27]

From the late 12th century, an organized Lithuanian military force existed; it was used for external raids, plundering and the gathering of slaves. Such military and pecuniary activities fostered social differentiation and triggered a struggle for power in Lithuania. This initiated the formation of early statehood, from which the "Grand Duchy of Lithuania developed.[28]

According to the legend, Grand Duke "Gediminas was hunting near the "Vilnia River, tired after the successful hunt, he settled in for the night and dreamed of a huge "Iron Wolf standing on top a hill and howling as strong and loud as a hundred wolves. Krivis (pagan priest) Lizdeika interpreted the dream that the Iron Wolf represents "Vilnius Castles. Gediminas, obeying the will of gods, built the city, and gave it the name "Vilnius – from the stream of the Vilnia River.[35]

In 1362 or 1363, Grand Duke "Algirdas marched between lower "Dnieper and "Southern Bug.[36] First, Algirdas captured remaining territories of the "Principality of Chernigov – the bulk of the territory, including the capital in "Bryansk, fell under Lithuanian control around 1357–1358. The Lithuanians then attacked Korshev (Коршов), an unidentified fortress located in the upper reaches of the "Bystraya Sosna River, tributary of the "Don River.[37] It is believed that Algirdas further conquered territories of the former "Principality of Pereslavl. The area belonged to Crimean ulus which was engaged in a campaign against "New Sarai and could not organize effective resistance. Three Tatar "beys of Podolia gathered an army to resist the invasion.[37] Lithuanians smashed the "Golden Horde forces during the "Battle of Blue Waters and stopped its further expansion in the present-day "Ukraine. The victory brought the city of "Kiev and a large part of present-day Ukraine, including sparsely populated "Podolia and "Dykra, under the control of the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The duchy also gained access to the "Black Sea. Algirdas left "his son Vladimir in Kiev.[36] After taking Kiev, Lithuania became a direct neighbor and rival of the "Grand Duchy of Moscow.[38]

By the end of the 14th century, Lithuania was one of the largest countries in Europe and included present-day "Belarus, "Ukraine, and parts of "Poland and "Russia.[39] The geopolitical situation between the west and the east determined the multicultural and multi-confessional character of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The ruling elite practised religious tolerance and "Chancery Slavonic language was used as an auxiliary language to the "Latin for official documents.

In 1385, the Grand Duke "Jogaila accepted Poland's offer to become its king. "Jogaila embarked on gradual "Christianization of Lithuania and established a "personal union between Poland and Lithuania. It implied that Lithuania, the fiercely independent land, was one of the last "pagan areas of Europe to adopt Christianity.

After two civil wars, "Vytautas the Great became the Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1392. During his reign, Lithuania reached the peak of its territorial expansion, centralization of the state began, and the "Lithuanian nobility became increasingly prominent in state politics. In the great "Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399, the combined forces of "Tokhtamysh and Vytautas were defeated by the "Mongols. Thanks to close cooperation, the armies of Lithuania and Poland achieved a great victory over the Teutonic Knights in 1410 at the "Battle of Grunwald, one of the largest battles of medieval Europe.[40][41][42]

After the deaths of Jogaila and Vytautas, the Lithuanian nobility attempted to break the union between "Poland and Lithuania, independently selecting Grand Dukes from the "Jagiellon dynasty. But, at the end of the 15th century, Lithuania was forced to seek a closer alliance with Poland when the growing power of the "Grand Duchy of Moscow threatened Lithuania's Russian principalities and sparked the "Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars and the "Livonian War.

On 8 September 1514, "Battle of Orsha between Lithuanians, commanded by the "Grand Hetman "Konstanty Ostrogski, and Muscovites was fought. According to "Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii by "Sigismund von Herberstein, the primary source for information on the battle, the much smaller army of Poland–Lithuania (under 30,000 men) defeated a force of 80,000 Muscovite soldiers, capturing their camp and commander.[44] The battle destroyed a military alliance against Lithuania and Poland. Thousands of Muscovites were captured as prisoners and used as laborers in the "Lithuanian manors, while Konstanty Ostrogski delivered the captured Muscovite flags to the Cathedral of Vilnius.[45]

The "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was created in 1569. As a member of the Commonwealth, Lithuania retained its institutions, including a separate army, currency, and statutory laws.[47] Eventually "Polonization affected all aspects of Lithuanian life: politics, language, culture, and national identity. From the mid-16th to the mid-17th centuries, culture, arts, and education flourished, fueled by the "Renaissance and the "Protestant Reformation. From 1573, the Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania were "elected by the nobility, who were granted ever increasing "Golden Liberties. These liberties, especially the "liberum veto, led to anarchy and the eventual dissolution of the state.

The "Constitution of 3 May 1791 was adopted by the "Great Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth trying to save the state. The legislation was designed to redress the Commonwealth's political defects due to the system of Golden Liberties, also known as the "Nobles' Democracy," had conferred disproportionate rights on the nobility (szlachta) and over time had corrupted politics. The constitution sought to supplant the prevailing anarchy fostered by some of the country's "magnates with a more democratic "constitutional monarchy. It introduced elements of political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasants under the protection of the government, thus mitigating the worst abuses of "serfdom. It banned parliamentary institutions such as the liberum veto, which had put the Sejm at the mercy of any deputy who could revoke all the legislation that had been passed by that Sejm. It was drafted in relation to a copy of the "U.S. Constitution.[48][49][50] Others have called it the world's second-oldest codified national governmental constitution after the 1787 "U.S. Constitution. The 1787 U.S. Constitution was actually the first governmental constitution, introducing the clear division of the executive, legislative and judiciary powers, accordingly with "the legal and philosophical values influential in the "Enlightenment.[51]

The largest area of Lithuanian territory became part of the Russian Empire. After unsuccessful "uprisings in 1831 and "1863, the Tsarist authorities implemented a number of "Russification policies. They "banned the Lithuanian press, closed cultural and educational institutions, and made Lithuania part of a new administrative region called "Northwestern Krai. The Russification failed owing to an extensive network of "book smugglers and secret Lithuanian home schooling.

After the "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), when German diplomats assigned what were seen as Russian spoils of war to Turkey, the relationship between Russia and the "German Empire became complicated. The Russian Empire resumed the construction of fortresses at its western borders for defence against a potential invasion from Germany in the West. On 7 July 1879 the "Russian Emperor Alexander II approved of a proposal from the Russian military leadership to build the largest "first-class" defensive structure in the entire state – the 65 km2 (25 sq mi) "Kaunas Fortress.[53] Large numbers of Lithuanians went to the United States in 1867–1868 after a "famine.[54] A "Lithuanian National Revival laid the foundations of the modern Lithuanian nation and independent Lithuania.

"World War I rapidly reached the territory of Lithuania. Germany’s push to the east drove the forces of the "Russian Empire to retreat. By the end of 1915, Germany occupied the entire territory of Lithuania and "Courland.[55] A new administrative entity, "Ober Ost (short for Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten, which is German for "Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East"), was established. Lithuanians lost all political rights they had gained: personal freedom was restricted, and at the beginning the Lithuanian press was banned.[56]

However, the Lithuanian intelligentsia tried to take advantage of the existing geopolitical situation and began to look for opportunities to restore Lithuania’s independence. On 18–22 September 1917, the "Vilnius Conference elected the "Council of Lithuania. At the conference, it was decided to re-establish the state of Lithuania with its ethnographic borders and the capital of "Vilnius. "Antanas Smetona was elected the chairman of the Council ("Jonas Basanavičius became the chairman only on 16 February 1918). Following the geopolitical situation, on 11 December 1917, the Council of Lithuania adopted a resolution announcing the restoration of an independent state of Lithuania with the capital in Vilnius and severing all ties that had ever been established with other countries and calling for the eternal union with Germany. The latter statement was rejected by some of the members of the Council, forcing "Mykolas Biržiška, "Steponas Kairys, "Stanislovas Narutavičius and "Petras Vileišis to leave the organization.[57]

As "Germany was losing the war, a decision had been made to abandon this union. A resolution adopted on "16 February 1918, was recognized as the Act of Independence of Lithuania. It restored an independent state of Lithuania governed by democratic principles, with "Vilnius as its capital. The Act also stated that Lithuania’s relations with other countries will be established by the democratically elected "Constituent Assembly of Lithuania. The state of Lithuania which had been built within the framework of the Act lasted from 1918 until 1940.[58]

In July 1918, resisting the plans of those who welcomed the annexation by Germany the "Council of Lithuania elected Prince Wilhelm of Urach, Count of "Württemberg, as King of Lithuania, with a regnal name of "Mindaugas II. However, following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, the idea of the monarchy was abandoned, leaving the question about the ruling system to the constituent assembly.[59]

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Lithuanian newspaper with the title "Hey, world! We do not let it down without Vilnius!", 1926

On 11 November 1918, the first Provisional "Constitution of Lithuania was written. At the same time, the army, the government, and other state institutions began to be organized. In 1919 the office of the presidency was introduced. "Antanas Smetona was elected the president of the state.[60]

As the "Bolsheviks were pushing for Vilnius, the government was moved to "Kaunas, which had become a provisional capital. According to the Lithuanian Constitution of 1928 and 1938, the capital of the country was Vilnius. Trying to establish the statehood and draw state borders, Lithuania had to fight not only with the Bolsheviks, but also with the West Russian Volunteer Army or "Bermontians and the Poles.[61][62]

Żeligowski proclaimed the Independence of the "Republic of Central Lithuania on 12 October 1920 with Wilno as its capital. On 8 January 1922, Żeligowski organized "elections to the Vilnius Sejm and passed his powers.[67] The elections were not recognized by the "League of Nations, Lithuania and boycotted by Lithuanians, most of the "Jews and some "Belarusians. Poles were the only major ethnic group out of which the majority of people voted.[68] On 24 March 1922, the newly elected parliament decided to submit the area to Poland.[67]

On 15 May 1920, the first meeting of the democratically elected "constituent assembly took place. The documents it adopted, i. e. the temporary (1920) and permanent (1922) constitutions of Lithuania, strove to regulate the life of the new state. Land, finance, and educational reforms started to be implemented. The currency of Lithuania, the "Lithuanian litas,[69] was introduced. The "University of Lithuania was opened.[70] All major public institutions had been established. As Lithuania began to gain stability, foreign countries started to recognize it. In 1921 Lithuania was admitted to the "League of Nations.[71]

On 17 December 1926, a military "coup d’état took place resulting in the replacement of the democratically elected government with a conservative authoritarian government led by Antanas Smetona. "Augustinas Voldemaras was appointed to form a government. The so-called authoritarian phase had begun strengthening the influence of one party, the "Lithuanian Nationalist Union, in the country. In 1927, the Seimas was released.[74] A new constitution adopted in 1928, which consolidated presidential powers. Gradually the opposition parties were banned, the censorship was tightened, and the rights of national minorities were narrowed.[75][76]

The situation was aggravated by the global economic crisis.[79] The purchase price of agricultural products had declined significantly. In 1935, farmers began strikes in "Suvalkija and "Dzūkija. In addition to economic ones, political demands were made. The government cruelly suppressed the unrest. In the spring of 1936, four peasants were sentenced to death for starting the riots.[80]

Initially prior the "World War II, Lithuania declared "neutrality and its "Seimas passed the neutrality laws.[81] Though, on the eve of "World War II, as the geopolitical situation in the region started to change, Lithuania was forced to accept the ultimatums of the neighboring countries.[82] On 17 March 1938, Poland delivered an ultimatum calling for diplomatic relations. Although practically it meant Poland’s “refusal” of "Vilnius, Lithuania had also sought to restore relations with its neighbor, and accepted the ultimatum. On 20 March 1939, Lithuania was handed an ultimatum by "Nazi Germany. A request was made to transfer the "Klaipėda Region to Nazi Germany. Two days later, without seeing the way out, the Lithuanian government signed the agreement.[83]

Another large neighbor — the "Soviet Union also began preparing for the occupation of the Lithuania's territory.[84] On 7 October 1939 the Lithuanian delegation departed to "Moscow where they later had to sign the "Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty due to the unfavorable situation. The treaty resulted in five Soviet military bases with 20,000 troops established across Lithuania in exchange for the Lithuania's historical capital Vilnius. According to the Lithuanian Minister of National Defence "Kazys Musteikis, Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs "Juozas Urbšys initially told that Lithuanians refuses "Vilnius Region as well as the Russian garrisons, however then nervous "Joseph Stalin replied that "No matter if you take Vilnius or not, the Russian garrisons will enter Lithuania anyway".[85] He also informed Juozas Urbšys about the "Soviet–German secret protocols and showed maps of the spheres of influence.[86] Two of the military bases with thousands of Soviet soldiers were established close to "Kaunas in "Prienai and "Gaižiūnai.[87] Despite regaining the beloved historical capital, the Presidency and the Government remained in Kaunas.[88]

The next step made by the USSR was accusations of the abduction of the "Red Army soldiers in Lithuania. Although the Lithuanian government denied such allegations, the tensions became heightened on both sides.[89] On 14 June 1940, the USSR issued an "ultimatum to Lithuania, demanding to replace the government and allow Red Army's units to enter the territory of Lithuania without any prior agreements, which would mean the occupation of the country.[90] On 14 June 1940 just before midnight, the last meeting of the Lithuanian Government was held in the "Presidential Palace, in Kaunas. During it, the Soviet's ultimatum was debated.[91] President "Antanas Smetona categorically declined to accept most of the ultimatum demands, argued for military resistance and was supported by "Kazys Musteikis, Konstantinas Šakenis (lt), Kazimieras Jokantas (lt), however the Commander of the Armed Forces "Vincas Vitkauskas, Divisional general "Stasys Raštikis, "Kazys Bizauskas, "Antanas Merkys and most of the Lithuanian Government members decided that it would be impossible, especially due to the previously stationed Soviet soldiers, and accepted the ultimatum.[92] On that night, the Soviet forces executed Lithuanian border guard Aleksandras Barauskas (lt) near the "Belarus border.[93] In the morning, the Lithuanian Government resigned while the president left the country to avoid the fate of the Soviet's puppet and hoping to form the "Government in exile.[94] Soon the Red Army flooded Lithuania through the "Belarus–Lithuania border with more than 200,000 soldiers and took control of the most important cities, including Kaunas where the heads of state resided. The Lithuanian Armed Forces were ordered not to resist and the Lithuanian Air Force remained on the ground.[95][96] At the time, the Lithuanian Armed Forces had 26,084 soldiers (of which 1,728 officers) and 2,031 civil servants.[97] While the "Lithuanian Riflemen's Union, subordinate to the army commander, had over 62,000 members of which about 70% were farmers and agricultural workers.[98]

In Lithuania, World War II began on 15 June 1940, when the USSR occupied the territory of the country. "Sovietization was started right away. New power banned opposition, its press, and organizations and also restricted ties with foreign countries. Shortly, on 17 June 1940 the puppetry "People's Government of Lithuania was formed, which consistently destroyed Lithuanian society, political institutions and opened the way for the "Communist Party to establish itself. In order to establish the legitimacy of the government and design the plans of Lithuania's "legal accession to the USSR", on July 1, the "Seimas of Lithuania was released and the forced elections with falsified results to the "People's Seimas were organized, which were won by the Lithuanian Labor People's Union and "Justas Paleckis was chosen as the illegal "Prime Minister and "President of Lithuania. The new government obeyed the occupiers' proposal to "ask" the Soviet authorities to have Lithuania admitted to the "Soviet Union.[100] "Nationalization of property and deportation of the local population was in full swing.[90]

Former Commander of the Lithuanian Army "Stasys Raštikis personally visited the Nazi Generals trying to plead the Jews

After the occupation, the "Lithuanian Diplomatic Service did not recognized the new occupants authority and started the diplomatic liberation campaign of Lithuania.[100] In 1941, "Kazys Škirpa, Leonas Prapuolenis, "Juozas Ambrazevičius and their supporters, including the former Commander of the Lithuanian Army General "Stasys Raštikis, whose whole family was deported to "Siberia, began organizing an uprising.[101][99] After realizing the repressive and brutal Soviet rule reality, in early morning of 22 June 1941 (the first day when the "Nazi Germany "attacked the Soviet Union) Lithuanians began the "June Uprising, organized by the "Lithuanian Activist Front, in "Kaunas where its main forces were concentrated. The uprising soon expanded to "Vilnius and other locations. Its main goal was not to fight with the Soviets, but to secure the city from inside (secure organizations, institutions, enterprises) and declare independence. By the evening of June 22, the Lithuanians controlled the "Presidential Palace, post office, telephone and telegraph, radio station and radiophone. The control of Vilnius and most of the Lithuania's territory was also shortly taken by the rebels.[102] Multiple Red Army divisions stationed in the Lithuania's territory, including the brutal "1st Motor Rifle Division NKVD responsible for the "June deportation, and the marionette "Lithuanian SSR regime commanders were forced to flee into the "Latvian SSR through the "Daugava river. Commander of the Red Army's 188th Rifle Division colonel Piotr Ivanov reported to the 11th Army Staff that during the retreat of his division through Kaunas "local counterrevolutionaries from the shelters purposefully and severely fired to the Red Army, the flocks suffered heavy losses of soldiers and military equipment".[103][104] About 5,000 occupants were killed in Lithuania.[105] On 23 June 1941 at 9:28 AM "Tautiška giesmė, the "national anthem of Lithuania, was played on the radio in Kaunas. Many people listened to the Lithuanian national anthem then with tears in their eyes.[106] From Kaunas radio broadcasts, Lithuania learned that the rebellion was taking place in the country, the insurgents took Kaunas, the Proclamation of the Independence Restoration of Lithuania and the list of the "Provisional Government of Lithuania was announced.[102]

The Provisional Government hoped that the Germans would re-establish Lithuania independence or at least allow some degree of autonomy (similar to the "Slovak Republic), was seeking for the protection of the citizens and did not supported the "Nazis' "Holocaust policy.[102] The meant Lithuanian Minister of National Defence Stasys Raštikis personally met with the Nazi Generals to discuss the situation and tried to plead the Jews, while the Provisional Government, together with the former President "Kazys Grinius, condemned Nazis for their actions with Jews already in the beginning of the occupation.[108] Although, on July 17 the "Reichskommissariat Ostland, German Civil Administration ("Zivilverwaltung) was established.[109] Instead of using brute force, the Civil Administration slowly removed the government's powers (for example, did not allow to print its decrees in newspapers or broadcast radio announcements) and supplanted its institutions, forcing the Provisional Government to either self-disband or to become a puppet institution.[110] The government self-disbanded on August 5 after signing a protest for the Germans actions of suspending the Lithuanian Government powers. Members of the Provisional Government then in corpore went to the Garden of the "Vytautas the Great War Museum, where they laid wreath near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the presence of a numerous audience. "Sicherheitsdienst confiscated the pictures of the wreath-laying ceremony, thinking that it could be dangerous for the "German occupation policy in Lithuania.[111]

A new occupation had begun. Nationalized assets were not returned to the residents. Some of them were forced to fight for Nazi Germany or were taken to German territories as a forced laborers. "Jewish people were herded into ghettos and gradually killed by shooting or sending them out to concentration camps.[112][113]

As the front was heading towards west, in July–October 1944 the USSR took over Lithuania again. The "second Soviet occupation commenced. The "massive deportations to "Siberia were resumed and lasted until the death of "Stalin in 1953. All Lithuanian national symbols were banned. People were persecuted for using them. Under the pretext of Lithuania’s economic recovery, the "Moscow authorities encouraged the migration of workers and other specialists to Lithuania with intention to further integrate Lithuania into the "Soviet Union and develop country’s industry. At the same time, Lithuanians were lured to work in the USSR by promising them all the privileges of settling in a new place.

The second Soviet occupation was accompanied by the armed "resistance of the Lithuanian population, which took place in 1944-1953. It sought to restore an independent state of Lithuania, to consolidate democracy by destroying communism in the country, returning national values and the freedom of religion. People from all walks of life, different age groups and education joined the resistance. The government classified them as bandits. The Soviet occupation made them to go to the forests and fight against the new system with a gun in their hands.[115]

Lithuanian partisan warfare is divided into three stages. The first stage started in summer 1944 and lasted until summer 1946. During this time, large partisan groups were created, but they lacked one unified organization. There were frequent military encounters with the "Red Army. The second stage covered summer 1946 until the end of 1948. At that time, the organizational structure of the partisans was formed, and the size of the groups was reduced to 5-15 people living in bunkers. Partisans used the tactics of underground combat and organized unexpected attacks. The third stage lasted from 1949 to the end of 1953. At that time, the "Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters was founded under the leadership of "Jonas Žemaitis (codename Vytautas). The number of people in a group fell to 3–5 people.[116] Open encounters with the Red Army took place rarely; the guerillas used mostly sabotage and terror. Despite the fact that the guerrilla warfare did not achieve its goal of liberating Lithuania and that it resulted in more than 20 000 deaths, the armed resistance showed the world that Lithuania did not voluntarily join the USSR and it also legitimized the will of the people of Lithuania to be independent.[117]

Even with the suppression of partisan resistance, the Soviet government failed to stop the movement for the independence of Lithuania. The underground dissident groups were active publishing the underground press and Catholic literature. The most active participants of the movement had been "Vincentas Sladkevičius, "Sigitas Tamkevičius and "Nijolė Sadūnaitė. In 1972, after "Romas Kalanta’s public self-immolation, the unrest in "Kaunas lasted for several days.[118]

The "Helsinki Group, which was founded in Lithuania after the international conference in Helsinki (Finland), where the post-WWII borders were acknowledged, announced a declaration for Lithuania’s independence on foreign radio station.[119] The dissident movement lifted up the spirit of the people and did not allow forgetting history and national values. The Helsinki Group informed the Western world about the situation in the Soviet Lithuania and violations of human rights. All these activities made "Moscow to soften its grip. With the beginning of the increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities ("glasnost) in the Soviet Union, on June 3, 1988, the "Sąjūdis was established in Lithuania. Very soon it began to seek country's independence.[120] "Vytautas Landsbergis became movement's leader.[121] The supporters of Sąjūdis joined movement's groups all over Lithuania. On 23 August 1988 a big rally took place at the "Vingis Park in Vilnius. It was attended by approx. 250 000 people. A year later, on 23 August 1989 celebrating the 50th anniversary of the "Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and aiming to draw the attention of the whole world to the occupation of the "Baltic States, a political demonstration, the "Baltic Way, was organized.[122] The event, led by "Sąjūdis, was a human chain spanning about 600 kilometers across the three Baltic capitals—"Vilnius, "Riga and "Tallinn. The peaceful demonstration showed the desire of the people of Lithuania, "Latvia and "Estonia to break away from the "USSR.

On 11 March 1990, the "Supreme Council announced the restoration of Lithuania's independence. Lithuania became the first "Soviet republic to announce its secession from the "USSR. But the process was not so simple. On 20 April 1990, the USSR imposed an "economic blockade by stopping to deliver supplies of raw materials (primarily oil) to Lithuania. Not only the domestic industry, but also the population started feeling the lack of fuel, essential goods, and even hot water. Although, the blockade lasted for 74 days, Lithuania did not renounce the declaration of independence.

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On "13 January 1991, Soviets began shooting and crushing with tanks unarmed independence supporters

Gradually, the economic relations had been restored. But the tension had peaked again in January 1991. At that time, attempts were made to carry out a coup using the "Soviet Armed Forces, the Internal Army of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the USSR Committee for State Security ("KGB). Because of the bad economic situation in Lithuania, the forces in Moscow thought the "coup d’état will receive a strong public support. But the situation was the opposite.

People from all over Lithuania flooded to "Vilnius to defend their legitimately elected "Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania and independence. The coup ended with a few casualties of peaceful civilians and caused huge material loss. Not a single person who defended "Lithuanian Parliament or other state institutions used a weapon, but the "Soviet Army did. Soviet soldiers killed 14 people and injured hundreds. A large part of the Lithuanian population participated in the January Events.[123] Shortly after, on February 1991 "Iceland became the first country to recognize the independence of Lithuania.[124] On 31 July 1991, Soviet paramilitaries killed seven Lithuanian border guards on the Belarusian border in what became known as the "Medininkai Massacre.[125] On 17 September 1991, Lithuania was admitted to the "United Nations.

On 25 October 1992, the citizens of Lithuania voted in the referendum to adopt the current "constitution. On 14 February 1993, during the direct general elections, "Algirdas Brazauskas became the first president after the restoration of independence of Lithuania. On 31 August 1993, the last units of the Soviet Army left the territory of Lithuania.[126] Since 29 March 2004, Lithuania has been part of the "NATO. On 1 May 2004, it became a full-fledged member of the "European Union, and a member of the "Schengen Agreement on 21 December 2007.

Lithuania is located in "northern-"eastern EuropeNote and covers an area of 65,200 km2 (25,200 sq mi).[127] It lies between latitudes "53° and "57° N, and mostly between longitudes "21° and "27° E (part of the "Curonian Spit lies west of 21°). It has around 99 kilometres (61.5 mi) of sandy coastline, only about 38 kilometres (24 mi) of which face the open "Baltic Sea, less than the other two "Baltic Sea countries. The rest of the coast is sheltered by the Curonian sand peninsula. Lithuania's major "warm-water port, "Klaipėda, lies at the narrow mouth of the "Curonian Lagoon (Lithuanian: Kuršių marios), a shallow lagoon extending south to "Kaliningrad. The country's main and largest river, the "Nemunas River, and some of its tributaries carry international shipping.

Lithuania lies at the edge of the "North European Plain. Its landscape was smoothed by the glaciers of the "last ice age, and is a combination of moderate lowlands and highlands. Its highest point is "Aukštojas Hill at 294 metres (965 ft) in the eastern part of the country. The terrain features "numerous lakes ("Lake Vištytis, for example) and wetlands, and a mixed forest zone covers over 33% of the country.

Lithuania's climate, which ranges between "maritime and "continental, is relatively mild. Average temperatures on the coast are −2.5 °C (27.5 °F) in January and 16 °C (61 °F) in July. In Vilnius the average temperatures are −6 °C (21 °F) in January and 17 °C (63 °F) in July. During the summer, 20 °C (68 °F) is common during the day while 14 °C (57 °F) is common at night; in the past, temperatures have reached as high as 30 or 35 °C (86 or 95 °F). Some winters can be very cold. −20 °C (−4 °F) occurs almost every winter. Winter extremes are −34 °C (−29 °F) in coastal areas and −43 °C (−45 °F) in the east of Lithuania.

The average annual precipitation is 800 mm (31.5 in) on the coast, 900 mm (35.4 in) in the Samogitia highlands and 600 mm (23.6 in) in the eastern part of the country. Snow occurs every year, it can snow from October to April. In some years sleet can fall in September or May. The growing season lasts 202 days in the western part of the country and 169 days in the eastern part. Severe storms are rare in the eastern part of Lithuania but common in the coastal areas.

The longest records of measured temperature in the Baltic area cover about 250 years. The data show warm periods during the latter half of the 18th century, and that the 19th century was a relatively cool period. An early 20th century warming culminated in the 1930s, followed by a smaller cooling that lasted until the 1960s. A warming trend has persisted since then.[130]

Lithuania experienced a drought in 2002, causing forest and "peat bog fires.[131] The country suffered along with the rest of Northwestern Europe during a heat wave in the summer of 2006.

Since Lithuania declared the restoration of its independence on 11 March 1990, it has maintained strong democratic traditions. It held its first independent general elections on 25 October 1992, in which 56.75% of voters supported the "new constitution.[135] There were intense debates concerning the constitution, particularly the role of the president. A "separate referendum was held on 23 May 1992 to gauge public opinion on the matter, and 41% of voters supported the restoration of the "President of Lithuania.[135] Through compromise, a "semi-presidential system was agreed on.[2]

The Lithuanian "head of state is the president, directly elected for a five-year term and serving a maximum of two terms. The president oversees foreign affairs and national security, and is the "commander-in-chief of the military. The president also appoints the "prime minister and, on the latter's nomination, the rest of the cabinet, as well as a number of other top civil servants and the judges for all courts.

The judges of the "Constitutional Court (Konstitucinis Teismas) serve nine-year terms. They are appointed by the President, the Chairman of the Seimas, and the Chairman of the Supreme Court, each of whom appoint three judges. The "unicameral Lithuanian parliament, the "Seimas, has 141 members who are elected to four-year terms. 71 of the members of its members are elected in single member constituencies, and the others in a nationwide vote by "proportional representation. A party must receive at least 5% of the national vote to be eligible for any of the 70 national seats in the Seimas.

The legal system of independent Lithuania between the World Wars was influenced by the fact that three separate systems of civil law governed various parts of the country, while the autonomous Klaipėda Region had its own legal instruments. The notable difference from the rest of the state was the possibility of a secular "civil marriage in the 1930s and 1940s. The drafting of Lithuanian legal codes went on for decades and was not completed until "World War II. During the "Soviet occupation the adapted "law of the USSR was in force in Lithuania.[140]

After regaining of independence in 1990, the largely modified Soviet legal codes were in force for about a decade. The modern Constitution of Lithuania was adopted on 25 October 1992.[141] In 2001 the "Civil Code of Lithuania was passed in "Seimas. It was succeeded by the "Criminal Code and "Criminal Procedure Code in 2003. The approach to the "criminal law is "inquisitorial, as opposed to "adversarial; it is generally characterised by an insistence on formality and rationalisation, as opposed to practicality and informality.

The current system of administrative division was established in 1994 and modified in 2000 to meet the requirements of the European Union. The country's "10 counties (Lithuanian: singular – apskritis, plural – apskritys) are subdivided into "60 municipalities (Lithuanian: singular – savivaldybė, plural – savivaldybės), and further divided into 500 "elderships (Lithuanian: singular – seniūnija, plural – seniūnijos).

Municipalities have been the most important unit of administration in Lithuania since the system of "county governorship (apskrities viršininkas) was dissolved in 2010.[143] Some municipalities are historically called "district municipalities" (often shortened to "district"), while others are called "city municipalities" (sometimes shortened to "city"). Each has its own elected government. The election of municipality councils originally occurred every three years, but now takes place every four years. The council appoints "elders to govern the elderships. Mayors have been directly elected since 2015; prior to that, they were appointed by the council.[144]

Elderships, numbering over 500, are the smallest administrative units and do not play a role in national politics. They provide necessary local public services—for example, registering births and deaths in rural areas. They are most active in the social sector, identifying needy individuals or families and organizing and distributing welfare and other forms of relief.[145] Some citizens feel that elderships have no real power and receive too little attention, and that they could otherwise become a source of local initiative for addressing rural problems.[146]

The stamp is dedicated to Lithuania's presidency of the European Union. Post of Lithuania, 2013.

Lithuania is also active in developing cooperation among northern European countries. It has been a member of the Baltic Council since its establishment in 1993. The Baltic Council, located in "Tallinn, is a permanent organisation of international cooperation that operates through the "Baltic Assembly and the Baltic Council of Ministers.

Lithuania also cooperates with Nordic and the two other Baltic countries through the "NB8 format. A similar format, NB6, unites Nordic and Baltic members of EU. NB6's focus is to discuss and agree on positions before presenting them to the Council of the European Union and at the meetings of EU foreign affairs ministers.

The "Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) was established in "Copenhagen in 1992 as an informal regional political forum. Its main aim is to promote integration and to close contacts between the region's countries. The members of CBSS are Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Germany, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Russia, and the European Commission. Its observer states are Belarus, France, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine.

The "Nordic Council of Ministers and Lithuania engage in political cooperation to attain mutual goals and to determine new trends and possibilities for joint cooperation. The Council's information office aims to disseminate "Nordic concepts and to demonstrate and promote Nordic cooperation.

Lithuania, together with the five Nordic countries and the two other Baltic countries, is a member of the "Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) and cooperates in its NORDPLUS programme, which is committed to education.

The Baltic Development Forum (BDF) is an independent nonprofit organization that unites large companies, cities, business associations and institutions in the Baltic Sea region. In 2010 the BDF's 12th summit was held in Vilnius.[149]

Lithuania maintains greatly warm mutual relations with "Georgia and strongly supports its European Union and NATO aspirations.[150][151][152] During the "Russo-Georgian War in 2008, when the Russian troops were occupying the territory of Georgia and approaching towards the Georgian capital "Tbilisi, President "Valdas Adamkus, together with the Polish and Ukrainian presidents, went to Tbilisi by answering to the Georgians request of the international assistance.[153][154] Shortly, Lithuanians and the "Lithuanian Catholic Church also began collecting financial support for the war victims.[155][156]

The Lithuanian Armed Forces consist of some 15,000 active personnel, which may be supported by "reserve forces.[161] Compulsory "conscription ended in 2008 but was reintroduced in 2015.[162] The Lithuanian Armed Forces currently have deployed personnel on international missions in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Mali and Somalia.[163]

The Lithuanian National Defence Policy aims to guarantee the preservation of the "independence and "sovereignty of the state, the "integrity of its land, territorial waters and airspace, and its constitutional order. Its main strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, and to maintain and expand the capabilities of its armed forces so they may contribute to and participate in the missions of NATO and European Union member states.[165]

According to NATO, in 2017 Lithuania allocated 1.77% of its "GDP to the national defense. For a long time Lithuania lagged behind NATO allies in terms of defense spending, but in recent years it has begun to rapidly increase the funding. In 2018 Lithuania intends to allocate 2.06% of its "GDP to the defense sector and reach the required funding standard for NATO.[166]

According to data from 2014, the three largest sectors in Lithuanian economy are – industry (23,6% of GDP), real estate construction (14%) and transportation (12,9%).[169][170] These three sectors account for more than half of Lithuanian economy. The lion share of Lithuanian industry is concentrated in food manufacturing and manufacturing of wood products, primarily furniture. Wood furniture makes around half of all Lithuanian exports and[171][172] food products stand for around 25% of all exports.[173] According to data from 2015, more than half of all Lithuanian exports go to 6 countries including Russia (13,6%), Latvia (10,0%), Poland (9,7%), Germany (8,2%), Estonia (5,4%) and Belarus (4,9%).[174]

Lithuanian GDP experienced very high real growth rates for decade up to 2009, peaking at 11.1% in 2007. As a result, the country was often termed as a "Baltic Tiger. However, 2009 marked experienced a drastic decline – GDP contracted by 14.9%[175] and unemployment rate reached 17.8% in 2010.[176] After the decline of 2009, Lithuanian annual economic growth has been much slower compared to pre-2009 years.

Lithuania joined Nato in 2004,[179] EU in 2004[180] and "Schengen in 2007.[181] On Jan 1 of 2015, euro became the national currency replacing "litas at the rate of EUR 1.00 = LTL 3.45280.[182] In the period between 2004 and 2016, one out of five Lithuanians left the country, mostly because of poor financial situation,[183] perceived social injustice[184] or better career opportunities abroad. "Mass emigration from the country had been going on since 1992 – Lithuania's population has been decreasing every year and every quarter since 1992. Record numbers left the country in 2010 and 2016.[185] Long term mass emigration has resulted in noticeable shortages on the labor market[186] and growth in salaries being larger than growth in labor efficiency.[187] Lithuanian economists predict that ongoing labor shortages will hinder sustained economic growth.[187]

As of 2016, Lithuanian median adult wealth was "$10,915.[188] One out of five Lithuanian citizens lives below poverty line[189] and more than 30% live on the verge of poverty.[190] Since 2012, Lithuania is classified as "high-income economy by the "World Bank.[191] 2000 EUR is considered a very good monthly salary in Lithuania.[192] "Judges are the highest paid public employees in the country with an average wage of 2389,9 euros, that is six times higher than the "minimum wage of 400 euros.[193] As of 2017, average gross (pre-tax) salary in Lithuania is 838,7 euros translating to 659 euros net (after tax)[194] while average pre-tax pension is 288 euros.[195] About 50% of Lithuanian citizens would be unable to cover an unexpected expense of 230 euros.[196] "Average wage adjusted for "purchasing power parity, is around 1912 USD per month, third lowest in EU.[197][198] Although, "cost of living in the country also is sufficiently cheap with the "household final consumption expenditure being more than 2.5 times lower than in "Switzerland.[199]

Lithuania has a "flat tax rate rather than a "progressive scheme. According to Eurostat,[200] the personal income tax (15%) and corporate tax (15%) rates in Lithuania are among the lowest in the EU. The country has the lowest implicit rate of tax on capital (9.8%) in the EU. Corporate tax rate in Lithuania is 15% and 5% for small businesses.

Nowadays, the country is among moderate innovators group in the "International Innovation Index.[218] "Lasers and "biotechnology are flagship fields of the Lithuanian science and high tech industry.[219][220] Lithuanian "Šviesos konversija" (Light Conversion) has developed a femtosecond laser system that has 80% marketshare worldwide, and is used in DNA research, ophthalmological surgeries, nanotech industry and science.[221][222] "Vilnius University Laser Research Center has developed one of the most powerful femtosecond lasers in the world dedicated primarily to "oncological diseases.[223] Vilnius University Biotechnology Institute team led by "Virginijus Šikšnys has created "CRISPR/"Cas9 DNR "scissors" technology that allows insertion of new genes into the DNA or the correction of DNA errors.[224] Softneta developed the medical equipment MedDream that is used by almost 40 countries hospitals in 5 continents.[225][226]

"Information technology production is growing in the country, reaching 1.9 billion euros in 2016.[228] The country has the most affordable internet access in the EU and the fastest "Wi-Fi in the world.[229]

Statistics of 2016 showed that 1.49 million tourists from foreign countries visited Lithuania and spent at least one night in the country. The largest number of tourists came from "Germany (174,8 thousand), "Belarus (171,9 thousand), "Russia (150,6 thousand), "Poland (148,4 thousand), "Latvia (134,4 thousand), "Ukraine (84,0 thousand), and the "UK (58,2 thousand). Domestic tourism has been on the rise as well. Currently there are up to 1000 places of attraction in Lithuania. Most tourists visit the big cities—"Vilnius, "Klaipėda, and "Kaunas and the resorts, such as "Neringa, "Palanga, "Druskininkai, and "Birštonas.[230]

Lithuania has a well developed communications infrastructure. The country has 2,8 million citizens[231] and 5 million SIM cards.[232] The largest mobile network covers 85% of Lithuania's territory.[233] Fixed phone network is "adequate" according to "CIA World Factbook and is in process of being modernised,[234] but usage of fixed phone lines has been rapidly decreasing.[235]

In 2017, Lithuania was top 30 in the world by average mobile broadband speeds and top 20 by average fixed broadband speeds.[236] 72% of Lithuanian households have access to internet, a number which in 2017 was among EU's lowest[237] and in 2016 ranked 97th by "CIA World Factbook.[238] Number of households with internet access is expected to increase and reach 77% by 2021.[239] Almost 50% of Lithuanians had smartphones in 2016, a number that is expected to increase to 65% by 2022.[240]

Lithuania received its first railway connection in the middle of the 19th century, when the "Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railway was constructed. It included a stretch from "Daugavpils via Vilnius and Kaunas to Virbalis. The first and only still operating "tunnel was completed in 1860.

"Lithuanian Railways' main network consists of 1,762 km (1,095 mi) of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11.8 in) "Russian gauge railway of which 122 km (76 mi) are electrified. This railway network is incompatible with European "standard gauge and requires train switching. However, Lithuanian railway network also has 115 km (71 mi) of "standard gauge lines.[241] More than half of all inland freight transported in Lithuania is carried by rail.[242] The Trans-European standard gauge "Rail Baltica railway, linking "Helsinki–"Tallinn–"Riga–"Kaunas–"Warsaw and continuing on to Berlin is under construction. In 2017, "Lietuvos Geležinkeliai, a company that operates most railway lines in Lithuania, received almost maximum possible EU penalty for breaching EU's antitrust laws and restricting competition.[243]

Transportation is the 3rd largest sector in Lithuanian economy.[244] Lithuanian transport companies drew attention in 2016[245] and 2017[246] with huge and record-breaking orders of trucks. Almost 90% of commercial truck traffic in Lithuania is international transports, the highest of any EU country.[247]

Lithuania has an extensive network of motorways. The best known motorways are "A1, connecting Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda, as well as "A2, connecting Vilnius and "Panevėžys. "European route E67 is a very busy highway running through Kaunas and connecting "Warsaw to "Tallinn. In 2017, Lithuanian roads were ranked 36th in the world with a negative future outlook – the road quality is expected to deteriorate.[248] An analysis revealed that roads are not sufficiently maintained[249] and their condition is deteriorating compared to previous years.[250] Road conditions are critical in several remote regions according to Linava, a Lithuanian transport association.[251] Continuous deterioration is expected due to noticeable decreases in roadwork funding[252][253] and planned decrease in EU's financial support.[254]

"Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant was a Soviet-era nuclear station. Unit No. 1 was closed in December 2004, as a condition of Lithuania's entry into the European Union; the plant is similar to the "Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in its lack of a robust containment structure. The remaining unit, as of 2006[update], supplied about 70% of Lithuania's electrical demand.[264] Unit No. 2 was closed down on 31 December 2009. Proposals have been made to construct another – "Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant in Lithuania.[265] However, a non-binding referendum held in October 2012 clouded the prospects for the Visaginas project, as 63% of voters said no to a new nuclear power plant.[266]

Since the Neolithic period the native inhabitants of the Lithuanian territory have not been replaced by any other ethnic group, so there is a high probability that the inhabitants of present-day Lithuania have preserved the genetic composition of their forebears relatively undisturbed by the major demographic movements,[269] although without being actually isolated from them.[270] The Lithuanian population appears to be relatively homogeneous, without apparent genetic differences among ethnic subgroups.[271]

According to 2014 estimates, the age structure of the population was as follows: 0–14 years, 13.5% (male 243,001/female 230,674); 15–64 years: 69.5% (male 1,200,196/female 1,235,300); 65 years and over: 16.8% (male 207,222/female 389,345).[273] The median age was 41.2 years (male: 38.5, female: 43.7).[274]

Ethnic Lithuanians make up about five-sixths of the country's population and Lithuania has the most homogenous population in the Baltic States. In 2015, the population of Lithuania stands at 2,921,262, 86.7% of whom are ethnic "Lithuanians who speak "Lithuanian, which is the official language of the country. Several sizable minorities exist, such as "Poles (5.6%), "Russians (4.8%), "Belarusians (1.3%) and "Ukrainians (0.7%).[1]

The former ""Solidarity" leader and Polish President "Lech Wałęsa criticized the government of Lithuania over "discrimination against the "Polish minority, which included the enforced "Lithuanization of Polish "surnames (e.g. Liszkowska to Liškovska or Liškauskienė, Kleczkowski to Klečkovski or Klečkovskis),["specify] and the removal of bilingual Polish language street signs in municipalities predominantly inhabited by the Polish speaking population.[283]["specify]

The official language is "Lithuanian, other languages, such as "Polish, "Russian, "Belarusian and "Ukrainian, are spoken in the larger cities, and several municipalities such as "Šalčininkai District Municipality, "Vilnius District Municipality and "Visaginas Municipality, but are not legally recognized by the Lithuanian government. "Yiddish is spoken by members of the tiny remaining "Jewish community in Lithuania. According to the Lithuanian population census of 2011,[279] about 85% of the country's population speak Lithuanian as their native language, 7,2% are native speakers of Russian and 5,3% of Polish. According to the "Eurobarometer survey conducted in 2012, 80% of Lithuanians can speak Russian and 38% can speak English. Most Lithuanian schools teach English as the first foreign language, but students may also study German, or, in some schools, French or Russian. Schools where Russian or Polish are the primary languages of education exist in the areas populated by these minorities.

As of 2015[update] Lithuanian "life expectancy at birth was 73.4 (67.4 years for males and 78.8 for females)[286] and the "infant mortality rate was 6.2 per 1,000 births. The annual population growth rate increased by 0.3% in 2007. At 33.5 people per 100,000 in 2012, Lithuania has seen a dramatic rise in suicides in the post-Soviet years, and now records the "fourth highest age-standardized suicide rate in the world, according to "WHO.[287] Lithuania also has the highest "homicide rate in the EU.[288]

As per the 2011 census, 77.2% of Lithuanians belonged to the Roman Catholic Church.[289] The Church has been the majority denomination since the "Christianisation of Lithuania at the end of the 14th century. The "Reformation initiated by "Abraomas Kulvietis did not impact Lithuania to a great extent as seen in "Estonia or "Latvia as generally only local Germans in the Klaipėda/Memel area turned Protestant, while Lithuanians and Poles remained Catholic, and Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians—Eastern Orthodox.[290] Some priests actively led the resistance against the Communist regime (symbolised by the "Hill of Crosses).

4.1% are "Eastern Orthodox, mainly among the Russian minority. This group is distinguishable into the Eastern Orthodox Church and Old Believers.

"Protestants are 0.8%, of which 0.6% are "Lutheran and 0.2% are "Reformed. According to Losch (1932), the Lutherans were 3.3% of the total population;[291] they were mainly "Germans in the "Memel territory (now Klaipėda). There was also a tiny Reformed community (0,5%),[291] which still persists. Protestantism has declined with the "removal of the German population, and today it is mainly represented by ethnic Lithuanians throughout the northern and western parts of the country, as well as in large urban areas. Believers and clergy suffered greatly during the Soviet occupation, with many killed, tortured or deported to Siberia. Newly arriving "evangelical churches have established missions in Lithuania since 1990.[292]

Lithuania was historically home to a significant "Jewish community and was an important center of Jewish scholarship and culture from the 18th century until the eve of World War II. Prior to the war, the Jewish population, outside of the Vilnius region (which was then in Poland), numbered about 160,000. In September 1939, tens of thousands of Polish Jews became Lithuanian subjects when the Soviets transferred the Vilnius region (of the former Polish state) to Lithuania and additional Jewish refugees arrived in Lithuania during the period prior to June 1941. Of the approximately 220,000 Jews who lived in the Republic of Lithuania in June 1941, almost all were "entirely annihilated during "the Holocaust.[293][294] The community numbered about 4,000 at the end of 2009.[295]

"Romuvan religion has gained popularity over the years. It is the "contemporary continuation of the traditional "ethnic religion of the "Baltic peoples, reviving the "ancient religious practices of the "Lithuanians before "their Christianization in 1387. Romuva claims to continue living "Baltic pagan traditions, which survived in folklore and customs.[296][297][298] Romuva is a "polytheistic pagan faith, which asserts the sanctity of nature and has elements of "ancestor worship. Practising the Romuva faith is seen by many adherents as a form of cultural pride, along with celebrating traditional forms of art, retelling Baltic folklore, practising traditional holidays, playing traditional Baltic music, singing traditional "dainas or hymns and songs as well as ecological activism and stewarding sacred places.[299] According to the "2001 census, there were 1,270 people of Baltic faith in Lithuania.[300] That number jumped to 5,118 in the 2011 census.[301]Inija Trinkūnienė is the current Krivė (high priest) of the community since 2015, being the first known woman Krivė in the long pagan history.[302] "Oak was considered as a divine tree, their groves were kept as sacred places with burning altars and were usually associated with the chief god "Perkūnas ("thunder god) by Lithuanians in the ancient times.[303] "Stelmužė Oak is the most significant oak, being at least 1,500 years old.[304] Nowadays, Lithuanians are still planting oaks or other trees on special occasions.[305] "Linden of the then 16-year-old Olympic Champion "Rūta Meilutytė was planted in 2012, and is located in the "Laisvės alėja.[306]

According to the most recent "Eurobarometer Poll in 2010,[308] 47% of Lithuanian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 37% answered that "they believe there is some sort of "spirit or "life force", and 12% said that "they do not believe there is any sort of "spirit, god, or "life force".

Modern Lithuanian education system has multiple structural problems. Insufficient funding and quality issues are the most prevalent. School attendance rates are above EU average and school leave is less common than EU average. However, PISA report from 2010 found that Lithuanian results in math, science and reading were below OECD average.[309] PISA report from 2015 reconfirmed these findings.[310] Lithuanian teacher salaries are lowest in entire EU.[311] Low teacher salaries was the primary reason behind national teacher strikes in 2014,[312] 2015,[313] and 2016.[314][315] A strike was planned in 2017, but it did not materialise.[316] Instead, a protest was arranged at the end of 2017.[317] Salaries in the higher education sector are also notoriously low. Many Lithuanian professors supplement their income by having a second job.[318] According to parliamentarian "Mantas Adomėnas, problem with low salaries is well known, but education is not a politically prioritised matter in Lithuania.[317]

The "Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania proposes national educational policies and goals. These are sent to the Seimas for ratification. Laws govern long-term educational strategy along with general laws on standards for higher education, vocational training, law and science, adult education, and special education.[330] County administrators, municipal administrators, and school founders (including non-governmental organizations, religious organizations, and individuals) are responsible for implementing these policies.[330] By constitutional mandate, ten years of formal enrollment in an educational institution is mandatory, ending at age 16.[331]

14.7% of the 2014 state budget was allocated to education expenses.[332] Primary and secondary schools receive funding from the state via their municipal or county administrations. The "Constitution of Lithuania guarantees tuition-free attendance at public institutions of higher education for students deemed 'good'; the number of such students has varied over the past decade, with 53.5% exempted from tuition fees in 2014.[333]

The "World Bank designates the literacy rate of Lithuanian persons aged 15 years and older as 100%[334] and, according to "Eurostat Lithuania leads among other countries of "EU by people with secondary education (93.3%).[335] As of 2012[update], 34% of the population aged 25 to 64 had completed tertiary education; 59.1% had completed upper secondary and post-secondary (non-tertiary) education.[336]

As with other "Baltic nations, in particular "Latvia, the large volume of higher education graduates within the country, coupled with the high rate of spoken second languages is contributing to an education "brain drain. Many Lithuanians are choosing to emigrate seeking higher earning employment and studies throughout Europe. Since their inclusion into the European Union in 2004, Lithuania's population has fallen by approximately 180,000 people.[337][338]

The "Lithuanian language (lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognized as one of the "official languages of the "European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 0.2 million abroad.

In the modern times, the Lithuanian language is divided into two dialects: "Aukštaitian dialect and "Samogitian dialect. The pronunciation of words varies in both dialects.[341] The Samogitian dialect also has many completely different words and is even considered as a separate language by many linguists.[342] "Jonas Jablonskis works and activities are especially important for the Lithuanian literature moving from the use of dialects to a standard Lithuanian language. The linguistic material which he collected was published in the 20 volumes of "Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian and is still being used in research and in editing of texts and books. He also introduced the letter ū into Lithuanian writing.[343]

There is a great deal of Lithuanian literature written in "Latin, the main scholarly language of the Middle Ages. The edicts of the Lithuanian King "Mindaugas is the prime example of the literature of this kind. The "Letters of Gediminas are another crucial heritage of the Lithuanian Latin writings.

Lithuanian literary works in the "Lithuanian language started being first published in the 16th century. In 1547 "Martynas Mažvydas compiled and published the first printed Lithuanian book The Simple Words of Catechism, which marks the beginning of printed Lithuanian literature. He was followed by "Mikalojus Daukša with Katechizmas. In the 16th and 17th centuries, as in the whole Christian Europe, Lithuanian literature was primarily religious.

During the "interwar period, countless "Art Deco, Lithuanian National Romanticism architectural style buildings were constructed in the Lithuania's temporary capital "Kaunas. Its architecture is regarded as one of the finest examples of the European Art Deco and have received the "European Heritage Label.[350]

Lithuanians with national clothes singing and dancing to the traditional songs in "Vilnius, Lithuania.

Lithuanian folk music belongs to "Baltic music branch which is connected with "neolithic "corded ware culture. Two instrument cultures meet in the areas inhabited by Lithuanians: stringed ("kanklių) and wind instrument cultures. Lithuanian folk music is archaic, mostly used for ritual purposes, containing elements of "paganism faith. There are three ancient styles of singing in Lithuania connected with ethnographical regions: "monophony, "heterophony and "polyphony. Folk song genres: Sutartinės, Wedding Songs, War-Historical Time Songs, Calendar Cycle and Ritual Songs and Work Songs.[358]

"Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis is the most renowned Lithuanian painter and composer. During his short life he created about 200 pieces of music. His works have had profound influence on modern Lithuanian culture. His "symphonic poemsIn the Forest (Miške) and The Sea (Jūra) were performed only "posthumously. Čiurlionis contributed to symbolism and art nouveau and was representative of the fin de siècle epoch. He has been considered one of the pioneers of abstract art in Europe.[360]

"Vytautas Miškinis (born 1954) is a professor, composer and choir director of the famous Lithuanian boys' choir "Ąžuoliukas. He is very popular in Lithuania and abroad.[367] Miškinis has written over 400 secular and about 160 religious works.

In the early independence years, rock band "Foje was particularly popular and gathered tens of thousands of spectators to the concerts.[370] After disbanding in 1997, Foje vocalist "Andrius Mamontovas remained one of the most prominent Lithuanian performers and an active participant in various "charity events.[371] "Marijonas Mikutavičius is famous for creating unofficial Lithuania sport anthem Trys milijonai (Three million) and official anthem of the "EuroBasket 2011Nebetyli sirgaliai (English version was named Celebrate Basketball).[372][373]

Lithuanian cuisine features the products suited to the cool and "moist "northern climate of Lithuania: "barley, "potatoes, "rye, "beets, greens, berries, and "mushrooms are locally grown, and dairy products are one of its specialties. "Fish dishes are very popular in the coastal region.[374] During February, Palangos stinta (Palanga "smelt) festival takes place annually in "Palanga.[375] Since it shares its climate and agricultural practices with Northern Europe, Lithuanian cuisine has some similarities to "Scandinavian cuisine. Nevertheless, it has its own distinguishing features, which were formed by a variety of influences during the country's long and difficult history.

Because of their common heritage, Lithuanians, Poles, and "Ashkenazi Jews share many dishes and beverages. Namely, similar versions of: dumplings (koldūnai, kreplach or "pierogi), doughnuts spurgos or (pączki), and blynai crêpes ("blintzes). "German traditions also influenced Lithuanian cuisine, introducing pork and potato dishes, such as potato pudding (kugelis or kugel) and potato sausages (vėdarai), as well as the baroque tree cake known as "Šakotis. The most exotic of all the influences is Eastern (Karaite) cuisine, and the dishes kibinai and čeburekai are popular in Lithuania. Torte Napoleon was introduced during "Napoleon's passage through Lithuania in the 19th century.[376]

Few Lithuanian athletes have found success in "winter sports, although facilities are provided by several ice rinks and skiing slopes, including "Snow Arena, the first indoor ski slope in the "Baltics.[382]

^Various sources classify Lithuania differently for statistical and other purposes. For example, United Nations[387] and "Eurovoc,[388] among others, classify it as northern Europe, the "CIA World Factbook[273] classifies it as eastern Europe, and "Encyclopedia Britannica locates it in northeastern Europe.[389] Usage varies greatly, and controversially,[390] in press sources.

^Veser, Ernst (23 September 1997). "Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model"(PDF) (in English and Chinese). Department of Education, School of Education, "University of Cologne: 39–60. Retrieved 23 August 2017. Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).

^The Origin of the Name of Lithuania. Zigmas Zinkevicius, "Delfi.lt, 1999. "After the ineffectual efforts to find the name of Lithuania in foreign countries, it was finally associated to the Lithuanian word lietus ‘rain’, as though Lithuania were an extremely rainy land."

^The claims of "first" and "second constitution" have been disputed, particularly as different scholars define the word constitution differently. Both the U.S. and Polish-Lithuanian constitutions were preceded by earlier ones, mainly non-governmental constitutions or statutory acts, which did not introduce the clear division of the executive, legislative and judiciary powers (considered during the Enlightenment by thinkers such as "Montesquieu), including some also termed constitutions. According to Koenigsberger, the "Corsican Constitution of 1755 did not separate the executive from the judiciary power. See "history of the constitution.

^Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015). Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated by "Alfred Erich Senn. Brill Rodopi. p. 301. "ISBN "9789004302037.