"When do you eat?"

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I think 'quand tu manges' is a descriptive phrase like 'when you eat', as in for example 'when you eat, you sit at the dining table'. Whereas 'vous mangez quand' is a question with the emphasis on finding out the time that you eat.

Quand tu manges? Is as much of a question as Quand vous mangez? Because in French, all one must do to change a standard sentence into a simple question is to add a question mark in writing. I don't know why it isn't correct.

- Quand manges-tu ?: correct French.
- Quand est-ce que tu manges ?: incorrect French but said by many native speakers (and a less nice to the ears).
- Tu manges quand ?: Colloquial (and strictly speaking incorrect but really used a lot) French. If you hear it, you'll know it's a question because of the (mandatory, to make it a question) up-intonation at the end of the sentence.

It's (quite widely) used in France, even if, strictly speaking, it shouldn't be said/written.
Indeed the interrogative est-ce que form shouldn't be used when an interrogative adverb (same with interrogative pronoun and interrogative adjective) starts the interrogative sentence. See the discussion there http://www.duolingo.com/comment/729375 about it.

One of the correct answers is given as "quand vas-tu manger?" but this means "when are you going to eat?", not "when do you eat?". "When do you eat?" to me is a general question, whereas "when are you going to eat" is more specific - they are not the same so I don't think "quand vas-tu manger" is a correct translation? Am I wrong?

Right. "Lorsque" is not used with questions. It's more like "Lorsque vous mangez au restaurant, vous ne savez pas toujours exactement ce que vous mangez" = "When you eat at a restaurant, you don't always know exactly what it is that you're eating"

in French you don't use the "to do" verb like we do in English in this context, so no that is not correct. you would need to use manger anyway, but that would also be wrong. Technically it's almost a sentence, but it would need to be something like "quand fais-tu manger ta nourriture?" which would mean "when do you have your food eaten?". Good ol' causative faire; for a later lesson.

'Quand allez-vous manger' is what l'hibou vert wanted for an answer. Why? 'When do you eat?' is different from 'when are you going to eat?', right? I eat when I'm hungry or when no one is looking. I am going to eat when the boat stops rocking. It just seems capricious