West Texas is a vernacular term applied to a region more properly described by the term "western Texas". Its boundaries are subject to debate but are vaguely ascribed by Texans to encompass the arid and semiarid lands west of a line drawn between Fort Worth and Del Rio, Texas.

A general lack of consensus exists regarding the boundaries that separate East and West Texas.[1]Walter Prescott Webb, the American historian and geographer, suggested the 98th meridian separates East and West Texas.[2] The Texas writer A.C. Greene proposed that West Texas extends west of the Brazos River.[3]

West Texas has a much lower population density than the rest of the state. It was once mostly inhabited by nomadic Native American tribes, such as the Apache, Comanche, and Kiowa, and was chiefly within the countryside called Comancheria until after the Civil War. During this period, Texan settlers grouped themselves into fortified cabins, block houses, and other encampments historically common to their long experience of frontier life since the Colonial American period and even prior to their ancestral homes in the Old World. This period was marked with savage war waged between the US Army, frontier Texans, and the Texas Rangers on one side and native peoples on the other.

During the later 19th century, the growing population of Americans and the end of the Civil War brought more Americans into an area long challenged by the Comanche and their allies. This period was marked by the final mapping and geographical intelligence collection of a denied area held by hostile Indian tribes. In turn, the Comanche way of war reached its possible zenith, having either subjugated or defeated the other Indian clans and what remained of Mexicans in the area. In contrast, the continued support by the US government of Americans settlement, as well as the ferocious martial ability of the Texans, had given the whites a demographic advantage. The subsequent decades of the 19th century had the Texans and their Texan Rangers in association with the US Army smash terrorizing Comanche war bands, recover whites held by the Indians, and break up the economic power of the Comanche. By the end of the 19th century, West Texas had been pacified of hostile Indians, leaving its turbulent history to what remained of outlaw Texans and people such as Judge Roy Bean.

With the defeat of the Comanche and their allies and their removal upon demand by Texas from the state, the area was principally settled by Texans and those from the South. These decades marked the last great cattle drives, the final zenith of Americancowboys, small farmers and ranchers battling sheepherders, and PopulistFarmers' Alliance.

During the early 20th century, although the economic system became increasingly unfavorable for small farming and ranching, the region had continued economic growth and settlement through a burst of oil booms, and final agricultural wealth as a result of demands arising from World War I. The subsequent years were another period of demographic chaos, as Mexican bandit attacks once again became commonplace, reaching an apex into the 1920s as a result of the Mexican Revolution and resultant refugee crisis. The Great Depression caused additional economic losses, further rural population loss, and paradoxical increases in Mexican settlement, as the remaining large landowners sought to maintain their profits by exploiting Mexican cheap labor. This continuing socioeconomic trends resulted in the region having an even mix of Mexican American and American communities of the modern day. As a result of this historical development, many Mexican Americans still have close family ties in Mexico. Of American settlers, during the frontier migration era, the vast majority were either East Texans or other Southerners going west for new opportunities. The far northern panhandle area of West Texas also has strong influences from the lower Midwest.

West Texas receives much less rainfall than the rest of Texas and has an arid or semiarid climate, requiring most of its scant agriculture to be heavily dependent on irrigation. This irrigation, and water taken out farther north for the needs of El Paso and Juarez, Mexico, has reduced the once mighty Rio Grande to a stream in some places, even dry at times. Much of West Texas has rugged terrain, including many small mountain ranges while there are none in other parts of the state.

West Texas has become well known as a stronghold for conservative politics, except for the El Paso area. Some of the most heavily Republican counties in the United States are located in the region. Former U.S. President George W. Bush spent most of his childhood in West Texas. This region was one of the first areas of Texas to abandon its "Solid South" Democratic roots; some counties have not supported a Democrat for president since 1948.