The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the second largest of all the states of India. According to the state budget for 2017-18, Uttar Pradesh's gross state domestic product is ₹16.89 lakh crore (US$250 billion).[2] The largest Indian state, Maharashtra, has an urban population of 50,818,259, while Uttar Pradesh has an urban population of 44,495,063. According to the 2011 census report, 22.3% of Uttar Pradesh's population lives in urban areas. The state has 7 cities with populations exceeding 1 million each. After partition in 2000, the new Uttar Pradesh state produces about 92% of the economic output of the old Uttar Pradesh state. In 2011, the Tendulkar committee reported that 29.43% of Uttar Pradesh's population is poor, while the Rangarajan committee reported that 39.8% of the population is poor.

In the tenth five-year planning period of 2002 and 2007, Uttar Pradesh registered an annual economic growth rate of 5.2%. In the eleventh period, between 2007 and 2012, Uttar Pradesh registered an annual economic growth rate of 7%. In 2012-13 and 2013–14, however, the growth rate decreased to 5.9% and 5.1%, respectively, one of the lowest in India. The state's debt was estimated at 67% of the gross domestic product in 2005. In 2012, the state was one of the highest receivers of overall remittances to India which stood at $0.1 billion (Rs. 3,42,884.05 crore), along with Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Punjab.[3] Additionally, the state government has selected five cities for Metro train projects: Meerut, Agra, Kanpur, Lucknow, and Varanasi. The Lucknow Metro project was completed in September of 2017. Uttar Pradesh is an agrarian state, and it contributed 8.89% in food grain production to the country in 2013-14.

Uttar Pradesh is a major contributor to the national food grain stock. In 2013-14, this state produced 50.05 million tones of foodgrain, which is 18.90% of the country's total production. This is partly due to the fertile regions of the Indo-Gangetic plain and partly due to irrigation facilities such as canals and tube-wells. Lakhimpur Kheri is a densely populated sugar-producing district in the country. It has been the most common producer of food grains in India since the 1950s, due to high-yielding varieties of seed, greater availability of fertilizers and increased use of irrigation.[1] Western Uttar Pradesh is more advanced in terms of agriculture as compared to the other regions in the state. The majority of the state's population depends upon farming activities. Wheat, rice, pulses, oilseeds and potatoes are major agricultural products. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop throughout the state. Uttar Pradesh is one of the most important states in India as far as horticulture is concerned. Mangoes are also produced in the state.

Uttar Pradesh supports about 15% of India's total livestock population. In 1961, its livestock comprised 15% cattle, 21% buffaloes, 13% goats, and 8% other livestock. Between 1951 and 1956 there was an overall increase of 14% in the livestock population. There are about 8,000 km² of water area, including lakes, tanks, rivers, canals, and streams. The fishing area in the state is over 2,000 km² and there are more than 175 varieties of fish.

UP has witnessed rapid industrialization in the recent past, particularly after the launch of policies of economic liberalization in the country. As of March 1996, there were 1,661 medium and large industrial undertakings and 296,338 small industrial units employing 1.83 million persons. The per capita state domestic product was estimated at Rs 7,263 in 1997–98 and there has been a visible decline in poverty in the state. However, nearly 40 percent of the total population lives below the poverty line.

There are numerous types of minerals in the state and many industries have come up based on these minerals. There are a number of cement plants in Mirzapur in the Vindhya region, a bauxite-based aluminium plant in the Banda region and Sonbhadra region. In the hilly regions of the state, many non-metallic minerals are found which are used as industrial raw materials. Coal deposits are found in the Singrauli region. Nevertheless, the state is poor in mineral resources. The only considerable deposits are of limestone in Mirzapur district. These are being extracted and are used largely in cement manufacture.

Uttar Pradesh has a booming electronics industry, especially in the UP-Delhi-NCR and Lucknow-Kanpur Corridors where many electronics units are produced.

Cottage industries, such as handloom and handicrafts, have traditionally provided livelihood to a large number of people in the state. These industries include:

Varanasi is a world-famous centre of handloom woven, embroidered textiles; the main products are Zari-embroidery and brocade-work on silk sarees. Lucknow is a centre of 'Chikan' embroidery, renowned for its grace and delicacy, a skill more than 200 years old. Uttar Pradesh produces about 15% of the total fabric production of the country, employs about 30% of the total workforce of artisans in India and is responsible for an annual production of about $0.1 million USD in the state.

Varanasi is well known for manufacturing the diesel-electric locomotives at Diesel Locomotive Works. The workshop at DLW is further upgraded to manufacture electric locomotives for Indian Railways. It is the largest diesel-electric locomotives manufacturer in India.

The state has two major production centres of leather and leather products, with over 11,500 units; Agra and Kanpur are the key centres. About 200 tanneries are located in Kanpur.

Moradabad is renowned for brass work and has carved a niche for itself in the handicraft industry throughout the world. Lately, other products that are produced here like iron sheet metalwares, aluminium artworks, wood works and glasswares have become popular with the numerous foreign buyers, and are therefore being exported in large quantities. On an average Moradabad exports goods worth Rs. 30–40 billion each year, which constitutes 40% of total exports from India under this category.

Meerut is one of the biggest gold market in Asia. It is one of the largest exporter of sports related items and music instruments of the country.

Bulandshahr is renowned for Khurja Pottery worldwide. There are nearly 23 export oriented units and they are exported to foreign countries such as the United Kingdom, USA, Australia, New Zealand, United Arab Emirates, and others. The Sikandrabad industrial area, developed by UPSIDC, has a large number of national and multinational companies working here successfully.

Handlooms and handicrafts are a very important source of income in UP. There are thousands of power looms and handlooms in the state, most of which are situated in eastern UP. Many people depend on it for their livelihood. Main centres in eastern UP include Tanda, Banaras, Azamgarh, Bhadohi, Mau and Mau Aima. In western UP some of the important centres are Meerut and Etawah. In eastern UP, Tanda is a small town with a population of approximately 150,000 people with over 100,000 power looms. The main products include Lungis, Gamchas, Stoles, Arabic Rumaal, and garment clothes.

The service industry plays a large role in the economy of Uttar Pradesh. It contributed nearly 49% of the gross state domestic product in 2017-18.[1] Uttar Pradesh is the 'IT-Hub' of North India, with a share of software exports next to that of Karnataka. But unlike South Indian states, IT enterprises are limited to particular areas only, such as Noida, Greater Noida and Ghaziabad, which lie in the National Capital Region (NCR) and in the state capital Lucknow.

Noida is also famous for TV News broadcasters. Almost all News channels such as ABP News, Zee News, NDTV and Mahua News are located in Film City.

The infrastructure condition in UP pales in comparison to the other advanced states of India. In 2013, the central government declared the construction of Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport in Varanasi. In January 2015, it was announced that the Metro Train project for Lucknow would be completed as of December 2016. The Uttar Pradesh government bus service is one of the largest in the country with more than 10,000 buses. The length of national highway and railway track is highest in Uttar Pradesh in India. A new international airport had been proposed in Kushinagar district. Uttar Pradesh has the most number of national highways. The Yamuna Expressway which is between New Delhi to Agra, is one of the best highways of the country. In 2015, the state government started another expressway project between Agra to Lucknow which will reduce the journey time, it was inaugurated on 21 November 2016. On 31 December 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced an expressway between New Delhi and Meerut, which will cost 7500 crore₹. It will reduce the journey time to one hour.

Uttar Pradesh is divided into three natural regions: 1- Bhabar and Terai, 2- the plain of the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers, and 3- the southern Plateau. Important minerals include diaspore, sulfur and magnesite, pyrophyllite, silica sand and limestone.

1.
Uttar Pradesh
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Uttar Pradesh, abbreviated as UP, is the most populous state in the Republic of India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. The state, located in the region of the Indian subcontinent, has over 200 million inhabitants. It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces during British rule, Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh. Ghaziabad, Kanpur, Bhadohi, Raebareli, Moradabad, Bareilly, Aligarh, Sonbhadra, on 9 November 2000, a new state, Uttarakhand, was carved out from the Himalayan hill region of Uttar Pradesh. It covers 243,290 square kilometres, equal to 7. 33% of the area of India. Hindi is the official and most widely spoken language in its 75 districts, Uttar Pradesh is the third largest Indian state by economy, with a GDP of ₹9,763 billion. Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the states economy, the service sector comprises travel and tourism, hotel industry, real estate, insurance and financial consultancies. Uttar Pradesh was home to powerful empires of ancient and medieval India, the two major rivers of the state, the Ganges and Yamuna, join at Allahabad and then flow as the Ganges further east. Modern human hunter-gatherers have been in Uttar Pradesh since between around 85,000 and 72,000 years ago, the kingdom of Kosala, in the Mahajanapada era, was located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh. According to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya, the aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have taken place in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi, during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishthira. The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture, most of the invaders of south India passed through the Gangetic plains of what is today Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of importance to the power and stability of all of Indias major empires, including the Maurya, Kushan, Gupta. Following the Huns invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj, during the reign of Harshavardhana, the Kannauj empire reached its zenith. It spanned from Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and it included parts of central India, north of the Narmada River and it encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain. Many communities in parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj. Kannauj was several times invaded by the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty, in the Mughal era, Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire. Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Delhi, in 1540 an Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal king Humanyun. Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior, after the death of Islam Shah Suri, his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and the western parts of Bengal

2.
Indian rupee
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The Indian rupee, is the official currency of the Republic of India. The rupee is subdivided into 100 paise, though as of 2011,25 paise is no more a legal tender, the issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act,1934. The rupee is named after the coin, rupiya, first issued by Sultan Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century. In 2010, a new symbol ₹, was officially adopted and it was derived from the combination of the Devanagari consonant र and the Latin capital letter R without its vertical bar. The parallel lines at the top are said to make an allusion to the tricolour Indian flag, the first series of coins with the new rupee symbol started in circulation on 8 July 2011. On 8 November 2016 the Government of India announced the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes with effect from midnight of the same day, a newly redesigned series of ₹500 banknote, in addition to a new denomination of ₹2000 banknote is in circulation since 10 November 2016. The new redesigned series is expected to be enlarged with banknotes in the denominations of ₹1000, ₹100. The word rupee was derived from the Sanskrit word रूप्यकम् or rupaya, the modern Indian rupee has a direct lineage from the rupiya, the silver coin, issued by Sher Shah Suri, continued by the Mughal rulers. Rūpa means to form or shape, example, Rūpyarūpa, rūpya — wrought silver, however, in the region of Bengal, the term taka has always been used to refer to currency. In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta noticed that people in the Bengal Sultanate referred to gold, today, the currency of Bangladesh is officially known as taka. The word taka in Bengali is also used generically to mean any money, currency. Thus, colloquially, a person speaking in Bengali may use taka to refer to money regardless of what currency it is denominated in, thus, in the states of West Bengal and Tripura the Indian rupee is officially known টাকা. Whereas, in the states of Assam and Odisha, the Indian rupee is known by names derived from the Sanskrit word ṭaṅka, টকা in Assamese. During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, Sultan Sher Shah Suri issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, the silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include, the Bank of Hindustan, the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar, historically, the rupee was a silver coin. This had severe consequences in the century when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of large quantities of silver in the United States and several European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of relative to gold

3.
Indian rupee sign
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The Indian rupee sign is the currency sign for the Indian rupee, the official currency of India. Designed by D. Udaya Kumar, it was presented to the public by the Government of India on 15 July 2010, the symbol uses U+20B9 ₹ Indian Rupee Sign Unicode character. Before its adoption, the most commonly used symbols for the rupee were Rs, Re or, if the text was in an Indian language, however, as of 2017, only 50 paise coins are legal tender. The design resembles both the Devanagari letter र and the Latin capital letter R, with a horizontal line at the top. On 5 March 2009, the Indian government announced a contest to create a sign for the Indian rupee, during the 2010 Union Budget, then Union Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee said that the proposed sign should reflect and capture the Indian ethos and culture. From around 3,331 responses received, five symbols were shortlisted, the new sign is a combination of the Devanagari letter र and the Latin capital letter R without its vertical bar. The parallel lines at the top are said to make an allusion to the tricolor Indian flag. the final selected symbol was designed by D. Udaya Kumar, a Bachelor of Architecture and visual design student at the Industrial Design Centre, IIT Bombay. The thoughts and philosophy behind the design are explained in this presentation, Ministry of Finance and Department of Economic Affairs of the Government of India had finally approved the sign. The approval was given by Sushil Kumar, Under Secretary of the Government of India, on 26 November 2010, the Delhi High Court single bench dismissed the writ petition, stating there was no justifiable ground for the stated allegations. But later The Hon’ble High Court of Delhi, on 30 January 2013, 2449/2012 titled Rakesh Kumar Singh Vs. Union of India filed through lawyer Kamal Kumar Pandey, listed before the Division bench of Hon’ble Chief Justice, on 11 April 2013 Finance Ministry formed the guidelines for conducting public competitions for design of symbol/logo. Upon the symbol’s adoption in July 2010, the Indian government said it would try to adopt the sign within six months in the country, major banks have also started printing cheques with the new Indian rupee sign, where the traditional ₨ sign was used. The Indian Postal Department also started printing postage stamps with this new Indian rupee sign, in his budget speech on 28 February 2011, the finance minister, Pranab Mukherjee, announced that the sign will be incorporated in future coin issues. Coins of denomination of ₹1, ₹2, ₹5 and ₹10 with the new rupee symbol have been put into circulation, on 10 August 2010, the Unicode Technical Committee accepted the proposed code position U+20B9 ₹ Indian Rupee sign. The character has been encoded in the Unicode 6.0, and named distinctly from the existing character U+20A8 ₨ Rupee sign, Ubuntu became the first operating system to support the Indian rupee symbol by default. Since its 10.10 version it has supported the symbol out of the box, since then, it has been included in various GNU/Linux distributions. With the Windows update, it is now possible to use alt code text entry to obtain the Indian Rupee symbol – Alt 8377, on systems running Windows 8, the symbol can be typed using the English keyboard layout with the key combination Alt Gr+4. Apple Inc. has added support for the symbol with iOS7

4.
Gross domestic product
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Gross Domestic Product is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period. Nominal GDP estimates are used to determine the economic performance of a whole country or region. The OECD defines GDP as a measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident and institutional units engaged in production. ”An IMF publication states that GDP measures the monetary value of final goods and services - that is. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of industry or sector of the economy. The ratio of GDP to the population of the region is the per capita GDP. William Petty came up with a concept of GDP to defend landlords against unfair taxation during warfare between the Dutch and the English between 1652 and 1674. Charles Davenant developed the method further in 1695, the modern concept of GDP was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a US Congress report in 1934. In this report, Kuznets warned against its use as a measure of welfare, after the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a countrys economy. The switch from GNP to GDP in the US was in 1991, the history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the sector, by financial industries. GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, in principle, give the same result and they are the production approach, the income approach, or the expenditure approach. The most direct of the three is the approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the factors must be equal to the value of their product. This approach mirrors the OECD definition given above, deduct intermediate consumption from gross value to obtain the gross value added. Gross value added = gross value of output – value of intermediate consumption, value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus value of changes in the inventories. The sum of the value added in the various economic activities is known as GDP at factor cost. GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = GDP at producer price, for measuring output of domestic product, economic activities are classified into various sectors. Subtracting each sectors intermediate consumption from gross output gives the GDP at factor cost, adding indirect tax minus subsidies in GDP at factor cost gives the GDP at producer prices

5.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety

6.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally

7.
Partition (politics)
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In politics, a partition is a change of political borders cutting through at least one territory considered a homeland by some community. Partition, multiple times, of the Roman Empire into the Eastern Roman Empire, in the 1757 Second Treaty of Versailles, France agreed upon the partition of Prussia Partition of the United States during the American Civil War. Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth in the 18th century

8.
Kerala
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Kerala historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar Coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions, spread over 38,863 km2, it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The region has been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE, the Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks by the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, after independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore-Cochin was given the status of a state in 1949. In 1956, Kerala state was formed by merging Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin, Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India, the production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, the states coastline extends for 595 kilometres, and around 1.1 million people in the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% to the states income. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English, Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology, One popular theory derives Kerala from Kera and alam is land, thus land of coconuts, this also happens to be a nickname for the state due to abundance of coconut trees and its use by the locals. The word Kerala is first recorded in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka, the inscription refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra, or son of Chera. This contradicts the theory that Kera is from coconut tree, at that time, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil, Chera and Kera are variants of the same word. The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for lake, the earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two Hindu epics, the Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam or chera alam, the Greco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Keralaputra as Celobotra. According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the warrior sage Parasurama. Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached, according to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation, so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land

9.
Tamil Nadu
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Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai, Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The state shares a border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous, the state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011, with the second-largest state economy after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu is the second largest state economy in India with ₹13,842 billion in gross domestic product after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a Multidimensional Development Index in a 2013 report published by the Reserve Bank of India and its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Nadu is home to natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula, the ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is very rudimentary Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as a site for further excavation. About 60 per cent of the epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu. A Neolithic stone celt with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu, according to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, the date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature, numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD300. Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, the Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur. The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur, All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads, Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a description of the Tamil country, besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam was also divided into various provinces named nadu, meaning country

10.
Punjab
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The Punjab, also spelled Panjab, panj-āb, land of five rivers, is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of South Asia, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India. Not being a unit, the extent of the region is the subject of debate. The foreign invaders mainly targeted the most productive region of the Punjab known as the Majha region. The people of the Punjab today are called Punjabis and their language is called Punjabi. The main religions of the Punjab region are Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism, other religious groups are Christianity, Jainism and Buddhism. The name of the region is a compound of two Persian words Panj and āb and was introduced to the region by the Turko-Persian conquerors of India, Punjab literally means Five Waters referring to the rivers, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Chenab being the largest, there are two main definitions of the Punjab region, the 1947 definition and the older 1846–1849 definition. The third definition incorporates both the 1947 and the definitions but also includes northern Rajasthan on a linguistic basis. 1947 definition The 1947 definition defines the Punjab region with reference to the dissolution of British India whereby the then British Punjab Province was partitioned between India and Pakistan, in Pakistan, the region now includes the Punjab province and Islamabad Capital Territory. In India, it includes the Punjab state, Chandigarh, Haryana, Using the 1947 definition, the Punjab region borders Kashmir to the north, Sindh and Rajasthan to the south, the Pashtun region and Balochistan to the west, and the Hindi belt to the east. Accordingly, the Punjab region is diverse and stretches from the hills of the Kangra Valley to the plains. Present day maps Major cities Using the 1947 definition of the Punjab region, some of the cities of the area include Lahore, Faisalabad. Older 1846–1849 definition The older definition of the Punjab region focuses on the collapse of the Sikh Empire, According to this definition, the Punjab region incorporates, in Pakistan, Azad Kashmir including Bhimber and Mirpur and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In India the wider definition includes parts of Delhi and Jammu Division, the formation of the Himalayan Range of mountains to the east and north-east of the Punjab is the result of a collision between the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The plates are moving together, and the Himalayas are rising by about 5 millimetres per year. The upper regions are snow-covered the whole year, Lower ranges of hills run parallel to the mountains. The Lower Himalayan Range runs from north of Rawalpindi through Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, the mountains are relatively young, and are eroding rapidly. The Indus and the five rivers of the Punjab have their sources in the range and carry loam, minerals and silt down to the rich alluvial plains

11.
Lucknow Metro
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Lucknow Metro is a Mass Rapid Transit System being constructed to provide the city of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh with an environment friendly atmosphere. The commencement of works started on 27 September 2014. According to a report every month city is adding about 1000 new four wheelers in its vehicle population. Growing population and huge traffic has called for the transformation of private modes of conveyance to public transport, Phase 2 will be started in 2018. Lucknow Metro is expected to cover 140 km in the city in total 4 phases in next 25 years. It is referred as the fastest built metro project in India, Lucknow Metro will be having two routes, from North to South and East to West. The North-South corridor starts at Amausi to Munshi Pulia, with a length of 22.878 kilometres. The East-West corridor starts at Charbagh Railway Station and ends at Vasant Kunj, both lines will intersect at Charbagh. An extension line from Indira Nagar – Gomti Nagar – Polytechnic Crossing will extend it to Patrakarpuram, the difference between arrival time of trains at each station is expected to be 7 minutes. This would be reduced to 5 minutes and then to 3 minutes in phases, the commercial run for the priority phase is expected to begin from March 26,2017. The Lucknow Metro system, when completed, will be the fastest and most economical high speed transit system project in India. Initially the Lucknow Metro Rail Project was planned to include two corridors, North-South and East-West, and the Gomti Nagar link. The construction cost was estimated at Rs74.13 billion for North-South corridor, Rs48.79 billion for East-West corridor and Rs4.95 billion for Gomti Nagar link. The North-South corridor was to connect Amausi airport to Munshipulia and cover a distance of 23 kilometres and this corridor will have a total 22 stations including 19 overhead and 3 underground. The elevated stations would have included the Airport terminal, Amausi, Transport Nagar, Krishna Nagar, Singaar Nagar, Alambagh, ISBT, Mawaiya, Durgapuri and this shall be followed by an underground section that will include Hussain Ganj, Sachivalaya and Hazratganj. For the Gomti Nagar link, the coming from the airport terminal was to be diverted towards Gomti Nagar at the Indira Nagar trisection Polytechnic crossing along an elevated route. The planned stations were Indira Nagar Trisection, West End Mall and this corridor was to have 12 stations including seven underground and five overhead. The designed speed of metro would be 90 km/h while the speed would be 34 km/h for North-South corridor and 32 km/h for East-West corridor. There would be only one depot at Vasant Kunj spread over a land measuring 20 hectares, the Amausi Depot has been done away because of its proximity to the Airport and the subsequent reasons of security and safety. In 2013, the Department of Urban Planning did away with the two-corridor layout, the entire route has been proposed to be built overhead

12.
Agrarian society
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An agrarian society is any society whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland. Another way to define an agrarian society is by seeing how much of a total production is in agriculture. In an agrarian society cultivating the land is the source of wealth. Such a society may acknowledge other means of livelihood and work habits but stresses the importance of agriculture, Agrarian societies have existed in various parts of the world as far back as 10,000 years ago and continue to exist today. They have been the most common form of organization for most of recorded human history. Agrarian societies were preceded by hunter and gatherer societies and horticultural societies, the transition to agriculture, called the Neolithic Revolution, has taken place independently multiple times. Horticulture and agriculture as types of subsistence developed among humans somewhere between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East. The reasons for the development of agriculture are debated but may have included climate change and the accumulation of food surplus for competitive gift-giving. In addition to the emergence of farming in the Fertile Crescent, agriculture appeared in, by at least 6,800 B. C. E. in East Asia and, later, in Central and South America. Small-scale agriculture also likely arose independently in early Neolithic contexts in India, however, full dependency on domestic crops and animals, when wild resources contributed a nutritionally insignificant component to the diet, did not occur until the Bronze Age. Agriculture allows a greater density of population than can be supported by hunting and gathering. Agrarian societies thus support the emergence of a complex social structure. In agrarian societies, some of the correlations between social complexity and environment begin to disappear. But environmental factors may play a strong role as variables that affect the internal structure. It is now clear that agriculture was adopted despite certain disadvantages of that lifestyle, archeological studies show that health deteriorated in populations that adopted cereal agriculture, returning to pre-agricultural levels only in modem times. This is in part attributable to the spread of infection in crowded cities, people in many parts of the world remained hunter-gatherers until quite recently, though they were quite aware of the existence and methods of agriculture, they declined to undertake it. Many explanations have been offered, usually centered around a factor that forced the adoption of agriculture. Agrarian societies transition into industrial societies when less than half of their population is engaged in agricultural production

13.
Tank
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A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat, with heavy firepower, strong armour, and tracks providing good battlefield maneuverability. The first tanks were designed to overcome the deadlock of trench warfare, now they are a mainstay of ground forces. Modern tanks are versatile mobile land weapon platforms, mounting a large-calibre cannon in a rotating gun turret. In both offensive and defensive roles, they are units that are capable of performing tasks which are required of armoured units on the battlefield. As a result of advances, tanks underwent tremendous shifts in capability in the years since their first appearance. Tanks in World War I were developed separately and simultaneously by Great Britain and this was a prototype of a new design that would become the British Armys Mark I tank, the first tank used in combat in September 1916 during the Battle of the Somme. The name tank was adopted by the British during the stages of their development. While the British and French built thousands of tanks in World War I, Germany was unconvinced of the tanks potential, Tanks of the interwar period evolved into the much larger and more powerful designs of World War II. Tanks in the Cold War were designed with these weapons in mind, improved engines, transmissions and suspensions allowed tanks of this period to grow larger. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design, during the Cold War, the main battle tank concept arose and became a key component of modern armies. Modern tanks seldom operate alone, as they are organized into combined arms units which involve the support of infantry and they are also usually supported by reconnaissance or ground-attack aircraft. The tank is the 20th century realization of an ancient concept, the internal combustion engine, armour plate, and continuous track were key innovations leading to the invention of the modern tank. Many sources imply that Leonardo da Vinci and H. G. Wells in some way foresaw or invented the tank, leonardos late 15th century drawings of what some describe as a tank show a man-powered, wheeled vehicle with cannons all around it. However the human crew would not have power to move it over larger distance. In the 15th century, Jan Žižka built armoured wagons containing cannons, the caterpillar track arose from attempts to improve the mobility of wheeled vehicles by spreading their weight, reducing ground pressure, and increasing their traction. Experiments can be traced back as far as the 17th century and it is frequently claimed that Richard Lovell Edgeworth created a caterpillar track. It is true that in 1770 he patented a machine, that should carry and lay down its own road and his own account in his autobiography is of a horse-drawn wooden carriage on eight retractable legs, capable of lifting itself over high walls. The description bears no similarity to a caterpillar track, armoured trains appeared in the mid-19th century, and various armoured steam and petrol-engined vehicles were also proposed

14.
Canal
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Canals and navigations are human-made channels for water conveyance, or to service water transport vehicles. In the vernacular, both are referred to as canals, and in most cases, the works will have a series of dams. These areas are referred to as water levels, often just called levels. In contrast, a canal cuts across a drainage divide atop a ridge, many canals have been built at elevations towering over valleys and others water ways crossing far below. Cities need a lot of water and many canals with sources of water at a higher level can deliver water to a destination where there is a lack of water. The Roman Empires Aqueducts were such water supply canals, a navigation is a series of channels that run roughly parallel to the valley and stream bed of an unimproved river. A navigation always shares the drainage basin of the river, a vessel uses the calm parts of the river itself as well as improvements, traversing the same changes in height. A true canal is a channel that cuts across a drainage divide, most commercially important canals of the first half of the 19th century were a little of each, using rivers in long stretches, and divide crossing canals in others. This is true for many canals still in use, there are two broad types of canal, Waterways, canals and navigations used for carrying vessels transporting goods and people. These can be subdivided into two kinds, Those connecting existing lakes, rivers, other canals or seas and oceans and those connected in a city network, such as the Canal Grande and others of Venice Italy, the gracht of Amsterdam, and the waterways of Bangkok. Aqueducts, water canals that are used for the conveyance and delivery of potable water for human consumption, municipal uses, hydro power canals. Historically canals were of importance to commerce and the development, growth. In 1855 the Lehigh Canal carried over 1.2 million tons of burning anthracite coal, by the 1930s the company which built. By the early 1880s, canals which had little ability to compete with rail transport, were off the map. In the next couple of decades, coal was diminished as the heating fuel of choice by oil. Later, after World War I when motor-trucks came into their own, Canals are built in one of three ways, or a combination of the three, depending on available water and available path, Human made streams A canal can be created where no stream presently exists. Either the body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by making dykes or levees by piling dirt, stone, the water for the canal must be provided from an external source, like streams or reservoirs. Where the new waterway must change elevation engineering works like locks, lifts or elevators are constructed to raise, examples include canals that connect valleys over a higher body of land, like Canal du Midi, Canal de Briare and the Panama Canal

15.
Crore
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A crore denotes ten million and is equal to 100 lakh in the Indian numbering system. It is widely used in South Asia, and is written in Indian numbering system as 1,00,00,000 with the style of digit group separators. Large amounts of money in India are often written in terms of crores, for example,150,000,000 Indian rupees is written as fifteen crore rupees, ₹15 crore or Rs 15 crore. Trillions of ₹ are often written or spoken of in terms of lakh crore, the crore is known by various regional names. Kapampangan, katâ / kata-katâ Persian, کرور‎‎ Krur / Korur Tagalog, thai, โกฏิ kot or kot̩i Myriad Names of large numbers Names of numbers in English Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Crore

16.
Mirzapur
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Mirzapur pronunciation is a city in Uttar Pradesh, India, roughly 650 km from both Delhi and Kolkata, almost 89 km from Allahabad and 57 km from Varanasi. It has a population of 233,691 and is known for its carpet, the city is surrounded by several hills and is the headquarters of Mirzapur District and is famous for the holy shrine of Vindhyachal, Ashtbhuja and Kali khoh and also have Devrahwa Baba ashram. It has many waterfalls and natural spots and it was once the largest district in Uttar Pradesh before the split of Sonebhadra. Before the establishment of the town the area was dense forest and freely used by states like Benaras, Sakteshgarh, Vijaygarh, Nainagarh, Naugarh, Kantit. British East India Company has established this area to fulfill the need of a centre between central and western India. This time Rewa was a state of central India and was directly connected with Mirzapur by the Great Deccan Road. Over the time Mirzapur became a trading centre of Central India and started trading of cotton. The East India Company named this place as Mirzapore, the word Mirzapur is derived from Mirza which in turn is derived from the Persian term ‘Trip Kalchu which literally means child of the ‘Amīr or child of the ruler. In Persia‘ Amīrzād in turn consists of the Arabic title ‘Amīr, meaning commander, due to vowel harmony in Turkic languages, the alternative pronunciation Morza is also used. The word entered English in 1595, from the French émir, the meaning of Mirzapur is the place of King. Most of the city was established by British officers, but the development was founded by the most famous officer of British East India Company Lord Marquess Wellesley. As per some evidence the British construction was initiated from Burrier Ghat, Lord Wellesley has reconstructed the Burrier Ghat as a main entrance in Mirzapur by Ganga. Some of the places in Mirzapur was pronounced as per the name of Lord Wellesley, like Wellesleyganj, Mukeri Bazar, the building of Municipal Corporation is also a precious example of British Constructions. It is the place in India where the Holy River Ganges meets with Vindhya Range and this is considered significant in Hindu Mythology and has a mention in Vedas. Near mirzapur founded a religious place vindhyanchal, Vindhyachal, a Shakti Peeth, is a centre of pilgrimage in Mirzapur District, Uttar Pradesh. The Vindhyavasini Devi temple located here is a draw and is thronged by thousands of devotees during the Navratris of Chaitra. Vindhyachal has regular bus services to the nearby towns, the nearest railway station is at Mirzapur. Regular bus services connect Vindhyachal to the nearby towns, Mirzapur is located at 25. 15°N82. 58°E﻿ /25.15,82.58

17.
Coal
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Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen. A fossil fuel, coal forms when plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time, throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, the extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects including climate change. Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, since 1983, the worlds top coal producer has been China. In 2015 China produced 3,747 million tonnes of coal –47. 7% of 7,861 million tonnes world coal production, in 2015 other large producers were United States, India, European Union and Australia. The word originally took the col in Old English, from Proto-Germanic *kula. In Old Turkic languages, kül is ash, cinders, öčür is quench, the compound charcoal in Turkic is öčür kül, literally quenched ashes, cinders, coals with elided anlaut ö- and inflection affixes -ülmüş. At various times in the geologic past, the Earth had dense forests in low-lying wetland areas, due to natural processes such as flooding, these forests were buried underneath soil. As more and more soil deposited over them, they were compressed, the temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. As the process continued the plant matter was protected from biodegradation and oxidation and this trapped the carbon in immense peat bogs that were eventually covered and deeply buried by sediments. Under high pressure and high temperature, dead vegetation was slowly converted to coal, as coal contains mainly carbon, the conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonization. The wide, shallow seas of the Carboniferous Period provided ideal conditions for coal formation, the exception is the coal gap in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, where coal is rare. Coal is known from Precambrian strata, which predate land plants — this coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae, in its dehydrated form, peat is a highly effective absorbent for fuel and oil spills on land and water. It is also used as a conditioner for soil to make it able to retain. Lignite, or brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal, jet, a compact form of lignite, is sometimes polished and has been used as an ornamental stone since the Upper Palaeolithic

18.
Loom
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A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads, the precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same. The word loom is derived from the Old English geloma formed from ge- and loma, a root of unknown origin, in 1404 it was used to mean a machine to enable weaving thread into cloth. By 1838 it had gained the meaning of a machine for interlacing thread. Weaving is done by intersecting the longitudinal threads, the warp, i. e. that which is thrown across, with the transverse threads, the major components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses or shafts, shuttle, reed and takeup roll. In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening, shedding is the raising of part of the warp yarn to form a shed, through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted. On the modern loom, simple and intricate shedding operations are performed automatically by the heddle or heald frame and this is a rectangular frame to which a series of wires, called heddles or healds, are attached. The yarns are passed through the eye holes of the heddles, the weave pattern determines which harness controls which warp yarns, and the number of harnesses used depends on the complexity of the weave. Two common methods of controlling the heddles are dobbies and a Jacquard Head, as the harnesses raise the heddles or healds, which raise the warp yarns, the shed is created. The filling yarn is inserted through the shed by a carrier device called a shuttle. The shuttle is normally pointed at each end to allow passage through the shed, in a traditional shuttle loom, the filling yarn is wound onto a quill, which in turn is mounted in the shuttle. The filling yarn emerges through a hole in the shuttle as it moves across the loom, a single crossing of the shuttle from one side of the loom to the other is known as a pick. As the shuttle back and forth across the shed, it weaves an edge, or selvage. Between the heddles and the roll, the warp threads pass through another frame called the reed. The portion of the fabric that has already been formed but not yet rolled up on the roll is called the fell. After the shuttle moves across the loom laying down the fill yarn, conventional shuttle looms can operate at speeds of about 150 to 160 picks per minute. There are two motions, because with each weaving operation the newly constructed fabric must be wound on a cloth beam. This process is called taking up, at the same time, the warp yarns must be let off or released from the warp beams

19.
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
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Ghaziabad is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is sometimes referred to as the Gateway of UP because it is close to New Delhi and it is a part of the National Capital Region of Delhi. It is a large and planned city, with a population of 2,381,452. Recent construction works have led to the city being described by a City Mayors Foundation survey as the second fastest-growing in the world. Situated in the Upper Gangetic Plains, the city has two divisions separated by the Hindon River, namely, Trans-Hindon on the west and Cis-Hindon on the east side. Excavations carried out at the mound of Kaseri, at the banks of river Hindon, according to the Gazetteer, the fort, Loni is named after Lavanasura. The city and its region have historically witnessed major wars. In AD1313, the region including present day Ghaziabad became a huge battlefield. During the Anglo- Maratha War, Sir General Lake and the Royal Maratha army fought here circa, altama Religion was started from Ghaziabad in 1803. The name Ghaziuddinnagar was shortened to its present form, i. e. Ghaziabad with the opening of the Railways in 1864, establishment of the Scientific Society here, during the same period is considered as a milestone of the educational movement launched by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. The Ghaziabad Municipality came into existence in 1868, the Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway, connecting Delhi and Lahore, up till Ambala through Ghaziabad was opened in the same year. The city of Ghaziabad was founded in AD1740 by Wazir Ghazi-ud-din, during the Mughal period, Ghaziabad and especially the banks of the Hindon in Ghaziabad, remained a picnic spot for the Mughal royal family. Ghaziabad, along with Meerut and Bulandshahr, remained one of the three Munsifis of the District, under the Meerut Civil Judgeship during most periods of the British Raj, Ghaziabad was associated with the Indian independence movement from the Indian Rebellion of 1857. During that rebellion, there were clashes between the British forces and Indian rebel sepoys on the banks of the Hindon, and the rebels checked the advancing British forces coming from Meerut. Although connected by railway since 1865, it was not until 1940 that the first modern industry appeared in Ghaziabad, however, it was in the post-independence period that industry really expanded, with a further 22 factories opening in the four years after 1947. This development can be attributed to the influx of people from the newly formed Pakistan, subsequently, the Mohan Meakin breweries were also set up in the year 1949. This period also saw the development of Ghaziabad as one of Indias most famous centres of the Oil Engines industry, in 1967, the municipal limits were extended up to the Delhi-UP border. Starting early 1970s, a number of steel manufacturing units also came up in the city making it one of the primary industries of the city

20.
Kanpur
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Kanpur (/ˈkɑːnpʊər/ pronunciation, formerly Cawnpore, is the 12th most populous city in India. It is the headquarters of Kanpur Nagar district and Kanpur division. The name is believed to have derived from Karnapur, another theory is that it came from the nearby town of Makanpur, earlier known as Khairabad, where the Sufi saint of the Madariya Sufi order, Badiuddin Zinda Shah Madar, settled. In 1207, Raja Kanh Deo of the Kanhpuria clan established the village of Kanhpur, in the 19th century, Kanpur was an important British garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857,900 British men, women and children were besieged in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels under Nana Sahib Peshwa. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby Satti Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to Allahabad. Some of the British officers later claimed that the rebels had, on purpose, placed the boats as high in the mud as possible and they also claimed that Nana Sahibs camp had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill all the English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, some historians believe that the Satti Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion, and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib and his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four survivors of the massacre. Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were back to shore. After some time, the commanders of the decided to kill their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders and butchers from the town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on 18 July. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a well nearby. The British under General Neill retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel Sepoys, the Kanpur Massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance. Lucknow =100 km As per 2011 census Kanpur city has a population of 2,701,324. The total population of the district is 4,524,324 out of which males were 24,59,806, the literacy rate was 70.76 per cent. Hinduism is majority religion in Kanpur city with 78.03 % followers, islam is second most popular religion in city of Kanpur with approximately 19.85 % following it. In Kanpur city, Christinity is followed by 0.46 %, Jainism by 0.20 %, Sikhism by 1.01 %, around 0.02 % stated Other Religion, approximately 0.39 % stated No Particular Religion. There are 35 Parsis in Kanpur with their Fire Temple at The Mall, the metropolitan region area includes the area of Shuklaganj Municipal Committee, Unnao Municipal Committee, Akbarpur Village Authority and Bithoor Village Authority area

21.
Lucknow
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Lucknow is the capital of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and is also the administrative headquarters of the eponymous District and Division. It is the largest city in Uttar Pradesh, the eleventh most populous city, in North India, it is the third largest city after Delhi and Jaipur. Lucknow has always known as a multicultural city that flourished as a North Indian cultural and artistic hub. It continues to be an important centre of governance, administration, education, commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, culture, tourism, music, the city stands at an elevation of approximately 123 metres above sea level. Lucknow district covers an area of 2,528 square kilometres, bounded on the east by Barabanki, on the west by Unnao, on the south by Raebareli and in the north by Sitapur and Hardoi, Lucknow sits on the northwestern shore of the Gomti River. Hindi is the language of the city and Urdu is also widely spoken. Lucknow is the centre of Shia Islam in India with the highest Shia Muslim population in India, historically, the capital of Awadh was controlled by the Delhi Sultanate which then came under Mughal rule. It was later transferred to the Nawabs of Awadh, in 1856, the British East India Company abolished local rule and took complete control of the city along with the rest of Awadh and, in 1857, transferred it to the British Raj. Along with the rest of India, Lucknow became independent from Britain on 15 August 1947 and it has been listed the 17th fastest growing city in India and 74th in world. Lucknow, along with Agra and Varanasi, is in the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, Lucknow is the anglicised spelling of the local pronunciation lakhnau. According to one legend, the city is named after Lakshmana, the legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called Lakshmanapuri. However the Dalit movement believes that Lakhan Pasi, a ruler, was the settler of the city and is named after him. The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur by the 11th century, a similar theory states that the city was known as Lakshmanavati after Lakshmana. The name changed to Lakhanavati, then Lakhnauti and finally Lakhnau, yet another theory states that the citys name is connected with Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth. Over time, the changed to Laksmanauti, Laksmnaut, Lakhsnaut, Lakhsnau and, finally. From 1350 onwards, Lucknow and parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Nawabs of Awadh, the British East India Company and the British Raj. Lucknow was one of the centres of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and actively participated in Indias independence movement. Until 1719, the subah of Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a Governor appointed by the Emperor, persian adventurer Saadat Khan, also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed nizam of Awadh in 1722 and established his court in Faizabad, near Lucknow

22.
Faizabad
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Faizabad, the old capital of Awadh, is the headquarters of Faizabad District and Faizabad division as well. It is a corporation with Ayodhya in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was the first capital of the Nawabs of Awadh and has built by the Nawabs, like the Tomb of Bahu Begum. The Legend of Awadh, Umrao Jaan Ada, was born in Faizabad, another legend and Hindi writer Radhika Prasad Tripathi was from this city. Akhtaribai Faizabadi, also known as Begum Akhtar, was born in Faizabad and she was a classical singer who performed Urdu ghazals, dadras, thumris, etc. Among other notable people from Faizabad are Mir Babar Ali Anis, Chakbast is credited to have translated the Ramayana into Urdu for the first time. However, more accurately, the reference is found in Medieval and Modern history, Nawab Saadat Khan made the first settlements along the banks of Ghaghra with a cantonment consisting of a fortress and mud barracks. Due to these temporary dwellings, Faizabad was first known as Bangla, due to his management policy states income rose from Rs.7 to 20 million. Faizabad was developed later on by Saadat Ali Khans second successor, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula into a capital city, with gardens, palaces, markets, roads. Shuja-ud-Daula also built a fortress on the banks of Saryu after he lost the battle of Buxar in 1764, however, this fort now is nothing more than a hummock, just an edict remains which is pictured here. Faizabad was also a centre of one of battles of the Mutiny of 1857. A detailed history of Faizabad can be read in Tareekh-e-Farahbaksh, written by Munshi Mohd, faiz Baksh, a courtier in the Shuja-ud-Daulas court. This book has been translated into English by Hamid Afaq Qureshi as Memoirs of Faizabad, Faizabad also finds a prominent and detailed mention in Guzishta Lakhnau written by Maulvi Abdul Halim Sharar. The third nawab of Awadh, Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula, shifted the Capital of Avadh to Lucknow in 1775 after his terms with his mother became sour, Saadat Khan, the first Nawab of Awadh, laid the foundation of Faizabad at the outskirt of ancient city of Ayodhya. Suja-ud-daula, the third Nawab of Awadh, settled at Faizabad after 1764 and built a fort known as Chhota Calcutta, now in ruins. In 1765 he built the Chowk and Tirpaulia and subsequently laid out the Anguribagh and Motibagh to the south of it, during the reign of Shuja-Ud-Daula, Faizabad attained such a prosperity which it never saw again. The Nawabs graced Faziabad with several buildings, notable among them being the Gulab Bari, Moti Mahal. Gulab Bari is a building of fine properties, standing in a garden surrounded by a wall

23.
Sonbhadra district
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Sonbhadra district or Sonebhadra is the 2nd largest district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Sonbhadra is the district in India which borders four states namely Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarh Jharkhand. Sonbhadra lies between vindhya and Kaimur hills. So it is hilly region with natural beauty due to which First Prime minister of India Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru called sonbhadra The Switzerland of India. Based on evidence from religious and cultural perspectives Ramayana and the Mahabharat, by Jarasandh many rulers in the Mahabharat war was maintained prisoner here. In the third century, this was the capital of the kings of Kantipuri wakatak Nagvanshi dynasty till ninth centuries it was dominated, abhor dynasty kings and powerful kings of kol were also ruled in this area. The forts Located in the district are 1, agori Fort - ruled by Madan Shah 2. Vijaygarh Fort - ruled by Kashi Naresh Chet Singh 3. Sodhrigarh Durg- ruled by Garhwal kings. The heroine of Famous Novel Chandrakanta written by Devaki Nandan Khatri was the princess of Vijaygarh Fort, Sonbhadra is located in the south-eastern ranges of the Vindhyachal mountain. The Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar, a reservoir on the Rihand, lies partly in the district, the district has historic, cultural, and ecological affinities with the Bagelkhand region. Robertsganj is the headquarters, but Obra and Renukoot are the bigger. Almost 80 km from Varanasi, the centre of Indian epitome of Vedic civilisation. Sonbhadra has a subtropical climate with high variation between summer and winter temperatures. The average temperature is 30 °C–46 °C in the summer and 2 °C–15 °C in the winter, the weather is pleasant in rainy season from July to October. The southern region of Sonebhadra is referred to as the Energy Capital of India, NTPC has three coal-based thermal power plants at Shaktinagar SSTPS,2000 MW, |Vindhyanagar]] and Bijpur. Other power stations are at Anpara, Obra, Renusagar and Pipri-Hydro, NCL has its headquarters and many coal mines in this region. Hindalco has an aluminium plant at Renukut. This region became an industrial heaven from an area of forest, some of the hills were having limestone and lot of them were having coal. There were some small rivers running through the area and the major was the Son, owing to the limestone hills, initially one cement factory was established at Churk in 1956. Later another cement factory started at Dala in 1971 and ancillary unit of Dala got started at Chunar in 1980, the cement factories became the foundation on which other industries were built

24.
Balrampur
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Balrampur is a city and a municipal board in Balrampur district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated on the bank of river Rapti and is the headquarters of Balarampur district. Balrampur was a state in India and it is divided in 1748 and a part of U. P. Balrampur had population as of 2011 census is 90000, in the Mughal era Balrampur was the seat of Balrampur Estate, a Taluqdari of Oudh. Balrampur is located at 27. 43°N82. 18°E﻿ /27.43,82.18 and it has an average elevation of 105 metres. Two prominent archaeological sites, Jetavana and Savatthi, or Saheth and Maheth, alexander Cunningham used the ancient accounts of Chinese pilgrim-monks to determine that Saheth-Maheth actually referred to Jetavana and Savatthi. Saheth, covering an area of 32 acres, was the site of the Jetavana monastery and it became an important place of pilgrimage, adorned with numerous shrines, stupas and monasteries. The stupas belong mostly to the Kushan period, while the temples are in the Gupta style, the remains date from the Mauryan era to the 12th century CE. One of the earliest stupas, contained relics of the Buddha, a colossal statue of the Buddha was also found here which is now preserved in the Indian Museum, Kolkata. Maheth covers an area of about 400 acres, and has identified with the remains of the city proper and is located about 0.25 miles to the north-east of Saheth. Excavations have exposed the massive gates of the city, ramparts, the Sobhanath Temple is located here. The ruins of Maheth includes two stupas, One stupa, known as Pakki Kuti, is said to be that of Angulimala while the other, known as Kachchi Kuti, is believed to be that of Sudatta, a disciple of Buddha. Pakki Kuti and Kacchi Kuti were later converted into Brahmanical temples, the Emperor Ashoka visited Jetavana, and the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen- Tsang mentions two Ashokan pillars at Sravasti. Other places of interest include the Swarnagandha Kuti where Gautama Buddha lived, in Jetavana is also located the second-holiest tree of Buddhism, the Anandabodhi Tree. The district has very rich literary heritage, famous Urdu poet Ali Sardar Jafri was born here in 1913. He is among the only four Urdu poets who got the prestigious Jnanpith award, the other notable poet of the city is Syed Ali Mehdi Rizvi, very famous for his religious Urdu poetry such as Mussadas, Marsiya, Salam, Rubai, Nauha etc. Apart from extensively writing the poetry, his other notable works include poetic representation of History of India named Matla-e-Watan. Apart from that the birthplace of Mohd Shafi Khan also known as Bekal Utsahi is Balrampur and he has the distinction of being a former member of Rajya Sabha

25.
Mathura
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Mathura is a city in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located approximately 50 kilometres north of Agra, and 145 kilometres south-east of Delhi, about 11 kilometres from the town of Vrindavan and it is the administrative centre of Mathura District of Uttar Pradesh. During the ancient period, Mathura was a hub, located at the junction of important caravan routes. The 2011 census of India estimated the population of Mathura to be 441,894, Mathura is believed to be the birthplace of Krishna which is located at the centre of Braj or Brij-bhoomi, called Shri Krishna Janma-Bhoomi, literally, Lord Krishnas birthplace. It is one of the seven cities considered holy by Hindus, the Keshav Dev Temple was built in ancient times on the site of Krishnas birthplace. Mathura was the capital of the Surasena Kingdom, ruled by Kansa the maternal uncle of Krishna, Mathura has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India. Mathura has an ancient history and also homeland and birthplace of Krishna who was born in Yadu dynasty, according to the Archaeological Survey of India plaque at the Mathura Museum, the city is mentioned in the oldest Indian epic, the Ramayana. In the epic, the Ikshwaku prince Shatrughna slays a demon called Lavanasura, afterwards, the place came to be known as Madhuvan as it was thickly wooded, then Madhupura and later Mathura. In the 6th century BCE Mathura became the capital of the Surasena mahajanapada, the city was later ruled by the Maurya empire. Megasthenes, writing in the early 3rd century BCE, mentions Mathura as a city under the name Μέθορα. It seems it never was under the control of the following Shunga dynasty as not a single archaeological remain of a Shunga presence were ever found in Mathura. However, this corresponds to the presence of the native Mitra dynasty, in Mathura. After a period of rule, Mathura was conquered by the Indo-Scythians during the 1st century BCE. The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the Northern Satraps, as opposed to the Western Satraps ruling in Gujarat, mathuran art and culture reached its zenith under the Kushan dynasty which had Mathura as one of their capitals, the other being Purushapura. The city was sacked and many of its temples destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018 CE and again by Sikandar Lodhi, sikander Lodhi earned the epithet of Butt Shikan, the Destroyer of Hindu deities. The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, built the Shahi-Eidgah Mosque during his rule, in 2016,24 people including 2 police officers were killed in the Jawahar Bagh clash, when the police tried to evict a large number of squatters from the public park. Mathura is located at 27. 28°N77. 41°E﻿ /27.28,77.41 and it has an average elevation of 174 metres. The 2011 census of India estimates the population of Mathura to be 441,894, males account for 54% and females for 46% of this population

26.
Oil refinery
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Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, the crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products, an oil refinery is considered an essential part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry. The lighter elements, however, form explosive vapors in the tanks and are therefore hazardous. Petroleum fossil fuels are burned in internal combustion engines to power for ships, automobiles, aircraft engines, lawn mowers, dirt bikes. Different boiling points allow the hydrocarbons to be separated by distillation, Oil can be used in a variety of ways because it contains hydrocarbons of varying molecular masses, forms and lengths such as paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes, alkenes, dienes, and alkynes. Once separated and purified of any contaminants and impurities, the fuel or lubricant can be sold without further processing, smaller molecules such as isobutane and propylene or butylenes can be recombined to meet specific octane requirements by processes such as alkylation, or more commonly, dimerization. The octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic reforming, the final step in gasoline production is the blending of fuels with different octane ratings, vapor pressures, and other properties to meet product specifications. Another method for reprocessing and upgrading these intermediate products uses a process to separate usable oil from the waste asphaltene material. Oil refineries are large plants, processing about a hundred thousand to several hundred thousand barrels of crude oil a day. Because of the capacity, many of the units operate continuously, as opposed to processing in batches. The high capacity also makes process optimization and advanced process control very desirable, petroleum products are usually grouped into four categories, light distillates, middle distillates, heavy distillates and residuum. This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fractions as in the above drawing and these are not usually transported but instead are blended or processed further on-site. Chemical plants are often adjacent to oil refineries or a number of further chemical processes are integrated into it. For example, light hydrocarbons are steam-cracked in a plant. Using the Claus process, hydrogen sulfide is afterwards transformed to elementary sulfur to be sold to the chemical industry, the rather large heat energy freed by this process is directly used in the other parts of the refinery. Often an electrical plant is combined into the whole refinery process to take up the excess heat. Desalter unit washes out salt from the oil before it enters the atmospheric distillation unit

27.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota

28.
Noida
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Noida, short for the New Okhla Industrial Development Authority, is a systematically planned Indian city under the management of the New Okhla Industrial Development Authority. It is part of National Capital Region of India, Noida came into administrative existence on 17 April 1976 and celebrates 17 April as Noida Day. It was set up as part of an urbanisation thrust during the controversial Emergency period, the city was created under the UP Industrial Area Development Act by the initiatives of Sanjay Gandhi. The city has the highest per capita income in the whole National Capital Region, the Noida Authority is among the richest civic bodies in the country. As per provisional reports of Census India, the population of Noida in 2011 is 642,381, roads in Noida are lined by trees and it is considered to be Indias greenest city with about 50% green cover, the highest of any city in India. Noida is located in Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh state, the districts administrative headquarters are in the nearby town of Greater Noida. However, the districts highest government official, the District Magistrate, has its official camp office in Noida Sector-27, the city is a part of the Noida Vidhan Sabha constituency and Gautam Buddha Nagar. Minister of State for Culture, Tourism of Civil Aviation Mahesh Sharma of the BJP is the current MP of Noida, the current MLA is Pankaj Singh. Noida has emerged as a hot spot for IT and IT-enabled services industry with large companies setting up their businesses here. Noida is located in the Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh state India, Noida is about 25 kilometres southeast of New Delhi,20 kilometres northwest of the district headquarters - Greater Noida and 457 kilometres northwest of the state capital, Lucknow. Noida falls under the catchment area of the Yamuna River, and is located on the old river bed, the soil is rich and loamy. Since Noida can also be termed as being situated on the tail of Aravali, other common trees are Neem, Peepal, Banyan, Sheesham and Teak that grow naturally. Recent urbanisation has introduced laburnam, red cotton, and other trees on the roadsides, people take a lot of interest in planting amaltash and Gulmohar. For these reasons, different trees surround roads of Noida from almost everywhere, There are various types of grasses that grow naturally on the free ground, as this land was perfect for agriculture before construction work took over. Sugarcane, wheat and vegetables were grown in great extent along with Mango, Jamun and you can record a great number of birds in Noida, Sparrows, Crows, Mynahs, Bulbuls, Kingfishers, Prinias, and Bushchats can be spotted anywhere. With careful eyes one can also see barbets, munias, Okhla Bird Sanctuary is one such place to go and do bird watching and it has a great number of birds varying from cormorants to jacanaa and seagulls. More than 55 species are present and around the same number are seasonal. Surajkund Sanctuary, village areas are not far off for nature viewing, the Noida-Greater Noida Expressway is poised to become a self-sustaining urban pocket in Noida with good infrastructure

29.
Greater Noida
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Greater Noida City is a north Indian city with a population in excess of 100,000, located in the Gautam Budh Nagar district of the northern state of Uttar Pradesh. It comes under the purview of the National Capital Region of India, situated 30 km south-east of capital city of New Delhi, it takes around 30 minutes to travel between the cities via the Noida-Greater Noida Expressway. Before Greater Noida City, there were two areas that had been developed—Gurgaon, across the border from Haryana, and Noida, across the border with Uttar Pradesh, noidas infrastructure was carefully laid out, but the 1990s saw huge growth in the Indian economy. Migration to cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Noida was developed to accommodate population growth for 20–25 years. The massive population influx to Delhi, however, caused it to overload in a mere 15 years, although intake is not complete, the government of Uttar Pradesh decided to develop another city as an extension to Noida with better planning. The idea was to create a city approximately 25 km from Noida. During the 1990s, the Noida extension became what is known as Greater Noida. The development of the city is managed by the Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority, Greater Noida is connected to Agra by the six-lane Yamuna Expressway. The annual Indian Grand Prix is held at the Buddh International Circuit, roads are wide with service lanes for every major road. The sectors are named by letters of the Greek alphabet, all cabling and utilities have been built underground. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma are the oldest sectors, the other emerging sectors include Xu, Delta, Mu, Omicron and Tau. A park has been named Amar Shaheed Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Udyan by the Uttar Pradesh Government, the 12th and 14th Auto Expos were held at India Expo Mart, Greater Noida, in February 2014 and 2016 respectively. All sectors under Noida Extension are very much a part of the Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority, as of late 2012, plans were being formed to rename it to Greater Noida. Planners intended the area to provide NCR region housing, as per provisional data of the 2011 census, Greater Noida had a population of 107,676, with 58,662 males and 49,014 females. The literacy rate was 86. 54%,91. 48% of males and 80. 65% of females, the demographics of Greater Noida mainly consist of students, corporate employees, and labourers. Students are often temporary residents from other parts of India and abroad, Greater Noida and Noida combined have approximately 200 villages, out of which 110 have a Gurjar majority and 50 villages have yadav as a majority. Greater Noida has a similar climate to Delhi, very hot and dry during summer, hot and humid during monsoons, pleasant and dry during spring and autumn, and cool to cold during winters. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the falls under seismic zone-III, on a scale of I to V while the wind and cyclone zoning is a very high damage risk

30.
National Capital Region (India)
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The National Capital Region is a coordinated planning region centred upon the National Capital Territory of Delhi in India. It encompasses the entire NCT of Delhi and several districts surrounding it from the states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, the NCR is a rural-urban region, with a population of over 46,069,000 and an urbanization level of 62. 6%. As well as the cities and towns the NCR contains ecologically sensitive areas like the Aravalli ridge, forests, wildlife, all the areas of NCR together generated GDP of $128.9 billion in 2011-12, which was 7.5 percent of the Indian GDP. The National Capital Region and its board were created under the National Capital Region Planning Board Act of 1985. The 1985 boundary of the NCR covered an area of 34,144 km2, in July 2013, NCR was expanded to include three more districts, Bhiwani, and Mahendragarh in the state of Haryana, as well as Bharatpur in the state of Rajasthan. This brought the number of districts in NCR to 19, with the total NCR area increasing 34% to 45,887 km2. On 9 June 2015 the Government of India approved the inclusion of three districts in NCR - Jind and Karnal in the state of Haryana and Muzaffarnagar in U. P. There are now a total of 22 districts within NCR, covering an area of 58,332 km2. Uttar Pradesh is pushing to have the districts of Agra, Aligarh, punjab is also forcing to have Patiala, Dera Bassi and Mohali included in the NCR. Outskirts of Rajasthan like Bhadra are also included in the Future Extension plans, prior to the creation of the NCR, an area described as the Delhi Metropolitan Area was described in the 1962 Master Plan for Delhi.1 million in 1951. The following Master Plan for Delhi, approved in August 1990, added Noida, Bahadurgarh and the township of Kundli to the DMA. Topics covered by the 2001 plan included transport, telecommunications, power and water supply, waste and sewerage, education, health, the environment, housing, the 2021 plan extended these with the additional topics of social infrastructure, heritage, tourism, rural development and disaster management. Sewage connectivity About 46% of the National Capital Region —home to 40 to 50 million people—is not connected to sewage networks, sewage from these areas flows into stormwater drains that empty directly into the Yamuna. The 2001 regional plan defined the Delhi Metropolitan Area as including Ghaziabad, Noida, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Bahadurgarh, the 2021 plan renamed the area as the Central National Capital Region, covering about 2,000 km2 in addition to the 1,483 km2 of NCT Delhi. The 2021 plan estimated the 2001 population of the CNCR outside of Delhi NCT to be over 2.8 million, while Delhi NCTs population was 13.8 million, as of 2016 the most recent population estimates have spanned 25.7 to 26.5 million people. The 1985 Act gives the NCRCB has the ability to select districts outside of the NCR to act as counter magnets, counter-magnet cities are identified as those that can be developed as alternative centres of growth and attract migrants to them rather than Delhi. The counter magnet cities should be given priority when allocating funding for development of land, housing and infrastructure

31.
Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport
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Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport is an airport serving Lucknow and Uttar Pradesh in India. It is situated in Amausi in the city of Lucknow, India and is named after Chaudhary Charan Singh and it is the 12th busiest airport in India and is also the second busiest and largest in North and Central India after IGI airport Delhi. It handled about 3.24 million passengers in 2015-16 exceeding its capacity of 2.5 million passengers per annum and it also handles over 100 flights per day. It was awarded as the second best airport in the world in category of 2-5 million passengers, the airport was constructed in 1986 to facilitate corporate and government officials. With an increasing number of passengers, AAI decided to upgrade the airport, on 17 July 2008, the Government of India officially renamed it Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport. It was granted international status in May 2012, Lucknow Airport, previously called Amausi International Airport is now renamed as Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport. A new terminal, equipped with latest technology, at Lucknows Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport is operative since June 2,2012 and it is being used both for arrivals and departures of domestic and international flights. The new terminal is a building which can accommodate around 650 passengers at a time. The airport consists of two terminals, domestic and international. AAI has also approved approximately 1200 crore rupees for a new integrated terminal, runway The airport has a single runway that is 2, 800m long. AAI has also planned for runway expansion at Lucknow airport. Terminal 1 The original terminal, built to complement Charbagh Railway Stations architecture, is now used for flights after the opening of Terminal 2. It has two arrival and three departing gates as well as two immigration counters, Terminal 2 The terminal was inaugurated by civil aviation minister Ajit Singh on 19 May 2012 before opening on 2 June 2012. With five boarding gates, Terminal 2 is used for domestic flights. Terminal 2 of Lucknow airport is dealing with huge passenger traffic year by year. The terminal will have aerobridges, escalators, lifts, integrated entry and exit systems, security access system, the construction is estimated to take about 57 months while survey, designing and approval survey, Project Investment Board clearance are likely to take another nine months. The nearest major station is Lucknow Charbagh railway station which is roughly 10 km from the airport campus. Airport is well connected with the cab service. CCS International Airport will be connected through Lucknow Metro by a station on the North-South Corridor Line. Metro connection will make ease for passengers. The airport was awarded AAIs Best Airport award in July 2013 along with Jodhpur Airport, Airports in India List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic Amausi Airport at Airports Authority of India web site Accident history for LKO at Aviation Safety Network

32.
Varanasi
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The spiritual capital of India, it is the holiest of the seven sacred cities in Hinduism and Jainism, and played an important role in the development of Buddhism. Varanasi lies along National Highway 2, which connects it to Kolkata, Kanpur, Agra, and Delhi, Varanasi is also one of 72 districts in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. At the time of the 2011 census, there were a total 8 blocks and 1329 villages in this district, Varanasi grew as an important industrial centre, famous for its muslin and silk fabrics, perfumes, ivory works, and sculpture. Buddha is believed to have founded Buddhism here around 528 BC when he gave his first sermon, The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma, at nearby Sarnath. The citys religious importance continued to grow in the 8th century, Tulsidas wrote his epic poem on Ramas life called Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi. Several other major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi, including Kabir, Guru Nanak Dev visited Varanasi for Shivratri in 1507, a trip that played a large role in the founding of Sikhism. The kingdom of Benares was given official status by the Mughals in 1737, silk weaving, carpets and crafts and tourism employ a significant number of the local population, as do the Diesel Locomotive Works and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. Varanasi Hospital was established in 1964, Varanasi has been a cultural centre of North India for several thousand years, and is closely associated with the Ganges. Hindus believe that death in the city will bring salvation, making it a centre for pilgrimage. The city is known worldwide for its ghats, embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions. Of particular note are the Dashashwamedh Ghat, the Panchganga Ghat, the Manikarnika Ghat and the Harishchandra Ghat, the last two being where Hindus cremate their dead. The Ramnagar Fort, near the bank of the Ganges, was built in the 18th century in the Mughal style of architecture with carved balconies, open courtyards. Among the estimated 23,000 temples in Varanasi are Kashi Vishwanath Temple of Shiva, the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple, the Kashi Naresh is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi, and an essential part of all religious celebrations. One of Asias largest residential universities is Banaras Hindu University, the Hindi-language nationalist newspaper, Aj, was first published in 1920. The old city is located on the shores of the Ganges, bounded by Varuna. The name was used by pilgrims dating from Buddhas days. Hindu religious texts use many epithets to refer to Varanasi, such as Kāśikā, Avimukta, Ānandavana, according to legend, Varanasi was founded by the god Shiva. It is regarded as one of seven cities which can provide Moksha, Ayodhyā, Mathurā, Gayā, Kāśi, Kañchi, Avantikā

33.
Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
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With a fleet size of over 11851 buses we operate over 3 million kilometers catering to the travel needs of over 1.4 million people and earning over Rs.70 million everyday. Provision of adequate, efficient, well co-ordinated, comfortable and economical services to our passengers, while earning enough for self-sustenance & growth, is our motto. Passenger road transport services in the state of U. P. started on 15 May 1947 with the operation of bus service on the Lucknow - Barabanki route by the erstwhile U. P. At the time of establishment of the Corporation it had a fleet of 4253 buses which were operating on 1123 routes, the corporations earned kilometers operated at that time were 228.8 million kilometers. As a result of increase in operations, the earned kilometers totaled about 395.3 million kilometers. By the end of the period the fleet had risen to 8161 buses from the initial strength of 6198. At the end of 2006-07 the Corporation had 6561 buses apart from 784 hired buses operated under its control. In the XIth five-year plan 4518 buses were inducted and 4189 buses were removed from fleet. At the end of 2011-12 the Corporation had 6890 buses apart from 1763 hired buses operated under its control, the Corporation has been reconstituted on 30 Oct 2003 with the services in the state of Uttarakhand forming a separate corporation. The corporate office of the corporation is situated at Lucknow. For efficient functioning the corporation has been divided into 20 regions of which 1 region operates urban & sub-urban services, the total number of depots in the corporation is 116, including car-section. Each depot has a depot workshop attached to it to provide supportive maintenance facilities, with the implementation of ITMS, the entire transport department in the state would go online. U. P. S. R. T. C. is headquartered at Lucknow and has 20 regions operating out of 116 depots, UPSRTC operates a fleet of around 11,851 Buses primarily manufactured by Ashok Leyland. Some TATA and Volvo buses are also in service, JANTA Operates as shuttle service between district headquarters and nearby towns / villages / tehsils. Caters to rural and economy conscious traffic, USP - Reduced fares are charged. MINI Operates as shuttle service between district headquarters and nearby towns / villages / tehsils, Caters to rural and time conscious traffic. USP - Has 32 seats, gets filled up fast and reaches destination faster, ORDINARY New comfortable buses, operate between various districts Caters to the general traffic. USP - Ordinary fares are charged, GOLD LINE New, more comfortable and point to point services. Operates between different districts as direct services, USP - Starts at right time from starting station and again start at right time for return journey to starting station. Caters to comfort and time conscious traffic, SLEEPER New, comfortable and non AC Sleeper services for long routes

34.
Yamuna Expressway
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Yamuna Expressway is a 6-lane,165 km long, controlled-access expressway, connecting Greater Noida with Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is Indias longest six-lane controlled-access expressway stretch, the total project cost was ₹128.39 billion. The expressway starts from Greater Noida and ends at Kuberpur on NH2 towards Kanpur, in addition, a total of 13 service roads of about 168 km have been built for local commuters to access the expressway. It was conceived with the idea of reducing the time between Delhi and Agra. But the project could not start because of a change of government in the state in 2003, the project was reactivated in 2007 when Mayawati regained power and was renamed Yamuna Expressway. Yamuna Expressway Project was implemented by Jaypee Group, in May 2012, Jaypee Group informed state government officials that construction of the expressway had been completed. The Yamuna Expressway was formally inaugurated on 9 August 2012 by Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav, via videoconference from Lucknow, about two years behind of its original target completion date. In a first for military aviation in India, Indian Air Force on May 21,2015 successfully landed a French Dassault Mirage-2000 on the Yamuna Expressway near Raya village, Mathura, at about 6.40 am. The drill was part of more trials to see how many other highways can be used for emergency landing of defence aircraft. The next stretch on sight is three km of the Agra-Lucknow Greenfield Expressway, the Expressway is expected to be used by over 100,000 vehicles every day, and reduce travel times between Greater Noida and Agra from 4 hours to 100 minutes. Petrol pump at the point at Tappal is open. Tappal 60 km from Noida Sec.37 i. e. botanical garden or Noida city center, the Expressway was developed in three phases, Phase I, Expressway Stretch between Greater Noida & proposed Taj International Aviation Hub. Phase II, Expressway Stretch between proposed Taj International Aviation Hub and an intermediate destination between proposed Taj International Aviation Hub & Agra, Phase IV, Expressway Stretch between intermediate destination & Agra. Speed Limit The speed limit on the expressway is 100 km/h for vehicles, the right most lane on the expressway is reserved for overtaking only. Upcoming Residential Project Yamuna Expressway has become most preferred for Builders and developers, many reputed builders are bringing residential project at Yamuna Expressway. To inject new life into the real market, Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority has come up with the lucrative affordable housing projects. Under the new subvention scheme YEIDA has launched 200 small ticket size apartments and 80 large size residential flats, toll will be charged at three points - at 38 km,95 km and 150 km from Greater Noida. Cars and jeeps will be charged Rs 2.10 /km, buses and Trucks will pay Rs.6.60 /km

35.
Narendra Modi
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Narendra Damodardas Modi is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, Modi, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Born to a Gujarati family in Vadnagar, Modi helped his father sell tea as a child and he was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight, beginning a long association with the organisation. He left home after graduating school, partly because of an arranged marriage which he rejected. Modi traveled around India for two years, and visited a number of religious centres and he returned to Gujarat and moved to Ahmedabad in 1969 or 1970. In 1971 he became a worker for the RSS. During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975, the RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985, and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary. Modi was appointed minister of Gujarat in 2001, due to Keshubhai Patels failing health. Modi was elected to the assembly soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots, or otherwise criticised for its handling of it and his policies as chief minister, credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise, and several industrial projects were begun during his tenure. His administration has been criticised for failing to improve health, poverty. Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which gave the party a majority in the Lok Sabha, Modi himself was elected to parliament from Varanasi. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy, and centralised power through the abolition of the planning commission and he has begun a high-profile sanitation campaign, and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana district and he was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and Hiraben Modi. Modis family belonged to the Modh-Ghanchi-Teli community, which is categorised as an Other Backward Class by the Indian government, as a child, Modi helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station, and later ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus. Modi completed his secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher described him as an average student. Modi had a gift for rhetoric in debates, and this was noted by his teachers. Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political image, when eight years old, Modi discovered the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and began attending its local shakhas

36.
New Delhi
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New Delhi is the capital of India and one of Delhi citys 11 districts. The National Capital Region is a larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory along with adjoining districts. The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V and it was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy, New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, the contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed Lutyens Delhi was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britains imperial aspirations. Soon Lutyens started considering other places, however, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroys House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the projects early years, many believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a number of heritage sites in the North side. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroys House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was considered the site of Indraprastha

37.
Meerut
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Dilavar automobiles workshop Meerut is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is an ancient city with settlements dating back to the Indus Valley civilisation having been found in, the city lies 70 km northeast of the national capital New Delhi, and 453 km northwest of the state capital Lucknow. Meerut is the second largest city in the National Capital region, and as of 2011 the 33rd most populous urban agglomeration and it ranked 292 in 2006 and is projected to rank 242 in 2020 in the list of largest cities and urban areas in the world. The municipal area is 141.89 km2 with the cantonment covering 35.68 km2, the city is one of the largest producers of sports goods, and the largest producer of musical instruments in India. The city is also a hub in western Uttar Pradesh. Meerut is also known as the Sports City Of India, the city is famous for being the starting point of 1857 rebellion for the freedom of the country. The city may have derived its name from Mayarashtra, the capital of the kingdom of Mayasura, Mandodaris father and this name may have mutated to Mairashtra, Mai-dant-ka-khera, Mairaath and eventually Meerut. Tradition also has it that the city formed a part of the dominions of Mahipala, the king of Indraprastha, Meerut also contained a Harappan settlement known as Alamgirpur. It was also the easternmost settlement of the Indus valley civilisation, Meerut had been a centre of Buddhism in the period of Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, and remains of Buddhist structures were found near the Jama Masjid in the present day city. He was later defeated by Mahmud Ghazni in 1018, a prominent local landmark, the Jama Masjid, dates from this period and is said to have been built by Mahmuds vizir. Shortly after its capture the city was regained by the local Hindu Raja and part of his fortifications, built for the city’s defence, but, eventually they were all defeated. Thereafter he went on to attack Delhi, where he massacred the local population, and returned to attack Meerut, then ruled by an Afghan chief, Ilias. The city then came under the rule of the Mughal Empire, during the rule of Mughal Emperor, Akbar the Great, there was a mint for copper coins here. The city saw Sikh and Maratha invasions in the 18th century, with interruptions by Jats, walter Reinhardt, an English soldier, established himself at Sardhana and some parts of the district came under his rule. Upon his death, they came into the hands of Begum Samru, during this time, the southern part of the district had remained under Maratha rule. In 1803, with the fall of Delhi, Daulat Rao Scindia of the Marathas ceded the territory to the British, the city was made headquarters of the eponymous district in 1818. Meerut is famously associated with the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British East India Company, the famous slogan Dilli Chalo was first raised here. Meerut cantonment is the place where the rebellion started when Hindu, the revolt, which catapulted Meerut into international prominence, started in March,1857 at Barrackpore, Bengal

38.
Terai
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The Terai is a lowland region in southern Nepal and northwestern India that lies south of the outer foothills of the Himalayas, the Siwalik Hills, and north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This lowland belt is characterised by tall grasslands, scrub savannah, sal forests, in northern India, the Terai spreads from the Yamuna River eastward across Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The Terai is part the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion, the corresponding lowland region in West Bengal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Assam in the Brahmaputra River basin is called Dooars. In Nepal, the Terai lies at an altitude of between 67 and 300 m and comprises more than 50 wetlands, north of the Terai rises the Bhabhar, a narrow but continuous belt of forest about 8–12 km wide. In Hindi the region is called तराई, tarāī meaning foot-hill, in Nepali, the region is called तराइ tarāi meaning the low-lying land, plain and especially the low-lying land at the foot of the Himālayas. The regions name in Urdu is ترائي tarāʼī meaning lands lying at the foot of a watershed or on the banks of a river, low ground flooded with water, valley, basin, marshy ground, marsh, swamp, meadow. Medium rivers such as the Rapti rise in the Mahabharat Range, the geological structure of the region consists of old and new alluvium, both of which constitute alluvial deposits of mainly sand, clay, silt, gravels and coarse fragments. The new alluvium is renewed every year by fresh deposits brought down by active streams, old alluvium is found rather away from river courses, especially on uplands of the plain where silting is a rare phenomenon. A large number of small and usually seasonal rivers flow through the Terai, the soil in the Terai is alluvial and fine to medium textured. Forest cover in the Terai and hill areas has decreased at a rate of 1. 3% between 1978 and 1979, and 2. 3% between 1990 and 1991. With deforestation and cultivation increasing, a mixture of gravel, boulders and sand evolves. The reduction in slope as rivers exit the hills and then transition from the sloping Bhabhar to the nearly level Terai causes current to slow and this deposition process creates multiple channels with shallow beds, enabling massive floods as monsoon-swollen rivers overflow their low banks and shift channels. Many areas show erosion such as gullies, there are several differences between the climate on the western edge of the Terai at Chandigarh in India and at Biratnagar in Nepal near the eastern edge. Moving inland and away from sources in the Bay of Bengal. In the far western Terai, which is five degrees latitude further north, total rainfall markedly diminishes from east to west. The monsoon arrives later, is less intense and ends sooner. However, winters are wetter in the west, in India, the Terai extends over the states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The Inner Terai refers to the valleys in the lowlands of southern Nepal located between the Mahabharat and Shivalik ranges

39.
Yamuna
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It is the longest river in India which does not directly flow to the sea. Most importantly it creates the highly fertile alluvial, Yamuna-Ganges Doab region between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain, nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna waters. With an annual flow of about 10,000 cubic billion metres and usage of 4,400 cbm, just like the Ganges, the Yamuna too is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as goddess Yamuna, throughout its course. One official describes the river as a drain with biochemical oxygen demand values ranging from 14 to 28 mg/l. Yamunotri temple, a dedicated to the goddess, Yamuna is one of the holiest shrines in Hinduism. Also standing close to the temple, on its 13-kilometre trek route, that follows the bank of the river, lies the Markendeya Tirtha. Large terraces formed over a period of time can be seen in the lower course of the river. Kalanag is the highest point of the entire Yamuna basin, other tributaries in the region are the Giri, Rishi Ganga, Kunta, Hanuman Ganga and Bata tributaries, which drain the Upper Catchment Area of the vast Yamuna basin. Thereafter the river descends on to the plains of Doon Valley, the Yamuna also creates natural state borders between the Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states, and further down between the state of Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. The plain itself supports one-third of Indias population through its farming, here pilgrims travel by boats to platforms erected mid stream to offer prayers. During the Kumbh Mela, held every 12 years, the ghats around the Sangam are venue of large congregation of people, the cities of Baghpat, Delhi, Noida, Mathura, Agra, Firozabad, Etawah, Kalpi, Hamirpur, Allahabad lie on its banks. At Etawah, it meets it another important tributary, Chambal, followed by a host of tributaries further down, including, Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken. Tons River, Yamunas largest tributary, rises in the 20,720 ft high Bandarpoonch mountain and it meets Yamuna below Kalsi near Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Sasur Khaderi River, known as Sasur Khaderi is a tributary in Fatehpur district, the name Yamuna seems to be derived from the Sanskrit word yama, meaning twin, and it may have been applied to the river because it runs parallel to the Ganges. The Yamuna is mentioned at many places in the Rig Veda, 1700–1100 BC, and also in the later Atharvaveda, and the Brahmanas including Aitareya Brahmana and Shatapatha Brahmana. In Rig Veda, the story of the Yamuna describes her love for her twin, Yama, who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for herself. It is also said that lord shiva was the reason for the colour of the Yamuna river. After the death of Sati Devi, lord shiva couldnt tolerate the sadness around him, and At last when he went to Yamuna river, it became so black as it absorbed all his sorrow

40.
Plateau
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Plateaus can be formed by a number of processes, including upwelling of volcanic magma, extrusion of lava, and erosion by water and glaciers. Magma rises from the mantle, causing the ground to swell upward, in way, large, flat areas of rock are uplifted. Plateaus can also be built up by lava spreading outward from cracks, plateaus can also be formed by the erosional processes of glaciers on mountain ranges, leaving them sitting between the mountain ranges. Water can also erode mountains and other landforms down into plateaus, volcanic plateaus are produced by volcanic activity. The Columbia Plateau in the northwestern United States is an example, dissected plateaus are highly eroded plateaus cut by rivers and broken by deep narrow valleys. Plateaus are classified according to their surrounding environment, intermontane plateaus are the highest in the world, bordered by mountains. The Tibetan Plateau is one such plateau, Piedmont plateaus are bordered on one side by mountains and on the other by a plain or a sea. The Piedmont Plateau of the Eastern United States between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Coastal Plain is an example, continental plateaus are bordered on all sides by plains or oceans, forming away from the mountains. The Tibetan plateau covers approximately 2,500,000 km2, the plateau is sufficiently high enough to reverse the Hadley cell convection cycles and to drive the monsoons of India towards the south. The second-highest plateau is the Deosai Plateau of the Deosai National Park at an elevation of 4,114 m. It is located in the Astore and Skardu districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, Deosai means the land of giants. The park protects an area of 3,000 km2 and it is known for its rich flora and fauna of the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe ecoregion. In spring it is covered by sweeps of wildflowers and a variety of butterflies. The highest point in Deosai is Deosai Lake, or Sheosar Lake from the Shina language meaning Blind lake near the Chilim Valley. The lake lies at an elevation of 4,142 m, one of the highest lakes in the world, and is 2.3 km long,1.8 km wide, and 40 m deep on average. Some other major plateaus in Asia are, Armenian Highlands, Iranian plateau, Anatolian Plateau, Mongolian Plateau, and the Deccan Plateau. This polar ice cap is so massive that the echolocation sound measurements of ice thickness have shown that parts of the Antarctic dry land surface have been pressed below sea level. Thus, if that same ice cap were removed, the large areas of the frozen white continent would be flooded by the surrounding Antarctic Ocean or Southern Ocean

41.
Tourism in Uttar Pradesh
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The most populous state of India, Uttar Pradesh contains a large number of historical monuments and places of religious significance. Geographically, Uttar Pradesh is very diverse, with Himalayan foothills in the extreme north and it is also home of Indias most visited sites, the Taj Mahal, and Hinduisms holiest city, Varanasi. Kathak, one of the eight forms of Indian classical dances, Uttar Pradesh is at the heart of India, hence it is also known as The Heartland of India. Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh like Awadhi cuisine, Mughlai cuisine, Kumauni cuisine are very famous not only in India, Uttar Pradesh is known for its rich culture and tradition. It is home to Ayodhya and Mathura birthplace of Lord Rama, Uttar Pradesh attracts a large number of both national and international tourists. Taj Mahal, one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in Agra is also located in Uttar Pradesh, There are different places one can visit in Uttar Pradesh. Agra, Jhansi, Lucknow and Meerut are historical cities famous for their monuments, Noida is the most developed urban city of Uttar Pradesh. The 17th-century Taj Mahal in Agra is the most popular monument in India, Agra is home to four World Heritage Sites in Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, Sikandra & the Fatehpur Sikri. Agra is also home to many other beautiful Mughal buildings like Akbars Tomb, dayal Bagh is an under-construction temple that many visit. The lifelike carving in marble is not seen anywhere else in India, every year thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in the festival on the banks of the Ganges, the Magh Mela. The same festival is organised in a larger scale every 12th year, Kumbh Mela is the most sacred of all the pilgrimages. Thousands of holy men and women attend, and the auspiciousness of the festival is in part attributable to this, the sadhus are seen clad in saffron sheets with plenty of ashes and powder dabbed on their skin per the requirements of ancient traditions. Some called nanga sanyasis or Dhigambers may often be seen without any even in severe winter. This tends to attract a lot of attention as it is seemingly in contrast to a generally conservative social modesty practised in the country. Millions of tourists and pilgrims visit the cities of Allahabad, Varanasi, Mathura, Soron, Uttar Pradesh and Ayodhya, Varanasi is widely considered to be the oldest city in the world, before Jerusalem. It is famous for its ghats which are populated year round with people who want to take a dip in the holy Ganges River, kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi is home to the Vishwanath Jyotirling temple, which is one of the most sacred of Hindu Temples. Both Mathura & Vrindavan have temples devoted to Krishna, during Holi, a special brand of Holi called the Lath mar Holi is played here. Janmaashtami, the birth of Lord Krishna, is celebrated in the region, Hindus believe the birthplace of Rama to be in Ayodhya at the place called Ram Janmabhoomi, the site of the demolished Babri Mosque

42.
Aligarh Muslim University
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Aligarh Muslim University is a public central university. It was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875, the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. The main campus of AMU is located in the city of Aligarh, spread over 467.6 hectares, AMU offers more than 300 courses in both traditional and modern branches of education. In addition to this it has its three off-campus centres at Malappuram, Murshidabad and Kishanganj, the university comprises all castes, creeds, religions and genders, and is an Institute of National Importance provided under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution at its commencement. It was established as Madrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind in 1875, the college started on 24 May 1875. The Anglo–Indian statesman Syed Ahmad Khan founded the predecessor of AMU, the movement of Muslim awakening associated with Syed Ahmad Khan and M. A. O. College came to be known as Aligarh Movement and he considered competence in English and Western sciences necessary skills for maintaining Muslims political influence, especially in Northern India. Khans image for the college was based on his visit to Oxford and Cambridge, a committee was formed by the name of foundation of Muslim College and asked people to fund generously. The, then, Viceroy and Governor General of India Lord Northbrook gave a donation of Rs 10000, Governor of the North Western Provinces contributed Rs 1000 and by March 1874 the fund for the college stood at Rs 153492 and 8 anas. In the beginning, the college was affiliated with the University of Calcutta for the matriculate examination, in 1877, the school was raised to college level and Lord Lytton laid the foundation stone of the college building. Around 1900 efforts began to make the college its own university, the Aligarh Muslim University Act of 1920 made it a central university. By the end of the 1930s, the university had developed an Engineering faculty, Syed Zafarul Hasan, joined the Aligarh Muslim University in early 1900s as head of Philosophy Department, dean Faculty of Arts. He was a pro-vice chancellor before his retirement, before 1939, faculty members and students supported an all-India nationalist movement. After 1939, political sentiment shifted toward support for a Muslim separatist movement, students and faculty mobilised behind Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the university became a center of Pakistan Movement. Womens education started at the university with the establishment of the Girls School on 19 October 1906, the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference had started a movement to establish girls education from 1896 onward. The school became intermediate college in 1929 and on 1930 it was made a constituent college of the university, since then it caters to the female undergraduate students of the university. In late 2014 the universitys vice-chancellor Zameer Uddin Shah turned down a demand by students of the college to be allowed to use the Maulana Azad Library. Shah stated that the issue was not one of discipline, but of space as if girls were allowed in the library there would be four times more boys, putting a strain on the librarys capacity

43.
Indian Institute of Management
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The Indian Institutes of Management are a group of 20 public, autonomous institutes of management education and research in India. They primarily offer postgraduate, doctoral and executive education programmes, the establishment of IIMs was initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, based on the recommendation of the Planning Commission. IIMs are registered as societies under the Indian Societies Registration Act, each IIM is autonomous and exercises independent control over its day-to-day operations. However, the administration of all IIMs and the strategy of IIMs is overseen by the IIM council. Business schools are colleges or institutes, which are conducting courses on business administration and these are either autonomous or would have affiliated to a university. The prominence of a school is purely based on the quality of education, faculty. The top business schools in the such as IIMs and ISB are always making headlines with campus placement. This clearly shows that importance of excellence in education and faculty of business schools, the two-year Post Graduate Programme in Management, offering the Post Graduate Diploma in Management, is the flagship programme across all IIMs. These post graduate programmes are considered equivalent to regular MBA programmes. Some IIMs also offer a one-year Post Graduate diploma Programme for graduates with more work experience, some IIMs offer the Fellow Programme in Management, a doctoral programme. The Fellowship is considered to be equivalent to PhD globally, most IIMs also offer short-term executive education/EMBA courses and part-time programmes. Indian Institute of Management Calcutta was the first IIM to be set up and its main campus is located in Joka, in the outskirts of the city of Calcutta. In addition to the regular PGDM programme, it offers a second two-year full-time postgraduate programme called the Post Graduate Diploma in Computer aided Management, as a member of Global Alliance in Management Education, it offers the CEMS Masters in International Management degree to its PGDM and PGDCM students. It also offers a specialized one-year postgraduate programme for executives in the manufacturing sector, iIM-C is the only IIM which is triple accredited, its programmes are accredited by AACSB, AMBA and EQUIS. Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad was the second IIM to be set up, in addition to the regular PGDM programme, it offers a two-year postgraduate programme in Agri-Business Management. It also offers a postgraduate programme in General Management PGPX and also in Public Management. Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, the third IIM to be established, was set up in 1973 and its main campus is located in Bilekahalli, Bangalore. Apart from its flagship full-time two-year PGP programme, it offers programmes in Enterprise Management, one year full-time EPGP, Indian Institute of Management Lucknow is the fourth IIM to be established, in 1984