Ethnic processes on the territory of Kazakhstan

06 August 2013

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Ethnic processes on the
territory of Kazakhstan

Ethnic history of
Kazakhstan, as well as the entire region of Central Asia is extremely
complicated. Over the centuries here crossed destinies of many tribes and
nations. Information about them is scattered in a large number of sources in
many languages, Oriental and European. The several generations of Orientalists
researchers carried out great work on their study.

In the scientific literature
to the understanding of the ethnic group (the people - the tribe, people,
nation) as a historically established, stable combination of people, which has
not only a common external physical characteristics , but also the relatively
stable characteristics of culture (including language), and mental and also
conscious of its unity and separation from other ethnic groups
(self-consciousness) established by the self-name (ethnonym) . To form a nation
and further the preservation of its integrity is essential unity of the territory
of its settlement. So that people have common traits that distinguish them from
the other ethnic groups , they have continuously for a long time to communicate
with each other, and this is possible only under the condition of their
settlement , at least during the formation and consolidation of ethnic groups within
a single, permanent site.

In XV-XVI centuries largely
completed the process of formation of the Kazakh nation and its ethnic
territory, actually in the same range, which housed the Kazakhs in the
following centuries.

Ethnic basis of the Kazakh
nation, as well as a number of other Turkic peoples of Central Asia have also
established to XV-XVI centuries were numerous Multilanguage last tribes and
nations from Saks, Usuns, Kangüy, Huns, Turks, Turgot - necks, Karluk, Oguz,
Kimaks, Kipchak to Naiman, Argyns, Kireev, Kongrats, Dzhalai, Dulats and many
others who lived at different times in the territory of Kazakhstan. Some of
them are in different eras had their state. Many of the ancient Turkic tribal
and tribal names are stored in Kazakhs and at a later time.

The origins of ethno-genetic
processes that caused the formation of the Kazakh nationality date back to
ancient times - the era of the expansion of primitive society. In the initial
stages of these processes have been linked to the indigenous population. But in
the subsequent development are increasingly dependent on ethnic processes over
large areas of Central Asia. Movement of the ethnic history of the territory of
Kazakhstan , the addition in the different periods of the major ethnic and
ethno-political communities , and ultimately - the Kazakh nation organically
due to the evolution of the relationship and economic forms of nomadic
pastoralism and settled agriculture , and urban culture, progressive changes in
social relations. In many ways, the ethnic processes determined the most
important political events of antiquity and the Middle Ages that took place in
the whole of the Kazakhstan – Central Asian region and beyond.

In the development of
ethno-genetic processes on the territory of Kazakhstan are several stages.
According to anthropological data , in the process of ethnic development
remained stable for a long time Caucasoid population has undergone over time,
more or less strong (in different areas ) changes in the direction of Mongoloid
. Not remain the same and the language situation, the Iranian language ancient
tribes gradually gave way to the later Turk-speaking inhabitants of the area.
Andronovsk tribes of Indo-Iranians, Caucasoid appearance, in charge of cattle
breeding and agriculture in the Bronze Age, inherited in the early Iron Age
related nomadic Scythians pastoral tribes of Saks in the southern and eastern
areas Savramats - in the north and west.

A decisive step in the
ethnic processes in Kazakhstan and in the whole region steppe of Eurasia
associated with the mass resettlement of Turks in a westerly direction from the
middle of I millennium AD. All the more specific, mono-ethnic - namely, Turkic,
became ethno-demographic situation in the steppes of Kazakhstan and neighboring
countries. On the vast territory in the south, south- west, from northern
Mongolia to the Amu Darya, including the Seven Rivers , and gradually settled
Turkic tribes . On the lands of Kazakhstan Turks, among whom sources describe tribes
Butu, Bairku , Beckley , kybyr , Turgish , Bulak , Karluk , etc. , mixed with
the descendants of the ancient inhabitants of Saks, Sarmatians, Usuns, Kangüy.

The formation of new social
(feudal) relations and the formation of the Ancient statehood in the VI -
Turkic khanate , then the Western Turkic Khanate - contributed to the intense
influx of Turkic-speaking tribes in the western lands , Turkization of local
population of Kazakhstan, the progressive Mongolization of the anthropological
type of consolidation of the Turkic tribes certain areas .

In the age of occurrence of
a number of the Turkic states of integration trends in ethnic processes in
Kazakhstan increased. These states have made ​​it possible political
consolidation of local and migrant population its ethnic and cultural
segregation in some regions, and the stabilization of the conditions for the
economic development of the territories.

In the south-east of
Kazakhstan Turgesh Khanate (VII-VIII) united the tribes on a large area of Chu-
Ili watershed, centered on the Talas and Suyabe. The Turks are attached to settled
agricultural and urban life (before the bearers of this culture were mostly
Sughdians).

In the Karluk tribal
federation (VIII-X centuries) which moved into the territory of the Seven
Rivers from area between West Altai and Tarbagatay, apart from Karluk, were
included nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic tribes, united by a common term "
Karluk ": Tuhsi , Chigils , azkishi , muzzle , Khaladji Charuk , arguments
, Barskhany and others (some of them were part of the Turgesh tribal alliance)
. It also includes the Oguz group, the Uighurs, Semirechensk Sogdians. The main
part of the Oguz went to Aral. In the Karluk ethno-political community dominated
Caucasoid racial type with a small admixture of Mongoloid. A large mass of
Karluk migrated to Transoxiana, amounting to form a substantial part of the
Uzbek nation.

On the territory of South
Kazakhstan State Oguz (IX-XI cc) joined Kangui ( Kangly) and Kangaroo Pecheneg
tribes and ethnic groups of the Syr Darya valley , aces and Alans of the Aral-
Caspian -cal regions, and the Turkic nomadic tribes -advanced to the west of
the Seven Rivers , among them - the ethnic group of the Karluk , Khaladji Chagrov,
Charuk . In the guise of anthropological Oguz dominated Mongoloid features.
Subsequently, most of the Oguz moved to Central Asia, and the other was a part
of a new ethno -political association on the territory of Kazakhstan to the
State of Kipchak.

In the northern, eastern and
central regions of Kazakhstan in VIII-XI centuries . lived kimak Kipchak tribes
have also established their early feudal state system . The structure kimak
political union were nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic tribes Kipchak , eymur ,
Imac , Tatars, Bayandur and the other successors of kimaks statehood was the
kypchaks became one of the largest tribes kimak association.

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