Question Give an account of how enzymes work with particular reference to factors that affect their activities. Answer All living things require catalysts to catalyse the reaction which they carry out to survive. Enzymes are the catalysts of biological systems without enzymes reactions in cells would occur all much to slow a rate and the organism would not survive. Most enzymes, with the exception of some RNA catalysts, are proteins. They often require a co factor such as zinc or iron, or a complete organic molecule called a co enzyme in order to work. Sometimes they require both. The complete active complex of the enzyme is called the haloenzyme, the protein part is called an apoenzyme. Enzymes work by providing an alternative environment in which a reaction can occur more quickly. A particular part of the enzyme, called the active site is where the actual catalysis occurs. It is lined by acid residues whose side chains contain functional groups which help in catalysing the reaction. The substance which binds to the active site and undergoes the reaction is called the substrate. Sometimes the active site folds completely around the substrate, sequestering it from solution and providing it with a completely different environment in which it can undergo reaction much more quickly. The complex formed by the substitute and enzyme active site, the enzyme substrate complex (first proposed in 1880 by C.A. Wortz) is essential to enzyme activity. The modern theory of enzyme action was proposed in 1930 by Haldane and collaborated on by Pauling. In this induced fit theory the substrate and enzyme active site do not initially have complementarity to each other. However the substrate is then bent to fit the shape of the active site. Thus the enzymes active site is complementary to the reaction transition state. This optimises enzyme substrate interactions during the actual stage when the substrate is undergoing reaction ...

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... Biology Coursework: Preliminary Work 8/12/2013
Intro
I am going to investigate a factor that affects the rate of enzymeactivity
What are enzymes and how do they work?
Enzymes are biological catalysts - catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up.Enzymes are also proteins and thus have a specific shape. They are therefore specific in the reactions that they catalyse - one enzyme will react with molecules of one substrate.
The site of the reaction occurs in an area on the surface of the protein called the active site. Since the active site for all molecules of one enzyme will be made up of the same arrangement of amino acids, it has a highly specific shape.
Generally, there is only one active site on each enzyme molecule and only one type of substrate molecule will fit into it. This specificity leads to the lock and key hypothesis. Source 1: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/biological-molecules-and-enzymes/revise-it/enzymes
Source 2: http://click4biology.info/c4b/3/chem3.6.htm#one
a) Large globular protein enzyme
b) Active Site where the substrate combines to the enzyme
c) Substrate which fits the active site...

...Investigation: Factors that affect the outcome of enzymeactivity
Introduction
In this project I will monitor the rate of activity of Catalase. Catalase is an Enzyme which in the right conditions catalyses the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide into water and oxygen;
2H2O2 + Catalase >>> 2H2O + O2
Catalase is found in all cells and protects them from Hydrogen Peroxide which is a dangerous waste product that needs to be eliminated. Without Catalase living things could not survive.
What are Enzymes?
Enzymes are found in the cells of most living organisms and plants. They are proteins; large molecules made up of long chains of amino acids. Enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes are vital to survive and function. Without enzymes, chemical reactions would happen too slowly to keep living organisms alive.
How do Enzymeswork?
Each enzyme has an active site which allows other substrate molecules to fit into the enzyme. The active site has a specific shape, which is vital for the enzymes function. This shape means only the correct substrate molecule will fit into the active site.
When the correct substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme – this is described as a lock...

...Amylase Activity
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Sep 25, 2005 "Share your voice on Yahoo! websites. Start Here."
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Abstract:
This study of the effect of temperature on the enzyme amylase was performed to determine the correlation between the two. The experiment was developed to test the enzymes reaction rate of amylase digesting starch at several different temperatures and see how the rate changed. The rate of reaction was found to increase as the temperature of the environment was raised. As the temperature was raised from incrementally to 4°C, 22°C, 37°C and finally 80°C the rate of reaction followed this trend and also increased. However as predicted in the hypothesis of this experiment when the temperature was raised too high the enzyme would denature. In this experiment the value which the enzyme denatured at was 80°C. To summarize, the temperature of the environment was increased the reaction rate increased until the enzyme denatured.
Introduction:
Amylase is an enzyme found in the human body. Enzymes are structural proteins which can catalyze a reaction. They cause an increase in the rate of the reaction, while not being consumed in the reaction (Campbell, Neil, J. Reece, and L. Mitchell, 2002). Enzymeactivity is affected by several factors such as...

...﻿EnzymeActivityHow does temperature affectenzymeactivity?
In this practical investigation, my aim is to discover how temperature will affectenzymeactivity, by looking at the rate of reaction.
I predict that the higher the temperature will be, the faster the reactions take place. However, I also think that there will be an optimum temperature, at which the reaction will work at its fastest; if the temperature goes beyond that, the reactions will stop altogether as the enzymes would have been denatured.
Scientific knowledge:
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reactions without being used up. They are proteins that allow smaller molecules (substrate molecules) to fit within them. The area that these molecules fit into is called an active site. The active site has a very specific structure, and only the correct substrate molecule can fit within the active site for a chemical reaction to take place.
This simple action can be described using the lock and key theory/analogy. This is the hypothesis that describes the function of the active site and how the substrate molecule must be the perfect shape and fit inside the active site perfectly for a reaction to occur. If the substrate molecule cannot fit within the enzyme, it prevents a...

...Abstract
In this laboratory exercise we studied enzyme catalase, which accelerates the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The purpose was to isolate catalase and measure the rate of activity under different conditions. The laboratory was also conducted in association with a second laboratory that measured the effects of an inhibitor on the enzymes. Changes in temperature and pH along with Substrate Concentration andEnzyme Concentration were the conditions tested in the experiment.
Each lab was assigned to a group A, B, C and D in our class performed this experiment. The data presented in this report will reflect the average rates of change in O2 ml/min of our class results. In the later discussion sections, it will become obvious that human error was the deciding factor in the data collection.
Introduction
In each individual cell of a human there are many chemical reactions taking place, performing necessary functions for being a large, complex, multicellular organism. This is pretty easy to understand. How do these reactions happen is not so easy to understand. Chemical reactions involve the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds between molecules (substrate(s) of the reaction), which are transformed into different molecules (product(s) of the reaction). Chemical reactions can occur spontaneously (without added energy or intervention), and a lot of...

...Title : the affects of temperature on enzymesactivity
1. The Problem: measuring and recording the digestion of carbohydrates by enzyme amylase
2. Independent variable: water bath temperature
3. Dependent variable: the time taken for the carbohydrates to get digested by amylases
4. Controls: the amounts of the carbohydrates and the enzymes in the reaction
5. Quantitative measurement:
Time | Temperature | Enzymes concentration | Substrate concentration | Starches Indicators | Catalysts |
In minutes | Cloven /Celeste | Per millimetre cube | Per millimetre cube | Per drop | No catalyst |
1. Materials: 6 water bathes. test tubes, test tube rack , amylase enzymes , carbohydrate form ( flower or ,potato), thermometers , indicator ,stop clock ,protection (lab coat, goggles )
2. Procedure:
* prepare 6 test tubes with 10 cm of carbohydrate milk and misuse 5 cm of amylase enzymes in a cringe and add to test tube also indicator should be add and there is no catalyst in this experiments
* Place the test tubes on the water baths
* Water baths should be with fixed temperatures from 10 ,20,30,40,50,60,70
* Start the stop clock as soon as the test tube in the water bath
* Keep an eye on the test tube till colour change is observed and the take the test tube out and tack time measurements
* Also...

...Lab Report
Factors That AffectEnzymes Reaction Rate
Name of lab:
Effects of temperature, pH, Enzyme Concentration, and Substrate Concentration on Enzymatic Activity
Introduction:
Enzymes are the most important types of proteins, they act as catalysis (speed up chemical reactions). If enzymes didn’t exist, biochemical reactions would act to slowly and they couldn’t keep up with the metabolic functions. Enzymes have a three-dimensional structure that is really complex. This structure consists of one or more polypeptide chains, they form an active site, which is an area in which the substrate eventually will fit. The four factors that affect the activity and reaction rate of an enzyme are temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration.
Research Question/Hypothesis:
The hypothesis is that when the temperature is higher than 40⁰ C, the enzyme catalysis will increase. That the enzymeactivity with the pH effect is that if it isn’t at the optimum pH value there will be a total loss of the enzymeactivity. As the change in enzyme concentration increases the activity rate will increase if there is a proportional amount of enzyme concentration and substrate....

...﻿Shafagh Ranjbar
Dr. Danielle
Lab Report (2)
18.Sep.2013
Factors Affecting the Rate of EnzymeActivity
The Purpose of doing this experiment is “howfactorsaffect on the rate of enzymeactivity.” “We examine the affects of enzymeactivity when exposing enzymes to different substrates, PH and temperature.
In this experiment a type of enzyme called Peroxides has been used. Peroxidase is the enzymes are found in living organism so, it can be founded in both liver and potato. For measuring the rate of enzymeactivity in each experiment the height of the frothy foam column formed by the reaction’s product have been measured by mm, within a 60 seconds. Then the units changed to mm/h. Rate is distance over time and it means how fast something occurs in a given time period. The enzyme peroxidase in two forms of potato peroxidase and liver peroxidase has been settled in two different situations, (different PHs: 3,7,11), (different temperature: cold, warm and hot) and in other experiment mixes with three different substrates: (water, H2O2, glucose solution). The data collected during the experiment make discussion about hypothesizes.
* The confirmation of the substrate for peroxides hypothesis:...

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