To Stretch or Not to Stretch? The Answer Is Elastic

NEWS about stretching seems to come in waves. Stretch as part of your warm-up. No, stretch after your workout. No, don’t even bother stretching. Or the doozy: Even if you think you like it, it’s been oversold as a way to prevent injury or improve performance.

The truth is that after dozens of studies and years of debate, no one really knows whether stretching helps, harms, or does anything in particular for performance or injury rates. Yet most athletes remain convinced that stretching helps, and recently more and more have felt a sort of social pressure to show that they are limber, in part due to the popularity of yoga. Flexibility has become another area where many athletes want to excel.

They’re like one of my running partners, Claire Brown, a 35-year-old triathlete.

“I always feel like, well, athletes should do yoga,” Claire said. “It’s supposed to be really good for running, and when I do it regularly, it does loosen up my hips and make me feel better for running.”

Yet she puts off going to yoga.

“It shouldn’t feel like an obligation, but it always does,” Claire said. “The good classes are often an hour and a half long, and I’m thinking: ‘I could be running, I could be biking. But here I am, stretching and breathing.’

For the bottom line on stretching, there is an official government review by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published in the March 2004 issue of the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Its conclusion, that the research to date is inadequate to answer most stretching questions, still holds.

The best that Dr. Julie Gilchrist, a medical epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and one of the study’s authors, can offer is a few guidelines and observations about why studies have yet to answer the stretching questions.

If your goal is to prevent injury, Dr. Gilchrist said, stretching does not seem to be enough. Warming up, though, can help. If you start out by moving through a range of motions that you’ll use during activity, you are less likely to be injured.

In fact, Dr. Gilchrist said, in her review of published papers, every one of the handful of studies that concluded that stretching prevented injuries included warm-ups with the stretches.

That is one reason the studies so far have been inadequate. Researchers need to separate their variables, said Malachy McHugh, the director of research at the Lenox Hill Hospital Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma in Manhattan.

“What’s missing are studies of stretching alone and studies of no stretching and no warm-up,” Dr. McHugh said.

But it may not be so easy to do such studies, he admitted, because most athletes in strength and speed sports like soccer and football believe in stretching, no matter what scientists say. Suppose you wanted to do a proper study, with a control group that did not stretch. Good luck, he said.

“If you go to a team and say, ‘You guys are not going to stretch and you guys are going to stretch,’ they would say, ‘You can leave the room now,’ ” Dr. McHugh said.

Some athletes — gymnasts, hurdlers and swimmers among them — may need to stretch to gain the flexibility they need for their sport, Dr. McHugh said.

But distance runners do not benefit from being flexible, he found. The most efficient runners, those who exerted the least effort to maintain a pace, were the stiffest.

That study involved 100 people who were tested with 11 flexibility tests. Then they walked and ran while the researchers measured their efficiency. Those who were the most flexible expended 10 to 12 percent more energy to move at the same speed as compared with the least flexible. But that study did not involve stretching — it could be that the most flexible people would have been flexible with or without stretching. And even when studies do ask whether performance changes after a stretching program, they usually involve artificial laboratory situations, said Christopher Morse, an exercise physiologist at Manchester Metropolitan University in England who has published papers on stretching and reviewed the stretching literature.

“The problem is that what is actually studied in the lab has very little intrinsic links to what is happening” when people actually exercise, he said.

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Stretching can make you more flexible, but does it change a naturally efficient runner into an inefficient one?

No one knows, Dr. Morse added, but there also is no evidence that it does.

And while holding a stretch temporarily reduces muscle power when measured in the lab, Dr. Morse said, many people also warm up in real life, counteracting stretching’s negative effect and enabling muscles to work with full force.

THE few studies in real-world situations typically used military recruits. Some concluded that stretching was useless. Others that it prevented injuries. The stretching, though, was part of a training regimen, muddying attempts to decide whether the recruits had fewer injuries because they were better conditioned or because they stretched.

While the stretching debate goes on, some researchers who used to believe in stretching say they have become disillusioned.

Stacy J. Ingraham, an exercise physiologist at the University of Minnesota and a long distance runner, suffered from hamstring injuries when she was on a team. She stretched and stretched, for months on end, to no avail.

That made her wonder about stretching’s benefits, as did her subsequent years of coaching female high-school and college cross-country runners. Her runners stretched but, Dr. Ingraham said, stretching “did not seem to do what we’d been schooled about all our lives — it did not prevent injuries.”

She reviewed published papers, saw none that convinced her that stretching either protected people from injuries or improved performance, and became an antistretching evangelist.

“Runners don’t need to stretch,” she insists.

Dr. Charles Kenny, an orthopedist in private practice in Stockbridge, Mass., is even more adamantly opposed to stretching. The practice, he said, weakens performance and makes an injury more likely.

“If stretching was a drug, it would be recalled,” Dr. Kenny said.

Stretching the hamstring muscle, for example, teaches the muscle to relax when the knee is fully extended, Dr. Kenny said. But that is not what a runner needs. Instead, runners need to have their hamstrings stiff and activated when the knees are extended. Of course, one test of how passionate researchers are about stretching is to ask them whether they themselves stretch. Many say they do.

Dr. McHugh, who plays Gaelic football, which is similar to soccer, said he needs some flexibility to play, so he stretches.

Dr. Morse, a wrestler, also has a routine: “I get leg-muscle pulls, so I do low-level contractions, isometrics and dynamic stretches to warm up. And I stretch afterward.”

Dr. McHugh, for one, suggested that yoga may actually be more than most athletes need.

“I just saw a guy with arthritis in his knee,” Dr. McHugh said. “He was very flexible. He got into the lotus position, sitting on the floor with his knees hyperflexed in a figure-four. I told him this may not have brought on his arthritis but it is bringing on symptoms.”

Claire will be glad to know.

A version of this article appears in print on , on Page G8 of the New York edition with the headline: To Stretch or Not to Stretch? The Answer Is Elastic. Order Reprints|Today's Paper|Subscribe