indiandentalacademy

Recognise and name the following parts of a typical vertebra in osteological specimens or in suitable imaging: body, pedicle, lamina, transverse process, spinous process, articular surfaces Recognise the distinctive features of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae Explain the roles of intervertebral discs, ligaments and muscles in load bearing in the …

Decide whether a drug is necessary. If it is: 1. What are you hoping to achieve? 2. Will the drug chosen will bring this about? 3. What other effects the drug might have – could these be harmful? 4. Does benefit outweigh risk? can …

Used medicinally and recreationally from early Greek and Roman times Opium and laudanum (opium combined with alcohol) were used to treat almost all known diseases Morphine was isolated from opium in the early 1800’s and since then has been the most effective treatment for severe pain Reduction or inhibition …

After reviewing the text on these sections, I can’t find any reason to actually cover them in class. I’d recommend that we just tell the students to be sure to read and review it. Eliminate the substance Enhance GI motility Alkalinize urine Filter w/ dialysis Promote emesis (rare)

How are drugs described and referenced? What are the relevant drug laws and regulations? What are the factors affecting how drugs are given? What are some of the key terms? Names Classification (including prototype) Mechanism of Action Kinetics Indications Contraindications Side Effects Interactions Routes of Administration Dosage How Supplied …

Inadequate tissue perfusion Sustained loss of effective circulatory blood volume Breakdown of cellular metabolism and microcirculatory homeostasis Hypoperfusion of peripheral tissue that leads to a diminutive transcapillary exchange function Disproportion between VO2 and DO2 Vasoactive drugs are an important pharmacologic defense in the treatment of shock. May be required …

Chemical name The drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure Generic name (nonproprietary name) Name given by the United States Adopted Name Council Trade name (proprietary name) The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name restricted by the drug’s owner (usually the manufacturer) Oral Preparations Liquids, elixirs, syrups …

Demographics of pain in older adults Overview of pain physiology Discussion of appropriate use of opioids in older adults Discussion of other pain treatment modalities for older adults Overview of ACOVE indicators on pain management Painful experience continuing for prolonged period of time May or may not be associated …

“The prognosis for people with common diseases such as bacterial pneumonia and severe staphylococcal infection was grim before the discovery and widespread availability of penicillin in the 1940s.” “Physicians were able to identify the cause of the disease, but they were generally unable to recommend treatments other than bed rest.” …

“Acquiring genes through gene transfer provides new genetic information to microorganisms, which may allow them to survive changing environments.” “The major source of variation within a bacterial species is mutation.” “In mutations, usually only a single gene changes at any one time.” “In contrast, gene transfer results in many genes …

Subtyping – in some viruses, different subtypes are associated with different clinical manifestations e.g. enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and human papillomaviruses. General Epidemiology – by identifying the viral subtypes at different times and geographical locations, one can detect major changes in the epidemiological patterns of infection e.g. HIV and HCV. Investigation of …

ECG Basics How to Analyze a Rhythm Normal Sinus Rhythm Heart Arrhythmias Diagnosing a Myocardial Infarction Advanced 12-Lead Interpretation To recognize the normal rhythm of the heart – “Normal Sinus Rhythm.” To recognize the 13 most common rhythm disturbances. To recognize an acute myocardial infarction on a 12-lead ECG.

A 2-year-old unvaccinated child was seen in the emergency room because of complaints of headache and fever A cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) sample was obtained and sent to the laboratory for culture The Gram stain showed many white blood cells and many gram-negative, small bacilli What clinical findings led the physician …

The genus Plasmodium contains 127 species in lizards, birds, and mammals. life cycle worked out in a bird species (Plasmodium relictum) rodent species (P. berghei) important in research (we will do an experimental infection of this parasite in lab) several species in monkeys and apes are similar to human species …

A local anesthetic is an agent that interrupts pain impulses in a specific region of the body without a loss of patient consciousness. Normally, the process is completely reversible–the agent does not produce any residual effect on the nerve fiber. The first local anesthetic was Cocaine which was …

How to approach reading any image What are the different imaging modalities What imaging modality is this Tips and tricks for image interpretation Practice! Practice! Practice! Identify the patient When was the image taken Are these the proper images The five densities Are the images technically adequate

-reaction of tissues to injury, characterized clinically by heat, swelling, redness, pain, and loss of function; pathologically by vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation, stasis, hyperemia, accumulation of leukocytes, exudation of fluid, and deposition of fibrin; and according to some authorities, the processes of repair, the production of new capillaries and fibroblasts, …