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(1254-1324) One of the greatest travelers in history. Went from Europe to China and spent 20 years living, working, and traveling in Asia. When returning to his family in Venice he was unrecognized.

Interest

A fee that borrowers paying for the use of someones money.

Cosimo de' Medici

Ruled Florence in 1493. Wanted Florence beautiful. Hired artists to decorate his palace and paid architects to redesign Florence's' buildings. Also built many schools and libraries. Florence became the center of art and learning.

Renaissance

Means "rebirth" and refers to the period that followed Europe's Middle Ages.

Humanism

The study of humanities led to a new way of thinking and learning.

Dante Alighieri

(1265-1321) Italian renaissance poet. Wrote the divine comedy in Italian.

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Italian writer and politician. Wrote The Prince in which he advised how to rule.

Perspective

A method of showing a three dimensional scene on a flat surface so that it looks real.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) Italian renaissance artist, designed building,wrote poetry, and created sculptures and paintings.

Leonardo da Vinci

(1452-1519) A genius of the Renaissance, was a painter, sculptor, inventor, engineer, town planner, and map maker.

Johann Gutenberg

(1400-1468) Developed the printing press with movable type.

Christian Humanism

The resulting combination of humanist and religious ideas.

Desiderius Erasmus

(1466-1536) Dutch priest, published In Praise of Folly in which he criticized the clergy. Helped inspire the Protestant Reformation.

Albrecht Durer

(1471-1528) German Renaissance artist. Famous for paintings and wood cuts.

Miguel de Cervantes

Wrote Don Quixote which made fun of romantic comedies.

William Shakespeare

(1564-1616) English Renaissance writer and playwright. Considered to be one of the greatest English writers.

Refromation

Reform movement of Western Christianity.

Indulgence

A relaxation of penalties for sins people have committed.

Purgatory

A place where souls went before they went to heaven.

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) German priest credited with starting the Reformation, he nailed a list of complaints about the Catholic Church to a church door in Vittenberg, Germany.

Protestants

Those who sided with Luther and protested against the church.

John Calvin

(1509-1564) Christian reformer, he taught about predestination, living good lives, and obeying God's laws.

King Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.

Catholic Reformation

The effort to reform the Catholic Church from within.

Ignatius of Loyola

The new order was the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits.

Jesuits

Were a religious created to serve the pope and church.

Francis Xavier

(1506-1552) Jesuit priest and missionary, he introduced Catholicism to parts of India and Japan.

Huguenots

French protestants.

Edict of Nantes

Granting religious freedom freedom in most of France.

Thirty Years' War

A long series of wars that involved many of the countries of Europe.

Congregation

Church assembly.

Federalism

The sharing of power between local government and a strong central government.

Scientific Revolution

The series of events that led to the birth of modern science.

Science

A particular way of gaining knowledge of the world.

Theories

The explanations scientist develop based on these facts.

Ptolemy

(AD 100s) Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer, he studied skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region.

Rationalists

People who looked at the world in a rational, reasonable, and logical way.

Alchemy

A forerunner of chemistry.

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish astronomer, his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres helped begin the Scientific Revolution.

Tycho Brae

(1546-1601) Danish astronomer of the Scientific Revolution,he emphasized the importance of careful observation.

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630) German astronomer, he proved the planets orbit around the sun.

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to prove theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted church teachings.

Sir Isaac Newton

(1642-1727) English scientist , he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.

Barometer

A scientific instrument that measures air pressure.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English philosopher, he argued that science could be pursued in a sy

Scientific Revolution

The series of events that led to the birth of modern science.

Science

A particular way of gaining knowledge of the world.

Theories

The explanations scientist develop based on these facts.

Ptolemy

(AD 100s) Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer, he studied skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region.

Rationalists

People who looked at the world in a rational, reasonable, and logical way.

Alchemy

A forerunner of chemistry.

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish astronomer, his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres helped begin the Scientific Revolution.

Tycho Brae

(1546-1601) Danish astronomer of the Scientific Revolution,he emphasized the importance of careful observation.

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630) German astronomer, he proved the planets orbit around the sun.

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to prove theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted church teachings.

Sir Isaac Newton

(1642-1727) English scientist , he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.

Barometer

A scientific instrument that measures air pressure.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English philosopher, he argued that science could be pursued in a sy

Scientific Revolution

The series of events that led to the birth of modern science.

Science

A particular way of gaining knowledge of the world.

Theories

The explanations scientist develop based on these facts.

Ptolemy

(AD 100s) Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer, he studied skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region.

Rationalists

People who looked at the world in a rational, reasonable, and logical way.

Alchemy

A forerunner of chemistry.

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish astronomer, his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres helped begin the Scientific Revolution.

Tycho Brae

(1546-1601) Danish astronomer of the Scientific Revolution,he emphasized the importance of careful observation.

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630) German astronomer, he proved the planets orbit around the sun.

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to prove theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted church teachings.

Sir Isaac Newton

(1642-1727) English scientist , he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.

Barometer

A scientific instrument that measures air pressure.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English philosopher, he argued that science could be pursued in a sy

Scientific Revolution

The series of events that led to the birth of modern science.

Science

A particular way of gaining knowledge of the world.

Theories

The explanations scientist develop based on these facts.

Ptolemy

(AD 100s) Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer, he studied skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region.

Rationalists

People who looked at the world in a rational, reasonable, and logical way.

Alchemy

A forerunner of chemistry.

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish astronomer, his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres helped begin the Scientific Revolution.

Tycho Brae

(1546-1601) Danish astronomer of the Scientific Revolution,he emphasized the importance of careful observation.

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630) German astronomer, he proved the planets orbit around the sun.

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to prove theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted church teachings.

Sir Isaac Newton

(1642-1727) English scientist , he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.

Barometer

A scientific instrument that measures air pressure.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English philosopher, he argued that science could be pursued in a sy

Scientific Revolution

The series of events that led to the birth of modern science.

Science

A particular way of gaining knowledge of the world.

Theories

The explanations scientist develop based on these facts.

Ptolemy

(AD 100s) Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer, he studied skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region.

Rationalists

People who looked at the world in a rational, reasonable, and logical way.

Alchemy

A forerunner of chemistry.

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) Polish astronomer, his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres helped begin the Scientific Revolution.

Tycho Brae

(1546-1601) Danish astronomer of the Scientific Revolution,he emphasized the importance of careful observation.

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630) German astronomer, he proved the planets orbit around the sun.

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to prove theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted church teachings.

Sir Isaac Newton

(1642-1727) English scientist , he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.

Barometer

A scientific instrument that measures air pressure.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English philosopher, he argued that science could be pursued in a systematic, logical fashion. His ides helped develop the scientific method.

Rene Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, he believed that nothing should be accepted as truth if it had not been proven. His ideas helped the scientific method.

Scientific Method

A step-by-step method for performing experiments and other scientific research.