• Tephrostatigraphy – Form of Lithostratigraphy – Identification of volcanic ash using chemical fingerprint • Biostratigraphy – Using biological organisms to correlate age between sites and thus give an age to a layer • Chemical techniques – Analysis of fluorine, uranium, and nitrogen content of the fossils themselves. • Bones will take up fluorine and other chemicals from the soil • Measure this amount and get an estimate of how long it has been buried – Can vary across sites, but useful within them.

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