INTRODUCTIONFinancial and business analysis has always been an area of interest for me. I was more confident with this one than any other topic as I was already familiar with the techniques generally used for this analysis. I felt I could get a head start without worrying about mastering them first. This decision was also supported by the idea that I would be able to apply the knowledge acquired in my previous studies as I believed that I will be able to grasp the practical aspect of my studies in a better way by this research project, plus this would certainly help me in future; either in conducting further analysis or my advanced studies. Furthermore information for financial analysis is easily available as compared to other topics laid out in the BSC info pack, and also the information can be considered authentic and impartial as it can be verified from various sources thus it can be relied upon. Furthermore, the companies are often reluctant to provide inside information to students due to the threats to confidentiality so access to primary data is usually considered as a more difficult option. Oil and gas sector plays a vital role in a country’s economy. “It contributes more than Rs. 230 billion to the national exchequer annually”. A growing economy as of Pakistan demands higher energy consumption. Although Pakistan has got enough of gas reserves for its current requirements however the unstable political situation makes it unlikely to attract international investors. It would be interesting to analyze how the companies working in Pakistan achieve their objective of long term growth while facing these threats. Pakistan Petroleum Limited is one of such companies. It is one of the four major national oil companies currently involved in the oil and gas sector of Pakistan. “The pioneer of the natural gas industry in the country, Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL) has been a frontline player in the energy sector since the mid-1950s. As a major supplier of natural gas, PPL today contributes some 25 percent of the country’s total natural gas supplies besides producing crude oil, Natural Gas Liquid and Liquefied Petroleum Gas. It is one of the leading companies in the exploration and production of oil in Pakistan”. Analyzing its financial and business performance would give me an insight about the contribution that oil and gas sector makes towards the economy of Pakistan. Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL)’s shareholding is divided between: |

PROJECT OBJECTIVES“Growth has been the prime focus of PPL. It wishes to spread its operations beyond the boundaries of Pakistan and at the same time increasing its supplies in Pakistan”. I would like to analyze how the company is pursuing its objectives and how is this affecting the company in terms of revenue, profitability, size and investor returns keeping in mind the...

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...called Ideology. It contains those ideals which a company needs to establish a stable nation.
Defining ideology George Lewis says “ideology is a plan or program which is based upon philosophy”
Ideology of Pakistan
Pakistan’s ideology was based on the Islamic principle of “the only sovereign is Allah".
Ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to the faith based on the Islamic principles. They should have all the resources at the disposal to enhance Islamic culture and civilization. Quid-e-Azam once said:
"Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam".
This basically gives all the idea that Pakistan is a nation with an Islamic ideology.
Pakistan’s law and order situation as of today.
The situation of Pakistan as of today is probably the most troublesome since the creation of Pakistan. The security situation deteriorates continuously; the country is challenged by growing Islamic terrorism, which already caused hundreds of casualties. This crisis is created by an economic instability, water and energy shortage as well as drug and human trafficking.
In order to encounter and solve these complex problems the state of Pakistan must ensure rule of law particularly a well-established and independent judicial system....

...LITERACY IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan's Senate on Wednesday was informed that national literacy rate is 54 percent out of which 66.25 percent male and 41.75 percent female are literate.
This was stated by Minister for Education, Mrs. Zubaida Jalal in her written reply to a query raised by Senator Sardar Latif Khosa in the Senate here.
Giving the province-wise and gender-wise detail, the Minister informed that an estimated 60.8% population is literate in Punjab province.
The literacy rate for male and female are 70% and 51% respectively, she added.
In NWFP, 47.4% population of the province is literate, out of which 63% are male and 30.8% female.
The Minister said that the literacy rate of Sindh province is about 5.15% out of which 60.5% are male and 42.5% female.
The 34% population of Balochistan are literate and the literacy rate of male and female is about 45% and 23% respectively, she added.
About Pakistan's literacy position in the world, the Minister pointed out that there is no universal definition of literacy. The definition varies from country to country, therefore, it is difficult to rank Pakistan on the scale of literacy position in the world.
She, however, said literacy rate in the world is calculated for 15+ population whereas in Pakistan, it is estimated for population 10+.●
LAHORE - Like other countries of the world, International Literacy Day will also be observed in Pakistan on Tuesday (today) with...

...﻿ POVERTY IN PAKISTAN
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Poverty Condition in Pakistan
3. Definition
4. Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
Government Policies
Poor Governance
Corruption
Unemployment
Overpopulation
Education
5. Remedies to Overcome Poverty in Pakistan
6. Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
The word poverty derived from Latin word “pauper” means “poor”. Poverty refers to the condition of not having the means to afford basic human needs such as clean water, nutrition, health care, clothing and shelter. Poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages. Poverty is one of the major social problems which Pakistan is facing. It is one of the most important and sensitive issue not only for Pakistan but for the whole world. Poverty can cause other social problems like theft, bribe, corruption, lawlessness, injustice etc.
It is the fundamental duty and responsibility of the country to fulfill the basic needs of its people. Basic needs of man comprises of shelter, food and clothing. When these needs are not fulfilled they bring about problems termed as socio-economic problems. Pakistan has also been suffering from these problems. The real issue is not the presence of these problems in the society. But the extent to which they are being paid...

...1) Meaning of Ideology:
Ideology means a closely organized system of beliefs, values, and ideas forming the basis of a social, economic, or political philosophy or program. It contains those ideas that a nation strives to accomplish in order to bring strength to its nationhood.
2) The Base of Pakistani Ideology:
The Pakistani ideology is based on the Islamic ideology, which is quite obvious given the real reasons for the partition of the nowPakistan and India. The real reason for the partition was that Muslims were being imposed to follow the Hindu religion and the British didn’t help the Muslims and let the Hindus impose thing on the Muslims. The reason for the creation of Pakistan was so that the Muslims could practice their religion without any hindrances.
3) Aims of a Separate Homeland:
Hindus and Muslims are completely different from each other, and so, for them to live together in the United India was a complete disaster. The Hindus would not let the Muslims live a peaceful life following their religion. They would urge the Muslims to join them in their faith and accept their religion. This being a major issue in the life of the Indian Muslims, a separate homeland was demanded.
4) Two Nation Theory:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who presented the two nation theory told the people that the Muslims and the Hindus are two completely different nations and they cannot be merged into a single...

...Federal system in Pakistan has come under increasing regional pressure ever since independence.
First of all, federalism did not exist in Pakistan in its true sense as the Centre was too powerful, which created a lot of resentment mostly from small provinces who wanted regional autonomy. Regionalism, an opposition to the highly centralized federation, was also opposition towards the One Unit Act which denied the small provinces a say in the affairs of the country. This strong Centralisation reached its climax during Ayub’s rule as the Presidential constitution of 1962 further strengthened the grip of the Central government over the two provinces and increased Ayub’s powers. Things should have changed with the 1973 constitution which granted regional autonomy but Bhutto increased his grip by making amendments in the constitution which decreased the powers of the judiciary and the assembly. Thus, the undemocratic authoritarian rules of Bhutto and Ayub resulted in resentment and pressure towards the Centre to increase.
Another reason why federalism didn’t work out the way it should have was the ethnic and linguistic differences. Pakistan is too diverse and many a times there was an outbreak of crisis between the provinces and the Centre or the provinces themselves.
One of the major reasons of regional pressures on the federal system was the discrimination the East Pakistanis received and the economic inequality between East and...

...MONSOON IN PAKISTAN
1. Introduction. There are two main types of climates, hot and cold. In Pakistan we have both. Today we will see hot climate. Hot climate in Pakistan starts from the month of March and prevails till the month of September. In Rahwali hot climate is coupled with moisture and that is because of monsoon.
2. Aim. To teach the phenomenon of monsoon in Pakistan and flying hazards associated with it.
3. Preview
a. Revision.
b. Climate of Pakistan.
c. What is monsoon?
(1) Area of origin of monsoon.
(2) Monsoon path.
(3) Trigger actions and controlling factors.
(4) Time span of monsoon.
d. Flying hazards.
e. Weather of Rahwali during monsoon.
f. Comprehension check.
g. Conclusion.
4. Climate of Pakistan. Pakistan is in the temperate zone and varies greatly in weather conditions. Pakistan has coastal belt in the South. In the north Pakistan has snow covered peaks with Plains, deserts and few mountain ranges in between. Climate of Pakistan observed over last 20 years is as under:-
a. Winter (December – February). In winter temperature may drop to -25 degree Celsius in northern areas and is 3 to 5 degrees Celsius in costal city of Karachi.
b. Spring (March – May). In spring Temperature rises and weather become moderate to hot.
c. Summer/ Monsoon (June – September). During this period hot and humid...

...﻿Patriotism for Pakistan
Pakistan’s creation was no doubt the finest hour of our history our forefathers who had fought for it envisioned the promise of long cherished freedom, democracy and prosperity. It is the country which was created to work for an ideal democratic state based on social justice as an upholder of human freedom and world peace, in which all citizens were to enjoy equal rights and freedom from fear, want and ignorance.
Pakistan my homeland is in fact the land of blessings. Its creation speaks its dignity. History teaches us that how much cherished the dream of Pakistan was and how seriously our fathers fought for it .believe me or not, the most significant reason of loving Pakistan is independence movement itself. Just imagine some hundred years back, the books of history are repealed with nasty and gory tails of Hindu mindset and British atrocities. All this reminds me the brutalities of Indians at Kashmir, NATO forces at Afghanistan and Iraq, Israeli aggression in Palestine and I am afraid of the existence in such worsen conditions.
I know very well that the shackles of slavery snatch all such all creative facilities and the beautiful world a heaven to breathe in, turns into hell without freedom. By the grace of Allah my country, my love, my homeland offers me to enjoy the open air of independence .Being a student I have surfaced the papers of history to know about the grand sacrifices of my...