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1 MEDICAL DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH STREET DRUGS A resource by and for drug users Compiled by Julie Klems, NEED (Needle Exchange Emergency Distribution, Berkeley, CA) This copy is made available for reference. The original is in zine format and can be purchased by contacting Julie at the address given in the booklet. Editorial Note: No clinical studies have ever been done on the interactions between "street" drugs and prescribed medications. Even though large numbers of people on prescribed medications are known to also use street drugs. The closest we come is some clinical trials measuring interactions between methadone and some medications. It is possible that similar effects may be expected with heroin as with methadone, but it is not studied. This booklet does not provide authoritative medical advice. It is a compilation of information that drug users have researched, as well as information that is based on direct experience. It is made available with that understanding. Drug users regularly share (and should share) their knowledge and experience about using prescribed medications for HIV, hepatitis, etc. HRC has made this booklet available on the web in the belief that sharing this information encourages awareness, and creates a demand for better education on medical issues in drug use. Harm Reduction Coalition [Note: This document was scanned from an original. There are a few places where wording or spelling may be incorrect] INTRODUCTION This pamphlet is designed to help you make informed decisions about your consumption of certain kinds of prescription drugs (and other legal meds) in combination with the street drugs you use. As we all know, any chemical we consume has a set of effects on our body, some of them desirable, and some of them undesirable. This is true whether that chemical is legal, and classified as 14 medicine," or if it's illegal, and called a "drug." Really, they're all drugs. And if you're already taking one drug and you start taking another one, it's important to know how the combination is going to effect you. Getting that information is tough. The directions they give you with a new prescription are pretty vague (often useless), and the street drugs don't come with directions. This pamphlet mostly talks about drugs that people inject, although it does make mention of other "recreational drugs" now and then. As a drug user - especially if you inject - you have special needs and concerns when it comes to other medicines. Ideally, you'd have access to a doctor who's cool enough that you'd feel safe discussing your drug use with him or her, and who has an understanding of the drug(s) that you use. Unfortunately, many of us have doctors who are no help when it comes to asking questions Page 1 of 24

2 about illegal drugs, or we have no regular doctor at all. You may be pretty much on your own when it comes to finding out how to safely combine your drugs, and how to avoid doing drug combos that will fuck you up. This pamphlet is a general guide, but you may need more specifics about your drugs and what to do about their interactions. There are other things you can do to get the scoop. Let's say you use heroin daily and have just been prescribed the antibiotic rifampin (see Opportunistic Infections and Tuberculosis sections). 1. Ask your friends or other users if they have any experience with taking rifampin while on heroin, and what happened to them when they did it. 2. Read as much as you can about rifampin and what it does (also about heroin and its effects). 3. Go to the library and find the Physician's Desk Reference (try to find a recent version). Look up rifampin (there's an index in the front which lists all the medicine names and page numbers), and see what drugs are listed as "contraindicated" - bad to combine with rifampin. You won't find heroin, but you might find morphine, methadone, or meperidine (demerol). Since these drugs are legal analogs to heroin (they act similarly), you may get a clue as to how the rifampin will affect you when you're on heroin. Then, look up morphine. (Morphine behaves almost identically to heroin in your body.) This may also list contraindications that it's useful to know about. 4. Call a pharmacist and ask them about taking the combination. You could say "morphine" instead of "heroin," and still get useful information. Or you could use the old "a friend of mine is thinking of taking..." trick. Pharmacists know a lot about drug interactions - often more than doctors. 5. Surf the web. There's a lot of good drug information on the web - and you can get it anonymously! You can visit the websites of drug companies and read about their products. You can also do searches to get information from other sources. When looking up or asking about drug interactions, you can look up dextroamphetamine as a predictor for speed or crank. That's the active ingredient in Dexedrine and Adderall. Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics (Say what?) Generally, when you take drugs/medicines in combination, there are two ways in which they can interact. First, they can interact pharmacodynamically. This is when two drugs produce similar effects, so one easily enhances the effect of the other. You're probably already familiar with this type of thing: you take speed to get an energizing high, and then you drink some caffeine to enhance the buzz. Pharmacodynamics is why you're at risk for overdose when you mix heroin with alcohol, benzodiazepines like Valium, or other downers. Check out NEED's flyer on Preventing Overdose Death for more details on how to keep yourself safe on smack. Page 2 of 24

3 Drugs also interact by way of pharmacokinetics. This is a much more slippery concept, and it takes more in-depth studies to find out what pharmacokinetic interactions a particular set of drugs will have. Basically, this kind of interaction means that taking drug A will either make your body hold onto drug B for longer (so you'll get more side effects from drug B, and you won't need as much to get you high or treat your illness), or it will make your body get rid of drug B faster (so you'll need more to get the same effect). Drug B might also be influencing your body's reaction to drug A at the same time. As I said, these types of studies are more in-depth, and it is common for drugs to be marketed without their pharmacokinetics really being known. Needless to say, they've hardly done interactions studies on illegal drugs at all, because it's so hard to get such studies licensed or funded. Which is why this pamphlet is not as complete as I'd like it to be. That being the case... Tell Me What You Know I'd like to get more information on the subject so I can make a more complete version of this pamphlet in the future. If you are a drug user, doctor, pharmacist, clinician, health outreach worker, or just happen to know of some drug interactions you think should be included in this pamphlet, you can contact me either through NEED's website, or by ing me directly at: If you'd rather do snail-mail, drop me a note, quote, or anecdote: Julia K (c/o NEED) Drug Interactions Update 1442 A Walnut Street #221 Berkeley, CA Page 3 of 24

5 Introduction OK, we all know what AIDS is (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and we all know that you get it from being infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). We all know how you get it (having unprotected sex, sharing needles or other injection equipment). And we know that it sucks. But of course only some of us know how bad it REALLY sucks - those that are already sick with it. And although there are a lot better medications for AIDS out there than there used to be (even two years ago), the medications themselves can be a problem. They can make you feel like shit ("that's how you know they're working..."), and it can be very burdensome to remember to keep taking them all the time. If you are currently using IV drugs and have HIV, deciding whether to go on anti-aids drugs is a major time of questioning. Aside from what the AIDS drugs will do when mixed with your drugs, which we'll try to discuss here, you've got a lot of other issues to worry about. Since AIDS deteriorates your immune system, you're a lot more likely to get sick, and in a lot more ways. Speed, dope, coke and other drugs aren't great for your immune system, either - as you've probably noticed from the way doing lots of them wears you down or makes you catch every cold in town. But your immune system is also in charge of fighting off other kinds of infections, like the kind you can easily get from shooting up. Some people that never got an abscess in their life all of a sudden find they get them all the time once HIV has begun to take its toll on their body. This is because whatever crud gets under their skin when the needle goes in is suddenly much harder for their bodies to fight off and get rid of. If you weren't already, now is the time to become extra, extra-careful about how you shoot up, and about cleaning hands, injection sites, and surfaces before and after shooting. Always use new equipment and a brand-new rig for every shot, and protect your shooting partners as well as yourself. Dispose of those points safely! (Be sure to read the "safer shooting" part of the Hepatitis section.) Also, you don't want to risk getting exposed to the virus again, even when you know you already have it. That would increase your viral load, and could make you sicker. Always shoot clean! So the fact that your body is now way more susceptible to getting sick is probably an argument in favor of going on some meds (they're all called "antiretrovirals"). But what about all those pills? There's usually a lot of them, and they have to be taken throughout the day, some on an empty stomach, some with a big meal, etc. Complicated? Yes, definitely. You gotta eat regularly, first of all, and have some kind of regular sleep schedule, which may or may not describe your current lifestyle. And you gotta remember to take EVERY PILL, because missing even one or two could fuck up your treatment, and make you drug resistant. That means you can't get the benefit of that drug therapy EVER AGAIN. The pills don't make you feel better instantly (if anything, they'll make you feel worse), so your body won't remind you to take them every so often, the way it nags at you to get your fix. You'll need to think about making strategies for yourself so you remember to take all your meds. You may also want to consider whether your drug use would just interfere too much altogether, and if being sober or switching to smoking pot is the transition you need to make before you try to take on the project of starting HIV meds. This is an option that can be excruciatingly difficult, but is potentially very rewarding. It has worked for others and could work for you if and when you decide you're ready. Page 5 of 24

6 Other people have found that drugs like heroin help them cope with the side effects of some of these meds (nausea/ abdominal pain, sleep disturbance, depression, etc.). If you can be reliable about taking all your meds and still use, then maybe that's an option for you. Keep in mind, though, that a lot of meds have side-effects which feel like withdrawal symptoms. Don't overdo it when you're trying to self-medicate. You could overdose! If it's stimulants you're into, keep in mind that some, especially speed, take a long time to wear off, and staying up all night repeatedly (and not eating) can really wreck the action of your AIDS meds. Can you find a shorter-acting stimulant, such as coffee, dexedrine, or ephedrine pills? If you only do stimulants in the morning, can you get to sleep at night? Fatigue (feeling tired) is a major symptom of the disease itself, as well as a side effect of many of the medications. (Abnormal exhaustion could also be a symptom of another infection, so try to have your doctor check that out.) You may jones harder than ever for speed or other stimulants, or you may find yourself wanting uppers when you didn't used to be into them. Prepare yourself for this possibility, and do whatever you can to encourage yourself to rest and get sleep, instead of giving in to the urge to use. You could do a little trial with yourself, to see if you'll be able to adhere to a particular medication regimen. "aidsmeds.com" recommends using different colored jellybeans instead of the real pills, and taking them as you would take the meds. They also have some good suggestions about how to remind yourself. Doing a trial will help you figure out if your sleep schedule, eating schedule, and ability to remind yourself to take pills are intact enough to begin treatment while using. Remember, the transition into taking anti-aids drugs is extremely tough, even if you don't have the need to get high as an additional complication. Try to get as much support as possible from the people around you. Talk to other people with HIV, check out support groups for folks on treatment, and get your friends or family members to help you. (Can they remind you to take your meds? Cook for you? Offer a shoulder to cry on?) Now you've gotta find a therapy that'll work for you. Do whatever you can to get seen by an HIV specialist, and keep in mind that if someone else prescribes you meds of any kind, they may not know how it'll mix with the AIDS meds you're taking. Find out! Interactions with Street Drugs (Hey! Read the "safer injection" part of the Hepatitis Treatment section in this pamphlet! I know you're already a shooting genius, but... ) Protease inhibitors have been known to cause bad drug interactions in a number of people. Ritonavir (Norvir) is the riskiest of all the protease inhibitors - it's likely to cause you to overdose. Avoid taking ritonavir if at all possible. The NNRTI delavirdine is similarly dangerous, so avoid taking delavirdine if you're a user. Doing speed or ecstasy even once when you're on ritonavir or delavirdine can have a deadly result. This is probably going to be true even if the ritonavir dosage you're on is lower Page 6 of 24

7 (or adjunctive - used to keep your other meds in your body for longer). So avoid adjunctive ritonavir if you can, and remember that Kaletra contains ritonavir. If you go on other protease inhibitors, or the NNRTI efavirenz, be really careful about your drug use. The amount of speed, ecstasy or ketamine (Special K) you consume will double or triple when you take it, and will take longer to clear your system. That means you should only do 1/3 your usual dose, and be really controlled about re-amping. Be honest with yourself about whether you can hold back once you've started (particularly if you do a lot speed) - you'll probably have to buy only a little at a time, or get someone who doesn't use to hold onto your extra stash for you. When you do use one of these drugs, take other precautions against overdose: be with (or on the phone with) someone else who can handle an emergency while using, don't mix your speed, X, or K with alcohol or other drugs, and stay hydrated - drink plenty of water even when you're not thirsty. Your alcohol tolerance will probably be lowered. Try to drink in moderation when you're on any anti-hiv meds, and avoid drinking if you're going to be doing other drugs (or vice versa). When you're HIV+, alcohol is big trouble for your liver, which you'll need to maintain in reasonable condition to help you fight the disease. If you're taking didanosine, you should stay away from alcohol as much as possible, limiting yourself to one drink per day if you can't cut out booze altogether. Didanosine and alcohol has been known to cause pancreatitis, which can be deadly. Also, alcohol will almost double your blood level of abacavir. This means more nasty side effects. If you can keep your alcohol consumption down to two or three drinks, you may be fine with taking abacavir (and you'll save money on booze), but if you're more of a drinker than that, avoid abacavir. Heroin, marijuana, and cocaine probably won't have a stronger effect when you're on protease inhibitors, but it's hard to be sure, since no one's really studied them very extensively. Heroin's effect will probably be decreased, but since the risk of overdose with heroin is so high anyway (and some people drug reactions opposite those you'd expect), start with your usual dose and wait to see what happens. Make sure you're especially wary of your dosage if it's a different batch of dope or a new dealer, or if you've had a break from using for 2 days or more. Try to avoid using alone, or at least get someone to check on you after you've done your shot. Be careful with cocaine or crack; not only is a big coke run likely to impair your ability to take all your AIDS meds at the right times (plan ahead, find a way to remind yourself.), but coke and crack also fuck up your immune system pretty hard. Coke makes the HIV virus replicate up to 20 times faster than it normally would. Yikes! If you speedball, ditch the coke, and just do the straight dope. They don't seem to know whether GHB interacts with AIDS meds or not. However, GHB has a very narrow "therapeutic width," which means that the dose difference between partying and falling into a coma is pretty small (compared to other drugs). Since a lot of anti-aids meds interfere with drug clearance, be more cautious than ever with the G. Take a teaspoon, and wait at least a half hour before deciding whether to take more. And don't mix other drugs with your G - especially alcohol, ecstasy, heroin, downers, or speed! Page 7 of 24

8 Crixivan increases your blood levels of phenobarbitol (the active ingredient in Luminal, Donnatal, Barbita, Solfoton, Arco-Lase Plus, and other barbiturates). The same may be true for other protease inhibitors. Reduce your intake of the phenobarbitol. The same goes for pentobarbital (Nembutal, for example). Other sedatives (downers) are also risky with protease inhibitors. Avoid: triazolam (Halcion), diazepam (Valium), zolpidem (Ambien), alprazolam (Xanax), and midazolam (Versed). Take only a very reduced amount of these if you have to use them. Other benzodiazepines may be safer with PIs: lorazepam (Ativan), oxazepam (Serax), and temazepam (Restoril), for example. Remember that all these downers are a bad mix with heroin, however. Loads of people have OD'ed and died from mixing downers and smack. Amyl nitrate (poppers, rush) and other Inhalants (huffing glue, paint, etc.) are hell for your liver, and can easily lead to disease progression. If you can get that rush from some other substance instead, do it. Mixing poppers and Viagra is an absolute no-no if you're on anti-xds medication. Death is likely. (Viagra is a bad idea, anyway, if you're doing AIDS treatment. If you find it necessary, do the lowest possible dose: 25 mg.) Methadone There've been more studies done on AIDS drugs' interactions with methadone than with illegal drugs, for obvious reasons. It seems that folks on methadone maintenance are better able to fight off the deadliness of AIDS than active heroin users. Whether this is because methadone increases likelihood of adherence (taking all medications regularly), or because methadone itself is less harmful to the immune system than dope, isn't clear. But sometimes there are weird drug interactions with methadone, so the most important thing to remember is Don't get frustrated! You may have to have your methadone dose adjusted when you go on HIV meds, so get your HIV doctor to advocate for you at the methadone clinic, if necessary. Nevirapine and efavirenz decrease your methadone level, so you ll need an increase in methadone dose. Abacavir might also decrease your methadone level a bit. Ritonavir doubles your blood Page 8 of 24

9 methadone level, so you'll only need to take half as much methadone. But if ritonavir is taken in combination with saquinavir (at a lower dose), it seems to be fine with methadone. Nelfinavir and delavirdine could also increase your methadone level. Notice if you're feeling overly dopey - reduce your dosage accordingly, or just enjoy it. Methadone can also influence your AIDS meds. For example, it doubles your blood levels of zidovudine (AZT). This will probably make you feel like you're going into withdrawal, but you're not. It's just that too much AZT feels like withdrawal, so have your HIV doc lower your AZT dose. You probably won't need to increase your methadone dosage, because the AZT shouldn't affect your methadone level. Remember that Combivir contains AZT, so the same thing applies. Being on methadone could also lower the didanosine and stavudine in your body, if you're on either of those. Again, have them adjust the dose of the AIDS med, not the methadone. Interestingly, the studies that have been done on methadone can actually sometimes be more useful for predicting drug interactions with speed or ecstasy than for predicting interactions with heroin. Even though methadone and heroin are both opiates, the metabolism (the body's clearance) of methadone is more like that of amphetamines. The effect of AIDS meds on heroin is sometimes opposite the effect upon methadone (but not always). For more information on drug interactions with HIV meds, contact the PWA Health Group at (212) Treatments for Opportunistic infections (These are types of infections that people with AIDS are way more susceptible to getting) Rifampin is used to treat MAC (Mycobacterium avium intracellular, which is a life-threatening infection that people commonly get during later-stages of AIDS. (It is also used to treat tuberculosis - see the Tuberculosis section of this pamphlet). Rifampin is well-known to "eat" methadone. If you're receiving methadone, you'll probably need to get your dose raised. I Less is known about how rifampin interacts with street drugs. It may decrease amphetamine (speed/ ecstasy) levels in your body, the way it lowers your methadone level. There's nothing official on that, though, so proceed with caution and don't take more speed or X than usual until you've given it time to take peak effect. Rifampin probably won't reduce the effect of any heroin or coke you take. Given the uncertainty, though, see if you can find an alternative to rifampin if you're a user. Rifabutin (Mycobutin), zithromycin (Zithromax), or clarithromycin (Biaxin) might be good alternatives for you. Your rifabutin dose may have to be lower than normal if you're on antiretroviral meds. If you take clarithromycin, don't exceed a twice-a-day 500-mg dose! Since rifampin interacts with so many AIDS drugs, it'd be advisable to take one of the alternatives instead, anyway. Your prescriber won't even blink when you ask for a substitute drug for rifampin. Page 9 of 24

10 Several anti-fungals also have the tendency to interact - both with your drugs of choice and your anti-viral meds. If the medication name ends with "-azole," check to see if you can expect drug interactions. Fluconazole (Diflucan) is one such med. (Interactions are predicted only if you're taking it internally - probably not if you're applying a lotion or cream.) If you're on methadone, fluconazole will probably increase your methadone concentration by about 30%. If you're feeling more doped-out than you want, take a little less methadone than your usual dose and save the rest for a rainy day. Other drugs will probably be affected by fluconazole, too. Particularly with speed, coke, or ecstasy, your risk of overdosing may be increased. Do a smaller amount of your drug, and observe your body's reaction. Itraconazole and Ketaconazole (Nizoral), which are also anti-fungals, may behave similarly to fluconazole. Co Infection: AMS & Hepatitis Not pleasant! See the "Coinfection" part of the following section on Hepatitis... TREATMENTS FOR HEPATITIS Current Treatments (Antivirals) lamivudine (Epivir) famcyclovir (Famvir) Interferon (brandnames include: Intron A, Roferon A, Infergen, Wellferon, Alferon-N) ribavirin (Robetol) Interferon+ ribavirin = Rebetron other drugs they're still tinkering with Hep Basics Hepatitis means "liver disease." Viral hepatitis is the kind that is contagious - you get it from other people (from their blood or bodily fluids). You can also get non-viral hepatitis from heavy drinking or over-taxing your liver with drugs or even environmental toxins like lead paint in your house. Both viral and non-viral hepatitis could result in serious health problems: liver cancer and liver failure (yuk!). Since your liver is in charge of getting rid of toxins from your body, having a messed-up liver makes it harder for your body to handle the drugs you do. There are several types of viral hepatitis. Hepatitis A, B, and C are the kinds that we most have to worry about, and hepatitis C is super-prevalent in the injection drug-user community. Hepatitis B and C are spread mainly by blood contact. (They can also be transmitted -through sexual contact, especially Hep B.) Hepatitis B and C are way easier to catch than AIDS. You can get it from somebody's used cooker or water, or even from sharing snorting straws if you snort coke, speed, or anything else. That's why it's so important that you don't share ANY injection equipment - needles, cookers, cottons, alcohol pads, or water. Even tourniquets (for tying off) can be a transmission risk, because you can catch hepatitis from bits of blood that are so tiny that they're invisible. Hepatitis B and C virus can live for months, even if the blood dries out. If you know for sure that there's never been anything but a sterile needle stuck into Page 10 of 24

11 a cooker or water bottle, then it's probably OK to use for cooking up. But if there's any doubt, use new equipment! If you snort, use your own straw or bill. Use your own razors, toothbrushes, and nail clippers, too - the blood you can't see on these items could infect you. There are vaccinations which immunize you against hepatitis A and B, but there is no vaccination for hep C. Prevention is key! If you already have hep C, but haven't been exposed to A or B, get vaccinated for A and B now! Having more than one kind of hepatitis is a major drag. You can now get free testing and vaccinations at the Berkeley Free Clinic, so ask the folks at NEED site about it next time you're there. If you think you've been exposed to hep B or hep C, get tested! The sooner you find out if you've been exposed, the better your chances are of responding to treatment. It's really better not to wait until your liver gets significantly fucked up, because the damage is often irreversible. It could happen without your even knowing it, because you might have no symptoms at all. You can find out your status on all three hepatitis types when you get your free, anonymous test at the Berkeley Free Clinic. Safer injection Once again, there's no vaccination for hep C! Most people who get it develop chronic illness - they never get over it. Protect yourself, and use your own new equipment. Don't risk sharing when it comes to cookers, water, cottons, alcohol pads, ties, etc. (You already know not to share needles.) Even if you already have hepatitis C, don't slack off on the safer injection - it's more important than ever. You could get re-infected with a different genotype of hepatitis C, and double your likelihood of getting really sick. Play it safe. If you're shooting with someone else, it's especially important to wash your hands and injection site with soap before and after injecting. Encourage your shooting partner(s) to wash as well. Try to keep the surfaces you use to cook up your drugs as clean as possible. Put used supplies directly into a designated container so they don't infect your surface area. Bleach diluted with water can be used to clean up places where used supplies have touched. Alternatively, you could unfold a clean newspaper, and cook up and fix on that. Note: Bleach has not been proven to kill hepatitis C. But if you have no other choice except to share something, make sure you soak it in bleach (or keep the bleach in it) for at least 2 minutes. Injecting someone besides yourself increases the risk of transmission (for both of you). It's OK to give a shot to your friend, or to get someone else to hit you when you can't find your veins, but make sure you think through all the possible ways that blood might get from somebody's finger or used supplies onto an injection wound that's still open (at least 2 minutes after all bleeding has stopped). If you're the one injecting your friend, inject them first. Wash your hands between getting them off and doing yourself. If you can, wear latex or vinyl gloves while you're fixing them. If you don't have gloves, make sure they press their puncture wound after you've shot them, so you don't have to. That way, you won't get their blood on your thumb. If it helps you remember, give them a kleenex (or cotton ball) Page 11 of 24

12 before you inject them, so they'll be ready with it when you pull the needle out. And make sure it's a clean kleenex! If you're the one getting injected, you're at risk for transmission. Make sure the person injecting you injects you first. If it's too late for that, insist that they wash their hands first and only touch your clean equipment with their freshly washed hands. Be aware of what's going on at all times - don't look away while you're getting your shot. Treatment Hepatitis A: Currently, there's no treatment for hep A. If you get hep A, though, you'll probably be sick for a few weeks and then get over it and never get it again. It doesn't cause long-term problems the way Hep B and Hep C can. And it definitely won't kill you. (However, it could be really complicated or even life-threatening if you're co-infected with another disease, like AIDS or another hepatitis. Seek medical help if you are sick with hep A.) Hepatitis B and C: Hep B is currently treated with the antiviral drugs Interferon, lamivudine (Epivir), and famcyclovir. (Famvir) - alone or in combination. Hep C is treated with Interferon as well, either by itself or in combination with ribavirin. This Hep C combination therapy is called Rebetron. These treatments are somewhat like the ones used for treating AIDS (see Anti-AIDS meds section). They're anti-viral medications, and they're new to the world of medicine (compared to antibiotics, which have been around for longer). They don't guarantee that you'll get better, and taking the medication can really suck because of all the side-effects. There are also other treatments that are still being tested out. Entecavir and Adefovir Dipivoxil are being investigated for treatment of hep B, and they're checking out the effectiveness of drugs like VX-497, Pegasys, and Maxamine for treating hep C. For more information on new treatments, check out on the web. It's a pretty big decision whether to go on treatment, because of the nasty side effects, and because you don't want to be half-assed about it. Anti-virals won't work unless you take them religiously -missing doses can cause the virus to become resistant to the medication, and then you're in trouble. It can be really tough to take your meds consistently when you're living the user life-style, so think about whether or not now is the best time to take on the responsibility of a rigorous anti-viral therapy. (There's more discussion about how to evaluate your readiness for treatment in the Anti-AIDS meds section.) Another factor in your decision to undergo treatment might be the fact that Interferon is taken by injection. You're already a pro at self-administering, of course. Maybe you don't usually muscle your shots, but you know how to rotate your injection sites and flick all that air out of the syringe. But if you're in recovery or are trying to make a plan to quit using, you might have to think about how the experience of using needles 3 times a week will affect your urge to use. Deciding not to do treatment is certainly an option for you as well. Unless you're really sick (and it's good to get certain tests done to help you evaluate this), you should probably wait to go on treatment. Page 12 of 24

13 They're likely to come out with better treatments in years to come, and hopefully these will be more effective and have fewer side effects. In the mean time, there are a lot of things you can do to take care of yourself and combat the progression of illness. Changing your diet, trying out some herbal remedies, and getting plenty of rest may be your best ticket to battling hepatitis. Remember, when you go in to get thos6 tests (to measure your liver enzymes and see how sick you are), any drugs, including Tylenol or aspirin, can fuck up your results. Since you're counting on the accuracy of those tests to help you make decisions about treatment, pretend you're going in for a job-related drug test (which you'd never submit to other-wise), and stay clean-as-a-whistle for a couple of days before the tests. Interactions With Street Drugs (Most of this is relevant to you even if you decide not to go on treatment.) Alcohol is your worst enemy If you have hepatitis. Period. If you drink regularly and do other drugs as well, get your alcohol use in control first - reduce your drinking, quit altogether, go to meetings, substitute another drug that is less liver-toxic, whatever works. Do it. Not only is alcohol super-toxic for your liver, but its metabolites (the chemicals that your body converts it into) are also liver toxic! Worse yet, if you take Interferon (and pretty much all the treatments for hep B and C involve Interferon), you absolutely can't drink any alcohol, or it will render the Interferon inactive. So deal with your relationship with alcohol BEFORE going on therapy. (We know it's easier said than done.) Smoking is also bad. (OK, so you know that already.) But did you know that smoking is just about as toxic to your liver as alcohol is? Interactions between nicotine and antivirals are unknown. Any strategies you can come up with for cutting down on smoking are highly encouraged. There isn't a lot of evidence out there that street drugs interact negatively with hep meds. Maybe that's just cuz they don't know yet. It's probably more important to pay attention to which drugs are more toxic to your liver, and figure out how you can lessen your liver damage. Probably any drug you do, though not great for your liver, will be better for your liver than alcohol. In general, it's important to be cautious with your dosage of your street drug once you've started treatment, and to be super-aware of any changes in your reactions to the drugs. This means that during your first weeks (or months, if you're an occasional user) of treatment, start off with a lowered dose of dope, crank, or whatever. Wait to see how it effects you, and do more only if you're sure it's OK. Be observant of any weird reactions that happen. Note: Even though this pamphlet attempts to help you make good choices if you decide to go on hepatitis treatment and continue to use, it's pretty tough finding a place that'll provide you with hep treatment if you're an active user. Whether you have to piss clean, or provide documentation from a psych professional or a methadone clinic, this can be an additional difficulty that you'll come up against. Best of luck... Page 13 of 24

14 It seems that of the injectable drugs, heroin is the least damaging to your liver, especially if used to maintain, or for sporadic pain relief, as opposed to perpetual heavy nodding. Speed is more taxing for your liver, as is ecstasy. With ecstasy, though, you're less likely to get a serious habit going the way you are with speed - and more frequent use is a real risk factor here. Methadone is also heavily processed by the liver, but it appears not to hurt your liver too much. If you're on methadone, you can certainly go on hepatitis treatment, and there've been a lot of people doing the treatment that haven't experienced methadone withdrawal from doing it. Make sure your hepatitis doc knows you're on methadone, so that he or she can watch your Interferon levels. You should do your own monitoring about how your maintenance is working out, and make sure you get your methadone dose adjusted if necessary so you're comfortable. In making a plan around street-drug use in combination with hep treatment, it's helpful to look at the kind of side effects that usually accompany the Interferon and combination therapies. Depression, aches and pains, nausea and insomnia are some of the biggies. Hmm, with friends like these, who needs enemies? Sounds like what it feels like to kick dope, doesn't it? Well, I've heard at least one doctor comment that heroin could be a big help in dealing with the side effects of therapy. But, I've also heard that opiates are a no-no with Interferon. I'm not sure why, but I think it's because opiates like heroin affect the Interferon levels in your blood. If that's the case, one approach could be to make your intake of heroin really consistent and regular (and not excessive, obviously), and to have your doctor (or whoever) test your blood levels of Interferon periodically. It could be a simple matter of adjustment of your Interferon dose. This "moderation in dope-shooting" thing doesn't work for everybody, though. Some people have a hard time getting anything done when they're strung out, and that would include remembering to take meds and taking care of yourself in general. If that's you, consider your other options: at-home detox, methadone detox, methadone maintenance, using methadone to reduce your need for heroin, rapid detox with Naltrexone, buprenorphine (a methadone alternative), or even NA meetings. Remember that you have a right to a methadone dosage that is comfortable for you! Speed, coke, and ecstasy are mostly a problem because of the up-all-night factor (and forgetting to eat and drink enough water). This kind of drug-induced exhaustion is hell on your compromised liverl Do what you can to avoid sleep deprivation! Also be aware that some people have psychotic episodes when taking Interferon, and doing speed or coke could increase your chances of flipping out and aggravating your friends. That's a clear argument for lowering doses and using less often. Even caffeine could be a problem as far as sleep deprivation goes. If you notice you're prone to insomnia anyway, try not to drink caffeinated beverages too late in the day. Coffee is harder on your liver than tea or cola, so make the substitution whenever you can manage to. Some people find that caffeine makes them dizzy when they're on hep C treatment. Page 14 of 24

15 Psychedelic mushrooms are rumored to be bad for your liver. Acid might be a better option, since it's not as liver toxic. If you're taking Interferon, go easy on your acid dose, because you're at higher risk for a bad trip. Over-the-counter medications can be trouble as well: Acetaminophen (that's Tylenol to you, pal) is especially bad for your liver. Some doctors will prescribe it in small amounts to folks with hepatitis, but if you want to minimize your liver-damage, you should avoid taking the stuff often or in large doses. Lots of drug-store meds - cold medicines, fever reducers, cough suppressants, etc. - contain Tylenol, so read the ingredients. If you're a pill popper, a lot of those fun downer pills contain acetaminophen as well: Vicodin, Percocet, Darvocet, and other pills ending with"-cet" are going to add Tylenol to your list of ingested liver hazards. They're opiate-based as well, so if you're on Interferon, be aware of the potential problems (see above). Unfortunately, aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can also cause problems when you're on the hepatitis meds. Which really sucks, because that about knocks out all your pain relief options. Maybe it's an opportunity to get your doctor to prescribe you something special. Imitrex might be helpful, but you can't mix it with other pain relievers. Hopefully you can get something decent like codeine. You could also ask for some Ambiens, Valiums, or other benzodiazepines and sleep off the discomfort. Now don't go chopping up those pills and shoving them up your nose or into your arm. Particulates (little particles of stuff, like pill powder) are another major hassle for your liver. Your instinct is right on, though. Snorting and IV injection are actually better for your liver than swallowing pills, as are absorption patches or other kinds of injecting. By avoiding swallowing a drug, you save your liver from having to work on the first step of processing it - sending it from your digestive system into your bloodstream. But you gotta get stuff that was intended to be taken that way. Bug your doctor for a scrip for something in non-pill form, or else just swallow the damn thing. One More Thing about chronic hepatitis (as if you didn't have enough to worry about already) - Chemicals that you touch or breathe in can worsen the sorry state of your liver. Pumping gas, paint fumes, chemically hair-dye, hair products with alcohol in them, nail polish remover, touching bleach, breathing lots of dust, doing construction in old asbestos/ lead-filled buildings, hanging out by the nuclear testing site... All very bad. CO-INFECTION WITH HIV Aaaaaaargh!!!! Life sucks especially bad when you've got the double-whammy of the AIDS virus and some form of hepatitis running around in your body. Doctors tend to want to get you on a stable therapy for treating the AIDS virus before they even address treating your hepatitis B or C. It makes sense to make the HIV treatment a priority, since it's much more likely to kill you than hepatitis is. AIDS meds (see Anti-AIDS meds section) can have lots of bad drug interactions, and they're still studying the Page 15 of 24

16 interactions with the hepatitis therapies. Interferon seems to be OK with a lot of the AIDS drugs, but they're not sure about ribavirin. The major bummer is that AIDS meds themselves can cause major damage to your liver. This fact (along with all the side effects, disease symptoms, addiction hassles, etc.) can really make you want to give up. Don't give up! You still have options for improving your health. Give the treatment a whirl, or, if you decide to wait it out until medical science has something better to offer you, devote yourself to taking better care of yourself. Either way, you've got twice the motivation to cut down on drugs, twice the justification for demanding support from friends and family, and twice the number of support groups to choose from. Do all the reading you can on both illnesses. (Some public libraries let you have free Internet access... ) Hunt down health care and support services like a bloodhound. Eat ridiculously healthy food, and use anything as an excuse to sleep. Wash your hands all the time! (Your immune system is very fragile, and germs are very, very evil.) Find some immune-supportive herbal remedies. Cry when you need to. Make sure you inject extra-safe!!! After all, it could always be worse. Giving up on yourself and not fighting for your health is a sure way for things to get worse. TUBERCULOSIS (TB) Current Treatments (all are antibiotics) Isoniazid Rifampin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin Para-aminosalicylic Acid Ethionamide Cycloserine Capreomycin Kanamycin Thiacetazone TB Basics If you've gotten TB, it's probably because you were in an enclosed space with someone who had active TB, breathing their air. Your friends aren't at risk for getting it from you through casual contact like drinking from the same bottle, hanging out, or even having sex with you. T13 is a bacterial infection, which means it responds to certain antibiotics, listed above. If you're sick with TB, do your best to get the treatment you need and take all your meds, cuz TI3 is dangerous and miserable if you don't get treatment. These medicines, like other antibiotics, need to be taken regularly and to completion (you gotta take every dose til it's all gone), or they won't work and your infection will become resistant. Do a Page 16 of 24

17 check-in with yourself about whether or not you're up to the task of taking the meds BEFORE you start them (see Anti-AIDS drugs section for more about adherence). Most of these meds have icky side effects - some cause nausea or upset stomach, vision problems (Ethambutol), hearing loss (Kanamycin), skin rashes (Thiacetazone), or liver injury. Not everyone gets these side effects, and not all the meds cause them, but you want to have pretty regular contact with your prescriber so he or she can run tests for changes in liver enzymes, hearing, vision, and other functions. Interactions With Street Drugs Rifampin is a commonly used treatment for TB. But it's also a med to watch out for if you do rv drugs or methadone. It interacts with a ton of drugs: methadone, oral contraceptives (the pill), coumadin, anticonvulsants, etc. If you're on methadone, you'll need a significantly higher dose of the methadone because rifampin clears it out of your system fast. It probably doesn't do the same thing with heroin, though, so do a normal-sized shot and observe your body's reaction. If you're on the pill, it will fuck with your estrogen levels, so use condoms, or see if you can switch to a progesterone-only pill. It's unclear what rifampin does when mixed with speed, coke, or other drugs. But if you want to be on the safe side, go with a different TB treatment regimen that's not so notorious for its drug interactions. Cycloserine can have the same negative side effects as a speed or coke binge, and none of the fun effects. It can make you pace madly, and get you paranoid or even psychotic. If you do lots of speed, coke, ecstasy, or other uppers, your more likely to have these nasty side effects than your average Joe, so don't take cycloserine. (This could be true even if you have a history of using uppers, but don't do them any more.) There are a few TB medications that you can only take by injecting them: Streptomycin, Capreomycin, and Kanamycin. Taking them involves a muscle injection. This may work great for you if you're already used to giving yourself shots (and want a legal scrip for big, fat muscling rigs). On the other hand, if you're trying to stay off drugs or are making a plan to quit sometime soon, the needle use might trigger a relapse for you. If that's the case, consider a different medication. Before you choose a medication, get yourself screened for hepatitis A, B, and C (see the Hepatitis section). A lot of TB medications affect your liver, and can even induce nonviral hepatitis, and you don't want to be fucking with your liver if you already have an active viral hepatitis attacking it. Isonlazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethionamide are the primary culprits for liver problems. Thiacetazone and para-aminosalicylic acid may also be liver-toxic. If you're a drinker, you're at even greater risk. Consider a medication other than these ones. Definitely get vaccinated for Hep A and B, even if you're not going to take any of these meds. You'll at least save your liver from that worry. Remember: there's no vaccine for Hep C, so prevention is your best friend. Don't share needles, cookers, cottons, or water! If the medication doesn't wreak havoc on your liver, it might upset your kidneys instead. Ethambutol, streptomycin, and capreomycin are all associated with renal toxicity (they fuck up your kidneys). See if you can get a kidney function screening done before you go on these meds, and again while you're on them. This is especially true if you're older, have a long and established career as an IV drug user, or Page 17 of 24

18 frequently use lots of different drugs. If you notice that you feel sick when taking any TB meds, a kidney test is one you should request. Also find out your HIV status. You don't want to go on thiacetazone if you've got HIV, and you probably don't want to go on rifampin, either, if you're on anti-viral treatment (see the Anti-AIDS meds section). Keep in mind that your window period is 4-6 months before an HIV test will show the presence of the virus. And keep up your safe injection and protected sex practices, regardless! OTHER RANDOM MEDS These are a few medications that you see warnings for over and over again when you read the labels: "Don't take this if you're taking " They're ones to be especially careful with if you're using any kind of drug - even cold medicine, for some of them! warfarin (Coumadin)* phenytoin (Dilantin) carbamazepine (Tegretol) cimetidine (Tagamet) cisapride tryptophan *Coumadin is an anticoagulant - it stops your blood from clotting. Sometimes people who shoot drugs get blood clots in their veins where they inject. If this happens in the big legs in your veins, you could be in serious danger, because the clot can travel to your heart or lungs, and kill you. Coumadin is a good way to treat this (some people can avoid getting hospitalized if they go on Coumadin). But it's pretty risky to mix Cournadin with anything - be it speed, dope, whatever. You might have to detox for this one. ANTI-DEPRESSANTS SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS: Prozac (fluoxitine) Paxil (paroxetine) Zoloft (sertrahne) Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide) Luvox (fluvoxamine) [line unreadable from scan] Adapin (doxepin) Anafranil (clomipramine) Asendin (amoxapine) Elavil (amitriptyline) Endep (amitriptyline) Page 18 of 24

19 Norpramin (desipramine) Pamelor (nortryptyline) Pertofrane (desipramine) Sinequan (doxepin) Sunriontil (trimipramine) Tofranil (impramine) Vivactil (protriptyline) TETRACYCLIC Remeron (mirtazapine) Ludiomil (maprotiline) MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOs or MAOIS) Pamate (tranylcypromine) Nardil (phenelzine) It [unreadable text from scan] Wellbutrin (bupropion) - aminoketone class Serzone (nefazodone) - phenylpiperazine class BuSpar (buspirone) - anti-anxiety med Effexor (venlafaxine) - serotonin/norepinephrine Trialodine/ Desyrel (trazodone) -triazolopyridine class Introduction to Anti-Depressants Anti depressants are still psychiatrists' cool new toy, and if you've had any counseling from one in the last ten years about your drug use, you've probably been offered one or more of these babies. Probably tried a few, too. Actually, I'm a fan of using anti- depressants. They've helped me and a lot of people I know to survive hard times and rebuild (and maintain) a positive perspective on things. They're not magic pills; they don't fix your life automatically, they don't get you high, and you usually have a lot of side effects along with the benefits, especially at first. But they're a practical and legal way of addressing a lot of the same problems that folks who use street drugs are trying to medicate against. Depression, both "minor" and clinically "major," is a big reality for a lot of people, and drug use is some people's way of dealing with it. But doing drugs (like heroin, speed, alcohol, coke, or ecstasy) are probably just going to make your depression worse - especially in the long run. There are other "disorders" that anti-depressants also get prescribed for. Things like obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, social anxiety disorder, insomnia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bi-polar disorder (manic depression)... the list goes on. Gee, something for everybody, and a nice, wordy psychiatric term for everything. And guess what, a lot of folks with big drug habits get diagnosed for one or more of these "disorders" at some point along the way. What does that mean? Well, maybe nothing useful, but if a medical professional announces to you that you have a congenital cognitive- emotional dysfunction, don't get an tripped out about the label they put Page 19 of 24

20 on you. Instead, try to see it as an opportunity to access some meds that might help you feel more at home in your body. A lot of people get anti- depressants prescribed to them when they enter some kind of recovery program. This kind of comprehensive treatment is certainly nicer than just getting a bed to writhe in for a few nights. But transitioning out of heavy drug use is incredibly tough, and it's hard not to be frustrated by the insufficiency of antidepressants in curbing your agony and cravings. They might help you with the detoxing process, but they might just cause additional side-effects you don't need at the moment. OK, so you relapsed. Everybody does it. Don't be too hard on yourself. If your first introduction to anti-depressants was miserable because you were kicking drugs, you still might have better luck with some of these meds later on. The medical establishment hasn't really decided how long it's "appropriate" to be taking this stuff. Like, are we talking months? Years? My whole life? I mean, c'mon, give me a ballpark figure here. (Psychiatrists sort of hedge when you ask them this.) Generally, though, at least with the types of anti-depressants we'll be talking about here, they advise you to stay on it for at least six months, and will probably encourage you to stay on it for years if you want (your insurance company will probably have a different attitude...). You always have a choice, though. It's not like the other "anti" drugs (anti-virals, or Antibiotics), where you have to keep taking them til they say it's OK to stop or you'll give the disease the upper hand. If you decide to stop taking your anti-depressant(s), it's better to take a half-dose for a week or two instead of going cold-turkey all of a sudden. (This varies from medication to medication - check with your prescriber). Patience and optimism are very helpful when you start a new anti-depressant. Their beneficial effects take a while to really kick in, their side effects might bum you out, and they're not going to make you forget your problems. (If the side effects are too intolerable, get your prescription switched - lots of people try out several meds before they get the one that works for them.) But making other improvements in your quality of life is part of the challenge here. Try to find other things that will help you deal with the hard shit. Therapy is great - it can be the biggest favor you ever do for yourself. It's expensive, but some places offer reduced rates or even free counseling. Ask around. Other things that might help are: finding fulfilling things to do with your free time, reducing the stress in your life as much as you can, doing some yoga or tai-chi, getting acupuncture (there is some great low-cost treatment especially for users at several locations in the Bay Area), finding ways to address the problems in your relationships with others, finding people that you can really talk to, adopting a low-maintenance animal friend, or finding healthy things you can do to reward yourself for dealing with your life. That said, you'll still want to know what kind of shit you can shoot up while you're on your new meds. Interactions With Street Drugs Page 20 of 24

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