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\f0\b\fs24 \cf0 'Perfect Storm' of El Ni\'f1o and Warming Boosted Alberta Fires
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by Matt McGrath\
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\cf0 May 5, 2016 \'96 El Ni\'f1o and ongoing climate change have both contributed to the devastating Alberta wildfires according to experts.\
The weather phenomenon has caused much drier conditions than normal, leading to a massive increase in the number of fires in the province. Alberta has had 330 wildfires already this year, more than double the recent annual average.\
Global warming has also seen wildfire seasons lengthen considerably since 1979, according to studies.\
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\i \cf0 Dry Winter\
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\i0 \cf0 Alberta and much of western Canada experienced a serious drought last year. So great was the impact on farmers, the province declared an agricultural emergency.\
The dry conditions continued through the winter; the western part of Canada then felt the impact of El Ni\'f1o.\
Scientists say the current El Ni\'f1o event is one of the strongest on record. The effects have been felt all over the world, including a reduced monsoon in India and droughts in parts of Africa.\
"We've had an incredibly dry winter, we didn't have enough snow pack," said Prof Judith Kulig from the University of Lethbridge in Alberta. She believes a "perfect storm" of factors, including El Ni\'f1o, has come together to cause the huge fire. "This year the fire season officially began March 1st, last year it was March 15th. These are significant changes, when the fire season used to begin in May and now begins in March."\
That fingerprint of El Ni\'f1o saw Fort McMurray record a temperature of 32.6\'b0C [90.7\'b0F] earlier this week, which is significantly above the normal high temperature for early May of around 14\'b0C [57.2\'b0F].\
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\i \cf0 Not Local but Global\
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\i0 \cf0 Many researchers believe that El Ni\'f1o was not the only factor increasing the likelihood of a major fire in Alberta. They point to the bigger global picture of rising temperatures, which in the first 4 months of this year are running more than 1\'b0C above the long-term average.\
In January a Canadian study suggested that warming would lead to a "higher frequency of extreme fire weather days" across the country. The author of that paper, Dr Mike Flannigan from the University of Alberta, seems in little doubt that climate change was at least partly responsible for the outbreak around Fort McMurray. "This is consistent with what we expect from human-caused climate change affecting our fire regime," he told reporters.\
A number of research papers have highlighted the fact that warming is leading to an increase in wildfire risk. Studies have also shown that northern latitudes are feeling those impacts more strongly.\
"Some of the changes can be ascribed to improvements in reporting, but there are datasets which show the fire season has lengthened," said Prof Martin Wooster, from King's College London and NERC National Centre for Earth Observation.\
"There have been papers that have shown that, not only in theory the conditions are there for longer, but also the actual area of burn has increased over the past half century."\
"That sort of thing is more likely to be able to be said in Canada than in other places."\
One factor that is often overlooked in the race to discover the causes of natural disasters is demography. Just before the last major El Ni\'f1o in 1997, the population of Fort McMurray was just over 30,000. The last census indicated it was over 60,000.\
More people means not just a greater impact when fires occur; it also suggests the chances of one starting are increased.\
"There is this thing called the wild land urban interface, which is where people's homes get increasingly close to environments still undeveloped - and fire is able to come out of these 'natural' areas," Prof Wooster said. "And if you get more people, you are more likely to get ignitions."\
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\cf0 www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36212145\
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