To give context to Pavel's answer, the compiled Google Mock binary is not distributed with the Ubuntu package because of the reason given here. This explanation is for Google Test, but the principle applies to any C++ library.

Specifically, it says:

In the early days, we said that you could install compiled Google Test
libraries on *nix systems using make install. Then every user of your
machine can write tests without recompiling Google Test.

This seemed like a good idea, but it has a got-cha: every user needs
to compile his tests using the same compiler flags used to compile the
installed Google Test libraries; otherwise he may run into undefined
behaviors (i.e. the tests can behave strangely and may even crash for
no obvious reasons).

Why? Because C++ has this thing called the One-Definition Rule: if two
C++ source files contain different definitions of the same
class/function/variable, and you link them together, you violate the
rule. The linker may or may not catch the error (in many cases it's
not required by the C++ standard to catch the violation). If it
doesn't, you get strange run-time behaviors that are unexpected and
hard to debug.

If you compile Google Test and your test code using different compiler
flags, they may see different definitions of the same
class/function/variable (e.g. due to the use of #if in Google Test).
Therefore, for your sanity, we recommend to avoid installing
pre-compiled Google Test libraries. Instead, each project should
compile Google Test itself such that it can be sure that the same
flags are used for both Google Test and the tests.

So your original problem was because installing the google-mock package only installed the source code, and when you tried to compile your sample application, no gmock library could be found.