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April 19, 2013

After Boston Bombing, Understanding Chechnya’s Bloody History

Clashes with Russia drove some Chechens to Islamic extremism

Chechen children ride a bicycle near destroyed houses in Grozny, Chechnya, in 2007. (Photo: AP)

Before the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, few Americans had heard about the division between the Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam, and even fewer could tell the difference between them. That promptly changed with al-Qaeda and the war in Iraq.

Regardless of what motivated the two young Chechen brothers to allegedly carry out the deadly Boston Marathon bombing on April 15, Americans will now have to delve into the long and murky history of the Russian-Chechen conflict. It has its roots in the 19th century struggle against Russian domination of the Caucasus and in Joseph Stalin's decision after World War II to uproot the entire Chechen nation from their native land and deport them to Central Asia. Tens of thousands died en route and in the inhospitable steppes where they were unceremoniously dumped without food or shelter.

The latest chapter of the conflict was inaugurated after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Chechnya demanded independence, and Russia fought two wars to keep it in the Russian Federation. The wars were exceptionally brutal, with both sides committing war crimes, kidnapping, murdering and displacing civilians and engaging in acts of undisguised banditry.

Chechnya remains part of Russia, but only nominally. To defeat the separatists, Russia gave a free hand in the republic to Ramzan Kadyrov, a former field commander of the Chechen rebels who switched sides and went over to the Russians. Kadyrov is loyal to the Kremlin but rules Chechnya with a mailed fist. Russia pours billions of dollars into Chechnya but has no say in what goes on there. Nor does anyone else. Kadyrov's opponents have wound up dead in places like Vienna, Moscow and the United Arab Emirates.

Meanwhile, a low-grade rebellion goes on, drawing on the discontent of ordinary Chechens, brutalized by Kadyrov and his henchmen, creating an enduring refugee problem and a large global diaspora. The rebellion has become more radical, often embracing violent forms of Islam and spreading to other parts of the Caucasus.

Moscow has also suffered from Chechen terror. There were two hostage dramas, one at a Moscow theater in 2002 and another at an elementary school in Beslan, North Ossetia in 2004. Both ended tragically when Russian forces stormed the terrorists. In more recent years, there have been bombings on the Moscow subway and on passenger airliners. Dozens more lost their lives.

With both Russia and the United States facing the same threat, is there suddenly a community of interests that will bring the two countries together after a period of Cold War-like rancor? After all, Russia's president Vladimir Putin was the first foreign leader to express solidarity with the United States after 9/11, and Russia worked closely with Washington during the early stages of the war in Afghanistan.

But times have changed. The fact that Chechen fighters have been radicalized is nothing new. Chechens have been a presence among militant Islamists in Afghanistan, Libya, Syria and elsewhere. in fact, the Obama administration is inclined to the view Russia's policies in the North Caucasus as part of the problem, not of the solution.

And then there is the murkiness of the Russian political system, which gives rise to a variety of conspiracy theories. Investigators will evenually have an answer to what lay behind the terror attack in Boston, whether it was Islamic fundamentalism, Chechen nationalism or hatred of America. But it is unlikely to stop speculation on the Internet, which connects the bombings in Boston with the recent Magnitsky Law passed by Congress, which bans a number of corrupt Russian bureaucrats from entering the United States and freezes their assets here, or with the allegation that Kadyrov's name was included on the "secret" part of that list. Kadyrov actually canceled a trip to the United States less then a week before the terrorist attck.

This is unlikely to spur any rapprochement between Washington and Moscow. On the contrary, it will likely heighten international tensions.

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