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The Confucius Temple, the Confucius Seat of Household, and the Confucius Graveyard 山东曲阜的孔庙、孔府及孔林

Time:2015-08-16Source:Internet

Profile：The Confucius Temple, the Confucius Seat of Household, and the Confucius Graveyard 山东曲阜的孔庙、孔府及孔林

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曲阜孔庙、孔府、孔林位于山东省曲阜市，是中国历代纪念孔子，推崇儒学的表征，以丰厚的文化积淀、悠久历史、宏大规模、丰富文物珍藏，以及科学艺术价值而著称。曲阜孔庙是祭祀孔子的本庙，是分布在中国、朝鲜、日本、越南、印度尼西亚、新加坡、美国等国家2000多座孔子庙的先河和范本，始建于公元前478年，历经2400多年而从未放弃祭祀，是中国使用时间最长的庙宇，也是中国现存最为著名的古建筑群之一；孔林延续使用2400多年，不仅是中国也是世界上延用时间最长的氏族墓地；孔子嫡孙保有世袭罔替的爵号，历时2100多年，是中国最古老的贵族世家，其府第孔府是中国现存规模最大、保存最好、最为典型的官衙与宅第合一的建筑群。
The Confucius Temple, the Confucius Seat of Household, and the Confucius Graveyard are located in the city of Qufu, Shandong Province, looming as symbols for remembering the master and advancing Confucian thoughts. They are noted for the splendid culture, time-honored history, grand scale, abundant relics as well as invaluable assets in science and art. The Confucius Temple in Qufu is the one for worshipping the master Confucius, the original and model for the 2,000 Confucius temples in countries like China, Korea, Japan, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Singapore and America. It was first built in 478 B. C. and never abandoned for offering sacrifice over 2,400 years. It is the temple of the longest duration in use in China and one of the most renowned ancient architecture complex now existent in China; the Confucius Graveyard has been in use for over 2,400 years, becoming the most time-honored tribal burying-ground both at home and abroad; as the oldest family of nobility in China over 2,100 years, the Confucius Seat of Household is the largest, best-preserved and most typical construction complex of former government and residential seat now existent in China.
孔庙、孔林、孔府的历史、科学、艺术价值集中体现在它所保存的文物上。300多座、1300多间金、元、明、清古建筑反映了各个时期的建筑规制和特点；1000多件汉画像石、孔子圣迹图、石仪、龙柱等反映了石刻艺术的变化和发展；5000我多块西汉以来的历代碑刻既是中国书法艺术的瑰宝，也是研究中国古代政治、思想、经济、文化、艺术的宝贵资料；10余万座历代墓葬是研究墓葬制度的重要实物，17000余株古树名木是研究古代物候学、气象学、生态学的活文物。10余万件馆藏文物中，以元明衣冠、孔子画像、衍圣公及夫人肖像，祭祀礼器最为著名；其中元明衣冠是中国罕有的传世同类文物，对于研究古代服饰、纺织艺术具有重要价值。30万件孔府明清文书档案是中国为丰富的私家档案，是研究明清历史尤其是经济史的重要资料。"三孔"已被联合国教科文组织列入《世界遗产名录》。
The value of the Confucius Temple, Confucius Graveyard and Confucius Seat of Household concerning history, science and art is best embodied by the related relics preserved. The 300 (1,300 units) ancient buildings of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties reflect the standards and characteristics of the respective period; the 1,000 Han image stones, Confucius track diagrams, stone instruments, and dragon columns all reveal the changes and development of stone engraving art; the 5,000 tombstones of the dynasties since West Han are both artistic treasures of Chinese calligraphy and precious materials for studying politics, ideology, economy, culture and art of ancient China; the 100,000-odd tombs of various dynasties are evidence for studying the ancient funeral rites and the more than 17,000 ancient trees are live fossils for studying ancient phenology, meteorology and ecology. Among the 100,000 pieces of relics preserved in museums, the gowns and hats of Ming Dynasty, Portrait of Confucius, Image of Duke of Heritance and his wife and wares for sacrifice are most distinguished, with Gowns and Hats of Ming Dynasty being the rarest relics of China, which will be of great value for researching ancient garments and the weaving art. The 300,000 files of Ming and Qing dynasties of the Confucius Household are the most complete archives of households in China as well as important materials for studies in history of Ming and Qing, economic history in particular. The Three Confucius relics have already been listed in World Heritage Record by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.