Brain training boosted older adults' mental skills

Researchers found that giving a group of older adults a brief course of mental or
cognitive training helped to improve their reasoning ability and processing speed, and hold
onto the gains for up to 10 years, compared with a group of untrained controls. Plus, those who
received additional training for another 3 years improved even further.

Cognitive decline is not uncommon among older adults and can seriously affect their ability
to lead a normal life and carry out everyday tasks.

Study leader George Rebok, a professor at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD, and an
expert on aging and mental health, says:

"Showing that training gains are maintained for up to 10 years is a stunning result because
it suggests that a fairly modest intervention in practicing mental skills can have relatively
long-term effects beyond what we might reasonably expect."

He and his colleagues also found the seniors who received the brief cognitive training also
reported experiencing less difficulty in carrying out everyday living tasks.

Prof. Rebok says even small delays in impairment of mental and functional ability can have a
big effect on public health and help reduce the rising cost of caring for older adults.

They report their findings in a soon-to-be-published issue of the Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society.

Seniors received training in memory, reasoning and processing speed skills

This latest analysis is of 10 years of follow-up results from 2,832 participants whose
average age was 73.6 years at the start of the study, when they were randomly assigned to one
of three groups for memory, reasoning or speed-of-processing training, or to an untrained
control group.

The participants who underwent cognitive training received 10 sessions, which lasted 60-75 minutes, over
5-6 weeks in small groups.

Those in the memory training group were taught how to remember word lists and sequences of
items, texts, and themes and details of stories.

Those assigned to the reasoning group learned problem-solving skills that help with daily
tasks, such as filling out order forms and reading bus timetables.

And the participants who received speed-of-processing training used computer programs to
learn how to spot and find visual information quickly. This kind of training can boost scanning
skills, such as noticing changes in traffic when driving or looking up phone numbers.

Cognitive training groups reported less difficulty with daily living

After 10 years of follow-up, the groups that received cognitive training reported
experiencing less difficulty with carrying out daily living tasks, such as cooking, taking
medications and managing finances.

After 10 years, 60% of the participants who had mental training were at the same level of
functioning in carrying out daily living tasks, compared with only 50% of the untrained
controls.

While memory performance showed improvement in the training group for up to 5 years after training, 10 years later there was no significant difference between the trained groups and
the untrained controls.

However, reasoning and speed-of-processing training appeared to have a more lasting effect -
trained participants still showed significant improvements in these skills, compared with controls
at the 10-year follow-up.

'Booster' sessions resulted in even greater improvements

Some of the trained participants also had four "booster" sessions just before the end of the
first year, and just before the end of the third year of follow-up. These resulted in
additional improvements in reasoning and speed-of-processing.

Prof. Rebok says:

"Our findings provide support for the development of other interventions for senior adults,
particularly those that target cognitive abilities showing the most rapid decline with age and
that can affect their everyday functioning and independence. Such interventions have potential
to delay the onset of difficulties in daily functioning."

The researchers say more studies are needed to find out how such brief training can
translate to such lasting effects on everyday functioning.

The team now plans to test whether more training over a longer period leads to even greater
improvements, and also whether cognitive training can help older adults maintain safe driving
skills.

Funds from various institutions, including the National Institute on Aging and private
sources, helped finance the study.

Meanwhile in another study reported in October 2013, researchers showed that sleeping longer is linked to faster
cognitive decline in older adults. They found people in their 60s and 70s who slept on
average more than 9 hours a night showed double the amount of cognitive function decline,
compared with people who slept 6-8 hours a night.

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