The Borough of Leeds was created in 1207, when Maurice Paynel, lord of the manor, granted a charter covering a small area adjacent to a crossing of the River Aire, between the old settlement centred on Leeds Parish Church to the east and the manor house and mills to the west; in 1626 a charter was granted by Charles I, incorporating the entire parish as the Borough of Leeds; it was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. The parish and borough included the chapelries of Chapel Allerton, Armley, Beeston, Bramley, Farnley, Headingley cum Burley, Holbeck, Hunslet, Leeds, Potternewton and Wortley. The borough was located in the West Riding of Yorkshire and gained city status in 1893. When a county council was formed for the riding in 1889, Leeds was excluded from its area of responsibility and formed a county borough, the borough made a significant number of territorial expansions, expanding from 21,593 acres (87.38 km2) in 1911 to 40,612 acres (164.35 km2) in 1961;[6] adding in stages the former area of the Roundhay, Seacroft, Shadwell and Middleton parishes and gaining other parts of adjacent districts.

A review of local government arrangements completed in 1969 proposed the creation of a new large district centred on Leeds, occupying 317,000 acres (1,280 km2) and including 840,000 people. The proposed area was significantly reduced in a 1971 white paper; and within a year every local authority to be incorporated into it protested or demonstrated.[7] The final proposal reduced the area further and following the enactment of the Local Government Act 1972, the county borough was abolished on 1 April 1974 and its former area was combined with that of the municipal boroughs of Morley and Pudsey; the urban districts of Aireborough, Horsforth, Otley, Garforth and Rothwell; and parts of the rural districts of Tadcaster, Wetherby and Wharfedale. The new district gained both borough and city status, as had been held by the county borough; and forms part of the county of West Yorkshire.

Leeds City Council is the local authority of the district. The council is composed of 99 councillors, three for each of the city's wards. Elections are held three years out of four, on the first Thursday of May. One third of the councillors are elected, for a four-year term, in each election. 2004 saw all seats up for election due to boundary changes. It is currently run by a Labour administration, before the 2011 election, the council had been under no overall control since 2004. The Chief Executive of Leeds City Council is Tom Riordan while the Leader of the Council is Councillor Judith Blake of the Labour Party. West Yorkshire does not have a county council, so Leeds City Council is the primary provider of local government services. The district forms part of the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England.

Most of the district is an unparished area, comprising Leeds itself (the area of the former county borough), Pudsey, Garforth, Rothwell and the area of the former urban district of Aireborough; in the unparished area there is no lower tier of government. Outside the unparished area there are 31 civil parishes, represented by parish councils, these form the lowest tier of local government[9] and absorb some limited functions from Leeds City Council in their areas. The councils of the civil parishes of Horsforth, Morley, Otley and Wetherby are town councils.[10] The 27 other civil parishes are:

At the 2001 UK census, the district had a total population of 715,402.[12] Of the 301,614 households in Leeds, 33.3% were married couples living together, 31.6% were one-person households, 9.0% were co-habiting couples and 9.8% were lone parents, following a similar trend to the rest of England.[13] The population density was 1,967/km2 (5,090/sq mi)[13] and for every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. Of those aged 16–74, 30.9% had no academic qualifications, higher than the 28.9% in all of England.[14] Of the residents, 6.6% were born outside the United Kingdom, lower than the England average of 9.2%.[15]

The majority of people in Leeds identify themselves as Christian,[16] the proportion of Muslims is average for the country.[16] Leeds has the third-largest Jewish community in the United Kingdom, after those of London and Manchester, the areas of Alwoodley and Moortown contain sizeable Jewish populations.[17] 16.8% of Leeds residents in the 2001 census declared themselves as having "no religion", which is broadly in line with the figure for the whole of the UK (also 8.1% "religion not stated").

The crime rate in Leeds is well above the national average, like many other English major cities;[18][19] in July 2006, the think tankReform calculated rates of crime for different offences and has related this to populations of major urban areas (defined as towns over 100,000 population). Leeds was 11th in this rating (excluding London boroughs, 23rd including London boroughs),[20] the table below details the population of the current area of the district since 1801, including the percentage change since the last available census data.

Leeds has a diverse economy with the service sector now dominating over the traditional manufacturing industries, it is the location of one of the largest financial centres in England outside London. New tertiary industries such as retail, call centres, offices and media have contributed to a high rate of economic growth. This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Leeds at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.[22]

Education Leeds, a non-profit company owned by Leeds City Council, provided educational services between 2001 and 2011, from April 2011 Leeds City Council has since disbanded Education Leeds and has consolidated educational services into a Children's Services Department of the council itself.[23]

Leeds
–
Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th cen

Leeds City Region
–
The Leeds City Region is a city region in the North of England centred on Leeds, West Yorkshire. The activities of the city region are coordinated by the Leeds City Region Partnership, since April 2007 strategic local governance decisions have been made by the joint committee of the Leeds City Region Leaders Board. A multi-area agreement was establ

1.
Leeds City Region

2.
A conceptual diagram of the Leeds City Region Partnership

3.
The West Yorkshire rail network

City status in the United Kingdom
–
The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a city. Nonetheless, this appellation carries its own prestige and, consequently, the status does not apply automatically on the basis of any particular criteria, although in England and Wales it was traditionally given to towns with diocesan cathedral

1.
Historically, city status in England and Wales was associated with the presence of a cathedral, such as York Minster.

Metropolitan borough
–
A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England, and is a subdivision of a metropolitan county. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, metropolitan boroughs are defined in English law as metropolitan districts, however, all of them have been granted or regranted royal charters to give them borough status. Metropo

1.
Metropolitan district

Coat of arms of Leeds
–
The Coat of arms of Leeds City Council derives its design from the seventeenth century. In 1662 the Borough of Leeds received a new charter which created the office of mayor, and these arms were recorded at the heraldic visitation of Yorkshire in 1666. By the time that the borough was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 and these additi

Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

1.
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border wi

4.
The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.

Countries of the United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organiza

England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain

Regions of England
–
The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, E

1.
Regions of England English regions

Yorkshire and the Humber
–
Yorkshire and the Humber is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It comprises most of Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire and it does not include Middlesbrough or Redcar and Cleveland. The population in 2011 was 5,284,000, regional ministers were not reappointed by the in

Ceremonial counties of England
–
The ceremonial counties, also referred to as the lieutenancy areas of England, are areas of England to which a Lord Lieutenant is appointed. The Local Government Act 1888 established county councils to assume the functions of Quarter Sessions in the counties. It created new entities called administrative counties, the Act further stipulated that ar

1.
Ceremonial counties (England)

West Yorkshire
–
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is an inland and in relative terms upland county having eastward-draining valleys while taking in moors of the Pennines and has a population of 2.2 million, West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. West Yorkshire con

Leeds City Council
–
Leeds City Council is the local authority of the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It is a district council, one of five in West Yorkshire and one of 36 in the metropolitan counties of England. Since 1 April 2014 it has been a constituent council of the West Yorkshire Combined Authority, the leader was an alderman, the first holder being Si

Lord Mayor
–
The lord mayor is the title of the mayor of a major city in the United Kingdom or Commonwealth realm, with special recognition bestowed by the sovereign. In Australia, Lord Mayor is a status granted by the monarch to mayors of major cities. Australian cities with lord mayors, Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Parramatta, Per

Lord Mayor of Leeds
–
The Lord Mayor of Leeds is a ceremonial post held by a member of Leeds City Council, elected annually by the council. By charter from King Charles I in 1626, the leader of the body of the borough of Leeds was an alderman. A second charter, in 1661 from King Charles II, granted the title Mayor to Thomas Danby, in 1893 the borough of Leeds became a c

1.
Sir James Kitson, 1st Baron Airedale, First Lord Mayor of Leeds, Oil on canvas, 1905, by John Singer Sargent

Labour Party (UK)
–
The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon

1.
Keir Hardie, one of the Labour Party's founders and its first leader

Stuart Andrew
–
Stuart James Andrew is a Welsh Conservative politician. His is the Member of Parliament for the Pudsey constituency in West Yorkshire and he grew up in the Isle of Anglesey in Wales, and later attended Ysgol David Hughes in Menai Bridge. After leaving school he worked as a fundraiser for the British Heart Foundation, before being elected to parliam

Conservative Party (UK)
–
The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors

Hilary Benn
–
Hilary James Wedgwood Benn is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Leeds Central since the by-election in 1999. He served in the cabinet from 2003–10, under the premierships of both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. From 2010-16, he served in various Labour Party shadow cabinets, most recently as Shadow Foreign Sec

Fabian Hamilton
–
Fabian Uziell-Hamilton is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Leeds North East since 1997. Fabian Hamilton was born in London to a British Jewish family and his father, a solicitor, and his mother, a judge, were both members of the Liberal Party, for which his father was several times an election candidate. H

Rachel Reeves
–
Rachel Jane Reeves is a British Labour Party politician and an economist. She has served as the Member of Parliament for Leeds West since 2010, the daughter of Graham and Sally Reeves of Lewisham, South East London, she was educated at Cator Park School for Girls in Bromley. At school, Reeves was the UK Under-14 girls chess champion, Reeves cites t

Greenwich Mean Time
–
Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT shou

Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a

4.
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.

List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom
–
For the purposes of directing mail, the United Kingdom is divided by Royal Mail into postcode areas. The postcode area is the largest geographical unit used and forms the characters of the alphanumeric UK postcode. There are currently 121 geographic postcode areas in use in the UK, each postcode area is further divided into post towns and postcode

Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics
–
The Classification of Territorial Units for Statistics is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of countries for statistical purposes. The standard is developed and regulated by the European Union, a NUTS code begins with a two-letter code referencing the country, which is identical to the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code. The subdivision of t

1.
NUTS-1 as valid till 2014

British national grid reference system
–
The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Gr

European Parliament
–
The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union. Together with the Council of the European Union and the European Commission, the Parliament is composed of 751 members, who represent the second-largest democratic electorate in the world and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world

2.
European Parliament

3.
Session of the Council of Europe's Assembly in the former House of Europe in Strasbourg in January 1967

Leeds Bradford Airport
–
Leeds Bradford Airport is located at Yeadon, in the City of Leeds Metropolitan District in West Yorkshire, England,6 nautical miles northwest of Leeds city centre itself. It was opened in October 1931 as Yeadon Aerodrome, and is often referred to as Yeadon Airport by locals. The airport was in ownership until May 2007, when it was sold for £145.5 m

3.
A MonarchAirbus A330 at the airport in 2009. In 2013 Leeds became an operational base for the airline.

4.
Street map of the airport site and surrounding areas.

Local government district
–
The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. As the structure of government in England is not uniform. Some districts are styled as boroughs, cities, or royal boroughs, these are purely honorific titles, prior to the establishment of districts in the 1890s, the basic unit of loca

Farsley
–
Farsley is a town in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, West Yorkshire, England 6 miles to the west of Leeds city centre, and 4 miles east of Bradford. Farsley could be considered a town as it is situated between the two cities. It was formerly in the borough of nearby Pudsey. The appropriate City of Leeds Ward is called Calverley and Farsley,

Garforth
–
Garforth /ˈɡɑːrfərθ/ is a village within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. The 2001 Census lists 23,892 residents in the Garforth and Swillington ward,80. 57% of whom are homeowners, historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Garforth itself has 15,394 of those people. The ward population was 19,811 at the

Guiseley
–
Guiseley is a small town in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is situated south of Otley, at the 2001 census, Guiseley together with Rawdon had a population of over 21,000, increasing to 22,347 at the 2011 Census. The A65, which passes through the town, is the sh

1.
Otley Road, Guiseley

2.
Harry Ramsden's

Horsforth
–
Horsforth is a suburb and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north west of Leeds city centre. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census, Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village

Morley, West Yorkshire
–
Morley is a market town and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. It lies approximately 5 miles south-west of Leeds city centre, the town had a population of 44,440 in 2011 and is made up of the Morley North and South Wards. The civil parish had a population of 27,738, the town is built on seven hil

Otley
–
Otley is a market town and civil parish at a bridging point on the River Wharfe in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the population was 13,668 at the 2011 census, the town is in lower Wharfedale on the A660 which connects it to Leeds. The parish church has 7th-cen

1.
The River Wharfe at Otley

2.
Weir on the River Wharfe at Otley

3.
A view over Otley.

4.
the Old Prince Henry's Grammar School

Pudsey
–
Pudsey is a market town in West Yorkshire, England. Once independent, it was incorporated into the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974 and it is located midway between Bradford city centre and Leeds city centre. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 22,408, the borough of Pudsey consists only of addresses with

1.
Pudsey Town Hall

2.
The World's End public house

3.
Pudsey Parish Church

4.
Pudsey Park - opened in October 1889

Rothwell, West Yorkshire
–
Rothwell is a market town in the south east of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Rothwell has a population of 21,010, and the Rothwell ward has an population of 32,365. At the 2011 Census only the Leeds Metropolitan Ward remained and this had a population of 20,354. The town has benefited from recent improvements in

1.
Commercial Street

2.
Holy Trinity church in Rothwell.

3.
Aerial map of Rothwell

Wetherby
–
Wetherby is a market town and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Wharfe, and has been for centuries a crossing place and staging post on the A1 Great North Road and it has a population of 11,155. The population of the Wetherby Civil Parish in 2011 was 10,772, Wetherby Bridg

Yeadon, West Yorkshire
–
Yeadon is a town within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. It is home to Leeds Bradford International Airport, the appropriate City of Leeds ward is called Otley and Yeadon. The population at the 2011 Census was 22,233, at the time of the Anglo-Saxons in the early 7th century AD much of the Aire valley was still hea

Birmingham
–
Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at

Doncaster
–
Doncaster, is a large market town in South Yorkshire, England. Together with its suburbs and settlements, the town forms part of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. The town itself has a population of 109,805, the Doncaster Urban Area had a population of 158,141 in 2011 and includes Doncaster and the neighbouring small village of Bentley as well

3.
12th-century Conisbrough Castle, open to the public and property of English Heritage

4.
The Norman church of St Mary Magdalene, at demolition in 1846

Local Government Act 1972
–
The Local Government Act 1972 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales on 1 April 1974. In Wales, too, the Act established a pattern of counties and districts. Elections were held to the new authorities in 1973, and they acted as shadow authorities until the handover date, elections to county

Local government in England
–
The pattern of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements. England has, since 1994 been subdivided into nine regions, below the region level and excluding London, England has two different patterns of local government in use. These councils are elected in separate elections

County Borough of Leeds
–
The County Borough of Leeds, and its predecessor, the Municipal Borough of Leeds, was a local government district in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, from 1835 to 1974. Its origin was the ancient borough of Leeds, which was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. In 1889, when West Riding County Council was formed, Leeds became a cou

Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)
–
In England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland, an urban district was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an urban district council, which shared local government responsibilities with a county council. In England and Wales, urban districts and rural districts were created in

Garforth Urban District
–
Garforth /ˈɡɑːrfərθ/ is a village within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. The 2001 Census lists 23,892 residents in the Garforth and Swillington ward,80. 57% of whom are homeowners, historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Garforth itself has 15,394 of those people. The ward population was 19,811 at the

Horsforth Urban District
–
Horsforth is a suburb and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north west of Leeds city centre. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census, Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village

Otley Urban District
–
Otley is a market town and civil parish at a bridging point on the River Wharfe in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the population was 13,668 at the 2011 census, the town is in lower Wharfedale on the A660 which connects it to Leeds. The parish church has 7th-cen

1.
The River Wharfe at Otley

2.
Weir on the River Wharfe at Otley

3.
A view over Otley.

4.
the Old Prince Henry's Grammar School

Rothwell Urban District (Yorkshire)
–
Rothwell is a market town in the south east of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Rothwell has a population of 21,010, and the Rothwell ward has an population of 32,365. At the 2011 Census only the Leeds Metropolitan Ward remained and this had a population of 20,354. The town has benefited from recent improvements in

1.
Commercial Street

2.
Holy Trinity church in Rothwell.

3.
Aerial map of Rothwell

Wetherby Rural District

1.
The former offices of the Wetherby Rural District Council, now used by Leeds City Council and Wetherby Town Council.

1.
Leeds
–
Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816

2.
Leeds City Region
–
The Leeds City Region is a city region in the North of England centred on Leeds, West Yorkshire. The activities of the city region are coordinated by the Leeds City Region Partnership, since April 2007 strategic local governance decisions have been made by the joint committee of the Leeds City Region Leaders Board. A multi-area agreement was established in 2008 and since 2011 economic development has been supported by the Leeds City Region LEP, as part of a 2012 city deal a West Yorkshire Combined Authority will be established in order receive devolved powers for transport, economic development and regeneration. The secretariat for the city region is based within Leeds City Council, the Leeds City Region Enterprise Zone promotes development in four sites along the A63 East Leeds Link Road. With close to 3 million people, a resident workforce of 1.4 million, over 100,000 businesses, the region is diverse and has many centres, both geographically and culturally. As a partnership, the Leeds City Region is firmly established and has in operation a decision making structure. It has made several bids for government funded economic development projects. The region includes the whole of West Yorkshire and parts of South Yorkshire, of the five cities, Leeds is the largest in geographical area, population and economy. The southern part of the region is largely urban with many former industrial centres, the northern part is mainly rural but includes significant urban centres, notably Harrogate and York. The northern areas are generally wealthier than the part of the city region. Barnsley is also part of the Sheffield City Region, the Humber ports are also within easy reach. The north-south A1 and east-west M62 motorways intersect close to Leeds, a series of motorway spurs enable traffic to reach the centres of Leeds and Bradford quickly. There is a secondary road network based on Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield. The A1, A64 and A650 are important trunk routes, Leeds railway station is the hub of the regions extensive commuter rail network. There are regional semi-fast services on the Transpennine line that serve Huddersfield, Dewsbury, Leeds, Garforth, York, despite this, the regional transport network is strained thanks to low levels of transport investment from Central Government. As a result, there is overcrowding on the network and significant connectivity issues within the city region. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal and Aire and Calder Navigation run through the region, Leeds is at the economic heart, with some 124,000 people engaged in financial services. The city is the UKs second largest financial and legal centre, there is a large conference industry in Harrogate where the UKs third largest integrated conference and exhibition centre, Harrogate International Centre, is located

Leeds City Region
–
Leeds City Region
Leeds City Region
–
A conceptual diagram of the Leeds City Region Partnership
Leeds City Region
–
The West Yorkshire rail network

3.
City status in the United Kingdom
–
The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a city. Nonetheless, this appellation carries its own prestige and, consequently, the status does not apply automatically on the basis of any particular criteria, although in England and Wales it was traditionally given to towns with diocesan cathedrals. City status in Ireland was granted to far fewer communities than in England and Wales, in Scotland, city status did not explicitly receive any recognition by the state until the 19th century. At that time, a revival of grants of city status took place, first in England, where the grants were accompanied by the establishment of new cathedrals, and later in Scotland and Ireland. The abolition of corporate bodies as part of successive local government reforms. However, letters patent have been issued for most of the cities to ensure the continuation or restoration of their status. At present, Rochester and Elgin are the former cities in the United Kingdom. The name City does not, in itself, denote city status, a number of large towns in the UK are bigger than some small cities, but cannot legitimately call themselves a city without the royal designation. The initial cities of Britain were the fortified settlements organised by the Romans as the capitals of the Celtic tribes under Roman rule, the British clerics of the early Middle Ages later preserved a traditional list of the 28 Cities which was mentioned by Gildas and listed by Nennius. In the 16th century, a town was recognised as a city by the English Crown if it had a diocesan cathedral within its limits. This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established when Henry VIII founded dioceses in six English towns, a long-awaited resumption of creating dioceses began in 1836 with Ripon. Ripon Town Council assumed that this had elevated the town to the rank of a city, the next diocese formed was Manchester and its Borough Council began informally to use the title city. When Queen Victoria visited Manchester in 1851, widespread doubts surrounding its status were raised, the pretension was ended when the borough petitioned for city status, which was granted by letters patent in 1853. This eventually forced Ripon to regularise its position, its city status was recognised by Act of Parliament in 1865, from this year Ripon bore city status whilst the rapidly expanding conurbation of Leeds – in the Ripon diocese – did not. The Manchester case established a precedent that any municipal borough in which an Anglican see was established was entitled to petition for city status, accordingly, Truro, St Albans, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne and Wakefield were all officially designated as cities between 1877 and 1888. This was not without opposition from the Home Office, which dismissed St Albans as a fourth or fifth rate market town and objected to Wakefields elevation on grounds of population. In one new diocese, Southwell, a city was not created, because it was a village without a borough corporation and therefore could not petition the Queen. The diocese covered the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, and the boroughs of Derby, the link with Anglican dioceses was broken in 1889 when Birmingham successfully petitioned for city status on the grounds of its large population and history of good local government

City status in the United Kingdom
–
Historically, city status in England and Wales was associated with the presence of a cathedral, such as York Minster.
City status in the United Kingdom
–
Birmingham was the first English town without an Anglican cathedral to be granted city status. Birmingham City Council meets at the Council House.

4.
Metropolitan borough
–
A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England, and is a subdivision of a metropolitan county. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, metropolitan boroughs are defined in English law as metropolitan districts, however, all of them have been granted or regranted royal charters to give them borough status. Metropolitan boroughs have been effectively unitary authority areas since the abolition of the county councils by the Local Government Act 1985. However, metropolitan boroughs pool much of their authority in joint boards and other arrangements that cover whole metropolitan counties, the term metropolitan borough was first used for administrative subdivisions of the County of London between 1900 and 1965. However, the present boroughs of Greater London, which have different boundaries and functions, the current metropolitan boroughs were created in 1974 as subdivisions of the new metropolitan counties, created to cover the six largest urban areas in England outside Greater London. The new districts replaced the system of county boroughs, municipal boroughs, urban. The districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million, metropolitan districts were originally parts of a two-tier structure of local government, and shared power with the metropolitan county councils. They differed from non-metropolitan districts in the division of powers between district and county councils, the metropolitan districts are administered by metropolitan district councils. They are the local authorities in the six metropolitan counties and are responsible for running most local services, such as schools, social services, waste collection

Metropolitan borough
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Metropolitan district

5.
Coat of arms of Leeds
–
The Coat of arms of Leeds City Council derives its design from the seventeenth century. In 1662 the Borough of Leeds received a new charter which created the office of mayor, and these arms were recorded at the heraldic visitation of Yorkshire in 1666. By the time that the borough was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 and these additions were not authorised, however, and in 1920 application was made by Leeds County Borough Council to the College of Arms to have these additions officially granted. In the following year the grant of crest and supporters was made, with the colouring of the owls altered to proper, gold ducal coronets were added to the supporters for further heraldic difference. In 1974, the county borough was abolished by the Local Government Act 1972, the new Leeds City Council continues to use the arms of its predecessor, but to date no application has been made for the formal transfer of the armorial bearings. Three stars taken from the coat of arms of Sir Thomas Danby who was the first Mayor of Leeds, the fleece, a sign of the wool stapler, symbolises the wool industry in the city. Three owls taken from the coat of arms of Sir John Savile who was the first Alderman of Leeds, the closed steel helmet is used by civic authorities. The motto, Pro Rege et Lege, is latin For King and its motto is similar to the original used by the Australian capital of Canberra which was granted its arms in 1928. The coat of arms has been this way since the 1660s, G. Briggs, Civic and Corporate Heraldry, London 1971 W. C. Scott-Giles, Civic Heraldry of England and Wales, 2nd edition, London,1953 W. H. Fox-Talbot, The Book of Public Arms, London 1915

Coat of arms of Leeds
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An impression of the coat of arms on Leeds Bridge.
Coat of arms of Leeds
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The arms as used in the Council's former logo

6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

7.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

8.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish

Countries of the United Kingdom

9.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years

10.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards

Regions of England
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Regions of England English regions

11.
Yorkshire and the Humber
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Yorkshire and the Humber is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It comprises most of Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire and it does not include Middlesbrough or Redcar and Cleveland. The population in 2011 was 5,284,000, regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Scammonden Dam, is the highest dam in UK at 73 metres, sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe claims to be longest place name in England. In the Yorkshire and the Humber region, there is a close relationship between the major topographical areas and the underlying geology. The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin, the North York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age, while the Yorkshire Wolds and Lincolnshire Wolds to the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands. The highest point of the region is Whernside, in the Yorkshire Dales, the region is drained by several rivers. In western and central Yorkshire, the many rivers empty their waters into the River Ouse, the most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the River Swale, which drains Swaledale before passing through Richmond and meandering across the Vale of Mowbray. Next, draining Wensleydale, is the River Ure, which joins the Swale east of Boroughbridge, the River Nidd rises on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and flows along Nidderdale before reaching the Vale of York. The Ouse is the given to the river after its confluence with the Ure at Ouse Gill Beck. The River Wharfe, which drains Wharfedale, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood, the Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse. The most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the River Don, which flows northwards to join the river at Goole. The River Derwent rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the Vale of Pickering and it empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh. In the far north of the county, the River Tees flows eastwards through Teesdale, the smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby. To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds, the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull, the western Pennines are served by the River Ribble, which drains westwards into the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Annes. The lower stretches of the River Trent flow through North Lincolnshire and meet the Ouse at Trent Falls, the largest freshwater lake in the region is Hornsea Mere in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Weather conditions vary from day to day as well as season to season. Between depressions, there are often small mobile anticyclones that bring periods of fair weather, in winter anticyclones bring cold dry weather

Yorkshire and the Humber
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The main rivers of Yorkshire.
Yorkshire and the Humber
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Yorkshire and the Humber region in England
Yorkshire and the Humber
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The Humber Bridge was designed based on ideas by Sir Ralph Freeman before the 1950s, then Sir Gilbert Roberts in 1955 and 1964, and a final complete design by Bernard Wex. It was made with a significant amount of ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
Yorkshire and the Humber
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Leeds, the largest settlement in the region

12.
Ceremonial counties of England
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The ceremonial counties, also referred to as the lieutenancy areas of England, are areas of England to which a Lord Lieutenant is appointed. The Local Government Act 1888 established county councils to assume the functions of Quarter Sessions in the counties. It created new entities called administrative counties, the Act further stipulated that areas that were part of an administrative county would be part of the county for all purposes. The greatest change was the creation of the County of London, which was both an administrative county and a county, it included parts of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent. Other differences were small and resulted from the constraint that urban sanitary districts were not permitted to straddle county boundaries, apart from Yorkshire, counties that were subdivided nevertheless continued to exist as ceremonial counties. In 1974, administrative counties and county boroughs were abolished, at this time, Lieutenancy was redefined to use the new metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties directly. Following a further rearrangement in 1996, Avon, Cleveland, Hereford and Worcester, Cleveland was partitioned between North Yorkshire and Durham. Hereford and Worcester was divided into the counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Humberside was split between Lincolnshire and a new county of East Riding of Yorkshire. Rutland was restored as a ceremonial county, many county boroughs were re-established as unitary authorities, this involved establishing the area as an administrative county, but usually not as a ceremonial county. Most ceremonial counties are therefore entities comprising local authority areas, as they were from 1889 to 1974, the Association of British Counties, a traditional counties lobbying organisation, has suggested that ceremonial counties be restored to their ancient boundaries, as nearly as practicable. In present-day England, the ceremonial counties correspond to the shrieval counties, the Lieutenancies Act 1997 defines counties for the purposes of lieutenancies in terms of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties as well as Greater London and the Isles of Scilly. Although the term is not used in the Act, these counties are known as ceremonial counties. gov. uk

Ceremonial counties of England
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Ceremonial counties (England)

13.
West Yorkshire
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West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is an inland and in relative terms upland county having eastward-draining valleys while taking in moors of the Pennines and has a population of 2.2 million, West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. West Yorkshire consists of five boroughs and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, North Yorkshire. In the heart of the county is Leeds Bradford International Airport, West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 so its five districts became effectively unitary authorities. However, the county, which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres, continues to exist in law. West Yorkshire includes the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which is the most built-up, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council inherited the use of West Riding County Hall at Wakefield, opened in 1898, from the West Riding County Council in 1974. Since 1987 it has been the headquarters of Wakefield City Council, the county initially had a two-tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and five districts providing most services. In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished, the functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs, joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport, and to other special joint arrangements. Organisations such as the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive continue to operate on this basis, although the county council was abolished, West Yorkshire continues to form a metropolitan and ceremonial county with a Lord Lieutenant of West Yorkshire and a High Sheriff. Wakefields Parish Church was raised to cathedral status in 1888 and after the elevation of Wakefield to diocese, Wakefield Council immediately sought city status and this was granted in July 1888. However the industrial revolution, which changed West and South Yorkshire significantly, led to the growth of Leeds and Bradford, Leeds was granted city status in 1893 and Bradford in 1897. The name of Leeds Town Hall reflects the fact that at its opening in 1858 Leeds was not yet a city, the county borders, going anticlockwise from the west, Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire and North Yorkshire. It lies almost entirely on rocks of carboniferous age which form the southern Pennine fringes in the west, in the extreme east of the metropolitan county there are younger deposits of magnesian limestone. The Bradford and Calderdale areas are dominated by the scenery of the slopes of the Pennines, dropping from upland in the west down to the east. There is a conjunction of large scale industry, urban areas. The dense network of roads, canals and railways and urban development, the carboniferous rocks of the Yorkshire coalfield further east have produced a rolling landscape with hills, escarpments and broad valleys. In this landscape there is evidence of both current and former industrial activity. There are numerous derelict or converted mine buildings and recently landscaped former spoil heaps, the scenery is a mixture of built up areas, industrial land with some dereliction, and farmed open country

14.
Leeds City Council
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Leeds City Council is the local authority of the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It is a district council, one of five in West Yorkshire and one of 36 in the metropolitan counties of England. Since 1 April 2014 it has been a constituent council of the West Yorkshire Combined Authority, the leader was an alderman, the first holder being Sir John Savile. In 1893 Leeds became a city and in 1897 the leader became Lord Mayor, the modern city council was established in 1974, with the first elections being held in advance in 1973. The new Leeds district was one of five districts in West Yorkshire. It was granted a borough and city status to become the City of Leeds, until 1986 the city council was a second-tier authority, with West Yorkshire County Council providing many key services. Leeds City Council is responsible for providing all local authority services in Leeds. This includes education, housing, planning, transport and highways, social services, libraries, leisure and recreation, waste collection, waste disposal, environmental health, the council is one of the largest employers in West Yorkshire, with around 33,000 employees. By the Summer of 2016, Leeds City Council have plans to create the biggest skateboarding park in Europe, the location will be in hyde Park. Education Leeds was set up in 2001 as a non-profit making company wholly owned by Leeds City Council to provide support services for the council. For its first five years it operated as a partnership between the Council and Capita. The senior councillors of the councils Executive Board voted in March 2010 to stop using Education Leeds to provide services from 31 March 2011, until 1 October 2013, Leeds City Councils housing stock was managed and operated by three Arms Length Management Organisations since 2007. They were wholly owned by the Council but operated as autonomous, at this point, the ALMOs ceased to exist. Management of more than 2000 homes in Belle Isle is carried out by Belle Isle Tenant Management Organisation, in September 2012 the Council announced its intention to introduce a bring your own device policy as part of cost saving measures. In 2012 the Council was fined £95,000 by the Information Commissioners Office after it sent confidential, commenting on Leeds and other authorities who had made similar data protection breaches, the ICO said It would be far too easy to consider these breaches as simple human error. The reality is that they are caused by councils treating sensitive personal data in the same way they would deal with more general correspondence. Far too often in cases, the councils do not appear to have acknowledged that the data they are handling is about real people. The council operates a Leader and Cabinet executive as defined under section 11 of the Local Government Act 2000, the Executive Board of the Council currently consists of eight executive members with portfolio responsibilities from the ruling Labour group, and the leaders the two biggest opposition groups

Leeds City Council
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Council logo
Leeds City Council
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Coat of arms
Leeds City Council
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Leeds City Council

15.
Lord Mayor
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The lord mayor is the title of the mayor of a major city in the United Kingdom or Commonwealth realm, with special recognition bestowed by the sovereign. In Australia, Lord Mayor is a status granted by the monarch to mayors of major cities. Australian cities with lord mayors, Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Parramatta, Perth, Sydney, see list of cities in Australia. In Canada, the town with a lord mayor in the traditional sense is Niagara-on-the-Lake. Unusually, the council of Brantford, Ontario has taken upon itself to appoint an honorary Lord Mayor Walter Gretzky in addition to the elected mayor. This is the example of a council granting the cachet itself, rather than the cachet being granted by a higher authority. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland it is a ceremonial post conferred by letters patent. See List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom, most famously referring to the Lord Mayor of London, who only has jurisdiction over the City of London, as opposed to the modern title of Mayor of London governing Greater London. In Uganda, the jurisdiction with a lord mayor is Kampala. In the Republic of Ireland, the posts of Lord Mayor of Dublin and Lord Mayor of Cork still exist, in Denmark, as the translation of Danish Overborgmester, it is the title of the highest mayor of Denmarks capital city, Copenhagen. In Germany, it is used to translate German Oberbürgermeister. As in Austria, Germanys mayors serve as the executive leaders of their cities and are elected officials. In Romania and Moldova, the mayors of the capitals are named Primar General which means General Mayor, the name is ceremonial and it has no higher powers than mayors of other cities. In Hungary, the mayor of the capital Budapest is called főpolgármester which means chief mayor or grand mayor, only the capital has a főpolgármester. Between 1873 and 1945, the Lord Mayor of Budapest was representative of the Hungarian government at the municipal authority. In ancient China, jīng zhào yĭn was the given to the mayor of capital city. In Estonia, the mayor of the capital, was named Lord Mayor from 1938 to 1940, in Czech Republic, the mayor of the capital Prague and so-called statutory cities is called Primátor. In Sweden, the titles of mayor and lord mayor have no direct equivalent since the 1970s, the executive leader of Swedish municipalities is one of sometimes several Kommunalråd in the function of Chair of the Municipal Board

16.
Lord Mayor of Leeds
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The Lord Mayor of Leeds is a ceremonial post held by a member of Leeds City Council, elected annually by the council. By charter from King Charles I in 1626, the leader of the body of the borough of Leeds was an alderman. A second charter, in 1661 from King Charles II, granted the title Mayor to Thomas Danby, in 1893 the borough of Leeds became a city, and in 1897 Queen Victoria conferred the title of Lord Mayor on James Kitson. The first woman to have the post was Jessie Beatrice Kitson in 1942, the Lord Mayor for 2015–2016 is Councillor Judith Chapman. Notable former Mayors include Benjamin Gott, Sir George Goodman, several of the Lupton family, Henry Rowland Marsden, general information about current Lord Mayor Lord Mayors & Aldermen of Leeds since 1626

17.
Labour Party (UK)
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation

Labour Party (UK)
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Keir Hardie, one of the Labour Party's founders and its first leader
Labour Party (UK)
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Labour Party Plaque from Caroone House, 14 Farringdon Street
Labour Party (UK)
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Ramsay MacDonald: First Labour Prime Minister, 1924 and 1929–31
Labour Party (UK)
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Aneurin Bevan speaking in October 1952

18.
Stuart Andrew
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Stuart James Andrew is a Welsh Conservative politician. His is the Member of Parliament for the Pudsey constituency in West Yorkshire and he grew up in the Isle of Anglesey in Wales, and later attended Ysgol David Hughes in Menai Bridge. After leaving school he worked as a fundraiser for the British Heart Foundation, before being elected to parliament he led the fundraising team for Martin House Hospice. Andrew stood as a Conservative candidate in the 1997 Parliamentary election in Wrexham, subsequent to this Andrew joined the Labour Party, leaving the Conservatives citing issues with the direction of the party. Upon losing his seat, he rejoined the Conservative Party. He served as a Leeds City Council Councillor from 2003–2010, initially representing the Aireborough ward and he was elected as Member of Parliament for Pudsey in the general election on 6 May 2010. In October 2010, it was reported that Andrew joined the Welsh Affairs Select Committee. On 22 February 2012 Andrew was headbutted and punched in a House of Commons bar during a disturbance created by Scottish Labour MP Eric Joyce, but the Pudsey MP tweeted the next day that, Im OK. In 2012, Andrew brought forward a bill that would create a new power for Governors to Destroy or otherwise dispose of any unauthorised property found within a prison or an escort vehicle. The bill was supported both by the Coalition and also the Labour Party with Shadow Secretary of State for Justice Sadiq Khan saying he backed the bill, at the 2015 general election, the Pudsey seat was considered to be one of the most marginal in the country. However, Andrew retained the seat through increasing his majority to 4501 and he now serves as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Patrick McLoughlin, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Chairman of the Conservative Party. Andrew is a patron of LGBTory, Andrew was appointed Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party, with particular responsibility for cities, on 23 September 2016. Andrew supported Brexit in the 2016 referendum

19.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses

20.
Hilary Benn
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Hilary James Wedgwood Benn is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Leeds Central since the by-election in 1999. He served in the cabinet from 2003–10, under the premierships of both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. From 2010-16, he served in various Labour Party shadow cabinets, most recently as Shadow Foreign Secretary from May 2015 until June 2016, in October 2016, he was elected as the Chair of the new Exiting the European Union Select Committee. Born in Hammersmith, he is the son of veteran Labour MP Tony Benn. He studied Russian and East European Studies at the University of Sussex, after the 1997 general election, Benn was appointed as a special adviser to David Blunkett before winning a by-election in Leeds Central in 1999. Benn became a minister in the Department for International Development in 2001, being re-shuffled to the Home Office in 2002. In 2007, Benn was a candidate for Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, in 2007, Benn was appointed as Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, serving until 2010. One of his focuses in this role was combating bovine tuberculosis. He was then appointed as Shadow Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, after Douglas Alexander failed to win re-election, Benn was appointed as Shadow Foreign Secretary, maintaining this role after Corbyns election as leader. He was dismissed from this position by Corbyn on 26 June 2016, born in Hammersmith, London, he is the second son of former Labour Cabinet Minister Tony Benn and American-born educationalist Caroline Benn. Benn attended Norland Place School, Westminster Under School, Holland Park School, Benn has an older brother, Stephen, a younger sister Melissa and younger brother, Joshua. Reflecting on his upbringing, he said, I grew up in a household where we talked about the state of the world over breakfast, when we ate at night, and all points in between. After graduation, Benn became an officer with the ASTMS. He reportedly applied for head of Labour Party research under the leadership of John Smith, in 1980, he was seconded to the Labour Party to act as a joint secretary to the finance panel of the Labour Party Commission of Inquiry. In 1979, he was elected to Ealing Borough Council where he served as deputy leader from 1986-90 and he was the Labour Party candidate for Ealing North at the 1983 and 1987 general elections. On both occasions he was defeated by the Conservative candidate Harry Greenway, reflecting on the defeat at the 1983 general election, Benn said, That was a formative experience for me because we went out on the doorstep and we didnt win the publics confidence. Personally, that left a mark on me, at the 1997 general election, Benn was on the shortlist for the seat of Pontefract and Castleford, but eventually lost to Yvette Cooper. Following the 1997 general election, Benn served as an adviser to David Blunkett, then the Secretary of State for Education

21.
Fabian Hamilton
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Fabian Uziell-Hamilton is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Leeds North East since 1997. Fabian Hamilton was born in London to a British Jewish family and his father, a solicitor, and his mother, a judge, were both members of the Liberal Party, for which his father was several times an election candidate. He was educated at Brentwood School in Essex and the University of York where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree and he worked initially as a taxi driver for a year from 1978 before working as a graphic designer. From 1994 until his election to Parliament he was a systems consultant with Apple Macintosh Computer Systems. He was elected as a councillor to the City of Leeds Council in 1987, despite having achieved the highest Labour swing in the North of England, Hamiltons local constituency voted in favour of an all-women shortlist. But I felt the wisest choice would have been somebody local, Leeds North-East made its selection on 1 July 1995, selecting Liz Davies, a barrister and councillor in the London Borough of Islington. Davies defeated four local women, two of whom were Leeds city councillors and he was elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election when he defeated Kirkhope in a re-run at Leeds North East by 6,959 votes and has remained the MP there since. He is said to be the first MP to hold a surgery for constituents, local people go to his constituency office while he is in London. Hamilton is a signatory of the Euston Manifesto and the Henry Jackson Society, in Parliament he served as a member of the Administration Select Committee 1997–2001, and has been a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee since the 2001 general election. He is also the chairman of the all party groups on business services, prison health and he also chairs the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Tibet. On 7 January 2016 Hamilton was appointed a shadow Foreign Minister, on 29 June 2016, Hamilton was appointed as Shadow Europe Minister to replace Pat Glass, who resigned over concerns about Corbyns leadership. Hamilton resigned a few days later on 4 July 2016, saying that he was troubled by Corbyns response to the Chakrabarti Inquiry into anti-Semitism, during the Parliamentary expenses scandal, The Daily Telegraph reported that Hamilton had incorrectly claimed £3,000 on expenses for mortgage payments. In addition to the interest on the mortgage, which can be claimed as an expense, Hamilton claimed for interest on an equity release scheme on the house, which cannot. Hamilton responded in a statement that this was a genuine mistake, the Telegraph also accused Hamilton of flipping his second home designation to decorate and furnish both his constituency home in Leeds and London flat. In a statement Hamilton defended his actions and accused The Daily Telegraph of deliberately misrepresenting him and he has been married to Rosemary Ratcliffe since 1980 and they have two daughters and a son. He has been a member of Amicus since it absorbed his former union and he is Jewish and speaks fluent French. Fabian Hamilton MP official site Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 2010–present Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou

22.
Rachel Reeves
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Rachel Jane Reeves is a British Labour Party politician and an economist. She has served as the Member of Parliament for Leeds West since 2010, the daughter of Graham and Sally Reeves of Lewisham, South East London, she was educated at Cator Park School for Girls in Bromley. At school, Reeves was the UK Under-14 girls chess champion, Reeves cites the influence of her father on her and her sister in leaning towards social democratic policies. She recalls how when she was eight years old her father, Graham, pointed out the then-Labour leader Neil Kinnock on the television, Reeves says she and her sister have both known we were Labour since then. She joined the Labour Party at age 16, Reeves worked as an economist at the Bank of England and British Embassy in Washington, D. C. between 2000 and 2006. She stood as the Labour Party parliamentary candidate in the Conservative safe seat Bromley and Chislehurst in the 2005 general election and she again contested the 2006 by-election for the same seat following the death of sitting MP Eric Forth and finished fourth. Labour support reduced from 10,241 votes to 1,925 in what was described as a humiliation for Labour, the result was the worst performance for a governing party since 1991. Reeves moved to Leeds in 2006 to work for HBOS and she was once interviewed for a job at Goldman Sachs but turned it down. She said the job could have made her a lot richer and she later sought nomination for the Leeds West seat at the 2010 General Election. To replace John Battle, who had chosen to retire and she was selected by the Labour Party to contest the seat from an all-women shortlist of Labour Party prospective parliamentary candidates. Reeves was elected with a majority of 7,016 on 6 May 2010, Reeves is currently writing the biography of Alice Bacon, who was the first female MP to represent the City of Leeds. In her maiden speech, delivered on 8 June 2010, Reeves praised the work of her predecessor, John Battle and pledged to fight for jobs, growth and prosperity for Leeds West. Reeves also pledged to follow in Battles footsteps and fight for justice for the victims of the Armley asbestos disaster, since becoming an MP, Reeves was appointed to the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills Select Committee then as Shadow Pensions Minister in October 2010. In her role as Shadow Pensions Minister she campaigned against the Governments proposed acceleration of equalising state pensions ages for men and women and she was promoted to the post of Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury in October 2011. She caused controversy in early 2015 by stating We don’t want to be seen, and were not, Reeves has been named by The Guardian newspaper as being one of several MPs who employ unpaid interns, a practice that some maintain may breach the National Minimum Wage Act 1998. The Independent newspaper has named Reeves as a member of a group of new Labour MPs known as the Nandos Five, in September 2016 she described her constituency as being like a tinderbox that could explode if immigration was not curbed. Following her election as MP, Reeves wrote about the direction of UK government fiscal policy in Renewal, in an article entitled The Politics of Deficit Reduction, Reeves offers her critique of the current financial situation and efforts to bring down the budget deficit. Reeves is a proponent of Quantitative Easing to alleviate the late-2000s recession, Reeves supports the High Speed Rail project, and raised the issue in Parliament, as well as campaigning for the proposed Kirkstall Forge railway station

23.
Greenwich Mean Time
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Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT should not be used for precise purposes. Due to Earths uneven speed in its orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, noon GMT is the annual average moment of this event, which accounts for the word mean in Greenwich Mean Time. Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight, to avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1, in some countries Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. For an explanation of why this is, see GMT in legislation below, synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours ahead of GMT or behind GMT and it was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held local mean time to be the official time. On 14 May 1880, a signed by Clerk to Justices appeared in The Times, stating that Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 813 and closed at 413 PM. This was changed later in 1880, GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time, hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant in the process. The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular and constantly slows, on 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by the centre of the instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatorys courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that line which is now the prime meridian of the world. Historically GMT has been used two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours and this contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans

24.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year

25.
List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom
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For the purposes of directing mail, the United Kingdom is divided by Royal Mail into postcode areas. The postcode area is the largest geographical unit used and forms the characters of the alphanumeric UK postcode. There are currently 121 geographic postcode areas in use in the UK, each postcode area is further divided into post towns and postcode districts. There are on average 20 postcode districts to a postcode area, the London post town is instead divided into several postcode areas. The single or pair of letters chosen for postcode areas are intended as a mnemonic for the places served. Postcode areas, post towns and postcode districts do not follow political boundaries, for example, within the PA postcode area the PA1 and PA78 postcode districts are 140 miles apart, and the eight postcode areas of the London post town cover only 40% of Greater London. The remainder of its area is covered by sections of twelve adjoining postcode areas, EN, IG, RM, DA, BR, TN, CR, SM, KT, TW, HA and UB. The Crown dependencies did not introduce postcodes until later, but use a similar coding scheme, glasgow, like London, was divided into compass districts, C, W, NW, N, E, SE, S, SW. When postcodes were introduced, these were mapped into the new G postcode, C1 became G1, W1 became G11, N1 became G21, E1 became G31, S1 became G41, SW1 became G51, and so on. As NW and SE had never been subdivided they became G20, norwich and Croydon were used for a postcode experiment in the late 1960s, which was replaced by the current system. The format was of the form NOR or CRO followed by two numbers and a letter, e. g. NOR 07A, GIR 0AA is a postcode created for Girobank in Bootle. It remained in use by its successors when Girobank was taken over by Alliance & Leicester, the BF postcode area was introduced in 2012 to provide optional postcodes for British Forces Post Office addresses, for consistency with the layout of other UK addresses. It uses the national non-geographic post town BFPO and, as of 2012, the non-geographic postcode area BX has been introduced for addresses which do not include a locality, this allows large organisations long-term flexibility as to where they receive their mail. This postcode area is used by Lloyds Banking Group and parts of the HM Revenue and Customs like VAT Central Unit, after splitting from Lloyds, TSB Bank uses BX4 7SB, the latter part of which, when written, looks similar to TSB. Such mail is treated as international, not inland, so sufficient postage must be used

List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom

26.
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics
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The Classification of Territorial Units for Statistics is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of countries for statistical purposes. The standard is developed and regulated by the European Union, a NUTS code begins with a two-letter code referencing the country, which is identical to the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code. The subdivision of the country is referred to with one number. A second or third level is referred to with another number each. Each numbering starts with 1, as 0 is used for the upper level, where the subdivision has more than nine entities, capital letters are used to continue the numbering. A similar statistical system is defined for the countries and members of the European Free Trade Association. The current NUTS classification, valid from 1 January 2015, lists 98 regions at NUTS1,276 regions at NUTS2 and 1342 regions at NUTS3 level, there are three levels of NUTS defined, with two levels of local administrative units below. These were called NUTS levels 4 and 5 until July 2003, note that not all countries have every level of division, depending on their size. One of the most extreme cases is Luxembourg, which has only LAUs, NUTS regions are generally based on existing national administrative subdivisions. In countries where one or two regional subdivisions exist, or where the size of existing subdivisions is too small or too large. This may be on the first level, on the second and/or third level, the NUTS system favors existing administrative units, with one or more assigned to each NUTS level

27.
British national grid reference system
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The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide

British national grid reference system
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Grid square TF. The map shows The Wash and the North Sea, as well as places within the counties of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Norfolk.
British national grid reference system
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Geodesy

28.
European Parliament
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The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union. Together with the Council of the European Union and the European Commission, the Parliament is composed of 751 members, who represent the second-largest democratic electorate in the world and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world. It has been elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979. However, voter turnout at European Parliament elections has fallen consecutively at each election since that date, voter turnout in 2014 stood at 42. 54% of all European voters. The Parliament is the first institution of the EU, and shares equal legislative and it likewise has equal control over the EU budget. Finally, the European Commission, the body of the EU, is accountable to Parliament. In particular, Parliament elects the President of the Commission, and it can subsequently force the Commission as a body to resign by adopting a motion of censure. The President of the European Parliament is Antonio Tajani, elected in January 2017 and he presides over a multi-party chamber, the two largest groups being the Group of the European Peoples Party and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. The last union-wide elections were the 2014 elections, the European Parliament has three places of work – Brussels, the city of Luxembourg and Strasbourg. Luxembourg is home to the administrative offices, meetings of the whole Parliament take place in Strasbourg and in Brussels. Committee meetings are held in Brussels, the Parliament, like the other institutions, was not designed in its current form when it first met on 10 September 1952. One of the oldest common institutions, it began as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and it was a consultative assembly of 78 appointed parliamentarians drawn from the national parliaments of member states, having no legislative powers. Its development since its foundation shows how the European Unions structures have evolved without a master plan. Some, such as Tom Reid of the Washington Post, said of the union, nobody would have designed a government as complex. Even the Parliaments two seats, which have switched several times, are a result of various agreements or lack of agreements, the body was not mentioned in the original Schuman Declaration. It was assumed or hoped that difficulties with the British would be resolved to allow the Council of Europes Assembly to perform the task, a separate Assembly was introduced during negotiations on the Treaty as an institution which would counterbalance and monitor the executive while providing democratic legitimacy. The wording of the ECSC Treaty demonstrated the desire for more than a normal consultative assembly by using the term representatives of the people. Its early importance was highlighted when the Assembly was given the task of drawing up the treaty to establish a European Political Community

European Parliament
European Parliament
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European Parliament
European Parliament
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Session of the Council of Europe's Assembly in the former House of Europe in Strasbourg in January 1967
European Parliament
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Palace of Europe, Parliament's Strasbourg hemicycle until 1999

29.
Leeds Bradford Airport
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Leeds Bradford Airport is located at Yeadon, in the City of Leeds Metropolitan District in West Yorkshire, England,6 nautical miles northwest of Leeds city centre itself. It was opened in October 1931 as Yeadon Aerodrome, and is often referred to as Yeadon Airport by locals. The airport was in ownership until May 2007, when it was sold for £145.5 million to Bridgepoint Capital. Leeds Bradford has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence that allows flights for the transport of passengers. The Airport operates to many domestic and European destinations, the airport is also the highest in England at an elevation of 681 ft. By the number of passengers handled in 2016, Leeds Bradford was the 15th busiest airport in the UK and it is a base for Jet2. com, Monarch Airlines and Ryanair. Thomson Airways is seasonally based at the airport, the airport was opened as the Leeds and Bradford Municipal Aerodrome on 17 October 1931 and was operated by the Yorkshire Aeroplane Club on behalf of Leeds and Bradford Corporations. In 1935 the aerodrome was expanded by 35 acres and scheduled flights began on 8 April 1935 with a service by North Eastern Airways from London to Newcastle upon Tyne, the service was soon extended to Edinburgh. In June 1935 Blackpool and West Coast Air Services started a service to the Isle of Man, by 1936 the London/Yeadon/Newcastle/Edinburgh service was flying three times a week and also stopped at Doncaster and carried on to Aberdeen. Seasonal flights between Yeadon and Liverpool commenced, work also began on a terminal building, but progress was halted after only one section had been completed. Civil aviation at Yeadon was halted in 1939, with the outbreak of the Second World War. Avro built a new factory, to produce military aircraft, just to the north of the aerodrome. Around 5,515 aircraft were produced and delivered from Yeadon of the main types, Anson, Bristol Blenheim, Lancaster bomber, York. The Avro factory was camouflaged and had dummy cows placed on top of the factory so that from the air it would look just like fields with cattle. Significant improvements were made to the aerodrome, the addition of two runways, taxiways and extra hangarage led to Yeadon becoming an important site for military aircraft test flying. Civil flights recommenced at the airport in 1947, after Geoff Rennard fought for Leeds and Bradford to have an aerodrome and he was then appointed Airport Manager and stayed at the post for 5 years. Subsequently, Yeadon Aviation Ltd was formed in 1953 to run the Airport, two years later in 1955 flights to Belfast, Jersey, Ostend, Southend, the Isle of Wight and Düsseldorf were added to Yeadons destination list. Scheduled flights to London began in 1960, and Dublin was added shortly after, a new runway was opened in 1965, and in that year the terminal building was destroyed by a fire, with a replacement terminal opened by 1968

Leeds Bradford Airport
Leeds Bradford Airport
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A British AirwaysBoeing 747-200 lands at the airport in 1984.
Leeds Bradford Airport
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A MonarchAirbus A330 at the airport in 2009. In 2013 Leeds became an operational base for the airline.
Leeds Bradford Airport
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Street map of the airport site and surrounding areas.

30.
Local government district
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The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. As the structure of government in England is not uniform. Some districts are styled as boroughs, cities, or royal boroughs, these are purely honorific titles, prior to the establishment of districts in the 1890s, the basic unit of local government in England was the parish overseen by the parish church vestry committee. Vestries dealt with the administraction of both parochial and secular governmental matters, parishes were the successors of the manorial system and historically had been grouped into hundreds. Hundreds once exercised some supervising administrative function, however, these powers ebbed away as more and more civic and judicial powers were centred on county towns. From 1834 these parishes were grouped into Poor Law Unions, creating areas for administration of the Poor Law and these areas were later used for census registration and as the basis for sanitary provision. In 1894, based on these earlier subdivisions, the Local Government Act 1894 created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of administrative counties, another reform in 1900 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London. Meanwhile, from this date parish-level local government administration was transferred to civil parishes, the setting-down of the current structure of districts in England began in 1965, when Greater London and its 32 London boroughs were created. They are the oldest type of still in use. In 1974, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties were created across the rest of England and were split into metropolitan districts, in London power is now shared again, albeit on a different basis, with the Greater London Authority. During the 1990s a further kind of district was created, the unitary authority, metropolitan boroughs are a subdivision of a metropolitan county. These are similar to unitary authorities, as the county councils were abolished in 1986. Most of the powers of the county councils were devolved to the districts but some services are run by joint boards, the districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million. Non-metropolitan districts are second-tier authorities, which share power with county councils and they are subdivisions of shire counties and the most common type of district. These districts typically have populations of 25,000 to 200,000, the number of non-metropolitan districts has varied over time. Initially there were 296, after the creation of unitary authorities in the 1990s and late 2000s and these are single-tier districts which are responsible for running all local services in their areas, combining both county and district functions. They were created in the out of non-metropolitan districts, and often cover large towns. In addition, some of the smaller such as Rutland, Herefordshire

31.
Farsley
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Farsley is a town in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, West Yorkshire, England 6 miles to the west of Leeds city centre, and 4 miles east of Bradford. Farsley could be considered a town as it is situated between the two cities. It was formerly in the borough of nearby Pudsey. The appropriate City of Leeds Ward is called Calverley and Farsley, Farsley is one of the 3 villages which make up the West Leeds Riviera tourism area, along with Bramley and Rodley. It is mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book as Fersellei also as Ferselleia, during the industrial revolution Farsley was a centre for wool processing as there were a number of mills in the area. Farsley is just off the road between Leeds and Bradford and just off the A6110 Leeds outer ring road. New Pudsey railway station is between Farsley and Pudsey providing train services towards Leeds, Bradford, Manchester Victoria and Blackpool and this station was the subject of a Monty Python sketch about a Pink Blancmange. Most of Farsleys amenities are situated on or around Town Street, there is a Co-operative Group convenience store, a post office, bookmakers, several independent retailers as well as four pubs and a wine bar. Throstle Nest football ground also has open to the general public. The only form of transport in Farsley is bus, services are available to Leeds city centre, Pudsey, Horsforth, Seacroft, Bradford. New Pudsey railway station which is midway between Leeds and Bradford is about 1 mile away from the centre of Farsley, there are also several schools in Farsley, as well as further schools in neighbouring Pudsey. Nearby Pudsey offers a range of amenities, which many Farsley residents take advantage of. The nearest large supermarket is Asda at the Owlcotes Centre in Stanningley, there is also a Marks, only four of the previously 11 pubs are left in the town. Among them, The Fleece at the bottom of Town Street was the second pub purchased by Joshua Tetleys & Son the Leeds Brewer, the other public houses are The Old Hall, The New Inn and The Bay Horse. In addition, The Farsley Village Wine Bar is located in Town Street, Farsley also has an Indian restaurant named Deeva and a Mediterranean restaurant named The Olive and Feta. There are also three coffee lounges offering food, The Lounge, Coopers, and The Mill Kitchen, the local secondary school is Priesthorpe School with about 1100 pupils. Farsley is home to the football team Farsley Celtic who play at Throstle Nest. They were formed to replace Farsley Celtic who played in the Football Conference for several years prior to their winding up in March 2010, Farsley Cricket Club, whose ground is situated in Red Lane, play in the Bradford League Division 1

32.
Garforth
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Garforth /ˈɡɑːrfərθ/ is a village within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. The 2001 Census lists 23,892 residents in the Garforth and Swillington ward,80. 57% of whom are homeowners, historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Garforth itself has 15,394 of those people. The ward population was 19,811 at the 2011 Census, Garforth was in the parliamentary constituency of Elmet until the 2010 general election, when it was incorporated into the new constituency of Elmet and Rothwell. Garforths population decreased to 14,957 in 2011, Garforth owes its size to expansion in the 17th and 18th centuries during which the local land-owning Gascoigne family ran several coalmines in the area. The surrounding settlements of Micklefield, Kippax, Swillington, Methley and Allerton Bywater Great and Little Preston are all villages that prospered and grew as a result of the coal industry. The A1 and M1 are minutes away, and both have recently been linked by an extension of the M1 which passes to the west and north of the village, with two nearby access points at Junctions 46 and 47. The M1 extension led to development of commercial, light industrial and residential sites clustered around Junctions 46 and 47. The village rail link to Kippax and Castleford was closed under the Beeching Axe of the 1960s, Garforth has been home to 1st Garforth Scout Group since 1908. Garforth & District Lions Club was formed in 1972, Garforth has increasingly become a commuter village of Leeds. There is an industrial estate to the north of the village which provides some employment, such as Ginetta Cars. Garforths rail connections and access to the M1, A1 and M62 have made it an area for commuters to live. Garforths amenities are similar to towns in the City of Leeds, such as Otley. Garforth civic amenities include a library and a one stop centre run by Leeds City Council, a coffee shop on Main Street functions partly as a social enterprise, giving its profits to projects in the village. There are also a number of take away food outlets, the lively Garforth Community Choir was formed in October 2015 and meets at Garforth Academy on Wednesdays at 7.00 pm, in school term time. Garforth has nine public houses, a mix of restaurants/cafes. Most of the public houses sell food, a large garden centre is situated on the A63 heading out of Garforth towards Micklefield. There are two play areas for children and a large Skatepark. Garforth is situated on the A63, which links it with the M1 and the A1, there are also rail links to Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Liverpool and Blackpool

33.
Guiseley
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Guiseley is a small town in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is situated south of Otley, at the 2001 census, Guiseley together with Rawdon had a population of over 21,000, increasing to 22,347 at the 2011 Census. The A65, which passes through the town, is the shopping street. Guiseley railway station has train services into Leeds, Bradford. Guiseley is also served by Menston to the north and Baildon to the south, guiseleys name is of Saxon origin. The settlement predates the Domesday Book, in which it is listed as Gisele, much of the Aire valley was once wooded, and ley means a clearing in the woodland. Guiseleys church dedicated to St Oswald was the centre of a parish that included many surrounding villages. It was used by generations of the Longfellow family, henry Wadsworth Longfellows 5th great-grandfather left here for the New World in the 17th century. The rector of St Oswalds for several decades was Rev. Robert More, patrick Brontë and Maria Branwell were married at St Oswalds and became the parents of six children, including Anne, Charlotte and Emily Brontë. Guiseley was an ancient parish in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the parish also included the townships of Carlton, Horsforth, Rawdon and Yeadon, all of which became separate civil parishes in 1866. In 1937 the civil parish of Guiseley was abolished and merged into the new Aireborough Urban District, in 1974 Aireborough was itself abolished and absorbed into the City of Leeds Metropolitan District in the new county of West Yorkshire. Crompton Parkinson was a major employer until its factory closed in 2004, the town was the home of Silver Cross, a pram manufacturer, whose factory was operational from 1936 to 2002. The town is significant for Harry Ramsden, whose fish and chip shop traded from a small shed next to the tram stop, in 1930 he opened the worlds biggest fish and chip shop. The original restaurant was closed in December 2011, the Wetherby Whaler group purchased the site and planned a £500,000 refurbishment to open during the summer of 2012. The new Wetherby Whaler restaurant opened on 22 May 2012, Harry Corbett, significant for his childrens television glove puppet character Sooty stage act, lived with his parents, who owned a fish and chip shop on Springfield Road. The Global CPAD Campaign, was founded in Guiseley by local Community First Responder Brian Firth, the Campaign was launched in 2013 with the initial target of raising funds for one CPAD to be placed in Guiseley. They have now raised funds for in excess of 70 CAPDs throughout Aireborough and nearby communities, one of the recent Defibrillators was actually donated on behalf of Harry Corbett and Sooty and installed at The Guiseley Theatre. The Global CPAD Campaign has also installed defibrillators at the premises originally owned by Harry Ramsdens, St. Oswalds C of E Church is the largest in the town

Guiseley
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Otley Road, Guiseley
Guiseley
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Harry Ramsden's

34.
Horsforth
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Horsforth is a suburb and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north west of Leeds city centre. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census, Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village in the United Kingdom during the latter part of the 19th century. It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974, Horsforth was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Horseford, Horseforde, Hoseforde, but late-ninth-century coins with the legend ORSNA FORD and OHSNA FORD may have come from Horsforth. The name derives from Old English hors or, to judge from the coins, *horsa in the plural form horsa/horsna + ford ford. This refers to a crossing on the River Aire that was subsequently used to transport woollen goods to and from Pudsey, Shipley. The original ford was situated off Calverley Lane, but was replaced by a footbridge at the turn of the 19th century. The estate record of the Stanhopes is regarded as one of the most extensive and important collections of its kind, until the mid 19th century, Horsforth was an agricultural community but it expanded rapidly with the growth of the nearby industrial centre of Leeds. A tannery business was founded at Woodside in about 1820 by the Watson family and it was on the eastern edge of their small farm, and memorialised by Tanhouse Hill Lane. Industrially, Horsforth has a history of producing high quality stone from its quarries, situated on Horsforth Beck were mills serving the textile trade. Between 1861 and 1862, there was an outbreak of typhoid, Horsforth was historically a township in the parish of Guiseley. It became a civil parish in 1866. In the late-19th century it achieved note as the village with the largest population in England, railways, turnpike roads, tramways and the nearby canal made it a focus for almost all forms of public and commercial transport and it became a dormitory suburb of Leeds. The civil parish became Horsforth Urban District in 1894, the parish and urban district were abolished in 1974 and merged into the new City of Leeds metropolitan district. In 1999 Horsforth became a parish and a parish council was created. Horsforth Village Museum has collections and displays illustrating aspects of life set against the backdrop of the role of the village. During World War II the £241,000 required to build the corvette HMS Aubretia was raised entirely by the people of Horsforth, in 2000 the US President Bill Clinton acknowledged Horsforths contribution to the war effort in a letter sent to MP Paul Truswell. The letter is in the museum, Horsforth railway station is on the Harrogate Line between Harrogate and Leeds. The station is just outside the Horsforth parish boundary, on the Cookridge side of Moseley Beck, Newlay station, which was built by the Midland Railway, was renamed Newlay & Horsforth station in 1889

35.
Morley, West Yorkshire
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Morley is a market town and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. It lies approximately 5 miles south-west of Leeds city centre, the town had a population of 44,440 in 2011 and is made up of the Morley North and South Wards. The civil parish had a population of 27,738, the town is built on seven hills, like Rome, Scatcherd Hill, Dawson Hill, Daisy Hill, Chapel Hill, Hunger Hill, Troy Hill and Banks Hill. Morley is first mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Morelege, Morelei, Morley means open ground by a moor, from Old English mōr moor, clearing, pasture + lẽah open ground, clearing. It also gave its name to Morelei Wapentac, a wapentake which probably met at Tingley, the town was later famous for its textile industry, notably the cloth, shoddy, which was worn by both sides in the American Civil War. Schoolgirl Sarah Harper was murdered by Robert Black in Morley in 1986, giving the town brief, historically, Morley was the centre of one of two divisions of the wapentake of Agbrigg and Morley. Morley became a Municipal Borough in 1889 and under the Local Government Act 1972, was incorporated into the City of Leeds Metropolitan District, Morley is represented on Leeds City Council by three wards each with three councillors. Balls narrowly lost the seat at the 2015 general election to Conservative Andrea Jenkyns, a town council was established in 2000, though it no longer governs Drighlington, Gildersome, Tingley and East and West Ardsley - areas formerly part of the municipal borough. The towns coat of arms featured the symbolic principal industries of the borough, textile manufacturing. Morley Town Hall is sometimes used for music recordings, television programmes, Heartbeat and Emmerdale have used its disused magistrates court and a cobblestoned street to one side. It hosts concerts by local schools and performances by the Morley Amateur Operatic Society, orbit<ref</ref> nightclub hosted the worlds biggest techno, trance and hard house DJs. during the late 1990s, the club became a mecca of Northern rave culture until its sudden closure in 2003. Morley annually holds one of the largest St Georges Day parades in the country and has named the most patriotic town in England. Morley Market has been a feature since the town was formed, now with more than trading units, the market building has a large trading hall split up into units housing fruiterers, delicatessens, butchers, fishmongers, fashion shops and a café. Supermarkets in Morley include Morrisons in the centre and there is also a 24-hour ASDA superstore. Scatcherd Park in the centre of Morley, by the Morley Leisure Centre, has a playing field. Events are held on the field in the summer months. On 21 February 2010, a statue of Ernie Wise was erected outside Morley Post Office to divided opinion and unveiled by his widow, Wise had performed in the old nearby cinema, just around from the Post Office, of which is no longer in use and now derelict. On 25 June 2012, the Olympic Torch paused at the Morley Academy on its tour of Britain ahead of the London Olympic Games 2012, Morley railway station is half a mile from the town centre on the Huddersfield Line

36.
Otley
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Otley is a market town and civil parish at a bridging point on the River Wharfe in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the population was 13,668 at the 2011 census, the town is in lower Wharfedale on the A660 which connects it to Leeds. The parish church has 7th-century origins, Thomas Chippendale, the cabinetmaker, was born in the town and the painter J. M. W. Otleys name is derived from Othe, Otho or Otta, a Saxon personal name and leah and it was recorded as Ottanlege in 972 and Otelai or Othelia in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name Chevin has close parallels to the early Brythonic Welsh term Cefn meaning ridge, there are pre-historic settlement finds alongside both sides of the River Wharfe and it is believed the valley has been settled at this site since the Bronze Age. There are Bronze Age carvings on rocks situated on top of The Chevin, West Yorkshire Geology Trust has reference to Otley Chevin and Caley Crags having a rich history of human settlement stretching back into Palaeolithic times. Flint tools, Bronze Age rock carvings and Iron Age earthworks have been found, in medieval times the forest park was used as common pasture land, as a source of wood and sandstones for buildings and walls. The majority of the development of the town dates from Saxon times and was part of an extensive manor granted by King Athelstan to the see of York. The Archbishops of York had a residence and were lords of the manor and their palace was located on the site occupied by the Manor House. Otley is close to Leeds and may have formed part of the kingdom of Elmet, remains of the Archbishops Palace were found during the construction of St Josephs School. The town grew in the first half of the 13th century when the archbishops laid out burgage plots to attract merchants, the burgage plots were on Boroughgate, Walkergate and Kirkgate. Bondgate was for tenants who did not have burgage privileges, a leper hospital was founded on the road to Harewood beyond Cross Green. Documented history for the market begins in 1222 when King Henry III granted the first Royal Charter, the town had two cattle markets, Wharfedale Farmers Auction Mart on East Chevin Road and the Bridge End Auction Mart which has closed and was subsequently demolished. Market days are Tuesday, Friday and Saturday, and there is a Farmers Market on the last Sunday of every month, Turner, the painter, visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley and the area that he returned time and time again. His friendship with Walter Ramsden Fawkes made him a regular visitor to Farnley Hall, the stormy backdrop of Hannibal Crossing The Alps is reputed to have been inspired by a storm over Otleys Chevin while Turner was staying at Farnley Hall. The woollen industry developed as an industry but during the Industrial Revolution. A cotton mill and weaving shed for calicoes were built by the river in the late 18th century, later woolcombing and worsted spinning were introduced

Otley
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The River Wharfe at Otley
Otley
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Weir on the River Wharfe at Otley
Otley
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A view over Otley.
Otley
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the Old Prince Henry's Grammar School

37.
Pudsey
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Pudsey is a market town in West Yorkshire, England. Once independent, it was incorporated into the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974 and it is located midway between Bradford city centre and Leeds city centre. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 22,408, the borough of Pudsey consists only of addresses with an LS28 postcode, specifically Calverley, Farsley, Pudsey and Stanningley. Addresses with an LS28 postcode use the Leeds 0113 telephone prefix and it also lends its name to the local parliamentary constituency of Pudsey, of which it is a part. The place-name Pudsey is first recorded in the Domesday Book as Podechesaie and Podechesai, thus the name would mean Pudocs island. Other possibilities have been suggested, however, around 1775 a cache of a 100 silver Roman coins, many predating the time of Julius Caesar, was found on Pudsey Common at a place known as King Alfreds Camp by Benjamin Scholfield of Pudsey. The town was famous in the 18th and 19th centuries for wool manufacture, Yorkshire and England cricketers Sir Len Hutton, Herbert Sutcliffe, Ray Illingworth and Matthew Hoggard all learned to play in Pudsey. A 19th century Yorkshire cricketer, John Tunnicliffe, was born in Lowtown, during the Industrial Revolution Pudsey was one of the most polluted areas of the UK due to its position in a slight valley between the two industrial cities of Leeds and Bradford. As a result, whichever way the wind blew Pudsey became covered in thick soot, the temperature inversion created by the valley led to the soot becoming trapped leading to dense smogs. This is believed to have led to jokes that pigeons in Pudsey Park flew backwards in order to keep the soot out of their eyes, formerly within the wapentake of Morley and Calverley Parish, Pudsey became a Municipal Borough in 1889. For many years, despite being joined to the Leeds conurbation, in 1937 the Farsley and Calverley urban districts were added to Pudsey. In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, it part of the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds. Pudsey forms part of the Pudsey parliamentary constituency, along with Farsley, Calverley, Horsforth and Guiseley. There are several parks in Pudsey, the largest is Pudsey Park, features include Pets Corner, aquarium, bird houses, tropical greenhouse, a Pudsey Bear. The park hosts the new West Leeds Country Park Visitor Centre, there is also Queens Park where the Pudsey carnival is held once a year. Pudseys market operates on Tuesday, Friday and Saturday and has recently been refurbished, Pudsey has also seen the introduction of a monthly farmers market with a range of stalls selling meat, fish, dairy produce, organic fruit and vegetables, delicatessen and craft-ware. Pudsey town centre has many amenities and a centre which include many high street chain stores. In keeping with many affluent areas it has its share of banks

Pudsey
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Pudsey Town Hall
Pudsey
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The World's End public house
Pudsey
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Pudsey Parish Church
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Pudsey Park - opened in October 1889

38.
Rothwell, West Yorkshire
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Rothwell is a market town in the south east of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Rothwell has a population of 21,010, and the Rothwell ward has an population of 32,365. At the 2011 Census only the Leeds Metropolitan Ward remained and this had a population of 20,354. The town has benefited from recent improvements in the transport infrastructure, Rothwell is part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area. The nearest railway station is Woodlesford, the parish church is dedicated to Holy Trinity and is on the site of an Anglo Saxon predecessor. The current church, which has a ring of eight bells, is of medieval origins but was rebuilt in the 19th century. John Blenkinsop, is buried at Holy Trinity Church and he was a pioneer in the use of steam locomotives on the nearby Middleton Railway. The town was granted the rights of a town in the 15th century. The tradition of a fair is maintained by the carnival which is organised by the Rothwell Entertainments Committee. May Day is celebrated beside the cross and on the Pastures on the first Monday Bank Holiday in May. An arch made of whale jawbones has marked the boundary by the junction with Wood Lane. St Georges Hospital was situated off Wood Lane where now exists Castle Lodge Avenue, in 1934 it was transferred to the Leeds Health Committee. In 1948, the hospital was managed by the Leeds Group B Hospital Management Committee, after local government reorganisation in 1974 it was transferred to the Leeds Eastern District and soon after to the Leeds Western District. The hospital was closed in December 1991, from 1934 the hospital provided accommodation for the elderly ill, patients with chronic and acute mental illness, persons with learning disabilities, a maternity ward and a separate isolation ward. The site was developed for housing at the start of the 21st century, Rothwell Temperance Band is a Championship section brass band founded in Rothwell in 1984. Although they do not rehearse in Rothwell itself, they have connections with the town. The closest Champion Section Brass Band is the Yorkshire Imperial Urquhart Travel Band, formerly of the Yorkshire Imperial Copperworks based in Stourton, the Imps, as they are more commonly known, merged with the original Rothwell Band in the 1990s. Rothwell has a history of coal mining

39.
Wetherby
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Wetherby is a market town and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Wharfe, and has been for centuries a crossing place and staging post on the A1 Great North Road and it has a population of 11,155. The population of the Wetherby Civil Parish in 2011 was 10,772, Wetherby Bridge, which spans the River Wharfe, is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade II listed structure. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Knights Templar and later the Knights Hospitallers were granted land, the local preceptory founded in 1217 was at Ribston Park. In 1240 the Knights Templar were granted by Royal Charter of Henry III the right to hold a market in Wetherby, on Thursdays and a yearly fair was permitted lasting three days over the day of St James the Apostle. From 1318 to 1319 the North of England suffered many raids from the Scots, after the Battle of Bannockburn Wetherby was burned and many people taken and killed. According to the plaque at the entrance to the lane. In the English Civil War in 1644, before marching to Tadcaster and on to Marston Moor, in the heyday of the coaching era, Wetherby had up to forty inns and alehouses. The first recorded mail coach arrived in Wetherby in 1786, in 1824, William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire sold the town of Wetherby to finance work at Chatsworth. Wetherby provides the setting for the novel Oldbury by Annie Keary, during the First World War, many Wetherby men served with either the 5th or 9th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, which had great losses in Flanders. A war memorial designed by E. F. Roslyn was dedicated on 22 April 1922, in 1918, residents contributed to support the crew of the Racecourse class minesweeper HMS Wetherby despite hardship and shortages caused by the war. During the Second World War, nearby RAF Tockwith was renamed RAF Marston Moor to avoid confusion with RAF Topcliffe, part of the airfield is now a driver training centre and the old control tower is used as the offices. Parts of the runways can still be seen, clark Gable was stationed at Marston Moor, during the Second World War, as a member of the USAAF ground staff, with the rank of captain. He was transferred to RAF Polebrook in Northamptonshire, adolf Hitler offered a reward to anyone who was able to catch the airman. Group Captain Leonard Cheshire was stationed at Marston Moor for a short while before leaving to become commander of the 617 Dam Buster squadron. Wetherby had the stone frigate north of London, built on Hallfield Lane in 1942, named in turn, HMS Cabot, Demetrius, Rodney. The base was closed in 1958 and transferred to Chatham, throughout the 1960s the town council deliberated over how best to enlarge the town centre to cope with the needs of a growing population and to provide the town with a purpose built supermarket. Plans were put forward to enlarge the town over the ings, in the end it was decided to build a purpose built shopping precinct, which was built in the 1970s and underwent a significant redevelopment throughout 2003

40.
Yeadon, West Yorkshire
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Yeadon is a town within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. It is home to Leeds Bradford International Airport, the appropriate City of Leeds ward is called Otley and Yeadon. The population at the 2011 Census was 22,233, at the time of the Anglo-Saxons in the early 7th century AD much of the Aire valley was still heavily wooded, although perhaps Yeadon stood out above the tree line. The place name is derived from two Old English words meaning high hill, as -don is derived from an Anglo-Saxon word for hill. Between 675 and 725 AD there was a Christian settlement in Airedale, viking settlers called the highest point in the area Yeadon Haw. The suffix haw appears to have been tautological, as it was derived from the Old Norse haugr. When the Domesday Book was compiled, Rawdon, Horsforth and Yeadon were classified as Terra Regis—land owned by the king, historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Yeadon was formed out of Guiseley in 1845. It was a centre of woollen manufactures in the 19th century and its board of health was established in 1863. It had a fair every year on the first Monday in April and the Yeadon Feast in the third week of August. The fair continued until the early 1980s, when housing for the elderly was built on the site, the former Yorkshire and England cricket captain Brian Close lived in the town during his childhood. In chronostratigraphy, the term Yeadonian—for a British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period—is derived from the study of a site at the brick. The line continued over Henshaw Lane where an old bridge can still be seen, immediately after the bridge was the railway station, the line terminated opposite Trinity Church in Rawdon. Yeadon Station was mostly used for goods and served several large mills directly along its route, the only passenger trains were special services. The first train to leave Yeadon Station held 500 people in 1905, the following year, trains took passengers from Yeadon to Blackpool. The line was closed in 1966, Yeadon was connected by tram to Leeds from 1909 until the 1950s. Yeadon has a bus connection to Leeds, Bradford, Harrogate, the local services are operated by First Leeds, Yorkshire Tiger and Transdev Keighley. Most school services are operated by CT Plus with some operated by Transdev Blazefield, the nearest open railway station is Guiseley. Avro had a factory next to Yeadon Aerodrome from 1938 to 1946 which produced many of the companys planes, including the Lancaster, Lincoln, York

41.
Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment

Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham

42.
Doncaster
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Doncaster, is a large market town in South Yorkshire, England. Together with its suburbs and settlements, the town forms part of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. The town itself has a population of 109,805, the Doncaster Urban Area had a population of 158,141 in 2011 and includes Doncaster and the neighbouring small village of Bentley as well as some other villages. Possibly inhabited by people, Doncaster grew up at the site of a Roman fort constructed in the 1st century at a crossing of the River Don. The 2nd century Antonine Itinerary and the early 5th century Notitia Dignitatum called this fort Danum, julius Agricola during the late 70s. Doncaster provided a direct land route between Lincoln and York. The main route between Lincoln and York was Ermine Street, which required parties to break into smaller units to cross the Humber in boats, as this was not always practical, the Romans considered Doncaster to be an important staging post. The Roman road through Doncaster appears on two recorded in the Antonine Itinerary. The itinerary include the section of road between Lincoln and York, and list three stations along the route between these two coloniae. Routes 7 and 8 are entitled the route from York to London, several areas of known intense archaeological interest have been identified in the town, although many—in particular St Sepulchre Gate—remain hidden under buildings. The Roman fort is believed to have located on the site that is now covered by St Georges Minster. The Register names the unit as under the command of the Duke of the Britons, Doncaster is generally believed to be the Cair Daun listed as one of the 28 cities of Britain in the 9th century History of the Britons traditionally attributed to Nennius. It was certainly an Anglo-Saxon burh, during which period it received its present name, Don- from the Roman settlement, the settlement was mentioned in the 1003 will of Wulfric Spott. Shortly after the Norman Conquest, Nigel Fossard refortified the town, by the time of the Domesday Book, Hexthorpe in the wapentake of Strafforth was described as having a church and two mills. The historian David Hey says that these represent the settlement at Doncaster. He also suggests that the street name Frenchgate indicates that Fossard invited fellow Normans to trade in the town, as the 13th century approached, Doncaster matured into a busy town, in 1194 King Richard I granted it national recognition with a town charter. Doncaster had a fire in 1204, from which it slowly recovered. At the time, buildings were built of wood, and open fireplaces were used for cooking and heating, in 1248 a charter was granted for Doncaster Market to be held around the Church of St Mary Magdalene, built in Norman times

43.
Local Government Act 1972
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The Local Government Act 1972 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom that reformed local government in England and Wales on 1 April 1974. In Wales, too, the Act established a pattern of counties and districts. Elections were held to the new authorities in 1973, and they acted as shadow authorities until the handover date, elections to county councils were held on 12 April, for metropolitan and Welsh districts on 10 May, and for non-metropolitan district councils on 7 June. Elected county councils had established in England and Wales for the first time in 1888. Some large towns, known as county boroughs, were independent from the counties in which they were physically situated. The county areas were two-tier, with many municipal borough, urban district and rural districts within them, however, most of the Commissions recommendations, such as its proposals to abolish Rutland or to reorganise Tyneside, were ignored in favour of the status quo. It was generally agreed that there were significant problems with the structure of local government, the Local Government Commission was wound up in 1966, and replaced with a Royal Commission. The new government made Peter Walker and Graham Page the ministers and they invited comments from interested parties regarding the previous governments proposals. The Association of Municipal Corporations put forward a scheme with 13 provincial councils and 132 main councils, the incoming governments proposals for England were presented in a White Paper published in February 1971. The White Paper substantially trimmed the metropolitan areas, and proposed a structure for the rest of the country. Many of the new boundaries proposed by the Redcliffe-Maud report were retained in the White Paper, the proposals were in large part based on ideas of the County Councils Association, the Urban District Councils Association and the Rural District Councils Association. The White Paper set out the division of functions between districts and counties, and also suggested a minimum population of 40,000 for districts. The government aimed to introduce a Bill in the 1971/72 session of Parliament for elections in 1973, the White Paper made no commitments on regional or provincial government, since the Conservative government preferred to wait for the Crowther Commission to report. The proposals were substantially changed with the introduction of the Bill into Parliament in November 1971, Area 4 would have had a border with area 2, seaham and Easington were to be part of the Sunderland district. Humberside did not exist in the White Paper, the East Riding was split between area 5 and an area 8. Area 33 to include Brackley and Brackley Rural District from Northamptonshire, Area 39 to include Henley-on-Thames and Henley Rural District from Oxfordshire Area 40 to include Aldershot, Farnborough, Fleet and area from Hampshire. The latter was removed from the Bill before it became law, proposals from Plymouth for a Tamarside county were rejected. The Bill also provided names for the new counties for the first time, on 6 July 1972, a government amendment added Lymington to Dorset, which would have had the effect of having the entire Bournemouth conurbation in one county

Local Government Act 1972

44.
Local government in England
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The pattern of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements. England has, since 1994 been subdivided into nine regions, below the region level and excluding London, England has two different patterns of local government in use. These councils are elected in separate elections, some areas have only one level of local government. Most of Greater London is governed by London borough councils, the City of London and the Isles of Scilly are sui generis authorities, pre-dating recent reforms of local government. There are 57 single tier authorities,55 unitary authorities The City of London Corporation The Council of the Isles of Scilly There are 34 upper tier authorities, the Inner Temple and Middle Temple are also local authorities for some purposes. Below the district level, a district may be divided into civil parishes. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include allotments, parks, public clocks and they also have a consultative role in planning. Local councils tend not to exist in metropolitan areas but there is nothing to stop their establishment, for example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley. Parishes have not existed in Greater London since 1965, but from 2007 they could legally be created, in addition, among the rural parishes, two share a joint parish council and two have no council but are governed by an annual parish meeting. The current arrangement of local government in England is the result of a range of measures which have their origins in the municipal reform of the 19th century. During the 20th century, the structure of government was reformed and rationalised, with local government areas becoming fewer and larger. The way local authorities are funded has also been subject to periodic, Councils have historically had no split between executive and legislature. Functions are vested in the council itself, and then exercised usually by committees or subcommittees of the council, the post of leader was recognised, and leaders typically chair several important committees, but had no special authority. The chair of the council itself is a position with no real power. This pattern was based on that established for municipal boroughs by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, There was a small exception to this whereby smaller district councils can adopt a modified committee system. In 2012, principle councils began returning to Committee systems, under the Localism Act 2011, There are now 16 directly elected mayors, in districts where a referendum was in favour of them. Several of the mayors originally elected were independents, since May 2002, only a handful of referendums have been held, and they have mostly been negative, with only a few exceptions. The decision to have elected mayors in Hartlepool and Stoke-on-Trent were subsequently reversed when further referendums were held

45.
County Borough of Leeds
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The County Borough of Leeds, and its predecessor, the Municipal Borough of Leeds, was a local government district in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, from 1835 to 1974. Its origin was the ancient borough of Leeds, which was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. In 1889, when West Riding County Council was formed, Leeds became a county borough outside the county of the West Riding. In 1971 Leeds was the fifth largest county borough by population in England, the county borough was abolished in 1974 and replaced with the larger City of Leeds, a metropolitan district of West Yorkshire. The Borough of Leeds was created in 1207, when Maurice Paynel, Lord of the Manor, the only officer of the borough was a praetor, appointed annually at the Feast of Pentecost by the Lord of the Borough. The praetor had the duty of administering justice and collecting fines, the borough formed only a small area adjacent to a crossing of the River Aire, between the old settlement centred on Leeds Parish Church to the east and the manor house and mills to the west. The borough consisted of a street with approximately thirty burgage plots. An enquiry into the administration of charities in 1620 disclosed that many of the funds were diverted by the bailiff for his private use. This, and other irregularities, led the inhabitants of Leeds to petition Charles I for a charter of incorporation, a charter of incorporation was granted on 13 July 1626, incorporating the entire parish of Leeds St Peter as the Borough of Leedes in the County of York. The parish and borough consisted of eleven chapelries and parts of two more, the charter named the members of the first corporation, with Sir John Savile becoming the first alderman. In January 1643, during the English Civil War, Leeds fell to parliamentary forces, royalist members of the corporation were replaced with those loyal to the Commonwealth. With the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, moves were made to reform the boroughs government, a second charter was duly granted on 2 November 1661, with the earlier charter withdrawn. The charter named the first mayor as Thomas Danby, the new corporation was given extensive powers to enforce and make laws to regulate trade and ensure the good governance of the town. From 1684 to 1689 the town was governed under a charter of James II which gave the power over all appointments to the town council. With the accession of William III and Mary II the 1661 charter was restored to the townspeople, in 1833 the Whig Government of Lord Grey began enquiries into the government of the various boroughs in England and Wales, with a view to reforming their constitutions and methods of election. Following the recommendations of a Royal Commission, legislation was enacted as the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, Leeds was among the 178 boroughs reformed by the act, becoming the Municipal Borough of Leeds. The reformed borough was initially unchanged in area, and was divided into 12 wards, with a council of 16 aldermen and 48 councillors. Each ward was represented by three or six directly elected councillors

County Borough of Leeds
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Leeds Town Hall
County Borough of Leeds
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An 1835 map of Leeds by Robert Creighton

46.
Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)
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In England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland, an urban district was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an urban district council, which shared local government responsibilities with a county council. In England and Wales, urban districts and rural districts were created in 1894 as subdivisions of administrative counties and they replaced the earlier system of urban and rural sanitary districts the functions of which were taken over by the district councils. The district councils also had powers over local matters such as parks, cemeteries. An urban district contained a single parish, while a rural district might contain many. Urban districts were considered to have problems with public health than rural areas. Urban districts usually covered smaller towns, usually with populations of less than 30,000, originally there were 1013 urban districts. Under the Local Government Act 1929206 urban districts were abolished, many were merged with surrounding rural districts, and so many urban districts often covered some rural areas as well. Larger towns became municipal boroughs which had a higher status. Many parish councils in England were created for towns previously covered by urban districts, in Wales, all urban and rural areas are now covered by communities. In Ireland urban districts were created in 1898 by the Local Government Act 1898 based on the sanitary districts created in 1878. Urban districts had powers greater than towns with town commissioners but less than the municipal boroughs preserved by the Municipal Corporations Act 1840 or created subsequently, a few places were promoted or demoted between these three categories in subsequent decades. After the partition of Ireland in 1920–22 urban districts continued in both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, the rural and urban districts in Northern Ireland were abolished in 1973, and replaced with a system of unitary districts. In the Republic, while rural districts were abolished in 1925 and 1930, urban districts continued to exist but were renamed simply towns under the Local Government Act 2001

Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)

47.
Garforth Urban District
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Garforth /ˈɡɑːrfərθ/ is a village within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. The 2001 Census lists 23,892 residents in the Garforth and Swillington ward,80. 57% of whom are homeowners, historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Garforth itself has 15,394 of those people. The ward population was 19,811 at the 2011 Census, Garforth was in the parliamentary constituency of Elmet until the 2010 general election, when it was incorporated into the new constituency of Elmet and Rothwell. Garforths population decreased to 14,957 in 2011, Garforth owes its size to expansion in the 17th and 18th centuries during which the local land-owning Gascoigne family ran several coalmines in the area. The surrounding settlements of Micklefield, Kippax, Swillington, Methley and Allerton Bywater Great and Little Preston are all villages that prospered and grew as a result of the coal industry. The A1 and M1 are minutes away, and both have recently been linked by an extension of the M1 which passes to the west and north of the village, with two nearby access points at Junctions 46 and 47. The M1 extension led to development of commercial, light industrial and residential sites clustered around Junctions 46 and 47. The village rail link to Kippax and Castleford was closed under the Beeching Axe of the 1960s, Garforth has been home to 1st Garforth Scout Group since 1908. Garforth & District Lions Club was formed in 1972, Garforth has increasingly become a commuter village of Leeds. There is an industrial estate to the north of the village which provides some employment, such as Ginetta Cars. Garforths rail connections and access to the M1, A1 and M62 have made it an area for commuters to live. Garforths amenities are similar to towns in the City of Leeds, such as Otley. Garforth civic amenities include a library and a one stop centre run by Leeds City Council, a coffee shop on Main Street functions partly as a social enterprise, giving its profits to projects in the village. There are also a number of take away food outlets, the lively Garforth Community Choir was formed in October 2015 and meets at Garforth Academy on Wednesdays at 7.00 pm, in school term time. Garforth has nine public houses, a mix of restaurants/cafes. Most of the public houses sell food, a large garden centre is situated on the A63 heading out of Garforth towards Micklefield. There are two play areas for children and a large Skatepark. Garforth is situated on the A63, which links it with the M1 and the A1, there are also rail links to Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Liverpool and Blackpool

48.
Horsforth Urban District
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Horsforth is a suburb and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north west of Leeds city centre. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census, Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village in the United Kingdom during the latter part of the 19th century. It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974, Horsforth was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Horseford, Horseforde, Hoseforde, but late-ninth-century coins with the legend ORSNA FORD and OHSNA FORD may have come from Horsforth. The name derives from Old English hors or, to judge from the coins, *horsa in the plural form horsa/horsna + ford ford. This refers to a crossing on the River Aire that was subsequently used to transport woollen goods to and from Pudsey, Shipley. The original ford was situated off Calverley Lane, but was replaced by a footbridge at the turn of the 19th century. The estate record of the Stanhopes is regarded as one of the most extensive and important collections of its kind, until the mid 19th century, Horsforth was an agricultural community but it expanded rapidly with the growth of the nearby industrial centre of Leeds. A tannery business was founded at Woodside in about 1820 by the Watson family and it was on the eastern edge of their small farm, and memorialised by Tanhouse Hill Lane. Industrially, Horsforth has a history of producing high quality stone from its quarries, situated on Horsforth Beck were mills serving the textile trade. Between 1861 and 1862, there was an outbreak of typhoid, Horsforth was historically a township in the parish of Guiseley. It became a civil parish in 1866. In the late-19th century it achieved note as the village with the largest population in England, railways, turnpike roads, tramways and the nearby canal made it a focus for almost all forms of public and commercial transport and it became a dormitory suburb of Leeds. The civil parish became Horsforth Urban District in 1894, the parish and urban district were abolished in 1974 and merged into the new City of Leeds metropolitan district. In 1999 Horsforth became a parish and a parish council was created. Horsforth Village Museum has collections and displays illustrating aspects of life set against the backdrop of the role of the village. During World War II the £241,000 required to build the corvette HMS Aubretia was raised entirely by the people of Horsforth, in 2000 the US President Bill Clinton acknowledged Horsforths contribution to the war effort in a letter sent to MP Paul Truswell. The letter is in the museum, Horsforth railway station is on the Harrogate Line between Harrogate and Leeds. The station is just outside the Horsforth parish boundary, on the Cookridge side of Moseley Beck, Newlay station, which was built by the Midland Railway, was renamed Newlay & Horsforth station in 1889

Horsforth Urban District
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Town Street, Horsforth
Horsforth Urban District
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Horsforth Museum
Horsforth Urban District
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The Home Front: World War II display in Horsforth Museum
Horsforth Urban District
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Horsforth railway station looking south towards Leeds

49.
Otley Urban District
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Otley is a market town and civil parish at a bridging point on the River Wharfe in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the population was 13,668 at the 2011 census, the town is in lower Wharfedale on the A660 which connects it to Leeds. The parish church has 7th-century origins, Thomas Chippendale, the cabinetmaker, was born in the town and the painter J. M. W. Otleys name is derived from Othe, Otho or Otta, a Saxon personal name and leah and it was recorded as Ottanlege in 972 and Otelai or Othelia in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name Chevin has close parallels to the early Brythonic Welsh term Cefn meaning ridge, there are pre-historic settlement finds alongside both sides of the River Wharfe and it is believed the valley has been settled at this site since the Bronze Age. There are Bronze Age carvings on rocks situated on top of The Chevin, West Yorkshire Geology Trust has reference to Otley Chevin and Caley Crags having a rich history of human settlement stretching back into Palaeolithic times. Flint tools, Bronze Age rock carvings and Iron Age earthworks have been found, in medieval times the forest park was used as common pasture land, as a source of wood and sandstones for buildings and walls. The majority of the development of the town dates from Saxon times and was part of an extensive manor granted by King Athelstan to the see of York. The Archbishops of York had a residence and were lords of the manor and their palace was located on the site occupied by the Manor House. Otley is close to Leeds and may have formed part of the kingdom of Elmet, remains of the Archbishops Palace were found during the construction of St Josephs School. The town grew in the first half of the 13th century when the archbishops laid out burgage plots to attract merchants, the burgage plots were on Boroughgate, Walkergate and Kirkgate. Bondgate was for tenants who did not have burgage privileges, a leper hospital was founded on the road to Harewood beyond Cross Green. Documented history for the market begins in 1222 when King Henry III granted the first Royal Charter, the town had two cattle markets, Wharfedale Farmers Auction Mart on East Chevin Road and the Bridge End Auction Mart which has closed and was subsequently demolished. Market days are Tuesday, Friday and Saturday, and there is a Farmers Market on the last Sunday of every month, Turner, the painter, visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley and the area that he returned time and time again. His friendship with Walter Ramsden Fawkes made him a regular visitor to Farnley Hall, the stormy backdrop of Hannibal Crossing The Alps is reputed to have been inspired by a storm over Otleys Chevin while Turner was staying at Farnley Hall. The woollen industry developed as an industry but during the Industrial Revolution. A cotton mill and weaving shed for calicoes were built by the river in the late 18th century, later woolcombing and worsted spinning were introduced

Otley Urban District
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The River Wharfe at Otley
Otley Urban District
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Weir on the River Wharfe at Otley
Otley Urban District
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A view over Otley.
Otley Urban District
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the Old Prince Henry's Grammar School

50.
Rothwell Urban District (Yorkshire)
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Rothwell is a market town in the south east of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Rothwell has a population of 21,010, and the Rothwell ward has an population of 32,365. At the 2011 Census only the Leeds Metropolitan Ward remained and this had a population of 20,354. The town has benefited from recent improvements in the transport infrastructure, Rothwell is part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area. The nearest railway station is Woodlesford, the parish church is dedicated to Holy Trinity and is on the site of an Anglo Saxon predecessor. The current church, which has a ring of eight bells, is of medieval origins but was rebuilt in the 19th century. John Blenkinsop, is buried at Holy Trinity Church and he was a pioneer in the use of steam locomotives on the nearby Middleton Railway. The town was granted the rights of a town in the 15th century. The tradition of a fair is maintained by the carnival which is organised by the Rothwell Entertainments Committee. May Day is celebrated beside the cross and on the Pastures on the first Monday Bank Holiday in May. An arch made of whale jawbones has marked the boundary by the junction with Wood Lane. St Georges Hospital was situated off Wood Lane where now exists Castle Lodge Avenue, in 1934 it was transferred to the Leeds Health Committee. In 1948, the hospital was managed by the Leeds Group B Hospital Management Committee, after local government reorganisation in 1974 it was transferred to the Leeds Eastern District and soon after to the Leeds Western District. The hospital was closed in December 1991, from 1934 the hospital provided accommodation for the elderly ill, patients with chronic and acute mental illness, persons with learning disabilities, a maternity ward and a separate isolation ward. The site was developed for housing at the start of the 21st century, Rothwell Temperance Band is a Championship section brass band founded in Rothwell in 1984. Although they do not rehearse in Rothwell itself, they have connections with the town. The closest Champion Section Brass Band is the Yorkshire Imperial Urquhart Travel Band, formerly of the Yorkshire Imperial Copperworks based in Stourton, the Imps, as they are more commonly known, merged with the original Rothwell Band in the 1990s. Rothwell has a history of coal mining