Railways are the most important means of transportation in present day India.

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Construction of railways is dependent on physical factors like topography and climate besides other factors. Railways can be successfully developed in the plains.

They, however, do not find favour in desert regions. In mountainous areas, the cost of providing this service is very difficult and a costly proposition because tunnels and bridges are required to be constructed. The development of railways is also not possible in areas experiencing heavy rainfall throughout the year or where excessive snowfall occurs.

The railways in India provide the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers. It brings together people from the farthest corners of the country and makes possible the conduct of business, sightseeing, pilgrimage and education.

The Indian Railways have been a great national integrating force in the country. It has helped in accelerating the development of industry and agriculture. From a very modest beginning inl, when the first train steamed off from Bombay to Thane, a distance of 34 km, the Indian Railways have grown into a vast network of stations spread over a route length of km with a fleet of locomotives, passenger service vehicles, other coaching vehicles and wagons as on 31 March, The growth of the Indian Railways in the years of its existence is thus phenomenal.

It has played a vital role in the economic, industrial and social development of the country. The network runs multigauge operations extending over route kilometre.

The gauge-wise route and track lengths of die system as on 31 March, were as under: About 23 per cent of the route kilometre, 33 per cent of running track kilometre and per cent of total track kilometre is electrified. The network is divided into nine zones and further sub-divided into divisions.

Divisions are the basic operating units. The nine zones and their respective headquarters as on 31 March, have been enlisted.

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These zones facilitate administration, convenience and efficiency. Set up inlength is km. Headquarters-Gorakhpur, serves Northern U. Set up in Aprillength is km. P Set up in AugustLength is km. Set up in Nov. It serves Andhra, N. Indian Rail Board under the corporate plan has undertaken the task of providing comforts, amenities and facilities to the passengers.

New high speed and luxurious trains have been introduced like Shatabdis. Another Shatabdi has been flagged off on 15th August, between Delhi and Bathinda. Rajdhani Expresses connect Delhi with most of the state capitals.

Metro trains have also been planned in metropolitan cities. Kolkata is having two sections of underground rail, the Esplanade-Bhowanipur and the Dum Dum-Belgatchia section.

Another metro is being constructed at Delhi. The construction of Konkon railway is a remarkable achievement of the Indian railways. It speaks of technical knowhow attained by the organization in the field of laying tracks, construction of bridges, tunnels, electrification etc.

The rail connects Mumbai with Mangalore along the Western Ghats. Rail development in India has been favoured by: Rail construction is expensive and difficult in the desert, Himalayas and the Western Ghats due to sand and rough and tough mountainous relief, problems of tunnelling and bridge construction and lack of freight and passenger traffic.

In India density of rail network has positive relation with topography. Rail etwork is very dense from Punjab to West Bengal The great Indian plain or Sutlej- Ganga Plain The rail length in this region accounts for 40 km per square km area.

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