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1649–60.

After the execution of Charles I and the abolition of the monarchy, the Rump Parliament in February 1649 gave executive power to a Council of State of 41 members. It contained three peers, a number of lawyers including Bradshaw, and senior army officers such as Cromwell, Fairfax, and Philip Skippon. When Cromwell became lord protector in December 1653 he was given a council of 21 under the Instrument of Government. Though it had less power than its predecessor, Cromwell complained that he was in toils.