My sister is married and (she)* lives in London. (Minha irm casada e mora em Londres.) *Quando a coordinating conjunction "and" liga dois verbos que possuem o mesmo sujeito, no necessrio repet-lo. Isso tambm ocorre com artigos, pronomes, preposies e outras expresses. Observe os exemplos do quadro: She sings and she plays the violin. She sings and plays the violin He plays tennis and he plays football. He plays tennis and football. They have offices in Britain and in France. They have offices in Britain and France. We stayed with my brother and my sister. We stayed with my brother and sister. The house and the garden were full of people. The house and garden were full of people. I've been to Greece and I've been to Turkey. I've been to Greece and Turkey. I washed my shirt and I dried my shirt. I washed and dried my shirt.

I went downstairs and (I) opened the door. (Eu fui ao andar de baixo e abri a porta.) Could I have a knife and (a) fork, please? (Eu gostaria de um garfo e uma faca, por favor.) When Robert went to the bookstore, he bought a notebook and several pens. (Quando Roberto foi livraria, ele comprou um caderno e vrias canetas.)

possuem o mesmo sujeito, pode ocorrer vrgula diante de but se as oraes so longas. Compare os exemplos: She had very little to live on, but she would never have dreamed of taking what was not hers. (Aqui, embora o sujeito das duas oraes seja o mesmo, a vrgula usada, pois as oraes so longas.) She was poor but she was honest. (As oraes so curtas e o sujeito o mesmo, assim no se faz obrigatrio o uso da vrgula.) Veja outros exemplos com but: I like him, but I don't like her. (Gosto dele, mas no gosto dela.) I wanted to phone you, but I didn't have your number. (Queria ligar para voc, mas no tinha o nmero do seu telefone.) The child was found abandoned but unharmed. (A criana foi encontrada abandonada, porm ilesa.) I got it wrong. It wasn't the red one but the blue one. (Entendi tudo errado. No era a vermelha, mas a azul.) By the end of the day we were tired but happy. (No final do dia estvamos cansados, mas felizes.)

OBSERVAO: Alm de significar mas ou porm, but tambm pode significar exceto: Everybody but Robert is trying out for the team. (Todos, exceto Roberto, esto competindo para ficar no time) I had no choice but to sign the contract. (Eu no tinha escolha, exceto assinar o contrato.) - OR A conjuno or indica alternncia ou excluso: I could cook some supper, or we could order a pizza. (Eu poderia fazer uma janta ou ns poderamos pedir uma pizza.) Do you want to go out, or are you tired? (Voc quer sair, ou est cansado?)

He could go, or stay a little more. (Ele poderia ir ou ficar mais um pouco.) Have you seen or heard the opera by Paul Richardson? (Voc assistiu ou ouviu a pera de Paul Richardson?) They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor. (Eles decerto devem aprovar seu estilo poltico, ou no continuariam o elegendo para prefeito.) You can study hard for this exam or you can fail. (Voc pode estudar bastante para esta prova ou pode ser reprovado.) We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers. (Podemos fazer frango grelhado hoje noite ou somente comer a comida que sobrou.)

- SO A conjuno so (assim, portanto, por isso) expressa o que acontece / aconteceu / acontecer em razo de alguma coisa: My grandmother was sick, so she went to the doctor. (Minha av estava doente, por isso foi ao mdico.) It was raining, so I took my umbrella. (Estava chovendo, ento peguei meu guarda-chuva.) Laura does a lot of sport, so she's very fit. (Laura pratica vrios esportes, por isso tem uma tima forma fsica.) We didn't study, so we didn't pass. (No estudamos, por isso no passamos.) I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying English at university. (No futuro, quero trabalhar como intrprete, por isso vou estudar Ingls na universidade.) The party was boring, so I went home. (A festa estava chata, ento fui para casa.) - A conjuno so tambm usada no incio de oraes para introduzir algo novo, significando "ento": So, the judge removed the child from the custody of his parents. (Ento, o juiz tirou dos pais a custdia da criana.) - FOR

A funo da conjuno for introduzir uma explicao. Nestes casos, for sinnimo de because. Hoje em dia, o uso de for neste sentido usado, na maioria das vezes, na escrita literria. Observe os exemplos: Eric tought he had a good chance to get the job in the company, for his father was one of the owners. (Eric achou que tinha grande chance de conseguir o emprego na companhia, pois seu pai era um dos donos.) We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families. (Escutamos avidamente, j que ele trouxe notcias de nossas famlias.) This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists, for the screenplay was written by Diana Lers. (Este filme particularmente interessante para tericos de filmes feministas, porque o roteiro foi escrito por Diana Lers.) I believed her, for surely she would not lie to me. (Acreditei nela porque tenho certeza de que ela no mentiria pra mim.)

Observe alguns exemplos de cada um dos pares:

- BOTH...AND I'd like to work with both animals and children. (Eu gostaria de trabalhar com animais e crianas.) Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant. (Ambos meu av e meu pai trabalhavam na fbrica de ao.)

She both sings and dances. (Ela canta e dana.) She is both pretty and clever. (Ela to bonita e esperta.)

I spoke to both the director and her secretary. (Falei com a diretora e com a secretria dela.) Joana plays both the trumpet and the violin. (Joana toca trombeta e violino.) Both his mother and his father will be there. (O pai e a me dele estaro l.) For this job you will need a good knowledge of both French and Spanish. (Para este trabalho voc precisar de um bom conhecimento de francs e espanhol.) OBSERVAO: Both...and sempre concordar com o verbo no plural: Both David and Amanda know the importance of speaking another language. (Ambos David e Amanda sabem a importncia de falar outra lngua.) - EITHER...OR usada para falar sobre uma escolha entre duas possibilidades (e, s vezes, mais de duas): We can go either by bus or by car. (Podemos ir de nibus ou de carro.)

She doesn't speak either French or German. (Ela no fala nem francs nem alemo.) If you want an ice cream there's either raspberry, lemon or vanilla. (Se voc quer um sorvete, h sorvete de framboesa, limo ou baunilha.) If either Felipe or Joo comes to the party I'll be very happy. (Ficarei muito feliz se o Felipe ou o Joo vier festa.) We have time to see either the museum or the cathedral, but not both.

(Temos tempo de ver o museu ou a catedral, mas no ambos.) He is either in London or in New York. (Ele est em Londres ou em Nova Iorque.) Either he could not come or he did not want to. (Ou ele no podia vir ou no queria.)

Neither that couple nor Mary talks to Denise. (Nem aquele casal, nem a Mary fala com Denise.) - Porm, se neither...nor estiver ligando dois substantivos no singular, o verbo poder ser conjugado tanto no plural, como no singular. Contudo, a conjugao no plural considerada bastante informal: Neither my mother nor my father was at home. (normal) Neither my mother nor my father were at home. (informal) - NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO "To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also dream; not only plan, but also believe." (Anatole France) (Para realizarmos coisas grandes, precisamos no somente agir, mas tambm sonhar; no somente planejar, mas tambm acreditar.) The teacher is not only intelligent but also friendly. (A professsora no so inteligente, mas tambm simptica.) We go there not only in the winter, but also in summer. (Vamos l no apenas no inverno, mas tambm no vero.) She not only sings like an angel, but also dances divinely. (Ela no apenas canta como um anjo, mas tambm dana divinamente.) Not only the bathroom was flooded, but also the rest of the house. (No s o banheiro estava alagado, mas tambm o resto da casa.) The place was not only cold, but also damp. (O lugar no estava s frio, mas tambm mido.) The explosion destroyed not only the school, but also the museum. (A exploso destruiu no s a escola, mas tambm o museu.) Clara wants not only money, but also fame. (Clara no quer s dinheiro, mas tambm fama.)

- Not only pode se posicionar no incio da orao para dar nfase ao que se quer dizer. Nesta estrutura, not only deve ser seguido por auxiliary verb (and non-auxiliary have and be) + subject; do usado* caso no haja outro auxiliar: Not only has she been late three times; she has also done no work. (Ela no s chegou atrasada trs vezes, como tambm no fez trabalho algum.)

*Not only do they need clothing, but they are also short of water. (Eles no somente necessitam de roupas, mas tambm esto com falta d'gua.) Not only is the food in this restaurant awful, but also the prices are too high. (Como se no bastasse a comida nesse restaurante ser terrvel, os preos tambm so altos demais.) Not only were you late for class, but also forgot to do the homework. (Voc no apenas se atrasou para a aula, mas tambm esqueceu de fazer a lio de casa.) - AS / SO...AS If you are as/so intelligent as your father, it will not be difficult for you to run your family business. (Se voc to inteligente quanto seu pai, no vai ser difcil para voc administrar os negcios da sua famlia.) She is as/so beautiful as her mother. (Ela to bonita quanto a me.) He is not as/so bad as many think. (Ele no to ruim quanto muitos pensam.) She is as/so successful as her sister. (Ela to bem sucedida quanto sua irm.) The situation is not as/so difficult as people make out. (A situao no est to difcil quanto as pesoas dizem.) - WHETHER... OR Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best. (No importa se voc ganhar ou perder essa corrida, contanto que faa o melhor que pode.) Have you decided whether you will come or not? (Voc decidiu se vir ou no?) The ticket will cost the same, whether we buy it now or wait until later. (O ingresso custar o mesmo valor se comprarmos agora ou esperarmos at mais tarde.) You need to decide whether you go to the movies or to the park today. (Voc precisa decidir se vai ao cinema ou ao parque hoje.) Whether we go by bus or train, it'll take at least six hours. (Independente de irmos de nibus ou trem, a viagem levar pelo menos seis horas.)

- AS / SO LONG AS / PROVIDED THAT (contanto que, desde que, com a condio de que) We will go to the beach as/so long as the weather is good. (Iremos para praia contanto que/ desde que o tempo esteja bom.) You can take my car as/so long as you drive carefully. (Voc pode usar o meu carro contanto que / desde que dirija cuidadosamente.) They can stay here provided that they behave well. (Eles podem ficar aqui contanto que / desde que se comportem bem.) - BECAUSE (porque, pois) I went to England because my boyfriend was there. (Fui para a Inglaterra porque meu namorado estava l.) I didn't buy the handbag because it was too expensive. (No comprei a bolsa porque era muito cara.) - Because e a orao dependente podem vir tanto antes como depois da orao independente ou principal. Observe: I finished early because I worked fast. (Terminei cedo porque trabalhei rpido.) Because I worked fast, I finished early. (Porque trabalhei rpido, terminei cedo.) NO CONFUNDA: Because uma conjuno, mas because of uma preposio. Veja a diferena: We were late because it rained. (NOT ... because of it rained.) (Estvamos atrasados porque choveu.) We were late because of the rain. (NOT ... because the rain.) (Estvamos atrasados por causa da chuva.) I'm happy because I met you. (NOT ... because of I met you.) (Estou feliz porque conheci voc.)

- BEFORE (antes de, antes que) Before I have breakfast, I spend half an hour doing physical exercises. (Antes de tomar caf da manh, passo meia hora fazendo exerccios fsicos.) Do it before you forget. (Faa antes que voc esquea.) I'll telephone you before I get home. (Vou ligar para voc antes de chegar em casa.) You can't go home before I have signed the letters. (Voc no pode ir para casa antes de eu assinar as cartas.) He went out before I had finished my test. (Ele saiu antes de eu terminar minha prova.) - DESPITE / IN SPITE OF (apesar de) Despite her efforts, she could not find a job. (Apesar dos esforos, ela no conseguiu achar um emprego.) Despite the traffic, we got there on time. (Apesar do trfego, chegamos na hora.) In spite of the rain, we went for a walk in the park. (Apesar da chuva, fomos dar uma volta no parque.) OBSERVAO: Os verbos que vierem imediatamente aps despite / in spite of devem estar no gerndio: Despite being a big star, she's very approachable. (Apesar de ser uma estrela, ela bastante acessvel.) In spite of having a headache, I enjoyed the film. (Apesar de estar com dor de cabea, gostei do filme.)

He was feeling bad. However, he went to work and tried to concentrate. (Ele estava se sentindo mal. Contudo, foi trabalhar e tentou se concentrar.) I hadn't slept well that night. However, I was not sleepy during the following day. (Eu no tinha dormido bem naquela noite. Entretanto, no estava com sono no dia seguinte.) The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall solve them soon. (Os problemas no so graves. Todavia, devemos resolv-los logo.) I haven't had lunch. Nevertheless, I'm not hungry. (No almocei. Todavia, no estou com fome.) Notwithstanding, the problem is a significant one. (Contudo, o problema significativo.) The man is, notwithstanding, sufficient. (O homem , entretanto, suficiente.)

Mary talked to the shy girl so that she wouldn't feel left out. (Mary falou com a menina tmida para que / a fim de que ela no se sentisse excluda.) He got up early in order to have time to pack. (Ele acordou cedo para / a fim de ter tempo de arrumar as malas.) We send monthly reports in order that they may have full information. (Mandamos relatrios mensais para que eles possam ter informaes completas.)

- STILL (contudo, todavia, no entanto) It's not a very nice car. Still, it is cheap. (No um carro muito bom. Contudo, barato.) My house is not so big, still it is very comfortable. (Minha casa no muito grande, contudo bem confortvel.) She doesn't sing well. Still she attracts lots of fans. (Ela no canta bem. Todavia, atrai muitos fs.)

OBSERVAES: - No incio de oraes, while pode significar although, despite the fact that.... Observe: While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available. (Embora eu esteja com vontade de ajudar, no tenho muito tempo disponvel.) - Algumas vezes, while sinnimo de until: I waited while five o'clock. (Esperei at s cinco horas.)

Coordinating Conjunctions - Conjunes Coordenativas and - but - or - so - for - nor - yet Correlative Conjunctions both... and either... or neither... or not only... but also as / so... as whether... or Subordinative Conjunctions - Conjunes Subordinativas after - although / though / even though as - as if / as though - as / so long as / provided that because - before despite / in spite of - however / nonetheless / nevertheless / notwithstanding - if once - otherwise - since so that / in order that / in order to / so as to still - thus / therefore / then / hence - unless