17 January – Enid (Captain Wibe) of neutral Norway sailing from Steinkjer to Dublin, 10 miles north of Shetland, goes to assist SS Polzella which had been torpedoed by U-25. U25 then shells and sinks Enid.

9 March – trawler Leukos sunk by gunfire from U-38, north west of Tory Island – 11 dead.[1] (She may have moved between the surfacing U-boat and English trawlers, in the hope that the tricolour would protect her while the English escaped.)

10 March – City of Bremen rescues 33 crew of Amor (Dutch) in the North Sea.

3 October – the German news agency announces that the German government is willing to pay compensation for dropping bombs on Dublin.[4]

22 October – Kerry Head (Capt. C. Drummond) bombed again: all twelve hands lost, in full view of watchers on Cape Clear Island.[1]

26–28 October – RMS Empress of Britain, serving as a troopship under the British flag, is bombed, torpedoed and sunk off the Donegal coast with the loss of 45 lives. At 42,348 GRT she is the war's largest merchant ship loss.

4 October – Brian O'Nolan's first "Cruiskeen Lawn" humorous column is published in The Irish Times; from the second column he uses the pseudonym 'Myles na gCopaleen'. The original columns are composed in Irish. He continues writing the column until the year of his death, 1966.

1.
1939 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1939 in Ireland. 12 February – the Department of External Affairs announced that it recognised the government of Francisco Franco in Spain, February – In his Lenten pastoral, Bishop Daniel Mageean referred to A Protestant Parliament for a Protestant People. 12 March – Taoiseach Éamon de Valera attended the coronation of Pope Pius XII in Rome,16 March – Éamon de Valera was greeted by Benito Mussolini in Rome and a luncheon was held in his honour. 22 March – Irelands neutrality was discussed during a Dáil debate on defence estimates, the Government considered the implications for the export market to Britain if a neutral stand was taken. 30 March – the Treason Bill passed its fifth and final stage in Dáil Éireann,9 April – the Gaelic Athletic Association voted to keep the name of the President, Douglas Hyde, off its list of patrons. The situation arose when Hyde attended a soccer game. 15 April – boxer Jack Doyle married Mexican film actress Movita Castaneda in a ceremony in Ensenada, Baja California. 17 April – the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Lord Craigavon,19 April – in a speech to Seanad Éireann Taoiseach Éamon de Valera referred to the dropping of all references to the King and Great Britain from new Irish passports. 30 April –1939 New York Worlds Fair opened with an Ireland pavilion designed by Michael Scott,4 May – the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland announced that conscription would not be extended to Northern Ireland. 18 May – the Earl of Iveagh presented the Government with his townhouse in Dublin,2 June – the Treason Act 1939 became law, a sentence of death could be passed on anyone convicted of levying war against the State. 29 June – Clann na Talmhan, the National Agricultural Party, was founded in Athenry,1 July – the Irish Red Cross Society was established. 1 September – a state of emergency was declared by the Government,2 September – Taoiseach Éamon de Valera told the Dáil that Ireland will remain neutral in the European War. 3 September – the Emergency Powers Act 1939 came into force as Britain, the Marine and Coastwatching Service was set up. 18 September – John F. Kennedy flew from Foynes for his first transatlantic flight, to Port Washington, New York, after helping with arrangements for survivors of the SS Athenia. 9 September – billed as The Last Race in Europe until after World War II, the Irish Motor Racing Club held its Phoenix Park Race,11 September – the Irish-flagged tanker Inverliffey was shelled and sunk by the Nazi submarine, U-38. The U-boat towed the lifeboats away from the blazing oil,13 September – the Minister for Supplies, Seán Lemass, introduced petrol rationing. 6 October – Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger took up residence in Dublin at the invitation of Éamon de Valera,30 October – more than two dozen air-raid sirens, acquired by Dublin Corporation, were tested across Dublin City. November – the teenage Brendan Behan, at time a member of the Irish Republican Army, was arrested in Liverpool for possession of explosives

2.
1938 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1938 in Ireland. President, Douglas Hyde Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera 17 January – the Ford Motor Company in Cork City produces its 25,13 April – the Department of Local Government & Public Health reports that cases of typhoid and diphtheria have reduced, however, infant deaths have increased. 21 April – Douglas Hyde is selected unanimously by the two political parties to serve as the first President of Ireland. 10 May – the Government makes an order converting the Saorstát pound to the Irish pound as part of the new constitutional reforms,24 May – the new Anti-Partition Party takes eight seats in a Unionist-controlled Londonderry Corporation. 17 June – Irish general election,1938, Fianna Fáil under Éamon de Valera retain power, members of the 10th Dáil assemble on 30 June. 25 June – Douglas Hyde is formally inaugurated as the first President of Ireland,11 July–3 October – Military installations at the Treaty Ports in the Republic are handed over from British control to the Government of Ireland, under terms of the Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement. 8 August – Dublin Corporation purchases 16 sets of traffic lights,21 August – the £50,00020, 000-seat Cusack Stand is officially opened at Gaelic Athletic Association headquarters in Croke Park. 12 September – Éamon de Valera is elected President of the Assembly of the League of Nations in Geneva, samuel Beckett publishes his novel Murphy. Cecil Day-Lewis publishes Overtures to Death, and Other Poems, oliver St. John Gogarty publishes his poetry Others to Adorn, with a preface by W. B. Louis MacNeice publishes I Crossed the Minch and his poetry The Earth Compels, colin Middleton first exhibits at the Royal Hibernian Academy. Ewart Milne publishes his poetry Forty North Fifty West, with woodcuts by Cecil Salkeld Kate OBrien publishes her novel Pray for the Wanderer, yeats publishes New Poems, including Lapis Lazuli. League of Ireland Winners, Shamrock Rovers FAI Cup Winners, St James Gate 2–1 Dundalk Irish Open is won by Bobby Locke,2 February – John Moriarty, writer and philosopher. 30 January – Mick Lanigan, Fianna Fáil Senator,2 February – Detta OCathain, Baroness OCathain, businesswoman and politician in Britain. 27 March – Owen Dudley Edwards, historian and writer,4 April – Declan Mulligan, rock guitarist. 29 April – Ray MacSharry, Tánaiste, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister,2 May – Douglas Goodwin, cricketer. 13 May – Patrick Dineen, cricketer,2 July – John McDonnell, head coach for the University of Arkansas Razorbacks track team. 15 July – Andy McEvoy, soccer player, July – Seán Ó Cionnaith, Workers Party of Ireland politician. 1 August – Paddy Moloney, musician with The Chieftains,3 August – Terry Wogan, BBC broadcaster and former RTÉ radio and television broadcaster

3.
1937 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1937 in Ireland. 22 January – the National Council of Women of Ireland is agitating for the formation of a police force. 6–27 February – Battle of Jarama, The Connolly Column and other Irish volunteers take part,14 April – the Minister for Finance, Seán MacEntee, delivers his budget. He reduces the costs of butter, sugar and tea,30 April – Éamon de Valera introduces the new Constitution of Ireland. It recognises the institution of marriage and the family and prohibits divorce and it also recogniseS Judaism and other minority faiths. Although drafted in English, the Irish translation, made initially by Mícheál Ó Gríobhtha,11 May – the Constitution Bill receives its second reading in Dáil Éireann. Éamon de Valera dismisses claims that the Constitution provided for a dictatorship,13 May – a bronze statue of King George II of Great Britain on St Stephens Green, Dublin, is blown to pieces. 25 May – an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland proposing membership of the British Commonwealth is rejected,8 June – Executive Powers Act 1937 passed by the Oireachtas retrospectively abolishing the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State and providing for a pension for the last office-holder. 14 June – the Draft Constitution is passed in the Dáil by 62 votes to 48, the Eighth Dáil is also dissolved and a general election is called. 30 June – Éamon de Valera winds up a tour with a huge rally on College Green. 1 July – Fianna Fáil wins the general election, the plebiscite on the Constitution of Ireland is passed by 56. 5% of voters. 5 July – Éamon de Valera and Seán Lemass inspect the flying boat Caledonia before its survey flight across the Atlantic Ocean,26 August – The Irish Times newspaper publishes its 25, 000th edition in Dublin. 27 August – Dublins first automatic traffic lights come into operation at the junction of Merrion Square and Clare Street,12 October – Kathleen Clarke addresses the Fianna Fáil Ardfheis, telling the party that it is moving away from its original values of republicanism. 10 November – the text of a new bill providing a seal of office for the President of Ireland is introduced in Dáil Éireann,6 December – the Seal of the President of Ireland is photographed for archive purposes. 11 December – the Kelly Line steamer Annagher sinks at Ballymacormick Point with the loss of nine crew,29 December – the new Constitution of Ireland comes into force. The Irish Free State becomes the Republic of Ireland, to be known as Ireland, a Presidential Commission assumes the powers of the new presidency, pending the election of the first President of Ireland in June 1938. A 21-gun salute is fired from the Royal Hospital Kilmainham and the flag of Ireland flies over all public buildings. April – writers Elizabeth Bowen and Seán Ó Faoláin first meet,29 September – French playwright Antonin Artaud is expelled from Ireland

4.
1936 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1936 in Ireland. 9 February – Brian de Valera, third son of Éamon de Valera, dies in a riding accident,5 March – five hundred delegates attend the Fine Gael Árd-Feis in Dublin. W. T. Cosgrave is once again nominated as its president,4 April – a dispute between two unions over who makes coffins results in the coffin of an abandoned infant being turned away from Glasnevin Cemetery. 27 May – Aer Lingus makes its first flight, the five-seater plane, Iolar, travels from Baldonnel Aerodrome to Bristol. 28 May – the Dáil passes a motion abolishing the Senate of the Irish Free State,20 June – the Irish Republican Army is declared an illegal organisation by the government. 6 September – the new Roman Catholic Christ the King Cathedral,20 November – General Eoin ODuffy leads six hundred men in his Bandera to fight for Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. December – first Irish socialist volunteers in the Spanish Civil War leave the Irish ports to fight for the Republican faction, elizabeth Bowen publishes her novel The House in Paris. Austin Clarke publishes his second novel The Singing-Men at Cashel, like the first, James Joyce publishes his Collected Poems. Patrick Kavanagh publishes Ploughman, and Other Poems, harry Kernoff paints In Davys Parlour Snug, Self portrait with Davy Byrne and Martin Murphy. Cecil Day-Lewis publishes his poetry Noah and the Waters, Lord Longford founds the Longford Players. Louis MacNeice publishes his translation of The Agamemnon of Aeschylus, Seán Ó Faoláin publishes his novel Bird Alone, it is prohibited in Ireland by the Censorship of Publications Board. Peig Sayers publishes her autobiography Peig, George Shiels plays The Passing Day and The Jailbird are first produced. Yeats delivers broadcast lectures on the BBC, makes recordings of his own verse, literary magazine Ireland Today, edited by Frank OConnor, begins publication. League of Ireland Winners, Bohemians FAI Cup Winners, Shamrock Rovers 2–1 Cork Irish Open is won by Reg Whitcombe, January – Syd Cheatle, playwright and novelist. 2 February – Fergal OHanlon, Irish Republican Army member killed with Seán South attacking the Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks in Brookeborough,2 February – Tony Ryan, businessman and philanthropist, founder of Guinness Peat Aviation and one of founders of Ryanair. 12 February – Monica Barnes, former Fine Gael Teachta Dála,17 February – Joe Haverty, soccer player. 18 February – Ciarán Bourke, musician, one of the members of The Dubliners. 3 March – Christopher Jones, Bishop of Elphin,11 March – Pat Brady, soccer player

5.
1935 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1935 in Ireland. 3 January – an Anglo-Irish Coal-Cattle Pact is signed between the governments of Britain and the Irish Free State,20 January – forty men from the Connemara Gaeltacht travel to County Meath to inspect the area which is to be settled by residents of the Gaeltacht. 27 January – relics and souvenirs of the 1916 Easter Rising arrive at the National Museum,19 February – workmen unearth a statue of Jesus during excavations for road making in County Clare. 28 February – the Criminal Law Amendment Act deals with sexual offences. Section 17 explicitly makes the import or sale of contraceptive devices illegal,3 March – in his Lenten pastoral the Thomas ODoherty, Bishop of Galway, denounces immodest dress and vulgar films. Membership of Trinity College Dublin is still forbidden for Catholics and membership of the IRA,20 March – after seventeen days of a bus strike, the army intervenes at the request of the Minister for Industry and Commerce by providing lorries for transport. 26 March –72 republicans are arrested and held at the Bridewell Garda Station,1 April – the National Athletics and Cycling Association is suspended from the International Amateur Athletic Federation for refusing to confine its activities to the Free State side of the border. 12 April – eleven families from the Connemara Gaeltacht arrive in County Meath to set up the Ráth Cairn Gaeltacht,14 July – five people are killed and seventy injured as a result of sectarian rioting in Belfast. 26 October – Edward Carson, Baron Carson, the Dublin-born Unionist leader and barrister, is buried in Belfast. 7 December – a bad day for Irish sport, the Ireland national rugby team is beaten by New Zealand. 16 December – Foynes in County Limerick is chosen to be the European terminal of a flying boat air service. William Magner begins commercial production in Clonmel, County Tipperary. 12 August – Seán OCaseys play The Silver Tassie, set in World War I and premièred in 1929 in London, is first performed at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin,23 September – The fourth Theatre Royal opens in Dublin. The Irish Folklore Commission is set up by the Government under the direction of Séamus Ó Duilearga to study and collect information on folklore, samuel Beckett publishes his poetry Echos Bones and Other Precipitates. Sinéad de Valera produces her play Cluichidhe na Gaedhilge, oliver St. John Gogarty publishes his first prose work, As I Was Going Down Sackville Street, A Phantasy in Fact. Norah Hoult publishes her novel Holy Ireland, yeats publishes his poetry A Full Moon in March. League of Ireland Winners, Dolphins FAI Cup Winners, Bohemians 4–3 Dundalk Irish Open is won by Ernest Whitcombe,2 January – Neil Downing, writer. 11 January – Colm OReilly, Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise,16 January – William Walsh, Bishop of Killaloe

6.
Ireland
–
Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time

7.
1941 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1941 in Ireland. President, Douglas Hyde Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera 2 January – three Carlow women are killed in a night of German bombing in parts of Leinster,3 January – further German bombing of Dublin. 13 January – the poet and novelist James Joyce dies in Zurich,24 January – part of the old State Chambers in Dublin Castle are destroyed by fire. 20 February – emergency Scientific Research Bureau set up to seek alternatives to raw materials in short supply,6 March –3,800 animals are slaughtered after the fiftieth case of foot-and-mouth disease is announced. 20 March – bread rationing is introduced,21 March – Glencullen and Glencree machine-gunned by Luftwaffe in Bristol Channel. 22 March,16,00 hours – collier St. Fintan attacked by two Luftwaffe bombers, off the coast of Pembrokeshire and sunk with all hands –9 dead,26 March – Edenvale bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe in Bristol Channel. 27 March – Lady Belle bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe in Irish Sea,2 April – Edenvale bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe in Bristol Channel. 15 April – the Belfast blitz 1,000 people are killed in bombing raids on Belfast,71 fire men with 13 fire tenders from Dundalk, Drogheda, Dublin, and Dún Laoghaire cross the Irish border to assist their Belfast colleagues. 5 May – Belfast suffers its third bombing raid during World War II, the Dublin government authorises its emergency services to assist. 7 May – Wages Standstill Order,12 May – Menapia bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe off Welsh coast –2 wounded. 14 May – five further outbreaks of disease are reported. 17 May – Glenageary bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe in Irish Sea,19 May – City of Waterford bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe off Welsh coast –1 wounded. 26 May – a special sitting of Dáil Éireann unanimously condemns the introduction of conscription in Northern Ireland,27 May – speaking in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Winston Churchill rules out the introduction of conscription in Northern Ireland. 30 May – Kyleclare bombed off Waterford coast,31 May – bombing of Dublin in World War II,34 people are killed when the Luftwaffe bomb part of Dublin. 2 June – Arklow is bombed by the Luftwaffe, with no casualties,24 July – Dundalk is bombed by the Luftwaffe, with no casualties. Summer –16,000 men and boys are employed on county council turf-cutting schemes,22 August – S. S. Clonlara torpedoed and sunk by U-564 in North Atlantic, while in Convoy OG71 –13 survivors and 11 dead. 12 October – Charles Stewart Parnell, the uncrowned King of Ireland, is honoured in a pageant in Dublin. November – Brendan Behan is released from Borstal in England and deported to Ireland,8 December – the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Winston Churchill cables the Taoiseach inviting him to join the Allies of World War II

8.
1942 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1942 in Ireland. President, Douglas Hyde Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera January – Newrath Bridge in County Wicklow collapses,3 March – due to the The Emergency the rationing of gas is introduced. 5 March – it is announced that Ireland is to have a new Central Bank replacing the old Currency Commission,16 March – Irish Willow is detained by German submarine U-753 but released. April – attempted shooting of two Garda Síochána detectives during a ceremony at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, for which Brendan Behan is imprisoned,2 June – speed levels are restricted to prevent wear of tyres on cars, motorcycles and buses. Summer – Ailtirí na hAiséirghe, a radical nationalist and fascist political party, is founded by Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin,7 June – first mass held at the new Roman Catholic Cavan Cathedral. 11 August – Irish Rose rescues seven survivors from the American ship Wawaloam in the Atlantic,13 August – Irish Pine rescues nineteen survivors from the British ship Richmond Castle in the Atlantic. 26 August – Irish Willow rescues 47 survivors from the British ship Empire Breeze in the Atlantic,17 September – Irish Larch rescues forty survivors from the Panamanian ship Stone Street in the Atlantic. 2 October – British cruiser Curacoa collides with the liner Queen Mary off the coast of Donegal,15 November – Irish Pine torpedoed and sunk by U-608, in North Atlantic,33 die. 12 December – Irish Poplar collides with the launch Eileen and the Cork Harbour pilot during a force eight gale,22 December – there are reports of a split in the Labour Party due to the selection of candidates for the forthcoming general election. December – Government prohibits direct newspaper advertising in Ireland of jobs in the U. K, during the year £4. 5M is remitted to Ireland from Irish workers already in Britain through the Post Office. 16 March – Paul Vincent Carrolls wartime drama The Strings Are False premieres at the Olympia Theatre, June – Brendan Behans I Become a Borstal Boy is published in The Bell. Eric Cross publishes his novel The Tailor and Ansty, which is prohibited in Ireland by the Censorship of Publications Board, Patrick Kavanaghs poetry The Great Hunger is published by the Cuala Press. Maura Lavertys novel Never No More is published, having been serialised in The Bell, seán Ó Súilleabháins A Handbook of Irish Folklore is published for the Folklore of Ireland Society in Dublin. League of Ireland Winners, Cork United FAI Cup Winners, Dundalk 2 -2,3 -1 Cork United, Irish Open is not played due to The Emergency. 12 January John Moore, Bishop of the Diocese of Bauchi, hilary Weston, 26th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. 16 January – Tony Doyle, actor,18 January – Eric Barber, soccer player. 12 February – Robert Ellison, Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Banjul,22 April – Aengus Fanning, journalist and editor. 15 May – Pádraic McCormack, Fine Gael TD for Galway West, July – John Bowman, historian and broadcaster

9.
1943 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1943 in Ireland. President, Douglas Hyde Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera 1 February – the Currency Commission is renamed the Central Bank of Ireland, it is not, however,23 February – S. S. Kyleclare torpedoed in North Atlantic by U-456, eighteen die. 23–24 February – Cavan Orphanage Fire, thirty-five girls and a cook from St Josephs Orphanage, a subsequent inquiry absolves the Poor Clares of blame. British military aircraft crashes at Templeport, Tullyhaw, County Cavan, pilot, April –8 republicans interned at Curragh Camp begin a hunger strike for release. 1 May – Sir Basil Brooke becomes Prime Minister of Northern Ireland,15 May – Irish Oak torpedoed and sunk by U-607,700 miles west of Ireland, crew rescued by Irish Plane eight hours later. City of Bremen bombed by a Junkers 88 and sunk in the Bay of Biscay,23 June – Irish general election,1943, Fianna Fáil under Éamon de Valera remain in power, but lose their parliamentary majority. Electoral gains are made by the Labour Party and Clann na Talmhan, members of the 11th Dáil assemble on 1 July. 29 December – MV Kerlogue rescues 164 Germans from the Bay of Biscay, winter – Irish coffee first served, at Foynes. 26 April – M. J. Molloys first play, the comedy Old Road, is premiered at the Abbey Theatre,25 May – Christine Longfords historical play Patrick Sarsfield is premiered at the Gate Theatre, Dublin. The Irish Exhibition of Living Art is founded, the National Film Institute, a predecessor of the Irish Film Institute, is founded under the influence of the Catholic Church to counter perceived moral corruption in imported films. Cecil Day-Lewis publishes his poetry Word Over All, mary Lavin publishes her first book, Tales from Bective Bridge, ten short stories about life in rural Ireland, which wins the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. Kate OBrien publishes her novel The Last of Summer, cathal Ó Sándair publishes his first novels, An t-eiteallán do-fheicthe and Triocha písa airgid. League of Ireland Winners, Cork United FAI Cup Winners, Drumcondra 2–1 Cork United, Irish Open is not played due to The Emergency. 17 January – Thomas John Curry, Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles,27 January – Seán Ryan, Labour Party TD, Seanad Éireann member. 30 January – Pat Henderson, Kilkenny hurler and manager,9 February – Pat Dunne, soccer player. 7 April – Francis OBrien, Fianna Fáil Senator,10 April – Patrick Hughes, cricketer. 1 May – Joe Walsh, Fianna Fáil TD and Cabinet Minister,7 May – Donal McCann, actor. 21 May – Michael Noonan, Fine Gael TD for Limerick East,14 June – Maurice Manning, Fine Gael politician

10.
1944 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1944 in Ireland. President, Douglas Hyde Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera 26 January – W. T. Cosgrave officially resigns as leader of no Fine Gael,10 March – The United States alleges that Irelands neutrality is operating in favour of the Axis Powers. 13 March – The British Government bans all travel between Great Britain and Ireland. 22 March – Cymric lost between Ardrossan and Lisbon –11 dead 1 June – Irish general election,1944, The ruling Fianna Fáil under Éamon de Valera gains a majority of 14 seats over all other parties, members of the 12th Dáil assemble on 9 June. 7 June – The Minister for Supplies, Seán Lemass, announces further rationing of electricity,21 July – Irish Fir reports a near miss torpedo attack in North Atlantic. 22 August – Men from Tyrone and Fermanagh form an Anti-Partition League in Dublin,29 November – The Chief Genealogical Officer issues County Dublin with a coat of arms, the first county to receive such a distinction. 30 November – General Eoin ODuffy, former leader of the Blueshirts, dr. John Dignan, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clonfert, publishes Social Security, Outlines of a Scheme of National Health Insurance. Dr. James Deeny is appointed Chief Medical Officer, January – The White Stag group stages an exhibition of Subjective Art in Dublin. 28 August – Joseph Tomeltys play The End House is premièred at the Abbey Theatre, John M. Feehan founds the successful Cork-based publishing house Mercier Press. John Lynchs De praesulibus Hiberniae is first published, in Dublin, Frank OConnors short story collection Crab Apple Jelly is published. GAA All Ireland Football Winners, Roscommon GAA League of Ireland Winners, Shelbourne FAI Cup Winners, Irish Open is not played due to The Emergency. 2 January – Martin Drennan, Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Galway,5 January Edward Haughey, Baron Ballyedmond, businessman and senator. Louis Stewart, jazz guitarist 7 January – Joe McGowan, historian, folklorist,8 February – Brian Farrell, Roman Catholic bishop in the Roman Curia. 22 February – Richard Higgins, Titular Bishop of the Casae Calanae,10 April – Leo OReilly, Bishop of Kilmore. 8 May – Paddy OHanlon, barrister and SDLP politician,21 May – Gerry Murphy, soccer coach. 21 May – Mary Robinson, first female and seventh President of Ireland,24 May Ruth Dudley Edwards, historian. Raymond Field, Auxiliary Bishop in the Archdiocese of Dublin,25 May – Tom Munnelly, folk-song collector. 27 May – Hugh Lambert, journalist and editor,30 May – Liam Naughten, Fine Gael politician, Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 1995 until his death

11.
1945 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1945 in Ireland. President, Douglas Hyde, Seán T. OKelly Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera 1 January – most public transport came under the control of Córas Iompair Éireann,12 January – the people of Ireland donated £100,000 to the starving people of Italy. 13 April – Dáil Éireann sat for 20 minutes to express sympathy and pay tribute to US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt,27 April – the Fine Gael party nominated Seán Mac Eoin as their presidential election candidate in opposition to the Minister for Finance Seán T. OKelly. 2 May In one of the most controversial episodes of his premiership, in the last Irish shipping loss due to World War II, motor fishing trawler Naom Garvan caught a naval mine in her trawl off Helvick Head, Dungarvan, all three crew were lost. 7 May – reports of a German surrender brought students of Trinity College Dublin onto the roof of the university singing the English, a riot ensued following the burning of the Irish tricolour. 11 May – Government censorship of the media was lifted,16 May – Éamon de Valera replied in a radio broadcast to Winston Churchills criticism of Irish neutrality. 18 May – Éamon de Valera announced £12 million food and clothing aid programmed for Europe,22 May – Irish Legal Terms Act signed into law. 25 June – Seán T. OKelly was inaugurated as the second President of Ireland, July – Rannóg an Aistriúcháin, the Oireachtas translation service, published Litriú na Gaeilge, Lámhleabhar an Chaighdeáin Oifigiúil. 24 July – John F. Kennedy visited Dublin as a journalist and met the Taoiseach and he filed a story for the New York Journal-American on 29 July entitled, Eamon de Valera Seeks to Unite All Ireland, Eire Premier Answers Dillon on Constitutional Rights. 21 August – two nationalist MPs took the Oath of Allegiance and entered the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster,16 September – Count John McCormack, the famous tenor, died in Dublin aged 61. 15 October – Professor Eoin MacNeill died in Dublin aged 77 and he was a founder-member of the Gaelic League and the Irish Volunteers. 3 December – oranges went on sale in Ireland for the first time since the end of World War II,14 December – the Nuremberg Trials heard the story of German plans to create a revolution in Ireland during the War. 25 December – in his presidential address President Seán T. OKelly asked the youth of Ireland to make an effort to restore the Irish language. A popular edition of the Constitution of Ireland is published by the Stationery Office, J. Sheridan Le Fanus Green Tea and Other Ghost Stories was published posthumously in the United States. E. J. Moerans Cello Concerto incorporated fragments of Irish music, establishment of Irish language publisher Sáirséal agus Dill in Dublin by Seán Sairséal Ó hÉigeartaigh and his wife Bríd Ní Mhaoileoin. League of Ireland Winners, Cork United FAI Cup Winners, Shamrock Rovers 1–0 Bohemians, the Irish Open was not played due to The Emergency. 8 January – Kevin Conneff, bodhrán player and singer with The Chieftains,12 January Tony Maher, Cork hurler. 2 February – Billy Morgan, Cork Gaelic footballer and manager,5 February – Michael Courtney, titular archbishop of Eanach Dúin and Apostolic Nuncio to Burundi

12.
1940 in Northern Ireland
–
Monarch - George VI2 January - The Royal Ulster Constabulary finds 2½ tons of the ammunition stolen in last years Irish Republican Army Dublin Christmas Raid inside County Armagh. 1 June - Sale of the neutralist Derry Journal in Northern Ireland is prohibited for four days,4 July - Taoiseach Éamon de Valera announces that the policy of neutrality adopted the previous September will not be reversed. 24 November - James Craig, the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and he was the longest continually serving Prime Minister in Europe. Ballymena, Cushendall and Red Bay Railway ceases operations, the Northern Ireland Players join with the Ulster Theatre and the Jewish Institute Dramatic Society to form the Group Theatre. Opening of the Vogue Cinema, Kilkeel, County Down, an example of modern architecture. Louis MacNeice publishes his poetry collection The Last Ditch, Irish League Winners, Belfast Celtic Irish Cup Winners, Ballymena United 2 -0 Glenavon 26 January - Séamus Hegarty, Bishop of Derry. 5 February - Andy Tyrie, loyalist paramilitary,7 February - Harold McCusker, Ulster Unionist Party MP.9 February - Seamus Deane, poet, critic and novelist. 11 February - Anne Gregg, travel writer and TV presenter,24 March - Sam Gardiner, Ulster Unionist Party MLA.6 June - Willie John McBride, international rugby player. 31 July - Roy Walker, comedian and television presenter,29 August - P. J. Bradley, SDLP MLA.6 September - Anthony Farquhar, Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Down and Connor. 26 November - Charles Corry, cricketer,24 November - James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon, first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland

13.
1940
–
Below, the events of World War II have the WWII prefix. January 4 – WWII, Axis powers, Luftwaffe Col Hermann Göring assumes control of most war industries in Germany, January 6 – WWII, Winter War, General Semyon Timoshenko takes command of all Soviet forces. January 8 WWII, Winter War – Battle of Suomussalmi, The Soviet 44th Rifle Division is destroyed by Finnish forces, WWII, Food rationing begins in Great Britain. January 9 – WWII, British submarine HMS Starfish is sunk, January 26 – Brisbane, Australia swelters through its hottest day ever,43.2 degrees Celsius. January 27 – WWII, A peace resolution introduced in the Parliament of South Africa is defeated 81–59, February 1 – WWII, Winter War – Soviet forces launch a major assault on Finnish troops occupying the Karelian Isthmus. February 2 – Vsevolod Meyerhold is executed in the Soviet Union on charges of treason and he is cleared of all charges 15 years later in the first waves of de-Stalinization February 7 – RKO release Walt Disneys second full-length animated film, Pinocchio. February 9 – Mae West & W. C, fields join comedic forces for My Little Chickadee with tremendous success. The film becomes one of the highest grossing of the year, February 10 – Tom and Jerry make their debut in Puss Gets the Boot. However it is not until 1941 that their current names are adopted, February 22 – In Tibet, province of Ando, 4-year-old Tenzin Gyatso is proclaimed the tulku of the thirteenth Dalai Lama. February 27 – Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben discover carbon-14, February 29 – Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African-American to win an Academy Award. March 2 – Cartoon character Elmer Fudd makes his debut in the animated short Elmers Candid Camera, march 3 – In Luleå, Sweden, a time bomb destroys the office of Swedish communist newspaper Norrskensflamman. March 5 – Katyn massacre, Members of the Soviet Politburo sign an order, prepared by Beria, for the execution of 25,700 Polish intelligentsia, including 14,700 Polish POWs. March 11 – Ed Ricketts, John Steinbeck and six others leave Monterey, march 12 – The Soviet Union and Finland sign a peace treaty in Moscow ending the Winter War, Finns, along with the world at large, are shocked by the harsh terms. March 18 – WWII, Axis powers, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps, after being informed by Hitler that the Germans are ready to attack in the west, Mussolini agrees to bring Italy into the war in due course. March 21 – Édouard Daladier resigns as prime minister of France, truth or Consequences debuts on NBC Radio. March 31 – WWII, Commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis leaves the Wadden Sea for what become the longest warship cruise of the war. April – Robin the Boy Wonder, Batmans trusted sidekick, makes his debut in Detective Comics #38, april 3 – WWII, Operation Weserübung, German ships set out for the invasion of Norway. April 4 – Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in what proves to be a tragic misjudgment, april 7 – Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp

14.
President of Ireland
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The President of Ireland is the head of state of Ireland and the Supreme Commander of the Irish Defence Forces. The President holds office for seven years, and can be elected for a maximum of two terms, unless a candidate runs unopposed, the President is directly elected by the people. The presidency is largely a ceremonial office, but the President does exercise certain limited powers with absolute discretion, the President acts as a representative of the Irish state. Former President Mary McAleese described the office as the guardian of the constitution, the Presidents official residence is Áras an Uachtaráin, which is located in the Phoenix Park in Dublin. The office was established by the Constitution of Ireland in 1937, the current president is His Excellency Michael D Higgins, who was elected on 29 October 2011. His inauguration was held on 11 November 2011, President Higgins is a veteran left-wing politician and human rights campaigner. As a member of the Labour Party, he has served in both houses of the Oireachtas, President Higgins is also a poet and speaks the Irish language fluently. The Constitution of Ireland provides for a system of government. The President is formally one of three parts of the Oireachtas, which also comprises Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann, unlike most other parliamentary democracies, the President is not even the nominal chief executive. Rather, executive authority is vested in the Government. The Government is obliged, however, to keep the President generally informed on matters of domestic, most of the functions of the President may be carried out only in accordance with the strict instructions of the Constitution, or the binding advice of the Government. The President does, however, possess certain personal powers that may be exercised at his or her discretion, the main functions are prescribed by the Constitution, Appoints the government The President formally appoints the Taoiseach and other ministers, and accepts their resignations. The Taoiseach is appointed upon the nomination of the Dáil, ministers are dismissed on the advice of the Taoiseach and the Taoiseach must, unless there is a dissolution of the Dáil, resign upon losing the confidence of the house. Appoints the judiciary The President appoints the judges to all Courts of the Republic of Ireland, convenes and dissolves the Dáil This power is exercised on the advice of the Taoiseach, government or Dáil approval is not needed. The President may only refuse a dissolution when a Taoiseach has lost the confidence of the Dáil, signs bills into law The President cannot veto a bill that the Dáil and the Seanad have adopted. However, he/she may refer it to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality, if the Supreme Court upholds the bill, the President must sign it. If, however, it is found to be unconstitutional, the President will decline to give assent, represents the state in foreign affairs This power is exercised only on the advice of the Government. The President accredits ambassadors and receives the letters of credence of foreign diplomats, ministers sign international treaties in the Presidents name

15.
Douglas Hyde
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Douglas Ross Hyde, known as An Craoibhín Aoibhinn, was an Irish academic, linguist, and scholar of the Irish language who served as the First President of Ireland from 1938-45. He was a figure in the Gaelic revival, and first president of the Gaelic League. Hyde was born at Longford House in Castlerea, County Roscommon, while his mother, Arthur Hyde and Elizabeth Oldfield married in County Roscommon in 1852 and had three other children, Arthur, John Oldfield, and Hugh Hyde. In 1867, his father was appointed prebendary and rector of Tibohine, and he was home schooled by his father and his aunt due to a childhood illness. While a young man, he became fascinated with hearing the old people in the locality speak the Irish language and he was influenced in particular by the gamekeeper Seamus Hart and the wife of his friend, Mrs. Connolly. He was crushed when Hart died and his interest in the Irish language, rejecting family pressure that, like past generations of Hydes, he would follow a career in the Church, Hyde instead became an academic. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he became fluent in French, Latin, German, Greek, a medallist of the College Historical Society, he was elected its Auditor in 1931. His passion for Irish, already a language in severe decline, led him to found the Gaelic League, or in Irish. Hyde married Lucy Kurtz, a German, in 1893 and had two daughters, Nuala and Úna, initially derided, the Irish language movement gained a mass following. In 1893 he helped found the Conradh na Gaeilge to encourage the preservation of Irish culture, music, dance, a new generation of Irish republicans became politicised through their involvement in Conradh na Gaeilge. Hyde filled out the 1911 census form in Irish, uncomfortable at the growing politicisation of the movement, Hyde resigned the presidency in 1915 and was succeeded by the Leagues co-founder, Eoin MacNeill. Hyde had no association with Sinn Féin and the Independence movement and he was elected to Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Irish Free States Oireachtas, at a by-election on 4 February 1925, replacing Sir Hutcheson Poë. In the 1925 Seanad election, Hyde finished 28th of the 78 candidates, the Catholic Truth Society opposed him for his Protestantism and popularized his supposed support for divorce. Historians have suggested that the CTS campaign was ineffective, and that Irish-language advocates performed poorly and he returned to academia, as Professor of Irish at University College Dublin, where one of his students was future Attorney General and President of Ireland Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh. In April 1938, by now retired from academia, was plucked from retirement by Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, again his tenure proved short, even shorter than before. But this time it was because, on the suggestion of Fine Gael, Hyde was chosen after inter-party negotiations as the first President of Ireland, to which he was elected unopposed. He was selected for a number of reasons, Both the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, Both wanted to choose a non-Catholic to disprove the assertion that the State was a confessional state. Hyde was inaugurated as the first President of Ireland on 26 June 1938, Hyde set a precedent by reciting the Presidential Declaration of Office in Irish

16.
Taoiseach
–
The Taoiseach is the head of government or prime minister of Ireland. The current Taoiseach is Enda Kenny, TD, who was appointed on 9 March 2011, on 10 March 2016, at the first sitting of the 32nd Dáil, Kenny failed to gain the support of the house and tendered his resignation to the President. He remained in office in a capacity until being re-elected on 6 May 2016. The word means chieftain or leader in Irish and was adopted in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland as the title of the head of the Government, Taoiseach is the official title of the head of government in both English and Irish. Outside of Ireland, the Taoiseach is often referred to as the Prime Minister of Ireland, under the Constitution of Ireland, the Taoiseach is nominated by a simple majority of Dáil Éireann from among its members. He/she is then appointed to office by the President, who is required to appoint whomever the Dáil designates. For this reason, it is said that the Taoiseach is elected by Dáil Éireann. The Taoiseach may lose the support of Dáil Éireann by the passage of a vote of no confidence, or the failure of a vote of confidence, or alternatively, the Dáil may refuse supply. In the event of the Taoiseachs resignation, he/she continues to exercise the duties, the Taoiseach nominates the remaining members of the Government, who are then, with the consent of the Dáil, appointed by the President. The Taoiseach also has authority to advise the President to dismiss cabinet ministers from office, advice the President is required to follow by convention, the Taoiseach is further responsible for appointing eleven members of the Seanad. The Department of the Taoiseach is the government department which supports, since 2013, the Taoiseachs annual salary is €185,350. It was cut from €214,187 to €200,000 when Kenny took office, a proposed increase of €38,000 in 2007 was deferred when Brian Cowen became Taoiseach and in October 2008, the government announced a 10% salary cut for all ministers, including the Taoiseach. However this was a cut and the salaries remained nominally the same with ministers. This courted controversy in December 2009 when a cut of 20% was based on the higher figure before the refused amount was deducted. The Taoiseach is also allowed an additional €118,981 in annual expenses, there is no official residence of the Taoiseach. The house, which part of the Farmleigh estate acquired by the State in 1999 for €29. 2m, was renovated at a cost of nearly €600,000 in 2005 by the Office of Public Works. Former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern did not use it as a residence, the words Taoiseach and Tánaiste are both from the Irish language and of ancient origin. Though the Taoiseach is described in the Constitution of Ireland as the head of the Government or Prime Minister, Tánaiste in turn refers to the system of tanistry, the Gaelic system of succession whereby a leader would appoint an heir apparent while still living

17.
Irish Naval Service
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The Naval Service is the maritime component of the Defence Forces of Ireland and is one of the three branches of the Irish Defence Forces. Its base is in Haulbowline, County Cork, though preceded by earlier maritime defence organisations, the Naval Service was formed in 1946. Since the 1970s a major role of the Naval Service has been the provision of protection in Irelands exclusive economic zone. Other roles include sea patrol, surveillance, and smuggling prevention, occasionally the Service undertakes longer missions in support of other elements of the Defence Forces, Irish peacekeepers serving with the United Nations, or humanitarian and trade missions. Ships in the Irish Naval Service are designated Long Éireannach, which is abbreviated to LÉ, the LÉ Eithne is the current flagship of the Naval Service. The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 stipulated that the Irish Free State would be given responsibility to police its customs and fishing, in 1923 the Coastal and Marine Service was created, yet merely one year later it was disbanded. This naval involvement technically preceded the foundation of the Irish state, built in 1890 in Dublin Dockyard, the ship measured 262 by 34 feet. In all 450 troops, including officers, were landed, tralee was later captured from local republican forces. Muirchú, formerly the British armed steam yacht Helga, which had used by the Royal Navy to shell Dublin during the 1916 rising, was the only CMS ship during this period. The CMS ship Muirchu continued to patrol Irish fisheries, Muirchu was re-armed in 1936 and purchased by the Irish government on advice of members of the later named Maritime Institute of Ireland for fisheries protection. In 1938 the United Kingdom handed over the three treaty ports, consequently, the Royal Navy withdrew from Cork Harbour in July 1938. Fort Rannoch was added to the Irish fleet at that time, in 1939 the Irish Government ordered two Motor Torpedo Boats from Vospers UK. When World War II began in September 1939 the Marine and Coastwatching Service was set up, in order for Ireland to remain neutral, it became clear that a full naval service would be required. The government consequentially ordered an additional 4 MTBs, by the end of 1940 the Irish Marine and Coastwatching Service consisted of 6 MTBs and 4 other assorted craft. During the War the Service protected fisheries, regulated merchant ships, by 1941 the Marine and Coastwatching Service consisted of 10 craft and about 300 all ranks. In 1942 the Service was renamed the Marine Service, in September 1946, the Marine Service was formally disbanded and the Naval Service established as a permanent component of the Irish Defence Forces. The Naval Service purchased three Flower-class corvettes from the United Kingdom in 1946 and 1947, the tradition of naming Irish Naval Ships after figures in Celtic Mythology began, and the ships were named Cliona, Maev and Macha. These three ships were to become a key part of the Naval Service in the 1950s and 1960s, the first formal training of Irish naval cadets took place at the Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, UK in 1947

18.
Motor Torpedo Boat
–
Motor Torpedo Boat was the name given to fast torpedo boats by the Royal Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy. The motor in the designation, referring to the use of petrol engines, was to distinguish them from the majority of other naval craft that used steam turbines or reciprocating steam engines. The capitalised term is used for the Royal Navy boats. During the Second World War, the US Navy boats were called by their hull classification symbol of PT. German motor torpedo boats of the Second World War were called S-boote by the Kriegsmarine, Italian MTBs of this period were known as Motoscafo Armato Silurante. French MTBs were known as vedettes lance torpilles, soviet MTBs were known as торпедные катеры. After the end of the War in 1945, a number of the Royal Navys MTBs were stripped and the empty hulls sold for use as houseboats. MTBs were designed for speed, operating at night, low speed ambush and manoeuvrability on the water. With no significant armour, the boats relied upon surprise and their agility at high speed to avoid being hit by gunfire from bigger ships, the British and Italian navies started developing such vessels in the early 20th century, shortly before the beginning of the First World War. Italian MAS boats were small, at 20-30 tons displacement. MAS15 was the motor torpedo boat in history to sink a battleship. British torpedo boats of the First World War were small at only around 15 tons and were known as Coastal Motor Boats, in the Second World War, British MTBs were operated by Coastal Forces. A similar size boat with a different role in the Second World War was the BPB63 ft High Speed Launch used by the RAF, the last MTBs in the Royal Navy were the two Brave-class fast patrol boats of 1958 which were capable of 50 knots. Many boats were built with a MTB designation but varied substantially, a 55 footer capable of 40 knots was shown in 1930. The Vosper private boat was designed by Commander Peter Du Cane CBE and she was completed and launched in 1937. She was bought by the Admiralty and taken into service with the Royal Navy as MTB102. Length,68 ft Beam,19 ft 9 in Draft,3 ft 9 in, armament, Two 21 in torpedo tubes MTB102 was the fastest wartime British naval vessel in service. She was at Dunkirk for the evacuation and carried Winston Churchill and they were based on the British Power Boat rescue craft and were originally designed for the Royal Air Force but reduced to 60 ft in length

19.
Cork (city)
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Cork is a city in Ireland, located in the South-West Region, in the province of Munster. It has a population of 125,622 and is the second largest city in the state, the greater Metropolitan Cork area has a population exceeding 300,000. In 2005, the city was selected as the European Capital of Culture, the city is built on the River Lee which splits into two channels at the western end of the city, the city centre is divided by these channels. They reconverge at the end where the quays and docks along the river banks lead outwards towards Lough Mahon and Cork Harbour. The citys cognomen of the city originates in its support for the Yorkist cause during the English 15th century Wars of the Roses. Corkonians often refer to the city as the capital in reference to the citys role as the centre of anti-treaty forces during the Irish Civil War. Cork was originally a settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman settlers founded a trading port and it has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandinavian trade network. The citys charter was granted by Prince John, as Lord of Ireland, the city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted Black Rent from the citizens to them from attacking the city. The present extent of the city has exceeded the boundaries of the Barony of Cork City. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south, the medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. The then mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England, oBrien published a third local newspaper, the Cork Free Press. In the War of Independence, the centre of Cork was burnt down by the British Black and Tans, during the Irish Civil War, Cork was for a time held by anti-Treaty forces, until it was retaken by the pro-Treaty National Army in an attack from the sea. The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild oceanic and changeable with abundant rainfall, Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met Éireann maintains a weather station at Cork Airport, a few kilometres south of the city. It should be noted that the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself, there are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill

20.
Steinkjer
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Steinkjer is a city and municipality in the Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Innherad region, the city is located on the inner part of the Trondheim fjord. Steinkjer is the largest city in the county, and the municipality is the countys second-most populous after it was passed by Stjørdal in 2008, the city is also the administrative place of Nord-Trøndelag County Council. Other populated areas in Steinkjer include the villages of Bartnes, Beitstad, Binde, Byafossen, Følling, Kvam, Lerkehaug, Mære, Sparbu, Sunnan, Vassaunet, Vekre, and Vellamelen. The village of Steinkjer in the municipality of Stod was declared a town in 1857, the initial population of Steinkjer was 1,150. Over time as the town grew, land was annexed from the neighboring municipalities and it started on 1 January 1902 when an unpopulated area from Ogndal was taken for future growth of Steinkjer. Then in 1941, an area was taken from Ogndal to add to Steinkjer, again in 1948, an area was transferred from Ogndal and another area was transferred from Egge. The town is named after the old Steinkjer farm, since it is built on its ground, the first element is steinn which means stone or rock. The last element is ker which means a barrier made for catching fish, the coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 8 March 1957. The arms show a star with six points on a blue background. The original meaning of the star was that six main roads crossed in Steinkjer, after the municipal reorganization, the arms were re-granted, but the meaning has slightly changed. Steinkjer now formed the centre of the municipality and the points are directed to the six districts in the municipality, Beitstad, Egge, Kvam, Ogndal, Sparbu. The Church of Norway has nine parishes within the municipality of Steinkjer and it is part of the Nord-Innherad deanery and the Diocese of Nidaros. The Steinkjer area has been populated since the Stone Age, as shown by the Bølareinen rock carving, which depicts an almost life-sized reindeer, there are other rock carvings in the area as well, as in Bardal, the oldest up to 6,000 years old. The Steinkjer area was one of the strongest powerbases in early Viking age, Mære was one of the best known Norse religious places with sacrifices and seasonal gatherings before Christianity came to Norway. Steinkjer has survived two major disasters in modern history, the first was a town-wide fire in the year 1900, which burned down much of the southern parts of the town. The second disaster happened on 21 and 22 April 1940, when the town was struck by Luftwaffe bombers during the Norwegian Campaign, most of the town was destroyed, but no lives were lost. This attack destroyed a part of Steinkjer, and many priceless historical buildings were lost

21.
Shetland
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Shetland /ˈʃɛtlənd/, also called the Shetland Islands, is a subarctic archipelago that lies northeast of the island of Great Britain and forms part of Scotland, United Kingdom. The islands lie some 80 km to the northeast of Orkney and 280 km southeast of the Faroe Islands, the total area is 1,466 km2 and the population totalled 23,210 in 2012. The largest island, known simply as Mainland, has an area of 967 km2, making it the third-largest Scottish island, there are an additional 15 inhabited islands. The archipelago has a climate, a complex geology, a rugged coastline and many low. Humans have lived in Shetland since the Mesolithic period, and the earliest written references to the date back to Roman times. The early historic period was dominated by Scandinavian influences, especially Norway, when Scotland became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, trade with northern Europe decreased. Fishing has continued to be an important aspect of the economy up to the present day, the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s significantly boosted Shetland economy, employment and public sector revenues. The local way of life reflects the Scots and Norse heritage of the isles including the Up Helly Aa fire festival, the islands have produced a variety of writers of prose and poetry, often in Shetland dialect. There are numerous areas set aside to protect the fauna and flora. The Shetland pony and Shetland Sheepdog are two well known Shetland animal breeds, other distinguished local breeds include the Shetland sheep, cow, goose, and duck. The Shetland pig, or grice, has been extinct since approximately 1930, the islands motto, which appears on the Councils coat of arms, is Með lögum skal land byggja. This Icelandic phrase is taken from the Danish 1241 Basic Law, Codex Holmiensis, and is mentioned in Njáls saga. The name of Shetland is derived from the Old Norse words, hjalt, in AD43 and 77 the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder referred to the seven islands they call Haemodae and Acmodae respectively, both of which are assumed to be Shetland. Another possible early reference to the islands is Tacitus report in AD98, after describing the discovery and conquest of Orkney. In early Irish literature, Shetland is referred to as Inse Catt—the Isles of Cats, the Cat tribe also occupied parts of the northern Scottish mainland and their name can be found in Caithness, and in the Gaelic name for Sutherland. It is possible that the Pictish cat sound forms part of this Norse name and it then became Hjaltland in the 16th century. As Norn was gradually replaced by English in the form of the Shetland dialect which shares similarities with Scots English. The initial letter is the Middle Scots letter, yogh, the pronunciation of which is almost identical to the original Norn sound, /hj/

22.
German submarine U-25 (1936)
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German submarine U-25 was one of two Type IA ocean-going submarines produced by Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine. Constructed by DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen as yard number 903 and it experienced a short, but successful combat career, sinking eight ships and damaging one. Until 1940, U-25 was primarily used as training vessel and for propaganda purposes by the Nazi government, during its trials it was found that the Type IA submarine was difficult to handle due to its poor stability and slow dive rate. In early 1940, the boat was called into duty due to the shortage of available submarines. U-25 participated in five war patrols, sinking eight ships and badly damaging one, on 17 January 1940,10 miles north of Shetland, U-25 torpedoed SS Polzella. Enid, of then-neutral Norway en route to Dublin, went to assist Polzella, U-25 then shelled and sank Enid. Her crew escaped in their lifeboats, none of Polzella s crew survived. The boat sank, taking all hands with it, U-25 took part in one wolfpack, namely. German U-boats of WWII - uboat. net

23.
Naval mine
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A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of, or contact with, Naval mines can be used offensively—to hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a harbour, or defensively—to protect friendly vessels and create safe zones. Mines can be laid in many ways, by purpose-built minelayers, refitted ships, submarines and their flexibility and cost-effectiveness make mines attractive to the less powerful belligerent in asymmetric warfare. The cost of producing and laying a mine is usually anywhere from 0. 5% to 10% of the cost of removing it, parts of some World War II naval minefields still exist because they are too extensive and expensive to clear. It is possible for some of these 1940s-era mines to remain dangerous for many years to come, Mines have been employed as offensive or defensive weapons in rivers, lakes, estuaries, seas, and oceans, but they can also be used as tools of psychological warfare. Offensive mines are placed in enemy waters, outside harbours and across important shipping routes with the aim of sinking both merchant and military vessels. Defensive minefields safeguard key stretches of coast from enemy ships and submarines, forcing them into more easily defended areas, minefields designed for psychological effect are usually placed on trade routes and are used to stop shipping from reaching an enemy nation. They are often spread thinly, to create an impression of minefields existing across large areas, a single mine inserted strategically on a shipping route can stop maritime movements for days while the entire area is swept. International law requires nations to declare when they mine an area, the warnings do not have to be specific, for example, during World War II, Britain declared simply that it had mined the English Channel, North Sea, and French coast. Chinese records tell of naval explosives in the 16th century, used to fight against Japanese pirates and this kind of naval mine was loaded in a wooden box, sealed with putty. General Qi Jiguang made several timed, drifting explosives, to harass Japanese pirate ships, although this is the rotating steel wheellocks first use in naval mines, Jiao Yu had described their use for land mines back in the 14th century. The first plan for a sea mine in the West was by Ralph Rabbards, the Dutch inventor Cornelius Drebbel was employed in the Office of Ordnance by King Charles I of England to make weapons, including a floating petard which proved a failure. Weapons of this type were apparently tried by the English at the Siege of La Rochelle in 1627, American David Bushnell developed the first American naval mine for use against the British in the American War of Independence. It was a watertight keg filled with gunpowder that was floated toward the enemy and it was used on the Delaware River as a drift mine. In 1812 Russian engineer Pavel Shilling exploded a mine using an electrical circuit. Russian naval specialists set more than 1500 naval mines, or infernal machines, designed by Moritz von Jacobi and by Immanuel Nobel, the mining of Vulcan led to the worlds first minesweeping operation. During the next 72 hours,33 mines were swept, the Jacobi mine was designed by German born, Russian engineer Jacobi, in 1853. The mine was tied to the sea bottom by an anchor, a cable connected it to a cell which powered it from the shore

24.
Irish Sea
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The Irish Sea, separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St Georges Channel, anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea, the sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping and transport, fishing, and power generation in the form of wind power and nuclear power plants. Annual traffic between Great Britain and Ireland amounts to over 12 million passengers and 17 million tonnes of traded goods, the Irish Sea has undergone a series of dramatic changes over the last 20,000 years as the last glacial period ended and was replaced by warmer conditions. At the height of the glaciation the central part of the sea was probably a long freshwater lake. As the ice retreated 10,000 years ago the lake reconnected to the sea, becoming brackish, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Irish Sea as follows, On the North. The Southern limit of the Scottish Seas, a line joining St. Davids Head to Carnsore Point. It is connected to the North Atlantic at both its northern and southern ends, to the north, the connection is through the North Channel between Scotland and Northern Ireland and the Malin Sea. The southern end is linked to the Atlantic through the St Georges Channel between south eastern Ireland and Pembrokeshire in Wales, and the Celtic Sea. The Irish Sea is composed of a channel about 300 km long and 30–50 km wide on its western side. The western channels depth ranges from 80 metres up to 275 m in the Beauforts Dyke in the North Channel, the main embayments – Cardigan Bay in the south and the waters to the east of the Isle of Man – are less than 50 m deep. The Sea has a water volume of 2,430 km3, 80% of which is to the west of the Isle of Man. The largest sandbanks are the Bahama and King William Banks to the east and north of the Isle of Man, the Irish Sea, at its greatest width, is 200 km and narrows to 75 km. Unlike Great Britain, Ireland has no tunnel or bridge connection to continental Europe, thus the vast majority of heavy goods trade is done by sea. The Port of Liverpool handles 32 million tonnes of cargo and 734 thousand passengers a year, Holyhead port handles most of the passenger traffic from Dublin and Dún Laoghaire ports, as well as 3.3 million tonnes of freight. Ports in the Republic handle 3,600,000 travellers crossing the sea each year and this has been steadily dropping for a number of years, probably as a result of low cost airlines. There is also a connection between Liverpool and Belfast via the Isle of Man or direct from Birkenhead, the worlds largest car ferry, Ulysses, is operated by Irish Ferries on the Dublin Port–Holyhead route, Stena Line also operates between Britain and Ireland. The Port of Barrow-in-Furness, despite being one of Britains largest shipbuilding centres, a ferry crossing used to run between Swansea and Cork, but given the geographical limits defined above, this route crosses the Celtic Sea rather than the Irish Sea

25.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea

26.
Poulaphouca Reservoir
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Poulaphouca Reservoir, officially Pollaphuca, is an active reservoir and area of wild bird conservation in west County Wicklow, Ireland. It is also known locally as Blessington Lakes, the reservoir is one of two major sources of Dublins water supply, the other major supply being Vartry Reservoir in east Wicklow. The reservoir is known as lakes due to its shape. A ridge of land, on which the village of Valleymount lies, divides the southern part of the reservoir, the goosander, recently arrived as a breeding species in Ireland, can sometimes be seen here. Ardnacrusha power plant Carnsore Point Electricity Supply Board

27.
Dam
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A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity, a dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. The word dam can be traced back to Middle English, and before that, from Middle Dutch, the first known appearance of dam occurs in 1165. However, there is one village, Obdam, that is mentioned in 1120. The word seems to be related to the Greek word taphos, so the word should be understood as dike from dug out earth. The names of more than 40 places from the Middle Dutch era such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam, early dam building took place in Mesopotamia and the Middle East. Dams were used to control the level, for Mesopotamias weather affected the Tigris. The earliest known dam is the Jawa Dam in Jordan,100 kilometres northeast of the capital Amman and this gravity dam featured an originally 9-metre-high and 1 m-wide stone wall, supported by a 50 m-wide earth rampart. The structure is dated to 3000 BC, the Ancient Egyptian Sadd-el-Kafara Dam at Wadi Al-Garawi, located about 25 km south of Cairo, was 102 m long at its base and 87 m wide. The structure was built around 2800 or 2600 BC as a dam for flood control. During the Twelfth Dynasty in the 19th century BC, the Pharaohs Senosert III, Amenemhat III, two dams called Ha-Uar running east-west were built to retain water during the annual flood and then release it to surrounding lands. The lake called Mer-wer or Lake Moeris covered 1,700 km2 and is today as Berkat Qaroun. One of the wonders of the ancient world was the Great Dam of Marib in Yemen. Repairs were carried out during various periods, most important around 750 BC and these extensive works were not actually finalized until 325 AD and allowed the irrigation of 25,000 acres. By the mid-late 3rd century BC, an intricate water-management system within Dholavira in modern-day India was built, the system included 16 reservoirs, dams and various channels for collecting water and storing it. Eflatun Pınar is a Hittite dam and spring temple near Konya and it is thought to be from the time of the Hittite empire between the 15th and 13th century BC

28.
River Liffey
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The River Liffey is a river in Ireland, which flows through the centre of Dublin. Its major tributaries include the River Dodder, the River Poddle, the river supplies much of Dublins water and a range of recreational opportunities. The river was previously named An Ruirthech, meaning fast runner, the word Liphe referred originally to the name of the plain through which the river ran, but eventually came to refer to the river itself. It was also known as the Anna Liffey, possibly from an anglicisation of Abhainn na Life, James Joyce personified the river as Anna Livia Plurabelle in Finnegans Wake. See Annals of Inisfallen for the year 808, AI808.2 A defeat by the Laigin on Áed, son of Niall, the Liffey rises in the Liffey Head Bog between Kippure and Tonduff in the Wicklow Mountains, forming from many streamlets at Sally Gap. It crosses from County Wicklow into County Kildare at Poulaphouca and from County Kildare into County Dublin at Leixlip, the catchment area of the Liffey is 1,256 km2. The long term average flow rate of the river is 18.0 m3/s, the Liffey system is a substantial one, including dozens of smaller rivers and streams. Early tributaries include the Athdown Brook, Shankill River, Ballylow Brook, Brittas River and Woodend Brook, downstream of Poulaphouca are the Lemonstown Stream, Kilcullen Stream and Pinkeen Stream, followed by the Painestown River, Rye Water, and the Griffeen River. Within Dublin are the various Phoenix Park streams on the bank, interspersed with right bank tributaries such as the Glenaulin Stream. In earlier times, the River Tolka was also arguably a tributary of the Liffey, or at least shared its mouth, there are dams for three ESB hydroelectric power stations along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip. Major reservoir facilities also exist at Poulaphouca, the Liffey does not feature natural lakes, and has few islands. Significant falls at Poulaphouca and at Golden Falls were flooded by reservoir construction, there remain areas of rapids, notably as the river approaches Dublin city. Towns along the river include Ballymore Eustace, Athgarvan, Kilcullen, Newbridge, Caragh, Clane, Celbridge, Leixlip, the River Liffey in Dublin city has been used for many centuries for trade, from the Viking beginnings of the city up to recent times. It is connected to the River Shannon via the Grand Canal, around 60% of the Liffeys flow is abstracted for drinking water and to supply industry. Much of this makes its way back into the river after purification in wastewater treatment plants, a popular myth is that Liffey water is used to brew Guinness but this is not true as Guinness uses water piped from the Wicklow mountains. ESB hydroelectric power stations exist along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip, a well-known sight on the Liffey up to the 1990s, the Lady Patricia and Miranda Guinness cargo ships were used to export Guinness from the St. Jamess Gate Brewery. In recent years, the regular traffic on the river within the city is the Liffey Voyage water tour bus service. Downstream of the East-Link bridge, the river is mainly used for commercial and ferry traffic

29.
Poulaphouca
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Poulaphouca, officially Pollaphuca, is the name of a waterfall and bridge on the River Liffey between County Wicklow and County Kildare. It is primarily known for its generating station and artificial lake, known as Poulaphouca Reservoir, Poulaphouca Lake. The once famous Poulaphouca Waterfall has little water running over it any longer because of the hydroelectric project, the reservoir at Poulaphouca has been designated as a Special Protection Area by the National Parks and Wildlife Service and is of international importance for its greylag goose population. A waterfall immediately west of the bridge, renowned as a beauty spot from at least the 18th century, was lost with the construction of the Poulaphouca Reservoir, Poulaphouca Bridge replaced Horsepass Bridge to the northeast, now under Poulaphouca Reservoir. The ticket office survives as a residence immediately northeast of the bridge on the N81 road

30.
ESB Group
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The Electricity Supply Board, commonly known as the ESB, is a state owned electricity company operating in the Republic of Ireland. While historically a monopoly, the ESB now operates as a commercial semi-state concern in a liberalised and it is a statutory corporation whose members are appointed by the Government of Ireland. The ESB is composed of distinct, separate and legally demarcated companies. ESB Generation and Wholesale Markets, operates a portfolio of stations across the country, along with holdings in wind. Wholesale market share is currently below fifty percent, from January 2012, it will be known simply as Electric Ireland and will not use the ESB brand at all, though it will remain a part of the ESB. ESB International Limited, responsible for the companys unregulated activities, ESBI Limited principally provides electrical engineering consultancy services around the world. ESBI is a company with holdings in many areas, such as power-generation joint ventures, renewables development. However, the ESB does not own the former business of NIE. The ESB was established by the fledgling Irish Free State government under the Electricity Act,1927 to manage Irelands electricity supply after the successful Shannon Scheme at Ardnacrusha. The scheme was Irelands first large-scale electricity plant – and at the time, to give an idea of the growth in demand, the output of Ardnacrusha is now approximately two per cent of national peak demand for power. By 1937, plans were being finalised for the construction of several more hydro-electric plants, the plans called for stations at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls, Leixlip, Clady, Cliff and Cathleens Fall, Carrigadrohid and Inniscarra. All these new plants were completed by 1949, and together harnessed approximately 75% of Irelands inland water power potential, many of these plants are still in operation – however as could be expected with continuing growth in demand their combined capacity falls far short of Irelands modern needs. With Irelands towns and cities benefiting from electricity, the new government pushed the idea of Rural Electrification, between 1946 and 1979, the ESB connected in excess of 420,000 customers in rural Ireland. The Rural Electrification Scheme has been described as the Quiet Revolution because of the major socio-economic change it brought about, the process was greatly helped in 1955 by the Electricity Supply Amendment Act,1955. The original station consisted of one 12.5 MW steam turbine that was purchased for a power station at Portarlington. Other power stations built around this time included the peat fired stations at Portarlington, County Laois, located in County Longford, the plant burns peat, cut by Bord na Móna in the bogs of the Irish midlands. In 1965 the Shannonbridge station was commissioned and it is located in County Offaly. The two stations have been replaced by new peat-fired stations near the locations, and peat is also used to power the independent Edenderry Power plant

31.
Hydroelectricity
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Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015 hydropower generated 16. 6% of the total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013, China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 920 TWh of production in 2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity use. The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a source of renewable electricity. The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants, the average cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U. S. cents per kilowatt-hour. With a dam and reservoir it is also a source of electricity since the amount produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the mid-1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical-, by the late 19th century, the electrical generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics. The growing demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well, in 1878 the worlds first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at Cragside in Northumberland, England by William George Armstrong. It was used to power an arc lamp in his art gallery. The old Schoelkopf Power Station No.1 near Niagara Falls in the U. S. side began to produce electricity in 1881. The first Edison hydroelectric power station, the Vulcan Street Plant, began operating September 30,1882, in Appleton, Wisconsin, by 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric power stations in the U. S. and Canada. By 1889 there were 200 in the U. S. alone, at the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power stations were being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas. Grenoble, France held the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism with over one million visitors, by 1920 as 40% of the power produced in the United States was hydroelectric, the Federal Power Act was enacted into law. The Act created the Federal Power Commission to regulate hydroelectric power stations on federal land, as the power stations became larger, their associated dams developed additional purposes to include flood control, irrigation and navigation. Federal funding became necessary for development and federally owned corporations, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority. Hydroelectric power stations continued to become larger throughout the 20th century, Hydropower was referred to as white coal for its power and plenty. Hoover Dams initial 1,345 MW power station was the worlds largest hydroelectric station in 1936

32.
Nash Point
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Nash Point is a headland and beach in the Monknash Coast of the Vale of Glamorgan in south Wales, about a mile from Marcross. It is a location for ramblers and hiking along the cliffs to Llantwit Major beach. The lighthouse meadow is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, containing plants such as the tuberous thistle. Many fossils, including ammonites and gryphaea are to be found there, Marcross Brook passes through the cliffs and an Iron Age hillfort, usually called Nash Point Camp, stands on the north side of the brook, although its remains have been largely eroded by the sea. Round barrows are also to be found nearby, in 1962, the empty tanker BP Driver was pushed on the rocks and was abandoned by its crew of five, all of whom survived. Despite the assistance given by the lighthouse, the captain was unable to bring her in safely to land. At low tide, remains of the wreck can be found about 200m north of the access by the light house. The Nash Point Lighthouse is a Grade II listed building, dating from 1831-32, there are two lights, a high light and a low light, located at a distance of around 300 metres from one another. The leading light was removed during the 1920s because of the location of the Nash sandbank. The lighthouse was designed by James Walker, the engineer for Trinity House. Its construction is said to have been spurred by the wreck of The Frolic on the Nash Sands in March 1831, the ship was on its way from Bristol to Haverfordwest. First lit in 1832, the lighthouse was electrified in 1968, Nash Point Lighthouse became the last manned lighthouse in Wales, and was automated in 1998. The lighthouse is now open to visitors, and is used as a wedding venue. The fog signal, no longer needed by ships, is sounded on the first Saturday, currently, cottages around the lighthouse can be rented out as holiday accommodation. List of lighthouses in Wales Information and photos Trinity House

33.
ST Leukos
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The ST Leukos was an Irish Commercial trawler that was sunk off the coast off the north coast of Ireland by a German U-boat on 9 March 1940. The vessel, which had been fishing in the company of British trawlers, was attacked by the German submarine U-38 off Tory Island, the submarine surfaced opening fire with its deck gun. All 11 crew members were lost, the reason for the attack has never been proved. As a neutral country, all Irish ships, including the Leukos, were unarmed, first the Leukos had positioned herself between the fleeing British trawlers in the hope that the U-boat would respect Irish Neutrality. Second that she tried to ram the U-Boat and this is the view taken by the Irish Seamens Relatives Association which holds that the Leukos attempted to ram the U-38 as it threatened the British fishing fleet. They maintain that this selfless bravery should be acknowledged by the British government, death certificates for the lost crew were not issued until 1986. ST Leukos was built in Aberdeen in 1914 by the John Duthie Torry Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. for the National Steam Fishing Company of Aberdeen and she was powered by a coal-fired steam engine. During World War I she was requisitioned by the British Admiralty and used as a boom defence vessel, in 1920 she was sold to Tucker, Tippet and Company and continued fishing out of Aberdeen. On 27 February 1927 she was in a collision with ST Thomas Bartlett, later that year she was sold to the Dublin Trawlers, Ice and Cold Storage Company with offices at 8 Cardiff Lane, Dublin. She was transferred to the Irish registry and she was based at Hanover Quay, Ringsend, Dublin On 9 February 1940 the Leukos sailed from Hanover Quay under Captain James Potter Thomasson, from Fleetwood, Lancashire. She called to Troon, Scotland for coaling and then headed for ‘the bank’ and she was scheduled to return to Dublin on 12 March 1940, but failed to return. On 21 March her empty lifeboat was found off Scarinish on the Island of Tiree in the Scottish Inner Hebrides, on 26 March, Lloyds of London declared the Leukos and her crew were presumed lost. This loss remained a mystery until 1986, there were theories, was she on a target list because of her previous role as a boom defence vessel, or was there a structural weakness caused by her collision with ST Thomas Bartlett. The general assumption was that she struck a mine, officially she was listed as ‘missing’. Further details were uncovered by Peter Mulvany, grand-nephew of Patricio McCarthy and they were published in the Spring 1987 edition of the Journal of the Maritime Institute of Ireland. His sources were former U-boat personnel and recently declassified intelligence resulting from decryption of encrypted German radio communications, on 11 September 1939, U-38, on its first patrol, shelled and sunk the Irish-flagged oil tanker Inverliffey carrying 13,000 tons of gasolene. The blazing oil threatened to engulf the Inverliffey’s lifeboats, at some risk to the U-38, it towed the lifeboats away from the flames. They were later rescued by the American oil-tanker R. G, stewart, which transferred them to the American freighter SS City of Joliet and landed at Antwerp, Belgium

34.
German submarine U-38 (1938)
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German submarine U-38 was a Type IXA U-boat of Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine that operated during World War II. Her keel was laid down on 15 April 1937, by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen as yard number 943 and she was launched on 9 August 1938 and commissioned on 24 October with Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Liebe in command. U-38 conducted eleven patrols, as part of several flotillas, during her career, she sank over 30 enemy vessels and damaged a further one. U-38 ranks as one of the most successful U-boats in World War II and she was scuttled west of Wesermünde on 5 May 1945. Throughout the war, the U-Boat suffered no losses among her crew, as one of the eight original German Type IX submarines, later designated IXA, U-38 had a displacement of 1,032 tonnes when at the surface and 1,153 tonnes while submerged. The U-boat had a length of 76.50 m, a pressure hull length of 58.75 m, a beam of 6.51 m, a height of 9.40 m. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m propellers, the boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres. The submarine had a surface speed of 18.2 knots. When submerged, the boat could operate for 65–78 nautical miles at 4 knots, when surfaced, she could travel 10,500 nautical miles at 10 knots. U-38 was fitted with six 53.3 cm torpedo tubes,22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun,180 rounds, the boat had a complement of forty-eight. U-38 left the port of Wilhelmshaven on 19 August 1939, the boat operated off the coast of Lisbon, returning to port on 18 September. During this four-week period, she sank two ships, on 5 September 1939 U-38 stopped the French ship Pluvoise, examined her papers and released her. Pluvoise broadcast the event, warning others of the U-boat, the British steam freighter SS Manaar was sunk on 6 September 1939. U-38 opened fire on the freighter and she returned fire and this was the first time that a merchantman fired at a U-boat. As Manaar had fired at him, Liebe did not assist the survivors, radio Officer James Turner remained at his post until the last moment. As he was leaving he found two Lascars, one badly injured, Turner rescued both men while under continuous fire from U-38, for this he was awarded the Empire Gallantry Medal. On 11 September 1939, while flying the Irish tricolour, Inverliffey was shelled, in spite of Captain William Trowsdales protestation that they were Irish, Liebe said that they were sorry but they would sink Inverliffey as she was carrying contraband petrol to England. The crew took to the lifeboats, Inverliffey burned fiercely, endangering the lifeboats

35.
Tory Island
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Tory Island, or simply Tory, is an island 14.5 kilometres off the north-west coast of County Donegal in Ireland. It is also known in Irish as Oileán Thoraí or, historically, the main spoken language on the island is Irish, although English is spoken to communicate with visitors. Tory is part of the Donegal Gaeltacht and Ulster Irish is the main Irish dialect in use, the island is approximately 5 kilometres long and 1 kilometre wide. The 2002 census recorded a population of 133, the population is divided among four towns – An Baile Thoir, An Baile Thiar, An Lár and Úrbaile. In August 2010, the King of Tory confirmed that there were 96 people living on the island, petrol and diesel are available from Tory Oil at prices significantly higher than on the mainland. Tory has no airport, but has regular connections from mainland County Donegal. The ferry travels daily from April to October and five times a week for the rest of the year, the ferry does not take cars, but holds up to 70 passengers. During the winter months, sea crossings may not be due to rough seas – but from November to March. The later Fomorian king Balor of the eye also lived here. Balor would imprison Ethlinn in a tower built atop Tor Mór, Tor Mór is the islands highest point. A monastery was founded on Tory in the 6th century by Colmcille, the monastery dominated life on the island until 1595, when it was plundered and destroyed by English troops, waging a war of suppression against local chieftains. The monasterys bell tower is the largest structure to survive and was built in the 6th or 7th century, the Battle of Tory Island, the last action in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, took place at sea nearby. The loss was kept a secret in Britain until 14 November 1918. The sinking was witnessed and photographed by passengers on RMS Olympic sister ship of RMS Titanic, since the 1950s, the island has been home to a small community of artists, and has its own art gallery. The English artist Derek Hill was associated with the Tory artist community, reflecting a long-standing tradition, a king is chosen by consensus of the islanders. The current Rí Thoraí is painter Patsy Dan Rodgers, the king has no formal powers, though duties include being a spokesperson for the island community and welcoming people to the island. Power is generated on the island today from three diesel electricity generators and these have a total capacity of 4 MW and burn through approximately 500 litres of fuel every day. Public attention was focused on the island in 2009 when a resident was awarded a payout following a court case after his house was demolished

36.
U-boat
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U-boat is the anglicised version of the German word U-Boot, a shortening of Unterseeboot, literally undersea boat. While the German term refers to any submarine, the English one refers specifically to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role. Austro-Hungarian navy submarines were known as U-boats. The first submarine built in Germany, the three-man Brandtaucher, sank to the bottom of Kiel harbor on 1 February 1851 during a test dive, the inventor and engineer Wilhelm Bauer had designed this vessel in 1850, and Schweffel & Howaldt constructed it in Kiel. Dredging operations in 1887 rediscovered Brandtaucher, it was raised and put on display in Germany, there followed in 1890 the boats WW1 and WW2, built to a Nordenfelt design. The SM U-1 was a completely redesigned Karp-class submarine and only one was built, the Imperial German Navy commissioned it on 14 December 1906. It had a hull, a Körting kerosene engine. The 50%-larger SM U-2 had two torpedo tubes, the U-19 class of 1912–13 saw the first diesel engine installed in a German navy boat. At the start of World War I in 1914, Germany had 48 submarines of 13 classes in service or under construction, during that war the Imperial German Navy used SM U-1 for training. Retired in 1919, it remains on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, on 5 September 1914, HMS Pathfinder was sunk by SM U-21, the first ship to have been sunk by a submarine using a self-propelled torpedo. On 22 September, U-9 sank the obsolete British warships HMS Aboukir, HMS Cressy, for the first few months of the war, U-boat anticommerce actions observed the prize rules of the time, which governed the treatment of enemy civilian ships and their occupants. On 20 October 1914, SM U-17 sank the first merchant ship, surface commerce raiders were proving to be ineffective, and on 4 February 1915, the Kaiser assented to the declaration of a war zone in the waters around the British Isles. This was cited as a retaliation for British minefields and shipping blockades, under the instructions given to U-boat captains, they could sink merchant ships, even potentially neutral ones, without warning. In February 1915, a submarine U-6 was rammed and both periscopes were destroyed off Beachy Head by the collier SS Thordis commanded by Captain John Bell RNR after firing a torpedo, on 7 May 1915, SM U-20 sank the liner RMS Lusitania. The sinking claimed 1,198 lives,128 of them American civilians, munitions that it carried were thousands of crates full of ammunition for rifles, 3-inch artillery shells, and also various other standard ammunition used by infantry. The sinking of the Lusitania was widely used as propaganda against the German Empire, a widespread reaction in the U. S was not seen until the sinking of the ferry SS Sussex. The sinking occurred in 1915 and the United States entered the war in 1917, the initial U. S. response was to threaten to sever diplomatic ties, which persuaded the Germans to issue the Sussex pledge that reimposed restrictions on U-boat activity

37.
Flag of Ireland
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The national flag of Ireland – frequently referred to as the Irish tricolour – is a vertical tricolour of green, white, and orange. The proportions of the flag are 1,2, the Irish government has described the symbolism behind each colour as being that green represents the older Gaelic tradition while the orange represents the supporters of William of Orange. The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between the Orange and the Green, Meagher was the son of Newfoundland-born mayor of Waterford, Thomas Meagher Jr. The flag was adopted in 1916 by the Easter Rising rebels and its use was continued by the Irish Free State and it was later given constitutional status under the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. The tricolour is used by nationalists on both sides of the border as the flag of the whole island of Ireland since 1916. Thus it is flown by nationalists in Northern Ireland as well as by the Gaelic Athletic Association. In relation to the flag of Ireland, the Constitution of Ireland simply states in Article 7, The national flag is the tricolour of green, white. As there are no statutory requirements in relation to the flag. In its advisory role, the Department has issued guidelines to assist persons in their use of the national flag, the flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be two times its width, translating into an aspect ratio of 1,2. The three coloured pales — green, white and orange — should be of size. Provided that the proportions are observed, the flag may be made to any convenient size. The green pale in the flag symbolises Irish republicanism dating back to the Society of United Irishmen in the 1790s and his title came from the Principality of Orange in the south of France that had been a Protestant bastion from the 16th century. It was included in the Irish flag in an attempt to reconcile the Orange Order in Ireland with the Irish independence movement, the white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between the two cultures and a living together in peace. There are exceptions to the general beneficent theory, Green was also used as the colour of such Irish bodies as the mainly-Protestant and non-sectarian Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick, established in 1751. Occasionally, differing shades of yellow, instead of orange, are seen at civilian functions, however the Department of the Taoiseach state that this is a misrepresentation which should be actively discouraged, and that worn-out flags should be replaced. In songs and poems, the colours are sometimes enumerated as green, white and gold, variants of different guises are utilised to include -for example, various emblems of Ireland, such as the presidential harp, the four provinces or county arms. A green flag featuring a harp is described as being used by Owen Roe ONeill in 1642, in the late 18th century green had become associated as the colour of revolution. The United Irishmen, founded in the 1790s, were inspired by the French revolution, the colours were also used in the same period for rosettes and badges, and on the banners of trade guilds

38.
North Sea
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The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and it is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres wide, with an area of around 570,000 square kilometres. The North Sea has long been the site of important European shipping lanes as well as a major fishery, the North Sea was the centre of the Vikings rise. Subsequently, the Hanseatic League, the Netherlands, and the British each sought to dominate the North Sea and thus the access to the markets, as Germanys only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea continued to be strategically important through both World Wars. The coast of the North Sea presents a diversity of geological and geographical features, in the north, deep fjords and sheer cliffs mark the Norwegian and Scottish coastlines, whereas in the south it consists primarily of sandy beaches and wide mudflats. Due to the population, heavy industrialization, and intense use of the sea and area surrounding it. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean, in the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres wide, with an area of 570,000 square kilometres and a volume of 54,000 cubic kilometres. Around the edges of the North Sea are sizeable islands and archipelagos, including Shetland, Orkney, the North Sea receives freshwater from a number of European continental watersheds, as well as the British Isles. A large part of the European drainage basin empties into the North Sea including water from the Baltic Sea, the largest and most important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the Elbe and the Rhine – Meuse watershed. Around 185 million people live in the catchment area of the rivers discharging into the North Sea encompassing some highly industrialized areas, for the most part, the sea lies on the European continental shelf with a mean depth of 90 metres. The only exception is the Norwegian trench, which extends parallel to the Norwegian shoreline from Oslo to a north of Bergen. It is between 20 and 30 kilometres wide and has a depth of 725 metres. The Dogger Bank, a vast moraine, or accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris and this feature has produced the finest fishing location of the North Sea. The Long Forties and the Broad Fourteens are large areas with uniform depth in fathoms. These great banks and others make the North Sea particularly hazardous to navigate, the Devils Hole lies 200 miles east of Dundee, Scotland. The feature is a series of trenches between 20 and 30 kilometres long,1 and 2 kilometres wide and up to 230 metres deep. Other areas which are less deep are Cleaver Bank, Fisher Bank, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the North Sea as follows, On the Southwest

39.
St Patrick's College, Maynooth
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St Patricks College, Maynooth, is the National Seminary for Ireland, and a Pontifical University, located in the village of Maynooth,24 km from Dublin, Ireland. In 2015–16 there were approximately 80 men studying for the priesthood at Maynooth,60 resident seminarians, the college and seminary are often referred to as Maynooth College. The college was established as the Royal College of St Patrick by an Act of Grattans Parliament in 1795. Thomas Pelham, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, introduced his Bill for the foundation of a Catholic college, degrees are awarded by the Pontifical University at Maynooth, which was established by a Pontifical Charter of 1896. The Pontifical Charter entitles the university to grant degrees in law, philosophy. The college is associated with the separate Maynooth University, the town of Maynooth, County Kildare, was the seat of the Fitzgeralds, Earls of Kildare. On October 7,1515 Henry VIII granted licence for the establishment of a College, in 1518, the 9th Earl presented a petition to the then Archbishop of Dublin, for a license to found and endow a college at Maynooth, the College of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 1535 the College was suppressed and its endowments and lands confiscated as part of the Reformation, the present college was created in the 1790s against the background of the upheaval during the French Revolution and the gradual removal of the penal laws. Until this time a significant number of Irish Catholic priests were educated on the European continent, with the opening of Clongowes Wood in 1814, the lay college was closed and the college functioned solely as a Catholic seminary for almost 150 years. The college was intended to provide for the education of Catholic priests in Ireland. The added value in this was the reduction of the number of returning from training in revolutionary France thus hindering potential revolution. The value to the government was proved by the condemnation by the Catholic Church hierarchy of the 1798 rebellion, in 1800, John Butler, 12th Baron Dunboyne, died and left a substantial fortune to the College. Butler had been a Roman Catholic, and Bishop of Cork, however, there were no children to his marriage and it was alleged that he had been reconciled to the Catholic Church at his death. Were this the case, a Penal Law demanded that the will was invalid, much litigation followed before a negotiated settlement in 1808 that led to the establishment of a Dunboyne scholarship fund. The land was donated by William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster and he lived nearby at Carton and also at Leinster House. The building work was paid for by the British Government, parliament continued to give it an annual grant until the Irish Church Act 1869, when this law was passed the College received a capital sum of £369,000. The trustees invested 75% of this in mortgages to Irish landowners at a yield of 4. 25% or 4. 75% per annum and this would have been considered a secure investment at that time but agitation for land reform and the depression of the 1870s eroded this security. The largest single mortgage was granted to the Earl of Granard, accumulated losses on these transactions reached £35,000 by 1906

40.
Hunger strike
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Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not solid food. In cases where an entity has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker, fasting was used as a method of protesting injustice in pre-Christian Ireland, where it was known as Troscadh or Cealachan. It was detailed in the contemporary civic codes, and had rules by which it could be used. The fast was often carried out on the doorstep of the home of the offender, scholars speculate this was due to the high importance the culture placed on hospitality. Allowing a person to die at ones doorstep, for a wrong of which one was accused, was considered a great dishonor, others say that the practice was to fast for one whole night, as there is no evidence of people fasting to death in pre-Christian Ireland. The fasts were primarily undertaken to recover debts or get justice for a perceived wrong, there are legends of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, using the hunger strike as well. This Indian practice is ancient, going back to around 400 to 750 BC and this can be known since it appears in the Ramayana, which was composed around that time. The actual mention appears in the Ayodhya kanda, in Sarga 103, bharata has gone to ask the exiled Rama to come back and rule the kingdom. Bharata tries many arguments, none of which work, at which point he decides to do a hunger strike and he announces his intention to fast, calls for his charioteer Sumantra to bring him some sacred Kusha grass, and lies down upon the grass in front of Rama. Rama, however, is able to persuade him to abandon the attempt. Rama mentions it as a practice of the brahmanas, in the first three days, the body is still using energy from glucose. After that, the liver starts processing body fat, in a process called ketosis, after depleting fat, the body enters a starvation mode. At this point the body mines the muscles and vital organs for energy, there are examples of hunger strikers dying after 46 to 73 days of strike. In the early 20th century suffragettes frequently endured hunger strikes in British prisons, marion Dunlop was the first in 1909. She was released, as the authorities did not want her to become a martyr, other suffragettes in prison also undertook hunger strikes. The prison authorities subjected them to force-feeding, which the suffragettes categorized as a form of torture, in 1913 the Prisoners Temporary Discharge of Ill Health Act changed policy. Hunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick, when they had recovered, the suffragettes were taken back to prison to finish their sentences. Like their British counterparts, American suffragettes also used this method of political protest, Hunger strikes have deep roots in Irish society and in the Irish psyche

41.
Mountjoy Jail
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Mountjoy Prison, founded as Mountjoy Gaol and nicknamed The Joy, is a medium security prison located in Phibsborough in the centre of Dublin, Ireland. It has the largest prison population in Ireland, the current prison warden is Brian Murphy. Mountjoy was designed by the British military engineering officer, Captain Joshua Jebb, Royal Engineers and opened in 1850, a total of 46 prisoners were executed within the walls of the prison, prior to the abolition of capital punishment. Executions were done by hanging, after which the bodies of the dead were taken down from the gallows, the list of prisoners executed at Mountjoy Prison includes, Kevin Barry Patrick Moran Frank Flood Thomas Whelan Thomas Traynor Patrick Doyle Thomas Bryan Bernard Ryan Edmond Foley Patrick Maher. Rory OConnor Joe McKelvey Liam Mellows Richard Barrett Annie Walsh from Limerick and she remains the only woman ever executed by the Irish State which was founded in 1922. After being convicted of murdering a Garda officer, Charlie Kerins, the last execution carried out in the Republic of Ireland, that of Michael Manning, took place in Mountjoy Prison on 20 April 1954. Some Irish leaders involved with the Irish War of Independence and Irish Civil War were held there, on 14 May 1921, an IRA team led by Paddy Daly and Emmet Dalton mounted an attempt to rescue Sean McEoin from the prison. They used an armoured car to gain access to Mountjoy. On 31 October 1973, it was the scene of an escape by a hijacked helicopter by three Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners, including Seamus Twomey and J. B OHagan. By 2006, a 60-hectare site had acquired for €30 million at Thornton Hall, Fingal. The new facility was intended to accommodate 1,400 prisoners, the site was planned to include court facilities, video-conference links, medical and therapeutic facilities, but due to government cutbacks these plans have now been sidelined. In August 2006, prisoners who were separated from the rest of the population for safety were mixed together for a night with mentally ill inmate Stephen Egan. Prisoner Gary Douche was killed by Egan who was not guilty of murder due to a lack of responsibility. This prompted the Minister of Justice to seek a limit of 520 inmates on the capacity of the prison, in October 2010, the prison was placed under lockdown after a night of violence and rioting involving more than 70 inmates. It started when a number of prisoners attacked three officers with pool cues and balls during recreation. Reinforcements were brought in from around Dublin to quell the riot, in 2016, figures were released showing that Mountjoy Prison saw a disproportionate number of prisoners hospitalised due to assaults and self-harm. In response, the Irish Penal Reform Trust said the levels of violence and intimidation in Irish prisons, particularly in Mountjoy Prison. Mountjoy Prison is constructed along a radial design with four wings, A through D

42.
Plan W
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German planning for Operation Green began in May 1940 and the British began intercepting communications about it in June. However, because of the threat of German occupation and seizure of Ireland and especially the valuable Irish ports, Plan W was developed. Northern Ireland was to serve as the base of a new British Expeditionary Force that would move across the Irish border to repel the invaders from any established by German paratroopers. In addition, coordinated actions of the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy were planned to repel German air, by April 1941, the new BTNI commander, General Sir Henry Pownall extended his planning for a German invasion to cover fifty percent of the entire Irish coastline. He believed that German troops were likely to land in Cork, Limerick, Waterford, Westport, Galway, Sligo, British Army personnel also carried out secret intelligence-gathering trips to glean information on the rail system south of the border. Discussions over the possible German invasion of Ireland had been ongoing in Britain since the beginning of 1939, the British suspected that, following their defeat in France, the next step would be a German invasion of Britain – Operation Sea Lion. They did not know, but also suspected, that there was a plan to invade neutral Ireland – Operation Green, in this context, they embarked on the policy of planning, together with the Irish authorities, for the defence of the island. This was a proposal as most of the Irish political establishment had been combatants in the Anglo-Irish War against the British between 1916 and 1921. However it was not so different from de Valeras position in 1921, during the debates on the Anglo-Irish Treaty in late 1921, de Valera had submitted his ideal draft, known as Document No.2 which included,2. In time of war such harbour and other Naval facilities as the British Government may reasonably require for the purposes of defence as aforesaid. Major General Joseph McSweeney, General Officer Commanding of Irish Armys Western Command in 1940, had been in the GPO during the Easter Rising, colonels Archer and Bryan of Military Intelligence G2 had also fought in the conflicts. The IRA member Tom Barry volunteered his services to the Irish Army in 1939, after the invasion of Belgium and the Netherlands, the British were convinced that an invasion of Ireland would come from the air, via paratroopers. They were not satisfied with the Irish governments defence capability, particularly against airborne troops, the topic of reoccupying the 26 counties of Ireland had been a matter of political conversation in Britain since the beginning of the war. The same month Major General Bernard Monty Montgomery was busy planning the seizure of what he referred to as Cork, winston Churchill was to also refer to the. Most heavy and grievous burden placed upon Britain by the Royal Navys exclusion from the three Treaty Ports, the Economist reported that Britain should seize the ports if they become a matter of life and death. The remarks were made in the face of mounting losses in the Battle of the Atlantic, attempts were also made on 26 June 1940 to split the consensus in Ireland over the neutrality policy via a possible coup attempt. An approach was made to Richard Mulcahy by an Irish-born ex-British Army lieutenant colonel who was a city councillor in the State. Mulcahy recorded that the ex-officer. called to say that the people in the North are prepared to make a convention with this country without reference to the Northern Government

43.
Nazi Germany
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Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943

44.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic

45.
Rosario, Santa Fe
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Rosario is the largest city in the province of Santa Fe, in central Argentina. It is located 300 km northwest of Buenos Aires, on the shore of the Paraná River. Rosario is the third most populous city in the country, and is also the most populous city in Argentina that is not a provincial capital, with a growing and important metropolitan area, Greater Rosario has an estimated population of 1,276,000 as of 2012. One of its main attractions includes the architecture that has been retained over the centuries in hundreds of residences, houses. Rosario is the city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina. The city is a railroad terminal and the shipping center for north-eastern Argentina. Ships reach the city via the Paraná River, which allows the existence of a 10-metre-deep port, the Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically. Exports include wheat, flour, hay, linseed and other oils, corn, sugar, lumber, meat, hides. Manufactured goods include flour, sugar, meat products, and other foodstuffs, the Rosario-Victoria Bridge, opened in 2004, spans the Paraná River, connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria, across the Paraná Delta. Because it plays a role in agricultural commerce, the city finds itself at the center of a continuing debate over taxes levied on big-ticket agricultural goods such as soy. Along with Paraná, Rosario is one of the few Argentine cities that cannot point to an individual as its founder. The citys patron is the Virgin of the Rosary, whose feast day is October 7, the asteroid 14812 Rosario was named in its honor. In 1689, captain Luis Romero de Pineda received part of the lands of the Pago de los Arroyos by royal decree, before that, the area was originally inhabited by Calchaquí tribes in reducciones, a kind of missions founded by Franciscans. These missions were attacked and destroyed by hostile tribes of the Chaco region. Romero de Pineda established the first permanent settlement, an estancia — intended as farmland, in 1719 the Jesuits bought another part and established Estancia San Miguel. The area was still so scarcely populated that it had no authority, it was ruled from the provincial capital. In 1724, another settlement was initiated by Santiago de Montenegro, who set up a mill, drew plans for the future town, built a chapel. The area of control of local government extended northward from todays Rosario

The Inauguration of Seán T. O'Kelly in 1945. The 2nd Cavalry Squadron of the Blue Hussars escort the President, who travelled in the late Queen Alexandra's landau. The Landau and the Hussars were later scrapped.

A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines. …

Polish wz. 08/39 contact mine. The protuberances near the top of the mine, here with their protective covers, are called Hertz horns, and these trigger the mine's detonation when a ship bumps into them.

British Mk 14 sea mine

A 14th-century drawn illustration of a naval mine and page description from the Huolongjing