What is the progression of the sex ratio in stuttering?

Ratio is approximately 1:1 at onset. Girls start to stutter earlier but recover earlier and more often. By the time they enter the school, the ratio is closer to 3:1, and this ratio continues into adulthood.

8

What are fluency-inducing conditions? Provide 5 examples.

Fluency inducing conditions are temporary periods of fluent speech caused by reduced demands on speech-motor control and language formation.

1) Speaking to animal or a baby2) Speaking in unison with another3) Speaking to rhythm/music4) When swearing5) In slow/prolonged manner

9

What are the developmental/treatment levels of stuttering and their associated ages?

What are the categories of normal disfluencies?

PMS TRIPP

What are the characteristics of normal disfluency?

1) No more than 10 disfluencies per 100 words2) Typically one-unit repetitions (occasionally 2) 3) Most common disfluencies are interjections, revisions and repetitions.4) Children are unaware of their disfluencies

What are the characteristics of intermediate stuttering?

- most frequent core is blocks (still have rep/pro)- use of escape behaviours to get out of blocks- begin to anticipate blocks so use avoidance- fear before stuttering, embarrassment during, shame after- stuttering itself has not changed, 2 behaviours do

What are considered "atypical disfluencies"?

What are secondary behaviours?

Learned behaviours triggered by the experience or anticipation of stutter. Include:1) ESCAPE: speaker stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter to finish the word2) AVOIDANCE: speaker anticipates a stutter and tries to avoid it