Perturbing the circadian system by electrolytically lesioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or varying the environmental light:dark schedule impairs memory, suggesting that memory depends on the circadian system. We ...

Presbycusis, the progressive loss of hearing that occurs with aging, is a widespread condition with serious economical and social ramifications. Mice with age-related hearing loss (AHL) are commonly used as models of ...

The sensory modalities of hearing and balance are mediated by the six sensory organs of the inner ear that are each comprised of the same two main cell types, support cells and mechanosensory hair cells. Loss of the sensory ...

Sex steroid hormones modulate vocal communication in a number of species. While much is known about the impact of these hormones on the motor systems responsible for generating vocal output, less is known about the influence ...

To promote an organism's evolutionary fitness, neurocircuitry has developed that encodes and responds to stressors. Stress motivates appropriate responding to environmental challenges through a diverse array of mechanisms ...

Stress-induced release of dynorphin and subsequent activation of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been hypothesized to mediate the dysphoric component of stress. Evidence suggests that this dysphoria can alternately ...

Stress-induced release of dynorphin and subsequent activation of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been hypothesized to mediate the dysphoric component of stress. Evidence suggests that this dysphoria can alternately ...

The first step in perception occurs within the circuits of an organism's sensory systems. Throughout many sensory modalities, diverse arrays of neurons are often spatially organized to sample salient features and/or regions ...

Mechanosensory hair cells in the inner ear are vulnerable to damage that can result in hearing loss and balance disorders. Exposure to excessive noise and ototoxic drugs are two of the leading causes of hair cell loss, ...

Real-world decisions frequently involve tradeoffs between multiple economic dimensions, and the integration of benefits and costs into a common currency of subjective value is fundamental to action selection. Phasic dopamine ...

Embryonic development can be viewed as a series of fate choice events in which multipotent cells divide and adopt more specialized function and morphology. The vertebrate neural crest is an example of a multipotent cell ...

Understanding learning is one of the most basic human fascinations. As a nation we devote large amounts of resources to discovering therapeutic interventions for and preventing learning disabilities that arise developmentally ...

Two cannabinoid (CB) receptors, CB1 and CB2, have been identified at the molecular level. Evidence suggests that other cannabinoid and cannabinboid-like receptors remain to be identified. Using newly developed compounds, ...

Two cannabinoid (CB) receptors, CB1 and CB2, have been identified at the molecular level. Evidence suggests that other cannabinoid and cannabinboid-like receptors remain to be identified. Using newly developed compounds, ...

When objects move, they change position over time. However, the mechanisms in human vision that could be capable of tracking these changes in position are not well understood. I constructed stimuli that combined a first-order ...

The retina contains the first stages of the neural encoding of visual information that begins the generation of our perception of the visual world. The retina contains as many as 70 distinct cell types that interact in ...

Difficult decisions often require evaluation of samples of evidence that are acquired sequentially. If samples of evidence differ in their reliability and an unlimited number of samples can be acquired sequentially, the ...

It has long been known that time-of-day information is required for successful initiation of the ovulation-triggering luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. This is true in rodents and evidence suggests it is true in humans too. ...

The goal of the field of neuroeconomics is to understand the neural representations of variables relevant to theories of decision-making. These variables include the expected value of a prospect and the uncertainty ...