Researchers from the U.S. and Switzerland investigated the sorption for Ca2+ and Na+ over a range of conditions and compared the data with classical one-site, multisite ion-exchange, the Vanseolow and Gaines-Thomas models.

This study examines the effects on stable and radioactive (137)Cs+ and (89)(Sr)2+ by the ion exchange properties of a titanium silicate designated (M)2(Ti)2(O)3(SiO)4-n(H)2O (M=H, Na). The study, which was conducted by the Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University, found that the sodium titanium silicate was an efficient Cs+ ion exchange in alkaline, neutral and acid media, as well as being an efficient Sr(2)+ ion exchanger in alkaline and neutral media.