New research suggests the Eden Patera basin on Mars could have been formed by an explosive volcanic eruption, not the impact of a large object. For the basin and surrounding area, higher elevations (reds and yellows) and lower elevations (blues and grays) are indicated.

NASA/JPL/GSFC

A research project led by Joseph R. Michalski from the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, has identified what could be a supervolcano on Mars — the first discovery of its kind.

The volcano in question, a vast circular basin on the face of the Red Planet, previously had been classified as an impact crater. Researchers now suggest the basin is actually the remains of an ancient supervolcano eruption. Their assessment is based on images and topographic data from NASA’s Mars Odyssey, Mars Global Surveyor, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft, as well as the European Space Agency’s Mars Express orbiter.

Michalski and Jacob E. Bleacher of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, lay out their case that the basin, recently named Eden Patera, is a volcanic caldera. Because a caldera is a depression, it can look like a crater formed by an impact rather than a volcano.

“On Mars, young volcanoes have a very distinctive appearance that allows us to identify them,” Michalski said. “The long-standing question has been what ancient volcanoes on Mars look like. Perhaps they look like this one.”

The researchers also suggest a large body of magma loaded with dissolved gas, similar to the carbonation in soda, rose quickly through thin crust to the surface. Like a bottle of soda that has been shaken, this supervolcano would have blown its contents far and wide if the top came off suddenly.

“This highly explosive type of eruption is a game-changer, spewing many times more ash and other material than typical younger martian volcanoes,” Bleacher said. “During these types of eruptions on Earth, the debris may spread so far through the atmosphere and remain so long that it alters the global temperature for years.”

After the material is expelled from the eruption, the depression that is left can collapse even further, causing the ground around it to sink. Eruptions like these happened in ages past at what is now Yellowstone National Park in the western United States, Lake Toba in Indonesia, and Lake Taupo in New Zealand.

Volcanoes previously had not been identified in the Arabia Terra region of Mars, where Eden Patera is located. The battered, heavily eroded terrain is known for its impact craters. But as Michalski examined this particular basin more closely, he noticed it lacked the typical raised rim of an impact crater. He also could not find a nearby blanket of ejecta, the melted rock that splashes outside the crater when an object hits.

The absence of such key features caused Michalski to suspect volcanic activity. He contacted Bleacher, a volcano specialist, who identified features at Eden Patera that usually indicate volcanism, such as a series of rock ledges that looked like the “bathtub rings” left after a lava lake slowly drains. In addition, the outside of the basin is ringed by the kinds of faults and valleys that occur when the ground collapses because of activity below the surface. The existence of these and other volcanic features in one place convinced the scientists that Eden Patera should be reclassified.

The team found a few more basins that are candidate volcanoes nearby, suggesting conditions in Arabia Terra might have been favorable for supervolcanoes. It is also possible that massive eruptions here are responsible for volcanic deposits elsewhere on Mars that have never been linked to known volcanoes.

“If just a handful of volcanoes like these were once active, they could have had a major impact on the evolution of Mars,” Bleacher said.