The Manure Company

The mill and works of the Malton Farmers’ Manure and Trading Company were situated near the Malton railway station. The original foundation of these was in 1832 when Mr. James Wise erected a mill for bone crushing, and then in 1874 this was taken over and registered as the "Malton Farmers' Manure and Trading Company". This became a flourishing business under the guidance of Mr. William Hodgson, manager, and manufactured and supplied manures and feeding stuffs. The business provided good dividends to its shareholders. The smell caused in the town of the processes being operated by the company and the storage of bones and fish material came to the fore in 1878 when the Local Board of Health brought an action for 'nuisance.' [1] A number of people gave evidence at this. However, it was concluded that although there had been a nuisance, it was not injurious to public health.On Saturday 9th December 1893, a fire completely gutted the mill. [2] The works had the first use of electric light in Malton [3] but the fire destroyed the dynamo. Efforts of the fire brigade prevented the fire spreading to the warehouse.The works re-started on Wednesday, 7th March 1894. The ceremony of re-opening the works and formally installing the new electric lighting apparatus was performed by Mr. W.H. rose, chairman of directors 'who addressed the workmen at length, thanking them and the manager for their energy in assisting in the re-erection.' [4]

The following article is taken from the Yorkshire Gazette series "Malton Trades and Industries:The company with which this article deals was formed in 1874, but the business which was then taken over had been in existence for several years. The premises opposite the railway station “were finished and occupied as a bone mill” – to quote the diary of a deceased Maltonian – in 1862, and the business was carried on by Mr. J.H. Wise under the name of J.H. Wise and Co. The present company was formed under the name of the Malton Farmers’ Manure and Trading Co., with the object of supplying agriculturists, or rather enabling them to supply themselves with chemical manures and “every description of agricultural manure of proved value as a fertiliser, at a price which will simply pay a fair commercial interest on the capital employed in the undertaking.” With this end in view the management was placed in the hands of agriculturists, and the first directors were Messrs. Digby Cayley (chairman), Tranmer, Coulson, Robert Boulton, Robert Hall, William H. Rose, Richard Smeeton, and Seth Tinsley, with Mr. Edward Taylor as secretary and general manager. The office was at this time in St. Michael-st., but but some years later the present commodious offices in Wheelgate were taken. The capital of the company was £20,000, composed of £10 shares. In a prospectus of the company it is claimed that the company was meeting a want very generally felt among farmers, and the prospectus adds that “it is not necessary to remind agriculturists how much it is to their advantage to buy manures which they may feel perfectly certain they are genuine.”Since the formation of the company the business has largely developed, and the mills at Norton have been considerably enlarged.Used at first solely for bone crushing, the works are now fitted with intricate machinery for dissolving and grinding bones and the manufacture of mineral superphosphates. All kinds of artificial manures for different crops and for all soils are also compounded. Bones are crushed to a large extent in the form of meal and quarter-inch dust which are extensively used by Wold farmers for turnip growing. Much attention is also given to the making of various kinds of manure material to suit different crops, and in this direction the company do a large trade with farmers over a wide area. Necessarily, the bulk of the company’s business is done with agriculturists in the immediate district, but the company’s products are in demand at Pickering, Kirbymoorside, Scarborough, Helmsley, Thirsk, Bedale, Northallerton, Ripon, Leyburn, York, Easingwold, Darlington, Stockton, Newcastle, etc. As showing the trade which the company does it may be mentioned that about two thousand tons of raw bones are ground and dissolved in a season, and the mills turn out about eight thousand tons of manures in the same period. The season lasts from the middle of February till June, and between twenty and forty men are employed at the mills, according to the season. The manufacture of mineral superphosphates is an important branch of the company’s business, the raw phosphate for this purpose being imported from Tunis.The company was the first business concern to introduce the electric light in Malton. The work of installation was completed at the mills in January, 1893, and the light was formally switched on by the late Mr. W.H. Rose, the then chairman of the board of directors. At the same time a gas-making apparatus was installed in order to produce power to drive the engines. In December of the same year a fire broke out at the works, with the result that the mill was completely gutted, and the electric light installation, including the dynamo, was destroyed. The damage was said to be over £1,300. Although the fire was so disastrous work was not entirely suspended, and in a short time the mill was rebuilt. The whole of the directorate are agriculturists, and the shareholders are largely composed of farmers. The present directors are Messrs. J.A. Coulson, Scarborough; H. Prodham, Sherburn; F.W. Buttle, Kirkham Manor, Driffield; and W. Fisher, Amotherby. Mr. W. Southwick is the general manager and secretary, he having succeeded the late Mr. W. Hodgson in 1902 [4]An earlier article suggests the company was formed by taking over and amalgamating the businesses of Mr. Edward Taylor who became the secretary and general manager, and, Messrs. J.H. Wise & Co. who were already bone-crushers in the town. The same article states that 'the bones, purely English, collected from neighbouring towns chiefly, are stacked to an enormous height, along with other raw materials, in the yard outside. Here they are carefully sorted by experienced men, who pick out all the horns, hoofs, bits of glass, iron and other unmentionables ... ... The mill reduces the bones to various sizes, half-inch, quarter-inch, and dust, as may be required' [5][4] Yorkshire Gazette Dec 2nd 1911

Biscuits

It was probable that Mr. E. Johnson operated the original biscuit factory as his occupation was given in a marriage announcement in June 1859 ‘On Thursday week, at St. Leonard’s Church, Malton, Mr. E. Johnson, biscuit manufacturer, to Maria, third daughter of Mr. John Hudson, ironmonger, all of Malton.’ [1] Edward Johnson is listed in the 1861 Census as a 'biscuit manufacturer' in Low street. That same census lists 8 'biscuit makers', mostly under 16 years old, a 10 and a 12 year old apprentice, and three others including a 9 year old boy.On Wednesday, 19th February 1868, the Derwent Biscuit Works were destroyed by fire, together with machinery and stock, owned by Messrs. Johnson and Taylor. [2] A further report suggests the scale of the fire ‘The Malton Gas Works and other property were for some hours in the greatest danger. Had it not been for the plentiful supply of water from the newly-accomplished public works, the most part of the business premises of Malton must inevitably have gone down.’[3] The loss was estimated at £7,000 - £8,000, partly insured by ‘The Royal....The loss will be very heavily felt in Malton, not alone by the proprietors but by the large number of hands whom they employ – the majority of which were dependent on this manufactory alone for employment, there being none other of a similar nature hereabouts; and the calamity suggests to them either great distress or a speedy removal.’ [4]Soon after the fire, the Malton Board of Health met to discuss ‘the inefficient state of the fire brigade.’ Apparently ‘neither of the board’s engines could be got into play.’ [5]

That was not the end of biscuits in Malton as it was reported early in 1883 that ‘there is every prospect of a company being successfully floated for the establishment of a biscuit manufactory on a large scale at Malton. A biscuit factory formerly existed there, but was burnt down about fifteen years ago...... A committee has been formed to meet an engineer who is coming to inspect some suggested sites’ [6] The first general meeting of the Malton Biscuit Mill Company Limited was held on 8th September, 1887. It was formed ‘for the manufacture of biscuits of all kinds of confectionery, cakes, and for the supply of whole wheat meal flour.’ The mill was capable of manufacturing 8 – 12 tons of biscuits and three and a half tons of fancy cakes per week. When a certain percentage of dividend is paid, the employees were to get a share of the profits. Earl Fitzwilliam was said to own the mill and to have subscribed for 100 shares. [7]In October 1890 the company was advertising for ‘A Foreman Biscuit Baker’ and offering ‘constant employment to a steady efficient workman.’ [8]In 1893 the company was charged under the Factory Acts for employing boys under the age of 16 who were unregistered and uncertificated as it was necessary to have all boys examined within seven days of the commencement of their employment, and certificates of fitness obtained. [9] The company struggled to get established and in 1894 an extraordinary meeting concluded ‘that the company be wound up voluntarily.’ [10] A dividend was never paid and 150 shareholders lost money [11] After meeting all liabilities there was said to be just £1 18s [12]Possibly, the works were taken over by Messrs. McVitie and Price as an advertisement appeared in November 1894 advertising the works TO LET and stating they were being temporarily occupied by them. [13]Finally, Murderous Assault at Norton. Robert Allen, aged 15, son of Richard Allen, of Greengate, was taken into custody on Wednesday evening, and charged with unlawfully cutting and wounding Charles Stelling, of Norton, on the 4th inst. Both employed at the Derwent Biscuit Works [14]

The Brandsby Agricultural Trading Association took possession of this building in Railway-st from July 1919 and moved their business here from Brandsby shortly after [12]

Milling

In his fascinating book on “Yorkshire” Mr. J.S. Fletcher remarks that in Malton on a market day you can hear more talk of wheat and barley than in any other town of the same size, or even larger. The truth of this statement can be easily demonstrated, and it is not accidental that a certain part of Yorkersgate was once known as Mark-lane. The corn trade in Malton is still of great importance, and the kindred business of flour milling continues to occupy a prominent position.Malton possesses two flourishing milling businesses, and the mills along the side of the river give the town an air of industrial importance. A recent article in our “Bygone Maltonians” series dealt with the late Mr. William Metcalfe, who was the well-known principal of the firm Messrs. W. Metcalfe and Sons, Castlegate and Yorkersgate, although it should be borne in mind that the firm goes back several generations.In pre-railway times Castlegate and Low-st. was the most important part of the town so far as concerned industries, which comprised a tanyard, three flour mills, four breweries, several coal staithes, and later a biscuit mill. From these centres the district extending over twenty miles was supplied, and consequently this part of the town was exceedingly busy. In those days corn intended for grinding purposes was brought to Malton from the district farms by road, and the unloading of the large wagons gave employment to a number of local labourers, who were dubbed “Butcher-corner” men.” From the fact that they used to congregate at Butcher-corner when waiting for work. It was no uncommon thing for Wheelgate and Castlegate to be lined with wagons awaiting their turn to enter the cornfactors’ yards to be unloaded.Messrs. Metcalfe had a large number of vessels on the river, which were used for conveying grain to the West Riding, and returned from the collieries laden with house and engine coal. In a recent interesting speech Ald. R. Metcalfe said he could remember as many as seventy vessels plying backwards and forwards bringing grain and coals from and to Malton. All this had bee done away with, owing to the advent of the railway, and the Alderman added that he believed his firm was the last which had “one single, solitary vessel plying on the river.” He gave it as his opinion that the river navigation would not be reintroduced owing to its slowness when compared with the railway.Messrs. Metcalfe were the first firm in Malton to follow the lead of the larger mills in introducing the roller system for the manufacture of flour. In March, 1898, Messrs. Metcalfes’ mills were gutted by fire, and on the rebuilding of the premises they were fitted with the most up-to-date machinery.Another old firm carrying on business at Malton is that of Messrs. Russells and Wrangham. The firm was founded by Mr. James Russell in 1771, and was known for many years by the name of James Russell and Son. In 1897 Messrs. Russells acquired the business of Messrs. William Wrangham Ltd., and the firm’s name was then altered to its present title of Messrs. Russells and Wrangham Ltd.Of the bygone milling firms perhaps the best known is that of Messrs. Hurtley who carried on business first at Old Malton and afterwards at the large premises in Railway-st., which they vacated on moving the business to Hull, where it is still continued. Then Messrs. Samuel and W. King had a mill near the present gas works, and this firm carried on a large trade with York shopkeepers. This was before the coming of the railway, and Messrs. King used to send flour to York by road. For many years the firm’s wagons, which left Malton on Friday night each week, and returned from York the next day, were one of the principal means of communication between the two places. Large quantities of goods were conveyed by the wagons, and even passengers were carried. There are still living several Maltonians whose first journey to York was accomplished in the wagons carrying the weekly supply of flour to the city.There used to be an old windmill for the grinding of corn in Middlecave, on the site of the Uplands. The mill was carried on by Mr. David Blair, grandfather to Mr. D.S. Blair, and a large number of the smaller farmers took their corn to be ground at this mill. If we remember rightly, the sails of the mill were blown off, and eventually the mill was pulled down and Mr. Ed. Rose built the Uplands on the site.An article on the milling industry would hardly be complete without a reference to the Beck Mills, Norton, carried on by Mr. A.S. Ash. The mill has a most rustic appearance, and has been the hunting ground of many noted artists.

At some point the mill of W. Metcalfe & Sons became a subsidiary of Leetham & Sons, of York. In September 1928 it was taken over by Messrs. Rank, of Hull. At that time Mr. H. Wise was managing director and 'could not say whether it was intended to continue milling, or whether the premises would be used simply as a store.' [1] Clearly milling stopped within months as in March 1929 a newspaper advertisement announced the 'Dismantling Metcalf's flour mill, Malton, all Machinery for Sale at knockout prices, and including Sifting Machines, Elevators, Worms, Dickeys, etc., and many items of interest to farmers. Send for catalogue. Richard Sizer, Ltd., Wilmington, Hull [2] Further advertising took place in June, including the sale of the boiler [3]

[1] The Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, 26th September 1928.[2] The Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, 16th March 1929[3] The Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, 26th June 1929

Russells & Wrangham - Flour Mill

Messrs. RUSSELLS & WRANGHAM, Ltd., MALTON
THE RE-CONSTRUCTION OF THE FLOUR MILL
COMMENDABLE ENTERPRISE
A representative of the Malton Messenger had the privilege of inspecting the new flour milling plant which Messrs. Russells and Wrangham, Ltd., brewers and millers, have installed at their extensive works in Castlegate, Malton. It will be remembered that at the annual meeting of Messrs. Russells and Wrangham, last month, allusion was made to the fact that the mill had been stopped for six months for the carrying out of a scheme of entire reconstruction by Messrs. Henry Simon, Ltd., of Manchester, now completed, and that one of the main objects of that reconstruction was to enable the company to use a larger percentage of locally-grown wheats, which would be of great benefit to the farmers in the neighbourhood. That modest announcement was all that Messrs. Russells and Wrangham had caused to be made known concerning this important development, notwithstanding that a large sum had been spent in bringing the flour mill up to date by installing the most modern machinery to be obtained. For many years large employers of labour, it is within the range of possibility that the number of the company’s employees may be furthe rincreased. That of course, depend in a large measure, on the support given to this old-established, and undoubtedly enterprising company. At present the work is being carried on in one shift, but we believe it is hoped that as a result of this latest development the demands for the product in this department of the company’s vast concenr will eventually lead to the employment of two shifts of workers.

The work of reconstruction, splendidly carried out by Messrs. Henry Simon, Ltd., Manchester, is on the “Simon” Alphega-Plansifter system, and turns out 4 ½ sacks of flour per hour. A new 50in. “Reform” flour roller mill has been installed for the first and second breaks, and the “Alphega” system has been introduced in the first three breaks. These breaks and the Alphega stock, are graded on a “Simon” freeswinging plansifter, placed on the top floor of the mill. A reel deals with the stock from the fourth break. Secveral new rolls have been added on the reductions, and new centrifugals for dressing reduction stocks. The run has been completely re-arranged, and now spouting has been introduced throughout the mill. Indeed, a very complete re-construction has been carried out, and Messrs. Russells and Wrangham now have a mill of which not only they, but the town may be justly proud. The flour is in three grades - Top Patent, Malton Pride, and Double and Double Supers – and uniformity, and high quality are the keynotes in this busy hive of industry.

After seeing the network of machinery in motion, one could not easily escape the conviction that it is the last word in flour milling, with a smoothness in the running, and cleanliness everywhere. The actual process of manufacture commences on the first floor. The wheat, already carefully cleaned, is fed to the first break roller, of which there are four and in all of which the grain passes through corrugated iron rolls, one surface holding it whilst the other shears it open, getting out the kernel. The broken-up product (now known as the break-stock) is lifted from the break-roller through beautifully finished spouting to the plansifter two floors above, the plansifter being a species of sieve in four compartments, which sifts the already available semolina, or finer constituents, from the coarser portion, which goes down to the second break-roll, to come up for a second sifting. This alternate breaking down and sifting takes place four times in all, finding work for each of the break-rolls successively. The semolina passes from the plansifter to the purifier on the floor immediately below. This machine is another sieve, along which the stock is propelled, meanwhile being subjected to an air current from below, the effect of which is to lift the offals out of the mass until they come over the tail of the machine as sharps. The residue again drops to the roller floor to pass through the reduction rolls- smooth rolls which gradually reduce the it to flour. There are nine of these machines, and through the glass panels, what has gone in as coarse semolina can be seen falling beautifully white. Even then its journey through the spouting is not finished. It next goes to the top floor of the building, to the centrifugal or revolving drum covered with fine silk, through which it passes and is delivered to the sack. The driving power is in the basement, a Woodhouse and Mitchell compound condensing engine of 120 horse power.

Malton Messenger, 23 June 1923

Iron Foundries

There would have been great demand from the surrounding area for metalwork for agricultural implements and parts for machinery in the mills and breweries in the town.

The 'Malton Foundry' was for some time prior to 1836 in the hands of Mr. James Booth [1]. In 1836, Thomas Buxton announced [1] 'that he has taken the above foundry with the extensive stock of Models; and where he continues to manufacture and supply Casting for Engines, Millwork, and machinery of every description, Patent and other Pumps, Gates and Palisading of the newest patterns; Spoutings, pipes, etc.' All may have not gone well with the transfer of the business however since in July 1836 there was a legal case Booth v Buxton for trover, arising out of a disputed right to the foundry at Malton. The case ended in a juror being withdrawn, leaving each party to pay its costs. Whilst the case was proceeding, Booth, against whom an indictment was preferred by Buxton, for damaging machinery, was called to the Crown Court to take his trial for the felony [2].

In the 1851 census Thomas Buxton is listed in Yorkersgate as a "Land Surveyor, Iron & Brass Founder, Master, employing 13 men and 10 apprentices - a sizeable business. In the 1871 census Thomas Buxton is still listed in Yorkersgate as an 'iron and brass founder, employing 4 men and 1 boy.' His son John is at the same address and described as an engine fitter. In April 1877, the business is put up for sale with 'instructions from Mr. John Buxton (who is giving up the trade) to sell by auction ...' [3] A full advertisement appeared shortly afterwards which listed the plant etc. [4].

The 'Old Foundry' in the Cattle Market was run by the Gibson family, who also had similar interests in Driffield. An advertisement in 1844 [5] placed by E. Gibson, Iron Founder, Engineer, Mill-wright and Machinist, 'begs to inform his friends and the public that he has taken the foundry established and carried on by his Father and Brother ...', and also refers to the show room in the Cattle-Market. It looks likely that Thomas Read eventually succeeded to this business as he is listed with premises in both the Market Place and Cattle Market in Whites Directory, 1867.

Messrs. Yates, Buxton and Read all advertised in the Malton Messenger of 28 September 1871.

[1] Yorkshire Gazette, 16 April 1836

[2] Sheffield Independent, 16 July 1836

[3] Leeds Mercury, 23 April 1877

[4] Leeds Mercury, 28 April 1877

[5] Yorkshire Gazette, 11 May 1844

Ralph Yates

The "Old Hand" states that the business of Ralph Yates was started in Carpenter's Yard then the site of the old Keel dock. As the river traffic fell away, the foundry increased in capacity, eventually taking the whole of the yard and expanding into Railway-st. Buxton's foundry existed when Mr. Yates began, but within a short period he had the monopoly in Malton. He went in largely for the sale of agricultural machinery and implements and introduced into the district the Massey Harris reaper which revolutionised harvesting. He was assisted in the business by two brothers and took his sons into the firm. In later years he took to farming the land at Whitewall which had belonged to John Scott [2].

The following article is taken from the Yorkshire Gazette series Malton Trades and Industries. The firm of Messrs. Ralph Yates and Sons, agricultural implement makers and iron founders has been established for over half a century. The Derwent Foundry occupies a large area of ground in Railway-st., and the firm’s goods are to be found on most of the farms in the North-East of Yorkshire. Mr. Ralph Yates, originator of the firm served his apprenticeship with Mr. Marshall, whose foundry occupied the site of part of the present works; and after completing the terms of his indentures, he obtained a situation with an important firm in Oldham. On the death of his late master, he returned to Malton in order to take over his business, and since that time it has extended and increased, until the name of Yates is known throughout the county.In the early days, the late Mr. Yates practically restricted his work to moulding of castings, but from small beginnings the business has been built up to its present position. From time to time Messrs. Yates have acquired most of the patterns held by foundries in the town and district which have “closed down,” and as a result, the firm is in a position to carry out almost any casting work.The front premises, which face Railway-st. and Wells-lane, were erected about thirty years ago. The general repairing sheds – a photograph of which is shown on this page – were erected a few years ago. They were built at the river side on the site of an old coal wharf which belonged to a Mr. Pierson. The slow rooms and offices are extensive and commodious, enabling many of the firm’s special lines to be effectively displayed.Principal ManufacturesOne of the principal manufactures of Messrs. Yates is the J.H.B. plough, which has deservedly gained a great amount of success. It is largely used by agriculturists throughout the district, and Messrs. Yates have received more expressions of gratification from purchasers. Other manufactures of the firm are turnip cutters and corn and press drills. All these are well-known in the district. Messrs. Yates hold the agencies for the noted Massey-Harris self binders, Ransome’s ploughs and shares, Bamford’s swathers, horse rakes and grinding mills, Martin’s cultivators, May’s separators and best makes of dairy appliances, implements, and all agricultural requisites.A later feature of the firm’s enterprise has been in connection with kitchen ranges and register stoves. The “Yates” ranges are held in high repute and there is no doubt that the workmanship involved in their making is of the best. Messrs. Yates do a large business in the more ornamental drawing-room fire grates and fancy mantelpieces, and many residences in Malton and the district have been fitted with these by the firm. One of the large rooms in Wells-lane is devoted to an exhibition of modern grates and register stoves and there is always on view an elaborate display of fancy tiles and tiled hearths.At the northern agricultural shows Messrs. Yates always have interesting “stands,” at which all the latest and most up-to-date implements and machinery are shown. Mr. George Yates is a well-known figure at all the markets in the district. He has attended those weekly markets at Pickering, Helmsley, Kirbymoorside, Driffield, Scarborough and Malton for many years, and there will be much regret that, owing to indisposition, he has now had to give up these engagements.Threshing OperationsAnother important side of the firm’s business has to do with threshing operations. In an important agricultural district such as this, threshing machines are in great demand, and Messrs. Yates have eight sets of engines and machines, which at this period of the year are constantly employed. The machines are drawn from one farm to another by means of traction engines, which are used to drive the machinery when stationary.The present heads of the firm are Messrs. Harry, Alfred, and Ralph Yates. Over sixty men and lads are employed, and the firm is served by an efficient clerical staff. A visit to the foundry is a source of much interest, especially at a time when special casting operations have to be continued into the night. The sky then reflects the lurid glare of the furnaces and the movements of the workmen, and the continual rap, rap of their hammers, make the scene a weird one.Messrs. Yates have carried out many important contracts, including the installation of heating apparatus at Hutton Hall, the new Grammar School, and many churches and chapels. [2][1] Yorkshire Gazette 29 December 1906[2] Yorkshire Gazette 11 Nov 1911

Industrial Safety

In the Victorian era, the sense of 'health and safety' was not highly developed. It is easy to conjure up a picture of a town of factories with unguarded machinery, building taking place without scaffolding etc and the new hazards introduced by the railway. Farms outside the town had their fair share of incidents as mechanisation was introduced. Not surprisingly, accident reports appeared in the local press with increasing frequency and sometimes sensationalism.William Rollinson, employed by Messrs. Russell & Son, while boiling some liquor, fell into the copper and was severely scalded ... [1]James Smith, an 8 year old boy, while playing in the brewery of Messrs. Charles Rose & Co., fell into a large vat of ale. Being newly brewed and with a thick crust of yeast on top, rescue was more difficult. Mr. Potter, one of the firm present at the inquest, undertook to place a guard rail in front of the vat. After consulting with the Excise, both yeast and beer were destroyed ... [2]Mark Ramsden ... was at work in the bone mill belonging to Messrs. Booth ... which is worked by steam power ... made use of his fingers for the purpose of liberating the accumulated bones in their progress through the mill, when, unfortunately, his shirt sleeve was caught in the works, and his hand and arm dragged in with the bones, and literally ground up with them ... Doctor Exley removed the fractured parts, amputating immediately below the shoulder joint [3]George Moon had his hand and arm fearfully shattered at the new roller Flour Mills, Messrs. Metcalfe and Sons, Malton. He was cleaning a cog-wheel near one of the rollers, and is supposed to have let the waste be drawn in by the cogs. In trying to extricate it, his hand was drawn in and smashed up above the wrist. Dr. Hartley had subsequently to amputate the hand and forearm [4]Richard Hurtley, corn miller was in the engine room, and passing near to the fly wheel came in contact with one of the arms, by which his head and arms were severely fractured ... death having taken place instantaneously ... [5]