Department of Commerce (DOC), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS),
National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for
Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA), Biogeography Program

Publication_Date: 2002

Title:

Benthic Habitats of the Main Hawaiian Islands Prepared by
Visual Interpretation from Remote Sensing Imagery Collected by NOAA
Year 2000

Habitat maps of the main Hawaiian Islands were created by visual
interpretation of aerial photos and hyperspectral imagery using the
Habitat Digitizer extension. Aerial photographs are valuable tools
for natural resource managers and researchers since they provide an
excellent record of the location and extent of habitats. However,
spatial distortions in aerial photographs due to such factors as
camera angle, lens characteristics, and relief displacement must be
accounted for during analysis to prevent incorrect measurements of
area, distance, and other spatial parameters.

These distortions of scale within an image can be removed through
orthorectification. During orthorectification, digital scans of
aerial photos are subjected to algorithms that eliminate each source
of spatial distortion. The result is a georeferenced digital mosaic
of several photographs with uniform scale throughout the mosaic.
Features near land are generally georeferenced with greater accuracy
while the accuracy of features away from land is generally not as
good. Where no land is in the original photographic frame only
kinematic GPS locations and image tie points were used to
georeference the images. After an orthorectified mosaic is created,
photointerpreters can accurately and reliably delineate boundaries of
features in the imagery as they appear on the computer monitor using
a software interface such as the Habitat Digitizer.

Purpose:

The National Ocean Service is conducting research to
digitally map biotic resources and coordinate a long-term monitoring
program that can detect and predict change in U.S. coral reefs, and
their associated habitats and biological communities.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal
Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment
(CCMA), Biogeography Program

Once all of the photographs were
orthorectified, the best segments of each photograph were selected
for creation of the final mosaic. Segments of each photograph were
selected to minimize sun glint, cloud interference, and turbidity in
the final mosaic. Where possible, parts of images obscured by sun
glint or clouds were replaced with cloud/glint free parts of
overlapping images. As a result, most mosaics have few or no clouds
or sun glint obscuring bottom features.

Completeness_Report:

No color balancing was attempted since this
alters color and textural signatures in the original imagery and
interferes with the photointerpreter's ability to delineate habitats.
As a result mosaics have visible seams between adjacent photos.
This provides the photointerpreter with "true color" imagery for
maximum ability to identify and delineate benthic features.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Average spatial accuracy of
individual photomosaics is reported in Chapter 3 of Benthic Habitats
of the Main Hawaiian Islands. Positional accuracy was determined by
solution of Softplotter generated model (RMS less than 1) and by comparison to
independent ground control data. The georegistration of these
photographs is at least 95% sigma RMS of 5 meters.

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator:

Department of Commerce (DOC), National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS),
National Geodetic Survey (NGS)

Elevation data was used to correct for relief
displacement in the photographs.

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Analytical Laboratories of Hawaii

Publication_Date: 2002

Title: ground control points

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Kailua, Hawaii

Publisher: Analytical Laboratories of Hawaii

Type_of_Source_Media: various media

Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 2001

Ending_Date: 2002

Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GCPs

Source_Contribution:

Fixed ground features visible in the scanned
photos were selected for GCPs which were then used to georeference
the imagery

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Aerial photographs were acquired for the main Hawaiian Islands
Benthic Mapping Project in 2000 by NOAA Aircraft Operation Centers
aircraft and National Geodetic Survey cameras and personnel.
Approximately 1,449, color 9x9 inch photos were taken of the coastal
waters of the main Hawaiian Islands at a 1:24,000 scale.

Prints and diapositives were created from the original negatives.
Diapositivies were then scanned at a resolution of 500 dpi using a
photogrammetric quality scanner, yielding one by one meter pixels for
the 1:24,000 scale photography. All scans were saved in TIFF format
for the purposes of orthorectification and photointerpretation.

Georeferencing/mosaicing of the TIFFs was performed using a variety
of softcopy photogrammetric software including Socet Set Version
4.2.1, Autometric Softplotter, PCI OrthoEngine, and Erdas OrthoBASE.
First, lens correction parameters were applied to each frame to
eliminate image distortion. Airborne kinematic GPS was then used, to
provide first order georegistration.

Image to image tie-points were then used to further co-register the
imagery, especially for photos taken over open water when ground
control points were not available. Fixed ground features visible in
the scanned photos were selected for ground control points (GCPs)
which were then used to georeference imagery. GCPs were measured
using a Differentially-corrected Global Positioning System (DGPS).
We obtained points with a wide distribution throughout the imagery,
especially on peninsulas and outer islands whenever possible since
this results in the most accurate registration throughout each image.
Only ground control points for terrestrial features were collected
due to the difficulty of obtaining precise positions for submerged
features.

Pre-existing USGS 10-meter digital elevation models were used to
correct for relief displacement

Process_Date: 2002

Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: Greenhorne & O'Mara

Contact_Person: Bill Frohn

Contact_Position: Technical Director

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: 9001 Edmonston Rd

City: Greenbelt

State_or_Province: Maryland

Postal_Code: 20770

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-220-2591

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-220-1877

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:wfrohn@g-and-o.com

Hours_of_Service: 0800 - 1700, Monday to Friday, EST

Cloud_Cover: 2

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 4

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -159

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0

False_Easting: 500000

False_Northing: 0.0

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: Row and Column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 1.0

Ordinate_Resolution: 1.0

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983

Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80

Semi-major_Axis: 6378137

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal
Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment
(CCMA), Biogeography Program

Contact_Position: Biogeography Team Leader, Mapping Manager

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: 1305 East West Highway, N/SCI-1

City: Silver Spring

State_or_Province: MD

Postal_Code: 20910

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-713-3028

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-713-4388

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:matt.kendall@noaa.gov

Hours_of_Service: 0800-1700, Monday to Friday, EST

Resource_Description: Downloadable Data

Distribution_Liability:

NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data, expressed or implied, nor
does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NODC
cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or
omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to
function on a particular system.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
(NCCOS) produced this data CD-ROM. NCCOS Biogeography Program does
not guarantee the accuracy of the geographic features or attributes.

Project information is available online or on
CD-ROM through the NCCOS Biogeography Program.

Technical_Prerequisites:

The user may utilize a variety of software
to view the imagery mosaics (MrSID files), including ENVI, PCI, Arc
GIS or ArcView 3.1&oacute; or higher and the "MrSID Image Support" Extension
turned on.

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20140918

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal
Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment
(CCMA), Biogeography Program