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Table 1

Demographic characteristics of TB patients with and without known HIV co-infection, California, 1993–2008*

Characteristic

TB without known HIV

TB with HIV

1993–1995, n = 13,297

1996–2000, n = 17,768

2001–2008, n = 22,558

1993–1995, n = 1,343

1996–2000, n = 1,307

2001–2008, n = 1,254

p value†

Median age, y (IQR)

42 (27–62)

45 (29–64)‡

47 (30–64)‡

37 (31–44)

38 (33–45)‡

40 (34–48)‡

0.8

Female sex

5,343 (40)

7,249 (41)

9,294 (41)

147 (11)

177 (14)

217 (17)

<0.001

Referent

1.0 (0.99–1.04)

1.03 (1.00–1.05)

Referent

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

1.6 (1.3–1.9)

Race/Ethnicity

Asian/Pacific Islander

4,972 (37)

7,429 (42)

10,091 (45)

52 (4)

59 (5)

105 (8)

0.002

Referent

1.12 (1.09–1.15)

1.19 (1.16–1.22)

Referent

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

2.2 (1.6–3.0)

Hispanic

4,955 (38)

6,306 (35)

8,519 (38)

512 (38)

619 (47)

714 (57)

<0.001

Referent

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

Referent

1.2 (1.1–1.4)

1.5 (1.4–1.6)

Black, non-Hispanic

1,483 (11)

1,674 (10)

1,628 (7)

440 (33)

369 (28)

265 (21)

0.18

Referent

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

0.7 (0.6–0.7)

Referent

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.6 (0.6–0.7)

White, non-Hispanic

1,776 (13)

2,197 (12)

2,174 (10)

327 (24)

252 (19)

161 (13)

<0.001

Referent

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

0.7 (0.7–0.8)

Referent

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

Foreign born

8,951 (67)

12,635 (71)

17,296 (77)

488 (36)

597 (46)

784 (63)

<0.001

Referent

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

1.1 (1.1–1.2)

Referent

1.3 (1.2–1.4)

1.7 (1.6–1.9)

Country/region of origin

Mexico

2,909 (32)

3,826 (30)

5,274 (30)

295 (60)

385 (64)

502 (64)

0.07

Referent

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

Referent

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

Central America

521 (6)

611 (5)

937 (5)

77 (16)

84 (14)

93 (12)

0.05

Referent

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

Referent

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

0.8 (0.6–1.0)

Philippines

1,745 (19)

2,669 (21)

3,580 (21)

27 (6)

28 (5)

43 (5)

0.44

Referent

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

Referent

0.8 (0.5–1.4)

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

People’s Republic of China

504 (6)

774 (6)

1,108 (6)

3 (0.6)

2 (0.3)

2 (0.3)

0.26

Referent

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

Referent

0.5 (0.1–3.3)

0.4 (0.1–2.5)

Mainland Southeast Asia

1,770 (20)

2,391 (19)

2,910 (17)

10 (2)

21 (4)

39 (5)

<0.001

Referent

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

Referent

1.7 (0.8–3.6)

2.4 (1.2–4.8)

Sub-Saharan Africa

92 (1)

181 (1)

331 (2)

7 (1)

25 (4)

52 (7)

0.06

Referent

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

1.9 (1.5–2.3)

Referent

2.9 (1.3–6.7)

4.6 (2.1–10.1)

Median time from US entry to TB diagnosis, y (IQR)

5.3 (1–13.6)

8.2 (2.2–17.1)‡

10 (2.2–20.8)‡

9.8 (5–15.4)

10.5 (4.5–18.5)

10.9 (3–20.7)

0.001

HIV risk group§

MSM

NA

NA

NA

634 (47)

578 (44)

518 (41)

NA

NA

NA

NA

Referent

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

IDU

NA

NA

NA

289 (22)

276 (21)

186 (15)

NA

NA

NA

NA

Referent

1.0 (0.8–1.1)

0.7 (0.6–0.8)

MSM and IDU

NA

NA

NA

218 (16)

137 (10)

105 (8)

NA

NA

NA

NA

Referent

0.7 (0.5–0.8)

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

Heterosexual contact

NA

NA

NA

84 (6)

112 (9)

206 (16)

NA

NA

NA

NA

Referent

1.4 (1.0–1.8)

2.6 (2.1–3.3)

Unknown

NA

NA

NA

92 (7)

188 (14)

223 (18)

NA

NA

NA

NA

Referent

2.1 (1.7–2.7)

2.6 (2.1–3.3)

Homeless

930 (7)

1,059 (6)

1,270 (6)

244 (18)

233 (18)

239 (19)

0.01

Referent

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

Referent

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

Excess alcohol use

1,270 (10)

1,897 (11)

2,071 (9)

255 (19)

298 (23)

255 (20)

0.8

Referent

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

Referent

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

*TB diagnoses were grouped into 3 periods: pre-HAART (1993–1995), early HAART (1996–2000), and late HAART (2001–2008). All values are no. (%)/prevalence ratio (95% CI) unless otherwise indicated. The denominator for each characteristic excludes missing or unknown values. TB, tuberculosis; IQR, interquartile range; MSM, men who have sex with men; NA, not applicable; IDU, injection drug use.†Rates of change in prevalence of binary covariates among patients with TB vs. patients with TB–HIV were compared by using logistic regression with robust SEs; similarly, rates of change in continuous covariates among patients with TB vs. patients with TB–HIV were compared by using linear regression. For difference in annual percentage change (TB vs. TB–HIV)‡p<0.001 difference in medians relative to early time period.§Other exposure categories are hemophilia/coagulation disorder; receipt of blood, components, or tissue; and perinatal transmission. These accounted for <2% of suspected risk factors for HIV acquisition during each time period and are not included in the table.

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