An investigation into the presence of gestural and oral expressions in the performance of the Yajna (sacred fire) : a Vedic viewpoint.

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Abstract

This dissertation is accompanied by a video recording of the performance
of the yajna and an audio recording of the mantras (sacred verses) recited
during the performance. This thesis endeavors to illustrate how oral style elements are used to
accentuate the mantras during the performance of the yajna. The mantras
and the yajna itself, have its roots in the Vedic scriptures which have been
transmitted orally from generation to generation. In chapter one, "Introduction", a brief description of the concept of
Hinduism which forms the basis of my investigation is presented. An
individual's life, according to Hinduism, is divided into four stages and the performance of yajna features prominently in the sixteen Vedic
sanskaras. In chapter two, the term yajna is defined and the origin of yajna as
reflected in the Purusa Sukta is discussed. The five main daily duties or
Panca Mahayajna, presented for the welfare and progress of the
individual and society are explained. It must be noted that the Panca
Mahayajna are not necessarily all rituals or rites but rather social or
human commitments, which are a part of the Vedic code of ethics.
However, the Deva Yajna or Agni-hotra or yajna as it is very commonly
known to Hindus, is a ritual that is performed. The Devayajna forms an
integral part of the Panca Mahayajna. The third chapter outlines some of Marcel Jousse's thoughts, views and
ideas about oral style expressions relevant to the yajna. The universal
anthropological laws of Formulism, Bilateralism, Mimism and Rhythmism
as propounded by Marcel Jousse are highlighted. Key concepts like
gesture, memory, rhythm and oral expression, used as facilitators for the
transmission of knowledge are explained. this chapter forms part of the
conceptional framework of the study. Chapter four focusses on the definition of oral tradition The Vedas, an
example of Hindu literature reflecting oral tradition, are discussed. Some
interesting comments tracing the authenticity of the Vedas and facts
declaring the Vedas as the source head of all knowledge about human
behaviour also feature in this chapter. In the fifth chapter, the procedure, explanation and analysis of the gestural
and oral expressions as reflected in the performance of the yajna are
examined. The anthropological laws of Marcel Jousse are applied in the
recitation of the mantras and the actual performance of the yajna.
Mnemotechnical devices that facilitate memorisation, featuring in the
mantras are discussed. The conclusion emphasises the role of oral style elements that are evident
in the yajna and explores the possibility for further research in Vedic
literature.