This is the blog of Robert Catterall, an IBM Db2 for z/OS specialist. The opinions expressed herein are the author's, and should not be construed as reflecting official positions of the IBM Corporation.

Friday, September 29, 2017

Db2 for z/OS: Lock Avoidance

Not long ago, I served as part of the teach team for a Db2 12 for z/OS Technology Workshop that IBM offered in a city in the USA. During that workshop, I covered, among other things, a Db2 12 enhancement that can improve the CPU efficiency of a Db2 data sharing system by reducing locking activity in that environment. During a break, one of the workshop attendees told me (in words to this effect), "That lock avoidance enhancement is good news, but I think a fair number of Db2 for z/OS people are a little uncertain as to what lock avoidance is - and how it works - in the first place." I think this person was right on that score, and that's why I'm writing this blog entry: to facilitate understanding of the fundamentals of Db2 lock avoidance. In a follow-on entry that I'll try to post within the next couple of weeks, I'll cover the aforementioned Db2 12 data sharing-related lock avoidance enhancement.OK, let's start with the "why" of Db2 lock avoidance. In support of a large application workload, Db2 does a lot of stuff. One thing that Db2 does about as much as anything else is issue lock and unlock requests. To see what I mean, take a look at a statistics long (aka statistics detail) report, generated by your Db2 monitor, covering a period of high activity on the system (or check the monitor's online display of lock activity). I looked at a report just now, reflecting activity in a large real-world production Db2 for z/OS subsystem, and what does it show? 106 million lock requests and 23 million unlock requests in one hour. That's about 30,000 lock requests per second, and about 6400 unlock requests per second, on average (there are more lock than unlock requests because multiple X-locks, acquired by an application process in the course of modifying data values, are released at a commit point with one unlock request). Now, the workload associated with all that lock activity is a big one, driving in excess of 700 million SQL data manipulation statements during the hour between the report's FROM and TO times, but that kind of volume is by no means unusual for a large Db2 site. Why the big lock request number? Two words: data integrity. Locks acquired on data pages or rows (depending on the granularity of locking in effect for a table space) help to ensure that data consistency is maintained in a Db2 for z/OS system, and that programs retrieve only committed data from the database (i.e., values that have been "hardened" in the database in the wake of data-change operations).One lock request consumes very little in the way of CPU cycles, but tens of thousands of lock requests per second? That's another matter. When the execution volume for a given Db2 operation is really high, there is CPU-efficiency value in reducing the frequency of said operation. The Db2 development team had that in mind when, more than two decades ago, they delivered a capability called lock avoidance. Essentially, lock avoidance enables Db2 to reduce lock activity for an application workload by issuing S-lock requests (i.e., data-read locks associated with execution of queries) only when such locks are needed to ensure retrieval of committed data values.How does Db2 know when an S-lock on.a page or row is needed to guarantee retrieval of committed data values (i.e., to avoid returning uncommitted data changes to a program)? It knows through the use of two lock-avoidance indicators: CLSNs and PUNC bits.

CLSNs - This acronym stands for "commit log sequence number." In every page of every Db2 page set, Db2 records the log point corresponding to the most recent update of the page's contents. Additionally, for every page set or partition (for partitioned objects), Db2 keeps track of the starting log point of the oldest still-in-flight unit of work that is changing data in the page set or partition. That latter log point is the commit log sequence number of the page set or partition. When going to retrieve data in a page, Db2 can check the page's last-updated log point and compare that to the CLSN of the page set or partition. Using simple numbers for example, suppose that a page's last-updated log point (information that, again, is stored in the page) is 20, and the CLSN of the page set or partition in which the page is located is 30. Because the starting log point of the oldest still-in-flight unit of work affecting the page set or partition is higher than (meaning, is later in time than) the log point of the last update of the page, Db2 knows that all the data in the page is in a committed state, so guaranteed-committed data can be retrieved from the page with no need for S-lock acquisition on the page (or on rows therein). When the oldest still-in-flight data-changing unit of work affecting a page set or partition commits, the CLSN of the page set or partition moves up to the starting log point of what had previously been the next oldest still-in-flight data-changing unit of work affecting the page set or partition. Even if (using simple numbers as before) the last-updated log point of a page is seen to be 50, and the CLSN of the associated page set or partition is 40 (meaning that data in the page might have been updated by a still-in-flight data-changing unit of work), lock avoidance may still be possible for a data retrieval operation targeting the page, thanks to PUNC bits.

PUNC bits - PUNC is short for "possibly uncommitted." Included in the control information on every Db2 data page and every index page are bits that indicate whether or not a row contains possibly uncommitted data (in the case of an index page, the PUNC bits are associated with the RIDs, or row IDs, that point to rows in the underlying Db2 table). When a row is changed, its PUNC bit is set. That being the case, when Db2 examines a row (or its RID in an index) and sees that the PUNC bit is NOT set, Db2 knows that the data in the row is committed, and the data can be retrieved without the need for an S-lock on the data page or row to ensure data committed-ness. So, why is this indicator called the "possibly" uncommitted bit, as opposed to the "for sure uncommitted" bit? Because Db2 does not synchronously reset a "turned on" PUNC bit when the data change that caused the bit to be set is committed - doing that would have an unacceptable overhead cost. Instead, PUNC bits that are turned on as a result of data-change activity are reset asynchronously, in the background, when certain events happen (one such event is execution of the REORG utility for a table space; another is when more than 25% of the rows in a page have their PUNC bits turned on and the page set's or partition's CLSN advances). Because of the asynchronous nature of PUNC bit resetting, relative to the turning on of a PUNC bit, the turned-on PUNC bit setting can only be interpreted as meaning, "Maybe the data in this row is committed and the PUNC bit hasn't been reset, or maybe the data is in fact not committed." When an application program wants only committed data values to be retrieved by queries (i.e., when isolation level UR, short for "uncommitted read," is not in effect for the program), "maybe" isn't good enough, and Db2 will request an S-lock on the row or page to ensure the committed state of data values (successful acquisition of an S-lock means that the page or row is not X-locked, and that means the row or page contains only committed data).

I want to impart now a couple more items of information pertaining to Db2 for z/OS lock avoidance. First, lock avoidance can be utilized to the maximum extent possible when a Db2 package is bound with ISOLATION(CS) - short for cursor stability - and CURRENTDATA(NO). Second, what I have described in this entry is lock avoidance as it occurs in a non-data sharing Db2 system. Lock avoidance in a Db2 data sharing environment - including the Db2 12 enhancement referenced at the start of this entry - will be the subject of my next post to this blog. I hope to have that written within the next two weeks, so check back in if you use - or are interested in - Db2 data sharing.