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Common Goods Testing

IntroductionIn the story of the Sole Remaining Supplier, a company who supplied pacemaker equipment was debating on whether or not they should continue due to numerous ethical issues. The company, also the sole remaining suppliers, felt that they should discontinue selling equipment because if the product stopped working, it could lead to major lawsuits and they did not want to deal with these ethical issues. In this paper, I will apply steps A through D of the Utility Test to this case and I will also apply the Common Good Test to this case as well. After comparing and contrasting the Utility Test with the Common Good Test, I will then determine which test is the most informative in terms of my evaluation of the case. Utility Test Steps in the Sole Remaining Supplier Case

“For the utility test (or “Utilitarian Principle”), the consequences or outcomes determine what is right or wrong. For this principle the ends justify the means: an action is right if it creates the best overall outcome” (Hamilton, 2009). Step A asks the question “Are we maximizing good and minimizing harm for all those affected” (Hamilton, 2009). Before making drastic decisions, there are always good and bad consequences to the outcome. In the Sole Remaining Supplier case, the company thought that they would have been maximizing good if they would have discontinued selling pacemaker equipment to other companies, because if the equipment became faulty, their company would be held liable. On the other hand, the company involved thought that the distributing company would have maximized harm because they were the only company that sold these products and if it were discontinued; people who depended on this equipment would eventually suffer. Step B asks the question “why is utility a valid way to decide right and wrong” (Hamilton, 2009). In the Sole Remaining Supplier case, continuing to supply pacemaker equipment would have made the most happiness, because instead of thinking about...

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There are numerous marks of a good society: justice, equity, rule of law, economic opportunity, reciprocity, prosperity, critical thinking, ethical standards, concern for good citizenship, right to defense, right to private property and so on. But where does the value of Goodness for Goodness sake come in?
In this paper, our group has made a research regarding on “What makes a good society?” Based on our research we explores some of the elements of what makes for a good society or community from a communitarian viewpoint, with consideration from a combination of social facts as seen by a sociologist. Additionally, ethical considerations with special attention paid to exclusivity and to equality, are addressed.
There is some moral dilemma that occurs in doing this research. Where there are some questions bear in mind; what exactly is a...

...“golden candlesticks” represents Parris’ own greed and by extension the corrupted power of the theocracy of Salem. There are continuous references to light and dark within Miller’s play and Hytner draws attention to this particularly when Parris stands in the pulpit announcing excommunication and then turns and smothers the candle light between his fingers. This action although simple has a destructive element as instead of blowing out the light he smothers it viciously, causing the audience to feel a sense of foreboding for what is to come. Finally, Miller’s dialogue is possibly the most important part of the play captured fairly accurately by Hytner. The symbolism of a person’s name is integral to conveying Miller’s idea of the value of a good reputation within the community. When Parris queries Abigail about her affair with Proctor he says, “your name in the village is entirely white, is it not?” to which she replies, “there be no blush about my name, sir.” Abigail’s defensive attitude not only indicates she is lying, but also presents the idea of her innocence being tainted, which is emulated well in the film. Cinematically Hytner uses camera angles at the crucial moment when Proctor is signing his own confession, swapping from a camera angle looking up at his face and his view looking down writing his name. The use of silence here rather than meaningful non-diegetic sound helps to emphasise that this sort of thing actually happened across America during...

...of the product or process that they relate to has been demonstrated, and there is a clear indication of a future market for the product; or if the item is to be used internally, its usefulness can be demonstrated. Students should debate whether the R&D is controllable by an organisation and gives rise to economic benefits. An important question to ask in this debate is why an organisation would undertake R&D if it did not give rise to future economic benefits under the control of the entity?
(d) An unsigned contract. There is no basis for believing future economic benefits exist. Because the contract has not been signed, it is possible that the buyer (client) may get out of the contract. The law does not recognise a sale for custom-made goods unless performance has begun. In this case, the contract for performance has not even been signed. There is no asset.
(e) Bequest. An asset does not need to have a cost. The land is now under the control of the company, it has future benefits, and it arose from a past transaction (the donation) — therefore, by definition it is an asset. The company should record it at fair market value.
(f) Option. At the time the option is purchased, it should be considered an asset of the holder. It gives the company the right to purchase the building and therefore has future benefit. If the building is actually purchased, whether the option should be considered part of the cost of the building is another issue. It can be argued...

...Mill's Utilitarianism: Sacrifice the Innocent For The CommonGood?
When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies the
appropriate considerations, but offers no realistic way to gather the necessary
information to make the required calculations. This lack of information is a
problem both in evaluating the welfare issues and in evaluating the
consequentialist issues which utilitarianism requires be weighed when making
moral decisions. Utilitarianism attempts to solve both of these difficulties by
appealing to experience; however, no method of reconciling an individual
decision with the rules of experience is suggested, and no relative weights are
assigned to the various considerations.
In deciding whether or not to torture a terrorist who has planted a bomb
in New York City, a utilitarian must evaluate both the overall welfare of the
people involved or effected by the action taken, and the consequences of the
action taken. To calculate the welfare of the people involved in or effected by
an action, utilitarianism requires that all individuals be considered equally.
Quantitative utilitarians would weigh the pleasure and pain which would
be caused by the bomb exploding against the pleasure and pain that would be
caused by torturing the terrorist. Then, the amounts would be summed and
compared. The problem with this method is that it is impossible to know
beforehand how much pain would be caused by the bomb...

...Machiavelli &amp; The CommonGood
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It had been a common view among political philosophers of Machiavelli’s time that a certain relationship existed between legitimate authority and moral goodness. Philosophers of this time believed that the use of political power was just only if it was exercised by a ruler whose moral character was strictly virtuous. Along this line of thought, it was believed that rulers succeeded when they acted according to this moral goodness; rulers would earn obedience and respect so much as they showed themselves to be virtuous and moral. Machiavelli, on the other hand, separates morality and virtue from politics to promote the pursuit of power for its own sake. Machiavelli argues that it is the primary duty of the prince to secure and maintain power, in doing so setting aside moral considerations in order to pursue whatever strategies it takes...

...﻿Name Class Date
Ecosystems and Communities Chapter Test A
(removed questions on Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems)
Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
_____ 1. How does an area’s weather differ from the area’s climate?
a. Weather involves temperature and preciapitation and climate involves only temperature.
b. An area’s weather depends on where it is located on Earth and the area’s climate does not.
c. An area’s weather does not change very much and an area’s climate changes many times.
d. Weather is the area’s day-to-day conditions and climate is the area’s average conditions.
_____ 2. The tendency for warm air to rise and cool air to sink results in
a. global wind patterns. c. the seasons.
b. ocean upwelling. d. regional precipitation.
_____ 3. An organism’s niche is
a. the range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way it obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce.
b. all the physical and biological factors in the organism’s environment.
c. the range of temperatures that the organism needs to survive.
d. a full description of the place an organism lives.
_____ 4. No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
a. because of the interactions that shape the ecosystem.
b. unless the species require different abiotic factors.
c. because of the competitive exclusion principle.
d....

...When it comes to the world of medical sciences, there is rarely certainty. There is always room for reaction, incorrect data gathering, or contamination when testing. Can this uncertainty be placed on human lives? These uncertainties are placed on what medical science has to thank most: animals. Animals have been irreplaceable in the processes of mapping genomes, transplanting organs, and ridding humans and animals of diseases and disorders. Many call it immoral, but it is necessary and only beneficial. Medical research has saved or improved the lives of millions of people, and animals. Today’s medicines and surgical techniques could not have been developed without research into how the body works, and how it reacts to procedures and substances - the results of animal research programs taking place in hospitals, universities, and research centers all over the world. These advances on behalf of animal testing have been applied to human health for years.
The history of animal testing is a long and interesting one. It is believed that animal experimentation began with Greek physician/scientists; Aristotle and Erasistratus being among them. Physicians in Rome such as Galen, known as “the father of vivisection”, followed suit. Later physicians of the Islamic Golden Age used animal testing to further human anatomy studies. Ibn Zuhr practiced surgical techniques on animals before performing them on humans.
Observations...

...﻿Serving the CommonGood
“Forty five percent of children in America live in low-income families” (Child Poverty 1). The many negative effects a low-income environment causes can greatly impact a child’s life. Keeping these children motivated to be successful and to get out of this negative environment can be difficult. As a Sport Management major, I plan to serve the commongood by volunteering my time working with local high school volleyball teams located in Pontiac, Michigan. My goal is to motivate these young women to finish high school and get out of Pontiac.
Pontiac is rated as one of the most dangerous cities to reside in Michigan. In 2010, the violent crime rate for Pontiac was higher than Michigan’s violent crime rate by 246.5 percent and higher than the national violent crime rate average by 320.86 percent (Pontiac Crime Rate Report 1). (See Figure 1)
(Figure 1)
The environment these kids are surrounded by is clearly not safe and can have a negative influence on them. This could be a reason why the graduation rates for both high schools in Pontiac are approximately fifty seven percent (Pontiac, MI 1). Along with that, it is proven that African American children who live in low-income areas have a 76 percent chance of graduating high school; compared to African American kids who live in affluent areas who have a 96 percent graduation rate. White children living in low-income...