Seagram Company Ltd.: Edgar M. Bronfman, Jr., succeeded his father in 1989 and began selling the company’s liquor businesses to competitors while purchasing entertainment companies such as MCA (including Universal Pictures) and Polygram NV. Seagram merged with French media companies Canal Plus and Vivendi in 2000. By 2002…

Edgar Miles Bronfman, Canadian-born American executive and philanthropist (born June 20, 1929, Montreal, Que.—died Dec. 21, 2013, New York, N.Y.), greatly expanded the holdings of the Seagram Co. while serving as chairman and CEO (1971–94) of the family’s liquor-based business and championed the

Edward Maurice Bronfman, Canadian businessman (born Nov. 1, 1927, Montreal, Que.—died April 4, 2005, Toronto, Ont.), founded, with his brother Peter, Edper Investments Ltd. after their cousins forced the two out of their stake in distilling giant Seagram. The Bronfman brothers turned Edper, later k

Peter Frederick Bronfman, Canadian business tycoon who, with his brother, Edward, built the country’s largest corporate empire after the two were forced by their Montreal-based cousins to sell their blocks of shares in Seagram Co. Ltd.; they also owned (1971-78) the Montreal Canadiens ice hockey

Akan languages: are Asante (Ashanti), Fante (Fanti), Brong (Abron), and Akuapem. The Akan cluster is located primarily in southern Ghana, although many Brong speakers live in eastern C?te d’Ivoire. Altogether speakers of Akan dialects and languages number more than seven million. Written forms of Asante and Akuapem (both formerly considered to be…

Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart, French botanist whose classification of fossil plants, which drew surprisingly accurate relations between extinct and existing forms prior to Charles Darwin’s principles of organic evolution, earned him distinction as the founder of modern paleobotany. Brongniart is

Alexandre Brongniart, French mineralogist, geologist, and naturalist, who first arranged the geologic formations of the Tertiary Period (66.4 to 1.6 million years ago) in chronological order and described them. (The Tertiary Period was later replaced with the Paleogene and Neogene periods; together

Père-Lachaise Cemetery: …site was designed by architect Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart and further developed by urban planner Nicolas Frochot. Initially, because of its location on the outskirts of the city (it was incorporated into the Ville de Paris in 1860), Père-Lachaise was used for reburials from older cemeteries. In order to advertise the cemetery…

June Bronhill, (June Gough), Australian soprano (born June 26, 1929, Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia—died Jan. 25, 2005, Sydney, Australia), during the 1950s and ’60s, was admired for her bright coloratura voice and clear diction in serious opera and stage musicals as well as in light opera. Her m

W?adys?aw Broniewski, Polish poet of exceptional emotional power and impact. Broniewski, born into the intelligentsia, left high school in 1915 to join the Polish legions under the command of Józef Pi?sudski, and he fought in the front lines. He was interned by the Germans in 1917 and released when

Jacob Bronowski, Polish-born British mathematician and man of letters who eloquently presented the case for the humanistic aspects of science. While Bronowski was still a child, his family immigrated to Germany and then to England, where he became a naturalized British subject. He won a scholarship

Paul Bronsart von Schellendorf, soldier, military writer, and minister of war who helped reform the Prussian army of the 1880s. Entering the army in 1849, Bronsart became a protégé of the Prussian chief of the general staff, Helmuth von Moltke, held high staff appointments during the

Leon Trotsky, communist theorist and agitator, a leader in Russia’s October Revolution in 1917, and later commissar of foreign affairs and of war in the Soviet Union (1917–24). In the struggle for power following Vladimir Ilich Lenin’s death, however, Joseph Stalin emerged as victor, while Trotsky

Tom Hardy: …year with his next film, Bronson, a fictionalized biography of Charles Bronson, a man known as Britain’s most notorious and violent prisoner. Hardy’s tour de force performance, which featured him frequently stripping down both literally and emotionally, was widely praised and led to his return to Hollywood with scene-stealing roles…

Charles Bronson, American motion-picture and television actor who was best known for his portrayal of tough guys. Bronson was one of 15 children of a Lithuanian coal miner and became a miner himself at age 16. He served in the U.S. Army Air Forces as an aircraft gunner during World War II. After

Johannes Nicolaus Br?nsted, Danish physical chemist known for a widely applicable acid-base concept identical to that of Thomas Martin Lowry of England. Though both men introduced their definitions simultaneously (1923), they did so independently of each other. Br?nsted was also an authority on the

Br?nsted–Lowry theory, a theory, introduced independently in 1923 by the Danish chemist Johannes Nicolaus Br?nsted and the English chemist Thomas Martin Lowry, stating that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base.

Br?nsted–Lowry theory, a theory, introduced independently in 1923 by the Danish chemist Johannes Nicolaus Br?nsted and the English chemist Thomas Martin Lowry, stating that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base.

Mordecai Ardon, eminent Israeli painter who combined jewel-like, brilliantly coloured forms with virtuoso brushwork. He created modern, semiabstract paintings that are deeply moving. Ardon emigrated from his native Poland to Germany, spending the years 1921–25 at the Weimar Bauhaus, where he mainly

Pablo Bronstein, Argentine-born artist whose works often reflected his interest in architecture. Bronstein was four years old when his family moved from Buenos Aires to London. He drew compulsively, always creating images of castles and villas. After a brief matriculation in architecture school,

55 Days at Peking: Producer Samuel Bronston had grand ambitions for 55 Days at Peking, and the film represents the epic moviemaking that characterized the golden age of Hollywood. The battle sequences are stunning in their scope, and Beijing was re-created in elaborate and enormous sets. Although these features drew…

Bronte, town, eastern Sicily, Italy, at the western foot of Mt. Etna, northwest of Catania city. It is an agricultural centre noted for pistachio nuts. The Church of the Annunciation dates from the 17th century. The dukedom of Bronte was bestowed on the British naval hero Lord Nelson by Ferdinand

Haworth: Bront? took his wife and six children—including Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, later of international literary fame—to Haworth. The Church of St. Michael contains their family memorials, and the adjacent parsonage (1779) has since 1928 housed the museum of the Bront? Society (founded 1893). The fictional…

Anne Bront?, English poet and novelist, sister of Charlotte and Emily Bront? and author of Agnes Grey (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). The youngest of six children of Patrick and Marie Bront?, Anne was taught in the family’s Haworth home and at Roe Head School. With her sister Emily,

Anne Bront?: There her irresponsible brother, Branwell, joined her in 1843, intending to serve as a tutor. Anne returned home in 1845 and was followed shortly by her brother, who had been dismissed, charged with making love to his employer’s wife.

Charlotte Bront?, English novelist noted for Jane Eyre (1847), a strong narrative of a woman in conflict with her natural desires and social condition. The novel gave new truthfulness to Victorian fiction. She later wrote Shirley (1849) and Villette (1853). Her father was Patrick Bront?

Emily Bront?, English novelist and poet who produced but one novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a highly imaginative work of passion and hate set on the Yorkshire moors. Emily was perhaps the greatest of the three Bront? sisters, but the record of her life is extremely meagre, for she was silent and

Emily Bront?, English novelist and poet who produced but one novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a highly imaginative work of passion and hate set on the Yorkshire moors. Emily was perhaps the greatest of the three Bront? sisters, but the record of her life is extremely meagre, for she was silent and

perissodactyl: Titanotheres: The end forms, such as Brontops and Brontotherium, were huge, the largest standing 2.5 metres (8 feet) at the shoulder. They had long, low skulls and a small brain. Many species bore a pair of large, hornlike processes on the front of the head.

Brontosaurus, (Brontosaurus excelsus), large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur living between the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods (163.5 million to 100.5 million years ago). Its fossil was first discovered in western North America in 1874 and first described in 1879 by American

A study published in April 2015 by a team of scientists led by Swiss Paleontologist Emanuel Tschopp of New University of Lisbon offered strong evidence in support of reinstating the dinosaur genus Brontosaurus as an official taxonomic unit. The news was significant because Brontosaurus had been

scorpion: Size range and diversity of structure: …two species (Gigantoscorpio willsi and Brontoscorpio anglicus) measure from 35 cm (14 inches) to a metre (3.3 feet) or more, and an undescribed species is estimated to have been 90 cm (35.5 inches). Most species from deserts and other arid regions are yellowish or light brown in colour; those found…

Brontothere, member of an extinct genus (Brontotherium) of large, hoofed, herbivorous mammals found as fossils in North American deposits of the Oligocene Epoch (36.6 to 23.7 million years ago). Brontotherium is representative of the titanotheres, large perissodactyls that share a common ancestry

Titanothere, any member of an extinct group of large-hoofed mammals that originated in Asia or North America during the early Eocene Epoch (some 50 million years ago). Titanotheres, more properly called “brontotheres,” became extinct during the middle of the Oligocene Epoch (some 28 million years

Brontothere, member of an extinct genus (Brontotherium) of large, hoofed, herbivorous mammals found as fossils in North American deposits of the Oligocene Epoch (36.6 to 23.7 million years ago). Brontotherium is representative of the titanotheres, large perissodactyls that share a common ancestry

Bronx, one of the five boroughs of New York City, southeastern New York, U.S., coextensive with Bronx county, formed in 1912. The Bronx is the northernmost of the city’s boroughs. It is separated from Manhattan (to the south and west) by the narrow Harlem River and is further bordered by

Jake LaMotta, American boxer and world middleweight boxing champion (1949–51) whose stamina and fierceness in the ring earned him the nickname “the Bronx Bull.” Lacking finesse, he often allowed himself to take a severe beating before ferociously turning on his foe. His opponents failed to knock

Bronx Primitive, memoir by Kate Simon, published in 1982. It evokes working-class Jewish immigrant life in the Bronx during the early 20th century. A Wider World: Portraits in an Adolescence (1986) and Etchings in an Hourglass (1990) were later installments in Simon’s

Bronx Primitive, memoir by Kate Simon, published in 1982. It evokes working-class Jewish immigrant life in the Bronx during the early 20th century. A Wider World: Portraits in an Adolescence (1986) and Etchings in an Hourglass (1990) were later installments in Simon’s

roads and highways: The parkway: …single carriageway known as the Bronx River Parkway was built between 1916 and 1925. Protected on both sides by broad bands of parkland that limited access, the highway was located and designed so as to cause minimum disturbance to the landscape. Its use was restricted to passenger cars, and at-grade…

Robert De Niro: Directing and awards: …made his directorial debut with A Bronx Tale, a movie about the Mafia set in the 1960s. He later directed the highly acclaimed The Good Shepherd (2006), which centres on the origins of the CIA and the compromises made by an agent over the span of his career.

Bronx Zoo, zoo in New York City that is one of the finest in the world with over 5,000 animals of more than 700 species. When it opened in 1899 the wooded 265-acre (107-hectare) grounds, in the northwestern area of New York City’s northern borough of the Bronx, included spacious enclosures for

Bronx Zoo, zoo in New York City that is one of the finest in the world with over 5,000 animals of more than 700 species. When it opened in 1899 the wooded 265-acre (107-hectare) grounds, in the northwestern area of New York City’s northern borough of the Bronx, included spacious enclosures for

Othmar Herman Ammann: …directed the building of the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge and the Triborough Bridge (later renamed the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), New York City. He also sat on the Board of Engineers in charge of San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge, which opened in 1937.

Bronze, alloy traditionally composed of copper and tin. Bronze is of exceptional historical interest and still finds wide applications. It was made before 3000 bc, though its use in artifacts did not become common until much later. The proportions of copper and tin varied widely (from 67 to 95

Bronze Age, third phase in the development of material culture among the ancient peoples of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, following the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods (Old Stone Age and New Stone Age, respectively). The term also denotes the first period in which metal was used. The date at

Doctor Strange: From the Bronze Age to the modern era:
Initially in Marvel Premiere and then (from 1974) once again in his own comic, Doctor Strange was used by new writer Steve Englehart as a vehicle to explore popular interest in spirituality, self-exploration, and consciousness-raising. One extraordinary story line…

Rodin Museum: The Bronze Age (1876), one of his early statues, was inspired by a trip to Italy, where Rodin studied the sculptures of the Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo. The marble statue The Kiss (1886), once considered inappropriate for public viewing, is today a centrepiece of the…

copper butterfly: The bronze copper butterfly (L. hyllus) is found in southern Canada and throughout most of the United States. Adults typically have a wingspan of about 3.2 to 4.8 cm (1.3 to 1.9 inches). Male and female bronze coppers are distinguished from other coppers by the gray-white…

corydoras: Popular aquarium pets include: the bronze corydoras (C. aeneus), a common, metallic brown or green fish with a large dark patch on its body; the dwarf, or pygmy, corydoras (C. hastatus), an active, 4-centimetre-long species with a black band on each side; the leopard corydoras (C. julii), a silvery catfish…

Hemochromatosis, inborn metabolic defect characterized by an increased absorption of iron, which accumulates in body tissues. The clinical manifestations include skin pigmentation, diabetes mellitus, enlargement of the spleen and liver, cirrhosis, heart failure, arthritis, and general weakness and

green frog: …race of this species, the bronze frog (R. c. clamitans), is found in such places as swamps and streamsides of the southeastern United States. It is brown above and grows to about 8.5 cm (3.3 inches). Its call, like that of the green frog, is a sharp, twanging note. The…

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …of Peter, known as the Bronze Horseman, created in 1782 by étienne Falconet. Near the Senate and Synod buildings to the south rises the Neoclassical front of the Horse Guards Riding School, or Manezh (1804–07); beyond, dominating the south side of St. Isaac’s Square, is the cathedral of the same…

mannikin: 5-inch) bronze mannikin (L. cucullata) has large communal roosts in Africa; it has been introduced into Puerto Rico, where it is called hooded weaver. Abundant in southern Asia are the nutmeg mannikin (L. punctulata), also called spice finch or spotted munia, and the striated mannikin (L.…

Olympic Games: The medal ceremonies: …and for third place a bronze medal. Solid gold medals were last given in 1912. The obverse side of the medal awarded in 2004 at Athens was altered for the first time since 1928 to better reflect the Greek origins of both the ancient and modern Games, depicting the goddess…

Henry Treece: …perhaps his finest achievement is The Bronze Sword (1965), a romantic “eyewitness” account of Celtic Britain’s history from the Bronze Age to the decline of the Cymry under the legendary King Arthur. His historical novels include The Eagles Have Flown (1954), Red Queen, White Queen (1958), and his last novel,…

Bronze work, implements and artwork made of bronze, which is an alloy of copper, tin, and, occasionally, small amounts of lead and other metals. Bronze first came into use before 3000 bc but was rare until an extensive trade in tin developed following the discovery of large tin deposits, such as

metalwork: Greece: …of a cuirass, called the “Bronzes of Siris” (4th century bc; British Museum, London), are in exceedingly high relief and are beaten into form with wonderful skill with the hammer. The relief depicts the combat between the Greeks and the Amazons.

Chicago: People: Soon dubbed Bronzeville, it became a centre of vibrant African American culture, amusement, and entrepreneurship. Mounting racial tensions, exacerbated by overcrowded and segregated housing on the South Side and the return of former soldiers, exploded in July 1919 into one of the country’s worst race riots, which…

Bronzing, coating an object of wood, plaster, clay, or other substance to give it the colour and lustre of bronze. Dutch metal, an alloy of 80 percent copper and 20 percent zinc, is frequently used for bronzing. The metal is prepared as a thin foil and then powdered. This powder may be applied

Il Bronzino, Florentine painter whose polished and elegant portraits are outstanding examples of the Mannerist style. Classic embodiments of the courtly ideal under the Medici dukes of the mid-16th century, they influenced European court portraiture for the next century. Bronzino studied separately

Brooch, ornamental pin, usually with a clasp to attach it to a garment. Brooches developed from the Roman clasp, or fibula, similar to a safety pin, in regions that had been part of the Roman Empire. In the severe climate of northern Europe, the brooch became the characteristic ornament because it

moss animal: Reproduction: …zooids enlarge to form spacious brood chambers, which are called gonozooids. During development, a young embryo squeezes off groups of cells that form secondary embryos; these in turn may form tertiary embryos. In this way, many larvae can develop in a single brood chamber.

bird: Nesting: …or other external sources, and brood parasites such as cuckoos and cowbirds, which lay their eggs in the nests of other species. Murres and the king and emperor penguins build no nest but incubate with the egg resting on top of the feet.

bird: Nesting: In most birds a brood patch on the abdomen is developed. This bare area is fluid-filled (edematous) and highly vascularized; it directly contacts the eggs during incubation. Its development during the breeding season is under hormonal control. When the parent is off the nest, adjacent feathers are directed over…

David Cronenberg: Rabid, The Fly, and Crash: …her with vampiric tendencies, and The Brood (1979), in which a woman’s rage causes the psychosomatic birth of deformed murderous children. During that period he also directed Fast Company (1979), a B movie about drag racing. The sci-fi thriller Scanners (1981), depicting a class of genetic telepaths, provided him with…

Brooder house, in agriculture, heated enclosure to provide shelter for young livestock and poultry. Chick brooders, also called broiler houses, are typically wood-framed, wood-floored, movable structures heated by electric or oil-fired stoves and built on skids. The chicks are housed until they

Brooding, in zoology, pattern of behaviour of certain egg-laying animals, especially birds, marked by cessation of egg laying and readiness to sit on and incubate eggs. Incubation (q.v.) itself is the process of maintaining uniform heat and humidity of the developing eggs, usually accomplished by

Marcel Broodthaers, Belgian multimedia artist who began his career as a poet and then turned to visual arts and, with skepticism and irony, created films, drawings, installations, prints, and works composed of found objects. He became well regarded by artists, writers, and critics for his constant

inland water ecosystem: The origin of inland waters: …habitats include rivers, streams, and brooks, and lentic habitats include lakes, ponds, and marshes. Both habitats are linked into drainage systems of three major sorts: exorheic, endorheic, and arheic. Exorheic regions are open systems in which surface waters ultimately drain to the ocean in well-defined patterns that involve streams and…

Brook Farm, short-lived utopian experiment in communal living (1841–47). The 175-acre farm was located in West Roxbury, Mass. (now in Boston). It was organized and virtually directed by George Ripley, a former Unitarian minister, editor of The Dial (a critical literary monthly), and a leader in

Brook Farm, short-lived utopian experiment in communal living (1841–47). The 175-acre farm was located in West Roxbury, Mass. (now in Boston). It was organized and virtually directed by George Ripley, a former Unitarian minister, editor of The Dial (a critical literary monthly), and a leader in

Jarvis Island, coral atoll, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Northern Line Islands, west-central Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southwest of Honolulu. The atoll has an area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 square km). It was sighted in 1821 by Capt. Brown of the British

George Moore: …at epic effect he produced The Brook Kerith (1916), an elaborate and stylish retelling of the Gospel story that is surprisingly effective despite some dull patches. He continued his attempts to find a prose style worthy of epic theme in Hélo?se and Abélard (1921). His other works included A Story-Teller’s…

lamprey: Other lampreys, such as the brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri), also spend their entire lives in fresh water. They are nonparasitic, however, and do not feed after becoming adults; instead, they reproduce and die.

Water moss, (Fontinalis), genus of mosses belonging to the subclass Bryidae, often found in flowing freshwater streams and ponds in temperate regions. Of the 20 species of water moss, 18 are native to North America. A brook moss may have shoots 30 to 100 (rarely up to 200) cm (12 to 40 inches) long

Brook trout, (Salvelinus fontinalis), popular freshwater game fish, a variety of char, regarded for its flavour and its fighting qualities when hooked. The brook trout belongs to the salmon family, Salmonidae. A native of the northeastern United States and Canada, it has been transplanted to many

Peter Brook, English producer-director of Shakespeare’s plays whose daring productions of other dramatists’ works contributed significantly to the development of the 20th century’s avant-garde stage. Attaining at an early age the status of one of the foremost British directors, Brook directed his

Peter Brook, English producer-director of Shakespeare’s plays whose daring productions of other dramatists’ works contributed significantly to the development of the 20th century’s avant-garde stage. Attaining at an early age the status of one of the foremost British directors, Brook directed his

Bennett S. LeBow: was renamed Vector Group Ltd. in 2000. In 2001 the company launched Vector Tobacco Inc., a subsidiary charged with the development of low- and no-nicotine products, of which LeBow was president and chief executive officer (2001–07). He was also chairman of the board (1988–2005) and chief executive…

Brooke Raj, (1841–1946), dynasty of British rajas that ruled Sarawak (now a state in Malaysia) on the island of Borneo for a century. Sir James Brooke (b. April 29, 1803, Secrore, near Benares, India—d. June 11, 1868, Burrator, Devon, Eng.), first visited the Eastern Archipelago on an unsuccessful

Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, British field marshal and chief of the Imperial General Staff during World War II. He was educated in France and at the Royal Military Academy (Woolwich) and served in the Royal Artillery during World War I. Between the World Wars, he distinguished

Arthur Brooke, English poet and author of The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet (1562), the poem on which Shakespeare based Romeo and Juliet. It is written in rhymed verse and was taken from the French translation of one of the stories in Matteo Bandello’s Novelle (1554–73; French trans.,

Ulster Unionist Party: History: …of whom—James Craig (1921–40) and Basil Brooke (1946–63)—served for nearly 20 years. In contrast, from 1969 to the end of the 1990s the party had five leaders, two of whom—James Chichester Clark (1969–71) and Faulkner (1971–74)—were in office for only three years. This relatively rapid turnover was indicative of the…

Dorothea Brooke, fictional character, the heroine of Middlemarch (1871–72), George Eliot’s acknowledged masterpiece. Dorothea’s intelligence and idealism lead her to blindly marry Edward Casaubon, a middle-aged scholar she hopes to assist, who proves both pompous and ineffectual. Her story

Edward Brooke, American lawyer and politician who was the first African American popularly elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served two terms (1967–79). Brooke earned his undergraduate degree at Howard University (Washington, D.C.) in 1941 and served as an infantry officer during World War II,

Edward Brooke, American lawyer and politician who was the first African American popularly elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served two terms (1967–79). Brooke earned his undergraduate degree at Howard University (Washington, D.C.) in 1941 and served as an infantry officer during World War II,

Edward Brooke, American lawyer and politician who was the first African American popularly elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served two terms (1967–79). Brooke earned his undergraduate degree at Howard University (Washington, D.C.) in 1941 and served as an infantry officer during World War II,

Canadian literature: From settlement to 1900: Frances Brooke, the wife of a visiting British military chaplain in the conquered French garrison of Quebec, wrote the first published novel with a Canadian setting. Her History of Emily Montague (1769) is an epistolary romance describing the sparkling winter scenery of Quebec and the…

Henry Brooke, Irish novelist and dramatist, best known for The Fool of Quality, one of the outstanding English examples of the novel of sensibility—a novel in which the characters demonstrate a heightened emotional response to events around them. After attending Trinity College, Dublin, Brooke went

Puerto Rico: Early years: John R. Brooke became military governor of Puerto Rico. Spain subsequently ceded the island to the United States by the Treaty of Paris, which was signed in December 1898 and ratified by the U.S. Senate in February 1899. The military administration, which lasted until May…

Prince Albert Mountains: The isolated Mount Brooke (8,776 feet [2,675 m]), located west of McMurdo Sound, is the highest peak. At the northern end of the range stands Mount Mackintosh, at 8,097 feet (2,468 m). The mountains were discovered in February 1841 by the British explorer Sir James Clark Ross,…

Rupert Brooke, English poet, a wellborn, gifted, handsome youth whose early death in World War I contributed to his idealized image in the interwar period. His best-known work is the sonnet sequence 1914. At school at Rugby, where his father was a master, Brooke distinguished himself as a cricket

Brooke Raj: Sir Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke (b. June 3, 1829, Berrow, Somerset, Eng.—d. May 17, 1917, Cirencester, Gloucestershire), who adopted the surname Brooke, became the second raja. The government of Charles Brooke has been described as a benevolent autocracy. Charles himself had spent much of his…

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