Tuesday, January 05, 2010

"Fall" as "Autumn" in Milton's Knowledge?

In yesterday's blog entry, I made the following remark about one of John Milton's intentions in Paradise Lost:

The other term for "autumn" is, after all, "fall," which Milton seems to avoid in Paradise Lost as a synonym for "autumn," but I'll have to check more carefully to be sure of this point.

I've now checked more carefully, and Milton never uses "fall" to mean "autumn" in Paradise Lost. That wouldn't necessarily mean that he 'avoided' the word, for the term "fall" was not the most common one for the harvest season. The commonly used word by the 16th century was, of course, "autumn" (the older English term being "harvest"). But Milton must have known the less common use of "fall" to refer to the harvest season, as I will show.

My 1971 copy of the Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary dates the 'autumnal' use of "fall" to 1545, though more clearly to 1599 and most clearly to 1664:

2. (In early use also more fully [now obsolete] . . . fall of the leaf.) That part of the year when leaves fall from the trees; autumn. In N. Amer. the ordinary name for autumn; in England now rare in literary use, though found in some dialects; spring and fall, the fall of the year, are, however, in fairly common use.

The OED cites Roger Ascham's 1545 text on archery, Toxophilus, for the expression "faule of the leafe" (i.e., "fall of the leaf"), which more fully states:

The hole yere is deuided into, iiii. partes, Spring tyme, Somer, faule of the leafe, and winter wherof the whole winter, for the roughneffe of it, is cleane taken away from fhoting : except it be one day amonges. xx . or one yeare amonges. xl . In Somer, for the feruent heate, a man maye faye likewyfe : except it be fomtyme agaynft night. Now then fpring tyme and faule of the leafe be thofe which we abufe in fhoting. (page 48)

Unfortunately, the uncapitalized letters "f" and "s" look the same in my rendering above (and look almost identical in the original), as do the small letters "u" and "v," so let me 'transliterate' and also modernize the spelling and punctuation generally (and note that "shooting" refers to the shooting of arrows):

The whole year is divided into four parts: springtime, summer, fall of the leaf, and winter, whereof the whole winter, for the roughness of it, is clean taken away from shooting, except it be one day amongst twenty or one year amongst forty. In summer, for the fervent heat, a man may say likewise, except it be sometime against night. Now then springtime and fall of the leaf be those which we abuse in shooting.

That's certainly more readable, if quaint-sounding, but for the more abbreviated expression "fall" (short for "fall of the leaf"), we must turn to Sir Walter Raleigh's poem of 1599, which itself was a satirical reply to Christopher Marlowe's pastoral poem "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love," so let's first remind ourselves of that earlier poem by Marlowe, also first published in 1599 but written some time prior to 1593, when Marlowe died of a fatal stabbing:

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

Come live with me and be my love,And we will all the pleasures proveThat valleys, groves, hills, and fields,Woods or steepy mountain yields.

And we will sit upon the rocks,Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,By shallow rivers to whose fallsMelodious birds sing madrigals.

And I will make thee beds of rosesAnd a thousand fragrant posies,A cap of flowers, and a kirtleEmbroidered all with leaves of myrtle;

A gown made of the finest woolWhich from our pretty lambs we pull;Fair lined slippers for the cold,With buckles of the purest gold;

A belt of straw and ivy buds,With coral clasps and amber studs:And if these pleasures may thee move,Come live with me and be my love.

The shepherds' swains shall dance and singFor thy delight each May morning:If these delights thy mind may move,Then live with me and be my love.

Nothing seems to be said about marriage here in Marlowe's lines, a lapse that may have prompted Raleigh's retort in "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd":

The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd

If all the world and love were young,And truth in every shepherd's tongue,These pretty pleasures might me moveTo live with thee and be thy love.

Time drives the flocks from field to foldWhen rivers rage and rocks grow cold,And Philomel becometh dumb;The rest complains of cares to come.

Thy belt of straw and ivy buds,Thy coral clasps and amber studs,All these in me no means can moveTo come to thee and be thy love.

But could youth last and love still breed,Had joys no date nor age no need,Then these delights my mind may moveTo live with thee and be thy love.

Both poems were published in 1599, it seems, but they also appeared in Izaak Walton's 1653 book, The Compleat Angler, under the titles "The Milk maids Song" and "The Milk maids mothers answer." John Milton would thus surely have been aware of the lines "A honey tongue, a heart of gall, / Is fancy's spring, but sorrow's fall," which puns not only on the fall season and on one's downfall but could even well punningly describe the Satanic temptation of Eve in Milton's very own Paradise Lost, which brings about the great fall of mankind.

Whether or not Milton was aware of Ascham's 1545 text on archery, Toxophilus, I don't know, but the expression "fall of the leaf" was not uncommon, it seems, given the OED's evidence, which cites (as we have seen) Captain John Smith's book England's Improvement Revived, written sometime before Smith's death in 1631 but first published in 1673 (or 1670?), so Milton would surely not have known of the work. Nor would he have known of John Evelyn's 1664 book on trees, Sylva (second edition in 1679, it seems), which refers to a hardy oak (apparently the quercus silvestris) as "distinguished by its fulness of leaves, which tarnish, and becoming yellow at the fall, do commonly clothe it all the winter." Milton's ignorance of these two texts hardly matters since they merely record an expression (fall of the leaf) and a term (fall) already in use during Milton's lifetime.

At any rate, Milton himself does not use the term "fall" in his epic poem Paradise Lost, and given the negative associations of the word "fall," he had good reason to avoid it as a reference to the season of harvest in his prelapsarian Eden and good reason to prefer the terms that he does use -- the French-derived "autumn" and the etymologically Germanic "harvest" -- for that season.

Now I didn't say that these posts were boring. I said, "Educational"! Am I an oddball for choosing to speak here.....Also, sorry for not responding sooner, but blogger and I are at odds. Your response will not come into my e-mail. Jeanie

About Me

I am a professor at Ewha Womans University, where I teach composition, research writing, and cultural issues, including the occasional graduate seminar on Gnosticism and Johannine theology and the occasional undergraduate course on European history.
My doctorate is in history (U.C. Berkeley), with emphasis on religion and science. My thesis is on John's gospel and Gnosticism.
I also work as one-half of a translating team with my wife, and our most significant translation is Yi Kwang-su's novel The Soil, which was funded by the Literature Translation Institute of Korea.
I'm also an award-winning writer, and I recommend my novella, The Bottomless Bottle of Beer, to anyone interested.
I'm originally from the Arkansas Ozarks, but my academic career -- funded through doctoral and postdoctoral fellowships (e.g., Fulbright, Naumann, Lady Davis) -- has taken me through Texas, California, Switzerland, Germany, Australia, and Israel and has landed me in Seoul, South Korea. I've also traveled to Mexico, visited much of Europe, including Moscow, and touched down briefly in a few East Asian countries.
Hence: "Gypsy Scholar."