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Chemiluminescence: the production of visible light by a chemical reaction. Bioluminescence: a form of chemiluminescence. Fluorescence: the absorption of light at one wavelength and its re-emission at a different wavelength, or color; driven by absorption of light energy vs. chemical energy; produces light only when being irradiated. Phosphorescence: Similar to fluorescence but maintains the glow much longer after the irradiation is removed.

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Shining Tubeshoulder This shiny, black fish has photophores on its belly and a strange tube on each shoulder. These tubes can release a glowing slime. The slime’s glow may distract predatory fishes while the tubeshoulder escapes into the darkness. Grows to 13 inches long.

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Gulper Eel

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Viperfish Viperfish Chauliodus sp.

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Characteristics of Midnight Zone Fishes (1000m +) Single largest habitat on earth! No countershading bioluminescence Fewer photophores: on heads and sides Eyes often absent or reduced Fish sluggish or usually immobile Flabby muscles, weak skeletons Almost all lack swim bladder Huge mouths Small size Black in color

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Hydrothermal Vents First discovery in Spreading ridge east of Galapagos Islands; divergent plates Water: - Up to 400 degrees C (doesn’t boil, too much pressure) - Highly acidic - Large amounts of hydrogen sulfide (toxic to most animals); sulfides of iron, zinc, copper, and other metals precipitate and disburse as “black smoke” = black smokers May be more than a mile deep - No light - No photosynthesis; chemosynthetically based food web

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EP 5 The ocean supports a great diversity of life. FC b. Most life in the ocean exists as microbes. Microbes are the most important primary producers in the ocean. FC g. There are deep ocean ecosystems that are independent of energy from sunlight and photosynthetic organisms. Candy Chemosynthesis – Ocean Literacy Essential Principles & Fundamental Concepts

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Inside a Tubeworm from NOVA Web site Tubeworms are animals yet they have no mouth, no stomach, and no intestine. How do they live?

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Deep-sea Tubeworm Anatomy

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Soft, bright-red structure Brings in oxygen & carbon dioxide from seawater Brings in hydrogen sulfide from vent water Hemoglobin (red color in the plume) transports these 3 ingredients without a violent reaction between them Plume

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Mission Control: Muscular - anchors upper portion of worm in tube Provides safe passage for blood from plume to trophosome Generates new tube material Holds the reproductive pores from which the worm releases sperm or eggs during spawning; these combine in the water to make baby tubeworms Harbors simplified versions of the two organs that most closely bind this primitive creature to its fellow animals: the heart and the brain Vestimentum

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This organ of dark green-brown spongy tissue is where the real action takes place: ~285 billion bacteria (microbes) per ounce of tissue live symbiotically in special cells. Absorbs the 3 ingredients pumped down from the plume - oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide - and controls their reaction. Microbes use the chemical energy released from the oxidation of sulfide into sulfate to fix carbon dioxide into the organic carbon that nourishes both the microbes and the worm. Trophosome

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Imagine having no anus. Well, tubeworms don’t need one because they don’t eat solid food. They take up the dissolved gases, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen and carbon dioxide across their plume. And must excrete the waste product, sulfuric acid across their plume. Hydrothermal vent tubeworms can live several decades. Sulfide in the worm's bloodstream gives the animal its powerful rotten-egg stench. Trunk

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Hard parchment-like cylinder, varies in thickness between and even within species of tubeworm Basically like the shell of a lobster or crab, but softer. Grows as the worm grows, providing a safe home for the animal Delicate gill-like plume, which is the tubeworm's only exposed part; can be retracted into the tube at a moment's notice Tube

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Like the vestimentum, the opisthosome produces new tube material and helps anchor the worm in its tube and into the seabed Often planted deep within the crevices of a black smoker or vent Giant tubeworm tubes can grow well over a yard long Temperatures at a worm's plume = ~ 35°F (1-2°C) while at its base = ~ 86°F (30°C) Opisthosome

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LP18 and LP 19 - Ocean Literacy Essential Principles & Fundamental Concepts EP 5 Ocean supports great diversity of life FC g. There are deep ocean ecosystems that are independent of energy from sunlight and photosynthetic organisms. Hydrothermal vents…and methane cold seeps rely on chemical energy and chemosynthetic organisms to support life.

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 The ocean is largely unexplored.  The ocean is home to more than 95% of life on the planet.  The ocean plays a role in global climate change that we don’t yet understand.  We don’t understand the complexities of interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere.  The ocean provides numerous compounds used in pharmaceuticals.  The ocean belongs to future generations. Reaching Out in New Ways with Respect to Ocean Issues