Kingdom Plantae Notes Mancheski 2013.

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2 Seed GerminationSeed Germination: Resumption of growth of the plant embryo following dormancy.Dormancy: period in which the embryo is alive but not growing.Steps to seed germination:1. seeds absorb water2. absorbed water causesfood-storing tissues to swelland crack seed coat3. the young root emergesand begins to grow4. the shoot emerges andbegins to grow

5 Roots Function: 1. Anchor plant in the ground and hold them upright2. Hold soil in place (preventing erosion)3. Mutualistic relationship with soil bacterial and fungi4. Absorb and transport water and dissolved nutrients to the rest of the plant5. Store food

12 Leaves Function: 1. plant’s main photosynthetic organs2. increase the amount of sunlight a plant absorbs3. Adjustable pores help conserve water while letting oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit

13 Leaf Anatomy Blade – thin, flattened part to collect sunlightPetiole – a think stalk that connects the blade to the stemStomata – small openings in the epidermis that allow carbon dioxide, water and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf

15 Leaf VocabularyPhotosynthesis – process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates

16 Transpiration – loss of water though the leavesWilting – the loss of water in the central vacuole of the plant cell, and therefore, loss of pressure.

17 HomeostasisPlants maintain homeostasis by keeping their stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive amount of water.

18 FlowersFunction:Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of four different kinds of specialized leaves.

19 Flower parts Stamen – male parts of a flowerAnther – produces pollen grainsFilament – stalk that has the anther at its tipCarpels – female parts of a flowerOvary – produces the eggs (ovules)Style – stalk that contains the stigma at its tipStigma – sticky structure used to capture pollenPetal – used to attract pollinators to the plantSepal – enclose the bud before it opens and protects the flower