2THEORETICAL DEBATES IN THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE AND GENDER 1.) Deterministic approach - Language (just like gender) is an attribute Most people, when they think of work on language and gender, probably think of works like psychologist John Grays Men are from Mars,Women are from Venus there is a permanent miscommunications between women and men in heterosexual couples. 2.) Practice approach Language (just like gender) is practice. Stereotypes about womens speechfall apart when talk in a range of activities is examined in order to construct social personae appropriate to the events of the moment, the same individuals will articulate talk and gender differently as they move from one activity to another. 3Gender and Multilingualism In settler societies, postcolonial contexts, diglossic linguistic situations, and many other multilingual situations, it may be use of or access to certain languages which differentiates the speech of men and women. A research project on the use of Hungarian and German in Austria focuses on the effects of urbanization and industrialization on the speech patterns of women and men. Because the urban settings associated with use of German have different meanings and present different opportunities for young women and men, they use German and Hungarian differently. Young women are leading in the shift to German because, for them, German is associated with urban opportunities, having husbands who are workers, and having less strenuous and time-consuming household responsibilities, while Hungarian is associated with having peasant husbands and physically taxing household and farm responsibilities. Younger men, for whom the peasant life-style retains the attraction of self-employment and some measure of personal autonomy, use Hungarian more than young women. Because they cannot find Hungarian-speaking women to marry, however, they marry German-speaking women and their children tend to speak German. 4Gender and Politeness Politeness is A special way of treating people, saying and doing things in such a way as to take into account the other persons feelings. On the whole that means that what one says politely will be less straightforward or more complicated than what one would say if one wasnt taking the others feelings into account. (Brown, 1980, p. 114) In societies where politeness is normatively valued or seen as a skill, or where acquisition of politeness is not an automatic part of language learning but requires additional training, men tend to be understood as more polite, and women are understood as impolite (Malagasy) or too polite (Java). In societies where directness is valued, and politeness is seen as a form of deference rather than a skill, women tend to be more polite, or at least are perceived as more polite (many groups in the United States, certain Mayan womene.g., Brown, 1980). In certain cases, at certain times, women challenge such dominant views of their actions. 5Gender and Genre in Egalitarian Societies In societies that have traditionally been called egalitarian by anthropologists, men and women often have their own distinct social spheres. Participation in culturally central rituals and concomitant verbal genres is often linked to (though not necessarily absolutely determined by) gender. In most of traditional societies there are some distinction in verbal genres men tended to tell the two major genres of stories (trickster stories and bird or animal stories), and women performed sung-texted weeping at funerals and on other occasions of profound loss. Both men and women composed songs and dances for exchange and ceremonial contexts, although women composed a more limited number of song types. 6Gender Sensitive Language

Most of us were traditionally taught in school to understand the word men as including both male and female people. When the gender of the subject is unclear or variable, we have also been taught to use masculine pronouns.

Even the US Declaration of Independence states that .all men are created equal

Why it is preferable to use the proper noun/ pronoun

- to be better understood. In the recent decades women are increasingly becoming involved in the public sphere, so men is no longer understood as synonymous to people

- this is important for people concerned about issues of social inequality

7HOW TO USE POLITICALLY CORRECT NOUNS?

Gendered noun Gender neutral noun

Man person, individual

Freshman first- year student

Mankind humanity, people, human beings

The common man the common person

Chairman chairperson

Mailman mail carrier, postal worker

policeman police officer

Steward, stewardess flight attendant

Congressman congress person, legislator, representative

Dear Sir Dear Sir or Madam, To Whom it May Concern

8HOW TO BE POLITICALLY CORRECT WHEN USING PROPER NOUNS

Ex. We would never refer to William Shakespeare as just William. We call him Shakespeare or William Shakespeare. Thus you should never refer to Jane Austen simply as Jane, you should write Jane Austen or just Austen.

Solution Refer to women by only their last names just as you do for men.

9

Ex. If you are writing about George and Martha Washington, referring to him as Washington and to her as Martha, conveys a greater respect for him than for her. In order to express an equal amount of respect for both of them, simply refer to each subject by her/his full name George Washington and Martha Washington.

Solution In circumstances where you are writing about several people who have the same last name, try to use the full name of the person every time you refer to him/ her. This option may sound like it could get too wordy, but it actually works very well in most situations.

10

Ex. You would not call American President Bush George, so you should not refer as well to British Prime Minister Thatcher as Margaret. Simply call her Prime Minister Thatcher just as you would write President Bush to refer to him.

Solution Refer to women subjects by their full titles, just as you would refer to men subjects.

11VERONIKA AZAROVA, PhDNEW BULGARIAN UNIVERSITY

E-mail kunsttrans_at_yahoo.com

Mobile 00359 888 91 06 21

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