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Thu November 8, 2012

The Beatles' Surprising Contribution To Brain Science

The Beatles rehearse for that night's Royal Variety Performance at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1963.

Central/Hulton Achive/Getty Images

The same brain system that controls our muscles also helps us remember music, scientists say.

When we listen to a new musical phrase, it is the brain's motor system — not areas involved in hearing — that helps us remember what we've heard, researchers reported at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in New Orleans last month.

The finding suggests that the brain has a highly specialized system for storing sequences of information, whether those sequences contain musical notes, words or even events.

But the discovery might never have happened without The Beatles, says Josef Rauschecker of Georgetown University. As a teenager in Europe, Rauschecker says, he was obsessed with the group.

"They were kind of the hot band at the time and I would listen to music while I was studying," he says. "My mother would say, 'Don't do that, you can't concentrate.' "

But Rauschecker ignored her. He says The White Album, Revolver and Rubber Soul seemed to become a part of his teenage brain, and the memory of which songs came in which order never faded.

"Years later I would put on one of these old LPs and then you know at the end of one track you immediately start singing the next one," he says, "as if it was all stored in your brain as a continuous sort of story."

That intrigued Rauschecker, who by this time was a brain scientist at Georgetown. He kept wondering which part of his brain knew the order of all those sequences of Beatles songs.

"The funny thing is that if you ask me now what comes after 'Michelle' or whatever I wouldn't know," he says. "It's not explicit knowledge. But if you hear it, then you can immediately continue singing it."

So a couple of years ago Rauschecker's lab did an experiment. It had volunteers bring in a favorite CD and lie in a brain scanner. Then the scientists watched what happened as the volunteers listened.

Sure enough, there was distinctive brain activity after each track ended. But Rauschecker says the brain activity wasn't where he thought it would be.

"You would think the brain part that is relevant for hearing would be the one that is mostly activated," he says. "But no, it was the motor areas. So that was quite surprising and puzzling."

So why had the part of the brain that works muscles been hijacked to remember music?

To find out, Rauschecker and a graduate student named Brannon Green did another experiment to see precisely what was happening as the brain learned a new musical sequence. This time, they put volunteers in a scanner and had them listen to atonal music generated by a computer.

At first the volunteers heard a single musical phrase made up of several notes, Green says. Then they heard that phrase again, followed by a new phrase.

"So what happens is by the time the entire sequence is played, the parts at the beginning have been repeated something like 30 times whereas the parts at the end have repeated once or twice," he says.

Brain scans showed that motor areas became active when people were hearing something new. But these motor areas were relatively quiet when people heard familiar notes.

"As you progressed to a familiar sequence, those areas became less and less important," Green says.

All this suggests that areas involved in hearing can remember small chunks of notes, but it takes the motor system to put these chunks in the right order, Rauschecker says. And he says it makes sense that the motor system would be responsible for this sequencing function.

"Because that's what the motor system has to do when you do a dance sequence or you ski down the slope," he says. "You have to program your muscles to work in particular sequence, especially when you learn something."

Rauschecker has also found evidence that the motor system can step in to help retrieve a chunk of forgotten musical notes.

"When as a musician you get stuck in playing a piece on the piano you don't just continue," he says. "Usually you go back to a certain point and start over again because the sequence has to be somehow played out."

And that's possible with a little help from the brain system that moves our muscles.

Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST:

Musicians often talk about muscle memory, practicing something until the muscles - in your fingers, for instance - seem able to play the notes by themselves. New research shows there's something to that idea.

NPR's Jon Hamilton reports that the same brain system that controls your muscles also helps you remember a musical sequence.

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "MICHELLE")

JON HAMIILTON, BYLINE: You know those albums you've played so many times that every song seems etched into your brain?

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "MICHELLE")

THE BEATLES: (Singing) Michelle, ma belle, these are words that go together well. My Michelle...

HAMIILTON: For Josef Rauschecker, it was albums by The Beatles.

JOSEF RAUSCHECKER: They were kind of the hot band at the time. And I would listen to music while I was studying, and my mother would say, Don't do that, you can't concentrate.

HAMIILTON: Rauschecker ignored her. And he says "The White Album," "Revolver" and "Rubber Soul" seemed to become a part of his teenage brain.

RAUSCHECKER: And then years later, I would put on one of these old LPs and then, you know, at the end of one track you immediately start singing the next one, as if it was all stored in your brain as a continuous sort of story.

HAMIILTON: Rauschecker became a brain scientist and eventually came to Georgetown University. But he kept wondering what part of his brain knew the order of all those sequences of Beatles songs.

RAUSCHECKER: The funny thing is, if you ask me now what comes after "Michelle" or whatever, I wouldn't know. It's not explicit knowledge. But if you hear it, then you can immediately continue singing it.

HAMIILTON: So a couple of years ago, Rauschecker's lab did an experiment. They had volunteers bring in a favorite CD and lie in a brain scanner. Then the scientists watched what happened as the volunteers listened. Sure enough, there was distinctive brain activity after each track ended.

But Rauschecker says the brain activity wasn't where he thought it would be.

RAUSCHECKER: You would think the brain part that is relevant for hearing would be the one that is mostly activated. But no, it was the motor areas. So that was quite surprising and puzzling.

HAMIILTON: Motor areas control muscles. So why had this part of the brain been hijacked to remember music? To find out, Rauschecker and a graduate student named Brannon Green did another experiment. They presented the results at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in New Orleans.

Green says the goal of this experiment was to see precisely what was happening as the brain learned a new musical sequence. He says this time they put volunteers in a scanner and had them listen to atonal music generated by a computer.

BRANNON GREEN: So let's think like a measure in terms of a musical score, right? So the first measure is played.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSICAL NOTES)

GREEN: Then you have a short pause. Then the first and second measure is played

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSICAL NOTES)

GREEN: Then a short pause again. First, second, third, and so on. So what happens is by the time the entire sequence is played, the parts at the beginning have been repeated something like 30 times, whereas the parts at the end have repeated once or twice.

HAMIILTON: Green says brain scans showed that motor areas became active when people were hearing something new. But these motor areas were relatively quiet when people heard familiar notes.

GREEN: We saw as you progressed to a familiar sequence, those areas became less and less important and those activations decreased.

HAMIILTON: Meanwhile, during these familiar sequences, activity increased in areas involved in hearing. Rauschecker says all this suggests that areas involved in hearing can remember small chunks of notes, but it takes the motor system to put these chunks in the right order. He says it makes sense that the motor system is responsible for this sequencing function.

RAUSCHECKER: Because that's what the motor system has to do. When you do a dance sequence or you ski down the slope, you know, you have to program your muscles to all work in coordination, in particular sequence, especially when you learn something.

HAMIILTON: Rauschecker says he's also found evidence that the motor system can step in to help retrieve a chunk of forgotten musical notes.