Major Breakthrough: First Photos of Planets Around Other Stars

This 3D representation of the three planets orbiting the star HR 8799 shows the system is located 90 degrees away from the Milky Way galactic center, lower than the sun. (All orbital diameters are greatly exaggerated.)Credit: 2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF

Astronomers
have taken what they say are the first-ever direct images of planets outside of
our solar system, including a visible-light snapshot of a single-planet system
and an infrared picture of a multiple-planet system.

Earth-like
worlds might also exist in the three-planet system, but if so they are too dim
to photograph. The other newfound planet orbits
a star called Fomalhaut, which is visible without the aid of a telescope.
It is the 18th brightest star in the sky.

The massive
worlds, each much heftier
than Jupiter (at least for the three-planet system), could change how astronomers define the term ?planet,? one
planet-hunter said.

Breakthrough
technology

Until now,
scientists have inferred the presence of planets mainly by detecting an unseen
world's gravitational tug on its host star or waiting for the planet to transit
in front of its star and then detecting a dip in the star's light. While these
methods have helped to identify more than 300 extrasolar planets to date,
astronomers have struggled to actually directly image and see such inferred planets.

The four
photographed exoplanets are discussed in two research papers published online
today by the journal Science.

"Every
extrasolar planet detected so far has been a wobble on a graph. These are the
first pictures of an entire system," said Bruce Macintosh, an
astrophysicist from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, and
part of the team that photographed the multi-planet system in infrared light.
"We've been trying to image planets for eight years with no luck and now
we have pictures of three planets at once."

Astronomers
have
claimed previously to have directly imaged a planet, with at least two such
objects, though not everybody agreed the objects were planets. Instead, they
may be dim, failed stars known as brown dwarfs.

Multi-planet
snapshots

Macintosh,
lead researcher Christian Marois of the NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics
in Canada, and colleagues used the Gemini North telescope and W.M. Keck
Observatory on Hawaii's Mauna Kea to obtain infrared images. Infrared radiation
represents heat and, along with everything from radio waves to visible light
and X-rays, is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The trio of
worlds orbits a star named HR 8799, which is about 130 light-years away in the
constellation Pegasus and about 1.5 times as massive as the sun. The planets
are located at distances from their star of 24, 38 and 68 astronomical units
(AU). (An astronomical unit equals the average Earth-sun distance of 93 million
miles, or about 150 million km.) Other planet-finding techniques work out to
only about 5 AU from a star.

The planet
closest to the star weighs in at 10 times the mass of Jupiter, followed by
another 10 Jupiter-mass planet and then, farther out, a world seven times the
heft of Jupiter.

By
astronomical standards, the planets are fresh out of the oven, forming about 60
million years ago. That means the orbs are still glowing from heat leftover
from their formation. Earth, by comparison, is about 4.5 billion years old.

The most
distant planet orbits just inside a disk
of dusty debris, similar to that produced by the icy objects of the solar
system's Kuiper belt, which lies just beyond the orbit of Neptune.

The setup
of this planetary system, along with its dusty belt, suggests it is a scaled-up
version of our solar system, Macintosh said. That means other planets closer in
to the host star could be waiting for discovery.

"I
think there's a very high probability that there are more planets in the system
that we can't detect yet," Macintosh said. "One of the things that
distinguishes this system from most of the extrasolar planets that are already
known is that HR 8799 has its giant planets in the outer parts ? like our solar
system does ? and so has 'room' for smaller terrestrial planets, far beyond our
current ability to see, in the inner parts."

Hubble's
discovery

University
of California, Berkeley, astronomer Paul Kalas led the team of astronomers who
took the visible-light snapshot of the single-planet system. The exoplanet has
been named Fomalhaut b, and is estimated to weigh no more than three Jupiter masses.

The Hubble
Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys was used to make the image. The camera
is equipped with a coronagraph that blocks out the light of the host star,
allowing astronomers to view a much fainter planet.

"It's
kind of like if driving into the sun and suddenly you flip down your visor, you
can see the road easier," Kalas said during a telephone interview. In
fact, Fomalhaut b is 1 billion times fainter than its star. "It's not easy
to see. That kind of sensitivity has never been seen before," he added.

Fomalhaut b
is about 25 light-years from Earth. Photos taken in 2004 and 2006 show the
planet's movement over a 21-month period and suggest the planet likely orbits
its star Fomalhaut every 872 years at a distance of 119 astronomical units (AU),
or 11 billion miles (nearly 18 billion km). That's about four times the distance
between Neptune and the sun.

Kalas suspected
the planet's existence in 2004 (published in 2005) after Hubble images he
had taken revealed a dusty belt that had a sharp inner edge around Fomalhaut.
The sculpted nature of the ring suggested a planet in an elliptical orbit was
shaping the belt's inner edge. And it was.

"The
gravity of Fomalhaut b is the key reason that the vast dust belt surrounding
Fomalhaut is cleanly sculpted into a ring and offset from the star," Kalas
said. "We predicted this in 2005, and now we have the direct proof."

Kalas' team
also suspects that the planet could be surrounded by a ring system with the
dimensions of Jupiter's early rings, before the dust and debris coalesced into
the four Galilean moons.

What's a
planet?

The successful image results could change how
planets are defined, said Sara Seager, an astrophysicist at MIT who was not
involved in the discoveries.

Until now,
mass has been one of the critical pieces of information that could place an
object into or out of the planet club. Objects that are too massive, above
about 13 Jupiter masses, are considered brown dwarfs. But now formation could
also be part of the formula. Both of the new planetary systems revealed dusty
disks and suggest the planets must have formed similar to how planets in our
solar system and elsewhere are thought to have formed.

So, most
astronomers would call the four objects planets, although their masses are only
inferred from the luminosities seen in the images.

"Taken
together, these discoveries are going to change what we call a planet,"
Seager told SPACE.com. "Until now people have been arguing about
how big can an object be and still be a planet."

Seager
added, referring to the multi-planet system, "People want to call the
upper mass 12 Jupiter masses. I think it's going to force us to reconsider what
a planet is, because even if they are more massive than what we want to call a
planet, they're in a disk." In addition, she said, nobody has ever spotted
three stars orbiting a host star, as would have to be the case if you were to
call the three planets something other than planets.

Aiming
for Earth-like planets

These
recent direct images reveal giant, gaseous exoplanets in a new light for the
first time, revealing not the effects of the planets but the planets
themselves. The next goal would be direct images of an Earth-like
planet, the astronomers say.

"The
discovery of the HR 8799 system is a crucial step on the road to the ultimate
detection of another Earth," Macintosh said.

The problem
is that terrestrial (Earth-like) planets are orders of magnitude fainter than
the giant Jupiter-like worlds, and they are much closer in to their host stars.
That means the glare from the star would be overwhelming with today's
technology.

The pay-off
could be big, though, as such rocky planets could orbit within their habitable
zones (where temperatures would allow the existence of liquid water).

"There
is plenty of empty space between Fomalhaut b and the star for other planets to
happily reside in stable orbits," Kalas said. "We'll probably have to
wait for the James Webb Space Telescope to give us a clear view of the region
closer to the star where a planet could host liquid water on the surface."