America`s History Chapter 16

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Religion and Reform (1800 – 1860)
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 Congress
during the Civil War:
• Created a new national banking system
• Instituted a protective tariff – Republicans want to
Raise
 The
New Union and the World:
• Post Civil War, America sought to extend beyond its
borders
 Japan – Matthew Perry and the Treaty of Kanagawa – US
could refuel ships, later could trade
 Most Americans did not want conquest, but rather advocated
increased trade
 Burlingame Treaty – protected US missionaries in China,
emigration of Chinese to US (cheap labor)
 “Seward’s Folly” – US purchased Alaska from Russia, later
 Integrating the National Economy:
• RRs – began in the 1830s, transcontinental RR was complete
in 1869
 In the West, Chinese built many RRs
 Federal government gave loans, subsidies, and land grants
• Tariffs and Economic Growth:
 Tariff – tax on imported goods (largest source of revenue for the
government)
 Republicans favored tariffs, protect American industries
• The Role of Courts:
 Munn v. Illinois – states could regulate certain businesses (RRs);
later overturned
 Many Mexican Americans were forced to leave land in the
southwest
• Silver and Gold:
 US joined the Gold Standard in the 1870s (backing paper $ with
gold)
 Hurt those in debt (less $ in circulation)
 Will become a major issue of the 1890s

Land Acts:
• Homestead Act (1862)
 160 acres of land to those willing to move west and improve the
property
• Morrill Act (1862):
 Allowed states to sell land and use $ for colleges and universities
 Cornell University

Mining Empires:
• Comstock Lode – Nevada, huge silver deposits
• Timber industries grew in the NW – altered the environment

Cattlemen on the Plains:
• Bison rapidly depleted in the 1870s (less than 200)
• Cattle ranchers:
 Long Drive – herding cattle hundreds of miles north to RRs to sell
 Barbed wire allowed farmers to abandon the Long Drive
 Led to altering of the Great Plains’ environment
• Blizzard of 1886 – 1887 left many cowboys broke

Homesteaders:
• Steel plow helped alter the environment of the Great Plains
 Farmers could grow crops where they couldn’t before (wheat)
• Exodusters:
 Movement of African Americans from MI and LA to KS
• Women in the West:
 Unlike mining and other jobs in the West, homesteading was made up mostly
of families
 Mormons – settled in Utah to escape religious persecution
 Plural marriages (polygamy) led to conflict with the government
 Women gained full suffrage in Utah
• Environmental Challenges:
 Blizzards, tornados, and grasshoppers posed challenges to homesteaders
 Often, 160 acres was not enough to survive – arid land
 Removing grass to plant led to erosion of soil

The First National Park:
• Yellowstone in WY became the world’s fist park
 Created in part due to the Northern Pacific RR – owned a hotel
• Nez Perce was removed from present day ID, WA, and OR
 Tried to flee to Canada, eventually were caught before reaching the border

The Civil War and Indians on the Plains:
• Dakota Sioux were paid to give up land in MN
 Most of the funds never went to them
• Sand Creek Massacre (November 29, 1864):
 CO militia attacked Cheyenne Indians, killed over 100, mostly women and
children

Grant’s Peace Policy:
• Some reformers believed Natives could be equal with whites
 However, the Natives had to embrace Christianity and give up Native cultures
• Indian Boarding Schools
 Acculturation – adopting white ways
 Many Natives were “encouraged” to send children to boarding schools –
English only, had to cut their hair
 Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903):
 Congress could make ANY Native policies it wanted
• Breaking Up Tribal Lands:
 **Dawes Severalty Act**:




Native tribes were dissolved
Heads of families would receive 160 acres of land
Native Americans’ lives were changed – hunting to farming
Most of Natives’ land was lost (66% between 1880 – 1930)
"Up to our own day American history
been
a large Resistance:
degree the history
 Thehas
End
of in
Armed
of the
colonization
of theSioux
Greatdid
West.
• Sitting
Bull
and the Lakota
not go to reservations
The existence
of an
area
of free land,
• Battle
of Little Big
Horn
(Custer’s
Last its
Stand): (1876)
continuous
and the advance
 Custer
and hisrecession,
men were killed
of American
settlement westward,
 Strategies
of Survival:
explain
American
• Many
Natives
began todevelopment."
adopt some white customs
• Ghost Dance:






Religious movement by Native Americans
Hoped to see the return of buffalo and elimination of whites
Many Americans were afraid of the dance
US government orders an end to it…..
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
 About 300 Natives were killed
 Many were women and children
Western Myths and Realities
• Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier’s Thesis:
• The end of the Frontier ended a unique era in US history
• The Frontier contributed to the American identity
 Helped make American society different from Europe
 US
sought to trade beyond its borders
post Manifest Destiny:
• China and Japan
 Government and westward settlement:
• RRs and land grants, Homestead Act, Morrill
Land Act
 Republicans
Raise tariffs
 Native and US government conflicts:
• Sand Creek, Wounded Knee
 Dawes
Act
 Frontier Thesis
 Good
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