Develops a structuralist understanding of mathematics, as an alternative to set‐ or type‐theoretic foundations, that respects classical mathematical truth while minimizing Platonist commitments to ...
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Develops a structuralist understanding of mathematics, as an alternative to set‐ or type‐theoretic foundations, that respects classical mathematical truth while minimizing Platonist commitments to abstract entities. Modal logic is combined with notions of part/whole (mereology) enabling a systematic interpretation of ordinary mathematical statements as asserting what would be the case in any (suitable) structure there (logically) might be, e.g. for number theory, functional analysis, algebra, pure geometry, etc. Structures are understood as comprising objects, whatever their nature, standing in suitable relations as given by axioms or defining conditions in mathematics proper. The characterization of structures is aided by the addition of plural quantifiers, e.g. ‘Any objects of sort F’ corresponding to arbitrary collections of Fs, achieving the expressive power of second‐order logic, hence a full logic of relations. (See the author's ‘Structuralism without Structures’, Philosophia Mathematica 4 (1996): 100–123.) Claims of absolute existence of structures are replaced by claims of (logical) possibility of enough structurally interrelated objects (modal‐existence postulates). The vast bulk of ordinary mathematics, and scientific applications, can thus be recovered on the basis of the possibility of a countable infinity of atoms. As applied to set theory itself, these ideas lead to a ‘many worlds’—– as opposed to the standard ‘fixed universe’—view, inspired by Zermelo (1930), respecting the unrestricted, indefinite extendability of models of the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms. Natural motivation for (‘small’) large cardinal axioms is thus provided. In sum, the vast bulk of abstract mathematics is respected as objective, while literal reference to abstracta and related problems with Platonism are eliminated.Less

Geoffrey Hellman

Published in print: 1993-11-25

Develops a structuralist understanding of mathematics, as an alternative to set‐ or type‐theoretic foundations, that respects classical mathematical truth while minimizing Platonist commitments to abstract entities. Modal logic is combined with notions of part/whole (mereology) enabling a systematic interpretation of ordinary mathematical statements as asserting what would be the case in any (suitable) structure there (logically) might be, e.g. for number theory, functional analysis, algebra, pure geometry, etc. Structures are understood as comprising objects, whatever their nature, standing in suitable relations as given by axioms or defining conditions in mathematics proper. The characterization of structures is aided by the addition of plural quantifiers, e.g. ‘Any objects of sort F’ corresponding to arbitrary collections of Fs, achieving the expressive power of second‐order logic, hence a full logic of relations. (See the author's ‘Structuralism without Structures’, Philosophia Mathematica4 (1996): 100–123.) Claims of absolute existence of structures are replaced by claims of (logical) possibility of enough structurally interrelated objects (modal‐existence postulates). The vast bulk of ordinary mathematics, and scientific applications, can thus be recovered on the basis of the possibility of a countable infinity of atoms. As applied to set theory itself, these ideas lead to a ‘many worlds’—– as opposed to the standard ‘fixed universe’—view, inspired by Zermelo (1930), respecting the unrestricted, indefinite extendability of models of the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms. Natural motivation for (‘small’) large cardinal axioms is thus provided. In sum, the vast bulk of abstract mathematics is respected as objective, while literal reference to abstracta and related problems with Platonism are eliminated.

This chapter presents an account of an unexpected victim of both the rise of the to-infinitive and the loss of verb-second: the ‘ultra-indefinite’ pronoun man. Two factors almost completely destroyed ...
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This chapter presents an account of an unexpected victim of both the rise of the to-infinitive and the loss of verb-second: the ‘ultra-indefinite’ pronoun man. Two factors almost completely destroyed the niche occupied by man in Old English. With to-infinitive clauses increasing at the expense of finite embedded clauses, the frequency of man, as the subject of those finite clauses also decreases, its function taken over by its non-overt counterpart, arbitrary PRO. The second factor is the loss of verb-second, which affected the information structure of the clause and promoted the use of various passive constructions over the use of an active construction with a man subject. Subjects came to play a far more prominent role in maintaining textual cohesion. This left little scope for the indefinite pronoun man, whose main role had been to provide a contentless subject, functionally equivalent to a passive.Less

Innocent bystander: the loss of the indefinite pronoun man

Bettelou Los

Published in print: 2005-01-20

This chapter presents an account of an unexpected victim of both the rise of the to-infinitive and the loss of verb-second: the ‘ultra-indefinite’ pronoun man. Two factors almost completely destroyed the niche occupied by man in Old English. With to-infinitive clauses increasing at the expense of finite embedded clauses, the frequency of man, as the subject of those finite clauses also decreases, its function taken over by its non-overt counterpart, arbitrary PRO. The second factor is the loss of verb-second, which affected the information structure of the clause and promoted the use of various passive constructions over the use of an active construction with a man subject. Subjects came to play a far more prominent role in maintaining textual cohesion. This left little scope for the indefinite pronoun man, whose main role had been to provide a contentless subject, functionally equivalent to a passive.

Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. This book presents an encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the ...
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Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. This book presents an encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. It shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. Topics include formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, and negative indefinite pronouns.Less

Indefinite Pronouns

Martin Haspelmath

Published in print: 2001-02-08

Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. This book presents an encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. It shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. Topics include formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, and negative indefinite pronouns.

Grounding is the grammaticized means of relating the thing profiled by a nominal, or the process profiled by a finite clause, to the ground (the speech event and its participants). As narrowly ...
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Grounding is the grammaticized means of relating the thing profiled by a nominal, or the process profiled by a finite clause, to the ground (the speech event and its participants). As narrowly defined, grounding elements make very fundamental specifications of a basically epistemic nature. Moreover, they construe the ground subjectively—leaving it implicit as the offstage locus of conception—with the profiled entity being the focused, onstage object of conception. Whereas a lexical noun or verb merely names a type of thing or process, a full nominal or finite clause designates and grounds an instance of the type. An instance differs from a type by being thought of as having a particular location in the domain of instantiation, one that distinguishes it from other instances. The profiled instance is not necessarily an actual individual, but may also be a virtual (or fictive) entity confined to a special mental space. A nominal referent is generally identified through a combination of description, which selects a set of eligible candidates, and grounding, which directs attention to a member of this set. Two basic grounding strategies are deixis (abstract pointing) and quantification. The deictic grounding elements—demonstratives and the definite article—are definite: they single out the intended referent independently of the content of the clause containing the nominal. By contrast, with indefinite grounding elements the referent is initially virtual, pending its identification by means of the clausal content (in the case of indefinite articles), or is necessarily virtual (in the case of quantifiers). Clausal grounding is less concerned with identification than with existence, i.e. whether or not an event occurs. For English the basic grounding elements are tense and the modals. The tense opposition present vs. past is a special case of the more schematic value of immediate vs. non-immediate (with respect to the ground). The absence of a modal indicates that the speaker accepts the profiled occurrence as part of the speaker's conception of reality. The presence of a modal indicates that it does not yet have this status, but is still a target for realization. The choice of modal registers the impetus for speaker control, which occurs on either of two levels: effective vs. epistemic control (corresponding to root vs. epistemic modals).Less

Grounding

Ronald W. Langacker

Published in print: 2008-02-14

Grounding is the grammaticized means of relating the thing profiled by a nominal, or the process profiled by a finite clause, to the ground (the speech event and its participants). As narrowly defined, grounding elements make very fundamental specifications of a basically epistemic nature. Moreover, they construe the ground subjectively—leaving it implicit as the offstage locus of conception—with the profiled entity being the focused, onstage object of conception. Whereas a lexical noun or verb merely names a type of thing or process, a full nominal or finite clause designates and grounds an instance of the type. An instance differs from a type by being thought of as having a particular location in the domain of instantiation, one that distinguishes it from other instances. The profiled instance is not necessarily an actual individual, but may also be a virtual (or fictive) entity confined to a special mental space. A nominal referent is generally identified through a combination of description, which selects a set of eligible candidates, and grounding, which directs attention to a member of this set. Two basic grounding strategies are deixis (abstract pointing) and quantification. The deictic grounding elements—demonstratives and the definite article—are definite: they single out the intended referent independently of the content of the clause containing the nominal. By contrast, with indefinite grounding elements the referent is initially virtual, pending its identification by means of the clausal content (in the case of indefinite articles), or is necessarily virtual (in the case of quantifiers). Clausal grounding is less concerned with identification than with existence, i.e. whether or not an event occurs. For English the basic grounding elements are tense and the modals. The tense opposition present vs. past is a special case of the more schematic value of immediate vs. non-immediate (with respect to the ground). The absence of a modal indicates that the speaker accepts the profiled occurrence as part of the speaker's conception of reality. The presence of a modal indicates that it does not yet have this status, but is still a target for realization. The choice of modal registers the impetus for speaker control, which occurs on either of two levels: effective vs. epistemic control (corresponding to root vs. epistemic modals).

This chapter discusses comparative syntax and the parameters underlying some very fine-grained differences (in the area of quantity words) between English and French. One type of parameter proposed ...
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This chapter discusses comparative syntax and the parameters underlying some very fine-grained differences (in the area of quantity words) between English and French. One type of parameter proposed involves the choice between pronouncing and leaving silent a particular functional element. Comparative syntax necessarily involves work on more than one language, but it is not that simple. On the one hand, it attempts to characterize and delineate the parameters that ultimately underlie cross-linguistic differences in syntax. On the other hand, it attempts to exploit those differences as a new and often exciting source of evidence bearing on the characterization and delineation of the principles of universal grammar, of the properties that, by virtue of holding of the (syntactic component of the) human language faculty, will be found to hold of every human language.Less

Some Notes on Comparative Syntax : With Special Reference to English and French

Richard S. Kayne

Published in print: 2005-07-14

This chapter discusses comparative syntax and the parameters underlying some very fine-grained differences (in the area of quantity words) between English and French. One type of parameter proposed involves the choice between pronouncing and leaving silent a particular functional element. Comparative syntax necessarily involves work on more than one language, but it is not that simple. On the one hand, it attempts to characterize and delineate the parameters that ultimately underlie cross-linguistic differences in syntax. On the other hand, it attempts to exploit those differences as a new and often exciting source of evidence bearing on the characterization and delineation of the principles of universal grammar, of the properties that, by virtue of holding of the (syntactic component of the) human language faculty, will be found to hold of every human language.

This chapter turns to the motivation for one more functional open value within the nominal domain: Classifier Phrase (CLmax), headed by the open value DIV (div. meaning ‘division’). It is argued that ...
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This chapter turns to the motivation for one more functional open value within the nominal domain: Classifier Phrase (CLmax), headed by the open value DIV (div. meaning ‘division’). It is argued that CLmax is responsible for the generation of mass vs. count structures and is assigned range, in English, both by plural inflection and by the indefinite article a. #P, on the other hand, is the merger location of all other determiners, including strong determiners, weak determiners, cardinals, and the definite article as well. The chapter looks at the mass-count distinction and the singular-plural distinction in a number of languages, particularly English and Chinese. It also discusses the affinity between bare mass nouns and bare plurals when contrasted with singulars, and provides for a typology of determiners across languages. As in the case of proper vs. common names, it is argued that no lexical listing is required to distinguish mass nouns from count nouns, and that, as in the case of proper/common names, the distinction is fundamentally structural, rather than lexico-semantic.Less

Some Stuff: On the Mass–Count Distinction

Hagit Borer

Published in print: 2005-01-20

This chapter turns to the motivation for one more functional open value within the nominal domain: Classifier Phrase (CLmax), headed by the open value DIV (div. meaning ‘division’). It is argued that CLmax is responsible for the generation of mass vs. count structures and is assigned range, in English, both by plural inflection and by the indefinite article a. #P, on the other hand, is the merger location of all other determiners, including strong determiners, weak determiners, cardinals, and the definite article as well. The chapter looks at the mass-count distinction and the singular-plural distinction in a number of languages, particularly English and Chinese. It also discusses the affinity between bare mass nouns and bare plurals when contrasted with singulars, and provides for a typology of determiners across languages. As in the case of proper vs. common names, it is argued that no lexical listing is required to distinguish mass nouns from count nouns, and that, as in the case of proper/common names, the distinction is fundamentally structural, rather than lexico-semantic.

This chapter is devoted to one particular functional domain: that of definite and indefinite reference. Specifically, it concerns the system of articles found in European languages. Obligatory ...
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This chapter is devoted to one particular functional domain: that of definite and indefinite reference. Specifically, it concerns the system of articles found in European languages. Obligatory markers for definite and indefinite reference are cross-linguistically not very common. In the languages of (western) Europe, however, they are a salient structural characteristic. This has not always been the case: two millennia ago there were essentially no real articles in the languages of Europe. The main goal of the chapter is to show how articles are spreading throughout Europe.Less

The Rise of Articles

Bernd HeineTania Kuteva

Published in print: 2006-06-22

This chapter is devoted to one particular functional domain: that of definite and indefinite reference. Specifically, it concerns the system of articles found in European languages. Obligatory markers for definite and indefinite reference are cross-linguistically not very common. In the languages of (western) Europe, however, they are a salient structural characteristic. This has not always been the case: two millennia ago there were essentially no real articles in the languages of Europe. The main goal of the chapter is to show how articles are spreading throughout Europe.

There are no social class differences in the use of the definite and indefinite articles, but they are used significantly more frequently by males. The articles are used much less frequently by the ...
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There are no social class differences in the use of the definite and indefinite articles, but they are used significantly more frequently by males. The articles are used much less frequently by the adolescents. The adolescents, however, use personal pronouns significantly more often than the adults. Females use pronouns much more frequently than males, particularly the pronoun she. The middle-class speakers use WH-relative pronouns much more frequently than the working-class speakers. Females also have a much higher frequency of reference to named persons, while males are more likely to name places.Less

Articles and Pronouns

Ronald K. S. Macaulay

Published in print: 2005-03-17

There are no social class differences in the use of the definite and indefinite articles, but they are used significantly more frequently by males. The articles are used much less frequently by the adolescents. The adolescents, however, use personal pronouns significantly more often than the adults. Females use pronouns much more frequently than males, particularly the pronoun she. The middle-class speakers use WH-relative pronouns much more frequently than the working-class speakers. Females also have a much higher frequency of reference to named persons, while males are more likely to name places.

This chapter demonstrates that the French negation particles pas, point, mie, goutte, rien, and personne entered grammar as negative polarity items. This chapter surveys historical evidence, which ...
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This chapter demonstrates that the French negation particles pas, point, mie, goutte, rien, and personne entered grammar as negative polarity items. This chapter surveys historical evidence, which illustrates the typical NPI uses in downward entailing contexts for all the items under investigation. On the basis of the pragmatic-scalar analysis of negative polarity items, this chapter traces how this development emerged via a series of smaller extensions and reanalyses of the items in question. This explains the indefinite uses of pas, point, etc., in Old and Middle French as a systematic part of the language stage, whereas older descriptions of this development confine themselves to attesting the contemporary speakers' ‘illogical’ language use.Less

From Step to Negation: The Development of French Complex Negation Patterns

Regine Eckardt

Published in print: 2006-07-27

This chapter demonstrates that the French negation particles pas, point, mie, goutte, rien, and personne entered grammar as negative polarity items. This chapter surveys historical evidence, which illustrates the typical NPI uses in downward entailing contexts for all the items under investigation. On the basis of the pragmatic-scalar analysis of negative polarity items, this chapter traces how this development emerged via a series of smaller extensions and reanalyses of the items in question. This explains the indefinite uses of pas, point, etc., in Old and Middle French as a systematic part of the language stage, whereas older descriptions of this development confine themselves to attesting the contemporary speakers' ‘illogical’ language use.

This chapter is an exposition of Tarski's theory of truth, focusing largely on the undefinability theorem and its significance. It includes a discussion of ‘the Tarski hierarchy’, and of the idea ...
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This chapter is an exposition of Tarski's theory of truth, focusing largely on the undefinability theorem and its significance. It includes a discussion of ‘the Tarski hierarchy’, and of the idea that there is an indefinitely extensible class of truth predicates, and of axiomatic characterization of truth as opposed to explicit definition.Less

Self‐Reference and Tarski's Theorem

Hartry Field

Published in print: 2008-03-06

This chapter is an exposition of Tarski's theory of truth, focusing largely on the undefinability theorem and its significance. It includes a discussion of ‘the Tarski hierarchy’, and of the idea that there is an indefinitely extensible class of truth predicates, and of axiomatic characterization of truth as opposed to explicit definition.

This book examines the connections between the formal and functional (semantic and syntactic) properties of indefinite pronouns. It considers the main theoretical debates surrounding the semantic and ...
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This book examines the connections between the formal and functional (semantic and syntactic) properties of indefinite pronouns. It considers the main theoretical debates surrounding the semantic and syntactic properties of indefinite pronouns as well as the diachronic sources of the markers of indefinite pronouns. It describes the new generalizations that emerge from the typological and diachronic research and provides explanations. It also outlines the goals and methods of the typological approach, focusing on the important preconditions for typology such as the availability of data from a variety of languages. Other topics covered by the book include the space of formal and functional variation found in indefinite pronouns, implicational universals, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns such as the tradition of structuralist semantics, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, further sources of indefinite pronouns that cannot be easily subsumed under grammaticalization, and the cross-linguistic patterning of negative indefinite pronouns.Less

Overview

Martin Haspelmath

Published in print: 2001-02-08

This book examines the connections between the formal and functional (semantic and syntactic) properties of indefinite pronouns. It considers the main theoretical debates surrounding the semantic and syntactic properties of indefinite pronouns as well as the diachronic sources of the markers of indefinite pronouns. It describes the new generalizations that emerge from the typological and diachronic research and provides explanations. It also outlines the goals and methods of the typological approach, focusing on the important preconditions for typology such as the availability of data from a variety of languages. Other topics covered by the book include the space of formal and functional variation found in indefinite pronouns, implicational universals, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns such as the tradition of structuralist semantics, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, further sources of indefinite pronouns that cannot be easily subsumed under grammaticalization, and the cross-linguistic patterning of negative indefinite pronouns.

This chapter takes up issues surrounding the licensing relation between negative indefinites and negation. It shows that approaches assuming certain syntactic configurations (e.g., the NEG criterion ...
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This chapter takes up issues surrounding the licensing relation between negative indefinites and negation. It shows that approaches assuming certain syntactic configurations (e.g., the NEG criterion by Haegeman and Zanuttini (1991)) or a semantic licensing relation (in the style of Ladusaw (1992) or using Hamblin alternatives) face problems once the kind of data crucial for the analysis of negative indefinites in German is taken into account. The chapter also discusses the distribution of different indefinite series in negative contexts. It argues that in many languages, general indefinites and negative polarity indefinites cannot occur in contexts in which negative indefinites are licensed due to morphological blocking.Less

The Nature of the Licensing Relation

Doris Penka

Published in print: 2010-12-01

This chapter takes up issues surrounding the licensing relation between negative indefinites and negation. It shows that approaches assuming certain syntactic configurations (e.g., the NEG criterion by Haegeman and Zanuttini (1991)) or a semantic licensing relation (in the style of Ladusaw (1992) or using Hamblin alternatives) face problems once the kind of data crucial for the analysis of negative indefinites in German is taken into account. The chapter also discusses the distribution of different indefinite series in negative contexts. It argues that in many languages, general indefinites and negative polarity indefinites cannot occur in contexts in which negative indefinites are licensed due to morphological blocking.

Based on cross‐linguistic differences in the interpretation of genitive constructions, this chapter argues that there are two strategies for interpreting complex nominals: one that relies on sharing ...
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Based on cross‐linguistic differences in the interpretation of genitive constructions, this chapter argues that there are two strategies for interpreting complex nominals: one that relies on sharing a monovalent morphosyntactic definiteness feature, and one that does not; the former is restricted to languages like Hebrew that have a definiteness feature.Less

The definiteness feature at the syntax–semantics interface

Gabi Danon

Published in print: 2010-08-19

Based on cross‐linguistic differences in the interpretation of genitive constructions, this chapter argues that there are two strategies for interpreting complex nominals: one that relies on sharing a monovalent morphosyntactic definiteness feature, and one that does not; the former is restricted to languages like Hebrew that have a definiteness feature.

This chapter analyzes Plotinus’ refutation of the Aristotle’s criticism of Plato’s view of number in the Parmenides. By rejecting any quantitative value of number in the intelligible realm, Plotinus ...
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This chapter analyzes Plotinus’ refutation of the Aristotle’s criticism of Plato’s view of number in the Parmenides. By rejecting any quantitative value of number in the intelligible realm, Plotinus specifically focuses on Aristotle’s inability to understand the Monad and the Indefinite Dyad as the principles of creation and order of the intelligible. The chapter shows that Plotinus not only follows the steps of his Platonic and Neopythagorean predecessors in defence of Plato’s position, but cleverly uses Aristotle’s own ideas in arguing that number in the intelligible is activity and a property of primary substance (ousia). The result is an original and ontologically elaborate theory of substantial number which offers a new and more successful defence of Plato’s “true numbers” against Aristotle’s criticism and explains the relationship between substantial non-quantitative number and monadic quantitative number as that between intelligible paradigm and its material copy.Less

The Number of Infinity

Svetla Slaveva-Griffin

Published in print: 2009-05-01

This chapter analyzes Plotinus’ refutation of the Aristotle’s criticism of Plato’s view of number in the Parmenides. By rejecting any quantitative value of number in the intelligible realm, Plotinus specifically focuses on Aristotle’s inability to understand the Monad and the Indefinite Dyad as the principles of creation and order of the intelligible. The chapter shows that Plotinus not only follows the steps of his Platonic and Neopythagorean predecessors in defence of Plato’s position, but cleverly uses Aristotle’s own ideas in arguing that number in the intelligible is activity and a property of primary substance (ousia). The result is an original and ontologically elaborate theory of substantial number which offers a new and more successful defence of Plato’s “true numbers” against Aristotle’s criticism and explains the relationship between substantial non-quantitative number and monadic quantitative number as that between intelligible paradigm and its material copy.

The assumption put forth in Chapter 10, namely that constituent questions of languages in which there is affinity between interrogative and indefinite proforms do not contain any interrogative ...
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The assumption put forth in Chapter 10, namely that constituent questions of languages in which there is affinity between interrogative and indefinite proforms do not contain any interrogative proforms but only indefinite proforms, helps to resolve certain other puzzles, such as (i) the derivation of specific and non-specific indefinites by adding disjunctive and conjunctive particles respectively to interrogatives; (ii) the occurrence of ‘indirect questions’ that do not involve any question (request for information) as such in most instances; and (iii) the affinity between interrogative and relative proforms, occurring in some languages.Less

Other Related Puzzles

D.N.S. BHAT

Published in print: 2007-11-08

The assumption put forth in Chapter 10, namely that constituent questions of languages in which there is affinity between interrogative and indefinite proforms do not contain any interrogative proforms but only indefinite proforms, helps to resolve certain other puzzles, such as (i) the derivation of specific and non-specific indefinites by adding disjunctive and conjunctive particles respectively to interrogatives; (ii) the occurrence of ‘indirect questions’ that do not involve any question (request for information) as such in most instances; and (iii) the affinity between interrogative and relative proforms, occurring in some languages.

Pronouns are introduced in general terms,with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number, gender, and — this ...
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Pronouns are introduced in general terms,with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number, gender, and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.Less

Lecture II, 9

David Langslow

Published in print: 2009-04-30

Pronouns are introduced in general terms,with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number, gender, and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.

Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology,and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number, gender, and — this ...
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Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology,and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number, gender, and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.Less

Lecture II, 10

David Langslow

Published in print: 2009-04-30

Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology,and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number, gender, and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.

Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case,number, gender, and — this ...
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Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case,number, gender, and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.Less

Lecture II, 11

David Langslow

Published in print: 2009-04-30

Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case,number, gender, and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.

Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number,gender, and — this ...
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Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number,gender, and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.Less

Lecture II, 12

David Langslow

Published in print: 2009-04-30

Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number,gender, and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.

Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number, gender,and — this ...
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Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number, gender,and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.Less

Lecture II, 13

David Langslow

Published in print: 2009-04-30

Pronouns are introduced in general terms, with reference to relevant bibliography and terminology, and with discussion of their grammatical behaviour in respect of case, number, gender,and — this last point extending into Lecture 10 — part of speech (with special reference to pronominal adjectives, especially the possessives). The distinction between deictic and anaphoric is introduced, and the use of anaphoric pronouns is discussed with reference to failures of grammatical agreement. Lecture 11 is devoted to uses of the reflexive and the many various means of expressing reciprocal pronominal relations. The demonstratives, and the four types of deixis, form the subject of Lecture 12, while Lecture 13 treats in turn the interrogatives, the indefinites, and forms of expression for ‘each’, ‘whoever, whatever’, ‘both, each of two’, and ‘one (indef.)’.