Ninth
CIRCUIT COURT RULING:

CONFRONTING MILITARISM
BY USING EQUAL ACCESS TO HIGH SCHOOLS

When the military comes to your local high school,
you have a legal right to give students an opposing view.

This has been the position taken by federal district
courts in Florida, Pennsylvania and Illinois and two federal appellate
courts. The most broadly-worded decision came from a case that
COMD took to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the 1980s.
Here is the background:

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Until 1986, COMD was named the San Diego Committee
Against Registration and the Draft (CARD). In 1983, CARD attempted
to place anti-draft registration ads in numerous high school newspapers
around San Diego County. Student journalists at most of the schools
published the ads, but administrators in the Grossmont Union H.S.
District banned the ads from all of its student newspapers. San
Diego CARD felt it was the students’ right to decide the issue,
but since they weren’t going to be given that right, we filed
a lawsuit against the Grossmont district in federal district court,
citing violations of our First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.
We requested a preliminary injunction from the court to suspend
the ad ban while we waited to see if a trial would be necessary.
The district court judge in San Diego refused to issue the preliminary
injunction and we appealed his decision.

On June 6, 1986, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
issued a ruling stating that there was a substantial likelihood
that San Diego CARD would have prevailed on the merits of its
claim, and therefore the district court judge should have issued
a preliminary injunction against Grossmont.

After the Ninth Circuit issued its decision, the
U.S. military attempted to convince the appellate court to rehear
the case and accept the Pentagon as a co-defendant alongside the
school district. The military’s goal was to ensure San Diego CARD’s
defeat by applying the vast legal resources of the U.S. government.
If this strategy succeeded, any decision unfavorable to the military
could then be appealed to the conservative justices of the U.S.
Supreme Court.

Fortunately, the military’s motion to intervene
in the case was turned down by the Ninth Circuit and the rehearing
was denied. This left intact a major legal precedent that can
be used by counter-militarism activists to demand the same opportunity
to address students in public schools that is granted to recruiters
and the Selective Service System.

Basically, the Ninth Circuit stated that the question
of military service (whether voluntary or compulsory) is a controversial
political issue, and if a school establishes a forum for one side
to present its views on the issue, it must give opponents equal
access to the forum (download the text of the ruling here
in PDF file format).

While the ruling has a direct legal effect in only
the nine Western states that form the Ninth Circuit,
it can be used in other regions to help persuade noncooperative
school districts to grant equal access to counter-recruitment
activists. There have been other similar, though less encompassing,
rulings in the Eleventh Circuit (Southeast U.S.) and in several
cases decided at the federal district court level in Illinois,
Pennsylvania and Florida. In some situations, citing these other
cases can also help (contact COMD
for details).

Some examples of what counter-recruitment activists
have been able to do in schools as a result of these court cases
include:

placing literature displays in career and counseling centers

setting up displays at career and college fairs

placing posters and literature on bulletin boards

having speakers and printed materials in classrooms

running ads in student newspapers

There have also been successful efforts to counter
the military’s access to student directory information (phone
numbers and addresses).

A cautionary note: Pursuing new lawsuits over school
access today would not be a simple matter. Litigation consumes
time and resources that must be diverted from organizing, and
there is a high risk that a bad precedent could result. We recommend
that counter-recruitment activists use the existing positive precedents
whenever they would be helpful and consult with COMD if there
any access problems; however, it's more effective to carefully
choose initial approaches to reaching and educating students that
minimize confrontation with school officials. One very useful
resource for learning about such approaches is the 48-page report,
"Using Equal Access to Counter Militarism in High Schools,"
produced by the Project on Youth and Non-Military Opportunities
(Project YANO). Download it here from www.projectyano.org
or order a hard copy by sending $6.50 to Project YANO, P.O. Box
230157, Encinitas, CA 92023. A complete list of Project YANO educational/organizing
resources is also on the Web site.