One reason for the debate is that there’s been relatively little research on the psychology of climate change. It’s clear that climate change-related natural disasters impact the mental health of people who are directly affected. But what about the effects of an everyday awareness of climate change as a slow-moving, planetary-scale threat?

A new study in the journal Global Environmental Change tackles that topic. Although it is fairly small – the researchers analyzed online survey responses from 342 parents of young children living in the United States – it is one of only a few studies so far to look at what psychological factors are actually linked to environmentally friendly behaviors.

The study doesn’t directly address the question of whether extreme fear helps or harms efforts to fight climate change. But the results do paint a nuanced and rather surprising picture, suggesting that the motivation to act against climate change isn’t really about fear per se but instead depends on psychological coping strategies that help people deal with their environmental worries. Those coping strategies, and the action they spur, are essentially a form of hope.

The researchers found that people who worried more about the environment also reported more depressive symptoms. But they didn’t necessarily engage in more environmentally friendly behaviors. This means that scaring people out of their wits isn’t a prerequisite for getting them to adopt pro-environmental behaviors.

Instead, people who engaged in psychological coping strategies to deal with their environmental worries had the most environmentally friendly habits. People who engaged in such coping strategies also had fewer depressive symptoms.

Coping strategies can be either positive (expressing one’s emotions, problem-solving) or negative (denial of guilt, resignation). Future studies should try to identify which specific coping strategies are most strongly linked to environmentally friendly behaviors, the researchers say.

For now, it’s clear that environmental worries “can either facilitate depression or withdrawal from the problem of climate change, or active engagement and focus to mitigate the effects of climate change,” the researchers write. The relevant factor seems to be not so much the degree of worry – although the authors suggest that abject terror might indeed be paralyzing – but rather whether people can translate some level of concern into useful action.