Extracts from On Nature (Peri Physis)

by

Parmenides of Elea

circa 475 B.C.

1 The mares, which carry me as far as my heart desires, were
escorting me. They brought and placed me upon the well-spoken path
of the goddess, which carries everywhere unscathed the mortal who
knows. Thereon was I carried, for thereon the wise mares did carry
me, straining to pull the chariot, with maidens guiding the way.
The axle, glowing in its naves, gave forth the shrill sound of a
pipe, urged on by two rounded wheels on either end, even whilst
maidens, Daughters of the Sun, were hastening to escort me, after
leaving the House of Night for the light, having pushed back the
veils from their heads with their hands.

Ahead are the gates of the paths of Night and Day. A lintel and
stone threshold surround them. The aetherial gates themselves are
filled with great doors, for which much-avenging Justice holds the
keys of retribution. Coaxing her with gentle words, the maidens did
cunningly persuade her to push back the bolted bar for them swiftly
from the gates. These made of the doors a yawning gap as they were
opened wide, swinging in turn the bronze posts in their sockets,
fastened with rivets and pins. Straight through them at that point
did the maidens drive the chariot and mares along the broad way.

The goddess received me kindly, took my right hand in hers, uttered
speech and thus addressed me: "Youth, attended by immortal
charioteers, who come to our House by these mares that carry you,
welcome. For it was no ill fortune that sent you forth to travel
this road (lying far indeed from the beaten path of humans), but
Right and Justice. And it is right that you should learn all
things, both the persuasive, unshaken heart of Objective Truth, and
the subjective beliefs of mortals, in which there is no true trust.
But you shall learn these too: how, for the mortals passing through
them, the things-that-seem must 'really exist' and
must be, indeed, all there is. (fn a)

The Way of Objectivity (Aletheia)

2 "Come now, listen, and convey my story. I shall tell you what
paths of inquiry alone there are for thinking:

1. The one: that it is and it is impossible for it not to be.
This is the path of Persuasion, for it attends upon Truth.

2. The other: that it is not and it necessarily must not be.
That, I point out to you, is a path wholly unthinkable, for neither
could you know what-is-not (for that is impossible), nor could you
point it out.

6 "Whatever can be spoken or thought of necessarily is, since it is
possible for it to be, but it is not possible for nothing to be. It
is this last point I urge you to consider, for I restrain you
firstly from that path of inquiry, and secondly from:

3. The one on which mortals, knowing nothing, wander, two-headed,
for helplessness in their breasts guides their wandering minds and
they are carried, deaf and blind alike, dazed, uncritical tribes,
for whom being and not-being are thought the same and yet not the
same, and the path of all runs in opposite directions.

7 For never shall this be proved: that things that are not are. But
do restrain your thought from this path of inquiry, and do not let
habit, born from much experience, compel you along this path, to
guide your sightless eye and ringing ear and tongue. But judge by
reason the highly contentious disproof that I have spoken.

8a "One path only is left for us to speak of: that it is.
On this path there are a multitude of indications that what-is,
being ungenerated, is also imperishable, whole, of a single kind,
immovable and complete. Nor was it once, nor will it be, since it
is, now, all together, one and continuous. For what coming-to-be of
it will you seek? How and from where did it grow? I shall not
permit you to say or to think that it grew from what-is-not, for it
is not to be said or thought that it is not. What necessity
could have impelled it to grow later rather than sooner, if it began
from nothing? Thus it must either fully be, or be not at all.
Nor will the force of conviction ever allow anything, from what-is,
to come-to-be something apart from itself; wherefore Justice does
not loosen her shackles so as to allow it to come-to-be or to
perish, but holds it fast.

"The decision on these matters depends on this: either it is or it
is not. But it has been decided, as is necessary, to let go the one
as unthinkable and unnameable (for it is no true path), but to allow
the other, so that it is, and is true. How could what-is be in the
future? How could it come-to-be? For if it came-to-be, it is not,
nor is it if at some time it is going to be. Thus, coming-to-be is
extinguished and perishing unheard of.

"Nor is it divisible, since it all alike is. Nor is there any more
of it here than there, to hinder it from holding together, nor any
less of it, but it is all a plenum, full of what-is. Therefore, it
is all continuous, for what-is touches what-is.

"Moreover, unchanging in the limits of great bonds, it is without
beginning or end, since coming-to-be and perishing were banished far
away, and true conviction drove them out. Remaining the same, in
the same place, it lies in itself, and thus firmly remains there.
For mighty Necessity holds it fast in the bonds of a limit, which
fences it about, since it is not right for what-is to be incomplete.
For it lacks nothing. If it lacked anything, it would lack
everything.

8c "Since, then, there is an ultimate limit, it is completed from
every direction like the bulk of a perfect sphere, evenly balanced
in every way from the centre, as it must not be any greater or
smaller here than there. For neither is there what-is-not, which
could stop it from reaching its like, nor is there a way in which
what-is could be more here and less there, since it all inviolably
is. For equal to itself in every direction, it reaches its limits
uniformly.

3 "The same thing is there for thinking of and for being.

4 Look upon things which, though absent, are yet firmly present in
thought. For you shall not cut off what-is from holding fast to
what-is, since it neither disperses itself in all directions
throughout the order of the Cosmos, nor does it gather itself
together.

8b The thought of a thing-that-is and the thing itself are the same,
since you will never find thought without what-is, to which it
refers. For nothing is nor will be except what-is, since it was
just this that Fate did shackle to be whole and unchanging;
wherefore it has been named all things that mortals have
established, persuaded that they are true: 'to come-to-be and to
perish', 'to be and not to be' and 'to shift place and exchange
bright colour'. (fn a)

The Way of Subjectivity (Doxa)

5 "Wherever I begin, it is all one to me, for there I shall return
again.

8d "Here I stop my trustworthy speech to you and thought about
objective truth. From here on, learn the subjective beliefs of
mortals; listen to the deceptive ordering of my words. For they
made up their minds to name two forms, one of which it is not right
to name at all (here is where they have gone astray) and have
distinguished them as opposite in bodily form and have assigned to
them marks distinguishing them from one another:

1. Here, on the one hand, aetherial flame of fire, gentle, very
light, everywhere the same as itself -

2. But not the same as this other, which in itself is opposite:
dark night, a dense and heavy body.

"All this order I present to you as probable, so that no mortal
belief shall ever outdo you.

9 But since all things have been named light and night, and their
powers have been assigned to each, all is a plenum of light and
obscure night together, both equal, since nothingness partakes in
neither.

10 "You shall know the nature of the aether and all the signs in the
aether, the destructive works of the splendid Sun's pure torch, and
whence they came-to-be. And you shall learn the wandering works of
the round-faced Moon, and its nature, and you shall know also the
surrounding heaven, whence it grew and how Necessity did guide and
shackle it to hold the limits of the stars.

14 The Moon: night-shiner, wandering around the Earth, an alien
light,

15 always looking towards the rays of the Sun.

15a The Earth: rooted-in-water.

11 And you shall learn how Earth and Sun and Moon and the aether
common to all, the Milky Way and the outermost heaven, and the hot
force of the stars did surge forth to come-to-be.

12 "For the narrower rings are filled with unmingled fire, the ones
next to them with night, but a due amount of fire is inserted
amongst it. In the midst of these is the goddess who governs
everything. For she rules over hateful birth and union of all
things, sending female to unite with male, and again conversely male
with female.

13 "She devised Love first of all the gods.

18 When man and woman mingle the seeds of love that spring from
their veins, a formative power, maintaining proper proportions,
moulds well-formed bodies from this diverse blood. For if, when the
seed is mingled, the forces therein clash and do not fuse into one,
then cruelly will they plague with double seed the sex of the
offspring.

17 She placed young males on the right side of the womb, young
females on the left.

16 "According to the union in each person of scattered body parts, so
does mind arise in humans. For it is the composition of body parts
which does the thinking, and this is the same in each and every
human. For the plenum is thought.

19 "Thus, according to belief, these things were born and now are,
and hereafter, having grown from this, they will come to an end.
And for each of these did humans establish a distinctive name.

20 One and unchanging is that for which as a whole the name is: 'to
be'."