This artist's impression of Saturn's moon Titan shows the change in observed atmospheric effects before, during, and after equinox in 2009. The Titan globes also provide an impression of the detached haze layer that extends all around the moon (blue). This image was inspired by data from NASA's Cassini mission. // Credit: ESA

Data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft tie a shift in seasonal sunlight to a wholesale reversal, at unexpected altitudes, in the circulation of the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan. At the south pole, the data show definitive evidence for sinking air where it was upwelling earlier in the mission. So the key to circulation in the atmosphere of Titan turned out to be a certain slant of light.

“Cassini’s up-close observations are likely the only ones we’ll have in our lifetime of a transition like this in action,” said Nick Teanby from the University of Bristol, England. “It’s extremely exciting to see such rapid changes on a body that usually changes so slowly and has a ‘year’ that is the equivalent of nearly 30 Earth years.”

In our solar system, only Earth, Venus, Mars, and Titan have both a solid surface and a substantial atmosphere — providing natural laboratories for exploring climate processes. “Understanding Titan’s atmosphere gives us clues for understanding our own complex atmosphere,” said Scott Edgington from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. “Some of the complexity in both places arises from the interplay of atmospheric circulation and chemistry.”

The pole on Titan that is experiencing winter is typically pointed away from Earth due to orbital geometry. Because Cassini has been in orbit around Saturn since 2004, it has been able to study the moon from angles impossible from Earth and watch changes develop over time. Models have predicted circulation changes for nearly 20 years, but Cassini has finally directly observed them happening — marking a major milestone in the mission.

Other Cassini instruments recently obtained images of the formation of haze and a vortex over Titan’s south pole, but the data from the composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) is sensitive to much higher altitudes, provides more quantitative information, and more directly probes the circulation and chemistry. The CIRS data, which enable scientists to track changes in atmospheric temperature and the distribution of gases like benzene and hydrogen cyanide, also revealed changes in hard-to-detect vertical winds and global circulation.

Besides the evidence for sinking air, Cassini also detected complex chemical production in the atmosphere at up to 400 miles (600 kilometers) above the surface, revealing the atmospheric circulation extends about 60 miles (100km) higher than previously expected. Compression of this sinking air as it moved to lower altitudes produced a hot spot hovering high above the south pole, the first indication of big changes to come. The scientists were also able to see rapid changes in the atmosphere and pinpoint the circulation reversal to about six months around the August 2009 equinox, when the Sun shone directly over Titan’s equator. The circulation change meant that within two years of equinox, some gases had increased in abundance of 100-fold — much more extreme than anything seen so far on Titan.

The results also suggest that a detached layer of haze — first detected by NASA’s Voyager spacecraft — may not be so detached after all, since complex chemistry and vertical atmospheric movement is occurring above this layer. This layer may instead be the region where small haze particles combine into larger, but more transparent clumped aggregates that eventually descend deeper into the atmosphere and give Titan its characteristic orange appearance.

“Next, we would expect to see the vortex over the south pole build up,” said Mike Flasar, the CIRS principal investigator from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “As that happens, one question is whether the south winter pole will be the identical twin of the north winter pole, or will it have a distinct personality? The most important thing is to be able to keep watching as these changes happen.”

Data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft tie a shift in seasonal sunlight to a wholesale reversal, at unexpected altitudes, in the circulation of the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon Titan. At the south pole, the data show definitive evidence for sinking air where it was upwelling earlier in the mission. So the key to circulation in the atmosphere of Titan turned out to be a certain slant of light.

“Cassini’s up-close observations are likely the only ones we’ll have in our lifetime of a transition like this in action,” said Nick Teanby from the University of Bristol, England. “It’s extremely exciting to see such rapid changes on a body that usually changes so slowly and has a ‘year’ that is the equivalent of nearly 30 Earth years.”

In our solar system, only Earth, Venus, Mars, and Titan have both a solid surface and a substantial atmosphere — providing natural laboratories for exploring climate processes. “Understanding Titan’s atmosphere gives us clues for understanding our own complex atmosphere,” said Scott Edgington from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. “Some of the complexity in both places arises from the interplay of atmospheric circulation and chemistry.”

The pole on Titan that is experiencing winter is typically pointed away from Earth due to orbital geometry. Because Cassini has been in orbit around Saturn since 2004, it has been able to study the moon from angles impossible from Earth and watch changes develop over time. Models have predicted circulation changes for nearly 20 years, but Cassini has finally directly observed them happening — marking a major milestone in the mission.

Other Cassini instruments recently obtained images of the formation of haze and a vortex over Titan’s south pole, but the data from the composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) is sensitive to much higher altitudes, provides more quantitative information, and more directly probes the circulation and chemistry. The CIRS data, which enable scientists to track changes in atmospheric temperature and the distribution of gases like benzene and hydrogen cyanide, also revealed changes in hard-to-detect vertical winds and global circulation.

Besides the evidence for sinking air, Cassini also detected complex chemical production in the atmosphere at up to 400 miles (600 kilometers) above the surface, revealing the atmospheric circulation extends about 60 miles (100km) higher than previously expected. Compression of this sinking air as it moved to lower altitudes produced a hot spot hovering high above the south pole, the first indication of big changes to come. The scientists were also able to see rapid changes in the atmosphere and pinpoint the circulation reversal to about six months around the August 2009 equinox, when the Sun shone directly over Titan’s equator. The circulation change meant that within two years of equinox, some gases had increased in abundance of 100-fold — much more extreme than anything seen so far on Titan.

The results also suggest that a detached layer of haze — first detected by NASA’s Voyager spacecraft — may not be so detached after all, since complex chemistry and vertical atmospheric movement is occurring above this layer. This layer may instead be the region where small haze particles combine into larger, but more transparent clumped aggregates that eventually descend deeper into the atmosphere and give Titan its characteristic orange appearance.

“Next, we would expect to see the vortex over the south pole build up,” said Mike Flasar, the CIRS principal investigator from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “As that happens, one question is whether the south winter pole will be the identical twin of the north winter pole, or will it have a distinct personality? The most important thing is to be able to keep watching as these changes happen.”