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Parmenides | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Following work on s in 1995, doctors John Lighton and David Berrigan proposed the chthonic hypothesis. It was observed that many insects that demonstrate discontinuous gas exchange cycles are exposed to (low O2 levels) and (high CO2 levels) by spending at least part of their in enclosed spaces underground. Lighton and Berrigan hypothesized that discontinuous gas exchange cycles may be an to maximize gradients between an insect’s respiratory system and the environment in which it lives. Alternatively, insects could obtain enough O2 by opening their spiracles for extended periods of time. However, unless their environment is very , water will be lost from the respiratory system to the environment. Discontinuous gas exchange cycles, therefore, may limit water loss while facilitating O2 consumption and CO2 removal in such environments. Many researchers describe this theory as the chthonic-hygric hypothesis and consider it to support the hygric hypothesis. However, others emphasize the importance of maximizing gradients alone and consider the chthonic hypothesis to be distinct from the hygric hypothesis.

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Following work on in 1995, doctors JohnLighton and David Berrigan proposed the chthonichypothesis.It was observed that many insects that demonstrate discontinuousgas exchange cycles are exposed to (low O2 levels)and (high CO2 levels) by spending at least part of their in enclosed spaces underground.Lighton and Berrigan hypothesized that discontinuous gas exchangecycles may be an to maximize gradients between an insect’s respiratory system andthe environment in which it lives.Alternatively, insects could obtain enough O2 by openingtheir spiracles for extended periods of time. However, unless theirenvironment is very ,water will be lost from the respiratory system to theenvironment.Discontinuous gas exchange cycles, therefore, may limit water losswhile facilitating O2 consumption and CO2removal in such environments. Many researchers describe this theoryas the chthonic-hygric hypothesis and consider itto support the hygric hypothesis. However, others emphasize theimportance of maximizing gradients alone andconsider the chthonic hypothesis to be distinct from the hygrichypothesis.