In the prolonged summer drought, farmers may have noticed that grass stayed green longer in their hayfields than in their pastures. While hayfields kept growing, pastures turned brown. Cows ran out of grass to graze.

The difference is in the length of the roots. Grass that is grazed every day doesn't develop roots as deep as grass of the same species allowed to grow uncut for a month.

"Allowed to grow, grass roots will go down and find water," said Dennis Hancock, University of Georgia Extension forage specialist.

Hancock talked about basic biology of grass at the annual Crop Management Conference held by University of Missouri Extension in Columbia. This conference had loads of the information important for last season and the coming year, said Jim Jarman agronomy specialist.

Forage crops can withstand the usual summer dry periods, Hancock said. But they must be given a chance to grow and develop deep roots.

The unseen loss from continuously grazed pastures is the killing of roots, he said. If leaves are continuously clipped, the roots die back. There's not enough photosynthesis to feed the roots. That's when lack of roots cuts the supply of water to the leaves.

Lack of strong roots on pasture grasses results in great loss to livestock producers.

Unmanaged grazing cuts losses further. On continuously grazed pastures, cattle get only 30 to 40 percent of the growth. Rotational grazing, moving livestock off the pasture before all the leaves are eaten, improves total growth.

Dividing a pasture into just four paddocks and rotating animals improves efficiency to above 60 percent. "There is lots of room for improvement," the Georgia specialist said. "If you had only 30 percent efficiency feeding your corn, you would do something about it."

In Georgia, grazing dairies increased grazing efficiency to 80 percent. They rotate cows to new paddocks after every milking.

Improved production from managed grazing is one reason dairy cow numbers are increasing, not decreasing, in Georgia, Hancock said. Forage-based milking herds have a cost advantage.

In a short lesson on grass biology, Hancock explained why grass should be grazed during the rapid growth stage. Production efficiency peaks then.

In early growth, nipping new grass too soon stunts plants. Roots fail to grow deep. At the reproductive stage, when plants set seed, growth stops. Leaves become fibrous when nutrients move into the seed head.

The rest period for forage determines the success of the grazing system. Hancock praised Missouri farmers who use the "grazing wedge." "Missouri leads the nation," he said.

Central Missouri farmers using management intensive or rotational grazing were more likely to survive last summer’s drought with sufficient forage grasses to feed their cattle without resorting to feeding hay nearly as soon as other farmers using non-managed grazing, said Jim Jarman agronomy specialist. Managed or rotational grazing allows for rest periods allowing root growth and rapid leaf growth, Jarman said.

To graph the wedge, producers measure dry-matter growth in each paddock with a rising plate meter. The graph shows which paddock to graze next. This helps prevent paddocks from going into the reproductive stage before they are grazed. Each paddock can be grazed at peak production in the rapid-growth stage.

Producers can see the system at http://grazingwedge.missouri.edu/.

Letting the livestock graze the forage, instead of harvesting and feeding it, is the way to increase profits. "Baled hay is the biggest block to profits," Hancock said. "If you need hay, let your neighbor grow and bale it."

Hancock left a challenge for producers: "There's no reason not to have a 300-day grazing season. Grazing grass can eliminate most of a 120-day hay-feeding season each winter. The goal is not to unroll a bale of hay."

Pasture grasses can be stockpiled, ungrazed, in the fall growing season. That forage can be grazed by livestock through most of the winter. The good news is our common tall fescue is well adapted to stockpiling, said Jim Jarman.

The underground part of the plants, the roots, extends downward during that fall while resting from grazing. Longer roots help supply the winter forages.