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Management of COPD: Lets Just Pretend Older Patients Don't Exist

We have previously discussed on GeriPal how the exclusion of older persons from research has left us clueless about how to treat many of the most common conditions in older persons. (see here and here and here)

Well here we go again. A recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine on the management of COPD is a rather stunning example of how ignoring the health needs of older persons and not incorporating even the most rudimentary principles of Geriatric Medicine make a large and expensive clinical study virtually meaningless for the majority of patients with COPD.

COPD (sometimes referred to as emphysema or chronic bronchitis) is one of the most common diseases in older persons. Persons with COPD have reduced lung capacity which leads to decreased exertion tolerance and symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing. Superimposed on chronic symptoms, persons with COPD have "exacerbations" characterized by acute worsening of symptoms such as shortness of breath. These exacerbations are very distressing to patients and often leads to hospitalization. The two primary risk factors for COPD are smoking and age. COPD is largely a Geriatric condition, and the prevalence goes up markedly with age. It is the 4th leading cause of hospitalization for those on Medicare.

The NEJM study addresses an important question about the best way to prevent these distressing exacerbations. Most patients with COPD take a bronchodilator, a medicine delivered by an inhaler, to manage symptoms and prevent exacerbations. But there are two different classes of long acting bronchdilators available--anticholinergics (such as tiotropium) and beta agonists (such as salmeterol). We have little idea of which class is better--and we often have to just guess which one to give to our patients. We see LOTS of patients with COPD in Geriatrics. By trying to learn which of these inhalers we should use in our patients, this study had the potential to answer an important question for this common and debilitating condition.

The insight that most persons with COPD are old should greatly inform this type of study. For example, almost no patients have just COPD. They often have many other medical problems, and these medical problems greatly impact the management of COPD. They impact whether patients will have an exacerbation, and whether they will need to be hospitalized. And they could impact the type of treatment one will choose, as the side effects of a medicine may have adverse impacts on these other conditions.

Also, once one recognizes that COPD patients are old, you begin to recognize that the most important outcomes of COPD are not just "lung outcomes" The impact of COPD on day to day functioning becomes crucial. Not considering basic measures of functioning in a study of COPD, such as the ability to walk up stairs or do basic activities of daily living, would be like not measuring the FEV1.

This study suggests that tiotropium works slighly better than salmeterol at preventing COPD exacerbations, reducing the risk of exacerbation by 10-20%. Unfortunately, the design of the study makes the result almost irrelevant to most persons with COPD who are old and have other medical problems in addition to their COPD.

Here are some reasons the study does little to innform the management of older persons with COPD:

The age of patients enrolled was extremely young, and not representative of most persons who have COPD. The mean age of patients was only 63. There is no breakdown on the number of subjects in the older age ranges, but it appears there were few patients over the age of 75 and almost none over the age of 80.

The study provides almost no information on other diagnoses these patients had, their functional status, or the impact of the two treatments on day to day functioning

But the most serious issue are the exclusion criteria which seem absolutely absurd. These are not in the printed article, but only available in the on-line appendix. (Something this important should not be relegated to an appendix!) As you think about some of the exclusions, think about the vanishingly small number of persons with COPD for whom this study is relevant:

Exclusion: "Significant diseases other than COPD, i.e. disease or condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, may have put the patient at risk because of participation in the study or may have influenced either the results of the study or the patients’ ability to participate in the study" (Comment: Yes. Co-existing conditions may influence the outcomes of treatment for COPD. But real world patients have more than one disease. Exluding them from a study makes the study of questionable relevance to real world practice)

Exclusion: Patients with a known symptomatic prostatic hyperplasia or bladder neck obstruction. (Comment: Seems this would exclude most men over the age of 70, and virtually all over the age of 80.).

Exclusion: "Patients with severe cardiovascular disorders" ; patients with a history of myocardial infarction in the past year; patients with an admission for CHF in the past year. (Comment: The coexistence of COPD with heart disease, especially CHF is VERY common. This eliminates another big group of real world patients)

Exclusion: Patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency (Creatine clearance less than 50 ml/min). (Comment: You've got to be kidding)

Exclusion: Patients with brittle/unstable diabetes. (Comment: Unstable is not defined. Many with COPD have diabetes with less than ideal control)

Exclusion: Patients with a history of and/or active alcohol or drug abuse (Comment: there is no valid reason to exclude those who have recovered from alcoholism or drug abuse. Many with ongoing problems can still be included)

These issues, especially the exclusions, prevent this study from informing the care of the vast majority of older persons with COPD (and as a result, the majority of all persons with COPD). This is unfortunate, because knowing which of these drugs should be used as first line therapy in older persons with COPD could have resulted in significant improvements in care. It is time for our leading medical journals, funding agencies, regulatory agencies, and the public to insist that clinical research be conducted in a way that signficantly informs the care of older patients.

by: Ken Covinsky

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Comments

Wonderful discussion Ken. The frustrated tone (i.e. "You've got to be kidding") of this post creates a much clearer and more effective message than similar articles published in journals. Great use of the blogosphere to highlight an extremely important issue.

Thank you for the post. Real world applications are what front line physicians and medical teams need to know. Plus...as usual look at the tie-in's between the funding source and the board membership of the principal researchers...see details at http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1008378?query=featured_home&

Does it change your mind at all that out of 9293 individuals assessed for eligibility, only 909 withdrew during screening or did not meet entry criteria? It would have been helpful to the reasons why they were excluded (or how many of the 909 were excluded based on the investigators discretion.)

What about how hard it is for our patients with COPD and dementia to even use these inhalers correctly? Have you seen the video on how to use SPIRIVA? It is a multi-step (4 step) process. Even arthritis without any cognitive impairment makes this no easy task!

Great point Rachel. This is something I am frequently talking to families and patients about with inhalers. Just because you spray it past your lips does not mean it was delivered nor effective. Would love to see an instructional video or slide deck explaining when it may be time to reconsider if these inhalers are useful.

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