Giovanni Gabrieli: …motets, his masterpiece is perhaps In ecclesiis, for four soloists, four-part choir, violin, three cornets, two trombones, and organ, these forces pitted against one another in an endless variety of combinations.

Jafar Panahi: …directed īn Fīlm Nīst (2011; This Is Not a Film), which depicts a day in his life while he awaited the result of his appeal, denied in October 2011. The film was made clandestinely in Panahi’s Tehrān apartment and was smuggled out of Iran inside a USB stick hidden in…

In Flanders Fields, one of history’s most famous wartime poems, written in 1915 during the First World War by Canadian officer and surgeon John McCrae. It helped popularize the red poppy as a symbol of remembrance. When he volunteered at age 41 for service in the First World War, McCrae wrote to a

Martin Andersen Nex?: …Midt i en J?rntid (1929; In God’s Land), is critical of wealthy farmers during the period of agricultural inflation brought about by World War I. Nex?’s collected short fiction appeared under the title of Muldskud, 3 vol. (1922–26; “From the Soil”).

servitude: …of land are called “in gross.” Benefits acquired by governmental bodies, conservation and preservation organizations, pipeline owners, railroads, and utility companies are often in gross. Easement burdens are never in gross, but covenants to supply water, utilities, or other services to a parcel of land frequently involve a burden…

In Harm’s Way, American war film, released in 1965, that centres on the Pearl Harbor attack and its aftermath. The cast of this World War II epic included John Wayne and Kirk Douglas. The film opens with the Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1941 and then traces its effect

Toni Collette: …notices for the ostensibly slight In Her Shoes (2005), in which she was featured as the dowdy sister to Cameron Diaz’s promiscuous wastrel. Her role in the ensemble comedy Little Miss Sunshine (2006), in which she played the matriarch of a dysfunctional clan attempting to shepherd its youngest member to…

Charles Monroe Sheldon: The most successful series, In His Steps, concerned the inhabitants of a town who pledged themselves to live for a year as Jesus would live. First published serially in 1896 and in book form in 1897, In His Steps was for 60 years the largest-selling book in the United…

Roman law: The law of property and possession: In jure cessio was a conveyance in the form of a lawsuit. The transferee claimed before the magistrate that the thing was his, and the transferor, who was the defendant, admitted the claim. The magistrate then adjudged the thing to the transferee. (The sham-lawsuit theory,…

Flavius Cresconius Corippus: In laudem Justini, the four books of which eulogize Justinian I’s successor Justin II, was written after the arrival of Corippus in Constantinople, when he found himself in straits. This rhetorical poem contains elaborate description and excessive detail but is interesting for the account it…

African Americans: Television and film: …long-running satirical sketch comedy show In Living Color, won an Emmy Award for his work in 1990. The Bernie Mac Show, a sitcom starring comedian Bernie Mac, won a Peabody Award in 2001.

Wilfrid Sheed: In 1995 Sheed published In Love with Daylight: A Memoir of Recovery, about his battle with alcoholism and cancer of the tongue and his disappointment with the professionals who treated him. His last work, the best-selling The House That George Built: With a Little Help from Irving Cole and…

Joy Harjo: …with photographs by Stephen Strom; In Mad Love and War (1990), the winner of a 1991 American Book Award; Fishing (1992); A Map to the Next World: Poetry and Tales (2000); and How We Became Human: New and Selected Poems (2002). In Conflict Resolution for Holy Beings (2015), Harjo chronicled…

In medias res, (Latin: “in the midst of things”) the practice of beginning an epic or other narrative by plunging into a crucial situation that is part of a related chain of events; the situation is an extension of previous events and will be developed in later action. The narrative then goes

In Memoriam, poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, written between the years 1833 and 1850 and published anonymously in 1850. Consisting of 131 sections, a prologue, and an epilogue, this chiefly elegiac work examines the different stages of Tennyson’s period of mourning over the death of his close friend

In Memoriam, poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, written between the years 1833 and 1850 and published anonymously in 1850. Consisting of 131 sections, a prologue, and an epilogue, this chiefly elegiac work examines the different stages of Tennyson’s period of mourning over the death of his close friend

English literature: Celtic Modernism: Yeats, Joyce, Jones, and MacDiarmid: …to establish, as in his In Memoriam James Joyce (1955), the truly cosmopolitan nature of Celtic consciousness and achievement. MacDiarmid’s masterpiece in the vernacular, A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle (1926), helped to inspire the Scottish renaissance of the 1920s and ’30s.

In Memoriam stanza, a quatrain in iambic tetrameter with a rhyme scheme of abba. The form was named for the pattern used by Alfred, Lord Tennyson in his poem In Memoriam, which, following an 11-stanza introduction,

Vincenzo Monti: …morte di Ugo Bassville (1793; The Penance of Hugo), usually known as Bassvilliana, also praises the pope and warns of the dangers of the French Revolution. Then Napoleon invaded Italy, and his successes converted Monti, who moved to Milan, turned on the papacy, sang the praises of the conqueror, and…

John Boorman: Boorman’s later credits included In My Country (2004), a well-intentioned drama about the consequences of apartheid in South Africa, and The Tiger’s Tail (2006), with Gleeson well cast as a driven Irish businessman whose ruthless real-estate dealings begin to take a toll on his sanity. The drama Queen &amp;…

Isaac Bashevis Singer: In 1966 he published In My Father’s Court, based on the Yiddish Mayn tatns besdn shtub (1956), an autobiographical account of his childhood in Warsaw. This work received special praise from the Swedish Academy when Singer was awarded the Nobel Prize. More Stories from My Father’s Court, published posthumously…

Kwame Anthony Appiah: …political and cultural issues in In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (1992), a philosophical exploration of the nature of African identity in the West and in an increasingly global culture. In Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (1996; with Amy Guttman), Appiah argued that the…

Sir George Martin: …a Baroque harpsichord-like bridge (“In My Life”), string quartets (“Yesterday” and “Eleanor Rigby”), and a semi-improvised crescendo played by a 40-piece orchestra (“A Day in the Life”). Martin created the final version of “Strawberry Fields Forever” when he merged (at Lennon’s insistence) two takes of the song—recorded in different…

Dick Cheney: His autobiography, In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir (cowritten with his daughter Liz Cheney), was published in 2011. Cheney also wrote, with his heart surgeon, Heart: An American Medical Odyssey (2013) and, with Liz Cheney, Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America (2015).

Carole Lombard: …the period included the melodrama In Name Only (1939), in which she appeared opposite Cary Grant; the comedy-drama Made for Each Other (1939), costarring James Stewart; and Mr. and Mrs. Smith (1941), in which Lombard’s performance highlighted director Alfred Hitchcock’s only attempt at straightforward comedy.

In nomine, style of 16th- and 17th-century English instrumental ensemble music based on the plainsong melody of the antiphon (a verse originally sung before and after a psalm in the Roman Catholic liturgy) “Gloria tibi Trinitas” (“Glory to Thee, O Trinity”) from the Vesper service for Trinity

John Taverner: …musical setting of the words In nomine Domini from the Benedictus of his mass Gloria tibi Trinitas became the prototype for a large number of instrumental compositions known as In nomines, or Gloria tibi Trinitas.

Lorenzo Valla: …composed his last major work, In Novum Testamentum ex diversorum utriusque linguae codicum collatione adnotationes (“Annotations on the New Testament Collected from Various Codices in Each Language”), with the encouragement and advice of two famous scholars, the cardinals Bessarion and Nicholas of Cusa. The Adnotationes, not printed until 1505, applied…

Yiddish literature: Writers in New York: Among his major publications was In Nyu York (1919; “In New York”), from which selections appeared in a bilingual English-Yiddish edition with the same title (1982). His other important works were Di goldene pave (1924; “The Golden Peacock”) and two posthumously published volumes entitled simply Moyshe Leyb Halpern. Although Halpern…

Irving Cummings: … as director of the talkie In Old Arizona, an adventure starring Warner Baxter as the Cisco Kid. For his work, Cummings earned an unofficial Academy Award nomination. In 1931 he reteamed with Baxter on The Cisco Kid. Other notable films from this period include the crime dramas Man Against Woman…

Henry King: Films of the 1930s: In Old Chicago (1937) was a fine period effort set shortly before the city’s devastating 1871 fire; the cast included Power, Ameche, and Alice Faye. The drama earned six Academy Award nominations, including a nod for best picture. King next directed the musical Alexander’s Ragtime…

Gene Autry: …in the Ken Maynard vehicle In Old Santa Fe (1934), and it launched his career as a cowboy actor. His first starring role was in the peculiar sci-fi western The Phantom Empire (1935), but the more conventional Tumbling Tumbleweeds (1935) was the first of his dozens of cowboy movies, ending…

Thomas Nelson Page: …probably Page’s most characteristic book, In Ole Virginia, Marse Chan, and Other Stories (1887), reflecting the glamorous life of the old antebellum regime and the tumults of the Civil War. His essays and social studies, including Social Life in Old Virginia (1897) and The Old Dominion—Her Making and Her Manners…

Jhumpa Lahiri: …Italian, In altre parole (In Other Words), a meditation on her immersion in another culture and language. Lahiri continued writing in Italian, and in 2018 she released the novel Dove mi trovo (“Where I Find Myself”).

Margaret Atwood: …political or economic one; and In Other Worlds: SF and the Human Imagination (2011), in which she illuminated her relationship to science fiction. Atwood wrote the libretto for the opera Pauline, about Canadian Indian poet Pauline Johnson; it premiered at the York Theatre in Vancouver in 2014.

Nick Adams: Adams first appears in In Our Time (1925), a collection of 15 stories, including coming-of-age experiences in the woods of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The character also appears, at various stages of his life, in the short-story collection Men Without Women (1927). Hemingway’s Adventures of a Young Man…

cardinal: Sometimes the pope appoints cardinals in pectore (Latin: “in the breast”), without declaring their names; only when the name of a cardinal in pectore is revealed does he assume the rights and duties of the office.

judgment: A judgment generally operates to settle finally and authoritatively matters in dispute before a court. Judgments may be classified as in personam, in rem, or quasi in rem. An in personam, or personal, judgment, the type most commonly rendered by courts, imposes a personal liability or…

Erasmus: The wandering scholar: The celebrated Moriae encomium, or Praise of Folly, conceived as Erasmus crossed the Alps on his way back to England and written at Thomas More’s house, expresses a very different mood. For the first time the earnest scholar saw his own efforts along with everyone else’s as bathed in a…

Jean-Luc Godard: Later work and awards: éloge de l’amour (2001; In Praise of Love), a narrative film that examined the nature of love and a life in film, stirred controversy over its harsh criticism of Hollywood filmmaking. Later movies included Notre musique (2004; “Our Music”), a meditation on war; the experimental collage Film socialisme (2010;…

Templar: Bernard also wrote In Praise of the New Knighthood (c. 1136), which defended the order against its critics and contributed to its growth. In 1139 Pope Innocent II issued a bull that granted the order special privileges: the Templars were allowed to build their own oratories and were…

John Milton: Early translations and poems: …is “In Quintum Novembris” (“On the Fifth of November”), which Milton composed in 1626 at Cambridge. The poem celebrates the anniversary of the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605, when Guy Fawkes was discovered preparing to detonate explosives at the opening of Parliament, an event in which King James I…

Radiohead: …initially released its seventh album, In Rainbows (2007), via Internet download. An estimated 1.2 million fans downloaded the album within its first week of availability, paying any price they wished to do so. The novel distribution method generated headlines, but it was the album’s content—a collection of 10 tracks that…

In re Debs, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on May 27, 1895, unanimously (9–0) upheld the government’s use of the injunction against a labour strike, specifically the Pullman Strike (May 11–July 20, 1894). After the Pullman Palace Car Company, led by George M. Pullman, cut the wages of

Eighth Amendment: ” Similarly, in In re Kemmler (1890), when the electric chair was introduced as a humane method of execution, the Supreme Court held it constitutional because death was “instantaneous” and “painless,” unlike the lingering deaths that resulted from “burning at the stake, crucifixion, breaking on the wheel, or…

Lucius Q.C. Lamar: …Court was a dissent in In re Neagle (1890), which expressed his conviction that the authority of the federal executive is limited to the powers specifically granted by the Constitution and statutes.

In re Territo, (Latin: “In the matter of Territo”) legal case in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled on June 8, 1946, that American citizens captured as prisoners of war by U.S. armed forces may be detained without formal criminal charges. In the early 21st century the case

Wiley B. Rutledge, Jr.: …Japanese general Yamashita Tomoyuki (In re Yamashita, 1946) for war crimes. Rutledge objected to the use of hearsay evidence in the trial and won wide public approval for his defense of the right of even a defeated enemy to a fair trial.

conflict of laws: Differences between civil-law and common-law countries in the absence of a choice by the parties: …special rules governing suits for judgments in rem (Latin: “with respect to the thing”), which concern proprietary legal rights. Unlike actions for judgments in personam (Latin: “with respect to the person”), which concern personal legal rights and may seek money damages or injunctions to do or not to do an…

Robert S. McNamara: …1995 McNamara published a memoir, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, in which he describes the anticommunist political climate of the era, mistaken assumptions of foreign policy, and misjudgments on the part of the military that combined to create the Vietnam debacle. In Errol Morris’s documentary film The…

Dagda, (Celtic: “Good God”) in Celtic religion, one of the leaders of a mythological Irish people, the Tuatha Dé Danann (“People of the Goddess Danu”). The Dagda was credited with many powers and possessed a caldron that was never empty, fruit trees that were never barren, and two pigs—one live and

Mrinal Sen: Akaler Sandhane (In Search of Famine, 1980), the story of a film crew documenting the 1943 Bengal famine, won the Silver Bear (Special Jury Prize) at the Berlin International Film Festival in 1981.

In Search of Lost Time, novel in seven parts by Marcel Proust, published in French as à la recherche du temps perdu from 1913 to 1927. The novel is the story of Proust’s own life, told as an allegorical search for truth. It is the major work of French fiction of the early 20th century. In January

Robert Stevenson: Films for Disney: In Search of the Castaways, an adaptation of the Jules Verne novel, was one of 1962’s top-grossing films. Also successful was The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964), with Tommy Kirk as a brilliant teenaged inventor; it spawned a sequel, The Monkey’s Uncle (1965), which Stevenson…

Indo-European languages: The divergence of Indo-European languages: Mallory (In Search of the Indo-Europeans [1989]) in locating the speakers of Proto-Indo-European among the populations of this region but not to attempt a more precise identification until further evidence is available. A radically different theory, according to which the Indo-European spread began in Asia Minor…

Elio Vittorini: , Conversation in Sicily; U.S. title In Sicily), the clearest expression of his anti-fascist feelings. The action of the book is less important than the emotional agony of its hero, brought on by his constant consciousness of fascism, war, and the plight of his brothers.

Reinvigorated Immunization efforts to eradicate poliomyelitis (polio) from the world led a UNICEF official in Nigeria, where an outbreak had left more than 700 children paralyzed in 2004, to express confidence that polio had “no hiding place anymore.” The immunization program had its beginnings in

heavy oil and tar sand: In situ combustion:
The mechanics of heavy oil displacement in an in situ combustion operation is similar to that in the steam-flooding process except for one difference. Unlike in the latter, steam is produced by vaporizing water already in the rock formation or water that…

construction: Concrete: …building site; this is so-called in situ concrete. The other method is called precast concrete, in which building components are manufactured in a central plant and later brought to the building site for assembly. The components of concrete are portland cement, coarse aggregates such as crushed stone, fine aggregates such…

atmosphere: Measurement systems: …atmosphere are of two types—in situ measurements and remote sensing observations. In situ measurements require that the instrumentation be located directly at the point of interest and in contact with the subject of interest. In contrast, remote sensors are located some distance away from the subject of interest. Remote…

oil shale: In situ processing:
In situ processing differs from aboveground processing in that retorting to produce oil and gas takes place underground. No in situ processes are in use on a commercial scale, but several companies have investigated methods for heating large volumes of oil shale…

materials science: Precursors: …environmentally safe is known as in situ synthesis. In this method, dangerous reagents would be generated on demand in only the desired quantities, instead of being shipped cross-country and stored until needed at the semiconductor processing plant.

cancer: The noninvasive stage: …it is known as a noninvasive tumour (or an in situ tumour). A tumour at that stage lacks its own network of blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen, and it has not sent cells into the circulatory system to give rise to new tumours. It also is usually asymptomatic—an…

Big Star: …solid but unremarkable studio album, In Space (2005). A box set of Big Star’s early work was released in 2009, and the band was to be featured at the South by Southwest Music Conference in Austin, Texas, in 2010. But Chilton died on the second day of the conference, and…

Ernst Jünger: …he published In Stahlgewittern (1920; The Storm of Steel), a novel in the form of a diary; it contains vivid recollections of his life in the trenches and his experiences in combat as a company commander. In a dispassionate, matter-of-fact voice, Jünger describes the heroism and suffering displayed by himself…

Eliot Spitzer: …program, which was subsequently retitled In the Arena. It struggled in the ratings, and in July Spitzer stepped down as host after CNN announced that the show would be canceled. He later hosted Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer (2012–13) on Current TV, a cable channel founded by Al Gore. In 2013…

John Updike: In the Beauty of the Lilies (1996) draws parallels between religion and popular obsession with cinema, while Gertrude and Claudius (2000) offers conjectures on the early relationship between Hamlet’s mother and her brother-in-law. In response to the cultural shifts that occurred in the United States…

Sissy Spacek: …of a murdered son in In the Bedroom (2001). She later appeared in the fantasy Tuck Everlasting (2002), the horror film The Ring Two (2005), and the drama North Country (2005). She received a Golden Globe nomination for her portrayal of an eccentric artist in the television movie Pictures of…

Richard Kostelanetz: …approach, Kostelanetz produced the novel In the Beginning, which consists of the alphabet, in single- and double-letter combinations, unfolding over 30 pages. Most of his other literary work, often printed in limited editions at small presses, also challenges the reader in unconventional ways. Kostelanetz’s nonfiction work The End of Intelligent…

David Rabe: Rabe’s subsequent plays included In the Boom Boom Room (1975), about the degradation of a go-go dancer in Philadelphia; Hurlyburly (1985; film 1998) and Those the River Keeps (1991), two related dramas about disillusionment in Hollywood; A Question of Mercy (1998); The Dog Problem (2002); The Black Monk

Henry James: Career—middle phase: …Turn of the Screw and In the Cage (1898), and The Awkward Age (1899), James began to use the methods of alternating “picture” and dramatic scene, close adherence to a given angle of vision, a withholding of information from the reader, making available to him only that which the characters…

Robert Lowell, Jr.: His poem “In the Cage” from Lord Weary’s Castle (1946) comments on this experience, as does in greater detail “Memories of West Street and Lepke” in Life Studies (1959). His first volume of poems, Land of Unlikeness (1944), deals with a world in crisis and the hunger…

George Lamming: His highly acclaimed first novel, In the Castle of My Skin (1953), is an autobiographical bildungsroman set against the backdrop of burgeoning nationalism in the British colonies of the Caribbean in the 1930s and ’40s.

Robert Frost: Works: Even in his final volume, In the Clearing, so filled with the stubborn courage of old age, Frost portrays human security as a rather tiny and quite vulnerable opening in a thickly grown forest, a pinpoint of light against which the encroaching trees cast their very real threat of darkness.

Hoagy Carmichael: …Nearness of You,” and “In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening,” which won an Oscar for the best film song of 1951. One of his best-known compositions of the 1940s was “Skylark,” another collaboration with Mercer, and a song that reflected Carmichael’s jazz influences in that, according to…

Jane Campion: …Kate Winslet; and the thriller In the Cut (2003). In 2009 Campion earned accolades for Bright Star, which chronicles the romance between poet John Keats and Fanny Brawne. She later cowrote and codirected the eerie TV series Top of the Lake (2013, 2017), which centres on a female detective.

Tryggve Andersen: …work, I cancelliraadens dage (1897; In the Days of the Councillor), short stories tied together by their central figure, Andersen portrayed the world of rural civil servants in Norway. His other novel, Mot kv?ld (1900; “Toward Evening”), deals with middle-class narrow-mindedness. Andersen also published four volumes of short stories. His…

Buchi Emecheta: …later collected in the novel In the Ditch (1972). That work was followed by Second-Class Citizen (1974), and both were later included in the single volume Adah’s Story (1983). Those books introduce Emecheta’s three major themes: the quests for equal treatment, self-confidence, and dignity as a woman. Somewhat different in…

Sir Arnold Bax: …in 1909 the symphonic poem In the Fa?ry Hills. He spent the year 1910 in Russia. During the following years, under the pseudonym Dermot O’Byrne he published short stories and poems in Ireland, where he spent much time. In 1916 and 1917 he wrote three symphonic poems, The Garden of…

In the First Circle, novel by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, titled in RussianV kruge pervom. The original manuscript, reflecting Solzhenitsyn’s own imprisonment, was 96 chapters long when completed in 1958, but, hoping to avoid censorship, the author deleted 9 chapters. Though the modified version was

Norman Jewison: In the Heat of the Night (1967) starred Sidney Poitier as a detective from Philadelphia who becomes involved in solving a murder in a small Mississippi town. The film, which cast a gimlet eye on racial prejudices in the South, won five Academy Awards, including…

Ngugi wa Thiong'o: …War (2010), about his childhood; In the House of the Interpreter (2012), which was largely set in the 1950s, during the Mau Mau rebellion against British control in Kenya; and Birth of a Dream Weaver: A Writer’s Awakening (2016), a chronicle of his years at Makerere University.

Tim O'Brien: …of The Nuclear Age (1981), In the Lake of the Woods (1994) returns to the subject of the experiences and effects of the Vietnam War. O’Brien’s writing took a new turn with publication of Tomcat in Love (1999), a nuanced comic novel about the search for love, and July, July…

Angelina Jolie: Directing: …screenwriting debut with the Bosnian-language In the Land of Blood and Honey, a turbulent love story set during the Bosnian conflict of the 1990s. She then helmed the World War II drama Unbroken (2014). The script for the film, based on the true story of an Olympic runner and U.S.…

Garth Brooks: …hits” that were collected on In the Life of Chris Gaines (1999). While the album featured impeccable production from the likes of Babyface and Don Was, its content was overshadowed by questions about why Brooks would take his career in such an unexpected direction.

Clint Eastwood: Films of the 1990s: …Wolfgang Petersen’s popular action thriller In the Line of Fire (1993).

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