David Mech introduced the idea of the alpha to describe behaviour observed in captive animals. Alphas, he wrote in his 1970 book “The Wolf: Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species,” win control of their packs in violent fights with other males.

But, as he outlined in a 1999 paper, he’s since rejected that idea in light of research into the behaviour of wolves in the wild.

In nature, Mech writes, wolves split off from their packs when they mature, and seek out opposite-sex companions with whom to form new packs. The male and female co-dominate the new pack for a much simpler, more peaceful reason: They’re the parents of all the pups.

Mech writes on his website (with the lovely title Wolf News and Info) that his original book is “currently still in print, despite my numerous pleas to the publisher to stop publishing it.”

Another Twitter user, Mike Westphal, pointed out another paper on the misuse of the phrase “alpha males” to describe breeding roosters.

But roosters are not part of those social groups, Zuk writes, and the idea that the top hen is somehow an “alpha male” bizarrely misgenders the dominant bird.

All of which is to say: Humans who enjoy the idea of “alpha males” might want to keep in mind that there isn’t really any such thing. And to the extent the term has any meaning at all, it describes the behaviour of captive, lonely creatures.