In comparison with 33 foreign countries covered, U.S. manufacturing hourly compensation costs in 2012 ranked approximately in the middle at $35.67 (see Chart 1). In addition to Australia and Canada, countries with higher hourly compensation costs were primarily in northern and western Europe. Countries with lower hourly compensation costs were primarily in southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America.

Between 1997 and 2012, compensation costs in manufacturing as a percent of U.S. costs (see Table 1) increased or remained the same in all economies compared except Taiwan, improving U.S. cost competitiveness.

Chart 1.

Changes in a country's compensation costs in U.S. dollars are roughly equivalent to the change in compensation costs in a country's national currency plus the change in the value of the country's currency relative to the U.S. dollar. This relationship is illustrated in Chart 2, where the bars in the right panel for each country can be summed to equal the bars in the left panel. In 2012, nearly all countries had at least moderate increases in hourly compensation costs in national currency, but the currencies of most countries depreciated against the U.S. dollar, resulting in U.S. dollar-denominated hourly compensation costs declining in most countries.

Chart 2.

Chart 3 shows the benefit components of manufacturing employers' compensation costs as a percent of total costs. (See Table 3 for data in U.S. dollars.) Countries are ordered based on social insurance expenditures as a percent of total compensation. In countries with the highest ratio of social insurance costs, such as Sweden, Brazil, and Belgium, social insurance makes up approximately one-third of total compensation costs. In the United States, social insurance costs account for about 24 percent of total compensation, while in the Asian countries, with the exception of the Republic of Korea, social insurance is less than 20 percent.

Directly-paid benefits primarily comprise pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind. The percentage of compensation that is directly-paid benefits tends to be higher in many European countries (due in large part to leave pay) and in Japan (where seasonal bonuses are a large portion of costs). Directly-paid benefits are a relatively smaller portion of costs in countries such as the United States, Australia, and Canada.

The total benefits portion of compensation costs can be seen by combining social insurance with directly-paid benefits. Total benefits surpass 40 percent in 14 countries. In contrast, the ratio of benefit costs in the United States is about 33 percent.

Chart 3.

China and India

BLS has developed estimates of hourly compensation costs for employees in the Chinese and Indian manufacturing sectors. Due to various data gaps and methodological issues, compensation costs for China and India are not directly comparable to each other or with the data for other countries found in this report, and therefore are presented separately. Data are available for China through 2009 and for India through 2010.

For China, BLS approximates average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing by filling important data gaps for hours worked per year and for benefit components of labor compensation. Further, the concepts and coverage of Chinese statistics on manufacturing employment and wages often do not follow international standards and can be difficult to understand. Largely because of these data gaps and challenges, BLS estimates for China cannot be considered as robust as the manufacturing statistics for the other countries in this report.

For India, BLS estimates of compensation costs refer to formal manufacturing only, rather than to total manufacturing in the country. Unorganized sector manufacturing workers account for approximately 80 percent of total manufacturing employment in India and earn substantially less than their formal sector counterparts. For this reason, employers' average compensation costs in formal manufacturing overstate average compensation costs for Indian manufacturing as a whole.

Chart 4.

Report Tables

Table 1. Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, and as a percent of costs in the United States

Hourly Compensation Costs

in U.S. dollars

U.S.=100

1997 (1)

2012

1997 (1)

2012

Norway

25.83

63.36

112

178

Switzerland

30.42

57.79

132

162

Belgium

28.92

52.19

125

146

Sweden

25.02

49.80

109

140

Denmark

23.70

48.47

103

136

Australia

18.93

47.68

82

134

Germany

29.16

45.79

127

128

Finland

22.36

42.60

97

119

Austria

24.91

41.53

108

116

France

24.86

39.81

108

112

Netherlands

22.45

39.62

97

111

Ireland

16.69

38.17

72

107

Canada

18.49

36.59

80

103

United States

23.04

35.67

100

100

Japan

21.99

35.34

95

99

Italy

19.76

34.18

86

96

United Kingdom

19.31

31.23

84

88

Spain

13.95

26.83

61

75

New Zealand

12.06

24.77

52

69

Singapore

12.15

24.16

53

68

Korea, Republic of

9.22

20.72

40

58

Israel

11.62

20.14

50

56

Greece

11.61

19.41

50

54

Argentina

7.55

18.87

33

53

Portugal

6.46

12.10

28

34

Czech Republic

3.25

11.95

14

34

Slovakia

2.84

11.30

12

32

Brazil

7.07

11.20

31

31

Estonia

NA

10.41

NA

29

Taiwan

7.04

9.46

31

27

Hungary

3.05

8.95

13

25

Poland

3.15

8.25

14

23

Mexico

3.47

6.36

15

18

Philippines

1.28

2.10

6

6

Note:'NA' means data not available.(1) With the exception of Estonia, 1997 is the first year data for all countries are available to BLS.For additional information, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:'NA' means data not available.(1) Exchange rates are value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.(2) U.S. dollar changes are approximately equal to national currency changes plus exchange rate changes for each country.For additional information, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:'NA' means data not available.(1) Social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies.(2) Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind.(3) Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments.For additional information, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Direct pay includes pay for time worked (wages and salaries) and directly-paid benefits.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Direct pay includes pay for time worked (wages and salaries) and directly-paid benefits.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Direct pay includes pay for time worked (wages and salaries) and directly-paid benefits.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 3.1 Indexes of hourly pay for time worked in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. = 100), 1996-2012

Country or Area

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

United States

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

Argentina

32

32

33

33

32

32

11

13

15

18

22

26

31

30

38

46

54

Australia

88

84

74

76

66

58

64

80

91

96

97

109

113

102

120

139

141

Austria

93

80

79

76

65

63

65

77

83

84

86

94

102

98

91

97

92

Belgium

102

88

87

82

71

69

72

88

98

97

99

106

116

108

104

110

104

Brazil

24

23

21

13

13

10

9

9

10

13

15

18

20

19

23

26

25

Canada

88

85

80

78

77

72

69

77

84

91

97

103

102

90

103

108

107

Czech Republic

13

12

13

12

11

12

14

17

19

21

24

27

33

29

29

32

30

Denmark

NA

122

121

117

101

99

104

124

136

136

139

156

169

161

156

165

153

Estonia

NA

NA

NA

NA

9

10

11

14

16

17

20

26

31

28

26

28

28

Finland

96

84

83

80

70

68

71

85

94

95

99

107

116

113

104

112

105

France

93

81

79

75

64

61

63

75

82

81

84

91

97

90

86

92

86

Germany

120

103

101

94

83

79

82

98

107

107

107

116

124

115

111

117

111

Greece

47

42

39

38

32

28

34

40

46

43

46

53

61

57

56

56

47

Hungary

10

10

10

9

9

10

12

14

16

18

18

22

24

21

20

22

21

Ireland

79

76

74

72

65

67

73

88

99

100

104

116

126

120

113

116

108

Israel

53

55

54

52

54

54

47

49

49

49

51

56

65

58

63

67

64

Italy

68

62

61

58

49

48

52

64

73

73

76

83

90

84

81

86

81

Japan

84

76

69

78

80

69

64

68

71

68

64

62

69

75

78

85

84

Korea, Republic of

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mexico

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Netherlands

NA

80

82

80

71

69

73

87

95

93

96

104

112

103

97

103

95

New Zealand

66

64

52

51

43

40

44

55

63

67

64

74

73

64

74

83

87

Norway

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Philippines

6

6

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

6

6

6

6

6

7

Poland

NA

9

10

12

11

12

13

13

14

16

18

21

26

20

22

23

21

Portugal

27

24

24

23

20

20

21

25

28

28

29

32

35

33

31

34

31

Singapore

47

47

44

44

45

44

42

43

44

43

44

49

57

51

54

63

66

Slovakia

9

9

8

8

7

7

9

11

13

15

16

21

25

25

25

27

26

Spain

55

48

47

45

39

38

40

48

53

55

57

63

69

65

62

66

61

Sweden

103

92

90

85

77

69

74

89

97

96

100

111

115

100

106

118

117

Switzerland

151

125

124

115

101

101

106

123

129

127

126

131

143

143

145

169

160

Taiwan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

United Kingdom

76

80

84

83

78

77

81

91

103

105

108

118

111

92

90

93

93

Note:Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 3.2 Hourly pay for time worked in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 1996-2012

Country or Area

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

United States

15.74

16.22

16.63

17.15

17.77

18.44

19.16

19.77

20.25

20.73

20.91

21.50

22.16

23.04

23.31

23.69

23.93

Argentina

5.04

5.19

5.49

5.59

5.71

5.81

2.06

2.51

3.09

3.78

4.55

5.51

6.88

7.02

8.76

10.96

12.94

Australia

13.89

13.63

12.32

12.97

11.78

10.66

12.18

15.74

18.52

19.80

20.35

23.36

25.13

23.47

27.97

32.85

33.73

Austria

14.65

12.99

13.15

13.00

11.53

11.53

12.47

15.19

16.75

17.33

17.93

20.26

22.67

22.54

21.14

22.86

21.96

Belgium

16.10

14.22

14.40

14.13

12.58

12.72

13.71

17.36

19.84

20.15

20.66

22.86

25.68

24.93

24.16

26.07

24.86

Brazil

3.71

3.71

3.52

2.24

2.32

1.93

1.65

1.71

2.05

2.67

3.20

3.81

4.51

4.36

5.38

6.20

5.95

Canada

13.78

13.71

13.23

13.33

13.73

13.21

13.18

15.24

16.98

18.77

20.25

22.25

22.71

20.62

24.09

25.48

25.68

Czech Republic

2.04

1.96

2.14

2.10

2.03

2.21

2.74

3.35

3.90

4.40

4.92

5.89

7.39

6.76

6.83

7.69

7.23

Denmark

NA

19.79

20.18

20.14

18.00

18.23

19.86

24.49

27.46

28.17

29.11

33.62

37.52

37.04

36.26

39.15

36.54

Estonia

NA

NA

NA

NA

1.68

1.76

2.04

2.69

3.18

3.60

4.28

5.66

6.83

6.36

6.10

6.73

6.75

Finland

15.05

13.59

13.74

13.68

12.42

12.57

13.62

16.76

19.03

19.78

20.65

23.06

25.77

26.00

24.35

26.47

25.03

France

14.64

13.10

13.17

12.82

11.30

11.20

12.09

14.80

16.62

16.87

17.47

19.57

21.52

20.80

20.16

21.70

20.51

Germany

18.90

16.65

16.74

16.16

14.68

14.50

15.77

19.39

21.77

22.09

22.47

25.05

27.47

26.55

25.80

27.70

26.45

Greece

7.37

6.77

6.53

6.57

5.77

5.24

6.47

7.97

9.24

8.87

9.65

11.49

13.46

13.22

13.00

13.19

11.29

Hungary

1.62

1.59

1.62

1.62

1.56

1.79

2.23

2.79

3.34

3.63

3.75

4.71

5.29

4.74

4.74

5.20

5.08

Ireland

12.48

12.31

12.23

12.34

11.46

12.40

13.91

17.44

20.11

20.83

21.75

24.89

28.03

27.69

26.43

27.43

25.78

Israel

8.40

8.93

8.95

8.86

9.53

10.03

9.03

9.59

9.90

10.16

10.60

12.01

14.31

13.41

14.67

15.95

15.22

Italy

10.66

10.03

10.12

9.90

8.75

8.92

9.98

12.63

14.71

15.16

15.85

17.82

19.83

19.39

18.96

20.42

19.31

Japan

13.28

12.26

11.54

13.40

14.13

12.67

12.31

13.36

14.32

14.18

13.44

13.30

15.38

17.21

18.17

20.19

20.11

Korea, Republic of

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mexico

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Netherlands

NA

12.94

13.56

13.72

12.54

12.73

13.96

17.26

19.23

19.38

20.00

22.28

24.74

23.77

22.72

24.29

22.66

New Zealand

10.34

10.30

8.57

8.68

7.71

7.31

8.37

10.80

12.67

13.93

13.42

15.88

16.11

14.74

17.29

19.70

20.87

Norway

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Philippines

1.01

0.95

0.73

0.78

0.74

0.71

0.74

0.75

0.80

0.88

0.99

1.18

1.30

1.27

1.40

1.50

1.56

Poland

NA

1.44

1.61

1.97

2.00

2.30

2.40

2.60

2.84

3.34

3.71

4.60

5.81

4.68

5.03

5.35

5.09

Portugal

4.32

3.90

4.01

3.95

3.53

3.64

4.08

5.04

5.75

5.91

6.14

6.88

7.70

7.54

7.29

8.03

7.39

Singapore

7.36

7.56

7.34

7.50

7.91

8.17

8.13

8.53

8.91

9.01

9.26

10.45

12.54

11.65

12.68

15.00

15.71

Slovakia

1.36

1.41

1.41

1.30

1.28

1.35

1.66

2.25

2.73

3.06

3.43

4.44

5.60

5.85

5.78

6.38

6.12

Spain

8.65

7.79

7.90

7.76

6.92

6.93

7.65

9.56

10.81

11.31

11.89

13.48

15.21

15.09

14.53

15.65

14.67

Sweden

16.24

14.88

14.93

14.60

13.66

12.68

14.17

17.59

19.62

19.96

20.88

23.85

25.42

23.09

24.61

27.87

28.03

Switzerland

23.71

20.31

20.68

19.75

17.97

18.58

20.39

24.26

26.15

26.26

26.43

28.09

31.73

32.99

33.77

39.92

38.19

Taiwan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

United Kingdom

11.89

12.97

13.95

14.21

13.78

14.17

15.53

18.03

20.91

21.69

22.68

25.46

24.59

21.19

20.93

21.98

22.27

Note:Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 3.3 Hourly pay for time worked in manufacturing, national currency, 1996-2012

Country or Area

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

United States

15.74

16.22

16.63

17.15

17.77

18.44

19.16

19.77

20.25

20.73

20.91

21.50

22.16

23.04

23.31

23.69

23.93

Argentina

5.04

5.18

5.49

5.58

5.70

5.81

6.32

7.27

9.05

10.97

13.89

17.07

21.64

26.03

34.13

45.06

58.73

Australia

17.75

18.32

19.58

20.09

20.25

20.62

22.39

24.12

25.14

25.96

27.01

27.84

29.43

29.60

30.40

31.80

32.57

Austria

155.12

158.55

162.81

# 12.20

12.49

12.88

13.19

13.41

13.47

13.92

14.27

14.77

15.39

16.17

15.95

16.41

17.08

Belgium

498.46

509.28

522.76

# 13.27

13.63

14.20

14.50

15.33

15.95

16.19

16.45

16.67

17.44

17.89

18.22

18.71

19.33

Brazil

3.73

4.00

4.09

4.07

4.25

4.54

4.81

5.27

6.00

6.49

6.96

7.42

8.26

8.71

9.48

10.37

11.63

Canada

18.79

18.99

19.63

19.81

20.40

20.46

20.70

21.35

22.11

22.75

22.96

23.89

24.21

23.54

24.81

25.19

25.66

Czech Republic

55.47

61.99

68.95

72.71

78.52

83.91

89.58

94.49

100.16

105.36

111.11

119.63

126.16

128.91

130.50

136.14

141.56

Denmark

NA

130.81

135.27

140.77

145.72

151.93

156.60

161.09

164.46

168.90

172.98

182.96

190.90

198.42

204.03

209.61

211.65

Estonia

NA

NA

NA

NA

28.50

30.71

33.84

37.26

40.02

45.33

53.39

64.75

73.09

71.62

71.98

# 4.83

5.25

Finland

69.15

70.53

73.42

# 12.84

13.46

14.04

14.41

14.80

15.30

15.89

16.44

16.82

17.50

18.66

18.36

19.00

19.47

France

74.90

76.48

77.71

# 12.03

12.24

12.51

12.79

13.07

13.36

13.55

13.91

14.28

14.61

14.93

15.20

15.58

15.95

Germany

28.44

28.88

29.46

# 15.17

15.90

16.20

16.68

17.13

17.50

17.74

17.88

18.27

18.65

19.05

19.45

19.88

20.57

Greece

1773.80

1848.82

1929.14

2015.37

2108.21

# 5.85

6.84

7.04

7.43

7.12

7.69

8.38

9.14

9.48

9.81

9.47

8.78

Hungary

247.47

297.77

346.46

384.78

439.92

512.05

576.24

625.69

677.06

724.82

788.62

865.21

911.25

958.73

985.79

1045.45

1142.49

Ireland

7.80

8.11

8.58

# 11.59

12.42

13.85

14.71

15.40

16.17

16.73

17.31

18.15

19.04

19.87

19.93

19.69

20.05

Israel

26.81

30.80

34.03

36.69

38.85

42.19

42.76

43.68

44.38

45.62

47.22

49.34

51.34

52.74

54.85

57.09

58.70

Italy

16450.58

17095.70

17580.79

# 9.29

9.48

9.97

10.55

11.16

11.82

12.17

12.61

13.00

13.47

13.91

14.30

14.66

15.02

Japan

1445.03

1484.39

1511.79

1524.50

1523.66

1539.74

1541.29

1548.85

1548.51

1561.06

1563.30

1566.68

1590.27

1612.61

1594.70

1608.95

1605.50

Korea, Republic of

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mexico

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Netherlands

NA

25.27

26.90

# 12.88

13.59

14.22

14.77

15.24

15.46

15.56

15.92

16.25

16.80

17.06

17.13

17.43

17.62

New Zealand

15.04

15.55

15.99

16.41

16.87

17.40

18.03

18.55

19.08

19.76

20.66

21.55

22.53

23.18

23.97

24.87

25.74

Norway

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Philippines

26.29

27.98

29.75

30.62

32.58

36.39

38.43

40.76

44.95

48.53

51.04

54.60

57.59

60.48

63.19

65.03

65.82

Poland

NA

4.72

5.59

7.83

8.71

9.43

9.80

10.11

10.40

10.81

11.50

12.73

14.01

14.60

15.17

15.85

16.57

Portugal

666.08

683.40

722.38

# 3.70

3.82

4.07

4.31

4.45

4.62

4.75

4.89

5.02

5.23

5.41

5.50

5.76

5.74

Singapore

10.38

11.23

12.27

12.71

13.65

14.65

14.55

14.87

15.06

15.00

14.71

15.75

17.74

16.94

17.28

18.85

19.62

Slovakia

41.69

47.51

49.65

53.78

58.98

65.11

75.31

82.73

87.99

94.82

101.81

109.61

119.58

4.20

4.36

4.58

4.76

Spain

1096.16

1142.16

1179.98

# 7.29

7.49

7.74

8.09

8.45

8.69

9.09

9.46

9.83

10.33

10.83

10.96

11.23

11.41

Sweden

108.92

113.72

118.70

120.82

125.27

131.13

137.79

142.14

144.14

149.12

153.95

161.09

167.39

176.70

177.32

180.79

189.84

Switzerland

29.31

29.47

30.00

29.72

30.38

31.38

31.74

32.63

32.50

32.71

33.12

33.70

34.32

35.82

35.23

35.38

35.82

Taiwan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

United Kingdom

7.62

7.92

8.41

8.79

9.09

9.84

10.34

11.03

11.41

11.92

12.31

12.72

13.26

13.53

13.55

13.70

14.05

Note:Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Employer social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Employer social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Note:Employer social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaNote: See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 6.1 Hourly direct pay as a percent of total hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 1996-2012

Country or Area

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

United States

78.9

79.0

79.3

79.7

79.6

78.9

78.7

78.0

77.7

77.6

77.5

76.0

76.5

75.9

75.4

75.6

76.1

Argentina

80.1

81.2

81.3

82.5

83.1

83.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

82.6

Australia

82.3

81.7

81.5

81.1

81.3

80.5

79.3

78.8

78.5

78.7

79.2

79.4

79.4

79.7

80.0

80.2

80.3

Austria

73.0

73.0

72.9

72.9

73.1

74.0

74.3

74.6

74.9

74.8

74.6

74.5

74.4

74.3

74.3

74.3

74.3

Belgium

69.0

69.0

68.9

69.0

67.5

69.2

69.3

69.5

69.6

69.2

68.7

68.3

67.9

67.9

67.8

67.8

67.8

Brazil

66.1

66.5

66.0

67.3

67.5

67.3

67.6

67.1

68.0

67.2

67.6

67.9

67.5

67.9

68.0

67.2

67.2

Canada

84.4

84.6

85.2

85.2

85.5

84.7

83.3

82.5

81.9

81.6

80.8

81.2

80.8

80.0

80.0

80.0

80.1

Czech Republic

73.9

73.8

73.7

73.6

72.9

72.9

72.7

72.6

72.4

73.4

73.3

73.3

73.4

72.7

73.0

73.4

73.4

Denmark

NA

96.8

96.8

94.4

94.7

92.9

91.5

90.7

90.3

89.5

90.0

89.6

89.8

90.2

90.4

90.4

90.4

Estonia

NA

NA

NA

NA

74.4

74.8

74.1

74.2

74.3

74.4

74.5

74.6

74.0

73.0

73.6

74.0

73.9

Finland

76.8

77.4

77.9

78.5

79.1

79.0

78.9

78.8

78.7

78.4

78.2

77.9

77.7

77.7

77.7

77.7

77.7

France

69.8

69.7

69.6

69.5

69.4

69.2

69.0

68.8

68.6

68.9

69.3

69.7

70.1

70.1

70.1

70.1

70.1

Germany

76.4

76.5

76.9

77.4

77.2

77.4

77.3

77.3

76.9

77.6

77.1

78.4

78.6

78.3

78.1

78.4

78.8

Greece

76.6

76.8

76.9

77.1

77.3

77.5

77.8

78.0

78.3

77.9

77.6

77.2

76.9

76.9

76.9

76.9

76.9

Hungary

66.1

66.9

67.8

68.6

69.5

70.1

70.7

71.3

71.9

72.1

73.2

73.1

73.0

74.1

76.2

76.5

76.5

Ireland

86.6

87.0

87.2

87.4

87.5

86.9

87.1

86.5

86.0

85.5

84.9

84.4

83.9

81.7

83.4

84.2

82.5

Israel

84.6

84.3

84.2

84.9

84.7

84.7

84.0

84.2

84.7

83.8

83.8

83.2

85.1

84.5

83.4

82.3

82.8

Italy

66.4

66.4

68.8

68.8

68.4

68.5

68.8

68.8

68.8

69.3

70.2

70.6

71.1

71.1

71.1

71.1

71.1

Japan

84.9

84.4

84.0

83.7

83.4

83.0

82.8

82.6

82.4

82.2

82.1

82.1

82.0

82.0

81.9

81.9

81.9

Korea, Republic of

82.5

76.8

73.3

70.4

72.8

73.9

75.9

78.3

80.5

82.6

82.3

81.5

81.0

80.4

79.7

79.2

78.5

Mexico

65.1

65.8

66.3

67.2

67.3

66.6

67.5

67.9

68.6

69.3

69.0

69.3

69.0

68.9

70.0

69.9

69.8

Netherlands

NA

77.0

77.6

78.2

78.9

78.1

78.1

77.4

77.6

78.1

78.6

79.1

78.7

78.7

78.8

78.8

78.4

New Zealand

96.4

96.5

96.6

96.7

96.8

96.9

97.0

97.0

96.8

96.8

96.7

96.6

96.7

96.3

96.3

95.8

95.8

Norway

NA

85.0

85.0

85.0

85.0

84.2

83.5

82.8

82.1

82.1

82.1

82.1

82.1

82.1

82.1

82.1

82.1

Philippines

90.1

90.1

90.1

90.2

90.5

90.9

91.3

91.4

91.1

91.2

91.4

91.5

91.5

91.5

91.5

91.5

91.5

Poland

NA

70.0

69.6

85.3

84.7

84.5

84.3

84.0

84.2

84.6

85.0

85.5

85.9

85.9

87.4

87.4

87.4

Portugal

78.7

79.1

79.5

79.9

80.3

80.2

80.1

79.9

79.8

79.9

80.1

80.2

80.3

80.3

80.3

80.3

80.3

Singapore

77.8

78.2

79.5

85.2

84.5

83.9

83.9

84.0

84.9

85.8

85.4

85.1

84.5

83.9

83.8

83.5

83.3

Slovakia

68.9

68.9

69.6

70.8

70.6

71.9

71.1

70.3

72.6

72.8

72.4

72.3

72.1

71.4

72.5

72.9

72.9

Spain

74.6

74.7

74.8

74.9

75.0

74.9

74.8

74.6

74.4

74.3

74.2

73.9

74.3

73.4

73.9

74.6

74.1

Sweden

69.7

69.4

69.2

68.9

68.4

68.0

67.9

67.0

66.9

66.8

67.6

66.3

67.7

66.8

67.0

67.1

66.7

Switzerland

84.6

84.6

84.6

84.6

84.6

84.5

84.4

84.5

84.6

84.5

84.5

84.5

84.5

84.6

84.7

84.7

84.7

Taiwan

86.2

86.5

86.6

86.4

85.8

86.1

86.9

87.7

87.8

87.0

86.5

85.8

85.3

85.1

85.2

85.6

85.5

United Kingdom

81.8

82.4

83.0

82.5

82.7

83.7

84.6

85.0

85.7

85.6

85.4

85.3

85.2

85.2

85.2

84.6

84.4

Trade-Weighted Measures

All Foreign Countries (1)

NA

77.7

77.9

78.2

# 78.2

78.0

77.9

77.9

78.0

78.1

77.9

78.0

77.9

77.5

77.7

77.7

77.6

OECD (1)

NA

77.6

77.7

77.9

# 78.0

77.7

77.6

77.5

77.6

77.8

77.5

77.7

77.6

77.2

77.4

77.4

77.3

Europe (1)

NA

76.7

77.1

77.3

# 77.2

77.4

77.5

77.4

77.4

77.5

77.5

77.8

77.8

77.6

77.7

77.8

77.6

Euro Area (1)

NA

74.7

75.1

75.4

# 75.2

75.3

75.3

75.1

75.0

75.3

75.2

75.7

75.7

75.3

75.5

75.7

75.5

Eastern Europe (1)

NA

70.1

70.2

76.6

# 76.3

76.5

76.4

76.4

76.7

77.2

77.5

77.6

77.8

77.7

79.0

79.2

79.2

East Asia ex-Japan

NA

80.9

79.8

79.8

# 80.5

80.9

82.0

83.2

84.3

85.2

84.9

84.3

83.8

83.4

83.1

82.9

82.6

Note:Direct pay includes pay for time worked (wages and salaries) and directly-paid benefits.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 6.2 Hourly pay for time worked as a percent of total hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 1996-2012

Country or Area

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

United States

70.1

70.4

70.8

71.4

71.2

70.3

70.0

69.2

69.1

68.8

68.6

67.0

67.6

67.4

67.0

66.7

67.1

Argentina

67.8

68.7

68.6

69.1

69.9

70.4

68.6

68.6

68.6

68.6

68.6

68.6

68.6

68.6

68.6

68.6

68.6

Australia

72.5

72.0

71.8

71.5

71.6

71.0

69.9

69.5

69.2

69.3

69.8

70.0

70.0

70.2

70.5

70.7

70.8

Austria

52.1

52.2

52.2

52.3

52.5

53.1

53.3

53.5

53.7

53.5

53.3

53.1

52.9

52.9

52.9

52.9

52.9

Belgium

49.2

49.2

49.1

49.2

48.1

49.3

49.4

49.6

49.6

49.1

48.6

48.2

47.7

47.7

47.6

47.6

47.6

Brazil

52.2

52.6

52.2

53.2

53.4

53.2

53.4

53.1

53.7

53.2

53.5

53.6

53.4

53.7

53.8

53.1

53.1

Canada

74.0

74.2

74.6

74.7

74.9

74.2

73.0

72.3

71.7

71.5

70.8

71.2

70.8

70.1

70.1

70.1

70.2

Czech Republic

60.4

60.3

60.2

60.2

59.9

58.9

59.4

59.3

59.3

60.2

60.3

60.1

60.4

59.2

59.8

60.5

60.5

Denmark

NA

83.5

83.5

80.7

81.1

79.3

78.0

77.3

77.0

76.0

76.1

75.7

75.5

76.2

75.7

75.8

75.4

Estonia

NA

NA

NA

NA

65.8

65.7

65.6

65.5

65.4

65.3

65.6

65.5

64.7

63.4

64.4

64.6

64.9

Finland

60.2

60.8

61.3

61.9

62.5

61.6

60.6

59.6

58.6

58.7

58.7

58.7

58.8

58.8

58.8

58.8

58.8

France

52.6

52.7

52.7

52.8

52.9

52.6

52.3

52.0

51.7

51.7

51.6

51.6

51.5

51.5

51.5

51.5

51.5

Germany

56.9

57.1

57.9

58.6

57.8

57.3

57.1

57.0

57.7

58.1

57.1

57.6

57.8

58.0

58.8

58.4

57.8

Greece

58.4

58.3

58.2

58.1

58.0

58.1

58.1

58.1

58.1

58.2

58.2

58.2

58.2

58.2

58.2

58.2

58.2

Hungary

52.1

52.2

52.4

52.5

52.7

53.1

53.4

53.8

54.1

54.1

54.7

54.4

54.2

55.0

56.5

56.7

56.7

Ireland

74.0

73.8

73.4

73.1

72.8

72.9

73.6

73.8

74.0

72.7

71.5

70.3

69.2

67.2

68.5

69.0

67.5

Israel

77.0

76.8

76.7

77.9

77.8

77.1

76.6

76.9

77.3

76.6

76.5

76.4

77.2

76.4

76.3

75.5

75.6

Italy

50.8

50.8

52.7

52.8

52.6

53.0

53.6

53.9

54.2

54.7

55.5

56.0

56.5

56.5

56.5

56.5

56.5

Japan

56.1

55.8

56.1

56.8

56.5

56.5

57.3

57.1

56.7

56.1

55.9

56.1

56.0

57.3

57.2

56.5

56.9

Korea, Republic of

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mexico

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Netherlands

NA

57.7

58.3

58.9

59.6

59.0

58.8

58.2

58.2

58.2

58.2

58.2

57.4

57.4

57.5

57.5

57.2

New Zealand

85.4

85.4

85.5

85.6

85.7

85.7

85.7

85.6

85.8

85.7

85.2

84.3

84.1

84.3

84.7

84.2

84.2

Norway

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Philippines

74.1

74.1

74.1

73.6

73.4

73.2

73.0

73.3

73.2

73.5

73.8

74.2

74.2

74.2

74.2

74.2

74.2

Poland

NA

45.7

46.4

58.0

58.8

58.9

58.9

59.0

59.4

59.7

60.0

60.3

60.6

60.6

61.7

61.7

61.7

Portugal

60.6

60.3

60.0

59.7

59.5

60.1

60.8

61.5

62.2

61.9

61.7

61.4

61.1

61.1

61.1

61.1

61.1

Singapore

61.7

62.2

64.0

68.1

67.5

67.0

67.0

66.9

67.5

68.1

67.3

66.5

66.5

66.4

65.3

64.9

65.0

Slovakia

49.8

49.8

48.8

50.2

49.4

50.1

51.2

51.3

52.4

52.5

52.3

52.0

52.2

52.1

53.9

54.2

54.2

Spain

55.9

55.9

55.8

55.8

55.8

55.5

55.2

54.9

54.5

54.6

54.5

54.4

54.8

54.2

54.5

55.0

54.7

Sweden

59.8

59.5

59.2

58.8

58.4

57.9

57.7

56.7

56.5

56.4

57.1

56.0

57.2

56.4

56.6

56.6

56.3

Switzerland

66.7

66.7

66.7

66.7

66.7

66.1

65.6

65.9

66.3

65.5

64.6

64.5

64.4

65.3

66.1

66.1

66.1

Taiwan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

United Kingdom

66.9

67.2

67.4

66.7

66.7

68.5

70.3

71.7

73.4

73.0

72.6

72.3

71.9

71.9

71.9

71.4

71.3

Note:Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 6.3 Hourly direct benefits as a percent of total hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 1996-2012

Country or Area

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

United States

8.9

8.6

8.5

8.3

8.4

8.6

8.7

8.8

8.6

8.9

8.9

8.9

8.9

8.6

8.5

8.9

9.0

Argentina

12.3

12.5

12.7

13.4

13.2

13.3

14.0

14.0

14.0

14.0

14.0

14.0

14.0

14.0

14.0

14.0

14.0

Australia

9.8

9.7

9.7

9.7

9.7

9.6

9.4

9.4

9.3

9.4

9.4

9.4

9.4

9.5

9.5

9.5

9.6

Austria

20.9

20.8

20.7

20.7

20.6

20.9

21.0

21.0

21.1

21.2

21.3

21.4

21.5

21.5

21.5

21.5

21.5

Belgium

19.8

19.8

19.8

19.8

19.4

19.9

19.9

20.0

20.0

20.1

20.1

20.2

20.2

20.2

20.2

20.2

20.2

Brazil

13.8

13.9

13.8

14.1

14.1

14.1

14.2

14.1

14.2

14.1

14.2

14.2

14.1

14.2

14.2

14.1

14.1

Canada

10.4

10.5

10.5

10.5

10.6

10.5

10.3

10.2

10.1

10.1

10.0

10.0

10.0

9.9

9.9

9.9

9.9

Czech Republic

13.5

13.5

13.5

13.5

13.0

14.0

13.3

13.3

13.1

13.1

13.0

13.2

13.0

13.5

13.2

12.9

12.9

Denmark

NA

13.3

13.3

13.7

13.7

13.6

13.5

13.4

13.3

13.5

13.8

14.0

14.3

14.0

14.7

14.6

15.0

Estonia

NA

NA

NA

NA

8.6

9.1

8.5

8.7

8.9

9.0

8.9

9.1

9.3

9.5

9.3

9.4

9.1

Finland

16.6

16.6

16.6

16.6

16.6

17.5

18.3

19.2

20.0

19.8

19.5

19.2

18.9

18.9

18.9

18.9

18.9

France

17.2

17.0

16.9

16.7

16.5

16.6

16.7

16.8

16.9

17.3

17.7

18.1

18.5

18.5

18.5

18.5

18.5

Germany

19.5

19.5

19.0

18.8

19.5

20.1

20.2

20.3

19.1

19.6

20.0

20.8

20.8

20.3

19.3

20.0

21.0

Greece

18.2

18.4

18.7

19.0

19.3

19.5

19.7

19.9

20.1

19.8

19.4

19.1

18.7

18.7

18.7

18.7

18.7

Hungary

14.0

14.7

15.4

16.1

16.8

17.1

17.3

17.5

17.7

18.0

18.5

18.7

18.9

19.1

19.7

19.8

19.8

Ireland

12.6

13.2

13.7

14.3

14.8

14.1

13.5

12.7

12.0

12.7

13.4

14.1

14.8

14.5

14.9

15.2

15.0

Israel

7.5

7.5

7.5

7.1

6.9

7.6

7.4

7.3

7.4

7.2

7.3

6.9

7.9

8.0

7.1

6.8

7.2

Italy

15.7

15.7

16.1

16.0

15.8

15.5

15.2

14.9

14.6

14.6

14.6

14.6

14.6

14.6

14.6

14.6

14.6

Japan

28.7

28.7

28.0

26.9

26.9

26.6

25.5

25.5

25.7

26.0

26.2

26.0

26.0

24.6

24.7

25.4

25.0

Korea, Republic of

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Mexico

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Netherlands

NA

19.3

19.3

19.3

19.3

19.2

19.3

19.2

19.3

19.9

20.4

21.0

21.3

21.3

21.3

21.3

21.2

New Zealand

11.0

11.1

11.1

11.1

11.2

11.2

11.3

11.4

11.1

11.1

11.5

12.3

12.5

11.9

11.6

11.5

11.5

Norway

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Philippines

16.1

16.1

16.1

16.6

17.1

17.7

18.3

18.1

17.8

17.7

17.5

17.3

17.3

17.3

17.3

17.3

17.3

Poland

NA

24.3

23.2

27.2

25.9

25.6

25.3

25.0

24.8

25.0

25.1

25.2

25.3

25.3

25.7

25.7

25.7

Portugal

18.1

18.8

19.5

20.2

20.9

20.1

19.2

18.4

17.6

18.0

18.4

18.8

19.3

19.3

19.3

19.3

19.3

Singapore

16.1

16.0

15.5

17.1

17.0

16.9

17.0

17.0

17.4

17.7

18.2

18.6

18.1

17.5

18.6

18.6

18.3

Slovakia

19.1

19.1

20.8

20.6

21.3

21.8

19.9

19.0

20.2

20.3

20.2

20.2

19.9

19.3

18.6

18.7

18.7

Spain

18.7

18.8

19.0

19.1

19.2

19.4

19.6

19.8

19.9

19.8

19.6

19.5

19.5

19.3

19.4

19.6

19.4

Sweden

9.9

9.9

10.0

10.0

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.3

10.4

10.4

10.5

10.3

10.5

10.4

10.4

10.4

10.4

Switzerland

17.9

17.9

17.9

17.9

17.9

18.4

18.9

18.5

18.2

19.1

19.9

20.0

20.1

19.4

18.6

18.6

18.6

Taiwan

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

United Kingdom

14.9

15.3

15.6

15.7

16.0

15.2

14.3

13.3

12.4

12.6

12.8

13.0

13.3

13.3

13.3

13.2

13.1

Note:Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 6.4 Hourly social insurance expenditures and other labor-related taxes as a percent of total hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 1996-2012

Country or Area

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

United States

21.1

21.0

20.7

20.3

20.4

21.1

21.3

22.0

22.3

22.4

22.5

24.0

23.5

24.1

24.6

24.4

23.9

Argentina

19.9

18.8

18.7

17.5

16.9

16.4

17.4

17.4

17.4

17.4

17.4

17.4

17.4

17.4

17.4

17.4

17.4

Australia

17.7

18.3

18.5

18.9

18.7

19.5

20.7

21.2

21.5

21.3

20.8

20.6

20.6

20.3

20.0

19.8

19.7

Austria

27.0

27.0

27.1

27.1

26.9

26.0

25.7

25.4

25.1

25.2

25.4

25.5

25.6

25.7

25.7

25.7

25.7

Belgium

31.0

31.0

31.1

31.0

32.5

30.8

30.7

30.5

30.4

30.8

31.3

31.7

32.1

32.1

32.2

32.2

32.2

Brazil

33.9

33.5

34.0

32.7

32.5

32.7

32.4

32.9

32.0

32.8

32.4

32.1

32.5

32.1

32.0

32.8

32.8

Canada

15.6

15.4

14.8

14.8

14.5

15.3

16.7

17.5

18.1

18.4

19.2

18.8

19.2

20.0

20.0

20.0

19.9

Czech Republic

26.1

26.2

26.3

26.4

27.1

27.1

27.3

27.4

27.6

26.6

26.7

26.7

26.6

27.3

27.0

26.6

26.6

Denmark

NA

3.2

3.2

5.6

5.3

7.1

8.5

9.3

9.7

10.5

10.0

10.4

10.2

9.8

9.6

9.6

9.6

Estonia

NA

NA

NA

NA

25.6

25.2

25.9

25.8

25.7

25.6

25.5

25.4

26.0

27.0

26.4

26.0

26.1

Finland

23.2

22.6

22.1

21.5

20.9

21.0

21.1

21.2

21.3

21.6

21.8

22.1

22.3

22.3

22.3

22.3

22.3

France

30.2

30.3

30.4

30.5

30.6

30.8

31.0

31.2

31.4

31.1

30.7

30.3

29.9

29.9

29.9

29.9

29.9

Germany

23.6

23.5

23.1

22.6

22.8

22.6

22.7

22.7

23.1

22.4

22.9

21.6

21.4

21.7

21.9

21.6

21.2

Greece

23.4

23.2

23.1

22.9

22.7

22.5

22.2

22.0

21.7

22.1

22.4

22.8

23.1

23.1

23.1

23.1

23.1

Hungary

33.9

33.1

32.2

31.4

30.5

29.9

29.3

28.7

28.1

27.9

26.8

26.9

27.0

25.9

23.8

23.5

23.5

Ireland

13.4

13.0

12.8

12.6

12.5

13.1

12.9

13.5

14.0

14.5

15.1

15.6

16.1

18.3

16.6

15.8

17.5

Israel

15.4

15.7

15.8

15.1

15.3

15.3

16.0

15.8

15.3

16.2

16.2

16.8

14.9

15.5

16.6

17.7

17.2

Italy

33.6

33.6

31.2

31.2

31.6

31.5

31.2

31.2

31.2

30.7

29.8

29.4

28.9

28.9

28.9

28.9

28.9

Japan

15.1

15.6

16.0

16.3

16.6

17.0

17.2

17.4

17.6

17.8

17.9

17.9

18.0

18.0

18.1

18.1

18.1

Korea, Republic of

17.5

23.2

26.7

29.6

27.2

26.1

24.1

21.7

19.5

17.4

17.7

18.5

19.0

19.6

20.3

20.8

21.5

Mexico

34.9

34.2

33.7

32.8

32.7

33.4

32.5

32.1

31.4

30.7

31.0

30.7

31.0

31.1

30.0

30.1

30.2

Netherlands

NA

23.0

22.4

21.8

21.1

21.9

21.9

22.6

22.4

21.9

21.4

20.9

21.3

21.3

21.2

21.2

21.6

New Zealand

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.0

3.0

3.2

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.3

3.7

3.7

4.2

4.2

Norway

NA

15.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

15.8

16.5

17.2

17.9

17.9

17.9

17.9

17.9

17.9

17.9

17.9

17.9

Philippines

9.9

9.9

9.9

9.8

9.5

9.1

8.7

8.6

8.9

8.8

8.6

8.5

8.5

8.5

8.5

8.5

8.5

Poland

NA

30.0

30.4

14.7

15.3

15.5

15.7

16.0

15.8

15.4

15.0

14.5

14.1

14.1

12.6

12.6

12.6

Portugal

21.3

20.9

20.5

20.1

19.7

19.8

19.9

20.1

20.2

20.1

19.9

19.8

19.7

19.7

19.7

19.7

19.7

Singapore

22.2

21.8

20.5

14.8

15.5

16.1

16.1

16.0

15.1

14.2

14.6

14.9

15.5

16.1

16.2

16.5

16.7

Slovakia

31.1

31.1

30.4

29.2

29.4

28.1

28.9

29.7

27.4

27.2

27.6

27.7

27.9

28.6

27.5

27.1

27.1

Spain

25.4

25.3

25.2

25.1

25.0

25.1

25.2

25.4

25.6

25.7

25.8

26.1

25.7

26.6

26.1

25.4

25.9

Sweden

30.3

30.6

30.8

31.1

31.6

32.0

32.1

33.0

33.1

33.2

32.4

33.7

32.3

33.2

33.0

32.9

33.3

Switzerland

15.4

15.4

15.4

15.4

15.4

15.5

15.6

15.5

15.4

15.5

15.5

15.5

15.5

15.4

15.3

15.3

15.3

Taiwan

13.8

13.5

13.4

13.6

14.2

13.9

13.1

12.3

12.2

13.0

13.5

14.2

14.7

14.9

14.8

14.4

14.5

United Kingdom

18.2

17.6

17.0

17.5

17.3

16.3

15.4

15.0

14.3

14.4

14.6

14.7

14.8

14.8

14.8

15.4

15.6

Trade-Weighted Measures

All Foreign Countries (1)

NA

22.3

22.1

21.8

# 21.8

22.0

22.1

22.1

22.0

21.9

22.1

22.0

22.1

22.5

22.3

22.3

22.4

OECD (1)

NA

22.4

22.3

22.1

# 22.0

22.3

22.4

22.5

22.4

22.2

22.5

22.3

22.4

22.8

22.6

22.6

22.7

Europe (1)

NA

23.3

22.9

22.7

# 22.8

22.6

22.5

22.6

22.6

22.5

22.5

22.2

22.2

22.4

22.3

22.2

22.4

Euro Area (1)

NA

25.3

24.9

24.6

# 24.8

24.7

24.7

24.9

25.0

24.7

24.8

24.3

24.3

24.7

24.5

24.3

24.5

Eastern Europe (1)

NA

29.9

29.8

23.4

# 23.7

23.5

23.6

23.6

23.3

22.8

22.5

22.4

22.2

22.3

21.0

20.8

20.8

East Asia ex-Japan

NA

19.1

20.2

20.2

# 19.5

19.1

18.0

16.8

15.7

14.8

15.1

15.7

16.2

16.6

16.9

17.1

17.4

Note:Employer social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies.Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4.For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf.'NA' means data not available.# Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year.(1) 1997-1999 data exclude EstoniaSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013