Response 1 – Reform • Self-Strengthening Movement (the 1860s) – 中体西用 ( zhong ti xi yong ) “ Chinese learning for the essence, Western learning for practical use” – Failed because of the Confucian mindset and the dynastic leadership • 100 Days Reform (1898) – Reform measures such as popular election of officials, modern education, and modern military drills – Failed to overcome the resistance from the conservative opposition