History

Bayard Taylor Rustin (1912 -1987) left an indelible mark on the civil
rights movement as an adviser and organiser of the Montgomery bus
boycott and the March on Washington for ‘Jobs and Freedom’, in 1963.

By bringing the method of non-violent civil disobedience taught by
Mahatma Gandhi to the U.S., Rutin transformed social protest. But, as a
gay man, Rustin faced not only racism but homophobia throughout his
political life.

Bayard Rustin was born into a middle-class family in Chester,
Pennsylvania. His grandparents were active with the National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People and the African Methodist Church.
They also taught him Quaker values and the method of non-violence to
fight back against injustice.

Rustin attended Harlem’s City College in 1938 where he joined the
Communist Party. He became co-ordinator of the Young Communist League’s
committee against discrimination in the armed forces. He resigned from
the Communist Party, though, in 1941, as the party dropped their civil
rights work during World War II.

During the war, he began his decades-long work with A. Philip Randolph,
a leading African American socialist and founder of the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters. Randolph organised a march on Washington to demand
de-segregation of the armed forces and protection against discrimination
in the defense industry.

After the war, Rutin went to work for A.J. Muste’s Fellowship of
Reconciliation, a pacifist organisation. He went on to become its youth
secretary and began to study the teachings of Gandhi. In 1943, he
refused to answer a military call-up and was sentenced to three years in
a Kentucky jail. This was not the first time he served time in jail for
his political beliefs. In 1942, he spent 30 days on a chain gang for
violating Jim Crow laws on a bus.

He became a leading voice in the pacifist movement, travelling to India
in 1949 to participate in a conference of international pacifists. Here
he met with future leaders of the African liberation struggle against
European colonialism.

In 1953, Rustin was arrested with two men in Los Angeles for “lewd
conduct.” This scandal forced him to resign from the Fellowship.

Time for revolution

From 1955 to 1963, Rustin conducted his most important work. He
reconnected with A. Philip Randolph and became an aide to Dr. King
during the Montgomery bus boycott, where he taught the methods of Gandhi
to the boycott leaders. Along with King and the leaders of the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Rustin played a key role in
spreading the challenge to Jim Crow to the rest of the south.

Throughout this period, threats were made by the media to expose
Rustin’s sexual orientation and communist background. King himself was
under the radar of FBI Chief J Edgar Hoover, who was planning to
disclose King’s extra-marital affairs. The threat of exposure forced
Rustin to resign from the SCLC and flee the South in the middle of the
Montgomery boycott.

However, within a few years, Rustin was back on center stage as the
national organiser of the historic 1963 march on Washington of 250,000
people. But by this time, new young black leaders came out of
organisations like the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. They
adopted a more radical and uncompromising position against racism,
mixing elements of black nationalism with socialism. Rustin moved to the
right and became a vocal opponent of the Black Power movement, Black
Studies courses, and the ideas of the Nation of Islam. He debated with
Malcolm X and was correctly seen as conservative by the new layer of
activists.

Rustin showed his ‘pragmatism’ by opposing Dr. King’s stance against the
Vietnam War and the combining of civil rights, anti-war, and economic
issues in King’s ‘Poor People’s’ campaign. This flowed from Rustin’s
incorrect strategy of subordinating the struggle against racism to
maintaining good relations with Lyndon Johnson and the Democratic Party.
The attacks on Rustin throughout his political life for his
homosexuality also had taken a toll, and he adopted an increasingly
pro-establishment position.

However, at the end of his life, Rustin began to advocate gay rights and
to raise awareness about the developing AIDS crisis. He declared that
gay rights were the new civil rights movement.

Rustin’s life and work demonstrates the important links between the
tactics and methods used during the African-American revolt of the ’50s
and ’60s, and social struggle today. But it also shows the limitations
of these methods.

The civil rights movement challenged and defeated Jim Crow, but was
ultimately unsuccessful in ending the structural racism that is built
into the foundations of American capitalism. All one has to do is look
at education - 50 years after the historic Brown v. Board of Education
decision, public schools remain as segregated as they were then.

Rustin faced the challenges of racism and homophobia, personally and
politically. His life and struggle, with all their limitations, is a
reminder of the rich legacy of the struggles of African-Americans.
Today, as we remember that legacy, we need to pick up the struggle where
those before us left off. This time we need to tackle the root cause of
racism – the capitalist system itself.