Ejectment to recover certain described lands alleged to constitute part of the right of way of plaintiff (being such in the court below, we will so call it).

The allegations of the complaint are that plaintiff and defendant are corporations, and that plaintiff is engaged in the operation of a railroad from Ogden, in Utah, easterly through certain states to Council Bluffs, lowa, and over the lands in controversy, they being portions of its right of way made by the act of Congress of July 1, 1862 [12 Stat. at L. 489, chap. 120], of the width of 400 feet. The right of way was acquired under said act of Congress, which is entitled, 'An Act to Aid in the Construction of a Railroad and Telegraph Line from the Missouri River to the Pacific Occan, and to Secure to the Government the Use of the Same for Postal, Military, and Other Purposes.' Section 2 of the act provides as follows: 'That the right of way through the public lands be and the same is hereby granted to said company [the Union Pacific Railroad Company] for the construction of said railroad and telegraph line; and the right, power, and authority is hereby given to said company to take from the public lands adjacent to the line of said road, earth, stone, timber, and other materials for the construction thereof; said right of way is granted to said railroad to the extent of two hundred feet in width on each side of said railroad where it may pass over the public lands, including all necessary grounds for stations, buildings, workshops, and depots, machine shops, switches, side tracks, turntables, and water stations.'
[231 U.S. 190, 197]
By virtue of said act of Congress and amendatory acts, certain railroad companies, which are enumerated, theretofore organized and existing in pursuance of said acts, and subject to and enjoying the rights created thereby, were consolidated into a new corporation known as 'The Union Pacific Railway Company,' and the corporation thus created became vested with all the rights of the said constituent corporations, and the plaintiff has become the successor of the Union Pacific Railway Company and is entitled to the possession of the land in controversy, and that defendant wrongfully keeps it out of the possession thereof. The ground of the asserted right of defendant is alleged to be an act of Congress entitled, 'An Act Legalizing Certain Conveyances Heretofore Made by the Union Pacific Railroad Company,' approved June 24, 1912 [37 Stat. at L. 138, chap. 181], which act, it is alleged, is unconstitutional in that it seeks to deprive plaintiff of its vested rights and titles in and to the lands, and to deprive it of its lands and property without due process of law.

The answer of defendant admits all of the allegations of the complaint except the possession of the legal title to the lands in plaintiff, and that they are anlawfully held from it, and alleges that defendant and its immediate grantors have been for more than ten years prior to the filing of the complaint in the adverse possession thereof under the act of Congress of June 24, 1912, and that such possession constitutes a bar to the action.

Plaintiff demurred to the answer as not constituting a defense. The demurrer was overruled, and, plaintiff declining to plead further, judgment was entered that it 'take nothing in said action,' and that the defendant have and recover costs. This appeal was then prosecuted.

The crux of the controversy is the act of June 24, 1912. There is no question of the grant of the right of way and its extent, or that the lands in suit are within it.

The act provides that all conveyances and agreements
[231 U.S. 190, 198]
heretofore made by the enumerated railway or railroad companies 'of certain land forming part of the right of way' under the act of Congress of July 1, 1862, 'and all conveyances or agreements confining the limits of said right of way, or restricting the same, are hereby legalized, validated, and confirmed to the extent that the same would have been legal or valid if the land involved therein had been held by the corporation making such conveyance or agreement under absolute or fee-simple title.

'That in all instances in which title or ownership of any part of said right of way heretofore mentioned is claimed as against said corporations or either of them, or the successors or assigns of any of them, by or through adverse possession of the character and duration prescribed by the laws of the state in which the land is situated, such adverse possession shall have the same effect as though the land embraced within the lines of said right of way had been granted by the United States absolutely or in fee instead of being granted as a right of way.'

Two contentions are made by plaintiff: (1) The act is not retroactive ; (2) if it be so construed, it is unconstitutional because it takes plaintiff's vested right and title to the property, and transfers the same to defendant without due process of law.

It is established that the right of way to the several railroads was a present, absolute grant, subject to no conditions except those necessarily implied, such as that the roads should be constructed and used. And it has been decided that the right of way was a very important aid given to the roads (St. Joseph & D. C. R. Co. v. Baldwin,
103 U.S. 426
, 26 L. ed. 578; Stuart v. Union P. R. Co.
227 U.S. 342
, 57 L. ed. 535, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 338), and that it could not be voluntarily transferred by the companies, nor acquired against them by adverse possession (Northern P. R. Co. v. Townsend,
190 U.S. 267
, 47 L. ed. 1044, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 671; Northern P. R. Co. v. Smith, 171
[231 U.S. 190, 199]
U. S. 260, 275, 43 L. ed. 157, 163, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 794; Northern P. R. Co. v. Ely,
197
U.S. 1, 5
, 49 S. L. ed. 639, 640, 25 Sup. Ct. Rep. 302). Of this defect of power in the companies and the defect of right in the possessors of the right of way, the act of June 24th was intended to be corrective. But of what time was it intended to speak-to the past or future?-to apply to that which was done, or that which was to be done? There is no doubt as to the answer in the case of agreements or conveyances by the company. The act is explicit that they are those 'heretofore made' by the enumerated companies. There is no such qualifying word of the 'title or ownership' 'claimed as against' the corporation by adverse possession. Construction, therefore, becomes necessary, and the first rule of construction is that legislation must be considered as addressed to the future, not to the past. The rule is one of obvious justice, and prevents the assigning of a quality or effect to acts or conduct which they did not have or did not contemplate when they were performed. The rule has been expressed in varying degrees of strength, but always of one import, that a retrospective operation will not be given to a statute which interferes with antecedent rights, or by which human action is regulated, unless such be 'the unequivocal and inflexible import of the terms, and the manifest intention of the legislature.' United States v. Heth, 3 Granch, 413, 2 L. ed. 483; Reynolds v. M'Arthur, 2 Pet. 417, 7 L. ed. 470; United States v. American Sugar Ref. Co.
202
U.S. 563, 577
, 50 S. L. ed. 1149, 1152, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 717; Winfree v. Northern P. R. Co.
227 U.S. 296
, 57 L. ed. 518, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 273. Surely such imperative character cannot be assigned to the words of the act of June 24; and the intention is not so manifest as to strengthen the insufficiency of the words. Indeed, all reasonable considerations determine the other way.

We have seen that the conveyances and agreements which were legalized were those theretofore made; that is, consummated acts of the company deliberately done to transfer its right. Can it be said that the adverse
[231 U.S. 190, 200]
possession which was to transfer the right was to be less complete, not fully adverse in fact and law, at once assertive of title and concessive of it? It is to be remembered that there was no sanction of a right to the possession of the defendant, or possibility of a right by the railroad company's nonaction. There was not a moment of time in which the railroad was called upon to act or lose its right; there was not a moment of time when the possession of defendant initiated an adverse right or constituted an adverse right. This being the situation, it is difficult to believe-or certainly a belief is not compelled-that Congress intended to give to the past conduct of the railroad company a consequence it was not intended to have and did not have. A statute having such a result may incur the opposition of the Constitution. When such may be the result, a different construction of the statute is determined. United States ex rel. Atty. Gen. v. Delaware & H. Co.
213
U.S. 366, 408
, 53 S. L. ed. 836, 849, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 527; Harriman v. Interstate Commerce Commission,
211 U.S. 407
, 53 L. ed. 253, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 115.

In Sohn v. Waterson, 17 Wall. 596, 21 L. ed. 737, the questions we are now discussing came up for consideration. We there expressed, in considering a statute of limitations whose literal interpretation would have had the effect of making it applicable to actions which had accrued prior to its passage, the rule against retrospective operation,-the injustice and unconstitutionality of it. We said that a statute of limitations may affect actions which have accrued as well as those to accrue, and 'whether it does or not will depend upon the language of the act and the apparent intent of the legislature to be gathered therefrom.' But it was said that, even against a literal interpretation of the terms of the statute, 'it will be presumed that such was not the intent of the legislature. Such an intent would be unconstitutional. To avoid such a result, and to give the statute a construction that will enable it to stand, courts have given it a prospective
[231 U.S. 190, 201]
operation.' and three modes were pointed out as having been adopted by the courts: (1) to make the statute apply only to causes of action arising after its passage; (2) to construe the statute as applying to such actions only as have run out a portion of the time, but which still have a reasonable time left for the prosecution of the action before the statutory time expires,-which reasonable time is to be estimated by the court,-leaving all other actions accruing prior to the statute unaffected by it; and (3) the rule announced in Ross v. Duval, 13 Pet. 62, 10 L. ed. 59, and Lewis v. Lewis, 7 How. 778, 12 L. ed. 910.

Of the first two modes there was condemnation. The third was approved. It was said of the first that it left 'all actions existing at the passage of the act, without any limitation.' Which would not be presumed as intended. The second was said to be founded on no better principle than the first, and was a more arbitrary rule than that, as it left 'a large class of actions entirely unprovided with any limitation whatever, or, as to them, unconstitutional.'

Speaking of the rule announced in the cited cases, it was said: 'In those cases certain statutes of limitation-one in Virginia and the other in Illinois-had originally excepted from their operation nonresidents of the state, but this exception had been afterwards repealed; and this court held that the nonresident parties had the full statutory time to bring their actions after the repealing acts were passed, although such actions may have accrued, at an earlier period. 'The question is,' says Chief Justice Taney (speaking in the latter of the cases just cited), 'from what time is this limitation to be calculated? Upon principle, it would seem to be clear that it must commence when the cause of action is first subjected to the operation of the statute, unless the legislature has otherwise provided."

Sohn v. Waterson was cited and its principle applied in Herrick v. Boquillas Land & Cattle Co.
200 U.S. 97
, 50 L. ed. 389, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 192. A paragraph
[231 U.S. 190, 202]
in the statutes of Arizona prescribed a limitation of actions as follows: 'Any person who has a right of action for recovery of any lands, tenements, or hereditaments against another having peaceable and adverse possession thereof, cultivating, using, and enjoying the same, shall institute his suit therefor within ten years next after his cause of action shall have accrued, and not afterward.'

It will be observed that the language of the paragraph, as of the statute passed on in Sohn v. Waterson, or, it may be, the act of June 24th under review, literally interpreted, would apply to causes of action which have accrued. The supreme court of the territory refused to give that effect to the provision, and 'decided,' as this court said, 'that under no canon of construction or rule giving a retroactive effect to a new statute of limitations could paragraph 2938 be made to apply to the case.' And, after considering all possible constructions of the statute expressed by the supreme court of the territory, among others, that if it be construed as absolutely barring causes of action existing at the time of its passage, it was unconstitutional, citing Sohn v. Waterson, this court approved the views expressed, and said that the court committed no error in determining that under no possible hypothesis could the limitation prescribed operate to bar the plaintiff's action.

The principle of these cases forbids a retrospective operation to be given to the statute under consideration. To do so would cause in a high degree the evil and injustice of retroactive legislation. As said by plaintiff's counsel, the possession of defendant prior to the statute 'had no effect on the title, and was not, as between the parties, even a threat against it.' And we are loath to believe that Congress intended by an imperative declaration of law, immediately operating, to give defendant's possession another character,-one hostile to the title.

Defendant does not combat plaintiff's contentions based
[231 U.S. 190, 203]
on considering the act of June 24th as one of limitation. Indeed, the admission is 'that prior to the passage of the act in controversy, title by adverse possession could not be acquired as against the plaintiff in error in its original right-of-way grant, and it is further admitted that title could not have been acquired by adverse possession subsequent to the passage of the act.' Defendant does not regard the act as a limitation of the remedy, but as amendatory of the charter of the company,-an exercise of a right reserved in the acts of 1862 and 1864. The argument is, disregarding its involutions, that the right of way was not a right in fee, but only a right to use, which was forfeited by nonuse, and that the right which thereby reverted to the United States was, by the act of June 24th, conveyed to those in possession of the land. And the exercise of the right reserved, it is contended, neither impairs any contract with the railroad nor devests its property. Nor does it come under the condemnation of being retroactive legislation, it is further contended. We need not follow the discussion by which these contentions are attempted to be supported. We meet them all by the declaration that Congress, by the act of June 24th, did not intend to exercise the power over the charters of the companies reserved to it. The exercise of such power would naturally only find an impulse in some large national purpose, and would hardly be provoked by a desire to legalize the encroachments here and there on the right of way of a transcontinental railroad.

We are constrained to believe that when Congress intends to forfeit or limit any of the rights conveyed to aid that great enterprise, it will do so explicitly and directly

'Congress may at any time, having due regard for the rights of said companies named herein, add to, alter, amend, or repeal this act.' 12 Stat. at L. 497, chap. 120.

'And be it further enacted, that Congress may at any time after, amend, or repeal this act.' 13 Stat. at L. 365, chap. 216.
[231 U.S. 190, 204]
by a measure proportionate to the purpose, and not leave it to be accomplished in a piecemeal and precarious way,-not by confirming a few conveyances which may have been made, or legalizing trespasses which may be made.

But if it could be conceded that the act of June 24th was intended as an amendment of the charters of the companies, the question would still occur as to its effect,-as to what time it should be considered as applying, whether to the past or the future. That question we have decided.

Judgment reversed and cause remanded, with directions to sustain the demurrer to the answer.

Mr. Justice Hughes dissents.

Mr. Justice Holmes, Mr. Justice Lurton, and Mr. Justice Pitney took no part in the decision.