In deciding the defendants' motions to dismiss, we must determine whether the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars this action brought under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692 et seq. ("FDCPA"). We conclude that it does because to grant relief would require us to review and reject the state court foreclosure judgment. Therefore, we shall grant the defendants' motions to dismiss.

The pro se plaintiff, Tracy Hua ("Hua"), claims that the defendants U.S. Bank National Association ("US Bank"), Federman & Associates, LLC ("Federman"), Nationstar Mortgage, LLC ("Nationstar") and KML Law Group, P.C. ("KML") violated the FDCPA in attempting to collect on a judgment entered in a mortgage foreclosure action in state court. In her complaint, Hua alleges that the defendants violated the FDCPA by failing to send her verification of her debt; attempting to collect a debt when they had no standing because they are not parties to the mortgage agreement; attempting to collect fees, such as attorney's fees and interest, that are not allowed by the mortgage loan's terms; falsely asserting that value was paid for the assignment of the mortgage loan; falsely claiming in correspondence that they are debt collectors as opposed to creditors; and misrepresenting the character, amount and legal status of the debt.[1] She seeks damages for loss of the value of the property, damages for emotional distress and statutory damages.

Defendants Federman and KML have moved to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). They contend that Hua's complaint is barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine and fails to state a claim for relief under the FDCPA. They also argue that the debt was a commercial debt, not a consumer debt. Defendants Nationstar and U.S. Bank, in addition to raising the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, argue that Hua's claims are time-barred and precluded under the doctrine of res judicata.

Procedural History

On April 24, 2012, U.S. Bank, as trustee for certificate holders of LXS 2007-7N Trust Fund, filed a mortgage foreclosure action against Tracy Hua and her husband, Chi Hung Mu, in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas to foreclose on the property located at 550 Van Kirk Street, Philadelphia, PA 19120.[2] While the action was pending, on January 14, 2013, Hua's mortgage was assigned to another investment trust, Lehman XS Trust Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2007-7N ("Lehman XS"), with U.S. Bank acting as trustee.[3] On February 7, 2013, Federman entered its appearance on behalf of U.S. Bank.[4] On May 28, 2013, Lehman XS was substituted as the plaintiff.[5]

On July 2, 2014, after a trial at which Hua was represented by counsel, [6] the state court entered a foreclosure judgment and a money judgment in the amount of $135, 815.70 against Hua and Mu.[7] On October 29, 2014, a KML attorney entered her appearance on behalf of Lehman XS.[8] The following day, the prothonotary issued a writ of execution.[9] About three weeks later, on November 20, 2014, KML sent Hua a Notice of Sheriff's Sale of Real Property scheduled for February 3, 2015.[10] Six days later, on November 26, 2014, Hua filed this action.

On January 6, 2015, during the pendency of this action, Hua filed a motion in state court to strike the pleadings in the foreclosure action.[11] The motion was denied on February 3, 2015.[12]

The Rooker-Feldman Doctrine

The Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars a federal court from entertaining "cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments." Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). In short, a federal district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over an action in the nature of an appeal seeking to reverse a state court decision.

The doctrine is narrowly applied. Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 292. It is not implicated "simply because a party attempts to litigate in federal court a matter previously litigated in state court." Id. at 293. It does not apply when the federal plaintiff asserts an independent claim, even one that contradicts the state court's legal conclusions. Id.

The Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies only where: (1) the plaintiff in the federal action lost in state court; (2) the plaintiff complains of injuries caused by the state court judgment; (3) the judgment was entered before the federal action was filed; and (4) the plaintiff seeks federal review and rejection of the state court judgment. Great Western Mining & Mineral Co. v. Fox Rothschild LLP, 615 F.3d 159, 166 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284). Factors two and four have been characterized as substantive; and one and three, procedural. Hoblock v. Albany Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 422 F.3d 77, 85 (2d Cir. 2005). The procedural posture will rarely be at issue. See id. at 89. The factors that typically drive the inquiry are two and four, the substantive ones. They are key to determining whether a federal suit brought by a state court loser is barred by the doctrine or presents a non-barred independent claim. Id. at 85-87.

Here, factors one and three are satisfied. Hua lost in the state court action and the judgment was entered before she filed this action. Hence, we consider whether her complaint seeks a remedy for an injury caused by the state court's judgment and, relatedly, whether her complaint is essentially a request for us to review and reject that judgment.

When determining whether the plaintiff complains of an injury caused by a state court judgment, the critical task is to determine whether she is attacking the state court judgment or challenging the defendant's conduct in obtaining it. In other words, we must focus on the source of the plaintiff's injury. In doing so, we look beyond the plaintiff's characterization of her claims. See Hoblock, 422 F.3d at 86. We must discern whether an action cast as a complaint of third party conduct is actually a complaint of an injury "produced by a state court ...

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