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Sexual Offenses and Offenders Theory, Practice, and Policy

Summary

This comprehensive book examines the unique characteristics of sexual offenses and the resulting laws that pertain specifically to them, including the causes and treatment of sexual offenses as well as the policy implications of research outcomes. Sexual offenders are often treated differently than other offenders (by both the community and the criminal justice system) as a result of public scorn and recidivism. This distinctive book provides you with thorough, research-based coverage of this inherently controversial subject.

Table of Contents

Preface

p. xiii

Understanding Sexual Offending: Incidence, Prevalence, and Causes

p. 1

Sexual Offenses and Offenders

p. 3

What Is a Sexual Offense?

p. 4

Prevalence of Sexual Offending and Victimization

p. 7

Official Data on Sexual Victimization

p. 10

Research Estimates

p. 16

Reporting Sexual Abuse

p. 18

Telescoping

p. 21

Chapter Summary

p. 22

Discussion Questions

p. 23

Historical Perspectives on Sexual Behavior

p. 24

Historical, Religious, and Cultural Perspectives of Sexual Behavior

p. 24

Changing Perceptions of Deviant Sexual Behavior: The 20th Century

p. 27

1885-1935: The First Wave of Panic

p. 28

1936-1976: The Rise of the Sexual Psychopath

p. 32

1976-Present: The Emergence of a Sexually Violent Predator

p. 39

Chapter Summary

p. 42

Discussion Questions

p. 42

Etiology of Sexually Deviant Behavior

p. 44

Paraphilias and Other Sexual Disorders

p. 45

Noncontact and Minimal Contact Paraphilias

p. 46

High-Contact Paraphilias

p. 48

Psychodynamic Theories

p. 54

Biological Theories

p. 55

Feminist Theories

p. 57

Attachment Theories

p. 58

Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Theories

p. 60

Psychosocial Theories

p. 61

Routine Activities Theory

p. 63

Integrated Theories and Empirical Research

p. 64

Chapter Summary

p. 69

Discussion Questions

p. 69

Cycle of Sexual Offending

p. 71

The Offense Cycle

p. 71

Grooming and Planning

p. 73

Persistence of Offending Behavior

p. 77

Cognitive Distortions

p. 77

Victim Empathy

p. 83

The Role of Fantasies

p. 85

Behavioral Triggers

p. 87

Chapter Summary

p. 89

Discussion Questions

p. 89

Offender Typologies, Special Groups of Offenders, and Victims

p. 91

Types and Typologies of Sexual Offenders

p. 93

Specialization and Generalization of Offending Behavior

p. 94

Typologies of Rapists

p. 96

Sexually Motivated Offenses

p. 98

Nonsexually Motivated Offenses

p. 99

Typologies of Child Sexual Abusers

p. 101

Intrafamilial and Extrafamilial Abusers

p. 102

The Fixated-Regressed Typologies

p. 105

The FBI Typologies

p. 108

The MTC: CM3 Typologies

p. 109

Other Typologies

p. 111

Typologies of Female Sex Offenders

p. 111

Chapter Summary

p. 116

Discussion Questions

p. 117

Juvenile Offenders

p. 118

Who Are Juvenile Sexual Offenders?

p. 119

Prevalence, Recidivism, and Characteristics

p. 119

History of Abuse

p. 122

Female Juvenile Sex Offenders

p. 123

Juvenile Sex Offenders and Non-Sex Offenders: A Comparison

p. 124

Why Juveniles Sexually Offend

p. 126

Experimental or Criminal Behavior?

p. 126

Theories and Antecedents of Offending Behavior

p. 127

Typologies of Juvenile Sex Offenders

p. 129

Assessment and Treatment of Juvenile Offenders

p. 131

The Assessment Process

p. 132

The Treatment Process

p. 134

Management of Juvenile Offenders

p. 134

Chapter Summary

p. 136

Discussion Questions

p. 137

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children

p. 139

Sexual Offenders and the Internet

p. 140

Accessing Child Pornography

p. 140

Scope of the Problem

p. 143

Characteristics and Typologies of Cyber Sex Offenders

p. 144

Victims of Child Pornography

p. 145

Crossover between Child Pornography and Child Sexual Abuse

p. 147

Regulating and Policing Child Pornography

p. 148

Sexting and Self-Produced Pornography

p. 152

Juvenile Prostitution

p. 154

Human Trafficking

p. 157

Chapter Summary

p. 159

Discussion Questions

p. 160

Sexual Offending in Institutional Settings

p. 161

Sexual Abuse within Child and Adolescent-Oriented Institutions

p. 162

Schools

p. 162

Child Care Settings

p. 162

Boy Scouts of America

p. 163

Big Brothers Big Sisters

p. 164

Athletic Organizations

p. 165

Professional and Legal Remedies

p. 167

Sexual Abuse in Religious Institutions

p. 167

Child Sexual Abuse within Non-Catholic Religious Organizations

p. 168

Sexual Abuse within the Catholic Church

p. 172

Sexual Abuse within Prisons

p. 177

Prevalence and Reporting

p. 178

Effects of Victimization

p. 179

Characteristics of Sexual Assaulters and Victims in Prison

p. 180

Prison Rape Elimination Act

p. 181

Preventing Sexual Assault in Prison

p. 182

Sexual Abuse within the Military

p. 183

Chapter Summary

p. 184

Discussion Questions

p. 184

Victims

p. 186

Overview of Research on Sexual Victimization

p. 187

Effects of Victimization

p. 190

Physical Harm

p. 191

Psychological Reactions

p. 192

Rape Trauma Syndrome and the Stages of Victimization

p. 195

Secondary Victims

p. 196

Responding to Reports of Sexual Abuse: The Medical and Criminal Justice Processes

p. 197

The Hospital

p. 198

The Police

p. 200

The Adversarial Process

p. 202

Victim Treatment and Counseling

p. 209

Chapter Summary

p. 212

Discussion Questions

p. 212

Responses to Sexual Offenders: Treatment, Punishment and Community Regulations