Rudolf Virchow and George Meissner: Onchyomycosis and Tinea/ Aspergillosis

Ignaz Semmelweis "quote"

Worked where?
What did he notice?
What did he do?

"Wash your hands"

Worked at PEST clinic in Hungary, which had three clinics. Two were Clinic A, where all the older, more experienced physicians resided, and Clinic B, where the younger, newer physicians worked.

He noticed that women who gave birth had a high percentage of dying. IS asked why?

So, he observed that women who gave birth first thing in the moring had a less than five percent chance of dying. And, as the day went on, the percentage increased to roughly 50% by the end of the day.

WHat did IS discover?

What action does IS take?

he discovered that the physicians don't wash up after giving deliveries. They use their dirty hands and clothes to deliver the babies.

IS tells them to wash their hands, which leads to equilization and equilibrium of the death rates to around 10%

How was IS rewarded for his actions?

put into an asylum

Joseph Lister (why does his name ring a bell)?

What was he doing?
What did he worry about and why?

What was his idea?

Listerine...duh

He was reading Ignaz's papers

worried about small, noninvasive surgeries and the amount of infections that were occurring among the patients who received these infections and dying

Idea: What if we clean teh room and get new clothes?

What was the result of JL's idea?

What else did he do?

Infection rate went down

also used weak phenol solutions on patients as an anesthetic. He suggested keeping wounds clean, leading to a lower mortality rate to less than 10%

Robert Koch

1) significance?

one of the few who went against Pasteur AND WON

What brought Koch into the race against Pasteur?

the Germans called him in while France sent for Pasteur

Why was Koch called?

sent into to solve the mystery of hte cholera breakout that was affecting cows. Diarrhea was already known to be caused by bacteria, but Pasteur didn't believe that what was affecting the cows was bacteria because he couldn't culture it

What does Koch do?

he stabilizes the bacteria in a medium and sees it has a spore--> Koch's Postulates, which works on all but seven species

Why are there exceptions to Koch's Postulates and what are they?

1) Treponema pallidum, which causes syphillis

2) Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy

they can't be grown in pure culture medium

What used to be an exception, but now is not?

Legionella bacteria, which causes Legionnaire's disease.

They threw charcoal into the culture, thus isolating it

Edward JEnner

1) interests?

2) What's his story?

1) intereted in science, agriculture, farming, astronomy, etc.

In 1798, smallpox was running rampant and wiping out millions of people. What Jenner noticed was that his milkmaids, and he himself, were not getting smallpox. The people milking the cows start out with no legions on their hands. They get legions after milking cows, whcih goes away, leaving no scarring.

If they get these legions, they don't get smallpox.

What does Jenner do as a result of his observation?

He stabilizes the liquid with broth and pox--> injects people with it. They get a mild version of smallpox, which resolves 46 weeks later. He even injects himself, but he doesn't get smallpox.

He then writes a paper about this vaccination, naming the agents cowpox and the variant of smallpox.

What was discovered about the pox?

Cowpox and smallpox are so similar that being infected with one builds up immunity against the other

ex: the milkmaids were exposed to cowpox and thus immune to smallpox.

IN 1875 and 1885, what occurred?

Pasteur came up with two more vaccines.

1875: Bacillus anthracis

1885: Rabies

What does Chemotherapy mean?

What do we know by the late 1800s?

chemical based therapy

we know that diseases and their agents, but no therapies

Paul Ehrlich

a chemist who was called to help against syphillis. He creates a drug called Salvarsan (derivative of arsenic)

He derivatives folic acid--> first three antimicrobial drugs (sulfonated derivatives of folic acid)

Alexander Fleming

-studied gram + bacteria

- was culturing bacteria but constantly getting contaminated dishes. Finally, he decides to look at one of the dishes and notices that the fungus growing in the petri dish has an outline around it due to the bacteria, which stood away from the fungus.

It turns out the fungus was Penicillium and it produced a chemical that killed bacteria--> penicillin works against gram + bacteria because it prevents them from forming a strong cell wall

He also worked to help chemically synthestize the agar

But what about viruses?

The first infectious disease was described about __; but, the first described was __.
FIrst to die of a viral disease was __ of __. HOw did they know it was that disease?

First

5000+ BC

smallpox

Ramses V of smallpox (1196 BC)

odd characteristic of smallpox that causes the soles of the feet to swell and appear as a second ankle