The son of a German father and Japanese mother, Hartmann went to the United States as a boy (he became a naturalized citizen in 1894). While living in Philadelphia from 1882 to 1885, he befriended the elderly Walt Whitman, visiting the author at his home in Camden, New Jersey. As a young man Hartmann became acquainted with many of the major artistic and literary figures in Europe and the United States. He was quick to appreciate the importance of French Symbolism and became friends with Stéphane Mallarmé, one of the leaders of the movement. He was also influenced by the Belgian Symbolist writer Maurice Maeterlinck.

A prolific writer for Boston and New York City newspapers in the 1880s and ’90s, Hartmann started the Art Critic in 1893, wrote Symbolist dramas, lectured, and became a disciple of the American photographer and art entrepreneurAlfred Stieglitz. His articles appeared regularly in Camera Work, Stieglitz’s revolutionary magazine, where Hartmann wrote about photography with the same zeal he brought to his essays about art.

Hartmann published the two-volume A History of American Art (1901; new rev. ed., 1932) and many other works advocating the recognition of avant-garde art and artists. The Sadakachi Hartmann Archive is kept at the University of California, Riverside, where a number of his out-of-print volumes have been edited for republication. They include Composition in Portraiture (1909; reissued 1973) and Landscape and Figure Composition (1910; reissued 1973), both under the pseudonym Sidney Allen; Conversations with Walt Whitman (1895; reprinted 1972), under the pseudonym Sadakichi; Shakespeare in Art (1901; reissued 1973) and Japanese Art (1904; reprinted 1971); and The Valiant Knights of Daguerre (1978), a collection of Hartmann’s critical essays and biographical studies.

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May 31, 1819 West Hills, Long Island, N.Y., U.S. March 26, 1892 Camden, N.J. American poet, journalist, and essayist whose verse collection Leaves of Grass is a landmark in the history of American literature.

a loosely organized literary and artistic movement that originated with a group of French poets in the late 19th century, spread to painting and the theatre, and influenced the European and American literatures of the 20th century to varying degrees. Symbolist artists sought to express individual...