Probate in Idaho

If you have been appointed the personal representative (same as executor) of an estate, you have certain duties and obligations in the probate process. Following is a basic summary of your duties and responsibilities for probates in Idaho. This summary does not cover all aspects of the probate process and not all of the issues described below will apply to each probate. Nor is this summary intended as legal advice. It is essential, therefore, that if you have any questions or concerns, that you contact the estate attorney for advice.

General Probate Information

The probate process is necessary to designate someone who can sign for the deceased person. The fact that you have been “nominated” in the decedent’s will does not make you the personal representative as only the court can make that appointment. Fortunately, the probate process in Idaho is very flexible and has been significantly simplified as compared to many other states. If all of the decedent’s real property is situated in Idaho, then an Idaho probate should be sufficient. However, if the decedent owned real property in another state, an ancillary probate in that other state may be necessary as well. If you have not already done so, you should locate and read the decedent’s will. You should also insure that an adequate number of death certificates are ordered (usually with the assistance of the mortician).

The Idaho Uniform Probate Code is very flexible and allows for several forms of probate, the most common of which is “Informal” probate. With Informal probate, an Application (along with the decedent’s original will) and Acceptance are typically filed with the court by the person nominated as Personal Representative, and then the court signs and issues (without a formal hearing) a Statement and Letters Testamentary (if the decedent had a will) or Letters of Administration (if the decedent did not have a will). These Letters are the “golden ticket” that give the Personal Representative authority to act for the deceased person. Most of the time, the Informal probate process will be utilized as it is less expensive and quicker.

Idaho also provides for probate through a formal process (with hearings), a small estate affidavit proceeding, a surviving spouse proceeding without the appointment of a personal representative, and a small estate summary proceeding. In addition, when the surviving spouse is the sole beneficiary of the estate of the first spouse to die, then both spouse’s estates may be probated together on the surviving spouse’s death. The exact procedure utilized will depend upon the facts and circumstances of the particular estate, but the flexibility is very convenient.

Note that if the decedent (while living) had an agent under a power of attorney, that agency relationship would normally terminate upon the decedent’s death. After death, it is the court-appointed personal representative who has authority to act for the decedent.

With rare exception, the best rule for administering probate is to be transparent in that administration so that all of the heirs know what is happening and have reasonable time frames and expectations. As Personal Representative, you should extend yourself to make sure information is available.

General Duties

As Personal Representative, your general duties are to (1) gather and protect the estate assets, (2) pay creditors and other valid claimants, and (3) distribute the assets as instructed in the will or according to Idaho’s intestate succession law if there is no will.

Protection of Assets

Protecting the estate assets is very important, even before you are appointed. You should make sure that assets are properly insured and that access to the assets is limited to those with authority. You will need to account for these assets, so do not let them Awalk off@ without your permission. If there are valuable personal property items in the home or elsewhere, consider taking pictures or a video of the items as soon as possible. Be especially careful with automobiles owned by the decedent B do not let others drive them without proper insurance. You should generally pay (from the estate) mortgage payments as they become due. You should also cancel the decedent’s credit cards and other open accounts as soon as possible.

Notice to Heirs

If you have been appointed informally as Personal Representative, then the court requires that you give notice to the estate beneficiaries within thirty (30) days that you have been appointed. Typically the estate attorney will send out, at your direction, a document entitled “Information to Heirs and Devisees,” along with a cover letter explaining that this is a formal notice required under the Probate Code.

Inventory

A Personal Representative’s first and foremost task is usually to compile an accurate estate inventory. Almost everything you do is tied in some way to this inventory so you should give it your highest priority. The Inventory must (1) list all property owned by the decedent in reasonable detail, (2) indicate as to each identified item its fair market value as of the date of death, and (3) indicate the type and amount of any encumbrance that may exist with reference to any item. Under the Idaho Code, the Inventory must be completed within three months after the date of your appointment, but it should be completed sooner if at all possible. If necessary, you may use qualified appraisers to assist in valuing the assets, but you should discuss this with the estate attorney before proceeding. If an appraiser is used, proper disclosure should be made on the Inventory. We can provide you with a basic Inventory form to assist you in the Inventory process.

The Inventory should focus on the larger value items. Separate knives and forks do not need to be inventoried, but valuable items of tangible personal property should be identified and valued. The detail with which you identify tangible personal property will depend upon the circumstances and the attitude of the various heirs. You should always be aware that the division of tangible personal property is often the cause of hard feelings that develop between family members. Consequently, a good rule to remember is to establish and announce a process first that is fair to all the participants, and then to follow that process in allocating the tangible personal property between the estate heirs. If people are given the opportunity and are expected to express their concerns at the time, then they are far less likely to develop a Aburr under the saddle@ that will fester in years to come.

Because the tax Abasis@ of the decedent’s assets will likely be changed as a result of the decedent’s death, you should consider engaging a CPA to assist in the estate administrative process sooner rather than later.

Notice to Creditors

Our office can prepare a Notice to Creditors for publication in the local newspaper. You should discuss with the estate attorney the advantages and disadvantages of publishing Notice to Creditors. If you decide to publish Notice to Creditors, then the Notice will be published in the local newspaper. In order to be valid as a charge against the assets of the estate, a creditor’s claim must generally be presented within four (4) months after the first publication of Notice to Creditors. Generally, a bill or statement for goods or services will suffice as a legal claim. It is important to note that unless you affirmatively disallow a claim within 60 days after the end of the claim period, you will be deemed to have approved it. Hence you should promptly advise the estate attorney of all bills and other claims received by you if you are unsure as to their validity.

If you elect not to publish notice to creditors, then creditors may file claims for three years after the decedent’s death, and as Personal Representative you may have personal liability if you distributed assets that would have otherwise gone to such creditor.

The United States Supreme Court has ruled that under certain circumstances a known or reasonably ascertainable creditor must be given actual notice (rather than notice by publication) of the need to present a claim before failure to present a claim within a given time period will bar the claim pursuant to state probate law. If you desire to achieve certainty concerning barring known or reasonably ascertainable creditors, you should mail to each known or reasonably ascertainable creditor a notice explaining that they need to present their claims within the statutory time periods or be forever barred. If you desire, our office will prepare and mail these notices if you provide us with the names and addresses of known or reasonably ascertainable creditors.

Accounting

Complete records must be kept of all cash and investment transactions, and the disposition of all estate assets. If possible, all receipts should be deposited to and all disbursements should be made by check drawn on an estate checking account. Although you should discuss this with the estate attorney, you normally should contact a bank of your choice to set up such an account. The checks should indicate your capacity as Personal Representative of the estate. On occasion, a Personal Representative may be able to utilize one of the decedent’s existing accounts. In any event, it is imperative that you are able to account for all estate transactions and property.

Taxes

If there was sufficient gross income, the Personal Representative is responsible to file the final income tax returns for the decedent, including the period beginning January 1 and ending on the date of the decedent’s death. That final return must be filed and any tax paid on or before April 15 of the year following death.

A federal estate income tax return (IRS Form 1041) for income received by the estate may be required for each year in which the gross income exceeds a certain level. The beginning of the first year is the date of death and may end the last day of any month which you select. An Idaho return (Form 66) for income received by the estate may also be required for each year for which a federal return is filed. If the estate is complicated at all, you would be well served to employ a CPA to assist with any tax reporting issues. Normally you should first consider employing the CPA utilized by the decedent before death as that person will be familiar with any tax issues facing the decedent.

NOTE: WHEN THE FIRST SPOUSE DIES, THERE ARE VERY UNIQUE TAX ISSUES THAT MAY EXIST RELATED TO THE QUESTION OF APORTABILITY.@ If there are many assets in question, then it may be necessary or appropriate for the personal representative or the surviving spouse to file a Federal Estate Tax return (Form 706) just to elect APortability,@ which regards the right on the surviving spouse’s subsequent death to have the first spouse’s unused applicable credit amount applied. PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THIS ISSUE AND DISCUSS IT WITH EITHER YOUR CPA OR THE ESTATE ATTORNEY.

Final Estate Matters and Closing

After all known debts, administration expenses and taxes have been paid or provided for, a final report or account should be prepared or waived by all the beneficiaries. Depending on the length of the period of administration, it may be advisable to prepare one or more intermediate reports or accounts. Copies of the reports will be given to all persons interested in the estate. From these reports, you should be able to start with the Inventory and see all the transactions that have resulted in the amounts to be distributed out to the estate beneficiaries. If the estate is closed in a formal court proceeding (which is rare), the final report will also be filed with the court.

Normally, distribution of the assets will await the closing of the estate. However, depending on such factors as the size of the estate, the debts, liabilities and expenses of administration of the estate, the needs of the beneficiaries, and the tax considerations involved, earlier partial distributions may be in order.

When the time comes to essentially wrap up the estate, the estate attorney may recommend having a Family Agreement between the Personal Representative and all of the beneficiaries. The purpose of a Family Agreement is to acknowledge the general agreement about the Inventory, the payment of claims and the distribution of assets, and to release the Personal Representative from any further liability or obligation. At that time, you should consult with the estate attorney regarding other possible methods of closing the estate, or perhaps leaving the estate open indefinitely.

Although the Personal Representative has the responsibility to properly administer the estate, you should consult with the estate attorney whenever you have any questions or concerns.

Legal Representation

The estate attorney typically represents you as Personal Representative, and does not represent you individually or any of the other estate beneficiaries individually. This normally is not a concern, but you do need to understand that the estate attorney is there to advise you how to best fulfill your duties as Personal Representative.

Non-Probate Transfers

Probate may not be necessary to transfer all assets. For example, beneficiary designations on insurance policies, retirement accounts, annuities, and transfer-on-death accounts generally supercede the will or any trusts and are payable to the designated beneficiary. Likewise, accounts held in joint tenancy may be payable directly to the surviving joint tenant. Resolving issues related to joint accounts and beneficiary designations (especially if community property is involved) can be difficult and you should contact the estate attorney if you have any concerns or questions. If the decedent had a Aliving trust@ established during lifetime, then assets transferred to the trust during the decedent’s lifetime typically do not need to pass through probate, but care should still be taken regarding potential creditor claims.

REMEMBER, THIS SUMMARY IS NOT INTENDED AS LEGAL ADVICE, BUT MAY BE HELPFUL FOR YOU TO REVIEW BEFORE MEETING WITH AN ESTATE ATTORNEY. LIKEWISE, ONCE YOU ARE APPOINTED A PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE, YOU SHOULD STAY IN CONTACT WITH AND SEEK ADVICE FROM THE ESTATE ATTORNEY.