The essence of the binomial system of naming is this: each species name has two parts, the genus name and the species name (also known as the specific epithet), for example, Homo sapiens, which is the scientific name of the human species. Every two-part scientific name is either formed out of (modern scientific)Latin or is a Latinized version of words from other languages.

The two-part name of a species is commonly known as its Latin name. However,biologists and philologists prefer to use the term scientific name rather than "Latin name", because the words used to create these names are not always from the Latin language, even though words from other languages have usually been Latinized in order to make them suitable for this purpose. Species names are often derived from Ancient Greek words, or words from numerous other languages. Frequently species names are based on the surname of a person, such as a well-regarded scientist, or are a Latinized version of a relevant place name.

Biologists, when using a name of a species, usually also give the authority and date of the species description. Thus zoologists will give the name of a particular sea snail species as: Patella vulgataLinnaeus, 1758. The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who it was that described the species; 1758 is the date of the publication in which the original description can be found, in this case the bookSystema Naturae.

Value

The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the stability of names it generally favors:

Clarity. It avoids the confusions that can be created when attempting to use common names to refer to a species. Common names often differ even from one part of a country to another part, and certainly vary from one country to another. In contrast, the scientific name can be used all over the world, in all languages, avoiding confusion and difficulties of translation.

Stability. The procedures associated with establishing binomial nomenclature tend to favor stability. Even though such stability as exists is far from absolute, it is still advantageous. For example, when species are transferred between genera (as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge), if possible the species descriptor is kept the same. Similarly if what were previously thought to be distinct species are demoted from species to a lower rank, former species names may be retained as infraspecific descriptors.

Despite the rules favoring stability and uniqueness, in practice a single species may have several scientific names in circulation, depending largely on taxonomic point of view (see synonymy).

Derivation

The genus name and specific descriptor may come from any source. Often they are ordinary New Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (often a naturalist), a name from the local language etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including in-jokes and puns. However, names are always treated gra

The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, and hence different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. In the hierarchy of the binomial classification system, genus comes above species and below family.

Generic name

The scientific name of a genus may be called the generic name or generic epithet: it is always capitalized. It plays a pivotal role in binomial nomenclature, the system of biological nomenclature.

Binomial nomenclature

The rules for scientific names are laid down in the Nomenclature Codes; depending on the kind of organism and the Kingdom it belongs to, a different Code may apply, with different rules, laid down in a different terminology. The advantages of scientific over common names are that they are accepted by speakers of all languages, and that each species has only one name. This reduces the confusion that may arise from the use of a common name to designate different things in different places (example elk), or from the existence of several common names for a single species.

It is possible for a genus to be assigned to a kingdom governed by one particular Nomenclature Code by one taxonomist, while other taxonomists assign it to a kingdom governed by a different Code, but this is the exception, not the rule.

Pivotal in binomial nomenclature

The generic name often is a component of the names of taxa of lower rank. For example, Canis lupus is the scientific name of the Gray wolf, a species, with Canisthe generic name for thedog and its close relatives, and with lupus particular (specific) for the wolf (lupus is written in lower case). Similarly, Canis lupus familiaris is the scientific name for the domestic dog.

Taxonomic units in higher ranks often have a name that is based on a generic name, such as the family name Canidae, which is based on Canis. However, not all names in higher ranks are necessarily based on the name of a genus: for example, Carnivora is the name for the order to which the dog belongs.

Within the same kingdom one generic name can apply to only one genus. This explains why the platypus genus is named Ornithorhynchusâ€”George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799, but the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called homonyms. Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia, the name Platypus could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800.

Types and genera

Because of the rules of scientific naming, or "binomial nomenclature", each genus should have a designated type, although in practice there is a backlog of older names that may not yet have a type. In zoology this is the type species (see Type (zoology)); the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should this specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym, and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reas

Common name

A common name of an organism (also known as a vernacular name,colloquial name, trivial name, trivial epithet, country name, or farmer's name) is a name in general use within a community; it is often contrasted with a scientific name. A common name is not necessarily a commonly used name.

The use of common names in folk taxonomy

Not all common names form part of a classification of objects, but many do. Folk taxonomy, a classification of objects which uses common names, has no formal rules. In contrast, scientific or biological nomenclature is a global system that uniquely denotes particular organisms, and helps anchor their position within the hierarchical scientific classification system. Maintenance of this system involves formal rules of nomenclature and periodic international meetings, such as those laid down by the ICZN.

Common names and the binomial system

The form of scientific names for organisms that we know as binomial nomenclature is derived from the simple and practical noun-adjective form of vernacular names used by prehistoric culturesâ€”with a collective name such as owl, made more specific by the addition of an adjective such as screechâ€” only with the use of Latin as a universal language. Linnaeus himself published a Flora of his homeland Sweden, Flora Svecica (1745), and in this he recorded the Swedish common names region by region along with the scientific names â€” and the Swedish common names were all binomials (e.g. plant no. 84 RÃ¥g-losta and plant no. 85 Ren-losta) â€” the vernacular binomial system thus preceded his scientific binomial system.

Linnaean authority William T. Stearn expresses the link between common names and Latin scientific names as

Geographic range of use

The geographic range over which a particular common name is used varies; some common names have a very local application, while others are virtually universal within a particular language. Vernacular names are generally treated as having a fairly restricted application, usually referring to the native language of a country or locality as opposed to more broad-based usage. A colloquial name may be regarded as of very local use, insufficient to be included in the general dictionaries of the language concerned.

Collective nouns

â€œOfficialâ€� lists

Some organizations have created official lists of common names, or guidelines for creating common names, hoping to standardize the use of common names.

For example, the Australian Fish Names List or AFNS was compiled through a process involving work by taxonomic and seafood industry experts, drafted using the CAAB (Codes for Australian Aquatic Biota) taxon management system of the CSIRO, and including input through public and industry consultations by the Australian Fish Names Committee (AFNC). The AFNS has been an official Australian Standard since July 2007 and has existed in draft form (The Australian Fish Names List) since 2001. Seafood Services Australia (SSA) serve as the Secretariat for the AFNC. SSA is an accredited Standards Australia (Australiaâ€™s peak non-government standards development organisation) Standards Development

A set of guidelines for the creation of English names for birds was published in The Auk in 1978.

Question:I really need to get this done,it is past the end of the semester and I need to get it done!
A.Canis lupus
B.Red wolf
C.Ailurus Fulgens
D.kingdom
Which phrase best describes the Linnaean classification system?
A.Each genus contains one species.
B.The taxa are interchangeable.
C.There is only one kingdom.
D.Each level includes the more specific levels below.
3.The evolutionary history for a group of species is called a
A.clade.
B.phylogeny.
C.convergence.
D.taxonomy.
4.The embryos of both mammals and reptiles are protected by amniotic fluid. What is this type of trait called?
A.cladogram
B.outgroup
C.derived character
D.molecular evidence
5.Which of the following would be considered the strongest evidence that two species are related to one another?
A.common structures
B.shared taxon
C.similar genes
D.same extinction pattern
6.In the Linnaean system of classification, which of the following is most commonly defined as a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring?
A.phylum
B.species
C.genus
D.order
7.The best molecular clock for comparing distantly related species is
A.mitochondrial DNA.
B.ribosomal RNA.
C.nuclear DNA.
D.protein.
8.Woese separated the kingdom Monera into the following two kingdoms:
A.Eukarya and Bacteria.
B.Archaea and Prokaryote.
C.Prokaryote and Eukaryote.
D.Bacteria and Archaea.
9.Which description distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
A.Eukaryotes have a cell wall.
B.Eukaryotes are multicellular.
C.Eukaryotes are photosynthetic.
D.Eukaryotes have a nucleus.
10.What characteristic of fungi makes them different from plants?
A.They grow only in shade.
B.They have a different cell membrane.
C.They do not feed in the same way.
D.They are prokaryotes, not eukaryotes.
11.The term mouse used to be commonly known to mean a small furry rodent. It has evolved to also mean a device used in operating a computer. This is an example of why
A.a living language is not used in scientific naming systems.
B.a dead language is not used in scientific naming systems.
C.mice have become more evolutionarily advanced.
D.humans should avoid using slang in everyday language.
12.Binomial nomenclature uses what two taxa to name an organism?
A.phylum and genus
B.genus and species
C.phylum and species
D.class and order
13.Which of the following lists Linnaean taxa in the correct order from general to specific?
A.phylum, order, family, genus
B.kingdom, order, class, phylum
C.family, phylum, genus, species
D.class, order, species, genus
14.Which of the following contains the most members?
A.genus
B.order
C.family
D.class
15.Organisms are named and classified based on physical characteristics in
A.evolutionary trees.
B.Linnaean taxonomy.
C.cladograms.
D.molecular clocks.
16.In the blank cladogram in Figure 17.1, what type of information would go on the lines labeled A?
A.clades
B.outgroupings
C.common ancestors
D.derived characters
17.Figure 17.2 shows one set of genetic differences between humans and other animals. By this measure, which listed species is most related to humans?
A.rabbit
B.mouse
C.turtle
D.chimpanzee
18.In the Linnaean system of classification, a species is most commonly defined as
A.the commonly used name for an organism.
B.a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring.
C.the most general taxon of the classification system.
D.a group with similar physical characteristics.
19.Which type of molecular clock is used to measure evolutionary time between the most distantly related organisms?
A.amino acid
B.nuclear DNA
C.ribosomal RNA
D.mitochondrial DNA
20.Carl Woese divided the kingdom Monera into the kingdoms Bacteria and
A.Plantae.
B.Fungi.
C.Protista.
D.Archaea.
21.Which domain contains all organisms that have a nucleus?
A.Bacteria
B.Archaea
C.Eukarya
D.Protista
22.Plants obtain their food through photosynthesis. This makes them different from which of the following?
A.fungi
B.producers
C.trees
D.none of the above
23.Latin is the preferred language for scientific naming because it is a(n)
A.easy language to learn.
B.dead language.
C.living language.
D.versatile language.
24.The two-part naming system for naming species is called
A.binomen naming.
B.cladographic naming.
C.binomial nomenclature.
D.cladistic nomenclature.
25.The longer two species are separated after diverging from a common ancestor,
A.the more likely they will be able to interbreed when reunited.
B.the less likely they will have differences at the molecular level.
C.the more similar the species will be at the molecular level.
D.the more different the species will be at the molecular level.

Answers:1) Canis lupus
2) Each level includes the more specific levels below.
3) Phylogeny
4) Derived character
5) Similar genes
6) Species
7) Ribosomal RNA
8) Bacteria and Archaea.
9) Eukaryotes have a nucleus.
10) They do not feed in the same way.
11) a living language is not used in scientific naming systems
12) genus and species
13) phylum, order, family, genus
14) Class
15) Linnaean taxonomy.
16) I don't see a chart.
17) I still don't see a chart.
18) a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring.
19) nuclear DNA
20) Archaea
21) Eukarya
22) Fungi
23) Versatile language
24) Binomial nomenclature.
25) the more different the species will be at the molecular level.

Question:Which of the following is correctly written in the binomial nomenclature system?
A. Canis lupus
B. Red wolf
C. Ailurus Fulgens
D. kingdom
2. Which phrase best describes the Linnaean classification system?
A. Each genus contains one species.
B. The taxa are interchangeable.
C. There is only one kingdom.
D. Each level includes the more specific levels below.
3. The evolutionary history for a group of species is called a
A. clade.
B. phylogeny.
C. convergence.
D. taxonomy.
4. The embryos of both mammals and reptiles are protected by amniotic fluid. What is this type of trait called?
A. cladogram
B. outgroup
C. derived character
D. molecular evidence
5. Which of the following would be considered the strongest evidence that two species are related to one another?
A. common structures
B. shared taxon
C. similar genes
D. same extinction pattern
6. In the Linnaean system of classification, which of the following is most commonly defined as a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring?
A. phylum
B. species
C. genus
D. order
7. The best molecular clock for comparing distantly related species is
A. mitochondrial DNA.
B. ribosomal RNA.
C. nuclear DNA.
D. protein.
8. Woese separated the kingdom Monera into the following two kingdoms:
A. Eukarya and Bacteria.
B. Archaea and Prokaryote.
C. Prokaryote and Eukaryote.
D. Bacteria and Archaea.
9. Which description distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
A. Eukaryotes have a cell wall.
B. Eukaryotes are multicellular.
C. Eukaryotes are photosynthetic.
D. Eukaryotes have a nucleus.
10. What characteristic of fungi makes them different from plants?
A. They grow only in shade.
B. They have a different cell membrane.
C. They do not feed in the same way.
D. They are prokaryotes, not eukaryotes.
11. The term mouse used to be commonly known to mean a small furry rodent. It has evolved to also mean a device used in operating a computer. This is an example of why
A. a living language is not used in scientific naming systems.
B. a dead language is not used in scientific naming systems.
C. mice have become more evolutionarily advanced.
D. humans should avoid using slang in everyday language.
12. Binomial nomenclature uses what two taxa to name an organism?
A. phylum and genus
B. genus and species
C. phylum and species
D. class and order
13. Which of the following lists Linnaean taxa in the correct order from general to specific?
A. phylum, order, family, genus
B. kingdom, order, class, phylum
C. family, phylum, genus, species
D. class, order, species, genus
14. Which of the following contains the most members?
A. genus
B. order
C. family
D. class
15. Organisms are named and classified based on physical characteristics in
A. evolutionary trees.
B. Linnaean taxonomy.
C. cladograms.
D. molecular clocks.

Answers:The correct answer is (A). Genus capitalized, species not.
No one wants to do all your homework for you...

Question:Who carries the bottom line if it's a new discovery of a new species or who provides international standards, that the world scientist accept?

Answers:It is not an organisation as such. There is a system known as the "Systema Naturae" founded or based on the discovers of C von Linne (1758) - this is an example of an identification system.
The systems are known as systematic authorities and are really just a set of rules and guide lines for taxonomy. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature concerns itself with plants and fungi and similar codes are used for animals and bacteria.
These systems use Latin binomials when naming a species.. The system was established when Latin was the language of scholarship. It is still in use in the modern world due to the fact that it is an "extinct" language so this means it is not inoffensive and is universally accepted.
Hope this helps, don't hesitate to contact me for more information.

Question:Why did Linnaeus develop his systems of major taxa (ie Phylum, Class, Order) and binomial nomenclature? How is a species defined today? How are cladograms constructed?

Answers:Linnaeus largely depended on physical appearances for his classifications. For example, he originally assumed that hyenas belonged to the same family as dogs, as they look similar. Today, with our understanding of genetics, we can do molecular studies that reveal the genetic similarities or differences of organims, giving us more precise information on their evolutionary history and relationships not based solely on appearances. Appearances are unreliable as a source of classification, because unrelated species can come to look similar due to convergent evolution. This is the case with hyenas and dogs - we now know that hyenas belong to a family of their own, Hyaenidae, and are more closely related to cats than to dogs.

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Three Hundred Years of Linnaean Taxonomy [Part 1 of 5] :www.mnh.si.edu In Celebration of the Exhibition of the 1st Edition of Linnaeus' Systema Naturae - Tuesday, November 13, 2007. Scientists around the world are celebrating the 300th anniversary of the birth of Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus. He is best known for instituting a two-name method for identifying plants and animals, called binomial nomenclature. Considered the "father" of modern taxonomy, Linnaeus named approximately 4400 species of animals and 7700 species of plants. Today, many museums, including this one, continue to research the relationships between species, and rely on Linnaeus' classic works.