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2 3.0 SEWER MATERIAL 3.1 Important Factors Considered for Selecting Material for Sewer Following factors should be considered before selecting material for manufacturing sewer pipes: a. Resistance to corrosion Sewer carries wastewater that releases gases such as H 2 S. This gas in contact with moisture can be converted in to sulfuric acid. The formation of acids can lead to the corrosion of sewer pipe. Hence, selection of corrosion resistance material is must for long life of pipe. b. Resistance to abrasion Sewage contain considerable amount of suspended solids, part of which are inorganic solids such as sand or grit. These particles moving at high velocity can cause wear and tear of sewer material. This abrasion can reduce thickness of pipe and reduces hydraulic efficiency of the sewer by making the interior surface rough. c. Strength and durability The sewer pipe should have sufficient strength to withstand all the forces that are likely to come on them. Sewers are subjected to considerable external loads of backfill material and traffic load, if any. They are not subjected to internal pressure of water. To withstand external load safely without failure, sufficient wall thickness of pipe or reinforcement is essential. In addition, the material selected should be durable and should have sufficient resistance against natural weathering action to provide longer life to the pipe. d. Weight of the material The material selected for sewer should have less specific weight, which will make pipe light in weight. The lightweight pipes are easy for handling and transport. e. Imperviousness To eliminate chances of sewage seepage from sewer to surrounding, the material selected for pipe should be impervious. [NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. M.M.Ghangrekar, Department of Civil Engineering Page 2

3 f. Economy and cost Sewer should be less costly to make the sewerage scheme economical. g. Hydraulically efficient The sewer shall have smooth interior surface to have less frictional coefficient. 3.2 Materials for Sewers Asbestos Cement Sewers These are manufactured from a mixture of asbestos fibers, silica and cement. Asbestos fibers are thoroughly mixed with cement to act as reinforcement. These pipes are available in size 10 to 100 cm internal diameter and length up to 4.0 m. These pipes can be easily assembled without skilled labour with the help of special coupling, called Ring Tie Coupling or Simplex joint. The pipe and joints are resistant to corrosion and the joints are flexible to permit 12 o deflection for curved laying. These pipes are used for vertical transport of water. For example, transport of rainwater from roofs in multistoried buildings, for transport of sewage to grounds, and for transport of less foul sullage i.e., wastewater from kitchen and bathroom. Advantages These pipes are light in weight and hence, easy to carry and transport. Easy to cut and assemble without skilled labour. Interior is smooth (Manning n = 0.011) hence, can make excellent hydraulically efficient sewer. Disadvantages These pipes are structurally not very strong. These are susceptible to corrosion by sulphuric acid. When bacteria produces H 2 S, in presence of water, H 2 SO 4 can be formed Plain Cement Concrete or Reinforced Cement Concrete Plain cement concrete (1: 1.5: 3) pipes are available up to 0.45 m diameter and reinforcement cement pipes are available up to 1.8 m diameter. These pipes can be cast in situ or precast pipes. Precast pipes are better in quality than the cast in situ pipes. The reinforcement in these pipes [NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. M.M.Ghangrekar, Department of Civil Engineering Page 3

4 can be different such as single cage reinforced pipes, used for internal pressure less than 0.8 m; double cage reinforced pipes used for both internal and external pressure greater than 0.8 m; elliptical cage reinforced pipes used for larger diameter sewers subjected to external pressure; and hume pipes with steel shells coated with concrete from inside and outside. Nominal longitudinal reinforcement of 0.25% is provided in these pipes. Advantages of concrete pipes Strong in tension as well as compression. Resistant to erosion and abrasion. They can be made of any desired strength. Easily moulded, and can be in situ or precast pipes. Economical for medium and large sizes. These pipes are available in wide range of size and the trench can be opened and backfilled rapidly during maintenance of sewers. Disadvantages These pipes can get corroded and pitted by the action of H 2 SO 4. The carrying capacity of the pipe reduces with time because of corrosion. The pipes are susceptible to erosion by sewage containing silt and grit. The concrete sewers can be protected internally by vitrified clay linings. With protection lining they are used for almost all the branch and main sewers. Only high alumina cement concrete should be used when pipes are exposed to corrosive liquid like sewage Vitrified Clay or Stoneware Sewers These pipes are used for house connections as well as lateral sewers. The size of the pipe available is 5 cm to 30 cm internal diameter with length 0.9 to 1.2 m. These pipes are rarely manufactured for diameter greater than 90 cm. These are jointed by bell and spigot flexible compression joints. Advantages Resistant to corrosion, hence fit for carrying polluted water such as sewage. Interior surface is smooth and is hydraulically efficient. [NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. M.M.Ghangrekar, Department of Civil Engineering Page 4

5 The pipes are highly impervious. Strong in compression. These pipes are durable and economical for small diameters. The pipe material does not absorb water more than 5% of their own weight, when immersed in water for 24 h. Disadvantages Heavy, bulky and brittle and hence, difficult to transport. These pipes cannot be used as pressure pipes, because they are weak in tension. These require large number of joints as the individual pipe length is small Brick Sewers This material is used for construction of large size combined sewer or particularly for storm water drains. The pipes are plastered from outside to avoid entry of tree roots and ground water through brick joints. These are lined from inside with stone ware or ceramic block to make them smooth and hydraulically efficient. Lining also make the pipe resistant to corrosion Cast Iron Sewers These pipes are stronger and capable to withstand greater tensile, compressive, as well as bending stresses. However, these are costly. Cast iron pipes are used for outfall sewers, rising mains of pumping stations, and inverted siphons, where pipes are running under pressure. These are also suitable for sewers under heavy traffic load, such as sewers below railways and highways. They are used for carried over piers in case of low lying areas. They form 100% leak proof sewer line to avoid ground water contamination. They are less resistant to corrosion; hence, generally lined from inside with cement concrete, coal tar paint, epoxy, etc. These are joined together by bell and spigot joint. IS: and IS: provides the specifications for spun and vertically cast pipes, respectively Steel Pipes These are used under the situations such as pressure main sewers, under water crossing, bridge crossing, necessary connections for pumping stations, laying pipes over self supporting spans, railway crossings, etc. They can withstand internal pressure, impact load and vibrations much [NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. M.M.Ghangrekar, Department of Civil Engineering Page 5

6 better than CI pipes. They are more ductile and can withstand water hammer pressure better. These pipes cannot withstand high external load and these pipes may collapse when negative pressure is developed in pipes. They are susceptible to corrosion and are not generally used for partially flowing sewers. They are protected internally and externally against the action of corrosion Ductile Iron Pipes Ductile iron pipes can also be used for conveying the sewers. They demonstrate higher capacity to withstand water hammer. The specifications for DI pipes is provided in IS: The predominant wall material is ductile iron, a spheroidized graphite cast iron. Internally these pipes are coated with cement mortar lining or any other polyethylene or poly wrap or plastic baggging/ sleeving lining to inhibit corrosion from the wastewater being conveyed, and various types of external coating are used to inhibit corrosion from the environment. Ductile iron has proven to be a better pipe material than cast iron but they are costly. Ductile iron is still believed to be stronger and more fracture resistant material; like most ferrous materials, it is susceptible to corrosion. A typical life expectancy of thicker walled pipe could be up to 75 years, however with the current thinner walled ductile pipe the life could be about 20 years in highly corrosive soils without a corrosion control program like cathodic protection Plastic sewers (PVC pipes) Plastic is recent material used for sewer pipes. These are used for internal drainage works in house. These are available in sizes 75 to 315 mm external diameter and used in drainage works. They offer smooth internal surface. The additional advantages they offer are resistant to corrosion, light weight of pipe, economical in laying, jointing and maintenance, the pipe is tough and rigid, and ease in fabrication and transport of these pipes High Density Polythylene (HDPE) Pipes Use of these pipes for sewers is recent development. They are not brittle like AC pipes and other pipes and hence hard fall during loading, unloading and handling do not cause any damage to the pipes. They can be joined by welding or can be jointed with detachable joints up to 630 mm [NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. M.M.Ghangrekar, Department of Civil Engineering Page 6

7 diameter (IS: ). These are commonly used for conveyance of industrial wastewater. They offer all the advantages offered by PVC pipes Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pipes This martial is widely used where corrosion resistant pipes are required. GRP or FRP can be used as a lining material for conventional pipes to protect from internal or external corrosion. It is made from the composite matrix of glass fiber, polyester resin and fillers. These pipes have better strength, durability, high tensile strength, low density and high corrosion resistance. These are manufactured up to 2.4 m diameter and up to 18 m length (IS: ) Lead Sewers They are smooth, soft and can take odd shapes. This pipe has an ability to resist sulphide corrosion. However, these pipes are very costly. These are used in house connection. 3.3 Shapes of Sewer Pipes Sewers are generally circular pipes laid below ground level, slopping continuously towards the outfall. These are designed to flow under gravity. Shapes other than circular are also used. Other Shapes used for sewers are (Figure 3.1): a. Standard Egg-shaped sewer b. New egg-shaped sewer c. Horse shoe shaped sewer d. Parabolic shaped sewer e. Semi-elliptical section f. Rectangular shape section g. U-shaped section h. Semi-circular shaped sewer i. Basket handled shape sewer [NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. M.M.Ghangrekar, Department of Civil Engineering Page 7

8 Standard egg-shaped sewers, also called as ovoid shaped sewer, and new or modified egg-shaped sewers are used in combined sewers. These sewers can generate self cleansing velocity during dry weather flow. Horse shoe shaped sewers and semi-circular sections are used for large sewers with heavy discharge such as trunk and outfall sewers. Rectangular section is used for conveying storm water. U-shaped section is used for larger sewers and especially in open cuts. Other sections of the sewers have become absolute due to difficulty in construction on site and non availability of these shapes readily in market. (a) Standard Egg Shaped Sewer (b) New/ Modified Egg shaped Sewer (c) Horse shoe sewer section (d) Parabolic section [NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. M.M.Ghangrekar, Department of Civil Engineering Page 8

9 (e) Semi-elliptical section (f) Rectangular Sewer (g) U-shaped section (h) Semi-circular Section (i) Basket-Handle Section Figure 3.1: Different shapes used for construction of sewer other than circular Questions 1. What should be properties of the material to be used for sewer construction? 2. Write a note on different materials used for sewer construction. 3. With schematic describe various shapes used for sewer section. [NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur, Prof. M.M.Ghangrekar, Department of Civil Engineering Page 9

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