NASA’s Apollo Program.

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3Apollo ProgramNASA's Apollo project was the most spectacular and the most ambitious space exploration program on record. Apollo was also a program that advanced technology beyond any civil or military program in large part because of that daring ambition, and in part because of the heated competition in the Space Race with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Many of the underpinnings of Apollo, in fact, came from the Cold War weapons development. Significant funding for the Apollo project came from the military programs that supported the enormous national effort that has never been repeated in scope or ambition.

4Apollo ProgramAlthough America's interest in space exploration has not disappeared, the unifying drive behind Apollo has. Large projects like the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station have not had the same impact as the landing of the first men on the Moon. Yet these newer programs have given us astonishing technologies and advanced research that have changed our lives far more than Apollo.

5Now called the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA Apollo ProgramEarly historyDevelopment of these first large military boosters began in the planning process for the Army’s Super-Jupiter, and the USAF's huge F-1 rocket engineNeed for large launchers was recognized even before the launch of the first satellite by the Soviets in 1957A Department of Defense agency called the Advanced Research Projects Agency, or ARPA was created to facilitate new weapons and missile programsNow called the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPADirected funding to deliver a high-thrust booster for military use as quickly as possible

6Apollo ProgramEarly historyARPA mandated that a 1 million lb thrust engine be developed quickly, along with the rest of the booster, but had limited fundingArmy Ballistic Missile Agency led by von Braun as head of development configured a cluster of four Jupiter engines and seven tanks taken from the already successful Redstone and Jupiter missilesLed to the rapid development of the heavy-lift launcher called the Juno VJuno I (Jupiter-C) and Juno V were redesignated Saturn (a step beyond Jupiter)

7Apollo Program Early historyConvergence of ABMA’s Saturn and the Department of Defense’s large booster requirement led to the Saturn seriesSaturn C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4 and the largest, the C-5Designation later became Saturn 1 – 5Space Race in 1957 energized the DoD, and forced President Eisenhower to respond in kind after Sputnik II

8Apollo ProgramEarly historyNASA was created by Congressional Act and approved by President Eisenhower on October 1, 1958The new NASA agency was assigned:Civil space operation managementCivil space explorationCollaboration with military services

9Alternative was a space station Apollo ProgramEarly historySoon after NASA’s formation, the Space Task Group (STG) formed within NASANASA assigned STG to plan and develop manned missions that began with Mercury and extended quickly to Gemini and ApolloSoviet’s first manned launch in 1961 drove the decision by Kennedy to pursue the Apollo lunar landing projectAlternative was a space stationLater became Skylab that used much of the Apollo hardware

10Apollo ProgramEarly historyPresident Kennedy’s memo to Vice President Johnson regarding the decision to pursue a manned lunar program

11Apollo ProgramEarly historyAnnouncement of the Apollo project was made to Congress formally by President Kennedy in May 1961Apollo was approved by Congress in mid-1961Assignments for NASA included integrating Mercury and Gemini to prepare for the demanding Apollo lunar missionsSupporting lunar exploration projects were also started along with the Mercury manned projectRangerLunar OrbiterSurveyor (first U.S. lunar lander)

13Establish the technology to meet national interests in spaceApollo Program GoalsThe essence of the Apollo project was a scientific exploration program, however, its roots were buried deep in the Cold War and the space race with the Soviets. Some of that motivation can be found in the initial goals set for the Apollo project.Those goals were to:Establish the technology to meet national interests in spaceAchieve preeminence in space for the United StatesCarry out a program of scientific exploration of the MoonDevelop man's capability to work in the lunar environment

14Apollo Project HardwareFlight & Launch Vehicles Decisions on the size and configuration of the launch and flight vehicles were based on the flight mode to the Moon 1. Earth Orbit Rendezvouz 2. Lunar Orbit Rendezvous 3. Direct Ascent

16Flight Modes to the Moon1. Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR)Small boosters could be used for multiple launches to Earth parking orbit, then assembled into a complete lunar exploration unitAdvantages:Shorter booster development timeLess expensive boostersDisadvantages:Possible mission scrub for a single complication with one of the launchesBooster:Saturn I (originally designated Saturn C-1)

17Flight Modes to the Moon2. Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR)Saturn V sized vehicle could place a separate crew module and lunar surface lander module in lunar orbit. Only the lander would descend to the surface and return to the orbiting crew vehicleAdvantages:Most efficient in energy and propulsionSingle launcherDisadvantages:Extensive rendezvous and docking techniques and training requiredBooster:Saturn V

18Flight Modes to the Moon3. Direct AscentVery large boosters could be used for a single launch of all the needed equipment to the Moon’s surface and a return directly from the surfaceAdvantages:Simple missionSingle launchNo lunar orbitDisadvantages:Huge booster needed that would require extensive development timeBooster: Nova

21DoD had no expected need for heavy boosters Apollo BoostersBoosters for the new program required larger and larger lift capacity for vehicle testing and lunar launchNASA had absorbed the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) expertise, top personnel, and some equipmentDesigners included Wernher von Braun and a number of his German rocket team membersNew Apollo heavy-lift rockets were the ABMA’s Saturn 1 and Saturn V that were dropped by the Department of DefenseDoD had no expected need for heavy boostersTransfer of hardware included the USAF’s F-1 engine project

22Apollo BoostersJupiter missileJoint Army-Navy design that could be used a a surface IRBM and a submarine-launched missileNot adopted by NavyUsed as IRBM in EuropeUltimately used as an interplanetary launcher by NASA (Juno II)Upgraded engine used for Saturn 1

23Civil launcher called Juno II Apollo BoostersJupiter booster was largest exploration launcher at that time ( )Civil launcher called Juno IILarger launchers were required for development and testing of the lunar hardwareMuch larger booster were needed to put crews on the Moon and returnThe decision was made to develop the newly-adopted Saturn launchers in two sizesSaturn I (originally C-1)Saturn V (originally C-5)

24The USAF Atlas ICBM was not ready for flight tests Apollo BoostersThe USAF Atlas ICBM was not ready for flight testsUSAF Titan was completed but was not capable of reaching the Moon with large payloadsSaturn V design would have to be based on new technologyNova series were considered as an even larger lunar booster useful for a lunar landing and return with a single launcher (direct ascent)

26Apollo BoostersRapid development required the use of current equipment and technology for the first Saturn boostersRedstone and Jupiter hardware were integrated into the new Saturn I (and IB) design to save money and accelerate developmentTest booster used for the Mercury program was enlarged for the Apollo vehicle tests – Little Joe II

34F-1 engine was the most powerful rocket engine ever builtApollo BoostersSaturn V was a 3-stage launcher that used entirely new designs for each stage and both types of enginesF-1 engine was the most powerful rocket engine ever built1.5 M lb thrust (sea level)5 used on first stageLOX + RP-1 (refined kerosene) propellantsJ-2 engines used on 2nd and 3rd stagesFirst production engine to use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogenRecently became prototype for new Ares J-2X engines

59Apollo-Saturn 1B Apollo Missions AS-201 26 February 1966The Apollo-Saturn 201 (AS-201) mission was an unmanned sub-orbital flight to test the Saturn 1B launch vehicle and the Apollo Command and Service Modules. It was the first flight of the two-stage Saturn 1B.AS August 1966The AS 202 flight was an unmanned sub-orbital flight to test the Saturn 1B launch vehicle and the Apollo Command and Service Module.AS July. 1966The Apollo-Saturn AS-203 mission was an unmanned test of the second stage S-IVB and the affects of zero-g on the propellant storage and feed since the booster would have to be restarted in zero-g conditions.

60Apollo pre-manned flightsApollo MissionsApollo pre-manned flightsApollo 4 (AS-501) 9 November, This mission was the first all-up test of the three-stage Saturn V rocket that carried a payload of an Apollo Command and Service Module into Earth orbit. The mission was designed to test all aspects of the Saturn V launch vehicle.Apollo 5 (AS-204) 22 January The unmanned Saturn/Apollo 5 was the first test flight of the Lunar Module (LM). Mission objectives were to verify the ascent and descent stages, the propulsion systems, and the restart operations.Apollo 6 (AS-502) 4 April The unmanned Apollo 6 mission was designed as the final qualification of the Saturn V launch vehicle and the CSM for manned Apollo missions

61Apollo 7 (AS-205) 11 October, 1968 Apollo MissionsThis was the first manned Apollo flight that was made in the Apollo Command and Service Module. Apollo 7 spent more time in space than all the Soviet space flights combined at that time.Firsts made on this flight includedFirst U.S. three man missionFirst flight of Block II Apollo CSM spacecraftFirst flight of the Apollo space suitsFirst flight with full crew support equipmentFirst live national TV from space during a manned space flightMission duration: 10 days 20 hours

62Apollo 8 (AS-503) Apollo Missions 21 December, 1968This was the first manned test of Saturn V vehicle and the first time man had left Earth's gravity. Apollo 8 orbited the Moon 10 times before returning to EarthMission firsts included:First manned flight on the Saturn V rocketFirst humans to reach the Earth's MoonFirst pictures of Earth from deep spaceNew world speed record: 24,200 mph (38,938 km/hr)First live TV coverage of the lunar surfaceTotal elapsed time was 147 h 59 m 49 s

63Apollo 9 (AS-504) 3 March, 1969 Apollo MissionsThis was the first complete manned test of lunar hardware in Earth orbit. The Apollo 9 launch was the first Saturn V/Apollo Spacecraft in full lunar mission configuration and carried the largest payload placed in orbitLunar Module - Spider; Command and Service Module - GumdropThe first mission in which the use of names for spacecraft was again authorizedFirst test of LM in spaceFirst test of Portable Life Support System in spaceRendezvous and docking after 6 hour and 113 mile separation in spaceMission duration: 10 days 01 hour 53 seconds, (241 hr 53 sec)

64Apollo 10 (AS-505) 18 May 1969 Apollo MissionsThis was the first manned test of lunar hardware at the Moon. The lunar rendezvous included a deorbit flight of the LM. On the fifth day of the mission, Astronauts Thomas Stafford and Eugene Cernan descended in the lunar module to an altitude of less than 47,000 feet (14,326 meters) from the lunar surface. At this altitude, two passes were made over the future Apollo 11 landing site.Lunar Module - Snoopy ; Command and Service Module - Charlie BrownDemonstration of color TV cameraThe eight-day, lunar orbit mission marked the first time the complete Apollo spacecraft had operated around the Moon and the second manned flight for the Lunar ModuleTwo Apollo 10 astronauts descended to within eight nautical miles of the Moon's surface, the closest approach ever to another celestial bodyAll aspects of Apollo 10 duplicated conditions of the lunar landing mission as closely as possibleMission Duration: approximately 8 days hours 3 minutes 23 seconds

65Apollo 11 (AS-506) July 16, 1969 Apollo MissionsThis was the first lunar landing mission - included crew members Armstrong, Collins, and AldrinLunar Module – Eagle, Command and Service Module - ColumbiaThe prime mission objective of Apollo 11 was stated simply: "Perform a manned lunar landing and return"First return of samples from another planetary bodySurface experiments and samples included:Solar Wind Composition (SWC) experimentPanoramic photographs of the region near the landing site and the lunar horizonCloseup photographs of in place lunar surface materialDeployment of a Laser-Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR)Deployment of the Passive Seismic Experiment Package (PSEP)Collection of two core-tube samples of the lunar surfaceLunar ascent was 21 hours and 36 minutes after the lunar landingMission Duration: approximately 8 days hr 18 min 35 sec.Moon rock sample mass returned: kgLanding site: Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility)

67Apollo 13 (AS-508) April 11, 1970 Apollo MissionsThe Apollo 13 flight was planned as a lunar landing mission but was aborted en route to the Moon after about 56 hours of flight due to loss of service module cryogenic oxygen and the consequent loss of capability to generate electrical power, to provide oxygen and to produce waterLunar Module – Aquarius, Command and Service Module - OdysseyFirst aborted Apollo MissionFirst impact of the S-IVB/IU on the lunar surface - used to measure seismic data (S-IVB normally burns up in Earth's atmosphere on return trajectory)Use of Lunar Module to provide emergency propulsion and life support after loss of service module systemMission Duration: approximately 6 days hours 54 minutes 41 seconds

71Apollo Missions Apollo 17 (AS-512) December 7, 1972Apollo 17 was the last manned lunar landing mission and the last in a series of three J-type missions. Harrison Schmitt , a geologist, was the only scientist to go to the MoonLunar Module – Challenger, Command and Service Module - AmericaFirst geologist on lunar surfaceLongest LRV traversed on a single EVAGreatest lunar sample mass returned to Earth kgMission duration: approximately 13 days301 hr 51 min 59 secLanding site: Taurus-Littrow

73ApolloApollo 18, 19, 20Planning in the Apollo program called for contract commitments for vehicles and equipment, especially for the expensive launch and flight vehicles; the CSM, LM, Saturn V, and Saturn IBThe original contract for 15 flight-qualified Saturn V vehicles permitted test and validation flight, plus ten manned lunar missionsAs the program entered the first series of successful lunar landings in 1969, budget pressures and waning public interest forced the cancellation of the last three of the vehicle setsThese three were assigned to the last Apollo missions 18, 19, and 20

74NASA's cancellation of the last three missions was not all at onceApollo 18, 19, 20NASA's cancellation of the last three missions was not all at onceApollo 20 was cancelled in January 1970Flights planned for Apollo 15 and Apollo 19 were cancelled in September, 1970Remaining missions were then renumbered 15 through 17Landing sites and crews were reshuffled and after the Apollo 13Exploration of the Tycho and Copernicus crater regions were dropped

75Saturn V used for Skylab space station core Apollo 18, 19, 20NASA's cancellation of the last three missions left hardware to use in other programs (Skylab, ASTP) and for displaySaturn V used for Skylab space station coreSaturn V on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor’s ComplexSaturn V on display at the Johnson Space Center3 Saturn IB boosters used for Skylab crew flights1 Saturn IB used for Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)