Now all roads lead to France and heavy is the treadOf the living; but the dead returning lightly dance.

Edward Thomas, Roads

Wednesday, January 29, 2014

Churchill Returns to the Cabinet, July 1917

Churchill on the Western Front, December 1915

In late May 1917 Churchill returned to the Continent, where he met Marshal Foch, Sir Henry Wilson, and Sir Douglas Haig, among others. One of the others was Lord Esher, liaison officer between the British and French War Offices and a pillar of the political establishment. A letter from Esher to Haig outlines the views that many had of Churchill at the time: "A true appreciation of Winston Churchill — of his potential uses — is a difficult matter. The degree to which his clever but unbalanced mind will in future fulfill its responsibilities is very speculative. He handles great subjects in rhythmical language, and becomes quickly enslaved by his own phrases. He deceives himself into the belief that he takes broad views, when his mind is fixed upon one comparatively small aspect of the question.

"The power of Winston for good and evil is very considerable. His temperament is of wax and quicksilver, and this strange toy amuses and fascinates L George, who likes and fears him ... To me he appears not as a statesman, but as a politician of keen intelligence lacking in those puissant qualities that are essential in a man who is to conduct the business of our country through the coming year. I hope therefore that he may remain outside the Government."

The prime minister, Lloyd George, wanted to bring his old friend Winston Churchill back into the Cabinet. Following the advice of Lord Beaverbrook that the anti-Churchill sentiment could be overcome, he appointed Churchill as minister of munitions on 17 July.

The response was as expected and was as intense in the government coalition as anywhere. The Morning Post warned that "neither the War Office nor the Board of Admiralty is likely to be safe from his attention" and both the First Lord of the Admiralty and the secretary for war threatened to resign. A delegation of Tory MPs demanded the intervention of Andrew Bonar Law but the Tory leader did not think it was worth risking the dissolution of the coalition. Churchill expressed surprise at the vehemence of the concerns, particularly because it came from more than his political opponents.

Supporters of Churchill's Return to Office: Lloyd George and Beaverbrook

The Morning Post was the most outraged of the press. The appointment, it stated, "proves that although we have not yet invented the unsinkable ship, we have discovered the unsinkable politician." It still blamed the Dardanelles on Churchill, "whose overwhelming conceit led him to imagine he was Nelson at sea and a Napoleon on land."

At this time the Churchills changed residences. In London they moved back to 33 Eccleston Square and purchased an Elizabethan house called Lullenden, near East Grinstead in Kent. Churchill left his country home that summer only to campaign in Dundee in a by-election, required because of his ministerial appointment. He was re-elected by a margin of over 5,000 votes.

Clementine noted that the depression which had afflicted Winston since the Dardanelles quickly disappeared with the challenges of his new office. But the 12,000 officials of the Ministry of Munitions were not a sufficient challenge. Although he had promised that he would make weapons, not plans, he quickly threw himself into every aspect of the war, much to the expectations and consternation of his Cabinet colleagues.

He used his position to influence military strategy and tactics in a number of ways. When invited to the War Cabinet as an observer, he was never reticent in expressing unsolicited opinions and he directed the distribution of materials in a fashion to influence policy.

He visited the front and toured the devastation of the Somme. While his relations with General Haig were cordial, the British commander had "no doubt that Winston means to do his utmost to provide the army with all it requires, but at the same time he can hardly stop meddling in the larger questions of strategy and tactics; for the solution of the latter he has no real training, and his agile mind only makes him a danger because he can persuade Lloyd George to adopt and carry out the most idiotic policy."

Churchill Visiting a Factory as Minister of Munitions

Churchill's encouragement of the production and use of tanks was later noted by a Royal Commission:"It was due to a receptivity, courage and driving force of the Rt. Hon. Winston Spencer Churchill that the general idea of the use of such an instrument of war as the tank was converted into practical shape." In April the United States had declared war on Germany and all of Europe awaited the arrival of American troops — 48 divisions were heading for Europe. It was Churchill's challenge to produce many of the weapons they would require. In doing so he met the chairman of the United States War Industries Board, Bernard Baruch, who would become his lifelong friend.

After the Dardanelles Campaign failure and his loss of the office of First Sea Lord- stung by all the bitterness regarding Galipolli. Winston went back into the army and ended up a Lt Colonel commanding the 6th Battalion Royal Scottish Fusilliers, 9th Scottish Division in the Trenches of Flanders. This was very risky, but he served with stable distinction and was an effective Battalion commander. He served in the Trenches through 1916 until early 1917. In the picture. , which looks like the English are visiting a French HQ- He has his soft servive cap in his hands- I think he was showing off for the French. Perhaps for good relations and Bon Homme.. The Adrian Helmet just entered general use in the French Army in 1916. He did not have to serve in the trenches- some thought at the time he might have wanted an Honorable death or something- Being in the trenches was insanely dangerous- and I have always thought highly of his doing it. He had to have been effected by his time in Flanders- Nearly every British Solider who served there had a difficult experience. He served in the Muck with everyone else. That was very commendable. .

Editors & Contributors

Roads to the Great War is part of the Worldwar1.com (link) family of websites and periodicals. It is produced by an editorial team, growing for over a decade, that includes: Michael Hanlon, Kimball Worcester, David Beer, Tony Langley, Donna Wagner, and Diane Rooney. We will also be inviting other WWI historians, enthusiasts, and collectors to contribute to Roads.