The aim of this paper is to present the key factors that led to creation and development of biotech clusters. The analysis of four cases in different countries shows that the way to build successful biotech clusters varies immensely. However, it was possible to distinguish the most common success factor: in all presented cases it was the presence of reputable universities and research institutes in the region. (original abstract)

Steinle C., Schiele H. (2002), When do industries cluster? A proposal on how to assess an industry's propensity to concentrate at a single region or nation, "Research Policy", nr 31.

Stoerring D. (2005), The role of universities in cluster emergence process - comparative case study the Cambridge cluster and an emerging Biomedico cluster in North Jutland, DRUID Working Papers, Denmark.