Femoral nerve dysfunction

Femoral nerve dysfunction is a loss of movement or sensation in parts of the legs due to damage to the femoral nerve.

Causes

The femoral nerve is located in the pelvis and the leg. It helps the muscles move the hip and straighten the leg. It provides feeling (sensation) to the front of the thigh and part of the lower leg.

A nerve is made up of many fibers, called axons, surrounded by insulation, called the myelin sheath.

Damage to any one nerve, such as the femoral nerve, is called mononeuropathy. Mononeuropathy usually means there is a local cause of damage to a single nerve. Disorders that involve the entire body (systemic disorders) can also cause isolated nerve damage to one nerve at a time (such as occurs with mononeuritis multiplex).

More common causes of femoral nerve dysfunction are:

Direct injury (trauma)

Prolonged pressure on the nerve

Compression or entrapment of the nerve by nearby parts of the body or disease-related structures (such as a tumor or abnormal blood vessel)

The femoral nerve can be also be damaged from any of the following:

A broken pelvis bone

A catheter placed into the femoral artery in the groin

Diabetes, which can cause widespread nerve damage

Internal bleeding in the pelvis or belly area (abdomen)

Lying on the back with the thighs and legs flexed and turned (lithotomy position) during surgery or diagnostic procedures

Tight or heavy waist belts

Symptoms

Symptoms may include any of the following:

Sensation changes in the thigh, knee, or leg, such as decreased sensation, numbness, tingling, burning, or pain

Weakness of the knee or leg, including difficulty going up and down stairs -- especially down, with a feeling of the knee giving way or buckling

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will ask about your symptoms and examine you. This will include an exam of the nerves and muscles in your legs.

Your doctor may order additional tests, depending on your medical history and symptoms. Tests may include blood tests, x-rays, and other imaging tests.

Treatment

Your provider will try to identify and treat the cause of the nerve damage. You'll be treated for any medical problems (such as diabetes or bleeding in the pelvis) that may be causing the nerve damage. In some cases, the nerve will heal with treatment of the underlying medical problem.

Other treatments may include:

Surgery to remove a tumor or growth that is pressing on the nerve.

Medicines to relieve pain.

Weight loss and change in lifestyle if diabetes or excess weight is contributing to the nerve damage.

In some cases, no treatment is needed and you'll recover on your own. If so, any treatment, such as physical therapy, is aimed at increasing mobility, maintaining muscle strength and independence while you recover. Braces or splints may be prescribed to help in walking.

Outlook (Prognosis)

If the cause of the femoral nerve dysfunction can be identified and successfully treated, it is possible to recover fully. In some cases, there may be partial or complete loss of movement or sensation, resulting in some degree of permanent disability.

Nerve pain may be uncomfortable and can continue for a long time. Injury to the femoral area may also injure the femoral artery or vein, which can cause bleeding and other problems.

Possible Complications

Complications that may result include:

Repeated injury to the leg that goes unnoticed due to loss of sensation

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