The earliest settlements date to around AD 700. Aalborg's position at the narrowest point on the Limfjord made it an important harbour during the Middle Ages, and later a large industrial centre. Architecturally, the city is known for its half-timbered mansions built by its prosperous merchants. Budolfi Church, now a cathedral, dates from the end of the 14th century and Aalborghus Castle, a royal residence, was built in 1550. Today, Aalborg is a city in transition from a working-class industrial area to a knowledge-based community. A major exporter of grain, cement, and spirits, its thriving business interests include Siemens Wind Power, Aalborg Industries, and Aalborg Portland. These companies have become global producers of wind turbine rotors, marine boilers and cement.

The area around the narrowest point on the Limfjord attracted settlements as far back as the Iron Age leading to a thriving Viking community until around the year 1000 in what has now become Aalborg; in the Middle Ages, royal trading privileges, a natural harbour and a thriving herring fishing industry contributed to the town's growth. Despite the difficulties it experienced over the centuries, the city began to prosper once again towards the end of the 19th century when a bridge was built over Limfjord and the railway arrived. Aalborg's initial growth relied on heavy industry but its current development focuses on culture and education.[4]

Aalborg traces its history back over a thousand years, it was originally settled as a trading post because of its position on the Limfjord. The sites of what were two settlements and a burial ground can be seen on Lindholm Høje, a hill overlooking the city, these large settlements, one from the 6th-century Germanic Iron Age, the other from the Viking Age in the 9th to 11th centuries,[5] evolved at the narrowest point on Limfjord as a result of the traffic between Himmerland to the south and Vendsyssel to the north.

The first mention of Aalborg under its original name Alabu or Alabur is found on coins from c. 1040, the period when King Harthacnut (Hardeknud) settled in the area. In c. 1075, Adam of Bremen reported that Alaburg, as he called it in German, was an important harbour for ships sailing to Norway.[6] In Valdemar's Danish Census Book from 1231 it was called Aleburgh, possibly meaning "the fort by the stream" as in Old Norseall meant a stream or current and bur or burgh a fort or a castle.[7] The Church of Our Lady in Aalborg was originally built in the early 12th century but was demolished during the Reformation.[8] Grey Friar Convent, on the east side of Østerå, was probably built around 1240; it was documented in 1268 when it was a Franciscan Convent of the Order of Friars Minor, but like many other Roman Catholic monasteries and convents was shut down in 1530 as a result of the Reformation.[8]

Execution of the rebel Skipper Clement in Viborg, 1536 (engraving by an unknown author, 1574)

Aalborg's earliest trading privileges date from 1342, when King Valdemar IV received the town as part of his huge dowry on marrying Helvig of Schleswig, the privileges were extended by Eric of Pomerania in 1430 and by Christopher of Bavaria in 1441. The town prospered, becoming one of the largest communities in Denmark, its prosperity increased when the merchant- and trade association Guds Legems Laug was established in 1481, facilitating trade with the Hanseatic League,[8] especially from 1516 when Christian II granted it a monopoly in salting Limfjord's herring.[9] The king frequently visited the town, where he held court and stayed in the old Aalborghus, the herring fishery linked Aalborg to the East coast of England, across the North Sea, both in commercial competition and cultural exchange.[5] During the Middle Ages a number of important institutions were established in Aalborg, including Budolfi Cathedral in the late 14th century and the Hospital of the Holy Ghost, a monastery and nunnery founded in 1451 to help those in need,[8] it was converted into a hospital during the Reformation and is still in use today as a nursing home for the elderly.[8]

In 1530 a large part of the town was destroyed by fire, and in December 1534 it was stormed and plundered by the king's troops after a peasants' revolt known as the Count's Feud led by Skipper Clement, it resulted in the death of up to 2,000 people.[8] The Reformation in 1536 brought about the demolition of the town's two monasteries,[5] as a result of the Reformation, Aalborg became a Lutheran bishopric in 1554.[8]

Aalborg in the 1830s: painting of the old watermill by wine merchant Bock showing the mill pond fed from the Østerå

From the 1550s to the 1640s, as a result of increased foreign trade, Aalborg enjoyed great prosperity, second only to that of Copenhagen, the population grew in parallel with the development of many fine buildings in the city as merchants benefitted from their shipping routes from Norway to Portugal.[10] In 1663, the city suffered yet another serious fire, which destroyed the tower of Budolfi Church.[11]

During the second half of the 18th century, Aalborg entered a further period of prosperity; in Erik Pontoppidan's Danske Atlas (Danish Atlas) it was described as "after Copenhagen, the best and most prosperous market town in Denmark".[12] The population grew from 4,160 in 1769 to 5,579 in 1801; in 1767, the second newspaper ever published in Denmark appeared in the city.[4]

After Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden in 1814, Aalborg lost its important role as the country's centre for Norwegian trade, its former prosperity also suffered as a result of difficulties with the herring industry as the fish disappeared after the sea breached the Agger Tange (which had linked Thy with the rest of Jutland at the western end of Limfjord) in the 1825 North Sea storm.[4] The after effects of the state bankruptcy in 1813 also contributed to widespread poverty in the city; in the mid-19th-century, Aalborg was overtaken by Aarhus as the largest city in Jutland. Towards the end of the 19th century there was however an upturn; in 1865, the pontoon bridge over Limfjord was completed, and in 1869, the railway reached the city with a railway bridge over the sound to Vendsyssel three years later.[5] The harbour facilities were also improved, making Aalborg Denmark's second port.[13] Aalborg became the country's main producer of tobacco products and spirits, followed in the 1890s by fertilisers and cement.[14] By 1901, the population had increased to almost 31,500.[4]

Around the beginning of the 20th century, as a result of decisions taken by the municipality, many of the city's half-timbered houses were torn down, they were replaced by hundreds of modern buildings, completely changing the look of the city. Factories with smoking chimneys became ever more prevalent in the outskirts, among the most important were De Danske Spritfabrikker (spirits and liquors), De forenede Textilfabrikker (textiles), the East Asiatic Company (trading), Dansk Eternit (building materials) and C.W. Obel's tobacco factory (established in 1787). Aalborg Portland run by F.L. Smidth was one of several cement factories operating in 1913, together employing some 800 workers.[13] By the 1930s, Aalborg was being promoted as "Denmark's new centre for industry and workers".[14] Replanning continued with additional thoroughfares cutting through the city, the port facilities were also improved with the help of a dredger and the opening of new docks. In 1933, Christian X inaugurated a new bridge over Limfjord to replace the fragile pontoon crossing.[5]

German soldiers in conflict with Aalborg citizens (August 1943)

Aalborg Airport, officially opened in 1938 because of the success of the cement industry, had in fact operated flights to Copenhagen since 1936,[15] during the German invasion of Denmark in 1940, the airport was captured by German paratroopers on the night of the 21 April as a base for German aircraft flying to Norway.[16] On 13 August 1940, a dozen Bristol Blenheim bombers of No. 82 Squadron RAF were launched against the Luftwaffe airfield during one of the most disastrous Royal Air Force raids of the war. One turned back because of fuel problems, but all of the remaining 11 were shot down by enemy fighters and/or flak batteries within 20 minutes,[17][18] after the war, the Royal Air Force destroyed all the German facilities including planes, hangars and equipment but left the passenger facilities intact.[15]

By 1960, Aalborg had become known as the "city of smoking chimneys" with half of the inhabitants working in industry or manufacturing.[13] Ten years later, Aalborg's population had grown to around 97,000 inhabitants.[4]

The significance of Aalborg's industry began to decline in the 1970s, precipitating a fall in the city's population until about 1990 when it again began to increase. By the year 2000, the service and education sectors accounted for about 60 percent of the workforce, partly as a result of the founding of Aalborg University in 1974, since 1970, Aalborg and the northern suburb of Nørresundby have become a major administrative centre, thanks in part to the offices of the Region Nordjylland established in the east of the city.[13] In addition to large industrial companies including Aalborg Portland, the only cement-producing company in the country,[19] and the building products company Eternit, many small and medium-sized enterprises have been established, the telecommunications and information technology sector has developed with the support of Aalborg University and the North Jutland knowledge park NOVI.[20]

The First European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns took place in Aalborg in 1994, it adopted the Aalborg Charter, which provides a framework for the delivery of local sustainable development and calls on local authorities to engage in Local Agenda 21 processes.[21] The Fourth European Sustainable Cities and Towns Conference, held in Aalborg in 2004, adopted the more binding Aalborg Commitments on local sustainable development, the commitments have now been signed by 650 local authorities while over 2,500 have signed the earlier Aalborg Charter.[22]

The area close to the waterfront is low-lying, with an elevation averaging about 5 metres (16 ft),[24] but there are many hills in and around city, some reaching over 60 m (200 ft).[25] Nørresundby, on the northern side of the sound, is also a hilly area.[25] Villages to the south of Aalborg from west to east include Frejlev, Svenstrup, and Gistrup (which contains extensive woodland to the south as well as a golf club). Klarup and Storvorde lie to the southeast along the 595 road,[24] which, flanking a stretch of the Limfjord known as Langerak, leads to the town of Hals.[24]Nibe, with a harbour on the Limfjord, is 21 kilometres (13 mi) to the southwest, past the village of Frejlev. The Nibe Broads (Nibe Bredning) in the Limfjord not only has the largest eelgrass belts in Danish waters but is an important sanctuary for thousands of migratory birds.[26] To the north of the city, villages include Vadum, Aabybro, Vestbjerg, Sulsted, Tylstrup, Vodskov, and Hjallerup.[24] There is an extensive plantation, Branths Plantage - Møgelbjerg, immediately north of Vodskov.

The Himmerland region to the south still has a number of moors which once formed a vast area of heathland extending 35 km (22 mi) to the Rold Forest near Arden. Rebild Hills in the Rold Forest stretch over 425 acres (172 ha) of rolling heath country about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Aalborg.[27]Lille Vildmose, to the southeast, is reported to be the largest raised bog in north-western Europe.[28]

The city centre, dating from the Middle Ages, lies on a series of clay banks between the former streams of Vesterå and Lilleå, which used to run into the sound, despite effective drainage, the main streets, including Algade, still run east to west while the side streets run north to south. The Budolfi Church and the old town hall line Gammeltorv, the old market square, the main shopping streets are Algade and Bispengade, the latter lying inbetween the modern Vesterbro thoroughfare and Nytorv square. Østerågade, once the old harbor, is noted for its merchants' mansions.[20]

The city cemetery, the Kilden park and the modern art museum, Kunsten, are in the modern commercial and administrative area around the railway station to the west. Beyond this, Hasseris has become a residential district with a number of large villas and detached houses, the city's main development area is now to the east of the centre although in addition to the university and new areas of housing, it still contains the shipping harbor, Østhavnen, and the cement factory. The waterfront to the northeast of the centre is being transformed from a harbour into a recreational area with the Utzon Center and Musikkens Hus.[20]

Off the northwestern side of the city in the sound is the island of Egholm, reached via ferry, the island, with a population of 55 as of 2013[update], covers an area of 6.05 square kilometres (2.34 sq mi) and consists mainly of farmland although there are still a few untilled areas of salt marshes and woodland. Dikes have been built along the coastline to protect the island from flooding,[29] the Kronborg Forest on the island, covering an area of 17 hectares (42 acres), was acquired by the municipal government in 1945.[29] A restaurant in the vicinity was established in 1918 but rebuilt in 1946 following a fire.[29] To the west of Egholm is the smaller uninhabited Fruensholm,[30] and there are also three small islands to the north.[24]

There are several man-made lakes nearby: Lindholm Kridtgrav lies to the northwest of Skanse Park on the northern side of Limfjord, while Nordens Kridtgrav to the northwest of Mølleparken is on the southern side.[24] The Aalborg area is one of three in Denmark where chalk deposits are found (the others being Møns Klint and Stevns).[31] The largest quarry is at Rørdal in Øster Sundby (6 km (4 mi) to the east of the city centre), while Vokslev (20 km (12 mi) to the west) has also provided chalk. Clay is also quarried in Østerådalen in the southern outskirts, making the area ideal for cement production.[32]

The 6.5 hectares (16 acres) Østre Anlæg park is one of the oldest in Aalborg, visited by up to 175,000 people a year.[33] It was used as a dumping ground in the 1920s before being cleaned up and made into a recreational area in the 1930s and 1940s,[33] it contains lawns, flowers, tall trees, bushes, and a lake, overlooked by St. Mark's Church on the eastern side. Fifty-one species of bird have been recorded in the park.[33]

Lindholm Fjordpark, to the south of the Lindholm's industrial park, forms part of the green sector of the city known as 'Ryåkilen' along the coast of the sound, covering roughly 50 hectares (120 acres).[34] Like Østre Anlæg, it once served as a waste site with landfill, and a housing estate was built on its northeastern side,[34] its use as a landfill site was gradually discontinued in the 1990s, and in 1996, extensive restoration work began.[34] Today it has woodlands and open areas with grass and herbaceous vegetation, notably buckthorn,[34] it is also a habitat for many species of migratory birds such as light-bellied brent geese, curlews, and songbirds. The park is also used by the Nordjysk Windsurfing Club and has a six-hole golf course.[34]

Aalborg has a number of additional civic parks and recreational facilities, among them are Kildeparken, which hosts the annual Aalborg Carnival, Mølleparken, which contains a pond, statues, an outdoor exercise facility, and a 2.5 kilometre (1.6 mi) jogging trail (within the trail lies the Lysløjpen, a 45 metre [148 ft] gradient), Sohngårdsholmpark, a wooded area containing trails for both walking/jogging and biking and a six-hole golf course (free to the public), the Aalborg Open Air Swimming Pool, also free to the public, Bundgårdsparken, and Lindholm Strandpark.[35]

Aalborg was home to an amusement park, Karolinelund, founded in 1946; in 2005, still owned by the founding family, it was sold to an entrepreneur who resold it to the city the following year. When the park closed in 2010, it was home to 17 attractions. Recently, the city has reopened the park to volunteers who wish to return it to operating status, the park is once again open to the public as a leisure facility but without rides and attractions.[38] The association, Platform4, a non-profit user-driven project-oriented venue that experiments with technology (electronics) in combination with artistic genres is now located in the park. Volunteers frequently arrange seminars, exhibitions, films, music concerts, and more which are open to the public.

Aalborg is cool most of the year, with average high temperatures of around 20 °C (68 °F) and lows of 11 °C (52 °F) during the summer,[41] and average temperatures of −3 to 2 °C (27 to 36 °F) during the coldest months of January and February, rarely dropping below −10 °C (14 °F). The warmest months are typically July and August, with an average temperature of 16 °C (61 °F), but by October the temperature averages 9 °C (48 °F).[42] June has the highest number of hours of sunshine on average at 218, closely followed by May and July.[42] Precipitation is rather evenly distributed all year around, with an average of 76 mm (3 in) during October, normally the wettest month with an average 14 days with rainfall, and an average of 35 mm (1 in) during February, normally the driest month with an average of eight days of precipitation, closely followed by April.[42]

The civic government in Aalborg consists of seven departments:[46] the Mayor's Department (responsible for the titular position, the four Citizen Service Centres in Aalborg, the Financial Services division, the Commercial Services division, the General Services division, and the Fire and Rescue Centre);[47] the Technical and Environmental Department (responsible for urban planning, transportation oversight, the Parks and Nature division, and the Environmental Division);[48] the Department of Family and Employment (responsible for Children and Family services, social services, and the city's "Job Centre");[49] the Department of Care of the Elderly and Disabled (responsible for social benefits, senior citizen care, and disabled citizen care);[50] the Department of Education and Cultural Affairs (responsible for the municipal schools, the public libraries, the Cultural Affairs division, and the city archives);[51] the Health and Sustainable Development Department (responsible for public health, the Occupational Health and Safety Division, the Public Transportation division, and the Sustainable Development division);[52] and the Utilities Department (responsible for gas, heating, water, sewage, and refuse collection).[53]

Aalborg was the largest city in Jutland until it was surpassed by Aarhus in the mid-19th century;[8] in 1672, it had 4,181 inhabitants, growing slowly during the 18th century, with 4,425 in 1769, 4,866 in 1787 and 5,579 by 1801.[56] By 1845, there were 7,477 inhabitants, increasing to 10,069 by 1860. Dramatic growth began in the late 19th century, with an increase from 14,152 in 1880 to 31,457 in 1901.[56] By 1930, the population had grown to 59,091, although the figure was boosted by the merging of Nørre Tranders, Rørdal Fabriksby, Øster Sundby and Øster Uttrup into Aalborg; in 1950, it reached 87,883, which grew to 100,587 by 1970.[56] There was a temporary decline in population to 94,994 in 1976 but in 1981, following the incorporation of Nørresundby, it grew to 114,302,[56] the population has increased steadily since then; according to the census of 1 January 2009, Aalborg had a total of 122,461 inhabitants,[57] 101,497 of them living in the city and 20,964 in the independent suburb of Nørresundby. As of 2015[update], the city has a total of 132,578 inhabitants (110,495 in the city proper and 22,083 in Nørresundby) [58] making it the fourth most populous in Denmark after Copenhagen, Aarhus and Odense.[59][57] Statistics for 2016 showed there were 210,316 people living in the Municipality of Aalborg.[2]

Aalborg is North Jutland's major industrial and commercial centre, exporting grain, cement, and spirits.[60] Heavy industry was behind the city's prosperity until fairly recently. Many of the factories have now closed, to be replaced by developments in the knowledge-based and green-energy sectors.[23] Mobile and wireless communications industries have grown substantially since the 1990s, as has rotor production for wind turbines.

In January 2011, there were some 9,200 enterprises in Aalborg, employing around 109,000 people or approximately 35% of the workforce of the Northern Region; in the 2010s, the city is set on increasing its participation in the global economy through both existing companies and new entrants. Its efforts are focused on four areas: energy and environment, information technology, health support systems and "Arctic business", the latter covers trade with Greenland as Aalborg handles over 60% of all goods shipped to Greenland. Four harbours dot the waterfront, Marina Fjordparken, Skudehavnen, Vestre Badehavn, and Østre Havn. Tourism is also growing, with a considerable rise in the number of passengers at Aalborg Airport. Aalborg Municipality has Denmark's second highest revenue from tourism and is the only municipality in the north of Denmark where overnight stays are increasing.[61][62]

Telenor Denmark, part of the Norwegian Telenor telecommunications and mobile phone company, has a workforce of about 1,100 in Aalborg, making it one of the city's largest new employers.[63]Siemens Wind Power has rotor-blade production and testing facilities in Aaborg. In 2012 and 2013, there were additions in both areas, the new testing plant is the world's largest research test centre for wind turbine technology.[64][65] In 2012, the company shipped a record 570 wind turbine blades from the Port of Aalborg, mainly to England and Ireland, up 45% on the previous year.[66]

Aalborg was home to De Danske Spritfabrikker or Danish Distillers (now owned by the Norwegian company Arcus), which produces numerous brands of akvavit, until 2014.[67] The company is the world's largest akvavit producer and exporter.[68]Aalborg Industries, the world's largest manufacturer of marine boilers, has been established in Aalborg since the 1920s.[69] It has recently expanded into floating production systems for the offshore market. Employing 2,600 people, in December 2010 it was acquired by the Swedish Alfa Laval, also a specialist in the area.[70]Aalborg Portland, a subsidiary of the Italian Cementir since 2004,[71] was founded in 1889 with the support of FLSmidth. Able to draw on the chalk deposits from Rørdal to the east of the city, it rapidly became a major cement producer. Today it is the world's largest supplier of white cement, which it exports around the globe.[72]

Aalborg has a wide selection of shops and restaurants; in the city centre, there are both large department stores and smaller speciality shops. One of the largest shopping malls in Denmark, the Aalborg Storcenter, is to the south of the city in Skalborg, it has about 75 stores, including a large Bilka supermarket.[73] The city has over 300 restaurants,[74] catering in Danish, European and Asian dishes. Notable establishments include Fusion on the waterfront,[75]Mortens Kro, run by celebrity chef Morten Nielsen, and Irish House, a pub in the 17th-century Jens Olufsen's House.[76] While Aalborg is renowned for its alcohol and nightlife,[74] there are also a number of coffee shops.[77]

Aalborg has 12 large hotels, most within walking distance of the city centre,[78] the Helnan Phønix Hotel is the largest, occupying what was originally built as a lavish private residence in 1783 for a Danish brigadier.[79] It was converted into a hotel in 1853, and in 2011 had 210 rooms, furnished with dark oak,[79] the Chagall was established in the 1950s and has reproductions of Marc Chagall paintings in the rooms.[79] Radisson Blu Limfjord Hotel, operated by the Radisson Hotels chain, contains 188 rooms and has the Italian restaurant Vero Gusto,[80] the Park Hotel, opposite the railway station, was established in 1917.[79] Other hotels include Cabinn Aalborg, Hotel Hvide Hus, Hotel Krogen and Prinsen Hotel. Several banks including Danske Bank, Forex, Jyske Bank, Spar Nord and Nordea have branches in Aalborg.[81]

Despite its industrial background and the factories along its waterfront, the city has gained popularity for tourism in recent years, offering a wide variety of attractions and historic buildings in addition to its museums, churches and parks.[82] See the religion section for details on churches.

Jens Bang's House (Danish: Jens Bangs Stenhus), on Østerågade near the old town hall, is one of Denmark's best examples of 17th-century domestic architecture. Built in 1624 by the Aalborg merchant Jens Bang in the Dutch Renaissance style, the four-story sandstone building is noted for its rising gables and sculpted auricular window decorations. For over 300 years, it has housed the city's oldest pharmacy.[83]

Jørgen Olufsen's House (Jørgen Olufsens Gård) on Østerågade is Denmark's best preserved merchant's mansion in the Renaissance style. Built mainly of sandstone in 1616, it also has a half-timbered section, the style is reminiscent of similar buildings in the north of Germany and in the Netherlands. Olufsen, Jens Bang's half brother, was not only a successful merchant but also mayor of Aalborg. When it was built, the residence with its integrated warehouse was on the Østerå, an inlet from the sound with access for barges, the old iron bar with a hook for scales can be seen in the portico.[84][85]

Aalborghus Castle (Aalborghus Slot) is a half-timbered building with red-painted woodwork and whitewashed wall panels. It was built in the mid-16th century by King Christian III for his vassals who collected taxes and is the only remaining example of its kind in the country,[6] the park, dungeon and casemates, but not the castle itself, are open to the public in the summer months.[86] In the 1950s, the castle was converted into administrative offices.[4]

Aalborg's old city hall in Gammeltorv, in service until 1912, was built in 1762. It is now only used for ceremonial and representative purposes. Designed in the Late Baroque style, the building with its black-glazed tile roof consists of two storeys and a cellar, the yellow-washed façade is decorated with white pilasters and a frontispiece featuring the Danish coat of arms and a bust of King Frederick V. His motto, Prudentia et Constantia, is also seen above the main entrance,[87] the well-preserved door is an example of the Rococo style. The building was listed by the Danish Heritage Agency in 1918.[88]

Another old building of note is the half-timbered Håndværkerhuset (at Kattesunded 20) from c. 1625, which originally housed a number of warehouses. It is now used as a centre for arts and crafts.[89] Finally, the headquarters of Danish Distillers (De Danske Spritfabrikker), to the west of the Limfjord Bridge, is noted for its Neoclassical appearance. Completed in 1931 by the architect Alf Cock-Clausen, it combines functionality with decorative classical symbolism. Considered a masterpiece of Danish factory design, it is now a Danish National Heritage site.[5][90] When the factory closed in 2014, was the area bought by an investor, who will use the buildings to create an international culture city with museums, theatres, apartments etc.

Jomfru Ane Gade (literally Virgin Anne's Street) is one of the most famous streets in Aalborg if not in Denmark. Popular for its cafés and restaurants during the day, it is even busier at night with its clubs, discos and bars, during the 1990s, the street was infamously a 'hang out' of two biker gangs who were at war for some years all over Scandinavia. As the bikers disappeared it became increasingly popular for people of all ages,[91][91] the pedestrian hubs of Nytorv Square and John F. Kennedy Square in the central city area are also part of the cityscape.

Aalborgtårnet is a tripod tower erected in 1933 with a restaurant on the top. The tower itself is 55 m (180 ft) high; but as it stands on the top of the Skovbakken hill, it reaches a total height of 105 m (344.49 ft) above sea level, providing a view over the sound and the city. Designed by Carlo Odgård, it was erected in 1933 in connection with the North Jutland Fair.[92]

In 2008, the Utzon Center, its art, architecture and design credited to the noted architect Jørn Utzon, is also dedicated to him,[28] it was built next to the Limfjord at the central harbour front in Aalborg. Born in Copenhagen, Utzon grew up in Aalborg, the centre contains an exhibition on Utzon's work, which includes the Sydney Opera House, as well as educational displays on architecture and design.[93] The centre consists of several individual buildings creating a special place around a courtyard on a platform, the tall sculptural roofs of the auditorium and the boat-hall, both on the harbour front, and the library facing the park area and the city are set off by the lower roofs of the exhibition and workshop areas inside the complex.[94]

The annual Aalborg Carnival usually takes place in the last weekend of May,[95] it consists of three events: the children's carnival (Børnekarneval),[96] the battle of carnival bands,[97] and the carnival proper. Attracting about 100,000 visitors, it is the biggest carnival in Scandinavia and one of the largest in northern Europe.[36]Hjallerup Market in Hjallerup, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Aalborg is one of the oldest and largest markets in Denmark and is the largest horse market in Europe.[74] Held for three days in the beginning of June, it annually attracts more than 200,000 people and 1200 horses.[74]

In 1999 Aalborg was for the first time one of the four host ports in The Tall Ships Race (then Cutty Sark Tall Ships Race) of that year, the city hosted the world's largest event for sailing vessels again in 2004 and 2010, and will do so for the fourth time in less than two decades when The Tall Ships Races visits Aalborg in early August 2015.

Aalborgs Kongres & Kultur Center, designed in a functional style by Otto Frankild, was completed in 1952. The centre's main component, the Aalborg Hall, can be divided into sections, the complex also contains a hotel, restaurant, bowling alley, and a number of meeting rooms. The smaller Europahallen was added in 1991, making the centre the largest in Scandinavia,[98] with over 100 theatrical and musical presentations per year, it offers international stars, opera, ballet, musicals, classical concerts, productions for children as well as pop and rock concerts. It can accommodate audiences of up to 2,500.[99]Aalborg Teater, built in 1878 and subsequently modified by Julius Petersen, seats 870 in the main auditorium. First privately owned, the theatre is now controlled and owned by the Danish Ministry of Culture. While most productions are housed in the main hall, the building can accommodate up to four shows at once in halls of varying sizes,[100] over the years, the theatre has produced a wide selection of drama and musicals.[101]

Nordkraft is a cultural centre in a former power plant near the harbour. It has theatres, a cinema, and concert facilities. Kunsthal Nord, established in the centre in 2009, arranges up to five exhibitions a year of all forms of contemporary art, especially of local origin but also from other parts of Denmark and beyond, it serves as the exhibition centre for KunstVærket, the North Jutland centre for the arts, and also works in collaboration with the modern art museum Kunsten designed by the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto.[102][103]

In the same neighbourhood, a huge concert hall, Musikkens Hus, designed by Coop Himmelb(l)au, opened in 2014, it is Aalborg's most ambitious construction project in recent years.[104]

The city also has a wide selection of galleries and arts and crafts outlets operated by local artists, the Academy of Music also has a presence in Aarhus.[28] There are several glass workshops; others produce jewelry, sculptures or exhibit paintings.[105]

The Aalborg Symphony Orchestra (Aalborg Symfoniorkester) founded in 1943 presents about 150 concerts a year, frequently playing in the Musikkens Hus, it also plays for the Jutland opera company (Den Jyske Opera, also based in Aalborg), and at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen. It is one of the main organisers of the 10-day Aalborg Opera Festival held every March.[116][117] Aalborg has the jazz club Jazzclub Satchmo and an annual jazz and blues festival (Den Blå Festival), also known as the Mini New Orleans Festival, over four days in mid-August, concerts are performed on squares, in the streets, and in cafés and restaurants.[118] Since 2012, the Egholm Festival, a small music festival on the island of Egholm near Aalborg has been organized in the first weekend of August,[119] it features relatively unknown upcoming pop, rock and hip-hop artists. The festival has two stage areas and was organized by the Musical Association Aalborg (MUSAM) and Aalborg Events.

The principal religion in Aalborg as in the rest of Denmark is Christianity. Aalborg is the seat of a bishop within the Lutheran State Church of Denmark. The cathedral of this bishopric is the Budolfi Church, originally built no later than 1132 by Viborg's Bishop Eskil, this church was considerably smaller than the current one, as it was merely a parish church. The existing structure was completed in the late 14th century, on the grounds of the former church, and was listed for the first time in the Atlas of Denmark in 1399, the church was named after St Botolph, an English abbot and saint.[120] The church is constructed in the Gothic style;[120] in 1554 Aalborg was made a diocese and, after consideration, St Budolfi Church was made the seat of the Bishop of Aalborg. Aalborg is also home to the former Catholic church, the Abbey of Our Lady, converted from a Benedictine nunnery.[121]

The present Budolfi Church, which has the status of a cathedral, dates from the end of the 14th century, although at least two earlier churches stood on the same spot. Built in the Gothic style, it consists of a nave flanked by two aisles, a tower, and a porch, after the original tower was destroyed by fire in 1663, the striking new Baroque tower, based on that of an earlier Copenhagen city hall, was completed in 1779. The church has 16th-century frescoes and an intricately carved early Baroque altarpiece from 1689 created by Lauridtz Jensen.[122]

Abbey of Our Lady (Vor Frue Kirke) was designed in 1878 by J.E. Gnudtzmann in the Neo-Romanesque style. The original Church of Our Lady from the early 12th century was pulled down after the Reformation because it was old and unstable, but the 12th-century tower and the original portal with sculpted decorations can still be seen, the carved pulpit dates to around 1581.[5][123]

As a result of the considerable population increase from the end of the 19th century, a number of new churches were built in various styles. Next to Aalborg Hall, Ansgar's Church with its tall tower was built in 1929 to a design by Hother August Paludan in a modern Baroque style.[124] St Mark's Church (Sankt Markus Kirke), completed in 1933, was designed by Einar Packness, its tower is crowned by an imposing spire. The Biblical figures known as the Johannes Group (based on Christ's meeting with John the Baptist in Matthew, Chapter 3) sculpted by Bertel Thorvaldsen are displayed around the interior.[5][125] The Margrethe Church with its steeply sloping roof reaching 22 m (72 ft) is the work of Carlo Odgaard and Aaby Sørensen. Bent Exner designed some of the artefacts in the church including the crucifix over the altar.[126]

Aalborg's cemeteries have a history dating to the end of the Middle Ages. Sankt Jørgens Kirkegård (St George's Cemetery) was on the corner of Hasserisgade and Kirkegårdsgade, the site was chosen in a district outside the city as it provided isolation for those affected by the plague, many of whom died in the neighbouring hospice, Sankt Jørgens Gårde. In 1794, a new cemetery was opened in Klostermarken, immediately to the south of Sankt Jørgens Kirkegård, it was further extended in 1804, 1820 and 1870. It is now known as Aalborgs Almen Kirkegård (meaning "common cemetery") and contains the graves of many of the city's most notable citizens.[127]

Aalborg had a synagogue, built in 1854; and the Jewish rabbi Salomon Mielziner served it for 35 years.[128] Services were no longer offered after Mielziner died, and in 1924 the synagogue was donated to the city government, which began using it to store the city archives (Stadsarkivet),[128] it was burned down by the Schalburg Corps in April 1945 towards the end of World War II, destroying its centuries-old Torahs.[128][129]Anti-semitism continues to exist in Denmark, and in 1999, an unlicensed Nazi radio station began operating from a neo-Nazi stronghold in Fynen, Nørresundby, within Aalborg municipality.[130] The activity has been widely denounced with organized opposition in Aalborg and the rest of Denmark, and in February 1999, 12 anti-fascists were arrested for possession of explosives at their base in Fynen.[130]

The major university in Aalborg is the University of Aalborg, founded in 1974,[131] it has more than 17,000 students and more than 3,000 employees.[132] In 2012, 3,000 new students started at the university; in 1995 it merged with Esbjerg Engineering College.[131] The university has attempted from the outset to "develop a more “relevant” form of education than was then being offered by the established universities",[133] it has sought to develop what is known as "contextual knowledge", a form of problem-based learning based around the project work conducted by students, rather than the curriculum focusing on traditional academic disciplines.[133]

The University College of Northern Denmark is one of seven new regional organisations (professionshøjskoler) of different study sites in Denmark offering courses normally at the bachelor level. The Royal School of Library and Information Science (RSLIS) provides higher education in library and information science; one of its two departments is in Aalborg. With about 4,500 students a year and 700 employees, Tech College Aalborg offers a wide spectrum of vocational training and runs Aalborg Tekniske Gymnasium. Aalborg Business College provides basic training in retail and trading for private enterprises and the public sector, with courses which cover information technology, economics, sales and communication, and languages.[134]

The island of Egholm contains the former Egholm Skole, which was closed in 1972 when a ferry service to Aalborg was established and children on the island began attending the Vesterkæret Skole in Aalborg. Today the old school on Egholm is run as a school camp by the City of Aalborg, with 18 beds and facilities for 60 people.[29] Skipper Clement International School is a private school for children between 6 and 16, the international department conducts its classes in English, the first to be established in the Jutland peninsula,[135] but it does have department which educates in Danish, like the public schools in Denmark.

The city is home to Aalborg BK, established in 1885 and known as "AaB" for short, the club has won the Danish championship (Superliga) four times in recent years (1995, 1999, 2008, 2014). The team qualified for the group stages of the 1995–96 and 2008–09UEFA Champions League seasons. Aalborg Chang is a Danish amateur association football club, previously known as FC Nordjylland.

Aalborg is also known for the women's handball club Aalborg DH, and the men's handball club Aalborg Håndbold. Established in 2001 and 2011, respectively, they both play their games in the Gigantium.[136] Rugby in Aalborg is represented by Aalborg RKLynet (Lightning), established in 1964, the city also has the Aalborg Cricket Club, which is part of the Danish Cricket League.[137] They were established in 2000 and have players from various nations.[138][139]

Aalborg Tennisklub is located along the Kastetvej road in the centre of Aalborg. About 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the southwest of the city, near the hamlet of Restrup Enge, is Aalborg Golf Klub.[140]Aalborg Golf Klub is the second oldest golf club in Denmark, and was originally established in 1908 in the eastern part of Aalborg.[141] In 1929 it moved to Sohngaardsholm, but 30 years later the course had to again move because of developments with the university,[141] the present course to the southwest of Aalborg was designed in 1968 by Graham Lockey and Commander John Harris as a 9-hole course, later expanded to 18 holes in 1976 and 27 in 2006.[141] In 2010 the club hosted the European Girls Team Golf Championships.[141] Another course, Ørnehoj Golfklub, is at the southeastern limits of the city, in the village of Gistrup.[142]

On the north side of the Limfjord is Nørresundby, connected to Aalborg by the Limfjordsbroen road bridge, which was inaugurated in 1933, replacing a pontoon bridge which dated to 1865, the iron Limfjord Railway Bridge, inaugurated in 1938, is a nine-span bascule bridge. It opens 4,000 times a year, allowing around 10,000 vessels to sail under it.[143] Opening in 1969 as the first motorway tunnel to be built in Denmark,[144] the Limfjord Tunnel[145] is 582 m (1,909 ft) long and has three lanes in each direction. It forms part of the E45, stretching from Karesuando, Sweden, to Gela, Italy.[146]

Aalborg Airport is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) northwest of the city centre. With its two runways, it has 20 direct routes to destinations in Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, the UK, Spain, and Turkey, along with seasonal flights to additional Spanish destinations and the Faroe Islands. Processing 1.4 million passengers a year, the airport is the third largest in Denmark.[147] The Aalborg Air Base, an important Danish Air Force facility, occupies part of the extensive airport area,[148] the Port of Aalborg is northern Denmark’s main import/export hub,[149] operated by Aalborg Havn A/S on the Limfjord. Two additional private harbours serve the cement factory, Aalborg Portland A/S, and the power station, Vattenfall A/S.[150]

Cycling is also relatively popular in Aalborg. Statistics for 2012 indicate 44% of the population use their bicycles several times a week while 27% of the workforce cycle to work, the municipal authorities hope to increase the use of bicycles by providing better cycle tracks and parking facilities, as well as improved support services.[153] City bikes are provided free of charge in Aalborg and Nørresundby from April to November with numerous stands throughout the area.[154]

Aalborg University Hospital, the largest in the north of Jutland, was founded in 1881. As of 2013[update], it consists of two large buildings in Aalborg, the hospital in Dronninglund and smaller departments in Hobro and Hjørring. It is the largest employer in the area with around 6,500 on the payroll,[155] the hospital has traditionally undertaken research but from the beginning of 2013 it has had a formal collaboration with Aalborg University.[156] A new building, designed by schmidt hammer lassen architects and to be completed by 2020, will provide 134,000 m2 (1,440,000 sq ft) for hospital buildings and 17,000 m2 (180,000 sq ft) for the university's Faculty of Health.[157] The Aalborg University Hospital, section south, is on Hobrovej and has a 24-hour emergency ward,[23] the northern section is in Reberbanegade, which is in the western part of the city centre. Trænregimentet, the Danish regiment for army supply and emergency medical personnel, is also in Aalborg.[158]

Nordjyske Stiftstidende, published in Aalborg, is Denmark's second oldest newspaper founded in 1767 as Nyttige og fornøyelige Jydske Efterretninger. It was later known as Aalborg Stiftstidende (until 1999); in 1827, it merged with Aalborg's second newspaper Aalborgs Stifts Adresse-Avis. The paper now serves the whole of Vendsyssel and most of Himmerland and has local editions in Aalborg, Hjørring, Hobro, Frederikshavn, Fjerritslev, and Skagen and Brønderslev.[159]

ANR (also Aalborg Nærradio and Alle Nordjyders Radio) is a local radio station operated by Nordjyske Medier, owner of Nordjyske Stiftstidende, the TV news channel, 24Nordjyske, is operated by the same firm.[160]

Aalborg maintains cultural, economic and educational ties with 33 cities around the globe,[161][162] more than any other city in Denmark,[163] every four years Aalborg gathers young people from most of its twin cities for a week of sports, known as Ungdomslegene (Youth Games).[163]

Among those who contributed to Aalborg's prosperity in the 19th century were Poul Pagh who significantly developed trade and shipping, and Christen Winther Obel who increased production at the C.W. Obel tobacco factory until it became the city's main employer. Another important figure of the times was Marie Rée who ran the local newspaper Aalborg Stiftstidende until 1900, often promoting women's rights.[165]

More recently, the actor and script-writer Preben Kaas (1930–1981), who was born in Aalborg, starred in over 50 Danish films,[166] among the city's many sporting figures, Peter Gade (born 1976) stands out as one of the world's most successful badminton players.[167] On the cultural side, Jørn Utzon (1918–2008), designer of the Sydney Opera House, grew up in Aalborg; the iconic Utzon Center which he inspired now serves as a museum for his architectural designs and offers courses of study based on his approach.[168]

1.
Regions of Denmark
–
The Regions of Denmark were created as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform. The five regions replaced the former counties, at the same time, the number of municipalities was cut from 270 to 98. The reform was effective on 1 January 2007. Each regional council has 41 members, among whom the chairman is chosen. Unlike the counties, which they replaced to an extent, the regions are not municipalities and therefore do not have the right to display coat of arms. The taxes of the municipalities was increased by 3 percentage points from 1 January 2007 and these 3 percent are for patient care, which was previously a part of the county tax. The counties were financed both through their own county tax and in addition through block grants from central government, the archipelago of Ertholmene slightly to the northeast of Bornholm is not part of any region or municipality. Therefore, they do not pay the health care tax levied by the government from 1 January 2007. Their representative organisation Danske Regioner was set up 23 March 2006 and it is an advocacy and lobbying organisation speaking on behalf of all of the regions, including negotiating i. e. labor contracts, etc. They also maintain an office in Brussels, the regions have the same layout as the five State Administrations. The naming of the regions in English are not uniform, the government often uses the Danish names or directly translated English names. The regions themselves partially use other names in English, substituting Jutland for Denmark, note, Area and population numbers do not add up. Area of water in Denmark,500 to 700 square kilometers, the most important area of responsibility for the new regions is the public health service. They are also responsible for employment policies and public mass transit, however, in eastern Denmark the regions and 45 out of 46 municipalities share one employment region and transit is handled by a single transport agency, Movia. Bornholm also solves other tasks that are carried out by the regions in the rest of Denmark - thus the name Bornholm Regional Municipality. Regions are led by elected councils, they consist of 41 members each. The head of the council is the council chairman, who is elected by the council. Elections are held simultaneously with elections every four years

Regions of Denmark
–
Henrik Frederik von Söhlenthal, a Danish county prefect in the 18th century
Regions of Denmark
–
Midtjylland

2.
Municipalities of Denmark
–
Denmark is divided into five regions, which contain 98 municipalities. This structure was established per an administrative reform, effective Monday 1 January 2007 which replaced the counties with five regions, the 270 municipalities were consolidated into 98 larger units, most of which have at least 20,000 inhabitants. The reason was to give the new municipalities greater financial and professional sustainability, many of the responsibilities of the former counties were taken over by the enlarged municipalities. Presented in a report put forward as a proposal by the government in April 2004, the report on the structural reform of the public sector was first presented 9 January 2004 by the commission which was set up by the government 1 October 2002. The archipelago of Ertholmene is not part of any municipality, but is administered by the Ministry of Defence, the existing coat of arms of the municipalities. The average land area of a Danish municipality is 432.59 km2,167.08 square miles, the Constitution of Denmark states, Article 82. The right of municipalities to manage their own affairs independently, under State supervision,2,522 municipal councillors were elected on Tuesday 15 November 2005 being the first councils elected since the new reform. The number of councillors was reduced to 2,468 in the 2009 elections, in 1997 there were 4,685 municipal and 374 county councillors in the then 275 municipalities and 14 counties. As an example of the reduction in the number of councillors, Bornholm then had a total of 122 councillors in five municipalities, after the merger on 1 January 2003, of the five municipalities and the county, there was one single municipal council with 27 municipal councillors. These guidelines replaced the old guidelines with the elections in 2005 after the laws initiating the structural reform were passed in parliament. Council elections are held on the third Tuesday of November every four years, the previous were held on 19 November 2013 and the next are due to be held on 21 November 2017. 32 municipalities including those of the recently formed Ærø Municipality and Bornholm Regional Municipality remained unchanged and were not merged with other municipalities, copenhagen County was not included in the municipal reform of 1 April 1970. This is probably because the municipality was extremely populous. Thus the number of municipalities was 277 from 1 April 1970 to 1 April 1974, still, the reform is called The municipal reform of 1970, because the decisive changes happened 1 April 1970, when 1098 municipalities were reduced to 277. Also on 1 April 1974, Avedøre, which was part of Glostrup Municipality, was conjoined with Hvidovre Municipality and this combination was logical, as Avedøre bordered Hvidovre, but was separated from Glostrup. This brought the number of municipalities down to 271 from 1 January 2003, the final agreement from 2005 included more parties. Until 1978 the fiscal year from 1 April to 31 March was in use in the sector since a law was passed in 1849. As a consequence of a law passed by the Folketing in 1976, many reforms and laws passed prior to 1979 therefore have effect from 1 April

3.
Aalborg Municipality
–
Aalborg Municipality is a municipality in Region Nordjylland on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. It has an area of 1,143.99 km², population 197,426. It is also the name of the main city Aalborg. As of 1 January 2007 Aalborg municipality joined with the municipalities of Hals, Nibe, the former Aalborg municipality, including the island of Egholm, covered an area of 560 km2, with a total population of 192,353. Its last mayor was Henning G. Jensen, a member of the Social Democrats political party. The former municipality was bordered by Sejlflod and Hals to the east, Dronninglund and Brønderslev to the north, Aabybro and Nibe to the west and it belonged to North Jutland County. The waters in the Limfjord splitting the municipality are called Langerak to the east, the island of Egholm is located in Gjøl Bredning, and is connected by ferry to the city of Aalborg at its southern shore. The area is typical for the north of Jutland, to the west the Limfjord broadens into an irregular lake, with low, marshy shores and many islands. Northwest is Store Vildmose, a swamp where a mirage is seen in summer. Southeast lies the similar Lille Vildmose, Store Vildmose was drained and farmed in the beginning of the 20th century, and Lille Vildmose is now the largest moor in Denmark. Aalborg City has a population at 123,432. The metropolitan area is a conurbation of the Aalborg urban area in Himmerland, North Flying has its head office on the property of Aalborg Airport in Nørresundby, Aalborg Municipality. Distribution of the 31 seats in the municipal council, Municipal statistics, NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD a. k. a. Kommunedata Municipal mergers and neighbors, Eniro map with named municipalities Aalborg in figures 2008, a publication from Aalborg Municipality

Aalborg Municipality
–
Location of Aalborg Municipality

4.
Social Democrats (Denmark)
–
The Social Democrats is a social-democratic political party in Denmark. It was the coalition partner in government from the 2011 parliamentary election. After the 2015 parliamentary election, the party is no longer in government, though it is still the largest party in the Danish parliament, founded by Louis Pio in 1871, the party first entered the Folketing in 1884. By the early 20th century it had become the party with the largest representation in the Folketing and it first formed a government in 1924 under Thorvald Stauning, the longest-serving Danish Prime Minister of the 20th century. During Staunings government, the Social Democrats exerted an influence on Danish society. From 2002 to 2016 the party used the name Socialdemokraterne in some contexts, a member of the Party of European Socialists, the Social Democrats have three MEPs in the European Parliament. Since its foundation the lemma of the party has been Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood, the leader of the party is Mette Frederiksen. She succeeded Helle Thorning-Schmidt, who stepped down after the left blocs defeat in the 2015 General Election, deputy leaders are Frank Jensen, Lord Mayor of Copenhagen, and Mogens Jensen. The secretary general is Henrik Dam Kristensen, the party secretary is Lars Midtiby, in the Cabinet of Helle Thorning-Schmidt, the party had ten ministers including the Prime Minister. The party was founded in 1871 by Louis Pio, Harald Brix og Paul Geleff, the goal was to organize the emerging working class on a democratic and socialist basis. The industrialization of Denmark had begun in the mid 19th century, the social democratic movement emerged from the desire to give this group political rights and representation in parliament. In 1876 the Party held a conference, adopting the first party manifesto. In the 1924 parliamentary elections the Social democratic party won the majority with 36.6 percent of the vote, the same year he appointed the worlds first female minister Nina Bang, nine years after womens suffrage had been given in Denmark. Stauning stayed in power until his death in 1942, his party laying the foundations for the Danish welfare state, in January 1933 Staunings government entered into what was then the most extensive settlement yet in Danish politics — the Kanslergade settlement — with the liberal party Venstre. In 1935, Stauning was reelected with the famous slogan Stauning or Chaos, through the 1940s and until 1972 Denmark was governed by the following Social Democratic prime ministers. 1939 –1955, Hans Hedtoft 1955 –1960, H. C, the Cabinets of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen maintained a parliamentary majority during the period from 1993 to 2001 by virtue of their support from the Socialist Peoples Party and the Red-Green Alliance. Towards the end of the 1990s, a surplus of 30 billion kroner turned into a deficit. To combat this, the government increased taxes, limiting private consumption, after being defeated by the Liberal Party in the 2001 election, the party chairmanship went to former finance and foreign minister Mogens Lykketoft

Social Democrats (Denmark)
–
Cabinet of Helle Thorning-Schmidt in front of Amalienborg
Social Democrats (Denmark)
–
Social Democratic election poster, October 1945

5.
Urban population
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large

6.
Municipality of Aalborg
–
Aalborg Municipality is a municipality in Region Nordjylland on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. It has an area of 1,143.99 km², population 197,426. It is also the name of the main city Aalborg. As of 1 January 2007 Aalborg municipality joined with the municipalities of Hals, Nibe, the former Aalborg municipality, including the island of Egholm, covered an area of 560 km2, with a total population of 192,353. Its last mayor was Henning G. Jensen, a member of the Social Democrats political party. The former municipality was bordered by Sejlflod and Hals to the east, Dronninglund and Brønderslev to the north, Aabybro and Nibe to the west and it belonged to North Jutland County. The waters in the Limfjord splitting the municipality are called Langerak to the east, the island of Egholm is located in Gjøl Bredning, and is connected by ferry to the city of Aalborg at its southern shore. The area is typical for the north of Jutland, to the west the Limfjord broadens into an irregular lake, with low, marshy shores and many islands. Northwest is Store Vildmose, a swamp where a mirage is seen in summer. Southeast lies the similar Lille Vildmose, Store Vildmose was drained and farmed in the beginning of the 20th century, and Lille Vildmose is now the largest moor in Denmark. Aalborg City has a population at 123,432. The metropolitan area is a conurbation of the Aalborg urban area in Himmerland, North Flying has its head office on the property of Aalborg Airport in Nørresundby, Aalborg Municipality. Distribution of the 31 seats in the municipal council, Municipal statistics, NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD a. k. a. Kommunedata Municipal mergers and neighbors, Eniro map with named municipalities Aalborg in figures 2008, a publication from Aalborg Municipality

Municipality of Aalborg
–
Location of Aalborg Municipality

7.
Aarhus Municipality
–
Aarhus Municipality, until 2011 formerly known as Århus Municipality, is a municipality in the Central Region, on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 470.95 km2, and has a population of 331,332, the main town and the site of its municipal council is the city of Aarhus. Neighbouring municipalities are Syddjurs to the north, Favrskov to the northwest, Skanderborg to the southwest and it forms part of the East Jutland metropolitan area. Aarhus Municipality was not merged with other municipalities in the nationwide Kommunalreformen due to its relatively large size. Aarhus City Council is also the municipal government, the city council consists of 31 members elected for four-year terms. Administratively the municipality is divided into six minor agencies which together constitute the magistrate led by a mayor and it is the only Danish city with a magistrate structure. The current Mayor of Aarhus municipality is Jacob Bundsgaard of the Social Democrats, Wammen wanted to focus on the upcoming election for Parliament. The gender composition of the city council has risen steadily in favour of women through the 20th century, the first publicly elected mayor of Aarhus was appointed in 1919. In the 1970 Danish Municipal Reform the current Aarhus municipality was created by merging 20 municipalities, Aarhus Municipality has 45 electoral wards and polling stations in four electoral districts for the folketing. The diocese of Aarhus has four deaneries composed of 60 parishes within Aarhus municipality, Aarhus municipality contains 21 postal districts and some parts of another 9. The urban area of Aarhus and the suburbs are divided into the districts Aarhus C, Aarhus N, Aarhus V, Viby J, Højbjerg. Aarhus is segmented into districts on different levels often containing several distinct neighbourhoods within them, the historical centre, known as Indre By, includes the neighbourhoods Centralværkstedet, the Latin Quarter and the areas around the Central Station and Aarhus Concert Hall. Districts and suburbs further out are Brabrand, Egå, Gellerup, Hasselager, Holme, Kolt, Rosenhøj, Skæring, Skåde, Slet, Stavtrup, Tilst and Tranbjerg. Statistics Denmark defines towns or cities as areas more than 200 residents in a continuous settlement with no more than 200 meters between residential structures. The city of Aarhus is the second largest urban area in Denmark, the port on the east coast of Jutland. In 2013 Beder and Malling was officially counted as an urban area for the first time. Towns in the municipality are generally considered satellites of Aarhus, population figures from Statistics Denmark,1

8.
Aarhus
–
Aarhus is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus municipality. It is located on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula, in the centre of Denmark,187 kilometres northwest of Copenhagen and 289 kilometres north of Hamburg. The inner urban area contains 264,716 inhabitants and the population is 330,639. Aarhus is the city in the East Jutland metropolitan area. The history of Aarhus began as a fortified Viking settlement founded in the 8th century, the city was founded on the northern shores of a fjord at a natural harbour and the primary driver of growth was for centuries seaborne trade in agricultural products. Market town privileges were granted in 1441, but growth stagnated in the 17th century as the city suffered blockades, in the 19th century it was occupied twice by German troops during the Schleswig Wars but avoided destruction. As the industrial revolution took hold, the city grew to become the second-largest in the country by the 20th century, today Aarhus is at the cultural and economic core of the region and the largest centre for trade, services and industry in Jutland. The city ranks as the 92nd largest city in the European Union and it is also a top 100 conference city in the world. Aarhus is the industrial port of the country in terms of container handling. Major Danish companies have based their headquarters here and people commute for work and it is a centre for research and education in the Nordic countries and home to Aarhus University, Scandinavias largest university, including Aarhus University Hospital and INCUBA Science Park. Aarhus is notable for its musical history, in the 1950s many jazz clubs sprang up around the city, fuelled by the young population. By the 1960s, the music scene diversified into rock and other genres, in the 1970s and 1980s, Aarhus became the centre for Denmarks rock music fostering many iconic bands such as TV-2 and Gnags. Aarhus is home to the annual eight-day Aarhus International Jazz Festival, the SPoT Festival, in 2017 Aarhus are European Capital of Culture. In Valdemars Census Book the city was called Arus, and in Icelandic it was known as Aros and it is a compound of the two words ār, genitive of ā, and ōss. The name originates from the location around the mouth of Aarhus Å. The spelling Aarhus is first found in 1406 and gradually became the norm in the 17th century, aarhus/Århus spelling With the Danish spelling reform of 1948, Aa was changed to Å. Some Danish cities resisted the new spelling of their names, notably Aalborg, Århus city council explicitly embraced the new spelling, as it was thought to enhance an image of progressiveness. In 2010, the city voted to change the name from Århus to Aarhus in order to strengthen the international profile of the city

9.
Copenhagen
–
Copenhagen, Danish, København, Latin, Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. Copenhagen has an population of 1,280,371. The Copenhagen metropolitan area has just over 2 million inhabitants, the city is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, another small portion of the city is located on Amager, and is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road, originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a centre of power with its institutions, defences. After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century and this included construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and founding of such cultural institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing, since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the cultural, economic and governmental centre of Denmark, Copenhagens economy has seen rapid developments in the service sector, especially through initiatives in information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund Bridge, Copenhagen has become integrated with the Swedish province of Scania and its largest city, Malmö. With a number of connecting the various districts, the cityscape is characterized by parks, promenades. Copenhagen is home to the University of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1479, is the oldest university in Denmark. Copenhagen is home to the FC København and Brøndby football clubs, the annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world, the Copenhagen Metro serves central Copenhagen while the Copenhagen S-train network connects central Copenhagen to its outlying boroughs. Serving roughly 2 million passengers a month, Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, is the largest airport in the Nordic countries, the name of the city reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name derives, was Køpmannæhafn, meaning merchants harbour, the literal English translation would be Chapmans haven. The English name for the city was adapted from its Low German name, the abbreviations Kbh. or Kbhvn are often used in Danish for København, and kbh. for københavnsk. The chemical element hafnium is named for Copenhagen, where it was discovered, the bacterium Hafnia is also named after Copenhagen, Vagn Møller of the State Serum Institute in Copenhagen named it in 1954. Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century, the remains of an ancient church, with graves dating to the 11th century, have been unearthed near where Strøget meets Rådhuspladsen

10.
Limfjord
–
For the sea inlet in Croatia, see Lim. The Limfjord is a part of the sea, located in Denmark where it is regarded as a fjord ever since the Vikings. However it has inlets both from the North Sea and Kattegat and hence separates the island of North Jutlandic Island from the rest of the Jutland Peninsula and it extends from Thyborøn Channel on the North Sea to Hals on the Kattegat. It is approximately 180 kilometres long and of a shape with numerous bays, narrowings, and islands, most notably Mors. The Limfjord is not a fjord in the English geological sense in - in Danish and its main port is Aalborg, where a railway bridge and road bridge are built across Limfjorden to Nørresundby, while motorway E45 passes it through a tunnel to the east. Commercial ports also exist at Thisted, Nykøbing Mors, Skive, Løgstør, Struer, Lemvig, there are also bridges at Oddesund, Sallingsund, Vilsund, Aggersund and Sebbersund, and a number of ferry crossings. The Limurfjord had only an opening to the sea in the east from the early Middle Ages until 1825, in that year, the North Sea broke through from the west and created a second opening, turning the northern part of Jutland Vendsyssel-Thy into an island. An isthmus of shifting sand has separated the Limfjord from the North Sea during historic times, the present inlet, Thyborøn Channel, has existed only since 1862. A passage also existed during the Viking age, based on place names and the geography it is thought to have been to the south of the present one, between Ferring Sø and Hygum Nor. Canute the Great sailed into it in 1027 on his way back from England, according to Saxo Grammaticus it closed at some time around 1200. There are records of several floods piercing the isthmus during the 16th to early 19th century, from the 1840s the route got increasingly important, as Britain had opened for import of grain, and ships could return with British coal. However, the instability of Agger Channel made the towns of the western Limfjord look for a second option, in 1862, a flood pierced another opening, the Thyborøn Channel, through the remainder of Agger Tange. Agger Channel was continuously filling with sand and eventually closed in 1877, since then, the remaining Thyborøn Channel is kept open and navigable through dredging. The harbour of Thyborøn was built in 1914-18 and a town was founded, the two isthmuses have shifted eastwards since the 1800s. They are only being preserved by groynes, persistent sandpumping and two dams along their inward side. At Løgstør, where the western part of the Limfjord meets the narrow eastern section. Larger ships needed to be unloaded and reloaded when passing the banks, the Frederik VII Canal at Løgstør was completed in 1861 to allow for easier passage. Traffic had increased after the opening at Thyborøn became navigable

11.
Aalborghus Castle
–
Aalborghus Castle is a castle in Aalborg, Denmark. It is a castle built by King Christian III from 1539 to around 1555 initially as a fortification. Soon it became the seat of the provincial governors in Northern Jutland. A building had existed at the site before Christian IIIs castle and it stood south of the castle and is mentioned in the first documentation of Aalborghus, dating back to 1340. It was owned by Margrethe I and was the place of King Hans in 1513 who died in a horse riding accident. Frederick I had originally intended to destroy the building around 1530. A barrier wall was built alongside the fjord, and later in 1633, Christian IV built a north wing facing the port, a western wing was built to the same effect later, holding other supplies such as meats and fish. The south-facing wing was created between 1808 and 1809 but all remains today of the original castle is the east wing. Between 1954 and 1964 the old granaries underwent full renovation by the Royal Inspector of Listed Buildings, Leopold Teschl, who converted them into council offices

Aalborghus Castle
–
Looking out towards the port

12.
Working-class
–
The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some jobs, and most service-work jobs. As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in different ways. The most general definition, used by Marxists and socialists, is that the class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labor-power. When used non-academically in the United States, however, it refers to a section of society dependent on physical labor. For certain types of science, as well as scientific or journalistic political analysis, for example. Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups, Unskilled laborers, artisans, outworkers, a common alternative, sometimes used in sociology, is to define class by income levels. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group. This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own social class, in feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the class, a group made up of different professions, trades. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the social unit. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies, the social position of these laboring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants War, wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics. In The Making of the English Working Class, E. P, starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class. Since then, four major states have turned towards semi-market-based governance. Other states of this sort have either collapsed, or never achieved significant levels of industrialization or large working classes, since 1960, large-scale proletarianisation and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society and he asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories

13.
Cereal
–
A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. Cereal grains are grown in quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. Edible grains from plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa. In their natural form, cereals are a source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils. When refined by the removal of the bran and germ, the endosperm is mostly carbohydrate. In some developing nations, grain in the form of rice, wheat, millet, in developed nations, cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial. The word cereal is derived from Ceres, the Roman goddess of harvest, agriculture allowed for the support of an increased population, leading to larger societies and eventually the development of cities. It also created the need for organization of political power, as decisions had to be made regarding labor and harvest allocation and access rights to water. Agriculture bred immobility, as populations settled down for long periods of time, early Neolithic villages show evidence of the development of processing grain. The Levant is the ancient home of the ancestors of wheat, barley and peas, there is evidence of the cultivation of figs in the Jordan Valley as long as 11,300 years ago, and cereal production in Syria approximately 9,000 years ago. During the same period, farmers in China began to farm rice and millet, using man-made floods, fiber crops were domesticated as early as food crops, with China domesticating hemp, cotton being developed independently in Africa and South America, and Western Asia domesticating flax. The first cereal grains were domesticated by early primitive humans, about 8,000 years ago, they were domesticated by ancient farming communities in the Fertile Crescent region. Emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley were three of the so-called Neolithic founder crops in the development of agriculture, around the same time, millets and rices were starting to become domesticated in East Asia. Sorghum and millets were also being domesticated in sub-Saharan West Africa, while each individual species has its own peculiarities, the cultivation of all cereal crops is similar. Most are annual plants, consequently one planting yields one harvest, wheat, rye, triticale, oats, barley, and spelt are the cool-season cereals. These are hardy plants grow well in moderate weather and cease to grow in hot weather. The warm-season cereals are tender and prefer hot weather, barley and rye are the hardiest cereals, able to overwinter in the subarctic and Siberia. Many cool-season cereals are grown in the tropics, however, some are only grown in cooler highlands, where it may be possible to grow multiple crops per year

14.
Aalborg Portland
–
Aalborg Portland is a cement-producing company in Denmark. It was established in Aalborg in the 19th century, Portland cement was patented in 1824 by the Englishman Joseph Aspdin. Six decades later the Aalborg businessman Hans Holm and the engineer Frederick Læssøe Smidth built a cement factory 4 kilometres northeast of Aalborg in the town of Rørdal, the Aalborg Portland-Cement Factory was founded in 1889. Aalborg Portland produces four major products, grey cement, white cement, ready-mixed concrete, in 2009 the Sinai White Portland Cement division became the biggest white cement integrated plant worldwide in terms of capacity. Since 2003, the company is a subsidiary of Cementir Holding S. p. A, the sale was approved by competition authorities in 2004. In 2013 it had a workforce of over 1,500

Aalborg Portland
–
The cement carrier Cemisle at Aalborg Portland.

15.
Aalborg Historical Museum
–
Aalborg Historical Museum is a historical and cultural museum in the city of Aalborg in Denmark. The museum was established in 1863 and is now part of The Historical Museum of Northern Jutland, the Aalborg Historical Museum was organized to explain the history of the city and the surrounding region for the past 1000 years. It was established in 1863, making it one of the earliest provincial museums in Denmark, the present museum was constructed in 1878 and expanded in the early 1890s to house the growing collection of items from the regions earliest inhabitants to modern times. The museum has a collection of clothing and textiles items from the 18th century to the present. Of particular interest is the Aalborgstue display claimed to be The best preserved middle class Renaissance interior in Denmark, in 1994 and 1995 the museum conducted excavations at the site of the Greyfriars Friary in central Aalborg. The excavations resulted in the creation of the in situ underground Gråbrødrekloster Museum, in 2004 several organizations banded together to form The Historical Museum of Northern Jutland. The museum system is administered by a 12-member committee made of members from the constituent organizations which make up the museum, the Aalborg Historical Museum has rotating exhibitions from its large collections and is particularly noted for its fine silver and glass collections. Aalborg Historical Museum Nordjyllands Historiske Museum Hals Museum, North Jutland Historical Museum

16.
KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg
–
KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg is located in Aalborg, Denmark, on Kong Christians Allé near its junction with Vetserbro. Of a modern Scandinavian design, it was built between 1968-72 by Finnish architects Elissa and Alvar Aalto and Danish architect Jean-Jacques Baruël and it was completed on 8 June 1972. The museum has been termed a showplace for 20th-century Danish and international art and it is described as strikingly contemporary in both form and content. The architectural plans for designing the museum were selected from the 144 submissions made to the Nordic architectural competition by 15 January 1958, the competition was won by the Finnish architects Alvar Aalto, his wife Elissa, and his associate Jean-Jacques Baruël. However, due to problems, actual construction only started in 1966. Completed in 1972, it was inaugurated on 8 June 1972. It received its present name in 2008, before that it was known as the North Jutland Art Museum in Aalborg, the museum, rising against the hills like a ziggurat, extends over 6,000 m2. It is built to a plan with galleries organised on the ground level around the central exhibition area. In addition to the hall and offices, the building consists of a sculpture gallery, several sky-lit galleries. The roof is set above the hall which rises in the form of a pyramid. Both sides of the hall have lobbies or galleries which are well lit by natural light while the rear can be divided into smaller rooms by means of flexible walls. The two-sided, elongated skylights control the sunlight on the side to a restricted angle of 56 degrees whereas it is fully open at a 90-degree angle on its northern side. The ceiling has suspended lights with double parabolic reflecting surfaces, avoiding any shadows, the music room in the main building is fitted with prism-shaped skylights. The light, as it gets deflected from the screens, walls and boards induces diffused lighting of the spaces of the museum. The quality of the light adapts to the needs of day, the basement below the structure fits the natural ground profile and is used for a car park, a restaurant, two lecture rooms, and a maintenance workshop. The building has been designed in response to its natural context, the external facade is made of marble, glass, wood, and copper sheeting. Most of the floor space and pavement are of Carrara marble. The light colours of the materials have been chosen to enhance the appearance of the art works, the main building also houses a childrens museum

KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg
–
The museum and sculpture garden
KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg
–
Interior view
KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg
–
Aerial view of the grounds

17.
Royal School of Library and Information Science
–
The Royal School of Library and Information Science is a school under the University of Copenhagen that provides higher education in the field of library and information science. It is based in Copenhagen and Aalborg, Denmark and it is a member of iSchools, a consortium directed to understanding the role of information in nature and human culture. The school was an independent institution from 1956 to 2013 and it was founded in 1956 and replaced the Danish State Library School that had been established in 1918. In 1973, RSLIS set up a library branch in Aalborg. Up to 1969 RSLIS offered a course leading solely to the qualification of public librarian. Those graduating with the Diploma in public librarianship would take up positions as librarians in public libraries, in 1969, RSLIS extended its course offerings to include a specialised diploma programme directed towards national, research and academic libraries. In 1985, the two programmes were merged into a joint library degree programme. In 1998, the school was granted university status, in 2004 the first PhD thesis in Library and Information Science was defended and in 2006 the first doctoral degree was awarded. In 2010, the changed its name from Danmarks Biblioteksskole to Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi. On April 1,2013, the RSLIS was merged into the University of Copenhagen, RSLIS is located in Copenhagen with a satellite department in Aalborg. In Aalborg, the RSLIS location is in the University of Aalborg campus area, in 2008, the contents of the 3-year Bachelor of Library and Information Science course was revised with the focus being placed at knowledge design and knowledge media. Students are also offered the possibility of toning their individual programmes in the context of the Masters programme, cooperation agreement with Faculty of Social Sciences at Aalborg University. Cooperation agreement with Department of Scandinavian Studies and Linguistics at University of Copenhagen in 2009, cooperation agreement with School of Information Management at Wuhan University in 2009

Royal School of Library and Information Science
–
Royal School of Library and Information Science, University of Copenhagen

18.
Aalborg Hospital
–
Aalborg University Hospital is the largest hospital in the North Denmark Region, Denmark. It is also northern Jutland’s largest employer, with approximately 6,500 employees, the hospital consists of Section South and North in Aalborg and Dronninglund Hospital. There are three management levels, the management, the centre managers and the departmental management. Some of the departments are function-based and also have sub departments at other hospitals in the region, in these cases, the departmental management at Aalborg Hospital is also the management for the function-based unit. The centre manager is responsible for the development and activities at the centre. He/she must ensure that the operations and the framework for the centre’s operations is optimised. It is a priority that the manager is a professional manager with in-depth knowledge of the healthcare sector. Each centre has a number of departments and departmental managements, Aalborg Hospital caters for all medical specialisations with the exception of Dermatovenereology, clinical pharmacology and psychiatry. Aalborg Hospital handles pre- and postgraduate education and research at an international level, the Department for University Hospital Affairs provides a number of services and support functions for research and education. The department is located at the Research House, where a number of centres are also located along with facilities for education and innovation

19.
Aalborg Railway Station
–
Aalborg station is the main railway station serving the city of Aalborg, Denmark. Aalborg Railway Station is serving as a hub for rail traffic between North Jutland and the rest of Denmark. The station is operated by Banedanmark and DSB, Aalborg station opened in 1869, when the railroad between Aalborg and Randers was completed. In 1879, at the opening of the Limfjord Railway Bridge, Aalborg station was connected with the Vendsyssel Line from Nørresundby to Hjørring, the original station building was designed by the Danish architect N. P. C. In 1902, the present station building opened and it was designed by the Danish architect Thomas Arboe. The station building was listed in 1992, the station has a ticket office which sells tickets for both domestic and international travel, a shop which sells both food, drinks, newspapers and more. The railway station includes a pay phone, a waiting room, luggage boxes, a photo booth, toilets. There is also an opportunity for both bicycle and car parking near the entrance to the railway station. It is also possible to rent a car at the station or take a taxi, Aalborg Bus Terminal is also only across the street from the railway station. Aalborg station is serving as a hub for rail traffic. Media related to Aalborg Station at Wikimedia Commons North Jutland Railways – Danish State Railways –

Aalborg Railway Station
–
Front facade of Aalborg station viewed from J. F. Kennedy Square
Aalborg Railway Station
–
A Xylography from 1869 showing the first train arriving at Aalborg Station on 18 September 1869.
Aalborg Railway Station
–
View of the tracks and platforms

20.
Randers
–
Randers is a city in Randers Municipality, Central Denmark Region on the Jutland peninsula. It is Denmarks sixth-largest city, with a population of 61,163, Randers is the municipalitys main town and the site of its municipal council. The municipality is also a part of the East Jutland metropolitan area, by road it is 38.5 kilometres north of Aarhus,43.8 kilometres east of Viborg, and 224 kilometres northwest of Copenhagen. Randers became a market town in medieval times, and many of its 15th-century half-timbered houses remain today, as does St Martins Church. Trade by sea was facilitated through the Gudenå River, entering Randers Fjord, most of the larger historic industries in Randers are gone today. From 1970, the population saw a decline from a peak of 58.500 citizens, the main tourist attraction is Randers Tropical Zoo thanks to its artificial rainforest, the largest in Northern Europe, its 350 varieties of plant and over 175 species of animals. The citys football team, Randers FC, play their homes games at the AutoC Park Randers, and are in Denmarks first league, the Superligaen. The town is home to Randers rugby union club and Jutland RLFC, a rugby league team, as well as Randers Cimbria. The oldest forms of the name appear on coins minted from the times of King George until those of Svend Grathe. The coins bear the names Ranrosia, Ransias, Radrusia, Rand, ancient written records include the Latin Randrusium, Icelandic Randrosi, and Rondrus, Randrøs. Other early forms provide Randersborg and Randershusen, the name appears to stem from Rand and Aros and probably means town on the hillside by the river mouth. The modern form Randers was first came into use at the end of the 17th century, Randers was formally established around the 12th century, but traces of activity date back to Viking times. Canute IV of Denmark, also known as Canute the Saint and Canute the Holy, the peasants of Randers who rose up against him and his plans to attack England and its ruler, William the Conqueror, assembled in this town. Their uprising led to the death of Canute, a chronicle written at Essenbæk Abbey tells of a fire that ravaged the city. The city was destroyed and rebuilt three times in the 13th century, in 1246, it was burned down by Abel of Denmarks troops during the civil uprising against Eric IV of Denmark. This action led to insurrection against the Germans. Ebbesen died in a battle at Skanderborg Castle in December 1340. A statue to Ebbesen stands in front of Randers Town Hall today, when King Valdemar IV of Denmark tried to assemble a government in 1350 after the mortgaging to the Holsteiners, the town was further reinforced with protection, and was often named as Randershus

Randers
–
The old Town Hall on the square in Randers with a statue of Niels Ebbesen in front.
Randers
–
Niels Ebbesen statue in front of the old Town Hall in Randers
Randers
–
A typical half-timbered house in Randers
Randers
–
Map of Randers (1900)

21.
Aalborg Airport
–
Aalborg Airport is a dual-use airport located in Nørresundby, Aalborg Municipality, Denmark, which is 3.5 NM northwest of Aalborg. The airport resides at an elevation of 10 feet above sea level. It has two runways, 08L/26R is 2,654 by 45 metres and 08R/26L is 2,549 by 23 metres, North Flying has its head office in the North Flying Terminal at Aalborg Airport. Greenland Express has its headquarters at the airport as well, Aalborg Airport was opened in 1938 as the second national airport. During World War II, Aalborg was occupied and used by the German Air Force, the present terminal building is from 2001. The airport was enlarged during 2007 and 2013, increasing the terminal size, there is a plan to connect the railway to the airport. This will be in operation in 2019, a part of Aalborg Commuter Rail

Aalborg Airport
–
Aalborg Airport Aalborg Lufthavn

22.
Viking
–
The term is also commonly extended in modern English and other vernaculars to the inhabitants of Viking home communities during what has become known as the Viking Age. Facilitated by advanced seafaring skills, and characterised by the longship, Viking activities at times also extended into the Mediterranean littoral, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. A romanticized picture of Vikings as noble savages began to emerge in the 18th century, current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes, complicating modern appreciation of the Viking legacy. One etymology derives víking from the feminine vík, meaning creek, inlet, various theories have been offered that the word viking may be derived from the name of the historical Norwegian district of Viken, meaning a person from Viken. According to this theory, the word simply described persons from this area, however, there are a few major problems with this theory. People from the Viken area were not called Viking in Old Norse manuscripts, in addition, that explanation could only explain the masculine and ignore the feminine, which is a serious problem because the masculine is easily derived from the feminine but hardly vice versa. The form also occurs as a name on some Swedish rune stones. There is little indication of any negative connotation in the term before the end of the Viking Age and this is found in the Proto-Nordic verb *wikan, ‘to turn’, similar to Old Icelandic víkja ‘to move, to turn’, with well-attested nautical usages. In that case, the idea behind it seems to be that the rower moves aside for the rested rower on the thwart when he relieves him. A víkingr would then originally have been a participant on a sea journey characterized by the shifting of rowers, in that case, the word Viking was not originally connected to Scandinavian seafarers but assumed this meaning when the Scandinavians begun to dominate the seas. In Old English, the word wicing appears first in the Anglo-Saxon poem, Widsith, in Old English, and in the history of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen written by Adam of Bremen in about 1070, the term generally referred to Scandinavian pirates or raiders. As in the Old Norse usages, the term is not employed as a name for any people or culture in general, the word does not occur in any preserved Middle English texts. The Vikings were known as Ascomanni ashmen by the Germans for the ash wood of their boats, Lochlannach by the Gaels, the modern day name for Sweden in several neighbouring countries is possibly derived from rōþs-, Ruotsi in Finnish and Rootsi in Estonian. The Slavs and the Byzantines also called them Varangians, Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors were known as the Varangian Guard. The Franks normally called them Northmen or Danes, while for the English they were known as Danes or heathen. It is used in distinction from Anglo-Saxon, similar terms exist for other areas, such as Hiberno-Norse for Ireland and Scotland. The period from the earliest recorded raids in the 790s until the Norman conquest of England in 1066 is commonly known as the Viking Age of Scandinavian history, Vikings used the Norwegian Sea and Baltic Sea for sea routes to the south. The Normans were descended from Vikings who were given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France—the Duchy of Normandy—in the 10th century, in that respect, descendants of the Vikings continued to have an influence in northern Europe

Viking
–
Sea-faring Danes depicted invading England. Illuminated illustration from the 12th century Miscellany on the Life of St. Edmund. Pierpont Morgan Library.
Viking
–
Travels of the Vikings
Viking
–
Blar a' Bhuailte, site of the Vikings' last stand in Skye

23.
Viking Age
–
The Viking Age is the period from the late 8th century to the mid-11th century in European history, especially Northern European and Scandinavian history, following the Germanic Iron Age. It is the period of history when Scandinavian Norsemen explored Europe by its seas and rivers for trade, raids, colonisation and conquest. Three Viking ships had beached in Weymouth Bay four years earlier, the Viking devastation of Northumbrias Holy Island was reported by the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin of York, who wrote, Never before in Britain has such a terror appeared. Vikings were portrayed as violent and bloodthirsty by their enemies. The chronicles of medieval England portrayed them as rapacious wolves among sheep, the first challenges to the many anti-Viking images in Britain emerged in the 17th century. Pioneering scholarly works on the Viking Age reached a readership in Britain. Archaeologists began to dig up Britains Viking past, linguistics traced the Viking-Age origins of rural idioms and proverbs. New dictionaries of the Old Norse language enabled more Victorians to read the Icelandic Sagas, the Vikings who invaded western and eastern Europe were chiefly pagans from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. They also settled in the Faroe Islands, Ireland, Iceland, peripheral Scotland, Greenland and their North Germanic language, Old Norse, became the mother-tongue of present-day Scandinavian languages. By 801, a central authority appears to have been established in Jutland. In Norway, mountainous terrain and fjords formed strong natural boundaries, communities there remained independent of each other, unlike the situation in Denmark which is lowland. By 800, some 30 small kingdoms existed in Norway, the sea was the easiest way of communication between the Norwegian kingdoms and the outside world. It was in the 8th century that Scandinavians began to build ships of war, the North Sea rovers were traders, colonisers and explorers as well as plunderers. There are various theories concerning the causes of the Viking invasions, for people living along the coast, it would seem natural to seek new land by the sea. Another reason was that during this period England, Wales and Ireland, the Franks, however, had well-defended coasts and heavily fortified ports and harbours. Pure thirst for adventure may also have been a factor, a reason for the raids is believed by some to be over-population caused by technological advances, such as the use of iron, or a shortage of women due to selective female infanticide. Although another cause could well have been caused by the Frankish expansion to the south of Scandinavia. Consequently, these Vikings became raiders, in search of subsistence, There is ongoing debate among scholars as to why the Scandinavians began to expand during the 8th through 11th centuries

Viking Age
–
History of Scandinavia
Viking Age
–
Viking Voyages in the North Atlantic
Viking Age
–
Viking era towns of Scandinavia

24.
Himmerland
–
Himmerland is a peninsula in northeastern Jutland, Denmark. It is delimited to the north and the west by the Limfjord, to the east by the Kattegat, the largest city is Aalborg, smaller towns include Hobro, Aars, Løgstør, Støvring and Nibe. In northeastern Himmerland is the Lille Vildmose, Denmarks largest high bog, cimbri Cimmerians Gundestrup cauldron Johannes Vilhelm Jensen

25.
Vendsyssel
–
Vendsyssel is the northernmost traditional district of Denmark and of Jutland. Being divided from mainland Jutland by the Limfjord, it is technically a part of the North Jutlandic Island, Vendsyssel is part of the North Denmark Region. Vendsyssel neighbours Hanherred to the southwest and Himmerland to the south, whether the island Læsø is also a part of Vendsyssel, is a matter of definition. The major towns of Vendsyssel are Hjørring, Frederikshavn, Brønderslev, Sæby, Hirtshals, Løkken, Nørresundby and, on its northern tip, Skagen. The dominating city is, however, Aalborg which is situated outside Vendsyssel on the southern shore of the Limfjord with Nørresundby as a secondary. Adam of Bremen calls Vendsyssel Wendila, Ælnoth calls it Wendel, derived from this is the ethnic name wændlar, Danish vendelboer, which is part of the name of the syssel. In the Danish Census Book Wændlesysæl, Wendelsysel, Wændil, presumably originally the name of the Limfjord, then name of the region north of it. According to historians and linguists, the name Vendsyssel may be derived from the Germanic tribe of the Vandals, syssel is an ancient form of administrative region. Vendel was also the ancient name of the Limfjord itself, Vendsyssel is an important gatehead for transport from the European continent to Norway and Western Sweden. The European routes E39 and E45 cross the area as motorways, national route 11 connects Vendsyssel with Hanherred and Thy before crossing the Limfjord to western Jutland on the Oddesund Bridge. Danish national road 40 also passes through Vendsyssel, Vendsyssel is linked to mainland Jutland by bridges and a tunnel, Limfjord Railroad Bridge Limfjord Bridge Limfjord Tunnel A further bridge crossing the Limfjord west of Aalborg has been proposed

26.
Harthacnut I of Denmark
–
Harthacnut or Cnut I was a legendary King of Denmark. Along with two of his sons, Gyrd and Gnupa, Harthacnut took the realm by force of arms, Adam reports that they were followed by a Sigtrygg. That Sigtrygg was the son of Gnupa, by a Danish noblewoman named Asfrid, is shown on two runestones near Schleswig, erected by his mother after his death, Harthacnut immediately deposed the young king Sigtrygg, and then ruled unopposed for approximately thirty years. However, the Saxon chronicles of Widukind of Corvey report the defeat, likewise, Olav Tryggvassons Saga tells of Gnupas defeat by Gorm the Old. Some historians have taken these as indications that Sigtryggs father Gnupa still ruled at least part of Denmark much later than credited by Adam of Bremen, the only primary source about Harthacnut of Denmark are two clauses from Adam of Bremen. 1,52 reads, king Sveins son, Hardegon in the oldest manuscript which was changed to king Sveins son, Harthacnut but also changed to king Sveins son. 1,55 says Hardecnudth Vurm, a name not uncommon in that era, later changed to Hardecnudths son, Vurm. Historians generally agree that Vurm is a German rendering of the Danish name Gorm,1,56 says Vurm had been attacked by King Heinrich I. That attack was in 934 and Widukind 1.40 says the Danish kings name was Chnuba, even though Adam names king Sweyn Estridsson as his source, this does not preclude the possibility of errors on his part. Adams history contains other statements that are rejected or deemed unlikely by historians, the saga Ragnarssona þáttr relates the acts of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, and proceeds to link them genealogically to the later rulers of the Scandinavian kingdoms. It makes Harthacnut son of Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, scholarly opinion is divided as to the degree to which the material found in such heroic sources is to be taken as authentic history and genealogy. In the late and legend-influenced Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus, Hardakanute appears as Knut and he is described as a son of Erik, a descendent of Ragnar Lodbrok, by Gudorm, the granddaughter of Harald Klak. In his version of the tale, Hardakanute is raised by Ennignup, in the Silverdale Hoard is a silver coin impressed with the name Airdeconut an Anglicized variant of Hardeknut. The silver treasure is roughly dated to the time that Hardeknut lived

Harthacnut I of Denmark
–
Early monarchs

27.
Viborg, Denmark
–
Viborg, a city in central Jutland, Denmark, is the capital of both Viborg municipality and Region Midtjylland. Viborg is also the seat of the Western High Court, the High Court for the Jutland peninsula, Viborg Municipality is the second-largest Danish municipality, covering 3. 3% of that countrys total land area. Viborg is one of the oldest cities in Denmark, with Viking settlements dating back to the late 8th century and its central location gave the city great strategic importance, in political and religious matters, during the Middle Ages. A motte-and-bailey-type castle was located in the city. Viborg takes its name from a combination of two Old Norse words, vé, meaning a place, and borg, meaning a fort. Viborg is famous for Viborg Cathedral, the construction of the cathedral started in 1130 and took about 50 years. The building has burned to the ground and been re-built several times, only the crypt of the original cathedral is still preserved. The cathedral was and is the locus of cult of Saint Kjeld of Viborg who was dean of the chapter there and had a great shrine there in the Middle Ages. The newest parts of the church are from 1876, the cathedral is famous for its many paintings by Danish painter Joakim Skovgaard, which depict stories from the Bible. Next to the cathedral is the Skovgaard museum, founded in 1937, before the Protestant Reformation Viborg was the home of five monasteries, about 12 parish churches, several chapels and of course the cathedral. Today only the cathedral and a few remains of the Franciscan, Viborg has over the last decade won a reputation as one of Denmarks leading cities for sports. It started with the womens handball team, which continues to be one of Europes top-5 clubs. Subsequently, both the mens team and most notably the professional football team have established themselves at the top of the Danish leagues. From 1998 to 2008, Viborg FF was a constant member of the Danish Superliga, Viborg is home to a number of educational institutions, including Viborg Katedralskole. Denmarks oldest educational institution celebrated its 900th birthday in 2000, the school is believed to have been founded about 1060 - at the same time as the city became the seat of a bishop. The church needed to educate boys and young men to enter into the churchs service, although this role is now basically obsolete, the dorm continues to be a popular solution for many students wanting to get away from home or for a small number of students from Greenland. Viborg Katedralskole is today one of four gymnasiums in Viborg, Viborg is also home to The Animation Workshop, an art school based in a former army barracks on the outskirts of town. The school, which achieved official recognition from the Danish government in 2003, for international parents Viborg also has an international school where all teaching is in English based on the Cambridge International examinations

28.
Dowry
–
A dowry is a transfer of parental property at the marriage of a daughter. Dowry contrasts with the concepts of bride price and dower. Similarly, dower is the property settled on the bride herself, by the groom at the time of marriage, Dowry is an ancient custom, and its existence may well predate records of it. Dowries continue to be expected, and demanded as a condition to accept a proposal, in some parts of the world, mainly in parts of Asia, Northern Africa. In some parts of the world, disputes related to dowry sometimes result in acts of violence against women, including killings, the custom of dowry is most common in cultures that are strongly patrilineal and that expect women to reside with or near their husbands family. Dowries have a history in Europe, South Asia, Africa. A dowry is the transfer of property to a daughter at her marriage rather than at the owners death. A dowry establishes a type of fund, the nature of which may vary widely. This fund may provide an element of security in widowhood or against a negligent husband. Dowries may also go toward establishing a marital household, and therefore might include such as linens. This practice differs from the majority of Sub-Saharan African societies that practice homogenous inheritance in which property is transmitted only to children of the same sex as the property holder. These latter African societies are characterized by the transmission of the bride price, drawing on the work of Ester Boserup, Goody notes that the sexual division of labour varies in intensive plough agriculture and extensive shifting horticulture. In sparsely populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place, most of the work is done by women and these are the societies that give brideprice. Boserup further associates shifting horticulture with the practice of polygamy, in plough agriculture farming is largely mens work, this is where dowry is given. In contrast, plough agriculture is associated with property and marriage tends to be monogamous. Close family are the preferred marriage partners so as to property within the group. There is a debate on Goodys theory. She notes that Goodys is a model in which these historical variables may not be the decisive factors today

Dowry
–
Aussteuerschrank - a dowry cabinet, currently in a German museum.
Dowry
–
Jadeite Cabbage - Jin received it as part of her dowry for her wedding to Guangxu, in 1889; originally displayed in Forbidden City (Beijing), it is now in National Palace Museum (Taipei City).
Dowry
–
The dowry for the three virgins (Gentile da Fabriano, c. 1425, Pinacoteca Vaticana, Rome), the St. Nicholas legend.
Dowry
–
The Dowry - by 19th century Russian painter, Vasili Pukirev; dowry was a common practice through the 19th century.

29.
Hanseatic League
–
The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 1100s and it stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period. Hanse, later spelled as Hansa, was the Middle Low German word for a convoy, the League was created to protect the guilds economic interests and diplomatic privileges in their affiliated cities and countries, as well as along the trade routes the merchants visited. The Hanseatic cities had their own system and furnished their own armies for mutual protection. The hegemony of Lübeck peaked during the 15th century, Lübeck became a base for merchants from Saxony and Westphalia trading eastward and northward. This area was a source of timber, wax, amber, resins, the towns raised their own armies, with each guild required to provide levies when needed. The Hanseatic cities came to the aid of one another, and commercial ships often had to be used to carry soldiers, Visby functioned as the leading centre in the Baltic before the Hansa. Sailing east, Visby merchants established a trading post at Novgorod called Gutagard in 1080, Merchants from northern Germany also stayed in the early period of the Gotlander settlement. Later they established their own trading station in Novgorod, known as Peterhof, in 1229, German merchants at Novgorod were granted certain privileges that made their position more secure. Hansa societies worked to remove restrictions to trade for their members, before the official foundation of the League in 1356, the word Hanse did not occur in the Baltic language. The earliest remaining documentary mention, although without a name, of a specific German commercial federation is from London 1157. That year, the merchants of the Hansa in Cologne convinced Henry II, King of England, to them from all tolls in London. The allied cities gained control over most of the trade, especially the Scania Market. In 1266, Henry III of England granted the Lübeck and Hamburg Hansa a charter for operations in England, much of the drive for this co-operation came from the fragmented nature of existing territorial government, which failed to provide security for trade. Over the next 50 years the Hansa itself emerged with formal agreements for confederation and co-operation covering the west and east trade routes. The principal city and linchpin remained Lübeck, with the first general Diet of the Hansa held there in 1356, other such alliances formed throughout the Holy Roman Empire. Yet the League never became a closely managed formal organisation, over the period, a network of alliances grew to include a flexible roster of 70 to 170 cities. The league succeeded in establishing additional Kontors in Bruges, Bergen and these trading posts became significant enclaves

Hanseatic League
–
Northern Europe in 1400, showing the extent of the Hansa.
Hanseatic League
–
The Hanseatic League was a powerful economic and defensive alliance that left a great cultural and architectural heritage. It is especially renowned for its Brick Gothic monuments, such as St. Nikolai and the city hall of Stralsund shown here. Together with Wismar, the old town is a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Hanseatic League
–
Foundation of the alliance between Lübeck and Hamburg
Hanseatic League
–
Town Hall of Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia).

30.
Aalborghus
–
Aalborghus Castle is a castle in Aalborg, Denmark. It is a castle built by King Christian III from 1539 to around 1555 initially as a fortification. Soon it became the seat of the provincial governors in Northern Jutland. A building had existed at the site before Christian IIIs castle and it stood south of the castle and is mentioned in the first documentation of Aalborghus, dating back to 1340. It was owned by Margrethe I and was the place of King Hans in 1513 who died in a horse riding accident. Frederick I had originally intended to destroy the building around 1530. A barrier wall was built alongside the fjord, and later in 1633, Christian IV built a north wing facing the port, a western wing was built to the same effect later, holding other supplies such as meats and fish. The south-facing wing was created between 1808 and 1809 but all remains today of the original castle is the east wing. Between 1954 and 1964 the old granaries underwent full renovation by the Royal Inspector of Listed Buildings, Leopold Teschl, who converted them into council offices

Aalborghus
–
Looking out towards the port

31.
Danish Reformation
–
The Protestant Reformation was initiated by Martin Luthers 95 theses in 1517, and reached Holstein and Denmark in the 1520s. His son Christian III officially introduced Lutheranism into his possessions in 1528, the Catholic bishops were removed and arrested, and the church was reorganized based on Lutheran church orders drawn under the aegis of Luthers friend Johannes Bugenhagen in 1537 and 1542. The Lutheran order established during the Protestant reformation is the root of the Church of Denmark, the Church of Norway, the Church of Iceland. It also triggered Denmarks unsuccessful involvement in the Thirty Years War under Christian IV, already in 1525, Hans Tausen, a monk from the monastery of Antvorskov, had begun preaching Lutheran doctrines in Viborg. The Lutheran movement had its origins in Germany, where Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation when he published his 95 theses in 1517, during the first years of the 1530s, the kings passivity encouraged the people to attack monasteries and churches. Former King Christian II who had lived in exile since 1526 took advantage of the unrest and issued propaganda writings, agitating for himself, when Frederick I died in 1533, the Council of the Realm could not come to an agreement on who should be the new king. The election of a new king was postponed for a due to the disagreement. In the mean time, the Council of the Realm governed the country, moreover, Hans Tausen was accused of heresy and banished from Zealand but the bishop of Roskilde called him back after only one month. The Council had furthermore decided to join a Netherlandic-Slesvigian-Holsatian alliance instead of Lübeck which by Mayor Jürgen Wullenwever had also represented at the Councils meeting. In January 1534, the city government of Malmø led by Mayor Jørgen Kock refused to comply with an order from the bishop of Lund to expel the Lutheran preachers. Malmø had already for long been a centre of Evangelical activities and responded to the order by occupying Malmø Castle, in May, this rebellion was followed up by the German Count Christopher of Oldenburg attacking Holsten. He had been hired by Koch of Malmø and Wullenwever of Lübeck to conquer Denmark, Count Christophers participation in the following two years of civil war named it The Counts Feud. The Counts main objective was not Holsten but Zealand where he sailed, on 4 July 1534 representatives of Jutlandic nobility and councillors met in Rye in eastern Jutland. Here the lesser nobility forced the bishops to nominate the Lutheran Christian, Duke of Slesvig, when the nobility of Funen joined them, Christian agreed and homage was paid to him as King Christian III on 18 August that year in Horsens. After the population had starved for months, Copenhagen gave up too, like Malmø, Copenhagen did not lose its privileges either and the rebels were granted an amnesty. Christian III marched into Copenhagen on 6 August 1536 and six days later he carried out a coup, the three bishops who dwelt in Copenhagen were arrested and the rest were tracked down and likewise arrested. The official reason was their hesitation to elect Christian as king, in 1536, he wanted to implement a similar order for the whole kingdom. After the coup, Christian III had contacted Martin Luther and Johannes Bugenhagen, a synode was held in Odense where the draft was begun, and the work continued in Haderslev thereafter

32.
Lutheran
–
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian. Luthers efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation in the German-speaking territories of the Holy Roman Empire. Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification by grace alone through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone and this is in contrast to the belief of the Catholic Church, defined at the Council of Trent, concerning authority coming from both the Scriptures and Tradition. In addition, Lutheranism accepts the teachings of the first seven ecumenical councils of the undivided Christian Church, unlike Calvinism, Lutherans retain many of the liturgical practices and sacramental teachings of the pre-Reformation Church, with a particular emphasis on the Eucharist, or Lords Supper. Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in Christology, the purpose of Gods Law, the grace, the concept of perseverance of the saints. Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest denominations of Protestantism, with approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant denomination after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest communion of Lutheran churches, Other Lutheran organizations include the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches. The name Lutheran originated as a term used against Luther by German Scholastic theologian Dr. Johann Maier von Eck during the Leipzig Debate in July 1519. Eck and other Catholics followed the practice of naming a heresy after its leader. Martin Luther always disliked the term Lutheran, preferring the term Evangelical, which was derived from euangelion, the followers of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other theologians linked to the Reformed tradition also began to use that term. To distinguish the two groups, others began to refer to the two groups as Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed. As time passed by, the word Evangelical was dropped, Lutherans themselves began to use the term Lutheran in the middle of the 16th century, in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the Philippists and Calvinists. In 1597, theologians in Wittenberg defined the title Lutheran as referring to the true church, Lutheranism has its roots in the work of Martin Luther, who sought to reform the Western Church to what he considered a more biblical foundation. Lutheranism spread through all of Scandinavia during the 16th century, as the monarch of Denmark–Norway, through Baltic-German and Swedish rule, Lutheranism also spread into Estonia and Latvia. Since 1520, regular Lutheran services have been held in Copenhagen, under the reign of Frederick I, Denmark-Norway remained officially Catholic. Although Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans, he adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers. During Fredericks reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads in Denmark, at an open meeting in Copenhagen attended by the king in 1536, the people shouted, We will stand by the holy Gospel, and do not want such bishops anymore. Fredericks son Christian was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his fathers death, however, following his victory in the civil war that followed, in 1537 he became Christian III and advanced the Reformation in Denmark-Norway

33.
Erik Pontoppidan
–
Erik Pontoppidan was a Danish author, bishop, historian and antiquary. He was educated in Fredericia, after which he was a tutor in Norway, and then studied in Holland. In 1721 he became informator of Frederick Carl of Carlstein, during this same period he laid the foundation of his later topographical and historical works in Memoria Hafniæ, Theatrum Daniæ, and Kurzgefasste Reformationshistorie der dänischen Kirche. The antagonism which Pontoppidan roused at Bergen, however, obliged him to go in 1754 to Copenhagen and he was also active as a political economist, being the editor of Danmarks og Norges ökonomiske Magazin. Pontoppidan argued for the existence of the sea serpent, the kraken and he used numerous sighting reports from credible observers to build his case for the existence of these creatures. For example, Pontoppidan used the testimony of a naval officer named Lawrence de Ferry as evidence for the existence of sea serpents. Ferry told Pontoppidan that he had shot a sea serpent while at sea in 1746, after being hit, the creature dived into the water and was gone. Its head resembled a horses head and it had a mane and it also had coils extending out of the water. The publication of The Natural History of Norway was an important event in the history of the sea serpent in particular, according to cryptozoologist Bernard Heuvelmans, there were only nine dated and documented sightings of sea serpents before the work was published. After publication, there were 23 sightings between 1751 and 1800,166 sightings between 1801 and 1850,149 sightings between 1851 and 1900, and 194 sightings between 1901 and 1950. They argue that it provided a template with which people could interpret unusual things they saw in the sea. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Jackson, Samuel Macauley. New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, London and New York, Funk and Wagnalls

Erik Pontoppidan
–
Erik Pontoppidan

34.
Thy (district)
–
Thy is a traditional district in northwestern Jutland, Denmark. It is situated north of the Limfjord, facing the North Sea and Skagerrak, the capital is Thisted population of 14.000. Snedsted, Hanstholm and Hurup are minor towns in the area, since the Danish municipal reform of 1 January 2007, Thy is roughly identical with Thisted Municipality which belongs to the North Denmark Region. The southernmost part of Thy, the Thyholm Peninsula, belongs to Struer Municipality in the Central Denmark Region, before the merger, Thy consisted of four municipalities, Hanstholm, Thisted, Sydthy and Thyholm. Thy forms the part of the North Jutlandic Island and borders Hanherred to the northeast with Vendsyssel even further northeast. In the Limfjord is the island of Mors, considered a district of Thy. Thy is traditionally regarded part of northern and western Jutland alike, the dialect belongs to the West Jutlandic group. Thy has a varied landscape. In the north it is marked by flat coastal plains which were covered by sea in neolithic times and these are interrupted with higher-lying plains that were islands in the neolithic sea. In the slopes that formed the coast in these times, high-lying limestone is often visible - hence the name of the Limfjord. The eastern stretch, facing the Limfjord, has fertile soil, is slightly hilly and dotted with small villages. The landscape is marked by strong winds, most trees bending eastwards. The west coast has beaches and high dunes with Leymus grass. Behind the dunes, there is heath with stretches of Calluna heather, Iceland moss, Cladonia, crowberry, bilberry, blueberry, cranberry and this is the result of huge sand drifts in the 15th to 19th centuries which covered much formerly fertile land. The sand drifting affected the whole west coast of Jutland, since Thy is exposed to winds from both the north and the west, even from the North Atlantic, the sand drift went the furthest inland in this area, as far as 18 km. Parts of the sandy stretches have been turned into conifer woods, a line of lakes, believed to have been caused by the sand drifts blocking the outflow to the sea, mark the border between the western, sparsely populated sandy area and the eastern, fertile farmland. The wetlands Vejlerne in the northeast are the largest bird sanctuary in Northern Europe, nearby is the bird cliff Bulbjerg. On 22 August 2008 Thy National Park officially opened, as the first of three realized national parks out of seven planned

Thy (district)
–
In Thy.
Thy (district)
–
View over part of the Thy National park.
Thy (district)
–
The leisure fishing boat Maagen on the beach of Nørre Vorupør.

35.
De Danske Spritfabrikker
–
Danisco A/S is a Danish bio-based company with activities in food production, enzymes and other bioproducts as well as a wide variety of pharmaceutical grade excipients. It was formed in 1989 from the largest Danish industrial merger ever of the two old C. F, tietgen companies Danish Sugar, and Dansk Handels- og Industri Company. Headquartered in Copenhagen, the group has approximately 6,800 employees in more than 80 locations in 40 countries. Danisco shares were listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange and a member of the blue chip OMX Copenhagen 20 index until June 2011, the companys activities were structured into two lines of business, Food Ingredients and Industrial Enzymes. On 9 January 2011, DuPont announced that it had reached agreement to buy Danisco for US$6.3 billion, the acquisition was motivated by a desire by DuPont to gain production of food additives and enzymes used in biofuels. On 16 May 2011 DuPont announced that its tender offer for Danisco had been successful, today, the Group holds more than 9,300 active patents and patent applications. Their work led to the understanding of the mechanism of CRISPR, CRISPR is a prokaryotic immune system that is both adaptive and inheritable

De Danske Spritfabrikker
–
Danisco A/S

36.
East Asiatic Company
–
The East Asiatic Company was founded by Hans Niels Andersen in Copenhagen in 1897. Service which would include both passenger and freight lines between the Danish capital, Bangkok and the far east was the initial objective. Routes to include the Baltic and Black Seas were established when in 1899, europe-Asia operations widened when the firm, Est Asiatique Francais of Paris, followed in 1902, the new Danish West India Company, in 1905 and the Siam Steam Navigation Company, in 1908. The second of these was eventually renamed Thai Navigation Co. after the Thai government took it over in 1941, for trade in the South of Africa, the Swedish East Asiatic Company later began regular trips. The subsidiary Russian American Line began sailing to North America in 1916, another, the Baltic American Line, continued the service under the Danish flag from 1921 to 1930. EAC was also involved in shipping for hire with tramp operations beginning in 1915 under the subsidiary D/S A/S Orient of Copenhagen. A third contracted ship, Jutlandia, was built in Scotland by Barclay, Curle & Company, by 1935 the company was operating twenty-seven motorships, including a new MS Jutlandia. In these middle years, business grew considerably, the United Baltic Corporation was formed as a partnership with Andrew Weir & Co. in 1919. The early 1920s saw services extend from Copenhagen to South Africa, Cuba, Australia, Mexico, new York and, later, Philadelphia, Baltimore or Norfolk, Virginia were among the ports of call added for ships on the north Pacific route in 1940. Connections between Vancouver and the far east were handled by Johnson Walton Steamships Ltd of Vancouver, when they were acquired in 1949, most recently, cargo was the mainstay of the business. As air travel became popular in later years, passenger operations shrank until 1969

East Asiatic Company
–
MS Selandia
East Asiatic Company
–
Flag of East Asiatic Company

37.
C.W. Obel
–
C. W. Obel is a former Danish tobacco manufacturing company which now serves as an investment company fully owned by the foundation Det Obelske Familiefond. Its activities comprise real estate and private equity investments as well as ownership of Scandinavian Tobacco Company, Tivoli A/S. The company was founded in 1787, on his mothers and stepfathers death, Christen Wither Obel took the factory over in 1828, changing its name to C. W. Obel. Under Obels leadership, the became the citys main employer. In 1857, steam engines were introduced in the production and a production of cigars was set up, the factory was several times damaged by fires and a new factory was built on the outskirts of Aalborg in 1898- It was later expanded several times. In 1919, C. W. Obel opened a branch in Copenhagen, in 1937, the company was converted into a family-owned aktieselskab and the Copenhagen branch moved into newly acquired premises in Obels Gård at Vestergade No.2. Det Obelske Familiefond was established in 1956, in 1961, C. W. Obel merged with Chr. Augustinus Fabrikker and R. Færchs Fabrikker under the name Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni, in 1971, C. W. Obel A/S was listed on Copenhagen Stock Exchange but was delisted in 2001. The company is headquartered in Obels Gård at Vestergade 2 in Copenhagen, C. W. Obel Ejendomme owns a portfolio of approximately 50 properties in Copenhagen, Aalborg and Aarhus. C. W. Obel owns 35% of Skandinavisk Holding which owns 51% of Scandinavian Tobacco Groupm 100% of Fritz Hansen, the Augustinus Foundation owns the remaining 65% of the company. Semco Maritime A/S SGD-Bera A/S Danfoss Semco A/S Fire Protection Dansk Mink Papir A/S Erhvervsinvest II K/S CMC Biologics Sarl Det Obelske Fimiliefond is based in Aalborg and it makes donations to philanthropical projects, especially in North Jutland, as well. It also supports members of the Obel family, marianne Rostgaard og Inger Blads, Tobakken og byen - C. W. Obels Tobaksfabrik 1787-1995, Aalborgbogen 2004. Published by Selskabet for Aalborgs Historie in collaboration with Aalborg Stadsarkiv and Aalborg Historiske Museum Bender, Henning, Aalborgs Industrielle Udvikling fra 1735 til 1940

C.W. Obel
–
C.W. Obel

38.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed

39.
Great Belt Fixed Link
–
The Great Belt Fixed link is a multi-element fixed link crossing the Great Belt straight between the Danish islands of Zealand and Funen. The Great Belt Bridge commonly refers to the bridge, although it may also be used to mean the box-girder bridge or the link in its entirety. The suspension bridge, officially known as the East Bridge, has the third longest main span. It was designed by the Danish engineering firms COWI and Ramboll, the link replaced the ferry service that had been the primary means of crossing the Great Belt. At an estimated cost of DKK21.4 billion, the link is the largest construction project in Danish history, operation and maintenance are performed by A/S Storebælt under Sund & Bælt. Construction and maintenance are financed by tolls on vehicles and trains, the link has reduced travel times significantly, previously taking about an hour by ferry, the Great Belt can now be crossed in about ten minutes. The construction of the link and the Øresund Bridge have together enabled driving from mainland Europe to Sweden, cyclists are not permitted to use the bridge, but cycles may be transported by train or bus. The Great Belt ferries entered service between the towns of Korsør and Nyborg in 1883, connecting the railway lines on either side of the Belt. In 1957, road traffic was moved to the Halsskov–Knudshoved route, about 1.5 kilometres to the north, construction drafts for a fixed link were presented as early as the 1850s, with several suggestions appearing in the following decades. The Danish State Railways, responsible for the service, presented plans for a bridge in 1934. The concepts of bridges over Øresund and Storebælt were calculated around 1936, in 1948, the Ministry for Public Works established a commission to investigate the implications of a fixed link. The first law concerning a fixed link was enacted in 1973, political agreement to restart work was reached in 1986, with a construction law being passed in 1987. The design was carried out by the engineering firms COWI and Ramboll together with Dissing+Weitling architecture practice, construction of the link commenced in 1988. In 1991, Finland sued Denmark at the International Court of Justice, the two countries negotiated a financial compensation of 90 million Danish kroner, and Finland withdrew the lawsuit. The link is estimated to have created a value of 379 billion DKK after 50 years of use, the construction of the fixed link became the biggest building project in the history of Denmark. The project comprised three different tasks, the East Bridge for road transport, the East Tunnel for rail transport, the construction work was carried out by Sundlink Contractors, a consortium of Skanska, Hochtief, Højgaard & Schultz and Monberg & Thorsen. The work of lifting and placing the elements was carried out by Ballast Nedam using a floating crane, built between 1991 and 1998 at a cost of US$950 million, the East Bridge is a suspension bridge between Halsskov and Sprogø. It is 6,790 metres long with a span of 1,624 metres, making it the worlds third-longest suspension bridge span, surpassed only by the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge

Great Belt Fixed Link
–
The East Bridge as seen from the Sjælland side.
Great Belt Fixed Link
–
The West bridge (foreground) seen from Nyborg at Funen.
Great Belt Fixed Link
–
Panoramic picture of the East Bridge
Great Belt Fixed Link
–
The Toll area at night. Each booth can be used for electronic toll collection (green booths), credit card (blue booths) or manual payment (yellow booths), depending on the load on each payment method.

40.
Gothenburg
–
Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated by Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, the city has a population of approximately 550,000 in the urban area, Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony, by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus. At a key location at the mouth of the Göta älv, where Scandinavias largest drainage basin enters the sea. Gothenburg is home to students, as the city includes the University of Gothenburg. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927, the original, parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city. Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca, Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km southeast of the city center. The smaller Göteborg City Airport,15 km from the city center, was closed to airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia, the Gothenburg Film Festival, held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival with over 155,000 visitors each year. In summer, a variety of music festivals are held in the city, such as Way Out West. The city was named after the Geats, the inhabitants of Gothia, the river on which the city sits is the Göta älv or Gothia River. Göta borg Gothia Fortress is the fort on the Göta Älv, in Dutch, Scots, and English, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is used for the city. The French form of the city name is Gothembourg, but in French texts, Gothenburg can also be seen in some older English texts. In Spanish the city is called Gotemburgo and these traditional forms are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Göteborg, for example by The Göteborg Opera and the Göteborg Ballet. However, Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, the Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts. Other old variations in Swedish are Götheborgh, and the more common Götheborg, one English text, written in the late 15th century, states the name as Guthaeborg. In 2009, the city launched a new logotype for Gothenburg. Since the name Göteborg contains the Swedish letter ö the idea was to make the more international. As of 2015, the name is spelled Go, teborg on a number of signs in the city

41.
Oslo
–
Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated

42.
Arden Municipality
–
Arden municipality was a municipality in North Jutland County on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark until January 1,2007. The municipality covered an area of 228 km², and had a population of 8,513. Its last mayor was Hans Christian Maarup, a member of the Social Democrats political party, the main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Arden. The municipality was created in 1970 due to a kommunalreform that combined Astrup, Store Arden, Oue-Valsgaard, on January 1,2007 Arden municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen. It was merged with former Hadsund and Hobro municipalities, and part of Mariager Municipality to form the new Mariagerfjord Municipality and this created a municipality with an area of 769 km² and a total population of 43,049. The new municipality belongs to the Region Nordjylland, the town of Arden is situated south of the city of Aalborg, and north of the city of Randers. Arden was originally named Hesselholt but changed its name when the Jutland railroad reached the city in the 1870s, today the town has a population of 2,474. The town is situated on the outskirt of Denmarks largest forest. Rold Skov is the best known attraction in Arden municipality, Mariagerfjord municipalitys official website Municipal statistics, NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata Municipal mergers and neighbors, Eniro new municipalities map

43.
Musikkens Hus
–
Musikkens Hus is a venue in Aalborg, Denmark. It is located at Musikkens Plads by the Limfjord in the new cultural center area of the city, opened in March 2014, the building contains a concert hall and practice rooms for the Aalborg Symphony Orchestra and The Royal Academy of Music. Additional tenants include Orchestra Norden, as well as two of Aalborg Universitys fine arts divisions, Institute of Music and Danish JazzCenter, the building features a solar-passive design and faces the riverfront. The educational rooms are constructed in a U shape around the concert hall. After an international competition, Coop Himmelbau was selected to design the structure. The administrative offices moved into the building in July 2013, a new-nordic restaurant called Musikkens Spisehus also opened in 2013 in a section of the building with a view to Limfjord. The official opening of the hall took place March 29,2014. On 27 September 2014, Crown Prince Frederik and Princess Mary of Denmark presented the Crown Prince Couples Awards in the hall. The foundation is today the owner of Musikkens Hus and is renting the facilities out to these, Aalborg Symphony Orchestra has its administration, practice rooms. Aalborg University has its education and research, and their department Danish JazzCenter is also located. Orkester Norden has its administration, practice rooms, and concerts in the halls, Royal Academy of Music has its education department and concert facilities in the building. Musikkens Hus contains four halls and a number of practice rooms etc, the Concert Hall seats 1,298 people The Minor Hall seats 300 people The Rhythmic Hall seats 200 people The Classical Hall seats 200 people The Foyer handles 2,150 people for receptions etc. Musikkens Spisehus is the restaurant of Musikkens Hus and is located out to the Limfjord in two floors List of concert halls in Denmark Official website

44.
Kildeparken
–
Kildeparken is a large public park in Aalborg, Denmark. It is bounded by the streets Europahallen, Vesterbro, Old Kærvej, and it is possible to reach it from John F. Kennedys Plads through a tunnel. The park features a lake with a fountain, sculptures, an open-air stage. Said to be the oldest park of Aalborg, the park boasts traditional statues like the Three Graces by Bertel Thorvaldsen, the park hosts concerts and is the center of Aalborg Carnival, an annual event. Artists who have planted a tree

Kildeparken
–
Kildeparken

45.
Buckthorn
–
Rhamnus is a genus of about 110 accepted species of shrubs or small trees, commonly known as buckthorns in the family Rhamnaceae. Both deciduous and evergreen species occur, the leaves are simple,3 to 15 centimeters long, and arranged alternately or in opposite pairs, or almost paired. One distinctive character of many buckthorns is the way the veination curves upward towards the tip of the leaf, the plant bears fruits which are black or red berry-like drupe. The name is due to the spine on the end of each twig in many species. Rhamnus species are shrubs or small to medium-sized trees, with deciduous or rarely evergreen foliage, branches are unarmed or end in a woody spine. The leaf blades are undivided and pinnately veined, leaf margins are serrate or rarely entire. Calyx tube campanulate to cup-shaped, with 4 or 5 ovate-triangular sepals, petals 4 or 5 but a few species may lack petals. The petals are shorter than the sepals, flowers have 4 or 5 stamens which are surrounded by and equal in length the petals or are shorter. The superior ovary is free, rounded, with 2-4 chambers, fruits are a 2-4 stoned, berrylike drupe, which is obovoid-globose or globose shaped. Seeds are obovoid or oblong-obovoid shaped, unfurrowed or abaxially or laterally margined with a long, in South America, Rhamnus diffusus is a small shrub native to the Valdivian temperate rain forests of Chile. Buckthorns may be confused with dogwoods, which share the curved leaf venation, indeed, the two plants are easy to distinguish by slowly pulling a leaf apart, dogwoods will exude thin, white latex strings, while buckthorns will not. Meyer, Rhamnus persica – Persian Buckthorn, Boiss. C, Rhamnus purshiana – cascara buckthorn Rhamnus rubra – red buckthorn Some species are invasive outside their natural ranges. R. cathartica was introduced into the United States as a shrub and has become an invasive species in many areas there. It is a primary host of the aphid, a pest for soybean farmers across the US. The aphids use the buckthorn as a host for the winter, italian buckthorn, an evergreen species from the Mediterranean region, has become a serious weed in some parts of New Zealand, especially on Hauraki Gulf islands. Buckthorns are used as food plants by the larvae of many Lepidoptera species, the fruit of most species contain a yellow dye and the seeds are rich in protein. Oils from the seeds are used for making lubricating oil, printing ink, Some species may cause demyelinating polyneuropathies. The purging buckthorn is a widespread European native species used in the past as a purgative, though its toxicity makes this a very risky herbal medicine, many species have been used to make dyes

46.
Brant goose
–
The brant, also known as the brent goose is a species of goose of the genus Branta. The black brant is an American subspecies, the Brent System, a major oilfield, was named after the species. The brant is a goose with a short, stubby bill. It measures 55–66 cm long, 106–121 cm across the wings, the under-tail is pure white, and the tail black and very short. The species is divided three subspecies, Dark-bellied brant B. b. bernicla Pale-bellied brant B. b. hrota Black brant B. b, the body of the dark-bellied form is fairly uniformly dark grey-brown all over, the flanks and belly not significantly paler than the back. The head and neck are black, with a white patch on either side of the neck. It breeds on the Arctic coasts of central and western Siberia and winters in western Europe, with half the population in southern England. The pale-bellied brant appears blackish-brown and light grey in colour, the body is different shades of grey-brown all over, the flanks and belly are significantly paler than the back and present a marked contrast. The head and neck are black, with a white patch on either side of the neck. It breeds in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Greenland and northeastern Canada, wintering in Denmark, northeast England, Ireland, the black brant appears blackish-brown and white in colour. These birds are intermediate in appearance between black brant and pale-bellied brant, having brown upperparts and grey underparts which give less of a contrast with the white flank patch. Given that this population exhibits mixed characters, it has also proposed that, rather than being a separate subspecies. It used to be a coastal bird in winter, seldom leaving tidal estuaries, where it feeds on eel-grass. On the east coast of North America, the inclusion of sea lettuce is a recent change to their diet and this resulted in the near-extirpation of the brant. The few that survived changed their diet to include sea lettuce until the eelgrass eventually began to return, brants have maintained this diet ever since as a survival strategy. In recent decades, it has started using agricultural land a distance inland, feeding extensively on grass. This may be learnt by following other species of geese. In the breeding season, it uses low-lying wet coastal tundra for both breeding and feeding, the nest is bowl-shaped, lined with grass and down, in an elevated location, often in a small pond

47.
Curlew
–
The curlews /ˈkɜːrljuːz/, genus Numenius, are a group of eight species of birds, characterised by long, slender, downcurved bills and mottled brown plumage. The English name is imitative of the Eurasian curlews call, but may have influenced by the Old French corliu, messenger, from courir. It was first recorded in 1377 in Langlands Piers Plowman Fissch to lyue in þe flode. Þe corlue by kynde of þe eyre, the genus name Numenius is from Ancient Greek noumenios, a bird mentioned by Hesychius. They are one of the most ancient lineages of scolopacid waders, curlews feed on mud or very soft ground, searching for worms and other invertebrates with their long bills. They will also take crabs and similar items, the distribution of curlews has altered considerably in the past hundred years as a result of changing agricultural practices. The stone-curlews are not true curlews but members of the family Burhinidae, which is in the same order Charadriiformes, apart from that, a Late Pleistocene curlew from San Josecito Cave, Mexico has been described. This fossil was initially placed in a genus, Palnumenius. The upland sandpiper is an odd bird which is the closest relative of the curlews and it is distinguished from them by its yellow legs, long tail, and shorter, less curved bill

Curlew
–
Curlew

48.
Karolinelund
–
Karolinelund was one of Aalborgs most popular public parks in the Eastern end of the city centre. It used to host an amusement park, Karolinelund was founded in 1946 by the brothers Volmer and Carl Lind and was later owned by Franck Bo Lind. In 2005 he sold the park to Torben Træsko Pedersen, who owned amusements at Dyrehavsbakken, after only one season, Pedersen sold the park to Aalborg Kommune on 23 January 2007. The park was called Tivoliland from the 1970s to 2005, when Pedersen bought the park in 2005 he changed the name to Tivoli Karolinelund. Today the amusement park is called Karolinelund, the name of the area where the park is located. The park closed after the 2010 season

Karolinelund
–
Karolinelund

49.
Chimpanzee
–
Chimpanzees are one of the two species of the genus Pan, the other being the bonobo. Together with gorillas, they are the only exclusively African species of ape that are currently extant. Native to sub-Saharan Africa, both chimpanzees and bonobos are found in the Congo jungle. In addition, P. troglodytes is divided into four subspecies, based on genome sequencing, the two extant Pan species diverged around one million years ago. The most obvious differences are that chimpanzees are somewhat larger, more aggressive and male-dominated, while the bonobos are more gracile, peaceful and their hair is typically black or brown. Males and females differ in size and appearance, both chimps and bonobos are some of the most social great apes, with social bonds occurring among individuals in large communities. Fruit is the most important component of a diet, however, they will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects. They can live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity, Chimpanzees and bonobos are equally humanitys closest living relatives. As such, they are among the largest-brained, and most intelligent of primates, they use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and they have both been extensively studied for their learning abilities. There may even be distinctive cultures within populations, field studies of Pan troglodytes were pioneered by primatologist Jane Goodall. Both Pan species are considered to be endangered as human activities have caused declines in the populations. Threats to wild populations include poaching, habitat destruction. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of Pan species in the wild, the first use of the name chimpanze is recorded in The London Magazine in 1738, glossed as meaning mockman in a language of the Angolans. The spelling chimpanzee is found in a 1758 supplement to Chambers Cyclopædia, the colloquialism chimp was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s. The common chimpanzee was named Simia troglodytes by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1776, the species name troglodytes is a reference to the Troglodytae, an African people described by Greco-Roman geographers. Blumenbach first used it in his De generis humani varietate nativa liber in 1776, the genus name Pan was first introduced by Lorenz Oken in 1816. An alternative Theranthropus was suggested by Brookes 1828 and Chimpansee by Voigt 1831, troglodytes was not available, as it had been given as the name of a genus of wren in 1809. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature adopted Pan as the official name of the genus in 1895

50.
Zebra
–
Zebras are several species of African equids united by their distinctive black and white striped coats. Their stripes come in different patterns, unique to each individual and they are generally social animals that live in small harems to large herds. Unlike their closest relatives, horses and donkeys, zebras have never truly domesticated. There are three species of zebras, the zebra, the Grévys zebra and the mountain zebra. The plains zebra and the mountain zebra belong to the subgenus Hippotigris, the latter resembles an ass, to which it is closely related, while the former two are more horse-like. All three belong to the genus Equus, along with other living equids, the unique stripes of zebras make them one of the animals most familiar to people. They occur in a variety of habitats, such as grasslands, savannas, woodlands, thorny scrublands, mountains, however, various anthropogenic factors have had a severe impact on zebra populations, in particular hunting for skins and habitat destruction. Grévys zebra and the mountain zebra are endangered, the name zebra in English dates back to c. 1600, from Italian zebra, perhaps from Portuguese, which in turn is said to be Congolese, the Encarta Dictionary says its ultimate origin is uncertain, but perhaps it may come from Latin equiferus meaning wild horse, from equus and ferus. The pronunciation with an initial vowel remains standard in the United States. Zebras evolved among the Old World horses within the last 4 million years and it has been suggested that zebras are polyphyletic and that striped equids evolved more than once. Extensive stripes are posited to have been of use to equids that live in low densities in deserts or ones that live in colder climates with shaggy coats. However, molecular evidence supports zebras as a monophyletic lineage, collectively, two of the species have eight subspecies. Zebra populations are diverse, and the relationships between, and the status of, several of the subspecies are not well known. It, or particular subspecies of it, have also known as the common zebra, the dauw, Burchells zebra, Chapmans zebra, Wahlbergs zebra, Selous zebra, Grants zebra, Boehms zebra. The mountain zebra of southwest Africa tends to have a coat with a white belly. It has two subspecies and is classified as vulnerable, Grévys zebra is the largest type, with a long, narrow head, making it appear rather mule-like. It is an inhabitant of the grasslands of Ethiopia and northern Kenya

51.
Penguin
–
Penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with one species. Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage, most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater. They spend about half of their lives on land and half in the oceans, although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south, several species are found in the temperate zone, and one species, the Galápagos penguin, lives near the equator. The largest living species is the penguin, on average adults are about 1.1 m tall. The smallest penguin species is the little penguin, also known as the fairy penguin. Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are found in temperate or even tropical climates. Some prehistoric species attained enormous sizes, becoming as tall or as heavy as an adult human, the word penguin first appears in the 16th century as a synonym for great auk. The etymology of the penguin is still debated. The English word is not apparently of French, Breton or Spanish origin, an alternative etymology links the word to Latin pinguis, which means fat or oil. Support for this etymology can be found in the alternative Germanic word for penguin, fettgans or fat-goose, the number of extant penguin species is debated. Depending on which authority is followed, penguin biodiversity varies between 17 and 20 living species, all in the subfamily Spheniscinae. Some sources consider the white-flippered penguin a separate Eudyptula species, while others treat it as a subspecies of the little penguin, similarly, it is still unclear whether the royal penguin is merely a color morph of the macaroni penguin. The status of the penguins is also unclear. Updated after Marples, Acosta Hospitaleche, and Ksepka et al, CADIC P21 Delphinornis – Palaeeudyptinae, basal, new subfamily 1. Marambiornis – Palaeeudyptinae, basal, new subfamily 1, mesetaornis – Palaeeudyptinae, basal, new subfamily 1. Tonniornis Wimanornis Duntroonornis – possibly Spheniscinae Korora Kairuku Platydyptes – possibly not monophyletic, further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis

52.
Precipitation
–
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy, thundersnow is possible within a cyclones comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, on the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the trough, or intertropical convergence zone. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 cubic kilometres of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres over land. Given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres, Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies, e. g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 km3 of it over the oceans, given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres. Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall, Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice

53.
Relative humidity
–
Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest and it requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures, more water vapour is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air. Humans are sensitive to high humidity because the body uses evaporative cooling, enabled by perspiration. Perspiration evaporates from the more slowly under humid conditions than under arid. For example, if the air temperature is 24 °C and the humidity is zero percent. If the relative humidity is 100 percent at the air temperature. In other words, if the air is 24 °C and contains saturated water vapor, then the human body cools itself at the rate as it would if it were 27 °C. The heat index and the humidex are indices that reflect the effect of temperature. In cold climates, the temperature causes lower capacity for water vapour to flow about. Dry cracked skin can result from dry air, low humidity causes tissue lining nasal passages to dry, crack and become more susceptible to penetration of Rhinovirus cold viruses. Low humidity is a cause of nosebleeds. The use of a humidifier in homes, especially bedrooms, can help with these symptoms, indoor relative humidities should be kept above 30% to reduce the likelihood of the occupants nasal passages drying out. Humans can be comfortable within a range of humidities depending on the temperature—from thirty to seventy percent—but ideally between 50% and 60%. Very low humidity can create discomfort, respiratory problems, and aggravate allergies in some individuals, in the winter, it is advisable to maintain relative humidity at 30 percent or above. Extremely low relative humidities may also cause eye irritation, wooden furniture can shrink, causing the paint that covers these surfaces to fracture. When the temperature is low and the humidity is high. When relative humidity approaches 100 percent, condensation can occur on surfaces, leading to problems with mold, corrosion, decay, condensation can pose a safety risk as it can promote the growth of mold and wood rot as well as possibly freezing emergency exits shut. The basic principles for buildings, above, also apply to vehicles, in addition, there may be safety considerations

54.
Urban planning
–
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning or some combination in various areas worldwide. It takes many forms and it can share perspectives and practices with urban design, urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas. Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management. Urban planners work with the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, civil engineering. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields, today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline is the category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning. There is evidence of planning and designed communities dating back to the Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Minoan. Archeologists studying the ruins of cities in these areas find paved streets that were out at right angles in a grid pattern. The idea of a planned out urban area evolved as different civilizations adopted it, beginning in the 8th century BCE, Greek city states were primarily centered on orthogonal plans. The ancient Romans, inspired by the Greeks, also used orthogonal plans for their cities, city planning in the Roman world was developed for military defense and public convenience. The spread of the Roman Empire subsequently spread the ideas of urban planning, as the Roman Empire declined, these ideas slowly disappeared. However, many cities in Europe still held onto the planned Roman city center, cities in Europe from the 9th to 14th centuries, often grew organically and sometimes chaotically. But many hundreds of new towns were built according to preconceived plans. Most of these were realized from the 12th to 14th centuries, from the 15th century on, much more is recorded of urban design and the people that were involved. In this period, theoretical treatises on architecture and urban planning start to appear in which questions are addressed and designs of towns. During the Enlightenment period, several European rulers ambitiously attempted to redesign capital cities, during the Second French Republic, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, under the direction of Napoleon III, redesigned the city of Paris into a more modern capital, with long, straight, wide boulevards. Planning and architecture went through a shift at the turn of the 20th century. The industrialized cities of the 19th century grew at a tremendous rate, the pace and style of this industrial construction was largely dictated by the concerns of private business

Urban planning
–
Urban planning designs settlements, from the smallest towns to the largest cities. Shown here is Hong Kong from Western District overlooking Kowloon, across Victoria Harbour.

55.
Venstre (Denmark)
–
Venstre, full name Venstre, Danmarks Liberale Parti, is a conservative-liberal and agrarian political party in Denmark. Founded as part of a movement against the landed aristocracy. Venstre is the party of the centre-right in Denmark. The party has produced many Prime Ministers, Denmarks current government is a minority government consisting of Venstre alone, supported by the other right wing parties. In the 2015 parliamentary elections, Venstre received 19. 5% of the vote and it is led by Lars Løkke Rasmussen, who took over as party leader and Prime Minister from Anders Fogh Rasmussen when the latter became Secretary General of NATO in 2009. The party is a member of Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals, one of Denmarks thirteen MEPs are from Venstre in the 2014-19 term of office, and they sit with the ALDE Group in the European Parliament. Venstre is categorised as centre-right on the political spectrum and it is a market liberal party within the Nordic agrarian tradition, and today is notably more pro-free market than its sister parties. Some describe it as liberal, since its leader from 1998 to 2009. His book advocated a reform of the Danish welfare state along classical liberal lines, including lower taxes and less government interference in corporate. Since the elections in 2001, Venstre has enacted a tax stop in order to halt the growth in taxes seen during the previous eight years under the Social Democrats. This tax stop has been under fire from the parties on the left wing of Danish politics, allegedly for being asocial. Venstre, or the Left in English, was founded in 1870 under the name Det Forenede Venstre and it was formed through the merger of three parliamentary factions, all of whom had identified as leftist in the context of the time. From 1895 to 1910 it was known as Venstrereformpartiet, and after that simply as Venstre, Venstre was traditionally a party advocating free trade and farmers interests as opposed to the interests of the aristocracy which were the platform of the then conservative party, Højre. This traditional landed basis resulted in a decline in influence due to the rapidly accelerating urbanisation of Danish society. Starting in the 1880s, the party began expanding into urban regions as well, after the 1960s these developments reoriented Venstre from a classical liberal party to conservative liberalism. During the leadership of Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the party turned further to the right, the name has, however, its historical explanation. At the time of its foundation, Venstre affirmed progressive ideas in the then Danish parliament and their opponents, Højre, the forerunner of the present-day Conservative Peoples Party, advocated for established interests, particularly the Church of Denmark and the landed gentry. In current Danish politics there is a distinction between the concepts of Venstre and venstrefløj

56.
Akvavit
–
Akvavit or aquavit is a flavoured spirit that is principally produced in Scandinavia, where it has been produced since the 15th century. Akvavit gets its distinctive flavour from spices and herbs, and the main spice should be caraway or dill and it typically contains 40% alcohol by volume. The EU has established a minimum of 37. 5% ABV for akvavit to be named as such, the word aquavit is derived from Latin aqua vitae, water of life. The word whisky is derived from uisge beatha, the Goidelic equivalent of this phrase, likewise, clear fruit brandy is called eau de vie. Similarly, vodka is derivative from the Russian word voda, in reference to vodka being the water of life, an apocryphal story holds that aquavit actually means water from the vine, a picturesque folk etymology derived through conflation of Latin vītae with the Italian vite. Aquavit is an important part of Scandinavian drinking culture, where it is drunk during festive gatherings, such as Christmas dinners and weddings. In Sweden, Denmark and Germany aquavit is cooled down and often sipped slowly from a shot glass. This is usually attributed to tradition, most commonly the aquavit is consumed immediately following a song, called a snapsvisa. The most well-known song is Helan Går, in Finland and Sweden, aquavit consumed from a shot glass is commonly associated with crayfish parties, which are traditionally held during late August. In Norway, where most aquavit is matured in oak casks, Aquavit arguably complements dark beer well, and its consumption is very often preceded by a swig of beer. Some drink beer after a sip of aquavit, but purists generally lament this practice, claiming the beer will ruin the flavor and aftertaste. The older generation typically has a stronger acquired taste for Aquavit, Akvavit, like vodka, is distilled from either grain or potatoes. After distillation, it is flavoured with herbs, spices, or fruit oil, commonly seen flavours are caraway, cardamom, cumin, anise, fennel, and lemon or orange peel. Dill and grains of paradise are also used, the Danish distillery Aalborg makes an akvavit distilled with amber. The recipes and flavours differ between brands, but caraway is typically the dominant flavour, Akvavit usually has a yellowish hue, but this can vary from clear to light brown, depending on how long it has been aged in oak casks or the amount of colorant used. Normally, a darker colour suggests an age or the use of young casks. Clear akvavit is called taffel, it is aged in old casks that do not colour the finished spirit or not aged at all. The earliest known reference to aquavit is found in a 1531 letter from the Danish Lord of Bergenshus castle, Eske Bille to Olav Engelbrektsson, the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway

57.
Telenor Denmark
–
Telenor Denmark is one of the 4 major Danish mobile telephone operators with a customer base in excess of 1.4 million customers. Since december 2014 they have partnered with Swedish operator Telia to deliver a joint mobile network across Denmark, since 12 February 2004, it has been a subsidiary of the Norwegian mobile telephone company Telenor. Before 15 June 2009 was known as Sonofon, Sonofon and Cybercity merged in 2006 to form an alliance. From 15 June 2009 the two brands are merged and renamed to Telenor, in May,2007, Telenor announced the purchase of competing ISP Tele2, with the Danish commission of monopoly approving the purchase. Cybercity was a name of a leading Danish internet service provider owned by Telenor, the company has its own nationwide core network, and serves both consumer and business customers. Cybercity has reported more than 186.000 DSL customers in its report for the first quarter of 2007, with more than 380 employees

Telenor Denmark
–
Telenor Denmark

58.
Telenor
–
Telenor Group is a Norwegian mostly government-owned multinational telecommunications company headquartered at Fornebu in Bærum, close to Oslo. It is one of the worlds largest mobile telecommunications companies with operations in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe and it has extensive broadband and TV distribution operations in four Nordic Countries, and a 10-year-old research and business line for Machine-to-Machine technology. Telenor owns networks in 13 countries, and has operations in 29 countries if their 33% ownership in VimpelCom Ltd is included, Telenor started off in 1855 as a state-operated monopoly provider of telegraph services named Telegrafverket. Televerket began by connecting Christiania to Sweden as well as Christiania, by 1857 the telegraph had reached Bergen on the west coast via Sørlandet on the south coast, and by 1871 it had reached Kirkenes on the far north coast. Cable connections were opened to Denmark in 1867 and to Great Britain in 1869, the telegraph was most important for the merchant marine who now could use the electric telegraph to instantly communicate between different locations, and get a whole new advantage within logistics. The first telephone service in Norway was offered in 1878 between Arendal and Tvedestrand, while the first international service between Christiania and Stockholm was offered in 1893. Automation of the system was started in 1920 and completed in 1985. In 1946 the first Telex service was offered, and in 1976 satellite telephone connections to oil platforms in the North Sea were installed, in 1980 the first steps to digitalise the telephone network were taken. Televerket opened its first manual telephone system in 1966, being replaced with the automatic NMT system in 1981. Norway was the first country in Europe to get a mobile telephone system. The digital GSM system came into use in 1993, the third generation of mobile technology with UMTS system began full operation 2004. The Opera web browser was created in 1994 by Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner, Opera Software was established in 1995 after the pair went on to continue development of their browser. Telenor and Huawei Conducted a Successful Test of 5G with 70 Gbps Speeds in Lab environment. The corporation changed its name to Televerket in 1969, in 1994, the then Norwegian Telecom was established as a public corporation. The authorities wanted to deregulate the telecom sector in Norway, an attempt to merge Telenor with its counterpart in Sweden, Telia, failed in 1999, while both still were owned by their respective governments. On December 4,2000 the company was privatised and listed on Oslo Stock Exchange. The privatisation gave the company NOK15,6 billion in new capital, as of 2014, the Norwegian government holds 53. 97% of the Telenor shares directly and another 4. 66% through the Pension Fund. Operations in Greece, Ireland and Germany were sold in 1999/2000, in October 2005 Telenor acquired Vodafone Sweden, changing the name to Telenor in April 2006. On 31 July 2006, Telenor acquired 100 per cent share of mobile operator Mobi 63, Telenor offers a full range of telecommunication services in Norway, including mobile and fixed telephony as well as Internet access and content

59.
Bilka
–
Bilka is a Danish chain of hypermarkets. The first store opened in 1970 in Tilst, a suburb of Aarhus, the chain was founded by Herman Salling, but is now a part of Dansk Supermarked. The name Bilka is derived from the German Billiges Kaufhaus, which its founder, the first Bilka store was the first low-cost store in Denmark. With sale area of 10000 square meters and parking space for 1200 cars, the opening of the first Bilka store brought revision to the regional plan for Great Aarhus from 1954. According to that plan the area of Aarhus was supposed to have 2 new centers, but after the opening of the first Bilka store, at the beginning of 2010, the first Bilka store celebrated its 40th birthday and it was completely renovated. All of the old 31 cash registers, from 1970, were replaced with 28 new modern ones, furthermore, all the stands were completely renovated and today, this store has the largest Fruits & Vegetables department in Denmark. There are Bilka stores located in the cities, Dansk Supermarked Gruppen A. P. Møller-Mærsk A-Z Netto føtex Bilkas Website Dansk Supermarked Gruppen Webpage

60.
Forex
–
The foreign exchange market is a global decentralized market for the trading of currencies. This includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices, in terms of trading volume, it is by far the largest market in the world, followed by the Credit market. The main participants in this market are the international banks. Financial centers around the function as anchors of trading between a wide range of multiple types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market does not determine the values of different currencies. The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions, and operates on several levels, behind the scenes, banks turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as dealers, who are actively involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading. Most foreign exchange dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is called the interbank market. Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be large, involving hundreds of millions of dollars. Because of the sovereignty issue when involving two currencies, Forex has little supervisory entity regulating its actions, the foreign exchange market assists international trade and investments by enabling currency conversion. It also supports direct speculation and evaluation relative to the value of currencies, in a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases some quantity of one currency by paying with some quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s. e, as such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding currency intervention by central banks.1 trillion per day in April 2016. This is down from $5.4 trillion in April 2013, Foreign exchange swaps were the most actively traded instruments in April 2016, at $2.4 trillion per day, followed by spot trading at $1.7 trillion. According to the Bank for International Settlements, as of April 2016 and this marks a decline of approximately 5% from the $5.355 trillion daily volume as of April 2013. Some firms specializing in the exchange market had put the average daily turnover in excess of US$4 trillion. Money-changers were living in the Holy Land in the times of the Talmudic writings and these people used city stalls, and at feast times the Temples Court of the Gentiles instead. Money-changers were also the silversmiths and/or goldsmiths of more recent ancient times, during the 4th century AD, the Byzantine government kept a monopoly on the exchange of currency. Papyri PCZ I59021, shows the occurrences of exchange of coinage in Ancient Egypt, Currency and exchange were important elements of trade in the ancient world, enabling people to buy and sell items like food, pottery and raw materials. If a Greek coin held more gold than an Egyptian coin due to its size or content, then a merchant could barter fewer Greek gold coins for more Egyptian ones, or for more material goods

61.
Jyske Bank
–
Jyske Bank A/S is the third largest Danish bank in terms of market share. The headquarters are located in Silkeborg, and the bank has offices, branches, or subsidiaries in Denmark, France, Germany, Gibraltar, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. It is the third-largest bank to be listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange, the current CEO of Jyske Bank is Anders Dam. The bank employs some 4000 individuals and these banks trace their roots back to the mid-19th Century. 1968 - Jyske Bank acquired Banken for Brædstrup og Omegn,1970 - Jyske Bank acquired Samsø Bank. 1970 - Jyske Bank acquired Odder Landbobank,1981 - Jyske Bank acquired Copenhagen-based Finansbanken, giving it national coverage. 1983 - Jyske Bank acquired Vendelbobanken,1989 - Jyske Bank acquired Holstebro Bank. 2011 - Jyske Bank acquired most of Fjordbank Mors and this is the oldest Scandinavian-owned subsidiary in Switzerland. In 1985 the subsidiarys name became Jyske Bank,1983 - Jyske Bank established an office in London and three years later upgraded it to a branch. 1984 - Jyske Bank established an office of Jyske Bank Private Banking in Fuengirola on the Spanish Costa del Sol. 1987 Jyske Bank acquired Banco Galliano in Gibraltar, a family-owned bank, Jyske Bank acquired Hamburger Handelsbank, giving it a branch in Hamburg. 1988 - Jyske Bank converted its representative office in Spain into a subsidiary that it converted back to a representative office. 2002 - Jyske bank formed an alliance with Nykredit to become a major actor in the Danish finance industry. 2003 - Jyske Bank established representative office for Jyske Bank Private Banking in Cannes,2004 Jyske Bank established a representative office in Poland to conduct private banking. Jyske Bank acquired 60% of Berbens Effectenkantoor in Echt, Netherlands,2007 - Jyske Bank Private Banking closed the offices in Warsaw and Fuengirola. 2008 - Jyske Bank closed its branch in London, JN Data A/S Jyske Finans A/S Silkeborg Datacentral A/S Jyske Bank Jyske Bank Ltd

62.
Nordea
–
Nordea Bank AB, commonly referred to as Nordea, is a Nordic financial services group operating in Northern Europe. The Baltic states are also considered part of the home market. The largest share holder of Nordea is Sampo, a Finnish insurance company with around 20% of the shares, Nordea is listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange, Helsinki Stock Exchange and Stockholm Stock Exchange. Nordea unified its headquarters to be in Stockholm, although operates across both the Nordic and Baltic regions with over 1,400 branches, Nordea currently serves 11 million private and 700,000 active corporate customers. The group also operates a bank, which has more than 5.9 million online customers doing more than 260 million payments per year. The name Nordea comes from the Swedish bank Nordbanken, which was based on PK-banken which in 1990 purchased the private bank Nordbanken. PK-banken was formed in 1974 at a merger between Postbanken and Sveriges Kreditbank, both state owned, merita Bank was a 1995 merger of the former main rivals in Finland, the originally Svecoman Union Bank of Finland founded in 1842 and the Fennoman National Share Bank founded in 1889. The private Nordbanken was formed in 1986 at a merger between two private local banks, Uplandsbanken and Sundsvallsbanken. In 1991 the Swedish banking crisis, resulting from deregulated markets, bad debts were transferred to the asset-management companies Securum and Retriva which sold off the assets. Nordea is owned by, Sampo,21. 3% Nordea Fonden,3. 9% Swedbank Robur Funds,3. 3% AMF Insurance and Funds,2. 1% Nordea Markets is the international markets operation of Nordea. It handles a broad range of investment banking products and services including fixed income, currencies, commodities, equities, debt capital markets and it also supplies advisory services and internationally acknowledged economic research and analysis. There are approximately 2,200 employees including Financial Risk Control and its main operational centres are in Copenhagen, Helsinki, Oslo and Stockholm, and with regional offices also in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Singapore and USA. In 2007 Nordea was the subject of a phishing scam. The amount of money involved was between seven and eight million SEK, the theft was perpetrated by targeting Nordea customers with phishing emails containing a trojan horse, that was especially made for this robbery. Apparently these emails were sent out over a period of 15 months, according to Nordea, at least 250 people had unwittingly installed the trojan. The thieves evaded detection by limiting their transfers to small sums, the Nordea section in Luxemburg has in the years 2004-2014 founded nearly 400 offshore companies in Panama and the British Virgin Islands for their customers. The Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority has pointed out that theres serious deficiencies in how Nordea monitors money laundering and has given the bank two warnings, in 2015 Nordea had to pay the largest possible fine - over 5 million EUR. In 2012 Nordea asked Mossack Fonseca to change documents retroactively so that three Danish customers power of attorney documents had been in force since 2010, the director for Nordea Private banking Thorben Sanders admits that before 2009 they didnt screen for customers that tried to evade tax

63.
Jens Bang
–
Jens Bang was a wealthy Danish merchant. Born in Horsens, he was the son of merchant Oluf Bang and his older half-brother was the mayor, Jørgen Olufsen. Bang arrived in Aalborg at the age of 22 where he was apprenticed to a merchant. He purchased a plot of land in 1621 on the corner of Algade and Østerå where, in 1623-24, his built a large stone house. He may have been trying to out-do his older brother, Olufsen, who had built a stone house in 1616 at 25 Østerå. He married Mette, daughter of Knud Jensen, the eel-salter, Bang died in Aalborg in 1644. List of people on stamps of Denmark Bibliography Marryat, Horace, a Residence in Jutland, the Danish Isles, and Copenhagen

Jens Bang
–
Jens Bang's house in Aalborg

64.
Auricular style
–
The auricular style or lobate style is a style of ornamental decoration, mainly found in Northern Europe in the first half of the 17th century, bridging Northern Mannerism and the Baroque. In some other European languages the style is covered by the equivalent of the term cartilage baroque. But these terms may be widely and vaguely applied to a bewildering range of styles of Northern Mannerist. In Dutch a dolphin and mollusk style is mentioned, by Wendel Dietterlin of Stuttgart, in the second edition of 1598. Another Dutch silversmith who worked in the style was Thomas Bogaert. At mid-century, designs for plate by M. Mosyn were published in Amsterdam, Christian van Vianen, a son of Adam, worked in England at the courts of Charles I and Charles II, and took the style there. In metalwork, the style was in harmony with the nature of the material. Most of the key works are in the Netherlands, especially the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, whose collection includes ewer and basin sets by Paul van Vianen, especially important is a gilded ewer by Adam van Vianen. According to James Trilling, it is one of the very few works that deserve recognition as art-historical turning points. Van Vianens breakthrough was the introduction of inchoate or indeterminate form and it was raised by a lengthy process of chasing from a single sheet of silver, and chasing was the main technique used in auricular silver. The Dolphin Basin, which once had a matching ewer, is an asymmetric form with watery motifs by Christian van Vianen, now in the Victoria. The style was effective in carved wood, and used for furniture. Different varieties became popular in both English and Dutch frames, one English type are known as Sunderland frames after the frames Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland put on the pictures at Althorp, his new country house. These Medici frames were more three-dimensional than the other frame styles, the framing styles were long-lasting, surviving in use long enough to be reinvigorated by the Rococo. The style was effective for cartouches, whether in three-dimensional uses or for bookplates and it later influenced Rococo and then Art Nouveau ornament. Liedtke, Liedtke, Walter A. Vermeer and The Delft School,2001, exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, ISBN9780870999734, google books Liedtke, Liedtke, Dutch Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art,2 vols

65.
Renaissance architecture
–
Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture. Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact. Italy of the 15th century, and the city of Florence in particular, was home to the Renaissance, the scholarly approach to the architecture of the ancient coincided with the general revival of learning. A number of factors were influential in bringing this about, Italian architects had always preferred forms that were clearly defined and structural members that expressed their purpose. Many Tuscan Romanesque buildings demonstrate these characteristics, as seen in the Florence Baptistery, Italy had never fully adopted the Gothic style of architecture. In the 15th century, Florence, Venice and Naples extended their power through much of the area that surrounded them and this enabled Florence to have significant artistic influence in Milan, and through Milan, France. Successive Popes, especially Julius II, 1503–13, sought to extend the Pope’s temporal power throughout Italy, in the early Renaissance, Venice controlled sea trade over goods from the East. Trade brought wool from England to Florence, ideally located on the river for the production of fine cloth, by dominating Pisa, Florence gained a seaport, and also maintained dominance of Genoa. In this commercial climate, one family in particular turned their attention from trade to the business of money-lending. The Medici became the chief bankers to the princes of Europe, becoming virtually princes themselves as they did so, along the trade routes, and thus offered some protection by commercial interest, moved not only goods but also artists, scientists and philosophers. This commenced in the mid 15th century and gained momentum in the 16th century, the construction of the Sistine Chapel with its uniquely important decorations and the entire rebuilding of St Peters, one of Christendoms most significant churches, were part of this process. In wealthy republican Florence, the impetus for church-building was more civic than spiritual, the unfinished state of the enormous cathedral dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary did no honour to the city under her patronage. The dome inspired further religious works in Florence, through Humanism, civic pride and the promotion of civil peace and order were seen as the marks of citizenship. Some major ecclesiastical building works were commissioned, not by the church. During the Renaissance, architecture became not only a question of practice, printing played a large role in the dissemination of ideas. The first treatise on architecture was De re aedificatoria by Leon Battista Alberti in 1450 and it was to some degree dependent on Vitruviuss De architectura, a manuscript of which was discovered in 1414 in a library in Switzerland. De re aedificatoria in 1485 became the first printed book on architecture, Sebastiano Serlio produced the next important text, the first volume of which appeared in Venice in 1537, it was entitled Regole generali darchitettura. It is known as Serlios Fourth Book since it was the fourth in Serlios original plan of a treatise in seven books, in all, five books were published

Renaissance architecture
–
Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502, by Bramante. This small temple marks the place where St Peter was put to death.
Renaissance architecture
–
Temple of Vesta, Rome, 205 AD. As the most important temple of Ancient Rome, it became the model for Bramante's Tempietto.
Renaissance architecture
–
Renaissance
Renaissance architecture
–
The Romanesque Baptistery of Florence was the object of Brunelleschi's studies of perspective

66.
Timber framing
–
Timber framing and post-and-beam construction are methods of building with heavy timbers rather than dimensional lumber such as 2x4s. Traditional timber framing is the method of creating structures using heavy squared-off and it is commonplace in wooden buildings from the 19th century and earlier. The method comes from making out of logs and tree trunks without modern high tech saws to cut lumber from the starting material stock. Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in parts of the world. These styles are categorized by the type of foundation, walls, how and where the beams intersect, the use of curved timbers. Three basic types of frames in English-speaking countries are the box frame, cruck frame. The distinction presented here is the load is carried by the exterior walls. Purlins are also in a timber frame. A cruck is a pair of crooked or curved timbers which form a bent or crossframe, more than 4,000 cruck frame buildings have been recorded in the UK. Several types of frames are used, more information follows in English style below. True cruck or full cruck, blades, straight or curved, base cruck, tops of the blades are truncated by the first transverse member such as by a tie beam. Raised cruck, blades land on masonry wall, and extend to the ridge, middle cruck, blades land on masonry wall, and are truncated by a collar. Upper cruck, blades land on a tie beam, very similar to knee rafters, jointed cruck, blades are made from pieces joined near eaves in a number of ways. See also, hammerbeam roof End cruck is not a style, aisled frames have one or more rows of interior posts. These interior posts typically carry more load than the posts in the exterior walls. This is the concept of the aisle in church buildings, sometimes called a hall church. However, a nave is often called an aisle, and three-aisled barns are common in the U. S. the Netherlands, aisled buildings are wider than the simpler box-framed or cruck-framed buildings, and typically have purlins supporting the rafters. In northern Germany, this construction is known as variations of a Ständerhaus, the frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building

67.
Baroque architecture
–
It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow, and dramatic intensity. Baroque architecture and its embellishments were on the one hand more accessible to the emotions and on the other hand, the new style manifested itself in particular in the context of the new religious orders, like the Theatines and the Jesuits who aimed to improve popular piety. The architecture of the High Roman Baroque can be assigned to the reigns of Urban VIII, Innocent X and Alexander VII. Dissemination of Baroque architecture to the south of Italy resulted in variations such as Sicilian Baroque architecture or that of Naples. To the north, the Theatine architect Camillo-Guarino Guarini, Bernardo Vittone and Sicilian born Filippo Juvarra contributed Baroque buildings to the city of Turin and the Piedmont region. A synthesis of Bernini, Borromini and Cortona’s architecture can be seen in the late Baroque architecture of northern Europe which paved the way for the more decorative Rococo style. During the 17th century, Baroque architecture spread through Europe and Latin America, michelangelos late Roman buildings, particularly St. Peters Basilica, may be considered precursors to Baroque architecture. Colonialism required the development of centralized and powerful governments with Spain and France, the initial mismanagement of colonial wealth by the Spaniards bankrupted them in the 16th century, recovering only slowly in the following century. While this was good for the industries and the arts, the new wealth created an inflation. Rome was known just as much for its new sumptuous churches as for its vagabonds, one of the first Roman structures to break with the Mannerist conventions exemplified in the Gesù, was the church of Santa Susanna, designed by Carlo Maderno. The dynamic rhythm of columns and pilasters, central massing, there is an incipient playfulness with the rules of classic design, but it still maintains rigor. These concerns are more evident in his reworking of Santa Maria della Pace. Probably the most well known example of such an approach is Saint Peters Square, the piazza, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is formed principally by two colonnades of free standing columns centred on an Egyptian obelisk. Berninis own favourite design was his church of SantAndrea al Quirinale decorated with polychome marbles. His secular architecture included the Palazzo Barberini based on plans by Maderno, Berninis rival, the architect Francesco Borromini, produced designs that deviated dramatically from the regular compositions of the ancient world and Renaissance. His building plans were based on geometric figures, his architectural forms were unusual and inventive. Borrominis architectural spaces seem to expand and contract when needed, showing some affinity with the style of Michelangelo. A later work, the church of SantIvo alla Sapienza, displays the same playful inventiveness and antipathy to the flat surface, following the death of Bernini in 1680, Carlo Fontana emerged as the most influential architect working in Rome

68.
Frederick V of Denmark
–
Frederick V was king of Denmark-Norway and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein from 1746 until his death. He was the son of Christian VI of Denmark and Sophia Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Frederick was born on 31 March 1723 at Copenhagen Castle. He was the grandson of King Frederick IV of Denmark and the son of Crown Prince Christian, on 12 October 1730, King Frederick IV died and Fredericks father ascended the throne as King Christian VI. Christian VI and Sophia Magdalene were deeply devoted to Pietism, although not unfamiliar with religious sentiments, Frederick grew into a hedonist who enjoyed the pleasures of life such as wine and women. His mother ironically referred to him as Der Dänische Prinz because he occasionally spoke Danish, Fredericks propensity for debauchery accelerated his marriage negotiations. He was married at Altona, Holstein, on 11 December 1743 to Princess Louise of Great Britain, daughter of King George II and they were the parents of six children, but one was stillborn. Meanwhile, Frederick continued to enjoy liaisons with others. During the years 1746-51, the king had a favorite named Madam Hansen who bore him five children, the Norwegian Masonic historian Karl Ludvig Tørrisen Bugge claims that Frederik V as crown prince was included in the Copenhagen Masonic Lodge St. Martin. This was probably third June 1744, and inspired by the Prussian king Frederick the Great who was included in a masonic lodge in his youth. They both had fathers who were opposed to the Masons, but unlike the Prussian king. As an active Freemason, he set up on 24 June 1749 the first Masonic lodge in Norway, on 6 August 1746 – the day before his parentss silver marriage festivities– his father died at Hirschholm Palace, the royal familys summer retreat. Christian VI was interred in Roskilde Cathedral, Frederick and Louise immediately ascended Denmark-Norways throne, being anointed in Frederiksborg Palaces Chapel the following year. The personal influence of Frederick was limited, making him one of absolute rulers who least made for the states strength and these men marked his reign by the progress of commerce and the emerging industry of gunpowder plant and cannon foundry in Frederiksværk, built by Johan Frederik Classen. They also avoided involving Denmark in the European wars of his time, in the same period the Royal Frederiks Hospital and the Royal Orphanage was created, a school intended for poor boys that still exists today, opened in Christianshavn on 1 October 1753. On 29 June 1753 Frederick V created Denmarks first lottery, called the Royal Copenhagen Lottery - a lottery that exists to this day as Klasselotteriet, one of his main tasks was to take care that his dissolute Majesty didnt damage the Royal households reputation with his constant orgies. Frederick purchased what would become known as the Danish West Indies from the Danish West India Company in 1754. Louise died suddenly on 19 December 1751 at Christiansborg Palace, predeceasing her husband by fourteen years and causing great impact on the family and the courts life. She was buried with great pomp at Roskilde Cathedral, at the time of her death, she was pregnant with her sixth child, who also died

69.
Rococo architecture
–
Rococo artists and architects used a more jocular, florid, and graceful approach to the Baroque. Their style was ornate and used light colours, asymmetrical designs, curves, unlike the political Baroque, the Rococo had playful and witty themes. By the end of the 18th century, Rococo was largely replaced by the Neoclassic style. In 1835 the Dictionary of the French Academy stated that the word Rococo usually covers the kind of ornament, style and design associated with Louis XVs reign and it includes therefore, all types of art from around the middle of the 18th century in France. The word is seen as a combination of the French rocaille and coquilles, the term may also be a combination of the Italian word barocco and the French rocaille and may describe the refined and fanciful style that became fashionable in parts of Europe in the 18th century. The Rococo love of shell-like curves and focus on decorative arts led some critics to say that the style was frivolous or merely modish, when the term was first used in English in about 1836, it was a colloquialism meaning old-fashioned. While there is some debate about the historical significance of the style to art in general. Italian architects of the late Baroque/early Rococo were wooed to Catholic Germany, Bohemia and Austria by local princes, an exotic but in some ways more formal type of Rococo appeared in France where Louis XIVs succession brought a change in the court artists and general artistic fashion. By the end of the long reign, rich Baroque designs were giving way to lighter elements with more curves. These elements are obvious in the designs of Nicolas Pineau. During the Régence, court life moved away from Versailles and this change became well established, first in the royal palace. The delicacy and playfulness of Rococo designs is seen as perfectly in tune with the excesses of Louis XVs reign. The 1730s represented the height of Rococo development in France, the style had spread beyond architecture and furniture to painting and sculpture, exemplified by the works of Antoine Watteau and François Boucher. The Rococo style was spread by French artists and engraved publications, william Hogarth helped develop a theoretical foundation for Rococo beauty. Though not intentionally referencing the movement, he argued in his Analysis of Beauty that the lines and S-curves prominent in Rococo were the basis for grace. The development of Rococo in Great Britain is considered to have connected with the revival of interest in Gothic architecture early in the 18th century. The beginning of the end for Rococo came in the early 1760s as figures like Voltaire and Jacques-François Blondel began to voice their criticism of the superficiality, Blondel decried the ridiculous jumble of shells, dragons, reeds, palm-trees and plants in contemporary interiors. By 1785, Rococo had passed out of fashion in France, replaced by the order, in Germany, late 18th century Rococo was ridiculed as Zopf und Perücke, and this phase is sometimes referred to as Zopfstil

70.
Alf Cock-Clausen
–
Alf Cock-Clausen was a Danish architect. He was active during the transition from Neoclassicism to Functionalism and many of his works show influence from Art Deco and his factory for De Danske Spritfabrikker at Aalborgs harbourfrint was declared a Danish Industrial Heritage Site in 2009. Other works include the headquarters of Guttenberghus, now converted into the Danish Film Institute. Alf Cock-Claussen was born in Copenhagen, the son of Ludvig Clausen who was also an architect and he attended Technical School in Copenhagen from 1894 to 1906 and studied architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1905 until 1911. He won the Academys small gold medal in 1913 and worked as a draughman and executing architect from 1905 until 1917, first for Hack Kampmann and he traveled in Germany in 1910 and in Italy in 1913 on a scholarship from the Art Academy. In 1816 he received Theophilus Hansens Grant, Cock-Claussen worked for De Danske Spritfabrikker, designing numerous facilities around the country, including the factories in Hobro, Aalborg, Randers, Slagelse, Roskilde and Copenhagen. Other notable works in Copenhagen include Gutenberghus at Gothersgade, now the Danish Film Institute, michaels Stiftelsen, later Rygaards School,54 Bernstorffsvej, Hellerup St

71.
Outlaw motorcycle club
–
An outlaw motorcycle club is a motorcycle subculture that has its roots in the immediate post-World War II era of American society. In the United States, such clubs are considered outlaw as they are not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture, while organizations may vary, the typical internal organization of a motorcycle club consists of a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, road captain, and sergeant-at-arms. Localized groups of a single, large MC are called chapters, the president of the mother chapter serves as the president of the entire MC, and sets club policy on a variety of issues. Larger motorcycle clubs often acquire real estate for use as a clubhouse or private compound, some biker clubs employ a process whereby members must pass several stages such as friend of the club, hang-around, and prospect, on their way to becoming full-patch members. The actual stages and membership process can and often vary widely from club to club. Oftentimes, an individual must pass a vote of the membership, some clubs have a unique club patch adorned with the term MC that are worn on the riders vest, known as a kutte. During this time, the prospect may wear the name on the back of their vest. To become a member, the prospect or probate must be voted on by the rest of the full club members. Successful admission usually requires more than a majority, and some clubs may reject a prospect or a probate for a single dissenting vote. A formal induction follows, in which the new member affirms his loyalty to the club, the final logo patch is then awarded. Full members are referred to as full patch members or patchholders. It has been said that other groups are attracted by the mystique of the outlaw image while objecting to the suggestion that they are outlaws. Outlaw clubs are often prominent at charity events, such as toy runs, charitable giving is frequently cited as evidence that these clubs do not deserve their negative media image. Outlaw clubs have been accused of using charity rides to mask their criminal nature, events such as a 2005 shootout between rival outlaw clubs in the midst of a charity toy drive in California have raised fears about the participation of outlaw biker clubs in charity events. In 2002 the Warlocks MC of Pennsylvania sued over their exclusion from a charity event, the primary visual identification of a member of an outlaw motorcycle club is the vest adorned with a large club-specific patch or patches, predominantly located in the middle of the back. The patch will contain a club logo, the name of the club, and the letters MC, and this garment and the patches themselves are referred to as the colours or cut. Many non-outlaw motorcycle riding clubs such as the Harley Owners Group also wear patches on the back of their vests, the club patches always remain property of the club itself, not the member, and only members are allowed to wear the clubs patches

Outlaw motorcycle club
–
A number of motorcycle club members meet at a run in Australia in 2009.
Outlaw motorcycle club
–
The Hells Angels MC New York City clubhouse, with many security cameras and floodlights on the front of the building
Outlaw motorcycle club
–
Motorcycle club vest, Germany
Outlaw motorcycle club
–
"1%er" shown at the Clubhouse of the Bandidos MC, Chapter Berlin

72.
Sydney Opera House
–
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, Australia. It is one of the 20th centurys most famous and distinctive buildings, designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the building was formally opened on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzons 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The government of New South Wales, led by the premier, Joseph Cahill, performances are presented by numerous performing artists, including four resident companies, Opera Australia, The Australian Ballet, the Sydney Theatre Company and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. As one of the most popular attractions in Australia, more than eight million people visit the site annually. The building is managed by the Sydney Opera House Trust, an agency of the New South Wales State Government, on 28 June 2007, the Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The building covers 1.8 hectares of land and is 183 m long and 120 m wide at its widest point and it is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25 m below sea level. Although the roof structures are referred to as shells, they are precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs. Though the shells appear uniformly white from a distance, they feature a subtle chevron pattern composed of 1,056,006 tiles in two colours, glossy white and matte cream. The tiles were manufactured by the Swedish company Höganäs AB which generally produced stoneware tiles for the paper-mill industry. Apart from the tile of the shells and the curtain walls of the foyer spaces. Significant interior surface treatments also include off-form concrete, Australian white birch plywood supplied from Wauchope in northern New South Wales, of the two larger spaces, the Concert Hall is in the western group of shells, the Joan Sutherland Theatre in the eastern group. The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal requirements, with low entrance spaces. The smaller venues are within the podium, beneath the Concert Hall, a smaller group of shells set to the western side of the Monumental Steps houses the Bennelong Restaurant. The podium is surrounded by substantial open spaces, and the large stone-paved forecourt area with the adjacent monumental steps is regularly used as a performance space. The Sydney Opera House includes a number of venues, Concert Hall, With 2,679 seats. It contains the Sydney Opera House Grand Organ, the largest mechanical action organ in the world. Joan Sutherland Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 1,507 seats, until 16 October 2012 it was known as the Opera Theatre. Drama Theatre, A proscenium theatre with 544 seats, used by the Sydney Theatre Company and other dance, Playhouse, An end-stage theatre with 398 seats

Sydney Opera House
–
Sydney Opera House
Sydney Opera House
–
Sydney Opera House showing ferry boat
Sydney Opera House
–
Interior of the Concert Hall
Sydney Opera House
–
Bennelong Point with tram depot in the 1920s (top left-hand side of photograph)

73.
Aalborg Teater
–
Aalborg Teater is the main theatre in Aalborg, Denmark. Built in 1878, it was modified by Julius Petersen and was remodeled in 2000. Its address is still Jernbanegade, although the station and the theatre have both moved, the theatre has three stages and seats 870 in the main auditorium. There are 10-12 annual productions with a total of 250-400 performances, covering a selection of drama. Originally privately owned, it is now controlled and owned by the Danish Ministry of Culture, while most productions are housed in the main hall, the building can accommodate up to four shows in its other halls. When the railway reached Aalborg at the end of the 1860s, the newly constructed Jernbanegade provided a site for Grøntved. Completed in 1878, initially it could accommodate audiences of almost 1,110 as there were many cheap standing places, Petersen undertook major modifications to the building, providing seating for 500 in the stalls and 370 on the balcony. The stage was extended and more powerful gas lighting was installed, in 1914, on his 70th birthday, Petersen transferred ownership of the theatre to the city, receiving an allowance and a box seat in return. Under the citys administration, a number of directors were appointed in fairly rapid succession, in 1937, Jakob Nielsen from Frederiksbergs Betty Nansen Teatret took over and appointed a new company of actors. Despite limited budgets, he was able to present 15 productions in the first season, during the Second World War, the Germans commandeered the theatre as a cinema for their troops but it was reopened in September 1945

Aalborg Teater
–
Aalborg Teater

74.
The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus/Aalborg
–
The school is under the patronage of His Royal Highness Crown Prince Frederik. The headquarters of the Royal Academy of Music is situated in Aarhus, in a designed by architectural firm C. F. Møller Architects. It was built as an extension of Musikhuset Aarhus, the Aarhus Concert Hall, the new headquarters for the Royal Academy of Music, North Denmark in Aalborg was completed in 2014 and is called Musikkens Hus. It was partially designed by the Scandinavian branch of architectural firm Coop Himmelbau, Royal Academy of Music offers graduate level studies in areas such as music teaching, and solo and professional musicianship. The programmes have been given the highest status, both nationally and internationally and this means that they measure up to the best comparable courses on offer abroad. The programmes aim to students for careers as professional musicians. The emphasis of the teaching is on work with an instrument or the voice, but there is also ensemble playing. For those studying to become teachers, particular importance is attached to music pedagogy. Since 2008 Det Jyske Musikkonservatorium has made a name for itself as having rejected the Danish musician Goodiepals ideas about Radical Computer Music. In a direct response, Goodiepal declared a five step Gentlemans War on the stupidity of modern computer music, homepage of the academy in english

The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus/Aalborg
–
Royal Academy of Music

75.
Museums in Aalborg
–
There are several museums in Aalborg, Denmark. These include a museum of art, a historical museum. Together with the theatre, cultural centre and music interests, they constitute an important aspect of the municipalitys recent focus on knowledge. The Aalborg Historical Museum in the city centre was established in 1863 making it one of the earliest provincial museums in Denmark. The striking museum of art was completed in the early 1970s, to be followed in 1992 by a marine museum. The first building for the Aalborg Historical Museum was designed by Conrad Weber in 1863, the present museum was constructed in 1878 and expanded in the early 1890s to house the growing collection of items from the regions earliest inhabitants to modern times. The Aalborgstuen presents a fine Renaissance interior from 1602, the Kunsten Museum of Modern Art was built between 1968-72 after designs by Elissa Aalto, Alvar Aalto and Jean-Jacques Baruël. The design is said to be inspired by the ziggurat, the structure extends over 6,000 m2, with galleries organised around a central hall. The external walls and most of the pavement are of Carrara marble, the building materials have light colours to emphasise the art works. The outdoor areas include a park, amphitheatre and terrace. Some of the sculptures exhibited are by Gunnar Aagaard Andersen, Willy Ørskov, Lene Adler Petersen, the collection consists of around 1,500 art objects, including paintings, sculptures and other forms of artistic media. Inside the well-preserved foundations, the museum reveals the history of the monastery, the Springeren - Marine Experience Center is a marine museum on the wharf of Aalborg. The main attraction is the Danish submarine Springeren, the Aalborg Defence and Garrison Museum documents Danish defences during the Second World War as well as the history of Aaborgs garrison since 1779. The museum is in a building in the western part of Aalborg - a huge hangar with side buildings. In 1992, thanks to funding by Aalborg Portland, a museum was opened on the site and it presents many of the findings from the excavations as well as displays illustrating life in the Viking period and in earlier settlements. Media related to Museums in Aalborg at Wikimedia Commons

Museums in Aalborg
–
The Museum of Modern Art and its sculpture garden
Museums in Aalborg
–
Marinemuseum
Museums in Aalborg
–
Garnisonsmuseum
Museums in Aalborg
–
Lindholm Høje Museum

76.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan

77.
Royal Danish Theatre
–
The Royal Danish Theatre is both the national Danish performing arts institution and a name used to refer to its old purpose-built venue from 1874 located on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. The theatre was founded in 1748, first serving as the theatre of the king, the theatre presents opera, the Royal Danish Ballet, classical music concerts, and drama in several locations. The Old Stage is the original Royal Danish Theatre built in 1874, the Copenhagen Opera House, built in 2004. Stærekassen is an Art Deco theatre adjacent to the main theatre and it is used for drama productions. Royal Danish Playhouse is a venue for theatre with three stages, inaugurated in 2008

78.
Gothic architecture
–
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture and its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the cathedrals, abbeys. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, for this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches. A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th-century England, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for ecclesiastical and university structures, the term Gothic architecture originated as a pejorative description. Hence, François Rabelais, also of the 16th century, imagines an inscription over the door of his utopian Abbey of Thélème, Here enter no hypocrites, slipping in a slighting reference to Gotz and Ostrogotz. Authorities such as Christopher Wren lent their aid in deprecating the old medieval style, the Company disapproved of several of these new manners, which are defective and which belong for the most part to the Gothic. Gothic architecture is the architecture of the medieval period, characterised by use of the pointed arch. As an architectural style, Gothic developed primarily in ecclesiastical architecture, the greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the cathedrals of Northern France. At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states, norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns. Germany and the Lowlands had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with other, or united for mutual weal. Civic building was of importance to these towns as a sign of wealth. England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings, dukes and bishops, the Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time, influencing not only faith but also wealth and power. Bishops were appointed by the lords and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France, a part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce

Gothic architecture
–
Façade of Reims Cathedral, France
Gothic architecture
–
The interior of the western end of Reims Cathedral
Gothic architecture
–
Overview of Reims Cathedral from north-east
Gothic architecture
–
South side of Chartres Cathedral.

79.
Rule of Saint Benedict
–
The Rule of Saint Benedict is a book of precepts written by Benedict of Nursia for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot. The spirit of Saint Benedicts Rule is summed up in the motto of the Benedictine Confederation, pax, compared to other precepts, the Rule provides a moderate path between individual zeal and formulaic institutionalism, because of this middle ground it has been widely popular. The Rule of Saint Benedict has been used by Benedictines for fifteen centuries and his Rule was written as a guide for individual, autonomous communities, and to this day all Benedictine Houses remain self-governing. Advantages seen in retaining this unique Benedictine emphasis on autonomy include cultivating models of tightly bonded communities, perceived disadvantages comprise geographical isolation from important activities in adjacent communities. Other perceived losses include inefficiency and lack of mobility in the service of others, Christian monasticism first appeared in the Eastern Roman Empire a few generations before Benedict of Nursia, in the Egyptian desert. Within a generation, both solitary and communal monasticism became very popular and spread outside of Egypt, first to Palestine, Saint Basil of Caesarea codified the precepts for these eastern monasteries in his Ascetic Rule, or Ascetica, which is still used today in the Eastern Orthodox Church. In time, setting an example with his zeal, he began to attract disciples, after considerable initial struggles with his first community at Subiaco, he eventually founded the monastery of Monte Cassino in 529, where he wrote his Rule near the end of his life. In chapter 73, Saint Benedict commends the Rule of Saint Basil and he was probably aware of the Rule written by Pachomius, and his Rule also shows influence by the Rule of St Augustine of Hippo and the writings of Saint John Cassian. Chapter 3 ordains the calling of the brothers to council upon all affairs of importance to the community, Chapter 4 lists 73 tools for good work, tools of the spiritual craft for the workshop that is the enclosure of the monastery and the stability in the community. These are essentially the duties of every Christian and are mainly Scriptural either in letter or in spirit, Chapter 5 prescribes prompt, ungrudging, and absolute obedience to the superior in all things lawful, unhesitating obedience being called the first degree, or step, of humility. Chapter 6 recommends moderation in the use of speech, but does not enjoin strict silence, chapters 8-19 regulate the Divine Office, the Godly work to which nothing is to be preferred, namely the eight canonical hours. Detailed arrangements are made for the number of Psalms, etc. to be recited in winter and summer, on Sundays, weekdays, Holy Days, Chapter 19 emphasizes the reverence owed to the omnipresent God. Chapter 20 directs that prayer be made with heartfelt compunction rather than many words and it should be prolonged only under the inspiration of divine grace, and in community always kept short and terminated at a sign from the superior. Chapter 21 regulates the appointment of a Dean over every ten monks, each monk is to have a separate bed and is to sleep in his habit, so as to be ready to rise without delay, a light shall burn in the dormitory throughout the night. Chapters 31 and 32 order the appointment of officials to charge of the goods of the monastery. Chapter 33 forbids the possession of anything without the leave of the abbot. Chapter 34 prescribes a just distribution of such things, Chapter 35 arranges for the service in the kitchen by all monks in turn. Chapters 36 and 37 address care of the sick, the old, and they are to have certain dispensations from the strict Rule, chiefly in the matter of food

Rule of Saint Benedict
–
St. Benedict writing the rules. Painting (1926) by Hermann Nigg (1849–1928).
Rule of Saint Benedict
–
An 8th-century copy of the Rule of St. Benedict
Rule of Saint Benedict
–
Regula, 1495
Rule of Saint Benedict
–
St. Benedict delivering his rule to the monks of his order, Monastery of St. Gilles, Nimes, France, 1129

80.
Altarpiece
–
An altarpiece is an artwork such as a painting, sculpture or relief representing a religious subject made for placing behind the altar of a Christian church. Altarpieces were one of the most important products of Christian art especially from the late Middle Ages to the era of the Counter-Reformation. Large number of altarpieces are now removed from their settings, and often their elaborate sculpted frameworks. Altarpieces seem to have begun to be used during the 11th century, the reasons and forces that led to the development of altarpieces are not generally agreed upon. The habit of placing decorated reliquaries of saints on or behind the altar, as well as the tradition of decorating the front of the altar with sculptures or textiles, an elaborate example of such an early altarpiece is the Pala dOro in Venice. The appearance and development of these first altarpieces marked an important turning point both in the history of Christian art and Christian religious practice, the autonomous image now assumed a legitimate position at the centre of Christian worship. Painted panel altars emerged in Italy during the 13th century, in the 13th century, it is not uncommon to find frescoed or mural altarpieces in Italy, mural paintings behind the altar function as visual complements for the liturgy. These altarpieces were influenced by Byzantine art, notably icons, which reached Western Europe in greater numbers following the conquest of Constantinople in 1204. During this time, altarpieces began to be decorated with an outer. Vigoroso da Sienas altarpiece from 1291 display such an altarpiece and this treatment of the altarpiece would eventually pave the way for the emergence, in the 14th century, of the polyptych. The sculpted elements in the emerging polyptychs often took inspiration from contemporary Gothic architecture, in Italy, they were still typically executed in wood and painted, while in northern Europe altarpieces were often made of stone. The early 14th century saw the emergence, in Germany, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, the Baltic region, by hinging the outer panels to the central panel and painting them on both sides, the motif could be regulated by opening or closing the wings. The pictures could thus be changed depending on liturgical demands, the earliest often displayed sculptures on the inner panels, i. e. displayed when open, and paintings on the back of the wings, displayed when closed. With the advent of winged altarpieces, a shift in imagery also occurred, instead of being centred on a single holy figure, altarpieces began to portray more complex narratives linked to the Christian concept of salvation. As the Middle Ages progressed, altarpieces began to be commissioned more frequently, in Northern Europe, initially Lübeck and later Antwerp would develop into veritable export centres for the production of altarpieces, exporting to Scandinavia, Spain and northern France. By the 15th century, altarpieces were often commissioned not only by churches but also by individuals, families, guilds, the 15th century saw the birth of Early Netherlandish painting in the Low Countries, henceforth panel painting would dominate altarpiece production in the area. In Germany, sculpted wooden altarpieces were instead generally preferred, while in England alabaster was used to a large extent, in England, as well as in France, stone retables enjoyed general popularity. In Italy both stone retables and wooden polyptychs were common, with painted panels and often with complex framing in the form of architectural compositions

Altarpiece
–
The Ghent Altarpiece (1432) by Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Considered one of the masterpieces of Northern Renaissance art, it is an example of a complex polyptych panel painting
Altarpiece
–
Vigoroso da Siena 's altarpiece from 1291, an example of an early painted panel altarpiece, with the individual parts framed by gables and sculptured elements
Altarpiece
–
The Altarpiece of the Holy Blood, by Tilman Riemenschneider (1501–1505). An example of an altarpiece with a central, sculpted section and relief wings.

81.
Pulpit
–
Pulpit is a raised stand for preachers in a Christian church. The origin of the word is the Latin pulpitum, the traditional pulpit is raised well above the surrounding floor for audibility and visibility, accessed by steps, with sides coming to about waist height. From the late medieval period onwards, pulpits have often had a known as the sounding board or abat-voix above and sometimes also behind the speaker. Though sometimes highly decorated, this is not purely decorative, most pulpits have one or more book-stands for the preacher to rest his or her bible, notes or texts upon. The pulpit is generally reserved for clergy and this is mandated in the regulations of the Roman Catholic church, and several others. Even in Welsh Nonconformism, this was appropriate, and in some chapels a second pulpit was built opposite the main one for lay exhortations, testimonials. Many churches have a second, smaller stand called the lectern, which can be used by lay persons, equivalent platforms for speakers are the bema of Ancient Greece and Jewish synagogues, and the minbar of Islamic mosques. From the pulpit is often used metaphorically for something which is said with official church authority, in many Christian churches, there are two speakers stands at the front of the church. Often, the one on the left is called the pulpit, since the Gospel lesson is often read from the pulpit, the pulpit side of the church is sometimes called the gospel side. In both Catholic and Protestant churches the pulpit may be located closer to the congregation in the nave, either on the nave side of the crossing. This is especially the case in churches, to ensure the preacher can be heard by all the congregation. Fixed seating for the congregation came relatively late in the history of church architecture, fixed seating facing forward in the nave and modern electric amplification has tended to reduce the use of pulpits in the middle of the nave. Outdoor pulpits, usually attached to the exterior of the church, if attached to the outside wall of a church, these may be entered from a doorway in the wall, or by steps outside. The other speakers stand, usually on the right, is known as the lectern, the word lectern comes from the Latin word lectus, past participle of legere, meaning to read, because the lectern primarily functions as a reading stand. It is typically used by lay people to read the lessons, to lead the congregation in prayer. Because the epistle lesson is read from the lectern, the lectern side of the church is sometimes called the epistle side. In other churches, the lectern, from which the Epistle is read, is located to the congregations left, though unusual, movable pulpits with wheels were also found in English churches. A portable outside pulpit of wood and canvas was used by John Wesley, modern synagougue bemas are often similar in form to centrally-placed pulpits in Evangelical churches

82.
Gospel of St Matthew
–
The Gospel According to Matthew is the first book of the New Testament. The narrative tells how the Messiah, Jesus, rejected by Israel, most scholars believe the Gospel of Matthew was composed between AD80 and 90, with a range of possibility between AD70 to 110. The title Son of David identifies Jesus as the healing and miracle-working Messiah of Israel, as Son of Man he will return to judge the world, an expectation which his disciples recognise but of which his enemies are unaware. As Son of God he is God revealing himself through his son, the gospel reflects the struggles and conflicts between the evangelists community and the other Jews, particularly with its sharp criticism of the scribes and Pharisees. The original versions of the Gospel of Matthew and the gospels are lost. The oldest relatively complete extant manuscripts of the Bible are the Codex Vaticanus and the Codex Sinaiticus, besides these, there exist manuscript fragments ranging from a few verses to whole chapters. P104 and P67 are notable fragments of Matthew, in the process of recopying, variations slipped in, different regional manuscript traditions emerged, and corrections and adjustments were made. The Gospel of Matthew is anonymous, the author is not named within the text, the consensus is that Papias does not describe the Gospel of Matthew as we know it, and it is generally accepted that Matthew was written in Greek, not in Aramaic or Hebrew. The majority view of scholars is that Mark was the first gospel to be composed. The author of Matthew did not, however, simply copy Mark, an additional 220 verses, shared by Matthew and Luke but not found in Mark, from a second source, a hypothetical collection of sayings to which scholars give the name Quelle, or the Q source. The author also had at his disposal the Greek scriptures, both as book-scrolls and in the form of collections, and, if Papias is correct. The majority view among scholars is that Matthew was a product of the last quarter of the 1st century, the Christian community to which Matthew belonged, like many 1st-century Christians, were still part of the larger Jewish community, hence the designation Jewish Christian to describe them. The author of Matthew wrote for a community of Greek-speaking Jewish Christians located probably in Syria, Matthew, alone among the gospels, alternates five blocks of narrative with five of discourse, marking each off with the phrase When Jesus had finished. The Gospel of Matthew begins with the words The Book of Genealogy of Jesus Christ, John baptizes Jesus, and the Holy Spirit descends upon him. Jesus prays and meditates in the wilderness for forty days, and is tempted by Satan and his early ministry by word and deed in Galilee meets with much success, and leads to the Sermon on the Mount, the first of the discourses. The sermon presents the ethics of the kingdom of God, introduced by the Beatitudes and it concludes with a reminder that the response to the kingdom will have eternal consequences, and the crowds amazed response leads into the next narrative block. From the authoritative words of Jesus the gospel turns to three sets of three miracles interwoven with two sets of two stories, followed by a discourse on mission and suffering. Opposition to Jesus comes to a head with accusations that his deeds are done through the power of Satan, Jesus in turn accuses his opponents of blaspheming the Holy Spirit

Gospel of St Matthew
–
Books of the New Testament
Gospel of St Matthew
–
Papyrus 4, fragment of a flyleaf with the title of the Gospel of Matthew, ευαγγελιον κ̣ατ̣α μαθ᾽θαιον (euangelion kata Maththaion). Dated to late 2nd or early 3rd century, it is the earliest manuscript title for Matthew
Gospel of St Matthew
–
37, a 3rd-century CE papyrus of Matthew 26
Gospel of St Matthew
–
The Evangelist Matthew Inspired by an Angel (Rembrandt)

83.
Synagogue
–
A synagogue, also spelled synagog, is a Jewish house of prayer. Synagogues have a hall for prayer, and may also have smaller rooms for study and sometimes a social hall. Some have a room for Torah study, called the beith midrash beis medrash —בית מדרש. Synagogues are consecrated spaces used for the purpose of prayer, Tanakh reading, study and assembly, halakha holds that communal Jewish worship can be carried out wherever ten Jews assemble. Worship can also be carried out alone or with fewer than ten people assembled together, however, halakha considers certain prayers as communal prayers and therefore they may be recited only by a minyan. The synagogue does not replace the long-since destroyed Temple in Jerusalem, israelis use the Hebrew term beyt knesset. Jews of Ashkenazi descent have traditionally used the Yiddish term shul in everyday speech, Sephardi Jews and Romaniote Jews generally use the term kal. Spanish Jews call the synagogue a sinagoga and Portuguese Jews call it an esnoga, persian Jews and some Karaite Jews also use the non-Hebrew term kenesa, which is derived from Aramaic, and some Arab Jews use kenis. Reform and some Conservative Jews use the word temple, the Greek word synagogue is used in English, to cover the preceding possibilities. The all-day Yom Kippur service, in fact, was an event in which the congregation both observed the movements of the kohen gadol as he offered the days sacrifices and prayed for his success. During the Babylonian captivity the Men of the Great Assembly formalized and standardized the language of the Jewish prayers, prior to that people prayed as they saw fit, with each individual praying in his or her own way, and there were no standard prayers that were recited. Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai, one of the leaders at the end of the Second Temple era and this contributed to the continuity of the Jewish people by maintaining a unique identity and a portable way of worship despite the destruction of the Temple, according to many historians. A synagogue dating from between 75 and 50 BCE has been uncovered at a Hasmonean-era winter palace near Jericho, more than a dozen Second Temple era synagogues have been identified by archaeologists. Any Jew or group of Jews can build a synagogue, there is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. In fact, the influence from local religious buildings can often be seen in synagogue arches, domes. Historically, synagogues were built in the architectural style of their time. Thus, the synagogue in Kaifeng, China looked very like Chinese temples of that region and era, with its outer wall, the styles of the earliest synagogues resembled the temples of other sects of the eastern Roman Empire. The surviving synagogues of medieval Spain are embellished with mudéjar plasterwork, the surviving medieval synagogues in Budapest and Prague are typical Gothic structures

84.
UEFA Champions League
–
The UEFA Champions League is an annual continental club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations and contested by top-division European clubs. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world, the UEFA Champions League final is the most watched annual sporting event worldwide. The final of the 2012–13 tournament had the highest TV ratings to date, the pre-1992 competition was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champion club of each country. During the 1990s, the format was expanded, incorporating a round-robin group stage to include clubs that finished runner-up of some nations top-level league. Clubs that finish next-in-line in each top level league, having not qualified for the UEFA Champions League competition. In its present format, the UEFA Champions League begins in mid-July with three qualifying rounds and a play-off round. The 10 surviving teams enter the stage, joining 22 other teams qualified in advance. The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four teams, the eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in May. The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup, Real Madrid is the most successful club in the competitions history, having won the tournament 11 times, including its first five seasons. Spanish clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories, followed by England, the competition has been won by 22 different clubs,12 of which have won it more than once. Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992, no club has managed consecutive wins, Milan were the last holders to defend their title. The reigning champions are Real Madrid, who secured their title in the competition after defeating Atlético Madrid on penalties following a 1–1 draw in the 2016 final. The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Mitropa Cup, a competition modelled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927, an idea of Austrian Hugo Meisl, and played between Central European clubs. In 1930, the Coupe des Nations, the first attempt to create a cup for national clubs of Europe, was played and organised by Swiss club Servette. Held in Geneva, it brought together ten champions from across the continent, the tournament was won by Újpest of Hungary. Latin European nations came together to form the Latin Cup in 1949 and it was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs Cup. The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season, the first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3–3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan. The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP, the inaugural final took place at the Parc des Princes between Stade de Reims and Real Madrid

UEFA Champions League
–
Barcelona – Hamburg, 12 April 1961
UEFA Champions League
–
UEFA Champions League
UEFA Champions League
–
Official trophy retained by Liverpool 's museum.
UEFA Champions League
–
The competition's logo is displayed in the centre of the pitch before every Champions League match.

85.
Aalborg Chang
–
Aalborg Chang is a Danish amateur association football club based in the city of Aalborg. It was known as FC Nordjylland from 2001 to 2004, the club, founded in 1912, reached the 1955 Danish Cup final, and has played a number of seasons in the Danish divisions, most recently the 2003–04 Danish 1st Division season. The club was founded in 1912 by three 14-year-olds, and had teams in football and cricket, until the cricket club split off to become Aalborg Cricketklub in 2001. A tennis department was also added, the Chang football team established itself in the Danish divisions during World War II. The club grabbed the headlines in 1955, as Chang reached the final of the inaugural Danish Cup tournament. They lost the game 0–4 to that years Danish champions AGF, in the following decades, the club was a constant part of either the Danish divisions or the Denmark Series, the single exception being the 1980 season in the Jutland Series. In 2001, former professional footballer Ole Bach Jensen invested in Chang, in 2004, Ole Bach Jensen withdrew his money, and the club went bankrupt. Aalborg Chang underwent forced relegation from the second-tier Danish 1st Division to the lowest-league Danish Series 6

86.
Gigantium
–
The Gigantium, in Aalborg, Denmark, is a large, rentable faire building, which hosts a large variety of concerts, markets and exhibitions, among other things. It has a capacity of 5,000 people, for concerts, the capacity is 8,500 people. The main use of the arena is sport, and it is home to the Danish Handball League club Aalborg Håndbold, the ice hockey club AaB Ishockey also play their matches in an ice arena connected to the original Gigantium arena. AaB Ishockey is the club having the license for professional ice hockey being used by Aalborg Pirates. Gigantium Gigantium Technologies Gigantium in Arkitekturbilleder. dk

Gigantium
–
Gigantium

87.
Motorcycle speedway
–
Motorcycle speedway, usually referred to as speedway, is a motorcycle sport involving four and sometimes up to six riders competing over four anti-clockwise laps of an oval circuit. Speedway motorcycles use only one gear and have no brakes, racing takes place on an oval track usually consisting of dirt, loosely packed shale. Competitors use this surface to slide their machines sideways, powersliding or broadsiding into the bends, on the straight sections of the track the motorcycles reach speeds of up to 70 miles per hour. The exact origins of the sport are unknown but there is evidence of a type of speedway racing being practised in the USA before the First World War and in Australia in the late 1910s and early 1920s. Speedway is popular in central and northern Europe and to an extent in Australia. A variant of racing, speedway is administered internationally by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme. Domestic speedway events are regulated by FIM affiliated national motor sport federations, the early history of speedway race meetings is a subject of much debate and controversy. There is evidence to show that meetings were held on dirt tracks in Australia. An American rider named Don Johns was known to have used broadsiding before 1914 and it was said that he would ride the entire race course wide open, throwing great showers of dirt into the air at each turn. By the early 1920s, Johns style of cornering was followed in the US – where the sport was initially called Short Track Racing – by riders such as Albert Shrimp Burns, Maldwyn Jones and Eddie Brinck. For instance, a newspaper report of this meeting, in the Maitland Mercury. The first meeting in the United Kingdom took place at High Beech on 19 February 1928, there are, however, claims that meetings were held in 1927 at Camberley, Surrey and Droylsden, Lancashire. Despite being described as the first British Dirt Track meeting at the time, both featured in the 1928 High Beech meeting. Proto speedway was staged in Glasgow at the Olympic Stadium on April 9,1928, the first meeting in Wales was staged at Cardiff White City on Boxing Day 1928. In the 1928/29 season at the Melbourne Exhibition Speedway, Australian Colin Stewart won the prestigious Silver Gauntlet and he won it 12 times.00 points per match. He also raced in the 1930 Scottish Championship which was won by Wembley Lions Harry Whitfield, frank Arthur won the Overseas Section and Roger Frogley the British. The following year the two sections were amalgamated and Vic Huxley proved to be the winner, Huxley was also runner-up three times and won the first British Match Race championship in 1931. Each track is between 260 and 425 metres long and it approximately one minute to complete four laps

Motorcycle speedway
–
A speedway rider on the track
Motorcycle speedway
–
Col Stewart races his speedway motorcycle wearing a wooden helmet. Photo taken around 1930.
Motorcycle speedway
–
A speedway rider waits at the start gate for his 3 opponents
Motorcycle speedway
–
All 4 riders leaning into the first corner - note the elbows.

88.
Anders Michanek
–
Anders Michanek is a Speedway rider. In 1974 he won the Speedway World Championship in his Swedish homeland with a score of 15 points. Michanek had a successful career riding in the British League. Michanek won the World Final in 1974 at the Ullevi Stadium in Gothenburg and he won the World Long Track Final in 1977 at Aalborg in Denmark. This was reflected when he came out and won his four races to finish 2 points behind the undefeated Olsen in second place. He also won the Speedway World Team Cup with Sweden in 1970, in 1977, Michanek won the Long Track World Championship in Aalborg, Denmark

Anders Michanek
–
Anders Michanek

89.
Limfjordsbroen
–
Limfjordsbroen is a Danish bridge which connects Nørresundby and Aalborg over Limfjord, a shallow sound. It was inaugurated 30 March 1933 in the presence of approximately 30,000 spectators and it was a toll bridge until 1935. The bridge was built, without any fatalities, between 1930-33 with 100-200 workers on the construction site, large sections were built on Aalborgs waterfront west of the bridges current location. A week before the inauguration, a load test occurred with 48 fully laden trucks placed on the bridges leaf, a 1960 extension lane increased the bridges width from 8.5 metres to 12.5 metres. A bike path and walking area were added as well, the horizontal clearance measures 98 feet. Media related to Limfjordsbroen at Wikimedia Commons

90.
Jernbanebroen over Limfjorden
–
Jernbanebroen over Limfjorden is an iron railway bridge over Limfjord, a shallow sound, in Denmark. It was inaugurated on 23 April 1938, since 2003, this has been the official name for the railway bridge between Aalborg and Nørresundby, though often it is simply called the Railway Bridge. Formerly known as the Limfjordsbroen, there is a bridge, Limfjordsbroen. The bridge connects Aalborg–Frederikshavn Line with Randers Aalborg railway and it has a single track and has a maximum authorized speed of 60 km / h. The nine span bridge is 403 metres long and has a width of 5.7 metres and it is a bascule bridge with a counterweight of 400 tonnes. The bridge opens 4,000 times a year, and there are 10,000 annual sailings under it, until 1 January 1997, it belonged to DSB when DSB was split into DSB and Banedanmark. In 28 Mars 2012 the bridge was hit by a ship, the reason was a misunderstanding in the radio communication. The bridge was repaired and opened again for traffic on 29 April 2013, media related to Limfjord Railway Bridge at Wikimedia Commons

Jernbanebroen over Limfjorden
–
The railway bridge over Limfjord

91.
Bascule bridge
–
A bascule bridge is a moveable bridge with a counterweight that continuously balances a span, or leaf, throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat traffic. It may be single or double leafed, the name comes from the French term for balance scale, which employs the same principle. Bascule bridges have been in use since ancient times, however, it was not until the adoption of steam power in the 1850s that very long, heavy spans could be moved quickly enough for practical application. There are three types of bridge designs, and counterweights required to balance a bascules span may be located either above or below the bridge deck. The fixed-trunnion rotates around an axle that raises the span. The Chicago bascule name derives from the location where it is widely used, the rolling lift trunnion, raises the span by rolling on a track resembling a rocking chair base. The Scherzer rolling lift is a refinement patented in 1893 by the American engineer William Donald Scherzer, the rarer Rall type combines rolling lift with longitudinal motion on trunnions when opening. It was patented by Theodor Rall, one of the few surviving examples is the Broadway Bridge, in Portland, Oregon. Drawbridge List of bascule bridges Moveable bridges for a list of movable bridge types

92.
Aalborg Air Base
–
Aalborg Air Base also Air Transport Wing Aalborg is a military airbase for the Royal Danish Air Force. It is located at Vadum, near Aalborg, Denmark, Aalborg Air Base shares its runway system as well as some services with Aalborg Lufthavn. The aircraft from these squadrons were transferred to Skrydstrup Air Base instead, Aalborg Air Base was established along with Aalborg Airport in 1938, serving the first Danish domestic flight between Aalborg and Copenhagen. The air base was established following pressure from the Aalborg Portland cement factory as local authorities were hesitant to invest in air traffic infrastructure. When Germany invaded Denmark on 9 April 1940, the German Luftwaffe launched one of the first airborne operations in history, in which paratroopers captured the airport. A well known air battle took place over the airport on 13 August 1940, all eleven attacking aircraft were shot down by either German anti-aircraft fire or Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft. The Luftwaffe greatly expanded the airport - which they called Fliegerhorst Aalborg West - from 140 to 2750 hektars of land, after the war, an internment camp for Baltic German refugees was set up at the location. When the Royal Air Force arrived at the airport in 1945 most military, at this time the airport is by far the largest in Denmark. When the Royal Danish Air Force was created in 1950, it took over the Fliegerhorst, list of the largest airports in the Nordic countries

Aalborg Air Base
–
F-104 Starfighter at the entrance to Aalborg Air Base
Aalborg Air Base
–
C130 Hercules transport aircraft based in Aalborg

93.
Royal Danish Air Force
–
The Royal Danish Air Force is the aerial warfare force of Denmark and one of the four branches of the Danish Defence. Initially being components the Army and Navy, it was made a service in 1950. It main purpose, is to serve as enforcer of Danish airspace, the air force was led by Lieutenant General C. C. J. Førslev, who had served as colonel in the army. The national command was located at Værløse Air Base which also served as Command East, Royal Air Force volunteer and former member of the Free Norwegian Forces in England, Kaj Birksted, was appointed chief of the flying staff. Further, the East and West commands lacked experience and knowledge of the newly delivered Gloster Meteor, the Danish armed forces received 38 surplus Supermarine Spitfire H. F. Mk. One survived for a number of years in a childrens playground, the one surviving instructional airframe was later restored to depict the number 401 Spitfire Mk. This airplane is now preserved at Dansk Veteranflysamling at Stauning Airfield in Jylland, pilot training was initially based at Avnø from May 1946 until 1951, when the school were transferred to the U. S. under the Military Assistance Programme. The school at Avnø continued to conduct tests to choose the candidates for the American training programme, in 1947 the RDAF established a school for aircraft mechanics, based at Værløse Air Base. In 1951, the RDAF officers school was inaugurated at Rungstedlund north of Copenhagen, the air force received six F-84E Thunderjet and 238 F-84G Thunderjet as military aid from the US, and formed five new squadrons at Karup Air Base from 1952 to 1954. The rapid expansion caused problems as neither two-seaters nor flight simulators were available, to avoid further casualties the air force established a training squadron of two-seated T-33As in 1956 to train US-educated pilots to navigate under local weather conditions. Furthermore, squadron 722 was changed to function as rescue squadron in 1956 and was strengthened by seven Sikorsky S-55 helicopters in 1957, in 1962 the Royal Danish Armys four SAM batteries based on Nike missiles were transferred to the air force. In 1965 four batteries of Hawk missiles were deployed close to the Nike batteries to protect them from low altitude aircraft, in the 1960s and 1970s the RDAF operated a number of US financed Lockheed F-104G Starfighters, North American F-100D and F-100F Super Sabres, and several other types. In 1971 the Danish army created the Royal Danish Army Flying Service as the first air-unit outside the air force, since its creation in 1950 and it had observation helicopters and piston-engined artillery spotting aeroplanes. In 1977 the Danish Naval Air Squadron was extracted from squadron 722 to the Danish navy, in a joint arms purchase four NATO countries, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium introduced the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon as their common strike fighter in January 1980. The F-16 was later bought by additional NATO countries, Greece and Turkey, in 1982 the number of fighter aircraft was reduced by 12 units. General Dynamics F-16 is introduced to replace initially the F-100 and later the F-104G, the Royal Danish Naval Air Service is strengthened by eight Westland Lynx Mk.80 from 1980, replacing the Alouette III helicopters. As a supplement to the Greenland-based C-130s the air force purchases three Gulfstream G-III, in 1990 the Danish Army Air Corps purchases 12 Eurocopter Fennec lightweight attack helicopters to strengthen capabilities to perform expeditionary mission

94.
Banedanmark
–
Banedanmark is a Danish company responsible for maintenance and traffic control of most of the Danish railway network. Branched off from DSB as a government agency in 1997, from 2004 to 2010 Banedanmark was a state-owned company under the Danish Ministry of Transport. In 2010 Banedanmark once again became a government agency under the Danish Ministry of Transport, in 2008, Banedanmark announced plans for the conversion of signalling across the entire national network to European Train Control System Level 2. This was necessitated by the obsolete nature of parts of the network. In 2009 the Danish government approved funding of €3.3 billion over several years to Banedanmark for the project and this makes Denmark the first European country to attempt a complete conversion of a national network to ETCS Level 2. Official website Details on the company from the CVR register Ministry of Transport

95.
Skalborg Station
–
Skalborg station is a railway station serving the district of Skalborg in the city of Aalborg, Denmark. The station is located on the Randers-Aalborg Line from Randers to Aalborg and is part of the Aalborg Commuter Rail service, the train services are operated by DSB. The original station opened in 1899-1900, and was closed in 1972, the station reopened in 2003 as a part of the new Aalborg Commuter Rail service. The train services are operated by DSB

Skalborg Station
–
Skalborg station in 2010

96.
Aalborg Vestby Station
–
Aalborg Vestby station is a railway station serving the district of Vestbyen in the city of Aalborg, Denmark. The station is located on the Vendsyssel Line from Aalborg to Frederikshavn and is part of the Aalborg Commuter Rail service, the train services are operated by DSB. The station opened in 2003 as a part of the new Aalborg Commuter Rail service, the train services are operated by DSB

Aalborg Vestby Station
–
Aalborg Vestby station in 2006

97.
Schmidt hammer lassen
–
Schmidt hammer lassen architects is an international architectural firm founded by a group of Danish architects in 1986 in Aarhus, Denmark. It currently has five offices in Aarhus, Copenhagen, London, Shanghai, the practice has a track record as designers of high-profile cultural buildings, art galleries, educational complexes and libraries. Schmidt hammer lassen architects was established in 1986 by Morten Schmidt, Bjarne Hammer, the current group of partners includes Morten Schmidt, Bjarne Hammer, John F. Lassen, Kim Holst Jensen, Kristian Lars Ahlmark, Chris Hardie and Rong Lu. Day-to-day management of the practice is the responsibility of CEO Bente Damgaard, the practice had its major breakthrough with the Katuaq Culture Centre in Nuuk, Greenland, completed in 1997. The project in Nuuk was followed by first prize in the competition for the extension of the Danish Royal Library on the harborfront in Copenhagen. Completed in 1999, the extension, also known as the Black Diamond, has become one of the practice’s most known buildings. Another major project is the ARoS Art Museum in Aarhus, Denmark, in May 2011 the art work Your rainbow panorama, by Olafur Eliasson, was officially unveiled on the roof top of the museum. In 2010 schmidt hammer lassen architects won the competition to design the first permanent premises for the International Criminal Court in The Hague, the Netherlands. The ICC is the first permanent, treaty-based, international criminal court established to end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community. It was founded in 2002 and has grown to the size of 122 member countries. The building is designed to convey hope, trust and faith in justice, in 2011 Schmidt hammer lassen established an office in Shanghai, to serve their increasing client base in Asia. The common denominator underlying the work is a democratic approach to an architecture focused around people, material, space. The current product range includes light fixtures for Philips Lighting, Lampas and Focus, indoor furniture Piiroinen and DJOB Montana, designs include the Flakes chair, the Focus Lighting, Idea Water Fixtures and the Swan Neck. The design department also creates unique pieces such as the sculptural receptions desk at Danfoss, the firm also creates interior designs, such as the Bodil Binner Jewellery shop. The Black Diamond in Copenhagen Marianne Ibler Global Danish Architecture #2 – Housing, Copenhagen, Denmark, Archipress schmidt hammer lassen The Royal Library – Architectural Images. Copenhagen, Denmark, Gyldendal Forster et al, London, UK, Phaidon schmidt hammer lassen architects Outline – architecture by schmidt hammer lassen, Birkhäuser Verlag Official website Schmidt Hammer Lassen buildings in arkitekturbilleder. dk

98.
Turkey
–
Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age

99.
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls

Edinburgh
–
Clockwise from top-left: View from Calton Hill, Old College, Old Town from Princes Street, Edinburgh Castle, Princes Street from Calton Hill
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh in the 17th century
Edinburgh
–
A painting showing Edinburgh characters (based on John Kay 's caricatures) behind St Giles' Cathedral in the late 18th century

100.
Norway
–
The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him

101.
Galway
–
Galway is a city in the West of Ireland in the province of Connacht. Galway City Council is the authority for the city. Galway lies on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay and is surrounded by County Galway and it is the fourth most populous urban area in the Republic of Ireland and the sixth most populous city in the island of Ireland. According to the 2016 Irish Census, Galway city has a population of 79,504, however, Galway will be European Capital of Culture in 2020, alongside Rijeka, Croatia. The citys name is from the Irish name for Abhainn na Gaillimhe, historically, the name was Anglicised as Galliv, which is closer to the Irish pronunciation as is the citys name in Latin, Galvia. The city also bears the nickname The City of the Tribes because of the fourteen merchant families called the tribes of Galway led the city in its Hiberno-Norman period. The term tribes was a one, because the merchants saw themselves as Anglo-Irish and were loyal to the King during the English Civil War. They later adopted the term as a badge of honour and pride in defiance of the towns Cromwellian occupier, residents of the city refer to themselves as Galwegians. Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe was constructed in 1124, by the King of Connacht, eventually, a small settlement grew up around this fort. During the Norman invasion of Connacht in the 1230s, Galway fort was captured by Richard Mor de Burgh, as the de Burghs eventually became Gaelicised, the merchants of the town, the Tribes of Galway, pushed for greater control over the walled city. This led to their complete control over the city and to the granting of mayoral status by the English crown in December 1484. Galway endured difficult relations with its Irish neighbours, a notice over the west gate of the city, completed in 1562 by Mayor Thomas Óge Martyn, stated From the Ferocious OFlahertys may God protect us. A by-law forbade the native Irish unrestricted access into Galway, saying neither O’ nor Mac shall strutte nor swagger through the streets of Galway without permission, during the Middle Ages, Galway was ruled by an oligarchy of fourteen merchant families. These were the The Tribes of Galway, the city thrived on international trade, and in the Middle Ages, it was the principal Irish port for trade with Spain and France. The most famous reminder of days is ceann an bhalla, now known as the Spanish Arch. In 1477 Christopher Columbus visited Galway, possibly stopping off on a voyage to Iceland or the Faroe Islands, seven or eight years later, he noted in the margin of his copy of Imago Mundi, Men of Cathay have come from the west. During the 16th and 17th centuries Galway remained loyal to the English crown for the most part, even during the Gaelic resurgence, however, by 1642 the city had allied itself with the Catholic Confederation of Kilkenny during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the resulting Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Cromwellian forces captured the city after a nine-month siege, the great families of Galway were ruined

Galway
–
The walled city in 1651 (North is to the left). The River Corrib is in the foreground, crossed by what is now "O’Briens Bridge", leading to Mainguard Street.
Galway
–
Spanish Arch
Galway
–
Galway Cathedral

102.
Ireland
–
Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time

103.
Poland
–
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church

104.
Gdynia
–
Gdynia is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. For centuries, Gdynia remained an agricultural and fishing village on the Baltic coast. At the beginning of the 20th-century Gdynia became as a resort town. This also triggered an increase in local population and it was then that the town was given a more cosmopolitan character with modernism being the dominant architectural style and emerged as a city in 1926. The rapid development of Gdynia was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, although the German troops refrained from deliberate bombing, the newly built port and shipyard were completely destroyed. The population of the city suffered much heavier losses as most of the inhabitants were evicted and expelled, the locals were either displaced to other regions of occupied Poland or sent to Nazi concentration camps throughout Europe. After the war, Gdynia was settled with the inhabitants of Warsaw and lost cities such as Lviv. The city was gradually regenerating itself with its shipyard being rebuilt, in December 1970 the shipyard workers protest against the increase of prices was bloodily repressed. This greatly contributed to the rise of the Solidarity movement in Gdańsk, today the port of Gdynia is a regular stopover on the itinerary of luxurious passenger ships and a new ferry terminal with a civil airport are under realisation. The city won numerous awards in relation to safety, infrastructure, quality of life, in 2013 Gdynia was ranked as Polands best city to live in and topped the rankings in the overarching category of general quality of life. Gdynia is also noted for its access to education. There are prestigious universities such as the Polish Naval Academy located nearby, Gdynia hosts the Gdynia Film Festival, the main Polish film festival, and was the venue for the International Random Film Festival in 2014. Late 10th century, Pomerelia was united with Poland, during the reign of Mieszko II Pomerelia seceded from Poland and became independent. 1116/1121, Bolesław III reunited Pomerelia with Poland,1227, Pomerelia again became an independent Duchy. 1253, First known mention of the name Gdynia, as a Pomeranian fishing village, the first church on this part of the Baltic Sea coast was built there. 1294, Pomerelia was inherited by the future Polish king Przemysł II. and remained as part of Poland until – 1309–1310, The Teutonic Order conquered Pomerelia,1380, The owner of the village which became Gdynia, Peter from Rusocin, gave the village to the Cistercian Order. 1382, Gdynia became property of the Cistercian abbey in Oliva, Pomerelia became part of Royal Prussia, a newly established province of the Kingdom of Poland, and later on of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1772, In the First Partition of Poland, Royal Prussia was annexed into the Kingdom of Prussia, Gdynia became known in German as Gdingen, and was expropriated from the Cistercian Order

Gdynia
–
Gdynia
Gdynia
–
View from Kosciuszko Square; Dar Pomorza on the left, Sea Towers on the right
Gdynia
–
Gdynia Maritime University in the building from 1937 as example of prewar Polish modern architecture.
Gdynia
–
Orłowski's House from 1936

105.
Hefei
–
Hefei, formerly known as Hofei, Luzhou, or Luchow, is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province in Eastern China. A prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, located in the central portion of the province, it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Wuhu to the southeast and Luan to the west. Hefei has an area of 11,434.25 km2 and, at the 2015 sampling survey, from the 8th to the 6th century BC, Hefei was the site of many small states, later a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made, the name Hefei was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC. In the 3rd century AD, the famous Three Kingdoms battle, Battle of Xiaoyao Ford, was fought at what is currently Xiaoyao Ford in Hefei, general Zhang Liao of the Kingdom of Wei commanding 800 picked cavalry defeated the 200, 000-man army of the Kingdom of Wu. Several decades of warring in Hefei between Wu and Wei followed this battle, during the 4th to the 6th century AD, this crucial border region between northern and southern states was much fought over, its name and administrative status were consequently often changed. During the Sui and Tang periods, it became the seat of Lu prefecture—a title it kept until the 15th century, the present city dates from the Song dynasty, the earlier Hefei having been some distance farther north. The city of Hefei reached its peak by then, during the 10th century, it was for a while the capital of the independent Wu kingdom and was an important center of the Southern Tang state. After 1127 it became a center of the defenses of the Southern Song dynasty against the Jin invaders in the Jin–Song wars, when the Chinese Republic was founded in 1911, the superior prefecture was abolished, and the city took the name of Hefei. The city was known as Luchow or Liu-tcheou during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Hefei was the temporary capital for Anhui from 1853 to 1862. It was renamed as Hefei County in 1912, following the Chinese victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Hefei was made the capital of Anhui. Before World War II, Hefei remained essentially an administrative center and it was a collecting center for grain, beans, cotton, and hemp, as well as a center for handicraft industries manufacturing cloth, leather, bamboo goods, and ironware. The construction in 1912 of the Tianjin–Pukou railway, farther east, for a while made Hefei a provincial backwater, in 1932–36, however, a Chinese company built a railway linking Hefei with Yuxikou to the southeast and with the Huai River at Huainan to the north. While this railway was primarily to exploit the rich coalfield in northern Anhui, it also did much to revive the economy of the Hefei area by taking much of its produce to Wuhu. Although Hefei was a market town of only about 30,000 in the mid-1930s. The citys administrative role was strengthened by the transfer of the government from Anqing in 1949. A cotton mill was opened in 1958, and a generating plant. It also became the seat of an industry producing industrial chemicals, in the late 1950s an iron and steel complex was built

106.
Iceland
–
Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 332,529 and an area of 103,000 km2, the capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active, the interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence still keeps summers chilly, with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate. According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in the year 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, emigrated to Iceland, the island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing, one of the worlds oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark, Iceland thus followed Norways integration to that Union and came under Danish rule after Swedens secession from that union in 1523. In the wake of the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars, Icelands struggle for independence took form and culminated in independence in 1918, until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture, and was among the poorest in Europe. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, in 1994, it became a part of the European Economic Area, which further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing. Iceland has an economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. Iceland ranks high in economic, political and social stability and equality, in 2013, it was ranked as the 13th most-developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. Iceland runs almost completely on renewable energy, some bankers were jailed, and the economy has made a significant recovery, in large part due to a surge in tourism. Icelandic culture is founded upon the nations Scandinavian heritage, most Icelanders are descendants of Germanic and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is descended from Old Norse and is related to Faroese

107.
Innsbruck
–
Innsbruck is the capital city of Tyrol in western Austria. It is located in the Inn valley, at its junction with the Wipp valley, Innsbruck lies about halfway between Munich in Germany and Verona in Italy. Located in the valley between high mountains, the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps to the north. Innsbruck is an internationally renowned winter sports centre, and hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics, Innsbruck also hosted the first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. The name translates as Inn bridge, earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age. Surviving pre-Roman place names show that the area has been populated continuously, in the 4th century the Romans established the army station Veldidena at Oenipons, to protect the economically important commercial road from Verona-Brenner-Augsburg in their province of Raetia. The first mention of Innsbruck dates back to the name Oeni Pontum or Oeni Pons which is Latin for bridge over the Inn, the Counts of Andechs acquired the town in 1180. In 1248 the town passed into the hands of the Counts of Tyrol, the citys arms show a birds-eye view of the Inn bridge, a design used since 1267. The route over the Brenner Pass was then a major transport, the revenues generated by serving as a transit station enabled the city to flourish. Innsbruck became the capital of all Tyrol in 1429 and in the 15th century the city became a centre of European politics, the city benefited from the emperors presence as can be seen for example in the Hofkirche. Here a funeral monument for Maximilian was planned and erected partly by his successors, the ensemble with a cenotaph and the bronze statues of real and mythical ancestors of the Habsburgian emperor are one of the main artistic monuments of Innsbruck. A regular postal service between Innsbruck and Mechelen was established in 1490 by the Thurn-und-Taxis-Post, in 1564 Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria received the rulership over Tirol and other Further Austrian possessions administrated from Innsbruck up to the 18th century. He had Schloss Ambras built and arranged there his unique Renaissance collections nowadays mainly part of Viennas Kunsthistorisches Museum, up to 1665 a stirps of the Habsburgian dynasty ruled in Innsbruck with an independent court. In the 1620s the first opera house north of the Alps was erected in Innsbruck, in 1669 the university was founded. Also as a compensation for the court as Emperor Leopold I again reigned from Vienna, during the Napoleonic Wars Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria, ally of France. Andreas Hofer led a Tyrolean peasant army to victory in the Battles of Bergisel against the combined Bavarian and French forces, the combined army later overran the Tyrolean militia army and until 1814 Innsbruck was part of Bavaria. After the Vienna Congress Austrian rule was restored, until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy, head of the district of the same name, one of the 21 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Tyrol province. The Tyrolean hero Andreas Hofer was executed in Mantua, his remains were returned to Innsbruck in 1823, during World War I, the only recorded action taking place in Innsbruck was near the end of the war

108.
Karlskoga
–
Karlskoga is a locality and the seat of Karlskoga Municipality in Örebro County, Sweden with 27,084 inhabitants in 2010. It is located at the shore of lake Möckeln. The name Karlskoga is derived from Charles IX, with skog meaning woods, the parish of Karlskoga was established in 1586 and a wooden church was soon built. In the 17th century fourteen small iron works and eight waterdriven hammers for bar iron were established, most of these were still operating in the 1860s, but the dominating iron works was the one in nearby Bofors. In 1871, Bofors produced 6,124 metric tons of iron, in 1882, Karlskoga parish had 11,184 inhabitants. The town of Karlskoga has evolved around Bofors, which in late 19th century transformed from iron works to a manufacturer of cannon, the most famous owner of Bofors was Alfred Nobel who owned the company from 1894 until his death in December 1896. He had the key role in reshaping the iron manufacturer to a modern cannon manufacturer, during the summers of 1894–1896 he also lived in the manor house Björkborn. Even though he died in his villa in Sanremo, Italy and had a home in Paris, because of that it was here his famous testament that was written in Paris 1895 was legally registered, which eventually made it possible to establish the Nobel Prize. In 1940 the town of Karlskoga and the area got the formal title of a city. Since 1971 this term has no meaning and only the built-up area is considered a de facto town

Karlskoga
–
View of Karlskoga seen from the west in April 2008
Karlskoga
–
Aerial photograph of Karlskoga taken by Alfred Nobel 's rocket in 1896 or 1897
Karlskoga
–
The Björkborn (sv) manor house, Alfred Nobel 's residence on the property of the Bofors iron works.
Karlskoga
–
The church at Karlskoga.

109.
Lancaster, Lancashire
–
Lancaster /ˈlæŋkəstər/, or /ˈlæŋˌkæstər/ is a city and the county town of Lancashire, England. It is situated on the River Lune and has a population of 45,952, long existing as a commercial, cultural and educational centre, Lancaster is the settlement that gives Lancashire its name. Lancaster was granted city status in 1937 for its association with the crown. With its history based on its port and canal, Lancaster is an ancient settlement, dominated by Lancaster Castle, Lancaster Priory Church and it is also home to the campus-based Lancaster University and a campus of the University of Cumbria. The coin evidence also suggests that the fort was not continuously inhabited in early years. The fort was rebuilt in stone around 102 AD, the fort underwent a few more extensions, and at its largest area it was 9–10 acres. The evidence suggests that the fort remained active into the early 5th century, little is known about Lancaster between the end of Roman rule in Britain in the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest in the late 11th century. Despite a lack of documentation from this period, it is likely that Lancaster was still inhabited, Lancaster was on the fringes of the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, and over time control may have changed from one to the other. Archaeological evidence suggests there was a monastery on or near the site of todays Lancaster Priory by the 700s or 800s. For example, an Anglo-Saxon runic cross found at the Priory in 1807, Lancaster was probably one of the numerous monasteries founded under Wilfrid. The founding charter of the Priory, dated 1094, is the first known document which is specific to Lancaster, by this time William had given Lancaster and its surrounding region to Roger de Poitou. This document also suggests that the monastery had been refounded as a church at some point prior to 1066. Lancaster became a borough in 1193 under King Richard I and its first charter, dated 12 June 1193, was from John, Count of Mortain, who later became King of England. Lancaster Castle, partly built in the 13th century and enlarged by Elizabeth I, Lancaster Castle is well known as the site of the Pendle witch trials in 1612. It was said that the court based in the castle sentenced more people to be hanged than any other in the country outside London, earning Lancaster the nickname, Lancaster also figured prominently in the suppression of Catholicism during the reformation with the execution of at least eleven Catholic priests. A memorial to the Lancaster Martyrs is located close to the city centre, the traditional emblem for the House of Lancaster is a red rose, the red rose of Lancaster, similar to that of the House of York, which is a white rose. These names derive from the emblems of the Royal Duchies of Lancaster and this erupted into a civil war over rival claims to the throne during the Wars of the Roses. In more recent times, the term Wars of the Roses has been applied to rivalry in sports teams representing Lancashire and Yorkshire, not just the cities of Lancaster and York

110.
Lerum
–
Lerum is a locality and the seat of Lerum Municipality in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 16,855 inhabitants in 2010, Lerum has a station on the Gothenburg commuter rail system and is a suburb of Gothenburg. The river of Säveån runs through Lerum municipality, Lerum hit the worlds news bulletins on November 16,1987, when two Intercity trains collided just outside the local station, killing 9 and injuring 140. A control cable to the switches had been incorrectly reconnected after being dug up accidentally. When traffic was allowed to pass the station, the Gothenburg bound train was switched over to the opposite track where an outbound train was arriving. An off duty trainmaster, reading the paper in one of the locomotives and he managed to open the side door and leap out, the trains collided when he was still in the air and despite doing this at 100 km/h he survived with just a broken foot. The involved locomotives were RC41292 and 1300, they were scrapped on the spot, there are several schools in Lerum. Torpskolan Rydsbergsskolan Aspenässkolan Lerums gymnasium The following sports clubs are located in Lerum, Lerums BK Lerums IS FBC Lerum Lerums Landhockey Lerum is twinned with, Aalborg, Denmark

Lerum
–
Lerums bus station

111.
Greenland
–
Greenland is an autonomous constituent country within the Danish Realm between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for more than a millennium. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors began migrating from the Canadian mainland in the 13th century, Greenland is the worlds largest island. Three-quarters of Greenland is covered by the permanent ice sheet outside Antarctica. With a population of about 56,480, it is the least densely populated country in the world, the Arctic Umiaq Line ferry acts as a lifeline for western Greenland, connecting the various cities and settlements. Greenland has been inhabited off and on for at least the last 4,500 years by Arctic peoples whose forebears migrated there from what is now Canada, Norsemen settled the uninhabited southern part of Greenland beginning in the 10th century, and Inuit peoples arrived in the 13th century. The Norse colonies disappeared in the late 15th century, soon after their demise, beginning in 1499, the Portuguese briefly explored and claimed the island, naming it Terra do Lavrador. In the early 18th century, Scandinavian explorers reached Greenland again, to strengthen trading and power, Denmark-Norway affirmed sovereignty over the island. Greenland was settled by Vikings more than a thousand years ago, Vikings set sail from Greenland and Iceland, discovering North America nearly 500 years before Columbus reached Caribbean islands. Though under continuous influence of Norway and Norwegians, Greenland was not formally under the Norwegian crown until 1262, the Kingdom of Norway was extensive and a military power until the mid-14th century. Thus, the two kingdoms resources were directed at creating Copenhagen, Norway became the weaker part and lost sovereignty over Greenland in 1814 when the union was dissolved. Greenland became a Danish colony in 1814, and was made a part of the Danish Realm in 1953 under the Constitution of Denmark, in 1973, Greenland joined the European Economic Community with Denmark. However, in a referendum in 1982, a majority of the population voted for Greenland to withdraw from the EEC which was effected in 1985, Greenland contains the worlds largest and most northernly national park, Northeast Greenland National Park. Greenland is divided into four municipalities - Sermersooq, Kujalleq, Qaasuitsup and it also retains control of monetary policy, providing an initial annual subsidy of DKK3.4 billion, which is planned to diminish gradually over time. Greenland expects to grow its economy based on increased income from the extraction of natural resources, the capital, Nuuk, held the 2016 Arctic Winter Games. At 70%, Greenland has one of the highest shares of renewable energy in the world, the early Viking settlers named the island as Greenland. In the Icelandic sagas, the Norwegian-born Icelander Erik the Red was said to be exiled from Iceland for manslaughter, along with his extended family and his thralls, he set out in ships to explore an icy land known to lie to the northwest. After finding an area and settling there, he named it Grœnland

112.
Nuuk
–
Nuuk is the capital and largest city of Greenland and the municipality of Sermersooq. It is the seat of government and the countrys largest cultural, the major cities closest to the capital are Iqaluit and St. Johns in Canada and Reykjavík in Iceland. Nuuk contains almost a third of Greenlands population, and also has the tallest building in Greenland, Nuuk is the seat of government for the Sermersooq municipality. In January 2016, it had a population of 17,316, Nuuk is the Kalaallisut word for cape. It is so named because of its position at the end of the Nuup Kangerlua fjord on the shore of the Labrador Sea. Its latitude, at 64°10 N, makes it the worlds northernmost capital, in 2012 the buses transported more than 2 million passengers around the city of Nuuk. The site has a history of habitation. For a long time it was occupied by the Dorset culture around the settlement of Kangeq. The Nuuk area was inhabited by Viking explorers in the 10th century. Inuit and Norsemen both lived with little interaction in this area from about 1000 until the disappearance of the Norse settlement for uncertain reasons during the 15th century. At that time, Greenland was formally still a Danish colony under the united Dano-Norwegian Crown, paarsss colonists consisted of mutinous soldiers, convicts, and prostitutes and most died within the first year of scurvy and other ailments. In 1733 and 1734, an epidemic killed most of the native population as well as Egedes wife. Hans Egede went back to Denmark in 1736 after 15 years in Greenland, Godthaab became the seat of government for the Danish colony of South Greenland, while Godhavn was the capital of North Greenland until 1940 when the administration was unified in Godthaab. This became the nucleus for present-day Nuuk as many Greenlanders from the southeastern coast left their territory to live at the mission station, around 1850, Greenland and especially the area around Nuuk were in crisis. The Europeans had brought diseases and a culture that conflicted with the ways of the native Greenlanders, many Greenlanders were living in poverty. In 1853, Hinrich Johannes Rink came to Greenland and perceived the Greenlanders had lost much of their culture, in response, in 1861, he started the Atuagagdliutt, Greenlands first newspaper, with a native Greenlander as editor. This newspaper based in Nuuk later became significant for the Greenlandic identity, during World War II, there was a reawakening to Greenlandic national identity. Greenlanders shared a language and assembled a council under Eske Bruns leadership in Nuuk

Nuuk
–
Nuussuaq district of Nuuk with the Sermitsiaq mountain in the background
Nuuk
–
The statue of Hans Egede in Nuuk.
Nuuk
–
Left: Satellite view. Right: Aerial view of Nuuk

113.
Pushkin (town)
–
Pushkin was founded in 1710 as an imperial residence named Tsarskoye Selo and received status of a town in 1808. The first public railways in Russia, Tsarskoye Selo Railways, were opened here in 1837, after the October Revolution, the town was renamed to Detskoye Selo. Its name was changed in 1937 to Pushkin to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. The town contains an ensemble of the 18th century Tsarskoye Selo, the town is located on the Neva Lowland, on the left bank of the river Neva. The landscape is varied and contains hills, ridges and terraces intermixed with valleys, plains, forests. Numerous springs give rise to streams and feed ponds, in the Paleozoic era, 300–400 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea. Sediments of that form a layer thicker than 200 metres on top of the Baltic Shield consisting of granite, gneiss. The modern topography was shaped by the retreat some 12,000 years ago which created the Littorina Sea. About 4,000 years ago the sea receded and formed the valley of the Neva River which has not changed much over the last 2,500 years, the climate Pushkin is temperate and wet, it is transitional between oceanic and continental. The length of the day varies from 5 hours and 51 minutes in the solstice to 18 hours and 50 minutes in the summer solstice. Summer is short and moderately warm, whereas winter is long and uneven, Air temperatures above 0 °C prevail from early April to mid-November. Winds mostly blow southward and frequently change air mass above the city, summer is dominated by westerly and northwesterly winds, and the wind direction changes to westerly and southwesterly in winter. The cloudiest months are November, December and January, and the least cloudy are May, June, there are at least 240 sunny days per year. Between May 25 and July 16, white nights are observed when the sun only briefly goes over the horizon, the area is mostly fed by surface and ground waters. Prior to the founding of the town the area was covered by coniferous forests with an admixture of broad-leaved trees. The soils were mostly podzol, combined with peat and gleysols, intensive economic activities changed the original forest landscape to agricultural land with small groves of aspen, birch, alder and willow. In the 18–19th centuries, a park area of 704 hectares has been created in. Owing to the parks and environment-friendly policies, the Pushkin area has low level of pollution

114.
Racine, Wisconsin
–
Racine or is a city in and the county seat of Racine County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on the shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Root River, Racine is located 22 miles south of Milwaukee. As of the 2013 U. S. census, the city had a population of 78,199 and its median home price of $103,625 makes it one of the most affordable cities in Wisconsin to buy a home. In January of 2017, it was rated the most affordable place to live in the world by the Demographia International Housing Affordability survey, Racine is the headquarters of a number of industries, including J. I. Case, S. C. Johnson & Son, Dremel Corporation, Reliance Controls Corporation, Twin Disc, the Mitchell & Lewis Company, a wagonmaker in the 19th century, began making motorcycles and automobiles as Mitchell-Lewis Motor Company at the start of the 20th century. Racine was also home to InSinkErator, the first garbage disposal, malted milk balls were developed in Racine. Architects of the city included A. Arthur Guilbert and Edmund Bailey Funston, historians separate the natives living in the Root watershed at that time into Woodland people, who were more common, and Hopewell people, who were more advanced. After European contact, the Miami and later the Potawatomi expanded into the area and these were the first Europeans known to visit what is now Racine County. Further expeditions were made in the area by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1679 and by François Jolliet De Montigny and Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes in 1698. Nearly a century later, in 1791, a trading post would be established along Lake Michigan near where the Root River empties into it. Following the Blackhawk War, the area surrounding Racine, which had previously been off-limits, was settled by Yankees from upstate New York and New England. In 1834 Captain Gilbert Knapp USRM, who was from Chatham, Massachusetts, Knapp had first explored the area of the Root River valley in 1818, and returned with financial backing when the war ended. Within a year of Knapps settlement hundreds of settlers from New England and western New York had arrived. Some of the settlers were from the town of Derby, Connecticut, the area was previously called Kipi Kawi and Chippecotton by the indigenous peoples, both names for the Root River. The name Port Gilbert was never accepted, and in 1841 the community was incorporated as the village of Racine. After Wisconsin was admitted to the Union in 1848, the new legislature voted in August to incorporate Racine as a city, in 1852, Racine College, an Episcopal college, was founded, it closed in 1933. Its location and many of its buildings are preserved today by the Community of St. Mary as part of the DeKoven Center, also in 1852, Racine High School, the first public high school in Wisconsin, opened. The high school operated until 1926, when it was torn down to make way for the new Racine County Courthouse, washington Park High School was built to replace it

115.
Switzerland
–
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’

Switzerland
–
Founded in 44 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, Augusta Raurica was the first Roman settlement on the Rhine and is now among the most important archaeological sites in Switzerland.
Switzerland
–
Flag
Switzerland
–
The 1291 Bundesbrief (Federal charter)
Switzerland
–
The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colors are shown the subject territories.