The Tuskegee Experiment

The Tuskegee experiment was yet another demonstration of racial inequalities and dehumanization illustrated by a people who believed in racial superiority. The experiment was unethical and demoralizing from the beginning. The analysis was corrupt and unethical for a plethora of reasons. The experiment disregarded several basic principles of the American Sociological Association’s code of ethics. Perhaps the greatest flaw in the experiment was the intended denial of treatment, which, in turn, directly affected the subject’s safety, violating the code of ‘protecting subjects from personal harm’. ‘Respect the subject’s right to privacy and dignity’ is an additional custom in the code of ethics ignored. The researchers clearly could not even conceive the thought of respecting these “inferior racial guinea pigs”, not their health, their dignity, or their humanity. The fact that these men were made a mockery of, lied to, and belittled affirms that the informed consent was nothing more than a deceitful tactic to involve the individuals. The men were advised that they were ill and were promised care, and were not told they were participants in an experiment, which precisely disrupts the code of ‘seeking informed consent when data are collected from research participants or when behavior occurs in a private context’. Though the event preceded the declaration of the informed consent notion, it is still fraudulent because of the timeline and deceptions planned and carried out by the conductors, therefore it should still be factored in, because of the depth and the fact that the participants were bamboozled. The fact that the treatments were ineffective have nothing to do with the experiment being ethical, as far as the conductors were concerned, treatment was out of the equation anyway, so the fact that the dosages were toxic is irrelevant. The advanced nature of the syphilis in each patient contributes to the prevailing thought that the study was not only...

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...Jackson Swink
Mrs. Wilson
AP English- I
May 3, 2012
TuskegeeExperiments
The Tuskegee syphilis experiments are some of the most infamous medical experiments in United States’ history. It started out as a legitimate medical research program based in Macon County to study the progression of the syphilis disease. This medical study was brought about to help find a cure for syphilis. That is, until the 1940’s when a cure was found for syphilis. Instead of treating the patients that were under their “care”, the researchers did everything in their power to keep their subjects from receiving proper treatment.
The experiments all started with the formation of the Public Health Service Syphilis Study in 1932. The study recruited around 600 impoverished African-Americans. Of these 600, 399 had contracted syphilis. The remaining 201 did not have the disease and were being used as a control. Of the original 399 with the disease, only 74 survived until the end of the experiment in 1972. Of the 329 who died only 28 died of syphilis and 100 died of complications pertaining to the experiments. As if that were not bad enough, the participants’ families were affected as well. A total of 40 wives were infected with the disease and 19 of their children contracted congenital syphilis. In 1972, all of this information came to light thanks to...

...Humphreys, Tearoom Trade and the infamous Tuskegee Study. The Video, The Human Behavior Experiments, reported on the Milgram study on obedience and the Zimbardo Prison Experiment. Using one of these four studies as an example, explain how the study violated (or not) each of the three basic principles of research ethics: beneficence, justice and respect for persons, using materials from your CITI training, the ASA Code of Ethics and the Belmont Report. Before you use each concept, find the definition of the concept and quote and cite the definition adding clarification and/or explanation in your own words if needed. If you care to learn more about these studies, there is quite a bit of high level information on the web. If you use any of it, you must cite it properly. (2-3 pages)
In this assignment I am going to explain how the Tuskegee Study violated each of the three basic principles of research: beneficence, justice and respect for persons. The Tuskegee Study was a research project conducted in Macon County, Alabama between 1930 and 1972 to discover whether blacks react to syphilis in the same way as whites. This study was also to determine how long a human being can live with untreated syphilis. About 400 black men were infected with the virus that causes syphilis and about 200 were part of the control group. By the end of 1931 there wasn’t enough money to continue the treatment. The...

...history was the Tuskegeeexperiment. In Macon County, Alabama the Public Health Services along with the Tuskegee Institute started a study in 1932 and continued for about 40 years. It was a research study that involved 600 men which 399 had syphilis and 201 didn’t. The purpose for this study was to record the natural history of syphilis in blacks which was called the “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male” (CDC, 2009). In the 1900’s they did not receive which is known today as the Standard code of Ethics that consist of informed consent, inducements, deception, and debriefing. So the men were lied to and told they were being treated for “bad blood”. They suffered with unnecessary procedures and some losing their lives due to the untreated disease. In exchanged these poor black men received free meals, free medical and burial insurance. Government officials ended the experiment in 1972 because it was reveal to national media. But, by this time 100 men had died from advanced untreated syphilis although they had found the cure.
Today because of that we are fortunate to have which is called the informed consent. Informed consent allows us as human beings to be informed the purpose of any type of research being done, the estimated time of the study and all the procedures that will be done throughout the study (APA, 10). We also have the right to refuse to end the research study although...

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The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the TuskegeeExperiment based upon previous international study, it will also state the original study and where did it originate, the purpose of the study and the results. It will also state who or what were the principal investigators, the participants (gender, race, age), why and how did this study end.
The original study of the Tuskegee research was a disreputable medical experiment carried out in the United States between 1932 and 1972, in which almost 400 black Americans with syphilis were offered no medical treatment, allowing researchers to see the course of the disease. The events of the Tuskegee research triggered extensive values of legislation, including the National Research Act, and the experiment attracted a great deal of public attention. Many people regard the TuskegeeExperiment as an extremely shameful event in American history, and several organizations including the Centers for Disease Control have extensive archives on the experiment which are available to interested members of the public who want to learn more about it.
According to Daniels, N., Kennedy, B. P., & Kawachi, I. (2007). The original study of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972; it originated in the early 1930s with the...

...Think U.S. health authorities have never conducted outrageous medical experiments on children, women, minorities, homosexuals and inmates? Think again: This timeline, originally put together by Dani Veracity (a NaturalNews reporter), has been edited and updated with recent vaccination experimentation programs in Maryland and New Jersey. Here's what's really happening in the United States when it comes to exploiting the public for medical experimentation:
(1845 - 1849) J. Marion Sims, later hailed as the "father of gynecology," performs medical experiments on enslaved African women without anesthesia. These women would usually die of infection soon after surgery. Based on his belief that the movement of newborns' skull bones during protracted births causes trismus, he also uses a shoemaker's awl, a pointed tool shoemakers use to make holes in leather, to practice moving the skull bones of babies born to enslaved mothers (Brinker).
(1895)
New York pediatrician Henry Heiman infects a 4-year-old boy whom he calls "an idiot with chronic epilepsy" with gonorrhea as part of a medical experiment ("Human Experimentation: Before the Nazi Era and After").
(1896)
Dr. Arthur Wentworth turns 29 children at Boston's Children's Hospital into human guinea pigs when he performs spinal taps on them, just to test whether the procedure is harmful (Sharav).
(1906)
Harvard professor Dr. Richard Strong infects prisoners in the...

...Running head: THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY
The Tuskegee Syphilis StudyEssay
Nancy R. McCulloch
Grand Canyon University: 354
November 18, 2012
The Tuskegee Syphilis Essay
This essay discusses the medical experiments which were conducted by the United States Public Health Service between 1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee Alabama. 399 African -American adult male subjects were examined and diagnosed as having late stage syphilis. The main goal of the study was to periodically examine these men to determine how their bodies were affected by the syphilis disease. The thesis of this essay is that based on moral and ethical grounds, the Tuskegeeexperiments were indefensible.
In 1932, he U. S. government announced a new health program in Macon County, Alabama. This program included free examinations and was directed toward male African-Americans. When the government tested 3,684 males, they found 1,468 cases of syphilis. Initial testing reduced that number to 408 subjects. Free medical treatments were offered for their “bad blood” even though the main commitment of this study was to determine the effects that untreated syphilis would have on the human body over a period of time.
A control group of 200 men was added in the second phase for evaluation to the syphilitic group. This group was told that they would also be receiving free treatment. Neither the...

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Abstract
The Tuskegee syphilis experiment was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932-1972 in Macon Country, Alabama by the U.S Public Health Service. The purpose was to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African American men who thought they were receiving free health care from the U.S government; about four hundred African American men were denied. The doctors that were involved in this study had a shifted mindset; they were called “racist monsters”; “for the most part, doctors and civil servants simply did their jobs. Some merely followed orders, others worked for the glory of science” (Heller) The men that were used for the study got advantage of, especially those who lived in a low-income community; they were not purposely injected with the disease, and the discrimination of the poor men throughout the experiment were taking advantage of. Throughout this research paper, I explained the how, the why, the where, the what, and the who in all three appalling studies. The Oslo Study and the Central American Study were a result of the final Tuskegeeexperiment and it’s purpose, which is known to be well known, the study of the United States is involved enormously.
Immediately when one hears the term “Tuskegee” it should bring in mind of the private, black university that Booker T. Washington found. The university...

...Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is a shameful medical research carried out in Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama that was supposed to last for six months but went from 1932 to 1972 on African American males at the Tuskegee Institute (Tuskegee University today) established by Booker T. Washington. About six hundred African American males, of whom three-hundred and ninety-nine infected with syphilis and the other two-hundred and one not infected, serving as a control group for the study. The study tested how long a human being could live with untreated syphilis, “bad blood” known to the participants. Most men enrolled due to the offers of free medical care and survivors insurance. The incentives of those were as follows: free medical exams, free transportation, free food, free treatment, and certain necessities of funeral arrangement.
The discovery of penicillin in 1947 was the cure for this type of disease. The men were untreated, suffering enormously in the hands of the doctors from the US Public Health Service because the researchers decided to continue the study. However, before the study had come to a halt, dozens of the men died, leaving behind their infected wives and children. When told the truth, many unethical things occurred. They tried to say that the men freely volunteered, with knowledge of the study. Known widely in history, The...