"Injection safety was often thought of as a developing
world problem and we kind of took it for granted in the
U.S. and other developed countries," said Joseph Perz,
who works at the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention in Atlanta. "But as a result of accumulating
evidence from outbreaks and surveys, we are taking a
firmer stand on the need for education and firmer
standards."

Unsafe
injections in
the developing
world and
transmission of
bloodborne
pathogens: a
review-...Five
studies
attributed
20-80% of all
new infections
to unsafe
injections...major
mode of
transmission of
hepatitis C...
occur routinely

Faulty
Design...Various
routes of
transmission
...documented,
including
...blood
products, use of
jet gun
injectors with a
design fault
that allowed
blood to remain
inside the
equipment,
re-use of
contaminated
needles and
syringes, and
indirect
transfer from
contaminated
environmental
surfaces in
haemodialysis
units....

Unsafe
injections in
the developing
world and
transmission of
bloodborne
pathogens: a
review-...Five
studies
attributed
20-80% of all
new infections
to unsafe
injections...major
mode of
transmission of
hepatitis C...
occur routinely

"Why does the
world's medical
community
continue to
ignore these
figures...stop
the practice of
allowing
multi-use
syringes...
world over.
mandatory in all
mass vaccination
programs...contribute
significantly to
the scourge of
disease..."

Aids crisis: Are
dirty needles to
blame?-The
spread of HIV
infections in
Africa may be
more closely
linked...estimates
that
two-thirds...
infected through
contaminated
needles rather
than sexual
contact.

To avoid
contamination
and potential
spread of
infection...
medications and
solutions must
be handled using
proper infection
control
precautions as
described in CDC
guidelines and
now mandated
through the new
CMS

Frequency
distribution of
hepatitis C
virus genotypes
in different
geographical
regions of
Pakistan and
their possible
routes of
transmission-
Infectious
Diseases 2008,
8:69...More than
70% of the cases
were acquired in
hospitals
through reuse of
needles/syringes
and major/minor
surgery...

So Nevada
Hepatitis C
Investigation
UPDATE:"Patients
were put at
risk, health
officials say,
when a syringe
would be reused
on an infected
patient and then
used to draw
anesthesia from
vials intended
for just one
patient. The
vials would then
be used on other
patients,
potentially
spreading
disease."

VA Office of
Inspector
General,inspectionefurbished
scopes were
purchased and a
scope broke...
GI providers
reused
syringes...contaminated
medication from
vials...contracts
were awarded to
the GI provider
group or that
senior managers
received
kickbacks.

Hepatitis C
Virus
Transmission at
an Outpatient
Hemodialysis
Unit --- New
York, 2001--2008
-... negative
to anti-HCV
positive in a
New York City
hemodialysis
unit Supervisory
staff members
failed to
address these
breaches. Many
of the direct
care staff
members were
unaware of
...unit's
written
infection
control
policies,
including those
pertaining to
cleaning and
disinfection.
Investigators
also noted the
lack of a
separate clean
area for... has
8% risk factor

CDC guidleines
for appropriate
vaccine
administration.
the following
guidelines for
standard
practices during
injections of
vaccines were
not followed by
the military
during the
height of the
hepatitis
epidemic.
Needles,
syringes and
vials were
commonly reused.

All healthcare
providers...
access to the
treatment area
...The Centers
for Medicare and
Medicaid
Services (CMS)
conducted an
unscheduled
survey on June
6, 2012
following the
public
announcement of
hepatitis C
infections at
Exeter Hospital

Since 2001, at
least 49
outbreaks due to
the mishandling
of injectable
medical
products...150,000
patients
required
notification ..
potential
exposure to
unsafe
injections.

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