THE BIOLOGY BOOK

HIV and AIDS

In 1981, an increasing number of gays and intravenous drug users had a marked deficiency of white blood cells, an essential component for the immune system—a condition later called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS. As cases rapidly spread globally, laboratories sought to determine its cause. Some fiercely competitive scientists eagerly sought priority for this discovery, and nowhere was this competition more intense than between Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier.

In 1976, Gallo and his colleagues at the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health were the first to successfully grow T-cells (a type of white blood cell), and discover HTLV, the first retrovirus identified in humans in 1981. In May 1984, Gallo published a series of papers in the prestigious journal Science, reporting that he had isolated a related retrovirus, HTLV-III, and that it caused AIDS. In that same issue of Science, Montagnier, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, described LAV, a virus he isolated from an AIDS patient and described that its role in AIDS “remains to be determined.”

Priority for discovering the viral cause of AIDS was not only the subject of an acrimonious dispute between scientists but also international contention between the governments of the United States and France that required their respective presidents—Ronald Reagan and François Mitterrand—to resolve. At issue was which government would be awarded a patent for testing and detecting the virus. It was decided, in a Solomonic tradition, that each individual would be given equal billing for the discovery, patent royalties would be divided equally, and that the virus be given a neutral name: human immunodeficiency virus or HIV.

In 2008, the Nobel Prize was jointly awarded to Montagnier and his colleague Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, but not Gallo, a decision that “surprised” Montagnier. It is now generally (but not universally) agreed that although Montagnier’s laboratory was first to isolate HIV, Gallo was first to attribute the cause of AIDS to HIV and generated the background science, making the discovery of HIV possible. There were an estimated 34 million living individuals with AIDS in 2013.