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Top Oregon Court Overhauls Eyewitness ID Rules

By Chris Lydgate ’90 on November 30, 2012 03:53 PM

Memory expert and psychology professor Dan Reisberg found several problems with the methods investigators used to reconstruct the memory of the key witness in the case.
Photo by Darryl James

The Oregon Supreme Court issued a landmark decision
yesterday, proclaiming new legal standards for using eyewitness identification as
evidence in criminal cases and granting a new trial to a man who was convicted
of murder on the basis of an identification that the court deemed faulty.

The justices announced a unanimous ruling after
reviewing thousands of pages of psychological research, including testimony
from Professor Dan Reisberg [psychology
1986–], who identified several problems with the methods investigators used to identify the suspect.

“This is good news for Oregon,” Reisberg says. “I’m
thrilled that the court chose to embrace the evidence and embrace the science.”

The case arose from the murder trial of Samuel Lawson,
who was accused of shooting a Douglas County couple, Noris and Sherl Hilde, in an
Umpqua National Forest campground in 2003. Noris was killed; Sherl survived.
Later she identified Lawson as the killer, telling the jury “I’ll never forget
his face as long as I live.”

Although there was no physical evidence tying Lawson
to the crime, he was convicted of five counts of aggravated murder and
sentenced to life in prison.

The problem is that Sherl initially said she didn’t
see the killer’s face, or caught at best a fleeting glimpse of his profile. She
was unable to pick Lawson out of a lineup. Only after investigators
repeatedly showed her photographs of Lawson—at one point even taking her to one
of his court hearings—did she begin to identify Lawson as the killer. (For a
full description of the case, see the Reed magazine article, "The Darkness of Memory Lane.")

These factors did not appear to influence the trial judge or the jury, in part because Oregon's old standard for eyewitness identification, established by the court in 1979 in a case known as
State v. Classen (written by Justice Hans Linde ’47) did not set out hard-and-fast rules to exclude techniques that could influence a witness' memory.

Since then, however, more than 2,000 psychological studies
have been conducted into facial identification, many of them demonstrating that memories
are more pliable than previously understood, and are strongly influenced by subsequent events.

“The court has clear rules for physical evidence—how it’s
collected, how it’s stored, and so on—but has been more casual with witness
evidence,” Reisberg says. “But witness evidence is actually more fragile than
physical evidence and it needs to be treated with caution if it’s going to be
truly reliable.”

The case has several other Reed connections. Lawyer Laura Graser ’73 was part of Lawson's defense team. Bronson James ’94 and Bear Wilner-Nugent ’94 both filed
briefs on behalf of Lawson. Meanwhile, President John Kroger, in his former incarnation
as Oregon’s attorney-general, was listed on the case caption as holding a brief for the state of Oregon.