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The Federal Reserve has linked rising student debt to a drop in homeownership among young Americans and the flight of college graduates from rural areas, two big shifts that have helped reshape the U.S. economy.

The effect of student debt on the economy has been debated in recent years, as the total has soared to $1.5 trillion, surpassing Americans’ credit-card and car-loan bills. Congress and various White House administrations have pointed to federal student loans as a key way for Americans to pay for college and boost their career earnings. Critics have said the debt is damaging the economic prospects of a generation of Americans.

The Fed research published Wednesday didn’t offer a verdict on those assertions. But it showed that student debt is linked to key life decisions for some—including whether to buy a home and where to live.

Homeownership among people ages 24 to 32 fell 9 percentage points, to 36% from 45%, between 2005 and 2014, the Fed said. While many factors affected the homeowner rate, the Fed said 2 percentage points, or about a fifth, of the decline was tied directly to student debt. That translated into 400,000 borrowers who could have owned a home by 2014 but didn’t because of student loans.

BEIJING (Reuters) – China’s exports unexpectedly fell the most in two years in December, while imports also contracted, pointing to further weakness in the world’s second-largest economy in 2019 and deteriorating global demand.

Simply put, the stock market had a terrible 2018—its worst year since the Financial Crisis, by some measures.* So, what does 2019 have in store? No one knows for sure, of course, but by looking at the right details we can get a good idea of where the markets might be headed after a year of historic volatility. With that we’d like to share our 2019 Market Forecast, focusing specifically on three key areas: interest rates, the economy, and the stock market.

Interest Rates

Last month was the stock market’s worst December since the Great Depression. The turmoil was largely due to the Federal Reserve moving forward with another short-term interest rate hike despite the growing threat of a flattened yield curve and more criticism from the Oval Office. The Fed has stated it hopes to approve three additional short-term interest rate increases next year, and while many forecasters are saying that will happen, we say it won’t.

We believe there is an 80% chance the Fed might approve one rate hike in 2019, but only a 10% chance it will approve two, and a 0% chance it will approve three. There are many reasons for this, starting with that ever-increasing threat of a flattened yield curve—a challenge we first predicted three years ago. We knew that there would have to be enough economic growth and inflation for long-term interest rates to rise ahead of short-term rates in order to avoid the risk of a flat yield curve, which can cripple economic progress.

As we predicted, that consistent rise in long-term rates hasn’t happened for several reasons. When the Fed first started raising rates in December 2015 after holding them to near-zero for seven years as part of quantitative easing, the yield on the 10-Year Treasury rate was around 2.20%. Currently it’s at 2.74%, and only briefly topped 3% a few times in 2018.** In other words, the 10-Year is only 0.54% higher, while the Fed funds rate has gone up an entire 2%, leaving the yield curve now perilously close to flat.

This cautious dance between long- and short-term rates is, we believe, a demonstration of how the bond market is “smarter” than the stock market. Each time the Fed announced it was planning to raise short-term rates again, longer-term bonds would sell off, increasing longer term yields and thereby giving the Fed some room to raise rates without flattening the yield curve. However, in December the bond market said: “Enough is enough,” and this time bond yields didn’t rise to make room for the Fed’s next rate hike.

The bond market is basically saying, “We know we’re not going to get the level of economic growth needed to sustain higher interest rates,” and many economic forecasters agree with that analysis.

As you may know, on December 3rd the yield curve already became partially flat when yields on the 2-Year Treasury rate rose higher than yields on 5-Year Treasuries. A flat yield curve preceded both of the last two major market crashes, starting in 2000 and 2007, and is recognized by economists as a huge red flag of a coming recession.

Economy

With that in mind, the second part of our forecast for 2019 is that economic growth will, in fact, slow considerably and possibly even give way to a new recession by the end of the year. The evidence for this is compelling, and many other experts are predicting a new recession is in the works. A recent JP Morgan survey found that 75% of ultra-high net worth investors believe a recession will hit by 2020, with 21% of them predicting it will start in 2019.*** A recent CBS news article also notes that 82% of CFOs for US corporations are projecting a recession by 2020.

Perhaps the main reason is that these investors know that corporations have already ingested all the profits from the Trump Administration’s corporate tax cut. At 15%, that cut was the biggest “boost” provided by the new tax plan, and it helped GDP growth top 4 percent in the second quarter and hit 3.5% in the third quarter last year. But that effect won’t last, which means future growth is more dependent on individual tax cuts, which were only 3% and 4%. Yes, that gives consumers a little extra spending money, but not enough to sustain GDP growth rates of over 3% and 4%. Remember, too, that the biggest consumer demographic—Baby Boomers—are beyond their prime spending years; they’re more focused on paying off debts and saving for retirement, which also makes it harder to achieve the kind of GDP growth we had in the 90s. Even the Fed has forecast GDP growth settling back below 2% by 2020.****

There are many other factors pointing toward stalling growth and a possible recession in the coming year—along with a host of brewing geopolitical factors that could make the economic outlook for 2019 even bleaker. Those include, of course, the ongoing trade war with China, economic instability in Europe and Asia, the mounting federal deficit, and political turmoil in Washington—which is only likely to increase now that Democrats control the House.

Stock Market

Even if none of those situations escalates and leads to a tipping point for the stock market, remember that emotion is the market’s main driver, and that fear alone can have real consequences. Considering just how many “fear factors” are in play right now, the final piece of our forecast for 2019 is, indeed, a stock market drop. It may or may not be the long-overdue third major drop of our current secular bear market cycle, but either way we do believe the stock market will end this year lower than it began once again.

Now, is it possible we’ll see some more spikes and gains over the course of the year? Of course. In fact, it’s a safe bet that there will always be occasional good news throughout the year that gets Wall Street briefly excited. But we believe the spikes will prove to be just more of the extreme volatility we saw in 2018, and that ultimately the stock market will finish 2019 with another loss.

Wagging the Dog

In looking at all the details we’ve discussed, it’s important to remember that recessions and major market corrections have many different causes and symptoms, and that what we’re seeing now are a lot of symptoms with the potential to become causes. That’s how economics and financial markets work: sometimes the tail wags the dog until the dog starts wagging the tail.

For example, sometimes the bond market doesn’t think the economy has enough long-term growth potential so long-term interest rates come down and the yield curve gets flat. That’s a symptom of a possible recession. But sometimes the yield curve becomes flat because other influences don’t allow long-term interest rates to increase, and/or the Fed raises short-term rates too quickly. This is when the symptom can quickly become the cause: banks could stop lending because there’s not enough profit when the yield curve is flat, which would hit businesses and the housing market hard and create a domino effect that leads to an actual recession.

This same idea holds true for the stock market. Sometimes the stock market drops because a recession occurs, and the selloff is a symptom of the recession. But sometimes a volatile or tumbling stock market based on fears of stalling growth and a flattening yield curve (like we’re seeing now) can cause the recession, partly by creating the “reverse wealth effect.” Investors see their 401Ks shrinking and—regardless of whether they have more disposable income thanks to a tax cut or wage increase—they feel less wealthy, so they cut way back on spending and the economy shrinks into recession.

In the end, there are enough symptoms and potential causes of a major market downturn heading into the New Year that it’s really irrelevant whether the dog wags the tail or vice versa. With that in mind, investors who haven’t yet reduced their stock market risk and shifted their focus to income-generating financial strategies might want to consider making that their top New Year’s resolution before the narrowing window of opportunity closes.

*“US Stocks Remain on Track for Their Worst Year Since 2008,” NPR.org, Dec. 25, 2018
**“Yahoo Finance,” Dec. 27, 2018
***“75 Percent of the Ultra Rich Forecast a Recession in the Next Two Years,” MarketWatch.com, Sept. 19, 2018.
****FederalReserve.gov

Tax laws for 2018 have changed drastically and are difficult to navigate. Your claiming strategies can vary dramatically depending on numerous factors that the IRS doesn’t share directly with you. Often, you must find out the information on your own.

During this one-hour educational class, you will learn practical tax-savings strategies, including:

An overview of investment types related to taxation (Taxable, Tax-Deferred, Tax-Free, and Income and Estate Tax-Free)