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The soma and dendrites act as the input surface; the axon carries the outputs.

The tips of the branches of the axon form synapses upon other neurons or upon effectors (though synapses may occur along the branches of an axon as well as the ends). The arrows indicate the direction of "typical" information flow from inputs to outputs.

The simplest "realistic" neuron model is a continuous time model based on using the firing rate (e.g., the number of spikes traversing the axon in the most recent 20 msec.) as a continuously varying measure of the cell's activity

The state of the neuron is described by a single variable, the membrane potential.

The firing rate is approximated by a sigmoid, function of membrane potential.

genetic algorithms: evaluate variations of the network, using a metric that combines its performance and its complexity. Then apply various mutations to the network (change number of hidden units) until the best one is found.