Obese and women have generally more fat cells which do not contain significant amounts of H2O so less % H2O.

Molecules

electrically neutral

Electrolytes

elements or compounds that when dissolved in H2O dissasociate into parts knows and ions

For Homeostasis the body must maintain a balance BTW THE POSITIVE AND NEG electrolytes

You cannot prepare fluid solns for therapeutic use that contain only cations or only anions. THE SOLUTIONS MUST ALWAYS BE BALANCED!! so if patient needs an anion it will be given in a soln of that anion with a cation and that compound will disassociate in the body to become the necessary agents the body needs BUT you have to consider the dog that will bite you: the effect of the other electrolyte on the body!!

Cation

POSITIVE

Anion

NEGATIVE

HCO3- given with what?

Na+

K+ given with what?

Cl-

pounds to kilograms?

2.2 lbs to 1 kg

Edema

Swelling

Edematous = swollen

Percent total body weigh of IVF

25% ECF or approx 5% of total body weight or approx 5L

Only fluid compartment that can be measured directly

IVF

What is blood made of

H2O + molecules + electrolytes + RBCs + WBCs + platelets + proteins

-water with lots of materials floating in H2O
-plasma is the water and the molecules,elecs, proteins, MINUS the blood cells and platelets.

In the blood stream there are diff size molecules: small and big M&Ms. Since Albumin is BIG it cannot cross the capillary membrane so IT STAYS WITHIN THE BV AND EXERTS A GREATER PULL SO WATER WILL FOLLOW IT!

Sequence of Blood Flow?

blood flows from the heart to the arteries to the arterioles to the capillaries to the venules to the veins and back to the heart.

What happens at the capillary level in the sequence of blood flow?

At the capillary level = diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the tissues occurs. AND diffusion of waste products of metabolism from the tissues into the blood occurs.
DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS AND WASTE PRODUCTS

Describe Fluid leaking from wounds:

Serous
Sanguinous
Serosanguinous
Purulent

Serous

clear fluid without pus or debris

Sanguinous

refers to bloody, or red drainage

Serosanguinous

a combo of serous and sanguinous and is thin, watery pale red to pink fluid

Purulent

thick, cloudy, yellow, or tan

How many times per hour does all blood go to the liver?

SIX

Why dont we pee blood?

Bowman's capsule = KIDNEY = the system doesnt allow BIG molecules to pass through SO if there is ALBUMIN (AKA PROTEIN) in the URINE = ALERT!!!

Albuminurea

Albumin aka protein in the urine and could be a sign that the patient is developing TOXEMIA

What cation is given for the lethal injection and why?

K+ because a potassium overload causes the cells to die. HYPERKALEMIA. K+ spills into the extracellular space to cause HYPERKALEMIA.

Normal K+ level intracellularly?

150 mEq

Normal K+ level extracellularly?

3.5 - 5 mEq (and this is the level we pay attention to! It is the level that is impt to keep us alive!)

forms a separation btw the intracellular space and the extracellular space. Cellophane with pores. No protein (Big M&M is allowed under any NORMAL circumstances to fit through and leave the BV (RBCs and plasma, protein). FOR THIS REASON THE IVS CAN DRAW FLUID BACK FROM THE ISS.

Visualize Blood stream as water with lots of small and big M&Ms. water and small ones are allowed to pass through into the ISS but not the big M&Ms which are too large to get through the little pores so they stay in.

Osmosis is?

the movement of H2O across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lesser conc to an area of higher conc. Consider that in the end we want everything to be equal!

Diffusion is?

the movement of molecules (aka M&Ms) from an area of higher concentration of molecules to an area of lower conc of molecules. The movement of SOLUTES!!

Role of the Kidneys in the regulation of the body's fluid composition and volume?

All of our blood goes to our kidneys every hour and normally no blood cells or plasma proteins are allowed to filter into the tubular system, hence we do not have blood or protein in our urine under normal circumstances. Albumin is the smallest and the first sign of a problem! An infection would cause the pores at the cap level to get so large that the plasma proteins get out. So plasma proteins are decreased and osmotic pressure in the IVS is dec.

Hypotonic is?

Note that plain WATER is HYPOTONIC!
less conc of molecules outside the cell
250 or less

Hypertonic is?

more conc of molecules outside the cell
over 375

Isotonic is?

same conc inside and outside the cell
270-300

Low plasma proteins are a sign of problems with?

Liver bc protein gets metabolized and sent to the liver where it is broken down into plasma proteins.
Also an overwhelming infection (gram neg organism) causes the pores at the capillary level to get so large that plasma proteins can leak out and when plasma proteins are decreased, the OSMOTIC PRESSURE in the IVS is dec.

Active Transport

pushing of substances across concentration gradients.
EX: Na+/K+ pump actively pushes the Na+ out of the intracellular space and into the ECF so that higher K+ levels are maintained intracellularly.

Mean Arterial Pressure is the Average Perfusion Pressure and is normally 70-105 and is measured by
Systalic + Diastalic(2) and all divided by 3.

Perfusion

In physiology, perfusion is the process of nutritive delivery of arterial blood to a capillary bed in the biological tissue.

Factors that precipitate Aldosterone release

dec Na+
inc K+
Hypovolemia
Stress

What happens to the Kidney with GI bleeding (loss of vol) Cardiogenic Shock (loss of pump) and Trauma (loss of Vol)

dec in renal perfusion sensed by JG cells which secrete Renin, Angiotension I and II causing Vasoconstriction and and inc in Aldosterone secretion and Na+ reabsorption and H2O excretion in the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct

To heart with same conditions?

dec in stroke vol which stimulates baroreceptors and inc SNS stimulation and inc HR and force of contraction causing peripheral vasoconstriction and the shunting of blood to the heart and the brain. there is an inc in venous return.