1.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars

2.
Ace Books
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Ace Books is an American specialty publisher of science fiction and fantasy books. The company was founded in New York City in 1952 by Aaron A. Wyn and began as a publisher of mysteries. It soon branched out other genres, publishing its first science fiction title in 1953. This was successful, and science fiction titles outnumbered mysteries and westerns within a few years. Other genres also made an appearance, including nonfiction, gothic novels, media tie-in novelizations, Ace became known for the tête-bêche binding format used for many of its early books, although it did not originate the format. Most of the titles were published in this Ace Double format. Ace, along with Ballantine Books, was one of the science fiction publishers for its first ten years of operation. With the death of owner A. A. Wyn in 1967, however, two prominent editors, Donald A. Wollheim and Terry Carr, left in 1971, and in 1972 Ace was sold to Grosset & Dunlap. Despite financial troubles, there were further successes, particularly with the third Ace Science Fiction Specials series, further mergers and acquisitions resulted in the company becoming a part of Berkley Books. Ace then became an imprint of Penguin Group, editor Donald A. Wollheim was working at Avon Books in 1952, but disliked his job. While looking for work, he tried to persuade A. A. Wyn to begin a new paperback publishing company. Wyn was already a well-established publisher of books and pulp magazines under the name A. A. Wyns Magazine Publishers and his magazines included Ace Mystery and Ace Sports, and it is perhaps from these titles that Ace Books got its name. Wyn liked Wollheims idea but delayed for months, meanwhile, Wollheim was applying for other jobs. Pyramid mistakenly called Wyns wife Rose for a reference, thinking Wollheim had worked for her, when Rose told her husband that Wollheim was applying for another job, Wyn made up his mind, he hired Wollheim immediately as an editor. The first book published by Ace was a pair of mysteries bound tête-bêche, Keith Vinings Too Hot for Hell, backed with Samuel W. Taylors The Grinning Gismo, priced at 35 cents, with serial number D-01. A tête-bêche book has the two titles bound upside-down with respect to other, so that there are two front covers and the two texts meet in the middle. This format is regarded as an innovation of Aces, it was not. Books by established authors were often bound with those by lesser-known writers, the main drawback of the Ace Double format was that the two books had to fit a fixed page length, thus one or both novels might be cut or revised to fit

3.
Fantasy literature
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Fantasy literature is the body of written works that employ the motifs, themes, and stylistic approaches expected in the fantasy genre. Historically, most works of fantasy were written pieces of literature, since the 1960s, a growing segment of the fantasy genre has taken the form of films, television programs, graphic novels, video games, music and painting. Stories involving paranormal magic and terrible monsters have existed in spoken forms before the advent of printed literature, homers Odyssey satisfies the definition of the fantasy genre with its magic, gods, heroes, adventures and monsters. Fantasy literature as a distinct type emerged in Victorian times, with the works of such as Mary Shelley, William Morris. J. R. R. Tolkien played a role in the popularization and accessibility of the fantasy genre with his highly successful publications The Hobbit. Rarely does one consider modern fantasy without conjuring the memory and image of Tolkien, Tolkien was largely influenced by an ancient body of Anglo-Saxon myths, particularly Beowulf, as well as modern works such as The Worm Ouroboros by E. R. Eddison. Tolkiens close friend C. S. Lewis, author of The Chronicles of Narnia, the tradition established by these predecessors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has continued to thrive and be adapted by new authors. Tolkiens fiction has—particularly over the genre of high fantasy—prompted backlash, at the turn of the millennium, the Harry Potter novels of J. K. Rowling achieved widespread popularity. R. Martin in 2005, and 2011, Neil Gaiman in 2005, authors often engage in worldbuilding, constructing a framework or entire world against which the narrative plays out. Symbolism often plays a significant role in literature, often through the use of archetypal figures inspired by earlier texts or folklore. Some argue that fantasy literature and its archetypes fulfill a function for individuals and society, le Guin, in her essay From Elfland to Poughkeepsie, presented the idea that language is the most crucial element of high fantasy, because it creates a sense of place. She analyzed the misuse of a formal, olden-day style, saying that it was a trap for fantasy writers because it was ridiculous when done wrong. Brian Peters writes that in various forms of fantasy, even the villains language might be inappropriate if vulgar. The fantastical details of the series fade away by the installment, revealing that the wizarding community of the Harry Potter books is just as bad, if not worse. Farah Mendlesohn argues the world of literature is broken up into four categories, the portal quest, the immersive, the intrusive. How the fantastic enters the world is what determines how a story fits into these categories. In a portal quest such as C. S. Lewis The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, The Witch, in the intrusion fantasies like Bram Stokers Dracula, the fantastic invades the fictional world. With liminal fantasy, for example Phillip Pullman’s His Dark Materials, The Subtle Knife, tolkiens The Hobbit for example, allows the reader no escape from the fantastic

4.
HarperCollins
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The company is headquartered in New York City and is a subsidiary of News Corp. The worldwide CEO of HarperCollins is Brian Murray, HarperCollins has publishing groups in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and India and China. As of 2017 China provides as the source of manufacturing. The company publishes many different imprints, both former independent publishing houses and new imprints, in 1989, Collins was bought by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation, and the publisher was combined with Harper & Row, which NewsCorp had acquired two years earlier. In 1999, News Corporation purchased the Hearst Book Group, consisting of William Morrow & Company and these imprints are now published under the rubric of HarperCollins. HarperCollins bought educational publisher Letts and Lonsdale in March 2010, in 2011, HarperCollins announced they had agreed to acquire the publisher Thomas Nelson. The purchase was completed on July 11,2012, with an announcement that Thomas Nelson would operate independently given the position it has in Christian book publishing. Both Thomas Nelson and Zondervan were then organized as imprints, or keystone publishing programs, under a new division, key roles in the reorganization were awarded to former Thomas Nelson executives. Brian Murray, the current CEO of HarperCollins, succeeded Jane Friedman who was CEO from 1997 to 2008, notable management figures include Lisa Sharkey, current senior vice president and director of creative development and Barry Winkleman from 1989 to 1994. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, HarperCollins, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law. The Scranton, PA warehouse closed in September 2013 and a Nashville, TN warehouse, under the name Thomas Nelson, several office positions and departments continued to work for HarperCollins in Scranton, but in a new location. Company officials attribute the closings and mergers to the growing demand for e-book formats. HarperCollins maintains the backlist of many of the originally published by their many merged imprints. Authors published originally by Harper include Mark Twain, the Brontë sisters, authors published originally by Collins include H. G. Wells, Agatha Christie and J. R. R. Tolkien. This is a list of some of the more noted books, N. D. Gone, Clive Barker The Children of Húrin, J. R. R. R. R. They were the home of Maurice Sendak, Shel Silverstein. In 1998, Nordstroms personal correspondence was published as Dear Genius, The Letters of Ursula Nordstrom, Zolotow later became head of the Childrens Books Department, and went on to become the companys first female Vice-President. The Chronicles of Narnia series by C. S. Lewis, HarperCollins has published the following notable childrens books, the I Can Read

5.
Flame Tree Publishing
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Flame Tree Publishing is an independent publisher of illustrated books, calendars and other stationery items, based in Fulham, London, United Kingdom. Flame Tree creates content in the form of paper printed encyclopedias, guides and practical books and publishes them in different book, gift, stationery and digital markets. It has a number of arrangements with museums, galleries and other licensors, including Tate, V&A. The Publisher has recently started making ebooks and is launching a new fantasy, crime, Flame Tree was established in 1992 as a part-time illustrated art book packaging operation by primary owner Nick Wells. In 1995 Wells left HarperCollins Publishers to turn Flame Tree into a full-time business, the company name was changed to The Foundry Creative Media Company Ltd but Flame Tree Publishing was retained as the publishing imprint and brand. Managing Director Frances Bodiam joined in 1996, Wells and Bodiam continue to run the business. In 2012 The company name changed to Flame Tree Publishing Ltd and John Holloran and Ross Clayton of Marston Book Services Ltd invested in the company to provide distribution, Flame Tree started publishing into the UK and international markets, focusing on art, music, cookery and general reference. Among its first books were Guitar Facts, An Illustrated Guide and Simple Cookery, Wok, step-by-step photos continue to be a feature of many of their publications. Flame Tree exhibits at an annual trade shows including the London Book Fair, The Spring Fair International Gift Show, Frankfurt Book Fair. Flame Tree is a member of the Independent Publishers Guild and The Greeting Card Association, world Art, The Definitive Illustrated Guide. Forewords by Jeffrey Katzenberg and Bill Plympton, Art Deco, The Golden Age of Graphic Art and Design. Edited by Stanley Sadie, Foreword by Vladimir Ashkenazy, edited by Stanley Sadie, Foreword by Philip Langridge. Erté Alphonse Mucha Louis Comfort Tiffany Gustav Klimt Tate calendars and diaries, the British Museum calendars and diaries

6.
Gregg Press
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Gregg Press was founded about 1965 by Charles Gregg in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey to distribute in the United States the antiquarian reprints published in the UK by Gregg Press International. Gregg decided he wanted to publish scholarly reprints of his own and his first program, Americans in Fiction, included 70 out-of-copyright titles selected by American literature professor Clarence Gohdes. The series was sold as a set, but individual titles could be purchased separately, Thomas T. Beeler was hired as editor of Gregg Press in Boston in June 1972. Beeler developed a Library Reference reprint series for Gregg and oversaw the publication of the already-contracted American Revolutionary Series, after Koehlinger left, Beeler developed an idea for a science fiction series with a long-time friend and fellow English department graduate student at Columbia, David G. Hartwell. The idea for the series was to produce permanent hardcover editions of the classics of science fiction, each book in the series offered a facsimile of the first edition of the work with a new introduction written by a contemporary science fiction author. Beeler handled contracts, design and production, while Hartwell made the selections and secured authors for the introductions, ultimately 252 titles appeared in the Gregg Press Science Fiction Series between 1974 and 1985. All titles were printed on paper, sewn and bound in library-grade cloth bindings stamped with a color panel. There were no book jackets, giving the series a permanent library look, most print runs were under 500 copies. A few titles, most notably Robert A. Heinleins Destination, Moon, were reprinted, in addition to the classic titles Hartwell and Beeler also produced sets of titles in series with jackets. These included the Witch World novels of Andre Norton and the Fafhrd, authors were usually represented in series with introductions by authorities in the field such as Thomas M. Disch, Lou Stathis and Paul Williams. Many of the Gregg editions were bibliographically important as the first hardback editions of books, including several by Leiber. Dust jacket artists included Wayne Barlowe and Vincent Di Fate, some books featured frontispiece illustrations by Hannah Shapiro. Promotional art for Gregg Press was by Jim McDermott, the aim of these series was to establish a market for Gregg Books at higher print runs among public libraries. These secondary series met with limited success, and by the mid-1980s Gregg was no longer publishing, in March,1985, when ITT sold G. K. Hall & Co. to Macmillan Publishing in New York, Gregg was no longer active, hall is now an imprint of Thomson Gale. List of all published in the Gregg Press science fiction series

7.
Arkham House
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The companys name is derived from Lovecrafts fictional New England city, Arkham. Arkham House editions are noted for the quality of their printing and binding, the colophon for Arkham House was designed by Frank Utpatel. Derleth and Wandrei thus decided to form their own company, Arkham House with the purpose of publishing all of Lovecrafts writings in hardcover. The omnibus volume was scheduled as the first offering from Arkham House, with a price of $5.00, even at that bargain price, only 150 orders were received for The Outsider and Others before its appearance in 1939. The Outsider was a example of fine bookmaking. It was printed by the George Banta Co. of Wisconsin, in an edition of 1268 copies, the book was over 550 pages long, with small print, and featured a jacket by noted fantasy artist Virgil Finlay. The omnibus sold slowly but steadily, Derleth was in a position that most small publishers could only dream about. He was a writer and had a good deal of revenue coming in from his work not connected with publishing. He could afford to keep Arkham House going without the company realising a quick profit, a second Lovecraft omnibus, Beyond the Wall of Sleep, appeared in 1943 as sales on all Arkham House books continued to advance. By 1944, Arkham House was established as a small press. In 1945, Arkham House widened its range by publishing two novels, neither of which had seen print in any form before and these were Witch House by Evangeline Walton and The Lurker at the Threshold by August Derleth. Derleth also widened Arkhams range by publishing collections of stories by well-known English fantasy authors, collections by Englishmen A. E. Coppard, H. Russell Wakefield, William Hope Hodgson and Algernon Blackwood followed in 1947. Also in 1947 were books by three American writers, including the fiction novel Slan by A. E. Van Vogt. Derleth must have felt he was in the field as Slan. Arkham House published many books in the fantasy and horror field including a small, Robert Weinberg has written that, However, intense competition from the SF small presses as well as slow sales of certain titles put August Derleth in a precarious bind. Only a generous loan from Dr David H. Keller prevented Arkham from going bankrupt during a period of cash flow problems in 1948, Derleth revealed to Keller and Moskowitz that he owed his printer $2500 and had exhausted every possible source of help. Upon Kellers return to his home in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, he wrote a check fro the needed sum and sent it to Derleth as a loan at 35% interest on Derleths personal note. Reporting the transaction in Thirty Years of Arkham House, Derleth adds, I had not asked for it, he had offered it with the comment, no greater compliment could have been paid me or Arkham House

8.
Ballantine Books
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Ballantine Books is a major book publisher located in the United States, founded in 1952 by Ian Ballantine with his wife, Betty Ballantine. It was acquired by Random House in 1973, which in turn was acquired by Bertelsmann in 1998, ballantines logo is a pair of mirrored letter Bs back to back. The firms early editors were Stanley Kauffman and Bernard Shir-Cliff, following Fawcett Publications controversial 1950 introduction of Gold Medal paperback originals rather than reprints, Lion Books, Avon and Ace also decided to publish originals. When the first Ballantine Book, Cameron Hawleys Executive Suite was published in 1952, houghton Mifflin published the $3.00 hardcover at the same time Ballantine distributed its 35¢ paperback. By February 1953, Ballantine had sold 375,000 copies and was preparing to print 100,000 more, houghton Mifflin sold 22,000 hardback copies in its first printing. Ballantines sales soon totaled 470,000 copies, instead of hurting hardback sales as some predicted, the paperback edition instead gave the book more publicity. After the film rights were sold to MGM, Robert Wise directed the 1954 film, on the heels of that kind of sales and publicity, other Ballantine titles were seen in spinner racks across the country. During the early 1950s, Ballantine attracted attention as one of the publishers of paperback science fiction and fantasy. The Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth novel had first appeared in Galaxy Science Fiction under the title Gravy Planet, Kauffman scored when he acquired and edited Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451. Ballantines science fiction also included the unusual Star Science Fiction Stories. With cover paintings by Richard Powers, this anthology series offered new fiction rather than reprints. Edited by Frederik Pohl, it attracted readers by successfully combining the formats of both magazines and paperbacks. In the early 1960s, the company engaged in a rivalry with Ace Books for the rights to reprint the works of J. R. R. Tolkien. A separate Canadian edition of the books was published with different front cover art work, Tolkien asked for permission to add the back cover message. There was literally no publication that did not carry some kind of outraged article, and of course, the whole science fiction fraternity got behind the book, this was their meat and drink. In 1969, Lin Carter edited the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series, during the mid-1970s, Ballantine published the Star Trek Logs, a ten-volume series of Alan Dean Foster adaptations of the animated Star Trek. In 1968, Ballantine published a book related to Star Trek, The Making of Star Trek by Stephen E. Whitfield. After publishing The World of Lil Abner, Ballantine introduced Shel Silverstein in 1956 with his Grab Your Socks, collection of cartoons from Pacific Stars and Stripes

9.
Badger Books
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Badger Books was an imprint used by the British publisher John Spencer & Co. between 1960 and 1967. Badger Books were published in a number of genres, predominantly war, westerns, romance, supernatural, the best-known author of Badger Books is Lionel Fanthorpe, who wrote a large proportion of the supernatural and science fiction titles. John Spencer was the pseudonym of Samuel Assael, who set up his London-based publishing company in 1947, initially Spencers output consisted of pulp magazines, mainly in the science fiction genre. However, with the decline of the magazine and rise of the paperback. He used a number of imprints, including John Spencer, Cobra and Badger, the Badger Books imprint was discontinued in 1967 although Spencer continued to produce a small number of books until the late 1970s. In common with other pulp or mass-market publishers of the time, a new title in each of the major genres appeared each month, generally written to tight deadlines by low-paid authors. One of the most remarkable facts about Badger Books is that much of its outputs was produced by just two authors, John Glasby and Lionel Fanthorpe, the company was based at 131 Brackenbury Road, Hammersmith. It ran on a shoestring with Mr Assael overseeing everything, the accounts were overseen by Assaels partner Maurice Nahum. Employees numbered only three, all young men, one worked in the office with Nahum and the other two packed books. David Andersen worked for this company between 1961 and 1963 mostly in the office with Maurice Nahum, the bulk of Badger Books output fell into five genres as follows, Westerns, published as Lariat Westerns and Blazing Westerns. Many of these novels appeared under the house name Chuck Adams, at least two of the Chuck Adams books, and several of the other western titles, were written by E. C. Tubb, who became better known as a science fiction author. Generally set during the Second World War, most of novels were written by John Glasby using a wide range of pseudonyms. The bulk of these were written by John Glasby under the pseudonym of D. K. Jennings, most of these books were written by Lionel Fanthorpe under a variety of pseudonyms. Unlike the other series, the SN books started out as anthologies of short stories, novels started to appear as Supernatural Specials with issues 29,32 and 35, and then all the even-numbered issues from SN-40 onwards. Like the SN series, the SF books were written by Lionel Fanthorpe, with a few contributions by John Glasby. Several of these books appeared under the name of John E. Muller. In addition to five main genres, there were several other short-lived series such as Crime stories