Friday, 6 April 2012

One cycle of existence is around 311 trillion years and the life of
one universe around 8 billion years. This Universal cycle is preceded by
an infinite number of universes and to be followed by another infinite
number of universes. Includes an infinite number of universes at one
given time.

Jain cosmology considers the loka,
or universe, as an uncreated entity, existing since infinity, the shape
of the universe as similar to a man standing with legs apart and arm
resting on his waist. This Universe, according to Jainism, is broad at
the top, narrow at the middle and once again becomes broad at the
bottom.

The Universe is unchanging, uniform, perfect, necessary, timeless,
and neither generated nor perishable. Void is impossible. Plurality and
change are products of epistemic ignorance derived from sense
experience. Temporal and spatial limits are arbitrary and relative to
the Parmenidean whole.

Based on Babylonian cosmology. The Earth and the Heavens form a unit within infinite "waters of chaos"; the earth is flat and circular, and a solid dome (the "firmament") keeps out the outer "chaos"-ocean.

The universe contains only two things: an infinite number of tiny seeds, or atoms,
and the void of infinite extent. All atoms are made of the same
substance, but differ in size and shape. Objects are formed from atom
aggregations and decay back into atoms. Incorporates Leucippus' principle of causality: "nothing happens at random; everything happens out of reason and necessity." The universe was not ruled by gods.

At the center of the Universe is a central fire, around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets
revolve uniformly. The Sun revolves around the central fire once a
year, the stars are immobile. The earth in its motion maintains the same
hidden face towards the central fire, hence it is never seen. This is
the first known non-geocentric model of the Universe.[5]

Spherical earth is surrounded by concentric celestial spheres. Universe exists unchanged throughout eternity. Contains a fifth element, called aether (later known as quintessence), added to the four Classical elements.

Universe orbits about a stationary Earth. Planets move in circular epicycles,
each having a center that moved in a larger circular orbit (called an
eccentric or a deferent) around a center-point near the Earth. The use
of equants
added another level of complexity and allowed astronomers to predict
the positions of the planets. The most successful universe model of all
time, using the criterion of longevity. Almagest (the Great System).

The Earth rotates and the planets move in elliptical orbits,
possibly around either the Earth or the Sun. It is uncertain whether
the model is geocentric or heliocentric due to planetary orbits given
with respect to both the Earth and the Sun.

Rejects the idea of a hierarchical universe. Earth and Sun have no
special properties in comparison with the other heavenly bodies. The
void between the stars is filled with aether, and matter is composed of
the same four elements (water, earth, fire, and air) everywhere, and is
atomistic, animistic and intelligent.

Kepler's discoveries, marrying mathematics and physics, provided the
foundation for our present conception of the Solar system, but distant
stars were still seen as objects in a thin, fixed celestial sphere.

A system of huge swirling whirlpools of aethereal or fine matter
produces what we would call gravitational effects. His vacuum was not
empty. All space was filled with matter that swirled around in large and
small vortices.

"Matter without motion." Contains uniformly distributed matter.
Uniformly curved spherical space; based on Riemann's hypersphere.
Curvature is set equal to Λ. In effect Λ is equivalent to a repulsive
force which counteracts gravity. Unstable.

Demands a large variation in G, which decreases with time. Gravity weakens as universe evolves.

Friedmann zero-curvature, a.k.a. the Einstein-DeSitter universe

Einstein & DeSitter 1932

Expanding flat space.
k= 0 ; Λ = 0 Critical density

Curvature constant k = 0. Said to be infinite (but ambiguous).
'Unbounded cosmos of limited extent.' Expands forever. 'Simplest' of all
known universes. Named after but not considered by Friedmann. Has a deceleration term q =½ which means that its expansion rate slows down.

Λ is positive and has a magnitude greater than Gravity. Universe has
initial high density state ('primeval atom'). Followed by a two stage
expansion. Λ is used to destabilize the universe. (Lemaître is
considered to be the father of the big bang model.)

Rejects general relativity and the expanding space paradigm. Gravity
not included as initial assumption. Obeys cosmological principle &
rules of special relativity.
The Milne expanding universe consists of a finite spherical cloud of
particles (or galaxies) that expands WITHIN flat space which is infinite
and otherwise empty. It has a center and a cosmic edge (the surface of
the particle cloud) which expands at light speed. His explanation of
gravity was elaborate and unconvincing. For instance, his universe has
an infinite number of particles, hence infinite mass, within a finite
cosmic volume.

Class of universes that are homogenous and isotropic. Spacetime
separates into uniformly curved space and cosmic time common to all
comoving observers. The formulation system is now known as the FLRW or
Robertson-Walker metrics of cosmic time and curved space.

Based on the concept of plasma cosmology. The universe is viewed as meta-galaxies divided by double layers —hence its bubble-like nature. Other universes are formed from other bubbles. Ongoing cosmic matter-antimatterannihilations keep the bubbles separated and moving apart preventing them from interacting.

Based on the concept of hot inflation. The universe is viewed as a
multiple quantum flux —hence its bubble-like nature. Other universes are
formed from other bubbles. Ongoing cosmic expansion kept the bubbles
separated and moving apart preventing them from interacting.

A multiverse,
based on the concept of cold inflation, in which inflationary events
occur at random each with independent initial conditions; some expand
into bubble universes supposedly like our entire cosmos. Bubbles
nucleate in a spacetime foam.

Who am I

Indonesia

Mesin Pencari

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

NASA's motto is: "For the benefit of all".

Inspirations Words

Crescat scientia; Vita Excolatur:
"Let knowledge grow from more to more; and so be human life enriched"

"Leadership
is not magnetic personality that can just as well be a glib tongue. It
is not making friends and influencing people that is flattery.
Leadership is lifting a person's vision to higher sights, the raising
of a person's performance to a higher standard, the building of a
personality beyond its normal limitations." ~Anonymous~