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Latest memory research news from MempoweredenTranscendental Meditation has dramatic benefits for those with PTSD http://memory-key.com/research/news/transcendental-meditation-has-dramatic-benefits-those-ptsd
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <ul>
<li>A month of practicing Transcendental Meditation daily resulted in 80% of military veterans with PTSD having their symptoms reduced to below the clinical level.</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>A pilot study involving 41 military veterans and 5 active-duty soldiers diagnosed with clinical levels of PTSD has found that one month of transcendental meditation produced dramatic benefits, with 37 (80%) having their symptoms reduced to below the clinical level, and 40 having a clinically significant decrease of more than 10 points.</p>
<p>A test 90 days later also showed that PTSD symptoms continued to improve, and a further three individuals had dropped to below the clinical level.</p>
<p>The participants learned the standard Transcendental Meditation technique, which is practiced 20 minutes twice a day. Those who practiced twice a day had greater benefits than those who practiced once a day.</p>
<p>The study follows on from <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-02/muom-tms020514.php">two earlier studies involving Congolese refugees</a>, who found a significant benefit after just 10 days of Transcendental Meditation.</p>
<p>Note that this is only a preliminary study, with no controls, and the participants were self-selected, responding to media advertising (89 responded — only those with clinical levels of PTSD were included in the study). However, the results certainly appear dramatic, and previous research has shown that Transcendental Meditation has a positive benefit for many of the conditions associated with PTSD, such as high anxiety, insomnia, depression, and high blood pressure.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-01/muom-vwl011018.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-01/muom-vwl011018.php</a></p>
<p>Full text of the paper is available at <a href="https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/183/1-2/e144/4781643"> https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/183/1-2/e144/4781643</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p><span class="citekey">[4315] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13259" rel="nofollow">Herron RE</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13260" rel="nofollow">Rees B</a></span>. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/183/1-2/e144/4781643"><span class="biblio-title">The Transcendental Meditation Program’s Impact on the Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder of Veterans: An Uncontrolled Pilot Study</span></a>. Military Medicine [Internet]. 2018 ;183(1-2):e144 - e150. Available from: <a href="https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/183/1-2/e144/4781643">https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/183/1-2/e144/4781643</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=The+Transcendental+Meditation+Program%E2%80%99s+Impact+on+the+Symptoms+of+Post-traumatic+Stress+Disorder+of+Veterans%3A+An+Uncontrolled+Pilot+Study&amp;rft.title=Military+Medicine&amp;rft.stitle=Mil+Med&amp;rft.isbn=0026-4075&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.volume=183&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.spage=e144+-+e150&amp;rft.aulast=Herron&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.au=Rees%2C+Brian"></span></p>
</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/499" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">meditation</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-7 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-problems/memory-problems/health-related-problems/ptsd" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">PTSD</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/memory-problems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Problems</a></li></ul></div>Fri, 02 Feb 2018 04:22:03 +0000Fiona McPherson4321 at http://memory-key.comSleep helps process traumatic experiences http://memory-key.com/research/news/sleep-helps-process-traumatic-experiences
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <ul>
<li>A finding that sleeping after watching a trauma event reduced emotional distress and traumatic memories is intriguing in light of the theory that PTSD occurs through a failure of contextual processing.</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>A laboratory study has found that sleeping after watching a trauma event reduced emotional distress and memories related to traumatic events. The laboratory study involved 65 women being shown a neutral and a traumatic video. Typically, recurring memories of certain images haunted the test subjects for a few days (these were recorded in detail in a diary). Some participants slept in the lab for a night after the video, while the other group remained awake.</p>
<p>Those who slept after the film had fewer and less distressing recurring emotional memories than those who were awake. This effect was particularly evident after several days.</p>
<p> One of the reasons for this benefit is thought to be that the memory <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/2/letter_c#consolidation" title="new memories are initially &#039;labile&#039; and sensitive to disruption before undergoing a series of processes (e.g., glutamate release, protein synthesis, neural growth and rearrangement) that render the memory representations progressively more stable. It is these processes that are generally referred to as “consolidation”.">consolidation</a> processes that happen during sleep help contextualize the memories. This is interesting in view of the recent theory that PTSD is associated with a deficit in contextual processing.</p>
<p>However, I'd note that there is conflicting evidence about the effects of sleep on negative memories (for example, see <a href="http://www.memory-key.com/research/news/sleep-preserves-your-feelings-about-traumatic-events"> http://www.memory-key.com/research/news/sleep-preserves-your-feelings-about-traumatic-events</a>).</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-12/uoz-shp121316.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-12/uoz-shp121316.php</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p><span class="citekey">[4314] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13255" rel="nofollow">Kleim B</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13256" rel="nofollow">Wysokowsky J</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13257" rel="nofollow">Schmid N</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13258" rel="nofollow">Seifritz E</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=11852" rel="nofollow">Rasch B</a></span>. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/39/12/2125/2706348"><span class="biblio-title">Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories</span></a>. Sleep [Internet]. 2016 ;39(12):2125 - 2132. Available from: <a href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/39/12/2125/2706348">https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/39/12/2125/2706348</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+Sleep+after+Experimental+Trauma+on+Intrusive+Emotional+Memories&amp;rft.title=Sleep&amp;rft.stitle=Sleep&amp;rft.isbn=0161-8105&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.spage=2125&amp;rft.epage=2132&amp;rft.aulast=Kleim&amp;rft.aufirst=Birgit&amp;rft.au=Wysokowsky%2C+Julia&amp;rft.au=Schmid%2C+Nuria&amp;rft.au=Seifritz%2C+Erich&amp;rft.au=Rasch%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn"></span></p>
</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-5 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/lifestyle/activity/sleep" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Sleep</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-7 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-problems/memory-problems/health-related-problems/ptsd" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">PTSD</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-memworks/consolidation" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">consolidation</a></li><li class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/561" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">context</a></li><li class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/469" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">autobiographical memory</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/memory-problems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Problems</a></li></ul></div>Fri, 02 Feb 2018 04:20:38 +0000Fiona McPherson4320 at http://memory-key.comIndividual cognitive processing therapy had better PTSD improvementhttp://memory-key.com/research/news/individual-cognitive-processing-therapy-had-better-ptsd-improvement
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <ul>
<li>A large randomized study has found that cognitive processing therapy works better when administered on an individual basis, but that regardless, it is only successful about half the time.</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>A randomized clinical trial of 268 active-duty personnel seeking treatment for PTSD has found that individual sessions of cognitive processing therapy were twice as effective as group sessions.</p>
<p>Participants were assigned to CPT in either 90-minute group sessions or 60-minute individual sessions twice weekly for six weeks. PTSD severity was reduced significantly more in those receiving individual treatment, however improvements were maintained during the six-month follow-up in both groups. Depression and suicidal ideation also improved equally with both forms of CPT.</p>
<p>However, even among those receiving individual CPT, some 50% still had PTSD and clinically significant symptoms.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/tjnj-icp112116.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/tjnj-icp112116.php</a></p>
<p>Full paper available at <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2587076"> https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2587076</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p><span class="citekey">[4313] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13241" rel="nofollow">Resick PA</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13242" rel="nofollow">Wachen JSchuster</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13243" rel="nofollow">Dondanville KA</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13244" rel="nofollow">Pruiksma KE</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13245" rel="nofollow">Yarvis JS</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13246" rel="nofollow">Peterson AL</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13247" rel="nofollow">Mintz J</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13248" rel="nofollow">Consortium andthe STRONG</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13249" rel="nofollow">Borah EV</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13250" rel="nofollow">Brundige A</a>, et al.</span> <a href="http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2729"><span class="biblio-title">Effect of Group vs Individual Cognitive Processing Therapy in Active-Duty Military Seeking Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial</span></a>. JAMA Psychiatry [Internet]. 2017 ;74(1):28. Available from: <a href="http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2729">http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2729</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+Group+vs+Individual+Cognitive+Processing+Therapy+in+Active-Duty+Military+Seeking+Treatment+for+Posttraumatic+Stress+Disorder%3A+A+Randomized+Clinical+Trial&amp;rft.title=JAMA+Psychiatry&amp;rft.isbn=2168-622X&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.spage=28&amp;rft.aulast=Resick&amp;rft.aufirst=Patricia&amp;rft.au=Wachen%2C+Jennifer&amp;rft.au=Dondanville%2C+Katherine&amp;rft.au=Pruiksma%2C+Kristi&amp;rft.au=Yarvis%2C+Jeffrey&amp;rft.au=Peterson%2C+Alan&amp;rft.au=Mintz%2C+Jim&amp;rft.au=Consortium%2C+and&amp;rft.au=Borah%2C+Elisa&amp;rft.au=Brundige%2C+Antoinette&amp;rft.au=Hembree%2C+Elizabeth&amp;rft.au=Litz%2C+Brett&amp;rft.au=Roache%2C+John&amp;rft.au=Young-McCaughan%2C+Stacey"></span></p>
</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-7 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-problems/memory-problems/health-related-problems/ptsd" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">PTSD</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/memory-problems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Problems</a></li></ul></div>Fri, 02 Feb 2018 04:18:49 +0000Fiona McPherson4319 at http://memory-key.comBrain changes seen in veterans with PTSD after mindfulness training http://memory-key.com/research/news/brain-changes-seen-veterans-ptsd-after-mindfulness-training
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <ul>
<li>A small study found mindfulness training had an observable effect on the brains of PTSD sufferers.</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>A pilot study involving 23 military veterans with PTSD found that those who received mindfulness training showed reduced PTSD symptoms, and brain changes that suggest a greater ability to shift and control attention. Mindfulness training was given to 14 veterans, while the other 9 received ‘control’ group support. Both groups were given brain scans before and after the treatment program.</p>
<p>The initial scan showed that, even during rest, veterans’ brains showed unusual activity in regions involved in responding to threats and other external dangers. After practising mindfulness, the default mode network was not only more active, but also showed stronger connections with the executive network, which is involved in controlling attention. PTSD is associated with reduced executive functioning.</p>
<p>Moreover, veterans responded well to the training, with more of that group sticking with the therapy, compared with the comparison psychotherapy group.</p>
<p>The researchers emphasize, however, that people with PTSD interested in this should seek out providers trained specifically in PTSD care, as mindfulness sessions can sometimes trigger symptoms such as intrusive thoughts to flare up.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-04/uomh-bcs033016.php">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-04/uomh-bcs033016.php</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p><span class="citekey">[4310] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13222" rel="nofollow">King AP</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13223" rel="nofollow">Block SR</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13224" rel="nofollow">Sripada RK</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13225" rel="nofollow">Rauch S</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13226" rel="nofollow">Giardino N</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13227" rel="nofollow">Favorite T</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13228" rel="nofollow">Angstadt M</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13229" rel="nofollow">Kessler D</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13230" rel="nofollow">Welsh R</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13231" rel="nofollow">Liberzon I</a></span>. <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/da.22481/abstract"><span class="biblio-title">Altered Default Mode Network (dmn) Resting State Functional Connectivity Following a Mindfulness-Based Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (ptsd) in Combat Veterans of Afghanistan and Iraq</span></a>. Depression and Anxiety [Internet]. 2016 ;33(4):289 - 299. Available from: <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/da.22481/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/da.22481/abstract</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Altered+Default+Mode+Network+%28dmn%29+Resting+State+Functional+Connectivity+Following+a+Mindfulness-Based+Exposure+Therapy+for+Posttraumatic+Stress+Disorder+%28ptsd%29+in+Combat+Veterans+of+Afghanistan+and+Iraq&amp;rft.title=Depression+and+Anxiety&amp;rft.stitle=Depress+Anxiety&amp;rft.isbn=1520-6394&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.spage=289&amp;rft.epage=299&amp;rft.aulast=King&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft.au=Block%2C+Stefanie&amp;rft.au=Sripada%2C+Rebecca&amp;rft.au=Rauch%2C+Sheila&amp;rft.au=Giardino%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.au=Favorite%2C+Todd&amp;rft.au=Angstadt%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Kessler%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Welsh%2C+Robert&amp;rft.au=Liberzon%2C+Israel"></span></p>
</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/499" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">meditation</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-7 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-problems/memory-problems/health-related-problems/ptsd" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">PTSD</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/memory-problems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Problems</a></li></ul></div>Fri, 02 Feb 2018 04:17:14 +0000Fiona McPherson4318 at http://memory-key.comIs PTSD a failure of context processing?http://memory-key.com/research/news/ptsd-failure-context-processing
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <ul>
<li>A new theory suggests a single dysfunction, in the processing of context, could underlie the multiple symptoms and characteristics of PTSD.</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>An interesting new theory for PTSD suggests that the root of the problem lies in context processing problems.</p>
<p>Context processing allows people and animals to recognize that a particular stimulus may require different responses depending on the context in which it is encountered. So, for example, a lion in the zoo evokes a different response than one encountered in your backyard.</p>
<p>Context processing involves the <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/1/letter_h#hippocampus" title="means &quot;sea horse&quot;, and is named for its shape. It is one of the oldest parts of the brain, and is buried deep inside, within the limbic lobe. The hippocampus is important for the forming, and perhaps long-term storage, of associative and episodic memories. Specifically, the hippocampus has been implicated in (among other things) the encoding of face-name associations, the retrieval of face-name associations, the encoding of events, the recall of personal memories in response to smells. It may also be involved in the processes by which memories are consolidated during sleep.">hippocampus</a>, and its connections to the <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/1/letter_p#prefrontal_cortex" title="is the area of the brain at the very front of the frontal lobes. It is involved in &quot;executive functions&quot;, such as working memory, decision-making, planning and judgment. Prefrontal regions appear to be particularly sensitive to the effects of aging. It is thought that the reduced ability to recall the context of memories that occurs with advancing age, is evidence that the prefrontal cortex is also critical for context processing - a process involved in many cognitive functions. A recent study has also revealed that emotional stimuli and attentional functions are integrated in a specific part of the prefrontal cortex - the anterior cingulate (located between the right and left halves). ">prefrontal cortex</a> and the <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/1/letter_a#amygdala" title="means &quot;almond&quot;, so-named because of its shape and size. The amygdala is part of the basal ganglia, and is situated in the temporal lobe. It has many connections with other parts of the brain, most particularly with the limbic system, for which reason it is considered part of the limbic system (although not part of the limbic lobe itself). The amygdala is critically involved in computing the emotional significance of events, and recent research indicates it is responsible for the influence of emotion on perception, through its connections with those brain regions that process sensory experiences, thus &quot;allowing perception of emotionally significant events to occur despite inattention.” Rat studies also suggest that the amygdala, in tandem with the orbitofrontal cortex, is involved in the forming of new associations between cues and outcomes - in other words, it is the work of the amygdala to teach us what happens to us when we do something.">amygdala</a>. Research has shown that activity in these brain areas is disrupted in those with PTSD.</p>
<p>The idea that a disruption in this circuit can interfere with context processing can explain most of the symptoms and much of the biology of PTSD. Previous models have focused on one aspect of the disorder:</p>
<ul>
<li>on abnormal fear learning, which is rooted in the amygdala</li>
<li>on exaggerated threat detection, which is rooted in a network involving the amygdala, the <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/1/letter_a#anterior_cingulate" title="also known as area 24 of Brodmann-1905. The anterior cingulate is a defined area of the cerebral cortex including parts of both the cingulate gyrus and the frontal lobe.">anterior cingulate</a> cortex and <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/1/letter_i#insula" title="part of the paralimbic zone, it is critical for perception and modulation of sensory and autonomic data, including pain and visceral sensations. It&#039;s also involved in speech.">insula</a></li>
<li>on executive function and emotion regulation, which is mainly rooted in the prefrontal cortex.</li>
</ul>
<p>The researchers suggest that a deficit in context processing would lead PTSD patients to feel "unmoored" from the world around them, unable to shape their responses to fit their current contexts. Instead, their brains impose an "internalized context", one that always expects danger.</p>
<p>This type of deficit, arising from a combination of genes and life experiences, may create vulnerability to PTSD in the first place.</p>
<p>The researchers are now testing their model.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-10/uomh-wrg100716.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-10/uomh-wrg100716.php</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p><span class="citekey">[4311] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13231" rel="nofollow">Liberzon I</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13232" rel="nofollow">Abelson JL</a></span>. <a href="http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)30640-7"><span class="biblio-title">Context Processing and the Neurobiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</span></a>. Neuron [Internet]. 2016 ;92(1):14 - 30. Available from: <a href="http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)30640-7">http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(16)30640-7</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Context+Processing+and+the+Neurobiology+of+Post-Traumatic+Stress+Disorder&amp;rft.title=Neuron&amp;rft.stitle=Neuron&amp;rft.isbn=0896-6273&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.spage=14&amp;rft.epage=30&amp;rft.aulast=Liberzon&amp;rft.aufirst=Israel&amp;rft.au=Abelson%2C+James"></span></p>
</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-7 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-problems/memory-problems/health-related-problems/ptsd" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">PTSD</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/561" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">context</a></li><li class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/469" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">autobiographical memory</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/memory-problems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Problems</a></li></ul></div>Fri, 02 Feb 2018 04:15:15 +0000Fiona McPherson4317 at http://memory-key.comSize of hippocampus associated with PTSD therapy benefitshttp://memory-key.com/research/news/size-hippocampus-associated-ptsd-therapy-benefits
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <ul>
<li>Size of that key memory region, the <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/1/letter_h#hippocampus" title="means &quot;sea horse&quot;, and is named for its shape. It is one of the oldest parts of the brain, and is buried deep inside, within the limbic lobe. The hippocampus is important for the forming, and perhaps long-term storage, of associative and episodic memories. Specifically, the hippocampus has been implicated in (among other things) the encoding of face-name associations, the retrieval of face-name associations, the encoding of events, the recall of personal memories in response to smells. It may also be involved in the processes by which memories are consolidated during sleep.">hippocampus</a>, appears to be not simply a risk factor for PTSD, but also key to whether sufferers will respond positively to exposure therapy.</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>Following previous research showing that having a smaller <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/1/letter_h#hippocampus" title="means &quot;sea horse&quot;, and is named for its shape. It is one of the oldest parts of the brain, and is buried deep inside, within the limbic lobe. The hippocampus is important for the forming, and perhaps long-term storage, of associative and episodic memories. Specifically, the hippocampus has been implicated in (among other things) the encoding of face-name associations, the retrieval of face-name associations, the encoding of events, the recall of personal memories in response to smells. It may also be involved in the processes by which memories are consolidated during sleep.">hippocampus</a> is associated with increased risk of PTSD, a study involving 40 participants with PTSD and 36 trauma-exposed healthy controls has found that those PTSD patients who responded to the treatment had larger hippocampi compared to those who didn’t benefit from the therapy.</p>
<p>The participants were evaluated at baseline and after 10 weeks, during which time the PTSD group had prolonged exposure therapy.</p>
<p>The study found that both the resilient controls and the 23 patients with PTSD who responded to treatment had greater hippocampal volume at the beginning of the study than the 17 non-responders.</p>
<p>The findings add to growing evidence that the hippocampus is key to distinguishing between cues that signal safety and those that signal threat.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-05/cumc-sob051216.php">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-05/cumc-sob051216.php</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p><span class="citekey">[4312] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13233" rel="nofollow">Rubin M</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13234" rel="nofollow">Shvil E</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13235" rel="nofollow">Papini S</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13236" rel="nofollow">Chhetry BT</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13237" rel="nofollow">Helpman L</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13238" rel="nofollow">Markowitz JC</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13239" rel="nofollow">J. Mann J</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13240" rel="nofollow">Neria Y</a></span>. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925492715301451"><span class="biblio-title">Greater hippocampal volume is associated with PTSD treatment response</span></a>. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging [Internet]. 2016 ;252:36 - 39. Available from: <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925492715301451">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925492715301451</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Greater+hippocampal+volume+is+associated+with+PTSD+treatment+response&amp;rft.title=Psychiatry+Research%3A+Neuroimaging&amp;rft.stitle=Psychiatry+Research%3A+Neuroimaging&amp;rft.isbn=0925-4927&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.volume=252&amp;rft.spage=36&amp;rft.epage=39&amp;rft.aulast=Rubin&amp;rft.aufirst=Mikael&amp;rft.au=Shvil%2C+Erel&amp;rft.au=Papini%2C+Santiago&amp;rft.au=Chhetry%2C+Binod&amp;rft.au=Helpman%2C+Liat&amp;rft.au=Markowitz%2C+John&amp;rft.au=Mann%2C+John&amp;rft.au=Neria%2C+Yuval"></span></p>
</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-7 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-problems/memory-problems/health-related-problems/ptsd" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">PTSD</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/memory-problems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Problems</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-field-tags-regions field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/regions/neocortex/temporal-lobe/mediotemporal-lobe/hippocampus" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">hippocampus</a></li></ul></div>Fri, 02 Feb 2018 04:11:43 +0000Fiona McPherson4316 at http://memory-key.comDaily crosswords linked to sharper brain in later lifehttp://memory-key.com/research/news/daily-crosswords-linked-sharper-brain-later-life
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <ul>
<li>A very large online study has found that doing word puzzles regularly protects against age-related cognitive decline.</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>Data from more than 17,000 healthy people aged 50 and over has revealed that the more regularly participants engaged with word puzzles, the better they performed on tasks assessing attention, reasoning and memory.</p>
<p>Study participants took part in online cognitive tests, as well as being asked how frequently they did word puzzles such as crosswords. There was a direct relationship between the frequency of word puzzle use and the speed and accuracy of performance on nine cognitive tasks.</p>
<p>The effect was considerable. For example, on test measures of grammatical reasoning speed and short-term memory accuracy, performing word puzzles was associated with brain function equivalent to ten years younger than participants’ chronological age.</p>
<p>The next question is whether you can improve brain function by engaging in puzzles.</p>
<p>The study used participants in the PROTECT online platform, run by the University of Exeter and Kings College London. Currently, more than 22,000 healthy people aged between 50 and 96 are registered in the study. PROTECT is a 10 year study with participants being followed up annually to enable a better understanding of cognitive trajectories in this age range.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/uoe-dcl071417.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/uoe-dcl071417.php</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>The Relationship Between the Frequency of Word Puzzle Use and Cognitive Function in a Large Sample of Adults Aged 50 to 96 Years, was presented at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) 2017 on July 17.</p>
</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/498" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">games</a></li><li class="field-item odd"><a href="/tags-strategies/cognitive-reserve" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">cognitive reserve</a></li><li class="field-item even"><a href="/tags-strategies/mental-stimulation" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">mental stimulation</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-9 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/490" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">middle-aged</a></li><li class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/489" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">seniors</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-7 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/285" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">aging</a></li><li class="field-item odd"><a href="/category/topics/memory-problems/wordfinding-problems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">wordfinding problems</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/aging" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Aging</a></li></ul></div>Mon, 24 Jul 2017 22:12:19 +0000Fiona McPherson4309 at http://memory-key.comMenstruation doesn't change how your brain workshttp://memory-key.com/research/news/menstruation-doesnt-change-how-your-brain-works
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <ul>
<li>A largish study for its type indicates that hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle have no impact on <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/2/letter_w#working_memory" title="Working memory contains the information of which you are immediately aware. Information being &amp;ldquo;put into&amp;rdquo; memory is held in working memory; memories being remembered are held in working memory. The capacity of working memory &amp;mdash; how much information it can hold at one time &amp;mdash; is severely limited. Working memory governs your ability to comprehend what you are reading or hearing, your ability to learn new words, your ability to plan and organize yourself, and much more.">working memory</a>, multitasking ability, or cognitive bias.</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>A study involving 88 women, some of whom had endocrinological disorders, has found that, while some hormones were associated with changes across one menstrual cycle in some of the women taking part, these effects didn't repeat in the following cycle. In other words, there was no consistent effect of hormonal changes on cognition. This is not to say that some individuals might not be consistently affected, just that it doesn’t appear to be a general rule.</p>
<p>While the number of participants isn’t huge, it is considerably larger than is common in these sort of studies. The replication across two cycles is particularly important, since if the researchers had settled for just looking at one cycle, they would have concluded that there was an effect on cognition — as several studies have previously concluded. This more rigorous study suggests that earlier findings should be regarded with caution.</p>
<p>The study followed the women through two menstrual cycles. For the first cycle, 88 women participated; 68 women were re-assessed for a second cycle, to rule out practice effects and false-positive chance findings. Visuospatial <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/2/letter_w#working_memory" title="Working memory contains the information of which you are immediately aware. Information being &amp;ldquo;put into&amp;rdquo; memory is held in working memory; memories being remembered are held in working memory. The capacity of working memory &amp;mdash; how much information it can hold at one time &amp;mdash; is severely limited. Working memory governs your ability to comprehend what you are reading or hearing, your ability to learn new words, your ability to plan and organize yourself, and much more.">working memory</a>, attention, cognitive bias and hormone levels were assessed at four consecutive time-points across both cycles.</p>
<p>Of the initial 88, 58 had no endocrinological problems, 13 were diagnosed with endometriosis, 16 with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and one woman with hyperprolactinemia. Additionally, 12 women presented with obesity. Women were excluded if they were using oral contraceptives, had been pregnant or breastfeeding within the past 6 months, were using medication or had surgery which might interfere with endocrine parameters, had severe psychiatric or general diseases, worked irregular shifts, had menstrual or ovulation disorders except those investigated in the study, or showed any additional abnormality in hormonal parameters. Mean age was 30. Data from the subset of healthy women were also analyzed separately, confirming no difference in the findings. I would have liked the researchers to mention how the 68 women in the replication were selected, but I assume, after all their emphasis on methodological rigor, that they would have been careful to make sure there was no bias in that selection.</p>
<p>It should be noted, however, that the cognitive testing wasn’t exhaustive by any means — it’s possible that other cognitive aspects might be affected by hormonal changes. However, attention and working memory are the areas generally accused, and most likely to be noticed by an individual.</p>
<p>Of course, that’s the thing about attention and working memory — they’re very sensitive to a host of factors, including sleep quality and stress. So, we often notice that we’re not working at top gear, and we’re likely to look around for reasons. If we’re women, and it’s our period or just before it, we’re quite likely to attribute the reason to that. And it may be true in an indirect way — if we have pain, or sleeplessness, or are stressed, for example. What this study tells us, is that the changes in hormonal levels don't seem to consistently affect cognition.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/f-mdc062717.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/f-mdc062717.php</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p><span class="citekey">[4307] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13209" rel="nofollow">Leeners B</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13210" rel="nofollow">Kruger THC</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13211" rel="nofollow">Geraedts K</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13212" rel="nofollow">Tronci E</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13213" rel="nofollow">Mancini T</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13214" rel="nofollow">Ille F</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13215" rel="nofollow">Egli M</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13216" rel="nofollow">Röblitz S</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13217" rel="nofollow">Saleh L</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13218" rel="nofollow">Spanaus K</a>, et al.</span> <a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00120/full"><span class="biblio-title">Lack of Associations between Female Hormone Levels and Visuospatial Working Memory, Divided Attention and Cognitive Bias across Two Consecutive Menstrual Cycles</span></a>. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience [Internet]. 2017 ;11. Available from: <a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00120/full">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00120/full</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Lack+of+Associations+between+Female+Hormone+Levels+and+Visuospatial+Working+Memory%2C+Divided+Attention+and+Cognitive+Bias+across+Two+Consecutive+Menstrual+Cycles&amp;rft.title=Frontiers+in+Behavioral+Neuroscience&amp;rft.stitle=Front.+Behav.+Neurosci.&amp;rft.isbn=1662-5153&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.aulast=Leeners&amp;rft.aufirst=Brigitte&amp;rft.au=Kruger%2C+Tillmann&amp;rft.au=Geraedts%2C+Kirsten&amp;rft.au=Tronci%2C+Enrico&amp;rft.au=Mancini%2C+Toni&amp;rft.au=Ille%2C+Fabian&amp;rft.au=Egli%2C+Marcel&amp;rft.au=R%C3%B6blitz%2C+Susanna&amp;rft.au=Saleh%2C+Lanja&amp;rft.au=Spanaus%2C+Katharina&amp;rft.au=Schippert%2C+Cordula&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yuangyuang&amp;rft.au=Hengartner%2C+Michael"></span></p>
</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-7 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/memory-problems/attention-problems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">attention problems</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-memworks/gender" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">gender</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/memory-problems" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Problems</a></li></ul></div>Mon, 24 Jul 2017 21:56:11 +0000Fiona McPherson4308 at http://memory-key.comPicture overload hurts preschooler's word learninghttp://memory-key.com/research/news/picture-overload-hurts-preschoolers-word-learning
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <ul>
<li>A study has found that having more than one illustration results in poorer word learning among pre-schoolers — but this can be mitigated if the reader draws the pre-schooler’s attention to each illustration.</li>
</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>When you're reading a picture book to a very young child, it's easy to think it's obvious what picture, or part of a picture, is being talked about. But <em> you</em> know what all the words mean. It's not so easy when some of the words are new to you, and the open pages have more than one picture. A recent study has looked at the effect on word learning of having one vs two illustrations on a 2-page open spread.</p>
<p>The study, in two experiments, involved the child being read to from a 10-page storybook, which included two novel objects, mentioned four times, but only incidentally. In the first experiment, 36 preschoolers (average age 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions:</p>
<ul>
<li>one illustration (the illustration filled the page, with the text written as part of the illustration, and the opposing page blank)</li>
<li>two illustrations (each illustration filled its page, on opposing pages)</li>
<li>one large illustration (the page was twice the size of that found in the other conditions) — this was the control condition.</li>
</ul>
<p>Children who were read stories with only one illustration at a time learned twice as many words as children who were read stories with two or more illustrations. There was no difference in reading time, or in the child’s enjoyment of the story.</p>
<p>In a follow-up experiment, 12 preschoolers were shown the two-illustration books only, but this time the reader used a simple hand swipe gesture to indicate the correct illustration before the page was read to them. With this help, the children learned best of all.</p>
<p>In fact, the rate of word learning in this last condition was comparable to that observed in other studies using techniques such as pointing or asking questions. Asking questions is decidedly better than simply reading without comment, and yet this simple gesture was enough to match that level of learning.</p>
<p>Other studies have shown that various distractions added to picture books, like flaps to lift, reduce learning. All this is best understood in terms of <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/2/letter_c#cognitive_load" title="&amp;nbsp;the burden on your limited working memory system made by information-processing tasks. In the context of education, cognitive load theory is the theory that the more information to be processed, the more challenging the learning task.">cognitive load</a>. The most interesting thing about this study is that it took so little to ameliorate the extra load imposed by the two illustrations.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-06/uos-poh063017.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-06/uos-poh063017.php</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/w-tno071217.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/w-tno071217.php</a></p>
<p>Also see <a href="https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/psychology/2016/10/24/how-storybook-illustrations-impact-word-learning/">https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/psychology/2016/10/24/how-storybook-illustrat...</a> for a blog post by one of the researchers</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p><span class="citekey">[4285] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13179" rel="nofollow">Flack ZM</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13180" rel="nofollow">Horst JS</a></span>. <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/icd.2047/abstract"><span class="biblio-title">Two sides to every story: Children learn words better from one storybook page at a time</span></a>. Infant and Child Development [Internet]. Submitted :n/a - n/a. Available from: <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/icd.2047/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/icd.2047/abstract</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Two+sides+to+every+story%3A+Children+learn+words+better+from+one+storybook+page+at+a+time&amp;rft.title=Infant+and+Child+Development&amp;rft.stitle=Inf+Child+Dev&amp;rft.isbn=1522-7219&amp;rft.date=9999&amp;rft.spage=n%2Fa+-+n%2Fa&amp;rft.aulast=Flack&amp;rft.aufirst=Zoe&amp;rft.au=Horst%2C+Jessica"></span></p>
</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-13 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-strategies/learning-strategies/study-skills/reading" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">reading</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-6 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/strategies/learning-strategies/childrens-learning" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Childrens learning</a></li><li class="field-item odd"><a href="/tags-strategies/language-development" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Language development</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-9 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-development/preschool-child" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">preschool child</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-8 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/tags-memworks/working-memory" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">working memory</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/parent-center/education/classroom-learning" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Children</a></li></ul></div>Fri, 21 Jul 2017 01:00:44 +0000Fiona McPherson4306 at http://memory-key.comHow risky is surgery for older adults' cognitive function?http://memory-key.com/research/news/how-risky-surgery-older-adults-cognitive-function
<div class="field field-name-field-teaser field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p>Several studies suggest that post-operative cognitive decline in older adults is due to several factors:</p>
<ul>
<li>the stress of hospitalization, if unexpected</li>
<li>brain inflammation caused by an immune response from the brain’s <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/2/letter_m#microglia" title="brain cells that remove debris left by dead and dying neurons and glia.">microglia</a></li>
<li>post-operative delirium.</li>
</ul>
<p>It also seems that higher levels of cognitive function, higher levels of engagement in certain cognitive activities, and better cerebrovascular health, all protect against such decline.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <h3>Unplanned hospitalizations accelerate cognitive decline in older adults</h3>
<p>Data from the Rush Memory and Aging Project has found that emergency and urgent hospitalizations are associated with an increased rate of cognitive decline in older adults.</p>
<p>Non-elective hospitalizations were associated with an approximately 60% acceleration in the rate of cognitive decline from before hospitalization. Elective hospitalizations, however, were not associated with acceleration in the rate of decline at all.</p>
<p>Of the 930 participants (average age 81), 613 were hospitalized at least once over an average of almost five years of observation. Of those who were hospitalized, 260 (28%) had at least one elective hospital admission, and 553 (60%) had at least one non-elective hospital admission. These groups included 200 participants (22%) who had both types of hospitalizations.</p>
<p>The data was presented at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference in London on July 17.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/rumc-hac071717.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/rumc-hac071717.php</a></p>
<h3>Inflammation triggered by brain's own immune cells behind post-surgical decline</h3>
<p>There is growing evidence that inflammation might be responsible for the cognitive decline seen in many older adults after surgery. Now a mouse study provides evidence that brain inflammation and cognitive decline following surgery are triggered by the brain's <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/2/letter_m#microglia" title="brain cells that remove debris left by dead and dying neurons and glia.">microglia</a>.</p>
<p>When mice had their microglia temporarily depleted before surgery, they didn’t show any cognitive decline several days after surgery. They also had much lower levels of inflammatory molecules in the <a class="lexicon-term" href="/lexicon/1/letter_h#hippocampus" title="means &quot;sea horse&quot;, and is named for its shape. It is one of the oldest parts of the brain, and is buried deep inside, within the limbic lobe. The hippocampus is important for the forming, and perhaps long-term storage, of associative and episodic memories. Specifically, the hippocampus has been implicated in (among other things) the encoding of face-name associations, the retrieval of face-name associations, the encoding of events, the recall of personal memories in response to smells. It may also be involved in the processes by which memories are consolidated during sleep.">hippocampus</a>. Controls — those not receiving the experimental drug to deplete microglia to around 5% of normal levels — did typically show a drop in cognitive performance.</p>
<p>Microglia levels returned to normal within two days after the treatment was stopped, and there was no sign of any impairment in surgical wound healing as a result of the intervention.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-04/uoc--cda040517.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-04/uoc--cda040517.php</a></p>
<h3>Delirium in older patients after surgery linked to long-term cognitive decline</h3>
<p>A 3-year study looking at short-term and long-term cognitive decline in older patients following a surgery found that those who experienced delirium after the surgery showed significantly greater decline than those who didn’t suffer such post-surgical confusion.</p>
<p>The study involved 560 patients (70+), of whom 134 experienced delirium. Both groups showed a significant cognitive decline at one month, followed by a return to their previous level of cognitive function at two months and then a gradual decline for the next 34 months. However, the rate of decline over the three year follow-up was not significant for those who hadn’t experienced delirium.</p>
<p>Those who suffered delirium also had significantly lower cognitive function before surgery.</p>
<p>The odd finding that even the delirium group recovered their cognitive function at two months, before once again declining, suggests that something about the delirium triggers a cascade of events which leads to progressive, long-lasting effects.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-07/hsif-dio071416.php">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-07/hsif-dio071416.php</a></p>
<h3>Who’s more likely to develop delirium after surgery?</h3>
<p>Delirium after surgery can lead to long-term cognitive decline in older adults — but not always. So what makes the difference?</p>
<p>A preliminary study involving 126 older adults suggests the answer lies in their cognitive function before surgery. Their global cognition score explained the most variation, with other significant factors including: <a href="https://patient.info/doctor/informant-questionnaire-on-cognitive-decline-in-the-elderly-iqcode"> IQCODE score</a>, cognitive independent activities of daily living impairment, living alone, cerebrovascular disease, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comorbidity#Charlson_index">Charlson comorbidity index score</a>, and exhaustion level. Taken together, these factors explained 32% of the variation in people’s outcome.</p>
<p>Delirium, an acute state of confusion, is a common condition affecting up to 50% of hospitalized older adults.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-03/hsif-plc031417.php">https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-03/hsif-plc031417.php</a></p>
<h3>Certain leisure activities may reduce post-surgical delirium among older adults</h3>
<p>A study of 142 older adults who underwent elective surgery found that greater participation in cognitive activities was linked with a lower incidence and lower severity of delirium.</p>
<p>Nearly a third of the patients (average age 71) developed post-operative delirium. Those who did had participated in fewer leisure activities before surgery compared with people who didn't experience delirium.</p>
<p>Out of all the activities, reading books, using email, and playing computer games reduced the risk of delirium. Playing computer games and singing were the only two activities that predicted lower severity of delirium.</p>
<p>The protection afforded was dose-dependent, with each additional leisure activity reducing post-operative delirium by 8%.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/ags-cla062116.php">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/ags-cla062116.php</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/w-crm062216.php">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/w-crm062216.php</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-news-source field-type-text-long field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div><section class="field field-name-field-news-ref field-type-text-long field-label-above view-mode-fulltext"><h2 class="field-label">Reference:&nbsp;</h2><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> <p><span class="citekey">[4304] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13203" rel="nofollow">Feng X</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13204" rel="nofollow">Valdearcos M</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13205" rel="nofollow">Uchida Y</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13206" rel="nofollow">Lutrin D</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13207" rel="nofollow">Maze M</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13208" rel="nofollow">Koliwad SK</a></span>. <a href="https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/91229"><span class="biblio-title">Microglia mediate postoperative hippocampal inflammation and cognitive decline in mice</span></a>. JCI Insight [Internet]. 2017 ;2(7). Available from: <a href="https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/91229">https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/91229</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Microglia+mediate+postoperative+hippocampal+inflammation+and+cognitive+decline+in+mice&amp;rft.title=JCI+Insight&amp;rft.stitle=JCI+Insight&amp;rft.isbn=0021-9738&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.aulast=Feng&amp;rft.aufirst=Xiaomei&amp;rft.au=Valdearcos%2C+Martin&amp;rft.au=Uchida%2C+Yosuke&amp;rft.au=Lutrin%2C+David&amp;rft.au=Maze%2C+Mervyn&amp;rft.au=Koliwad%2C+Suneil"></span></p>
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<p><span class="citekey">[4248] </span><span class="biblio-authors"><a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13038" rel="nofollow">Devore EE</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=13039" rel="nofollow">Fong TG</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=12905" rel="nofollow">Marcantonio ER</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=12908" rel="nofollow">Schmitt EM</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=12909" rel="nofollow">Travison TG</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=12913" rel="nofollow">Jones RN</a>, <a href="/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=12904" rel="nofollow">Inouye SK</a></span>. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/gerona/glx030/3065586/Prediction-of-Long-term-Cognitive-Decline"><span class="biblio-title">Prediction of Long-term Cognitive Decline Following Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults</span></a>. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A [Internet]. Submitted . Available from: <a href="https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/gerona/glx030/3065586/Prediction-of-Long-term-Cognitive-Decline">https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/gerona/glx030/3065586/Prediction-of-Long-term-Cognitive-Decline</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Prediction+of+Long-term+Cognitive+Decline+Following+Postoperative+Delirium+in+Older+Adults&amp;rft.title=The+Journals+of+Gerontology%3A+Series+A&amp;rft.stitle=J+Gerontol+A+Biol+Sci+Med+Sci&amp;rft.date=9999&amp;rft.aulast=Devore&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rft.au=Fong%2C+Tamara&amp;rft.au=Marcantonio%2C+Edward&amp;rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Eva&amp;rft.au=Travison%2C+Thomas&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+Richard&amp;rft.au=Inouye%2C+Sharon"></span></p>
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</div></div></section><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-9 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/term/489" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">seniors</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-7 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/tags-problems/anesthesia" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">anesthesia</a></li><li class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/414" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">surgery</a></li><li class="field-item even"><a href="/tags-problems/inflammation-0" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">inflammation</a></li></ul></div><div class="field field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-3 field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden view-mode-fulltext"><ul class="field-items"><li class="field-item even"><a href="/category/topics/aging" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Aging</a></li></ul></div>Wed, 19 Jul 2017 03:15:24 +0000Fiona McPherson4305 at http://memory-key.com