Physical Exercise in Elite Esports

continent in which the respondents or their team was located. Again, the dominant continents were Europe (64) and North America (40). When comparing the responses between these two groups, the only part with a statistically significant dependency was the question whether “Physical appearance can influence the performance of others” (χ2 (1) = 4.199, p < 0.04, V = 0.201). Of Europe-based respondents 23.4% stated yes, while within North America-based players the agreement rate was 42.5%. This implies that in North American esport scenes appearance (perhaps related to external play dynamics like trash-talk) may hold a more significant role than in those of Europe. We also inquired about the e-athletes’ specific esport, but the response distribution did not allow us to draw any reasonable conclusions game-wise (44.3% of the respondents coming from CSGO). A reasonable distinction could be made, nonetheless, between team e-athletes (team vs. team esports) and solo e-athletes (player vs. player esports), the former group consisting of 78 respondents and the latter of 31 respondents. We found no statistically significant differences between these two groups concerning training, physical exercise, or perceptions regarding their influence. Lastly, we inquired about the respondents’ education level and financial income from esport sources, both questions being optional. Based on the responses, the majority of contemporary e-athletes come from primary and upper secondary schools (53.9%), while some of them have already reached an applied sciences (22.6%) or a university (18.3%) degree. This makes sense with reference to the average e-athlete age. Also, more than half (50.4%) of all respondents (including those in the PRO group respectively) declared that they earn less than 5 000 USD from esport play per year, which coheres with the fact that noteworthy prize pools and salaries recompense only a small part of present elite e-athletes. We found no significant response variance as to education levels or financial compensation (cf. Parshakov & Zavertiaeva, 2015). Training Analysis The main reason for elite e-athletes to do physical exercise is to maintain or improve overall physical health (47.0%). This applies to both levels of expertise in our study (PRO 45.2%, HL 47.6%). Only 8.7% of all respondents considered the main purpose of their physical exercise to be more successful in esport. Likewise, only 11.3% stated that they do not do any physical exercise, meaning that 88.7% of PRO and HL e-athletes do. Additionally, 81.7% claimed to have a physical exercise program. Most of the respondents (70.4%) planned their physical exercise themselves. Only 5.2% had a personal coach to plan the program and for 4.4% the team coach or equivalent was the planner. The respondents did an average of 5.28 hours (SD = 2.57 hours) of overall training per day including 1.08 daily hours (SD = 0.83 hours) of physical exercise. Among the sub-samples the averages were 5.90 hours and 0.89 hours for the PROs (SD = 3.07 hours, SD = 0.70 hours) and 5.05 hours and 1.15 hours for the HLs (2.33 hours, SD = 0.86 hours). Less than a third of the respondents (29.6%) believed that the amount of their physical exercise was about the same as their teammates’. A quarter of the respondents (25.2%) believed it was somewhat more and a tithe (9.6%) believed it was significantly more. Lastly, another tithe (9.6%) believed that the amount of their physical exercise was somewhat or significantly less than what their teammates did, while 26,1% could not state their belief. These numbers suggest that the responses of the reached team e-athletes represent quite well the teams in which they play (with regard to questions concerning physical exercise).

As for the perceived influence of physical exercise on one’s own esport performance level, most perceived it positively: either somewhat positively (39.1%) or significantly positively (16.5%). Only 18.3% stated not to have perceived significant effects one way or another, and 4.4% perceived the influence negatively. We also asked the respondents whether they believed that the physical appearance of a player could influence the competitive performance of others. Less than a third (29.6%) stated “Yes” and 70.4% stated “No.” Of all respondents 23.5% believed that their opponent had been intimidated by their (or their teammate’s) physical appearance, and 18.3% stated to have been personally intimidated by the physical appearance of their opponent. To satisfy our special interest in the respondents’ overall training hours, we ran an additional t-test over PRO and HL groups. As revealed earlier, we were not able to find statistically significant differences between PRO and HL groups on either overall training hours (t=1.596, df=113, p=0.424) or physical exercise hours (t=-1.518, df=113, p=0.498) even with the t-test. CONCLUSIONS Our quantitative study, based on a sample of 115 elite e-athletes, allows three conclusions concerning the present state of expert esport play, summarized as follows. Firstly, the study implies that the overall time that elite e-athletes spend on training tends to get heavily exaggerated by the press. While journalists and other media contributors present e- athletes’ daily training times frequently between 12 and 14 hours (e.g. DiChristopher, 2014; Jacobs, 2015; Stanton, 2015), the average of our respondents was “only” 5.28 hours. There are multiple potential explanations for this. Initially, it is possible that players who take their esport seriously are engaged with the activity all around the clock, but only part of that time gets spent on actual training. In other words, elite e-athletes might well spend 12–14 daily hours on esportrelated activities such as team meetings, video analysis, strategic discussions, sponsored events, interviews, etc.; but what they count as training is solely the time they play or physically exercise. Another possible explanation is that the high numbers presented in various media concern merely the very top of the esport elite, a large part of which resides in Asia and were thus not represented manifestly in our sample. Secondly, the study implies that elite e-athletes are relatively active also when it comes to physical exercise. On average, an elite e-athlete does physical exercise 1.08 hours every day. This is more than World Health Organization’s (2010) physical activity recommendation for both children of 5–17 years (60 minutes daily) and adults of 18–64 years (21 minutes daily). Keeping in mind that the average age of our respondents is 20.8, it appears that adult elite e- athletes do physical exercise more than three times the globally recommended amount. When it then comes to the balance between the physical activity recommendations of children and the training requirements of elite play, we can thus conclude that the current age restrictions set by many esport tournaments and leagues, usually at the minimum of 17, are accurate. We also entertain the possibility that the non-trivial amounts of physical exercise in top-ranked e-athletes’ training regimes might have positive effects on the physical activity behaviors of amateurs and new players who see them as idols or role models (e.g. Dix, Phau & Pougnet, 2010). Thirdly, the study implies that the reasons behind elite e-athletes’ relatively high physical exercise amounts are not so much in their desire to improve competitive performance, but rather in their increased awareness concerning the benefits of healthy lifestyles. Almost half of the respondents (47.0%) considered the upkeep of their overall health as the main reason for their

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Abstract
There is evidence that asthma is associated with insulin resistance or high glucose level, although the molecular mechanisms for this are less understood. In this study, we evaluate glucose or insulin resistance in response to one exercise in asthma patients. To archive this purpose, fourteen males (age 39 ± 8.8 year, height 175 ± 1.9 cm, weight 96 ± 11 kg) with mild to moderate asthma were completed a short time exercise included leg cycling. Blood samples were collected for measure glucose and insulin at before and at the end of exercise. The insulin resistance index was assessed by homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Statistical analysis used by Independent paired T-test. Glucose level (p = 0.000) and insulin resistance decreased significantly (p = 0.005) by exercise test in studied patients. There was no significant change in serum insulin by exercise test (p = 0.093). Based on these data, we can say one short time exercise can be improving glucose homeostasis in asthma patients.