BOTOX, Dysport, Xeomin (onabotulinumtoxinA, BTX-A); BTX-B (Myobloc), BTX, BoNT, BTX A-G, C. Botulinum, botulinum toxin; and since 2013, BTX-H; These are all terms synonymous or derived from the most dangerous toxin known to humankind, Botulism. Botulism is the term used most often to describe the serotypes derived from Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum it's purported, was first isolated as a bacterium by Belgium bacteriologist Emile Pierre van Ermengem in 1897. Botulism (Latin, botulus, meaning "sausage") was prior to coined by poet and physician Justinus Kerner who discovered the "sausage poison;" and who first theorized future therapeutic benefits of the toxic. (Kedlaya,2014).

BTX is found in the soil and survives in low oxygen environments; also found in animals as well as humans. Until 2013, the most potent form of BTX toxic was Botulism Type A. Type A and Type B are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cosmetic procedures; however, it does not pose the same risks as food-borne BTX. Controlled doses for therapeutic medicine are purified and diluted for aesthetic medicine, marketed as BOTOX. Up until 2013, seven major types of BTX were universally accepted serotypes, designated A through G, of which only A, B, E and F cause illness in humans. (Davis, 2014)

The growing popularity of Botulinum toxin, BTX-A is evident with common cosmetic procedure reportedly doubled up to 6.1 million procedures (up 8%) in 2012 according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) (Reath, 2013). The FDA has approved BTX-A and BTX-B for cosmetic purposes. Although medical risks are much decreased with diluted forms of the neurotoxin, there are many side effects; even before any severe but rare incidence of BTX's spread to other parts of body. If injections aren't correctly placed, the BTX may spread into adjacent tissues producing symptoms such as eyelid droop, cockeyed eyebrows, crooked smile, dry eye or excessive tearing. (Mayo, 2013).

Botox is marketed in the United States by Allergan, Inc. Allergan's provides a 36 page safety sheet outlining the multitudinous side effects for the FDA approved uses of BTX-A, under brand names Dysport and Xeomin; and Type B, brand name Myobloc. Type A toxin was initially developed outside the U.S. (Europe, China, Germany and elsewhere); and type B, within the U.S. Therapeutic uses are extensive, ranging from eye treatments both cosmetic and corrective, to muscle injections for migraines and Cervical Dystonia. (Allergan, 2014)

Publications referencing the therapeutic efficacy of Botulinum toxin for medical purposes was by an ophthalmologist in 1980, Dr. Alan B. Scott, MD, for treatment of strabismus (cross eyes) in patients having researched BTX since the 1960s. (Felber). Botulinum toxin products have also been approved by FDA for one or more of the following uses: temporary improved appearance of glabellar lines (frown lines, eyebrows), strabismus, blepharospasm (abnormal eyelid tics and twitches), cervical dystonia (involuntary sustained or repetitive neck muscles contractions), and primary axillary hyperhidrosis (severe underarm sweating). For these uses, botulinum toxin is injected into the skin or muscle tissue. However, in a postmarketing review from 2009, the FDA reaffirmed its 2008 decision not to approve BTX for cerebral palsy, citing the possible side effect risks indicated plus, "Serious case reports described hospitalizations involving ventilatory support and reports of death." (FDA, 2009)

Cosmetic Botox is a heavily diluted and purified form of Clostridium botulinum and only available by prescription. It's administered to patients via injection; dispensed in a powder form in units of 50,100, or 200. BOTOX is reconstituted with sterile, non-preserved 0.9%...

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...BotulismBotulism may not be at the top of your list of household known diseases, but it is a rare and very serious illness. Botulinium toxin is one of the most powerful known toxins: about one microgram is lethal to humans. Only about 110 people get it every year in the United States. Since it is rare, all forms can be deadly and are considered to be medical emergencies. The cause is a neurotoxin made by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum). This toxin travels through the blood to attach to the nerves that control muscles. From several hours to a week after eating contaminated food, the person may get sick.
Medical descriptions of botulism traces as far back in history as ancient Rome and Greece civilzations. However, the relationship between contaminated food and botulism wasn't defined until the late 1700s. In 1793 a German physician, Justinius Kerner, realized that a substance in spoiled sausages, which he called wurstgift (German for sausage poison), caused botulism. The toxin's origin and identity remained mysterious until Emile von Ermengem, a Belgian professor, isolated Clostridium botulinum in 1895 and identified it as the poison source. Clostridium botulinum is a rod-shaped microorganism. The rod shape (bacillum) makes the cell prokaryotic. Some species of prokaryotes form endospores (thick-walled, dehydrated structures that can resist extreme dryness and...

...Botulism
Description
Botulism is a rare but very serious paralytic illness that is caused by botulinum toxin(potentially deadly neurotoxin) which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The botulinum toxin can enter the body in 3 main ways: by the ingestion of the toxin from eating foods that contain the botulism toxin (food borne botulism), by the contamination of a wound by the bacterium in which the toxin is produced (wound botulism) and Infant botulism which is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release the toxin. The powerful exotoxin (botulinum toxin) leads to secretory diarrhea. All forms of botulism can be fatal and are therefore considered to be medical emergencies. Food borne botulism can be very dangerous because there is not a single person at risk but instead many people can be poisoned by the consumption of contaminated food.
What kind of a germ is Clostridium botulinum?
Clostridium botulinum is a gram positive rod shaped bacteria and is part of a group of bacteria which are commonly found in soil all over the world. These rod shaped anaerobic organisms grow best in low or absent oxygen conditions. Clostridium botulinum forms spores which provide them with the ability of surviving in a dormant state until they are exposed to conditions that...

...What people need to know about Botox
By: Amanda Vanhoogen
When I first thought about BOTOX, I thought of a simple procedure that people, like movies stars, singers, rich people, and self-conscious people went, and had done to get rid of a few wrinkles. I did not think anything could go wrong. Then my aunt decided to have BOTOX done for a few unwanted wrinkles. She ended p in the hospital for about three weeks because she failed to ask any questions on whether or not the doctor was trained well enough to be doing the procedure or what was in the medicine. Some people tend not to want to find what they are putting in their bodies. That is what I am going to discuss. I am going to tell what is in BOTOX, how it is given, what it does when given, why people get BOTOX, the side effects of BOTOX some of the other effects that could happen besides the normal side effects, some of the law suites out against Botox, and some other alternatives to Botox to get rid of wrinkles.
One of the major questions people should find before they have this procedure done is what are they getting injected into their bodies. The main ingredient is something called botulism toxin A. The toxin is suppose to be a protein but after I looked, further into what it was I found that it is acutely a type of poison. It is the same toxin that causes severe food poisoning....

...COMPANY CASE
Botox: Almost Trouble-Free New Faces
Summary
The Botox case illustrates the accidental success of a product developed for an entirely different purpose. Originally, Botox was used in the treatment of crossed-eyes, but ophthalmologists quickly learned that it would also erase wrinkles and frown lines around eyes. It wasn’t long before doctors across the United States were using Botox for treating wrinkles even though Allergan could not officially promote the product for this use.
The case 1) explains what the Botox product is, 2) discusses the advantages (fewer frown lines) as well as the side effects (drooping eyelids and the need to repeat treatments) associated with its use, 3) lists potential target markets, 4) details how the product is sold, i.e., at “Botox parties” and the use of Botox treatments to attract customers to resorts, and 5) describes Allergan’s marketing of Botox once it was approved for cosmetic purposes and the use of Botox to support the new strategy of Allergan to become a major player in the pharmaceuticals industry.
The case is especially useful for discussing added value and the creation of customer satisfaction. It raises questions about the difference between needs, wants, and demands; what constitutes value; is useful for illustrating the difference between a marketing oriented company...

...Foodborne Illness - Botulism
Foodborne Illness - BotulismBotulism Description
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and sometimes by strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii. There are five main kinds of botulism. Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulinum toxin. Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum. Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxin. Adult intestinal toxemia botulism is a rare kind of botulism that occurs among adults by the same route as infant botulism. Lastly, iatrogenic botulism can occur from accidental overdose of botulinum toxin. All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical emergencies. Foodborne botulism is a public health emergency because many people can be poisoned by eating a contaminated food.
How is Botulism Spread?
Foodborne botulism transmission happens when a person eats food contaminated with botulinum spores. The spores grow into bacteria and produce toxins in the food. Unlike...

...BotulismBotulism is a serious illness that causes flaccid paralysis of muscles. It is caused by a neurotoxin, generically called botulinum toxin, produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (and rarely by C. butyricum and C. baratii). There are seven distinct neurotoxins (types A-G) that Clostridium botulinum produces, but types A, B, and E (and rarely F) are the most common that produce the flaccid paralysis in humans. The other types mainly cause disease in animals and birds, which also develop flaccid paralysis. Most Clostridium species produce only one type of neurotoxin; however, the effects of A, B, E, or F on humans are essentially the same. Botulism is not transmitted person to person. Botulism develops if a person ingests the toxin (or rarely, if it is inhaled or injected) or if the Clostridium spp. organisms grow in the intestines or wounds in the body and toxin is released.
The recorded history of botulism begins in 1735, when the disease was first associated with German sausage (food-borne disease or food poisoning after eating sausage). In 1870, a German physician by the name of Muller derived the name botulismfrom the Latin word for sausage. Clostridium botulinum bacteria were first isolated in 1895, and a neurotoxin that it produces was isolated in 1944 by Dr. Edward Schantz. From1949 to the 1950s, the toxin (named BoNT A) was shown to block...

...Botulism
The topic I chose to talk about today is botulism. Botulism neurotoxin is one of the most lethal substances known to man. Not many people are aware of what it is and its negative side-effects.
What is Botulism?
3) Botulism is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulism. Botulism causes extreme and sometimes fatal food poisoning. Botulism was first identified in Germany in 1735. A person had eaten a German sausage and got food poisoning. This is how botulism got its name because botulism is derived from the Latin word for sausage. Incidence is rare in US but is of great concern because if not treated in time it can be fatal.
5) There are about 110 cases of botulism a year in the United States. About 5% of patients with botulism end up dying.
6) There are three types of botulism:
Wound Botulism
Infant Botulism
Food-borne Botulism
Sources:
Each of the types of botulism has a different source.
Wound Botulism-is acquired from an open sore and injury that has caused an opening in the skin, which has become infected with Clostridium Botulism.
Infant Botulism- happens...

...Every year, about 110 cases of botulism are reported in the United States. About 25% of the cases result from food, while 72% are infant botulism and 3% are wound botulism. Food-borne botulism is usually caused by eating home-canned foods that are contaminated with the toxin botulin. Botulin is produced by Clostridium botulinum, which is the name of a group of bacteria commonly found in soil. The bacteria grow best in low-oxygen conditions. The bacteria form spores that enable them to survive in an inactive state until exposed to conditions that may support their growth (for instance, a vegetable). There are seven types of the botulin toxin, but only four of the seven types cause illness in humans.
The Nervous system and the muscular system are two organ systems primarily affected by botulin intoxication. The nervous system is affected when the botulin toxins bind to the presynaptic membranes at the motor end places, causing a chain reaction, which inhibit the release of acetylcholine. Symptoms such as double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness clearly illustrate a correlation between botulism and the muscular system.
Synaptic transmission at a motor end plate normally begins when a nerve impulse reaches a synaptic terminal. Synaptic vesicles then travel towards and combine into the presynaptic cell...