Pushing Factors

There are a lot of
factors that compel the Nepalese workers to go foreign countries for
employment. Some major pushing factors are as follows:-

1.Wage rate / low pay

2.Job availability / No guarantee

3.Family expenses

4.Favoritism

5.Local agents

6. Insecurity

People who wants to
work in home land they are suffering from insecurity of business and themselves
too. Fearfulness of demand of donation by political
parties, unions and other groups has made difficult to work. The basic needs
for work environment hasn't prepared by the government. So its insecure to work
in homeland.7. Political instability and conflict

The unstable political
situation has made critical situation for work environment. Nepal Bandas,
strikes by different parties, unions, groups has inversely effect the chances
of employment in home country.8. Poverty9. Lack of basic foundations for working environment
10. Poor law and order

The factors of production
such as labour, capital and entrepreneurship resources are inputs to produce
output goods and services. The changes on foreign exchange impacts to goods and
services, labour, capital and entrepreneurship resources too.

i. Goods and services:

Goods and services are the output
of production of any firm. The ideal combination of inputs like as land (fixed
input) and variable inputs (labour, capital, entrepreneurship) can product
optimum output. So, the efficient production of goods and services are highly
dependent of factors of production.

If market prices rise,
incentives are created for producers to supply more to the consumers. If prices
fall, there are incentives to produce less. Similarly, with consumers, high
prices create incentives to buy less, while low prices create incentives to buy
more.

ii.
Labour:

It
is one of an important production factor. Skillful labour are needed to
maximize the production. The skills, knowledge and talents of people can be
improved or made more productive through education and training. Labour is
directed proportional to output as well as cost of production. So, optimum
number of labours should used for production.

iii.
Capital:

Capital
consists of tools, equipment, machines and buildings that producers use to
produce something else. High capital leads high production and less need of
labours.

iv.
Entrepreneurship:

Well
combination of entrepreneurship in business improve in high production in low
cost.

v.
Foreign exchange:

Besides among factor, foreign exchange also
impacts on cost of output and production cost of any goods and services. If
native currency is cheaper then cost of production will low and vice versa.
Hence if cost of production is lower, then market price of goods and services
will also low that means the goods can compete in the global market.

Background

Over the last decade, the syndication has emerged as the one of
the most problem in domestic transport system affecting the private sectors and
consumers. This syndicate lobby is such a powerful that it has knocked down
each and every attempts of government to abolish the anti-competitive
practices. The private transporters syndicate association has control prices,
keep big price margins, have greater authority and claim big piece of the pie
in the market. In a free competitive market, syndicates are illegal and lethal
(घातक). Moreover, in Nepal, Competition and Market Protection
Act 2063 recognizes that syndication as an anti-competitive practice,
defining it as illegal and punishable.

Normally the
long-run average cost curve (LAC) is U-shaped but the empirical study
has found that LAC is L-shaped. Technological progress along with sustainable
production practice enables the firm to maintain the cost of production at a
minimum level in the long run. This makes the LAC curve first to fall and then
remain flat which makes it L-shaped. When output increases, LAC first
diminishes at a faster rate and become flat as the output reaches its optimum
level.

Following are the reasons
that justify long-run average cost curves are L-shaped instead of U-shaped:-

1. Specialization:

Initially workers take
comparatively longer time to perform a given task but their speed increases as
they are involve in the same job again and again because of the specialization.

2. Learning by Doing:

With the continuous
involvement of the producer of the entrepreneur in the production, his
efficiency goes on increasing i.e. his bargaining capacity, coordination etc
improve and hence cost of production goes on declining.

3. Improvement in Technology:

With the passage of
time, technology goes on improving which helps to reduce the cost of production
sharply in the beginning and after reaching certain level, the rate of decrease
in cost is insignificant.

Thedeductive
methodis also named asanalytical,abstractorpriormethod. The deductive method consists in deriving
conclusions from general truths, takes few general principles and applies them
draw conclusions.

For instance,if we accept the general proposition that man is
entirely motivated by self-interest. In applying the deductive method ofeconomic analysis, we proceed from general to particular.

(i) Perception of the problem to be inquired
into:In the process of deriving
economic generalizations, the analyst must have a clear and precise idea of the
problem to be inquired into.

(ii) Defining of terms:The next step in this direction is to define clearly
the technical terms used analysis. Further, assumptions made for a theory
should also be precise.

(iii) Deducing hypothesis from the assumptions:The third step in deriving generalizations is deducing
hypothesis from the assumptions taken.

(iv) Testing of hypothesis:Before establishing laws or generalizations, hypothesis
should be verified through direct observations of events in the rear world and
through statistical methods. (Their inverse relationship between price and
quantity demanded of a good is a well established generalization).

(2) Inductive Method of Economic Analysis:

Inductive methodwhich also calledempirical methodwas adopted by the "Historical School of
Economists". It involves the process of reasoning from particular facts to
general principle.

In this method, data is collected about a
certain economic phenomenon. These are systematically arranged and the general
conclusions are drawn from them.

For example,we observe 200 persons in the market. We find that
nearly 195 persons buy from the cheapest shops, Out of the 5 which remains, 4
persons buy local products even at higher rate just to patronize their own
products, while the fifth is a fool. From this observation, we can easily draw
conclusions that people like to buy from a cheaper shop unless they are guided
by patriotism or they are devoid of commonsense.

Tuesday, March 7, 2017

Introduction

Recently, Nepalese team succeeded to find out new asteroids
in Solar System. They have given names of asteroids – P-10 YLF 9, P-10 YKXH, P-10
YKZ 5, P-10 YOPZ, P-10 YOQ and P-10 YPZ. These names will be renamed by Hawaii
University and NASA. The participating teams were provided the photos that were
taken by the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS)
based in Hawaii, USA along with necessary software and instructions.

The teams found nine asteroids based on the photos and sent
it to the US mainland. It will take a few years for the research to be
verified. The students from Celebration Co-Ed School in Kathmandu, teachers and
students from Pokhara’s Prithvinarayan Campus, and club members from Nepal
Astronomical Society (NASO) took part in the search campaign.

The participating teams had analyzed 180,000 moving masses of
rock in the data provided by Pan-STARRS which currently operates two telescopes
of 1.8 meters.

Analysis and Way Forward

Government of Nepal and
private sector of Nepal should focus on fostering the talent of Nepalese young
scientist for more rigorous research. Government should provide adequate
platform, budget, programs and environment to develop science and technology
including meteorology in Nepal. Moreover Government should support the plan
from Nepali enthusiastic such as Mahabir Pun for the development of Science and Technology as well as new
innovation. Furthermore Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) should
keenly pay attention upon this finding new asteroids for further enhancement of
sustainable innovation by Nepali scientists.

Following item is evaluated during Validation: Actual product
or Software under test.

Cost of errors caught in Verification is less than
errors found in Validation.

Cost of errors caught in Validation is more than errors
found in Verification.

It is basically manually checking the of documents and files like
requirement specifications etc.

It is basically checking of developed program based on the requirement
specifications documents & files.

In case of Software Testing, both Software Verificationa and Software Testing has following similarities:

Both verification and validation are essential and balancing to each other.

Different error filters are provided by each of them.

Both are used to find a defect in different ways, Verification is used to identify the errors in requirement specification and Validation is used to find the defects in the implemented software application.

Sunday, March 5, 2017

National
Information Technology center (NITC) was established in the year 2002 in line
with IT Policy 2002 as a premier organization of Nepal Government in ICT sector
situated in Singhadurbar, Kathmandu. Being an implementing agency for
Government of Nepal, NITC acts as a focal point for implementation of
government e-Services. Having a data center of its own, it provides a one- stop
solution for server co-location for government agencies with its government
network as a backbone. Providing e-services (e.g. Business License portal,
E-Gatepass system, E- procurement etc.), hosting the government websites,
managing mail servers and government’s domain registration service are among
the many critical services NITC is responsible for.

NITC focuses on technology enabled applications to bridge digital divide and
ultimately to overcome monumental challenges in development of e-Governance. It
has vast expertise and experience in the design and development of various
e-Government projects. NITC functions as a focal point for development and
implementation of e-Governance applications such as National Portal, Groupware,
EA, GIDC, NID, PKI, e-Fax, e-Vehicle, e-Drivers License, e-Land, Passport
Management, BRAMS, etc to deliver citizen centric services which have laid the
foundation and provide the impetus for long-term growth of e-Governance. NITC
provides consulting and training services as well to the other government
agencies in the field of Information technology. Besides, it helps the agencies
to develop and maintain their IT system in compliance with Government
Enterprise Architecture (GEA) and Government Interoperability Framework
(NeGIF). Finally, NITC aims to make Nepal global IT hub and enhance
transparency, accountability, efficiency, and reliability in Government and in
delivery of public services.

Organizational
Structure of NITC

Board of NITC
includes the following 9 members:

1.Secretary, MoSTE -
Chairman

2.Executive Director, NITC -
Member Secretary

3.Joint-Secretary, MoF -
Member

4.Joint-Secretary, NPC -
Member

5.Joint-Secretary, MoIC -
Member

6.Representative, FNCCI -
Member

7.2 Representative from expert - Member

8.Representative from University - Member

Functions and
Duties of NITC

·Render Assistance in all kinds of computer related
services of Nepal Government.

·Serve as data depository by collecting all types of data
at the national level.

·Act as data bank of Information and assist in
computerization of records in government offices and in developing and
expanding contents.

·Act as a regulator for the healthy development of
Information Technology.

Arrange Coding and Standardization methodology required to bring about
uniformity in all aspect of Information Technology with through implementation
and monitoring of the same.