Suleimani, E.N.Hansen, R.A.Combellick, R.A.Carver, G.A.2002Tsunami hazard maps of the Kodiak area, Alaskadigital-data, report, mapsReport of InvestigationRI 2002-1Fairbanks, Alaska, United StatesAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys16 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:12,500.http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/2860This report is intended to provide guidance to local emergency managers in tsunami hazard assessment. Tsunami waves are a real threat for many Alaskan coastal locations, and community preparedness plays an important role in saving lives and property in a case of such a disaster. In this work we used a numerical modeling method to study tsunami waves generated by earthquake sources. We considered several hypothetical tsunami scenarios with a potential to generate tsunami waves that can affect communities in the Kodiak vicinity. Our results confirm that among the earthquake-generated tsunamis we modeled, the 1964 event can be considered a worst-case scenario for future planning. Although our tsunami models included a local fault source, we did not model local landslide-generated waves. Results of numerical modeling combined with historical observations can be very helpful in evacuation planning and public education for reducing risks from future tsunamis.Large seismic events occurring in the vicinity of the Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, and Gulf of Alaska have a very high potential for generating both local and Pacific-wide tsunamis. Saving lives and property depends on how well a community is prepared, which makes it essential to estimate the potential flooding of the coastal zone in the case of a local or distant tsunami. The Alaska Tsunami Mapping Team (ATMT) participates in the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) by evaluating and mapping potential inundation of selected parts of the Alaska coastline using numerical modeling of tsunami wave dynamics. The communities are selected for inundation modeling in coordination with the Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (DHSEM) with consideration for location, infrastructure, availability and quality of bathymetric and topographic data, and community involvement. The tsunami inundation maps described in the associated manuscript represent the results of the continuous effort of state and federal agencies to produce inundation maps for many Alaska coastal communities.
The DGGS metadata standard extends the FGDC standard to include elements that are required to facilitate our internal data management. These elements, referred to as "layers," group and describe files that have intrinsic logical or topological relationships and correspond to subdirectories within the data distribution package. The metadata layer provides the metadata or other documentation files. Attribute information for each data layer is described in this metadata file under the "Entity_and_Attribute_Information" section. Data layer contents:
>hypothetical-composite-line: Estimated, "maximum credible scenario" inundation line that encompasses the maximum extent of flooding based on model simulation of all credible source scenarios and historical observations. The "maximum credible scenario" inundation line becomes a basis for local tsunami hazard planning and development of evacuation maps.
>tectonic-scenario-01: Inundation line derived from modeled repeat of 1964 event: 17 sub faults.
>tectonic-scenario-02: Inundation line derived from modified 1964 event: one fault with uniform slip.
>tectonic-scenario-03: Inundation line derived from modified 1964 event: Kodiak asperity only, eight sub faults
>tectonic-scenario-04: Inundation line derived from modified 1964 event: Kodiak asperity only, uniform slip.
>tectonic-scenario-05: Inundation line derived from hypothetical event: 1938 rupture plus Shumagin gap.
>tectonic-scenario-06: Inundation line derived from hypothetical event: Narrow Cape fault.
>tectonic-scenario-07: Inundation line derived from hypothetical event: Cascadia subduction zone rupture.
>time-history-points: Location points which correspond to maximum velocity values listed in Table 5 of the text report.
>border: rectangular outline of the study area.
2001ground conditioncompleteNone planned-152.581580-152.30907457.84141357.692121ISO 19115 Topic CategorygeoscientificInformationAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical SurveysActive FaultAlaska Earthquake 1964CoastalCoastal and RiverEarthquakeEarthquake Related HazardsEmergency PreparednessEngineeringEngineering GeologyFault DisplacementFaultingFaultsGeologic HazardsGeologyInundationModelingSeismic HazardsSurfaceTsunamiAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical SurveysAlaska, State ofKodiakKodiak IslandKodiak Island Borough Coastal DistrictThis report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).This dataset includes results of numerical modeling of earthquake-generated tsunami waves for a specific community. Modeling was completed using the best information and tsunami modeling software available at the time of analysis. They are numerical solutions and, while they are believed to be accurate, their ultimate accuracy during an actual tsunami will depend on the specifics of earth deformations, on-land construction, tide level, and other parameters at the time of the tsunami. Actual areas of inundation may differ from areas shown in this dataset. Landslide tsunami sources may not be included in the modeling due to unknown potential impact of such events on a given community; please refer to accompanying report for more information on tsunami sources used for this study. The limits of inundation shown should only be used as a general guideline for emergency planning and response action in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for any other use, including land-use regulation or actuarial purposes. Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological &amp; Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical SurveysGIS Managermailing and physical3354 College RoadFairbanksAK99709-3707USA(907)451-5020dggsgis@alaska.gov8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidaysThis project was supported in part by the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program through NOAA grant NA67RJ0147, by the Alaska Department of Military and Veteran Affairs (grant RSA-0991007), and by Alaska Science and Technology Foundation (grant ASTF-971002). The authors wish to thank Dr. Fumihiko Imamura for the Fortran code of the Okada algorithm he kindly provided. We also thank Frank Gonzalez, Prof. Zygmunt Kowalik, and Howard Weston for their thoughtful reviews of the draft manuscript and maps. For a complete list of data sources for the bathymetric and topographic grids, see the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section of the report.Nicolsky, D.J.Suleimani, E.N.Combellick, R.A.Hansen, R.A.2011Tsunami inundation maps of Whittier and western Passage Canal, AlaskaReport of InvestigationRI 2011-7Fairbanks, Alaska, United StatesAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys65 phttp://dx.doi.org/10.14509/23244Nicolsky, D.J.Suleimani, E.N.Haeussler, P.J.Ryan, H.F.Koehler, R.D.Combellick, R.A.Hansen, R.A.2013Tsunami inundation maps of Port Valdez, AlaskaReport of InvestigationRI 2013-1Fairbanks, Alaska, United StatesAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys77 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:12,500http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/25055Suleimani, E.N.Combellick, R.A.Marriott, D.Hansen, R.A.Venturato, A.J.Newman, J.C.2005Tsunami hazard maps of the Homer and Seldovia areas, AlaskaReport of InvestigationRI 2005-2Fairbanks, Alaska, United StatesAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys28 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:12,500http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/14474Suleimani, E.N.Nicolsky, D.J.West, D.A.Combellick, R.A.Hansen, R.A.2010Tsunami inundation maps of Seward and northern Resurrection Bay, AlaskaReport of InvestigationRI 2010-1Fairbanks, Alaska, United StatesAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys47 p., 3 sheets, scale 1:12,500http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/21001Suleimani, E.N.Nicolsky, D.J.Koehler, R.D.2013Tsunami inundation maps of Sitka, AlaskaReport of InvestigationRI 2013-3Fairbanks, Alaska, United StatesAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys76 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/26671The presented maps have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate; however, their preparation required many assumptions. We have considered several tsunami scenarios and have provided an estimate of maximum credible tsunami inundation. Actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered, so the accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The limits of inundation shown should only be used as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual areas inundated will depend on specifics of earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and may differ from areas shown on the map. The information on this map is intended to permit state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation. Users should review the accompanying report, particularly the SOURCES OF ERROR section, for a detailed discussion of limitations of the methods used to generate the various inundation models.Inundation lines are visually inspected using GIS software for identification of anomalous elevations or data inconsistencies. See text report for detailed explanation of the tests used to determine the fidelity among the various data sources that were used to generate this dataset.The dataset contains calculated tsunami inundation limits for tectonic source scenarios. However, tsunamis caused by underwater slope failures are also a significant hazard in the fjords of coastal Alaska and other high-latitude fjord coastlines. We did not quantify this category of landslide tsunami hazard in the current report due to poor constraints on the parameters of potential slides, such as locations, volumes, and geotechnical properties.The computational grid was based on digital elevation models (DEMs) obtained from various agencies. The highest level of horizontal resolution of the grid used for inundation modeling is about 20 m relative to the grid spacing. The 20 m resolution is high enough to describe major relief features, but small topographic features, buildings, and other facilities cannot be accurately resolved by the existing model. The associated manuscript provides additional information about the numerical model and underlying grids.The vertical accuracy of the inundation modeling is dependent on the accuracy and resolution of the digital elevation models (DEMs) and tidal datum values that were used to compile the computational grid. Prior to scenario modeling, bathymetric data were shifted to use Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) as the vertical datum. The depths of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual inundation water depth will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown by this data.Kowalik, Z.Murty, T.S.1993Numerical simulation of two-dimensional tsunami runupCanadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciencesv.16Philadelphia, PATaylor & Francis, Inc.paper1993publication dateKowalik, Z. and Murty, T.S., 1993numerical modeling and grid developmentMurty, T.S.1984Storm surges - meteorological ocean tidesCanadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciencesv.212CanadaNational Research Council of Canadapaper1984publication dateMurty, T.S., 1984numerical modeling and grid developmentReid, R.OBodine, B.R.1968Numerical model for storm surges in Galveston BayJournal of the Waterways and Harbors Divisionv.94, no. WWIReston, VANational American Society of Civil Engineerspaper1968publication dateReid, R.O and Bodine, B.R., 1968numerical modeling and grid developmentTroshina, E.N.1996Tsunami waves generated by Mt. St. Augustine volcano, AlaskaFairbanks, AKUniversity of Alaska Fairbankspaper1996publication dateTroshina, E.N., 1996numerical modeling and grid developmentKachadoorian, ReubenPlafker, George1967Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islandsProfessional PaperP 542-FUnited StatesU.S. Geological Surveyp. F1-F41http://www.dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/3882paper1967publication dateKachadoorian, Reuben and Plafker, George, 1967modeling of the Alaska 1964 tsunamiWilson, B.W.Torum, Alf1964The tsunami of the Alaskan earthquake 1964; engineering evaluationTechnical MemorandumNo. 25Fort Belvoir, VAU.S. Army Corps of Engineerspaper1964publication dateWilson, B.W. and Torum, Alf, 1964modeling of the Alaska 1964 tsunamiOkada, Yoshimitsu1985Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-spaceBulletin of the Seismological Society of AmericaVol. 75, Issue 4Berkeley, CASeismological Society of Americapaper1985publication dateOkada, Yoshimitsu, 1985modeling of the Alaska 1964 tsunamiJohnson, J.M.Satake, KenjiHoldahl, S.R.Sauber, Jeanne1996The 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake-Joint inversion of tsunami waveforms and geodetic dataJournal of Geophysical Researchv. 101, no. B1Washington, DC, United StatesAmerican Geophysical Unionpaper1996publication dateJohnson, J.M. and others, 1996modeling of the Alaska 1964 tsunamiNumerical modeling and grid development - We used a series of nested telescoping grids, or digital elevation models (DEMs), as input layers for tsunami inundation modeling and mapping. We calculated the extent of inundation caused by tsunami waves using numerical modeling of tsunami wave runup. The model is based on the vertically integrated nonlinear shallow water equations of motion and continuity with friction and Coriolis force (Murty, T.S., 1984). We applied a space-staggered grid, which requires either sea level or velocity as a boundary condition. The first order scheme is applied in time and the second order scheme is applied in space. Integration is performed along the north-south and west-east directions separately (see Kowalik, Z. and Murty, T.S., 1993). In order to propagate the wave from a source to various coastal locations we used embedded grids, placing a coarse grid in deep water and coupling it with finer grids in shallow water areas. We used an interactive grid splicing, therefore the equations are solved on all grids at each time step, and the values along the grid boundaries are interpolated at the end of every time step (Troshina, E.N., 1996). The radiation condition is applied at the open (ocean) boundaries (Reid, R.O and Bodine, B.R., 1968). At the water-land boundary, the moving boundary condition is used in those grids that cover areas selected for inundation mapping (Kowalik, Z. and Murty, T.S., 1993). In all other grids, the velocity component normal to the coastline is assumed to be zero. Additional information about the numerical model and grid development can be found in the text report.Kowalik, Z. and Murty, T.S., 1993Murty, T.S., 1984Reid, R.O and Bodine, B.R., 1968Troshina, E.N., 19962001Modeling of the Alaska 1964 tsunami - We initiated this project with the modeling of the Alaska 1964 tsunami. On Kodiak the 1964 tsunami was studied in depth by several investigators and their observed inundation patterns are available for calibration of the model. We used output of a submarine seismic source model as an initial condition for ocean surface displacement that then propagates away from the source. The amplitude of this initial disturbance is one of the major factors that affect the resulting runup amplitudes along the shoreline. Here, we used an algorithm developed by Okada, Yoshimitsu (1985) to calculate the distribution of coseismic uplift and subsidence resulting from the motion of the buried fault. The fault parameters that are required to compute the deformation of the ocean bottom are location of the epicenter, area of the fault, dip, rake, strike, and amount of slip on the fault. However, the rupture area of the 1964 earthquake was too large to be adequately described by a simple one-fault model. To construct a source function for the 1964 event, we used the fault dislocation model developed by Johnson, J.M. and others (1996) that has eight sub-faults representing the Kodiak asperity and nine sub-faults in the Prince William Sound asperity. We used the equations of Okada (1985) to calculate the distribution of coseismic uplift and subsidence resulting from the given slip distribution. Then, the derived surface deformation was used as the initial condition for tsunami propagation. During a model run, the initial topography was modified to account for residual seismic deformation of land due to an earthquake.Kachadoorian, Reuben and Plafker, George, 1967Wilson, B.W. and Torum, Alf, 1964Okada, Yoshimitsu, 1985Johnson, J.M. and others, 19962001Modeling of additional hypothetical earthquake scenarios - We considered several hypothetical earthquake scenarios as potential sources of tsunami waves that can affect the Kodiak Island communities. These scenarios represent both distant and local sources, and we model them using a simple one-fault source function as well as a multiple fault approach.2001Development of the maximum composite inundation line - The maximum composite inundation line represents the maximum inundation from all scenarios, plus the extent of local observations following the 1964 earthquake. In addition to the mapped 1964 inundation in downtown Kodiak and USCGR we obtained local observations to help estimate the actual inundation at other locations in our project area. These included observations by local residents who were present at the time of the 1964 event; the inland extent of driftwood and tsunami sand layer in the vicinity of Womens Bay; and inspection of Reuben Kachadoorian's personal notes and photographs at the Anchorage office of the U.S. Geological Survey.2001vector0.0000010.000001decimal degreesNorth American Datum of 1927North American Datum of 19276378206.4294.9786982Mean Higher High Water100centimetersAttribute valuesri2002-1-hypothetical-composite-lineEstimated, "maximum credible scenario" inundation line that encompasses the maximum extent of flooding based on model simulation of all credible source scenarios and historical observations. The "maximum credible scenario" inundation line becomes a basis for local tsunami hazard planning and development of evacuation maps. File format: shapefileThis reporthypothetical-composite-lineri2002-1-tectonic-scenario-01Inundation line derived from modeled repeat of 1964 event: 17 sub faults. File format: shapefileThis reporttectonic-scenario-01ri2002-1-tectonic-scenario-02Inundation line derived from modified 1964 event: one fault with uniform slip. File format: shapefileThis reporttectonic-scenario-02ri2002-1-tectonic-scenario-03Inundation line derived from modified 1964 event: Kodiak asperity only, eight sub faults File format: shapefileThis reporttectonic-scenario-03ri2002-1-tectonic-scenario-04Inundation line derived from modified 1964 event: Kodiak asperity only, uniform slip. File format: shapefileThis reporttectonic-scenario-04ri2002-1-tectonic-scenario-05Inundation line derived from hypothetical event: 1938 rupture plus Shumagin gap. File format: shapefileThis reporttectonic-scenario-05ri2002-1-tectonic-scenario-06Inundation line derived from hypothetical event: Narrow Cape fault. File format: shapefileThis reporttectonic-scenario-06ri2002-1-tectonic-scenario-07Inundation line derived from hypothetical event: Cascadia subduction zone rupture. File format: shapefileThis reporttectonic-scenario-07ri2002-1-time-history-pointsLocation points which correspond to maximum velocity values listed in Table 5 of the text report. File format: shapefileThis reporttime-history-pointsPOINTNOLabels for location pointsAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys19ri2002-1-borderrectangular outline of the study area. File format: shapefileThis reportborderAlaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveysmailing and physical3354 College RoadFairbanksAK99709-3707USA(907)451-5020(907)451-5050dggspubs@alaska.gov8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidaysPlease view our website (http://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.RI 2002-1The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. 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Contact us for the exact shipping amount.Contact DGGS for current pricingVector data shapefilehttp://dx.doi.org/10.14509/2860Free download20140109Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical SurveysMetadata Managermailing and physical3354 College RoadFairbanksAK99709-3707USA(907)451-5020FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial MetadataFGDC-STD-001-1998If the user has modified the data in any way they are obligated to describe the types of modifications they have performed in the supporting metadata file. User specifically agrees not to imply that changes they made were approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources or Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys.http://www.dggs.alaska.gov/metadata/dggs.extdggs metadata extensions