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Background: Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a member of the common-gamma chain family of cytokines with immunoregulatory activity. IL-21 plays a role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses by inducing the differentiation, proliferation and activity of multiple target cells including macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, B cells and cytotoxic T cells. IL-21 is produced by CD4+ T cells in response to antigenic stimulation. Its action generally enhances antigen-specific responses of immune cells. IL-21 exerts its effect through binding to a specific type I cytokine receptor, IL-21R, which also contains the gamma chain (γc) found in other cytokine receptors. The IL-21R activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and is expressed on T, B, and NK cells. Within the B cell lineage, IL-21 is a switch factor regulating IgG1 and IgG3 antibody production. IL-21 also cooperates with IL-4 for the production of multiple antibody classes in B cells.

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Reconstitution:

Centrifuge vial prior to opening. Add sterile distilled water to a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. DO NOT VORTEX. Allow several minutes for complete reconstitution. Further dilutions should be made in appropriate buffered solutions.