EPIA ROADMAP EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION

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1 EPIA ROADMAP EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION

2 FOREWORD The favourable conditions created recently by the White Paper and the RES Directive will help Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Electricity to accelerate its pace in becoming a major contributor to world-wide electricity generation. Indeed, European Union (EU) Member States following the lead of the European Commission, have set a target of a 22 % contribution of renewable energy sources to electricity in the EU by In order to achieve this objective and obtain a sustainable energy scenario in the EU, emission-free, high-tech and universally applicable solar electricity systems need to be installed rapidly. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) Roadmap presents the European PV Industry priorities for achieving this objective. It includes quantified goals, consequent incentive policies and the necessary development of technologies. EPIA has devised a programme of specific actions that European industry in collaboration with other key stakeholders from research, policy, finance, electricity industry, the construction industry and other sectors should adopt in order that Europe will capitalise on the global PV market potential. This EPIA Roadmap highlights the key obstacles and issues that must be resolved to enable PV to contribute substantially to both the European and global energy supply. It is intended to serve as a guide for European industry and research to 2010 and beyond, and as a framework of political action to help realise solar electricity s fast potential to become the major contributor to electricity generation in this century. The Roadmap will be updated regularly to reflect the prevailing situation of the industry and markets in Europe and worldwide. Winfried Hoffmann President of EPIA Chairman of the Managing Board of RWE Schott Solar GmbH 1

5 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 INTRODUCTION It is generally accepted by society and actively encouraged by governmental bodies that electricity generation from renewable sources needs to become one of the essential contributors to the energy mix. There are indeed many options to use renewable energies but photovoltaic electricity generation from solar radiation has a uniquely strong and most valuable position. Solar cells, the basic elements of photovoltaics (PV), convert light energy directly into electric energy. This one-step process is clean and absolutely emission-free; it is a modular electricity source that can be installed in every power size from microwatt to multimegawatt scales of. Therefore, it is ideally suited for distributed generation of electricity near the user, everywhere around the globe. PV solar electricity together with solar thermal has the highest potential of all renewable energies since solar energy is a practically unlimited resource available everywhere. All energy scenarios worked out during recent years agree that solar electricity will play a major role in the energy mix within the next decades. Photovoltaics will be one of the key energy technologies of this century, and its extensive industrial development must be accelerated now. To make PV a success, a concerted action of industry, government, research community, and society is mandatory. This development has already started in some countries, Germany and Japan being amongst the very first. The Japanese Government paved the way for innovative legislation and a substantial financial effort. In cooperation with the PV industry, the building industry, utilities, and many regional and municipally governments, a substantial market growth in Japan has been initiated. The result is apparent, with Japan being the largest world market and having the strongest PV industry. In the European Union, Germany has shown that through supportive legislation the market growth can be stimulated considerably, and Germany is being now the second strongest market worldwide. The European PV industry, which is growing rapidly, is willing to strengthen the European efforts on sustainable solar electricity by increasing its commitment in market, research and industry development considerably: The European PV industry is committed and in a good position to play a substantial role in the rapidly growing world market of photovoltaic components and systems. 4

6 1.2 THE EPIA ROADMAP This document Roadmap of the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) emphasises the importance of the task mentioned above, demonstrates the challenges, and describes routes to success. It summarises the results of intensive discussions within EPIA and with outside experts. This document is intended to analyse the situation and make realistic projections to the future identify hurdles and deficits in the development of technology, industry and market define goals for fast progress in all fields and outline concepts for achieving the goals define and realise targets and milestones to direct the effort help to form industrial partnerships to carry out the different tasks involved. A large number of benefits will result from a success of the efforts described in this document, such as: A push forward for the improvement of technology and the reduction of costs Growth of an innovative and sustainable industry to maturity, comparable and even higher in size to the semiconductor industry Creation of investment opportunities and jobs. Accomplishing the tasks defined will make photovoltaics competitive with conventional energy within the next two decades putting Europe in the forefront of clean power generation. During recent years the European PV industry has developed very successfully. All branches of PV manufacturing, distribution and system installation are represented by strong companies, and their global market share is rising steadily. Technology development and research are on a high level, and the industry is in an excellent position regarding the challenges of the future. This Roadmap is designed to be an effective tool to maintaining, exploiting and strengthening European leadership in the PV sector. 5

7 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.3 THE STATUS OF PV SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERAL Terrestrial use of PV solar electricity started around 1980, and since these early efforts photovoltaics have developed very steadily in terms of technology, industry, and market share: Technology: Cost of first solar cells was high and efficiencies relatively low around 10%. The price went down by a factor of ten during the past twenty years and efficiencies today are between 14 to 16%. Reliable products are on the market, and modules are generally sold with guaranteed performance of 20 years and more. Industry: In the mid-nineties companies started to invest in commercial production plants, and nowadays mass production is rising due to the development of adequate equipment and technologies. More than 30 companies are delivering PV cells and modules worldwide with the first five serving more than 70 % of the world market, and the competition is strong. Since 1999 the Japanese industry has the largest market share worldwide. Market: PV markets developed differently in the various application sectors and in different geographic regions. The growth rate was about 15% per year until 1996, and since then the rate was always well above 30 % per annum (p.a.) TECHNOLOGY AND MANUFACTURE OF PV MODULES First solar cells were made from semiconductor silicon, and this technology is still alive. Crystalline silicon solar cells in their different forms - monocrystalline (Cz-Si), multicrystalline (mc-si), ribbon have a market share of more than 90%. The rest is provided by thin film technology, mainly amorphous silicon (a-si). All crystalline silicon technologies rely on the supply of wafers, silicon sheets of the thickness of about one third of a millimetre. The cost of the wafer is a substantial part of the total cost of solar cells. As such, cost reduction of wafer production is a real challenge for the industry. Solar cells are connected by metallic leads to deliver the right output voltage and current, and they are encapsulated in polymers behind glass to protect them from the environment. The resulting sandwiched plate is called a PV solar module, and this is the true PV product for the customer. 6 In case of the crystalline silicon technology large scale production is already common, and the equipment industry is now able to deliver complete production lines. The thin film technologies are still in the pilot stage since industry only slowly starts to invest in larger-scale plants, and one of the major challenges is the need for efficient equipment for mass production.

8 Cost of production needs to be reduced considerably to penetrate the major electricity markets. Consequently, the main effort of research and industrial technology development is directed towards reducing the production cost. Since materials cost is a substantial part of the total cost, reduction of materials consumption is essential, especially in the case of crystalline silicon. Since the selling price of modules is determined by the price per unit of peak power delivered by the module ( /Wp), efficiency enhancement of the solar cell also reduces the specific materials consumption. In the course of the analysis a number of research and development items have been identified. These are described below under the heading 1.4 Strategic Action Plan. It has become clear that many of the defined tasks are best solved in a concerted action of the PV industry with partners from the research community, either research institutes or universities, and with partners from other industries. Important partnerships could be established in the following areas: Si materials development: Silicon producers with solar cell producers Silicon wafer: Crystal grower and wafering companies with equipment makers (wire saw, etc.) Si solar cell manufacture: Solar cell producer with research institutes and equipment manufacturer Module fabrication: Module makers with glass industry, chemical industry (polymer chemistry), equipment manufacturer Thin-film production: Cell/module producer with research institutes and equipment producer (e.g. vacuum and deposition technology). These are only a few examples to show where cooperation in different technology areas will determine the strategy for faster progress SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS In most developed countries in which PV systems are connected to the local electricity grid, in order to provide consumers with electric power from a PV system it is necessary to optimise the delivered power and to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC). In many systems a storage medium such as batteries are employed as well. This is particularly the case in developing countries and remote areas of industrialised countries, in which case the final power is delivered via direct current. These latter systems are referred to as stand-alone systems. The power conditioning equipment represents a major part of the PV system technology. Two electronic devices are predominant in PV Systems, the charge controller in the stand-alone systems with batteries, and the inverter to generate AC from DC. Charge controllers are responsible for the long life of the battery. Since the battery is an expensive part of the system, high quality charge controllers 7

9 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY are needed. Nevertheless, the life of batteries in PV systems is limited, and their replacement is the main reason for the high lifecycle cost of stand-alone systems. Improved batteries will be a real benefit for the PV installers, and additional efforts in their development will benefit the business in remote areas as well as for grid connected systems. The inverter has to fulfil even higher expectations. Its common use is in grid-connected systems, and three properties are essential: high conversion efficiency, extremely long life, and meeting of the safety requirements of the utility. The quality of the inverter must fit to the highest industrial standard, while on the hand the price of the device should be reasonable. Due to extreme effort of the industry, the quality of inverters has improved considerably in recent years, and the large number of existing reliable systems installed helps the industry to become profitable. European producers of system components have been the leading companies in terms of development and production. EPIA sees system technology expanding dynamically into all areas where customers need electric power, competing already successfully with conventional power in rural areas and reaching grid competitiveness in the next decades APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS The main applications of photovoltaic electricity generation can be grossly divided into four categories: Grid-connected systems 71% market share in 2002 Off-grid industrial applications 15% Rural electrification in developing countries 07% Consumer applications 07% Currently, the market is dominated by grid-connected systems, since this segment is supported in some countries, with Japan and Germany having the largest share. These are mainly residential rooftop systems, but during the last three years a growing number of larger systems between 100 kw and a few MW power have been installed on public and industrial buildings and on the ground. A small but high value application is the building integrated PV (BIPV), special PV modules used for façades, roofs, and shadowing elements. 8 The off-grid industrial market represents the applications where PV is already cost competitive compared with other techniques of electricity generation. The stand-alone generators are used to provide electricity for telecommunication, telemetry, traffic signs, corrosion prevention, water desalination, and similar applications.

10 Rural electrification in developing countries represents a major market and an opportunity for improving living conditions of approximately 2 million people living in those countries who currently do not have access to electricity, by providing light, water, communication, and health care. The technology for this application is available, and with major efforts to develop infrastructure and establishing affordable end-user financing schemes this market segment could exceed grid connected markets. Furthermore, it would allow developing countries to establish modern decentralised systems superior to those in the industrialised countries. The consumer market implies a wide variety of applications from substitution of batteries in small devices to the electrification of recreational vehicles and sailing boats. It is a constantly growing sustainable market. Altogether, the PV industry was able to sell PV modules of a power of about 700 MWp worldwide in 2003, and EPIA expects that the shipments will rise to over 1 GWp just in a few years, with a growth rate well above 25%/year. At the same time, larger production units will lead to substantial cost reductions. Worldwide the solar electricity industry already provides employment for over 35,000 people. The opening of new PV production facilities can result in about 20 jobs per MWp of capacity, with additional jobs in the wholesale, retail, installation and maintenance services providing about another 30 per MW of installed capacity. These jobs are mostly located on a regional level near to the final customer. 1.4 STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN BASIC PROGRAMME EPIA has devised a programme of specific actions that European industry, in collaboration with other key stakeholders from policy, finance, electricity industry, academia, the construction industry and other sectors should adopt in order that Europe may capitalise on the global PV market potential. Central to the programme are the following three branches of policy support which provide the long-term stable platform for industry to base its investments upon: A European rate-based incentive scheme (feed-in tariff). Using the German model to stimulate grid-connected PV, there should be a guaranteed price paid through utilities for PV generated electricity of x Euro/kWh, guaranteed for y subsequent years. x and y should be chosen in such a way as to allow to operate the system economically (e.g. in Germany x = 0,57 Euro/kWh and y = 20 years). During the lifetime of the incentive scheme the guaranteed feedin tariff could fall each year for new contracts, in order to encourage PV manufacturers to strive 9

11 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY for continued cost reductions. To keep this scheme simple and effective from an administrative point of view every electricity consumer will pay a small surcharge with his electricity bill to the utility company. Continued focused RTD Programme with improved funding arrangements: Extensive research and technological development is essential for the European PV industry to remain competitive and to open up new markets. The major goal of all efforts must be substantial cost reduction for all steps of the value chain, from materials to systems, in order to eventually compete with other techniques of electricity generation. Intense co-operation between the research sector and industry is required to reach that target. Export promotions assistance. To promote exports of European technology, particularly to the rural electrification market in developing countries. The encouragement of partnerships between European industry and companies in developing countries for product development for this special market is essential. Furthermore, assistance in the introduction of revolving fund schemes should be given to foster the market for rural PV systems TARGETS AND MILESTONES FOR EPIA ROADMAP Very detailed targets and milestones have been elaborated for the areas Technology, Systems and Applications, and Market Development. These are described in Chapters 4 to 7. Basic findings can be summarised as follows: Technology: Reduction of production cost remains the key target of all technology development, but the guarantee of the availability of all materials and components is of similar importance. In the field of materials, the availability of economically priced high-purity silicon as feedstock material is of crucial importance and needs special support. In all steps of the silicon technology, from crystallisation to solar cell production, reduction of material consumption and improvement of efficiencies are to be carried out. In thin-film technologies, the step towards cost effective mass production has to be done, which includes the development of the required equipment. In module fabrication new technologies and designs are needed to realise substantial cost reductions. Module life has to be extended to 35 years and beyond. Systems and Applications: For electronic components substantial cost reductions will result from larger production quantities. The operation time of these devices should be extended to the lifetime of modules. Standardisation of components and systems is important for mass production. Special attention must be paid to the development of stand-alone systems which will 10

12 play an increasing role in the electrification of remote areas in the developing world. In the utility area two efforts are of importance: Concentrating systems using highest efficiency solar cells will become an interesting opportunity for large installations in southern countries, and in areas with high penetration of distributed installations, management of the grid will require special attention. Market Development: The many different types of markets have to be developed. Major attention should be paid to the two biggest market segments, the grid-connected systems in industrialised countries, and the stand-alone installations in remote applications in developing countries. The grid-connected market needs special funding arrangements and regulations to ensure the connection to the grid, whereas the market in developing countries needs the buildup of a business infrastructure and the introduction of adapted financing schemes. The expected cost reduction of systems will make photovoltaics competitive, and the markets will become selfregulating. Industry: The European PV industry is in a good position when compared to its international competitors. All steps of the value chain, from the starting silicon material to the finished modules and the systems, can all be covered by companies of European origin. However, in order to boost European Industry and avoid unfair competitive conditions, EPIA proposes that the major portion of systems installed under a feed-in scheme to be of European origin. 1.5 CONCLUSIONS A substantial part of the future energy supply will be delivered by renewable energies, and a major role in the field will be taken over by photovoltaic electricity generation. The European PV industry is committed to play a leading role in the fast developing market. This EPIA Roadmap provides guidelines for this development and sets targets and milestones for the partners engaged in this effort. Strong effort in technology development, investments in production facilities and market expansion through political support will be required to keep this technology in Europe and to create jobs and opportunities. In summary, this EPIA Roadmap will become a guide for industrial development, PV research, political support mechanisms and world-wide market development to strengthen Europe s position in one of the key technologies of this century. 11

13 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 PHOTOVOLTAICS THE BEST CHOICE Photovoltaic solar electric generation technology is one of the best means to provide electricity in a clean manner virtually everywhere around the globe. PV is a modular solid-state power generation system, producing electricity directly and solely from sunlight. It can be installed in small and large scale systems, and it does not give rise to emissions harmful to health or climate or any other dangerous byproducts. The raw material for the vast majority of current PV production is silicon the second most abundant element on earth. Solar modules are also net producers of energy, typically generating between 5 and 12 times more energy over their lifetime than is required for their manufacture, depending on technology type and amount of sunlight available at the location of installation. PV is virtually unique as an energy technology in that it can be deployed very rapidly in both rural and urban environments. A single PV module (typically rated at 120 watts power output, equivalent 1 m 2 ), together with a suitable battery can be installed in a very short time and will provide enough power for several compact fluorescent lights and a radio or TV for in the order of four to five hours a day. This can be truly life-changing for a family in rural Africa, Asia or Latin America. Connecting a number of these same basic modules together provides more power; a system equivalent to 20 m 2 of such modules together with appropriate power conditioning equipment could over the course of a year meet about half the annual electricity requirement of a typical north-european household. Literally any power requirement from a few watts to, conceivably, gigawatts (GWp) of power can be achieved simply by connecting more modules together. Because there are no moving parts maintenance requirements are minimal and good modules can reasonably be expected to continue generating at 90% or more of their rated power for 25 years or longer. PV is much more than a simple electrical generator. Amongst other values, it is an elegant construction material that can be used to enhance the architectural character of buildings or other urban structures, such as sound barriers and bus shelters. It can provide weatherproofing, shading, sound-proofing and enhanced thermal functions for buildings. To summarise: PV electricity generation has a lot of benefits which makes it unique amongst the other sources of electric energy. It is ideally suited for distributed generation of electricity near the user, everywhere around the globe. What seems to be most important in the long run is the fact that PV has the highest potential of all renewables, according to many scientific studies. The technology is sound, the need and opportunity are evident, but PV currently meets only a small part of global electricity demand. So what is preventing more widespread adoption of PV to help meet our growing energy demand in an environmentally sustainable way? 12 This document prepared by the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) highlights the key obstacles and issues that must be resolved to enable PV to contribute more significantly to European and broader global energy supply. It is intended to serve as a roadmap for European Industry and technological development to 2010 and beyond, and as a framework for political action to create a flourishing and viable industry and market.

14 2.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF PV MANUFACTURING AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT PV solar electricity is a booming industry; since 1980 when terrestrial PV applications began in earnest, annual production of solar generation equipment worldwide has increased virtually a hundred-fold to an estimated 700 megawatt (MWp) in The industry is today worth in the order of 3.5 billion per annum a figure which is increasing at a rate of more than 30% per money wise at the current time. Until 1997 the manufacturing industry was growing at between 10 and 15% per annum, but since then a series of government support programmes in OECD countries aimed at assisting end-user purchases of PV systems, particularly in the residential sector, have resulted in explosive growth. The period saw the market grow consistently above 25% each year, and on average by more than 35% power related passed the 200 MW by the end of 2003 the cumulative installed capacity of all PV systems around the world had reached 1300 MWp of which approximately 20 % was located in Europe. Fig. 1: Cumulative installed capacity by application (Source: IEA PVPS) 13

15 2 INTRODUCTION Worldwide the solar electricity industry already provides employment for over people. The opening of new PV production facilities can result in about 20 jobs per MW of capacity, with additional jobs in the wholesale, retail, installation and maintenance services providing another 30 per MW of installed capacity. These jobs are mostly located on a regional level near to the final customer. The main application segments for PV are remote industrial (e.g. off-grid telecommunication repeater stations), consumer applications (e.g. PV for car sunroofs), developing country applications (mostly offgrid solar home systems) and grid connected systems. Historically the main market segments for PV were the remote industrial and developing country applications where PV power over the long-term is often more cost-effective than alternative power options such as diesel generators or mains grid extension. Worldwide, the cumulative share of off-grid to grid-connected applications is approximately 40:60 at the present time. According to the findings of the International Energy Agency s PV Power Systems programme, since 1997 the proportion of new grid-connected PV installed in the countries participating in the programme most of the main OECD nations 1 - rose from 58% to over 86% in This equates to approximately 61% of the total additional capacity installed worldwide during the year if it is considered that all installations outside the reporting countries are off-grid. The EU (particularly Germany) and Japan have also been the main players in the fostering of more positive legal frameworks to enable grid connection of PV systems. The increasing strength of these markets will help to create a secure and sustainable base for the PV industry. 1 List PVPS Member countries 14

16 2.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS POWERING OUR FUTURE EPIA believes that PV represents a major building block for a sustainable electricity future. Without the development of PV, replacing fossil electricity generation, a long-term energy scenario will be incomplete. Whether the European industry will be able to participate in this future key technology is a matter of implementing such actions as described in this roadmap. Fig. 2: Contribution of PV solar electricity to global electricity production One obvious question is what will be the impact for Europe if it does not respond to the PV challenge? Arguably in the short to medium term and even up to 2020 the impact would be small; Europe will not suffer power shortages in this timeframe as a result of failing to invest in PV. Fossil fuel usage over the next twenty years is still predicted to rise and will dwarf even the most ambitious PV contribution. Nuclear fission options are unlikely to be revived due to adverse public opinion, while fusion remains largely an expensive pipe-dream, but other renewable technologies, particularly wind power, which are closer to providing economic bulk power, would continue to be adopted to address near-term climate change commitments. The real impact only becomes clear in the long term. Fossil fuel availability will eventually decline and viable, sustainable energy alternatives must be available to bridge the gap. Wind power again is expected to provide the lion s share, but current estimates limit the available European resource to little 15

17 2 INTRODUCTION over 20% of OECD-Europe 2020 electricity demand 2. Hydropower, biomass energy and the ocean technologies also have a role to play, though each is limited by reasonably accessible resource. Solar PV electricity, with its unique suitability for urban application has no such resource limitations. Moreover the resource is ubiquitous. PV represents a common sense solution towards future electricity demands. It is also important to appreciate that PV market development is not only dependent upon how the EU chooses to address the various technological issues or its response to the market needs and opportunities. Even if the EU continues with a business as usual policy, it is quite possible, indeed highly likely, that PV will eventually become competitive with bulk electricity prices through initiatives in Japan, USA and Australia, and measures aimed at improving energy services in Developing Countries. This raises the question - "why should the EU bother?" EPIA is convinced that if the Europe fails to adopt a proactive stance towards PV market development valuable business opportunities will be lost. From a strong position in 1995, where it accounted for a third of worldwide manufacturing, Europe then lost considerable market share to USA and Japan. Only recently given the stronger policy environment in Europe particularly Germany have manufacturers chosen to reinvest in European facilities. This is an important lesson; strong foreign industry offering good quality low-cost products could conceivably dominate the European market for this clean energy technology. This negates - at least until installed - the energy-autonomy which is an important benefit of PV and other renewable energies. European companies are called to play in a game of unfair competition and some times become difficult to compete in a global market level that means no job creation and added value for the european industry This roadmap acknowledges that, if the EU is to take maximum advantage of the opportunities associated with PV market deployment, all parties - government, industry, financiers and user groups (Utilities, building developers, architects, local authorities) - must work towards common goals. The EPIA roadmap recommendations are to be considered by each actor in the solar sector. Europe will suffer the loss of its current strong market position and potential major industry for the future. The PV industry can be of great importance to Europe in terms of wealth and employment, with PVrelated jobs in the EU in 2010 if the targets are met, and a figure of jobs would be realistic if export opportunities are exploited. Continued reliance on centralised electricity generation concentrates employment in specific locations, whereas PV employment is distributed on a local level, which fits in well with regional development goals. The added values of PV must also be considered, from the social and economic benefits of rural electrification in agreement with EU International Development Objectives, to supply security and to the significant environmental benefits. Is the European PV industry ready at this moment to react in the right way to these challenging opportunities? The answer is "yes, indeed", for several reasons: 2 WIND FORCE 12, A blueprint to achieve 12% of the world s electricity from wind power by 2020, EWEA and Greenpeace,

18 During recent years European PV industry experienced a rapid expansion of manufacturing capacity, due to favourable market conditions A well developed technology with a broad scientific background encourages investments More and more European equipment manufacturers offer professional production equipment or even turn-key factories Investors, and even utility companies, obviously believe in the long-term chances of PV solar electricity. Figure 3 demonstrates the impressive growth of manufacturing capacity in Europe. It is apparent that production capacities of solar cells and modules are now exceeding the current size of the PV market in Europe. One conclusion is that for the European PV industry the development of additional home markets such as Spain, Italy, Greece, etc. and development of export markets becomes vital for further expansion. Fig. 3 Increase of solar cell production capacity in Europe (2003: preliminary data) Source: Photon International 17

19 3 ROADMAP OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES The general objective of this effort is to identify the measures required to make PV industry and markets strong enough to play an essential role in the future electricity supply. Today, photovoltaic electricity generation is still rather expensive and can compete only on special markets. Strong effort is needed to make PV compatible to other renewables on the bulk markets in industrialised countries. The operation cost of PV systems is nearly negligible since maintenance costs are low, and fuel costs are zero, so the problem reduces to the high investment costs. Main target of all efforts to develop photovoltaics must be to reduce investment costs of PV systems. Appropriate measures are to improve technology, or even to look for new technology options, to develop mass fabrication techniques and the appropriate equipment, and to invest in scaled-up production units. Photovoltaic electricity generation has numerous applications with different cost structures. Continuous cost reduction will step by step broaden the field of competitive markets. In many remote applications PV is economic even today. In the grid-connected markets, cost competitiveness will start in the peak electricity market. Accordingly, the second general objective will be to develop markets to expand the base of the PV business. Second target of all efforts must be to develop markets, home markets by the introduction of funding schemes for investments, and export markets especially in remote areas of developing countries. To make PV a success, a concerted action of government, society, industry, and research community is mandatory. This Roadmap of EPIA provides guidelines for this development and sets targets and milestones for the partners engaged in this effort. 18

20 3.2 METHODOLOGY Five steps have to be executed for the planning process: Analysis of the situation and an acceptable projection to the future. Extrapolation of the market development beyond 2010 is certainly difficult since it depends so strongly on the political scene. Identification of hurdles and deficits in the development of technology, industry and market. Since PV is still a young industry a number of deficits can be recognised, but all are well defined. Definition of goals for fast progress in all fields and outlining of concepts for achieving the goals. Main challenges are in the field of production technology and in market development. Setting of targets and milestones to direct the effort. Targets for the technological development are widely discussed and agreed upon. Allocation of partners for the different tasks involved. To make PV a success, a concerted action of industry, the research community, government, and society is mandatory. Strategies for cooperative effort have to be worked out. 19

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