PALEOCHRONOLOGY

Investigating earths early history

FOSSILS
HISTORY
ANOMOLIES
CARBON 14 DATING

SUMMARY

Contrary to popular belief petrified wood and bones do NOT take millions of years to form. It can be done in a laboratory or hot springs in a few years.

PETRIFIED WOOD

Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus Ohio is a world class research and development
company. In July of 2005 they announced through their internal Battelle World
magazine that they had available for licensing a process to make a form of petrified
wood. This new type of ceramic could be made from natural biological material, which
is cheap and renewable and easy to form. As explained in their article the process involved
soaking wood in acid infused with either titanium or silicon and baked in an argon filled
furnace. Lo and behold instant petrified wood! The original cellulose structure of the
wood acts as a template. The ceramic silicon carbide or tungsten carbide take up
permanent residence with the carbon remaining in the cellulose. Because the new
ceramic duplicates the crystalline form of the wood the new material maintains
microstructure and macrostructure.

Most scientists have suspected that petrified wood was formed by materials soaking
in hot mineral solutions over long periods of time. This research breakthrough supports
the idea of petrified wood being formed in hot mineral solutions. However it does not
add support to the dogma that it takes millions of years to form a fossil. In fact
it adds credence to the belief that in nature it can happen quite quickly.

Another thing that is so significant here is their claim that the carbon in the wood
remains. All the carbon has not been replaced by silicon or titanium.
This remaining carbon then can be carbon 14 dated. Since it supposedly took
millions of years to form, the carbon 14 test should show a nil carbon 14 content.

We at Paleochronology will as funds permit attempt to extract carbon from mineralized
fossil wood and other fossils. We challenge any scientifically minded research
facility to do so and then
radio carbon date that extracted carbon.

Some RC labs have done so using the AMS method to
calibrate their instruments. They have found C-14 in such substances as marble,
0.060-0.932 PMC, A.P McNichol et al. ; anthracite, 0.358 PMC . R.P. Beukins et al ;
fossil CO2, 0.0.09-0.13 PMC, A.T. Aerts -Bijma et al. ; and wood, 0.342 PMC, R. P.
Beukins et al . The apparent RC ages for the above range of PMC’s [PMC means Percent
of Modern C-14 in wood etc] from roughly 35,000 to >49,000 RC years BP [> means minimum
age (could be older) and BP means Before the Present]. RC dates for carbon-containing
material from the Chesapeake Bay or Chicxalub core samples where asteroids are thought
to have impacted would be useful for comparison. References are in our paper entitled:
RECENT C-14 DATING OF FOSSILS INCLUDING DINOSAUR BONE COLLAGEN.

Accompanying the Battelle article is an electron microscope photo with
an electron microscopic image showing a cross section of wood that was artifically
petrified in days. supposedly " mimicking a natural process that takes millions of years. "

Notice the unsubstantiated dogma that petrification takes millions of years. Who
proved it takes millions of years? There is no absolute proof of that in the literature
You will find that the scientific literature will say that such and such fossil was found
in the so and so formation which is 100 million years old. Can they even prove that the
fossil sat there undisturbed for 100 million years? Of course they can not. They assume
that though and it may be a logical assumption given other circumstances and assumptions.&nbsp
No one was around to time the mineralization process.
No one untill now has duplicated the process. No one has ever watched a piece
of wood turn to stone over a million year time span. No one has scientifically observed anything petrifying until recently. &nbsp
After all if you believe it took millions of years to accomplish, who would ever try to observe the phenomenon in a lab? This is one of the
problems in science as a discipline i.e. Assumptions are made which can be totally wrong and are never tested. This leads to wrong theories and wrong
dogmas that persist for hundreds of years sometimes. As recently as 1972 the old dogma that wood took millions of years to petrify could be found
in all kinds of geological books.(see handbook reference below)

Notice how everyone assumes always that petrified wood took millions of years to
form. Now we know how to make petrified wood and it only takes days
I submit to you that nature only takes days or weeks to make petrified wood and that
it can only be formed in a short time under proper circumstances.

Argon is typically used in furnaces because it is inert gas. Therefore the materials inside
the furnace are deprived of oxygen and can not burn. In the natural world we would
expect then that wood in a hot silicon rich liquid and deprived of oxygen would form
petrified wood over some period of time.

What happens when wood is immersed in mineral rich hot springs over time such as in a Yellowstone Hot Springs
? Sounds like a simple experiment easy thing to do and if any one can report on that being done and the results we
would like to know.

Meanwhile another breakthrough in the formation of petrified wood. This report from the journal called Sedimentary
Geology. Five Japenese scientists performed research at the Tateyama Hot Spring in central Japan. A hot
spring lake 30 meters wide occupies one of several craters of the Tateyama Volcano which is currently quiet except
for spouting of hot water. This hot water is highly acidic and has high silica content. The hot spring overflows the lake as a 30 meter high
waterfall. It was noticed that fallen wood from trees near the waterfall had become hard and impregnated with silica.
This was verified with electron microscopes. The observed woody tissues looked exactly like silicified wood from volcanic Miocene age sedimentary
volcanic ash in the nearby Noto Peninsula. They concluded that the same process was taking place as in the Miocene.
Being the astute scientists that they were they decided to set up an experiment by putting fresh alder wood from the area tethered with stainless
steel wire and immersing them in the hot springs. They then pulled them out once a year and examined them. They were analyzed to determine how
much silification had taken place. After 7 years in the hot springs some of the samples had turned into 38% silica by weight. Further analysis showed that
tiny silica spheres had passed into the wood through the same vessels and structures that water normally passed up through to the trees leaves and
branches. So if water can pass through wood why not hot water laden with silica and other minerals. The surprising thing was it
happend so quickly.

Do you know that low grade coal material can be formed in weeks as well?
REFERENCE:

Where does oil come from and how is it formed? &nbsp The most popular view is as follows.
Dead organic marine organisms sink to the seafloor. &nbsp This material gets covered by
silt and other material. &nbsp If enough silt piles up it creates a high pressure , high temperature
environment. &nbsp A source rock oil shale forms. &nbsp In the pores of the rock chemical processes
continue until oil oozes forth. &nbsp The basic thinking was get it hot enough long enough and
you get oil. &nbsp Well finally researchers at Exxon realized that this model did not include
the latest chemical and biological knowledge.&nbsp First they decided to determine the chemical
composition of organic materials in rock shale.&nbsp This was no easy task. &nbsp Organic material
decays into a potpourri of moleules that depending on the conditions break up and
recombine in different ways. Hydrogen sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen can leave and then
rejoin other chains of molecules. &nbsp Eventually they form many giant insoluble macromolecules&nbsp
So how did nature break down these huge molecules and get oil?

In their research they gathered samples of oil shale in different stages of transformation.
They took these samples and subjected them to heat and pressure.&nbsp With the help of
higher heat they could get their transformation to oil in days and hours not the millions
of years theorized by geologists. &nbsp They found however that heat alone could not break some
of the molecular bonds. &nbsp Certain groups of atoms key to holding the macromolecules
together would not fall apart no matter how hot their pressure chamber was.&nbsp So what
was the key? &nbsp It turned out to be they could only simulate oil formation in the lab if they
added HOT WATER to the system. &nbsp Yes ordinary water.

As water molecules become hotter they become less polar and are more likely to
interact with non-polar organic molecules.&nbsp
At 360C, water acts like the organic solvent acetone. &nbsp Hot water molecules also tend
to split apart into positive hydrogen and negative hydroxyl components.&nbsp They act like
a strong acid and a strong base and are much more reactive. &nbsp Keeping it under pressure
allows it to act as solvent and as acid base reagents.&nbsp They realized that water under heat and pressure
opened up new reactions not possible with just having a heated macromolecule.

They stated in the article that"the fact that water plays a role could wreak havoc on established
ideas about oil formation. &nbsp The results suggest that oil can mature much faster than previously
thought.

Back in 1989 it was reported in Scientific journals that oil could form very quickly. I will quote from the magazine
Science News which obtained its information from the prestigious journal Nature

"In the standard geologic recipe for crude oil, buried organic molecules must simmer for millions of years before they
transform into raw petroleum. But oceanographers have found spots on the seafloor that circumvent such a long
cooking time. Near superhot vents, organic sediments turn into petroleum like oil in less than 5000 years, two researchers
report. This is the youngest oil we know of on the earth says bernd R.T. Simoneit and Borys Didyk.........Simoneits group
removed vent chimneys from the Guymas basin for analysis . Chemical studies revealed that oil in the chimneys
contains hydrocarbons closely resembling
those in petroleum. Now Carbon 14 dating indicates the oil is extremely young. Simoneit and Didyk report in the November 2
Nature."