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86th Congress, 1st Session
Union Calendar No, 51
House Report No. 187
COMMITTEE ON
UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
ANNUAL REPORT
FOR THE YEAR 1958
March 8, 1959
(Original Release Date)
March 9, 1959. — Committed to the Committee of the Whole House
on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed.
Prepared and released by the Committee on Un-American Activities
U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C.
37633
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1959
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
United States House of Representatives
FRANCIS E. WALTER, Pennsylvania, Chairman
MORGAN M. MOULDER, Missouri BERNARD W. KEARNEY, New York >
CLYDE DOYLE, California DONALD L. JACKSON, California
EDWIN E. WILLIS, Louisiana GORDON H. SCHERER, Ohio
WILLIAM M. TUCK, Virginia ROBERT J. McINTOSH, Michigan I
Richard Aeens, Staff Director
II
i Congressmen William E. Miller of New York and August E. Johansen of Michigan were appointed
members of the committee by the 86th Congress, replacing Mr. Kearney and Mr. Mcintosh.
Union Calendar No. 51
86th Congress ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ( Report
1st Session J ( No. 187
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1958
March 9, 1959. — Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union and ordered to be printed
Mr. Walter, of Pennsylvania, from the Committee on Un-American
Activities, submitted the following
REPORT
[Pursuant to H. Res. 7, S6th Cong., 1st sess.]
in
CONTENTS
Page
Chapter I. Foreword 1
Chapter II. Hearings:
Gary, Ind 19
Xew England 22
New York City Area (Entertainment) __. 27
The South 31
Newark, N.J 35
Communist Propaganda 38
Communist Subversion in Government 42
Chapter III. Reports:
Chronicle of Treason 43
The Erica Wallach Story 45
Organized Communism in the United States 47
Who Are They?:
Vicente Lombardo Toledano (Mexico) 48
Luis Carlos Prestes (Brazil) 50
Enver Hoxha (Albania) 51
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (Rumania) 52
The House Committee on Un-American Activities, What It Is — What
It Does 53
Patterns of Communist Espionage 54
Chapter IV. Consultations:
The Communist Program for World Conquest 57
Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer
Communist Psychological Warfare (Brainwashing) 59
Edward Hunter
Communist Propaganda Activities in Canada 62
Milan Jakubec
Communist Psychological Warfare (Thought Control) 65
Constantin W. Boldyreff
Communist Encroachment in the Far East 67
Maj. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault
What is Behind the Soviet Proposal for a Summit Conference? 69
Dr. David J. Dallin
Dr. Anthony T. Bouscaren
Dr. James D. Atkinson
Francis J. McNamara
Communist Strategy of Protracted Conflict 71
Dr. Robert Strausz-Hupe
Alvin J. Cottrell
James E. Dougherty
The Ideology of Freedom v. The Ideology of Communism 74
Dr. Charles Wesley Lowry
The Irrationality of Communism 75
Dr. Gerhart Niemeyer
The Myth of "Titoism" 78
Dr. Alex N. Dragnich
Chapter V. Publications 80
Chapter VI. Reference Service 82
Chapter VII. Contempt Proceedings 83
Chapter VIII. Legislative Recommendations 88
Index 97
IV
Public Law 601, 79th Congress
The legislation under which the House Committee on Un-American
Activities operates is Public Law 601, 79th Congress [1946], chapter
753, 2d session, which provides:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of A merica in Congress assembled, * * *
PART 2— RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Rule X
SEC. 121. STANDING COMMITTEES
*******
18. Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.
Rule XI
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
*******
(q) (1) Committee on Un-American Activities.
(A) Un-American activities.
(2) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommit-
tee, is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (i) the extent,
character, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(ii) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propa-
ganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and attacks
the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution, and
(iii) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any necessary
remedial legislation.
The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.
For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such
times and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting,
has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.
*******
Rule XII
LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT BY STANDING COMMITTEES
Sec. 136. To assist the Congress in appraising the administration of the laws
and in developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem neces-
sary, each standing committee of the Senate and the House of Representatives
shall exercise continuous watchfulness of the execution by the administrative
agencies concerned of any laws, the subject matter of which is within the jurisdic-
tion of such committee; and, for that purpose, shall study all pertinent reports
and data submitted to the Congress by the agencies in the executive branch of
the Government.
RULES ADOPTED BY THE 85TH CONGRESS
House Resolution 5, January 3, 1957
*******
Rule X
STANDING COMMITTEES
1. There shall be elected by the House, at the commencement of each Con-
gress,
*******
(q) Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.
*******
Rule XI
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES
*******
18. Committee on Un-American Activities.
(a) Un-American activities.
(b) The Committee on Un-American Activities, as a whole or by subcommittee,
is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (1) the extent, char-
acter, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States,
(2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American prop-
aganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and
attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitu-
tion, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress
in any necessary remedial legislation.
The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House (or to the
Clerk of the House if the House is not in session) the results of any such investi-
gation, together with such recommendations as it deems advisable.
For the purpose of any such investigation, the Committee on Un-American
Activities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such times
and places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting, has
recessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance
of such witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, and
to take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued under
the signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by any
member designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any person
designated by any such chairman or member.
*******
26. To assist the House in appraising the administration of the law T s and in
developing such amendments or related legislation as it may deem necessary,
each standing committee of the House shall exercise continuous watchfulness
of the execution by the administrative agencies concerned of any laws, the subject
matter of which is within the jurisdiction of such committee; and, for that
purpose, shall study all pertinent reports and data submitted to the House by
the agencies in the executive branch of the Government.
VI
ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1958
CHAPTER I
FOREWORD
How serious is the Communist menace within the United States
today?
Although the Communist Party as a formal, visible entity does not
now loom large on the American scene, it is the studied judgment of
this committee that the Communist apparatus in the United States is
more treacherous and, in some respects, a greater menace than ever
before.
It can reasonably be asked: "How can this be true when Communist
Party membership, compared with that of a number of years ago, is
admittedly low? What about the statements which have appeared
in the press claiming that the Communist Party is finished, that it
has suffered so many reverses that there is no longer any need to
worry about it?"
The answer is that these claims are not based on thorough knowledge
of the Communist conspiracy and its operations. In some cases there
is good reason to believe that assertions that the Communist move-
ment in the United States is dead are part of a deliberate effort, in
the interest of the conspiracy, to deceive the American public.
In attempting an objective estimate of the danger the Communist
movement poses to this country at any particular time, the following
factors must all be taken into consideration:
1.
The Strength and Danger of Communism Must Not Be Judged
Merely by the Number of Communist Party Members
The primary aim of Communists is to seize — or maintain— power.
This means that quality, discipline, complete dedication to the
party's cause, and complete subservience to its will are more important
to them than mere numbers.
The Communists consider themselves an elite, the "vanguard of
the working class," the select few who will lead and guide the unin-
formed masses to the earthly paradise of "Socialism." For this reason,
they have never made huge Communist parties their major goal.
They are satisfied with the minimum number required to win — and
then maintain — control of any country. Even in the Soviet Union,
where they have ruled for over 40 years, the membership of the
Communist Party in this slave state of over 200 million people has
never reached the 8 million mark. (The Communists currently
claim 7,495,000 party members in the U.S.S.R. — more than they have
over claimed before.) In mainland China, which has been under
the control of Red Fascism for 10 years, the claimed membership
of the Chinese Communist Party is only 12 million in a population
2 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
that numbers somewhere between 500 and 600 million people. This
is only \% to 2 percent of the population.
In recent months, Communist Partv officials in the Soviet Union
and other Red nations have boasted that there are over 33 million
Communist Party members in the world and that 900 million people
live under Communist rule. On the basis of these figures, Communist
parties average less than 4 percent of the populations of all Communist
nations.
Twenty years ago, Earl Browder, then leader of the U.S. Com-
munist Party, when testifying before the Special Committee on
Un-American Activities, was asked if it was not true that the Com-
munist Party never sought large numbers. The following colloquy
then took place between Browder and members of the committee: 1
Browder. * * * we like numbers too; but not at the ex-
pense of quality.
Q. But quality is the prime consideration?
Browder. Quality is number 1; numbers is number 2.
Q. But quantity is not your objective?
Browder. Not if quality has to be sacrificed.
Quality is obviously what makes any organization successful. All
too often people of some non-Communist nations have judged the
danger of communism only by the number of Communists within
their borders, forgetting that a small, tightly knit, dedicated band of
conspirators is a much greater menace than a group many times larger
which is loosely knit, undisciplined, and lacking in complete dedica-
tion. The result has been that, before they woke up to their error of
judging the Communist danger by numbers alone, they found them-
selves ground under the heel of a Communist tyranny.
According to Lenin himself, the Bolshevik Party had only 240,000
members in 1917 when it overthrew the only representative govern-
ment the Russian people ever had and seized power for itself.
In 1921, when the Communist Party of China held its first congress
in Shanghai there were only about a dozen members present. Within
30 years, the Communists had succeeded in expanding their influence
and numbers so that they could take over a nation of 500 million
people. In 1945, when Juan Jose Arevalo was elected President of
Guatemala, there were not more than a dozen Communists in that
country of about 3 million people. Within 3 or 4 years, the Communists
had the country completely within their grip.
These facts reveal clearly that the present relatively small mem-
bership of the U.S. Communist Party as a formal entity is not the
measure of its danger to the country.
As the chairman of this committee wrote in "Chronicle of Treason,"
a committee document published in March 1958:
It is essential to remember * * * that the effectiveness of
the Communist operation has nothing whatever to do with
the size of the party. A compact, hard-core elite can be and
is of greater value to the Kremlin than would be an unwieldy
mass of undisciplined and various adherents.
' "Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States," Hearings before a Special
Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, September 1939, Vol. 7, p. 4490.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 3
2.
Communist Strength Is Determined By The Causes — And Effects —
Of Its Losses (Or Gains) In Party Membership
Several factors are responsible for the drop in Communist Party-
membership in recent years. Some of them, to a certain extent, are
indications of a weakening of the party. Others actually represent
a gain to the party in certain respects. For this reason, it is a mis-
take to assume that a drop in Communist Party membership, irre-
spective of the reasons for it, automatically represents a great loss of
Communist power and influence.
The following are the principal reasons for the decrease in members
the Communist Party has suffered during the last 10 years:
(a) Disaffection
A number of those who have left the Communist Party in the past
decade have made a complete break with communism.
The true nature of the international Communist conspiracy has
been clearly spotlighted in the past decade b}^ a number of widely
publicized events — the 1949 trial of the top Communist Party leaders;
the Korean war, during which the Communist Party openly and
treasonously sided with the enemies of the United States who in-
flicted over 150,000 casualties on this country; the East Berlin up-
rising; Khrushchev's revelation of Stalin's crimes; and the brutal
doublecross and slaughter of the Hungarian people by Soviet military
forces.
These events, singly and/or collectively, have thoroughly disil-
lusioned an unknown number of former Communist Party members
who have left the conspiracy and are perhaps permanently cured of
any infection with the Communist virus. From the purely quanti-
tative viewpoint, the loss of these members has meant a weakening
of the Communist Party and its influence. Qualitatively, however —
for reasons that will be covered in following pages — it has been some-
thing of a mixed blessing to the party.
(b) Fear
Many persons who have severed all association with the Communist
Party in the past 10 years have done so only out of fear. They have
not done it because of disillusionment with the party itself or loss of
their belief in communism.
Some of these people held government jobs — on the Federal,
State, county, or municipal level. Because of Federal and local
government security programs, congressional investigations, and also
private exposures of Communist activity, these people were afraid to
risk losing their positions b}^ remaining in the party.
Others, though not emplo3 r ed by government, feared loss of their
jobs if party affiliation on their part was ever revealed because they
were employed by private businesses — broadcasting companies, film
studios, newspapers, and similar private enterprises — which cannot
afford to retain Communists on their payrolls because their successful
operation depends to a great extent on public confidence and good will.
Still others who have left the party because of fear were inde-
pendent, self-employed professional people and businessmen — doctors,
lawyers, dentists, owners of small businesses — who feared both eco-
4 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
nomic injury (through loss of patients or customers) and social stigma
or ostracism in their community if it should ever be discovered that
they were Communists.
These people remained ideological Communists; they were not dis-
illusioned with the movement; they had not lost their Communist
faith. While they lacked the complete dedication required to remain
in the party during a period of adversity, they were still strongly
sympathetic to it and to Moscow.
Many of these people still do all they can to help the party. With
their previous Communist Party training and by posing as "liberals"
while they promote the Communist viewpoint on major national and
international issues, they can do much in their professions and
businesses and among their friends and acquaintances to promote
the Communist Party line.
Overall, it is difficult to claim that the "loss" of these people has
seriously hurt the party. Many of them are still working for it and
their departure has strengthened the conspiracy's internal security.
Moreover, if the day ever comes when communism will again be fairly
acceptable in this country, they will be much more openly pro-
Communist. Some will be willing to rejoin the party and, if the party
decides at the time that the largest possible membership is tactically
desirable, they will be taken back in.
(c) Security purges by the Communist Party itself
There is much greater "security" for the Communist conspiracy
in small than in large numbers. This is true of both ideological
security and security against penetration, exposure, and prosecution
by law-enforcement agencies.
In the ideological field:
The larger the Communist party, the more difficult it is to
thoroughly indoctrinate all its members and the greater the danger of
dissension or deviation from what is currently determined to be true
communism. Any splitting in a party, or failure of a member or
faction to unhesitatingly obey the commands of its leaders, weakens
the party's monolithic unity and thus impedes its drive to attain its
objectives.
For this reason all Communist parties have their own secret police
(in the U.S. party, it is called the Control Commission), who are
continually checking on the ideological purity of all members, and
eliminating the deviationists, the rebellious, or the weak and wavering.
Continuing purges among the rank and file to maintain ideological
unity are a characteristic of all Communist parties. In addition, all
Communist parties have had to resort to periodic purges even among
their leaders to weed out the independent minded, the dissidents,
and deviationists.
Inasmueh as all actions stem basically from beliefs, a party that has
come through ideological purges, even though it may be smaller in
numbers than it was before 4 , is actually stronger from the viewpoint of
unity and its ability to intensely and unerringly drive toward its
objectives.
Security against law-enforcement agencies:
Years ago, in his work "What Is To Be Done," Lenin made the
following statement:
* * * the more narrow we make the membership of this
organization, allowing only such persons to be members who
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 5
are engaged in revolution as a profession and who have been
professionally trained in the art of combatting the political
police, the more difficult it will be to "catch" the organization.
Communists in non-Communist nations, particularly when they are
operating illegally and the "political police" are therefore out to
"catch" them, have always followed Lenin's teaching on this score.
United States Communists have been particularly careful in this
respect during the past 10 years. After it was revealed in the trial
of the party's top leaders in 1949 that undercover operatives of the
FBI had penetrated even the leadership circles of the conspiracy, the
party instituted a strict and comprehensive security check of all its
members. This has been continued up to the present time and has
led to the elimination of a considerable number of former party mem-
bers for security reasons. This action on the part of the party is
another reason for its drop in membership.
Unquestionably, the party's own security purge has caused disaffec-
tion on the part of former members who were actually completely
loyal and were expelled against their will. At the same time, how-
ever, it is also true that many of these expelled members, though no
longer technically in the party, are still ideological Communists and,
as such, are doing all they can to promote the party's and Moscow's
interests from outside its ranks.
As a result of these security purges and the purging of some high-
ranking ideological deviationists, the U.S. Communist Part}' today is
much stronger in some respects than it was before. Its membership
has been boiled down to hard-core, seasoned revolutionists, who have
not only survived the party's own purges but who have been unshaken
in their devotion to the conspiracy by major international develop-
ments which have led to disillusionment on the part of thousands of
Communists in many areas of the world.
Armando Penha testified before this committee in its New England
and Atlanta hearings, held, respectively, in March and July 1958.
Penha had served as an FBI undercover operative in the Communist
Party from 1950 until the time of his first appearance before the
committee during its Boston hearings. He had held important party
posts in the New England area and had also served on the party's
National Textile Commission. During the Atlanta hearings, the
following exchange took place between Mr. Penha and the committee
counsel:
Q. According to press reports, which we have seen from
time to time in the Communist press, the actual size of the
entity known as the Communist Party has been reduced,
Mr. Penha. Does this mean, in your judgment, that the
effectiveness or strength or menace of the Communist Party
has been proportionately reduced?
Mr. Pexha. Absolutely not, sir.
Q. Why?
Mr. Pexha. The reason for that is very basic. The party
is not interested in numbers. It is interested in quality. In
fact, as a result of the comrades that either have resigned or
have been expelled or have been detected by the party, they,
as a result of that, have strengthened themselves in removing
these weak links. The party consists of a hard-core, well-
organized, efficient group of Communists.
6 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
This committee does not know just how many of the former Com-
munists who left the party in the last 10 years did so because they
were completely disillusioned with communism; what proportion was
purged by the party itself, or the number who have left only for fear
of exposure. It does, however, propose to those who claim that the
party is finished because the great majority of these former members
are now strongly anti-Communist, completely dedicated to American
principles and ideals and no danger to the country, that they ask
themselves these questions:
How many of the thousands of these former party members have
volunteered to pass on to duly authorized congressional investigating
committees, for the benefit of the American people, their knowledge
of the conspiracy, its operations and agents?
How many of them, unwilling to testify because of the mistaken
notion that it isn't quite cricket to identify conspirators, have by
speech or writing — and without naming names — made any effort to
alert the American public to the strategy, tactics, propaganda devices,
and other techniques the Communist Party is using in its efforts to
destroy freedom here?
How many of them, in any way, are doing anything to fight com-
munism?
The committee believes that unless many dozens of examples can
be cited in response to each one of these questions (and few can be
cited), it is completely misleading to claim that the Communist Party
has been deeply hurt by the "loss" of thousands of members.
3.
Communist Party Organization
The organizational structure of any group has much to do with its
strength and its ability to weather adverse conditions, particularly
detection and prosecution by law-enforcement agencies. Lenin, in
his "Thesis on Fundamental Tasks of the Second Congress" (of the
Communist International), wrote:
In all countries * * * it is absolutely necessary for every
Communist Party systematically to combine legal with
illegal work, legal with illegal organizations * * * it is
necessary, immediate^, for all legal Communist Parties to
form illegal organizations for the purpose of systematically
carrying on illegal work, and of fully preparing for the
moment when the bourgeoisie resorts to persecution.
Communist parties everywhere have followed Lenin's order, estab-
lishing illegal, underground organizations as adjuncts to their "legal"
organizations. Because so much of Communist activity, including
that of so-called "legal" or aboveground organizations, is secret, it
has always been difficult to make a clear-cut distinction between the
underground or illegal apparatus of the Communist movement and
the aboveground, "legal" organizations.
Today, as in the past, there is an almost complete separation
between the two, with only a few key people in the legal apparatus
having any contact with the illegal or strictly underground organiza-
tion. However, because most of the so-called aboveground or "legal"
Communist apparatus in the United States has gone underground in
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 7
varying degrees it is particularly difficult for the average person to
make a decisive distinction between the two groups or to detect Com-
munist activity where it exists.
Normally the distinction between the two sections is this:
The underground or illegal apparatus has traditionally included those
Communists who serve as members of, and couriers for, espionage
rings which are directed by Soviet agents. It has also included,
among others, international Communist agents who supervise and
direct domestic subversive activity; specially trained saboteurs, and
those Communists who succeeded in obtaining sensitive positions
in government or in powerful policy-influencing institutions. All of
these, in order to protect their positions, must completely cut them-
selves off from open party members and activities, receiving orders
and giving information only to specially designated underground
contacts.
The underground is made up of the most hardened, dedicated, and
trustworthy Communists. For this reason, and because of its ex-
tremely tight security, it is much less likely to be affected by purges
and disaffection than the above-ground apparatus. There is no reason
to believe that the Communist underground has suffered membership
losses comparable to those of the aboveground organization.
The aboveground or "legal'' party apparatus is that section of the
conspiracy which operates more or less openly. The expression "more
or less" is used because much of its activity, too, is secret and designed
to avoid detection.
The aboveground is usually made up of the party's national and
state officials who work overtly in then- respective headquarters; the
smaller unit officers and rank-and-file members who openly belong
to Communist Party shop units or neighborhood clubs and just as
openly attend party meetings, rallies, parades, and generally take
part in public Communist Party functions, making no effort to conceal
their affiliation with the conspiracy.
This open, aboveground section of the U.S. Communist Party —
particularly on the rank-and-file level — has practically disappeared
from the American scene in the last ten } 7 ears. This fact has led
many people to the mistaken conclusion that there is no longer any
serious Communist danger to the country.
Following the indictment of the top leaders of the U.S. Communist
Party in 1948, the "aboveground" section of the party reorganized
thousands of its rank-and-file members on a semiunderground basis.
Membership cards were no longer issued. Open neighborhood clubs
and open shop units were disbanded and their members divided into
small cells of three to five persons, which met secretly, usually late at
night, in the homes of the cell members.
Many party leaders also went into hiding at this time, as the party
sought to build deep within the underground a corps which could
replace open officials who might be arrested in the course of the
Government's prosecutions under the Smith Act. Special tasks in
the enlarged underground were given to a considerable number of
trusted party members. They served as couriers in the underground ;
their homes were used as mail drops, hide-outs and meeting places
for party functionaries.
All this was done according to plan and longstanding Communist
doctrine. As far back as 1931, B. Vassiliev, a high-ranking Comintern
8 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
official, writing in "The Communist International" on "Organizational
Problems in Underground Revolutionar}^ Work," 2 warned Commu-
nists that —
the increasing artfulness of the police apparatus of the
bourgeoisie governments in the struggle against the Com-
munist movement makes it essential for the latter to have
a more complicated, flexible and accurately functioning
organization.
"This organization," he said, "will inevitably have to rely on a
strong conspirative apparatus."
But how could the Communists carry out their task of winning over
the people of any country when they were being "persecuted" by the
police and therefore had to go underground? Vassiliev, repeating
Lenin's teaching, said this could be done by —
the formation of an illegal apparatus alongside the still
functioning legal Party apparatus, to take over the functions
of the legal apparatus as this is liquidated as the result of
police repression, and also to carry out specific functions
which arise from the fact of the sharpening of the class
struggle, such as the protection of speakers, of Party build-
ings, etc., and to prepare the Party for higher forms of
struggle in the future. In proportion as the legal apparatus
of the Party is liquidated, the directing functions will inevi-
tably pass more and more to the illegal apparatus.
Vassiliev then gave detailed information on just how the Com-
munists were to set up their illegal or underground apparatus — out-
lining the preparation of secret headquarters, storage places for party
records, the concealment of printing presses, the establishment of a
courier and communications system, and all the other procedures
necessary for underground existence.
No Communist Party, however, likes — or can afford — to go com-
pletely underground for any length of time. If it does so, it will tend
to die on the vine. It will find it extremely difficult to recruit new
members. Older rank-and-file members will die off or, unable to
stand the strain of a completely underground life for long periods,
will become disillusioned and leave the conspiracy.
Most important of all, from Moscow's view, the party will lose its
ability to influence the non-Communist masses along Communist lines.
Vassiliev, at the same time that he stressed the importance of thorough-
going preparation for underground life whenever it became necessary,
warned Communists against the danger of going too far underground:
We can imagine a Party organization so well hidden that
the police do not even suspect its existence, but if this Party
organization, while hiding from the police, has become invis-
ible to the toiling masses also, such a Party organization by
this fact alone loses its most important feature as the organ-
ization of the vanguard of the working class and is converted
from an organization of the Communist Party into a helpless
group of conspirators.
2 "The Communist International," Sept. 1, 1931, pp. 442-44*1.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 9
The aboveground section of the U.S. conspiracy, well schooled in
Communist tactics, did not make the mistake, as it moved under-
ground, of completely severing its channels of communication to the
American people. It took two major steps, one open and one covert,
to avoid this error.
The open step: It maintained an open national headquarters and,
while it closed down some of its district (which corresponded roughly to
State) headquarters, it also kept a fair number of them open. In addi-
tion, it continued to operate many of its old fronts, set up some new
ones, and continued to publish its major party and front periodicals.
The covert step: While the party went largely underground and
almost disappeared from view as an organization or entity, its members
were told that they, as individuals, were to continue — and even step
up — their aboveground (though concealed) Communist agitation and
propaganda activity.
By 1956, sensing a less hostile attitude toward communism in this
country, the party began a move toward more aboveground activity
again. Some of its leaders who had jumped bail after Smith Act
convictions and gone into hiding, reappeared and surrendered to
authorities. Other functionaries emerged from the underground.
The party held a national convention in February 1957 — the first
since 1950. There was an increase in Communist front activity
although lower level party clubs and units continued to meet in secret.
The Communist organizational structure today is therefore made
up of the following elements:
The traditional underground or "illegal" apparatus which, as always,
remains completely hidden from view and engages only in clandestine
activity.
The traditional ''legal" section which normally operates above-
ground now operates on three levels:
(a) An open surface organization (much smaller than in the past).
(b) A semiunderground organization, made up of the bulk of its
rank-and-file members who meet secretly but operate above ground
individually and as ostensible non-Communists.
(c) A group composed, for the most part, of key functionaries and
leaders who have gone, and remain, deeply underground.
Just a partial listing of the activities the "aboveground" Communist
Party is carrying on openly today is sufficient to disprove the claim
that the conspiracy is on its last legs and no longer constitutes a danger
to the country.
In the publishing field alone, it is regularly putting out the following
publications:
The Worker — weekly newspaper published in New York.
People's World — weekly newspaper published in San Francisco.
Political Affairs — monthly political and agitational directive
published in New York.
Mainstream — monthly cultural and literary organ published in
New York.
Science and Society — quarterly theoretical organ on Marxism-
Leninism published in New York.
New World Review — monthly propaganda organ on the Soviet
Union, Red China, and the Communist satellites, published in
New York.
10 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
Party Affairs — an occasionally issued internal publication.
Party Voice — an internal publication of the New York State
Communist Party, published monthly in New York.
Some of the Communist front publications which are issued at
varying intervals are:
American-Soviet Facts — published irregularly in New York by
the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship.
Rights — published monthly in New York by the Emergency Civil
Liberties Committee.
The Lamp — published monthly in New York by the American
Committee for Protection of Foreign Born.
Lawyers Guild Review — published quarterly in New York by the
National Lawyers Guild.
Facts jor Farmers — published monthly in New York by Farm
Research, Inc.
Economic Notes — published monthly in New York by the Labor
Research Association.
Southern Newsletter— published monthly in Chicago.
In the foreign language field a number of organs which consistently
expound the Communist Party line are being published. Among
them are:
Russky Golos — Russian daily published in New York City.
Nok Vilaga (Women's World) — Hungarian monthly published
in New York City.
Hungarian Word — a weekly published in New York City.
Vilnis — Lithuanian labor daily published in Chicago.
Glos Ludowy — Polish-American weekly published in Detroit.
Narodni Glasnik — Croatian daily newspaper published in Pitts-
burgh.
Ukrainian Daily News — Ukrainian daily published in New York
Cit y-
Morning Freiheit — Yiddish daily published in New York City.
Five unions which have been officially cited as Communist con-
trolled publish papers that carry the party line to about 300,000 of
their members. These publications are:
UE News — publication of the United Electrical, Radio and
Machine Workers of America, published fortnightly in New
York City.
The Dispatcher — publication of the International Longshoremen's
and Warehousemen's LTnion, published fortnightly in San
Francisco.
Mine-Mill Union — publication of the International Union of
Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, published monthly in Denver,
Colo.
AC A Neivs — publication of the American Communications Asso-
ciation, published monthly except August in New York City.
Teacher News — weekly publication of New York Teachers Union.
The Communist Party operates two publishing houses in New York
City — International Publishers and New Century Publishers. Its
agents control printing shops in cities such as Chicago, Detroit,
Philadelphia, and Los Angeles, as well as in New York City, where
Communist publications and propaganda literature of various kinds
are turned out in quantity. A chain of Communist bookstores
scattered throughout the country also serve as propaganda-distribut-
ing arms of the party.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 11
A Communist educational institution operates openly in New York
City.
In addition to those already named, the Communist Party
controls many other front organizations, some national in scope, some
local; some permanent in character, some "fly-by-night" organizations
set up and operated briefly to exploit a temporary issue.
In the 1958 elections, the Communist Party ran candidates for
public office in a number of selected areas, in nearly all cases on the
ticket of some "political party" which claimed to be non-Communist.
These items by no means comprise a complete rundown of present
open Communist Party operations in the United States, but they are
sufficient to prove conclusively that the U.S. Communist Party is still
a going organization; that it is not dead or even dormant.
4.
Communist Tactics
Not only the structure of an organization but its flexibility, its
readiness to adopt varying tactics to meet changing conditions, is an
important factor in weighing its staying power, its relative strength
and weakness, and, in the case of a conspiratorial apparatus, the
danger it presents.
Lenin warned all Communists that —
The strictest loyalty to the ideas of Communism must be
combined with the ability to make all the necessary practical
compromises, to "tack," to make agreements, zigzags, re-
treats, and so on, in order to accelerate the coming into
[power].
He also cautioned them that, in varying their tactics, in retreating
when necessary, they must never lose sight of their final goal but always
work toward it:
In order not to get lost in these zigzags and twists * * * in
the periods of retreat, retirement or temporary defeat, or
when history, or the enemy, throws us back * * * the impor-
tant and the only theoretically correct thing is not to cast
out the old basic program.
During the latter part of the 1930's and the immediate post- World
War II period, the U.S. Communist Party's tactics were those of
mass, open agitation and propaganda. The party was much larger
than it is now and it tried to make itself appear even larger and more
powerful than it was. It had big turnouts for its May Day parades
and rallies. Its fronts achieved mass memberships; its clubs and
units agitated openly and aggressively in their local areas. Propa-
ganda literature under the name of the party itself was distributed
widely.
During the late 1940's many developments contributed to a changed
attitude on the part of the American public toward the Communist
Party — Moscow's takeover of nations in Eastern Europe, Soviet bel-
ligerence and instigation of the cold war, the Communist conquest
of China, the testimony of Elizabeth Bentley, Whittaker Chambers
and others before this committee, the revelations contained in the
Hiss, Remington, and similar cases.
37633—59 2
12 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
The institution of a Federal security program, the 1949 trial and
conviction of the party's top leaders, the expulsion of a dozen Com-
munist-controlled unions from the CIO, the passage of the Internal
Security Act and other anti-Communist legislation on Federal, State,
and local levels were some of the milestones marking this new view-
point.
The Korean war, with American troops engaged in actual combat
with the Chinese and North Korean Communists, who were openly
supported by the U.S. Communist Party, climaxed these develop-
ments. Anti-Communist feeling in the United States rose to an all-
time high. Many Communists were afraid to appear at any openly
Communist affair. Communist fronts lost much of their influence
and could neither get large turnouts for their meetings nor sell the
party line with the same degree of success they had in the past.
The party (and Moscow) realized then that there would have to be
a change in tactics. The old ones would no longer do.
A change in the party's organizational structure had already been
made. The usual aboveground section of the party had gone almost
completely underground to protect, as far as possible, its leaders and
members from the Smith Act prosecutions which had been instituted
in late 1948.
This set the stage for the tactical change.
The key problem was this: How could the party, while largely
underground to protect its members, avoid losing its ability to per-
form its most vital function — that of reaching the American public
with pro-Communist propaganda?
The party solved it in simple fashion. It continued its largely
underground existence only in an organizational or administrative
sense — for planning, instruction, meetings, communication of direc-
tives, and similar functions. Its individual members, as previously
mentioned, were ordered to continue and step up their propaganda
and agitation work.
They were to do this by joining mass non-Communist organiza-
tions — civic groups such as parent-teacher associations, church groups,
foreign-policy organizations, and the like. Posing as non-Communist
liberals in these organizations, party members were to promote the
party line by stressing "peace" and "civil liberties" propaganda.
There was a twofold objective in the new tactics of relying more on
individual infiltrators than on mass activity for promotion of the party
line. The party hoped that, even while it was largely underground
organizationally and thus enjoying the greatest possible security, it
would still be able to assist greatly the foreign -policy objectives of the
Soviet Union ("peace") and, at the same time, create a climate of
opinion ("civil liberties") that would eventually permit the normally
aboveground section of the conspiracy to emerge from the underground
to a great extent and resume its open activities on a much larger scale.
Years ago, Georgi Dimitrov, secretary general of the Communist
International, made the following statement:
As Soviet power grows [as it has tremendously since World
War II], there will be a greater aversion to Communist parties
everywhere. So we must practice the techniques of with-
drawal. Never appear in the foreground; let our friends do
the work. * * *
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 13
The Communist Party is following this tactic today. More and
more, it is endeavoring — and frequently succeeding — in getting non-
Communist "friends," independently and not through front groups,
to serve as the major exponents of its propaganda line and thus endow
this line with a respectability and acceptance it would never attain
under open Communist auspices.
The party's and Moscow's current propaganda emphasis on broad
international issues which are matters of deep concern to many
non-Communists — the problems of peace, disarmament, radiation from
atomic weapons tests — rather than on intense and open agitation on
obviously Communist internal questions, helps the party greatly
in this work.
It is also using the device of appealing to the selfish interests and
special fears— and even moral principles — of various sectors of Ameri-
can society to secure support for its line (alleged huge profits from trade
with Red China to promote its recognition by the United States;
exaggerated fear of "fallout" to bring an end to U.S. atomic defense
preparation; the opposition to violence of any kind that characterizes
certain religious and pacifist organizations to promote appeasement).
In this way it finds supporters for its positions among many people
who have no sympathy for communism as such.
This committee's continuing investigation and study also reveal
that the U.S. branch of the world Communist conspiracy is making
a deliberate effort to create the impression that it is weak and dying.
The present open offices it maintains, compared in size and number
with those of a clecade or more ago, are almost insignificant — and mis-
lead many non-Communists into believing that the party is shattered
and ineffective. The party's decision to close down the Daily
Worker — even though it actually had the funds to continue publishing
it — was also intended to have the same effect.
It is using the device of temporary resignations from the party to
protect its members and to promote the idea that the party has lost
many members and that all the congressional investigating committees
can therefore do today is find some people who were Communists in
the past.
It has been the repeated experience of this committee in recent
years, for example, that persons who have been identified as Com-
munist Party members by responsible witnesses under oath, will deny
current membership in the Communist Party when called before the
committee and interrogated under oath. These same people, how-
ever, invoke the fifth amendment when asked about party member-
ship in the immediate past and, more important, often refuse to say if
they intend to reaffiliate with the party after the completion of the
committee hearing.
Press accounts of such hearings frequently report only that the
witness denied membership in the Communist Party. The public is
thus given the impression that there are very few Communists to be
found anywhere.
The Communist Part}' did not just sit back and wait for a change
in the strongly anti-Communist "climate of opinion" created in this
country by the testimony of Louis Budenz, Elizabeth Bentley,
Whittaker Chambers, and other witnesses before this committee, by
the Hiss, Remington, and Harry Dexter White cases, and by the
Korean war and other developments. It is doing all it can to promote
14 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
such a change, not only by concentrating on "civil liberties" and
"constitutional rights" propaganda and creating an impression of
Communist weakness, but also by promoting attacks on the agencies
and laws of this country which hamper or expose its conspiratorial and
subversive activities. With the help of a number of its fronts, some
prominent fellow travelers, secret party members and sympathetic
publications, it has launched a continuing propaganda and agitation
campaign against the Smith Act, Internal Security Act, and the Immi-
gration and Nationality Act. More recently, it has stimulated attacks
on the Federal Bureau of Investigation and promoted a drive to abolish
the House Committee on Un-American Activities. This drive is spear-
headed by the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee (a "civil liberties' '
front formed in 1951 after the party went largely underground), with
the support of the National Lawyers Guild, Citizens Committee To
Preserve American Freedoms, the Chicago Committee To Preserve
Freedom of Speech and the Press, and the Southern California chapter
of the American Civil Liberties Union.
The few open offices the Communist Party has maintained have
served to create a misleading impression of "openness" and legitimacy
on its part.
Hearings held|by the committee during the past year revealed that
the Communist conspiracy is also carrying on very active (though
secret) colonization of key industries. It is dispatching to areas
where these industries are concentrated highly educated Communist
agents who conceal the fact that they hold one or several college
degrees and obtain jobs as mill hands.
The aim of these agents is to gain the confidence of, and sell them-
selves to, the workers in these industries, to discredit anti-Communist
union officials, and to win positions of leadership for themselves so that
they will be able to reestablish strong Communist influence in the labor
movement. These Communist colonizers also have the mission — if
and when the time comes — of impeding the U.S. defense effort by
fomenting strikes or by actual sabotage of vital machinery.
If the tactical shifts made by the Communist Party during the last
ten years indicate anything, it is strength rather than weakness. Any
organization that can so readily and cleverly adjust itself to changed,
adverse conditions is a force to be reckoned with.
5.
The U.S. Party— Part of Powerful World Movement
There is obviously a great difference between the power of a rela-
tively small national organization which is a completely independent,
lone entity and one which is an integral part of an international
organization of tremendous strength.
If the U.S. Communist Party stood alone, it would represent no
more than a fraction of the danger it presents to this country at all
times because of the fact that it is a part of the worldwide Communist
movement. As such, the U.S. Communist Party not only takes
orders from the Kremlin, but also derives strength and receives
assistance in various forms from the Soviet Union, Red China, the
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 15
satellite nations, and the Communist parties of other non-Communist
nations.
The flood of foreign propaganda that inundates the United States
each year is just one example of how the U.S. Communist Party is
helped by Moscow and other Communist capitals. Scores of publi-
cations in many different languages flow into the United States day
after day to bolster the line and the claims of the U.S. Communist
Party and to help it attain its objectives.
The latest available statistics indicate that during the year 1958
alone, an estimated 10 million separate pieces of Communist propa-
ganda material arrived in this country from Soviet-bloc nations and
were distributed through the U.S. mails, in part at the expense of
American taxpayers. None of this material was labeled as Communist
political propaganda, as required by the Foreign Agents Registration
Act. During recent years, too, an increasing quantity of Communist
propaganda material has been entering this country, not directly
from the Soviet bloc but from Communist agencies in friendly coun-
tries such as Canada.
In addition, a very large amount of such material is sent to this
country each year as first-class mail (there is no way of determining
the exact quantity because mail of this type cannot be checked).
In the most important of all phases of Communist Party activity —
propaganda warfare — the U.S. Communist Party also receives regular
assistance from Soviet and other Iron Curtain diplomats who are
stationed here and from high-ranking Communist officials who are
permitted to visit this country.
The U.S. Communist Party owes much to Ambassador Menshikov
for the slick, Communist-serving propaganda speeches he has made
before various American organizations and on radio and TV programs.
Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan, who recently visited the United
States, contributed yeoman propaganda service to the U.S. Com-
munist Party, as well as to the Kremlin.
The committee recently published a report, "Patterns of Communist
Espionage," which reveals how Communist diplomats stationed in
this country help local Communist operations in another way — by
recruiting spies for the Communist espionage apparatus here and by
using blackmail and terror to silence some anti-Communist voices.
In the committee's view, the U.S. Communist Party's tieup with
the world Communist movement dominated by the masters of the
Kremlin has always been one of the chief sources of its strength.
6.
Attitude of Non-Communists Toward the Party
A final and important consideration in analyzing Communist
strength — and therefore the danger of communism — is the attitude
of the non-Communist population toward the conspiracy and the
Soviet Union which controls it.
If the Communist organization is a small minority and the great
non-Communist majority of any nation is well informed about its
nature, strategy, and tactics, the Communist Party just cannot
flourish. It is then like a plant that needs rich soil to grow in, but is
16 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
placed in dry, sandy soil that provides it little nourishment. It will
never be strong. It will often wither and die.
Just the opposite is true, however — even when the party is very
small — if the non-Communist population is not well informed about
it and, most important of all, if it is apathetic, indifferent, and weak
in its opposition to the part} 7 and its bosses in the Kremlin. The con-
spiracy then has favorable soil in which to grow — and many Com-
munist parties (including that of the United States) have demon-
strated remarkable ability to expand rapidly in numbers and influence
under such conditions. They then become a serious threat.
The committee is concerned about the apathy, indifference, and
softened attitude toward the Communist Party on the part of the
American public which has become apparent in the last few years.
This attitude has attained such proportions that a number of high
Government and security officials, who know the danger facing the
Nation and see the need for continuing strong opposition to commu-
nism in all walks of life, have felt compelled to speak out and try to
reverse an obviously dangerous trend.
The committee firmly believes that there is no justification for
apathy today and that its continuation or increase poses a serious
threat to our defense against communism, both at home and abroad.
It provides opportunities for internal Communist Party expansion
and for further successful Soviet aggression against the free world.
J. Edgar Hoover has recently pointed out how dangerous such indiffer-
ence can be in view of Communist power and aims :
Public apathy is the sure way to national suicide — to
death of individual freedom. It allowed the Communists
to penetrate and make satellites of once-free countries, and
it is presently enabling them to honeycomb and weaken the
structures of the remaining countries, and there is today a
terrifying apathy on the part of Americans toward the
deadliest danger which this country has ever faced. Some
of that apathy is deliberately induced. Those who try to
minimize its danger are either uninformed or they have a
deadly ax to grind.
SUMMARY
The committee believes that the Communist Party is still a serious
danger to this country for the following reasons:
(1) Communist strength and influence — and therefore the dan-
ger it poses to any country at a given time — cannot be judged
only by the membership of the party. For this reason, the U.S.
Communist Party's relatively small numbers today do not mean
that is it not a serious threat.
(2) The U.S. Communist Party, though smaller than in the
past, is made up of hard-core revolutionaries who have been tested
by time and adversity. As such it has greater discipline, unity of
purpose, and drive than a large, loosely knit organization. It
also has much greater internal security and better protection
against exposure and prosecution than it had in the past.
(3) The Communist system of organization — its division into
underground and aboveground sections, with many members of
the underground apparatus engaging in secret infiltration activity
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 17
while the aboveground carries on a certain amount of open agita-
tion and propaganda — permits it to make the most effective use
of its power and achieve much more in the way of positive results
than a legitimate organization of similar size.
(4) The Communist Party has demonstrated great ability from
a tactical standpoint to adapt itself to changed conditions so
as to suffer the least possible damage and, even while largely
underground, to wield considerable influence on great numbers of
non-Communist Americans.
(5) The U.S. Communist Party has behind it the power and
influence of the world Communist conspiracy. It does not stand
alone.
(6) The attitude of the American people of late has tended to be
one of apathy, rather than of aggressive opposition to the Com-
munist Party. This provides the conspiracy with favorable
conditions for regaining the power it formerly possessed.
The eight years that Armando Penha spent in the Communist Party
as an informant for the FBI (1950-58) covered the period that saw a
large drop in technical Communist Part}' membership. During these
years, Penha held key leadership posts on the State and regional level
and served on one of the conspiracy's national commissions. Because
of this, he had excellent opportunit} 7- to observe Communist morale,
strategy, tactics, and effectiveness on all levels. He saw how the
party reacted to the most unfavorable conditions it has had to oper-
ate under in the last 35 years or so. In his appearance before this
committee in Atlanta in July 1958, the following exchange took
place between Mr. Penha and the committee:
Q. * * * Mr. Penha, on the basis of your extensive back-
ground and experience, please tell this committee how serious
is the Communist operation in the United States right now.
Mr. Pexha. Based upon my experiences, it is rather un-
fortunate for me to report — but fortunate in order to alert
the people of the United States — that the Communist Party
in this country is by and large a greater menace today than
it has ever been in the past.
Q. Would you kindly explain why you have reached that
conclusion after your 8 years in the Communist Party as an
undercover agent of the FBI.
Mr. Penha. Well, sir, shortly after I entered the Com-
munist Party, the Communist Party reevaluated its entire
policy; and, in order to carry out its aims, it realized that the
most important thing for it to do was to go completely under-
ground, with only a small group that would exist in the upper
level for propaganda purposes.
In connection with this, the party, by going underground,
has been a party of hard-core, zealous, dedicated Commu-
nists, who have been trained for the ultimate purpose of the
overthrow of this Government. Its techniques have adopted
both legal and illegal methods of operations, both open and
concealed methods, and above all, at all times, to go in accord-
ance with the wishes of the Kremlin.
18 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
During the year 1958, 108 witnesses testified before this committee
in public session and more than one-half that number in executive ses-
sion. On the basis of the testimony of these people and the committee's
own continuing investigation and research into current Communist
operations, it is the committee's conviction that Mr. Penha made a
far more realistic judgment concerning the danger presented to this
country by the Communist Party than have those persons who,
without his firsthand experience and without deep study of the
question, have claimed that the Communist Party is finished and is
no longer a serious danger to the United States.
CHAPTER II
HEARINGS
GARY, IND.
"It is necessary * * * to agree to any and every sacrifice, and even — if need be —
to resort to all sorts of devices, manoeuvres, and illegal methods, to evasion and sub-
terfuge, in order to penetrate into the trade unions, to remain in them, and to carry
on Communist work in them at all costs."
This Leninist policy is being followed by Communists today in their
effort to infiltrate and control labor unions, according to the testimony
of Mr. John Lautner during hearings held in Gary, Ind., on February
10 and 11, 1958, by the Committee on Un-American Activities. 1
The committee, continuing its investigation of Communist tech-
niques and tactics of infiltration and the extent, character, and ob-
jects of Communist Party propaganda activities in basic industry,
obtained significant information from Mr. Lautner, an active Com-
munist Party member for more than 20 years before his expulsion from
the party in 1950. He held many important positions of leadership,
including section organizer of the Communist Party in New York City
for a number of years, district organizer of the Communist Party in
West Virginia for 5 years, member of the Nationality Commission of
the Communist Party, member of the National Review Commission
of the Communist Party (its disciplinary body), and chairman of the
Review Commission for the State of New York.
Mr. Lautner testified that employees in basic industry constitute
the "decisive sections of the working class without which the Com-
munist Party cannot realize its fundamental objective" of bringing
about a complete change in our society.
Mr. Lautner's testimony further revealed a formula used by the
Communist Party in its efforts to gain control of the American labor
movement and win the workers to its side. The plan, he said, began
as far back as 1932 when it was decided to concentrate first on basic
industry, such a steel. Key factories and shops were the next step,
and from there the plan evolved to key departments within the fac-
tories and key people within the departments. By 1948 between 400
and 500 industrial branches were established throughout the country
by the Communist Party.
In the late 1940's, when the CIO was in the process of expelling
Communist-controlled unions from its ranks, and many unions were
ridding themselves of Communist officers, the power of the Communist
Party to exert influence over large masses of American laborers as
well as over industry itself was threatened.
In a frantic effort to build its power within the American labor
movement, the Communist Party at this time adopted a policy of
"colonization" whereby the party instructed its members, including
intellectuals and white-collar workers, to migrate to certain industrial
areas and obtain employment in specific industries for the purpose of
building party units within that industry.
1 See "Investigation of Communist Infiltration and Propaganda Activities in Basic Industry (Gary, Ind.
Area)," hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, Feb. 10 and 11, 1958.
19
20 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
Describing this renewed and concentrated effort by the Com-
munists, Mr. Lautner testified that a number of classes for "colonizer"
members of the Communist Party were organized by J. Peters, for
many years top leader of the underground apparatus of the Com-
munist Party.
The classes were composed of young men from colleges and universi-
ties who were convinced —
that a so-called bourgeois education and diploma have no
future; that there is a better future for a bright and alert
and, at the same time, loyal and devoted young party person
to go into basic industry and come up with the grassroots and,
in the course of a few years, become the leader of a large seg-
ment of workers in basic industries.
Mr. Lautner's close association with Peters afforded him the
opportunity to discuss the party plans for colonization and to observe
how Peters prepared his curriculum and material for presentation in
the colonization classes. The witness testified that the boys in these
classes "after graduation uprooted themselves, and they became pro-
fessional revolutionaries." They were loyal and devoted to the Com-
munist cause and to the Communist Party, and would leave their
homes at any time to go anywhere the party assigned them.
The Communists are still pursuing their colonization program.
Since a college education would be a liability to a man working in a
mill, or on an assembly line, it is necessary for the "colonizer" to
conceal the fact that he has a college background. The committee
produced documentary evidence in several instances to show how this
has become a common practice in the Communist attempt to infiltrate
basic industry.
The danger this situation presents is by no means minimal, for in
the event of a national emergency these colonizers, because of their
key positions and concealed capacities, would be able to commit
sabotage. A trained Communist, by a flip of a switch or the pull of a
lever, could disrupt the work of thousands.
Communists also seek to enhance the party's position in labor by
discrediting anti-Communist union leadership and creating dissension
within non-Communist unions so that, at the very least, individuals
who will tolerate Communist activities in the labor movement will
again be selected for union leadership.
INFILTRATION OF STEEL INDUSTRY
Another witness whose testimony provided the committee with
valuable information on the work of the Communist Party in estab-
lishing Communist units within the steel industry was Joseph E.
LaFleur. Mr. LaFleur, a former undercover agent for the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, was active in the Communist Party for 10
years, but left it in 1952 when he realized that he was suspected of
being a Government agent by the party leadership.
Mr. LaFleur testified that Howard Lawrence, at one time section
organizer of the Communist Party in Gary, repeatedly emphasized
the importance of organizing the men within the steel union. To
"make these members Communists" was the primary objective and
every effort was to be directed toward its achievement.
In the late 1940's a group of young Communists "from colleges in
the East" migrated to the Gary area. According to the testimony
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 21
of Mr. LaFleur, these men immediately identified themselves to local
party leaders and were instructed to work on the mill units.
Concealing the fact that they had college backgrounds and that they
were militant Communists, these men applied for and received em-
ployment in the steel industry.
A Communist functionary known by the witness to have aided
substantially in the steel units is Katherine Hyndman. Committee
records reveal that Mrs. Hyndman was arrested on a deportation
charge on January 5, 1949, and that a final order of deportation to
Yugoslavia was issued on January 29, 1953. Yugoslavia, however,
refused to accept her, and she is still a resident of this country.
LaFleur testified that she was actively engaged in Communist activi-
ties even after her arrest and that she was still an active organizer in
Gary when he left the party in 1952.
In the course of his testimony LaFleur identified 32 persons known
to him as members of the Communist Party in Gary. Twelve of
these were called as witnesses during the hearings. Of these, eight
refused to answer material questions relating to Communist Party
activities within the steel industry. Two of these witnesses admitted
being former members of the Communist Party. Witnesses Willard
Malis and Lazo Kebraca denied that they had ever been Communist
Party members.
Edward Yellin, whom Mr. LaFleur identified as a member of the
Communist Party, was confronted with his application for employment
in a steel plant which concealed information that he had attended the
City College of New York and the University of Michigan.
Air. Yellin was asked if he was following Communist Party instruc-
tions when he applied for employment. He refused to answer. The
witness also refused to answer any questions concerning the Com-
munist plan to colonize basic industry with young men who were loyal
and devoted to the Communist cause. He further refused to answer
questions relating to his place of residence prior to August 1957, his
formal education, his record of employment, or his membership in the
Communist Party at the time he applied for employment. In refus-
ing to answer, Mr. Yellin did not rely on the self-incrimination clause
of the fifth amendment, but asserted a claim that he was not required
to answer by reason of the provisions of the first amendment. 2
Robert Lehrer, a graduate of Rutgers University and an employee
in the steel industry in Gary, was also identified as a member of the
Communist Party by Mr. LaFleur. Mr. Lehrer was summoned by
the Committee on Un-American Activities to appear at the hearings
in Gary during the investigation of Communist infiltration in basic
industry, but refused to answer any questions asked of him by the
committee concerning his education and his record of employment,
Communist Party activities within basic industry, or his own Com-
munist Party membership.
Lehrer was confronted with photostatic copies of his college records,
and of his application for employment to a steel plant which omitted
any reference to his college background or the fact that he held an
A.B. degree. He refused to testify concerning either of them. 2
2 Contempt proceedings have been instituted against Edward Yellin and Robert Lehrer, both of whom
refused to answer material questions on the basis of the first amendment and the decisions of the Supreme
Court of the United States in the Watkins and Sweezey cases.
Two other witnesses at the Gary hearings who were identified as Communists have also been cited for
contempt of Congress: Alfred James Samter, who based his refusal to answer on substantially the same
grounds as those relied upon by Yellin and Lehrer, and Victor Malis, who relied upon the first amendment
in refusing to answer.
22 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
NEW ENGLAND
The techniques being employed at this very moment by American
agents of the Kremlin in the New England area, were revealed in
grim detail durins; hearings of the committee held in Boston, Mass.,
March 18-21, 1958. 3
At the time Armando Penha took the witness stand in the course
of these committee hearings, he was still a trusted officer of the Com-
munist Party on both a national and New England area level. The
copious facts which this witness then proceeded to put into the public
record regarding the present organizational structure, strategy, and
membership of the Communist conspiracy — from the party's top
national councils down to its underground apparatus — abruptly
ended his career in the Communist Party. But for the first time the
public could appreciate the outstanding service which this witness
had rendered his country by serving as a Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion undercover agent within the Communist Party for 8 years.
Mr. Penha discussed with authority the inner workings of the higher
echelon of the Communist conspiracy as a result of holding such party
offices as member of the National Textile Commission of the Com-
munist Party of the United States; member of the New England
District Committee and attendant at meetings of the New England
District Metals Commission; section organizer for the party in the
New Bedford, Mass., area; chairman of the Bristol County, Mass.,
Communist Party; and chairman of a Regional Section Organizers
Committee.
Assessing the seriousness of the Communist Party threat today, Mr.
Penha declared:
Based on my experiences, I feel — and I am sure that I am
absolutel} 7 correct — that the Communist conspiracy, by and
large today, is much stronger than it has ever been. * * *
The party has strengthened itself every time that it weeds out
weaklings, those that they suspect, those who do not accept
the party discipline, and as such it becomes stronger.
During the 8 years that he was in the Communist Party, Mr. Penha
had known approximately 400 members of the party. Of this number,
between 285 and 315 operated in the New England area. In the course
of his testimony, Penha identified by name over 200 Communist Party
members he had personally known, including top-flight functionaries
of the National Committee of the Communist Party.
PARTY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
In connection with the current organizational structure of the party,
he testified:
The Communist apparatus is established with the National
Committee as being the top functionary body.
In the National Committee level, there are also various
types of national groups. You have your National Executive
Committee, you have National Commissions, various depart-
ments. In all I would say there are about eight or nine.
8 See "Investigation of Communist Activities in the New England Area," pts. 1-3, hearings before the
Committee on Un-American Activities, Mar. 14, 18-21, 1958.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 23
From there it drops down to the district level, New England
being the District No. 1. New England encompasses the
areas of Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts.
From the district level, it drops down to county level if
they exist. At times they do not. From there it drops down
to section levels, known as cities and its suburban areas.
From there it drops down to clubs or cells. These are small
groups. They comprise membership in specific areas, par-
ticularly in organizations. From that it drops down to
neighborhood groups or neighborhood clubs. From that it
goes into individuals who, for one reason or another, should
not be placed in clubs and/or cells.
The National Textile Commission of the Communist Party, of
which Mr. Penha was a member, was established by the National
Committee of the Communist Party in 1955. The purpose of the
Textile Commission was to direct further colonization and infiltration
by the Communist Party into the textile industry, particularly in the
South. The North was to contribute experienced colonizers and
money. In connection with this endeavor, Mr. Penha took a trip to
the South where he was in contact with top Communist Party leaders
and colonizers, particularly in North Carolina, a center of the textile
industry in the South. The technique of colonization, according to
Mr. Penha, is being applied by the party in all types of major industry.
Mr. Penha, who was in active contact with the Communist under-
ground, described the stringent security measures exercised in the
underground operation. Some members completely divorced them-
selves from the open apparatus of the party and, in most instances,
completely separated themselves from their families. They assumed
false identities and used various devices to alter their physical appear-
ance. They lived in the homes of trusted party members and all
contact with the open apparatus was handled through couriers.
COMMUNIST FRONTS
A detailed summary of current or recent Communist-front opera-
tions in the New England area was also obtained by the committee in
the course of the hearings.
In New England, as in other parts of the country, front organiza-
tions, which are either set up by the Communist Party or infiltrated
and eventually controlled by it, sought to lure non-Communists into
propaganda activities and fund collection campaigns on behalf of the
Communist cause. The names of these organizations were deliberately
selected to conceal their true Communist nature.
Typical of front organizations active in the New England area
were the New England Citizens Concerned for Peace, the Massachu-
setts Committee for the Bill of Rights, the New Bedford Peace Com-
mittee, and the New Bedford Committee To Fight Unemployment.
The chief aim of the New England Citizens Concerned for Peace
was to assist in a Communist campaign to build up pressures on Con-
gress against universal military training legislation, according to the
undercover observations of Armando Penha. In its efforts to weaken
American resistance to Communist aggression in Korea, the organiza-
tion took advantage of every opportunity to "undermine and harass
our public officials in the Government at large," Mr. Penha testified.
24 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
The witness identified as Communists active in the organization
Florence Tamsky, Mary Figueirido, Frances Hood, and Jean Belle-
feuille, among others.
Mrs. Muriel Gravelle McAvoy, wno was a top functionary of the
Communist Party of New Hampshire according to another Federal
Bureau of Investigation undercover agent, Carol Foster, has served
as executive secretary of the New England Citizens Concerned for
Peace. Mrs. McAvoy was called as a witness in the course of the
New England hearings but refused to answer questions regarding her
activities in either the Communist Party or the front organization.
The Massachusetts Committee for the Bill of Rights, Mr. Penha
testified — •
was established for only one purpose, and that was to put all
the pressure within its command, of the Communist con-
spiracy, to do away with the State Sedition Law, which I be-
lieve was passed in 1919 in Massachusetts, the 1951 law
which outlawed the party in Massachusetts, the Smith Act,
the McCarran Act, and Immigration Acts * * * everything,
in other words, that was anti-Communist, in order to pre-
serve the legal status of the party.
Mr. Penha named Nathaniel Mills and Florence Luscomb as among
Communists instrumental in the management of this front organiza-
tion.
Mr. Penha himself was assigned by the Communist Party to the
task of supervising the New Bedford Peace Committee. "My job
was to see that the New Bedford Peace Committee did promote war,
not peace," he said, and identified Rozlyn Fishman as a key Commu-
nist member of the organization.
He was also present at conferences held by Communist officials for
the purpose of setting up the New Bedford Committee To Fight Un-
employment. "Ironically," Mr. Penha testified, "it started off as
such a committee for unemployment, but where the party saw it was
not getting too effective, we switched it over to the New Bedford
Surplus Committee * * * sort of a subcommittee." Communists
responsible for supervising the front organization, according to the
witness, were Douglas Perry, Roy Rogerson, and Olga Garczynski.
The former undercover agent also described the activities of local
chapters of a number of national front organizations w^hich have been
the subject of extensive investigation and hearings by this committee
in previous years. For example, New England residents were sub-
ject to Communist pressures from local units of the American Com-
mittee for Protection of Foreign Born, the Save Our Sons Committee,
and the Progressive Party.
PARTY FINANCES
Mr. Penha testified that the revenue of the Communist Party is
derived from many and varied sources, including:
(a) Dues based on earnings.
(6) Assessments, also based on earnings.
(c) Financial "angels" who may or may not be actual party
members, but who contribute to the party causes. Penha cited
as an example one Maud D'haze, deceased, who left an estate of
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 25
approximately $20,000. This estate was not left to the Com-
munist Party per se, but to the leaders of the Communist Party in
the New England area, with the understanding that the money
would be directed ultimately into the coffers of the Communist
Party. Penha identified D'haze and all of the beneficiaries as
members of the Communist Party. Two of the beneficiaries,
Anne Burlak Timpson and Otis Archer Hood, both leaders of the
Communist Party in New England, were called as witnesses and
interrogated concerning the distribution of the D'haze estate.
Both invoked their constitutional privileges against self-incrimina-
tion.
(d) Sale of various items. Penha cited as an example the
sale of pen and pencil sets, 1,000 of which were sold by comrades
within the New England district, with the proceeds directed into
the party treasury.
(e) Solicitation of funds through front groups which are cre-
ated or infiltrated and controlled by the party, but which bear
no open association with the party. Such funds ultimately are
lodged in the party treasury.
(/) Labor organizations controlled by the Communist
Party. Cited as an example was the United Electrical, Radio &
Machine Workers in the New Bedford area.
In 1952, while accompanying the New England district Communist
organizer, Mike Russo, who was then operating in the background,
Mr. Penha was present in a secret meeting with Jonathan and David
Lubell, then students at Harvard University. The Lubells were Com-
munist organizers among the students at various institutions of higher
education in the Boston area. They turned over $150 which they had
collected in dues from the students at these institutions,
COMMUNIST ACTIVITY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE
Another person who contributed materially to the committee's work
in Boston was Mrs. Carol Foster of Nashua, N.H. Like Mr. Penha,
Mrs. Foster had been an undercover operative for the FBI. She had
been active in the party since 1947. Her principal area of activity was
in the State of New Hampshire. She had held the office of secretary
of the Nashua group of the Communist Party and was a member of
the New Hampshire State Committee, which was a part of District
1 of the Communist Party, and encompassed most of New England.
Mrs. Foster confirmed Mr. Penha's testimony that the Communist
Party posed a serious threat to our country today. She identified
several score individuals as Communist Party members in the New
England area.
Two of the persons she identified as members of the Communist
Party were Rev. Albert D 'Orlando and his wife, Polly. Mr. D'Or-
lando had been a minister of a church in Wilton, N.H., from approxi-
mately 1946 to 1950. Mrs. Foster testified that she was introduced
to Mr. D 'Orlando by the Communist Party chairman of New Hamp-
shire, Mrs. Elba Chase Nelson. For a period of several 3 T ears she
collected the Communist Party dues of Mr. D 'Orlando and his wife.
The Reverend Mr. D 'Orlando, who now resides in New Orleans, La.,
appeared before the committee in executive session on March 14, 1958.
When asked about his previous Communist Party membership, he
26 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
invoked his constitutional privileges concerning the period prior to
1946. He denied membership subsequent to that date, but admitted
that he had contributed money to the Communist Party during the
time he was a minister in Wilton, N.H.
Mrs. Foster also furnished valuable information concerning the op-
eration of Communist-front groups, particularly the Progressive Party
which, during its period of operation in New Hampshire, was com-
pletely controlled by the Communist Party.
Hon. Louis C. Wyman, attorney general of the State of New Hamp-
shire, testified extensively concerning various sections of H.R. 9937,
the omnibus security bill pending before the committee.
OTHER WITNESSES
In addition to the persons indicated above who cooperated with the
committee, 29 other persons were called as witnesses. These persons
had been identified under oath as members of the Communist Party
and, in most instances, were leaders of the Communist Party in the
New England area. Their employment covered a variety of occupa-
tions and professions. Two of the witnesses, David M. Fein and Elias
Snitzer, were professors at the Lowell Technological Institute. Mr.
Fein denied current Communist Party membership, but invoked the
privileges of the fifth amendment concerning prior membership. Mr.
Snitzer likewise denied current Communist Party membership, but
refused to give the committee any information when questioned
concerning prior membership and activities in the Communist Party.
Douglas Perry, UE organizer in the New England area, who had
been identified by Mr. Penha as a hard-core^Communist^ Party mem-
ber, invoked constitutional privileges against self-incrimination when
questioned concerning the validity of Penha's testimony.
Joseph Sherman and Benning Maskiewicz testified that they were
not citizens of the United States and refused to state whether or not
they were members of the Communist Party. Mr. Maskiewicz has
been a resident of the United States for 46 years; Mr. Sherman for 36
years. The subcommittee recommended that both cases be referred to
the Immigration and Naturalization Service for possible deportation.
Of the remaining witnesses, all invoked the fifth amendment, with
the exception of three. Two of these admitted Communist Party
membership, while the third invoked the first amendment and refused
to answer questions.
In concluding the hearings, Hon. Morgan M. Moulder of Missouri,
chairman of the subcommittee, stated in part as follows:
In the few days that we have been here, we believe we have
had a fair sampling of several phases of Communist subver-
sive operations, especially in this area. * * *
In the first place, we have seen repetition here in the Bos-
ton, New England area, of a pattern of Communist activities
and techniques which verifies and confirms the very same pat-
tern of secret and habitually deceitful and subversive activi-
ties and tactics throughout our Nation.
We also have brought forth reliable evidence proving that
there is in this highly sensitive and important industrial area
a Communist Party activity which should be paid more atten-
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 27
tion by the public officials, both municipal and statewide,
in cooperation with the Federal officials. * * *
And we wish to emphasize that this Communist subversive
activity right here in the New England area and throughout
our Nation is part of the cold war — it is not just merely prop-
aganda — it is part of the cold war. There are no bullets
being fired, but it is war nevertheless.
There has also been revealed further reliable factual Com-
munist underground strategy and tactics penetrating entirely
legitimate and loyal organizations, church groups, labor
groups, youth groups, schools, lodges, and public offices.
There has also been revealed further definite information
respecting efforts of the Communist conspiracy to penetrate
certain vital industries by way of colonizing by Communists,
many of whom hold high degrees in education, bachelors of
science and engineers; and yet, fulfilling their Communist
Party dedication, they take menial jobs, at far less salaries in
sensitive industry in order to carry out Communist Party di-
rectives, than they could earn at the profession for which
they are especially equipped and trained.
We will take back to Washington for consideration by the
Congress all the factual material here gained in connection
with our study and consideration for the enactment of
legislation.
There is, however, a collateral result, which is very valuable
and continuing, as a result of these hearings, which I believe
will have a salutary and important effect on this entire geo-
graphical area. This should be a daily reminder for you
folks who have the pleasure, privilege, and inspiration of
living in this area, of the continuous Communist Party sub-
versive threat, both day and night, not merely as a philo-
sophical concept, but as a menacing dynamic force of intrigue
and subversion, operating as part of the Soviet cold war
against the American way of life, which was, in fact, born
right here within a mile of this building.
NEW YORK CITY AREA (ENTERTAINMENT)
Communist infiltration of cultural and entertainment media in
America has resulted in tremendous propaganda and financial benefits
to the Communist conspiracy, hearings by the committee have
disclosed.
The Communist Party for many years has relentlessly, through its
membership, waged a campaign of penetration aimed at exploitation
of the entertainment industry. How this has been accomplished and
to what extent has been the subject of a continuing series of hearings
by the committee.
The Committee on Un-American Activities has repeatedly pointed
out that its investigations and hearings are not directed against any
particular occupation as such, but rather are concerned with the
activities of individual Communists delegated by the Communist
Party to infiltrate a given field. During hearings in New York on
37633 — 59 3
28 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
June 18 and 19, 1958, 4 the committee reiterated its policy in this con-
nection and clearly outlined the scope of the inquiry as follows:
One of the phases of the work of the Committee on Un-
American Activities deals with Communists who have pene-
trated the entertainment industry and who have used people
in the entertainment industry for the purpose of promoting
Communist fronts in the furtherance of the foreign policy
not of the United States but of the Soviet Union, who have
collected money from prominent persons in the entertain-
ment industry to be used to finance Communist operations
in the United States.
The hearings were the latest in a series of four hearings conducted
by the committee in New York City with a view to determining the
extent to which the Communist Party has succeeded in its objective
of subverting the entertainment industry. As in earlier hearings, the
committee sought to elicit information from witnesses who were in a
position to testify on Communist influence and activities in the enter-
tainment field. Such information would greatly aid the committee
in its consideration of legislation pending before it.
THE PARTY'S CULTURAL DIVISION
The committee called as a witness John Lautner, a former^Com-
munist who was expelled by the party in 1950 after serving as a
Communist Party functionary since 1929. From his knowledge of
the Communist Party structure and organization, Mr. Lautner stated
that there existed within the New York State organization a sub-
organization called the Cultural Division, whose purpose it was "to
carry out the general policies of the party in the field of culture * * *
to raise finances for the party." He described the Cultural Division
as a highly secret group, and said that security measures were taken
to keep it so. He stated further —
First of all, members of the Cultural Division are members
of the Communist Party as such. The only special consid-
eration that they do receive is one of security, one of con-
cealing their identity as party members and the reason for
that is a very simple one.
If a party member in any of the cultural activities, whether
it be theater or television or radio or movie or whatever it is,
if his identity would be known as a party member, his effec-
tiveness to do Communist work would be practically nil.
Therefore, concealing party membership adds so much more
to the effectiveness of that individual in carrying out Com-
munist Party work.
But he is a party member and he must carry out the
policies of the party. The party policies— tactical policies
today — are very closely linked with that of the tactical
policies of all Communist Parties, whether it be in the
United States or wherever else.
A total of 18 individuals, presently or recently employed in the
cultural and entertainment field in the New York area, were sum-
4 See "Communism in the New York Area (Entertainment)," hearings before the Committee on Un-
American Activities, June 18 and 19, 1958; May 8, 1958; and Apr. 1, 1957.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 29
moned as witnesses but refused to respond to committee questions
regarding Communist activities with which they had been identified.
Sixteen of these invoked the fifth amendment to the Constitution, one
invoked the first amendment, and one declined to reply to questions,
basing his refusal on the recent Watkins decision of the Supreme
Court.
WITXESSES VILIFY COMMITTEE
As the committee questioned these uncooperative witnesses it was
struck by the agility with which they protected the Communist
conspiracy and the identity of its members. They were more con-
cerned with vilifying the committee than with providing the Congress
with the sort of information which would be of help in enacting legisla-
tion vital to the security of the Nation. They injected into the hear-
ings statements designed to arouse sympathy for themselves as
persecuted martyrs, attempted to becloud the real issues, and made
unfounded statements in their efforts to discredit this committee. By
indirection, however, they unwittingly supplied the committee with
valuable information.
Among the witnesses called was William Lazar, who was given an
opportunity to affirm or deny testimony identifying him as a leader
in the Communist efforts to exploit American cultural and enter-
tainment media. While testifying under oath, Mr. Lautner identi-
fied Lazar as William Lawrence who, to his knowledge, held several
positions of leadership in the New York State Communist Party
organization, who served as general manager of the Communist
Daily Worker for a period, and who was assigned to work in Com-
munist front organizations. Lazar was questioned concerning the
truth of Lautner's testimony, but refused to answer, basing his refusal
on the fifth amendment. He also invoked the fifth amendment in
declining to state whether he was officially connected with the Cultural
Division of the Communist Party, and if he had been active in the
development of the National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Pro-
fessions, an organization cited as a Communist front. Furthermore,
he refused to enlighten the committee on Communist activities within
the entertainment industry.
A typical example of the contemptuous attitude of many of the
witnesses was provided in the testimony of Paul Mann (Yisrol Paul
Mann Libman). He managed to read in a loud and violent voice a
lengthy statement in which he distorted the true purposes of the com-
mittee's investigation and hearings and berated the committee in
general. Here are some of his remarks:
* * * You want your standards to determine who shall be
permitted to act, direct, sing, dance, and play music in the
American theater — even to dictate policy on plays and
productions.
Whoever disagrees with you or does not conform to your
way of thinking is blacklisted, deprived of his livelihood,
smeared and publicly inquisitioned, or threatened. * * *
* . * * As a member of the American theater I need no
seal of approval from this committee. * * *
I refuse to permit the standards and political views of this
committee (composed of politicians elected for a temporary
term) to supplant the Constitution of the United States and
30 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
its Bill of Rights, and to hack away at the culture of my
country.
The Honorable Gordon H. Scherer, a member of the committee, in
reply to Mann's remarks stated:
I think the printed record will not disclose the attitude
of the witness during the time that he made this tirade
against the committee. I would like the record to show he
was highly contemptuous of the committee in his manner,
in his voice at the time he made that statement, reaching the
point where he frothed at the mouth.
Paul Mann, by his own testimony, is an actor, director, and teacher
of acting by occupation and, according to committee information, an
identified Communist Party member. He was in a position to testify
regarding Communist infiltration of the entertainment industry.
However, even when the committee questioned him about his present
employment, he refused to answer. He was asked if he was a member
of the Communist Party and if he was the owner of the Actors Work-
shop in New York. In each instance he invoked the fifth amendment
and declined to answer. Similar answers were made to questions as
to whether he was a Communist when naturalized in 1945 or when he
made application for a passport in 1950.
ENTERTAINMENT FIGURES WHO TESTIFIED
Among the witnesses who invoked the fifth amendment and refused
to testify concerning Communist Party affiliations were:
Bernard Gersten, who stated he was stage manager for the past year
at the American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Conn. However,
he refused to say where he was employed immediately prior to his
present employment.
Earl Jones, actor, who also refused to name plays in which he had
appeared. He also declined to state if he had in the last several years
knowingly and consciously lent his name, influence, and prestige as
an actor to Communist causes.
Will Lee (William Lubovsky), an actor, director, and teacher of
acting, who stated he had been employed as a teacher of acting "on
and off for over 5 years" with the American Theater Wing school.
Carroll Hollister, a musician who teaches and coaches singers, stated
he was on the faculty of the Metropolitan Music School, which the
committee cited in 1957 as a Communist front organization.
Adelaide Klein (Annenberg), an actress who is listed in committee
records as having been a member of the board of directors and advisory
council of the Peoples Radio Foundation. The foundation has been
cited by the Attorney General as a Communist front.
Arthur Lief, a musician who was the American conductor for the
Russian Moiseyev Ballet dance group when it toured the United
States recently. He has also been guest conductor for the Royale
Ballet of England.
Richard Sasuly, a writer, would not state where he was presently
employed. According to committee records, he is writing under the
name of Alex Furth as a propagandist for the Communist Party. He
refused to discuss his association with Nathan Gregory Silvermaster,
identified by Elizabeth Bentley as an espionage agent.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 31
Leon Portnoy, self-employed music teacher who declined to say if
he has been known by any other name, or if he is director of the
Parkway Music School Institute.
Ben Steinberg, a musician, stated he had participated in the selection
of musicians for a number of Broadway shows. He described himself
as an "outside contractor." Unlike other witnesses, Steinberg cited
the Watkins decision, and not the fifth amendment, as the reason for
refusing to discuss Communist Party affiliation.
Paul Villard, a musician and singer, declined to say where or when
he was last employed, and if he had signed a petition for the New
York Communist Party.
Horace Grenell refused to state what his occupation was. How*
ever, committee records indicate that he had been president of Young
People's Records and is currently associated with Abbey Record
Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Irwin Silber, who described himself as a writer, editor, and publicist.
It was brought out during the hearings that he contributes a con-
siderable amount of propaganda to Communist publications. Silber
was the only witness who invoked solely the first amendment in re-
fusing to answer committee questions with respect to Communist
Party membership.
It should be noted that, in most instances, the groups which em-
ployed witnesses appearing at the hearings were unaware of their
subversive backgrounds. This does not imply that employers are
unconcerned with the problem of Communist infiltration, nor does it
imply that they made no effort to check on the background of em-
ployees. Obviously, private industry is not equipped to uncover the
operations of the Communist underground.
THE SOUTH
Since the exodus of a number of industries from the Xorth to the
South, the Communist Party, recognizing the potentials in this shift,
has been making a concerted effort to infiltrate this fast-growing
industrial area of our country. The textile industry has become a
special target of the Communists, who are assigning "colonizers,"
propagandists, and agitators to the area in order to further the party's
aim to build its membership in the South.
Hearings held in Atlanta, Ga,, on July 29, 30, and 31, 1958, 5 very
clearly revealed methods used and the extent to which the party's
plans for the South are being carried out. Armando Penha, a former
undercover agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, was par-
ticularly qualified to furnish the committee with the Communist
conspiracy's plans and tactics in the South and other areas by virtue
of his very recent work within the Communist Party.
COMMUNIST INFILTRATION OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY
During the period from early 1950 until the spring of 1958, Mr.
Penha attained important positions of party leadership both in his
native New England and on the national level. One of the most im-
portant of these was his membership on the National Textile Com-
mission which the party set up in 1955, and on which he served until
* See "Communist Infiltration and Activities in the South," hearings before the Committee on Un-
American Activities, July 29, 30, and 31, 1958.
32 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
he completed his FBI assignment in 1958. Mr. Penha described the
Commission as follows:
The National Textile Commission is a leading body, na-
tionally, that is set up for the purpose of controlling, coordi-
nating, and supervising the infiltration and colonization with-
in the textile industry, particularly in the South.
During the Atlanta hearings and in otlier hearings at w r hich he
testified, Mr. Penha also pointed out the following with respect to
the National Textile Commission:
(1) It is composed of five members. Through one of its members
it has direct contact with, and operates by the order of, the party's
National Committee in New r York. Two of its members w r ere "col-
onizers" within the textile industry, although they w r ere not genuine
textile workers.
(2) It is a highly secret group. Its members have code names,
and their true identity is not supposed to be known, even to one
another. Extreme security precautions are exercised in conducting
its meetings.
(3) The Commission provides "colonizers" from the North to infil-
t rate the comparatively virgin industrial territor}' of the South. These
colonizers secure low-level jobs in order to come in contact with the
rank-and-file w r orker. Many conceal the fact that they are highly
educated, often holding a bachelor's, master's, or even a doctor's
degree. (It is significant that they are willing to sacrifice years of
formal education in order to serve the party.)
(4) The Commission provides the necessary funds to carry out the
party's plans for the South.
THE TECHNIQUES OF A "COLONIZER"
Mr. Penha described a "colonizer" as —
* * * one that is directed by the Communist Party to teach
and spread propaganda in order to cultivate the mass workers
within a plant or industry or legitimate organization. He
must use, in his tactics, methods of spreading confusion,
agitation. Such attacks are to be made both legally and
illegally. He lias to be able to cope with existing situations-
one moment being on the offensive and the other on the
defensive — participating in open activities of mass agitation
and propaganda while, at the same time, being capable of
undertaking concealed activities which will obstruct and
undermine public confidence in our foreign policy.
However, the clear-cut danger of a colonizer is that he is
a part of a vasl network of secret party members, of potential
saboteurs and espionage agents. The placement of these
colonizers in key and basic industries is vital to the party from
the standpoint of placing such colonizers in the position of
promoting strikes, slowdowns, and so forth. In such
concealed positions a colonizer, in the event of an emergency,
becomes very effective to commit sabotage.
As a member of the National Textile Commission of the Communist
Party, Penha was sent into the South in 1955 to offer guidance to
party members engaged in infiltration-colonization activities in that
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 33
area. He was instructed to attend party meetings and to meet with
party leaders to discuss their problems, map plans, and to pass on to
them the organizational aims, party policy, and the party line.
COMMUNIST AGENTS ASSIGNED TO THE SOUTH
Mr. Penha testified he traveled throughout the area under extreme
security measures, even to the extent that code names were used in his
contacts. In spite of this, through the use of investigative techniques,
lie later learned the true identity of many of the individuals he met.
He was able to identify the following three members of the National
Textile Commission: Robert Handman, chairman and coordinator;
George Sheldrick, who represented the State of New Jersey; and
William Evans, who represented the State of North Carolina.
In addition, Mr. Penha identified Fanny Licht, a northerner living
in New York City, as being regional organizer for the Communist
Party in the South. As such, Mr. Penha explained, she had the
responsibility under the Communist Party's National Committee for
supervising all Communist activities in the South. Mr. Penha
identified 10 individuals he knew as colonizers — a considerable number
of whom were also from the North.
Several of those he identified as Communist Party members were
called as witnesses during the hearings held in Atlanta. Among
them was Madge Spurny Cole, a resident of Greensboro, N.C.,
employed in a textile mill as a "spare hand in the spinning depart-
ment." She admitted to being a native of New York State and hold-
ing a master's degree from Syracuse University. In her application
for employment, a photostatic copy of which was introduced during
the hearing, she stated that her education was limited to high school,
and completely concealed the fact that she was a university graduate.
Mrs. Cole invoked the fifth amendment when asked if she was a
Communist Party colonizer.
William J. Robertson III was another witness identified as a party
colonizer who, like Mrs. Cole, had concealed the fact that he was a
college graduate when he applied for a menial job with a southern
textile mill. Like Mrs. Cole, he also invoked the fifth amendment
when asked to affirm or deny Penha's testimony concerning his
participation in the Communist plan for penetration of the South.
Karl Korstad, who also held a master's degree from Syracuse
University, was identified by Mr. Penha as a member of the Industrial
Commission of the Communist Party at High Point, N.C., and as a
colonizer. When confronted with this allegation, Korstad invoked
the fifth amendment and refused to testify.
A number of other witnesses who were identified by Penha as party
members also refused on the grounds of the fifth amendment to furnish
the committee with any information concerning party activities in
the South, and their own part in such activities.
THE SOUTHERN NEWSLETTER
During the hearings, the committee also brought to light Communist
propaganda activities carried on in the South. The committee has
found that a periodical known as the Southern Newsletter has been
carrying the Communist Party line and propaganda into the South
34 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
since its inception in June 1956. Eugene Feldman was summoned
for questioning because of his connection with the periodical as editor,
and the fact that Armando Penha had identified him as a party
member who served on the party's Industrial Commission at High
Point, N.C., and as a former colonizer. Committee files and records
reveal that Feldman was also identified as a party member by two
other FBI undercover agents in 1956.
Feldman, who lives in Chicago, invoked the fifth amendment and
refused to answer practically every question propounded to him by
the committee. He refused to acknowledge the fact that he is the
editor of the Southern Newsletter and invoked the fifth amendment
when asked if he was a member of the Communist Partv, or if he knew
Mr. Penha. He also refused to state whether certain individuals iden-
tified as Communists were in any way associated with the publication.
During Feldman's appearance a photostatic copy of an application
for a post office box filed by him in Louisville, Ky., for the Southern
Newsletter was introduced. The publication is edited and published
in Chicago. However, it uses as its mailing address Post Office Box
1307 in Louisville, Ky., to create the impression that it is a native
product of the South. The aforementioned application carried the
name of Oakley C. Johnson as a reference.
The committee is in possession of a copy of a letter mailed out by the
New York Committee for the Southern Newsletter, announcing a
meeting on December 19, 1958, in New York to "help the growth of
the Southern Newsletter to continue its fine work." Oakley C. John-
son is also named as chairman of this obviously pro-Communist com-
mittee. Johnson was a member of the National Organizing Commit-
tee which initiated the Communist Party in 1919, and is currently
writing for The Worker, official Communist Party organ.
During the hearings, Feldman declined to answer questions con-
cerning Charles J. Coe (also known as Bob Coe), Donald L. (Don)
West, and Carl Braden who have contributed articles to the Southern
Newsletter. All have been identified as Communist Party members.
Braden appeared as a Witness and refused to state whether he was a
party member, and also refused to state whether he had any connec-
tion with the Southern Newsletter and the Emergency Civil Liberties
Committee. Braden has since been convicted of contempt of Congress
and sentenced to a year in jail as a result of his testimony.
EMERGENCY CIVIL LIBERTIES COMMITTEE
The Emergency Civil Liberties Committee is an organization with
headquarters in New York, whose avowed purpose is to abolish the
House Committee on Un-American Activities and discredit the FBI.
The Committee on Un-American Activities prepared a report on the
organization in 1957 which described the activities of the ECLC and
its campaign to cripple the antisubversive programs of Congress and
Government agencies. The committee finds that the Emergency
Civil Liberties Committee, established in 1951, although representing
itself as a non-Communist group, actually operates as a front for the
Communist Party. It has repeatedly assisted, by means of funds
and legal aid, Communists involved in Smith Act violations and
similar legal proceedings. One of its chief activities has been and still
is the dissemination of voluminous Communist propaganda material.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 35
Frank Wilkinson was called as a witness when he appeared in
Atlanta as a representative of the Emergency Civil Liberties Com-
mittee to propagandize against the Committee on Un-American
Activities and to protest its hearings. In 1956 Wilkinson was iden-
tified as a Communist Party member by a former FBI undercover
agent within the party. Summoned at that time to answer the allega-
tion, his reply to all questions was, "I am answering no questions of
this committee." This also became his stock reply to questions when
he appeared during the Atlanta hearings. He absolutely refused to
discuss his official connection with the ECLC, his past role as executive
secretary of the ECLC adjunct, the Citizens Committee To Preserve
American Freedoms, or whether he was a member of the Communist
Party. Wilkinson has since been convicted of contempt of Congress
and sentenced to one year in jail.
Disputing the non-Communist claim of the organization, the com-
mittee finds that a number of other individuals connected with the
ECLC also have been identified under oath as Communists. Among
those are: Harvey O'Connor, chairman of the ECLC; Corliss Lamont,
vice chairman, who was identified by four former Communists during
hearings held by the Subversive Activities Control Board on the
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship ; Russ Nixon, a mem-
ber of the executive board of the National Council of the ECLC;
Muriel Gravelle McAvoy, formerly employed as a secretary; Dorothy
W. Douglas; Benjamin Dreyfus; Victor Rabinowitz (identified before
a Senate investigating committee) ; Carey McWilliams; Anne Braden,
and David Rein. The six last named are members of the National
Council of the ECLC. A substantial number of those listed on a
recent letterhead of the ECLC have lengthy Communist front records.
One of the most illuminating aspects of the hearings in Atlanta was
the testimony of a Hungarian refugee, who, from 1945 to 1956, was a
prisoner of the Soviet Union, but is now a resident of the South.
Due to the fact that the witness has relatives now behind the Iron
Curtain, his true identity could not be revealed. However, his account
of the tortures and indignities suffered by himself and his father at the
hands of his Communist captors portrays a vivid and horrifying picture
of communism in action.
NEWARK, N.J.
Communist infiltration of strategic manufacturing plants 'in the
highly industrialized Newark, N.J., area was described by witnesses
who testified before this committee in the course of 3-day hearings in
Newark during 1958.
The committee received testimony from a total of 16 witnesses at
its Newark hearings, held September 3-5, 1958, 6 including a number
of individuals in the Newark area who have been identified as being
active in the Communist Party's underground apparatus in this
country. Three of the witnesses presented valuable information
based on their past membership in the Communist Party, either as
dedicated Communists or undercover operatives for the Federal
Bureau of Investigation. The remaining witnesses defiantly invoked
the fifth amendment rather than answer questions regarding the
conspiratorial Communist operations with which they have been
linked.
9 See "Communist Infiltration and Activities in Newark, N.J.," hearings before the Committee on
Un-American Activities, Sept. 3, 4, and 5, 1958.
36 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
Robert J. Dixon, Jr., a member of the Communist Party from 1945
until he broke with the organization in disgust in 1950, gave the
committee the benefit of the insight into Communist purposes he had
obtained as a leader in a Communist club designed to infiltrate basic
industry in the area. Dixon, as an employee of a General Electric
plant in Bloomfield, X.J., had been enrolled in an industrial club of
the Communist Party. This Communist club was composed of em-
ployees of GE and other electrical plants in the Newark area, whose
work for the party was described as follows by Dixon:
* * * those who belong to those clubs can always pass on
information that the party could pick up and use. It is a
means of organization within that plant which that member
may belong to. He is always a contact point, or there may be
others whom he could contact or try to contact.
UNITED ELECTRICAL WORKERS
The Communist Party also sought to exert its subversive influence
in the vital electrical industry through the organizational framework
of the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America,
according to the testimony of Dixon and another witness at the Newark
hearings, Bernard Zick. Dixon, while a member of the Communist
Parts", was president of the UE local which held bargaining rights in
his electrical plant.
Zick, an employee of the Tung Sol electrical plant in Bloomfield,
N.J., was a member of the same Communist Party industrial club to
which Dixon belonged, until he, too, became disillusioned with the
party in 1950. Zick described maneuvers which the Communist Party
ordered its industrial club members to engage in for the purpose of
maintaining Communist control over local UE unions strategically
placed in the Tung Sol and GE plants.
Dennis James, who had served as an FBI undercover operative in
the Labor Youth League in the Newark area for several years, de-
scribed before the committee the activites of this youth organization
of the Communist Party. He also testified that it was the practice
of the Labor Youth League to intermesh its operations and member-
ship with such Communist front organizations as the Civil Rights
Congress and the Progressive Party.
The witnesses observed from their personal experiences that the
Communist Party operations were increasingly underground by 1950.
In view of the trend away from open party activity, Dixon testified
that he believed the Communist threat to be more serious today
than ever before.
COMMUNIST UNDERGROUND APPARATUS
The Communist Party's concentration on an expanded and stronger
underground apparatus during the 1950's was designed to thwart the
exposure and prosecution of Communist agents operating in this
country. Party members sent into the underground were in many
cases required to assume new residences and identities. For greater
protection against exposure, these underground agents were known
to very few in the regular party organization and their contacts with
the aboveground apparatus were usually handled by trusted Com-
munist couriers.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 37
The committee succeeded in locating and subpenaing three indi-
viduals in the Newark area who have been identified as members of
the strategic underground arm of the Communist Party: Kate Heck,
Louis Malinow, and Emanuel Cantor.
Kate Heck's activities, committee investigations and hearings
reveal, offer an illustration of the Communist Party's aforementioned
massive shift to underground activity. In the late 1940's, Kate
Heck was observed to be operating as a county organizer for the
Communist Party in the Newark area, where she was also openly
employed by the Communist-controlled United Electrical, Radio
and Machine Workers union. In the 1950's, she had moved to Bos-
ton, where, under the alias of B. Brosser, she was assigned as courier
and disciplinarian in the party underground. She participated in
these conspiratorial activities in New England until 1957, when she
resumed residence in Newark.
Miss Heck was questioned extensively regarding her role in the Com-
munist underground operations. She persistently invoked the fifth
amendment, however, and indicated that even a grant of immunity
from criminal prosecution would not persuade her to divulge informa-
tion regarding the important party work with which she has been
identified.
Similarly adamant in their refusal to discuss recent underground
assignments for the Communist Party were Louis Malinow and
Emanuel Cantor. Their repeated invocation of the fifth amendment
also applied to any discussion of their previous open party activity.
Both Malinow and Cantor, before the Communist Party strategy
shift toward increased underground operation, had run for public
office in New Jersev on the Communist Party ticket. Malinow also
had been identified as organizer for the Essex County organization of
the New Jersey Communist Party, while Cantor served in a similar
capacity for the party in Mercer County, N.J.
OTHER WITNESSES
The committee questioned a number of other Newark area resi-
dents identified as being active in either industrial or professional
groupings of the Communist Party. Also summoned as a witness
was John F. Norman, once publicly acknowledged by the Communist
Party as a representative of its New Jersey State Committee but today
reportedly active in a dissident "right wing" faction of the organiza-
tion. In every instance these witnesses invoked their constitutional
privileges against self-incrimination in response to committee question-
ing.
Harvey O'Connor, a writer who is chairman of the Emergency Civil
Liberties Committee, was subpenaed to testify before the committee
when he appeared in Newark to speak at a rally staged by that
organization's local chapter. The rally was held to arouse opposition
to this committee's appearance in Newark. The Emergency Civil
Liberties Committee, which has been cited as a Communist front, has
for its stated objective the abolition of this committee and the curbing
of security work by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Mr. O'Con-
nor refused to appear in answer to his subpena. He sent a letter to
the committee and issued a statement to the press challenging the
right of the committee to hold hearings and to subpena him, or anyone
38 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
else, as a witness. The committee thereafter instituted proceedings
against Mr. O'Connor for contempt of Congress.
COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA
The international Communist conspiracy is bombarding student
groups and nationality groups in the United States and throughout
the free world with multilingual propaganda aimed at enticing them
to the Communist side in the current life-and-death struggle between
totalitarianism and democracy.
This was brought out at the 1958 hearings of the Committee on
Un-American Activities concerned with the increasing flood of Com-
munist propaganda in the United States emanating from domestic
and foreign sources.
The committee obtained significant information on the subject of
domestically produced propaganda — particularly that directed toward
America's foreign-born population — from John Lautner, an active
Communist Party member for more than 20 years before his expul-
sion from the party in 1950. He discussed, for example, the volumi-
nous material emanating from Communist-dominated foreign-language
presses in this country. Testifying at committee hearings held in
Gary, Ind., on February 10, 1958, 7 Mr. Lautner stated:
The party paid a lot of attention to nationality-group work
because it is a fact that in basic industries you have a lot of
nationality groups. You have Hungarians, Polish, Ukrain-
ians, Rumanians, and what-have-you, that work in basic
industries. They don't read the Daily Worker. Even the
party groups in these nationality groups don't read the
Daily Worker because they have difficulties in reading
English. So the language bureaus of the Communist Party
have newspapers like the Hungarians had the Hungarian
Daily Journal, and various other nationality group papers.
Now, these papers get into a lot of places where the Daily
Worker or Sunday Worker could not get in; and these papers
also reflect the party line, the party tactical line, and the
party thinking and help the party in penetrating these
various national groups who are employed in big industrial
areas and basic industries.
Mr. Irving Fishman, Deputy Collector of Customs in New York
City, appeared as a witness at a number of hearings and analyzed the
nature of Communist propaganda from foreign sources, which he
predicted would reach the staggering total of 10 million individual
pieces for the year 1958.
PROPAGANDA DESTINED FOR NEW ENGLAND
Mr. Fishman and his administrative assistant, Miss Eleanor Suske,
testified at the New England area hearings, which were held on March
14, 18, 19, 20, and 21, 1958, regarding the influx of foreign Communist
propaganda into the New England area. 8 A survey conducted by Mr.
Fishman's office revealed that approximately 80,000 pieces of foreign
7 See "Investigation of Communist Infiltration and Propaganda Activities in Basic Industry (Gary,
Ind., Area)," hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, Feb. 10 and 11, 1958, p. 1972.
8 See "Investigation of Communist Activities in the New England Area," pt. 2, hearings before the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities, Mar. 19, 1958, p. 2178.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 39
Communist propaganda passed through the port of New York destined
for the New England area within a recent 2-month period.
As in hearings held in previous years, Mr. Fishman reiterated the
need for amendments to the Foreign Agents Registration Act to require
the labeling of foreign Communist propaganda prior to its importation.
Mr. Fishman stated further that much of this material is sent to the
United States via non-Communist countries and that —
Confining it to France, for example, we found that in Paris
airyone could buy an}^ quantity of this material and send it
into the United States without any control at all. The book-
shops run b}^ the Soviet Government in Paris had complete
collections of all of this material and to some extent even a
finer selection than was available through the Soviet Union.
YOUTH AS A TARGET
On June 11 and 12, 1958, hearings based exclusively on Com-
munist propaganda and its dissemination were resumed in Washing-
ton, D.C. 9 Particular attention was given by the committee to the
dissemination of international Communist propaganda to student and
youth groups in the United States and throughout the free world.
Mr. Irving Fishman testified that two of the principal Communist
channels for capturing the minds of youth were revealed to be the
International Union of Students, founded in 1946, with headquarters
in Prague, Czechoslovakia, which has branches in most countries,
and the World Federation of Democratic Youth, founded in 1945,
and claiming over 85 million members in 97 countries of the world.
Although over one-half million pieces of Communist propaganda
destined for student and youth groups enter the United States
monthly, none of this material is labeled as Communist or registered
as required under the Foreign Agents Registration Act, because the
Soviet apparatus has adopted the devious tactic of channeling it into
the United States through non-Communist countries, Mr. Fishman
pointed out.
During this hearing the committee heard testimony from Dr.
Annette Rubinstein and Sam Pevzner, writers and propagandists for
numerous Communist publications. Also heard was Boris Cohen,
owner of Prompt Press, Inc., printers of the bulk of Communist
literature in this countrv. All three witnesses invoked constitutional
privileges in response to questions relating to Communist Party
associations.
Relative to the problem of controlling, within the framework of
the Foreign Agents Registration Act, distributors of foreign films and
literature who contract with agents of a foreign principal, the com-
mittee received testimony from Nathan Lenvin, Chief, Foreign
Agents Registration Division, and Thomas J. Brandon, owner of
Brandon Films, Inc. Mr. Brandon detailed his contractual relation-
ship with Artkino, a Soviet film distribution firm in New York.
Under existing law, Artkino is required to register as an agent of a
foreign principal, whereas Brandon is not. Mr. Lenvin noted the
difficulties involved in drafting legislation that would cover the
Brandon-Artkino type of relationship.
'See "Communist Propnganda— Student Groups, Distributors, and Propagandists," pt. 9, hearings
before the Committee on Un-American Activities, June 11 and 12, 1958.
40 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
PROPAGANDA EARMARKED FOR THE SOUTH
At the area hearing held in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 29, 30, and 31,
1958, 10 in furtherance of the committee's directive to gather informa-
tion concerning the extent, character, and objects of Communist
propaganda and its dissemination within the United States, additional
testimony was obtained concerning propaganda of both a foreign and
domestic origin.
Mr. Irving Fishman, Deputy Collector of Customs, New York City,
testified that residents of the South, like those of other parts of the
United States, were targets for Communist propaganda from abroad.
To secure an appraisal of the nature of this propaganda material, a
spot check was made over a 2-week period in the area of Georgia,
Alabama, and Mississippi. In his testimony, Mr. Fishman described
the type of Communist propaganda coming through the port of New
York, destined for a number of these Southern States:
* * * Areas like the State of Georgia and other southern
states get a much more selected type of material. Here the
volume is much less. The percentage of material sent here is
far less than it is in some of the northern states. But it is
selected more carefully. It is sent to people who probably
will disseminate and redistribute it in domestic and local
publications. The propaganda program currently is directed,
first of all, to the general type of Communist material;
then, too, a good deal of effort has recently been directed
to the students at the secondary schools in the United
States, the colleges, and universities. * * *
Samplings of the material showed that it was also carefully selected
for those who have their origin in foreign countries. This material is
referred to by the committee as "redefection material" since its pur-
pose is to entice the "return of the native" to his homeland, now a
captive state of the Communists. It portrays his homeland as a land
of plenty — far superior to his adopted country, the United States.
The recipients are requested to return and give the benefit of their
acquired knowledge of the United States to their native lands'
dictators. The Communists appeal to the recipients' emotions by
claiming that this is their duty — allegiance to their place of birth.
This individually addressed material has alarmed the recipients to
such a degree that they have, in many cases, pleaded with authorities
to stop the flow of this propaganda.
A.YALYSIS OF PROPAGANDA ENTERING NEW JERSEY
Communist propaganda and its dissemination were again a focal
point at the committee hearings which were held in Newark, N.J.,
during September 1958. 11 According to the testimony given the com-
mittee by Mr. Irving Fishman, the State of New Jersey ranks fifth in
the volume of foreign propaganda received from overseas. This was
based on a survey which Mr. Fishman conducted over a 1-month
period for the particular purpose of evaluating the flow of Communist
10 See "Communist Infiltration and Activities in the South," hearings before the Committee on Un-
American Activities, July 29, 30, and 31, 1958, p. 2G38.
11 See "Communist Infiltration and Activities in Newark, N.J.," hearings before the Committee on
Un-American Activities, Sept. 3, 4, and 5, 1958, pp. 2796 and 2797.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 41
propaganda into that State. It was also noted that the volume of
foreign Communist propaganda which is flowing into the New Jersey
area has been steadily increasing since 1955.
While testifying in the New Jersey hearings, Air. Fishman produced
samples of typical propaganda material directed to this area. He
stated that —
* * * Right at this moment, of course, great stress is
being placed on our so-called interference in the [Middle East].
New Times, August 31, 1958, asks for quick, vigorous, and
resolute action and discusses "What Next in the Middle
East," and strongly attacks the United States and Great
Britain for interference in the Middle East. Capitalistic
aggressors are accused of being ready to start a war in order
to protect their strategic positions in the Middle East.
Mr. Fishman gave the following as an example of the type of material
that appears in some of the publications disseminated in this country.
It is entitled "Data on Atrocities of United States Army in South
Korea":
The atrocities of the U.S. Army in South Korea have been
steadily increasing since the armistice.
The cases of atrocities committed by the U.S. Army during
the period from the signing of the Armistice Agreement on
July 27, 1953, to April 1958, amount to more than 200, even
according to reports of the South Korean press.
The atrocities of the U.S. Army in South Korea have be-
come more cruel and frequent since last year, especially since
the moving of the "U.N. Command" to Seoul.
LOCAL DISTRIBUTORS
Mr. Fishman stated that in order to achieve the dissemination of
all such foreign propaganda material within the United States it is
absolutely necessary for the people in foreign countries who are putting
out this material to have the cooperation of individuals within the
United States.
Evelyn Skoloff* Goldberg is such an individual. She was identified
as a Communist Party member in the New Jersey hearings but, when
called as a witness, invoked the first and fifth amendments in response
to questions about her activities as a disseminator of Communist
propaganda in the area. Mrs. Goldberg also invoked the first and
fifth amendments when questioned about her present Communist
Party membership and activities.
Mr. Fishman then proceeded to give the committee an overall pic-
ture, based on the first 6 months of 1958, of the total amount of foreign
propaganda material emanating from behind the Iron Curtain and
directed specifically to the United States. He stated that individual
pieces of propaganda material coming into the country have vastly
increased over the past few years. Mr. Fishman noted that a total
of almost 5 million items of Communist propaganda entered the
United States in the first 6 months of 1958. Mr. Fishman stated that
if it continued at the same ratio for the last 6 months of 1958 the total
amount of individual pieces of propaganda could very easily reach the
10 million mark for the year. This would be an increase of over
42 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
1 million from the previous year. From 1955 to 1958 a total of over
27 million individual pieces of this Communist propaganda have
entered ports of the United States destined for dissemination through-
out the country.
COMMUNIST SUBVERSION IN GOVERNMENT
Communist infiltration of the U.S. Government has presented one
of the gravest threats to the security of our Nation.
Ever since the exposure of Communist subversion in Government by
Whit taker Chambers and Elizabeth Bentley a decade ago, this com-
mittee has continuously sought to uncover further information on the
degree to which Communists succeeded in penetrating our govern-
mental institutions and the nature of their service to the party while
in the Federal employ.
From time to time, the committee has called in as witnesses former
Government employees who were identified as having been members
of Communist underground cells and interrogated them in an effort
to develop the interlocking elements of the Communist underground
apparatus in Government.
The testimony of 13 such witnesses who were questioned in execu-
tive session regarding their possible knowledge of a number of indi-
viduals, some of whom have been identified as members of the Com-
munist underground in Government and some of whom were known
to have connections with the party's espionage apparatus, was re-
leased and printed in 1958. 12
11 See "Investigation of Soviet Espionage," hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities.
Oct. 7, 8, and 9 and Nov. 20, 1957; pt. 2, Feb. 28, 1956, Feb. 25, 1958.
CHAPTER III
REPORTS
CHRONICLE OF TREASON
Chairman Francis E. Walter declared in this document 1 that al-
though the technical membership of the Communist Party in the
United States has decreased, "the power of the Soviet forces operating
within the United States is unimpaired." He also stated:
The past year has been one of the greatest periods of
triumph for the Kremlin and its confederates throughout
the free world. Within the United States, the Communist
apparatus has evolved new implements of political conquest.
These have found roots in, and have in turn contributed to, a
dangerous climate of complacency which itself represents an
acute threat to the very foundation of our security system.
The danger of communism is mounting — not receding.
The United States remains the major target of Soviet
aggression. Indifference to the Kremlin's avowed program
of global conquest can lead only to the inevitable destruction
of our free institutions and ourselves as a people.
The chairman reviewed the major acts of treason committed by
Communists in the United States, a considerable number of whom,
although they had served as agents of the international Communist
movement, were never technically members of the Communist Party.
The cases summarized were those of —
Harry Gold, the Philadelphia chemist who began his spy activity for
the Soviet Union in 1936 by turning over to its agents U.S. industrial
secrets. Gold capped his career in espionage on the first Sunday of
June 1945, on the Castillo Street Bridge in Santa Fe, N. Alex., when
he turned over to a man he had frequently contacted in New York City
on previous occasions, a packet containing secret information about
the U.S. atomic bomb. In a few days this information was on its way
to Moscow.
Klaus Fuchs, the man Gold met on the Santa Fe bridge. Fuchs, a
German-born physicist and naturalized British subject, came to the
United States during World War II with the clearance of British
security officials to work with the Manhattan Engineering District.
Fuchs served as a Soviet spy while in this country. As a result of
FBI investigation and their subsequent conviction on espionage
charges, both Gold and Fuchs were sentenced to 30 years in prison.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, key figures in the spy network that
included Fuchs and Gold. J. Edgar Hoover said Gold and Fuchs had
committed "the crime of the century." Judge Kaufman, in sentencing
the Rosenbergs after their conviction for transmitting U.S. A-bomb
secrets to the Soviet Union, said: "Plain, deliberate murder is dwarfed
in magnitude by comparison with the crime you have committed."
i See "Chronicle of Treason," Representative Francis E. Walter, Committee on Un-American Activities,
Mar. 3-9, 1958.
43
37633—59 4
44 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
Julius Rosenberg, campus radical and Communist during his col-
lege days in New York City, met Ethel Greenglass — who had also
joined the Communist Party in the 1930's — at various party func-
tions and married her a few years later. The two indoctrinated her
brother, David, to the extent that when they married in 1939, he
joined the Young Communist League as a wedding present to them.
Julius Rosenberg began spying for Moscow in 1944 when David
Greenglass entered the Army and was assigned to the U.S. A-bomb
project in New Mexico. The Rosenbergs exerted pressure on him to
turn information over to them. He resisted at first, but eventuallv
gave in. After the arrest of Gold and Fuchs, Greenglass refused to
flee to Mexico with money Rosenberg gave him. Instead he con-
fessed to the FBI, implicating his sister and brother-in-law in the
theft of U.S. nuclear secrets. He also testified against them in their
trial, which ended in their being convicted and sentenced to death in
the electric chair.
The worldwide Communist agitation and propaganda campaign
which followed the trial and conviction of the Rosenbergs was stated
by the committee chairman to have the following objectives:
(1) To vilify the United States and to spread the lie that its Gov-
vernment persecutes minorities and political dissenters.
(2) To raise funds for overall Communist programs of subversion
and propaganda.
(3) To recruit new members and sympathizers for communism.
(4) To restore the badly tarnished reputation of the party.
(5) To create and exploit divisive anti-Semitism.
(6) To bolster the campaign to infiltrate American churches.
(7) To divert attention from anti-Semitism in Russia and its
satellites.
(8) To discredit American courts and to cast doubt on the investiga-
tion and conviction of all Communists.
He also stated that:
Viewed in its entirety, the Communist Rosenberg cam-
paign stands forth as a design of monumental cruelty and
deceit. There is no way to measure the damage it inflicted
upon American prestige but it was extensive and lasting.
The story of Judith Coplon, whose name is now Airs. Albert H.
Socolov, was also told in this document. Miss Coplon, an employee
of the Department of Justice, was arrested by the FBI on a New York
City street in March 1949 with her Soviet spy accomplice, Valentin
Gubitchev, an engineer employed by the United Nations. Both she
and Gubitchev had been under FBI surveillance for some time.
At the time of her arrest, Miss Coplon had in her purse secret docu-
ments taken from Department of Justice files. Both were tried and
convicted of stealing U.S. secrets, and of conspiracy to commit
espionage. Gubitchev's 15-year sentence was suspended on con-
dition that he leave this country and return to the U.S.S.R., which he
did.
Mrs. Socolov, though convicted twice in as many trials, is still free
today, in spite of the fact that one of the courts that upset her con-
viction on a technicality found that "her guilt is plain."
Three important and specialized types of Communist propaganda
activity in the United States which had been the subject of investiga-
tion by the committee were also summarized in "Chronicle of Treason."
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 45
They were:
(1) A drive to lure refugees and defectors, who have found asylum
in America, back to the slave-camp homelands from which they had
fled.
(2) Propagandizing by Americans who penetrate the Iron Curtain
through the fraudulent use of passports.
(3) Treasonable activities of American Communists in spreading
propaganda among American prisoners of war in Korea.
The document also exposed the manner in which American Com-
munists evaded U.S. passport laws to defame the United States while
attending international "peace" conferences and other Communist
affairs behind the Iron Curtain. Soviet bloc officials would not
stamp entry visas in the passport books of American Communists,
but gave them a separate paper with an entry visa on it so there
would be no official record that they had entered Iron Curtain areas
in violation of passport laws.
The story of Col. Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, highest ranking Soviet
spy captured in the United States, was also recounted. Abel had
entered this country from Canada in 1948 on a false passport and
posed as a photographer and artist while he headed a Soviet spy ring
up to the very moment he was arrested in 1957. Reino Hayhanen,
one of Abel's accomplices in the spy ring, defected to the United
States. This led to Abel's exposure. He was tried, convicted, and
sentenced to 30 years in prison.
THE ERICA WALLACH STORY
One of the great mysteries of the cold war — for a period of years —
was the case of the missing members of the Field family and Erica
Wallach, who was widely reported to be (but actually was not) the
adopted daughter of Noel Field. In "The Erica Wallach Story" 2 the
committee revealed many elements in this mystery that had never
previously been made public.
Noel Field, who had been employed successively by the U.S. State
Department, the League of Nations, and the Unitarian Service Com-
mittee as director of its relief work in Europe during World War II,
had been identified as a member of Communist espionage rings while
working for the State Department and League of Nations. In the
summer of 1949, Field disappeared while in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
His wife, Herta, and his brother, Hermann, disappeared behind the
Iron Curtain later that year while searching for him. In August 1950,
Erica Wallach disappeared while on the same mission in Berlin.
The name of Noel Field cropped up in some of the treason trials held
in Communist satellite nations in the early 1950's, during which it was
claimed that he was a U.S. spy. Nothing was actually known about
his case, however, until he was released by the Communists late in
1954. Even then little was learned because, upon his release, Field
chose to remain behind the Iron Curtain. He sought and was granted
political asylum in Communist Hungary where he is still living and
serving, from time to time, as a mouthpiece of Communist propaganda
directed to the West.
Erica Wallach was released in Moscow in the fall of 1955. After
returning to Berlin, she visited her mother in England and then began
her efforts to gain entry into the United States to rejoin her husband,
2 See "The Erica Wallach Story," Committee on Un-American Activities, Mar. 21, 1958.
46 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
a former U.S. Arm} r captain whom she had married in England in the
spring of 1948, and their children. They had returned to this country
about a year after her disappearance.
Because Mrs. Wallach had been closely associated with the Fields
for a number of years and also with many European Communists
during World War II — and because she had been a member of the
Communist Party of West Germany from January 1946 until she
resigned in early 1948 — she was denied entry to this country.
In the early fall of 1957, she was interviewed by a member of the
committee's staff in Europe and, on the basis of investigation and
testimony taken from her at that time in executive session, the chair-
man of the committee recommended her admittance to this country
as a defector from communism.
After her arrival hi the United States in October 1957, Mrs. Wallach
testified before the committee in executive session, giving considerable
information about Noel Field and his activities during the years she
knew him in Europe and also the complete story of her own life and
experiences during the 5 years she was held prisoner by the Com-
munists.
Mrs. Wallach revealed that for a period of more than 2 years after
being seized by the Communist secret police in East Berlin, she was
shifted from one prison to another in East Germany, where she was
brutally treated by her captors in an effort to make her confess falsely
that she was a spy for the United States. She was then tried, sen-
tenced to death, and sent to Moscow for execution. After 6 months'
confinement in a death cell there — and after Stalin's death — she
was suddenly informed ' that her sentence had been changed to 15
years at hard labor. jUe was then sent to the notorious slave labor
camps at Vorkuta and Abes, where she worked at laying railroad track
and similar tasks until L^r release in the early fall of 1955.
On the basis of Mrs. Wallach's testimony, which was supported in
part by affidavits from persons held in Communist prisons with her,
"The Erica WYillach Story" contained an account of Communist
methods of extracting confessions. This revealed not only the various
tortures she had been subjected to by the Communists in their un-
successful attempts to break her will and force a false confession
from her, but also analyzed the basic psychological principles under-
lying the Communist confession-extracting technique.
In addition, on the basis of Mrs. Wallach's testimon}^, it was
possible for the committee to make a telling comparison between the
system of justice existing in Communist nations and that of the
United States by contrasting her experience with the treatment given
Col. Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, the highest ranking Soviet espionage
agent apprehended in this country.
While Colonel Abel received an eminently fair trial in this country,
with all the safeguards that would be granted to any American,
Mrs. Wallach had been given none of these by the Communists. She
was never brought before a judge and formally accused of any crime.
She was not permitted the services of a lawyer. She was held in
prison for 2 years before she even learned the charges against her and,
when she was finally tried before a Soviet court, the prosecutor did
not even appear to make his case and not a single witness against her
was produced.
When her captors accused Mrs. Wallach of crimes against the Soviet
Union, she pointed out that she had never been on Soviet soil, had
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 47
never spied against it, and that the Government therefore had no
right to hold, interrogate, try, or convict her. She was told in reply
to this claim that the Soviet Union enjo} 7 ed worldwide criminal
jurisdiction, that anyone who had done anything for the international
bourgeoisie or against any Communist in any part of the world had
committed a crime over which the Kremlin had jurisdiction and could
be tried for it the moment he set foot on Communist soil.
Hitherto unpublicized facts about pro-Communist activities on the
part of Alger Hiss and his connections with Noel Field were brought
out in this report. On the basis of documents in its files, the committee
revealed for the first time that in 1940, after Field had lost his job
with the League of Nations, Alger Hiss had tried to get him a posi-
tion in the State Department again, as executive assistant to the U.S.
High Commissioner to the Philippines. The report summarized the
significance of Hiss' actions in this incident as follows:
The significance of Hiss' actions in this incident is most
obvious: Five years after he had tried to recruit Noel Field
into his Communist espionage apparatus in the U.S. Gov-
ernment, only to have lost him (on the orders of J. Peters)
to Hede Massing's apparatus, Hiss was trying to get Field
back into the State Department. Also, he was using
Laurence Duggan in this effort — even though, 5 years earlier
again, he had also apparently lost Duggan to the Massing
apparatus.
ORGANIZED COMMUNISM IN THE UNITED STATES
The Communist Party in the United States is like a chameleon.
It has operated under a variety of names an 1 with an even greater
variety of purported programs without once altering its intrinsic
character as a conspiracy dedicated to uwing every means at its
command to create a Soviet America.
A 153-page document issued by the committee during 1958 under
the title "Organized Communism in the United States" 3 traced the
so-called reorganizations staged by the Communist Party from its
founding in frankly revolutionary fervor in 1919 up to the present
ostensibly "peaceful" and "democratic" Communist operation.
This document, which brings up to date a similar chronology issued
by the committee in 1953, contains facts which are essential to a
proper perspective on the Communist Party's maneuvers since the
death of Stalin.
With false optimism generated by the success of the Bolshevik
revolution in Russia, Communists in the United States had first
organized into two competing units in 1919 — the Communist Party
of America and the Communist Labor Party of America. Blatantly
calling for violent overthrow of the U.S. Government, these Com-
munists eventually formed a single organization upon orders from
Moscow. As spelled out in detail in the aforementioned committee
document, the party thereafter paraded under a series of other titles,
with increasingly deceptive programs as, under guidance from the
Kremlin, it sought to increase its effectiveness among a population
generally hostile to foreign-directed revolutionary activities.
Since 1957 the Communist Party in the United States has again
been in the throes of a reorganization as a result of developments in its
3 See "Organized Communism in the United States," Committee on Un-American Activities, revised
May 1958.
48 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
home office, the Soviet Union. The exposure of Stalin's crimes,
following the death of that dictator, and the power struggle in the
Kremlin, finally won by Khrushchev, resulted in confusion and
dissension within the Communist Party in this country. A proposal
to alter once more the very name of the Communist Party of the
United States was debated but defeated in the course of this internal
controversy. The party's program, however, was cleverly revamped
in order to conform with the line now issued for world Communists
by Khrushchev rather than Stalin.
As the Communist Party in the United States today echoes Khru-
shchev's alluring slogans regarding communism's desire for peaceful
coexistence and friendly competition with the non-Communist world,
the actual record of organized communism in this country exposes
such protestations as simply another maneuver in the unchanging
Communist quest for world domination.
WHO ARE THEY?
Missiles, rockets, and the Mechta 4 are significant achievements of
the 1958 Geophysical Year. They are becoming familiar terms to
man, woman, and child, and signify the race between the free world
and the Communist world for the control of outer space.
The masters of international communism, by unscrupulously ex-
ploiting men and materials, have obtained a significant measure of
scientific success. They cite such accomplishments as evidence of
the superiority of their system over a free society. Combined with
their claims to desire only "peaceful coexistence" and friendly com-
petition with other nations, their propaganda has proved tempting
to some fearful and wishful thinkers in the free world.
Those tempted to succumb to the allure of Communist propaganda
would do well to remember the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson in his
"Essay on Social Aims":
Don't Say Things. What You Are Stands Over You the While, and
Thunders So That I Cannot Hear What You Say to the Contrary.
This maxim has been the keynote of the Committee on Un-American
Activities in its biographical series on the leaders of the Communist
world, which the committee has published in order to expose the con-
tradiction between the words and deeds of the Communist dictators.
In previous years the committee has published biographies on the
following: Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Mao Tse-tung,
Chou En-lai, Marshals Zhukov and Konev, Walter Ulbricht, Janos
Kadar, Marshal Tito, Wladyslaw Gomulka, Kim II Sung, Ho Chi
M i 1 1 1 1 , Maurice Thorez, and Palmiro Togliatti. During 1958, as in the
past, additional biographical sketches were prepared for the com-
mittee by the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress:
VICENTE LOMBAIiDO TOLEDANO
The biographies of Vicente Lombardo Toledano, secretary general
of the Popular Party of Mexico; and Luis Carlos Prestes, general
secretary of the Communist Party of Brazil, constituted one publica-
tion 5 in last year's series. Lombardo and Prestes rank as two of the
Kremlin's key agents in the Western Hemisphere. They command
4 The latest Russian satellite, commonly referred to as the Lunik.
4 See "Who Are They?— Vicente Lombardo Toledano and Luis Carlos Prestes (Mexico— Brazil)," Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities, Part 8, Feb. 21, 1958.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 49
enormous influence in two nations whose resources and geographical
location are vital to the defense of the United States and the Western
Hemisphere.
At present Lombardo is president of the Communist-dominated
CTAL (Confederation of Latin American Workers), secretary general
of the pro-Communist Popular Party in Mexico, and one of the vice
presidents of the Communist WFTU (World Federation of Trade
Unions) .
The CTAL which Lombardo founded in 1937 currently has affiliated
unions in Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Uruguay, and
Venezuela, and also claims to have affiliates in Argentina, Chile, Colom-
bia, and Cuba. Its propaganda, reeking of its origins, is strongly anti-
United States. There is little doubt that Lombardo uses his position
as president of CTAL and vice president of WFTU to meddle in the
affairs of neighboring countries in the interest of international com-
munism.
In 1948 Lombardo, with the help of Marxist intellectuals and others,
succeeded in luring leftwing elements in Mexico into a new political
association, the Popular Party (Partido Popular). The party's pro-
gram was anti-United States, opposed to "North American imperial-
ism," and called for the political and economic liberty of Puerto Rico.
Lombardo achieved his greatest renown and power through his work
in organizing Mexican labor. From 1923 to 1932 he served as a mem-
ber of the executive committee of the Regional Confederation of
Mexican Workers (CROM), the most powerful labor organization in
Mexico at the time. In 1932 he broke with Luis Morones, the leader
of CROM, on tactical and ideological grounds.
Lombardo performed his most successful work as a labor organizer
under the Cardenas administration (1934-40). After defecting from
CROM, he helped organize the General Confederation of Workers and
Peasants of Mexico. In 1936, with the blessings of President Cardenas,
he transformed his new union into the Confederation of Mexican Work-
ers (CTM), which soon became the most powerful labor union in
Mexico. Lombardo remained the secretary general of CTM until 1940.
In 1937 Lombardo branched out by founding the Confederation of
Latin American Workers (CTAL), with the idea of achieving unity
among the laboring classes of all Latin America and, incidentally, en-
hancing his own power. Lombardo's control of the CTM and the
CTAL made him a very influential figure indeed. Shortly after Pearl
Harbor a Latin American diplomat characterized Lombardo as "the
only man in the Western Hemisphere who could sabotage the war
effort in 24 hours."
In 1937-38 Lombardo figured prominently in President Cardenas'
reorganization of the National Revolutionary Party, which in 1938
was transformed into the Party of the Mexican Revolution (Partido
de la Revolucion Mexicana — PRM).
When his influence in the PRM began to wane in 1944, Lombardo
formed the Mexican Socialist League (Liga Socialista Mexicana) in an
endeavor to regain political power. In the early postwar period
Lombardo Toledano was the outstanding political leader outside the
Government and one of the most powerful figures in Mexico. Lom-
bardo's influence declined, however, under the administration of
President Miguel Aleman, who lined himself up solidly with the West
in the emerging cold war.
50 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
As a result of Lombardo's differences with the Government party,
the other leaders of the CTM ousted him from the federation which
he had founded. Luis Morones, Lombardo's former mentor in
CROM, stated flatly that Lombardo's every move was financed by
Moscow and he was widely labeled as a "Kremlin agent."
It is certainly true that Lombardo Toledano has descended far from
his peak of power in Mexico in the 1940's. But though numerically
and electorally weak, the Popular Party, under Lombardo's leadership,
has been successful in arousing nationalist feeling against the United
States. Lombardo's hatred of this country and his devotion to the
Soviet Union, coupled with his vast experience in political intrigues,
propagandizing, and labor organization, keeps him, as before, in the
forefront of those persons who are most dangerous to the peace and
security of the Western Hemisphere.
LUIS CARLOS PRESTES
For more than a quarter of a century Luis Carlos Prestes has been
engaged in Communist Party activities in Brazil and he is still direct-
ing these activities. After taking part in a number of revolts in
Brazil prior to 1927, Prestes left that country and spent the next 4
years in Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina. In exile he began to study
communism and, by 1930, his conversion was complete.
The following year Prestes went to the Soviet Union where he
worked as an engineer and continued his studies of communism. In
1935 he was made a member of the executive committee of the Com-
munist International and is reported to have earned the confidence of
Stalin.
The same year Prestes returned to Brazil, where he shortly became
the principal leader of the Brazilian Communist Party. The party
adopted the popular-front techniques and, capitalizing on Prestes'
personal prestige, was able to draw into its National Liberation
Alliance various student groups, army and navy units, intellectuals,
reformist groups, and others opposed to the Vargas regime.
In November 1935, led by Prestes, the National Liberation Alliance
gave the signal for revolt. After the revolt failed, the leaders were
tried for sedition in 1937. Prestes, arrested a year earlier, was sen-
tenced to 16 years in prison. In 1943, while still in prison, Prestes
was elected general secretary of the Communist Party of Brazil.
Luis Carlos Prestes was released from prison in May 1945 in an
amnesty for political prisoners. Once more he plunged into the po-
litical arena. With about 6 months in which to work before the
presidential elections, Prestes set about reorganizing the Communist
Party, which numbered only 4,000 members. The Communists
showed unprecedented strength in the ensuing elections, polling some
700,000 votes, or about 15 percent of the total. Prestes himself was
elected senator from the Federal District in this election. His elec-
tion coincided with the beginning of the cold war. With his usual
devotion to the Communist line, Prestes opened a violent campaign
against the United States.
In May 1947 the Brazilian Government outlawed the Communist
Party, and Congress followed suit by ousting its Communist mem-
bers. Prestes immediately went into hiding and operated under-
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 51
ground for the next 10 years. The Communist Party, though illegal,
also did not cease its activities.
In 1958, after the publication of this biography, Luis Carlos Prestes
emerged from the underground and assumed a public role in the
political life of Brazil.
Despite a number of defections from the Brazilian Communist
Party by top leaders, and a drop in the party's membership, Prestes
is still in full control of the organization of 50,000 Communists and
represents a danger to his own country as well as to the United States.
Prestes' record shows that he was, and remains today, the master-
mind behind the Communist plots to deliver Brazil to his leaders in
Moscow.
ENVER HOXHA
Enver Hoxha, first secretary of the Albanian Workers' (Commu-
nist) Party and the Kremlin's puppet ruler of Albania, was the subject
of another publication 6 in the committee's "Who Are Thev?" series.
During the Italian occupation of Albania, which began in April 1939,
Hoxha organized a Communist-led underground movement. In 1941,
with Yugoslav assistance, he played a prominent part in the founding
of the Albanian Communist Party and was elected secretar} 7 general
of the provisional Central Committee of the party. Two years later,
he was again assigned to the same post, but on a permanent basis.
During World War II, Hoxha led the Anti-Fascist National Libera-
tion Movement. The shifting political and military events in Albania
paralleled closely the course of affairs in Yugoslavia which led to
Tito's success. As a result of the political alinements which developed
in 1943-44, Hoxha succeeded in securing a distinct advantage over
other groups contesting for power. On May 24, 1944, Hoxha was
made political and military chief of the National Liberation Forces
and, in October of the same year, became premier of the provisional
anti-Fascist government. At the end of 1944 the German military
forces withdrew from Albania under attack from Allied forces and
troops of the Albanian resistance movements. For a variety of com-
plex reasons Hoxha and his Communist partners were left in undis-
puted control of Albania.
In a manner consistent with Communist postwar practices in other
parts of Eastern Europe, Hoxha called for "elections" to the Con-
stituent Assembly in the fall of 1945. Only a single list of candidates
was allowed and all forms of opposition were suppressed and outlawed,
with the result that the Communist-led "Democratic Front" achieved
an "overwhelming" victory. When the People's Republic of Albania
was proclaimed in January 1946, Hoxha became its President, Premier,
and Commander in Chief of the armed forces.
Since his rise to power, Hoxha has accomplished his main task of
making Albania completely subservient to the men behind the walls
of the Kremlin. So faithfully has Hoxha adhered to Moscow that it
would be difficult to distinguish between prevailing attitudes in the
leadership of Albania and any Soviet Republic in matters of domestic
and foreign policy. Forced to submit to the greatest tyrannical
power in history, the Albanian people have been reduced to the
lowest living standard in Europe.
8 See "Who Are They?— Enver Hoxha (Albania) and Qheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (Rumania)," Commit-
tee on Un-American Activities, Part 9, Aug. 5, 1958.
52 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
GHEORGHE^GHEORGHIU-DEJ
Also included in this same publication was a biographical sketch
of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, first secretary of the Rumanian Workers,
(Communist) Party.
Gheorghiu-Dej joined the illegal Rumanian Communist Party in
1929 while working for the Rumanian State Railroads in Galatz.
He served as secretary general of the Communist-dominated railway
workers' union in the early 1930's. In 1932, he was dismissed, pre-
sumably because of illegal activities among the workers. In Feb-
ruary of the following year, he achieved fame in Communist Ruma-
nian annals when he organized and led the violent, massive strike of
7,000 railway workers at the Grivitza Works in Bucharest. Moscow
and the Third International had ordered this strike because they
saw the railroad workers as their most promising instrument for
terrorizing Rumania. Intentionally, the Communists placed women
and children at the gates of the railroad shops to lend pathos to the
uprising and render more difficult any action to restore law and order.
In subsequent clashes between the Communists and Government
forces many innocent women and children were injured. For this
outrage Gheorghiu-Dej, as the strike leader, bears the responsibility.
He was arrested and imprisoned for 12 years for his part in the strike
of 1933.
For Gheorghiu-Dej the great moment of "deliverance" came in the
summer of 1944 when the Red army crossed into Rumania. On
August 13, 1944, 10 days before the coup d'etat which brought
Rumania on the Allied side of the war, Gheorghiu-Dej was released
from prison, a gesture, it was said, to placate the Soviet Union. A
few months later, Gheorghiu-Dej, who was one of the leaders of some
1,000 Communists in the nation and who was wholly reliable as far as
Moscow was concerned, was taken into the Government as Minister of
Communications.
From this period until early 1948, Rumania was gradually reduced
from the status of an independent nation to a full-fledged satellite of
the Soviet Union. In bringing about this forced transition Gheorghiu-
Dej played a role of major importance. In fact, as secretary general
of the Rumanian Communist Party and by holding such posts in the
Government as President of the Supreme Economic Council, Minister
of National Economy, President of the State Planning Commission,
and First Vice Premier, Gheorghiu-Dej was a prime mover in imposing
communism on Rumania.
By the end of 1947 the Communists had taken Rumania well along
the way to complete sovietization. Economic, political, and religious
freedoms were vanishing fast; and the only barrier left for the estab-
lishment of a People's Republic along the Soviet pattern was the pres-
ence of King Michael. This last obstacle was removed on December
30, 1947.
After the forced abdication of the King, Gheorghiu-Dej and his
Communist colleagues imposed upon Rumanians greater demands for
adherence to the Soviet modol so that before long Rumania was trans-
formed into a full-fledged Soviet satellite.
As a key Government leader, First Vice Premier (April 1948-June
1952), and Premier (June 1952-October 1955), Gheorghiu-Dej was an
effective agent in doing the bidding of Moscow.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 53
Gheorghiu-Dej has fulfilled his role as an obedient and unquestion-
ing - agent for Moscow with uncommon skill, effectiveness, and loyalty.
Regarded as a "Moscow favorite," he has received the award coveted
among world Communists, the Soviet "Hammer and Sickle" medal.
Gheorghiu-Dej is well aware of the extent to which his rule depends
upon the attitude of the Kremlin. Despite the promised removal
of Soviet troops from Rumanian soil, the presence; of Soviet armed
forces on the Soviet-Rumanian border will continue to shape domestic
developments inside Communist Rumania. On the other hand, the
interests of the Kremlin and of Communist leadership in Rumania
are so interwoven that Moscow need not fear the loyalty of its agent
in Bucharest.
THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
WHAT IT IS— WHAT IT DOES
In July 1958, the committee issued a 21 -page booklet entitled "The
House Committee on Un-American Activities: What It Is — What It
Does." 7 In a series of 73 questions and answers, this booklet sets
forth the basic facts concerning the committee and its operations
which are most frequently the subject of inquiries on the part of the
public.
After explaining the makeup of the committee and its duties and
listing the House committees which preceded it in the field of investi-
gating subversion, this booklet points out that —
Bills have been introduced in the House of Representatives relating
to 80 recommendations made by the committee. All but 2 of these
bills have been offered since 1949;
Congress has adopted legislation embracing 35 recommendations
made by the committee;
Twenty-six bills relating to matters covered by recommendations
of the committee were pending in the 85th Congress at the time the
booklet was published.
In addition to explaining the committee's day-to-day activities —
how it obtains evidence and witnesses for hearings, how it accumulates
and uses material contained in its files, and the manner in which it
keeps hearing records — the booklet describes the procedures by which
contempt of Congress is and can be punished, the rights and duties of
witnesses before the committee, and the privileges accorded those
named by witnesses. It points out the importance of the com-
mittee's watchdog duties, that is, its obligation to oversee the admin-
istration and operation of the Internal Security Act of 1950, the
Communist Control Act of 1954, the Foreign Agents Registration
Act, and similar laws closely related to the problem of subversion and
security.
The foreword to the booklet quotes from "Congressional Govern-
ment," a book by President Woodrow Wilson, on this point :
It is the proper duty of a representative body to look dili-
gently into every affair of government and to talk much about
what it sees. It is meant to be the eyes and the voice, and
to embody the wisdom and will of its constituents. Unless
Congress have and use every means of acquainting itself with
7 See "The House Committee on Un-American Activities— What It Is— What It Does," July 1958.
54 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
the acts and the disposition of the administrative agents of
the government, the country must be helpless to learn how
it is being served; and unless Congress both scrutinize these
things and sift them b}^ every form of discussion, the country
must remain in embarrassing, crippling ignorance of the very
affairs which it is most important that it should understand
and direct. The informing function of Congress should be
preferred even to its legislative function.
The concluding questions and answers of the booklet contain
information on such basic subjects as the nature and function of
Communist fronts and fellow travelers; explains the Communist
Party line, the basic strategy of the Communist Party today, the
dangers presented by it, and the objectives of the Communist attack
in the field of national security. On this point, it says:
The objective is the creation of a general climate of opinion
against the disclosure and punishment of subversion. To
attain that objective, the Communists work for the abolition
of congressional committees which investigate subversive
activities, and for the restriction of the FBI in the same area.
They also work for the elimination of all loyalty programs
designed to protect the security of the United States.
PATTERNS OF COMMUNIST ESPIONAGE
In this analytical study 8 of Communist espionage as carried on
under diplomatic cover, the committee revealed 12 cases of very
recent spy activity never before made public in this country. Eight
of them involved Communist diplomats stationed in the United
States. The remaining cases revealed how Communist govern-
ments are taking advantage of trips made to Iron Curtain countries
by U.S. citizens with relatives behind the Iron Curtain, to try to in-
duce or blackmail these people into serving in their espionage network.
In none of these cases was any American induced to serve Moscow
by simple persuasion. It was only by blackmail, by threatening to
take reprisals against the mothers, fathers, and other close relatives
of American citizens stdl living behind the Iron Curtain, that Soviet
agents succeeded in extracting information from any of the persons
they contacted.
The study contained a review of the testimony of former Iron
Curtain diplomats and agents and officers of the Communists secret
police who have defected and chosen freedom. This review disclosed
that all have sworn, on the basis of firsthand knowledge of Com-
munist espionage operations, that Soviet embassies, consulates, trade
and similar missions are used as legal covers for Communist spy rings.
It also revealed that Communist diplomats and members of Com-
munist missions sent to the free world are often trained MVD or
military intelligence agents whose primary function here is not
diplomatic but spy activity.
The report also reviewed the actual record of Iron Curtain diplomats
in the United States. It named 28 Communist diplomatic and U.N.
representatives who had been expelled from the United States for
espionage, had engaged in spying while in this country although not
8 See "Patterns of Communist Espionage," Committee on Un-American Activities, January 1959.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 55
expelled for doing so, or who had been identified as MVD or military
intelligence agents by former members of the Communist secret police.
The report further revealed how Moscow frames U.S. diplomats on
trumped-up charges of espionage and declares them persona non grata
in retaliation for U.S. expulsion of Iron Curtain diplomats stationed
in this country who have actually been caught in spy activity. Also
highlighted in the report was the serious security problem faced by
U.S. diplomatic establishments in Iron Curtain countries because of
Moscow's widespread use of wiretapping, hidden microphones, and
similar devices to record even the private conversations of U.S. dip-
lomatic personnel within their own embassies. It also pointed out
that large numbers of Soviet citizens, all under the control of the
Communist secret police, are employed in U.S. embassies and legations
behind the Iron Curtain and have the duty of reporting to the MVD
everything they can learn about the character, habits, conversations,
and personal lives of American embassy personnel. The extent to
which the Kremlin uses sex and physical attraction in its attempts
to blackmail free world diplomats stationed behind the Iron Curtain
was also brought out in the report.
In pointing up another vital element affecting the security of the
United States, the report brought out the following facts:
There are 442 adult Soviet citizens stationed in the United States
with official cover of one kind or another who can be used for espionage
purposes. This is more than five times the number of U.S. citizens
serving in the U.S. Embassy in Moscow;
While the United States had only 258 American citizens attached
to its embassies or legations in six Communist-bloc nations in 1958,
those nations had 468 of their own citizens attached to their embassies
or legations in this country ;
In addition, these same Communist nations had 364 of their na-
tionals employed by U.S. diplomatic missions behind the Iron Curtain,
while their embassies and legations in the United States employed
only 10 U.S. nationals.
This condition, the report stated, compromised this Nation's
defense against Communist espionage both at home and abroad.
The possibility of this country gaining greatly increased knowledge
of Communist spy operations and of breaking up Soviet espionage
rings within its borders was indicated by the testimony of former
MVD agents. These one-time spies for Moscow described the great
fear of returning to the Soviet Union which exists in the ranks of the
MVD and the desire of many of its agents to make a break for free-
dom. They expressed almost unanimous opinion that many Com-
munist spies would defect if encouraged, and given the opportunity,
to do so.
On the basis of the facts contained in the report, the committee
made the following recommendations :
If the Communist onslaught against our free institutions
and wslj of life is to be successfully repelled, it is urgently
necessary that this country make an immediate and exhaus-
tive study and review of all U.S. laws, regulations, and
policies pertaining to the following matters:
(1) Prerequisites to admission into the United States of
persons of diplomatic and semidiplomatic status.
56 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
(2) Acts which constitute grounds for revocation of dip-
lomatic and residence status of foreign embassy, consular,
U.N., and similar personnel.
(3) The development and constant use by the United
States and its allies (with whom we exchange secrets) of
techniques for learning, through all possible sources of infor-
mation, the identity of known operatives of the MVD and
Communist military intelligence services.
(4) The employment of nationals of Communist nations
in U.S. diplomatic establishments abroad.
CHAPTER IV
CONSULTATIONS
In October 1956, a committee staff consultation was held with eight
persons who had specialized knowledge of the Red satellite nations of
Eastern Europe and the potentiality of revolt in them. Since that time
19 consultations, including the testimony of 36 recognized authorities
on various phases of communism, have been published by the com-
mittee. Ten of these consultations, in which fifteen expert witnesses
took part, were published by the committee in 1958.
These consultations have been most favorably received by the
American public and by the people of other nations as well. Demand
for a number of them was so great that the committee's supply was
quickly exhausted and thousands of requests for additional copies
had to go unfilled.
Outstanding in this respect was the May 1957 consultation with
Dr. Frederick Charles Schwarz entitled, "The Communist Mind."
The Allen-Bradley Co. of Milwaukee, Wis., reproduced this con-
sultation in a full 2-page advertisement which was published in 30
U.S. newspapers with a total circulation of over 7% million in all parts
of the country. To date, the company has also filled requests from
persons and groups in foreign nations, as well as in this country, for
over 500,000 reprints of the ad, sending up to 25 copies free to individ-
uals and unlimited quantities to schools and churches. It has also
given permission to church, patriotic, and educational organizations
to reproduce the ad and a considerable number of them have done so.
A number of other corporations have reproduced the consultation in
booklet form for distribution to their employees. State units of the
American Legion have placed the ad in additional newspapers and
distributed thousands of copies to then- members. The consultation
has been translated into Chinese and dropped onto the Red China
mainland by the Chinese Nationalist Air Force. It has also been
translated into Spanish, Malayan, and the language of the Com-
munist-controlled State of Kerala in India.
During the year 1958 the committee published the following con-
sultations:
THE COMMUNIST PROGRAM FOR WORLD CONQUEST
Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer
January 21, 1958
The United States is losing the cold war. Communism is steadily
gaining strength, not only in the military field, but also in the field of
scientific development, General Wedemeyer told the committee. 1
i See "The Communist Program for World Conquest," Consultation with Gen. Albert C Wedemeyer,
U.S. Armv, Committee on Un-American Activities, Jan. 21, 1958.
Gen. Albert C Wedemeyer is a graduate of West Point, the Army Staff School at Fort Leavenworth
and was for 2 years (1936-38) a student at the German War College in Berlin, where he met many Nazi
leaders. Jodl, who later became Hitler's strategic adviser, was one of General Wedemeyer's instructors,
and other top-ranking Nazi military officers were his classmates. It was his contact with these people that
impelled him to begin his study of various "isms"— communism, nazism, and fascism— which were
influencing many of the world's people at the time.
General Wedeinever served with the War Plans Division of the U.S. General Staff in Washington where
he helped prepare Allied strategy for World War II. He attended the major wartime conferences— London,
Washington, Casablanca, Cairo, and Quebec. In September 1943, he was assigned to the Southeast Asia
Command. In 1944, he relieved Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell as commander of the China-Burma-India
Theater. In 1946, General Wedemeyer, after agreeing to serve as U.S. Ambassador to China, returned to the
United States in preparation for assuming his post there. His appointment was dropped, however, when
word of it leaked to the Chinese Reds and they objected to it. The general is the author of the recently
published book, "Wedemeyer Reportsl"
58 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
The Soviet Union, he said, does not want a shooting war because
it is achieving its objectives without open warfare. The United States
is losing the cold war because of a lack of adequate objectives and of
complete devotion to such objectives as it has.
Sound strategy is the use of all of a nation's resources to obtain its
objectives. These resources fall into four general types — political,
economic, psychological, and military. If the first three are used
intelligently, a nation will never have to resort to the fourth.
The Soviet Union, General Wedemeyer said, is making most effec-
tive use of its economic and psychological resources, while the free
world is not. As an example, he cited the cases of United States and
Soviet aid to Egypt. A number of years ago Egypt tried to buy
wheat, which it needed badly for its people, from the United States.
It could not get a definite answer from the United States as to whether
or not the wheat would be made available for purchase. Although
the negotiations were secret, the Soviet Union learned about them.
It then offered wheat to Egypt with no strings attached. Egypt
naturally took the wheat.
The Soviet Union then saw to it that the story of its assistance to
Egypt — and the failure of the United States to make wheat available —
was made known to the people of Egypt. In this way, Moscow built
up, and the United States lost, much good will in that country.
General Wedemeyer warned that the Soviet Union has the initiative
in all fields today and that it will continue to enjoy success until
the United States takes intelligent, coordinated action against it on
all fronts. It is now very late, but the situation is not hopeless if this
country gets direction from responsible leaders.
The strategy of the Soviet Union, General Wedemeyer said, is the
same as that used by all good military commanders from time im-
memorial. It bypasses the West's strong points and probes for and
exploits its weak points, relying primarily on its nonmilitary resources.
The U.S.S.R. cannot depend on its satellites in the event of war.
For this reason the free world should use two means to encourage
defection from communism and win people on both sides of the Iron
Curtain to its side. First, it should make clear to the world its sincere
desire for peace and its determination to protect the freedom of, and
to promote opportunity for, all people. Second, it should make clear
that it is determined to use all its resources to destroy communism or
any other "ism" that threatens world peace.
It may well be that the free world's best hope is the enslaved
peoples, and that encouraging revolutions against communism on their
part may be the answer to its problems. He pointed out, however,
that the failure of the free world to go to the aid of the Hungarian
people in their fight for freedom has done much to discourage rebellion
against Communist rule. The general said:
* * * And as this revolutionary movement in Hungary
progressed, I asked myself, where are the Kosciuskos, the
Pulaskis, and the Lafayettes of this or of any other free
country? Wlien we were fighting for our freedom here in
America, those patriots came to our shores, endured hard-
ships, and experienced dangers to help us attain our liberty.
Why didn't some American general, or a military leader from
England or France, go to the Hungarians and offer his serv-
ices? There was not one professional military man like
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 59
myself who made himself available. Why am I not willing
to take risks and to experience hardships as did the men who
fought so gallantly and selflessly shoulder to shoulder with
our forefathers in this country? I am serious. I have given
considerable thought to this situation. Are we real patriots?
Are we dedicated to liberty? Are we getting soft?
General Wedemeyer said that U.S. aid should not be used as
charity. He opposed U.S. assistance to Yugoslavia or any other
nation that opposes the basic aims of the United States.
In order to win the total war in which we are engaged with the
Soviet Union we must have more education on the "simple truths"
about communism so the people will know the danger they face.
"Guts, courage, integrity, intelligence must characterize our defense
of liberty or we'll lose it," General Wedemeyer said.
COMMUNIST PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE (BRAINWASHING)
Edward Hunter
March 13, 1958
Total war between the Communist and free worlds is now under-
way, Mr. Hunter warned. 2 The United States is the main battlefield
in this war, but it is not the only one. The battle is being fought
wherever there is no Red "peace"; that is, acceptance of the inevi-
tability of a Communist world.
The weapons in this total war "range from a smile and a 'discussion
meeting' to a leaflet and a bullet."
U.S. alertness to the danger of a Communist guided-missile attack,
Hunter said, does not mean that the country is truly alert to the real
danger that threatens it:
I wish we had alertness. We have everything except
alertness to the way the Kremlin is fighting this war. We
are being tremendousl}' alert to the ways it is not fighting
this war.
*j* *^* yfi ^pi *j»
In Korea, we had atomic weapons, but lost the war and were
unable to use those weapons because of a political and psycho-
logical climate created by the Communists. The Kremlin
today is fighting total war, and this means total, not with
weapons of physical destruction alone, but mental destruc-
tion, too. The new weapons are for conquest intact, of
peoples and cities. The future Pearl Harbor sputnik will
be used if the situation demands it. But not unless the
Kremlin has first succeeded in conquering the character and
2 See "Communist Psychological Warfare (Brainwashing)," Consultation with Edward Hunter, Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities Mar. 13, 1958.
Edward Hunter, journalist, editor, specialist in propaganda warfare, and authority on Communist
brainwashing techniques, is the author of " Brainwashing in Red China," "Brainwashing— the Story of
Men Who Defied It," "The Story of Mary Liu," and "The Black Book on Red China." During the last
30 years, he has served as an editor and reporter for various newspapers in the United States, Europe, Japan,
and China. He accompanied the League of Xations mission in Manchuria and saw the coronation of
Emperor Pu-yi as ruler of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. During the 1930's, he also observed
the Reichstag Fire trial, two civil wars in Spain, and covered the conquest of Ethiopia. Returning to the
United States, he plaved a leading role in the ouster of Communists from control of the American News-
paper Guild. During World War II, he served with the OSS in the China-Burma-India Theater as a
propaganda specialist. Since World War II, he has served as a roving correspondent in Asia, covering
Communist struggles in Malaya and Indochina, and has also worked in Japan, Indonesia, and Burma.
He has recently completed a year of travel and observation in Afghanistan.
37633—59 5
50 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
minds of a large enough element of the American people so
that it will be fitting itself into the desires and needs of the
Communist apparatus, no matter whether they think of
themselves as Red or anti-Communist.
After stating that the first battles in communism's total war have
already been won by its forces in the United States and that these
victories have been identical to those they have previously won in all
countries they have taken over, Air. Hunter added:
I spent 30 years, a little bit more perhaps, in countries
under various forms of Communist pressure and attack.
What I am witnessing in America is no different from what I
saw in those other countries. I am often referred to as some-
one who has made phenomenal predictions that proved
correct on things to come. Actually, I have never made a
prediction as such in my life. I have only predicted in the
manner that one predicts the total of 4 after seeing the figures
2 plus 2.
I have been watching developments under communism in
other parts of the world, and now I see exactly the same
developments here in America.
These developments, he continued —
include, first of all, the penetration of our leadership circles
by a softening up and creating a defeatist state of mind.
This includes penetration of our educational circles by a
similar state of mind, in addition to one other thing — the
long-range perspective of the professor who is above any-
thing that is happening here and now, and considers himself
as an objective spectator in a long, long vista of history.
* * * They have succeeded in making the United States
think and talk of a coexistence period as if that were an end
itself; while in other parts of the world, as in India, the Reds
frankly explain that this coexistence is merely intended to
give the Americans an easy way to choose their road toward
communism.
This is strategy. The Kremlin is merely giving the United
States a choice of surrendering by voluntary change of
attitude, to avoid more destructive ways of surrender. Un-
fortunately, in the United States, large elements, mainly
among our non-Communist population, have been softened
up into believing that if we can just stall on this situation, it
will take care of itself. The Reds have succeeded in inducing
business communities to look to Soviet trade as a means of
restoring prosperity. Large business elements, with all their
financial and other resources, are now being used to help the
Communist objective of softening up America for recognition
and acceptance of Red China, for instance.
The reason for the Soviet Union's emphasis on the psychological
and other nonmilitary forms of warfare was given by Mr. Hunter
in these words:
War has changed its form. The Communists have dis-
covered that a man killed by a bullet is useless. He can dig
no coal. They have discovered that a demolished city is
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 61
useless. Its mills produce no cloth. The objective of Com-
munist warfare is to capture intact the minds of the people
and their possessions, so they can be put to use. This is the
modern conception of slavery, that puts all others in the
kindergarten age.
As an example of what he called the manner in which the American
people have been softened up for an eventual acceptance of slavery,
Mr. Hunter cited official statistics on the conduct of American
prisoners of war in Korea:
A total of 7,190 Americans were captured. Of these,
6,656 were Army troops, 263 were airmen, 231 marines, 40
Navy men.
In every war in American history some men have man-
aged to escape. Korea was the exception.
Roughly one of every three American prisoners collabo-
rated with the Communists in some way, either as informers
or as propagandists.
In the 20 prison camps, 2,730 of the 7,190 Americans died,
the highest mortality rate among prisoners in U.S. history.
Many of them died unnecessarily. They either did not
know how to take care of themselves or they just lay down
and quit. Some sick or wounded died of malnutrition,
abandoned bv their comrades.
Discipline among Americans was almost nonexistent. It
was a case of dog eat dog for food, cigarettes, blankets,
clothes.
For the first time in history Americans — 21 of them —
swallowed the enemy's propaganda line and declined to
return to their own people.
A part of Mr. Hunter's statement before this committee indicated
not only his opinion, but also that of many other authorities on com-
munism, in regard to the present cultural exchange program now
being carried out between this country and the Soviet Union:
American students, professors, and businessmen who
wander through Red countries, in the eyes of the people
there, confirm the Communist propaganda line that there
is no hope; that the free world, especially America, the
symbol of the free world, has given in to the Reds. That
was the Communist purpose at the much-publicized Ban-
dung Conference, when the Asian and African countries
met. The broadcasts to the people of China by the Peking
regime stressed that all this proved that the outside world
had recognized that Red China is here to stay. Any time
an American student walks down a street in Red China, he
is conveying one message to the silenced people who see him,
and that is, "Don't look to the outside world, don't look to
America, for help in your hour of need. We have let you
down. We are betraying you." There is no hate so fierce
as the hate of a friend who feels he has been betrayed, and
that is the theme of the whole world Communist propaganda
program today; to convince the people inside communism,
who hate it, that we have betrayed them, while convincing
62 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
the people outside of the Communist world, principally in
America, that there is a future for what they call, in their
doubletalk, coexistence.
In his consultation with the committee, Mr. Hunter outlined the
various techniques used by Communists in brainwashing individuals,
groups, and captive populations. He also told what must be done
to counteract these techniques:
The world situation has created the need for a conscious
extension of the sort of training we give Boy Scouts, for
example. They are taught what to do when lost in the
woods. Our pilots are taught the same survival methods, so
they know what berries can poison them or keep them alive.
We simply have to extend that nowadays to teaching a man
what to do when lost in an ideological jungle, giving him what
I call "mental survival stamina." No longer is it sufficient
for him to just enjoy the privileges of a free societ^y. He
must learn what constitutes freedom, and the pitfalls that
destroy it. * * *
The most important elements of mental survival stamina
are faith and convictions. I never expected this to be ques-
tioned. After all, my information came out of the experi-
ences of the brainwashed themselves. Yet there has been a
most peculiar resentment of that finding. I believe this is
the most significant of my discoveries for Americans, for it
reveals a national vulnerability that has crept into our
character, which it is the responsibility of every one of our
citizens to help remove.
COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA ACTIVITIES IN CANADA
Milan Jakubec
April 3, 1958
The Soviet Union makes an annual profit of about $100 million
from the free world on the sale of parcels for delivery behind the Iron
Curtain, Mr. Jakubec asserted. 3
He pointed out that in Canada the customs duties and fees on these
parcels average 150 to 175 percent of their actual cost. These fees
are collected in Canada and retained there to finance Communist
activity in that country. The rather unusual arrangement whereby
fees for the packages are collected in Canada is due to Soviet insistence.
When the U.S.S.R. made it possible for packages to be sent into its
territory from the free world, it insisted upon such an arrangement as
the price of delivery. Mr. Jakubec pointed out that there is no
3 See "International Communism (Communist Propaganda Activities in Canada)," Consultation with
Milan Jakubec, Committee on Un-American Activities, Apr. 3, 1958.
Milan Jakubec is president of the Mutual Co-operation League of Canada, an association of 18 ethnic
groups representing the enslaved nations of Europe, and also head of the Slovak Legion, a veterans' organiza.
tion representing persons from the same nations who fought with the French, British, and other Allied
armies duiing World War II.
A Czech by birth, Mr. Jakubec joined that nation's army at the time of Munich when he was 16 years
old. In 1940, lie left Czechoslovakia and made his way to France where he joined the Czech forces fighting
there. Taken prisoner by the Nazis in June of that year, he escaped 4 months later, went to England and
joined the RAF. When the war ended in 1945, he was repatriated to Czechoslovakia. After 3 years of
military air training there and service as a radio navigator for private airlines, he escaped to Britain where
he rejoined the RAF. In 1949, he left the military service to take up his fight against communism. He was
one of the founders of the Slovak Legion in England in 1950. In 1953, he left England for Canada.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 63
guarantee that the packages are actually delivered to those for whom
they are intended, although there is evidence that many of them do
reach their destination. The Kremlin makes about $20 to $30 million
annually, Mr. Jakubec estimated, through its package business from
the V/2 million people in Canada who come from Soviet-bloc
countries.
The Soviet Embassy in Canada publishes a "Soviet News Bulletin"
which is sent to all members of Parliament and the Senate and to
leading persons throughout Canada, including business executives,
professors, and Government officials, as well as to many organizations.
The Soviet Embassy also provides money to finance the publication
and distribution of "Northern Neighbors," a strongly anti-United
States propaganda publication which is being sent into the United
States in considerable quantity.
Communist strength in Canada, including both party members and
members of front organizations, is estimated at approximately 100,000
persons by Mr. Jakubec. The Communist Party publishes about 23
newspapers in various languages in Canada and, as a result of lack of
restrictions, operates more freely there than in the United States.
The organizations which Air. Jakubec heads have advocated stronger
control measures against Communist activity and the prohibition of
the Communist Party in Canada, which is camouflaged under the
name of the Labor Progressive Party.
Communist agents have infiltrated Canada from the satellite coun-
tries of Eastern Europe as displaced persons and refugees. Their
purpose is not so much to commit espionage as to destroy various
anti-Communist refugee and exile groups whose members, on the basis
of firsthand experience, are in a position to tell the truth about
communism and are doing so.
The West is losing the cold war today, in the opinion of Air. Jakubec,
and, unless a reversal takes place, it will eventually lose to the Soviet
Union without a military showdown:
I am not pleased to say that the free world and its leaders
are not aware of the serious situation that is facing them
today. They are taking a mistaken approach to communism
in general by considering it, first of all, as a military danger.
In the opinion of all those who have lived under com-
munism, who have known its organization and operation and
its plans, the} 7 are well aware that the greatest danger of
communism is its ideology, devotion to its goals, and deter-
mination to reach these goals.
Western losses and Soviet gains in the cold war are due to the fact
that the Communists have a definite goal, an ideology, discipline, and
driving power. The free world, on the other hand, has none of these
things. It not only lacks a definite goal, but appears to be merely
sitting and waiting for the final blow. It is also lacking in a coor-
dinated and disciplined movement to achieve victory.
Air. Jakubec stated that coexistence with communism was impos-
sible and that the Western World cannot negotiate itself out of the
dilemma it is now in. He insisted that it was not spaceships or guided
missiles that would decide the issues between the free and Communist
worlds, but the spirit of the people of the West and their devotion to
Christian moral principles.
64 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
Summit conferences, Mr. Jakubec said, are unwise:
As far as the Geneva Conference is concerned, this personi-
fies the summit of a lack of faith of free-world leaders in the
question of liberty throughout the world, and any conference
which may follow the one held in Geneva in 1955, in our
opinion, will be a "submit" conference for the West to the
Communists who are following a twin line in every branch of
their activity.
He also pointed out how Communist leaders in the Kremlin are
using their new soft approach for a double purpose:
During the Geneva Conference, great pictures of a smiling
President Eisenhower and Anthony Eden were enlarged on
the front pages of various Communist papers, shaking hands
with Bulganin and Khrushchev, showing how friendly the
Western nations are with the Soviet leaders.
This was a double-edged offensive. For the Western
nations it showed the willingness of the Soviet leaders for
peace and friendship with the West. For the terrific major-
ity of the people behind the Iron Curtain, it meant a death
blow to their hopes in the sense of Western justice and
security.
As far as the Menshikov [Soviet Ambassador to the United
States] tactics are concerned, these are also directed in a
twin manner, first of all to show the American people that
the Communist leaders are down-to-earth, good fellows, who
could be trusted and with whom we can get along. For the
people behind the Iron Curtain, it only means a post mortem
to any of their hopes that they might have as to the survival
of freedom in the free world.
In other words, these pictures show to the leaders of our
nationality groups that the Western leaders, who may not
notice these realities behind such Soviet tactics, were, them-
selves, taken in by this Soviet propaganda and actually lent
themselves in furtherance of the propaganda designs of inter-
national communism.
COMMITTEE ON TlN- AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 65
COMMUNIST PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE (THOUGHT CONTROL)
Constant ix W. Boldyreff
April 7, 1958
The Soviet Union is engaged in a gigantic campaign to win the cold
war by mobilizing public opinion in Western nations against the gov-
ernments of those nations, Mr. Boldyreff, authority on psychological
warfare, asserted. 4 This Soviet propaganda campaign, "a totally new
phenomenon" in international conflict, attempts to reach the citizens
of the free world by circumventing and going over the heads of their
governments. It accomplishes this by such devices as summit meet-
ings, peace campaigns, and the like.
Mr. Boldyreff pointed out that the proclaimed goal of the free world
is to preserve peace, but he questioned that this can be said to be its
goal in a true sense when the West is making no real effort to eliminate
the cause of today's conflicts in many parts of the world, namely
communism.
The Communists' goal is to extend their control over the whole
world, if possible, without resorting to wslt.
Because both sides do not want war there is a feeling that a settle-
ment between the free and Communist worlds may be reached by
negotiation and the outcome of the battle left to "peaceful competi-
tion."
The fallacy in this concept is that by "peace" the free world means
security, law, and order. On the other hand, to the Communists
peaceful competition means no bombs, but continual warfare against
free nations by other means — subversion, intrigue, espionage, treason,
and shooting in some cases; the dumping of products on the world
market to adversely affect free world economy; the fomenting of
internal revolts and then interference in them on the side of pro-
Communist elements — until victory is theirs.
Communism must be engaged and defeated in Russia proper, if
possible by nonmilitary means. The West, to further this objective,
should capitalize on the resentment of the enslaved people of Russia,
which is particularly apparent today in its intellectual classes. Rebel-
lion behind the Iron Curtain will open the eyes of Asians to the true
nature of communism and turn them against it. The Hungarian
revolt had great impact on the Asian people, and an adverse effect on
Soviet advances in that area.
As a result of the Hungarian revolt, the quiet Polish revolution, and
similar incidents, communism is finished as an ideology, and its pres-
tige is falling at home. For this reason, Moscow is anxious to make
4 See "Communist Psychological Warfare (Thought Control)," Consultation with Constantin W.
Boldyreff, Committee on t'n-American Activities, Apr. 7, 1958.
Constantin W. Boldyreff, a representative of the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (NTS), was
born in Russia, educated in the Russian Military Cadet Corps, and later, after escaping his home country,
the University of Belgrade. His father, a lieutenant general in the Czarist Army, was shot by the Bolsheviks
for organizing resistance to communism.
When the Nazis invaded Yugoslavia in 1941, Mr. Boldyreff volunteered for army service and was captured
by the Germans when that country fell. He managed to escape while being transported to an internment
camp in Germany and went to Poland and Russia, where he fought underground against both the Germans
and the Communists. In 1945, he was again captured by the Nazis, placed in a concentration camp, and
again escaped. He then joined the American forces and was placed in charge of displaced persons in Thur-
ingia, Germany, by the U.S. Military Government.
Mr. Boldyreff came to the United States in 1947 and 2 years later joined the faculty of Georgetown Uni-
versity. After teaching there for 6 years, he resigned to concentrate on anti-Communist research and
activity. He joined NTS in 1930, the year it was formed in Yugoslavia. NTS is an organization dedicated
to the overthrow of communism in the Soviet Union ani the establishment of a democratic regime there.
66 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
deals on the outside in order to bolster its prestige. Mr. Boldyreff
cited as an example the recent agreement between the Soviet Union
and Egypt, whose ruler, Nasser, is an anti-Communist. Nasser's anti-
communism, he said, is not known to the people of the U.S.S.R. but
his deal with the Soviet Government lias been well publicized there.
In addition, because Nasser is a nationalist, his friendship with the
U.S.S.R. is very helpful to the Soviet Union in the anticolonial nations
of Asia and Africa.
The United States should not go to a summit meeting with the rulers
of the Soviet Union or negotiate with them at all, unless it is sure that
in doing so it will be able to inflict a crushing defeat on communism.
The cultural exchange program, as it is presently operated, is
working to the advantage of the Soviet Union and injuring the free
world.
The failure of the West to help the Hungarian freedom fighters has
alienated the Western World from its true, reliable allies behind the
Iron Curtain. A great and, if necessary, "unconventional" effort
should be made to reach these people and win back their confidence.
This would have a threefold effect:
(a) Relieved from the fear of foreign invasion, assured that
no deal could ever be made by the United States and its
tyrants behind its back, the Russian people will intensify
its pressure on the Kremlin gang.
(b) A greater feeling of security will develop in Europe and
its resistance will strengthen as a result of growing unrest
behind the Iron Curtain.
(c) These signs of obvious rejection of communism by
those who live under its yoke will cause the people of Asia
to recoil from the false Red champions of Asia's independence.
It is particularly important that the free world make it clear to the
Russian people that it is out to destroy communism and not Russia as
a nation, Mr. Boldyreff said :
* * * Russia is a great nation. Her people are conscious
of their country's might and wealth. They also know that
might and wealth provoke fear and jealousy. So in addition
to the two opposing factors — "we" (the people) and "they"
(the Communist tyrants) — there is another element — the
fearful great unknown — the Western World. The Russian
people realize that through its aggressive policies the Soviet
Government has antagonized the entire world. Instinctively
they feel that the free world's hatred of communism has
gradually waxed into hatred of Russia and everything Rus-
sian. This feeling of suspicion, of apprehension of the free
world's ultimate designs, I have found to be common in vary-
ing degrees to practically every single Soviet citizen with
whom I recently had a chance to talk. This misconception
must be removed at all cost. This should become one of the
foremost objectives of the free world.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 67
COMMUNIST ENCROACHMENT IN THE FAR EAST
Maj. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault
April 28, 1958
The Communist world throat is so critical and the hour so late that
"only a reversal of today's passive policies toward the Rods by the
remaining non-Communist nations can save freedom/ ' the late
General Chennault told the committee in his last public statement on
world affairs: 5
We could never win by the defensive or negotiating, or
compromising or appeasing. We have to take the offensive
to win.
Communism is making great gains in the Far East and could take
over certain areas of Asia today. It is not doing so only because it
first wants to bleed the United States financiallv through the aid this
country is now giving certain Asian nations in its efforts to keep them
from falling to communism:
The Communists much prefer to avoid war * * * they
want to get the small minority of the population of the coun-
try to set up a Communist government, and then they move
in to set up a strong government.
"Communist infiltrators are seating themselves in places of power
in every level of our society and every organization we have," General
Chennault declared.
He said the Soviet Union will never start a shooting war unless it
is actually invaded or the destruction of the Communist ideology is
threatened.
Like many others who have appeared before the committee, General
Chennault expressed concern over the apathy of the people of this
country in the face of the Communist threat. When asked if he
believed that the American people realized the seriousness of the
present situation, he replied:
No, they certainly do not. I have talked to many groups
all over the United States — the West, the North, East, and
South — and they do not realize the serious threat to our way
of life and our way of government. They do not realize that
communism means destruction of everything we hold dear.
5 See "International Communism (Communist Encroachment in the Far East)/' Consultation with
Maj. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault, U.S.A., Committee on Un-American Activities, Apr. 23, 1958.
Maj. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault was originally commissioned in the Infantry Reserve in 1917. He
served in the Signal Corps aviation section for a time and was commissioned in the Army Air Corps when
it was established in 1920. He served there for 17 years until retired for deafness.
In May 1937, as an adviser to Mme. Chiang Kai-shek, General Chennault went to China to make a survey
of the combat effectiveness of the Chinese Air Force. When Japan attacked China, he volunteered to
stay for as long as he was needed and was requested to remain as a military adviser to the Government.
In 1940, he returned to the United States, bought 100 planes here and organized his famous Flying Tigers,
which was known technically as the American Volunteer Group of the Chinese Air Force and which played
a major role in the China war. In 1942, General Chennault was recalled to active duty with the U.S. Air
Force and commanded successively the American Volunteer Group, the China Air Task Force, and the 14th
Air Force.
In 1945, he returned to the United States to retire again from active military service. At the end of that
year, he went back to China to assist that country's rehabilitation and recovery effort. He formed a civil
airline which carried relief goods into the interior and served as the air arm of the Chinese Nationalist Relief
and Rehabilitation Administration, evacuating thousands of people from Communist-threatened territory
in the north. When UNRRA's work in China was completed, he changed the name of his company to the
Civil Air Transport and operated it as a commercial airline. After the Communist takeover of China in
1949, General Chennault continued to operate his airline around the perimeter of the Bamboo Curtain,
from Japan to Seoul, Okinawa, Formosa, the Philippines, Hong Kong, and Bangkok.
68 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
You cannot convince them. People don't want to know.
They don't want to be worried about it.
One element in the treachery of the Chinese Communists during
World War II was revealed by General Chennault in his consultation:
When the provincial governors of China met in Nanking in 1937 and
demanded that Chiang Kai-shek go to war against Japan, Chiang
said he was not yet prepared to do so and asked for a year's grace.
The governors then threatened to withdraw from the Government,
and Chiang agreed to go to war immediately if they would all pledge
allegiance to the Nationalist Government. This they did. The
Communists, however, observed their pledge for just a year or two
and then turned their guns on Government troops which were fighting
the Japanese.
General Chennault also revealed how the Chinese Communists
created the false impression that U.S. military aid to the Nationalist
Government was wasted because the weapons ended up in the hands
of the Reds.
Actually, the "Russians had turned over to the Communists in
Manchuria a stockpile of munitions estimated to be sufficient to last
a million soldiers for 10 years. It was with these weapons that the
Communists started their drive from Manchuria to take over all of
China:
* * * As they came south, they continued to use that
stuff but they used captured stuff also. In that way, they got
hold of a lot of U.S. munitions, and when they took a city,
they took the leading elements armed with U.S. weapons
into the city first. It was thus propagandized throughout
the world that the Nationalist troops sold out to them.
Actually, a small percentage of their total arms was of
American manufacture.
As one of his suggestions for turning the tide of the cold war,
General Chennault proposed the division of the free world into several
areas, with a U.S. representative in each one who would work with
the native leader or leaders, would have complete charge of the entire
U.S. aid program (military, economic, and other) in the region, and
thus would be able to keep the program in balance and avoid the
allocation of too much money or effort to any one phase of it.
He also said that, in administering the aid program, much greater
effort must be made on the part of U.S. representatives to make real
contact with the people of the countries receiving our assistance:
* * * Our people stop at the level of colonel or general or
minister in that country.
When the Communists send in aid, they start down at the
grassroots. They contact people and make friends, doing it
on all the levels. It is an entirely different approach.
General Chennault expressed doubt that the United States and the
free world could ever negotiate themselves out of conflict with inter-
national communism. Another summit conference would only
deepen the despair of people already enslaved by communism.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 69
Even worse consequences would follow, he declared, if the free
world were to admit Red China into the United Nations:
It would mean taking over of all of the Far East by the
Communists. We would pull back our efforts to Hawaii
and the west coast. The people in the Far East are sitting
on a fence watching; and whenever we show signs of weak-
ness, many of them immediately fall off on the Communist
side. If we recognize Red China, there will just be an
avalanche. Thev would all go Red. They could not resist
it.
WHAT IS BEHIND THE SOVIET PROPOSAL FOR A SUMMIT
CONFERENCE?
Dr. David J. Dallin
Dr. Anthony T. Bouscaren
Dr. James D. Atkinson
Francis J. McNamara
April 30, 1958
Four eminent authorities on international communism 6 warned
against another summit conference with the leaders of the Soviet
Union. They listed the following motivations for the Kremlin
demand that another such conference be held:
(1) To avoid attempts to settle major differences between the
Communist and free worlds in the U.N. because (a) the U.S.S.R. has
recently been losing propaganda debates in that organization, and (b)
the U.N. today is "old hat" and does not have the publicity value it
once had as a propaganda forum.
(2) To avoid normal diplomatic channels because it wants to make
a propaganda splurge and there is no opportunity to do so through
such channels, although they are actually the best means for obtaining
positive results if there is sincerity on both sides.
(3) To play the role of the most dynamic force in the world today,
the initiator of far-reaching moves for peace.
(4) To disarm the West psychologically by convincing it that the
Soviet Union truly wants peace and disarmament, that Soviet power
is no cause for alarm, that everything can be settled by talk, and that
peaceful coexistence is truly possible (i.e., there are no irreconcilable
« See "What Is Behind the Soviet Proposal for a Summit Conference?" Consultation with Dr. David J.
Dallin, Dr. Anthony T. Bouscaren, Dr. James D. Atkinson, Francis J. McNamara, Committee on Un-
American Activities, Apr. 30, 1958.
Dr. Dallin, author and lecturer, is one of the outstanding authorities on the Soviet Union in the United
States. He was born in Russia and educated at St. Petersburg University. A resident of the United
States for 18 years and now a U.S. citizen, he is the author of "The Changing World of Soviet Russia,"
"Soviet Espionage," "Soviet Russia's Foreign Policy," "Russia and Postwar Europe," "The Big Three- —
The United States, Britain, and Russia," "The Real Soviet Russia," "Soviet Russia and the Far East,"
"The Rise of Russia in Asia," and "The New Soviet Empire."
Dr. Bouscaren, associate professor of political science at Marquette University, is the author of "Soviet
Expansion and the West," "Imperial Communism," "America Faces World Communism," and "A Guide
to Anti-Communist Action." He has lectured at the National War College and leading U.S. universities.
A major in the Marine Corps Reserve, he received a Christopher Award in 1952 and the Freedom Founda-
tion Award in 1958.
Dr. Atkinson, a member of the faculty of Georgetown University since 1946, was director of a special
course in psychological warfare at that university's graduate school from 1950 to 1954. He has served as a
consultant to the Psychological Strategy Board, the Operations Research Office and the U.S. Army and
has lectured at Army, Navy, and Marine Corps service schools. During World War II, he served in the
European Theater in military intelligence. He is a trustee of the American Military Institute.
Mr. McNamara, former editor of the anti-Communist newsletter "Counterattack," writer, and lecturer,
has also served as national director of anti-Communist activities for the Veterans of Foreign Wars and
edited its newsletter on communism, "The Guardpost for Freedom." For the past 5 years, he has been
vice chairman of the Ail-American Conference to Combat Communism. During World War II, he was
an intelligence officer in the China-Burma-India Theater.
70 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
elements between the free and Communist worlds. All differences
can be negotiated. By implication, this means that Moscow does
not believe in forcible overthrow of free governments).
(5) To convince the world that the Kremlin's leaders are "reason-
able" men, that they can be trusted, and that lasting, amicable agree-
ment with them is possible.
(6) To achieve an aura of legitimacy and respectability in the eyes
of the world. A summit conference tends to give this to them and to
add to the stability of their regime.
(7) To create the impression among the enslaved peoples that the
free world recognizes the legitimacy of Soviet control of its entire
empire, including the satellites; to convince these people that the free
world has abandoned them and thus crush their spirit of resistance
and hope of winning freedom.
(8) To give encouragement to their followers in all parts of the
world. The first summit conference was actually held in response
to an intense and prolonged Communist agitation and propaganda
drive. It was a victory for communism. A second summit meeting,
demanded by Communists in all parts of the world, would be another
victory for them and a symbol of their great power and influence.
The four specialists on international communism also quoted official
reports to the effect that the first summit conference of 1955 had
disastrous results for the United States and the free world because it
promoted apathy and neutralism in Europe and Asia and thereby
weakened NATO, SEATO, and the whole free world defense effort.
They also warned of the danger inherent in any U.S. agreement to
halt the testing of nuclear weapons and to giving in to Communist
proposals for "disengagement," that is, the withdrawal of the U.S.
and Soviet forces from certain areas in Europe.
The following major steps were proposed to change the course of
the cold war and bring victory to the free world:
(1) The United States must increase its military power until it has
a force second to none in the entire world.
(2) The people should stop talking about reductions in taxes and
make up their minds to tighten their belts and put even greater effort
into the fight against communism on all levels.
(3) A much more effective and hard-hitting propaganda program
must be devised.
(4) The will to resist communism must be strengthened. The
American people must stop being escapists and face the fact that there
can be no real peace while Communist power remains in the world.
(5) The free world must switch from the defensive to the offensive.
(6) It must place all possible pressure on the Soviet empire, feed
the discontent that exists within it, and aid anti-Communist under-
ground movements, thus weakening Communist power.
(7) An effective education program designed to give the people of
the free world an understanding of the true nature of communism and
the hard facts of life in today's world must be undertaken.
(8) There should be no further concessions to the Soviet Union.
(9) The United States should reward its allies and stop giving as
much help to neutralists and appeasers as it does to those who stand
firmly against Communist aggression.
(10) The United States must make it clear to the entire world that
it is on the side of the peoples enslaved by communism and that it will
do what it can to help them.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 71
COMMUNIST STRATEGY OF PROTRACTED CONFLICT
Dr. Robert Strausz-Hupe
AlVIN J. COTTRELL
James E. Dougherty
May 20, 1958
This country faces many years of tension and conflict with the
Soviet Union, with the possibility of all-out war steadily increasing
if the Kremlin continues to make territorial and power gains, three
political scientists 7 told the House Committee on Un-American
Activities.
The three political scientists flatly rejected the frequently advanced
theory that Communists are following a 'limited war" strategy in
their efforts to seize control of the world.
Dr. Robert Strausz-Hupe stated:
The Communist strategy never has been, and is not now,
a strategy of limited war such as that which has preoccupied
many Western writers in recent years.
Rather, it is a strategy of "protracted conflict." He continued:
The strategy of protracted conflict prescribes the annihila-
tion of the opponent by a long series of carefully calibrated
operations, b}~ feints and maneuvers, by psychological and
economic warfare, and by diverse forms of violence * * *.
It encompasses all known forms of violent and nonviolent
conflict techniques, and fuses them into a weapons spectrum
which begins on the left with the seemingly most innocuous
political activities, such as the clandestine distribution of
leaflets, and terminates on the right end of the spectrum
with the megaton bomb.
The stead} r gains made by the forces of communism over the free
world in the last 12 years were attributed by Dr. Strausz-Hupe and
his two institute associates to the fact that the Communists have a
distinct advantage in their protracted conflict strategy, which is an
"organic scheme of conflict," integrating all phases of their activity,
political, economic, military, etc., toward the one major goal they
seek. As far as the Communists are concerned, Dr. Strausz-Hupe
said :
There is no difference between cold and hot war. There is
no essential difference between military and political means.
They are all instruments of conflict, leading to the same
objective of power accumulation.
Mr. Doughertv said that study had convinced those at the institute
that Communist psychological warfare was based on very careful
analysis of Western psycholog3 T . This analysis, he said, was based
7 See "Communist Strategy of Protracted Conflict," Consultation with Dr. Robert Strausz-Hupe, Alvin
J. Cottrell, James E. Dougherty, Committee on Un-American Activities, May 20, 1958.
Dr. Strausz-Hupe is director of the Foreign Policy Research Institute of the University of Pennsyl-
vania, editor of "Orbis," the institute's quarterly on world affairs, and also professor of political science
at the university. A lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve, he is the author of "The Russian-
German Riddle," "Axis-America," "Geopolitics," "The Balance of Tomorrow," "International Rela-
tions," and "The Zone of Indifference."
Mr. Cottrell is an instructor in political science at the University of Pennsylvania, a research fellow at
its Foreign Policy Research Institute, and a member of the editorial staff of "Orbis."
Mr. Dougherty is an assistant professor of political science at St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia, and
a research fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania.
72 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
in turn on the studies of Pavlov, the Russian physiologist who found
that the behavior of animals could be conditioned by the application
of certain stimuli and that the same is true, to some extent, of human
beings.
The major aim of the Communists in their psychological warfare,
Mr. Dougherty said, is to engage in numerous conflicts of all kinds
with the West, but never to give the West the kind of stimulus that
would rouse it to vigorous counteraction. He stated that this is a
lesson the Communists learned in Korea. Today, instead of engag-
ing in direct and overt aggression, they resort to indirect attacks,
using others as their pawns, and to other offenses and insults which,
while irritating, will only arouse the West to action that "will always
be inadequate in the immediate point of the conflict."
In this way, the Communists hope to make small, steady gains
and yet avoid the all-out conflict they do not want. "They will be
careful not to put the West into such a determined position that the
Communists can then neither advance another step without plunging
into general war nor retreat without a serious loss of prestige.' 5
At the same time the Soviets will not shrink from threatening gen-
eral war as part of their psychological warfare against the West, Mr.
Dougherty continued, because "this helps to condition the mind of
the West further."
Mr. Cottrell mentioned that Stalin had once told a Western am-
bassador, "Russia and the West both fear war, but we fear it slightly
less than you do." Mr. Cottrell added that as long as we let fear
rule our actions, we will always be at a disadvantage and will never
be able to deal from a position of strength, no matter how powerful
our weapons may be.
Dr. Strausz-Hupe asserted that the Communists "undoubtedly"
would prefer to achieve their goal without war and would certainly
not want one when they are enjoying such great success with their
indirect methods of expansion. At the same time, however, he pointed
out that —
a general war has never been ruled out by any of the impor-
tant Communist thinkers * * * we are * * * compelled to
assume that, if they ever think they can annihilate us with
relative impunity, they will do so * * *. As far as the
Communists are concerned, the intensity of all modes of
warfare is purely a matter of tactical convenience.
Summing up the views of the three political scientists on this point,
Dr. Strausz-Hupe said that if the United States were ever isolated
and surrounded in a hostile world, "then the Communists would not
hesitate to deliver a final knockout blow."
Mr. Dougherty said the Communists recognize that the "global
balance of terror operates to their advantage." As a result of cleverly
manipulated Soviet psychological warfare which evokes weak, in-
adequate response from the West —
with each passing year, it becomes psychologically more
difficult for the West to contemplate taking a decisive stand
in any particular conflict situation.
In replying to a question concerning a summit conference, Mr.
Dougherty said that it would be "unrealistic" to think that Moscow
would negotiate an end to world tensions unless it feared it had
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 73
pushed the West so far that the West was ready to "offer effective
resistance to communism at the level of global strategy * * *. They
have to keep expanding the conflict and building up revolutionary
tension * * *."
Referring to the current developments in the Middle East and else-
where, the political scientists said that the world today is witnessing
the results of 40 years of Communist anti-Western "agitation and con-
flict propaganda." The Communists "work to upset the status quo
wherever it favors the West."
The political scientists stressed the fact that —
the Communists * * * are not really revolutionaries, but
counterrevolutionaries * * *. Not a single major revolution
during the last two generations has been sparked by the
Communists.
Rather, by various techniques of deceit and subversion, Communists
have made a practice of capturing revolutions actually made by others.
They have "refined and developed this process to a point which sur-
passes our ability to imagine."
Explaining current feelings and developments among the peoples in
the colonial areas of the world, Mr. Dougherty said:
Lenin and his successors converted Marxist communism
from a doctrine of social class conflict within nations into a
doctrine of international conflict between regions of the world,
with the West as the principal target region.
Turning to methods b}^ which the free world could counteract
Communist protracted conflict and psychological warfare strategy,
the political scientists made a strong plea for more responsibility and
hardheadedness on the part of news analysts and others who are in
positions to mold public opinion.
All too often, Mr. Cottrell said, U.S. news and information media
give significant assistance to the Kremlin. He cited as one example
the highly exaggerated assertions in the U.S. press at the time the
Soviet Union launched the first sputnik. Numerous writers and com-
mentators at that time fully accepted every claim made by the
Moscow-controlled Tass News Agency and fed the American people
"news" to the effect that the Kremlin was so far ahead of us that we
hardly had a chance. Subsequent developments proved these claims
to be completely wrong, but, by that time, they had had Communist-
serving effect not only on the American people, but the people and
leaders of many uncommitted nations.
American newscasters, Mr. Cottrell said, sometimes "vie with one
another in playing the psychological warfare game with the Kremlin's
cards."
Mr. Dougherty referred to the "planned misinformation" campaign
that the Communists have carried on for many years to mislead the
West about their industrial and technological progress, and warned
the public against accepting the "Barnumized" deeds of Communist
society.
While asserting that the Soviet Union and the Communists were
"vastly superior" in waging psychological warfare, the political scien-
tists said that there was no need for this condition to continue and
that the roles could be reversed if the American public in general and
particularly those in the communications field displayed more maturity
and responsibility.
74 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
THE IDEOLOGY OF FREEDOM
vs.
THE IDEOLOGY OF COMMUNISM
Dr. Charles Wesley Lowry
June 5, 1958
The churches of the free world have, in their spiritual doctrine,
the key to effective opposition to communism but "I don't think the
churches by and large * * * have inserted this key in the lock * * *.
I do not feel as yet that the churches have really faced up to evaluating
communism realistically," Dr. Lowry said in his consultation. 8
He also expressed concern because, although there can be found in
the religions of the free world an ideology that could stand up to the
Communist ideology which is appealing to the "minds and souls and
needs of man," no real, concerted effort is being made to take advan-
tage of this fact:
This is where I think the free world is falling down lament-
ably, our own country is falling down lamentably, and the
churches are falling down lamentably.
Dr. Lowry enumerated the beliefs which sustain the free world and
can be used to win the ideological struggle with communism:
The dignity, innate value, and inalienable rights of man;
* * * the providence of God; * * * the integrity and ulti-
mate sovereignty of the people; * * * the limitation and
the division of governmental power; * * * and the dream
and the vision of a new and fairer age of liberty and democ-
racy for all people, * * *.
While Dr. Lowry emphasized the spiritual and ideological aspects;
of the struggle between the free and Communist worlds, he carefully
pointed out that this struggle was not limited to those areas but
included many other elements— military, economic, diplomatic,
technological — and that the United States cannot neglect any one
of these in its fight for freedom.
" Communism," Dr. Lowry said —
is essentially a secularized, a materialized, religion or a view
of life and the world that lays hold of the mind and soul.
We might say that it is atheism and idolatry carried to
the extreme limit, but enclosed — I believe this to be verv
important — in a case or framework of scientism. Marxism
comes before the world, Marxism-Leninism does, as scientific.
It is able, in a sense, to get the best of two worlds. It appeals
to the mind of modern man that has been conditioned bv
science to be scientific, which it claims to be in its under-
standing. It never admits it is a religion at all. It says it
is science, says it is rational. * * *
8 See "The Ideology of Freedom v. The Ideology of Communism," Consultation with Dr. Charles
Wesley Lowry, Committee on Un-American Activities, June 5, 1958.
Dr. Charles Wesley Lowry,! author of "Communism and Christ," was educated at Washington and
Lee, Harvard and Oxford Universities, and the Episcopal Theological School. He has served as a professor
of theology at the Virginia Theological Seminary and rector of All Saints' Church in Washington, D.C.
Dr. Lowry is presently the chairman and executive director of FRASCO, the Foundation for Religious
Action in the Social and Civil Order, an all-faith organization which numbers leading clergymen of all
major religions among its members. It is dedicated to opposing communism and all forms of total-
itarianism by spiritual means and to renewing the religious and moral foundations of democracy in this
and other countries.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 75
This is the heart of religion, to believe that there is mean-
ing in existence. A great many people in our Western
culture have lost the ability to find this in traditional
religions. * * *
Man can't be completely irreligious. He will find new
religions. If he rejects true religion, he will find a new
religion, a false one. Communism, in 1113' judgment — this
is very, very important — has been able to turn our world
upside down. Literally, it has done that, because it caught
hold of the mind and soul of a lot of very able people. It has
inspired them or given them determination to utilize every
element in societv that would enable them to bring about a
revolution of the masses.
Dr. Lowry expressed the belief that communism has had no direct
impact on the churches of the free world, but that 19th century
Socialist ferment had affected the churches, especially at the highest
educational levels — through seminaries and universities — and that —
this has had a conditioning effect upon the churches which
has deflected them from evaluating * * * realistically the
full nature of communism.
Dr. Lowry called for a united front of all believers in God — of all
religions — to counter the menace of communism:
Firstly, then, the church must realize it has an ideology.
Secondly, it must take this ideology seriously. It must
realize that the thing that has come down in the Judaic-
Christian tradition is not a platitude, not a pill to be
swallowed so it will give us a lot of comfort. It is a fighting
faith. I feel this is one of the things that churchmen quite
generally have not yet faced up to, that what they have is
really a fighting faith. If it means anything, it has applica-
tion to the deepest and toughest problems of our age.
THE IRRATIONALITY OF COMMUNISM
Dr. Gerhart Niemeyer
August 8, 1958
There is "a very deep-rooted irrationality" in communism, just as
there was in nazism, according to Dr. Niemeyer. 9
There were both rational and irrational elements in the thinking of
Karl Marx, Dr. Niemeyer pointed out. Marx's analysis of society,
though mistaken, was the rational element. It is also the element
which has been dropped by the Communists. The irrational element
in his thinking was his claim that man could know "scientifically"
the course of future events on the basis of certain immutable laws of
history which determine just how human society will develop. This
irrational belief is retained by present-day Communists.
8 See "The Irrationality of Communism," Consultation with Dr. Gerhart Niemeyer, Committee on Un-
American Activities, Aug. 8, 1958.
Dr. Gerhart Xiemeyer, professor of political science at the University of Xotre Dame, is the author of
"An Inquiry into Soviet Mentality." Born in Germany and educated both there and in England, he holds
a doctor of laws degree from Kiel University.
Dr. X~iemeyer left Germany in 1933 when Hitler came to power, went to Spain, and later came to the
United States. He has taught at Princeton, Oglethorpe, Yale, and Columbia Universities; served as plan-
ning adviser in the Department of State from 1950 to 1953; and was research analyst for the Council of Foreign
Relations from 1953 to 1955, when he joined the faculty of the University of Xotre Dame.
37633 — 59 6
76 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
Communism is "the twin" of nazism in one respect which, in the
case of the Nazi leaders, led to their being classified as "insane,"
Dr. Niemeyer asserted. The Nazis accepted a racial ideology that
had no basis "in fact or logic" and which led them to convert "public
authority into an instrument dedicated to crime," that is, to the
extermination of those their ideology taught were unfit to live.
Communists have done the same thing. They consider themselves
"servants of the 'Goddess of History'." According to their phi-
losophy of "scientific" materialism, the proletarian class will usher in
the last of the five stages of human society — communism — and the
Communists, as the "vanguard" of the proletarian class, have the
role of forcefully helping this ordained course of events.
This they do by dividing people into two classes — those who "look
backward," who oppose communism and therefore the course of his-
tory. These people are "reactionaries" and therefore evil. The
second class is the! "forward-looking" or "progressive" people — the
Communists and their collaborators who are in tune with the laws of
history and are therefore good —
So they, like the Nazis, divide people into those who deserve
to exist and others who don't. And, just like the Nazis,
they proceed to exterminate, break, suppress all those who
do not fit the image of the ruling class * * * just like the
Nazi state, the Communist state is one in which murder has
been elevated to the dignity of government policy.
On the basis of his far-reaching study of the Communist ideology
and mind, Dr. Niemeyer told the committee that it would be a mis-
take to attribute to the Soviet Government the same motives and
interests usually attributed to other governments. Generally speak-
ing, governments function for the common good of their citizens, for
peace, law, and order. The Government of the Soviet Union, however,
considers itself to be an instrument for carrying out the ideological
will of the Communist Party and for using the resources and the people
of the Soviet Union for that purpose.
Contrary to popular belief, Dr. Niemeyer said, the Communists'
objective is not an ideal society but rather the triumph of those forces
which conform to the will of history, that is, the Communist Part} r .
Their philosophy being what it is, there can be no freedom and no
individual rights in a Communist state, individuals are regarded as
mere products of their classes and as tools to be used by the Com-
munist Party in helping to fulfill history's laws.
Dr. Niemeyer branded as mistaken the frequently expressed view
of some Westerners that Communist leaders do not actually believe
in the Communist ideology. There is much evidence to the contrary,
he said, and gave several examples, including Khrushchev's sincere
and friendly advice to Austrian Chancellor Raab that he should
become a Communist because communism is "the wave of the future."
Some Westerners find it difficult to believe that a man like Khru-
shchev, who wields such enormous power, "could be subject to any such
restraint as an ideology," Dr. Niemeyer commented, but this is only
because they themselves suffer from "a weakening of the insights and
convictions" that form the mainspring of our own civilization. Ac-
tually, he said, the sincere belief of the Communist leaders in their
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 77
1 'comprehensive and total world view" is the source of communism's
strength.
Negotiating a solution to the present conflict between the Com-
munist and free worlds is "out of the question," Dr. Niemeyer said,
because of the Communist belief that "the basic reality in all histor-
ical societies is class war, and that class war is in its very nature
irreconcilable." For the same reason, "peaceful coexistence" is pos-
sible only as a breathing spell for Communist leaders until they have
accumulated enough power to crush other societies. Because of their
fundamental beliefs, a "genuine will to peace" or an acceptance of
non-Communists' right to exist is impossible on the part of Com-
munists.
The battle between the Communist and the free world, Dr. Nie-
meyer said, has often been described as a battle of ideas. He granted
that this is true to a certain extent, but pointed out that the "ideas"
of communism have become a "mortal danger" to us by the accumu-
lation of great power on the part of the Soviet Union. Therefore, our
only hope of escaping subjection to this power lies in building superior
military might. There is "no substitute" for this.
If the free world is to cope successfully with the forces of inter-
national communism, Dr. Niemeyer said, it must next strengthen its
will to resist and then divest itself of the following false notions:
the idea that we live in a peaceful world;
the idea that peace with communism can be had for a reasonable
price;
the idea that communism is a rational force or that its leaders
are merely cynical power seekers ;
the idea that we can't be defeated because "we are right";
the idea that Communists would come over to our side "if they
only knew us";
the concept that we can afford "less than a supreme effort"
in the battle against communism because "truth will prevail
"Above all," he said
in this period of "soft" Kremlin polic}", we are tempted to
fall into the error of believing that when Communists appear
to be doing the same as other people, it actually is the same
thing. The truth is that when Communists appear to be
doing the same thing as other people, (in art, education,
science, etc.), they are mostly doing just the opposite —
actually pursuing their own destructive objectives through
seemingly nonpolitical means. When engaged in apparent
cooperation with others, they are actually fighting the
struggle which to them is "the law of laws."
71
78 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
THE MYTH OF "TITOISM"
Dr. Alex N. Dragnich
September 15, 1958
Tito cannot be expected to move any farther from the Soviet orbit,
Dr. Dragnich 10 asserted.
Politically, ideologically, psychologically, morally — in all
of these ways — Tito and his comrades feel that they are on the
side of the Soviet Union. * * * They believe that the future
lies with them, that the future means the destruction of liberal
democratic countries, and the victory of communism.
Dr. Dragnich stated that events of the last year or two "point to
the fact that Tito has constantly tried to come as close as he can to sup-
porting Moscow's positions, even though he has been criticized [by
Moscow]." From a practical standpoint, Dr. Dragnich pointed out,
Tito could not hope to have Yugoslavia stand alone as the only Com-
munist nation in the world. For this reason, he wants communism
preserved in the Soviet Union and its satellites because its overthrow
there would eventually mean his own downfall.
Dr. Dragnich rejected the popular conception that a kind of
"national" communism exists in Yugoslavia. "Tito," he said, "has
always maintained that he is not a nationalist, that they do not have
national communism in Yugoslavia." He also asserted that even if a
national form of communism were possible, existed in Yugoslavia, or
if other Red nations went "Titoist," it would be nothing to cheer
about. Even under a real "national" communism the "basic policies
would be contrary to everything that we hold dear * * * basic free-
doms — free choice of political leaders, free speech and free press,
respect for the individual, freedom of religion — all these would be
trampled in the dust by Communist tyranny."
Dr. Dragnich emphasized the fact that Tito did not leave the
Cominform voluntarily, but was expelled from it against his wishes
and that, since his so-called break with the Kremlin, there have been
"no fundamental changes in Communist goals, or in the dominant
position of the Communist Party" in the Yugoslav dictatorship.
While there have been some superficial relaxations in Yugoslavia
since Tito's troubles with Moscow — relaxations brought about in part
by the resistance of the people to communism — there "certainly is
not" any growth of freedom or democracy in Titoland.
Tito is "a most valuable ally and agent of communism," Dr. Drag-
nich stated, because he "helped international communism when it
needed it the most." This was when communism was at its lowest
ebb — after Stalin's death and the exposures that followed it. Tito
then, by his statements and by his travels, succeeded in convincing
many people in the Near, Middle, and Far East that "there could be
a different type of communism, a good kind of communism," and
that Moscow had really changed under Khrushchev's leadership.
This, Dr. Dragnich said, was "a tremendous service" to the Kremlin.
10 See "International Communism in Yugoslavia— The Myth of 'Titoism,' " Consultation with Dr.
Alex N. Dragnich, Committee on Un-American Activities, Sept. 15, 1958.
Dr. Alex N. Dragnich, author of "Tito's Promised Land" and professor of political science at Vanderbilt
University, has also taught at Western Reserve University. He served for 2 1 / $ years — from November
1947 to May 1950— as a Foreign Service Reserve officer in the American Embassy in Belgrade where he had
charge of the U.S. Information Service and its library.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 79
On the subject of U.S. aid to Tito, the Vanderbilt University
political scientist said that there never was a good case for U.S.
military assistance because Tito's army is unreliable. Dr. Dragnich
said that while in Yugoslavia he had asked many people there if the
army would fight in case of a Soviet or satellite attack, and the
general reaction was: "Fight for what? Fight to help retain this
tyrant?" or "Yes, we will fight if you assure us that when it is all
over with, we, too, can be free."
Economic aid might have been justifiable for a year or two after
Tito's expulsion, "until we could see the trend of developments."
Because Tito had killed off all opposition, there was no chance of a
democratic government emerging. However, Western defenses in
Europe were weak at the time; Yugoslavia's ouster from the Comin-
form was the first significant break in the Soviet empire; and there
was a possibility that it might lead to a real split in the Communist
camp. For these reasons, "some limited aid was justifiable" at the
time.
The question of aid to Tito must be examined from two angles, Dr.
Dragnich said — its international effects and its internal effects in
Yugoslavia .
As far as the international results are concerned, the United States
has succeeded in embarrassing the Soviet Union. Dr. Dragnich ques-
tioned, however, the validity of this as a goal of U.S. foreign policy
when it also involved other, and perhaps more important, injurious
effects. He pointed out that, on the international level again, U.S.
aid has helped Tito make communism more palatable to many people
by creating the illusion that a "respectable" type of communism is
possible.
Internally, U.S. aid to Tito has had a negative effect. It has
"tended to kill off any hopes for the realization of freedom for the
people." "What hope is there," Yugoslavs said to Dr. Dragnich,
"when even you people are helping this tyrant?"
Ninety percent of the Yugoslavian people are opposed to Tito and
communism and, if a revolution like that of the Hungarian revolt were
to take place, communism would disappear within a few days, Dr.
Dragnich believes. The failure of the United States to help the Hun-
garian freedom fighters when they revolted, however, was "a sad blow"
to the people of Yugoslavia and other Eastern European countries.
For years this country had held out hope to these people and had
indicated, at least indirectly, that they would receive assistance if they
ever made a break for freedom. When the Hungarians did so, how-
ever, the United States did nothing. This has had a "devastating
effect" on the morale of the people of Eastern Europe.
CHAPTER V
PUBLICATIONS
During the year 1958, the committee printed 424,000 copies of its
hearings, consultations, and reports. In response to requests, it dis-
tributed 136,000 copies of hearings and reports of previous years.
Following is a list of committee hearings, consultations, and reports
for the 2d session of the 85th Congress:
HEARINGS
Investigation of Soviet Espionage. Part 1, October 7, 8, 9, and
November 20, 1957 (printed and released in 1958) ; Part 2, February
28, 1956, February 25, 1958.
Investigation of Communist Infiltration and Propaganda Activities
in Basic Industry (Gary, Ind., Area). February 10 and 11, 1958.
Investigation of Communist Activities in the New England Area.
Part 1, March 18, 1958.
Investigation of Communist Activities in the New England Area.
Part 2, March 19, 1958.
Investigation of Communist Activities in the New England Area.
Part 3, March 14, 20, and 21, 1958.
Communist Propaganda — Student Groups, Distributors, and Propa-
gandists. Part 9, June 11 and 12, 1958.
Communism in the New York Area (Entertainment). June 18 and
19, 1958, May 8, 1958, and April 1, 1957.
Communist Infiltration and Activities in the South. July 29, 30, and
31, 1958.
Communist Infiltration and Activities in Newark, N.J. September
3, 4, and 5, 1958.
CONSULTATIONS
The Communist Program for World Conquest. Gen. Albert C.
Wedemeyer, U.S.A., January 21, 1958.
Communist Psychological Warfare (Brainwashing). Edward Hun-
ter, March 13, 1958.
International Communism (Communist Propaganda Activities in
Canada). Milan Jakubec, April 3, 1958.
Communist Psychological Warfare (Thought Control). Constantin
W. Boldyreff, April 7, 1958.
International Communism (Communist Encroachment in the Far
East). Maj. Gen. Claire Lee Chennault, U.S.A., April 23, 1958.
What Is Behind the Soviet Proposal for a Summit Conference? Dr.
David J. Dallin, Dr. Anthony T. Bouscaren, Dr. James D. Atkin-
son, Francis J. McNamara, April 30, 1958.
Communist Strategy of Protracted Conflict. Dr. Robert Strausz-
Hupe, Alvin J. Cottrell, James E. Dougherty, May 20, 1958.
The Ideology of Freedom vs. The Ideology of Communism. Dr.
Charles Wesley Lowry, June 5, 1958.
80
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 81
The Irrationality of Communism. Dr. Gerhart Memeyer, August 8,
1958.
International Communism in Yugoslavia — The Myth of "Titoism."
Dr. Alex N. Dragnich, September 15, 1958.
REPORTS
Chronicle of Treason. Representative Francis E. Walter, March 3-9,
1958.
The Erica Wallach Story. March 21, 1958.
Legislative Recommendations by House Committee on Un-American
Activities. June 1958.
The House Committee on Un-American Activities — What It Is —
What It Does. July 1958.
Organized Communism in the United States. Revised May 1958.
Patterns of Communist Espionage. January 1959.
Who Are They? Vicente Lombardo Toledano and Luis Carlos Prestes
(Mexico-Brazil). Part 8, February 21, 1958.
Who Are They? — Enver Hoxha (Albania) and Gheorghe Gheorghiu-
Dej (Rumania). Part 9, August 5, 1958.
Supplement to Cumulative Index to Publications of the Committee
on Un-American Activities, 1955 and 1956. December 1958.
Annual Report for the Year 1958.
CHAPTER VI
REFERENCE SERVICE
The committee, in the course of its work over a period of many
years, has assembled much valuable public source material on com-
munism. This collection is maintained as a unit and its wealth of
information is available to all Members of Congress, the committee
staff, and the executive agencies of our Government through the
committee's reference service.
This reference service, upon request, provides for Members of
Congress written reports on individuals, organizations, and publica-
tions which include the sources of information and indicate official
citations by Federal agencies of the organizations and publications.
Increased use of the reference service is reflected in* the 1,373 requests
for information which were handled for Members of Congress in 1958,
covering 2,316 individuals and 902 organizations and periodicals.
Records were found on 881 of the persons and 348 of the organizations
and publications, requiring a total of 1,229 written reports.
The number of reference requests from staff members also increased
in 1958, totaling 1,188. These involved checks for information on
4,605 individuals, 655 organizations and periodicals, and on about 90
general subjects. They required the writing of reports on 1,588
persons and 125 organizations, and the duplication of 1,690 exhibits
for use in conducting hearings.
The daily register showed that representatives from 15 depart-
ments of the executive branch made 2,180 visits to check committee
filos and that about 75 percent of the visits required a full day's service.
The reference collection used as the basis for these services is com-
posed of a vast number of newspapers, periodicals, pamphlets, leaflets,
letterheads, programs and other printed material issued by subversive
organizations, domestic and foreign. It also contains millions of
clippings from daily newspapers, as well as periodicals, reference books,
and hearings and reports published by this committee, its predecessors,
and many other agencies in the field.
Within itself, this collection is valuable not only because of the
tremendous amount of information it contains but also because of
the many old and rare items included in it. Furthermore, the com-
mittee's collection of the material is classified and indexed so that the
information is readily accessible. New material, continually being
added, keeps the information up to date.
82
CHAPTER VII
CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS
The House of Representatives in 1958 voted contempt citations
against Edward Yellin, Robert Lehrer, Victor Mails, Alfred James
Samter, Sidney Turoff, Sidney Herbert Ingerman, Paul Rosenkrantz,
Frank Wilkinson, and Carl Braden, who, as witnesses before the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities, refused to answer pertinent ques-
tions. House contempt resolutions have been certified by the Speaker
to the proper United States Attorneys for prosecutive action against
each of these individuals. All have been indicted by grand juries
with the exception of Paul Rosenkrantz, Sidney Turojj, and Sidney
Herbert Ingerman. Indictments have not as yet been presented in
these three cases.
Frank Wilkinson and Carl Braden were convicted of contempt of
Congress on January 22, 1959, and each was sentenced to serve 12
months in jail.
In addition, reports and statements of facts relating to the refusal
of Harvey O'Connor and Donald Wheeldin to answer questions pro-
pounded by the committee have been made to the Speaker of the
House — the House not being in session— in order that certification
may be made to the proper United States Attorneys as a basis for the
institution of proceedings against them for contempt of the House of
Representatives.
GARY, IND., CASES
The Committee on Un-American Activities continued its investiga-
tion of Communist techniques and tactics of infiltration, and the
extent, character, and objects of Communist Party propaganda activ-
ities in basic industry at Gary, Ind., on February 10 and 11, 1958.
Edward Yellin, who appeared as a witness pursuant to a subpena
served upon him, came to Gary, Ind., in 1949 from New York and
secured employment in the steel industry. Testimony by a former
FBI undercover agent revealed that Mr. Yellin was active in Com-
munist Party affairs after his arrival in Gary. In September of 1957,
he left Gary and, at the time of the hearing, was living in Fort Collins,
Colo. Mr. Yellin was a student at the College of the City of New
York for 2 years, the College of Literature, Science, and Arts of the
University of Michigan for 1 year, and the College of Engineering
of the University of Michigan for 1 year, which facts were concealed
in his application for employment by the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp.
The witness refused to answer material questions relating to the
Communist Party's policy of sending "colonizers" into the steel
industry and to his own Communist Party membership, basing his
refusal on the first amendment to the Constitution and the decisions
of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Watkins and Sweezey
cases, relating to the validity of the committee's enabling resolution
and the pertinency of the questions.
83
84 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
Robert Lehrer, another witness, was identified as a Communist
"colonizer" who moved from New York to Gary, Ind., and concealed
his college degree from Rutgers University in the filing of his applica-
tion for employment. Substantially the same questions were asked
this witness as were asked Yellin regarding colonization by the
Communist Party in the steel industry, and the witness refused to
answer for substantially the same reasons.
Alfred James Samter, a subpenaed witness, was another highly
educated young man who came from New York to Gary, Ind., in
1949, to seek employment in the steel industry, at which time, testi-
mony revealed, he became active in Communist Party affairs. He
refused to answer questions relating to colonization by the Communist
Party in the steel industry, basing his refusal to answer on substan-
tially the same grounds as those relied upon by Yellin and Lehrer.
Victor Mails is a native of Gary and a steel worker. He gave up
his seniority at the steel plant to run a restaurant where the Com-
munist Party was in the practice of holding its meetings. Later he
left the restaurant business and returned to his employment in the
steel industry. When questioned regarding testimony that he had
engaged in Communist Party activities at the restaurant, at the steel
plant, and in a steel union, the witness relied upon the first amend-
ment in refusing to answer.
BUFFALO, N.Y., CASES
The committee continued its investigation of the dissemination of
Communist propaganda in the United States at public hearings in
Buffalo, N.Y., on October 1, 1957. The hearings included an investi-
gation of the extent, character, and objects of Communist infiltration
into industrial, civic, and political organizations in the Buffalo area
and the execution, by administrative agencies concerned, of laws
requiring the listing of printing presses and machines capable of being
used to produce or publish printed matter in the possession, custody,
ownership, or control of the Communist Party or Communist-front
organizations.
Sidney Turqff, a former member of the State Committee of the
Communist Party for the State of New York, after testifying that he
had been a member of the Steel Section of the Communist Party of
Erie County as late as April 1957, refused to answer questions relating
to the membership of the Steel Section of the Communist Party and
the disposition of printing equipment which had been sold by Alan
Dietch to the Communist Party and delivered to him. His refusal
was based upon the first amendment. The witness did not object
to the questions on the ground of lack of pertinency. Nevertheless,
the purpose of the questions was adequately explained.
Sidney Herbert Ingerman, from 1953 until the date of his testimony,
was employed by Tube Manifold Corp. He admitted membership
in various Communist Party cells made up of employees in the steel
industry and that lie had also been a member of the Steel Section of
the Communist Party. He testified that he terminated his Commu-
nist Party membership during 1957. When questioned regarding the
membership of his Communist Party cell, he requested an explanation
of the pertinency of the question. After an appropriate explanation
was made, he was directed to answer. He refused to answer, assign-
ing as his reason that the questions were not pertinent to the inquiry
and that he was not required to answer under the first amendment.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 85
THE BOSTON CASE
In the course of the committee's investigation of the extent,
character, and objects of Communist infiltration and Communist
Party propaganda activities in the textile and other basic industries
in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Paul Rosenkrantz was called
as a witness, March 20, 1958. Testimony had been received that this
witness, as late as 1955, had been a member of the Metals Commission
of the Communist Party of New England. Although admitting Com-
munist Party membership in 1936, he refused to give the name of the
last cell of the Communist Party of which he was a member, relying
upon the first amendment and lack of pertinency as a basis for his
refusal. Mr. Rosenkrantz Avas born in Russia and became an Ameri-
can citizen through derivative citizenship of his father. At the time
of his testimony, he was a senior at Springfield College, Springfield,
Mass., prior to which he had been an employee of the Westinghouse
Corp. at Springfield.
THE ATLANTA CASES
At a hearing of the committee in Atlanta on July 29, 1958, one of
the subjects of investigation was Communist Party propaganda
activities in the South. The committee had issued a publication on
November 8, 1957, describing a newly mounted abolition campaign
against the House Committee on Un-American Activities, the investi-
gative powers of Congress, and important functions of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, for the purpose of creating a general climate
of opinion against the exposure and punishment of subversion. One
of the Communist Party fronts described as being in the vanguard of
this campaign was the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee.
Frank Wilkinson, a resident of Los Angeles, a member of the
National Council of the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, and
identified as a Communist in testimony, was a speaker at the ECLC
gathering in New York City in September 1957 which launched this
campaign. He was also executive secretan 7 of the Citizens Committee
To Preserve American Freedoms, an adjunct of the Emergency Civil
Liberties Committee. Wilkinson was in Atlanta at the time of this
committee's hearings in that city and the committee subpenaed him
to appear as a witness. After stating his name, he refused to answer
all questions. The only ground he assigned for his refusal was that
Congress did not have the power to establish this committee. Al-
though the question of pertinency was not raised by the witness, an
adequate explanation of the pertinency of the questions was never-
theless made.
Carl Braden, another witness before the committee in Atlanta on
Julv 30, 1958, had been identified as a Communist Party member in
sworn testimony before the committee. At the time of his appearance
before the committee, he was field secretary of the Southern Con-
ference Educational Fund. When served with a subpena, he was in
Rhode Island at the home of Harvey O'Connor, National Chairman
of the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee. Air. Braden challenged
the pertinency of various questions relating to propaganda activities
in the South and his own membership in the Communist Party.
After an adequate explanation of pertinency, the witness refused to
answer the questions, basing his refusal on the first amendment.
86 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
THE NEW JERSEY AND CALIFORNIA CASES
During the course of hearings conducted by the committee at
Newark, N.J., beginning September 3, 1958, Harvey O'Connor, Na-
tional Chairman of the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, was
served with a subpona to appear as a witness before the committee
on September 5, 1958. Mr. O'Connor, who has also been identified
as a Communist Party member, refused to obey the subpena and sent
a letter to the committee advising that he declined to appear. A
report and statement of Mr. O'Connor's refusal to obey the subpena
was made to the Speaker of the House of Representatives — Congress
not being in session — in order that the Speaker may certify the
same under the seal of the House of Representatives to the U.S. Attor-
ney for the district of New Jersey, to the end that he may be pro-
ceeded against for contempt arising from his willful default to appear
before the committee.
Donald Wheeldin, former writer for the West Coast Communist news-
paper, the Daily People's World, was subpenaed to appear as a wit-
ness before the Committee on Un-American Activities in Los Angeles,
Calif., on September 2, 1958. When called as a witness on that day,
he willfully refused to appear, in consequence of which a report and
statement of the facts was made by the committee to the Speaker of
the House of Representatives — -the House not being in session — in
order that the Speaker may certify the same under the seal of the
House to the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of California, to
the end that he may be proceeded against for contempt of the House
of Representatives.
OLD CASES STILL PENDING
The case of Lloyd Barenblatt was argued before the Supreme Court
of the United States on November 18, 1958. The decision in this im-
portant case had not come down when this report was prepared. On
January 16, 1958, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Colum-
bia, by a divided opinion, upheld for the second time the conviction of
Lloyd Barenblatt, a college instructor who was identified as a member
of the Communist Party and was cited for contempt arising from his
appearance before the committee on June 28, 1954. The case had
been remanded to the Court of Appeals by the Supreme Court of the
United States for the entry of an order consonant with its decision
in the Watkins case.
The major issue involved in this appeal was the construction of the
language of the Supreme Court in the Watkins case relative to the
validity of the resolution creating the standing Committee on Un-
American Activities. Another issue is whether that part of the
opinion in the Watkins case relating to pertinency requires a dis-
missal.
The case of Horace Chandler Davis, a member of the faculty of the
University of Michigan, found guilty of contempt on June 25, 1957,
and sentenced to 6 months in prison and a fine of $250, is pending on
appeal in the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
The case of Goldie E. Watson, an elementary teacher in the Martha
Washington Public School of Philadelphia, Pa., sentenced to 3 months'
confinement and fined $1,000, is pending on appeal before the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 87
Other cases pending on appeal before the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the District of Columbia are those of Norton Anthony Russell, an em-
ployee of Vernay Laboratories, an affiliate of Antioch College, Day-
ton, Ohio, who was sentenced to 30 days in jail and a fine of $500;
John T. Gojack, general vice president of United Electrical, Radio and
Machine Workers of America and president of its District No. 9, who
was sentenced to 9 months confinement and a fine of $500, and Bern-
hard Deutch, formerly a graduate student at Cornell University, who
was sentenced to 90 days in jail and a payment of a fine of $100, the
fine having been remitted.
There are seven indictments of witnesses for contempt which have
not been reached for trial; namely, Louis Earl Hartman, who, when
subpenaed as a witness, was engaged as a radio broadcaster in Berke-
ley, Calif.; Frank Grumman, employed as a radio operator for RCA
Communications, Inc., but temporarily on leave of absence as secre-
tary-treasurer of Local 10 of the American Communications Associa-
tion; Bernard Silber, service writer for Western Union Telegraph Co.;
William Edwin Davis, a resident of St. Louis, Mo.; George Tyne, a
radio, screen, theater, and television actor; Peter Seeger, an enter-
tainer; and Elliott Sullivan, an actor.
CHAPTER VIII
LEGISLATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS
A RECORD OF LEGISLATIVE ACCOMPLISHMENTS
A discussion of legislative recommendations would not be complete
without reference to the record of legislative accomplishments result-
ing from recommendations made by this committee.
The Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress,
during the last session, made an independent research study of
legislative recommendations made by the Committee on Un-American
Activities and subsequent action taken by Congress and executive
agencies. The committee published this study in June 1958 in an
89-page document titled "Legislative Recommendations by House
Committee on Un-American Activities." *
This document reveals that bills were introduced in the House of
Representatives embodying 80 recommendations made by this com-
mittee, all but 2 of which were offered after 1949. Legislation
enacted by Congress carried out 35 of these committee recommenda-
tions. Twenty-six bills were still pending at the close of the 85th
Congress. The Internal Security Act of 1950, the Communist
Control Act of 1954, and various provisions of the Immigration and
Nationality Act of 1952 were among the more important legislative
enactments.
Some of the recommendations made by the committee pertain more
to policies which should be followed by various executive agencies
than to legislative action. The conclusion is reached in this study
that executive agencies of the Government have put into effect
policies, orders, or regulations relating to 13 recommendations by the
committee, thus indicating substantial performance of the "legislative
oversight" duties of the committee as required by Rule XII of the
House of Representatives.
The record of the committee, as reflected by this independent
agency of the Government, refutes once and for all the assertions
made by uninformed persons that this committee has no legislative
purpose, or that the object of its hearings is "exposure for exposure's
sake."
The research study conducted reveals that committee recommen-
dations have been made relating to the following subjects:
Refusal of foreign countries to accept deportees;
Distribution of totalitarian propaganda;
Statutory period for revocation of naturalization ;
Limitation of prosecution for passport frauds;
Independent commission on Federal loyalty;
Publication of names of foreign agents;
Antisubversive Division in Department of Justice;
Foreign agents registration;
Deportation and exclusion of alien subversives;
1 See "Legislative Recommendations by House Committee on Un-American Activities," June 1958.
88
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 89
Restriction of tax-exempt privileges of Communist educational
and charitable organizations;
Second-class mailing privileges of foreign embassies;
Denial of second-class mailing privileges to subversive organiza-
tions;
Internal Security Act of 1950;
Communist Control Act of 1954;
Deportation of aliens upon conviction of crimes against the United
States;
Penalty for contempt of Congress;
Study of immigration laws;
Statute of limitations in espionage cases;
Activities of embassies of Communist countries;
Employment of subversives in defense plants and Government
service ;
Officers of labor unions under contract with Atomic Energy
Commission and Armed Forces;
Non-Communist affidavit under Taft-Hartley Act;
Single espionage statute for peace and war;
Immunity for congressional witnesses;
Revocation of commissions in Armed Forces;
Emergency powers of executive branch;
Technical surveillance (wiretapping) ;
Statute of limitations for prosecution for false statements by
Federal employees regarding subversive activities ;
Increased penalties for seditious conspiracy;
Registration of persons with training in espionage;
Compulsory testimony in congressional investigations;
Contradictory statements under oath to be punished as perjury.
LEGISLATION RECOMMENDED TO LESSEN THE IMPACT OF COURT
DECISIONS ON SUBVERSIVES
1. PASSPORTS
Known Communist agents may now freely obtain U.S. passports
for travel in the service of the international Communist conspiracy,
following recent Supreme Court decisions which resulted in the crea-
tion of a "gap" in Federal law on the subject.
The committee therefore urges the Congress to give its immediate
attention and consideration to the committee recommendation, made
originally in 1956, that an unmistakably clear statute be enacted to
strengthen the authority of the Secretary of State to bar Communist
agents from unrestricted travel abroad.
In the cases of Kent v. Dulles, 357 U.S. 116, and Dayton v. Dulles,
357 U.S. 144, the U.S. Supreme Court, in 5-to-4 divided opinions,
in the language of Mr. Justice Clark held that the Secretary of State
has not been authorized by Congress to deny a passport to a Com-
munist whose travel abroad would be inimical to our national security.
The majority opinions are based upon the premise that the Secretary
of State withheld passports in these cases because of the applicants'
"beliefs or associations." The innumerable congressional and judicial
findings of the conspiratorial character of international communism
were wholly ignored.
9Q COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
The serious consequences of these decisions are indicated by the
fact that from the 16th dav of June 1958, the date of the rendition of
the decisions, to the 7th day of November 1958, the State Depart-
ment granted passports to 596 persons who have records of activity in
support of the international Communist movement. Persons granted
passports include individuals trained in Moscow, individuals who have
been involved in Communist espionage activity, individuals who have
performed Communist functions in countries other than the United
States, and, last but not least, Communist Party members, both con-
cealed'and open, who owe an undying allegiance to the international
( Jommunist conspiracy. When considering the salutary provisions of
the Walter-McCarran Act, designed to prevent this coun try _ from
being overridden bv Communist agents from abroad, it is shocking to
learn the names of "the higlily placed Communists in this country who
are now permitted to travel indiscriminately in the countries of our
Allies, as well as in those of our enemies.
It is important at this time to restate the committee's recommenda-
tions and observations on this vital matter. In the annual report for
1956, the committee recommended:
Although recognizing the historic discretion of the Secretary of State
to issue, withhold, or limit passports under regulations adopted pursuant
to Executive orders, the committee believes that the hand of the Secre-
tary should be strengthened by the enactment of legislation expressing
the will and intent of the legislative branch of the Government spelled
out in direct and positive form. It is believed to be highly important
that this historic discretion of the Secretary of State specifically be
made applicable, by statutory definition, to international travel of
adherents to the Communist Party; that statutory recognition be given
to basic regulations now governing passport matters; that specific
statutory authority be given to the Secretary of State to issue substantive
regulations in the passport field; and that specific statutory sanction
be given to the review procedure in denial cases to insure freedom from
arbitrary and capricious action, and protection of constitutional rights.
In view of the importance of these matters in the field of foreign
relations and national security, a tight control of the issuance of passports
should be observed. To assure accomplishment of this objective, penal
sanctions should be provided for the issuance by Government officials of
passports in violation of the express will and intent of Congress and of
the regulations promulgated by the Secretary of State pursuant to statu-
tory authority. ir _„ ,
It is believed that H.R. 11582, introduced on June 4, 1956, if enacted
into law, would satisfactorily achieve most of the basic recommendations
made by the committee on this subject, provided that penal sanctions
omitted in the bill are added.
H.K. 11582 was not reported to the floor of the House for action
by the House of "Representatives.
In the view of the committee, the unrestricted travel of persons
who are or have been identified with the Communist movement
presents a real deterrent to the successful prosecution of the foreign
policy of this country and to the very security of the Nation. The
lowering of the bars to foreign travel since the decision in these cases
has, in all probability, resulted in great damage to the security of all
countries which have united with us in an effort to restrain and con-
tain the Communist movement, It is not too late to fill the "gap*
in Federal law resulting from these court decisions if Congress imme-
diately rises to its responsibility in this all-important matter.
This committee is of the opinion that most of the bills presented
on this subject are inadequate in their provisions, and it recommends
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 91
that strong legislation in keeping with this committee's 1956 recom-
mendations be enacted in an effort to resolve the problems raised by
the findings of the Supreme Court in these cases.
2. STATE SEDITION LAWS
The sedition laws of 42 States of the Union fell with the decision of
the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Pennsylvania v.
Nelson, 350 U.S. 497, in which it was held that the Smith Act pre-
empted the field of sedition and subversion in favor of the Federal
Government. This decision reads into the statute a legislative intent
to occupy the whole field of the law of sedition or subversion to the
exclusion of State and local governments.
Numerous bills have been introduced for the purpose of spelling
out congressional intent in such a manner as to provide that Federal
legislation on these subjects shall not prevent the enforcement of State
statutes prescribing criminal penalties for any act, attempt, or con-
spiracy to commit sedition against a State or the United States, or to
conspire to overthrow the government of a State or of the United
States. Among those is H.R. 977, offered by Chairman Francis E.
Walter of the Committee on Un-American Activities on January 3,
1957. Although the Judiciary Committee reported this bill, it was a
similar bill, H.R. 3, offered by Representative Howard W. Smith,
upon which the House acted in the last session of Congress. The
latter bill was passed by the House, but in the last days of the session
it failed of passage in the Senate by one vote.
This committee strongly recommends that the indicated remedial
legislation be reintroduced and enacted into law.
3. THE ORGANIZATION CLAUSE OF THE SMITH ACT
Congressional intent was likewise the issue in the case of Yates v.
United States, 354 U.S. 298, in which the Supreme Court of the
United States dealt a lethal blow to the Smith Act. The Court held
that the statute of limitations barred conviction, since the term
"organize" as used in the Smith Act refers only to the initial formation
of the Communist Party in 1945, as distinguished from continuing
acts of organizing and recruiting.
The committee is of the opinion that in the adoption of the Smith
Act in 1940, Congress could not have intended that the term "organize"
was limited in its application to the reconstitution of the Communist
Party in 1945, because that event could not have been foreseen.
Therefore, Congress must have intended the word "organize" to
mean a continuous process of organizing groups and cells and of
recruiting new members.
The chairman, with the purpose of clarifying the meaning of the
term "organize" as it is used in Title 18, United States Code, section
2385, introduced H.R. 13272 on July 2, 1958, making the term ap-
plicable to the recruiting of new members, the forming of new units,
and the regrouping or expansion of existing clubs, classes, and other
units of such society, group, or assembly of persons. This bill was
passed by the House on August 12, 1958, but failed to come to a vote
in the Senate.
37633— 59—1
92 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
The committee is of the opinion that the Smith Act is one of our
most effective weapons against the Communist conspiracy and it
recommends prompt action in plugging the "gap" in Federal law
resulting from the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States
in the Yates case.
4. THE ADVOCACY CLAUSE OF THE SMITH ACT
The need for clarification of congressional intent with respect to the
terms "advocate" and "teach" as used in the Smith Act is indicated
by the decision of the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit in reversing the conviction of six second-rank Communist
leaders for violation of the Smith Act, United States v. James E. Jack-
y son et aL, CCA. 2d, 1958, 257 Fed. 2d 830.^ This decision was based
upon the so-called "call to action" test laid down by the Supreme
Court of the United States in the Yates case. In commenting upon
the holding in the Yates case, the court stated:
In distinguishing this extremely narrow difference between
advocacy or teaching which constitutes a violation from that
which does not, the Supreme Court said: "The essential
distinction is that those to whom the advocacy is addressed
must be urged to do something, now or in the future, rather
than merely believe in something."
The committee is of the opinion that the Supreme Court of the
United States in the Yates case, in attempting to construe the terms
"advocate" and "teach" as terms of art, wholly failed to ascertain
the obvious intent of Congress as disclosed by the customary meaning
of those terms when used in conjunction with the terms "duty" and
"necessity" as used in the act. The question of whether advocacy
and teaching of the duty and necessity of overthrowing the Govern-
ment by use of force and violence constitutes mere advocacy and
teaching of an abstract doctrine or whether it is advocacy or teaching
directed at promoting of unlawful action, was neither considered nor
decided by the Court in the Yates case. To construe the terms
"advocate" and "teach" out of the context in which they were used
could only result in doing violence to the plain intent of Congress in
the use of those terms. Therefore, the chairman, on August 5, 1958,
offered an amendment to Title 18, U.S. Code, section 2385, which seeks
to clarify the congressional intent by defining the terms "advocate,"
"teach," "duty," "necessity," "force," and "violence," as used in that
section.
The committee considers it essential that the Smith Act be strength-
ened and buttressed by the adoption of the suggested legislation and
the consideration of any other legislative proposal which would renew
the effectiveness of the Smith Act as a weapon in the national defense
and the internal security of the country.
5. FEDERAL LOYALTY PROGRAM
In the dissenting opinion by Mr. Justice Clark, concurred in by
Mr. Justice Reed and Mr. Justice Minton, the Supreme Court's order
in the case of Cole v. Young, 1956, 351 U.S. 536, "has stricken down
the most effective weapon against subversive activity available to the
Government." The result of the decision in this case is to limit
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 93
greatly the effectiveness of the Summary Suspension Act of 1950 and
Executive Order 10450 issued thereunder. The act involved provides
that the head of certain Government agencies may suspend a civilian
officer or employee whenever he shall determine such termination
necessary or advisable in the interest of the national security of the
United States. In holding that dismissal of an employee was not
authorized by the 1950 act, the Court held that the term "national
security" is used in the act in a definite and limited sense and relates
only to those activities which are directly concerned with the Nation's
safety.
The committee agrees with the statement in the dissenting opinion
by Mr. Justice Clark that —
It is not realistic to say that the Government can be pro-
tected merely by applying the act to sensitive jobs. One
never knows just which job is sensitive. The janitor might
prove to be in as important a spot securitywise as the top em-
ployee in the building. The Congress decided that the most
effective way to protect the Government was through the
procedures laid down in the act.
The committee recommends, therefore, that the Summary Suspension
Act of August 26, 1950, relating to the suspension of employment of
civilian personnel of the United States in the interest of national
security, be amended to define the term "national security" as mean-
ing all governmental activities of the U.S. Government involving the
national safetv and security, including but not limited to activities
concerned with the protection of the United States from internal sub-
version or foreign aggression. The committee also recommends that
the act be amended so as to provide that all employees of any de-
partment or agency of the U.S. Government are deemed to be em-
ployed in an activity of the Government involving national security.
OTHER LEGISLATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS
1. LABELING OF FOREIGN COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA
The committee has conducted investigations and hearings in Boston,
Buffalo, New York, Newark, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C.,
Atlanta, New Orleans, and San Francisco, regarding the entry and
dissemination within this country of foreign Communist propaganda.
The legislative purpose of this inquiry was to determine the necessity
for, and advisability of, amendments to the Foreign Agents Registra-
tion Act, in order to counteract more effectively Communist schemes
and devices being used to avoid the prohibitions of the act.
Testimony revealed the importation and dissemination of millions
of pieces of Communist propaganda every year without compliance
with the laws relating to the filing and labeling of political propa-
ganda. The committee recommends, therefore, that the Foreign
Agents Registration Act of 1938 be amended so as to extend the appli-
cation of section 4 of the present law to importers of political prop-
aganda and to persons not within the United States who use the
U.S. mails to disseminate such propaganda within this country.
94 COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES
2. REGISTRATION OF COMMUNIST-FRONT ORGANIZATIONS
Certain organizations have adopted the ruse of ostensibly dissolving
or changing their names upon the institution of proceedings by the
Attorney General before the Subversive Activities Control Board for
the purpose of compelling the organizations to register as Communist
fronts.
The committee recommends that title 1 of the Internal Security
Act of 1950 be amended by adding a new section providing that the
dissolution or reorganization of an organization shall not prevent the
institution of proceedings under section 13 or 13(a) of the act, nor shall
it prevent a final determination in any proceedings instituted under
either of such sections.
3. DISRUPTIVE CONDUCT BY CONGRESSIONAL WITNESSES
As a result of the continued study that the committee has given
to the problem of dealing with disruptive and abusive conduct by
certain witnesses, the recommendations made by this committee in
its annual report for 1956 are repeated. Title 8, United States Code,
sections 192 and 194, should be amended so as to provide that every
person who misbehaves in the presence of either House or any joint
committee established by a joint or concurrent resolution of the two
Houses, or any committee or committees of either House of Congress,
or so near thereto as to obstruct such House or committee in the
performance of its duties, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
punishable in the manner now prescribed for the refusal of a witness
to answer any question pertinent to the matter under inquiry. A
full discussion of the basic reasons for the making of this recommenda-
tion appears in the annual report for the year 1956, at pages 57 and 58.
4. FRAUDULENT USE OF SOCIAL SECURITY CARDS
The committee heretofore has reported the fraudulent use of social
security cards by functionaries of the Communist Party and has ex-
pressed doubt that such conduct comes fully within the prohibition
of any Federal statute. Committee investigations revealed that Com-
munist agents were able to obtain employment in defense industry
with the aid of social security cards made out in fictitious names. In
order to eliminate legal loopholes which facilitate the penetration of
saboteurs and subversives into our vital industries, the committee
therefore once again -recommends that section 1107 of the Social
Security Act, 42 U.S.C., sec. 1307, be amended by providing that any
person who, for the purpose of procuring, obtaining, or retaining
employment by, in, or upon any defense facility, war utilities, national
defense premises, or national defense utilities, shall exhibit to his em-
ployer or prospective employer a social security account number
card bearing a false, assumed, or fictitious name, without disclosing
his true identity, shall be fined not more than $1,000, or imprisoned
not more than 1 year, or both.
COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES 95
5. SURVEILLANCE BY TECHNICAL DEVICES
Information obtained through surveillance by technical devices
should be permitted as evidence in matters affecting the national se-
curity provided that adequate safeguards are adopted to prevent any
abuse of civil liberties.
6. TRANSPORTATION OF CLASSIFIED GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
The unauthorized transportation in interstate commerce of Gov-
ernment documents falling within a top secret, secret, or confidential
classification should be made a criminal action.
7. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES
The 5-year statute of limitations for prosecution of the offenses of
treason, espionage, sabotage, and other subversive activities should be
amended so as to permit prosecutions for a period not to exceed 15
years from the time of commission of the offense.
8. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR PERJURY
The present 3-year statute of limitations for prosecution of offenses
committed in violation of Title 18, United States Code, sections 1001
or 1621, dealing with false statements and perjury, should be extended
to 10 years when involving subversive activities and connections, and
in instances where a person becomes an officer or employee of the
United States or of any department or agency thereof, or of any corpo-
ration the stock of which is owned in whole or in part by the United
States, or any department or agency thereof, such person should be
prosecuted, tried, and punished for such offense at any time within 10
years after such person has ceased to be employed as such officer or
employee.
9. WILLFULLY CONTRADICTORY STATEMENTS
The committee desires to restate its opinion that willfully contra-
dictory statements made under oath by a witness before Federal grand
juries, Federal courts, or congressional bodies should be punishable as
perjury without the present requirement that the Government prove
which of the statements is false. When two contradictory state-
ments are made, one of which must be false, the Government must
now prove the falsity by testimony of two independent witnesses or
by the testimony of one witness and corroborative evidence. Bills
introduced in the House and the Senate during the 84th Congress
had the effect of remedying this situation by requiring the Govern-
ment to prove only that the statements of a witness are themselves
contradictory — provided that they are willful, concern material mat-
ters, and are made within 3 years of one another.
INDEX
Individuals
A
Page
Abel, Rudolf Ivanovich 45, 46
Aleman, Miguel 49
Annenberg, Adelaide Klein 30
Arevalo, Juan Jose 2
Atkinson, James D 69, 70, 80
B
Barenblatt, Lloyd 86
Belief euille, Jean 24
Bentley, Elizabeth (T) 11, 13, 30, 42
Boldyreff, Constantin W 65, 66, 80
Bouscaren, Anthony T 69, 70, 80
Braden, Anne (Mrs. Carl Braden) 35
Braden, Carl 34, 83, 85
Brandon, Thomas J 39
Brosser, B. (See Heck, Kate.)
Browder, Earl 2
Budenz, Louis 13
Bulganin, Nikolai 48, 64
C
Cantor, Emanuel 37
Cdrdenas (Lazaro) 49
Chambers, Whittaker 11, 13, 42
Chennault, Claire Lee 67-69, 80
Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissimo 68
Chiang Kai-shek, Mme 67
Chou En-lai 48
Clark (Tom C.) 89, 92, 93
Coe, Charles J. (also known as Bob Coe) 34
Cohen, Boris 39
Cole, Madge Spurny 33
Coplon, Judith (Mrs. Albert H. Socolov) 44
Cottrell, Alvin J 71-73, 80
D
Dallin, David J 69,70,80
Davis, Horace Chandler 86
Davis, William Edwin 87
Deu tch, Bernhard 87
D'haze, Maud 24,25
Dietch, Alan 84
Dimitrov, Georgi 12
Dixon, Robert J., Jr 36
D'Orlando, Albert 25, 26
D'Orlando, Polly (Mrs. Albert D'Orlando) 25
Dougherty, James E 71-73, 80
Douglas, Dorothy W 35
Dragnich, Alex N 78, 79, 81
Dreyfus, Benjamin 35
Duggan, Laurence 47
97
98 INDEX
E
Page
Eden, Anthony 64
Eisenhower (Dwight D.) 64
Evans, William 33
F
Fein, David M 26
Feldman, Eugene 34
Field, Hermann 45
Field, Herta (Mrs. Noel Field) 45, 46
Field, Noel 45-47
Figueirido, Mary 24
Fishman, Irving 38-41
Fishman, Rozlyn (Mrs. Harry Fishman) 24
Foster, Carol 24-26
Fuchs, Klaus 43, 44
Furth, Alex. (See Sasuly, Richard.)
G
Garczynski, Olga 24
Gersten, Bernard 30
Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe 52, 53, 81
Gojack, John T 87
Gold, Harry 43, 44
Goldberg, Evelyn Skoloff 41
Gomulka, Wladyslaw 48
Greenglass, David 44
Grenell, Horace 31
Grumman, Frank 87
Gubitche v, Valentin 44
H
Handman, Robert 33
Hartman, Louis Earl 87
Hay hanen, Reino 45
Heck, Kate (also known as B. Brosser) 37
Hiss, Alger 11, 13, 47
Hitler (Adolf) 57, 75
Ho Chi Minh 48
Hollister, Carroll 30
Hood, Frances (Mrs. Otis Hood) 24
Hood, Otis Archer 25
Hoover, J. Edgar 16, 43
Hoxha, Enver 51, 81
Hunter, Edward 59-62, 80
Hyndman, Katherine 21
I
Ingerman, Sidney Herbert 83, 84
J
Jakubec, Milan 62-64, 80
James, Dennis 36
Jodl (Alfred) 57
Johnson, Oakley C 34
Jones, Earl T 30
K
Kad ar, Janos 48
Kaufman (Irving) 43
Khrushchev, Nikita 3, 48, 64, 76, 78
Kim II Sung 48
Konev, Ivan 48
Korstad, Karl 33
INDEX 99'
L
Page
LaFleur, Joseph E i 20, 21
Lamont, Corliss 35
Lautner, John 19, 20, 28, 29, 38
Lawrence, Howard 20
Lawrence, William. (See Lazar, William.)
Lazar, William (also known as William Lawrence) 29
Lee, Will (born William Lubovsky) 30
Lehrer, Robert 21, 83, 84
Lenin 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 73
Len vin, Nathan 39
Libman, Yisrol Paul Mann. (See Mann, Paul.)
Licht, Fanny 33
Lief, Arthur 30
Liu, Mary 59
Lombardo Toledano, Vicente 48-50, 81
Lowrv, Charles Wesley 74, 75, 80
Lubell, David 25
Lubell, Jonathan 25
Lubovsky, William. (See Lee, Will.)
Luscomb, Florence 24
M
Malinow, Louis 37
Malis, Victor 21, 83, 84
Malis, Willard 21
Mann, Paul (born Yisrol Paul Mann Libman) 29, 30
Mao Tse-tung 48
Marx, Karl 75
Maskiewicz, Benning 26
Massing, Hede 47
McAvoy, Muriel Gravelle 24, 35
McNamara, Francis J 69, 70, 80
Mc Williams, Carey 35
Menshikov (Mikhail A.) 15, 64
Michael, King of Rumania 52
Mikoyan, Anastas 15
Mills, Nathaniel 24
Minton (Sherman) 92'
Morones, Luis * 49, 50
N
Nasser (Gamal Abdel) 66
Nelson, Elba Chase 25
Niemeyer, Gerhart 75-77, 81
Nixon, Russell 35
Norman, John F 37
O
O'Connor, Harvey 35, 37, 38, 83, 85, 86-
P
Pavlov (Ivan Petrovich) 72
Penha, Armando 5, 17, 18, 22-26, 31-34
Perry, Douglas 24, 26
Peters, J 20,47
Pevzner, Sam 39
Portnoy, Leon 31
Prestes, Luis Carlos 48, 50, 51, 81
Pu-yi (Henry) 59
R
Raab (Julius) 76
Rabinowitz, Victor 35
Rebraca, Lazo 21
100 INDEX
Fas*
Reed (Stanley Forman) 92
Rein, David 35
Remington (William W.) 11, 13
Robertson, William J., Ill 33
Rogerson, Roy 24
Rosenberg, Ethel (Mrs. Julius Rosenberg; nee Greenglass) 43, 44
Rosenberg, Julius 43, 44
Rosenkrantz, Paul 83, 85
Rubinstein, Annette 39
Russell, Norton Anthony 87
Ru sso, Mike 25
S
Samter, Alfred James 21, 83, 84
Sasuly, Richard (also known as Alex Furth) 30
Schwarz, Frederick Charles 57
Seeger , Peter 87
Sheldrick, George 33
Sherman, Joseph 26
Silber, Bernard 87
Silber, Irwin 31
Silvermaster, Nathan Gregory 30
Snitzer, Elias 26
Socolov, Mrs. Albert H. (See Coplon, Judith.)
Stalin 3, 46-48,50, 72, 78
Steinberg, Benjamin 31
Stilwell, Joseph W_.._. ' 57
Strausz-Hupe, Robert 71-73, 80
Sullivan, Elliott ' 87
Suske, Eleanor 38
T
Tamsky , Florence 24
Thorez, Maurice 48
Timpson, Anne Burlak 25
Tito 48, 51, 78, 79
Togliatti, Palmiro 48
Toledano, Vicente Lombardo. (See Lombardo Toledano, Vicente.)
Turoff, Sidney 83, 84
Tyne, George 87
U
Ulbricht, Walter 48
V
Vargas (Getulio) i 50
Vassiliev, B 7, 8
Villard, Paul 31
W
Wallach, Erica 45-47, 81
Watson, Goldie E 86
Wedemeyer, Albert C 57-59, 80
West, Donald L. (Don) 34
Wheeldin, Donald 83, 86
White, Harry Dexter 13
Wilkinson, Frank 35, 83, 85
Wilson, Woodrow 53
Wyman, Louis C 26
Y
Yellin, Edward - 21, 83, 84
Z
Zhuko v, Georgi 48
Zick, Bernard 36
INDEX 101
Organizations
A
Page
Abbey Record Manufacturing Co., Inc 31
Abes Labor Camp 46
Actors Workshop (New York) , Paul Mann 30
Afro-Asian Conference (Bandung, Indonesia; Apr. 18-24, 1955) 61
Albanian Workers' (Communist) Party 51
Allen-Bradley Co. (Milwaukee) 57
American Civil Liberties Union, Southern California Chapter 14
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born 10, 24
American Legion 57
American Shakespeare Festival (Stratford, Conn.) 30
American Theater Wing, Inc 30
Artkino Films, Inc 39
B
Bandung Conference. (See Afro-Asian Conference.)
Bolshevik Party 2
Brandon Films, Inc 39
C
Canadian Labor Progressive Party (see also Communist Party, Canada) _ _ 63
Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp 83
Chicago Committee To Preserve Freedom of Speech and the Press 14
Citizens Committee To Preserve American Freedoms 14, 35, 85
Civil Rights Congress (New Jersey) 36
Cominform 78, 79
Communications Association, American 10
Local 10 87
Communist International. (See International, III.)
Communist Labor Party of America 47
Communist Party:
Brazil 48, 50, 51
Canada (see also Canadian Labor Progressive Party) 63
China 1, 2
Germany ( West) 46
Soviet Union 1
Communist Party of America 47
Communist Party, U.S.A 1-7, 9, 11-17, 22, 47, 48
Control Commission 4
District 1 (New England) 23-27
District Committee 22
Executive Committee 22
National Committee 22, 23, 33
National Textile Commission 22, 23, 31-33
New England District Metals Commission 22, 85
States:
Massachusetts:
Bristol County 22
New Bedford 22
Regional Section Organizers Committee 22
New Hampshire 24, 25
Nashua 25
State Committee 25
New Jersey:
Essex County 37
Newark 37
Mercer County 37
State Committee 37
102 INDEX
Communist Party, U.S.A. — Continued
States — Continued p»k«
New York State 28, 29
Cultural Division 28,29
Erie County: Buffalo, Steel Section 84
State Committee 84
Steel Section 84
North Carolina:
High Point, Industrial Commission 33,34
Confederation of Latin American Workers (CTAL) 49
Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM) 49, 50
E
Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, United 10, 26, 87
District No. 9 87
Massachusetts, New Bedford (Local 277) 25
New Jersey 36
Emergency Civil Liberties Committee 10, 14, 34, 35, 37, 85, 86
National Council 35, 85
F
Farm Research, Inc 10
Foundation for Religious Action in the Social and Civil Order (FRASCO) _ 74
G
General Confederation of Workers and Peasants of Mexico 49
General Electric Co. (Bloomfield, N.J.) 36
Geneva Summit Conference (1955) 64, 70
H
Harvard University 25
I
International, III (Communist International) 52
Executive Committee 50
International Publishers 10
International Union of Students 39
Labor Progressive. Party (See Canadian Labor Progressive Party.)
Labor Research Association 10
Labor Youth League (Newark) 36
League of Nations 45, 47
Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, International 10
Lowell Technological Institute 26
M
Manhattan Engineering District 43
Martha Washington Public School (Philadelphia) 86
Massachusetts Committee for the Bill of Rights 23, 24
Metropolitan Music School, Inc 30
Mexican Socialist League (Liga Socialista Mexicana) 49
Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, International Union of 10
Mutual Cooperation League of Canada 1 62
N
National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (NTS) 63
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship 10
National Council of the Art, Sciences, and Professions 29
National Lawyers Guild 10, 14
National Liberation Alliance (Brazil) 50
National Revolutionary Party (Mexico) 49
INDEX 103
Page
New Bedford Committee To Fight Unemployment 23, 24
New Bedford Peace Committee 23, 24
New Bedford Surplus Committee 24
New Century Publishers 10
New England Citizens Concerned for Peace 23, 24
New York Committee for the Southern Newsletter 34
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 70
P
Parkway Music School Institute 31
Partv of the Mexican Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion Mexicana —
PRM) 49
Peoples Radio Foundation 30
Popular Party, Mexico (Partido Popular) 4 8-50
Progressive Party 24
New Hampshire 26
New Jersey 36
Prompt Press, Inc 39
R
RCA Communications, Inc 87
Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM) 49, 50
Rumanian Workers' (Communist) Party 52
S
Save Our Sons Committee 24
Slovak Legion 62
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) 70
Southern Conference Educational Fund 85
T
Teachers Union, New York 10
Tube Manifold Corp 84
Tung Sol Electric Co. (Bloomfleld, N.J.) 36
U
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Government of:
Embassy, Canada 63
Ministry of War:
Military Intelligence 54, 55
Secret police 55
MVD 54,55
Unitarian Service Committee 45
United Nations 44, 54, 56, 69
United States Government:
Justice Department 44
State Department 45, 47
University of Michigan 86
V
Vernay Laboratories 87
Vorkuta Labor Camp 46
W
Western Union Telegraph Co 87
Westinghouse Corp. (Springfield, Mass.) 85
World Federation of Democratic Youth 39
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) 49
Y
Young People's Records 31
104 INDEX
Publications
Page
ACA News - 10
American-Soviet Facts 10
Congressional Government (book) 53
Daily Worker 13, 29
Data on Atrocities of United States Army in South Korea 41
Dispatcher, The 10
Economic Notes 10
Facts for Farmers 10
Glos Ludo wy 10
Hungarian Daily Journal 38
Hungarian Word 10
Lamp, The 10
Lawyers Guild Review 10
M ainstream 9
Mine-Mill Union 10
Morning Freiheit 10
Narodni Glasnik 10
N ew Times 41
New World Review 9
Nok Vilaga (Women's W T orld) 10
Northern Neighbors 63
Party Affairs 10
Party Voice 10
People's World 9
Political Affairs 9
Rights 10
Russky Golos 10
Science and Society 9
Southern Newsletter '____ 10, 33, 34
Soviet News Bulletin 63
Teacher News 10
UE News 10
Ukrainian Daily News 10
Vilnis 10
Worker, The 9