The English Monarchy and the Rise of Constitutionalism

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1 The English Monarchy and the Rise of ConstitutionalismA. England’s Monarchs in the High Middle Ages1. William the Conqueror and the Norman Invasion ( )a. Tribes of people known as Anglo-Saxons settled inEngland in the early Middle Ages and ruled the islanduntil the year 10661) Edward the Confessor, the Anglo-Saxon Kingof England, died in 1066 and the kingship wastaken by Harold Godwinson who belonged toone of the most powerful noble families in England2) Edward the Confessor’s cousin, Duke William of Normandy, also claimed the throne ofEngland

2 The Battle of Hastings—October 14, 10661) The forces of Harold Godwinson and Duke Williammet at Hastings, in Southern England, during whichWilliam’s mounted knights defeated the Anglo-Saxoninfantryc. Duke William of Normandy was crowned King of Englandon December 25 (Christmas Day) in 1066William expanded the power of the king in England1) King William sent royal officials to collect information regarding who owned how much land in England. Theycompiled a book of records known as the “DomesdayBook” in order to tax people effectivelya)William claimed about 20% of the land for heand his family2) William required all knights and vassals pledge fealty directly to him, rather than their liege lord3) William divided England into counties and within each county were smaller “shires.” He appointed a“royal sheriff” to oversee each shire

3 King Henry II Expands the Administrative and Legal Structurein EnglandSystem of taxation1) Henry II hired tax officials, known as “barons ofthe exchequer” to count the tax payments which werecollected at a local level by sheriffsRoyal Courts1) Henry II increased the number of cases that wereheld in the royal courts which took power awayfrom local courts2) Henry compiled a book of “common law” (lawthat was common to the whole kingdom) thatwas based on customa) Royal officials surveyed local officialsthroughout England to develop a system oflaw based on the customs of the people

4 3) Henry II claimed the right to punish clergymen in theroyal courtsa) traditionally, members of the clergy had beentried in Church courtsb)Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterburyresisted Henry and claimed that clerics couldonly be tried in Church courtsc) four knights went to Canterbury and murderedThomas Becket in a cathedrald) the public was outraged by this event and theking was forced to allow the Church to trymembers of the clergy

5 King John I (1199-1216): The Nobles Strike Backa. Many English nobles resented the growth of the king’spower and rose in rebellion during the reign of Henry’s son,King John Ib. The English nobles forced King John I to sign the MagnaCarta (The Great Charter) in 1215 which limited the power ofthe king to act without first consulting the nobles1) the Magna Carta was used by the people of England toargue that the power of the monarch should be limited ratherthan absolute2) the Magna Carta was a “feudal” document and assertedthat the relationship between the king and his vassals wasbased on mutual rights and obligations3) the Magna Carta was aimed at limiting governmentpractices that affected the relations between the king and hisvassals and between the king and the Church

6 King Edward I (1272-1307) and the Emergence of Parliamenta. Edward I began the long process of uniting all of the BritishIsles into a single kingdom1) he conquered Wales2) He started a war with Scotland to take control of thenorthern regions of the British Isles. He failed in his attemptto take control of Scotland (Braveheart)b. Edward I and Parliament1) originally, the word Parliament applied to meetings of theking’s Great Council in which the greater nobles met withleading Church officials, the king’s judges and head advisorsto deal with matters of justice2) in need of more money, King Edward I invited twotwo knights from every county and two residents,called burgesses, from each city to meet with theGreat Council to agree to new taxes; this was the firstParliament and is often referred to as “Model Parliament”

7 3) The English Parliament that Edward I created eventuallydivided itself into two houses. The nobles and churchofficials became known as the House of Lords and theKnights and burgesses became known as the House ofCommons (note: we use a two-house system, the Senateand House of Representatives in the U.S. Congress)The Hundred Years’ War: Edward III, The Black Prince, & HenryVa. Series of wars fought between England and France which lastedfromb. Causes1) A dispute broke out between England and France whenthe King of France, Charles IV, died without an heir2) as the son of the daughter of King Phillip IV (the fatherof Charles IV), King Edward III of England had a claim tothe throne of France as a close male heir3) French practice, however, emphasized descent throughthe male line and a cousin of Charles IV, Philip, duke ofValois, became king as Philip VI

8 4) English monarchs had maintained possession of Gascony, aterritory in France dating back to King William I so theking of England was also a vassal to the King of Francea) When Philip VI was named King of France, andEdward III’s claim denied, King Edward III refused topledge homage to King Philip VI--in response, King Philip VI seized Gascony--Edward III responded by declaring war on Philipc. The First Phase of the Hundred Years’ War1) The French army was made up of mostly mounted knightswho fought on horseback whereas the English army consistedof cavalry supported by paid peasant foot soldiers and skilledarchers; the English used the longbow which was able to firearrows rapidly rather than the more common crossbow2) The Battle of Crecy: just south of Flanders, the Frenchforces fought the English army. English archers rained arrowsdown on the French and won the battle

9 In the aftermath of battle, Edward and the Englishtroops captured the French port of Calais to serve aspost from where they could launch future invasions3) The Campaigns of the Black Princea) King Edward III’s son, Edward the Prince of Walesdeliberately ravaged towns in France, burned crops,and looted anything of value, for this he earned thename “The Black Prince”b) The Black Prince avoided fighting big battlesuntil he was forced to do so in 13564) The Battle of Poitiers (1356)a) English troops, commanded by the Black Prince,met French forces who were under the command ofKing John IIb) The English army was victorious and KingJohn II of France was taken as a prisoner of war

10 5) Peace of Bretigny (1359): This treaty ended what is known asthe first phase on the Hundred Years’ War. England won theMajor battles in the war but were not strong enough to place theEntire country of France under the authority of the King ofEnglanda) The Peace of Bretigny required that France pay alarge ransom for the release of King John II, the Englishterritory of Gascony in France was enlarged, and KingEdward III of England agreed to recant his claim to thethrone of France in return for King John II’s promiseto give up control of English lands in Franced. The Second Phase of the Hundred Years’ War1) King Charles V of France, son of John II, took the throne ofFrance and set out to recover all lands in France that werecontrolled by England2) Charles V avoided big battles and gradually destroyedEngland’s forts in France one by onea) by 1374 he had succeeded and negotiated a truce withEngland that was signed in 1396

11 The Third Phase of the Hundred Years’ War (1415-1425)1) King Henry V of England and the Battle of Agincourta) Henry V and England invaded France in 1415and defeated the French army on a muddy fieldin Agincourt, Franceb) As the heavily-plated French cavalry attemptedto cross the field, English bowman and infantryslaughtered themc) 1,500 French nobles died in this battle2) Following Agincourt, Henry V and the English armyconquered Normandy; he signed an alliance with theduke of Burgundy putting England in control of allnorthern FranceJoan of Arc and the End of the Hundred Years’ War1) England seized the province of Orleans in France in1428

12 2) Joan of Arc, a peasant girl who claimed God hadcommunicated with her and wanted her to free France fromEngland’s control, convinced the king to allow her to marchwith the French army and fight to regain Orleansa) Joan supposedly inspired the French army whodefeated the English and reclaimed Orleansb) Joan, however, was captured by the English whoturned her over to the Inquisition of the CatholicChurch who tried, convicted, and burned her at thestake on charges of heresyc) 25 years later, a Church court exonerated her ofthese charges and she was declared a saint by theChurch in 19203) The war persisted for two until 1453 when the Frencharmy defeated the English in Normandy and Aquitaine1) key to France’s success was the use of thecannon, a new weapon made possible by theinvention of gunpowder

13 Edward III (1327-1377) and the Evolution of English PoliticalInstitutionsa. due to the need to raise money to fight the Hundred Years’War, Edward III called Parliament frequently to gain permissionto collect new taxesb. Edward III allowed Parliament to examine governmentaccounts to ensure that tax money was being spent properlyc. House of Lords and House of Commons were formally createdduring this era1) House of Lords consisted of leading bishops, abbots, andtop aristocrats and their positions in the House of Lords werepassed down through heredity2) House of Commons consisted of representatives of theshires and boroughsa) although the House of Lords had far more power, theHouse of Commons began the practice of drawing uppetitions, which, if accepted by the king, became law

14 King Richard II, Henry IV and Political Instability in Englanda. Following the death of Edward III in 1377, England began toexperience internal instability as groups of aristocrats createdfactions and rivaled King Richard II for power1) Henry of Lancaster, the leader of one of the factions,defeated the Richard II’s forces and killed him2) Henry of Lancaster became the new king of England asHenry IV3) His son, Henry V, was the king who led the English armyto several victories in the Hundred Years’ WarB. The Tudor Monarchs1. The War of the Rosesa. background1) the toll of the Hundred Years’ War on the economy inEngland created a lot of fighting between aristocratsb. The War of the Roses was a civil war between the House ofYork, whose symbol was a white rose, against the House ofLancaster, whose symbol was the red rose

15 In 1485, Henry Tudor, duke of Richmond, defeated the lastking from the House of York, King Richard III, at Bosworth Fieldand established a new Tudor dynastyKing Henry VIIa. Henry VII ended the practice of “livery and maintenance,”the practice by which wealthy aristocrats maintained privatearmies of followers dedicated to the service of their lordb. Henry VII established the Court of the Star Chamber which didnot use juries and allowed torture to be used to extract confessionsc. Henry VII saved England a tremendous amount of money byusing diplomacy to avoid costly wars; by avoiding war, he was ableto reduce the taxes of the aristocracy and middle class which madethe Tudor family very popular with the people of England

16 3. King Henry VIII—See Madness of Henry VIII Worksheet4. King Edward VI ( )a. When Henry VIII died in 1547, he was succeeded by hisnine-year-old son Edwardb. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, a trusted advisor to HenryVIII, served as regent since Edward was to young to rule1) Cranmer pushed England in a more Protestantdirectiona) clergy were permitted to marryb) eliminated Catholic images thatProtestants considered to be false idolsc) issued a Protestant Book of CommonPrayer2) Many people in England were outraged by therapid advances of Protestant views

17 5. Queen Mary ( )a. Mary was a devout Catholic who intended to restoreCatholicism in England1) many members of Parliament opposed this plan2) she burned over 300 people who were convictedof heresy because they continued to practiceProtestantism; for this she earned the nickname“Bloody Mary”b. Mary married Philip II, the son of Charles V and thefuture king of Spain1) Philip was disliked by the people of England andthe many disapproved of England’s alliance withSpainc. as a result of her policies, Mary achieved the opposite of whatshe had set out to do at the beginning of her reign; there weremore Protestants in England at the end of her reign than had beenat the beginning as people came to associate defiance ofCatholicism with resistance to Spanish interference1) with her death ended the restoration of Catholicism

18 Queen Elizabetha. Elizabeth is considered the greatest monarch in England’shistory because of the following reasons:1) England rose from a relatively small island-kingdom toa leader of Protestant nations during her reign as queen2) she laid the foundations for a world empire3) she supported and participated in a cultural renaissance4 ) she moved swiftly to resolve the difficult religiousproblems that she had inherited from Maryb. Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1559)1) Elizabeth did not want to see England torn apart byreligious matters; therefore, she created a religious plan forEngland based on moderation and compromise2) The Act of Uniformity restored the Protestant Book ofCommon Prayer from the reign of Edward VI with somechanges to make it more acceptable to Catholics3) Elizabeth’s religious settlement was Protestant but it wasa moderate form of Protestantism

19 4) Some Catholics and Puritans in England opposed theElizabethan settlement and tried to challenge Elizabeth’sgovernmenta) Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin Mary, queen of Scots,who was next in line to the throne, participated inseveral plots to have Elizabeth removed from powerb) Mary was forced to flee Scotland due to anuprising led by Calvinist who wanted to removetheir Catholic queen from powerc) Elizabeth placed Mary under house arrest for 14years and then had her beheaded to protect herregime from threatsElizabeth’s Government1) Elizabeth avoided war through wit and careful planning2) Unofficially, she encouraged English seaman to raidSpanish ships and coloniesa) Francis Drake was a well-known privateer whoplundered Spanish ships loaded with gold and silver

20 Elizabeth also provided aid to Huguenots and DutchCalvinist to weaken the power of France and Spain, the twomajor Catholic powers in Europea) an uprising of Calvinists had been ongoing in theNetherlands which was controlled by Spain and byassisting the rebels, England weakened Spain4) The Spanish Armada and the Protestant Winda) King Philip II of Spain launched an attack on Englandwith his powerful navy known as the Spanish Armadab) The English navy met the Spanish Armada and forcedthe Armada to retreat from the English Channel and goback to Spainc) The Spanish Armada was battered by storms duringthe retreat; the storm that led to the destruction of severalSpanish ships became known as the “Protestant Wind”

21 The Stuart Family Rules England1. King James VI of Scotland (son of Mary, queen of Scots)became King James I ( ) of England when Elizabeth dieda. James I believed in the “divine right of kings”, that his powerwas given to him by God, and therefore did not respect thepartnership that had developed between Parliament and themonarchyb. Problem with Puritans1) Puritans, or Protestants in the Church of England whowere inspired by the teachings of John Calvin, wantedJames to eliminate the “episcopal” system of Churchorganization used in the Church of Englanda) the episcopal system allowed the king to appointbishops which made them loyal to the crown andJames wanted to retain this system in order toprotect his power2) Most of England’s gentry, or well-to-do landownersbelow the level of nobility had become Puritans and madeup a significant portion of the House of Commons

22 King Charles I ( )a. Early in the reign of Charles I, Parliament passed thePetition of Right to limit the power of the king1) Petition of Right (1628) was passed by Parliament andprohibited the taxation without Parliament’s consent,arbitrary imprisonment, the quartering of soldiers in privatehomes, and the declaration of martial law in peacetimeThe mistakes of Charles ICharles decided since he could not work with parliament,he would not summon it to meet and sought to find ways toCollect taxes without Parliament’s cooperationa) a “ship tax” was levied by Charles on all costal townsto pay for costal defense; this alienated many membersof England’s middle class2) Charles married Henrietta Maria, the Catholic sister of theKing Louis XIII of France, which aroused suspicion aboutCharles’ religious beliefs

23 3) King Charles I and the Archbishop of Canterbury, WilliamLaud, attempted to introduce more ritual into the AnglicanChurch which would make it very similar to Catholicisma) this angered the Puritans who saw the religion inEngland turning toward Catholic poperyWhen King Charles attempted to impose the AnglicanBook of Common Prayer on the Scottish Presbyterian Church,the Scots rose up in rebellion against the kingc. Financial Problems cause King Charles I call on Parliament1) financially strapped, King Charles was forced to callParliament into session in order to gain their support inEngland’s war with Scotland2) During the first session, Parliament forced the King toabolish arbitrary courts, get rid of the new taxes he had levied,and passed the Triennial Act which required the Parliament andking to meet at least once every three years3) One group in Parliament was satisfied with these conditionsbut some radical Puritan members tried to push the reformsfurther; when King Charles tried to arrest the rebelliousmembers of Parliament, the English Civil War erupted

24 The English Civil War and Oliver Cromwell (1642-1646)1. Supporters of Parliament fought against those loyal to KingCharles I in the first phase of the English Civil Wara. Supporters of Parliament1) Oliver Cromwell created the New Model Armythat consisted mainly of extreme Puritans whobelieved they were doing God’s work2) the New Model Army captured King Charles I in16463) a division occurred among the supporters ofParliament when a group of Presbyterians tried todisband the New Model Army and restore Charles Ias king of a Presbyterian state; Charles I fled toScotland2. Puritans fought against the Presbyterians in the second phase ofthe English Civil Wara. the Puritans were victorious and recaptured andbeheaded King Charles I

25 Oliver Cromwell Rules EnglandAfter the death of Charles I, Parliament abolished the systemof monarchy and the House of Lords and proclaimed England arepublic or commonwealthCromwell faced many obstacles as Lord Protector of England1) Cromwell sent the English army to crush a rebellion inIreland during which he gained a reputation for the brutalitywith which the English treated the Irish2) Levellers in England sought further reform in governmentby advancing the ideas of freedom of speech, religioustoleration, and the right to vote for all male householdersover the age of 213) Cromwell disbanded Parliament after some membersadvocated for the creation of a Presbyterian state churchc. Since Cromwell was unable to rule using a constitutional basis,he used his military to maintain his authority1) Cromwell divided England into eleven regions and assigneda major general to rule each as a military governor

26 E. Restoration of the Monarchy1. Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and the military establish-ment decided that arbitrary rule would not work so theydecided to reestablish the monarchy in the person of CharlesII.2. The Government of King Charles IIa. he reestablished the House of Lordsb. Parliament maintained the power for which it hadfought during the English Civil War like voting onnew taxes and the abolition of arbitrary courtsc. Parliament reestablished the Anglican Church asthe official Church in Englandd. Charles reopened the theaters and taverns thatwere closed during the time that Oliver Cromwellruled through Puritan principles.

27 e. Trouble for Charles II1) the English people were suspicious of the brother ofCharles II because he was Catholic and heir to the throne2) Declaration of Indulgence: this was a bill passed byCharles II that suspended the laws that Parliament hadpassed against Catholics and Puritainsa) Parliament forced the king to suspend thedeclaration3) Test Act of 1673: Parliament passed this act whichspecified that only Anglicans could hold military and civiloffices4) Parliament attempted to pass a bill that would preventJames II from becoming king; although this bill failed, thedivision in Parliament created two political groups, theTories and the Whigsa) Tories were suspicious of James II but did notbelieve that Parliament should interfere withthe lawful succession to the throne

28 Whigs wanted to ban James from becoming kingand establish a Protestant king and they alsotolerated dissenting ideas5) Charles dismissed Parliament in 1681 and relied onloans from France to keep his government functioning3. King James II ( )a. when Charles II died, James became king and immediatelyattempted to promote Catholicism1) against the Test Act, James named Catholics to highpositions in the government, army, navy, and universities2) he suspended the Declaration of Indulgenceb. Parliament dealt with this issues because James II was anold man and his two daughters, Mary and Anne, were bothProtestantsc. Problems arose when James II’s second wife gave birth toa son, who would be raised Catholic and many in Englandfeared the possibility of long-standing Catholic rule

29 F. The Glorious Revolution1. A group of seven prominent English noblemen invitedWilliam of Orange, the husband of James’s daughter Mary, toinvade England2. William and Mary invaded England while James, his wife,and their infant son fled to France3. With almost no bloodshed, William and Mary took thethrone of England4. William and Mary were required to sign the English Bill ofRights, which was written by Parliament, before beingrecognized as king and queena. the Bill of Rights affirmed Parliament’s right to:1) make laws2) levy taxes3) consent to the raising of a standing armyG. Other Liberal Reforms1. Toleration Act of 1689 granted Puritans the right of freepublic worship (Catholics were still excluded)

30 Although this act did not grant complete toleration inEngland, it marks a turning point in English history sincevery few people would ever again be persecuted for theirreligious beliefs in England.2. Parliament abolished the idea of divine-right-theory of kingship3. Parliament did not have complete control of government but itNow had an unquestioned role in affairs of state