Appeal from the Superior Court of the District of Columbia (Hon. Judith Bartnoff, Trial Judge)

On Petition for Rehearing En Banc

We granted rehearing en banc to decide a recurrent issue involving a criminal defendant's right to a jury trial for an offense, not otherwise jury-demandable, that is a lesser included offense of a charged, jury-triable crime. We have previously held that an offense not normally triable to a jury must nonetheless be submitted to it if, on the facts of the case, the jury could rationally convict of that offense as a lesser included one of the crime charged. Simmons v. United States, 554 A.2d 1167 (D.C. 1989). We so held because Super. Ct. Crim. R. 31 (c), and implicitly due process, requires that result. *fn1 The question this case presents is whether the same result pertains when the trial judge has removed the charged (or greater) offense from the jury by granting a motion for judgment of acquittal before verdict. We hold that in that type of case the lesser included offense is properly triable to the court and not the jury.

I.

Berroa was charged with unlawful distribution of cocaine in a drug free zone (D.C. Code § 33-547.1 (b) (1998)) and two counts of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute it (PWID) (D.C. Code § 33-541 (a)(1)). These crimes are jury-demandable. See generally, Burgess v. United States, 681 A.2d 1090, 1093-94 (D.C. 1996); D.C. Code § 16-705 (1997). As to one of the PWID charges, the trial judge granted Berroa's motion for judgment of acquittal at the conclusion of the evidence, but because the evidence fairly permitted his conviction for the lesser included offense of simple possession of cocaine, D.C. Code § 33-541 (d), and because that crime is not normally jury-demandable, see Brown v. United States, 675 A.2d 953 (D.C. 1996), the judge declared that she would render decision on that charge. The jury then convicted Berroa of the charges submitted to it, and the judge convicted him of simple possession.

On appeal, a division of this court affirmed the jury verdicts but reversed the conviction for simple possession, on the authority of White v. United States, 729 A.2d 330 (D.C. 1999), and Chambers v. United States, 564 A.2d 26 (D.C. 1989). See Berroa v. United States, 745 A.2d 949, 952-53 (D.C. 2000). Both of those decisions had held (in the words of White) that upon request and when warranted by the evidence, a lesser included offense "[must] be submitted to the jury, even though the court [has] removed the greater offense from jury consideration by granting [a] judgment of acquittal and [even though] the lesser-included offense would not be jury demandable if [tried] separately." White, 729 A.2d at 332. In reaching that result, the White court considered itself bound by the holding of Chambers, which in turn had believed the same result compelled by application of Simmons v. United States, supra. We granted the government's petition for rehearing en banc to consider whether Simmons, which the government concedes was rightly decided, necessitated the result in Chambers. *fn2

II.

It has long been the rule in this jurisdiction that jury-demandable and non-jury-demandable counts joined in a single indictment may be tried concurrently by the jury and judge. Copening v. United States, 353 A.2d 305 (D.C. 1976). "Underlying the Copening holding is the principle that each count in an indictment is a separate charge, conceptually distinct from the other counts." Simmons, 554 A.2d at 1171. It is also well established that a defendant may be tried for an uncharged offense that is a lesser included offense of a crime charged in the indictment. See Towles v. United States, 521 A.2d 651, 657 (D.C. 1987); Super. Ct. Crim. R. 31 (c). *fn3 In Simmons, we addressed the novel issue of whether the judge or the jury is the proper trier of fact for a lesser included offense that would not ordinarily be jury-demandable, when the greater, charged offense is tried to a jury. We held that "Copening does not apply when a defendant is charged in a single count with a single offense" but on the facts is entitled to a lesser included offense instruction. In that case, we said, "the court must instruct the jury, upon request, on any lesser included offense, jury-triable or not." Simmons, 554 A.2d at 1171 (emphasis deleted).

Although the holding in Simmons relied expressly on Rule 31 (c), supra note 3, it was grounded in notions of due process and the danger "of an unwarranted conviction" that failure to give a lesser included offense instruction in these circumstances would create. Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 638 (1980). As the Supreme Court elaborated in Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 455 (1984): "The absence of a lesser included offense instruction increases the risk that the jury will convict, not because it is persuaded that the defendant is guilty of [the greater offense], but simply to avoid setting the defendant free." See also Beck, 477 U.S. at 637 ("[W]hen the evidence unquestionably establishes that the defendant is guilty of a serious, violent offense -but leaves some doubt with respect to an element . . . - the failure to give the jury the `third option' of convicting on a lesser included offense would seem inevitably to enhance the risk of an unwarranted conviction."); Keeble v. United States, 412 U.S. 205, 212-13 (1973) ("Where one of the elements of the offense charged remains in doubt, but the defendant is plainly guilty of some offense, the jury is likely to resolve its doubts in favor of conviction [if no lesser offense instruction is offered]."); Moore v. United States, 599 A.2d 1381, 1387 (D.C. 1991) (the trial court erroneously failed to give the jury trying a mayhem count the option of considering a lesser included offense of simple assault; the defendant was prejudiced because the "jury was compelled either to acquit Moore on the mayhem charge or to find him guilty as charged. No intermediate option was available."). *fn4

Decisions of the Supreme Court and this court thus clearly identify the prejudice to the defendant which flows from having the court, rather than the jury, consider a non-jury-demandable lesser included offense: the jury is deprived of the opportunity to consider the lesser option and might well resolve its doubts in favor of convicting on the greater offense rather than acquitting. That prejudice, however - the risk of "distortion of the factfinding process that is created when the jury is forced into an all-or-nothing choice," Spaziano, 468 U.S. at 455 - is not present when the jury considers only the lesser included charge. As the concurring judge stated in White, supra, explaining why the "rationale [of the Spaziano line of cases] has no bearing on the situation presented in Chambers and [White]":

In both [of those] cases the trial court removed the greater offense from the jury's consideration as a matter of law, leaving as the only relevant offense a lesser included crime that was not jury triable. The danger of the jury's being pressured to convict of the greater offense through inability to consider a lesser included one was therefore nonexistent. White, 729 A.2d at 334 (Farrell, J., concurring).

In such a case there is no reason, grounded in either due process or Rule 31 (c), for permitting a jury trial on an offense that neither the Sixth Amendment nor D.C. Code § 16-705 makes jury-triable. *fn5

Because the trial court removed the charged offense in question (PWID) from the jury's consideration, Berroa was not entitled to a jury trial on the lesser included offense of simple possession. To the extent that our decisions in White and Chambers would dictate otherwise, *fn6 we overrule them.

The judgment of the Superior Court is affirmed in its entirety.

So ordered.

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