Girls are taught at an open-air school in Jalalabad on Sept. 11. Young Afghan women seeking an education are often targets of violence.

Photo: Noorullah Shirzada, AFP/Getty Images

Girls are taught at an open-air school in Jalalabad on Sept. 11....

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An Afghan health worker administers a polio vaccination to a boy on the second day of a vaccination campaign in the city of Jalalabad on November 20, 2012. A new three-day nationwide immunisation campaign against polio began on November 19 in a joint operation with the Ministry of Public Health, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Afghanistan is one of only of a handful of countries in the world that still has the crippling polio virus with new cases reported every year. AFP PHOTO/ Noorullah ShirzadaNoorullah Shirzada/AFP/Getty Images

Photo: Noorullah Shirzada, AFP/Getty Images

An Afghan health worker administers a polio vaccination to a boy on...

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"In a culture where we are flooded with imagery, sometimes it takes a photograph that's shocking to get your attention. This photograph of a 55-year-old man in Afghanistan and his bride, who is 8 years old, has that element of shock."

Photo: Stephanie Sinclair

"In a culture where we are flooded with imagery, sometimes it takes...

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The family of a five year old Afghan girl, that was allegedly raped by a 22 year old man, looks on as she lies in a hospital bed in Kaldar district of Balk Province of Mazar-i-Sharif on November 12, 2012. The alleged rapist and neighbour was later detained by police. There is little sign that violence against women in Afghanistan is decreasing, despite billions of dollars of international aid which has poured into the country during the decade-long war. Some 87 percent of Afghan women report having experienced physical, sexual or psychological violence or forced marriage, according to figures quoted in an October report by the British charity Oxfam. AFP PHOTO/ Qais UsyanQAIS USYAN/AFP/Getty Images

Photo: Qais Usyan, AFP/Getty Images

The family of a five year old Afghan girl, that was allegedly raped...

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FILE - In this photo reviewed by the U.S. military, U.S. military personnel stands on a guard tower at the U.S. run Parwan detention facility near Bagram north of Kabul, Afghanistan in this Sept. 27, 2010 file photo. The U.S. military has detained more than 200 Afghan teenagers who were captured in the war for about a year at a time at a military prison next to Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan, the United States has told the United Nations The U.S. military has detained more than 200 Afghan teenagers who were captured in the war for about a year at a time at a military prison next to Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan, the United States has told the United Nations.The U.S. military has detained more than 200 Afghan teenagers who were captured in the war for about a year at a time at a military prison next to Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan, the United States has told the United Nations in a report distributed this week. (AP Photo/David Guttenfelder, File)

In her small village of Kalota, north of Kabul, the young woman named Hanisa was known to be headstrong and independent. At 22, she had persevered in school long enough to reach 12th grade, and she was determined to flout tradition and work outside her home.

Hanisa had just left her house Dec. 1 and was on her way to her first day of work as a village vaccination worker when three men on two motorcycles roared up behind her. She was shot at least six times and collapsed, bleeding profusely from abdominal wounds, according to Qais Qadiri, a spokesman for the governor's office in Kapisa province. Within hours, she was dead.

The violent death of a young woman in Afghanistan is hardly a rare event. Women are frequently the victims of both domestic and politically motivated violence, the latter often committed by the Taliban. Although the Taliban has a history of opposing vaccination programs, which it sees as a Western plot, no group has yet claimed responsibility for Hanisa's death, and it is unclear what motivated her attackers.

What is known is this: Hanisa had volunteered to work for a provincial health agency that vaccinates village children in Kapisa province against polio. She took a two-day training course and was reporting for work when she was attacked. She apparently had her family's blessing.

Violence increasing

Cases of "extreme or brutal violence against women" have increased in recent months, Women's Affairs Minister Husn Banu Ghazanfar said last month. She cited more than 3,500 reported cases of violence against Afghan women in the first six months of this year.

Girls and women who flee forced marriages are regularly tracked down and killed, often by male relatives.

The Taliban has burned or bombed girls schools. The militants have poisoned schoolgirls or thrown acid in their faces. In August, two young women were beheaded in a Taliban-controlled district in the southern province of Helmand, and a 14-year-old girl was beheaded in October in Kunduz province in the north.

But in recent memory, no young Afghan woman has been reported killed while taking part in polio vaccinations.

"We have female groups who go out in very dangerous districts of Kapisa province, but they have never been threatened by anyone not to do vaccinations," Dr. Mirza Mohammad Reja, director of the Kapisa provincial health department, said Wednesday. "They have the people's full support."

Justice demanded

Saifoora Koohestani, director of women's affairs in Kapisa, said she did not believe that Taliban militants were responsible because they are not active in the area. She said she deeply regretted Hanisa's death and demanded that police track down and punish the killers.

Such crimes are rarely solved in Afghanistan, however.

Gen. Abdul Hamid Erkin, Kapisa's chief of police, said the Taliban had no role in the slaying "because this area is safe and the Taliban can't get in here."

Reja said he was not certain that Hanisa's involvement in the vaccination program was a factor in her death.

The Taliban, which typically send text messages to Afghan journalists claiming responsibility for bombings and attacks, made no mention of the slaying in text messages or on the group's website. A Taliban spokesman did not respond to calls requesting comment.

The Taliban has condemned polio eradication programs in Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan, portraying them as covers for Western spying or domination.

The militants became more suspicious of vaccination programs after a Pakistani doctor aiding the CIA used one such program as a ruse in an attempt to obtain DNA from al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden's residence in Abbottabad, Pakistan. The DNA was never obtained, but the doctor, Shakeel Afridi, was sentenced to 33 years in prison this year.

In June, the Taliban banned polio vaccinations in two tribal districts of Pakistan near the Afghan border. Earlier, angry residents threatened and drove away vaccination teams in Pakistan's remote tribal areas, accusing them of spying.

Violence against women is endemic in Afghanistan and parts of Pakistan. The issue gained prominence in Pakistan this year when Malala Yousafzai, a 15-year-old activist, survived a Taliban assassination attempt after speaking out for the education of girls. The shooting outraged many Pakistanis and served as a rallying point for women's rights.

Defiant support

Hanisa's death may also have prompted defiant support for her cause in Afghanistan. Not only did vaccinations continue in the area, but Reja also said Wednesday that dozens of residents had volunteered to help with them since the slaying.

Qadiri, the governor's spokesman, said Hanisa was alive when she arrived at a clinic. Doctors there decided to send her to a more modern hospital in Kabul, the Afghan capital, "but unfortunately the girl died on the way," Qadiri said.

Hanisa, who was in her final year of school, was a member of "an educated and modern family" that fully supported her desire to work outside the home, including traveling to sometimes dangerous areas to vaccinate children, said Erkin, the police chief.