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Patients may have decreased range of motion after the surgery. Orthotics joint prostheses do not deal with the deformities directly. Orthotics in hemophilia serve as an important supportive measure before or after surgery. »» pharmacologic therapy hemophilia a ddavp primary therapy is based on disease severity and type of hemorrhage.

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Paraneoplastic neuropathy may present with acuteonset sensory ataxic neuropathy, associated viagra original uk with antihu antibodies in approximately 50% o cases.11 rarely, connective tissue disorders such as sjögren disease may present with an acute sensory ganglionopathy with prominent sensory ataxia, potentially mimicking the acute ataxic neuropathy subtype o miller fisher syndrome (mfs. Able 41-3). When csf pleocytosis or polymorphonuclear cells are detected, polyradiculitis rom in ection (hiv, vzv, cmv, lyme), sarcoid, carcinomatous, or lymphomatous causes may be considered.12 west nile and polio virus in ections may present with acute and progressive motor abnormalities, sharing similarities with aman. Acute drug-induced neuropathies are usually easily discriminated rom gbs on history. Causative agents include chemotherapeutic agents, anti-retroviral agents, and some antibiotics. What are the management strategies xt or gbs?. Reatment o gbs includes disease-modi ying immunomodulatory therapy and supportive care to avoid complications.13 disease -modi ying treatment intravenous immunoglobulin (0.4 g/kg bodyweight repeated on 5 consecutive days) is the most requently prescribed treatment in gbs. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated e cacy o ivig given to patients with gbs, speci cally reducing residual disability and duration o ventilation.14 motor sensory di a autonomic paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy autoimmune autonomic neuropathy (ganglionic achr antibodies) porphyria drug-induced autonomic neuropathy achr—acetylcholine receptor. Plasma exchange (plex) demonstrates similar e cacy to ivig but is now no longer the pre erred option due to the ease o use and sa ety pro le o ivig. Combining plex and ivig does not add therapeutic bene t over ivig or plex alone. Corticosteroids alone do not alter the course o gbs, and combining methylprednisolone with ivig was not more e ective than ivig alone. Up to 10% o patients treated with ivig or gbs experience clinical deterioration ollowing initial improvement rom ivig. T is is considered a treatment-related uctuation, and although there are not clear data to guide treatment decisions, a second course o ivig is requently 663 neur opat h ies and mot or neur on dis eas e given in these patients. I there are more than 2 deteriorations, an acute presentation o cidp may be considered. Gbs has well-recognized clinical eatures with acuteonset symmetric limb and/or cranial nerve weakness. Weakness most of en starts in the lower limbs and then ascends, but upper limb onset weakness may also be seen. Motor symptoms typically predominate. However, there are commonly distal paraesthesiae at or be ore the onset o weakness.

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The aap statement on noninitiation or withdrawal of intensive care for high-risk newborns stresses several key areas. (i) decisions about noninitiation or withdrawal of intensive care should be made by the health care team in collaboration with the parents, who must be well informed about the condition and prognosis of their infant. (ii) parents should be active participants in the decisionmaking process. (iii) compassionate comfort care should be provided to all infants, including those for whom intensive care is not provided. (iv) it is appropriate to provide intensive care when it is thought to be of benefit to the infant, and not when it is thought to be harmful, of no benefit, or futile. One model to consider emphasizes an objective interdisciplinary approach to determine the best course of action.

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Uti, urinary tract infection. Uui, urge urinary incontinence. •• •• •• •• •• examination to check rectal tone, reflexes, ability to perform a voluntary pelvic muscle contraction in females. Size and surface quality of prostate in males) pelvic examination in women for evidence of prolapse of bladder, small bowel, rectum, or uterus, or signs of estrogen deficiency genital/prostate exam in men urinalysis, pvr urine volume direct observation of urethral meatus (opening) when patient coughs/strains (urine spurt consistent with sui) (cough stress test) perineal examination for skin maceration, redness, breakdown, ulceration, and evidence of fungal skin infection •• optional. Voiding diary, assessment of incontinence severity9 (table 53–3), quality-of-life measures treatment desired and realistic treatment outcomes should be individualized and discussed with each patient. The treatment goals for ui may change with time, often requires reaching a compromise between efficacy and tolerability of drug therapy. Desired outcomes •• restoration of continence •• reduction of the number of ui episodes (daytime and nighttime) and nocturia •• prevention or delaying of complications associated with ui (eg, pressure ulcers, skin conditions) •• minimization of adverse effects and costs related to treatment •• improvement in quality of life nonpharmacologic treatment at the primary care level, nonsurgical, nonpharmacologic intervention constitutes the chief approach to the management of ui. It has no adverse reactions, is minimally invasive, and can be utilized adjunctively with other treatment modalities. Nonpharmacologic treatment gives at least an additive effect in efficacy when combined with drug therapy, and can allow the use of lower drug doses. It is ideal for patients who fit the following scenarios. •• medically unfit for surgery •• planning for pregnancies/childbirths, which can compromise the long-term results of certain types of continence surgery chapter 53 | urinary incontinence and pediatric enuresis 815 table 53–3 overactive bladder symptom score (oabss) question symptom score frequency over the past 1 how many times do you typically urinate from waking in the morning until going to bed in the evening?. 2 how many times do you typically wake up to urinate from going to sleep at night until waking in the morning?. 3 how often do you have a sudden compelling desire to urinate, which is difficult to postpone?. 4 how often do you leak urine because you cannot postpone the sudden desire to urinate?. 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 or less 8–14 15 or more 0 1 2 3 or more not at all less than once week once a week or more about once a day 2–4 times a day 5 times a day or more not at all less than once week once a week or more about once a day 2–4 times a day 5 times a day or more sum of oabss scores ______ the sampling period is usually defined as “the past week” but, depending on the usage, it can be amended to, for example, “the past 3 days” or “the past month. ” whatever the case, it is necessary to specify the sampling period. Diagnostic criteria for oab are “an urgency score for question 3 of 2 or greater, and an oabss of 3 or greater. ” oabss may also be used for assessing the severity of oab. A total score of 5 or less (mild), 6 to 11 (moderate), and 12 or more (severe). •• having oui whose condition is not amenable to surgical or drug treatment •• avoiding drug therapy or surgery due to safety concern or patient preference these approaches include lifestyle/behavioral modifications, fluid management, scheduled voiding regimens, pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation (pfmr), external neuromodulation, antiincontinence devices, acupuncture, and supportive interventions. 3,5 many of these are best utilized through attendance at multidisciplinary ui clinics staffed by specialized healthcare providers. Of note, weight loss of 5% to 10% in overweight or obese women has an efficacy similar to that of other nonpharmacologic treatments for treating sui. Bladder training and prompted voiding improves symptoms of uui and mui. Pfmr is an effective treatment for adult women with sui and mui. 8 combination therapy with pfmr plus behavioral training achieved better outcomes than drug therapy in women with uui.