Charter House Bank (CHB) wasn't the biggest bank in Kenya. In
fact by the time it was placed under statutory management last year it was
ranked 26th. But CHB was not a normal bank. At the same time
as having most of its branches within Kenya's largest supermarket
chain (Nakumatt) it moved tens of millions of dollars in single
transactions around the world. It was not so much in
the business of keeping people's assets as moving them.

Its first claim to notoriety was a botched anti-money laundering operation
against an account holder called Crucial Properties, who in 2001 received
25 million US Dollars from Liechtenstein for the purposes of "property
development and trading in Africa." The account holder also ran a
minor eatery in Nairobi which financial detectives didn't think
suggested the ability to attract tens of millions of legitimate
dollars. The 25 million dollars vanished one day after the courts
let through a stay order against the investigators. Thus began a
suspicion that CHB was in the business of laundering the proceeds
of illegal business, and in fact constituted a threat to national
security. Just three years before, al-Qaeda terrorists had bombed
the US Embassy in Nairobi, killing 214 people.

Today CHB stands accused of being at the centre of a complicated
series of financial scams, tax evasion schemes and money laundering
operations that saw billions of Kenyan shillings (hundreds of millions
of US Dollars) expatriated from the country by unidentified persons.
Close to 100 accounts have been investigated by Kenyan financial
police, anti-corruption officials and the Central Bank itself.
Questions have been asked in Parliament and by foreign diplomats,
and at least two whistleblowers have fled the country to take up
asylum in the USA. CHB was the subject of a special audit by the
Government of Kenya published here for the first time. At stake
is over 1.5 billion dollars worth of transactions, which dwarf most
scandals in a country known for mega-corruption.

Investigating this fraud may have cost a former Governor of the
Central Bank his job. Certainly, virtually all those hired to
investigate CHB have either fled into exile or been moved off the
case. So it doesn't surprise some, that the Kenyan Finance Ministry
is accused of foot-dragging in a scandal which the Government's own
secret audit claimed "threatens the stability of the Kenyan economy."
For some strange reason, CHB appears to enjoy political protection
at the highest levels in Kenya.

In January 2001 Charter House Bank reported to the CBK, as required by law, the receipt of US$25 million into the account of a company called Crucial Properties. Following this notification, the fraud investigation unit (hereafter the unit) of CBK applied for a magistrate’s order freezing the account of Crucial Properties and for warrants of search to enable the unit to investigate the account. The unit stated in its application that it believed the money to be proceeds of a theft.
After the account was frozen the head of the unit wrote to Charter House Bank asking to be furnished with all the information relating to transactions that had taken place through the account. Charter House Bank, however, declined the request, claiming it had no legal obligation to co-operate with the unit. The bank further asserted that it was bound by the requirement to keep its customers’ affairs confidential.
The unit continued with its investigation, notwithstanding this setback. The investigation established that Crucial Properties had been incorporated in Kenya in May 1998 with two directors. In December 2000 the company opened a foreign currency account at Charter House Bank and then passed a resolution to introduce Humphrey Kariuki as an additional director. Kariuki was to be the star player in the court cases that followed the report of money’s receipt by Charter House Bank. Soon after Kariuki became a director, the money was remitted into the account.
Questioned about the source of the money, Kariuki claimed that it was transferred from Jersey “for property development and trading within Africa ”.
The unit, however, asserted that the source of the money was not Jersey, as claimed, but Liechtenstein, in Europe. The unit also asserted that Kariuki had failed to provide a proper explanation as to the source of the money which, the unit now said, was the proceeds of drug trafficking.
Crucial Properties then made an application in the High Court for the lifting of the magistrate’s order freezing its account. That application was never heard as the unit voluntarily caused the magistrate’s order to be discharged and then applied to the High Court for an order to restrain the money under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act. The High Court initially granted this order.
The Narcotics Act provides that the High Court may make such an order to freeze money if it is suspected to be the proceeds of a specified offence. A specified offence is defined to include all the serious offences in relation to drugs trafficking under the Act, with a provision that the Attorney-General may add to the list of specified offences. Money laundering, although an offence under the Act, was not a specified offence at the time the money was received in Kenya. Since the unit claimed to be investigating the offence of money laundering, it sought a restraint of the money, only to then realise the legal deficiency. This it sought to cure through a belated notice in the Gazette declaring money laundering a specified offence, so that it could avail itself of the power to restrain the money through a court order.
The proceedings that followed degenerated into a farce. The Attorney-General’s belated notice making money laundering a specified offence was declared a nullity by the High Court on the grounds that it amounted to a retrospective application of criminal law. The unit, it turned out, had assumed that Jersey, the claimed source of the money, was the same as New Jersey in the US, and therefore directed its investigation to the US.
The High Court grew impatient over the failure by the unit to substantiate its claim that the money had come from Liechtenstein and the further claim that it was the proceeds of drug trafficking. The judge, rather spectacularly, declared that money laundering was, after all, not an offence in Kenya due to the previous failure to declare it a specified offence. He concluded that, in any case, he had “no reason to believe that these highly reputed international banks can engage in money laundering”, and ordered the money to be released to Crucial Properties.
With the money gone, the unit had no strong incentive to go on with the case and closed its investigation.

Bank scam threatens Kenya economy
Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki during the swearing in ceremony
President Kibaki was voted in to tackle corruption
The government of Kenya is being accused of failing to act on evidence of an alleged banking fraud worth $1.5bn, dwarfing other recent scandals.
The alleged scam, involving money laundering and tax evasion, was exposed by whistle-blowers as early as 2004.
Investigators believe tax evasion and money laundering worth 10% of Kenya's national income are involved.
A recent auditor's report says the scale of the operations "threatens the stability of the Kenyan economy".
The government is being accused of dragging its feet on the issue, but Finance Minister Amos Kimunya said the government was closing in on the perpetrators.
"I can assure you that we will be taking action within the law in as short a time as possible," he told the BBC.
But one of the key whistle-blowers, Titus Mwirigi, now in hiding in the United States, has questioned the commitment of a government, elected to power on an anti-corruption ticket.
He told the BBC that virtually all of those hired to probe the operations at Charterhouse Bank Ltd have been moved off the case or have fled overseas.
The auditor's report, which was seen by the BBC, has called for the bank's licence to be withdrawn,
The BBC's Karen Allen in Nairobi says that for a government seeking re-election next year in a crucial presidential vote, this could be the final test of its willingness to take on powerful business interests.

Kenya does not yet have a law against money laundering. The government had promised that the Proceeds of Crime and Money Laundering (Prevention) Bill 2005 would be passed by Parliament, but this has not happened. In the meantime, Kenya has gained notoriety through the much publicised ‘Goldenberg’ and ‘Anglo Leasing’ scandals (1). A commission of inquiry into the Goldenberg scandal revealed a massive scam in which the Goldenberg group of companies claimed subsidies for fictitious gold and diamond exports. The loss to Kenya has been estimated at around $376 million. Anglo Leasing was involved the illegal awarding of government contracts amounting to some $90 million to an apparently non-existent company.
In recent months, the Central Bank of Kenya has closed down a commercial bank on allegations of tax evasion and money laundering, and it is believed that this may not be the only bank embroiled in such activities. Charterhouse Bank is alleged to have aided a well- known supermarket chain, Nakumatt, to evade tax and to launder money. Estimates are that the country has lost approximately US$240 million in taxes over a period of five years.
Nakumatt is alleged to have underdeclared sales to report trading losses for some five years. Curiously, in spite of the losses, the supermarket chain expanded, opening numerous new stores countrywide. Charterhouse Bank is alleged to have flouted know-your-customer principles by allowing the supermarket chain to open accounts under fictitious names, which were then used to launder receipts. Other companies linked to Nakumatt as well as its lawyers, are said to be some of the bank’s biggest depositors.
These Kenyan shenanigans are illustrative of some of the tactics used by dishonest business in a country without an enforceable anti-money laundering regime. The Nakumatt chain is alleged to have invested heavily in real estate, an Internal Container Depot and other acquisitions, apparently without raising questions. In addition, the Nakumatt chain is also alleged to possess a 10% shareholding in Charterhouse Bank as well as having directors in common. This situation raises potentially serious issues of conflict of interest and flies in the face of principles of good corporate governance.
The NARC government came into power on an anti-corruption ticket, with promises of political and economic reforms aimed at reversing the decline endemic during the Moi regime. Sadly, it would seem that it has been unable to stem the tide of economic crimes that continue to plague the country.
Mokhibo Nomzi Gwintsa, Organised Crime and Money Laundering Programme, ISS Cape Town

Scandal: Bank of Kenya takes over CharterHouse, Nakumatt fate awaited
Monday, 26 June 2006
By Vahid Oloro
NAIROBI - The central Bank of Kenya (CBK) moved to take over activities of CharterHouse Bank last Friday, as pressure mounted for action to be taken in what could be Kenya’s biggest tax evasion scam.
CharterHouse Bank, owned by some of the country’s wealthiest families, was on June 21, accused in Parliament of allegedly colluding with Nakumatt supermarkets to evade taxes estimated to total some Ksh.18 billion (about US$250 million).
“The Central Bank has taken the necessary action within the law to safeguard depositors,” finance minister Amos Kimunya told reporters few hours after the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) swung into action.
Kimunya was launching the Strategy for Revitalization of the Public Financial Management in his Nairobi office.
Pressured by reporters for him to state the action he would take on Nakumatt and why it had taken him long to act, Kimunya said investigations by Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) were underway but failed to give a definite action to be taken against Nakumatt.
“I don’t speak on allegations … we operate on facts,” a visibly agitated Kimunya said. The action to take over CharterHouse Bank follows a whistle blown by shadow finance minister, Mr Billlow Kerrow, in parliament last Wednesday.
Kerrow tabled documents alleging blatant and widespread tax evasion by a string of companies over a period of six years.
All the companies, Kerrow told parliament, were linked to Nakumatt Holdings, the company that owns Kenya’s current biggest supermarket chain - Nakumatt Supermarkets.
They included Nakumatt, Tusker Mattresses, John Harun Group, Kingsway Tyres, W.E Tilley (Muthaiga) Ltd, Creative Innovations, and Kariuki Maigua and Company Advocates.
Parliament was told that W.E. Tilley had operations across the region with fishing investments in Tanzania. But a visibly incensed Kimunya said Kerrow’s tabling of a document from CBK had pre-empted the action before investigation by KRA and CBK were complete.
He accused the MP of tabling the document even as investigators were waiting for a response from the suspected companies.
Stopping short of declaring that the document were stolen, Kimunya said investigations were under way to ascertain how the document left CBK.
“We are still investigating on how it (CBK document) left the bank,” Kimunya told reporters.
He was referring to the Interim Report by the Task force Investigating Economic Crimes by Charter House Bank and Related Companies that was compiled by an investigating team headed by Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) deputy director Dr John Mutonyi.
The report that details suspect activities by companies and individuals said to be a well-organised money laundering and tax-evading racket, was tabled in parliament by Kerrow on June 21.
“All these companies were found to be linked to Nakumatt Holdings.
This is an extension group of allied accounts that were identified but not fully examined.
They are undoubtedly involved in significant tax evasion if not other economic crimes,” the report says.
The report points out that Nakumatt supermarkets, for instance, was performing 20 times better than Uchumi Supermarkets (that collapsed on June 1 but is scheduled to reopen this week - see separate story) yet paid less taxes than Uchumi.
While Uchumi was paying between Ksh500 million and Ksh600 million per annum in VAT Nakumatt was only paying between Ksh33 million and Ksh85 million per annum.
“It should be noted that Nakumatt has never shown a profit to date; always loses. Its VAT payments are between Sh33 and Ksh85 million per annum. Uchumi pays Ksh500 to Ksh600 million per annum. As Nakumatt’s turnover is much higher than Uchumi, you would expect corporation tax and VAT to be in the range of Ksh1.8 to Ksh2.5 billion per annum,” said a report that CBK governor then, Dr. Andrew Mullei sent to finance minister.
CharterHouse Bank, the report says, abated the questionable activities of the suspect firms.
The bank, the report points out, operated multiple accounts for some of its clients, an alarm bell sign for money laundering and tax evasion. Some of these accounts had been opened without signing of opening forms, the report says.
On August 31, 2004, the now suspended Mullei ordered an investigation into the activities of the bank. Subsequently he advised the then finance minister, Mr. David Mwiraria to take action on the bank.
After Mwiraria resigned in February this year, Mullei wrote to the new finance minister, Amos Kimunya, to take action with a possibility of withdrawing the bank’s licence.
No action however was taken. Later Mullei was suspended as governor of the CBK over allegations of illegally awarding a contract. He was subsequently charged by KACC. Last Wednesday, Kerrow claimed that Mullei’s woes at CBK originated from the investigation he commissioned on CharterHouse Bank, claims Kimunya denies.
On Friday Nakumatt came fighting back. The chain ran a public statement in the Kenyan dailies denying allegation of improper conduct in its business.
“Nakumatt Holdings is not involved in any tax evasion in any way nor is it involved in any illegal activities … Nakumatt is fully compliant and up to date with all the Kenya Revenue Authority requirements,” the statement read in part.
Some of the issues highlighted
Laundering and tax evasion by people holding multiple accounts.
Nakumatt could have been paying between Ksh2 billion and Ksh3 billion but was paying between Ksh33 million and Ksh85 million while Uchumi that was doing poorly paid between Ksh500 million and Ksh600 million.
A store containing crucial documents CBK was seeking for from the bank was burnt in mysterious circumstances, just hours before CBK officials were to access the documents.
Tusker Mattresses under valuation amounting to Ksh1.4 billion, which investigators said could attract some 260m in taxes.
Nakumatt obtained a court order barring Kenya Bureau of Standards to verify the quality of its goods.

Whistleblower in Charterhouse case missing, witness tells court
By Judy Ogutu
An Internal auditor who blew the whistle on alleged malpractices at Charterhouse Bank has gone missing, a Nairobi court was told yesterday.
A financial consultant, Mr Titus Mwirigi, told Senior Principal Magistrate Margaret Wachira that he was worried about the whereabouts of Mr Peter Odhiambo following anonymous threats they had received.
"I have no idea where Peter is and it worries me. Last week, some of his close family members called me to find out whether we had been communicating and I told them I did not know where he was. No action has been taken with regard to my personal security," said Mwirigi.
While giving evidence in a case where suspended Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) Governor, Dr Andrew Mullei, is charged with abuse of office, the witness claimed his life was in danger as he had received threats from strangers.
He told the court that Odhiambo was his friend and they had been in touch, but had not heard from him lately.
"I do not know who is threatening me but I know it is related to this matter because it had not happened before. The problems I am facing arose because of the work I did," he added.
Mwirigi regretted being in the Due Diligence Team that CBK had appointed to investigate the bank over alleged malpractices.
"It was a serious mistake on my side and given what I have gone through it is not worth it."
However, he told the court the team had done a good job and denied claims that Mullei conferred a special benefit on him by hiring him as a CBK consultant.
He also said he did not report the alleged threats to the police because they (police) were after Odhiambo yet his life was threatened.
"I did not report to police because Odhiambo was being pursued by policemen. They also went to Central Bank but they were sent away by the acting governor," he said.
It also emerged that no action had been taken against companies and individuals linked to the alleged malpractices.
Mullei is alleged to have hired four consultants, Mwirigi, Prof Terrence Ryan, Mr Melville Smith and his son, Mr Sila Mullei, without following procedures.
Mullei has denied the charges.
Yesterday, Mwirigi chronicled the events that led to his appointment as consultant.
He said Odhiambo, who used to work at Charterhouse Bank as an internal auditor, confided in him that the financial institution was allegedly involved in serious malpractices.
"He told me he realised the bank was using his professional knowledge to falsify audit reports to mislead CBK," he said.
Odhiambo, the court heard, got worried that he would one day be held accountable for failing to highlight the alleged violations of CBK and Banking Acts.
Later, a meeting took place between Odhiambo, former Finance minister David Mwiraria, Ntonyiri MP Maoka Maore and himself.
At the meeting, Mwiraria is said to have been appalled by the alleged economic crimes at Charterhouse.
The former minister then summoned Mullei to explain the alleged illegal dealings.
Mullei is said to have told the former minister that he lacked the necessary skills to tackle the alleged crimes.
Mwirari allowed him to get experts to unravel the crimes, and he also asked him to work with Mwirigi.
It also emerged that Odhiambo had earlier raised the issue about his security.

In order to protect the interests of Charterhouse Bank Limited, its
depositors and other creditors, the Central Bank of Kenya has today
appointed Miss Rose Detho as Statutory Manager for Charterhouse Bank
Limited pursuant to Section 34(1)(d) of the Banking Act with
effect from 23rd June, 2006. ... JACINTA W. MWATELA ACTING GOVERNOR