The symptoms found on an infected plant will vary with the genus, species, cultivars and growth stages of the plant, and the strain of the virus.

In cucurbits, symptoms described range from light yellow green spots, vein clearing and crumpling on young leaves, to chlorotic mottling, leaf deformation, plant stunting, bleaching of mature leaves and necrosis at later stages of growth. Symptoms on fruit can include fruit abortion, fruit malformation, fruit drop, uneven ripening, internal yellowing, breakdown and discoloration of the flesh.

In cucumber, fruit become soft and has a reduced shelf life, slightly reduced size and overall reduced yield.

Other mosaic diseases, caused by potyviruses, can cause similar symptoms. This makes the disease difficult to identify by symptoms alone and laboratory tests are necessary to confirm infection.

Transmission:

CGMMV is very stable and can survive for long periods (at least several months) in plant debris, soil, and on vehicles, equipment and tools. Contaminated seed, infected transplants and contaminated equipment are the most common ways the virus can be introduced into a crop.

The virus is transmitted through the seed of several cultivated cucurbit species and seed transmission has been largely responsible for the international movement of the virus.

The virus does not require a specific insect vector for transmission. Chewing insects like leaf beetles may play a minor role in spread. Honey bees can transmit the virus through foraging and collecting pollen.

The virus is largely spread by contact which includes the following:

Root grafting, pruning or any handling of the crop where plants are frequently pruned, staked, handled or touched. Mechanical transmission can also occur via contaminated cutting tools, farming equipment or machinery

Leaf contact between healthy and infected plants

Physical contact with contaminated packaging materials such as bins used for harvesting, storage or for marketing fruit

Plant handling and pruning favour the spread of the virus. CGMMV is generally more prevalent in greenhouse crops due to higher plant densities and more frequent contact.

Host range:

CGMMV infects members of Cucurbitaceae, including rockmelon, cucumber, watermelon, zucchini, pumpkin, squash, bitter gourd, bottle gourd and some wild and weedy cucurbit species. There are several strains of CGMMV that can cause different type of symptoms according to the host.

CGMMV has also been detected in a number of non-cucurbit host plants, particularly some weed species in the families Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Portulacaceae and Solanaceae.

An initiative of the Nursery Levy funded National Nursery Industry Biosecurity Program (NY15004) and ‘Building the resilience and on-farm biosecurity capacity of the Australian production nursery industry’ Project (NY15002).

NOTE – CGMMV is present in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. It has also been detected in Queensland and is contained and under eradication. In states other than NT and WA, this disease should be reported to your local biosecurity organisation or through the exotic plant pest hotline 1800 084 881.