The external organs of the female reproductive system include
the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, perineum, and the
Bartholin's glands. As a group, these structures that surround the openings of
the urethra and vagina compose the vulva, from the Latin word meaning covering.
See Figure 1-6.

a. Mons Pubis. This is the fatty rounded area overlying
the symphysis pubis and covered with thick coarse hair.

b. Labia Majora. The labia majora run posteriorly from
the mons pubis. They are the 2 elongated hair covered skin folds. They enclose
and protect other external reproductive organs.

c. Labia Minora. The labia minora are 2 smaller folds
enclosed by the labia majora. They protect the opening of the vagina and
urethra.

d. Vestibule. The vestibule consists of the clitoris,
urethral meatus, and the vaginal introitus.

(1) The clitoris is a short erectile organ at the top of the
vaginal vestibule whose function is sexual excitation.

(2) The urethral meatus is the mouth or opening of the
urethra. The urethra is a small tubular structure that drains urine from the
bladder.

e. Perineum. This is the skin covered muscular area
between the vaginal opening (introitus) and the anus. It aids in constricting
the urinary, vaginal, and anal opening. It also helps support the pelvic
contents.

f. Bartholin's Glands (Vulvovaginal or Vestibular Glands).
The Bartholin's glands lie on either side of the vaginal opening. They produce a
mucoid substance, which provides lubrication for intercourse.

The blood supply is derived from the uterine and ovarian
arteries that extend from the internal iliac arteries and the aorta. The
increased demands of pregnancy necessitate a rich supply of blood to the uterus.
New, larger blood vessels develop to accommodate the need of the growing uterus.
The venous circulation is accomplished via the internal iliac and common iliac
vein.

Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood, mucus, and
epithelial cells from the uterus. It usually occurs at monthly intervals
throughout the reproductive period, except during pregnancy and lactation, when
it is usually suppressed.

a. The menstrual cycle is controlled by the cyclic activity of
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH from the anterior pituitary and
progesterone and estrogen from the ovaries. In other words, FSH acts upon the
ovary to stimulate the maturation of a follicle, and during this development,
the follicular cells secrete increasing amounts of estrogen (see figure 1-7).

(1) Days 1-5. This is known as the menses phase. A lack of
signal from a fertilized egg influences the drop in estrogen and progesterone
production. A drop in progesterone results in the sloughing off of the thick
endometrial lining which is the menstrual flow. This occurs for 3 to 5 days.

(2) Days 6-14. This is known as the proliferative phase. A
drop in progesterone and estrogen stimulates the release of FSH from the
anterior pituitary. FSH stimulates the maturation of an ovum with graafian
follicle. Near the end of this phase, the release of LH increases causing a
sudden burst like release of the ovum, which is known as ovulation.

(3) Days 15-28. This is known as the secretory phase. High
levels of LH cause the empty graafian follicle to develop into the corpus
luteum. The corpus luteum releases progesterone, which increases the
endometrial blood supply. Endometrial arrival of the fertilized egg. If the
egg is fertilized, the embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
Thehuman chorionic gonadotropin signals the corpus luteum to continue to
supply progesterone to maintain the uterine lining. Continuous levels of
progesterone prevent the release of FSH and ovulation ceases.

c. Additional Information.

(1) The length of the menstrual cycle is highly variable. It
may be as short as 21 days or as long as 39 days.

(2) Only one interval is fairly constant in all females, the
time from ovulation to the beginning of menses, which is almost always 14-15
days.

(3) The menstrual cycle usually ends when or before a woman
reaches her fifties. This is known as menopause.

Ovulation is the release of an egg cell from a mature ovarian
follicle (see figure 1-5 for ovulation). Ovulation is stimulated by hormones
from the anterior pituitary gland, which apparently causes the mature follicle
to swell rapidly and eventually rupture. When this happens, the follicular
fluid, accompanied by the egg cell, oozes outward from the surface of the ovary
and enters the peritoneal cavity. After it is expelled from the ovary, the egg
cell and one or two layers of follicular cells surrounding it are usually
propelled to the opening of a nearby uterine tube. If the cell is not fertilized
by union of a sperm cell within a relatively short time, it will degenerate.

As mentioned in paragraph 1-6c(3), menopause is the cessation of
menstruation. This usually occurs in women between the ages of 45 and 50. Some
women may reach menopause before the age of 45 and some after the age of 50. In
common use, menopause generally means cessation of regular menstruation.
Ovulation may occur sporadically or may cease abruptly. Periods may end
suddenly, may become scanty or irregular, or may be intermittently heavy before
ceasing altogether. Markedly diminished ovarian activity, that is, significantly
decreased estrogen production and cessation of ovulation, causes menopause.

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