Established in 1915, the company has produced a wide variety of products including marineelectronics, measuring equipment for telecommunication, radio broadcasting equipment, and amateur radio equipment, including the JST-145dx/JST-245dx HF transceivers, which were the last amateur radio transceivers produced by JRC, ending in 2002.

Even though these transceivers have been out of production over 10 years[update], they still compete in performance with current[when?] high-end amateur transceivers available from other amateur radio manufacturers today,[when?] and have become prized possessions of the hams that are fortunate enough to own one. JRC still supports these radios through 2015, per information on their Web site.

1.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing

2.
Tokyo Stock Exchange
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The Tokyo Stock Exchange, which is called Tōshō or TSE/TYO for short, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan. It is the fourth largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization of its listed companies. It had 2,292 listed companies with a market capitalization of US$4.09 trillion as of April 2015. In July 2012 a planned merger with the Osaka Securities Exchange was approved by the Japan Fair Trade Commission, the resulting entity, the Japan Exchange Group, was launched on January 1,2013. The TSE is incorporated as a kabushiki gaisha with nine directors, four auditors and its headquarters are located at 2-1 Nihonbashi-Kabutochō, Chūō, Tokyo, or Kabuto-chō, which is the largest financial district in Japan. Its operating hours are from 8,00 to 11,30 a. m. from April 24,2006, the afternoon trading session started at its usual time of 12,30 p. m. Stocks listed on the TSE are separated into the First Section for large companies, the Second Section for mid-sized companies, as of October 31,2010, there are 1,675 First Section companies,437 Second Section companies and 182 Mothers companies. Ninety-four domestic and 10 foreign securities companies participate in TSE trading, see, Members of the Tokyo Stock Exchange Other TSE-related institutions include, The exchanges press club, called the Kabuto Club, which meets on the third floor of the TSE building. Most Kabuto Club members are affiliated with the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Kyodo News, Jiji Press, or business television broadcasters such as Bloomberg LP, the Kabuto Club is generally busiest during April and May, when public companies release their annual accounts. On 15 June 2007, the TSE paid $303 million to acquire a 4. 99% stake in Singapore Exchange Ltd. The Tokyo Stock Exchange was established on May 15,1878, as the Tokyo Kabushiki Torihikijo under the direction of then-Finance Minister Okuma Shigenobu, trading began on June 1,1878. In 1943, the exchange was combined with ten other stock exchanges in major Japanese cities to form a single Japanese Stock Exchange, the combined exchange was shut down and reorganized shortly after the bombing of Nagasaki. The Tokyo Stock Exchange reopened under its current Japanese name on May 16,1949, a new facility, called TSE Arrows, opened on May 9,2000. In 2010, the TSE launched its Arrowhead trading facility, in 2001, the TSE restructured itself as a stock company, before this time, it was structured as an incorporated association with its members as shareholders. The interruption in trading was the worst in the history of the exchange, trading was suspended for four-and-a-half hours. Mizuho failed to catch the error, the Tokyo Stock Exchange initially blocked attempts to cancel the order, on 11 December, the TSE acknowledged that its system was at fault in the Mizuho trade. On 21 December, Takuo Tsurushima, chief executive of the TSE, and two other senior executives resigned over the Mizuho affair. On January 17,2006, the Nikkei 225 fell 2. 8%, its fastest drop in nine months, the Tokyo Stock Exchange closed early on January 18 due to the trade volume threatening to exceed the exchanges computer systems capacity of 4.5 million trades per day

3.
Electronics
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Electronics is the science of controlling electrical energy electrically, in which the electrons have a fundamental role. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements, the science of electronics is also considered to be a branch of physics and electrical engineering. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible, until 1950 this field was called radio technology because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters, receivers, and vacuum tubes. Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control and this article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a circuit board. Components may be packaged singly, or in more complex groups as integrated circuits, some common electronic components are capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. Components are often categorized as active or passive, vacuum tubes were among the earliest electronic components. They were almost solely responsible for the revolution of the first half of the Twentieth Century. They took electronics from parlor tricks and gave us radio, television, phonographs, radar, long distance telephony and they played a leading role in the field of microwave and high power transmission as well as television receivers until the middle of the 1980s. Since that time, solid state devices have all but completely taken over, vacuum tubes are still used in some specialist applications such as high power RF amplifiers, cathode ray tubes, specialist audio equipment, guitar amplifiers and some microwave devices. The 608 contained more than 3,000 germanium transistors, thomas J. Watson Jr. ordered all future IBM products to use transistors in their design. From that time on transistors were almost exclusively used for computer logic, circuits and components can be divided into two groups, analog and digital. A particular device may consist of circuitry that has one or the other or a mix of the two types, most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a range of voltage or current as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a circuit can be defined as anything from a single component, analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, one rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analog. These days analog circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve performance and this type of circuit is usually called mixed signal rather than analog or digital. Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation, an example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit

4.
Nakano, Tokyo
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Nakano is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. The English translation of its Japanese self-designation is Nakano City, as of May 1,2015, the ward has an estimated population of 322,731 and a population density of 20,701 persons per km². The total area is 15.59 km², the ward was founded on October 1,1932 when the towns of Nogata and Nakano were absorbed into the former Tokyo City as Nakano Ward. The present administration dates from March 15,1947 when the Allied occupation reformed the administration of Tokyo-to,1447, Ōta Dōkan defeated Toshima Yasutsune in a battle here. 1606, The Naruki Kaidō, predecessor of todays Ōme Kaidō was established,1695, In connection with the Shorui Awaremi no Rei, a facility for keeping wild dogs opened. 1871, The twelve villages that comprise present-day Nakano became part of Tokyo Prefecture, the forerunner of todays Chūō Main Line included a station at Nakano en route from Shinjuku to Hachioji. 1932, Tokyo City expands to encompass the district that included Nakano,1943, With the abolition of Tokyo City, Nakano becomes part of Tokyo-to. 1947, Nakano becomes one of the special wards under the new system,1961, The Tokyo subway system extends to Nakano. 1973, Construction of Nakano Sun Plaza near Nakano Station reaches completion, five special wards surround Nakano, Shinjuku, Suginami, Nerima, Shibuya, and Toshima. It lies just west of the bustling Shinjuku area, Rivers include the Kanda, Myosho-ji and Zenpuku-ji Rivers, and the Aratama Waterway. Public high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education

5.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs

6.
President (corporate title)
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The President is a leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university or other group. In many organizations, it is the legally recognized highest titled corporate officer, the president may also be the chairman. The relationship between the president and the Chief Executive Officer varies, depending on the structure of the specific organization, in a similar vein to the Chief Operating Officer, the title of corporate President as a separate position is also loosely defined. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations and such powers come from specific authorization in the bylaws, originally, the term president was used to designate someone who presided over a meeting, and was used in the same way that foreman or overseer is used now. It has now come to mean chief officer in terms of administrative or executive duties. In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the president has the duties of presiding over meetings, in committees or small boards, the president votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the president should vote only when it can affect the result, at a meeting, the president only has one vote. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations, the amount of power given to the president depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If the president exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the president has the power to discipline this officer, some organizations may have a position of President-Elect in addition to the position of President. Generally the membership of the organization elects a President-Elect and when the term of the President-Elect is complete, some organizations may have a position of Immediate Past President in addition to the position of President. In those organizations, when the term of the President is complete, the organization can have such a position only if the bylaws provide it. The duties of such a position would also have to be provided in the bylaws, riding Shotgun, The Role of the COO. National Association of Parliamentarians®, Education Committee, independence, MO, National Association of Parliamentarians®

7.
Japanese yen
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The yen is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the exchange market after the United States dollar. It is also used as a reserve currency after the U. S. dollar, the euro. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japans feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations. The New Currency Act of 1871 did away with these and established the yen, the former han became prefectures and their mints private chartered banks, which initially retained the right to print money. To bring an end to this situation the Bank of Japan was founded in 1882, following World War II the yen lost much of its prewar value. To stabilize the Japanese economy the exchange rate of the yen was fixed at ¥360 per $1 as part of the Bretton Woods system, when that system was abandoned in 1971, the yen became undervalued and was allowed to float. The yen had appreciated to a peak of ¥271 per $1 in 1973, then underwent periods of depreciation and appreciation due to the 1973 oil crisis, arriving at a value of ¥227 per $1 by 1980. Since 1973, the Japanese government has maintained a policy of intervention. The Japanese government focuses on an export market, and tries to ensure a low yen value through a trade surplus. Since that time, however, the yen has greatly decreased in value, the Bank of Japan maintains a policy of zero to near-zero interest rates and the Japanese government has an extreme anti-inflation policy. Yen derives from the Japanese word 圓, which is cognate with the Chinese yuan, originally, the Chinese had traded silver in mass called sycees and when Spanish and Mexican silver coins arrived, the Chinese called them silver rounds for their circular shapes. The coins and the name appeared in Japan. While the Chinese eventually replaced 圓 with 元, the Japanese continued to use the same word, the spelling and pronunciation yen is standard in English. This is because mainly English speakers who visited Japan at the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period spelled words this way, ゑん /wen/ in historical kana orthography. In the 16th century, Japanese /e/ and /we/ both had been pronounced and Portuguese missionaries had spelled them ye, some time thereafter, by the middle of the 18th century, /e/ and /we/ came to be pronounced as in modern Japanese, although some regions retain the pronunciation. In the early Meiji era, James Curtis Hepburn, following Medhurst, spelled all es as ye in his A Japanese and that was the first full-scale Japanese-English/English-Japanese dictionary, which had a strong influence on Westerners in Japan and probably prompted the spelling yen. Hepburn revised most of yes to e in the 3rd edition in order to mirror the contemporary pronunciation and this was probably already fixed and has remained so ever since

8.
Fiscal year
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A fiscal year is the period used by governments for accounting and budget purposes, which vary between countries. It is also used for reporting by business and other organizations. Taxation laws generally require accounting records to be maintained and taxes calculated on an annual basis, the calculation of tax on an annual basis is especially relevant for direct taxation, such as income tax. Many annual government fees—such as Council rates, licence fees, etc. —are also levied on a year basis. The fiscal year end is the date marks the end of the fiscal year. Some companies—such as Cisco Systems—end their fiscal year on the day of the week each year. Under such a system, some years will have 52 weeks. Many universities have a year which ends during the summer. In the northern hemisphere this is July to the next June, in the southern hemisphere this is calendar year, January to December. Some media/communication-based organizations use a broadcast calendar as the basis for their fiscal year, the American football league NFL uses the term league year, which in effect forms the leagues fiscal year. In Afghanistan, the year was recently changed from 1 Hamal –29 Hoot to 1 Jadi –30 Qaus. The fiscal year runs with the Afghan calendar, thus resulting in difference of the Gregorian dates once in a four-year span, in Australia, a fiscal year is commonly called a financial year and starts on 1 July and ends on the next 30 June. Financial years are designated by the year of the second half of the period. For example, financial year 2017 is the 12-month period ending on 30 June 2017 and it is used for official purposes, by individual taxpayers and by the overwhelming majority of business enterprises. Business enterprises may opt to use a year that ends at the end of a week. All entities within the one group must use the financial year. The Commonwealth adopted the near-ubiquitous financial year standard since its inception in 1901, the reason given for the change was for convenience, as Parliament typically sits during May and June, while it was difficult for it to meet in November and December to pass a budget. In Austria the fiscal year is the year,1 January to 31 December

9.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common

10.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included

11.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon

12.
Wireless
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Wireless communication, or sometimes simply wireless, is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technologies use radio waves, with radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants. Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of other wireless technologies, such as light, magnetic. The term wireless has been used twice in history, with slightly different meaning. It was initially used from about 1890 for the first radio transmitting and receiving technology, as in wireless telegraphy and this became its primary usage in the 2000s, due to the advent of technologies such as LTE, LTE-Advanced, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wireless operations permit services, such as communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems which use some form of energy to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances, similar to free-space optical communication, the photophone also required a clear line of sight between its transmitter and its receiver. It would be decades before the photophones principles found their first practical applications in military communications. Marconi soon developed a system that was transmitting signals way beyond distances anyone could have predicted, guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for their contribution to this form of wireless telegraphy. Free space means the light travel through the open air or outer space. This contrasts with other technologies that use light beams traveling through transmission lines such as optical fiber or dielectric light pipes. The technology is useful where physical connections are due to high costs or other considerations. Sonic, especially ultrasonic short range communication involves the transmission and reception of sound, electromagnetic induction has short range communication and power. This has been used in situations such as pacemakers, as well as for short-range Rfid tags. Common examples of wireless equipment include, Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices Professional LMR and SMR typically used by business, industrial, consumer Two-way radio including FRS Family Radio Service, GMRS and Citizens band radios. Consumer and professional Marine VHF radios, airband and radio navigation equipment used by aviators and air traffic control Cellular telephones and pagers, provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business

13.
Ocean
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An ocean is a body of saline water that composes much of a planets hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major divisions of the World Ocean. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, the word sea is often used interchangeably with ocean in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water partly or fully enclosed by land. The ocean contains 97% of Earths water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 5% of the World Ocean has been explored, the total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters. As the world ocean is the component of Earths hydrosphere, it is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle. The world ocean is the habitat of 230,000 known species, but because much of it is unexplored, the origin of Earths oceans remains unknown, oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life. Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds, the only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many planets and natural satellites, notably. The Solar Systems giant planets are thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid. The concept of Ōkeanós has an Indo-European connection, Greek Ōkeanós has been compared to the Vedic epithet ā-śáyāna-, predicated of the dragon Vṛtra-, who captured the cows/rivers. Related to this notion, the Okeanos is represented with a dragon-tail on some early Greek vases, though generally described as several separate oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean. This concept of a body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography. The major oceanic divisions – listed below in descending order of area and volume – are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, Oceans are fringed by smaller, adjoining bodies of water such as seas, gulfs, bays, bights, and straits. The Mid-Oceanic Ridge of the World are connected and form the Ocean Ridge, the continuous mountain range is 65,000 km long, and the total length of the oceanic ridge system is 80,000 km long

14.
Telecommunication
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Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between communication participants includes the use of technology and it is transmitted either electrically over physical media, such as cables, or via electromagnetic radiation. Such transmission paths are divided into communication channels which afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is used in its plural form, telecommunications. Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, other examples of pre-modern long-distance communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Zworykin, John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth, the word telecommunication is a compound of the Greek prefix tele, meaning distant, far off, or afar, and the Latin communicare, meaning to share. Its modern use is adapted from the French, because its use was recorded in 1904 by the French engineer. Communication was first used as an English word in the late 14th century, in the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could pass a single bit of information. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, in 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres, as a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880. Homing pigeons have occasionally used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post is thought to have Persians roots and was used by the Romans to aid their military, frontinus said that Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons, in the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke invented the telegraph in 1837. Also, the first commercial electrical telegraph is purported to have constructed by Wheatstone and Cooke. Both inventors viewed their device as an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph not as a new device, samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837

15.
Radio broadcasting
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Radio broadcasting is a unidirectional wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a radio format. Audio broadcasting also can be done via radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio, the earliest radio stations were simply radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated, the thermionic valve was invented in 1904 by the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming. He developed a device he called an oscillation valve, the heated filament, or cathode, was capable of thermionic emission of electrons that would flow to the plate when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the direction because the plate was not heated. Later known as the Fleming valve, it could be used as a rectifier of alternating current and this greatly improved the crystal set which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called cats whisker. However, what was required was an amplifier. The triode was patented on March 4,1906, by the Austrian Robert von Lieben independent from that, on October 25,1906 and it wasnt put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers. By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable, however, an early audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast may have occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden, although this is disputed. Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year, in The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6,1919, making it, arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, Frank Conrad, an engineer employed at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Westinghouse relaunched the station as KDKA on November 2,1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in America. The commercial broadcasting designation came from the type of broadcast license, the first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself, the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election. In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England. A famous broadcast from Marconis New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous soprano Dame Nellie Melba on 15 June 1920 and she was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The 2MT station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922, the BBC was amalgamated in 1922 and received a Royal Charter in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world, followed by Czech Radio and other European broadcasters in 1923

16.
Amateur radio
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The amateur radio service is established by the International Telecommunication Union through the International Telecommunication Regulations. National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual stations licenses with a call sign. Prospective amateur operators are tested for their understanding of key concepts in electronics, according to an estimate made in 2011 by the American Radio Relay League, two million people throughout the world are regularly involved with amateur radio. About 830,000 amateur radio stations are located in IARU Region 2 followed by IARU Region 3 with about 750,000 stations, a significantly smaller number, about 400,000, are located in IARU Region 1. The origins of amateur radio can be traced to the late 19th century, the First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America, produced in 1909, contains a list of amateur radio stations. This radio callbook lists wireless telegraph stations in Canada and the United States, as with radio in general, amateur radio was associated with various amateur experimenters and hobbyists. Amateur radio enthusiasts have significantly contributed to science, engineering, industry, research by amateur operators has founded new industries, built economies, empowered nations, and saved lives in times of emergency. Ham radio can also be used in the classroom to teach English, map skills, geography, math, science, the term ham radio was first a pejorative that mocked amateur radio operators with a 19th-century term for being bad at something, like ham-fisted or ham actor. It had already used for bad wired telegraph operators. Subsequently, the community adopted it as a moniker, much like the Know-Nothing Party, or other groups. Other, more entertaining explanations have grown up throughout the years, the many facets of amateur radio attract practitioners with a wide range of interests. Many amateurs begin with a fascination of radio communication and then combine other personal interests to make pursuit of the hobby rewarding, some of the focal areas amateurs pursue include radio contesting, radio propagation study, public service communication, technical experimentation, and computer networking. Amateur radio operators use various modes of transmission to communicate, the two most common modes for voice transmissions are frequency modulation and single sideband. FM offers high quality audio signals, while SSB is better at long distance communication when bandwidth is restricted. Radiotelegraphy using Morse code, also known as CW from continuous wave, is the extension of landline telegraphy developed by Samuel Morse. Morse, using internationally agreed message encodings such as the Q code, a similar legacy mode popular with home constructors is amplitude modulation, pursued by many vintage amateur radio enthusiasts and aficionados of vacuum tube technology. Demonstrating a proficiency in Morse code was for years a requirement to obtain an amateur license to transmit on frequencies below 30 MHz. Following changes in regulations in 2003, countries are no longer required to demand proficiency

17.
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
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The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, or JGSDF, is the main branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, responsible for land-based military operations, and is the de facto army of Japan. Created on July 1,1954, it is the largest of the three services of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, the JGSDF is chiefly tasked with maintaining internal security in Japan. The Force operates under the command of the chief of the staff, based in the city of Ichigaya, Shinjuku. The present chief of staff is General Kiyofumi Iwata, the JGSDF numbered around 150,000 soldiers in 2008. As of 2010, the remained the same at approximately 150,000 personnel. Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration in 1945, and, in compliance with Article 9, both were replaced by the United States Armed Forces occupation force, which assumed responsibility for the external defense of Japan. On the outbreak of the Korean War, many U. S. units were transferred to Korea, accordingly, in mid-1952, the National Police Reserve was expanded to 110,000 men and named the National Safety Forces. Japan continued to improve its defensive capabilities, the enabling legislation for this was the 1954 Self-Defense Forces Act. For a long period, the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force possessed an ability to hold off a Soviet invasion of Hokkaido. Zbigniew Brzezinski observed in 1972 that it seemed optimized to fight ‘a Soviet invasion conducted on American patterns of a quarter of a century ago, in 1989, basic training for lower-secondary and upper-secondary academy graduates began in the training brigade and lasted approximately three months. Specialized enlisted and non-commissioned officer candidate courses were available in branch schools, advanced technical, flight, medical and command and staff officer courses were also run by the JGSDF. Like the maritime and air forces, the JGSDF ran a youth cadet program offering technical training to school graduates below military age in return for a promise of enlistment. Because of population density and urbanization on the Japanese islands, only limited areas are available for large-scale training, the JGSDF has two reserve components, the rapid-reaction reserve component and the main reserve component. Members of the rapid-reaction component train 30 days a year, members of the main reserve train five days a year. As of December 2007, there were 8,425 members of the reserve component and 22,404 members of the main reserve component. JGSDF divisions and brigades are combined arms units with infantry, armored and they are regionally independent and permanent entities. The divisions strength varies from 6,000 to 9,000 personnel

18.
Communications satellite
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Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth’s orbit, Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals. These waves require line-of-sight, and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth, the purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points. Communications satellites use a range of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or bands certain organizations are allowed to use and this allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference. The concept of the communications satellite was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, building on work by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and on the 1929 work by Herman Potočnik Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums — der Raketen-motor, in October 1945 Clarke published an article titled Extraterrestrial Relays in the British magazine Wireless World. The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment of artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signals, thus, Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the communications satellite and the term Clarke Belt employed as a description of the orbit. Decades later a project named Communication Moon Relay was a project carried out by the United States Navy. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of communication by using the Moon as a passive reflector. The first artificial Earth satellite was Sputnik 1, put into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4,1957, it was equipped with an on-board radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies,20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Sputnik 1 was launched as a step in the exploration of space, while incredibly important it was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another. And it was the first artificial satellite in the leading to todays satellite communications. The first artificial satellite used solely to further advances in communications was a balloon named Echo 1. Echo 1 was the worlds first artificial communications satellite capable of relaying signals to other points on Earth and it soared 1,600 kilometres above the planet after its Aug.12,1960 launch, yet relied on humanitys oldest flight technology — ballooning. Launched by NASA, Echo 1 was a 30-metre aluminized PET film balloon served as a passive reflector for radio communications. The worlds first inflatable satellite — or satelloon, as they were informally known — helped lay the foundation of todays satellite communications, the idea behind a communications satellite is simple, Send data up into space and beam it back down to another spot on the globe. Echo 1 accomplished this by serving as an enormous mirror,10 stories tall

19.
The Nikkei
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The Nikkei, formally known as The Nihon Keizai Shinbun, is Nikkei Inc. s flagship publication and the worlds largest financial newspaper, with a daily circulation exceeding three million. The roots of the Nikkei started with an in-house newspaper department of Mitsui & Company in 1876 when it started publication of Chugai Bukka Shimpo, the department was spun out as the Shokyosha in 1882. The paper became daily in 1885 and was renamed Chugai Shogyo Simpo in 1889 and it was merged with Nikkan Kogyo and Keizai Jiji and renamed Nihon Sangyo Keizai Shimbun in 1942. The paper changed its name to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun in 1946, Nikkei 225, a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange, has been calculated by the newspaper since 1950. As of 30 November 2015 Nikkei became the owner of the Financial Times. Nikkei Inc. specializes in publishing financial, business and industry news and its main news publications include, Nikkei Asian Review, an English-language business journal that launched in November 2013. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, a leading economic newspaper, Nikkei Veritas, a weekly financial newspaper that replaced Nikkei Kinyu Shimbun in March 2008. It also makes many of its Japanese articles available in English through wire services, an English language website, and a licensing agreement with LexisNexis. Nikkei agreed on 23 July 2015 to buy the UK-based FT Group, major companies, Nikkei Business Publications, Inc. Nikkei CNBC Nikkei Radio Broadcasting Corporation QUICK Corporation Nikkei Science Nikkei National Geographic TV Tokyo TV Osaka TV Aichi TV Hokkaido TVQ Kyushu Rating & Investment Information, Financial Times Winkontent - Monocle Magazine Japanese media Official website Nikkei Asian Review official website

20.
Electronics industry in Japan
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The Japanese electronics industry is the largest consumer electronics industry in the world, though the share of these Japanese companies gradually declined by competition from South Korea and Taiwan. Japan still has a number of companies that produce television, camcorders, audio and video players, japans foreign direct investment in the consumer electronics industry was motivated by protectionism and labor costs. After three years of voluntary export restraints, seven Japanese firms located plants in the United States by 1980, since the beginning of the 21st century a number of the largest Japanese electronics companies have struggled financially and lost market share, particularly to South Korean and Taiwanese companies. Japanese companies have lost their dominant position in categories including portable media players, TVs, hit hard by the economic crisis of 2008 Sony, Hitachi, Panasonic, Fujitsu, Sharp, NEC and Toshiba reported losses amounting to $17 billion. By 2009, Samsung Electronics operating profit was more than two times larger than the operating profit of nine of Japan’s largest consumer electronic companies. Japans education system has also highlighted as a possible contributing factor. One response to the challenges has been a rise in company mergers, JVC and Kenwood merged, and Renesas Technology and NEC Electronics -the semiconductors arm of NEC- to merge forming Renesas Electronics. In a similar move, in 2009 Panasonic acquired a stock majority of Sanyo. Also some of the bigger players resorted to merging some of their operations as Hitachi, Casio and NEC, and Fujitsu and Toshiba, did with their cellphone business. On 15 November 2011, facing competition from Samsung and LG, Sony, Toshiba and Hitachi signed a deal to merge their LCD businesses. As of 2013, most Japanese companies no longer enjoy the reputation they did about one to two decades ago. Currently, the consumer electronics market is dominated by South Korean. Only a few Japanese companies have significant international market share, and are known internationally. The future of the Japanese electronics industry is debated and its estimated that 16% of the worlds gold and 22% of the worlds silver is contained in electronic technology in Japan. loc. gov/frd/cs/

21.
Alps Electric
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Alps Electric Co. Ltd. is a Japanese multinational corporation, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, producing electronic devices, including switches, potentiometers, sensors, encoders and touchpads. The company was established in 1948 as Kataoka Electric Co. Ltd. since June 22,2012, the President has been Toshihiro Kuriyama and Chairman is Masataka Kataoka. Alps is also known for the Alpine brand of car audio. The Alps Electric Group has R&D, production and sales bases located in Japan and around the globe—in the Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, Korea, Alps Group comprises 84 subsidiary companies,25 through Alps Electric,32 through Alpine Electronics and 27 through Alps Logistics. The company is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index, Alps Automotive division focuses on provision of custom products and modules, including control panels and steering modules, for specific vehicle models, and components compatible with any vehicle. Alps Electric focuses on human-machine and machine-machine interfaces for home appliances, mobile devices, Alps touchpad hardware is developed and manufactured by the Cirque Corporation, which they acquired in 2003, however, the parent company continues to write their own drivers. They are mostly found in Sony, Toshiba and Dell notebooks and they also manufacture keyboards for Apple computers, including the original Macintosh and the first iMac. Wiki collection of works on Alps Electric

22.
Alpine Electronics
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Alpine Electronics, Inc. is the consumer electronics subsidiary of the Japanese electronics component manufacturer Alps Electric, specializing in car audio and navigation systems. Alpines engineering headquarters are in Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, Alpine also has manufacturing facilities in Brazil, Hungary, Mexico, China, and Thailand. In 2006, 76% of Alpines revenues came from OEM sales, BMW and Honda have offered unbranded audio systems manufactured by Alpine, and companies such as Dodge and Jaguar Cars have offered co-branded Alpine audio systems in their vehicles. Established in 1967 as Alps-Motorola — a joint venture between Alps Electric and U. S. -based Motorola — it became Alpine Electronics, Inc. in 1978 when Alps bought out Motorolas share of the company. Alpine offers a range of items, including in-car multimedia, amplifiers, speakers, subwoofers. In 2008, Alpine introduced a line of marine sound system products. The five stripes in the Alpine logo were added in 1987, originally light blue to contrast with the letters which were in dark blue, they were later changed to one colour. The stripes stand for different aspects of Alpines philosophy,2011 introduction of ICS-X8 worlds first MirrorLink enabled Mobile Media Station Other innovations have included the Alpine F#1 Status systems and V12 AccuClass-D power amplifiers. At the Alpine Museum in Japan there is a model 7307 radio/tape recorder shot by an American using a. 45-caliber pistol at a distance of 4 feet, the owner, frustrated with the performance of the product, shot the unit and returned it to Alpine. This gesture brought home to Alpine the importance of product quality, Alpine introduced the first aftermarket Interface Adapter for iPod in 2004, letting users experience optimized sound quality and control of digital music files in the car. In 2008, Alpine introduced a line of iPod integration Digital Media Receivers. In 2009, Alpine introduced the first double-din iPod digital media station, Alpine continues to develop in-vehicle navigation aftermarket and OEM devices. In 2004, Alpine introduced the NVE-N872A in 2005, the DVD-based NVE-N872A was Alpines fourth generation satellite-linked navigation system, based on an Alpine in-vehicle navigation platform, which won J. D. Power awards four times in six years. In 2006, Alpine introduced their first portable device, the PMD-B100. In 2008, Alpine introduced the PND-K3, an all-in-one portable navigation plus Bluetooth hands-free system, in 2009, Alpine introduced the PND-K3msn with information like traffic and weather updates. The 1986 Buick Grand National, modified by SpeakerWorks in Orange, the black Buick won the Alpine Car Audio Nationals II Pro Unlimited division in 1988, and IASCAs Pro unlimited title in 1989,1990, and 1991 before being retired by its owner, Richard Clark. Its sound system is composed of five model 3545 amplifiers and the model 7909 headunit, the companys UK office, Alpine UK had a yellow Lamborghini Diablo SE30 Jota with the registration L666 LAM which was often seen at shows and events. The U. S. office, Alpine of America, Inc, the company later sold off the Luxman brand in 1994 to concentrate fully on the car audio business

23.
Anritsu
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Anritsu Corporation is a Japanese multinational corporation in the telecommunications electronics equipment market. A global pioneer for producing the worlds first wireless telephone network, in Japan, Anritsus first predecessor, Sekisan-sha, was founded in 1895. Annaka Electric Company followed, producing wireless transmitters and the worlds first wireless telephone service and it was formed with the merger of two companies, the Annaka Corporation and Kyoritsu Electric in Japan in 1931. In 1990, Anritsu acquired Wiltron Company in the United States, net sales in FY2008 were ¥84 billion. It has been listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange since 1961, as of 2009, it employed 3,700 employees in 20 countries. Products include network call trace, service assurance, customer management, microwave, radio frequency, and optical signal generators, spectrum analyzers. Anritsu Corporation Global Anritsu Company North America

24.
Audio-Technica
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Audio-Technica Corporation, is a Japanese company that designs and manufactures professional microphones, headphones, phonographic magnetic cartridges, and other audio equipment. Audio-Technica was established in 1962 in Tokyo, Japan by Hideo Matsushita as a phonograph cartridge manufacturer and its first products were the AT-1 and the AT-3 MM stereo phono cartridges. Business rapidly developed and Audio-Technica expanded into other fields, in 2008, the company celebrated the 20th anniversary of supplying microphones for US Presidential Debates. For their 50th anniversary, Audio-Technica celebrated at Consumer Electronics Show 2012, debuting their AT-LP1240-USB USB DJ Turntable and their booth also featured a dubstep dance video, Audio 911, by dancer Marquese Nonstop Scott produced by video production company The DVI Group. In 1965, the received an award from the Agency of Industrial Science. In 1969, the company began exporting phono cartridges worldwide and launched the first microcassette recorders, in 1972, Audio-Technica established its US arm in Stow, Ohio and started shipping VM phono cartridges to European manufacturers. In 1974, the companys first headphones are launched, the AT-700 series, throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Audio-Technica microphones and cartridges received numerous awards. In 1992, the AT4033 condenser microphone is chosen the best microphone of 1991 at the Audio Engineering Society convention, Audio-Technica was one of the earliest manufacturers of headset microphones for stage use, starting in 1990. One of their most famous products was a battery-operated, portable record player called Mister Disc that was sold in the U. S. in the early 1980s. 13 patents were involved in bringing the feature to fruition, as company engineers modified many different elements of construction and operation. Over 50 existing Audio-Technica microphone models have been upgraded with the new RFI-resistant technology

25.
Brother Industries
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Brother Industries, Ltd. is a Japanese multinational electronics and electrical equipment company headquartered in Nagoya, Japan. Its products include printers, multifunction printers, desktop computers, sewing machines, large machine tools, label printers, typewriters, fax machines, Brother distributes its products both under its own name and under OEM agreements with other companies. Brothers history began in 1908 when the Yasui Sewing Machine Co. was established in Nagoya, in 1955, Brother International Corporation was established as their first overseas sales affiliate. In 1958 a European regional sales company was established in Dublin, the corporate name was finally changed to Brother Industries, Ltd. in 1962. Brother entered the market during its long association with Centronics. In 1968 the company moved its UK headquarters to Audenshaw, Manchester, after acquiring the Jones Sewing Machine Company, in December 2011, Brother diversified its offerings by acquiring Nefsis, an innovator in web-based remote collaboration and conferencing software. In November 2012, Brother announced that it had built the last UK-made typewriter at its north Wales factory, saying that it had made 5.9 million typewriters in its factory in Wrexham since it opened in 1985, the firm donated the last machine to Londons Science Museum. As of March 2013, Brothers annual turnover was ¥516 billion, in 2010, the sewing divisions of Brother Industries around Europe were consolidated into one larger company called Brother Sewing Machines Europe GmbH. With a turnover in excess of €80 million, it is the 4th largest company under the Brother Industries Ltd umbrella of organisations, Brother Industries manufacture mechanical sewing machines in Zhuhai, China and computerised sewing & embroidery machines in Taiwan. A new sewing machine factory was opened in 2012 in Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam, in September 2012, Brother Industries manufactured their 50 millionth home sewing machine. Brother sponsored Manchester City Football Club from 1987 until 1999, which is one of the longest unbroken sponsorship deals of any English football club, Brother launched their first integrated, pan European advertising campaign in Autumn 2010 for their A3 printer range. Titled ‘141%’, referring to the ratio between paper sizes A3 and A4, Brother Global site Brother 141 pan European site Brother Sewing Machines Europe Site Brother United States site Company history books. — Wiki collection of works on Brother Industries

26.
Canon Inc.
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It is headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. Canon has a listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. At the beginning of 2015, Canon was the tenth largest public company in Japan when measured by market capitalization, the company was originally named Seikikōgaku kenkyūsho. In 1934 it produced the Kwanon, a prototype for Japan’s first-ever 35 mm camera with a plane based shutter. In 1947 the company name was changed to Canon Camera Co. Inc. shortened to Canon Inc. in 1969, the name Canon comes from Buddhist bodhisattva Guan Yin, previously transliterated as Kuanyin, Kwannon, or Kwanon in English. The origins of Canon date back to the founding of Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory in Japan in 1937 by Takeshi Mitarai, Goro Yoshida, Saburo Uchida and Takeo Maeda. During its early years the company did not have any facilities to produce its own optical glass, between 1933 and 1936 ‘The Kwanon’, a copy of the Leica design, Japan’s first 35 mm focal plane-shutter camera, was developed in prototype form. In 1940 Canon developed Japans first indirect X-ray camera, Canon introduced a field zoom lens for television broadcasting in 1958 and in 1959 introduced the Reflex Zoom 8, the world’s first movie camera with a zoom lens, and the Canonflex. In 1961 Canon introduced the Rangefinder camera, Canon 7, in 1965 Canon introduced the Canon Pellix, a single lens reflex camera with a semi-transparent stationary mirror which enabled the taking of pictures through the mirror. In 1971 Canon introduced the F-1, a high-end SLR camera, in 1976 Canon launched the AE-1, the world’s first camera with an embedded micro-computer. In 1982 Wildlife as Canon Sees It print ads first appeared in National Geographic magazine, Canon introduced the world’s first Inkjet printer using bubble jet technology in 1985. Canon introduced Canon Electro-Optical System in 1987, named after the goddess of the dawn, EOS650 autofocus SLR camera is introduced. Also in 1987 the Canon Foundation was established, in 1988 Canon introduced Kyosei philosophy. The EOS1 Flagship Professional SLR line was launched in 1989, in the same year the EOS RT, the worlds first AF SLR with a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror, was unveiled. In 1992 Canon launched the EOS5, the camera with eye-controlled AF. In 1995 Canon introduced the first commercially available SLR lens with image stabilization. EOS-1N RS, the worlds fastest AF SLR camera with a shooting speed of 10 frame/s at the time

27.
Casio
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Casio Computer Co. Ltd. is a multinational consumer electronics and commercial electronics manufacturing company headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic musical instruments and it was founded in 1946, and in 1957 released the worlds first entirely electric compact calculator. Casio was a digital camera innovator, and during the 1980s and 1990s. Casio was established in April 1946 by Tadao Kashio, an engineer specializing in fabrication technology. Kashios first major product was the pipe, a finger ring that would hold a cigarette. Japan was impoverished immediately following World War II, so cigarettes were valuable, after seeing the electric calculators at the first Business Show in Ginza, Tokyo in 1949, Kashio and his younger brothers used their profits from the yubiwa pipe to develop their own calculators. Most of the calculators at that time worked using gears and could be operated by using a crank or using a motor. Toshio possessed some knowledge of electronics, and set out to make a calculator using solenoids, the desk-sized calculator was finished in 1954 and was Japans first electro-mechanical calculator. Another distinguishing innovation was the use of a display window instead of the three display windows used in other calculators. In 1957 Casio released the Model 14-A, sold for 485,000 yen, the worlds first all-electric compact calculator,1957 also marked the establishment of Casio Computer Co. Ltd. In the 1980s, its budget electronic instruments and its line of home electronic musical keyboard instruments became popular. The company also became known for the wide variety and innovation of its wristwatches. It was one of the earliest manufacturers of quartz watches, both digital and analog and it also began selling calculator watches during this time. In the 1970s and 80s, Casio was known for its electronic calculators, today, Casio is most commonly known for making durable and reliable digital watches. The G-Shock range of shock resistant watches is popular, with the 1983 G-Shock DW-5600C being highly sought-after by collectors, Casio made a variety of digital watches with in-built games in the 1980s and 90s, which were highly popular at the time. Casio also makes products for local markets, including a Prayer Compass watch designed to help Muslims pray on time, note, This is a list of selected calculators. Figures in parentheses imply approximate year of introduction, note, This is a list of selected models. Wiki collection of works on Casio

28.
Chino Corporation
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CHINO Corporation is a Japanese professional manufacturer of measuring/controlling instruments and instrumentation system. Furthermore, Chino manufactures and supplies systems for measuring instruments. In 1913, Kazuo Chino founded private company named Chino Works at Shitaya and he started manufacture and sell chemical machinery and rubber products first. Then he manufacture and sell physics and chemistry instruments, electric bath and measuring instruments though. He built a new factory at Nakamaru, Itabashi and resumed business again, in 1936, established stock organization named Chino Works, Ltd. The new factory was burnt down again by an air raid during the Second World War though, in that case original electronic recorder and oscillation type indicating controller were a big hit with commercialization. In 1962, listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, Second Section, in 1979 listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, in 1986, renamed to CHINO Corporation to commemorate the 50th anniversary. CHINO has 12 subsidiary companies including six global, three factories,21 domestic sales branches and 37 overseas dealers/distributors in 34 countries to the present. 1962-Listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, Second Section 1963-Established Fujioka Factory, 1979-Listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, First Section 1983-Established CHINO Works America Inc. 1986-Renamed to CHINO CORPORATION 1989-Established KOREA CHINO CORPORATION, 1990-Completion of Head Office and R & D Building. 1992-Established YAMAGATA CHINO CORPORATION 1993-Established CHINO Service Corporation, 1993-Established Shanghai DAHUA-CHINO Instrument Co. Ltd. 1994-Chino Standard Office acquired the Certification of the Thermometer Calibration Company from Japan Calibration Service System, 1994-Acquired the Certification of ISO9001 for Fujioka Factory. 1996-Established CHINO-LAXSONS Ltd. 1997– Acquired the Certification of ISO9001 for Kuki Factory 1998-Acquired 100% capital shares of SANKI KEISO Co. Ltd. Ltd, 2006-Acquired 100% capital shares of TOKYO SEIKO Co. Ltd. Acquired 100% capital shares of ASAKAWA Lens Works Co, Ltd. Senko corporation renamed to the chino Softex Co. Ltd. 2009-Acquired 100% capital shares of CHINO-LAXSONS Private Limited, and renamed CHINO CORPORATION India Pvt. Ltd, 2012-Absorbed Yamagata CHINO CORPORATION. Established CHINO CORPORATION Limited 2014-Acquired 100% capital share of ULVAC-RIKO, Inc. 2015-Absorbed Chino Service Corporation Measurement and control equipment Recorder, controller and consumer equipment are in this category, Recently, thermal imaging Camera named released in April 2014 won the Good Design Award 2014 in category of equipment and facilities for manufacture, development or production. And calibration equipment has been adopted as national standard not only in national standard institute. Asakawa Lens Works deals with design and manufactures of optical instruments Ars has engaged with circuit designing and holding package technology of high-density wireless module, Shanghai Dahua-CHINO instrument is a sales and service support organization of recorders, controllers, radiation thermometers and instrumentation in China

29.
Citizen Watch
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Citizen Holdings Co. Ltd. is the core company of a Japanese global corporate group based in Tokyo, Japan. The company was founded as Shokosha Watch Research Institute in 1918 and it is known as the manufacturer of Cincom precision lathe machine tools and Citizen watches. The trade name originated from a pocket watch Citizen sold in 1924 and it is one of the worlds largest producers of watches. Eco-Drive watches use a battery recharged by a solar panel hidden under the watch face, in the rare and discontinued Eco-Drive Duo series, the solar power was supplemented by an automatic quartz power source. There was also an Eco-Drive Thermo model that exploited temperature differentials between the skin temperature and ambient temperature to recharge the battery. However, the only Eco-Drive system described on the Citizen Watch official web site is the one depending solely on light to recharge, features similar to the Eco-Drive have been developed by other manufacturers like Casio and Junghans. All Citizen Eco-Drive movements are made in Japan but the case or the bracelet may also be made in China, some watches, such as the Skyhawk A-T line feature Radio Controlled Timekeeping. The watches can synchronize with radio clocks in Japan, North America, the watch actually tracks two time zones—home and world—but synchronizes to the home zone. When traveling, the user may swap the home and world zones—thereby enabling proper time signal reception on a different continent while retaining the other time, the day, date, and Daylight Saving Time settings are also set automatically when the watch is synchronized. These features are comparable to the synchronization with atomic clocks found in Casio Wave Ceptor watches, the Perpetual Chrono A-T is another of Citizens radio controlled watches. The watch syncs with the clocks in Colorado or Germany depending on signal strength. It also incorporates the technology which means it will never require a battery. Citizen also produces the Independent Watches line, featuring a more modern, depending on the market, these watches may be labelled Secret, Lighthouse brands among others. The Deployant Clasp with a Push Button is a clasp available for many Citizen watch bracelet bands, apart from watches, Citizen also manufactures calculators and small electronic organizers. Some non-watch devices such as televisions and computer printers, have been marketed under the Citizen brand name. In the 1980s, a number of electronic games were sold under the Q&Q brand. In the early-mid 1990s, Citizen partnered with Compaq Computer Corporation to build notebook computers in Japan for the Japan, Citizen Watch Co. Ltd. – manufacture and sale of watches and clocks. Japan CBM Corporation – sales of timepieces, including the Q & Q brand, Citizen Systems Japan Co. Ltd. – sales of business and consumer electronic devices including calculators

30.
Cosina
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Cosina Co. Ltd. is a designer and manufacturer of cameras and lenses, and a glassmaker, based in Nakano, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Cosina is the successor to Nikō, a set up as a manufacturer of lenses in 1959. In 1966, it started to manufacture 35 mm compact cameras and 8 mm cine cameras, in 1968 it started a glassworks, Nikō changed its name to Cosina in 1973. The name Cosina has previously appeared on compact and SLR cameras for 135 film, the CS-2 and CS-3 SLRs were introduced in 1978, followed in 1980 by the CT-1, CT-7, CT-10 and CT-20, the CT-1G in 1982 and the CT-9 in 1986. Cosina SLR cameras used either the M42 lens mount or the Pentax K lens mount, however, Cosina is probably better known as a manufacturer of cameras and camera components for other brands. This rangefinder camera was adopted as the chassis for several excellent camera models, including the Minolta 7SII, Revue 400 SE, Prinz 35 ER. In 1982, Cosina began to manufacture lenses in a variety of SLR manufacturers lens mounts, in 1991, it started to produce glass molded aspheric lenses, and in 1996 plastic molded aspherical lenses. Cosina began producing cameras in 1997. Having obtained the rights to the brand Voigtländer from Ringfoto in Germany, Cosina introduced a Voigtländer 15 mm f/4.5 and 25 mm f/4 lens and the Voigtländer Bessa-L body in 1999. On April 26,2010, Cosina joined the Micro Four Thirds System Standard Group Cosinas Voigtländer products are referred to as Cosina Voigtländer. The name Cosina now appears on lenses for various SLR mounts, Cosina manufactured the rangefinder camera Rollei 35 RF for Rollei Fototechnic, and is acknowledged to have manufactured the Epson digital rangefinder camera R-D1 as well. Its manufacture of a new Zeiss Ikon rangefinder camera with Leica M-mount, and Zeiss lenses in Leica bayonet mount was announced in October 2004, and it is already producing these. All these cameras use film showing Cosinas unique position in the market filling the gap in demand for quality film cameras. A Cosina design, the 1982 Cosina CX-2, was copied by the Russian optical firm LOMO as the popular Lomo LC-A, Cosina manufactures manual focus SLR lenses for Carl Zeiss with Leica, Nikon, Pentax, Canon EOS, and M42 screw mounts. Cosina products are distributed in Japan by Kenko

31.
Denon
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For many decades, Denon was a brand name of Nippon-Columbia, including the Nippon Columbia record label. In 2001 Denon was spun off as a company with 98% held by Ripplewood Holdings. In 2002, Denon merged with Marantz to form D&M Holdings, the Denon brand came from a merger of Denki Onkyo and others in 1939. The company was established in 1910 as part of Nippon Chikuonki Shokai. The company was originally called 日本電氣音響株式會社 - Nippon DENki ONkyo Kabushikigaisha which was shortened to the name of DEN-ON in Japanese. The company is involved with sound systems electric appliance production. A further change of name occurred in 1946 when the company renamed itself Nippon Columbia, the Denon brand was first established in 1947 when Nippon Columbia merged with Japan Denki Onkyo. D&M Holdings Inc. was created in May 2002 when Denon Ltd, today, the company specializes in professional and consumer home cinema and audio equipment including A/V receivers, Blu-ray players, tuners, headphones, and wireless music systems. Denon is also known for high-end AV receivers and moving coil phonograph cartridges, two M-series models, the Denon M31 and M30, were the most successful radio hi-fis in the mid-2000s. Since being released to the micro hi-fi DAB market, they have received awards in Europe. 1910 Manufacturer of single-sided disc records and gramophones,1939 Launched first professional-use disc recorder for broadcast industry and disk cutting lathe. 1951 Commenced sales of Japan’s 1st LP records,1953 Launched professional-use tape recorder for broadcast industry. 1958 Introduced sales of stereo records,1959 Commenced production of open-reel audio tapes. 1962 Introduced Elepian series of electronic pianos,1963 Developed the DL-103 phono cartridge. 1964 Started sales of audio cassette tapes,1971 Started producing hi-fi audio components, including turntables, amplifiers, tuners and speakers. 1972 Introduced the world’s first viable 8 channel digital recorder,1977 Awarded US Billboard magazines Trend-Setter Award for outstanding contribution to the industry. 1980 Awarded the 13th Montreux International Diplome d’honneur technique award,1981 Developed a professional-use CD player. 1988 Introduced range of AV amplifiers to product range,1990 Awarded three component awards at Paris hi-fi show

32.
Marantz
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Marantz is a company that develops and sells high-end audio products. The company was founded in New York, but is now based in Japan, the first Marantz audio product was designed and built by Saul Marantz in his home in Kew Gardens, New York. The company had an influence in the development of high fidelity audio systems. During the 1980s, while owned by Philips, a pioneer in compact disc technology, Marantz built some very well received CD players, beginning in the early 1990s, Marantz focused on higher-end components. In 2001, Marantz Japan acquired the brand from Philips and owned all overseas sales subsidiaries

33.
Daikin
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Daikin Industries, Ltd. is a Japanese multinational air conditioner manufacturing company headquartered in Osaka. It has operations in Japan, China, Australia, India, Philippines, Southeast Asia, Europe, North America, Daikin is the inventor of variable refrigerant volume systems and an innovator in the split system air conditioning market. Daikin codeveloped a R-410A refrigerant with Carrier, Daikin Industries Ltd was founded in 1924 as Osaka Kinzoku Kogyosho LP by Akira Yamada. In 1953, Daiflon or polychlorotrifluoroethylene was developed, in 1963 the company was renamed Daikin Kogyo Co Ltd and developed Neoflon. In 1982 it was renamed to the current Daikin Industries Ltd, Daikin entered the North American air conditioning market in 2004. These acquisitions made Daikin Industries, a major global HVAC manufacturer, rivaling Carrier Corporation in total number of products produced, total dollar volume, in 2008, McQuay International was re-branded as Daikin-McQuay as Daikin began implementing many of its technologies and manufacturing processes into McQuay equipment and factories. However, in November 2013, the Daikin-McQuay group was again re-branded as Daikin Applied, in 2008 Daikin purchased a 75% share of All World Machinery Supply based in Roscoe, Illinois. Using technology from their Air Conditioning division, facing the global demands on CO2 reductions and the serious energy issues facing the world, this product aims to cut energy consumption in the manufacturing sector. As of 2009, Daikin Airconditioning Philippines is established, in August 2012 Daikin agreed to acquire Goodman Global from the San Francisco-based private equity firm Hellman & Friedman for $3.7 billion, after first planning to buy Goodman the previous year. Daikin opened its first American air-conditioner manufacturing facility—employing about 250 people in a 525,000 square feet facility in Houston, in August 2016, Daikin Industries Ltd opened a fully functional headquarters in Cairo, Egypt. Daikin Cairo is yet another move for the company to establish business in Africa, plans are underway to open more headquarters. Daikin Europe N. V. Daikin Airconditioning UK Ltd, Daikin North America LLC, Daikin Australia, and Daikin Air Condition Philippines Company history books. Wiki collection of works on Daikin

34.
Denso
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Denso Corporation is a global automotive components manufacturer headquartered in the city of Kariya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. After becoming independent from Toyota Motors, Nippon Denso Co. Ltd. was founded in 1949, about 25% of the company is owned by Toyota Motor. Despite being a part of Toyota Group of companies, as of year ended March 2016, currently, Denso ranks the fourth largest auto parts supplier. As of 2016, Denso Corporation consisted of 189 subsidiaries with a total of 151,775 employees, in 2013 Denso was listed at #242 on the Fortune 500 list with a total revenue of $43.1 billion. The word Denso 電装 is derived from the two Japanese words Den-Ki and So-Chi, moreover, Denso also develops and manufactures non-automotive components such as Household Heating Equipments, Industrial Robots and QR Code. The Denso Industrial Robot gained wide attention in Japan when it conducted a game of Shogi against professionals players. Toyota TS030 Hybrid which use a Denso Kinetic Energy Recovery System finished second in the 201324 Hours of Le Mans, Denso Wave is a subsidiary that produces automatic identification products, industrial robots and programmable logic controllers. They are noted for creating the two dimensional QR code, are a member of the Japan Robot Association and support the ORiN standard, Denso International America is the American subsidiary of Denso Corporation. In 1970, Denso Corporation decided to expand overseas from Kariya, in March 1971 Denso Sales California, Inc. was founded in Hawthorne, California. The company was staffed with only 12 associates, four of them were Americans, the objective of Denso Sales California was to promote their air conditioner systems to be options in Japanese-made vehicles. In May 1975 Denso Corporation opened a division, Denso Sales, in Southfield. In September 1975 Denso International America opened a center in Cedar Falls. This was opened due to an agricultural parts contract with John Deere including starter motors and meters, Denso International America employs over 17,000 people at 38 locations between North, Central, and South America. At year end, on March 31,2008, combined sales totaled $8.3 billion for all American locations. The conspiracy, which fixed prices and allocated components to such car manufacturers as Toyota and Honda, extended from Michigan to Japan, Denso agreed to pay a fine of 78 million dollars. EcoCute - CO2 refrigerant based automobile air conditioner FC Kariya DENSO Corporation Japan DENSO Global Company history books, wiki collection of bibliographic works on Denso

35.
Dai Nippon Printing
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Dai Nippon Printing, established in 1876, is a Japanese printing company. The company operates its printing in three areas, Information Communications, Lifestyle and Industrial Supplies, and Electronics, the company has more than 35,000 employees. Vertical Official site in English Official site in Japanese Company history books, wiki collection of bibliographic works on Dai Nippon Printing

36.
Eiki
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Eiki Industrial Co. Ltd. is a Japanese company that manufactures LCD and DLP projectors, related accessories and overhead projectors. Eiki was founded in 1953 in Osaka, Japan by four founders, initially the focus of the company was producing technology for classroom instruction but later on the company focused more on producing 16 mm movie projectors for other fields. The name Eiki comes from the Japanese term Eishaki meaning projector, Eiki 16 mm projectors included only half of the moving parts of popular projectors, thus making them less costly and easier to maintain. They were the largest manufacturer of such projectors, in 1974, Eiki opened Eiki International, Inc. their USA division in Laguna Niguel, California. To distribute its products in the United States, in 1986, the company acquired the business unit of the Bell & Howell company that had originated the audio visual industry some 50 years earlier. In 1988, Eiki Canada was created as a subsiary of Eiki International, in 1995, Eiki Deutschland, GmbH became the companys first wholly owned office in Europe. And, in 1997 Eiki Czech was founded to establish a network of dealers across central and eastern Europe

37.
Eizo
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Eizo Corporation or EIZO, is a manufacturer of high-end computer displays. A Japanese corporation, it was founded in March 1968 and it has its headquarters in Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture. The name Eizo is a reference to the Japanese word meaning image, 映像, the company was founded as Hakui Electronic Corporation in Hakui, Ishikawa, Japan, in 1968, it initially manufactured televisions. In March 1973, it became Nanao Corporation, in 1976, it began manufacture of industrial monitors, and in 1981 started making PC monitors. Hitec Associates Ltd was founded in 1984 as a subsidiary of Nanao specifically for the European market. In 1985, Eizo was launched as a brand of Hitec Associates in Europe, in the same period, parent company Nanao founded Nanao USA in the United States to launch products in that region under the Nanao brand as in Japan. In January 1990, Hitec Associates Ltd was renamed Eizo Corporation, in May 1990, the company moved its headquarters to Mattō, Ishikawa. In 1996, the Eizo brand replaced the Nanao brand in Japan and the United States, although Nanao remained the corporate name of the company in Japan

38.
Elpida Memory
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Elpida Memory, Inc. was a corporation established in 1999 that developed, designed, manufactured and sold dynamic random-access memory products. It was also a semiconductor foundry, with headquarters in Yaesu, Chūō, Tokyo, Japan, it was initially formed under the name NEC Hitachi Memory in 1999 by the merger of the Hitachi, Ltd. and NEC DRAM businesses. In the following year it took on the name Elpida, in 2003, Elpida took over the Mitsubishi DRAM business. In 2004, it listed its shares in the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, in 2012, those shares were delisted as a result of its bankruptcy. In 2013, Elpida was acquired by Micron Technology, Elpida Memory was founded in 1999 as a merger of NECs and Hitachis DRAM operation and began development operations for DRAM products in 2000. In 2001, the company began construction of its 300mm wafer fabrication plant, later that year, it began sales operations in domestic markets. In 2003, the took over Mitsubishi Electric Corporations DRAM operations. In 2004, Elpida Memory went public and was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, in 2006, the company established Akita Elpida to take on the development of advanced back-end technology processes. In March 2006, Elpida reported consolidated sales of 241,500,000,000 Japanese yen, in 2002, armed with the Sherman Antitrust Act, the United States Department of Justice began a probe into the activities of dynamic random access memory manufacturers. US computer makers, including Dell and Gateway, claimed that inflated DRAM pricing was causing lost profits, to date, five manufacturers have pleaded guilty to their involvement in an international price-fixing conspiracy including Hynix, Infineon, Micron Technology, Samsung, and Elpida. Micron Technology was not fined for its involvement due to co-operation with investigators, the company received 140 billion yen in financial aid and loans from the Japanese government and banks during the financial crisis in 2009. On April 3,2010, Elpida Memory sold ¥18. 5billion worth of shares to Kingston Technology On April 22,2010, based on a 40 nm process, this DRAM was said to use about thirty percent less power compared to two 40 nm process two-gigabit DDR3 SDRAMs. It was to operate at both standard DDR31.5 V and 1.35 V to further reduce power consumption, in July 2011, Elpida announced that it planned to raise $987 million by selling shares and bonds. In August 2011, Elpida claimed to be the first memory maker to begin sampling 25 nm DRAMs, on February 27,2012, Elpida filed for bankruptcy. With liabilities of 448 billion yen, the bankruptcy was Japans largest since Japan Airlines bankrupted in January 2010. The company suffered from both strong yen and a drop of DRAM prices as a result of stagnant demand of personal computers. DRAM prices plunged to a low in 2011 as the price of the benchmark DDR3 2-gigabit DRAM declined 85%. Elpida was the third largest DRAM maker, held 18 percent of the market by revenue in 2011, on March 28,2012, Elpida was delisted from the Tokyo Stock Exchange

39.
ESP Guitars
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ESP Company, Limited is a Japanese guitar manufacturer, primarily focused on the production of electric guitars and basses. They are based in both Tokyo, Japan and Los Angeles, California, United States, with two distinct product lines for each respective market. ESP Company manufactures instruments under several names, including ESP Standard, ESP Custom Shop, LTD Guitars and Basses, Navigator, Edwards Guitar and Basses and their products range from Japanese-built custom shop instruments to lower end mass-production Korean, Indonesian and Chinese made instruments. At this time, ESP also began crafting guitars under the ESP, Ronnie Wood of The Rolling Stones and Akira Takasaki were users of these guitars. ESP replacement parts were first introduced into the US in 1983, among these artists were Page Hamilton, Vernon Reid, Vinnie Vincent and Bruce Kulick, and Ronnie Wood. At this time, ESP also introduced the 400 Series as the first production line to be distributed in the US. During this same period, ESP began making the bodies and necks for Kramer Guitars and other manufacturers were using ESP as an OEM such as Robin Guitars, Schecter Guitar Research, many traits of the Kramer line are still visible including neck construction and body bevels. ESP tooled up for Tom Andersons shaved bolt on neck heel on the Schecter bodies, in 1985, George Lynch discovered ESP while on tour in Tokyo. Lynch walked into an ESP shop looking for a replacement neck, as a result, his famous ESP Kamikaze was made and ESP released George Lynchs Kamikaze as its first signature model. ESP soon introduced the M1 Standard, MI Custom, Horizon Custom, at this time, ESP based its headquarters in a loft in downtown New York City on 19th Street. In 1989, the headquarters were moved to 48th Street near other famous music stores, between 1990 and 1992, ESP expanded its Signature Series as well as its standard product line. The US replacement parts business was discontinued in order to focus solely on their guitar and bass line, there are about 41 signature series guitars. In 1993, ESP moved its headquarters again but this time to Los Angeles, in 1995, the LTD series was created to produce ESPs high-quality products at a more affordable price. The lone exception was ESPs artist signature series, which remained ESP models, in the early 2000s, ESP resumed shipping the standard Japanese made lines to the United States, though at greatly increased prices compared to the early 90s. The Explorer model, shot to fame when avid ESP user James Hetfields band Metallica rose to popularity in the late 80s/early 90s, Models similar to Hetfields black ESP even today sell for hundreds of dollars beyond the original retail price. However, just like with Ibanez, when the Gibson company realized the extent to which ESP was denting into sales of its own guitars, ESP redesigned its lines to be less similar to the American models. In 2002, ESP was ranked among the industrys fastest growing companies. This is largely due to the Fender buyout of Jackson Guitars, after the buyout, many Jackson endorsers switched over to ESP

40.
FANUC
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FANUC is one of the largest makers of industrial robots in the world. FANUC had its beginnings as part of Fujitsu developing early numerical control, the company name is an acronym for Fuji Automatic NUmerical Control. In 1972, the Computing Control Division became independent and FANUC Ltd was established, FANUC is listed on the first section of Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX100 and Nikkei 225 stock market indices. It is headquartered in Yamanashi Prefecture, the companys clients include US and Japanese automobile and electronics manufacturers. Use of industrial robots has allowed companies like Panasonic in Amagasaki to run factories which produce 2 million television sets a month with just 25 people, FANUC has over 240 joint ventures, subsidiaries, and offices in over 46 countries. It is the largest maker of CNC controls by market share with 65% of the global market, and is the leading global manufacturer of factory automation systems. FANUC Europe Corporation S. A. a sister company, is headquartered in Luxembourg, with customers in Europe, FANUC America Corporation is responsible for FANUC operations in North and South America. FANUC Robotics America Corporation supplied robotic automation in North and South America and it also produced software, controls, and vision products that aid in the development of robotic systems. Headquartered in Rochester Hills, Michigan, the company had 10 regional locations in the U. S. Canada, Mexico, the company provided these systems for applications including automotive and fabricated metals to medical devices and plastics. It was founded in 1982 as a joint venture between FANUC Ltd and General Motors Corporation, named GMFanuc Robotics Corporation, a staff of 70 began work at the GM Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. In 1992, the became a wholly owned subsidiary of FANUC Ltd of Oshino-mura. The company was a member of the Robotics Industries Association and of the International Federation of Robotics, in 2010, FANUC America Corporation and the prior CNC business unit from GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms in the US were combined into a new company by the name of FANUC CNC America. This business unit was a wholly owned subsidiary of FANUC Ltd and it was headquartered in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois. It offered CNC and laser technical services, training, replacement parts, PCB and motor repair and return, field support and it had over 30 locations in the U. S. Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. The company provides services to machine tool builders, machine tool dealers. In 1977, the company was established as an owned subsidiary of FANUC Ltd of Oshino-mura. GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms was a joint venture between General Electric and FANUC Ltd, in 2009, GE and FANUC Ltd. agreed to split, with FANUC Ltd. retaining the CNC business. GE renamed its part of the business GE Intelligent Platforms, Fanuc India operations are led by Sonali Kulkarni

41.
Fostex
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Fostex is a Japanese audio equipment manufacturer. Fostex was founded in July 1973 and it is now a division of Foster Electric Company, Ltd. Fostex and TASCAM pioneered affordable multitrack recording equipment and was the first to offer an eight-track reel-to-reel multitrack that used affordable 1/4 inch tape. It competes with Tascam and Yamaha with a line of products for the home. Fostexs current product range includes digital multitrack recording equipment, loudspeaker drivers, studio monitors, microphones, some production sound mixers for motion pictures use the Fostex Field Memory Recorder, which records audio and stores recordings as WAV files, as their recording device for sync sound. Fostex has expanded its offering of HiFi based products to include headphones, digital audio converters. Fostexs t50rp model has become popular in headphone modification circles

An 8-beam free space optics laser link, rated for 1 Gbit/s at a distance of approximately 2 km. The receptor is the large disc in the middle, the transmitters the smaller ones. To the top and right corner a monocular for assisting the alignment of the two heads.

Amateur radio (also called ham radio) describes the use of radio frequency spectrum for purposes of non-commercial …

An example of an amateur radio station with four transceivers, amplifiers, and a computer for logging and for digital modes. On the wall are examples of various amateur radio awards, certificates, and a reception report card (QSL card) from a foreign amateur station.

An amateur radio station in the United Kingdom. Multiple transceivers are employed for different bands and modes. Computers are used for control, datamodes, SDR and logging.