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You can find the .deb files of packages that you have installed in the folder /var/cache/apt.

If you had another Ubuntu machine with the same version, you could copy over the contents of /var/cache/apt to that machine and then try to run sudo apt-get install packagename and it would try to pull them from the apt cache. I would definitely not recommend this unless you are using the same version of Ubuntu on both machines.

in theory this would work if the computers were on the same system version and both were up to date. But has it been tested to work?
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AlvarJun 9 '13 at 18:38

I have done it before, but it was in a very controlled environment: I had just installed Ubuntu on two machines, pulled a few hundred packages from the internet on to one of them, and then SCP'd over the whole directory. However, both computers were connected to the internet, I just wanted to save time. But also, the only problem that I can see emerging is that some packages were previously removed from the cache of computer #1 (the internet-connected one), in which case it would try to pull them from the network and fail. You would need to be careful about dependencies, but it should work.
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ScottJun 9 '13 at 18:46