In Hulun Buir the language is being retained well; in Heilongjiang not transmitted to children among most groups (Bradley 2007a). All domains. Mainly adults. Neutral attitudes. Also use Evenki [evn], Kazakh [kaz], Manchu [mnc], Mandarin Chinese [cmn], Oroqen [orh], Peripheral Mongolian [mvf]. Used as L2 by Evenki [evn], Oroqen [orh].

Language Development

Literacy rate in L2: 97% (2000 census, Daur nationality). Some literacy in Mongolian among those 30 to 50 years of age in Hala’er. Poetry. Radio programs. Films. Dictionary. Grammar.

Cyrillic script [Cyrl], 1916–?, 1957–1958. Han script, Simplified variant [Hans]. Latin script [Latn], used from 1920 to some time after 1928, then from 1981. Mongolian script [Mong], Manchu style, used since the Qing dynasty.