More religions present now than there once was. This means that people are either changing religion, or questioning their own religion's monopoly of truth with other values from different religions.

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Who found a trend towards religious diversity?

Berger

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Outline cultural defence.

Where religion provides a focus for the defence of a national or ethnic group identity in a struggle against an external force.

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Outline cultural transition.

Provides a shared community for ethnic groups living in a different country or culture.

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Why might cultural defence/transition aid secularisation?

Defence: once the threat had left church attendance declined, it wasn't for religious belief, just for a focus. Transition: once people are socialised they may move away from religion.

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Outline the holistic milieu.

Spirituality and the New age.

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What did Heelas and Woodhead find in their study of Kendal?

More people take part in the congregational domain than the holistic milieu but it was declining, and milieu increasing. Evangelical churches were more successful than traditional.

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What cause did Heelas and Woodhead attach to their findings?

New age spirituality has come from a shift towards exploring your inner self which has led to the decline in old religions. Evangelical churches were more popular because of a focus on spiritual healing.

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What's an evaluative comment of this?

Doesn't mean a spiritual revolution has taken place as the holistic milieu hasn't over taken the decline of the congregational domain.

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What are the three explanations for secularisation in America?

Declining church attendance, secularisation from within and religious diversity and relativism

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What do postmodernists say about religion and secularisation?

Reject secularisation, society is changing and so is religion.

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What did Davie say about religion?

Believing without belonging: people can still be religious without attending church.

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What is a criticism of Davie?

Surveys showed that both attendance and belief were declining. If Davie were correct then belief should be higher.

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Who is associated with spiritual shopping?

Hervieu-Leger

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What are the two religious types that Hervieu-Leger described?

Pilgrims: an individual path in search of self discovery. Convents: people who join religious groups for a sense of belonging to recreate a sense of community.

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Who was responsible for "Jesus in Disneyland"?

Lyon

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What did Lyon find?

Globalisation, increased media importance and consumerism are changing the nature of religion.

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Define the relocation of religion.

Increased movement of religious ideas over national boundaries.

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Define religious consumerism.

Constructing ideas through what we consume. For example, spiritual shopping allows us to fit religion around us and to make our own ideas and beliefs.

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What does Bruce criticise religious consumerism for?

Consumerist religion is a weak religion and so is rising evidence for secularisation.

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Who outlined religious market theory?

Stark and Bainbridge

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According to religious market theory, why is religion attractive?

Because it promises supernatural compensation when real rewards are unobtainable.

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What's the difference between America and Europe in terms of religious market theory?

America: religion has declined or increased in response to demand. Europe: Religious monopoly has led to a lack of choice of new religions, leading to decline.

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Who's responsible for existential security theory?

Norris and Inglehart

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Define existential security.

The feeling that survival is secure enough that it can be taken for granted.

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According to EST, why do poor people stay religious?

Religion meets a need for security and so communities with high insecurity have higher attendance.

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How does this relate to secularisation?

Countries in Europe with a welfare state means society is becoming more equal and secure, so secularisation is high. America doesn't allow for a welfare state and so poor people remain religious.

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Who supported this claim?

Gill et al: the more a country spends on welfare, the less religious it becomes.

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What's a criticism of existential security theory?

Doesn't take into account positive reasons people have religious participation.

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What does development do to religion?

Undermines religion BUT religion may also contribute to development. E.g. protestant ethic brought about modern capitalisation (Weber)

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Define fundamentalist.

Traditionalists who want the fundamental forms of their faith to return with an unquestioning belief in the holy texts. Intolerant of others views as they alone possess the truth