The text below simply represents a crude lecture outline of one of the topics covered in class. It
is not meant to substitute for attending lectures or ignoring the textbook. Additional material,
including line drawings, kodachromes, and more extensive information on life-cycles and basic
biology, will be supplied in the lectures.

merozoites rupture from meront (also termed a segmenter or schizont)
and initate new infection in new erythrocyte

some malarias have merogonous cycles that become synchronized;
typically 48-72 hour cycles

some merozoites form gamonts (macrogamonts and microgamonts)

gamonts ingested by vector

microgamont rapidly matures into microgametocyte; exflagellation
where the 8 microgametes are released

fertilization

zygote motile (ookinete) and migrates across gut wall

oocysts develop in cells under serosal membrane, and project into
hemocoel

sporozoites form in oocysts, rupture, and migrate to salivary glands

representative species

Haemoproteus columbae (columbiform birds/dipterans)

Haemoproteus meleagridis (turkeys/hippoboscids)

Haemoproteus nettionis (anseriform birds/midges)

Leukocytozoon caulleryi (chickens/midges)

Leukocytozoon simondi (anseriform birds/blackflies)

Leukocytozoon smithi (turkeys/blackflies)

Plasmodium berghi (rodents/mosquitos)

Plasmodium cathemerium (passeriform birds/mosquitos)

Plasmodium falciparum (humans/anopheline mosquitoes)

non-relapsing malaria

small rRNA sequences suggest this malaria to be more closely related
to Plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee malaria, and Plasmodium
gallinaceum and Plasmodium lophurae, both
avian malarias, than to the other three human malarias

one study suggested that there may have been 515 million clinical
episodes of Plasmodium falciparum infection in 2002 (2005, Nature,
434: 214-217)

Plasmodium knowlesi (baboons/anopheline mosquitoes)

natural hosts baboons, where chronic infections occur. However,
experimentally, it infects a wide range of primates where infections can
be acute

phylogenetically, closely related to Plasmodium vivax

may infect humans; in doing so it is often mistaken for Plasmodium
malariae as it generates a "band" stage in erythrocytes

Plasmodium malariae (humans/anopheline mosquitoes)

once thought to be a relapsing malaria, but now known to
be recrudescence (up to 53 years)

also infects non-human primates, unlike the other three human malarias

parasitemia levels low, only about one in 20,000 erythrocytes are
infected

this malaria is virtually identical both morphologically and
genetically to Plasmodium brasilianum, which infects a wide range
of non-human primates

Plasmodium ovale (humans/anopheline mosquitoes)

a relapsing malaria

more closely related to Plasmodium vivax than it is to other
human malarias

Plasmodium relictum (passeriform and columbiform birds/mosquitos)

Plasmodium vivax (humans/anopheline mosquitoes)

a relapsing malaria

more closely related to Plasmodium cynomolgi, a monkey malaria,
than it is to the other three human malarias

malaria has been used as a biological warfare agent. In 1809, Napoleon
flooded the Holland countryside to allow malaria to become rampant. The
British Army (Walcheren) expedition became so stricken between August
and October of that year that they were unable to sustain the campaign.
Over 4,000 troops are reported to have died of the disease and another
10,000 could no longer continue with military service. In the book "The
Miraculous Fever-Tree:
Malaria and the Quest for a Cure that Changed the World," Fiammetta
Rocco quotes Napoleon as stating "We must oppose the English with nothing
but fever, which will soon devour them all."

A variety of notable people have been reported to suffer from malaria.
I've never seen a comprehensive listing, so I went ahead and put together a
list of notables reputed to have suffered from malaria.
Clearly, history
has been profoundly affected by this parasite.

American Presidents

George Washington, 1st president (1789-1797) developed his first bout
with malaria in Virginia in 1749 at age 17. He had periodic attacks,
recorded in 1752, 1761, 1784, and 1798. He was treated in 1784, which
either didn't work or he acquired a new infection

James Monroe, 5th president (1817-1825) caught malaria while
visiting a swampy area along the Mississippi in 1785. He continued to
have bouts for many years

Andrew Jackson, 7th president (1829-1837) is thought to have
contracted malaria in Florida swamps during the Seminole campaigns of
1818-1821

Abraham Lincoln, 16th president (1861-1865) had periodic bouts of
malaria when growing up

Ulysses S. Grant, 18th president (1869-1877) had "ague" throughout the
1850's

James A. Garfield, 20th president (1881) developed "ague" in 1848
in Ohio at age 16

Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president (1901-1909) acquired malaria during
a visit to Brazil in 1914

John F. Kennedy, 35th president (1961-1963) acquired malaria during
WWII, about 1943

Actor Jeremy Piven contracted malaria while filming "PCU" and had to
be hospitalized

Al Jolson acquired malaria during WWII while touring with the USO in
the mid-1940's

Steve Reeves, body builder (titles include Mr. America, Mr. World, and
Mr. Universe) and star of "Hercules," acquired malaria
in the Philippines in 1944 or 1945

Chris Matthews (MSNBCs Hardball) was hospitalized in 2003 due to
malaria that he apparently contracted in Africa or Israel

Anderson Cooper, former ABC news correspondent, acquired malaria in
South Africa during his senior year in High School

Amrish Puri, who played "Mola Ram" in Indiana Jones and the Temple of
Doom, died in January 2005 of a blood clot to the brain while being
treated for malaria

Athletes

Roberto Clemente, baseball player with the Pittsburgh Pirates
1955-1972, developed malaria in 1965

Kenyan born Wilson Kipeter, 800m champion, developed malaria in 1998

Portsmouth soccer star Yakubu Aiyegbeni was hit with malaria after a
visit to Nigeria in 2003

Ethiopian 200m and 400m bonze medalist Rebka Chenashu died of malaria
in 2003 at age 17

Dikembe Mutombo, star center for the New Jersey Nets (and formerly
with the Atlanta Hawks), acquired malaria
while visiting family in the Congo in the Fall of 2000

Olympic 3000m steeplechase champion Ezekiel Kemboi of Kenya was out of
sports much of 2004-2005 due to malaria

Religious figures (did you know... the Vatican was moved from a
lower lying
area to its present location, with work beginning in 1574, due to...
malaria!)

St. Augustine, the first Archbishop of Canterbury, died in 430 AD
after a 10 day febrile illness that some historians claim was malaria

Pope Gregory V, often famed as the "reforming Pope," is
thought
to have
died of malaria in 999

Pope Damasus II died in 1048 after only about 3 weeks in office. It is
thought he died of malaria

Pope Alexander VI, often famed as the "most corrupt Pope,"
died of malaria in 1503

Pope Leo X died of malaria in 1521

Pope Sixtus V died of malaria in 1590

Giambattista Castana was elected Pope Urban VII in 1590, but died of
malaria before his coronation

Mother Teresa was hospitalized with malaria in 1993

Royalty (more or less)

Emperor Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus died of fever, which many
historicans attribute to malaria, in AD 81.

German King and Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich died of malaria in 1197

Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus is thought to have died
of malaria in 1341

King Edward IV died in 1483 of various complications, including
malaria

Roman Emperor Charles V is reputed to have died of malaria in 1558

Ethiopian Emperor Minas became ill with malaria and then died in 1563

Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, died of malaria in 1658

Emperor Kangxi, second Emperor of the Qing dynasty, ruled 61 years
between 1661 and 1722. He was cured of malaria by French Jesuit
missionairies in about 1693

Louisa Maria, Queen of Spain, was cured of malaria with quinine
("Jesuit's powder") by Robert Talbor in 1678

King Charles II had recorded bouts of malaria in 1678 and 1679. In
1679 he was cured using quinine ("Jesuit's powder") by Robert Talbor

King Mongkut of Thailand died in 1868 after falling ill with malaria

Miscelleneous adventurers, soldiers, leaders, and other notable types

Jane Goodall, naturalist, has acquired malaria on more than one
occasion in Africa

Davy Crockett, outdoorsman and congressman, almost dies of malaria in
1816. Additional bouts, including one in 1827

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, surgeon and writer, developed malaria in the
1880's

Alfred Russell Wallace, co-discoverer along with Charles Darwin of the
concept of Natural Selection, formulated and initially drafted his
hypothesis in 1858 during a severe attack of malaria in the Moluccas

Meriwether Lewis, explorer, developed malaria in 1803

Famed explorers Henry Morton Stanley and Dr. David Livingstone
both suffered from malaria and amoebic dystentery while in Africa

Jefferson Davis, politician and Provisional President of the
Confederate States of America, developed malaria in 1835 in Louisiana. He
eventually died of a combination of the disease with bronchitis in 1889.

Civil war general George B. McClellan acquired malaria in Mexico in
the late 1840's

Josef Ressel, inventor of the propeller, died in 1857 of malaria

Jesse James is reputed to have developed malaria in 1879

General John J. Pershing developed a bout of malaria in 1898

Mahatma Gandhi suffered periodic bouts of malaria throughout the
1930's and 1940's

Ernest Hemingway developed malaria in October, 1922

Lord Horatio Nelson suffered from period bouts of malaria in the
1760's and 1770's

Spanish Explorer Alvaro Mendana de Neira, discoverer of the Soloman
Islands in 1568, died of malaria in 1595

Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry ("We have met the enemy and they are
ours..."), who is often credited with winning the war of 1812 with his
major victory at the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813, is reputed to
have contracted malaria in
Venezuela and died of the disease in 1819

Leon Trotsky had a bout of malaria in 1923

Lord Byron died of malaria in Greece in 1824

Eugene O'Neill, playwrite, acquired malaria while prospecting for gold
in Honduras in 1909

Lucretia Garfield, first lady to President Garfield, developed malaria
in 1881. She only recovered in time to take her husband back to Elberton,
New Jersey shortly after he was shot by an assassin

Christopher Columbus had to cut
short his fourth voyage to the new
world in 1503, again attempting to find a sea route to Asia, due (in part)
to malaria.

Genghis Khan is thought by some to have died in 1227 of malaria,
although a number of hypotheses exist

Alexander the Great is reputed by many scholars to have died of
malaria in 323 BC, although other scholars dispute this