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neuralgia, cyclic attacks of acute pain occurring in a peripheral sensory nerve; the cause of the pain is unknown, and pathological changes in nerve tissue cannot be found. There are two principal types of neuralgia: trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) is characterized principally by brief attacks of severe pain along the trigeminal nerve (lying on the skull in front of the ear). The disease may occur at any age after puberty but most commonly affects persons over 50 years of age. It affects women more frequently than men. Intense, stabbing pain is felt in the jaw or cheek. In early stages of the disease, these pains last for less than a minute or two, with weeks or months between attacks. As the condition progresses, the periods between attacks become shorter. Areas around the nose and mouth become hypersensitive and, when touched, trigger an attack. Attacks may also be caused by talking, eating, drinking, or exposure to cold. Anticonvulsant medications are used to treat trigeminal neuralgia; analgesics may offer temporary relief. If medications fail to relieve pain, the condition may be cured by decompressing or severing the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve.

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is a relatively rare disorder characterized by recurring severe pain in the pharynx, tonsils, back of the tongue, and middle ear. The onset of the disease usually occurs after the age of 40; males are affected more frequently than females. Pain may begin in the throat and radiate to the ears or down the side of the neck. It may occur spontaneously or be triggered by sneezing, coughing, yawning, chewing, or talking. Attacks usually last only a few seconds to a minute or two and are separated by long intervals. Anticonvulsant medications used to treat trigeminal neuralgia may also be useful to alleviate the pain of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Surgery may be necessary in extreme cases.

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