↵* Total 2050 loads for each sector are from ref. 22 and include inflexible and flexible loads and loads coupled with storage. Column 2 minus columns 5 and 6 is inflexible load. Loads by category in each sector are obtained by multiplying the percent loads in column 3 by the total load in column 2.

↵† Percent load is estimated from refs. 33, 34, and 35 for the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, respectively.

↵‡ A percent of load that is flexible is applied only to categories for which 100% of the load could theoretically be supplied from storage (air and water heating, water cooling, refrigeration, some transportation, and some industrial processes) or shifted in time (some transportation, some industrial processes). The percentages are then reduced to <100% to account for some on-demand energy (SI Appendix, Section S1.J).