Interview with Historian Joseph Glatthaar

Transcript

On African American RegimentsWhen the war broke out, a number of African Americans saw this as an opportunity to win their freedom and destroy the institution of slavery forever. Unfortunately the Lincoln administration wasn't so keen at promoting that issue. Lincoln was trying to retain the loyalty of the border states and in order to do so, he had to play down the black issue but African Americans forced the matter themselves. They began fleeing into Union lines, especially from Confederate military construction projects and so the Union government declared them contraband of war and subject to seizure. Once you open that door, then you began the process of destroying the institution of slavery because a number of them would bring their wives and children in tow. An individual would have to be rather heartless to return the wife and children and so the war began to destroy slavery. Lincoln gradually came to the realization that he must destroy the institution and he could employ African Americans in military service in a very effective way and so in the summer of 1862 he arrived at that and he made a decision. Since he delayed the Emancipation Proclamation, he proceeded with the enlistment of African Americans in the army.

The key to African Americans, because after all initially it was just an experiment, were three major battles -- Port Hudson, Milikens Bend and Fort Wagner. With the performance of Africans Americans there, it opened the doors for a much greater expansion of the usage of African Americans in the army. All told about 179,000 African Americans served in the war. The bulk of them came from the slave states, probably 150,000 of them. Most of the time they served under white officers because that made it more palatable to the Union public. African Americans fought in 41 major battles and about 450 minor affairs. They did extremely well, certainly as well as white soldiers. Sixteen African Americans received medals of honor from the Army and seven received them from the navy and about 37,000 African Americans gave their lives during the course of the war. In the aftermath of war, it was a very complicated situation, especially for those who came from the South. They had to return home and while they were heroes among their kinsmen, they were exceedingly unpopular among southern whites and so they suffered all sorts of indignities and hardships. Those who returned home to the North were very much like other northern veterans. They were, while discriminated against, they had largely their civil rights and they were admitted to all sorts of veteran organizations, if there weren't that African Americans that were even incorporated into them and some of them held offices in the GAR, the Grand Army of the Republic.

On the Battle of FredericksburgThe Battle of Fredericksburg pits Union Army of the Potomac under Ambrose Burnside against the Confederate army of Northern Virginia under the famed Robert E. Lee. Burnside had a good concept. He was going to faint on the Confederate Army at Culpeper, Virginia and swing his army to the east, across the Rappahannock River and occupy Fredericksburg. From there he would be closer to Richmond, Virginia than would Lee's army. He could either advance on Richmond or he could push down and seize a great defensive position and compel Lee to attack him. Unfortunately for Burnside, the bridging, the pontoons that would enable him to cross the Rappahannock were late and that enabled Lee to box Burnside's people in. Lee took a great defensive position around Fredericksburg along the high ground. The key positions being Marye's Heights in the upper part of the river and in the lower part, Hamilton's crossing. Burnside thought about pushing farther to the east and swinging across the Rappahannock but he decided not to do it and so he began laying out his pontoons. The Confederates resisted very effectively and it took him an entire day to get people across the river. The next day he moved his entire army across and then he was ready for battle on the 13th of December.

Burnside's concept from a distance was relatively simple and had it been executed and communicated effectively, it might have worked. What he wanted to do was pop through the Confederate army around Hamilton's crossing. Meanwhile the right part of the Union Army was going to seize and hold onto the Confederates at Marye's Heights. The objective was to turn the Confederate right flank. Unfortunately, the battle didn't work out that way. George G. Meade's division penetrated into the Confederate position but he was not well supported. Only John Gibbons division helped out and was able to expand the opening and a major counterattack by Confederate troops drove them out. The bulk of the fighting in the battle actually took place where they were supposed to simply hold the Confederate Army in place, that is Marye's Heights. The Union launched seven assaults on Marye's Heights and they never got close to carrying the position. The Confederates occupied a great defensive line behind a stone wall and in a sunken road. That enabled them to at peak have seven soldiers deep in the sunken road, passing weapons forth and fighting against Union attackers. Furthermore they were supported by 20 artillery guns which laid out very effective fire against the Union troops. In the end about 8,000 Union casualties were suffered at Marye's Heights and in the entire battle about 12,600 Union soldiers were casualties. It was quite a Union disaster. Lee, on the other hand, suffered barely 5,000 casualties. It is a huge number but nothing compared to what Burnside's forces lost.

The Battle of Fredericksburg highlights four very important concepts from a military standpoint. First of all, the defensive power of a rifled musket with a conical shaped projectile was demonstrated clearly at Fredericksburg. The effective range was expanded to three to 400 yards with these weapons and the Union suffered as a result. A second factor was how difficult it is to lay down pontoon bridging in the face of a hostile force. It took the Union an entire day to do so and they suffered quite a few casualties in the process. A third feature of the battle was how difficult it was to fight in the city of Fredericksburg itself. In the Civil War they had linear formations and those aren't well suited to urban fighting and the last major factor with regard to the battle of Fredericksburg was that the Confederates came to the realization that the fortifications were exceedingly valuable in preventing the loss of lives. And so from that point forward, the Confederates began to throw up what they call hasty fortifications, breast works that would protect them from fighting and from that point onward, the Confederates as well as the Federals began to throw them up on the field of battle.