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The Reviews Department includes reviews of publications, films, audio and video tapes, and exhibits relating to the history of computing. Full-length studies of technical, economic, business, and institutional aspects or other works of interest to Annals readers are briefly noted, with appropriate bibliographic information.
Colleagues are encouraged to recommend works they wish to review and to suggest titles to the Reviews Editor.
Thomas K. Landauer, The Trouble With Computers: Usefulness, Usability, and Productivity. Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press, 1995, ISBN 0-262-12186-7, $27.50, 424 pp. ";To err is human,"; goes the old saw. Contemporary folklore adds: ";But to really foul things up requires a computer."; This book is about some of the ways that computers have fouled things up. More precisely, it is about the ways computers have not lived up to their promise and why.

The Reviews Department includes reviews of publications, films, audio and video tapes, and
exhibits relating to the history of computing. Full-length studies of technical, economic,
business, and institutional aspects or other works of interest to Annals readers are briefly noted,
with appropriate bibliographic information.

Colleagues are encouraged to recommend works they wish to review and to suggest titles to the
Reviews Editor.

Thomas K. Landauer, The Trouble With Computers: Usefulness, Usability, and Productivity.
Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press, 1995, ISBN 0-262-12186-7, $27.50, 424 pp. "To err
is human," goes the old saw. Contemporary folklore adds: "But to really foul things up requires a
computer." This book is about some of the ways that computers have fouled things up. More
precisely, it is about the ways computers have not lived up to their promise and why.

Computers are remarkable technical achievements, and they are becoming more remarkable
every year. One need only look at newspapers ads promising ever-increasing MIPS and
megahertz and memory to see that. But think of computers not as machines existing in some
Platonic land of pure data, but rather as part of a complex social and economic system, and
suddenly, it becomes hard to see exactly how all that power is useful to us. Computers in real
life are aggravating, time- consuming, troublesome, and expensive. Not to mention really good
at fouling things up.

In this well-written book, Landauer insists that we look at computers not simply as marvelous
technologies but rather as tools people use to do work. He wants us to put aside our
enthusiasm for the miracles of the new technology and ask the sort of questions we ask about
other machines:

-- Are they providing a good return on investment? -- Are they making our jobs easier? -- Are
they making our lives better? -- Are they solving our problems?

Suddenly, it is hard to see just what is so marvelous about the computer.

The first half of the book reviews the convincing evidence that computers have not increased
our economic productivity, the so-called productivity paradox. There is lime original here, but the
book offers a fine summary of much that has been written on the subject in the past few years.
Landauer raises but does not answer questions about how long it should take for productivity
increases to show up in economic statistics, what the sectoral differences in computer
productivity are, and, briefly, some of the reasons why we continue to invest in a technology that
does not seem to pay off.

The second half of the book proposes that changing the way we interact with computers, to
make them easier to use, is the key to making the investment in computers pay off. Landauer
suggests that pa...