2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. A QUICK OVERVIEW OF THIS MANUAL CHOOSING AN ATTORNEY When Should You Handle Your Own Claim? PERSONAL INJURY Gathering the Evidence... 8 Making a Paper Trail: The Records What is Your Claim Worth? What Damages Can You Collect? How Long Will Your Case Take? Dealing With The Insurance Adjuster Adjuster Tactics and Bad Faith Proving Fault and Legal Liability Proving Cause in Fact: Documenting the Damages Jurisdiction and Statute of Limitations The Legal Process More on Depositions Common Defenses to Personal Injury Claims WORKERS COMPENSATION Workers Compensation by the Numbers Working with the Adjuster The Process What You are Paid Your Appeal Your Deposition The Time Limits for your Claim FAQ AND APPENDIX SECTION Frequently Asked Questions at Our Office Workers Compensation... Error! Bookmark not defined. Personal Injury Kentucky Statutes Directions to Our Office Directions to the Louisville Courthouse DISCLAIMER: THIS MANUAL PROVIDES GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY ABOUT PERSONAL INJURY. NOTHING IN THIS MANUAL IS INTENDED, OR SHOULD BE CONSTRUED, AS LEGAL ADVICE. IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT PERSONAL INJURY OR WORKERS COMPENSATION, CONTACT US ABOUT YOUR PROBLEM. WE ASSUME NO LIABILITY FOR ANY ACTIONS THAT OCCUR AS A RESULT OF INFORMATION DERIVED FROM THIS MANUAL IF YOU DO NOT CONSULT US AS YOUR ATTORNEY OR IF YOU DO YOUR OWN LEGAL WORK.

3 1. A QUICK OVERVIEW OF THIS MANUAL My Name is Nick Thompson, and I have been a licensed attorney since I am a former West Virginia State Tax Department attorney and a former Kentucky Assistant County attorney. I practice statewide in all of the Kentucky and Indiana Counties. I d like to thank you for requesting our personal injury manual. I believe the information in this manual will answer many of your questions about personal injury and workers compensation and that it will help you get the best results from your personal injury or workers compensation claim. There is nothing wrong with planning your personal injury, lemon auto, or bankruptcy case. Understanding what needs to be done makes it far more likely that you will win your case and stay out of trouble. However you are normally personally and emotionally involved in your case and often by making an emotional decision you will settle for less than you case is worth. It is important to use an attorney from the start if you have significant (large) damages. One of the most common complaints about attorneys is that they don t explain things thoroughly or that they fail to keep the client informed. This manual is our way of giving you the basic information on personal injury law, explaining the steps you need to take to collect the maximum on your personal injury case, and giving you information to help you determine when you need an attorney. This manual provides information on how to collect on your personal injury case in Kentucky whether that case is a Workers Compensation case or whether it is an auto accident. Kentucky personal injury law (often called tort law) has many different ways to collect, and the law is similar in several other states. The insurance companies and some attorneys might be upset if they knew we were sharing these secrets, but our aim is to help you to prepare and plan for your case and save you from unnecessary costs and problems. We have written this manual so you will know everything we believe you should know when you file your claim. Every year, people fail to follow directions, read this manual, or ask questions and it always costs them money, property or, at least, their time. Please read this manual carefully if you are considering filing a personal injury claim. Even if your case is a Workers Compensation case, there may be important information in the personal injury section: For example, if you were injured at work, you may also have the right to file a Social Security or insurance claim. Just because you were injured at work doesn t mean that you can t file a personal injury claim against others including the machinery that injured you. Worker s Compensation only means that you normally can t sue your employer. In some cases even if your employer has Workers compensation insurance you can still sue him anyway. In other cases when someone other than your employer was responsible for the injury you may be able to sue others. If you were injured by a machine you are often able to sue manufacturer of the item that injured you. If your case is not a Workers Compensation case you may only 3

4 want to read the first part of this manual and skip the sections on Workers Compensation. People that are limited to workers compensation have a difficult time because workers compensation pays very poorly in Kentucky. Years ago the benefits and the attorney compensation were decreased by Governor Patton. Even if an insurance company refuses to pay a claim in bad faith they cannot be sued for bad faith under the present law. As a result, workers that are injured are often forced to look towards someone else to sue. 2. CHOOSING AN ATTORNEY You may ask yourself why you should hire an attorney to do your case. Here are a few good reasons: A study was done by the Mississippi Workers Compensation Commission, on or about 1985, that study showed that persons who hired an attorney recovered twice as much money for their injuries than those who represented themselves. Even with a 20% Workers Compensation legal fee, the individual who uses an attorney collects far more. Insurance companies are in the business of collecting insurance premiums, not paying claims. Only a judge s order can force an insurance company to pay. Not having a court order reduces you to begging for your benefits. In most states outside Kentucky, insurance companies can be sued for not making payments or for certain unfair tactics. However in Kentucky if an insurance company fails to pay in bad faith it is difficult to collect for insurance unfair tactics. Often, hiring an attorney means you don t have to spend your time and energy trying to collect. You can spend your time doing better things and avoid the emotional hassle and strain. Even if the attorney takes 40 or 50 percent, you may be far better off. There are other good reasons not to be your own lawyer. For example, here in Kentucky, the State Supreme Court has ruled that insurance companies cannot be sued by the claimant for bad faith in Workers Compensation cases. This allows insurance companies in Workers Compensation cases to legally engage in unfair settlement practices. Without an attorney, a person may be helpless. In Kentucky, insurance companies can only be sued for unfair practices in personal injury cases and, even then, only under certain conditions. The insurance companies have paid heavily to get this legislation passed. So, if you think that the insurance companies will play fair with you in Kentucky, think again. Kentucky insurance companies have a 12 month open season on insurance policy holders and they will do anything (and are allowed to do almost anything) to avoid paying on your claim. If you are going to collect anything, you must prepare your case properly and start working with your attorney as early as possible. Find an attorney that you are comfortable with and that communicates with you. The most common complaint from clients is that their attorney does not or will not communicate with them and keep them informed. Most attorneys will charge about 40% 4

5 of what they collect from the case. If the case goes to appeal, they may charge 50% or more plus the court costs and litigation fees. It costs money to practice law to have a secretary, pay rent, and to stay qualified and you should expect to pay if you use the attorney s services. It is unreasonable to expect the attorney to work for nothing. At the same time, you should expect to have your calls returned and to be kept advised of the progress of your case. Your attorney is required to tell you about any settlement offers. You should also expect your attorney to spend about an hour preparing with you for every hour you spend in any deposition. You need to keep in touch with your attorney about your case. By staying in touch, you become the squeaky wheel, and it is the squeaky wheel that gets greased. You should remember, though, that your attorney only wants to hear about your case: He isn t there to talk to you about your social life or problems. It is also difficult for the attorney to properly collect when his client disappears for a year or doesn t show up for trial. Believe it or not, I have had persons come in with excellent cases, who later disappear and drop their cases. Don t allow your attorney to ignore you, but don t ignore him either. He will move on to someone else who will work with him to collect. If you are unhappy, let your attorney know in clear terms why you are unhappy. If you can t get him to properly handle your case, get another attorney. If you change attorneys often, however, it may be seen by the insurance company as a sign that you can t prove your case, or even that it is fraudulent. Also, the judge may perceive you as a problem client. If you are represented by an attorney normally contacting the insurance company, or the insurance company s attorney, will only hurt your case. They are generally not allowed to communicate with you if you are represented by an attorney. Never contact the people that you are suing just because you are unhappy about how your case is going. Contacting them will almost always cause trouble, lower your settlement and provide information to the other side that they will use against you at trial. While the attorney is attempting a settlement he may require you to gather documentation such as your tax returns and doctor records to prove your loses to an adjuster. Providing documentation to your attorney so that the case can be quickly settled does not mean that you should contact the adjuster and provide the adjuster information. The client will almost always misstate the facts and damage his case WHEN SHOULD YOU HANDLE YOUR OWN CLAIM? When a claim is easily proven, and it consists of mostly property damages, the property damages can easily be calculated, the claim is for a small amount, and the insurance company is happy to pay a fair settlement, you may want to settle the matter without legal expenses. But even then, you should get an attorney to review the settlement before signing. 5

6 A lot of factors are involved. Certain types of accidents, injuries, and medical costs may demand that an attorney handle the case. The amount that the insurance case may be willing to pay without going to court may be limited, and the authority the adjuster has is always limited. Large amounts can rarely be settled by an adjuster that has limited authority. Never file your own case or settle your case by yourself if your case involves any of the following: Permanent or long-term disabilities: The amount and degree of damages in such a claim is difficult for you to estimate, and it is almost impossible for you to provide for the future medical expenses without help Serious injuries: In cases involving serious injuries, the adjuster cannot fully pay you the amount you deserve without justifying it to his superiors. Food Poisoning, Toxic torts, product liability cases, or Medical Malpractice: In these cases, it is difficult for you to prove that the person or product caused the damages. During the time you are trying to settle the case, the evidence often gets old or disappears which means you may lose the ability to prove that the manufacturer caused the accident. You often need expert testimony to demonstrate that A caused B and, without that expert testimony, you stand little or no chance of collection. An insurance company that refuses to pay: An insurance company may refuse to pay on the grounds that there is no coverage under the policy or that there is no legal responsibility to pay. Often, this is a denial of fault. The denial is normally an attempt to see if you will give up your efforts to collect. If you have been denied, there is no reason not to turn the matter over to an attorney, and he deserves to be well paid for what he collects. In the face of a refusal to pay, you have no choice but to hire an attorney. Another party who denies fault: In order to sue an individual for damages, you must prove they caused your injury. If they refuse to admit fault, you will need an attorney to help prove fault. There are other issues that may require you to involve lawyers, and that can increase the insurance amounts that you will recover, including: Lost income. Pain and physical suffering. This can be documented by use of medication, length of illness, seriousness, etc. Problems proving the cost or existence of accident injuries or the cost of your future medical insurance care. (Since broken bones are more easily proven than 6

7 sprained muscles, they are worth more and less likely to be contested.) The time and care needed to ensure your recovery. Emotional and psychological damage, which you can prove by psychiatric treatment. Loss of family, social, and educational opportunities. Lawyers normally charge $150 per hour or more; therefore, in small auto accident claims, it may be difficult to justify the time of some lawyers. If the auto accident case involves less than $3000 in property damages, you may want to attempt settling the case yourself. If you have personal injuries you should almost always use an attorney if the injuries are over 1000 to 2000 dollars. 3. PERSONAL INJURY Handling a case yourself and collecting on a personal injury case is simple if you follow these basic rules: File your case or claim on time. However plan for handing the case over to an attorney if the insurance company will not reasonably settle. Don t expect an attorney to take a case if you wait to the last day for him to file a lawsuit before the statute of limitations is about to run. Never allow an insurance company to stall or make excuses for not paying you fairly. They may just hope you will eventually go away. It does take time to process your claim. Also it is your responsibility to prove your damages and they cant pay you until after you have given them all of the information such as medical releases and property damage estimates. But once you have given them all of the information the claim should be processed promptly. It is your responsibility to prove and collect evidence that proves the other party is at fault. It is your responsibility to prove and collect evidence that shows you have suffered or incurred substantial damages. However if you have shown that the liability and damages are clear, but they still refuse to settle, you must go to court and prove it. What you collect from an accident is based on what kind of claim you make. If your accident was at work, you might think you are limited to the amount you can get from a Workers Compensation claim. But, if your accident involved some machinery at work, you may have the right to file both a Workers Compensation claim AND a lawsuit against the manufacturer of the equipment. Often, a single accident can involve several 7

8 defendants and multiple lawsuits. Personal injury cases do require that you prove someone else was at fault, but in some Workers Compensation, product liability, or insurance cases you can collect even if you are at fault. The person suing for money in a personal injury case is called the Plaintiff, and the person being sued is the Defendant. The Plaintiff will win about 51% of the time, and the Defendant will win about 49% of the time. As time goes on, insurance companies win a higher and higher percentage of cases, and laws tend to limit your rights more and more. Insurance companies lobby and pay congressmen more and more money to change the laws so that they cannot be effectively sued. Very few people lobby congress to help you collect from insurance companies GATHERING THE EVIDENCE The beginning of your case involves YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO gather the evidence to prove that you have a case. Without evidence, your attorney can t even file your complaint and the adjuster can pay or settle your claim. Most attorneys will ask you to bring with you an accident report and any other records such as out of pocket expenses. Gathering evidence in a Personal Injury case always involves proving these two facts: The Defendant was the legal cause of the accident. (legal responsible or the legal cause of the accident) The Defendant caused the damages for which you are trying to collect. (The defendant caused the accident in fact) Proving that the other person is at fault is called proving the legal causation. If the other party is not at fault, then he is not to blame for the accident even if he actually caused the accident and, therefore, not liable to you for payment. Often, what you are proving is that the Defendant violated the law, was negligent, or intentionally caused the accident. Of course, in cases where you are personally insured, you can always collect from your own insurance company for covered losses even if you are to blame. However, when you sue others, the insurance adjuster will often try to deny or shift the blame to someone else as a defense tactic. Personal injury cases imply that you were personally injured or that your property was damaged at the fault of another. Causation in fact is proving that you have incurred damages that were caused, in fact, by the defendant. It isn t enough that the other person is at fault for the accident: If there are no damages, there is nothing to pay. In a personal injury case, you are always proving legal causation and causation in fact. At the start of the case it is your responsibility to keep receipts and estimates of the damages. Adjusters cant pay a claim without proof of a loss. It is unreasonable for you to expect payment until after the adjuster has all of the receipts, estimates and doctors records to prove your loss. If you are to collect, YOU must provide evidence to the Court, your attorney, and the 8

9 insurance company. The Court won t gather evidence for you, and the insurance company certainly won t gather evidence for you. Normally your attorney should not manufacture the evidence for you. Your attorney may be involved in collecting some of the evidence he may do a deposition or subpoena documents but he can t and won t go to the doctor for you. If you are to collect it is often up to you to gather and to provide the proof and the evidence by getting car body damage estimates, and by going to the doctor to create the evidence. In Kentucky you can t collect for pain and suffering normally unless you have at least 1000 in medical damages. Cases are proved by witnesses, records, or physical evidence. Over time, this evidence disappears: people forget, records are lost or destroyed, and physical evidence can be lost. Your memory about the facts is best in the hours immediately after the accident. That is the best opportunity to write down the facts and document your case. If it s an auto accident, statements from the other driver are fresh, and they are far more likely to admit fault at that time than later. Writing down the facts immediately may bolster your case in other ways, too. For example, if the other driver was working for his employer, you may have two people that you can sue. But, you may not remember that he was driving for the employer if you are trying to remember what he said later. The first place to go after the accident is to the emergency room. If you don t seek immediate medical attention, it may be assumed it was not a serious accident (or that you are making it up after you thought about it). Be very clear about how you are injured when speaking to emergency room personnel, doctors, and admissions staff. Now is not the time to be courageous and claim it doesn t hurt when it does. The Doctors will record how you describe the pain and your levels of pain. One of the best things that you can do is to keep a journal or dairy of the progress of your medical treatment and recovery. This can be used to show how seriously you were injured and to refresh your memory of what happened. One of the biggest mistakes you can make is to hand over physical evidence or records to the insurance company when there are no copies. Several insurance companies have been caught destroying and losing evidence. In one Kentucky case, a manufacturer asked the homeowner to turn over the coffeepot that started the home fire. However, when the homeowner did turn over the coffeepot, the manufacturer claimed he never got it and the manufacturer never had to pay after he destroyed the evidence. Putting evidence in the insurance company s good hands is not a good idea if there are no copies. Like a bad neighbor, you may wish they weren t there. At the same time most adjusters are honest people with families just like you. They can and will pay your claim if you show them that the liability and the amount of damage is clear. They would be fired from their jobs if they paid claims just because people asked for money and the cost of insurance would skyrocket and be unaffordable if every claim were paid for whatever people asked for. There is a range of values that your case is worth and you will only be paid when and if you can come up with the records, estimates, receipts etc to show that they should pay you. Remember that they are the ones that have the money and they will get off the treasure chest and hand you the money if and only if 9

10 you prove to them that you have a claim. They way to prove that you have a claim is by proving legal causation and the extent of the causation in fact. Making a Paper Trail: The Records As mentioned above, one of the best things to do is to write down what happened immediately after the accident. In addition, continue to keep records as events happen. Below are some questions that should help you understand what information to record: How did the accident happen? What happened? What were the injuries? What caused the injuries? What were the damages? Who were the witnesses? What did the people involved say? What did the officer or person reporting the accident report or observe? Was a defective product involved? Were business records involved? What did they say? What insurance companies were notified? Was there an accident investigator involved? What does the investigator s report say and where is it? Were there any photos or physical evidence? Where was physical evidence taken and how was it preserved? If you don t begin to document within the first day or two, you may seriously hamper your case. Many times, the case is won or lost simply because the person failed to keep records. For example, in one case, a child died after eating a chicken sandwich; however, the parent failed to get tests done on the sandwich and the child to prove that the childs death was caused by the sandwich and food poisoning. Because of this, it could never later be proven that the sandwich caused the death. When the parent later went to an attorney, there was nothing that the attorney could do he had no medical proof and expert testimony and the restaurant is still selling sandwiches. All too often, a person is injured and simply fails to document it. Later, they are simply never able to prove the 10

11 case. In a Personal Injury case, the facts are simple: No proof of legal causation or causation in fact. No case.. No collect. Sometimes it is possible to recover evidence and make a case. Never assume that the evidence is lost in many cases it can be recovered. Bu on the other hand, why not preserve it when it is fresh and while you have it in your possession? 3.2. WHAT IS YOUR CLAIM WORTH? The worth of your claim depends on the type and extent of your damages. Medical expenses are often called special damages. Automobile or Property damages and lost wages are called general damages. In 1999 Lexington Ky tried 14 jury cases to verdict and 9 of those cases had verdicts under 10,000. Only one case had a 2,936,648 dollar verdict. Before that the average verdict was 2,500 dollars. You can see that the average jury award is low. Often jurors resent being hauled into court and they may give low judgments in retaliation. Many times Judges will grant higher awards. In the older system of processing automobile and personal injury claims, an accident adjuster would consider your personal injury case (and the skills of your attorney) and normally offer 3 times the special damages, plus the general damages. Personal Injury attorneys would often attempt to settle the case for 4 or 5 times (or more) the medical costs when the damages were particularly painful, disfiguring, life-threatening, or severe. The 3 times specials formula simply does not apply in some cases. The three times formula was an attempt to pay once to the attorney once to the doctor and once to the victim. Now, adjusters gather information about the claim and special accident software gives a valuation range of the expected personal injury recovery. They use a simple formula of factors, like the type of accident, type of injuries, and medical costs, to compute your recovery value. In the case of a broken finger 3-5 times the medical damages for a finger that heals may be reasonable. But in a case where an actress has her face mutilated 3-5 times the cost to stitch it up is unfair and ridiculous. Insurance companies and adjusters will sometime purposely low-ball the value of your case by inputting that you have only minor damages. They also won t tell you how they calculated the value of your accident claim or what it is really worth. Insurance companies, and even their attorneys, have been known to destroy documents and evidence to manipulate claims and lower their payment to you. Put simply, they are not your good neighbors and you shouldn t think you are in good hands for one moment. They issue the same Denial of Benefits letter over and over, regardless of whether or not your accident case deserves to be paid, rather than seriously look at your personal injury accident claim. Most adjusters and insurance attorneys are often paid bonuses on what the insurance company doesn't pay to you. Still many adjusters may be entirely reasonable after you have documented your damages. Today insurance adjusters are not allowed to give the personal attention that was once 11

12 common in accident cases. They don't drive to your home to find out how the accident happened and what the damages are. They don't cut you the insurance check right on the spot, as they used to. The insurance adjuster you speak to normally isn't even in Kentucky. Instead, insurance adjusters often have hundreds of cases on their desk, they are normally located in a boiler room in some other state, and they rely on you or your attorney to give them the facts on your insurance claim. If you don't prove that the insurance company is liable, and have proof of all the amounts, it delays or cuts out your payment. Because the adjuster is using software, and doesn't personally investigate the accident, he often doesn't have the facts about how serious your case is. He is negotiating from a chart. Therefore it is simple for him to overpay or underpay claims, because he lacks any personal knowledge. And in some cases he or she may intentionally downgrade your injuries to lower your settlement. Relying on the insurance company to tell you the truth about the value of your personal injury insurance claim is foolish. It is just not in their best interests to honestly tell you what your personal injury claim is really worth. But one of the most common questions is when a client asks his insurance company what is it worth. Time after time they have proven that they will deceive you to accept a lesser amount than what your personal injury accident case is actually worth. Each accident case is unique, but case studies have shown that the average person who settles a Workers Compensation case without an attorney settles for less than 50% of what the claim is really worth. At the same time some attorneys will claim that they can get high dollars for you just so that they can get your case. I often estimate a value conservatively. If I get a higher award the client is happy. I have found that clients are never happy if you get them less than what you estimated their case is worth WHAT DAMAGES CAN YOU COLLECT? Every year people are injured by defective autos. In Kentucky, if you are injured by a defective auto, or if you have an insurance injury, you are allowed damages. You can not stack liability insurance coverage but you can stack uninsured or underinsured benefits and policies. If you Some of the items you are allowed to collect for in an injury or defective auto case may include: medical expenses pain and suffering lost wages and earnings future lost wages auto and property damages disfigurement 12

13 mental anguish death benefits damages to your marital relationship Most insurance companies will total a car if the damages exceed 75% of the car s value. But a car that is over 20 years old may have a collectors value see Hemmings Motor News for older car values. But the statute on the car value claim is 2 years. The measure for damages for a car is the car s diminishment of value. Changes in insurance or personal injury law, including the statute of limitations, can occur frequently. Presently, the statute of limitations for auto injury cases is 2 years in Kentucky and Indiana. Slip-and-fall injury cases have a 1 year statute of limitation in Kentucky and 2 years in Indiana. Personal Injury claims against the government must be filed within one year in Kentucky and notice to the state must be within 180 days in Indiana. In slander and other injury cases the limitation can be as little as one year in Kentucky. Since insurance and automobile injury rules are always changing, and because they can become complicated, you should consult a lawyer early in your injury case. The value of your automobile injury case will decrease each day you delay. Often, insurance companies will stall, hoping the statute of limitations will run out. Each state has different automobile recovery rules. In West Virginia, for example, the value of your auto includes tax title and license, but these amounts are not included other states HOW LONG WILL YOUR CASE TAKE? Insurance claims can be made through the court system, but only a small percentage of auto accident cases are taken to trial. Almost all auto accident cases are settled for some reasonable amount within a year if a case is filed it normally will go to trial within 2 years but it will often settle within a year. Litigation costs insurance companies money, and there is rarely reason to go to court if you can prove your damages with estimates. However, as emotions often become involved, clients, attorneys, and insurance companies may decide to go to Court. It may take years to reach a settlement if negotiations break down. Normally, as soon as you have reached maximum medical recovery a final settlement amount can be negotiated. In property cases, a settlement should usually take no more than a few months. In personal injury cases, estimating and arriving at the final total for your injuries will take more time and it can not reasonably start until you are within sight of a complete recovery. Never accept too little because you settled too early out of impatience. There is no set time for any case. Every case takes as long as it needs, and you should only settle for the full amount deserved. 13

14 3.5. DEALING WITH THE INSURANCE ADJUSTER Often a case is best handled with the insurance company adjuster. This is true, especially, with smaller amounts or when it is easy to document the exact amount of a loss (such as property and auto body damages). If you can prove clearly that the insurance company should pay, and the exact dollar amount, then you may be able to work with a claims agent. However, you still may have problems if you are an individual making a claim against an insurance company. The adjuster is encouraged to take statements from you that will later be used against you to destroy your claim and your case. Many personal injury insurance adjusters were law school students that were recruited out of law school and trained by the insurance companies. They are very well paid to deny coverage and to pay as little as possible. By the time some insurance adjusters are through, you may believe that you owe them for bleeding on their car. In 1995, it cost an insurance company over $500 just to start a personal injury insurance claim. Insurance adjusters are paid bonuses and commissions on how many personal injury claims they settle, how quickly they settle, and how little they settle for. The average insurance adjuster may settle between 100 and 150 personal injury insurance claims in a month (that s 5 to 8 cases per day). An adjuster knows exactly what the AVERAGE personal injury case is worth, because he has a computer database of what is paid on insurance claims in your area. He won't tell you what your personal injury case is really worth or that no two personal injury cases are ever exactly the same. He is trying to pay you the same as what someone else got on their personal injury case, or even a little less. Until you show him that your personal injury case is different, and/or that you should be paid more, he won't offer more. If you are prepared, and if you have all the evidence to prove your insurance case, you won t have a problem working with the adjuster or putting together your own personal injury claim. However, if you aren't prepared, if you aren t ready, it will show. The adjuster will be able to spot that you are not prepared and will offer you a lot less than you deserve for your personal injury claim. He will only give you a few minutes of his time, since he has many other personal injury cases that have to be settled, and if you frustrate him by wasting his time you may lose. Do not resort to underhanded tactics to convince the adjuster you are right. Dishonesty, threats, and abusive language won't help you settle your personal injury case. Instead you appear desperate to settle and that you have no personal belief in your case and the stamina to see it through. Being prepared, documentation and making the insurance adjuster a firm, but fair offer, will get the job done. Since you are emotionally involved, it can be hard to stay objective. If he won t settle your personal injury claim fairly, or refuses to negotiate despite your proof, walk away and seek a personal injury attorney. If you have a large case (such as permanent or long-term injury or disfigurement) or if the case involves damages that are difficult to estimate or prove, do not attempt to settle the 14

15 case yourself. Remember, everything you say to the adjuster is being recorded. If you say the wrong thing (for example, Well, I don t know exactly how bad the injury is. ), this may be used against you when the final settlement comes. Also be aware: Some adjusters cannot be trusted with original documents. If you must turn evidence over to him, never give him original documents or physical evidence. It s quite likely that a faulty product will get lost if turned over to the insurance company or manufacturer. The original contract or warranty will be misplaced. Since you can t know if your adjuster is an honest one, it is best to provide only copies of documents. Adjuster Tactics and Bad Faith Your insurance policy is a contract. You pay premiums and, in return, the insurance company agrees to provide you with insurance protection and benefits if you need to make a legitimate claim. If an adjuster uses unethical tactics to avoid paying you your benefits, you may have the right to file a bad faith insurance claim. Unethical tactics include the destruction or hiding of evidence, interference with your right to pursue your claim (such as stalling until the stature of limitations has run out), or outright fraud. Insurance Adjusters may claim that you can t collect because you didn't pay for an item out of your own pocket. For example, he may say that since your medical insurance company paid for your medical expenses, you cannot recover those expenses. It s not true: You are allowed to collect for these expenses just like any other expense. Denying such coverage for collateral sources is unethical conduct on the part of any insurance adjuster. It is also wrong if your insurance company denies coverage because a defective product caused the accident. The insurance adjuster may also misrepresent the amount that you can collect from the policy. You should always get the reasons you are being denied benefits in writing and document your dealings with the insurance adjuster. If an insurance adjuster will not give you reasons in writing, you may want to talk to his supervisor or record your conversations with him. You don t have to advise him that his conversation is being recorded. Whether or not a person can sue an insurance company for bad faith in a Workers Compensation case is questionable. In Kentucky, an insurance company cannot be held liable for bad faith in a Workers Compensation lawsuit; however, other states (such as Mississippi) do allow bad faith lawsuits against Workers Compensation insurance companies. If you have been subjected to unfair insurance tactics, you should sue the insurance company for violating your rights to your benefits. (However, starting your personal injury case with a competent personal injury attorney will help you avoid these tactics.) Suing a company for bad faith almost always involves long, dragged-out litigation, but it may add significantly to your damages. Bad faith insurance litigation may mean millions 15

16 of dollars in recovery against insurance companies that violate the rules and can even lead to very large class action cases, yet many Kentucky insurance companies still take short cuts to cut costs in hopes they will never be caught. On a final note, beware of the friendly adjuster that wants to quickly pay your claim in exchange for a release. The signed release may mean that you can t collect later for serious injuries that you may not even be aware of yet. In other cases, you may think you are settling your auto damages, when you are actually signing away your personal injuries as well. If your own insurance adjuster is giving you tips on how to make a claim, it may really be advice that helps him to avoid payment. If he asks for a statement, you should only make such a statement with your attorney present. Adjusters are well-trained in how to word questions, and the questions are worded so that you will naturally make admissions against yourself PROVING FAULT AND LEGAL LIABILITY Many attorneys have a shotgun approach to litigation: Sue them all One of them must be guilty, so we ll just let the judge and jury figure out which it is. This may be a good tactic if several defendants disagree about who is at fault, or if you are confused about who is at fault, but often you don t need to prove who is at fault it s obvious. Normally it is best to have one simple theory of the case about who is legally at fault and why. Kentucky is a comparative fault state. Even if you are liable for the accident remember that Kentucky is a comparable fault jurisdiction and therefore even if you are at fault the other party may have to pay you substantial damages even with a split. For instance if you have 750,000 in damages and the other party has 5,000 if you are 66% at fault the other party still owes you 250,000 or 1/3 rd of your damages. In our state you don t have to prove that the other party is 100% at fault. You only have to show that the other party was at fault to some extent. It may not matter if you were intoxicated or that you were not wearing your seatbelt if that did not cause the damages. You only need to prove that the other party was to some extent negligent. Don t give up on your claim just for an excuse that sounds good but that is irrelevant. The reason some attorneys sue multiple defendants is simply to find a deep pocket or to ensure collection in a case where the guilty party is uninsured or just doesn t have the money to pay. In order to collect, you have to prove someone has the legal liability for your damages (i.e., that they are at fault) and what those damages are, but you have to sue someone that can and will pay. By suing multiple parties you are often more likely to collect because it is more likely that someone will have insurance or assets. If you have clear insurance coverage, there is no need to prove legal liability. If you have fire insurance and there was a fire, you were covered for the damages and the insurance should pay the benefits. It makes it simple to collect. This is also the principle behind Workers Compensation: The employer pays for an insurance policy that covers the employee if he is injured at work. In exchange for this policy, the employer has no 16

17 further liability other than the coverage limits. If you have this type of paid insurance, you don t need to prove fault. Also, if a defective product injured you, there is no need to prove that someone intended to injure you or negligently injured you. You only need to prove that the product was defective. You can often find proof of a defective product in the manufacturer s technical service bulletins, recall notices, warranty claims or design documents. However, if you are settling with an insurance company that is representing another party, they will require that you prove legal fault. This is the most common scenario in automobile accidents. Often, your attorney will look at the laws and codes of the state that you are injured in to determine who was at fault. Any time there is a violation of the law, there is normally a violation of the duty of care that was owed to you. If you are injured on someone s property, for example, it is often the duty of the landlord or owner to keep the property safe from known safety hazards. Building code violations or the failure to keep a property maintained may also cause a landlord or owner to incur liability. In the case of product liability (where a product injured you) the manufacturer may be strictly liable, and you may only need to prove the amount of the injury or the causes in fact. Never forget that you can have multiple parties in your case and, even though you may not collect from one, you may collect from another that was insured under some other theory of liability. As an example: Jim was injured by a defective overhead door installed by Technical Doors. His employer paid his medical expenses through Workers Compensation, but the manufacturer of the overhead door was also sued for the defective door. In addition, the installer was sued for installing the defective product improperly and the landlord was sued for not replacing the door even though he knew it was defective. Four lawsuits for one accident. The Workers Compensation paid immediately and the others paid years later. Each case had a different duty of care and a different theory about why the person should pay PROVING CAUSE IN FACT: DOCUMENTING THE DAMAGES It isn t enough that you prove someone else is at fault. You have to prove your damages. By this, we mean that you have to prove that A caused B. You can say I want a million dollars, but you have to show how you were caused a million dollars in damages AND that these damages were caused by the defendant. You can t just complain that you got sick after you ate a Big Mac. You have to prove, often with an expert medical opinion, that the Big Mac actually caused the illness. Without proof that the Defendant caused the damages and what the damages were, the Plaintiff can t collect. If the damages are only worth $1 you won t collect that million. In Kentucky, you have to have over $1000 in medical costs to prove you have any right to pain or suffering damages in most auto injury cases. Quite often, the settlement can be 3, 4, or 5 times the medical costs. But to collect your damages, you have to go to the doctor to get a medical record and incur the medical costs and damages as proof of your loss. Sitting at home and suffering in paid creates no records for the injury. 17

18 If you don t have medical bills, you won t be able to prove your damages and you will lose any right to collect for pain and suffering. You can t expect the adjuster to pay you if you don t have any medical bills to pay. Your attorney can t go to the doctor for you. Bottom Line: If you don t go to the doctor, you normally won t collect. Your failure to treat your injuries or to purchase your medication will only cost you in the long run. After the injuries have healed it is often too late to document the damages or to gather the proof. If you want an attorney to prove your case after you have healed, you have waited too long. Most attorneys won t look at the case if it is too old. You need to document your injuries from the beginning, in any Workers Compensation or personal injury case, or you lose the opportunity forever JURISDICTION AND STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS Often, the insurance company will try to stall and delay settlements so that the time limits for you to file your case will run out. If an insurance company stalls just to use up the statute of limitations, you have no choice but to turn the case over to an attorney. You are losing every day that you don t file your case. As time goes on, your case becomes harder to prove, as evidence disappears or becomes stale. It also becomes more difficult, or even impossible, to properly prepare a complaint if there is only a week left to research and file the case. Therefore, if you wait until the last minute, don t be surprised if no attorney in town will take your case. It is unreasonable to expect a professional to drop everyone else s case to handle yours especially at the last minute. If you are to give your accident case to an attorney you should normally do so as soon as possible. Kentucky has one of the shortest statute of limitations on personal injury cases. In Kentucky, the automotive statute of limitations can be as short as one year, but in most cases it may be two years. In a case where it is hard or impossible to know if you have been injured until later, you may have until one year after the date of discovery. For example, if a defective product gives you cancer, you may not develop the symptoms until years later and, therefore, the one year statute of limitations is not applicable. In a case of slander, you may have been fired from your job and yet not know who slandered you. Still, you have only one year from the date the slander was published. In a Workers Compensation case, the employer must be notified within one year of the injury. In addition, the claim should be filed within 1 year, and must be filed within 2 years, of the injury. If the injury is unknown until later (for example, an illness develops several years after exposure to chemicals in the workplace), the discovery rule may apply. In some cases, different time rules and statutes of limitations may apply to different defendants. A landlord may be liable for a different time period than the manufacturer of the product that injured you. 18

19 The insurance company may also play the jurisdiction game. Your lawsuit must be filed in the right state and county. In the case of injury, the right place is normally where the accident occurred, but it may also be where you reside. Where you bring the lawsuit may determine what you collect: Some states award higher damages than others. For example, one county in West Virginia has never awarded more than $3000 in damages for any personal injury death. In fact, the people in that county have awarded more for the loss of a cow than for a person s death. Some states will allow some types of damages that others do not or may have longer statues of limitations. Never assume that you are stuck claiming in just one state or with just one party. Sometimes just changing which county the case is filed in may triple or more your award THE LEGAL PROCESS These are the steps you ll go through in a personal injury case: 1. Filing the complaint. The complaint starts the lawsuit and it lets the other side know they are being sued. It gives notice to the party so they can prepare an answer to the suit. The complaint sets forth the facts about legal and factual liability and jurisdiction. 2. Service of process. You not only have to file the complaint, but the other person has to receive it. You may serve the complaint by sheriff or by certified mail. If the defendant is a corporation, there is an agent for service of process and the complaint is sent to him. The person serving the Defendant returns proof to the Court that the Defendant received the complaint. Normally, the Plaintiff will ask for a default judgment if no answer is filed within 30 days after the process is served. 3. Defendant files the answer. After the Defendant receives the complaint, he must file an answer that he disagrees. If he fails to file an answer, a default judgment will be entered. There are about 12 magic defenses that must be laid out in the original answer or they can never be made. A common mistake is to omit one of these defenses in the answer such as jurisdiction and to lose it permanently. 4. You file discovery requests. You ask for facts, admissions and documents from the other side. Questions are asked under oath and these written answers can be used against the other side later. Discovery normally includes interrogatories (questions), requests for production of documents, and admissions. 5. Depositions. Similar to discovery, depositions are oral answers to questions. These question and answer sessions often last for 1 or 2 hours and can be up to 3 or 4 hours in complex cases. See the next subsection for more detail on depositions. 6. You file a motion for Summary Judgment. If there is no basis for disagreement on the facts, and the case is only a question of law, you may want to file a motion 19

20 for a Summary Judgment. A motion for a Summary judgment means that, even if everything the defendant says is true, he should be made to pay anyway. 7. You have a trial. After you have gone through all the above steps, if you can t reach a settlement, you will go to trial. A trial is often unpleasant, but it may be necessary to finish the case and to get an order from the court for the Defendant to pay. Trials may be by jury or by a judge that decides the case alone. 8. You file any appeals, if necessary. Sometimes a judge makes a mistake and misapplies the law. A person has little chance of reversing a finding of fact, but if the judge makes a mistake about what the law is, he may be reversed on appeal. Appeals take a substantial amount of attorney time to prepare and to argue. It also delays collection. More on Depositions People are often very nervous about depositions. Depositions are simply a session of oral questioning, where the opposing attorney tries to find out about the case. There will be a court reporter there, and you will be under oath. If you don t remember something, or are unsure of what the answer is, just say you are unsure. Each attorney has a different style some are looking for information, some are looking to catch you in a lie, and others are trying to get an admission. Statements are also taken by accident adjusters in automobile cases. The insurance company has attorneys and expert doctors that are paid just to do depositions in auto accident cases and to testify that you are not so seriously injured. Your attorney will normally have to, at least, get the deposition of your doctor to establish that you were injured and the degree of your injury. Your insurance recovery depends largely on your testimony about how disabled or injured you are. If you are called to testify, you want to testify to the fact that you were injured and that you were injured due to someone else's fault. Your attorney should go over your testimony prior to the deposition and prior to trial. There is no need to be nervous. Honesty is the best policy. You may be nervous with so much at risk; but, there is no need to improve on the facts at any deposition. Your complete honesty is the most persuasive weapon you have and, often, the insurance defense attorney will be quick to expose any dishonesty. Depositions about the accident are not done before the judge. Depositions are only your sworn testimony, as a taped statement. Depositions will often be published to the jury or judge later and it will be your statements about the accident and any relevant information pertaining to the accident COMMON DEFENSES TO PERSONAL INJURY CLAIMS In order to avoid payment, the insurance company may claim that there is no insurance coverage for this item or at the time of the accident, that their client wasn t liable and broke no law, that you don t have any damages to pay, that the damages are worth less than you are asking, that you caused or were in part responsible for your damages, or one of many other reasons they shouldn t have to pay. Since Kentucky is a comparable 20

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