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(1895–1985). During a period of experimentation in 20th-century literature, English poet, novelist, critic, and classical scholar Robert Graves carried on many of the formal traditions of English verse. His more than 120 books include a historical novel, I, Claudius; an autobiographical classic of World War I, Good-bye to All That; and intelligent, controversial studies in mythology.

Robert von Ranke Graves was born into a comfortable middle-class household on July 24 or 26, 1895, in London, England. He began to write poetry while a student at Charterhouse School in London and continued to write while serving as a British officer at the Western Front during World War I, producing three books of verse during 1916–17. The horror of trench warfare was a crucial experience in his life: he was severely wounded in 1916 and remained deeply troubled by his war experiences for at least a decade. In 1929 he met Laura Riding, a U.S. poet who accompanied him to the island of Majorca, Spain, and with whom he was associated for 13 years.

The success of Graves’s Good-Bye to All That (1929; revised edition 1957), war memoirs notable for their unadorned grimness, enabled him to make his permanent home on Majorca. Graves’s novel I, Claudius (1934) is an engaging first-person narrative purportedly written by the Roman emperor Claudius as he chronicles the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula. This work was followed by other historical novels dealing with ancient Mediterranean civilizations and including Claudius the God (1934), which extends Claudius’ narrative to his own reign as emperor; Count Belisarius (1938), a sympathetic study of the great and martyred general of the Byzantine Empire; and The Golden Fleece (1944; U.S. title Hercules, My Shipmate). Graves’s research for The Golden Fleece led him into a wide-ranging study of myths and to what was his most controversial scholarly work, The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth (1948). In it the author argues the existence of an all-important religion, rooted in the remote past but continuing into the Christian era, based on the worship of a goddess.

Graves began before 1914 as a typical Georgian poet, but his war experiences and the difficulties of his personal life gave his later poetry a much deeper and more painful note. He remained a traditionalist rather than a modernist, however, in his emphasis on meter and clear meaning in his verse. Graves’s sad love poems are regarded as the finest produced in the English language during the 20th century, along with those of William Butler Yeats.

Graves was elected professor of poetry at the University of Oxford in 1961 and served there until 1966. His Collected Poems appeared in 1948, with revisions in 1955, 1959, 1961, and 1975. His controversial translation of The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyàm, with Omar Ali-Shah, appeared in 1967. His own later views on poetry can be found in The Crowning Privilege (1955) and Oxford Addresses on Poetry (1962). Graves died on December 7, 1985, in Deyá, Majorca, Spain.

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