THE MINORI TY REPORTS

Transcription

1 THE MINORI TY REPORTS How the Intersection of Criminal Justice, Immigration and Surveillance Undermines Freedoms in California A Report by the Rights Working Group THE MINORITY REPORTS 1

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3 THE MINORITY REPORTS How the Intersection of Criminal Justice, Immigration and Surveillance Undermines Freedoms in California A Report by the Rights Working Group

4 Copyright 2013 by the Rights Working Group. All rights reserved. Permission to reproduce material from this report is granted with attribution to: Rights Working Group, Rights Working Group 1120 Connecticut Ave, NW, Suite 1100 Washington, DC Phone: (202)

5 About the Rights Working Group The Rights Working Group (RWG) is a coalition of more than 300 community-based grassroots groups and policy organizations committed to promoting the civil liberties and human rights of all people in the United States, particularly in the wake of 9/11. R IGHTS working group

6 Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgment Executive Summary Introduction The Lay of the Land The State Criminal Justice System as a Catchall Institution... Watching Me, Watching You, Watching Them: Surveillance in the Golden State Giving With One Hand, Taking with the Other: Misguided Immigration Enforcement Policies and California s Immigrant Communities... The Criminal Justice, Immigration, National Security and Surveillance Matrix in California Specific Problem Areas of the Intersection No Such Thing As Unintended Consequences How Collaboration Takes Place A Framework for Action Conclusion

7 Foreword Law enforcement collaboration across agencies and jurisdictions is nothing new in the Golden State. Local sheriffs have collaborated with the U.S. Coast Guard and the federal Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in San Diego. Joint Terrorism Task Forces have been set up in Sacramento, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego to facilitate information-sharing and collaboration among the Federal Bureau of Investigations, CBP, the Secret Service, local police departments, and many other law enforcement agencies. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has partnered with several local police departments to perform immigration law enforcement functions, including agencies in Orange County, Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino and Escondido. But it s also worth noting that communities in California have started to raise concerns about the growing collaboration among agencies. In San Francisco, both the police chief and the city council raised concerns about city collaboration with ICE because of deportations stemming from sometimes innocent interactions with police. national stir when a Los Angeles Police Department source indicated that airborne drones were being used in the search. Many postings on social media sites expressed fears that federal law enforcement agencies would seek to assassinate Dorner on U.S. soil. It is clear that law enforcement agencies are working in new arenas, often using new technologies, and implementing new mandates and responsibilities not only in California but across the United States. While many have claimed that increasing collaboration and information-sharing among law enforcement agencies will better protect our communities, the reality is that the growing connections have also raised serious concerns about privacy rights, due process protections, and the rapidly expanding criminalization of communities of color. In order to get a more comprehensive picture of how these intersections among various law enforcement agencies are playing out in one of the most racially and ethnically diverse states in the country, Rights Working Group asked Cynthia Buiza to research these questions and author this report. Cynthia interviewed seventeen organizations based in California that work in the arenas of criminal justice, immigration enforcement, civil a wide and diverse range of sources, and her proposals for how to use this information moving forward deserve great attention from organizers and advocates across the state and beyond. We hope that you will not only take the time to read this report but that you will also share it with colleagues and allies across California. None of this information is easily obtained, easily explained, easily translated, or easily disseminated. But we need to have this conversation with a much larger audience, including engaging our elected our communities in decisions that affect their security. It is critical that we begin the discussion with an accurate understanding of what s happening, what s at stake, and how we are all affected by current law enforcement activities. We look forward to continuing the conversation with you in the months to come. Margaret Huang Executive Director Rights Working Group THE MINORITY REPORTS 1

8 Acknowledgment This report was written by Cynthia Buiza, consultant and strategist with the Rights Working Group (RWG), on behalf of RWG s Securing Our Rights Together (SORT) Initiative. The writer wishes to thank Jumana Musa for feedback, guidance and support in the writing of this report, and Alexis Pfeiffer for invaluable secondary research assistance. We are also grateful to the following organizations for sharing their valuable time and insight: American Civil Liberties Union of California- San Diego, Northern California and Southern California Asian Law Caucus Alliance San Diego/Southern Border Communities Coalition California Immigrant Policy Center Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights in Los Angeles (CHIRLA) Council on American Islamic Relations- San Francisco Council on American Islamic Relations- Los Angeles Electronic Frontier Foundation Immigrant Legal Resource Center Pomona Economic Opportunity Center Services, Immigrants and Refugees Education Network (SIREN) University of California-Santa Barbara- UC Center for New Racial Studies Senior Law Enforcement Executives in California W. Haywood Burns Institute 2 THE MINORITY REPORTS

9 Executive Summary Increased cooperation and collaboration between federal institutions and local law enforcement agencies in California has created a major shift in the way public safety policies are developed and implemented in the state. The notion of interoperability, or the ability of systems and entities to work and operate with each other, became more pronounced after the attacks of September 11, It has also changed the way we view law enforcement in our communities. In the name of cooperation, California has seen increased sharing of resources, data and personnel that negatively affects communities of color, immigrants, and people interacting with the criminal justice system. For example, the rapid expansion of immigration enforcement in the criminal justice system in the state has resulted in widespread bias against immigrants, and has created a two-tiered system of justice in which noncitizens are routinely denied alternative release programs. The quest for interoperability began as early as the 1980s, when the country engaged in a war on drugs and continued on as the war on terror commenced. This report examines the impact of interoperability in California, as it became the fulcrum on which the intersection of criminal justice, immigration and surveillance in the state, balances. It highlights the concerns and increasing problems that diverse communities are experiencing as a consequence of the interaction of these systems and the absence of transparency and of clear mechanisms to hold elements in the system accountable. It examines the view of information sharing as a panacea, the real dangers it poses to community safety and cohesion, and the impact on the human rights and civil liberties of people who are affected by them. It also emphasizes the absence of coherent and strategic institutional response to the problem engendered by the intersection. Finally, the report offers recommendations that includes but is not limited to the following: should not only think about the issue in terms of integration as the problem itself but also the smaller pieces in which the problem can be addressed. who can develop further specialization on the intersection of criminal justice, immigration and national security. examine more creatively and proactively the possibility of legislation which addresses the bigger problems generated by SCOMM, SAR, JTTFs, etc. reforms and accountability mechanisms. focuses on the intersection issue. As the post 9/11 security endgame enters our neighborhoods, our immigrant neighborhoods, our skies, our homes, our cars, our phones and our well-resourced strategies to protect our fundamental freedoms. This report hopes to contribute to a better understanding of how we could begin to respond to the impact of the intersection on our communities, and a strong and powerful narrative in which to talk about it. THE MINORITY REPORTS 3

10 I. Introduction Minority Report, based on a short story by Philip K. Dick, an elaborate system of pre-emptive law enforcement is in place, in to which the future is predictable and turned upside down the premise of the American criminal justice system in which people are tried and punished only for wrongful acts they have committed, not for their potential to commit criminal acts. The allusion to that movie is mentioned in this report to challenge its main conceit: the idea that law enforcement could perfect itself, and that with the cunning of man and machine, lead us to a utopian destination of a crime-free society. Except the movie does not end that way. The technology employed to lead that society to this perfect place turned out be quite fallible, and ended up hurting the very people it sought to protect. Increased entanglements between federal institutions and local law enforcement agencies have changed traditional notions of public safety and the role of policing in the United States. While it has its origins in the so-called drug war that began in the 1980s, the events following 9/11 saw an effort to establish interoperability 1 and increase sharing of resources, communications tools, and strategies to combat illegal immigration, crime and domestic terrorism. Interoperability became the guiding philosophy of the Department of Homeland Security. For example, currently the FBI, DHS, and Department of Defense s biometrics databases are interoperable, which means the systems can easily share and exchange data. This has allowed information sharing between FBI and DHS under the Immigration and Custom Enforcement s (ICE) Secure Communities program. 2 1 The ability of systems, units, or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems, units, or forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together. (Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms). 2 See Jennifer Lynch: From Fingerprints to DNA: Biometric Data Collection in U.S. Immigrant Communities and Beyond. Electronic Frontier Foundation, p. 8. As a result, many local law enforcement agencies began a shift in their culture and function, as immigration enforcement expanded into the criminal justice system, as the criminalization of immigration law came to the fore, and as local police began to undertake immigration related functions normally performed by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The pursuit of 287 (g) agreements, Arizona s SB 1070 and copycat laws in other states, as well as the use of networked databases such as Secure Communities, have emboldened many local police departments to engage in activities outside their scope. This has had a dramatic impact on many communities trust in local police, and this includes communities in the state of California. The integration of information systems and collaboration among law enforcement agencies has led to the gradual but steady shift in the practice of state and local law enforcement from a crimes-based to so-called intelligence-led policing. The post 9-11 push towards preemptive intelligence gathering, the narrative that preventing terrorism is a local issue, is a major development in law enforcement culture and practice. In addition, FBI surveillance and interrogation in Muslim communities and the various blacklist programs (the No Fly List, CARRP, TSDB) affect individual community members in various contexts from The expansion of federal military detention authority as well as LAPD s (Los Angeles Police Department) suspicious activity reporting at the local level threaten to erode many of our constitutionally protected rights. All of these arise from policies and programs at the intersection of different agencies. Furthermore, the increased reliance on purely data-driven outcomes, and the use of technology in the current political climate, has led to the increased criminalization of social issues, allowing the merger of these agencies where they used to be separate. 4 THE MINORITY REPORTS

11 Certainly, collaboration, in itself, is not the problem. The indictment of many notorious human been possible without robust cooperation between the FBI and local police. The problem is the pursuit of these partnerships without transparency, purpose for which the collaboration may be used. If too many of these collaborations create negative outcomes in the communities where they take place, what does that do to our notion of public safety? Virtually all of the issues mentioned in this report involve interaction between different agencies including state criminal justice systems and the federal immigration detention and deportation system, or the DHS detention bureaucracy and the private prison system. This report highlights the concerns and increasing problems that diverse communities are experiencing in relation to the interaction of these systems, the absence of transparency and clear mechanisms to hold the system accountable, and its impact on the human rights and civil liberties of people who are affected by it. II. The Lay of the Land: Homeland Security vs. Hometown Security The challenges we now face in relation to the intersection of criminal justice, immigration, and national security policies began before 9/11. Anyone who has followed the war on drugs in the 1980s can appreciate the structural foundations of a system that is now a powerful dragnet disproportionately impacting communities of color. Scholars and crime watchers credit the vast legislative framework that is the platform for the increased entanglement of police departments with military or federal enforcement functions. The State Criminal Justice System as a Catchall Institution Beginning with the Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Act in 1981, which allowed and encouraged the military to give local, state, and federal police access to military bases, research, and equipment, 3 and the National Defense Authorization Act which give the President broad powers to detain terrorism suspects, to initiatives such as the Law Enforcement Support Program which transfers excess DOD equipment to local law enforcement to assist in drug enforcement and counterterrorism efforts all these policies have combined to create a powerful terror with an eye trained on the communities where we live. California is a great laboratory for this intersection and it houses one of the nation s highest numbers of incarcerated populations. At the end of 2010, California s state prison population was at 165, 062 inmates, 4 while its penal institutions operated 200% above their design capacity. In a 2011 case, Brown v. Plata, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that California s prisons were so overcrowded that they violated the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, and mandated that the state reduce its prison population to 137.5% of capacity. 5 corrections branch of criminal justice, this decision does not affect the law enforcement part of criminal justice in California. Suspected criminals continue to be investigated, arrested, and sentenced, often by federal/local law enforcement partnerships. State agencies involved in criminal justice are the California Department of Corrections and the California Department of Justice. These bodies oversee the prosecution and incarceration of offenders. At the local level, the agencies involved in criminal justice are police, sheriffs, and probation departments. The California Highway Patrol has patrol jurisdiction over all California highways and also functions as state police. 3 See: Radley Balko: militarization-9-11-september-11_n_ html. Accessed on November 19, See, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2010 (December 2011), Appendix Table 1, p. 14, available at 5 Rachel Myers, Supreme Court Orders California to Reduce its Prison Population to Alleviate Overcrowding, ACLU Lens (May 23, 2011), available at THE MINORITY REPORTS 5

12 Sharing Data and critical ways in which federal and local law enforcement support each other. Federal and local agencies share data through a national informationsharing infrastructure called the Information Sharing Environment (ISE). Intelligence from local and federal agencies is gathered in Fusion Centers (overseen by DHS), and then exchanged in the ISE. 6 The ISE is part of a trend towards intelligence-led policing, which encourages local law enforcement to contribute and access intelligence information. 7 Launched in 2003, there are now 72 fusion centers in the U.S. and its territories. 8 The Fusion Centers provide information to FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)-led Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs), inter-agency policing teams that include agents from ICE, Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Secret Service, and local law enforcement. 9 In total, over 600 state and local agencies, and more than 50 federal agencies, participate in JTTFs. 10 In California, these task forces are currently operating in Sacramento, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego, and they exist in 106 cities nationwide 11 The FBI also oversees the Combined DNA Indexing System (CODIS), which contains over 11 million offender 12 Once entered into the system, DNA can be accessed by law enforcement at any level, at any time, without consent or a warrant. 13 face-recognition ready photos accessible to all levels of law enforcement 14. Sharing Personnel The FBI JTTFs have been in existence since 1980, but rapidly increased in number after 9/11. As part of these JTTFs, local law enforcement lends personnel to the FBI to conduct investigations based on information gathered in Fusion Centers. 15 The teams conduct surveillance, gather evidence, and make arrests. 16 The FBI also leads numerous other interagency task forces. The Computer and Technology Crime High-Tech Response Team (CATCH) is a cooperative law enforcement effort formed to apprehend and prosecute those who use the Internet to commit crimes. 17 In San Diego, CATCH includes investigators and prosecutors from 16 agencies. 18 The Violent Gangs Safe Streets Task Forces (19 in California) investigate and attempt to dismantle violent gangs and emerging criminal enterprises that operate on a wide scale. 19 ICE also spearheads a number of criminal justice collaborations. One of these is the program, Operation Community Shield (since 2005), which combats the growth of transnational criminal street gangs, prison gangs and outlaw motorcycle gangs throughout the United States. 20 The inter-agency teams gather intelligence on gangs, trace assets suspected to be derived from criminal enterprise, and seek prosecution and/or removal of gang members. State, local, tribal and foreign law enforcement partners help ICE agents locate, investigate, prosecute, and remove gang members through incarceration and/or deportation See, Cincotta, supra note 1. 7 Id. 8 Id. 9 FBI Joint Terrorism Task Forces, investigate/terrorism/terrorism_jttfs. 10 Id. 11 Id. 12 CODIS-NDIS Statistics, 13 Jennifer Lynch, From Fingerprints to DNA, Immigration Policy BiometricsImmigration pdf. 14 Id. 6 THE MINORITY REPORTS 15 Id. 16 See, Cincotta, supra note FBI San Diego Division Partnerships, about-us/our-partnerships/partners. 18 Id. 19 FBI Violent Gang Task Forces, investigate/vc_majorthefts/gangs/violent-gangs-task-forces. 20 ICE Operation Community Shield, 21 Id.

13 In California, nearly every police department has a gang enforcement unit. The California Department of Justice maintains a database called CalGang, which tracks 200 data points of personal and gang-related information. In 2003 alone, 47 percent of African American men in Los Angeles County between the age of 21 and 24 had been logged into the Los Angeles County gang database and law enforcement personnel had entered more than a quarter million Californians into CalGang across the state. 22 Although the FBI and ICE are the main federal participants in criminal justice work, several other federal agencies lead joint task forces. Since 2000, the U.S. Marshals Service has led the Fugitive Task Force (FTF). The primary mission of the FTF is to locate and apprehend wanted felony fugitives with active warrants (issued by county Superior Courts). 23 The California FTF operates statewide, with the state broken down into four districts. 24 Another example of criminal justice collaboration is DEA task forces (15 deputized as federal drug enforcement agents. 25, 26 Sharing Resources Aside from sharing data and people, federal and local agencies share other resources, including physical space and funding. As a response to the new population of post-release offenders to be supervised locally under realignment (AB 109), many California cities are stationing specially designated probation 27 Another example of sharing space in the criminal justice context is the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, used by 90 federal agencies, international, state, tribal, and local law enforcement agencies. 28 Examples of sharing funding are law enforcement grants from the DOJ 29 and the DEA task forces in which the DEA funds local enforcement of federal drug law. 30 Watching Me, Watching You, Watching Them: Surveillance in the Golden State Because of the secretive nature of surveillance, how it takes place at the local level, but data sharing allows multiple agencies to collaborate and share surveillance data. The main federal agencies involved in surveillance are the Department of Justice (FBI and Bureau of Justice Assistance), the Department of Homeland Security (Border Patrol), the National Security Agency, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Department of Defense. Local partners in surveillance are police, private security employees including campus police, the private sector, community groups and individual citizens. Sharing Data As in the criminal justice system, agencies involved in surveillance use the Information Sharing Environment. Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR) is a collaborative effort led by the DOJ s Bureau of Justice Assistance in partnership with the DHS and the FBI. Local and federal agents are encouraged to watch for suspicious which then sends the report to the ISE. 31 Ordinary civilians are also encouraged to submit these reports, the system. The SAR Initiative established national standards to assess suspicious activity, introduced a uniform and synchronized system for sharing and searching SAR-based data (ISE), and instituted new measures to increase the production and sharing of SAR Reports by more policing agencies (state, local, and tribal law enforcement and the FBI, NSA, DOD, CIA, and Border Patrol) See Gang Wars, Justice Policy Institute, July 2007 and Siegel, Loren Gangs and the Law. In Gangs and Society: Alternative perspectives, ed. Louis Kontos, David Brotherton, and Luis Barrios. New York: Columbia University Press. 23 San Diego Sheriff s Department- Special Investigations-Fugitive Task Force, 24 Local Fugitive Task Forces, taskfrcs/taskforces.htm. 25 DEA Task Forces, htm. 26 DEA Task Force Map, taskforces_map.html. 27 See, County Plans at Task Forces Today, htm. 31 See, Cincotta, supra note See, Cincotta, supra note 1, at 32. THE MINORITY REPORTS 7

14 Concerns Surveillance is one of the major contributors to the preponderance of information contained in the databases shared by federal agencies and local enforcement. Police and businesses are encouraged to watch for suspicious activity and enter the information into the ISE and InfraGard. Information regarding the activities of millions of innocent Americans makes these databases unwieldy and creates too much white noise to be effective. Even more troubling is the continuing erosion people s privacy in the name of security. Dragnet surveillance, like obtaining records for an entire cell tower, broad National Security Letters, and license plate tracking mean that a vast amount of information is being compiled on U.S. citizens. Furthermore, the lack of oversight allows the government to overstep its legal bounds and conduct illegal surveillance without much risk of anyone we know about such as the NSA s monitoring of s in San Francisco with the help of AT&T are likely just the tip of the iceberg. 33 Perhaps the most terrifying effect of surveillance is the racial, religious, and political intelligence-led policing, and an all-encompassing counterterrorism framework. Since 9/11, the FBI and other federal agencies have conducted intense and intrusive surveillance of Muslim communities, Arab Americans, South Asians, and Middle Eastern people, and FBI agents are permitted to enter mosques and churches without identifying themselves. 34 Although Suspicious Activity Reports are supposed to be based on behavior and not skin color, the guidelines are extremely vague and invite subjective usage easily Standards issued to state and local police include the following as suspicious activities: taking pictures or videos of facilities or infrastructure;; taking notes or drawing maps or structures of a facility;; and monitoring the activities of people, facilities, processes or systems. 35 These behaviors are completely legal and clearly widespread: many people and tourists are likely to take pictures, videos, and other renderings of government buildings and other elements of infrastructure for aesthetic or other innocent reasons. Because police could not possibly question or report every individual taking part in these activities, they are likely to fall back on racial bias in choosing whom to target. The vague standards regarding suspicious behavior also permit police and federal agents to target political dissidents and people engaging in free speech and assembly. 36 Giving With One Hand, Taking with the Other: Misguided Immigration Enforcement Policies and California s Immigrant Communities Overview California is home to approximately 2.8 million unauthorized residents. 37 They are a vital part of the state s formal and informal economies, and they are integral to the vitality of California. In the general public, stereotypes about immigrants, especially myths are that immigrants have a negative impact on the American economy and that immigrants bring crime to American neighborhoods, but research shows that both of these myths are factually untrue. 38 It appears that, with the great deal of effort and resources being spent on catching and deporting undocumented immigrants, federal law enforcement agencies either agree with those stereotypes or do not care to combat them publicly. 33 NSA Spying, https://www.eff.org/issues/nsa-spying. 34 See, Cincotta, supra note 1, at THE MINORITY REPORTS 35 See, Cincotta, supra note 1, at See, Cincotta, supra note Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2011 (March 2012), available at statistics/publications/ois_ill_pe_2011.pdf. 38 ACLU, Immigration Myths and Facts (April 11, 2008), available at

15 Agencies Involved The Federal agencies that participate in immigration regulation are the Department of Homeland Security (ICE, CBP, and Border Patrol) and the Department of Justice (FBI and the U.S. Attorney s Department of Justice and the California Department of Corrections (dealing with criminal aliens). Local participants are police and sheriffs departments. Sharing Data Secure Communities is a program in which enforcement to the FBI (IAFIS database) and then to ICE (IDENT database). 39 against IDENT as someone who is removable, ICE may take action to detain and then deport the individual. 40 In addition, ICE s Law Enforcement Support Center provides customs information and immigration status and identity information and real-time assistance to local, state and federal law enforcement agencies on aliens suspected, arrested or convicted of criminal activity. 41 immediate access to alien records entered with the National Crime Information Center and immigration 42 Sharing Personnel ICE has an umbrella program called ICE ACCESS (Agreements in Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security). Under the ACCESS umbrella are several key collaborations relevant to Cross-Designation. Since 1996, 287(g) has permitted by ICE) to perform immigration law enforcement functions. 43 In California, the Cross-Designation program currently operates in Orange County, Los Angeles, Riverside, and San Bernardino. 44 ACCESS operation is the Criminal Alien Program (CAP). In CAP, Enforcement and Removal Operations and local prisons and over 300 jails throughout the country screen inmates and place detainers on criminal aliens to process them for removal before they are released to the general public. 45 CAP also involves the aggressive prosecution of criminal offenders 46. One component of CAP is the Joint Criminal investigates and arrests at-large criminal aliens. 47 the U.S. Marshals Service, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Bureau of Prisons, and local law enforcement agencies. 48 Another component of CAP is the Rapid Removal of Eligible Parolees Accepted for Transfer (REPAT) program, a joint partnership with state correctional/parole agencies to deport removable parolees. 49 One other ICE collaboration with local law enforcement is Operation Joint Effort. Currently only in the pilot city of Escondido, California (since 2010), but expected to expand, Operation Joint Effort places ICE agents inside local police departments. 50 At DUI checkpoints targeting undocumented drivers, ICE agents are called and come immediately to take such undocumented drivers into custody and initiate deportation proceedings Secure Communities, 40 Id. 41 Law Enforcement Support Center, 42 National Crime Information Center, fbi/is/ncic.htm. 43 ICE Immigration Cross-Designation, factsheets/287g.htm. 44 Id. 45 See, Jails and Prisons, 46 See, Violent Criminal Alien Section, supra note See, Joint Criminal Alien Removal Taskforces, supra note Id. 49 See, Rapid Removal of Eligible Parolees Accepted for Transfer, supra note Sarah Gates, California DUI Checkpoint Program Targets Undocumented Immigrants, checkpoint_n_ html. 51 Id. THE MINORITY REPORTS 9

16 Sharing Resources Operation Joint Effort and CAP are two examples of agencies sharing physical space, with a police department or in a correctional facility. The State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP), run by the Bureau of Justice Assistance in conjunction with ICE and DHS, provides federal payments to states and for incarcerating undocumented criminal aliens with at least one felony or two misdemeanor convictions for violations of state or local law, and incarcerated for at least four consecutive days. 52 Concerns Law enforcement s myriad programs aimed at catching and deporting undocumented immigrants have A 2009 report by the Government failure to clearly document its objectives and to oversee local implementation of 287(g) agreements, has resulted in local police using their authority to detain crimes. 53 range of immigrants. The information about victims of and witnesses to crimes who are noncitizens or who are suspected of being noncitizens is shared with ICE along with the information about the arrestees. In 2009, DHS reported that 57% of immigrants and 58% of the CAP detainers placed on offenders were for misdemeanor charges. 54 In addition, legal permanent residents and visa holders may be deportable if they commit even minor crimes, and non-citizens can be deported retroactively for past convictions. 55 Operation Joint Effort is another dragnet that clearly targets Latino immigrants for potential deportation. III. The Criminal Justice, Immigration, National Security and Surveillance Matrix in California: The Impact on Fundamental Freedoms This section outlines the underlying and emerging issues that various advocates in California and some members of the law enforcement community are experiencing in their work, in their respective regions, in relation to the intersection of criminal justice, immigration and national security issues mentioned in the previous section. It talks about the various ways in which different law enforcement agencies are collaborating, cooperating with and co-opting each other, and the impact on civil rights and fundamental freedoms. The Crimmigration- Surveillance Web in California: A Crisis Waiting to Explode? In traditional policing, local problems were solved with local police. Because of the robust integration of these systems, the system of accountable, so confusing. You get passed on from one entity to another. -Council on American Islamic Relations, Los Angeles Today, the lines between criminal law and immigration law have become so blurred as to be indistinguishable. Many scholars, criminal justice and immigrant rights advocates, and even the media have begun sounding the alarm bells on this merger but little has been done about it either in a theoretical and practical sense. A civil rights organization in San Francisco notes that there are 8,000 indigent Californians per one civil legal attorney and the number of lawyers trained to look at the complexities of the criminal justice, immigration and privacy system is very limited State Criminal Assistance Program, https://www.bja.gov/ ProgramDetails.aspx?Program_ID= Immigration Enforcement, Better Controls Needed Over Program Authorizing State and Local Enforcement of Federal Immigration Laws (January 2009), available at items/d09109.pdf. 54 See, Immigration Policy center, supra note Id. 10 THE MINORITY REPORTS 56 Interview with Asian Law Caucus, September 2012.

17 In the name of cooperation, California is seeing an increased and often informal sharing of resources that affects communities of color, immigrants and criminal defendants negatively. For example, the San Diego County Sheriff s Department recently revealed that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents had been physically located in his substations without his knowledge. In Santa Cruz County, there is ongoing conversation with the Sheriff and new detainer policies. There is also a pronounced increase in communication between ICE and local detention centers. In the city of Escondido in San Diego County, cooperation between ICE and the Escondido Police Department is formalized and being promoted by ICE as a national model, yet the arrangement and its impacts are largely protected from public scrutiny. In Santa Clara County, ICE is present in courtrooms. It is now increasingly common for people who enter the criminal justice system to wind up handed over to immigration and vice-versa, regardless of whether they were convicted, victims, or defendants found not guilty. In her comprehensive study on the subject of crimmigration, Juliet Stumpf notes, the 1980s saw the beginning of a dramatic increase in criminal consequences of immigration law violations and deportations of even legal immigrants convicted of crimes. As Congress swept more immigrationrelated conduct into the criminal realm, the executive branch stepped up criminal enforcement of immigration violations. 57 By 2005, immigrationrelated matters represented the single largest group of federal prosecutions, outstripping drug and weapon prosecutions. 58 At the same time, the grounds for deportation based on state and federal convictions vastly expanded. The rapid expansion of immigration enforcement in the criminal justice system in California, coupled with rampant confusion and misunderstanding amongst criminal justice stakeholders about their legal obligations regarding immigration enforcement has resulted in widespread bias against immigrants in the state s criminal justice system. In particular, it has resulted in a two-tiered system of justice, in which noncitizens are routinely from alternative release programs. 59 Even scholars of criminal and immigration professions, instead of examining the growing intersections of immigration and criminal law and their long-term consequences. 60 If there is increased attention to this issue now, it has not translated into a coherent and strategic institutional response. At the same time there are not enough resources to support public defenders to effectively represent their noncitizen clients and advocate against immigration enforcement. Immigration enforcement targeting immigrant households, so-called electronic raids, and the detention of immigrants have increased exponentially, due largely to an increase in collaboration between local law enforcement and ICE While the number of immigrants ordered deported through California s immigration courts have gone down compared to the national average (nearly half of all cases), the determination of ICE to arrest undocumented individuals have not abated In Juliet Stumpf s The Crimmigration Crisis: Teresa Miller, Citizenship & Severity: Recent Immigration Reforms and the New Penology, 17 GEO. IMMIGR. L.J. 611, 613 (2003) [hereinafter Citizenship & Severity];; see, e.g., Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 ( IRCA ), Pub. L. No , U.S.C.) (declaring the act of employing unauthorized aliens illegal). 58 See TRAC REPORTS, TRAC/DHS, IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT, NEW FINDINGS (2005), current (establishing that immigration matters represent about one third (thirty-two percent) of the total number of federal prosecutions and comparing the total to drug and weapons prosecutions). 59 Angie Junck, Supervising Attorney, Immigrant Legal Resource Center, SORT-Survey, The Crimmigration Crisis, Immigrants, Crime and Sovereign Power. Juliet Stumpf. American University Law Review, Volume 56:2, p California Watch, California Deportations Down Despite More ICE Arrests, Electronic access, October 15, com/2011/10/26/california-deportations-_n_ html THE MINORITY REPORTS 11

18 Case Sample 1 from San Jose, Northern California: Santa Clara County is home to more than 655,000 immigrants, comprising more than a third of the county s population. The issues affecting the community most profoundly are around community trust in law enforcement and an increase in immigration enforcement activities. The increased entanglement between the criminal law system and the immigration in law enforcement. This was very clear when earlier this year the San Jose police chief decided to bring in related crimes. Immediately after this announcement the community denounced the collaboration and called the police chief to end the partnership. Soon after were no longer part of his team but the community continues to be reluctant to contact the police to report crimes. The increasing intersection between local law enforcement and ICE is creating confusion on the ground and the community cannot help but see local police as an arm of ICE. The roles are so intertwined that the community does not feel comfortable contacting law enforcement. The other issue that is affecting us is the increased presence of ICE in our county, especially in the courtrooms. We heard from community inside courtrooms to detain people whom they have immigration holds. This new development is in part because last year, the Board of Supervisors passed the most liberal anti-immigration enforcement policy in existence today. The policy says that the county will not honor any ICE detainer request until they are fully reimbursed for the costs associated with the detainer. Even if they receive reimbursement, they will still exercise their discretion to comply with detainers that meet the proposed and original mandate of Secure Communities. It also an exemption for all juveniles and bars ICE from coming into County facilities and communicate with ICE. Although this was a great victory for the community, ICE has changed its tactics in that they are now going after people inside the courtrooms. This development has sowed fear in the community and now many people do not show up for their court hearings always identify themselves as such. 12 THE MINORITY REPORTS Case Sample 2, Orange County, Southern California city jails has resulted in an increase in custodial arrests of otherwise cite-and-release offenses (i.e. jaywalking, license). There are 287 (g) programs in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino County jails. Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties conduct immigration interviews at booking. The Orange County Jail (Theo Lacy) is a detention facility for immigration detainees and there are concerns about how civil detainees are being treated/housed in that location. There are incidents of juvenile referral to ICE Empire. Local police contact individuals for minor crimes/infractions and directly refer them to ICE. In South Orange County a woman was going through trash bins for recycling and a local police of a city ordinance that prohibited such activity. The speak Spanish. After contacting a pedestrian to assist are your papers? The woman admitted that she was her up, which they did. The woman was not arrested or processed for a violation of any state or local law. She was taken to the San Clemente station where we learned that she was held overnight (it is not an overnight facility no beds, etc.) and deported shortly thereafter. Case Sample 3, City of Escondido, North County, San Diego, California In May, 2010, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the Escondido Police Department (EPD) introduced a new program aimed at detaining and deporting undocumented immigrants. Operation Joint Effort, as the two agencies calls the program, allows for ICE agents to hold residence at the Escondido Police Department. There are currently 11 ICE agents, according to Escondido police chief Jim Maher, based at the EPD, tasked with searching out undocumented persons with criminal convictions and those with previous removal orders. The program, which began in May of 2010, was apparently made permanent in 2011 and was responsible for the arrest of 731 individuals since the program s inception.

19 An ICE spokesperson said, If it s deemed a success, ICE may approach other local police departments. ICE it seems, intends this misguided program to be a national pilot program. The ACLU of San Diego and Imperial Counties conducted a series of meetings with at least four police chiefs in San Diego County and the Sheriff of Imperial County. All these law enforcement executives stated that these partnerships are not a good use of their resources and that because of the diversity of their immigrant populations, it is in their interest to encourage community trust by not allowing their purposes. National Security/Surveillance In Los Angeles County, the use of law enforcement surveillance on constitutionally protected activities, harassment of community members by law enforcement, and the false premise that interaction with the American Muslim community with law enforcement can only be through a counter-terrorism narrative has created widespread fear, anxiety and suspicion. This is manifest in the way that law enforcement agencies use a community members immigration status against them when asking them to become an informant, say for example, the FBI. Case Sample, San Jose, California A 25-year-old resident of San Jose, California, claimed that he found a GPS tracking device on his Volvo SUV while visiting his mother in Modesto, about 80 miles northeast of San Jose. After contacting Wired Magazine and allowing a photographer to snap pictures of the device, it was swapped out and replaced with a second tracking device. Little is known about how or how often law enforcement agents use these devices. Without a clear ruling requiring agents to obtain a probable cause warrant to use the tracking devices, it leaves citizens with only a distant connection to a crime or no connection at all, vulnerable to the whimsy 62 Case Sample, Anaheim, Southern California In a case of mistaken identity, a Southern California resident was visited by FBI agents in 2005 and was held at gunpoint. He was released after this moment on, he faced constant surveillance and stops and frisks at airports, especially after he tried to visit Pakistan in A year later, DHS agents visited his home in various unmarked vehicles looking for a person they thought was him. He was detained one more time only to be released upon verifying that his name was spelled differently from the man they were looking for. He received another home visit in June 2011, where an agent pointed a gun at his wife and demanded she open the door. His wife did not comply, but when he arrived home, agents surrounded his house and 5-6 unmarked vehicles were parked in his driveway. 63 The examples and cases noted above points to the steady pace in which this intersection is creating short and long term implications for our fundamental freedoms and expose the limitations of the law to keep up with the problems the overlaps have created. The 17 statewide and national organizations that responded to the Rights Working Group survey and request for oneon-one interviews unanimously expressed heightened the intersection has created: The racial and ethnic implications of the intersection: Impact on communities of color A report by the W. Haywood Burns Institute and the ACLU of Northern California called the state s criminal justice system a catchall institution. California s criminal justice system continues to grow and expand, and this growth correlates with the mass incarceration of racial and ethnic minorities for the past 30 years. 64 James Bell of the Burns Institute decried the increased criminalization of otherwise age-appropriate people has become illegal, especially for youth in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty. 62 Busted! Two New Fed GPS Trackers Found on SUV, Wired Magazine, Electronic access. gps-tracker-times-two/. Accessed on October 15, 2012, See: Balancing the Scales of Justice, J. Hayward Burns Institute and ACLU of Northern California. THE MINORITY REPORTS 13

20 According to Bell, the primary form of social control in these neighborhoods is incarceration instead of strengthening the support systems in their families and communities. His organization is seeing an increase in many Latino and Asian immigrant youth entering the criminal justice system and staying longer, or ending up in deportation proceedings. 65 The Children s Defense Fund-California states that there were over 700,000 suspensions given to children attending public schools in California in the school year. Additionally, the U.S. Department of American children in California receive out of school suspensions at a rate of 171 per 1000 students over two times the average rate for the state (75 per 1000 students). 66 In places like Alameda, Fresno and Los Angeles county, racial and ethnic disparities in access to education, employment and housing affect the interaction people will have with the criminal justice system. 67 In the study mentioned above, some of the Of the people interviewed, those who attended school expelled, and suspended. 68 LEA-Federal agencies collaboration on immigration diverse communities in California. Advocates decry the fact that these collaborations are a problem because the infrastructure itself is a mess and that policy-makers making decisions on behalf of these collaborations do not even have all the information they need. From immigrants afraid to report to their court hearings for fear of encountering ICE in Santa Clara County, to crime victims or witnesses refusing to report perpetrators of domestic violence to the police, to anti-immigrant 65 James Bell, J. Hayward Burns Institute of Justice, Interview transcript, September 19, See: Children s Defense Fund-California, Accessed on November 20, See: Balancing the Scales of Justice, J. Hayward Burns Institute and ACLU of Northern California. 68 Ibid. 14 THE MINORITY REPORTS policies in San Diego the list is long in terms of the grave consequences that the enforcement of immigration laws at the local level has wrought. It is not only advocates that have expressed concern over this problem. Members of the law enforcement community in the state have raised the issue of scarce police resources being used for other purposes than going after serious criminals that victimize these same communities. 69 Entanglement of local agencies in counter-terrorism efforts and pre-emptive law enforcement The strategy of pre-emptive action permeates counter-terrorism efforts on the ground. Advocates see a lot of targeting of potential criminals and express widespread concern that we are inching dangerously towards a police state. For example, a total of over 600 state and local agencies, and more than 50 federal agencies, participate in JTTFs. In California, these task forces are currently operating in Sacramento, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego, and they exist in 106 cities nationwide. 70 The focus of advocates concern over JTTFs is their role in political surveillance. The American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California through Freedom of Information found that JTTFs have also been collecting information on activity having nothing to do with terrorism, instead Francisco has taken measures to make this partnership accountable by introducing legislation to ensure that Joint Terrorism Task Force comply with local standards governing police intelligence and investigative activities, which are considered more protective of privacy and civil rights than the FBI s Guidelines See: The LAPD Fights Crime, Not Illegal Immigration. William Bratton, Los Angeles Times. October 27, Electronic access: 70 FBI Joint Terrorism Task Forces, investigate/terrorism/terrorism_jttfs. 71 terrorism-investigations-blogskqedorg. Accessed electronically on October 17, 2012.

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