Contents

007

The 007 series is cited by Kojima as the films that influenced him the most regarding the birth of Metal Gear.[1] Secret missions on which hang the fate of the world, espionage action and solo infiltration all inspired the setting of the Metal Gear games.[1]

1984

George Orwell's book 1984 has largely influenced the storyline of Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Painwhich is set in the year 1984. The slogan "Big Boss is watching you" which can be seen on posters visible at Mother Base was derived from 1984's "Big Brother is watching you." Ocelot quotes the book when he says "Doublethink" and "two plus two equals five." Finally, the interrogation room at Mother Base is named "Room 101." Skull Face, when relaying his plans to Venom Snake during the Jeep ride, briefly paraphrases one of the sayings of the Ministry of Truth in the book, "this war is peace."

2001: A Space Odyssey

2001: A Space Odyssey is Kojima's all time favorite movie. Influences from the film can be seen throughout the Metal Gear series.

Two of the heroes in Metal Gear Solid share their names with characters from 2001. Hal Emmerich's first name is derived from the film's supercomputer antagonist, HAL 9000, an association of which the character disapproves. After Solid Snake reveals that his real name is "David" in the "Meryl Dies" ending, Snake suggests that he and Emmerich should take a trip to Jupiter, the destination of the HAL-controlled spacecraft and astronaut David Bowman in 2001.

In Metal Gear Solid 2, the tanker and the computer terminal are named "Discovery" and Monolith (mistransliterated as "Monorith"), respectively, referring to the ship and the evolution-inducing object in 2001.

Both Strangelove and Huey Emmerich mention 2001 to Big Boss in their respective briefing tapes, with it being implied that the doctors' previous discussions with one another on the film significantly improved their relationship. Huey considers naming his future child after the computer HAL.

In Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, Doktor says "And here I thought you were going to bring me back a monolith!", after learning that Raiden's flight wouldn't break the thermosphere.

24

The split screen views that are occasionally shown (such as prior to Naked Snake and Major Ocelot's duel in Bolshaya Past Crevice) in Metal Gear Solid 3, were cited by Kojima as being based on 24.[3]

Apocalypse Now

In the MGS3 Countdown, Kojima compared the Cobra Unit's use of emotion-based codenames to Colonel Kurtz's last words of "The horror... the horror..." in the film.[4]

Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries" playing while Morpho inbounds in Ground Zeroes is derived from a scene of the film.

Akira

Shortly after Gray Fox fights Solid Snake in the lab in Metal Gear Solid, Fox, while undergoing painful discharges, will suddenly scream "The...the mediciiiiiine!", referring to a scene from the anime movie Akira where Tetsuo demands for a stabilizer due to the instability of his psychokinetic powers beginning to mutate his arm.[5]

Austin Powers

Kojima had stated that one element in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty was inspired by the spy satire series Austin Powers, although he did not reveal which element. However, if the player positions a naked Raiden against a raised torture bed in Metal Gear Solid 2, and presses against it, he will raise his arms and the in-game camera will zoom out to a drink can in the foreground, its straw obscuring Raiden's crotch in a similar manner to scenes in the Austin Powers films.

A bonus scene in Metal Gear Solid 3, relating to EVA removing a transmitter implanted into Naked Snake by Ocelot in Tikhigornyj: Behind Waterfall, occasionally cut to their shadows undergoing a wrestling match/dance while their actual actions differed, referencing similar scenes that occurred throughout the Austin Powers franchise, in particular The Spy Who Shagged Me and Goldmember. Similarly, both Metal Gear Solid 3 and Austin Powers during these scenes had a soft jazzy bass beat with a drum beat for the soundtrack.[6]

Back to the Future

During a Game Over in Metal Gear Solid 3, Roy Campbell will chastise Snake for dying/killing certain key characters as it caused a time paradox. This was an allusion to Campbell's Japanese voice actor, Takeshi Aono, who voiced Doctor Emmett Brown in the Japanese dubs of the Back to the Future franchise.

Criterion Collection Films

Crossfire

Portions of the plot for Metal Gear 2, including Gray Fox and George Kasler's (originally George Kessler) names, Fox and Gustava Heffner's failed romance and the latter's failed defection, Solid Snake's former CIA membership, and the plan to infiltrate Zanzibar Land, were similar to the novel Crossfire by J.C. Pollock.[9]

Crying Freeman

Elements of Meryl Silverburgh's character in Policenauts, and to some extent Metal Gear Solid, were taken from the character Kitche from the manga Crying Freeman.[10]

Dark Star

The iDroid's female voice was inspired by the computer from the 1970 film Dark Star, which also served as an inspiration for the Mother computer from Alien.[11][12][13]

Die Hard

The slow motion of Granin's corpse being launched out of the drum can after Volgin punched it into a stack of drum cans was taken from Die Hard 2, and was apparently a favorite technique for the game's director, Kitamura Ryuuhei.[14]

Django (1966 Italian film)

This film, alongside other Spaghetti Westerns, was the inspiration of the design and characterization of Revolver Ocelot.[15]

Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb

In Metal Gear Solid, Revolver Ocelot, while Solid Snake is locked inside the torture device, mentions riding the bomb all the way to history, alluding to a famous scene from the film where a bomber pilot after accidentally falling with the bomb when it was released, proceeded to cheer as if riding a horse cowboy style all the way to detonation.

It is one of the movies that Para-Medic mentions in Metal Gear Solid 3.

The film heavily influenced the plot of Peace Walker. The name of Dr. Strangelove is also taken from the film.

Escape from New York

Kurt Russell's character, Snake Plissken, influenced the name of the original game's protagonist, Solid Snake.[16][17] The name "Pliskin" is later used as an alias by Solid Snake in Metal Gear Solid 2.

Eyes Without a Face

The Dhekelia SBA Memorial Hospital in The Phantom Pain was partly modeled after a mansion from the film (the façade of the hospital, the patterns carved inside the doors, the sink in Venom Snake's room).

Ishmael's design, Quiet's jump out of the window, and The Fury's disfigured face were also inspired by the film.

The movie "traumatized" Kojima when he first saw it and it ranks among his top ten of scariest films.[18]

Prior to the final battle between Raiden and Solidus Snake in Metal Gear Solid 2, a group of doves can be seen flying away. This is a reference to John Woo who frequently features white doves in his films before the final showdown. Woo drew the inspiration for this trademark of his from the ending scene of Eyes Without a Face.

Full Metal Jacket

The instruction manual for Metal Gear 2 contained the anonymous mercenary song "If I Die in a Combat Zone," a reference to Full Metal Jacket, which features a similar song.

The scene in which Sniper Wolf shoots Meryl in Metal Gear Solid was also influenced by the film.[16][19]

The Fly

Naked Snake's oxygen mask was inspired by the film.[20] In addition, Para-Medic tells Naked Snake that the mask reminded her of the film.

The Fugitive

Naked Snake's dive into the waterfall in order to escape the Ocelot Unit is a direct reference of the famous dam scene in the 1993 movie, The Fugitive.[21]

The Fury

Psycho Mantis' powers were inspired by another fictional psychic character from the 1978 film The Fury, for which Kojima told his motion designer to watch a scene in which a man flies.[16]

Gaspard in the Morning

Yasutaka Tsutsui, the author of Paprika and The Girl Who Leapt Through Time, published Gaspard in the Morning in 1992. The novel was a "meta-text" about a player immersed in an online video game. It influenced Metal Gear Solid 2, "especially Kojima's consideration of fan responses to the conception and creation of Raiden, the game’s unexpected protagonist."[7]

Ghostbusters

The Electromagnetic Wave Gun's properties mirror the use of the Proton Packs in the first Ghostbusters, particularly the climax where the titular main characters were forced to merge the Proton Packs' energy streams to seal Gozer's dimension away.

The Great Escape

Kojima cited The Great Escape as a large influence on the development of the original Metal Gear, in which the character attempts to run away and escape without a fight, while avoiding the sight of the enemy.[16][22]The Great Escape also acted as the in-universe inspiration for Major Zero's codename handle during the Virtuous Mission, "Major Tom."

Gunbuster

In Metal Gear 2, the display on the radar when the game enters the alert phase is very similar in the design to the titular mecha's alert display in Gunbuster, a 1988 anime series by GAINAX. Both use the Japanese kanji characters 危険 (kiken) meaning "danger" prominently.[23][24] The studio's name (stylized as GA-INAX) is also referenced in the Metal Gear 2 user's manual as the company responsible for manufacturing the toilets in.

The Guns of Navarone

The idea of an indomitable warrior with special skills, infiltrating a fortress and accomplishing an impossible mission to destroy a powerful new weapon, were all influences on Metal Gear.[25] The background of Captain Keith Mallory, such as his fluency in multiple languages and his being an expert rock climber, inspired that of Solid Snake.[25] Kojima was particularly impressed by the scene depicting the main characters stealthily scaling a cliff,[25] which is echoed in the openings of both Metal Gear 2[26] and Ground Zeroes.

Halloween

Otacon hiding in his locker prior to the fight between Solid Snake and Gray Fox in Metal Gear Solid is based on Laurie Strode seeing the Boogeyman from a closet she was hiding in.[27]

Jason and the Argonauts

Kōbō Abe

Hideo Kojima cited Japanese author Kōbō Abe as one of his biggest literary influences.[7]

Most notably, one of Abe's works, Hako Otoko (The Box Man), served as the direct inspiration for the trademark cardboard box technique in the series, due to his being a fan of the work.[29]

Lethal Weapon

Solid Snake's transceiver portrait in the original MSX2 version of Metal Gear 2 was modeled after Mel Gibson's character of Martin Riggs from Lethal Weapon.[30][31]

Lord of the Flies

The scrapped Mission 51 of The Phantom Pain and the location it was set at is called "Kingdom of the Flies." The rotten pig-head on Eli's ship, as well as the naming of Ralph, the boy whose death Eli sets up to trigger a revolt of his fellow child soldiers, are all derived from the book. His conch shell was also taken from the book. To some extent, Eli himself resembled Jack Merridew when he became chief, barring his being blonde instead of a redhead.

Lord of the Flies was written by William Golding and was published in 1954.

Mad Max 2

Mad Max with Dog (above); Venom Snake with D-Dog.

Hideo Kojima has stated that Venom Snake's constant silence in The Phantom Pain was directly inspired by the silence of the main character in Mad Max 2, which he cited was among his favorite movies of all time.

There are a couple of similarities between Venom Snake and Mad Max, they are both accompanied by a canine companion, Venom with D-Dog, Max with Dog. Finally, Snake's leather jacket bears a resemblance to Max's.

Masked Rider

Naked Snake's posture during the HALO jump was derived from the titular superhero in the 1971 Japanese live-action series Masked Rider (also known natively as Kamen Rider).

The Matrix

Although technically not a direct influence on the series or the game itself, Hideo Kojima mentioned that the themes he intended to communicate in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, and to a certain extent several special effects (such as Vamp running up a wall), were essentially put into movie format by the Wachowski Brothers (as they were known at the time) for the 1999 film The Matrix.[32]

In the Unique Weapons trailer released shortly before the release of Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, Raiden was seen using the L'Etranger's pole function to defeat several cyborgs in a similar manner to Neo defeating a bunch of Agent Smith clones in the Burly Brawl scene of The Matrix Reloaded.

Moby-Dick

Prior to the announcement of The Phantom Pain, Kojima created a fake studio called "Moby Dick Studio" to showcase the first trailer for the game.

The story of Moby-Dick is narrated by a character named Ishmael who boards a ship named Pequod, which is commanded by captain Ahab in his quest to kill the whale Moby-Dick who took Ahab's leg on a previous journey.

In an interview with Famitsu, Kanji Yano mentioned that Kojima intended for the themes of Moby Dick to be used since the start of development, and also implied that Kojima replaced Huey with Big Boss for the role of Ishmael because it would have otherwise left a pro-American bias regarding morality that Kojima did not intend to have.[33]

The Mummy

The ghostly faces made by The Fury's death throes were taken from the 1999 remake of The Mummy, where the titular antagonist Imhotep conjures a sandstorm bearing his face (and in the case of the sequel, a wave of water).[34]

North by Northwest

Alfred Hitchcock's compositional arrangement and the camera work in North by Northwest and other films inspired Kojima's directing style in Metal Gear Solid.[35] Like Hitchcock, Kojima limited the player's perspective through various camera views to create a sense of unity with the character and the tension of infiltration, made possible by switching between the first person view and the objective view (mostly a bird's-eye perspective), and the corner view camera that visualizes the distance between the player character and the enemy.[35]

Pink Panther

The style of humor for the Metal Gear franchise, which sometimes depicts sudden and unexpected moments of humor in very serious situations, was derived from the Pink Panther film franchise.

Pinocchio

Hideo Kojima stated that he had based Raiden's trek through Arsenal Gear on Pinocchio's journey inside Monstro the Whale in the fairytale and Disney film of the same name.

Planet of the Apes

Kojima's impressions of the anti-war themes in Planet of the Apes inspired the inclusion of his own anti-war messages in the Metal Gear Solid games.[36]

Points of Impact

Although not actually used in the game itself, this book was considered to be used for the basis of the sniper battle with The End.[14]

Pokémon

Many of Peace Walker's gameplay elements were mentioned by Kojima to have been inspired by Pokémon.[37]

Predator

Jungle Evil's name in the original MSX2 version of Metal Gear 2, Predator, and to some extent George Kasler's description of Jungle Evil, alluded to the creatures from the film franchise of the same name.[38]

Colonel Volgin's actions aboard the Hind in the ending of the Virtuous Mission in Metal Gear Solid 3 were specifically requested by Kojima to be modeled after Carl Weathers' character of George Dillon from Predator.

Resident Evil

If the player inputs the Konami Code on the title screen for Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance, Raiden, in a voice over, will say the title of the game with a slight echo and menacing tone, which is a reference of the standard title screen used for the Resident Evil series. The company that partly made Metal Gear Rising, PlatinumGames, includes several people who previously worked at Capcom, the company responsible for the Resident Evil series.

RoboCop

Kevin Washington's claim that Detroit was the first American city to privatize the police force and comprise it with cyborgs in Metal Gear Rising is a reference of RoboCop's premise.

Running Man

The Metal Gear 2 boss Running Man was based on the Arnold Schwarzenegger film of the same name.[41]

Seven Samurai

Kojima cited MSF being asked for help in the beginning of Peace Walker as being reminiscent of Seven Samurai.[2]

Silent Running

Huey Emmerich's nickname was derived from the crippled service robot from the film, as a subtle insult towards him being crippled.

Star Wars

The Boss's post-mortem advice for Naked Snake to remember the basics of CQC when fighting Ocelot for the final time was taken directly from Obi-Wan's communicating with Luke in the climax of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.[42]

In Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Dessinée, Solid Snake says, "Great shot kid, that was one in a million" to Raiden after the harrier jet is shot down. Han Solo also said this line in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.

The Terminator

The cover art for the original Metal Gear was taken directly from a screencap of Michael Biehn's character of Kyle Reese in The Terminator.[30] In addition, the Bloody Brads from the same game were a direct reference to the titular characters from the same film. In the original releases of the game, the references were more explicit with their being named "Arnold," referring to Arnold Schwarzenegger, the action film actor, politician, and bodybuilder whose well known role is as the titular character.

The twist about Raiden not being Solid Snake was based on the plot twist that Schwarzenegger's Terminator was not the bad guy in Terminator 2: Judgment Day.

In the Secret Theater film, Metal Gear Solid: Snake Eraser, Raiden attempts to travel to the past to kill Naked Snake (and later his son, Solid Snake) so he could become the main character of the series, mirroring the main plotline of The Terminator franchise, which dealt with the titular character trying to kill the main protagonist in order to prevent the birth of a future opponent. At one point in the film, Raiden briefly spies Naked Snake escaping the Groznyj Grad prison with a red heads-up display, mirroring that of the Terminator.

In Ground Zeroes, Raiden (by this point a Cyborg Ninja) goes back in time again, this time to aid Big Boss and the Militaires Sans Frontières in taking out several Body-Snatchers that are threatening Cuba and by extension the entire world, mirroring how future installments of Terminator had the titular cyborg traveling back in time to defend the main protagonist(s) (John Connor mainly) from another Terminator sent to kill him.

In the Make it Right viral marketing and to a lesser extent Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance itself, Raiden and other cyborgs' point of view prominently displays data and graphs, mirroring the titular character's frequent usage of the HUD throughout the franchise.

Titanic

The characters of Raiden (real name Jack) and Rosemary were derived from the protagonistic love couple from the film.[43]

Tuesday's Suspense Theater

The scene where lightning struck above Colonel Volgin upon the latter learning from The Boss that Snake's most likely after the Philosophers' Legacy was derived from similar techniques from that series. Kojima also admitted that the delivery was a crude way of depicting emotions especially in an action game.[14]

Twins

Liquid's line about having all the "flawed, recessive genes", and to some extent the entire premise of the Les Enfants Terribles project, was a reference to the comedy film Twins starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito, playing the roles of Julius and Vincent Benedict, the perfect and flawed twin, respectively.[44]

Westworld

Master Miller's redesign in Peace Walker was derived from the airline pilot in the film, according to Hideo Kojima.[45]

White Star

Although not actually used in the game itself, this book was considered to be used for the basis of the sniper battle with The End.[14]

The X-Files

Hideo Kojima described the "evil" in Metal Gear Solid 2 as being on the same level as that in the sci-fi TV show The X-Files: the Patriots are an intangible entity yet at the same time a massive menace to the world.[46]

The aliases "Deepthroat" and "Mr. X," used by Olga Gurlukovich's Cyborg Ninja, are also those of two characters in The X-Files, who act as informants for FBI agent Fox Mulder.[47]