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Neuropathological and neuroimaging studies indicate a decrease in Purkinje cell (PC) density in the cerebellum of autistic patients and rodent models of autism. Autism is far more prevalent in males than females, and sex-specific properties of PCs have been reported recently. We investigated the differential sensitivity of PCs in the valproate acid (VPA) mouse model of autism by estimating the linear density of PCs immununolabelled with calbindin in the cerebellum of males and females. Whereas prenatal VPA treatment surprisingly increased PC linear density in both sexes 13 days after birth (P13), it significantly reduced the linear density of PCs in the cerebellum of 40-day-old (P40) males, but not females. In males, PC loss was more pronounced in the posterior part of the cerebellum and was significant in the VIth, VIIth, IXth and paramedian lobules. In females, PC loss was restricted to the paramedian lobule. These results suggest that this sex-specific sensitivity of PCs to VPA may contribute towards the motor disturbances and behavioural abnormalities observed in autism.