Diabetes Mellitus Concept Map: An Overview

Definition

The map
starts with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) definition which is a syndrome that is caused by absolute or
relative lack of insulin, resistance to the action of insulin, or both.It is characterized by hyperglycemia and
alteration in lipid and protein metabolism.This definition is linked with the normal physiology of insulin and
glucagon secretion in response to blood glucose level (BGL).From DM definition, there are also links to
symptoms of hyperglycemia and DM complications (including micro- and
macrovascular complications).

Diagnosis

Diabetes Mellitus - Criteria for diagnosis and diagnostic tests

Symptoms of hyperglycemia are written under
(DIAGNOSIS), where DM diagnostic criteria.DM is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following a long with symptoms of DM:

Monitoring

Although
(MONITORING) part is usually mentioned in any reference at the end of the
topic, it is mentioned in this map close to (Diagnosis) part to show
differences between all tests used in diabetes and to clarify which ones that
are used for diagnosis and/or monitoring.Tests that are used in DM monitoring are: Self / Home Monitoring of
Blood Glucose (SMBG /HMBG), Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C), and Serum
Fructosamine.Each one is explained and
followed by normal values of BGL and values that indicate DM or inadequate
glucose control.(Monitoring) part is
also followed by explanations of screening tests that are usually used by
diabetic patients.The first one is
screening for glucose in urine, a condition that is called (Glucosuria) and the
second is to screen for ketones in urine, a conditions that is called (Ketonuria).

The other
part of (Monitoring) is related to DM complications, when to start monitor for
these complications and what monitoring tests are used.

Types of Diabetes mellitus

A
comparison between diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 is included within the
map.This comparison covers the
following points:

Treatment

A mind map
of diabetes mellitus treatment is included under (TREATMENT). The main function
of this map is to differentiate between the sites of action of medications used
in the management of DM, i.e. to show whether this medicine acts to stimulate
pancreatic insulin secretion (Insulin secretagogues), decreaseperipheral insulin resistance (Thiazolidinediones),
decrease hepatic glucose production (Biguanides), or slow digestion and
absorption of carbohydrates (α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs)) …etc.Medications used in the management of
diabetes mellitus are discussed in comparisons that involve their mechanisms of
action, adverse effects, drug interactions, precautions, and contraindications
if any.

Diabetes Mellitus - Pathophysiology and treatment map
(abbreviations are mentioned in the map)

The
pharmacological treatment of diabetes mellitus includes:

Insulin

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1 )
Agonists (Incretin mimetics )

Oral Antidiabetics (OAD)

Insulin secretagogues:

1) Sulfonylureas
(SU' s) / Long-acting insulin secretagogues

2) Meglitinides
/ Short-acting insulin secretagogues

Insulin sensitizers

1) Biguanides

2) Thiazolidinediones
(TZDs) / Glitazones / PPARγ Agonists

Intestinal enzyme inhibitors

α-Glucosidase
inhibitors (AGIs)

Dipeptidyl peptidase - 4 inhibi tors

New therapies:

-Amylin analogue

-Dopamine Agonists

-Bile Acid Sequestrants

Diabetes Complications

Lifelong insulin
is required in all type 1 DM patients and it should be started immediately
after diagnosis, unless patient probably will experience an acute complication
of diabetes which is called “Diabetic Ketoacidosis” – DKA.It is a diabetic emergency that is caused by absolute
or relative insulin deficiency.A
separate concept map for diabetic ketoacidosis is included to give an overview
of DKA definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.Next to DKA map, there is an overview of
another diabetic complication called “Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State” – HHS
which mainly occurs in type 2 DM patients.Differences between DKA and HHS are highlighted with dotted boxes.

Patient
education icon is scattered at different sites within the map to indicate the
importance of patient education in those particular areas for example:

Related Post

Who are "Zooming out"?

We are a team of pharmacists who are interested in the science of pharmacotherapy, which is represented through this site. At this site we are trying to help whoever experiences difficulty understanding and memorizing diseases and their corresponding treatment approaches. We are convinced with the idea of connecting information together and making links between it, to prevent its escape from minds, so we are presenting diseases using the concept mapping and the mind mapping methods to help in dealing with “information explosion!” in the field of pharmacotherapy. We really hope that you find this site helpful. Know more about those who are Zooming out!