Women in Canadian Astronomy: Fifteen Years of Hard Data

by Michael A. Reid and Brenda C. Matthews

Michael Reid is a postdoctoral fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Submillimeter Array in Hilo,
Hawaii. Brenda Matthews is a researcher at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics of the National
Research Council of Canada.

June 2007

Achieving diversity within the
Canadian astronomical community
is of interest to individual
scientists, academic departments,
funding agencies, and society
as a whole. However, until recently,
there had been no coordinated effort
to study the gender demographics
of the Canadian astronomical community.
In 2001, we gathered and
presented such demographic information
for the period from 1991–2000.
The present work reports the results
of our follow-up survey, conducted in
2006, which covers the period from 2000–2005.
We find that the representation of women in
Canadian astronomy has improved markedly
over the last five years. We also find that the
size of the Canadian astronomical community
has grown substantially over the same period.
The improving representation of women remains
strongest at the lowest levels of academia,
with smaller gains achieved at each stage
of advancement. We find that women
are being hired into faculty positions at a
rate approximately consistent with their
representation in the applicant pool.

Background

Five years ago, we presented the
results from the first survey (Survey 1
hereafter) of gender demographics within
the Canadian astronomical community,
tracing the relative representations
of men and women through different
academic levels during the years
1991–20001. We found that women
were significantly underrepresented at
all levels of Canadian astronomy during the
period studied, but that the trend was toward
greater equality. As in other countries, we found that the ratio of women to men is highest at the
lowest levels of academia we studied (i.e., among
graduate students) and declines steadily, reaching
its minimum at the level of full professor. The
responses to Survey 1 represented only approximately
half the astronomy population in
Canadian academia (by number), being most
acutely affected by the lack of participation of
three of the largest departments in the country.

Introduction

This follow-up survey (Survey 2 hereafter)
has been conducted to trace the representation
of women in the five-year period 2001–2005.
Data were requested for a period of six years
(2000–2005) to ensure continuity. Our goal was
to achieve more complete statistics by increasing
the degree of participation in the community. This
is of greater importance as these data are among
those requested of members of the Coalition for
Canadian Astronomy by government officers
in relation to the Long Range Plan (LRP). In
addition to the data requested as part of Survey 1, we
have requested the numbers of incoming graduate
students in MSc and PhD programs each year.
Over time, these data, when compared with the
number of graduates, can be used to assess the
overall level of attrition from graduate programs.

Description of the 206 Survey Participation

For Survey 2, we broadened our scope to
include smaller departments in community colleges
where physics programs exist. We invited a total
of 57 institutions to participate in the survey
and received responses from 30. The full list of
institutions polled in both iterations of the survey
is shown in Table 1. In the table, asterisks indicate
incomplete or otherwise problematic responses.
In most cases, after contacting institutions which
had submitted problematic or no responses, we
were able to obtain accurate data. However,
there were a few exceptions. The Survey 2 data
provided by Universite de Montreal were largely
incomplete and were therefore excluded entirely
from our analysis. The University of Alberta
did not submit demographic information about
their postdoctoral fellows, but we have used
the rest of their submission. The University of
Waterloo submitted only the changes in the
number of people in each category for each year,
from which we cannot reconstruct the absolute
numbers of people in each category, so we have
excluded their submission from the analysis. Two
major centers of astronomical research did not
participate meaningfully in either iteration of the
survey: Queen’s University and York University.However, we are happy to be able to add to the
list of respondents several major institutions
which did not participate in the first iteration of
the survey.

The great majority of the institutions which did not respond to Survey 2 were small
universities and colleges. It is likely that most of these did not respond because they employ no
personnel whose primary activity is astronomy.

Methodology of Survey 2

Survey submissions were gathered using a webbased
form. Because it allowed for automated,
real-time validation of survey data, this format
ensured greater uniformity and accuracy in the
survey responses than the paper version used
in the previous iteration of the survey. We also
hope that the development of an online version
of the survey will make it easier to administer
annually. This will address the primary complaint
of non-respondents to Survey 1, which was the
necessity of compiling information covering long
time intervals. Participating institutions were
first asked to indicate whether they employed
anyone in the following categories between 1 Jan
2000 and 31 Dec 2005: full professors, associate
professors, assistant professors, postdoctoral
fellows, and other staff, such as sessional lecturers,
instrumentationalists, observatory staff, etc.
Among the professors, there were separate
categories for full-time and part-time positions.
The data on part-time faculty are excluded from
our results because there were only 2 data points
(1 male and 1 female part-time associate professor).
For each year, participating institutions were also
questioned about the number of students entering
MSc or PhD programs and about the number of
degrees awarded to graduates of these programs.

After selecting the categories relevant to their
institution, participants were asked to indicate the
number of men and women in each position for
each year. To address a failing of Survey 1, Survey
2 forced participants to distinguish between an
entry of ‘0’ in any category and a non-response.
Only one complaint was received about the
format of the survey (from the University of
Waterloo, whose data were not included in the
survey for the reason discussed in the previous
section), and that complaint can be addressed
with revisions to the explanatory text. In order
to make it easier for institutions to participate,
we hope to administer the survey in this online format annually from now on.

Results: Representation of Women Improving

The essential and most encouraging finding
from this survey is that the proportional
representation of women in Canadian astronomy
has risen in all categories but one (postdoctoral fellows). However, the news is not entirely rosy.
Among graduate students, women are well on the
way to comprising 50% of the total. But among
faculty, it appears that women are still being
hired out of proportion to their representation
among the available candidates. Table 2 shows
the mean proportional representation of women
at all levels of Canadian astronomy over three
five-year intervals: 1991–1995, 1996–2000, and
2001–2005. The categories of entering MSc
students, entering PhD students, and ”other”
were not included in Survey 1 and so do not
appear for the interval 1991–2000. For the period
covered exclusively by Survey 2 (2001–2005),
we have supplied the percentage of women
at all institutions participating in Survey 2 as
well as their percentage representation at only
those institutions which participated in both
iterations of the survey. Figures 1–6 show the
representation of women in each category as a
function of time between 2000 and 2005, using
all of the Survey 2 data.

The data from both Surveys 1 and 2 show
that the proportional representation of women
is highest at the lowest levels of the academic
hierarchy. From 1991–1995, 14% of MSc degrees
in astronomy and astrophysics were awarded to
women and the percentage of women dropped
nearly monotonically with increasing academic
rank. The same trend is seen in the results
of Survey 2: over the last five years, women
earned 44% of MSc degrees in astronomy
and astrophysics but made up only 4% of full
professors. Encouragingly, however, there have
been great leaps in the representation of women
within each category. For example, comparing
only the institutions participating in both survey
iterations, the percentage of MSc degrees awarded
to women rose from 14% in 1991–1995 to 48% in 2001–2005. At most levels of academia, the
percentage of women in Canadian astronomy has
doubled or better since 1991–1995. However,
as shown in the right column of Table 2, not
only does the percentage of women decline
with each level in the hierarchy, the percentage
increase in their representation also declines with
seniority. Although women more than tripled
their numbers among MSc students between
1991–1995 and 2001–2005, their representation
among associate professors less than doubled. It is
worth noting that the percentage improvement in
the representation of women among full faculty
cannot even be calculated because there were no
female full professors reported in Survey 1.

How should we interpret the fact that the representation of women is improving faster at
lower levels of academia? Unfortunately, the
data in hand do not constitute a sociological
study and can’t tell us what social factors might
be at work. A close look at the numbers shows
that, although the total number of women in any
job category is small, they are being retained in
the system. For example, Survey 1 found that 2
PhD’s were awarded to women between 1991
and 1995 and that there was 1 female assistant professor of astronomy. If both of these female
PhD recipients stayed in academia and if each spent about 6 years as a postdoc before being
hired into a faculty job, we should expect there to be about 3 female assistant professors
of astronomy in Canada by the year 2000. In fact we find that there were 4 female assistant
professors of astronomy in Canada in the year 2000. Thus, we can conclude that, subject to
a strong caveat about small number statistics, female PhD graduates are being retained in the
system. The most recent data suggest that the trend of retaining female PhD graduates has
continued to the present day. Between 2000 and 2005, there were approximately 4 women and 9
men hired into assistant professor positions. The
equivalent numbers for associate professors are 4
women and 8 men. Hence, it appears that, as the
representation of women in the candidate pool
has increased, so to has the rate at which they
are hired.

The recent increase in the representation of
women among Canadian astronomy faculty is
attributable, in part, to the University Faculty
Award (UFA) program of the Natural Sciences
and Engineering Research Council of Canada
(NSERC). The mandate of the UFA program is
“to enhance the recruitment, retention and early
career progression of women and Aboriginal
people in tenure-track faculty positions in the
natural sciences and engineering, in Canadian
universities, by providing opportunities for them to establish a strong research record”. Many of
the recent hires of women into faculty positions
have been through the UFA program. In future
iterations of this survey, we will attempt to
specifically track the number of hires made under
this program to assess its effect. At present, we
lack the data to comment authoritatively on the
influence of the UFA program. We do, however,
wish to point out that, contrary to the assertion
commonly made in the lunch rooms and hallways
of academia, the UFA program has not resulted
in a particularly strong bias against male job
candidates. Although there is evidence from our
survey that women are being hired somewhat out
of proportion to their representation in the pool
of applicants, men still account for about 70% of
new hires. Moreover, it is possible to interpret
the mandate of the UFA program as specifically
intending to facilitate the hiring of women in
greater proportions than their representation in
the candidate pool. Such a measure would seem
to be temporarily necessary to ensure that gender
parity is achieved.

A potentially troubling result emerges when
we consider the situation among female graduate
students in astronomy and astrophysics. As
shown in Table 2, women are more likely than
men to finish MSc degrees but they are less likely
to finish PhD’s. During the interval 2000–2005,
women made up 39% of entering MSc students
and 44% of graduating MSc students. Conversely,
women made up 34% of entering PhD students,
but only 28% of PhD recipients. We caution
the reader here that the small-number nature
of these statistics makes the significance of this
finding uncertain. However, we emphasize the
importance of recognizing potentially adverse
conditions which may affect women, rather than
holding them accountable for the poor statistics
afforded by the size of the Canadian astronomical community.

Strong Growth of the Canadian Astronomical Community

The data collected for Survey 2 show some
interesting statistics beyond those related to
gender. According to the data, the overall size
of the Canadian astronomical community has
grown substantially over the last five years. The
total number of professors has swelled from 79
in 2000 to 103 in 2005. Impressively, the number
of postdoctoral fellows has nearly doubled from
44 to 77 over the same interval. However, the
number of graduate degrees granted has tripled,
from 13 in 2000 to 36 in 2005.

Conclusions

This is the second of the two large multi-year
surveys we have conducted of the Canadian
astronomical community on behalf of the
Canadian Astronomical Society. Over the 15
years of data, we find an improving trend in the
fractional representation of women. The gains
are smaller at each subsequent level of academic
hierarchy. In addition, the very small number
statistics of the Canadian community means
that the hiring of one woman into an academic
department can radically change the percentage
of women. We therefore stress the importance of
noting the absolute numbers of the population as
well as the fractional changes.

The survey data demonstrate that the overall
size of the Canadian astronomical community is
increasing. Between 2000 and 2005, the number
of graduate degrees awarded in astronomy at
the participating institutions tripled from 13 in
2000 to 36 in 2005, the number of postdocs
rose from 44 to 77, and the number of fulltime
faculty rose from 79 to 103. Thus, the
number of candidates for faculty positions is
increasing faster than the number of available
positions. We would like to emphasize that, again
because of the small overall size of the Canadian
astronomical community, participation in this
ongoing survey by all institutions is essential.
Particularly because the absolute numbers of
women at many levels of academia are still so
small, missing contributions from one or two
institutions can have a significant effect on our
interpretation of the results. Furthermore, we
emphasize that the information gathered in this
survey is of interest not only to the Canadian
astronomical community itself. One of the goals
of the Canadian Long Range Plan for astronomy
was to increase the representation of women at
all levels. Hence, those outside our community to
whom we are accountable are actively interested
in ensuring that we are achieving our goals. We
intend to conduct this survey annually from
now on, imposing a fixed term during which
institutions will be requested to submit responses.
Having made the process of participation as
simple as possible, we very much hope for 100%
participation in future surveys.