BERLIN — The European Space Agency says one of its research satellites that had run out of fuel caused no known damage after re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere.

ESA said the satellite re-entered the atmosphere at about 0000 GMT Monday on a descending orbit pass that extended across Siberia, the western Pacific Ocean, the eastern Indian Ocean and Antarctica.

The 1,100-kilogram satellite disintegrated in the atmosphere but about 25% of it — about 275 kilograms of “space junk” — slammed into the Atlantic between Antarctica and South America, a few hundred kilometres from the Falkland Islands, ESA said. It caused no known damage.

“As expected, the satellite disintegrated in the high atmosphere and no damage to property has been reported,” the agency said.

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The Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE), referred to casually as the “Ferrari of space” because of it’s sleek design, was launched in 2009 to map the Earth’s gravitational field.

ESA says its information is being used to understand ocean circulation, sea level, ice dynamics and the Earth’s interior.

It’s been gradually descending over the last three weeks after running out of fuel Oct. 21.

SPACE JUNK FLYING AROUND THE COSMOS

Some 6,600 satellites have been launched. Some 3,600 remain in space but only about 1,000 are still operational, according to ESA. Not all are still intact, and the U.S. Space Surveillance Network tracks some 23,000 space objects, ESA said. A lot of junk comes down unnoticed, said ESA Space Debris Office deputy head Holger Krag. Statistically, he said, “roughly every week you have a re-entry like GOCE.”

AND WHEN IT STARTS TO FALL

About 100 to 150 metric tons of space junk re-enters Earth’s atmosphere each year, according to Heiner Klinkrad, the head of ESA’s Space Debris Office. In 56 years of spaceflight, a total of 15,000 metric tons of human-made space objects have re-entered the atmosphere.

HOW FAST ARE WE TALKING?

Space junk – mostly satellites and rocket stages or fragments – typically travels at about 28,000 km/h shortly before re-entry at about 120 kilometres above the earth, according to ESA. It starts to slow down and heat up in the dense atmosphere. In the last 10 minutes, it hits a travelling speed roughly equal to that of a Formula One racing car — between 200 km/h to 300 km/h.

HOW DANGEROUS IS SPACE JUNK?

There have been no known human injuries or significant property damage caused by space junk, according to ESA. Unlike meteorites, which hurl into the Earth as solid chunks travelling about three times faster, space junk typically falls as fragments and is distributed over a fallout zone up to 1,000 kilometres long. Krag says fragments from a satellite came down in 2011 over the Netherlands, Germany and the Czech Republic but no pieces were ever found.

CAN’T WE REDIRECT THIS STUFF?

When systems are still functioning, spacecraft can be maneuvered to try and direct them to land in areas where there would be minimal impact, like into an ocean. In the case of uncontrolled re-entries, scientists are able to predict where the impact will be – but that can be a very wide swath. The GOCE satellite’s systems kept on working much longer than expected, providing data that Krag said will be invaluable in helping scientists figure out prediction models for future space junk descents.

MOST FAMOUS SPACE JUNK CRASHES

One of the best-known cases is NASA’s Skylab space station, which re-entered in 1979. About 74 metric tons hit the Earth – some of it in Australia and the rest falling into the Indian Ocean. Fragments of Russia’s Mir space station weighing about 135 metric tons came down in 2001 in a controlled dive into the Pacific Ocean. More recently, in 2011, NASA’s UARS satellite crashed into the Pacific and Germany’s ROSAT satellite landed in the Bay of Bengal. None caused any damage.