Приложение 2. Список английских анализируемых лексем. В Приложении 2 приводится список английских консубстанциональных терминов, предлагаются их лингвистические определения, взятые из Oxford English Dictionary. ALTERNANT – The name given to any one of the possible variants found within any particular feature of speech or language. 1. Alternating, changing from one to the other. 2. Min. Consisting of alternating layers or laminae. ASPECT – In Russian and other Slavonic languages, a verbal category of which the function is to express action or being in respect of its inception, duration, or соmpletion, etc.;

by extension applied to such forms in other languages. The earlier term in Slavonic grammars was 'branch'. I. The action of looking at. 1.a. The action of looking at anything;

beholding, contemplation;

gaze, view. b. A look, a glance. 2. Mental looking, sight;

consideration, regard, respect. 3. A looking for anything, expectation. II. Way of looking, as to position or direction. 4. Astral. The relative positions of the heavenly bodies as they appear to an observer on the earth's surface at a given time. 5. a. A looking in a given direction;

the facing or fronting of anything, as a house, a window, or a steep or sloping surface, in any direction;

exposure. b. aspect ratio, (a) Aeronaut., the ratio of the span to the mean chord of an aerofoil;

also, the ratio of the square of the span to the total area of the aerofoil;

(b) of a television or cinematographic picture: the ratio of the width to the height. 6. The side or surface which fronts or is turned towards any given direction. 7. The direction in which a tiling has respect or practical bearing;

bearing upon, reference to. 8. The point from which one looks;

a point of sight or of view. 9. One of the ways in which things may be looked at or contemplated, or in which they present themselves to the mind;

a phase. III. Appearance. 10. The look which one wears;

expression of countenance;

countenance, face. 11. The appearance presented by an object to the eye;

look. 12. The appearance presented by circumstances, etc., to the mind. 13. concr. A thing seen, a sight;

an appearance. 14. Ecology. The characteristic seasonal appearance or constitution of a plant community. 15. In Signalling: an indication given by means of a light. ATTRIBUTE – Sometimes used for: A word denoting an attribute;

an attributive word;

a predicable. esp. in Sentence Analysis: = Attributive adjunct, i.e. an adjective, or a word, phrase, or clause, performing the function of an adjective. 1. A quality or character ascribed to any person or thing, one which is in common estimation or usage assigned to him. 2. Distinguished quality or character;

honour, credit, reputation ascribed. 3. A material object recognized as appropriate to, and thus symbolic of, any office or actor. 4. a. A quality or character considered to belong to or be inherent in a person or thing;

a characteristic quality. b. rarely applied to: A bodily quality. c. in Logic. That which may be predicated of any thing;

a quality, mode of existence, affection. BASE – The form of a word to which suffixes are attached;

the theme. I. The lowest or supporting part. 1. The bottom of any object, when considered as its support, or as that on which it stands or rests. 2. a. fig. Fundamental principle, foundation, groundwork. b. Ground of action or attitude. c. A notional structure or entity conceived of as underlying some system of activity or operations;

the resources, etc., on which something draws or depends for its operation. 3. Arch. a. The part of a column, consisting of the plinth and various mouldings, between the bottom of the shaft and top of the pedestal, or, if there is no pedestal, between the shaft and the pavement, b. The plinth and mouldings which form the slightly projecting part at the bottom of the wall of a room. c. The lowest course of masonry in a building. 4. A pedestal. 5. A socket. 6. In mechanical arts: a. in Printing: The bottom or footing of letters. b. in Gunnery: The protuberant rear-portion of a cannon, between the knob of the cascabel and the base-ring. c. Electr. One of the three electrodes of a transistor. 7. Bot. and Zool. That extremity of a part or organ by which it is attached to the trunk;

e.g. the part of a leaf adjoining the leaf-stalk, of a pericarp adjoining the peduncle, of a thumb adjoining the hand. 8. Her. The lower part of a shield;

spec. the width of a 'bar' parted off from the bottom by a horizontal line. 9. Geom. That line or surface of a plane or solid figure on which it stands, or is considered to stand, Thus: of a triangle, any one side in respect of the other two;

of a cone or pyramid, the circle or polygon remote from its apex;

of a cylinder or prism, the lower of the two circles or equal polygons which form its ends. 10. Fortification. The imaginary line which connects the salient angle of two adjacent bastions. 11. The main or most important element or ingredient, looked upon as its fundamental part. 12. Cosmetics. A substance used as a foundation. 13. Dyeing. A substance used as a mordant, by which colours are fixed in the material dyed. 14. Mod. Chem. The electropositive compound body, whether metallic oxide, hydrate, or alkaloid, which enters into combination with an acid to form a salt;

the correlative of ACID, including, but having wider meaning than. III. That from which a commencement of action or reckoning is made, regarded as a fundamental starting-point.

15. a. The line or limit from which the start is made in a race, or which serves as a goal for the finish. b. The fixed line or 'goal' across which players endeavour to strike the ball in such games as hockey. c. The fixed points or stations round. d. fig., in various expressions in U.S. slang, as off one's base, wildly mistaken, crazy, mad;

to get to first base: to achieve the first step towards one's objective. 16. Mil. The line or place upon which the general of an army relies as a strong hold and magazine, and from which the operations of a campaign are conducted. 17. Surv. A line on the earth's surface or in space, of which the exact length and position are accurately determined, and which is used as a base for trigonometrical observations and computations. 18. Math. The number from which, as a definite starting-point, a system of numeration or logarithms proceeds. BURST – A sudden and violent issuing forth. Chiefly of light and sounds. I. 1. Damage, injury, harm;

loss. II. Senses formed anew from the verb. 2. a. An act of bursting;

the result of this action. b. burst-up: the failure, collapse, of an organization or scheme. c. House-breaking, burglary. 3. A sudden opening on the view. 4. a. An explosion, eruption, outbreak. b. spec. Of gunfire, esp. from an automatic weapon. 5. A vehement outbreak (of emotion or its expression). 6. a. A great and sudden exertion of activity, a vigorous display of energy;

a 'spurt'. b. Horsemanship. A hard run, a gallop without a check. c. Hence, in other sports;

spec. a short spurt, etc., at greater speed than that employed for the remainder of the course. colloq. A prolonged bout of drunkenness, a 'spree'. CAESURA – 1) in Greek and Latin prosody: The division of a metrical foot between two words, especially in certain recognized places near the middle of the line. 2) In English prosody: A pause or breathing-place about the middle of a metrical 1ine, generally indicated by a pause in the sense.

CASE – 1) In inflected languages, one of the varied forms of a substantive, adjective, or pronoun, which express the varied relations in which it may stand to some other word in the sentence, e.g. as subject or object of a verb, attribute to another noun, object of a preposition, etc. 2) But as many modern languages have nearly or quite lost these variations of form, case is sometimes loosely used for the relation itself, whether indicated by distinct form or not. I. 1. a. A thing that befalls or happens to any one;

an event, occurrence, hap, or chance. b. A deed, a thing. 2. Chance, hazard, hap. 3. a. An instance or example of the occurrence or existence of a thing. b. An infatuation;

a situation in which two people fall in love. 4. a. the case: The actual state or position of matters;

the fact. b. A state of matters relating to a particular person or thing. c. all a case: all one. 5. a. Condition, state (of circumstances external or internal), plight. b. esp. Physical condition, as in good case (arch.);

also simply, in case, out of case c. in case to or for: in a condition or position to or for, prepared, ready.. 6. Law. 'The state of facts juridically considered'. a. A cause or suit brought into court for decision. b. A statement of the facts of any matter sub judice, drawn up for the consideration of a higher court. c. A cause which has been decided: leading case, one that has settled some important point and is frequently cited as a precedent. d. The case as presented or 'put' to the Court by one of the parties in a suit;

hence, the sum of the grounds on which he rests his claim. e. A form of procedure in the Common Law. f. An incident or set of circumstances requiring investigation by the police or other detective agency. 7. case of conscience: A practical question concerning which conscience may be in doubt;

a question as to the application of recognized principles of faith and obedience to one's duty in a particular case or set of circumstances. 8. Med. a. The condition of disease in a person. b. An instance of disease, or other condition requiring medical treatment;

'a record of the progress of disease in an individual'. c. U.S. slang. of persons: A 'specimen', 'cure'.

CLAUSE – A short sentence;

a single passage or member of a discourse or writing;

a distinct part or member of a sentence. 1. The close or end of a period. 2. A particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso, in any formal or legal document. CODE – The central concern is how the bilingual speaker becomes 'inputted' for two language codes. 1. a. Rom. Law. One of the various systematic collections of statutes made by later emperors, as the code of Theodosius, of Justinian;

spec. the latter. b. A systematic collection or digest of the laws of a country, or of those relating to a particular subject. 2. transf. a. A system or collection of rules or regulations on any subject. b. 'A collection of receipts or prescriptions represented by the Pharmacopoeia'. 3. a. A system of military or naval signals. b. Telegr. A system of words arbitrarily used for other words or for phrases, to secure brevity and secrecy. c. Cybernetics. Any system of symbols and rules for expressing information or instructions in a form usable by a computer or other machine for processing or transmitting information. 4. A collection of writings forming a book, such as the Old or the New Testament. Also, a recognized division of such forming a volume. CONJUNCTION – One of the Parts of Speech;

an uninflected word used to connect clauses or sentences, or to co-ordinate words in the same clause. 1. The action of conjoining;

one of the processes in alchemy. 3. Astrol. and Astron. An apparent proximity of two planets or other heavenly bodies;

the position of these when they are in the same, or nearly the same, direction as viewed from the earth. 4. The occurrence of events in combination;

a combination of events or circumstances. a. A concrete example of conjunction;

a number of persons, things, or elements, conjoined or associated together;

a combination, association, union. b. A joining;

a joint. c. A thing that conjoins or unites;

a bond or tie. DECLENSION – 1) The variation of the form of a noun, adjective, or pronoun, constituting its different cases ;

case-inflexion. 2) Each of the classes into which the nouns of any language are grouped according to their inflexions. 3) The action of declining, i. e. setting forth in order the different cases of, a noun, adjective, or pronoun. 4) Formerly, in a wider sense: Change of the form or of the ending of a word, as in derivation. I. 1. The action or state of declining, or deviating from a vertical or horizontal position;

slope, inclination;

a declining or sinking into a lower position, as of the sun towards setting. 2. fig. Deviation or declining from a standard;

falling away, apostasy. 3. The process or state of declining, or sinking into a lower or inferior condition;

courteous refusal, declinature. DEGREE – Each of the three stages (positive, comparative, superlative) in the comparison of an adjective or adverb. I. 1. a. A step in an ascent or descent;

one of a flight of steps;

a step or rung of a 1adder. b. transf. Something resembling a step;

each of a series of things placed one above another like steps;

row, tier, shelf, etc. 2. fig. a. A step or stage in a process, etc., esp. one in an ascending or descending scale. b. esp. in phr. by degrees: by successive steps or stages, by little and little, gradually. 3. a. A 'step' in direct line of descent;

in pl. the number of such steps, upward or downward, or both upward to a common ancestor and downward from him, determining the proximity of blood of collateral descendants. Prohibited or forbidden degrees: the number of such steps within which marriage is prohibited;

degrees of consanguinity and affinity within which marriage is not allowed. b. Used, by extension, of ethnological relationship through more or less remote common ancestry.

4. a. A stage or position in the scale of dignity or rank;

relative social or official rank, grade, order, estate, or station. b. A rank or class of persons. c. of animals, things without life, etc. 5. Relative condition or state of being;

manner, way, wise;

relation, respect. 6. a. A step or stage in intensity or amount;

the relative intensity, extent, measure, or amount of a quality, attribute, or action. b. a degree: a considerable measure or amount of. To a degree (colloq.): to an undefined, but considerable or serious, extent;

extremely, seriously. To the last degree: to the utmost measure. c. Applied in the natural philosophy of the Middle Ages to the successive stages of intensity of the elementary qualities of bodies (heat and cold, moisture and dryness). d. Crim. Law. Relative measure of criminality, as in principal, in the first, or second, degree: In U.S. Law, A distinctive grade of crime (with different maximum punishments), as 'murder in the first degree', or 'second degree'. e. third degree. II. Specific and technical senses. 7. A stage of proficiency in an art, craft, or course of study: a. esp. An academical rank or distinction conferred by a university or college as a mark of proficiency in scholarship;

also as a recognition of distinction, or a tribute of honour. Also in legal use. Originally used of the preliminary steps to the Mastership or Doctorate, i.e. the Bachelorship and License;

afterwards of the Mastership also. b. Freemasonry. Each of the steps of proficiency in the order, conferring successively higher rank on the initiated, as the first or 'entered apprentice degree', the second or 'fellow craft degree', the third or 'degree of master mason'. 8. a. Geom. (Astron., Geog., etc.) A unit of measurement of angles or circular arcs, being an angle equal to the 90th part of a right angle, or an arc equal to the 360th part of the circumference of a circle (which subtends this angle at the centre). b. transf. A position on the earth's surface or the celestial sphere, as measured by degrees (chiefly of latitude). 9. Thermometry. a. A unit of temperature, varying according to the scale employed. b. Each of the marks denoting degrees of temperature on the scale of a thermometer, or the interval between two successive marks. The interval between the freezing and boiling points of water is divided in Fahrenheit's scale into 180 degrees, in the Centigrade into 100, in Reaumur's into 80. c. degree day, a unit used to determine the heating requirements of buildings. 10. Mus. a. The interval between any note of a scale and the next note. b. Each of the successive notes forming the scale. c. Each of the successive lines and spaces on the stave, which denote the position of the notes;

the interval between two of these. 11. Arith. A group of three figures taken together in numeration. 12. Alg. The rank of an equation or expression as determined by the highest power of the unknown or variable quantity, or the highest dimensions of the terms, which it contains. EXPLOSION – Explosive utterance (of a sound). The action of exploding. 1. The action of treating with scorn, rejecting or scouting (a notion, system, etc.);

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rejection. 2. The action of driving out, or of issuing forth, with violence and noise;

an instance of the same;

a volcanic eruption. 3. a. Of a gas, gunpowder, etc.: The action of 'going off with a loud noise under the influence of suddenly developed internal energy;

an instance of this;

also used of electric discharges. Of a boiler, bomb, gun, etc.: The action of suddenly bursting or flying in pieces from a similar cause. b. The resulting noise;

a detonation. c. Golf. An explosive. 4. a. A breaking or bursting forth into sudden activity;

an outbreak, outburst (of anger, indignation, laughter, etc.). b. A rapid or sudden marked increase or development. FIGURE –1) any of the permitted deviations from the normal forms of words (e.g. Aphaeresis, Syncope, Elision), or from the ordinary rules of construction (e.g. Ellipsis). Formerly also figure of speech. 2) pl. the name of the first form in certain Jesuit schools and colleges, divided into High (or Great) and Low (or Little) Figures: corresponding to the Rudiments or Accidence of other places. I. Form, shape.

also, attitude, posture. d. transf. The 'shape', state. 2. Geom. A definite form constituted by a given line or continuous series of lines so arranged as to enclose a superficial space, or by a given surface or series of surfaces enclosing a space of three dimensions. 3. The proper or distinctive shape or appearance (of a person or thing). 4. a. Of a living being: Bodily shape, including appearance and bearing. Now chiefly of persons. b. The bodily frame, considered with regard to its appearance. 5. a. An embodied (human) form;

a person considered with regard to visible form or appearance. b. colloq. A person of grotesque or untidy appearance. figure of fun: a ludicrous personage, an oddity. 6. transf. A person as an object of mental contemplation;

to produce an impression of specified character on the beholder. b. To appear in a ridiculous aspect. c. To occupy a conspicuous or distinguished position;

to play a prominent or important part;

to attract admiration or respect. 7. a. Importance, distinction, 'mark'. Now only with reference to persons, in phrases (somewhat arch.) man, woman of figure, a person of rank and station. b. Style of living, ostentation, display. arch. II. Represented form;

image, likeness. 8. a. The image, likeness, or representation of something material or immaterial. b. An imaginary form, a phantasm. 9. esp. An artificial representation of the human form. a. In sculpture: A statue, an image, an effigy. To work by the figure: perh. to operate on a wax effigy of a person, for the purpose of enchantment (Schmidt). b. In painting, drawing, etc.: A representation of human form (as opposed to landscape, still life, etc.). Now restricted to representation of the whole or greater part of the body.

a design or pattern. 12. A delineation illustrating the text of a book;

a diagram, an illustration. When used as a reference usually abbreviated to fig. Astrol. A diagram of the aspects of the astrological houses;

a horoscope. a figure of heaven or the heavens: a scheme or table showing the disposition of the heavens at a given time. To cast, erect, set a figure. 13. a. An arrangement of lines or other markings forming an ornamental device;

one of the devices combined into a decorative pattern;

also applied to similar markings produced by natural agency. b. Dancing. One of the evolutions or movements of a dance or dancer;

also, a set of evolutions;

one of the divisions into which a set dance is divided. c. Skating. 'A movement, or series of movements, beginning and ending at the center'. IV. A written character. 14. gen. Applied, e.g., to a letter of the alphabet, the symbol of a musical note, a mathematical symbol, etc. 15. a. A numerical symbol. Originally, and still chiefly, applied to the ten symbols of the so-called Arabic notation, two (or double), three, four, etc. figures;

a number amounting to ten or more, a hundred or more, a thousand or more, etc.;

a sum of money indicated by such a number, man of figures: one versed in arithmetic or statistics. 16. Hence, An amount, number, sum of money expressed in figures. V. In various uses, representing the technical applications of Gr. 17. Rhet. a. Any of the various 'forms' of expression, deviating from the normal arrangement or use of words, which are adopted in order to give beauty, variety, or force to a composition;

e.g. Aposiopesis, Hyperbole, Metaphor, etc. b. In a more restricted sense: A metaphor or metaphorical mode of expression;

an image, similitude.

18. Mus. 'Any short succession of notes, either as melody or a group of chords, which produces a single, complete, and distinct impression'. FLEXION – Modification of the form of a word;

esp. the change of ending in conjugation, declension, etc.;

inflexion. Also, the modified form or ending of a word. 1. The action of bending, curvature;

bent condition;

an instance of this. a. esp. The bending of a limb or joint by the action of the flexor muscles. b. A kneeling (in prayer), genuflexion. c. A turning of the eye in any direction. 2. Alteration, change, modification. A modification of the sound or tone of the voice in singing or speaking;

inflexion. 3. concr. The bent part of anything;

a bend, curve. 4. Math. - Flexure 6. GRADE –1) The position occupied in an ablaut-series by a particular vowel or form of a root. 2) Applied (after Grimm's use of G. grad) to denote the class of a consonant as 'tenuis' or 'media'. 1. Math. a. A degree of angular measurement, or of latitude or longitude;

the 90th part of a right angle or quadrant. b. In the centesimal mode of dividing angular quantity: The hundredth part of a right angle. 2. One of a flight of steps. 3. A step or stage in a process;

rarely spec. a step in preferment. 4. a. A degree or position in the scale of rank, dignity, social station, eminence, proficiency, etc. b. A number of persons holding the same relative social rank or official dignity;

a class. c. A class at school in relation to advancement. d. A mark (usu. alphabetical) indicating an assessment of the year's work, examination papers, etc., of a student. 5. a. In things: A degree of comparative quality or value. b. A class of things, constituted by having the same quality or value. c. grade A, Grade A: of the highest grade in value, of the best or highest quality;

7. With reference to animals: A result of cross-breeding, a hybrid. Now techn. in cattle-breeders' language, a variety of animal produced by crossing a native stock with a superior breed. 8. Zool a. In the genetic classification of animals, a group constituted by the fact mat its members are presumed to have branched from the common stem at about the same point of its development. b. A group of animals at a similar level of development, but not necessarily having a common genetic origin. 9. U.S. a. In a road, railway, etc.: Amount of inclination to the horizontal;

rate of ascent or descent. b. An inclined portion of a railway or road;

a slope, an ascent or descent. c. U.S. local. In mining districts: A portion of road. d. Physical Geogr. The condition of a river in which, after initial down-cutting of its bed, further down-cutting is balanced by aggradation;

a state of equilibrium between the erosion of material from a river-bed and the deposition of fresh sediment. HEAD – 1) The initial stressed element(s) in a sequence of sounds before the nucleus. 2) The word or group sharing the syntactic functions of the whole of a subordinative construction is called the head, and the other components are subordinate. Thus in English adjective noun groups, the noun is head and the adjective subordinate. In adverb adjective groups the adjective is head and the adverb subordinate. I. The literal sense, and directly connected uses. 1. The anterior part of the body of an animal, when separated by a neck, or other wise distinguished, from the rest of the body;

it contains the mouth and special senseorgans, and the brain. a. In man, the upper division of the body, joined to the trunk by the neck. b. In lower animals. c. A headache, esp. such a condition caused by a blow or over-indulgence in liquor. 2. a. As the seat of mind, thought, intellect, memory, or imagination;

Often contrasted with heart, as the seat of the emotions: Formerly (rarely) in reference to disposition. b. As a part essential to life;

hence, in phrases. 3. a. A representation, figure, or image of a head. b. The obverse side of a coin, when bearing the figure of a head;

the reverse being called the tail;

in phr. head(s) or tail(s), used in tossing a coin to decide a chance. c. A postage-stamp: so called from the figure of the sovereign's head. 4. In reference to, and hence denoting, the hair on the head. 5. The hair as dressed in some particular manner;

applied esp. in the 18th. c. to the heads of powdered and pomaded hair drawn up over a cushion or stuffing, and dressed with gauze, ribbon, etc., then worn;

hence, a head-dress. b. A horse's headstall. 6. Venery. The 'attire' or antlers of a deer, roebuck, etc. II. A tiling or part of a thing resembling a head in form or position. 7. The upper or principal extremity of various things, esp. when rounded, projecting, or of some special shape. a. The striking or cutting part of certain weapons and instruments (as distinct from the shaft or handle): as of an axe, spear, arrow, hammer, club, etc. b. The rounded or knobbed extremity of a pin, nail, screw, etc., opposite to the point. c. The extremity of a bone, at which it articulates with another bone;

esp. when rounded. d. The relatively fixed end of a muscle (usually consisting of a tendon) by which it is attached to a bone;

the origin of a muscle. e. The bulb at the end of a tube as in a thermometer. f. The rounded part of a comet, comprising the nucleus and coma, as distinct from the tail. g. Music. That part of a note (in modern notation round or oval) which determines its position on the stave, as distinct from the stem or tail. h. That part of a lute, violin, etc. above the neck, in which the tuning-pins are inserted;

usually of a rounded form, and often artistically carved. i. The upper end or point of a violin-bow;

also, the projecting part at the handle end in which the hairs are inserted. j. The upright timber of a gate at the opposite end from the hinges (opposite to the heel);

each of the two upright pieces at the ends of a hurdle. k. The flat end of a barrel, cask, or similar vessel;

the membrane stretched across the top or end of a drum. l. The capital of a column. m. The cover of an alembic or crucible. n. A cover or hood for a carriage. o. A collective trade-name for the larger plates of tortoiseshell (usually thirteen) on the carapace of the hawk's-bill turtle. p. The upper member or part of various other things. q. The closed end of a cylinder of a pump or engine, esp. an internal-combustion engine;

a cylinder-head or cylinder-cover. r. Of a bicycle frame s. Of an explosive shell.

8. a. Any rounded or compact part of a plant, usually at the top of the stem: e.g. a compact mass of leaves (as in the cabbage and lettuce), of leaf-stalks (as in the celery), of flower-buds (as in the cauliflower), or of flowers, esp. of sessile florets upon a common receptacle, as in the Composites (= CAPITULUM);

one of the young shoots of asparagus;

an ear of corn;

the 'cap' or pileus of a mushroom, etc.;

the capsule of the poppy. Also applied to the compound bulb of garlic, and. formerly to a simple bulb, as in the onion. b. The rounded leafy top of a tree or shrub. 9. A collection of foam or froth on the top of liquor, esp. ale or beer. b. A collection of cream on the surface of milk. 10. Various technical uses. a. A bundle of flax or silk. b. A tile of half the usual length, used at the eaves of a roof. c. Local name for certain geological formations. d. Gold-mining. A rammer for crushing quartz. e. A device designed to convert variations in an electrical signal into variations in the motion of a stylus (in the making of a gramophone record) or vice versa (in the playing of one). 11. The top, summit, upper end. 12. a. The top of a page or writing;

hence, Something, as a title, written at the top of a page, section, etc.;

a heading. b. The top of a book. c. A headline in a newspaper. The maturated part of a boil, abscess, etc., at which it tends to break. Chiefly in phrases, as to come to a head, to suppurate. 13. The upper end of something on a slope or so regarded;

e.g. that end of a lake at which a river enters it;

the higher end of a valley, the inner extremity of a cave, gulf, etc.;

that end of a bed, grave, etc. towards which a person's head lies;

that end of a table at which the chief seat is. 14. spec. The source of a river or stream. 15. A body of water kept at a height for supplying a mill, etc.;

the height of such a body of water, or the force of its fall (estimated in terms of the pressure on a unit of area). 16. The foremost part or end;

the front. a. The front of a procession, army, or he like. b. The front, outer or projecting end of a fortification, a pier, etc. 17. a. The beginning (of a word, writing, etc.). b. Astrol. The commencement of a zodiacal sign, i.e. the point where the sun enters it. 18. The thick end of a chisel or wedge, opposite to the edge. 19. A projecting point of the coast, esp. when of considerable height;

a cape, headland, promontory. Now usually in place-names. b. A projecting point of a rock or sandbank. 20. Coal-mining. An underground passage or level for working the coal. 21. An end, extremity (of anything of greater length than breadth), exc. in certain special uses, as of a stone or brick in a building, or of a bridge. III. 22. Various figurative uses arising from preceding senses. a. A person to whom others are subordinate;

a chief, captain, commander, ruler, leader, principal person, head man. b. spec. The master or principal of a college or 'house' in a university;

also short for HEADMASTER. C. A collection of persons holding a position of command or leadership. d. Applied to things or places: The chief city, capital;

the chief or most excellent part. INFLECTION – The modification of the form of a word to express the different grammatical relations into which it may enter;

including the declension of substantives, adjectives and pronouns, the conjugation of verbs, the comparison of adjectives and adverbs. 1. a. The action of inflecting or bending, or, more particularly, of bending in or towards itself. b. The condition of being inflected or bent;

concr. a bending, bend, curvature, or angle. c. fig. A mental or moral bending or turning. 2. Optics. The bending of a ray of light, at the edge of a body, into the geometrica1 shadow. Now called DIFFRACTION. 3. Geom. Change of curvature from convex to concave at a particular point on a curve;

the point at which this takes place is called a point of inflexion (or shortly an inflexion);

at such a point the moving tangent to the curve becomes stationary, the direction of its angular motion being changed;

hence inflexion is also applied to such a stationary tangent itself, or to the analogous stationary osculating plane (plane inflexion) in a non-plane curve.

4. Modulation of the voice;

in speaking or singing: a change in the pitch or tone of the voice. LANGUE – A language viewed as an abstract system, accepted universally within a speech-community, in contrast to the actual linguistic behaviour of individuals. A tongue or language. LEVEL – In linguistics there are various ranges, and two basic levels, phonological and grammatical. I. 1. a. An instrument which indicates a line parallel to the plane of the horizon, used in determining the position as to horizontality of a surface to which it is applied. b. Erroneously glossed as = plumb-line. c. fig. to give level to: to take as one's rule or standard. 2. a. Level condition or position: horizontality. 3. Position as marked by a horizontal line;

an imaginary line or plane perpendicular to the plumb-line, considered as determining the position of one or more points or surfaces. on a level with: in the same horizontal plane as. A (more or less) horizontal superficies;

a level or flat surface. 4. A level tract of land;

a stretch of country approximately horizontal and unbroken by elevations: applied spec. (as a proper name) to certain large expanses of level country, e.g. Bedford Level ox the Great Level in the fen district of England;

The Levels (formerly The Level), the tract including Hatfield Chase in Yorkshire. 5. Mining. a. A nearly horizontal 'drift', passage, or gallery in a mine. b. A 'drift';

a sense, interpretation. Also, the intent, spirit as apart from the 'letter'. 1. Intention, purpose, (a) a good intention, friendly disposition;

(b) a 'good mind', a strong inclination (to do something). 2. That which is intended to be or actually is expressed or indicated. a. Also, the intent, spirit as apart from the 'letter' (of a statement, law, etc.). b. That which a speaker or writer intends to express;

MOOD – 1) Any one of the several groups of forms in the conjugation of a verb which serve to indicate the function in which the verb is used, i.e. whether it expresses a predication, a command, a wish, or the like;

that quality of a verb which depends on the question to which of these groups its form belongs. 2) with punning reference to MOOD n.

1. Logic. a. Any one of the classes into which each of the four 'figures' of valid categorical syllogisms is subdivided on the ground of the several ways in which syllogisms differ with regard to the quality and quantity of their constituent propositions. b. in mood and figure: in due logical form. 2. Musical senses. a. In mediaeval music, a term used to indicate the relative duration or time-value of certain notes to each other in the rhythm of a piece;

= MODE n.1. b. The great mood determined the relation of the 'long' to the 'large', the lesser mood that of the 'breve' to the 'long';

each of these was called perfect when the greater note was equal to three of the smaller, imperfect when it was equal to two. c. A written symbol used to indicate 'mood'. NAME – A noun. I. 1. a. The particular combination of sounds employed as the individual designation of a single person, animal, place, or thing. b. In Oxford and Cambridge use, in phrases denoting that the person continues, or ceases, to be an actual member of a college or hall. c. Stockbroking. The ticket bearing the name of the purchaser of stock, handed over to the selling broker on name-day or ticket-day. 2. a. The particular word or words used to denote any object of thought not considered in, or not possessed of, a purely individual character. b. A title of rank or dignity. c. Arith. Denomination. II. In pregnant senses, chiefly originating in Biblical uses based upon Hebrew modes of expression. 3. The name of God or Christ, with implication of divine nature and power inherent in it. 4. a. The name of a person (for thing) with implication of the individual denoted by it. b. The name of a person or group of persons, with implication of all the individuals bearing, or comprehended under, it;

those having a certain name;

hence, a family, clan, people. 5. a. The name of a person as mentioned by others with admiration or commendation;

hence, the fame or reputation involved in a well-known name. b. of no name, without (a) name, implying obscurity and unimportance. c. A famous or notorious person, a celebrity;

one whose name is well known. d. An underwriter at Lloyd's. 6. a. The reputation of some character or attribute. b. With a and adj. A fame or reputation of a specified kind. 7. a. Without article: Repute, reputation, fame, distinction. 8. One's repute or reputation, etc. 9. a. The mere appellation in contrast or opposition to the actual person or thing;

reputation without correspondence in fact. NOUN – 1. a. A word used as the name or designation of a person or thing. In older grammars also including the adjective and the pronoun. b. An adjective. NEST – A group of words of the same root. 1. a. The structure made, or the place selected, by a bird, in which to lay and incubate its eggs, and which serves as a shelter for its unfledged young. b. A place or structure used by animals or insects as an abode or lair, or in which their eggs, spawn, or young are deposited. c. A malformation on a tree, so called from its outward resemblance to a bird's nest. 2. a. A place in which a person (or personified thing) finds rest or has residence;

a lodging, shelter, home, bed, etc., esp. of a secluded or comfortable nature;

a snug retreat. b. A place in which a thing is lodged or deposited. c. A niche. d. Mil. An emplaced group of machine-guns. 3. a. A place in which persons of a certain class (esp. thieves, robbers, or pirates) have their usual residence or resort. b. A place or quarter in which some state of things, quality, etc. (esp. of a bad kind), is fostered or is prevalent;

a haunt of crime, vice, etc.

4. a. A number of birds, insects, or other animals, occupying the same nest or habitation;

a brood, swarm, colony. b. A number or collection of people, esp. of the same class or frequenting a common resort. 5. a. An accumulation or collection of similar objects. b. A number of buildings, or of narrow streets, lying in close proximity to one another. 6. a. A set or series of similar objects, esp. of such as are contained in the same receptacle, or are so made that each smaller one is enclosed in, or fits into, that which is next in size to it. b. A connected series of cogwheels or pulleys. 7. a. Min. An isolated deposit of a mineral or metal occurring in the midst of other formations. b. Path. A group of epithelial cells. NUMBER – The property in words of denoting that one, two, or more persons or things are spoken of;

the special form of a word by which this is expressed. I. 1. a. The precise sum or aggregate of any collection of individual things or persons. b. pl. The title of the fourth book in the Bible, the earlier part of which contains a census of the Israelites. c. A census or enumeration of persons. 2. A particular sum or aggregate of units, of a kind specified or implied in the context. 3. a. A sum or total of abstract units. b. In pl. as a subject of study or science. c. A symbol or figure, or collection of these, which represents graphically an arithmetical total;

a ticket or label bearing such signs. d. U.S. slang. Usu. in pl. An illegal form of gambling in which bets are taken on the occurrence of numbers in a lottery or in the financial columns of a newspaper. e. Austral. and N.Z. Elementary arithmetic taught to children in primary school. 4. The particular mark or symbol, having an arithmetical value, by which anything has a place assigned to it in a series. 5. Prefixed to a numeral, as number two or No. 2, for the purpose of designating things or persons by the place assigned to them in an arithmetical series. 6. a. A single (numbered) part or issue of a book or periodical, in numbers, in a series of separate parts published at intervals. b. A person designated by a certain number. c. One of a collection of songs or poems. d. A part or division of an opera, oratorio, etc. e. An item in a programme of musical entertainment. f. colloq. A person or thing. II. 7. a. The full tale or count of a collection, company, or class of persons. b. In contexts denoting inclusion in the particular company or collection of persons (or things) specified. c. The class or category of something. d. The body or aggregate of persons specified. e. Those forming a specified class;

also, the multitude, the common herd. 8. a. A (large, small, etc.) collection or company of persons or things. b. Without dependent genitive. 9. a. A certain (usu. a large or considerable) company, collection, or aggregate of persons or things, not precisely reckoned or counted. b. Without dependent genitive. c. Const. without of. 10. a. pl. A (great, infinite, etc.) multitude or aggregate of persons or things. b. Many (persons, etc.). c. In contexts denoting superiority or power derived from numerical preponderance. III. 11. a. That aspect of things which is involved in considering them as separate units of which one or more may be taken or distinguished. b. Geometrical figure. c. Proportion or comparison. d. Phren. The faculty of numbering or calculating. 12. In phrases denoting that persons, things, etc., have not been, or cannot be, counted. 13. A (great) collection, etc. IV. 14. Quantity, amount. 15. Conformity, in verse or music, to a certain regular beat or measure;

hence, lines, verses. c. A subdivision of a line. ONSET – 1) The movement of the speech-organs preparatory to, or at the start of, the articulation of a speech sound. 2) The initial part of a syllable;

the consonant or consonants at the beginning of a syllable.

1. a. An act of setting on or attacking (an enemy);

an attack, assault. b. (Without article.) Attack, assault. c. fig. An attack, as of an opponent in argument, etc., of calamity or disease. 2. The action, or an act, of beginning some operation;

beginning, commencement, start. PARTICIPLE – A word that partakes of the nature of a verb and an adjective (or 'noun adjective');

a derivative of a verb which has the function and construction of an adjective (qualifying a noun), while retaining some of those of the verb (e.g. tense, government of an object);

a verbal adjective. Formerly often reckoned a separate part of speech. 1. A person, animal, or thing that partakes of the nature of two or more different classes. 2. adj. Participating in the nature of two things or classes;

belonging partly to on e and partly to another. PAUSE – The break marking juncture, sometimes regarded as having phonemic status. 1. a. An act of stopping or ceasing for a short time in a course of action, esp. in speaking;

a short interval of inaction or silence;

an intermission;

sometimes spec. an intermission arising from doubt or uncertainty, a hesitation. b. (Without article.) Intermission, delay, waiting, hesitation, suspense. 2. a. spec. One of the intermissions, stops, or breaks made, according to the sense, in speaking or reading;

in Prosody, such a break occurring according to rule at aparticular point in a verse, a caesura;

also, a break of definite length in a verse, occupying the time of a syllable or number of syllables. 3. Mus. a. A character denoting an interval of silence;

a rest. b. The character or placed over or under a note or rest to indicate that its duration is to be lengthened indefinitely. PEAK – The most prominent sound in a syllable with regard to sonority. I. 1. a. A projecting point;

a pointed or tapering extremity;

a beak or bill. b. In specific applications: The projecting front of a head-dress, formerly esp. of a widow's hood. c. Any pointed projecting part of a garment or article of apparel. d. The point of a beard;

a pointed beard. e. The projecting part of the brim of a man's cap or the like. f. An advancing or retreating point formed by the hair on the forehead. 2. A promontory or point of land;

a headland. II. Lace;

also spec. a lace-ruff. III. Naut. a. The narrowed extremity of a ship's hold at the bow, the FOREPEAK;

also the corresponding part at the stern, the after-peak. b. 'The upper outer corner of those sails which are extended by a gaff;

also, the upper end of a gaff. Hence gaff peak, mizzen peak. c. The point at the end of a fluke of an anchor. IV. Later form of PIKE, as used of a mountain. 3. a. The pointed top of a mountain;

a mountain or hill having a more or less pointed summit, or of conical form. b. fig. Highest point, summit. c. transf. The pointed top of anything;

spec. one on a graph. d. 'The high sharp ridge-bone of the head of a setter-dog'. e. A highest point in a period of any varying quantity, as electric power, traffic flow, prices, etc.;

the time when this occurs;

a culminating point or climax. f. Surfing. The highest point of a wave. PERSON – Each of the three classes of personal pronouns, and corresponding distinctions in verbs, denoting or indicating respectively the person speaking (first person), the person spoken to (second person), and the person or thing spoken of (third person);

each of the different forms or inflexions expressing these distinctions. 1. A character sustained or assumed in a drama or the like, or in actual life;

part played;

hence function, office, capacity;

guise, semblance;

one of the characters in a play or story. 2. a. An individual human being;

a man, woman, or child. b. Emphatically, as distinguished from a thing, or from the lower animals. c. A man or woman of distinction or importance;

a personage. d. Used contemptuously or slightingly of a man. Also, of a woman. e. Young person: a young man or young woman, now esp. used of the latter, when the speaker does not desire to specify her position as 'girl', 'woman', or 'lady'. f. Used (a) as a substitute for MAN n.1 as second element in numerous Combs. relating to offices which may be held by a member of either sex, as chairperson, salesperson;

(b) with preceding defining word, as marketing person, and in other fanciful formations of this type, as henchperson. g. With defining word, as cat person, dog person, etc.: one who is characterized by a preference or liking for the thing specified;

a lover or enthusiast. 3. In general philosophical sense: A self-conscious or rational being. 4. a. The living body of a human being;

either (a) the actual body as distinct from clothing, etc., or from the mind or soul, (b) the body with its clothing and adornment as presented to the sight of others;

bodily frame or figure. Usually with of or possessive. b. (With qualifying adj.) A human (or quasi-human) being considered in reference to bodily figure or appearance;

a man or woman of (such and such) a figure. 5. a. The actual self or being of a man or woman;

individual personality. With of or possessive: his (own) person = himself';

your person = yourself, you person ally. Formerly often used by way of respect: b. Expressing bodily presence or action;

presence or action 'in person'. 6. Law. a. A human being (naturalperson) or body corporate or corporation (artificial person), having rights and duties recognized by the law. b. Euphemistically, the genitals. 7. Theol. Applied to the three distinctions, or modes of the divine being, in the Godhead (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) which together constitute the Trinity. 8. Zool. Each individual of a compound or 'colonial' organism, having a more or less independent life, and often specialized in form or function;

a zooid. PITCH – That quality of a musical sound which depends on the comparative rapidity of the vibrations producing it;

degree of acuteness or graveness of tone. I. Act or manner of pitching. 1. a. An act of setting, laying, or paying down;

concr. that which is laid or thrown down. b. An act of pitching or fixing upon a thing or place. 2. a. An act of plunging head-foremost. b. Aeronaut. and Astronautics. PITCHIN;

also, the extent of this motion;

angle of pitch, the angle between the plane containing the lateral axis and the relative wind and that containing the lateral and longitudinal axes.

3. The act of pitching or throwing underhand a. Cricket. The act or manner of pitching or delivering the ball in bowling, or the way in which it pitches or alights. b. Baseball. The act of pitching or serving the ball to the batter;

the right or turn to do this. c. Golf. The action of 'lofting' the ball up to the hole, or to the green. 4. slang. a. A talk, chat. b. Tendentious or persuasive acting or speech, esp. inflated or exaggerated sales-talk;

an instance of this, a 'line'. II. Something that is pitched, or used for pitching. 5. A net pitched or set for catching fish. 6. A quantity of something pitched. a. The quantity of hay, etc. thrown up by a pitchfork. b. The quantity of some particular commodity pitched or placed in a market for sale. 7. A paving stone;

esp. one set on edge, a 'sett'. III. Place of pitching. 8. gen. The place or point at or from which something is pitched. 9. a. A place at which one stations oneself or is stationed;

a portion of ground selected by or allotted to a person for residence,' business, or any occupation;

esp. a spot in a street or other public place at which a stall for the sale or display of something is pitched or set up, or at which a street performer, a bookmaker, etc. stations himself. b. A place or spot in a river where an angler takes his stand. 10. Agric. and Mining. A definite portion of a field, or of a mine, allotted to a particular workman. 11. Cricket. a. The place where the wickets are pitched;

the piece of ground between and about the wickets. b. In other outdoor games: the space on which the game is played;

the field, the ground. 12. fig. A position taken up and maintained;

a fixed opinion or resolution. IV. Highest point, height, etc. 13. The highest (or extreme) point, top, summit, apex, vertex. 14. A projecting point of some part of the body, as the shoulder, the hip. 15. The extreme point of a cape or headland, where it projects farthest into the sea.

16. a. The height to which a falcon or other bird of prey soars before swooping down on its prey;

rarely gen. the height to which any bird rises in the air. b. In directly figurative or allusive use. c. The height to which anything rises;

altitude, elevation. 17. fig. Highest or supreme point or degree;

acme, climax, greatest height. 18. Height (of a person or animal), stature. 19. Height of an arched roof, or of any roof or ceiling, above the floor, or of the vertex of an arch above the springing line. V. Height in a figurative sense, degree. 20. a. Comparative height or intensity of any quality or attribute;

point or position on an ideal scale;

degree, elevation, stage, status, level. Almost always used of a high or intense degree. 21. a. A particular standard of pitch for voices and instruments, as concert pitch, etc. b. transf. Applied to the degree of rapidity of vibration in light, etc., as being analogous to musical pitch. VI. Inclination, slope, declivity. 22. Degree of inclination to the horizon, slope;

a sloping part or place. spec. a. A downward inclination or slope (on a piece of ground or water);

a steep place, declivity;

a descent, usually sloping, sometimes perpendicular. b. Mining and Geol. The inclination of a vein of ore or seam of coal from the horizontal;

the dip or rise. c. Arch. The inclination of a sloping roof, or of the rafters, to the horizontal;

the steepness of slope of a roof;

the proportion of the height of a roof to its span. d. The slope of a flight of steps;

concr. a flight of steps. e. The setting of a ploughshare to enable it to penetrate a required depth. f. The rake or inclination of the teeth of a saw. g. The inclination of the bit of a plane to the surface that is being planed. e. A measure of the angle of the blades of a screw propeller, equal to the distance forward a blade would move in one revolution if it sliced the air so as not to exert thrust on it. POSITION – The situation of a vowel in an open or closed syllable;

spec, in Gr. and L. Prosody, the situation of a short vowel before two consonants or their equivalent, i.e. before a consonant in the same syllable, making the syllable metrically long, as in in-fer-ret-que, con-vex-i~= con-vec-si~.

1. The action of positing;

the laying down or statement of a proposition or thesis;

affirmation, affirmative assertion. Chiefly in Logic and Philos. 2. A proposition or thesis laid down or stated;

something posited;

a statement, assertion, tenet. 3. Arith. A method of finding the Value of an unknown quantity by positing or assuming one or more values for it, finding by how much the results differ from the actual data of the problem, and then adjusting the error. 4. The action of positing or placing, esp. in a particular order or arrangement;

disposition. 5. a. The manner in which a body as a whole, or the several parts of it, are disposed or arranged;

the way in which one looks upon or views a subject or question: often passing into the point of view which one occupies in reference to a subject. 6. Mus. The arrangement of the constituent notes of a chord, with respect to their order, or to the intervals between them. II. 7. a. The place occupied by a thing, or in which it is put;

situation, site, station. in position, in its (his, etc.) proper or appropriate place;

so out of position. b. Mil. A site chosen for occupation by an army, usually as having a strategic value. 8. fig. a. The situation which one metaphorically occupies in relation to others, to facts, or to circumstances;

condition. b. Place in the social scale;

social state or standing;

status;

rank, estate, spec in social position. c. An official situation, place, or employment. PREFIX – A verbal element placed before and joined to a word or stem to add to or qualify its meaning, or (in some languages) as an inflexional formative: strictly applied only to inseparable particles, but more loosely including also combining forms, and independent words, esp. prepositions and adverbs, used in combination All prefixes were originally distinct words, which have been reduced to one or two syllables, and sometimes to a single letter, as be- in be-fore, over- in over-ween, a-in a-rise, y- in yclept, etc. a. A title prefixed to a person's name, as Mr., Dr., Sir, Rev., Hon., Lord, etc. b.

A word placed at the beginning of the registered name of a pedigree animal, esp. a dog, to indicate the establishment in which it was bred. The act of prefixing. PREPOSITION – One of the Parts of Speech: an indeclinable word or particle serving to mark the relation between two notional words, the latter of which is usually a substantive or pronoun;

as, sow in hope, good for food, one for you, Stratford on Avon, late in time. The following n. or pron. is said to be 'governed' by the preposition, and in inflected languages stands in an oblique case. Originally, and still often, the term was applied also to the same words when combined as prefixes with verbs or other words, and to certain other particles of similar force which are used only in combination (inseparable prepositions). postpositive preposition (= POSTPOSITION 3), a word or particle, having the same function as a preposition, which follows its n., as 'he goes homewards';

L. 'domum versus', Ger. 'meinetwegen'. In English, when the object is an interrogative or relative pronoun, the verb follows this pronoun, and the preposition, instead of preceding the pronoun, often follows the verb, as Whom did you go with? the town that he lives in, the place (that) he came from. With the relative that no other construction is possible. 1. More widely: Any word or particle prefixed to another word;

a prefix. 2. a. The action of placing before;

the fact of being so placed;

position before or in front. b. Something placed before. 3. A setting forth;

a proposition or exposition. 4. pl. Premises. QUALITY – Manner of action, as denoted by an adverb;

good natural gifts. 2. a. A mental or moral attribute, trait, or characteristic;

a feature of one's character;

a habit. b. An accomplishment or attainment. c. Law. A special or characteristic feature.

3. a. Rank or position in. (a) society. b. concr. A body of persons of a certain rank. 4. a. Nobility, high birth or rank, good social position. b. concr. People of good social position. 5. a. Profession, occupation, business, esp. that of an actor. b. Fraternity;

those of the same profession;

esp. actors as a body. c. Party, side. 6. a. Title, description, character, capacity. b. A part or character (acted). II. Of things. 7. a. An attribute, property, special feature or characteristic. b. A manner, style. c. A habit;

a power or faculty. d. Concretely: A substance of a certain nature;

an essence. 8. a. The nature, kind, or character (of something). Now restricted to cases in which there is comparison (expressed or implied) with other things of the same kind;

hence, the degree or grade of excellence, etc. possessed by a thing. b. Nature, with reference to origin;

hence, cause, occasion. c. ellipt. for quality newspaper. 9. Without article: a. That aspect of things under which they are considered in thinking or speaking of their nature, condition, or properties. b. Peculiar excellence or superiority. 10. In special uses: a. Logic. Of propositions: The condition of being affirmative or negative. Of concepts: Comparative clearness or distinctness. b. Law. Of an estate: The manner in which it is to be held or enjoyed. c. Physics. That which distinguishes sounds quantitatively the same;

timbre. d. Engin. The proportion by weight of vapour in a mixture of vapour and the parent liquid. e. Radiology. The penetrating power of a beam of X-rays. f. The degree to which reproduced sound resembles the original;

fidelity. 11. A particular class, kind, or grade of anything, as determined by its quality. QUANTITY – Length or shortness of sounds or syllables, determined by the time required to pronounce them. Chiefly used with reference to Greek and Latin verse, in which the metres are based on quantity. 1. a. Size, magnitude, dimensions. In widest sense implying magnitude in three dimensions, but sometimes contextually limited to (a) thickness or stoutness, (b) extent of surface, area, (c) linear extension, length, height. b. A dimension. c. An amount equal to the volume of. 2. Amount, sum. a. Of material things not subject to, or not usually estimated by, spatial measurement. b. Of immaterial things. c. Of money, payment, etc. d. Number, numbers. 3. a. Length or duration in time. Now only in the legal phrase quantity of estate, the length of time during which the right of enjoyment of an estate is to continue. b. Mus. Length or duration of notes. In the most abstract sense, esp. as the subject of mathematics: That property of things which is involved in the questions 'how great?' or 'how much?' and is determinable, or regarded as being so, by measurement of some kind. 4. Logic. a. The extension or intension of a term, distinguished as extensive and intensive quantity. b. The degree of extension which a proposition gives to the term forming its subject, and according to which it is said to be universal, particular, singular, and indefinite ox indeterminate. 5. Relative or proportional size or amount, proportion. 6. Great or considerable amount or bulk. II. 7. a. A (specified) portion or amount of an article or commodity. b. An indefinite (usually a fair or considerable) portion or amount;

a small piece, fragment. c. With def. article: The portion or amount (of something) present in a particular thing or instance. 8. A specified, or indefinite, number of persons or things. 9. A certain space or surface;

a portion of something having superficial extent. 10. Math. A tiling having quantity;

a figure or symbol standing for such a thing. RISE – An increase of pitch in a tone or voice. I. 1. The act, on the part of a hare, of finally rising to return to its form. 2. a. A spring or bound upwards;

esp. one made with the help of a run at the outset of a long leap. b. A start or aid towards rising in a leap;

a place from which to rise or soar.

3. The coming of the sun (moon, or planets) above the horizon;

hence also, the region of sunrise, the east. 4. a. Upward movement;

ascent;

transference to a higher level. b. Capacity for or power of rising. c. Cricket. The upward movement of a ball after pitching. d. Theatr. The raising of the curtain at the beginning of a scene. 5. a. Elevation in fortune or rank. b. An occasion or means of rising (in fortune or rank). c. Upward course;

advance towards a flourishing or prosperous condition, etc. 6. Angling. The movement of a fish to the surface of the water to take a fly or bait;

an instance of this. 7. The act of rising from the dead, or from some condition. 8. A revolt, rising. II. 9. a. A piece of rising grounds a hill. b. A long, broad, gently sloping elevation rising from the sea bed, esp. that at the edge of a continental shelf. 10. a. An upward slope or direction, esp. of strata, coal-beds, veins of ore, etc. b. Mining. An excavation or working on the up side of a shaft. 11. a. The vertical height of a step, an arch, an inclined surface or object, etc., measured from the base or springing-line to the highest point. b. The pitch of a screw. 12. A flight of steps. III. 13. An increase in height of the sea, streams, or water, by tides, floods, etc., or of a liquid in a vessel;

the amount of this increase. 14. a. An increase in amount. b. An advance in wages or salary. 15. An increase in the value or price of a thing. IV. 16. An origin or source;

a beginning;

a start. 17. An occasion;

a ground or basis. 18. The act of coming into existence or notice. ROOT – One of those ultimate elements of a language, that cannot be further analysed, and form the base of its vocabulary;

a primary word or form from which others are derived. 1. That part of a plant or tree which is normally below the earth's surface;

in Bar., the descending axis of a plant, tree, or shoot, developed from the radicle, and serving to attach the plant to and convey nourishment from the soil, with or without subsidiary rootlets or fibres. 2. The permanent underground stock of a plant from which the stems or leaves are periodically produced. 3. a. The underground part of a plant used for eating or in medicine;

now spec. in Agric., one of a fleshy nature, as the turnip or carrot, and by extension, any plant of this kind. b. With defining words c. U.S. dial. A spell effected by the supposedly magical properties of certain roots. 4. a. The imbedded or basal portion of the hair, tongue, teeth, fingers, nails, or other members or structures of the body. b. The more or less 'muddy' base of a crystal or gem, esp. of an emerald. c. That part of anything by or at which it is united to something else. 5. a. The bottom or base of something material;

esp. the foot of a hill. b. The bottom of the groove of a screw thread. II. 6. a. The source or origin of some quality, condition, tendency, etc. b. Predicated of persons or material things. 7. a. A source of some quality, etc.;

esp. a virtue or vice giving rise to some. 8. a. A person or family forming the source of a lineage, kindred, or line of descendants. b. A scion, offshoot. 9. a. That upon or by which a person or thing is established or supported;

the basis upon which anything rests. b. Of qualities, esp. with reference to their hold upon persons. 10. a. The bottom or real basis, the inner or essential part, of anything. b. The bottom of the heart, in various figurative uses. 11. Math. a. A number, quantity, or dimension, which, when multiplied by itself a requisite number of times, produces a given expression. b. The value or values of an unknown quantity which will satisfy a given equation. c. A unique node or vertex of a graph from which every other node can be reached. 12. a. Miscellaneous senses of uncertain affinity. b. Austral. coarse slang. An act of sexual intercourse.

RULE – A principle regulating or determining the form or position of words in a sentence. In modern Linguistics, usu. applied to any one of a system of rules that can be formulated in such a way that together they describe all the features of a language. I. 1. a. A principle, regulation, or maxim governing individual conduct. b. Const. of some quality or principle. c. transf: Applied to a person or thing. 2. The code of discipline or body of regulations observed by a religious order or congregation. 3. a. A principle regulating practice or procedure;

a fixed and dominating custom or habit. b. A regulation determining the methods or course of a game or the like 4. Law. a. An order made by a judge or court, the application of which is limited to the case in connexion with which it is granted. b. A formal order or regulation governing the procedure or decisions of a court of law;

an enunciation or doctrine forming part of the common law, or having the force of law. 5. a. A regulation framed or adopted by a corporate body, public or private, for governing its conduct and that pf its members. b. Rules Committee, a committee of a house of a U.S. federal or state legislature responsible for expediting the passage of bills. c. Followed by a number or letter: a particular regulation imposed by an institution 6. a. the rules, a defined area in the neighbourhood of certain prisons, esp. those of the Fleet and King's Bench, within which certain prisoners, esp. debtors, were permitted to live on giving proper security. b. The freedom of these bounds or 'rules'. on rule, allowed to live in the rules. II. 7. a. A principle regulating the procedure or method necessary to be observed. b. Coupled with the name of the discoverer or expounder. Math. A prescribed method or process for finding unknown numbers or values, or solving particular problems. 8. Without article in preceding senses. III. 9. A standard of discrimination or estimation;

a criterion, test, canon.

10. A fact (or the statement of one) which holds generally good;

that which is normally the case. IV. 11. good (or right) rule, good order and discipline;

a settled, well-regulated state or condition. 12. a. Conduct, behaviour, manner of acting. b. Breeding, upbringing. c. Misrule, disorder, stir, riot. 13. Control, government, sway, dominion. 14. The control or government of a person or thing. 15. The control, management, government, etc. of something. V. 16. a. A graduated strip of metal or wood (marked with feet, inches, etc.) used for measuring length, esp. by carpenters and masons. b. Without article, freq. coupled with line or measure. 17. a. Array, marshalled order or line. 18. A straight line drawn on paper, esp. for the writing of music. 19. Typog. a. A thin slip of metal (usually brass) used for separating headings, columns of type, articles, etc., and in ornamental work;

also a dash short or long in type-metal, thus - (en rule) or thus - (em rule), used in punctuation, etc. b. Without article (brass rule), as a material. c. A composing- or setting-rule. SENTENCE – The verbal expression of a proposition, question, command, оr request, containing normally a subject and a predicate (though either of these may be omitted by ellipsis). In grammatical use, though not in popular language, a 'sentence' may consist оf a single word, as in L. algeo 'I am cold', where the subject (= I) is expressed bу the ending of the verb. English grammarians usually recognize three classes: simple sentences, complex sentences (which contain one or more subordinate clauses), and compound sentences (which have more than one subject or predicate). 1. Way of thinking, opinion. 2. The opinion pronounced by a person on some particular question, usually, one on which he is consulted or which is being deliberated upon. 3. An authoritative decision;

a judgement pronounced by a tribunal. a. spec. = sentence of excommunication. b. gen. The judgement or decision of a court in any civil or criminal cause. c. The judicial determination of the punishment to be inflicted on a convicted criminal. 4. a. A quoted saying of some eminent person. b. In generalized use: Aphoristic speech, sententiousness. 5. An indefinite portion of a discourse or writing;

a 'passage'. 6. a. A series of words in connected speech or writing, forming the grammatically complete expression of a single thought;

in popular use often, such a portion of a composition or utterance as extends from one full stop to another. b. Music. A complete idea, usually consisting of two or four phrases. c. Logic. A correctly ordered series of signs or symbols that expresses a proposition in an artificial or logical language. 7. The thought or meaning expressed, as distinguished from the wording;

the sense, substance, or gist (of a passage, a book, etc.). 8. Intelligence, insight, sound judgement. SERIES – 1) In the Indogermanic languages, a set of vowels, or of diphthongs and vowels or sonants, which are mutually related by ablaut. 2) A number of consonantal phonemes characterized by one and the same articulation will be said to form a 'series' if their other characteristic articulations can be located at different points along the air channel. I. General senses. 1. A number or set of material things of one kind ranged in a line, either contiguously or at more or less regular intervals;

a range or continued spatial succession of similar objects;

fin early use applied to a row of building. 2. a. A number of things of one kind (chiefly immaterial, as events, actions, conditions, periods of time) following one another in temporal succession, or in the order of discourse or reasoning. b. A number of persons in succession holding the same office or having some characteristic in common. c. A catalogue, list. 3. a. A succession, sequence, or continued course. b. A continued state or spell. 4. The connected sequence. 5. Order of succession;

sequence.

6. A number of magnitudes, degrees of some attribute, or the like, viewed as capable of being enumerated in a progressive order. II. Technical senses. 7. Math. A set of terms in succession (finite or infinite in number) the value of each of which is determined by its ordinal position according to a definite rule known as the law of the series. 8. A set of coins, medals, etc. belonging to a particular epoch, locality, dynasty, or government. 9. a. A set of literary compositions having certain features in common, published successively or intended to be read in sequence;

a succession of volumes or fascicules (of a periodical, the publications of a society, etc.) forming a set by itself. b. A set of radio or television programmes concerned with the same theme or having the same range of characters and broadcast in sequence. 10. Nat. Sci. A group of individuals exhibiting similar characteristics or a constant relation between successive members. 11. Geol. a. A set of successive deposits or group of successive formations having certain common fossil or mineral features. Also used for any assemblage of successive, usu. conformable, strata. b. Any group of rocks having similar forms of occurrence and petrographical characteristics. 12. Electr. and Magn. A number of wires of different metals each connected with the preceding. Chiefly as in series: in Electr. also said of circuit components connected together so as to form a single electrical path between two points. 13. A parcel of rough diamonds of assorted qualities. 14. Chem. A set of related elements or compounds, esp. a group or period of the periodic table, or a number of compounds differing successively in composition by a fixed amount. 15. A set of alloys or minerals having the same chemical composition except for the relative proportions of two elements that can replace one another. 16. a. Baseball. A set of games played on successive days between two teams. b. Cricket. A set of Test matches between two: sides on any one tour.

17. Physics. A set of lines in a spectrum whose frequencies are mathematically related in a fairly simple way. 18. Soil Sci. A group of soils which are derived from the same parent material and are similar in profile, though not necessarily in the texture of the surface horizon. 19. Mus. The arrangement of the twelve-tone chromatic scale which is used as the starting-point of a piece of SERIAL music. 20. Eccl. With a specifying number: a designation of one of the alternative experimental forms of service used within the Church of England since 1965. These rites were replaced in 1980 by those printed in the Alternative Service Book. STYLE – Writing;

manner of writing (hence also of speaking). I. Stylus, pin, stalk. 1. a. Antiq. An instrument made of metal, bone, etc., having one end sharppointed for incising letters on a wax tablet, and the other flat and broad for smoothing the tablet and erasing what is written. b. Used as a weapon of offence, for stabbing, etc. c. fig., or as a symbol of literary composition. 2. An engraving-tool;

a graver. 3. A pointed instrument used for marking. 4. Surg. A blunt-pointed probe. 5. A hard point for tracing, in manifold writing;

the marking-point in a telegraph or phonograph. 6. gen. A fixed pointer, pin, or finger for indicating a point or position. 7. a. The pin, rod, or triangular plate which forms the gnomon of a sun-dial. b. defined as a line. 8. Bot. A narrowed prolongation of the ovary, which, when present, supports the stigma at its apex. 9. But. a. A slender bristle-like process in the anal region. b. The bristle or seta of the antenna of a dipter. 10. Zool. a. A small slender pointed process or part;

a stylet. b. A sponge-spicule pointed at one end. 11. A post, stake.

12. a. A written work or works;

literary composition. b. An inscription or legend. c. An entry, clause, or section in a legal document. 13. a. The manner of expression characteristic of a particular writer, or of a literary group or period;

a writer's mode of expression considered in regard to clearness, effectiveness, beauty, and the like. b. Used for: A good, choice or fine style. 14. In generalized sense: Those features of literary composition which belong to form and expression rather than to the substance of the thought or matter expressed. 15. A manner of discourse, or tone of speaking, adopted in addressing others or in ordinary conversation. A form of words, phrase, or formula, by which a particular idea or thought is expressed. 16. a. Scots Law. The authorized form for drawing up a deed or instrument. b. In generalized sense: Legal technicality of language or construction. 17. a. A legal, official, or honorific title;

the proper name or recognized appellation of a person, family, trading firm, etc.;

the ceremonial designation of a sovereign, including his various titles and the enumeration of his dominions. b. gen. Any distinguishing or qualifying title, appellation, or denomination. III. Manner, fashion. 18. a. A method or custom of performing actions or functions, esp. one sanctioned by usage or law. b. A particular manner of life or behaviour. c. Outward demeanour. 19. Condition with regard to external circumstances. 20. a. A particular mode or form of skilled construction, execution, or production;

the manner in which a work of art is executed, regarded as characteristic of the individual artist, or of his time and place;

one of the modes recognized in a particular art as suitable for the production of beautiful or skilful work. b. In generalized sense. Often used for: Beauty or loftiness of style. c. A definite type of architecture, distinguished by special characteristics of structure or ornamentation. d. Printing. The rules and methods, in regard to typography, display, etc., observed in a particular printing-office. 21. a. A kind, sort, or type, as determined by manner of composition or construction, or by outward appearance. b. transf. Said predicatively of a person or thing: What suits (a person's) taste;

the 'sort' that (a person or set of persons) would choose or approve. 22. a. Manner of executing a task or performing an action or operation. b. Used for: Good or fine style. 23. a. A mode of deportment or behaviour;

a mode or fashion of life, esp. in regard to expense, display, etc. b. Used for: Fashionable air, appearance, deportment, etc. 24. A particular mode or fashion of costume. 25. A person's characteristic bearing, demeanour, or manner. IV. 26. A mode of expressing dates. SUBJECT – The member or part of a sentence denoting that concerning which something is predicated (i.e. of which a statement is made, a question asked, or a desire expressed);

a word or group of words setting forth that which is spoken about and constituting the 'nominative' to a finite verb. I. 1. a. One who is under the dominion of a monarch or reigning prince;

one who owes allegiance to a government or ruling power, is subject to its laws, and enjoys its protection. b. collect. sing. The subjects of a realm. 2. a. One who is bound to a superior by an obligation to pay allegiance, service, or tribute;

spec. a feudal inferior or tenant;

a vassal, retainer;

a dependant, subordinate;

an inferior. b. One who owes allegiance or obedience to a spiritual superior. c. One who is under the spiritual oversight or charge of a parish priest;

one of a 'curate's' parishioners. 3. a. A person (rarely, a thing) that is in the control or under the dominion of another;

one who owes obedience to another. 4. Law. a. A thing over which a right is exercised. b. Sc. A piece of property. c. Considered as the object of an agreement. II. 5. The substance of which a thing consists or from which it is made. 6. Philos. a.The substance in which accidents or attributes inhere. b. A thing having real independent existence.

7. Logic. a. That which has attributes;

the thing about which a judgement is made. b. The term or part of a proposition of which the predicate is affirmed or denied. 8. Modern Philos. The mind, as the 'subject' in which ideas inhere;

that to which all mental representations or operations are attributed;

the thinking or cognizing agent;

the self or ego. III. 9. The subject-matter of an art or science. 10. a. A thing affording matter for action of a specified kind;

a ground, motive, or cause. b. That which can be drawn upon or utilized, means of doing something, 11. a. That which is or may be acted or operated upon;