Background: The Caribbean pillar coral Dendrogyra cylindrus was recently listed as a threatened species under the United States
Endangered Species Act. One of the major threats to this species is its low, virtually undetectable recruitment rate. To our
knowledge, sexually-produced recruits have never been found in over 30 years of surveys of Caribbean reefs. Until recently,
the reproductive behavior of D. cylindrus was uncharacterized, limiting efforts to study its early life history, identify
population bottlenecks, and conduct outplanting projects with sexually-produced offspring. In Curaçao, we observed the spawning
behavior of this species over three years and five lunar cycles. We collected gametes from spawning individuals on three occasions
and attempted to rear larvae and primary polyp settlers.Results: Here we describe successful fertilization methods for
D. cylindrus and we document rapid embryonic development. We describe the successful propagation of embryos to the swimming
larvae stage, the first settlement of larvae in the laboratory, and the survival of primary polyp settlers for over seven
months. We show that spawning times are highly predictable from year to year relative to the lunar cycle and local sunset
times. We use colony-level data to confirm that males begin spawning before females. We also provide the first reports of
split-spawning across months in this species.Conclusions: Together, our findings of consistent spawning times, split-spawning,
rapid embryonic development, and remarkable robustness of larvae and settlers now enable expanded research on the early life
history and settlement ecology of D. cylindrus. This will help biologists to identify the population bottlenecks in nature
that underlie low recruitment rates. Further, the settlement of D. cylindrus larvae in the laboratory now makes out-planting
for restoration more feasible. Asynchronous spawning times and rapid embryonic development may have important consequences
for population biology, connectivity, and management, by affecting fertilization dynamics and larval dispersal distances.
We argue that a precautionary approach to conservation is warranted, given this species’ peculiar life history traits and
still-unresolved population structure. Overall, the natural history and husbandry contributions presented here should facilitate
accelerated research and conservation of this threatened coral.

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