LiNbO3 (Lithium Niobate Crystal)

Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) is widely used as electro-optic modulator
and Q-switch for Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF and Ti:Sapphire lasers as well as modulator for
fiber optics, etc. The transverse modulation is mostly employed for
LiNbO3 crystal.

If a
LiNbO3 with specifications listed in the following
Table is used as Q-switch crystal, i.e., the light propagates in z-axis and
electric field applies to x-axis, the refractive retardation will be
Γ=лLnr22V/λd. The electro-optic coefficients of LiNbO3 are: r33 = 32 pm/V, r31 = 10 pm/V, r22 = 6.8 pm/V at low frequency and
r33 = 31 pm/V, r31 = 8.6 pm/V, r22 = 3.4 pm/V at high electric
frequency.