Retrieved 17 June Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 28 October Le Tour de France: Le Populaire in French.

Archives municipales de Nantes. Determinants of Success at the Tour de France". Journal of Sports Economics. Archived from the original on 13 July Retrieved 21 July Archived from the original on 3 May Archived from the original on 24 September The Tour de France: University of California Press.

Parc des Princes — Part of the Grand Tour. Retrieved from " https: CS1 Dutch-language sources nl CS1: Views Read Edit View history. The procession sets off two hours before the start and then regroups to precede the riders by an hour and a half.

Vehicles travel in groups of five. Their position is logged by GPS and from an aircraft and organised on the road by the caravan director—Jean-Pierre Lachaud [n 9] —an assistant, three motorcyclists, two radio technicians, and a breakdown and medical crew.

The first three Tours from — stayed within France. No teams from Italy, Germany, or Spain rode in because of tensions preceding the Second World War after German assistance to the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War it was widely expected Spain would join Germany in a European war, though this did not come to pass.

Henri Desgrange planned a Tour for , after war had started but before France had been invaded. The route, approved by military authorities, included a route along the Maginot Line.

The first German team after the war was in , although individual Germans had ridden in mixed teams. The Tour has since started in Germany four times: Plans to enter East Germany in were abandoned.

It would be difficult to find accommodation for 4, people, he said. Our movement, which is nationalist and in favour of self-government, would be delighted if the Tour came to Corsica.

Most stages are in mainland France, although since the mids it has become common to visit nearby countries: The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside France: The race was founded to increase sales of a floundering newspaper and its editor, Desgrange, saw no reason to allow rival publications to profit.

The Tour was shown first on cinema newsreels a day or more after the event. They used telephone lines. The first television pictures were shown a day after a stage.

The national TV channel used two 16mm cameras, a Jeep, and a motorbike. Film was flown or taken by train to Paris. It was edited there and shown the following day.

The first live broadcast, and the second of any sport in France, was the finish at the Parc des Princes in Paris on 25 July The first live coverage from the side of the road was from the Aubisque on 8 July Proposals to cover the whole race were abandoned in after objections from regional newspapers whose editors feared the competition.

In the first mountain climbs were broadcast live on television for the first time, [] and in helicopters were first used for the television coverage.

The leading television commentator in France was a former rider, Robert Chapatte. At first he was the only commentator. He was joined in following seasons by an analyst for the mountain stages and by a commentator following the competitors by motorcycle.

Competition between channels raised the broadcasting fees paid to the organisers from 1. The two largest channels to stay in public ownership, Antenne 2 and FR3 , combined to offer more coverage than its private rival, TF1.

The two stations, renamed France 2 and France 3, still hold the domestic rights and provide pictures for broadcasters around the world.

The stations use a staff of with four helicopters, two aircraft, two motorcycles, 35 other vehicles including trucks, and 20 podium cameras. Domestic television covers the most important stages of the Tour, such as those in the mountains, from mid-morning until early evening.

The biggest stages are shown live from start to end, followed by interviews with riders and others and features such an edited version of the stage seen from beside a team manager following and advising riders from his car.

Radio covers the race in updates throughout the day, particularly on the national news channel, France Info , and some stations provide continuous commentary on long wave.

The Tour was the first to be broadcast in the United States. This led directly to an increase in global popularity of the event.

The Tour is an important cultural event for fans in Europe. Millions [] line the route, some having camped for a week to get the best view.

Crowds flanking the course are reminiscent of the community festivals that are part of another form of cycle racing in a different country — the Isle of Man TT.

The book sold six million copies by the time of the first Tour de France, [] the biggest selling book of 19th-century France other than the Bible.

Patrick Le Gall made Chacun son Tour In , three films chronicled a team. By following their quest for the points classification, won by Cooke, the film looks at the working of the brain.

It was directed by Bayley Silleck, who was nominated for an Academy Award for documentary short subject in for Cosmic Voyage. Vive Le Tour by Louis Malle is an minute short of This minute documentary has no narration and relies on sights and sounds of the Tour.

After the Tour de France there are criteria in the Netherlands and Belgium. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their heroes , from the Tour de France, race.

The budget of a criterium is over , Euro, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big-name riders earn between 20 and 60 thousand euros per race in start money.

Allegations of doping have plagued the Tour almost since Early riders consumed alcohol and used ether , to dull the pain. In , the "Tour of Shame", Willy Voet , soigneur for the Festina team, was arrested with erythropoietin EPO , growth hormones , testosterone and amphetamine.

Police raided team hotels and found products in the possession of the cycling team TVM. Riders went on strike. After mediation by director Jean-Marie Leblanc , police limited their tactics and riders continued.

Some riders had dropped out and only 96 finished the race. It became clear in a trial that management and health officials of the Festina team had organised the doping.

Further measures were introduced by race organisers and the UCI , including more frequent testing and tests for blood doping transfusions and EPO use.

In , Philippe Gaumont said doping was endemic to his Cofidis team. In the same year, Jesus Manzano , a rider with the Kelme team, alleged he had been forced by his team to use banned substances.

Doping controversy has surrounded Lance Armstrong , who until the invalidation of his 7 victories was the most successful and arguably most prominent athlete to compete in the Tour, generating tremendous publicity for the Tour and the sport of cycling with his comeback from cancer and his charity Livestrong , which has raised hundreds of millions of dollars to support cancer survivors.

He said he had used skin cream containing triamcinolone to treat saddle sores. Favourites such as Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were banned by their teams a day before the start.

Seventeen riders were implicated. American rider Floyd Landis , who finished the Tour as holder of the overall lead, had tested positive for testosterone after he won stage 17, but this was not confirmed until some two weeks after the race finished.

Following his plea that other cyclists admit to drugs, former winner Bjarne Riis admitted in Copenhagen on 25 May that he used EPO regularly from to , including when he won the Tour.

His Cofidis team pulled out. The same day, leader Michael Rasmussen was removed for "violating internal team rules" by missing random tests on 9 May and 28 June.

Rasmussen claimed to have been in Mexico. After winning the Tour de France , it was announced that Alberto Contador had tested positive for low levels of clenbuterol on 21 July rest day.

One rider has been King of the Mountains , won the combination classification, combativity award, the points competition, and the Tour in the same year— Eddy Merckx in , which was also the first year he participated.

Twice the Tour was won by a racer who never wore the yellow jersey until the race was over. In , Jan Janssen of the Netherlands secured his win in the individual time trial on the last day.

The Tour has been won three times by racers who led the general classification on the first stage and holding the lead all the way to Paris.

Ottavio Bottecchia completed a GC start-to-finish sweep in And in , Nicolas Frantz held the GC for the entire race, and at the end, the podium consisted solely of members of his racing team.

While no one has equalled this feat since , four times a racer has taken over the GC lead on the second stage and carried that lead all the way to Paris.

It is worth noting that Jacques Anquetil predicted he would wear the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification from start to finish in , which he did.

That year, the first day had two stages, the first part from Rouen to Versailles and the second part from Versailles to Versailles. No yellow jersey was awarded after the first part, and at the end of the day Anquetil was in yellow.

The most appearances have been by Sylvain Chavanel , who rode his 18th and final Tour in Of these 16 Tours Zoetemelk came in the top five 11 times, a record, finished second 6 times, a record, and won the Tour de France.

In the early years of the Tour, cyclists rode individually, and were sometimes forbidden to ride together. This led to large gaps between the winner and the number two.

Since the cyclists now tend to stay together in a peloton , the margins of the winner have become smaller, as the difference usually originates from time trials, breakaways or on mountain top finishes, or from being left behind the peloton.

The smallest margins between the winner and the second placed cyclists at the end of the Tour is 8 seconds between winner Greg LeMond and Laurent Fignon in The largest margin, by comparison, remains that of the first Tour in Three riders have won 8 stages in a single year: The fastest massed-start stage was in from Laval to Blois The longest successful post-war breakaway by a single rider was by Albert Bourlon in the Tour de France.

This is one of the biggest time gaps but not the greatest. In , Wiggins was joined by Geraint Thomas as the only Tour de France champions to have won an Olympic gold medal in a velodrome ; they were both on the team which won the Team Pursuit Gold Medal at the Beijing Olympics.

Four riders have won five times: Indurain achieved the mark with a record five consecutive wins. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the French national multi-day bicycle stage race.

For other uses, see Tour de France disambiguation. For other uses, see Tour disambiguation. List of Tour de France general classification winners.

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. General classification in the Tour de France.

List of Tour de France general classification winners and Yellow jersey statistics. Mountains classification in the Tour de France. Points classification in the Tour de France.

List of professional cyclists who died during a race. Tour de France records and statistics and Yellow jersey statistics. De Dion was a gentlemanly but outspoken man who already wrote columns for Le Figaro , Le Matin and others.

He was also rich and could afford to indulge his whims, which included founding Le Nain Jaune the yellow gnome , a publication that " Giffard was the first to suggest a race that lasted several days, new to cycling but established practice in car racing.

Unlike other cycle races, it would also be run largely without pacers. His position as editor depended on raising sales. That would happen if the Tour succeeded.

The second rider Paige was 1 minute behind Garin. Garin was now the first GC leader and was given a green armband to wear. The yellow jersey was not introduced until Jean Fischer become the first rider to be caught cheating.

He had used a car as pacer, which was illegal. There is no record of what if any penalty was imposed on him. In the second stage, Aucouturier had recovered from his stomach cramps won the sprint.

In the third stage, the cyclists who were competing for the general classification started one hour earlier than the other cyclists.

Aucouturier finished 27 minutes later, but this meant that he had run the course 33 minutes faster, so he was declared the winner of the stage.

Garin retained the lead. In the fourth stage, Aucouturier had a clear lead and seemed set to win a third successive stage, but was caught using the slipstream of a car, and was thrown off the race.

The Swiss rider Charles Laeser took the victory, becoming the first non-French winner. As in the third stage, the cyclists departed in two groups, and Laeser was in the second group because he was no longer contending for the general classification.

Laeser finished more than 50 minutes after a group of six cyclists, but he had travelled the distance 4 minutes faster than them, so he was declared the winner.

Garin now had a lead of almost 2 hours over the second placed rider, Emile Georget.

Garin took his third stage win, and sealed overall victory by 2 hours 59 minutes 31 seconds: In , there was no distinction in the rules between plain stages and mountain stages; the icons shown here indicate whether the stage included mountains.

There were 21 cyclists who had completed all six stages. For these cyclists, the times taken for each stage were added up for the general classification.

The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the winner. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together.

The cyclists had also become national heroes. Maurice Garin returned for the Tour de France but his title defence failed when he was disqualified.

Media related to Tour de France at Wikimedia Commons. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For a more comprehensive list, see List of cyclists in the Tour de France.

Archived from the original on 4 May Retrieved 24 March Maurice Garin wint eerste Tour" in Dutch. Basic Research in Cardiology. Retrieved 27 January The Story of the Tour de France.

Retrieved 29 December Retrieved 17 June Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 28 October Le Tour de France: Le Populaire in French.

Archives municipales de Nantes. Determinants of Success at the Tour de France". Originally the classification was restricted to neo-professionals — riders that are in their first three years of professional racing — until In , the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification.

In , the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today. This classification was added to the Tour de France in the edition , with Francesco Moser being the first to win the classification after placing seventh overall.

The Tour de France awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification, although this was not done between and Two riders have won the young rider classification three times in their respective careers: Jan Ullrich and Andy Schleck.

The most combative rider wears a number printed white-on-red instead of black-on-white next day. An award goes to the most aggressive rider throughout the Tour.

It was initially not awarded every year, but since it has been given annually. Eddy Merckx has the most wins 4 for the overall award.

The competition does not have its own jersey but since the leading team has worn numbers printed black-on-yellow. Until , the leading team would wear yellow caps.

As of , the riders of the leading team wear yellow helmets. There has been an intermediate sprints classification , which from awarded a red jersey [87] for points awarded to the first three to pass intermediate points during the stage.

These sprints also scored points towards the points classification and bonuses towards the general classification. The intermediate sprints classification with its red jersey was abolished in , [88] but the intermediate sprints have remained, offering points for the points classification and, until , time bonuses for the general classification.

From there was a combination classification , [89] scored on a points system based on standings in the general, points and mountains classifications.

The design was originally white, then a patchwork with areas resembling each individual jersey design. This was also abolished in The rider who has taken most time is called the lanterne rouge red lantern, as in the red light at the back of a vehicle so it can be seen in the dark and in past years sometimes carried a small red light beneath his saddle.

Such was sympathy that he could command higher fees in the races that previously followed the Tour. In and the organisers excluded the last rider every day, to encourage more competitive racing.

Prize money has always been awarded. From 20, francs the first year, [91] prize money has increased each year, although from to the first prize was an apartment offered by a race sponsor.

The first prize in was a car, a studio-apartment, a work of art, and , francs in cash. Prizes only in cash returned in Prizes and bonuses are awarded for daily placings and final placings at the end of the race.

The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , in memory of the founder of the Tour, is awarded to the first rider over the Col du Galibier where his monument stands, [93] or to the first rider over the highest col in the Tour.

The first prologue was in The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage, more recently often the penultimate stage. This stage rarely challenges the leader because it is flat and the leader usually has too much time in hand to be denied.

But in , Pedro Delgado broke away on the Champs to challenge the second lead held by Stephen Roche. He and Roche finished in the peloton and Roche won the Tour.

In the last stage was a time trial. During the Tour de France it was the scene of a Riders complained of abusive spectators who threatened their progress up the climb.

Another notable mountain stage frequently featured climbs the Col du Tourmalet , the most visited mountain in the history of the Tour.

Col du Galibier is the most visited mountain in the Alps. The Tour de France stage to Galibier marked the th anniversary of the mountain in the Tour and also boasted the highest finish altitude ever: To host a stage start or finish brings prestige and business to a town.

In director Christian Prudhomme said that "in general, for a period of five years we have the Tour start outside France three times and within France twice.

With the switch to the use of national teams in , the costs of accommodating riders fell to the organizers instead of the sponsors and Henri Desgrange raised the money by allowing advertisers to precede the race.

The procession of often colourfully decorated trucks and cars became known as the publicity caravan. It formalised an existing situation, companies having started to follow the race.

The first to sign to precede the Tour was the chocolate company, Menier , one of those who had followed the race. Preceding the race was more attractive to advertisers because spectators gathered by the road long before the race or could be attracted from their houses.

Advertisers following the race found that many who had watched the race had already gone home. The caravan was at its height between and the mids, before television and especially television advertising was established in France.

Advertisers competed to attract public attention. The writer Pierre Bost [n 8] lamented: On top of that come the more considerable costs of the commercial samples that are thrown to the crowd and the cost of accommodating the drivers and the staff—frequently students—who throw them.

The number of items has been estimated at 11 million, each person in the procession giving out 3, to 5, items a day. Together, they weighed 32 tonnes 31 long tons; 35 short tons.

Numbers vary but there are normally around vehicles each year. Their order on the road is established by contract, the leading vehicles belonging to the largest sponsors.

The procession sets off two hours before the start and then regroups to precede the riders by an hour and a half. Vehicles travel in groups of five.

Their position is logged by GPS and from an aircraft and organised on the road by the caravan director—Jean-Pierre Lachaud [n 9] —an assistant, three motorcyclists, two radio technicians, and a breakdown and medical crew.

The first three Tours from — stayed within France. No teams from Italy, Germany, or Spain rode in because of tensions preceding the Second World War after German assistance to the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War it was widely expected Spain would join Germany in a European war, though this did not come to pass.

Henri Desgrange planned a Tour for , after war had started but before France had been invaded. The route, approved by military authorities, included a route along the Maginot Line.

The first German team after the war was in , although individual Germans had ridden in mixed teams. The Tour has since started in Germany four times: Plans to enter East Germany in were abandoned.

It would be difficult to find accommodation for 4, people, he said. Our movement, which is nationalist and in favour of self-government, would be delighted if the Tour came to Corsica.

Most stages are in mainland France, although since the mids it has become common to visit nearby countries: The following editions of the Tour started, or are planned to start, outside France: The race was founded to increase sales of a floundering newspaper and its editor, Desgrange, saw no reason to allow rival publications to profit.

The Tour was shown first on cinema newsreels a day or more after the event. They used telephone lines. The first television pictures were shown a day after a stage.

The national TV channel used two 16mm cameras, a Jeep, and a motorbike. Film was flown or taken by train to Paris.

It was edited there and shown the following day. The first live broadcast, and the second of any sport in France, was the finish at the Parc des Princes in Paris on 25 July The first live coverage from the side of the road was from the Aubisque on 8 July Proposals to cover the whole race were abandoned in after objections from regional newspapers whose editors feared the competition.

In the first mountain climbs were broadcast live on television for the first time, [] and in helicopters were first used for the television coverage.

The leading television commentator in France was a former rider, Robert Chapatte. At first he was the only commentator.

He was joined in following seasons by an analyst for the mountain stages and by a commentator following the competitors by motorcycle.

Competition between channels raised the broadcasting fees paid to the organisers from 1. The two largest channels to stay in public ownership, Antenne 2 and FR3 , combined to offer more coverage than its private rival, TF1.

The two stations, renamed France 2 and France 3, still hold the domestic rights and provide pictures for broadcasters around the world.

The stations use a staff of with four helicopters, two aircraft, two motorcycles, 35 other vehicles including trucks, and 20 podium cameras. Domestic television covers the most important stages of the Tour, such as those in the mountains, from mid-morning until early evening.

The biggest stages are shown live from start to end, followed by interviews with riders and others and features such an edited version of the stage seen from beside a team manager following and advising riders from his car.

Radio covers the race in updates throughout the day, particularly on the national news channel, France Info , and some stations provide continuous commentary on long wave.

The Tour was the first to be broadcast in the United States. This led directly to an increase in global popularity of the event. The Tour is an important cultural event for fans in Europe.

Millions [] line the route, some having camped for a week to get the best view. Crowds flanking the course are reminiscent of the community festivals that are part of another form of cycle racing in a different country — the Isle of Man TT.

The book sold six million copies by the time of the first Tour de France, [] the biggest selling book of 19th-century France other than the Bible.

Patrick Le Gall made Chacun son Tour In , three films chronicled a team. By following their quest for the points classification, won by Cooke, the film looks at the working of the brain.

It was directed by Bayley Silleck, who was nominated for an Academy Award for documentary short subject in for Cosmic Voyage. Vive Le Tour by Louis Malle is an minute short of This minute documentary has no narration and relies on sights and sounds of the Tour.

After the Tour de France there are criteria in the Netherlands and Belgium. These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their heroes , from the Tour de France, race.

The budget of a criterium is over , Euro, with most of the money going to the riders. Jersey winners or big-name riders earn between 20 and 60 thousand euros per race in start money.

Allegations of doping have plagued the Tour almost since Early riders consumed alcohol and used ether , to dull the pain.

In , the "Tour of Shame", Willy Voet , soigneur for the Festina team, was arrested with erythropoietin EPO , growth hormones , testosterone and amphetamine.

Police raided team hotels and found products in the possession of the cycling team TVM. Riders went on strike. After mediation by director Jean-Marie Leblanc , police limited their tactics and riders continued.

Some riders had dropped out and only 96 finished the race. It became clear in a trial that management and health officials of the Festina team had organised the doping.

Further measures were introduced by race organisers and the UCI , including more frequent testing and tests for blood doping transfusions and EPO use.

In , Philippe Gaumont said doping was endemic to his Cofidis team. In the same year, Jesus Manzano , a rider with the Kelme team, alleged he had been forced by his team to use banned substances.

Doping controversy has surrounded Lance Armstrong , who until the invalidation of his 7 victories was the most successful and arguably most prominent athlete to compete in the Tour, generating tremendous publicity for the Tour and the sport of cycling with his comeback from cancer and his charity Livestrong , which has raised hundreds of millions of dollars to support cancer survivors.

He said he had used skin cream containing triamcinolone to treat saddle sores. Favourites such as Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were banned by their teams a day before the start.

Seventeen riders were implicated. American rider Floyd Landis , who finished the Tour as holder of the overall lead, had tested positive for testosterone after he won stage 17, but this was not confirmed until some two weeks after the race finished.

Following his plea that other cyclists admit to drugs, former winner Bjarne Riis admitted in Copenhagen on 25 May that he used EPO regularly from to , including when he won the Tour.

His Cofidis team pulled out. The same day, leader Michael Rasmussen was removed for "violating internal team rules" by missing random tests on 9 May and 28 June.

Rasmussen claimed to have been in Mexico. After winning the Tour de France , it was announced that Alberto Contador had tested positive for low levels of clenbuterol on 21 July rest day.

One rider has been King of the Mountains , won the combination classification, combativity award, the points competition, and the Tour in the same year— Eddy Merckx in , which was also the first year he participated.

Twice the Tour was won by a racer who never wore the yellow jersey until the race was over. In , Jan Janssen of the Netherlands secured his win in the individual time trial on the last day.

The Tour has been won three times by racers who led the general classification on the first stage and holding the lead all the way to Paris.

Ottavio Bottecchia completed a GC start-to-finish sweep in And in , Nicolas Frantz held the GC for the entire race, and at the end, the podium consisted solely of members of his racing team.

Tour De France 1903 Video

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