They reinforce the notion that the state we desire comes from something outside us

10,000 years ago

Paleontologists believe that humans cultivated the cannabis or jarijuana plant and he opium poppy contemporaneously with the rise of aggriculture over _______

Essentialist

Definition delineates the “objective”, reality of drugs

Constructionist

Definition delineates the “Subjective” reality of drugs

Three relevant contexts for drugs

Medical utility; psychoactivity; illegality

Drug

A substance that is used to treat or heal the body or mind
Or, any substance that is psychoactive, that has an effect on the mind.

Pharmacology

the study of the effect of drugs on biological organisms; the scientists who study the effects of drugs are called “pharmacologists”

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effect of drugs specifically on the brain, that is, on the mind.

Psychoactivity

A psychoactive substance is one that affects the working of the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal column) and thus influences thinking, mood, feeling, sensation, emotion- and, as consequence, behavior as well.

weed, coca leaves, shrooms, peyote, opium
ancient and tribal societies use mind-altering drugs tended to take place either in a religious and ceremonial context or as medicine
The distillation of alcoholic beverages, resulting in the production of liquor

Transformative era

18th & 19th centuries
the key was that a new substance was created from the natural plant product by means of a chemical extraction

Synethetic era

Early 20th century
Scientist began to create drugs entirely from chemicals not found in nature
“pharmacological revolution”

Drug action

Specific and takes place at the molecular level.
The outcome of chemicals that interact with the body’s neurochemical system

Drug effect

Nonspecific and more highly variable, and result from more than a given dose of a particular drug.

Neurons

Nerve cells, that send electrical impulses or signals from one part of the body to another.

Neurotransmitters

When neurons send signals, they release chemicals that are conducted from one site or locus to another. These chemicals, called ______ , ac as chemical messengers.

Receptors

At the end of each neuron are ______;

Synapse

between the receptor of one neuron and the receptor of the one next to it is a microscopic space called a synapse

The Acute-Chronic Distinction

“Acute” effects
“Chronic” effects

“Acute” effects

short term effects of a drug, those that take place within the period of its administration and during the immediate aftermath of a single episode of use

“Chronic” effects

Long term effects, those that occur after the continued use of one or more drugs.(direct and indirect effects) indirect being the effects caused not by the drug itself but by the circumstances of use(ex. contaminated needles)

Metabolites

the chemical by-product of drugs

Intravenous administration (IV)

injecting directly into the vein a liquid solution into which a drug has been mixed is called _____
Only drugs that dissolve in water can be injected this way

Subcutaneously

Injecting IV under the skin

Intramuscularly

injecting IV directly into a muscle
Rather than into a vein are much slower and more inefficient routes of administration

Intranasally

Snortin that shiznit

Purity

refers to the fact that batches containing the same drug will vary in the percentage of the drug they contain

argues that the media consciously and purposely serve the interests of the ruling elite.

Hegemony (or institutional dominance) as part of the Ruling Elite Theory

mainstream society, including representatives of the media, has been socialized to accept the ruling elite’s version of truth

Money machine theory

argues that owners of newspapers and television stations are interested in the bottom line, not political indoctrination

Grassroot theory

argues that the press responds to the biases of the public at large by reporting stories in ways that are appealing to their readership as a whole

Proffessional subculture theory

argues that the media approach the events of the day according to the distinct norm, expectations and ethics of practitioners of the profession of journalism

Sensationalism

most directly relavent bias, to stories on drugs, intending to amaze, thrill, or excite intense reactions through the use of exaggerated, superficial, or lurid elements

Criminogenic effect

New drugs are overhyped and attributed with causing violence and crime

Triangulation

term researchers use to refer to using two or more sources of information to focus on a single phenomenon

Multiple confirmation

If triangulation results in the multiple data sources agreeing, researchers call this ___________

Descriptive statistics

describe what something is like in quantitative terms0that is, in the form of numbers

Inferential statistics

attempt to measure cause-and-effect relationships between and among 2 or more factors or vairables

2/3

arrestees who test positive for drugs

Judgmental heuristic

The public bases its notion of the frequency of a given behavior not on logic or systematic evidence but on “rules of thumb” hat are both commonsensical and illusory. Congnitive psychologists, refer to these “rules of thumb” as ___________

Availability heuristic

The most relevant of the judgemental heuristic that distort our reasoning ability.

“availability” is a mental process that mistakenly tells us that what sticks in our minds is more common than something that takes more effort to recall; people tend to exaggerate the frequency of phenomenon that come readily to mind.

Absolute alcohol

refers to the volume of ethanol or
absolute” alcohol that is contained in a given alcoholic beverage.

Volstead act 1920

made it illegal to manufacture or sell alcoholic beverages anywhere in the United States.

Retrospective estimates

projections backwards in time, based on the respondant’s age and the age at which he or she began using one or more drugs.

cannabinoids

of the 400 chemicals in a cannabis plant, 61 of them, can not be found anywhere else, called_________

pharmacological school

the hypothesis or approach that argues that the properties of drugs dictate drug related behavior-for instance, the belief that the use of marijuana automatically “leads to” the use and abuse of harder drugs

Sociocultural school

An explanation of drug use that argues that drug-related behavior is influenced by the norms users acquire through contact with specific social circles or groups. Thus, this school would argue that the “stepping-stone” theory is false because the progression from marijuana to harder drugs is a product not of the effects of marijuana-using social circles

Predisposition school

The arguement that the explanation for the connection between drug addiction and criminal behavior is that the kinds of people who are likely to engage in compulsive drug-taking behavior are also the kinds of people who are likely to engage in criminal behavior

eititic imagery

eyeball movies

synesthesia

mixing of senses

Sensory overload

A consequence of taking a psychedelic drug; being bombarded by an excess of stimuli as a resulut of being incapable of filtering out those that are relevant.

Empathogen

Ecstacy, a category in itself

Disassociative anesthetic

Drugs that have the capacity both to reduce the perception of pain and to generate a psychological state that makes the user feel removed from the reality of the immediate setting; examples include PCP and ketamine

Benzodiazepines

A category of sedative drugs that includes Valium and Ativan; commonmly referred to as “tranquilizers” or anti-anxiety agents.

Pure food and drug act

prohibitied interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food and drugs

Shanhia Commision

AKA The International Opium Commision; convened representatives from 13 countries
The American delegation presented evidence demonstrating the evils of narcotics, but the lack of national American drug bans “embarrassed the commision officials

Marijuana tax act

Three provisions:
1. “a requirement that all manufacturers, dealers, and practitioners register and pay special occupational tax.
2. “a requirement that all transactions be accomplished through use of written forms”
3. “the imposition of a tax on all transfers in the amount of 1$/per ounce for transfer to registered persons and a prohibitive 100$/ounce for tranfer to unregistered persons”