Characterization of Real-driving emissions in the city of Sofia

The Sofia Development Association and the Sofia Municipal Council, hired Opus RSE in 2017 to
perform a study of the real on-road emissions in the city of Sofia. The city wanted to understand the real emissions of its vehicles, which type of vehicles are more
problematic and which city locations are worst, in terms of traffic emissions.

For this project, Opus RSE partnered with Kapsch, one of the most imporant mobility solutions
companies in Europe.

Opus RSE measured thousands of vehicles at various locations within the urban area of Sofia city. The information was analyzed in detail by the consulting team of Opus RSE, to make a deep
study of the emissions of the vehicles measured in Sofia. The emissions were studied by vehicle brand, fuel type, location, weather, driving conditions, day and time, etc.

Thanks to this study, the Sofia Municipal Council could obtain a real characterization of the traffic emissions in the city.

Awareness campaign

Opus not only captured the emissions, but also carried out a social awareness campaign with the Sofia Municipal Council.

A propietary Smart Sign Led panel of Opus RSE was deployed on the side of the road. Just when the driver passed by the RSD equipment, the Smart Sign informed the driver of
his/her exhaust emissions. This notification was done in real-time, with a comprenhensive semaphore-like alert:

Good / Ok / Bad

This action complements the emissions analysis, raising social awareness about the importance of having a car that is as environmentally friendly as possible. The smart sign messages can be
customized for each customer.

Location

The measurements were done in different sites within the urban area of Sofia. Opus RSE team first did a scouting work, analyzing the traffic flow and cars characteristics at different
potential sites. Thanks to this pre-study, the field campaign could be done smoothly and a good characterization of emissions was achieve.

FIELD CAMPAIGN

Results

The study showed that Sofia's vehicles are quite old, with an average age of more than 10 years. In addition, half of the fleet are gasoline vehicles, a much higher percentage than in more
western European countries.

It was found that the average emissions of all pollutants (CO, HC, NOx and PM) are higher in Sofia than in western Europe. Similarlly, it was demonstrated that the fleet surpassed by far the
Euro Standard emissions limits in all pollutants, especially gasoline cars. And even if most modern cars have lower emissions than oldest vehicles, many of them were found to surpass as well the
emissions limits they were recently homologated for.

Finally, it is important to remark that few vehicles contaminate too much. Less than 7% of vehicles contribute to more than 20% of total fleet emissions. We call these vehicles high emitters
(HE), and in the case of Sofia, all of them were gasoline cars.