True Televisions have the CRT Tube !!
Welcome to the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum. Here you will see a TV Museum showing many Old Tube Television sets
all with the CRT Tube, B/W ,color, Digital, and 100HZ Scan rate, Tubes technology. This is the opportunity on the WEB to see, one more time, what real technology WAS ! In the mean time watch some crappy lcd picture around shop centers (but don't buy them, or money lost, they're already broken when new) !!!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

In Brief: On this site you will find pictures and information about some of the electronic, electrical and electrotechnical technology relics that the Frank Sharp Private museum has accumulated over the years .

Premise: There are lots of vintage electrical and electronic items that have not survived well or even completely disappeared and forgotten.

Or are not being collected nowadays in proportion to their significance or prevalence in their heyday, this is bad and the main part of the death land. The heavy, ugly sarcophagus; models with few endearing qualities, devices that have some over-riding disadvantage to ownership such as heavy weight,toxicity or inflated value when dismantled, tend to be under-represented by all but the most comprehensive collections and museums. They get relegated to the bottom of the wants list, derided as 'more trouble than they are worth', or just forgotten entirely. As a result, I started to notice gaps in the current representation of the history of electronic and electrical technology to the interested member of the public.

Following this idea around a bit, convinced me that a collection of the peculiar alone could not hope to survive on its own merits, but a museum that gave equal display space to the popular and the unpopular, would bring things to the attention of the average person that he has previously passed by or been shielded from. It's a matter of culture. From this, the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum concept developed and all my other things too. It's an open platform for all electrical Electronic TV technology to have its few, but NOT last, moments of fame in a working, hand-on environment. We'll never own Colossus or Faraday's first transformer, but I can show things that you can't see at the Science Museum, and let you play with things that the Smithsonian can't allow people to touch, because my remit is different.

There was a society once that was the polar opposite of our disposable, junk society. A whole nation was built on the idea of placing quality before quantity in all things. The goal was not “more and newer,” but “better and higher" .This attitude was reflected not only in the manufacturing of material goods, but also in the realms of art and architecture, as well as in the social fabric of everyday life. The goal was for each new cohort of children to stand on a higher level than the preceding cohort: they were to be healthier, stronger, more intelligent, and more vibrant in every way.

The society that prioritized human, social and material quality is a Winner. Truly, it is the high point of all Western civilization. Consequently, its defeat meant the defeat of civilization itself.

Today, the West is headed for the abyss. For the ultimate fate of our disposable society is for that society itself to be disposed of. And this will happen sooner, rather than later.

OLD, but ORIGINAL, Well made, Funny, Not remotely controlled............. and not Made in CHINA.

How to use the site:

- If you landed here via any Search Engine, you will get what you searched for and you can search more using the search this blog feature provided by Google. You can visit more posts scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year,or you can click on the main photo-page to start from the main page. Doing so it starts from the most recent post to the older post simple clicking on the Older Post button on the bottom of each page after reading , post after post.

You can even visit all posts, time to time, when reaching the bottom end of each page and click on the Older Post button.

- If you arrived here at the main page via bookmark you can visit all the site scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year pointing were you want , or more simple You can even visit all blog posts, from newer to older, clicking at the end of each bottom page on the Older Post button.So you can see all the blog/site content surfing all pages in it.

- The search this blog feature provided by Google is a real search engine. If you're pointing particular things it will search IT for you; or you can place a brand name in the search query at your choice and visit all results page by page. It's useful since the content of the site is very large.

Note that if you don't find what you searched for, try it after a period of time; the site is a never ending job !

Every CRT Television saved let revive knowledge, thoughts, moments of the past life which will never return again.........

Many contemporary "televisions" (more correctly named as displays) would not have this level of staying power, many would ware out or require major services within just five years or less and of course, there is that perennial bug bear of planned obsolescence where components are deliberately designed to fail and, or manufactured with limited edition specificities..... and without considering........picture......sound........quality........

Thursday, July 26, 2012

GRUNDIG P1423/16 YEAR 1982.

The GRUNDIG P1423/16 is a portable 14 inches B/W television with 8+8 programs preselection keyboard and manual potentiometric tuning search system. (was called by GRUNDIG "Preomat")

This kind of tuning system was called by GRUNDIG the " PREOMAT " which in further models was featured electronically television receiving apparatus including a presettable tuner having a plurality of plunger-actuated, frequency-determining, elements with which the operator can select desired VHF and UHF stations. The actuating elements are normally concealed behind a control panel door, and the door is so constructed that portions thereof define a plurality of deflectable keys any one of which may be depressed to engage and operate an underlying tuning element. The door, including the keys, may be moved to open position to accommodate presetting of desired frequency channels. This invention provides for placement of all of the plungers behind a door which covers the control panel area of the cabinet, and it is the general object of our invention to provide novel door structure which is movable to an open position affording ready access to the control means for presetting purposes, and which door structure includes a panel defining a plurality of key members carried by the door in such a way that each key member normally lies substantially in the plane of the door panel and is depressable to a position, out of said plane, in which it actuates its corresponding plunger and adjusts the tuner to one of the channels which have been preselected. In achievement of this general objective, we prefer to divide the main panel of the door into a frame portion and to slot remaining panel portions in a direction generally perpendicular to the panel frame portion, to provide a plurality of individual keys fixed at one side to the panel frame and free to be deflected with respect to the panel, preferably out of the plane of the latter. In such apparatus the door serves not only as a means to cover the controls, but also as a means for actuating the same. This tuning apparatus is known in the art, and apparatus suitable for use as the aforesaid switching and frequency determining device is available, for example, from Prehelektrofeinmechanische Werke, of Bad Neustadt, West Germany, being identified as Model No. P-12/12 and designated PREOMAT.

The set was allowing even power from a 12volt source and wasn't heavy.Recently, it has become more popular than ever to watch TV in a car as
the number of cars increases. In general, a storage battery of 12 volts
is used in small cars while one of 24 volts is used in large cars so
that there is a disadvantage that a separate power supply device is
required for driving a TV set in compliance with the respective battery
used in the car. The present invention relates to a power supply circuit of a television
receiver used in an automobile, and in particular to a power supply
circuit of a television receiver which enables two different voltages
from two kinds of supply respectively mains at 220v and dc 12v.

It has a Transistorized horizontal deflection circuits made up of a
horizontal switching or output transistor, a diode, one or more
capacitors and a deflection winding. The output transistor, operating as
a switch, is driven by a horizontal rate square wave signal and
conducts during a portion of the horizontal trace interval. A diode,
connected in parallel with the transistor, conducts during the remainder
of the trace interval. A retrace capacitor and the deflection yoke
winding are coupled in parallel across the transistor-diode combination.
Energy is transferred into and out of the deflection winding via the
diode and output transistor during the trace interval and via the
retrace capacitor during the retrace interval.
In some television
receivers, the collector of the horizontal output transistor is coupled
to the B+ power supply through the primary windings of the high voltage
transformer.

- Last B/W portable models series from GRUNDIG.

Grundig AG is (WAS) a German manufacturer of
consumer electronics for home entertainment which transferred
to Turkish control in the period 2004-2007. Established in
1945 in Nuremberg, Germany by Max Grundig the company changed
hands several times before becoming part of the Turkish Koç
Holding group. In 2007, after buying control of the Grundig
brand, Koc renamed its Beko Elektronikwhite goods
and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has
decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009

Max Grundig(7
May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company
Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of
West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German
“Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).

GRUNDIG Early years

Max
Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early,
so Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16,
Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the
time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the
family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In
1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for
radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon
Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By
1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.

GRUNDIG Success after World War II

Max
Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15,
1945, Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers
at Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the
war era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global
company at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon
manufactured tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject
to a licence, Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that
would allow anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was
sold as a “toy” called “Heinzelmann”.

Following
the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under
the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the
expanding mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European
manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of
audio tape recorders.

Grundig
became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s
portfolio also included the production and distribution of television
sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a
shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the
company was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more
than 38,000 people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from
the ruins of the war.

GRUNDIG and the rules are changing
In
the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market
for consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from
Japan and later other countries of the Far East entered the world
market. Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had
developed the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS
succeeded on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in
the field of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing
the video standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer
electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979,
Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor
Philips, and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the
ownership of the Grundig companies, which would be completed two
decades later.

Max Grundig died
on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name continues to be
known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand for innovative
consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in Germany as a
dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.

Max GRUNDIG: Born on 7 May 1908 in the Denis Street 3 in Nuremberg
workers
district Gostenhof Parents of "Magaziners" or warehouse worker Max
Emil and his wife Marie. The enlargement of the family through the
birth of three sisters require in the aftermath several moves within
Nuremberg.
In 1920, his father died unexpectedly at the
consequences of an appendectomy. The already poor family is financially
worse rapidly. This is followed by further moves into ever smaller and
cheaper housing. Max Grundig starts in April 1922 commercial
apprenticeship at the installation company Jean Hilpert in Nuremberg.
His interest lies in the crafting of radios, a hobby, the early 1920s
was indulged by tech-savvy youngsters often. But Max Grundig tinkering
not only simple radios, but also more complex technical equipment such
as image receiver.(Photos refering to
Father and Mother of Max GRUNDIG.) (Above Max GRUNDIG as child)

After
the end of his teaching is Max Grundig 1927 Head of a new branch of
the company in Fürth Hilpert and supervised by commercial side of the
installation work of the under construction Municipal Hospital Fürth. In
May 1928 and in October 1930 Grundig also occurs on a radio dealer and
take part in an event organized by Workers' Radio Association Germany
on the occasion of Fürth Kirchweih 1930 radios exhibition. A first
marriage in 1929 held only briefly. From her daughter Inge comes.
Following
the closure of Fürth Branch company Hilpert for the finished
installation works at the hospital, Max Grundig together with Karl
Wurzer, who was funders primarily, on 15 November 1930 as a radio dealer
in Sternstraße 4 in Fürth independently. Today this street
Ludwig-Erhard-Straße is, since there - was directly opposite the first
by Max Grundig Radio Load - - the business of the parents of the future
economy minister and Chancellor Ludwig Erhard (1977 1897).
His
radio action called Max Grundig "Radio Sales Fürth" short RVF. On June
21, 1934, a procession of RVF in the Schwabacher Straße carried 1. The
partnership Karl Wurzer is paid, Max Grundig is now the sole owner. In
addition to selling and repairing radios Grundig starts construction of
transformers. In 1938, he is Sales millionaire. In the same year he
married the singer and manufacturer's daughter Annelie Jorgensen. The
marriage remains childless.
During
the Second World War Grundig continues its production of small
transformers continued on a larger scale in the Fürth suburb Vach, where
he rents rooms in three inns. He himself is in 1941 drafted into the
army, some time must remain as a corporal in Paris, but shortly before
his entire company is reassigned to the East - also because of its
possibilities, to provide supervisors with radios - "indispensable" (uk)
provided and forwards Fuerth his company to continue the war.

On
18 May 1945, the US Army occupied the suburb Vach. Grundig's stock
will not be plundered, neither of German or foreign looters nor by the
US military because the workforce that consists partly of Ukrainian
slave laborers, has a sign "Off limits" - "no trespassing" - at the
door, protects the company. In June 1945, Grundig rented a factory
building in the Jakobinenstraße 24 in Fürth. are manufactured now
transformers and measuring instruments: The tube tester "Tubatest" and
the fault locator "Nova Test". The commercial license is replaced by
the Radio-sales Fürth on 7 November 1945. In December 1945, Grundig has
42 employees.

On April 10, 1946 Max Grundig starts own production of radios. His first instrument is the "Heinzelmann"
This radio can also complete as a kit or under the hand, but are
always acquired without tubes. But the tubes are widely available on
the black markets of the early postwar years. Since a wireless without
tubes per se is not operational, allowing the American military
government Max Grundig, "no quota", ie without limitation in quantity,
produce radio and distribute. With the mass sale of "Heinzelmann" Max
Grundig creates the basis for further economic success of the company
as a manufacturing company after the Second World War.
As of
August 1, 1946 is the company "RVF - Electrotechnical Factory".
Beginning in March 1947, work began in the Kurgartenstraße 37 in
Fuerth, the later main plant of the company Grundig. On 7 July 1948
re-naming of the company is carried out in "Grundig radio-Werk GmbH".
As of spring 1948, the superhit radio "Weltklang" comes on the market.
In February 1949, the 100,000th Wireless is already prepared. In the
same year built a Grundig FM radio stations trying to prepare for the
introduction of the ultra-short wave on 15 March 1950. In December 1949
the company Grundig counts 1,600 employees.

In May
1951 Max Grundig acquires Lumophon radio stations in Nuremberg and
Georgensgmünd and integrates them into its "Grundig radio-Werke GmbH".
In September and October 1951, he is with a purpose-built television
station Directorate building his company in Fürth the first public
television broadcasts in Southern Germany. he produced 94 televisions
this year. The production of tape recorders starts 1951st
1954
lets Max Grundig his first dictation machine, the "Stenorette" build.
In 1957 he buys the office machine manufacturer Triumph-Adler in
Nuremberg and Adler in Frankfurt that remain until 1968 in his
possession. In 1958 he founds the Grundig Bank in Fürth. In the same
year, with the introduction of the transistor instead of the Radio
tube, penetrate the first Japanese companies like Sony in the European
and German market, initially still in the lowest price segment. 1960
Grundig has 16,495 employees.

The 1960s are marked by
the further expansion of the company: Grundig is the biggest radio
manufacturer in Europe. In 1961 he acquired a large area in
Nuremberg-Langwasser, on the 1963 first tape recorders are produced. In other parts of Germany companies to buy or newly built shortly afterwards in Italy and Austria.
1964
leads the Dutch company Philips in tape recorders, the compact
cassette CC and thus the cassette recorder, and it initially in the
lower price range. The leader Grundig countered in 1965 with the
cassette system DC International, but can not prevail.
After
1967, the beginning of color television initially causes a strong boom
in the production of related hardware. This results not only in their
own country overcapacity, but the Japanese competition suppressed due
to lower wages and production costs at the same time always noticeable
with affordable devices on the European and German market.
1969
bring the company Philips and Grundig together the first video recorder
for home appliances on the market. It is still a tape machine. But
soon the world led the struggle for the enforcement of various video
cassette systems begins.

In 1970, Grundig has
approximately 25,000 employees. This year, Max Grundig builds to his
company. He built on 22 February 1970, the "Max Grundig Foundation",
added on 12 March 1970, the "Grundig-family club". The Max Grundig
Foundation is now the sole owner. In addition, on 1 April 1972, the
"Grundig-Werke GmbH" in a corporation, the "Grundig AG" converted. The
foundation holds about 94% of the capital.
From 1970, the
television production is relocated to Nuremberg-Langwasser. The
expectations regarding equipment sales for the 1972 Olympic Games in
Munich true. With the Super-Color TVs a new product range is presented
in a modular design. In Nuremberg-Langwasser, daily production reached 1,200 color TV.
1977
founds the Grundig "Hotel Management Max Grundig Foundation". The
Hotel Forsthaus Fuerth and Hotel Fuschl near Salzburg to buy. A year
later Grundig donates 30 million DM for the "Grundig Academy of
Economics and Technology", which serves the training of professionals
and executives. 1978 produced in Langwasser also a new VCR plant.
Increasingly
Max Grundig is weakened by illness, repeated he needs surgery. The
European consumer electronics industry is committed to strategies
against existing overcapacity and the growing economic influence of
companies from the Far East. In Europe, these are mainly the French
state company Thomson-Brandt, the Dutch company Philips and Grundig.
The
cooperation with the Dutch company Philips thickens in the VCR
production. In 1979 share swaps. Philips makes 24.5% of the shares of
Grundig AG, Grundig 6% of Philips and is thereby the largest single
shareholder.

1979 achieved the Grundig AG with 38,460 employees worldwide
their personal peak. The company has 31 plants, nine branches with 20
branches and three Werksvertretungen, eight sales companies and 200
worldwide export missions. Also, sales continue to rise. But the profit
is shrinking. In 1981, the Grundig AG writes first losses. After
divorcing his second wife Annelie Max Grundig marries 1980, the French
woman Chantal Girard. In the same year the daughter Marie was born.
1982
at the presentation of "Eduard Rhein honor ring" and before the
European Commission, presents Max Grundig be EURO concept, the united
front of the European consumer electronics market to Japanese
companies: "Acting together, jointly produce, market share". But he can
not prevail. Too much stalking and distrusts you also mutually in the
European broadcasting industry. And Japan is not the only competitor.
An agreement between the companies Grundig and Thomson-Brandt, which is
scheduled also built in 1982, can - among other things due to the
resistance of the Bundeskartellamt and because the company Philips is
involved in Grundig - not be implemented.
On 26 March 1984 Philips
increased its share of Grundig AG by 7.1% to 31.6%. In April 1984, the
Federal Cartel Office approved the merger of Grundig and Philips under
the condition that Grundig sells its voice recorders range. New CEO of
Grundig AG is the Dutchman Hermanus Koning on April 1 (1924 - 1998).
From 1984 to 1998, the Dutch have entrepreneurial saying. Max Grundig
receives for his departure from the company, among other things a
guaranteed 20-year-income annual return of 50 million marks.
Not
quite voluntarily leaving Max Grundig the company he has built up and
which bears his name. But there can be only one boss. 1985 must Grundig
also his top job at the Grundig-Bank ad, which is sold to a Swiss
institute.
Grundig expands its hotel ownership, 1986, he acquired the luxury hotel "Bühlerhöhe", which he renovated at great expense. On 8 December 1989 Max Grundig dies. Under great public participation he will be buried in Baden-Baden.

After
a brief economic boom as a result of German reunification takes place
until 1991 a rapid decline of the company Grundig. Between 1992 and
1996 the Grundig Group makes almost two billion marks loss. The number
of employees decreased from 16,250 to 8,580 employees.
1998, the
Philips Group withdraws. According to its own description Philips has
been paying 1.5 billion marks. A consortium of banks and insurance
companies under the leadership of the antenna manufacturer Kathrein,
the personally liable partners of Kathrein Werke KG, takes on 18
December 1998 the Grundig AG.

In 2000 and 2001, the
company headquarters and the remaining departments of Fürth be routed
to Nuremberg. But Grundig continues to make losses. On 1 April 2003,
Grundig AG announces insolvency.
2004 Turkey company Beko
electronics in Istanbul, belonging to the Turkish Koc Holding, together
with the British company Alba Radio Ltd. accepts the division consumer
electronics. This company is now called "Grundig Intermedia". Both
companies each own fifty percent of "Grundig Multimedia B.V.", which is
a holding full ownership of Grundig Intermedia GmbH. In addition,
proceeds from the office equipment division as buy-out the company
"Grundig Business Systems" produced. The car radio range is taken from
the Delphi Corporation, the activities of the former Grundig range
satellites for "Grundig SAT Systems GmbH".
In October 2006 and
January 2007, two production lines for TV at Grundig Elektronik in
Istanbul are put into operation. On 18 December 2007, Koç Group acquires
through its subsidiary Arçelik A.S. the shares of Alba plc. And that
is the sole owner of Grundig Multimedia B.V. or the Grundig Intermedia
GmbH. The development area in Nuremberg closes the end of 2008 as part
of an ending in 2009 the restructuring process. When Grundig
headquarters in Nuremberg with around 140 employees Sales, marketing,
communications, design, quality assurance, customer service and the
office staff remain. The Turkish Grundig Intermedia GmbH is now divided
into six product areas: TV, Audio, HiFi, "Personal Care", "Floor Care"
and kitchen appliances.

The Radio Museum in Fürth,
located in the former Directorate of Max Grundig, shows in addition to
the history of the development of broadcasting in Germany and the
corporate and entrepreneurial story of Max Grundig, the man who the
radio and television development in Germany after the Second World War
three has for decades dominated the market leader.

He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.

Early history

The
history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment
of a store named Fuerth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF),
which sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized
the need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit,
while a factory and administration centre were under
construction at Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were
manufactured at the new facility with the company and the
surrounding area growing rapidly. At the time Grundig was the
largest radio manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg,
Frankfurt and Karlsruhe were set up.

Grundig in Belfast

A
plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig
outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas
Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional
IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of
around 1000 jobs in 1980.

Philips takeover

In
1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips
began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the
course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993.
Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to
unsatisfactory performance.

Later history

At
the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters
in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the
following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend
the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an
April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG
declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment
division to Thomson. In 2004 Britain's Alba plc and the Turkish Koc's Beko
jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's
consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
the business to Beko for US$50.3 million,although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.

................The Federal Republic of Germany: struggling to stay on its feet ?

For more than thirty years after the Second World War, consumerelectronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumerdemand for successive generations of new or modiﬁed products,such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, ofcourse, before the Second World War), black-and-white and thencolour television sets, hi-ﬁ equipment.” Among the largest WestEuropean states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per centof the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EECstates. The West German industry developed a strong exportorientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of WestGerman production was exported, and West Germany held a largershare of the world marltet than any other national industry apartfrom the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, andthe technology which later permitted the development of the videocassette recorder all originated in West Germany.

The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics
industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,
which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-
Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West
German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories
of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s
most proﬁtable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-
ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German
Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production
facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,
there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized
consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and
Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the
automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-
sidiaries of the ITT-owned ﬁrm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there
was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the
West German consumer electronics industry.

GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION

During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West Germanconsumer electronics industry began slowly to change and, by theend of the 19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered aguarantee for the continued prosperity or even survival of theGerman industry. The market for colour television sets wasincreasingly saturated——by 1978 56 per cent of all households inWest Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of allhouseholds possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978onwards, the West German market for colour television sets beganto contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to moreintense competition on the (declining) domestic market.

The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or

expanding output and profitability lay in their transition to the

manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,

that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,

the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so

that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the

overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product

segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in

conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while

the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured

according to one or the other of the two Japanese video

technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more

tightly in the grip of Japanese firms than any other segment of the

market. More than any other, this development accounted for the

growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in

the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production

declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the

domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of

exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs

as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants

were either shut down or—more frequently——taken over.

The relationship between the state and the consumer electronics
industry in the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s length’
kind which corresponded to the West German philosophy
of the ‘social market economy’. The state's role was confined largely
to ‘holding the ring’ for the firms and trying to ensure by means of
competition policy that mergers and take-overs did not enable any
single firm or group of firms to achieve a position of market
domination and suspend the ‘free play of market forces’.

The implementation of competition policy was the responsibility of the
Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be informed of any planned
mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have a turnover
exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than
2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in
its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any
existing, position of market domination.“

Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firmswhose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the CartelOffice may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to theFederal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant suchpermission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or‘macroeconomic beneﬁts’, which may relate to competitiveness onexport markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumerelectronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have nodemands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomicpolicies, it should provide a favourable business environment. Thissituation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, theJapanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the WestGerman industry into an even deeper crisis.

The Politics of European RestructuringThe burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also theother national consumer electronics industries in the EC in theearly 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organizedlabour) for protective intervention by the state——by the EuropeanCommunity as well as by its respective national Member States.The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politicsreflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major Europeanfirms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. Thesestrategies contained two major elements: measures of at leasttemporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firmsbreathing space to build up or modernize their productioncapacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japaneseand partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establishproduction facilities in Europe and produce under the sameconditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aimof achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the mostpowerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategiesimplicated the European Community in so far as it is responsiblefor the trade policies of its Member States. The second element didnot necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergersenvisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms fromtwo or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ ofthe European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at firstlargely on the West German market, the firms could onlyimplement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear ofthe FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.

The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:

The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, was the first
firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972
and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as
late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with
which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the
market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics
firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and
had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the
European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much
greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer
VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR
market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German
imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between
1978 and 1981.2

The immediate background to the calls for protection againstimported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firmswas formed by massive cuts in prices for Japanese VCRs, as aconsequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worseningof Grundig’s ﬁnancial position. In November 1982 Philips andGrundig announced that they were considering taking a dumpingcase against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in apolitical campaign designed to secure controls or restraints onJapanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign waspursued at the national and European levels, both through thenational and European trade associations for consumer electronicsfirms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms atthe national governments and the European Commission. However,the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements withthe Japanese, were far from being united behind it.

Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘realprotagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. Inpressing their case on EEC member states and the EuropeanCommission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of theJapanese in building up production capacities which could meet theentire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threatswhich the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in WesternEurope and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity andtechnological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat whichthe crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industrygenerally posed to the survival of a European microelectroniccomponents industry, over half of whose output, according toGrundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”

These arguments found by all accounts a very receptive audienceat the European Commission, where, by common consent ofGerman participants in the policy-formation process, Philips wieldsgreat political inﬂuence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was alsoresponsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of theDutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free tradephilosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controlsthrough the channelling of imported VCRs through the customsdepot at Poitiers (see above), the French Government had alreadystaked out its position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumablyrequired no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which itsstance also reﬂected the preferences of Thomson which in the pasthad been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the Europeanindustry.”

With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the
protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the

mposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRscould have been expected to come from the West German
Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch
Governments, the West German Government had generally been
the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.
The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import
controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of
protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,
which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.
However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been
vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German
Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the
Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a
significant, modification of its past trade policy.

Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for theelectrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the mostreceptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in theMinistry, in the trade and European policy and policy principlesdivisions and at the summit, the Ministry’s traditional policy infavour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. TheMinistry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after ithad been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether theMinistry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by itsfeeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other MemberStates. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabledthe V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the WestGerman Government being held responsible for its implementation.The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result ofthe pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged inbilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronicssub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of theZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in whicha majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.The Ministry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to thefirms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to thosewhich actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interestedin increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’

The success of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at allfrom the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EECdoes not mean that they were happy with all aspects of theagreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices andconcrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As themarket subsequently expanded less rapidly than the EuropeanCommission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japaneseimports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees ofJapanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market thanexpected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell asmany VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year ofthe adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announcedthat they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to theJapanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement hadexpired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.

The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-oversThe wave of merger and take-over activity in the Europeanconsumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomsonswallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat itperceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, boughta 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series ofsuccessful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids whichunfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis ofthe European industry and the major European firms’ perceptionsas to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face ofJapanese competition.

The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West
German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate
financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.
Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence
of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a
formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,
which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked
at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks
on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in
1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a
result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.

Grundig confessed publicly that if the firm carried on five moreyears as it was doing, it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, insummer 1982, had become insolvent. Grundig intensified his searchfor stronger partners, which he had apparently begun by talkingwith Siemens in 1981. In late 1982, at the same time as Grundigand Philips were pressing for curbs on Japanese VCR imports,Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around Grundig, aEuropean consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of theprospective participants in such a venture were unenthusiasticabout Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’ssearch for a partner or partners to secure its survival was thatThomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.

Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if notindeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced insecuring special ministerial permission for their deal were exacer-bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deterioratinglabour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 andearly 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, theFederal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, ifThomson took over Grundig, the West German Government wouldhave been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from theFrench Government, which could then have demanded increasedprotection for the European consumer electronics industry as theprice for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (andin other West German subsidiaries).

The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,however, lay not with the position of the Federal EconomicsMinistry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the DeutscheBank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,

Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it wouldapprove the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up itsshareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plansto assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to takeover Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter conditionposed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.

Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philipswas forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdrawfrom Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confrontedwith an equally strong competitor on the European consumerelectronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidentlydid not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRsaccording to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wantedrather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to itspublic declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of anew generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales toGrundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomsonhad taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.

A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in
1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of
Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring
programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two
main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other
around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in
West Germany left under West German control. But a common
European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the
Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig had envisaged
in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given
Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much
more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in
Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,
especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty
Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring
within Europe is far from complete.

The recent experience of the European consumer electronicsindustry points to the critical role of the framework and instrumentsof regulation in trying to account for the different responses of thevarious national industries and governments to the challengesposed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technologicalleadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responseswhich particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilstadopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures andopenness to inward investment which critically affect the conditionsunder which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme isregulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,where governments seek speciﬁc policy outcomes by offeringspeciﬁc forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them toothers.”

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IMPORTANT NOTE: - FRANK SHARP obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.comwas founded as a public free WEB Museum to all kind of people and amateur and professional CRT TELEVISION Lovers who enjoy using and/or preserving - restoring vintage CRT Televisions sets, or only curious public who was unaware of that kind of technolgy of the past. The purpose is to provide information about vintage Television Receivers Publicy on the WEB that is generally difficult to locate; all this as a important milestone general worldwide reference for the future, globally in the public interest.obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com does not provide support or parts for any apparatus on this site nor do we represent any manufacturer listed on this site in any way. Catalogs, manuals and any other literature that is available on this site is made available for a historical record only. Please remember that safety standards have changed over the years and information in old manuals as well as the old Television receivers themselves may not meet modern standards. It is up to the individual user to use good judgment and to safely operate old machinery. The obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com web site will assume NO responsibilities for damages or injuries resulting from information obtained from this site. No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this site/Blog may be interpreted or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or other industrial or intellectual property rights.

Many topics are permanent, so may be updated to any material, for add or correct info.

Sure Fun Times, A working TV Discovered with a CRT Oscilloscope !

Safety Hazards:

------------------------------------------------------Safety Hazards in Radio and TV Repair,------------------------------------------------------

People who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Anyone attempting to repair any electronic equipment who does not fully understand the shock hazards, as well as the fire hazards associated with working with electronic equipment, should not attempt such procedures! Improperly attempted repair can kill you and burn down your house.Devices that plug into the wall can produce a very lethal electric shock as well cause a fire from incorrect or careless repairs both during servicing or later on.Improper repair of battery operated devices can also result in bad consequences for you, the device, and any equipment attached to it.

Why some people do repairs themselved then? If you can do the repairs yourself, the equation changes dramatically asyour parts costs will be 1/2 to 1/4 of what a professional will chargeand of course your time is free. The educational aspects may also beappealing. You also will learn a lot in the process.

Consumer electronic equipment like TVs, computer monitors, microwave ovens, and electronic flash units, use voltages at power levels that are potentially lethal. Even more so for industrial equipment like lasers and anything else that is either connected to the power line, or uses or generates high voltage.

Normally, these devices are safely enclosed to prevent accidental contact. However, when troubleshooting, testing, making adjustments, and during repair procedures, the cabinet will likely be open and/or safety interlocks may be defeated. Home-built or modified equipment, despite all warnings and recommendations to the contrary - could exist in this state for extended periods of time - or indefinitely.

Depending on overall conditions and your general state of health, there is a wide variation of voltage, current, and total energy levels that can kill.

Microwave ovens in particular are probably THE most dangerous household appliance to service. There is high voltage - up to 5,000 V or more - at high current - more than an amp may be available momentarily. This is an instantly lethal combination.

TVs and monitors may have up to 35 kV on the CRTbut the current isn't low - like a wrong legend saying a "couple of milliamps" but relatively high because of the boost circuit technology and transformer design. However, the CRT capacitance can hold a painful charge for a long time. In addition, portions of the circuitry of TVs and monitors as well as all other devices that plug into the wall socket are line connected.This is actually even more dangerous than the high voltage due to the greater current available - and a few hundred volts can make you just as dead as 35 kV!

Electronic flash units and strobe lights, and pulsed lasers have large energy storage capacitors which alone can deliver a lethal charge - long after the power has been removed. This applies to some extent even to those little disposable pocket cameras with flash which look so innocent being powered from a single 1.5 V AA battery. Don't be fooled - they are designed without any bleeder so the flash can be ready for use without draining the battery!

Even some portions of apparently harmless devices like VCRs and CD players - or vacuum cleaners and toasters - can be hazardous (though the live parts may be insulated or protected - but don't count on it!

This information also applies when working on other high voltage or line connected devices like Tesla Coils, Jacobs Ladders, plasma spheres, gigawatt lasers, hot and cold fusion generators, cyclotrons and other particle accelerators, as well as other popular hobby type projects. :-)

In addition, read the relevant sections of the document for your particular equipment for additional electrical safety considerations as well as non-electrical hazards like microwave radiation or laser light. Only the most common types of equipment are discussed in the safety guidelines, below.

SAFETY guidelines:

These guidelines are to protect you from potentially deadly electrical shock hazards as well as the equipment from accidental damage.

Note that the danger to you is not only in your body providing a conducting path, particularly through your heart. Any involuntary muscle contractions caused by a shock, while perhaps harmless in themselves, may cause collateral damage. There are likely to be many sharp edges and points inside from various things like stamped sheet metal shields and and the cut ends of component leads on the solder side of printed wiring boards in this type of equipment. In addition, the reflex may result in contact with other electrically live parts and further unfortunate consequences.

The purpose of this set of guidelines is not to frighten you but rather to make you aware of the appropriate precautions. Repair of TVs, monitors, microwave ovens, and other consumer and industrial equipment can be both rewarding and economical. Just be sure that it is also safe!

Don't work alone - in the event of an emergency another person's presence may be essential.

Always keep one hand in your pocket when anywhere around a powered line-connected or high voltage system.

Wear rubber bottom shoes or sneakers. An insulated floor is better than metal or bare concrete but this may be outside of your control. A rubber mat should be an acceptable substitute but a carpet, not matter how thick, may not be a particularly good insulator.

Don't wear any jewelry or other articles that could accidentally contact circuitry and conduct current, or get caught in moving parts.

Set up your work area away from possible grounds that you may accidentally contact.

Have a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires readily accessible in a location that won't get blocked should something burst into flames.

Use a dust mask when cleaning inside electronic equipment and appliances, particularly TVs, monitors, vacuum cleaners, and other dust collectors.

Know your equipment: TVs and monitors may use parts of the metal chassis as ground return yet the chassis may be electrically live with respect to the earth ground of the AC line. Microwave ovens use the chassis as ground return for the high voltage. In addition, do not assume that the chassis is a suitable ground for your test equipment!

If circuit boards need to be removed from their mountings, put insulating material between the boards and anything they may short to. Hold them in place with string or electrical tape. Prop them up with insulation sticks - plastic or wood.

If you need to probe, solder, or otherwise touch circuits with power off, discharge (across) large power supply filter capacitors with a 2 W or greater resistor of 100 to 500 ohms/V approximate value (e.g., for a 200 V capacitor, use a 20K to 100K ohm resistor). Monitor while discharging and/or verify that there is no residual charge with a suitable voltmeter. In a TV or monitor, if you are removing the high voltage connection to the CRT (to replace the flyback transformer for example) first discharge the CRT contact (under the insulating cup at the end of the fat red wire). Use a 1M to 10M ohm 1W or greater wattage resistor on the end of an insulating stick or the probe of a high voltage meter. Discharge to the metal frame which is connected to the outside of the CRT.

For TVs and monitors in particular, there is the additional danger of CRT implosion - take care not to bang the CRT envelope with your tools. An implosion will scatter shards of glass at high velocity in every direction. There is several tons of force attempting to crush the typical CRT. Always wear eye protection. While the actual chance of a violent implosion is relatively small, why take chances? (However, breaking the relatively fragile neck off the CRT WILL be embarrassing at the very least.)

Connect/disconnect any test leads with the equipment unpowered and unplugged. Use clip leads or solder temporary wires to reach cramped locations or difficult to access locations.

If you must probe live, put electrical tape over all but the last 1/16" of the test probes to avoid the possibility of an accidental short which could cause damage to various components. Clip the reference end of the meter or scope to the appropriate ground return so that you need to only probe with one hand.

Perform as many tests as possible with power off and the equipment unplugged. For example, the semiconductors in the power supply section of a TV or monitor can be tested for short circuits with an ohmmeter.

Provide a reliable means of warning that power is applied and that high voltage filter capacitor(s) still hold a charge during servicing. For example, solder a neon indicator lamp (e.g., an NE2 in series with a 100K ohm resistor) across the line input and a super high brightness LEDs in series with 100K, 1 W resistors across the main filter capacitor(s).

Use an isolation transformer if there is any chance of contacting line connected circuits. A Variac(tm) (variable autotransformer) is not an isolation transformer! However, the combination of a Variac and isolation transformer maintains the safety benefits and is a very versatile device. See the document "Repair Briefs, An Introduction", available at this site, for more details.

The use of a GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) protected outlet is a good idea but may not protect you from shock from many points in a line connected TV or monitor, or the high voltage side of a microwave oven, for example. (Note however, that, a GFCI may nuisance trip at power-on or at other random times due to leakage paths (like your scope probe ground) or the highly capacitive or inductive input characteristics of line powered equipment.) A GFCI is also a relatively complex active device which may not be designed for repeated tripping - you are depending on some action to be taken (and bad things happen if it doesn't!) - unlike the passive nature of an isolation transformer. A fuse or circuit breaker is too slow and insensitive to provide any protection for you or in many cases, your equipment. However, these devices may save your scope probe ground wire should you accidentally connect it to a live chassis.

When handling static sensitive components, an anti-static wrist strap is recommended. However, it should be constructed of high resistance materials with a high resistance path between you and the chassis (greater than 100K ohms). Never use metallic conductors as you would then become an excellent path to ground for line current or risk amputating your hand at the wrist when you accidentally contacted that 1000 A welder supply!

Don't attempt repair work when you are tired. Not only will you be more careless, but your primary diagnostic tool - deductive reasoning - will not be operating at full capacity.

Finally, never assume anything without checking it out for yourself! Don't take shortcuts!

Many people who mistakenly feel that ‘old technology’ is somehow more user-friendly, in some strange way automatically good - merely because it is old. Don’t be fooled! Approach old equipment with an open and alert mind and realise that a hot chassis, or a resistor line cord, or asbestos insulation, or selenium rectifiers require much more thought and consideration for safety.

Live chassis are indiscriminate in whom they kill and even if you are a thoughtful, careful kind of person, that doesn’t mean the last person who handled the set was.

Vintage radio and television receivers use 'live chassis' techniques, in which the chassis is connected directly to one side of the incoming mains supply. This means they can be lethal to carry out repair or servicing work on, unless the appropriate safety measures are in place.

Another thing about live-chassis sets - live spindles. We’ve touched on this already but it’s worth making the point once more. The shafts of switches and potentiometers fixed to the chassis may well be at chassis potential and thus live. The bakelite or wood cabinet is insulated but these shafts are not, and if someone lost the proper grub screw and replaced a knob using a cheesehead screw, the next person to grip that knob may get a dose of 250 volts. Originally these grub screws were sealed and embedded in wax but you cannot rely on subsequent tinkerers having the same high standards.

Even in more orthodox apparatus standards of insulation were not always as high as they are now. Soldered connections to HT and mains wiring should always have rubber or plastic sleeving but in times gone by this was often omitted (or it may since have perished). Beware too of kinked and frayed braiding on cloth-covered mains cords, particularly when the cord has a dropper conductor.

If you are not satisfied that you fully understand the risks involved in this sort of work, do not proceed any further. Instead seek advice and assistance from a competent technician or engineer.

Whenever you acquire a new treasure there's always a terrific temptation to try it out. With mains-driven equipment that means plugging it in and seeing if it works. Well don't, not until you have made some quick checks.

Before contemplating connecting any unknown receiver to the mains supply, spend a little time inspecting it for signs of missing or loose parts, blown fuses, overheating or even fire damage. Use a meter to check obvious points to ensure no short circuit exists (e.g. across the mains input). If you then decide to apply power keep clear but be observant since an elderly electrolytic might explode! This can be avoided if you can apply power gradually through a variac. Auto-transformers are handy for supplying reduced power to sets being repaired but they are not a substitute for a proper isolation transformer!

If you are working with electricity and your work area has a concrete floor, a rubber mat is essential, particularly during damp weather! Where possible try to arrange a neat working area away from water or central heating pipes. For safety try to arrange that this area is separate from the area occupied by your family. This is emphasised because inadvertently rushing to answer a telephone you might just leave a TV chassis connected to a supply and curious little fingers know nothing of the dangers of electricity - or, for that matter - the lethal vacuum encased within every picture tube!

Many younger enthusiasts may not be aware of the dangers of mishandling tubes, in particular the old round types found in early TVs. When handling these tubes eye protection should be worn and tubes must not be left lying around, they must be stored in boxes. The glass is surprising fragile and can implode without any provocation or warning. Bits of glass flying around at high speed can be deadly. The notes following are inspired by Malcolm Burrell again.

Picture tubes are perhaps one of the most hazardous items in any TV receiver. This is because most are of glass construction and contain a very high vacuum. If you measured the total area of glass in any picture tube then estimated the pressure of air upon it at 14.7lb. per square inch, you would discover that the total pressure upon the device could amount to several tons! Fracturing the glass suddenly would result in an extremely rapid implosion such that fragments of glass, metal and toxic chemicals would be scattered over a wide area, probably causing injury to anyone in close proximity. In modern workshops it is now a rule that protective goggles are worn when handling picture tubes.

The weakest point in most picture tubes is where the thin glass neck containing the electron gun is joined to the bowl. It is therefore essential that you refrain from handling the tube by its neck alone. Once a tube is removed from the receiver hold it vertically with the neck uppermost and one hand beneath the screen with the other steadying the device by the neck.With larger devices it is sometimes easier to grip the peripheral of the screen with both hands.

Until the advent of reinforced picture tubes, most were mounted in the cabinet or on the TV chassis by some form of metal band clamped around the face.Never support the weight of the tube by this band since it has been known for the tube to slide out! Some of the larger tubes are extremely heavy. It may, therefore, be easier to enlist assistance.

Before starting to remove a tube, first discharge the final anode connection to the chassis metalwork and preferably connect a shorting lead to this connection whilst you are working. It might be convenient to keep a spare piece of EHT cable with a crocodile clip at one end and a final anode connector at the other.

Exercise care when removing picture tubes from elderly equipment. You may find that the deflection coils have become stuck to the neck. It is extremely dangerous to use a screwdriver prise them away. Gently heating with a hairdryer or soaking in methylated spirit is safer.

Disposal of picture tubes also requires care. Unless rendered safe they should never be placed in dustbins or skips. Many engineers swipe the necks off tubes in cavalier fashion using a broom handle but this is not recommended. A safer method is to make a hole in the side of a stout carton, preferably one designed to hold a picture tube. The tube is placed in the carton and the neck broken using a broom handle. The carton should then be clearly labelled that it contains chemicals and broken glass!

Therefore people who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Think for yourself. Otherwise you have to believe what other people tell you.

For most people thinking is a matter of fortune.A society based on individualism is an oxymoron.Freedom is at first the freedom to starve.A wise fool speaks, because he has something to say.A fool speaks, because he has to say something.A wise fool is silent, because there is nothing to say.A fool is silent, because he has nothing to say.

Resist or regretWork for what's good for our people

Help stem the dark tideStand tall or be beat downFight back or die

The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

We now live in a nation where doctors destroy health, lawyers destroy justice, universities destroy knowledge, governments destroy freedom, the press destroys information, religion destroys morals and our banks destroy the economy.The globalist argument is that if only we erase distinctions, obliterate identities, put everyone on a level playing field, etc.. we can eliminate war and everyone can be so prosperous and efficient, such great cogs in a well-oiled global machine.There will be no more historical grievances because people will no longer even care, they'll have no connection to the past, no foolish pride in past accomplishments of people totally unrelated to them.A globalized culture, no borders, everyone a citizen of the world.Know this: I will never acquiesce to this corrupt, inhuman, Borg-like vision. The dangerous lunatics who push us towards their globalized "utopia" are my enemy. How exactly all this will play out, whether through wars, or whether we can thwart the globalist agenda peacefully (this is my hope of course) I don't know. But I do know that unless people are willing to fight and die, globalism will win out in the end.The actual crimes committed by the EU against the European peoples are directly in violation of the 1948 UN genocide convention, Article II: (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.* The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

TELEVISION HISTORY IN BRIEF

Television history

At 1928 Baird transmits from London to New York, using his mechanical system.with 30 vertical lines. By 1930 it was clear that mechanical television systems could never produce the picture quality required for commercial success. For this reason mechanical system was rapidly succeeded by the electronic TV systems. The first all-electronic American systems in 1932 used only 120 scanning lines at 24 frames per second Since the mid-1930s picture repetition frequency (field rate or frame rate) has been the same as the mains frequency, either 50 or 60Hz according to the frequency used in each country. This is for two very good reasons. Studio lighting generally uses alternating current lamps and if these were not synchronised with the field frequency, an unwelcome strobe effect could appear on TV pictures. Secondly, in days gone by, the smoothing of power supply circuits in TV receivers was not as good as it is today and ripple superimposed on the DC could cause visual interference. If the picture was locked to the mains frequency, this interference would at least be static on the screen and thus less obtrusive.To determine what electronic system to use, the BBC sponsored trial broadcasts by two systems, one by Baird, with 240 lines, and one by EMI with 405 lines. Scheduled electronic television broadcasting began in England in 1936 using 405-line system (lasted until the 1980s in the UK). Germany made their forst TV broadcasts at 1936 olympics using 180-line TV system. Germany also made their TV broadcasts by the fall of 1937 using a 441-line system. Also fFrance tested TV (455 line system). RCA introduced electronic television to the U. S. at the 1939 World's Fair,and began regularly scheduled broadcasting at the same time (525 line system).In 1940 the USA established its 525-line standard. At year 1941 the 525-line standard, still in use today in USA, was adopted.Russia also produced TV sets before the war (240 and 343 line systems).World War Two interrupted the development of television. Immediately after World War Two production of TV sets started in the U.S-In USA there was TV broadcasts and few throusand receivers at 1945. In the early 1950s, two competing color TV systems emerged: CBS sequential color (used color wheel) and RCA dot sequential system. At 1953 color broadcasting officially arrives in the U.S. on Dec. 17, when FCC approves modified version of an RCA system.It calls this new RCA color system "NTSC" color. The first NTSC color TVs were on the marker at 1954.In Europe the TV broadcasts started to use experiment using 625 line system 1950s. This standard is used nowadays throughout Europe. France also tried 819 line system at the same time (this system was in use to 1980s). The rest of Europe opted for 625 lines, a system devised in 1946 by two German engineers, M??ller and Urtel (it appears that the Russians came up independently with a very similar system). The use of PAL color standard started at around 1967 and is still in use. The SECAM color system (used in France) testing started also at 1967. The TV broadcasting history has not ended. The newst thign is digital television. It is expected that terrestrial television will open up billion-dollar opportunities for those companies and organisations best prepared to embrace this new broadcasting era. At 1996 small digital satellite dishes hit the market. They become the biggest selling electronic item in history next to the VCR.

Using TV 24H

TV has something for everyone. Idiots, intellectuals, fans of all sorts. Some people are couch potatoes, watch anything just to sit there and be mindless. That's their problem. Children have always needed to be monitored by their parents. If people gotta a mind for it they could figure out the real news even without the internet and there has always been a library.

Is TV bad in and of itself? The researchers aren’t saying that. But we all know that watching television is a solitary, isolating occupation that keeps you sedentary. Sitting in front of the boob tube reduces the time you have available to exercise, interact with your family, read books, and be outdoors. This new research dovetails with other studies, which have linked excessive TV time to obesity and higher rates of cardiovascular disease.

watching too much television can jeopardize your whole family’s health.

This should be a wake-up call to all adults. Stay active. Go outside. Spend time with your spouse and your children with the television off. Read a book and do crossword puzzles to stimulate your imagination and your brain. Reduce your screen time as much as you can.

The National Cancer Institute researchers suggest that watching TV is a public health issue. The price we are paying for our technology-driven lives may be much higher than we previously realized !

DON'T WATCH TV AT ALL !!

The Propaganda TV Machine a.k.a. The Ministry of Truth delivers The Truth from The Government to the people.

At least, that's what they say. In fact, a Propaganda Machine is only employed by The Empire and used to brainwash people into Gullible Lemmings who believe that everything is all right when in fact, it isn't, and that the very people who could help them are their enemies.

Girl Looking TV.

Happy Times:

Do you remember when a telly looked like a real telly? When it was a piece of furniture that you lavished love on, even polished from time to time ?When it was a piece of somewhat at looking in to ?When it was a piece of Highest tech looking inside ? First, this site is a Digital free, HD free, flat panel, HDMI, China, Turks, Afrika free zone. All in all a wealth of vintage information at your finger tips, a one stop unique experience. So step on in, leave the modern throw-away world behind, travel back in time to a vintage world of repair and enjoy.This site has stirred memories about the watching TV's days on a CRT TUBE television......Childhood memories, your parents getting their first colour tv, a b/w or color portable, perhaps memories of renting or buying your first set remote featured, perhaps your days working in the trade, selling or repairing them....... If you enjoyed this site, found its content left you all misty eyed then just talk about it as it would be very welcome............like the time to recover and restore a set ................and happy reminiscing.

Digital TV in Brief.

Digital TV:

Digital television is a hot topic now.If you have looked at television sets at any of the big electronics retailers lately, you know that Digital TV, or DTV, is a BIG deal right now in the U.S. In Europe Digital TV is also a hot topic, because many countries have started terrestrial digital TV broadcasts and plan to end analogue broadcasts after some years (will take 5-10 years). Satellite TV broadcasts have also shifted very much to digital broadcasts.The main advantage if digital broadcasts are that it does not havethe picture quality problems of analogue TVs (it had it's own videoproblems caused by video compression), it allowes putting more TV channels to same medium (TV channel frequencies and satellites) and it allows new services (like HDTV and interactive multimedia). The digital brodcasts are generally designed to use such modulation that the digital data stream (typically around 20-30 Mbit/s) is modulated to the same bandwidth (around 6 MHz) as the analogue TV broadcasts. The used modulation vary between different media, which means thatdifferent modulation techniques are used in terrestrial transmissions, cable TV and satellite. Different modulations are used because of the different characteristics of those transmission medias. There is not on "digital TV", but several different variations of it in use.The basic technology of digital TV, known as MPEG 2 video compressionand MPEG 2 transmission stream format, is same around the world, butis is used somewhat differently in different standards used in differentcountries.

USA uses ACTS Digital Televisio Standard, which standardizes NTSC format transmissions, HDTV transmission, sound formats and data signal modulation in use. The ATSC MPEG-2 formats for DTV, including HDTV, uses 4:2:0 samling for video signal. The US system uses a fixed power and a fixed maximum bitrate, at which some bits are always transmitted. That rate is typically 19.3 Mb/sec.

Europe uses DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) standard. This standardallows basically normal PAL resolution transmisssion (vasically HDTVcould be added later but is not yet standardized) with several audio formats, digital data rates and digital signal modulation. There are several different variations fo DVB standard for different media:

DVB-T for terrestrial broadcastsDVB-S for satelliteDVB-C for cable TV

Those different DVB versions varyon the data signal modulation methods, error correction and frequency bands used. DVB and option for some interactive extra services, but thestandardization of this is not ready here yet(there are fire different incompatible interactive servicessystems in use in different countries and by different broadcasters).

The process of transmitting digital TV signal is the following: Analog video/audio - digitisation - MPEG compression - Multiplexing ( youcan now call it digital) - Preparation for transmisson - modulation toanalog carrier.Reception process is the following: Demodulation of analogue carrier - Error correction - Demultiplexing - MPEG decompression - DA conversion to get analogue signal (unless you use digital display). The analoguie video signal that gets digitized can be practically from any video source, for example produced with old analogue video production equipment and distributed with a video tape. In high-end system the information is analogue only in the image sensor on the video camera, and from this on the signal gets digitally processed. In many real-life TV production systems the reality is something between those two extremes.

At least in Europe, the signal level requirements for DVB-T are well below the analog requirements, so the transmitter power is much less than on the analog side. In the NorDig recommendation the minimum received signal level for 64QAM, 7/8 code rate with a Rayleigh fading path and 8 dB receiver noise figure would be -64 dBm. With other code rates, modulations and fading mechanisms, the requirement is lower. Many receivers can perform much better at conditions where there is no fading (a quasi error free less than one uncorrected error/hour signal even at 27 dBuV (-82 dBm) with 64QAM and 8 MHz channel width). For analog signals, the recommended level is more than 1 mV (+60 dBuV, -49 dBm). While the ERP can be at least 10 dB lower than analog, the question of power consumption is more complicated, since COFDM with 64QAM carriers require a quite good linearity, which may affect the efficiency and hence power consumption.

Digital TV system in use in USA

The FCC mandate to change our broadcast standards from NTSC analog to ATSC digital broadcasting (DTV) is big bold move, requiring changes in everything from the way the studios shoot video, the format that's transmitted, to the equipment we use to receive and watch broadcastsDTV (digital TV) applies to digital broadcasts in general and to the U.S. ATSC standard in specific. The ATSC standard includes both standard-definition (SD) and high-definition (HD) digital formats. The notation H/DTV is often used to specifically refer to high-definition digital TV. The federal mandate grants the public airwaves to the broadcasters to transmit digital TV in exchange for return of the current analog NTSC spectrum, allowing for a transition period in the interim. At the end of this period scheduled for 2006, broadcasters must be fully converted to the 8VSB broadcast standard. Digital Television ("DTV") is a new broadcast technology that will transform television. The technology of DTV will allows TV broadcasts with movie-quality picture and CD- quality sound and a variety of other enhancements (for example data delivery). With digital television, broadcasters will be able to offer free television of higher resolution and better picture quality than now exists under the current mode of TV transmission. If broadcasters so choose, they can offer what has been called "high definition television" or HDTV, television with theater-quality pictures and CD-quality sound. . Alternatively, a broadcaster can offer several different TV programs at the same time, with pictures and sound quality better than is generally available today. HDTV (high-definition TV) encompasses both analog and digital televisions that have a 16:9 aspect ratio and approximately 5 times the resolution of standard TV (double vertical, double horizontal, wider aspect). High definition is generally defined as any video signal that is at least twice the quality of the current 480i (interlaced) analog broadcast signal. There are 18 approved formats for digital TV broadcasts, but only two (720p/1080i) are proper definition of the term HDTV. The advent of high definition has allowed monitors to read images differently, either in standard interlaced format or progressively. Sets that do not have any decoding capabilities but can display the high-resolution image is often labeled as "HD-Ready" a term that describes 80% or more of the Digital TVs on the market. HDTV displays support digital connections such as HDMI (DVI) and IEEE 1394/FireWire, although standardization is not finished. HDTV in the US is part of the ATSC DTV format. The resolution and frame rates of DTV in the US generally correspond to the ATSC recommendations for SD (640x480 and 704x480 at 24p, 30p, 60p, 60i) and HD (1280x720 at 24p, 20p, and 60p; 1920x1080 at 24p, 30p and 60i). In addition, a broadcaster will be able to simultaneously transmit a variety of other information through a data bitstream to both enhance its TV programs and to provide entirely new services. The technical specifications of USA DTV system is defined in ACTS Digital Television Standards.

Digital TV in Europe

Digital TV brodacasting in Europe is done according to DVB standards. DVB technology has become an integral part of global broadcasting, setting the global standard for satellite, cable and terrestrial transmissions and equipment. There are three versions of DVB in use: DVB-S, DVB-C and DVB-T.DVB-T is a flexible system allowing terrestrial broadcastersto choose from a variety of options to suit their various service environments. This allows the choice between fixed roof-top antenna, portableand even mobile reception of DVB-T services. Broadly speaking the trade-off in one of service bit-rate versus signal robustness.

DVB-T network is very flexible. Having many transmitters all on the same frequency is not a problem for the used COFDM based system. COFDM has been chosen and designed to minimise the effects of multipath in obstructed reception areas. In fact multipath signals can significantly improve the overall received signal with no adverse effects. These properties are particularly valuable for radio cameras and mobile links. DVB-T because of its unique design which allows single frequency networks (SFN). This means that many transmitters along the planned routes can transmit on the same frequency. It is also possible to use simple gap fillers that amplify and retransmit the signal. In-air digital TV broadcasts in Europe use DVB-T. 8 MHz of bandwidth may be used to provide a 24 Mbps digital transmission path using Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) modulation (theoretical maximum 31.67 Mbits for 8 MHz bandwidth). In cases where less bandwidth is available (6 or 7 MHz), the data rate is somewhat lower (around 20 Mbit/s).

DVB-C does the same function as DVB-T, but the modulation used in this system is optimized to operate well in cable TV networks. The modulation used in DVB-C is QAM. Systems from 16-QAM up to 256-QAM can be used, but the system centres on 64-QAM, in which an 8MHz channel can accommodate a physical payload of about 38 Mbit/s. Digital cable TV in Europe uses DVB-C. The DVB standard for the cable return path has been developed jointly with DAVIC, the Digital Audio Visual Council. The specification uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation in a 200kHz, 1MHz or 2MHz channel to provide a return path for interactive services (from the user to the service provider) of up to about 3Mbit/s. The path to the user may be either in-band (embedded in the MPEG-2 Transport Stream in the DVB-C channel) or out-of-band (on a separate 1 or 2MHz frequency band).

DVB-S is the satellite version of DVB. Satellite transmission has lead the way in delivering digital TV to viewers. Established in 1995, the satellite standard DVB-S is the oldest DVB standard, used on all six major continents. QPSK modulation system is used, with channel coding optimised to the error characteristics of the channel. A typical satellite channel has 36 MHz bandwidth, which may support transmission at up to 38 Mbps (assuming delivery to a 0.5m receiving antenna) using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. 16 bytes of Reed Solomon (RS) coding are added to each 188 byte transport packet to provide Forward Error Correction (FEC) using a RS(204,188,8) code. For the satellite transmission, the resultant bit stream is then interleaved and convolutional coding is applied.

The core of the DVB digital data stream isthe standard MPEG-2 "data container",which holds the broadcast and service information.This flexible "carry-all" can containanything that can be digitised, includingmultimedia data. The MPEG-2 standards define how to format the various component parts of a multimedia programme (which may consist of: MPEG-2 compressed video, compressed audio, control data and/or user data). It also defines how these components are combined into a single synchronous transmission bit stream. The process of combining the steams is known as multiplexing. The multiplexed stream may be transmitted over a variety of links, standards / products.Each MPEG-2 MPTS multiplex carries a number of streams which in combination deliver the required services. A typical data rate of such multiplex is around 24 Mbps for terrestrial brodcasts.

European DVB systems currently transmit only standard definition TV signals and set top boxes also handle only normal TV resolution. It would be possible to transmit HDTV signals on DVB data stream, but those broadcasts have not yet started in any wide scale. There is one satellite broadcater that broadcasts HDTV DVB signals in Europe (some cable TV operators carry that signal on their cable).

Many DVB-T integrated TV sets, and some set top boxes, in the Europe come with a Common Interface slot - which is pretty much the same form-factor as a PC Card (aka PCMCIA) used in PC laptops. This CI slot accepts a Conditional Access Module, in the same way that DVB-S receivers do, which implements at least one (some can do more than one) decryption algorithm. This CAM may also, itself, have a smart card slot to accept a consumer subscription card to authorise decryption - you plug your smartcard into your CAM and your CAM into the CI slot in your receiver/IDTV. Some DVB receivers have an integrated CAM (in the case of some receivers this is implemented purely in software, with no extra hardware required) rather than a CI slot to plug in a 3rd party device. With these type of receivers you just plug in the smart card and don't have to worry about CI slots and buying CAMs. So there is an interface standard for DVB - but different broadcasters can chose different encryption schemes, requiring different CAMs for decryption.

DVB Standards and related documents are published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). These include a large number of standards and technical notes to complement the MPEG-2 standards defined by the ISO.

There are few different standard how interactive TV functionaly is implemented in DVB-systems in use in differenct countries. DVB-MHP is one gaining some acceptance. Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) is the open middleware system designed by the DVB Project (www.dvb.org).

Obsolete Technology Tellye ! Visitors From 15/May/2012:

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