:mod:`runpy` --- Locating and executing Python modules
======================================================
.. module:: runpy
:synopsis: Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.
.. moduleauthor:: Nick Coghlan
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/runpy.py`
--------------
The :mod:`runpy` module is used to locate and run Python modules without
importing them first. Its main use is to implement the :option:`-m` command
line switch that allows scripts to be located using the Python module
namespace rather than the filesystem.
Note that this is *not* a sandbox module - all code is executed in the
current process, and any side effects (such as cached imports of other
modules) will remain in place after the functions have returned.
Furthermore, any functions and classes defined by the executed code are not
guaranteed to work correctly after a :mod:`runpy` function has returned.
If that limitation is not acceptable for a given use case, :mod:`importlib`
is likely to be a more suitable choice than this module.
The :mod:`runpy` module provides two functions:
.. function:: run_module(mod_name, init_globals=None, run_name=None, alter_sys=False)
.. index::
module: __main__
Execute the code of the specified module and return the resulting module
globals dictionary. The module's code is first located using the standard
import mechanism (refer to :pep:`302` for details) and then executed in a
fresh module namespace.
If the supplied module name refers to a package rather than a normal
module, then that package is imported and the ``__main__`` submodule within
that package is then executed and the resulting module globals dictionary
returned.
The optional dictionary argument *init_globals* may be used to pre-populate
the module's globals dictionary before the code is executed. The supplied
dictionary will not be modified. If any of the special global variables
below are defined in the supplied dictionary, those definitions are
overridden by :func:`run_module`.
The special global variables ``__name__``, ``__spec__``, ``__file__``,
``__cached__``, ``__loader__`` and ``__package__`` are set in the globals
dictionary before the module code is executed (Note that this is a
minimal set of variables - other variables may be set implicitly as an
interpreter implementation detail).
``__name__`` is set to *run_name* if this optional argument is not
:const:`None`, to ``mod_name + '.__main__'`` if the named module is a
package and to the *mod_name* argument otherwise.
``__spec__`` will be set appropriately for the *actually* imported
module (that is, ``__spec__.name`` will always be *mod_name* or
``mod_name + '.__main__``, never *run_name*).
``__file__``, ``__cached__``, ``__loader__`` and ``__package__`` are
:ref:`set as normal ` based on the module spec.
If the argument *alter_sys* is supplied and evaluates to :const:`True`,
then ``sys.argv[0]`` is updated with the value of ``__file__`` and
``sys.modules[__name__]`` is updated with a temporary module object for the
module being executed. Both ``sys.argv[0]`` and ``sys.modules[__name__]``
are restored to their original values before the function returns.
Note that this manipulation of :mod:`sys` is not thread-safe. Other threads
may see the partially initialised module, as well as the altered list of
arguments. It is recommended that the :mod:`sys` module be left alone when
invoking this function from threaded code.
.. seealso::
The :option:`-m` option offering equivalent functionality from the
command line.
.. versionchanged:: 3.1
Added ability to execute packages by looking for a ``__main__`` submodule.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Added ``__cached__`` global variable (see :pep:`3147`).
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Updated to take advantage of the module spec feature added by
:pep:`451`. This allows ``__cached__`` to be set correctly for modules
run this way, as well as ensuring the real module name is always
accessible as ``__spec__.name``.
.. function:: run_path(file_path, init_globals=None, run_name=None)
.. index::
module: __main__
Execute the code at the named filesystem location and return the resulting
module globals dictionary. As with a script name supplied to the CPython
command line, the supplied path may refer to a Python source file, a
compiled bytecode file or a valid sys.path entry containing a ``__main__``
module (e.g. a zipfile containing a top-level ``__main__.py`` file).
For a simple script, the specified code is simply executed in a fresh
module namespace. For a valid sys.path entry (typically a zipfile or
directory), the entry is first added to the beginning of ``sys.path``. The
function then looks for and executes a :mod:`__main__` module using the
updated path. Note that there is no special protection against invoking
an existing :mod:`__main__` entry located elsewhere on ``sys.path`` if
there is no such module at the specified location.
The optional dictionary argument *init_globals* may be used to pre-populate
the module's globals dictionary before the code is executed. The supplied
dictionary will not be modified. If any of the special global variables
below are defined in the supplied dictionary, those definitions are
overridden by :func:`run_path`.
The special global variables ``__name__``, ``__spec__``, ``__file__``,
``__cached__``, ``__loader__`` and ``__package__`` are set in the globals
dictionary before the module code is executed (Note that this is a
minimal set of variables - other variables may be set implicitly as an
interpreter implementation detail).
``__name__`` is set to *run_name* if this optional argument is not
:const:`None` and to ``''`` otherwise.
If the supplied path directly references a script file (whether as source
or as precompiled byte code), then ``__file__`` will be set to the
supplied path, and ``__spec__``, ``__cached__``, ``__loader__`` and
``__package__`` will all be set to :const:`None`.
If the supplied path is a reference to a valid sys.path entry, then
``__spec__`` will be set appropriately for the imported ``__main__``
module (that is, ``__spec__.name`` will always be ``__main__``).
``__file__``, ``__cached__``, ``__loader__`` and ``__package__`` will be
:ref:`set as normal ` based on the module spec.
A number of alterations are also made to the :mod:`sys` module. Firstly,
``sys.path`` may be altered as described above. ``sys.argv[0]`` is updated
with the value of ``file_path`` and ``sys.modules[__name__]`` is updated
with a temporary module object for the module being executed. All
modifications to items in :mod:`sys` are reverted before the function
returns.
Note that, unlike :func:`run_module`, the alterations made to :mod:`sys`
are not optional in this function as these adjustments are essential to
allowing the execution of sys.path entries. As the thread-safety
limitations still apply, use of this function in threaded code should be
either serialised with the import lock or delegated to a separate process.
.. seealso::
:ref:`using-on-interface-options` for equivalent functionality on the
command line (``python path/to/script``).
.. versionadded:: 3.2
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Updated to take advantage of the module spec feature added by
:pep:`451`. This allows ``__cached__`` to be set correctly in the
case where ``__main__`` is imported from a valid sys.path entry rather
than being executed directly.
.. seealso::
:pep:`338` -- Executing modules as scripts
PEP written and implemented by Nick Coghlan.
:pep:`366` -- Main module explicit relative imports
PEP written and implemented by Nick Coghlan.
:pep:`451` -- A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System
PEP written and implemented by Eric Snow
:ref:`using-on-general` - CPython command line details
The :func:`importlib.import_module` function