Guide to eyewash and safety shower facilities.

A Guide to Eyewash and
Safety Shower Facilities
Occupational Safety and Health Division
N. C. Department of Labor
1101 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101
Cherie Berry
Commissioner of Labor
28
N. C. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Program
Cherie Berry
Commissioner of Labor
OSHA State Plan Designee
Allen McNeely
Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health
Kevin Beauregard
Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health
Susan Haritos
Reviewer
Acknowledgments
A Guide to Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities was prepared by L. A. Weaver Company of Raleigh,
N. C., a firm that specializes in occupational and environmental safety and health. The information in this guide
was updated in 2010.
This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA standards. If an area is considered by
the reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the appropriate state or federal standard should be
followed.
To obtain additional copies of this guide, or if you have questions about North Carolina occupational safety and health
standards or rules, please contact:
N. C. Department of Labor
Education, Training and Technical Assistance Bureau
1101 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101
Phone: ( 919) 807- 2875 or 1- 800- NC- LABOR ( 1- 800- 625- 2267)
____________________
Additional sources of information are listed on the inside back cover of this guide.
____________________
The projected cost of the NCDOL OSH program for federal fiscal year 2009– 2010 is $ 17,534,771. Federal funding provides approximately 30 percent ($ 5,180,700) of
this total.
Revised 2/ 10
Contents
Part Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1iiv
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiv1
2 Selecting the Appropriate Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1ii3
3 Training, Locating, Maintaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii16
Training to Use Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii16
Locating Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii16
Maintaining Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii18
4 OSHA/ NCDOL Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii10
Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii10
Eye and Face Personal Protective Equipment and
First Aid for Chemical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii12
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii14
iii
Foreword
We ask a lot from employees when we ask them to work with hazardous chemicals and products. They know one acci-dent
could cost them their sight or leave scars that never disappear. These workers deserve to know that help is always
within reach.
A Guide to Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities looks at the kinds of safety equipment these workers need to have in
their workplaces. It explains what employers are required by OSHA to provide in eyewash and safety shower stations.
In North Carolina, the N. C. Department of Labor enforces the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act. NCDOL
offers many educational programs to the public and produces publications to help inform people about their rights and
responsibilities regarding occupational safety and health.
When reading this guide, please remember the NCDOL mission is greater than just regulatory enforcement. An equally
important goal is to help citizens find ways to create safe workplaces. Everyone profits when managers and employees
work together for safety. This booklet, like the other educational materials produced by the N. C. Department of Labor,
can help.
Cherie Berry
Commissioner of Labor
v
1
Introduction
In today’s industries, many safety precautions and types of emergency equipment must be used to protect and ensure
the health of employees. Although regulations and standards, personal protective equipment, and safety training are used,
accidents still happen. Accidents involving hazardous chemicals can be especially severe. Employees who manufacture
hazardous chemical products are at risk, of course. Hazardous chemicals can also affect people who work in food indus-tries,
or with cleaning solutions, and in manufacturing industries and service establishments.
Eyewashes and safety showers were developed in response to the increased use of hazardous chemicals. Eyewashes
and safety showers are emergency systems used in both public and private industry to protect an employee from injury in
case of contact with hazardous chemicals, chemical compounds or fire. The four basic ways these safety systems are used
( see Figure 1) include:
1. Dilution— diluting the chemicals that are on the skin or in the eyes to a nonharmful level.
2. Warming/ cooling— warming or cooling the body or eyes because of a change in temperature due to chemical
exposure.
3. Irrigation— flushing the chemicals out of the eyes or off the skin.
4. Extinguishment— putting out fires of clothing on the body.
Figure 1
Four Ways Eyewashes and Safety Showers Are Used
Eyewash and emergency showers were first used around 1928. Since that time, industrial chemical use has grown
rapidly. According to a N. C. Department of Labor report on chemical injuries, only one chemical injury was reported in
1965. By 1978 there were reports of 356 injuries in North Carolina from chemical contact. In North Carolina, from 1988
through 1990, workers’ compensation claims were paid for 1,263 heat burns and 274 chemical burns. Because of the
increased use of hazardous substances, eyewash and safety showers are essential for employees who work with or around
chemicals. Employees must be trained to use their emergency systems.
Because some chemicals can irritate or damage skin upon contact, affected areas should be flushed with water as soon
as possible. Even when only a small amount of a harmful substance is splashed on the skin, the substance must be washed
from the area immediately. In most cases an emergency shower should be used. When the body is to be flushed following
chemical contact, equipment and clothing must be removed once the shower has been activated.
1
Modesty has no place in emergency situations. If necessary, fellow employees must help remove contaminated cloth-ing.
If a helper becomes contaminated, he or she may have to use the facility along with the initial individual, to flush the
affected area. Appropriate medical help must be contacted immediately. The affected person should always remain in the
shower or continue flushing the eyes for no less than 15 minutes.
Appropriate personal protective equipment should be used to protect against hazardous chemicals. Personal protective
equipment should be used if a person is handling chemicals, even though such equipment may not totally guarantee that
hazardous chemicals will not pass through to the worker. One federal Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of 1,052 industri-al
eye injuries revealed that most workers were injured while performing their normal job activities at their worksites.
Sixty percent of these persons surveyed said that they were not wearing eye protection at the time of their injury. When
asked why, the majority responded that eye protection was not normally used, or they felt it was not needed.
Personal protective equipment should fit the task. In 1989, the U. S. Department of Labor released the results of a sepa-rate
survey of people injured by chemicals in the workplace. The results showed that 66 percent were wearing protective
equipment when injured. These employees said that the chemicals passed under or around the safety gear ( usually glasses,
goggles or face shields). Many workers were accustomed to using the material that injured them. Part 4 of this guide lists
and discusses occupational safety and health standards applicable to relevant personal protective equipment.
Employees should be informed about hazardous chemicals to which they are exposed, and they should be trained to
work with such chemicals. In the U. S. Department of Labor survey mentioned above, nearly three- fifths of the injured
employees said they worked with or near the chemicals daily or almost daily; and one- tenth worked with or near the
agents weekly. Three- fifths of the injured employees said that they had not been made aware of the dangers of chemicals
on their job. During the period between collecting the data and release of the final report for the survey, the federal
Occupational Safety and Health Administration issued its Hazard Communication Standard.
That standard requires employers to inform employees about the hazards of chemicals through labeling containers,
material safety data sheets and special training. The standard was subsequently adopted under the Occupational Safety
and Health Act of North Carolina by the N. C. Department of Labor. You can obtain a copy of the standard by writing or
calling the N. C. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Division, Education, Training and Technical
Assistance Bureau. ( See the inside back cover of this publication for the address and telephone number.)
Because safety equipment may not be totally protective and because there may be employees who fail to wear protec-tive
clothing, safety showers and eyewash systems should be within easy reach and every employee should know how to
use them. Since the eye is one of the most vulnerable and important organs, special care should be taken to counteract
chemical eye injuries. Chemical eye injuries can be divided into acid or basic types. Both types are burn injuries that have
the same appearance— small, abundant cuts to the eye and eyelids, redness, and swelling. These injuries also produce
corneal changes, and the eyelids are usually swollen shut. Whether the chemical is splashed in the eye or on the body,
decontamination with water from an eyewash or safety shower should be the first aid.
Treatment strategies for injuries from hazardous chemicals vary from water to neutralizing agents. But, when an acci-dent
occurs, time should not be spent looking for agents when water is usually readily available. If a special agent is need-ed,
it can be used after irrigation with water. Chemical burns should be attended by a doctor or emergency medical per-sonnel
who can locate and administer the needed solutions.
Because some chemicals, such as concentrated ammonia, can penetrate the cornea and enter the anterior chamber of
the eye within six to eight seconds, it is extremely important to flush the chemical out immediately, before it causes
severe damage or blindness.
Since it may take 15 minutes or longer before an injured person can be treated by a physician, the affected area must be
flushed with water as soon as possible. Neutralizing solutions neutralize an acid or other chemical while water irrigation
helps remove the chemical. Chemical burns caused by vapors should be treated in the same manner as those caused by
splashes. According to the Humana Burn Center, the affected area should be irrigated with water for 15 minutes or longer,
“ no other option should take priority,” and by no means should an ointment, salve, grease or other remedy be applied.
Early irrigation of the affected area is the most important treatment for a chemical burn.
2
2
Selecting the Appropriate Unit
Safety showers and eyewashes help prevent long- lasting medical problems and scarring. The N. C. Department of
Labor has appropriate standards with which employers must abide. ( See Part 4 of this guide.) Many OSHA standards
address the neutralization of injurious corrosive materials after an employee is exposed to them. The emergency eyewash
and shower group of the Industrial Safety Equipment Association has also developed a relevant standard. That standard
( ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009) includes information regarding six different types of emergency eyewash and shower equip-ment.
Table 1 summarizes the key points in the standard.
Table 1
Summary of ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009
3
Equipment Type Physical Features Location Maintenance Training
Emergency Shower
Eyewash
Personal Eyewash
Eye/ Face Wash
Hand- held Drench
Hose
Combination Units
Water column
between 82" and 96"
with 20" minimum
diameter of column at
60" above surface.
Should deliver 20 gpm.
Enclosures, if used,
require minimum 34"
unobstructed diameter.
Flow rate of 0.4 gpm
for 15 minutes
required. Water noz-zles
33" to 45" above
floor and 6" from wall
or obstruction.
Not addressed.
Flow rate of 3.0 gpm
for 15 minutes
required. Water noz-zles
33" to 45" above
floor and 6" from wall
or nearest obstruction.
May be considered an
eyewash or eye/ face
wash if meets the
requirements of either.
Must meet physical
requirement of compo-nent
parts.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Inspected and main-tained
in accordance
with manufacturer’s
instructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
The types of equipment addressed by the ANSI standard include:
Emergency shower. The emergency shower is “ a unit that enables a user to have water cascading over the entire
body.” This unit is used for general irrigation of the body and although it can be used to rinse the face, the unit is not
meant for flushing of the eyes.
Eyewash. The eyewash is a unit that supplies fluid to irrigate and flush the eyes.
Personal eyewash. The personal eyewash is “ a supplementary eyewash that supports plumbed units, self- contained
units, or both by delivering immediate flushing for less than 15 minutes.” The major difference between self- contained
or plumbed and personal eyewash equipment is that the self- contained or plumbed one must have at least a 15- minute
supply of water while the personal units have less than a 15- minute supply. Because of this, the personal eyewash is
used on the site for immediate flushing and while the victim is moved to another unit. Irrigation should continue once
the victim reaches the other unit.
Eye/ face wash. This device is “ used to irrigate and flush both the face and the eyes.”
Hand- held drench hose. This arrangement is “ a flexible hose connected to a water supply and used to irrigate and
flush eyes, face, and body areas.” With this unit it may be necessary for another person to hold the hose to allow the
victim to hold his or her eyes open.
Combination unit. The combination unit combines a shower with an eyewash or eye/ face wash, or with a drench
hose, or with both into one assembly. ( See Figure 2.)
Plumbed unit. A plumbed unit is permanently connected to a potable water source.
Self- contained unit. A self- contained unit is not permanently installed and must be refilled or replaced after use.
In general, the type of hazard and the number and availability of personnel help to determine what type of emergency
equipment to install. The most commonly used emergency wash equipment is the overhead deluge shower, the combina-tion
deluge shower with multiple- spray units, and the complete multiple- spray decontamination unit.
Radioactive or highly toxic materials may require a total decontamination shower. These are booth- type showers with
numerous spray nozzles that may be combined with central overhead sprayers. A complete safety station combines the
eye/ face wash fountain with a drench shower. A very useful addition to an eyewash fountain is a face spray ring that
sprays the face gently to remove contaminants.
A laboratory safety shower does not always give the same drenching effect of the standard overhead shower. Because
of the type of shower head and the angle the water falls, the person using a laboratory safety shower must turn and strain
to make sure all chemicals are washed away. This type of shower is suitable where the upper front portion of the body is
exposed to chemicals ( such as bench work in a laboratory). Even then, the overhead shower should be considered as a
backup precaution. The drench shower is not suitable for washing out the eyes because too much water is flowing down-ward
making it difficult to position the face under the shower.
4
5
Non- Pressurized Self- Contained Eyewash
Pressurized Self- Contained Eyewash
Shower Test Assembly Sink- Mounted Eyewash
Figure 2
Types of Eyewash and Safety Shower Equipment
Combination Shower/ Eyewash
3
Training, Locating, Maintaining
Training to Use Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities
Employees must be properly instructed and trained in the use of eyewash and safety showers regardless of how well
they have worked around the chemicals in the past. Directions for use of safety equipment should be written, available
and frequently reviewed. Training should be simplified so that there is only one emergency procedure throughout the
facility that must be followed whenever eyewashes and safety showers are needed.
Since timing is so important to avoid long- term injuries from toxic or corrosive substances, training should ensure that
each person is familiar with controls and operating devices of the unit. Because the muscles of the eyes react quickly and
strongly to chemicals, it is almost impossible to keep the eyes open for irrigation purposes. For this reason, the ANSI
standard requires that valves be located so that they can be turned on easily and will remain on until effort is made to turn
them off. Training should emphasize that an injured employee may need assistance in reaching the shower or eyewash
and in getting medical attention. Therefore, fellow employees should know how to assist and contact medical help,
whether they work directly with chemicals or not. If a fellow employee becomes contaminated while assisting an injured
worker, he or she may use the shower with the victim to flush the affected area.
The following checklist offers additional information for training employees in the proper use of eyewash and safety
shower facilities:
In case of chemical exposure, flush skin or eyes with cool water for at least 15 minutes. DO NOT RUB!
Get medical assistance immediately following flushing.
If possible, continue flushing while on way to medical help.
Know the effects of chemicals with which you are working. Read, ask questions about, and understand material
safety data sheets for each chemical with which you work.
Always wear personal protective equipment.
Learn the location and use of all emergency equipment, even if you are working in a new area for only a brief time.
Know how to help others reach showers or eyewashes and how to help them get medical assistance.
Hold your eyes open with your hands while using an eyewash to be sure water reaches the eyes.
Remove contaminated clothing after the shower has been activated.
Immediately wash off even small amounts of chemicals.
Locating Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities
Because the first few seconds after exposure to a chemical are critical, eyewash and safety shower facilities must be
within 10 or fewer seconds of an employee’s reach. If the chemical is left in the eye or on the body for even seconds too
long, permanent scarring may result. Therefore, the most important step in treatment is getting to the eyewash or shower
as quickly as possible and getting the affected area washed thoroughly before the chemical can cause further damage.
Minor exposures generally are reversible, and healing is normal with immediate treatment. Severe or extended expo-sure,
however, may cause permanent and irreversible damage. The first 15 seconds after injury is generally accepted as
the most critical time, so none of this period should be spent looking for an eyewash or safety shower. Shower and eye-wash
stations should be located close to potential hazard sites.
Eyewash and safety shower facilities should not be separated from the hazard site by a wall or partition that would
cause an employee to go through a doorway. If the shower or eyewash is located in a usual traffic pattern or conspicuous
place, it will be easier to reach when needed. Care should be taken to locate the shower and eyewash and their controls
where they will not be blocked or contaminated by other materials.
6
Use ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009 ( Table 2) as a guide to locate eyewash and safety shower facilities so that they may be
reached within ten seconds.
Table 2
ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009
Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment
7
SHOWER
DOESN’T
DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS COMPLIES COMPLY
Shower Height Not less than 82" not more than 96" from standing level
Water Spray Pattern 20" minimum diameter— 60" from standing level
Center of Water Spray 16" from any obstruction
Water Delivery— Potable Minimum of 20 gpm/ meeting water spray pattern
Control Valve and Actuator Stay ON type— Off to ON one second— easily located
Location to Hazard Maximum 10 seconds from hazard
Identification Well lighted, sign, highly visible
EYE/ FACE WASH
DOESN’T
DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS COMPLIES COMPLY
Water Delivery— Potable Minimum of 3 gpm— dual stream flushing
Velocity Soft spent stream
Location to Hazard Maximum 10 seconds from hazard
Nozzles Covers to protect from airborne contaminants
Nozzle Height Not less than 33" not more than 45" from standing level
Control Valve and Actuator Stay ON type— Off to ON one second— easily located
Identification Well lighted, sign, highly visible
DRENCH HOSE
DOESN’T
DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS COMPLIES COMPLY
Water Delivery— Potable Minimum of 3 gpm— low velocity
Location to Hazard Maximum 10 seconds or from hazard
Control Valve OFF to ON one second— easy to locate and operate
LOCATION DESCRIPTION
UNIT BLOCK TAG NUMBER TYPE OF EQUIPMENT
HAZARD
Maintaining Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities
Regardless of how well a safety shower or eyewash is installed, if it is not properly maintained and tested, it is of little
or no use. Maintenance records should show the date of inspections and the name of the inspector. Table 3 is an example
maintenance record.
Table 3
ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009 Specifications
Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment
8
DOESN’T
DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS COMPLIES COMPLY
Inspection Monthly record SHOULD be maintained
Maintenance Each unit activated weekly to flush line
Training Instruct all employees on proper use of equipment
OBSERVATIONS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION
GENERAL OBSERVATION ACTION TO BE TAKEN
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
DESCRIPTION REQUIREMENTS GENERAL COMMENTS
Delivered water temperature 60° to 100° F
Freeze protection required Mechanical vs. Electrical
Protection from hostile environments Enclosure— Heated/ Nonheated
Alarms required Mechanical vs. Electrical
Modesty requirements Not to discourage use of equipment
Medical assistance In plant vs. Outside
Emergency vehicle Internal vs. External
EVALUATION PERFORMED BY _______________________________________________ DATE __________________
According to ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009, plumbed equipment must be activated weekly to flush the line and to verify
proper operation. Installing an eyewash or safety shower in poor drainage area facilities may deter scheduled flushing.
But if such location is unavoidable, a bucket or drum mounted on a dolly or roller may be used to collect water during
routine flushing. The person testing the showers and eyewashes should turn them to full flow to allow residues and other
substances accumulated in the lines to be pushed out and washed away. If the showers and eyewashes are not tested at full
flow, they may become so clogged that they are not useful when needed. See Figure 3.
Figure 3
Testing a Safety Shower at Full Flow Draining the Flow Into a Drum
9
4
OSHA/ NCDOL Standards
This section identifies and discusses OSHA standards as enforced by the NCDOL Occupational Safety and Health
Division. Generally speaking, 29 CFR 1910 standards apply to general industry and 29 CFR 1926 standards apply to the
construction industry. However, in instances where there are gaps in coverage, standards may apply across boundaries.
Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities
Some requirements in the standards listed below are quite specific ( e. g., the requirement to provide a 50- gallon con-tainer
of water); some language in the standards lacks specificity ( e. g., the requirement to provide “ suitable” facilities or
an “ easily accessible” shower). The following comments are offered as guidelines for the standard provisions that are not
specific.
a. Facilities should be provided and designated for the purpose of serving as emergency eyewash or shower facilities.
The facilities should not be used for any other purpose which might inhibit their immediate use as emergency eyewash or
shower facilities. Apparatus such as hoses, buckets and spigots, which are used in conjunction with other activities or
processes, may serve as emergency eyewash or shower facilities only if they meet the applicable OSHA standard. In any
event, use in conjunction with other activities must not diminish their accessibility or effectiveness as an emergency eye-wash
or shower.
b. Facilities for emergency eyewash and showers should be provided where the hazard warrants. Eyewash and shower
facilities should be installed so that they may be used simultaneously.
c. Emergency eyewash or emergency shower facilities may be either a fixed commercially available apparatus
designed specifically as an eyewash or shower or an apparatus of similar design and equal effectiveness.
d. Minimum requirements for emergency eyewash facilities may be met by a hose of adequate length and flexibility to
allow the user to direct a flow of water into the eyes. A pressure- reducing, divergent flow or “ spent stream” nozzle and
quick opening valve ( providing full on/ full off control with one- hand operation) located at the nozzle must be attached to
the hose. It is recommended that the nozzle be mounted at a height between 33 and 45 inches ( so that both hands can be
free to assist in irrigation of the eyes).
e. Minimum requirements for emergency shower facilities may be met by an overhead mounted nozzle that provides a
deluge or other soft flow of water equipped with a quick opening valve ( providing full on/ full off control in less than 180
degree arc) that can be operated by a person standing within the effective area of the shower.
f. Location. All required emergency eyewash and shower facilities should be located within a distance from the point
of hazardous exposure that can be negotiated in 10 seconds or less. Factors that must be considered are physical layout of
work area and decreased vision and mobility that may result from employee exposures of varying severity.
g. Water supply/ flow rates. All facilities used for compliance with the standards should provide a copious flow of
potable water for at least 15 minutes. No action may be required of the user other than the opening of a valve. ( Examples
of prohibited devices are squeeze bottles or manually operated pumps. However, such devices may be provided in addi-tion
to protections required by the standards.)
h. Verification of operation. The employer should ensure the dependability of all emergency eyewash and shower
facilities through protection from freezing, deterioration and physical damage and through appropriate inspection and
maintenance.
i. Temperature. The temperature of the water used for emergency eyewash or shower facilities must be maintained
above freezing. It is recommended that the temperature be maintained above 60° F to reduce hypothermia and below
100° F to minimize harm to the eyes.
j. At construction sites and in commercial and manufacturing facilities, at locations where powered industrial trucks are
parked for overnight storage and routine battery recharging only, there is no need for emergency facilities unless there is
the potential for exposing an employee to electrolyte.
10
k. At construction sites and in commercial and manufacturing facilities where batteries ( such as industrial truck batter-ies)
are serviced and handled, proper eyewash and body drenching equipment must be available regardless of the personal
protective equipment required or used.
General requirements for dipping and coating operations— 29 CFR 1910.124( g). What hygiene facilities must I
[ employer] provide? When your employees work with liquids that may burn, irritate or otherwise harm the skin, you
must provide, in accordance with 1910.124( g)( 2), an emergency shower and eyewash station close to the dipping or coat-ing
operation. In place of this equipment, you may use a water hose that is at least 4 feet long and at least 3/ 4 of an inch
thick with a quick- opening valve and carrying a pressure of 25 pounds per square inch or less.
Medical services and first aid— 29 CFR 1910.151( c). Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injuri-ous
corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within
the work area for immediate emergency use.
Chemical processes of making pulp— 29 CFR 1910.261( g)( 18)( i). Quick operating showers, bubblers, etc., shall be
available for emergency use in case of caustic soda burns.
Textiles— 29 CFR 1910.262( pp). First aid. Wherever acids or caustics are used, provisions shall be made for a copious
and flowing supply of fresh, clean water.
Telecommunications— 29 CFR 1910.268( b)( 2)( i). Facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall
be provided unless the storage batteries are of the enclosed type and equipped with explosion proof vents, in which case
sealed water rinse or neutralizing packs may be substituted for the quick drenching or flushing facilities.
Storage and handling of anhydrous ammonia— 29 CFR 1910.111( b)( 10)( iii). Stationary storage installations shall have
an easily accessible shower or a 50- gallon drum of water.
Storage and handling of anhydrous ammonia— 29 CFR 1910.111( b)( 10)( iv). Each vehicle transporting ammonia in
bulk except farm applicator vehicles shall carry a container of at least five gallons of water and shall be equipped with a
full face mask.
Carcinogens— 29 CFR. 1910.1003( d)( 2)( vi). Emergency deluge showers and eyewash fountains supplied with running
potable water shall be located near, within sight of, and on the same level with locations where a direct exposure to
Ethyleneimine or beta- Propiolactone only would be most likely as a result of equipment failure or improper work prac-tice.
Formaldehyde— 29 CFR 1910.1048( i)( 2). If employees’ skin may become splashed with solutions containing 1 per-cent
or greater formaldehyde, for example, because of equipment failure or improper work practices, the employer shall
provide conveniently located quick drench showers and assure that affected employees use these facilities immediately.
( 3) If there is any possibility that an employee’s eyes may be splashed with solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater
formaldehyde, the employer shall provide acceptable eyewash facilities within the immediate work area for emergency
use.
Methylene chloride— 29 CFR 1910.1052( i). Hygiene facilities. ( 1) If it is reasonably foreseeable that employees’ skin
may contact solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater MC ( for example, through splashes, spills or improper work prac-tices),
the employer shall provide conveniently located washing facilities capable of removing the MC, and shall ensure
that affected employees use these facilities as needed. ( 2) If it is reasonably foreseeable that an employee’s eyes may con-tact
solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater MC for example, through splashes, spills or improper work practices), the
employer shall provide appropriate eyewash facilities within the immediate work area for emergency use, and shall ensure
that affected employees use those facilities when necessary.
Batteries and battery charging— 29 CFR 1926.441( a)( 6). Facilities for quick drenching of the eyes and body shall be
provided within 25 feet ( 7.62 m) of battery handling areas.
Medical services and first aid— 29 CFR 1926.50( g). Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injuri-ous
corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within
the work area for immediate emergency use.
11
Eye and Face Personal Protective Equipment and First Aid for Chemical Operations
Chemical usage may occur in almost any work environment, either general industry or construction, and usually
involves hot or corrosive liquids, vapors, gases, and in some cases solids. The hazards associated with these operations
are physical or chemical burns to the eyes or skin, eye or skin irritation, and distraction or temporary blindness resulting
in other physical injury from operations or equipment involved.
Degrees of irritation likely to result from exposure to chemicals may be determined by label information, manufactur-er’s
material safety data sheets, chemical dictionaries and injury records. Factors that should be considered are exposure
time, concentration and temperature. Mixtures of hazardous chemicals may increase or reduce the overall hazard, but the
hazard should be assumed to be at least that of the most hazardous component. Professional judgment guided by knowl-edgeable
inquiry and evaluation is a most important factor in determining the hazard and deciding the level of protection
required.
Based on the standards listed below, the specific requirements of ANSI Z87.1- 1989, and the hazards involved, the
determination of eye and face protective equipment required in chemical operations should derive from the following:
1. Highly corrosive or toxic by eye or skin absorption liquids, vapors, gases or airborne particles will require ventilat-ed
acid fume hood, full face respirator or special protective suits.
2. Hot, strongly irritative and/ or corrosive liquids, vapors, gases or airborne particles require both chemical goggles
and face shield or special chemical hood.
3. Moderate irritants will require chemical goggles and face shield.
4. Slight irritants require chemical goggles or face shield used with safety glasses with side shields.
The provision of adequate emergency eyewash and safety shower facilities does not diminish the obligation to provide
and require the use of personal protective equipment and the need for first aid.
Medical services and first aid— 29 CFR 1910.151( b). In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proxim-ity
to the workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees, a person or persons shall be adequately
trained to render first aid. Adequate first aid supplies shall be readily available.
General requirements— 29 CFR 1910.132( a). Application. Protective equipment, including personal protective equip-ment
for eyes, face, head, and extremities, protective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers,
shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards
of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner
capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation, or physical
contact.
General requirements— 29 CFR 1910.132( c). Design. All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and
construction for the work to be performed.
Eye and face protection— 29 CFR 1910.133( a)( 1). General requirements. The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten
metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gasses or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation.
Eye and face protection— 29 CFR 1910.133( a)( 2). General requirements. The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses eye protection that provides side protection when there is a hazard from flying objects.
Personal protective equipment— 29 CFR 1926.28( a). The employer is responsible for requiring the wearing of appro-priate
personal protective equipment in all operations where there is an exposure to hazardous conditions or where this
part indicates the need for using such equipment to reduce the hazards to the employees.
Eye and face protection— 29 CFR 1926.102( a)( 1). General. Employees shall be provided with eye and face protection
equipment when machines or operations present possible eye or face injury from physical, chemical, or radiation agents.
Eye and face protection— 29 CFR 1926.102( a)( 2). General. Eye and face protection equipment required by this part
shall meet the requirements specified in American National Standards Institute Z87.1- 1968, Practice for Occupational and
Educational Eye and Face Protection.
12
Glossary
Acids. Any compound that reacts with a base to form a salt, 0– 7 pH.
ANSI. American National Standards Institute.
Caustics. Corrosive substances usually in reference to strong alkaline chemicals such as sodium and potassium hydrox-ide;
terms base, caustic, alkali and hydroxide are interchangeable.
Chemicals. Of, made by or used in chemistry.
Compounds. A substance containing two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.
Corrosives. Substances that can eat or wear away.
Cryogenics. The science that deals with the effects of very low temperatures on the properties of matter.
Decontamination. Removal of a polluting or harmful substance from air, water, earth surface, etc.
Deluge. Heavy downpour of water.
Dilution. Usually with water— to weaken another substance.
Ergonomics. The study of interaction between people and their total working environment.
Irrigation. To wash out.
ISEA. International Safety Equipment Association.
Nonpotable. Nondrinkable water.
Noxious Substances. Substances with toxic effects on animals or humans.
OSHA. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Personal Protective Equipment. Any material or device worn to protect.
Potable Water. Drinkable water.
Radioactive. Giving off radiant energy in particles or rays by the disintegration of atomic nuclei.
Toxins. Poisonous product of microorganisms.
13
References
American National Standards Institute/ International Safety Equipment Association. 2009. American National Standard
for Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment. New York: ANSI. Arlington, Va.: ISEA
Chemical burns. November 1962. National Safety News. Data Sheet 523.
Eye injuries demand prompt first aid attention. November 1973. National Safety News. 62– 64.
Humana Burn Center. 1981. First aid for chemical burns. Augusta, Ga.: Humana Burn Center.
International Labor Office. 1972. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 6 volumes. Geneva, Switzerland:
ILO.
National Safety Council. 1974. Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations. 7th ed. Chicago: NSC.
National Safety Council. 1989. Acids and Bases; Working With Chemicals and Your Health. NSC.
National Safety Council. 1988. First aid for chemical burns. In Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, ed. Julian B.
Olishifski and Frank E. McElroy. Chicago: NSC.
National Safety Council. 1989. Hazardous material: Handle with care.
National Safety Council Newsletter. May 31, 1961. Testing emergency showers.
N. C. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Division, Standards Notice 46
Rettew, Vincent E., Jr. January 1971. Emergency showers— Who needs them? Environmental Control and Safety
Management. 141: 24– 26.
14
The following industry guides are available from the N. C. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and
Health Division:
1# 1. A Guide to Safety in Confined Spaces
1# 2. A Guide to Procedures of the N. C. Safety and Health Review Commission ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
1# 3. A Guide to Machine Safeguarding
1# 4. A Guide to OSHA in North Carolina
1# 5. A Guide for Persons Employed in Cotton Dust Environments ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
1# 6. A Guide to Lead Exposure in the Construction Industry ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
1# 7. A Guide to Bloodborne Pathogens in the Workplace
1# 8. A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards
1# 9. A Guide to Ergonomics
# 10. A Guide to Farm Safety and Health ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 11. A Guide to Radio Frequency Hazards With Electric Detonators ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 12. A Guide to Forklift Operator Training
# 13. A Guide to the Safe Storage of Explosive Materials ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 14. A Guide to the OSHA Excavations Standard
# 15. A Guide to Developing and Maintaining an Effective Hearing Conservation Program
# 16. A Guide to Construction Jobsite Safety and Health/ Guía de Seguridad y Salud para el Trabajo de Construcción
# 17. A Guide to Asbestos for Industry
# 18. A Guide to Electrical Safety
# 19. A Guide to Occupational Exposure to Wood, Wood Dust and Combustible Dust Hazards ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 20. A Guide to Cranes and Derricks
# 23. A Guide to Working With Electricity
# 25. A Guide to Personal Protective Equipment
# 26. A Guide to Manual Materials Handling and Back Safety
# 27. A Guide to the Control of Hazardous Energy ( Lockout/ Tagout)
# 28. A Guide to Eye Wash and Safety Shower Facilities
# 29. A Guide to Safety and Health in Feed and Grain Mills ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 30. A Guide to Working With Corrosive Substances ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 31. A Guide to Formaldehyde ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 32. A Guide to Fall Prevention in Industry
# 32s. Guía de Protección Contra Caídas en la Industria ( Spanish version of # 32)
# 33. A Guide to Office Safety and Health ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 34. A Guide to Safety and Health in the Poultry Industry ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 35. A Guide to Preventing Heat Stress
# 38. A Guide to Safe Scaffolding
# 40. A Guide to Emergency Action Planning
# 41. A Guide to OSHA for Small Businesses in North Carolina
# 41s. Guía OSHA para Pequeños Negocios en Carolina del Norte ( Spanish version of # 41)
# 42. A Guide to Transportation Safety
# 43. A Guide to Combustible Dusts
Occupational Safety and Health ( OSH)
Sources of Information
You may call 1- 800- NC- LABOR ( 1- 800- 625- 2267) to reach any division of the N. C. Department of Labor; or visit the
NCDOL home page on the World Wide Web: http:// www. nclabor. com.
N. C. Occupational Safety and Health Division
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 3rd Floor)
Local Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2900 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2856
For information concerning education, training and interpretations of occupational safety and health standards contact:
Education, Training and Technical Assistance Bureau
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 4th Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2875 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2876
For information concerning occupational safety and health consultative services and safety awards programs contact:
Consultative Services Bureau
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 3rd Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2899 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2902
For information concerning migrant housing inspections and other related activities contact:
Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 2nd Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2923 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2924
For information concerning occupational safety and health compliance contact:
Safety and Health Compliance District Offices
Raleigh District Office ( 313 Chapanoke Road, Raleigh, NC 27603)
Telephone: ( 919) 779- 8570 Fax: ( 919) 662- 4709
Asheville District Office ( 204 Charlotte Highway, Suite B, Asheville, NC 28803- 8681)
Telephone: ( 828) 299- 8232 Fax: ( 828) 299- 8266
Charlotte District Office ( 901 Blairhill Road, Suite 200, Charlotte, NC 28217- 1578)
Telephone: ( 704) 665- 4341 Fax: ( 704) 665- 4342
Winston- Salem District Office ( 4964 University Parkway, Suite 202, Winston- Salem, NC 27106- 2800)
Telephone: ( 336) 776- 4420 Fax: ( 336) 776- 4422
Wilmington District Office ( 1200 N. 23rd St., Suite 205, Wilmington, NC 28405- 1824)
Telephone: ( 910) 251- 2678 Fax: ( 910) 251- 2654
*** To make an OSHA Complaint, OSH Complaint Desk: ( 919) 807- 2796***
For statistical information concerning program activities contact:
Planning, Statistics and Information Management Bureau
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 2nd Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2950 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2951
For information about books, periodicals, vertical files, videos, films, audio/ slide sets and computer databases contact:
N. C. Department of Labor Library
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 5th Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2848 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2849
N. C. Department of Labor ( Other than OSH)
1101 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101
Telephone: ( 919) 733- 7166 Fax: ( 919) 733- 6197

Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.

A Guide to Eyewash and
Safety Shower Facilities
Occupational Safety and Health Division
N. C. Department of Labor
1101 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101
Cherie Berry
Commissioner of Labor
28
N. C. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Program
Cherie Berry
Commissioner of Labor
OSHA State Plan Designee
Allen McNeely
Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health
Kevin Beauregard
Assistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health
Susan Haritos
Reviewer
Acknowledgments
A Guide to Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities was prepared by L. A. Weaver Company of Raleigh,
N. C., a firm that specializes in occupational and environmental safety and health. The information in this guide
was updated in 2010.
This guide is intended to be consistent with all existing OSHA standards. If an area is considered by
the reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the appropriate state or federal standard should be
followed.
To obtain additional copies of this guide, or if you have questions about North Carolina occupational safety and health
standards or rules, please contact:
N. C. Department of Labor
Education, Training and Technical Assistance Bureau
1101 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101
Phone: ( 919) 807- 2875 or 1- 800- NC- LABOR ( 1- 800- 625- 2267)
____________________
Additional sources of information are listed on the inside back cover of this guide.
____________________
The projected cost of the NCDOL OSH program for federal fiscal year 2009– 2010 is $ 17,534,771. Federal funding provides approximately 30 percent ($ 5,180,700) of
this total.
Revised 2/ 10
Contents
Part Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1iiv
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiv1
2 Selecting the Appropriate Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1ii3
3 Training, Locating, Maintaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii16
Training to Use Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii16
Locating Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii16
Maintaining Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii18
4 OSHA/ NCDOL Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii10
Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii10
Eye and Face Personal Protective Equipment and
First Aid for Chemical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii12
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii14
iii
Foreword
We ask a lot from employees when we ask them to work with hazardous chemicals and products. They know one acci-dent
could cost them their sight or leave scars that never disappear. These workers deserve to know that help is always
within reach.
A Guide to Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities looks at the kinds of safety equipment these workers need to have in
their workplaces. It explains what employers are required by OSHA to provide in eyewash and safety shower stations.
In North Carolina, the N. C. Department of Labor enforces the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act. NCDOL
offers many educational programs to the public and produces publications to help inform people about their rights and
responsibilities regarding occupational safety and health.
When reading this guide, please remember the NCDOL mission is greater than just regulatory enforcement. An equally
important goal is to help citizens find ways to create safe workplaces. Everyone profits when managers and employees
work together for safety. This booklet, like the other educational materials produced by the N. C. Department of Labor,
can help.
Cherie Berry
Commissioner of Labor
v
1
Introduction
In today’s industries, many safety precautions and types of emergency equipment must be used to protect and ensure
the health of employees. Although regulations and standards, personal protective equipment, and safety training are used,
accidents still happen. Accidents involving hazardous chemicals can be especially severe. Employees who manufacture
hazardous chemical products are at risk, of course. Hazardous chemicals can also affect people who work in food indus-tries,
or with cleaning solutions, and in manufacturing industries and service establishments.
Eyewashes and safety showers were developed in response to the increased use of hazardous chemicals. Eyewashes
and safety showers are emergency systems used in both public and private industry to protect an employee from injury in
case of contact with hazardous chemicals, chemical compounds or fire. The four basic ways these safety systems are used
( see Figure 1) include:
1. Dilution— diluting the chemicals that are on the skin or in the eyes to a nonharmful level.
2. Warming/ cooling— warming or cooling the body or eyes because of a change in temperature due to chemical
exposure.
3. Irrigation— flushing the chemicals out of the eyes or off the skin.
4. Extinguishment— putting out fires of clothing on the body.
Figure 1
Four Ways Eyewashes and Safety Showers Are Used
Eyewash and emergency showers were first used around 1928. Since that time, industrial chemical use has grown
rapidly. According to a N. C. Department of Labor report on chemical injuries, only one chemical injury was reported in
1965. By 1978 there were reports of 356 injuries in North Carolina from chemical contact. In North Carolina, from 1988
through 1990, workers’ compensation claims were paid for 1,263 heat burns and 274 chemical burns. Because of the
increased use of hazardous substances, eyewash and safety showers are essential for employees who work with or around
chemicals. Employees must be trained to use their emergency systems.
Because some chemicals can irritate or damage skin upon contact, affected areas should be flushed with water as soon
as possible. Even when only a small amount of a harmful substance is splashed on the skin, the substance must be washed
from the area immediately. In most cases an emergency shower should be used. When the body is to be flushed following
chemical contact, equipment and clothing must be removed once the shower has been activated.
1
Modesty has no place in emergency situations. If necessary, fellow employees must help remove contaminated cloth-ing.
If a helper becomes contaminated, he or she may have to use the facility along with the initial individual, to flush the
affected area. Appropriate medical help must be contacted immediately. The affected person should always remain in the
shower or continue flushing the eyes for no less than 15 minutes.
Appropriate personal protective equipment should be used to protect against hazardous chemicals. Personal protective
equipment should be used if a person is handling chemicals, even though such equipment may not totally guarantee that
hazardous chemicals will not pass through to the worker. One federal Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of 1,052 industri-al
eye injuries revealed that most workers were injured while performing their normal job activities at their worksites.
Sixty percent of these persons surveyed said that they were not wearing eye protection at the time of their injury. When
asked why, the majority responded that eye protection was not normally used, or they felt it was not needed.
Personal protective equipment should fit the task. In 1989, the U. S. Department of Labor released the results of a sepa-rate
survey of people injured by chemicals in the workplace. The results showed that 66 percent were wearing protective
equipment when injured. These employees said that the chemicals passed under or around the safety gear ( usually glasses,
goggles or face shields). Many workers were accustomed to using the material that injured them. Part 4 of this guide lists
and discusses occupational safety and health standards applicable to relevant personal protective equipment.
Employees should be informed about hazardous chemicals to which they are exposed, and they should be trained to
work with such chemicals. In the U. S. Department of Labor survey mentioned above, nearly three- fifths of the injured
employees said they worked with or near the chemicals daily or almost daily; and one- tenth worked with or near the
agents weekly. Three- fifths of the injured employees said that they had not been made aware of the dangers of chemicals
on their job. During the period between collecting the data and release of the final report for the survey, the federal
Occupational Safety and Health Administration issued its Hazard Communication Standard.
That standard requires employers to inform employees about the hazards of chemicals through labeling containers,
material safety data sheets and special training. The standard was subsequently adopted under the Occupational Safety
and Health Act of North Carolina by the N. C. Department of Labor. You can obtain a copy of the standard by writing or
calling the N. C. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Division, Education, Training and Technical
Assistance Bureau. ( See the inside back cover of this publication for the address and telephone number.)
Because safety equipment may not be totally protective and because there may be employees who fail to wear protec-tive
clothing, safety showers and eyewash systems should be within easy reach and every employee should know how to
use them. Since the eye is one of the most vulnerable and important organs, special care should be taken to counteract
chemical eye injuries. Chemical eye injuries can be divided into acid or basic types. Both types are burn injuries that have
the same appearance— small, abundant cuts to the eye and eyelids, redness, and swelling. These injuries also produce
corneal changes, and the eyelids are usually swollen shut. Whether the chemical is splashed in the eye or on the body,
decontamination with water from an eyewash or safety shower should be the first aid.
Treatment strategies for injuries from hazardous chemicals vary from water to neutralizing agents. But, when an acci-dent
occurs, time should not be spent looking for agents when water is usually readily available. If a special agent is need-ed,
it can be used after irrigation with water. Chemical burns should be attended by a doctor or emergency medical per-sonnel
who can locate and administer the needed solutions.
Because some chemicals, such as concentrated ammonia, can penetrate the cornea and enter the anterior chamber of
the eye within six to eight seconds, it is extremely important to flush the chemical out immediately, before it causes
severe damage or blindness.
Since it may take 15 minutes or longer before an injured person can be treated by a physician, the affected area must be
flushed with water as soon as possible. Neutralizing solutions neutralize an acid or other chemical while water irrigation
helps remove the chemical. Chemical burns caused by vapors should be treated in the same manner as those caused by
splashes. According to the Humana Burn Center, the affected area should be irrigated with water for 15 minutes or longer,
“ no other option should take priority,” and by no means should an ointment, salve, grease or other remedy be applied.
Early irrigation of the affected area is the most important treatment for a chemical burn.
2
2
Selecting the Appropriate Unit
Safety showers and eyewashes help prevent long- lasting medical problems and scarring. The N. C. Department of
Labor has appropriate standards with which employers must abide. ( See Part 4 of this guide.) Many OSHA standards
address the neutralization of injurious corrosive materials after an employee is exposed to them. The emergency eyewash
and shower group of the Industrial Safety Equipment Association has also developed a relevant standard. That standard
( ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009) includes information regarding six different types of emergency eyewash and shower equip-ment.
Table 1 summarizes the key points in the standard.
Table 1
Summary of ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009
3
Equipment Type Physical Features Location Maintenance Training
Emergency Shower
Eyewash
Personal Eyewash
Eye/ Face Wash
Hand- held Drench
Hose
Combination Units
Water column
between 82" and 96"
with 20" minimum
diameter of column at
60" above surface.
Should deliver 20 gpm.
Enclosures, if used,
require minimum 34"
unobstructed diameter.
Flow rate of 0.4 gpm
for 15 minutes
required. Water noz-zles
33" to 45" above
floor and 6" from wall
or obstruction.
Not addressed.
Flow rate of 3.0 gpm
for 15 minutes
required. Water noz-zles
33" to 45" above
floor and 6" from wall
or nearest obstruction.
May be considered an
eyewash or eye/ face
wash if meets the
requirements of either.
Must meet physical
requirement of compo-nent
parts.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Accessible within 10
seconds. Path free
from obstructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Inspected and main-tained
in accordance
with manufacturer’s
instructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Plumbed units activat-ed
weekly to flush
lines and verify opera-tion.
Self- contained
units— visually inspect
fluid for change and to
supplement in accor-dance
with manufac-turer’s
instructions.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
Required for all
employees who might
be exposed to a
chemical splash.
The types of equipment addressed by the ANSI standard include:
Emergency shower. The emergency shower is “ a unit that enables a user to have water cascading over the entire
body.” This unit is used for general irrigation of the body and although it can be used to rinse the face, the unit is not
meant for flushing of the eyes.
Eyewash. The eyewash is a unit that supplies fluid to irrigate and flush the eyes.
Personal eyewash. The personal eyewash is “ a supplementary eyewash that supports plumbed units, self- contained
units, or both by delivering immediate flushing for less than 15 minutes.” The major difference between self- contained
or plumbed and personal eyewash equipment is that the self- contained or plumbed one must have at least a 15- minute
supply of water while the personal units have less than a 15- minute supply. Because of this, the personal eyewash is
used on the site for immediate flushing and while the victim is moved to another unit. Irrigation should continue once
the victim reaches the other unit.
Eye/ face wash. This device is “ used to irrigate and flush both the face and the eyes.”
Hand- held drench hose. This arrangement is “ a flexible hose connected to a water supply and used to irrigate and
flush eyes, face, and body areas.” With this unit it may be necessary for another person to hold the hose to allow the
victim to hold his or her eyes open.
Combination unit. The combination unit combines a shower with an eyewash or eye/ face wash, or with a drench
hose, or with both into one assembly. ( See Figure 2.)
Plumbed unit. A plumbed unit is permanently connected to a potable water source.
Self- contained unit. A self- contained unit is not permanently installed and must be refilled or replaced after use.
In general, the type of hazard and the number and availability of personnel help to determine what type of emergency
equipment to install. The most commonly used emergency wash equipment is the overhead deluge shower, the combina-tion
deluge shower with multiple- spray units, and the complete multiple- spray decontamination unit.
Radioactive or highly toxic materials may require a total decontamination shower. These are booth- type showers with
numerous spray nozzles that may be combined with central overhead sprayers. A complete safety station combines the
eye/ face wash fountain with a drench shower. A very useful addition to an eyewash fountain is a face spray ring that
sprays the face gently to remove contaminants.
A laboratory safety shower does not always give the same drenching effect of the standard overhead shower. Because
of the type of shower head and the angle the water falls, the person using a laboratory safety shower must turn and strain
to make sure all chemicals are washed away. This type of shower is suitable where the upper front portion of the body is
exposed to chemicals ( such as bench work in a laboratory). Even then, the overhead shower should be considered as a
backup precaution. The drench shower is not suitable for washing out the eyes because too much water is flowing down-ward
making it difficult to position the face under the shower.
4
5
Non- Pressurized Self- Contained Eyewash
Pressurized Self- Contained Eyewash
Shower Test Assembly Sink- Mounted Eyewash
Figure 2
Types of Eyewash and Safety Shower Equipment
Combination Shower/ Eyewash
3
Training, Locating, Maintaining
Training to Use Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities
Employees must be properly instructed and trained in the use of eyewash and safety showers regardless of how well
they have worked around the chemicals in the past. Directions for use of safety equipment should be written, available
and frequently reviewed. Training should be simplified so that there is only one emergency procedure throughout the
facility that must be followed whenever eyewashes and safety showers are needed.
Since timing is so important to avoid long- term injuries from toxic or corrosive substances, training should ensure that
each person is familiar with controls and operating devices of the unit. Because the muscles of the eyes react quickly and
strongly to chemicals, it is almost impossible to keep the eyes open for irrigation purposes. For this reason, the ANSI
standard requires that valves be located so that they can be turned on easily and will remain on until effort is made to turn
them off. Training should emphasize that an injured employee may need assistance in reaching the shower or eyewash
and in getting medical attention. Therefore, fellow employees should know how to assist and contact medical help,
whether they work directly with chemicals or not. If a fellow employee becomes contaminated while assisting an injured
worker, he or she may use the shower with the victim to flush the affected area.
The following checklist offers additional information for training employees in the proper use of eyewash and safety
shower facilities:
In case of chemical exposure, flush skin or eyes with cool water for at least 15 minutes. DO NOT RUB!
Get medical assistance immediately following flushing.
If possible, continue flushing while on way to medical help.
Know the effects of chemicals with which you are working. Read, ask questions about, and understand material
safety data sheets for each chemical with which you work.
Always wear personal protective equipment.
Learn the location and use of all emergency equipment, even if you are working in a new area for only a brief time.
Know how to help others reach showers or eyewashes and how to help them get medical assistance.
Hold your eyes open with your hands while using an eyewash to be sure water reaches the eyes.
Remove contaminated clothing after the shower has been activated.
Immediately wash off even small amounts of chemicals.
Locating Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities
Because the first few seconds after exposure to a chemical are critical, eyewash and safety shower facilities must be
within 10 or fewer seconds of an employee’s reach. If the chemical is left in the eye or on the body for even seconds too
long, permanent scarring may result. Therefore, the most important step in treatment is getting to the eyewash or shower
as quickly as possible and getting the affected area washed thoroughly before the chemical can cause further damage.
Minor exposures generally are reversible, and healing is normal with immediate treatment. Severe or extended expo-sure,
however, may cause permanent and irreversible damage. The first 15 seconds after injury is generally accepted as
the most critical time, so none of this period should be spent looking for an eyewash or safety shower. Shower and eye-wash
stations should be located close to potential hazard sites.
Eyewash and safety shower facilities should not be separated from the hazard site by a wall or partition that would
cause an employee to go through a doorway. If the shower or eyewash is located in a usual traffic pattern or conspicuous
place, it will be easier to reach when needed. Care should be taken to locate the shower and eyewash and their controls
where they will not be blocked or contaminated by other materials.
6
Use ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009 ( Table 2) as a guide to locate eyewash and safety shower facilities so that they may be
reached within ten seconds.
Table 2
ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009
Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment
7
SHOWER
DOESN’T
DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS COMPLIES COMPLY
Shower Height Not less than 82" not more than 96" from standing level
Water Spray Pattern 20" minimum diameter— 60" from standing level
Center of Water Spray 16" from any obstruction
Water Delivery— Potable Minimum of 20 gpm/ meeting water spray pattern
Control Valve and Actuator Stay ON type— Off to ON one second— easily located
Location to Hazard Maximum 10 seconds from hazard
Identification Well lighted, sign, highly visible
EYE/ FACE WASH
DOESN’T
DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS COMPLIES COMPLY
Water Delivery— Potable Minimum of 3 gpm— dual stream flushing
Velocity Soft spent stream
Location to Hazard Maximum 10 seconds from hazard
Nozzles Covers to protect from airborne contaminants
Nozzle Height Not less than 33" not more than 45" from standing level
Control Valve and Actuator Stay ON type— Off to ON one second— easily located
Identification Well lighted, sign, highly visible
DRENCH HOSE
DOESN’T
DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS COMPLIES COMPLY
Water Delivery— Potable Minimum of 3 gpm— low velocity
Location to Hazard Maximum 10 seconds or from hazard
Control Valve OFF to ON one second— easy to locate and operate
LOCATION DESCRIPTION
UNIT BLOCK TAG NUMBER TYPE OF EQUIPMENT
HAZARD
Maintaining Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities
Regardless of how well a safety shower or eyewash is installed, if it is not properly maintained and tested, it is of little
or no use. Maintenance records should show the date of inspections and the name of the inspector. Table 3 is an example
maintenance record.
Table 3
ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009 Specifications
Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment
8
DOESN’T
DESCRIPTION PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS COMPLIES COMPLY
Inspection Monthly record SHOULD be maintained
Maintenance Each unit activated weekly to flush line
Training Instruct all employees on proper use of equipment
OBSERVATIONS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION
GENERAL OBSERVATION ACTION TO BE TAKEN
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
DESCRIPTION REQUIREMENTS GENERAL COMMENTS
Delivered water temperature 60° to 100° F
Freeze protection required Mechanical vs. Electrical
Protection from hostile environments Enclosure— Heated/ Nonheated
Alarms required Mechanical vs. Electrical
Modesty requirements Not to discourage use of equipment
Medical assistance In plant vs. Outside
Emergency vehicle Internal vs. External
EVALUATION PERFORMED BY _______________________________________________ DATE __________________
According to ANSI/ ISEA Z358.1- 2009, plumbed equipment must be activated weekly to flush the line and to verify
proper operation. Installing an eyewash or safety shower in poor drainage area facilities may deter scheduled flushing.
But if such location is unavoidable, a bucket or drum mounted on a dolly or roller may be used to collect water during
routine flushing. The person testing the showers and eyewashes should turn them to full flow to allow residues and other
substances accumulated in the lines to be pushed out and washed away. If the showers and eyewashes are not tested at full
flow, they may become so clogged that they are not useful when needed. See Figure 3.
Figure 3
Testing a Safety Shower at Full Flow Draining the Flow Into a Drum
9
4
OSHA/ NCDOL Standards
This section identifies and discusses OSHA standards as enforced by the NCDOL Occupational Safety and Health
Division. Generally speaking, 29 CFR 1910 standards apply to general industry and 29 CFR 1926 standards apply to the
construction industry. However, in instances where there are gaps in coverage, standards may apply across boundaries.
Eyewash and Safety Shower Facilities
Some requirements in the standards listed below are quite specific ( e. g., the requirement to provide a 50- gallon con-tainer
of water); some language in the standards lacks specificity ( e. g., the requirement to provide “ suitable” facilities or
an “ easily accessible” shower). The following comments are offered as guidelines for the standard provisions that are not
specific.
a. Facilities should be provided and designated for the purpose of serving as emergency eyewash or shower facilities.
The facilities should not be used for any other purpose which might inhibit their immediate use as emergency eyewash or
shower facilities. Apparatus such as hoses, buckets and spigots, which are used in conjunction with other activities or
processes, may serve as emergency eyewash or shower facilities only if they meet the applicable OSHA standard. In any
event, use in conjunction with other activities must not diminish their accessibility or effectiveness as an emergency eye-wash
or shower.
b. Facilities for emergency eyewash and showers should be provided where the hazard warrants. Eyewash and shower
facilities should be installed so that they may be used simultaneously.
c. Emergency eyewash or emergency shower facilities may be either a fixed commercially available apparatus
designed specifically as an eyewash or shower or an apparatus of similar design and equal effectiveness.
d. Minimum requirements for emergency eyewash facilities may be met by a hose of adequate length and flexibility to
allow the user to direct a flow of water into the eyes. A pressure- reducing, divergent flow or “ spent stream” nozzle and
quick opening valve ( providing full on/ full off control with one- hand operation) located at the nozzle must be attached to
the hose. It is recommended that the nozzle be mounted at a height between 33 and 45 inches ( so that both hands can be
free to assist in irrigation of the eyes).
e. Minimum requirements for emergency shower facilities may be met by an overhead mounted nozzle that provides a
deluge or other soft flow of water equipped with a quick opening valve ( providing full on/ full off control in less than 180
degree arc) that can be operated by a person standing within the effective area of the shower.
f. Location. All required emergency eyewash and shower facilities should be located within a distance from the point
of hazardous exposure that can be negotiated in 10 seconds or less. Factors that must be considered are physical layout of
work area and decreased vision and mobility that may result from employee exposures of varying severity.
g. Water supply/ flow rates. All facilities used for compliance with the standards should provide a copious flow of
potable water for at least 15 minutes. No action may be required of the user other than the opening of a valve. ( Examples
of prohibited devices are squeeze bottles or manually operated pumps. However, such devices may be provided in addi-tion
to protections required by the standards.)
h. Verification of operation. The employer should ensure the dependability of all emergency eyewash and shower
facilities through protection from freezing, deterioration and physical damage and through appropriate inspection and
maintenance.
i. Temperature. The temperature of the water used for emergency eyewash or shower facilities must be maintained
above freezing. It is recommended that the temperature be maintained above 60° F to reduce hypothermia and below
100° F to minimize harm to the eyes.
j. At construction sites and in commercial and manufacturing facilities, at locations where powered industrial trucks are
parked for overnight storage and routine battery recharging only, there is no need for emergency facilities unless there is
the potential for exposing an employee to electrolyte.
10
k. At construction sites and in commercial and manufacturing facilities where batteries ( such as industrial truck batter-ies)
are serviced and handled, proper eyewash and body drenching equipment must be available regardless of the personal
protective equipment required or used.
General requirements for dipping and coating operations— 29 CFR 1910.124( g). What hygiene facilities must I
[ employer] provide? When your employees work with liquids that may burn, irritate or otherwise harm the skin, you
must provide, in accordance with 1910.124( g)( 2), an emergency shower and eyewash station close to the dipping or coat-ing
operation. In place of this equipment, you may use a water hose that is at least 4 feet long and at least 3/ 4 of an inch
thick with a quick- opening valve and carrying a pressure of 25 pounds per square inch or less.
Medical services and first aid— 29 CFR 1910.151( c). Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injuri-ous
corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within
the work area for immediate emergency use.
Chemical processes of making pulp— 29 CFR 1910.261( g)( 18)( i). Quick operating showers, bubblers, etc., shall be
available for emergency use in case of caustic soda burns.
Textiles— 29 CFR 1910.262( pp). First aid. Wherever acids or caustics are used, provisions shall be made for a copious
and flowing supply of fresh, clean water.
Telecommunications— 29 CFR 1910.268( b)( 2)( i). Facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall
be provided unless the storage batteries are of the enclosed type and equipped with explosion proof vents, in which case
sealed water rinse or neutralizing packs may be substituted for the quick drenching or flushing facilities.
Storage and handling of anhydrous ammonia— 29 CFR 1910.111( b)( 10)( iii). Stationary storage installations shall have
an easily accessible shower or a 50- gallon drum of water.
Storage and handling of anhydrous ammonia— 29 CFR 1910.111( b)( 10)( iv). Each vehicle transporting ammonia in
bulk except farm applicator vehicles shall carry a container of at least five gallons of water and shall be equipped with a
full face mask.
Carcinogens— 29 CFR. 1910.1003( d)( 2)( vi). Emergency deluge showers and eyewash fountains supplied with running
potable water shall be located near, within sight of, and on the same level with locations where a direct exposure to
Ethyleneimine or beta- Propiolactone only would be most likely as a result of equipment failure or improper work prac-tice.
Formaldehyde— 29 CFR 1910.1048( i)( 2). If employees’ skin may become splashed with solutions containing 1 per-cent
or greater formaldehyde, for example, because of equipment failure or improper work practices, the employer shall
provide conveniently located quick drench showers and assure that affected employees use these facilities immediately.
( 3) If there is any possibility that an employee’s eyes may be splashed with solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater
formaldehyde, the employer shall provide acceptable eyewash facilities within the immediate work area for emergency
use.
Methylene chloride— 29 CFR 1910.1052( i). Hygiene facilities. ( 1) If it is reasonably foreseeable that employees’ skin
may contact solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater MC ( for example, through splashes, spills or improper work prac-tices),
the employer shall provide conveniently located washing facilities capable of removing the MC, and shall ensure
that affected employees use these facilities as needed. ( 2) If it is reasonably foreseeable that an employee’s eyes may con-tact
solutions containing 0.1 percent or greater MC for example, through splashes, spills or improper work practices), the
employer shall provide appropriate eyewash facilities within the immediate work area for emergency use, and shall ensure
that affected employees use those facilities when necessary.
Batteries and battery charging— 29 CFR 1926.441( a)( 6). Facilities for quick drenching of the eyes and body shall be
provided within 25 feet ( 7.62 m) of battery handling areas.
Medical services and first aid— 29 CFR 1926.50( g). Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injuri-ous
corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within
the work area for immediate emergency use.
11
Eye and Face Personal Protective Equipment and First Aid for Chemical Operations
Chemical usage may occur in almost any work environment, either general industry or construction, and usually
involves hot or corrosive liquids, vapors, gases, and in some cases solids. The hazards associated with these operations
are physical or chemical burns to the eyes or skin, eye or skin irritation, and distraction or temporary blindness resulting
in other physical injury from operations or equipment involved.
Degrees of irritation likely to result from exposure to chemicals may be determined by label information, manufactur-er’s
material safety data sheets, chemical dictionaries and injury records. Factors that should be considered are exposure
time, concentration and temperature. Mixtures of hazardous chemicals may increase or reduce the overall hazard, but the
hazard should be assumed to be at least that of the most hazardous component. Professional judgment guided by knowl-edgeable
inquiry and evaluation is a most important factor in determining the hazard and deciding the level of protection
required.
Based on the standards listed below, the specific requirements of ANSI Z87.1- 1989, and the hazards involved, the
determination of eye and face protective equipment required in chemical operations should derive from the following:
1. Highly corrosive or toxic by eye or skin absorption liquids, vapors, gases or airborne particles will require ventilat-ed
acid fume hood, full face respirator or special protective suits.
2. Hot, strongly irritative and/ or corrosive liquids, vapors, gases or airborne particles require both chemical goggles
and face shield or special chemical hood.
3. Moderate irritants will require chemical goggles and face shield.
4. Slight irritants require chemical goggles or face shield used with safety glasses with side shields.
The provision of adequate emergency eyewash and safety shower facilities does not diminish the obligation to provide
and require the use of personal protective equipment and the need for first aid.
Medical services and first aid— 29 CFR 1910.151( b). In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proxim-ity
to the workplace which is used for the treatment of all injured employees, a person or persons shall be adequately
trained to render first aid. Adequate first aid supplies shall be readily available.
General requirements— 29 CFR 1910.132( a). Application. Protective equipment, including personal protective equip-ment
for eyes, face, head, and extremities, protective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers,
shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards
of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner
capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation, or physical
contact.
General requirements— 29 CFR 1910.132( c). Design. All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and
construction for the work to be performed.
Eye and face protection— 29 CFR 1910.133( a)( 1). General requirements. The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten
metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gasses or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation.
Eye and face protection— 29 CFR 1910.133( a)( 2). General requirements. The employer shall ensure that each affected
employee uses eye protection that provides side protection when there is a hazard from flying objects.
Personal protective equipment— 29 CFR 1926.28( a). The employer is responsible for requiring the wearing of appro-priate
personal protective equipment in all operations where there is an exposure to hazardous conditions or where this
part indicates the need for using such equipment to reduce the hazards to the employees.
Eye and face protection— 29 CFR 1926.102( a)( 1). General. Employees shall be provided with eye and face protection
equipment when machines or operations present possible eye or face injury from physical, chemical, or radiation agents.
Eye and face protection— 29 CFR 1926.102( a)( 2). General. Eye and face protection equipment required by this part
shall meet the requirements specified in American National Standards Institute Z87.1- 1968, Practice for Occupational and
Educational Eye and Face Protection.
12
Glossary
Acids. Any compound that reacts with a base to form a salt, 0– 7 pH.
ANSI. American National Standards Institute.
Caustics. Corrosive substances usually in reference to strong alkaline chemicals such as sodium and potassium hydrox-ide;
terms base, caustic, alkali and hydroxide are interchangeable.
Chemicals. Of, made by or used in chemistry.
Compounds. A substance containing two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.
Corrosives. Substances that can eat or wear away.
Cryogenics. The science that deals with the effects of very low temperatures on the properties of matter.
Decontamination. Removal of a polluting or harmful substance from air, water, earth surface, etc.
Deluge. Heavy downpour of water.
Dilution. Usually with water— to weaken another substance.
Ergonomics. The study of interaction between people and their total working environment.
Irrigation. To wash out.
ISEA. International Safety Equipment Association.
Nonpotable. Nondrinkable water.
Noxious Substances. Substances with toxic effects on animals or humans.
OSHA. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Personal Protective Equipment. Any material or device worn to protect.
Potable Water. Drinkable water.
Radioactive. Giving off radiant energy in particles or rays by the disintegration of atomic nuclei.
Toxins. Poisonous product of microorganisms.
13
References
American National Standards Institute/ International Safety Equipment Association. 2009. American National Standard
for Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment. New York: ANSI. Arlington, Va.: ISEA
Chemical burns. November 1962. National Safety News. Data Sheet 523.
Eye injuries demand prompt first aid attention. November 1973. National Safety News. 62– 64.
Humana Burn Center. 1981. First aid for chemical burns. Augusta, Ga.: Humana Burn Center.
International Labor Office. 1972. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 6 volumes. Geneva, Switzerland:
ILO.
National Safety Council. 1974. Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations. 7th ed. Chicago: NSC.
National Safety Council. 1989. Acids and Bases; Working With Chemicals and Your Health. NSC.
National Safety Council. 1988. First aid for chemical burns. In Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, ed. Julian B.
Olishifski and Frank E. McElroy. Chicago: NSC.
National Safety Council. 1989. Hazardous material: Handle with care.
National Safety Council Newsletter. May 31, 1961. Testing emergency showers.
N. C. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Division, Standards Notice 46
Rettew, Vincent E., Jr. January 1971. Emergency showers— Who needs them? Environmental Control and Safety
Management. 141: 24– 26.
14
The following industry guides are available from the N. C. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and
Health Division:
1# 1. A Guide to Safety in Confined Spaces
1# 2. A Guide to Procedures of the N. C. Safety and Health Review Commission ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
1# 3. A Guide to Machine Safeguarding
1# 4. A Guide to OSHA in North Carolina
1# 5. A Guide for Persons Employed in Cotton Dust Environments ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
1# 6. A Guide to Lead Exposure in the Construction Industry ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
1# 7. A Guide to Bloodborne Pathogens in the Workplace
1# 8. A Guide to Voluntary Training and Training Requirements in OSHA Standards
1# 9. A Guide to Ergonomics
# 10. A Guide to Farm Safety and Health ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 11. A Guide to Radio Frequency Hazards With Electric Detonators ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 12. A Guide to Forklift Operator Training
# 13. A Guide to the Safe Storage of Explosive Materials ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 14. A Guide to the OSHA Excavations Standard
# 15. A Guide to Developing and Maintaining an Effective Hearing Conservation Program
# 16. A Guide to Construction Jobsite Safety and Health/ Guía de Seguridad y Salud para el Trabajo de Construcción
# 17. A Guide to Asbestos for Industry
# 18. A Guide to Electrical Safety
# 19. A Guide to Occupational Exposure to Wood, Wood Dust and Combustible Dust Hazards ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 20. A Guide to Cranes and Derricks
# 23. A Guide to Working With Electricity
# 25. A Guide to Personal Protective Equipment
# 26. A Guide to Manual Materials Handling and Back Safety
# 27. A Guide to the Control of Hazardous Energy ( Lockout/ Tagout)
# 28. A Guide to Eye Wash and Safety Shower Facilities
# 29. A Guide to Safety and Health in Feed and Grain Mills ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 30. A Guide to Working With Corrosive Substances ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 31. A Guide to Formaldehyde ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 32. A Guide to Fall Prevention in Industry
# 32s. Guía de Protección Contra Caídas en la Industria ( Spanish version of # 32)
# 33. A Guide to Office Safety and Health ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 34. A Guide to Safety and Health in the Poultry Industry ( downloadable PDF ONLY)
# 35. A Guide to Preventing Heat Stress
# 38. A Guide to Safe Scaffolding
# 40. A Guide to Emergency Action Planning
# 41. A Guide to OSHA for Small Businesses in North Carolina
# 41s. Guía OSHA para Pequeños Negocios en Carolina del Norte ( Spanish version of # 41)
# 42. A Guide to Transportation Safety
# 43. A Guide to Combustible Dusts
Occupational Safety and Health ( OSH)
Sources of Information
You may call 1- 800- NC- LABOR ( 1- 800- 625- 2267) to reach any division of the N. C. Department of Labor; or visit the
NCDOL home page on the World Wide Web: http:// www. nclabor. com.
N. C. Occupational Safety and Health Division
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 3rd Floor)
Local Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2900 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2856
For information concerning education, training and interpretations of occupational safety and health standards contact:
Education, Training and Technical Assistance Bureau
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 4th Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2875 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2876
For information concerning occupational safety and health consultative services and safety awards programs contact:
Consultative Services Bureau
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 3rd Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2899 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2902
For information concerning migrant housing inspections and other related activities contact:
Agricultural Safety and Health Bureau
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 2nd Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2923 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2924
For information concerning occupational safety and health compliance contact:
Safety and Health Compliance District Offices
Raleigh District Office ( 313 Chapanoke Road, Raleigh, NC 27603)
Telephone: ( 919) 779- 8570 Fax: ( 919) 662- 4709
Asheville District Office ( 204 Charlotte Highway, Suite B, Asheville, NC 28803- 8681)
Telephone: ( 828) 299- 8232 Fax: ( 828) 299- 8266
Charlotte District Office ( 901 Blairhill Road, Suite 200, Charlotte, NC 28217- 1578)
Telephone: ( 704) 665- 4341 Fax: ( 704) 665- 4342
Winston- Salem District Office ( 4964 University Parkway, Suite 202, Winston- Salem, NC 27106- 2800)
Telephone: ( 336) 776- 4420 Fax: ( 336) 776- 4422
Wilmington District Office ( 1200 N. 23rd St., Suite 205, Wilmington, NC 28405- 1824)
Telephone: ( 910) 251- 2678 Fax: ( 910) 251- 2654
*** To make an OSHA Complaint, OSH Complaint Desk: ( 919) 807- 2796***
For statistical information concerning program activities contact:
Planning, Statistics and Information Management Bureau
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 2nd Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2950 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2951
For information about books, periodicals, vertical files, videos, films, audio/ slide sets and computer databases contact:
N. C. Department of Labor Library
Mailing Address: Physical Location:
1101 Mail Service Center 111 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101 ( Old Revenue Building, 5th Floor)
Telephone: ( 919) 807- 2848 Fax: ( 919) 807- 2849
N. C. Department of Labor ( Other than OSH)
1101 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699- 1101
Telephone: ( 919) 733- 7166 Fax: ( 919) 733- 6197