Brand Management Module 3 notes

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A brand platform, or corporate image, is the set of associations that customers make with your company. Some of these associations may be quite obvious and strong, like the brand Volvo is associated with safety. In other cases, the associations can be weak; BMW, for instance, may be associated with safety but only in a very weak manner. The possible associations that a brand may want to have actually comes from many sources. For example, it may come from the benefits the customers in a target market may care the most about. But it can also come from various descriptors or the self-image of the target audience. It can also come from a company’s history or core competency.

Brand Management A brand platform, or corporate image, is the set of associations that customers make with your company. Some of these associations may be quite obvious and strong, like the brand Volvo is associated with safety. In other cases, the associations can be weak; BMW, for instance, may be associated with safety but only in a very weak manner. The possible associations that a brand may want to have actually comes from many sources. For example, it may come from the benefits the customers in a target market may care the most about. But it can also come from various descriptors or the self-image of the target audience. It can also come from a company’s history or core competency. Brand Platform Developing brand is a process – one that is driven by the vision and purpose of the organization and that builds on clearly defined core values and principles. The process requires assessing the current market and competitive landscape, defining the organization's desired position in that market, and establishing a fundamental brand platform to guide the personification of the brand. A brand platform is a living document that establishes a foundation for the organization’s identity, messaging and visual presentation. Additionally, it serves as a framework for all internal and external communications, as well as a guide for how internal operations are performed. Market Point works with organizations to develop brand platforms that articulate a useful point of distinction. We carefully gather information through internal and external reviews and identify gaps between current perceptions and the needs and desires of the organization and its audiences. We outline opportunities for brand growth and recommend strategies to address uncovered issues. We summarize our findings in a Brand Framework that documents key elements of the brand (including brand attributes, target audiences, competitive advantages, and brand position). And we will develop high-level branding recommendations for brand adoption and rollout to ensure an integrated approach to strengthening brand in the marketplace. Components of a Brand Platform Overview of Market Space (or Competitive Landscape) Competitive Advantages (What differentiates the organization’s brand?) Core Brand Values (What core values/guiding principles will serve as the foundation for the brand?) Brand Position Statement (What is the organization’s desired position in the marketplace?) Brand Vision (What guides the organization’s brand relationships?) Brand Attributes/Personality (What are the distinct qualities/descriptors of the brand?) Brand Essence (What is the true spirit – the heart – of the brand?) Brand Character/Tone of Voice (How will the brand speak to its target audiences?) Brand communication: The key to success for a product or a service is very much related with the image that comes to a consumer’s mind when he is exposed to the brand somehow. A brand promoted should give a positive message that it is trustable, the need for involving in it and that there will be a high pay back, a worth for money, when a potential or current customer is exposed to your logo or your name. Brand communication is the most important and direct way to create an image into a consumer’s mind. Once upon a time, companies were getting in touch with the customers by their arrogant salesmen, never tired of offering stuff you would never want in the most inappropriate times. CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management However, in today’s world, a brand communication strategy includes all kinds of advertising, POP materials, editorial mentions, sponsorships, events, charity supports, moreover; blogs, videos, and it is much more easier to get in touch with a current or potential customer by social media, using facebook, twitter, instagram, flickr, etc. The market is now more competitive then ever. So, the influence of the message we want to give to the customers must be creative, distinguished and surprising. It must be interactive during pre-selling, selling, consuming and post-selling stages. Brand communication is no more about ―how we can reach our customers‖ but also ―how our customers can reach us‖. The consumer must know that they can reach your brand any time for feedbacks or problems, and that your company will always ―supports‖ what it sells. Brand positioning refers to “target consumer’s” reason to buy your brand in preference to others. It is ensures that all brand activity has a common aim; is guided, directed and delivered by the brand’s benefits/reasons to buy; and it focuses at all points of contact with the consumer. Brand positioning must make sure that: Is it unique/distinctive vs. competitors ? Is it significant and encouraging to the niche market ? Is it appropriate to all major geographic markets and businesses ? Is the proposition validated with unique, appropriate and original products ? Is it sustainable - can it be delivered constantly across all points of contact with the consumer ? Is it helpful for organization to achieve its financial goals ? Is it able to support and boost up the organization ? In order to create a distinctive place in the market, a niche market has to be carefully chosen and a differential advantage must be created in their mind. Brand positioning is a medium through which an organization can portray it’s customers what it wants to achieve for them and what it wants to mean to them. Brand positioning forms customer’s views and opinions. Brand Positioning can be defined as an activity of creating a brand offer in such a manner that it occupies a distinctive place and value in the target customer’s mind. For instance-Kotak Mahindra positions itself in the customer’s mind as one entity- ―Kotak ‖- which can provide customized and one-stop solution for all their financial services needs. It has an unaided top of mind recall. It intends to stay with the proposition of ―Think Investments, Think Kotak‖. The positioning you choose for your brand will be influenced by the competitive stance you want to adopt. Brand Positioning involves identifying and determining points of similarity and difference to ascertain the right brand identity and to create a proper brand image. Brand Positioning is the key of marketing strategy. A strong brand positioning directs marketing strategy by explaining the brand details, the uniqueness of brand and it’s similarity with the competitive brands, as well as the reasons for buying and using that specific brand. Positioning is the base for developing and increasing the required knowledge and perceptions of the customers. It is the single feature that sets your service apart from your competitors. For instance- Kingfisher stands for youth and excitement. It represents brand in full flight. There are various positioning errors, such as1. Under positioning- This is a scenario in which the customer’s have a blurred and unclear idea of the brand. 2. Over positioning- This is a scenario in which the customers have too limited a awareness of the brand. CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management 3. Confused positioning- This is a scenario in which the customers have a confused opinion of the brand. 4. Double Positioning- This is a scenario in which customers do not accept the claims of a brand. Brand Attributes portray a company’s brand characteristics. They signify the basic nature of brand. Brand attributes are a bundle of features that highlight the physical and personality aspects of the brand. Attributes are developed through images, actions, or presumptions. Brand attributes help in creating brand identity. A strong brand must have following attributes: 1. Relevancy- A strong brand must be relevant. It must meet people’s expectations and should perform the way they want it to. A good job must be done to persuade consumers to buy the product; else inspite of your product being unique, people will not buy it. 2. Consistency- A consistent brand signifies what the brand stands for and builds customers trust in brand. A consistent brand is where the company communicates message in a way that does not deviate from the core brand proposition. 3. Proper positioning- A strong brand should be positioned so that it makes a place in target audience mind and they prefer it over other brands. 4. Sustainable- A strong brand makes a business competitive. A sustainable brand drives an organization towards innovation and success. Example of sustainable brand is Marks and Spencer’s. 5. Credibility- A strong brand should do what it promises. The way you communicate your brand to the audience/ customers should be realistic. It should not fail to deliver what it promises. Do not exaggerate as customers want to believe in the promises you make to them. 6. Inspirational- A strong brand should transcend/ inspire the category it is famous for. For example- Nike transcendent Jersey Polo Shirt. 7. Uniqueness- A strong brand should be different and unique. It should set you apart from other competitors in market. Appealing- A strong brand should be attractive. Customers should be attracted by the promise you make and by the value you deliver Brand identity stems from an organization, i.e., an organization is responsible for creating a distinguished product with unique characteristics. It is how an organization seeks to identify itself. It represents how an organization wants to be perceived in the market. An organization communicates its identity to the consumers through its branding and marketing strategies. A brand is unique due to its identity. Brand identity includes following elements - Brand vision, brand culture, positioning, personality, relationships, and presentations. Brand identity is a bundle of mental and functional associations with the brand. Associations are not ―reasonsto-buy‖ but provide familiarity and differentiation that’s not replicable getting it. These associations can include signature tune(for example - Britannia ―ting-ting-ta-ding‖), trademark colours (for example - Blue colour with Pepsi), logo (for example - Nike), tagline (for example - Apple’s tagline is ―Think different‖),etc. Brand identity is the total proposal/promise that an organization makes to consumers. The brand can be perceived as a product, a personality, a set of values, and a position it occupies in consumer’s minds. Brand identity is all that an organization wants the brand to be considered as. It is a feature linked with a specific company, product, service or individual. It is a way of externally expressing a brand to the world. Brand identity is the noticeable elements of a brand (for instance - Trademark colour, logo, name, symbol) that identify and differentiates a brand in target audience mind. It is a crucial means to grow your company’s brand. CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management Brand identity is the aggregation of what all you (i.e. an organization) do. It is an organizations mission, personality, promise to the consumers and competitive advantages. It includes the thinking, feelings and expectations of the target market/consumers. It is a means of identifying and distinguishing an organization from another. An organization having unique brand identity have improved brand awareness, motivated team of employees who feel proud working in a well branded organization, active buyers, and corporate style. Brand identity leads to brand loyalty, brand preference, high credibility, good prices and good financial returns. It helps the organization to express to the customers and the target market the kind of organization it is. It assures the customers again that you are who you say you are. It establishes an immediate connection between the organization and consumers. Brand identity should be sustainable. It is crucial so that the consumers instantly correlate with your product/service. Brand identity should be futuristic, i.e, it should reveal the associations aspired for the brand. It should reflect the durable qualities of a brand. Brand identity is a basic means of consumer recognition and represents the brand’s distinction from it’s competitors. Brand image is the current view of the customers about a brand. It can be defined as a unique bundle of associations within the minds of target customers. It signifies what the brand presently stands for. It is a set of beliefs held about a specific brand. In short, it is nothing but the consumers’ perception about the product. It is the manner in which a specific brand is positioned in the market. Brand image conveys emotional value and not just a mental image. Brand image is nothing but an organization’s character. It is an accumulation of contact and observation by people external to an organization. It should highlight an organization’s mission and vision to all. The main elements of positive brand image are- unique logo reflecting organization’s image, slogan describing organization’s business in brief and brand identifier supporting the key values. Brand image is the overall impression in consumers’ mind that is formed from all sources. Consumers develop various associations with the brand. Based on these associations, they form brand image. An image is formed about the brand on the basis of subjective perceptions of associations bundle that the consumers have about the brand. Volvo is associated with safety. Toyota is associated with reliability. The idea behind brand image is that the consumer is not purchasing just the product/service but also the image associated with that product/service. Brand images should be positive, unique and instant. Brand images can be strengthened using brand communications like advertising, packaging, word of mouth publicity, other promotional tools, etc. Brand image develops and conveys the product’s character in a unique manner different from its competitor’s image. The brand image consists of various associations in consumers’ mind - attributes, benefits and attributes. Brand attributes are the functional and mental connections with the brand that the customers have. They can be specific or conceptual. Benefits are the rationale for the purchase decision. There are three types of benefits: Functional benefits - what do you do better (than others ),emotional benefits - how do you make me feel better (than others), and rational benefits/support - why do I believe you(more than others). Brand attributes are consumers overall assessment of a brand. Brand image has not to be created, but is automatically formed. The brand image includes products' appeal, ease of use, functionality, fame, and overall value. Brand image is actually brand content. When the consumers purchase the product, they are also purchasing it’s image. Brand image is the objective and mental feedback of the consumers when they purchase a product. Positive brand image is exceeding the customers expectations. Positive brand image enhances the goodwill and brand value of an organization. CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management To sum up, “Brand image” is the customer’s net extract from the brand. Brand Identity Brand Image 1 Brand identity develops from the source or the company. Brand image is perceived by the receiver or the consumer. 2 Brand message is tied together in terms of brand identity. Brand message is untied by the consumer in the form of brand image. 3 The general meaning of brand identity is ―who you really are?‖ The general meaning of brand image is ―How market perceives you?‖ 4 It’s nature is that it is substance oriented or strategic. It’s nature is that it is appearance oriented or tactical. 5 Brand identity symbolizes firms’ reality. Brand image symbolizes perception of consumers 6 Brand identity represents ―your desire‖. Brand image represents ―others view‖ 7 It is enduring. It is superficial. 8 Identity is looking ahead. Image is looking back. CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management 9 Identity is active. Image is passive. 10 It signifies ―where you want to be‖. It signifies ―what you have got‖. 11 It is total promise that a company makes to consumers. It is total consumers’ perception about the brand. Building a brand At times, organizations are often inspired by a variety of ideas to create products and services which can be offered locally or globally. Generally, such products or services require the establishment of a brand or company name. Often these brands include both logo and lettering and can do a long way in advertising such products or services. Therefore, one of the most important steps in building a Brand is decide upon a brand name for the product or service one wishes to sell. Branding is a process that allows an individual or a group of individuals the ability to provide a brand image and lettering to an idea. Upon doing so, one has a better chance of selling such items to a broader audience whether that be on a local or global level. Therefore, while the old adage ―nothing happens until somebody sells something,‖ still stands true to some extent, at times almost seems as if the process of advertising and branding has overtaken the desire to sell. Although branding generally identifies the company and philosophies behind same, it can also be representative of those working for such a company. This is a good thing as it generates the right type of audience to the product or service being sold based on personal relationships with those running the company. Therefore, benefiting both the organizations selling the branded product or service and the dealers buying same. One of the most important steps in selling any product or service is the belief one holds in relation to the item. Therefore, only those who strongly believe in the products and services offered by the company are going to be good at selling same. Otherwise, one may want to work from an advertising or graphic artist perspective in relation to advertising rather than sales when it comes to time to market same. Another step is to build a brand that maintains loyalty with its customer base and has a strong customer service department. For, having such a department in today's world where one is both experienced and knowledgeable when it comes to helping others can be a rare find. So, companies who represent oneself has having a strong customer base and even stronger customer service department are often more successful than those who do not. CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management A very important step in marketing a brand is to identify the target audience before creating the logo and lettering in relation to marketing. This is because different age groups react differently to a variety of logo and lettering especially as so much is misrepresented by a variety of gangs and others using such material inappropriately. Therefore, if one can define the brand name, logo and lettering and present same to a marketing research review panel or the like, one may be able to gain a better understanding of which audience one needs to direct their product or service to in order to create the most sales. Still, if one can communicate the use of their product or service clearly, establish trust within the community, be that locally or globally, aim marketing at the right audience, build a base of buyers and customer loyalty and offer great customer service, then one is on their way to not only creating and advertising an excellent brand but selling one as well. Therefore, when looking for steps in building a brand, there are many steps which one can complete to help make the creation of such brand an easier task. These include, knowing your audience, building your brand, finding a great logo and lettering to represent same, targeting the appropriate audience and placing a number of ads in as many online and offline advertising venues one can find. For, after doing so, one may just find that they are selling even more products and services than one had ever dreamed possible. Brand equity Brand Equity is the value and strength of the Brand that decides its worth. It can also be defined as the differential impact of brand knowledge on consumers response to the Brand Marketing. Brand Equity exists as a function of consumer choice in the market place. The concept of Brand Equity comes into existence when consumer makes a choice of a product or a service. It occurs when the consumer is familiar with the brand and holds some favourable positive strong and distinctive brand associations in the memory. Brand Equity can be determined by measuring: Returns to the Share-Holders. Evaluating the Brand Image for various parameters that are considered significant. Evaluating the Brand’s earning potential in long run. By evaluating the increased volume of sales created by the brand compared to other brands in the same class. The price premium charged by the brand over non-branded products. From the prices of the shares that an organization commands in the market (specifically if the brand name is identical to the corporate name or the consumers can easily co-relate the performance of all the individual brands of the organization with the organizational financial performance. Factors contributing to Brand Equity 1. 2. 3. 4. Brand Awareness Brand Associations Brand Loyalty Perceived Quality: refers to the customer’s perception about the total quality of the brand. While evaluating quality the customer takes into account the brands performance on factors that are significant to him and makes a relative analysis about the brand’s quality by evaluating the competitors brands also. Thus quality is a perceptual factor and the consumer analysis about quality varies. Higher perceived quality might be used for brand positioning. Perceived quality affect the pricing decisions of the CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management organizations. Superior quality products can be charged a price premium. Perceived quality gives the customers a reason to buy the product. It also captures the channel member’s interest. For instance American Express. 5. Other Proprietary Brand Assets: Patents, Trademarks and Channel Inter-relations are proprietary assets. These assets prevent competitors attack on the organization. They also help in maintaining customer loyalty as well as organization’s competitive advantage. What is Co-branding Co branding is the utilization of two or more brands to name a new product. The ingredient brands help each other to achieve their aims. The overall synchronization between the brand pair and the new product has to be kept in mind. Example of co-branding - Citibank co-branded with MTV to launch a co-branded debit card. This card is beneficial to customers who can avail benefits at specific outlets called MTV Citibank club. Types of Co-branding Co-branding is of two types: Ingredient co-branding and Composite co-branding. 1. Ingredient co-branding implies using a renowned brand as an element in the production of another renowned brand. This deals with creation of brand equity for materials and parts that are contained within other products. The ingredient/constituent brand is subordinate to the primary brand. For instance - Dell computers has co-branding strategy with Intel processors. The brands which are ingredients are usually the company’s biggest buyers or present suppliers. The ingredient brand should be unique. It should either be a major brand or should be protected by a patent. Ingredient co-branding leads to better quality products, superior promotions, more access to distribution channel and greater profits. The seller of ingredient brand enjoys long-term customer relations. The brand manufacture can benefit by having a competitive advantage and the retailer can benefit by enjoying a promotional help from ingredient brand. 2. Composite co-branding refers to use of two renowned brand names in a way that they can collectively offer a distinct product/ service that could not be possible individually. The success of composite branding depends upon the favourability of the ingredient brands and also upon the extent on complementarities between them. Advantages and Disadvantages of Co-branding Co-branding has various advantages, such as - risk-sharing, generation of royalty income, more sales income, greater customer trust on the product, wide scope due to joint advertising, technological benefits, better product image by association with another renowned brand, and greater access to new sources of finance. But cobranding is not free from limitations. Co-branding may fail when the two products have different market and are entirely different. If there is difference in visions and missions of the two companies, then also composite branding may fail. Co-branding may affect partner brands in adverse manner. If the customers associate any adverse experience with a constituent brand, then it may damage the total brand equity. Brand Associations are not benefits, but are images and symbols associated with a brand or a brand benefit. For example- The Nike Swoosh, Nokia sound, Film Stars as with ―Lux‖, signature tune Ting-ting-ta-ding with Britannia, Blue colour with Pepsi, etc. Associations are not ―reasons-to-buy‖ but provide acquaintance and differentiation that’s not replicable. It is relating perceived qualities of a brand to a known entity. For instance- Hyatt Hotel is associated with luxury and comfort; BMW is associated with sophistication, fun driving, and superior engineering. Most popular brand associations are with the owners of brand, such as CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management Bill Gates and Microsoft, Reliance and Dhirubhai Ambani. Brand association is anything which is deep seated in customer’s mind about the brand. Brand should be associated with something positive so that the customers relate your brand to being positive. Brand associations are the attributes of brand which come into consumers mind when the brand is talked about. It is related with the implicit and explicit meanings which a consumer relates/associates with a specific brand name. Brand association can also be defined as the degree to which a specific product/service is recognized within it’s product/service class/category. While choosing a brand name, it is essential that the name chosen should reinforce an important attribute or benefit association that forms it’s product positioning. For instance Power book. Brand associations are formed on the following basis: Customers contact with the organization and it’s employees; Advertisements; Word of mouth publicity; Price at which the brand is sold; Celebrity/big entity association; Quality of the product; Products and schemes offered by competitors; Product class/category to which the brand belongs; POP ( Point of purchase) displays; etc Positive brand associations are developed if the product which the brand depicts is durable, marketable and desirable. The customers must be persuaded that the brand possess the features and attributes satisfying their needs. This will lead to customers having a positive impression about the product. Positive brand association helps an organization to gain goodwill, and obstructs the competitor’s entry into the market. BRAND EXPERIENCE Brand experience is conceptualized as sensations, feelings, cognitions, and behavioral responses evoked by brand-related stimuli that are part of a brand’s design and identity, packaging, communications, and environments. The Experience Concept in Consumer and Marketing Research Product experiences occur when consumers interact with products—for example, when consumers search for products and examine and evaluate them. The product experience can be direct when there is physical contact with the product (Hoch and Ha 1986) or indirect when a product is presented virtually or in an advertisement Shopping and Service Experience Shopping and service experiences occur when a consumer interacts with a store’s physical environment, its personnel, and its policies and practices Consumption Experience Experiences also occur when consumers consume and use products. Consumption experiences are multidimensional and include hedonic dimensions, such as feelings, fantasies, and fun. Brand experience is related but also conceptually distinct from other brand constructs. In particular, brand experience CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management differs from evaluative, affective, and associative constructs, such as brand attitudes, brand involvement, brand attachment, customer delight, and brand personality. Attitudes are general evaluations based on beliefs or automatic affective reactions (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975; Murphy and Zajonc 1993). In contrast, brand experiences are not general evaluative judgments about the brand (e.g., ―I like the brand‖). They include specific sensations, feelings, cognitions, and behavioral responses triggered by specific brand-related stimuli. For example, experiences may include specific feelings, not just an overall ―liking.‖ At times, experiences may result in general evaluations and attitudes, especially evaluations of the experience itself (e.g., ―I like the experience‖). However, the overall attitude toward the experience captures only a small part of the entire brand experience. Great brands are no accidents. They are a result of thoughtful and imaginative planning. Anyone building or managing a brand must carefully develop and implement creative brand strategies. To aid in that planning, three tools or models are helpful. Like the famous Russian nesting ―matrioshka‖ dolls, the three models are interconnected and become larger and increasing in scope: The first model is a component into the second model; the second model, in turn, is a component into the third model. Combined, the three models provide crucial micro and macro perspectives to successful brand building. Specifically, the three models are as follows, to be described in more detail below: 1. Brand positioning model describes how to establish competitive advantages in the minds of customers in the marketplace; 2. Brand resonance model describes how to create intense, activity loyalty relationships with customers; and 3. Brand value chain model describes how to trace the value creation process to better understand the financial impact of marketing expenditures and investments. Collectively, these three models help marketers devise branding strategies and tactics to maximize profits and long-term brand equity and track their progress along the way. A few final comments - First, a good brand positioning has a ―foot in the present‖ and a ―foot in the future.‖ It needs to be somewhat aspirational so that the brand has room to grow and improve. Second, a good positioning is careful to identify all relevant points-of-parity. Too often marketers concentrate only on areas of strength and ignore crucial areas where the brand is potentially disadvantaged. Finally, it is important a duality exists in the positioning of a brand such that there are rational and emotional components. In other words, a good positioning contains points-of-difference and points-of-parity that appeal both to the ―head‖ and the ―heart.‖ Building a strong brand can be thought of in terms of a sequence of steps, in which each step is contingent on successfully achieving the previous step. 1. Who are you? (brand identity) 2. What are you? (brand meaning) 3. What about you? What do I think or feel about you? (brand responses) 4. What about you and me? What kind of association and how much of a connection would I like to have with you? (brand relationships) PR PERSPECTIVE Enhancing the awareness, understanding and commitment to a brand through a pr/communications strategy is an essential part of any overall strategy aimed at sustaining and raising brand value. Public relations is an important element in supporting the power and value of an organisation’s brand for all stakeholders. All the elements of a corporate brand, from tone and personality, functional and emotional benefits to core message and essential reputation – if fully leveraged with internal and external audiences – can help raise performance and credibility. The development of a successful pr strategy involves four elements: CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

Brand Management ? I dentification of the various attributes and characteristics of the brand; for example, its values and supporting behaviours, its positioning and identity. Once these have been identified an assessment must be made of their implications with regard to an organisation’s culture and opportunities for motivating performance. Then a public relations platform can be built on the alignment of brand, culture and performance. ? T he perceptions of all external stakeholders must be assessed. This should extend beyond perceptions about products to include such drivers of reputation as leadership, innovation, financial value, quality of management and corporate citizenship. It is fundamental to understand who your key stakeholders are, what they expect from you and who influences them. ? T he corporate communications function should use the brand’s attributes and characteristics internally to inform employees of the company’s positioning on different issues to support change initiatives, to underscore credibility in crisis and to guide behaviour. Essentially, employees must understand how to deliver on the brand promise. ? An annual, measurable pr plan should be created, anchored by the brand promise, with the objective of shaping key audiences’ perceptions of leadership, customer connections, marketplace innovation and corporate responsibility. The execution of strategic pr is dependent on a public affairs and communications function capable of and dedicated to supporting corporate leadership in aligning brand promise and corporate actions and communicating accountable performance to a range of stakeholders with clarity and consistency. Public relations can help underscore a multifaceted, brand-enhancing strategy and this is critically important in today’s harsh pr environment. A consensus among top brand and pr practitioners from such diverse organisations as The Coca-Cola Company, visa, the US Postal Service and Intel confirms that they are operating in a business environment with: exploding choice and accessibility of communications channels; diminishing stakeholders’ time and attention; declining levels of trust in corporations and government; shareholders and employees at the focal point of corporate perceptions; ceo’s as drivers of reputation. CET MBA Module 3 Prepared by BELLI P K

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