Over the next decade, the two laws also will provide for about $900 billion in new subsidies, including a substantial expansion of Medicaid and new tax credits to offset the cost of health insurance premiums for low- and middle-income families and small businesses. In each state, exchanges will be established to facilitate the purchase of coverage and the delivery of the subsidies. Some companies whose workers receive subsidies for health insurance through the exchanges could be required to pay penalties.

The Affordable Care Act provides States with significant flexibility in the design and operation of their
Exchange to best meet the unique needs of their citizens and their marketplace. States can choose to
operate as a State-based Exchange, or the Secretary of the Department of Health & Human Services
(HHS) will establish and operate a Federally-facilitated Exchange in any State that does not elect to
operate a State-based Exchange.

Many associations let insurance companies and agents offer long-term care
insurance to their members. These policies are like other types of long-term
care insurance and typically require medical underwriting. Like employer-
group policies, association policies usually give their members a choice of
benefit options. In most cases, policies sold through associations must let
members keep or convert their coverage after leaving the association. Be
careful about joining an association just to buy any insurance coverage.
Review your rights if the policy is terminated or canceled. ...

Health Insurance Is a Family Matter is the third in a series of six reports planned
by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and its Committee on the Consequences of
Uninsurance. This series of studies represents a major and sustained commitment
by the IOM to contribute to the public debate about the problems associated with
having more than 38 million uninsured people in the United States. This very
broad research effort also represents a significant contribution from The Robert
Wood Johnson Foundation for which we are grateful....

The data included below must be interpreted with caution, indeed those providing the data
themselves advise caution in using it. The European data comes from the European Business
Angel Network (EBAN), and the US data comes from the Angel Capital Association or the Centre
for Venture Research, University of New Hampshire. EBAN note that their numbers only include
activity that takes place within Business Angel networks, and as such by no means represent the
full extent of Business Angel activity existing in Europe.

Yet the shift towards health-systems strengthening
and its support through the International Health
Partnership (IHP+) and other related initiatives
offer a framework within which SRH may be more
broadly addressed.
The support offered to ministries of health by
the UNFPA and WHO country offices has been
marked by greater collaboration and a stronger
functional focus. This has been achieved through
harmonization of activities in the United Nations
Development Assistance Framework, and by
practical engagement of technical working groups
and similar structures for SRH.

The first rudimentary notion of what can be called risk, may have arisen, according to
Covello and Munpower (1985), around 3200 BC in the valley between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers, where lived a group called “Asipu”. A major function of this group was to
help people who needed to make difficult decisions. The “Asipus”, when sought, identified
the scale of the problem, the alternatives and the consequences of each alternative. Then,
they drew up a table, marking the positive and negative points of each alternative to
indicate the best decision....

Private insurance companies sell long-term care insurance policies. You can
buy an individual policy from an agent or through the mail. Or, you can buy
coverage under a group policy through an employer or through membership
in an association. The federal government and several state governments
offer long-term care insurance coverage to their employees, retirees and
their families. This program is voluntary, and premiums are paid by
participants. You can also get long-term care benefits through a life
insurance policy. ...

Individuals accounted for the majority of listed subjects in the SARs; however, filers
noted a few as business entities and, in some cases, identified a family’s trust fund or
retirement plan.
Approximately 65 percent of the subjects found in the 641 SARs were either: a)
associated with some kind of business (named or un-named) or occupation13
; b)
identified by a job title, profession or other reference (Physician, Attorney, Restau-
rant Owner, Retired, etc.); or c) identified by a business name or the nature of the
business if the subject was listed as a company.

In an attempt to glean potential trends, this study divides the subjects of the 641
filings into categories based in part on their occupation and in part on their relation-
ship to the insurance or investment product involved in the transaction. The data is
derived from several sources on the SAR-SF: the narrative section (Part VI), Field 7
(“Occupation or Type of Business”), and Field 19 (“Is this individual/business associated/
affiliated with the reporting financial institution?”).
The study characterizes the subjects based on their relationship to the insurance
products.

The SRA also defines risk-sharing between the government and private insurance companies.
Under the SRA, insurance companies may transfer some liability associated with riskier policies
to the government and retain profits/losses from less risky policies.
17
This transfer of risk is
accomplished through a set of reinsurance funds maintained by FCIC. Within 30 days of the sales
closing dates for each crop, companies allocate each policy they sell to one of two funds that are
maintained for each company by state: Assigned Risk or Commercial. (The previous SRA had
three funds.

Real and perceived quality gaps in public coverage and delivery systems serve as an impetus for
PHI purchases in some countries. Waiting times, increasing demand for choice, and perceptions of
inadequacy of public systems are leading motivations in Ireland, Australia, Denmark, and the United
Kingdom. Where public cover is not provided, primary PHI policies are purchased mainly to minimise the
financial risks associated with illness. Finally, the diversity in consumer attitudes and preferences is
difficult to compare across countries.

Savings banks in Spain have a long tradition of providing social credits to under-served
financially excluded communities. Caja de Granada in particular chairs the International
Association of Social Pledging Credit Establishments1 and like Caixa Galicia and Caixa
Catalunya, grants micro-credits through their foundations, mainly in the regions where they
operate. Caja Granada recently organized a symposium with all its microcredit holders to
exchange experiences.

The term Business Angel has only been used in Germany since the early 1990s. According to the
German Business Angel network BAND, German Business Angel associations/federations have
approximately 1,400 registered members. Most of the actors are “silent angels”, this means they
do not look for publicity and most of them are not organised in networks. The “Promotion Angels”
are a minority - they are looking for publicity and are participating in public discussions (Harrer,
2010b).

The availability of crop insurance for a particular crop in a particular region is an administrative
decision made by USDA. The decision is made on a crop-by-crop and county-by-county basis,
based on farmer demand for coverage and the level of risk associated with the crop in the region,
among other factors. In areas where a policy is not available, farmers may request that RMA
expand the program to their county. The process usually starts with a pilot program in order for
RMA to gain experience and test the program components before it becomes more widely
available.

Part of the criticism on the A&O stemmed from a study by the Government Accountability Office
(GAO) on costs associated with administering the crop insurance program.
19
In 2009, GAO
concluded that the structure of A&O reimbursements “present[s] an opportunity to reduce
government spending without compromising the crop insurance program’s safety net for
farmers.” According to GAO, the method for calculating the A&O reimbursement should be
redesigned to better reflect reasonable business expenses, in terms of dollars per policy, rather
than crop prices.

When a consumer applies for employment, or for a service that reviews credit histories,
(such as insurance, an apartment rental, utilities, cell phone accounts) these data users
may also request and receive a credit report and/or scores from one or more repositories,
to be used to evaluate the consumer’ s application.