3 Figure 1.11 CD storage- Optical Systems Compact Disks A spiral approach: oe log track that spirals aroud a CD from iside out. Capacity i the rages of MB Good for log cotiuous strigs of data music DVDs (Digital Versatile Disks) or (Digital Video Disks) Same size as CDs (5 iches i diameter) Ecoded i i a differet format at a much higher desity Multiple layers High capacity of several GBs Good for legthy multimedia presetatios, movies with high video ad soud uality Flash Drives Flash memory techology Bits are stored by sedig electroic sigals directly to the storage medium where they cause electros to be trapped i tiy chambers of silico dioxide. Capacity of up to a few GB Portable, small size, easy to coect to a computer Flash Drives Storig ad retrievig data faster tha optical ad magetic systems Digital cameras, cellular telephoes, hadheld PDAs Vulerable, repeated erasig slowly damages the chambers Not suitable for geeral mai memory applicatios Not good for log term applicatios Questios: 1. Whe recordig data o a multiple-disk storage system, should we fill a complete disk surface before startig o aother surface, or should we first fill a etire cylider before startig o aother cylider? Why should the data i a reservatio system that is costatly beig updated be stored o a magetic disk istead of a CD or DVD? What advatage do flash drives have over the other mass storage systems? 3

4 Files Files File: A uit of data stored i mass storage system A complete text documets A photograph A program A music recordig A collectio of data about the studets i a college Logical records Correspod to atural divisios with data Physical Records Correspod to the size of a sector Buffer: A memory area used for the temporary storage of data (usually as a step i trasferrig the data) Figure 1.12 Logical records versus physical records o a disk Represetig Iformatio as bit Patters Represetig text Represetig umeric values Represetig Images Represetig souds Represetig Text Each character (letter, puctuatio, etc.) is assiged a uiue bit patter. Figure 1.13 The message Hello. i ASCII ASCII: Uses patters of 7-bits to represet most symbols used i writte Eglish text Uicode: Uses patters of 16-bits to represet the major symbols used i laguages world side ISO stadard: Uses patters of 32-bits to represet most symbols used i laguages world wide Fid the meaig of the followig text which is ecoded i ASCII:

5 Represetig Numeric Values Biary otatio: Uses bits to represet a umber i base two Hexadecimal otatio: Uses bits to represet a umber i base 16 Hexadecimal Notatio Hexadecimal otatio: A shorthad otatio for log bit patters Divides a patter ito groups of four bits each Represets each group by a sigle symbol Example: becomes A3 Figure 1.6 The hexadecimal codig system Represetig Numeric Values Biary otatio: Uses bits to represet a umber i base two Hexadecimal otatio: Uses bits to represet a umber i base 16 Limitatios of computer represetatios of umeric values Overflow happes whe a value is too big to be represeted Trucatio happes whe a value is betwee two represetable values Questio: Represetig Images 1. What is the largest umeric value that could be represeted with three bytes if each digit were ecoded usig oe ASCII patter per byte? What if biary otatio were used? What if hexadecimal otatio were used? Covert biary represetatios to its euivalet base te form Bit map techiues Pixel: short for picture elemet 1 bit for 1 pixel A black ad white image is ecoded as a log strig of bits represetig rows of pixels i the image. The bit is 1 if the correspodig pixel is black, 0 otherwise. 8 bit for 1 pixel For white ad black photos, allows a variety of shades of grayess to be represeted. 3 bytes for 1 pixel For color images. RGB ecodig, 1 byte for the itesity of each color Other approach: Lumiace ad chromiace 5

INTRODUCTION This laboratory ivestigatio ivolves makig both legth ad mass measuremets of a populatio, ad the assessig statistical parameters to describe that populatio. For example, oe may wat to determie

Arithmetic Ad Geometric Progressios Sequeces Ad ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS Successio of umbers of which oe umber is desigated as the first, other as the secod, aother as the third ad so o gives

The followig eample will help us uderstad The Samplig Distributio of the Mea Review: The populatio is the etire collectio of all idividuals or objects of iterest The sample is the portio of the populatio

SECTION 1.5 : SUMMATION NOTATION + WORK WITH SEQUENCES Read Sectio 1.5 (pages 5 9) Overview I Sectio 1.5 we lear to work with summatio otatio ad formulas. We will also itroduce a brief overview of sequeces,

Descriptive statistics Some basic cocepts A populatio is a fiite or ifiite collectio of idividuals or objects. Ofte it is impossible or impractical to get data o all the members of the populatio ad a small

Itroductio to fiite fields II Fiite field of p elemets F Because we are iterested i doig computer thigs it would be useful for us to costruct fields havig elemets. Let s costruct a field of elemets; we

Geometric eries Before we defie what is meat by a series, we eed to itroduce a related topic, that of sequeces. Formally, a sequece is a fuctio that computes a ordered list. uppose that o day 1, you have

1.1 What is a Sigal We are all immersed i a sea of sigals. All of us from the smallest livig uit, a cell, to the most complex livig orgaism(humas) are all time time receivig sigals ad are processig them.

Retur to List of Lessos Lesso. Sequeces ad Series A ifiite sequece { a, a, a,... a,...} ca be thought of as a list of umbers writte i defiite order ad certai patter. It is usually deoted by { a } =, or

Efficiecy of Liear Search Searchig Algorithm Efficiecies Havig implemeted the liear search algorithm, how would you measure its efficiecy? A useful measure (or metric) should be geeral, applicable to ay

Questio 1: What is a ordiary auity? Let s look at a ordiary auity that is certai ad simple. By this, we mea a auity over a fixed term whose paymet period matches the iterest coversio period. Additioally,

THE ARITHMETIC OF INTEGERS - multiplicatio, expoetiatio, divisio, additio, ad subtractio What to do ad what ot to do. THE INTEGERS Recall that a iteger is oe of the whole umbers, which may be either positive,

We will cosider the liear regressio model i matrix form. For simple liear regressio, meaig oe predictor, the model is i = + x i + ε i for i =,,,, This model icludes the assumptio that the ε i s are a sample

. Stirlig Numbers Whe coutig various types of fuctios from., we quicly discovered that eumeratig the umber of oto fuctios was a difficult problem. For a domai of five elemets ad a rage of four elemets,

1 M 358K Supplemet to Chapter 23: CHI-SQUARED DISTRIBUTIONS, T-DISTRIBUTIONS, AND DEGREES OF FREEDOM To uderstad t-distributios, we first eed to look at aother family of distributios, the chi-squared distributios.

I ite Sequeces Dr. Philippe B. Laval Keesaw State Uiversity October 9, 2008 Abstract This had out is a itroductio to i ite sequeces. mai de itios ad presets some elemetary results. It gives the I ite Sequeces

This documet was writte ad copyrighted by Paul Dawkis. Use of this documet ad its olie versio is govered by the Terms ad Coditios of Use located at http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.asp. The olie versio

Maual VMware Lesso 1: Uderstadig the VMware Product Lie I this lesso, you will first lear what virtualizatio is. Next, you ll explore the products offered by VMware that provide virtualizatio services.

The Samplig Distributio of the Mea Hypothesis Tests Applied to Meas Recall that the samplig distributio of the mea is the distributio of sample meas that would be obtaied from a particular populatio (with

TH3. Data storage http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/ict/ A computer uses two types of storage. A main store consisting of ROM and RAM, and backing stores which can be internal, eg hard disk, or

D RECORD SYNTAXES FOR DESCRIPTIVE DATA D.0 Scope This appedix provides guidelies o the presetatio of data i accordace with ISBD specificatios, ad a mappig of the variable fields ad subfields defied i the

Z-TEST / Z-STATISTIC: used to test hypotheses about µ whe the populatio stadard deviatio is kow ad populatio distributio is ormal or sample size is large T-TEST / T-STATISTIC: used to test hypotheses about

Cofidece Itervals A cofidece iterval is a iterval whose purpose is to estimate a parameter (a umber that could, i theory, be calculated from the populatio, if measuremets were available for the whole populatio).

Measurig Mageto Eergy Output ad Iductace evisio Itroductio A mageto is fudametally a iductor that is mechaically charged with a iitial curret value. That iitial curret is produced by movemet of the rotor

Chapter NO.4 Storage Devices 4.01 Complete the following statements. i) A byte is a group of bits. ii) is a volatile memory. iii) Storage capacity of a sector on floppy is a multiple of bytes. iv) SIMMs

7- stimatig a Populatio Proportio I this sectio we preset methods for usig a sample proportio to estimate the value of a populatio proportio. The sample proportio is the best poit estimate of the populatio

Douglas A. Lapp Multiple Represetatios for Patter Exploratio with the Graphig Calculator ad Maipulatives To teach mathematics as a coected system of cocepts, we must have a shift i emphasis from a curriculum

Numbers i Differet Bases Practice Workig with Numbers i Differet Bases Numbers i differet bases Our umber system (called Hidu-Arabic) is a decimal system (it s also sometimes referred to as deary system)

Chapter 420 Cofidece Itervals for Oe Mea Itroductio This routie calculates the sample size ecessary to achieve a specified distace from the mea to the cofidece limit(s) at a stated cofidece level for a

Professioal Networkig 1. Lear from people who ve bee where you are. Oe of your best resources for etworkig is alumi from your school. They ve take the classes you have take, they have bee o the job market

Research Method (I) --Kowledge o Samplig (Simple Radom Samplig) 1. Itroductio to samplig 1.1 Defiitio of samplig Samplig ca be defied as selectig part of the elemets i a populatio. It results i the fact

Module 4: Mathematical Iductio Theme 1: Priciple of Mathematical Iductio Mathematical iductio is used to prove statemets about atural umbers. As studets may remember, we ca write such a statemet as a predicate