NAME
CGI::Expand - convert flat hash to nested data using TT2's dot
convention
SYNOPSIS
use CGI::Expand ();
use CGI; # or Apache::Request, etc.
$args = CGI::Expand->expand_cgi( CGI->new('a.0=3&a.2=4&b.c.0=x') );
Or, as an imported function for convenience:
use CGI::Expand;
use CGI; # or Apache::Request, etc.
$args = expand_cgi( CGI->new('a.0=3&a.2=4&b.c.0=x') );
# $args = { a => [3,undef,4], b => { c => ['x'] }, }
# Or to catch exceptions:
eval {
$args = expand_cgi( CGI->new('a.0=3&a.2=4&b.c.0=x') );
} or log_and_exit( $@ );
#-----
use CGI::Expand qw(expand_hash);
$args = expand_hash({'a.0'=>77}); # $args = { a => [ 77 ] }
DESCRIPTION
Converts a CGI query into structured data using a dotted name convention
similar to TT2.
"expand_cgi" works with CGI.pm, Apache::Request or anything with an
appropriate "param" method. Or you can use "expand_hash" directly.
If you prefer to use a different flattening convention then CGI::Expand
can be subclassed.
MOTIVATION
The Common Gateway Interface restricts parameters to name=value pairs,
but often we'd like to use more structured data. This module uses a name
encoding convention to rebuild a hash of hashes, arrays and values.
Arrays can either be indexed explicitly or from CGI's multi-valued
parameter handling.
The generic nature of this process means that the core components of
your system can remain CGI ignorant and operate on structured data.
Better for modularity, better for testing.
DOT CONVENTION
The key-value pair "a.b.1=hi" expands to the perl structure:
{ a => { b => [ undef, "hi" ] }
The key ("a.b.1") specifies the location at which the value ("hi") is
stored. The key is split on '.' characters, the first segment ("a") is a
key in the top level hash, subsequent segments may be keys in sub-hashes
or indices in sub-arrays. Integer segments are treated as array indices,
others as hash keys.
Array size is limited to 100 by default. The limit can be altered by
subclassing or using the deprecated $Max_Array package variable. See
below.
The backslash '\' escapes the next character in cgi parameter names
allowing '.' , '\' and digits in hash keys. The escaping '\' is removed.
Values are not altered.
Key-Value Examples
# HoHoL
a.b.1=hi ---> { a => { b => [ undef, "hi" ] }
# HoLoH
a.1.b=hi ---> { a => [ undef, { b => "hi" } ] }
# top level always a hash
9.0=hi ---> { "9" => [ "hi" ] }
# can backslash escape to treat digits hash as keys
a.\0=hi ---> { "a" => { 0 => "hi"} }
# or to put . and \ literals in keys
a\\b\.c=hi --- { 'a\\b\.c' => "hi" }
METHODS / FUNCTIONS
The routines listed below are all methods, but can be imported to be
called as functions. In other words, you can call
"CGI::Expand->expand_hash(...)" or you can import "expand_hash" and then
call "expand_hash(...)" without using method invocation syntax.
"expand_cgi" is exported by default. "expand_hash" and "collapse_hash"
are exported upon request.
expand_cgi
my $deep_hash = expand_cgi ( $CGI_object_or_similar );
Takes a CGI object and returns a hashref for the expanded data
structure (or dies, see "EXCEPTIONS").
Wrapper around expand_hash that uses the "param" method of the CGI
object to collect the names and values.
Handles multivalued parameters as array refs (although they can't be
mixed with indexed arrays and will have an undefined ordering).
$query = 'a.0=3&a.2=4&b.c.0=x&c.0=2&c.1=3&d=&e=1&e=2';
$args = expand_cgi( CGI->new($query) );
# result:
# $args = {
# a => [3,undef,4],
# b => { c => ['x'] },
# c => ['2','3'],
# d => '',
# e => ['1','2'], # order depends on CGI/etc
# };
expand_hash
my $deep_hash = expand_hash( $flat_hash );
Expands the keys of the parameter hash according to the dot
convention (or dies, see "EXCEPTIONS").
$args = expand_hash({ 'a.b.1' => [1,2] });
# $args = { a => { b => [undef, [1,2] ] } }
collapse_hash
my $flat_hash = collapse_hash( $deep_hash );
The inverse of expand_hash. Converts the $deep_hash data structure
back into a flat hash.
$flat = collapse_hash({ a => { b => [undef, [1,2] ] } });
# $flat = { 'a.b.1.0' => 1, 'a.b.1.1' => 2 }
EXCEPTIONS
WARNING: The *users* of your site can cause these exceptions so you must
decide how they are handled (possibly by letting the process die).
"CGI param array limit exceeded..."
If an array index exceeds the array limit (default: 100) then an
exception is thrown.
"CGI param clash for..."
A cgi query like "a=1&a.b=1" would require the value of $args->{a}
to be both 1 and { b => 1 }. Such type inconsistencies are reported
as exceptions. (See test.pl for for examples)
SUBCLASSING
Subclassing in now the preferred way to change the behaviour and
defaults. (Previously package variables were used, see test.pl).
The methods which may be overriden by subclasses are separator,
max_array, split_name and join_name.
max_array
$subclass->max_Array;
The limit for the array size, defaults to 100. The value 0 can be
used to disable the use of arrays, everthing is a hash key.
separator
$subclass->separator;
Returns the separator charaters used to split the keys of the flat
hash. The default is '.' but multiple characters are allowed. The
default join will use the first character.
If there is no separator then '\' escaping does not occur. This is
for use with split_name and join_name below.
split_name
my @segments = $subclass->split_name($name);
The split_name method must break $name in to key segments for the
nested data structure. The default version just splits on the
separator characters with a bit of fiddling to handle escaping.
join_name
my $name = $subclass->join_name(@segments);
The inverse of split_name, joins the segments back to the key for
the flat hash. The default version uses the first character of the
string returned by the separator method.
DEPRECATIONS
$CGI::Expand::Separator and $CGI::Expand::Max_Array are deprecated. They
still work for now but emit a warning (supressed with
$CGI::Expand::BackCompat = 1)
Using the functions by their fully qualified names ceased to work at
around version 1.04. They're now class methods so just replace the last
:: with ->.
LIMITATIONS
The top level is always a hash. Consequently, any digit only names will
be keys in this hash rather than array indices.
Image inputs with name.x, name.y coordinates are ignored as they will
class with the value for name.
TODO
Thing about ways to keep $cgi and the expanded version in sync
Glob style parameters (with SCALAR, ARRAY and HASH slots) would resolve
the type clashes, probably no fun to use. Look at using
Template::Plugin::StringTree to avoid path clashes
SEE ALSO
* HTTP::Rollup - Replaces CGI.pm completely, no list ordering.
* CGI::State - Tied to CGI.pm, unclear error checking
* Template::Plugin::StringTree
* Hash::Flatten - Pick your delimiters
* http://template-toolkit.org/pipermail/templates/2002-January/002368.
html
* There's a tiny and beautiful reduce solution somewhere on perlmonks.
AUTHOR
Brad Bowman
Pod corrections: Ricardo Signes
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2004-2013, Brad Bowman.
LICENSE
CGI::Expand is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of either:
a) the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any later version, or
b) the "Artistic License" which comes with Perl.
For more details, see the full text of the licenses at
, and
.