Arlington Cemetery's 150 Years Rooted in Civil War

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Associated PressBy Matthew Barakat

ARLINGTON, Va. — Arlington National Cemetery's hallowed ground honors American soldiers from many different wars. But as Arlington marks its 150th anniversary this year with tours and events, historians note that its roots are firmly planted in the Civil War.

It was June 15, 1864, as the war dragged into its fourth year, when War Secretary Edwin Stanton ordered the land turned into a military cemetery for the increasing numbers of dead soldiers.

The location for the cemetery just happened to be the former estate of Robert E. Lee, who took command of the Confederate Army when Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861. The Union Army immediately seized and fortified the estate, then known as Arlington Heights.

But Stephen Carney, the cemetery's command historian, said it's misleading to suggest that the cemetery was established merely as a way to spite Lee.

The seizure of the estate was a military necessity, no matter who owned the property, Carney said. From the highest points of Arlington National Cemetery, it's easy to see why the Union Army wanted it: To this day it offers a nearly unrivaled view of the capital in Washington, D.C., just a few miles away.

And in 1864, the need for a burial ground was pressing. Wounded soldiers sent back to Washington were dying in unsanitary hospitals at an increasing rate. The high casualties were partly due to a change in strategy: Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had assumed control of the Union Army, and was more willing than his predecessors to fight in Confederate territory.

That said, animosity toward Lee played a role in the cemetery's location, said Matt Penrod, park ranger at Arlington House, a National Park Service site within the cemetery that includes the Lee family mansion.

Initially gravediggers buried the dead on the estate's fringes. But Union quartermaster Gen. Montgomery Meigs, a native Georgian, did not respect Lee's decision to lead the Confederate troops. Meigs ordered that graves surround the mansion, ensuring that the Lees would never want to return.

"It's the dead themselves that get the ultimate revenge against Lee," Penrod said, adding that the loss of the home "definitely bothered the Lee family a great deal."

Today the cemetery draws nearly 4 million visitors a year. Most are tourists visiting the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the Eternal Flame at President John F. Kennedy's tomb. But Arlington is also a working and busy cemetery, hosting roughly 30 burials a day.

Tourists and mourners share the cemetery in a unique way. School children who are talking and laughing as they tour the cemetery typically go quiet and maintain a respectful distance when they encounter a funeral procession.

The military funerals can be emotionally overwhelming to behold. While some are for older veterans, they also include young service members recently killed in action.

The cemetery serves a resting place for service members from every conflict in U.S. history, including Iraq and Afghanistan. Soldiers from the American Revolution were reinterred at Arlington after their gravesites were displaced by a development project in Georgetown.

In addition to U.S. presidents, others buried here include Supreme Court justices, astronauts, war heroes, sports figures and celebrities, including baseball inventor Abner Doubleday, boxer Joe Louis and actor Lee Marvin. All three were veterans.

"There are 400,000 individuals with all these incredible stories," Carney said. "If you want to play historical sleuth, you can just pick a name on a headstone, and everyone has an incredible story."

A variety of events are planned to mark the 150th anniversary, including tours on topics such as World War I. Events culminate with a first-of-its-kind, free nighttime concert in the cemetery's amphitheater on June 13, and a wreath-laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.