"If domestic fuel prices rise to $5 per gallon, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, andenergy efficiency and our quality of life will improve." This philosophy is consistent with __economics.

environmental

________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.

deer

The origin of all nitrogen in biological tissues is ________.

atmospheric N2gas

In the United States, wetlands are primarily considered to be ________.

important because they provide many valuable ecosystem services

Wetlands in the United States ________.

have decreased due to human development

There has been legislation designed to encourage protection of wetlands, ________.

however, funding for proposals has been slashed to low levels

Part of the reason for the lack of good flood control in the United States is that ________.

government spending priorities have shifted, and flood control funds have been cut

Local areas and national agencies carry out disaster simulations ________.

to better plan for a disaster and its results

From the scenario above, one conclusion regarding the Gulf Coast damage from the hurricane season of 2005 is that ________.

the combination of wetland losses and budget cuts was probably responsible for the outcome

DefinitionBecause while humans are part of the biological world, persons with an anthropocentric philosophy only take the effects on humans into account.

The second most populous region on Earth

India

Year when we expect the 7 billionth human

2011

Land used for grazing livestock

rangeland

Alternating bands of different types of vegetation across a slope

intercropping

Major pollinators of many flowering non-grain crop plants

bees

Can protect crops from pest-related losses when applied periodically

Bacillus thuringiensis

Most abundant greenhouse gas

water

Produced by microbes decomposing matter in landfillsand swamps

methane

Scientist who study the trends in populations

demographers

The number that represents the average number ofchildren born to a woman in a country

TFR

Planting the same crop in a large area over and over

monoculture

One of the major components of soil

sand

An international agency on global climate change

IPCC

Insecticide used to kill mosquitoes; banned in the US in 1973 dueto its toxicity

DDT

Toxicant present in paint; damages the brain, liver,kidney, and stomach when ingested

lead

The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to genetically modified crops. (T OR F)

TRUE

Raising chickens requires more land than raising beef. (T OR F)

FALSE

The human population is a little more than 6.9 million people. (T OR F)

FALSE

Replacement fertility is equal to 2.1 in stable populations. (T OR F)

TRUE

Clay type soils have very good rates of movement of water. (T OR F)

FALSE

Rainfall plus the freezing and thawing cycle can break large rocks into small pieces. (T OR F)

TRUE

Methane concentrations in the atmosphere have increased more than carbon dioxide duringthe past 100 years (T OR F)

TRUE

An increase in public transportation would reduce the carbon dioxide emission rate (T OR F)

the lower the per-capita income, the higher the population growth rate

Europe

Africa

biomagnification

the large fish eat the smaller fish which had eaten zooplankton which had absorbed the DDT from the water

Probably not as the mass of a human is larger than an osprey and fish is not the only item in a humans diet`

It relates carbon dioxide emissions with the climate of Illionis

Illionis would have the same climate that Eastern Texas has today

Term

What three-factor model is used for representing the impact on environment? What is a fourth factor that could be added to this? Give a simple explanation for each factor and describe what it means in terms of human impacts on the environment

I=PATwhere P is population, A is affluence, and T is technology.The combination of these three determines the impact (I) on the environment.The fourth factor is S which sensitivity which is how a culture looks at the environment

Discuss the practices used by farmers to protect their soils. ( a minimum of 3 examples) PART 1

Farmers use a variety of methods to protect their soils - Crop rotation can return nutrients to the soil and can be used as an alternative to letting fields lie fallow, which exposes soils to erosion. Contour farming protects soils against erosion by shaping agricultural fields to minimize the possibility of water running down a hillside.

`

Discuss the practices used by farmers to protect their soils. ( a minimum of 3 examples) PART 2

Intercropping is the planting of two types of vegetation in the same field, either overlapping the crops or planting them in alternating rows. It provides a more complete land cover by decreasing bare areas between rows. Shelterbelts provide windbreaks that slow ground wind speed across a field. No-till, or conservation, tillage decreases the plowing of soil and provides less exposure of soils to wind and water for erosion.

Discuss the practices used by farmers to protect their soils. ( a minimum of 3 examples) PART 3

The use of irrigation can prevent wind erosion, although used incorrectly it can cause water erosion and salinization. The final way to protect soils is by composting, returning vegetable wastes to cropland so that their fiber and minerals can promote humus development.

Explain the statement "the lower down in the food chain we eat, the greater percentage of solar energywe put to use, and the more people Earth can support" in terms of trophic levels and pyramids of energy. PART 1

Meat is farther from the sun in the food chain than plant material. Consuming meat decreases the amount of usable energy that is obtained directly from the sun because animals must first consume plants before they are eaten by humans. Every time energy moves from one trophic level to the next, as much as 90% of the useful energy present in the lower trophic level is lost.

Explain the statement "the lower down in the food chain we eat, the greater percentage of solar energywe put to use, and the more people Earth can support" in terms of trophic levels and pyramids of energy PART 2

This is because the second law of energy states that entropy increases as one goes from one level to the next and energy is lost as heat or light at each transfer. For this reason, people who rely heavily on meat as a source of food energy are less energy efficient than ones that rely on fewer animal products or a vegetarian diet. The biomass pyramid echoes this, as each trophic level contains less biomass (energy) than the lower level

What are epidemiological studies, and what is their value? Are there any disadvantages to epidemiological studies?

They involve large-scale comparisons among groups of people, usually contrasting a group known to have been exposed to a toxicant with a group that has not. They allow for the risk of exposure to a toxicant to be determined. They are realistic, but a long time is required for the results of the studies to be determined. Furthermore, they do not address future effects of new products. Results of epidemiological studies must be interpreted cautiously because many factors affect health, and results do not determine cause and effect; they only measure statistical association.

Explain how climate change can affect agriculture and forestry. PART 1

The overall effect of a warmer climate on agricultural productivity is difficult to predict because the effect will vary regionally. Productivity might increase in some areas and decrease in others. Some croplands already stressed by heat and water availability could be pushed beyond their ability to produce food. If average temperatures increase by more than a few where they have not been seen before, most tropical and subtropical areas will likely see decreased crop production, and farmlands in midlatitudes may begin to see significant declines.

Explain how climate change can affect agriculture and forestry. PART 2

Conversely, warmer temperatures could potentially lead to longer growing seasons and increase agricultural productivity at higher latitudes. In addition, temperate areas that begin to experience a more subtropical climate may see the invasion of more tropical crop pests into regions that have not experienced them before. Plants need warmth and carbon to grow. Forests may become more productive because additional carbon dioxide can act as a fertilizer.

Explain how climate change can affect agriculture and forestry. PART 3

The frequency and intensity of drought and forest fires could increase. Forest communities could in general move northward and upward in elevation as temperature and moisture levels change. Finally, both agricultural and forest systems may experience changes in pollinator populations which could affect the abundance and distribution of many plant species.

________ is the world's most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth.

China; one-fiftH

Which of the following is notone of the world's top five most populous nations?

Vietnam

Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth ratesremain high is characteristic of the ________ stage in the demographic transition model.

transitional

Which of the following factors drives TFR down?

social and economic security

Which of the following describes the relationship between population growth rates and population size.

falling growth rates automatically does not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing

Industrial agriculture uses all of the following, except:

animal power

Which of the following is NOT a problem with using pesticides?

all are problems involved in using pesticides

Which of the following best describes integrated pest management (IPM)?

biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversification

Relative to agriculture, insects are usually ________.

essential pollinators and predators for sustainable systems

Seed banks are important for ________.

protecting genetic diversity

We lose 5 to 7 million ha of productive cropland per year to ________.

erosion, overirrigation, and other factors

Leaching in soil ________.

removes water soluble nutrients from soil

The U. S. agency charged with slowing soil degradation is the ________.

Natural Resources Conservation Service

The buildup of salts in soils as a result of overirrigation is ________.

salinization

The consequences of overfertilization can include ________.

eutrophication in nearby waters

Growing rice results in the release of ________ into the atmosphere.

methane

The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earth's surface and the ________.

troposphere

The US Senate has so far opposed emissions reductions on the grounds that _______.

it might hurt the economy

Which of the following are market mechanisms for addressing climate change?

cap-and-trade and carbon offsets

Based upon the specific health effects described above, mercury would be best classified as a ________.

neurotoxin

Mercury is not readily excreted; it is stored in mammalian body tissues. This is best described as - __.

bioaccumulation

Concentrations of methyl mercury are higher in large fish relative to concentration in the air. This is bestdescribed as ________.

biomagnifications

Which of the following U.S. agencies is primarily responsible for addressing issues regarding mercury pollution?

EPA

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