Spain

Based on the income levels set out by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in its Global Competitiveness Report. However, the groupings are slightly different due to the numbers of economies covered. For GEM, the low income group contains both those classified as low income and lower middle by WEF, and the middle income group has those that WEF groups as upper middle. High income is the same for both GEM and WEF.

Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Attitudes

Self-Perceptions

Perceived Opportunities Rate:Percentage of 18-64 population (individuals involved in any stage of entrepreneurial activity excluded) who see good opportunities to start a firm in the area where they live

Perceived Capabilities Rate:Percentage of 18-64 population (individuals involved in any stage of entrepreneurial activity excluded) who believe they have the required skills and knowledge to start a business

Fear of Failure Rate:Percentage of 18-64 population (individuals involved in any stage of entrepreneurial activity excluded) who indicate that fear of failure would prevent them from setting up a business

Entrepreneurial Intentions Rate:Percentage of 18-64 population (individuals involved in any stage of entrepreneurial activity excluded) who are latent entrepreneurs and who intend to start a business within three years

Established Business Ownership Rate:Percentage of 18-64 population who are currently an owner-manager of an established business, i.e., owning and managing a running business that has paid salaries, wages, or any other payments to the owners for more than 42 months

Entrepreneurial Employee Activity Rate:Rate of involvement of employees in entrepreneurial activities, such as developing or launching new goods or services, or setting up a new business unit, a new establishment or subsidiary

Female/Male Opportunity-Driven TEA Ratio:Percentage of those females involved in TEA who (i) claim to be driven by opportunity as opposed to finding no other option for work; and (ii) who indicate the main driver for being involved in this opportunity is being independent or increasing their income, rather than just maintaining their income, divided by the equivalent percentage for their male counterparts

Business Services Sector Rate:Percentage of those involved in TEA in the 'Business Services' sector - Information and Communication, Financial Intermediation and Real Estate, Professional Services or Administrative Services, as defined by the ISIC 4.0 Business Type Codebook

Boosting Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

While the percentage of adults in Spain involved in starting a new business has edged up since 2013, when the economy began recovering, it remains lower than it was just before the start of the recession (7% in 2008).

By 2014 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employed about a quarter less people and generated nearly one-third less value than before the 2008 Global Economic Crisis. Both value-added and jobs were not expected to recover before 2016. Unemployment remains high – at 20% in the second quarter of 2016. In addition, just 5.6% of adults intend to start a business in the next three years.

While the percentage of adults that perceive that there are good opportunities to start a business is increasing, it stood at just over a quarter of adults in 2015. Besides, fewer than half of all working-age adults in Spain view entrepreneurship as a high-status occupation.

Entrepreneurship in Spain is constrained by a heavy tax burden and red tape. Despite this, some progress has been made – with the number of days it takes to register a business falling to 14 days in 2015, from 35 days in 2007, and the time it takes to make tax payments declining from 298 to 158 days over the same period. In addition, innovation and internationalisation rates lag behind other European countries.

However, Spain has a growing number of initiatives set out to promote entrepreneurship, both from public and private institutions.

Entrepreneurship Law

To boost the country’s business activity and foster entrepreneurship the government passed a law in 2013 to support entrepreneurs and their internationalization (Law 14/2013 or Ley de Emprendedores).

The law, which came into effect that same year, is organised into five sections: promotion of entrepreneurship, ease taxation, increase financing, help more business to grow and to assist companies to go global (a detailed evaluation of this law can be found as a special issue in the GEM Spain report for 2013).

Some of the measures include:

Boosting unemployment benefits for the self-employed, including a €50 flat rate social security contribution for new self-employed contributors;

A tax reduction for new companies and entrepreneurs starting a business, for two tax years, from the first positive tax year – with a reduced corporate income tax rate of 15% and a 20% reduction on net profit for personal income tax;

Tax deductions and benefits for SMEs, including a deduction in corporate tax of 3,000 euros for the first worker plus 50% of the unemployment benefits that the worker was receiving;

A reform of the network of bodies that support internationalisation and measures to boost credit for exports;

Attracting investment and talent to Spain, by facilitating and speeding up the issue of resident permits for investors and entrepreneurs engaged in innovative activities which particularly focus on job creation;

Helping more companies to export by making new funds available and through the introduction of the Ventana Global platform run by Spain’s export and investment agency ICEX, which offers investors a response within 24 hours to trade queries.

The government has also pledged to reduce administrative burdens by holding a periodic review of the business climate and by ensuring that administrative burdens introduced must be offset by the removal of at least one burden with an equivalent cost.

In 2013 the government estimated that the planned tax incentives could benefit more than 75,000 new companies and self-employed workers to make annual savings of more than 180 million euros in total. In addition almost 1.3 million self-employed and more than 1 million SMEs are expected to benefit under the special voluntary tax regime for VAT.

Finally, this Law 14/2013 placed special emphasis on aligning the education system with the requirements of an entrepreneurial society. For this reason, the recent reform of the Spanish educational system through the Organic Law 8/2013 “To improve educational quality” proposed including training in entrepreneurship in all levels of education. As can be seen in the special issue devoted to education in entrepreneurship in the GEM Spain 2014 Report, there are numerous actions which aim is to promote the entrepreneurial spirit both from public and private institutions. In particular, 80% of the Spanish universities are involved in developing activities in this area.

A good example of public-private collaboration to improve this progress was the creation of the Santander International Entrepreneurship Center (CISE) and one of their leading programs, YUZZ.

Yuzz has been awarded as one of the three European best practices to encourage youth self-employment in 2016 by Regional Union of Municipalities of Attica (P.E.D.A.) and the European Network For inclusion and Local Social Action (E.L.I.S.A.N)

Widely implemented by local and regional governments throughout Spain, Yuzz gathers and trains young entrepreneurs between the ages of 18 and 31 years old who want to develop a technology based idea.

More than 2,500 young people have participated in the seven editions of the YUZZ program, with a company creation rate of close to 30% and some of them with a high economic and social impact.

In coordination with 37 universities and with the collaboration of more than 100 public and private entities, CISE provides training, acceleration, tutorial support and awards to the participating young entrepreneurs - free of charge for the students thanks to the support of Bank Santander through its Santander Universities unit – so that they can turn their ideas into business realities.

CISE by itself is a good example of public-private collaboration, born in 2012 with the purpose of contributing to the development of a highly innovative society through comprehensive support programs and activities.

They promote innovative programs that include open methodologies and real-life experiences that stimulate entrepreneur’s creativity. Their initiatives encourage the entrepreneurial culture and seek to support innovation in existing business models and the creation of start-ups, with the sole purpose of contributing to economic and social progress.

Of particular relevance is the collaboration of members of the GEM Spain network as experts and juries in the YUZZ Project. The connection of both networks, YUZZ and GEM, is crucial to establish synergies and jointly develop both projects.

GEM Spain

GEM Spain, with the leadership of CISE, counts with a committed and entrepreneurial university network, with over 140 researchers from 20 member universities and more than 60 collaborating institutions that, since 2002, cover the national territory and provide in-depth knowledge on the entrepreneurial phenomenon at a regional and national level.

Report information

Report information

Year of publication: 2015

Category: National Reports

Language: Spanish

Upload date: 2016-04-25

This report discusses entrepreneurship in the EUROACE region i.e. the three European regions of Alentejo, Centro and Extremadura, in the period June 2014 to February 2015.
7.6% of the population between 18 and 64 years old has been involved in entrepreneurial activities in the EUROACE region. The Portuguese region of Centro obtained the highest rate of entrepreneurial activity (TEA) with 7.8% of entrepreneurs, whereas Alentejo has 7.1% and the Spanish region of Extremadura 7.4%.