International Economic Conditions

The global data released over the past month suggested that the pace of growth in
Australia's major trading partners had remained close to its long-run average.
In China, growth in a range of key indicators had been running at a somewhat
slower pace than over the course of 2013, with outcomes having been a little
mixed of late. Growth in industrial production increased a touch in March and
April, and PMIs picked up in May, while, in contrast, a range of other indicators,
including various measures of freight, had shown more moderate growth than
in 2013. The slower growth in residential investment was consistent with the
broad-based decline in residential property inflation and transaction volumes
over recent months. While there had been a number of reports that the extent
of overbuilding had been greater in smaller cities, the decline in price inflation
and downturn in sales were larger in the biggest cities, which had earlier
experienced a more pronounced increase in prices and sales.

In Japan, GDP picked up sharply in the March quarter, driven in large part by a strong
increase in consumption ahead of the rise in the consumption tax from the start
of April, although business investment was also stronger. Preliminary indicators
suggested that household expenditure fell back subsequently, as had been expected.
In Thailand, GDP declined sharply in response to political unrest. In the rest
of east Asia, GDP growth moderated slightly in the March quarter from the strong
pace seen in the December quarter; taking the two quarters together, growth
was around its longer-run average pace. More timely indicators suggested that
this had continued over recent months. Members noted that economic conditions
in India remained subdued but with potential for stronger growth if structural
reforms were pursued.

Recent data suggested that the US economy was growing at a moderate pace. GDP recorded
a small decline in the March quarter, in large part reflecting the unusually
severe winter weather. More recent indicators had been stronger and forward-looking
indicators of business investment pointed to further growth.

The gradual recovery in the euro area economy had continued through the year to date.
Indicators of economic activity had improved of late and measures of household
and business confidence were around their average levels. Business credit,
however, had continued to decline, reflecting a combination of weak demand
for, and constrained supply of, loans. Members noted that large corporations
were raising funds through bond issuance but smaller businesses were not able
to access this source of finance.

Iron ore prices fell further over the past month, in part reflecting softer conditions
in the Chinese steel market but also in response to the increase in iron ore
production capacity globally. Other commodity prices were little changed overall,
with coal prices relatively stable, rural prices declining a little and base
metals prices slightly higher. Members noted that at current prices most iron
ore production in Australia was thought to be profitable, but that some iron
ore producers in other countries were likely to have begun to incur losses.

Domestic Economic Conditions

The wage price index rose by 0.7 per cent in the March quarter and by 2.6 per cent
over the year. The year-ended pace of wage growth was 1 percentage point below
its long-run average and around the slowest pace in the 17-year history of
this series. Members noted that the decline in wage growth over the past 18 months
or so was consistent with the increase in the unemployment rate over the same
period. Business surveys and liaison suggested that wage pressures were likely
to remain constrained over the year ahead.

The labour market had shown some signs of improvement. In April, employment increased
to be almost 1 per cent higher since the end of 2013 and the unemployment
rate remained steady. Forward-looking indicators had improved over the past
year but remained at low levels, consistent with relatively moderate growth
in employment over coming months.

The 2014/15 federal budget estimated that the deficit would narrow by slightly more
over the next two years than estimated in the 2013/14 Mid-year Economic and
Fiscal Outlook. Members observed that the change in the budget position over
the next couple of years was forecast to proceed at a similar rate to earlier
episodes of fiscal consolidation. Beyond that horizon, the budget implied a
more substantial fiscal consolidation than had earlier been projected.

Household consumption spending had continued to increase, with growth in the volume
of retail sales in the March quarter around the same strong pace as in the
December quarter. Following strong growth in January, growth of the nominal
value of sales had slowed over the three months to April, and the Bank's
retail liaison suggested that growth had moderated further in May. Measures
of consumer sentiment had fallen sharply over the past month and were now below
their long-run average levels. However, it was noted that while low-frequency
movements in confidence measures had been broadly associated with trends in
consumption spending, there was little evidence from the historical record
that high-frequency movements carried much predictive content.

A range of indicators of housing construction confirmed that a significant recovery
was underway. Residential work done picked up strongly in the March quarter.
Forward-looking indicators of new dwelling investment were at high levels relative
to recent years, although building approvals had declined in recent months.
In the established housing market, dwelling price growth had eased from the
rapid pace seen in 2013 and auction clearance rates in Sydney and Melbourne
had declined from the high rates that prevailed during much of 2013.

Resource exports grew very strongly in the March quarter. Iron ore exports had continued
to grow in April, while coal exports had declined somewhat. Private non-residential
building approvals had continued to trend lower, although the high level of
work yet to be done was likely to sustain construction activity for some time.
The ABS capital expenditure survey for the March quarter suggested that mining
investment fell in the quarter, while non-mining business investment appeared
to have increased a little. Looking ahead, firms' investment intentions
implied that mining investment would fall quite sharply over the course of
2014/15, but the same survey pointed to a modest increase in non-mining investment
over this period. Surveys of business conditions and confidence in April remained
around their long-run average levels. In the Bank's liaison, non-mining
firms continued to report a reluctance to commit to significant new investment
projects until they saw a sustained improvement in demand conditions.

Members noted that the March quarter national accounts were scheduled to be released
the day after the Board meeting. GDP was expected to have grown at an above-average
pace in the quarter, led by a large increase in resource exports. Dwelling
investment had shown signs of improvement. Mining investment looked to have
declined while growth in public spending was likely to have been subdued.

Financial Markets

With financial markets continuing to be characterised by markedly low volatility,
the main focus over the past month had been the outlook for monetary policy
set by the European Central Bank (ECB). At its meeting in early May, ECB President
Draghi had emphasised that the ECB Governing Council was dissatisfied with
the subdued outlook for inflation and would take action if necessary at its
meeting in early June. Likely actions to be considered included a further reduction
in policy rates – which would reduce the ECB deposit rate to below zero
– as well as long-term refinancing operations aimed specifically at supporting
small and medium-sized businesses. Over the past month, market expectations
for the future path of the ECB policy rate had shifted down by around 10–20
basis points.

The US Federal Reserve was widely expected to continue reducing its asset purchases
by US$10 billion at each policy meeting, until such purchases end later this
year. Market expectations for the future federal funds rate had also declined
modestly over the past month.

The decline in sovereign bond yields was another feature of financial market developments
in May, with yields in the major markets around 60 basis points lower than
at the start of the year. Reasons for lower yields cited by commentators included
market expectations of lower long-term real rates worldwide and heightened
demand for sovereign bonds from pension funds and banks. Members noted that
most of the posited explanations had emerged after bond yields had actually
declined.

Yields on longer-term government bonds in Australia had fallen by a similar amount
to those in the major markets. The Australian Government's budget had little
effect on financial markets, with sales of Commonwealth Government Securities
(CGS) continuing to be well received. Interest rate spreads between CGS and
state government debt had also remained at around their lowest levels since
2007, as had spreads on investment grade corporate bonds both in Australia
and elsewhere.

Government bond yields in emerging markets had also declined further from their peaks
earlier in the year. Election outcomes in India and Indonesia had had very
little effect on yields in those countries, as did the imposition of martial
law in Thailand.

Members noted that equity prices in advanced economies, including Australia, had
increased slightly during May, while volatility in equity prices had remained
very low.

Similarly, volatility in foreign exchange markets remained around multi-year lows
during May, including for the Australian dollar, which was little changed over
the month.

Business credit in Australia had recorded modest growth over the past year, with
business credit extended by Japanese and Chinese banks operating in Australia
rising considerably faster than the total.

Members noted that market expectations of the future path of the cash rate in Australia
implied a considerable period of stability.

Considerations for Monetary Policy

Global and domestic economic conditions overall were little changed from the previous
meeting. Growth of Australia's major trading partners remained consistent
with the earlier outlook, with growth early in 2014 around its long-run average.
Based on data to hand, GDP growth in Australia in the March quarter appeared
to have been a little above trend. Much of this reflected very strong growth
of resource exports, which was not expected to be sustained at such rates in
coming quarters. The expectation of substantial falls in mining investment,
below-average growth of public demand and non-mining investment remaining subdued
for a time implied that the pace of growth was likely to be a little below
trend over the rest of this year and into the next, before gradually increasing.

Data for the labour market suggested that demand for labour had improved over the
early part of the year. Members noted that this improvement may have in part
reflected some ‘catch-up’ after a period of surprisingly weak employment
growth in the previous year. Forward-looking indicators were higher than they
had been, but still at levels consistent with only moderate employment growth
in the months ahead. The spare capacity in the labour market was leading to
low growth of wages, which was expected to persist for some time.

At recent meetings, the Board had judged that it was prudent to leave the cash rate
unchanged. Low interest rates were working to support demand, although it was
difficult to judge the extent to which this would offset the expected substantial
decline in mining investment and the effect of planned fiscal consolidation.
Those uncertainties were likely to take some time to resolve. The earlier decline
in the exchange rate was assisting in achieving balanced growth in the economy,
but less so than previously as a result of its higher levels over the past
few months. Members noted that the exchange rate remained high by historical
standards, particularly given the further decline in commodity prices over
the past month.

Notwithstanding a pick-up in growth around the turn of 2014, GDP growth was expected
to be below trend over the next year or so, rising gradually thereafter. Inflation
was forecast to remain within the target. Given this outlook for the economy
and the significant degree of monetary stimulus already in place to support
economic activity, the Board judged that the current accommodative stance of
policy was likely to be appropriate for some time yet.