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How do you test for noncompetitive versus competitive inhibitors for enzymes?

If you increase the substrate concentration, COMPETITIVE inhibition can be overcome. This is because the enzyme will bind more often to the substrate than the enzyme will bind to the competitive inhibitor.

Primary determinant of blood's osmotic pressure...

Albumin. An osmotically active plasma protein.

Osmotic pressure

π = MRT, where M=molarity, R=constant, T=temp. Pressure you must apply to keep water from flowing in through a semi-permeable membrane

Parathyroid hormone

Calcium resorption in bone (breaking down bone), kidney (activates vitamin D), and small intestine. Excretion of phosphate in urine.

β- decay

ONLY CHANGE IS GAIN OF A PROTON IN THE CHEMICAL FORMULA. converts a neutron into a proton while emitting an electron

What type of mirrors and lenses can NOT produce real images?

Upright virtual images produced by convex lenses and mirrors. And concave mirrors and lenses when within the focal length.

Bile

Created in liver. Stored in gallbladder. Secreted to duodenum. Emulsifies lipids.

Duodenum

first section of small intestine. site of protein, fat, and carbohydrate(sugar) digestion

Allopatric speciation

Geographical separation of species causes species to evolve differently and over time prevent interbreeding.

DNA gyrase

Aids in negative supercoiling the DNA

Helicase

Unwinds the double helix of DNA

Single stranded binding protein

Binds and stabilizes the single strands of unbound DNA.

Primase

Aids in binding RNA to DNA

What is the difference between nucleophilic and electrophilic addition?

In nucleophilic addition, the electrons of the nucleophile are added to the compound. In electrophilic addition, the electrons of a pi bond in the compound grab the substrate.

Youngs Modulus

Stress / Strain or (F/A) / (∆L/L)

Specific gravity

= Density of object / density of water = amount of the object that is submerged

P + 1/2ρv² + ρgh = Constant NOTICE: h is arbitrarily a point that measures from that point to the top of the fluid.

E(cell) =

E(cathode) - E(anode) ... when both in reduction form

Magnitude of work associated with volume change of gas at constant pressure... If it expands, work is done on.. If it contracts, work is done on.. If there is net positive work done..

Work = P∆V. Contraction means work is done on gas. Expansion means work is done on environment. If net work is done, more work is done on the environment during expansion, then on the gas during contraction.

Concave mirrors and lenses produce real inverted images when further then the focal point. Focal point is positive.

Benzyl-

Aromatic ring - CH3 - R

Polymerase chain reaction

Technique to amplify a single or few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude

Crossing over occurs when...

matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome. therefore, genes close together will be "crossed over" together. genes far apart, will most likely not be "crossed over" together.

Virion

Mature virus outside of host cell

Provirus

Dormant virus requiring some kind of stressor to become virulent

Lytic infection

Virus inserts its nucleic acid into host cell and keeps multiplying

Lysogenic infection

The nucleic acid becomes integrated into host cells chromosomes.

Epinephrine

Stimulates the heart and inhibits smooth muscle

Aldosterone

A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that stimulates resorption of sodium (Na) and water in kidneys in response to low blood volume. Causes excretion of potassium. Increases blood volume.

Agonist

Muscle responsible for movement

Antagonist

Muscle that stretches in response to agonist

T-tubules

Allow for uniform contraction of the muscle by allowing the action potential to spread through muscle quickly

Role of Ca+2 in muscular contraction

Ca2+ is released into the cytoplasm and binds to the troponin molecules on the thin filaments causing the tropomyosin molecules to shift, exposing the myosin-binding sites on the actin. The myosin heads now bind to the actin, and the sarcomere contracts.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Stores Ca+2 until an action potential occurs in the muscle, and then it becomes permeable and releases the Ca+2

Genetic material transferred from one organism to another via a virus. The bacteriophage (virus) injects the DNA into the bacteria.

Transformation

The cell transforms because it has uptaken foreign DNA and is expressing it.

Conjugation

Temporary joining of two cells by a pilus

Purines

Guanine and Adenine

What type of bonds between C-G, and A-T?

C-G triple bond. A-T double bond.

Primary protein structure

order of amino acids

Secondary protein structure

the alpha helix or beta sheets that are held together by H bonds

Tertiary protein structure

3D shape of peptide chains

Quaternary protein structure

multiple polypetide chains bound together

Where does post-transcriptional processing of RNA occur?

In nucleus

A circular clockwise current carrying wire has what kind of magnetic field inside and outside the circle?

Inside the circle, into the page. Outside the circle, out of the page.

A circular counterclockwise current carrying wire has what kind of magnetic field inside and outside the circle?

Inside the circle, out of the page. Outside the circle, into the page.

√.04 =

.2

sin =

opposite / hypotenuse

torque =

rFsinϑ, F = force, r = length of lever arm vector

Sound waves are...

longitudinal and travel fastest in dense materials

Mechanical energy

Sum of kinetic and potential energy

√(4.9 x 10^-7)

When you have an odd NEGATIVE exponent, increase the number(move decimal) and exponent so that it is even. Then, take square root. √(49 x 10^-8) = (7 x 10^-4) *** note: doesnt work for positive exponents

Calculate the current (i) for the circuit. Then for each resistor, find V according to circuit current i and individual resistor R. Therefore, for a 6 ohm resistor with a 2 amp current, the voltage drop is 12 volts.