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1 International Certificate in Occupational Safety and Health

2 A7 Risk assessment 2

3 Why assess risks? Moral Legal Financial 3

4 Definition Risk assessment A risk assessment is a careful examination of what in the workplace could cause harm to people. This can be used to determine: - Whether enough precautions have been taken - Whether more should be done to prevent harm 4

5 Key terms Hazard A hazard is something that may cause harm. - Workplace hazards include working at height, manual handling, moving parts of machinery, noise, dust and chemicals. Risk Risk is the likelihood of harm occurring, together with an indication of how serious that harm could be. - We normally refer to activities as high risk, medium risk or low risk. 5

7 Key terms Suitable and sufficient Employers should make a suitable and sufficient risk assessment of all the activities in their workplace. The term suitable and sufficient means: - The risk assessment should identify the risks arising from the work activity - The level of detail in a risk assessment should be proportionate to the risk - Once the risks are assessed, insignificant risks can usually be ignored 7

8 Key terms Competence The person carrying out the risk assessment must be competent - Competence is a mixture of knowledge, experience and skills, mostly gained through training and qualifications. A person carrying out a risk assessment should: - Have knowledge of the risk assessment process - Be capable of identifying hazards - Know the principles of risk control - Be able to produce a report 8

9 The process for carrying out a risk assessment The UK Health and Safety Executive has produced guidance known as the Five Steps to Risk Assessment. The process is: - Step 1 Identify the hazards - Step 2 Decide who might be harmed and how - Step 3 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions - Step 4 Record your findings and implement them - Step 5 Review your assessment and update if necessary 9

10 The process for carrying out a risk assessment One of the most important things about risk assessment is not to overcomplicate the process. In many organisations, the risks are well known and the necessary control measures are easy to apply. 10

11 The process for carrying out a risk assessment Step 1: Identify the hazards Hazards may be identified by: - Walking round the workplace and looking for things that may cause harm - Asking employees if they have noticed anything that could cause harm - Checking manufacturers data sheets and instructions - Checking accident, near miss and ill-health records 11

16 The process for carrying out a risk assessment Step 2: Decide who might be harmed and how Identify all the people who might be harmed Employees - Employees involved in the activity (operatives, supervisors, managers) - Employees who may be affected by the activity (maintenance workers, cleaners, security staff) Non-employees - Visitors (contractors, delivery drivers, customers) - Others (members of the public, passers-by, neighbours, road users) 16

17 The process for carrying out a risk assessment Groups at particular risk Some hazards may present a particular risk to certain individuals or groups. - Young people - New and expectant mothers - Individuals with disabilities or medical conditions - New employees - Home workers - Lone workers 17

18 The process for carrying out a risk assessment Step 3: Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions Having identified the hazards, and decided who might be harmed and how, you must decide what to do to reduce the risk. The employer should do everything reasonably practicable to protect people from harm. The easiest way to do this is to compare what is being done with good practice. 18

19 The process for carrying out a risk assessment Step 4: Record your findings and implement them The significant findings of the risk assessment should be kept electronically or in writing. Details that should be recorded are: - What hazards were found - Who might be harmed and how - What you are already doing to control the risk - What further action is necessary, by whom and by when 19

20 The process for carrying out a risk assessment Step 5: Review your assessment and update if necessary Risk assessments should be reviewed on a regular basis to make sure they are still relevant. This is normally done once a year. Other occasions when risk assessments may need to be reviewed include: - After significant changes to work processes, equipment or personnel - After an accident - After a number of near misses 20

21 Factors affecting the level of risk Occupational factors Culture - A company with a poor health and safety culture is more likely to experience accidents, particularly if senior managers do not set a good example and housekeeping is poor. Environment - A poor working environment (excessively hot/cold, poorly lit, noisy) is not conducive to working safely. 21

22 Factors affecting the level of risk Occupational factors Equipment - Using incorrect or poorly maintained work equipment can increase the risk of an accident. A badly laid out workstation or control panel can be the cause of mistakes leading to accidents. Workload - If a person has to rush or cannot take adequate breaks because of their workload, this can lead to mistakes and accidents. 22

23 Factors affecting the level of risk Occupational factors Working hours - Working long hours can be the cause of accidents, particularly in the transport industry where there is a risk of drivers falling asleep at the wheel. 23

24 Factors affecting the level of risk Human factors Motivation - People who are not motivated to work safely due to a poor health and safety culture within the company are more at risk than those who are motivated to work safely. Training - Allowing people to carry out tasks they have not been trained to do will increase the chances of an accident. This risk increases if the person is new to the industry. 24

25 Factors affecting the level of risk Human factors Physical and mental capability - People should not be given tasks that are beyond their capabilities, either physically or mentally. For example, a young person that is still growing should not be expected to lift heavy objects. Medical conditions - People with known medical conditions should not be given tasks that may aggravate those conditions. 25

26 Factors affecting the level of risk Human factors Alcohol and drugs - Alcohol and drugs impair people s perception of risk. As well as obvious cases of misuse, some medicines available over the counter can have side effects that may impair perception. 26

27 Evaluating risks The purpose of evaluating workplace risks is to determine the extent of the risk and decide whether existing precautions are adequate or whether more are needed. We can evaluate workplace risks by considering: - How likely incidents are to happen (likelihood) - What the extent of the injury or ill-health might be if an incident happens (severity) 27

28 Evaluating risks Likelihood In a simple risk assessment, likelihood can be recorded as follows: Unlikely May happen Likely Very likely Certain

29 Evaluating risks Some factors affecting likelihood Duration and frequency of exposure - Generally, the more often a person is exposed to a hazard, the greater the likelihood of harm occurring. Competence of those exposed - Someone who has not been trained in correct lifting techniques is more likely to be injured than someone who has been trained. Equipment and its condition - Equipment in good condition is less likely to cause an accident than equipment in poor condition. 29

30 Evaluating risks Severity In a simple risk assessment, severity can be recorded as follows: Minor injury (first aid on site) Minor injury (treatment off site) Over 7 day injury Major injury Death

31 Evaluating risks Some factors affecting severity Nature and intensity of hazard - If someone trips over a trailing cable in the middle of an office, they may end up with bruises. However, if they trip over a trailing cable on a staircase their injuries are likely to be more severe. Duration and frequency of exposure - Exposure to a noisy machine for 8 hours will result in greater harm than exposure to the same machine for 8 minutes. Availability of first aid - A person with head injuries as a result of a fall is less likely to die if first aid is administered promptly and the emergency services called quickly. 31

33 Evaluating risks Risk priority matrix Score Priority Action 1 4 Low 5 10 Medium High This represents a low risk, although control measures must be maintained. Action required soon to control risks. Interim measures may be necessary in the short term. Action required urgently to control risks. Further resources may be needed. 33

34 Applying the hierarchy of controls Now that we have evaluated the risks, we have to decide whether there is a need to introduce additional control measures (or precautions) to further reduce the risk of harm. Wherever possible, control measures should be collective rather than individual. In other words, they should reduce the risk to all those who may be affected by the hazard. 34

35 Applying the hierarchy of controls There is a strategy for control that looks at: Safe place v Safe person - If we make the workplace safer (by improving lighting, for example) then everybody in the workplace will be protected. - If we just concentrate on one individual (by giving them a torch) then the workplace is no safer and anybody without that equipment is not protected. 35

36 Applying the hierarchy of controls We should do everything we can to make the workplace safe for all employees, then concentrate on specific individuals for any remaining (residual) risks. A hierarchy of controls is used to reduce risks and can be described as a set of measures designed to reduce risks in order of effectiveness. 36

37 Applying the hierarchy of controls - Eliminate the hazard trip hazards from trailing cables eliminated by using cordless tools. - Substitute the hazard for something less dangerous such as water based paint instead of solvent based paint. - Isolate the hazard put a guard around a moving part of a machine to prevent anybody coming into contact with it. - Reduce the risk from the hazard by limiting the amount of exposure such as reducing the time spent in a noisy environment. - Safe systems make sure that there are procedures in place to deal with hazardous situations such as working at height. - Personal protective equipment (PPE) normally considered a last resort, but important to protect against any remaining risks. 37

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