Thursday, April 17, 2014

#17
Ask me again after the PS4 sells 100 mil. But M$ and Nintendo home console gaming is slowly but surely dying, yes.
down with consoles, long live arcades!
ditor's note: Since 2005, Blake Snow has covered video games and other male-interest topics for some of the biggest names in journalism. He lives in Utah with his family and is currently writing a book about finding offline balance in an online world.
(CNN) -- If console gaming were a first-person shooter, it would be taking heavy fire right now. A red hue would envelop the viewable screen from all sides, an ominous sign of spilled blood.
Or worse, near-death.
Despite this, Nintendo will release its new Wii U console on November 18, ushering in the eighth and possibly last generation of traditional home consoles as we know them.
Consider this: Dedicated gaming sales — including living-room consoles and handhelds — are in the midst of a four-year tailspin. You might say that's because of a bad economy, but then you'd have to explain why movie revenue and cable TV subscriptions have largely stayed the same.
Or why music sales, gutted by online streaming and piracy, have held up better than slumping sales of console games. Or why the popularity of social, mobile and PC games have skyrocketed to unthinkable heights.
Hands on with the next Nintendo Wii
The problem seems to be isolated to dedicated video games. Video game industry sales in the United States, including game discs, consoles and accessories, were down 24% in September when compared with the same period last year. Many experts believe these decreases in profits, the rise of casual and social gaming and waning consumer interest are affecting makers of the three big living-room consoles: Microsoft's Xbox 360, Sony's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo's Wii.
So is this it then? Is the death of dedicated gaming upon us? In a word, no.
"I bristle when people suggest as much," says Adrian Crook, a game design consultant. "Consoles will grow again and will never go away."
But today's dedicated gaming business is arguably in its most tumultuous period since the 1983 gaming collapse. It's nowhere near ruin yet, thanks to big franchises like "Call of Duty," "Madden," and a select few mainstream console games. But the console's influence is waning, and there's uncertainty about its future.
Here's where the shots at console gaming are coming from, and how the industry might dodge and counter them.
Trojan horses
Since the '80s, console makers have dreamed of using their "dedicated gaming machines" as Trojan horses to further control the living room with a single, proprietary device.
That time has come. Gaming consoles have transformed into entertainment hubs for people to stream movies or YouTube videos. So much, in fact, that gaming consoles no longer are being used primarily for gaming. In fact, "40% of all Xbox activity now is non-game," Microsoft boasts. Amazon and Netflix streaming accounts for most of that, as they do for Wii and PS3.
Combined, game consoles account for half of all Netflix users. This is great news for the movie industry. Not so great for console gaming's bottom line, especially since the industry largely subsidizes consoles now.
I'd sooner pay nothing up front and $5 to $10 later than plunk down $60 on a game and hope I like it.
Adrian Crook, game design consultant
In other words, a console isn't helping the gaming industry if it's mainly being used to stream Netflix movies.
Not only that, but gamers' tastes have evolved to include quick, bite-size gaming sessions -- something consoles have never been good at. (Gamers must go to the living room, wait for the console to power on, load the game from the main menu, wait for it to boot.) It's much slower than tapping an icon on the smartphone you already carry in your pocket.
"Most people who liked console games in the past still do today," says Alex Hutchinson, creative director of Ubisoft, "but they're also looking for a wider spread of experiences. I want some games I can play quickly after work or while the kids are asleep and have a short satisfying experience."
As the number of gaming scenarios has increased, so, too, has the number of diehard gamers, says market researcher DFC Intelligence.
"Gamers have not only increased in number, but they are playing on multiple platforms now," says analyst David Cole. "Fewer enthusiasts describe themselves in a single camp such as 'I love Nintendo and hate Sony and Microsoft' or vice versa."
If enthusiasm for a single dedicated machine has waned, however — or at least has been spread thin — then the machine that demands the most attention will invariably suffer. That machine is the console — the one you hold dear to your heart, but probably reach for less than you used to, whether you like to admit it or not.
Creative stagnation?
When it's not taking a backseat to more convenient app gaming, some say the console has stagnated creatively.
"You would think that XBLA (Xbox Live Arcade), PSN (PlayStation Network), and the rise of 'free to play' would have opened a door to smaller games that can take more risks creatively, but right now they're just cut-down versions of box-product games, or retreads of games I played on the SNES (Super Nintendo Entertainment System)," says Hutchinson, referring to the online gaming networks offered by Microsoft and Sony.
"I don't honestly think that someone who didn't want a 2-D platformer 20 years ago is going to wake up today and buy it on XBLA."
We need to offer more experiences that are understandable to people's real lives.
Alex Hutchinson of Ubisoft
In addition, even big-box games have lost some of their visual allure in recent years. What were once graphical leaps in previous generations have now become bunny hops, at least to the average eye.
"People aren't as motivated by cutting-edge graphics as they once were," says Paul Neurath, creative director at Zynga, makers of "FarmVille," "Mafia Wars" and other social games on Facebook.
"Gamers that care intensely about graphics will continue to do so, but I think there are fewer now than there were in the past," he says. "Big leaps in graphics no longer exist. Unless there's some futuristic holographic display or direct brain implement we don't know about, it's hard to get a lot better."
Cole, the gaming analyst, agrees.
"Cutting-edge graphics in the past amounted to nothing more than killer CGI videos that added nothing to gameplay," he said. "That's a problem for an industry that up until recently prided itself on "buy this console because the games look a lot better than the ones you currently own.'"
In that sense, next-generation is no longer "next." We've arrived. Looking back, NES was certainly a step above Atari and imprecise joysticks. SNES and Genesis offered a huge leap in affordable home graphics. PlayStation and N64 immersed players into 3-D worlds replete with camera control. PlayStation 2 and Xbox overcame polygons in favor of rounded and non-jaggy looks. All of these were improvements upon previous generations of gaming systems.
But this current generation of consoles? With the exception of the early Wii years, they've largely offered better-looking versions of games we've already played. There have been a lot of great games to be sure, but fewer must-haves — the kind that truly take the medium into uncharted territory.
Rise of cheap, social gaming
On the other hand, cheap, bite-size games such as "Angry Birds" and "Plants vs. Zombies" have thrived in recent years, ensnaring new players with novel gameplay.
"Virtually all of my clients are in social and mobile sectors, which have totally exploded in the last few years and continue unabated today," says Crook, who previously worked as a console designer.
As such, the demand for games has grown. "It's not so much that gamer interests have changed since the last generation, but that a whole group of new players have started playing games," says Zynga's Neurath. "These people would never have played last-generation console games. They're more into it for the social aspect."
Console makers so far have been ill-equipped to meet this demand, given their lucrative, 30-year-old model of selling games for $50-$60.
The Wii U\'s handheld controller displays a game during a presentation by developers Ubisoft.
The Wii U's handheld controller displays a game during a presentation by developers Ubisoft.
This partly explains why Nintendo, after five years of phenomenal Wii growth, is slumping. Industry experts say they're not in a position to meet the demands of most new social gamers.
We'll soon find out whether the Wii U can revive Nintendo's fortunes. The console's big new feature is a 6.2-inch touchscreen GamePad controller that interacts in creative new ways with the gamers' TV. Wii U players can play together, with one person using a TV screen and the other using the GamePad. A single player also can access additional content on the GamePad that enhances the game on the big screen.
Nintendo declined to comment for this story.
In a struggling economy, consoles also have fallen victim to the cut-rate pricing of games -- something consumers are exceedingly demanding but consoles have yet to offer.
In what has become a successful business model, many developers give away their games for free, then charge players later for status upgrades or gameplay perks.
"Say what you want about freemium, 'nickel and diming' of players, but I'd sooner pay nothing up front and $5 to $10 later than plunk down $60 on a game and hope I like it," says Crook.
Ubisoft's Hutchinson refers to it as a rising "fear" among console gamers. With so many deals to be had elsewhere, a lot of console gamers are making fewer full-price purchases than before.
"The free-to-play model has certainly impacted the industry," agrees Zynga's Neurath.
On top of that, 99¢ iPhone and iPad games are also taking a toll on the perceived value of dedicated gaming systems. Even PC games go on sale for as little as $5-$20 on occasion, a trend that has breathed new life into PC gaming and changed how some of the most ardent gamers value games.
"The business model for a five-year life cycle isn't working for Sony and Microsoft," says Cole. "They spend billions to R&D and market these new systems, they sell them at a loss for the first few years and then they don't really have the software business to make up the cost. They are better getting out of the business entirely rather than go after a five-year life cycle."
How console makers can fight back
In wake of all these changes, what's a console maker to do? What might reinvigorate interest in living-room and dedicated handheld gaming?
A first step would be fresher consoles themselves. The Xbox 360 is 7 years old, while the Wii and the PlayStation 3 are both 6.
Newer motion-controlled gaming systems such as Microsoft's Kinect and Sony's Move, which let players control in-game avatars by moving their arms and legs, have helped sustain interest. But experts say more upgrades are needed.
"New consoles would help, and the rumblings have already started at Microsoft and Sony," Hutchinson says. As if reminded by the lackluster sales of the handheld 3DS and PS Vita gaming systems, he adds, "But I don't know that we really need a new hardware cycle at this point from a creative standpoint."
Zynga's Neurath, who's worked with consoles and PCs since the 8-bit days, says console makers would do well to act more like nontraditional platforms. A new console dubbed Ouya will launch next year with free-to-play games and a $99 launch price, but keep the focus on what its manufacturer calls "TV gaming."
Crook believes there is still plenty of time for traditional console makers to correct their downward trend.
"There will always be a big market for core game systems," he says. "It all comes down to how consoles can get back to taking creative risks again, and what the platforms can do to broaden their markets and offer innovative means of interaction."
Ubisoft's Hutchinson wants console games to deliver more meaningful experiences.
"Games need to explain to players why they made certain artistic decisions, what mood they're setting with their lighting and color choices, and less about the technical features," he says. "We need to offer more experiences that are understandable to people's real lives, either in terms of mechanics or narrative, and attract people who don't read fantasy novels or watch the SyFy channel. Our mechanics are often not the barrier, but our content sometimes is."
The good news for the industry, and for gamers, is that video games in their broadest sense are most definitely here to stay. It's just that the way we access, control and define them has rapidly evolved. Despite the weakening sales of consoles and console games, the growth of mobile, social and PC-based games means that total spending on gaming is actually on the rise.
"Inviting more people to the fun and wonderment of games isn't just good for social games, it's good for the entire industry," says Neurath.
It will likely take at least one more console cycle to gauge the long-term sustainability of dedicated gaming devices, experts say. Their ultimate survival all depends on how well console makers adapt to evolving business models and changing consumer tastes.

Holy crap. I thought a Doctorate of Science is a higher doctorate, and Bachelor of Degree is too advanced. Must be the non-brain damaged ones going into it. I thought Wounded Warriors were all medical coders doing ICD-10-CM codes. Those ICD-10-CM coder jobs never run out. Doesn't make sense.

Tuesday, April 15, 2014

http://www.nasdaq.com/article/video-game-sales-up-in-feb-software-sales-dismal-analyst-blog-cm335490
The cheaper PS4 beat Xbox One this year. Remember, Xbox 360 had PS3 beat in sales. PS3 was more stable then Xbox 360 due to its FreeBSD firmware. I have seen rings of death on my 360s. It came down with firmware stability in November 2013 on which to choose. I knew this, because it says FreeBSD on PS3 credits. Americans are scrooge on their purchasing new consoles now-a-days as they buy up all second hand. People are burnt from Xbox 360s rings of death and firmware errors. Xbox One also had BD-ROM and software errors.

a. The Kronum Round shall be measured and marked as shown in the Kronum Round diagram. See Diagram 1b. The playing surface shall be a generally level circular area.c. The game can be played outdoor or indoor on a natural or artificial surfaced.
The Kronum Round shall be a minimum of 45 yards to a maximum of 70
yards in diameter circle marked around the perimeter of the field.

i. The recommended diameter is 50 yards.

e. The Boundary Ring is the outermost circular line, which limits the inbounds playing area of the Round.f. The Prime Ring is a 16-yard diameter circle marked from the center of the field, parallel to the Boundary Ring.g. The Pivot is a 1-yard diameter circle marked from the center of the field, parallel to the Boundary Ring.h. The Goal Zones are 5-yard diameter half circles evenly spaced from the center of the goali.
The Wedge Zone shall be marked 18 yards from the center of the
corresponding Goal Zone. This will be the top of the Wedge Zone.j. The top of the Wedge Zone shall be a 90-degree angle that extends until it intersects with the Boundary Ring.k. The Wedge Point is the area in between the top of the Wedge Zone and the Prime Ring.l.
The Cross Zone includes all of the distant quadrants as well as the
Prime Ring. The Cross Zone shall be marked with one vertical line and
one horizontal line that divide the field into four equal quadrants. The
Cross Zone lines will extend from the Prime Ring to the Boundary Ring.
The Cross Zone lines will not be drawn inside the Prime Ring or Pivot.

II. Zones

a. Goal Zone

i.
Players on offense and defense may dribble, roll, hold, pass, catch,
trap, deflect, kick, or shoot the ball with their arms, hands, torsos,
legs, feet, or head. Players may play the ball with any part of their
bodies; however, players must dribble as defined in Section 4.IV. A
player may transition from playing the ball with his hands to his feet
and vice-versa.

b. Wedge Zone

i. Players on offense and
defense may dribble, trap, deflect, pass, kick, or shoot the ball with
their legs, feet, torsos, or head.ii. The offense may not play the ball with their arms or hands (as defined in Section 9.I.f) at any time.iii.
A defensive player may block or deflect a ball with his hands while
established in this zone. After a player blocks or deflects a shot with
his hands, that same player may be the first player to touch the ball
with his hands or feet in any zone.iv. After a defensive player
blocks or deflects a shot, that same defensive player may then punch or
hit the ball with his hand out of the Wedge Zone.

1. After a
player punches or hits the ball with his hand in the Wedge Zone, that
same player may not be the first person to touch the ball with his hands
or feet in any zone. This is illegal defensive hands in the Wedge Zone
and will result in a penalty shot.

c. Flex Zone

i. See Section 1.II.a.i

d. Cross Zone

i. See Section 1.II.a.i

e. Prime Ring

i. Players must use this zone to clear the ball as defined in Section 4.II and Section 4.III.ii. Once the ball is cleared, this zone is considered part of the Cross Zone for scoring and game play purposes.

f. Pivot

i. Each period starts with a prime rush that is bounced at the center of this zone.ii. Once the period has started, this zone is considered part of the Cross Zone for scoring and game play purposes.iii. All fouls are restarted within this zone

III. Equipment

a. Kronum ball

i. Shall be an officially approved Kronum ball.ii.
If the ball becomes defective in any manner during the game, play is
stopped, and an official can substitute a new ball into play.

b. Kronum goal

i. The chamber of the goal is the bottom main region of the goal and shall measure 16 feet wide and 8 feet highii. The crown is the forward, upper region and shall come out on an arc and measure 2.5 feet high.iii. The crown shall have up to five rings that shall measure between 18-24 inches in diameter.

c. Uniform

i.
Each player on both teams is required to be in uniform to be eligible
to play. The uniform consists of team jersey, team shorts, and team
colored socks.

d. Footwear

i. Athletic turf shoes are recommendedii. Any type of cleats or spikes are prohibited

e. Optional equipment

i. Mouth guardii. Shin guardsiii. Athletic gloves (i.e. Soccer goalie gloves, football wide receiver gloves)iv.
If a player has a cast or other protective equipment due to injury, it
must be covered and padded. It is the official’s final judgment if the
equipment is safe enough to enter the game.

1. If that player is
to ever use that equipment to gain an advantage or physically attack
another player on the field, the person will be immediately ejected from
the game. That player can no longer participate in any future games
until the equipment is removed.

f. Unapproved Equipment

i.
If any player has unapproved equipment, that player shall be removed
from the game until a dead ball when an official can inspect the new
equipment and approve it.Section 2 – OfficialsI. Duties of the Officials

a.
All Kronum matches shall be governed by the official Kronum Rules and
enforced by Kronum officials. All calls shall be made at the officials’
discretion. All decisions made by the officials are finalb. The game officials shall be one head referee, one assistant referee, and one scorekeeper.c. Officials shall wear the uniform required by the Kronum League.d. The officials shall, prior to the start of the game, inspect and approve all players’ equipment and field equipment.e.
The head official shall have the power to make decisions on any point
not specifically covered in the rules, and to overturn any call made by
the assistant official and scorekeeper.f. The officials shall not permit any player to wear any type of jewelry.g. The officials shall not permit any player to wear any equipment that is dangerous to other players.h. Proper footwear is required. Any type of cleats or spikes, rubber or metal, are not permitted.i. Shin guards and mouth guards are optional equipment permitted on the round.j. Any equipment designed to gain a player an advantage shall not be used.k. The head official shall check the game ball to see that it is properly inflated.l. The head official shall spike the ball for the prime rush.m. Officials must meet with team captains prior to the game to address any rule clarifications or interpretations.

II. Different Decisions by Officials

a. It is the primary duty of the head official to spike the ball at the start of each period.b.
It is the primary duty of the assistant official to assure no prime
rushers leave early, and that only the prime rushers enter the Prime
Ring before the ball exits the Prime Ring.c. In the event that a violation and foul occur at the same time, the foul will take precedence.

III. Time and Place for Decisions

a.
In the event that the officials give conflicting signals, the officials
may have a quick discussion at the center of the field. The head
official has the final call.b. When a shooting foul occurs, an
official will blow his whistle and signal to stop clock by waving his
hands in an overhead crossing motion. The official will then signal the
type of foul and where the shot will take place.c. When a team is
entitled to a throw-in, after the ball is out of bounds, an official
shall clearly call out the color of the team that is awarded the
throw-in.d. The official does not need to call out the color of the
team who is awarded a free clear after a score, unless a team score’s on
its own goal.e. When a whistle is erroneously sounded, whether the
ball is in a possession or non-possession status, it is an inadvertent
whistle. Play is stopped, and the team with possession of the ball is
awarded a throw-in at the closest Cross corner.f. An official may suspend play for any unusual circumstance.

IV. Correcting Errors

a. Officials may correct an error if a rule is inadvertently missed and the error is corrected within 20 seconds.b. All play that occurs shall be nullified within the 20-second time period.

i.
Exception – All acts of unsportsmanlike conduct or flagrant fouls, and
points scored from them, shall not be nullified. The game clock shall be
reset and play shall resume from the spot of the corrected call.

V. Duty of the Score Keeper

a. Set the game clock at the start of each period.b. Record the score after each period.c. Start and stop the game clock during shooting fouls, timeouts, and any violation/foul under 2 minutes in the third period.d.
Keep time during a time out and notify the head official to signal a 10
second first whistle, as well as the end of time out second whistlee. Record the name and number of the four prime rushers at the start of each period.f. Set the possession arrow to the loser of the prime rush of every period.g. Record all time outs taken by both teamsSection 3 – Players, Coaches, Spectators, SubstitutionsI. Team

a.
Each team will have 10 players on the field. A team may not be reduced
to less than 9 players. A team reduced to less than 9 players will
result in a forfeit. If a player in the game receives a second technical
foul, resulting in ejection, and it results in his team having less
than 9 eligible players on the field, the game will end in a forfeit,
and the opposing team will be declared the victor.

II. Team Captain

a.
One team captain shall be designated per team per game. The captain is
the only player who may ask an official about a rule interpretation in
between periods or during a timeout. He may not discuss a judgment
decision.b. If the captain is on the bench, he remains the only player who may approach and discuss with an officialc.
If the captain is removed from the game from illness, injury, ejection,
etc., a new captain will be named for the remainder of the game.

III. Coaches and Other Personnel

a.
Coaches and other personnel may not enter the field of play or cross
the scorers table at the center of the field. Failure to comply will
result in an unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul.b. Any team personnel on or around the bench area must conduct themselves in a manner that reflects favorably on the league.

IV. Spectators

a. Must be respectful of all officials, players, coaches, and other spectators

i.
If a spectator verbally or physically interferes with any person or
object on the field that distracts from the game, an official’s timeout
will be called and the spectator will be removed from the building

b.
If a player verbally abuses a spectator, an official’s timeout will be
called and the player will be issued a personal technical foul.c. If
a player physically abuses a spectator, an official’s timeout will be
called and a personal technical foul II will be issued, and the player
will be ejected from the game and the building, field, or arena.

V. Substitutions

a. Substitutions are unlimited.b. Substitutions are made during the regular flow of the game., during a live or dead ball.c. All substitutions must happen between the Wedge Zone and the Cross Line in front of that team’s bench area.d.
A Substitute player must wait until the active player completely
crosses over the Boundary Ring. Failure to do so will result in a team
technical of too many players on the field.Section 4 – GameplayI. Offense/Defense

a.
The last team to touch the ball inside the Prime Ring, take a penalty
shot, or throw the ball in bounds is on offense. This team can attack
any goal while on offense and take an unlimited amount of shots.

i.
Exception – If a team gains possession of the ball while on defense and
calls a timeout, they are awarded a throw in at the nearest Cross
corner, but still must clear the ball.

b. A defensive player has
the right to challenge an offensive player for space in the playing area
and for control of the ball, so long as he does not commit an act of
misconduct, violation, or foul.

II. Clearance

a. If the
defensive player gains possession of the ball, he must clear the ball.
His team is on defense until he legally clears the ballb. If the
defensive team gains possession, does not clear the ball, and then loses
possession, the opposing team does not need to re-clear the ball.c.
A legal clear is when a player that is established in the Prime Ring
touches the ball. The last team to touch the ball inside the Prime Ring
is on offense.

i. Exception – If a player jumps from the Prime
Ring, contacts or possesses the ball while in the air, and lands in
another zone, the ball is not cleared

d. If a player is in possession of the ball and steps into the Prime Ring with one or two feet, the ball is clearede. Any player may challenge a clear.f. If a turnover occurs inside the Prime Ring, the clear is considered complete immediately.g. A team that is awarded a throw in is considered on offense, and therefore does not have to clear the ball.

i.
Exception – A team that is on defense, has possession of the ball, and
calls a timeout is awarded a throw in from the nearest Cross corner, but
must still complete the clear after inbounding the ball.

III. Free Clear

a.
After any score, one player from the team that was scored on must pass
the ball with any part of his body from the Goal Zone into the Prime
Ring.b. The new defensive team may not challenge the ball until the new offensive team makes contact with it inside the Prime Ring

i.
Challenging the ball is defined as being inside the Prime Ring,
interfering with the throw from the Goal Zone, and/or interfering with
the player in the Prime Ring. A defensive player may pass through the
Prime Ring as long as he does not interfere with the offensive team’s
ability to complete the free clear and/or the ability to move in a
direction he pleases immediately after completing the free clear.ii.
A player that is caught inside the Prime Ring while the offensive team
is completing a free clear must first vacate the Prime Ring in order to
challenge the player inside the Prime Ring.

c. The new defensive team can establish presence anywhere on the field, as long as it does not interfere with the free clear.d.
Once a defensive player establishes presence on the field and both feet
are planted, he is guaranteed that spot on the field. The defensive
players arms must be at his side. Arms up in the air will be an
interference of the free clear, which is a violation.

i. If the
defensive team interferes with the free clear, it is a defensive free
clear interference, and results in a team technical foul.ii. If the
offensive team hits the established defensive player, the result is a
stray clear. Once a defensive player has stopped moving and has
established presence, the offensive team must avoid contacting that
player with the ball.

1. If that player moves his feet and makes contact, he will be at fault.

e.
If the offensive team intentionally throws the ball at an offensive
player, a technical foul will be given for unsportsmanlike conduct.f.
The offensive player receiving the free clear must be established in
the Prime Ring. A player may complete the free clear while the ball is
in the air, as long as any foot in contact with the ground is within the
Prime Ring.i. If both feet are in contact with the ground, both feet must be within the Prime Ring.g. A ball that is in contact with the ground must completely enter the Prime Ring before the now offensive player may touch it.h.
A free clear attempt that hits a teammate, an official, the goal
structure, or misses the Prime Ring is declared a stray clear. See
Section 10.I.g

IV. Dribbling

a. Upon taking one-handed or
two-handed control of the ball, a player may take up to, but not more
than, two complete steps in sequence with opposite feet before releasing
the ball in the act of dribbling, passing, or shooting. Upon taking two
complete steps in sequence with opposite feet, a player may not lift a
foot before dribbling or passing, unless that player takes a shot on
goal before completing a third step. Upon taking one-handed or
two-handed possession of the ball, a player may take an unlimited number
of pivot steps with a single Free Foot, so long as his Anchor Foot does
not leave the playing surface. The Anchor Foot is the foot to first
touch the playing surface when the player takes possession. The Free
Foot is the foot to last touch the playing surface after the player
takes possession. If both feet are touching the playing surface when the
player takes possession, then the player may elect to designate either
foot as his Anchor Foot by moving or lifting his Free Foot. Upon taking
two pivot steps with his Free Foot, a player loses the right to lift his
Anchor Foot, unless he takes another dribbleSection 5 – Zone Presence, Scoring, and KronesI. Zone Presence

a.
The zone a player is established in when he scores will determine the
amount of points awarded. Zone presence is established by one foot
and/or hand making contact with the ground in a zone. If a player
releases the ball in the air, he will be awarded the amount of points
equal to the zone he was last present in. If contact is made above a
zone while one foot is planted on the ground in another zone, the points
awarded are decided by where the player is in contact with the ground.
Exception: If a player is established in one zone, but the ball is on
the ground in another zone, the ball determines presence. Example 1: The
ball bounces in the air above the Goal Zone. A player has one foot
planted in the Wedge Zone and extends the other foot, makes contact with
the ball above the Goal Zone, and the ball passes over the goal line in
the chamber. The player is awarded two points because he is established
in the Wedge Zone. Example 2: The ball is on the ground in the Goal
Zone. A player has one foot planted in the Wedge Zone and extends the
other foot, makes contact with the ball that is on the ground in the
Goal Zone, and the ball passes over the goal line in the chamber. The
player is awarded one point because the ball was established on the
ground in the Goal Zone.

II. Scoring

a. A legal goal can
be scored when a live ball from the playing area passes fully across the
goal line of the chamber or the plane of a crown ring.b. If the ball makes contact with an official and crosses the goal line or the plane of a crown ring, the goal counts.

i.
The team that was on offense will be awarded the amount of points that
would be given if the ball were deflected by a defender.ii. The offensive player that last touched the ball will be credited the points.

c.
A throw in is a dead ball, and therefore cannot be scored without being
touched by another player. If an offensive player attempts a shot on
goal from a throw in, and a defensive player touches it, it is
considered in play, and may then cross the goal line or plane of a ring
and count as a legal score.d. A kick or throw from the Goal Zone
that passes fully across the goal line into the chamber is awarded one
point. A kick or throw from the Goal Zone that passes fully across the
plane of a crown ring is awarded two points. The Goal Zone line is part
of the Goal Zone. If a player’s foot or hand is on the Goal Zone line
when he scores, the player is considered in the Goal Zone, and shall be
awarded the appropriate amount of points.e. A kick from the Wedge
Zone that passes fully across the goal line into the chamber is awarded
two points. A kick from the Wedge Zone that passes fully across the
plane of a crown ring is awarded four points. The Wedge Zone line is
part of the Wedge Zone. If a player’s foot is on the Wedge Zone line
when he scores, the player is considered in the Wedge Zone and shall be
awarded the appropriate amount of points.f. A kick or throw from the
Flex Zone that passes fully across the goal line into the chamber is
awarded two points. A kick or throw from the Flex Zone that passes fully
across the plane of a crown ring is awarded four points.g. A kick
or throw from the Cross Zone that passes fully across the goal line into
the chamber is awarded four points. A kick or throw from the Cross Zone
that passes fully across the plane of a crown ring is awarded eight
points. This is also called a Kronum. The Cross Zone line is part of the
Cross Zone. If a player’s foot is on the Cross Zone line when he
scores, the player is considered in the Cross Zone and shall be awarded
the appropriate amount of points.h. A kick or throw from the Wedge
Point during a penalty shot that passes fully across the goal line into
the chamber is awarded three points. A kick or throw from Wedge Point
during a penalty shot that passes fully across the plane of a crown ring
is awarded six points.i. A kick or throw from the offense that is
redirected by a defensive player, and then passes fully across the goal
line of the chamber or plane of a crown ring shall be awarded the amount
of points from where the shot was initially taken by the offense. The
offensive player who took the initial shot will be credited the points.j.
If a defensive player possesses the ball and scores on his own goal,
the points will be awarded to the offensive team as if it was an
offensive player who took the shot. Points will be credited to the last
person on the offensive team to touch the ball.k. A kick or a throw
from the Wedge Point during a penalty shot that is touched by the
wedgeback is now in play. If the wedgeback redirects the ball into a
distant quadrant and it passes across the goal line of the chamber or
plane of a crown ring, it will be awarded four or eight points,
respectively, and be credited to the offensive player that took the
penalty shot.

III. Krones

a. The team that has both fewer
fouls than its opponent and less than 15 total fouls in the match is
awarded one Krone. Krones are recorded along with Wins and Losses in the
Kronum League standings and factors into determining the final
standings at season’s end.

IV. Standings

a. The final standings at season’s end will be determined in the following order:

i. Win percentageii. Head to headiii. A three point system of points for, points against, and Krones

1. The team with more points in the three point system will be ranked above the team with less points

a. All regulation Kronum League periods will be 20 minutes in length.b.
One and a half minutes will be given in between each period, including
at the end of the third period if the game is tied and results in a
shootout.

II. End of Period

a. A period ends when time expires.

i. If a live ball is in flight, the period ends when the shot is made, missed, or touched by an offensive player.ii. If a timeout is taken at the same time the period ends, the period ends and the timeout is not awarded.

III. Tie Score Shootout

a.
There are no overtime periods in Kronum. If the game results in a tie
after three periods of play, the game will go into a shootout.b. The
captain will select three shooters and one wedgeback. The captain will
choose the order in which the three offensive players will shoot. Each
team will alternate shots. The team with the most points after all
offensive players have shot is declared the winner. If the score is tied
after all offensive players have shot, the game will go into a sudden
death shootout in reverse order (i.e. 1,2,3,3,2,1) until one team has
more points than the other at the end of the round. In a shootout, a
goal in the chamber is worth three points. A goal through any of the
crown rings is worth six points.

IV. Clock Stoppage

a. The clock shall be stopped whenever the official signals for a clock stoppage. This is shown by waving both arms overhead.b. The following result in clock stoppages:

i. Shooting foulii. Technical fouliii. 30 second timeoutiv. One minute timeoutv. In the last two minutes of the third period, any violation, foul or out of bounds.vi. Any other emergency

c. A team is allowed 30 seconds to replace an ejected or injured player.d.
The clock will start once a player on the field touches the ball.
Example: Team A is fouled during a shot. Clock stops. The clock will
restart when another player touches it. If Team A shoots the ball and
the wedgeback of Team B makes contact with the ball, regardless of the
result of the shot, the clock starts. If Team A shoots the ball and the
ball goes off the crown or post, the clock does not start until a player
touches the ball.

V. Timeouts

a. Each team is entitled to
(1) one minute timeout and (2) 30 second timeouts. The timeouts can be
called at any time in the game.b. A timeout shall be awarded only during a dead ball or when the team requesting the timeout has possession of the ball.c. When a timeout is awarded to either team, the full time will be given to both teams.d. If a timeout is called while a team is on defense, that team must still clear the ball.e.
If a timeout is called when a team has no remaining timeouts, a team
technical is given, and the opposing team is awarded a penalty shot and a
throw in from the nearest Cross corner.f. If the defensive team
calls a timeout after they are scored on, they are awarded the time out
any time after the ball completely crosses the goal line. They do not
have to complete the free clear to be awarded the timeout.g. A
player shall not be granted a timeout if both of his feet are in the
air. One foot must be inbounds to establish himself in play.h. The
officials may call an official’s timeout at any time during the game for
player injuries, an officials meeting at the scorer’s table, an
emergency, or any other reason they deem necessary for stoppage of play.

VIII. Time in

a. The clock will restart once a player on the playing field touches the ball.b.
After a timeout is over, the official will signal for the ball to
restarted at its necessary area. If the opposing team is not on the
field by the time the official signals for the start of play, a delay of
game team technical foul will be given.Section 7 –Start of Game/Periods, RestartsI. Prime Rush

a.
Each game/period starts with a prime rush. The clock will start when
the prime rush touches the ground. The prime rush consists of two
players from each team converging on a ball that is bounced at the
center of the field inside the Pivot. All four prime rushers must start
on a Wedge Point. The rest of the players on the field must have at
least one foot on the Prime Ring. The home team will have 4 players line
up on each of the vertical sides of the Prime Ring in reference to the
scorer’s table. The away team will have 4 players line up on each of the
horizontal sides of the Prime Ring in reference to the scorer’s table.
The prime rushers will line up on the right Wedge Point of their
corresponding side of the Prime Ring. Once the prime rush is down, only
those four players may enter, and only one of those four players may
bring the ball out. The last prime rusher to make contact with the ball
before it exits the Prime Ring will be declared on offense. All other
players are not allowed to enter the Prime Ring until the ball exits the
Prime Ring. If another player enters the Prime Ring and interferes, it
is prime rush violation, and the opposing team is awarded a throw in at
the nearest Cross corner.

i. An outside player who is established
outside of the Prime Ring may lean in and possess the ball, as long as
he is established outside of the Prime Ring and the ball is in neutral
space in the air.ii. If the ball is in contact with the ground
inside the Prime Ring, it is considered established in the Prime Ring,
and therefore must be exited by a primer rusher.

II. Restarts

a. After a dead ball, the ball will be put in play by:

i. A prime rush (beginning of period only)ii. Throw in from any of the four Cross cornersiii. Throw in from the Pivotiv. Penalty shot from the Wedge Point

b.
A throw in from the Cross corner must be taken within one yard on
either side of the Cross corner of the Cross and the Boundary Ring.c. All violations result in a throw in from one of the Cross corners. See Section 10.I for all violations.d. All fouls on the ground result in a throw in from the Pivot. See Section 10.II for all fouls on the ground.e. A throw in from the Pivot must be taken with at least one foot planted in the Pivot.f. All shooting fouls result in a penalty shot. See Section 10.III for all shooting fouls.g. A penalty shot must be taken from the Wedge Point at the quadrant designated by the official.h.
All technical fouls result in a dead ball penalty shot and a throw in
from the nearest Cross corner. See Section 10.IV, 10.V, and 10.VI for
all technical fouls

i. Technical Foul penalty shots must be taken from the Wedge Point at the quadrant designated by the official.

III. Live Ball

a. The ball becomes live when:

i. It touches the ground during the prime rush at the start of the periodii. It is given to a player by an official to throw iniii. It is given to a player by an official to take a penalty shot

b. If the ball makes contact with an official and stays inbounds, the ball is live and play will continue as normal.c. If ball makes contact with an object above the inbounds playing field, the ball is live.

IV. Dead Ball

a. The ball becomes dead and remains dead when the following occurs:

i. Official blows his whistle and stops playii. The ball makes contact with any player or object out of boundsiii. Penalty shot that will not remain in play (technical foul, shootout)iv.
Time expires at the end of a period, except when ball is in flight.
Ball will become dead once shot is missed, made, or touched by an
offensive player.v. The ball makes contact with an official and goes out of bounds.

1.
The team who last touched the ball will be charged an out of bounds
violation, and the opposing team will be awarded a throw in at the
nearest Cross corner.Section 8 – Out of Bounds and Throw InI. Player

a.
A player is out of bounds when he touches the field or any object
outside the Boundary Ring. For a player in the air, his location is
wherever he last touched the field. A player that exits the round may
not be the first player to make contact with the ball after re-entering
the round.

II. Ball

a. The ball is out of bounds when it
touches a player, object, or field that is outside the Boundary Ring.
The ball is also out of bounds if it touches the outside of the top of
the crown netting.b. If two players touch the ball simultaneously,
the result will be a jump ball, and the team that lost that period’s
prime rush will be awarded a throw in.

III. Throw in

a. A throw in must be taken from one of the four Cross corners or the Pivot at the center of the field.b.
Opponents must be at least two yards away from the spot of the
inbounds, unless an offensive player is receiving the ball less than two
yards from the inbounds. If the offense has a player within two yards
of the throw in spot, the defense may defend that person.c. All players must be outside of the Pivot if the throw in is taken place from the Pivot.d. A player may not hand the ball off to a teammate.e. A legal throw in consists of:

i. Taking no more than two complete steps before releasing the ball.ii. Releasing the ball with one or two hands outside of the Boundary Ring at the Cross corner or inside the Pivot.

f.
A throw in at the Cross corner starts when the player establishes
himself at the throw in area with possession of the ball. Once one
player has possession of the ball in the throw in area, another player
may not take his place, unless that team chooses to use a timeout.g.
A throw in at the Pivot starts when the player establishes himself at
the throw in area with possession of the ball. Once one player has
possession of the ball in the Pivot, another player may not take his
place, unless that team chooses to use a timeout.h. A player has 5 seconds to throw the ball in. Failure to do so results in a turnover.i.
A throw in is an indirect throw. Another player on the field must touch
it in order to count as a goal. If a goal is scored directly from a
throw in, the opposing team will be awarded a throw in at the original
spot of the throw.j. The player throwing in the ball may not be the first player to touch the ball until it has touched another player.k.
If a throw in does not touch another player on the field, the ball will
be inbounded at the closest Cross corner where the ball went out of
bounds.Section 9 – Penalty ShotI. Positions

a. The shooter may line up anywhere within the Prime Ring of the quadrant the penalty shot is being taken.b. The wedgeback must have both feet on the goal line.c. All other players must stand behind the Cross Zone line in a distant quadrant.d. If the ball is being kicked, it must be positioned within the Wedge Point.e. If the ball is being thrown, punted, or dropkicked, the shooter will hold the ball.

II. Shooter and Wedgeback

a.
If the penalty shot was awarded because of a shooting foul, the player
who was fouled shall take the shot in any manner he prefers.b. If
the penalty shot was awarded due to a technical foul or hand ball in the
wedge, any player on the field may take the shot in any manner he
prefers.c. In any penalty shot, the defense can choose any player to
play wedgeback, as long as he was on the field at the time of the
foul/violation.d. A team may not substitute a player from off the field to be the shooter or wedgeback.e.
If a shooter and/or wedgeback is injured or ejected from the game and
cannot attempt the shot, the opponents captain will choose a player from
the opponents bench to take the shot.

III. Procedure

a. The shooter must wait for the official to signal by whistle that he may start his penalty shot.b. The shooter has 15 seconds after the whistle to attempt the penalty shot.c. The shooter has the following options:

i.
Dribble up to the line with his hands and throw, punt, dropkick, strike
the ball with any part of his body within the Prime Ringii. Stand stationary and throwiii. Strike a stationary ball on the Wedge Point with an approachiv. Strike a stationary ball on the Wedge Point without an approach

d. The wedgeback must have both feet touching the goal line until:

i. The shooter starts his approachii. The shooter releases or contacts the ball

e.
The shot must be a legal throw or kick taken behind the Prime Ring line
of that quadrant. The approach must be started within the Prime Ring of
the quadrant that the penalty shot is being taken.f. If there is no approach, the wedgeback must have both feet on the goal line until the shooter releases or contacts the ball.g.
If the wedgeback leaves the goal line early, the shooter will continue
with the penalty shot. If the shooter scores, the goal counts and play
continues as normal. If the shooter misses, the play will be blown dead
for the wedgeback violation, and the shooter will take the penalty shot
again.h. All players other than the shooter and wedgeback must
remain outside of the quadrant until the shooter releases the throw or
makes contact with the ball with his foot.

i. If a defensive
player enters the quadrant before legally allowed, the shooter continues
with the penalty shot. If the shooter scores, the goal counts and play
continues as normal. If the shooter misses, the play will be blown dead
for illegally entering the quadrant, and a second penalty shot will be
taken.

j. If an offensive player enters the quadrant before
legally allowed, the penalty shot will be immediately blown dead, and
the defense will be awarded a throw in from the nearest Cross corner.k.
If both an offensive and defensive player enters the quadrant before
legally allowed, the penalty shot will not count, and a second penalty
shot will be taken.l. To be recorded, the penalty shot must do one of the following without another player’s assistance, other than the wedgeback:

i. Cross the goal line for a scoreii. Be saved by the wedgebackiii. Make contact with the goal structureiv. Be thrown, punted, or kicked out of bounds

m.
If a penalty shot is taken and does not satisfy any of Section 7.II.l,
the shot will be declared an abandoned penalty shot, and will result in a
throw in by the defense at the nearest Cross cornern. Once the ball
makes contact with the goal structure or wedgeback, the ball is live,
and may be contacted by any player, including the shooter.o. Neither
team may distract or taunt the shooter or wedgeback in any way after
the penalty shot has started, as signaled by the official

i. If defense distracts the shooter and shot goes in, the goal counts. Play continues as normal.ii. If defense distracts the shooter and shot does not go in, an additional shot will be awarded to the shooter.iii.
If the offense distracts the wedgeback, the shot will be called dead
and the defense will be awarded a throw in at the nearest Cross corner.Section 10 – Violations and PenaltiesI. Violation – Results in change of possession and throw in at nearest Cross corner

a. Ball out of bounds

i. See Section 8.II

b. Traveling

i. A player must legally dribble the ball as defined in Section 4.IV

c. Illegal throw in

i. See Section 8.III

d. Three seconds in the Goal Zone

i.
When the ball has entered a quadrant, no offensive player may be
established (as defined in Section 4.I) in that Goal Zone for three
seconds. Once a player establishes himself in another zone, the three
seconds restart. If a player is established in both the Goal Zone and
Wedge Zone, the time shall not start. When a player is established in
only the Goal Zone, time shall start.ii. Once an offensive player
gains possession of the ball inside the Goal Zone, he has three seconds
to score or get the ball out of the Goal Zone.

e. Two or more players in the Goal Zone without the ball

i.
Only one offensive player may enter the Goal Zone without the ball.
Once the ball enters the Goal Zone, an unlimited amount of offensive
players may be in the Goal Zone for an unlimited amount of time.

f. Offensive hands in the Wedge Zone

i.
An offensive player may never make contact with the ball with any part
of his arm while established (as defined in Section 4.I) in the Wedge
Zone. The arm shall be considered any part of the body lower than the
shoulder extending to the fingertips. A ball contacted with the shoulder
is legal.

g. Stray clear

i. Once scored on, possession
immediately changes. The newly deemed offensive team must clear the ball
from the Goal Zone into the Prime Ring. Failure to throw or kick the
ball from the Goal Zone to the Prime Ring results in a stray clear.ii.
If a player attempts the free clear and it hits the any part of the
goal structure or an official and does not reach the Prime Ring, it will
be deemed a stray clear.

h. Offensive free clear interferencei.
After the initial throw or kick, an offensive player may not assist the
free clear in any way. No offensive player may touch the ball until it
enters the Prime Ring.

i. 10-second shooting violationi. It is at the referee’s discretion to issue a 10-second shot clock.ii.
If an official deems a team excessively stalling, he will give a
10-second warning. The offensive team then has 10 seconds to attempt a
shot. If a player not in the Goal Zone blocks a shot, it is not
considered a shot attempt. A shot is any attempt with the ball that
makes contact with the goal structure, is saved by a player in the Goal
Zone, or crosses over the goal line or plane of a crown ring.

j. Five second trapped player

i.
If a player is in possession of the ball and does not make an attempt
at advancing the ball in five seconds, that player will be deemed a
trapped player.

k. Five second throw in violation

i. A
player has five seconds from when he establishes himself at the throw in
area, as defined in Section 7.III to throw the ball in.

l. Five second free clear violation

i.
A defensive player that is scored on has five seconds from the time the
ball crosses the goal line or plane of a crown ring to complete a free
clear.

m. Held ball

i. When both teams have simultaneous
possession of the ball. The jump ball shall be awarded to alternating
teams starting with the team that lost the Prime Rush at the start of
the period.

n. Prime rush violation

i. After a prime rush, a player must wait until the ball exits the Prime Ring as defined in Section 6.I.

o. Abandoned penalty shot

i.
During a penalty shot attempt, the shot must fulfill at least one
requirement in Section 8.III.l to be recorded. If the shot does not
fulfill at least one requirement, it will be an abandoned penalty shot.

p. Illegal prime rush entrance

i.
During the prime rush, a non-prime rusher must wait for the ball to
exit the Prime Ring before making contact with the ball. If a non-prime
rusher is present outside the Prime Ring, he may lean in and gain
possession of the ball if it is in the air, which is neutral space.

q. Illegal offensive quadrant entrance

i.
During a penalty shot, all players other than the wedgeback and shooter
must remain outside of the quadrant where the penalty shot is being
taken until the ball is either released or contacted by the shooter

II. Foul on the Ground – Results in change of possession and throw in at nearest Cross corner

a. Reaching

i. A player may not reach around a player with both hands in an attempt to gain an advantage or to gain possession of the ballii.
If the offense gains an advantage from defensive reaching, the official
will call out advantage, which notifies players that it was a foul, but
it is more beneficial at this time for the offense for the play to
continue.

b. Hacking/Slapping

i. A player may not hack or
slap and make contact with a player’s body in an attempt to gain an
advantage or to gain possession of the ballii. If the offense gains
an advantage from the hacking or slapping, the official will call out
advantage, which notifies players that it was a foul, but it is more
beneficial at this time for the offense for the play to continue.

c. Grabbing/Holding

i.
A player may not grab/hold any part of another player’s body in an
attempt to gain an advantage or to gain possession of the ballii. If
the offense gains an advantage from the grabbing/holding, the official
will call out advantage, which notifies players that it was a foul, but
it is more beneficial at this time for the offense for the play to
continue.

d. Defensive contact with passer

i. While attempting a pass, a defensive player may not make contact with the passer’s arm.

e. Offensive charge

i.
If a defender has stopped his momentum and is occupying an area on the
field, he is entitled to that area on the field from the ground to the
ceiling. If an offensive player jumps into the defensive player’s area
while the defensive player is within the plane above his area on the
field, it is a charge.ii. If the defender jumps, leans, or reaches forward, backward, or to the side, he is giving up his ability to take a charge.iii. The defender must stay within his area and the plane above him to take a charge.

f. False dive

i.
If it is deemed by an official that an offensive player has taken a
false dive to gain an advantage, the play will be whistled dead and the
defense will be awarded a throw in from the nearest Cross corner.ii.
If it is deemed by an official that a defensive player has taken a
false dive, the dive shall be ignored and play will resume as normal.iii.
If a player or team excessively false dives, a warning will be given to
the player or team. The next occurrence will result in an
unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul.

g. Offensive foul in the Goal Zone

i.
An offensive player may not foul an defensive player while he is in
possession of the ball in the Goal Zone whether he is passing, shooting,
or on the ground.

h. Wedgeback interference

i. An offensive player may not interfere with a wedgeback in the Goal Zone at any time during the game.ii.
On a quick transition, the defensive player now turned offensive player
is entitled to the space he is occupying, as long as he remains
stationary. Any movement from that player can be deemed interference at
the referees discretion

i. Wedgeback Obstruction

i. An offensive player may not occupy a space in the Goal Zone or Wedge Zone and obstruct the wedgeback’s view

j. Illegal pick

i.
An offensive player’s feet must be set and his arms must be at his
sides or straight up in the air to set a pick. He may not lean or jump
into a defensive player while setting a pick. If feet are moving, arms
are out to side, or the player leans in one direction, it is an illegal
pick.

k. Foul off ball

i. Any defensive foul off of the ball during a shot will be a delayed call.

1. If the result of the offensive shot is a goal

a. The offensive team retains possession at the nearest Cross corner

2. If the result of the shot is not a goal, it is a dead ball and

l. Defensive charge

i. A defender may not run through a pick

III. Shooting Foul – Results in a penalty shot

a. Defensive interference on shot attempt

i. A defender may not contact the shooter’s arm from below the shoulder to the wrist during a shot attempt.

1.
The hand that is in possession of the ball is considered part of the
ball. If a defender contacts the hand or ball of the shooter during a
shot attempt, it is legal

ii. A defensive player may not shove or push an offensive player during a shot attempt.iii. Body to body contact in the air is illegal

1. If a shooter and defender simultaneously jump into each other in a neutral vertical plane, no foul shall be called.

iv. If shooter scores while being fouled, the shot counts and the shooter is awarded a penalty shot

b. Defensive hands in the Wedge Zone

i. See Section 1.II.b.iv

c. Intentional wrap anywhere on the field

i. A player may not intentionally wrap a player, hindering their ability to shoot, anywhere on the field.

d. Defensive foul in the Goal Zone

i.
A defensive player may not foul an offensive player while he is in
possession of the ball in the Goal Zone whether he is passing, shooting,
or on the ground.

e. Intentional foul under two minutes in third period

i.
Any intentional foul defined in Section 9.II by the offense or defense
under two minutes in the third period will result in a penalty shot.

IV. Team Technical Foul – Results in a penalty shot and offense is awarded a throw in from the nearest Cross corner.

a. Defensive free clear interference

i. See Section 4.III

b. Too many players on the field

i. A team may not have more than 10 players on the field at any time

c. Illegal substitution

i.
A player that is substituting into the game must wait until his
teammate is completely out of the playing area to enter the field

d. Excessive, unnecessary team fouling

i. Multiple players from the same team that continuously foul to an extent that the official deems excessive.

e. Timeout with none remaining

i. A team may not call a timeout if they have none remaining

V.
Personal Technical Foul I– Results in a penalty shot and offense is
awarded a throw in from the nearest Cross corner. Two personal technical
fouls result in an ejection from the game

a. Malicious Act

i. Any intentional, unnecessary contact by a player towards another player

b. Delay of game

i.
Any act such as kicking, punting, throwing, holding, or spiking of the
ball that delays the game in any way can be deemed a delay of game by
the officialii. Any false injury intended to delay the gameiii. Arguing a call or rule with an official for an extended period of time

c. Unsportsmanlike conduct

i. Verbal abuse from a player on or off the field towards another player, team, official, or spectatorii. Inappropriate body language directed towards another player, team, official, or spectator

d. Taunting

i. Excessive celebration directed at an opponentii. Provoking or challenging another player, team, official, or spectator with insulting remarks

e. Illegal slide tackle

i. Slide tackling is blocking or kicking the ball away from an opposing player with the ball at his feet.ii. A player may only slide tackle another player from a 180-degree angle from directly in front of the person’s vision.iii. A player must make initial contact with the ball

f. Excessive, unnecessary fouling

i. A single player that continuously fouls to an extent that the official deems excessive.

i. Any intentional, unnecessary, excessive contact by a player towards another player, team, official, or spectator

b. Brute physical force

i. Punch, elbow, slap, or any other brute physical force

c. Fighting

i.
Violent act of any nature between two or more players. All players
involved will immediately be ejected. If ejections result in less than 8
players able to participate, the team with more players will be
declared the winner by means of forfeit. If both teams have equal number
of players and do not have 8 or more players eligible to play, the team
with more points at the time of the ejections will be declared the
winner.

d. Verbal abuse

i. Excessive verbal abuse by a player towards another player, team, official, or spectator

e. Vile action

i. Any vile action such as spitting on an opponentSection 11 – Diagrams

ii.
Those points are doubled if the player makes a Ring Shot instead of
simply kicking or throwing the ball into the chamber (the goal under the
rings). If the player makes a Ring Shot from the Prime Ring (for
example), he scores 8 points (also known as a “Kronum”) for his team.