Electrostatic NANO MICRO PERFORATION, based at micro discharging and sparking,
Bluemlein and Plasma Tunnel effects with gas atomic ionization in Nanosecond
time windows.

The pores
are statistically irregularly distributed with size ranges from 100 nm up to 80
μm diameter and analogically, under LASER or micro macro PERFORATION, arranged
in diameter sizes from 60 up 200 μm, at best non inclined holes und rows of
holes of diverse arrangement comprehension.

For the
human eye invisible electrostatic nano or micro perforations may be arranged in
areas as well as in zones with specific distances within its web. Controlled
pore sizes in wide ranges from 100 nm to 80 µm diameters by holes sequences up
to 16 million pores per second and 0.1 bis 3 mJ discharge energy for each Pore.

Arrangements of zones are usually carried out in width from 2 to 6 mm and pore
density of 15 up to 250 pores per cm2 whereas the perforation of areas results
in pore densities of up to 5 million pores per m2.

ESP
perforations allow porosity levels from 80 to 2500 C. U., web widths from 100 to
2000 mm at web speeds of up to 500 m/min, depending on porosity and material
consistency in relation to its ability to perforate.

Product properties with electrostatic perforation

One of the
foremost postulation which can be applied to many application purposes and
products containing bonded fabrics, bag or packaging papers, non-woven, etc.
with gas or steam permeability but water impermeability.

Which
means pore sizes from 10 nm up to 10 µm diameter by up to 5 million pores per
m2. This is due to the water’s greater surface tension as dyn level and
hydrophobic property or wetability through the relatively small sizes of nano or
micro pores. These and other advantages of the pores necessarily demand the
application of the ESP perforation method because alternative perforation or
processes are physically NOT feasible, too expensive or simply uneconomical and
would not allow successful product applications.

To archive
new nano or micro perforation demands IPM developed power electronics
perforation units which working as upward converters with IGBT, BJT, MOSFETS,
FRETFET or HVFET for ultra short power pulses from 10 ns up to 20 µs, high
current peaks up to 300 Amps, base frequencies up to 200 KHz on plug-in ferrite
transformers to generate 50 Kilovolt to each sparking electrode. Patent grant
DE10328937 for power electronics.

Conventional laser perforation

Possible
to perforate by pulsed and focused laser beams are holes sizes from 60 to 200 µm
at density of holes of typical 10 to 30 holes per cm length, holes sequences up
to 400.000 holes per second at a maximum of 32 hole rows by laser distributed
over the width of the web with traditional systems or machines on the market.

Porosity
levels from 100 up to 3000 C. U. by web widths up to 500 mm at web speeds of up
to 600 m/min are archive able, depending on porosity and material consistency in
relation to its ability to perforate.

IPM
laser perforation processes

IPM
owns development of LASER PERFORATION technology LPM-1 (patent grant
DE102004001327) operates with quad laser beam inputs of 8 KW optical power input
(fast flow or SLAB laser with 10.6 μm
wave length) to an upper/lower dual beam multiplexer to generate up to 200
individual laser perforation beams/rows/lines across the web, combines automatic
laser perforation head positioning, focus setting, by web speeds up to 400
m/min, web widths up to 2000 mm, up to 4,000.000 holes per second. Each laser
perforation lines are archive able from 100 up to 2000 C.U.

Jumbo-roll-by-roll production, optical online porovision and simultaneous
perforation line positioning control, full feed-back system for constant
porosity levels are further features. Each laser perforated jumbo roll is ISO
production data controlled, benefit and certificated.

The
conception of high-power laser beam multiplexers enable many possibilities in
other industry application fields as cutting, cut-offs, welding, surface
finishing, drilling, polishing, forming, surface treatment, roughness
improvement, etc. Each of the 200 single perforation head can be positioned
across the running web or static positioned material. The automatic processes,
equipments and devises opening completely new possibilities in industry,
science, military or space laser application.

Each of
the 200 single perforation head can be positioned in X directions across the
running web or other laser treated material sheet, substrates, blocks etc.

The
automatic processes, equipments and devises opening completely new possibilities
in industry, science, defense, military or space laser application. Patent grant of
process and device with DE102004001327.

A
patent pending Micro Laser Line perforation technology MLL-1 generates sinus,
waves, zigzags or other kinds of perforations cryptograms, designs as multiple
or quadruple pairs of micro laser lines in web direction. Hole, slot or star
sizes in ranges from 60 up to 200 μm
are possible. Provide for tipping, cigarette, packaging or other kind of paper,
plastic film or other web material.

Electrostatic perforation has been used since 30 years for ventilation of non
filter, RYO or filter cigarettes to create a directed and guided air bypass or
Lindstroem principle. For this purpose, cigarette paper for some non filter or
RYO cigarettes and almost every kind of filter cigarettes tipping papers are
perforated electro statically OFFLINE in zones from 2.0 – 6.0 mm width or in
rows with ONLINE or OFFLINE by use of slow, fast flow, sealed-off or SLAB CO2
gas or diode laser in order to reduce the harmful substances such as nicotine
and condensate down to allowed values.

Another
effect is the possibility to control the degree of ventilation of Cigarettes.

Online micro perforation – porosity profile

Many years
ago IPM had developed a multiple online electrostatic micro perforation OESP-1
units at cigarette making machines which was patent applied with EP0460369 and
DE4018209.

The method
and the device for electro-erosive perforation of cigarette paper basically
operates with at least two pairs of electrodes which are ignited at the same
time in such a manner that each perforation section is treated twice in order to
provide a corresponding intensity of perforation, taking into consideration the
duration of ignition and the web speed. In particular, the invention operates
with at least four pairs of electrodes (I to IV), between which the web (10) of
cigarette paper to be perforated is moved through. The cigarette paper is moved
in the longitudinal direction of the cigarette to be produced later, the width
corresponding to the circumference of the cigarette plus an overlap section for
bonding. Perforating is carried out transversely to the direction of movement,
that is to say an accurately defined zone section is produced around the
circumference of the cigarette.

The pairs of electrodes are arranged at a
distance which corresponds to half the cigarette length (a, b, c) when four
pairs of electrodes are used. The first and the third pair of electrodes are
ignited simultaneously. A distance-dependent control causes the second and
fourth pair of electrodes also to be ignited simultaneously when the previously
perforated sections have traveled the distance of half a cigarette length. Each
section is perforated four times, the speed at which the web (10) can be moved
being determined not by the spacing (half a cigarette length) of the pairs of
electrodes but by the spacing of the pairs of electrodes in each case
simultaneously ignited (one cigarette length). This provides for uniform,
intensive and very powerful perforation and the cigarette paper treated can be
continuously supplied to the cigarette machine for further processing in the
longitudinal direction of the cigarette.

That
electrostatic micro perforation process enables cigarette or tipping paper while
cigarette making processes to reduce nicotine and condensate levels for
non-filter and filter cigarettes as well. The OESP-1 devices opens fully new
possibilities for cigarette or tipping paper ventilation during cigarette
manufacturing by entire perforation cassettes integration into cigarette making
machines as Max-S, Protos 80, Protos 90, Mark-9 etc.

Advantages during manufacturing

Compact
all-over-dimensions, direct mechanical integration of perforation units, easy
functional interfacing and full EMI acceptance in order of EN or NEC standards
archiving high production efficiencies with controllable ventilation grades on
highly automated cigarette making machines.

Patented,
powerful, dual high frequency switching electronics and multiple perforation
performances of the circumference of each cigarette enables problem less
perforation on high-speed cigarette making machines up to 12.000 cpm

Porosity
profiles over the length of each non-filter cigarettes are possible.

Furthermore single, multiple, different or equal groups of single perforation
zones around the circumference of each cigarette for non-filter, RYO even
tipping paper for filter cigarettes are possible.

All
stored parameter sets are linked to the PLC system.

Different micro perforation designs and porosities of each cigarette brand are
flexible to define and controllable during all production processes.

Air
ventilation levels are exactly defined and, due to online feedback, can be
kept constant by means of perforation system design and porosity distribution.

For non
filter cigarettes for example, perforation can be effected over the entire
length and circumference of the cigarette.

Liability and system investment

The ESP
process OESP-1 has a high liability and is realizable with low investments and
low running costs when compared with online macro or micro laser perforation
processes. An online porosity control system OPSS-1 monitor continuously the air
permeability, called optical online porovision or porosimeter, with a
state-of-the-art technology to obtain a close-loop/feed-back to the perforation
unit to keep ventilation grades constant.

Conclusion: Online micro perforation processes
are possible to use for other mass products and application fields with full
system integration in entire production lines as bag, sack, packaging
manufacturing etc.

A
German-Thai-Chinese high-tech engineering company offers completely new
possibilities with high power CO2 laser multiplexers for wide web applications
as well for micro perforation with JUMBO-ROLLS with up to 200 individual laser
perforations rows, automatic laser perforation head positioning, focus setting,
web speeds up to 400 m/min, web widths up to 2000 mm and more. Several types of
material web, e.g. paper, packaging, coated sheets, films, foils, metal sheets
and other types of substrates can be micro perforate or treated. We are seeking
for R&D, science or industrial partners in licence agreement, technical
cooperation, new product or applications in USA and EU.

Working
principle of high-power laser multiplexer

Through 2/4 KW dual laser beam sources, two or four level
high-power laser multiplexers designed for certain wave lengths from 500 nm up
to 10.6 µm, new two level rotary cubic elements, or two quadruple beam splitters
or polygons bent facets, using of new developed CO2 hollow waveguide fibres
realizable up to 200 optical single channels with assembled focus heads direct
on the production web material. Without very extravagant, expensive of
optical elements, alignments, lenses, divert mirrors, extended mechanical
designs, etc.

Pulse
sequences up to 4,000,000 per second, single shoots between 0.5 up 3.0 mJ, time
windows from 1 µs up to 100 µs and e.g. holes sizes from 1 µm up to 100 µm or
microns are possible.

Description for wide web micro laser perforation

Wide
web laser perforation processes, equipment and machines permits e.g. tipping or
packaging paper web width up to 2000 mm and more, up to 200 single laser rows
across the web by holes sequences up to 4,000,000 per second. Depends of
material consistence, perforability, holes sizes and densities web speeds up to
400 m/min, web widths up to 2000 mm, 25,000 meter roll-by-roll, automatic
perforation head positioning and focus control, up to 20 bobbins in one cut
which means up to 160 bobbins are now archive able without machine downtime. In
addition the key element and integrated OPSS-1 porosity/position scanning system
complete the feed-back and robot control system. The optical online multi sensor
porosity/position control system OPSS-1 is located just behind the laser
perforation section and rewind stand to control the perforated material web
continuously and supply the data stream to the master PC and close loop.

Highly automated and motor adjustable focusing optics one each perforation heads
are free position able across the material webs. That automatic procedure and
their robot devices open now fully new ways in wide web laser perforations or
other material treatments in high speeds ranges, large number of optical single
channels and high pulses or holes sequences.

In
addition
with the optical online control systems OPSS-1 porosity, hole qualities and all
hole row positions are continuously controlled and differences immediately
compensate over master PC controlled feedbacks to the perforation system.
Production rolls and products are finished without intermediate stops in high
qualities and large quantities.

MLL-1 nano micro laser line perforation for material, metal other substrates and applications

Patent pending DE102004012081

Introduction

The German
engineering company offers an innovative type of NANO and MICRO LASER LINE
PERFORATION technology - that is world wide new. That type of perforation for
web, sheet or substrate materials allows a high level of freedom in holes
positioning with a variety of perforation designs as wave shapes, zigzag lines
etc.

The
special characteristics of the technology create fundamentally new product
properties. It is adaptable to existing systems. They are looking for industrial
partners of license agreements and/or technical co-operation.

Description

Conventional off line laser perforation machines and processes generating
straight hole lines in the web direction of the cigarette tipping paper – as
coaxial shape - or other material sheets. The exception is spray laser designs
with randomly distributed holes in certain zones such as electrostatic
perforation.

The new nano micro laser line perforation technology generates sinus, waves, zigzags or
other kinds of lines of perforations hole in web direction as pairs of micro
laser lines.
Tipping paper is the paper around the cigarette filter.
Various new elements move each single laser beam in a sideways direction.

Product
and process advantages

The
micro laser line perforation is totally different to all other laser
perforation processes

It
allows novel and individual product properties/trademarks and patenting
possibilities

Wider
position ranges of laser perforation line groups as common ventilation zone
obtain an advanced air stream distribution into cigarette filters

A full
perforation line around the cigarette filter ensures consistent porosity

Several
wave line designs for different brands are possible

Number
of holes per cm is constant e.g. 10 or 20

Hole
sizes from 0.1 um up to 100 um are possible

Porosity
ranges from 100 up to 2000 C.U. are possible

1 up to
6 perforation lines into one group

Perforation hole qualities and porosities remain in standard ranges

Other materials and products are perforated or can be treated in similar
processes

Existing and new laser perforation machines/systems

Existing
laser perforation machines can be modified with new optical, beam divert
elements

Technical modifications can be cheaply implemented since only individual
elements need exchanging

The
complete MLL-1 device is adaptable to existing off-line laser perforation
machines or other systems

it is
possible to adapt the MLL-1 beam divert unit to online perforation systems at
cigarette-making machines

Perforation power and production outputs remain as before

Applications and summaryThe nano micro laser line perforation MLL-1 of web or sheet materials - such
as any kind of paper, metal, insulation, plastic - allows a high level of
freedom in hole positioning freedom with different perforation designs in the
form of waves, zig zag lines or other which result e.g. in optimized air
distribution characteristics in cigarette filters.

The special features of the nano micro laser line perforation create
fundamentally new product properties, e.g. final products for mouthpieces with
tipping paper on cigarette filters or other products of this kind which indicate
a brand name and is recognize able for everyone - if the holes are visible or
can be seen with a magnifying glass. Or anticounterfying and non copy able.

Just
like a perforation cryptogram. This is performed by means of Piezo oscillators
for laser beam deflections, as actuators with added metal optics or
asymmetrical, rotary reflection cones. Mathematical functions and sequences are
coupled by web speed.

The points of envelope curves of the selected perforation shape are calculated
and computed beforehand for the single holes and hole groups and monitored
during the perforation procedure by a programmable control system.Innovative
AspectsMLL-1 nano micro laser line processes allow many applications with certain
beam diverts.Use of new beam divert elements allows easy and attractive modifications to
existing laser systems.

On a high level operate engineering company develops a dual, high power, high
frequency switching unit which works with hybrid drives, compact EMI safe
semiconductor stages, supporting capacitors, high voltage ferrite transformers
to generate HV short pulses and sparking groups. Advantages are based on uses of
standard circuits with extended semiconductors for e.g. nano, sub or micro
perforation applications, corona treatments etc. The company is looking for
science or industrial partners who are interested in a licence agreement and /
or technical co-operation.

Working
principle

Industry application of electrostatic perforation for fast running paper webs
using IGBT, MOSFET or HVFET semiconductor power stages. These circuits working
as upward converters with power pulses in ranges from 5 µS up to 25 µS and high
current peaks up to 300 Amps on a serial connected inductivity and loading
capacity that the secondary ferrite transformer coils supply sparking electrodes
up to 50 KVss.

The circuit works itself with alternating clock frequencies and changes of pulse
widths a common load condenser and coupled primary inductance of a ferrite high
voltage transformer as upward power/pulse converter and non resonance frequency
operation.

A
safety circuit logic and two hybrid drivers allows a alternately switching of
semiconductor A and B which generating higher operation frequencies and power
levels meanwhile the electrical and thermal conditions remains on each in the
same range as a single switching unit.

Circuit
advantages

A
controlled pulse timing into a certain time window with a constant or
variable frequency generating hole sizes and hole sequences with high voltage
sparking through the material webs by nano or micro perforation. The repeating
frequencies of the entire circuit can up to the double switching frequency as of
each semiconductor stage.

A
changeable current in the spark channel are feasible with total switching
frequencies up to 150 kHz. And in the same time the dual semiconductor switching
unit allows a double power level as just only with one switching element is
possible.

Dual IGBT, HVFET or MOSFET semiconductors in high power, high
current, high voltage circuits obtain in electrostatic nano, sub micro
perforation, corona treatment or other switching application frequencies up to
250 KHz, power
level up to 30 KW and more. Higher power
efficiencies and harder switching periods are further advantages.

In conclusion the approximately double frequency and power level operation
obtains higher switching efficiencies, much more perforation power or higher
corona treatment levels which are depend of the industry application.

Nano,
Sub Micro Perforation

Perforation results are now achieve for nano, sub and micro
perforation of flexible webs with ultra small pores and products made of these
materials. Materials finishing are of interest for numerous demands in the field
of packaging, in filling, non-woven industry, technical and science
applications, etc. For many years fine and other paper webs with base weights
between 20 up to 150 g/sqm have been perforated electro statically in large
surface all over areas or zone designs of 2.0 – 6.0 mm width.

Pore sizes from 0.5 µm - 60 µm or 1 to 100 microns, pore distributions of up to
4 Million per sqm in area perforation or respectively 3OO holes per sqcm by zone
perforation and hole sequences up to 16 Million per Second can be reached. Air
permeability or porosity ranges are among from 50 up to 2,500 C.U. (ml/sqcm/min)
respectively 3 to 50 l/sqm/sec. (Franksystem) by paper web speeds up to 450
m/min and web widths up to 1200 mm are archive able.

The new dual semiconductor circuit design allows applications to build hybrid
drives, semiconductor high-level stage, upward, downward or other converters or
generators which operating with supporting capacitors, high-voltage ferrite
transformers in an extremely compact and modular design. Several advantages are
the high efficiency of pulse/power transmission and energy ratios.

Traditional corona or other type of medium generators up to 30 KHz operation
ranges are easy to modify to a double frequency and power levels operation.

IPM has
developed a number of new, patent pending, stationary, scanning optical control
processes, devices and systems for fast moving webs or fabrics to detect very
precise and reproduce their specified product properties in online operation
during production.

Thus
direct with close loops and feedbacks to the power electronics of fabrics
treatment units. Micro perforation or other system makes it possible to
compensate any changes in web treatment parameters and their partial locations
so that each jumbo roll as well single, quad bobbin sets can be produced
quantity and quality controlled without intermediate stops in order of ISO
9001/9002 certifications.

It is also used especially for
additionally treating materials when aiming special characteristics by physical
or regular process reasons cannot be achieved by other process technologies.
Material base weights from 10 up 150 grams per m2 by thickness from 5 up to 100
micron are possible to use. Including defect inspection, process automation,
moisture vapor transmission rate, abrasion resistance for lamination of
waterproof and breathable fabrics.

Our
state-of-the-art, industrially approved, sophisticated, compact, multi
functional, optical online sensor scanning systems together or without
electrostatic, laser perforation technology operates precise and reliable 24/7,
are integrate able into existing rewinding, slitting, spooling, spreading,
printing, labeling, complex production lines or other machines and other
production processes as well. Also, they can be used as completely independent
micro surface-all-over or zone perforation units. Fully new ranges of
applications will be made available total new products with special features.

Specific information by website links and patent resources.

Introduction

A German-Thai high-tech, engineering company has developed an
optical online porosity or permeability scanning system. It works with two
different multiple sensors units, i.e. precise line laser, colour sensors and
internal controller unit for real-time positioning and porosity control in light
transmission mode whilst scanning across the fast running webs up to 600 m/min. The main advantage compared to existing technologies is the
measurement of perforation zone/line positions and porosity levels in the same
time while the scanner system across the running material web up to 2000 mm
width.Science, R&D, Universities, industrial partners for a licence
agreement and / or technical co-operation are sought.

Working principle

The porosity control of natural porous and/or perforated web
material in laser or electrostatic perforation systems which are produced in
speed ranges up to 600 m/min and web widths up to 2000 mm is difficult to
measure with pneumatic systems because of following disadvantages: web tangency,
web toughing, material flaking, formation of folds, dust and dirt entering the
system.

These
difficulties can be overcome with stationary or scan, optical porosity
measurement systems for porosity ranges from 80 up to 5,000 Coresta units
(ml/2cm2/min) respectively 3 to 50 l/m2/Sec. (Franksystem) by nano, micro or macro holes
sizes from 0.5 up to 500 microns and hole densities from 10 macro holes per cm
up to 400 holes per cm2

The optical online porosity control technology is designed to
scan perforation zones with a multiple sensor and their positions with a
precision line laser to determine all data in real time with an internal
controller unit. It controls roll material or bobbin formats, either as a
stand-alone unit or mechanically coupled with existing scanning units which
measure the material weight, thickness, opacity, density, brightness,
smoothness, formation, etc.

By laser and electrostatic perforation in bobbins and wide paper
web formats optical online control processes and their devices are indicated
with transverse movements across the web and simultaneously collections of
perforation positions and porosities by two different sensor systems.

Both measuring systems move transversely between 50 up 400
mm/Second over the fully web width. They consist of a line laser detect the
quality and position of single holes, groups of holes or defined perforation
zones into the measuring gap of 5.0 mm. At the same time, the multiple light
transmission sensors monitor all porosity profiles and determines envelope curve
and calculate the integrals.

Dyn controlDescribed is a method and device for optical inline tough less surface
tension control ODSTM-1 by which the fast moving substrate runs through the
measuring gap. It’s transmitted with a chromatic beam and spectral selected
light source were two optical channels are displaced and polarized by 90 degree
to each other. Both optical axles are precise and motor driven shift able in
certain angles from 25 up to 65 degree. The spectral light photons, transmission,
extinction, absorption grades are detectable by two optical CCD imagine vision
devices which are integrate in the sensor case on the other side of the
substrate.

The former
patent application DE19542289 A1 concerns a method and device for optical
dynamic, i.e. a non-contact, in-line surface-tension / surface-energy
measurement for running substrates whereby the detection can be in the
transverse-direction or in the running-direction of the web.

In the context of this invention, running substrates or moved web material is to
be especially understood as being plastic films like PE, PP, LDPE, HDPE, BOPP, LLDPE,
EVOH, PTFE, PET, PS, PMMA, PBMA, PVC, PA and also laminated or coated film or
paper webs which still show a measurable optical transmission in the wavelength
range of 1200 to 2200 nm.

A higher material wetting capacity, respectively, a higher material adhesion
capacity, which can be achieved by increasing the surface tension, is demanded
in many application cases for better printability, coatability or adherence
capacity during the manufacture, finishing, printing and processing of running
substrate webs.

Described is a method and device for optical dynamic in-line surface-tension
measurement in ranges from 30 dyn up to 60 dyn in which a substrate web
running vertically through a measuring gap is subjected to a chromatic light
transmission from two optical channels displaced by 90° to each other. This
light transmission is detectable by two optical detection systems located on the
other side of the web.

Material specific wavelength selection, light transmission angle changes,
polarisation slot diaphragms and transverse displacements of the light beam
feeder along the optical X-axis result in extreme scattering and diffraction of
the IR light photons in the boundary layer area on both sides of the sub-nano
layer within the substrate web. Their transmitted light intensity enables, after
detection and evaluation, the determination of a direct relationship to the
absolute surface tension.
And this entirely independent of the material-specific influences like: material
and surface consistency, crystallinity, thickness, density, structure, polar
grouping, temperature and type of pre-treatment.

IntroductionNon-contact, realtime and in-line operation surface-tension
or surface-energy dyn - measuring systems for running webs as like plastic
films in general, coatings, laminates etc. does not exist world-wide.Due to the broad application field of surface-treated
or surface-non-treated webs of plastic film, non-woven fabric, laminates or
coated paper, there is unimaginable market potential here in respect of the
in-line process measuring of the surface tension - dyn - and an in-line control
of the dyn treatment level and moderate quality control.

Various
companies from the abroad are serious interested in project cooperation, system
development, prototyping and test, manufacturing and world wide sales,
system purchasing and license in respect of the ODSTM-1 Process Measuring
System.

Actual projects situation of the
ODSTM-1 development project

Further
information concerning publications, patents and engineering reports are
specified in the above mentioned applications. Several spectral measurements as
well the feasibility study with well known optical institutes are positive done.
Furthermore some significant modifications and breakthrough of the base ODSTM-1
measuring process with the using of state-of-the-art monolithic spectrometers
and PC support. Specific information about the actual development and project
status of the ODSTM-1 system on request.

Concerning the actual ODSTM-1 development and project status – after a certain
developments

with known optical
institute are large numbers of specific measurements
with a monolithic spectrometer in a wave range between 1200 – 1600 nm positive
done

all
measurements where based on the detection principle which is described in the
former patent application.

used
are non-treated LDPE films in 70 and 90 µm thicknesses and 28 mN/m

the comparison is used the same LDPE films with one side corona treated with 38,
48, 52 and 60 mN/m

their test results where positive
with a good prospect to going further in that way

CONCLUSIONDescribed is a
method and device for opto-dynamic in-line surface-tension measurement in which
a substrate web running vertically through a measuring gap is subjected to a
chromatic light transmission from two opto-channels displaced by 90° to each
other. This light transmission is detectable by two optical detection systems
located on the other side of the web.

Material-specific wavelength selection, light transmission angle
changes, polarisation slot diaphragms and transverse displacements of the light
beam feeder along the optical X-axis result in extreme scattering and
diffraction of the IR light photons in the boundary layer area on both sides of
the sub-nano layer within the substrate web. Their transmitted light intensity
enables, after detection and evaluation, the determination of a direct
relationship to the absolute surface tension.