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Because of the word 'omdat'. The reason that this I person is happy, is that their bike wasn't stolen. They stayed happy for a while afterwards. If the sentence would have been 'Ik ben blij dat mijn fiets niet werd gestolen', then the correct translation would be that, because then they're glad their bike wasn't stolen, but it didn't change a lot about their mood.

The sense differs, albeit only ever so slightly. I would say that if one says that they are "happy that" their bike wasn't stolen, it means that they are pleased that it wasn't stolen, but if they say they are "happy because" it implies that their actual current emotional state of happiness is caused directly by the bike not being stolen. That is to say that it would be reasonable to say "I'm happy that my bike wasn't stolen." whilst in a terrible mood, but not "I'm happy because my bike wasn't stolen." As I say, it's subtle but their is a difference. It's also worth noting that the meaning of the word "omdat" is more specific than simply the meaning of "because"; it's a certain kind of because, used in situations where one wants specifically state a reason for something being the case (but not objective reasoning about facts - doordat, nor arguments over difference of opinion - want).

Disclaimer: I didn't look up any numbers for the following text, it's purely based on my gut feeling and my experience living in the Netherlands and visiting Belgium. The Dutch bike a lot more, and have more bikes, so more bikes will be stolen. But if you normalise it by number of kilometres biked or number of bikes owned, my guess is there won't be shocking differences. Maybe a bit higher in the Netherlands (I expect there to be more organised bike theft as there is a bigger 'pool' for thieves).