Numbers! Football! It’s time for our annual dispassionate look at some of the numbers behind the numbers in the AFL and see whether we can jag a bit of signal amidst the noise.

The fourth annual Numbers Game will shed a little bit of light on which teams either over or underperformed their actual win totals in 2018 and therefore suggests who we could reasonably expect to see be a little worse or better than in 2018. We do it with four key metrics:

Pythagorean wins: The original and the best, Pythagorean wins adjust a team’s win total for their underlying performance as measured by points for and against and for the strength or weakness of their fixture for the year.

Close games: Teams simply don’t win too many more than half of their close games – games with a margin of 12 points or less – over the long run. If a team went on a hot streak last year, we can reasonably expect a cold streak will follow this year.

Blowouts: By contrast, teams which blow away their opposition regularly are often better than their record can show us, because it doesn’t matter if you win by ten points or 100 points, it’s only worth one W. The same goes in reverse, by the way.

Fixture change: Finally, the wonky AFL fixture can influence how many wins a team can gather. Played Gold Coast twice last year but have Richmond twice this year? That matters.

For good measure we’ll add another official category to this year’s game: total list experience. As we’ll discuss, it’s not clear this is a causal statistic, but it certainly tends to correlate to successful teams, so let’s throw it in the pot.

Finally, an additional part statistic: a look at how each team’s fixture difficulty ramps up or down over the year. Temporal fixture difficulty – or TFD; it’s a thing – is more about understanding which teams might have a rough start or charmed run on account of their fixture.

That gives us a nice number of indicators to talk through. Before we do, a word of warning as to the seriousness with which you should view these numbers. They have been about as reliable as the preseason betting markets when it comes to deciding a premier.

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Numbers Game profiled the Dogs as a steady-as-she-goes team (which I guess they ultimately were given they finished the home-and-away season in seventh, down from sixth in 2015), thought Richmond would get worse (fortunately I didn’t listen only to the numbers) and figured West Coast would stick around where they were in 2017 (they did not).

However, last year’s Numbers Game did pick Collingwood’s rise, North Melbourne’s improvement and Gold Coast’s further slide and suggested Fremantle wouldn’t get any better. They also said Richmond, Brisbane, Carlton, Geelong and St Kilda would finish around the same mark as they did the year prior. So the metrics are certainly not perfect, but they seem to do the job for a lot of teams and situations.

With that all in mind, let’s go.

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Pythagorean wins
Pythagorean wins has fallen deeply in love with the prospects of two teams: the Brisbane Lions (-3.2 wins) and Geelong Cats (-3.8 wins). Both have a Pythagorean plus-minus in excess of minus three, which means if we played the 2018 season over again, each could be reasonably expected to have won at least three more games than they actually did.

That would’ve put the Cats into the top two and have seen the Lions reach eight wins for the first time since 2013. It suggests each of their underlying performances were significantly better than their record showed. And so on this metric they should be better in 2019.

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Pythagorean wins has become a bit of a fashionable statistic in some elements of the media, with pieces on Fox Sports and in the West Australian earlier this week. In those, the authors indicated the 2.5 win threshold had been directionally accurate (being a team that was 2.5 wins over its Pythagorean total went backwards, and vice versa) in 12 of 14 instances over the past four seasons. Not bad at all.

Unless you’re Fremantle. The Dockers outperformed their Pythagorean total by a hefty 2.8 wins last year, though that may be due to the team’s penchant for large losses which didn’t quite meet the ‘blowout’ threshold. Fremantle lost nine games by 50 points or more but just three of those games met my blowout number (60 points, which was the average margin plus one standard deviation). The Dockers were an above averagely bad team, but not a horrible one.

The Western Bulldogs meet the 2.5 win outperformance threshold too, although only just and only on account of an adjustment for their fixture. In raw Pythagorean terms – which is what Max from Fox Sports used – the Dogs sneak under.

Other noteworthy Pythag teams include Gold Coast (outperformed by 1.6 wins – yikes) and Melbourne (underperformed by two wins – yikes). In both cases it was a first half/second half thing.

Wins

Pythag Wins

Difference

Adelaide

12.0

12.0

0.0

Brisbane

5.0

8.2

-3.2

Carlton

2.0

1.9

0.1

Collingwood

15.0

14.3

0.7

Essendon

12.0

12.4

-0.4

Fremantle

8.0

5.2

2.8

Geelong

13.0

16.8

-3.8

Gold Coast

4.0

2.4

1.6

Greater Western Sydney

13.5

13.6

-0.1

Hawthorn

15.0

14.7

0.3

Melbourne

14.0

16.0

-2.0

North Melbourne

12.0

11.6

0.4

Port Adelaide

12.0

12.1

-0.1

Richmond

18.0

17.2

0.8

St Kilda

4.5

5.8

-1.3

Sydney

14.0

13.7

0.3

West Coast

16.0

14.8

1.2

Western Bulldogs

8.0

5.5

2.5

Close games
One factor that explains why a team may not live up to its Pythagorean win total is its performance in close games. You’ve heard it before, but for newcomers, first off, welcome, and second, every team’s performance in close games regresses to the mean in the long run. So if a team wins a clutch of close games in any given year, it’s reasonable to expect they’ll drop a few in subsequent years.

This is far and away the biggest factor behind Brisbane’s underperformance against its Pythagorean total. The Lions played seven games that were decided by 12 points or less in 2018 and won just one of them. Over the long run you’d expect them to win 3.5 of seven, meaning they were about 2.5 games underweight. Should the Lions play in seven close games this year and win six of seven – which would take them to an even 7-7 over two years, the mean expectation – they will play finals.

A few other teams were under or overweight on close games by more than half a game. Adelaide pinched an extra one (5-3), Gold Coast lost an extra one (1-3), Hawthorn nabbed two (6-2), Melbourne missed 2.5 (going 0-5, ouch) while Richmond and West Coast’s win totals got a 1.5 game boost (both 4-1).

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Regular readers will notice a team is missing from the discussion: the Geelong Cats. For as long as the Numbers Game has been going, the Cats have been the one team to blow up the theory of close game mean regression. Between 2014 and 2018 the Cats were an obscene 17-2-2 in games decided by less than 12 points, including a streak of 12 home-and-away season games (from Round 3 2014 to Round 13 2016) where they didn’t lose a close one.

Well, mean regression may finally be kicking in. Geelong was 3-4 in close games in 2018, or 0.5 games under their expected close game total. It marked the first time since 2013 Geelong had been under its close win tally – that’s five straight seasons against the maths. That’s not supposed to happen. Out of interest, the Cats were 43-2-32 in close games from 2000 to the beginning of that streak in 2014 for a win percentage of 55 per cent. That’s historically normal (every team is between 45 per cent and 55 per cent in the long run); what they did between 2014 and 2018 was not.

Blown out

Blowout

Adelaide

1

1

Brisbane

1

1

Carlton

7

0

Collingwood

0

2

Essendon

1

0

Fremantle

3

0

Geelong

0

4

Gold Coast

7

0

Greater Western Sydney

1

3

Hawthorn

0

3

Melbourne

1

4

North Melbourne

1

1

Port Adelaide

0

0

Richmond

0

4

St Kilda

1

1

Sydney

0

1

West Coast

0

1

Western Bulldogs

2

0

Blowouts
Once more for the uninitiated: the presence of multiple blowout margins (the average margin plus one standard deviation, which in 2018 was worth 60 points) in a single season has historically been a sign that a team’s ladder position may not have reflected its underlying strength or weakness.

In 2018 a number of teams had a handful of blowout victories: Richmond (four), Melbourne (four), Geelong (four), Greater Western Sydney (three) and Hawthorn (three). Of those teams the Cats, Hawks and Tigers kept a clean sheet the other way. Chalk up another positive underlying indicator for the hoops.

Going the other way were Carlton (seven!), Gold Coast (seven!) and Fremantle (three). However, it’s not all bad news. History shows teams have been able to turn around their tendency to concede blowouts relatively quickly, and it has tended to correlate with improved performance (as you may expect). For instance, Brisbane had conceded six, seven and five blowout losses in 2015 through 2017 respectively; they conceded just one in 2018, and while the ladder wins didn’t flow the team’s Pythagorean wins, they went through the roof (4.4 in 2017 to 8.2 in 2018).

Close Wins

Close Games

Difference (on 50-50)

Adelaide

5.0

8.0

1.0

Brisbane

1.0

7.0

-2.5

Carlton

0.0

1.0

-0.5

Collingwood

2.0

3.0

0.5

Essendon

1.0

3.0

-0.5

Fremantle

2.0

4.0

0.0

Geelong

3.0

7.0

-0.5

Gold Coast

1.0

4.0

-1.0

Greater Western Sydney

2.5

4.0

0.5

Hawthorn

6.0

8.0

2.0

Melbourne

0.0

5.0

-2.5

North Melbourne

3.0

7.0

-0.5

Port Adelaide

3.0

7.0

-0.5

Richmond

4.0

5.0

1.5

St Kilda

2.5

4.0

0.5

Sydney

5.0

9.0

0.5

West Coast

4.0

5.0

1.5

Western Bulldogs

4.0

7.0

0.5

Fixture difficulty change
Our uneven fixture will always produce winners and losers but it won’t be clear until at least halfway through the season who is truly benefitting. For now we can use last year’s underlying performances as a guide to who may have things a little easier or tougher than they had it a year prior.

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Here the preliminary winner is clear: St Kilda’s fixture has gone from far and away the most difficult (with an average opponent Pythagorean win total of 12.1) to least difficult (10.4). It will come as a relief to Saints fans, who’ve seen their team play challenging fixture after challenging fixture for the past four seasons. It’s also an early win for the team’s new off-field analytics crew who I know had raised this with HQ as the fixture was being arranged last year.

Other beneficiaries are Gold Coast (11.4 wins to 10.8 wins) and the Western Bulldogs (11.3 wins to 10.9 wins). Most other teams have seen their fixture difficulty change by 0.2 wins or so.

However, a number of teams have seen their fixture difficulty ramp up meaningfully, principal among them Collingwood. The Pies finished 13th in 2017, meaning they benefitted from the league’s weighted rule. As a result the defeated grand finalists played a fixture with an average opponent win total of 10.4 wins, the second-least difficult in the competition. In 2019 the Pies’ average opponent has a 2018 win total of 11.3 wins, the second-highest in the competition.

North Melbourne has also been smacked by the weighted rule stick, albeit less justifiably given the club finished ninth. The Roos had the least difficult fixture in 2018 (average opponent wins of 10.1), and they’ve got the most difficult in 2019 (average opponent wins of 11.4).

While an important early indicator, it can certainly be a bit misleading. This time last year we said West Coast would have the third-most difficult fixture; it turned out to be the third-least difficult. Similarly, Gold Coast projected to have the second-least difficult fixture; it turned into the third-most difficult. Melbourne (eighth-most difficult, became second least difficult) and Sydney (fifth-least difficult, became second-most difficult) also showed this isn’t an exact science. We’ll check in halfway through the year.

2018 (actual)

2019 (projected)

Change

Adelaide

11.2

10.8

-3.6%

Brisbane

11.2

10.7

-4.2%

Carlton

10.7

10.9

2.2%

Collingwood

10.4

11.3

9.2%

Essendon

11.3

11.1

-2.1%

Fremantle

11.3

11.1

-1.9%

Geelong

11.1

10.8

-2.7%

Gold Coast

11.4

10.8

-5.2%

Greater Western Sydney

10.9

11.1

2.5%

Hawthorn

10.9

11.3

3.3%

Melbourne

10.2

11.3

10.4%

North Melbourne

10.1

11.4

12.9%

Port Adelaide

10.7

10.9

1.8%

Richmond

11.0

10.8

-1.4%

St Kilda

12.1

10.4

-13.5%

Sydney

11.6

11.1

-4.2%

West Coast

10.6

11.2

5.2%

Western Bulldogs

11.3

10.9

-4.0%

Team change
As above, it’s not clear this is a causal statistics. As the lads and I found in the excellent Australian Rules football book Footballistics there is a clear correlation between team experienced – and shared experience – and success, but there is certainly no causal link. Does experience beget success or success beget experience? Who knows.

But the correlation is still interesting. Given that, who has the most experience in the league?

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Games experience

Rank

Adelaide

3,141

6

Brisbane

2,603

13

Carlton

2,493

17

Collingwood

3,628

2

Essendon

2,593

14

Fremantle

2,625

11

Geelong

3,201

3

Gold Coast

2,307

18

Greater Western Sydney

2,925

9

Hawthorn

3,696

1

Melbourne

2,604

12

North Melbourne

2,905

10

Port Adelaide

3,167

5

Richmond

3,131

7

St Kilda

2,550

16

Sydney

3,178

4

West Coast

3,098

8

Western Bulldogs

2,591

15

Perhaps unsurprisingly, Hawthorn continues to top the league table for AFL games on its list with 3696 games. However, Collingwood is rapidly approaching it, with 3628 games. The Pies have built considerable experience over the past four years, going from 2719 games at the start of the 2016 season to its current tally.

Down the other end is Gold Coast (2307 games), which is the fewest games any team has had on its list since the Brisbane Lions of 2017. Those Lions have now built all the way up to 2603 games, placing them 13th overall.

There’s also a clutch of teams with around 3000 games of experience on their list: Sydney, Port Adelaide, Adelaide, Richmond, West Coast and the GWS. Again, this may mean everything or nothing, it’s not clear, but history suggests teams with around this level of experience on their list are those which tend to make finals and win premierships.

You know what else is interesting? We have eight teams with at least 3000 games of experience on their lists heading into the season. That’s double the number of the 2016, 2017 and 2018 seasons. A whole heap of teams are going for broke, but unfortunately (unless the AFL also changed this rule in the off-season) there can only be one winner. There’ll be some disappointed boards out there.

Fixture ramp-up
One thing that is always difficult to parse is how much we should read into any team’s first four to six games. Early season predictions have been kind to this column in recent years, having noted the Dogs, Tigers and Eagles’ starts were all a sign of their potential to contend for a premiership. But often a team’s hot start can be put down to who it has played.

Here’s what every team’s first six weeks looks like in terms of average opponent Pythagorean win total, remembering that most teams have a season-long average of pretty much 10.9 to 11.1 wins.

First six

Full season

Adelaide

10.8

10.8

Brisbane Lions

11.2

10.7

Carlton

10.9

10.9

Collingwood

12.5

11.3

Essendon

11.6

11.1

Fremantle

8.9

11.1

Geelong

14.2

10.8

Gold Coast

6.4

10.8

Greater Western Sydney

13.3

11.1

Hawthorn

8.9

11.3

Melbourne

13.0

11.3

North Melbourne

10.8

11.4

Port Adelaide

11.6

10.9

Richmond

11.9

10.8

StKilda

10.4

10.4

Sydney

11.0

11.1

West Coast

11.7

11.2

Western Bulldogs

8.7

10.9

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Whoo boy. Geelong’s average opponent in the first six weeks has a win total of 14.2 wins, far and away the highest in the competition. Its opening slate includes Collingwood, Melbourne, Adelaide, GWS, Hawthorn and West Coast. That, folks, is the stuff of nightmares, particularly if the Crows rebound in the manner most seem to expect they will (and which they’re certainly capable of doing).

The Giants (13.3) and Melbourne (13 even) also figure to have tough starts to the season befitting their status as premiership contenders.

Way down the other end of the spectrum is the Gold Coast Suns, who the AFL has undoubtedly looked after in fixturing an average opponent win total of 6.4. We can look at this in one of two ways: the Suns get off to a decent start and win between two and four of their first six and then sort of fade into the background as the usual types start crisis-mongering. Equally, the Suns could stink and lose the lot, and suddenly we’re faced with a real crisis.

The Western Bulldogs (8.7 wins), Hawthorn (8.9 wins) and Fremantle (8.9 wins) also have fixtures amenable to a fast start. If they can make the most of it, it’ll set them up for a push to the eight – which at this early stage I think is well within the realms of possibility for each of them – thereafter.

The so what
This is something I am increasingly conscious of when it comes to these sorts of columns. That’s a lot of numbers – so what? Here’s the summary. Brisbane has a net three positive indicators (three positive, no negative), which suggests their 2019 will be better than 2018. Geelong is sitting at a +4 on the five-indicator ledger, the Cats having four pluses and no minuses. Heaps of teams have a net +2. At the other end of the table West Coast is one of five teams with a net -2. When you win the premiership I guess there’s not really another direction to go, right?

Here is the 2019 AFL Numbers Game.

The takeaway is confirmation the Lions find themselves in a strong starting position to make a leap in 2019. Equally, the pessimism towards Geelong may be a little overplayed, even if I can see the qualitative reasons we might expect a little slide from the Cats.

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And with the Numbers Game in the books, we can start to get a little more funky with our preseason look ahead as we move within six weeks of opening night.

As an economist, Ryan seeks to fix the world's economic troubles one graph at a time. As a sports fan, he's always looking one or two layers beneath the surface to search for meaning, on and off the field. You can follow Ryan here.