2Jane Duncan questions the extent to which South Africa is becoming a surveillance society governed by a surveillance state. She explores the forms of collective action needed to ensure that unaccountable surveillance does not take place and examines what does and does not work when it comes to developing organised responses.1In 2013, former National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden leaked secret documents revealing that state agencies like the NSA had spied on the communications of millions of innocent citizens. International outrage resulted, but the Snowden documents revealed only the tip of the surveillance iceberg. Apart from insisting on their rights to tap into communications, more and more states are placing citizens under surveillance, tracking their movements and transactions with public and private institutions. The state is becoming like a one-way mirror where it can see more of what its citizens do and say, while citizens see less and less of what the state does, owing to high levels of secrecy around surveillance.Jane Duncan assesses the relevance of Snowden’s revelations for South Africa. In doing so she questions the extent to which South Africa is becoming a surveillance society governed by a surveillance state. Is surveillance used for the democratic purpose of making people safer, or is it being used for the repressive purpose of social control, especially of those considered to be politically threatening to ruling interests? What kind of collective is needed to ensure that unaccountable surveillance does not take place? What works and what does not work as organised responses? These questions and more are examined in this penetrating analysis of South African and global democracy.Stopping the Spies is aimed at South African citizens, academics as well for general readers who care about our democracy and the direction it is taking.4PREFACEACKNOWLEDGEMENTSLIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESLIST OF ACRONYMSINTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 Theorising the surveillance state CHAPTER 2 Is privacy dead? Resistance to surveillance after the Snowden disclosures CHAPTER 3 The context of surveillance and social control in South Africa CHAPTER 4 Lawful interception in South Africa CHAPTER 5 State mass surveillance, tactical surveillance and hacking in South Africa CHAPTER 6 Privacy, surveillance and public spaces in South Africa CHAPTER 7 Privacy, surveillance and population management: the turn to biometrics CHAPTER 8 Stopping the spies: resisting unaccountable surveillance in South Africa CHAPTER 9 Conclusion NOTES SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX