S. R. Nandakumar, a graduate student in electrical engineering, has won a coveted IBM Ph.D. fellowship to support his work on computer systems that mimic the architecture of the human brain. The international fellowship program, which is intensely competitive, awards exceptional graduate students in diverse fields who are tackling technical problems fundamental to innovation.

Nandakumar is developing systems that learn to perform intelligent tasks, from recognizing words and images to executing higher cognitive functions such as speech recognition and language translation. By mimicking the key features of the brain's network - its neurons, synapses, and mechanisms that change the connections in the network over time - he hopes to raise the level of computers' learning and inference capabilities while lowering the amount of energy required for their operation.

"The brain is a fascinating information-processing system and we are trying to mimic its behavior to build the next generation of intelligent computing platforms," Nandakumar says. "We will be implementing new brain-inspired algorithms using IBM's nanoscale hardware technologies."

Nandakumar joined NJIT in 2016 to work on this project with Bipin Rajendran, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering and expert in nanoscale electronic devices and system design.

"The goal of our research is to build novel computing systems that are inspired by the architecture of the brain," Rajendran noted. "Compared to the machine-learning algorithms that are popular today, we are developing algorithms for spiking neural networks that mimic the brain's ability to encode information in the electrical spikes signaled by neurons. We hope that these algorithms, when implemented using nanoscale devices, will one day lead to learning systems that approach the efficiency of the brain."

The neurons in the brain fire at a very slow rate to communicate with each other compared to the signaling speeds in modern computers. However, each neuron's spike is transmitted to thousands of other neurons. It is believed that this parallel information-processing paradigm allows the brain to operate with very high efficiency: a mere 20 watts is sufficient to control all of a person's actions, thoughts, and emotions.

Rajendran added, "We are very fortunate that IBM Research, which is the leading research center in the world in the field of cognitive computing, is collaborating with us on this exciting project. IBM's support of Nandakumar will enable us to jointly explore several new promising algorithms on IBM's nanoscale hardware platforms for brain-inspired computing."

The new algorithms will be implemented on hardware platforms that use nanoscale devices made of chalcogenide materials used for making phase change memories, a novel solid-state memory technology. These devices, unlike the transistors in today's computers, can store information in an analog fashion, significantly improving overall learning efficiency.

"Spiking neural networks are considered to have significant potential for realizing highly energy-efficient neuromorphic hardware. IBM and NJIT are jointly investigating algorithms and non-von Neumann computing platforms to address the challenging problem of learning in spiking networks," said Evangelos Eleftheriou, Ph.D., IBM Fellow, who leads the research group at IBM Research-Zurich.

Nandakumar will spend three months this summer in Zurich working closely with the IBM team.

Von Neumann architecture, named for the computing pioneer John von Neumann, separates the two functions of data processing and storage in computing systems today. "But that's not how the brain works," Rajendran noted. "IBM's new hardware platforms, for example, would enable devices to seamlessly merge information processing and storage using substantially less power than today's computers."

But several challenges remain before computers achieve the efficiency of the human brain. "We are currently studying how the systems perform, especially in light of reliability constraints that are inherent to nanoscale devices," Rajendran says. "The initial results of our research appear promising."

Nandakumar will present the team's findings at the upcoming 2017 Device Research Conference, to be held in June at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana.

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About NJIT

One of the nation's leading public technological universities, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) is a top-tier research university that prepares students to become leaders in the technology-dependent economy of the 21st century. NJIT's multidisciplinary curriculum and computing-intensive approach to education provide technological proficiency, business acumen and leadership skills. With an enrollment of 11,400 graduate and undergraduate students, NJIT offers small-campus intimacy with the resources of a major public research university. NJIT is a global leader in such fields as solar research, nanotechnology, resilient design, tissue engineering, and cybersecurity, in addition to others. NJIT is among the top U.S. polytechnic public universities in research expenditures, exceeding $130 million, and is among the top 1 percent of public colleges and universities in return on educational investment, according to PayScale.com. NJIT has a $1.74 billion annual economic impact on the State of New Jersey.

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