Will all Muslims go to Hell?

We continue our discussion of surah 19:71
by addressing a Muslims response to the initial article on this passage. Moiz Amjad
published a response to Jochen Katzs analysis of whether
or not the Quran teaches that all Muslims will enter hell. Mr. Amjads
response,
even though intended to refute our argument, actually serves to reinforce the points made in
Part 1 as we shall shortly see here.

Mr. Amjad begins:

In one of his articles[1] Mr. Jochen Katz has pointed out a contradiction
in Aal Imraan 3: 157 -- 158, 169, Al-Taubah 9: 111 and Maryam 19: 71.

Elaborating upon the contradiction in the stated verses, Mr. Katz writes:

According to Sura 19:71 every Muslim will go to Hell (for at least some time), while
another passage states that those who die in Jihad will go to Paradise immediately.

Before analyzing the stated contradiction, I would first like to inform my readers that
it is not merely the martyrs in the way of God, who have been promised complete immunity
from hellfire, but, in fact, all the God-fearing believers have been promised to be kept
in protection from the slightest of evil. Al-Zumar 39: 60 -- 61 declares:

And on the Day of Resurrection, you will see those, who blasphemed against God, their
faces turned black -- Is not in the hellfire [a most suitable] abode for the arrogant? And
God shall deliver the righteous with salvation, no harm shall [even] touch them, nor shall
they grieve.

According to Al-Anbiyaa 21: 98 -- 103 the pious shall not only be saved from all
evil, but shall be kept so far away from the burning fire that they shall not even hear
the horrifying sounds of the growling fires. The verses read as:

You and whatever you worship except God shall be the fuel of hellfire, to which, all of
you shall surely come -- had these truly been gods, they would not have reached this [end]
-- all [burning] in it, forever. In it, for them shall be painful groans of anguish and in
they shall be bereft of hearing. Indeed, those, for whom We have already promised the
good, they shall be kept away from this [hellfire]. They shall not even hear the slightest
sound of the growling fire; and they shall be among all that their souls shall desire,
forever. They shall not be grieved by the great terror. And the angels shall receive them
[saying]: 'This is the day, of which you were promised'.

It is clearly stated in the aforementioned verses that all pious, God-fearing and
righteous people shall not be even touched or brought close to the encompassing flames of
the hellfire. Thus, it is not merely the martyrs, but all those, who do not deserve to be
thrown in the burning fires of hell, who shall remain completely immune from even the
slightest of pains and tortures of hellfire.

RESPONSE:

Mr. Amjad, by mentioning these passages, has only compounded the problem. We showed in
the first part of our paper that the contextual
evidence points to everyone, including Muslims, entering hell. Even the Muslim commentators
admitted that the majority of Muslims held this view. Hence, Mr. Amjads appeal to passages
that deny that Muslims will suffer in hell only reinforces Mr. Katzs claim that the Quran
is contradicting itself. In one place it says ALL shall enter hell, in other places it says
that believers will be kept from even hearing the sound of the growling fire, a blatant
contradiction.

Furthermore, as was also noted in the first part, surah 21:98 provides evidence for
understanding the Arabic word wurood in surah 19:71 as implying a literal entrance
into hell. Even Mr. Amjad realizes this fact. More on this later.

Mr. Amjad continues:

Keeping the foregoing clarification in perspective, now let us take a close look at the
relevant verses of Surah Maryam. The verses cited by Mr. Katz (verses 71 -- 72),
with a few of its preceding verses are reproduced below:

And [yet, disregarding the power of God,] this [rejecting] man says: 'When I am dead,
would I really be raised again?' Does this man not remember that before this, We created
him, while he was nothing? Thus, by [the providence of] your Lord, indeed We shall gather
them as well as [all] the devils and then We shall bring them forth, around the hellfire,
squatting. Then, of each group, We shall separate the one, who was most obstinate in his
rebellion against the Most Merciful. And We are indeed aware of those, who are most
deserving of burning in it. And each one of you, shall surely come to this [fire]. This is
a promise of your Lord, that must come to pass. Then, we shall save the righteous [from
all suffering] and We shall abandon the wrong-doers in it, squatting.

In the context of the verse, it is quite clear that the words "Each one of you..."
are addressed to the rejecters of the Prophet's call. The addressees of this verse are, in fact,
the same people who are being warned and admonished in the immediately preceding verses. Thus,
seen in the correct perspective, the referred verses of Surah Maryam are, more or less,
similar in meaning to the cited verses of Surah Al-Anbiyaa. Thus, Al-Raaziy
has also mentioned the foregoing opinion about the referred verse in his commentary. He writes:

Some of them are of the opinion that the addressees in this verse are the same
rejecters, who are mentioned in the preceding verses. They are first addressed in the
third person and then admonished in the second person. The adherents of this opinion say:
'It is not correct to assume that the believers shall enter hellfire, on the basis of the
following: Firstly, the Qur'an has declared in Al-Anbiyaa 21: 101 that
"Indeed, those, for whom We have already promised the good, they shall be kept away
from this hellfire", being 'kept away' from hellfire cannot be spoken for those who
shall enter it. Secondly, the Qur'an says: "They shall not hear its slightest
sound". Were they to enter the hellfire, the believers would then most certainly hear
its sounds. And thirdly, the Qur'an says: "They [i.e. the believers] shall that day
be secure from all panic".

As should be clear from the foregoing explanation, the Qur'an does not, at any
instance, declare that the true believers shall be made to enter hellfire. Such an end is
promised only for those whose arrogance and pride drove them to reject the truth even
after having clearly recognized it.

RESPONSE:

Mr. Amjad presumes that his proposed interpretation that 19:71 refers to Muhammads
rejecters is "quite clear", whereas this isnt necessarily the case. First,
notice that ar-Razi doesnt give any contextual reasons from surah 19 to deny that
every one will enter hell. Instead, ar-Razi simply mentions some Muslims who denied
that believers would enter hell on the basis of other Quranic verses!
But this is precisely the problem we had raised, namely, that the Quran is contradicting
itself on the fate of Muslims. One cant simply quote verses that deny that believers
will go to hell and somehow assume that this solves the problem, since the only thing
these other passages show is that there is a substantial error within the Quran.

Second, a careful look at the overall context of the passage demonstrates that several
different groups are in view:

And says man, `What! when I am dead, shall I be brought forth alive?' Does not man
remember that WE created him before, when he was nothing? And, by thy Lord, WE shall
assuredly gather them together, and the satans too; then shall WE bring them on their
knees around Hell. Then shall WE certainly pick out, from every group, those of them who
were most stubborn in rebellion against the Gracious God. And surely, WE know best those
deserving to be burnt therein. And there is not one of YOU but will come to it. This is
an absolute decree of thy Lord. S. 19:66-71 Sher Ali

Note carefully the shift in referents. The passage speaks of the unbelievers by
referring to them in a collective sense ("man", "them"), then to the
satans, and then changes from third person usage to second person plural (YOU). Now a
change in address doesnt necessarily imply that there is a change in referent. But
when the passage mentions and interjects a different group within the discussion, namely
satans, then a case can be made that more than one entity is being addressed. It is quite
easy to see three groups here, specifically unbelievers, satans and believers. The text is
therefore implying that:

Unbelieving man enters hell and remains there.

Satans (jinns) will also be brought down to hell.

The believers, too, will enter hell (v. 71) but will then exit by the mercy of Allah (v. 72).

It may even be that "man" (singular) refers to the disbelief that all
the pagan Arabs in Mecca initially had regarding the resurrection, whether believers
or unbelievers. The text then moves on from there to distinguish between those
who choose to believe from those who remain doubtful about the possibility of
an actual general resurrection of the dead. The text would therefore be understood
to mean that:

The pagan Arabs in their entirety at some point doubted the resurrection.

Some of them chose to overcome such doubts and believe that God has the ability to raise
the dead back to life.

Others chose to remain in disbelief.

Allah sends all men, both believers and unbelievers, into hell (including satans).

Once there, Allah will then separate the believers from the unbelievers by taking out
the former and leaving in the latter to hobble there.

Third, as we had mentioned in Part 1,
the majority of Muslims agreed and settled on the interpretation that surah 19:71 is not
limited to those who rejected Muhammad, but believed that everyone would enter hell.
That they believed that everyone will enter hell, whether believer or unbeliever,
righteous or unrighteous, shows that even these Muslims didnt think that the group
entering hell was limited to only those that rejected Muhammads call. They saw
nothing in the context which limited the discussion to unbelievers.

Even Mr. Amjads own source, ar-Razi, implies that many other Muslims agreed that
19:71 refers to every person entering hell. Do note ar-Razis comments carefully:

SOME OF THEM are of the opinion that the addressees in this verse are the same
rejecters, who are mentioned in the preceding verses

Ar-Razis SOME OF THEM implies that not all shared the same opinion, but that
there were other Muslims who held to a different view from the one proposed by Mr. Amjad.
We are currently working on translating ar-Razis comments and will post them here
for all to read.

Fourth, Mr. Amjads attempt of trying to connect the passage with the verses that
mention those who rejected the message introduces additional problems. The verse right
after 71 says:

Then We shall rescue those who kept from evil, and leave the evil-doers crouching
there. Pickthall

Thus, according to 19:72, Allah will take out of hell those who were righteous, which
implies that if Mr. Amjads understanding is correct then:

Some of those who rejected Muhammad were actually righteous.

Or, those evildoers who reject Muhammad have a chance of exiting hell.

This implies that the evildoers had a change of heart while in hell and became
righteous; otherwise they couldnt be classified as righteous.

This further implies that Allah will even grant repentance to the inhabitants of hell,
to those who rejected Muhammad while on earth, giving them an opportunity to become
righteous.

Yet this last point contradicts the following passage:

The forgiveness is not for those who do ill-deeds until, when death attendeth upon
one of them, he saith: Lo! I repent now; nor yet for those who die while
they are disbelievers. For such We have prepared a painful doom. S. 4:18 Pickthall

Mr. Amjad cannot avoid accepting the above conclusions since they are the natural
result of both the context of the passage and of his preferred interpretation. Note how
Mr. Amjad himself renders the text:

Then, we shall save the righteous [from all suffering] and We shall abandon
the wrong-doers in IT, squatting.

Mr. Amjads own interpretation of the verse doesnt disprove that believers
will enter hell, but rather proves our position; it proves that believers WILL
ENTER hell, even though Mr. Amjads rendering implies that they will be
spared any suffering while there. To put it in another way, Mr. Amjads
rendering implies that the righteous, or those who kept themselves from doing
evil, will not experience any suffering while in hell, but they will still enter
in hell nonetheless, precisely what some Muslims of the past believed.
See Part 1 for the details.
Hence, irrespective of whether believers suffer pain or not, this point is still
clear: Mr. Amjads own proposed translation inevitably leads to the fact
that Muslims will definitely enter hell.

Mr. Amjads preferred translation even proves our point that the Arabic word
translated "shall surely come to this" (wariduha from wurood),
implies a literal entrance into hell. Note, again, how he rendered 19:71:

And each one of you, shall surely come to this [fire]

Mr. Amjad understands the text to be saying that people will come to the fire,
demonstrating our case that the passage does refer to a literal entrance into hell.
Realizing this, Mr. Amjad is then forced to find a way of differentiating between those
who come to it from the righteous who are saved. His translation therefore implies that
there are two groups in view, not one. We already saw why his reconciliation causes him
more problems than solutions.

Be that as it may, Mr. Amjad acknowledges that the text does speak of people actually
entering INTO hell, and not simply passing over it as some suggest. Thus, even his own
exegesis lends further support to what we have been saying. It demonstrates that the natural
reading of the text points in the direction of everyone having to go down into hell, which
means that every Muslim must spend some time there as well. Mr. Amjad has been trying hard
to deny this last fact, but to no avail.