8.
European Political Cooperation
1969 Hague summit
Member States agreed to hold consultations on different levels to start cooperating in this area
1986 SEA incorporates this informal system formally into the Treaties
Coordination of national foreign policies to reach a common conclustion and act on it

9.
Levels of operation
Heads of State and Government
Foreign ministers
Political Committee
Just consultation: no certainty of acting together
Collapse of the Soviet system
Unified Germany

10.
1992, Maastricht
Common Foreign and Security Policy = second pillar of the EU
Still operating on an intergovernmental basis
Member State governments
European Council
Council of Ministers
Unanimity

11.
Prospects of CFSP
The common foreign and security policy shall include all questions related to the security of the Union, including the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defence.

12.
Western European Union (WEU)
an integral part of the development of the Union
implement decisions and actions of the Union which have defence implications
WEU
Defence component of EU
European pillar of NATO

16.
EC/EU participation?
Yugoslavia might spill over
Compromises: immediate practical cooperation and leave the door open for more ambitious steps toward unity later
EU not speaking with one voice
inability of the EC to settle the dispute
EC dependence on NATO military resources
Kosovo conflict: NATO intervention once more necessary

17.
Amsterdam - Reform of CFSP
Modified legal sources
common strategies by European Council
QMV for implementation in some cases
Constructive abstention for joint actions
High Representative of CFSP = Secretary General of the Council
Troika: leadership of 3
Before Amsterdam: previous, current, next President of the Council
After: President of Council, Secretary-General, Commissioner respolsible for external relations
Policy Planning and Early Warning Unit
Joint actions financed from EU budget
Closer cooperation with WEU

18.
Saint Malo process
1998: British position changes on WEU
Its integration into EU does not threaten NATO cooperation
Britain supportive of French plans in European defense
Saint Malo declaration: EU should have an international influence equal to the size of its economy
No duplication of NATO capabilities

19.
European Security and Defence Policy
Cologne European Council
By 2000, WEU ceases to exist
EU performs the Petersberg tasks
EU needs an effective military force not dependent on NATO
Helsinki European Council
Create by 2003 a Rapid Reaction Force of 50-60000 troops
Structures in the Council for defence policy
Treaty of Nice: progress included in the Treaties

21.
LisbonTreaty
No more pillarstructure
Butunanimityremains
President of the European Council
HighRepresentative of the European Union forForeignAffairs and Security Policy
CFSP HighRepresentative
External Relations Commissioner
European External Action Service
SeparateForeignAffairsCouncil

22.
External trade, Development, Enlargement, Humanitarianaid
Commission – Parliament – Council
CommonForeign and Security Policy:
European Council, Council
Representation:
HighRepresentative,thePresident of the European Council and thePresident of theCommission
Coherence
HighRepresentative of the Union forForeignAffairs and Security Policy
European External Action Service
Institutionsinforeign policy

23.
general guidelines
decisions
actions to be undertaken by the Union;
positions to be taken by the Union;
arrangements for the implementation of the decisions
strengthening systematic cooperation between Member States in the conduct of policy
Sources of lawinforeign policy

24.
development and enlargement
democracy, the rule of law
the universality and indivisibility of human rights and fundamental freedoms
respect for human dignity
principles of equality and solidarity
respect for the principles of the United Nations Charter and international law
Goals of foreign policy

28.
Presentations
2-4 people – divide labour!!!
15 minutes
Can use Powerpoint or similar, or handouts
NOT reading the case out loud – quote the most important parts only!
Describe the events that led to the case being brought to the Court
Try to identify most important issues, topics
Describe the reasoning of the Court from this point of view
Research on the Internet, in Library first!

29.
Parts of a judgment
Keywords
Summary
Parties
Subject of the case
Grounds
Decision on costs
Operative part