a system of farming developed in medieval europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.

Three-Field System

Port city in Italy where Columbus was born, famous for trade.

Genoa, Italy

an economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Hanseatic League

a medieval country in northern europe, became the center of trade for northern europe (it's now part of belgium) and was known for its woolen cloth, where the renaissance began.

Flanders

a city in northeast Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges. major maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially silk, grain, and spice) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century.

Venice

in medieval europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. (403)

Guild

ruled florence during the renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled florence for about 3 centuries.

Medici family

Large churches originating in twelfth-century france; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.

Gothic Cathedrals

the renaissance ("rebirth") was a cultural movement that began in italy (florence was the center of the ranissance) and spanned roughly from the 14th to the 17th century.

Renaissance

a philosophical and theological system, associated with thomas aquinas, devised to reconcile aristotelian philosophy and roman catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Scholasticism

(roman catholic church) italian theologian and doctor of the church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology. he argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.

Thomas Aquinas

an italian poet famous for writing the divine comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by virgil and his idealized beatrice (1265-1321)

Dante

english poet remembered as author of the canterbury tales (1340-1400)

Chaucer

people who specialize in studying the grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric. taught life should be meaningful. displayed a critical approach to learning.

Humanists

dutch humanist and friend of sir thomas more. believed the problems in the catholic church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a reformation. wrote praise of folly.

Erasmus

invented the printing press and movable type which enabled humanist literature to spread rapidly throughout europe.

Johann Gutenburg

one of the best examples of a renaissance man. he painted, wrote, sculpted, invented, among his philosophical ideas. Painted the Mona Lisa

Da Vinci

this was an artist who led the way for renaissance masters from his david sculpture and his painting of the sistine chapel ceiling

Michelangelo

a split within the catholic church from 1378 to 1417. two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. ended by council of constance

Great Western Schism

this document was signed by king john in 1215. it was the first document that limited the power of the government. Royal charter

Magna Carta

series of campaigns over control of the throne of france, involving english/ french royal familie. england loses and losses half of its land. the negative impact- france became an absolute power. positive impact- france formed a nation-state. ended in 1453.

Hundred Years War

the lawmaking branch of the british government

Parliment

france's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in french society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. the calling of the estates general in 1789 led to the french revolution.

Estates-General

the reconquering of spain from the muslims in 1492 by ferdinand and isabella. this unified spain into a powerful nation-state.

Reconquista

during the late 15th century, they became king and queen of a united spain after centuries of islamic domination. together, they made spain a strong christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably christopher columbus.