3EnterobacteriaceaeA Large Bacteria Familywhich naturally live in the intestinal tracts of animals

Salmonella

Shigella

Yersinia

Escherichia

Enterobacter

Klebsiella

4Escherichia coli bacterium

There are over 200 identified strains of E.coli

The bacterium is constantly mutating, so new strains are always being found

Most strains are beneficial and hamless.

5Most strains E.coli are beneficial to the health of mammals

They break down and process food in the digestive tract. Often known as probiotics or beneficial flora in the digestive food industry

Where ever they live, they are breaking down other harmful substances.

6But Sometimes these bacteria are associated with disease in human beings. 7Negative strains of E.coli can cause

Diarrhea

Urinary Tract Infections

Meningitis

Peritonitis

Mastitis

Pneumonia

Death

8Where is Escherichia coli bacterim found?

A multitude of strains of good bad E.coli live..

Lower intestines of mammals

Feces of mammals

Surface waters

in the soil

in and on all mammals (skin fur)

9The strains of E.coli become harmful....

In mammals, when they are no longer a part of the digestive tract (enter the blood streams through ulcers or perforations).

If concentrations in water are so high that the statistical chance of a negative mutation is likely. They can infect you through cuts in the skin.

If a negative mutation of E.coli enters food production through the soil or through the slaughtering of animals for meat.

10A deadly mutation E.coli 0157H7 11

Can cause in the young and the old (b/c their immune digestive systems are not operating at a premium)

Bloody diarrhea

Kidney failure

Average of 61 deaths per year in the U.S. (a developed country)

You can get it from

Undercooked, contaminated meat

Person to person contact

Contaminated fruits vegetables (uncooked)

Un-pasteurized milk

Swimming in or drinking contaminated water.

12Current Detection Time for E.coli 0157H7 is

48 72 Hours

(depending on the purity of the culture )

13Why would we want to improve upon this detection time?

Because food products leave processing before a positive/negative detection can be found (to sell the food while its still fresh).

How many people could have been contaminated during the 48-72 hours while the culture was grown?

14Your Assignment

Your group will be assigned just one bacteria or virus which we want to be able to detect with biosensors.

Research your particular bacteria/virus their anitbody!

15Questions youll want to answer in your presentation

How long does it take for us to currently detect these bacteria/viruses?

Do we have antibodies for all of these?

Can we isolate the antibodies and use them to detect bacteria viruses?

8Do the antibodies have to be made by a live animal, or can they be manufactured or bought from companies?

16Your Presentation

Use poster board or if possible the stand up, 2-fold poster board so it will stand on its ownOR..

do a PowerPoint Presentation

Diagrams or photos of their bacteria/virus and antibody are important.

Utilize as much of the vocabulary from the chapter as possible in your presentation.

TIME ALOTMENT One block day of classtime if you are not finished you are on your own.

17PART II 18ANTIBODIES 19How can antibodies help with detection of Bacteria Viruses?

Antibodies are protein molecules, usually developed by the immune system in mammals.

The immune system uses the antibodies to identify and neutralize bacteria and viruses.

For every bacteria or virus there is an antibody to identify neutralize that bacteria or virus.

20What if

We use the antibody to find the bacteria or virus.

BUT

How will we know that the antibody found the bacteria/virus????

21What if

We put some bacteria in a petri dish

Some dishes will have the antibody in the dish, while other dishes will not.

What should happen?

What would our purpose or question be in doing this?

Lets write this up do it!

22PART III

BIOSENSORS

Any ideas on an easier way to know that our antibody has found the bacteria/virus?

What if when the antibody finds the bacteria/virusit completes an electrical circuit?

23Antibody an electronic circuit 24A Biosensor!! 25Analyte is the liquid to be tested and is put on the application membrane. 26The analyte flows into the Conjugate Membrane 27In the conjugate membrane are the antibodies specific to the antigen (bacteria/virus) 28The antibodies have been attached to the polyaniline 29Everything then flows into the Capture Membrane which is lined with electrodes 30The primary purpose of the Capture Membrane is to capture the antigen-antibody complex (if the antibody finds the antigen!) as it moves in from the capture membrane. 31The Capture Membrane also has some secondary antibodies attached to polyaniline 32The Capture Membrane is where the electrical signal is produced if the antibody and antigen have found each other here! 33The absorption membrane collects any excess Analyte. 34Current dilemmas challenges?

How do we get industry interested in manufacturing biosensors?

Should biosensors be legislated as mandatory at food processing plants? How could this save or cost industry in dollars?

Or should biosensors be left to personal use for an individual to have on hand an home?

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