In my recent post, Born of glaciers, I touched on the formation of Lake Tahoe and discussed the glacial origins of Emerald Bay and nearby Fallen Leaf and Donner Lakes. At the end of that post, I listed some interesting facts about Lake Tahoe, including the fact that Lake Tahoe does not freeze over. That last fact was linked to one of the many internet sources explaining that Lake Tahoe’s massive size and the fact that its waters are always in motion prevent it from freezing. Sounded good to me.

Fortunately, my post drew the attention of David C. Antonucci, an environmental and civil engineer and author of the website TahoeFacts.com. David pointed out that this widely circulated explanation for why Lake Tahoe doesn’t freeze (repeated even by the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit FAQ website) is, in fact, wrong. David is currently updating his TahoeFacts.com website to include a more detailed explanation about this, but he sent me a draft of his update and has graciously given me permission to quote from it in order to help clear up some of the confusion.

As David points out, size is not the reason – Lake Baikal has more than three times the depth of Lake Tahoe and 160 times the volume, yet is freezes over to a thickness sufficient to support a railway. Nor is it the motion of the water – the Bering Sea is rocked all winter long by violent storms but still forms thick ice cover. The real reason results from a combination of three basic scientific principles:

Freshwater has the unique property of reaching its maximum density at about 39°F – that is, water is densest at a temperature 7°F above the temperature at which it freezes. For any lake to freeze, its surface waters must cool to 39°F, at which time they become denser than the underlying waters and sink beneath them. This process continues until the water at all depths is a uniform 39°F, after which the surface waters can continue cooling down to 32°F and begin freezing.

Freshwater bodies gain heat during summer when air temperatures exceed the temperature of the water at the surface and lose it during winter when air temperatures are below the water surface temperature. The rate at which stored heat is lost during winter depends upon the surface area/volume ratio – lakes with a higher ratio (i.e., they have a large surface area compared to their volume) lose heat quickly, while those with a smaller ratio (small surface area compared to their volume) lose it more slowly.

The rate at which heat is lost is also affected by climate. Freshwater bodies in colder climates will lose heat more quickly than those with the same surface area and volume in a milder climate.

These three principles combine to explain why Lake Tahoe does not freeze over. Lake Tahoe has a very small surface area/volume ratio due to its great depth but relatively small circumference. This limits the rate at which stored heat is lost from the lake during the colder winter months. The relatively mild climate that occurs in the Tahoe Basin, due to its proximity to the warm Pacific Ocean, further limits the rate at which stored heat is transferred to the air above it. The result of all this is that the surface temperature of Lake Tahoe never reaches 39°F. The lake is coldest in late March with a temperature of 41°F at the surface and gradually decreasing to 39°F at a depth of 500-600 ft and below. Before the surface of the lake has a chance to cool further, increasing sunlight and air temperatures start raising the temperature at the surface. By early May, surface temperatures reach 50°F, and they peak at 65°F to a depth of 15 ft by mid-August. However, the summer warming penetrates only to a depth of about 375 ft – where the temperature has remained at 41°F. Since the upper layers of water never cool below this temperature, they never sink below this depth and allow further cooling to take place. It is, ironically, a lack of movement that prevents Lake Tahoe from freezing. In order for Lake Tahoe to freeze over, climatic conditions would have to become much colder, or the lake would have to fill in and decrease its depth enough to achieve a sufficiently high surface area/volume ratio.

David also points out that Emerald Bay has formed complete ice cover at least three times during the 20th Century and partial cover in more years. The reason for this is that Emerald Bay lacks the same depth of the main lake – its surface area/volume ratio is high enough to lose its accumulated heat and reach the required 39°F top to bottom during particularly cold winters.

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About Ted C. MacRae

Ted C. MacRae is a research entomologist by vocation and beetle taxonomist by avocation. Areas of expertise in the latter include worldwide jewel beetles (Buprestidae) and North American longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae). More recent work has focused on North American tiger beetles (Cicindelidae) and their distribution, ecology, and conservation.

I have really enjoyed reading these posts about Tahoe. I spent three months – May thru July – working in the basin a few years back… 2003, I think? I loved the place, from the minute I caught a glimpse of the lake’s sparkling waters as I drove the route in from Carson City. The project was a PhD student’s thesis on the effects of human pressures on bird biodiversity (another student(s) was tackling other organisms). My job was as a nest searcher, and we’d visit plots (I think there were 40) scattered all around the basin. Some of them afforded great views of the lake, or had some marvelous habitat. I can still bring to mind the piney scent of the forests, and many of the experiences I had there. These posts have really taken me back. I’ve seen a lot of the country in my travels, but if I were to pick somewhere in the US to settle, that would probably be it.

Thank you, Seabrooke. It really is a marvelous place, and I’m glad these posts have brought back some good memories for you. My recent visits have felt like I was “coming back home” – so much that we’ve decided, whatever it takes, we’re going to retire there.

I think that because you guys don’t get much ice on Tahoe you are neglecting to consider how ice forms and builds. Tahoe is in an area that gets consistent wind and even when ice forms, if a lake has enough fetch the wind with push the formed ice out to open water where it will break up and disappear. Another thing I notice about Tahoe is that it has no islands, if there were islands I would guess the chance of Tahoe freezing would be much better because it gives the ice a place to begin to grow. Do fallen leaf, echo and aloha freeze?

Water that reaches freezing temperatures will freeze and remain frozen regardless of wind-induced motion. The water at the surface of Lake Tahoe never reaches freezing because the turnover process never completes before rising temperatures in spring halt the process. Emerald Bay (has an island) and Fallen Leaf Lake (does not have any islands) do freeze occasionally, but only because they are shallower and the turnover process has a chance to complete and not because of the presence or absence of islands.

I’m still puzzled in regard to temperature gradient throughout Lake Tahoe. If the surface never gets below 41F, how did deeper waters ever get cold enough to sink to the bottom, where temperatures stay at about 39F? Obviously, I’m missing something.

Remember that the Tahoe Basin was formed 5-10 million years ago and has experienced countless climate changes then, including 11 major glacial events over the past 2.5 million years (the last one ending just over 11,000 years ago). Surface temperatures don’t go below 41F in today’s climate, but that hasn’t always been the case.

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