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monopolies essay
Published July 12, 2016.
Economists overwhelmingly agree that the actual costs of monopoly are small, even trivial. This consensus is based on a theory that assumes monopolies are well-run businesses that limit their output in order to drive up prices and maximize profit. And because empirical studies have found that monopolists do not restrict output or raise prices by do homeworkvery much, most economists have concluded that monopolies inflict relatively little harm on the economy.
In this essay, I review recent research that upends both the theoretical and to kill novel essay, empirical elements of this consensus view. Do Homework. 2 This research shows that monopolies are not well-run businesses, but instead are deeply inefficient. Apa Citation. Monopolies do drive up prices, as conventional theory suggests, but because they also reduce productivity, they often ultimately destroy most of an essay, industry’s profits. These productivity losses are a dead weight loss for statement management, the economy, and far from essaytrivial.
The new research also shows that monopolists typically increase prices by of education empowerment essayusing political machinery to limit the output of competing productsusually by blocking low-cost substitutes. By limiting supply of these competing products, the monopolist drives up demand for its own.

Thus, in essay, contrast to conventional theory, the monopolist actually produces more of its own product than it would in a competitive market, not less. But because production of the substitutes is restricted, total output falls.
The reduction in productivity exacts a toll on statement management, all of society. But the blocking of low-cost substitutes particularly harms the do homework, poor, who might not be able to afford the monopolist’s product. Thus, monopolies drive the poor out of many markets.

In this essay, I first review the standard theory of monopoly that contends it inflicts little harm, and then I introduce a new theory that refutes that view. For Master's Thesis. In this new theory, groups within monopolies act as both adversaries that reduce productivity and allies that eliminate substitutes. The new theory thus demonstrates that monopolies in fact cause substantial economic harm, and that harm falls disproportionately on people with fewer financial resources.
I then provide several historical examples of monopolies from my own research and do homework essay, that of others. I’ll discuss monopoly subgroups in their role as adversaries in scott fitzgerald, the sugar, cement and essay, construction industries. I’ll discuss monopoly subgroups acting as allies in the dental and legal industries. But I want to emphasize that in all monopolies, subgroups engage in both roles. I’ll also take a fresh look at a familiar example of a monopoly, U.S. Mockingbird Novel Essay. Steel, showing how subgroups acted as both adversaries and allies.

These few examples are illustrative only and provide a narrow glimpse of a far broader economic phenomenon: Monopolies are prevalent in the U.S. (and international) economy.
The conclusion summarizes this analysis and provides historical perspective for future efforts.
In the standard theory of monopoly found in textbooks, the monopolist is a single seller of a good who increases his or her price above competitive levels, leading to reduced output. The key cost of monopoly is the essay, restriction of industry production. To Kill Novel. Two basic assumptions, or tenets, underlie this theory.
One assumption is that monopolists produce efficiently and essay, maximize profits. This tenet is style, based on logic, not evidence. Nobel Laureate George Stigler 3 provides one rendition of this logic: “The goal of efficiency is pervasive in economic life, where efficiency means producing and do homework, selling goods at the lowest possible cost (and therefore the largest possible profit). This goal is sought as vigorously by monopolists as by competitors” (1988, pp.

162-63).
Another assumption is that monopolists have close substitutes. This tenet is primarily based on role empowerment, logic, not evidence. Essay. Again, Stigler makes the case, arguing that “it is virtually impossible to resume, eliminate competition from economic life. If a firm buys up all of do homeworkits rivals, new rivals will appear. If the state gives away monopoly privileges there will emerge a strong competition in the political area for these plums” (1988, p.164).
The consensus view that monopolies inflict little actual damage on society has dominated the economics literature since the seminal work by University of style for master's thesisChicago economist Arnold Harberger (1954).

Applying the standard model to do homework, historical data, he calculated that monopolies do not restrict output or drive up prices by top mfa writingvery much, so that their actual costs are small. Essay. This quickly became the accepted view. Creative Writing Programs. But the primary source of support from economists comes not from the empirical results, but from the theory’s compelling logic. In the following sections, the logic and empirical results are challenged by a new view.
There is essay, a key implicit assumption buried in the standard theory of monopoly. Not only are monopolists single sellers, but they also produce the goods by themselves . Essay. That is, the monopolist (and perhaps clones or mindless automatons) staffs all of the machines, all of the phones, all of the processes involved in do homework essay, producing the good. Stated differently, in this abstraction, there are no heterogeneous groups comprising various individuals or interests and, hence, no frictions that might lead to low productivity.

Monopolists have every incentive to be productive (as do their clones or automatons).
This implicit abstraction of monopolies being one-person operations has led the top mfa writing programs, economics profession to miss very significant problems with monopoly. Close study reveals that monopolies are in fact composed of many subgroups, and essay, it is the statement for masters management, interplay among these groups that leads to do homework essay, low productivity and the elimination of substitutes. Sometimes these subgroups have interests that do not align, and they act as adversaries . Sometimes their interests align well, and they act as allies .
When a monopoly forms, it stops competition from the outside. But this naturally leads to significant competition inside the monopoly, as subgroups fight among themselves over new opportunities afforded by the monopoly. That is, subgroups act as adversaries , and role in women empowerment, this often reduces productivity.
This competition among subgroups within the monopolyfor better pay, working conditions or decision-making poweroften threatens to tear the monopoly apart.

To survive, the subgroups agree to do homework essay, find ways to limit internal competition. Mechanisms are introducedcall them competition-reducing mechanismsthat enable subgroups to credibly commit to not compete. Gates Resume. An example might include a worker subgroup demanding a work rule that forbids other workers from performing “their” particular task. But these mechanisms come at a high cost: reduced productivity. The standard assumption that monopolies are efficient producers is essay, undermined.
But the new view of monopoly contains another key element: monopolist subgroups acting as allies to eliminate substitutes from competitors external to the monopoly. Consider the personal for masters, logic of close substitutes. Politically adept monopolies (as they are de facto since the large majority of essaymonopolies result from special privileges granted by statementthe government) often use their political influence to weaken or destroy existing substitutes for essay, their product.

Entrepreneurs may be well aware of the monopolist’s political power and thereby be discouraged from developing substitutes. Lastly, imagine what types of substitutes a monopoly might try to weaken or eliminate. It would not go after those with broad political support. Rather, it would target those with little support, those purchased by essays written fitzgeraldpolitically disadvantaged low-income segments of the population.
A few examples of monopolies that reduce productivity and kill substitutes.
As just mentioned, subgroups within monopolies act as adversaries and allies. Essay. Adversarial relationships often reduce a monopoly’s productivity substantially. To Kill Novel. When subgroups act as allies, their joint goal is often to eliminate products that might otherwise compete with theirs. While subgroups in do homework, any monopoly engage in both adversarial and cooperative actions, I’ll discuss separate examples of each in this section.
Adversaries: Reducing productivity.

I’ll start by essays written by f. scott fitzgeraldlooking at some adversarial relationships. In the United States, the sugar cartel, cement industry and construction business provide excellent examples of subgroups within monopolies acting as adversaries and reducing productivity.
During the Great Depression, the sugar manufacturing industry was one of many industries permitted to form a cartel as part of New Deal economic policy (see Bridgman, Qi and Schmitz 2015). In exchange for this permission, the industry agreed to do homework essay, sell sugar at a “fair” price. In addition, members of the industry, including factory owners and incumbent farmers, drafted a joint plan (subject to government approval) for how the cartel would meet price targets and share cartel profits. The cartel allocated sales quotas to factories each year so as to personal statement in engineering, hit the do homework, agreed-upon price target, a price in line with the agreement with the federal government. This cartel operated from 1934 to 1974.

There were many adversarial relationships within the sugar industry that led to cartel rules beyond the factory sales quotas. These additional rules greatly lowered productivity, as well as productivity growth.
One such example: conflict between farmers and factory owners. Just as factory owners wanted and received sales quotas, farmers demanded and got quotas on the number of acres used to grow sugar crops. The acre quotas were not a mechanism to apa citation style for master's thesis, control sugar prices; the factory sales quotas served this purpose. Rather, they were a mechanism to ensure that incumbent farmers received a share of the monopoly profits. Without the acre quotas, for example, firms could have moved their factories beyond the geographic range of incumbent farmers.

It was this adversarial relationship between factories and farmers that led to acre quotas.
Sugar-producing states were also locked in adversarial relationships, most notably by “stealing” manufacturing industries from each other, a common practice that goes back to the late 1800s. Do Homework. So some cartel subgroups, in particular, local and state authorities, had the incentive to push for limits on the renting of quotas, whereby acre quotas could be traded only personal statement in engineering management, within counties. Ultimately, they succeeded in including such rules in the cartel agreement.
These cartel rules led to large productivity losses.

When the cartel was started in do homework, 1934, California and essays by f. fitzgerald, Colorado were the biggest beet-sugar-producing states, while Minnesota and North Dakota were very small producers. Essay. After World War II, the essay, opportunity cost of land and (irrigated) water in Colorado and California grew much faster than in, say, Minnesota and North Dakota. Because cartel rules prohibited farmers from renting their quotas beyond the local area, however, quota rights could not flow from, say, California to North Dakota, where additional acres would have been more profitable. Do Homework Essay. The result was tremendous inefficiency, as the opportunity cost of inputs used to essay, produce a given quantity of sugar in California was much greater than that in essay, North Dakota.
The same thing happened where sugar cane was grown. When the sugar cartel started, Louisiana was a large cane producer, but Florida had barely begun its cane crop, and so received a very small quota. After WWII, the profit of the marginal farmer in Florida began growing much faster than that of his or her counterpart in mockingbird, Louisiana but, again, quotas could not move to Florida, where production would have been more profitable.
Quotas also led to slower productivity growth by eliminating the incentive to find ways to increase output by, for do homework, example, increasing the period during which factories can operate during the year. Indeed, the sugar industry’s factory-operating days have increased dramatically in the United States since the cartel ended.
The U.S. cement industry provides another good case study of roleadversaries within a monopoly. Do Homework. 4.

During the 1950s, a powerful union, the style for master's thesis, United Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers International Union (CLGW, for short) had a near-monopoly on the supply of labor to the industry.
Again, there were many adversarial relationships among subgroups. One was between different groups of workers. Because the workers were earning very high wages, there was potentially severe competition for jobs. Hence, groups of workers fought for rules that would secure their jobs from competition from do homeworkother workers. For example, union contracts had rules such as: “When the top mfa creative, Finish Grind Department is do homework, completely down for repairs, the writing programs, Company will not use Repairmen assigned to the Clinker Handling Department on repairs in do homework essay, the Finish Grind Department.” 5 No detailed knowledge of cement plants is needed to understand that this rule was meant to protect the repair jobs in the Finish Grind Department.
This rule enabled workers to credibly commit to not compete with each other. This rule, and many others like it, not only top mfa creative writing programs, protected jobs, but led to underutilization of capital. Essay. 6 Such rules led to a waste of resources, like energy.

7 Such mechanisms, sometimes called restrictive work practices, led to significant reductions in industry productivity.
Other restrictive work practices resulted from adversarial relationships between workers and essays written by f. scott fitzgerald, managers. Do Homework Essay. After the CLGW negotiated a big wage increase in the early 1960s, managers invested in larger, labor-saving machines that led to significant job losses. Unions reacted by demanding a 1965 rule that prohibited managers from firing workers made redundant as a result of new investment, new ways of of educationorganizing production and essay, so on.
Managers agreed to the union demand, but this restrictive work practice significantly reduced productivity. One would expect this rule to gates resume, have dulled investment incentives and, indeed, there is evidence of do homework essaya dip in investment in mockingbird essay, the late 1960s. But the energy crisis of the 1970s hit the cement industry hard, and essay, the industry responded by making big investments in new, energy-efficient machinery. The new machines were also more labor-efficient, but managers abided by to kill noveltheir earlier commitment not to reduce employment. Hence, large productivity gains were repeatedly sacrificed to preserve peace between adversaries.
When foreign competition rocked the industry in the 1980s, the landscape changed. Essay. Cement factory managers were no longer committed to the rules they had agreed to with the CLGW.

The industry was able to expand its output and reduce its workforce; labor productivity soared. The gains that were missed in the 1970s were enjoyed in the 1980s.
Construction: Size is not the issue.
Discussion of monopoly typically conjures up images of giant corporations and giant manufacturing establishments, like U.S. Steel and its massive factories. But, in fact, the size of the essays written by f. fitzgerald, monopolist’s operation does not correlate with its destructive impact. Monopolies consisting of small units, operating on a small scale, also do great damage. 8.
Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis found this to do homework, be true 90 years ago in dealing with the Chicago construction industry. Programs. He described an industry in turmoil:
“It is the violation of no confidence to say that building construction has gotten into bad repute in this community.

There was a general disposition to keep away from it as a thing diseased. Capital avoided it. The wise dollar preferred almost any other form of activity or no activity” (Montgomery 1926, p. 273).
To address these serious problems in Chicago construction, Landis was appointed to arbitrate wage disputes (Montgomery 1926). But Landis felt that if he was to do his job well, he needed to also analyze the work rules in the industry. This surprised and scared most of the parties involved. Landis also knew that the work rules contained in the contracts were the tip of the essay, iceberg, so he spent a considerable amount of essaytime going out to jobs, talking with the workers and do homework, investigating the situation firsthand (p. 270). He concluded that while high wages were an issue,
“The real malady lurked in a maze of conditions artificially created to give parties a monopoly, and in rules designed to to kill mockingbird, produce waste for the mere sake of essaywaste; all combined to bring about an insufferable situation, not the least burdensome element of which was the jurisdictional dispute between trade-union members of the same parent organization” (p. For Master's. 273).
The waste he reported is with us still (Schmitz 2016).

I can also apply these ideas to nonindustrial markets not usually thought of as pervaded by monopoly, such as the markets for professional services. Although these markets are made up of thousands of do homework essayindependent professionals, these professionals band together to act as a cartel, a monopoly composed of many separate business entities. I will show that the problems of monopolylow productivity and the elimination of low-cost substituteshave permeated these markets as well.
Indeed, the problems created by these monopolies are particularly pernicious because they limit the supply of low-cost substitutes for high-priced professional services. For example, lawyers limit the provision of inexpensive legal advice by role of education in women empowermentparalegals, and dentists limit the provision of low-cost fillings by dental therapists. These limitations are not too harmful to do homework, the rich. But for those with low income, such restrictions make legal advice and dental care unavailable.

They are priced out of the market. For Masters. Again, the costs of monopoly are inflicted disproportionately on the poor.
Subgroups in a monopoly are not necessarily adversaries. Indeed, they may act as allies when they try to do homework essay, eliminate competition from substitute products. Consider, for example, the dental industry. There are many thousands of dentists, but they coordinate their actions through state dental associations. While these associations may have some public benefit, such as continuing professional education, they also act like a cartel, finding ways to increase the price of their members’ services. They do so in a way that also increases the demand for their services.
One service dentists provide is filling cavities. In many countries, dental nurses or dental therapists, as they are called, are trained to provide these services, most often in school-based programs for children. 9 In the to kill novel essay, United States, dental therapists have been vigorously opposed by dentists, with a few exceptions, including the native villages of Alaska and the state of Minnesota.

The impact of these cartel restrictions is profound. Dental therapists require less training than dentists and so are able to provide basic services at a lower cost. Blocking these mid-level providers significantly increases the price of filling cavities, and do homework essay, low-income people may be forced to go without basic dental care.
The debate over dental therapists in the United States is not over. Since Minnesota authorized the licensure of dental therapists in 2009, Maine and Vermont have passed similar laws.

A number of states are considering similar measures, despite stiff opposition from state dental associations. The laws often require that dental therapists work under the direct supervision of dentists, ostensibly for the protection of patients, but the essays written fitzgerald, arrangement also protects dentists from competing directly with dental therapists operating independently.
In most health markets, monopolies restrict or kill low-cost substitutes. For example, in do homework, the hearing aid industry, audiologists, who have Ph.D.s, often put tremendous entry restrictions on hearing aid fitters. The fitters are less skilled, but are perfectly capable of most work.

Again, the poor are hurt by this.
This same analysis applies to many other types of services. Lawyers introduce statutes to mockingbird essay, prevent the “unlawful practice of law.” Essentially, lawyers don’t allow anyone who is not a member of the bar to provide legal advice, so paralegals are not allowed to operate independently. Again, low-income people suffer the most from lack of access to lower-cost alternatives.
In the construction industry, unions block the use of preassembled parts on essay, construction sites. This eliminates a close substitute: factory assembly. Again, this hurts the poor the most, as they buy houses that use such materials.
Schmitz (2016) provides many more industries and much more analysis.
Adversaries and allies: Low productivity, few substitutes.

U.S. Steel is often cited as a classic example of a monopoly. For Masters. The company controlled a large share of the steel business and used this control to drive up prices. But it is essay, also a good example of the personal for masters in engineering management, new theory, illustrating the bigger picture of the costs its monopoly imposes on the economy. Do Homework Essay. The monopoly’s subgroups act both as adversaries that reduce productivity and as allies that eliminate competition from substitute products.
The U.S.

Steel monopoly was composed of many subgroups, including shareholders, managers and hourly employees, as well as the United Steel Workers of America, the union that organized the entire steel workforce. I’ll sometimes refer to the monopoly as the USS-USW monopoly.
In some settings, these groups were fierce adversaries. In others, they were strong allies. Consider their adversarial roles. Given that the of education empowerment, monopoly was generating significant profits, at least at first, subgroups had an incentive to increase their share of the pie and certainly to do homework essay, protect their share from other subgroups. The subgroups developed mechanisms to protect their share of profits, mechanisms that essentially committed the groups to not compete with each other.

Unions and management agreed on restrictive work rules that helped to by f. fitzgerald, protect jobs, but led to inefficient production. Do Homework. Executives ignored technological innovations, such as continuous casting of steel, that could have produced steel at much lower cost, but would have disrupted the bargain between the role of education in women empowerment essay, firm and its workers. All of these compromises between adversaries harmed the company’s productivityand because the essay, company so dominated the steel industry, the entire industry was less productive as a result.
Next consider the apa citation style thesis, subgroups in their roles as allies. The competitive vacuum that allowed the USS-USW monopoly to survive while being unproductive was no accident. Indeed, it was a situation that USS-USW worked hard to create and maintain. The issue is essay, not merely that U.S.

Steel bought up and maintained control of competing steel companies within the United States, as monopolists always do, or that the USW successfully organized the written by f., entire steel workforce. If subgroups USS and do homework, USW had done only those two things, they still would have faced significant competition from foreign firmscompetition that would have forced them to raise productivity and take on new, better technology. But USS-USW used its political clout to lobby for to kill mockingbird novel essay, tariffs that protected it from foreign competition. That is, U.S. Steel worked to restrict the output of foreign steel, a close substitute for do homework essay, steel made domestically. These restrictions meant that the demand for domestic steel was higher than it would have been otherwise, allowing U.S. Steel to to kill mockingbird essay, increase its output, even as it increased prices. Essay. These artificially inflated prices injured any U.S. Apa Citation. buyer of steelbe it a car manufacturer or an oil drillerand ultimately hurt the consumer.
For decades, the theoretical understanding and empirical analysis of essaymonopoly have themselves been monopolized by a dominant paradigmthat the costs of monopoly are trivial.

This blindness to new theory and analysis has impeded economists’ understanding of the actual harm caused by monopoly. Personal Statement In Engineering. Rather than inflicting little actual damage, adversarial relationships within monopolies have significantly reduced productivity and economic welfare. And in essay, many industries, subgroups within monopolies collaborate to eliminate competition from low-cost substitutes. This lack of competition in the marketplace has a disproportionate impact on poor citizens who might otherwise find low-cost services that would meet their needs.
I’ve described this as a “new” theory, but in truth its roots go back decades, to the ideas of Thurman Arnold. Arnold ran the Antitrust Division at the Department of Justice from personal statement for masters1938 to 1943, taking aim at a broad range of targets, from automakers to Hollywood movie producers to do homework, the American Medical Association. 10 He argued that lack of in engineeringcompetition reduced productivity and that monopolies crushed low-cost substitutes, hurting the do homework, poor.

Arnold supported his arguments through intensive real-world research. He and his staff undertook detailed investigations of monopolies, examining the on-site operations of many industries and documenting the essays written scott fitzgerald, productivity losses and do homework, destruction of substitutes caused by resumemonopoly.
Arnold began his work at a pivotal timein the midst of the Great Depression, just after the United States had experimented with the cartelization of its economy. Faith in competitive markets had reached such a low that cartels and monopolies were thought to be, perhaps, better alternatives. His work and ideas played a big role in reinvigorating confidence in competitive markets. He mounted an aggressive campaign to protect society from monopoly. Do Homework Essay. The campaign had two parts: forceful prosecution of monopoly through the courts, accompanied by an array of speeches and articles to educate the general public about its costs.

Economists gradually forgot Arnold and his ideas, convinced by Harberger’s empirical work and the introspection of economists, leading to, for essays by f. fitzgerald, example, the logic provided by essayStigler and others. Scholars and regulators who studied monopolies focused on apa citation style, prices alone and found little to essay, worry about.
But as shown by the research reviewed in in women, this essayand an expanding body of empirical workthe problems caused by monopoly are significant, and still pervasive. My hope is that this paper will open a new era of discussion about monopoly and do homework, its costs, and ultimately lead policymakers to encourage greater competition for the benefit of creative writing programsall.
1 The author thanks Ann Harrington for her valuable suggestions on the content and organization of do homeworkthis essay. The views expressed here are those of the style, author, not necessarily those of others in the Federal Reserve System.
2 Schmitz (2016) contains more detailed discussion and references to the material in this article.
3 Stigler (1988) presents the familiar logic behind this assumption.

4 The history of this industry, and the rise and fall of monopoly in it, is beautifully described in Northrup (1990). A quantitative analysis, on which the following discussion is based, can be found in Dunne, Klimek and do homework, Schmitz (2016)
5 Quoted from the Voice (Oct. 1978, p. 86), a monthly publication of the CLGW union.
6 Machinery in the Finish Grind department was idle (broken) for longer than was necessary. Essays Written By F. Scott Fitzgerald. Machines in other departments also may have had to be slowed.

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Macbeth Summary and Analysis of Act 1.
On a heath in Scotland, three witches, the do homework essayWeird Sisters, wait to role of education in women, meet Macbeth amidst thunder and lightning. Do Homework Essay? Their conversation is filled with paradox and equivocation: they say that they will meet Macbeth when the battle's lost and won and when fair is foul and foul is fair (10).
The Scottish army is at to kill, war with the Norwegian army. Duncan, king of do homework essayScotland, meets a captain returning from battle. The captain informs them of Macbeth and to kill mockingbird novel, Banquo's bravery in battle. He also describes Macbeth's attack on the castle of the treacherous Macdonald, in which Macbeth triumphed and essay, planted Macdonald’s head on the battlements of the castle. The Thanes of role of educationRoss and Angus enter with the news that the Thane of essayCawdor has sided with Norway. Duncan decides to to kill mockingbird essay, execute the disloyal thane and give the title of Cawdor to essay, Macbeth.
The Weird Sisters meet on essay, the heath and wait for Macbeth. He arrives with Banquo, repeating the witches' paradoxical phrase by stating So foul and fair a day I have not seen (36).

The witches hail him as Thane of Glamis (his present title), Thane of Cawdor (the title he will soon receive officially), and king hereafter (46-48). Do Homework Essay? Their greeting startles and seems to frighten Macbeth. When Banquo questions the witches as to who they are, they greet him with the phrases Lesser than Macbeth and greater, Not so happy, yet much happier, and a man who shall get kings, though [he] be none (63-65).
When Macbeth questions them further, the top mfa creative writing programswitches vanish into thin air. Do Homework Essay? Almost as soon as they disappear, Ross and Angus appear with the news that the king has granted Macbeth the title of mockingbird novel essayThane of Cawdor. Macbeth and do homework, Banquo step aside to discuss this news; Banquo is of the opinion that the title of Thane of Cawdor might enkindle Macbeth to seek the crown as well (119). Macbeth questions why such happy news causes his seated heart [to] knock at [his] ribs / Against the use of nature, and his thoughts turn immediately and with terror to murdering the statement for masters managementking in order to fulfill the witches' second prophesy (135-36).

When Ross and Angus notice Macbeth's distraught state, Banquo dismisses it as Macbeth's unfamiliarity with his new title.
Duncan demands to know whether the former Thane of Cawdor has been executed. His son Malcolm assures him that he has witnessed the former Thane’s becoming death. While Duncan muses about the fact that he placed absolute trust in the treacherous Thane, Macbeth enters. Duncan thanks Macbeth and Banquo for their loyalty and bravery. He consequently announces his decision to essay, make his son Malcolm the heir to the throne of Scotland (something that would not have happened automatically, since his position was elected and not inherited). Duncan then states that he plans to visit Macbeth at top mfa writing programs, his home in Inverness. Macbeth leaves to prepare his home for the royal visit, pondering the do homeworkstumbling block of Malcolm that now hinders his ascension to the throne. Style For Master's? The king follows with Banquo.
At Inverness, Lady Macbeth reads a letter from Macbeth that describes his meeting with the witches.

She fears that his nature is not ruthless enough-- he's too full o' th' milk of human kindness” (15)—to murder Duncan and assure the completion of the witches' prophesy. He has ambition enough, she claims, but lacks the gumption to act on it. She then implores him to hurry home so that she can pour [her] spirits in [his] ear (24)—in other words, goad him on to the murder he must commit. Do Homework Essay? When a messenger arrives with the news that Duncan is coming, Lady Macbeth calls on the heavenly powers to unsex me here and fill her with cruelty, taking from empowerment, her all natural womanly compassion (39). When Macbeth arrives, she greets him as Glamis and Cawdor and essay, urges him to look like the innocent flower, / but be the personal for masters in engineeringserpent under’t (63-64). She then says that she will make all the essaypreparations for the king's visit and mr bill gates, subsequent murder.
Duncan arrives at Inverness with Banquo and exchanges pleasantries with Lady Macbeth. Do Homework Essay? The king inquires after Macbeth's whereabouts and she offers to bring him to where Macbeth awaits.
Alone on stage, Macbeth agonizes over whether to kill Duncan, recognizing the act of murdering the king as a terrible sin. He struggles in particular with the idea of murdering a man—a relative, no less—who trusts and loves him.

He would like the king's murder to be over and regrets the of education in womenfact that he possesses “vaulting ambition without the ruthlessness to ensure the attainment of his goals (27).
As Lady Macbeth enters, Macbeth tells her that he will proceed no further in this business (31). But Lady Macbeth taunts him for his fears and ambivalence, telling him he will only be a man when he carries out the murder. She states that she herself would go so far as to do homework essay, take her own nursing baby and dash its brains if necessary. Apa Citation? She counsels him to screw [his] courage to the sticking place and do homework, details the way they will murder the king (60). Apa Citation For Master's? They will wait until he falls asleep, she says, and thereafter intoxicate his bodyguards with drink. This will allow them to murder Duncan and lay the blame on the two drunken bodyguards. Macbeth is astonished by her cruelty but resigns to follow through with her plans.
Just as the Porter in Act 2 extemporizes about the sin of equivocation, the play figures equivocation as one of do homeworkits most important themes. Starting from the Weird Sisters' first words that open the play, audiences quickly ascertain that things are not what they seem.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word equivocation has two different meanings—both of which are applicable to top mfa writing programs, this play. The first is:
“The using (a word) in more than one sense; ambiguity or uncertainty of meaning in words; also . . . misapprehension arising from the ambiguity of terms.”
This definition as simple verbal ambiguity is the do homeworkone that audiences are most familiar with—and one that plays an important role in the play. The Porter’s speech on top mfa writing, equivocation in essay, Act 2, however, refers to a more active type of equivocation. To Kill Mockingbird Essay? The second definition in do homework, the OED: reads:

The use of words or expressions that are susceptible of a double signification, with a view to mislead; esp. the expression of statement for masters in engineering managementa virtual falsehood in the form of a proposition which (in order to satisfy the speaker's conscience) is verbally true.
This kind of do homeworkequivocation is similar to lying; it is intentionally designed to mislead and confuse.
The intentional ambiguity of terms is what we see in the prophesies of the Weird Sisters. Their speech is full of paradox and confusion, starting with their first assertion that fair is foul and foul is fair (I i 10). The witches' prophesies are intentionally ambiguous. The alliteration and by f., rhymed couplets in do homework, which they speak also contributes to the effect of instability and confusion in their words. Management? For many readers, more than one reading is required to grasp a sense of what the witches mean. It is not surprising, therefore, that these imperfect speakers can easily bedazzle and confuse Macbeth throughout the course of the play (I iii 68).

Just as their words are confusing, it is unclear as to whether the witches merely predict or actually effect the future. Banquo fears, for example, that the witches' words will enkindle [Macbeth] unto the crown—in other words, that they will awaken in essay, Macbeth an ambition that is already latent in him (I iii 119). His fears seem well-founded: as soon as the witches mention the crown, Macbeth's thoughts turn to style, murder. Do Homework? The witches’ power is thus one of prophecy, but prophecy through suggestion. For Macbeth, the witches can be understood as representing the final impetus that drive him to his pre-determined end. The prophecy is in this sense self-fulfilling.
The oracular sisters are in fact connected etymologically to the Fates of Greek mythology.

The word weird derives from the Old English word wyrd, meaning fate. Statement Management? And not all fate is self-fulfilling. In Banquo's case, in contrast to Macbeth’s, the witches seem only to predict the future. Do Homework Essay? For unlike Macbeth, Banquo does not act on scott, the witches' prediction that he will father kings—and yet the essaywitches' prophesy still comes true. The role of the weird sisters in the story, therefore, is difficult to essays written fitzgerald, define or determine. Are they agents of do homework essayfate or a motivating force? And why do they suddenly disappear from the play in the third act?
The ambiguity of the essaysWeird Sisters reflects a greater theme of doubling, mirrors, and schism between inner and outer worlds that permeates the work as a whole. Throughout the play, characters, scenes, and ideas are doubled. As Duncan muses about the treachery of the Thane of Cawdor at the beginning of the play, for example, Macbeth enters the scene:

KING DUNCAN: There's no art.
To find the mind's construction in the face.
He was a gentleman on whom I built.
An absolute trust.
Enter MACBETH, BANQUP, ROSS, and ANGUS.
To MACBETH: O worthiest cousin,
The sin of my ingratitude even now.

Was heavy on me! (I iv 11-16)
The dramatic irony of Duncan’s trust is realized only later in the play. Similarly, the essaycaptain in Scene 2 makes a battle report that becomes in effect a prophecy:
For brave Macbeth—well he deserves that name!—
Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel.
Which smoked with bloody execution,
Like valour’s minion.
Carved out his passage till he faced the slave,
Which ne’er shook hands nor bade farewell to him.
Till he unseamed him from the nave to th’chops,
And fixed his head upon our battlements. (I i16-23)

The passage can be interpreted as follows: Macbeth “disdains fortune” by apa citation for master's, disregarding the natural course of action and becomes king through a “bloody execution” of Duncan; Macduff, who was born from a Caesarian section (his mother being “unseamed. Do Homework Essay? . . from the nave to th’chops”) and who “ne’er shook hands nor bade farewell” decapitates Macbeth and hangs his head up in public.
As in all Shakespearean plays, mirroring among characters serves to heighten their differences. Thus Macbeth, the young, valiant, cruel traitor/king has a foil in Duncan, the old, venerable, peaceable, and trusting king. Lady Macbeth, who casts off her femininity and claims to feel no qualms about killing her own children, is doubled in Lady Macduff, who is a model of a good mother and wife. Banquo's failure to novel, act on the witches' prophesy is mirrored in Macbeth's drive to realize all that the witches foresee.

Similarly, much of the play is also concerned with the relation between contrasting inner and outer worlds. Beginning with the do homework essayequivocal prophecies of the Weird Sisters, appearances seldom align with reality. Lady Macbeth, for example, tells her husband to look like the innocent flower, / but be the serpent under’t (63-64). Macbeth appears to novel, be a loyal Thane, but secretly plans revenge. Lady Macbeth appears to be a gentle woman but vows to be unsexed and swears on committing bloody deeds.

Macbeth is also a play about the inner world of human psychology, as will be illustrated in essay, later acts through nightmares and guilt-ridden hallucinations. Apa Citation Thesis? Such contrast between being and seeming serves as another illustration of equivocation.
The Macbeths and The Corruption of Nature.
One of the most ambiguous aspects of the play is the character of Macbeth himself. Unlike other Shakespearean villains like Iago or Richard III, Macbeth is not entirely committed to his evil actions. When he swears to commit suicide, he must overcome an enormous resistance from his conscience. At the same time, he sees as his own biggest flaw not a lack of do homework essaymoral values but rather a lack of motivation to carry out his diabolical schemes. In this he resembles Hamlet, who soliloquizes numerous times about his inaction. But unlike Hamlet, Macbeth does not have a good reason to kill, nor is the of education essayman he kills evil—far from it.

And finally, while Macbeth becomes increasingly devoted to murderous actions, his soliloquies are so full of eloquent speech and pathos that it is not difficult to sympathize with him. Thus at the heart of the play lies a tangle of uncertainty.
If Macbeth is indecisive, Lady Macbeth is do homework, just the opposite—a character with such a single vision and drive for advancement that she brings about scott fitzgerald, her own demise. And yet her very ruthlessness brings about another form of do homework essayambiguity, for in swearing to help Macbeth realize the Weird Sisters' prophecy, she must cast off her femininity. Role Of Education? In a speech at the beginning of Scene 5, she calls on the spirits of the air to take away her womanhood:
Come you spirits.
That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,
And fill me from the do homework essaycrown to mockingbird, the toe top-full.
Of direst cruelty. Make thick my blood,

Stop up th'access and passage to remorse,
That no compunctious visitings of nature.
Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between.
Th'effect and it. (I v 38-45)
Lady Macbeth sees remorse as one of the names for feminine compassion—of which she must rid herself. Thus she must be unsexed. Do Homework? This does not mean, however, that in rejecting her femininity she becomes manly.

Instead, she becomes a woman devoid of the for masterssexual characteristics and do homework essay, sentimentality that make her a woman. Top Mfa Creative? She becomes entirely unnatural and inhuman. Do Homework Essay? Like the supernatural Weird Sisters with their beards, Lady Macbeth becomes something that does not fit into the natural world.
The corruption of nature is novel essay, a theme that surfaces and essay, resurfaces in the same act. When Duncan greets Macbeth, for example, he states that he has “begun to statement for masters in engineering, plant thee and will labor / to do homework, make thee full of growing (I iv 28-29). Following the metaphor of the future as lying in the “seeds of time,” Macbeth is role, compared to essay, a plant that Duncan will look after (I iii 56).

By murdering Duncan, then, Macbeth perverts nature by severing himself effectively from the very root that feeds him. For this reason, perhaps, the thought of murdering Duncan causes Macbeth's heart to knock at [his] ribs / Against the personal statement for masters in engineeringuse of nature (I iii 135-36). Just as the Weird Sisters pervert the normal course of nature by telling their prophecy, Macbeth upsets the course of nature by his regicide.
Reflecting the disruption of do homeworknature, the dialogue between Macbeth and Lady in the scene following the murder becomes heavy, graceless, and almost syncopated. Lady Macbeth, for example, says:
What thou wouldst highly,
That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false.
And yet wouldst wrongly win.

Thou'd'st have, great Glamis,
That which cries Thus thou must do, if thou have it,
And that which rather thou dost fear to do,
Than wishest should be undone. Essays Scott Fitzgerald? (I v 28-23).
The repetition of the phrase thou wouldst, in all its permutations, confounds the flow of speech. The speech is clotted with accents, tangling meter and scansion, and the alliteration is almost tongue-twisting, slowing the rhythm of the words. Just as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have corrupted nature, the do homework essaylanguage Shakespeare uses in these scenes disrupts the flow of his usually smoothly iambic meter.

Yet another part of the theme of corruption of style for master's thesisnature lies in the compression of time that occurs throughout the act. When Lady Macbeth reads Macbeth’s letter, she states: Th[ese] letters have transported me beyond / This ignorant present, and I feel now / The future in the instant (I v 54-56). By telling the do homework essayfuture to Macbeth and Banquo, the Weird Sisters upset the natural course of time and style thesis, bring the future to the present. Thus when Macbeth vacillates over whether or not to kill Duncan, he wants to leap into the future: If it were done when ‘tis done, then ‘twere well / It were done quickly (I vii 1-2). Do Homework Essay? He wants the murder to be over quickly—indeed so quickly that it is over before the audience even registers it. Just as equivocation twists the meaning of words, Macbeth's murderous desires twist the statement for masters in engineeringmeaning of time.
Thus beginning with the Weird Sisters, equivocation in all its permutations is threaded throughout the fabric of the first act. Over the course of the play, the breach between the worlds of reality and illusion that is the core of equivocation grows ever wider.
How To Cite http://www.gradesaver.com/macbeth/study-guide/summary-act-1 in do homework essay, MLA Format.
Study Guide Navigation About Macbeth Macbeth Summary Character List Glossary Themes Summary And Analysis Act 1 Act 2 Act 3 Act 4 Act 5 Other On Shakespearean Theater Shakespearean Adaptations Related Links Essay Questions Quizzes - Test Yourself! Quiz 1 Quiz 2 Quiz 3 Quiz 4 Citations Related Content Study Guide Essays Q A Lesson Plan E-Text Mini-Store William Shakespeare Biography.

The Question and Answer section for Macbeth is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.
Banquo raises the topic of the apa citation for master'sprophecy as Macbeth enters the scene, Macbeth pretends that he has given little thought to the witches' prophesy.
Macuff is fighting for the honor of do homework essayhis family, revenge against the man responsible for their deaths (Macbeth). Role Of Education? Macbeth is fighting for money and position.
That way the noise is. Tyrant, show thy face! If thou beest slain, and with no stroke of.

Macbeth study guide contains a biography of do homework essayWilliam Shakespeare, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.
Macbeth essays are academic essays for mockingbird, citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Macbeth by William Shakespeare.
Macbeth e-text contains the do homework essayfull text of Macbeth by William Shakespeare.

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We may require you to do homework essay, supply us with personal identifying information, and we may also legally consult other sources to obtain information about you. Writing? By accepting these Terms and Conditions, you authorize us to make any inquiries we consider necessary to validate the information that you provide us with. We may do this directly or by verifying your information against third party databases; or through other sources.
Essentially, verification procedure involves, inter alia, confirming that the order is authentic and that the do homework essaycardholder is aware of charges by placing a phone call to them, and in certain cases by requesting some additional documents to be submitted for top mfa programsverification to our Risk Department. In order to do homework essay, ensure timely delivery of your order, this procedure must be completed quickly and without delay. For Masters In Engineering Management? Therefore, it is vital to provide accurate and valid phone numbers.

Failure to do homework essay, verify an personal in engineering managementorder may result in do homework essay, order cancellation or the order being placed on hold.
You consent to mockingbird, our processing your personal information for essaythe purposes of providing the Services, including for novel essayverification purposes as set out herein. You also consent to do homework, the use of such data for communicating with you, for statutory and accounting purposes. You acknowledge that you have read and consented to essay-company.com's Privacy Policy.
LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY.
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for failure to essay, learn the essaymaterial covered by to kill mockingbird novel essay, the Paper; and.
for your final grade; and.
for the outcome or consequences of submission the essayPaper to any academic institution; and.
excludes all liability for damages arising out of or in connection with your use of this Website. The latter includes, without limitation, damage caused to of education empowerment, your computer, computer software, systems and programs and do homework essaythe data thereon, or any other direct or indirect, consequential and incidental damages.
The Paper provided to you by essay-company.com remains our property and is the subject to copyright and other intellectual property rights under local and essays scottinternational laws conventions.

The Paper is intended for your personal use only and it may not be used, copied, reproduced, distributed, transmitted, broadcast, displayed, sold, licensed, or otherwise exploited for any other purposes without our prior written consent.
You agree not to engage in essay, the use, copying, or distribution of top mfa creative, Papers other than expressly permitted herein.
We post Clients` testimonials on our Website which may contain personal information (first name or initials). Hereby by accessing or using this Website, you provide us with your consent to post your first name/initials along with your testimonial on our Website. We ensure our posting these testimonials does not interfere with your confidentiality. Do Homework Essay? If you wish to top mfa writing, request the do homework essayremoval of your testimonial, you may contact us at [emailprotected]
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essay-company.com reserves the right to change these Terms and Conditions at any time and style for master's thesisyour continued use of the essayWebsite will signify your acceptance of any adjustment, improvements and/or alterations to to kill novel, these Terms and Conditions. You are, therefore, advised to re-read these Terms and Conditions on a regular basis.
This web site is owned and operated by Viatta Business Ltd.
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This Privacy Policy (“Policy”) describes how information about You is collected, used and disclosed and provides other important privacy information, describes when and how we may change this Policy, and top mfa creativetells You how to contact us with any questions or comments.
We collect information about do homework essay, You and computer(s) You use when You use our Services or otherwise interact with us.
“Personal Information” means information that we directly associate with a specific person or entity (for example: name; addresses; telephone numbers; email address; payment information; device location etc.).
“Client”, “User”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this Website and accepting these Privacy Policy. Any use of the above terminology or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable and therefore as referring to same.
HOW INFORMATION ABOUT YOU IS COLLECTED.

We collect information about You in three primary ways:
Information You Provide.
We collect information that You provide to us when You apply for personal for masters in engineering managementand use and/or purchase our Services or otherwise communicate with us.
For example, some of the ways You may provide information to us include:
When You purchase our Services, the payment system will require your personal, contact, billing and credit information.

When You establish or modify Your user account online, We may collect user identification information, passwords, and/or security question responses that You will use for essayfuture sign-on.
When You interact with our Customer Service representatives, enter information on our Website, submit survey responses, or pay for style for master's thesisServices, we may also collect Personal Information and other information. We may monitor and do homeworkrecord phone calls, e-mails, live chats, or other communications between You and our Customer Service representatives or other employees or representatives.
Information We Collect Automatically.
We automatically collect a variety of information associated with Your use of our Services. Each time You visit the Website, Personal Information is fitzgeraldautomatically gathered. In general, this information does not identify You personally. Examples of automatically collected personal information include, but are not limited to: IP address, Collection Date, Publisher Name, Connection Speed, Day of Week Time of Day (hour), Language settings, Country, City (relating to IP address, if available).
For example, some of the essayways we may automatically collect information include:

Cookies and similar technologies.
A “cookie” is a small text file that a web site can place on Your computer's hard drive in order, for example, to collect information about Your activities on gates resumethe Website. The cookie transmits this information back to the Website's computer, which, generally speaking, is the only computer that can read it. We need to use cookies on the Website to do homework, enhance the user experience and avoid multiple logins or password authentication requests.
We may use, or we may engage third-parties to use on our behalf, cookies or similar web tags (small data text files placed on essays written by f. scott fitzgeraldyour computer or device) or similar technologies to do homework, identify Your computer or device and top mfa programsrecord Your preferences and other data so that our Website can personalize Your visit(s), see which areas and features of our Website are popular, and do homeworkimprove our Website and Your experience.
Depending upon Your computer, You may be able to set Your browser(s) to reject cookies or delete cookies, but that may result in the loss of some functionality on the Website.
We may also use web beacons (small graphic images on style for master's thesisa web page or an essayHTML e-mail) to monitor interaction with our websites or e-mails. Web beacons are generally invisible because they are very small (only 1-by-1 pixel) and the same color as the background of the web page or e-mail message.

Web Browsing Activity.
When accessing our Website, We automatically collect certain information about role in women essay, Your computer and do homework essayYour visit, such as your IP address, browser type, date and time, the web page You visited before visiting our Website, Your activities and purchases on personal statement for masters in engineeringour Website, and other analytical information associated with the Website.
Information From Other Sources.
We may also obtain information about You from other sources. For example, We may receive credit information from third-party sources before initiating Your service. We may also purchase or obtain Personal Information (for example, e-mail lists, postal mail lists, demographic and marketing data) from essayothers.
HOW WE USE INFORMATION WE COLLECT ABOUT YOU.
We use the top mfa creative programsinformation We collect for a variety of business purposes, such as:

To provide and bill for Services You purchase;
To deliver and do homeworkconfirm Services You obtain from us;
To verify Your identity and apa citation stylemaintain a record of Your transactions and interactions with us;
To provide customer services to You;
To create, modify, improve, enhance, remove or fix our Services and their performance;
To identify and suggest products or services that might interest You;
To make internal business decisions about current and future Service offerings;
To provide You customized user experiences, including personalized Services offerings;
To protect our rights, interests, safety and property and that of do homework, our customers, service providers and personal managementother third parties; and.
To comply with law or as required for legal purposes.

We may use Personal Information for investigations or prevention of fraud or network abuse.
We may use information we collect to do homework essay, contact You about by f. scott fitzgerald, our and/or third-party products, services, and essayoffers that We believe You may find of interest. We may contact You by top mfa programs, telephone, postal mail, e-mail, or other methods.
You may see advertisements when You visit our Website. We may help advertisers better reach our customers by providing certain customer information, including geographic information, language preferences or demographic information obtained from other companies. This information is used by advertisers to do homework, determine which ads may be more relevant to You. However, we do not share Personal Information outside of our corporate family for advertising purposes without Your consent.
WHEN WE SHARE INFORMATION COLLECTED ABOUT YOU.

We do not sell, license, rent, or otherwise provide Your Personal Information to unaffiliated third-parties (parties outside our corporate family) without Your consent. We may, however, disclose Your information to unaffiliated third-parties as follows:
With Your Consent.
We may disclose Personal Information about You to third-parties with Your consent. We may obtain Your consent in writing; online, through “click-through” agreements; when You accept the terms of disclosures for certain Services; orally, when You interact with our customer service representatives.
We encourage You not to share Your password. If You provide Your user account password and/or security question responses to third parties they will have access to Your Personal Information when they access Your user account with Your account password.
To Our Service Providers.

We may disclose information to third-party vendors and partners who complete transactions or perform services on our behalf (for example, credit/debit card processing, billing, customer service, auditing, and marketing).
In a Business Transfer.
We may sell, disclose, or transfer information about You as part of to kill mockingbird novel essay, a corporate business transaction, such as a merger or acquisition, joint venture, corporate reorganization, financing, or sale of company assets, or in the unlikely event of insolvency, bankruptcy, or receivership, in essay, which such information could be transferred to third-parties as a business asset in the transaction.
For Legal Process Protection.
We may disclose Personal Information, and other information about You, or Your communications, where we have a good faith belief that access, use, preservation or disclosure of to kill novel essay, such information is reasonably necessary:
to satisfy any applicable law, regulation, legal process or enforceable governmental request;
to enforce or apply agreements, or initiate, render, bill, and do homework essaycollect for in engineeringservices and products (including to collection agencies in order to obtain payment for do homeworkour products and services);
to protect our rights or interests, or property or safety or that of mockingbird novel essay, others;
in connection with claims, disputes, or litigation – in do homework essay, court or elsewhere;
to facilitate or verify the appropriate calculation of taxes, fees, or other obligations; or.
in an emergency situation.
We may provide information that does not identify You personally to third-parties for marketing, advertising or other purposes.
HOW WE STORE AND PROTECT THE INFORMATION COLLECTED ABOUT YOU.
Protecting Your Information.
We use a variety of physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards to protect Personal Information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure while it is under our control.
Unfortunately, no data transmission over the internet can be guaranteed to be completely secure.

As a result, although we will utilize such measures, we do not guarantee You against the loss, misuse, or alteration of Personal Information under our control, and essays written by f. fitzgeraldYou provide Personal Information to do homework essay, us at style for master'sYour own risk. You should always take care with how You handle and disclose your Personal Information and should avoid sending Personal Information through insecure e-mail, social networks or other internet channels.
Retention and Disposal.
We retain information only for as long as we have a business or tax need or as applicable laws, regulations and/or government orders allow. When we dispose of Personal Information, we use reasonable procedures designed to essay, erase or render it unreadable (for example, shredding documents and wiping electronic media).
PRIVACY POLICY UPDATES.
How We Communicate Changes to This Policy.
We may update this Policy at any time to provide updates to or clarification of our practices.

If we make changes we may provide You with additional notice (such as adding a statement to personal statement for masters management, the homepage of our Website or sending You a notification). Essay? You should refer to this Policy often for creativethe latest information and the effective date of any changes.
This web site is essayowned and operated by Viatta Business Ltd .
A Partner is an mockingbird novel essayindividual who refers customers. A Referral is an individual who requests a service via the referral link given by a Partner.
With the essayfirst order, a Referral acquires a 15% discount on apa citation style thesisthe order, while a Partner receives $50 to the Referral Balance.
With further purchases, a Partner earns 5% of the Referral’s total order price.
All money earned with the Referral Program is do homeworkstored on your Referral Balance.
A Partner can transfer the money to the Bonus Balance and use it to purchase a service.

It is possible to transfer the sum to to kill novel, the Partner’s PayPal account (no less than $20).