Gardner and Gardner Procedures

Opportunist- 1 female chimpanzee, caught in Africa, taken to US Air Force and then adopted at around 8-14 months old- taken to Washoe County.

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What environment was Washoe placed in?

Human environment similar to a deaf child.

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What kind of language did they try and teach Washoe?

ASL- built on her natural hand gestures.

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What happened whilst Washoe was awake?

Always a human with her, all humans around her used ASL, no one spoke around Washoe- allowed a close relationship to be built between the humans and Washoe.

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How did they encourage Washoe to interact with the humans?

Through play and fun

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How did they record the number of signs Washoe had learnt?

Recorded at different ages- Signs had to produced by Washoe spontaneously for 15 consecutive days and confirmed by 3 observers.

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Name four methods used to teach Washoe ASL

Imitation- getting Washoe to copy i.e "dog", Babbling- if she signed something vague, they'd sign back correctly, Operant Conditioning- tickling as a reward, Direct tuition- moving her hands manually to form a sign

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How did the Gardners adress some ethical issues?

Made sure Washoe was cared for and encouraged the way a small child would be.