The Coptic Church or the Church of Alexandria is called "See
of St. Mark;"
one of the earliest four sees: Jerusalem,
Antioch, Alexandria and Rome.

HOW WAS CHRISTIANITY INTRODUCED INTO
EGYPT?

St. Mark is considered the founder of the Coptic Church.
However, evidence indicates that Christianity was introduced
into Egypt before St. Mark, though undoubtedly, it must have been on a very
small scale. The following are some
interesting points on this subject:

1) The Book of Acts refers to the Jews of Egypt who
were present at the Pentecost (Acts 2:10). Upon their return
home, they must have conveyed what they saw and heard
about Christ to their relatives.

2) The same book mentions an "Alexandrian Jew named
Apollos" who arrived at Ephesus... He was described as an
eloquent man with sound knowledge of the Holy Scriptures.
He preached with great spiritual earnestness and was able to
demonstrate from the Scriptures that Jesus was the expected
Christ (Acts 18:24-28). It is quite possible that Apollos was
a member of a small Christian group of Jewish origin who
lived in Alexandria.

3) St. Luke addresses his Gospel to "His excellency
Theopilus," a Christian believer from Alexandria1.

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4) The Coptic book of Sinxarum (the day of 15 Bashance) records the
preaching of Simon the Zealous in areas of south
Egypt and Nubia2.

ST. MARK THE FOUNDER

The Copts are proud of the apostolicity of their church,
whose founder is St. Mark; one of the seventy Apostles
(Mark
10:10), and one of the four Evangelists. He is
regarded by the Coptic hierarchy as the first of their
unbroken 117 patriarchs, and also the first of a stream of
Egyptian martyrs3.

This apostolicity was not only furnished on grounds of its
foundation but rather by the persistence of the church in observing the same
faith received by the Apostle and his
successors, the Holy Fathers.

ST. MARK'S BIBLIOGRAPHY

St. Mark was an African native of Jewish parents who be-
longed to the Levites' tribe4. His family lived in Cyrenaica
until they were attacked by some barbarians, and lost their
property. Consequently, they moved to Jerusalem with their
child John Mark (Acts 12:12, 25; 15:37). Apparently, he was
given a good education and became conversant in both
Greek and Latin in addition to Hebrew. His family was
highly religious and in close relationship with the Lord Jesus.
His cousin was St. Barnabas and his father's cousin was St.
Peter. His mother, Mary, played an important part in the
early days of the church in Jerusalem5. Her upper-room
became the first Christian church in the world where the Lord himself instituted the Holy
Eucharist (Mark 14:12-26). There also, the Lord appeared to the disciples after His resurrection and His Holy Spirit came
upon them.

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Young Mark was always associated with the Lord, who
chose him as one of the seventy6. He is mentioned in the
Scriptures in a number of events related with the Lord: He
was present at the wedding of Cana of Galilee, and was the
man who had been carrying the jar when the two disciples
went to prepare a place for the celebration of the Pasch
(Mark 14:13, 14; Luke 22:11). [He was also the same man
who fled naked before the Crucifixion (Mark 14:51, 52)7].
Accordingly, the church insists on calling St. Mark
"Theorimos," i.e. the beholder of the Lord, in order to prevent counterfeits of some historians.

ST. MARK AND THE LION

The lion is the symbol of St. Mark for two reasons:

1) He begins his Gospel by describing John the Baptist as a lion roaring in
the desert (Mark 1:3).

2) His famous story with the lion, as related to us by
Severus Ebn-El-Mokafa: Once a lion and lioness appeared to
John Mark and his father Arostalis while they were traveling
in Jordan. The father was very frightened and begged his son
to escape, while he awaited his fate. John Mark assured his father that Jesus Christ would save
them, and began to pray. The two beasts fell dead and as a result of this miracle, the father believed in Christ, and died
shortly thereafter.

PREACHING WITH THE APOSTLES

At first, St. Mark accompanied St. Peter on his missionary
journeys inside Jerusalem and Judea. Then he accompanied
St. Paul and St. Barnabas on their first missionary journey to
Antioch, Cyprus and Asia Minor, but for some reason or
another he left them and returned home (Acts 13:13). On
their second trip, St. Paul refused to take him along because
he left them on the previous mission; for this reasons St.

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Barnabas was separated from St. Paul and went to Cyprus
with his cousin Mark (Acts 15:36-41). There, he departed in
the Lord and St. Mark buried him. Afterwards, St. Paul
needed St. Mark with him and they both preached in Colosy
(4:11), Rome (Phil. 24; 2 Tim. 4:11) and perhaps at Venice.

IN AFRICA

St. Mark's real labor lays in Africa. He left Rome to
Pentapolis8, where he was born. After planting the seeds of
faith and performing many miracles he traveled to Egypt,
through the Oasis, the desert of Libya, Upper Egypt, and
then entered Alexandria from its eastern gate on 61 A.D.

On his arrival, the strap of his sandal was out loose. He
went to a cobbler to mend it. When the cobbler - Ananias -
took an awl to work on it, he accidentally pierced his hand
and cried aloud: "O One God." At this utterance, St. Mark
rejoiced and after miraculously healing the man's wound,
took courage and began to preach to the hungry ears of his
first convert9. The spark was ignited and Ananias took the
Apostle home, with him. He and his family were baptized,
and many others followed.

The spread of Christianity must have been quite
remarkable because pagans were furious and sought St.
Mark everywhere. Smelling the danger, the Apostle ordained
a bishop (Ananias), three priests and seven deacons to look
after the congregation if anything befell him. He left
Alexandria to Berce, then to Rome, where he met St. Peter and St. Paul and remained there until
their martyrdom in 64

A.D.

Upon returning to Alexandria (65 A.D), St. Mark found
his people firm in faith and thus decided to visit Pentapolis.

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There, he spent two years preaching and performing
miracles, ordaining bishops and priests, and winning more
converts.

Finally he returned to Alexandria and was overjoyed to
find that Christians had multiplied so much that they were
able to build a considerable church in the suburban district of
Baucalis.

HIS MARTYRDOM

In the year 68 A.D, Easter fell on the same day as the
Serapis feast. The furious heathen mob had gathered in the
Serapis temple at Alexandria and then descended on the
Christians who were celebrating Easter (Christian Pasch) at
Baucalis. St. Mark was seized, dragged with a rope through
the main streets of the city. Crowds were shouting "The ox
must be led to Baucalis," a precipitous place full of rocks
where they fed the oxen that were used in the sacrifices to idols. At nightfall the saint was
thrown into prison, where he was cheered by the vision of an angel, strengthening him
saying: "Now your hour has come O Mark, the good
minister, to receive your recompense. Be encouraged, for your name has been written in the book
of life.." When the angel disappeared, St. Mark thanked God for sending His angel to him... Suddenly, the Savior
Himself appeared and said to him: "Peace be to you, Mark, my disciple and
evangelist!" St. Mark started to shout "O My Lord Jesus" but the vision disappeared!

On the following morning probably during the triumphal
procession of Serapis he was again dragged around the city
till death. His bloody flesh was torn, and it was their
intention to cremate his remains, but the wind blew and the
rain fell in torrents and the populace dispersed. Christians

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stole his body and secretly buried him in a grave which they
had engraved in a rock under the altar of the church.

HIS RELICS

During the schism which burst between the Copts and the
Melkites10, the first kept the head while the body remained
with the latter. On 644 A.D, a soldier sneaked into the

church where the head was buried. He took it away to his
ship under the impression that it was a treasure. Later, when
Amro-Ebn-El-Aas (leader of the Arab troops) ordered the ships to sail off
Alexandria, that particular ship could not move. Eventually the soldier had
to confess and Amro
handed it back to Pope Benjamin11.

The saint's body did not remain in Egypt, for it was stolen
and taken to Venice by some Italian merchants. They built a
huge cathedral in St. Mark's name, believing that St. Mark
was their patron Saint. In 1968, part of his relics which is
now kept in the new Cathedral in Cairo, was offered to the
Egyptian Pope Cyril (Kyrillos VI) from pope Paul VI.

HIS APOSTOLIC ACTS

St. Mark was a broad-minded Apostle. His ministry was quite productive and covered large
fields of activities. These included:

* Preaching in Egypt, Pentapolis, Judea, Asia Minor, and
Italy, during which time he ordained bishops, priests and
deacons.

* Establishing the "School of Alexandria" which defended
Christianity against the philosophical school of Alexandria
and conceived a large number of great
Fathers.

* Writing the Liturgy of the Holy Eucharist which was

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modified later by St. Cyril to the liturgy known today as the
Liturgy of St. Cyril.