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Dec. 10, 1946.
G. D. ANDERSEN -ET AL
2,412,194
PERSPECTIVE DRAWING DEVICE
Filed Sept. 22, 1943
2 Sheets-Sheet l
Jamar L. Harven
George D. Andenren
Charter" L. fpencer‘
INVENTORS
Wm M
nrramvzr
Dec. 10, 1946-
G. D. ANDERSEN ETAL
2,412,194
PERSPECTIVE DRAWING DEVICE
Filed Sept. 22, 1943
36
2 Sheets-Sheet 2
Jamew L. Han/en
George D. Anders/"en
Che/"fer LJbencer‘
INVENTORS
64in.)
‘Trap/YE)’
2,412,194
Patented Dec. 10, 1946
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE‘.
2,412,194
7
. rsasrac'rrvs'naawmc DEVICE
George D. Andersen, Los Angeles, Chester L.
Spencer, Santa Monica, and James L. Hansen,
Los Angelcs, Calif.; said Spencer and said Han
sen assignors to said Andersen
Application September 22, 1943, Serial No. 503,582
8 Claims. (CI. 33—77)
2
1
This invention relates to a perspective drawing
device.
The invention has as one object the provision
oi a simplified device for making perspective
drawings, which device may be operated by rela
tively inexperienced draitmen using simple pro
.
I and three of which are rectilinear faces ll, 32'
and 33, the arcuate and rectilinear faces alter
nating around the board. The arcuate faces II,
II and ii are concave, and center at points 34.
I5 and 38 oil the board which are the three
vanishing points of the perspective drawings
cedural rules.
Another object of the invention is to provide
a perspective drawing device by which three
which the board is used to make. These points
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a perspective
drawing device of this invention.
Figure 2 is a top plan view of the drawing board
of the device.
Figure 3 is a bottom plan view of the drawing
represent some linear unit, as for example, a
are shown on Figure 2 as inwardly from their
actual positions for convenience of illustration.
Marked directly on the board or on a sheet
points (oblique) perspective drawings may be 10
of paper or other suitable material secured to
made at six angles of view by the simple expedi
the. board are three lines i4. i5 and II which
ent oi’ orientating the drawing board of the de
intersect at ll, a point generally central of the
vice at six angular positions with reference to
board. Each of these lines which may be termed
the draftsman and at six additional angles of
view by turning over the board and similarly 15 "measurement" lines, is perpendicular to the cor
responding one of the arcuate faces ii, I! and
orientating it.
i3, and would pass through the corresponding
Another object of the invention is the pro
vanishing point if extended. It is, therefore, a
vision of a perspective drawing device by which
radial line of its associated arcuate face and since
a perspective drawing may be made ‘without the
use of a multi-lined perspective chart. The 20 these radial lines are the most significant radial
lines of the arcuate faces, they may also be termed
measurements oi the object to be drawn and
"primary" radial lines.
'
_
its distance from and orientation relative to the
Each radial line is provided with markings 31
intersection point of three perpendicularly related
which are spaced along the lines at progressively
perspective planes are the only data necessary,
eliminating the need of projecting points from 25 greater intervals, the shorter intervals being ad~
Jacent the arcuate face to which the line is per~
orthographic views of the object to the perspec
pendicular. The scale of these spacings is in
tive drawing sheet.
accordance with the principles of perspective,
Another object of the invention is the provision
these principles being well known and used in
of a device by which the linear measurements
the making of perspective drawings and in the
and orthographic views of an object may be
manufacture of perspective drawing indicator
made from a perspective view thereof.
sheets and other aids to making perspective draw
In the drawings which are for illustrative pur
‘ings. The linear intervals between the markings
poses only,
board of the device.
‘
foot, an inch, a centimeter or a fraction of one
of these units; and the markings are .provided
with appropriate designating ordinals. Prefer
ably these ordinals begin at 0 at point i‘! and in
crease numcrically in each direction along each
The expression "three point." "oblique” and 40 or the three lines i4, i5 and IS.
The three measurement lines are the intersec
“triconiugate" are used synonymously herein to
tions of the three imaginary perspective planes
describe a type of perspective drawing in which
of the board which are reference planes with re
spect to which the object is located and measure
perpendicular to the visual horizon of the two 45 ments of the drawing of the object are deter
mined. These three perspective planes intersect
eyes of the observer, and the other two for two
at point H which is the center of the visual
groups of perpendicularly related lines of an ob
cone through which the picture plane passes per
ject respectively, which are parallel to that hori
pendicularly to the visual line irom the eye of the
zon, these latter groups of lines being both usually
disposed at complementary acute angles to the 60
The drawing is preferably made within a circle‘
picture plane for a more effective presentation
ll centered on point II. This circle outlines the
of the object. The object must- be entirely be
visual cone beyond which at the angle of view of
low or above the horizon line, for otherwise, two
the board the drawn representation of an ob
vanishing points will be required for the verti
cal lines resulting in a distorted picture.
65 Ject presents objectionable distortion; according
there are thr .-e vanishing points, of which, pref
erably, one is for a group of lines of an object
observer.
A drawing board Ill. preferably or wood, is
shown in ‘Figures 2 and 3. The edge face of the
board is perpendicular to the plane or side of
the board and comprises six sections, three of
'
>
ly the markings 31 preferably do not extend be
yond this circle.
'
With the board is used a T square II, the head
of which is provided with guide lugs or rollers It
which are circularly arcuate faces il, i2, and I3, 00 and a working straight edge II which is normal
2,412,194
to and bisects the line connecting the inwardly
facing, board-contacting surfaces of the guide
lugs 10. The guide lugs 20 are for contact with
the arcuate faces ii, i2 and ii, the straight edge
1i being thus always held coincident with some
radial line of the arcuate face contacted by the
guide lugs 20.
4
curvatures of the arcuate faces and of the rela
tive position of the arcuate and alternating recti
linear faces, enough angles of view are made
available to satisfy all ordinary practical require
ments in making perspective drawings.
Two measurement lines 5i and 52 (Figure 2)
may be marked on the drawing board adjacent
the arcuate face ii. Similar measurement lines
To use the board to draw for example a per
53, M, II and it may also be marked on the draw
spective view of an object 22 (Figure 2) having
six rectangular faces at right angles to each other 10 ing board for the arcuate faces i2, and ii. The
scaled markings 31’ on lines Ii and 62 are located
seven inches long, four inches wide and two inches
by projecting along radii of arcuate face Ii the
thick, placed or assumed to be placed with its
markings on the radial measurement lines I! and
faces lying. two in right vertical planes, two in
i6 respectively. The markings 31' on lines 53,
left vertical planes and two in horizontal planes,
M. ‘I and 66 are similarly located.
these planes being parallel to the three perspective
If these lines 5| to It are provided. instead of
planes of the board. a piece of transparent trac
using a point on a radial measurement line, there
ing cloth or paper is fastened to the board and.
may be used the corresponding point on the cor
a corner of the object is located and represented
responding one of the measurement lines ii to 58
on the paper by a point (1 according to the as
sumed position of this corner with respect to point 20 which is adjacent the arcuate face against which
the head of the T square is placed. The entire
I‘! which is the center of the visual cone for the
central part may be thus concealed without inter
drawing. Assuming this corner of the object is
fering with the use of the board. Opaque draw
two inches back of the left vertical perspective
ing paper may therefore be substituted for the
plane of the board. five inches back of the right
vertical perspective plane and one inch above the 25 transparent paper which must be used in making
a perspective drawing with a board which is not
horizontal perspective plane, the point a on the
provided with these measurement lines ii to 56.
drawing is located as follows:
An obi ect can be designed in perspective on the
Place the T square guides against are H, draw
board and orthographic views made therefrom.
a line 21 through a point p on line it scaled one
The linear intervals between determining points
inch from H. Place the T squm on are n, draw
on the object can be scaled from the perspective
a line 24 through a point q on “he H scaled two
view on the drawing board by reversing the pro
inches from IT intersecting line 23 at 2:. Then
cedure above outlined for making a perspective
with the T square on are I: draw a line 25 through
drawing and the linear distances thus obtained
:1: and a line 28 through point 41: then with the T
square on are H, draw a line through a point r 35 can be used in making the orthographic views on
another drawing board with the drawing instru- ‘
scaled five inches from i‘! intersecting 28 at 11.
ments conventionally used for this purpose.
With the T square on are I! draw a line 28
The principles of this invention may be em
through 11 intersecting 25 at 0.
bodied in a perspective drawing board for mak
Now to draw the line representing the edge
ing two point perspective drawings. In such a
a--b of the object 22, place the T square on are
' board, that one of the faces H, II and it directly
H and draw a line 21 through a point scaled
in front of the draftsman will be a straight line
seven inches from r on line it, intersecting line
and the associated measurement line will be per
26 at a. With the T square on I! draw a line 18
pendicular thereto. The measurement points on
through 3 intersecting line 25 at b. Similarly all
_, this line will be spaced at equal linear intervals,
the edges of object 22 may be drawn.
each interval representing to scale a vertically
Each point of an object is represented on the
~disposed actual unit distance.
drawing by a point which is the intersection of
The arcuate faces may be convex. centering on
three lines, each of which is drawn with the T
vanishing points oi! the board, the radial lines
square placed on a first arcuate face through a
point which is the intersection of two lines drawn 50 of a face crossing the board between the arcuate
face and the vanishing point.
with the T square on the second and third arcuate
While the invention has been disclosed by de
faces through points on the third and second
scribing an embodiment thereof, the invention is
measurement lines respectively, these points on
not limited to this or any other single embodi
the measurement lines being spaced linear inter
vals from the visual cone center point on the 55 ment'. The invention resides‘in certain principles
of construction of a perspective drawing board
drawing, which are indicated distances equal to
which are set forth and defined in the following
the corresponding actual distances of the point
claims.
on the object from the three planes corresponding
We claim:
to the three perspective planes of the board. It
is, of course, only necessary to locate two of these on 1. In a perspective drawing device, the com—
bination of: a board having top and bottom sides
intersecting lines to determine the point.
and three straight-edge-guiding faces intersect
As shown in Figure 3. the under side of the
ing the plane of the sides of the board, each face
board may be provided with measurement lines,
being circularly arcuate on a center in the plane
4|, 4.‘! and 43 and other markings vertically reg
istering through the plane of the board with the (if) of the sides oi? the board and beyond the suriace
thereof, the faces being so posltlonally related
measurement lines and markings already de
that three primary radial lines of the faces pass
scribed as appearing on the upper side of the
ing through the central portions “hereof inter
board. Since the board can be placed on a draw
sect at a common point substantially centrally
ing table it (Figure 1) with any one of the arou
of the board; and rows of linear measurement
ate or rectilinear faces directly in front of the
point indicia ?xedly associated with one side of
draftsman, it is obvious that by shifting the board
the board, the rows being scaled and located so
rotatively to any one of these six positions with
that a radial line of any one face drawn through
either one of its working sides uppermost twelve
any one of the point indicia of a first one of two
angles of view are made available for perspective
drawings. By proper selection of the relative 76 rows correlated with said any one face is the locus
2,412,194
5
6
of all the points spaced from the primary line of
tance indicated by said any one of said point
said any one face along the radial lines of a ?rst
one of the other two waces at linear intervals rep—
resenting in accordance with the principles of
indicia of said second correlated row.
4. In a perspective drawing device, the combi
nation of: a board having top and bottom sides
perspective a distance which is indicated by said
any one of the point indicia of said first one of
marked with a depth line, a width line and a
height line, all of said lines intersecting at :1 com
said two correlated rows, and a radial line of said
any one face drawn through any one of said
mon point substantially central of the planes of
the sides‘ of the board, said board having edge
faces intersecting the plane sides of the board
and said faces being arcs of different radii, and
each said line being a radial line passing through
the central portion of each of said arcs and hav
point ir-iicia of the second of said two correlated
rows is a similar locus with respect to the second
one of the other two faces.
2. In a perspective drawing device, the com
bination of: a board having top and bottom sides
and three straight-edge-guiding faces intersect
ing the plane of the sides of the board, each face
being circularly arcuate on a center inthe plane
ing a ?xed relationship with one another, and
correlated linear measurement indicia along each
of said lines sealed in accordance with the prin
ciples of perspective.
5. In a perspective drawing device, the com
of the sides of the board and beyond the surface
bination of: a board having top and bottom sides
thereof, the faces being so positionally related
and three guiding faces intersecting the plane
that three primary radial lines of the faces pass
ing through the central portions thereof intersect 20 of the sides of the board, at least ‘two of said
at a common point substantially central of the
faces being circularly arcuate on a center in the
board; and rows of linear measurement point
indicia ?xedly associated with one side of the
board, the rows being scaled and located so that
plane of the sides of the board and beyond the
surface thereof, the faces being so related that
primary lines perpendicular to the faces and pass
a radial line of any one face, drawn through any 25 ing through the central portions thereof inter
sect at a common point substantially central of
one of said point indicia of a ?rst one of two rows
correlated with said any one face, intersects
the board, and rows of linear measurement in~
the primary line of a ?rst one of the other two
dicia on the planes of the sides of the board and
faces at a point spaced from the said common
adjacent ‘said arcuate faces, said rows being
point by a linear interval representing in accord
ance with the principles of perspective the dis
tance indicated by said any one of said point in
dicia of said ?rst correlated row, and a radial
sealed in accordance with the principles of per
spective.
6. In a drawing device of the character re
ferred to, a planar board having on a side thereof
a depth line, a width line and a height line, all of
said lines intersecting at a common point sub
stantially central of the board, said board having
faces intersecting the plane side of the board and
said faces being arcs, and each said line being a
line of said any one face, drawn through any one
of said point indicia of the second one of said
two correlated rows,'intersects the primary line
of the second one of the other two faces at a
point spaced from the said common point by a
radial line passing through the central portions
linear interval representing in accordance with ,
the principles of perspective the distance indi
40 of each of said arcs and having a ?xed relation
cated by said any one of said point indicia of said
second correlated row.
,
ship with one another, and correlated linear
measurement indicia along each said line sealed
in accordance with the principles of perspective.
7. In a perspective drawing device, a board
3. In a perspective drawing device, the com
bination of: a board having top and bottom sides
and three straight-edge-guiding faces intersect 45 having on a side thereof a depth line, a width line
ing the plane of the sides of the board, at least two
and a height line, all said lines intersecting at a
of said faces being circularly arcuate on a center
common point substantially central of the board,
in the plane of the board and beyond the surface
said board having faces intersecting the plane
thereof, the faces being so positionally related
of a side of the board and said faces being arcs
that three primary lines perpendicular to the 60 of different radii having a ?xed relationship with
faces and passing through the central portions
one another, each said line being a radial line
thereof intersect at a common point substantially
passing through the central portion of each of
central of the board; rows of linear measurement
said arcs, and correlated measurement indicia
point indicia ?xedly associated with one side of
along each of said lines at progressively greater
the board, the rows being scaled and located so 55 intervals, the shorter intervals of space between
that a line perpendicular to any one face, drawn
said indicia being adjacent said arcs.
through any one of said point indicia of a ?rst
8. In a perspective drawing device, the com
one of two rows correlated with said any one face,
intersects the primary line of a ?rst one of the
bination of: a planar board having on a side
thereof a height line, a depth line and a width
other two faces at a point spaced from the said
common point by a linear interval representing
line, and guiding faces intersecting the plane side
of the board having diil’erent radii and having
a ?xed relationship with one another, said faces
being so related that said lines pass through the
the distance indicated by said any one of said
central portions of said guiding faces and inter
point indicia of said ?rst correlated row, and a
05 sect at a common point substantially central of
line perpendicular to said any one face, drawn
the said side of the board, and rows of corre
through any one of said point indicia of the
lated measurement indicia along each of said
second one of said two correlated rows, intersects
lines sealed in accordance with the principles of
in accordance with the principles of perspective
the primary line of the second,’ one of the other
two faces at a point spaced from the said common 70
point by a linear interval representing in accord
ance with the principles of perspective the dis
perspective.
,
GEORGE D. ANDERSEN.
CHESTER L. SPENCER. '
JAMES L. HANBEN.