Neurofeedback (NF) has been introduced four decades ago as an alternative treatment for different disorders, one of these being Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). As compared to a control group (non ADHD children), children diagnosed with ADHD show an increased frequency of Theta waves and a decreased frequency of Beta waves in their EEGs. A treatment consisting of NF-training attempts to correct these anomalies. There are numerous single case studies in this area but only a few controlled studies. Furthermore, there are no studies comparing the effect of NF in the treatment of ADHD with a placebo group. This study sets out to evaluate the effects of 30 (Theta/Beta) NF training sessions on ADHD symptoms and compare those with the effects of the placebo EMG-biofeedback (BF) training group. The subjects, consisting of 35 children both male (n = 26) and female (n = 9) between the ages of 6 and 14 diagnosed with ADHD by independent psychotherapists, were randomly assigned to either the treatment group (NF; n = 18) or the plNeurofeedback (NF) has been introduced four decades ago as an alternative treatment for different disorders, one of these being Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). As compared to a control group (non ADHD children), children diagnosed with ADHD show an increased frequency of Theta waves and a decreased frequency of Beta waves in their EEGs. A treatment consisting of NF-training attempts to correct these anomalies. There are numerous single case studies in this area but only a few controlled studies. Furthermore, there are no studies comparing the effect of NF in the treatment of ADHD with a placebo group. This study sets out to evaluate the effects of 30 (Theta/Beta) NF training sessions on ADHD symptoms and compare those with the effects of the placebo EMG-biofeedback (BF) training group. The subjects, consisting of 35 children both male (n = 26) and female (n = 9) between the ages of 6 and 14 diagnosed with ADHD by independent psychotherapists, were randomly assigned to either the treatment group (NF; n = 18) or the placebo group (BF; n = 17). In addition to the Theta/Beta quotient (in NF group) and EMG-Amplitude (in BF group) as seen during the sessions, pre and post measures of the subjects´ intelligence (Raven Test), paper-pencil attention test scores (bp/d2), Continuous Performance Task (CPT) as well as symptom ratings (MEF and FBB-HKS) from both teachers and parents were obtained. Finally, subjects were re-evaluated after treatment by independent psychotherapists. The results showed a significant decrease in the Theta/Beta quotient after the NF training and a significant decrease in the EMG-Amplitude after the BF-training. The results of an ANOVA with repeated measures showed significant differences between the treatment group (NF training) and the placebo (BF training) group in attention tests and symptom rating scores after treatment. Compared to the pre-test scores, subjects in the NF group showed significant improvements in attention scores, intelligence scores, and behaviour after the NF training sessions. The BF placebo group showed no significant improvements in any of the outcome variables except on the speed scale of the paper-pencil attention tests (this was incompatible with the results of CPT). Finally, 55.6% (n = 10) of the children in the NF training group were not diagnosed with ADHD (using ICD-10 criteria) at the time of the second evaluation. In the BF group, 23.5% (n = 4) were not diagnosed with ADHD by independent psychotherapists at the end of the BF training. The results indicate that NF training in comparing with a placebo method is an effective treatment method in the treatment of ADHD children. Further studies are necessary in comparing the effectiveness of NF training with more neutral placebo interventions in the treatment of children with ADHD.…