Labourdin is felt by speakers of other dialect to be clear-cut and elegant, retaining like other French Basque dialects the consonant /h/, and it was used along with Gipuzkoan and High Navarrese in the creation of the Batua, a standardised form of Basque intended for teaching and the media.

Classic Labourdin was a literary language of the 17th century, used by authors such as Axular. The type of syllable stress in Hondarribian Basque is considered to be a remainder of the one that may have been used in Classic Lapurdian.

1.
Lower Navarre
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Lower Navarre is a traditional region of the present day Pyrénées Atlantiques département of France. It corresponds to the northernmost merindad of the Kingdom of Navarre during the Middle Ages, after the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre, this merindad was restored to the rule of the native king, Henry II. Its capitals were Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and Saint-Palais, in the extreme north there was the little sovereign Principality of Bidache. Its extent is of 1,284 km2, and has a population of 44,450,25,356. Although this denomination is not completely correct from the point of view, it is also known as Merindad de Ultrapuertos by the southerners. Despite its lost administrative cohesion, the memory of its past heyday has left an imprint on its inhabitants, the Nafarroaren Eguna or Day of Navarre is a festival held in Baigorri every year to strengthen their bonds and celebrate their Basque identity. The territory is claimed by Basque nationalists to be one of the seven constituent regions making up the Basque Country. Lower Navarre is a collection of valleys in the foothills of the Pyrenees, the Irouléguy wines are produced in the area around the town of Irouléguy. The river Nive rises in Lower Navarre and flows through the province and on to Bayonne, beyond Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port itself, the Nive enters the Ossès valley, with many beautiful old houses with carved lintels in the villages of Ossès, Irissarry and Bidarray. A reserve for the pottok, the wild Basque Pyrenean pony, the Baigura massif towers over the western valleys and sets a natural boundary with the rolling valleys of Labourd. North of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port is the Mixe region around the town of Saint-Palais, although close to Béarn, Basque influence and traditions are strong. Lower Navarrese is a dialect of the Basque language spoken in the region, just south of Saint-Palais, the three principal routes to Santiago de Compostela on the Way of St James met at the hamlet of Ostabat, bringing much wealth and trade to the area in medieval times. The Way of St James headed south from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port towards the pass above Roncesvalles. Pilgrims travelled across the Cize region of Lower Navarre on their way to Navarre across the mountains, in these rolling hills, ewes milk cheese, pur brebis, is commonly made, including Ossau-Iraty cheese. Villages like Estérençuby and Lecumberry are popular for agro-tourism and the Iraty beech forest on the Spanish border is known for its views and history. Dolmens and other neolithic monuments dot the landscape, including the Tour dUrkulu high in the mountains at 1, 149m—a 2, Lower Navarre is well delimited by mountain ranges on the west, south and the east. The lands of the Lower Navarre were part of the Duchy of Vasconia turned into Gascony by the end of the first millennium. Moreover, the valleys of Baigorri, Ossès, Arberoa, Cize and Arberoa were attached to the latter, so establishing the first nucleus of the Navarrese grip on the lands north of the Pyrenees

2.
Labourd
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Labourd is a former French province and part of the present-day Pyrénées Atlantiques département. It is one of the traditional Basque provinces, and identified as one of the component parts of the Basque Country by many. Labourd extends from the Pyrenees to the river Adour, along the Bay of Biscay, to the south is Gipuzkoa and Navarre in Spain, to the east is Basse-Navarre, to the north are the Landes. It has an area of almost 900 km2 and a population of over 200,000, over 25% of the inhabitants speak Basque. Labourd has also long had a Gascon-speaking tradition, noticeably next to the banks of the river Adour, the main town of Labourd is Bayonne, although the capital up to the French Revolution was Ustaritz,13 km away, where local Basque leaders assembled. Other important towns are Biarritz, Anglet, Hendaye, Ciboure and Saint-Jean-de-Luz along the coast, the area is famous for the five-day Fêtes de Bayonne and the red peppers of Espelette. Many tourists come to the coast, especially to Biarritz, La Rhune, a 900 m high hill, lies south of Saint-Jean-de-Luz on the border with Spain. The hill is a Basque symbol, with views from its peak. The traditional buildings of Labourd have a low roof, half-timbered features, stone lintels and painted in red, white and green. The house of Edmond Rostand, Villa Arnaga at Cambo-les-Bains, is such a house and is now a dedicated to the author of Cyrano de Bergerac. Lapurdian is a dialect of the Basque language spoken in the region, ancient Labourd was inhabited by the Tarbelas, an Aquitanian tribe. They had the town of Lapurdum, that eventually would become modern Bayonne. In the Middle Ages it formed part of the Duchy of Vasconia, in the year 844 Viking raiders conquered the former oppidum of Lapurdum, where they established a base for their incursions. They were only expelled in 986, leaving a legacy of expertise in Labourd. The town came out of this period attested as Bayonne, up to this point the area of the river Adour was referred to as the County of Vasconia after the early 9th century. This Lope was supposedly the kings relative, being a nephew of King Ramiro Garcés of Viguera and this oft-repeated story has no basis in contemporary documents, and there is no evidence that Navarre extended its territory north of the Pyrenees prior to the late 12th century. Around 1125, Bayonne was chartered by Duke William IX of Aquitaine, in 1130–31, King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre attacked Bayonne over a dispute on jurisdictions with the Duke of Aquitaine, William X the Saint. Labourd was ruled directly, between 1169 and 1199, by Richard Lionheart, who gave a charter to Bayonne c.1174 and

3.
Language family
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A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family. Linguists therefore describe the languages within a language family as being genetically related. Estimates of the number of living languages vary from 5,000 to 8,000, depending on the precision of ones definition of language, the 2013 edition of Ethnologue catalogs just over 7,000 living human languages. A living language is one that is used as the primary form of communication of a group of people. There are also dead and extinct languages, as well as some that are still insufficiently studied to be classified. Membership of languages in a family is established by comparative linguistics. Sister languages are said to have a genetic or genealogical relationship, speakers of a language family belong to a common speech community. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, individuals belonging to other speech communities may also adopt languages from a different language family through the language shift process. Genealogically related languages present shared retentions, that is, features of the proto-language that cannot be explained by chance or borrowing, for example, Germanic languages are Germanic in that they share vocabulary and grammatical features that are not believed to have been present in the Proto-Indo-European language. These features are believed to be innovations that took place in Proto-Germanic, language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram. A family is a unit, all its members derive from a common ancestor. Some taxonomists restrict the term family to a level. Those who affix such labels also subdivide branches into groups, a top-level family is often called a phylum or stock. The closer the branches are to other, the closer the languages will be related. For example, the Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Romance, there is a remarkably similar pattern shown by the linguistic tree and the genetic tree of human ancestry that was verified statistically. Languages interpreted in terms of the phylogenetic tree of human languages are transmitted to a great extent vertically as opposed to horizontally. A speech variety may also be considered either a language or a dialect depending on social or political considerations, thus, different sources give sometimes wildly different accounts of the number of languages within a family. Classifications of the Japonic family, for example, range from one language to nearly twenty, most of the worlds languages are known to be related to others

4.
Basque language
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Basque is the language spoken by the Basques. Linguistically, Basque is unrelated to the languages of Europe and indeed, as a language isolate. The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country, the Basque language is spoken by 27% of Basques in all territories. Of these, 93% are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country, native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish territories and the three ancient provinces in France. However, in those Basque-speaking regions that supported the uprising the Basque language was more than merely tolerated, overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of process, a standardized form of the Basque language. Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are Biscayan, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese in Spain and they take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that Basque language could be easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region, a language isolate, Basque is believed to be one of the few surviving pre-Indo-European languages in Europe, and the only one in Western Europe. Basque has adopted a good deal of its vocabulary from the Romance languages, the Basque alphabet uses the Latin script. In Basque, the name of the language is officially Euskara, three etymological theories of the name Euskara are taken seriously by linguists and Vasconists. In French, the language is normally called basque, though in recent times euskara has become common, Spanish has a greater variety of names for the language. Today, it is most commonly referred to as el vasco, la lengua vasca, both terms, vasco and basque, are inherited from Latin ethnonym Vascones, which in turn goes back to the Greek term οὐασκώνους, an ethnonym used by Strabo in his Geographica. The Spanish term Vascuence, derived from Latin vasconĭce, has acquired negative connotations over the centuries and is not well-liked amongst Basque speakers generally, Basque is geographically surrounded by Romance languages but is a language isolate unrelated to them. It is the last remaining descendant of one of the languages of Western Europe. Consequently, its prehistory may not be reconstructible by means of the comparative method except by applying it to differences between dialects within the language. Little is known of its origins, but a form of the Basque language likely was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages to the area. Others find this unlikely, see the aizkora controversy, Latin inscriptions in Gallia Aquitania preserve a number of words with cognates in the reconstructed proto-Basque language, for instance, the personal names Nescato and Cison

5.
Basque dialect
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Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard Basque. The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries and it was believed that the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese showed some relation to some pre-Roman tribal boundaries between the Caristii, Varduli and Vascones. However, main Basque dialectologists now deny any relation between those tribes and Basque dialects. One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte and he collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visits to the Basque Country. By then, the Basque language was in throughout the territory in which it had been commonly spoken. In 1998, Koldo Zuazo, Professor of Basque Philology at the University of the Basque Country, for example, he changed the name of Biscayan to Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese to Navarrese. In 1997, Zuazo released research carried out on the based on dispersed recorded evidence. The pundit outlines three main linguistic areas running north to south, where features related to Western and Navarrese dialects mix up to different degrees according to their geographical position. The names for the language in the dialects of Basque for example exemplify to some degree the dialectal fragmentation of the Basque speaking area, the most divergent forms are generally found in the Eastern dialects. The following map shows the areas where each word is used. Key to verb forms, Basque dialects all diverge from this standard inventory to a larger or lesser extent, the grapheme j displays by far the most noticeable divergence, followed by the fricatives and affricates. Ondarroa, a Biscayan dialect, merger of /s̻/ with /s̺/, there have been various attempts throughout history to promote standardised forms of Basque dialects to the level of a common standard Basque. A standardised form of Lower Navarrese was the used by influential 16th-century author Joanes Leizarraga. Azkues Gipuzkera Osotua, dating to 1935, attempted, though unsuccessfully, to create a standardized Basque based on Gipuzkoan. However, they did not receive support from other Basque language scholars, in 1944, Pierre Lafitte published his Navarro-Labourdin Littéraire, based on Classical Lapurdian, which has become the de facto standard form of Lapurdian. It is taught in schools of Lapurdi and used on radio, in church. Since 1968, Euskaltzaindia has promulgated a Unified Basque based on the dialects that has successfully spread as the formal dialect of the language. More recently, the dialects of Bizkaian and Zuberoan have also been standardised

6.
Northern Basque Country
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The French Basque Country, or Northern Basque Country is a region lying on the west of the French department of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Since 1 January 2017, it constitutes the Basque Municipal Community presided over by Jean-René Etchegaray, the population included in the Basque Municipal Community amounts to 295,970 inhabitants distributed in 158 municipalities. Bayonne and Biarritz are its chief towns, included in the Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián Euroregion, the present-day territory was inhabited by the Tarbelli and the Sibulates, tribal divisions of the Aquitani. When Caesar conquered Gaul he found all the south and west of the Garonne inhabited by a people known as the Aquitani. In the early Roman times, the region was first known as Aquitania, and later, the County of Vasconia was created extending around the Adour River. In this period northern Basques surely participated in the battles of Roncevaux against the Franks. He became Duke of Vasconia after submitting to Charles the Bald, at this point, Basque language was losing ground to vulgar and written Latin and was increasingly confined to the lands around the Pyrénées. The lands to the south of the Adour became Labourd, encompassing initially a bigger region than the territory around the Nive. In 1020 Gascony ceded its juridsiction over Labourd, then also including Lower Navarre and this monarch made it a Viscounty in 1023. With the end of the Hundred Years War, Labourd and Soule passed to the Crown of France as autonomous provinces. After the conquest of Upper Navarre by Castile in 1512–21, the still independent north-Pyrenean part of Navarre took the lead of the Huguenot party in the French Wars of Religion, in this time the Bible was first translated into the Basque language. Eventually Henry III of Navarre became King of France but kept Navarre as a independent state. After Axulars accomplished book, other Basque writing authors followed suit, especially in Labourd, in 1677 it was translated to Basque by Pierre Etxeberri. However, during the 17 and 18th century that activity saw a decline as the English took over from the Basques. However, eventually the brothers Garat from Labourd voted for the new out of hopes to get a say in future political decisions. The three Basque provinces were then shaken by events after the intervention of the French Convention army during the War of the Pyrenees. It became a matter of concern discussed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Dominique Garat, as of 1814, traditional cross-Pyrenean trade fell conspicuously, starting a period of economic stagnation. Eventually, trade across the Pyrénées border was cut off after the First Carlist War, in Soule, the emigration trend was mitigated by the establishment circa 1864 of a flourishing espadrille industry in Mauleon that attracted workers from Roncal and Aragon too

7.
Batua
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Euskara batua enjoys official language status in Spain, but remains unrecognised as an official language in France, the only language officially recognised by this country being French. The standard version of Basque was created in the 1970s by the Euskaltzaindia, mainly based on the central Basque dialect, a further step was taken in 1973 with a proposal to establish a standard conjugation. The westernmost dialect – Biscayan—is strange for the speakers from other dialects, demolinguistic reasons, the central area and the western area were in 1968—and still are—the zones where most Basque-language speakers live. Moreover, it was—and it is—in Gipuzkoa and the areas where the Basque language is strongest. Sociolinguistic reasons, since the 18th century, the central dialect—and, more precisely, economic and cultural reasons, Bilbao is certainly the most important Basque city, but it is not Basque-speaking. The same goes for Gasteiz, Iruñea, and Baiona-Angelu-Biarritz, so Gipuzkoa, the only Basque province with a multipolar structure—i. e. With no head city, all the province being a big city—is the main Basque-speaking city, according to Koldo Zuazo, there are six main advantages that euskara batua has brought to the Basque language, Basque speakers can easily understand each other by using batua. When using historical dialects, the difficulties to understand each other are bigger, before the creation of batua, Basque speakers had to turn to Spanish or French to discuss highbrow topics or work subjects—Euskara Batua gives them a suitable tool for this. Thanks to batua, more people than ever have been able to learn the Basque language. Basque language has broken its ever-retreating boundaries, if we look at old maps showing the area where Basque was spoken, we will see that this area was always diminishing. Batua has given prestige to the Basque language, because now it can be used in high-level usages of society. Basque speakers are more united, since batua was made, the boundaries of the language have also been broken. With a stronger speakers community, Basque language becomes stronger, all these advantages have been widely recognized—for example, they are cited by the pro-historical dialects organization Badihardugu. Standard Basque has been described as a language by its critics. Then, Basque purists have argued that its existence and proliferation will kill the historic, others argue that Standard Basque has safeguarded the future of a language which is competing with French and Spanish. Research by the Euskaltzaindia shows that Basque is growing most in the areas where euskara batua has been introduced, another point of contention was the spelling of ⟨h⟩. Northeastern dialects pronounce it as an aspiration while the rest do not use it, Standard Basque requires it in writing but allows a silent pronunciation. Opponents complained that many speakers would have to relearn their vocabulary by rote, federico Krutwig also promoted the creation of an alternative literary dialect, this time based on the Renaissance Labourdine used by Joanes Leizarraga the first translator of the Protestant Bible

8.
Gipuzkoan
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Gipuzkoan is a dialect of the Basque language spoken mainly in the province of Gipuzkoa in Basque Country but also in a small part of Navarre. It is a dialect, spoken in the central and eastern part of Gipuzkoa. Gipuzkoan is not spoken all over Gipuzkoa, roughly comprising the area between the Deba River and the River Oiartzun, however, borders between Gipuzkoan and High Navarrese are gradually disappearing as standard Basque is beginning to blur the differences among traditional dialects, especially among younger Basques. Some features of Gipuzkoan as perceived by other dialect speakers may be summed up as follows, The grapheme j, verb to go pronounced jun, as opposed to general joan. Auxiliary verb forms det - dek - dezu, etc. as opposed to general Basque dut, verb infinitives with ending -tu, frequent in central dialects, as opposed to older -i endings. In nouns, root final -a is often interpreted as an article and dropped in indefinite phrases, sibilant allophone tx at the beginning of words, as opposed to general fricative z, e. g. txulo vs zulo, txuri vs zuri, etc. Within Gipuzkoan, there are four main sub-dialects, The Beterri variant, Gipuzkoan is one of the four dialects known as the literary dialects of Basque. It was used in Basque literature from the 17th century onwards but, as with Souletin and Biscayan and this was due to the fact that the centre of Basque literary production was in Labourd during the 16th, 17th and most of the 18th century. Gipuzkoan vocabulary was used as the source for in Standard Basque, a standardised dialect of the Basque language used in teaching. Basque dialects Batua Euskaltzaindia, the Royal Academy of the Basque Language

9.
Standardised dialect
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A standard language or standard variety may be defined either as a language variety used by a population for public purposes or as a variety that has undergone standardization. Typically, varieties that become standardized are the dialects spoken in the centers of commerce and government. Standardization typically involves a fixed orthography, codification in authoritative grammars and dictionaries, a standard written language is sometimes termed by the German word Schriftsprache. A pluricentric language has multiple interacting standard varieties, examples include English, French, Portuguese, German, Korean, Spanish, Swedish, Armenian and Chinese. Monocentric languages, such as Russian and Japanese, have only one standardized version, a standard variety is developed from a group of related varieties. This may be done by elevating a single variety, such as the variety of a center of government or culture. Alternatively, a new variety may be defined as a selection of features from existing varieties, a fixed orthography is typically created for writing the variety. It may be codified in normative dictionaries and grammars, or by a collection of exemplary texts. Whether these dictionaries and grammars are created by individuals or by state institutions. A fixed written form and subsequent codification make the standard variety more stable than purely spoken varieties and this variety becomes the norm for writing, is used in broadcasting and for official purposes, and is the form taught to non-native learners. Through this process, the standard variety acquires prestige and a greater importance than local varieties. In some cases, such as Standard English, this process may take place over a period without government intervention. In others it may be directed by official institutions, such as the Académie française or Real Academia Española. Language standardization is often linked to the formation, or attempted formation, of nation states, different national standards derived from a dialect continuum may be regarded as different languages, even if they are mutually intelligible. The Scandinavian languages, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, are cited as examples. In other cases governments or neighbouring populations may seek to deny a standard independent status, in response, developers of a standard may base it on more divergent varieties. Now known as Macedonian, it is the standard of the independent Republic of Macedonia. Arabic comprises many varieties which are considered a single language because the register of Arabic

10.
Pedro Agerre
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Pedro Agerre, best known as Axular, was one of the main Basque writers of the 17th century. His main work was Gero, published in 1643, a book written with elaborate prose. Despite hailing from the house Axular, located in Urdazubi/Urdax, he was appointed to the parish of Sara. On the maternal line, he was related to Martin Azpilkueta and Francis Xavier

11.
Hondarribia
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Hondarribia is a town situated on the west shore of Bidasoa rivers mouth, in Gipuzkoa, in Basque Country, Spain. The border town is sited on a little promontory facing Hendaye over the Txingudi bay, a service boat makes the trip between the two cities. The town holds an ancient old quarter with walls and a castle, in addition, Hondarribia features a beach across the Bidasoa from the touristy housing estate Sokoburu in Hendaye, alongside a mountain called Jaizkibel providing a hilly backdrop to the town. A road leads north-east from the area to the Cape Higuer. The town harbours the San Sebastian Airport, which serves domestic flights, the population as of 2005 is 15,700 inhabitants. The battles fought for possession of this fortified stronghold are generally known by the Spanish name for the place, the city was finally reoccupied by Charles Vs forces in 1524. Siege of Fuenterrabía was the outcome of a siege by the forces of Louis XIII. 27,000 French soldiers besieged the city for two months, firing 16,000 shells into the city, leaving only 300 survivors. The city was destroyed, but nevertheless did not surrender. The Spanish soldiers were successful, and the raising of the siege is celebrated annually on 8 September in a parade, battle of Fuenterrabía, during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. Battle of Fuenterrabía, in which the French Revolutionary Army took the city by breaching the walls, after they took over the city, they blew up with the help of German engineers the section of wall facing France. The signing of the Peace of Basel took place all the wall was destroyed. The womens basketball team Hondarribia-Irun and the rowing club Hondarribia Arraun Elkartea are the two most prestigious clubs in the town. In the last decade, the judo club Ama Guadalupekoa has had a lot of medals in this discipline. The Hondarribia-Irun plays in the Spanish womens basketball league since 2003, Hondarribia has a rowing team called Hondarribia Arraun Elkartea, and its boat is characterized by its green color and its name, “Ama Guadalupekoa”. In 2005 it won “La Bandera de la Concha”, one of the most prestigious competitions for Basque rowers, furthermore, the Vilariño family, which is fully linked to the world of the engine, continues to achieve success at national and European levels. The construction of a jetty and other works by the engineer Iribarren. In the late twentieth century the beach was partially modified, building on its surroundings a recreational port, throughout the year, but especially in the summer months, Arma Plaza Fundazioa organizes guided visits to the old town, the port-quarter of the Marina and the Fort of Guadalupe

12.
Salazarese dialect
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Salazarese is the Basque dialect of the Salazar Valley of Navarre, Spain. In English it is known as Zaraitzu Basque, the Zaraitzu dialect or Salazar dialect, in Spanish as salacenco. Basque was spoken in the Salazar valley until the first half of the 20th century, ever since, at the time of the 2002 linguistic census, there were only two native speakers, both with ages over 85, and within a few years Salazarese became extinct. However, its features had been documented over the 19th and 20th centuries, from the 1980s there has been a revival of the Basque language in Spain. As a result, roughly a quarter of the inhabitants now speak Standard Basque. It would be possible to revive the Salazarese dialect to some degree by teaching its features to Batua speakers, some religious texts were written, the Christian doctrines of Itzalle and Orontze and texts published by Satrustegi. Apart from more religious texts, there is a wealth of significant research work by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, pedro Jose Sanper translated the Gospel of Matthew. and Jose Urrutia undertook the translation of Arturo Campions “Orreaga”. Azkue collected several proverbs and tales in Zaraitzu Basque in his works of Basque folklore, also he collected a significant amount of local words in his dictionary. Koldo Mitxelena studied thoroughly the dialect from 1958 onwards, Jose Estornes Lasa collected the stories and passages of Zoilo Moso in 1969. Koldo Artola has published the audio recordings that he taped between 1975 and 2003 in Zaraitzu, aitor Arana has collected the testimonies of Basque-speakers of Zaraitzu, published a dictionary of the dialect in 2001, and next year a book of grammar. In 2004 he published a collection of texts and he gave some curses of the local Basque in the Valley, the work of the researcher Inaki Camino should be mentioned as well

13.
Eastern Navarrese
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Eastern Navarrese is an extinct Basque dialect spoken in Navarre, Spain. It included two subdialects, Salazarese and Roncalais, the name of this dialect was proposed by the foremost living Basque dialectologist, Koldo Zuazo, in a new classification of Basque dialects published in 2004. Later on, when the last speakers died at the beginning of the 21st century, map of Basque dialects by Koldo Zuazo

14.
Ethnologue
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Ethnologue, Languages of the World is a web-based publication that contains information about the 7,099 living languages in its 20th edition, which was released in 2017. The publication is well respected and widely used by linguists, Ethnologue is published by SIL International, a Christian linguistic service organization with an international office in Dallas, Texas. Ethnologue follows general linguistic criteria, which are based primarily on mutual intelligibility, shared language intelligibility features are complex, and usually include etymological and grammatical evidence that is agreed upon by experts. These lists of names are not necessarily complete, in 1984, Ethnologue released a three-letter coding system, called an SIL code, to identify each language that it described. This set of codes significantly exceeded the scope of other standards, e. g. ISO 639-1, the 14th edition, published in 2000, included 7,148 language codes. In 2002, Ethnologue was asked to work with the International Organization for Standardization to integrate its codes into an international standard. The 15th edition of Ethnologue was the first edition to use this standard and this standard is now administered separately from Ethnologue according to rules established by ISO, and since then Ethnologue relies on the standard to determine what is listed as a language. e. A language with which no-one retains a sense of ethnic identity, in December 2015, Ethnologue launched a soft paywall, users in high-income countries who want to refer to more than seven pages of data per month must buy a paid subscription. Ethnologues 18th edition describes 228 language families and six typological categories, in 1986, William Bright, then editor of the journal Language, wrote of Ethnologue that it is indispensable for any reference shelf on the languages of the world. In 2008 in the journal, Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona said, Ethnologue. has become the standard reference. However, he concluded that, on balance, Ethnologue is a comprehensive catalogue of world languages. Starting with the 17th edition, new editions of Ethnologue are to be published every year, linguasphere Observatory Register Glottolog Lists of languages List of language families Martin Everaert, Simon Musgrave, Alexis Dimitriadis, eds. The Use of Databases in Cross-Linguistic Studies, linguistic Genocide in Education-or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights. Evaluating language statistics, the Ethnologue and beyond

Lower Navarre
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Lower Navarre is a traditional region of the present day Pyrénées Atlantiques département of France. It corresponds to the northernmost merindad of the Kingdom of Navarre during the Middle Ages, after the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre, this merindad was restored to the rule of the native king, Henry II. Its capitals were Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Po

Labourd
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Labourd is a former French province and part of the present-day Pyrénées Atlantiques département. It is one of the traditional Basque provinces, and identified as one of the component parts of the Basque Country by many. Labourd extends from the Pyrenees to the river Adour, along the Bay of Biscay, to the south is Gipuzkoa and Navarre in Spain, to

Language family
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A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family. Linguists therefore describe the languages within a language family as being genetically related. Estimates of the number of living languages vary from 5,000 to 8,000, depending on the pr

1.
Principal language families of the world (and in some cases geographic groups of families). For greater detail, see Distribution of languages in the world.

Basque language
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Basque is the language spoken by the Basques. Linguistically, Basque is unrelated to the languages of Europe and indeed, as a language isolate. The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country, the Basque language is spoken by 27% of Basques in all territories. Of these, 93% are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country, nat

1.
Family transmission of Basque language (Basque as initial language)

Basque dialect
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Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard Basque. The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries and it was believed that the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan

1.
Louis-Lucien Bonaparte's original 1866 map of Basque dialects.

2.
Western (Biscayan)

3.
Map of Basque dialects (Koldo Zuazo, 1998)

Northern Basque Country
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The French Basque Country, or Northern Basque Country is a region lying on the west of the French department of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Since 1 January 2017, it constitutes the Basque Municipal Community presided over by Jean-René Etchegaray, the population included in the Basque Municipal Community amounts to 295,970 inhabitants distributed in 1

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Bilingual French-Basque language signage in Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle

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Basque pelota courts are found in most villages

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Stone decoration in Armendarits, "This house was made by Betiri Echarte and Aimia Iriarte"

Batua
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Euskara batua enjoys official language status in Spain, but remains unrecognised as an official language in France, the only language officially recognised by this country being French. The standard version of Basque was created in the 1970s by the Euskaltzaindia, mainly based on the central Basque dialect, a further step was taken in 1973 with a p

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Western (Biscayan)

Gipuzkoan
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Gipuzkoan is a dialect of the Basque language spoken mainly in the province of Gipuzkoa in Basque Country but also in a small part of Navarre. It is a dialect, spoken in the central and eastern part of Gipuzkoa. Gipuzkoan is not spoken all over Gipuzkoa, roughly comprising the area between the Deba River and the River Oiartzun, however, borders bet

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Gipuzkoan

Standardised dialect
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A standard language or standard variety may be defined either as a language variety used by a population for public purposes or as a variety that has undergone standardization. Typically, varieties that become standardized are the dialects spoken in the centers of commerce and government. Standardization typically involves a fixed orthography, codi

1.
Language distribution: The official form of written Norwegian by municipality in Norway. Red: Bokmål. Blue: Nynorsk. Grey: Neutral (neither form is official, usually because of a fairly even number of users or lack of political decisions over the matter).

Pedro Agerre
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Pedro Agerre, best known as Axular, was one of the main Basque writers of the 17th century. His main work was Gero, published in 1643, a book written with elaborate prose. Despite hailing from the house Axular, located in Urdazubi/Urdax, he was appointed to the parish of Sara. On the maternal line, he was related to Martin Azpilkueta and Francis Xa

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Pedro Agerre Azpilkueta

Hondarribia
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Hondarribia is a town situated on the west shore of Bidasoa rivers mouth, in Gipuzkoa, in Basque Country, Spain. The border town is sited on a little promontory facing Hendaye over the Txingudi bay, a service boat makes the trip between the two cities. The town holds an ancient old quarter with walls and a castle, in addition, Hondarribia features

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Hondarribia as seen from Hendaye

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Hondarribia's fishermen's quarter

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Center of interpretation of the walls of Hondarribia (Arma Plaza Fundazioa).

Salazarese dialect
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Salazarese is the Basque dialect of the Salazar Valley of Navarre, Spain. In English it is known as Zaraitzu Basque, the Zaraitzu dialect or Salazar dialect, in Spanish as salacenco. Basque was spoken in the Salazar valley until the first half of the 20th century, ever since, at the time of the 2002 linguistic census, there were only two native spe

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Salazarese

Eastern Navarrese
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Eastern Navarrese is an extinct Basque dialect spoken in Navarre, Spain. It included two subdialects, Salazarese and Roncalais, the name of this dialect was proposed by the foremost living Basque dialectologist, Koldo Zuazo, in a new classification of Basque dialects published in 2004. Later on, when the last speakers died at the beginning of the 2

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Eastern Navarrese dialects are the two tan ones at right

Ethnologue
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Ethnologue, Languages of the World is a web-based publication that contains information about the 7,099 living languages in its 20th edition, which was released in 2017. The publication is well respected and widely used by linguists, Ethnologue is published by SIL International, a Christian linguistic service organization with an international offi