Fanfiction is a popular medium, and thanks to the nature of Sturgeon's Law, some of it can indeed be quite good to read.

And some of that fanfiction may actually become so interesting to some readers, that those readers are inspired to write fanfiction based on those stories, despite the fact (or perhaps because of it, in some cases) that the original story is fanfiction in and of itself…

This is Recursive Fanfiction.

Care should be taken with this trope, as the story that said fanfic is based on must be a fanfiction as well. If the fiction that it is based on is not itself based on another work of fiction, then that’s a normal Fan Fic, and not this trope.

The Finale of the Ultimate Meta Mega Crossover technically counts, since it contains references to at least three different fanfics ("Thousand Shinji", "Shinji and Warhammer 40,000", and "Once More With Feeling"). However, it's more notable for being infinitely self recursive.

The infamous Gorn fic Debt has a recursive parody fanfic written by its own authors, in which the first chapter is rewritten as a cosplay game Gone Horribly Wrong in which the China cosplayer turns out to be a psychopath and breaks out the knives. Taking this as an implication that the writers wouldn't mind it being parodied (particularly since they expressed pride that the original Debt nearly ended up on the So Bad, It's Horrible page), someone made a fanart piece depicting China confronting his Villain Sue replacement (not work safe for swearing, blood, and suggested extreme violence).

Not to mention all the fanfics on what the ending could've been for Heta Oni...

Human Curiosity has a prequel fic, What Curiosity Brings, which is being written with permission by the original fanfiction's author.

Dungeon Keeper Ami has spawned several of these (though most of them are short one-shots).

Boy Scouts ˝ is a Ranma ˝Elsewhere Fic centering on a group of Self Insert characters from Massachusetts. When three acquaintances of the creator of Boy Scouts ˝ were given cameo appearances in one story, one of those acquaintances began a spinoff series called Perspectives.

The biggest one, Solemnis (and its sequel, Sodales) set a few years before the beginning of the main fic story, following an average Magical Girl as she contracts and through her military training and first battles.

Puppets, a spin-off set in a rogue colony hidden from everyone, following a Magical Girl's journey to free her world from its tyrannical regime.

Those Who Take The Sword, set during WWI, involving Clarisse Von Rossum, immortal Magical Girl historian and explorer and part of the supporting cast from the main story.

"Chronicles of the Pridelands" invented the character Tanabi, Simba’s son. Nearly every TLK fan began using the character in their own Next Gen Fics. His popularity soon declined though, due to the release of the semi-official Six New Adventure book series, which gave Simba a different son, Kopa. The release of the second film with the arrival of Kiara made all but the oldest fans forget Tanabi.

To make things even more complicated a lot of these works add even more Crossovers or take characters / concepts from yet other fanfiction creating a Tangled Family Tree that rivals the magical people'snote (In this 'verse each and every magical being from every fanon EVER is related somehow).

To make it "clearer" a flowchart of the relationship between the three main troped ones (misses Meanwhile Upstairs and Only A Dream also adding all would be bad for sanity) and the world here◊. Block arrow main relationship, normal arrow other influence / ascended fannon / etc..

The Infinite Loops loves to play with fan concepts, having loopers discover a variant of their own reality based on fanon and a few fanfics. The My Little Pony loops even bring Nyx into the cast, and Twilight flat out states they do not talk about the bureau.

Fanfic for Wicked is recursive, since the book is a derivative work (like fanfic, but it's legal to publish) of The Wizard of Oz. And fanfic for the musical would be...fanfic for a musical based on a book based on a movie based on a book.

The Mighty Boosh fandom has several rather famous fanfictions, notably Stockholm Syndrome, that were so popular that they spawned countless fanfictions based on it from other authors. The number of fanfictions and fanarts based on Stockholm Syndrome ballooned after it was revealed Noel Fielding himself was a fan of the fanfiction and inserted references to it into a live performance.

Subverted with Morphic, where a new author was supposedly going to write his own sequel to the original fic... only it turns out the whole thing was planned out ahead of time by the original author as part of an elaborate April Fool's prank.

Hang around an active Game Mod community long enough and eventually you'll start seeing mods of mods.

Web Comics

Homestuck out the wastechute. Fans will create alternate universes, the alternate universes will become popular, people will write fanfics set in the alternative universes... and then there's the fanart of alternative universes.

The Grand Battle is the most notorious in having fanart and other fan stuff based on itself.

There is genderbent fanart of a cosplay of a fanart of a memetic guy that randomly got into a picture of cosplay.

Adventure Time has an In-Universe example. Ice King wrote a Rule 63 fanfic of the show, in the episode "Fionna and Cake." The episode "Bad Little Boy" has Marceline then writing her own continuation of it. Followed by LSP in "The Prince Who Wanted Everything".

And Hard Reset picked up a fanfic picking up ... um ... somewhere in the mess. Hard Reset 2: Reset Harder splits off on the premise that why should Twilight be the only one who gets the Groundhog Day treatment?

Topping everything off, we have fanfics about the canon in-universe fanfic that the canon Rainbow Dash was writing in Spike At Your Service.

They both started being written at around the same time, so it's more likely that it's two different, but similar series that ended up sharing their continuity.

The Kim Possible fanfic A Small Possibility, with the author's given permission, has spawned many a Kim/Shego fanfic featuring their spawn from the original, Kasy Ann and Sheki Go.

The fanfic Strays, hosted in the Young JusticeKink Meme, has several future-fics set to it and attached its thread despite the story still being in its early stages and in the process of being fleshed out. There is also fanart for it, featuring the costume designs for the Batkids' new hero identities.

ThisSuperjail! one-shot fic is actually a sequel/epilogue to Fix You, written with the original author's given permission of course.

Phineas and Ferb fandom has a Next Gen Fic pairing that many people have taken to writing fanfic for, Thomas Fletcher (son of Ferb and Vanessa) and Marie Garcia-Shapiro Flynn (daughter of Phineas and Isabella). They have their own Portmanteau Couple Name (Thomarie) and a ton of art for them on DeviantArt. There's even artwork of them signed by the Latin-American voice actors for the show.

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