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1 Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in OSHA Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators 2-25 University of Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Northwest Center for Occupational Health and Safety Bert Stover, PhD., Noah Seixas, PhD. In collaboration with NIOSH Supported in part by NIOSH grant number 5 T42 OH8433 March 29

2 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in OSHA Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators 2-25 Abstract The burden of work-related injury and illness is large and persistent in the United States. Unlike surveillance systems for work-related fatalities, accurate systems for monitoring work-related injury and illness have not been implemented. The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), in collaboration with NIOSH, support state-based surveillance efforts to address this need. This report describes Occupational Health Indicators data for, Idaho,, and. Indicators data are presented as defined by CSTE / NIOSH in Occupational Health Indicators: A Guide for Tracking Occupational Health Conditions and Their Determinants. When data as defined by CSTE were unavailable, alternative information sources are used for some indicators. Nine indicators could not be completed for Idaho, and two for, following the CSTE guidelines. Eight indicators showed a decline in trends from 2 to 25, while 11 indicators did not indicate a clear change.

4 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Background The burden of workplace injury and illness is substantial, resulting in work disability for 1% of the U.S. population at any time 1. Additionally, 2.7 million disabling work-related injuries qualified for workers compensation indemnity benefits in A first step in addressing occupational injury and illness through the public health model is problem identification and prioritization through surveillance 3, 4. A comprehensive occupational injury and illness surveillance program is essential to develop and evaluate prevention interventions, to guide policy, to set research agendas, to provide accurate statistics for public education, and to estimate demand for health and safety professionals and training. Due to the lack of adequate workrelated injury and illness data at the national level, a state-based system is encouraged to build infrastructure. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has developed a strategic plan for surveillance, which aims to strengthen state surveillance efforts 4, 5. Accurate estimates of occupational injuries and illnesses are needed to stimulate prevention efforts and to further the Occupational Safety and Health Administration s (OSHA) mandate to ensure a safe and healthy working environment. Tracking occupational injury and illness rates has been a goal of NIOSH since its inception in 197 and is a current National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) priority 6. However, occupational injury and illness surveillance systems remain inadequate, even though 36 years have passed since NIOSH s inception.. It is generally accepted that many workplace injuries and illnesses are not reported or are outside the scope of Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Survey of Occupational Injury and Illness (SOII) 7, 8. NIOSH and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have developed 19 Occupational Health Indicators (OHI) and a guide to access consistent data for each indicator 9. The OHIs were developed to provide easier access to state-wide data, to promote the importance to public health, and to provide guidelines for workplace interventions to improve worker safety and health. However, some states do not have an established infrastructure for tracking this information, or they use different methods or coding systems in data collection. Thus, results are not consistent across states. Despite these difficulties, occupational health indicators can provide data for trends analysis and comparison of occupational health and risk status. They can also help

5 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators build state surveillance capacity and raise awareness of the burden of occupational injuries and illnesses. Estimates of other similar indicators are also useful for purposes of assessing the needs for training safety and health professionals and estimating future staffing demands.. As a needs assessment and planning document, this project provides the Northwest Center for Occupational Health and Safety an estimation of occupational disease and injury patterns and available professional services in Region 1 (, Idaho,, and ). Additionally, the project builds on methods outlined by NIOSH and CSTE for state level surveillance efforts. Through NIOSH funded projects, these 19 occupational health indicators have been reported for, and several other states. We collected data for and from CSTE for 2-23 and from OHI researchers for We collected information directly from state contacts in and Idaho, with additional data obtained from national datasets and from NIOSH for This information was compiled into a single dataset to present trends and summary statistics. Limitations of Key Data Sources CSTE has described many of the important limitations of these data sources in previous reports 9, and in Putting Data to Work: Occupational Health Indicators from Thirteen Pilot States for 2 1 (available at BLS SOII It is generally accepted that the Annual Survey of Occupational Injury and Illness (SOII) significantly underestimates the actual burden of illness and injury 8. In addition to underreporting within its defined scope, the SOII excludes the self-employed, federal employers, public sector workers, workers on farms with fewer than 11 employees, and others. As a result, more than 2% of the US workforce is excluded from the SOII 7. Idaho does not participate in the SOII while the other three states do. However, the Idaho Industrial Commission (IIC) tracks workers compensation claims and we have provided IIC data for indicators using SOII data. The IIC maintains files on workers compensation claims from first report of work-related injury or illness to claim resolution for cases that involve medical attention or lost work time.

6 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Workers Compensation There are several factors that make direct comparison of state workers compensation data inappropriate. These include differences in statute of limitations for claim filing, employer- assigned or worker-selected initial physician seen, exclusion of industry or occupation (e.g., fisherman in ), exclusion of self-insured employers, exclusion by employer size, specific injury or illness covered by state system, different injury, and illness coding systems (e.g., ANSIz-16, OIICS, IAIABC, NCCIs Detailed Claim Information). For example, the length of time a worker is unable to work before an indemnity claim may be filed varies across states.,, and require three lost work days before a claim for lost wages can be filed. In comparison, Idaho requires five days. In Idaho, employers designate the initial physician and referral chain while in the other three states the worker does. There is no exclusion for minimum employer size for workers compensation coverage in Idaho. However, several types of workers are exempt from coverage in Idaho, including domestic service, casual employment, employer s family members, owners, real estate salesmen, and others.,, and have state OSHA programs while Idaho relies on the federal program to inspect workplaces. The Idaho Industrial Commission tracks all workers compensation claims that include accident details, lost work days, diagnosis, and costs. Methods For demographic descriptors, counts and rates have been derived from the 19 indicators, following methods outlined by CSTE where data was available. These data were compiled on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. When specific data sources outlined by CSTE were not available, methods for using existing data to derive estimates or alternative indicators were developed and described. For example, information provided by employers in the annual BLS Survey of Occupational Injury and Illness (SOII) data was not collected for Idaho. Alternative indicators are presented for indicators (I 1) injury and illnesses with days away from work, (I 4) workrelated amputations with days away from work, and (I 7) work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Details of the data sources and limitations are described with the specific indicator. We present the data from and for Additionally, we use existing federal and state data resources to determine the 19 Occupational Health Indicators and demographic profiles of the Idaho and workforce for 2-25 where data are available.

7 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators and data for 2-23 are from CSTE with clarification from state representatives. data for 24 and 25 was provided by the Worker Illness and Injury Prevention Program, Public Health Division, Department of Human Services. data for 24 and 25 was provided by the Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention Program (SHARP) at the State Department of Labor and Industries. Data from states, Region 1, and the U.S. are graphed together for efficient display. However, comparison across states and regions is not supported due to differences in reporting systems and other factors. Comparison between states, or between regions, should only be done with caution and with consideration of the many differences in the methods that influence the definition, diagnosis, and reporting of the indicators. Data Resources sections for each indicator are included to describe the methods used, as presented by the CSTE 9.

8 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Employment Demographics Profiles Some variation in injury and illness rates across states can be explained by workforce characteristics, including age, gender, ethnicity, employment rate as well as other data. Also, the size of the state population provides information concerning the relative importance of state trends. Therefore, we first provide some state demographics following the CSTE guidelines. P1. Percentage of Civilian Workforce Unemployed 9 Percentage of Civilian Workforce Unemployed Percentage of Workers Idaho Region 1 U.S. Trends were similar for state, regional, and national estimates of unemployment rates. Region 1 states had a higher unemployment rate than the national rate. Following the peak rate in 23 differences narrowed, with the exception of Idaho. In 25, the number of employed civilians over 15 years of age was 32, in, 713, in Idaho, 1,732, in, and 3,111, in. While all states grew, the number of employed workers increased the most in. By 25, added 223, to the 2,888, workers employed in 2, while the slowest growing state added 17 workers during the same time period. Listed in order of lowest to greatest growth in the employed population from 2 to 25 are: 6.3% in, 7.7% in, and 13.9% in Idaho. Data in Table 1. Data Resources: BLS Geographic Profiles of Employment and Unemployment (numerator number employed over 15 years old and denominator civilian non-institutional population over 15 years old).

9 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators P2. Percentage of Civilian Employment Self-Employed 12 Percentage of Civilian Workforce Self-Employed Percentage of Workers Idaho U.S The OSHA 1 region had a higher rate of self-employment than the nation, with Idaho having the highest rate. Between 2 and 25, s rate of self-employment increased the most, from 7.8% to 8.6%. By 25, had 43, more self-employed workers in the state. Data Resources: BLS Geographic Profiles of Employment and Unemployment (number selfemployed, numerator) civilian non-institutional population over 15 years old number employed, denominator. Data in Table 1. P3. Percentage of Civilian Employment Employed Part-Time The percentage of part-time employment increased slowly over this time period between 2 and 25. Graph not shown. increased from 16.6% in 2 to 19.1% in 25, which was closely aligned with the national level of part-time employment, which increased from 16.9% to 17.4% in the same period. From 2 to 25 added 11, workers to those employed part-time. For the other states the lowest percentage of part-time employment was 19.7 and the highest was 22.3% for this time period, Idaho increased 1.2%, declined -.7%, and added.4%. Region 1 added 9, part-time workers in this period. Data in Table 1. Data Resources: BLS Geographic Profiles of Employment and Unemployment (numerator and denominator).

10 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators P4. Percentage of Civilian Employment by Number of Hours Worked 45 Percentage of Workforce by Hours Worked for Region 1 and U.S. Percentage of Workers Categories of number of hours worked are less than 4, 4, 41 and over. Region 1-39 hrs Region 4 hrs Region 41+ hrs U.S hrs U.S. 4 hrs U.S. 41+ hrs Percentage of Civilian Workforce Employed by Hours per Week 45 Percentage of Workers AK 4 hrs ID 4 hrs OR 4 hrs WA 4 hrs AK 1-39 hrs ID 1-39 hrs OR 1-39 hrs WA 1-39 hrs The percentage of those working over 41 hours per week in Region 1 was similar to the nation; however, the region had a larger proportion (6%) of workers in the 1-39 hour category. From 2 to 25, the region added 157, workers to those working 1-39 hours per week. The proportion of those working 4 hours per week increased in by 2.7%, by 3.3%, and Idaho by.8% but declined in by -3.1%. Data in Table 1. Data Resources: BLS Geographic Profiles of Employment and Unemployment (numerator and denominator).

11 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators P5. Percentage of Civilian Employment by Sex Percent of employment by sex remained relatively steady over this time. Graph not shown. For Region 1, men comprised 53% of the civilian non-institutional working population in 22 and 54% in 25. There was also little variation of employment by sex across states with the low in 23 for men in (52.5%) and a high in 2 for men in Idaho (54.5%). Data in Table 1. Data Resources: BLS Geographic Profiles of Employment and Unemployment (numerator and denominator). P6. Percentage of Civilian Employment by Age Group 4 Percentage of Civilian Workforce by Age for Region 1 Percentage of Workers Age 65-9 Age The proportion of the workforce aged in Region 1 declined.3%, while the nation declined over 1% from 2 to 25. The increase in workers aged 65-9 increased at the same rate for both the region and the nation. Region 1 data are computed as the sum of numerators across states, divided by the sum of denominators across states, and not by the average of state percentages. Data in Table 2.

12 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Avarage Age by 41 Average Age AK ID OR WA Region 1 US In the follow-up period, the employed civilian population has increased in average age from 39.4 years old in 2 to 4.6 years old in 25 for the U.S. Similar trends were seen for all states as well as for the region. The largest age change was in, from 39. years of age in 2 to 4.7 years old in 25. Data in Table 2. Data Resources: BLS Current Population Survey (numerator and denominator). P7. Percentage of Civilian Employment by Race 25 Percentage of Civilian Workforce by Race and State Percentage of Workers AK Black AK Other OR Black OR Other WA Black WA Other Only data on the following races were available: White, Black, and Other. For this graph, White is the remainder of the percentages. Race data for Idaho was not available. Race data for for 2 was not reported by BLS due to small sampling numbers and sampling statistical adjustment methods used by BLS. From 2 to 25, the number of Blacks employed in declined by 22,, while the number of Others (excluding White and Black) increased by 19, in this period. Data in Table 2.

14 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators P9. Percentage of Civilian Employment by Industry 25 Percentage of Civilian Employment by Industry and State 25 Percentage of Workers Idaho U.S. Mining Construction Manufacturing - durable goods Manufacturing - non-durable goods Wholesale and retail trade Transportation and utilities Information Financial activities Professional and business services Education and health services Leisure and hospitality Other services Public administration Agriculture and related Occupation and industry coding systems changed in 22. CSTE used a different set of codes between 2 through 22 than from 23 through 25. The percentage of employment by industry and occupation is fairly stable over time, thus we only plotted the last year s data. There are few trends; however, manufacturing of durable goods declined at both the regional and national levels. In fact, manufacturing of durable goods declined in all years; for 2-22, Region 1 dropped from 8.6% to 8.3% and for manufacturing of durable goods continued to drop from 8.4% to 7.6%.. Construction in Region 1 declined during 2-22, from 6.2% to 5.4%, but construction increased in from 7.1% to 7.6%. Data in Table 3. Data Resources: BLS Current Population Survey and Geographic Profiles of Employment and Unemployment (numerator and denominator)

15 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators P1. Percentage of Civilian Employment by Occupation 25 Percentage of Civilian Employment by Occupation and State 25 Percentage of Workers Idaho U.S. Management & financial Professional and related Service Sales & related occupations Office & administrative support Farming, fishing, forestry Construction and extraction Installation, maintenance, repair Production Transportation & material moving From 2 to 22, the largest decline for Region 1 was in sales & related occupations, which declined -.6%. This occupation continued to decline for by an additional -.1% drop. The largest increase from 2 to 22 was in service occupations, which increased by.7%; however, services dropped -1% from 23 to 25. The largest increase for was in professional and related occupations, which increased by 1.5%. This occupations had no change for The largest decline for was in production, which declined by -.6%. Production had an increase of.1% for Data in Table 4. Data Resources: BLS Current Population Survey and Geographic Profiles of Employment and Unemployment (numerator and denominator).

17 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Rate per 1, FTEs Non-Fatal Work Related Injury and Illness, Idaho Industrial Commission 1, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Rate of Injury and Illness Rate Involving Days Aw ay from Work There is a downward trend in rates and counts of work-related injuries and illnesses for all states in Region 1 and the nation during this follow-up period. Idaho did not participate in the BLS SOII; however, the Idaho Industrial Commission reported the injury and illness cases for workers compensation claims for The number of injury and illness cases in Idaho dropped during this time, with a low of 39,135 cases in 23 and a high of 44,77 cases in 2. There were 4,371 cases in 25. The increase in claims since 23 provides some indication that rates may not continue to drop. Nationally, the injury and illness rate declined 25% from 2 to 25, and injury and illness rate with days away from work declined by 22%. Nationally, injury and illness rates have declined less in recent years. Data in Table 5. Measures: Rate of injury and illness total and cases with days away from work. Data Resources: BLS Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), Idaho data are from the Idaho Industrial Commission.

18 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Work-Related Hospitalization 25 Work-Related Hospitalization Incidence for Injury and Illness Rate per 1, Workers U.S The and hospitalization rate declined by just over 16% while the n rate declined by 28% for the years data was available. The hospital discharge data system was started in 21. The criteria for cases selected include persons aged 16 or older, Workers Compensation as primary payer, and in-state residence. Duplication of cases for readmission are not removed. Idaho does not systematically collect hospital discharge data that is representative of the entire state. Measures: Annual crude rate of hospitalization per 1, employed persons aged 16 or older. Data Resources: Hospital discharge data (numerator) and BLS Current Population Survey Data (denominator). data are from the Department of Health & Social Services, Hospital Discharge Data Program, Health Planning and Systems Development U.S. data is from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. CSTE supplied summary for 2-23 and direct data analysis for Data in Table 5.

19 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Fatal Work-Related Injuries Fatality Rate per 1, workers Annual Work-Related Injury Fatality Rate Idaho U.S. experienced consistently higher fatality rates compared to the other states rate and to the national rate. Unlike non-fatal work-related illness and injury rates, work-related fatalities have declined little during this time. The peak fatality rate in 21 of 2 per 1, employees is partly explained by the high number of deaths related to fishing and transportation. A single boat sinking accounted for 15 of the 25 fisherman fatalities and within the total of 65 deaths in 21. In the same year, 22 fatalities occurred in the transportation-related occupations. That number included 6 pilots 11. From a peak of 5,92 in 2 there were 218 fewer fatalities in 25. Data in Table 5. Measures: Annual crude fatality rate per 1, employed persons aged 16 or older. Data Resources: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (numerator), BLS Current Population Survey Data (Denominator).

20 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Work-Related Amputations with Days Away From Work Reported by Employers Incidence Rate per 1, workers Amputations Involving Days Away from Work U.S. 24 data do not meet BLS criteria for publication so the trend line is discontinued after 23 but is again plotted for 25. There is significant instability in state level estimates from the SOII due to record keeping changes by the BLS, sampling, and weighting methods while national level data are more stable. For example, in 22 there were an estimated 136 amputations reported by employers in, while in 23 there were 2 amputations, resulting in a change in the incidence rate per 1, workers from 8 to 2 in a single year. Rates for,, and all double from 22 to 23. This increase is not seen in indicator 5 for workers compensation amputation rates in and, states which have data for both indicators 4 and 5. Data in Table 6. Measures: Annual incidence rate per 1, FTE Data Resources: BLS SOII

21 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators State Workers' Compensation Claims for Amputations with Lost Work-Time Amputations Involving Days Away from Work Workers' Compensation Rate per 1, workers Idaho IIC Idaho included only accepted claims for amputations with 5 or more lost work days. did not collect this level of detailed information on all claims ( Department of Labor September 8, 28,, personal communication), but did participate in the SOII annual survey that provided data for indicator 4 above. Data in Table 6. Measures: Annual incidence rate of amputations filed with state workers compensation per 1, workers covered by each respective state workers compensation system. Data Resources: State workers compensation system (numerator), National Academy of Social Insurance (NASI), estimate of workers covered by workers compensation (denominator).

22 Region 1: Safety and Health Surveillance Indicators Hospitalization for Work-Related Burns 7 Hospitalization for Work-Related Burns Hospital Discharge Data Rates per 1, Workers U.S Hospital burn claims were much higher than other injuries claimed, with 132 lost work days for State Fund claims between 1994 and Workers Compensation as primary payer as an inclusion criterion makes this indicator difficult to compare across states or with national data because state systems have different coverage and reporting requirements. National rates increase sharply from 21 to 24, but data are unstable. The National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) data for burns may have large associated errors (NHDS, personal communication), and less reliability, given the NHDS data is based on fewer than 6 sampled records. Diagnoses with less than 9, weighted cases are considered to have questionable reliability. There were 8,251 cases nationally in 24. Data in Table 6. Idaho does not have a statewide hospital discharge data system so estimates are not available. Measures: Annual rate of work-related burn hospitalizations per 1, employed persons aged 16 or older. Because it is not possible to delete repeat visits for the same injury from this data source, the data includes hospitalizations for work-related burns and not burn injuries. Primary diagnosis is burns (ICD-9-CM ); primary payer is Worker s Compensation. Data Resources: State hospital discharge data (numerator), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Population Survey Data (denominator). data are from the Department of Health & Social Services, Hospital Discharge Data Program, Health Planning and Systems Development U.S. data is from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. CSTE supplied summary for 2-23, and direct data analysis for

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