“Language contact may lead to or IAP'Q$RTSRelexification UVinvolve phenomena such as IChinese Pidgin English

, borrowing, code-switching, WX23'4language shift, lingua francas, Y`or Canton Pidgin English (0)a$bcd(also known as China Coast multilingualism and pidginisation.” a$bPidgin, China Coast Pidgin English)(Trudgil 2003:74)Some Features of Chinese Pidgin Englishcd36a$be0f19/29/2009Consequences of Language ContactLingua FrancasLanguage contact situations can produce “Lingua francas which are used in a a wide variety of linguistic phenomena: large-scale institutionalised way in different parts of the world include Lingua francas

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gihp¤qr¢sSwahili in East Africa and French and Pidgins ,

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, English in West Africa. A pidgin 23'423'456

language is a particular form of lingua "1Bilingualism franca. The term is derived from the ¢u, ¢viwttMediterranean lingua franca, Lingua Code-switching x, x¤pyyFranca.” (Trudgil 2003:80)Code-mixing xr¢s¤7Loanwords 10¤Consequences of Original Lingua FrancaLanguage Contact“A Romance-based pidgin, with Provencal and Italian as the main lexifiers [i.e. International languages

Band Ladino. Now extinct, but formerly %Trade languages spoken in coastal areas of the

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E0FGAHMediterranean, including especial y North Africa, the Levant and the Greek islands, as a trading lingua franca. Also known as 811‘Sabir’.” (continued) Lingua Franca Original Lingua Franca, , “ . . . Some scholars who favour the monogenesis theory of pidgin and creole “A language which is used in origins have suggested that the Lingua communication between speakers who Franca was the original pidgin from which have no native language in common. al others are derived. The [Latin] term For example, if English is used in means ‘Frankish language’, with ‘Frank’ communication between native speakers being a label often used by the Orthodox of Swedish and Dutch, then it is Christian people of the eastern functioning as a lingua franca.” Mediterranean to refer to Catholics from (continued) the west, particularly if Romance-912speaking.” (Trudgil 2003: 79-80)29/29/2009Lexifier Origin of the First Lingua Franca“In the study of pidgin and creole In the Middle Ages from the 12th to 14thlanguages, [this is] the language from centuries a trade language became which most of the vocabulary has widely spoken in a number of ports been taken. In English-based creoles, around the Mediterranean Sea. such as Krio and Sranan, there are This trade language had mainly developed more words that have come from from the mixing together of two English than from any other languages of the Middle Ages, namey language. . .” (Trudgil 2003:79)Ligurian, which was an Italian dialect, and Provencal, which was a southern 13French dialect.16International Language Origin of the First Lingua Franca“A lingua franca which is used for The European Crusaders spoke this communication between different language as their common, shared countries. English is currently very language and took it with them to the often used in this way, as are other Middle East where it came under the languages such as Russian and influence of Arabic. French.” (Trudgil 2003:65)It then evolved into a variety which was Mandarin/Putonghua is also being cal ed Lingua Franca in Latin, that is, used this way in East and Southeast ‘Frankish language’.Asia.1417Trade Language International Language , An International language is a language “A lingua franca which is used mainly which has become widely used as a for informal commercial purposes.” foreign language or as a second (Trudgil 2003:135)language by speakers from many different countries for their cross-The main purpose of Canton Pidgin linguistic and international English was to facilitate trade communication.between foreigners (who were mainly In the Middle Ages Latin was an British and American) and Chinese international language among scholars merchants.from various countries.151839/29/2009French and English as 16th Century Portuguese-International LanguagesInfluenced PidginFrom 15th to 16th century Portuguese sailors In the 18th to 19th centuries French was learned to speak the original Lingua Franca; an international language, especial y as a result, it came under the influence of for diplomacy.Portuguese, and a large part of the vocabulary From the 20th century to the present became Portuguese.time English has become the most Portuguese explorers took this lingua franca to widely spoken international language.Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and various ports of East Asia. People who came into contact with them found it useful to be able to speak this lingua franca and so they 19learned it from the Portuguese sailors.22Auxiliary Language Portuguese-influenced Pidgin“The term ‘auxiliary’ implies that it is intended to The Portuguese arrived in south China in be an additional language for the people of the early 16th century, and established for the world, rather than replace their native themselves the tiny enclave of Macau in languages. 1557.Often, the phrase is used to refer to constructed For a time Chinese officials only al owed the [i.e. deliberately invented] languages Portuguese to trade in Macau and Canton proposed specifical y to ease worldwide international communication, such aswhere business was conducted with Esperanto, Ido, and Interlingua.”Chinese merchants in a pidgin based on (continued)Portuguese.2023Auxiliary Language Pidgin Influenced by English“However, [auxiliary language] can also refer In the17th century British merchants began to the concept of such a language being coming to Macau and Canton to do business, determined by international consensus, but they first had to learn to speak the including even a natural language so Portuguese pidgin since this was the dominant chosen (e.g., International English). language in which business was conducted. Auxiliary language aficionados cal these Later, as British power became stronger and the languages auxlangs.” British presence increased in South China, the (from Wikipedia, International Auxiliary pidgin came under the influence of English Language, 16 November 2006)and underwent a process of relexification, that is, the majority of the original vocabulary was 2124replaced by English words.49/29/2009Contact Language Pidgin, , When people who speak different languages The vocabulary of a pidgin is relatively come into intimate and prolonged social smal and the syntax is fairly simple. contact, due to their needs to communicate, However, after prolonged contact and they sometimes create a comparatively simple use both the lexicon and grammar of but mixed language which is usual y referred the pidgin may undergo further to as a contact language. development according to the needs The sound system and syntax of this simple of the speakers. (Richards et al. contact language are much simpler than those of ordinary languages, and its vocabulary is 1998:347)also quite limited.2528Pidgins in North and South America Contact Language and Pidginand the PacificAn example of a contact language is pidgin. (Extinct)(Extinct)Some scholars believe that the word pidgin is derived from the way the English word business was pronounced by Cantonese speakers in the 18th century.2629PidginDistribution of Pidgins across Africa, A pidgin is not anyone’s mother tongue Asia, and South Pacificor first language, but develops through the contact and mixing of two other languages.(Extinct)(Extinct?)According to Richards et al. (1998:347), a pidgin is a variety of language that can arise between foreign traders and Cameroonian Tok Pisin orlocal people who work on plantations or or Kamtokin factories due to their need to communicate with each other for some 27purpose such as conducting trade.3059/29/2009Pidginized Language and Trade LanguageDevelopment of Pidgin VocabularyThe first term refers to a kind of pidgin that In the 16th century before the British had has come under the strong influence of arrived in southern China to conduct another language so that its vocabulary trade, there were Portuguese, Indians, and syntax absorb elements from that Dutch, and other people speaking a other language. Portuguese-based pidgin in the region.An example isAs a result, most of the vocabulary was cd, i.e. Canton Pidgin a$bor Chinese Pidgin (also cal ed Chinese Portuguese, but this pidgin had also Pidgin English) which was used primarily absorbed some words from Hindi and as a trade language, but also as a kind of Malay. It was later to become very much 31lingua franca.34influenced by English. Canton Pidgin Foreign Words in Chinese PidginCanton Pidgin grammar had its own syntax and morphological rules. Portuguese:cdCanton Pidgin:a$bIt was widely used in the 18th and 19th centuries sabe=> savvy ‘know’Ain southern China, including the area from 'Canton down to Macau and had been created querer=> carei ‘want’by Chinese and foreigners for the purpose of 'conducting trade.conta=> conta Canton Pidgin took much of its vocabulary from ‘count’English and Portuguese, while its sentence caixa=> cash[] ‘cash’structure and phonology were influenced by '32Cantonese. 35Two Kinds of Malay and Hindi Words Canton Pidgin Englishin Canton PidginWhile Canton Pidgin was a mixture of languages, Malay godong => godown[] 'two kinds of it can be recognized, according to ‘godown’ (HK English)who was speaking it:Malay catty => catty '“ . . . two different genres of CCP (China Coast ‘catty’ (HK English)Pidgin) can be identified: the Chinese genre, as in the Chinese-authors booklets, and the Hindi kuli=> coolie Anglophone CCP, as represented in the ‘coolie’literature and possibly the speech used within Hindi saraf => shroffWestern circles.” (from Ansaldo, Matthews, and $dSmith, p. 4, to appear)‘shroff (cashier)’ (HK 3336English)69/29/2009Influence of English on Chinese PidginBooklets for Teaching Chinese Pidgin to Chinese PeopleIn the early 18th century British traders started arriving in increasing numbers in China to buy In order to do business with foreigners, Chinese goods, such as tea, porcelain, silk, some Chinese people in the 18th and 19tharticles made of silver, carved ivory, etc.centuries used some special y produced Because the British especial y liked to drink booklets to study Canton Pidgin.Chinese tea, the result was that more and more British traders came to China to buy tea. The These books used Chinese characters and result was that the English language began to their Cantonese pronunciations to influence the development of the Canton Pidgin represent the vocabulary and or Chinese Pidgin lexicon so that it started pronunciation of Canton Pidgin.absorbing many words from English.3740Foreign Merchants Buying Tea in Canton (ca. 1820)Books for Teaching Canton Pidgin to Chinese PeopleOne of the earliest books for helping Chinese people to learn Canton Pidgin and which stil survives is the little book}~q§¢gihproduced in about 1835 by an unknown author.In addition to this book, another very important 6-volume work for helping us study Canton Pidgin is ¢§AThe Chinese and }~English Instructor by Tang Ting Shu ¤ ¢and published in Canton in 1862. 3841Cantonese “ ” = ‘Foreign’This book is egfihkj:Standard Chinese & English:believed to soap’have been lminpublished in pumpkin’lopCanton in about sweet potato’1835. The lq§rpicture is of a ¢s, tomato’lt¤q¢uPortuguese ¢v¢wguava’Fidalgo l(member of the

foreign language’lxlower nobility) 39foreigners’42circa 1750.lxzy|{79/29/2009Note on Phonetic TranscriptionHung Mou Tung Yung Faan WaaThe book’s title can be translated as ‘foreign N.B. In the fol owing slides the language widely used by the red hair(ed pronunciation of words in Canton Pidgin people)’and other pidgins has been transcribed The phrase Y`(pronounced “hung4 mou4” with symbols from the International in Cantonese) literal y means ‘red hair’ (= Phonetic Alphabet and enclosed within “ang moh” in Singapore English) and was square brackets; Cantonese tone one of the names used by the Chinese to contours have been indicated with tone refer to Europeans in the 18th and 19thgraphs and two numbers for tone values centuries because some of them, such as only in the next two slides for numbers.43the Dutch, had red hair.46Some Special Features of/: