Geothermal

[ GWh of Electricity Added: ]

12.7K

[ Jobs Impact: ]

Low

Medium

High

[ Budget Impact: ]

Low

Medium

High

[ Conventional Pollutants Reduced: ]

SO2

1667 tons

NOx

1376 tons

Hg

.022 tons

PM

256 tons

[ Megatons of GHG Reduced: ]

12

Overview

Geothermal energy has been in use in the U.S. since our nation’s founding, and today every state uses it to some degree already.1 But only Hawaii, Alaska, and a handful of states in the Western U.S., use that energy to generate electricity.2 This is despite geothermal generation’s ability to produce electricity at a steady rate every hour of the day.3 Most of the geothermal heat sources are over tectonic activity and centralized in the underserved and power-thirsty West.4 There are also sizeable amounts of potential energy simmering under the surface of states like West Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas.5 These energy assets have not yet been maximized because the U.S. has provided inadequate resources or erected sizeable barriers to the development and roll-out of geothermal technology. In 2010, only 3.1 gigawatts of geothermal generation, roughly the same capacity as only 6 average-sized coal plants,6 had been installed in the U.S.7 But a few smart policy changes could open as much as 100 GW of new, clean energy to American consumers.8

Analysis

Obstacles to optimizing geothermal power include the challenges of mining safely to depths of 10 kilometers, transmission and exploration barriers, and access to capital. But these impediments are worth trying to overcome. A recent study by MIT suggests that nearly 10% of our energy needs could be met by geothermal.9 That is roughly equivalent to all of our existing renewable resources today, including hydropower. Furthermore, most jobs created by geothermal projects would be in drilling, which do not require a college degree and can help balance the boom-bust cycle of employment in the oil and gas industries.10

Assuming some smaller nuanced policies are adopted to increase access to capital and exploration, the U.S. could see an increase of 1.6 GW of capacity, or a net increase of 50% in total geothermal capabilities. Working under this assumption, these new geothermal facilities could generate enough electricity to power at least 1.1 million homes,11 more than the entire state of Nebraska.12 Assuming these new geothermal turbines replaced coal, 1.6 GW of geothermal would eliminate as much as 12 megatons of CO2 equivalent emissions.13 Like other clean energy technologies, geothermal produces no conventional pollutants (like nitrogen and sulfur oxides, mercury, or particulate matter). Hence, building this additional geothermal capacity could remove as much conventional air pollutants every year as produced by about 4 average-size coal plants.14 The new geothermal projects spurred by these policies could also add over 2,500 jobs from cradle to grave.15

Implementation

Easing access to public lands and financing would provide a boost to the development of geothermal projects.

Facilitate Exploration of Geothermal on Federal Lands

Congress should pass legislation to both enable the easy identification of geothermal activity on public lands and facilitate leasing of federal lands. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, many of the public lands in the Western U.S. sit atop vast thermal energy resources that could be harnessed to provide power to growing cities and suburbs.16 However, discovering ideal locations on these lands has been hampered by unduly burdensome regulations. Language introduced by House Republicans in 2011 would provide a less onerous regulatory process for exploring hot spots.17 Furthermore, a bipartisan bill in the Senate has been reintroduced to allow noncompetitive leasing of limited federal lands.18 Together, these small reforms could provide developers with a more manageable and less costly regulatory hurdles and lead to an increase in geothermal projects, without unduly threatening the environment on these national lands.

Make Geothermal Eligible for Master Limited Partnerships

Inclusion in Master Limited Partnerships could open up cheaper and earlier financing options for geothermal energy. Master Limited Partnerships are covered in the Clean Energy Finance Component.

For the purpose of analysis in the PowerBook, the average coal plant size is assumed to be 550 MW when burning subcritical bituminous pulverized coal. See e.g., United States, Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, “Subcritical Pulverized Bituminous Coal Plant,” Report. Accessed March 4, 2013. Available at: http://www.netl.doe.gov/KMD/cds/disk50/PC%20Plant%20Case_Subcritical_051507.pdf..

Mathematical analysis based on data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) on average home energy use and the likely energy generated by 1.5 GW of geothermal at its capacity factor of 91% from EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2012. See United States, Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Frequently Asked Questions: How Much Electricity Does an American Home Use?” Accessed March 4, 2013. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3; See also United States, Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Levelized Cost of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2012,” July 12, 2012. Accessed March 4, 2013. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/electricity_generation.cfm.

Analysis based on conventional pollutants of a 550 MW subcritical bituminous pulverized coal plant, assumed to be average sized for the PowerBook. See United States, Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, “Subcritical Pulverized Bituminous Coal Plant,” Report. Accessed March 4, 2013. Available at: http://www.netl.doe.gov/KMD/cds/disk50/PC%20Plant%20Case_Subcritical_051507.pdf.

Implementation

How to Use the PowerBook

The PowerBook is a menu of á la carte options, not a blueprint that requires every element to hold it together. It is designed to provide federal policymakers and regulators with a selection of policy ideas to help solve specific challenges in how our nation produces, transports, and consumes energy.

SECTORS

The PowerBook is divided into five economic sectors: power, transmission, buildings and efficiency, industry, and transportation. Each sector includes multiple components, which are specific elements of that sector that require some policy change. Components that impact multiple sectors, such as clean energy finance or regulatory reform, are included in a sixth cross-sector section.

COMPONENTS

Each component has three parts: a short overview, an analysis of the challenges and opportunities for energy, employment, and the environment, and an implementation section that outlines specific actions that Congress, the administration, or the independent regulatory agencies can take. The policy recommendations in the implementation section are intended to serve as frameworks for more detailed legislation or regulatory reform proposals.

The components in the PowerBook reflect the input from a broad group of business leaders, policymakers, analysts, and academics. We will update them regularly to add new policy ideas, revise existing proposals, and reflect progress made in Congress or through the regulatory process. We invite readers to provide us suggestions to build upon the proposals in our components or new policies we should consider adding. Please send us your comments via the contact page.

OUR ANALYSIS

The PowerBook provides both pragmatic ideas to move America toward cleaner energy and data showing the potential impacts that these policies could have on our energy systems and economy. By combining several datasets, from economy-wide to industry-specific, we have developed a basic methodology for each component to estimate the effects these policies would have on CO2, conventional pollutants, and domestic energy needs. While future, independent modeling will provide higher accuracy, the current metrics offer a general barometer of impact and a way to compare the effects of various components.