Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)

Darwin's Insects

Charles Darwin's Entomological Notes

Kenneth G. V. Smith (Editor)

The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology, and an Historical series.

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Synopsis

The insects collected by Charles Darwin, both on the Beagle voyage and in the United Kingdom, are discussed and their present location indicated. Comments are made on these specimens within the framework of Darwin's entomological notes preserved in London (Insect Notes) and in Cambridge (Insects in Spirits of Wine) published here for the first time. These comments include identification of the insects with published descriptions to date and also present new information on unrecorded material, including new records for the Galapagos Islands and South America. There is some discussion of more general topics including the possibility of insect transmitted Chagas' disease as a cause of Darwin's ill health (see Insect Notes, 2913, 3423). A full list of entomological eponyms formed from Darwin's name is given, along with an extensive bibliography.

Introduction

Charles Darwin's interest in entomology began in childhood. In his autobiographical notes (see Darwin, F., 1887, Vol. 1:34) he wrote:

I must have observed insects with some little care, for when ten years old (1819) I went for three weeks to Plas Edwards on the sea coast in Wales, I was very much interested and surprised at seeing a large black and scarlet Hemipterous insect, many moths (Zygaena), and a Cicindela which are not found in Shropshire. I almost made up my mind to begin collecting all the insects which I could find dead, for on consulting my sister I concluded that it was not right to kill insects for the sake of making a collection.

Elsewhere (p. 51) in the autobiography however he says:

I was introduced to entomology by my second cousin, W. Darwin Fox, a clever and most pleasant man, who was then at Christ's College...

Darwin spent much of his spare time at Cambridge (1828–31) collecting beetles with William Fox, Leonard Jenyns, Albert Way and H. Thompson.1 He would also press others into service of 'the science' as he called it so that John Herbert 2 recalled (Darwin, F., 1887, Vol. 1: 168):

and very soon he armed me with a bottle of alcohol, in which I had to drop any beetle which struck me as not of a common kind.

His summer vacations were given up to 'collecting beetles, to some reading, and short tours'. He visited the Reverend F.W. Hope3 who was later to establish the Chair of Entomology at Oxford with J.O. Westwood4 as the first Hope Professor. Hope had a high opinion of Darwin's entomological ability and in July 1829 the two men went on a collecting trip in North Wales.

Darwin's most important contact at Cambridge was Professor J.S. Henslow5 who not only broadened his whole approach to natural history, including entomology, but was instrumental in securing his appointment as naturalist on the Beagle voyage.

While entomology was not the major preoccupation of the Beagle voyage some of the captures and observations were important and played their part in the formulation of his later theories (in contrast to his well-known comment to Lyell in 1863 (Darwin, F., 1887, Vol. 3: 69) that 'entomologists are enough to keep the subject back for half a century'—my italics).

Darwin's contributions to entomology have been briefly assessed by Riley (1883), Poulton (1901), Carpenter (1935, 1936) and Remington & Remington (1961). Freeman (1977) provides a bibliography to Darwin's publications in book form and Barrett (1977) reprints Darwin's contributions to serial publications. Kritsky (1981) gives a brief survey of Darwin's entomological work and includes a useful index to more than 1600 text references to insects contained in Darwin's published works, though mostly in American editions.

The present work indicates the sources of information of Darwin's contributions to entomology and attempts to locate and comment upon the insect specimens collected by Charles Darwin especially during the voyage of the Beagle. The Beagle material is identified within the framework of Darwin's entomological notes preserved in the British Museum (Natural History) (Insect Notes), at the University of Cambridge (Insects in Spirits of Wine) and at Down House (the original Notebooks). The Zoological Diary, preserved in the University of Cambridge, also contains

Darwin's British Insects

Darwin was a fanatical beetle collector and in his Autobiography (Darwin, F., 1887; Vol. 1: 50) he says:

But no pursuit at Cambridge was followed with nearly so much eagerness or gave me so much pleasure as collecting beetles. It was the mere passion for collecting; for I did not dissect them, and rarely compared their external characters with published descriptions, but got them named anyhow. I will give a proof of my zeal: one day, on tearing off some old bark, I saw two rare beetles, and seized one in each hand; then I saw a third and new kind, which I could not bear to lose, so that I popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth. Alas! it ejected some intensely acrid fluid, which burnt my tongue so that I was forced to spit the beetle out, which was lost, as was the third one.

He was always searching for new collecting methods and was very proud when his first records appeared in print and goes on to say:

I was very successful in collecting and inventing two new methods; I employed a labourer to scrape during the winter, moss off old trees and place it in a large bag, and likewise to collect the rubbish at the bottom of the barges in which reeds are brought from the fens, and thus I got some very rare species. No poet ever felt more delighted at seeing his first poem published than I did at seeing, in Stephen's 'Illustrations of British Insects', the magic words "captured by C. Darwin, Esq.".

In Stephens, Illustrations of British Entomology (1827–45) the following records (given in quotes by Stephens) are attributed to 'C. Darwin Esq.'. There are several references to these records in the literature but they do not appear to have been listed before. Since in effect they constitute Darwin's first publication (Freeman, 1977: 19) they are listed here with Darwin's original data in large type and (where necessary) equivalent modern nomenclature and comments set below in small type.

[Rhantus suturalis (Macleay)]. Common in Southern Britain; usually in stagnant or slow-flowing water such as canals.

p. 194. Colymbetes notatus F. 'In abundance near Cambridge'

[Rhantus frontalis (Marsham)]. Scattered distribution in England and Ireland; in fresh and peaty water pools.

p. 194. Colymbetes exoletus Forster. 'Abundantly near Cambridge'

[Rhantus exsoletus (Forster)]. Common in England, Scotland and Ireland.

p. 194. Colymbetes agilis F. 'In profusion near Cambridge in 1829'

[Transferred by Stephens (1829 appendix p. 194) to adspersus F. but referable to Rhantus bistriatus Bergstrasser (Balfour-Browne, 1950: 237)]. Commoner in the north than in the south and a coastal species in Ireland; mainly in acid water.

P. 194. Colymbetes adspersus F. 'Plentiful near Cambridge in 1829'

[Maybe Rhantus aberratus Gemminger & Van Harold but see previous entry]. The true adspersus F. was known as a fen species in East Anglia up to 1829, then it disappeared until one specimen was found in 1904.

p. 195. Hydaticus hybneri F. 'Near Cambridge, 1829'

[Hydaticus seminiger (Degeer)]. Scattered distribution in England as far north as Yorkshire, mostly in fens in the east of England.

[Trachys troglodytes Gyllenhall]. Widespread in damp, grassy places and sphagnum bogs; can be swept from Succisa pratensis Moench, the larval host-plant and hibernates as an adult in Sphagnum moss.

[Col., Elateridae]

p. 266. Ctenicerus cupreus F. Stephens says:

females generally rare; at least fifty males to one female having usually occurred; but in August, 1829, out of scores of specimens now under my inspection captured by the Rev F. W. Hope and C. Darwin, Esq., in North Wales, scarcely a single male was observed.

[Ctenicera cuprea (Fabricius)]. A species with a generally northern distribution.

[Otiorhynchus atroapterus (Degeer)]. Local in sandy places on coast among grass, etc.

[Col., Chrysomelidae]

p. 274. Donacia nigra F. 'Near Cambridge'

[Donacia braccata Scopoli]. Local in the south and East Anglia, usually near the coast.

Haustellata vol. 2 (appendix) (1 June 1829).

[Lep., Noctuidae]

p. 200. Graphiphora plecta L. 'Cambridge'

[Ochropleura plecta (Linnaeus)]. The flame shoulder moth. Common and generally distributed throughout England, Ireland and the mainland of Scotland.

The Stephens collection is in the British Museum (Natural History) (see Hammond, 1972) but contains no Darwin specimens and only a few have been found in Cambridge. Darwin's records were later repeated without his name appended (Stephens, 1839).

There are comments on Darwin's collecting of beetles in Cambridgeshire in The natural history of Wicken Fen (Gardiner & Tansley, 1923–32). In that work Omer Cooper, Perkins & Tottenham record that:

Darwin gave many records and specimens to Babington Jenyns, and Stephens, whose publication of them in his 'Illustrations' afforded him much gratification.

Of Babington they say:

amassed a remarkably fine collection, but the localities are loosely recorded; in his collection, which is preserved in the University Museum, are specimens collected by Charles Darwin.

Of Jenyns, an intimate friend of Darwin's, they say:

His collection of insects with an excellent manuscript of localities was presented to the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1865, when he removed from the district.

They list 14 species of Carabidae collected by Darwin (teste Jenyns) and these are included in an assessment of the decline of certain species and the increase of others in Wicken Fen since 1834. The full list of Darwin species follows in alphabetical order of genera with modern equivalent nomenclature given in brackets where necessary: Acupalpus luridus Dejean (=A. flavicollis Sturm), Amara lucidae (Duft.), A. plebeia (Gyll.), Auchomenus atratus Duft. (=Agonum nigrum Dej.), Bembidion adustum Schaum. (=B. semipunctatum Donovan), Chlaenius nigricornis F., Harpalus puncticollis (Payk.), H. punctatulus (Duft.), H. rubripes (Duft.), Pterostichus inaequalis Mshm (=P. longicollis Duft.), P. picimanus (Duft.) (=P. macer Mshm), Stenolophus teutonus (Schrank), S. vespertinus Panz. (=S. mixtus Herbst.). They also list Elaphrus uliginosus F. as teste Stephens, though this does not appear in Stephens' Illustrations of British Entomology.

Another very rare carabid capture of Darwin's (though not mentioned by Omer Cooper et al.) is that of Chlaenius tristis Scheller (as C. holosericeus F.). Donisthorpe (1904) records that Darwin found this species near Cambridge. Lindroth (1974) says of it:

on lake-shores with clayish soil and rich vegetation; often associated with Blethisa.—England: Huntingdon, Cambridge. Wales (doubtful). Ireland. Only old records, possibly extinct.

References to other captures of British beetles are made in the Life and Letters (Darwin, F., 1887, Vol. 1: 51) including the very local Panagaeus cruxmajor (L.) (Carabidae) which Darwin captured in Cambridge. Donisthorpe (1904) says it occurs sparingly at Wicken and other fens under sedge refuse and Lindroth (1974), whom I have followed for most of my comments on Carabidae, notes it as a local species in England up to Yorkshire and from Glamorgan and Ireland.

Francis Darwin (1887, Vol. 2: 140) also records how his father 'revived old knowledge of beetles' in helping his boys in their collecting. He sent a short notice to the Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer 25 June 1859, recording the capture of Licinus silphoides [=Licinus punctatulus F., Carabidae], Clytus mysticus [=Anaglyptus mysticus L., Cerambycidae] and Panagaeus 4-pustulatus [=P. bipustulatus F., Carabidae]. The notice begins with the words 'We are three very young collectors having lately taken in the Parish of Down, &C.', and is signed by three of his boys, but was clearly not written by them (see Darwin, Darwin & Darwin, 1859). The species concerned are all rather local and uncommon.

On the same page of the Life and Letters, in a letter to W.D. Fox, 13 November 1858, Darwin mentions captures of 'Brachinus crepitans' (Carabidae) and 'Licinus' (Carabidae) by his third boy [Francis].

The two separate storeboxes of beetles, one at Down House (Figs 7–8) and one at Cambridge (Figs 5–6), are commented on in the appropriate sections, but it can be assumed that some of his other British beetles are scattered throughout the British collection at the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology. Some Darwin specimens 'ex coll. Jenyns' have been traced in the collection but none of those listed in Babington's notebook.

Between the years 1854 and 1861 Darwin was helped by five or six of his children in observations on the flight routes of male humble-bees (Bombus hortorum L., B. pratorom L. and B. lycorum L). These were never written up for publication in England though a précis was published in Germany along with some of his shorter works by Ernst Krause (see Darwin, C., 1885–86). The original notes have since been published (in English) by Freeman (1968).

In 1980 Richard Treadwell brought into the British Museum (Natural History) a box of microscopical preparations on slides which he claimed had once belonged to Charles Darwin. The box of slides was given to Mr Treadwell by a Miss Dorothea Flower who lived with his great-aunt Mrs Emmerson. Miss Flower told Mr Treadwell that the collection had belonged to Darwin and that 'some were prepared by Charles Darwin'. The slides were mostly typical professionally prepared Victorian slides largely of insect parts, some labelled 'Stanley. Optician, Railway Approach, London Bridge'. Some slides however were obviously 'amateur' preparations. Two of mites bore handwritten labels 'Acari from a partridge' and 'Acarus vegetans'. Photocopies of the labels were sent to P.J. Gautrey and his colleagues at Cambridge who concluded that the handwriting did not match that of Darwin or Syms Covington (his assistant), or Fletcher or Norman, two schoolmasters at Downe who transcribed for Darwin.

Miss Flower died about 1970 having lived at Hurtwood Cottage, Holmbury St Mary, near Dorking since before the Second World War. The house had been owned by her father. He had been a judge and had retired to live in Holmbury just before the war and died sometime between 1940 and 1946. Before moving to Holmbury the family lived in London. I have been unable to trace any connection with Sir William Henry Flower, sometime Director of the British Museum (Natural History) and a friend of Darwin's and the precise history of these slides must remain untold though there is no reason to doubt Mr Treadwell's story.

Mention of British (and other) insects in Darwin's published writings are listed in Kritsky (1981) and his shorter contributions to the serial literature are reprinted in full by Barrett (1977).

Entomology on the Beagle voyage

On the Beagle voyage entomology took its place with the collection of other animals and plants and all were secondary to geology. Darwin was particularly interested in collecting the smaller, less known, species of insects and wrote to Henslow from Rio de Janeiro on 18 May 1832 (see Barlow, 1967: 55)

I am now collecting fresh-water & land animals: if what was told me in London is true viz that there are no small insects in the collections from the Tropics.—I tell Entomologists to look out & have their pens ready for describing.—I have taken as minute (if not more so) as in England, Hydropori, Hygroti, Hydrobii, Pselaphi, Staphylini, Curculio, Bembididous insects etc etc.—It is exceedingly interesting observing the difference of genera & species from those which I know, it is however much less than I expected.

Later he wrote again to Henslow from Valparaiso in March 1835 (see Barlow, 1967: 101):

In Zoology I have done but very little; excepting a large collection of minute Diptera & Hymenoptera from Chiloe. I took in one day, Pselaphus, Anaspis, Latridius [sic], Leiodes, Cercyon & Elmis & two beautiful true Carabi; I might almost have fancied myself collecting in England.

Collecting methods

Most of the collecting was almost certainly done by Darwin and his servant Syms Covington6 (Fig. 1) together. It was Captain FitzRoy's7 rule that no one went ashore alone and since Covington was in Darwin's pay he was virtually with him at all times (though rarely mentioned by name, see Journal (Darwin, 1845: 52)) without inconvenience to the ship's company. It is probable that some of the collections were made entirely by Syms Covington especially towards the end of the voyage, though only once is this evident from the Insect Notes (see entry 3528). Darwin also went ashore with other members of the ship's company, not always collecting (see Barlow, 1933) though the acting surgeon Benjamin Bynoe8 also made collections of plants and birds.

Sweeping with a net was probably the commonest method of collecting terrestrial insects and a special water net was employed for aquatic species (see Insect Notes entry 529). Larger, more robust, terrestrial insects were probably caught individually with 'fly-nippers' (see comments in Insect Notes entry 3). Advantage was taken of natural 'baits' especially dung, carrion, fungi, flowers and even the contents of spiders' webs (see Insect Notes entry 456). Many of his earlier methods of collecting such as bark stripping and moss-combing are also evident from entries in the Insect Notes. Specimens were also collected in pill-boxes or straight into alcohol (spirits of wine) and some of the more delicate insects such as Diptera were evidently pinned into store-boxes as is suggested in a letter to Henslow (Monte Video, 15 August 1832—see Barlow, 1967: 58):

—Also a good many small beetles in pill boxes: but it is not the best time of year for the latter.—As I have only 3/4 of a case of Diptera etc. I have not sent them.

Return and disposal of collections

During the voyage specimens were sent back to Henslow at Cambridge who had agreed to distribute the specimens to appropriate specialists. The following extract from Darwin's letters to

Henslow (see Barlow, 1967) illustrate how this was effected and some of the considerations involved:

Rio de Janeiro, 16 June 1832 [In letter started 18 May]

I have determined not to send a box till we arrive at Monte Video—it is too great a loss of time both for carpenter and myself to pack up whilst in harbour.

Monte Video, 15 August 1832

I have sent home 4 bottles of animals in spirits I have three more, but would not send them till I had a fourth.—I shall be anxious to know how they fare—

E. Falkland Isd., March 1834

I have forgotten to mention, that for some time past and for the future, I will put a pencil cross on the pill boxes containing insects, as these alone will require being kept particularly dry, it may perhaps save you some trouble.

Valparaiso, March 1835

I shall be obliged to send away one more box; this will be the last, with which I shall trouble you. I am afraid so many boxes must have been very much in your way. I trust they may

turn out worth their storage. I will write again when this last cargo is sent. You ought to have received about a month since 2 boxes sent by H.M.S. Challenger & before that 2 casks & one jar by H.M.S. Samarang.

On his return to England Darwin was faced with the problem of getting his material identified and wrote to Henslow (Barlow, 1967: 119):

London, 30 October 1836

. . . I have scarcely met anyone who seems to wish to possess any of my specimens. . . . I see it is quite unreasonable to hope for a minute, that any man will undertake the examination of a whole order.—It is clear the collectors so much outnumber the real naturalists, that the latter have no time to spare.—I do not even find that the collections care for receiving the unnamed specimens.—The Zoological Museum [of the Zoological Society] is nearly full & upward of a thousand specimens remain unmounted. I daresay the British Museum would receive them but I cannot feel, from all that I hear, any great respect even for the present state of that establishment.

He goes on to suggest that he stays in Cambridge where he would expect more help than in London and says:

Of the Naturalists F. Hope is out of London, Westwood I have not seen; so about my insects I know nothing.

Then, as now, competent taxonomists were too few and their work-load consequently too great to be able to cope quickly with large expedition collections. Thus, as with Captain Cook's and other famous expeditions, much of Darwin's material became dispersed among available and willing specialists. Darwin was more fortunate than most and the birds, mammals (including fossils), reptiles and fish received excellent treatment in the sumptuous Zoology (Darwin, 1838–43). The insects from the Beagle voyage have received considerable attention as the rest of this paper will show.

In the Centenary History of the Entomological Society of London (Neave et al., 1933: 68–9) it is stated:

Hope announced his intention at the General Meeting on 5th July, 1841, to present his entire collection of British Crustacea to the Society. The next month saw the presentation by Darwin of the insects collected on the voyage of the Beagle, and it appears that on his return from his famous voyage, Darwin was much exercised in his mind as to the disposal of his collections. For some reason he was not anxious to present them to the National Collection at the British Museum, and portions of them were presented to this Society, and, as may be seen from the Centenary History of the Zoological Society of London, others were handed over to that body. As is well known, however, the more valuable portions of both these collections eventually reached the British Museum.

However, in the Centenary History of the Zoological Society of London (Mitchell, 1929: 104) it is recorded that Darwin decided against giving his specimens to the Museum of the Zoological Society.

Not all of Darwin's material reached the British Museum and some of the specimens that did were again dispersed to other specialists so that collections have been located in Cambridge, Oxford, Dublin and elsewhere. Material in the British Museum is considered first.

The localities in which insects were collected on the Beagle voyage are shown on the maps (Figs 2–4, 19) and an itinerary of the voyage is given here since this is not easily interpreted from the Insect Notes.

Paradiz (1981) treats the South American journeys in detail and gives clear maps with modern spellings and notes on the variation of place names. Some of his dates of landfall and departure differ slightly from the itinerary given above and are probably more correct.

Darwin's Insects in the British Museum (Natural History)

Although Darwin did not hold the specialists in the British Museum in high esteem this was not so of G.R. Waterhouse10 as I have recorded elsewhere (Smith 1982a). Waterhouse was Keeper of Mineralogy and Geology in the British Museum from 1851 to 1880 and curator of the Royal Entomological Society's insect collections on its foundation. It was no doubt in the latter role that Darwin entrusted many insects to him and that through him many specimens came to be in the British Museum. Lea (1926) notes, quoting G.J. Arrow, 'Darwin did not give his collection to the Museum, but allowed different individuals to take particular groups which interested them, and the unsorted mass of minute specimens was given to G.R. Waterhouse, only coming here in 1887'. The Entomological Society collections were eventually dispersed; firstly the exotic species in 1858, then the British and certain historic specimens in 1863. The Museum purchased 5628 insects in 1858 (BM accession no. 1858–60) and in 1863 (1863–44) a series of 199 insects, of various orders, collected chiefly by Darwin during the Beagle voyage and including the types of species described by G.R. Waterhouse, J.O. Westwood and E. Newman.

The following list of summarized entries from the Museum Accession Registers indicates the numbers of Darwin insect specimens and the source of their origin.

Collected by Charles Darwin on his late voyage of the Beagle; described by Revd W. Hope. For the continuation of this entry see Folio 839

[on page 839 the names of a further 175 beetles are listed]

[Various Beagle localities]

Type specimens of species described by Messrs Waterhouse, Westwood & Newman in the Annals of Nat. History, Entomologist & collected principally by C. Darwin Esq. in the voyage of the Beagle

1885.100.–

1 Forficula sp.

Rio de Janeiro

Presented by G. R. Waterhouse.

2 Forficula sp.

Patagonia (?)

Collected by C. Darwin in the Forest in June.

1885.119.–

500 insects

Various localities

Presented by G.R. Waterhouse Esq. Collected by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. See Ins. Room List p. 93

Many beetles seem also to have passed, through G.R. Waterhouse, directly into the Coleoptera collections. These are not covered by numbers in the Museum Accession Register but are recorded in a volume of 'Accessions to the collection of Coleoptera 1870–1909', kept in the Coleoptera section. These entries are as follows:

1871.2

17 Elateridae

S. America

Presented by Chas Darwin. Collected by Mr Darwin. Not to be Rep. 10th/71

4 Coleoptera 6 Coleoptera [a list of the names of the 8 species follows]

James I. Galapagos Charles Island

Presented by C. Darwin Esq, through G. R. Waterhouse. Not Rep.

1878.43

1 Strina aurichalcea

Cape of Good Hope

Presented G. R. Waterhouse, coll. by C. Darwin, Esq. Not to be reported

1879.34

17 Coleoptera [names listed] types of F. Waterhouse

Cape of Good Hope, E. Falklands, Rio and St Helena

Presented by G. R. Waterhouse collected by C. Darwin Esq, described by F. H. Waterhouse in the Linnean Journal

1880.67

1 Moluris [Tenebrionidae]

S. Africa

Presented by Chas Darwin Esq. This is the specimen referred to in the popular account in the Naturalist Oct or Nov. [Dec., p. 76 by S. D. Bairstow]

1887.42

2000 Coleoptera

Various localities

Presented by G. R. Waterhouse Esq. Collected by Charles Darwin in the Voyage of the Beagle

The '1871.2' entry also includes some Coleoptera from St Helena (see Insect Notes entry 3730).

It is not clear what the 'not to be reported' comment means against several of these entries. Perhaps it kept the material temporarily more freely available for loan to outside specialists if it remained among unofficial accessions. Some accessions of Waterhouse types (e.g., 1875–36) contain Darwin material although there is no indication of this in the entry (see Insect Notes entry 2303 under Adioristus).

Labelling of specimens

The majority of the specimens in the BM collections have printed BM data labels indicating the country, locality and the name C. Darwin. Often the BM accession number is also given on a separate printed label though sometimes this is handwritten. Some specimens do not have printed labels and these can be difficult to find, all the labels being handwritten (by Darwin (rarely), Waterhouse and others) and sometimes folded. Labels bearing the name of the species are frequently handwritten. The distinctive labels of other museums are described under the appropriate sections.

Some specimens bear original 'Darwin' labels and numbers, which link them directly to the Insect Notes entries described later. These labels are as follows:

(1) Original handwritten locality labels (by Darwin or Syms Covington but usually by others) (Figs 11, 19). Sometimes these may have a BM accession number written later or on the verso.

(2) A label bearing a handwritten (rarely by Darwin or Syms Covington and usually by later 'curators') number between 1 and 3868 usually on white paper or occasionally on coloured paper conforming to the code range described for the printed numbers below, but the number given in full (see Figs 11, 19).

(3) Printed numbers (Fig. 19) can usually be taken at face value if on white paper. If on red coloured paper then 1000 must be added to the number printed thereon, 2000 added for green and 3000 added for yellow (I have only seen written numbers on yellow paper; see Insect Notes, entry 2523). A clue to this numbering code is given in entry 325 in the Insect Notes, and it is described in Darwin's specimen catalogue in the University Library at Cambridge. In the University Museum of Zoology at Cambridge are specimens with small green labels bearing numbers but these are not Darwin's and are dealt with in the section on the Cambridge material.

Other comments on labels are given immediately before the Insect Notes.

There are certainly other undetected Darwin specimens scattered throughout the BM collections, especially in the unidentified accessions. While it has been relatively easy to locate material on which published descriptions are based, there has been difficulty in locating non-type material. Specimens representing published misidentifications have frequently been subsequently re-identified and moved to an unexpected place in the collection. However most groups have been scanned, and at least for the Neotropical Coleoptera it has been possible to comment on most of the entries in the Insect Notes.

Where specimens have not been located it has frequently been possible to interpolate the identity of some entries from published sources, especially the Journal (Darwin, 1845). Often the very nature of the entry in the Insect Notes has provided clues leading to a successful search for material in the collections.

Some specimens that were once in the collection have obviously been removed, probably for exhibition purposes on the occasion of a Darwin anniversary (see Ridewood, 1909: 23) or even in exchanges with other museums. Name labels with only pin-holes above them provide strong evidence for this (e.g. Insect Notes entry 5).

There is also evidence that Darwin specimens from the BM have 'found their way' into other collections, probably before the establishment of a proper loans system, but have 'returned home' in due course (see Insect Notes entries 2303, 2308 under Adioristus, Col., Curculionidae). There are also specimens in the David Sharp collection (BM 1905–313; see entry 618 under Nitidulidae).

These mostly bear a printed label as shown in the notes quoted and may have small green labels with numbers in the range 1–51, though no specimens were found with the numbers 1, 2, 9, 18, 26, 29, 32 or 41 (though the Corixid bears a white printed 41 which does not fit a Darwin entry—see entries 210, 677). Other specimens without numbers are present and probably all had numbers originally. Some specimens also carry printed numbers relating to the Darwin notebooks and Insect Notes. The specimens also bear A. Knisch (Hydrophilidae) or A. Zimmerman (Gyrinidae) det. labels (see entries in the main Insect Notes).

These specimens were formerly housed in a small box labelled as follows:

To Dr Sharp. I send the first contribution to an Entom. Library. Also Darwin's aquatics from S. America. The tickets are no[t] intelligible to me. I have no corresponding notes. C.C. Babington9

To this has been added a note by Hugh Scott:

These insects have since been named and incorporated in the general exotic collection. Though said to be from "S. America" (whence most undoubtedly are) they include certain species which can scarcely have been from that Continent: Sternolophus solieri, Cast., known from Afr. and Syria, and Paranacaena sp., a genus known (otherwise) only from Australia (both Hydrophilidae). The series included one or two Hemiptera fam. Pelogonidae. H.S. 24.4.1922

In the Cambridge Museum Register 14 November 1912 the following supplementary notes by Hugh Scott are given, dated 24 October 1922:

These were formerly kept in a small box, just as they were handed to Dr Sharp by Prof. C.C. Babington. They were sent by Darwin to Professor Babington, and passed on by him to Dr Sharp, with the label which is stuck in below. They have now (1922) been named and incorporated in the general foreign beetle collection, the old pins being kept and the following label attached

South America

Charles Darwin

Voyage of the

"Beagle"

Reg. 14.xi.1912

They will be found under families Hydrophilidae and Gyrinidae [Darwin's Dytiscidae are in Brit. Mus. They were worked out by Babington and publd in Tr. Ent. Soc. iii, 1941,

pp. 1–17, Pl.1], also two or three bugs (Hemiptera) under (Pelogonidae and Corixidae). Re localities: Babington's note reads "from South America", and nearly all undoubtedly are South American. But the following are not from that continent: Sternolophus solieri, Cast. (Hydrophilidae; Africa & Syria); Paranacaena sp. (Hydrophilidae; genus known only from Australia); Dineutes subspinosus, Klug (Gyrinidae; Africa, Syria, India) and Dineutes aereus, Klug (Africa). These were probably got when the "Beagle" visited countries within their range.—The numbers borne by the specimens were not intelligible by Babington. In 1917 the collection was examined by G.C. Champion, who by consulting old literature was able to fix the localities of the big Gyrinid Enhydrus sulcatus, Wied., of Gyrinus ovatus, Aubé and of Gyretes glabratus, Régimbart; he attached the labels "Rio de Janeiro, C. Darwin" to these, but did not think the rest could be traced [see over page].

Two kinds of printed numbers are attached; some specimens have numbers in large type, on (discoloured) white paper; these numbers correspond to Darwin's MS. Register in Brit. Mus. (Insect Dept.), and the data have been copied (1.xi.1922) from that register and attached to the specimens. The species under which such specimens stand are marked with an asterisk on the preceding page [there are numbers in similar large type on certain of Darwin's named Dytiscidae in Brit. Mus.]. Most of the numbers used are, however, in smaller type, on greenish-blue paper, with a printed line above and to one side of them. Of these there is at present no explanation, nor is it known when and by whom they were attached. They form a sequence from 1–51. Many specimens have no number. None have Darwin's MS. locality-labels, as the Brit. Mus. specimens have; except in the case of those with the big-type numbers, therefore, the evidence that they were Darwin's rests at present on Babington's covering label, & the similar nature of the pins, &c.

The presence of 'Darwin' numbers has enabled nine species to be assigned with certainty to entries in Darwin's Insect Notes. The other species have been interpolated and the following entries in the Notes should be consulted to account fully for these Cambridge specimens: 210, 213–9, 432–3, 446–8, 554–5, 573, 875, 1305, 1314, 3528, 3635.

There is also a small storebox (Figs 5–6) containing British beetles in the Museum of Zoology. The majority are ground beetles (Carabidae) and dung beetles (Scarabaeidae, etc.). Some of the species, though perhaps not the actual specimens recorded by Stephens are represented. There is an entry in the Museum Register regarding this collection dated 30 April 1913:

Small collection of British beetles, made by Charles Darwin. The beetles were originally in a cabinet, until in the early '70s G.R. Crotch removed some or all of them into boxes, with the intention of arranging and renaming them. Only one box has been found, which was given to the Museum as Crotch left it, some of the beetles being named in Crotch's handwriting, others with printed labels. Whether the latter were Darwin's or Crotch's naming is not known. Donated by Sir Francis Darwin, F.R.S.

Crotch also gave Darwin beetles during the writing of the Descent where Darwin (1871: 379, footnotes 70 and 72 relating to stridulatory mechanisms in the Coleoptera) says:

I am greatly indebted to Mr G. R. Crotch for having sent me numerous prepared specimens of various beetles belonging to these three families [Crioceridae, Chrysomelidae, Tenebrionidae] and others, as well as for valuable information of all kinds . . . I am also much indebted to Mr. E. W. Janson for information and specimens . . . In Carabidae I have examined Elaphrus uliginosus and Blethisa multipunctata, sent to me by Mr Crotch.

A biographical note on Crotch is given by Smart & Wager (1977). See also under Darwin's British Insects for Cambridge holdings of Darwin material.

Darwin's Insects in the Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford

The type specimens of various species described by F.W. Hope from Darwin material are present in the British Museum (Natural History) (e.g. Calosoma patagoniense Hope). However some of the material sent to Hope by Waterhouse remains in Oxford and according to a letter from Darwin to Hope postmarked 22 June 1837 this consisted of insects collected at Sydney, Hobart and King George's Sound (Poulton, 1909: 202). Some of these unidentified specimens have been removed from the general collection and are now kept in separate cabinets and include some Homoptera from Sydney and Hobart and a Chalcidoid Hymenopteran from Sydney. There are some unidentified Reduviidae (Heteroptera) from Sydney remaining in the general collections. In the Darwin-Hope letter mentioned there is also reference to some Coleoptera of which the 'carabi' were to be returned but these have not been located at Oxford and are probably back in the British Museum. Some Australian Coleoptera and Homoptera were described by G.R. Waterhouse (1838, 1839) and are listed (see Insect Notes entry 3528 etc.) with some other insects found.

Of greater interest is the presence of some Darwin insects in the Denny collection. Following information from F.G.A.M. Smit that he had seen a Darwin flea in that collection some 25 years ago, the flea was located in the Denny slide collection and is a female Pulex irritans L. from Chiloe mounted on a slide and represents entry 2561 in Darwin's Insect Notes. In the general Diptera collection at Oxford there is a drawer of Diptera and Siphonaptera which has inside a label indicating that the Denny fleas were sent to Rothschild in 1915. However no Darwin fleas have been located among the Rothschild collection in the British Museum. Since Denny was a specialist on lice, I searched for that order and found six specimens in the pinned part of the Denny collection (Insect Notes entries 1044, 1336, 1395, 2153 and 2561, and entry 658 in the Spirits of Wine List). Hitherto only one Darwin louse had been found (in the BM, see Insect Notes entry 1044).

Other Darwin insects will no doubt be found in the Hope Collections as G.R. Waterhouse says (1839: 189) of the insects included there:

. . . insects were therefore returned to the friends who had been so kind as to lend them to me. I may remark that the greater proportion of them were from the collection of our liberal president, the Rev. F.W. Hope.

and later (1841: 121) under Feronia cordicollis:

A specimen of this species has been sent to Mr Hope with the specific name of obsidianus but I have not yet found it described under that name.

Poulton (1910: 16) records Diptera used in various exhibits to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Darwin's birth but the only member of this order located at Oxford is a Bathypogon sp. (Asilidae) found in the Bigot Collection by Greg Daniels (see entries 3524–3526).

Audrey Z. Smith (1986), Hope Librarian and Administrator, has published a history of the Hope Entomological Collections and may locate other Darwin material, but this will probably all be Australian.

Darwin's Insects in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin

In 1971 Dr Martin Speight drew my attention to some boxes of insects in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, which appeared to have been collected by Darwin on the Beagle voyage. Investigations proved this to be so and the material was examined and the results are incorporated in comments in the Insect Notes. The specimens were mostly small Diptera and Hymenoptera which Francis Walkers11 had sent to A.H. Haliday12 for identification. Francis Walker had described many of Darwin's insects (see References) but the collections he sent to Haliday appear to consist of the smaller fry mostly covered by general entries in the Insect Notes based on general sweeping in Bahia, Brazil; Chiloe Island, Chile; Galapagos Islands; Hobart; Tasmania; King George's Sound and Sydney, Australia; New Zealand and St Helena. However there were some specimens referring to individual entries in the diaries of greater interest.

The story of the disposal of these specimens can be gleaned from correspondence from Walker to Haliday (Haliday Correspondence, Vol. 2) preserved in the Library of the Royal Entomological Society of London as follows:

Arnos Grove,

Southgate

8 March 1837

... Mr Darwin (grandson of the celebrated doctor Darwin) who has been travelling for the few past years through the E and W coasts of South America and the Pacific Isles and N. Holland and has made numerous interesting discoveries in geology and zoology—has lately returned to England with his collections—He has entrusted the insects to Waterhouse who will describe the Coleoptera. I was so interested in the chalcidites that I have acceded to W's request that I should describe them. He is at a loss what to do with the Muscidae, Ichneum adscits [?] Thrips (of which there are some Fitans [?] half an inch long) etc—and wishes me to offer them to you to describe in whatever Ent work you please, he would like to have an answer soon. I think you will find them very interesting and we can easily send them to you.

The next letter is dated 27 May 1837 and is written from the same address. It begins:

My Dear Haliday,

I have delayed writing to you till I could procure some of Darwin's insects to accompany my package. Waterhouse has been very busy so he requested me to pick out and mount some. Having done this I sent you a few near a fortnight ago per Belfast steamer, with the other insects that I promised, also one parcel from Mr Curtis and two from Mr Rudd [or Budd?]. Waterhouse requests that you will keep the No. attached to each lot as Darwin has MSS notes attached to some. He will I believe make an application to government to patronize the publication of his travels, if he succeeds all these specific descriptions will of course be included therein.

Later in the same letter he says:—

I do not remember any recent works on Hymenoptera or Diptera of the regions where Darwin has travelled. There may be a few in the 10th Vol of the Encycl. Method.* and in Fabr Syst Piezat† which I will send to you if you have them not.

Later in this letter Walker says he will take specimens to Liverpool in September. The correspondence shows clearly that Walker and Haliday expected to meet at the Liverpool meeting, in September, of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (of which they were both Life Members).

The next letter was written on 15 July 1837 from the same address. It begins:

My Dear Haliday

I have received your kind letter announcing the safe arrival of the insects etc. I am sorry to hear that your health has suffered and I fear that this is partly occasioned by working too closely at the minute Hymenoptera which I have inflicted upon you. I well remember to have seen a figure of Dicera and to have been struck with its singularity, but I did not recognize it among Darwin's insects. Of these I have a few more Diptera etc for you which I had set before I received your letter. Darwin still has multitudes of them, and if I can procure them for Waterhouse before I leave I will bring them in pill boxes as you advise.

Later in this letter he says:

Almost all that I have seen of Darwin's Diptera are as minute as those that you have. The chalcidites also are generally remarkable for their identity with the British forms. And the same may be said of the Coleoptera among which the species of Scymnus are very numerous. On a recent coral isle [St. Pauls] the only insects were bird parasites and a few Coprophagi such as a Staphylinus (Philonthus or Quedius) etc. Another isle the only species of insect was a small ant.

The next letter is written from 49 Bedford Square and is dated 19 December 1837. It includes the following:

I have told Darwin and Waterhouse about the Diptera, and they have looked out some more for you and will have them ready in a few days and I will send them to you before a month hence, also a parcel which Curtis tells me he has ready for you.

This letter goes on to show that the two correspondents did in fact meet in Liverpool the previous September. And also states:

I now have a lot of MSS waiting to be published in the Ent. Mag., and I must send the description of Darwin's Chalcidites to the Linn. Society or elsewhere.

Later he continues:

I will write to you again when Darwin's insects are ready and will send the parcel to the Belfast steamer office directed to Mr Gordon for you.

The next letter is dated 17 February and post-marked 1838. It begins:

I have hitherto delayed replying to your letter of December last that I might obtain as many as possible of Darwin's Diptera etc to form part of the parcel that I have just forwarded to you.'

The letter discusses some of the insects which are in the parcel and then continues:

In the box also are all Darwin's Diptera yet unpacked. He has plenty more but they are in little boxes mixed with other insects and he is about to have them all mounted and then sorted. Those from the Galapagos are all the Diptera I have found among the insects yet mounted. The man employed unfortunately put them into water but he will know better in future. Though the Galapagos are situate under the line yet the insects found therein are very like those of the temperate climes and so it is with other little isles that are far from the mainland.

Later this letter continues:

I have placed a few of Darwin's chalcids in the box for your examination. Figures of some of them would be very interesting excepting No. 1 they all appear to belong to the family Eucharidae of which I have seen no European specimens. In the structure of the head, antennae and abdomen they much resemble Figites etc.

Later he continues:

The steamer with the box will leave London tomorrow.

And later again:

Have you determined where you will publish Darwin's insects? I have got ready enough MSS in British Chalcid to last the Ent. Mag. for a couple of years and I wish to publish Darwin's Chalcids somewhere else.

In a letter dated 29 July 1839 Walker writes:

My descriptions of Darwins Chalcides are printed and will be published immediately. I have all the specimens in my possession and I will forward them to you together with all my own collection and they will be speedily followed by the few remnants that I have left. you are quite welcome to retain mine as long as you feel inclined and what I ask of you is in plain words that you will point out my errors, supply my omissions, reunite the species that I have cut up and divide into groups the overpopulous and disordered genera. Your drawings of the genera would be most suitably accompanied by such an essay . . . . I have about half a dozen more of Darwins insects for you.

The drawings referred to in this letter would be those which subsequently appeared in The Entomologist (see Walker, 1840–42).

Various labels in the boxes indicate that the specimens had been seen (though not studied or recorded) by several specialists over the years. In box number 546 (H.28) was a label 'There is no doubt these are some of Charles Darwin's insects collected on cruise of the Beagle. See Hal. diary for date of receipt of same from F. Walker. A.W. Stelfox. 1932'. Beneath this label is another 'All these certainly not European (Collin)' this would be J.E. Collin, the Dipterist. There is also a label with printed 'Haliday' and written on 'Miscellanea (chiefly Diptera) numbered 3527, 3523, 2368, 2369'. The specimens are grouped in blocks around single labels bearing these numbers (including also 3528) which refer to Darwin's notes. In box H[aliday] 24 (542) there is a note 'seen by Prof. Westwood 1885–6' and written on the bottom of the box 'Coll by Charles Darwin when in the "Beagle" AWS.' This box also contains some Walker insects from Finmark. The specimens in this box are pinned in fairly orderly columns above the labels which bear written numbers and locality data.

Fig. 7 The contents of 'box 73' from the Haliday collection in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin. The specimens from St Vincent or with numbers in the sixteen hundreds are not Darwin material. The Darwin specimens include Hymenoptera of the subfamily Braconinae from Brazil and the Galapagos Islands and some Diptera (Chloropidae and Agromyzidae) from New Zealand. See Insect Notes 3363, 3416, 3528, 3859, and 3860.

A box numbered 555 (R.H.5) is divided inside by the pinned-in labels 'Box 73' and 'Box 69' and the former section is further labelled on the bottom of the box 'undoubtedly some of Charles Darwin's insects A.W.S.'. Also in the 73 section is a Haliday label 'Brazil (b) N. Zealand I. St. Vincent etc etc'. Of these the St Vincent specimens are not Darwin material (Fig. 7).

All this material is included in the appropriate entries in the Insect Notes. In addition to the above more obvious material there may be Darwin specimens, as yet unrecognized, scattered elsewhere among the Haliday collection. General comments on the Haliday collection are given by O'Connor & Nash (1982).

Darwin's Insects at Down House and elsewhere

At Down House there is a storebox of beetles (Figs 8–9) which has been illustrated and variously reported in the literature as containing specimens from the Beagle voyage (e.g. Huxley & Kettlewell, 1965). However, with one exception, these insects are all British species and lack data, though some stand over printed name labels. The one non-British specimen, the largest in the box, I had taken to be a battered female of Chiasognathus grantii Stephens when I examined the specimen (see Insect Notes, entry 2110). However my colleague R.D. Pope, on seeing the photograph identified it as Euchirus longimanus L. (Scarabaeidae). This is certainly not a Beagle specimen as the species occurs in Amboina Ceram. Darwin quotes Wallace's observations on stridulation in this beetle in the Descent (Darwin, 1871: Vol. 1, 381) and it may be that Wallace gave him this specimen or it may have come from the entomological dealer E.W. Janson who supplied him with various horned beetles at this time (see Stecher, 1969: 113).

The British beetles in the box are mostly common species and probably represent his own collecting unless the named specimens form part of the gift of c. 160 species he received from Hope (see Darwin, F., 1887). Neither the species recorded by Stephens (1827–45) nor the species recorded so enthusiastically in the Life and Letters (Darwin, F., 1887) are present.

In Down House there is also a small oval box of European beetles on display. These are obviously the Scarabaeidae that Darwin studied for the chapter on sexual selection in Vol. 1 of the Descent, i.e. Bubas bison Boucomont (now in Onthophagus), Oryctes grypus Illiger (=nasicornis L.), Lethrus cephalotes Acharius and Geotrupes stercorarius L. Labels are present in the box but not all attached to the specimens. There is also a label for the moth Lampronia calthella L. (now in Micropterix) recorded as eating the pollen of Mercurialis in Cross & Self Fertilization (Darwin, 1888: 421).

The Zoological Collection at the Haslar Hospital which contained the Fishes of the Voyage of the "Erebus" and "Terror" as well as other types was transferred to the BM in 1855. The specimens arrived without labels and were in a bad condition, and for economy's sake a solution of chloride of zinc had been used instead of alcohol.

In the BM accession books, there are several entries for insects from the Haslar Hospital (e.g. 1855–58, 60, 61, 63) in some of which lists of species are given but none appear to have any connection with the Beagle voyage. In Francis Walker's List of Diptera (1849) there is a list of donors which includes 38 entries under Haslar Hospital, but again, none appear to be connected with the Beagle. Lloyd & Coulter (1963, Medicine and the Navy 1200–1900, Vol. 5, 1815–1900, p. 75) state that Bynoe's collection of birds and insects is 'now in the British Museum' and his plants in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew but they give no source for this information. In the BM accessions book for 1844, item 4 (Jan) lists 1627 insects collected in 'New Holland N. & N.W. Coast and [Houtman's] Abrolhos, presented by [Haslar Hospital], collected by [J crossed out] Bynoe Esq Surgeon RN [Note B. Bynoe was surgeon in H.M.S. Beagle, and the types of insects described by Adam White on Stokes' Voyage of Discovery, 1846 appear to be in this collection]'. The entry is written in ink and the square brackets indicate pencil comments added later by K.G. Blair. The

Figs 8–9 The store-box of British beetles at Down House, and the specimen of Euchirus longimanus L. (Scarabaeidae), not connected with the Beagle voyage: 7, left hand 8, right hand, sides (photograph by Philip Titheradge, courtesy of Down House and the Royal College of Surgeons of England).

Stokes referred to is John Lort Stokes (1812–43, Naval Officer, Admiral, 1877) who served on all three voyages of the Beagle (Darwin was only on the second) and was the author of Discoveries in Australia published in 1846. It was in an appendix to this work that Adam Smith described new Coleoptera and E. Doubleday new Lepidoptera from Australia. A.C. Pont has located a specimen

of Dichaetomyia reversa (Walker) (Diptera, Muscidae) in the BM collection bearing this accession number and the labels 'Scyomyza reversa Walk/one of Walker's series so named' and 'New Holland/J. Bynoe, R.N./B.M. 1844—4'. No Darwin specimens appear to be involved. Captain FitzRoy assisted by his servant Harry Fuller also made collections on the Beagle voyage but it is doubtful if these included insects.

David Stanbury has shown me a copy of a rather poor drawing of a butterfly made by Midshipman King aboard the Beagle. No specimen has been found to establish its identity, but R.I. Vane-Wright suggests that it could be a species of Dione (Nymphalidae). The drawing is located in the 'King Album of Sketches and Engravings' in the Mitchel Library, Sydney, Australia. Finally Kritsky (1981) records the presence of a staphylinid beetle in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago but no further information is available.

Doubtless other Darwin insect material reposes unstudied in other museums. A.F. Amsden thinks he has seen specimens in the Rippon collection in the National Museum of Wales. Certain groups of insects mentioned in the Insect Notes seem to be absent from the collections so far studied, such as aculeate Hymenoptera, dragonflies, some butterflies and among the beetles Cicindela, Blaps and Meloe. The important 'Benchuca' bug which may have been responsible for Darwin's illness (see Insect Notes entries 2913, 3423) has not been located. Evidence for odd specimens having been sent to individuals is cited in the Insect Notes (e.g. entry 3528, to G. W. Kirkaldy and W. E. Shuckard). The author would be pleased to have details of any future findings of Darwin material.

Darwin's Insect Notes

Two sets of three note-books each sewn together with string form the catalogue of the specimens he sent home. One set included 1529 specimens all in spirits of wine—fishes, insects, sea-weeds, fungi, spiders, plants, corallines, reptiles, etc., each listed with a number as it was put into the bottle—and therefore in chronological order. The second set of three notebooks has printed numbers on the covers; they are again a mixed bag of bird, beast and plant life.

The original notebooks are preserved at Down House and have been studied.

The Insect Notes (Figs 11, 12) referred to throughout this paper are preserved in the Entomology Library of the British Museum (Natural History) and are entitled Copy of Darwin's notes in reference to Insects collected by him. There is a note by G.R. Waterhouse 'Many specimens from this collection were presented by C.O. Waterhouse. Reg. No. 85.119. Some of them bear Nos 1–4 as per label':

1. Sydney 3528

2. Van Dieman's Land

3. Bahia [not 3 of this journal]

4. King George's Sound Australia

There is a further note:

This is the original MS of the "Insect Notes" sent to Waterhouse by Darwin. It is in the hand of Syms Covington, with additions and corrections by Darwin. It is analogous to the notes on Reptiles and Amphibians in the General Library of the B.M.(N.H.) and the notes on Plants, Birds, Fish, Mammals and Shells at the Cambridge University Library. Duncan M. Porter—16 April 1981.

Porter (1983) briefly draws attention to the Insect Notes and Sullaway (1982) dates them as probably being written during August 1836. Porter was misled into thinking that these notes were lost because of two entries in the bulky volume of Insect Room Lists (in BM): page 21, 'Darwin, C. List of numbers referring to insects collected by—during voyage of Beagle (List missing 5.4.27). Still missing Nov. 1976' and page 93 'Darwin, C., copy of Darwin's notes in reference to Insects collected by him'. Clearly it is the list of numbers that was, and still is, missing. Probably the Insect Notes had been wrongly inserted in the vacant spare at page 21 leaving the correct place in page 93 empty. The entry for the list of numbers is repeated in the Insect Room Lists (index) under B (for Beagle), again with the comment 'missing 5.4.27'.

In the Cambridge University Library is a short manuscript list in Darwin's hand Insects in Spirits of Wine. The full list of Insects in Spirits of Wine is illustrated (Fig. 10) and can be seen to consist largely of Acari (not insects). The insect entries from this list are given before the main Insect Notes with comments by the present author given in smaller type or in square brackets.

Fig. 11 The cover of Darwin's Insect Notes showing the title in Darwin's holograph, the notes by G. R. Waterhouse and Duncan M. Porter and sample Darwin labels (by courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History)).

Fig. 12 A typical page of the Insect Notes in Syms Covington's holograph with corrections and additions by Darwin. The paper is faintly ruled and watermarked 'J. Whatman 1834'. (By courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History)).

The following facts I have noticed at Monte Video and frequently in this place:—After a heavy thunder storm in a little pool in a courtyard which had only existed at most seven hours. I observed the surface strewed over with black specks: these were collected in groups, and precisely resembled pinches of gunpowder dropped in different parts on the surface of the puddle.—These specks are Insects of a dark leaden colour; the younger ones being red.—Viewed through a microscope, they were continually crawling over each other and the surface of the water; on the hand they possessed a slight jumping motion.—The numbers on each pool were immense: and every puddle possessed some of the pinches . . . What are they? and how produced in such countless myriads? We have seen their birth is effected in a short time, and their life, from the drying of the puddles can not be of a much longer duration.

My colleague Peter Lawrence concurs with me that these are Collembola and points out that one of the common names for Collembola, other than springtails, is gunpowder mites! No specimens have been found.

No specimen found but F.G.A.M. Smit suggests that this Armadillo flea must have been Malaeopsylla grossiventris (Weyenbergh) or the less common Phthiropsylla agenoris (Rothschild). In the Zoology (Darwin, 1838: pt. 2, 92–3) two species of armadillo are discussed, Dasypus hybridus auctt. and D. minutus auctt. Of entomological interest is the description of the gut contents of the latter 'Coleoptera, larvae, roots of plants and even a snake of the genus Amphisbaena'.

638. Pediculi very minute curious [inserted] from head of Certhia (1248)

PHTHIRAPTERA: no specimen found. See entries 450 and 451 in the Insect Notes. In the Ornithological Notes No. 1248 refers to a third species of 'Certhia' with bluish legs and entries 1250–1256 discuss the three species at length (see Barlow, 1963).

PHTHIRAPTERA: in the Denny collection at Oxford is a louse on a card labelled 'Ctenomys braziliensis C. Darwin'. Darwin (Journal, 1845: 50; Zoology, 1838: pt. 2, 79) writes at some length on this rodent (the Tucutucu) which he found at Maldonado, kept several alive and preserved one in spirit from which this louse undoubtedly came.

These disgusting vermin are very abundant in Chiloe: Several people have assured me that they are quite different from the Lice in England: They are said to be much larger and softer (hence will not crack under the nail) they infest the body even more than the head.—I should suppose they originally come from the Indians, whose race is so predominant with these Islanders.—I have little doubt this is the kind so common amongst the Patagonians of Gregory Bay; they are said to be there also very large.—An accurate examination of these specimens will at once decide the fact of identity or difference.—Mr Martial, a surgeon of an English Whaler assures me that the Lice of the Sandwich Islanders are blacker and different from these, or any lice, which he ever saw.—Several of the natives lived for months and cruized [sic] in the ship, no efforts could free their bodies from these parasites but he assures me as a certain fact, known to every one on board that their Lice if they strayed to the bodies of the English in 3 or 4 days died, and were found adhering to the linen (like Pediculi from Birds or quadrupeds?). So that the Sailors, who

constantly slept close to the Sandwichers never were constantly infested by their vermin. If these facts were verified their interest would be great.—Man springing from one stock according his varieties having different species of parasites.

A version of this appears in the Descent (Darwin, 1871: vol. 1, 219). See also entry 2561. This appears also in the Zoological Diary (preserved at Cambridge) but with the final additional comment 'It leads one into many speculations' which has then been crossed out. While races of human lice have been described in the literature, not enough critical work has been done to substantiate the above comments. Work with head lice suggests some evidence of geographical and racial differentiation and first instar lice can change colour to blend with their surroundings. Many factors affect the size of a louse. Nevertheless the entry provides an insight into Darwin's thoughts on these matters.

Insect Notes

The Insect Notes are in Syms Covington's hand and are here set in larger type. Important (i.e. not letters in the middle of words) corrections and additions in Darwin's hand are given in bold type as near as possible to the place in which they occur in the Insect Notes. The present author's comments are set in small type beneath each entry and interpolations are given in the appropriate type size in square brackets. Lettered entries (as (a), (b), etc.) refer to comments by Covington or Darwin on the verso of the page in the notes but for convenience these are given here immediately beneath the main entry to which they refer. Headings from the top of each page of the notes are given (in italics) as they occur, including the page number, even when this splits an entry. The ditto entries are interpolated when it is not obvious to which part of the entry they appear to refer. Thus, as far as possible the actual layout of the notes is preserved. Geographical locations are indicated in full in square brackets, where this is not already clear, which should facilitate the practical use of the notes by specialists looking up a particular entry. For the same reason related entries are often cross referenced so that a specialist can quickly assess the data relating to a particular group or association in different parts of the notes. All scientific names and localities are fully indexed.

For brevity the location of Darwin material is indicated as follows:

BM = British Museum (Natural History) and where specimens have been located the year and museum accession number follows in brackets, e.g. BM (1885–119). Where locality labels are not specifically quoted it may be assumed that such labels are present. Labels with numbers linking the specimen to a specific entry in the notes are always quoted and where they are not the assignment to an entry has been interpolated and an explanation is usually given.

Cambridge = University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.

Oxford = Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford.

Dublin = National Museum of Ireland, Dublin.

Further details of the material in these repositories are given in the appropriate introductory sections and information on the few other repositories is cited in full in the entry concerned.

All references to Darwin material in the literature are cited by author and date (and pagination for original descriptions of genera and species) and given fully in the list of references. Repeated text references to Darwin's own works are made by a single familiar word from the title, e.g. Journal [of Researches . . . during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle . . .] (Darwin, 1845), but for accuracy author and date are also cited to link them to the list of references. Pagination is cited when the item is not indexed in the Journal. A problem with Darwin's own works and in his citation of others has been which edition to cite. Clearly where Darwin's own indication is obvious this has been cited. However since some of the original works are rare or unpublished and relatively inaccessible, later, more readily available editions are included in the list of references where they are cross-referenced to the original source, or included in the annotations (e.g. Anson, 1748 and Darwin's Journal, 1845).

Where the insect order or family is not obvious from Darwin's entry this information is added in the present author's comments.

Since much of the material examined is located in collections where taxonomic research is in progress the author has been anxious to avoid unwittingly creating new combinations, new synonymy or type fixations. Therefore no indication of type status is made nor are type labels described unless this is essential to the interpolation of the particular entry. Similarly synonymy is only indicated where known to be published, at least in a catalogue.

The main purpose of the comments on the Insect Notes is to indicate the present location of Darwin's material and as far as possible to allocate it accurately to the entries in the Insect Notes and with the published work of Darwin and others. Future taxonomic work by specialists on each group can proceed from there.

At the top left hand corner of the first page of the Insect Notes is an entry (enclosed in a rectangular rule and in Darwin's hand 'N.B.—Letters (as (a) (b) refer to the back of the same page' and in the right hand half of the top margin the word 'copy'. Darwin's insertions to indicate page numbers appear mainly to refer to his unpublished Zoological Diary now preserved in the Cambridge University Library.

1832 Insects 1.

2. Taken on board. Jan. 10th. Lat. 21°2′N

This probably refers to the specimen of Nomophila noctuella Denis & Schiffermueller (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) which was recorded (as Stenopteryx hybridalis Hübner) by Walker (1859: 812) and is a known long-distance migrant from North Africa. No specimen has been found in the BM collection but the name label indicates its one time presence. See also under entry 5 below.

In Darwin's Diary (Barlow, 1933: 22–3), entry for January 14th and 15th is the comment 'Some few birds have been hovering about the vessel and a large gay coloured cricket found an insecure resting place within reach of my fly-nippers. He must at the least have flown 370 miles from the coast of Africa'. No specimen has been found. The Kirby reference is clearly to Kirby and Spence's Introduction to Entomology, probably the third edition (1818) (this book was on board, see Burkhardt & Smith, 1985) which gives, on the page cited, a record of locusts flying on board a ship 200 miles from the Canary Islands. See also the Journal (Darwin 1845: 159).

4. Jan. 14th—10 miles at sea from St. Jago. [Cape Verde Islands]

Lost

Possibly a moth (see 5)

5. Jan. 12th Lat: 19°. insect

Three species of Lepidoptera described from St Jago and otherwise unaccounted for may refer here and possibly to entries 2 or 4. No specimens have been found in the BM but pinholes above the labels suggest that they have sometime been removed possibly for exhibition purposes: Stenopteryx hybridalis Hübner (Walker, 1859: 812) (=Nomophila noctuella, see also entry 2); Asopia vulgalis Guenée (Walker, 1959: 364) (=Hedylepta indicata F., Pyralidae); Alata anticalis Walker (1863: 108) (=Etiella zinckenella Treitschke, Pyralidae). The last two species are also recorded from the Cape Verde Islands by Viette (1958).

201, 202. Harpalidae Quail Island. St. Jago. [Cape Verde Islands]

No specimens found. Mateu (1964) records 58 species of Carabidae (Coleoptera) from the Cape Verde Islands.

203. Allied to Cryptocus. Do. [Cape Verde Islands]

COLEOPTERA, Tenebrionidae: Oxycara cribratum Wollaston, five specimens in the BM (1887–94, error for 1887–42); two specimens in the BM (1845–63). This species looks very like a Crypticus (Español & Lindberg, 1963, pl. 5). See also 204.

DIPTERA, Hippoboscidae: Olfersia aenescens Thompson (det. A.M. Hutson), two females in BM (1845–81), St Pauls, Atlantic Ocean. These specimens were referred to by Bequaert (1957: 438) but he confused St Paul's Rocks with St Paul Island in the Indian Ocean which led him to comment on the rather high latitude (38°40′S) for this record.

Walker (1849: 1143) recorded this as 'Ornithomyia nigra? Hippobosca nigra? Perty' from 'St. Pauls, Brazil' (also as his O. intertropica from Galapagos, a synonym, see 3229). Walker probably thought St Pauls was in Brazil and did not mean to indicate that there was a second specimen from Brazil, or he would have followed his usual practice of giving each locality a suffix letter.

Darwin (1845: 10) refers to these specimens as an Olfersia in the Journal.

LEPIDOPTERA. This is recorded in the Journal (Darwin, 1845: 10) as 'a small brown moth, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers'. None of the species described by Walker (1854–66) fits this and the specimen is presumed lost. However, in a recent study of the ecology of St Paul's Rocks (Edwards & Lubbock, 1983; Edwards, 1985) record finding larvae of a small moth amongst the booby nesting material. The species has now been described by Robinson (1983) as Erechthias darwini (Tineidae) subfamily Erechthiinae) and since members of this subfamily lack the ability to digest keratin these authors suggest that the larvae of this moth probably feed not on feathers but on dry sea weed in the nesting material.

229. Staphylinus. Do. Bird's dung

COLEOPTERA, Staphylinidae: one 'Staphylinus' from St Paul's Rocks is entered in the BM Accessions Register under 1845: 81, but the specimen has not been found. However there is a specimen of Philonthus cliens Eppelsheim (det. P.M. Hammond), St Paul's Rocks, 8.xi.1921, in guano near bird's nest G.H. Wilkins, No. 81, BM 1922–363, Shackleton-Rowett Expedition. This could be the same species as the Quedius mentioned in the Journal (Darwin, 1845: 10). If a true Quedius were involved Hammond is of the opinion that it is most likely to be the widespread Q. mesomelinus (Marsham). Philonthus cliens is also known from tropical Africa, Arabia and India (Edwards & Lubbock, 1983; Edwards, 1985). See also entry 708.

COLEOPTERA, Curculionidae: the tamarind weevil is Sitophilus linearis (Herbst) but no specimen has been located in the BM collections. R.T. Thompson comments that it is strange that Darwin should refer to this weevil as a Rhynchites.

325. Numerous single Coleoptera. Hemiptera from Bahia Brazil. [Written obliquely across this entry is 'Green 2000' and 'Yellow 300' [sic, error for 3000], clearly referring to the colour coding of labels. See description of labelling of specimens in the section on the British Museum collections.]

COLEOPTERA, Scarabaeidae; Ganthidium ruficolle Germar, one in the BM (1887–42), Bahia, with printed label 351. See also entry 354.

352. Elater nortelucus [sic? noctilucus] vide p. 25

COLEOPTERA, Elateridae: named in the Journal (Darwin 1845: 31) as Pyrophorus luminosus Illiger, 'seems the most common luminous insect' and its jumping habits are discussed with a reference to Kirby's Entomology, vol. ii, p. 317 (Kirby & Spence, 1818: 317). There is a very similar discussion in the Zoological Diary to which the page citation refers. No specimen has been found.

353. Cimex, drove its proboscis deeply into my finger. Do.

HEMIPTERA, Coreidae: Vilga westwoodi (Kolenati). Dolling (1977) records a Darwin specimen, female, Bahia, Brazil, ii or iii, 1832 in the British Museum. Though at first somewhat unlikely this is the only bug I can allocate to this entry. Most plant bugs have piercing mouthparts and several genera are recorded as piercing human skin. The term 'Cimex' was loosely applied in Darwin's day and it may well be that this is the specimen Darwin alludes to. For the true skin piercing Triatomid bugs see entries 2913 & 3423 and for other 'Cimex' see entries 431 & 874.

354. Geotrupes. Bahia. Feb. 7.

COLEOPTERA, Scarabaeidae: Trichillum heydeni Harold, one in BM (1885–119), Bahia. Ataenius sp., one in BM (1887–42). These and 351 are the only Scarabaeids I can find from Bahia.

355. Acarus from Do.

Arachnida. Acari—not an insect.

356. Louse from Vespertilio (in spirits)

There are no lice on bats. From the possible hosts it was probably a bat fly (Streblidae or Nycteribiidae) but no specimens have been found. Possible hosts are two bats described in the Zoology (Darwin, 1838: pt. 2, 3–5) Phyllostoma grayi Waterhouse (G.R.) from Pernambuco (5° north of Bahia) and Phyllostoma perspicillatum Geoffroy from Bahia (lat. 13°S). These two names are synonymized in modern literature under Carollia perspicillatum.

357. 358. Specimens from an enormous migration of Ants. vide page 28.

HYMENOPTERA, Formicidae: no specimens found, but the entry in the Journal (Darwin, 1845: 35) indicates that they were 'driver ants' (subfamily Dorylinae), probably of the genus Eciton. The page reference is to the Zoological Diary from which the Journal account is taken. 'Spiders, Blatta and other insects' were flushed by the ants.

359. 360, 361, 362, 363, 364. A very common species of Ant; the winged ones were flying in numbers from the nest.

HYMENOPTERA, Formicidae: no specimens found.

365. 366. Feb. Hymenopterous insects

No specimens found.

367. Nest of Do. when large and complete is globular.

No specimen found.

368. Curious habitation of some insect on a root in a sand bank. May 1st. Have found out it belongs to some Hymenopterous insects.

No specimen found. This could belong to the wasp family Eumenidae. See also entries 449, 536, 537.

386. Mantis: caught at Bahia on the 17th of March a mantis and as I thought killed it, by holding for several minutes under water that was boiling, the head and thorax (to the insertion of the

wings) and anterior legs. These parts shortly were completely dead, and became dry and brittle, but eight days afterwards on the 25th the abdomen and hinder legs continued to possess a slight degree of irritability. This appears a well marked instance of the tenacity [continued]

1832 Insects 3.

[continued] of life among insects.

MANTODEA: no specimen found. For further Bahia entries see 3858.

387. Butterfly very common, on main island of Abrolhos March 29th

LEPIDOPTERA: no specimens found.

388. Helops Do.

COLEOPTERA, Tenebrionidae: no specimen found.

389. Ornithomya nearly all the birds in this island were Totipalmes; yet this insect, I think differs from those taken at St. Pauls from the bodies of a Sula. Abrolhos. March 29th.

DIPTERA, Hippoboscidae: the only record of a Hippoboscid I have been able to trace from these islands is that cited in Bequaert (1957: 43) of Olfersia spinifera (Leach) '3 miles off Abrolhos Is., coast of Bahia, 18°S (Albatros Exped.—Recorded by Howard, 1890)'. This species is normally associated with frigate birds. There are no birds recorded from Albrolhos by Darwin in the Ornithological notes (Barlow, 1963) nor in the Zoology (Darwin, 1841), where Darwin's only mention of the frigate bird is on Galapagos and Ascension (op. cit., pt. 3, p. 146). However in his Diary (Barlow, 1933: 46) he says 'Two parties landed directly after breakfast. I commenced an attack on the rocks & insects & plants: the rest began a more bloody one on the birds. Of these an enormous number were slaughtered by sticks, stones & guns; indeed there were more killed than the boats could hold'. Fitzroy (1839: 66) in his account of Abrolhos described what is without doubt a frigate bird 'A large black bird, with a pouch like that of a Pelican, but of a bright red colour, was very remarkable as it hovered, or darted among the bright verdure, and at a distance looked handsome; but when seen close it at once descended to the level of a carrion-eating cormorant or buzzard.' Darwin's reference to Totipalmes is an old group name for pelicans, cormorants and frigate birds.

Whilst studying the photographs of Darwin's insects in situ in Dublin I noticed a printed label 389 and pinned with it a label 'Hippobosca' suggesting that a specimen had been removed sometime but was not among those sent to me. Dr James O'Connor made a diligent search and found a Hippoboscid bearing a Haliday collection printed label which almost certainly refers here as it has proved to be Olfersia spinifera (det. A.M. Hutson) and was probably moved from Haliday box 566 by E.O. Mahoney, the ectoparasite specialist.

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae, Bembidiini: Trichiolopha braziliensis Waterhouse, one in the BM (1887–42), Rio, so labelled presumably refers to braziliensis Sahlberg (Tachys). There are also three unidentified Harpalinae in the BM (1887–42) that could refer here.

COLEOPTERA, Lampyridae (Glow worms and fire flies): in the Journal (Darwin, 1845: 30) identified [by Waterhouse] as mostly 'Lampyris occidentalis' (=Photuris fulvipes Blanchard). No Darwin specimens found. The page reference is to the Zoological Diary where observations on the light flashes, etc. are recorded on which the Journal (p. 30) account is based; also mentioned in the Descent (Darwin, 1871: vol. 1, 345).

See also entries 438, 551.

441. Do. Do. [Rio de Janeiro]

No specimen found.

442. Females of this insect and Larva Do. [Rio de Janeiro]

No specimens found.

443. Do. luminous vide P 42 Do. [Rio de Janeiro]

No specimens found. The page reference is to the Zoological Diary entry, see 440.

I place here all those Hydrophilidae in Cambridge labelled 'South America' and not otherwise accounted for (see entries 448, 1505, 3528 and 3635) and those Dytiscidae described from Rio and unplaced elsewhere.

COLEOPTERA, Hydrophilidae: in the Journal Darwin (1845: 22) says 'I also frequently encountered in the lagoon near the Botanic Garden, where the water is only a little less salt than the sea, a species of Hydrophilus, very similar to a water beetle common in the ditches of England.' The last comment would fit several genera of Hydrophilidae, but the 'Hydrophilus' could refer to a specimen of Hydrous ater Olivier (A.G.) present in Cambridge.

See entry 1305 also for this genus and entry 446 for other freshwater beetles.

449. Ants found in (I do not know whether making) a nest like (368) found at Bahia. Ants do not make it. I found one somewhat similar, filled with half dead spiders, evidently collected by some Hymenopterous insect; It is the case; vide No 536. Rio de Janeiro. May.

The nests probably belong to wasps of the family Sphecidae but no specimens have been found (of ants or wasps). Further comment in the Journal (Darwin 1845: 35) includes reference to nests with dead caterpillars as well and probably involves several genera or families of wasps. See also entries 368, 536.

450. Ricinus from a pretty, but common yellow Certhia Do. Do.

PHTHIRAPTERA: no specimen found.

Darwin used Certhia loosely and Dr D.W. Snow (in litt.) is of the opinion that the host was probably the very common Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola L.) which has the right kind of bill and is yellow underneath. About 40 races of this species are recognized. See also entry 638 in spirits of wine list.

451. Ricinus Do. Do. (another species) Do. Do.

PHTHIRAPTERA: see entry 450.

453. Insect, colour changed by boiling water from grass green into a yellow Do. Do.

Lost

454. Do. Do. Do. Do.

Lost

456. Lampyris, different species from (440); shines nearly as brightly; uncommon; caught in web of small Epeira.

COLEOPTERA. Lampyridae: no specimen found. See White (1841) for the spider.

457. 458. Geotrupes; collect human dung into balls, and push it along with hind legs. Do.

COLEOPTERA, Curculionidae; the only Rio weevils which remain unassigned elsewhere are three Beridinae, BM (1887–42), probably representing three different genera (teste R. T. Thompson). However none bear mites and do not fit well here in habits and may therefore be referable to one of the general Coleoptera entries (414, 415, 438, 445, 478, etc.).

462. Hymenoptera the most common species, in great numbers Do. Do.

Chalcididae: Smiera pielus Walker (1838: 470), now placed in Spilochalcis, a genus with many species known to be gregarious parasites of Lepidoptera or Diptera.

476. 477. Curculio with Acari Do. Do.

See comments under entry 460.

478. Numerous Coleoptera Do. Do.

See comments under entry 460.

479. Beetle exceedingly numerous on sandy plain near the sea Do. Do.

COLEOPTERA, Oedomeridae: four unidentified specimens in the BM, one (1887–42), with printed number 479; the others (2, 1887–94 [error for 1887–42], 1, 1885–119) without numbers.

487. Capsida, Caucovado [Mt. Corcovado], as the Capsida was found on the larva, they most probably belong to it. The larva were curiously placed in two groups heads to heads round a stick. They adhered by the remains of a capsule and each group was thickly imbricate.

Tabanidae: Scaptia ?seminigra Ricardo, one specimen in Dublin with the printed number 493 and a handwritten capital B. I have seen no explanation of the B (in Darwin's hand, see Fig. 19) label, which may merely be connected with initial sorting of material by Darwin.

501. Diptera. This is the insect called sand fly, and notorious even in Anson's voyage, from the painful bite, which causes swelling, that lasts for many days; in centre a circular red mark is visible; the pain is half itching and half aching. Do. Do.

Simuliidae: one specimen in Dublin with printed number 501. My colleague Dr A. J. Shelley has dissected this very poor specimen and identified it as Simulium ?pertinax (Kollar). S. pertinax is the most common man-biter in that area and is considered in detail by Andretta & Andretta (1950). Simuliidae are referred to as black flies in modern parlance and the name sand fly is nowadays restricted to the biting subfamily Phlebotominae of the family Psychodidae.

Anson's (1748) 'sandfly' encountered at St Catherine's, Brazil is recorded as follows: '. . . at sunset, when the muscatos retired they were succeeded by an infinity of sand-flies, which, though scarce discernible to the naked eye, make a mighty buzzing, and, wherever they bite, raise a small bump in the flesh which is soon attended with a painful itching, like that arising from the bite of an English harvest bug.'

The size is suggestive of a ceratopogonid midge of the genus Culicoides but the buzzing not—unless they were in very large numbers—perhaps he heard the last of the mosquitoes but was bitten by the first of the Culicoides. An American name for these tiny midges is appropriately 'no see ums'. John Boorman of the Animal Virus Research Institute suggests that Anson's midge may be Culicoides paraensis Goeldi which is the principal man-biting Culicoides in that area of Brazil, though the buzzing remains a mystery.

534. Hymenoptera. Pompilus (?) This family runs very quickly amongst the herbage, continually at the same time vibrating its wings. Excavates cylindrical holes in a trodden path. Do.

No specimen found. Could refer to Pompilidae or Sphecidae.

535. Hymenoptera caught killing spiders. v [p.] 39. Do.

No specimen found. Referred to as? Pepsis in the Journal (1845: 34–5) where full observations are recorded. My colleague M. C. Day tells me that this could be a Trypoxylon (Sphecidae). The page reference is to the Zoological Diary where the observations are recorded on which the Journal account is based.

Some of Darwin's spiders were reported on by White (1841, 1849) and there is unidentified material both dry and in spirit in the Zoology Department at the BM.

536. Hymenoptera. I observed this insect carrying a large green caterpillar, and watched it to the cell (537): when with its mandibles, by degrees it forced the caterpillar inside. The rim of the cell is broken; this is the same as (368) found at Bahia.

In the Journal Darwin (1845: 33) records that a Strongylus [Nitidulidae], attracted by the odour, alighted on the fungus as he carried it in his hand. In a postscript to a letter to Henslow 16 June 1832 (Barlow 1967: 57) he says:

'I found the other day a beautiful Hymenophallus (but I broke it to pieces in bringing it home) and with it an accompanying Leiodes.—almost perfect copy of the Barmouth specimen.—'

The Barmouth specimen referred to must be one of the 'Nitidula' species referred to by Stephens (1827) and discussed in the section on British insects, but is larger.

The fungi collected on the Beagle voyage were described by Berkeley (1839, 1842) but do not include a Hymenophallus so presumably there was not enough of the specimen left to warrant preservation. The page reference is to the Zoological Diary where Darwin says of the fungus 'resembling impudicus' [Phallus] with other descriptive details.

COLEOPTERA, Gyrinidae: Enhydrus sulcatus Wiedemann, two specimens in Cambridge with this data and printed white labels 554 and 555. One has a small green printed label 48 and there are three other specimens with printed Museum labels. The species referred to in the note is British.

594. Curculio (diamond) feigns death to a remarkable degree; is this to compensate for greater danger brought on by brilliancy of colours. Do. Do.

COLEOPTERA, Curculionidae: no specimen found but my colleague R. T. Thompson has suggested that this would be an Entimus species, possibly imperialis Forster or nobilis Olivier. Darwin (1871: 367) briefly mentions these beetles in the Descent 'other species [of beetles] are ornamented with gorgeous metallic tints,—for instance, . . . the splendid diamond-beetles which are protected by an extremely hard covering.'

LEPIDOPTERA: no specimen found. In the Journal, Darwin (1845: 33) mentions 'Papilio feronia' as frequenting the orange groves and draws attention to Doubleday's (1845, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond.: 123) account of the sound producing mechanism of this butterfly—'. . . had recently examined Peridromia Feronia, the butterfly described by Mr C. Darwin, in his 'Tour', as making a noise during flight like the rustling of parchment, and that he had detected a small membranous sac at the base of the fore-wings, with a structure along the subcostal nervure like an Archimedean screw or diaphragm in the tracheae, especially at the dilated base of the wing.'

618. Coleoptera. Do. Do.

I regard this entry as the day to which Darwin (1845: 34) refers in a footnote in the Journal:

'I may mention as a common instance of one day's (June 23rd) collecting, when I was not attending particularly to the Coleoptera, that I caught sixty-eight species of that order. Among these were only two of the Carabidae, four Brachyelytra, fifteen Rhyncophora, and fourteen of the Chrysomelidae. Thirty-seven species of Arachnidae, which I brought home, will be sufficient to prove that I was not paying overmuch attention to the generally favoured order of Coleoptera.'

Nitidulidae: ?Pallodes sp., one in BM (1887–42), Rio, numbered 618. Stelidota sp., one in BM (1885–119) numbered 618 and another ex Sharp collection (1905–313) with a Darwin handwritten Rio label and numbered 618 showing that some Darwin specimens were in the Sharp collection.

630. Coleoptera taken in Beagle between Rio de Janeiro and Monte Video Do.

Bruchidae: Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman, one in BM (1858–60) with handwritten (Darwin) 'Rio' and numbered 630 on verso. This beetle is a pest of haricot beans which were probably carried on board. It occurs in central and South America and elsewhere (Aitken, 1975). It may have been on the Calavances (see 778). In the Journal Darwin (1845: 158–9) discusses insects at sea at some length but makes no specific reference to this and the next five entries suggesting they were all possibly 'ships fauna'.

631. Cloporta [sic—Coleoptera] Beagle Do.

No specimen found. See entry 630.

632. Meligethes. Beagle, common come from the ripe fruit of the Banana Do.

ORTHOPTERA: the only 'Acridium' found were described by Walker from Monte Video and may refer here if in fact they were taken on board the Beagle between Rio and Monte Video as the previous and following entries suggest (see entry 630).

No Darwin Lepidoptera have been described specifically from Rio but Leucania extranea Guenée (Walker, 1856: 93) (now Mythimna (Pseudaletia) unipuncta Haworth, Noctuidae) and Calonota helymus Boisduval (Walker, 1856: 1627) (now Calanotos helymus Cramer, Ctenuchidae) recorded from 'South America. C. Darwin' may refer here though no specimens have been found in the collections.

640. Colymbetes, taken on board must have at least flown 45 miles from Cape St. Mary. [Monte Video—crossed out] R. Plata [substituted by Darwin] (July).

COLEOPTERA, Dytiscidae: Colymbetes signatus Babington (1842: 7), one in the BM (1863–44), Monte Video, may refer here. Darwin mentions this in the Origin (1859) and asks 'how much further it might have flown with a favouring gale'. See also entry 862.

641. 642. 643. 644. Gnats, in same situation as last in great numbers Do. Do.

Lost Lost

DIPTERA, Tipulidae: Limnobia reciproca Walker (1849: 50), one in the BM (1845–68) (now Trimicra pilipes F.). This almost certainly refers here as Edwards (1927) recorded this species and a chironomid of the genus Tanytarsus in a similar situation, 32 miles from the Brazilian coast.

645. Pediculus, from a petrel called Cape-pidgeon, in the open ocean August.

Lost

PHTHIRAPTERA: the bird referred to as the cape-pidgeon is the cape petrel or pintado (Daption capensis L.) and is discussed by Gould in the Zoology (Darwin, 1841: pt. 3, 140–1).

August M. Video R. Plata

646. Diptera, Rat Island, M. Video Do.

The following Diptera described or recorded by Walker from Monte Video probably refer here.

PHTHIRAPTERA: no specimen found. The bird referred to is Vanellus cayanus Gray, the pied plover referred to as Philomachus cayanus by Gould in the Zoology (Darwin, 1841: pt. 3, 127), where, in Darwin's notes on behaviour, it is compared with the British peewit. Like our peewit it has a local name, 'tero-tero', derived from its cry.

Pelogonidae: two of this family at Cambridge, labelled S. America and with a green label printed 6 may refer here. These bugs are semi-aquatic and seem to fit better here (with Colymbetes and Corixa mentioned) than under 2444, 2446.

(a) [from verso of page] (700) Is the commonest insect in the place runs very actively on the sand.—

COLEOPTERA, Chrysomelidae: no specimen found.

703. Scarabidae. All these beetles inhabit sandy hillocks near sea. This beetle seems to live on the dung of ostriches. I saw one busily employed in pushing along a large peice [sic] with its frontal horns from Do. Do. 19th.

The last three (unnumbered) species are also allocated here but seem rather small for the above observation (see also 1492). The 'ostrich' is the common rhea (Rhea americana Latham) and is written about at length both in the Zoology (Darwin, 1841: pt. 3, 120–3) and the Journal (Darwin, 1845: 43, 89).

COLEOPTERA, Staphylinidae: no specimen found, unless the specimen recorded by Kritsky (1981) in the Field Museum, Chicago refers here. No further data is available so the Chicago specimen could also refer to 3445.

COLEOPTERA, Chrysomelidae: see entry 753 which could refer here instead.

767. Harpalus Do. Do.

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae: no specimen found.

768. Elater. Do. Do.

COLEOPTERA, Elateridae: no specimen found.

778. Bruchus from the Calavances on board.

COLEOPTERA, Bruchidae: Acanthoscelides objectus Say, one in the BM (1885–119) and numbered 778. Calavances was an English common name for certain varieties of pulse (Leguminosae, Dolichos etc.) (Mrs M. Greiff in litt.) This beetle is a well-known pest of stored products and although thought to have originated in tropical S. America is now almost cosmopolitan (Aitken, 1975). See also 630.

Scarabaeidae: Ateuchus robustum Harold, one in the BM (1887–42), M. Video and numbered 858. See also entry 1505 for this species.

860. Meloe. San Blas: Bay of Patagonia. North of R. Negro

COLEOPTERA, Meloidae: no specimen found.

861. Belostomus, in Water, Rat Island. M. Video.

HEMIPTERA, Belostomatidae: no specimen found.

862. Calosoma; flew on board when we were about 10 miles from the shore; Bay of San Blas.

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae: Calosoma patagoniense Hope (1838: 129), one in the BM (1863–44) and numbered 862. See also entry 2484 for this species.

In the Journal Darwin (1845: 158) says '. . . and a fine beetle (Calosoma) flew on board. Other instances are known of this beetle having been caught far out at sea; and this is the more remarkable as the greater number of the Carabidae seldom or never take wing'. He goes on to discuss the weather conditions and the movements of the other insects involved. See the entry cited under 870–872. See also entries 875, 1301–1303.

866. Moths, flying about the ship, the chrysalis probably were in the fire wood.

LEPIDOPTERA, Geometridae: Macaria subornata Walker (1863: 1644), one in the BM (1846–38), 'probably from Patagonia' (described from Monte Video), may refer here. See also entry 1597.

867. 868. 869. Carabidous beetle, dead in the sea; 40 miles off the Straits of Magellan.

Carabidae: Cardiophthalmus clivinoides Curtis, one in the BM (1863–44) 'str. of Magellan' on handwritten label. Waterhouse, G. R. (1840c: 254, footnote) says 'I find that I had accidentally overlooked a specimen of the Cardiophthalmus clivinoides Curtis, in Mr Darwin's collection. This specimen was "found dead in the sea, 40 miles off the Straits of Magellan"—Mr Darwin's Notes.' Curtis (1839, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.18: 185) described the species from material collected at Port Famine by Captain King during his survey of the Straits of Magellan. Antarctia leucoscelis Putzeys, one in the BM (1885–119) S. America (det. Straneo 1950) with printed number 869.

870. 871. 872. Butterflies vide P. 138.

In the Journal Darwin (1845: 158) writes 'One evening, when we were about ten miles from the Bay of San Blas, vast numbers of butterflies in bands or flocks of countless myriads, extended as far as the eye could range. Even by the aid of a telescope it was not possible to see a space free from butterflies. The seamen cried out "it was snowing butterflies", and such in fact was the appearance. More than one species were present, but the main part belonged to a kind very similar to but not identical with, the common English Colias edusa. Some moths and hymenoptera accompanied the butterflies.' See also entries 1301–1303.

Williams (1930: 137) refers this butterfly to Colias lesbia F. (Pieridae) and says 'Fitzroy (1839) says "white" butterflies about 4 p.m. in very hot weather with cloudless sky. He also gives the exact date, which is omitted by Darwin'. The exact date referred to is December 4th 1832 and is included by Darwin in the Zoological Diary on which the Journal entry is based, but he goes on to ask 'How are we to account for these flights which others have also observed? Is it an instinct implanted in the animal to find new countries its own one being overtaken by a particularly favourable year?'

No specimen has been located. See also entries 1301–1303.

J. J. Walker (1931) suggests that Fitzroy's 'white' butterflies could be other Pieridae but no specimens have been found. Colias lesbia is greenish white, rather like the helice form of our 'British' C. croceus Geoffroy (=edusa F.).

Fresh water and Carabidous beetles found alive in the sea. South of Cape Corrientes, flown off the shore? I was very much surprised to see how perfectly alive and active the fresh Water beetles were (Colymbetes, Hydroporus, Hydrobius &c; and there were other insects which I by accident lost). This may be a very instrumental means in peopling Islands with insects; I cannot help suspecting they were washed down from the Plata; although 250 miles distant from the fresh Water. I think this from the numbers of living and dead ones floating in the sea. The distance from the nearest shore was 17 miles, off Cape Corrientes; Capt. Cook, saw numerous insects blown off near St Georges Bay; and formerly in last voyage this fact was frequently noticed; [continued]

a) [from verso] The neighbouring country is exceedingly arid & not likely to support freshwater insects.

1832 Insects Good Success Bay Decr 20th 12.

[continued] it must be owing to flat country without trees, no shelter; insects once in air cannot stop.

A similar account to the above entry is given in the Journal (Darwin, 1845: 159) with a general discussion of insects at sea including items quoted under 862 and 867–872.

In the Origin Darwin (1859) says 'The occasional emigrations of insects of many kinds, associated together, which as I have witnessed, must perish by countless myriads in the sea, are still more remarkable, as they belong to families none of which are naturally social or even migrate'. See also entries 640, 1301–1303, and for similar accounts see Walker, J. J. (1931: 215).

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae: Carabus suturalis F. (Hope, 1838) (s.g. Ceroglossus) may refer here. Hope mentions that 'when captured, it emitted (like all the other species of Carabus from Tierra del Fuego) a strong ammoniacal odour'. See also entry 2327.

881. Harpalidous I: found flying in numbers about sea coast in evening. These insects live amongst the soft yellow balls which are excrescences; or rather fungi growing on the Fagus antarcticus, and which are eaten by the Fuegians.

Fig. 15 Three Carabid beetles from the Straits of Magellan described by G. R. Waterhouse: 1, Abropus splendidus; 2, Migadops virescens; 3, Migadops ovalis. All occur in Navarin Island, both genera were new to science (see Insect Notes 881, 882, 906, 930) (from the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1841), by courtesy of Taylor & Francis Ltd.) Abropus splendidus lives among the edible fungus Cyttaria darwinii Berkeley which grows on the Southern Beech (Nothofagus) and is eaten by the natives of Tierra del Fuego.

COLEOPTERA, Lucanidae: Dorcus darwinii Hope (1841: 33; 1844: 279), one in Oxford which Hope (1844: 280) erroneously recorded from Chile though the species does occur there (see 2773) (=Sclerognathus femoralis Guérin). There are other non-Darwin specimens of this species in the BM from Tierra del Fuego. See also eponyms for dedication.

a) [from verso] The habitat of these insects, was the most singular I ever observed; it was in the fissures of slate rock and in which the genus Capulus [Limpet] was adhering to the stone alive, and therefore of course beneath high watermark:— from the wet condition of the insects and their inactivity I do not believe they remove themselves.—There would appear to be two sorts or they are in different states of maturity:— from the soft state of some specimens, the larva must have undergone its metamorphosis in this site.

COLEOPTERA, Tenebrionidae: Parahelops pubescens Waterhouse, C. O. (1875: 334), one in the BM with red printed 43 [= 1043]. See 1006,1007. Something is wrong here as this species is now normally associated with alpine Nothofagus forest though some other Tenebrionidae are known to be intertidal (e.g. Epantius, Phaleria).

In the Denny collection at Oxford are 11 specimens mounted on celluloid from Tierra del Fuego which refer here.

The 'Falco' referred to is listed under 1028 in Darwin's Ornithological Notes (Barlow, 1963) as 'Falco P. Pezoporus' and is referable to Milvago chimango (Viellott) the Chimango Caracara. In the Zoology (Darwin, 1841: pt. 3, 14) it is treated by Gould, though somewhat doubtfully, as a separate species M. pezoporus Meyen. In the Journal Darwin (1845: 54–6) writes at some length on this and related species.

The comments under 1048 in the Ornithological Notes (Barlow, 1963: 213) link this to Scolopax (Telmetias) magellanicus King in the Zoology (Darwin, 1841: pt. 3, 131) which is now referable to the Puna Snipe (Gallingo paraguaiae magellenica).

1086. Harpalidous, insect Do. Both insects are common to Tierra del Fuego.

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae: Migadops falklandicus Waterhouse, G. R. (1842a: 137), one in the BM (1863–44) with red printed number 86 [= 1086]. A different species of the same genus is found in Tierra del Fuego (see entries 882, 883, 910, 911).

COLEOPTERA. There is an Aphodius 'Maldonado Point' (1887–42) in the BM accessions. Some Coleoptera numbered 1291 may refer to 1254. See also entry 1491.

1291. Brachinus. Explosion very loud and visible; the skin of my finger, was for many days afterwards stained brown; at the instant of explosion a sensation of warmth was felt; taste of secretion very acrid, even when diluted. June.

COLEOPTERA, Hydrophilidae: Hydrous palpalis Brullé, one in Cambridge has a red label printed 305 [= 1305] and a small green printed 43. Alongside is a handwritten label 'Wrong no. attached. In Darwin's list 305 refers to a termites nest from Fernando Noronha'. Clearly the writer had been misled by lack of knowledge of the colour code system of labelling previously explained.

Curculionidae: Listroderes apicalis Waterhouse, G. R. (1842b: 123), one in the BM (1875–36), 'Maldonado P1', standing apparently as a syntype, is in fact a specimen of L. delaigei and since Waterhouse did not record apicalis from Maldonado this may be the specimen he determined as

1314. Fresh Water Coleoptera. Maldonado [Maldonado indicated by a bracket including 1314–1332].

Hydrophilidae: Enochrus, one in the BM (1885–119), numbered 1314. In Cambridge there are specimens of E. affinis Stein and E. vulgaris Stein which may refer here, but see also entries 875, 1505, 2367. Hugoscottia darwini Knisch (1922: 90) may well refer here. The holotype and paratypes are in the BM (1922–127) ex Mus Cambridge. There are three paratypes in Cambridge. None have data labels or numbers but are attributed to South America. Other members of the genus are from Uruguay and Bolivia.

Dytiscidae: Cybister biungulatus Babington (1842: 3), Champion (1918b: 45) lists this as a synonym of Megadytes Brullé and points out that it was overlooked by Sharp (1882) in his important work on Dytiscidae, seven in the BM (1873–8), numbered 1323.

This name has been used in Hymenoptera and Coleoptera but was undoubtedly familiar to Darwin as a beetle name used in the Dytiscidae by Stephens (1827–45) for some of his captures. For usage see Balfour-Browne (1950: 266, 271).

PHTHIRAPTERA: in the Denny collection at Oxford there are six lice on one card with a red printed label 336 [= 1336] and labelled 'Procellaria glacialoides det Y. Z. Eonst c.f. Patagonia C. Darwin'.

The host was 'caught on a bent pin on a string baited with fat' and is discussed in the Ornithological Notes (Barlow, 1963: 224) and described in the Zoology (Darwin, 1841: pt. 3, 140) under Procellaria glacialoides Smith (=Fulmarus glacialoides, the southern fulmar).

1379. Forficula, near sand dunes; there is another species in the houses; they are held in extreme dread; it is curious this prejudice against a harmless insect, being so general (July).—Maldonado.

1381. Excrescences, containing larvae; aperture most beautifully constructed; one found in a particular [continued]

1833 July Insects [Maldonado—crossed out] 15.

[continued] valley near M. Video. It is said, that a large fly, which bites horses is produced.

This sounds very like the work of semi-aquatic larval Tabanidae (Diptera) which are known to construct mud cylinders in which they avoid dessication in times of drought (see Lamborn, 1929, Proc. R. Soc. (B) 106: 83–7; Parsons, 1971, Entomologist's mon. Mag. 107: 89–90). Darwin collected a specimen of Tabanus dorsiger Wiedemann (Walker, 1849: 180) M. Video, which attacks horses.

1394. Phalangium. Maldonado.

Arachnida, Opiliones—not an insect; a 'harvestman'.

1395. Pediculi from Falco (1396).

PHTHIRAPTERA: in the Denny collection at Oxford is one unidentified louse mounted on a card with a red label printed 395 [=1395] and labelled 'Circus megpilus? Maldonado'. This is the Circus megaspilus Gould of the Zoology (Darwin, 1841: pt. 3, 29) referable to Circus buffoni (Gmelin), the long-winged harrier (Dr D. W. Snow in litt.).

Carabidae: Feronia patagonica Waterhouse, G. R. (1841b: 126), two in the BM (1863–44), one numbered 1397. F. submetallica Waterhouse, G. R. (1841b: 122) (=Pterostichus lucidus Curtis), two in the BM (1863–44, 1885–119) numbered 1397; also one specimen Valparaiso; see also entries 2209–2213, 2776, 2837. Pterostichus sp., one in the BM, Maldonado, numbered 1397. There are also two Agonum sp. numbered 1397 in the BM (1885–119) accessions.

1488. 1489. 1490. Coleoptera. Rio Colorado.

Carabidae: Pterostichus. One in the BM (1885–119) with a red label printed 488 [ = 1488].

1491. Copris. Bahia Blanca vide p. 200 (b).

COLEOPTERA, Scarabaeidae: no specimen found. The page citation in this and entry 1492 refers to the Zoological Diary and a discussion of dung beetles, partly used in his long footnote on the subject in the Journal (Darwin, 1845: 490) and with cross-references to 1181 and 1225 and which I have spread over 2102, 3506 and 3819. The footnote however lacks the following interesting comment 'This absence of coprophagous beetles appears to me to be a very beautiful fact; as showing a connection in the creation between two animals as widely apart as Mammalia and the Insecta Coleoptera, which, when one of them is removed out of its original zone can scarcely be produced by a length of time and the most favourable circumstances'.

Scarabaeidae: Ataenius picinus Harold, one in the BM (1887–42), St. Fé with 1505 on verso of label; see also entry 529. Ateuchus robustum Harold, one in the BM (1887–42), St. Fé and numbered 1505, see also entry 858.

Scraptiidae: Anaspella sp. Five in the BM (1885–119), St. Fé, one numbered 1505.

In the Journal Darwin (1845: 170), in an entry for 9 January 1834, says 'I found on the surface of the salt water near the head of the bay, a Colymbetes not quite dead, which must have lived in some not distant pool. Three other insects (a Cicindela, like hybrida, a Cymindis, and a Harpalus, which all live on muddy flats occasionally overflowed by the sea), and one other found dead on the plain, complete the list of the beetles'. Cicindela hybrida is a British species.

For the Colymbetes see entry 1715.

1713. Truncatipennis, under salt, loving plant just above high water mark.

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae: by inference from the following entry, but no specimen found. The only Carabid I have been able to trace with such a name is the African Cycloba truncatipennis Boheman

1714. Hab Do. (young specimen).

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae; ?Pterostichinae, one in the BM (1887–42), St Cruz and with a red printed 714 [= 1714]. See entry 1713.

1715. Colymbites, nearly drowned in salt water, head of Harbour; proving existence of fresh water although we could find none.

1716. Diptera, very numerous, bite very badly. What animal did nature intend for them? they are out of all proportion too numerous for Guanaco and scarcely any other large animal existed here.

DIPTERA, Tabanidae: no specimen found but my colleague J. E. Chainey suggests it would probably be a Dasybasis sp. from these latitudes.

In the Journal, in an entry 9 January 1834, Darwin (1845: 170) says 'A good-sized fly (Tabanus) was extremely numerous and tormented us by its painful bite. The common horsefly, which was so troublesome in the shady lanes of E. England, belongs to this same genus. We here have the puzzle that so frequently occurs in the case of mosquitoes—on the blood of what animals do these insects

commonly feed? The guanaco is nearly the only warm-blooded quadruped, and it is found in quite inconsiderable numbers compared with the multitude of flies'.

The guanaco (Lama guanacoe) is a llama of the southern plains of South America and included in the Zoology (Darwin, 1841: pt. 2, 26) (as Auchenia llama Desm.) and written on at some length in the Journal (Darwin, 1845: 166). Darwin does not mention horses here but see entries 2524, 2525, 2569.

No specimen found, unless any of the unnumbered specimens described from Port Famine refer here (see entry 1841).

1750. Curculio, sterile plain.

COLEOPTERA, Curculionidae: no weevil found with this number in the BM, but see entry 2049.

1751. Heterom Do. Do.

COLEOPTERA, Tenebrionidae: Nyctelia newporti Waterhouse, G. R. (1842b: 113), one in the BM (1863–44), Patagonia. Another in the BM, Patagonia Pt. St Julian C. Darwin with a red printed 751 [=1751] and the accession number 1881–19 of the F. Bates collection and his type no. 1313. F. Bates, brother of H. W. Bates and a specialist in Tenebrionidae, must clearly have had some of the Darwin material, including some Waterhouse types (see also entries 3201, 3561). [A page width rule follows this entry].

Vane-Wright also located another Darwin butterfly: Nymphalidae, Argynnis cytheris Drury, one male, Pt Famine (BM 1946–38). This is the specimen cited by Hall (1906–1919, Last notes, Book 1, microform sheet 168: 104) with the comment 'darwini is treated as a synonym and there is a specimen from Port Famine taken by Darwin himself'. Argynnis darwini Staudinger is included in the eponyms section and Vane-Wright tells me it represents a distinct species (now = Issoria lathonioides (Blanchard)).

The guanaco (Lama guanacoe) is a llama of the southern plains of South America; see also entry 1716.

2054. Galeruca; a tribe very rare in such countries.

COLEOPTERA, Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae. No specimen found.

2055. Fly feeding on a Phallus.

DIPTERA: no specimen found.

The only Phallus (fungus) described by Berkeley (1842a) was from Maldonado.

[Darwin has ruled a line across the page to separate these entries and inserted Chiloe]

Chiloe

(a) 2102. Earth-bulls [sic for balls]

[on verso] (a) 2102. Geotrupes. This insect is excessively abundant, borring [sic] deep holes beneath every heap of horse dung (and once I saw sheeps). Curious instance of increase in number and change of habit no large quadrupid [sic] in Chiloe. At the depth of 2 and 3 feet. balls of earth, lined with a darker kind, (dung?) containing larva are very commonly found, in Gardens (where dung is not directly present); from what I can hear, I have little doubt that no other beetle than the Geotrupes, exists in numbers proportionate to the balls. I saw a man dig up 10 or 12 in a few minutes.

When first found they are not quite so hard as at present. The larva of many had eaten their way out and had escaped.

COLEOPTERA, Scarabaeidae: 'Phanaeus', no specimen found. This beetle is so recorded by Darwin in the Journal (1845: 490) where he says 'on the opposite side of the Cordillera in Chiloe, another

species of Phaeneus is exceedingly abundant, and it buries the dung of the cattle in large earthen balls beneath the ground. There is reason to believe that the genus Phanaeus, before the introduction of cattle, acted as scavengers to man'.

Darwin develops this theme in this long footnote on dung beetles in general. (See also entries 1491, 3506, 3819).

2107. 2108. Geotrupes.

COLEOPTERA, Scarabaeidae: Pinotus torulosa Eschscholtz, two in the BM (1887–42), one with a green printed 108 [= 2108]

2109. Carab. Bemb. in moss.

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae: Bembidion sp., one in the BM (1887–42), 'Valparaiso', and with a green printed 109 [=2109].

2110. [2]111. The great curious Lucanus; given me by Mr R. Williams; caught when flying about in summer. The male insect is said to make a very loud clacking noise with its horns, when molested or even approached; is not very uncommon; is found abundantly in Mainland near Valdivia. In end of Jany, found 3 females, flying about during the day; when touched, stood on four hind legs, and raised their head, as in battle; very strong; caught male at Valdivia; fought most boldly, turning round to face enemy; the noise alluded to, is not very loud, and produced by friction of abdomen, when even frightened, but not touched; jaws not so strong as to produce pain to finger.

Mr Douglass, sent me 12 specimens of this fine insect and the following account: 'I found them in the crutch of an Atenihue tree, thirty feet above the ground, in a nest of moss. I was led to the spot by following one of them morning and evening for several days and always lost sight of it near this tree. I at last climbed up the tree and discovered them as mentioned. This is in the Island of Cancahue.'

Darwin collected 12 specimens which he forwarded to Cambridge (Babington 1837, Westwood 1837). Darwin (1871: vol. 1, 377, 384) writes at some length on this species in the Descent (chapter 10, Sexual Selection) and in correspondence with H. W. Bates (Stecher, 1969: 113) says 'I heard in Chile Chiasognathus Grantii squeaking loudly so I wd gladly pay £1 for a pr, if they can be bought: I brought home a dozen sp. T. but gave them all away'. A reply from Bates indicates that the dealer E. W. Janson had promised to try to obtain specimens.

(2139) HEMIPTERA—Homoptera, Cicadidae: no specimen found. Darwin (1871; vol. 1, 350) makes reference to Cicada song in the Descent (chapter 10, Sexual Selection) as follows: 'The noise thus made could be plainly heard on board the "Beagle" when anchored at a quarter of a mile from the shore of Brazil; and Captain Hancock says it can be heard at the distance of a mile'. There is no entry for Cicada in the Brazilian section of the notes and the recollection may refer to this entry. See also entry 2507.

(2152) SIPHONAPTERA: no specimen found but F. G. A. M. Smit suggests that this opossum flea was possibly a Polygenis sp. Four species of Didelphis (opossums) are included in the Zoology (Darwin, 1839: pt. 2, 93–7).

(2153) PHTHIRAPTERA: in the Denny collection at Oxford are three unidentified specimens on a card, from a condor, with green printed 153 [=2153]. The host is the condor (Vultur gryphus L.) and is treated in the Zoology (Darwin, 1841: pt. 3, 3).

2158. Coleoptera. Onthoph: under stones not dung feeder; rolls up like armadillo.

Curculionidae: Adioristus angustatus, A. conspersus, A. punctulatus and A. simplex, all described by Waterhouse, G. R. (1842b: 124–6) from 'Valleys at Petorca', may refer here. The specimens marked 'type' in the BM have, at first glance, no clear connection with Darwin but the accession numbers 1875–36 on some refer to types presented by Waterhouse to the Beetle section. The types of A. punctulatus and A. angustatus bear accession numbers 1908–158 and 'formed part of Mr Bridges collection in Mr Bond's collection sold at Stevens auction 12.xii.07 and purchased from Mr O. Janson 26.v.08'. All four species appear under the original accession number (1875–36) in the Register!

2318. Gonoleptes, certainly from West coast, of S. America, but I cannot find out what part, given to me.

?Arachnida, spider—not an insect.

2323. Curculio. First appears in November. Very abundant, injurious to young shoots of plums and peaches; this is time of year when many Lamellicorn beetles, first appear Valparaiso.

COLEOPTERA, Curculionidae: Lophotus eschscholtzi Schoenherr (Waterhouse, G. R., 1840b), no specimen found in the BM, but the species would now be placed in the genus Aegorhinus.

2325. Lamellicorn Do: Flying in numbers round the young peach trees, first appeared in first week of November.

COLEOPTERA: no specimen found, but Brachysternus castaneus Guérin (Scarabaeidae), listed in the BM accessions book under 1845–63, may refer here.

2326. Coleoptera, in Fungus Decemr. Archipelago of Chiloe.

No specimen found.

2327. Blue Carabus, under logs of wood in the forest. Island of Lemuy. I notice all the [continued].

1834 Insects Archipelago of Chiloe 19.

[continued] blue ones are males and coppery ones females, yet surely they are different species; do not Carabi, abound in one sex at one period. Emit a powerful acrid fluid, and smell like some of the Heteromerous insects very disagreeable and powerful.

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae: Carabus darwinii Hope (1838: 129) (subgenus Ceroglossus), one in the BM (1863–44) Chiloe. See section on eponyms for Hope's dedication and other comment. See also entries 2328, 2329, where it can be seen that different species were involved though it appears that Darwin collected more specimens than have survived.

Curculionidae, Leptopiinae: three in the BM numbered 2369, 2372, plus one Dasydema hirtella Blanchard in BM (1885–119) Chiloe, numbered 2368. There is also one unidentified specimen (BM 1887–42) of Baridinae.

Hydrophilidae: Enochrus sp., one in the BM (1885–119) numbered 2367. There are also two Enochrus spp. in Cambridge, but see entries 875, 1314.

Languridae: one in the BM (1885–119), Chiloe and numbered 2731, certainly an error for 2371.

These probably all refer here but no attempt has been made to locate them in the BM collections. Little work has been done on this difficult group from these regions since Walker's day and the labour involved in interpolating Walker's work would merit only specialist attention for revisionary purposes (see Notes on Walker).

In Dublin there are about 20 small unidentified Hymenoptera from Chiloe.

[continued] Pselaphidae and small Staphylinidae the most abundant insects.

No specimens found, but in the Journal Darwin (1845: 286, footnote) records 'By sweeping with my insect-net, I procured from these situations a considerable number of minute insects, of the family Staphylinidae, and others allied to Pselaphus, and minute Hymenoptera. But the most characteristic family in number, both of individuals and species, throughout the more open parts of Chiloe and Chonos, is that of the Telephoridae'.

The comment on Telephoridae (=Cantharidae) is strange as this family is absent from Darwin's collections (though not from the Region) and notes. This may be a slip for Tenebrionidae to which most 'Heteromera' references allude.

2438. Fly. bred from the soft putrid kelp on the coast of Tres Montes. I never saw such immense numbers in clusters under side of stones.

DIPTERA: no specimen found. The true 'kelp-flies' of the family Coelopidae are not known to occur south of Mexico and this fly would probably be a Paractora sp. (see entry 1999) (Helcomyzidae) or a Fucellia sp. (Anthomyiidae).

2444–2455. Insects, from under stones at an elevation of 2500 feet, bare Granite mountain Patch Cove North part of Tres Montes 2444, 2446. Curious Hemipterous insects; it may be remarked there are 3 species of Curculio. The Elater in numbers were far most abundant; this

is a good example of The Alpine Entomology of this part; for I sedulously turned up very many stones; Libellula 2455 from base of mountain [clearly Syms Covington had been unable to interpolate Darwin's writing in the original Notebooks and had left spaces here for Darwin's insertions].

Psyllidae: Notophorina sp. (det. D. Hollis), one in BM (1885–119) labelled Chiloe and numbered 2523. There are also unidentified Hemiptera of the families Cicadellidae, Lygaeidae and Miridae in BM accessions drawers.

2524. 2525. Flys [sic] which bite both men and horses the first especially abundant; Chiloe.

It is possible that the Tabanid-like Pelecorhynchus darwini Ricardo (1900: 102) (family Pelecorhynchidae) is the second fly here as there is a specimen from Chiloe (BM 1885–119) and no other Darwin material fits here. However this species is a nectar-feeder and does not bite.

See also entries 1716, 2486, 2569.

2544. 2 Beetles from, either Cacao or Sugar, on board.

COLEOPTERA: no specimen found.

2545. Insects from S. Carlos de Chiloe.

?Order, no specimens found.

2546. Meloe, common. crawling about grass and flying about, Cudico, S. of Valdivia. The Padre told me, that the Indians use this as a poison, and likewise apply it as a caustic or Blister.

COLEOPTERA, Meloidae: no specimen found.

2557. 2558. 2559. Insects, sweeping, in and on borders of forest. Valdivia.

2561. Pediculi. vide p. 315 and Pulex. The Fleas may be compared with some I collected at St Fe.

PHTHIRAPTERA: in the Denny collection at Oxford is a card mount of four unidentified lice bearing a green printed 564 [=2564]. See also entries 1185 in Spirits of Wine List (the page reference is to the Zoological Diary which is cited under that entry).

SIPHONAPTERA. Pulex irritans L., female, Chiloe Island. In the Denny collection, Oxford. The other human flea referred to is under entry 758 and other flea entries are 376, 790, 2152, 3200. However, this is the only Darwin flea found.

2569. Fly which together with (2524–2525) torments man and horse in forest of Chiloe.

DIPTERA: no specimen found, but see 1716, 2524, 2525.

2596. 2597. Heterom. Sand dunes. Concepcion.

COLEOPTERA: no specimens found.

2764 to 2772 Small insects from Concepcion. S. C.

(a) [verso] (a) Insects of Coquimbo and Valparaiso taken in the winter, those of Concepcion in the Autumn.

Tenebrionidae: Psectrascelis pilipes Guérin (Waterhouse, G. R., 1842b), 'numerous' but only one in the BM (1885–119), Coquimbo. Scotobius gayi Solier, one in the BM (1885–119). S. rugosulus Guérin is listed in the BM Accessions register under 1845–63 but has not been found.

2841. Insects. Mendoza. Cicindela, Elmis. The Cicindela comes from the saline mud-banks of 'Rio Estacado; the Elmis and Colymbetes from the tepid and slightly mineral waters of Villa Vicencia in Cordilleras. The Cryptocephalus is Chilean insect.

ORTHOPTERA, Acridiidae: no specimen found. See entries 1329, 1330 for other Acridiidae.

In the Journal Darwin (1845: 329) records a swarm of locusts during his passage of the Cordillera, near Luxan. He says of the insects concerned 'This species of locust closely resembles, and perhaps is identical with the famous Gryllus migratorius of the East'.

3195. Insect (interesting) from the country near Callao. (Peru) [the sea port of Lima].

Order ? no specimen found, unless one of those under entry 3201 refers here.

Tenebrionidae: Melaphorus reichei Guérin, one in the BM (1881–19, F. Bates) labelled 'Callao, C. Darwin' is numbered 1346. This number is not a Darwin number but refers to F. Bates' collection though none of the species described by him appear to include Darwin material (except 3561). See also entry 1751 for F. Bates material.

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae: Feronia calathoides Waterhouse, G. R. (1845: 21) is included here because the species is only recorded from here (Linsley & Usinger 1966: 141). Darwin's specimen is labelled 'Galapagos'.

HEMIPTERA—Heteroptera, Coreidae: Anasa obscura Dallas (1852: 505), described from 'Galapagos C. Darwin' is recorded from San Cristóbal by Linsley & Usinger (1966) and Froeschner (1985) and may refer here although no Hemiptera are mentioned by Darwin in this entry.

Fig. 17 Insects collected in Australia and Bahia, Brazil and described by G. R. Waterhouse: 1, Allelidea ctenostonoides (Coleoptera, Malachiidae, see Insect Notes, 3550, King George's Sound); 2, Leptosomus acuminatus L. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, see 3528, Sydney); 3, Thoracantha latreilli (Hymenoptera, Eucharitidae, see 3858, Bahia); 4, Alleloplasis darwinii (Hemiptera, Derbidae, see 3561, King George's Sound and Eponyms). The Thoracantha should be compared with the species depicted in Fig. 16. These chalcid wasps have remarkable projections from the thorax over the abdomen so that from above they bear a strong resemblance to beetles of the genus Mordella. (By courtesy of the Royal Entomological Society of London from their Transactions for 1839).

Formicidae: Camponotus planus Smith (1877: 83); C. macilentus Smith (1877: 83), each of these ants have since been divided into several subspecies (mostly by Wheeler, 1919) on the different islands of the Galapagos (Linsley & Usinger, 1966).

DIPTERA, Piophilidae: Piophila atrata Meigen (Walker, 1849: 1065) (=P. casei L.), one in the BM (1845–63), 'Galapagos'; the well known 'cheese skipper' widely dispersed by commerce. This family is not recorded from Galapagos by Linsley & Usinger (1966) or Linsley (1977).

Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaga inoa Walker (1849: 832), 'Galapagos' is included here as Linsley & Usinger (1966) include Santiago though Lopes (1878) does not (=Galapagomyia). S. violenta Walker (1849: 826), 'Galapagos' is recorded from James I. by Lopes (1978) (=Gigantotheca).

All of these Chalcidoid Hymenoptera are omitted by Linsley & Usinger (1966).

LEPIDOPTERA, Arctiidae: Deiopeia ornatrix L. var. (=Utetheisa) (Butler, 1877), 'Albemarle' is included here as there is no provision in Darwin's Notes for it. Linsley & Usinger (1966) record it from Isabella [=Albemarle] and Baltra [=South Seymour].

DIPTERA. There are twelve unidentified specimens in Dublin, of the families Agromyzidae, Chloropidae and Syrphidae.

HEMIPTERA: Cixiidae: Oliarus oppositus (Walker) in the BM (1885–119) are two numbered 3415 and two numbered 3418 (det. C. Butcher). Some unidentified Miridae and Pentatomidae (unnumbered) are present in BM accessions.

HYMENOPTERA, Pteromalidae: Pteromalus lelex Walker (1839: 95).

3420. Cicindela in extraordinary numbers, in all parts of the country. Do. Do.

COLEOPTERA, Carabidae: Cicindela, No specimen found.

1835 Decr Insects 23.

[Some pages are crossed out here, by Darwin?, as they were thought to have been repeated; however, only parts of pages were repeated and entries 3421–3528 were not. The double entries are not included here]

3421. 3422. Insects inhabiting rotten wood. N. Zealand.

No specimens found.

3423. Bug. caught at Iquique, Peru. Is called in the Mendoza country, Benchuca; is mentioned by many travellers, as so great a pest and bloodsucker; inhabits crevices in old walls. This specimen when caught was very thin; even when showing it a finger, would, when placed on a table immediately run at it with protruded sucker. Being allowed, sucked for 10 minutes caused very little pain [inserted by Darwin]; became bloated and globular & 5 or 6 times the original size; 18 days afterwards was again ready to suck; being kept 4 and ½ months became of proper proportions, as thin as at first; I then killed it. A most bold and fearless insect.

HEMIPTERA–Heteroptera, Reduviidae (Triatominae): no specimen found, but from Peru this would be Triatoma infestans Klug. This bug is one of the vectors of American trypanosomiasis or Chagas' disease (after its discoverer, Carlos Chagas).

Adler (1959) first suggested that Darwin may have contracted Chagas's disease during his sojourn in Mendoza and that his persistent ill-health in later life could be attributed to this disease, though it was not clinically recognized until 1909. This was contested by a number of authors including Woodruff (1965) and others (Winslow, 1971), largely on the grounds that victims usually presented

with cardiac symptoms and did not survive to Darwin's age. Lewinsohn (1979) has recently reviewed the history of the disease and draws attention to the important rediscovery of Chagas' first patient, still alive and well in 1979 (aged 72). This patient presented with similar symptoms to Darwin and led Lewinsohn to suggest that 'Berenice is (and Darwin perhaps was) a carrier of the infection rather than the disease'.

To become infected a patient must not only be bitten by the bug but, since the infective stage of the causative protozoan (Trypanosoma cruzi) resides in the gut, the wound must be contaminated by its faeces. Almost invariably the bug defecates while sucking blood on the skin of its victim.

Darwin (1845: 330) records in the Journal observations similar to the entry in the Insect Notes above, but his additional comment shows that while the bug was indebted to one of the officers for the meal described above, it nevertheless establishes that Darwin too had been exposed to them on another occasion. Writing of a night spent in the village of Luxan [Argentina] he says 'At night I experienced an attack (for it deserves no less a name) of the Benchuca, a species of Reduvius, the great black bug of the Pampas. It is most disgusting to feel soft wingless insects, about an inch long, crawling over one's body. Before sucking they are quite thin but afterwards they become round and bloated with blood, and in this state are easily crushed'.

Entry 2913 also shows that on yet another occasion, this time at Copiapo in Chile, he was exposed to the attacks of the Benchuca. The chances of his contracting Chagas' disease do therefore seem rather high. In all of these localities the bug concerned would have been Triatoma infestans and not Panstrongylus (=Conorrhinus) megistus (Burmeister) as suggested by Poulton (1904) when comparing W. J. Burchell's and Darwin's experiences with these bugs. Burchell's specimens were collected in Brazil where P. megistus is the principal bug biting man and thus the vector of Chagas' disease. There is no evidence that Burchell suffered the symptoms of Chagas' disease. Little is known of his later life but he died at the age of 80, by his own hand (Poulton 1905).

COLEOPTERA, Staphylinidae: no specimen found, but my colleague P. M. Hammond suggests that this might be Creophilus erythrocephalus F., a common carrion species frequently collected by early travellers in Tasmania. See also entry 708.

In the Journal Darwin (1845: 490, footnote), in a discussion on dung beetles seen on the voyage, says 'In Van Dieman's Land, however, I found four species of Onthophagus, two of Aphodius, and one of a third genus, very abundant under the dung of cows; yet these latter animals had been then introduced only thirty-three years. Previously to that time, the Kangaroo and some other small animals were the only quadrupeds; and their dung is of a very different quality from that of their successors introduced by man'. (See also entries 1491, 2102, 3506, 3819). Bornemissza (1983) suggests that: Darwin's four Onthophagus species were probably auritus Erichson, fuliginosus Erichson, mutatus Harold and posticus Erichson, all then undescribed; one of his Aphodius species was pseudotasmaniae Given; his third genus was probably Proctammodes (=Proctophanes) sculptus Hope. He also verifies the accuracy of Darwin's observations. No specimens have been found.

3513. Phalacrus, in rotten wood; has a Phalacrus been taken before out of Europe? Do.

of Darwin's special comment. The entries in the Notes are clearly out of sequence anyway as the Beagle visited Sydney, Tasmania, King George's Sound, in that order. In fact Phalacridae had previously been collected during the voyage in Maldonado (entries 1310, 1321–2) and Galapagos (3363–4).

3514. Larva. beneath stones, fresh water. Do.

Order (?), no specimen found.

3524. 3525. 3526. Insects by sweeping. Do.

In the following list of Coleoptera BM data are only cited where new records or misidentifications of Darwin material are involved. All are from Lea (1926) unless otherwise indicated (Lea's new species have the reference and pagination).

HEMIPTERA—Heteroptera. In Oxford are a few specimens as follows: Pentatomidae (genus near Nezara, Dinocoris sp.), Coreidae (Amorbus sp.), Homoptera, Psyllidae. Acizzia. Three specimens of probably the same species in the BM (1885–119), Hobart Town and numbered 3524 and 3526 and another damaged Psyllid numbered 3524 (see also entry 3561).

Homoptera. Cephalelus brunneus (Waterhouse, G. R., 1839: 195). In the BM there are unidentified Cicadellidae (1) and Fulgoroidea (1) numbered 3528. At Oxford there are a few specimens of Cicadidae (Melampsalta), Flatidae (Carthaea), Cercopidae (Orthoraphia) and some unidentified genera.

HYMENOPTERA, Gasteruptiidae (=Evaniidae): Foenus darwinii Westwood (1841: 537; 1844: 259) (=Hyptiogaster). In the 1844 version of this paper under Monomachus falcator Klug ms Westwood says 'Obs. C. Darwin, Esq. brought home a species of this genus which has for some time been in the hands of W. E. Shuckard, Esq., for description.

Children's collection but the provenance is uncertain. Both bees are in Oxford and are the only Darwin bees so far located.

Chalcidoidea: Francis Walker (1838, 1839) described the following species from Sydney. These are placed in families assuming the generic placement to be correct, which knowing Walker's reputation may not be the case (see Notes to this paper).

Dytiscidae: Hydroporus darwinii Babington (1842: 13) (=Necterosoma); H. unidecemlineatus Babington, two in the BM (1863–44) are labelled Tierra del Fuego apparently in error as this species is referable to Necterosoma, a genus which does not occur in South America (Watts, 1978: 95).

Tenebrionidae: Hypaulax ampliata Bates, F. var. parryi Bates, F. (1874:20), two in the BM (1881–19, F. Bates acc. No.). 'Voyage of the Beagle' on blue paper. I refer these here although they are large beetles. The typical form came from Nicol Bay, Western Australia. Bates described the

In the Journal Darwin (1845, 456, footnote) says of the Keeling fauna 'of insects I took pains to collect every kind. Exclusive of spiders, which were numerous, there were thirteen species1. Of these one only was a beetle. A small ant swarmed by thousands under the loose dry blocks of coral, and was the only true insect which was abundant.' The superscript refers to a more informative footnote: 'The thirteen species belong to the following orders:— In the Coleoptera a minute Elater; Orthoptera, a Gryllus and a Blatta; Hemiptera, one species; Homoptera, two; Neuroptera, a Chrysopa; Hymenoptera, two ants; Lepidoptera nocturna, a Diopaea, and a Pterophorus (?); Diptera, two species.'

No specimens have been found. The Deiopeia was listed by Walker (1854: 567) as D. pulchella L., but Jordan (1939: 283) described this as subspecies darwini of Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson (Arctiidae) and records two males coll. C. Darwin plus other specimens. See entry 3594 for the Chrysopa.

3594. Hemerobius.—(last three in April) Do. [Keeling].

NEUROPTERA, Chrysopidae: this is undoubtedly the Chrysopa referred to in the Journal (Darwin, 1845: 456, footnote) (see entry 3593). There are two specimens in the BM (1885–119), Keeling Isld, one numbered 594 [=3594], the other bearing a label 'seems to be Chrysopa innotata' but they are in fact C. ramburi Schneider (det. P. C. Barnard).

3635. Water beetles, mountain stream Mauritius. May.

COLOEPTERA, Hydrophilidae: Limnoxenus sp., one in Cambridge labelled 'South America' may refer here. Other specimens (non-Darwin) in the BM are from Europe, Ghana, S. Africa, Sandwich Is. and Australia.

HEMIPTERA—Homoptera, Cicadidae: Stagira darwini Distant (1905: 213), one in the BM (1885–119), Mauritius, is referred here as there is no other entry.

Curculionidae. Oosomus hariolus (Dollman in Schoenherr), one in the BM (1875: 36), Cape of Good Hope, numbered 3689 and labelled 'examined by Lacordaire' by Waterhouse and marked with a double asterisk on a separate label. Another Cape specimen is also present in the BM (1887–42) but represents a different species.

Scydmaenidae: Anthicus wollastoni (Waterhouse, F. H., 1879: 532), Champion (1895: 75) established that this is not an Anthicid but a Scydmaenid, one in the BM (1879–34) (=Euconnus).

Four previously described Wollaston (1877) species of Coleoptera were also represented among Darwin's material (see Waterhouse, F. H., 1879) in the BM. These have only handwritten rectangular labels 'St Helena' with 3730 written on the verso and Coleoptera accession number 1879: 35 (error for 34):

Anthribidae: Homoeodera pygmaea, Notioxenus ferrugineus.

Cryptophagidae: Cryptophagus gracilipes (not found)

Staphylinidae: Oxytelus alutaceifrons.

The Coleoptera of St Helena have been recently assessed (Basilewsky, 1972).

The Diptera and Hymenoptera of St Helena are assessed in Basilewsky (1977).

3819. 3820. Very common beetle beneath dung on higher parts of St Helena. This is the most extraordinary instance yet met with by me of transported, or change of habits of stercovorous insects.

COLEOPTERA, Scarabaeidae: no specimen found, but see entries 3821, 3822.

In the Journal (Darwin, 1845, 490, footnote) in a lengthy footnote on dung beetles says of the St Helena insects:—'Among these insects, I was surprised to find a small Aphodius (nov. spec.) and an Oryctes both numerous under dung. When the island was discovered it certainly possessed no quadruped, excepting perhaps a mouse: it becomes therefore, a difficult point to ascertain, whether these stercovorous insects have since been imported by accident, or if aborigines, on what food they formerly subsisted.' (See also entries 1491, 2102, 3506, 3821, 3822 for other parts of this discussion).

In the Ornithological Notes Barlow (1963: 211) cites Darwin's use of the word 'Krotophagous' and says 'Not in O.E.D. In the small pocketbooks Darwin carried with him on expeditions inland, he coins the word "omni-stercivorous" for dung-eating Coleoptera; date, 4th September 1833.'

3821. 3822. Aphodius higher part of St Helena.

COLEOPTERA, Scarabaeidae: no specimens found but this and the previous entry could refer to Aphodius (Nialus) pseudolividus Balthasar or A. granarius (L.). Both species occur on St Helena (Wollaston 1877, Decelle 1972).

3823. 3824. 3825. 3826. 3827. 3828. 3829. Flys [sic] and other insects taken on the mountainous parts and far from houses in Ascension. July.

Duffy (1964) provides a faunal list of Ascension but even by using this no Darwin material has been found. See also entries 3865–3867.

3858. 3859. 3860. Small insects sweeping in forest and open places. These insects products of two whole days sweeping.—After winters rainy season. Beginning of August. Bahia. Brazil.August.

COLEOPTERA, Bruchidae: Bruchus with an apparently unpublished Pic name, two in the BM (1885–119, 1887–42), one numbered 3860. Bruchus sp., one in the BM (1858–60).

Fig. 19 G. R. Waterhouse's map inserted at the end of the Insect Notes and showing Darwin's route including his overland journeys in Uruguay and Argentina. The map is drawn on thin paper water-marked 'J. Whatman Turkey Mill 1840' with the route shown in red ink. In the copy reproduced here the route has been inked over in black for clarity.

Inset in panel is a 'Rio' label in Darwin's hand and a 'B' label also in his hand, probably connected with sorting of material and present on some specimens (see Insect Notes, 493). A Darwin Printed number is also shown. The majority of labels are in unknown hands (see text).

Eponyms

All generic and specific names formed from Darwin's name and used in the Insecta are included here with indications of author and group. Where these names have been used for Darwin's specimens, only author, date and page are given and the full reference will be found in the list of references and other comments elsewhere in the text (see Index). For names not based on Darwin material a full reference to the journal is given here which is not repeated in the main list of references. Where the name is not in Charles Darwin's honour, e.g. based on the town (Port) of Darwin (Northern Territory, Australia) (which, incidentally should more correctly have been coined darwinensis not darwini; similarly darwinii should have been darwini) etc., this is indicated. For the convenience of taxonomists in assessing the validity of any future eponyms all generic names are given first in alphabetical order (with full bibliographical data) and all specific eponyms are given in the alphabetical order of their original genera which are grouped into insect orders. Families and modern generic placings are also indicated where the latter information is already published. Some original dedications are quoted where of sufficient interest and reflect on Darwin's standing among entomologists of the day.

Considering Darwin's antipathy to the practice of taxonomists appending their names to new genera and species in perpetuity (Darwin, F., 1887: vol. 1, 364 et seq.), he would have probably been concerned at the superlative adulation of his name in the formation of so many eponyms.

Darwinysius Ashlock (1967). (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae). Erected for Nysius ?marginalis Dallas 1852: 556. Galapagos Islands. 'Named after Charles Darwin, who collected the type species of the genus on the voyage of the Beagle.'

'Named after this gentleman who has done so much towards the advancement of science, and to whom entomology owes so much, since he has brought to this country an immense collection of insects from the various parts of the world, and particularly of the minute species which had been comparatively neglected.'

Agrilus darwinii Wollaston, 1857, Catalogue of the Coleopterous insects of Madeira in the collection of the British Museum. London, p. 82 (Buprestidae). Madeira. Not based on Darwin material. Wollaston says:

'I have dedicated this species to Charles Darwin Esq., M.A., V.P.R.S., whose enquiries into the obscurer phenomena of geographical zoology have contributed more than those of any other man living to our knowledge, in the general questions of animal distribution'.

'This beautiful insect I have named in honour of my friend Charles Darwin, Esq., a zealous entomologist. His exertions in advancing the progress of Zoology in general entitle him to thanks of the scientific world.' Kraatze's (1878, Dt. ent. Z.22: 325) citation of this name probably refers to another species which has led to 'darwinii Kraatze' entries in catalogues, similarly with Gerstaecker (1858, Linn. Ent.12: 435).

Carenum darwiniense Macleay, 1878, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales2: 214. (Carabidae). Named after Port Darwin, Australia.

Chlamydopsis formicola King var. darwinensis Lea, 1918, Record of the South Australian Museum1: 85. (Histeridae). Named after the town of Darwin, Australia.

Clivina darwini Sloane, 1916, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales41: 609. (Carabidae). Named after Port Darwin, Australia.

'An insect so suggestive of Mr Darwin's theory should appropriately bear his name.' This dedication refers to the wingless condition of this beetle 'a condition due, as Mr Darwin tells us, in reference to other insular apterous Coleoptera, to "the action of natural selection but combined probably with disuse"'.

Hope (1844) says 'The above insect lately received from Chile. It is named in honour of Charles Darwin Esq., who has greatly contributed to our acquaintance with the entomology of Valparaiso, Chile, and other parts of the South American continent'.

Trichopteryx darwini Matthews, 1889: 193. (Trichopterygidae). Rio de Janeiro (=Acrotrichis, Ptiliidae). Matthews says 'I feel much pleasure in dedicating this insect to the memory of the late C. R. Darwin by whom it was found in a fungus near Rio de Janeiro'.

Acknowledgements

I thank the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) for permission to publish the text of Darwin's Insect Notes and Miss Pamela Gilbert, Librarian to the Department of Entomology, for making them available for study. Collectively I thank my colleagues (acknowledged individually at appropriate places in the text) in the Department of Entomology for help in locating Darwin specimens and their tolerance of my browsing among the valuable collections in their care.

I thank Mr George Pemberton Darwin and John Murray Ltd. for permission to quote from Charles Darwin's works and to Lady Nora Barlow for permission to reproduce her itinerary of the Beagle voyage and to quote from her works on her grandfather.

The Syndics of Cambridge University Library are thanked for permission to reproduce the List of Insects in Spirits of Wine, and to quote the other MS notes on Darwin's insects; Mr P. J. Gautrey very kindly answered many enquiries on manuscript sources preserved there. Dr W. A. Foster kindly provided hospitality and help in locating Darwin specimens in the Cambridge University of Zoology and gave permission to reproduce a photograph of the box of Darwin beetles there.

I thank the Hope Professor in the University of Oxford for permission to study Darwin material preserved in the Hope Entomological Collections and Dr M. J. Scoble and Mrs A. Z. Smith for expediting its location and other information.

Dr James P. O'Connor and the National Museum of Ireland are thanked for the loan of the Darwin insects from the Haliday collection and permission to reproduce one of their photographs.

Mr Philip Titheradge, Custodian of Down House kindly provided help and hospitality when I studied Darwin's material there and supplied the photograph of Darwin's box of beetles reproduced here by courtesy of Down House and the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Mr Brian Sirl kindly gave permission to reproduce the portrait of Syms Covington and Mrs Betty Ferguson kindly provided further information on Darwin's assistant and a copy of her booklet on him.

I thank the Registrar and Librarian of the Royal Entomological Society of London for permission to study and quote from the Walker—Haliday correspondence in their care and to reproduce early illustrations depicting Darwin insects from the Society's Transactions.

Mr M. I. Dawes, Director of Publishing for Taylor & Francis Ltd. kindly gave permission to reproduce the G. R. Waterhouse illustrations of Darwin's insects appearing in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History.

Dr Gerhard Scherer and the Museum Georg Frey, Munich kindly gave permission to use the illustration of Distigmoptera darwini from their journal Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum Georg Frey.

Drs José C. M. Carvalho and W. C. Gagne, and the California Academy of Sciences are thanked for permission to use the illustration of Capsus quadrinotatus from their Proceedings.

I thank Dr N. E. Hickin and Mr Eric Classey for permission to reproduce two of Dr Hickin's scraperboard illustrations from Animal Life of the Galapagos.

Notes

For further details of certain entries in these Notes see Freeman (1978) and for obituaries of entomologists, throughout the text, see Gilbert (1977). See also textual comments via the index.

1. William Darwin Fox (1805–80). C.D.'s second cousin. Vicar of Delamere, Cheshire (1838–73). At Christ's College, Cambridge during C.D.'s first two terms of residence. Albert Way (1805–74). Antiquary. Friend of C.D. at Cambridge where they collected beetles.

Leonard Jenyns (later Blomefield) (1800–93). Anglican priest and naturalist. Vicar of Swaffham Bulbeck, Camb. Henslow's brother-in-law. Was asked (as was Henslow) to join Beagle as naturalist before Darwin but declined (Winwood, 1894, Proc. Bath nat. Hist. antiq. Fld Club8(1): 35–55, portrait). Wrote (1862) Memoir of John Stevens Henslow, with recollections by C.D. and the section on fishes in the Zoology of the Beagle (1840–42) (see also Darwin, F., 1903). There are some British C.D. insect specimens in his collection at Cambridge, also his notebooks.

2. John Maurice Herbert (1808–82). County Court judge on the Monmouth and Cardiff circuit. Close friend of C.D. at Cambridge. Collected beetles with C.D. at Barmouth, N. Wales. Gave C.D. his Coddington microscope.

3. Revd Frederick William Hope (1792–1862). Entomologist and print collector, FRS 1834, Founder of the Hope Chair of Zoology (Entomology) Oxford. In 1829 gave C.D. ca. 160 specimens of beetles from his collection in London. Collected in Barmouth with C.D. but due to illness (eczema of lips, see C.D. to Fox July 3rd, 1829) C.D. returned to Shrewsbury after two days (see Stephen's List of British captures). C.D. gave Hope beetles from the Beagle voyage; see C.D.'s letter to Hope about Australian insects (Poulton, 1909), and letter from Babington to C.D. in Cambridge University Library.

4. John Obadiah Westwood (1805–93). Solicitor and entomologist. First Hope Professor of Zoology (Entomology) in the University of Oxford (1861–91). Proposed to the last University Commission the permanent endowment of a lecturer to combat the 'errors of Darwinism'. Ironically C.D. had proposed Westwood for the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1855.

5. Revd John Stevens Henslow (1796–1861). Professor of Mineralogy at Cambridge (1822–27), then Professor of Botany (1827–61). Vicar of Hitcham, Suffolk (1837–61). FRS 1818. At Cambridge C.D. was known as 'the man who walked with Henslow'. Became strong personal friend of C.D. and looked after the collections sent back from the Beagle, see Jenyns, 1862, Memoir of John Stevens Henslow with recollections by C.D., and Barlow (1967).

6. Syms Covington (1813–61). 'Fiddler and boy to the poop cabin' on the Beagle. Became personal servant to C.D. on 22 May, 1833 and later secretary amanuensis until 25 February, 1839. He copied out the Insect Notes (and others, see Sulloway 1982, Porter 1983), much of the MS of the book on Coral-reefs and extracts later used in Variation in Animals and Plants. He also collected Australian barnacles for C.D. for use in his Cirripede monograph. In 1840 he emigrated to New South Wales but corresponded with C.D. until 1859. See De Beer (1959) and Ferguson (1971). Manuscript material on Covington, including a Beagle diary and drawings, is held in the archives of the Linnean Society of New South Wales at the Mitchell Library in Sydney.

7. Robert FitzRoy (1805–65), RN, hydrographer and meteorologist, in command of the Beagle. FRS 1851. Edited (1839) Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle. Anti-Darwin in later life. Governor General of New Zealand (1843–45). There is FitzRoy material preserved in the Michael Faraday Correspondence collection at the Institute of Electrical Engineers and his own account of the discoveries of the Beagle at the Royal Geographical Society (see also 1836, J. R. geogr. Soc.6: 311–343).

8. Benjamin Bynoe (ca. 1804–1865). Assistant surgeon on the Beagle and Acting Surgeon from April 1832 when the Surgeon, Robert McCormick, returned to England. Made official collections of plants, birds and possibly insects (see section on 'other locations' of collections via Haslar Hospital). Looked after C.D. during his illness in Valparaiso.

9. Charles Cardale Babington (1808–95). Botanist. FRS 1851. Succeeded Henslow as Professor of Botany at Cambridge, 1861. He, like Darwin, was an original member of the Entomological Society of London and a keen entomologist in his early days. His collection and notebooks, including records of C.D.'s British captures are in the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology. He described C.D.'s Beagle Dytiscidae (1842) and there is a letter from him to C.D. in the Cambridge University Library which discusses this.

10. George Robert Waterhouse (1810–88). Mammalogist and entomologist. Keeper of Mineralogy and Geology at the British Museum (Natural History). Friend of C.D. and frequent visitor to Down House. Wrote section of Living Mammalia in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle. In 1843 C.D. wrote of him 'If Waterhouse is hired he will enjoy his seven shillings a day from the British Museum as much as most men would ten times the sum!' (see Life and Letters, Darwin, F., 1887: vol. 1, 344). In the Journal Darwin (1845:30, footnote) says 'I am greatly indebted to Mr Waterhouse for his kindness in naming for me this and many other insects, and in giving me much valuable assistance.' He (G.R.W.) and two of his three Coleopterist sons (Charles Owen and Frederick Herschel) described most of C.D.'s beetles (see references). For obituary notes of these three entomologists see Entomologist's mon. Mag, 1888, 24: 233–4; 1917, 15: 67–68 and 1920, 56: 17; others are cited in Gilbert (1977).

11. Francis Walker (1809–74). Entomologist. Assistant at the British Museum. Renowned for his prolific output of inadequate descriptions of new species (over 20,000 in all) such that an unsigned obituary [actually by J. T. Carrington] in the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (1874, 11: 140–141) began 'More than twenty years too late for his scientific reputation, and after having done an amount of injury almost inconceivable in its immensity, Francis Walker has passed from among us', On the other hand no lesser an entomologist than Edward Newman (1874, Entomologist,7: 260–264) described him as the 'most voluminous and most industrious writer on Entomology this country has ever produced' and said of him 'I never met anyone who possessed more correct, more diversified, or more general information, or who imparted that information to others with greater readiness and kindness'.

His 'Catalogues of Insects in the British Museum Collections' will always stand as a tribute to his industry. Walker (1836) also described the Diptera from Captain P. P. King's collection made on the first surveying voyage of Adventure and Beagle.

Fortunately, many of his descriptions of Darwin's insects will endure because they were of little known groups from little worked regions and most of his types are still in the British Museum (Natural History). For a recent balanced account of this remarkable man see Graham (1979).

12. Alexander Henry Haliday (1807–70). Entomologist and lifelong correspondent of Francis Walker. High Sheriff of Antrim 1843. Haliday described (1836) the Hymenoptera collected by Captain King's first surveying voyage on the Adventure and Beagle (see FitzRoy, 1839), John Curtis (1839, 1845) described the Coleoptera and Francis Walker (1836) the Diptera. Haliday's collections, including some C.D. specimens, are in the National Museum of Ireland (see O'Connor & Nash, 1982). See also comments under Walker (1840–1842) in References.

Arrow, G. J. 1937. Systematic notes on beetles of the subfamily Dynastinae, with descriptions of a few new species in the British Museum collection (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London86: 35–57.

Ashlock, P. D. 1967. A generic classification of the Orsillinae of the World. University of California Publications in Entomology48: 1–82.

Babington, C. C. [1837]. Notice of the varieties of Chiasognathus grantii, forwarded to Cambridge by C. Darwin Esq. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London1(3) (1836): lxxxv. [For dating of this Society's publications see Wheeler, 1912].

—[1842]. Dytiscidae Darwinianae; or descriptions of the species of Dytiscidae collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A., Sec. G.S., & c., in South America and Australia during his voyage in H.M.S. Beagle. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London3(1) (1841): 1–17.

Bates, F. 1874. Descriptions of new genera and species of Heteromera, chiefly from New Zealand and New Caledonia, together with a revision of the genus Hypaulax and a description of an allied new genus from Colombia [part]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)13: 16–24.

Bequaert, J.C. 1957. The Hippoboscidae or louse-flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part II. Taxonomy, evolution and revision of American genera and species [cont.]. Entomologica Americana36: 417–611.

Bryant, G. E. 1942. New species of Chrysomelidae, Halticinae (Coleopt.), collected by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the 'Beagle', 1832–1836. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 9: 99–107.

Butler, A. G. 1868. Catalogue of the diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the collection of the British Museum. London (British Museum), 211 pp, 5 pls.

—1877. Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera. In Gunther, A. Account of the zoological collection made during the visit of H.M.S. 'Peterel' to the Galapagos Islands. Pt. X. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London1877: 86–91.

Carpenter, G. D. H. 1935. Charles Darwin and Entomology. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science1935: 41.

Dallas, W. S. 1851–52. List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. London (British Museum). 2 vols.

Darwin, C. (Ed.). 1838–43. The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain FitzRoy, during the years 1832 to 1836. Part I (4 numbers, 1838–40) Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen; Part II (4 numbers, 1838–39), Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse. Part III (4 numbers, 1838–1841), Birds, by John Gould; Part IV (4 numbers, 1840–42), Fish, by Leonard Jenyns; Part V (2 numbers, 1842–43), Reptiles [and Amphibia], by Thomas Bell. 3 vols. London. [Fascimile reprint published in 3 volumes by Nova Pacifica, New Zealand, 1980].

—1845. Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world. London (John Murray). 519 pp. [First appeared in 1839 as volume 3 of the Narrative of the surveying voyages etc. etc. (see Fitzroy, 1839) and separately in 1839 from the same

sheets, hence with the same pagination. Later editions appeared under various titles including the familiar A Naturalist's Voyage round the World. The two main editions of 1839 and 1845 (both rare) have 615 and 519 pages respectively. Since many insect references are not included in the index of either edition, and in order to link comments made in the Insect Notes with the Journal comments, pagination is cited. The choice of edition for these citations is that of the 1845 edition as the majority of the later editions of John Murray (Darwin's publishers) have the same pagination. The differences in other printings can be established by comparing indexed entries.]

—1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London (John Murray). 502 pp.

—1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London (John Murray). 2 Vols. [Reprinted by photoreproduction with modern assessment by J. T. Bonner & R. M. May, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1981].

Doubleday, E. 1848. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Appendix. London (British Museum): 1–37. [For dating of British Museum Catalogues see Sherborn, C. D., 1926.]

FitzRoy, R. 1839. Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle. Vol. 2. London. 694 pp. [Darwin (1839) wrote volume 3 and Captain P. P. King wrote volume 1 which gave an account of the first surveying voyage. FitzRoy was editor of the whole work.]

Gunther, A. 1877. Account of the zoological collection made during the visit of H.M.S. 'Peterel' to the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London1877: 64–93. [See also entries for Butler, A. G., Smith, F. and Waterhouse, C. O.]

—1912. The History of the Collections Contained in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum Vol. 2, Appendix. London (British Museum (Natural History)). 109 pp.

Haliday, A. H. 1836. Descriptions of Hymenoptera collected by Capt. King in the survey of the Straits of Magellan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London17: 316–331.

Hamid, A. 1975. A systematic revision of the Cyminae (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) of the World with a discussion of the morphology, biology, phylogeny and zoogeography. Occasional Publications of the Entomological Society of Nigeria14: 1–180.

Hope, F. W. 1838. Descriptions of some species of Carabidae collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., in his late voyage. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London2(2): 128–131.

—1841. [Descriptions of some nondescript Lamellicorn beetles in his collection.] Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 3 (Proceedings): xxxii—xxxiv. [Contains brief descriptions only but predates (December 1st 1841 published separately) the fuller descriptions in Hope 1844; see Wheeler (1912) for dating of the publications of this Society. These brief descriptions were also published (possibly simultaneously?) in Annals and Magazine of Natural History8: 302–303, December 1841 issue, and include Dorcus darwinii Hope.]

—[1844] On some nondescript Lamellicorn beetles. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London3(4): 279–283. [Names in this work must date from Hope, 1841.]

Hungerford, H. B. 1948. The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera) University of Kansas Science Bulletin32: 5–827.

Lea, A. M. 1926. On some Australian Coleoptera collected by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the "Beagle". Transactions of the Entomological Society of London74(2): 279–288.

Lewisohn, R. 1979. Carlos Chagas (1879–1934): the discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi and of American Trypanosomiasis (footnotes to the history of Chagas' disease). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene73: 513–523.

O'Connor, J. P. & Nash, R. 1982. Notes on the entomological collection of A. H. Haliday (1806–1870) in the National Museum of Ireland, with a recommendation for type designations. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy82 B (10): 169–175.

Saunders, W. W. [1843] [Proceedings of Learned Societies. Entomological Society June 6th 1842.] Descriptions of new Australian Chrysomelidae allied to Cryptocephalus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1) 11: 317. [Almost certainly the first publication of this work from which the names of the new species described therein must date (April 1st 1843). Also published (possibly simultaneously) in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1842, June 6th meeting (actually published in 1843, see Wheeler 1911). Also published in fuller form with plates, see Saunders, 1845.]

—[1845.] Descriptions of the Chrysomelidae of Australia, allied to the genus Cryptocephalus. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London4(2): 141–154, 197–204 [see Saunders 1843 and for dating Wheeler 1912.]

Smart, J. & Wager, B. 1977. George Robert Crotch, 1842–1874: a bibliography with a biographical note. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History8(3): 244–248.

Smith, A. Z. 1986. A history of the Hope entomological collections in the University Museum, Oxford with lists of archives and collections. Oxford (Clarendon Press), 172 pp.

Smith, F. 1877. Hymenoptera and Diptera. In Gunther, A. Account of the zoological collection made during the visit of H.M.S. 'Peterel' to the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London1877: 82–84.

Smith, K. G. V. 1982a. Charles Darwin and the Royal Entomological Society of London. Antenna (Bulletin of the Royal Entomological Society of London) 6(2): 200–201.

Sullaway, F. 1982. Darwin's conversion: the Beagle voyage and its aftermath. Journal of the History of Biology15: 325–388.

Theron, J. G. 1983. Cicadellidae (Hemiptera) collected by Darwin at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, with description of a related species Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa46(1): 147–151.

Turner, R. E. 1916. Notes on fossorial Hymenoptera.—XXIV. On the genus Nitela. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)18: 343–346.

[—] 1840–1842. Plate P. Entomologist1. [In the first volume of the Entomologist are 15 plates lettered A–P which illustrate species described by Walker (1839). The plates were engraved from drawings made by A. H. Haliday (see Gradwell, 1967). The legend to the plates was issued with the index to the last part of volume 1 of the Entomologist, presumably in December 1842. The date of issue of the plates is unknown. Only plate P depicts Darwin material.]

—1842a. Descriptions of Chalcidites discovered by C. Darwin, Esq., near Valpariso. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)10: 113–117.

—1842b. Descriptions of Chalcidites discovered in Valdivia by C. Darwin, Esq. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)10: 271–274.

—1843a. Descriptions of Chalcidites discovered near Conception in South America by C. Darwin, Esq. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)11: 30–32.

—1843b. Descriptions of Chalcidites found near Lima by C. Darwin, Esq. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)11: 115–117.

—1843c. Descriptions of Chalcidites discovered in the Isle of Chonos by C. Darwin, Esq. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)11: 184–185.

—1843d. Descriptions of Chalcidites discovered in Coquimbo by C. Darwin, Esq. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)11: 185–188.

Waterhouse, C. O. 1875. On some new genera and species of Heteromerous Coleoptera (Helopidae) from Tierra del Fuego. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London1875: 331–337.

—1877. Coleoptera. In Gunther, A. Account of the zoological collections made during the visit of the H.M.S. 'Peterel' to the Galapagos Islands. VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London1877: 77–82.

—1880. Description of new Coleoptera belonging to the families Psephenidae and Cyphonidae. Cistula Entomologica2: 563–573.

Waterhouse, G. R. 1838. Descriptions of some of the insects brought to this country by C. Darwin, Esq. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London2(2): 131–135.

—1839. Descriptions of some new species of exotic insects. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London2(3): 188–196.

—1840a. Descriptions of some new species of Carabideous insects from the collection made by C. Darwin, Esq. in the southern parts of S. America [part see 1840c] Annals and Magazine of Natural History4: (N.S.): 354–362.

—1840b. Description of a new species of the genus Lophotus from the collection of Charles Darwin. Annals and Magazine of Natural History5: 329–333.

—1840c. Carabideous insects collected by Mr Darwin during the voyage of Her Majesty's Ship Beagle [part; a continuation of 1840a but with a modified title]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History6: 254–257.

—1841a. Carabideous insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq. during the voyage of Her Majesty's Ship Beagle [part, a continuation of 1840c, but with title altered again]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History6: 351–355.

—1841b. Carabideous insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq. during the voyage of Her Majesty's Ship Beagle [part, a continuation of 1841a]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History7: 120–129.

—1842a. Carabideous insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq. during the voyage of Her Majesty's Ship Beagle [conclusion of 1841b]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History9: 134–139.

—1842b. [Descriptions of numerous species of Coleopterous insects from the southern parts of South America from H. Cuming, Esq., and C. Darwin, Esq.]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London9: 105–126. [These descriptions were all repeated in an account of this meeting of 14 December, 1841 in Annals and Magazine of Natural History10: 131–147.]

—1842c. Description of a new species of Lamellicorn beetle, brought from Valdivia by C. Darwin, Esq. Entomologist1: 281–283.

—1843. Description of a new genus of Carabideous insects brought from the Falkland Islands by Charles Darwin, Esq. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)11: 281–283.

—1844. Contributions to the entomology of the southern portion of South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1) 13: 41–55.

—1845a. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq. in the Galapagos Islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)16: 19–41.

—1845b. Descriptions of some new genera and species of Heteromerous Coleoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)16: 317–324.

Watts, C. H. S. 1978. A revision of the Australian Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology (supplementary series) 57: 1–166.

—1841. [Proceedings of learned Societies. Entomological Society 1 February, 1841. Contents of memoir on Evaniidae and some allied genera of Hymenopterous insects given including first published descriptions of species included in Westwood 1844.] Annals and Magazine of Natural History7: 535–536 [See Westwood 1844.]

—[1844]. On Evania and some allied genera of Hymenopterous insects. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London3(4) (1843): 237–278. [Contains a footnote dated July 12th 1844. Descriptions date from Westwood 1841.]

—1876. Notae Dipterologicae. No. 3.—Description of new genera and species of the family Acroceridae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London1876 (4): 507–518.

Scientific Index

In addition to taxonomic names this index includes Darwin's preliminary identifications, local common names and pabulum, to facilitate reference to this work by scholars using Darwin's published and unpublished writings. Numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Scientific names are as recorded in the literature cited, but later generic and specific names are also indexed so that specialists can locate their groups under original or modern combinations.