Efavirenz ( EFV ), sold under the brand names Sustiva among others, is an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS.
Common side effects include rash, nausea, headache, feeling tired, and trouble sleeping.
Efavirenz was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998.
Contents
1 Medical uses
1.1 Pregnancy and breastfeeding
2 Contraindications
3 Adverse effects
4 Drug interactions
5 Mechanism of action
5.1 Anti-HIV effects
5.2 Neuropsychiatric effects
6 Chemical properties
7 History
8 Society and culture
8.1 Pricing information
8.2 Recreational use
8.3 Brands
9 References
Medical uses
For HIV infection that has not previously been treated, the United States Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines recommends the use of efavirenz in combination with tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada) as one of the preferred NNRTI-based regimens in adults and adolescents
Efavirenz is also used in combination with other antiretroviral agents as part of an expanded post-exposure prophylaxis regimen to reduce the risk of HIV infection in people exposed to a significant risk (e.g. needlestick injuries, certain types of unprotected sex, etc.).
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Efavirenz is safe to use during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Contraindications
People who have taken this medication before and experienced an allergic reaction should avoid taking further efavirenz dosages. Hypersensitivity reactions include Steven-Johnson syndrome, toxic skin eruptions, and erythema multiforme.
Adverse effects
Neuropsychiatric effects are the most common adverse effects, and include disturbed sleep (including nightmares, insomnia, disrupted sleep, and daytime fatigue), dizziness, headaches, vertigo, blurred vision, anxiety, and cognitive impairment (including fatigue, confusion, and memory and concentration problems), and depression, including suicidal thinking.
Rash and nausea may occur.
Use of efavirenz can produce a false positive result in some urine tests for marijuana.
Efavirenz may lengthen the QT interval so should not be used in people with or at risk of torsades de pointes.
Efavirenz may cause convulsions in adult and pediatric populations who have a history of seizures.
Drug interactions
Efavirenz is broken down in the liver by enzymes that belong to the cytochrome P450 system, which include both CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. People who are taking both efavirenz and other drugs metabolized by the same enzymes might need the dose of their drugs to be increased or decreased.
One group of drugs that efavirenz affects is protease inhibitors, which are used for HIV/AIDS. Efavirenz will lower the blood levels of most protease inhibitors, including aprenavir, atazanavir, and indinavir. At lowered levels, protease inhibitors may not be effective in people taking both drugs, which means the virus that causes HIV/AIDS won’t be stopped from replicating and may become resistant to the protease inhibitor.
Efavirenz also affects antifungal drugs, which are used for fungal infections such as urinary tract infections. Similar to the effect seen with protease inhibitors, efavirenz lowers the blood levels of antifungal drugs like voriconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and posaconazole. As a result of lowered levels, antifungal drugs may not be effective in people taking both drugs, which means that the fungi that cause the infection may become resistant to the antifungal.
Mechanism of action
Anti-HIV effects
Efavirenz falls in the NNRTI class of antiretrovirals. Both nucleoside and non-nucleoside RTIs inhibit the same target, the reverse transcriptase enzyme, an essential viral enzyme which transcribes viral RNA into DNA. Unlike nucleoside RTIs, which bind at the enzyme’s active site, NNRTIs act allosterically by binding to a distinct site away from the active site known as the NNRTI pocket.
Efavirenz is not effective against HIV-2, as the pocket of the HIV-2 reverse transcriptase has a different structure, which confers intrinsic resistance to the NNRTI class.
As most NNRTIs bind within the same pocket, viral strains which are resistant to efavirenz are usually also resistant to the other NNRTIs, nevirapine and delavirdine. The most common mutation observed after efavirenz treatment is K103N, which is also observed with other NNRTIs.
Neuropsychiatric effects
As of 2016 the mechanism of efavirenz’ neuropsychiatric adverse effects was not clear.
Chemical properties
Efavirenz is chemically described as ( S )-6-chloro-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2 H -3,1-benzoxazin-2-one. Its empirical formula is C 14 H 9 ClF 3 NO 2. Efavirenz is a white to slightly pink crystalline powder with a molecular mass of 315.68 g/mol. It is practically insoluble in water (<10 µg/mL).
History
Efavirenz was approved by the FDA on September 21, 1998, making it the 14th approved antiretroviral drug.
On February 17, 2016, the FDA approved the generic tablet formulation to be produced by Mylan.
In late-2018, Thailand's Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO) announced that it will produce efavirenz after receiving WHO approval.
Efavirenz code name is DMP 266, discovered by Du pont Pharma. European countries are set to receive the license for manufacturing of Efavirenz in May 1999.
Society and culture
Pricing information
A one-month supply of 600 mg tablets costs approximately US$1,010 in July 2016.
In Thailand, a one month supply of efavirenz + Truvada, as of June 2012, cost 2,900 baht ( US$90 ), and there is a social program for patients who cannot afford the medication. As of 2018
In South Africa, a license has been granted to generics giant Aspen Pharmacare to manufacture, and distribute to Sub-Saharan Africa, a cost-effective antiretroviral drug.
Recreational use
Abuse of efavirenz by crushing and smoking the tablets for supposed hallucinogenic and dissociative effects has been reported in South Africa, where it is used in a mixture known as whoonga and nyaope.
Brands
As of 2016, efavirenz was marketed in various jurisdictions under the brand names Adiva, Avifanz, Efamat, Efatec, Efavir, Efavirenz, Efcure, Eferven, Efrin, Erige, Estiva, Evirenz, Filginase, Stocrin, Sulfina V, Sustiva, Virorrever, and Zuletel.
As of 2016, the combination of efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine was marketed in various jurisdictions under the brand names Atripla, Atroiza, Citenvir, Oditec, Teevir, Trustiva, Viraday, and Vonavir.
As of 2016, the combination of efavirenz, tenofovir, and lamivudine was marketed under the brand name Eflaten.

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