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Tackling Teacher Absenteeism with the TheoryU Model

This article was co-written by Liz Randolph, Alastair Rodd and Consilous Rwanyonga. All three plus many others worked together on the model design and implementation.

Teacher absenteeism is endemic in Uganda primary schools. Teachers are, on average, absent from school 1 in every 4 days, rising to just under 1 in every 3 days in rural schools (roughly equivalent to between 70 and 100 days a year), according to te World Bank’s Service Delivery Indicator 2013. This tolerated, chronic teacher absenteeism is structural violence. It hurts children emotionally and denies them their right to education. Teacher absenteeism is complex and comes in many forms: teachers fail to show up; arrive late; arrive at school on time but do not go to class when they should. When they go to class, they do not teach all the lessons of the day.

Education management tends to approach such system-wide problems in the same way generation after generation. For example, it is often believed that teachers who are chronically absent need to be sensitized about their roles and responsibilities. Closer and improved supervision of teachers is another solution that seems to resurface time and again. Training of managers about how to deal with absenteeism is also a common approach. Yet, there are often good approaches that provide managers with appropriate response to teacher absenteeism. These approaches rarely address the complex underlying factors that contribute to teacher absenteeism. There are good approaches that can provide managers with appropriate response to teacher absenteeism, but these often require an understanding of power relationships and a collective understanding and response to the causes of absenteeism.

IYAD-WYAD-YAG-WYAG

Someone once said: "If you always do what you've always done, you'll always get what you've always got" (IYAD-WYAD-YAG-WYAG). USAID/Uganda Literacy Achievement and Retention Activity is trying some new approaches to help school systems take a closer look at teacher absenteeism and to shift the status quo.

In a 2-day workshop, the RTI team applied the U Model[1] for social change as a way to: engage education actors in meaningful conversations on teacher absenteeism; deepen understanding and an empathetic mindset about the seriousness of and reasons for teacher absenteeism; and to ignite collective action to find novel solutions and shift the status quo to get teachers back in school and in the classroom, everyday. Unlike conventional training and “orientation” workshops, this workshop applied important elements of social behavioral change to achieve the following outcomes:

--> Empathy – Deepened understanding of teacher absenteeism and why the system works or doesn’t work to promote teacher attendance

--> Conversation – Engage in meaningful conversations about teacher absenteeism leading to new ideas, deeper understanding.

--> Will and Agency – Acquire a sense of urgency, responsibility to improve teacher attendance

--> Collective Action – Work with peers to plan and carry out novel solutions to improve attendance.

Following the U Model, participants were involved in a Journey that began with Co-initiating/setting intent activities such as engaging participants in a personal reflection about what it is like to experience chronic teacher absenteeism as a child. (See the figure to the left). The second part of the journey was Co-sensing or learning together. During this stage of the workshop participants were engaged in a variety of activities, which helped them understand the complexity of the problem and spark some empathy for all, the teachers, managers, students and parents. The mind mapping activity was one way that participants came together to learn about the vast and inter-connected reasons why teachers are absent and why this behaviour continues.

During the Presencing/quiet reflection part of the ‘U journey’ participants reflected on what they had learned in the first day of the workshop and what might be important to change in order to improve teacher attendance. This quiet reflection helped to prepare participants to begin thinking about solutions. On Day 2, the group began working together to discover new solutions, during the Co-creating/issues to actions part of the workshop journey. An adaptation of the Four Quarter Symbol Process[2] was used to inspire participants to consider small changes in the system that could yield improved teacher attendance. Using small objects and explaining what each represented, participants modeled what teacher absenteeism ‘looked like’ in the system. Using the model as a stimulus for discussion, the group then agreed on certain changes in the system to improve teacher attendance and moved the objects to build a new model that would depict the needed system changes. Finally, the team discussed the reality that any new actions to improve a system - in this case reduce teacher absenteeism – involve strong leadership and collective action, continuous monitoring of the success of the change initiatives by the group and adaptations that will lead to institutionalized change. In the model this is the Co-evolving/evaluation and adaptation part of the journey.

What were the actual outcomes of the two-day workshop? There were mixed results. The team is currently modifying the workshop design to improve the process in order to make a greater impact and change.

Positive outcomes:

(+) Deepened understanding about the impact of teacher absenteeism

(+) Broad understanding of the reasons for absenteeism

(+) Willingness to discuss tough topics – corruption, for example

(+) Able to identify practical and viable actions to improve teacher attendance

Areas to work on:

(-) Unable to see these practical responses (above) as relevant or replicable at a broader level

(-) Not able to discard traditional solutions to address teacher absenteeism: supervision, training and sensitizing teachers

What did we learn?

What were the take home messages that we all can learn from? Not only did the participants take a journey of meaningful conversation, deepening of understanding and problem solving, the RTI facilitators of the process learned a lot about some of the opportunities and constraints to system change that can shift the norm and get teachers back in school and in class teaching, everyday. Here are some of the key take-aways:

Teacher absenteeism is endemic in many of the places we work. Recognizing this reality can inform expectations for scope and sequencing; materials content and the amount of subject matter that can be reasonably covered.

Teacher absenteeism, as a social norm, will not be changed through traditional methods of policy and practice. A targeted behavior change strategy (similar to addressing health issues) is required.

The trend to move school governance to local communities ignores traditional social and cultural hierarchies. When identifying formal reporting relationships, it is important to understand the informal relationships that individuals also bring to the system.

The complex array reasons for teacher absenteeism mitigate a single systemic solution (such as supervision or orientation). Instead, providing support for small changes in local practice may provide greater opportunity for addressing absenteeism.

Post-script: Visual note-taking

RTI also used the visual note-taking method, as illustrated by the images in this blog, including the one below! The Ugandan artist is Isaac Kabuye, an expereinced illustrator and graphic designer skilled in concept art, graphic recording, mural painting and illustration. He is also a certified graphic recorder and facilitator who describes art as "an avenue for interaction, innovation and conceptulization." Originality, honest, teamwork and quality are a few of the driving principles that he believes in.

About the Expert

Elizabeth Randolph has over 30 years of experience in applied research, quantitative and qualitative methods, program management and institutional strengthening in the broad field of human development and learning. From 2006-2011 she served as the South Africa Regional Director for RTI International. Currently Liz is working with RTI on program design, research related to violence against children and systems strengthening. Dr. Randolph values integrated, multi-disciplinary approaches where the community voice is present in all aspects of design, implementation and monitoring. To this end, she specializes in the application of awareness-building social technologies both for research purposes and programming to improve social justice associated with education.

About Us

The International Education Division (IED) of the International Development Group at RTI International uses evidence-based approaches to strengthen education policy, management, and practice at every level—from classrooms to national ministries—to achieve measurable improvement in education quality and, ultimately, learning outcomes. For more information see: http://www.rti.org/practice-area/international-education

About SharEd

SharEd is a collection of publications, work products and commentary developed by RTI experts over the course of decades of research, analysis and technical assistance. Our analytical reports, presentations, and other resources present valuable insights into how to improve learning outcomes through evidence-based approaches. By providing researchers and practitioners with easy access to these resources, we aim to expand the knowledge base and foster dialogue to drive continued advancement in student outcomes worldwide.