9 PREFACE The Turkic world almanac which embraces the Turkic spiritual heritage and contributes to the Turkic in tegration processes has begun to be issued since 2012 according to the decision of the first Summit of the Cooperation Council of Turkic speaking states on the proposal of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of the Republic of Ka zakhstan. The almanac is delivered to famous Turk cologic centers, libraries of abroad universities and offered to the consideration of outstanding tur kologists. There are seven headings in almanac. They are: Contemporary integration pro cesses, Science horizons, Turkic mytho logy, Mu seum heritage, Horse culture of Turks, Life of outstanding scientists, and Research expe ditions. Materials of the first heading report about the contemporary Tur kic integration processes. It talks about the history of establishment, goals and mis sions, current works and the contribution of international organizations like Turkic Council, TurkPA, TurkSOY and the Turkic Academy to the development of spiritual ties among Turks. One of the great projects named as Cultural Capital of the Turkic World was started last year. In 2012, Astana ci ty was honored as the first cultural capital of the Turkic world. This year Eskisehir city is named as the next cultural capital and it will continue to host various cultural and art events. Scientific research of the Turkic ethnos from an cient times till the present days are classified in the heading Science horizons. The authors of articles Dmitry Vasilyev, Laszlo Maracz, Hasan Hasanov, Peter Golden and Hatip Minnegulov are famous scholars of Turkic studies; Alexander Vasilyev, Mirzohid Rakhimov are young professionals in this field. One of the significant data of this heading is the important archive documents and da ta of the First Turkological Congress that was held in 1926 in Baku, the documents of which have not been published yet and the article which tells about scholars who had participated in the assembly is also included in the heading. Materials for the heading of current year s almanac Turkic mythology were collected from different Turkic countries in several languages. The goal of the heading is to present a scientific study of common mythical stories as one of the spiritual heritage of Turks. The heading Museum heritage shows the historical-cultural values from the world museums as heritage of Turks. In addition to that the ma terials from the funds of historical museums of Turkic countries and regions were gathered and presented in the form of scientific articles. There was not enough information about the valuable pieces of museums up till now. For this reason the new heading Museum heritage is offered for the almanac. It gives a good chance to admire the Turkic values of museums from near and far abroad countries. The goal of heading Horse culture of Turks is to show up the importance of horse in the Turkic life. It is known that horse was a mode transport, source of food, a kind of drink and weapon in battles, reason for nomadic movement and heart of the Turkic culture for Turks from the Botai period of Scythia, Saks, Huns, Kok Turks till nowadays. Only Turks can say the words Culture of horse s mane. The heading Life of outstanding scientists talks about biographies of outstanding scholars and cultural figures of the Turkic people whose anniver saries are going to be celebrated this year. They are: Khalel Dos muha meduly, Magzhan Zhumabayev, Bekir Choban zade, Akdes Nimet Kurat, Mukan To lebayev, Bolot Yunusaliev, Mirfatyh Zakiyev and Gaisa Husainov. The heading tells about the activities of these people who have done a lot for the development of relationship among Turks. Organizing scientific expeditions has become one of our goals since the establishment of the Turkic Academy. Several academic mis sions were arranged to a former densely populated places of Turks beyond the boundaries of Kazakhstan. The heading of almanac Research expeditions presents interesting material for scientific community and it is supplied with the author s photographs that have not been published yet. As a result of expedition that was arranged to the Altai region of the Russian Federation under the guidance of Professor K. Konkabaev, the records of ancient Turkic runic inscriptions were found and a new variant of reading was proposed. Further more, materials about Yellow Uigurs who are one of subfamilies of the Turkic nation live in China region, provide a valuable information for Turkic science since there is no sufficient information about their life, culture and custom. This heading provides a lot of information about Yellow Uigurs. The previous edition of Almanac was published in six languages; the current one is in eight languages: Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turkish, Turkmen, Russian and English. Materials are collected 9

10 from Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Turkme nistan, Uzbekistan, the USA, Hungary, the Nether lands and the Russian Federation (Moscow, Sank-Pe terburg, Kazan, Ufa, Makhachkala, Abakan and Ky zyl), China. Authors of almanac are well-known scientists of Turkological science. We would like to express our gratitude to the representatives of Foreign Embassies in Ka zakhstan and state, international institutions for comprehensive support in development of almanac. Let the Turkic world Almanac that strengthens spiritual ties of the Turkic people be flourishing! Shakir Ibrayev President of the Turkic Academy, Doctor of Philology, Professor 10

15 TURKIC COUNCIL: A YOUNG ORGANIZATION WITH an ancient notion Мақалада әлем қауымдастығындағы түркілердің ұзақ та бай тарихы және ең күрделі мақсаттарының бірі түркі халықтарының бірлігі мәселесі баяндалады. Автор түркі бірлігін нығайту жолында Түркі Кеңесінің белсенді еңбегін және түркі әлеміндегі соңғы жиырма жыл ішінде болып жатқан интеграциялық үдерістің көптеген салалардағы табыстарын сипаттайды. Turks have a long and tumultuous history on world stage during which Turkic unity had been an elusive goal - until recently. Turkic Council is the most committed and dedicated attempt at achieving this long-awaited and almost sacred goal. The integration process that has been going on in the Turkic world for over 20 years is bearing fruit in many areas. A first-hand account of this journey gives an opportunity to witness history in-the-making. Khalil Akinci * «Unless the sky were to crash down, or the earth were to crumble, Turkic nation, who could do away with your realm and law?» This quote from the monument of Bilge Kagan of the Gokturks, which are revered as the common ancestors by all current Turkic states, is a clear indicator of Kagan s faith in the strength of Turkic unity. Since the Gokturks, over almost one and a half millennia, Turkic people have dispersed to a vast geography, established and dismantled numerous empires, countless states and principalities. During the process, Turks made a mark * The author is the Secretary General of the Turkic Council. The author is indebted to Hatice Tuğba İkizler Fearnley for the invaluable research assistance provided in preparing this article.

16 in the world s political and social history while contributing to human civilization in science, arts, culture and literature. With the exceptions of a few, Turks established themselves in their new environment(i.e. conquered lands) not only to rule and exploit for the benefit of a faraway land of their origin but to settle and mingle with the native inhabitants to create a new culture forged by the introduction of their own state institutions and order without necessarily destroying local institutions that they found useful.( ) Having adopted and adapted to their new countries they contributed to the enrichment and embellishment of them [1, 7]. The peak of the Turkic reign in world political map was the 16 th century, when almost all of the known Afro-Eurasian geography stretching from Siberia to India, from Eastern Turkistan to West Africa, from Ethiopia and Yemen to the Persian Gulf, from Budapest to Cairo ** was ruled by Turkish dynasties and states. Although this was close to what might be considered as Turkic domination over the world, it was far from Turkic unity. However, with the defeat of Ottomans before the doors of Vienna and subsequent Treaty of Karlowitz and death of last great Timurid Emperor Aurangzeb in India marked the end of Turkic domination. Thus from the beginning of the 18 th century Turks slowly receded. Turkic Khanates of Eurasia, beginning by Sibir, slowly but steadily lost their independence and finally their autonomy. Turkic rule in India ended. Ottoman Empire was faced with defeat after defeat finally disappearing from the map. Beginning of the 20 th century was an history of defeats for the Turks. However, at the end of the previous century, following hundreds of years of disconnectedness and decades of subjection, Turkic states finally started a new but long overdue process of acting together to lay the foundations of Turkic unity. They with the exception of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan established the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States (the Turkic Council). With Nakhchivan Agreement in 2009, this time, however, unlike many other times in history, Tur kic states came together on a voluntary basis, establishing a modern relationship based on a common language, history and culture, as well as a pragmatic goal of pursuing common interests. ** Because of the Memluk rule after the Fatimids, Egypt was named Land of the Turks. HOW WAS THE TURKIC COUNCIL ESTABLISHED? Collapse of the Soviet Union First Tsarist Russia, then Soviet rule over the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and the Caucasus disconnected Turkic people in this geography from the rest of the world and even from each other despite being under the same administration. Oppressive regimes took their toll on the language, culture as well as economic and political life of the Turkic peoples: Russian language was imposed on them, a different Cyrillic alphabet for each Turkic language was made compulsory, different languages were created from dialects of the same Turkic language to separate people by language, cultural ties among themselves were weakened, they could not practice their religion freely and political relations with the rest of the world were non-existent. They were not involved in the decision making process in any of these areas including their own economies. Although they had a great potential, Turkic countries could not make use of their own economic assets, including their natural resources. According to IMF and World Bank statistics, in 1992, total GDP of five Turkic countries was 140 billion Dollars which has more than tripled now reaching $460 billion. Per capita GDP has also increased form an average of $2500 to around $7300. Being the masters of their own countries and interaction with the world was instrumental in achieving this. At the end of the Cold War era, five independent Turkic states finally emerged in the world stage; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Starting from their independence, the priority for these countries was to consolidate their sovereignty and territorial integrity, a task that requires an arduous state building process as well as a solid national economy. Turkey s relations with other Turkic states As the only independent Turkic state and the only relative of the newborn states it would be appropriate to devote some space to Turkey s position and attitude vis a vis and after the independence of new Turkic countries. Like the rest of the world, and the countries themselves, Turkey was also caught quite unprepared by the developments in the region. However, Turkey was the first to recognize the independence of these 16

17 countries. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Turkey sent a diplomatic delegation to the region including Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Ka zakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan ***. The delegation was aiming at confirming Turkey s close interest in neighbouring and brotherly Soviet Republics, and determine their expectations from Turkey in the transition period [2, 7]. Tiziano Terzani, an Italian journalist and the writer of Goodnight, Mister Lenin: A Journey through the end of the Soviet Empire came across this delegation on their trip from Dushanbe to Ashgabat in In his bo ok, after giving detailed account of his conversation with the First Counsellor at the Turkish Embassy in Moscow, Terzani summarizes the prevailing sentiment with following words: I have the impression of a man who feels at home here, one who is on his way to keep an appointment that has been delayed for decades, but who is sure that he will still find someone waiting for him. [3, 292]. About the issue of recognising the newly emerged countries, Ambassador Şimşir wrote in his report: Halil Akıncı, member of our delegation in his annexed report argues that the Republics we have visited should be recognized by the Republic of Turkey. I share the same views. There is a consensus in the delegation (on the issue). After a long investigation and meetings with top authorities, we have come to the conclusion that it is appropriate and necessary for us to recognise the sovereignty and independence of these six Republics. We have concluded our visit with this judgement [2, 34]. The above-mentioned report supported its conclusion with a few arguments. The gist of these arguments was that Turkey s recognition of these countries was a moral obligation and the new Turkic republics would end the loneliness of the Turkish Republic in international arena as the only independent Turkic state [2, 45]. It was also foreseen in the report that the international community which was reluctant to perceive new realities would change their attitude and finally recognize their independence. These countries had big populations and vast natural resources. The western world which had already established its economic interests in Turkic Republics would not ignore the benefits that come with their independence [2, 47]. As a result, in 1992 Turkey opened its Embassies in these countries. *** The delegation comprised of Ambassador Bilal Şimşir, Kurtuluş Taşkent (then Head of Department at the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and the author of this article who was the then First Counsellor at the Turkish Embassy in Moscow. Turkey s involvement in the region was mainly of supportive nature. The main principles of Turkey s policy towards other Turkic countries were: - Consolidation of sovereignty and independence of brotherly countries, adoption of a democratic and secular society model based on market economy, - Ensuring their integration with the rest of the world, - Improving their relations with Turkey in all areas. [4, 1] In line with these principles, Turkey sought a smooth transition in the region because both domestic and region al stability was required for these countries to remain independent sovereign states. Turkey was also influ ential in the process of Turkic states becoming part of the international community through their mem berships in various regional and international organisa tions. Turkey tried to increase its engagement with this region on a broad range of issues including political, economic, cultural spheres. However, Turkey s econo mic support remained limited, not because it did not want to, but simply because it didn t have the means. Its private sector lacked the required capital accumulation as well as competitive know-how and technology, and the public sector had limited resources. Turkey s cu mulative capital export as of the end of 1998 was just over 2.1 billion Dollars which was divided among 64 countries [5]. Even the Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan pipeline was constructed thanks to foreign capital. Thus Turkey was not able to satisfy the high expectations of the new states. On the other hand, Turkish Agency for Cooperation and Development (TİKA) was established in 1992 as an international technical aid organization under the Turkish Foreign Ministry to address the re-structuring, harmonization and development needs of the Turkic states after the collapse of the Soviet Union (tika.gov. tr). Designed as a foreign policy tool which was mainly involved in economic development projects, TİKA was hybrid in nature. Turkey s leadership was aware of the importance of strengthening relations with the other Turkic states. Süleyman Demirel, who was the Prime Minister in Turkey in 1991 and became President in 1993, was fully aware of the importance of establishing strong ties with these countries. He was of the view that it is vital for us that these countries maintain their independence. This is not just an issue of Eurasia, trade or economy; this is a political issue far beyond others [6, 51]. His government took political risks to extend state loans to help support the fledgling economies of other Turkic countries. He also thought that the cultural aspect of relations was a privilege that cannot be assumed but TURKIC COUNCIL: A YOUNG ORGANIZATION WITH 17

18 should be earned instead. In this regard, Turkey launched the Grand Student Project through which thousands of students received scholarships to study in Turkish universities. For Demirel, this project was a very important bridge [6, 52]. Turgut Özal, then President of Turkey, was also a champion of strong relations within the Turkic world, believed that the 21 st century would be that of Turkey and the Turks. He visited Azerbaijan and the Central Asian Turkic Republics in April 1993, shortly before his unexpected demise, to pursue this agenda. This was the first presidential visit from Turkey to these countries after their independence. Özal was known for following policies based on economy and he oversaw the transition of Turkish economy from protectionism to liberalism. He attached special importance to establishing a trade pattern enabling free movement of persons, goods and services by means of harmonization of customs legislation in the Turkic states, founding a regional investment and development bank, increasing capacities of railway, road and air transportation and telecommunications, transporting natural resources of the Turkic states to Europe through Turkey, strengthening cooperation and coordination aimed at integration into the world economy. Unfortunately, he was unable to see these ambitious projects come to life. SUMMITS PROCESS In 1992, however, President Özal had convened the first Summit of the Presidents of the Turkic Speaking States in Ankara; the first in a series of 10 summit meetings which would be known as the Summits Process that laid the foundations for the establishment of the Turkic Council. The first Summit hosted by President Özal of Turkey brought together the President of Azerbaijan Republic Ebulfez Elchibey, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kyrgyz Republic Askar Akayev, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov and the President of Turkmenistan Saparmurad Niyazov [7]. After Özal, the Presidents continued the Summits Process, though not regularly. The second Summit was again hosted by Turkey this time in Istanbul in The President of Azerbaijan Republic Haydar Aliyev, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Na zarbayev, the President of Kyrgyz Republic Askar Akayev, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Ka rimov and the President of Turkmenistan Saparmurad Niyazov attended the second Summit hosted by the Pre sident of the Republic of Turkey Süleyman Demirel [7]. Picture 1. Second Summit of the Heads of Turkic Speaking Countries, Istanbul, October

19 The third Summit was hosted by President of Kyrgyz Republic, Askar Akayev in Bishkek in 1995, with the participation of the Presidents of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan [7]. The first and only Summit to be hosted by Uzbekistan was in 1996 in Tashkent, the fourth Summit of the process, where the Presidents of all other five Turkic countries attended. This meeting was also the last Summit where all six Turkic states participated and were represented by their Presidents. In Article 16 of Tashkent Declaration, parties expressed the need for a Permanent Secretariat for the Summit Process [6, Tashkent Declaration]. It is in a way sadly ironic that this proposal would come from Uzbekistan who did not join the Turkic Council when it was finally established. Astana Summit in 1998 was attended by Presidents of five countries; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey and Uzbekistan while Turkmenistan was represented by its Speaker of the Parliament. At this meeting, along with the Summit Declaration, the Statute of the Permanent Secretariat was also adopted [7]. The sixth Summit took place in Baku in 2000, hosted by the President of Azerbaijan Republic Haydar Aliyev with the participation of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kyrgyz Republic Askar Akayev and the President of the Republic of Turkey Suleyman Demi rel, while Turkmenistan was represented by the Speaker of Parliament Sahat Muradov, and Speaker of the Parliament of Uzbekistan Erkin Halilov attended the meeting representing his country. At this Summit, the par ties agreed that the Permanent Secretariat for the Sum mits Process would be established in Turkey [7]. The following year, the seventh Summit took place in Istanbul hosted by the President of the Republic of Turkey Ahmet Necdet Sezer, with the participation of the Presidents of Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan was represented at the Speaker of the Parliament level [7]. Although the parties agreed in Istanbul to hold the next Summit in 2002 in Ashgabat, it was until after more than five years -in that the next meeting could be convened in Antalya, Turkey, as a result of Turkish initiatives. The eighth Summit was hosted by the President of the Republic of Turkey Ahmet Necdet Sezer. The President of Azerbaijan İlham Aliyev, the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kyrgyzstan Kurmanbek Bakiyev attended the Summit. [7]. Turkmenistan was represented by its Ambassador to Ankara while Uzbekistan chose not to participate at all. This was the first time that the Summit was held with one of the Turkic States absent. At this point, special emphasis should be made on Nursultan Nazarbayev s faith in and unwavering support to this Process and the eventual idea of Turkic Union. He is the only Turkic leader who has attended all the Summit meetings since His historic speech at the Antalya Summit in 2006 where he called for turning the 21 st century into that of Turkic union and advancement that Atatürk dreamed of gave a fresh impetus to the Turkic Union idea [8]. His speech was, but not only emotional. He had a solid vision and talked about real issues such as the need to solve transportation issues and to strengthen the economic cooperation within the Turkic world. He has been the Aksakal of the Turkic world. The fact that President Nazarbayev, with President Gül of Turkey, raised the flag of the Turkic Council in Istanbul on October 2012 was symbolic in this sense. Picture 2. Raising the flag, Istanbul 12 October 2012 TURKIC COUNCIL: A YOUNG ORGANIZATION WITH 19

20 TURKIC COUNCIL IN ACTION Approach and method Picture 3. A scene from the Nakhchivan Summit, October 2009 The historic Summit was the ninth Summit which was held in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan in 2009 when the Par ties signed the Agreement on Establishment of the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States (The Nakhchivan Agreement). The Presidents of Azerbaijan, Ka zakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey signed the agreement which entered into force on November 17, Turkmenistan, represented by its Vice Pre sident at the Nakhchivan Summit, refrained from joining the club and Uzbekistan had refused to attend the meeting. The last Summit of the Summits Process was held in Istanbul the following year. Turkish President Abdullah Gül hosted the Summit attended by President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, Pre sident of the Kyrgyz Republic Roza Otunbayeva and President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov [7]. As a result, it can be concluded that the Summits Process provided a useful yet intermittent mechanism to bring together the Turkic leaders. For years, the only multilateral outcome of these meetings was the Summit Declarations which consisted of provisions that were mostly non-binding in nature and the rest were never materialised only to be repeated at the next Summit. It took 20 years for the Turkic states to establish a formal structure -The Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States, the Turkic Council - to work on concrete joint projects. Along the way, of course, Uzbekistan dropped out of the Summits Process and Turkmenistan opted out of the Nakhchivan Agreement. The long process we tried to summarize above resulted in Nakhchivan Agreement, which came into force a year after its signature and thus the Turkic Council was established as a full-fledged international organization. The structure of the Council as foreseen in the Nakhchivan Agreement consists of five main bodies. The first one is the Council of Heads of States as the ultimate decision-making body, with the Council of Foreign Ministers and the Senior Officials Committee under it. The fourth one is the advisory body which is the Council of Elders or the Aksakallar Keneşi. The executive body of the Turkic Council is the international Secretariat based in Istanbul where officials from four Member States work together. Nakhchivan Agreement may constitute the legal basis, but the Council has a profound ideological foundation. The great thinker of the 19 th century, İsmail Gaspıralı had a vision for the Turkic world to achieve unity in language, thought and action which is the essence of our three pillar approach that focuses on political, economic and social (cultural, educational and scientific) spheres. On the other hand, we have adopted a realistic and result-oriented method that ta kes into consideration the specific conditions of each Member State. POLITICAL COOPERATION There is a strong political will within the Turkic Council for further cooperation. President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan, in his speech in 2006 at the An talya Summit made it clear that Turkic people must act together to achieve the high objectives before them. Thus, the main mechanism for political cooperation among Member States is the annual summits of Heads of States. These meetings are a continuation of the Sum mits Process that started back in They provide an opportunity for exchange of views on a range of issues of common interest at the highest level. So far, two summit meetings were organized. The Almaty Summit, which was the first Tur kic Summit, was held on October Alma ty Summit was also the first summit meeting organi zed with a theme and in this context Economic Cooperation was discussed. At the Summit, along with Almaty Dec laration, a range of agreements to form the legal fra mework of the Council were signed. 20

Brief overview TURKISH CONTRACTING IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET Construction plays a crucial role in Turkey s economic development, accounting for 5.9% of GDP and employing some 1.8 million people. When

ENERGY CHARTER SECRETARIAT СЕКРЕТАРИАТ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ХАРТИИ The Energy Union Conference The Five Dimensions of the European Energy Union Session session Address by Dr. Urbán Rusnak Secretary General of

Political Science Courses-1 American Politics POL 110/American Government Examines the strengths and weaknesses, problems and promise of representative democracy in the United States. Surveys the relationships

Description for all courses in Political Sciences for Bachelor's Degree in Political Sciences. Bachelor's Degree in Political Science Department s Compulsory & Elective Requirements Course Descriptions

NATIONAL INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN (2003-2012) Science and technologies are developing very fast. That s why we in Azerbaijan

U.S. POLICY IN THE BLACK SEA REGION From the U.S. point of view, NATO is and will remain the premier provider of security for the Euro-Atlantic region, which includes the Black Sea. Far from seeking to

No reform of the UN will be complete without the reform of the Security Council Former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan The United Nations Security Council: Reforms concerning its membership

Home Security: Russia s Challenges A Russian Perspective Andrei Fedorov * Home security: Russia s challenges Home security and the struggle against terrorism is one of the most crucial issues for the Russian

This policy brief analyses the EU s positioning at the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). The EU does not have a delegation to international organisations in The Hague, but in

United Nations A/69/723 General Assembly Distr.: General 13 January 2015 Original: English Sixty-ninth session Agenda item 91 Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context

KEYNOTE SPEECH BY H.E. AHMET DAVUTOĞLU PRIME MINISTER OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY HIGH LEVEL EVENT ON THE WORLD HUMANITARIAN SUMMIT HUMANITARIAN ACTION: A FORWARD-LOOKING AGENDA 70 TH SESSION OF THE UNITED

CHARTER of ADA University 1. General provisions 1.1. ADA University (hereinafter referred to as University) was established under the decree dated January 13th, 2014 by the President of the Republic of

Energy Security: Role of Regional Cooperation Traian Chebeleu Today s Conference is dedicated to a topic that has deeply preoccupied the governments and the business communities in the Emerging Europe,

Numbered 2010/11 Prime Ministry Circular about Istanbul International Finance Center Administrative Structure was published in the Official Gazette dated May 1, 2010 and numbered 27568. UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION

New Asian Empires 1200-1800 1. The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empires 2. The Mughal Empire 3. The Ming and the Qing Dynasty 4. Medieval Japan and Korea In Asia, the period from 1200 to 1800, was a time

Economic and Legal Foundations of Energy Saving (regional aspect) V.S. Belykh Doctor of Law, Professor Head of Entrepreneurial Law Department, Ural State Law Academy Competing with other systems survives

12 Globalization and International Trade Globalization refers to the growing interdependence of countries resulting from the increasing integration of trade, finance, people, and ideas in one global marketplace.

history (his) Mark R. Correll, Chair Mark T. Edwards David Rawson Charles E. White The fundamental purpose of the department of history, politics, and geography is to aid the student in gaining an understanding

Export control system and Dual-Use Expertise in the Republic of Azerbaijan Deputy Director of the Institute of Radiation Problems of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Dr. Ibrahim Gabulov Azerbaijan

Eurocentrum Praha 4 th October 2007 Portuguese Presidency of the European Union A stronger Europe for a better world A stronger Europe for a better world is the motto of the current Portuguese Presidency.

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Origins of the Ottoman Empire After Muhammad s death in 632 A.D., Muslim faith & power spread throughout Middle East Islam Map By 1215, foreign invaders (Mongols from eastern Asia) took

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use;

1. Introduction EU guidelines on human rights dialogues with third countries Update In its conclusions of 25 June 2001 the Council welcomed the Commission communication of 8 May 2001 on the European Union's

Piotr Switalski The OSCE Chairmanship: Development of an Institution 1 Political Executive as the OSCE's Distinctive Feature The institution of the Chairmanship constitutes a central element of the OSCE's

A Global Forward Look- Past Trends and a Vision for S&T Diplomacy Paul Dufour, ISSP, University of Ottawa CSPC, Toronto November 2013 The role of science and technology will continue to expand. It is probable

1 Declaration on the 20th Anniversary of the Barents Euro-Arctic Cooperation (Kirkenes, Norway, 3 4 June 2013) Prime Ministers and other high-level representatives of the members of the Barents Euro- Arctic

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS 350 EAST 35TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10016 Please Check Against Delivery Statement by H.E. Ambassador Li Baodong Head of the Chinese Delegation at

SECTION 1 Note Taking Study Guide THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE Focus Question: What made the Byzantine empire rich and successful for so long, and why did it finally crumble? As you read this section in your textbook,

ENERGY DECISION-MAKING: THE TURKISH CASE HAKAN AKBULUT Dr Hakan Akbulut is Counsellor at the Permanent Delegation of Turkey to the OECD. The common denominator of most decision-making analyses is the notion

Sykes-Picot: 100 Years Later May 26, 2016 by Kaisa Stucke of Confluence Investment Management Last week marked the 100th anniversary of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which divided the disintegrating Ottoman

The Double Democratic Deficit Parliamentary Accountability and the Use of Force under International Auspices Hans Born, Senior Fellow, DCAF Geneva Brussels, 29 April 2004 Presentation given at the Book

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF ERITREA The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Government

Standards Addressed by The Choices Program National Standards for the Social Studies National Standards for Social Studies are available online at cnets.iste.org/currstands. Strand I: Culture and Cultural

Arab revolutions: Why West was caught off-guard In early November, Mondial interviewed Ziad Abdel Samad, Executive Director of the Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND, based in Beirut). ANND is a regional

Department Head: Professor John T. Rourke Department Office: Room 137, Monteith Building Undergraduate Catalog 1998-1999 POLITICAL SCIENCE (POLS) For major requirements, see the College of Liberal Arts

ENERGY PRIORITIES OF THE POLISH PRESIDENCY OF THE EU COUNCIL: THE CZECH PERSPECTIVE Petr Binhack Energy Security as a Part of the EU Agenda Energy is an important precondition for European economic development.

Public Administration Institute For Turkey And the Middle East Member of: International Institute of Administrative Sciences IIAS And International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration

Constitutional legal regulation of monetary system V. N. Nazarov, Associate professor of administrative and financial law of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Moscow) Analysis of constitutional

The World We Want A North-East Asian Youth Vision This Declaration was handed to His Excellency Kim Sung-hwan, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Republic of Korea, in Seoul on 9 th of January

London International Shipping Week 10 September 2015 Session 3 13:15 14:45 The role of governments in a global maritime industry: Should governments lend their support and how can they participate in growing

Chatham House Online Archive Publications and meetings of the Royal Institute of International Affairs Making Sense of the International Scene 21 st Century challenges Many of the 21 st Century s greatest

Summary Russian-Dutch Bilateral Seminar "THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY IN NUCLEAR SECURITY GOVERNANCE: MOVING TO THE 2014 NUCLEAR SECURITY SUMMIT IN THE HAGUE" On September 3, 2013 PIR Center and the Embassy

Curriculum Vitae Prof. Dr / Reda Abdel Salam Ibrahim Al Sharkia Governor Department of Economics and Finance - Faculty of Law Qualifications Bachelor of Law with very good grade in 1992 General Diploma

SECTION 1 Note Taking Study Guide THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE Focus Question: What made the Byzantine empire rich and successful for so long, and why did it finally crumble? As you read this section in your textbook,

LAWS AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN NORTH AND CENTRAL ASIA UN ESCAP Advocacy Forum, 28-29 June 2016, Almaty METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY Methodology is based on

National Library service centre for all types of libraries in Finland Kristiina Hormia-Poutanen, Deputy national librarian and Director of library network services Jerusalem 8.9.2011 National Library of

Agreement setting up a free trade area between the Arab Mediterranean countries The government of the Kingdom of Morocco, the government of the Kingdom of Jordan, the government of the Republic of Tunisia

Achievements and challenges of the single market S&D responses to citizens top 10 concerns The European economic model must be based on three principles: competition which stimulates, co-operation which

European Council Brussels, 20 March 2015 (OR. en) EUCO 11/15 CO EUR 1 CONCL 1 COVER NOTE From: General Secretariat of the Council To: Delegations Subject: European Council meeting (19 and 20 March 2015)

THE PARADOX OF ENGLISH LEARNING IN JAPAN: PROBLEMS AND POLICIES BERNARD SAINT-JACQUES ABSTRACT: This paper will examine the various policies of the Japanese Government concerning English teaching and learning

POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE DESCRIPTIONS POL 100 Introduction to Political Science 3 credits An overview of the discipline and introduction to the basic concepts and vocabulary of political science and its

JOINT DECLARATION: THE ROAD MAP FOR BILATERAL COOPERATION During his official visit to Italy from 25 to 27 January 2016, the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Hassan Rouhani, and the President

CARIM East Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration Co-financed by the European Union Policy on Migration and Diasporas in Georgia Natia Chelidze CARIM-East Explanatory Note 12/33 Socio-Political

Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the : The United States or the Soviet Union? Materials: PowerPoint Copies of Timeline Copies of Documents A-D Copies of Guiding

Introduction IGF Policy Options for Connecting the Next Billion - A Synthesis - More than three billion people will be connected to the Internet by the end of 2015. This is by all standards a great achievement,

The Byzantine Empire and Russia The city of Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Location of Constantinople Constantinople provided political, economic, and military advantages 1. Protection

Chairman EU Military Committee General Patrick de Rousiers at the 29 th Asia Pacific Round Table in Kuala Lumpur 02 June 2015 "The European Union's Security Architecture and its role to strengthen Peace