A geology voyage to study the fluid coming from a rocky outcrop deep below the ocean’s surface turned up something unexpected. It was a population of purple octopuses brooding their young. The colony is probably doomed due to the warm flow of low-oxygen water coming out of the rock. However, those ill-fated animals may be an indicator that healthy kin are hiding out nearby. That’s the conclusion of a new study.

The octopuses reside at a site 3,000 meters (1.8 miles) deep called Dorado Outcrop. It’s some 250 kilometers (155 miles) off the coast of the Central American country of Costa Rica. The outcrop is essentially a buried, 23-million-year-old mountain.

“Fluid is discharging from this outcrop because at some other location there’s fluid flowing from the bottom of the ocean into the earth,” notes Anne Hartwell. She’s a marine research scientist with the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Just where that fluid is entering isn’t known. What path that the water takes through the earth is also a mystery.

But geoscientists were curious about emerging fluid. That’s why they visited the site in 2013. They sent a remote-controlled research vehicle called Jason II to take images. Those images revealed a wealth of brooding octopuses clinging onto the side of the outcrop. “Everyone thought they were cool, but no one really did anything about it,” Hartwell says. “There were biologists on board,” she adds. “But they were microbiologists.” (Microbiologists study small organisms, such as bacteria.)

Hartwell wasn’t on that trip. But she was on another one a year later that visited the site in the research submarine ALVIN. “When I got to the seafloor … there was so much life,” she recalls. The octopuses weren’t even the highlight for her. “I saw sea sponges and sea stars and crabs and shrimp. And they were colorful,” she adds. “I hadn’t expected that type of macrofauna — big organisms — that deep,” she says. “And then the octopuses were there. And it was just, ‘Whoa, this place is cool!’”

Those octopuses intrigued Hartwell. She teamed up with Geoffrey Wheat of the University of Alaska Fairbanks. He was a geoscientist from the original cruise. Janet Voight of the Field Museum in Chicago, Ill., is a cephalopod expert. She completed the trio. The team examined hours of video, still images and other data that had been collected on the two deep-sea missions.

The octopuses belonged to a not-well-known genus of deep-sea octopods known as Muusoctopus. Hundreds of them were seen during the two expeditions. Many had cemented themselves to the outcrop. Some appeared to be brooding eggs.

Those octopuses had attached themselves in an area where the fluid flowed out of the rocks only occasionally. That fluid is 10 degrees Celsius (18 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than the surrounding water, which is a constant, and chilly, 2 °C (36 °F). The discharge also contains less oxygen than the surrounding water.

“I had initially assumed that … [the octopuses] really wanted to be there,” says Hartwell. It wasn’t until she took a closer look at the evidence and consulted with Voight that it became clear these animals are probably stressed by the fluid. The moms may have settled there when no fluid was flowing and then were stuck after the conditions had changed. The species should be well adapted to the cold, higher-oxygen conditions found in the deep ocean. When they find themselves out of their normal element, the octopuses — including their young — probably don’t survive.

The team reports this in the May issue of Deep Sea Research I.

But it’s not all bad news. Hartwell and her colleagues think that the doomed cephalopods are an indicator that a larger population exists nearby. In some cases, there were just arms or part of a mantle sticking out of the rock. “That was our evidence that there were octopuses that could fit inside spaces available on this outcrop,” Hartwell says. “These spaces are notably not associated with any fluid discharge.”

Hartwell is reluctant, though, to say that such a population really exists. “Because we can’t see it,” she cautions, “we have no way of knowing whether they’re there or not.” She hopes that scientists might be able to revisit the outcrop, one day, and poke around in search of those hidden octopuses. For now, she’s working to classify the rest of that colorful community that so dazzled her deep beneath the ocean surface.

A voyage to explore a rocky outcrop deep beneath the ocean’s surface revealed an ecosystem full of colorful creatures. That includes a colony of purple octopuses brooding on a rocky outcrop — and probably fated to quickly die.

Power Words

bacteria (singular: bacterium) Single-celled organisms. These dwell nearly everywhere on Earth, from the bottom of the sea to inside other living organisms (such as plants and animals).

biology The study of living things. The scientists who study them are known as biologists.

brood A group of related animals that emerges in a specific region in the same year. Depending on the animal type, the collective group is sometimes also known as a year class. (verb) The act of guarding and/or incubating eggs.

cephalopods Ocean-dwelling animals that include squid and octopuses.

colleague Someone who works with another; a co-worker or team member.

constant Continuous or uninterrupted.

Costa Rica A Central American nation with coastlines along both the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea. This country of nearly 5 million people is sandwiched between Nicaragua to the north and Panama to its south. Almost one-fourth of its land consists of protected rainforests, which are home to such animals as spider monkeys and the quetzal birds.

egg The unfertilized reproductive cell made by females.

expedition A journey (usually relatively long or over a great distance) that a group of people take for some defined purpose, such as to map a region’s plant life or to study the local microclimate.

genus (plural: genera) A group of closely related species. For example, the genus Canis — which is Latin for “dog” — includes all domestic breeds of dog and their closest wild relatives, including wolves, coyotes, jackals and dingoes.

geology The study of Earth’s physical structure and substance, its history and the processes that act on it. People who work in this field are known as geologists. Planetary geology is the science of studying the same things about other planets.

marine Having to do with the ocean world or environment.

microbiology The study of microorganisms, principally bacteria, fungi and viruses. Scientists who study microbes and the infections they can cause or ways that they can interact with their environment are known as microbiologists.

octopod An eight-armed cephalopod mollusk belonging to the order or suborder Octopoda. These animals include octopuses and paper nautiluses.

organism Any living thing, from elephants and plants to bacteria and other types of single-celled life.

oxygen A gas that makes up about 21 percent of Earth's atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms need oxygen to fuel their growth (and metabolism).

population (in biology) A group of individuals from the same species that lives in the same area.

sea An ocean (or region that is part of an ocean). Unlike lakes and streams, seawater — or ocean water — is salty.

species A group of similar organisms capable of producing offspring that can survive and reproduce.

sponge A primitive aquatic animal with a soft, porous body.

submarine A term for beneath the oceans. (in transportation) A ship designed to move through the oceans, totally submerged. Such ships — especially those used in research — are also known as submersibles.

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