According to the 1931 Polish census, the population was 2 116 200. Poles made 85.1% of population, Jews - 10.5% and Ukrainians (in the east and south) - 3%. The Jews preferred to live in the cities and towns, especially in Lublin itself.

The Voivodeship's biggest industrial center was the city of Lublin. Other than that, it lacked significant industry centers. In mid-1930s Polish government started a huge public works program, called Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy, which was a great boost to overpopulated and poor counties. It covered southwestern part of the Voivodeship, with the town of Kraśnik. The railroad density was 4.0 km. per 100 km². (with total length of railroads 1 236 km.).