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A state of northeastern India, West Bengal has a long, strategic frontier with Bangladesh on the east. It also shares international borders with Nepal on the northwest and Bhutan on the north and is bounded by the Indian states of Assam on the northeast, Sikkim on the north, Bihar and Jharkhand on the west, and Odisha (Orissa) on the southwest. The Bay of Bengal lies to the south. West Bengal has an area of 34,267 square miles (88,752 square kilometers). Although it is one of the most densely populated states in India, most of the people live in rural areas. Kolkata (Calcutta), the state capital, is one of India’s largest cities and the most important commercial center in the eastern part of the country. Other major urban areas in West Bengal include Haora (a suburb of Kolkata), Asansol, Durgapur, and Siliguri.

The great Ganges River flows through the narrow middle section of the state before entering Bangladesh. A portion of the river’s delta lies within West Bengal. The fertile plain formed by the Ganges constitutes a large natural region in the southern part of the state. This region has numerous marshes and rivers, including the Hugli and the Damodar. The delta of the Hugli River forms the western end of a dense, swampy mangrove forest called the Sundarbans. Part of the Sundarbans has been set aside as a national park and designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. To the north of the plain lies a forested lowland called the West Bengal Duars. The northernmost part of the state is dominated by high peaks of the Himalayan mountains.

The climate of West Bengal is tropical in the south and subtropical in the north. It has three seasons: cold (or cool) and dry, hot and dry, and hot and wet (the monsoon season).

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Bengalis, a people who speak the Bengali language, make up the majority of the population. The state’s other languages include Hindi, Santali, Urdu, and Nepali. The majority of the people are Hindus, and most of the rest are Muslims. More than a fifth of the population belongs to the Scheduled Castes, an official category for groups that occupy the lowest positions in India’s caste system.

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Bengalis have long fostered art, literature, music, and drama. Bengali literature dates to before the 12th century. The most influential Bengali writer of the modern period was the poet Rabindranath Tagore, who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1913. Bengali films by such directors as Satyajit Ray, Tapan Sinha, Mrinal Sen, and Aparna Sen have also been widely acclaimed.

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With most of the workforce engaged in agriculture, farmland dominates the landscape. West Bengal produces a significant share of India’s rice and jute. Other major crops include potatoes, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds, corn (maize), pulses (legumes), and fruits. The areas around Darjiling (Darjeeling) and Jalpaiguri in the north have long been known for their production of high-quality tea. Among the state’s chief manufactures are iron and steel, petroleum products, chemicals, automobiles, leather goods, textiles, and electronics. Services contribute a large portion of West Bengal’s income.

The state is governed by the Council of Ministers, which is headed by the chief minister. It is responsible to West Bengal’s one-house legislature. The president, who is appointed by India’s president, serves as head of state (a largely ceremonial role).

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West Bengal has historically been part of a larger region known as Bengal, which also includes what is now Bangladesh. The region formed part of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd to 2nd centuries bc and was absorbed by the kingdom of the Gupta Dynasty in the 4th century ad. Bengal was under Muslim rule from the 13th century until the British took control in the 18th century. Kolkata served as the capital of all of British India from 1772 to 1911.

When India gained its independence in 1947, Bengal was divided. The eastern sector, home primarily to Muslims, became East Pakistan (later Bangladesh). The mainly Hindu western sector became India’s West Bengal state. After the partition, more than 7 million non-Muslim refugees from East Pakistan poured into the already densely populated state. Population (2008 estimate), 87,869,000.

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