How many Salter Harris fracture types are there? What are each of them?

5 types

I. fracture through physis only

II. Through the physis and metaphysis

III. Through the physis and epiphysis (articular)

IV. Through the joint and across physis

V. Compression fracture of physis

What is the most common type of physeal fracture?

Type II, through the physis and metaphysis

Which physeal fractures have good prognosis?

Type I, II

Why do type 3 and 4 physeal fractures have poorer prognoses?

They must be completely aligned since there are articular surfaces involved, otherwise fracture will lead to DJD

How are compression and traction physeal fractures treated?

compression: immobilization

traction: immobilization and counteract the pull of the attached muscle since these occur at olecranon and calcaneus which are always contracting

Which physes take longer than a year to close?

iliac crest (1-2.5 years)

pelvic symphysis (5-6 years)

possibly head of the humerus

What are the last physes of the shoulder and stifle to close?

head of the humerus

tibial tuberosity

When does the physis of the anconeal process close?

4-6 months...after this it's considered ununited

Why is the median nerve more in danger in the cat than dog if the humerus is fractured?

the humerus of the cat has the supracondylar canal that encloses the vessels.

What is the landmark for locating heat valves during auscultation?

olecranon @ 5th intercostal space

What is failure of the anconeal process to fuse with the ulna by 6 mos?

ununited anconeal process

What improper development usually leads to arthritis of the elbow?

fragmented medial coronoid process

What small sesamoid bone on the medial side of the carpus may be mistaken as a chip fracture in radiographs?

sesamoid bone of the oblique extensor carpus tendon

Name the following fractures:
bone twisted apart
skull bone pushed inward
separation of small bone fragments where ligament of tendon attaches
bone splintered in to many fragments
broken ends of the bone are driven in to each other

-spiral fracture

- depressed fracture

- avulsion fracture

- comminuted fractures

- impacted fracture

What is inflammation or infection of the bone?

osteomyelitis aka osteitis

What is a piece of dead bone separated from the rest of the bone in osteomyelitis?

Damage of suprascapular n, resulting in paralysis of suprspinatus/infraspinatus, resulting in lateral instability of the shoulder joint. With time, muscle atrophy corrects the instability but results in prominent scapular spine....mostly in horses

What are the 2 types of radial nerve injury?

high and low radial n damage

What is the most common and clinically significant nerve problem of forelimb?

radial paralysis

What are sign of high and low radial n damage?

high - inability to bear weight on limb, dropped elbow and knuckling over digits

low- knuckling over digits

What sensory loss is diagnostic for radial nerve injury?

los of sensation on dorsal manus

What results from femoral nerve injury and why?

can't bear weight and can't extend stifle due to analgesia of medial limb

Injury to what nerve causes lateral slipping on slick surface?

obdurator n

What are the signs of fibular n damage?

knuckling over due to analagesis of the pes

How does an animal compensate for femoral/peroneal n damage?

by flipping paw as advanced

What is fibular n paralysis similar to in the thoracic limb?

lower radial n paralysis

What is the an iatrogenic cause of ischiatic n damage and what does it result in?

Injection in the rear limb, resulting in paresis/paralysis of that limb

A laryngnotomy to open the larynx goes through what paired muscles to expose the larynx?

sternohyoid m aka middle strap m

The esophagus is accessible to sx in the ____ half of the neck region on the _____ side

caudal, left side

What surgical landmark indicates the ventral midline of the larynx?

cricothyroideus m aka bow tie m

How is a tranquilized dog intubated?

gently pull tongue rostrally, push soft palate up with endotrach tube and hold epiglottis down with tube, direct tube between vocal folds in to trachea

What is the most important layer that must be opposed when closing a paramedian midline incision?

external rectus sheath

What is the incision opening the abdomen called?

laparotomy aka celiotomy incision

What structures can be visualized through a xiphoid to pubic laparotomy incision w/o manipulation, and their locations?

cranial: falciform ligament

middle: greater omentum +/- tail of spleen

caudal: bladder

What abd structures can be used to orient abd organ locations in your mind during sx?

descending duodenum on right side

How are the abd gutters visualized?

pull duodenum and mesoduodenum or colon and mesocolon medially, packing off the rest of the viscera

How would you locate a bleeding ovarian stump during a spay?

pull d. duodenum or d. colon and their mesentary medially and look in to abd gutter, caudal to kidney

What must be ligated when doing OHE?

Ovarian and uterine arteries

How is ovary moved in to the abd incision during OHE?

strum the suspensory ligament until it breaks

How does conformation of bitches genital tract affect how an artificially inseminating/speculum exam of bitch is performed?

You must be cognizant of vertical ventral slope of caudal repro. tract...place speculum/tube dorsal/caudal wall of vestibule, bypassing the clitoral fossa and ex. urethral orifice, then over the pelvic symphysis and parallel to symphysis to the opening of cervix (not in to vaginal fornix)

What may be mistaken for the cervical opening during art. insemination?