The Biophysical Challenge Diffusion is Adequate only over Short Distances0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Distance (cm) Time (min) Time  (Distance)2 100 μ m in 1 sec 1 cm in ~ 3 hr Diffusion of gases is similar to gravity where the rate is proportional to the square of the distance. If you are small: “no problem”. If you are large you must find another method. 10 cm~300 hr

Different Species have found unique ways to solve gas and nutrient exchange challenges.

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