U.S.-African diet swap has dramatic impact on colon cancer risk

(Reuters) – Black Americans who switched to a high-fiber African diet for just two weeks saw a dramatic drop in risk factors for colon cancer, a study published on Tuesday found.

A group of Africans who went the other way and started eating American food rich in animal proteins and fats saw their risks rise over the same short period, according to the paper in the journal Nature Communications.

Researchers said they were not surprised that eating more fiber appeared to lower colon cancer risk, but were struck by how quickly and dramatically the effects showed.

The findings raised concerns about Western diet and about how the increasing “Westernization” of diets in Africa could turn colon cancer into a major health issue there, said Jeremy Nicholson from Imperial College London who co-led the study.

Colon cancer is the fourth deadliest form of the disease, killing more than 600,000 people a year. Rates are much higher in Western countries than in Africa or the Far East.

To analyze the possible effects of diet and gut bacteria, scientists from Imperial College and the University of Pittsburgh in the United States worked with a group of 20 African American volunteers and 20 from rural South Africa.

In the American group, two weeks on the African diet led to significantly less inflammation in the colon and reduced biomarkers of cancer risk.

In the African group, measurements of cancer risk dramatically increased after 14 days on the Western diet, with lots of food like meat and cheese.

“We can’t definitively tell from these measurements that the change in their diet would have led to more cancer in the African group or less in the American group, but there is good evidence from other studies that the changes we observed are signs of cancer risk,” said Nicholson.

The analysis found one of the main reasons for the risk changes was the way in which bacteria in the gut — known as the microbiome — changed their metabolism to adapt to the new diet.

In the American group, the African diet led to a rise in the production of butyrate, a by-product of fiber metabolism that has important anti-cancer effects, the researchers said.

“Africanization” of the diet increased total quantities of butyrate in one measure by 2.5 times, while “Westernization” reduced quantities by half, they wrote in their study.