Joel L. Lebowitz, James S.Langer, William I. Glaberson, Editors, “Fourth International conference on collective fenomena“, Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, Published by The New York Academy of Science, ANYAA9 337, 1-223, 1980.

Loel L. Lebowitz, Editor, “Fourth International conference on collective fenomena“, Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, Published by The New York Academy of Science, ANYAA9 373, 1-233, 1981.

Alexander Slinin (Lozovaya), applied for exit visa, was arrested for refusing military service. Later sentenced to three years in prison.

02.01.1974

Moscow diplomatic sources say USSR allowed a record 34,750 Jews to emigrate in 1973 as opposed to 31,500 in 1972. Emigrants were mainly from Southern Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic States and Georgia. Few Jews from Moscow or Leningrad received exit permits. (d.o.r.) (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 126).

04.01.1974

43 Moscow Jews, in an open letter to Western political leaders, artists and scientists who intend to visit USSR in the near future, ask them to bear in mind that these visits are now traditionally accompanied by house arrests and detentions of many Jewish residents in Moscow and other towns in order to prevent them from meeting with foreigners (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 126).

04.01.1974

Following rejection of Feldman’s appeal, 50 Jews from Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Kiev, Riga, Tallinn and Tbilisi protest to all Jewish communities and International Association of Lawyers against the fabricated trial. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 126).

Tour of the Leningrad Kirov Ballet Theatre in the United States canceled in part because of public protests over Soviet refusal to allow Panovs to leave for Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 126).

16.01.1974

Mark Lutsker, a 25 year old mathematics student, expelled in 1972 from Voronezh University for wanting to emigrate to Israel, was arrested at Kiev OVIR when enquiring about his emigration permit, sentenced to two years imprisonment for alleged evasion of military service and sent to camp near Kutaisi, Georgia. (d.o.r.) (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 127).

The Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly deplores arbitrary arrests, police harassment and persecution of Soviet Jews wishing to emigrate. The Council calls on the USSR to improve East-West detente by granting more exit visas to Jews wishing to leave for Israel and permit those choosing to remain in Russia to practice freely their cultural and religious customs. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 127).

21.01.1974

Equity, British actors’ union, asks Home Secretary to bar Soviet companies and individual performers from appearing in Britain as long as Panovs are refused right to work or leave USSR. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 127).

23.01.1974

Professor David Azbel announced his intention to hold a hunger strike in support of Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 128).

23.01.1974

Izak Tsudikovich Hochberg of Kishinev, the well-known mathematics professor and Corresponding Member of Moldavian Academy of Sciences, was dismissed from his post as head of Department in the Institute of Mathematics after applying to emigrate to Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 128).

25.01.1974

KGB stops Moscow UPI correspondent G.P. Joseloff on a Moscow street after his interview with a group of Jewish activists and seizes written replies to questions he posed to them. Soviet Foreign Ministry’s Press Department warns him of inadmissibility of such actions . (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 128).

29.01.1974

Valery Panov in interview in his Leningrad apartment discloses rumors that the authorities plan to jail him to stop his campaign to emigrate to Israel with his wife. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 128).

Feb. 1974

Split among refuseniks community begins after information about the visits of Alexander Lunts to the KGB became known. (aa).

01.02.1974

University College, Oxford, elects for the third time Professor Venyamin Levich, the eminent Soviet Jewish scientist, as a visiting fellow. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 128).

05.02.1974

On his way home from Cuba Brezhnev tells representatives of Canadian Jewish Community of St. Johns at Gander airport, Newfoundland, that the real figure of Soviet Jews wanting to emigrate was 3,500 and not 500,000 quoted by the group. He refuses to intervene in the case of Sylva Zalmanson, currently serving 10 year labor camp sentence. (11, Vol. 4, number 1, 1974, p. 128).

08.02.1974

Many leading figures in British show business appealed to Soviet authorities to allow Panov to emigrate to Israel with his wife. (11, p. 128).

Soviet police detain about 70 Jews from Moscow and other Soviet cities to prevent the transmission of a petition to the Central Committee of the CPSU with 200 signatures. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 106).

01.03.1974

Radio Moscow reports demonstration by Zionist elements during the wreath laying ceremony at the monument to the heroes of Plevna in Moscow (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 106).

Eight US Congressmen appeal to Brezhnev on behalf of the Panovs. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 107).

15.03.1974

President Nixon states the rise in the number of Jews permitted to leave the USSR is due to his personal contacts with Soviet leaders; passage of his trade bill necessary for continuing dialogue with Russians and further emigration.( 11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 107).

The Ford Foundation has allocated $250,000 to help resettle Soviet émigré scholars and writers in America. (According to US government figures about 300 arrived in 1971; 450 in 1972; 1,450 in 1973 and 4,000 expected in 1974). (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 107).

Jewish activist Valery Kukui (Sverdlovsk), sentenced in June 1971 to three years in labor camp, is released; in early April he will leave USSR for Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 107).

21.03.1974

Naum Olshansky (Minsk) renounces Soviet citizenship and turns in his medals to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 107).

24.03.1974

Before his departure to Moscow, Dr. Kissinger is urged to obtain Moscow’s pledge to permit to emigrate about 1,600 Jews repeatedly refused exit visas. At the same time Pravda warns US to keep Jewish emigration out of Kissinger’s talks in Moscow and accuses international Zionism of stepping up activities aimed at disrupting East-West accord. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 107).

Isaac Poltinikov, Novosibirsk, retired military ophthalmologist, deprived of pension and rank following application for exit visa for Israel two years ago, threatened by KGB with a trial on charge of parasitism. Poltinikov appeals to American Congress of Opthamologists. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 108).

132 Soviet Jews from 13 towns appeal to the U.S. Senators in behalf of Alexander Feldman, confined to a punishment cell and his detention was repeatedly extended despite serious illness. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 108).

11.04.1974

Golda Meir resigns as Prime Minister of Israel.

12.04.1974

Over 100 Soviet Jews sent letter of condolence to people of Israel in connection with the massacre in Kiryat Shmona. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 108).

12.04.1974

Yuri Berkovsky, former Soviet naval officer and his wife Anna, former philosophy lecturer, both unemployed since applying for emigration in June 1972, arrested in Novosibirsk on trumped up charges of speculation. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 108).

12.04.1974

39 Moscow activists appeal to the Central Committee of the CPSU in behalf of astrophysicist Evgeny Levich, punitively drafted to the army, May 16th 1973; and despite ill health, sent to serve in Yakutia. The activists demand cessation of all repressions of Jews wishing to leave for Israel. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 108).

14.04.1974

Andrei Sakharov in friendly criticism of Solzhenitsyn’s “Letter to the Soviet Leaders” urges freedom of movement across borders for all citizens of the USSR. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 108).

14.04.1974

Many Kiev Jews lay wreaths and flowers in Babi Yar, the site of the Nazi massacre of Jews, in memory of the Kiryat Shmona victims and Warsaw ghetto heroes. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 108).

Professor David Azbel and his family granted permission to emigrate to Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 108).

17.04.1974

The newspaper Trud and Soviet Culture have published articles against an international symposium hoped to be organized by refusenik-scientists. The symposium was cited as a “provocation” and “guest session of Tel-Aviv University.”

E. Felzenshtein from Kharkov, denied permission to emigrate to Israel, renounces title of Hero of the Soviet Union in a statement to USSR Supreme Soviet. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 109).

30.04.1974

Old Jewish cemetery in Lvov obliterated; site turned into market place and synagogue into sports hall. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 109).

02.05.1974

1,600 Soviet Jews arrived in Israel in April, as compared with 1,720 in March 1974.

03.05.1974

Plan announced by international committee of academics to hold unofficial seminar in Professor Alexander Voronel’s apartment in Moscow July 1st – 5th to draw attention to the plight of Jewish scientists refused permission to leave USSR. 19 Jewish scientists dismissed after applying to emigrate to Israel associate themselves with this plan. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 109).

05.05.1974

World Jewish leaders, meeting in London, issue declaration in support of Soviet Jewry. Hundreds of Soviet Jews sign messages of good will to the conference. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 109).

05.05.1974

Two new anti-Zionist books were recently published in the USSR: “The Secret Front” by First KGB Deputy Chairman Semyon K. Tsvigun, and “Against Zionism and Israeli Aggression”- a collection of Israeli Communist “Rakah” Party documents and articles by African and Latin American Communists.( d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 109).

Equity, British actors trade union, appeals to Employment Secretary to ban forthcoming Bolshoi Ballet season in London because of Soviet refusal to allow Panovs to emigrate. The union appeals to Prime-Minister Wilson on May 17th. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 109).

10.05.1974

Miron Dorfman and family permitted to emigrate to Israel after 8 years of arrests, hunger strikes, petitions and protests. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 109).

17.05.1974

Fifty activists demonstrated at the Lebanese Embassy in Moscow in protest against actions of Lebanese terrorists in Maalot, Israel, which led to the deaths of twenty three children. Twenty seven demonstrators were detained until the evening; 100 refuseniks from Moscow; 20 from Minsk and 7 from Tbilisi send protests to Brezhnev and UN Secretary-General. Many Soviet Jews send messages of condolence to President Katzir and the people of Israel. (d.o.r). (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 110).

17.05.1974

Soviet State Committee on Science and Technology and The USSR Academy of Sciences Presidium condemned in the newspapers “Trud” and “Soviet Culture” the International seminar organized by refusenik-scientists as a provocative idea. The next day, refusenik-scientists sent a protest to these papers. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 110).

19.05.1974

26 members of the British Parliament sign House of Commons motion to ban Bolshoi Ballet’s visit to Britain as long as the Panovs are not allowed to leave USSR. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 110).

19.05.1974

Police prevent the Jews of Kiev from laying wreath at Babi Yar in memory of children murdered in Maalot, Israel. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 110).

23.05.1974

Five Moscow Jews sent a letter of protest to the 17th Congress of the World Postal Union (Lausanne) against the practice of Soviet authorities of eavesdropping and disconnecting international calls. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 110).

23.05.1974

117 Moscow Jews protest in an open letter to the Soviet government against biased coverage of Maalot massacre in Soviet media. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 110).

24.05.1974

Evgeny Levich demobilized from the Soviet army.

23.05.1974

Valery Panov stripped of title of Honored Artist of RSFSR by decree of Supreme Soviet. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 110).

28.05.1974

More than 30 Moscow Jews launch one day hunger strike in solidarity with Alexander Feldman, who has been on hunger strike since release on May 14th from his 4th term of solitary confinement .(11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 111).

29.05.1974

Mikhael Stern, a doctor from Vinnitsa, is arrested. Officially ‒ on charge of bribes. Actually ‒ because he did not condemn the desire of his children to leave for Israel.

00/06 / 1974

The trial of refusenik Alexander Slinin (Kharkov) for evading military service. The sentence ‒ three years of deprivation of freedom.

01.06.1974

An international symposium, which was supposed to be held July 1st ‒ 5th on the basis of refusenik scientific seminar led by Alexander Voronel, foiled by the authorities.

Albert Isakovich Koltunov, lottery worker from Chernovtsy, sentenced to five years strict regime imprisonment on trumped-up charge of bribery. He applied for an exit visa to Israel mid-February 1974 and was arrested on March 14th. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 111).

05.06.1974

President Nixon, in major policy address at the Naval Academy in Annapolis, blasted those who want to use detente to extract domestic policy changes in USSR. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 111).

05.06.1974

Dr. Kissinger tells Senators Jackson, Javits and Ribicoff of Soviet readiness to guarantee in writing emigration of 45,000 Jews per year and to deal with problems of harassment of emigration applicants. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 111).

05.06.1974

Intergovernmental committee for European Migration (ICEM) puts numbers of Jews who left the USSR from January 1 to March 4 1974 at 7,260 (compared with over 10,000 for the same period in 1973). (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 111).

317 Jews from many cities protest new wave of repressions in a letter, sent on June 2, to National Conference on Soviet Jewry in America. ( 11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 111).

07.06.1974

Valery and Galina Panov granted visas. They will arrive in Israel on June 15th. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 111).

08.06.1974

KGB detain Professor A. Voronel for several hours and threaten him with imprisonment and exile in Siberia unless he ceases to sponsor a scientific seminar for refuseniks. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 111).

1,225 Jews left the USSR in May 1974 as compared to an average of 3,000 a month in 1973; 220 or about 15% of those leaving the USSR in May remained in Vienna intending to settle outside of Israel. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 111).

34 Soviet Jews including Vitali Rubin and Mikhail Agursky appeal to US Senators Jackson, Javits and Ribicoff to halt intensification of repressions prior to President Nixon’s visit and urge them to obtain firm Soviet guarantees on emigration before passing trade bill. (1911, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 112).

24.06.1974

Soviet police arrest Professor Alexander Voronel, head of refusenik scientists’ seminar, following an unsuccessful attempt to induce him to cancel the seminar. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 112).

24.06.1974

Andrei Sakharov urges President Nixon and Secretary Brezhnev to give more emphasis to human rights during their Moscow talks, including the release of Soviet political prisoners and free emigration. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 112).

Professor Benjamin Levich’s sons Evgeny (released from the army on May 24th) and Alexander are informed that they will be allowed to leave for Israel within six weeks. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 112).

27.06.1974

40 American and 6 British scientists were denied entry visas to USSR to participate in refusenik-scientists’ seminar. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 112).

9 Minsk Jews including 4 former Red Army officers and 4 Jews in Odessa begin hunger strike in support of emigration. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 112).

27.06.1974

Andrei Sakharov’s first hunger strike to draw world attention to the plight of political prisoners in the USSR.

27.06.1974

Third Nixon-Brezhnev summit in Moscow June 27th – July 3rd.

29.06.1974

David Chernoglaz, sentenced in Kishinev trial in June 1971 to five years’ labor camp, is to be transferred from Perm camp to Vladimir prison for participating in hunger strike before President Nixon’s visit. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 113).

29.06.1974

Head of Moscow visa office (OVIR) informs Professor V. Levich he will be allowed to leave the USSR by the end of 1975. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 112).

01.07.1974

Scheduled international scientific symposium at Professor Voronel’s apartment in Moscow thwarted by KGB. Three scientists removed by police and Western correspondents asked to leave. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 113).

03.07.1974

Jewish activists held in prison during Nixon’s visit begin to be released; estimates of number of Jews detained in Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa and Kiev and other cities vary from 50 to 100. (11, Vol. 4, number 2, 1974, p. 113).

Alexander Luntz sent Congress and U.S. Senate an analysis of the situation of Soviet Jewry on the eve of a vote on the Jackson-Vanik Amendment. Conclusion of the analysis ‒ to vote for the Amendment. (22, A. Lunts).

Meeting of refuseniks with Senator Buckley. The Senator promised support and campaign in the press.

08.11.1974

Professor Perelman, a Jewish scientist, killed by a fire by unknown elements at his apartment in Minsk, is the fifth victim of apparent antisemitic episodes in the city in the last three years. (d.o.r), (11, Vol. 5, # 1, 1975, p. 127).

08.11.1974

Soviet Jewish emigration to Israel declined by 37% to 14,822 in the first 10 months of 1974 compared with the same period in 1973, according to Committee for European Migration, Geneva. (11, Vol. 5, # 1, 1975, p. 128).

09.11.1974

Anatoly Sharansky and Anatoly Malkin were detained in Minsk. During the search materials about the persecution of Jews in Minsk, letters of the Jews to various state institutions, and notebooks were confiscated. (36).

09.11.1974

Vladimir Davidov was detained in Sverdlovsk. During a search records about the situation of Jews in Novosibirsk and notebooks were taken. On November 11th he was taken to the airport and sent to Moscow. (36).

An analytical report compiled by refuseniks M. Agursky, A. Luntz, V. Davidov, V. Rubin, D. Beilin, A. Voronel, A. Sharansky, V. Slepak, A. Lerner was transferred to the West. The report was submitted to the administration of President Ford on the eve of the summit between Ford and Brezhnev in Vladivostok. (Analytical Report).

23.11.1974

At a meeting in Vladivostok, USSR, U.S. President Ford and Soviet leader Brezhnev negotiated arms control. (November 25).

25.11.1974

Appeal in behalf of Soviet Jewish prisoners, signed by over 600 politicians, academics, musicians, writers, stage and film actors published in The Times in London. (11, Vol. 5, # 1, 1975, p. 128).

25.11.1974

About 200 Riga Jews organize pilgrimage to Rumbuli on the anniversary of the liquidation of the Riga ghetto; several arrested. (11, Vol. 5, # 1, 1975, p. 128).

Solzhenitsyn’s arrest in Moscow; his deportation the next day from the USSR with the deprivation of citizenship. Campaign in the press begins. (11, Vol. 5, # 1, 1975, p. 128).

08.12.1974

After 11-week trial Mikhail Leviev, former Moscow store manager, sentenced to death penalty by Moscow Municipal Court on charges of bribery. Leviev was arrested in June 1972 after receiving permission to go to Israel. On December 16th WJC President N. Goldmann appeals to Nikolai Podgorny to commute death sentence. (11, Vol. 5, # 1, 1975, p. 128).

The President of the World Jewish Congress, Nahum Goldmann appealed on December 16 to Nikolai Podgorny to commute the sentence to Michael Leviev, sentenced to death after the application for exit visa for allegedly “taking bribes”. (11, Vol. 5, # 1, 1975, p. 128).

Demonstration of t 45 refuseniks from Leningrad (organizer Israel Varnavitsky) and Moscow (organizer Alexander Luntz) in the waiting room of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the 4th anniversary of the 1st Leningrad Trial. About 300 people signed a letter of protest against the unjust sentences meted out at the trial and present petition to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet for the release of 40 Prisoners of Zion. After the sit-in a small group of Leningrad and Moscow refuseniks participated in a press conference at the apartment of A. Lunts. (22, Aba Taratuta).

Jewish demonstration outside the Lenin Library in Moscow calling for the release of Jewish prisoners in the USSR and freer emigration to Israel. 10 refuseniks participated in the demonstration including Mark Nashpits, Boris Tsitlenok, Iosif Beilin, Anatoly Sharansky. Six were arrested for 15 days and Nashpits, Tsitlenok were brought to criminal court, and Tsipin and Sharansky were released (22, Dina Beilin).

On April 5th – 6th Jewish scientists who wish to leave the USSR participate in Moscow seminar dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (11, p.118)

07.04.1975

Mikhail Agursky, son of Samuel Agursky, who was the founder of Yevsektsiya (Jewish Section in the USSR) and the American Communist Party, leaves the Soviet Union to Israel. (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 118-119).

Day of Solidarity with Soviet Jews; Israel President Katzir appeals to Kremlin leaders to end harassment of Jews who wish to emigrate. 200 Jewish activists from various parts of the USSR declare one day hunger strike. (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 119).

13.04.1975

An estimated 125,000 people participate in New York demonstration marking Solidarity Day with Soviet Jewry. (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 119).

18.04.1975

Hunger strikes take place in 45 cities in Europe and America in solidarity with the fasting Jewish activists Maria and Vladimir Slepak and their son Alexander to protest against their prolonged deprivation of exit visas to Israel. (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 119).

Dr. W.J. McGill, President of the Columbia University, said that he will not “receive or deal with any visitors from the Soviet Union” and will not carry out joint projects with Soviet scientists until Vitaly Rubin, the Jewish sinologist, is permitted to accept a teaching post at Columbia University. (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 119).

Lev Yagman, David Chernoglaz and Lassal Kaminsky, convicted in the 1971 Leningrad trial, are freed following completion of their five year sentences. ( 11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 120).

14.06.1975

The film “Calculated Risk”was screened in England; filmed in Moscow with the participation of Anatoly Sharansky and Vladmir Slepak.

15.06.1975

Activists in several cities held a hunger strike to protest the sixth anniversary of the beginning of mass arrests in 1970 (25).

16.06.1975

38 Soviet Jewish activists, including Vitaly Rubin, Vladimir Slepak, Victor Brailovsky and Mark Azbel appeal to the International Pen Club and five prominent Western authors to act in defense of the samizdat magazine “Jews in the USSR”. (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 120).

17.06.1975

Interrogation of Ida Nudel on documents relating to Prisoners of Zion. (25).

29.06.1975

Two groups of refuseniks meet separately with 10 senators, led by Hubert Humphrey, in Jacob Javits’ room at the Hotel Russiya (25).

29.06.1975

Visit to Moscow of fourteen senators led by Hubert Humphrey June 29 – July 5. (25).

02.07.1975

A provocation was staged against activist Lev Roitburd at the Odessa airport aimed at preventing his departure to Moscow, and subsequently on the basis of this provocation Roitburd will be sentenced to two years imprisonment. (22, Dina Beilin).

05.07.1975

A 57 page new edition of the dissident “Chronicle of Current Events” begins to circulate in Moscow. Dated May 31st, the latest edition is the 36th to appear since 1968. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 121).

14.07.1975

Intourist announces that “tourist-Zionists will be regarded as “interfering in Russia’s internal affairs”. The announcement follows a similar warning in the Soviet weekly Nedelya. (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 121).

22.07.1975

The Presidents Conference of Major American Jewish Organizations and National Conference on Soviet Jewry issue a joint statement opposing changes in the Jackson-Vanik Amendment without parallel improvement in the USSR’s restrictions on emigration. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 121).

22.07.1975

The Speaker of the Netherlands Parliament Edward van Thijn, returning from a visit to Moscow, confirms the use of conscription in the Soviet campaign against Jewish emigration. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 121).

01.08.1975

The “Final Helsinki Act” was signed in Helsinki at the summit of 35 nations of Europe, USA and Canada. (13, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 183-189).

03.08.1975

Prisoner of Zion Vladimir Markman arrives in Israel after serving three years imprisonment in the USSR. (11, p. 121).

Yakov Vinarov, a 21 year old engineering student who refused conscription into the army, is sentenced in Kiev to three years’ imprisonment for “evading military service”. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 121).

20.08.1975

Isaac Yilyulitin, a 35 year old Doctor of Mathematics, is sentenced to one year imprisonment on charges of attempted smuggling, having been arrested at Leningrad airport en route to Israel (11, Vol. 5, # 2, 1975, p. 122).

Anatoly Malkin, a 20 year old Jewish student of metallurgy, charged in Moscow with evading military service after applying for an exit visa to Israel, is sentenced to three years’ imprisonment (22, Dina Beilin).

Professor Aryeh Dvoretsky of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and President of the Israel Science Academy, lectures at Jewish scientific seminar in Moscow, led by Alexander Voronel. (d.o.r.) (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 95).

Jewish activists in Kiev were not allowed to attend the Babi Yar commemoration ceremony on the 34th anniversary of the Nazi massacre of Jews. (25, 11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 95).

30.09.1975

Two Jewish cemeteries in Kiev are reported to have been desecrated by vandals. (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 95).

01.10.1975

Sylva Zalmanson begins the second week of her hunger strike outside the UN building in New York in support of her husband Edward Kuznetsov and her brothers Israel and Wolf Zalmanson who are still imprisoned in the USSR. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 95, DM).

02.10.1975

Dr. Mikhail Stern’s son Viktor arrives in London to launch a world-wide campaign for the release of his father from a Soviet prison camp. (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 95).

08.10.1975

Newspaper Sovetskaya Belorussia accused refuseniks Naum Olshansky and Yefim Davidovich that “they sold out to Zionism.”

09.10.1975

The Nobel Peace Prize award to Andrei Sakharov is announced.

10.10.1975

Parliamentarians from 12 Western European countries form a committee in support of Soviet Jewish emigration. (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 95).

16.10.1975

A letter of Anatoly Malkin, where he appeals to Russian Jews not to serve in the Soviet army, is publicized in the West; the authorities are using the draft as a deterrent for those who want to emigrate to Israel. (25).

21.10.1975

The USSR permanent mission at the UN protests demonstrations by the “Zionist hooligan groups” held October 8th-9th. (11, p. 96).

Alexander Silnitsky, a 23 year old student from Krasnodar, is sentenced to three years imprisonment on charges of draft evasion. (d.o.r.), (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 96).

20.11.1975

The arrest of Boris Zaturensky, 33, in Minsk is reported. Zaturensky was arrested on charges of buying and selling gold coins, not long after his application to emigrate to Israel. (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 96).

20.11.1975

A fortnightly scientific seminar, similar to the one in Moscow, is begun in Kiev with the participation of 15 Jewish scientists, most of whom were refused exit visas to Israel. (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 96).

National Conference on Soviet Jewry in the United States proclaims National Solidarity Month on behalf of Soviet Jewry. (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 130).

24.04.1976

Former Red Army Colonel Yefim Davidovich, an activist fighting for repatriation of Soviet Jewry to Israel and against anti-Semitism, has died of a heart attack in Minsk at the age of 54. (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 130).

02.05.1976

100,000 participate in a march of solidarity with Soviet Jewry in New York. (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 130).

The Public Group to Promote the Implementation of the Helsinki Agreements – “The Helsinki Monitoring Group in the USSR” is formed in Moscow, led by dissident Yuri Orlov. (11, Vol. 6, # 1, 1976, p. 130).

19.05.1976

77 activists from 13 cities made a statement on the need to revive Jewish culture in the USSR. (25).

A group of twenty Jewish activists, including Vladimir Slepak, Boris Chernobilsky, Yosef Ahs and others, submitted to the Supreme Soviet a letter of protest against unsubstantiated refusals. The letter sets out requirements for written refusals of exit visas and the possibility to appeal in the presence of a refusenik. (22, Dina Beilin).

Enid Wurtman, co-chairman of the Union of Council for Soviet Jewry, and Connie Smukler arrive on a visit to Moscow. (22, Enid Wurtman).

18.10.1976

Sit-in demonstration of refuseniks in the Supreme Soviet, demanding an answer to a letter filed by Refuseniks a month earlier. In the evening, participants were detained, taken into the woods and released. (22, Dina Beilin, Enid Wurtman).

19.10.1976

The New York Times published an article about the demonstration on October 18 in the Supreme Soviet. (22, Enid Wurtman).

19.10.1976

13 activists held a demonstration at the Supreme Soviet. At the end of the day participants were detained, taken into the woods, some refuseniks were beaten up by the police. Zahar Tesker’s nose was broken. (aa.).

19.10.1976

Press-conference organized by Natan Sharansky at Vladimir Slepak’s apartment in connection with beating of activists in the forest near Moscow, following the demonstration at the Supreme Soviet. (22, Dina Beilin).

19.10.1976

In a joint Israeli-American committee meeting in New York participants agree in principle to restrict aid to “drop-outs” in Vienna. (11, Vol. 7, # 1, 1977, p. 103).

20.10.1976

Demonstration of twenty-eight activists in the Supreme Soviet with a demand to punish those who were guilty of beating of Jewish activists the previous day as well as to respond to the letter filed by Refuseniks a month earlier. They attain a promise to be received by Minister Shchelokov the next day. (22, Dina Beilin).

20.10.1976

David Shipler’s article in The New York Times about the beating of activists after the demonstration. (22, Enid Wurtman).

21.10.1976

Demonstration of fifty-two activists at the reception room of the MIA; reception of representatives of the demonstrators (Vladimir Slepak, Anatoly Sharansky, Boris Chernobylsky) by Minister Shchelokov. After reception the demonstrators with yellow stars on the chest passed through the center of Moscow to the reception room of the Central Committee, where they were detained and taken outside of Moscow. Four ‒ Victor Elistratov, Mikhail Kremen, Arkady Polishchuk and Boris Chernobilsky were separated from the others and taken away. (22, Dina Beilin).

22.10.1976

Forty activists demonstrate in the Supreme Soviet, march out to the reception room of the Central Committee with yellow stars on their clothes. Albert Ivanov receives Vladimir Slepak, Yosef Ahs and Anatoly Sharansky. At the end of the day all are detained and taken to a drunkards facility, registered and forewarned. (22, Dina Beilin).

23.10.1976

Information is received that Victor Elistratov, Mikhail Kremen and Arkady Polishchuk were detained for 15 days, and Boris Chernobilsky was placed in Butyrskaya prison. (22, Dina Beilin).

25.10.1976

Demonstration of activists at the Central Committee with yellow stars. Most of the protesters arrested on their way to the Central Committee, at home or near home; 17 people sentenced to 15 days: Vladimir Slepak, Anatoly Sharansky, Yuli Kosharovsky, Yosef Beilin, Felix Kandel, etc; six women fined 20 rubles each; criminal cases on hooliganism charges opened against Iosif Ahs and Boris Chernobilsky (a month later they will be released for lack of evidence). (22, Dina Beilin).

28.10.1976

Appeal of Maria Slepak to Senator Edward Kennedy in defense of Boris Chernobilsky and Iosif Ahs; her own husband is serving 15 days in detention. (Letter of Maria Slepak).

??.11.1976

A book “The Long Road to Freedom” issued by samizdat.

02.11.1976

Presidential elections in the U.S. is won by the Democratic party candidate Jimmy Carter.

The Organizing Committee of the symposium on Jewish culture appealed to a number of international organizations and public figures with a call for support. (27, p. 257).

08.12.1976

Deputy Minister of Culture Popov warns organizers of the symposium on Jewish culture on the unacceptability of the symposium. (27, p. 262).

10.12.1976

KGB increases the pressure on the organizers of the symposium and starts questioning main activists. (27, p. 269).

14.12.1976

A new wave of searches and interrogations of members of the organizing committee of the symposium on Jewish culture in Moscow, Kiev, Leningrad, Gorky, Minsk, Tbilisi and other cities, lasting until December 20th. (27, p. 270-276).

14.12.1976

Meeting of organizers of the symposium on Jewish culture with Aaron Vergelis, editor in chief of the newspaper “Sovetishe Heimland”. (27, p. 273).

21/12/1976

Scheduled unofficial symposium on Jewish culture in the USSR is banned by the authorities.