An exploration of whether the Fermi Paradox is truly a paradox at all and an exploration of what time frames are involved in determining that.
https://www.patreon.com/johnmichaelgodier
Papers:
"A Probabilistic Analysis of the Fermi Paradox", Evan Solomonides and Yervant Terzian, 2016
https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.07687
Music:
Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/
Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Einstein’s special theory of relativity is notorious for being easy to misuse, with the result that sometimes result in claims of paradoxes. When one digs more carefully into the theory, you find that no such paradoxes actually exist. In this video, Fermilab’s Dr. Don Lincoln describes a commonly claimed time dilation paradox and shows how to resolve it.
Related videos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXxtqK7G4Uw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CB1QFUCga0I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Txv7V_nY2eg

1 year on Earth = How much time on other objects?

Purpose of Disclaimer:
The Disclaimer at the beginning of the video points out to the fact that all the time dilation values have been calculated using the logic mentioned in the disclaimer. The logic has been proposed by the creater of the video. However, he/she is not responsible if the actual time on these Space objects does not match with the values stated in the video. 😛
.
.
Time, as we know is relative. Depending upon your proximity to a massive object and your speed, time would move slower/faster for you as compared to an isolated observer who is at rest.
The video tells us how much time passes on different objects in our Galaxy when one year passes on Earth.
Is the difference significant or not? Watch the video to know more.
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Quantum Reality: Space, Time, and Entanglement

Brian Greene moderates this fascinating program exploring the fundamental principles of Quantum Physics. Anyone with an interest in science will enjoy this thought-provoking and highly entertaining show.
FULL DESCRIPTION: Ninety years after the historic double-slit experiment, the quantum revolution shows no sign of slowing. Join a vibrant conversation with renowned leaders in theoretical physics, quantum computation, and philosophical foundations, focused on how quantum physics continues to impact understanding on issues profound and practical, from the edge of black holes and the fibers of spacetime to teleportation and the future of computers.
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Original Program Date: June 2 2017
MODERATOR: Brian Greene
PARTICIPANTS: Mark Van Raamsdonk, Gerard ’t Hooft, David Wallace, Birgitta Whaley
Brian Greene's introduction to Quantum Mechanics 00:09
Participant Introductions 03:32
Where do we currently stand with quantum mechanics? 05:30
Chapter One - Quantum Basics 07:48
The Double Slit experiment 14:18
Chapter Two - Measurement and Entanglement 26:53
Quantum Mechanics today is the best we have 41:27
Chapter Three - Quantum Mechanics and Black Holes 59:07
Black holes and Hawking Radiation 01:03:56
Chapter Four - Quantum Mechanics and Spacetime 01:15:45
Chapter Five - Applied Quantum 01:23:36
This program is part of the Big Ideas Series, made possible with support from the John Templeton Foundation.

Will We Ever Be Able to Travel Through a Wormhole?

Scientists may have found a way to make traversable wormholes a reality. How? Two black holes and some quantum entanglement.
Quantum Teleportation Is Real, Here's How It Works - https://youtu.be/yb38jozeDOs
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Read More:
New Wormhole Could Resolve the Black Hole Information Paradox
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/physics/new-wormhole-could-resolve-the-black-hole-information-paradox/
“What would happen if you fell into a black hole? For a long time, the only acceptable answer was that you would die. That is, unless a theoretical wormhole—a portal in spacetime between two black holes—were to save you.”
Wormholes Might Burrow Through Black Hole Cores
https://www.seeker.com/wormholes-might-burrow-through-black-hole-cores-1845995019.html
“The weird physics of a black hole's singularity could turn our "classical" idea about black holes on its head. What if general relativity breaks down and the singularity isn't a singularity at all? What if we replace the singularity with a wormhole? Suddenly, instead of being the ultimate trash compactors of the universe, black holes become the ultimate sci-fi dream: they could be space-time transportation hubs.”
The Oldest Black Hole Ever Found Is Almost as Old as the Universe Itself
https://www.seeker.com/astrophysics/the-oldest-black-hole-ever-found-is-almost-as-old-as-the-universe-itself
“A huge black hole has just been discovered that is about 13 billion light-years old – almost as old as the universe itself. The find of this supermassive black hole is puzzling astronomers because they can't figure out how this black hole was formed so early in the universe's history.”
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This episode of Seeker was co-hosted by Trace Dominguez

Brian Greene, professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University and co-founder of the World Science Festival, explains what we know about time travel so far. Following is a transcript of the video.
Brian Greene: I’m Brian Greene, professor of physics and mathematics at Columbia University and co-founder of the World Science Festival.
It's critical that you realize that there are two types of time travel, and they are radically different. Time travel to the future? Definitely possible.
We know how to do it because Einstein showed us the way over a hundred years ago. It’s surprising how few people actually really know about this in their bones. He showed that if you go out into space and travel near the speed of light, and you turn around, and you come back, your clock will be ticking off time more slowly. So, when you step off it's going to be the future on planet Earth. You will have time traveled into the future.
He also showed that if you hang out near a nice strong source of gravity — a neutron star, a black hole — and you kind of get right near the edge of that object, time also for you would slow down real slow relative to everybody else. And therefore, when you come back to Earth, for instance, it'll again be far into the future.
This is not controversial stuff. Any physicist who knows what they're talking about agrees with this. But the other kind of time travel — to the past is where the arguments start to happen because many of us don't think that time travel to the past is possible.
The main proposal that people at least consider worthy of attention for traveling to the past does make use of a weird concept called wormholes. A wormhole is something that really … Albert Einstein again discovered. The guy has like got his name written over everything in this field.
It's a bridge, if you will, from one location space to another. It's kind of a tunnel that gives you a shortcut to go from here to here. Now he discovered this in 1935 but it was subsequently realized that if you manipulate the openings of a wormhole — put one near a black hole or take one on a high-speed journey — then time of the two openings of this wormhole tunnel will not take off at the same rate, so that you will no longer just go from one location in space to another, if you go through this tunnel — through this wormhole — you'll go from one moment in time to a different moment in time. Go one way, you'll travel to the past, the other way, travel to the future.
Now again, we don't know if wormholes are real. We don't know if they are real whether you'll be able to go through them. So, there are all sorts of uncertainties here. Most of us think that you're not going to actually go on a whirlwind journey through a wormhole to the past. But it's still not ruled out.
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What are X Points? And Why They are NOT Portals Through Space-Time

As of late I have seen many websites and videos claim that X points are essentially portals through space that humans can take advantage of. Some even go as far to say that X points have transported small space crafts through space-time. I am here today to tell you that all of this is false, but the truth behind X points may be cooler than the embellished stories.
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Sources:
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/mag-portals.html
https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/cfsa/people/valery/teaching/px420/handouts/mr1.pdf
https://mms.gsfc.nasa.gov/science.html
https://www.uu.edu/dept/physics/scienceguys/2004Sept.cfm
http://thecanadianinstituteforappliedastronomy.yolasite.com/flux-transfer-event--interplanetary.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_transfer_event
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection
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https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/ubernode_alt_horiz/public/mag-recon-graphic_0.jpg - NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/polar-xpoint.jpg - NASA
https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2013/asolarmagnet.jpg - Phys.org
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earths_Magnetic_Field_Confusion.svg
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https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/cassini/20150126/pia19055-16.jpg
http://trithucvn.net/khoa-hoc/chung-dang-song-cac-cong-trinh-cu-thach-khong-chi-la-da.html
https://alienpolicy.com/nasa-discovered-proof-of-portals-and-has-just-sent-four-spacecrafts-to-test-them/
Videos:
4K Galaxy Space Star Travel Zoom in Animation UHD HD Backgroundby أحمد الحسيني
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General theory of relativity--in 60 seconds

On set right now shooting for a baby bag company! 👶🏼 Haha in the meantime let's chat about Einstein's theory of general relativity! I just wanted to lay down a basis for this before jumping into gravitational waves and field theory! Which I REALLY wanna talk about!

Time Crystals are not Interesting - Ask a Spaceman!

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What’s the deal with time crystals? Do they break physics as we know it? Or are they merely…neat? What do symmetries and the conservation of energy have to do with it? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman!
Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!
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Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain. Thanks to WCBE Radio for hosting the recording session, Greg Mobius for producing, and Cathy Rinella for editing.
Hosted by Paul M. Sutter, astrophysicist at The Ohio State University, Chief Scientist at COSI Science Center, and the one and only Agent to the Stars (http://www.pmsutter.com).

Time Crystals are Very Interesting - Ask a Spaceman!

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What’s the deal with time crystals? Do they break physics as we know it? Or are they merely…neat? What do symmetries and the conservation of energy have to do with it? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman!
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Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!
Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G., Kevin O., Justin R., Helge B., Tim R., Michael C., Lars H., Ray S., John F., James L., Mark R., Alan M., David B., and Silvan W.!
Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain. Thanks to WCBE Radio for hosting the recording session, Greg Mobius for producing, and Cathy Rinella for editing.
Hosted by Paul M. Sutter, astrophysicist at The Ohio State University, Chief Scientist at COSI Science Center, and the one and only Agent to the Stars (http://www.pmsutter.com).

What Is The Shape of Space? (ft. PhD Comics)

A collaboration with Jorge Cham and Daniel Whiteson, check out "We Have No Idea" at http://www.wehavenoidea.com
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Numberphile video about sports in hyperbolic space: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6Got0X41pY
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This video is about the local and global geometry and curvature of space and spacetime, aka, is space flat? Negatively curved? Positively curved? etc.
Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!
Created by Henry Reich

Identical Universe Where Time Flows Backwards

Identical Universe Where Time Flows Backwards. Theoretical physicists are now proposing there is an inverse universe where time appears to move backwards not forwards. This universe is said to be an exact copy of ours. So instead of moving from prehistoric history to the digital age, this universe is experiencing the digital age first and progressing towards prehistoric history. Watch the video to learn more.
Is this inverse mirror universe possible? Tell us in the comments. If you enjoyed the video please hit that like button. Also, remember to subscribe for more videos just like this one.
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Full Episode | Cosmic Queries: Spacetime with Neil deGrasse Tyson

Fasten your interstellar seatbelt and flip your brain into overdrive. Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Godfrey are here to answer fan-submitted Cosmic Queries on the fabric of spacetime. Explore the edge of the known universe and whether there might be more unknown universe waiting beyond the horizon. You’ll hear about the fascinating theory describing our universe as a 3-D holographic projection of another higher-dimensioned reality. You’ll hear why dark matter could be “gravitational bleeding” from another dimension and how it’s possible that the study of dark matter and dark energy will unlock the secrets to traveling backwards in time. Investigate the connections between dark matter, Newtonian physics, and Occam’s razor. Neil also explains why the curvature of space is hard for us to see given that we are embedded in space itself. Find out about the Fermi paradox and the idea that extraterrestrial life might have already visited Earth and deemed life unintelligent. Discover more about Sir Isaac Newton: the problems Neil would ask him to solve today, how he invented calculus on a dare, and why Godfrey thinks he might be annoying to talk to in the modern era. All this, plus, a fan asks Neil, “How many physicists does it take to change a light bulb?” and his response is something you will not want to miss.
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Scientists have a few theories.
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How Time Travel Could Be Possible With Wormholes | Through The Wormhole

If you're a fan of science fiction, you may already know about wormholes: a hypothetical connection between widely separated regions of space-time. This passageway could create shortcuts for long journeys across the universe... but how is one made?
On this episode of Through The Wormhole physicists explain the science behind black holes and wormholes to decide whether or not it would be possible to time travel.
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Are wormholes real or what? How did we even start thinking of them? If we could build one, would it be possible to actually, you know, use it? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman!
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Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain. Thanks to WCBE Radio for hosting the recording session and Cathy Rinella for editing.
Hosted by Paul M. Sutter, who is a legit scientist (http://www.pmsutter.com)

The Many Worlds of the Quantum Multiverse | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

Is our universe a definitive single reality or is it merely one within an infinitely branching multiverse? Be sure to check out Physics Girl’s Dianna Cowern for more awesome science https://www.youtube.com/c/physicsgirl
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The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics tells us that observation collapses a probability wave into a single definitive outcome, but this isn’t the only interpretation of quantum mechanics. The many worlds theory proposes that the wavefunction never actually collapses. The observer simply follows one of those many possible paths into their present reality while all the other paths continue on independent of the observer. Each of these paths branches off into an entirely different reality. In this episode Matt discusses the details of the many worlds theory and why it’s not so far-fetched to think that our reality is simply one of an infinite number of realities existing within space time.
Links to sources:
The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-MNSLsjjdo
Hugh Everett's Ph.D. Dissertation
http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/manyworlds/pdf/dissertation.pdf
Crazy Pool Vortex
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnbJEg9r1o8
Previous Episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jowVq81AgGw
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Black Holes from the Dawn of Time | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

Primordial black holes may be lurking throughout our universe. How large are they, how many are out there and what would happen if they moved through our solar system? To learn more about black holes, gravity and so much more check out The Great Courses Plus by going to http://ow.ly/JqPz30491TL
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Scientists believe that many black holes may have been created at the time of the Big Bang and and are still roaming our universe today. If we found them they would tell us a great deal about the origins of the cosmos.
Previous Episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAoEnV3Zt_Q
How to Build a Black Hole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0
Do Events Inside Black Holes Happen?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNaEBbFbvcY
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What Happens When Black Holes Collide? Black Hole Mergers Across The Universe

Black holes are the most impressive objects in the Universe, but when happens when they crash into each other is absolutely mind-bending. They distort space and time itself, sending ripples out into the Universe.
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Music: Left Spine Down - “X-Ray”
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The sign of a truly great scientific theory is by the outcomes it predicts when you run experiments or perform observations. And one of the greatest theories ever proposed was the concept of Relativity, described by Albert Einstein in the beginning of the 20th century.
In addition to helping us understand that light is the ultimate speed limit of the Universe, Einstein described gravity itself as a warping of spacetime.
He did more than just provide a bunch of elaborate new explanations for the Universe, he proposed a series of tests that could be done to find out if his theories were correct.
One test, for example, completely explained why Mercury’s orbit didn’t match the predictions made by Einstein. Other predictions could be tested with the scientific instruments of the day, like measuring time dilation with fast moving clocks.
Since gravity is actually a distortion of spacetime, Einstein predicted that massive objects moving through spacetime should generate ripples, like waves moving through the ocean.
Just by walking around, you leave a wake of gravitational waves that compress and expand space around you. However, these waves are incredibly tiny. Only the most energetic events in the entire Universe can produce waves we can detect.
It took over 100 years to finally be proven true, the direct detection of gravitational waves. In February, 2016, physicists with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, or LIGO announced the collision of two massive black holes more than a billion light-years away.
Any size of black hole can collide. Plain old stellar mass black holes or supermassive black holes. Same process, just on a completely different scale.
Let’s start with the stellar mass black holes. These, of course, form when a star with many times the mass of our Sun dies in a supernova. Just like regular stars, these massive stars can be in binary systems.
Imagine a stellar nebula where a pair of binary stars form. But unlike the Sun, each of these are monsters with many times the mass of the Sun, putting out thousands of times as much energy. The two stars will orbit one another for just a few million years, and then one will detonate as a supernova. Now you’ll have a massive star orbiting a black hole.
And then the second star explodes, and now you have two black holes orbiting around each other.
As the black holes zip around one another, they radiate gravitational waves which causes their orbit to decay. This is kind of mind-bending, actually. The black holes convert their momentum into gravitational waves.
As their angular momentum decreases, they spiral inward until they actually collide.
What should be one of the most energetic explosions in the known Universe is completely dark and silent, because nothing can escape a black hole. No radiation, no light, no particles, no screams, nothing. And if you mash two black holes together, you just get a more massive black hole.
The gravitational waves ripple out from this momentous collision like waves through the ocean, and it’s detectable across more than a billion light-years.
This is exactly what happened earlier this year with the announcement from LIGO. This sensitive instrument detected the gravitational waves generated when two black holes with 30 solar masses collided about 1.3 billion light-years away.
This wasn’t a one-time event either, they detected another collision with two other stellar mass black holes.
Regular stellar mass black holes aren’t the only ones that can collide. Supermassive black holes can collide too.
From what we can tell, there’s a supermassive black hole at the heart of pretty much every galaxy in the Universe. The one in the Milky Way is more than 4.1 million times the mass of the Sun, and the one at the heart of Andromeda is thought to be 110 to 230 million times the mass of the Sun.
In a few billion years, the Milky Way and Andromeda are going to collide, and begin the process of merging together. Unless the Milky Way’s black hole gets kicked off into deep space, the two black holes are going to end up orbiting one another.

For those of you in New York City you can check out Matt live at PBS Nerd Night at the NYC YouTube Space on Thursday night September 22nd. Hope to see you there. to.pbs.org/nerdnight
Albert Einstein strongly disagreed with Niels Bohr when it came to Bohr’s interpretation of quantum mechanics. Quantum entanglement settled the argument once and for all.
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Previous Episode - Self-Replicating Robots and Galactic Domination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI
Veritasium’s video Quantum Entanglement and Spooky Action at a Distance at 7:36
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuvK-od647c
How the Quantum Eraser Rewrites the Past at 8:41
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ORLN_KwAgs
Einstein argued that elementary particles maintained their intrinsic values whether they were being observed or not. Bohr believed that in observing such particles we collapsed a wave function of probabilities. He asserted that it is only when these wave functions collapse that one of many probabilities is chosen and the particles take on distinct values. Quantum entanglement, John Stewart Bell and Alain Aspect eventually proved that Bohr was correct.
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
Comments:
Borne Stellar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI&lc=z13kddtono20c1h2g22kx1brstvvsthus
Strofi Kornego
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI&lc=z12vh34b2l2uxvagy04cg5swtqf0s3gb1o00k
Daniel Oberley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI&lc=z12rsv2yszi5td21w22aytvhxvagg1giz04

Has a fifth fundamental force been discovered and how will this effect our understanding of the universe?
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Quantum Eraser Challenge
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Uzytrooz44
Previous Episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jW55cViXu6s
New Fundamental Particle Discovered
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFOgIijPWGY
A laboratory in Hungary has has witnessed a startlingly strange reaction between Beryllium-8 atoms. It seems to point to the existence of a fundamental force beyond the four we already know. And this new force may have something to do with dark matter.
Nature Article on Radioactive Decay Anomaly
http://www.nature.com/news/has-a-hungarian-physics-lab-found-a-fifth-force-of-nature-1.19957
The associated Feng et al. 2016 paper:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.07411
Krasznahorkay et al. 2015 first report the anomaly
https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.01527
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
Challenge Winners:
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Michael Eby
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Gabriel Bean

Quantum Eraser Lottery Challenge | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

Matt challenges you to use quantum physics to win the lottery. Are you up to the task?
Previous Episode on Quantum Eraser https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ORLN_KwAgs
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The Quantum Eraser experiment seems to show that information can travel backwards in time. On today’s episode of Space Time, we are going to create a time-traveling communication device and use it to cheat on the lottery!
Here's Your Challenge question:
Why am I going to be sadly disappointed after turning on my invention? I do get a signal – nice work future me – and that signal DOES contain the interference patterns from my future choices with perfect fidelity. But for some reason I can’t read the numbers. What went wrong?
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
Challenge Answers
Submit your answers with full work to [email protected] for a chance to win a Space Time t-shirt.
Make sure you use the subject title “Quantum Eraser Challenge question” to be in the running. Submit answers before August 24, 2016.

Try Audible: http://www.audible.com/spacetime
Causality is meant to move in one direction: forward. But the Quantum Eraser experiment seems to reverse causality. How and why can this happen and what are the implications of this experiment on how we understand Quantum Mechanics and our greater universe?
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A Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser
Kim, Yu, Kulik, Shih & Scully, 2000, Physical Review Letters v.84 p.1
http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9903047v1
Previous Episode on Can We Survive the Destruction of the Earth? ft. Neal Stephenson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE
Previous Episode on The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-MNSLsjjdo
Gamma Ray Bursts by In a Nutshell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLykC1VN7NY
Episode written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
Comments answered by Matt
MirceaKitsune
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12vfjjhemf1sxi5104cir5g2kisylrwdqw0k
tsjoencinema
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z13axr1zmzygftjf522mwjaq5tyruty1p
Weapon Valhalla
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z133h3whrzi4sfqne23htd3hymjoylkyj04
Narigone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12bftwgfk3wwp4ia04cc3ar2xiuvpvhnqw0k
TimmacTR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12nhp5qypb2ytnhq04cj11xwnn2ihyieag
kaleb tandberg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z122tp3ycsv4u3kd023tyz4wfsyzzzdvn
The deathless face of the unborn mind
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12ptr35szykzf4gu04cjp3z0lmchvwwzrw0k
Error 404: Hodor Not Found
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12gefxxuufihh43t23pezs5ryalxjhbp04

FTL04: Wormholes

In Episode 4 we look at the concept of wormholes, how they derive from General Relativity, the various different types and theories, and some under-considered uses of wormholes. We'll also discuss some myths and misunderstandings of the concept.
Support the Channel on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur
Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud:
https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/ftl04-wormholes
Cover Art by Jakub Grygier:
https://www.artstation.com/artist/jakub_grygier
Matt Visser's 1989 paper "Traversable wormholes: Some simple examples":
https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.0907

The double slit experiment radically changed the way we understand reality. To check out any of the lectures available from The Great Courses Plus go to http://ow.ly/QVaz302duhX and get ready to learn about everything from cooking to calculus.
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The double slit experiment radically changed the way we understand reality. Find out what the ramifications of this experiment were and how we can use it to better comprehend our universe.
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
Previous Episode https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJ2RNBAFLj0
The Planck Length and the Origin of Quantum Mechanics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQSbms5MDvY
Veritasium and the Double Slit Experiment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzbKb59my3U
Is Quantum Tunneling Faster than Light?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IfmgyXs7z8
Comments by:
Jason Blank
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NqbRcwWwPw&lc=z13mhf0rcurtybftb23nf3yalruqvx2dm
Deisisase
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NqbRcwWwPw&lc=z13uifuzxlr3xvc1022ly1jo4uijfjhgj04
Bike Jake
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NqbRcwWwPw&lc=z13mcnhbglncgpbc122wgxsabw31xdvqw04
An Imposter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NqbRcwWwPw&lc=z12hyl5z4lvsjdihn04cgbhbsnnivhbgdqw0k

To check out any of the lectures available from Great Courses Plus go to http://ow.ly/K9mK301cRdj and get ready to learn about everything from cooking to calculus.
Previous episode on Quantum Tunneling and the de Broglie Wavelength: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IfmgyXs7z8
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Planck's Length is the length below which the concept of length loses its meaning. What exactly does that mean and what are the incredible implications this fact has upon our reality? To find out check out this episode of Space Time where Matt digs into the early history of quantum mechanics.
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
Comments by:
BrunoJMR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dgv2WWpm7_s&lc=z12wsxth5oa1fvgzy04ccjpwjq3jxhebbc0
Prasad Deshmukh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dgv2WWpm7_s&lc=z130zlxzpsnwudcfu22jc3go0yejelhrq04
Gary Palmer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dgv2WWpm7_s&lc=z125vb0ygumeyzv1b224vni5sxfler2uu
Ed Eggermont
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dgv2WWpm7_s&lc=z12kehkorrqxffvng22utliaqknid3bht04
Dylan T
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dgv2WWpm7_s&lc=z123yzaazwi3gl5ag04cgrqjlvexgxhrndo

Start your Audible trial today: http://www.audible.com/spacetime
Hello from the other side. In this episode find out how quanta can can move through solid objects.
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Where are you right now? Until you interact with another particle you could be any number of places within a wave of probabilities. This is only one way that quantum mechanics challenges our perception of reality. Matt dives into these counter-intuitive ideas and explains the bizarre phenomenon known as quantum tunneling in this episode of Space Time.
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)
*Paper referenced in episode is "Measurement of the Single-Photon Tunneling Time" by Steinberg, Kwiat, & Chiao, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 708 and can be found here: http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.708
Check out the previous episode of Space Time: Is an Ice Age Coming?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztninkgZ0ws

FTL03: Alcubierre Warp Drives

In Episode 3 we look at the concept of warp drives, a theoretical type of spaceship propulsion that warps spacetime to allow faster than light travel. We discuss the basic concept and the scientific and technological hurdles to developing it, along with clearing up many of the myths about it.
Support the Channel on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur
Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud:
https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/ftl03-alcubierre-drive
References: Miguel Alcubierre's original 1994 paper
http://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0009013v1.pdf
Finazzi, Liberati, and Barcel's 2009 Analysis of Instabilities
http://arxiv.org/pdf/0904.0141v2.pdf

Faster Than Light ep02: Tachyons and Time Travel

Our second installment of a new series looking at Faster Than Light, or FTL, concepts and technologies. In this episode we look at the Tachyon, a hypothetical superluminal particle than can travel back in time as well as looking at what theory tells us about Time Travel and Temporal Paradoxes.
Support the Channel on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur
Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud:
https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/ftl02-tachyons-and-time-travel
Music:
"Doctor Who - Into the Doctor" by PJM25595//Dalekium
https://www.youtube.com/user/PJM25595
"Morninglight" by Frank Dorittke
http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Frank_Dorittke/
"The Terminator Theme" (Orchestral Remix) by Morten Malvik
https://www.youtube.com/user/mormalv
"Mario Bava Sleeps In a Little Later Than He Expected To" by Chris_Zabriskie
https://www.youtube.com/user/chriszab...

Faster Than Light ep01: Quantum Entanglement

Our first installment of a new series looking at Faster Than Light, or FTL, concepts and technologies. In this episode we review the basics of Special Relativity and some misconceptions about it, then look at Quantum Entanglement.
Support the Channel on Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur
Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud:
https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/ftl01-quantum-entanglement
Music:
"Doctor Who - Into the Doctor" by PJM25595//Dalekium
https://www.youtube.com/user/PJM25595
"Mario Bava Sleeps In a Little Later Than He Expected To" by Chris_Zabriskie
https://www.youtube.com/user/chriszabriskie

The Story of Spacetime – with Fay Dowker

Fay Dowker tells the story of general relativity and its interactions with Newtonian physics, from Galileo to cutting edge research on the granularity of spacetime.
Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe
Watch the Q&A that follows this talk here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyBGWd6IddU
Fay Dowker is Professor of Theoretical Physics at Imperial College London and works on the problem of quantum gravity. Her research is based on the hypothesis that spacetime is fundamentally granular or atomic, and she has done numerous public lectures.
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The Origin of Matter and Time | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

What are… things?
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Now that we’ve broken down our preconceived notions about mass and time, let’s redefine what they really are. Since we know that time is not a universal constant, what is? On this week’s Space Time, Matt defines causal order and explains how even though time may look different to multiple observers, it is the one concrete reality that we can all agree on.
The True Nature of Matter and Mass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSKzg...
When Time Breaks Down
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GguAN1_JouQ
_____________________
FURTHER READING:
Lorentz Transformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation
_____________________
COMMENTS:
Endre Kovács
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GguAN1_JouQ&lc=z12phnyohlrag1l5g04cj3byypregxqwciw
ectoplasm2369
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GguAN1_JouQ&lc=z12ftb25bu3xdpvkr23kxfvjnnz4x54mk
BrunoJMR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GguAN1_JouQ&lc=z13cupk5ivbch53qm04ccjpwjq3jxhebbc0
______________________
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

When Time Breaks Down | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

This episode on the physics of time syncs perfectly with Pink Floyd's 'Dark Side of the Moon.'
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Last week we learned how motion gives matter its mass. But how does motion affect time? Let’s dive deeper into the true nature of matter and mass by exploring Einstein’s photon clock thought experiment, and the phenomenon that is time dilation.
Last Week's Episode: The True Nature of Matter and Mass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSKzgpt4HBU
The Speed of Light is NOT About Light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo
______________________
Original thumbnail art by Charles Ballard
http://cdesignz2k.deviantart.com/art/Tic-Toc-a-space-time-clock-214287288
______________________
COMMENTS:
Paramdeep Singh obheroi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSKzgpt4HBU&lc=z13gtjkwuv2luzwaw04cjlag3qmitx0ajco
Bernardo SOUSA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSKzgpt4HBU&lc=z123vrbrawvzjdj3i22pflhzekm0tputk
Joshua Hillerup
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSKzgpt4HBU&lc=z133jfi4tw2bjdia204cfd1jgozeydsyikg0k
______________________
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

The True Nature of Matter and Mass | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

Are matter, mass, and time real?
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We know that mass is energy… but what is energy? And where did matter and time even come from? Matt begins to dive into these intricate topics by first examining what inertial mass is, how it relates to gravitational mass, and what it all means for mass as a fundamental property.
The Speed of Light is NOT About Light
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo
The Real Meaning of E=mc²
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xo232kyTsO0
______________________
COMMENTS:
Caleb Limb
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kixAljyfdqU&lc=z13quhjzkvituzvmf23fx5oy5pzxilxeh
Felix Feist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kixAljyfdqU&lc=z12fvxor4kn5jxexj04cgrhw2v2bv5rywf0
deathbypowerpoint
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kixAljyfdqU&lc=z124hzobmyvhxdx4n04cef5xzrjpwjob52c
______________________
FURTHER READING:
Inertial Mass
http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae305.cfm
Equivalence Principle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_principle
______________________
Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

The Higgs Mechanism Explained | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

What is the Higgs field and why is it a fundamental part of our universe?
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Quantum Field Theory is generally accepted as an accurate description of the subatomic universe. However until recently this theory had one giant hole in it. The particles it describes had no mass! The Higgs field and the Higgs mechanism were proposed long ago in order to give particles mass, but it was only in 2012 that the existence of the field was proved with the discovery of the Higgs boson by the Large Hadron Collider. In this episode of Space Time, we tell you exactly how the Higgs field can "give" something mass, which opens the door to a deeper understanding of what mass really is.
______________________
Comments:
AFastidiousCuber
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0&lc=z12gxfljuqeqybnvb22pijcjhympx3hyc04
Casteverus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0&lc=z13jhbdifmvvgtds122igdapnqjqe1vt4
Gareth Dean
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0&lc=z12qfluaqqn1cbswj04chx1bhrjygnzoif0
WR3ND
https://www.youtube.com/watchv=xx4562gesw0&lc=z12xxhwzbpqgcpv2v221whw54p3ef5zs1
______________________
Further Reading and Watching:
Leonard Susskind on the Higgs interaction:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqNg819PiZY
Gravitational waves heating up a star:
McKernan et al. 2014
http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.1414

Are there really shortcuts through space and time? Cody Levine helps separate fact from science fiction.
Cody Levine is a 6th-grade student who has been passionate about space since he could walk. Nothing gets him more pumped than talking about negative energy!
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx

Has the last great prediction of Einstein's general relativity finally been verified?
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For the past 90 years, the predictions laid out Einstein's general theory of relativity have continued to be confirmed by experimental science. The last hold out is gravitational waves - the idea that certain gravitational events cause actual ripples in Spacetime. The problem is that the effects are almost beyond microscopic, so they are incredibly hard to detect. But have scientist done it? Have gravitational waves finally been directly observed??? Watch the episode to find out.
Gravitational Waves Extra Credit:
Nature article on rumor:
http://www.nature.com/news/has-giant-ligo-experiment-seen-gravitational-waves-1.18449
Lawrence Krauss' tweet:
https://twitter.com/LKrauss1/status/647510799678750720
Comments:
Eshan Das
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z12ueztykoiusb4ra04cc5hy4zz1dnkwujw
NOBUNAGA1991
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z13ji1objvn4cdas223lib3wzmnvhvc5e04
aaroNiGHTS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z12uhtdayxj2jpveu22bttlivovqtxmos04
Tim Pipp
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z12ydpwphkq1xr2fy22yj1pasqq2yvyfi
Marse Petrarse
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z12pyr1jtwywsr0vv22gsbnz1oi4xbsia04
Procyon Beta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z125spnzlzjdfn1w504ciplq0pfhy5ujxpg0k
dentoncrimescene
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z13gjl0hbrzut33bl04cj3rzetfvutkgiyg0k

The Speed of Light is NOT About Light | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

The Speed of Causality
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The speed of light is often cited as the fastest anything can travel in our universe. While this might be true, the speed of light is the EFFECT and not the CAUSE of this phenomenon. So what's the cause? On this week's episode of Space Time, Matt helps explain what the speed of light REALLY is and why it’s the cosmic speed limit of our universe!
"The Real Meaning of E=mc²":
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xo232kyTsO0
"Are Space And Time An Illusion?":
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YycAzdtUIko
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SOURCES:
Einstein's derivation or the Lorentz transformation from the invariant speed of light:
Einstein, Albert (1916) "Relativity: The Special and General Theory"
http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924011804774#page/n159/mode/2up
Lorentz Transformation without invariant speed of light, from relativity, isotropy, and consistency of frame transitions (closure group postulate):
von Ignatowsky, “Das Relativitatsprinzip,” Archiv der Mathematik und Physik 17, 1–24 (1911)
Berzi1 & Gorini, J. Math. Phys. 10, 1518 (1969)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1665000
Pelissetto & Testa, American Journal of Physics, 83, 338, (2015) "Getting the Lorentz transformations without requiring an invariant speed"
http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.02423
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivations_of_the_Lorentz_transformations
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COMMENTS:
Denny Hiu
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z124w3dhotmtx34lk224wzxyhwqufdefe
. (RadimaxRadimaX)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z124xv145zzkzpiei233spnqjzraejjig04
Epsilon Lazerface
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z12fv5ejyzyyc1dbv04cgzhyxknfzdnjcao
LassieDog999
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z12zz13iezrqh142k23kitgxuqjqy35su
Tenebrae
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z134yj2pcvrkhnu4u04ccdxhuufvuvkomd0
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REFERENCES:
Krauss & Scherrer 2007 http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0221
Vardanyan, Trotta & Silk, 2011 http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.5476
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Timeless Time in the Quantum World

In our world, it wouldn't be normal for a broken teacup to pull itself together again in the next moment. But in the quantum world, the "flow" of time does not seem to exist. Physicists Fay Dowker, Roger Penrose, and Frank Wilczek explain this strange yet fundamental phenomenon in a clip from the 2009 World Science Festival program "Time Since Einstein."
Watch the Full Program Here: https://youtu.be/d5G90ovdqmk
Original Program Date: June 13, 2009
The World Science Festival gathers great minds in science and the arts to produce live and digital content that allows a broad general audience to engage with scientific discoveries. Our mission is to cultivate a general public informed by science, inspired by its wonder, convinced of its value, and prepared to engage with its implications for the future.
Subscribe to our YouTube Channel for all the latest from WSF.
Visit our Website: http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/
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The Leap Second Explained | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

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Every once in a while we add a second onto our days. Similar to the Leap Year, this is known as the Leap Second. But, if the Leap Year already helps us account for the offset from a calendar in days, what exactly does the Leap Second do? Check out this video for the answer!
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Australia will perpetually encounter the season opposite to the one we in the northern hemisphere will encounter, so does this means that Australia will never get a white Christmas? You may think the answer is YES, but on this week’s episode of Space Time we look at how Earth’s orbit around the sun, tilt on its axis, and other motions combine with our own perception of time to make this answer not be as definite as you might think! Check it out!
Extra Credit:
Veritasium gyroscope video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty9QSiVC2g0
Other resources on gyroscopic precession:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQEKhIovKA0
http://butikov.faculty.ifmo.ru/Gyroscope.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZlT26lF5Fw
Other videos about leap years, years and the calendar:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGjP3vAZGa4 (It's Okay to be Smart)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53glKEPzElA (minutephysics)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xX96xng7sAE (CGP Grey)
The tropical year and the solar calendar:
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JRASC..85..121B
Long-term orbit of Earth through space:
http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2011/08/aa16836-11/aa16836-11.html
http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2011/08/aa16836-11.pdf
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Comments:
acapellascience
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWYEnvMM1dA&lc=z12sgf2o4rytifkb404citkipn3pxr0gg54
Ben McLean
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWYEnvMM1dA&lc=z121wpiymqqmxjv3c23rzvijanm5i5i22
Jack King
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWYEnvMM1dA&lc=z12eezmbps3fcfty204cfrrwowq0wdlazss0k
Music:
Saw Slicing - Patternbased (https://soundcloud.com/patternbased)
Heisse Luft - Thompson and Kuhl (https://soundcloud.com/phlow/05-x-com)
u dont know im fadin
Deep Blue - Janne Hanhisuanto (https://soundcloud.com/jannehanhisuanto)
Earth Breath - Human Terminal (http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Hum...)
Tropico de Tauro - Sr. Aye https://soundcloud.com/sr-aye)
Secret Society - Logical Disorder (http://logicaldisorder.bandcamp.com/)
New SpaceTime episodes every Wednesday!
Hosted by Gabe Perez-Giz
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Watch the talented Reggie Watts perform at the Exploratorium August 9th, 2012. Reggie was at the Exploratorium for an Osher Fellowship, and he graciously joined us at the end of a live webcast on Mars to share a little of his own feelings about the red planet!

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