USML 29

Examining the significance and uses of written documents in medieval Serbian society, for the very first time the manifestations of everyday literacy are revealed in the area where the East and the West intersect in southeastern Europe.

The interweaving of Latin and Byzantine influences shaped the culture of literacy in medieval Serbia. Unprecedented in the field, this study aims to show that, even if only about 1000 Serbian medieval documents are preserved, this does not mean that little had been written. An exploration of the use of written documents in commercial, legal, and private relations in late medieval Serbia constitutes the basic scope of the research. It focuses on the documents’ fate and on their social roles from the moment they were issued or submitted to their beneficiaries. The making of charters – by rulers, the Church, the aristocracy, towns, and public notaries – is analysed, as are the main fields of the use of the written word – evidentiary procedure, diplomacy, and correspondence. The citation of individual examples of pragmatic literacy allows us to give an approximate idea of how widespread the belief in the power of the written word really was. Even though the ways in which documentary literacy manifested itself in late medieval Serbia display certain idiosyncrasies, the growth in the use and reputation of written documents suggests that the Serbian case was not all that unlike the written customs and practices elsewhere in medieval Europe.

Contents:

Chapter 1. Introduction: Mediëval Serbia (Land, Ruler, People)

Part One: Written Records in Mediëval Serbia

Chapter 2. Several Observations on Sources

Laws — Documents — Literary Sources — Other Sources

Chapter 3. Characteristics of This Research

Chapter 4. Basic Characteristics of the Documentary Legacy of the Serbian Middle Ages

Materials — Writing and Language — The Names of Documents — The Fate and Preservation of Mediëval Documents

Chapter 5. Social and Material Prerequisites of Written Communication

The Development of Literacy — The Pre-Nemanjic Period: Examples of Documentary Literacy — Serbia in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Causes of the Surge in Documentary Literacy — Peculiarities of the Bosnian State

Part Two: Agents of Literacy

Chapter 6. The Ruler

The Rulers’ Ideology and the Written Document — The Reputation of Rulers’ Documents (Public Faith and Permanence) — The Ruler and State Administration

Chapter 7. The Church

Written Basis of the Privileged Status of the Church — Documents of Bishops, Written Administration under the Auspices of the Church — Monasteries

Chapter 8. The Nobility

“Written Patrimony” — The Use of Documents as a Reflection of Social Status

Chapter 9. The Towns

Town Privileges — Administration — The Mining Business — Trade (Coastal Merchants in the Hinterland)

Chapter 10. Public Notaries and Private Legal Relations

Written Documents in Private Legal Relations: The Word of Law — Nomiks and Nomik Documents — Private Documents and Notes

Hagiographies, Epistolaries, Drafts of Beginnings of Letters, Short Messages (Several Notes on Sources) — Private Correspondence of the Ruler’s Family — The Ruler and the Church: A Symphony in Correspondence — Church, Nobles, Citizens, Private Persons …

Chapter 13. The Probative Force of Documents and Their Role in Judicial Proceedings

Means of Evidence: The Basic Purpose — The Role of the Written Word in Legal Procedures — Probative Force and the Use of Serbian Documents in the Maritime Communes and in Venice — Forgeries

Chapter 14. In Place of a Conclusion: The Significance and Scope of the Written Word

Symbols — Factors of Dispersion — Literary Works as a Pattern — A Final Look