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Summary

Now in its Fifth Edition, America and Its Peoples presents American history filled with the drama and conflict that holds the attention of all students. Social historywith an emphasis on sports, leisure, and popular cultureis effectively integrated with more traditional coverage of military history, politics, and diplomacy. This edition highlights the rich ethnic diversity of the American people with vivid character sketches, colorful anecdotes, primary sources, new pedagogy, and a spirited narrative.

Table of Contents

Maps

xix

Tables and Figures

xxi

Features

xxiii

Preface

xxv

About the Authors

xxxiii

The Nation Reconstructed: North, South, and the West, 1865--1877

420

(32)

Thomas Pinckney Confronts His Former Slaves

421

(2)

Postwar Conditions and Issues

423

(4)

The War's Impact on Individuals

Unresolved Issues

Presidential Reconstruction

427

(2)

Lincoln's Plan

Johnson's Plan

Black Codes in the South

Congressional Reconstruction

429

(5)

``Radical'' Reconstruction

Black Suffrage

Reconstruction in the South

434

(7)

Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, and Black Republicans

Character of Republican Rule

Black and White Economic and Social Adaptation

Violent White Resistance

Reconstruction in the North and West

441

(7)

Northern Shifts in Attitudes

Western Expansion, Racism, and Native Americans

Final Retreat from Reconstruction

Conclusion

448

Chronology of Key Events

448

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

449

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

449

(1)

Media Resources

450

(1)

Key Terms

451

(1)

People You Should Know

451

(1)

Review Questions

451

The American Mosaic: Day of Jubilo: Slaves Confront Emancipation

424

(16)

The People Speak: Testimony Against the Klan

440

(12)

Emergence as an Economic Power

452

(36)

White City: The World's Columbian Exposition

453

(2)

America: Land of Plenty

455

(3)

Mineral and Geographic Possibilities

Technological Change

An Expanding Railroad Network

Creating a Favorable Climate: The Role of Ideology, Politics, and Finance

458

(4)

Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth

Laissez-Faire in Theory and Practice

Corporations and Capital Formation

The Rise of Big Business

462

(5)

Controlling Competition

New Managerial Styles and an Expanding Middle Class

Mass Marketing, Assembly Lines, and Mass Production

The Power of Bigness

Varieties of Economic Change in the West and South

467

(8)

Western Expansion and Exploitation

The Changing Nature of Farming

The New South

Working in Industrial America

475

(8)

The Conditions of Work

Worker Discontent

Early Labor Violence

Unorganized and Organized Labor

Conclusion

483

Chronology of Key Events

483

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

484

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

484

(1)

Media Resources

484

(2)

Key Terms

486

(1)

People You Should Know

487

(1)

Review Questions

487

The American Mosaic: The Wild West

470

The People Speak: The Gospel of Wealth

459

(29)

The Rise of an Urban Society and City People

488

(32)

Lizzie Borden: Victorian Woman and Murderer

489

(2)

The New Immigrants

491

(3)

``Birds of Passage''

In Search of a New Home

Nativism: The Anti-Immigrant Reaction

494

(3)

Sources of Conflict

Closing the Golden Door

New Cities and New Problems

497

(6)

City Technology

The Segregated City

The Problems of Growth

From Private City to Public City

City Culture

503

(5)

Night Life and Day Life

From the Genteel Tradition to Realism and Naturalism

Describing the Urban Jungle

Painting Urban Reality

The Sounds of the City

Entertaining the Multitudes

508

(9)

Of Fields and Cities

``I Can Lick Any Sonofabitch in the House''

The Excluded Americans

From Central Park to Coney Island

The Magic of the Flickering Image

The Agony of Painless Escape

Conclusion

517

Chronology of Key Events

516

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

517

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

517

(1)

Media Resources

518

(1)

Key Terms

518

(1)

People You Should Know

519

(1)

Review Questions

519

The American Mosaic: College Football Wars

510

The People Speak: How the Other Half Lives

502

(18)

End-of-the-Century Crisis

520

(30)

The Election of 1896: ``Free Silver'' vs. The Gold Standard

521

(2)

Equilibrium and Inertia: The National Political Scene

523

(5)

Divided Power: The Parties and the Federal Government

Subtle Differences: The Bases of Party Loyalty

The Business of Politics: Party Organization

The Struggle for Inclusion: Women and Politics

Style over Substance: Government in the Gilded Age, 1877--1892

528

(5)

Hayes and the ``Money Question''

Garfield, Arthur, and the Patronage Issue

Cleveland, the Railroads, and Tariffs

Harrison and Big Business

Legislative Activity on Minority Rights and Social Issues

Revolt of the West and South

533

(5)

Grievances: Real and Imagined

The Farmers Organize

The Agrarian Agenda

Emergence of the Populist Party

Depression and Turbulence in the 1890s

538

(9)

The Roots and Results of the Depression

Expressions of Worker Discontent

Deteriorating Race Relations

The Tide Turns: The Election of 1896

Conclusion

547

Chronology of Key Events

546

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

547

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

547

(1)

Media Resources

548

(1)

Key Terms

549

(1)

People You Should Know

549

(1)

Review Questions

549

The American Mosaic: ``Rise Brothers!'': The Black Response to Jim Crow

544

The People Speak: Senator William Alfred Peffer, ``The Mission of the Populist Party''

539

(11)

Imperial America, 1870-1900

550

(26)

President Grant's Dreams of Expansion

551

(1)

Congressional Control and the Reduction of American Power

552

(2)

Trimming the State Department

Reducing the Military

Seward's Dream

The Spirit of American Greatness

554

(4)

American Exceptionalism

Sense of Duty

Search for Markets

The New Navy

Large Policy

The Emergence of Aggression in American Foreign Policy

558

(3)

Confronting the Germans in Samoa

Teaching Chile a Lesson

Plucking the Hawaiian Pear

Facing Down the British

The War for Empire

561

(12)

The Spirit of the 1890s

The Cuban Revolution

The Yellow Press

The Spanish-American War

Freeing Cuba

The Imperial Debate

The War to Crush Filipino Independence

Keeping the Doors Open

Conclusion

573

Chronology of Key Events

573

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

574

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

574

(1)

Media Resources

574

(1)

Key Terms

575

(1)

People You Should Know

575

(1)

Review Questions

575

The American Mosaic: Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

568

The People Speak: March of the Flag

555

(21)

The Progressive Struggle, 1900--1917

576

(36)

Theodore Roosevelt and the Coal Miners' Strike of 1902

577

(2)

The Progressive Impulse

579

(4)

America in 1901

Voices for Change

The Muckrakers

Progressives in Action

583

(10)

The Drive to Organize

Urban Beginnings

Reform Reaches the State Level

Progressivism Moves to the National Level

593

(6)

Roosevelt and New Attitudes Toward Government Power

Taft and Quiet Progressivism

Wilson and Moral Progressivism

Progressivism in the International Arena

599

(4)

Big Stick Diplomacy

Dollar Diplomacy

Missionary Diplomacy

Progressive Accomplishments, Progressive Failures

603

(4)

The Impact of Legislation

Winners and Losers

Conclusion

607

Chronology of Key Events

608

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

609

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

609

(1)

Media Resources

609

(2)

Key Terms

611

(1)

People You Should Know

611

(1)

Review Questions

611

The American Mosaic: The White Plague

584

(5)

The People Speak: An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Susan B. Anthony

589

(23)

The United States and World War I

612

(30)

Randolph Bourne Argues Against War

613

(1)

The Road to War

614

(10)

The Guns of August

American Neutrality

Allied Violations of Neutrality

Submarine Warfare

Preparedness Campaign

The Election of 1916

The End of Neutrality

American Industry Goes to War

624

(2)

Voluntarism

``Hooverizing''

Peace with Labor

Financing the War

The American Public Goes to War

626

(5)

Selling the War

Political Repression

Warfare Reform

African Americans and the Great Migration

The War Front

631

(1)

The War at Sea

Raising an Army

The Defeat of Germany

Social Unrest After the War

632

(2)

Mounting Racial Tension

Labor Unrest and the Red Scare

The Treaty of Versailles

634

(5)

The Fourteen Points

Discord Among the Victors

The Struggle for Ratification

The Election of 1920

Conclusion

639

Chronology of Key Events

639

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

640

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

640

(1)

Media Resources

640

(1)

Key Terms

641

(1)

People You Should Know

641

(1)

Review Questions

641

The American Mosaic: The First Day of the Somme

620

(4)

The People Speak: Woodrow Wilson, Address to Congress (1917)

624

(18)

Modern Times, 1920--1929

642

(26)

Margaret Sanger, Birth Control Pioneer

643

(1)

The Emergence of Modern America

644

(5)

Urban Growth

The Rise of a Consumer Economy

The Formation of Modern American Culture

649

(4)

Mass Entertainment

Spectator Sports

Low-Brow and Middle-Brow Culture

The Avant-Garde

The Sex Debate

The Clash of Cultures

653

(7)

The New Woman

Prohibition

The Scopes Trial

Xenophobia and Restricting Immigration

The Ku Klux Klan

African American Protests

The Harlem Renaissance

The Republican Restoration

660

(2)

Handsome Harding

Silent Cal

The Twilight of Progressivism

The Election of 1928

The Great Crash

662

(3)

Speculative Manias

The Market Crashes

Why It Happened

Conclusion

665

Chronology of Key Events

665

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

666

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

666

(1)

Media Resources

666

(1)

Key Terms

667

(1)

People You Should Know

667

(1)

Review Questions

667

The American Mosaic: The Sexual Revolution of the Early 1900s

654

The People Speak: Margaret Sanger, ``Happiness in Marriage'' (1926)

646

(22)

The Age of Roosevelt

668

(26)

Woody Guthrie: Balladeer of the Great Depression

669

(1)

The Great Depression in Global Perspective

670

(1)

The Human Toll

671

(1)

The Dispossessed

Private and Public Charity

President Herbert Hoover Responds

672

(1)

Conservative Responses

Government Loans

Franklin Roosevelt and the First New Deal

673

(10)

The Election of 1932

The First 100 Days

The New Dealers

The Farmer's Plight

The National Recovery Administration

Jobs Programs

Roosevelt's Critics

The Second New Deal

683

(2)

The Wagner Act

Social Security

The Election of 1936

The New Deal, Women, and Minority Groups

685

(3)

Women

African Americans

Mexican Americans

Native Americans

The New Deal in Decline

688

(1)

Court Packing

The Depression of 1937

Popular Culture During the Great Depression

689

(1)

Artistic and Literary Endeavors

Hollywood During the Great Depression

Conclusion

690

Chronology of Key Events

691

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

692

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

692

(1)

Media Resources

692

(1)

Key Terms

693

(1)

People You Should Know

693

(1)

Review Questions

693

The American Mosaic: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

674

(12)

The People Speak: Frances Perkins, ``The Social Security Act'' (1935)

686

(8)

The End of Isolation: America Faces the World, 1920--1945

694

(36)

The Allies Liberate Auschwitz

695

(2)

Diplomacy Between the Wars

697

(1)

American Diplomacy During the 1920s

United States Policy Toward Latin America

The Isolationist Mirage

The Coming of World War II

698

(9)

Hitler and Germany

Italy and Mussolini

Japanese Aggression for the East

Alliances for Expansion

The American Response to Hitler

War Begins

``The Arsenal of Democracy''

A Collision Course in the Pacific

Pearl Harbor

America Mobilizes for War

707

(3)

Mobilizing the Economy

Taming Inflation

Election of 1944

Molding Public Opinion

Social Changes During the War

710

(5)

Women

African Americans

Mexican Americans

Fear of Enemy Aliens

Internment of Japanese Americans

The War in Europe

715

(5)

The Grand Alliance

Early Axis Victories

Stemming the German Tide

Liberating Europe

The Yalta Conference

The War in the Pacific

720

(5)

Island Hopping

The Dawn of the Atomic Age

The Manhattan Project

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Conclusion

725

Chronology of Key Events

726

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

727

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

727

(1)

Media Resources

728

(1)

Key Terms

729

(1)

People You Should Know

729

(1)

Review Questions

729

The American Mosaic: Hiroshima and Nagasaki

722

The People Speak: Election Promises Should Be Kept

705

(13)

Map Essay: Landings on D-Day: The Longest Day

718

(12)

Waging Peace and War

730

(26)

The Hiss-Chambers Affair

731

(2)

Containing the Russian Bear

733

(5)

Origins of the Cold War

A World Divided

Tough Talk

The Marshall Plan: ``Saving Western Europe''

The Containment Policy

738

(6)

Berlin Test

Troubling Times

The Korean War

The Cold War at Home

744

(4)

Adjusting to Peace

Confronting the Demands of Labor

Failure of the Fair Deal

Searching for the Enemy Within

The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy

The Paranoid Style

748

(5)

HUAC Goes to Hollywood

``What's Wrong with Our Kids Today?''

Conclusion

753

Chronology of Key Events

753

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

754

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

754

(1)

Media Resources

754

(1)

Key Terms

755

(1)

People You Should Know

755

(1)

Review Questions

755

The American Mosaic: The Kefauver Crime Committee

750

The People Speak: NSC-68

741

(15)

Ike's America

756

(26)

The Murder of Emmett Till

757

(2)

Quiet Changes

759

(9)

``I Like Ike''

``Dynamic Conservatism''

A Country on Wheels

Ike, Dulles, and the World

A New Face in Moscow

1956: The Dangerous Year

The Troubled Second Term

Sputnik and Sputtering Rockets

Third-World Challenges

Not with a Bang, But a Whimper

We Shall Overcome

768

(6)

Taking Jim Crow to Court

A Failure of Leadership

The Word from Montgomery

The Sounds of Change

774

(5)

Father Knows Best

The Other Side of the Coin

The Meaning of Elvis

A Different Beat

Conclusion

779

Chronology of Key Events

779

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

780

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

780

(1)

Media Resources

780

(1)

Key Terms

781

(1)

People You Should Know

781

(1)

Review Questions

781

The American Mosaic: Integration in Sports

770

(6)

The People Speak: Images and Illusions

776

(6)

Vietnam and the Crisis of Authority

782

(30)

Ho Chi Minh and the Struggle for an Independent Vietnam

783

(2)

The Illusion of Greatness

785

(3)

Television's President

The ``Macho'' Presidency

Something Short of Camelot

Cuba Libre Revisited

Vietnam: America's Longest War

788

(11)

A Small Corner of a Bigger Picture

Kennedy's Testing Ground

Texas Tough in the Gulf of Tonkin

Lyndon's War

To Tet and Beyond

The Politics of a Divided Nation

The Tortuous Path Toward Peace

799

(10)

Outsiders on the Inside

Vietnamization: The Idea and the Process

A ``Decent Interval''

The Legacy of the War

Conclusion

809

Chronology of Key Events

808

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

809

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

810

(1)

Media Resources

810

(1)

Key Terms

811

(1)

People You Should Know

811

(1)

Review Questions

811

The American Mosaic: My Lai and the Question of War Ethics

806

The People Speak: Bloods

798

Map Essay: Logistics in a Guerrilla War: The Longest War

796

(16)

The Struggle for a Just Society

812

(36)

From Cassius Clay to Muhammad Ali

813

(3)

The Struggle for Racial Justice

816

(12)

Freedom Now

To the Heart of Dixie

``Bombingham''

Kennedy Finally Acts

The March on Washington

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Black Nationalism and Black Power

The Civil Rights Movement Moves North

The Great Society and the Drive for Equality

White Backlash

The Struggle Continues

The Youth Revolt

828

(2)

The New Left

The Making and Unmaking of a Counterculture

Liberation Movements

830

(13)

Women's Liberation

Sources of Discontent

Feminism Reborn

The Growth of Feminist Ideology

The Supreme Court and Sex Discrimination

The Equal Rights Amendment

Impact of the Women's Liberation Movement

¡Viva La Raza!

The Native American Power Movement

Gay and Lesbian Liberation

The Earth First

Conclusion

843

Chronology of Key Events

844

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

845

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

845

(1)

Media Resources

846

(1)

Key Terms

847

(1)

People You Should Know

847

(1)

Review Questions

847

The American Mosaic: Cesar Chavez and La Causa

838

The People Speak: Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from Birmingham City Jail

820

(28)

Power Shifts: The Emergence of the South and West

848

(24)

John Wayne: Western Icon, Political Conservative

849

(2)

The Emergence of the Southern Rim

851

(4)

From the Long Hot Summer to the Sunbelt

A Shift in Race Relations

The Business of the South Is Business

The Myth and Reality of the West

855

(6)

Packaging the West

Washington and the West

From Extraction to Diversification

The Problems and Benefits of Growth

Politics Western Style

861

(8)

An Aberration or an Omen?

Shifting Party Loyalties

The Politics of Liberation

Conclusion

869

Chronology of Key Events

869

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

870

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

870

(1)

Media Resources

871

(1)

Key Terms

871

(1)

People You Should Know

871

(1)

Review Questions

871

The American Mosaic: The New Immigration

866

The People Speak: The Conscience of a Conservative

863

(9)

Crises and Resurgence, 1970--1990

872

(20)

The Watergate Break-In

873

(3)

Crisis of Political Leadership

876

(1)

Restraining the Imperial Presidency

New-Style Presidents

Wrenching Economic Transformations

877

(3)

The Age of Inflation

Oil Embargo

Foreign Competition and Deindustrialization

Whipping Stagflation

A New American Role in the World

880

(3)

Detente

Foreign Policy Triumphs

No Island of Stability

The Reagan Revolution

883

(6)

Reaganomics

The Reagan Doctrine

A Remarkable Ideological Turnaround

The Reagan Revolution in Perspective

Collapse of Communism

Conclusion

889

Chronology of Key Events

890

Chapter Summary and Key Points

889

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

890

(1)

Media Resources

891

(1)

Key Terms

891

(1)

People You Should Know

891

(1)

Review Questions

891

The American Mosaic: The End of Two Eras

886

The People Speak: The Watergate Tapes

875

(17)

America in Our Time

892

The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

893

(1)

The Globalization of the American Economy

894

(4)

The Resurgence of the American Economy

The New Economy

The Aftermath

The Politics of the Post-Cold War Era

898

(4)

A Kinder, Gentler Nation

Enter Bill Clinton

The Disputed Election of 2000

Compassionate Conservatism

The United States and the Post-Cold War World

902

(5)

Panama and the Persian Gulf

Humanitarian Intervention

September 11, 2001

Civil Liberties and National Security: Trying to Strike a Balance

Arab Americans and Muslim Americans

Conclusion: The Meaning of September 11th

907

(1)

Chronology of Key Events

910

(1)

Chapter Summary and Key Points

910

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

911

(1)

Media Resources

911

(1)

Key Terms

912

(1)

People You Should Know

912

(1)

Review Questions

912

The American Mosaic: Terrorism in Historical Perspective

908

The People Speak: International Reaction to the September 11, 2001, Attacks on New York City and the Pentagon in Washington

895

(9)

Map Essay: The First Crisis of the Post--Cold War Era: The Persian Gulf War