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Nothing is known about the life of Aesara, she is known only from a one-page fragment of her philosophical work entitled On Human Nature preserved by Stobaeus.[1]Lucania, where she came from, was an ancient district of southern Italy and part of Magna Graecia where many Pythagorean communities existed. It has been conjectured that her name is a variation on the name Aresa, who, according to one minor tradition, was a daughter of Pythagoras and Theano.[2] A male writer from Lucania called Aresas is also mentioned by Iamblichus in his Life of Pythagoras.[3]

On Human Nature is written in the Doric prose characteristic of the 3rd century BC or earlier,[4] although that doesn't exclude the possibility that it was written later in an archaic style.[5] It has been argued that the fragment is a Neopythagorean forgery dating from the Roman era, although this at least implies that there was an earlier Pythagorean called Aesara of Lucania worth imitating.[6] It has also been suggested that the fragment is pseudonymous, and comes from a textbook produced by one of the dissenting successor schools to Archytas of Tarentum in Italy in the 4th or 3rd century BC.[7] In the absence of any strong evidence supporting either hypothesis, there is no reason to suppose that the fragment was not written by a woman philosopher called Aesara in the 4th or 3rd centuries BC.[8]

Aesara argues that it is by studying our own human nature (and specifically the human soul) that we can understand the philosophical basis for natural law and morality:[9]

Human nature seems to me to provide a standard of law and justice both for the home and for the city.

Aesara divides the soul into three parts: the mind which performs judgement and thought, the spirit which contains courage and strength, and desire which provides love and friendliness:

Being threefold, it is organized in accordance with triple functions: that which effects judgment and thoughtfulness is [the mind], that which effects strength and ability is [high spirit], and that which effects love and kindliness is desire.

These things, being divine, are the rational, mathematical, and functional principles at work in the soul.[10] Aesara's theory of natural law concerns three applications of morality, concerning the individual, the family, and social institutions.[9]

The Pythagoreans were notable as a sect for including women in their ranks. This did not necessarily equate to modern ideas of equality; they believed that women were responsible for creating harmony and justice in the home, in the same way that men had the same responsibility towards the state.[11] Seen in this context, Aesara's theory of natural law is fundamental to justice and harmony in society as a whole.[11]