Book the First: Sowing: Chapters 9–12

Book the First: Sowing: Chapters 13–16, page 2

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Summary — Chapter 13: Rachael

When Stephen finally returns to his room, he is shocked
to find Rachael sitting next to his bedridden wife, tending to what
appears to be a serious illness. Rachael tells Stephen to go to
sleep in the chair. Stephen falls asleep, but wakes up just in time
to see his wife about to swallow a lethal amount of one of her medicines.
Stephen is unable to act, but Rachael awakens suddenly and seizes
the bottle from the sick woman, thereby preventing her death. Ashamed
of his inability to bring himself to stop his wife’s attempted suicide, Stephen
looks upon Rachael as an angel.

Summary — Chapter 14: The Great Manufacturer

Time passes, moving relentlessly like the machinery of
a factory. Mr. Gradgrind tells Sissy that she is hopeless at the
school but that she may continue to live at Stone Lodge and care
for Mrs. Gradgrind. Gradgrind has become a Member of Parliament,
and he spends much of his time in London. Tom, now a dissipated,
hedonistic young man, tells Louisa that her father intends to arrange
a marriage between her and Mr. Bounderby, with whom Tom, as an apprentice
in the bank, now lives. He encourages Louisa to accept, so that
they might live together again, and tells her that she is his best defense
against Mr. Bounderby’s authority.

Summary — Chapter 15: Father and Daughter

When her father raises the prospect of marriage, Louisa
seems puzzled—she does not understand why she is being asked to
love the fifty-year-old Bounderby. Although she is sure that she
does not love him, she agrees to marry him, asking, “What does it
matter?” Louisa realizes that she does not, in fact, know how to
love, but she is anxious to please her father by marrying his friend.

Summary — Chapter 16: Husband and Wife

Bounderby tentatively mentions his marriage to Mrs. Sparsit,
suggesting that she should take a position keeping the apartments
at Bounderby’s bank after he and Louisa get married. Mrs. Sparsit
evidently disapproves of the marriage, stating ambiguously that
she hopes Bounderby is as happy as he deserves to be. Bounderby attempts
to show his affection for his bride-to-be by showering her with
jewels and fine clothes, but she remains impassive. At the last moment,
however, Louisa clings to Tom in fear, feeling that she is taking
a drastic and perhaps irrevocable step. Nevertheless, Bounderby
and Louisa are united in matrimony, and they set out on a -honeymoon
trip to Lyons, as Bounderby wants to observe the operations of some
factories there.

Analysis — Book the First: Sowing: Chapters
13–16

The question of how women, marriage, and the home fit
into an industrialized, mechanized society now comes to the forefront.
During the Victorian Era, the home was widely regarded as a place
of relaxation and pleasure and as an escape from the moral corruption of
the business world and from the grinding monotony of factory life—in
short, as a refuge from the working world. In Hard Times, however,
the distinction between home and workplace begins to dissolve. For
instance, the Gradgrind household is almost as mechanized as a factory.
Similarly, when Stephen’s drunken wife suddenly returns, his home
no longer provides a refuge from the misery of his factory work,
so he resorts to wandering the streets rather than returning home
after work. In both of these instances, the home fails to serve
as a refuge from the working world.

The homes presented in Hard Times derive
their tone from whatever female inhabits them. For instance, Gradgrind’s
wife, who is too complacent to argue with her husband over his mechanistic ways,
allows him to determine the fact-heavy tone of the home. Stephen’s
wife, the lascivious drunk, makes their home a wanton den to which
Stephen is reluctant to return. In contrast to Stephen’s wife, Rachael
embodies the qualities that make home a happy place—she is compassionate,
honest, sensitive, morally pure, and generous. She represents the
Victorian ideal of femininity. Because of these qualities, Stephen
frequently refers to her as his angel. Through her own virtues,
Rachael inspires him to maintain his personal integrity, and when
she cares for his ailing wife, Rachael lightens the tone of the
previously dismal residence.