Health Encyclopedia

Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections

Definition

A central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) occurs when bacteria enters the bloodstream through a
central line catheter
. A central line catheter is a long, thin tube that is inserted through a vein until it reaches a larger vein close to the heart. It is used to deliver medication, nutrition, IV fluids, and
chemotherapy.

If bacteria start to grow on the central line catheter, they can easily enter the blood and cause a serious infection. This can lead to a condition called
sepsis, which occurs when bacteria overwhelm the body.

Causes

Bacteria normally live on the skin. These bacteria will sometimes track along the outside of the catheter. From the catheter, they can get into the bloodstream.

Risk Factors

Factors that may increase your chance of a CLABSI:

Having a catheter for a long time

Having a catheter that is not coated with an antimicrobial—a substance that kills bacteria

Having a catheter inserted into a vein in the thigh

Having a weakened immune system

Being in the intensive care unit

Having an infection elsewhere in the body or skin

Symptoms

CLABSI may cause:

Fever

Chills

Fast heart rate

Redness, swelling, or tenderness at the catheter site

Drainage from catheter site

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.

Your bodily fluids may be tested. This can be done with:

Blood tests and cultures

Urine tests

Sputum
tests

Your heart may need to be viewed. This can be done with
echocardiogram.

Treatment

Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:

Antibiotics—Antibiotics are medications used to treat an infection. The kind of antibiotic you will be given depends on which bacteria is found in your blood.

Central line care—Often, the central line catheter will need to be removed and replaced by a new catheter.

Prevention

At the Hospital

When you are getting a central line placed, the staff will follow a series of steps to reduce your risk of infection.

There are also steps that you can take to reduce your risk of infection:

Ask the staff to take every precaution to prevent an infection.

Tell the staff right away if the bandage needs to be changed or if the site is red or sore.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.