分子生物学：ANKRD16は編集に欠陥のあるtRNAシンテターゼによるニューロン消失を防ぐ

ANKRD16 attenuates neurodegeneration induced by a mutation in the editing domain of alanyl tRNA synthetase by directly accepting mis-activated serine from the synthetase before transfer to the tRNA, establishing a new mechanism by which editing defects are prevented.

天文学：雲の無い系外惑星「ホットサターン」のナトリウム絶対存在量

The optical transmission spectrum for the ‘hot Saturn’ exoplanet WASP-96b reveals a clear atmosphere, an atmospheric sodium abundance and hence its metallicity, which is consistent with the metallicity trend observed in Solar System planets and exoplanets.

物性物理学：グラフェンプラズモニクスの基本的限界

Fundamental limits to graphene plasmonics p.530

The fundamental limits to plasmon damping in graphene are determined using nanoscale infrared imaging at cryogenic temperatures, and plasmon polaritons are observed to propagate over 10 micrometres in high-mobility encapsulated graphene.

材料科学：自己報告性と自己調節性を有する液晶

Self-reporting and self-regulating liquid crystals p.539

Liquid crystals are used to self-report and self-regulate either continuous or transient release of droplets or microparticles trapped within them in response to thermal, chemical, mechanical or biological stimuli.

地球科学：25億年前における地表陸塊の急速な出現と現代の水文循環の開始

Rapid emergence of subaerial landmasses and onset of a modern hydrologic cycle 2.5 billion years ago p.545

The use of triple-oxygen-isotope data from continental shales spanning the past 3.7 billion years suggests that continental crust with near-modern average elevation and extent emerged about 2.5 billion years ago.

人類学：ヒトの脳サイズ進化の生態学的および社会的駆動要因に関する推測

Inference of ecological and social drivers of human brain-size evolution p.554

Using estimates of metabolic costs of the brain and body, mathematical predictions suggest that the evolution of adult Homo sapiens-sized brains and bodies is driven by ecological rather than social challenges and is perhaps strongly promoted by culture.

神経変性：細胞環境がα-シヌクレイノパチーでの異なる病原性α-シヌクレイン株を生み出す

Distinct strains of misfolded α-synuclein proteins, which aggregate in neurons in Lewy body diseases or in oligodendrocytes in multiple system atrophy, are formed as a consequence of differences between intracellular environments.

ウイルス学：Mxra8は関節炎を引き起こす多数のアルファウイルスの受容体である

Mxra8 is a receptor for multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses p.570

The cell adhesion molecule Mxra8 is identified as a receptor for multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus, and anti-Mxra8 monoclonal antibodies are shown to reduce rates of chikungunya virus infection in mice and a range of human cells.

腫瘍免疫学：ヒト腫瘍浸潤細胞群中に多数存在し、独特の表現型を持つバイスタンダーCD8+ T細胞

Human lung and colorectal tumours contain a population of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes that are specific for tumour-unrelated antigens and, unlike tumour-antigen-specific tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, do not express CD39.

免疫学：微生物シグナルはTet2欠損宿主において前白血病性骨髄増殖を促す

Microbial signals are crucial to the development of pre-leukaemic myeloproliferation, which can be induced by disrupting the intestinal barrier or by introducing systemic bacterial stimuli in Tet2-deficient mice.

構造生物学：周期性四肢麻痺でゲート付き小孔を通って流れる電流の構造基盤

Structural basis for gating pore current in periodic paralysis p.590

Crystal structures and molecular dynamics simulations of voltage-gated sodium channels containing mutations that cause hypokalaemic and normokalaemic periodic paralysis indicate the pathogenic mechanisms of these conditions and suggest a target for the design of potential therapeutic and symptomatic drugs.