COUNTER- TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE

Transcription

1 COUNTER- TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE APRIL 2013

2 This publication was produced by the Center of Excellence on Democracy, Human Rights and Governance in the Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance within the United States Agency for International Development.

3 CONTENTS Acronyms... 1 Executive Summary... 4 Part 1. USAID Countering Trafficking in Persons Policy... 6 Guiding Principles... 7 Programming Objectives... 8 Implementation... 9 Part 2. Trafficking in Persons Overview of Trafficking in Persons How Does the United States Government Define TIP? Indicators That a Person May Be a Trafficking Victim What Is NOT Human Trafficking? Part 3. Policy Implementation by Objective Integration and Application of Learning Efforts to Combat TIP Annex A. Standard Language for Contracts and Cooperative Agreements Standard C TIP Language for Contracts Alternative C TIP Language for Contracts With Specific Directives Standard C TIP Language for Cooperative Agreements Annex B. Roles and Responsibilities of USG Entities in Combating Human Trafficking The President s Interagency Task Force Senior Policy Operating Group Principal Roles of USG Agencies Annex C. The Human Trafficking Story in Numbers Annex D. The Trade in Humans Influences of Supply and Demand Factors That Influence the Supply Side of Human Trafficking Factors That Influence the Demand Side of Human Trafficking Additional Factors That Contribute to Human Trafficking How Readily Are Trafficking Victims Identified? What Happens to Those Victims Who Fall Through the Cracks? Annex E. The Trade in Humans The Actors Involved Organized Criminal Groups Individual or Small-Scale Trafficking Operations Evolving Role of Technology Annex F. Monitoring and Evaluation Considerations for C TIP Integration Annex G. Illustrative Results Framework The 4Ps Paradigm Prevention COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE i

7 PITF President s Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking PPD6 Presidential Policy Directive 6 on Global Development (2010) PPL PPP PRM QDDR SEE SPOG SOCOM SOP TIP TRM TVPA TVPRA UK UN.GIFT UNICEF UNODC USAID USDA USG VoT USAID Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning Public-Private Partnerships U.S. Department of State Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review South-East Europe Senior Policy Operating Group United States Special Operations Command Standard Operating Procedure Trafficking in Persons Transnational Referral Mechanism Trafficking Victims Protection Act Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act United Kingdom United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking United Nations Children s Fund United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United States Agency for International Development United States Department of Agriculture United States Government Victim of Trafficking COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 3

8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Trafficking in persons (TIP) is a global crime that involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purposes of exploitation. A modern form of slavery, human trafficking constitutes a violation of human rights in which victims are deprived of their humanity and basic freedom. TIP can involve either sex or labor exploitation, or both. 1 Human traffickers earn an estimated $32 billion annually in profits, just under the amount earned through arms and narcotics trafficking. 2 People are enslaved in circumstances of sex and/or labor exploitation all around the world, including in the United States. Quantifying the scale of human trafficking is challenging, in part due to the difficulty of collecting accurate data on this clandestine trade. As of June 2012, the International Labour Organization estimated that 20.9 million people are enslaved in sex or labor exploitation. 3 TIP is linked to numerous development and security issues, including the prominence of transnational organized crime, ineffective legal protections, health threats, insufficient labor standards and enforcement, lackluster economic development, gender and ethnic discrimination, and poor migration policies and practices. Since 2002, there has been a proliferation of national, regional, and international regulatory frameworks to combat TIP. However, enforcement of these agreements and obligations has been uneven. 4 Multiple actors international governmental and non-governmental organizations, domestic governments, civil society, media, the private sector, and perhaps most important, consumers around the world need to commit to countering TIP in order for the legal and regulatory frameworks to have full impact. To be a catalytic partner in growing this movement, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) issued its Counter-Trafficking in Persons (C TIP) Policy in February Additionally, it has programmed approximately $179.9 million in C TIP activities in 68 countries and Regional Missions worldwide between FY 2001-FY USAID has worked on average in countries per year on programs to combat trafficking. 6 In 2011, USAID provided $16.6 million to combat human trafficking in 25 countries. The majority of that funding went to Tier Two and Tier Two Watch List countries. This new Counter-Trafficking in Persons Field Guide is designed as a practical resource for USAID officers to help implement the C TIP Policy. It complements the full body of technical tools providing Agency-specific guidance to USAID personnel on how to program United States Government (USG) resources, including recommendations for integrating C TIP components into existing programs, options 1 The Palermo Protocol: available at: 2 International Labour Organization (ILO) Forced Labour and Human Trafficking: Handbook for Labour Inspectors. Geneva, Switzerland, 7. 3 ILO Global Estimates of Forced Labour Factsheet. Geneva, Switzerland, June. 4 Enforcement will likely emerge from a mix of compliance mechanisms (e.g. threatening sanctions and clear consequences) and normative change that challenges societal attitudes, currently relatively complacent regarding this phenomenon. As a truly global movement to combat trafficking grows, agreements and obligations should be invoked with greater regularity. 5 USAID Counter Trafficking In Persons Policy, February 2012, 6 Between FY 2001-FY 2010, USAID provided 22% of USG C TIP international programming with the remainder provided by the United States Department of (DOS) and Department of Labor (DOL). COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 4

9 for stand-alone C TIP initiatives, and suggestions on monitoring and evaluating the impact of specific programming interventions. In addition, this Guide emphasizes the importance of uniting all stakeholders and consolidating efforts into a comprehensive C TIP movement. Additional tools and information regarding counter-trafficking and implementation of the Policy are available at and USAID s ProgramNet site. COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 5

10 PART 1. USAID COUNTERING TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS POLICY The 2012 C TIP Policy is a direct response to the fact that TIP is a massive development problem affecting millions of men, women, and children. This new Policy also reflects the large body of law that has emerged in the last several decades to combat this crime. It incorporates the principles set forth in the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, and subsequent reauthorizations (collectively TVPA). 7 It adheres to the standards in the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (the Palermo Protocol or the Protocol ). 8 Finally, it is inspired by the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting slavery and involuntary servitude and reflects the standards of international anti-slavery law. The Policy is informed by the Prevention, Protection, Prosecution, and Partnership paradigm (4Ps paradigm). Prevention: Education about trafficking for vulnerable populations, for employers whose business practices may facilitate or constitute trafficking, and for first responders in a position to identify and help rescue or support trafficking victims, such as social workers, health care professionals, police, and humanitarian aid staff is a fundamental part of prevention. Interventions include economic and other activities that create an environment in which TIP cannot prosper. These programs address the conditions that allow trafficking to flourish, such as lack of viable economic or educational opportunities, gender and ethnic discrimination, corruption, and weak governance and rule of law. Prevention interventions promote a growing awareness of trafficking in both the formal and informal labor markets and an increased need for transparency and monitoring in product supply chains. Protection: The protection of trafficked persons is the cornerstone of a victim-centered approach. International standards, including the Palermo Protocol, encourage States to provide care for trafficked persons, including shelter, security, access to a broad range of services and, where appropriate, immigration relief. 9 Protection programs focus on the identification of trafficked persons and the development of national and regional referral mechanisms that ensure survivors are provided shelter, food, counseling, legal assistance, as well as repatriation or reintegration services. Prosecution: The low rate of TIP prosecutions and convictions worldwide indicates a need for increased efforts to obtain justice for victims and to punish perpetrators. According to DOS TIP Global Law Enforcement Data, the number of trafficking prosecutions and convictions is significantly smaller than the number of victims identified and miniscule compared to the estimated number of TIP victims. For example, the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated as of 2012 that approximately Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, Pub. L. No , 106 th Cong., H.R (October 28,2000), 8 In 2000, the UN General Assembly adopted the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and three accompanying Protocols, including the Palermo Protocol, The Palermo Protocol is an international multilateral treaty and has been ratified by the United States. The United States implements its obligations under the treaty in large part through the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended. 9 The Palermo Protocol: available at: ILO Convention 182: The Worst Forms of Child Labor: available at: COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 6

11 million people were trafficked, but only 7,909 traffickers were prosecuted in 2011, of which a mere 3,969 led to convictions. 10 The consequences of low prosecution and conviction rates include the failure to significantly deter the crime of human trafficking and the reluctance among victims to come forth and participate in legal processes that may endanger their safety and produce zero benefit. Partnership: Successful efforts to combat TIP require effective and efficient coordination across a broad range of stakeholders. Partnerships and coordinating bodies need to focus on bringing together local, national, regional, and global networks, and representatives of civil society, government, the private sector, labor unions, media, universities and faith-based organizations. By increasing coordination, stakeholders are better able to fully leverage a wide range of counter-trafficking interventions. The primary responsibility for C TIP, however, rests with governments. In the United States, the President s Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons brings together federal departments and agencies to ensure a whole-of-government effort that addresses all aspects of human trafficking. In the field, personnel are strongly encouraged to partner with relevant offices at the U.S. Embassy, but also host-government institutions and other donors that address this issue. Within the Four Ps Paradigm, USAID s C TIP Policy articulates seven guiding principles that are advanced through five programming objectives. Guiding Principles Employ USAID s Comparative Advantage: USAID s comparative advantage within the U.S. Government and the broader international community derives from in-country expertise, allowing officers to design and monitor well-run interventions informed by local context, and to catalyze other relevant actors. Additionally, to make our investments in TIP more effective, we will move toward a more integrated approach to prevention and protection within our core programs as well as a sharper focus on key segments of the population that are vulnerable to trafficking such as youth and women. We will continue to coordinate and collaborate with our DOS colleagues both in Washington, DC and throughout the world to ensure that duplication of effort is eliminated and that policy and programming interventions are informed by the local environment. Measure Results and Bring to Scale: USAID is increasing its use of evidence-based interventions in combating trafficking and going forward will employ rigorous methods to measure program effectiveness. The resulting data will be used to scale those activities that empirically demonstrate success and to help establish best practices in prevention and protection within the C TIP community. Apply Selectivity and Focus: Through the regular USAID budget process, the Agency will prioritize and increase C TIP investments in a few select countries. Two types of countries will be favored in this effort: 1) critical TIP challenge countries, e.g. major global players that have long-standing poor TIP rankings according to the DOS annual TIP Report and in which USAID has a Mission and; 2) conflict and post-conflict countries. In these contexts, investments may also be driven by political openings or strategic opportunities to make a major difference along with local partners in C TIP. Develop Regional Approaches: TIP is often transnational in nature and therefore requires both national and transnational interventions. To that end, USAID will strengthen regional approaches to most effectively combat cross-border trafficking. Promote Partnerships: Governments are critical players in combating TIP inside a country, and USAID Missions have a particular role to play helping to grow host-government capacity and galvanize local 10 DOS Trafficking in Persons Report. Washington, D.C COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 7

12 partners. That said, governments alone cannot combat trafficking, and USAID has long relied on close partnerships with the private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to advance this work. Invest in Innovation and Technology: Throughout the Agency, USAID is increasingly investing in innovation and technology to meet development challenges with 21 st century approaches. We will leverage investments in innovation and technology to combat trafficking. Promote High Ethical Standards: On September 25, 2012, President Obama released an Executive Order to strengthen protections against TIP in federal contracting. 11 We have also enhanced institutional accountability within USAID to address trafficking through training and coordination. In 2011, USAID adopted a Counter-Trafficking Code of Conduct and implementation guidance that holds Agency employees to the same high ethical standards of behavior with regard to trafficking that federal law requires of contractors and grantees. 12 Additionally, in June 2012, USAID adopted a Counter-Trafficking Standard Operating Procedure that lays out concrete steps for Agency employees to take on the issue of C TIP. 13 Programming Objectives Integration: USAID will continue direct support to combat trafficking, for example, through work with NGOs providing protection and raising awareness as well as with government institutions, such as parliaments and judiciaries, to strengthen C TIP capacity. Over time, however, to bring USAID s C TIP work to a new, more leveraged and robust level, stand-alone projects will have to demonstrate a strong linkage to or be integrated into specific sector portfolios, especially in health, agriculture, economic growth, education, humanitarian assistance, and security sector reform. Application of Learning: USAID will build rigorous qualitative and, where possible, quantitative approaches that capture the results and impact of C TIP interventions into new project designs. Specifically, the Agency will support Missions to: (1) increase the use of survey data to guide the design of C TIP programs; and (2) improve monitoring and evaluation of C TIP programs. Augmented C TIP Investments in Critical TIP Challenge Countries: As part of growing the global movement to combat TIP, USAID will look for opportunities where possible to partner with others in what are called critical TIP challenge countries ones that have global strategic importance and significant trafficking problems; where the host government has done little to prevent or combat TIP; and that have been ranked multiple years as Tier 2 Watch List or Tier 3 in the DOS annual TIP Report. USAID is best placed to do this when there is a Mission presence. These countries provide negative norms and standards on C TIP in their regions. Augmented C TIP Investments in Conflict and Crisis-Affected Areas: As part of USAID s implementation of the 2011 United States National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security, USAID will increase its efforts to combat trafficking in a few specific conflict and crisis-affected countries Executive Order available at: 12 Guidance on the Implementation of Agency-Wide Counter Trafficking in Persons Code of Conduct available at: 13 Counter-Trafficking Standard Operating Procedure available at: 14 National Action Plan available at: Executive Order available at: [sic] COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 8

13 This focus might involve reintegration of child soldiers into society, or on working with the humanitarian assistance community to attend to the special needs of TIP victims, especially vulnerable to TIP in and around conflict and crisis-affected areas. Enhanced Institutional Accountability: This C TIP Policy will only be effective if staff are enabled to implement and to personally commit to its realization. Actions to implement USAID s 2011 Code of Conduct on combating TIP include: 1) training staff Agency-wide on combating human trafficking, as well as on the prohibitions on trafficking and procurement of commercial sex, and available disciplinary measures for documented violations; 2) introducing incentives for senior managers to support C TIP Champions in the field through awards and competitions; 3) educating Agency contractors and recipients on how to recognize and respond to this crime and on the Agency s right to terminate grants and contracts if contractors, grantees, or sub-recipients engage in prohibited conduct; and 4) developing an Agencywide network of counter-trafficking specialists armed with mechanisms to facilitate communication and information sharing. 15 Collectively, these actions will enable us to proactively combat TIP. Implementation The Center of Excellence on Democracy, Human Rights and Governance (DRG Center) in USAID s Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA) will lead the implementation of the Agency s C TIP Policy, in collaboration with all USAID Missions and Washington operating units that currently have or plan to program funds to combat TIP. Mission Directors and staff, in consultation with Regional Bureaus and the DRG Center, will be responsible for program development, management, and related operational issues as part of the normal programming cycle. DCHA will establish and lead a C TIP Steering Committee that includes USAID senior leaders and managers in Washington and in the field to coordinate C TIP programming. The Committee will: Oversee the implementation of this Policy. Provide technical leadership and support to Missions. Lead knowledge collection and management. Support planning, strategy, and coordination. Oversee (minimal) reporting requirements, ensure alignment and input into existing USAID programming, budgeting and project cycles. Assess success and consider solutions to policy and program challenges. DCHA, in collaboration with the C TIP Steering Committee, will produce a public document summarizing USAID C TIP programming. This document, the Annual C TIP Review, will highlight for external stakeholders the programming that translates this policy into meaningful action for millions of children, women, and men. 15 To build a global movement to combat TIP will involve all of us. In this spirit, to promote creative engagement by a diverse set of colleagues not just those who are identified as C TIP Champions Missions are encouraged to create opportunities to educate and inspire staff to be a part of the movement, such as holding film screenings where relevant films are shown and encouraging colleagues who are not yet directly engaged in the issue on how new and/or existing programs could be additive to a global C TIP movement. COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 9

14 PART 2. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 101 Overview of Trafficking in Persons At its essence, TIP is about people being bought and sold as chattel. Trafficking, or modern slavery, constitutes a violation of human rights in which victims are deprived of their fundamental rights and freedoms. The Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (QDDR), Presidential Policy Directive 6 on Development (2010) (PPD6), and other USG policy instruments explicitly call on USAID to promote moral values, to address the moral dimensions of development, and to elevate human rights. The USAID Policy on C TIP as well as recently released USAID documents on Gender Equality and Female Empowerment and the establishment of the President s Atrocities Prevention Board have begun to do just that. The Palermo Protocol defines human trafficking as: The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. 16 The Protocol also clarifies that the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of an individual under the age of 18 for the purpose of exploitation is considered trafficking in persons, even if none of the means listed above (force, coercion, abduction, etc.) are involved. 17 Therefore, according to the Protocol, minors in prostitution are considered trafficking victims; by definition they cannot have consented to be prostitutes. Although the Protocol focuses on transnational crime, it requires signatory countries to criminalize intentional TIP through national legislation, even in cases where there is no transborder movement. 18 Trafficking can occur inside a country or even within a single town. Movement, whether transnational or otherwise, while often a component of trafficking, is not a necessary element. The presence of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of exploitation is a necessary element of TIP. 16 United Nations General Assembly Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. New York, N.Y. Article 3(a). 17 Ibid., Article 3c-d. 18 Ibid., Article 5; United Nations United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. New York, N.Y., Article 34 (2); United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Legislative Guides for the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocol Thereto. New York, N.Y and COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 10

15 The TVPA and the Palermo Protocol were both enacted in 2000, and define TIP consistently. 19 Both emphasize the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain the services of another person. Both frame the crime of trafficking around the extreme exploitation that characterizes this form of abuse. On occasion, practitioners mistakenly conflate human trafficking and human smuggling. Article 3 of the UN Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (the Migrant Smuggling Protocol ) defines migrant smuggling as...the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident. 20 Article 6 of the Migrant Smuggling Protocol requires the criminalization of this conduct as well as Enabling a person who is not a national or a permanent resident to remain in the State concerned without complying with the necessary requirements for legally remaining in the State by the means mentioned in subparagraph (b) of this paragraph or any other illegal means. 21 The distinctions between smuggling and trafficking are often very subtle and the crimes sometimes overlap. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) notes the following technical distinctions between the two crimes: Consent - migrant smuggling, while often undertaken in dangerous or degrading conditions, involves consent. Trafficking victims, on the other hand, have either never consented or if they initially consented, that consent has been rendered meaningless by the coercive, deceptive or abusive action of the traffickers. Exploitation - migrant smuggling ends with the migrants arrival at their destination, whereas trafficking involves the ongoing exploitation of the victim. Transnationality - smuggling is always transnational, whereas trafficking may not be. Trafficking can occur regardless of whether victims are taken to another state or moved within a state s borders. Source of profits - in smuggling cases, profits are derived from the transportation or facilitation of the illegal entry or stay of a person into another county, while in trafficking cases profits are derived from exploitation. 22 UNODC elaborates on how the two crimes can overlap, or how an initial crime of smuggling can lead to TIP with the following scenarios: Some trafficked persons might start their journey by agreeing to be smuggled into a country, but find themselves deceived, coerced or forced into an exploitative situation later in the process (for instance, being forced to work for extraordinary low wages to pay for their transportation). 19 Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, Pub. L. No , 106 th Cong., H.R (October 28, 2000), 20 UNODC Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air. New York, N.Y. 21 This language is taken directly from UNODC. Ibid., Article 6, 1(c) 22 Migrant Smuggling Frequently Asked Questions, UNODC, accessed January 23, 2013, COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 11

16 Traffickers may present an opportunity that sounds more like smuggling to potential victims. They could be asked to pay a fee in common with other people who are smuggled. However, the intention of the trafficker from the outset is the exploitation of the victim. The fee was part of the fraud and deception and a way to make more money. Smuggling may not be the planned intention at the outset but a too good to miss opportunity to traffic people presents itself to the smugglers/traffickers at some point in the process. Criminals may both smuggle and traffic people, employing the same routes and methods of transporting them. 23 How Does the United States Government Define TIP? The TVPA does not provide an explicit definition of human trafficking per se, but does define severe forms of trafficking in persons in the following terms: Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. 24 The TVPA describes this compelled service using a number of different terms: involuntary servitude, slavery, debt bondage, and forced labor. Under the TVPA, individuals may be trafficking victims regardless of whether they once consented, participated in a crime as a direct result of being trafficked, were transported into the exploitative situation, or were simply born into a state of servitude. At the heart of this phenomenon are the myriad forms of enslavement whether or not international movement is involved. Under the TVPA, as under the Palermo Protocol, minors in prostitution are de facto trafficking victims, regardless of whether they have consented to it or not. According to the TVPA, the term coercion refers to threats of serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; or the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process. The DOS outlined the following major forms of human trafficking in its 2012 TIP Report. 25 reprint their language. Below we Forced Labor Forced labor, sometimes also referred to as labor trafficking, encompasses the range of activities recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining involved when a person uses force or physical threats, psychological coercion, abuse of the legal process, deception, or other coercive means to compel someone to work. Once a person s labor is exploited by such means, the person s previous consent or effort to obtain employment with the trafficker becomes irrelevant. Migrants are particularly vulnerable to this form of human trafficking, but individuals 23 Ibid. 24 TVPA, Pub. L. No , 106 th Cong., H.R (October 28, 2000), 103(8). 25 DOS Trafficking in Persons Report (12 th Edition). Washington, D.C., COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 12

17 also may be forced into labor in their own countries. Female victims of forced or bonded labor, especially women and girls in domestic servitude, are often sexually exploited as well. Sex Trafficking When an adult is coerced, forced, or deceived into prostitution or maintained in prostitution through one of these means after initially consenting that person is a victim of trafficking. Under such circumstances, perpetrators involved in recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for that purpose are responsible for trafficking crimes. Sex trafficking also may occur within debt bondage, as women and girls are forced to continue in prostitution through the use of unlawful debt purportedly incurred through their transportation, recruitment, or even their crude sale which exploiters insist they must pay off before they can be free. A person s initial consent to participate in prostitution is not legally determinative: if one is thereafter held in service through psychological manipulation or physical force, he or she is a trafficking victim and should receive benefits outlined in the Palermo Protocol and applicable domestic laws. Bonded Labor or Debt Bondage One form of coercion is the use of a bond or debt. U.S. law prohibits the use of a debt or other threats of financial harm as a form of coercion and the Palermo Protocol requires its criminalization as a form of trafficking in persons. Some workers inherit debt; for example, in South Asia it is estimated that there are millions of trafficking victims working to pay off their ancestors debts. Others fall victim to traffickers or recruiters who unlawfully exploit an initial debt assumed as a term of employment. Debt bondage of migrant laborers in their countries of origin, often with the support of labor agencies and employers in the destination country, can also contribute to a situation of debt bondage. Such circumstances may occur in the context of employment-based temporary work programs when a worker s legal status in the country is tied to the employer and workers fear seeking redress. Involuntary Domestic Servitude Involuntary domestic servitude is a form of human trafficking found in unique circumstances informal work in a private residence these circumstances create unique vulnerabilities for victims. Domestic workplaces are informal, connected to off-duty living quarters, and often not shared with other workers. Such an environment, which can isolate domestic workers, is conducive to exploitation because authorities cannot inspect homes as easily as they can compared to formal workplaces. Investigators and service providers report many cases of untreated illnesses and, tragically, widespread sexual abuse, which in some cases may be symptoms of a situation of involuntary servitude. Forced Child Labor Although children may legally engage in certain forms of work, forms of slavery or slavery-like practices continue to exist as manifestations of human trafficking, despite legal prohibitions and widespread condemnation. A child can be a victim of human trafficking regardless of the location of that nonconsensual exploitation. Some indicators of possible forced labor of a child include situations in which the child appears to be in the custody of a nonfamily member who requires the child to perform work that financially benefits someone outside the child s family and does not offer the child the option of leaving. Anti-trafficking responses should supplement, not replace, traditional actions against child labor, such as remediation and education. When children are enslaved, however, their abusers should not escape criminal punishment by taking weaker administrative responses to child labor practices. COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 13

18 Unlawful Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers Child soldiering is a manifestation of human trafficking when it involves the unlawful recruitment or use of children through force, fraud, or coercion by armed forces as combatants or other forms of labor. Some child soldiers are also sexually exploited by armed groups. Perpetrators may be government armed forces, paramilitary organizations, or rebel groups. Many children are forcibly abducted to be used as combatants. Others are unlawfully made to work as porters, cooks, guards, servants, messengers, or spies. Young girls can be forced to marry or have sex with male combatants. Both male and female child soldiers are often sexually abused and are at high risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Child Sex Trafficking When a child (under 18 years of age) is induced to perform a commercial sex act, proving force, fraud, or coercion against their pimp is not necessary for the offense to be characterized as human trafficking. There are no exceptions to this rule: no cultural or socioeconomic rationalizations should prevent the rescue of children from sexual servitude. The use of children in the commercial sex trade is prohibited both under U.S. law and by statute in most countries around the world. Sex trafficking has devastating consequences for minors, including long-lasting physical and psychological trauma, disease (including HIV/AIDS), drug addiction, unwanted pregnancy, malnutrition, social ostracism, and even death. Indicators That a Person May Be a Trafficking Victim Below are some indicators that a person may be a human trafficking victim. This list is not meant to be exhaustive but rather a point of reference for field practitioners when trying to determine if someone is a TIP victim. The person was recruited for one purpose but is working in a different job. The person was recruited to work in one country but is working in a different country. The person is a minor who is employed but not attending school, particularly if the person exhibits signs of sexual, physical, or psychological abuse or neglect (for example, he or she has bruises/injuries, is malnourished, or appears ill). The person is, or appears to have been, forced to perform sexual acts. The person is a minor who is selling sex for money. The person or his or her family has been threatened with harm if they try to leave the work site or the town or country of the employment opportunity. The person is not in possession of his or her identification or travel documents. The person s freedom of movement is, or appears to have been, restricted in any way (for example, he or she is working under guard, is prohibited from leaving the work site to go to the bathroom without permission from the employer, or is locked into his or her work site or living quarters at any time). The person appears anxious or fearful or exhibits other behaviors that may indicate that he or she has been abused sexually, physically, or psychologically, or that his or her freedom of movement has been restricted. COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 14

19 The person exhibits signs of physical abuse, such as bruises, black eyes, or other physical injuries. The person has been threatened with deportation, law enforcement action, or harm of any kind. The person appears to have been drugged or deprived of food, water, sleep, medical care, or other life necessities. The person appears to have been deprived of safe and sanitary living conditions. The person s wages are withheld by a third party, whether or not in order to pay down a debt. The person is incurring a debt to his or her employer during the course of the employment relationship (for example, if the employer is charging the employee for housing/food costs on the work site and these costs exceed or equal the wage the employee is paid). The person is unsure of the amount of wages he or she is being paid and uneducated about his or her rights of employment. The person lacks freedom of speech (for example, where one official insists on speaking for all workers rather than allowing each worker to respond directly to questions asked by work site visitors or inspectors). The person appears to have been coached on what to say to visitors to the work site or to law enforcement. The person is prohibited by his or her employer or other persons from freely contacting friends or family. What Is NOT Human Trafficking? As set forth in the 2010 TIP report, the following is not considered TIP: 26 Illegal Adoptions The kidnapping or unlawful buying/selling of an infant or child for the purpose of offering that child for adoption represents a serious criminal offense, but it is not a form of human trafficking, as it does not necessarily involve the use of force, fraud, or coercion to compel services from a person. As stated in the travaux preparatoires of the Palermo Protocol, only where illegal adoption amounts to a practice similar to slavery it will also fall within the scope of the Protocol. The Trade in Human Organs The trade in human organs such as kidneys is not in itself a form of human trafficking. The international trade in organs is substantial and demand appears to be growing. Some victims in developing countries are exploited as their kidneys are purchased for low prices. The Palermo Protocol includes in its definition of illegal human trafficking the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by coercive means for the purpose of removal of organs. 26 This language comes from, DOS Trafficking in Persons Report (10th Edition). Washington, D.C. COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 15

20 Child Pornography Sex trafficking of children can involve several different forms of exploitation, including the production of child pornography. However, the production of sexual images representing children which increasingly includes drawings, the use of mobile phones and computer-generated images is not sex trafficking unless a child is actually induced to perform a commercial sex act for the purpose of producing the pornography. Distribution and possession of child pornography, while often criminally prohibited, are not acts of human trafficking. 27 Prostitution Prostitution by willing adults is not human trafficking regardless of whether it is legalized, decriminalized, or criminalized. However, pursuant to the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) of 2008, the definitions of human trafficking under U.S. law are not construed to treat prostitution as a legal form of employment. USAID COUNTERTRAFFICKING IN PERSONS CODE OF CONDUCT: PERSONNEL RESPONSIBILITIES USAID opposes any activities that may contribute to human trafficking, including the procurement of commercial sex acts and use of forced labor. The Agency therefore prohibits its employees, contractors, subcontractors, grantees, and recipients from engaging in behaviors that facilitate or support TIP. USAID personnel who witness or suspect trafficking are required under the C TIP Code of Conduct to contact the USAID/OIG at or , or via at In addition, personnel in these situations are also encouraged to contact their USAID Regional Legal Advisor within the country. 27 Ninety-four of 187 Interpol member states had laws specifically addressing child pornography as of 2008, though this does not include nations that ban all pornography. Of those 94 countries, 58 criminalized possession of child pornography regardless of intent to distribute. International Center for Missing and Exploited Children Child Pornography, Model Legislation and Global Review. Alexandria, Virginia. COUNTER-TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FIELD GUIDE 16

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