Principles and Practices of Commercial Construction

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This classic book provides an overview of the methods, equipment, and materials used in the construction of large commercial buildings. It makes an excellent source of general informationcomplete with diagrams, details, photographs, and worked examples of typical construction calculations such as earth moving calculation, formwork calculations, concrete pressures, and insulation values for building components.Each chapter covers the principles and practices of a particular aspect of the construction processfrom site layout to building finishessupporting discussions with its wealth of clear, captivating illustrations.For construction technologists, supervisors, and superintendents at the technology level; architectural and civil engineering technologists; and construction trades people.

Site Investigation

1

(18)

Land Development

1

(1)

The Construction Team

2

(1)

Primary Investigation

2

(1)

Nature of Soil

3

(2)

Subsurface Sampling

5

(4)

Surface Testing

9

(6)

Secondary Investigation

15

(2)

Review Questions

17

(2)

Site Layout

19

(30)

Surveying Instruments

19

(9)

Measuring Angles with Builders' Level or Level Transit

28

(1)

Measuring Angles with a Transit

29

(2)

Setting Up a Level or Level Transit

31

(3)

Leveling Rods and Their Uses

34

(5)

Layout before Excavation

39

(4)

Preliminary Layout Problems

43

(4)

Care of Instruments

47

(1)

Review Questions

47

(2)

Excavations and Excavating Equipment

49

(45)

Effects of Soil Types on Excavating Equipment

49

(1)

Removing Groundwater

50

(4)

General and Special Excavations

54

(1)

Estimating Amount of Material to Be Removed

54

(2)

Cranes

56

(5)

Excavating Machines

61

(7)

Trucks

68

(4)

Choosing Excavation Equipment

72

(3)

Protection of Excavations

75

(8)

Excavation Wall Bracing

83

(3)

Protection of Adjacent Buildings

86

(3)

Rock Excavation

89

(1)

Blasting Principles

89

(4)

Review Questions

93

(1)

Foundation Layout

94

(15)

Locating Points from Batter Board Lines

94

(9)

Layout for Footing Forms

103

(3)

Leveling of Footing Forms

106

(1)

Bench Marks and Deep Excavations

106

(2)

Review Questions

108

(1)

Foundations

109

(24)

Need for Deep Foundations

109

(1)

Types of Piles

109

(2)

Bearing Capacity of Pile Foundations

111

(1)

Wood Piles

112

(1)

Concrete Piles

113

(5)

Steel Piles

118

(1)

Composite Piles

119

(1)

Pile Drivers

120

(1)

Caissons

121

(2)

Cofferdams

123

(1)

Spread Foundations

123

(3)

Slurry Wall Foundations

126

(1)

Earthquake Resisting Foundations

126

(2)

Soil Enhancement for Foundations

128

(4)

Review Questions

132

(1)

Formwork

133

(72)

Form Materials

133

(3)

Formwork Principles

136

(1)

Formwork Loads and Pressures

137

(7)

Formwork Design

144

(31)

Footing Forms

175

(3)

Wall Forms

178

(7)

Slip Forms

185

(2)

Construction Joints

187

(2)

Control Joints

189

(1)

Column, Girder, and Beam Forms

189

(1)

Floor Forms

189

(10)

Shoring and Reshoring in Multistory Structures

199

(3)

Form Accessories

202

(1)

Form Treatment, Care and Removal

202

(1)

Review Questions

203

(2)

Concrete Work

205

(55)

Aggregates for Concrete

205

(6)

Portland Cement

211

(1)

Concrete Mix Design

211

(13)

Tests on Concrete

224

(2)

Preparation for Placing Concrete

226

(1)

Mixing Concrete

226

(2)

Machinery for Placing Concrete

228

(4)

Concrete Transportation

232

(3)

Placing Concrete

235

(10)

Concrete Joints

245

(1)

Finishing and Curing Concrete

245

(2)

Hot Concrete

247

(1)

Design of Structural Lightweight Concrete

247

(11)

Review Questions

258

(2)

Structural Timber Frame

260

(33)

The Structural Frame

261

(1)

Timber Connectors

262

(1)

Wood Columns

263

(4)

Wood Beams

267

(4)

Floor and Roof Decks

271

(3)

Glued-Laminated Timber

274

(8)

Connections for Glulam Beams and Arches

282

(4)

Parallel Strand Lumber

286

(2)

Plywood Structures

288

(3)

Termite Control for Wood Buildings

291

(1)

Review Questions

292

(1)

Reinforced Concrete Frame

293

(42)

Principles of Reinforced Concrete

293

(1)

The Reinforced Concrete Frame

294

(1)

Reinforcing Steel

295

(3)

Cast-In-Place Reinforced Concrete Structural Frame

298

(14)

Precast Concrete Structural Frames

312

(10)

Architectural Precast Concrete

322

(9)

Tilt-Up Load-Bearing Wall Panels

331

(3)

Review Questions

334

(1)

Structural Steel Frame

335

(27)

Structural Steel Shapes

335

(5)

Principles of Structural Steel Frames

340

(3)

Structural Steel Connections

343

(5)

Erection of Steel Frame

348

(9)

Preengineered Structural Steel Frames

357

(1)

Construction Procedures and Practices

358

(3)

Review Questions

361

(1)

Floor Systems and Industrial Flooring

362

(31)

Timber Subfloors

362

(1)

Concrete Subfloors

363

(6)

Floor Slab Forms & Work

369

(15)

Industrial Floor Finishes

384

(8)

Review Questions

392

(1)

Roof Systems and Industrial Roofing

393

(39)

Low Slope Roof Systems

393

(11)

Roof Decks

404

(1)

Truss Roof Framing

405

(4)

Folded Plate Roof

409

(1)

Long-Barrel Shell Roof

410

(4)

Umbrella-Style Shell Roofs

414

(4)

Cable-Supported Roofs

418

(1)

Stressed-Skin Panel Roof

419

(1)

Roof Membranes and Insulation

419

(12)

Review Questions

431

(1)

Masonry Construction

432

(30)

Building with Concrete Blocks

432

(10)

Prefabricated Concrete Block Wall Panels

442

(3)

Brick Construction

445

(8)

Building with Stone

453

(6)

Cold Weather Masonry Work

459

(2)

Review Questions

461

(1)

Curtain Wall Construction

462

(18)

Masonry Curtain Walls

463

(5)

Stone Panels

468

(1)

Precast Concrete Curtain Walls

469

(4)

Lightweight Curtain Walls

473

(3)

Glass Curtain Walls

476

(2)

Review Questions

478

(2)

Building Insulation

480

(20)

Thermal Insulation

480

(2)

Fireproofing

482

(3)

Building Insulation

485

(8)

Sound Insulation and Control

493

(4)

Moisture Control

497

(2)

Review Questions

499

(1)

Finishing

500

(34)

Exterior Finishes and Facings

501

(7)

Windows

508

(5)

Interior Finishing

513

(1)

Plastering

513

(3)

Wall Tile

516

(3)

Hardboard

519

(1)

Gypsum Board

519

(1)

Plastic Laminates

520

(1)

Masonry Finishes

520

(3)

Ceilings

523

(1)

Stairs

524

(9)

Review Questions

533

(1)

Glossary

534

(3)

Index

537

The process of commercial construction brings together designers, engineers, project managers, fabricators, and site personnel, as well as heavy equipment, to build commercial buildings. Many demands are made on the building process: (1) the project must be completed on time and on budget; (2) it must meet all relevant building codes and environmental concerns; and (3) it must function as intended. Although "form for function" does not fall within the scope of this text, it is important to acknowledge that a building should accommodate, enhance, and enliven its intended use. A combination of time-honored building practices, space age materials, and computer-based design offers the construction industry an increasingly formula-based approach to construction. The use of standardized building elements such as joists, trusses, beams, concrete floor slabs, curtain walls, and entire building frames has directed the manufacture of preengineered building components, whether they are structural or not. Catalog selection of structural components and non-structural items offer a cost-effective solution for many owners. However, preengineered components increasingly challenge designers and site personnel to pay greater attention to detail. As the construction process becomes ever more refined, it is essential that manufacturers, suppliers, designers, and contractors speak a common language. That language includes an understanding of common industry terms and definitions, the ability to read and interpret complex drawings and details, and a strong working knowledge of the complete building process. The language of construction also includes measurement of quantities. Measurements on the construction site must be within the allowable tolerances of the prefabricated items to ensure speedy assembly. Drawings, specifications, and details must be clear and accurate. Because the industry relies on both standard and metric units of measure, all construction personnel need to be well versed in both systems. To reinforce this need, the seventh edition ofPrinciples and Practices of Commercial Constructionprovides material dimensions, tables, details, and worked examples in both standard and metric units. When conditions and need dictate a custom approach, site personnel must be able to respond. The use of traditional materials, such as poured reinforced concrete, require skilled site personnel to plan, monitor, and execute the construction process in a timely manner. It is imperative that students entering the construction field as designers, project managers, and construction supervisors have an understanding of the complete construction process and an ability to meld traditional methods and materials with new concepts. Qualified tradespeople provide the expertise necessary to erect and assemble the structure; they too benefit from an understanding of the entire construction process. The seventh edition ofPrinciples and Practices of Commercial Constructioncontinues in the same vein as the previous edition. It provides the reader with a complete overview of traditional concepts and practices as well as preengineered components that are used in the construction of commercial buildings. From building layout to exterior finishing, this edition describes and illustrates the various stages of the building process. New materials and new concepts are outlined throughout the text, introducing the reader to current practices in commercial construction. Traditional materials used in the construction of the structural frame--timber, steel, and concrete--are described in detail. The physical properties of each material are discussed, and a description of the structural components made from each material is provided. Tests for quality control and proper methods of application for each material are also outlined. In response to new ideas, materials, and innovations, diagrams have been revi