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00:00 So far, we've covered the tools to model just about any type of 2- or 3D form, and we've seen how to apply colors to specific vertices, which will result in the colors blending across individual triangles. When we want to make more realistic renderings, we need to know how to put textures onto our forms.

00:17 As a warning, there's a lot to do here and a lot to explain, so this video is a bit longer than usual. Even so, there are a few things I'll need to brush over rather quickly. If you need more information, the Mozilla Developer Network is an excellent resource for documentation. Here's the URL to their WebGL docs.

00:35 A texture is simply a bitmap image. It can be a photograph, or an image created with some drawing or painting app, or whatever. In WebGL, we load an image and put that image data into a special texture object. A texture is always rectangular, and no matter its size, its coordinates will be mapped like so.

00:53 The bottom left will be (00bottom right (1, 0top left (01), and top right (1, 1). When we were dealing with per-vertex colors, we assigned a specific color to each vertex and allowed the vertex and fragment shaders to interpolate those colors across the surfaces of the triangles.

01:13 What we'll be doing with textures is similar, but we'll assign a different texture coordinate to each vertex, and allow the shaders to interpolate that texture across the triangle surface.

01:24 To start, we'll create a rectangle with two triangles. We can assign each vertex a specific texture coordinate. This will map the texture to their rectangle. Vertex zero at position (-1, -1), we get a texture coordinate of (00Vertex one, we'll get a texture coordinate of (1, 0Vertex two, we'll get (01), and vertex three is (1, 1).

01:52 Just like when we assigned per-vertex colors by passing your vec4 for R, G, B, and A to each vertex, now I'll need to pass a vec2 containing these two texture coordinates.

02:05 Let's jump over to our shaders. The first part of this should be pretty familiar. I'll create an attribute of type vec2 called texture-coords. Just like the color data, we'll need to pass this from the vertex shader over to the fragment shader. We'll create a varying vec2 I'll call varying-texture-coords.

02:26 Inside the shader, we'll just assign texture-coords to varying-texture-coords. Now, down to the fragment shader. We'll put in the same varying-vec2, varying-texture-coords, but here, things get a bit more complex.

02:40 The fragment shader will get coords that are interpolated across the surface of the triangle, just like the color values were interpolated, but from there, it needs to find out what pixel color value that corresponds to on the texture itself. That's called sampling.

02:55 We sample the texture in a given position, and that will give us the color for each fragment. To do this, we'll need a sampler object. The sampler is what does that sampling. The setup for creating that sampler will be done in JavaScript code, and that sampler will be passed into the shader as a uniform.

03:12 We can create a new uniform of type sampler2D called sampler. Now, with the sampler and a texture coordinate, we can calculate a color. We'll say gl_FragColor equals texture2D sampler varying-texture-coords.

03:30 The texture2D method takes the sampler and coordinates, and uses those to sample the currently active texture. We'll create that texture and make it active later.

03:41 We're done with the shaders. That wasn't so bad. All the hard work will be done in JavaScript, so let's jump over there.

03:47 First, we get rid of the createIndices code, since we're not going to be using that here. Then, let's create the vertices along with the texture coordinates. Since we're just going to create a flat square, we'll only need two values for each of the coordinates, x and y. We'll add z of default to zero.

04:06 Like we did with the colors, we'll put the texture coordinates right in line with that. The first point, (-1, -1), gets a texture coordinate of (001, -1) gets a texture coordinate (1, 01, 1) gets (01). Finally, (1, 1) gets (1, 1).

04:27 VertexCount becomes vertices length divided by four, because now there are only four elements per vertex. We create the buffer, and that's fine. We get the coords location. In the vertexAttribPointer call, we need to tell it that we now only need two elements per vertex. The stride is four times Float32Array bytes per element. Offset remains zero.

04:52 Then, we need to do the same for the texture coordinates attribute. We can just refactor the colors code to get it to work for the texture instead. Get the location. Call gl_vertexAttribPointer. Again, we want two elements per coordinate.

05:08 Stride is four again, but the offset is two, because we have to skip the location elements to get to the texture coordinates. We enable the texture coordinates attribute.

05:20 In the draw method, we'll just make sure we're calling drawArrays again with gl_triangle_strip.

05:27 Now, if we run this, we simply have a black square rotating around. We need to load and create the texture. I'm going to call a new function, loadTexture, right before the call to draw, and I'll create that function in the same position.

05:42 Our texture will be an image that we load from the Web. I'll create an image element using document.createElement('img'). Now, there are a couple of issues we're going to run into here. The first is that we're running our code on one domain and loading the image in from another.

05:57 To handle that, I'll say img.crossOrigin equals an empty string. Depending where your site is and where you're loading the image from, you may run into other cross-origin issues, but those fall under regular Web development issues, and I'm sure you can figure those out.

06:14 Next, we'll add an EventListener for the load event. This function will run when the image is fully loaded, and that's where we can set up the texture. Finally, I'll assign the image's source property with the URL to the image.

06:29 Now, the second issue we'll run into here is that this image is loading asynchronously. In our current setup, we'll actually be drawing the vertices before this texture ever loads. Luckily, this doesn't break anything. We'll just get that black square rotating around for the fraction of a second it takes to load the image, so I'm going to leave this as-is.

06:47 For a more polished application, you probably want to pre-load your textures first, and only after they were fully loaded, kick off the drawing code.

06:55 So, what to do when this texture loads? There's quite a bit to do, so hold on to your hat. First, we make a texture with gl.createTexture, and we'll get the location of that sampler2D uniform we created in the fragment shader.

07:10 The next step is optional. Remember we saw that WebGL's texture origin points are at the bottom left, but in bitmaps, the origin is top left. That difference will result in our texture being upside down. We say gl.PixelStorei gl.unpack_flip_y_webgl, 1.

07:35 PixelStorei lets you set a bunch of different options as to how pixels are stored, and the I tells us the options will be in the form of an integer. The flip y in the option we're using here should give you an idea of what this does. I won't go into it in further detail than that. You can look up the documentation for it if you want to know more.

07:54 Now, WebGL lets you have multiple textures in an app. We'll need to tell it which one is active. Since we only have a single texture here, that'll be texture zero. Next, we're going to bind our texture. This is very similar to when we were binding array buffers. We specify a target to bind to and an object to bind.

08:14 The target is gl-texture2D. The object is, of course, the texture we just created. Then, we can set various parameters that let WebGL know how to interpret our textures. The one property we'll need to set in this case is gl.texture min filter.

08:32 This specifies how the texture will be scaled down as need be, for objects that appear smaller because they're further away. We'll set this to gl.linear.

08:43 There's also a gl.texture mag filter that tells WebGL how to magnify images when they get closer. We won't run into that in this case. Again, this is something you should definitely do more research on, to see what all the parameters are and what they do.

08:58 Now, we can actually take the image we just loaded and put it into our texture with glTexImage2D. This takes the target we bound our texture to, then an integer that affects the level of detail. We can leave this set at zero for now. Next is the format of the texture image.

09:17 We're using a simple PNG, so the format is RGB. Then, there's the image format that WebGL will use to render the texture. For the version of WebGL we're using, this should be the same as the input format, RGB.

09:32 Then, the numerical type of the pixel data channel. Most RGB images you use will be defined with eight bits per channel, which is a byte, so we say gl_unsigned_byte. Finally, the image that contains the texture data.

09:48 Now, there are alternate signatures to this method, and lots of variations in what you can pass for different parameters. We're actually using the simplest version possible, so mark this one down as another one to look into in more detail.

10:01 Now, we can pass the sampler to our shader. Of course, we didn't explicitly create a sampler, but we can access the sampler that was created using an integer. This is key to the texture number. We're using texture zero, so we actually just pass the integer "0to this uniform. We say glUniform1i, which sets one integer, passing in the location and the value, zero.

10:28 We're done. We've got an image as a texture mapped to a rectangle. One thing to note here, is that the image I used was 256 pixels square. Textures should ideally be square with their measurements a power of two. In this case, 2^8 is 256.

10:48 While it is possible, in some cases, to use different size textures, it's highly recommended to stick with the powers of two. If the actual image you want to map is not that size, just create the next larger square image and put your image inside of that. Then, set up your texture mapping so it only covers the image you want to use.

11:07 Make sure to go to the documentation and read about all the other options for all the methods we called. We really only scratched the surface on textures here.