Kings of Poland

The land which later became Poland was the original home of the Slav people. The migration of populations to and from the area crystallised in the 7th century[1]. Their territory remained outside the sphere of Frankish influence although, according to Dzięcioł, there is little surviving historical and archaeological evidence relating to Poland before the second half of the 9th century[2]. The Slavs living in the area produced their own leadership in the 9th century, the Vistulans, Polanians, Mazovians and Pomeranians emerging as the most important tribes in the northern Slavic lands[3]. However, early references to these peoples in primary source documentation are scarce. For example, Einhard’s Annales record a council at Frankfurt in 822 attended by legates from « orientalium Sclavorum, id est Abodritorum, Soraborum, Wiltzorum, Beheimorum, Marvanorum, Prædenecentorum et in Pannonia residentium Avarum« [4], which does not appear to include any representatives from the area which was later to become Poland.

The Vistulan state held extensive territory in southern Poland around Krakow, Tyniec and Wislica. It was eventually overrun by Moravia and its deposed leader was baptised by St Methodius[5]. The Polanian state was formed in the first half of the 9th century in the area where the towns of Gniezno and Poznan were founded, with the Gopleani (in the Goplo region) and the Lendizi developing as its two political entities[6]. After Moravia was overrun by the Hungarians in 906, the Polanians extended their authority over parts of the former Vistulan state[7]. The Popiel family, ruling dynasty of the Gopleani, were replaced by the house of Piast who came from the Gniezno region and were of native peasant origin[8]. The Chronicæ Polanorum records « in civitate Gneznensi…dux nomine Popel » who had two sons[9]. Dzięcioł dismisses the theory, prevalent among 19th century Polish historians, that the Piast family were of Norman origin[10]. The dynasty failed to extend its control to western Pomerania which had developed autonomously to the north-west, but its authority was accepted by eastern or Vistulan Pomerania, centred on Gdansk[11]. After Bohemia conquered Krakow and Silesia following the defeat of the Hungarians by Otto I King of Germany at Lechfeld in 955, the Polanian state absorbed the region of Sandomierz and land on the upper Bug and upper Dniester rivers[12].

Poland, composed of all these areas and united under its Piast rulers, emerged as a stable political entity in the second half of the 10th century. The conversion of Poland to Christianity in 966 reinforced the unity of the new nation state.

Before Bolesław III Prince of Poland died in 1138, he arranged a division of his lands between his five surviving sons, which marked the dissolution of the centralised Polish state which was to persist until the early 14th century. Poland was reunited when Władysław Prince of Kujavia reasserted control over all the Polish territories, with the exception of Silesia, and was crowned king of Poland as Władysław I in 1320.

Chapter 1. PRINCES & KINGS OF POLAND (PIAST)

A. ORIGINS, PRINCES OF POLAND 966-1024

PIAST, son of CHOSTCONIS & his wife [Repka —]. The Annales Polanorum state that « Chosiscko genuit Peast« [13]. The Chronicæ Polanorum add his mother’s name, stating « hospitii domestici Pazt filius Chostconis et uxor eius Repca« [14] but, as stated below, this contradicts the Annales Polanorum which state that Repka was Piast’s wife[15]. Dzieciol highlights a « plausible theory » that Piast was maior domus in the palace of the Popiel rulers before seizing power, although there is no evidence of this in the chronicles[16].

m [REPKA], daughter of —. According to the Annales Polanorum, which state that « Peast genuit Semovith de domna Repeka« , Repka was the wife of Piast[17]. The Chronica principum Polonie records that « Kosiskonis filius…Past » married « mulier quedam Repisa« [18]. The Chronicæ Polanorum, on the other hand, suggests that she was Piast’s mother, referring to « hospitii domestici Pazt filius Chostconis et uxor eius Repca« [19].

Piast & his wife had one child:

ZIEMOWIT (-[892]). The Annales Polanorum state that « Peast genuit Semovith de domna Repeka« [20]. The Chronica principum Polonie names « Symovith » as son of « Kosiskonis filius…Past » and his wife « mulier quedam Repisa« [21]. The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Semovith filius Pazt Chossistcomis« [22]. He overthrew the house of Popiel, previous rulers of Polania, and became ruler of the Polanian state whose borders he extended[23]. m —. The name of Ziemowit’s wife is not known. Ziemowit & his wife had one child:

a) LESZEK (-[921]). The Annales Polanorum state that « Semovith genuit Lisekonem« [24]. The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Lestik filius Semovith« , specifying that he succeeded his father[25]. He succeeded his father in [892] as ruler of the Polanians, until 913[26]. m —. The name of Leszek’s wife is not known. Leszek & his wife had one child:

i) ZIEMOMYSŁ (-before 963). The Annales Polanorum state that « Listko genuit Semomil« , specifying in an earlier passage dated 915 that he ruled « in regnum Polonie » after Leszek[27]. The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Semimizl filius Lestik« , specifying that he succeeded his father[28]. He succeeded his father in [921] as ruler of the Polanians[29]. Emperor Constantine recorded the existence in [950] of a « White Croat state under its own pagan prince who recognised the authority of Emperor Otto I« [30]. m [firstly] GORKA, daughter of —. The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. [m secondly —. No direct evidence of this supposed second marriage has yet been found. However, as noted below, if it is correct that Adelajda, wife of Geza Prince of Hungary, was the sister of Prince Mieszko, her estimated birth date range indicates the probability that she was born from a later marriage.] Ziemomysl & his wife had three children:

(a) MIESZKO ([920/30]-25 May 992). The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Meschonem » as son of « Semimizl« , specifying that he was first called by another name (not specified) and was blind for seven years from birth[31]. He is cited in 963 as MIESZKO I Prince of Poland.

(d) [ADELAJDA [Adleta] ([950/60]-after 997). The Annales Kamenzenses record that « Mesco…rex Polanorum…sororem…Atleydem » married « Iesse rex Ungarie » by whom she was mother of « Stephanum regem Ungarie« [34]. The Breve chronicon Silesiæ names « Adilheidem » as sister of « primo dux Mesco« , adding that she married « Jesse rex Ungarie » and that she was the mother of « Stephanum regem Ungarie » born in 975[35]. The Kronika Węgiersko-Polska records that « Iesse » married « sororem Meschonis ducis…Athleitam« , adding that she was a Christian and converted her husband to Christianity[36]. The primary source which confirms her first marriage has not yet been identified. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[37], Adelajda was the daughter not sister of Mieszko I Prince of Poland, although the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. If this is correct, she was an otherwise unrecorded daughter by his first wife (name not known), assuming that Prince Mieszko’s marriage to Dobroslawa of Bohemia is correctly dated to 965. Adelajda’s birth date range is estimated from the supposed dates of birth of her two sons by her first husband (before his death in [976/78]) and of her three known daughters by her second marriage after [985]. The date range appears chronologically more consistent with her having been the daughter, rather than sister, of Mieszko, but this would be in direct contradiction to the sources quoted above. If she was Mieszko’s sister, it is likely that they did not share the same mother, assuming that the estimated birth dates of Mieszko and Adelajda are both accurate. It is probable that her second marriage was arranged in accordance with the Magyar tradition that the oldest male relative should marry the widow of a deceased relative (originally polygamously) and take care of his children. m firstly ([970/75]) MIHÁLY Prince of Hungary Duke between March and Gran, son of TAKSONY Prince of Hungary & his wife — [Kuman Princess] (-[976/78]). m secondly ([985]) as his second wife, GEZA Prince of Hungary, son of TAKSONY Prince of Hungary & his wife — [Kuman Princess] ([940/45]-1 Feb 997).]

MIESZKO of Poland, son of ZIEMOMYSŁ of Poland & his wife Gorka — ([920/30]-25 May 992[38]). The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Meschonem » as son of « Semimizl« , specifying that he was first called by another name (not specified) and was blind for seven years from birth[39]. The Annales Polanorum state that « Semomislaus genuit Miscko cecum » in 920, and in 931 state that « Mesko dux mirabiliter illuminator« [40]. Dzieciol says that the traditional view of Polish historians is that Mieszko was aged about 70 when he died[41]. However, this appears old in light of the dates of his two known marriages and the dates of birth of his known children. He is cited in 963 as MIESZKO I Prince of Poland by the chronicler Widukind of Corvey who records his defeat in two battles by « the Slavs » led by Wichman[42]. In 965, Prince Mieszko formed an alliance with Boleslav I Duke of Bohemia, confirmed by his marriage to the latter’s daughter, the new queen influencing her husband’s baptism at Easter 966 and being instrumental in the start of Poland’s conversion to Christianity[43]. In 967, Pope John XIII established a missionary bishopric at Poznan under Bishop Jordan[44]. According to Thietmar of Merseburg, Gero Markgraf von Ostmark obliged Prince Mieszko to pay tribute to Emperor Otto I « der Große »[45]. While it is unclear whether any relationship of vassalage to the empire resulted, after his conversion Mieszko was referred to as « amicum imperatoris« [46]. Widukind records that « Misacam » and his Bohemian allies defeated the western Pomeranians in 967 and killed their leader Wichman[47]. Thietmar records that Prince Mieszko was attacked by Hodo Markgraf der Ostmark but defeated him at Zehden [Cydyna] 24 Jun 972[48]. The dispute was mediated in Quedlinburg in 973 by Emperor Otto. Prince Mieszko left his son Bolesław at the German court as a hostage, but placed him under the protection of the Holy See by sending a lock of his son’s hair to the Pope[49]. Better relations with Germany appear to have been restored by Prince Mieszko’s third marriage[50]. This probably gave the necessary diplomatic backing to Mieszko’s conquest of Krakow and Silesia from the Bohemians towards the end of his reign[51]. In 981, Vladimir Grand Prince of Kiev invaded Polish territory and conquered Czerwień, « Peremyshl » and other cities[52]. In [990], Prince Mieszko donated his whole country to the papacy, signalling an assertion of his autonomy from the empire (at that time still controlled by the regent Empress Theophano) while at the same time affirming papal pre-eminence[53]. « Dagome iudex et Ote senatrix et filii eorum Misica et Lambertus » donated « civitatem…Schinesghe » to the papacy by charter dated to [Aug 995/25 May 992][54]. Thietmar describes Mieszko as « senex » at his death[55].

[m firstly —. The Chronica principum Polonie records that « Mesico » had seven wives whom he repudiated before marrying « christianisimam mulierem de Bohemia, Dubraucam » in 966[56], which suggests that they were polygamous marriages. While this is probably an exaggeration to contrast his previous pagan ways with his post-baptismal way of life, it does seem probable that Mieszko married earlier than 965 especially if he was born in the earlier part of the estimated birth date range shown above. There is, however, no evidence of any children born from an earlier marriage[57], unless one of them was Adelajda who is recorded elsewhere as Mieszko’s sister (as discussed above).]

m [secondly] ([965/66]) DOBRAVA [Dobroslawa] of Bohemia, daughter of BOLESLAV I « der Grausame » Duke of the Bohemians & his wife Biagota — ([940/45]-977). The Annales Kamenzenses record that « Mesco…rex Polanorum » married « Danbrovcam filiam ducis Boemie » in 965[58]. The Chronica principum Polonie records that « Mesico » married « christianisimam mulierem de Bohemia, Dubraucam » in 966 and converted to Christianity[59]. Thietmar names « the sister of Boleslav the Elder…Dobrawa » as the wife of Mieszko of Poland[60]. The Chronicæ Polanorum names « unam christianissimam de Bohemia Dubrovcam nomine » as wife of « Meschonem« [61]. Bearing in mind that Dobrawa gave birth to [four] children, it is unlikely that she was born much earlier than [940/45]. Her marriage was arranged to confirm the alliance between her father and her prospective husband. After her arrival in Poland, she converted Prince Mieszko to Christianity and was instrumental in the conversion of the whole country in 966[62]. The Chronica Boemorum records the death in 977 of « Dubrauca » wife of « Poloniensi duci« [63].

m [thirdly] ([978/79]) ODA [von Haldensleben], daughter of DIETRICH Markgraf über den Gau der Heveller [Nordmark] & his wife — (-1023). Thietmar records Mieszko’s marriage to « Markgraf Dietrich‘s daughter…Oda« , specifying that she was a nun at the convent of Calbe and married « without the approval of the church« [64]. Thietmar records that, after her husband’s death, her stepson expelled her and her children from Poland[65].

Prince Mieszko & his [second] wife had [four] children:

BOLESŁAW ([967]-17 Jun 1025). The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Boleslavum » as son of « Meschonem [et] Dubrovcam« [66]. He succeeded his father in 992 as BOLESŁAW I « Chrobry/the Brave » Prince of Poland.

[TOVE (-[990]). Her marriage and parentage are confirmed by a Runic stone at Sönder Vissing, Denmark which records that « Tufa let gera [make] kuml [monument], Mistiuis do´tter,ept [daughter] Mo´thur [mother] sina.Kona [queen] Haralds hins Goda,Gorms sonar« [67]. Europäische Stammtafeln identifies her as Tove, daughter of Mstivoj the Wendish prince[68]. The name of Tove´s father, « Mistiuis », on the Runic stone bears some similarity to Mstivoj. However, one difficulty is the apparent chronological discrepancy. The only other reference to Mstivoj is dated to 1000 and gives no idea about his age at the time. Nor is there any indication of the date of Tove´s marriage, although it appears unlikely that she married much later than 980 considering the date her husband died. This would place her birth in [960] which, in turn, would mean that Mstivoj would have been over 60 years old when he is mentioned in 1000. This is not impossible, but it seems a little surprising. Another possibility is that she was the daughter of Mieszko I Prince of Poland. The name « Mieszko » is just as similar to « Mistiuis » as « Mstivoj ». This would place her birth after 966, later than suggested above, assuming that she was Mieszko´s daughter by his wife Dobrava of Bohemia. If this hypothesis is correct, Tove could have been the sister of the first wife of King Harald´s son, King Svend, implying a father/son double marriage with two sisters. This would place King Svend´s marriage rather earlier than the date suggested below, but the idea is not impossible. m as his second wife, HARALD I « Blåtand/Bluetooth » King of Denmark, son of GORM « den Gamle/the Old » King of Denmark & his wife Tyre « Danebod » (before 935-Jomsborg 1 Dec [986/87], bur Roskilde Cathedral).]

[— (soon after 967-). This is one of the possibilities for the origin of the first wife of Svend I King of Denmark, based solely on Thietmar who refers to the mother of « filiis Suenni » as « Miseconis filia ducis, soror Bolizlavi successori eius« [69]. Europäische Stammtafeln names her « Šwiętosława [Gunhild] of Poland », although there is no indication of the basis for this suggested Polish name, and states that she married firstly Erik « Segersäll/the Victorious » King of Sweden, as his second wife[70]. This latter suggestion is implausible as it would mean that both of King Erik’s wives were in turn married to Svend King of Denmark, numerous primary sources attesting that the latter’s second wife Sigrid « Storråda/the Haughty » was the widow of King Erik[71]. m ([988/90]) as his first wife, SVEND I « Tveskæg/Forkbeard » King of Denmark, son of HARALD I « Blåtand/Bluetooth » King of Denmark & his first wife Gunhild ([960]-Gainsborough 3 Feb 1014, bur in England, later removed to Roskilde).]

WLADIWOY (-[Jan/Mar] 1003). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Thietmar records that the Bohemians « secretly called Wlodowej from Poland » after Duke Boleslav was deposed and that he « was unanimously elected in his place because of his consanguinity« [72]. He succeeded in 1002 as VLADIVOY Duke of the Bohemians.

Prince Mieszko & his [third] wife had three children:

MIESZKO (after 979-). Thietmar names (in order) « Miesco, Swentepulk & — » as the sons of Prince Mieszko and his wife Oda, recording that the brothers were expelled from Poland with their mother after their father’s death by their half-brother Prince Bolesław[73]. « Dagome iudex et Ote senatrix et filii eorum Misica et Lambertus » donated « civitatem…Schinesghe » to the papacy by charter dated to [Aug 995/25 May 992][74]. m (after 25 May 992) —. The name of Mieszko’s wife is not known. Mieszko & his wife had one child:

a) DYTRYK (-after 7 Jul 1032). He is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[75] as the son of Mieszko but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified.

ŠWIĘTOPOŁK (after 980-after 25 May 992 Thietmar names (in order) « Miesco, Swentepulk & — » as the sons of Prince Mieszko and his wife Oda, recording that the brothers were expelled from Poland with their mother after their father’s death by their half-brother Prince Bolesław[76].

LAMBERT (after 981-after 25 May 992). Thietmar names (in order) « Miesco, Swentepulk & — » as the sons of Prince Mieszko and his wife Oda, recording that the brothers were expelled from Poland with their mother after their father’s death by their half-brother Prince Bolesław[77]. His name is confirmed by the charter dated to [Aug 995/25 May 992] under which « Dagome iudex et Ote senatrix et filii eorum Misica et Lambertus » donated « civitatem…Schinesghe » to the papacy[78].

B. KINGS OF POLAND 1024-1370

BOLESŁAW of Poland, son of MIESZKO I Prince of Poland & his [second] wife Dobrava [Dobroslawa] of Bohemia ([967]-17 Jun 1025). The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Boleslavum » as son of « Meschonem [et] Dubrovcam« [79]. The Annales Kamenzenses name « Bolezlaum Magnum » as son of « Mesco…rex Polanorum » and his wife « Danbrovcam filiam ducis Boemie« , born in 967[80]. The Annales Polanorum date the birth of « Boleslaus Chabri » in 967[81]. His father left him as a hostage at the German court after the Quedlinburg mediation of 973 following Prince Mieszko’s defeat of Hodo Markgraf der Ostmark[82]. He succeeded his father in 992 as BOLESŁAW I « Chrobry/the Brave » Prince of Poland. On his accession, he expelled his stepmother and half-brothers from Poland[83]. He offered safe passage through Poland for St Adalbert, expelled as Bishop of Prague, who entered Prussia to convert the pagans. After Adalbert’s martyrdom in Apr 997, Bolesław ransomed his body for its weight in gold and buried it in Gniezno cathedral[84]. In 1000, Emperor Otto III visited Gniezno, recognised Polish independence, and established the archbishopric of Gniezno as an independent church metropolis covering the whole of Poland, on the authority of a special bull issued by Pope Sylvester II[85]. After the election in 1002 of Heinrich II as King of Germany, a group of German nobles tried to assassinate Prince Bolesław[86], triggering the Polish-German war which lasted until 1016. During the course of this, Bolesław occupied Meissen, was invited into Prague by the population, deposed Boleslav III Duke of Bohemia, and installed his brother as duke in his place. After his brother died, Bolesław assumed the position of duke of Bohemia himself until 1004 when he was driven out of Bohemia by Heinrich II King of Germany[87]. He captured Lausitz in 1007, confirmed in peace meetings at Merseburg in 1013 and Bautzen in 1018[88]. After the Polish-Russian war of 1013, peace was confirmed by the marriage of Duke Bolesław’s daughter to the Grand Prince of Kiev, and in [1017] Prince Bolesław asked for the hand in marriage of the daughter of Grand Prince Vladimir, wishing to strengthen the bond between Poland and Russia, but this was refused[89]. He helped restore his son-in-law in Kiev in Jul/Aug 1018, forcing the temporary retreat of Iaroslav Vladimirovich to Novgorod[90]. After the death in 1024 of Emperor Heinrich II, with whom Prince Bolesław had always had poor relations, Pope John XIX agreed to grant Bolesław a royal crown and he was crowned King of Poland in 1024. The necrology of Lüneburg records the death « 17 Jun » of « Bolizlauus dux« [91]. The Breve chronicon Silesiæ records the death in 1025 of « Bolezlaus magnus« [92].

m firstly ([984], divorced [985/86]) — [von Meissen], daughter of RICDAG Markgraf [von Meissen] & his wife —. The Annales Kamenzenses record the marriage of « Bolezlaus Magnus » in 984, presumably referring to his first marriage, but do not name his wife[93]. Thietmar records that Boleslaw married « the daughter of Markgraf Rikdag but later sent her away« [94].

m secondly (end 985, divorced [986/87]) [— of Hungary, daughter of GÉZA Prince of Hungary & his first wife Sarolt of Transylvania]. Thietmar records that Boleslaw married « a Hungarian woman » after repudiating his first wife but « also sent her away« [95]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not so far been identified, but it is chronologically plausible for her to have been the daughter of Prince Géza. This marriage probably ended because of the deterioration in political relations between Poland and Hungary[96].

[m thirdly ([987/92]) HODICA, daughter of BILLUG Prince of the Obotrites & his wife —. Helmold names « Hodicam » as the daughter of « regulus Obotritorum…Billug » and his wife, recording that her maternal uncle installed her as abbess of Mecklenburg[97]. Helmold records in a later passage that « Missizlaus, Obotritorum princeps…sororem suam…Hodicam » was removed from her monastery to marry Bolesław of Poland, while many other nuns were sent « in terram Wilzorum sive Ranorum » and the monastery dissolved[98]. This is the only source so far identified which refers to this marriage of Prince Bolesław.]

m [fourthly/fifthly] (Burg Cziczani 3 Feb 1018) ODA von Meissen, daughter of EKKEHARD I Markgraf von Meissen & his wife Schwanehild [Billung] (-1025). Thietmar records the marriage of « Oda, Markgraf Ekkehard’s daughter » and Boleslav in Zützen in 1018 « after septuagesima » (2 Feb)[102]. The chronicler adds the comment « until now she has lived outside the law of matrimony and thus in a manner worthy only of a marriage such as this one« , which suggests a reputation for moral dissolution.

Prince Bolesław & his first wife had one child:

[daughter ([984/85]-). She and her marriage are shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[103] but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. The prince of Pomerania in question has not been identified. m ([996/97]) — Prince of Pomerania, son of —.]

Prince Bolesław & his second wife had one child:

BEZPRYM ([987/87]-killed 1032). Thietmar names Bezprym as son of Boleslaw and his second wife[104]. He was passed over in the succession by his father, who named Bezprym’s younger half-brother as his heir. Bezprym claimed the succession in 1025 after his father died. The Annales Hildesheimenses name « Bezbriemo » as « fratre Mysecho« , when recording his attempt to usurp the throne and his death[105]

Prince Bolesław & his [third/fourth] wife had five children:

daughter (988-). Thietmar refers to the three (unnamed) daughters of Boleslaw and his wife Emnilde, specifying (in order) that « one was an abbess, the second married Count Hermann and the third the son of King Vladimir« [106]. Abbess.

REGELINDA (989-21 Mar after 1014). Thietmar refers to the three (unnamed) daughters of Boleslaw & his wife Emnilde, specifying (in order) that « one was an abbess, the second married Count Hermann and the third the son of King Vladimir« [107]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m ([1002 after 30 Apr/1003]) HERMANN von Meissen, son of EKKEHARD I Markgraf von Meissen & his wife Schwanehild [Billung] (-1038). Graf in Bautzen 1007. He succeeded his uncle in 1009 as HERMANN Markgraf von Meissen.

MIESZKO LAMBERT (990-10 May 1034). Thietmar refers to the two sons of Boleslaw as his wife Emnilde as « Miesco and another…named after his beloved lord [Otto]« [108]. He succeeded his father 1025 as MIESZKO II LAMBERT King of Poland.

daughter ([991/1001]-after 14 Aug 1018). Thietmar refers to the three (unnamed) daughters of Boleslaw & his wife Emnilde, specifying (in order) that « one was an abbess, the second married Count Hermann and the third the son of King Vladimir« [109]. Her marriage was arranged to confirm the peace which followed the Polish-Russian war of 1013[110]. She was accompanied to Kiev by Bishop Reinbern, who was thrown into prison when her husband was overthrown[111]. m (before 15 Jul 1015) SVIATOPOLK I « Okayanniy/the Damned » Vladimirovich Grand Prince of Kiev, illegitimate son of VLADIMIR I « Velikiy/the Great » Grand Prince of Kiev & his mistress — (980-on the way to Poland after the battle on Alta River 1019).

MATYLDA (-[1036]). Her betrothal contract was broken by the council of Tribur in 1036, presumably on the grounds of consanguinity[114]. The Annalista Saxo records the end of the betrothal with « Machtildem » but does not give her origin[115]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Betrothed (18 May 1035, contract broken) OTTO von Schweinfurt Graf an den unteren Naab, son of HEINRICH von Schweinfurt, Markgraf auf dem Nordgau & his wife Gerberga im Grabfeld [Konradiner] (-28 Sep 1057). He succeeded in 1048 as OTTO Duke of Swabia.

MIESZKO LAMBERT of Poland, son of BOŁESLAW I « Chrobry » Prince [King in 1025] of Poland & his [third/fourth] wife Emnilda — (990-10 May 1034). Thietmar refers to the two sons of Boleslaw as his wife Emnilde as « Miesco and another…named after his beloved lord [Otto]« [116]. The Chronicæ Polanorum names « secundus Mescho » as son of « magnus Bolezlavum« [117]. The Annales Kamenzenses record the birth in 990 of « Mesco filius Bolezlai« [118]. The Annales Silesiaci Compilati record the birth in 990 of « Boleslau filius Meczko« [119]. The Chronica principum Polonie records that « Boleslaus » had « filium Meziconem secundum » in 990[120]. He succeeded his father in 1025 as MIESZKO IIKing of Poland. He launched raids on the territory of the Ostmark in 1030, devastating hundreds of villages[121]. A German-Russian coalition defeated King Mieszko in 1030, conquered territory, divided what remained of Poland between members of the Piast dynasty and forced the king to send his crown to Germany. The country descended into civil war[122]. The Annales Cracovienses Vetusti record the death in 1034 of « Mysko rex Poloniorum« [123]. The necrology of Merseburg records the death « 10 May » of « Lanpertus sive Misico dux poloniorum« [124].

KAZIMIERZ KAROL (25 Jul 1016-19 Mar 1058). The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the birth « 1016 VIII Kal Aug » of « Kazimirus dux« [130]. The Annales Cracovienses Vetusti record the birth in 1016 of « Kazimyr« [131]. The Annales Kamenzenses record the birth in 1015 of « Kasimir dux« [132]. He became a monk but was dispensed his monastic vows by the Pope in order to reconquer his country. He obtained military support from Germany[133] and succeeded in 1039 as KAZIMIERZ I « Odnowiciel/the Renewer/the Restorer » Prince of Poland. The Annalista Saxo records the return to Poland in 1039 of « Kazimer filius Miseconis ducis Polanorum« , specifying that he married « regis Ruscie filiam » and naming their two sons[134]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death of « Kazimirus dux » in 1058[135]. The necrology of Regensburg St Emmeran records the death « XIV Kal Apr » of « Gazmer dux« [136]. m (1043) DOBRONEGA MARIA Vladimirovna of Kiev, illegitimate daughter of VLADIMIR I Sviatoslavich « Velikiy/the Great » Grand Prince of Kiev & his mistress — (before 1012-1087). The Annales Polanorum state that « Kazimirum duxit ex Russia Mariam » in 1025[137], although the date is clearly inaccurate. The Chronicæ Polanorum refers to the wife of King Kazimierz as « de Rusia nobilem« [138]. The Chronica principum Polonie records that « Kazimirus » married « Dobrognewam« [139]. The Primary Chronicle records the marriage of « Yaroslav’s sister » to Kazimierz of Poland in 1043 but does not name her[140]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death in 1087 of « Dobronega uxor Kazimir« [141]. Prince Kazimierz & his wife had five children:

a) BOLESŁAW ([1043]-1082). The Chronicæ Polanorum names (in order) the four sons « Bolezlavus, Wladislaus, Mescho et Otto » of King Kazimierz, and an (unnamed) daughter who married « regi Bohemiæ« [142]. The Chronica principum Polonie records that one source names « duos filios, Bolcelsum secundum et Wladislaum primum » as the children of « Kazimirus » and his wife « Dobrognewam« , adding that another source names « quatuor…filios Boleslaum, Wladislaum, Meziconem et Ottonem unamque filiam » as his children by his unnamed wife « de Russia« [143]. « Vladizlaum et Bolizlaum » are named as sons of Kazimierz & his wife in the Annalista Saxo[144]. He succeeded in 1058 as BOLESŁAW II « Szczodry/the Liberal » Prince of Poland. King of Poland: the Annales Cracovienses Vetusti record the coronation in 1077 of « Bolezlaus secundus« [145]. He murdered the Bishop of Krakow in 1079, was deposed and expelled from Poland[146]. The Annales Cracovienses Vetusti record the death in 1082 of « Bolezlaus secundus« [147]. m (before 1069) VIZESLAVA Sviatoslavna, daughter of SVIATOSLAV II Iaroslavich Prince of Chernigov, Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife — von Dithmarschen. Baumgarten names the wife of Bolesław II and gives her origin, citing primary sources in support[148]. King Bolesław II & his wife had one child:

i) MIESZKO (1069-1089). The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the birth of « Mesko…filius Bolezlai » in 1069[149]. The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Meschonem » as son of King Bolesław, specifying that his wife was « Ruthena puella« [150]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death in 1089 of « Mesko regis Bolezlai filius« [151]. m (1088) [EUDOXIA] Iziaslavna, daughter of IZIASLAV I Iaroslavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife Gertruda of Poland (-1089). The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record that in 1088 « Mesko uxorem duxit » without naming his wife[152]. Baumgarten records the parentage of the wife of Mieszko and suggests that her name was EUDOXIA, citing primary sources in support[153].

b) WŁADYSŁAW HERMAN ([1044]-4 Jun 1102). The Chronicæ Polanorum names (in order) the four sons « Bolezlavus, Wladislaus, Mescho et Otto » of King Kazimierz, and an (unnamed) daughter who married « regi Bohemiæ« [154]. « Vladizlaum et Bolizlaum » are named as sons of Kazimierz & his wife in the Annalista Saxo[155]. He succeeded in 1080 as WŁADYSŁAW I HERMAN Prince of Poland.

d) OTTO ([1046/48]-1048). The Chronicæ Polanorum names (in order) the four sons « Bolezlavus, Wladislaus, Mescho et Otto » of King Kazimierz, and an (unnamed) daughter who married « regi Bohemiæ« [159]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death of « Otto dux » in 1048[160].

[daughter . The Annales Sanctæ Crucis Polonici record that « Stephanus rex…filium…Emrich » married « Meszkone rege Polonie…filiam« [165]. However, this report in the Annales may have been due to confusion with the marriage of another of King Miesko’s daughters, reported in the Gesta Hungarorum as having married the future Béla I King of Hungary while he was in exile in Poland[166]. It does not appear likely that King István’s political relations with Poland would have been sufficiently close for him to have arranged a Polish marriage for his heir. The king’s main political alliance was with Germany, whose relations with Poland were tense during the reigns of Emperor Heinrich II and Emperor Konrad II. mIMRE of Hungary, son of ISTVÁN I King of Hungary & his wife Gisela of Bavaria ([1007]-killed Bihar 2 Nov 1031).]

[RYKSA] ([1018]-after 1059). The Gesta Hungarorum records the marriage of Béla and « filia Miskæ [Polonorum duce] » while he was in exile in Poland but does not name her[167]. The Kronika Węgiersko-Polska records that « Bela » married « rex Polonie filiam« [168]. Ryksa is shown as her possible name in Europäische Stammtafeln[169], but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. m ([1039/42]) BÉLA of Hungary, son of VÁSZOLY [Vazúl] Prince of Hungary, Duke between March and Gran, & — of the Bulgarians (1016-Kanisza creek Dec 1063, bur Szögszárd Abbey). He succeeded in 1060 as BÉLA I King of Hungary.

WŁADYSŁAW HERMAN of Poland, son of KAZIMIERZ I KAROL « Odnowiciel/the Renewer » Prince of Poland & his wife Dobronega Maria Vladimirovna of Kiev ([1043]-4 Jun 1102). The Chronica principum Polonie records that one source names « duos filios, Bolcelsum secundum et Wladislaum primum » as the children of « Kazimirus » and his wife « Dobrognewam« , adding that another source names « quatuor…filios Boleslaum, Wladislaum, Meziconem et Ottonem unamque filiam » as his children by his unnamed wife « de Russia« [172]. The Chronicæ Polanorum names (in order) the four sons « Bolezlavus, Wladislaus, Mescho et Otto » of King Kazimierz, and an (unnamed) daughter who married « regi Bohemiæ« [173]. « Vladizlaum et Bolizlaum » are named as sons of Kazimierz & his wife in the Annalista Saxo[174]. He succeeded in 1080 as WŁADYSŁAW I Prince of Poland. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death in 1102 of « Hermannus dux Polonie cognominatus Vladislaus« [175].

daughter (after 1088-before 12 Oct 1112). The Chronicæ Polanorum refers to (but does not name) the three daughters of King Władysław and his second wife, specifying that one of them « in Rusia viro nupsit« [190]. Baumgarten records the parentage of, but does not name, the second wife of Prince Iaroslav but cites only one secondary source in support[191]. m (before 1108) as his second wife, IAROSLAV I Sviatopolkovich Prince of Vladimir in Volynia, son of SVIATOPOLK II Iziaslavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his first wife — (-killed in battle May 1123).

AGNES ([1090]-[1126/27]). The Chronicæ Polanorum refers to (but does not name) the three daughters of King Władysław and his second wife, specifying that one of them « sacro velamine caput texit« [192]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. Abbess of Gandersheim 1111/12, then Abbess of Quedlinburg.

[ADELAJDA ([1090/91]-25/26 Mar 1127). The Notæ Genealogicæ Bavaricæ refers to the first wife of « Marchio Dietpoldus » as « de Polonia« [193]. The primary source which confirms her parentage more specifically has not yet been identified. She is not one of Władysław’s daughters referred to in the Chronicæ Polanorum[194]. The Fundatio Monasterii Richenbacensis names « Adelheidis » as wife of « marchio Dietpaldus » in connection with the foundation of Reichenbach[195]. The necrology of Admont records the death « VIII Kal Mar » of « Adelheit marchyonissa« [196]. m (before 1118) as his first wife, DIETPOLD [III] Graf von Vohburg, Cham und Nabberg Markgraf der Nordgau, son of DIEPOLD [II] von Giengen Markgraf im Nordgau & his wife Liutgarde von Zähringen (-1146).]

daughter (1090-). The Chronicæ Polanorum refers to (but does not name) the three daughters of King Władysław and his second wife, specifying that one of them « suæ gentis quidam sibi coniuvit« [197]. m (1111) —, a Polish lord.

Prince Władysław had one Illegitimate child by Mistress (1):

ZBIGNIEW (-1112 or after). The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Zbignevus a Wladislavo duce de concubina progenitus« , specifying that he was brought up in Cracow but fled to Bohemia where he plotted a rebellion against his half-brother[198]. The Chronica Boemorum names two sons of « Wladislaus dux Poloniæ, unum de concubina progenitum nominee Sbignev, alterum ex Iuditha Wratizlai regis filia editum, nomine Bolezlaum« , recording that their father divided the kingdom between them in 1102 but that Zbigniew rebelled against his half-brother in 1103 and requested support from Borivoy Duke of Bohemia[199]. Prince of Poland 1086-1112.

BOLESŁAW of Poland, son of WŁADYSŁAW I HERMAN Prince of Poland & his second wife Judith of Bohemia (20 Aug [1086]-28 Oct 1138). The Chronicæ Polanorum names « Bolezlavum » as son of King Władysław and his wife « filiam Wratislavi Bohemici regis« [200]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the birth in 1086 of « Bolezlaus tertius » followed immediately by the death of « Iudith mater sua« [201]. He succeeded his father in 1102 as BOLESŁAW III « Krzywousty/Wrymouth » Prince of Poland. The Annales Cracovienses Compilati record that « Boleslaus duos Pomeranos duces devicit aput Nakel. Iste tercius Boleslaus terras obtinuit« [202]. Duke of Pomerania 1122-1138. Before his death Bolesław III arranged a division of his lands among his sons. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death « 1138 V Kal Nov » of « dux Bolezlaus tercius« [203].

daughter (before 1111-). Baumgarten records the parentage of, but does not name, the wife of Prince Vsevolod, but cites only one secondary source in support[216]. It is assumed from her marriage date that she must have been born from her father’s first marriage. m (1124) VSEVOLOD Davidovich Prince of Murom, son of DAVID Sviatoslavich Prince of Chernigov & his wife Feodosia — .

Prince Bolesław & his second wife had twelve children:

LESZEK (1115-26 Aug before 1138). The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the birth in 1115 of « Lzstek filius Bolezlai« [217].

RYKSA [Swantosława] ([1116/17]-after 25 Dec 1155). The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names « Rikissam » as the only daughter of « dux Vergescelaus de Polonia » and his wife Agnes, specifying that « primo fuit regina Suecie« , that by her second husband « regi Russie nomine Musuch » she was mother of « Sophiam reginam Dacie et Rikissam« , the latter marrying « imperatoris Castelle Alfunso« [218]. This appears to be a confused account which contradicts other sources in many aspects. Baumgarten names Ryksa and records her parentage and three marriages, but only cites secondary sources in support[219]. The date of her first marriage suggests that she was one of Bolesław’s older children by his second marriage. Her parentage and second marriage are confirmed by a charter dated 1194/95, reciting the consanguinity between Philippe II King of France and his second wife Ingebjörg of Denmark on which their divorce was based, which records that “filia…Ducis Poloniæ…Bolezlavi” was mother of “Sophia cuius pater fuit Waldemar…Ruthenorum Rex”[220]. m firstly ([1129/30]) MAGNUS Nielsen King of Västergötland, son of NIELS King of Denmark & his first wife Margrete of Sweden (1106-killed in battle near Fotevik 4 Jun 1134, bur Vreta Abbey). He succeeded his father in 1134 as MAGNUS I « den Stærke/the Strong » King of Denmark. m secondly (before 18 May 1136) VLADIMIR [Vsevolodich Prince of Novgorod], son of [VSEVOLOD Mstislavich Prince of Novgorod & his wife — Sviatoslavna of Chernigov] (-after 1139). m thirdly (after 1143) as his second wife, SVERKER I King of Sweden, son of KOL [Carl] King in Östergötland & his wife — (-murdered 24/25 Dec 1156).

daughter (before 1119-). The Annalista Saxo mentions « filia ducis Polanorum » as wife of « Conradus de Ploceke« [221]. It is assumed from her marriage date that she must have been born from her father’s second marriage. m (1131) KONRAD Graf von Plötzkau Markgraf der Nordmark, son of HILPERICH Graf von Plötzkau Markgraf der Nordmark & his wife Adela von Beichlingen [Northeim] (-killed in battle in Italy [10] Jan 1133, bur Kakelingen).

GERTRUDA ([1123/24]-7 May 1160). Ortlieb’s Chronicon of Zwiefalten names « Gerdrut Boleslai ducis Boloniorum et Salomee filia » in a list of those who became nuns at Zwiefalten[224]. The date is indicated by the Translatio Manus sancti Stephani which records that « unam de filiabus [Salome uxor [Bolezlai Bolionorum ducis] Gerdrudam » became a nun at Zwiefalten after the death of her father[225]. Nun at Zwiefalten 1139. The necrology of Zwiefalten records the death « Non May » of « Gerdrut m n c filia Salome ducisse« [226].

BOLESŁAW ([1122]-5 Jan 1173). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the five sons of Bolesław III « Vladislaum, Boleslaum, Mesiconem, Kazimirum, Henricum« , specifying that Bolesław succeeded in Kujavia and Mazovia[227]. The Chronica principum Polonie names « Boleslaum quartum, Mesiconem tercium, Henricum primum, et Kazimirum secundum, necnon Judittam » as the children of « Boleslaus » and his second wife « ex Theutunica« , adding that his father granted « Coyaviam et Mazoviam » to Bolesław[228]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the birth in 1127 of « Bolezlaus quartus« [229], although it appears from the order of children named, and their estimated birth dates as shown here, that Bolesław must have been born earlier than 1127. He succeeded in 1138 as BOLESŁAW IV « Kedzierwy/der Krause » Prince of Mazovia and Kujavia. He expelled his half-brother, Władysław II, from Poland. In 1146, Konrad III King of Germany (whose half-sister was Władysław’s wife) unsuccessfully tried to reinstate him[230]. Prince of Krakow 1146. He left Germany in May 1147 with Konrad III King of Germany on the Second Crusade[231]. The dating clause of a charter dated 1153 names « Bolezlao, Mesikone, Henrico, fratribus germanis in Polonia principantibus« [232]. After Bolesław IV refused tribute to Friedrich I « Barbarossa » King of Germany, the latter invaded Poland in Aug 1157, forced Bolesław and his other brothers to submit, and compelled them to accept arbitration with their brother Władysław[233]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death in 1173 of « Bolezlaus Crispus dux Cracoviensis« [234]. m firstly (1137) VIACHESLAVA Vsevolodovna, daughter of VSEVOLOD Mstislavich Prince of Novgorod & his wife — Sviatoslavna of Chernigov (-15 Mar after 1148). Baumgarten names and records the parentage of the first wife of Bolesław IV, citing sources in support[235]. m secondlyMARIA, daughter of — (-after 1167). The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Prince Bolesław & his first wife had two children:

b) daughter. Baumgarten records the parentage of, but does not name, the wife of Vasilko, but cites only secondary sources in support[238]. mVASILKO Iaropolkovich Prince of Druck, son of IAROPOLK Iziaslavich of Kiev & his first wife — (before 1151-after 1178).

Prince Bolesław & his second wife had one child:

c) LESZEK ([1160/65]-1186). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names « filio suo [=Boleslai] iuniori Listaconi« , specifying that he inherited Mazovia and Kujavia from his father as his older brother had predeceased him[239]. The Chronica principum Polonie records that « filio suo iuniori Lestikoni » succeeded his father in « Mazovie necnon Coyavie » because « Boleslao primogenitor suo iam mortuo« [240]. He succeeded his father in 1173 as LESZEK Prince of Mazovia and Kujavia. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death in 1186 of « dux Lezstko« , specifying that « Kazimirus optinet ducatum« [241].

KAZIMIERZ (1138-5 May 1194). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the five sons of Bolesław III « Vladislaum, Boleslaum, Mesiconem, Kazimirum, Henricum« , specifying that Kazimierz had no inheritance[259]. The Annales Cracovienses Compilati record the birth in 1138 of « Kazimirus filius Boleslay« [260]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names « Vergescelaus…Mesico et Casemarus » as three brothers « in Polonia« [261]. He succeeded in 1177 as KAZIMIERZ II « Sprawiedliwy/the Just » Prince of Sandomir and Krakow. He succeeded his nephew Leszek in 1186 as Prince of Kujavia and Mazovia.

m firstly ([1136/40]) ELISABETH of Hungary, daughter of BÉLA II « the Blind » King of Hungary & his wife Jelena of Serbia ([1128]-before 1155). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum refers to the first wife of Mieszko III as « filia regis Ungarorum » but does not name her[270]. She is named Elisabeth in Europäische Stammtafeln[271], but the source on which this is based has not been identified.

m secondly ([1151/54]) IEVDOKIA Iziaslavna, daughter of IZIASLAV II Mstislavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife — of Lithuania. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum refers to the second wife of Mieszko III as « filia regis Russie« [272]. Baumgarten names and records the parentage of the second wife of Mieszko III but cites only one secondary source in support[273].

Prince Mieszko & his first wife had five children:

ODON ([1141/49]-20 Apr 1194). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the sons of Mieszko III as « Ottonem, Stephanum, Boleslaum, Mesiconem et Vladislaum« , specifying that (the first) two were born from « filia regis Ungarorum« [274]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names « duces Guenesie Odoiscius…Logeslaus » as sons of « Mesico« [275]. He succeeded in 1177 as ODON Prince of Posen and Kalisch. m (after 1184) VIACHESLAVA Iaroslavna, daughter of IAROSLAV Vladimirkovich « Osmomysl » Prince of Galich & his first wife Olga Iurievna of Kiev (-after 1200). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum refers to « dux Galatie » as the father-in-law of one of Mieszko’s sons but does not specify which son (although he is named first in the list) or name the son’s wife[276]. Baumgarten cites Polish sources which give her parentage[277]. Baumgarten cites another Polish source which names her and records that she survived her husband[278]. Prince Odon & his wife had three children:

b) ODON ([1191/92]-1225). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record in 1225 « Ordo de Kacich transfertur in Mogilan« [280]. Provost of Magdeburg.

c) RYKSA (-18 Nov after 1238). Ryksa is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[281] as the daughter of Odon but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified.

STEFAN . The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the sons of Mieszko III as « Ottonem, Stephanum, Boleslaum, Mesiconem et Vladislaum« , specifying that (the first) two were born from « filia regis Ungarorum » and recording that the two whose fathers-in-laws are not referred to (by process of elimination Stefan and Mieszko) remained unmarried[282]. Stefan has not been found in other sources.

WIERCHOSŁAWA LUDMILLA (before 1153-in Poland before 1211). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum refers to, but does not name, the daughters of Mieszko III, naming (third in the list) « dux Lothoringie Fredericus, nepos imperatoris » as his son-in-law[283]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names « Virgotslavia » as one of the sisters of « duces Guenesie Odoiscius…Logeslaus« , specifying that she was mother of « ducis de Nanceio« [284]. This marriage was arranged by Ferry’s maternal uncle Emperor Friedrich « Barbarossa » during his visit to Poland in 1167. She returned to Poland after her husband died[285]. m ([1167]) FERRY de Lorraine Sire de Bitsch, son of MATHIEU I Duke of Lorraine & his wife Berta [Judith] von Staufen (before 1152-7 Apr 1206). He succeeded his brother in 1206 as FERRY I Duke of Lorraine.

BOLESŁAW (1159-13 Sep 1195). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the sons of Mieszko III as « Ottonem, Stephanum, Boleslaum, Mesiconem et Vladislaum« , specifying that (the last) three were born from « filia regis Russie« [293]. The Annales Cracovienses Compilati record the birth in 1159 of « Boleslaus filius Meskonis« [294]. He succeeded in 1194 as Prince of Kujavia. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record that « Bolezlaus suus [=Mesko] filius » was killed in battle at Moscow in 1195 by Leszek son of Kazimierz[295]. m ([1187/89]) — von Pommern, daughter of BOGISLAW I Duke of Pomerania & his first wife Walburgis — ([1162/72]-[1220/26] or after). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum refers to « dux Pomeranie » as the father-in-law of one of Mieszko’s sons but does not specify which son (although he is named second in the list) or name the son’s wife[296]. The chronology suggests that she must have been born from her father´s first marriage. Prince Bolesław & his wife had [three] children:

a) EUDOXIA [Audacia] ([1190/95]-1270). Europäische Stammtafeln[297] names Eudoxia, daughter of Bołeslaw, as the wife of Heinrich [I] Graf von Schwerin, but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. Another table in the series names[298] « Margareta von Schlawe (als Witwe Audacia) », daughter of « Fürst Bogislaw » as the wife of Graf Heinrich. m ([1208]) HEINRICH Graf von Schwerin, son of GÜNZEL [I] von Hagen Graf von Schwerin & his wife Margareta von Schlawe (-17 Feb 1228).

b) [daughter (before 1196-after 1249 or [1253]). Europäische Stammtafeln[299] shows her as a possible daughter of Bołeslaw, and her marriage, but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. m ([1210/15]) JAKSA [Jaczo] [I] Herr von Gützkow Vogt von Salzwedel (-1237).]

c) [WIERZCHOSŁAWA (-2 Jan —-). Nun at Strelno in Kujavia. Europäische Stammtafeln[300] shows her as a possible daughter of Bołeslaw, but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified.]

MIESZKO ([1160/65]-2 Aug 1193). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the sons of Mieszko III as « Ottonem, Stephanum, Boleslaum, Mesiconem et Vladislaum« , specifying that (the last) three were born from « filia regis Russie » and recording that the two whose fathers-in-laws are not referred to (by process of elimination Stefan and Mieszko) remained unmarried [301]. Prince of Kalisch.

WŁADYSŁAW ([1161/67]-3 Nov 1231). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the sons of Mieszko III as « Ottonem, Stephanum, Boleslaum, Mesiconem et Vladislaum« , specifying that (the last) three were born from « filia regis Russie« [302]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names « duces Guenesie Odoiscius…Logeslaus » as sons of « Mesico« [303]. « Wodislaus filius Mesticonis, Wartislaus Zlavinie » witnessed the charter dated to [1200] under which Bogislaw II Duke of Pomerania donated property to the abbot of Colbaz[304]. He succeeded his father in 1202 as WŁADYSŁAW III « Laskonogi/Thinboned » Prince of Greater Poland. Prince of Poznan, Gnesen and Krakow. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record that in 1229 « dux Wladizlaus filius Odonis captus est a sene Wladizlao in bello« , and the death of « dux Wodizlaus » in 1231[305]. The Annales Cracovienses Compilati record the death in 1235 of « Wladyslaus filius Meskonis« [306]. The Epytaphia ducum Slezie record the death « XV Kal Sep » of « Gneznensis et Poznaniensis Wlodislaus dux exul, filius Mesichonis monarchi Cracowie primogenitus, frater Odonis« [307]. m (before 1195) [LUCIA] von Rügen, daughter of JAROMIR [I] [Fürst von Rügen] & his wife — (-19 Feb after 1208). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum refers to « dux Ruggie » as the father-in-law of one of his sons but does not specify which son (although he is named third in the list) or name the son’s wife[308].

SALOMEA (-11 May —-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (before 1177) RATIBOR von Pommern, son of BOGISLAW I Duke of Pomerania & his first wife Walburgis — ([1160]-14/15 Jan 1183, bur Stolp).

b) JADWIGA ([1266]-10 Dec 1339). The Annales Polonorum name « ducis Boleslai Kalisiensis filiam nomine Hedwigim » as wife of King W/ladysław[349]. Her marriage was arranged by her future husband to strengthen his relations with Przemysł II Prince of Greater Poland, who was her first cousin, in the face of the growing threat to Poland from Václav II [Wenzel] King of Bohemia[350]. m ([Jan 1293]) WŁADISŁAW of Poland Prince of Kujavia, son of KAZIMIERZ I Prince of Kujavia, Łęczyca and Sieradz [Piast] & his third wife Euphrosyne von Oppeln [Piast] ([3 Mar 1260/19 Jan 1261]-2 Mar 1333). Prince of Krakow and Sandomir in 1305 and Prince of Greater Poland in 1314. He was crowned in 1320 as WŁADYSŁAW I « Łokietek/the Short » King of Poland.

EUFEMIA (-15 Feb after 1281). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum refers to the wife of « Vlodeslaus duces Ratheborgenses » as « filia ducis Gneznensis Loczislai filii Odonis » without naming her[354]. The Epytaphia ducum Slezie adds that she was buried in Glogau « aput Predicatores« [355]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. m (1251) WLADISLAW Duke of Oppeln, son of KASIMIR I Duke of Oppeln [Piast] & his wife Viola — (-27 Aug or 13 Nov [1281/82]).

D. PRINCES of SANDOMIR and KRAKOW

KAZIMIERZ of Poland, son of BOLESŁAW III « Krzywousty/Wrymouth » Prince of Poland & his second wife Salome von Berg-Schelklingen (1138-5 May 1194). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the five sons of Bolesław III « Vladislaum, Boleslaum, Mesiconem, Kazimirum, Henricum« , specifying that Kazimierz had no inheritance[356]. The Annales Cracovienses Compilati record the birth in 1138 of « Kazimirus filius Boleslay« [357]. The Chronica principum Polonie names « Boleslaum quartum, Mesiconem tercium, Henricum primum, et Kazimirum secundum, necnon Judittam » as the children of « Boleslaus » and his second wife « ex Theutunica« [358]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names « Vergescelaus…Mesico et Casemarus » as three brothers « in Polonia« [359]. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum records that Kazimierz succeeded his brother Hendryk in Sandomir[360]. « Casimirus Dux Poloniæ » founded the monastery of Sulejów by charter dated 10 Aug 1176[361]. He succeeded in 1177 as KAZIMIERZ II « Sprawiedliwy/the Just » Prince of Sandomir and Krakow. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death in 1186 of « dux Lezstko« , specifying that « Kazimirus optinet ducatum« [362]. He succeeded his nephew Leszek in 1186 as Prince of Kujavia and Mazovia. Duke of Lesser Poland/Malopolska. « Dux Polonie Kazimirus » donated property in « Chropensium provinciam » to the church of Krakow St Wacław by charter dated 12 Apr 1189, witnessed by « domine Helene eiusdem ducis uxore« [363]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record the death in 1194 of « dux Kazimirus frater ducis Meskonis« [364]. The Annales Cracovienses Compilati record the death in 1195 of « Kazimir pater Lestkonis et Conradi in Cracovia« [365].

m ([1163]) HELENA, daughter of — ([1140/42]-[1202/06]). « Dux Polonie Kazimirus » donated property in « Chropensium provinciam » to the church of Krakow St Wacław by charter dated 12 Apr 1189, witnessed by « domine Helene eiusdem ducis uxore« [366]. Baumgarten cites Polish chronicles which name her, from which her marriage can be dated, and which record that she died before [1206/07][367]. There is some contradiction about the identity of the wife of Kazimierz II. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[368], she was HELENA of Moravia, daughter of KONRAD Duke of Moravia [Přemyslid] & his wife Marija of Serbia, although the primary source on which this is based has not been identified. According to Baumgarten, she was IELENA Rostislavna, daughter of ROSTISLAV Mstislavich Prince of Smolensk, later Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife —, citing in particular the Ipatiewskaia Chronicle which records that Mstislav was the first cousin of Prince Leszek « Bialy », the son of Helena[369].

Prince Kazimierz II & his wife had five children:

daughter (1164-1194). Baumgarten records the parentage of, but does not name, the wife of Vasilko, but cites only one secondary source in support[370]. Baumgarten records her death in 1194, citing a Russian source in support[371]. m ([11 Oct/24 Dec] 1178) as his first wife, VSEVOLOD Sviatoslavich of Kiev, son of SVIATOSLAV III Vsevolodich Grand Prince of Kiev & his — wife — (-[1214/15]). He succeeded in 1204 as Prince of Chernigov, and in 1206 as VSEVOLOD « Chermnyi » Grand Prince of Kiev.

b) HELENA (-1265). Her origin is confirmed by the Russian source cited by Baumgarten which specifies that Prince Bolesław V was the maternal uncle of the children of Prince Vasilko[400]. Baumgarten records the death in 1265 of Helena, wife of Vasilko, citing a Russian source[401]. m (1248) as his second wife, VASILKO Romanovich of Galicia Prince of Bielsk, Luck and Vladimir in Volynia, son of ROMAN Mstislavich Prince of Galich, Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife — [of Byzantium] (1203-1269). He succeeded his brother in 1260 as VASILKO King of Galich.

d) KAZIMIERZ ([1211]-14 Nov 1267). The Annales Polonorum name (in order) « Cazimirum, Boleslaum, Szemovitum » as the three sons of « Conradus« [445]. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names « Boleslao et Casimiro » as sons of Konrad, specifying that they married two sisters descended from St Hedwig (wife of Heinrich I Duke of Silesia)[446]. He succeeded in [1233] as KAZIMIERZ I Prince of Kujavia, 1247-1260 Prince of Łęczyca and Sieradz.

m thirdly (1257) as her first husband, EUPHROSYNE von Oppeln, daughter of KASIMIR Duke of Oppeln [Piast] & his wife Viola — ([1228/30]-4 Nov 1292). The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified. She acted on behalf of her son Władysław « Lokietek » during his minority, for example in 1273 in a jurisdictional dispute with the Knights of the Teutonic Order[461]. She married secondly (1275, divorced before Aug 1288) as his second wife, Mestwin [Mszczuj] II Duke of Pomerelia [Pomorze].

Prince Kazimierz & his first wife had [one] child:

[ADELAJDA (before 7 Apr 1249-8 Dec 1291). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. Nun at Sandomir after 1278.]

Prince Kazimierz & his second wife had two children:

LESZEK ([1240/42]-30 Sep 1288). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names « Lestkonem et Semomislonem » as the two sons of « Casimiro » and his wife who was descended from St Hedwig (wife of Heinrich I Duke of Silesia)[462]. The Chronica principum Polonie name « Lestikonem dictum negrum, ducem Cracovie, Sandomirie et Coyavie » as the son of « Kazimirus…dux Coyaviensis« , adding that he had no children[463]. « Casimirus…Dux Lanciciæ et Cujaviæ » donated property, the dowry of « Ducissæ Constantiæ uxoris nostræ et matris nobilium Ducum Lestkonis et Semomisli filiorum nostrorum« , to Dobrovie church by charter dated 25 May 1252[464]. He succeeded his father in 1267 as LESZEK II « Czarny/the Black » Prince of Sieradz and Łęczyca, 1279/88 Prince of Krakow and Sandomir. « Lestco…dux Cracouie, Sandomirie ac Syradie » donated property to the church of Krakow, for the soul of « nostre consortis et coniugis domine Griphine…Ducisse dictarum terrarum« , by charter dated 30 Nov 1286[465]. The Annales Grissowienses record the death « 1288 pridie Kal Oct » of « Lestico dux Cracovia« [466]. m (1268) GRYFINA [Agrippina] Rostislavna, daughter of ROSTISLAV Mikhailovich ex-Grand Prince of Kiev, ex-Prince of Galich, Ban of Mačva & his wife Anna of Hungary (after 1243-[26 May 1303/1309]). The Annales Cracovienses Compilati record the marriage of « Lestko » and « dominam Grifinam » in 1268, recording in a later passage that « domna Grifina rediit ad ducem Lestkonem » in 1276[467]. The Annales Polonorum record the marriage in 1265, in a later passage specifying that she was daughter of « ducis Roczislay et…Anna« [468]. The Annales Polonorum record that in 1271 « Griphina uxor ducis Lestconis Syradiensis » declared her own virginity to record the impotence of her husband[469]. « Lestco…dux Cracouie, Sandomirie ac Syradie » donated property to the church of Krakow, for the soul of « nostre consortis et coniugis domine Griphine…Ducisse dictarum terrarum« , by charter dated 30 Nov 1286[470].

a) EUFEMIA (-3 Mar before 1278). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified.

b) FENENNA ([1276]-[1295]). The primary source which confirms her name, parentage and marriage has not so far been identified. m ([19 Aug/24 Nov] 1290) as his first wife, ANDRÁS III King of Hungary, son of ISTVÁN of Hungary Duke of Slavonia & his second wife Tomosina Morosoni (Venice [1265]-Ofen 14 Jan 1301, bur Ofen Minoritenkirche).

c) LESZEK ([1275/76]-after 27 Apr 1339). The Chronica principum Polonie name « ducem Lestkonem, ducem Primsil et ducem Kazimirum » as the children of « Simisil« , son of Kazimierz, adding that none of them had heirs[476]. He succeeded his father in 1287 as Prince of Inowrocław. He styled himself Duke of Pomorze [Pommerellen], claiming the succession through his mother in opposition to Wladysław « Lokietek » who had been recognised as successor to Przemysł II King of Poland (who had inherited Pomorze from Mszczuj II Duke of Pomorze in 1294)[477].

d) PRZEMYSŁ ([1276/79-before 16 Feb 1339). The Chronica principum Polonie name « ducem Lestkonem, ducem Primsil et ducem Kazimirum » as the children of « Simisil« , son of Kazimierz, adding that none of them had heirs[478]. Prince of Inowrocław 1303-1327. Prince of Sieradz 1327.

e) KAZIMIERZ ([1277/80]-[22 Aug 1345/13 May 1350]). The Chronica principum Polonie name « ducem Lestkonem, ducem Primsil et ducem Kazimirum » as the children of « Simisil« , son of Kazimierz, adding that none of them had heirs[479]. KAZIMIERZ III Prince of Inowrocław and Gniewkowo. m (before 1309) — (-[23 Apr 1329/13 Jul 1343]). The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified. Prince Kazimierz & his wife had three children:

i) — (-[1329]). The primary source which confirms this child’s parentage has not yet been identified.

a) LESZEK (before 1302-before 10 Jul 1316). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

b) WŁADISŁAW (before 1303-1352). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Duke of Leczyk. mANNA, daughter of — (-after 1349). The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified.

c) KAZIMIERZ [IV] (before 1304-before 10 Jul 1316). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

d) BOLESŁAW (before 1305-[20 Mar 1326/12 Mar 1329]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

EUFEMIA (-18 Mar 1308). Baumgarten names the wife of Iuri, and states her parentage, but cites only one Polish secondary source in support[485]. m (before 1300) as his second wife, IURI I Levovich Prince of Galich and Vladimir in Volynia, son of LEV Daniilovich Prince of Galich and Vladimir in Volynia & his wife Konstantia of Hungary ([24 Apr 1252/57]-24 Apr 1308). He succeeded his father in 1301 as IURII I King of Galich.

m ([1248]) PEREIASLAVA Daniilovna, daughter of DANIIL Romanovich Prince [later King] of Galich & his first wife Anna Mstislavna of Novgorod (-12 Apr 1283). Baumgarten names the wife of Prince Ziemowit, and states her parentage, but cites only one Polish secondary source in support[490].

Prince Ziemowit & his wife had three children:

KONRAD ([1248/50]-23 Jun 1294). The Chronica principum Polonie name « dux Conradus…et Boleslaus dux Masovie » as the sons of « Semovito duce Mazovie« , adding that Konrad died without heirs[491]. The Annales Capituli Cracoviensis record that « Cunradus filius [Semoviti ducis Mazovie] » escaped when his father was killed[492]. He succeeded his father in 1262 as KONRAD II Prince of Mazovia. m ([1265/70]) JADWIGA von Schlesien-Liegnitz, daughter of BOLESLAW II « Rogatka » Duke of Silesia and Liegnitz-Glogau & his first wife Hedwig von Anhalt ([1250/55]-after 1280). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum refers to the three daughters of « Boleslaus Calvus » & his first wife, specifying that one (listed second) married « duci Mazovie Conrado« [493]. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified. Prince Konrad & his wife had one child:

BOLESŁAW (after 1251-20 Apr 1313). The Chronica principum Polonie name « dux Conradus…et Boleslaus dux Masovie » as the sons of « Semovito duce Mazovie« [494]. He succeeded in 1262 as Prince of Plock. He succeeded his brother in 1294 as BOLESŁAW II Prince of Mazovia. On his death, the territory of Mazovia was divided between his three sons. m firstly (1279) GAUDEMANTÈ of Lithuania, daughter of TRAIDENIS [Troiden] Grand Duke of Lithuania & his wife [Ludmiła of Poland] (-1288). She was baptised ZOFIA. Mazovia arranged this marriage to reduce the threat of Lithuanian raids on Mazovian territory and increase trading contacts between the two principalities[495]. m secondly (1291, divorced before 19 Dec 1302) KUNIGUNDE of Bohemia, daughter of PŘEMYSL OTAKAR II King of Bohemia & his second wife Kunigunde [Kunguta] Rostislavna of Mačva (Jan 1265-27 Nov 1321, bur Prague St Veit). The Chronica Pragensis (Chronicon Francisci) records that « filia Regis…Chungundis » became a nun « ad sanctum Franciscum » in 1276, but that she was later taken from the monastery by her brother and married to « Duci Mazouiæ« , after whose death she became « Abbatissa ad sanctum Georgium in castro Pragensis« [496]. The Chronica Pragensis (Chronicon Francisci) records the death in 1321 of « Regis Przemysl filia, Abbatissa ad sanctum Georgium in castro Pragensi…Chunegundis » and her burial in the monastery[497]. Prince Bolesław II & his first wife had three children:

a) ZIEMOWIT (1283-18 Feb 1345). The Chronica principum Polonie name « Treydam et Semovitam » as the sons of « Boleslaus dux Masovie« , son of « Semovito duce Mazovie« , adding that Ziemowit died without heirs[498]. He succeeded his father in 1313 as ZIEMOWIT II Prince of Rawa, Sochaczew and Wiżna[499], the southern part of Mazovia.

b) TROJDEN ([1284/86]-13 Mar 1341). The Chronica principum Polonie name « Treydam et Semovitam » as the sons of « Boleslaus dux Masovie« , son of « Semovito duce Mazovie« [500]. He succeeded his father in 1313 as TROJDEN I Prince of Czersk, Warsaw, Ciechanów, Łomża, Rożań, Nursk and Liw[501], the eastern part of Mazovia. The Ephemerides Wladislavienses record the death « 1341 3 Id Mar » of « Troydinus dux Mazovie« [502]. m (before 1310) MARIA Iurievna, daughter of IURII II Levovich King of Galich & his second wife Euphemia of Poland (before 1293-11 Jan 1341). Baumgarten names the wife of Trojden citing a Polish source[503]. Baumgarten records that her origin is determined by her son Bolesław Jerzy naming King Iurii Levovich as « noster avus« [504]. Prince Trojden & his wife had four children:

i) EUPHEMIA ([1310]-after 1373). m ([1321/24]) KASIMIR I Duke of Teschen, son of MIEZKO I Duke of Teschen & his wife — ([1276/80]-1358).

ii) BOLESŁAW JERZY (before 1313-murdered 7 Apr 1340). He was elected in [late 1323/early 1325] to succeed his maternal uncles as Prince of Galich and Vladimir in Volynia, supported by his uncle Waclaw Prince of Plock, Wladysław « Lokietek » King of Poland and Gediminas Grand Duke of Lithuania, and converted to Orthodoxy[505]. Local boiars, discontented with the increase in Polish influence in Galich, poisoned Prince Boleslaw allegedly with a dose so strong that his corpse disintegrated[506]. After his death, Kazimierz III King of Poland invaded his territories and annexed Galich and Volynia[507]. m (betrothed 1324, Plock Cathedral 1331) EUFEMIA [Gaudemunda] of Lithuania, daughter of GEDIMINAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & his [third] wife [Ievna [Eva] Ivanovna] ([1316]-murdered near Zawichost 5 Feb 1342). She was drowned under the ice in the River Vistula[508].

e) WACŁAW ([1293]-23 May 1336). He succeeded his father in 1313 as WACŁAW Prince of Plock, the western part of Mazovia. Civil war broke out between the three brothers in 1316, with Gediminas of Lithuania supporting Prince Waclaw, and in the 1320s Lithuanian troops aided the prince against the Duke of Dobrzyń[510]. Plock was conquered by Jan King of Bohemia in 1329 on his return from a crusading campaign in Lithuania, and Duke Wacław was forced to accept Bohemian suzerainty 29 Mar 1329[511]. m (before 6 Dec 1320, maybe 1316[512]) DANNILA of Lithuania, daughter of GEDIMINAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & his [third] wife [Ievna [Eva] Ivanovna] ([1306]-1364). This marriage was arranged to confirm her father’s alliance with Prince Waclaw in the Mazovian civil war[513]. She was baptised ELŻBIETA. After the death of her son, she inherited Wyszogród and Gostynin for life[514]. Prince Wacław & his wife had two children:

ii) BOLESŁAW ([1322/30]-20 Aug 1351). He succeeded his father in 1336 as BOLESŁAW III Prince of Plock (Bohemian fief), Wyszogród, Zakroczym and Gostynin[515]. He inherited Sochaczew and Wiżna from his uncle Ziemowit II in 1345[516].

f) BEATA (1299-1311).

SALOMEA (-Mazowia 1301). The Annales Polonorum record the death in 1301 of « domicella Salomea filia ducis Semovithi » in Mazowia[517]. Nun before 9 Jan 1286.

ZIEMOWIT of Mazovia, son of TROJDEN I Prince of Czersk [Piast] & his Maria Iurievna of Galich (before 1314-16 Jun 1381). He inherited Rawa in 1345 from his uncle Ziemowit II, jointly with his brother[518]. In 1355 he inherited the lands of his younger brother Kazimierz, but agreed to transfer all his holdings to Kazimierz III King of Poland who granted them back to Ziemowit as a Polish fief[519]. He succeeded in 1370 as ZIEMOWIT III « Starszy » Prince of Mazovia.

MAŁGORZATA (before 1358-[14 May 1388/4 Apr 1396]). Her first marriage was arranged by her future husband’s maternal grandfather, King Kazimierz III, as part of the agreement for the former’s adoption by the king[520]. m firstly (Apr 1369) as his second wife, KASIMIR von Pommern, son of BOGISLAW V Duke of Pomerania in Hinterpommern & his first wife Elźbieta of Poland ([1351]-2 Jan 1377). He succeeded his father in 1373 as KASIMIR IV Duke of Pomerania in Stargard. m secondly (Jul 1379) as his second wife, HEINRICH VII Duke of Lüben and Brieg, son of LUDWIG I Duke of Brieg [Piast] & his wife Agnes von Glogau und Sagan [Piast] ([1343/45]-11 Jul 1399).

BOLESŁAW of Mazovia, son of BOLESŁAW [III] Prince of Ciechanów and Warsaw & his wife Anna Ivanovna Holczánska (before 1421-10 Sep 1454). He succeeded in 1428 as Prince of Warsaw, Ciechanów and Lomscha. Prince of Plock 1444.

JANUSZ (before 1455-16 Feb 1495). He succeeded as Prince of Lomscha and Ciechanów.

Chapter 2. KING of POLAND 1300-1305 (LUXEMBOURG)

WENZEL of Bohemia, son of OTAKAR PŘEMYSL II King of Bohemia & his second wife Kunguta [Kunigunde] Rostislavna of Galich [Rurikid] (17 Sep 1271-21 Jun 1305). He succeeded in 1283 as WENZEL II King of Bohemia. Imperial elector 1289. Crowned King of Bohemia 2 Jun 1297. He succeeded in 1300 as WACLAW King of Poland.

Chapter 3. KINGS of POLAND 1320-1370 (PIAST)

WŁADISŁAW of Poland, son of KAZIMIERZ I Prince of Kujavia, Łęczyca and Sieradz [Piast] & his third wife Euphrosyne von Schlesien-Oppeln ([3 Mar 1260/19 Jan 1261]-Wawel Castle 2 Mar 1333, bur Krakow Cathedral[524]). The Annales Polonorum name (in order) « Lestkonem Nigrum [et] Wladislaum qui Loketk cognominatus est » among the sons of « Cazimirus« [525]. He succeeded his father in 1267 as WŁADYSŁAW Prince of southern Kujavia, Brześć and Dobrzyń. On the death without heirs in 1288 of his half-brother Leszek, Wladysław inherited Sieradz[526]. He challenged the inheritance of Krakow by his distant cousin Heinrich IV « Probus » Duke of Breslau and occupied the town, although he was expelled within a few months[527]. He was captured in [1291] by Václav II [Wenzel] King of Bohemia and forced him to renounce any claims to the duchy of Krakow[528]. He was recognised by the nobles of Greater Poland as the successor of Przemysł II King of Poland in 1296[529]. He was forced into exile in early 1300 after King Václav occupied Greater Poland, Pomorze and Kujavia and was crowned King of Poland in Sep 1300[530]. Prince Wladysław, supported by Hungarian troops, returned to Poland in Sep 1304 and captured Krakow in 1306. By this time, he had reasserted control over all of Poland except Greater Poland and Silesia, and on one occasion styled himself « heir to the kingdom of Poland »[531]. After the rebellion of Gdańsk in 1308, and the Askanian invasion of Pomorze, Prince Wladyslaw enlisted the help of the Teutonic Knights who, after lifting the siege, occupied the town and by end 1311 had captured eastern Pomorze for themselves[532]. In 1311, Krakow rebelled with the aim of restoring Bohemian rule, but by summer 1312 the rebellion was crushed[533]. By 1314, Wladysław succeeded in expelling the sons of Heinrich I Duke of Glogau from Greater Poland, and by 1315 he styled himself « Duke of all Greater Poland »[534]. He applied to the Pope in 1316 for a royal crown, and after several years of negotiation he was crowned in Wawel Cathedral at Kraków 20 Jan 1320 as WŁADYSŁAW I « Łokietek/the Short » King of Poland. In the continuing dispute with the Teutonic Order, the Pope found in favour of Poland over Pomorze in Mar 1320 but the Knights ignored the ruling[535]. Jan King of Bohemia invaded Silesia in early 1327 and imposed Bohemian suzerainty on most of the Silesian dukes between 1327 and 1329[536]. Polish forces defeated the Teutonic Knights at Płowce 27 Sep 1331, but lost Brześć and Inowrocław in 1332[537]. The Ephemerides Wladislavienses record the death « 1333 IV Non Mar » of « Wladislaus rex Polonie in castro Cracoviensi« [538], the Annales Terra Prussicæ adding that he was also buried at Krakow[539]. .

m ([Jan 1293]) JADWIGA of Poland, daughter of BOLESŁAW « Poboźny/the Pious » Prince of Kalisch, Gnesen and Greater Poland & his wife Iolanda [Helena] of Hungary ([1266]-Monastery of St Klara, Stary Sącz[540] 10 Dec 1339). The Annales Polonorum name « ducis Boleslai Kalisiensis filiam nomine Hedwigim » as wife of King W/ladysław[541]. Her marriage was arranged by her future husband to strengthen his relations with Przemysł II Prince of Greater Poland, who was her first cousin, in the face of the growing threat to Poland from Václav II [Wenzel] King of Bohemia[542].

ELŹBIETA (1305-29 Dec 1380). The Chronica Ungarorum records that « Karoli » married thirdly in 1320 « Elizabeth filiam regis Polonie« [545]. The Chronica principum Polonie name « dominam Elizabeth alias Phenemiam reginam Ungarie » as the daughter of « Wladislaum dictum Lockot…regem Polanie« [546]. She lost four fingers during the course of the 1330 attack on the king and his family[547]. She was designated heir to the Polish crown, in case her brother King Kazimierz died without male issue, at Wyszegrad in Mar 1339 by agreement between her husband and her brother[548]. This succession arrangement was confirmed in 1351 and 1355 when her son King Lajos was named heir apparent to Poland[549]. She was regent of the Kingdom of Poland during her son’s absence 1370-1375. Royal Lieutenant of Croatia and Dalmatia 1375 until her death. m (6 Jul 1320) as his third wife, KÁROLY I King of Hungary, son of CHARLES MARTEL of Sicily, Principe di Salerno, KÁROLY I titular King of Hungary & his wife Klementia von Habsburg (1288-Visegrad 16 Jul or 15 Aug 1342, bur Székesfehérvár).

JADWIGA (-[3 Jun 1320/22]).

KAZIMIERZ (30 Apr 1310-5 Nov 1370). The Chronica principum Polonie name « Kazimirum ultimum regem Polonie » as the son of « Wladislaum dictum Lockot…regem Polanie« [550]. He succeeded his father in 1333 as KAZIMIERZ III « Wielki/the Great » King of Poland.

KAZIMIERZ of Poland, son of WŁADYSŁAW I « Łokietek/Ellenbogen » King of Poland & his wife Jadwiga of Greater Poland [Piast] (30 Apr 1310-Krakow 5 Nov 1370, bur Krakow Cathedral). The Chronica principum Polonie name « Kazimirum ultimum regem Polonie » as the son of « Wladislaum dictum Lockot…regem Polanie« [551]. The Ephemerides Wladislavienses record the birth « 1310 II Kal Mai » of « Kazimirus filius Wladislai regis Polonie« [552]. He succeeded his father in 1333 as KAZIMIERZ III « Wielki/the Great » King of Poland, crowned [24/25] Apr 1333 in Gniezno Cathedral[553]. A stable peace with the Teutonic Knights was finally agreed at Wyszegrad in 1335 and Kalisz in 1343[554]. The early part of the reign of King Kazimierz was dominated by the need to juggle the competing interests of Bohemia and Hungary, the former having taken control of most of Silesia, and the latter increasing its influence in Poland after Kazimierz’s sister, the queen of Hungary, was designated his heir presumptive in 1339. After the murder in 1340 of Bolesław Jerzy Prince of Galich [Piast], King Kazimierz invaded his territories and annexed Galich and Volynia[555], although this was challenged by the Mongols whom the king defeated in Jan 1341[556] and by Lithuania whose rights to the area the king recognised in 1345[557]. In Sep 1349, King Kazimierz invaded Galich and captured Volynia, after which he called himself « Lord of the Land of Ruthenia »[558]. According to the Novgorod Chronicle, he obtained Volynia « with a large force by deceit« [559]. King Kazimierz arranged the integration of Mazovia into the Polish state in 1355, confirmed in 1356 at the Congress of Prague under which the king also accepted the eventual succession of Karl I King of Bohemia to Schweidnitz and Jauer, the last Silesia territories not under Bohemian control[560]. The Congress of Krakow in 1364, which symbolised the emergence of Poland as an important central European power, was proposed to discuss the proposal of Peter King of Cyprus for a crusade against the Ottomans but also provided the backdrop for the negotiation of treaties between Hungary, Bohemia and Poland and the announcement of the foundation of the university of Krakow approved by papal bull[561]. The Chronica principum Polonie record that « Kazimirus rex Polonie » died in 1370 « feria tercia post omnium sanctorum » and was buried « in castro Cracoviensi et kathedrali ecclesia« [562].

m firstly (16 Oct 1325) ANNA [Aldona] of Lithuania, daughter of GEDIMINAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & his [third] wife [Ievna [Eva] Ivanovna] ([1309/10]-26 May 1339). The Annales Polonorum record the marriage in 1325 of « Kazimirus filius regis Polonie Wladyslay dicti Loctek » and « Annam…filiam Gedimini ducis Litwanorum in Vigilia apostolorum Philippi et Iacobi« , specifying that she was 15 years old[564]. Her marriage was arranged to confirm the Lithuanian/Polish alliance 1324/25. Although she had a reputation for piety after her conversion, some were scandalised by her devotion to music, cymbals being played before her in procession[565]. She was crowned queen with her husband in Gniezno Cathedral [24/25] Apr 1333[566]. The Ephemerides Wladislavienses record the death « 1339 VII Kal Iun » of « domina Anna regina Polonie in castro Cracoviensi, filia Gedimini ducis Litwanorum« [567].

Betrothed (1340) to MARGARETA of Bohemia, widow of HEINRICH II Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, daughter of JAN King of Bohemia [Luxembourg] & his first wife Elisabeth [Eliska] of Bohemia [Přemyslid] (8 Jul 1313-Prague 11 Jul 1341, bur Königsaal). This betrothal was arranged by Margareta’s brother Karl to counterbalance Hungarian influence in Poland after the Hungarian queen (the sister of King Kazimierz) was designated the king’s heir presumptive. Margareta died before the marriage could take place[568].

m secondly (Poznań[569] 29 Sep 1341, separated 1356) ADELHEID von Hessen, daughter of HEINRICH II « der Eiserne » Landgraf Herr von Hessen & his wife Elisabeth von Meissen (after 1323-after 25 May 1371). The Chronica principum Polonie record that « Kazimirus rex Polonie » married « filia lantgravii de Hassia« [570]. It is assumed that this marriage was encouraged by Karl of Bohemia to ensure that King Kazimierz did not fall under the influence of a more powerful father-in-law which would have threatened Bohemian interests[571]. The marriage contract between « Heinricus…Lantgravius terre Hassie…Adelheide…filia nostra » and « domino Kazimiro Regi Polonie » is dated 3 Oct 1341, and names « Heinricum et Ernestum patrueles nostros de Brunswig, Hermannum fratrem nostrum, Johannem comitem de Cyginhain avunculum nostrum et Syfridum comitem de Wydalginstein fidelem nostrum » as guarantors for payment of the dowry[572]. Her husband exiled her to a distant castle soon after their marriage and never visited her, ostensibly because his father-in-law had failed to pay her promised dowry[573]. She complained of her treatment to Pope Innocent VI, demanding a thorough Papal investigation into her husband’s conduct. The Ephemerides Wladislavienses record that « 1356 Oct XVIII Kal…domina Anna sive Anastasia regina Polonie, uxor…Kazimiri regis Polonie » returned to her father « domino margrabio Hasie » without the permission of her husband[574]. She complained once more to the Pope after her husband’s fourth marriage[575].

m thirdly (secretly and bigamously [1356/57], separated before 8 May 1364) as her second husband, KRYSTYNA Rokiczana, widow of MIKŁUSZ Rokiczani, daughter of —. She was one of the ladies in waiting at the Bohemian court in Prague, the widow of a rich merchant. King Kazimierz brought her back to Poland and persuaded the abbot of the monastery of Tyniec to marry them in a secret ceremony[576].

m fourthly (Spring/Summer 1365[577]) as her first husband, HEDWIG von Glogau, daughter of HEINRICH III Duke of Glogau and Sagan [Piast] & his wife Anna of Mazovia [Piast] ([before 1350-27 Mar 1390). This marriage was arranged by King Kazimierz to strengthen his ties with Emperor Karl IV, who was a close associate of her father, and with a view to eventually inheriting a share of her father’s Silesian lands[578]. The couple were married on the basis of a forged Papal dispensation, needed because the king’s second marriage had not been dissolved and because the parties were related in the fourth degree. Pope Urban V tacitly absolved the king of misconduct by letter 28 May 1368, presumably because Polish troops supported his military campaign against Bernabò Visconti in Italy, but still refused to annul his second marriage[579]. Hedwig married secondly (before 10 Feb 1372) Ruprecht I Duke of Liegnitz [Piast].

Mistress (2): ESTERKA, a Jewess from Krakow. She supposedly lived in the Szara Kamienica (Grey House) in Krakow, but Knoll suggests that she was a legendary figure[581].

King Kazimierz III & his first wife had two children:

ELŹBIETA ([1326/34]-1361). In 1335 her father proposed her marriage to Ludwig, son of Emperor Ludwig IV, as part of his negotiations for an alliance with Brandenburg but no agreement was signed[582]. Her marriage was arranged to confirm a defensive pact sign by her father and her future husband in early 1343 in order to strengthen Poland’s position against the Teutonic Knights[583]. m (28 Feb 1343[584]) as his first wife, BOGISLAW V Duke of Pomerania in Hinterpommern, son of WARTISLAW IV Duke of Pomerania in Wolgast und Hinterpommern & his wife Elisabeth von Lindau-Ruppin ([1318/19]-7 Dec 1373).

KUNIGUNDE (before 16 May 1335-Berlin 26 Apr 1357, bur Berlin Church of the Franciscan Order). The History of Henricus Dapifer de Diessenhoven records that « comes Hannonie et Hollandie…soror…[et] dominum Ludewicum de Bawaria…filio…primogenito » married « rex Cracovie filiam« [585]. Her marriage was arranged to confirm the renewed alliance between her father and the Wittelsbach Markgraf of Brandenburg[586]. m ([Krakow 1 Jan 1345/25 Jul 1345]) as his first wife, LUDWIG von Bayern, son of Emperor LUDWIG IV King of Germany, Duke of Bavaria Pfalzgraf bei Rhein & his second wife Marguerite de Hainaut [Avesnes] Ctss de Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland (Rome 7 May 1328-Berlin 17 May 1365, bur Berlin Church of the Franciscan Order). He succeeded in 1347 as LUDWIG VI « der Römer » joint-Duke of Bavaria, and in 1351 as Markgraf von Brandenburg.

JAN (after 1342-28 Oct 1383). He inherited villages in the region of Stopnica under the will of his father[588].

Chapter 4. KING OF POLAND 1370-1386 (ANJOU-CAPET)

LAJOS of Hungary, son of KÁROLY I King of Hungary [Anjou-Sicily] & his third wife Elźbieta of Poland (4/5 Mar 1326-Tarnow/Tyrnau 10/11 Sep 1382, bur Székesfehérvár, church of Notre Dame).

He succeeded his father in 1342 as LAJOS « the Great » King of Hungary, crowned at Székesfehérvár. He succeeded his maternal uncle Kazimierz III King of Poland in 1370, in accordance with the 1355 dynastic agreement, and was crowned LUDWIK King of Poland at Krakow 17 Nov 1370 by Iaroslav Archbishop of Gniezno, primate of Poland. After conferring the Government of Poland on his mother, he returned to Hungary.

JADVIGA of Hungary (Krakow 18 Feb 1373-Krakow 12 Jun 1400, bur Krakow, Cathedral St Stanislas). Her mother installed her as JADWIGA King (rex) of Poland 1384, contrary to the last wishes of her father who wished to maintain the unity of the two crowns, crowned at Krakow 15 Oct 1384. She won Galicia and Silesia back from Hungary. She died in childbirth. The procedure for her beatification was opened at Krakow 22 Apr 1949 by Prince Cardinal Sapieha, Archbishop of Krakow. Betrothed (contract Buda 29 Jul 1385) to WILHELM von Habsburg, son of LEOPOLD III Duke of Austria & Steiermark & his wife Verde [Viridis] Visconti of Milan (1370-Vienna 15 Jul 1406, bur Vienna). He succeeded his father in 1386 as WILHELM Duke of Steiermark and Inner-Austria. m (Krakow 14 Feb 1386) as his first wife, JOGAILA [Jagiello] Grand Duke of Lithuania, son of ALGIRDAS [Olgierd] Grand Duke of Lithuania & his wife Uljana of Tver [Rurikid] ([1351]-Grodek 31 May 1434, bur Krakow Cathedral). He was baptised at Krakow in Feb 1386 as WŁADYSŁAW, shortly before his marriage, at which time he was recognised as WŁADISŁAW II King of Poland.

Chapter 5. KINGS OF POLAND 1386-1572 (LITHUANIA/JAGIELLO)

JOGAILA [Jagiello] Grand Duke of Lithuania, son of ALGIRDAS [Olgierd] Grand Duke of Lithuania & his second wife Iuliana Aleksandrovna of Tver [Rurikid] ([1351]-Grodek 31 May 1434, bur Krakow Cathedral). Prince of Kiev 1377. He supported the Tatar Khan Mamai against Dmitry Ivanovich Prince of Moscow, Grand Prince of Vladimir, although his forces failed to arrive in time to help the Khan at the battle of Kulikovo in 1380[589]. Grand Duke of Lithuania 1382/3-1386 and 1392/1401. He was baptised at Krakow in Feb 1386 as WŁADYSŁAW, shortly before his first marriage, at which time he was recognised as WŁADISŁAW II King of Poland.

m firstly (18 Feb 1386) JADVIGA of Hungary King (rex) of Poland, daughter of LAJOS I King of Hungary [LUDWIK King of Poland] & his second wife Jelisaveta Kotromanić of Bosnia (Krakow 18 Feb 1373-Krakow 12 Jun 1400, bur Krakow, Cathedral St Stanislas). Her mother installed her as King (rex) of Poland in 1384, contrary to the last wishes of her father who wished to maintain the unity of the two crowns. She was crowned at Krakow 15 Oct 1384. The Catalogus abbatum Sanganensium records that « filia minor regis Ungarorum » was betrothed to « duci Austrie » but later married « Poloni…duci…Vladislao vel Wolislao » but that the marriage was childless[590]. She won Galicia and Silesia back from Hungary. She died in childbirth. The procedure for her beatification was opened at Krakow 22 Apr 1949 by Prince Cardinal Sapieha, Archbishop of Krakow.

WŁADISŁAW (31 Oct 1424-killed in battle Varna 10 Nov 1444). He succeeded his father in 1434 as WŁADISŁAW III “Warneczyk” King of Poland. He was elected LÁSZLÓ VI King of Hungary by a council of Nobles at Buda in early 1440, before the birth of László « Posthumous » Archduke of Austria, posthumous son of his predecessor Albrecht Duke of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia. After his arrival in Buda, he was recognised as King by most of László’s supporters. The resulting civil war was mediated by the church, which resulted in the acceptance of the King of Poland as king. A papally sponsored Hungarian/Serb led crusade in 1443 recaptured Smederovo, Niš and Sofija, but was turned back at Adrianople. Sultan Murad II negotiated peace terms under which he agreed to the restoration of the Serb state and a ten-year truce[591]. The Pope encouraged King Władisław to launch a second crusade the following year, in which Serbia refused to participate, in defiance of the agreed truce, but he was defeated and killed in battle by Sultan Murad at Varna 10 Nov 1444.

KAZIMIERZ (16 May 1426-2 Mar 1427).

KAZIMIERZ (30 Nov 1427-Grodno 7 Jun 1492, bur Krakow Cathedral). He was chosen to succeed in 1440 as Grand Duke of Lithuania after the murder of Grand Duke Korybut[592]. He succeeded his brother in 1444 as KAZIMIERZ IV « the Great » King of Poland. He claimed ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Kiev and all the Rus lands, challenging the authority of Metropolitan Iona in Moscow and seeking the allegiance of the Orthodox princes of western Rus. He gave refuge to many dissidents from the Riurikid dynasty, in particular Dmitry Iurievich « Shemiakha » who briefly succeeded as Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1446. In 1480, a group of dissidents led by Prince Fedor Ivanovich Belsky rebelled unsuccessfully against Kasimierz in Lithuania. Belsky fled to Moscow in 1481, from where he continually raided the Lithuanian borders[593]. m (Krakow 10 Feb 1454) ELISABETH Adss of Austria, daughter of ALBRECHT V Duke of Austria [ALBRECHT II King of the Romans, ALBERT King of Hungary, and ALBRECHT King of Bohemia] & his wife Elisabeth Pss of Bohemia and Hungary [Luxembourg] ([1435/36]-30 Aug 1505, bur Krakow Cathedral). The Catalogus abbatum Sanganensium records that one daughter of « Albertus dux Austrie » married « Kazimiro regi Polonie« [594]. King Kazimierz IV & his wife had thirteen children:

a) WŁADISŁAW (Cracow 1 Mar 1456-Buda 13 Mar 1516). He succeeded in 1471 as LADISLAUS II King of Bohemia. He was elected as ULÁSZLÓ II King of Hungary and Croatia in 1490.

c) St KAZIMIERZ (Cracow 3 Oct 1458-Grodno 4 Mar 1483, bur Vilna). An attempt failed in 1471 to place him on the throne of Hungary. Viceroy of Poland during his father’s absence in Lithuania. He followed a life of religious retirement. He died of phthisis. Miracles were reported at his tomb. Canonised 7 Nov 1602, patron saint of Poland, feast day 4 March.

d) JAN OLBRACHT (27 Dec 1459-Torun 17 Jun 1501). He succeeded 1483-1491 as Grand Duke of Lithuania, 1490-1498 as Duke of Glogau, and in 1492 as JAN I OLBRACHT King of Poland.

e) ALEKSANDER (5 Aug 1461-19 Aug 1506). He succeeded his father in 1492 as Grand Duke of Lithuania, continuing and intensifying his father’s policy of conflict with Moscow, sending an army across the border to attack Mozhaisk. The border war was settled in 1494, when Lithuania renounced its claims to Novgorod, Pskov and Tver. The peace was sealed by Grand Duke Aleksander’s betrothal to Ivan III’s daughter. Hostilities resumed between Moscow and Lithuania resumed in 1500, following Aleksander’s alleged breaches of the terms of the 1494 peace settlement. The 1503 peace settlement guaranteed Moscow possession of Starodub, Briansk, Novgorod-Seversk and Chernigov, then located deep in Lithuanian territory[597]. He succeeded his brother in 1501 as ALEKSANDER I King of Poland. m (15 Feb 1495) IELENA Ivanovna of Moscow, daughter of IVAN III Vasilievich Grand Prince of Moscow & his second wife Zoe Palaiologina (19 May 1476-20 Jan 1513). Her marriage was arranged to seal the peace between her father and her future husband, following his attack on Mozhaisk[598]. The arrangement included her right to retain the Orthodox faith. Reports of her husband pressurising her to accept Catholicism constituted one of the reasons for the renewal of hostilities between Moscow and Lithuania in 1500[599]. She was imprisoned by the Lithuanian government in 1512 and soon died in prison, which gave her brother Vasily III the pretext for launching another military attack on Lithuania[600].

iv) ZYGMUNT (1 Aug 1520-7 Jul 1572). He succeeded in 1522 as Grand Prince of Lithuania. He succeeded his father in 1548 as ZYGMUNT II AUGUST King of Poland. Moscow started the Livonian war in 1558 to acquire land west of Pskov. However, Poland, Lithuania and the other Baltic powers intervened to prevent Muscovite expansion. Over the course of the following twenty years, Moscow temporarily captured Polotsk in 1563 but in 1582 was forced to agree a truce with Poland-Lithuania, united since the Union of Lublin of 1569[602]. m firstly (5 May 1543) ELISABETH Adss of Austria, daughter of FERDINAND I Archduke of Austria King of Bohemia and Hungary (9 Jul 1526 –15 Jun 1545). m secondly (28 Jul/6 Aug 1547) as her second husband, BARBARA Radziwiłł, widow of STANISŁAW Gasztold Voivode of Novogrodek, daughter of JERZY VICTOR Radziwiłł castellan of Vilna, Hetman of Greater Lithuania (6 Dec 1523 -8 May 1551). m thirdly (1553, shortly after 23 Jun) as her second husband, KATHARINA Adss of Austria, widow of FRANCESCO III Gonzaga Duke of Mantua, daughter of FERDINAND I Archduke of Austria King of Bohemia and Hungary (15 Sep 1533 –28 Feb 1572). Mistress (1): BARBARA Giźawka, daughter of JAN Giźawka, counsellor in Warsaw (-May 1589), who married (before 14 Jul 1573) Michał Prince Woroniecki. King Zygmunt II had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (1):

Chapter 6. KING of POLAND 1573-1575 (VALOIS)

EDOUARD ALEXANDRE de France, son of HENRI II King of France & his wife Caterina de’ Medici (Château de Fontainebleau 19 Sep 1551-murdered Saint-Cloud 2 Aug 1589, bur Compiègne, transferred 23 Jun 1610 to l’église de l’Abbaye royale de Saint-Denis). At first called « Monsieur, Monseigneur le Duc d’Angoulême ». He took the title Duc d’Orléans 8 Dec 1560. He adopted the first name HENRI, after his late father, at his confirmation 18 Mar 1566 at Toulouse Cathédrale Saint-Etienne. Entering the Royal Council at Moulins Feb 1567, he was created Duc d’Anjou et de Bourbon[603]. He adopted the title Duc d’Anjou but was referred to as « Monseigneur » or « Monseigneur frère du roi ». He was elected HENRYK King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania by the Diet of Warsaw 11 May 1573, crowned at Krakow St Wenceslas Cathedral 21 Feb 1574. Having reserved his rights to succeed in France 22 Aug 1573 before he left for Poland, he succeeded his brother in 1574 as HENRI III King of France. Although he left Poland for France immediately, he did not formally abdicate as king of Poland but continued to refer to himself by the title, even after the election of Stefan Bátory as king in his place.

[2] Dzięcioł (1963), pp. 87-90, which cites, among other descriptive sources, the Historia adversus paganos of Orosius, translated by Alfred King of Wessex, and the Descriptio civitatum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii by the Bavarian Geographer.