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Gene were first detected and analyzed by Mendel and subsequently by many other scientist (Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as “particles”)

Mendel did not know that the “particles” were actually Chromosomes & DNA

Subsequent studies shows the correlation betweentransmission of genes from one generation to generation (Segregation and independent assortment) and the behavior of chromosomes during sexual reproduction, specifically the reduction division of meiosis and fertilization.

These and related expt. provided a strong early evidence that genes are usually located on chromosomes.

While studying genetic variation in corn, McClintock found that certain genetic elements (genes) had the unusual ability to move from one location to another in a chromosome. They could even move to an entirely different chromosome. (Note that this is different from a translocation, where a whole piece of the chromosome moves, not just a gene.)

Some copy themselves and jump to new locations in our DNA where they affect adjacent genes. In their new location they can disrupt a gene completely, or subtly change the way it exerts its effects in the cell. This can have both positive and negative consequences.