Principle of Adaptation

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2Principle of AdaptationAthletes train to adapt their bodies to a particular sport/activity.Training should be;Specific to their sportSpecific to the desired outcome as a result of adaptations.SAID PrincipleS = Specific A = Adaptation I = Imposed D = DemandsAdaptation = “a long-term physiological change in response to training loads that allows the body to meet new demands.Stress on the body causes adaptations.A plateau occurs when the training load is not sufficient to cause stress.Adaptations can be classified as acute and chronic;Acute – Immediate physiological response to exercise which last the duration of the exercise session. Type of training not important.Chronic – Long-term adaptations to exercise.In this chapter, we will focus on chronic changes.VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

7Cardiovascular TrainingLower blood pressure – relieves hypertension by lowering resistance in the vesselsArterio-venous oxygen difference - increases as athlete is able to use oxygen from arteries more effectivelyIncreased plasma, blood volume and haemoglobin levelsIncreased capillarisation of skeletal muscleDecreased blood cholesterol, triglycerides ad Low Density Lipoproteins (LDP). These substances are associated with coronary heart disease.Increased high density lipoproteins (HDL) – Ratio of HDL to LDL increases, which is important for heart health.Increased redistribution of blood – Training can lead to a 20% increase in blood flow to working muscles.VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

9Respiratory Training AdaptationsDecreased minute ventilation- Lungs become more efficient as a result of training. Ventilation is therefore reduced at sub-maximal workloads.Increased pulmonary diffusion – oxygen is more readily extracted from the alveoliIncreased tidal volume (Amount of air inspired and expired during breathing)Ventilatory musculature – Muscles responsible for breathing require less oxygen.Improved lung function –due to improved lung volume and alveolar capacity surface area.Aerobic capacity – Improves due to an increase in oxygen supply to the working muscles.See table 11.4 p.273Increased VO2 max – Due to;Increase in cardiac output,Increase in RBC numbers,Increase in a-VO2 diffIncrease in muscle capillarisationImproved oxygen extraction.VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

10Oxygen extraction: a-V02 differencea-V02 difference = Arteriovenous oxygen difference: “difference in oxygen consumption when comparing that in the arterioles to the venules, and an indirect measure of how much oxygen muscles are using”An increase in a-V02 difference results in more blood being pumped to active muscles (especially slow-twitch)Muscle fibres better at extracting and processing oxygen as a result of increased mitochondria numbers, more oxidative enzymes and increased levels of myoglobin.All of this is due to the oxygen demands of the muscles12 mL/100mL18 mL/100mLVCE Physical Education - Unit 4

12Muscular Training AdaptationsAthletes need to use specific training methods to cause muscular adaptations for their sport.Aerobic – Trains the slow twitch (Type I) fibres.Anaerobic – Trains fast twitch (Type II) fibres.Muscle fibre type and percentage that make up the bodyMuscle fibre type can change, eg for elite endurance athletes from 70-90%Genetics a big advantage to start with x amount of fibre percentageYou are born with x amount of fast and slow twitch fibres. BUT you can train and gain more of one type.MYTH – “with training you can change from fast twitch to slow twitch or vice versa.” IMPOSSIBLEHOWEVER – fast twitch fibres have been known to take on slow twitch characteristics in response to aerobic trainingVCE Physical Education - Unit 4

17Adaptations are ReversibleTraining AdaptationsAdaptations are Reversible

18Adaptations are ReversibleAdaptations are reduced and then lost after stopping regular training.The reversibility principle applies when an athlete becomes inactive.As a result, athletes need to undertake a vigorous pre-season months before the in-season starts.Therefore maintenance in the off-season is required to minimise reversing the adaptations.VCE Physical Education - Unit 4