Sample records for acute whole-body irradiation

Reports on radiation damage to the pancreas deal essentially with long-term morphological changes with few data on pancreatic exocrine function. The aim of this work was to study the acute effects of wholebodyirradiation on volume and enzyme activities in the pancreatic juice. A wholebody gamma irradiation (6 Gy) was investigated in pigs with continuous sampling of pancreatic juice before and after exposure via an indwelling catheter in the pancreatic duct. For each sample collected, total protein concentration and enzyme activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, lipase and amylase were determined. Pancreatic juice volume was monitored during all periods of collection. The volume of pancreatic juice secreted daily decreased one day after irradiation and remained lower than the control values over the experimental period. Total proteins secreted in the pancreatic juice and total activities of pancreatic enzymes were reduced similarly. On the other hand, only specific activities of elastase and lipase were affected by irradiation. Wholebody gamma irradiation resulted in a rapid and marked decrease of exocrine pancreatic secretion, in terms of volume as well as secreted enzymes. This may contribute in part to the intestinal manifestations of the acute and/or late radiation syndrome. (author)

The acute effects of proton whole-bodyirradiation on the distribution and function of leukocyte populations in the spleen and blood were examined and compared to the effects of photons derived from a (60)Co gamma-ray source. Adult female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a single dose (3 Gy at 0.4 Gy/min) of protons at spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP), protons at the distal entry (E) region, or gamma rays and killed humanely at six different times thereafter. Specific differences were noted in the results, thereby suggesting that the kinetics of the response may be variable. However, the lack of significant differences in most assays at most times suggests that the RBE for both entry and peak regions of the Bragg curve was essentially 1.0 under the conditions of this study. The greatest immunodepression was observed at 4 days postexposure. Flow cytometry and mitogenic stimulation analyses of the spleen and peripheral blood demonstrated that lymphocyte populations differ in radiosensitivity, with B (CD19(+)) cells being most sensitive, T (CD3(+)) cells being moderately sensitive, and natural killer (NK1.1(+)) cells being most resistant. B lymphocytes showed the most rapid recovery. Comparison of the T-lymphocyte subsets showed that CD4(+) T helper/inducer cells were more radiosensitive than the CD8(+) T cytotoxic/suppressor cells. These findings should have an impact on future studies designed to maximize protection of normal tissue during and after proton-radiation exposure.

The general characteristic of conceptions of the material substrate of various forms and types of radiation injuries from the moment of a wide use of radiation energy and radioactive substances up to the present time, the dependence of structural changes on the type of ionizing radiation, dose and forms of its effect, are presented. The pathological anatomy of particular manifestations of acute radiation disease in various systems of the organism is described. The attention is paid to the variant of radiation disease taking place during non-uniform general irradiation. Local and general morphological changes which develop in skin, hyperdermic fat and skeleton muscles simultaneously in the zone of massive local effect against the background of the general radiation injury, are described for the first time. Delayed alterations in blood vessels and interstitial tissue after the acute radiation disease are described as well as the pathomorphology and histochemistry of trophic disorders in the acute and delayed periods of acute radiation disease

Activation of the stress-inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene by X-irradiation was investigated in rat liver. When male Wistar MS strain rats (8 weeks) received whole-bodyirradiation of 17.0 Gy, 7 h later the activity of heme oxygenase in the liver was significantly enhanced (2.5 times). The level of HO-1 mRNA expression was increased by 2.3 and 4.0 times 2 and 4 h after radiation, and then declined at 7 and 10 h to the level of 2.0 and 1.6 times of the control. When the X-ray dose was varied from 4.0 to 21.7 Gy, the transcription of the gene was enhanced at all doses and the level of activation was dose-dependent. Finally, western blotting of irradiated liver demonstrated a significant increase in the level of HO-1 induced by X-rays, peaking at 4 h. Thus, X-rays were confirmed to be stressors that induce acute HO-1 expression transiently in the liver. (author)

Full text: A radiation-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown has been evoked, but clearly demonstrated only at high doses of ionizing radiations. By using two protocols, we have searched an impairment in BBB integrity induced by moderate doses. First, the effects of irradiation on the permeability of striatal BBB to [3H]AIBA and [14C]sucrose were investigated in rats by using brain microdialysis. 32 rats, irradiated at 4.5Gy were serially experimented from 0 to 24 hours, from 24 to 48 hours and at later delays after exposure. 32 sham-irradiated rats served as controls. Second, the entry of pyridostigmine (PYR would not be expected to cross the BBB) into the brain was investigated in mice subjected to (neutron-g) exposure at 0.7Gy or 4Gy. For each dose 120 animals were irradiated and 120 sham-irradiated mice were included. At different delays after exposure, 10 mice were injected with 0.9% NaCl (control) or PYR bromide (0.1 mg/kg). Mice were killed 10min after injection and striatum, cortex and hippocampus were quickly dissected. Penetration of the drug into the brain was examined by measurement of AChE activity. Concerning microdialysis protocol, no late modification of the permeability of BBB was observed. But, in the course of the initial syndrome, we observed a transient increase of the permeability to the two markers, between the third and the 17th hour after exposure. A secondary transient 'opening' of the BBB to [14C] sucrose was noticed about 28 hours following irradiation with no modification of the permeability to [3H]AIBA. Concerning the BBB permeability to PYR, by comparing irradiated-PYR mice to sham-PYR mice, a decrease of AChE activity in the three cerebral areas was noted 48 hours after exposure at 4 Gy ; at 0.7 Gy this decrease is noted in the striatum only. In conclusion, our experiments by using two animal models, two types of radiations, and different tracers show modifications of the BBB permeability after moderate doses whole-body

An analysis of foreign literature on treatment acute leukoses with irradiation and transplantation of allogenic bone marrow is given. It is shown that whole-bodyirradiation used to increase treatment efficiency of man hemoblastosis are widely applied nowadays abroad. Bone marrow transplantation including compulsory whole-bodyirradiation with 10 Gy is the only practicable attempt to eradicate leukosis. Whole-bodyirradiation unlike chemotherapy provides more durable survival rate without recurrence; it doesn't require hospitalization and continuity of treatment following the general course; it doesn't produce toxic complications.

An analysis of foreign literature on treatment acute leukoses with irradiation and transplantation of allogenic bone marrow is given. It is shown that whole-bodyirradiation used to increase treatment efficiency of man hemoblastosis are widely applied nowadays abroad. Bone marrow transplantation including compulsory whole-bodyirradiation with 10 Gy is the only practicable attempt to eradicate leukosis. Whole-bodyirradiation unlike chemotherapy provides more durable survival rate without recurrence; it doesn't require hospitalization and continuity of treatment following the general course; it doesn't produce toxic complications

The objective of this work has been to implement a Total body irradiation technique that fulfill the following conditions: simplicity, repeatability, fast and comfortable positioning for the patient, homogeneity of the dose between 10-15 %, short times of treatments and In vivo dosimetric verifications. (Author)

Recombinant human interleukin-1α (rhIL-1α) has significant potential as a radioprotector and/or treatment for radiation-induced hematopoietic injury. Both IL-1 and whole-body ionizing irradiationacutely stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We therefore assessed the interaction of whole-bodyirradiation and rhIL-1α in altering the functioning of the axis in mice. Specifically, we determined the adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone responses to rhIL-1α administered just before and hours to days after whole-body or sham irradiation. Our results indicate that whole-bodyirradiation does not potentiate the rhIL-1α-induced increase in ACTH levels at the doses used. In fact, the rhIL-1α-induced increase in plasma ACTH is transiently impaired when the cytokine is administered 5 h after, but not 1 h before, exposure to whole-bodyirradiation. The ACTH response may be inhibited by elevated corticosterone levels after whole-bodyirradiation, or by other radiation-induced effects on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. 36 refs., 3 figs

A new method of wholebodyirradiation was developed using a linear accelerator linked to microprocessor. By this modified arc technique, a total body photon irradiation and a total skin electron irradiation were practical for narrow room. Approximative calculations were deviced for dose distribution. Dosimetric results were consistent with those previosly calculated. Local doses in lungs, neck and other areas were easily adjustable with arrangements of pre-set dose rate. In total skin electron irradation, six predeterminated postures and 'make up' irradiation were necessary to dose homogeneity over 'shady area' such as axillae. Clinically, a large arteriovenous malformation in an arm decreased with normalization of plethysmogram after treatment, and remarkable reductions of mycosis fungoides tumor were observed. This new method of total skin electron irradiation and total body photon therapy will clinically expand with the progress of bone marrow transplantation. (author)

Evaluation of severity in acute pancreatitis is still controversial. We studied about thirteen cases of acute pancreatitis and calculated CT score using findings of early wholebody CT scanning within forty eight hours after initial symptoms. Simultaneously we calculated clinical score too. CT score was constituted by ten points (changes limitted in pancreas itself, extension of inflammation and extrapancreatic fluid collection etc.). And clinical score was constituted by eight clinical symptoms and fourteen laboratory findings in fatal pancreatitis reported in Japan. From these studies, we conclude that early CT scanning is more useful for objective determination of severity and therapy (surgical or medical) in acute pancreatitis than clinical findings. So we made new classification of severity in acute pancreatitis by CT score as follows: severe (6=: medical therapy). (author)

The increase in the content of bone marrow and hepatic metallothioneins (MT) in mice with the maximum at 30 hr after whole-body γ-irradiation was shown. The MT level in that tissues at that time correlated with the exposure dose. The MT content in lymphocytes of patient with acute lympholeucosis was increased after fractionated whole-bodyirradiation, that index also correlated with accumulated exposure dose

Rapid onset of liver failure with fatal outcome occured in a young woman after successful bone marrow transplantation undertaken for refractory acute leukaemia. Centrilobular necrosis was demonstrated at autopsy and was attributed to prior cytotoxic chemotherapy, possibly potentiated by the total-body irradiation that was used in preparation for the transplant. This association between liver damage and prolonged drug therapy, coupled with the short median survival currently achieved within these chemotherapy regimens, has initiated an evaluation of bone marrow transplantation in patients with leukaemia during the first complete remission, rather than at a later stage when cumulative drug toxicity to the liver may have taken place

The multi fractionated whole-bodyirradiation has today replaced the technique of whole-bodyirradiation in single dose, that was at the origin of acute and delayed effects, especially pneumonia and cataract. The results and the tolerance of our whole-bodyirradiation pattern are similar to these ones mentioned in the national register of allogeneic marrow transplants. (N.C.)

Wholebody of the adult albino rates was exposed to 60Co radiation in a single dose of 600 R. Following irradiation the adrenal serotonin level was found higher till the end of 8th week except a fall on 14th day, whereas the blood 5HT level remained lower than the normal except a slight rise at the end of 1st week and dropped down at 14 days followed by a further rise. The blood catecholamine level was found increased at the end of 14th day followed by a fall at 4th and 8th weeks, but the levels were moving round the normal value. The histological studies of adrenal gland showed degranulation and hypertrophy of adrenal cortex and medullary cells at various intervals of post-irradiation. On the whole it is observed that maximum changes in the level of biogenic amines take place within 14 days after irradiation, and maximum rate of mortality also coincide with this period. Thus bringing out the fact that adrenal bioamines play an important role in the vital activities of the animals. (author)

The relative reticulocyte content and the average Fe uptake of peripheral reticulocytes were investigated in rats after blood loss and whole-bodyirradiation as well as after a combined treatment for a time of 15 days. The acute loss of blood caused a rapid increase of cellular uptake within 24 hours, whereas after irradiation a considerable diminution could be observed. In addition to a direct stimulation or inhibition of bone marrow activity a direct influence of blood loss and irradiation on reticulocytes is discussed. (author)

Extensive hepatic erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis occur in adult mice given methylcellulose (MC). This appears to be a compensatory response to MC induced hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of wholebodyirradiation (WBI) upon established hepatic hematopoiesis (HH) as well as its effect when given before the induction of HH. Established hepatic erythroid and granulocytic foci were significantly decreased 24 hours after 100 or 300 rads. The D0 for erythroid and granulocytic foci was 107+-10 rads and 95+-20 rads respectively, similar to those reported for murine marrow and spleen cell CFUsub(s). Megakaryocytes were more radioresistant, gradually declining over 7 days to 50% of control values following 100 rads and with a D0 of 347+-7 rads; suggesting a differential radiation sensitivity compared to erythroid and granulocytic foci. WBI, 100 and 300 rads, given before MC failed to prevent subsequent development of HH although both marrow and spleen responses were reduced. Hepatic granulocytic foci and marrow peroxidase positive cells were reduced by such treatment while erythroid and megakaryocytic foci were similar to controls. This suggests that irradiation damaged stem cells responded to MC with increased erythropoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis at the expense of granulopoiesis. (author)

This work aims to investigate the influence of wholebody gamma irradiation on the rheological properties of rat's blood . The applied shear rate was from 12 to 375 s-1. low shear viscosity (up to 100 s-1) depends mainly on the erythrocytes aggregation while the high shear viscosity depends on the erythrocytes deformability. Adult male rats were exposed to 1, 2.5, 3.5,5,7 and 9 Gy single doses. The consistency index, apparent viscosity, yield stress and aggregation index were increased after exposure to gamma radiation . The dielectric properties of the erythrocytes, in the low frequency range (60 hz to 40 khz), were measured in order to investigate the changes in the membrane surface charge . The relative permittivity and relaxation time showed significant decrease after exposure to the lowest dose and continue to decrease as the dose increased. The obtained results showed that increase in the blood viscosity and aggregation index can be attributed to the decrease in the erythrocyte surface charges

The study of rheological properties of blood has special interest; since it is a circulating fluid exposed to shear rates during its life time. This work aims to investigate the influence of wholebody gamma irradiation on the rheological properties of rat's blood. The applied shear rate was from 12 to 375 s-1. Low shear viscosity (up to 100 s-1) depends mainly on the erythrocytes aggregation while the high shear viscosity depends on the erythrocytes deformability. Materials and Methods: Adult male rats were exposed to 1, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7 and 9 Gy single doses. The consistency index, apparent viscosity, yield stress and aggregation index were increased after exposure to gamma radiation. The dielectric properties of the erythrocytes, in the low frequency range (60 Hz to 40 k Hz), were measured in order to investigate the changes in the membrane surface charge. Results: The results obtained indicate that the viscosity, consistency index and yield stress increased after the exposure to the lowest dose taken; 1 Gy, and continued to increase as the exposure dose increased up to dose 7 Gy and then decrease after exposure to 9 Gy. The relative permittivity and relaxation time showed significant decrease after exposure to the lowest dose and continue to decrease as the dose increased. Conclusion: The obtained results can be attributed to the decrease of membrane surface charge after exposure to gamma radiation. The decrease in the membrane surface charge is known to decrease the repulsion between the cells and increase blood viscosity.

One hour after whole-bodyirradiation with a radiation source having its maximum of emission in the UVB range, at a radiation dose of 0.44 J/cm2, a significant fall in the mean values of the blood plasma hydrocortisone level (p<0.05) was seen which exceeded the normal daytime variation. This effect could not be elicited by UVA whole-bodyirradiation. The ACTH concentrations in the blood plasma remained unchanged. Upon daily repetition of the UVB radiation exposure at increasing doses over a period of 12 days, the reaction of the fall in hydrocortisone repeatedly occurred again attaining the same value. The hydrocortisone concentrations of the suction blister liquid were unaltered after the UVB whole-bodyirradiation. The phenomenon of the fall in plasma hydrocortisone observed shortly after UVB whole-bodyirradiation is claimed by the author to be due to UVB-radiation-induced epidermal glucocorticoid consumption. (orig./MG)

The present studies were performed to investigate the healing process of the tooth extraction wound in wholebodyirradiated rats and to clarify the effect of irradiation on bone metabolism. One hundred and seven Wistar rats of about 100 g body weight were used and divided into 3 groups. Wholebodyirradiated rats were given single exposure with a dose of 8 Gy. The region of the left upper molars of local irradiated rats as controls, was exposed to 8 Gy. On the 7th day after irradiation, the left upper first molar of each rat was extracted. The rats were sacrificed at intervals of 1 to 14 days after extraction. Non-irradiated rats were sacrificed at the same intervals after extraction. The maxillary bone including the extraction wound was evaluated, histologically, histometrically and ultrastructurally. From the histological and histometrical findings, the difference of the healing process between non-irradiated rats and locally irradiated rats is not significant. In wholebodyirradiated rats, the healing process especially in the socket was disturbed. The osteoblastic new bone formation following production of granulation tissue was interfered with. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic organellae were poorly developed in the osteoblast and osteoid formation was reduced in the socket. But periosteal new bone formation was the same as that of the locally irradiated rats. In wholebodyirradiated rats, the osteoclasts in the interradicular alveolar bone were decreased and have smaller nuclei, compared with non-irradiated and locally irradiated rats. Histometrically, the amount of bone loss was decreased in wholebodyirradiated rats. Ultrastructurally, the cyoplasmic organellae and ruffled border were poorly developed in the osteoclasts of wholebodyirradiated rats. The findings suggested that irradiation induced cytological changes not only in osteoblasts but in osteoclasts and these changes resulted in the delayed healing of extraction wound. (author) 106 refs

The response to wholebody X irradiation has been studied in the brain of rats fed both on a normal diet (consisting of equal parts of wheat and gram flour) and on a low protein irradiated diet (consisting of a part of normal diet and three parts of wheat). The activity of enzymes related to the glucose metabolism (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose diphosphate aldolase) is reduced, while that of peroxidant enzymes (catalase and lipid peroxidase) increased in the brain of rats that received a diet poor in proteins and irradiated diets (normal or hypoproteic). DNA and RNA levels and protein content show a significant reduction in the brain of rats with hypoproteic and irradiated diets. The total body irradiation causes serious alterations in the brain in animals with a hypoproteic malnutritions due both to a low protein and an irradiated diet. The brain of rats fed on a low protein and irradiated diet exhibits after wholebodyirradiation damages more severe than those in rats fed on a normal irradiated diet

The effect of the cellular immune response by total body irradiation was investigated. The transplant survival (skin grafts) was determined as immune parameter. Donors were colony bred Wistar rats and recipients were colony bred Sprague Dawley rats. The investigations were carried out with irradiated rats and with rats irradiated after thymectomy and/or adrenalectomy as well as with animals without irradiation. A single total-body irradiation (1 and 2 Gy) was administered. The skin graft survival in irradiated rats was significant shorter (radiogenic immunostimulation) than in unirradiated rats; there were no significant differences between the operated (thymectomy and/or adrenalectomy) and not operated animals. Including precedent examinations this radiogenic immunostimulation is caused by relativly selective inactivation of T-suppressor cells. (orig.)

After 24, 96 and 144 hours following whole-bodyirradiation of rats with 8 Gy an increased acetylcholinesterase activity was found in platelets. The activity of butyrylcholinesterase in platelets increased in all investigated intervals after whole-bodyirradiation of rats with 8 Gy. The highest values were recorded after 144, 192 and 264 hours. (author)

The effect of global immunosuppression by sublethal wholebody X-irradiation on the development of cerebral oedema was assessed 24 h after right middle cerebral artery occulustion in the rat. Irradiation produced a significant leucopaenia and thrombocytopaenia, and significantly reduced cortical oedema when compared to non-irradiated control animals. (au)

The effect of global immunosuppression by sublethal wholebody X-irradiation on the development of cerebral oedema was assessed 24 h after right middle cerebral artery occulustion in the rat. Irradiation produced a significant leucopaenia and thrombocytopaenia, and significantly reduced cortical oedema when compared to non-irradiated control animals. (au).

The incidence of cataract formation was investigated in rhesus monkeys exposed to different doses of whole-bodyirradiation. Application of 850 to 900 rad (8.5 to 9 Gy) caused cataracts in 17% of the monkeys within 3 years after treatment; after 10 to 15 years, incidence increased to 100%. Young lenses showed a significantly lower incidence than adult lenses, although no differences in the stage of cataractogenesis could be demonstrated. Sex differences did not play a role in incidence and severity of cataracts. Lower doses (400 rad or 4 Gy) did not cause cataracts. In view of the close similarity between monkeys and humans, these results indicate that a single dose of 850 to 900 rad, sometimes employed in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in children, carries a strong risk of cataract development

It is stated that physical workability remains practically at the initial level after a course of fractionated whole-body therapeutic gamma irradiation at the integral doze of 1 Gy obtained during two weeks and at the integral dose of 2 Gy obtained during 4 weeks. Tendency to decrease of systolic arterial pressure (AP) is noted under fractionated whole-body therapeutic gamma irradiation at the integral dose of 1 Gy that should be necessarily taken into account under irradiation of patients with reduced AP and patients receiving hypotensive preparations for accompanying arterial hypertension

The involvement of the signal transduction pathway in mouse liver following wholebodyirradiation was investigated. Mice were exposed to 60Co gamma rays (3 Gy) and sacrificed after different time intervals. Various elements of phosphatidyl inositol signal transduction pathway were investigated. Alterations could be seen as early as 15 min of irradiation. These changes are reflected in elevation in DAG levels and increased activation of PKC, an enzyme which is involved in tumorigenesis. The chronological appearance of various transducers following wholebodyirradiation is of significance since these early effects may set the stage for radiation-induced tumorigenesis and hence may be used to manipulate tumor response to radiotherapy. (author)

There are presented data showing that whole-body therapeutic ν-irradiation is an effective method of treatment of chronic lymphoid leukosis and lymphomas. Rapid lymphopenic effect, satisfactory diminution of lymph nodes and spleen sizes testify to the effect. The necessity of further investigation of the treatment method is underlined. It is of interest to trace the fate of lymphocyte subpopulations in the course and after treatment. The urgency of working out a most rational scheme for whole-body therapeutic irradiation and for investigating indications for local irradiation of various groups of lymphatic nodes is indicated

There are presented data showing that whole-body therapeutic ..gamma..-irradiation is an effective method of treatment of chronic lymphoid leukosis and lymphomas. Rapid lymphopenic effect, satisfactory diminution of lymph nodes and spleen sizes testify to the effect. The necessity of further investigation of the treatment method is underlined. It is of interest to trace the fate of lymphocyte subpopulations in the course and after treatment. The urgency of working out a most rational scheme for whole-body therapeutic irradiation and for investigating indications for local irradiation of various groups of lymphatic nodes is indicated.

The delayed consolidation of diaphysial long-bone fractures in mice subjected to whole-body X-irradiation is expressed biochemically by a faulty mineralization of the repair callus. This deficiency is proportional to the irradiation intensity and is not corrected by previous administration of cycteamine

A 25 Ci iridium-192 source accidentally lost was introduced in a room where among others four young female patients (14 - 20 years old) one of them pregnant were irradiated during 4/5 weeks, 6/8 hours daily, cumulating skin doses in the range of 2500r and mean medullary doses in the range of 1250r. They developed a very protracted infections and haemorragic syndrome during which they were treated successfully by haematologic compensatory therapy with enormous quantities of packed isolated blood cells (R.B.C., W.B.C., platelets) and massive antibiotic, antimycotic and hydro-electrolytic therapy. The dosimetric (physical and biological) problems are discussed and the clinical and biological data are given in detail

Crew members face potential consequences following exposure to the space radiation environment including acute radiation syndrome and cancer. The space radiation environment is ample with protons, and numerous studies have been devoted to the understanding of the health consequences of proton exposures. In this project, C57BL/6 mice underwent whole-body exposure to 250 MeV of protons at doses of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 2 and 6 Gy and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of each animal was dissected four hours post-irradiation. Standard H&E staining methods to screen for morphologic changes in the tissue showed an increase in apoptotic lesions for even the lowest dose of 0.1 Gy, and the percentage of apoptotic cells increased with increasing dose. Results of gene expression changes showed consistent up- or down- regulation, up to 10 fold, of a number of genes across exposure doses that may play a role in proton-induced oxidative stress including Gpx2. A separate study in C57BL/6 mice using the same four hour time point but whole-body gamma-irradiation showed damage to the small intestine with lesions appearing at the smallest dose of 0.05 Gy and increasing with increasing absorbed dose. Expressions of genes associated with oxidative stress processes were analyzed at four hours and twenty-four hours after exposure to gamma rays. We saw a much greater number of genes with significant up- or down-regulation twenty-four hours post-exposure as compared to the four hour time point. At both four hours and twenty-four hours post-exposure, Duox1 and Mpo underwent up-regulation for the highest dose of 6 Gy. Both protons and gamma rays lead to significant variation in gene expressions and these changes may provide insight into the mechanism of injury seen in the GI tract following radiation exposure. We have also completed experiments using a BALB/c mouse model undergoing whole-body exposure to protons. Doses of 0, 0.1, 1 and 2 Gy were used and results will be compared to the work mentioned

We have investigated the effects of dipyridamole, which has radioprotective effects in mice, on radiation damage in the mouse spleen. The level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the spleen, a measure of free radical initiated lipid peroxidation, increased significantly between 6 and 10 Gy 4 days after whole-bodyirradiation (p<0.05). Also, the TBARS in the spleen increased linearly between days 2 and 10 after 9 Gy whole-bodyirradiation. The TBARS concentration in the spleen 4 days after irradiation was reduced significantly from 5.15±0.97 nmole/mg protein to 3.76±0.35 nmole/mg protein by dipyridamole treatment (1hr before irradiation, 2 mg i.p.) (p<0.01), but no effects were observed with 2 mg i.p. dipyridamole treatment after irradiation. The weight of the spleen decreased significantly between 6 (31%) to 10 Gy (21%) 4 days after whole-bodyirradiation (p<0.05). The spleen weight 2 day after 9 Gy whole-bodyirradiation (40.2±1.8 mg) decreased significantly as compared with the control group (125.8±16.8 mg, p< O.01), and the decrease in spleen weight was related to the time lapse (after irradiation from 2 to 10 days). The slight inhibition effect on the decrease of spleen weight was observed by dipyridamole treatment 2 days after 9 Gy whole-bodyirradiation. These results suggest that the radioprotective effects of dipyridamole are related to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and to participation in the early phase of apoptosis in spleen cells. (author)

Full Text Available Wholebody cooling is the current therapy of choice for heatstroke because the therapeutic agents are not available. In this study, we assessed the effects of wholebody cooling on several indices of acute lung inflammation and injury which might occur during heatstroke. Anesthetized rats were randomized into the following groups and given (a no treatment or (b wholebody cooling immediately after onset of heatstroke. As compared with the normothermic controls, the untreated heatstroke rats had higher levels of pleural exudates volume and polymorphonuclear cell numbers, lung myloperoxidase activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, histologic lung injury score, and bronchoalveolar proinflammatory cytokines and glutamate, and PaCO2. In contrast, the values of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, PaO2, pH, and blood HCO3− were all significantly lower during heatstroke. The acute lung inflammation and injury and electrolyte imbalance that occurred during heatstroke were significantly reduced by wholebody cooling. In conclusion, we identified heat-induced acute lung inflammation and injury and electrolyte imbalance could be ameliorated by wholebody cooling.

Rats were wholebodyirradiated with a dose of 7.0 Gy and then bled at different times after exposure, from 1 day to 12 months; in their plasma the activity of plasmin, the level of plasminogen, the activity of plasminogen activator as well as α2-antiplasmin and α2-macroglobulin were determined. In comparison to control values obtained in parallel determinations it was found that during the acute phase of radiation disease (up to 30 days after irradiation) the activity of plasmin and the level of plasminogen underwent fluctuation: at the beginning there was an increase, followed by a decrease at later time intervals. There was also a distinct decrease (over 50%) in the activity of plasminogen activator. During the 2 to 4 weeks after exposure the activity of inhibitors was somewhat decreased, especially that of α2-macroglobulin. At later periods the level of plasminogen and the activity of plasminogen activator returned to normal but that of plasmin underwent fluctuation again, reaching a significant decrease in activity 6 and 12 months after exposure. At these time points also some decrease in activity of inhibitors was observed, especially in that of α2-macroglobulin. 11 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs. (author)

It is shown that γ-irradiation of albino rats with a dose of 30 Gy leads to pronounced phase changes in monoaminoxidase activity and serotonin content in rat brain at early times after whole-body exposure. These is a similar direction of changes in the activity of the enzyme and in the content of the substrate adequate to the latter

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 8 h to continuous-wave microwave radiation (MWR, 1.3 Ghz) at a mean specific absorbed dose rate of 9 mW/g. MWR exposure and sham-irradiation took place in unidirectionally energized cylindrical waveguide sections, within which the animals were essentially unrestrained. The MWR treatment in this setting was determined to yield an elevation of deep rectal temperature to 4.5 degrees C. The animals were taken for analysis at 6.5, 13, 26, and 52 days following treatment, which corresponded to .5, 1, 2, and 4 cycles of the seminiferous epithelium. Net mass of testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles; daily sperm production (DSP) per testis and per gram of testis; and the number of epididymal sperm were determined. The levels of circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH) were derived via radioimmunoassay of plasma samples taken at the time of sacrifice. Despite the evident acute thermogenesis of the MWR at 9 mW/g, no substantial decrement in testicular function was found. We conclude that, in the unrestrained rat, wholebodyirradiation at 9 mW/g, while sufficient to induce evident hyperthermia, is not a sufficient condition for disruption of any of these key measures of testicular function.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 8 h to continuous-wave microwave radiation (MWR, 1.3 Ghz) at a mean specific absorbed dose rate of 9 mW/g. MWR exposure and sham-irradiation took place in unidirectionally energized cylindrical waveguide sections, within which the animals were essentially unrestrained. The MWR treatment in this setting was determined to yield an elevation of deep rectal temperature to 4.5 degrees C. The animals were taken for analysis at 6.5, 13, 26, and 52 days following treatment, which corresponded to .5, 1, 2, and 4 cycles of the seminiferous epithelium. Net mass of testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles; daily sperm production (DSP) per testis and per gram of testis; and the number of epididymal sperm were determined. The levels of circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH) were derived via radioimmunoassay of plasma samples taken at the time of sacrifice. Despite the evident acute thermogenesis of the MWR at 9 mW/g, no substantial decrement in testicular function was found. We conclude that, in the unrestrained rat, wholebodyirradiation at 9 mW/g, while sufficient to induce evident hyperthermia, is not a sufficient condition for disruption of any of these key measures of testicular function

Previous irradiation studies have revealed marked alterations in calcium metabolism. Moreover, the maintenance of calcium homeostasis with parathyroid hormone or calcium salts has been reported to reduce radiation lethality. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the influence of irradiation on calcium homeostasis in the rat. Nine hundred rad of whole-bodyirradiation produced a significant depression of both plasma calcium and phosphate at 4 days postirradiation. This effect of irradiation was observed to be dose-dependent over a range of 600 to 1200 rad, and possibly related to irradiation-induced anorexia. The physiological significance of these observations is discussed

The content of fluorescing products of lipid peroxidation (LFP) and hormone-stimulated lipolytic activity were determined in rat epididymal adipose tissue during a 29-day interval after whole-body gamma irradiation. An increase in LFP was accompanied by a decrease in lipolytic activity. It is suggested that these effects are interrelated and that the decrease in lipolysis in irradiated, semi fasting rats is an additional deteriorating factor leading to death in some animals.

To determine the protective effect of hypoxia in the hematopoietic radiation response 9 beagles were exposed to wholebody X irradiation with 3.0 Gy medium line dosis (MLD) and after 10 weeks to a second 60Co-gamma whole-bodyirradiation with 6.5 Gy MLD, 5 animals being exposed under respiratory hypoxia of 7.5% O2 and 4 under normal oxygen conditions. 4 animals were sham-irradiated under 7.5% hypoxia. The effect of hypoxia found expression in a distinct decrease of neutropenia and a lesser extent of lymphopenia after 3.0 Gy MLD. The highest effect was obtained with respect to a significant increase of the effectiveness of the regenerative events. After 6.5 Gy MLD and the subsequent peracute course of the radiation syndrome the protective effect could be observed less clearly

We examined effects of local and wholebodyirradiation before tooth extraction on appearance and differentiation of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone of rat maxillary first molars. Wistar rats weighting 100 g were divided into three groups: non-irradiation group, local irradiation group, and wholebodyirradiation group. In the local irradiation group, a field made with lead blocks was placed over the maxillary left first molar tooth. In the wholebodyirradiation group, the animals were irradiated in cages. Both groups were irradiated at 8 Gy. The number of osteoclasts around the interradicular alveolar bone showed chronological changes common to non-irradiated and irradiated animals. Several osteoclasts appeared one day after tooth extraction, and the maximal peak was observed 3 days after extraction. Local irradiation had no difference from non-irradiated controls. In animals receiving wholebodyirradiation, tooth extraction one day after irradiation caused smaller number of osteoclasts than that 7 day after irradiation during the experimental period. Wholebody-irradiated rats had small osteoclasts with only a few nuclei and narrow resorption lacunae, indicating deficiency of radioresistant osteoclast precursor cells. Injection of intact bone marrow cells to wholebody-irradiated animals immediately after tooth extraction recovered to some content the number of osteoclasts. These findings suggest that bone resorption in the wound healing of alveolar socket requires radioresistant, postmitotic osteoclast precursor cells from hematopoietic organs, but not from local sources around the alveolar socket, at the initial phase of wound healing. (author)

Administration of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), a major component of coffee, to Swiss mice at doses of 80 or 100 mg/kg body weight 60 min prior to whole-body lethal dose of γ-irradiation (7.5 Gy) resulted in the survival of 70 and 63% of animals, respectively, at the above doses in contrast to absolutely no survivors (LD-100/25 days) in the group exposed to radiation alone. Pre-treatment with a lower concentration of caffeine (50 mg/kg) did not confer any radioprotection. The protection exerted by caffeine (80 mg/kg), however, was reduced from 70 to 50% if administered 30 min prior to irradiation. The trend statistics reveal that a dose of 80 mg/kg administered 60 min before whole-body exposure to 7.5 Gy is optimal for maximal radioprotection. However, caffeine (80 mg/kg) administered within 3 min after irradiation offered no protection. While there is documentation in the literature that caffeine is an antioxidant and radioprotector against the toxic pathway of radiation damage in a wide range of cells and organisms, this is the first report demonstrating unequivocally its potent radioprotective action in terms of survival of lethally whole-bodyirradiated mice. (author)

Wholebody gamma irradiation of rats with a dose of 5.5 Gy induced significant changes in the activity of liver and serum transaminase. The results indicated that this radiation dose caused a significant increase in the activity of serum Got and GPT on the third and seventh days after irradiation. This was followed by significant decreases on the fourteenth post-irradiation day. The activity of Got returned to is control activity, while the activity of GPT was significantly above the control on the twenty ones post-irradiation day. The activity of Got, in the liver of irradiated rats was elevated during the post-irradiation days, but on the twenty one day activity was about the normal value. The activity of liver GPT firstly decreased and then increased very much but attained the control level on the fourteenth after irradiation. The intraperitoneal injection of testosterone-vitamin E mixture 10 days before wholebody gamma irradiation caused complete recovery for the activity of liver and serum Got. No indication of remarkable recovery in the case of GPT activity was recorded either in liver or in serum of irradiated rats. The applied mixture could protect against radiation induced changes in Got activity of liver and serum but could not protect or ameliorate the changes which occurred in the activity of GPT of the two tissues. 2 tab

One newly recognized consequence of radiation exposure may be the delayed development of diabetes and metabolic disease. We document the development of type 2 diabetes in a unique nonhuman primate cohort of monkeys that were whole-bodyirradiated with high doses (6.5–8.4 Gy) 5–9 years earlier. We report here a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in irradiated monkeys compared to age-matched nonirradiated monkeys. These irradiated diabetic primates demonstrate insulin resistance and hypertrig...

Intramuscular administration of cystamine (150 mg/kg) prior to whole-body gamma irradiation with a dose of 8 Gy gave the same or better radioprotection of spleen hemopoiesis in mice as cystamine applied in the same amount intraperitoneally. Therefore the number of endogenous spleen colonies, as well as the incorporation of 59Fe and 125I-iodouridine into the spleen served as criteria of radiation injury. (author)

Mechanisms of postirradiation hyperexcretion of taurine with urine have been investigated. In the course of three days after a whole-body exposure of rats (700 rads), the excretion of taurine increases. The experiments in vitro have demonstrated that taurine synthesis decreases in the thymus and liver of irradiated animals. The experiments conducted have shown that the postirradiation hyperexcretion of taurine is partly due to its release from the lymohoid tissue (thymus)

Objectives WholeBody Vibration (WBV) is a passive exercise method known to have beneficial effects on various physical measures. Studies on adults furthermore demonstrated beneficial effects of WBV treatment on cognition (e.g. inhibition). The present study replicated these findings in healthy children and examined acute effects of WBV treatment on inhibition. Methods Fifty-five healthy children (aged 8–13) participated in this within-subject design study. WBV treatment was applied by having...

Till date no approved radio-protective agent is available world over. WR-2721 had severe side effects and was behaviourally toxic even at sub-lethal doses of ionizing radiation. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is known for its nutraceutical and therapeutic values. Our studies demonstrated that treatment with leaves of H. rhamnoides rendered > 90% wholebody radioprotection in 60Co-g-irradiated (10 Gy) mice population in comparison to 100% death in non-Hippophae treated irradiated (10 Gy) mice population. Our studies also demonstrated that treatment with leaves of H. rhamnoides prevented conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in irradiated (2 Gy) Sprague-Dawley rats. The present study was planned to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Hippophae leaves on changes in levels of neurotransmitters ((acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and dopamine (DA)) in plasma and brain, haematological parameters in blood/plasma; and brain histology in Sprague-Dawley rats showing CTA after 60Co-g-irradiation (2 Gy). The results showed that wholebody 60Co-g-irradiation (2 Gy) (i) increased the levels of Ach, Eepinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE); oxidative stress (MDA and NO), and (ii) decreased the levels of DA; WBC counts and RBC counts and antioxidants (GSH), in comparison to untreated control. Treatment with 12 mg/kg b.w. drug concentration, prior to irradiation significantly (p<0.05) (i) decreased the levels of AChE, E and NE, and MDA and NO levels in plasma and brain, and (ii) increased the WBC counts; RBC counts and levels of antioxidants (GSH), in comparison to radiation control group. Histological changes in brain were also recorded. The results demonstrated that Hippophae leaves extract had neuro-protective and reduced oxidative stress in brain of wholebodyirradiated mice and could be, thereby contributing to behavioural protection. (author)

A cutaneous melanoma mouse model was used to test the efficacy of a new therapeutical approach that uses low doses of cytostatics in conjunction with mild wholebody microwave exposure of 2.45 GHz in order to enhance cytostatics anti tumoral effect. Materials and Methods. A microwave exposure system for C57BL/6 mouse wholebody microwave irradiation was designed; groups of 40 mice (males and females) bearing experimental tumours were subjected to a combined therapy comprising low doses of dacarbazine in combination with mild wholebodyirradiation. Clinical parameters and serum cytokine testing using xMAP technology were performed. Results. The group that was subjected to combined therapy, microwave and cytostatic, had the best clinical evolution in terms of overall survival, tumour volume, and metastatic potential. At day 14 the untreated group had 100% mortality, while in the combined therapy group 40% of mice were surviving. Quantifying serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IFN-γ, GM-CSF, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MCP-1, and KC during tumorigenesis and therapy found that the combined experimental therapy decreases all the inflammatory cytokines, except chemokine MCP-1 that was found increased, suggesting an increase of the anti-tumoral immune response triggered by the combined therapy. The overall metastatic process is decreased in the combined therapy group.

Radiation induced changes in peripheral blood leucocytes in 1 day old male white leghorn chicks were studied after wholebody exposure to 2.25 Gy dose of gamma radiation at the rate of 0.50 Gy/sec with and without vitamin E. The changes in total leucocyte counts, lymphocytes and heterophils were observed at 1,3,5,7,14 and 28 days postirradiation. A pronounced leucocytopenia was noted in the initial post-irradiation period. The lymphocytes and heterophils showed a reciprocal relationship after radiation. With vitamin E treatment, considerable and faster recovery was noticed in the leucocytes after irradiation. (author). 16 refs., 3 figs

Recombinant human thrombopoietin (rHuTPO) is a drug that is used clinically to promote megakaryocyte and platelet generation. Here, we report the mitigative effect of rHuTPO (administered after exposure) against severe wholebodyirradiation in mice. Injection of rHuTPO for 14 consecutive days following exposure significantly improved the survival rate of lethally irradiated mice. RHuTPO treatment notably increased bone marrow cell density and LSK cell numbers in the mice after sub-lethal irr...

Rats are wholebodyirradiated with different Gamma radiation doses. Zinc and Copper, two important trace elements in the biological processes and Ceruloplasmin, a protein which carries more than 95% of serum Cu and has important roles in many vital processes are followed up in the irradiated rat sera. This work aimed to determine the changes in the serum levels of the three parameters (Zinc, Copper and Ceruloplasmin) through eight weeks follow up period (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, and 8th week) post wholebody gamma irradiation with three sub-lethal doses (2, 3.5 and 5 Gy) of rats. All the experimental animals did not receive any medical treatment. Zinc and Copper were measured using discrete nebulization flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Ceruloplasmin was measured using a colorimetric method. The statistical analyses of the results show that the Zinc levels of the irradiated groups decreased significantly post irradiation and then were recovered at the 6th week post irradiation. The Copper levels of the irradiated groups increased significantly and then were recovered at 6th week post irradiation. The levels of Ceruloplasmin in the same groups increased significantly throughout the whole follow up period. The conclusion is that, Zinc, Copper and Ceruloplasmin levels changed significantly in the irradiated groups compared to the control group with a maximum effect noted in the groups irradiated with the higher doses and that the lower dose irradiated groups recover earlier than the higher ones. Also the correlation between Copper and Zinc is reversible at different doses and that between Copper and Ceruloplasmin is direct

The effect of wholebodyirradiation of male mice with single doses of 3 and 7 Gy (60Co source) on analgesic action of three morphine-like drugs was studied. Over the first 6 days after irradiation, the analgesic effect of alfentanil and fentanyl was significantly less pronounced in irradiated animals than in control ones. During the subsequent period of 24 days till the end of experiment, the analgesic effect in irradiated animals gradually increased reaching and exceeding the control values. On the contrary, the analgesic effect of butorphanole was less pronounced in irradiated animals than in control ones, although the difference was not significantly. The difference between butorphanole and other two drugs are probably due to chemical structure and the metabolic fate in the body. (author) 8 refs.; 2 figs

One newly recognized consequence of radiation exposure may be the delayed development of diabetes and metabolic disease. We document the development of type 2 diabetes in a unique nonhuman primate cohort of monkeys that were whole-bodyirradiated with high doses (6.5–8.4 Gy) 5–9 years earlier. We report here a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in irradiated monkeys compared to age-matched nonirradiated monkeys. These irradiated diabetic primates demonstrate insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia, however, they lack the typical obese presentation of primate midlife diabetogenesis. Surprisingly, body composition analyses by computed tomography indicated that prior irradiation led to a specific loss of visceral fat mass. Prior irradiation led to reductions in insulin signaling effectiveness in skeletal muscle and higher monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels, indicative of increased inflammation. However, there was an absence of large defects in pancreatic function with radiation exposure, which has been documented previously in animal and human studies. Monkeys that remained healthy and did not become diabetic in the years after irradiation were significantly leaner and smaller, and were generally smaller and younger at the time of exposure. Irradiation also resulted in smaller stature in both diabetic and nondiabetic monkeys, compared to nonirradiated age-matched controls. Our study demonstrates that diabetogenesis postirradiation is not a consequence of disrupted adipose accumulation (generalized or in ectopic depots), nor generalized pancreatic failure, but suggests that peripheral tissues such as the musculature are impaired in their response to insulin exposure. Ongoing inflammation in these animals appears to be a consequence of radiation exposure and can interfere with insulin signaling. The reasons that some animals remain protected from diabetes as a late effect of irradiation are not clear, but may be related to body size. The translational

Twenty four male albino rats, body weight 100-130 g, were used to evaluate the protective role of fresh pomegranate fruit intake for 30 days on the damage induced by single dose of 6 Gy wholebody gamma irradiation. The rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups: group (1): control, group (2): irradiated with 6 Gy, group (3): pomegranate for 30 days and group (4): pomegranate for 30 days followed by 6 Gy wholebodyirradiation. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed after 12 hours fasting then sera were separated for the determination of sugar, total antioxidant, lipid profile and liver and kidney functions. Results showed that gamma radiation caused significant decline (P<0.05) in serum total antioxidant, total protein, albumin, HDL-C and blood glucose with significant elevation (P<0.05) in other hepato-renal markers in addition to serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C. These changes were significantly attenuated in irradiated animals pre-treated with whole fresh pomegranate fruit leading to the conclusion that pre-intake of pomegranate fruit had a radio- protective effect. This protection of this whole fruit may be due to the increased total antioxidant level leading to free radical scavenging

The ability of an anabolic steroid, nandrolone decanoate, to increase committed topoietic stem cell (CFU-gm, CFU-e, and BFU-e) colony formation after sublethal irradiation was evaluated. Immediately after receiving wholebodyirradiation and on the next two days, each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with nandrolone decanoate (1.25 mg) in propylene glycol. Irradiated control mice received only propylene glycol. Compared to controls, drug-treated mice showed marked peripheral blood leukocytosis and more stable packed red cell volume. Drug-treated mice also demonstrated increased erythropoiesis, as CFU-e/BFU-e concentrations from both marrow (9% to 581%) and spleen (15% to 797%) were elevated. Granulopoiesis was increased similarly, as CFU-gm concentrations from marrow (38% to 685%) and spleen (9% to 373%) were elevated. These results demonstrate that nandrolone decanoate enhances hematopoietic stem cell recovery after sublethal wholebodyirradiation. This suggests that following hematopoietic suppression, nandrolone decanoate may stimulate the recovery of hematopoiesis at the stem cell level and in peripheral blood

Macrophages play an important role in wound healing. The effect of 6 Gy whole-bodyirradiation on wound macrophages and the role of phenytoin sodium were studied by making an incision on rat dorsum, into which polyvinyl alcohol sponges were implanted. It was found that after irradiation the phagocytic function of wound macrophages, the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) from wound macrophages, as well as the number of macrophages in wound were significantly decreased on days 3, 5 and 8 after wounding. Phenytoin sodium significantly increased the number of wound macrophages, improved the phagocytic function of macrophages and promoted release of TNFα and IL-1 from wound macrophages on days 3, 5 and 8 after wounding, no matter whether rats were irradiated or not. The results indicated that the important mechanism of impairing wound healing by whole-bodyirradiation was that the number and function of wound macrophages were decreased in early stage of wound healing. The role of phenytoin sodium in wound healing was increasing the number of wound macrophages and improving their function

The ability of an anabolic steroid, nandrolone decanoate, to increase committed topoietic stem cell (CFU-gm, CFU-e, and BFU-e) colony formation after sublethal irradiation was evaluated. Immediately after receiving wholebodyirradiation and on the next two days, each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with nandrolone decanoate (1.25 mg) in propylene glycol. Irradiated control mice received only propylene glycol. Compared to controls, drug-treated mice showed marked peripheral blood leukocytosis and more stable packed red cell volume. Drug-treated mice also demonstrated increased erythropoiesis, as CFU-e/BFU-e concentrations from both marrow (9% to 581%) and spleen (15% to 797%) were elevated. Granulopoiesis was increased similarly, as CFU-gm concentrations from marrow (38% to 685%) and spleen (9% to 373%) were elevated. These results demonstrate that nandrolone decanoate enhances hematopoietic stem cell recovery after sublethal wholebodyirradiation. This suggests that following hematopoietic suppression, nandrolone decanoate may stimulate the recovery of hematopoiesis at the stem cell level and in peripheral blood.

Influences of whole-body x irradiation on various aspects of creatine metabolism have been studied. Exposures to sublethal or lethal doses of x radiation results in excessive urinary excretion as well as higher accumulation of creatine in the skeletal muscle of x-irradiated rats. A sudden fall in CPK activity in muscle with a concomitant rise in serum suggests that changes in serum and tissue CPK activity are of an adaptive nature in rats exposed to sublethal doses of x radiation. In vitro studies on creatine synthesis shows that transaminidase and methyl transferase activities in kidneys and liver, respectively, are decreased on the 5th day in the x-irradiated, are decreased on the 5th day in the x-irradiated rat. However, on the 8th day, the enzyme activities are restored to normal

Full Text Available The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effect of Whole-Body Vibration combined with stretching (WBVS on flexibility of shoulder’s joint in relation to bridge performance. Twelve artistic gymnasts that where dropped out from their competition duties (23,00 ± 2,29 years, 56,91 ± 6,23 kg, 164,08 ± 4,83 cm composed the WBVS, and 12 female students of Department of Physical Education composed the control group (non vibration-stretching group: NVS (20,33 ± 0,78, 58,91 ± 5,18 kg, 165,50 ±4,01 cm. Both groups performed an 1-minute intervention program on a WholeBody Vibration platform that was turn on for WBVS, whereas NVG performed the same intervention program with the device was turn off. The total sample was assessed on bridge performance. Vibration (30Hz, 2mm displacement was applied to two sites, four times for 10 seconds, with 10 sec of rest between times and one minute rest between sites. According to the results both groups improved “bridge performance” after the end of intervention program and remain this improvement for at least 60 minutes. Whoever, WBVS had significant increase flexibility than NVS. Conclusively, Whole-Body Vibration combined with stretching on shoulders joint may greatly influence flexibility in bridge performance.

Changes were studied in the levels of catecholamines and L-DOPA in the control system of the reproduction cycle (hypothalamus, hypophysis) and in the adrenal glands of sheep after whole-bodyirradiation with 60Co at a total dose of 6.7 Gy for seven days. The output of the radiation source was 0.039 Gy/h. The catecholamines (noradrenaline, dopamine and adrenaline) and L-DOPA were determined after separation from the tissues by the method of spectral fluorometry. After whole-body exposure to gamma radiation, noradrenaline dropped in the hypothalamus in comparison with the control group, most significantly in the rostral (by 74.2%) and caudal (by 40%) parts. A similar drop was also observed in dopamine, the concentrations of which decreased in the rostral hypothalamus by 60%. Adrenaline showed a drop in the hypothalamus, most significant in the caudal region (by 62%). Consequently, the level of the precursor of the synthesis of catecholamines and L-DOPA changed and showed in the studied regions of the hypothalamus significantly lower levels than in the control group. As regards the hypophysis, after irradiation no significant changes in the levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline were recorded, however, dopamine and L-DOPA dropped significantly (P<0.01). The exposure to gamma radiation also causes a decrease in the concentrations of catecholamines and L-DOPA in the adrenal glands of sheep, most significantly in noradrenaline (by 61%). It was thus found that whole-bodyirradiation of sheep with a dose of 6.7 Gy results in a significant decrease in the level of catecholamines in the hypothalamus, hypophysis and adrenal glands, which is probably in relation to the failure of synthesis and degradation of catecholamines and to the total organism injury

Purpose: Ionizing irradiation might induce delayed genotoxic effects in a p53-dependent manner. However, a few reports have shown a p53 mutation as a delayed effect of radiation. In this study, we investigated the p53 gene mutation by the translocation frequency in chromosome 11, loss of p53 alleles, p53 gene methylation, p53 nucleotide sequence, and p53 protein expression/phosphorylation in p53+/+ and p53+/- mice after irradiation at a young age. Methods and Materials: p53+/+ and p53+/- mice were exposed to 3 Gy of whole-bodyirradiation at 8 weeks of age. Chromosome instability was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. p53 allele loss was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, and p53 methylation was evaluated by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. p53 sequence analysis was performed. p53 protein expression was evaluated by Western blotting. Results: The translocation frequency in chromosome 11 showed a delayed increase after irradiation. In old irradiated mice, the number of mice that showed p53 allele loss and p53 methylation increased compared to these numbers in old non-irradiated mice. In two old irradiated p53+/- mice, the p53 sequence showed heteromutation. In old irradiated mice, the p53 and phospho-p53 protein expressions decreased compared to old non-irradiated mice. Conclusion: We concluded that irradiation at a young age induced delayed p53 mutations and p53 protein suppression.

Changes in the UV-visible absorption spectrum of mouse hemoglobin as a result of wholebodyirradiation were studied. White albino adult mice were exposed to a Cs-137 γ-source at a dose rate of 47.5 Gy/h to different absorbed dose values ranging from 1 to 8 Gy. Blood specimens were taken 24 h after irradiation. The UV-visible absorption spectra of hemoglobin of irradiated and control mice were measured in the wavelength range from 200 to 700 nm. The obtained results showed significant changes in the bands measured at 340 nm, in the Soret band measured at 410 nm, also, the α- and β-bands measured at 537 and 572 nm showed significant decrease in intensity with the absorbed dose increase. The absorbance measured at 630 nm showed no significant changes. The radiation effect on the animal hemoglobin was discussed on the basis of the obtained results. (Author)

The present study deals with the changes produced in the activity of transaminases and cholinesterase in the tissues of male rats exposed to 6 Gy wholebody-irradiation. The activity of these enzymes was estimated at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days following irradiation. The results indicated that radiation induced changes in the activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyrovic transaminase (GPT) in liver brain and serum of white rats; as well as in the activity of liver and brain cholinesterase. Changes in the enzymatic activities are dependent on the time after irradiation and the tissue containing the enzyme. It could be concluded that each enzyme has a range of sensitivity to ionizing radiation according to its presence in the animal organ. This must serve cancer radiotherapy for patients

An ultra-low dose wholebodyirradiation therapy was given to 5 patients with intractable bulbar syndrome, in a dose of 10 rad/fraction, 2 times a week for 5 weeks, with a total of 100 rad; and effects of this therapy on their clinical symptoms and immunological ability were discussed. In 3 of them, bulbar syndrome was improved, and the other one, the first irradiation was effective. The peripheral leukocyte count and lymphocyte count became lowest immediately after completion of the irradiation, and returned to the normal level within 1 to 2 months. The function of T-cells, especially suppressive T-cells, was recovered; and decrease in B-cells, resulted in a decrease in the AChR antibody titer. (Ueda, J.)

An ultra-low dose wholebodyirradiation therapy was given to 5 patients with intractable bulbar syndrome, in a dose of 10 rad/fraction, 2 times a week for 5 weeks, with a total of 100 rad; and effects of this therapy on their clinical symptoms and immunological ability were discussed. In 3 of them, bulbar syndrome was improved, and the other one, the first irradiation was effective. The peripheral leukocyte count and lymphocyte count became lowest immediately after completion of the irradiation, and returned to the normal level within 1 to 2 months. The function of T-cells, especially suppressive T-cells, was recovered; and decrease in B-cells, resulted in a decrease in the AChR antibody titer.

Wholebody radiation exposure cause damages to all vital organs and bone marrow is the most sensitive. Pre-treatment with antioxidant as single prophylactic dose is expected to lower induction of damages in bone marrow. In the present study we have focused on sesamol, a dietary antioxidant mediated radioprotection in bone marrow cells of gamma irradiated mice and compared with melatonin. Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally administered with sesamol (10 and 20 mg/kg body) and after 30 minutes exposed to wholebody gamma radiation using 60Co Teletherapy unit. Mice were injected with 0.2 ml of a metaphase arresting agent (0.05% colchicine) intra-peritoneally 3 hours prior to sacrifice (24 hrs. post-irradiation). Bone marrow cells were flushed out from femurs of each animal and processed for chromosomal aberration assay. Another set of experiment without colchicine injection was performed to access the DNA damage in bone marrow using alkaline comet assay. At least 100 metaphases per animal were scored under light microscope to record various aberrations and total chromosomal aberrations (TCA) was calculated. Similar measurements were performed with melatonin for comparing the efficacy of sesamol. Gamma irradiation has increased the chromatid type aberrations (break formation, fragment) and chromosomal type aberrations (ring formation, acentric) in bone marrow cells. The results have shown significant (p< 0.001) increase in TCA of irradiated mice than control. While pre-treatment of sesamol and melatonin 10 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) reduced the TCA. The extend of protection has increased at 20 mg/kg significantly (p<0.001) as evident from the reduced TCA compared to irradiated group. Interestingly, sesamol and melatonin have shown similar extent of reduction of TCA. Thus sesamol has demonstrated strong ability to protect bone marrow at low dosage. These investigations on sesamol mediated protection in bone marrow are likely to benefit development of

Some biochemical and cytological parameters were followed up in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and in lung homogenate from albino rats, exposed to single whole-body ionizing irradiation with 4, 8, and 15 Gy. Infectious complications were ruled out by addition of 2 g/l tetracycline in the drinking water before and after irradiation. Dose-dependent increase in the number of cells and lactatedehydrogenase and acid phosphate activities in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid was observed on the first day and a tendency toward decrease in the period between the 5th and 15th day. These parameters are of the definite value as early diagnostic tests in radiation lung injury. These is evidence of inhibition of the antioxidative protective system in this organ - a dose-dependent decrease in the enzymatic activities of superoxyde dismutase and glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase and in the content of nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in the pulmonary homogenate

Whole-body exposure of one- and three-week-old White Leghorn cockerels to 600 R gamma radiation (Cesium-137) 24 hours before oral inoculation with 500, 2500, 5000, or 50,000 Eimeria tenella oocysts produced a pattern of mortality differing markedly from nonirradiated, infected (NRI) control birds. When oocyst dosage was held constant (2500) and radiation exposure increased (250, 450, 600, 800, or 1000 R) a gradual increase in mortality rate with higher radiation dosages was observed among both one- and three-week-old birds. Birds irradiated 24 hours or more before inoculation were less able to survive infection than were those irradiated one hour before and one, two, three, or four days after inoculation. (U.S.)

Male Swiss albino mice were exposed to whole-bodyirradiation by fast neutrons of 14 MeV average energy. Two single doses of 7 or 14 rem were used, corresponding to a fluence of 1.27x108 and 2.54x108 n/cm2, respectively. Two enzymes were assessed in testicular tissue, acid phosphatase activity to measure the changes in lysosomal function and succinic dehydrogenase activity to test mitochondrial functions and energy production. Lysosomal affection was revealed by statistically significant increase of ACP activity in all cell types of testicular tissue with either of the two doses used. Although SDH was characterised by relatively low activity in most of the testicular tissues, decrease in enzyme activity was clear. Complete absence of activity was sometimes noted. The magnitude of response was dose dependent and there was a tendency to return to pre-irradiation levels of both enzymes with time. (orig.)

To investigate the role of proliferating local and emigrating circulatory leucocytes in skeletal muscle regeneration in mice, their bone marrow was ablated with wholebodyirradiation and compared with the effects of local irradiation. Results indicate that (1) the sealing of damaged myofibres is a function of local cells and not dependent on the presence of infiltrating leucocytes; (2) the formation of sarcoplasmic projections at the ends of damaged myofibres is dependent on leucocyte infiltration; (3) nuclei in the sarcoplasmic projections are probably derived from fusion of muscle precursor cells; (4) most muscle precursor cells in vivo replicate at least once before fusion; and (5) both replication and fusion of muscle precursors can occur in the absence of infiltrating leucocytes. (author)

In this paper, using the method of turbidmetric technique, changes of rabbit platelet aggregation are observed following γ ray whole-bodyirradiation with 400 rads. The results indicated that the function of blood platelet aggregation was risen from the first to the fifth day after irradiation, but reduced at the seventh day and markedly at the tenth. It is believed that the early elevation of platelet aggregation may result in increase of adherence and coagulation, and enhance microcirculation disturbances. In addition, a large number of platelets and coagulation factors were consumed, and it might be one of the causes of hemorrhage syndrome after exposure. Dueing early therapy of radiation injury, therefore, it is of benefit for improving the repair of radiation injury to inhibit platelet aggregation

Daily uv irradiation of mice results in a marked decrease in the antigen-presenting capability of SAC from these mice after 1 wk of uv exposure. To directly examine this cell population, we developed a technique for purifying SAC that involves passing mouse splenocytes through two cycles of glass adherence with an intervening incubation on rabbit anti-mouse Ig-coated dishes. SAC from externally uv irradiated mice prepared by this method, when pulsed with antigen, activate primed T cells to proliferate much less efficiently than SAC from normal mice. Both the proportion and absolute number of Ia-bearing cells in this purified SAC population from uv irradiated mice are considerably smaller than that seen in similarly prepared populations from normal mice. Previous adjuvant immunization was shown to override functional defects elicited by external uv irradiation. This demonstration of a uv irradiation induced selective loss of Ia bearing splenic adherent cells and the functional consequences of this loss provide further evidence for the importance of Ia-bearing accessory cells in antigen presentation of T dependent antigens, and provides insight into the origin of the immunologic defects induced by wholebody uv irradiation

Effect of wholebody γ-irradiation of CBA mice on the subsequent development of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response to 2,4 dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was studied. Mice were irradiated with 60Co-γrays 24 hr prior to the first epicutaneous sensitization with DNFB. Mice irradiated at doses up to 1.08 Gy showed unaltered DH response. Increasing doses resulted in progressive suppression of DH response and the D50 was 3.86 Gy. Marked reduction in the number of lymph node cells was observed in irradiated, sensitized as well as unsensitized mice. This could be due to interphase death of precursor cells (antigen-sensitive cells), resulting in lower number of effector lymphocytes for DH(Tsub(DH)). Furthermore, the maximum DH response in irradiated, sensitized mice was obtained later on in comparison with the controls. The effector lymphocytes from irradiated sensitized mice were, however, functionally unimpaired. It was observed that the radiation-induced suppression of DH to DNFB in these mice could be partly due to the damage to antigen sensitive cells and also to the cells other than effector lymphocytes which participated in the inflammatory reaction. (author)

In our experiments, carried out hitherto, concerning the effect of incorporated and radioactive substances, weight behaviour and food uptake have proved to be a sensitive test. With regard to these experiments and the half-life of the radionuclides used, it is reported about trial series in Wistar rats. These rats were applied, with Co-60 gamma irradiation, different whole-body doses protracted over 48 hours. A total of 32 groups of experimental animals (20 animals each) was exposed to irradiation doses of lethal, medium lethal, and sublethal ranges, control and pseudo-irradiation series included. The experiments were carried out under observance of constant irradiation and attitude conditions, night and day changes, as conditioned by the season, included. Even in the inferior sublethal range (12 to 24 R), a significant trend of decreased food uptake is registered. This trend remains for a short period after the end of irradiation, but then it returns to normal conditions. Furthermore, a new decrease with subsequent increase seems to become evident - about ten days after termination of the radiotherapy (especially after several hundred R); report about these items will be made later on. (orig.)

Effect of the exposure of the wholebody to continuous radiation and of the administration of serum gonadotropin (SG) and Folistiman (FSH) was studied as exerted on the concentration of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)) in the hypothalamus, epiphysis and adrenal glands of ewes during the aneostric period with synchronized oestrus. The ewes were were exposed to continuous radiation of 60Co (on a total dose 2.48 Gy) for five days. The radiation was provided at the rate 0.020 Gy per hour. Protracted exposure to gamma radiation and hormonal stimulation with SG reduces the concentration of NE in whole hypothalamus of sheep. A decrease of norepinephrine concentrations, statistically significant in the caudal (p < 0.01) and medial hypothalamus were recorded in the ewes after hormonal stimulation with SG without irradiation. (authors)

The whole blood lymphocyte stimulation test has been used to estimate the effects of chronic, whole-body, gamma irradiation in the dog. At lower dose levels, 0.07 and 0.33 R/day to cumulative dose of about 50 and 250 R, there was no change in cell mediated immunity. Dogs at high dose levels were affected. Dogs which succumbed to aplastic anemia at high doses had reduced immunological responses. Dogs which survived these high doses showed a temporary depression. When aplastic anemia was initially noted, there was a differential response to PHA and Con-A stimulation. The response to the former mitogen was profoundly reduced, but Con-A stimulated cells were unaffected, indicative of the development of radioresistant cell lines. As the dogs progressed toward aplastic anemia, all T lympocytes were negatively affected

Whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) to 41-420C combined with fractionated total-body irradiation (TBI) was studied in mice with transplanted AKR leukemia. Mice treated with both TBI and WBH survived longer than mice treated with either modality alone. From other groups of similarly treated mice the spleens were removed, weighed, and assayed for their content of leukemic colony-forming units (CFU) by injecting single-cell suspensions into normal syngeneic recipients. Using this methodology it was determined that the thermal enhancement ratio for WBH combined with TBI was 1.6, and that enhanced killing of leukemia cells occurred irrespective of the sequence of WBH and TBI. Data are presented which relate variables, such as duration of WBH or heating time to target temperature, to the response of neoplastic disease. The implications of these preclinical findings to clinical trials are discussed. (author)

Because of its penetrating power and its ability to travel great distances, gamma rays are considered the primary hazard to the population during most radiological emergencies. So, there is a need to develop medical countermeasures to protect the first responders and remediation workers from biomedical effect of ionizing radiation. Turmeric has been reported to have many beneficial health effects, including a strong anti-oxidant effect, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. In the present study, turmeric was investigated as a therapeutic agent against hazards induced by ionizing radiation on kidney, liver, urinary and serum calcium levels and blood counts. A daily dose of 0.5 g/kg body weight was used in wholebody gamma irradiated female rats with 3 Gy. Radiation effects were followed up for four weeks post irradiation. The results revealed that the administration of turmeric post-irradiation resulted in a significant inhibition in the frequency of radiation induced oxidative damage. It could be concluded that definite turmeric dose exerts a vital modulator role against gamma irradiation hazard

Whole-bodyirradiation of rats at sublethal doses leads to hepatic lipid accumulation which reaches a maximum by the sixth day; this effect on lipid metabolism does not appear to be due to accompanying inanition but due to irradiation per se. The female rats show a greater and more consistent increase in liver lipids than males and this better response of the females is not abolished by prolonged administration of testosterone to these animals. An accumulation of triglycerides accounts for almost all the increases in total liver lipids, although smaller elevations in the levels of free fatty acids and cholesterol are also seen. Free fatty acids of liver show a marked decrease on the second day following irradiation. Serum lipids do not show any appreciable changes while adipose lipids progressively decrease reaching a minimum by the sixth day. Although an insufficiency of ATP may be responsible for lipid accumulation in the irradiated rat as in the case in rats treated with ethionine or orotic acid, adenine administration, which prevents fatty infiltration due to these chemical agents, does not protect against the radiation-induced increase in liver triglycerides. (orig.)

When an animal is exposed to a sufficient amount of radiation, there will be changes in many organs of the body, and as a result of either the effects in one particular organ or the interaction of effects in several organs, the animal as a whole will show characteristic syndromes. Some syndromes result inevitably in death. Others may or may not be lethal, depending on the extent of the tissue damage. The time of appearance of the syndromes, their duration, and the survival of the organism depend on many factors. Wholebodyacute doses of radiation produce the same spectrum of Central Nervous System (CNS), Gastrointestinal (GI) and Bone Marrow (BM) injury in man as was described for animals. Damage to the skin, ovary and testis are an integral and important part of the symptoms. (author)

The effect of whole-bodyirradiation on Michaelis-Menten constants of the NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC1.6.2.3.), the oxidative demethylation of ethylmorphine and glucose 6-phosphatase (EC3.1.3.9.), have been studied at 1, 4 and 7 days after irradiation. (Auth.)

Changes of serum amylase activity in rats, after several doses of acut 60Co-gamma irradiation as a function of time were investigated. These changes proved to be of no diagnostic value in early radiation damage. (author)

Hybridoma cells injected intraperitoneally into mice induce formation of ascites tumors producing ascites fluid with high levels of monoclonal antibodies. Several parameters affect the growth of the immunoglobulin-producing tumors in vivo. In 10 different hybridomas the average ascites tumor formation rate could be increased from 32% (n = 338 mice) to 77% (n = 112 mice) by only one whole-bodyirradiation of paraffin-pretreated Balb/c mice. Production of monoclonal antibodies was better in males because of the significantly (p < 0.01) increased volume of ascites fluid. From the increased tumor formation rate in irradiated mice it is suggested that in non-irradiated recipients the tumor growth rate was lowered by immunological reactions against hybridoma cells provoked by cell surface neoantigens revealed by cell fusion and/or tumor-associated antigens of the myeloma parent cells as well as by altered antigen pattern caused by possible mutations in the myeloma cell line and/or Balb/c/K strain. (author)

An assessment has been made of the influence of host immunosuppression on Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) contact suppression of a syngenetically transplanted, highly immunogenic, 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat sarcoma. Experiments have been carried out with transplanted cells derived from solid tissue and from an in vitro culture line, the latter excluding the possibility of transfer to immunosuppressed rats of lymphoid cells present in preparations from solid tissue. Normal or whole-body γ-irradiated (450 rad 24 hours before injection) rats were injected s.c. with mixtures of tumour cells and BCG organisms, and some of the animals received a simultaneous challenge of tumour cells alone at a contralateral subcutaneous site. Whole-bodyirradiation did not abrogate the local suppressive effect of BCG injected in admixture with sarcoma cells, whereas in contrast the development of tumour-specific host immunity, normally occurring concomitantly with rejection of mixed inocula, was totally abrogated by whole-bodyirradiation. (U.K.)

Full Text Available Acutewholebody vibration (WBV is an increasingly popular training technique amongst athletes immediately prior to performance and during scheduled breaks in play. Despite its growing popularity, evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness on acute neuromuscular responses is unclear, and suggestions that athlete ability impacts effectiveness warrant further investigation. The purpose of this study was to compare the neuromuscular effects of acute WBV and perceptions of whether WBV is an effective intervention between amateur and professional soccer players. Participants were 44 male soccer players (22 professional and 22 amateur; age: 23.1 ± 3.7 years, body mass: 75.6 ± 8.8 kg and height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m. Participants in each group were randomly assigned to either an intervention of 3 x 60 s of WBV at 40 Hz (8mm peak-to-peak displacement or control group. Peak knee isometric force, muscle activation and post activation potentiation (PAP of the knee extensors along with self-report questionnaire of the perceived benefits of using the intervention were collected. A three-way ANOVA with repeated measures revealed professional players demonstrated a significant 10.6% increase (p < 0.01, Partial Eta2 = 0.22 in peak knee isometric force following acute WBV with no significant differences among amateur players. A significant difference (p < 0.01, Partial Eta2 = 0.16 in PAP amongst professional players following acute WBVT was also reported. No significant differences amongst amateur players were reported across measurements. Results also indicated professional players reported significantly stronger positive beliefs in the effectiveness of the WBV intervention (p < 0.01, Partial Eta2 = 0.27 compared to amateur players. Acute WBV elicited a positive neuromuscular response amongst professional players identified by PAP and improvements in knee isometric peak force as well as perceived benefits of the intervention, benefits not found among amateur players.

Male New Zealand white rabbits were whole-body-irradiated with a linear electron accelerator at 800 rad (LD/sub 50/ in 30 days). This treatment induced a pronounced hypertriglyceridemia. The apoprotein composition of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL, d < 1.006 g/ml) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL, d = 1.063 - 1.21 g/ml) from irradiated rabbits was studied and compared to those of normal rabbits. Significant changes were observed in both very low density apolipoproteins and high-density apolipoproteins. (1) In the VLDL fraction from irradiated rabbits, there appeared in high proportion two apolipoproteins with electrophoretic mobility in urea/polyacrylamide gels similar to apoA-I and A-II but which were distinctly different in their apparent molecular weights, their isoelectric points, and their amino acid composition from these latter proteins. These proteins had apparent molecular weights of about 10,000. They focused into three bands with pI values of 6.1, 6.4, and 6.6. Their amino acid composition was characterized by a very low content of threonine and serine and a high content of aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, and arginine. In addition, a marked increase of an apolipoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of about 43,000 and with an amino acid composition similar to rat apoA-IV was also observed in rabbit VLDL after irradiation. Apolipoprotein C constituents with slowmobility decreased significantly. (2) The irradiated rabbit HDL apolipoproteins showed an important increase of the proteins with molecular weight 10,000 and isoelectric points 6.1, 6.4, and 6.6. Compared to normal rabbit HDL apolipoproteins, a significant decrease of apoA-IV occurred. These modifications were also observed with lower radiation doses (200 and 400 rad).

Chromosome translocations are persistent indicators of prior exposure to ionizing radiation and the development of 'chromosome painting' to efficiently detect translocations has resulted in a powerful biological dosimetry tool for radiation dose reconstruction. However, the actual stability of the translocation frequency with time after exposure must be measured before it can be used reliably to obtain doses for individuals exposed years or decades previously. Human chromosome painting probes were used here to measure reciprocal translocation frequencies in cells from two tissues of 8 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) irradiated almost three decades previously. Six of the monkeys were exposed in 1965 to whole-body (fully penetrating) radiation and two were unexposed controls. The primates were irradiated as juveniles to single doses of 0.56, 1.13, 2.00, or 2.25 Gy. Blood lymphocytes (and skin fibroblasts from one individual) were obtained for cytogenetic analysis in 1993, near the end of the animals' lifespans. Results show identical dose-response relationships 28 y after exposure in vivo and immediately after exposure in vitro. Because chromosome aberrations are induced with identical frequencies in vivo and in vitro, these results demonstrate that the translocation frequencies induced in 1965 have not changed significantly during the almost three decades since exposure. Finally, our emerging biodosimetry data for individual radiation workers are now confirming the utility of reciprocal translocations measured by FISH in radiation dose reconstruction.

Male swiss albino mice were exposed to whole-bodyirradiation by fast neutrons of 14 MeV average energy. Two single doses of 0.08 sievert and 0.16 sievert were used, corresponding to fluences of 1.27 X 108 and 2.54 X 108 n/cm2 respectively. Two enzymes were assessed in different layers of the cerebrum and cerebellum of mouse brain. Changes in the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) were taken to measure alterations in lysosomal and mitochondrial functions respectively. The degrees of lysosomal affection in different layers of the cerebrum were not uniform, while changes in A activity were very prominent in certain layers (e.g. external pyramidal layer, polymorphous cells layer and white matter), they were practically absent in others (e.g. internal pyramidal layer). Stronger effect was noted in the tissue layers of the cerebellum. The activity of SDH decreased as result of fast neutron irradiation. The response was more apparent for this enzyme than for ACP. This indicates more liability for a decrease in energy metabolism with consequent effect on behavioural and physiological functions under central nervous system control. 4 figs., 4 tabs

The influence of a wholebodyirradiation in mice was studied. Marked depression of the absolute lymphocyte count in the spleen and the peripheral blood was observed within 24 hour, with 300 rad. The count began to recover on day 4 in the spleen and completely recovered in about 4 weeks in the spleen and the peripheral blood. Incorporation of [3H]-TdR in the splenolymphocytes was reduced on day 1 postirradiation, however, the rate of [3H]-TdR-labeled cells per number of splenolymphocytes increased temporarily on day 1 and 4 postirradiation and, later, recovered quickly. Labeling index was enhanced only on day 4 postirradiation. In the case of the relative radiosensitivity of B lymphocytes, measured by antibody formation against SRBC, plaque-forming capacities were observed when antigens were injected into mice before or after irradiation. The capacities were extremely suppressed in each experimental groups. Cytotoxic activities against VX2-carcinoma cells were examined by microcytotoxicity assay. The activities increased more than 3 fold, both before immunization and on day 15 postirradiation, suggesting that B lymphocytes in antibody formation against SRBC were more radiosensitive than cytotoxic T lymphocytes against xenogeneic cells. Transfusion of splenolymphocyted labeled with [3H]-TdR was observed on day 4, which appeared to compensate for that of [51Cr]-labeled one. When [51Cr] labeled T lymphocytes were transfused intravenously, trapping and negative trapping of the lymphocytes were observed in spleen and in peripheral blood, respectively. (Ueda, J.)

the aim of the current study is understanding the redox regulatory activity ( pro- and anti-oxidant properties) and mutagenic burden following wholebody -irradiation with special reference to its control by curcumin in mice. the antimutagenic effects of curcumin; diferuloylmethane ( C21 H20 O6) were evaluated in vitro using chromosomal aberration assay in male mice,induced after-exposure to 3 Gy γ-rays that is a known mutagenic and carcinogenic agent, when curcumin was given at a dose of 400 mmol/kg body wt through gastric intubation for 5 following days either before-, after-or both before and after-exposure, the incidence of aberrant cells and aberration types (mostly chromatids, breaks and fragments) reduced with curcumin dosage as compared to irradiated group. the cellular biochemical changes were estimated using liver tissue damage marker enzymes: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ -glutamyl transferase (GGT), pro-oxidant: xanthine oxidase (XO), lipid per oxidative indices: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxide (HP. the non-enzymatic antioxidant : glutathione (GSH) and the enzymatic antioxidants: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). TBARS ,HP,XO and liver marker enzymes were increased significantly , whereas the levels of GSH and the enzymatic antioxidants were significantly depleted in -irradiated groups. curcumin-treatment either before-, after-or both before and after -irradiation has attenuated the liver toxic effects of radiation obvious by reducing the levels of tbars and HP and diminished the increases of the activity of XO and liver marker enzymes. it has also re sued the depletion of the non enzymatic -and the enzymatic-antioxidant status.conclusion:curcumin has anti-oxidant potential against -rays-induced chromosomal mutations and redox imbalance regulatory status

Objective: To investigate the immunologic enhancement of low dose whole-bodyirradiation in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) under recombinant plasmid pEgr-IL18-B7.1 gene-radiotherapy. Methods: LLC cells were implanted subcutaneously in the right-hind leg of C57BL/6J mice. The pEgr-IL18- B7.1 recombinant plasmids mediated by polyethylenimine were injected locally into tumors of the mice with gene- radiotherapy, and then the tumors received different therapeutic regimens containing local irradiation with 2 Gy and whole-bodyirradiation with 0.075 Gy, respectively. Cytotoxic activity of CTL and NK were detected with isotope labeling of 3H-TdR. The secretion activities of TNF-α and IFN-γ were detected with ELISA. The anti-tumor immunological effects of low dose whole-bodyirradiation in protocol of gene-radiotherapy on the tumor-bearing mice were observed. Results: Compared with conventional repeated high dose local irradiation, single high dose local irradiation in combination with repeated low dose whole-bodyirradiation could enhance the cytotoxic activity of CTL and NK, and increase the secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ under pEgr-IL18-B7.1 gene-radiotherapy. Conclusions: Low dose whole-bodyirradiation superimposed upon a local high dose could significantly enhance the anti-tumor effect in the protocol of gene-radiotherapy through promoting the cytotoxic activity of CTL and NK, and up-regulating the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ. (authors)

To initiate the Wholebodyirradiation as an alternative for the treatment of the hematological diseases, leukemia and assistant for the osseous marrow transplantation, it may be taken account the application of International Protocols about control and quality assurance. It is established the intercomparison by the different dosimetric methods: cylindrical ionization chambers and parallel plane, radiographic emulsion film, semiconductor diodes (Mosfet transistors) and TLD-100 thermoluminescent crystals, obtained measurements for 140 x 140 cm2 fields and large distances 340 cm respect conventional fields in Radiotherapy. The in vitro dosimetry was realized at the Universal Anthropomorphic puppet Alderson Rando basically with the cylindrical crystals (1 mm diameter) of TLD-100 lithium fluoride. It was obtained the dose value with a 0.6 cm3 cylindrical ionization chamber and the Farmer electrometer for Wholebodyirradiation (ICT) with photons for electrons and were obtained values with the Markus plane parallel camera. Knowing the dose rate value to the source-surface distance DFS= 80 cm, it was calibrated the crystals with the reference radiation beam of 60 Co for obtaining the response curve: Dose vs. Tl lecture. It was characterized the 10 % of the total population for 300 crystals for applying the statistics corresponding. The luminescence curve obtained of Gaussian form was considered satisfactory by its stability during the pre-anneal lecture and anneal process, getting the main peak lecture at 300 Centigrade according to assigned parameters at lecture equipment TLD Harshaw model 4500. The results indicate the functional dependence with the distance DFS= 340 cm for the following depth PPD, the relations TMR and TPR, the TAR is not calculated by the increment of the dispersion in air. The penumbra increment indicates an increase of the radiation field respect of luminous field. The dispersion angle q1 respect at the field central axis was determined and was

Since the initial findings that 67Ga has a preferential affinity for soft tissue tumors, in humans numerous suggestions have been advanced for the basic mechanism involved. The effects produced by whole-body X-irradiation on the excretion and tissue distribution of 67Ga have been reported by Swartzendruber and others. Bradley and coworkers have shown that these irradiation effects were associated with an increase in serum iron. The present investigation was undertaken in order to study the relationships between the change in the serum iron concentration and 67Ga accumulation in the tumor and soft tissues in mice bearing Ehrlich's ascites tumor. The following results were obtained. (1) The serum iron concentration was significantly decreased between 3 and 6 hours after 10 Gy (1,000 rad) dose of whole-body 60Co-irradiation. Subsequently, the serum iron levels were slowly elevated. (2) The uptake of 67Ga in the tumor and soft tissues was increased if the serum iron concentration was decreased by whole-body 60Co-irradiation during the early phase. On the contrary, if the serum iron concentration was high, the uptake of 67Ga in the tumor was decreased. (3) The excretion of 67Ga from the body was delayed if the serum iron concentration was decreased by whole-body 60Co-irradiation. However, if the serum iron concentration was high, the excretion of 67Ga from the body significantly increased. (author)

Five cases of murine leukemia with megakaryocytic differentiation were observed among the 417 cases of radiation-induced leukemias which developed in 30% of C3H/HeMs mice exposed at 8 to 10 weeks to 0.5 to 5 gy total body irradiation. Cells from individual leukemic colonies in the spleen of the irradiated mice, and cells from colonies in methylcellulose (MC) culture in vitro, derived from one of these leukemias, MK-8057, were injected into mice; both types of cells caused the deaths of the recipient mice by inducing the same type of leukemia. MK-8057 can be maintained in Dexter-type liquid culture with a feeder layer of irradiated bone marrow cells. There was a linear reciprocal relationship between the increasing number of MK-8057 cells injected versus the survival of the recipient mice. A reciprocal relationship also was seen between an increasing number of leukemic stem cells, corresponding to the number of MK-8057 cells, and the survival of mice injected with MK-8057. Giant nuclear megakaryocytes developed during the course of colony growth in the spleen as they did in the MC culture. Such megakaryocytes were acetylcholinesterase positive, whereas leukemic cells in the peripheral blood showed no sign of platelet production nor of a positive reaction to acetylcholinesterase. Cells maintained in culture were entirely positive in platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa when anti-human antibody was used. The larger cells in a splenic cell suspension derived from a moribund mouse were separated and enriched by velocity sedimentation using centrifugal elutriation (CE), and then subjected to flow cytometry using propidium iodide staining. Cells with up to 32N-DNA content were detected. After separating MK-8057 by counter-flow CE, the larger cell fraction produced more leukemic colonies when injected into irradiated mice than did the small cell fraction

In order to investigate the biological effects of galactic rays on astronaut cerebral functions after space flight, mice were exposed to different heavy ions (HZE) in whole-body conditions at doses comparable to the galactic flux: {sup 12}C, {sup 16}O and {sup 20}Ne (95 MeV/u, at 42-76 mGy). Animals were also exposed to 42 mGy of {sup 60}Co radiation for comparison with HZE. The neuro-immune response, evaluated by interleukin-I (IL-1) measurement, showed that this cytokine was produced 3 h after irradiation by {sup 16}O or {sup 60}Co. In contrast, neither {sup 12}C (56.7 mGy) nor {sup 20}Ne (76 mGy) induced IL-1 production. However, immunohistochemical staining of {sup 12}C-irradiated mouse brain tissue showed 2 months later a marked inflammatory reaction in the hippocampus and a diffuse response in parenchyma. Sleep studies were realized before and after exposure to 42 mGy of {sup 16}O and 76 mGy of {sup 20}Ne: only the {sup 20}Ne radiation displayed a small effect. A slight decrease in paradoxical sleep, corresponding to a reduction in the number of episodes of paradoxical sleep, was manifested between 8 and 22 days after exposure. Exposure to {sup 12}C and {sup 16}O induced no changes either in cellularity of spleen or thymus, or in caspase 3 activity (as much as four months after irradiation). Taken together, these data indicate that the CNS could be sensitive to heavy ions and that responses to HZE impact depend on the nature of the particle, the dose threshold and the time delay to develop biological processes. Differences in responses to different HZE highlight the complex biological phenomena to which astronauts are submitted during space flight. (authors)

In order to investigate the biological effects of galactic rays on astronaut cerebral functions after space flight, mice were exposed to different heavy ions (HZE) in whole-body conditions at doses comparable to the galactic flux: 12C, 16O and 20Ne (95 MeV/u, at 42-76 mGy). Animals were also exposed to 42 mGy of 60Co radiation for comparison with HZE. The neuro-immune response, evaluated by interleukin-I (IL-1) measurement, showed that this cytokine was produced 3 h after irradiation by 16O or 60Co. In contrast, neither 12C (56.7 mGy) nor 20Ne (76 mGy) induced IL-1 production. However, immunohistochemical staining of 12C-irradiated mouse brain tissue showed 2 months later a marked inflammatory reaction in the hippocampus and a diffuse response in parenchyma. Sleep studies were realized before and after exposure to 42 mGy of 16O and 76 mGy of 20Ne: only the 20Ne radiation displayed a small effect. A slight decrease in paradoxical sleep, corresponding to a reduction in the number of episodes of paradoxical sleep, was manifested between 8 and 22 days after exposure. Exposure to 12C and 16O induced no changes either in cellularity of spleen or thymus, or in caspase 3 activity (as much as four months after irradiation). Taken together, these data indicate that the CNS could be sensitive to heavy ions and that responses to HZE impact depend on the nature of the particle, the dose threshold and the time delay to develop biological processes. Differences in responses to different HZE highlight the complex biological phenomena to which astronauts are submitted during space flight. (authors)

Research highlights: {yields} We investigated the effect 6 Gy of WBI on the autophagic machinery of normal mouse lung. {yields} Irradiation induces dysfunction of the autophagic machinery in normal lung, characterized by decreased transcription of the LC3A/Beclin-1 mRNA and accumulation of the LC3A, and p62 proteins. {yields} The membrane bound LC3A-II protein levels increased in the cytosolic fraction (not in the pellet), contrasting the patterns noted after starvation-induced autophagy. {yields} Administration of amifostine, reversed all the LC3A and p62 findings, suggesting protection of the normal autophagic function. -- Abstract: Purpose: The effect of ionizing irradiation on the autophagic response of normal tissues is largely unexplored. Abnormal autophagic function may interfere the protein quality control leading to cell degeneration and dysfunction. This study investigates its effect on the autophagic machinery of normal mouse lung. Methods and materials: Mice were exposed to 6 Gy of wholebody {gamma}-radiation and sacrificed at various time points. The expression of MAP1LC3A/LC3A/Atg8, beclin-1, p62/sequestosome-1 and of the Bnip3 proteins was analyzed. Results: Following irradiation, the LC3A-I and LC3A-II protein levels increased significantly at 72 h and 7 days. Strikingly, LC3A-II protein was increased (5.6-fold at 7 days; p < 0.001) only in the cytosolic fraction, but remained unchanged in the membrane fraction. The p62 protein, was significantly increased in both supernatant and pellet fraction (p < 0.001), suggesting an autophagosome turnover deregulation. These findings contrast the patterns of starvation-induced autophagy up-regulation. Beclin-1 levels remained unchanged. The Bnip3 protein was significantly increased at 8 h, but it sharply decreased at 72 h (p < 0.05). Administration of amifostine (200 mg/kg), 30 min before irradiation, reversed all the LC3A and p62 findings on blots, suggesting restoration of the normal autophagic function

Research highlights: → We investigated the effect 6 Gy of WBI on the autophagic machinery of normal mouse lung. → Irradiation induces dysfunction of the autophagic machinery in normal lung, characterized by decreased transcription of the LC3A/Beclin-1 mRNA and accumulation of the LC3A, and p62 proteins. → The membrane bound LC3A-II protein levels increased in the cytosolic fraction (not in the pellet), contrasting the patterns noted after starvation-induced autophagy. → Administration of amifostine, reversed all the LC3A and p62 findings, suggesting protection of the normal autophagic function. -- Abstract: Purpose: The effect of ionizing irradiation on the autophagic response of normal tissues is largely unexplored. Abnormal autophagic function may interfere the protein quality control leading to cell degeneration and dysfunction. This study investigates its effect on the autophagic machinery of normal mouse lung. Methods and materials: Mice were exposed to 6 Gy of wholebody γ-radiation and sacrificed at various time points. The expression of MAP1LC3A/LC3A/Atg8, beclin-1, p62/sequestosome-1 and of the Bnip3 proteins was analyzed. Results: Following irradiation, the LC3A-I and LC3A-II protein levels increased significantly at 72 h and 7 days. Strikingly, LC3A-II protein was increased (5.6-fold at 7 days; p < 0.001) only in the cytosolic fraction, but remained unchanged in the membrane fraction. The p62 protein, was significantly increased in both supernatant and pellet fraction (p < 0.001), suggesting an autophagosome turnover deregulation. These findings contrast the patterns of starvation-induced autophagy up-regulation. Beclin-1 levels remained unchanged. The Bnip3 protein was significantly increased at 8 h, but it sharply decreased at 72 h (p < 0.05). Administration of amifostine (200 mg/kg), 30 min before irradiation, reversed all the LC3A and p62 findings on blots, suggesting restoration of the normal autophagic function. The LC3A and Beclin1 m

Full Text Available WholeBody Vibration (WBV is a passive exercise method known to have beneficial effects on various physical measures. Studies on adults furthermore demonstrated beneficial effects of WBV treatment on cognition (e.g. inhibition. The present study replicated these findings in healthy children and examined acute effects of WBV treatment on inhibition.Fifty-five healthy children (aged 8-13 participated in this within-subject design study. WBV treatment was applied by having the children sit on a chair mounted to a vibrating platform. After each condition (vibration vs. non-vibration, inhibition was measured by using the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test. Repeated measures analyses were applied in order to explore the effects of WBV treatment on inhibition, and correlations were computed between the treatment effect and participant characteristics in order to explore individual differences in treatment sensitivity.Three-minute WBV treatments had significant beneficial effects on inhibition in this sample of healthy children. Especially the repeated application (three times of WBV treatment appeared beneficial for cognition. Stronger WBV treatment effects were correlated with higher intelligence and younger age, but not with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD.This study demonstrates that especially repeated WBV treatment improves inhibition in healthy children. As this cognitive function is often impaired in children with developmental disorders (e.g. ADHD, future studies should further explore the effects, working mechanism and potential applicability of WBV treatment for this target group.

Ionising radiation causes free radical-mediated damage in cellular DNA. This damage is manifested as chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MN) in proliferating cells. Sesamol, present in sesame seeds, has the potential to scavenge free radicals; therefore, it can reduce radiation-induced cytogenetic damage in cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the radioprotective potential of sesamol in bone marrow cells of mice and related haematopoietic system against radiation-induced genotoxicity. A comparative study with melatonin was designed for assessing the radioprotective potential of sesamol. C57BL/6 mice were administered intraperitoneally with either sesamol or melatonin (10 and 20mg/kg body weight) 30 min prior to 2-Gy whole-bodyirradiation (WBI) and sacrificed after 24h. Total chromosomal aberrations (TCA), MN and cell cycle analyses were performed using bone marrow cells. The comet assay was performed on bone marrow cells, splenocytes and lymphocytes. Blood was drawn to study haematological parameters. Prophylactic doses of sesamol (10 and 20mg/kg) in irradiated mice reduced TCA and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte frequency in bone marrow cells by 57% and 50%, respectively, in comparison with radiation-only groups. Sesamol-reduced radiation-induced apoptosis and facilitated cell proliferation. In the comet assay, sesamol (20mg/kg) treatment reduced radiation-induced comets (% DNA in tail) compared with radiation only (P < 0.05). Sesamol also increased granulocyte populations in peripheral blood similar to melatonin. Overall, the radioprotective efficacy of sesamol was found to be similar to that of melatonin. Sesamol treatment also showed recovery of relative spleen weight at 24h of WBI. The results strongly suggest the radioprotective efficacy of sesamol in the haematopoietic system of mice. PMID:25863274

Objective: To explore the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity after radiation injury. Methods: Number, proliferation activity, cytotoxicity of IEL as well as the TNF-α and TGF-β concentrations in supernatant of cultured IELs were studied using freshly isolated IELs from whole small intestine of Kunming strain mice whole-bodyirradiated with 8 Gy 60Co rays. Results: The proliferation activity, cytotoxicity as well as the number of IELs in small intestinal mucosa were significantly decreased from 8h and reached the lowest level at 72 h post-irradiation. The TNF-α and TGF-β concentrations in supernatant of cultured IELs isolated from irradiated mice elevated at 8h and reached the peak values at 72h. Conclusion: The decrease in number and important factions of IELs might be one of the reasons which damage the intestinal mucosal immunity barrier after wholebodyirradiation

Rationale: Human skin contains photolabile nitric oxide derivates like nitrite and S-nitroso thiols, which after UVA irradiation, decompose and lead to the formation of vasoactive NO. Objective: Here, we investigated whether wholebody UVA irradiation influences the blood pressure of healthy volunteers because of cutaneous nonenzymatic NO formation. Methods and Results: As detected by chemoluminescence detection or by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in vitro with human skin speci...

Avocado oil, extracted from the pulp of the fruit, is rich in poly-unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic, linolenic, oleic acids and the monounsaturated fatty acid. It also contains B-sitosterol, B-carotene, lecithin, minerals and vitamins A, C, D and E. Avocado oil lowers the blood levels of serum lipids and has antioxidant properties as a free radical scavenger. Male albino rats were divided into 5 groups. 1- Control group: rats not subjected to any treatment, 2- Avocado treated group: rats received avocado oil (0.1 ml/kg/day) via intraperitoneal injection during 21 days, 3- Irradiated group: rats were wholebody gamma irradiated with 7 Gy, 4- Avocado + irradiated group: rats received avocado oil for 21 days then exposed to wholebody gamma irradiation with 7 Gy and 5- Radiation + avocado group: rats were exposed to 7 Gy wholebody gamma irradiation then received avocado oil for 21 days. Avocado oil (0.1 ml/kg/day) was given to rats, receiving a standard diet, for 21 days before exposure to 7 Gy wholebody gamma irradiation then the treatment was continued for 10 days after irradiation. Several investigations were carried out such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), lipid profile and blood sugar. High significant increase in MDA was observed and treatment with avocado before irradiation caused significant increase in GSH, CAT and SOD and significant decrease in MDA as compared to the irradiated groups. The results also showed that treatment with avocado oil significantly diminished the radiation-induced alterations observed in the levels of lipid profile and glucose. The results demonstrated that wholebody gamma irradiated rats showed significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucose. By studying the lipid profile, significant increases in cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C levels were recorded while significant decrease was

Sensitivity to radiation carcinogenesis is being studied in 1680 beagle dogs that received whole-body 60Co gamma radiation exposures during development. Eight treatment groups of 120 dogs each received 0.16 or 0.83 Gy at one of three prenatal (8, 28, or 55 days postcoitus) ages or at one postnatal (2 days postpartum) age. One treatment group of 120 dogs received 0.83 Gy as juveniles at 70 days postpartum, and one treatment group of 240 young adult dogs received 0.83 Gy at 365 days postpartum. Three-hundred-sixty control dogs were sham irradiated. Of the 1680 dogs, 1058 are dead. Approximately 25% of these deaths were related to malignant neoplasia. The age-related incidence of neoplasia is being evaluated. While the incidence of all neoplasms is being studied, particular emphasis is being placed on types of cancer with known susceptibility to induction by radiation such as those of breast, thyroid, and hematopoietic tissues. Neoplasms are classed as (1) incidental, i.e., those found at necropsy in dogs that died of an unrelated cause; (2) mortality independent, i.e., those seen in live dogs and removed surgically, or (3) fatal, i.e., those directly or indirectly responsible for death. Analyses of incidental tumors are done by a prevalence method, whereas analyses of mortality-independent and fatal tumors use an onset-rate or death-rate method. The results of these methods are then combined to give a composite age-related incidence of specific neoplasms. Analyses also are done on disease subgroups to attempt to delineate the effect of intercurrent disease on tumor incidence. The results of such analyses support the concept that age at exposure is an important factor in radiation carcinogenesis. 28 refs., 7 tabs

The effects of a single whole-body dose of X-rays on the serum levels and kinetics of thyroid hormones in rats were studied. The influence of radiation-induced anorexia was monitored by using pair fed control groups. A dose of 800 rad caused a reduction in T4 levels and 750 rad had a similar effect on T3; in each case the control group showed a smaller reduction. The kinetic results indicated that, in the control groups, the early reduction in hormone concentrations was caused by decreased production, whereas, in the irradiated groups, it was caused by a change in the distribution of the hormone; however the continuing reduction in hormone levels in the irradiated rats appeared to result from decreased production. The results suggest that the thyroid system may play an active part in the early metabolic changes which follow whole-bodyirradiation. (author)

The effect of caffeine given as pre- and post-treatment in mice exposed to whole-body γ-irradiation (1.5 Gy 60Co γ-rays) was studied. The pre-treatment was either acute or chronic. The acute dose (5 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg body weight) was in the form of an injection given intraperitoneally, 30 min before irradiation. The chronic administration was in the form of caffeine solution (4.208x10-3 M and 7.72x10-4 M) contained in drinking water for 5 weeks prior to radiation exposure. The acute pre-treatment with caffeine reduced the radiation-induced frequency of chromosomal aberrations discernibly, whereas chronic pre-treatment afforded a much more significant degree of radioprotection. The caffeine post-treatment (5 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg body weight) was given in the form of an intraperitoneal injection to the mice immediately following whole-body γ-irradiation. It is noted that both post-treatment concentrations of caffeine also significantly reduced the frequency of chromosomal aberrations induced by γ-rays. These data are briefly discussed in terms of possible mechanistic considerations. (author). 33 refs.; 3 tabs

There are many consequences following exposure to the space radiation environment which can adversely affect the health of a crew member. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) involving nausea and vomiting, damage to radio-sensitive tissue such as the blood forming organs and gastrointestinal tract, and cancer are some of these negative effects. The space radiation environment is ample with protons and contains gamma rays as well. Little knowledge exists to this point, however, regarding the effects of protons on mammalian systems; conversely several studies have been performed observing the effects of gamma rays on different animal models. For the research presented here, we wish to compare our previous work looking at whole-body exposure to protons using a mouse model to our studies of mice experiencing whole-body exposure to gamma rays as part of the radio-adaptive response. Radio-adaptation is a well-documented phenomenon in which cells exposed to a priming low dose of radiation prior to a higher dose display a reduction in endpoints like chromosomal aberrations, cell death, micronucleus formation, and more when compared to their counterparts receiving high dose-irradiation only. Our group has recently completed a radio-adaptive experiment with C57BL/6 mice. For both this study and the preceding proton research, the gastrointestinal tract of each animal was dissected four hours post-irradiation and the isolated small intestinal tissue was fixed in formalin for histopathological examination or snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA isolation. Histopathologic observation of the tissue using standard H&E staining methods to screen for morphologic changes showed an increase in apoptotic lesions for even the lowest doses of 0.1 Gy of protons and 0.05 Gy of gamma rays, and the percentage of apoptotic cells increased with increasing dose. A smaller percentage of crypts showed 3 or more apoptotic lesions in animals that received 6 Gy of gamma-irradiation compared to mice

A study was carried out to assess the effect of total body irradiation on pancreatic and parotid isoenzymes of amylase in patients about to undergo bone-marrow transplantation who had received high-dose cyclophosphamide. Twelve patients were studied, enzyme activity being measured before and at various times after total body irradiation. Serum total amylase activity rose rapidly within 12 hours of irradiation to a maximum at 36 hours, returning to normal by six days; most of the increase was derived from salivary damage, with a much smaller pancreatic component. These results confirm that radiation produces acute changes in amylase activity, which may be of use in assessing radiation-induced damage. (author)

Public concern is being expressed over the effects on men and his environment of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation from the increasing use of atomic energy in medicine industry and power generation. An evaluation of the toxic effects of gamma radiation on female reproduction was made by biochemical estimations of cytoplasmic and membrane bound, Glycogen, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and cholesterol in the rat varies after wholebodyirradiation with the low doses of gamma rays. Female Sprague Dawley rats of 12 weeks were divided randomly into four groups Two groups were exposed to 60Co gamma rays of 0.10 Gy and 0.40 Gy respectively at the dose rate 0.0589 Gy/min. These groups were further exposed to the same respective doses and dose rates each month for two consecutive months i .e. when the animals were 16 and 20 weeks old. Total doses delivered in three fractionated doses to the two groups were therefore 0.30 Gy and 1.20 Gy respectively. The remaining two groups were exposed as above but at the dose rate of 0.00368 Gy/min. This would mean that these animals received the same respective doses i.e 0.30 Gy and 1.20 Gy but at the dose rate 1/16th of the above. A day after the last dose the animals were sacrificed by decapitation, ovaries were extirpated put in normal saline and freed from fat and adhering connective tissues. The cleared ovaries were soaked on a piece of filter paper, weighed, minced and homogenized in known volume ice-cold phosphate - buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and the ovarian homogenate was centrifuged for biochemical estimation. Radiation caused degenerative changes in the ovaries as evidenced by a significant decrease in the concentration of cytoplasmic as well as membrane bound glycogen and cholesterol. AKP activity is associated with follicular atrophy. The growing follicles had less AKP activity than antral follicle. The high concentration of ACP in small antral follicles might limit their ability to respond radiation stimulation

With two groups, each with 8 healthy subjects UV whole-bodyirradiation was carried out with uniformly 30 J/cm2 UVA or respectively UVB at the level of the individual minimal erythema dose. Every subject received serial irradiations once a day for four days. The determination of the serum hormone level was accomplished by means of radioimmunoassays. The results show a weakly significant decline of cortisol 4 and 24 hours after 2 serial UVB irradiations. 3,5 and 7 days after the end of the irradiation series the cortisol values have increased, but by the seventh day statistically only weakly significant. With UVA irradiation there was also a weakly significant increase in cortisol levels three days after the end of the irradiation series. The serum levels of the other hormones showed no statistically significant changes. (orig./MG)

The present work aims to study the effect of adding 3 different of dietary fibers (wheat, barley or corn bran) to normal balanced diet on liver function, blood, cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose level to counteract their elevation in wholebody gamma irradiation rats. The experimental diets (balanced diet + fibre additive) were fed for 4 weeks. Samples (blood and tissue) were collected at intervals of times 7, 14 and 28 days post exposure to single dose (7 Gy) gamma irradiation. The control group consumed a fibre diet for 4 weeks, but not irradiated. The minimum aspartate amino-transferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and the lowest blood total cholestrol, triglycerides and blood glucose were observed in rats (irradiated and non-irradiated rats) fed on wheat bran experimental diet (barley or corn bran). It could be concluded that wheat fibers were more effective, as compared with other fibers contained in balanced diet, in improving the investigated parameters observed after wholebody gamma irradiation exposure

Full Text Available Objective: Ibuprofen and L-carnitine have been demonstrated to provide radioprotective activity to the hamster against wholebody sublethal irradiation. The purpose of this study is to test those antioxidant drugs, each of which has the capacity of inhibiting mucosal injury, as topical radioprotectants for the intestine. Material and Methods: The male hamsters were divided into the following four groups (n=6: group 1: control group, received saline, 1 ml/100 g by gavage, as placebo. Group 2: irradiated-control group, received wholebodyirradiation of 8 Gy as a single dose plus physiological saline. The animals in groups 3 and 4 were given a daily dose of 10 mg/kg of ibuprofen and 50 mg/kg of L-carnitine for 15 days respectively, before irradiation with a single dose of 8 Gy. Twenty-four hours after radiation exposure, the hamsters were sacrificed and samples were taken from the duodenum, and the histopatological determinations were carried out. Results: Morphologically, examination of the gamma irradiated duodenum revealed the presence of shortening and thickening of villi and flattening of enterocytes, massive subepithelial lifting. Pretreatment of ibuprofen and L-carnitine with irradiation reduced these histopathological changes. Conclusion: Ibuprofen and L-carnitine administrated by the oral route may be a good radioprotector against small intestinal damage in patients undergoing radiotherapy.

In whole-bodyirradiated rats (800 R=LDsub(50/30)) and guinea pigs (300 R=LDsub(50/30)) changes were investigated in the arginine esterase activity of kallikrein in native serum as well as in serum exposed to contact with a clay suspension. From the values obtained the activity of prekallikrein was calculated. While in the rat serum significant changes in the arginine esterase activity of kallikrein were found, in the guinea pig serum the kallikrein activity did not change markedly. The activity of prekallikrein immediately after irradiation assumes a similar course in both types of laboratory animals while during later intervals a reverse pattern was observed. (author)

Whole-body exposure of rats to ionizing radiations yielded an increased incorporation of labeled amino acids into serum albumin in in vivo studies suggesting a stimulation of biosynthesis. Actually this may have been caused by an elevated hepatic transport of labeled amino acids (see below). A suppressed biosynthesis of albumin was observed when the experiments were performed in vitro using liver microsomes. Impaired biosynthesis appeared to be caused by a reduced mRNA production. Irradiation stimulated the biosynthesis of acute-phase plasma proteins (stress response) and inhibited the excretion of α/sub 2u/-globulin, the sex-dependent protein of the adult male rat. Exposure of rats to γ-rays stimulated amino acid transport into the liver. This process which is Na+ and energy-dependent was studied with α-aminoisobutyric acid, cycloleucine, and L-methionine among others. After irradiation the serum glucagon and insulin, as well as hepatic cAMP levels, were elevated. Amino acid transport may be an important factor in controlling the increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis observed in rats following whole-bodyirradiation

Between 1975 and 1978, 51 patients with favorable histology non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, pathologic stage III-IV, were treated prospectively on a randomized treatment protocol. Treatment options were single alkylating agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP), or fractionated wholebodyirradiation followed by low dose involved field irradiation. The median follow-up interval in this group of patients is not 41 mo. Actuarial survival is excellent, 84% at 4 yr for the entire group, with similar survival observed for each of the three treatment options. Initial complete remission rates (64%, 88%, and 71%) were not significantly different in the three treatment arms. Frequent relapse after initial remission induction was noted, however, with a freedom from relapse at 4 yr of only 25%. The toxicities of the three therapies were acceptable. Acute complications of therapy were most numerous in the group of patients treated with CVP; however, long-term hematologic depression was most commonly observed in patients treated with wholebodyirradiation. In general, hematologic complications were more frequent among patients who had marrow involvement and intact spleens at the time of initial therapy. The relationship of this study to other clinical trials in the management of patients with advanced stage favorable histology lymphomas and its implications for future clinical trials are discussed

Whole-body exposure of rats to ionizing radiations yielded an increased incorporation of labeled amino acids into serum albumin in in vivo studies suggesting a stimulation of biosynthesis. Actually this may have been caused by an elevated hepatic transport of labeled amino acids (see below). A suppressed biosynthesis of albumin was observed when the experiments were performed in vitro using liver microsomes. Impaired biosynthesis appeared to be caused by a reduced mRNA production. Irradiation stimulated the biosynthesis of acute-phase plasma proteins (stress response) and inhibited the excretion of ..cap alpha../sub 2u/-globulin, the sex-dependent protein of the adult male rat. Exposure of rats to ..gamma..-rays stimulated amino acid transport into the liver. This process which is Na/sup +/ and energy-dependent was studied with ..cap alpha..-aminoisobutyric acid, cycloleucine, and L-methionine among others. After irradiation the serum glucagon and insulin, as well as hepatic cAMP levels, were elevated. Amino acid transport may be an important factor in controlling the increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis observed in rats following whole-bodyirradiation.

Stumptail monkeys (Macaca speciosa) received lethal wholebody radiation. Autologous bone marrow injection resulted in survival of the majority of the animals. Treatment with Deca-Durabolin, an anabolic steroid, caused more rapid recovery of colony-forming cell numbers in the bone marrow than in control animals. Both the Deca-Durabolin-treated and control groups were given autologous bone marrow transplantation. Anabolic steroid effect on transplanted bone marrow colonyforming cells may explain the increased rate of leukopoietic regeneration in anabolic steroid-treated animals as compared to controls. PMID:124758

Stumptail monkeys (Macaca speciosa) received lethal whole-body radiation. Autologous bone marrow injection resulted in survival of the majority of the animals. Treatment with Deca-Durabolin, an anabolic steroid, caused more rapid recovery of colony-forming cell numbers in the bone marrow than in control animals. Both the Deca-Durabolin-treated and control groups were given autologous bone marrow transplantation. Anabolic steroid effect on transplanted bone marrow colony-forming cells may explain the increased rate of leukopoietic regeneration in anabolic steroid-treated animals as compared to controls

In the present work, investigations have been carried out in view of evaluation of the biological hazard exerted on adrenal gland of albino rat embryos subjected to the pesticide polytrin and wholebody gamma irradiation either individually or in succession. Histological and histochemical studies showed in general, vacuolation, karyolysis, pyknotic nuclei and increased signs of necrosis in adrenal tissue exposed to irradiation. Pesticide treatment resulted in severe degeneration in between zona glomerulosa and fasciculata accompanied by intercellular degeneration. Combined effect of polytrin together with gamma irradiation showed to exert more intensive degeneration in tissue cells with affected chromatin material as compared with the effect of either polytrin or irradiation when applied individually. The histochemical investigations revealed decreased alkaline phosphatase activity in all treated groups. 14 figs

The effect of whole-bodyirradiation on cellular immunity, as measured in vivo by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to oxazolone, was determined in CD2F1 mice. DTH, determined by changes in ear swelling after challenge with oxazolone, was significantly depressed in irradiated mice (500-900 rad of 60Co) in a dose-dependent fashion when animals were irradiated after sensitization and before challenge with oxazolone. Administration of WR-2721 30 min before irradiation (2 days after sensitization) resulted in protection against suppression of DTH, which was dependent on drug and radiation dose. An effective dose of WR-2721 provided an approximate dose-modifying factor of 1.3. The data suggest that WR-2721 interacts with cells involved in that DTH response and that WR-2721 may be useful in protecting against radiation-induced decrements in cell-mediated immunity

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHES) are adrenal hormones. They are powerful endogenous antioxidants and are important in protecting the cells from damage. The present work aimed to evaluate the exogenous DHEAS as a protector against the wholebody exposure to gamma radiation damages on DNA and RNA content of the nuclear fraction, calcium and acid phosphatase in the mitochondria fraction and glutathione (GSH) and malonaldehyde (MDA) in the cytosol fraction in the liver of male rats. Fifty male albino rats weighing 130-150 g were categorized into the following groups: 1-Control untreated. 2-Exposed to wholebody gamma irradiation (6.5 Gy). 3-Received a single oral administration of DHEAS at a dose level of 200 mg/kg b.wt. 4-Administered with DHEAS (200 mg/kg) two h pre-exposure to wholebody gamma irradiation (6.5 Gy). Three time intervals were determined for tissue sampling: after one day, one week and two weeks post irradiation (groups 2 and 4) and post administration of DHEAS (group 3). The results showed that: 1- DHEAS has a radioprotective effect on DNA and RNA content decreases in the liver nuclear fraction. 2- It significantly ameliorated the changes in mitochondria Ca21 content and acid phosphatase activity. 3- It improved both GSH and MDA contents in the cytosolic fraction. It could be concluded that, DHEAS showed an obvious protective role against the hazard of gamma radiation on liver cells. Several mechanisms were discussed about its effects. Therefore, more investigations are needed to understand well the role of DHEAS in protecting the animal tissues against ionizing radiation hazard

Full Text Available The gastrointestinal (GI syndrome component of acute radiation syndrome (ARS results from depletion of immature parenchymal stem cells after high dose irradiation and contributes significantly to early mortality. It is associated with severe, irreparable damage in the GI tract and extremely low survival. There is a need for the development of viable mitigators of wholebodyirradiation (WBI due to the possibility of unexpected high level radiation exposure from nuclear accidents or attacks. We therefore examined the effect of recombinant human milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (rhMFG-E8 in mitigating damage after WBI. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 10 Gy WBI using Cesium-137 as the radiation source. The animals in the treatment group received rhMFG-E8 (166 µg/kg BW subcutaneously once a day with the first dose given 6 h after WBI. Blood and tissue samples from the ileum were collected after 3 days of treatment. A separate cohort of animals was treated for 7 days and the 21 day mortality rate was determined. Treatment with rhMFG-E8 significantly improved the survival from 31% to 75% over 21 days. Furthermore, rhMFG-E8 treatment resulted in a 36% reduction in the radiation injury intestinal mucosal damage score, corresponding to visible histological changes. MFG-E8 gene expression was significantly decreased in WBI-induced animals as compared to sham controls. Treatment with rhMFG-E8 increased p53 and p21 expression by 207% and 84% compared to untreated controls. This was accompanied by an 80% increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic cell regulator Bcl-2. p53 and p21 levels correlate with improved survival after radiation injury. These cell regulators arrest the cell after DNA damage and enable DNA repair as well as optimize cell survival. Taken together, these results indicate that rhMFG-E8 ameliorates the GI syndrome and improves survival after WBI by minimizing intestinal cell damage and optimizing recovery.

The survival rate of mice with exposure of the wholebody (7 Gy) was hardly changed by one dose as well as several doses of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor amantadine and the interferon inductor measles vaccine. However, the survival rates were increased by one administration of L-dopa or by the long-term therapy using L-dopa at 7 and 9 Gy, resp. The survival rates were also increased at 7 and 9 Gy, resp. if the thymus factor was three times applied to the animals after irradiation. The increased survival rates gained by using L-dopa and thymus factor are correlated with the leukocyte values determined.

The survival rate of mice with exposure of the wholebody (7 Gy) was hardly changed by one dose as well as several doses of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor amantadine and the interferon inductor measles vaccine. However, the survival rates were increased by one administration of L-dopa or by the long-term therapy using L-dopa at 7 and 9 Gy, resp. The survival rates were also increased at 7 and 9 Gy, resp. if the thymus factor was three times applied to the animals after irradiation. The increased survival rates gained by using L-dopa and thymus factor are correlated with the leukocyte values determined. (author)

Calves aged 2.5 to 4 months were whole-body X irradiated with mean lethal doses between 1.2 and 1.7 Gy. The effect of different immunization procedures on the irradiation-induced reaction of the serum gamma globulin levels was studied. Immunization 14 and 21 days before irradiation resulted in obvious stimulation gamma globulin production. After parenteral antigen administration the nearly 2 weeks lasting increase of the gamma globulin level rose in the irradiated animals but declined in the sham-irradiated calves. After a lethal dosis of 1.7 Gy there was a decrease of the gamma globulins 3 weeks post irradiation, at the climax of the radiation syndrome. When 1.5 Gy were used the increase of the gamma globulin concentration was observed also after oral administration of the antigen. The response of the irradiated animals in the secondary reaction of the antibody production was most lear after boosting with homologous bacteria. The stimulating effect of the irradiation on the serum globulin levels after immunization prior to irradiation has been attributed to the reaction of the immunoglobulin-producing system to the release of tissue proteins and antigens, respectively

Some characteristics of mice brain nerve-endings' lipid phase were studied (total lipids, total and individual phospholipids and cholesterol contents, their ratios, lipid peroxidation level, rigidity index) after single low dose, wholebody gamma-irradiation (15 cGy) with dose intensities of 0.01, 0.25, 9.0 cGy/min. Some markedly expressed alterations were found out in those parameters. Brain membranes functioning also changed significantly as it was judged by membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase activity. All the changes revealed complicated dependence both on dose intensity and on time period after irradiation. The ranges of the observed changes suppose CNS state to have been modified by low dose irradiation including CNS sensibility to external psycho-and neurotropic factors. 25 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab

So that a stronger basis for extrapolation of low-level radiation effects to man can be provided, existing data from small laboratory animals are being supplemented by studies in a longer lived animal, the dog. Beagle dogs are exposed to continuous cobalt-60 irradiation either throughout life or until predetermined total doses are accumulated. The radiation-specific excess-mortality rate and associated causes of death will be related to both dose rate and total dose. The ongoing studies also emphasize the pathogenesis of myelogenous leukemia. At dose rates of 3.75 to 26.25 rads/day, given continuously, responses were consistent, highly dose-rate dependent, and limited primarily to the hematopoietic system. At rates as low as 0.3 rad/day, the hematopoietic system is still the limiting factor for survival, but below 3.75 rads/day present evidence suggests that the responses are independent of dose rate. Longitudinal studies of peripheral blood and bone marrow detected four preclinical phases of myelogenous leukemia. These phases were characterized by standard hematologic end points, ultrastructural features, in vitro cloning assays, and the acute radiation sensitivity of stem cells. Results suggest that an induced error-prone repair mechanism is the basis for the onset of radiation-induced myelogenous leukemia. Interim data from dogs given terminated exposures suggest that the types of tumors and times to death are different from controls but the numbers of tumors are not yet greater than in controls. 26 refs., 12 figs., 5 tabs

An attempt was made to establish possible correlations, during gamma irradiation, between glucose and ATP. The variations in their blood levels were studied, using specific enzymatic methods. The results obtained after a low dose irradiation (150 roentgens) demonstrated an increase of glycemia during the hours following the irradiation and a parallel decrease of ATP blood level

The effect of gamma irradiation (450, 550 and 650 rads) on the circulating antibodies resulting from the injection of antitetanus vaccine in rabbits, were studied for different time interval between irradiation and antigen injection. An analysis of the results obtained exhibited that the increase in antibodies formation appeared only one weak after the beginning of irradiation and for a dose of 650 rads

collected from CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J mice at different times up to 3 months following an acutewhole-body exposure to various doses of 1 GeV/amu 56 Fe ions (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 cGy) or 137 Cs gamma rays (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 cGy, as a reference radiation). These strains of mouse are known to be sensitive (CBA/CaJ) or resistant (C57BL/6J) to radiation-induced chromosomal damage and AML. At 2 days after the exposure, our data indicated that there was no increase in the frequency of MN-PCEs in CBA/CaJ mice exposed to 56 Fe ions while the frequency of MN-PCEs elevated as a function of dose in the C57BL/6J mice. At day 4, there was no dose related increase in either strain of mouse exposed to either 56 Fe ions or 137 Cs gamma rays. We also found that at the early sacrifice times (2 and 4 days) the 56 Fe ions were slightly more effective, per unit dose, in inducing MN-NCEs than 137 Cs gamma rays in both strains. Likewise, no increase in the frequency of MN-NCEs was found at late times after an acute exposure to either type of radiation. In contrast, both types of radiation induced increased MN-PCE frequencies in irradiated CBA/CaJ mice, but not C57BL/6J mice, at late times post-exposure. This finding indicates the potential induction of genomic instability in hematopoietic cells of CBA/CaJ mice by both types of radiation. The finding also demonstrates the influence of genetic background on radiation-induced genomic instability in vivo. Research funded by NASA Grant #NAG9- 1 52 .

Malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver and blood, were measured in wholebody gamma irradiated rats with a dose of 6.5 Gy before and after administration of zinc cystein. Zinc cystein (Zn/cyst) was administrated intraperitoneally at a concentration of 30 mg/kg, b.w. 30 min pre-irradiation and measurements were done at 24 and 72 hr after irradiation. These results were compared with non-irradiated. These results were compared with non-irradiated, non Zn/cyst treated group (control group). After irradiation, the activity of SOD and the level of GSH in both liver and blood were decreased, while in Zn/cyst protected groups this decrease was less but did not reach to that of control group level till the end of the experimental period. On the other hand, MDA markedly increased after irradiation. Nevertheless, and in protected group with Z0/cyst reveled less increase. It can be concluded that pre-treatment with Zn/cyst protects rats against sublethal effect of radiation, by improving the natural antioxidant mechanism (s)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of peroxidase on hyperlipidaemic rats exposed to gamma radiation. Rats were fed on a diet with high fat content for 15 days and at the same time treated with pure peroxidase (E.C.1.11.7). Rats were exposed to 6 Gy of wholebody gamma radiation after one week of high fat feeding. Glucose, lipid profile (total cholesterol, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and total lipids), liver transaminases (ALT and AST), total protein and albumin were tested in serum. Malonaldehyde (MDA) of liver and kidney tissues were examined. Histopathological studies on those tissues were also performed. The results showed that peroxidase supplementation ameliorated significantly the disturbances in glucose, serum lipid profile and transaminase activities. Furthermore, the decreases recorded in the levels of total protein and albumin was less marked. The pure peroxidase modulated the MDA levels in both liver and kidney tissues. Also, the results of the histopathological studies for kidney and liver tissues showed some normalization. This suggests that peroxidase may be a contributing factor in the scavenging of free radicals in hyperlipidaemic rats exposed to gamma radiation and might exert a beneficial role against some metabolic disorders

Irradiation before tooth extraction delays wound healing in the alveolar socket. This study examined the influences of local and wholebodyirradiation before tooth extraction on appearance of osteoblasts in the alveolar bone of rat maxillary first molars because bone formation is observed at the initial phase of wound healing. Several osteoblasts were generated 3 days after tooth extraction, and the number of cells increased day by day. Morphological studies showed there were little differences between local irradiation and non-irradiated controls. In contrast, the extraction wound in the wholebodyirradiation group showed delayed healing, and there was poor granulation tissue and very few osteoblasts at the bottom of the socket. An ultrastructural study showed that the osteoblasts in the extraction socket of wholebodyirradiation rats were smaller, and had poorly developed organelles. Injection of bone marrow cells to wholebody-irradiated animals immediately after tooth extraction partially restored the number of osteoblasts. New periosteal bone formations outside of sockets showed little delay in the wholebodyirradiation group. These findings suggest that bone formation in the wound healing of extraction socket requires bone marrow cells from hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow as well as local sources around the alveolar socket, during the initial phase of wound healing. (author)

Whole-body exposure of adult rats to x rays at sublethal or lethal doses causes a decrease in hydroxyproline levels in urine and skeletal muscle. Similarly, reduction in the excretion of labeled hydroxyproline in urine following intraperitoneal injection of 14C-proline may be attributed to impaired in vivo hydroxylation of proline. Incorporation of administered 14C-proline into 14C-hydroxyproline and its distribution in different metabolic forms of collagen in skeletal muscle and skin are markedly reduced in x-irradiated rats. These suggest impaired hydroxylation of proline. However, in vitro proline hydroxylase activity in liver is not affected by radiation treatment. Decreased endogenous oxygen consumption, as observed in liver homogenates of x-irradiated rats, may be one of the factors which affect in vivo proline hydroxylation

Mice were exposed in whole-body fashion to several doses of radiation and killed at various times thereafter for a determination of the number of background plaque-forming cells (PFCs) as assayed on either sheep erythrocytes or bromelain-treated autologous mouse erythrocytes. Increased numbers of both types of PFC were found in the irradiated groups. These increases were dependent on radiation dose and time after exposure. They did not appear to be caused by a disruption of normal lymphocyte traffic or a switch in immunoglobulin isotype. An increased number of PFCs on bromelain-treated mouse RBCs but not on sheep RBCs were found in irradiated congenitally athymic nude mice. On the basis of this and related observations, background PFCs on bromelain-treated mouse RBCs and on sheep RBCs appear to fall under different forms of homeostatic control.

DNA base lesions in hepatic chromatin formed upon whole-bodyirradiation of mice were studied. After γ-irradiating (20-470 Gy) and killing animals, chromatin was isolated from their livers and analysed by GC-MS. Five pyrimidine- and five purine-derived DNA lesions were identified and quantified: 5-hydroxy-5-methylhydantoin, 5-hydroxycytosine, 5-(hydroxymethyl) uracil, 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine, 2-hydroxyadenine, 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine, thymine glycol and 5,6-dihydroxy-uracil. Except for the latter two, amounts of these compounds were increased significantly over control levels in the dose range of 100-470 Gy. Above 200 Gy, a deviation from linearity was observed, although yields were increased in most cases up to 470 Gy. (Author)

We report a retrospective study of 15 patients with prostate carcinoma and diffuse bone metastases treated with sodium /sup 32/P for palliation of pain at Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital from 1973 to 1978. The response rates, duration of response, and toxicities are compared with those of other series of patients treated with /sup 32/P and with sequential hemibody irradiation. The response rates and duration of response are similar with both modalities ranging from 58 to 95% with a duration of 3.3 to 6 months with /sup 32/P and from 75 to 86% with a median duration of 5.5 months with hemibody irradiation. There are significant differences in the patterns of response and in the toxicities of the two treatment methods. Both methods cause significant bone marrow depression. Acute radiation syndrome, radiation pneumonitis, and alopecia are seen with sequential hemibody irradiation and not with /sup 32/P, but their incidence can be reduced by careful treatment planning. Hemibody irradiation can provide pain relief within 24 to 48 h, while /sup 32/P may produce an initial exacerbation of pain. Lower hemibody irradiation alone is less toxic than either upper hemibody irradiation or /sup 32/P treatment.

We report a retrospective study of 15 patients with prostate carcinoma and diffuse bone metastases treated with sodium 32P for palliation of pain at Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital from 1973 to 1978. The response rates, duration of response, and toxicities are compared with those of other series of patients treated with 32P and with sequential hemibody irradiation. The response rates and duration of response are similar with both modalities ranging from 58 to 95% with a duration of 3.3 to 6 months with 32P and from 75 to 86% with a median duration of 5.5 months with hemibody irradiation. There are significant differences in the patterns of response and in the toxicities of the two treatment methods. Both methods cause significant bone marrow depression. Acute radiation syndrome, radiation pneumonitis, and alopecia are seen with sequential hemibody irradiation and not with 32P, but their incidence can be reduced by careful treatment planning. Hemibody irradiation can provide pain relief within 24 to 48 h, while 32P may produce an initial exacerbation of pain. Lower hemibody irradiation alone is less toxic than either upper hemibody irradiation or 32P treatment

The sensitivity of mouse eggs to sublethal x-irradiation was determined in vitro and in vivo with regard to the development of donor litters in foster mothers. One thousand seven hundred fifty-eight unfertilized eggs of agouti dark-eyed donor mice were transferred into 293 unirradiated or x-irradiated, mated female pink-eyed mice. Two hundred thirty-nine recipients became pregnant; of these 35 produced litters containing solely dark-eyed fetuses. Sublethal doses of x-radiation administered to donor eggs in vitro before transferring into unirradiated recipients did not influence significantly the number of litters of exclusively dark-eyed fetuses produced. However, recipients irradiated by 250 roentgens (r) produced more solely dark-eyed litters than did those irradiated with 100 r. In 21 pregnant females irradiated by 100 r, only 3 (14%) developed solely dark-eyed fetuses as compared to 22 pregnant females irradiated by 250 r, of which 13 (59%) developed solely dark-eyed fetuses, all from unirradiated, transferred eggs. Of another group of 22 pregnant females which received 250 r body irradiation and subsequently received eggs also irradiated by 250 r, only 7 (32%) produced litters of dark-eyed fetuses. No one female of these three groups carried native fetuses. Such radiation-induced infertility resulting from damage of native eggs rather than loss of mother's ability to carry a pregnancy, is frequently remedied by egg transfer

Full Text Available Widespread use of ionizing radiation has led to the realization of the danger associated with radiation exposure. Although studies in radiation countermeasures were initiated a half century ago, an effective therapy for a radiomitigator has not been identified. Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone, and administration of ghrelin is protective in animal models of injuries including radiation combined injury. To test whether ghrelin can be protective in wholebody irradiaton (WBI alone, male Sprague Dawley (SD rats were treated with human ghrelin (20 nmol/rat daily for 6 days starting at either 24 h or 48 h after 10 Gray (Gy WBI and survival outcome was examined. The 10 Gy WBI produced a LD70/30 model in SD rats (30% survival in 30 days. The survival rate in rats treated with ghrelin starting at 24 h was significantly improved to 63% and when treatment was initiated at 48 h, the survival remained at 61%. At 7 days post WBI, plasma ghrelin was significantly reduced from the control value. Ghrelin treatment starting at 24 h after WBI daily for 6 days improved histological appearance of the intestine, reduced gut permeability, serum endotoxin levels and bacterial translocation to the liver by 38%, 42% and 61%, respectively at day 7 post WBI. Serum glucose and albumin were restored to near control levels with treatment. Ghrelin treatment also attenuated WBI-induced intestinal apoptosis by 62% as evidenced by TUNEL staining. The expression of anti-apoptotic cell regulator Bcl-xl was decreased by 38% in the vehicle and restored to 75% of the control with ghrelin treatment. Increased expression of intestinal CD73 and pAkt were observed with ghrelin treatment, indicating protection of the intestinal epithelium after WBI. These results indicate that human ghrelin attenuates intestinal injury and mortality after WBI. Thus, human ghrelin can be developed as a novel mitigator for radiation injury.

The activity of kallikrein, kininase 1 and kininase 2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE) was assayed using chromogenic substrates in lung tissue preparation (microsomal fraction) and in serum of rats irradiated with a dose of 7.0 Gy of X-rays. Kallikrein and ACE in lung were decreased on the 1, 6 and 28 day while kininase 1 was increased from the 6 day on after irradiation. In serum no significant changes were observed in kallikrein and kininase 1. Significant decrease in ACE activity during two weeks after exposure was noticed. Three weeks after irradiation the activity of all three enzymes was significantly lower than in controls. The changes observed are interpreted as contributing to a diminished removal of kinins from irradiated animals and thus favouring vasodilating effect of irradiation. 22 refs. (author)

Using biochemical techniques, the effect of irradiation on catalase rate of different tissues is studied. With cytochemistry, the decrease of catalase activity is studied in situ, after exposure to great ionizing radiation doses

A study was made of the repopulation of alveolar macrophage colony-forming cells (AL-CFC) after a supra lethal irradiation and bone marrow transplantation in mice. The repopulation of both CFU-S (hemopoietic stem cells) and the committed stem cells for both granulocytes and monocytes (GM-CFC) in the femoral bone marrow occurred within 2 weeks. In sharp contrast, the repopulation of AL-CFC in the lung was a very slow process. The number of AL-CFC, which are more resistant to irradiation than both CFU-S and GM-CFC, was reduced to 1% of control values one day after the irradiation and recovered slowly with time. It took almost nine weeks for the number of AL-CFC per mouse to reach normal levels. The number of recoverable alveolar cells in these mice never dropped below 70% of control values and reached the nadir about two weeks after the irradiation. (UK)

Groups of male Swiss albino mice were irradiated by single doses of either 7 rem or 14 rem of fast neutrons with 14 MeV average energy, corresponding to fluences of 1.27x108 n/cm2 and 2.54x108 n/cm2, respectively. The activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) in kidney, lung and liver were determined at different time point up to seven days after irradiation. Lysosomal affection was represented by statistically significant increase of ACP activity in all cell types of the three tested organs immediately after irradiation with either of the doses used. The effect of SDH was represented by reduction in activity in all three organs. The activities of both enzymes showed tendencies to return to pre-irradiation levels with time in most cell types especially after the 7 rem dose. (orig.)

Effects of whole-body X-irradiation (600 R) of rat on the levels of tissue-specific forms of fructose-1, 6-biphosphate (FDP) aldolase have been investigated. Aldolase activities of type A from muscle, heart and spleen were relatively more susceptible than those from brain (A-C), liver (B) and kidney (A-B). While aldolase activities from brain and kidney showed losses after exposure of rat to 1000 R, that from liver remained unaffected. Effects on muscle aldolase were most pronounced. In muscle, though aldolase showed reduction in activity with FDP as substrate, no change was observed towards fructose-1-phosphate (F-1-P); consequently FDP/F-1-P activity ratio was reduced. Post-irradiation structural changes in muscle aldolase were suggested by the appearance of an extra band with aldolase activity in the gel electrophoresis pattern of muscle extract of irradiated rat. Incubation of muscle extract of control rat with that from irradiated animal at pH 6.0 resulted in loss of aldolase activity, and the presence of EDTA and -SH agents enhanced the loss. A similar loss of crystalline rabbit muscle aldolase was also seen upon incubation with muscle extract from irradiated rat and iodoacetamide protected against such loss. The results indicated involvement of catheptic enzymes of lysosomal origin in the inactivation of aldolase in rat muscle. Incorporation of DL-[1-14C] leucine into the muscle proteins of rat was inhibited by 80-90% upon administration of cycloheximide or puromycin. (author)

Pigs aged 2 months were gamma irradiated at doses of 1.5-3.0 Gy. The control sex markers LH, FSH, PG, 17-estradiol and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Hormonal analysis of blood is performed on the 30th day after irradiation and continued at fixed intervals until sexual maturity. A histological study of the ovaries was carried out and the quality of ova was examined. During the same terms the development of the testes and the quality of the spermatogenesis of the males were also examined. Results indicate that irradiation up to 1.5 Gy cause short life hormonal changes in both sexes and insignificant changes in the histological structure of the ovary and testis. Doses above 1.5 Gy cause changes in both hormonal and germinative function of the ovary and testis leading up to proved changes in the reproductive ability of the male and female animals. (author)

Rats were irradiated with 6.0, 7.0 or 9.5 Gy of X-rays. Blood was collected on the 1,3,7,14 or 30th day after exposure. Fibrinogen, thrombin, prothrombin, factor X and antithrombin 3 levels were determined in blood plasma. In irradiated rats the level of these factors underwent a change which depended to some extent on the radiation dose absorbed. In general, there was a temporary elevation of all factors, lasting longer when the dose applied was higher. 24 refs., 6 tabs. (author)

The effect of the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin, a potent prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, on the recovery of hemopoiesis was investigated in sublethally gamma irradiated mice. Treatment with indomethacin after irradiation was found to increase the granulocyte and lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood. Furthermore, an increased rate of the restitution of bone marrow cellularity and of the spleen weight was observed. Using the method of 125iodo-deoxyuridine uptake in the spleen, the ability of indomethacin to potentiate cell proliferation was demonstrated. (orig.)

The levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) were examined in the brain areas:cortex,: cerebellum, striatum and pons in rats exposed to wholebody gamma-irradiation at the dose levels 6.5 and 10 Gy. The data obtained indicated that: 6.5 Gy induced in all brain areas, a slight increase in 5-HT concomitant with significant decrease in NE, DA levels, besides a significant increase in 5-HTAA in cerebellum and pons. After the dose 10 Gy the maximum excitation of 5-HT level was in striatum whereas declines in NE, DA were recorded in all brain areas. 5-HIAA displayed significant increase in cerebellum and pons and maximum decline in the cortex. 4 tab

Two separate lines of evidence suggested the present study. First, intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered morphine (a μ-opioid receptor agonist) and β-endorphin (an ε-opioid receptor agonist) produce antinociception by activating different descending pain inhibitory systems. Second, γ-irradiation attenuates the acute antinociceptive action of i.c.v. injected morphine, but not DPLPE (a δ-opioid receptor agonist), in mice. These findings prompted us to investigate the effect of γ-irradiation on the antinociception produced by i.c.v. injected morphine and β-endorphin in male ICR mice. In one group, mice were exposed to whole-bodyirradiation at a dose of 5 Gy from a 60Co γ-source and the antinociceptive effects were tested 5, 30, 60,90 and 180 min after irradiation using the 1% acetic acid-induced writhing test (10 ml/kg). The antinociceptive effect was produced time-dependently and reached its maximum at 90 min after irradiation. Thus, time was fixed in the following studies. In another group, mice were irradiated with 5 Gy and tested 90 minutes later for antinociception produced by i.c.v. administration of morphine (50 and 100 ng/mouse) or β-endorphin (31 ng/mouse). Irradiation significantly potentiated the antinociception produced by β-endorphin. However, the antinociception produced by morphine was not affected by irradiation. These results demonstrate a differential sensitivity of μ- and ε-opioid receptors to γ-irradiation, in addition, support the hypothesis that morphine and β-endorphin administered supraspinally produce antinociception by different neuronal mechanisms. (author)

Two separate lines of evidence suggested the present study. First, intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered morphine (a {mu}-opioid receptor agonist) and {beta}-endorphin (an {epsilon}-opioid receptor agonist) produce antinociception by activating different descending pain inhibitory systems. Second, {gamma}-irradiation attenuates the acute antinociceptive action of i.c.v. injected morphine, but not DPLPE (a {delta}-opioid receptor agonist), in mice. These findings prompted us to investigate the effect of {gamma}-irradiation on the antinociception produced by i.c.v. injected morphine and {beta}-endorphin in male ICR mice. In one group, mice were exposed to whole-bodyirradiation at a dose of 5 Gy from a {sup 60}Co {gamma}-source and the antinociceptive effects were tested 5, 30, 60,90 and 180 min after irradiation using the 1% acetic acid-induced writhing test (10 ml/kg). The antinociceptive effect was produced time-dependently and reached its maximum at 90 min after irradiation. Thus, time was fixed in the following studies. In another group, mice were irradiated with 5 Gy and tested 90 minutes later for antinociception produced by i.c.v. administration of morphine (50 and 100 ng/mouse) or {beta}-endorphin (31 ng/mouse). Irradiation significantly potentiated the antinociception produced by {beta}-endorphin. However, the antinociception produced by morphine was not affected by irradiation. These results demonstrate a differential sensitivity of {mu}- and {epsilon}-opioid receptors to {gamma}-irradiation, in addition, support the hypothesis that morphine and {beta}-endorphin administered supraspinally produce antinociception by different neuronal mechanisms. (author)

We irradiated for six weeks two times a week 10 volunteer subjects with a UV/IR-radiation source and evaluated the spermiogram every week. The subjects were divided in 3 groups with various light sensitivities (high, medium, low), in order to achieve a similar erythematous intensity. No relation to the irradiation could be found in any of the spermiogram parameters (sperm density, total sperm number, motility, vitality, ejaculation quantity, fructose, pH value). A direct effect as a result of photochemical changes of the cells of spermatogenesis is not possible because of the limited penetration ability of the used radiation. The temperature increase as a result of the UV/IR irradiation was too small to result in a decrease of spermatozoan concentration, as can be expected by stronger warming of the testicles. An indirect effect of the UV/IR irradiation in the sense of an influence on spermatogenesis via the involuntary nervous system → hypophysis → sexual hormone could not be determined by us. (orig.)

Investigations were planned to assess the changes in certain biochemical parameters as affected by the synergistic effect of exposure to fractionated doses of rays and / or feeding on different protein levels. The date showed that animals kept on normal or low protein diet exhibited a significant decrease in serum total protein and glucose. Also , a significant increase was recorded in insulin level in rats exposed at the radiation dose level of 20 Gy. Exposure to cumulative doses of irradiation has aggrevated the hyperglycemic effect of high protein diet with a significant and marked increase of insulin at all the applied doses. Animals fed normal high or low protein diet were found to exert significant decreases in T3, T4 while a significant increase in TSH of high protein group occurred as a result of exposure to cumulative doses of gamma-irradiation. Rats kept on low protein diet exhibited losses in body weight, hypercholesterolemia, low levels of phospholipids and triglycerides as compared with the normal protein diet group. In contrast high protein diet group showed no serious effects. Irradiation has potentiated body weight losses, hypotriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in animal group fed low protein diet with a significant increase in serum phospholipids due to the higher radiation dose of 20 Gy. Protein deficiency acted synergistically with gamma irradiation and increased the susceptibility of body organs to radiation damage. Such findings contributed to the knowledge which stimulated the decrease of the internationally recognized occupational dose limits from 50 down to 20 m Sv (ICRP 1991)

The objective of this work has been to implement a Total body irradiation technique that fulfill the following conditions: simplicity, repeatability, fast and comfortable positioning for the patient, homogeneity of the dose between 10-15 %, short times of treatments and In vivo dosimetric verifications. (Author)

Thirty-nine patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (38 patients with lymphocytic lymphoma and 1 patient with mixed lymphocytic and histiocytic lymphoma) were treated by fractionated low dose wholebodyirradiation (WBI) with a minimum follow-up of 8 months. Twenty-eight patients had no previous treatment and the other 11 patients were in relapse after previous chemotherapy or regional radiotherapy. There were 20 and 19 patients in stages III and IV groups, respectively. The majority of patients (31) had nodular histology; diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma was present in 8 patients (Rappaport criteria) (9). Constitutional symptoms were present in 10 patients. Thirty-three (85%) attained complete remission (CR) with median duration of remission 24 months. Actuarial survival was 78% and 74% at 3 and 4 years. However, relapse free survival was 26% at 3 and 4 years. A prospective randomized trial to compare 10 vs. 15 rad per fraction of fractionated WBI schedules (the same total dose 150 rad) demonstrated no difference in response rate, response duration, and median nadir platelet or WBC counts between the two schedules. Supplement radiotherapy to bulky tumor site prevented local recurrence, but did not influence survival or duration or remission. Major toxicity was thrombocytopenia with median nadir platelet counts 77,000/mm3 (11,000 to 170,000/mm3). Five of 6 patients with diffuse lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphoma attained CR. However, their median survival was 30 months which is much shorter than that of nodular lymphoma. Constitutional symptoms and advanced stage (stage IV) were associated with shorter duration of remission. Response of patients in relapse after WBI to subsequent chemotherapy +- local radiotherapy was CR in 50% and PR in 40%. Fractionated wholebodyirradiation is an excellent systemic induction agent for advanced lymphocytic and mixed lymphoma

Recovery after sublethal radiation damage was studied in the white blood count which shows a fast reaction to attacks caused by radiation. The so-called 'fractionated-dose method' was used. This method detrmines to what extent the total dose must be raised for two partial doses given at different times to produce the same amount of damage as a single irradiation. The second dose was applied after 7. days. A dose reduction by protraction of the first dose over 2 days was only found after doses of 300 to 400 rad. Regarding the anorexia connected with the radiation syndrome, no differences were found at low doses between protracted and one-time irradiation. This suggests that there is no repair. (MG)

The effects of acutewhole-body {gamma} -irradiation at a dose of 10 Gy on thyroxine (T{sub 4}) plasma clearance rate (PCR) and thyroidal and blood T4 concentration ([T{sub 4}]) were examined within one month after exposure. The PCR values were measured using the bolus injection, single-compartmental approach. To eliminate the influence of radiation-induced anorexia animals were fasting for two days before the pharmacokinetic experiments. Hormone concentrations in blood and in thyroid tissue were measured by RIA. Throughout the observation period, PCR was elevated in irradiated rats with maximum at day 4 after exposure (0.56{+-}0.04 vs. 0.36{+-}0.03 ml/h100 gbw, P<0.001). [T{sub 4}] in blood was not significantly different from that in control animals. Thyroidal [T{sub 4}] was significantly decreased in irradiated animals 4 days after exposure (151.8{+-}21.7 vs. 258.8{+-}29.9 pmol/mg protein, P<0.01) and gradually increased after day 9. 10 Gy {gamma} -irradiation causes the intensification of T{sub 4} metabolism without the pronounced changes in concentration. Presumably, at early terms the rising local demand in O{sub 4} can not be compensated with the existing level of production. Alterations in the intensity of T{sub 4} metabolism are evident at least one month after exposure but they may not be detected without taking into account kinetic data.

Purpose: The therapeutic potential of thrombopoietin (TPO), the major regulator of platelet production, was evaluated for hematopoietic recovery and survival in mice following lethal and supralethal total body irradiation (TBI). Methods and Materials: Hematopoietic recovery was studied in C57BL6/J mice after 8 Gy TBI (gamma-rays). Survival experiments were performed with C57BL6/J and BCBA F1 mice. Two protocols of TPO administration were evaluated: treatment for 7 consecutive days (7 x 0.3 μg/mice) beginning 2 h after exposure, or a single dose (0.3 μg/mice) administered 2 h after irradiation. Results: TPO improved the platelet nadir and accelerated the platelet reconstitution of irradiated mice in comparison to placebo-treated mice. Recovery of neutrophils and erythrocytes was stimulated as well. TPO induced an accelerated recovery of hematopoietic progenitors and immature multilineage progenitors in bone marrow and spleen. In addition, TPO administration induced approximately 90% survival of 8 Gy irradiated C57BL6/J mice, a TBI dose which resulted in 100% mortality within 30 days for placebo-treated mice. Single TPO administration was as effective as repeated injections for hematopoietic recovery and prevention of mortality. Dose-effect survival experiments were performed in BCBA F1 mice and demonstrated that TPO shifted the LD50/30 from approximately 9.5 Gy to 10.5 Gy TBI given as a single dose, and from 14 Gy to as high as 17 Gy when TBI was given in three equal doses, each separated by 24 h. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the multilineage hematopoietic effects of TPO may be advantageously used to protect against lethal bone marrow failure following high dose TBI

Pigs aged 2 months were gamma irradiated in the range of 1.5-3.0 Gy. LH, FSH, PG, 17-estradiol and testosterone were measured as controls by radioimmunoassay. Blood was taken for hormonal analysis on the day 30 after irradiation and at fixed intervals afterwards until sexual maturation. Along with the hormonal profile, a histological study was made of the females after castration of the ovaries and the quality of the ovum was estimated. During the same terms the development of the testes and the quality of the spermatogenesis in the males were examined. The results indicate that the gamma irradiation up to 1.5 Gy causes short-lived hormonal changes in both sexes and insignificant changes in the histological structure of the ovaries and testes. Doses above 1.5 Gy cause changes in both hormonal and germinative function of the ovaries and testes leading up to proven changes in the reproductive ability of the male and female animals. (author)

Canine chromosomes are not only numerous (38 autosomal pairs), but they are small (compared to human chromosomes) and morphologically similar as well. Analysis of the canine karyotype by light microscopy (LM) of banded chromosomes is, thus, difficult, and the literature on the canine karyotype is scanty. In this study, we describe examination of chromosomes from normal and chronically irradiated dogs with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Metaphase chromosomes from bone marrow aspirates were Giemsa-banded with either 0.025% trypsin alone or 0.1% trypsin preceded by 10% H2O2 and prepared for SEM. Examination of chromosomes from normal dogs revealed cylindrical chromosome profiles with well-defined chromatids and centromeres. The chromosome arms were consistently marked by periodic grooves that had complementary structures on sister chromatids and may represent the trypsin-sensitive chromatic regions. The quality of the preservation varied from preparation to preparation and depended on the concentration and time of trypsin treatment. Chromosomes from irradiated dogs revealed translocations, deletions, and gaps. We conclude that SEM produces images superior to LM images of canine chromosomes; SEM images can be used not only to identify individual chromosomes, but also to identify genetic lesions in the chromosomes of chronically irradiated dogs. We further conclude that the two Giemsa-banding protocols used in the present study produced variable results, although 0.025% trypsin alone appeared to give better and more consistent results than 0.1% trypsin preceded by 10% H2O2

The effect of intestinal microflora on the survival time of mice exposed to 2-kR whole-body γ irradiation was studied using germfree, monoassociated, and conventionalized ICR mice. The germfree mice were monoassociated with 1 of 11 bacterial strains, which were isolated from the fresh feces of conventional mice, 2 weeks prior to irradiation. All mice died within 3 weeks after irradiation. Monoassociation with Fusobacterium sp., Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas sp. significantly reduced the mean survival time compared to that of germfree mice. In contrast, monoassociation with Clostridium sp., Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, or Lactobacillus acidophilus significantly prolonged the mean survival time compared to that of germfree mice. This suggests that the latter organisms may perform some activity to protect the mice from radiation injury. In this histopathological autopsy examination, the main lesions were hypocellularity in hematopoietic organs and hemorrhage in various organs. Neither karyorrhexis nor desquamation of intestinal mucosal cells was observed in any mice. From these observations, it is suggested that the death of these mice was related to hematopoietic damage. Bacterial invasion into various organs was observed in conventionalized and Pseudomonas-, E. coli-, or S. faecalis-monoassociated mice but not in Clostridium-, B. pseudolongum-, L. acidophilus-, or Fusobacterium-monoassociated mice

For the purpose of cancer therapy or spaceflight with mission or simple trip, a considerable concern about the absorbed amount of radiation and its deleterious effect on physiological system, if any, has been increased. Many efforts have been dedicated to estimate the risk, however, there is very little known about the spectrum of radiations during the flight through arctic zone as well as the effects of low-dose radiation. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of proton or gamma-irradiation at a recommended dose limit of occupational (20mGy per year) and the standardized radio-therapeutic fraction dose (2Gy) on gastro-intestinal damages, peripheral hematology, and the frequency of micronuclei formation.

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effect of whole-bodyirradiation with low dose X-rays in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma under recombinant plasmid pEgr-IL18-B7.1 gene-radiotherapy. Methods: The pEgr-IL18-B7.1 recombinant plasmids mediated by polyethylenimine were injected locally into tumors of the mice with gene-radiotherapy, and then the tumors received different therapeutic regimens containing local X-irradiation with 2 Gy and whole-body X-irradiation with 0.075 Gy, respectively. The anti-tumor effects of low dose X-rays in optimizing the protocol of pEgr-IL18-B7.1 gene-radiotherapy on the tumor-bearing mice were observed. Results: As compared with repeated high dose local X-irradiation alone, single high dose local X-irradiation in combination with repeated low dose of whole-body X-irradiation showed more significant inhibition of tumor growth under pEgr-IL18-B7.1 gene-radiotherapy. Conclusions: Low dose whole-body X-irradiation superimposed upon a local high dose could significantly enhance the anti-tumor effect in the protocol of pEgr-IL18-B7.1 gene-radiotherapy. (authors)

A study was conducted to investigate the changes in the number of alveolar macrophages (AM), their phagocytosis activity and the intracellular killing effect. Two bacterial strains were used: Ps. pseudomonallei R15 and S7. Guinea pigs of both sexes received whole-body gamma irradiation (2 Gy, 4 x 0.5 Gy and 0.5 Gy; 92.5 rad/min). The macrophages were obtained by the method of Myrvik et al. on days 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 after irradiation. The smallest applied dose reduced the AM number during the first 7 days and on day 30 it was higher than that of the controls. The sublethal dose of 2 Gy applied acutely led to a marked decrease in the number of AM; the same dose, obtained in fractions (4 x 0.5 Gy), had smaller effect. The phagocytic activity of the AM showed an inhibition both for the two bacterial strains, as follows: for 2 Gy dose it was inhibited until about day 15; for 0.5 Gy dose - until day 3, after which it rose and on day 30 the phagocytic number and phagocytic index was higher than those of the controls. Results for the fractionated dose (4 x 0.5 Gy) were similar to those for acute application. Intracellular survival test showed that melioidosis bacteria reproduced actively during the first 7 days after the single 2 Gy irradiation and during the first 3 days after the fractionated 2 Gy treatment. The intracellular bacterial mechanisms of the AM were appreciably damaged immediately after the irradiation depending on the dose. Comparing the results with similar data regarding rats, mice and peritoneal macrophages, it was concluded, that both R and S forms survived better in AM from guinea pigs irradiated with sublethal dose of gamma rays

Hematopoietic system is most sensitive to radiation exposure, its protection and recovery is very critical for survival and quality of life after radiation exposure. Antioxidants have strong capacity to reduce free radicals and have multiple roles in recovery of radiation induced damages in different organs. The objective of the present study was to investigate radioprotective effects of melatonin and sesamol in hematopoietic system of wholebodyirradiated C57BL/6 mice at therapeutic dose of 2 Gy. Male 7-8 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered intra-peritoneal with melatonin/sesamol (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight) 30 minutes prior to wholebody γ-irradiation (2 Gy at dose rate 1 Gy/min) using Cobalt Teletherapy Unit Bhabhatron-II (Panacea Biotech Pvt. Ltd, India). Control (untreated mice), radiation, melatonin alone, sesamol alone and melatonin/sesamol plus radiation groups were sacrificed 24 hours post irradiation. The spleen and bone marrow were extracted and processed for relative organ weight, smears preparation (for micronuclei analysis). The relative spleen weight was observed and expressed in the ratio of weight of spleen (mg) and body weight of mice (gms). Relative spleen weight of radiation groups decreased significantly to control group (p<0.01); melatonin/sesamol (20 mg/kg body weight) plus radiation groups recovered the relative spleen weight (p<0.05). The micro-nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (mnPCE) were scored in minimum 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) under 100X objective for micronuclei assay in bone marrow cells. Normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) were also scored along with PCE to calculate the PCE/NCE ratio. The results have shown significant increase in frequency of mnPCE (p<0.05) in radiation alone group compared to control; whereas melatonin (20 mg/kg body weight) plus radiation decreased the mnPCE frequency (p<0.05). Further studies for MnPCE in bone marrow of sesamol groups are in progress. The results will have strong

Human space travelers experience a unique environment that affects homeostasis and physiologic adaptation. Spaceflight-related changes have been reported in the musculo-skeletal, cardiovascular, neurovestibular, endocrine, and immune systems to just name a few. However, to date, radiation exposure is one of the main limiting factors for long duration space exploration missions and especially a mission to Mars. Over the past few years through advances in technology, the characterization of the microbiome has revealed a large and complex community of microorganisms living in symbiosis with the human host. However, heterogeneity of the intestinal microbial spectrum in humans has been associated with a variety of diseases and susceptibility to infectious and toxic agents. Limited information is known about the influence of space environment in general and radiation in particular on the microbiome. Furthermore, multiple spaceflight and simulated microgravity experiments have shown changes in phenotypic microbial characteristics such as microbial growth, morphology, metabolism, genetic transfer, antibiotic and stress susceptibility, and an increase in virulence factors. We now report a study of the bacterial composition of the intestine in C57BL/6NTAC mice and the types of microbes entering the body at two time points after the LD 50/30 dose of total body irradiation using microarray-based assay, G3 PhyloChip 16S rRNA, and bioinformatics methods. Bacteria and archaea taxon richness was determined at the genus level and ranged from 2 to 107 and 0 to 3 respectively. As expected, pre-exposure blood samples exhibited less bacterial and archaeal genus richness compared to all other samples. However, the study shows a significant shift in the mouse gut microbial speciation in several bacterial families, with increases in the Turicibacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae and decreases in the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. The findings most relevant to occupational

The transition from upright to head-down tilt (HDT) posture in humans increases blood pressure superior to the heart and decreases pressure inferior to the heart. Consequently, above heart level, myogenic arteriolar tone probably increases with HDT, in opposition to the withdrawal of baroreceptor-mediated sympathetic tone. We hypothesized that due to antagonism between central and local controls, the response of the facial cutaneous microcirculation to acute postural change will be weaker than that in the leg, where these two mechanisms reinforce each other. Cutaneous microvascular flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry simultaneously at the shin and the neck of 7 male and 3 female subjects. Subjects underwent a stepwise tilt protocol from standing control to 54 deg head-up tilt (HUT), 30 deg, 12 deg, O deg, -6 deg (HDT), -12 deg, -6 deg, O deg, 12 deg, 30 deg, 54 deg, and standing, for 30-sec periods with 10-sec transitions between postures. Flows at the shin and the neck increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from standing baseline to 12 deg HUT (252 +/- 55 and 126 +/- 9% (bar X +/- SE) of baseline, respectively). From 12 deg to -12 deg tilt, flows continued to increase at the shin (509 +/- 71% of baseline) but decreased at the neck to baseline levels (100 +/- 15% of baseline). Cutaneous microvascular flow recovered at both sites during the return to standing posture with significant hysteresis. Flow increases from standing to near-supine posture are attributed at both sites to baroreceptor-mediated vasodilation. The great dissimilarity in flow response magnitudes at the two measurement sites may be indicative of central/local regulatory antagonism above heart level and reinforcement below heart level.

Full Text Available Abstract Background Ankle sprains often result in ankle instability, which is most likely caused by damage to passive structures and neuromuscular impairment. Wholebody vibration (WBV is a neuromuscular training method improving those impaired neurologic parameters. The aim of this study is to compare the current gold standard functional treatment to functional treatment plus WBV in patients with acute unilateral unstable inversion ankle sprains. Methods/Design 60 patients, aged 18–40 years, presenting with an isolated, unilateral, acute unstable inversion ankle sprain will be included in this bicentric, biphasic, randomized controlled trial. Samples will be randomized by envelope drawing. All patients will be allowed early mobilization and pain-dependent weight bearing, limited functional immobilization by orthosis, PRICE, NSARDs as well as home and supervised physiotherapy. Supervised physical therapy will take place twice a week, for 30 minutes for a period of 6 weeks, following a standardized intervention protocol. During supervised physical therapy, the intervention group will perform exercises similar to those of the control group, on a side-alternating sinusoidal vibration platform. Two time-dependent primary outcome parameters will be assessed: short-term outcome after six weeks will be postural control quantified by the sway index; mid-term outcome after one year will be assessed by subjective instability, defined by the presence of giving-way attacks. Secondary outcome parameters include: return to pre-injury level of activities, residual pain, recurrence, objective instability, energy/coordination, Foot and Ankle Disability Index and EQ 5D. Discussion This is the first trial investigating the effects of WBV in patients with acute soft tissue injury. Inversion ankle sprains often result in ankle instability, which is most likely due to damage of neurological structures. Due to its unique, frequency dependent, influence on various

Full Text Available Whole-body vibration (WBV exercise is an alternative, popular and easy exercise that can be followed by general public. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of acute and chronic WBV exercise on health-related parameters. Twenty-eight women were allocated into a control group (n=11, mean ±SEM: age, 43.5 ±1.5 yr; body mass, 66.1 ±3.1 kg; height, 160.6 ±1.5 cm and a vibration group (n=17, mean ±SEM: age, 44.0 ±1.0 yr; body mass, 67.1 ±2.2 kg; height, 162.5 ±1.5 cm. After baseline assessments, participants of the experimental group performed WBV training 3 times/week for 8 weeks. Before and after the chronic WBV exercise, the participants of the vibration group performed one session of acute WBV exercise. Blood chemistry measurements (hematology, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein, thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances, protein carbonyls, total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, albumin and bilirubin were assessed pre-exercise and post-exercise at the first and eighth week of WBV exercise in both control and vibration groups. The results failed to support any effect of both acute and chronic WBV exercise on biochemical health-related parameters. However, it seems that WBV exercise is a safe way of training without a negative impact on muscle and liver functionality.

The effect of the cytostatic drug bleomycin (BLM) on the growth of canine hemopoietic stem-cells in vitro was tested in order to detect a stem-cell deficiency after in vivo-treatment with adriamycin (ADM) or whole-body-irradiation. Stem-cells damaged by irradiation or cytostatics are suppressed by bleomycin-induced strand-breaks in vitro. After stem-cell recovery the increased sensitivity towards bleomycin can no longer be detected. After whole-body-irradiation and cytostatical treatment the stem-cells who remained intact have to compensate the quantitative change of the stem-cells by increased proliferation. The proliferating cells show a particular bleomycin-sensitivity. Especially after irradiation a long persistence of the bleomycin-sensitivity can be reckoned on. (orig./MG)

Objective: To investigate the effect of whole-bodyirradiation with low-dose γ-rays on the central nervous system of mice. Methods: Fifty C57 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups and treated with 0, 0.5, 1 Gy whole-bodyirradiation, respectively. 24 or 48 h after irradiation,brain tissue of mice was resected and homogenated. The levels of amino acid neurotransmitter, including Glu, Asp, GABA and Gly in brain homogenate were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Compared to the brain tissue of untreated mice, the contents of Glu and Asp at 0.5 and 1 Gy (t=-4.080, -3.935, -4.416, -3.630, -4.831, -4.656, P<0.05) in mice brain tissue significantly increased at 24 h at 1 Gy and 48 h. However, the contents of Glu and Asp had no obvious changes in mice brain tissue 24 h after 1 Gy of irradiation. The contents of GABA and Gly had no difference between irradiated groups and untreated control group. Conclusions: Short-term whole-bodyirradiation with low-dose γ-rays induces slight stimulation effect on the central nervous system of mice. (authors)

Using F344/N rats, we are studying the biological effects of inhalation exposure to 239PuO2 aerosols combined with whole-body exposure to X rays. Data from this study will provide an improved estimate of the cancer risk from combined exposures in people. A total of 2136 (66%) of the 3232 rats to be entered into this study have been exposed. We have achieved lung burdens of 239Pu and X-ray exposures within the ranges desired. Life shortening has occurred among rats receiving whole-body exposure to X rays, but not among those exposed only to 239PuO2. (author)

The oedema which forms around an intracerebral haemorrhage has a complex aetiology. The immune response may have a role in its formation. There is clinical and experimental evidence that circulating leucocytes and platelets may mediate oedema formation. Global depletion of circulating leucocytes and platelets by wholebodyirradiation in a rodent model of intracerebral haemorrhage was found to confer protection against both ischaemia and oedema formation. This was not a direct effect of irrad...

Background Repeated application of whole-body periodic acceleration (WBPA) upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and improves brachial artery endothelial function (BAEF) as assessed by measurement of flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD). However, the acute effect of a single application of WBPA on BAEF has not been fully characterized. In addition, although a novel semi-automatic vessel chasing system (UNEXEF18G) has now been developed in Japan, the direct comparison of UNEXEF18G with a...

Experiments described here were carried out to assess the influence of host immunosuppression on Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) contact suppression of a syngenetically transplanted 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat sarcoma, Mc7, by 450 rad wholebody γ radiation at 7 rad/min. The results suggest that augmented systemic responses to tumour-associated rejection antigens are not essential for BCG contact suppression but it is stated that the nature of the responses involved have yet to be elucidated. (U.K.)

The present study was aimed to evaluate the radioprotective efficacy of lycopene, a naturally occurring dietary carotenoid on wholebody radiation-induced liver damage of Swiss albino mice. The first phase of the study was carried out to fix the effective concentration of Iycopene by performing a 30 days survival studies using different graded doses (10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight) of lycopene administered orally to mice via intragastric intubations for seven consecutive days prior to exposure of wholebody radiation (10 Gy). Based on the results of survival studies, the effective dose of Iycopene was fixed which was then administered to mice orally via intragastric intubations for seven consecutive days prior to exposure of wholebody radiation (4 Gy) to evaluate its radioprotective efficacy by performing various biochemical assays in the liver of Swiss albino mice. The results indicated that radiation-induced decrease in the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and increase in lipid peroxidative index, DNA damage and comet assays were altered by pre-administration with the effective dose of Iycopene (20 mg/kg body weight) which restored the antioxidant status to near normal and decreased the levels of lipid peroxidative index, DNA damage and comet assays.These results were further confirmed by histopathological examinations which indicated that pre-administration with the effective dose of Iycopene reduced the hepatic damage induced by radiation. (author)

Normal tissue effects in mice due to combinations of a perfluorochemical emulsion, Fluosol-DA 20%, 100% oxygen, and whole-bodyirradiation were investigated. Eight-to-10-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were injected via the tail vein with 10 ml/kg of Fluosol-DA with and without subsequent exposure to oxygen for 60 minutes. Animals then received graded doses of whole-body radiation (4 MV photons) at a dose rate of 2.85 +/- .015 Gy/minute. Using linear regression analysis, the lethal doses of radiation to 50% and 10% of the animals within 30 days in the absence of Fluosol-DA and oxygen were 8.35 Gy (95% c.l.:7.77-8.93 Gy) and 6.73 Gy (95% cl.:6.21-7.25 Gy), respectively, and were unaffected by Fluosol-DA and/or oxygen pre-treatment. However, Fluosol-DA given alone or in combination with oxygen produced increased balding and decreased graying incidence in mice within 60 days, and resulted in depressed weight gain 15 to 60 days post-treatment. Normal tissue effects due to administration of Fluosol-DA and oxygen in combination with whole-bodyirradiation have been demonstrated but appear minimal compared to other anti-tumor modalities currently under investigation

The oedema which forms around an intracerebral haemorrhage has a complex aetiology. The immune response may have a role in its formation. There is clinical and experimental evidence that circulating leucocytes and platelets may mediate oedema formation. Global depletion of circulating leucocytes and platelets by wholebodyirradiation in a rodent model of intracerebral haemorrhage was found to confer protection against both ischaemia and oedema formation. This was not a direct effect of irradiation of the brain. The possible mechanisms for this protection are discussed. (Author)

The oedema which forms around an intracerebral haemorrhage has a complex aetiology. The immune response may have a role in its formation. There is clinical and experimental evidence that circulating leucocytes and platelets may mediate oedema formation. Global depletion of circulating leucocytes and platelets by wholebodyirradiation in a rodent model of intracerebral haemorrhage was found to confer protection against both ischaemia and oedema formation. This was not a direct effect of irradiation of the brain. The possible mechanisms for this protection are discussed. (Author).

The influence of irradiation on the concentration of glycogen, pyruvic acid and lactic acid in the diaphragm muscle were studied in rats exposed to 400 rad and 800 rad wholebody gamma radiation. The results showed that the concentration of pyruvic acid and lactic acid significantly increased on the third up to the ninth day of post exposure to 400 rad wholebody gamma radiation. In animals exposed to 800 rad, the diaphragm glycogen and lactic acid concentration significantly increased on the third up to the ninth day of post-exposure, while the level of pyruvic acid significantly increased on the first up to the ninth day of post-exposure as compared to the control group

After a single acutewhole-bodyirradiation with 200 kV x-rays (1.5 mm Cu, dose rate 45 min-1), radiosensitivitis (LD 50/30d) have been determined in 9 age groups of lactating mice and compared with those of adult mice. In split-dose experiments (Dc = 300 R) recovery rates after 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 100 days of recovery have been determined in animals 1, 6, 12, 16, and 80 days old; further examinations have been carried out after 3 days of recovery in 6 day-old animals. The findings are compared with earlier investigations in the same strain of animals and with literature on comparable investigations in mice and other mammals. During infancy, there is a slight, age-dependent increase in radiation resistance after a single exposure, and adult mice are about 10% more radiosensitive than juveniles. The recovery rate of lactating mice increases until 2 hours after irradiation, as in adult animals. In contrast to the values measured in adults, however, the recovery rate of animals 1 and 6 days old then drops to values of -27% resp. -63% of Dc = 300 R after 1 resp. 3 days: Sensitization. In animals 12 and 16 days old, too there is a decrease in recovery after 2 hours, but no marked sensitization. In all animals pre-irradiated in infancy, the recovery rate after 10 days is not higher than 45%, and even after 100 days there is a clear residual damage. In animals 6 days old, which are particularly radiosensitive, the highest sensitization was found 3 days after a pre-irradiation dose of 150 to 200 R, and a saturation of the sensitization mechanism was derived for higher doses. Biological causes of sensitization are still unknown. According to the author's literature studies, other species of mammals, too do not always follow the assumptions on the recuperative capacity of mammal organisms which have been derived from studies in adult mice. (orig.)

In recent years it has proved possible to correlate the incidence of ring and dicentric chromosomes in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes with given radiation doses both in vitro and following partial or wholebodyirradiation exposure in vivo In the present study a comparison is made between the yield of aberrations in six men with advanced cancer who received wholebodyirradiation in doses varying between 36 and 50 rads and the yield of aberrations in samples of their blood drawn before exposure and irradiated in vitro simultaneously to the same dose A comparison is also made between the yield of aberrations following in vitro irradiation to much higher doses of blood derived from these same cancer patients and blood from non cancer controls The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to biological dosimetry using chromosome aberrations as the parameter for both external and internal irradiation Apart from such a practical application it also appears possible to develop this technique to study the sensitivity of cells to chromosome breakage by radiation in selected populations such as mongols or persons with Fancom s anaemia where there is a higher than normal incidence of malignant disease. (author)

The study on hand was performed on dogs of both sexes and dealt with two complex issues: 1) the identity of the granulocytic progenitor cell CFU-C in the blood and bone marrow, and 2) possible verification of damage to stem cell store using the granulocytic progenitor cell CFU-C as an indicator for damage caused, in this case, by 80 rd wholebodyirradiation of dogs. A special culture technique was developed to study these issues, and was tested for its functionability. Examinations of the dogs with whole-bodyirradiation revealed the following results: a) Radiation damage to the stem cell store could be verified by the study object of CFU-C granulocytic progenitor cell of the bone marrow. A reduction of proliferative capacity linked with a change in the differentiation profiles for the different cell types in the suspension cultures was clearly verified. b) The suspension culture technique allows to verify damage by ionizing radiation both in the acute phase, i.c. two hours after irradiation, and in the late recovery phase. (orig./MG)

Four kinds of nucleic acid precursor (ATP, GMP, Adenine, Thymine) were injected intramuscularly into mice within 1h after 1050 cGy whole-body γ-irradiation. Four days later, the mice were sacrificed and about 2 cm long segment of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were dissected respectively for crypt survival assay using the technique of crypt counting per unit area. The results indicated that about 20% increase in crypt survival has been observed at each intestinal segment of mice receiving the nucleic acid precursor injection as compared with that of irradiated control. Mean-while, the gross appearance of the small intestine looks comparatively normal as well. From the results obtained both in this paper and in authors' previously published papers, which have been listed in detail, the authors propose that the nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and its precursors (e.g. ATP, being used currently in clinical practice) can be used as one of the measures in the treatment of intestinal radiation damage induced by a large dose whole-body or abdominal irradiation

Rats were subjected to whole-bodyirradiation with doses of 5.0 Gy and 10.0 Gy. At intervals of 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours following irradiation, the aggregation capacity was tested of thrombocytes after induction with adenosine-5-diphosphate, and the cAMP level in isolated thrombocytes was determined. Statistically significant differences between experimental and control groups were found particularly at some of the time intervals in rats irradiated with 10.0 Gy. At 3, 6 and 24 hours following irradiation with 10.0 Gy, a significant shortening was found of the time of maximal aggregation. Only at 3 hours after irradiation with 10 Gy a statistically significant reduction of the maximum aggregation occurred, compared with the control group; also the tang α value indicated a lower initial rate of aggregation. Especially after 5.0 Gy, the cAMP level in isolated thrombocytes was markedly reduced already at early intervals after irradiation. A temporary increase of the cAMP levels was recorded 3 hours after irradiation with 10.0 Gy; this might explain the reduced aggregation capacity of thrombocytes found at the same time after irradiation. The results of the two tests are not sufficient evidence of a hypercoagulation state within 24 hours after irradiation with these doses. (author). 10 figs., 15 refs

Autoradiographic tests were performed on proliferating subependymal cells derived from the brain of Wistar rats treated with /sup 3/H-thymidine, 60 to 80 min prior to whole-body x-ray irradiation with 50, 150, or 300 R. Evaluation of the time-dependent increase in the fraction of radio-labeled cells and the two-fold lower concentration of the label in pycnotic nuclei indicated that the lethally-injured cells which were irradiated in the early G/sub 2/ and S phases were subjected to mitotic, rather than interphase, death in the first post-radiation cell cycle. Such cells underwent mitosis ca. 2 h after irradiation, showing a 1 h lag phase vis-a-vis control cells, irrespective of the radiation dose. 25 references, 5 figures.

Recent studies have started to examine the neurochemical and hormonal basis of behavior in zebrafish by examining biological correlates postmortem. However, it is unknown whether stress involved with experimental handling prior to euthanizing animals will have an impact on subsequent biological measures. In the current study, we expose zebrafish to a short net handling stressor (30 s) and examine the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites) and whole-body cortisol at different intervals poststressor (0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 min). We report a time-dependent increase in the levels of cortisol, but no alterations in the levels of dopamine, DOPAC (dopamine's metabolite), serotonin, or 5HIAA (serotonin's metabolite) poststressor. The results demonstrate cortisol levels are more responsive to this type of stimulus compared with neurochemical measures. PMID:24911317

The aim of the current study is to examine the protective effect of MGN-3 on overall maintenance of hematopoietic tissue after γ-irradiation. MGN-3 is an arabinoxylan from rice bran that has been shown to be a powerful antioxidant and immune modulator. Swiss albino mice were treated with MGN-3 prior to irradiation and continued to receive MGN-3 for 1 or 4 weeks. Results were compared with mice that received radiation (5 Gy γ rays) only, MGN-3 (40 mg/kg) only and control mice (receiving neither radiation nor MGN-3). At 1 and 4 weeks post-irradiation, different hematological, histopathological and biochemical parameters were examined. Mice exposed to irradiation alone showed significant depression in their complete blood count (CBC) except for neutrophilia. Additionally, histopathological studies showed hypocellularity of their bone marrow, as well as a remarkable decrease in splenic weight/relative size and in number of megakaryocytes. In contrast, pre-treatment with MGN-3 resulted in protection against irradiation-induced damage to the CBC parameters associated with complete bone marrow cellularity, as well as protection of the aforementioned splenic changes. Furthermore, MGN-3 exerted antioxidative activity in whole-bodyirradiated mice, and provided protection from irradiation-induced loss of body and organ weight. In conclusion, MGN-3 has the potential to protect progenitor cells in the bone marrow, which suggests the possible use of MGN-3/Biobran as an adjuvant treatment to counteract the severe adverse side effects associated with radiation therapy

Anuran larvae exhibit behavioral and morphological plasticity in response to perceived predation risk, although response type and magnitude varies through ontogeny. Increased baseline corticosterone is related to morphological response to predation risk, whereas the mechanism behind behavioral plasticity remains enigmatic. Since tadpoles alter behavioral responses to risk immediately upon exposure to predator cues, we characterized changes in wholebody corticosterone at an acute (habituation, although the magnitude of increase was markedly diminished when compared to younger tadpoles (GS25). These experiments represent the first assessment of tadpole hormonal responses to predation risk at the acute timescale. Further research is required to establish causality between hormonal responses and behavioral changes, and to examine how and why responsiveness changes over ontogeny and with chronic exposure to risk. PMID:26944484

Epinephrine-induced arrhythmias (EPIA) are known to be associated with local cardiac cholinergic activation. The present study examined the development of QT prolongation and the effect on EPIA of whole-body exposure of animals to a potent acetylcholine esterase inhibitor. Freely moving rats were exposed to sarin vapor (34.2 +/- 0.8 microg/liter) for 10 min. The electrocardiograms (ECG) of exposed and control animals were monitored every 2 weeks for 6 months. One and six months post exposure, rats were challenged with epinephrine under anesthesia, and the threshold for arrhythmias was determined. Approximately 35% of the intoxicated rats died within 24 h of sarin exposure. Additional occasional deaths were recorded for up to 6 months (final mortality rate of 48%). Surviving rats showed, agitation, aggression, and weight loss compared to non-exposed rats, and about 20% of them experienced sporadic convulsions. Sarin-challenged rats with severe symptoms demonstrated QT segment prolongation during the first 2-3 weeks after exposure. The EPIA that appeared at a significantly lower blood pressure in the treated group in the first month after intoxication lasted for up to 6 months. This decrease in EPIA threshold was blocked by atropine and methyl-atropine. Three months post exposure no significant changes were detected in either k(D) or B(max) values of (3)H-N-methyl scopolamine binding to heart homogenates, or in the affinity of carbamylcholine to cardiac muscarinic receptors. The increase in the vulnerability to develop arrhythmias long after accidental or terror-related organophosphate (OP) intoxication, especially under challenging conditions such as stress or intensive physical exercise, may explain the delayed mortality observed following OP exposure. PMID:16033992

Using flow cytometry, we quantified the number of micronucleated reticulocytes in peripheral blood of whole-body X-irradiated mice in order to evaluate the radiation sensitivity and the induced genomic instability of the hematopoietic system. An acute effect of radiation dose as small as 0.1 Gy was detectable 2 days after irradiation, and the radiation dose effect was significantly greater in BALB/c mice than in C57BL/6 mice, that is, 3.0- and 2.3-fold increases in frequencies of micronuclei were noted in the two groups of mice, respectively. Even 1 year after irradiation, mice irradiated with 2.5 Gy of X-rays showed significantly increased frequencies of micronucleated reticulocytes, that is, 1.6- and 1.3-fold increases in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. However, this delayed effect was not apparent when the same mice were analyzed for T-cell receptor mutant frequencies in splenocytes. A significant mouse strain difference in the delayed radiation effect on micronucleated reticulocyte frequencies was noted as well. The results indicate that delayed genomic effects of irradiation on the murine hematopoietic system can persist in vivo for prolonged periods, and that there are mouse strain differences in sensitivity to radiation-induced genomic instability. (author)

The degradation of simultaneously (i.v.) injected Na131I- and 125I-bovine insuline by rabbit blood and the urinary excretion of Na131I- and 125I-containing insulin degradation products have been investigated before and 24 h after 700 R X-ray irradiation. Also, the distribution of the two substances in the livers, kidneys, spleens, and KI-blocked thyroids was observed after irradiation. Radiation effects on the distribution of Na131I- and 125I-insulin on the livers, kidneys, and spleens of rabbits were not observed. On irradiation, there was a significant reduction of diuresis and also of the urinary excretion of 131I and 125I radioactivity. Irradiation had no influence on the distribution of Na131I-and 125I-insulin between plasma and extravascular space. The renal excretion function for water, iodide, and insulin degradation products was clearly impaired after irradiation. The same applies to the insulincatabolism by the degrading organs. The leukocyte count was reduced to about 17% during the first 4 days after irradiation. (orig./MG)

Although SIGN-R1-mediated complement activation pathway has been shown to enhance the systemic clearance of apoptotic cells, the role of SIGN-R1 in the clearance of radiation-induced apoptotic cells has not been characterized and was investigated in this study. Our data indicated that whole-body γ-irradiation of mice increased caspase-3{sup +} apoptotic lymphocyte numbers in secondary lymphoid organs. Following γ-irradiation, SIGN-R1 and complements (C4 and C3) were simultaneously increased only in the mice spleen tissue among the assessed tissues. In particular, C3 was exclusively activated in the spleen. The delayed clearance of apoptotic cells was markedly prevalent in the spleen and liver of SIGN-R1 KO mice, followed by a significant increase of CD11b{sup +} cells. These results indicate that SIGN-R1 and complement factors play an important role in the systemic clearance of radiation-induced apoptotic innate immune cells to maintain tissue homeostasis after γ-irradiation. - Highlights: • Splenic SIGN-R1{sup +} macrophages are activated after γ-irradiation. • C3 and C4 levels increased and C3 was activated in the spleen after γ-irradiation. • SIGN-R1 mediated the systemic clearance of radiation-induced apoptotic cells in spleen and liver.

Although SIGN-R1-mediated complement activation pathway has been shown to enhance the systemic clearance of apoptotic cells, the role of SIGN-R1 in the clearance of radiation-induced apoptotic cells has not been characterized and was investigated in this study. Our data indicated that whole-body γ-irradiation of mice increased caspase-3+ apoptotic lymphocyte numbers in secondary lymphoid organs. Following γ-irradiation, SIGN-R1 and complements (C4 and C3) were simultaneously increased only in the mice spleen tissue among the assessed tissues. In particular, C3 was exclusively activated in the spleen. The delayed clearance of apoptotic cells was markedly prevalent in the spleen and liver of SIGN-R1 KO mice, followed by a significant increase of CD11b+ cells. These results indicate that SIGN-R1 and complement factors play an important role in the systemic clearance of radiation-induced apoptotic innate immune cells to maintain tissue homeostasis after γ-irradiation. - Highlights: • Splenic SIGN-R1+ macrophages are activated after γ-irradiation. • C3 and C4 levels increased and C3 was activated in the spleen after γ-irradiation. • SIGN-R1 mediated the systemic clearance of radiation-induced apoptotic cells in spleen and liver

Radioprotective effect of cysteine, vitamin E and their combination on {gamma}-irradiation-induced alteration in some haematological parameters in male rats has been studied 24 and 48 hrs after whole-body {gamma}-irradiation at a dose level of 7.5 Gy. The results of this study reveal that {gamma}-irradiation caused a significant decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) count with insignificant change in hemoglobin level, 24 and 48 hrs postirradiation, {gamma}-irradiated rats showed as well a progressive decrease in their blood ATP, and serum-SH levels with a significant increase in blood glutathione (GSH) level. Administration of cysteine or vitamin E preceeding {gamma}-radiation exposure gave a significant radioprotection to the above haematological parameters. However, combination of both agents afforded a better protection, so that most of the measured parameters were restored to the pre-irradiated values. Finally, the data demonstrate that the radioprotection provided by combined adminsistration of vitamin E and cysteine is feasible and perhaps, even more efficient against radiation injury to RBCs. This will appreciate the usage of such combination in protecting the patient during radiotherapy. (orig.).

Radioprotective effect of cysteine, vitamin E and their combination on γ-irradiation-induced alteration in some haematological parameters in male rats has been studied 24 and 48 hrs after whole-body γ-irradiation at a dose level of 7.5 Gy. The results of this study reveal that γ-irradiation caused a significant decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) count with insignificant change in hemoglobin level, 24 and 48 hrs postirradiation, γ-irradiated rats showed as well a progressive decrease in their blood ATP, and serum-SH levels with a significant increase in blood glutathione (GSH) level. Administration of cysteine or vitamin E preceeding γ-radiation exposure gave a significant radioprotection to the above haematological parameters. However, combination of both agents afforded a better protection, so that most of the measured parameters were restored to the pre-irradiated values. Finally, the data demonstrate that the radioprotection provided by combined adminsistration of vitamin E and cysteine is feasible and perhaps, even more efficient against radiation injury to RBCs. This will appreciate the usage of such combination in protecting the patient during radiotherapy. (orig.)

A polyparametric investigation was carried out on 31 monkeys chronically wearing bioinstrumentation allowing to get and process simultaneously local brain blood flow, cerebral temperature, and energies in various frequency bands of the brain electrical activity. This method, which supplied data during several consecutive days, made it possible to study both the biological rhythms at the level of the various parameters, and their fast variations. The effects of whole-body gamma or neutron-gamma irradiation were studied in the 3-20 Gy dose range. Immediate changes after exposure demonstrated different radiosensitivities at the level of the rhythms of the various parameters, and/or their recovery, as well as dose-effect relationships

The bone marrow contains many types of cells. Approximately 1-2% of these cells are critical for life, these are the so-called ‘bone marrow stem cells’ which divide indefinitely to produce platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. Death of the bone marrow stem cells results in a diminished ability of the organism to make new blood cell components and can be fatal without medical intervention, such as a bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow stem cells are considered to be particularly sensitive to radiation injury. Therefore, it is important to understand how these cells response to total body radiation exposure and how these cells can be protected from radiation damage. The aim of this project was to determine if these critical cells in the bone marrow are susceptible to short-term and long-term injury after a whole-body exposure to a sub-lethal low dose of ionizing radiation. The overall aims were to determine if the extent of injury produced by the sub-lethal radiation exposure would be cleared from the stem cells and therefore present no long- term genetic risk to the organism, or if the radiation injury persisted and had an adverse long-term consequences for the cell genome. This research question is of interest in order to define the risks to exposed persons after occupational, accidental or terrorism-related sub-lethal low-dose radiation exposures. The novel aspect of this project was the methodology used to obtain the bone marrow stem cell-like cells and examining the outcomes of sub-lethal low-dose radiation in a mammalian animal model. Four radiation treatments were used: single treatments of 0.01Gy, 0.1 Gy, 1 Gy and ten treatments of 0.1 Gy given over 10 days. Bone marrow stem cell-like cells were then harvested 6 hours, 24 hours and 24 days later. The levels of radiation-induced cell death, damage to DNA and permanent changes to cellular DNA were measured in the isolated stem cell-like cells after each radiation treatment and time point and

A preparation of herb mixture (HemoHIM) was designed from three medicinal herbs including Angelica gigantis Radix to protect gastrointestine, hematopoietic organs and immune system against radiation damage. In the present study, we investigated the radioprotective effects of HemoHIM on hematopoietic stem cells in {gamma}-irradiated mice and the underlying mechanisms. The administration of HemoHIM significantly increased the formation of endogenous spleen colony and reduced apoptosis of bone marrow cells in {gamma}-irradiated mice. These results showed that HemoHIM protected hematopoietic stem cells from irradiation. To investigate the mechanism of the protection, the effects of HemoHIM on expression of radioprotective cytokines was examined. HemoHIM increased the mRNA levels of IL-1{beta}, TNF-{alpha}, SCF and IL-6 in bone marrow cells and peritoneal macrophages in vitro. In vivo administration of HemoHIM increased the mRNA levels of IL-1{beta}, TNF-{alpha} in spleen. The examination of radical scavenging activity of HemoHIM as another mechanism revealed that HemoHIM was effective at scavenging DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals. From these results, it is suggested that HemoHIM exerts these radioprotective effects through the induction of radioprotective cytokines and/or through directly scavenging radicals produced by {gamma}-irradiation.

This work was conducted to evaluate the possible capability of the natural product propolis with its high anti oxidative capacity as a protector for bone marrow graft transplanted to pregnant rats 3 h post irradiation of 3 Gy gamma-rays. Different treatments were performed on days 7 or 13 of gestation and examined at the end of the gestation period. Irradiation significantly elevated serum AST, ALT, ALP, urea, uric acid and creatinine while it declined total proteins and albumin. Haematological parameters showed decrease in RBCs, Hb, Ht, WBCs and their differential counts. BMT (75 x 106 ± 5 cells) 3 h post-irradiation depressed AST, ALT and ALP but were still significantly different from the control. Urea, uric acid and creatinine declined approaching the control level. Less drop in total proteins and globulin and elevation in RBCs, Ht, Hb and WBCs were detected. Rats exposed to 3 Gy and treated with propolis (50 mg/ kg) showed results comparable and even exceeding those of BMT. Combined treatment of BMT and propolis accentuated the recovery process and could restore the physiological and haematological parameters and protect pregnancy which suggests that propolis maintained BMT graft so that they may have future potential value in patients subjected to irradiation and BMT

A comparison of results of tests performed with the endotoxin model of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and with irradiated groups of rats led to the conclusion that after whole-bodyirradiation with the high dose of 250 Gy, DIC occurs, in spite of the fact that the first stage, the hypercoagulation condition, can hardly be observed. In the experimental endotoxin model, an increase of activated partial thromboplastin test (APTT) values and prolongation of the thrombin time was observed up to 24 hours for two endotoxin doses. After both endotoxin doses, the fibrinogen level was transiently decreased with a subsequent increase. The fibrin monomers correspond to a decrease in the fibrinogen level. After the first dose, they were positive between the 3rd and 12th hours, and after the second dose, positivity was observed 6 hours after the application. The antithrombin III level was decreased after 12 hours for both endotoxin doses. The thrombocyte count was considerably reduced already from the 6th hour after administering endotoxin to the end of the experiment. Considerable changes in thrombocyte aggregation were observed only 3 hours after administering the second dose. When comparing the resulting values of these tests with values observed in irradiated animals, a certain agreement was found in the nature of the changes after exposure to 250 Gy. The fibrinogen level was transiently decreased 3 hours after irradiation, when considerable changes in the thrombocyte aggregation also occurred. (author) 5 figs., 17 refs

The present study has been conducted to evaluate the radioprotective effects of imidazole, serotonin and their combination on radiation induced reduction in catecholamine contents of the heart and adrenal glands in albino rat. The contribution of catecholamines in the radioprotective role of these agents has been evaluated. Whole-body gamma-irradiation (6 Gy) induced a significant reduction in heart and adrenal glands contents of catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) one day post irradiation. Such reduction in catecholamine contents was more pronounced on the seventh day post exposure. Administration of imidazole (350 mg kg-1) or serotonin. (15 mg. kg-1) controlled the radiation induced reduction in catecholamine contents of heart as well as adrenal glands. Whereas, combination of imidazole (17 mg kg-1) serotonin (15 mg. kg-1) afforded a better protection than either agent given alone, in view that all the measured parameters could be fully restored to the values pre-irradiation. This study appreciate the usage of such combination as a prophylactic treatment for controlling the stress-state induced by irradiation which is associated with disturbed level of endogenous catecholamine contents in those sensitive patients undergoing radiotherapy. 2 tabs

Due to the radiological Cs accident in Goiania, Goias in September 1987, it became necessary to evaluate internal contamination levels of: - Individual from the general public that for any reason had direct or indirect involvement with the radioactive source (group 1). - Occupationally involved persons (group 2). For each of these groups, procedures of wholebody monitoring were developped. In order to attend group 1 individuals, the IRD/CNEN installed a wholebody unit in the INAMPS General Hospital of Goiania in 11.08.87, which was later transferred to 121,57 street, Central Sector in Goiania in 2.06.88. In this unit 547 people were monitored, 356 from group 1 and 241 from group 2, until 04.13.88. In the IRD wholebody counter installation, 194 individuals were counted, 185 from group 2 and 9 from group 1. The frequency of monitoring of each individual was established according to the Cs activity present in the body or to the job to be assigned. In this paper we will present some burden activity curves for Cs 137 as a function of the time elapsed from the first measurement. There people from group 1 were measured in both counters, the IRD and the Goiania ones. The values obtained in both installations are compatible with the body activity x time curve. (author)

Designing of proceedings for carrying out scientific and practical efforts on investigating the efficiency of transplantation of histologically compatible bone marrow to patients with acute leukosis and blastic crisis are described. The main chapters of the proceedings are presented. It is shown that the bone marraw transplantation treatment method and its practical provision are considerably complicated and the given method is available in special establishments only.

Designing of proceedings for carrying out scientific and practical efforts on investigating the efficiency of transplantation of histologically compatible bone marrow to patients with acute leukosis and blastic crisis are described. The main chapters of the proceedings are presented. It is shown that the bone marraw transplantation treatment method and its practical provision are considerably complicated and the given method is available in special establishments only

GAMMA-Radiation destroys the process of spermatogenesis and even leads to male infertility. Moreover, seminal oxidative stress is known to end in per oxidative damage of the sperm plasma membrane and loss of its DNA integrity. Man infertility is defined as one year of regular and unprotected intercourse without conception. Plants provide a treatment option that is affordable and available for infertile couples and phyto therapy is an essential form of treatment in nowadays health system. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural phytoalexin with a wide range of biological activities. Male rats were divided into six groups under investigation, each of six animals. Control group, two RSV groups which received intra gastric RSV (20 and 40 mg kg-1 day-1) for 7 weeks, irradiated group (2 Gy gamma-rays) and two irradiated and RSV groups which received the same preceding doses of RSV for the same period after 2 Gy gamma-rays exposure. Hormonal assay in serum; testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin were recorded for fertility assessment. The abnormalities occurred in the reproductive system of the irradiated rats were evaluated: Chromosomal aberration frequencies in spermatocytes, metaphase-1, sperm-head abnormalities and oxidative parameters in testes tissue; malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO). Also, the findings suggest that the anti-fertility effect of melatonin was proved to be transient and reversed completely or in part at the end of the second recovery period. The results showed that RSV has a curative role against the oxidative stress involved by gamma-rays in the rats and showed a significant improvement on the male reproductive functions.

Early Transient Incapacitation (ETI) is inability to perform a task shortly after lethal radiation, usually followed in minutes by returning capacity to perform. Electrophysiological methods of sensory evoked potentials (EP) were used to investigate mechanisms and anatomy of this radiation sickness. Monkeys (Macaca fasicularis) were irradiated with 7500 rad midline tissue doses of 20 MeV electrons. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), electrocardiogram (EKG), electroencephalogram (EEG), visual evoked responses (VER), and somatosensory evoked responses (SER) were recorded. MAP dropped 12--37 mm Hg in minutes, with return to pre-irradiation levels. Shortly after irradiation, the peak to peak amplitudes of early components of the ipsilateral and contralateral SERs were greatly diminished and early VER components diminished transiently. The appearance and behavior of the animals was similar to those in previous experiments, and correlated with temporary electrophysiologic malfunctioning. Such radiation doses release significant histamine. To model ETI, histamine was injected into Rhesus monkeys. Experiments were repeated with the same dose of histamine and prior injections of antihistamines or angiotensin infusion to maintain normal MAP. There was a correlation between MAP and the amplitudes of the VER. A total flattening of VER when MAP fell below 30 mm Hg, was prevented by maintaining MAP above 40 mm Hg. Maintaining MAP above a threshold prevented a shift to slow waves and a dramatic decrease of total power in the EEG. No dramatic VER changes were caused by massive amounts of blood histamine unless accompanied by severe hypotension. The small MAP decreases, but dramatic EP changes in the radiation experiments suggest that some factor other than low blood pressure is implicated in ETI

Pumpkin seeds have long been used for health benefits and the seed oil has been shown to contain active beneficial components that may protect from oxidative stress. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the modulator role of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) supplementation on gamma radiation induced changes in certain biochemical and histological abnormalities in both kidney and testes tissues. Male rats received 5Gy wholebody gamma-irradiation delivered as 1 Gy day after day to result in a cumulative dose of 5 Gy. PSO was orally administered to rats (20mg/Kg body weight) for 20 consecutive days before irradiation and during the period of irradiation. On days seven and twenty one after the last irradiation dose, rats were sacrificed. Biochemical analysis in the serum revealed that PSO supplementation diminished the radiation-induced increase in the level of urea, creatinine , follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Significant amelioration of the radiation-induced decreases in calcium (Ca+2), potassium (K+) and testosterone levels were also recorded. PSO administration has attenuated the toxic effects of radiation by decreasing the level of lipid peroxides measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the content of glutathione (GSH). Histological observations of photomicrographs of kidney sections of irradiated rats showed amorphoid glomeruli, renal sclerosis and high content of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts, hemorrhage in glomeruli, ruptured proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Examination of testis tissues showed disappearance of seminiferous tubules, ruptured tunica albuginea, and degeneration of interstitial cells. PSO supplementation has obviously improved the radiation-induced histopathological changes in both tissues. It could be concluded that PSO can be used as a useful adjunct for maintaining the

The effects of non-lethal whole-body gamma irradiation on the spontaneous activity of the dorsal hippocampus pyramidal cells were studied in rabbits. First of all the unitary activity of the CA1 and CA4 pyramidal cells was recorded extracellularly in the reference animal. The results were analyzed by a statistical method. By classifying the various cell functioning modes observed, and measuring the frequency with which they appear as a function of the state of vigilance, an attempt was made to characterize precisely the spontaneous activity of the hippocampal neurons. Recording were then made under identical experimental conditions on animals totally irradiated to mean absorbed doses of 250 and 450 rads (delivered at a constant rate of 14 rads/mn). The electroencephalographic activity of the hippocampus shows many anomalies (slow waves, wave-points, theta rythm deformation) as a function of which several pathological states were distinguished and used to classify the data, then processed by the methods already used for the reference data. The results obtained prove that the statistical characteristics of the unitary activity are changed by irradiation

A brief history of the clinical application of marrow transplantation based on knowledge gained from ten years work utilizing the dog as an animal model is summarized. The techniques for marrow transplantation, donor selection, and conditioning of the recipient are described. Thirteen of the first 110 endstage leukemic patients who received allogeneic grafts and six of 16 patients who received syngeneic grafts are alive 6-11 years after grafting. Encouraged by the apparent ''cure'' of leukemia in these poor-risk patients, the Seattle transplant group in 1976 decided to give patients transplants earlier in the course of their disease. Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second or subsequent relapse were considered to have a poor prognosis. Twenty-two such patients received transplants, with seven surviving in remission 3-5 years later. Nineteen patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia received transplants in first remission and 11 are living in remission 3.5-5.5 years after grafting. The median survival will not be less than 42 months. The problems associated with graft-versus-host disease and recurrence of leukemia and methods aimed at eliminating these problems are discussed

For the purpose of decreasing resistance to leprous bacilli, 100 μCi of 131I was injected subcutaneously to 2-3 week pregnant, dd-strain mice. Internal distribution of 131I was followed up by measuring radioactivity in each organ of parent mice (I-P) and fetal mice (I-F). 300 rad in all of 60Co was irradiated to 2-3 week pregnant mice (R-P) in two directions from the dorsal side of the abdomen. Immunosuppressive effect of the irradiation was evaluated in the parent mice and their offsprings (R-F) and compared with that in the 131I-treated mice using a skin graft method. It was shown that 131I of parent mice stayed in the uterus and was transmitted to their fetus through the placenta, and clarified that 131I which remained in parent mice was continually supplied to their infant mice through milk still after birth. These findings seem to explaine the result that I-F which had been affected continually by 131I had higher sensitivity to leprous bacilli than I-P. Immunosuppressive effect on a skin graft disclosed that the chief mechanisms of 131I are to decrease the function of the reticulo-endothelial system by iodine and to suppress cellular immunity by its radioactivity. The rejecting time for the mouse skin homograft in the untreated mouse was 8.8 days on the average, and the lymph node weight was 33 mg. The order of the duration in the graft survival was R-P>I-F>I-P>R-F> normal mice, while that of lymph node weights was completely inverse. Therefore, the immunosuppressive effect on I-P and I-F mice, when it is compared with normal mice, could be confirmed, and the I-F was said to be favorable further than to I-P when based on this immunity test by transplantation. (Ueda, J.)

This document describes studies on chronic radiation injury in experimental animals and the extrapolation of derived injury parameters to man. Most of the large studies have used mice given single, weekly, or continuous exposure to cobalt-60 gamma rays, or, more recently, single or weekly exposure to fission neutrons from the JANUS reactor. Primary measures of injury have been life shortening and the associated major pathological changes, particularly neoplastic diseases. Recent and ongoing studies compare the effects of extremely low neutron exposures with gamma irradiations delivered as a single dose or in 60 equal weekly increments. Total neutron doses range from 1 to 40 rads; gamma-ray doses range from 22.5 to 600 rads. Selected genetic studies are performed concurrently to provide a nearly complete matrix of somatic and genetic effects of these low exposures. Studies with the beagle have complemented those with mice and have shown a strong parallelism in the responses of the two species. Present exposures are at 0.3, 0.75, and 1.88 rads per day of continuous gamma irradiation to test a model for the prediction of life shortening in man which has evolved from Argonne's long-term studies. The dog offers the opportunity for longitudinal clinical evaluations that are not possible in the mouse, to develop a broader view of the neoplastic disease spectrum, and to study the mechanisms of radiation induction of leukemia. Diverse statistical approaches have been used to measure excess risk, dose-response functions, and rates of injury and repair. Actuarial statistical methods have been favored since they permit a more direct means of extrapolation to man. 50 refs., 4 figs

Objective: To study the effects of 6 Gy wholebody γ irradiation on components of wound cells and the repair-promoting action of W11-a12, an extract from Periplaneta americana. Methods: After mice were received 6 Gy gamma ray irradiation, the area of healing range in wound cross section, the cellular infiltration of wound and the content of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in wound epithelial cells were observed and the healing-promoting effect of W11-a12 on the radiation-impaired wound was investigated. Results: The area of healing range in cross section was decreased, various infiltrated cells were all inhibited by radiation, but the range of inhibition was more or less different, and the descending order of severity was as follows: macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The content of bFGF in epithelial cells was decreased. W11-a12 had beneficial heal-promoting effect on radiation-impaired wound: it increased cellular infiltration and promoted synthesis and secretion of bFGF in epithelial cells. Conclusion: The depletion of wound cells is mainly responsible for the healing deficits of radiation-impaired skin wound and W11-a12 enhances cell migration and proliferation and promotes synthesis and secretion of bFGF in epithelial cells

In the present study, investigations have been undertaken on the effect of wholebody gamma irradiation of swiss albino mice, at the lethal dose level of 8 Gy, on the morphological appearance, mortality rate, immune system and histopathological pattern of spleen. Attempts have been made to screen the prophylactic and/or the curative effect of the sulfhydryl-bearing chemical compound; Mpg (Thiols) and/or the product; olive oil; against the radiation induced disorders on the above mentioned parameters. In the course of investigations carried out on the immune system, emphasis has been given to rosette forming cells from spleen lymphocytes. Whole irradiation demonstrated symptoms of radiation sickness. Morphological observations showed shivering, epilation, diarrhea, retarded physical activity and potentiated mortality rate. Response of immune system has been manifested by drastic retardation in rosette forming cells from spleen lymphocytes. Histopathological examinations showed significant structural changes in spleen tissues. Application of Mpg or olive oil, individually or successively, showed a significant radioprotective capacity for Mpg and a significant radio curative efficacy of olive oil. Combined effect of both treatments resulted in better control of the radiation induced disorders. Possible application on human subjects still awaits further investigations. 5 figs., 2 tabs

Full Text Available The effects of exercise on decision-making performance have been studied using a wide variety of cognitive tasks and exercise interventions. Although the current literature supports a beneficial influence of acute exercise on cognitive performance, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been elucidated. We review studies that used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS to probe the excitability of motor structures during whole-body exercise and present a framework to account for the facilitating effects of acute exercise on motor processes. Recent results suggest that, even in the absence of fatigue, the increase in corticospinal excitability classically reported during submaximal and exhausting exercises may be accompanied by a reduction in intracortical inhibition. We propose that reduced intracortical inhibition elicits an adaptive central mechanism that counteracts the progressive reduction in muscle responsiveness caused by peripheral fatigue. Such a reduction would render the motor cortex more sensitive to upstream influences, thus causing increased corticospinal excitability. Furthermore, reduction of intracortical inhibition may account for the more efficient descending drive and for the improvement of reaction time performance during exercise. The adaptive modulation in intracortical inhibition could be implemented through a general increase in reticular activation that would further account for enhanced sensory sensitivity.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytical measures, whether research into the performance of whole-body, psychomotor tasks following moderate and heavy exercise demonstrates an inverted-U effect. A secondary purpose was to compare the effects of acute exercise on tasks requiring static maintenance of posture versus dynamic, ballistic skills. Moderate intensity exercise was determined as being between 40% and 79% maximum power output (ẆMAX) or equivalent, while ≥80% ẆMAX was considered to be heavy. There was a significant difference (Zdiff=4.29, p=0.001, R(2)=0.42) between the mean effect size for moderate intensity exercise (g=0.15) and that for heavy exercise size (g=-0.86). These data suggest a catastrophe effect during heavy exercise. Mean effect size for static tasks (g=-1.24) was significantly different (Zdiff=3.24, p=0.001, R(2)=0.90) to those for dynamic/ballistic tasks (g=-0.30). The result for the static versus dynamic tasks moderating variables point to perception being more of an issue than peripheral fatigue for maintenance of static posture. The difference between this result and those found in meta-analyses examining the effects of acute exercise on cognition shows that, when perception and action are combined, the complexity of the interaction induces different effects to when cognition is detached from motor performance. PMID:25582516

To initiate the Wholebodyirradiation as an alternative for the treatment of the hematological diseases, leukemia and assistant for the osseous marrow transplantation, it may be taken account the application of International Protocols about control and quality assurance. It is established the intercomparison by the different dosimetric methods: cylindrical ionization chambers and parallel plane, radiographic emulsion film, semiconductor diodes (Mosfet transistors) and TLD-100 thermoluminescent crystals, obtained measurements for 140 x 140 cm{sup 2} fields and large distances 340 cm respect conventional fields in Radiotherapy. The in vitro dosimetry was realized at the Universal Anthropomorphic puppet Alderson Rando basically with the cylindrical crystals (1 mm diameter) of TLD-100 lithium fluoride. It was obtained the dose value with a 0.6 cm{sup 3} cylindrical ionization chamber and the Farmer electrometer for Wholebodyirradiation (ICT) with photons for electrons and were obtained values with the Markus plane parallel camera. Knowing the dose rate value to the source-surface distance DFS= 80 cm, it was calibrated the crystals with the reference radiation beam of {sup 60} Co for obtaining the response curve: Dose vs. Tl lecture. It was characterized the 10 % of the total population for 300 crystals for applying the statistics corresponding. The luminescence curve obtained of Gaussian form was considered satisfactory by its stability during the pre-anneal lecture and anneal process, getting the main peak lecture at 300 Centigrade according to assigned parameters at lecture equipment TLD Harshaw model 4500. The results indicate the functional dependence with the distance DFS= 340 cm for the following depth PPD, the relations TMR and TPR, the TAR is not calculated by the increment of the dispersion in air. The penumbra increment indicates an increase of the radiation field respect of luminous field. The dispersion angle q{sub 1} respect at the field central axis

B6c3F1 mice were treated per os with either normal saline or N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg body weight) daily for 21 days. On day 22nd of the experiment , the animals were whole-body γ-irradiated (10 Gy) and examined at 3.5 days post-radiation exposure. Pretreatment of mice with NDEA at the lowest dosage (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase (CAT) activity in the liver. Since the agent at the highest doses (1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) did not have any effects on TBARS, it was associated with the selective increase of thiol (SH) groups and GSH-linked anti-oxidant enzyme activities such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX), transferase (GST) and reductase (GR). γ-irradiation decreased TBARS and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GPX activity in NDEA-treated mice. Simultaneously, γ-rays did not have any effects on GST and GR enzymes, and it slightly decreased SH groups and CAT activity. Results of the present study indicate that NDEA can promote lipid peroxidation in mice liver. γ-irradiation of mice at a dose of 10 Gy modifies the activity of hepatic anti-oxidant enzymes, which in turn can lead to the reduction of NDEA-induced lipid peroxidation and/or pro-oxidant shift(s). The anti-oxidant enzymes such as SOD and GPX are suggested to be mainly involved in this process. (author)

The whole of the experimental methods described (animal preparation, achievement of a precise physiological technique, dosimetry, biological information processing) allowed us to follow the changes for 15 days in the spontaneous and evoked electroencephalogram activities of rabbits submitted to a non-lethal 400 rads whole-body gamma-irradiation. Behavioural troubles, changes in the arousal state and the spontaneous electrical activity of the neo-cortex and hippocampus were noticed constantly together with an enhanced cortical excitability, and the appearance of elements of the paroxystic series sometimes in contrast with a general decrease in amplitude. After a visual stimulus the general morphology of evoked activities at the level of the primary visual areas and hippocampus was unchanged, but enhanced latencies and delays, less systematic modifications in amplitudes seemed to show out a direct effect of radiations on the nervous system and sensorial activities; these troubles seemed to occur independently from the basic electrical activity. As a whole, the changes observed were usually transitory and varied with each individual. Finally an assumption is made to explain the mechanism of arousal troubles and the general evolution of spontaneous electrical activity in the brain. (author)

The main purpose of this work is to study the variational dynamics of nuclei acids in patients either subjected or not of abortive peaks and its prospective application as a prognostic indicator which might contribute to the therapeutic decision making in cases of BMT and irradiation related acute syndromes

The effect of sublethal, wholebody x-irradiation on the induction of synthesis and the maturation of hepatic collagen was studied. The findings of this study support suggestions made by others that problems in wound healing observed in x-irradiated subjects can be traced in part to defects in collagen metabolism. The model employed was that of acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) poisoning of mouse liver. This model was chosen instead of the more conventional skin wounding technique because of its relative ease of application, the uniformity of response, and the ability to clearly define the limits of assay. The fibrotic response of liver to CCl4 was studied 1, 3 and 6 weeks following irradiation (0, 5, 15, 40, 150 or 400 R) and three days after the administration of CCl2. The significance of this work rests with the fact that an alteration of collagen synthesis was demonstrated under CCl4 stress following exposure to a dose as low as 150 R. This x-ray effect was expressed as a reduction in prolyl hydroxylase activity, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of collagen. Previously, such an effect has only been demonstrated indirectly and with higher doses of radiation, e.g. 1500 R. Further, this sublethal injury was found to require more than 1 week for repair as opposed to 1 hour for the repair of classical sublethal radiation damage. These findings indicate that impaired wound healing observed following x-irradiation may be linked to defects in collagen metabolism and that these defects may remain for more extended periods and result from lower x-ray doses than previously reported

We investigated the dependency of sex and age in mice in the induction of neoplasms by gamma-rays from cesium-137 at a low dose rate of 0.375Gy/22h/day. Thymic lymphomas occurred significantly at the same incidence in both sexes, and more frequently when younger mice were exposed to radiation. Strain C57BL/6J mice were divided into 8 groups, which were whole-bodyirradiated with a total dose of 39Gy for 105 days each. The exposure was begun at 28 days of age (male:AM1, female:AF1), and then stepwise increasing the starting age by 105 days, i.e., from 133 days (AM2 and AF2), from 238 days (AM3 and AF3), and from 343 days (AM4 and AF4), respectively. Unirradiated mice served as control (UM and UF). The incidence of thymic lymphomas was about 60 % in AM1, AM2, AF1 and AF2, 40 % in AM3 and AF3 and 20 % in AF4 and AF4, demonstrating no sex dependency, but a distinct age dependency, for lymphomogenesis. It was proven that mice showed a tendency to become less susceptible to radiation induced thymic lymphoma with increasing age. Concomitantly, life-shortening also was caused, and the greater the degree of life-shortening was, the younger the mice were the start of exposure. Life-shortening was attributed to thymic lymphoma, and hemorrhage and infectious diseases due to the depletion of bone marrow cells. (author)

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of different vibration loads (frequency and amplitude) of whole-body vibration (WBV) on flexibility and explosive strength of lower limbs in springboard divers. Eighteen male and female divers, aged 19 ± 2 years, volunteered to perform 3 different WBV protocols in the present study. To assess the vibration effect, flexibility and explosive strength of lower limbs were measured before (Pre), immediately after (Post 1) and 15 min after the end of vibration exposure (Post 15). Three protocols with different frequencies and amplitudes were used in the present study: a) low vibration frequency and amplitude (30 Hz/2 mm); b) high vibration frequency and amplitude (50 Hz/4 mm); c) a control protocol (no vibration). WBV protocols were performed on a Power Plate platform, whereas the no vibration divers performed the same protocol but with the vibration platform turned off. A two-way ANOVA 3 x 3 (protocol × time) with repeated measures on both factors was used. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Univariate analyses with simple contrasts across time were selected as post hoc tests. Intraclass coefficients (ICC) were used to assess the reliability across time. The results indicated that flexibility and explosive strength of lower limbs were significantly higher in both WBV protocols compared to the no vibration group (NVG). The greatest improvement in flexibility and explosive strength, which occurred immediately after vibration treatment, was maintained 15 min later in both WBV protocols, whereas NVG revealed a significant decrease 15 min later, in all examined strength parameters. In conclusion, a bout of WBV significantly increased flexibility and explosive strength in competitive divers compared with the NVG. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate WBV as a method to increase flexibility and vertical jump height in sports where these parameters play an important role in the success outcome of

The acute radiation syndrome after a single dose of 1600 R (approx. 12-14 Gy in body midline) and after fractionated irradiation with 2400 R (approx. 18-20 Gy) was studied with regard to fractionation time and to the number of bone marrow cells infused. The acute radiation syndrome consisted of damage to the alimentary tract and of damage to the hemopoietic system. Damage of hemopoiesis was reversible in dogs which had been given a sufficient amount of hemopoietic cells. Furthermore changes in skin and in the mucous membranes occurred. Hemopoietic recovery following infusion of various amounts of bone marrow was investigated in dogs which were irradiated with 2400 R within 7 days. Repopulation of bone marrow as well as rise of leukocyte and platelet counts in the peripheral blood was taken as evidence of complete hemopoietic reconstitution. The results indicate that the acute radiation syndrom following 2400 R TBI and autologous BMT can be controlled by fractionation of this dose within 5 or 7 days. The acute gastrointestinal syndrome is aggravated by infusion of a lesser amount of hemopoietic cells. However, TBI with 2400 R does not require greater numbers of hemopoietic cells for restoration of hemopoiesis. Thus, the hemopoiesis supporting tissue can not be damage by this radiation dose to an essential degree. Longterm observations have not revealed serious late defects which could represent a contraindication to the treatment of malignent diseases with 2400 R of TBI. (orig./MG)

This report is a non-technical document intended to provide an individual about to undergo a whole-body radiation count with a general understanding of the counting procedure and with the results obtained. 9 figs

A wave-like character of death of proliferating and differentiating (D) cells is shown autoradiographically using /sup 3/H-thymidine introduced 60-80 min before the wholebody X-ray irradiation in doses of 50, 150 or 300 R on subependymal cells of rat brain. Lethally damaged cells irradiated in G/sub 2/ and S-phases, resulted in 4 peaks of death in mitosis by following the first postradiational mitotic cycle (MC). Lethally damaged cells irradiated in G/sub 1/-phase lost ability for DNA synthesis as cells irradiated in a dose of 300 R did not include additionally introduced (3 hrs before death) /sup 14/C-thymidine from 12 to 17 hrs after /sup 3/H-thymidine injection. However, in the first 4 hrs after irradiation there were no cells irradiated in G/sub 1/-phase among dead ones, as indirectly shown in the calculations of data obtained while studying Pliss lymphosarcoma. A supposition is made that the death of cells irradiated in G/sub 1/-phase is attributed to mitotic phase of the first MC after irradiation. Waves of death of lethally damaged D-cells repeated the peaks of death and corresponded to the mitotic peaks of proliferating cells, which permitted to presuppose the presence of ''short cycle'' (SC) in D-cells, which have the rhythm similar to MC and their death has been attributed to the final SC phase, which corresponds to MC mitotic phase in time. According to the peaks of cell death position of one hour block independent of dose in six MC(SC) points is determined. The cells have experienced the block in the point of MC(SC) in subphase of which they were caught by irradiation. Dose effect is manifested in the number of dead cells.

A wave-like character of death of proliferating and differentiating (D) cells is shown autoradiographically using 3H-thymidine introduced 60-80 min before the wholebody X-ray irradiation in doses of 50, 150 or 300 R on subependymal cells of rat brain. Lethally damaged cells irradiated in G2 and S-phases, resulted in 4 peaks of death in mitosis by following the first postradiational mitotic cycle (MC). Lethally damaged cells irradiated in G1-phase lost ability for DNA synthesis as cells irradiated in a dose of 300 R did not include additionally introduced (3 hrs before death) 14C-thymidine from 12 to 17 hrs after 3H-thymidine injection. However, in the first 4 hrs after irradiation there were no cells irradiated in G1-phase among dead ones, as indirec showed the calculations of data obtained tly/ while studying Pliss lymphosarcoma. A supposition is made that the death of cells irradiated in G1-phase is attributed to mitotic phase of the first MC after irradiation. Waves of death of lethally damaged D-cells repeated the peaks of death and corresponded to the mitotic peaks of proliferating cells, which permitted to presuppose the presence of ''short cycle'' (SC) in D-cells, which have the rhythm similar to MC and their death has been attributed to the final SC phase, which corresponds to MC mitotic phase in time. According to the peaks of cell death position of one hour block independent of dose in six MC(SC) points is determined. The cells have experienced the block in the point of MC(SC) in subphase of which they were caught by irradiation. Dose effect is manifested in the number of dead cells

The paper is concerned with the results of a study of bone marrow cell chromosomes and peripheral blood lymphocytes in 2 male patients with hemoblastoses who underwent for therapeutic purpose the transplantation of mixed allogeneic cells of human embryonic liver obtained from several hundreds of 8-12-week embryoes. The viability of a transplant was demonstrated by the presence of cells with a female (XX) caryotype in the bone marrow. In spite of substantial preparation of the patients (large doses of cytostatic drugs and total ν-irradiation at doses of 7.5-10 Gy), 3 attempts of the transplantation of human embryonic liver cells resulted in an acute immune rejection of the transplant on the 13-14th day. There have been obtained convincing proofs (cytogenetic, hematological and immunological) that rejection of the transplant could be ascribed to recipient lymphocytes

This document describes the Hanford WholeBody Counting Program as it is administered by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) in support of the US Department of Energy--Richland Operations Office (DOE-RL) and its Hanford contractors. Program services include providing in vivo measurements of internally deposited radioactivity in Hanford employees (or visitors). Specific chapters of this manual deal with the following subjects: program operational charter, authority, administration, and practices, including interpreting applicable DOE Orders, regulations, and guidance into criteria for in vivo measurement frequency, etc., for the plant-wide wholebody counting services; state-of-the-art facilities and equipment used to provide the best in vivo measurement results possible for the approximately 11,000 measurements made annually; procedures for performing the various in vivo measurements at the WholeBody Counter (WBC) and related facilities including wholebody counts; operation and maintenance of counting equipment, quality assurance provisions of the program, WBC data processing functions, statistical aspects of in vivo measurements, and wholebody counting records and associated guidance documents. 16 refs., 48 figs., 22 tabs.

This document describes the Hanford WholeBody Counting Program as it is administered by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) in support of the US Department of Energy--Richland Operations Office (DOE-RL) and its Hanford contractors. Program services include providing in vivo measurements of internally deposited radioactivity in Hanford employees (or visitors). Specific chapters of this manual deal with the following subjects: program operational charter, authority, administration, and practices, including interpreting applicable DOE Orders, regulations, and guidance into criteria for in vivo measurement frequency, etc., for the plant-wide wholebody counting services; state-of-the-art facilities and equipment used to provide the best in vivo measurement results possible for the approximately 11,000 measurements made annually; procedures for performing the various in vivo measurements at the WholeBody Counter (WBC) and related facilities including wholebody counts; operation and maintenance of counting equipment, quality assurance provisions of the program, WBC data processing functions, statistical aspects of in vivo measurements, and wholebody counting records and associated guidance documents. 16 refs., 48 figs., 22 tabs

Full Text Available Exposure to ionizing radiation alone (radiation injury, RI or combined with traumatic tissue injury (radiation combined injury, CI is a crucial life-threatening factor in nuclear and radiological accidents. As demonstrated in animal models, CI results in greater mortality than RI. In our laboratory, we found that B6D2F1/J female mice exposed to 60Co-γ-photon radiation followed by 15% total-body-surface-area skin burns experienced an increment of 18% higher mortality over a 30-day observation period compared to irradiation alone; that was accompanied by severe cytopenia, thrombopenia, erythropenia, and anemia. At the 30th day after injury, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets still remained very low in surviving RI and CI mice. In contrast, their RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were similar to basal levels. Comparing CI and RI mice, only RI induced splenomegaly. Both RI and CI resulted in bone marrow cell depletion. It was observed that only the RI mice treated with pegylated G-CSF after RI resulted in 100% survival over the 30-day period, and pegylated G-CSF mitigated RI-induced body-weight loss and depletion of WBC and platelets. Peg-G-CSF treatment sustained RBC balance, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrits and inhibited splenomegaly after RI. The results suggest that pegylated G-CSF effectively sustained animal survival by mitigating radiation-induced cytopenia, thrombopenia, erythropenia, and anemia.

In pediatric patients wholebody MRI has a relevant impact on both, diagnostic work-up and treatment. Using adapted sequence protocols comprehensive imaging without radiation exposure is possible avoiding additional examinations in many cases. Especially in bone marrow the differentiation between normal and abnormal finding can be difficult, therefore the knowledge of normal maturing of organs is important. Wholebody diffusion weighted imaging particularly in neuroblastomas or sarcomas improves the low specificity of conventional MR-protocols. Technical prerequisites, examination protocol and strategies, image interpretation, indications and clinical relevance as well as advantages and disadvantages of wholebody MRI will be discussed on the basis of application-oriented cases and the literature.

In order to determine the doses from radiocesium in foods after the Chernobyl accident, four groups were chosen in 1987. Two groups, presumed to have a large consumption of food items with a high radiocesium content, were selected. These were Lapp reindeer breeders from central parts of Norway, and hunters a.o. from the municipality of Oeystre Slidre. Two other groups were randomly selected, one from the municipality of Sel, and one from Oslo. The persons in these two groups were presumed to have an average diet. The fall-out in Sel was fairly large (100 kBq/m2), whereas in Oslo the fall-out level was low (2 kBq/m2). The persons in each group were monitored once a year with whole-body counters, and in connection with these countings dietary surveys were preformed. In 1990 the Sel-group and the Lapps in central parts of Norway were followed. Average whole-body activity in each group is compared to earlier years's results, and an average yearly effective dose equivalent is computed. The Sel-group has an average whole-body activity of 2800 Bq for men, and 690 Bq for women. Compared to earlier years, there is a steady but slow decrease in whole-body activities. Yearly dose is calculated to 0.06 mSv for 1990. The Lapps in central parts of Norway have an average whole-body content of 23800 Bq for men and 13600 Bq for women. This results in an average yearly dose of 0.9 mSv for the individuals in the group. Compared to earlier years, the Lapp group show a decrease in whole-body contents since 1988. This decrease is larger among men than women. 5 refs., 8 figs., 6 tabs

The study is carried out on subependymal cells of rat brain usig autoradiography with 3H-tymidine introduced 60-80 min before wholebody X-ray irradiation i doses 50, 150, or 300 R. In postradiation cell system the dynamics of mitotic index Isub(M) and changes of mitotic cycle aevaluated according to the curve of labelled mitosis (CLM) are studied. A new interpretation of ''classical delay of mitosis'' is given, which points not to excessive delay in phases of mitotic cycle but to dependence on dose time from the irradiation moment before appearance of the first mitoses of survived cells as cells which were dividing at the time of death. At that, all the cells of the system have experienced one hour block independent of the dose. It is showm that the curve Isub(M) can serve as a measure of dead proliferative cells. The changes of CLM, conditioned by mitotic deathe f cells irradiated in G2-and S-phases and its other peculiarities are discussed.

The advent of dedicated whole-body MRI scanners has made it possible to image the human body from head to toe with excellent spatial resolution and with the sensitivity and specificity of conventional MR systems. A comprehensive screening examination by MRI relies on fast image acquisition, and this is now feasible owing to several very recent developments, including multichannel techniques, new surface coil systems, and automatic table movement. The daily analysis of whole-body MRI datasets uncovers many incidental findings, which are discussed by an interdisciplinary advisory board of physicians from all specialties. This book provides a systematic overview of these incidental findings with the aid of approximately 240 high-quality images. The radiologists involved in the project have written chapters on each organ system, presenting a structured compilation of the most common findings, their morphologic appearances on whole-body MRI, and guidance on their clinical management. Chapters on technical and ethical issues are also included. It is hoped that this book will assist other diagnosticians in deciding how to handle the most common incidental findings encountered when performing whole-body MRI.

The advent of dedicated whole-body MRI scanners has made it possible to image the human body from head to toe with excellent spatial resolution and with the sensitivity and specificity of conventional MR systems. A comprehensive screening examination by MRI relies on fast image acquisition, and this is now feasible owing to several very recent developments, including multichannel techniques, new surface coil systems, and automatic table movement. The daily analysis of whole-body MRI datasets uncovers many incidental findings, which are discussed by an interdisciplinary advisory board of physicians from all specialties. This book provides a systematic overview of these incidental findings with the aid of approximately 240 high-quality images. The radiologists involved in the project have written chapters on each organ system, presenting a structured compilation of the most common findings, their morphologic appearances on whole-body MRI, and guidance on their clinical management. Chapters on technical and ethical issues are also included. It is hoped that this book will assist other diagnosticians in deciding how to handle the most common incidental findings encountered when performing whole-body MRI.

Full Text Available Skin injuries such as wounds or burns following whole-body γ-irradiation (radiation combined injury (RCI increase mortality more than whole-body γ-irradiation alone. Wound-induced decreases in survival after irradiation are triggered by sustained activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase pathways, persistent alteration of cytokine homeostasis, and increased susceptibility to systemic bacterial infection. Among these factors, radiation-induced increases in interleukin-6 (IL-6 concentrations in serum were amplified by skin wound trauma. Herein, the IL-6-induced stress proteins including C-reactive protein (CRP, complement 3 (C3, immunoglobulin M (IgM, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 were evaluated after skin injuries given following a mixed radiation environment that might be found after a nuclear incident. In this report, mice received 3 Gy of reactor-produced mixed field (n+γ-photons radiations at 0.38 Gy/min followed by nonlethal skin wounding or burning. Both wounds and burns reduced survival and increased CRP, C3, and PGE2 in serum after radiation. Decreased IgM production along with an early rise in corticosterone followed by a subsequent decrease was noted for each RCI situation. These results suggest that RCI-induced alterations of corticosterone, CRP, C3, IgM, and PGE2 cause homeostatic imbalance and may contribute to reduced survival. Agents inhibiting these responses may prove to be therapeutic for RCI and improve related survival.

Subependymal cells of brain of Wistar line rats, which have received /sup 3/H-thymidine 60-80 min before wholebody X-irradiation in a dose of 50, 150 or 300 R are studied. According to the increase in time of the part of labelled cells including the ones with pycnotic nuclei and according to double decrease in the label intensity in the latter it has been shown that lethally damaged cells subjected to irradiation in phases G/sub 2/ and S died in mitosis of the first post-irradiation mitotic cycle which excluded a possibility of their interphase death. Lethally damaged and survived cells started mitosis (pycnosis) having experienced one hour block, independent of the dose.

Both Resistance Exercise and Whole-Body-Vibration training are currently considered as countermeasures against microgravity-induced physiological deconditioning. Here we investigated the effects of whole-body vibration superimposed upon resistance exercise. Within this context, the present study focuses on changes in circulating angiogenic factors as indicators of skeletal muscle adaption. Methods: Twenty-six healthy male subjects (25.2 ± 4.2 yr) were included in this two-group parallel-designed study and randomly assigned to one of the training interventions: either resistance exercise (RE) or resistance vibration exercise (RVE). Participants trained 2-3 times per week for 6 weeks (completing 16 training sessions), where one session took 9 ± 1 min. Participants trained with weights on a guided barbell. The individual training load was set at 80% of their 1-Repetition-Maximum. Each training session consisted of three sets with 8 squats and 12 heel raises, following an incremental training design with regards to weight (RE and RVE) and vibration frequency (RVE only). The vibration frequency was increased from 20 Hz in the first week till 40 Hz during the last two weeks with 5-Hz weekly increments. At the first and 16 ^{th} training session, six blood samples (pre training and 2 min, 5 min, 15 min, 35 min and 75 min post training) were taken. Circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Endostatin and Matrix Metalloproteinases -2 and -9 (MMPs) were determined in serum using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays. Results: MMP-2 levels increased by 7.0% (SE = 2.7%, P training programs (P = 0.70) and also between the two intervention groups (P = 0.42). Preliminary analyses indicate that a similar pattern applies to circulating MMP-9, VEGF and Endostatin levels. Conclusion: The present findings suggest 1) that resistance exercise, both with and without superimposed vibration, leads to a transient rise in circulating angiogenic factors, 2) which is not

Ultraviolet (uv) irradiation has been shown to alter many parameters of the immunologic reactivity of mice. The altered responsiveness of uv-irradiated mice, as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and primary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to T-dependent antigens, has recently been correlated with a functional defect in the splenic adherent cell population of these animals. The present studies describe a model of this altered responsiveness, which allows further clarification of the effects of external uv irradiation on the splenic antigen-presenting cell (APC) in its interactions with T cells

Reviews on wholebody human cold adaptation generally do not distinguish between population studies and dedicated acclimation studies, leading to confusing results. Population studies show that indigenous black Africans have reduced shivering thermogenesis in the cold and poor cold induced vasodilation in fingers and toes compared to Caucasians and Inuit. About 40,000 y after humans left Africa, natives in cold terrestrial areas seems to have developed not only behavioral adaptations, but also physiological adaptations to cold. Dedicated studies show that repeated wholebody exposure of individual volunteers, mainly Caucasians, to severe cold results in reduced cold sensation but no major physiological changes. Repeated cold water immersion seems to slightly reduce metabolic heat production, while repeated exposure to milder cold conditions shows some increase in metabolic heat production, in particular non-shivering thermogenesis. In conclusion, human cold adaptation in the form of increased metabolism and insulation seems to have occurred during recent evolution in populations, but cannot be developed during a lifetime in cold conditions as encountered in temperate and arctic regions. Therefore, we mainly depend on our behavioral skills to live in and survive the cold. PMID:27227100

Post-radiation cell death in the subependymal zone of the rat brain was investigated by injection of /sub 3/H-thymidine 60 to 80 min prior to x-ray irradiation of the animals with 50, 150, or 300 R. Subsequent correlation of autoradiographic findings with the cell cycle showed that the proliferating and differentiating (D) cells followed a fluctuating pattern in cell death, in that cells irradiated in the early G/sub 2/ and the S phases showed four peaks of mitotic cell death in the first postradiation cell cycle. Cells injured in the G/sub 1/ phase lost the capacity for DNA synthesis, since the 300 R-irradiated cells failed to incorporate /sup 14/C-thymidine administered subsequently (3 H before sacrifice, 12 to 17 h after /sup 3/H-thymidine injection). Since these cells did not die within 4 h of irradiation, their death evidently came about during the first postradiation cell cycle. The cell death pattern of the D cells coincided with the death peaks and mitotic peaks of the proliferating cells, indicating that the D cells retained the rhythm and phase sequence of the mitotic cycle in the form of a short cycle. All the irradiated cells entered mitosis with a one hour delay, and the total number of cell deaths was dosage-related. 11 references, 4 figures.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in most developed and developing regions of the world. In women, this drug has tissuespecific effects, acting as an estrogen antagonist on the breast, and as an estrogen agonist on bone, lipid metabolism (increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and the endometrium. Thyroid hormones act on almost all organs throughout the body and regulate the basal metabolism of the organism. Thyroid hormone can also stimulate the proliferation in vitro of certain tumor cell lines. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the significant value of tamoxifen and/or irradiation treatment on thyroid hormones in breast cancer bearing female rats. Forty two female Sprague-Dawely rats randomly divided into seven groups and the effect of tamoxifen and post-irradiation was studied on breast cancer chemically induced. The results shows a T4 and estradiol levels not T3 were altered in different experimental groups. It could be concluded that irradiation-induced changes in the composition of the mammary microenvironment promote the expression of neoplastic potential by affecting both estradiol and thyroid hormones, and tamoxifen may alter the thyroid hormones. Irradiation and tamoxifen administration may have worth effects on T4 and estradiol levels and it is recommended to further studies towards the bystander effect of radiation and tamoxifen on the tissue culture and molecular biology scale.

Two experiments were conducted to determine effect of sublethal body gamma irradiation (6.0 Gy as a single dose) on body weight and some serum lipid fractions in female and male rats. The beneficial efficacy of intragastric administration of black pepper (in two doses of 160 and 320 mg/kg bw) was also investigated. The results obtained revealed that the sublethal irradiated rats showed a drastic loss in body weight reached 39.5% less than the normal males and significant alterations in serum triglycerides, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) and low density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol) levels, 5 weeks post exposure to gamma irradiation in female and male rats. Black pepper showed a beneficial effect on these significant changes in lipid fractions in irradiated female and male rats. Treatment with the two doses of black pepper up to 14 weeks, 5 days/week, showed a slight effect on body gain and fluctuations in the lipid fractions at 5.10 and 14 weeks for both sexes

Objective: To investigate the changes of Egr-1 and Egr-4 gene expression in mice thymus after whole-bodyirradiation (WBI) with X-rays by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Methods: The mRNA was isolated from mice thymus 4 and 24 h after WBI with 0-6 Gy of X-ray irradiation. The changes of Egr-1 and Egr-4 gene expression 4 and 24 h post irradiation were examined with QRT-PCR. Paralleled counts of micronucleus rate in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) was as a reference radiation biodosimetric control. Results: The relative expression of Egr-1 and Egr-4 genes at 4 and 24 h after WBI 0.5 to 6 Gy was changed with the dose (r=0.974, 0.987, 0.999, P<0.01). At all dose points the relative expression of Egr-1 and Egr-4 genes was highly correlated with the micronucleus rate of bone marrow PCE (r=0.866, 0.947, 0.983, 0.835, P<0.05). The dose-effect relationship could be fitted into linear-quadratic model. The expression of Egr-4 gene was significantly increased at 4 h post irradiation and best correlated with PCE micronucleus rate. Conclusions: QRT-PCR assay of early expression Egr-4 gene might be a candidate for fast, high-throughput radiation biodosimetry. (authors)

This brief communication describes the immunocompetent activity of the Chinese folk-medicinal herbs, Hedyotis corymbosa, H. diffusa and Mollugo pentaphylla in mice after moderate wholebody x-irradiation. These antitumour drugs, given at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day for 7 consecutive days before x-irradiation protected ICR strain mice from the sublethal effects of radiation at a dose of 4 Gy, especially for the dose at 1000 mg/kg. Prior administration of H. corymbosa and H. diffusa ameliorated the leukopenia and splenic cellular decrease induced by sublethal irradiation, and slightly increased the immunocompetence of splenic cells after being stimulated by mitogens. However, administration of M. pentaphylla before x-irradiation exerted a less protective effect on ameliorating leukopenia and on splenic cellular immunocompetence. These findings suggest that some types of Peh-Hue-Juwa-Chi-Caoi (PHJCC) may also be effective in the prevention of haematopoietic damage when used in combination with radiotherapy. (author)

A preparation (HemoHIM) of herb mixture was designed to protect the gastrointestine and hematopoietic organs and to promote recovery of the immune system against radiation damage. The mixture of 3 edible medicinal herbs (Angelica gagantis Radix, etc.) was decocted with hot water and the extract was fractionated with ethanol. The preparation HemoHIM was made up with addition of ethanol- insoluble fraction yielded from one half of the total water extract to the other half of the total water extract. In vitro, lymphocytes were protected by HemoHIM, its polysaccharide and ethanol fractions against radiation. The proliferation of lymphocytes and bone marrow cells by HemoHIM was due to its polysaccharide fraction. In mice administered with the preparation (HemoHIM) before gamma- irradiation, the jejunal crypt survival was increased and the apoptosis of crypt cells was decreased. HemoHIM administration increased the survival of bone marrow stem cells and promoted the repopulation of blood cells following irradiation. In the analysis of the repopulated lymphocyte subsets, B cells were firstly regenerated and then T cells were recovered in mice administrated with HemoHIM. The antibody production against T-dependent antigen DNP-KLH was augmented by HemoHIM in irradiated mice. These results indicated that HemoHIM, a preparation of the herb mixture, protected the stem cells of self-renewal tissues and hematopoietic organs and promoted recovery of the immune system against radiation damage. Since the preparation of herb mixture is a relatively nontoxic natural product, it might be a useful modifier for prevention and control of radiation damages.

Fresh and cryopreserved autologous or allogeneic mononuclear blood cells (MBCs) intravenously injected in 1200 R total-body x-irradiated dogs repopulated lymph nodes within 10 days after transfusion. Several parameters of the lymphopoietic regeneration were correlated with the number of cells transfused and with the number of colony-forming units contained in the cell suspension when they were cultured in agar (CFU/sub c/). Values within the normal or close to normal range were reached in the mesenteric nodes of most of the animals transfused with 10 x 109 MBC or more. These values were obtained when 5 x 105 CFU/sub c/ or more were transfused. Axillary nodes showed lower values than mesenteric nodes. They were mostly under the normal range but well over those of the irradiated controls. Frozen and thawed MBCs seem to be as effective as fresh cells for lymphopoietic restoration. The mesenteric nodes of dogs transfused with allogeneic MBCs showed higher cellularity and larger cortical-paracortical areas than those of dogs transfused with approximately the same number of autologous cells. The repopulation of lymph nodes parallels that of the marrow

Full Text Available Abstract Background The mouse is an important and widely utilized animal model for bone marrow transplant (BMT translational studies. Here, we document the course of an unexpected increase in mortality of congenic mice that underwent BMT. Methods Thirty five BMTs were analyzed for survival differences utilizing the Log Rank test. Affected animals were evaluated by physical examination, necropsy, histopathology, serology for antibodies to infectious disease, and bacterial cultures. Results Severe bacteremia was identified as the main cause of death. Gastrointestinal (GI damage was observed in histopathology. The bacteremia was most likely caused by the translocation of bacteria from the GI tract and immunosuppression caused by the myeloablative irradiation. Variability in groups of animals affected was caused by increased levels of gamma and X-ray radiation and the differing sensitivity of the two nearly genetically identical mouse strains used in the studies. Conclusion Our retrospective analysis of thirty five murine BMTs performed in three different laboratories, identified C57BL/6NCr (Ly5.1 as being more radiation sensitive than B6.Cg-Ptprca/NCr (Ly5.2. This is the first report documenting a measurable difference in radiation sensitivity and its effects between an inbred strain of mice and its congenic counterpart eventually succumbing to sepsis after BMT.

DNA synthesis rate was analyzed on the basis of labelled cell distribution in epithelium of epididymis duct and subependyma zone of rat brain from the number of reduced silver grains under a nucleus calculated on recorders of histologic sections (5 ..mu..m) during different time after /sup 3/H hymidine intake and total X-ray irradiation in 300 Gy dose. Results of observations served as the additional substation of an earlier conclusion that in a series of truncal-semitruncal-differentiated cell per stage decrease of DNA synthesis rate occurs. During the period of maximum postradiation repair the proliferation increase took place at the expense of cell self-reproducibility, which in norm have medium and high rates of DNA synthesis against the background of cell preproduction deceleration which are characterized in norm with low rates of DNA synthesis and after mitosis should initiate differentiation. These facts conditioned the increase in the mean number of the reduced silver grains per a nucleus at a height of the postradiation proliferation, while DNA synthesis rates themselves peculiar to successive generations of truncal cells didn't change.

1. Phagocytic activity measured by means of the intravasal clearence of a soot dispersion in male NMRI-mice was increased six to ten days after whole-body X-irradiation (640 R) and decreased during the same period after i.v. administration of 2,4,6-triethyleneimino-s-triazine (TEM 2.0 mg/kg). 2. By means of 6-methyl-uracil food admixtures (200 to 400 ppm during 2 or 3 weeks) or by repeated intravenous injections of a N-methyl-D-glucosamine-6-methyluracil complex (62.5 to 250 mg/kg daily during five days), a significant augmentation of the phagocytic index being related to time and dosage was obtained in otherwise untreated mice. Comparable results were seen using cytidine and cytidine-5'-phosphate, whereas guanosine-5'-phosphate remained ineffective. 3. Whilst stimulating effects of 6-methyl-uracil or its N-methyl-D-glucosamine complex on X-irradiated mice were suspended, an increase up to supernormal values of the phagocytic index was produced by the pyrimidine base in animals treated with TEM. In accordance to this the survival rate of lethally X-irradiated mice (960 R) could not be increased; with animals given lethal TEM-doses, however, a significantly increased survival rate was obtained. 4. The present investigations as well as former biochemical analyses confirm the assumption that 6-methyluracil produces its regeneration effects, to some extent at least, by specific pathways influencing the reticuloendothelium. Different results from X-irradiated and TEM-treated mice are referring to the different points of attack of the two noxa. (orig.)

This article reviews the evolution of whole-body imaging, discussing the history and development of radiography, nuclear medicine, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), combined PET-CT, and magnetic resonance imaging. The obstacles hindering progress toward whole-body imaging using each of these modalities, and the technical advances that were developed to overcome them, are reviewed. The effectiveness and the limitations of whole-body imaging with each of these techniques are also briefly discussed.

The objective was to evaluate the precision of the absorbed radiation doses in bone marrow transplant therapy during wholebodyirradiation. Two-hundred CaSO{sub 4}:Dy + teflon tablets were calibrated in air and in 'phantom'. These tablets were randomly selected and divided in groups of five in the patients' body. The dosimetric readings were obtained using a Harshaw 4000A reader. Nine patients had their entire bodies irradiated in parallel and opposite laterals in a cobalt-60 Alcion II model, with a dose rate of 0.80 Gy/min at 80.5 cm, {l_brace}(10 ? 10) cm{sup 2} field. The dosimetry of this unit was performed using a Victoreen 500 dosimeter. For the determination of the mean dose at each point evaluated, the individual values of the tablets calibrated in air or 'phantom' were used, resulting in a build up of 2 mm to superficialize the dose at a distance of 300 cm. In 70% of the patients a variation of less than 5% in the dose was obtained. In 30% of the patients this variation was less than 10%, when values obtained were compared to the values calculated at each point. A mean absorption of 14% was seen in the head, and an increase of 2% of the administered dose was seen in the lungs. In patients with latero-lateral distance greater than 35 cm the variation between the calculated doses and the measured doses reached 30% of the desired dose, without the use of compensation filters. The measured values of the absorbed doses at the various anatomic points compared to the desired doses (theoretic) presented a tolerance of {+-} 10%, considering the existent anatomical differences and when using the individual calibration factors of the tablets. (author)

A compilation of whole-body counting existing across Canada was prepared by AECB (Atomic Energy Control Board) staff. This work was initiated so that AECB staff and other concerned parties would have this information readily available, especially during urgent situations. This report is to be used for reference purposes only, as it makes no attempt to judge the present state of the art of whole-body counting

The optimal combination of Wholebody vibration (WBV) amplitude and frequency has not been established. Purpose. To determine optimal combination of WBV amplitude and frequency that will enhance acute mean and peak power (MP and PP) output EMG activity in the lower extremity muscles. Methods. Resistance trained males (n = 13) completed the following testing sessions: On day 1, power spectrum testing of bilateral leg press (BLP) movement was performed on the OMNI. Days 2 and 3 consisted of WBV testing with either average (5.8 mm) or high (9.8 mm) amplitude combined with either 0 (sham control), 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Hz frequency. Bipolar surface electrodes were placed on the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), bicep femoris (BF) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles for EMG analysis. MP and PP output and EMG activity of the lower extremity were assessed pre-, post-WBV treatments and after sham-controls on the OMNI while participants performed one set of five repetitions of BLP at the optimal resistance determined on Day 1. Results. No significant differences were found between pre- and sham-control on MP and PP output and on EMG activity in RF, VL, BF and GA. Completely randomized one-way ANOVA with repeated measures demonstrated no significant interaction of WBV amplitude and frequency on MP and PP output and peak and mean EMGrms amplitude and EMG rms area under the curve. RF and VL EMGrms area under the curve significantly decreased (p effected by either treatment. Conclusions. It is concluded that WBV combined with plyometric exercise does not induce alterations in subsequent MP and PP output and EMGrms activity of the lower extremity. Future studies need to address the time of WBV exposure and magnitude of external loads that will maximize strength and/or power output.

Several reports on irradiation damages to the pancreas deal essentially with long-term morphologic changes but give few informations on pancreatic exocrine function. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of a wholebody gamma irradiation on the volume and enzyme activities of the pancreatic juice. The volume of pancreatic juice daily secreted decreased one day after irradiation (-40%, p < 0.01) and remained lower that the control value all over the experimental period (-65%, p < 0.01). Same response was observed for the total proteins secreted in the pancreatic juice but significant decrease was observed only the fourth and the fifth days after irradiation. Therefore, concentration of total protein secreted in the pancreatic juice was not altered all over the experimental period. Total activities of proteolytic enzymes, lipase and amylase led to decrease on day after irradiation and except for trypsin, the attenuated activity became significant from the third day after exposure. On the other hand, specific activities of the proteolytic enzymes and amylase did not show marked modifications after irradiation, whereas lipase specific activity was decreased. In conclusion, a wholebody gamma irradiation resulted in a rapid and marked decrease of exocrine pancreatic secretion, in terms of volume as well as secreted enzymes. These modifications may, in part, contribute to the malabsorption of nutrients and these acute effects may be due to some modifications in the regulation of the exocrine pancreatic secretion

Several reports on irradiation damages to the pancreas deal essentially with long-term morphologic changes but give few informations on pancreatic exocrine function. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of a wholebody gamma irradiation on the volume and enzyme activities of the pancreatic juice. The volume of pancreatic juice daily secreted decreased one day after irradiation (-40%, p < 0.01) and remained lower that the control value all over the experimental period (-65%, p < 0.01). Same response was observed for the total proteins secreted in the pancreatic juice but significant decrease was observed only the fourth and the fifth days after irradiation. Therefore, concentration of total protein secreted in the pancreatic juice was not altered all over the experimental period. Total activities of proteolytic enzymes, lipase and amylase led to decrease on day after irradiation and except for trypsin, the attenuated activity became significant from the third day after exposure. On the other hand, specific activities of the proteolytic enzymes and amylase did not show marked modifications after irradiation, whereas lipase specific activity was decreased. In conclusion, a wholebody gamma irradiation resulted in a rapid and marked decrease of exocrine pancreatic secretion, in terms of volume as well as secreted enzymes. These modifications may, in part, contribute to the malabsorption of nutrients and these acute effects may be due to some modifications in the regulation of the exocrine pancreatic secretion

Full Text Available Wholebody counter plays an important role in medical diagnosis and clinical research. It has been used for monitoring of radiation workers for the assessment of internal contamination or assessment of activity in persons exposed to radiation fallout. In a nuclear emergency like Chernobyl, neutron exposure to the radiation victims was assessed by measuring the induced activity of /sup 24/Na. Apart from its use in determining certain element composition in the body, it has got a number of clinical applications like absorption tests, and metabolic and kinetic studies. The work done at INMAS wholebody counter facility is also discussed.

This paper deals with the handling of accidental, acute or protracted, whole-body overexposures. It is complementary to the report DPS 86/07 SEAPS previously published. The criteria for initial classification, as a function of the mean absorbed dose, the clinical and paraclinical evaluation, the monitoring methods and the treatments to undertake are described successively. The basic components of the therapy are the intensive care of the hematological syndrome with blood products transfusions and anti-infection prophylaxy. The indications and conditions for bone-marrow grafts are also discussed

This study investigated the acute effects of passive wholebody vibration (WBV) on executive functions in healthy young adults. Participants (112 females, 21 males; age: 20.5±2.2 years) underwent six passive WBV sessions (frequency 30 Hz, amplitude approximately 0.5 mm) and six non-vibration control sessions of two minutes each while sitting on a chair mounted on a vibrating platform. A passive WBV session was alternated with a control session. Directly after each session, performance on the ...

Diabetes mellitus is a major cardiovascular risk factor and one of the major causes for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetic complications have not only major impact on the quality of life of diabetic patients, but are also potentially life-threatening. Therefore prevention, diagnosis and therapy of these long-term complications are of high importance. However, diagnosis of the variety of complications from diabetes mellitus remains a diagnostic challenge and usually several diagnostic steps are necessary to diagnose or exclude these complications. In the last years wholebody magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) including wholebody magnetic resonance angiography (WB-MRA) has been introduced for cardiovascular imaging and is now increasingly applied in clinical routine for the workup of patients with cardiovascular disease and for cardiovascular screening. The article summarizes rationales for WB-MRI in diabetes mellitus, technical concepts of disease specific cardiovascular WB-MRI in diabetes mellitus and discusses potential clinical consequences.

Objective: To determine if acutewholebody vibration exposure influences stereotyped behavior of young children with autism. Design: Single-case pilot study. Setting: Early intensive behavioral intervention clinic. Subjects: A convenience sample of four young boys (ages 4-5 yrs) diagnosed with autism. Interventions: Standing on a wholebody vibration platform with the machine turned off (control condition) and on (treatment condition) for three to four, 30-s periods (frequency = ...

Wholebody bone scanning with sup(99m) Tc-labelled phosphates is now well established in routine clinical practice. It is the most sensitive indicator of early pathology in the skeleton and it remains a non-invasive, safe, and easy procedure. The unique ability to display a high resolution image of the entire skeleton in 20 minutes is largely reponsible for its wide clinical acceptance. The main disadvantage of the technique - the inconvenient waste of time, usually three hours, between tracer injection and actual image procedure - can now be overcome by utilising superior radio-pharmaceuticals and data processing techniques. A new sup(99m) Tc-Imidodiphosphate was utilised in 100 patients presenting for wholebody scanning. Good quality reproducible images were obtained one hour after intravenous administration of the radiopharmaceutical. Utilising a digital subtraction technique, this new bone scanning agent gave clinical information identical to that obtained with standard three-hour scans. sup(99m)Tc-Imidodiphosphonate is now our routine home-made bone seeking radio-pharmaceutical, produced at a cost of 50 pence (approximately $ US 1) per wholebody scan. The relative rapidity of the procedure has permitted a significant increase in the number of investigations performed. (orig./VJ)

Due to the radiological Cs accident in Goiania, Goias in September 1987, it became necessary to evaluate internal contamination levels of: individuals from the general public that for any reason had direct or indirect involvement with the radioactive source (group 1); occupationally involved persons (group 2). For each of these groups, procedures of wholebody monitoring were developped. In order to attend group 1 individuals, the IRD/CNEN installed a wholebody unit in the INAMPS General Hospital of Goiania in 11.08.87, which was later transferred to 121, 57 street, Central Sector in Goiania in 2.06.88. In this unit 547 people were monitored, 356 from group 1 and 241 from group 2, until 04.13.88. In the IRD wholebody counter installation, 194 individuals were counted, 185 from group 2 and 9 from group 1. The frequency of monitoring of each individual was stablished according to the Cs activity present in the body or to the job that will be done. Some body burden activity curves for Cs 137 as a function of the time elapsed from the first measurement, are presented. There people from group 1 were measured in both counters, the IRD and the Goiania ones. The values obtained in both installations are compatible with the body activity X time curve. (author)

On behalf of the Bavarian State Ministry for State Development and Environmental Affairs measurements were conducted using the wholebody counters at the Institute for Radiation Hygiene (of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection), and the Institute for Radiation Biology (of the GSF Research Centre for Environment and Health). Between September 1988 and July 1990 about 1600 school children from all over Bavaria were investigated for incorporated radiocesium. The aim of these measurements was to evaluate the wholebody activity due to regionally differing soil contaminations in Bavaria following the accident in the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl and to assess the effective dose from an intake of radionuclides for the pupils by comparing the results of their WBC measurements with those of reference groups of children which underwent WBC examinations at regular intervals at both institutes since the middle of the year 1986. The results of the WBC measurements of those pupils who had not eaten mushrooms in the days before the measurement are in good agreement with the results of comparative measurements in children living in the regions of Munich and Frankfurt-am-Main. Based on these results an effective dose of 0,2 mSv for the Munich region children and of 0,1 mSv for Nothern Bavarian children can be derived. For children living in the highest contaminated region of Bavaria, i.e. the counties adjacent to the Alps, no comparable reference group results are available, but the amount of incorporated radiocesium is only twice that for pupils in the Munich region. The mean value for the specific activity of radiocesium in South Bavarian school children who consumed mushrooms was found to be twice the value of pupils who did not. This is also true for that group of children whose parents had bought allegedly low contaminated foodstuffs. Other effecs of nutrition habits on the specific wholebody activity could not be found. (orig.)

The present monograph deals with Whole Counters, since its definition, evolution, performance, clinical indications and results. Scintillation crystals detection systems were described as well as scintillant solutions, plastic scintillations, and gaseous detectors, including its interplay forms and basal characteristics. Geometric arrangements of standard chair, arc and hammock, arrangements with scintillant solutions and plastic scintillations, as well as special geometric arrangements were equally commented. Clinic and experimental studies were also dealt with WholeBody Counters, giving examples with potassium, iron vitamin B12 and albumin. (author)

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of wholebody imaging at 7 T. To achieve this objective, new technology and methods were developed. Radio frequency field distribution and specific absorption rate were first explored through numerical modeling. A body coil was then designed and built. Multi-channel transmit and receive coils were also developed and implemented. With this new technology in hand, an imaging survey of the “landscape” of the human body at 7 T was con...

To diagnose polycythemia vera, it is necessary to directly measure red-cell volume but it may be sometimes useful to know plasma volume too. The error following the indirect determination of plasma volume is evaluated the dispersion of corrosion factor representing the ratio of wholebody hematocrit to venous hematocrit in normal subjects and patients with polycythemia vera is determined. The ratio is usually taken as being equal to 0.91, but even in normal subjects its value can vary from one to another by approximately +- 10 per cent. In polycythemia vera, the correction factor between whole-body hematocrit and venous hematocrit is not significant. So it is necessary to measure each compartment independently. Venous hematocrit is measured by a microhematocrit technique (CLAYS-ADAMS CT 3400) and red-cell and plasma volumes by following methods: approximately 10 ml of venous blood is withdrawn from the patient for labelling and centrifuged. The supernatant is discarded, one MBq51Cr is added to the packed cells and the mixture incubated at 370 C for 30 mn. The red cells are washed twice in saline and then injected with 0.2 MBq125I labelled human serum albumin

Helicopter aircrew members engage in highly demanding cognitive tasks in an environment subject to whole-body vibration (WBV). Sometimes their actions may not be according to plan (e.g. action slips and lapses). This study used a Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) to examine whether action slips were more frequent during exposure to WBV. Nineteen participants performed the SART in two blocks. In the WBV block participants were exposed to 17 Hz vertical WBV, which is typical of larger helicopter working environments. In the No-WBV block there was no WBV. There were more responses to the rare no-go digit 3 (i.e. action slips) in the WBV block, and participants responded faster in the WBV block. These results suggest that WBV influences response inhibition, and can induce impulsive responding. WBV may increase the likelihood of action slips, mainly due to failure of response inhibition. PMID:26611989

This paper reports on five adult males that were exposed for one hour to radon and radon daughter products in an exposure chamber and subsequently measured for radon daughter product activity in the chest region by wholebody counting methods. The gamma-ray detection rate was approximated by a single exponential with a 35 minute half period, consistent with the physical decay of a mixture of RaB and RaC. About half of the deposited activity was associated with internal deposition and half with external deposition on clothing, skin and hair. The average counting rate from radon daughters on clothing was 10 times the average from skin and hair. Under as well as outer clothing contributed substantially to the counting rate. A strong correlation was found between internal and external deposition indicating that total activity provides a useful index of internal deposition

Seven cases of extremely severe acute radiation injuries treated with fetal liver cells transplantation (FLT) are reported. Patients received 6-8 Gy wholebodyirradiation which was followed by an infusion of fetal liver cell suspension. Hematological reconstitution occurred in all patients and temporary chimera developed in 3 patients after FLT. There were no difference between the hematologic reconstitution in patients with or without chimera

Inhalation is the most likely exposure route for individuals working with aerosolizable engineered nano-materials (ENM). To properly perform nanoparticle inhalation toxicology studies, the aerosols in a chamber housing the experimental animals must have: 1) a steady concentration maintained at a desired level for the entire exposure period; 2) a homogenous composition free of contaminants; and 3) a stable size distribution with a geometric mean diameter generation of aerosols containing nanoparticles is quite challenging because nanoparticles easily agglomerate. This is largely due to very strong inter-particle forces and the formation of large fractal structures in tens or hundreds of microns in size (6), which are difficult to be broken up. Several common aerosol generators, including nebulizers, fluidized beds, Venturi aspirators and the Wright dust feed, were tested; however, none were able to produce nanoparticle aerosols which satisfy all criteria (5). A whole-body nanoparticle aerosol inhalation exposure system was fabricated, validated and utilized for nano-TiO2 inhalation toxicology studies. Critical components: 1) novel nano-TiO2 aerosol generator; 2) 0.5 m(3) whole-body inhalation exposure chamber; and 3) monitor and control system. Nano-TiO2 aerosols generated from bulk dry nano-TiO2 powders (primary diameter of 21 nm, bulk density of 3.8 g/cm(3)) were delivered into the exposure chamber at a flow rate of 90 LPM (10.8 air changes/hr). Particle size distribution and mass concentration profiles were measured continuously with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and an electric low pressure impactor (ELPI). The aerosol mass concentration (C) was verified gravimetrically (mg/m(3)). The mass (M) of the collected particles was determined as M = (Mpost-Mpre), where Mpre and Mpost are masses of the filter before and after sampling (mg). The mass concentration was calculated as C = M/(Q*t), where Q is sampling flowrate (m(3)/min), and t is the sampling

The pattern of changes in the trypsin inhibition activities (TIA) of blood plasma, cervical mucus and the morphological structure of the cervix was studied in ewes exposed to 60Co radiation for seven and five days, the radiation doses being 6.7 Gy and 4.8 Gy, respectively. During exposure, the group of ewes irradaited with 4.8 Gy was given the Roboran vitamin addition and following irradiation ampicillin (5250 mg). TIA was determined from retardation of the hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate N-alpha-tosyl-p-nitroanilide by bovine trypsin; the TIA was expressed as the percentage of inhibited trypsin. Almost all the studied TIA values of blood plasma and cervical mucus were increased in the irradiated animals, the range being from 103.1 to 155.0% of the levels for non-irradiated ewes. A reduction was recorded only in the total TIA of blood plasma in the group irradiated with a dose of 6.7 Gy (83.1% of the values for non-irradiated animals). In the group of animals irradiated with 4.8 Gy and non Roboran administered, the TIA of cervical mucus was observed to decrease to 92.4%. It was found during the study of changes in the proportion of glands in the stroma and changes in epithelium thickness in the mucous membrane of the cervix uteri that the irradiated ewes had the epithelium thickness reduced to 95.3% to 65.5% and that their stromal gland number decreased to 75.4% to 79.7% of that recorded in non-irradiated animals. It was only in the group given the Roboran supplement that an increase to 123.7% of the gland number for untreated ewes was recorded on the tenth day after termination of the irradiation

The WholeBody Counting (WBC) technique is a widely used technique for the determination of the intake of radionuclides emitting X-rays or gamma-rays. Internal contamination might have been caused by inhalation, ingestion, injection, or insertion through wounds of radionuclides. Information about the intake, chemical composition and exposure pathway, serves as input for committed dose assessment. For the majority of radionuclides, WBC is complementary to other dosimetric methods such as the personal dosimeter and urine sample analysis. The major advantage of in-vivo measurement is the rapidity and direct assessment of the level of contamination in the body .Determination of the system counting efficiency is usually performed either by realistic) or computerized (voxel) phantoms. Realistic phantoms can be comprised of calibrated amount of radionuclides embedded in surrogate organs having similar density and volume as organs in the human body. The minimal detectable activity per nuclide depends on the efficiency, background counts and measurement time. In this paper we characterize the WBC system at the Soreq Nuclear Research Centre (SNRC). A study was performed testing the response of the WBC to a Lawrence Livermore torso lung phantom. Minimum detection activities (MDA) of selected nuclides were calculated for several configurations of the system and are presented in this work

Whole-body MRI (WBMRI) is an emerging imaging method that has a great potential in pediatric oncologic imaging. It appears useful in staging and monitoring neuroblastoma although its clinical impact has not been thoroughly evaluated. Among various imaging techniques currently available for WBMRI, coronal and sagittal STIR imaging with a quadrature body coil at 1.5T MR system is recommended for a standard protocol. Nevertheless, further technical improvements are anticipated at 3.0T MR system and multi-channel surface coil system. Scan time of WBMRI is reasonably short ranging from 20 min to 60 min. In localized neuroblatoma, WBMRI may help in predicting surgical risks by evaluating image-defined risk factors accurately. In addition, WBMRI is quite useful in detecting distant metastasis, assessing initial treatment responses, and identifying tumor recurrence of neuroblastoma. We should understand limitations of WBMRI in the evaluation of lymph node involvement, in the differentiation between viable tumor and non-viable residual lesion, and in the detection of calcified lesion. Diffusion-weighted imaging may improve diagnostic accuracy of WBMRI. Complementary use of WBMRI and other metabolic imaging method such as MIBG scintigraphy or PET probably increases diagnostic accuracy and, subsequently, improves clinical outcome of children with neuroblastoma.

The aim of this study is testing black grape juice as a radiomodifier against wholebody X-irradiation using an animal model. Sixteen male Wistar rats were divided into four groups where two were irradiated by X-rays from a 200 kV machine specially designed to biological samples. Animals were fed ad libitum and drank voluntarily 2-10 ml a day of grape juice or placebo (isocaloric glucose and fructose solution) for one week before and two weeks after 6 Gy X-irradiation when they were sacrifice...

Inhalation is the most likely exposure route for individuals working with aerosolizable engineered nano-materials (ENM). To properly perform nanoparticle inhalation toxicology studies, the aerosols in a chamber housing the experimental animals must have: 1) a steady concentration maintained at a desired level for the entire exposure period; 2) a homogenous composition free of contaminants; and 3) a stable size distribution with a geometric mean diameter < 200 nm and a geometric standard deviation σg < 2.5 5. The generation of aerosols containing nanoparticles is quite challenging because nanoparticles easily agglomerate. This is largely due to very strong inter-particle forces and the formation of large fractal structures in tens or hundreds of microns in size 6, which are difficult to be broken up. Several common aerosol generators, including nebulizers, fluidized beds, Venturi aspirators and the Wright dust feed, were tested; however, none were able to produce nanoparticle aerosols which satisfy all criteria 5. A whole-body nanoparticle aerosol inhalation exposure system was fabricated, validated and utilized for nano-TiO2 inhalation toxicology studies. Critical components: 1) novel nano-TiO2 aerosol generator; 2) 0.5 m3 whole-body inhalation exposure chamber; and 3) monitor and control system. Nano-TiO2 aerosols generated from bulk dry nano-TiO2 powders (primary diameter of 21 nm, bulk density of 3.8 g/cm3) were delivered into the exposure chamber at a flow rate of 90 LPM (10.8 air changes/hr). Particle size distribution and mass concentration profiles were measured continuously with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and an electric low pressure impactor (ELPI). The aerosol mass concentration (C) was verified gravimetrically (mg/m3). The mass (M) of the collected particles was determined as M = (Mpost-Mpre), where Mpreand Mpost are masses of the filter before and after sampling (mg). The mass concentration was calculated as C = M/(Q*t), where Q is

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) provides information on the diffusivity of water molecules in the human body. Technological advances and the development of the concept of diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS) have opened the path for routine clinical whole-body DWI. Whole-body DWI allows detection and characterization of both oncological and non-oncological lesions throughout the entire body. This article reviews the basic principles of DWI and the development of whole-body DWI, illustrates its potential clinical applications, and discusses its limitations and challenges.

Using Fe-59, blood sampling and external counting do not provide sufficient information concerning the distribution of the erythropoietic marrow. Wholebody scanning may overcome this disadvantage, but this technique describes only qualitatively the amount of uptake of iron in an organ and not the amount of erythropoiesis occurring in it. The present study reports a new method of digital wholebody scintigraphy of iron distribution, using a double isotope technique that permits separate registration of iron in the vascular space and extravascular space in the wholebody and also in single organs. With this technique sites and rates of effective medullary and extramedullary erythropoiesis can be clearly evaluated, which is of benefit to differentiate between local marrow destruction after irradiation, generalized osteomyelofibrosis, and aplastic anemia. Furthermore hematological therapeutic events and the reserve of erythropoietic marrow in patients with chemotherapy may be better evaluated than with common techniques. (Author)

Radioprotective effect of AET, serotonin and their mixture has been studied on liver and plasma lipid metabolism 24 hrs and 48 hrs after irradiation in fasted male rats. AET and serotonin both gave significant radioprotection to certain liver and plasma lipid components, but the mixture of the two afforded a better protection. The non-radioprotection of plasma NEFA, phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline levels by serotonin observed in irradiated rats was because serotonin itself raised the levels of these lipids in control rats. Serotonin alone or in mixture effectively protected the radiation-induced increased incorporation of NaH232PO4 into liver phospholipids. Mixture of AET and serotonin failed to protect the increased incorporation of aceae-1-14-C into liver total fatty acids and cholesterol, but it prevented this increased incorporation into liver triglycerides and phospholipids. (orig.)

The protection offered by a newly synthesized compound (S-phenethyl-formamidino-4(N-ethyl isothioamide) morpholine dihydrochloride) against radiation effects on DNA, RNA and protein biosynthetic processes in the brain, and on metabolites of 5-HT and nor-adrenalin, i.e., 5-HIAA and VMA, in the urine, including the radiobiological damage to thyroid and testes, was evaluated. The use of the compound prior to irradiation prevented radiation-induced changes in the thyroid and testes. The radiation-induced alterations in the pattern of DNA, RNA, protein in the brain, and in 5-HIAA and VMA in urine could be averted by treatment with this compound prior to each dose of X-irradiation.

Full Text Available This study investigated the acute effects of passive wholebody vibration (WBV on executive functions in healthy young adults. Participants (112 females, 21 males; age: 20.5±2.2 years underwent six passive WBV sessions (frequency 30 Hz, amplitude approximately 0.5 mm and six non-vibration control sessions of two minutes each while sitting on a chair mounted on a vibrating platform. A passive WBV session was alternated with a control session. Directly after each session, performance on the Stroop Color-Block Test (CBT, Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT, Stroop Difference Score (SDS and Digit Span Backward task (DSBT was measured. In half of the passive WBV and control sessions the test order was CBT-CWIT-DSBT, and DSBT-CBT-CWIT in the other half. Passive WBV improved CWIT (p = 0.009; effect size r = 0.20 and SDS (p = 0.034; r = 0.16 performance, but only when the CBT and CWIT preceded the DSBT. CBT and DSBT performance did not change. This study shows that two minutes passive WBV has positive acute effects on attention and inhibition in young adults, notwithstanding their high cognitive functioning which could have hampered improvement. This finding indicates the potential of passive WBV as a cognition-enhancing therapy worth further evaluation, especially in persons unable to perform active forms of exercise.

This study investigated the acute effects of passive wholebody vibration (WBV) on executive functions in healthy young adults. Participants (112 females, 21 males; age: 20.5±2.2 years) underwent six passive WBV sessions (frequency 30 Hz, amplitude approximately 0.5 mm) and six non-vibration control sessions of two minutes each while sitting on a chair mounted on a vibrating platform. A passive WBV session was alternated with a control session. Directly after each session, performance on the Stroop Color-Block Test (CBT), Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT), Stroop Difference Score (SDS) and Digit Span Backward task (DSBT) was measured. In half of the passive WBV and control sessions the test order was CBT-CWIT-DSBT, and DSBT-CBT-CWIT in the other half. Passive WBV improved CWIT (p = 0.009; effect size r = 0.20) and SDS (p = 0.034; r = 0.16) performance, but only when the CBT and CWIT preceded the DSBT. CBT and DSBT performance did not change. This study shows that two minutes passive WBV has positive acute effects on attention and inhibition in young adults, notwithstanding their high cognitive functioning which could have hampered improvement. This finding indicates the potential of passive WBV as a cognition-enhancing therapy worth further evaluation, especially in persons unable to perform active forms of exercise. PMID:24949870

Cold therapy is commonly used as a procedure to relieve pain symptoms, particularly in inflammatory diseases, injuries and overuse symptoms. A peculiar form of cold therapy (or stimulation) was proposed 30 years ago for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The therapy, called whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), consists of exposure to very cold air that is maintained at -110 degrees C to -140 degrees C in special temperature-controlled cryochambers, generally for 2 minutes. WBC is used to relieve pain and inflammatory symptoms caused by numerous disorders, particularly those associated with rheumatic conditions, and is recommended for the treatment of arthritis, fibromyalgia and ankylosing spondylitis. In sports medicine, WBC has gained wider acceptance as a method to improve recovery from muscle injury. Unfortunately, there are few papers concerning the application of the treatment on athletes. The study of possible enhancement of recovery from injuries and possible modification of physiological parameters, taking into consideration the limits imposed by antidoping rules, is crucial for athletes and sports physicians for judging the real benefits and/or limits of WBC. According to the available literature, WBC is not harmful or detrimental in healthy subjects. The treatment does not enhance bone marrow production and could reduce the sport-induced haemolysis. WBC induces oxidative stress, but at a low level. Repeated treatments are apparently not able to induce cumulative effects; on the contrary, adaptive changes on antioxidant status are elicited--the adaptation is evident where WBC precedes or accompanies intense training. WBC is not characterized by modifications of immunological markers and leukocytes, and it seems to not be harmful to the immunological system. The WBC effect is probably linked to the modifications of immunological molecules having paracrine effects, and not to systemic immunological functions. In fact, there is an increase in anti

Whole-body electron irradiation for mycosis fungoides is described, using a short distance multiple field technique for an electron beam of normal energy 4 Mev from a Philips SL75/10 linear accelerator, which minimised x-ray contamination. No special equipment or modifications were required. The energy of the electron beam was adjusted so that the 80% depth dose occurred at a depth of 13 mm. Treatment was given in four fractions per week. One quarter of the body surface was irradiated to 400 rads at each session. The dose rate at the patient was 100 rad/min. and the time for each treatment session was about 30 minutes. The groin, axillae and soles of the feet were treated by small electron fields to compensate for under dosage during the wholebodyirradiation. The eyes, fingernails and tonsils were protected by lead shields during treatment. (U.K.)

The whole of the experimental methods described (animal preparation, achievement of a precise physiological technique, dosimetry, biological information processing) allowed us to follow the changes for 15 days in the spontaneous and evoked electroencephalogram activities of rabbits submitted to a non-lethal 400 rads whole-body gamma-irradiation. Behavioural troubles, changes in the arousal state and the spontaneous electrical activity of the neo-cortex and hippocampus were noticed constantly together with an enhanced cortical excitability, and the appearance of elements of the paroxystic series sometimes in contrast with a general decrease in amplitude. After a visual stimulus the general morphology of evoked activities at the level of the primary visual areas and hippocampus was unchanged, but enhanced latencies and delays, less systematic modifications in amplitudes seemed to show out a direct effect of radiations on the nervous system and sensorial activities; these troubles seemed to occur independently from the basic electrical activity. As a whole, the changes observed were usually transitory and varied with each individual. Finally an assumption is made to explain the mechanism of arousal troubles and the general evolution of spontaneous electrical activity in the brain. (author) [French] 'L'ensemble des methodes experimentales decrites (preparation des animaux, mise au point d'une technique physiologique precise, dosimetrie, traitement de l'information biologique) a permis de suivre, pendant 15 jours, chez le lapin soumis a une irradiation gamma globale non letale de 400 rads, les modifications des activites electroencephaliques spontanees et evoquees. De facon constante, on note des troubles du comportement, des modifications de la vigilance et de l'activite electrique spontanee du neo-cortex et de l'hippocampe, ainsi qu'une augmentation de l'excitabilite corticale, l'apparition d'elements de la serie

An acoustical handheld hydration monitor (HM) for assessing the water balance of the human body was developed. Dehydration is a critical public health problem. Many elderly over age of 65 are particularly vulnerable as are infants and young children. Given that dehydration is both preventable and reversible, the need for an easy-to-perform method for the detection of water imbalance is of the utmost clinical importance. The HM is based on an experimental fact that ultrasound velocity in muscle is a linear function of water content and can be referenced to the hydration status of the body. Studies on the validity of HM for the assessment of whole-body hydration status were conducted in the Appalachian State University, USA, on healthy young adults and on elderly subjects residing at an assisted living facility. The HM was able to track changes in total body water during periods of acute dehydration and rehydration in athletes and day-to-day and diurnal variability of hydration in elderly. Results of human studies indicate that HM has a potential to become an efficient tool for detecting abnormal changes in the body hydration status.

Every radiation field yields a standard irradiation technique in the application of megavolt-devices. For physical-technical radiation planning the adjustment with the therapy simulator is necessary. The small-field radiation therapy is to plan more easily, if whole-body-computer tomogram sections are available. In large-field radiation therapy those are not needed. This is valid especially for constant fields. In the case of irradiation with telecobalt, movement irradiation are in question, especially when wholebody tomogramms are helpful. (DG)

A recovery formula recommended by commissions III and IV of the Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs was tested on goldhamsters. Two test schemes were studied: in the first one recovery took place after irradiating 5 times ''equivalent'' to 100 R at a distance of 20 d with a combined residual damage ''equivalent'' to 100 R, in the second one with ''equivalent'' doses of up to the residual damage of 100 R at a distance of 11 d, which corresponds to a particularly bad recovery phase of the hamster. In both events the residual damage proved to be below the anticipated values. It is being discussed whether these results can be transferred to humans. (MG)

Radiation protection occupationally exposed personnel and the public is considered in this study. It was done the experimental determination of the exposure rates at critical points in the area of radiotherapy and it was evaluated the staff dosimetry

We have reported the cytoprotective effects of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 on various stress damage induced by mild heating. In this study, we examined the cytoprotective effects of HSP 70 induced by the local preheating of the oral cavity of mice at 42 deg C for 30 mm, and the following results were obtained. We also examined the cytoprotective effects against radiation injury by whole-body preheating at 41.3-41.6 deg C for 30 min. The concentration of HSP 70 in lymphocytes was increased 2 days after preheating, but not significantly. The concentration of HSP 70 in masseter muscle was significantly increased 2 days after preheating. Under non-heat stress (control), tongue muscle was strongly stained with immunoblotting of HSP 72 antibody, an antibody of induced-type HSP 70. Tongue damage and weight loss of the mice in the preheating group, whose tongues were burned, were less than in the control group. These results showed that HSP 70 induced by local preheating of the oral cavity protected against tongue damage from burning. Radiation injury of the small intestine on HE stain of whole-body radiated mice was obviously reduced by whole-body preheating. Decrease of the ratio of the villus length to the crypt of wholebody-irradiated mice was significantly improved by whole-body preheating. From these results, it was concluded that local and whole-body preheating were useful for cytoprotection from stressful damage. (author)

Fourteen patients with a variety of neoplasms not responsive to standard forms of therapy underwent wholebody hyperthermia for a maximum 4 h at 41.8 degrees C. This was a phase-I cancer trial designed to develop wholebody hyperthermia as an adjuvant to systemic chemotherapy. Intravenous analgesia was used to sedate patients, obviating the need for general endotracheal anesthesia. Hyperthermia was induced by means of a high-flow water perfusion suit. Cardiovascular performance was evaluated using a flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter. Patients developed a twofold mean increase in cardiac index without evidence of cardiac damage by ECG or creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes. An acute fall in serum magnesium and phosphate and an acute rise in arterial pH, serum CPK values, and granulocyte count occurred in all patients. There were no clotting abnormalities. Toxicity included fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and transient elevations in liver enzymes. Four patients were febrile for 36 h after initial defervescence. Peripheral neuropathy developed in four. These results show that with carefully monitored conditions wholebody hyperthermia is feasible. PMID:426399

Results are presented for the sensitivity of the existing Winfrith WholeBody Monitor equipment when used for measurement of sodium-24 activity in solution in a polythene man-phantom. The relationship is discussed between these results and those expected for the sodium-24 produced in a human body by accidental neutron irradiation. Estimates are made of the additional contribution of chlorine-38 activity at various times after wholebodyirradiation. (author)

In pediatric patients wholebody MRI has a relevant impact on both, diagnostic work-up and treatment. Using adapted sequence protocols comprehensive imaging without radiation exposure is possible avoiding additional examinations in many cases. Especially in bone marrow the differentiation between normal and abnormal finding can be difficult, therefore the knowledge of normal maturing of organs is important. Wholebody diffusion weighted imaging particularly in neuroblastomas or sarcomas improves the low specificity of conventional MR-protocols. Technical prerequisites, examination protocol and strategies, image interpretation, indications and clinical relevance as well as advantages and disadvantages of wholebody MRI will be discussed on the basis of application-oriented cases and the literature.

Introducing mobile humanoid robots into human environments requires the systems to physically interact and execute multiple concurrent tasks. The monograph at hand presents a whole-body torque controller for dexterous and safe robotic manipulation. This control approach enables a mobile humanoid robot to simultaneously meet several control objectives with different pre-defined levels of priority, while providing the skills for compliant physical contacts with humans and the environment. After a general introduction into the topic of whole-body control, several essential reactive tasks are developed to extend the repertoire of robotic control objectives. Additionally, the classical Cartesian impedance is extended to the case of mobile robots. All of these tasks are then combined and integrated into an overall, priority-based control law. Besides the experimental validation of the approach, the formal proof of asymptotic stability for this hierarchical controller is presented. By interconnecting the whole-body ...

In this work the variables affecting the response in wholebody counting systems are theoretically parametrized. These variables include the number of detectors, detector orientation relative to the human body, the presence of collimation systems and the shape of such collimators. The results of this study led to the development of a new wholebody counter whose response could be adjusted to any required degree according to the problem under study. The response adjustment is simply achieved by displacing the detectors relative to a fixed collimation system. The calculated response of the proposed system is checked experimentally and the agreement is excellent. (orig.)

Purpose: To quantify creatine kinase (CK) activity changes across time following an acute bout of whole-body vibration (WBV) and determine the association between changes in CK activity and jumping performance. Method: Twenty-six elite young basketball players were assigned to 3 groups: 36-Hz and 46-Hz vibration groups (G36 and G46, respectively)…

It was envisaged to conduct an intercomparison of wholebody monitors currently in operation at various health physics units in India. This lead to the delineation of aims and formulation of procedures for conducting the intercomparison. This paper describes these along with the progress made so far. (R.G.). 2 refs., 1 fig., 4 tabs

A static four-detector system has been established as a wholebody radioactivity measurement system. A technique is being developed to position the detectors in such a manner as to minimise longitudinal distribution effects within a subject. This technique, which represents the human body as a simple geometric model, requires the determination of efficiency at any point within this model

BABYSCAN, a wholebody counter for small children with a detection limit for $^{137}$Cs of better than 50 Bq/body, was developed, and the first unit has been installed at a hospital in Fukushima, to help families with small children who are very much concerned about internal exposures. The design principles, implementation details and the initial operating experience are described.

This report describes a WholeBody Monitor based on four uncollimated NaI(Tl) detectors in a static geometry in use at the Australian Radiation Laboratory. A detailed discussion is presented on the methodology used to estimate the detector efficiency for any arbitrary source whose shape can be described analytically. This procedure is valid for photon emitters in the range 120 keV to 2.6 MeV. By the use of simple geometric models, this approach is applied to the wholebody as well as for certain internal organs. For lower photon energies, a discussion of methods using NaI(Tl) detectors to detect in-vivo sources by analysis of pulse-height spectra, is presented. In addition, the application of the WholeBody Monitor in the study of human calcium metabolism, using the tracer 47Ca is described. Results of measurments on the natural activity of possible candidates for components of the concrete base of the WholeBody Monitor are presented. 74 refs., 22 tabs., 40 figs

BABYSCAN, a wholebody counter for small children with a detection limit for 137Cs of better than 50 Bq/body, was developed, and the first unit has been installed at a hospital in Fukushima, to help families with small children who are very much concerned about internal exposures. The design principles, implementation details and the initial operating experience are described. (paper)

Full Text Available Insulin resistance may be assessed as wholebody or hepatic.To study factors associated with both types of insulin resistance.Cross-sectional study of 182 obese children. Somatometric measurements were registered, and the following three adiposity indexes were compared: BMI, waist-to-height ratio and visceral adiposity. Whole-body insulin resistance was evaluated using HOMA-IR, with 2.5 as the cut-off point. Hepatic insulin resistance was considered for IGFBP-1 level quartiles 1 to 3 (<6.67 ng/ml. We determined metabolite and hormone levels and performed a liver ultrasound.The majority, 73.1%, of obese children had whole-body insulin resistance and hepatic insulin resistance, while 7% did not have either type. HOMA-IR was negatively associated with IGFBP-1 and positively associated with BMI, triglycerides, leptin and mother's BMI. Girls had increased HOMA-IR. IGFBP-1 was negatively associated with waist-to-height ratio, age, leptin, HOMA-IR and IGF-I. We did not find HOMA-IR or IGFBP-1 associated with fatty liver.In school-aged children, BMI is the best metric to predict whole-body insulin resistance, and waist-to-height ratio is the best predictor of hepatic insulin resistance, indicating that central obesity is important for hepatic insulin resistance. The reciprocal negative association of IGFBP-1 and HOMA-IR may represent a strong interaction of the physiological processes of both whole-body and hepatic insulin resistance.

Details are described of a simulated body shape utilized to determine patient dosimetry within wholebody ultraviolet treatment cabinets. The body shape was designed to have a shape characteristic of the patient group undergoing treatment and was utilized in several Waldmann wholebody treatment cabinets and with irradiance measurements undertaken using a Bentham DM150C spectroradiometer. It was considered that the rigid defined structure of the body shape allowed satisfactory reproducibility of measurements in such cabinets and also allowed additional parameters to be identified for evaluation of performance of such units. (note)

In 2008, EURADOS (the European Radiation Dosimetry Group) started to organise a self-sustained programme of regular intercomparisons with the aims of encouraging and facilitating the participation of individual monitoring services (IMS) in intercomparisons. To date, three intercomparisons for wholebody dosemeters (IC2008, IC2010 and IC2012) and one for extremity dosemeters (IC2009) have been carried out. This paper presents the recent results of the 2012 intercomparison for wholebody dosemeters. At the 2012 intercomparisons 75 institutes with 87 dosimetry systems (most passive) participated from 28 European and 2 non-European countries. For the irradiations a number of different reference photon radiation qualities (x-ray and nuclide sources) were used. The results show that 90% of all systems fulfil the general performance criteria from ISO 14146. The paper gives a comprehensive overview on the performance of various European dosimetry services and the influence of the dosemeter type and detector material on the resulting response values. - Highlights: • Constantly increasing number of participants since 2008. • 75 participants with 89 different systems. • The median of all response values is very close to unity. • In total 79% of all single results are within the trumpet curve. • Next planed intercomparison: whole-body/photon in 2014

One of the major health risks to astronauts is radiation on long-duration space missions. Space radiation from sun and galactic cosmic rays consists primarily of 85% protons, 14% helium nuclei and 1% high-energy high-charge (HZE) particles, such as oxygen (16O), carbon, silicon, and iron ions. HZE particles exhibit dense linear tracks of ionization associated with clustered DNA damage and often high relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Therefore, new knowledge of risks from HZE particle exposures must be obtained. In the present study, we investigated the acute effects of low doses of 16O irradiation on the hematopoietic system. Specifically, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to 0.1, 0.25 and 1.0 Gy wholebody 16O (600 MeV/n) irradiation and examined the effects on peripheral blood (PB) cells, and bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) at two weeks after the exposure. The results showed that the numbers of white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and platelets were significantly decreased in PB after exposure to 1.0 Gy, but not to 0.1 or 0.25 Gy. However, both the frequency and number of HPCs and HSCs were reduced in a radiation dose-dependent manner in comparison to un-irradiated controls. Furthermore, HPCs and HSCs from irradiated mice exhibited a significant reduction in clonogenic function determined by the colony-forming and cobblestone area-forming cell assays. These acute adverse effects of 16O irradiation on HSCs coincided with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced cell cycle entry of quiescent HSCs, and increased DNA damage. However, none of the 16O exposures induced apoptosis in HSCs. These data suggest that exposure to low doses of 16O irradiation induces acute BM injury in a dose-dependent manner primarily via increasing ROS production, cell cycling, and DNA damage in HSCs. This finding may aid in developing novel strategies in the protection of the hematopoietic

Full Text Available One of the major health risks to astronauts is radiation on long-duration space missions. Space radiation from sun and galactic cosmic rays consists primarily of 85% protons, 14% helium nuclei and 1% high-energy high-charge (HZE particles, such as oxygen (16O, carbon, silicon, and iron ions. HZE particles exhibit dense linear tracks of ionization associated with clustered DNA damage and often high relative biological effectiveness (RBE. Therefore, new knowledge of risks from HZE particle exposures must be obtained. In the present study, we investigated the acute effects of low doses of 16O irradiation on the hematopoietic system. Specifically, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to 0.1, 0.25 and 1.0 Gy wholebody 16O (600 MeV/n irradiation and examined the effects on peripheral blood (PB cells, and bone marrow (BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs at two weeks after the exposure. The results showed that the numbers of white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and platelets were significantly decreased in PB after exposure to 1.0 Gy, but not to 0.1 or 0.25 Gy. However, both the frequency and number of HPCs and HSCs were reduced in a radiation dose-dependent manner in comparison to un-irradiated controls. Furthermore, HPCs and HSCs from irradiated mice exhibited a significant reduction in clonogenic function determined by the colony-forming and cobblestone area-forming cell assays. These acute adverse effects of 16O irradiation on HSCs coincided with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS, enhanced cell cycle entry of quiescent HSCs, and increased DNA damage. However, none of the 16O exposures induced apoptosis in HSCs. These data suggest that exposure to low doses of 16O irradiation induces acute BM injury in a dose-dependent manner primarily via increasing ROS production, cell cycling, and DNA damage in HSCs. This finding may aid in developing novel strategies in the protection of the

Full Text Available A whole-body counter has been commissioned at INMAS for radiation protection and clinical applications including body potassium estimations. It has 4-crystal bed geometry inside a shielded enclosure. The background index of the system (counts per minute per cc detector volume in the energy band 0.1-2 me V is about 0.6 comparing favorably with other whole-body monitors in the world. The sensitivity is 0.5 cpm per gram of K. Body potassium can be estimated can be estimated correct to 10 g for one hour counting. The variation in detector response to a point source on the mid-line of the bed is + - 10% of the mean over a length of 170 cm. The usefulness of the large dimensions of the enclosure chosen is discussed.

The first wholebody counter (WBC) built in Brazil used sugar as shielding material, and for this reason became internationally known as the open-quotes Sugar Bowl.close quotes The main purpose of building that first WBC was to detect natural gamma emitters other than 40K in the inhabitants of Guarapari, then a small fishing village with a population not greater than 6,000 people, suspected of having long-lived contamination with natural radionuclides of the 232Th and 238U series. However, the Sugar Bowl was also used to wholebody count the workers of a gas mantle factory. This paper reviews the history behind the construction and uses of the Sugar Bowl, as well as presents a brief view of the basic characteristics of the subsequent WBCs built in Brazil. A total of 12 WBCs have been in existence in this country until today

Beginning of this century is hallmarked by arrival of hybrid imaging PET/CT (positron emission tomography/computerized tomography) which has become a standard of care primarily in oncology in a short span of time. Continuous research and development by industry and academia for exploiting the excellent soft tissue contrast, spectroscopy and precise measurement of various functional parameters by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with PET has resulted in emergence of wholebody PET/MRI. It is expected this new hybrid modality would be warmly welcomed due to high magnitude of functional and morphostructural information at molecular level with low radiation dose which is indeed a point of concern for young and paediatric population. This short technical report for nuclear medicine readers will focus upon the various configuration and acquisition sequences of PET/MRI, attenuation correction and clinical applications of wholebody simultaneous PET/MRI. PMID:24640813

Introducing mobile humanoid robots into human environments requires the systems to realize soft physical contacts. In this context, the thesis presents a whole-body robot controller for dexterous physical interaction. The approach enables the robot to perform several control tasks at the same time while following a given order of priority. The theoretical results are experimentally validated on a mobile, torque-controlled humanoid robot. Relevant fields of application are service robotics or ...

The European Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) first started performing international intercomparisons for whole-body dosemeters for individual monitoring services in 1998. Since 2008, these whole-body intercomparisons have been performed on a regular basis. In this latest intercomparison (IC2014), 96 monitoring services from 35 countries (mostly European) participated with 112 dosimetry systems. Unlike in the previous intercomparisons, the whole registration, communication and data exchange process was handled by a new on-line platform. All dosemeter irradiations were carried out in the Seibersdorf accredited dosimetry laboratory. The irradiation plan consisted of nine irradiation setups with five different photon radiation qualities (S-Cs, S-Co, RQR7, W-80 and W-150) and two different angles of radiation incidence (0° and 60°). The paper describes and analyses the individual results for the personal dose equivalent quantities Hp(10) and if requested, Hp(0.07), for all participating systems and compares these results with the ISO 14146 'trumpet curve' performance criteria. The results show that 100 systems (89 % of all systems) do fulfil the general ISO 14146 performance criteria. This paper gives an overview on the performance of the participating individual monitoring services and the influence of the dosemeter type on the observed response values. PMID:26763903

In several countries guidelines exist concerning the requirements of whole-body counter measurements where the performance criteria for the quantities of bias, precision and minimum detectable amount are specified. One or more of these quantities are mostly the subject of intercomparison programmes. The whole-body counter laboratory of the KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute has paid great attention to the good quality of measurements carried out for the determination of radionuclides incorporated in the human body. Participation in intercomparison programmes proved to be a very important and useful tool to check the capability and reliability of methods used. This laboratory participated in nine international intercomparison exercises organised in recent years, by means of which the counting efficiency has been tested for different detectors, monitoring geometries, body shapes and sizes, calibration and evaluation methods used. It can be concluded that in the majority of cases the results obtained were well within the range of performance criteria generally accepted in whole-body counting. (author)

A national survey of whole-body radioactivity was undertaken. A mobile whole-body counter visited collaborating Medical Physics Departments and Hospitals in England and Wales. Data were also obtained from an installed whole-body counter at the West Cumberland Hospital, Whitehaven, and from a control site at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. 1657 volunteer members of the public were measured, including 162 children. 36% of volunteers had been measured in a similar survey 2 years earlier, and showed between a two and five fold reduction in body radiocaesium. No radiocaesium was detected in 54% of people measured. Measurements showed a progressive fall over the course of the study, reaching a baseline of 0.3 Bq137Cs/gK. In 1989, the additional radiation dose incurred from radiocaesium varied from a maximum of 4.1 μSv in Cumbria to 1.5 μSv in the South East, compared with the average annual radiation dose of 2500 μSv due to all other causes. No other gamma-emitting radionuclides were found. Results are consistent with Chernobyl as the source of the radiocaesium detected. (author)

Whole-body thallium-201 scintigraphy using supine and sitting exercise stress testings were performed to study the fractional distribution of cardiac output of the influences on exercise postures and transient myocardial ischemia in sixty-two patients with ischemic heart diseases. These patients were classified into two groups with and without transient myocardial ischemia by findings of exercise thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy recorded at the same time. The regions of interest (ROI) were drawn over the wholebody and each organ (heart, lung, liver and thigh), and then, the percent distribution (%D) was calculated in each organ. The %D of heart was little affected by transient ischemia, postures and duration of exercise, and its value was kept to be nearly 5 - 6 % in any condition. The %D of lung and liver were affected by postures, duration of exercise, transient ischemia, and %D of other organs, especially thigh. The %D of thigh was affected by duration of exercise and postures. The %D of thigh showed a reverse tendency to the %D of lung and liver. We conclude that whole-body thallium-201 scintigraphy is a useful means for evaluation of blood flow distribution induced by exercise and posture change. (author)

Full Text Available Abstract Background Digital anatomical atlases are increasingly used in order to depict different gene expression patterns and neuronal morphologies within a standardized reference template. In evo-devo, a discipline in which the comparison of gene expression patterns is a widely used approach, such standardized anatomical atlases would allow a more rigorous assessment of the conservation of and changes in gene expression patterns during micro- and macroevolutionary time scales. Due to its small size and invariant early development, the annelid Platynereis dumerilii is particularly well suited for such studies. Recently a reference template with registered gene expression patterns has been generated for the anterior part (episphere of the Platynereis trochophore larva and used for the detailed study of neuronal development. Results Here we introduce and evaluate a method for whole-body gene expression pattern registration for Platynereis trochophore and nectochaete larvae based on whole-mount in situ hybridization, confocal microscopy, and image registration. We achieved high-resolution whole-body scanning using the mounting medium 2,2’-thiodiethanol (TDE, which allows the matching of the refractive index of the sample to that of glass and immersion oil thereby reducing spherical aberration and improving depth penetration. This approach allowed us to scan entire whole-mount larvae stained with nitroblue tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (NBT/BCIP in situ hybridization and counterstained fluorescently with an acetylated-tubulin antibody and the nuclear stain 4’6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI. Due to the submicron isotropic voxel size whole-mount larvae could be scanned in any orientation. Based on the whole-body scans, we generated four different reference templates by the iterative registration and averaging of 40 individual image stacks using either the acetylated-tubulin or the nuclear-stain signal for each developmental

Background: Bone marrow (BM)-derived cells were demonstrated within intestines after radiation damage and were reported to be responsible for intestine repair. However, there was a discrepancy between intestine epithelial clonogenic regeneration, and mouse survival after BM transplantation (BMT) and radiation. The contribution of BM to acute intestine repair after radiation needed further investigation. Methods: Mouse survival, intestine microcolony assay, immunohistochemical studies of both intestine and BM were evaluated in mice after wholebodyirradiation (WBI) and BMT. Immunoblotting, flowcytometry, and double immunostaining were used to evaluate the amount and the character of stroma cells within intestines of recipient mice after receiving gender-mismatched BMT or BMT from green fluorescence donors. Results: Stromal cell proliferation within the lamina propria correlated with the beneficial effect of BMT to intestine recovery and day-8 survival of mice. Few donor-derived cells were found before the completion of intestine repair. The number of host but not donor-derived myelomonocytic and stromal cells increased dramatically within one week after radiation and BMT. Depletion of myelomonocytic cells of recipient mice abolished the mitigating effect of BMT. Conclusions: Besides rescuing injured BM from aplasia, BMT triggers trafficking of host CD11b(+) myelomonocytic cells from the host marrow to the radiation-injured intestinal mucosa, enhancing the proliferation of intestinal stroma cells, leading secondarily to epithelial regeneration.

The mechanism of regulation of the nitrogen metabolism in humans under various nutritional and physiological states was examined using stable isotopes. In the simultaneous continuous infusion of 1- [13] - leucine and α- [15N]- lysine, their fluxed decreased when individuals received lower protein intake. The rates of oxidation and incorporation into body proteins of leucine changed in parallel with the protein intake. Such effects of diet on wholebody leucine kinetics were modified by the energy state and dietary energy level. The nitrogen balance was also improved by an excess level of dietary energy. When the intake of dietary protein was lowered below the maintenance level, the wholebody flux and de novo synthesis of glycine were lowered, but alanine synthesis was clearly increased. The intravenous infusion of glucose at 4 mg/kg.min, which causes increase in excess blood sugar and plasma insulin, increased the alanine flux, but had no effect on the glycine flux. The rate of albumin synthesis, determined by giving 15N-glycine orally every 3 hr, decreased with the lowered intake of dietary protein in young men, but not in elderly men. This explains why the serum albumin synthesis increases with the increase in the intake of dietary protein in young men, but not in elderly men. The rate of wholebody protein synthesis in young men receiving the L-amino acid diets providing with the required intake of specific amino acid was much lower than that in the men receiving the diets providing with generous intake of specific amino acid. Thus the control mechanism to maintain the homeostasis of body nitrogen and amino acids is related in some unknown way to the nutritional requirement of the hosts. (Kaihara, S.)

The objective of the current study was to provide a comprehensive characterization of human biomechanical response to whole-body, lateral impact. Three approximately 50th-percentile adult male PMHS were subjected to right-side pure lateral impacts at 4.3 ± 0.1 m/s using a rigid wall mounted to a rail-mounted sled. Each subject was positioned on a rigid seat and held stationary by a system of tethers until immediately prior to being impacted by the moving wall with 100 mm pelvic offset. Displacement data were obtained using an optoelectronic stereophotogrammetric system that was used to track the 3D motions of the impacting wall sled; seat sled, and reflective targets secured to the head, spine, extremities, ribcage, and shoulder complex of each subject. Kinematic data were also recorded using 3-axis accelerometer cubes secured to the head, pelvis, and spine at the levels of T1, T6, T11, and L3. Chest deformation in the transverse plane was recorded using a single chestband. Following the impact the subject was captured in an energy-absorbing net that provided a controlled non-injurious deceleration. The wall maintained nearly constant velocity throughout the impact event. One of the tested subjects sustained 16 rib fractures as well as injury to the struck shoulder while the other two tested subjects sustained no injuries. The collected response data suggest that the shoulder injury may have contributed to the rib fractures in the injured subject. The results suggest that the shoulder presents a substantial load path and may play an important role in transmitting lateral forces to the spine, shielding and protecting the ribcage. This characterization of whole-body, lateral impact response provides quantified subject responses and boundary condition interactions that are currently unavailable for whole-body, lateral impacts at impact speeds less than 6.7 m/s. PMID:21512913

This cross-sectional study is based on interviews and medical examinations of 352 operators of earth-moving machines who had been exposed to whole-body vibrations for at least three years. In addition, available X-rays showing different parts of the spines of 251 machine operators who had been exposed to vibration for at least ten years were used for evaluation. One hundred and forty-nine of the operators were asked about discomfort occurring immediately after an eight-hour work shift. The group of exposed persons was compared with a control group of 215 non-exposed persons. The percentage of subjects reporting spinal discomfort was much higher for the exposed group than for the non-exposed group. 68.7% of the operators complained of spinal discomfort in the lumbar spine, 6.8% in the thoracic column and 18.2% in the cervical column. The discomfort reported immediately after an eight-hour exposure to whole-body vibration was highly age-dependent. The epidemiological study resulted in an objective conformation of the spinal discomfort reported, 2/3 of which were related by the operators to the lumbar syndrome. Lumbar syndrome (81%) accounted for by far the highest number of spinal disorders. Examinations of the operators with at least ten years of exposure to whole-body vibrations showed that morphological changes in the lumbar spine occur earlier and much more frequently than in the case of non-exposed persons. Problems of etiology and pathogenesis are discussed. PMID:3497111

The function, design and construction of the A.E.E. Winfrith WholeBody Monitor are described. The main purpose of the monitor is to measure gamma emitting radioisotopes in the human body. Its performance, capabilities and limitations are discussed and a summary is given of experience gained and results obtained during the first few months of operation. The future programme of measurements and development is outlined. Some basic design criteria are put forward as a result of the experience and results obtained. (author)

In the Marinelli chair, a geometry widely used in wholebody counting, the lower part of the leg is seen quite inefficiently by the detector. The present paper describes an attempt to modify the standard chair geometry to minimise this limitation. The subject sits crossed-legged in the 'Buddha Posture' in the standard chair. Studies with humanoid phantoms and a volunteer sitting in the Buddha posture show that this modification brings marked improvement over the Marinelli chair both from the point of view of sensitivity and uniformity of spatial response. (orig.)

Calculation of the estimated body surface area (BSA) by body height and weight has been a challenge in the past centuries due to lack of a well-documented gold standard. More recently, available techniques such as 3D laser surface scanning and CT scanning may be expected to quantify the BSA...... in an easier and more accurate way. This study provides the first comparison between BSA obtained from post-mortem whole-body CT scans and BSA calculated by nine predictive formulae. The sample consisted of 54 male cadavers ranging from 20 to 87 years old. 3D reconstructions were generated from CT scans using...

The management of Radiological Safety of the Nuclear Center of Mexico has a wholebody detection system Trade mark Canberra, manufactured by Bio-nuclear Measurements Inc. Ipswich Massachusetts. These systems are used to detect contamination of I-131 in thyroid and other nuclides (Cs-137, Cs-134, Co-60, etc.) in thorax. In this work the procedure that was continued for the setting in march of the thyroid detector is presented. A description of this system and an analysis of the uncertainties involved in the measures of activity of I-131 in thyroid of people occupationally exposed is made. (Author)

The CD covers the complete, second and fully revised edition of the standard textbook,'' Whole-body CT'' by O.H. Wegener, expanded by multimedia functions. The CD offers fast and pinpointed access to the well over 1500 illustrations, tables and chapters by way of the table of contents and a keyword index, with access functions being tailored to the needs of the user. The interactive anatomy teaching program has been optimized by functions such as easy display of sectional images either as original tomographic pictures or as processed illustrations. Various functions for colour modification that can be combined allow enhancement and highlighting of selected tissue types, and highlighting of structures. (VHE)

Full Text Available Vibration was defined that oscillation of the body according to the reference point. The tools that are used in industry and are the source of vibration cause diseases. For this reason, the vibration has been one of the factors that affect the health and of the most widely researched in the field of ergonomics. The perceived intensity and health effects of vibration depend on the vibration frequency, intensity, direction, acceleration, duration of exposure, vibration affects the region, age, gender, posture, distance from the source person, activity, time of day and the person\\s overall health condition. The one of the most common health effects of wholebody vibration is impact on musculoskeletal system. In many studies, indicated that whole-body vibration effect waist, back, shoulder and neck especially. There were varied studies that hormone levels were not changed as well there were varied studies that hormone levels were increased or decreased. There were varied studies about the digestive and circulatory system. In these studies, digestive system complaints, peptic ulcer, gastritis, varicose veins and hemorrhoids were determined frequently. For protection the health effect of vibration, Directives of the European Commission, Turkish Standards, Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise and Vibration Regulations were published. For the control of vibration are need technical and medical measures and education [TAF Prev Med Bull 2014; 13(2.000: 177-186

The FASTSCAN wholebody counter is designed to quickly and accurately monitor people for internal contamination of radionuclides with energies between 300 keV to 1.8 MeV. The FASTSCAN system uses large area sodium iodide detectors and Canberra's ABACOS and Genie Software to achieve low minimum detectable activities with count times as fast as one minute. Canberra's FASTSCAN System includes two large sodium iodide detectors (Nal(Tl)) 7.6 x 12.7 x 40.6 cm that typically provide a priori Lower Limit of Detection of approximately 150 Bq (4 nCi) for Co-60 with a count time of one minute for a normal person containing K-40. Two different analytical tools for gamma analysis have been compared: a ) traditional method based on analysis of only full absorption peak (PNA), and b ) vector method based on whole spectrum processing (WSP). The PNA calculations have been performed using Canberra's Genie 2000 Software. On the other hand, own BOB Spectra Discovery System has been used for the WSP calculations of incident spectra. The calibration of the both systems has been made employing the Canberra Transfer Phantom for in vivo wholebody counter. A comparison study of the both method has been performed according to uniform Curie' s concept of minimum detectable activity. (author)

The FASTSCAN wholebody counter is designed to quickly and accurately monitor people for internal contamination of radionuclides with energies between 300 keV to 1.8 MeV. The FASTSCAN system uses large area sodium iodide detectors and Canberra's ABACOS and Genie Software to achieve low minimum detectable activities with count times as fast as one minute. Canberra's FASTSCAN System includes two large sodium iodide detectors (Nal(Tl)) 7.6 x 12.7 x 40.6 cm that typically provide a priori Lower Limit of Detection of approximately 150 Bq (4 nCi) for Co-60 with a count time of one minute for a normal person containing K-40. Two different analytical tools for gamma analysis have been compared: a ) traditional method based on analysis of only full absorption peak (PNA), and b ) vector method based on whole spectrum processing (WSP). The PNA calculations have been performed using Canberra's Genie 2000 Software. On the other hand, own BOB Spectra Discovery System has been used for the WSP calculations of incident spectra. The calibration of the both systems has been made employing the Canberra Transfer Phantom for in vivo wholebody counter. A comparison study of the both method has been performed according to uniform Curie' s concept of minimum detectable activity. (authors)

Insidious brain microinjury from motor vehicle-induced whole-body vibration (WBV) has not yet been investigated. For a long time we have believed that WBV would cause cumulative brain microinjury and impair cerebral function, which suggests an important risk factor for motor vehicle accidents and secondary cerebral vascular diseases. Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups (n = 8): 1) 2-week normal control group, 2) 2-week sham control group (restrained in the tube without vibration), 3) 2-week vibration group (exposed to whole-body vibration at 30 Hz and 0.5g acceleration for 4 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 2 weeks), 4) 4-week sham control group, 5) 4-week vibration group, 6) 8-week sham control group, and 7) 8-week vibration group. At the end point, all rats were evaluated in behavior, physiological, and brain histopathological studies. The cerebral injury from WBV is a cumulative process starting with vasospasm squeezing of the endothelial cells, followed by constriction of the cerebral arteries. After the 4-week vibration, brain neuron apoptosis started. After the 8-week vibration, vacuoles increased further in the brain arteries. Brain capillary walls thickened, mean neuron size was obviously reduced, neuron necrosis became prominent, and wide-ranging chronic cerebral edema was seen. These pathological findings are strongly correlated with neural functional impairments. PMID:25557339

Full Text Available The report of the World Health Organization (WHO of 2008 defines osteoporosis as a disease characterized by low bone mass and an increased risk of fracture. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is connected to the decrease in estrogens concentration as a result of malfunction of endocrine ovarian function. Low estrogens concentration causes increase in bone demineralization and results in osteoporosis. Physical activity, as a component of therapy of patients with osteoporosis, has been used for a long time now. One of the forms of safe physical activity is the vibration training. Training is to maintain a static position or execution of specific exercises involving the appropriate muscles on a vibrating platform, the mechanical vibrations are transmitted to the body of the patient. According to the piezoelectric theory, pressure induces bone formation in the electrical potential difference, which acts as a stimulant of the process of bone formation. Wholebody vibration increases the level of growth hormone and testosterone in serum, preventing sarcopenia and osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to review the literature on vibration exercise in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis based on the PubMed and Medline database. While searching the database, the following key words were used ‘postmenopausal osteoporosis’ and ‘whole-body vibration exercise’.

Full Text Available Cellular metabolism continuously processes an enormous range of external compounds into endogenous metabolites and is as such a key element in human physiology. The multifaceted physiological role of the metabolic network fulfilling the catalytic conversions can only be fully understood from a whole-body perspective where the causal interplay of the metabolic states of individual cells, the surrounding tissue and the whole organism are simultaneously considered. We here present an approach relying on dynamic flux balance analysis that allows the integration of metabolic networks at the cellular scale into standardized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models at the whole-body level. To evaluate our approach we integrated a genome-scale network reconstruction of a human hepatocyte into the liver tissue of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of a human adult. The resulting multiscale model was used to investigate hyperuricemia therapy, ammonia detoxification and paracetamol-induced toxication at a systems level. The specific models simultaneously integrate multiple layers of biological organization and offer mechanistic insights into pathology and medication. The approach presented may in future support a mechanistic understanding in diagnostics and drug development.

Screening (early detection of disease in asymptomatic groups of persons) with whole-body MR (wb-MR) has only recently become possible. Technical requirements include extended scanner table range and extended coverage with surface coils. This allows for examining the wholebody without repositioning the patient. wb-MR angiography can be combined with cerebral and cardiac MR to form a comprehensive screening protocol for atherosclerosis; and many malignancies can technically be screened for, such as colonic, bronchial, or renal carcinoma. The prerequisites for suited target diseases include enhanced therapeutic options if the disease is detected in an early stage, they should be harmful if detected late, and they should be sufficiently prevalent. The first studies on wb-MR screening reported low prevalences of a variety of assessable pathologies in non-selected groups; prevalences, however, increase with the presence of risk factors. More recent results are suggestive of a potential prognostic impact of MR screening, but studies on the outcome have not yet been published. This article also discusses potential problems and limitations of wb-MR. Some tumour entities cannot sufficiently be assessed, although the structures are included in the field of view. Incidental findings have to be anticipated; they might have an unforeseeable impact on the subject's well being. wb-MR seems technically 'ready' for screening. The cost-benefit relation of wb-MR screening, however, especially the impact on the health of the screened subjects, still remains to be investigated.

Testicular irradiation in children suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia presents difficulties in relation to daily positioning, dosimetry for dose homogenization of complex geometry and volume change during irradiation thereof. This can lead to significant deviations from the prescribed doses. In addition, the usual techniques often associated with unnecessary irradiation of pelvic simphysis, anus and perineum. This, in the case of pediatric patients, is of great importance, since doses in the vicinity of 20 Gy are associated with a deviation of bone growth, low testosterone levels around 24 Gy and high rates of generation of second tumors. To overcome these problems we propose a special restraint in prone and non-coplanar irradiation.

SJL/J mice which developed a high incidence of spontaneous reticulum cell neoplasms, developed a low rate incidence (20-25%) of myeloid leukemia (ML) after X-irradiation. The possible effect of adrenal steroid imbalance to radiation-induced ML in SJL/J mice was tested. Intact and thymectomized animals were exposed to a single dose of 300 r wholebodyirradiation and treated with either hydrocortisone acetate, prednisone, metyrapone and adrenocorticotropin as coleukemogenic agents. Hydrocortisone and prednisone exerted a marked coleukemogenic effect, increasing the ML incidence to a similar rate of about 50-70%, at a mean latent period of 300 days. Prominent leukemic infiltration were observed in the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and liver of the leukemic animals. Results of cytological and histological studies, including cytochemistry and ultrastructure, were all consistent with the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Since AML is the type of human secondary leukemia which appears increasingly in patients treat with alkylating drugs and/or irradiation and corticosteroids for Hodgkin's disease or other neoplastic diseases, the experimental model of AML induced in SJL/J mice could be used for elucidation of mechanisms of leukemogenesis in secondary leukemia.

This study aimed to compare the variability of wholebody measurements, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), among geographically distinct centres versus that over time in a given centre. A Hologic-designed 28 kg modular wholebody phantom was used, including high density polyethylene, gray polyvinylchloride and aluminium. It was scanned on seven Hologic QDR 4500 DXA devices, located in seven centres and was also repeatedly (n = 18) scanned in the reference centre, over a time span of 5 months. The mean between-centre coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 2.0 (lean mass) to 5.6% (fat mass) while the mean within-centre CV ranged from 0.3 (total mass) to 4.7% (total area). Between-centre variability compared well with within-centre variability for total area, bone mineral content and bone mineral density, but was significantly higher for fat (p < 0.001), lean (p < 0.005) and total mass (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that, even when using the same device, the between-centre variability remains a matter of concern, particularly where body composition is concerned

Kaempferia parviflora extract (KP) has been reported to have a preventive effect on obesity in mice, probably by increasing energy expenditure (EE). The aims of the current study were to examine the acute effects of KP ingestion on whole-body EE in humans and to analyze its relation to the activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT), a site of non-shivering thermogenesis. After an oral ingestion of an ethanol extract of KP, EE increased significantly, showing a maximal increase of 229±69 kJ/d at 60 min, while it did not change after placebo ingestion. To evaluate BAT activity, the subjects underwent fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, and divided into two groups with high- and low-BAT activities. A similar and greater response of EE to KP ingestion was observed in the high-BAT group (351±50 kJ/d at 60 min), but not in the low activity group. Placebo ingestion did not cause any significant EE change in either group. These results indicate that a single oral ingestion of the KP extract can potentially increase whole-body EE probably through the activation of BAT in healthy men, and may be useful as an anti-obesity regimen. PMID:25994142

Objective: To assess the value of wholebody MR imaging in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Materials and methods: 24 patients (15-59 years; mean and median 36 years; 7 males; 17 females) with genetically proven neurofibromatosis type 1 were examined with wholebody MR imaging. Axial and coronal T1- and fat-suppressed T2-weighted images (slice thickness 6-12 mm) were acquired on a 1.5 T MR unit (Symphony; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). The images were reviewed by 2 radiologists: 1 senior, 1 junior. The criterion for a neurofibroma was a mass lesion with low signal intensity on T1 and high signal intensity on T2, along the course of a nerve. The location, size, general morphology and course along plexuses and nerves were evaluated. Cutaneous and subcutaneous neurofibromas were defined as 'superficial' neurofibromas. The other neurofibromas were regarded as 'deep' neurofibromas. Results: There were no major problems to differentiate neurofibromas from lymph nodes, vessels or cysts. The latter three were easily recognised by their typical shape and location, whereas neurofibromas occurred in regions where no mass lesion was anatomically expected. There was no relation between age and total number of neurofibromas throughout the body. Classification according to location and number of neurofibromas: 8 patients had only superficial neurofibromas, 1 only deep and 15 both superficial and deep lesions. Twelve patients had less than 15 neurofibromas and 12 had more. Classification according to course: in 8 patients the neurofibromas occurred along plexuses or proximal part of the intercostal nerves; in 16 patients the lesions were more peripheral. Classification according to morphology: 4 patients had plexiform neurofibromas and 20 patients had multiple solitary lesions. Twelve of these 20 patients had less than 15 lesions, and 8 had more. In 2 patients multiple solitary neurofibromas occurred along the nerve in a chain configuration. In one patient a clinically

Objective: To assess the value of wholebody MR imaging in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Materials and methods: 24 patients (15-59 years; mean and median 36 years; 7 males; 17 females) with genetically proven neurofibromatosis type 1 were examined with wholebody MR imaging. Axial and coronal T1- and fat-suppressed T2-weighted images (slice thickness 6-12 mm) were acquired on a 1.5 T MR unit (Symphony; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). The images were reviewed by 2 radiologists: 1 senior, 1 junior. The criterion for a neurofibroma was a mass lesion with low signal intensity on T1 and high signal intensity on T2, along the course of a nerve. The location, size, general morphology and course along plexuses and nerves were evaluated. Cutaneous and subcutaneous neurofibromas were defined as 'superficial' neurofibromas. The other neurofibromas were regarded as 'deep' neurofibromas. Results: There were no major problems to differentiate neurofibromas from lymph nodes, vessels or cysts. The latter three were easily recognised by their typical shape and location, whereas neurofibromas occurred in regions where no mass lesion was anatomically expected. There was no relation between age and total number of neurofibromas throughout the body. Classification according to location and number of neurofibromas: 8 patients had only superficial neurofibromas, 1 only deep and 15 both superficial and deep lesions. Twelve patients had less than 15 neurofibromas and 12 had more. Classification according to course: in 8 patients the neurofibromas occurred along plexuses or proximal part of the intercostal nerves; in 16 patients the lesions were more peripheral. Classification according to morphology: 4 patients had plexiform neurofibromas and 20 patients had multiple solitary lesions. Twelve of these 20 patients had less than 15 lesions, and 8 had more. In 2 patients multiple solitary neurofibromas occurred along the nerve in a chain configuration. In one

The 37Ar method promises to provide a technique for measuring wholebody calcium in vivo, at a significantly lower dose (10 mrem) than current techniques. The development of the method from a prototype system to a system capable of making human measurements relatively easily is reported here, with the results from wholebodyirradiations of 2 volunteer subjects. The results obtained by this method are made more difficult to interpret, because physiological factors influence the rate of release of 37Ar from bone into the expired air. Both trapping of 37Ar in bone, and the influence of the circulatory-respiratory transport system for inert gas have been studied experimentally. The results confirmed that approximately 30% of the argon is trapped indefinitely in bone, and suggested that physiological factors other than bone could introduce a difference of 3-10% between individuals for a single breath collection of 20 minutes. The process of inert gas transport in and elimination from the body has been further investigated using a computer-based compartmental model, which identified the lung as the compartment, other than the bone, most affecting the exhalation rate, and provided further evidence for the inadvisability of closed circuit breath collection systems. (author)

Full Text Available The aim of the study is to characterize the local muscles motion in individuals undergoing wholebody mechanical stimulation. In this study we aim also to evaluate how subject positioning modifies vibration dumping, altering local mechanical stimulus. Vibrations were delivered to subjects by the use of a vibrating platform, while stimulation frequency was increased linearly from 15 to 60 Hz. Two different subject postures were here analysed. Platform and muscles motion were monitored using tiny MEMS accelerometers; a contra lateral analysis was also presented. Muscle motion analysis revealed typical displacement trajectories: motion components were found not to be purely sinusoidal neither in phase to each other. Results also revealed a mechanical resonant-like behaviour at some muscles, similar to a second-order system response. Resonance frequencies and dumping factors depended on subject and his positioning. Proper mechanical stimulation can maximize muscle spindle solicitation, which may produce a more effective muscle activation.

Wholebody lymphangioscintigraphy was performed after intradermal injection of /sup 99m/technetium human serum albumin or antimony colloid in the distal hindlimbs and forelimbs of ferrets chronically infected with Brugia malayi. The findings were compared with control ferrets and those with surgical interruption of the iliac lymphatics. While only one infected ferret manifested chronic hindlimb lymphedema, all exhibited delayed transport of radioisotope from the hindpaw with obstruction in the groin, poor or absent visualization of central lymphatic channels and regional lymph nodes, a picture similar to that following surgically induced lymphatic obstruction. In control ferrets, there was prompt visualization of peripheral lymphatic channels and regional lymph nodes with sharper and more extensive channel visualization after radiolabeled albumin and more intense sustained nodal visualization after radiolabeled antimony colloid. This noninvasive technique provides a readily repeatable investigative tool adaptable to small animals to study the evolution of lymphatic filariasis and other conditions associated with lymphatic obstruction.

As whole-body CT scanners, TCT-60A (high class), TCT-80A (popular type) and TCT-70A (for medium-scale hospitals) had already been seriated. Now TCT-60A/60 has made its advent to answer the demand in the market of high-class units. This third-generation CT scanner, utilizing pulsed X-rays, and employing the highest pulse rate in the world (200 pulses per second), obtains high-quality images at high speed. As for the resolution, this unit, making the most of Toshiba's close-up technique, employing small focus X-ray tube, has practicalized 0.5-mm resolution. In addition, it utilizes 34 fan-shaped X-rays and a low patient couch. (author)

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of whole-body imaging at 7T. To achieve this objective, new technology and methods were developed. Radio frequency (RF) field distribution and specific absorption rate (SAR) were first explored through numerical modeling. A body coil was then designed and built. Multichannel transmit and receive coils were also developed and implemented. With this new technology in hand, an imaging survey of the "landscape" of the human body at 7T was conducted. Cardiac imaging at 7T appeared to be possible. The potential for breast imaging and spectroscopy was demonstrated. Preliminary results of the first human body imaging at 7T suggest both promise and directions for further development. PMID:19097214

Wholebody integrated magnetic resonance imaging (MR)/positron emission tomography (PET) imaging systems have recently become available for clinical use and are currently being used to explore whether the combined anatomic and functional capabilities of MR imaging and the metabolic information of PET provide new insight into disease phenotypes and biology, and provide a better assessment of oncologic diseases at a lower radiation dose than a CT. This review provides an overview of the technical background of combined MR/PET systems, a discussion of the potential advantages and technical challenges of hybrid MR/PET instrumentation, as well as collection of possible solutions. Various early clinical applications of integrated MR/PET are also addressed. Finally, the workflow issues of integrated MR/PET, including maximizing diagnostic information while minimizing acquisition time are discussed.

The National Internal Radiation Assessment Section's Human Monitoring Laboratory (HML) has the responsibility to measure persons who may become internally contaminated following an accidental or intentional release of radioactivity. In preparation for measuring individuals who may be highly internally contaminated, the HML has reconfigured and recalibrated its wholebody counter for this event. The calibration was performed using Monte Carlo simulations and validated by experimental measurements. An equation was developed that related the counting efficiency as a function of photon energy and phantom-to-detector distance. The equation could predict efficiencies to within 10% or better. Dead time problems, as a result of high internal activities, have been minimized by having a variety of counting positions. Six example nuclides have been used (Co, Co, Y, Ba, Cs, and Am) to show what is achievable and what is not. PMID:19901599

The routine evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals involves dissecting tissue distribution studies (DTDS) and gamma or positron imaging. DTDS have the following disadvantages: since not all tissues can always be sampled, sites of radiopharmaceutical uptake may be missed and because the procedure involves weighing of dissected tissue samples, the spatial resolution of this method is low and determined by the smallest amount that can be weighed accurately. Gamma camera imaging and positron emission tomography though more comprehensive in evaluating the global distribution of a compound, have relative low spatial resolution. Wholebody autoradiography of small animals has a much higher spatial resolution as compared to the above and depicts the global distribution of radiopharmaceuticals. A computer-assisted quantification method of WBARG applied to positron, beta, and gamma emitters will complement the method by producing quantitative values comparable to those obtained by dissection and direct tissue counting, with the advantages of depicting the global distribution at high spatial resolution

The influence of antibiotic decontamination of Pseudomonas contamination of the GI tract prior to whole-body neutron or gamma irradiation was studied. It was observed that for fission neutron doses greater than 5.5 Gy, cyclotron-produced neutron doses greater than 6.7 Gy, and 137Cs gamma-ray doses greater than 14.4 Gy, the median survival time of untreated rats was relatively constant at 4.2 to 4.5 days, indicating death was due to intestinal injury. Within the dose range of 3.5 to 5.5 Gy of fission neutrons, 4.9 to 6.7 Gy of cyclotron-produced neutrons, and 9.6 to 14.4 Gy of gamma rays, median survival time of these animals was inversely related to dose and varied from 12 to 4.6 days. This change in survival time with dose reflects a transition in the mechanisms of acute radiation death from pure hematopoietic, to a combination of intestinal and hematopoietic, to pure intestinal death. Decontamination of the GI tract with antibiotics prior to irradiation increased median survival time 1 to 5 days in this transitional dose range. Contamination of the intestinal flora with Pseudomonas aeruginosa prior to irradiation reduced median survival time 1 to 5 days in the same radiation dose range. Pseudomonas-contaminated animals irradiated within this transitional dose range had maximum concentrations of total bacteria and Pseudomonas in their livers at the time of death. However, liver bacteria concentration was usually higher in gamma-irradiated animals, due to a smaller contribution of hematopoietic injury in neutron-irradiated animals. The effects of both decontamination of the GI tract and Pseudomonas contamination of the GI tract were negligible in the range of doses in which median survival time was dose independent, i.e., in the pure intestinal death dose range

At the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), measurements with the wholebody counter are routinely carried out for occupationally exposed persons and occasionally for individuals of the population suspected of radioactive intake. In total about 400 measurements are performed per year. The wholebody counter is based on a p-type high purity germanium (HPGe) coaxial detector mounted above a canvas chair in a shielded small room. The detector is used to detect the presence of radionuclides that emit photons with energies between 50 keV and 2 MeV. The room itself is made of iron from old railway rails to reduce the natural background radiation to 24 n Sv/h. The present paper describes the calibration of the system with the IGOR phantom. Different body sizes are realized by different standardized configurations of polyethylene bricks, in which small tubes of calibration sources can be introduced. The efficiency of the detector was determined for four phantom geometries (P1, P2, P4 and P6 simulating human bodies in sitting position of 12 kg, 24 kg, 70 kg and 110 kg, respectively. The measurements were performed serially using five different radionuclide sources (40K, 60Co, 133Ba, 137Cs, 152Eu) within the phantom bricks. Based on results of the experiment, an efficiency curve for each configuration and the detection limits for relevant radionuclides were determined. For routine measurements, the efficiency curve obtained with the phantom geometry P4 was chosen. The detection limits range from 40 Bq to 1000 Bq for selected radionuclides applying a measurement time of 7 min. The proper calibration of the system, on one hand, is essential for the routine measurements at PSI. On the other hand, it serves as a benchmark for the already initiated characterisation of the system with Monte Carlo simulations. (author)

Full Text Available Chris M Bleakley,1 François Bieuzen,2 Gareth W Davison,1 Joseph T Costello3 1Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland; 2Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP, Paris, France; 3School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Abstract: Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC involves short exposures to air temperatures below –100°C. WBC is increasingly accessible to athletes, and is purported to enhance recovery after exercise and facilitate rehabilitation postinjury. Our objective was to review the efficacy and effectiveness of WBC using empirical evidence from controlled trials. We found ten relevant reports; the majority were based on small numbers of active athletes aged less than 35 years. Although WBC produces a large temperature gradient for tissue cooling, the relatively poor thermal conductivity of air prevents significant subcutaneous and core body cooling. There is weak evidence from controlled studies that WBC enhances antioxidant capacity and parasympathetic reactivation, and alters inflammatory pathways relevant to sports recovery. A series of small randomized studies found WBC offers improvements in subjective recovery and muscle soreness following metabolic or mechanical overload, but little benefit towards functional recovery. There is evidence from one study only that WBC may assist rehabilitation for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. There were no adverse events associated with WBC; however, studies did not seem to undertake active surveillance of predefined adverse events. Until further research is available, athletes should remain cognizant that less expensive modes of cryotherapy, such as local ice-pack application or cold-water immersion, offer comparable

Objective: To assess the usefulness of 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in locating occult primary lesions. Methods: 50 patients with varying hetero-geneous metastases of unknown primary origin were referred for FDG PET. The locations of the known metastatic tumor manifestations were distributed as follows: cervical lymph nodes metastases (n=18),skeletal metastases (n=15), cerebral metastases (n=12), others (n=5). All patients underwent wholebody 18F-FDG PET imaging. The images were interpreted by visual inspection and semi-quantitative analysis(standardized uptake value, SUV). The patients had undergone conventional imaging within 2 weeks of FDG PET. Surgical, clinical and histopathologic findings were used to assess the performance of FDG PET.Results: FDG PET was able to detect the location of the primary tumor in 32/50 patients (64%). The primary tumors were proved by histopathologic results, and located in the lungs (n=17), the nasopharynx(n=9), the breast (n=2), the ovary (n=l), the colon(n=l), the prostate(n=l),the thyroid (n=l). FDG PET were proved false positive in 2 patients (4%), and the suspicious primary tumors were in uterus and colon respectively. During the clinical follow-up of 2 to 26 months, the primary tumor was found in only 2 patients ( prostate cancer, gastric cancer). Conclusion: PET imaging allows identification of the primary site and metastatic lesions(including bone and soft tissue metastases) at a single examination.Wholebody lSF-FDG PET allows effective localization of the unknown primary site of origin and can contribute substantially to patient care.

Background: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells which leads to bone marrow infiltration. Aim: Whole-body MR is the most sensitive imaging method available to detect multiple myeloma lesions. Ma terial and methods: MR scans were performed in 100 patients with multiple myeloma who were receiving treatment in the Haematology Clinic in Poznan in the years 2005 - 2006. Whole-body MR scans were performed with general coil 1.0 T in STIR sequences and T1 sequences, in coronal and sagittal planes with scanning area covering the head, neck, trunk and the limbs (FOV for specific regions was 36 -48 cm). The bone lesions were classified as focal (monofocal/multifocal lesions), infiltrative, mixed and 'salt and pepper' type. Depending on the size of the lesions the patients were included in one of three groups according to Salmon-Durie Plus classification. Results: Four main types of multiple myeloma were distinguished based on MR scans: focal (48 patients; monofocal in 10 patients), infiltrative (17 patients), mixed type (19 patients) and 'salt and pepper' type (4 patients). The remaining 12 patients had no multiple myeloma lesions in the bone marrow. Additionally, in 18% of patients a soft tissue mass could be observed. According to Salmon-Durie Plus categorisation 27 subjects were classified as having stage I, 16 patients stage and 57 patients stage III disease. In 12% of patients MR data changed the disease staging. Conclusions: WB MR is a sensitive and effective diagnostic method with an important impact on staging and further treatment of multiple myeloma. (authors)

CT is currently the mainstay in staging malignant lymphoma in children, but the risk of second neoplasms due to ionizing radiation associated with CT is not negligible. Whole-body MRI techniques and whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in particular, may be a good radiation-free alternative to CT. DWI is characterized by high sensitivity for the detection of lesions and allows quantitative assessment of diffusion that may aid in the evaluation of malignant lymphomas. This article will review whole-body MRI techniques for staging malignant lymphoma with emphasis on whole-body DWI. Furthermore, future considerations and challenges in whole-body DWI will be discussed. (orig.)

Full text: In Brazil there are approximately 280 Nuclear Medicine Services in operation, resulting in a significant number of workers exposed to various radionuclides including I-131 which represents the highest risk of internal exposure. Therefore, with the aim of monitoring such workers, a mobile wholebody counter was developed in the IRD. The system was mounted in a light truck with internal dimensions of 3,30 m x 1,60 m x 1,70 m and loading capacity of 2 tons. The Unit was projected to be used for routine monitoring as well as in emergency situations and is an important and useful tool to attend the increasing demand for individual monitoring services in several types of Installations where non-sealed sources are routinely manipulated. The use of a Mobile Unit allows the execution of the in vivo measurement on site, immediately after the work day of a specific task involving a potential risk of internal contamination. The thyroid monitoring system consists on a NaI(Tl)3x3 detector calibrated with a phantom containing a 18,099 KBq I-131 standard solution. The Mobile Unit can also be used in studies of iodine metabolism in patients submitted to thyroid surgery followed by iodotherapy. In this case it is used also a NaI(Tl)8x4 calibrated for wholebody in vivo measurements with a phantom containing a 481241 Bq I-131 standard solutions uniformly distributed among the various sections of the phantom. Both standard - solutions were prepared and certified by the National laboratory for Metrology of Ionizing Radiation (LNMRI-IRD). The calibration of the detectors was performed through a series of measurements applying each of the phantoms positioned in the standard geometries of thyroid and wholebody. The calibration factors and the detection limits were obtained for a 10- minutes counting time. Based on the comparison of the calibration parameters obtained with the derived limits of incorporation for I-131 it was concluded that the system sensitivity is suitable for

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used in children to evaluate the extent and distribution of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. Not using ionizing radiation is a major advantage of pediatric whole-body MRI. Coronal and sagittal short tau inversion recovery imaging is most commonly used as the fundamental whole-body MRI protocol. Diffusion-weighted imaging and Dixon-based imaging, which has been recently incorporated into whole-body MRI, are promising pulse sequences, particularly for pediatric oncology. Other pulse sequences may be added to increase diagnostic capability of whole-body MRI. Of importance, the overall whole-body MRI examination time should be less than 30-60 minutes in children, regardless of the imaging protocol. Established and potentially useful clinical applications of pediatric whole-body MRI are described. PMID:26355493

Body radioactivity in the general public has been measured in 2339 volunteers throughout the U.K. A mobile whole-body monitor visited collaborating Medical Physics Departments and data were also contributed by Medical Physics Departments possessing installed counters. Levels of body radiocaesium ranged from below detection level to 4149 Bq. Radiocaesium levels were normalised by dividing by the content of natural body potassium-40. In all cases, the dose rate to the body from radiocaesium was less than that from potassium-40. Radiocaesium levels were 2-3 times higher in N.W. England, Scotland and N. Wales than the rest of the country, but this factor is much less than the variation in deposition of Chernobyl radiocaesium. This discrepancy may be accounted for by the nationwide distribution of foodstuffs. At all sites where volunteers were monitored, the ratio of caesium-137/caesium-134 was consistent with a radiocaesium intake attributable primarily to fallout from the Chernobyl fire. (author)

It is believed that the extent of cellular damage by low- radiation dose is proportional to the effects observed at high radiation dose as per the Linear-No-Threshold (LNT) hypothesis. However, this notion may not be true at low-dose radiation exposure in the living system. Recent evidence suggest that the living organisms do not respond to ionizing radiations in a linear manner in the low dose range 0.01-0.5Gy and rather restore the homeostasis both in vivo and in vitro by normal physiological mechanisms such as cellular and DNA repair processes, immune reactions, antioxidant defense, adaptive responses, activation of immune functions, stimulation of growth etc. In this study, we have attempted to find the critical radiation dose range and the post irradiation period during which the antioxidant defense systems in the lungs, liver and kidneys remain stimulated in these organs after wholebody exposure of the animals to low-dose radiation

The violation and rupture of a 50.9 TBq (1375 Ci) 137Cs source in the form of caesium chloride salt (CsCI), in Goiania/Go, Brazil, resulted in a substantially large accident. In order to quantify the internal contamination of the individuals involved, a special wholebody counter system, using an 8''x4'' NaI(Tl) detector, was developed. The major goal of this counting system, at the initial phase, was to be able to assess the very high level of 137Cs activity in individuals who had direct contact with the radionuclide. The system, initially set up at the Goiania General Hospital, was adapted to detect a wide range of 137Cs activities. Subjects were required to wear disposable clothing and lie on a reclining, fibreglass chair. Counting time was standardised in 2 minutes (live time) and the minimum detectable activity was 7.3 kBq (197 nCi). Among the people measured, 151 showed 137Cs internal contamination levels ranged from the minimum detectable activity to 78 Mbq (2.1 mCi). (author)

Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves short exposures to air temperatures below -100°C. WBC is increasingly accessible to athletes, and is purported to enhance recovery after exercise and facilitate rehabilitation postinjury. Our objective was to review the efficacy and effectiveness of WBC using empirical evidence from controlled trials. We found ten relevant reports; the majority were based on small numbers of active athletes aged less than 35 years. Although WBC produces a large temperature gradient for tissue cooling, the relatively poor thermal conductivity of air prevents significant subcutaneous and core body cooling. There is weak evidence from controlled studies that WBC enhances antioxidant capacity and parasympathetic reactivation, and alters inflammatory pathways relevant to sports recovery. A series of small randomized studies found WBC offers improvements in subjective recovery and muscle soreness following metabolic or mechanical overload, but little benefit towards functional recovery. There is evidence from one study only that WBC may assist rehabilitation for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. There were no adverse events associated with WBC; however, studies did not seem to undertake active surveillance of predefined adverse events. Until further research is available, athletes should remain cognizant that less expensive modes of cryotherapy, such as local ice-pack application or cold-water immersion, offer comparable physiological and clinical effects to WBC. PMID:24648779

In 1978 the Marshall Islands Radiological Safety Program was organized to perform radiation measurements and assess radiation doses for the people of the Bikini, Enewetak, Rongelap and Utirik Atolls. One of the major field components of this program is whole- body counting (WBC). WBC is used to monitor the quantity of gamma- emitting radionuclides present in individuals. A primary objective of the program was to establish 137Cesium body contents among the Enewetak, Rongelap and Utirik populations. 137Cs was the only gamma-emitting fission radionuclide detected in the 1,967 persons monitored. 137Cs body burdens tended to increase with age for both sexes, and were higher in males. The average 137Cs dose Annual Effective Dose for the three populations was as follows: For Enewetak, the dose was 22±4 μSv. For Utirik, the dose was 33± 3 μSv. Since 1985 the Rongelap people have been self-exiled to Mejatto. Biological elimination should have reduced their dose to virtually zero, and the measured dose was 2±2 μSv. If they had remained on Rongelap Island, the calculated dose would have been 99 μSv, which is about one-third of the background dose. 7 refs., 1 tab

To assess the reproducibility of whole-body diffusion weighted imaging (WB-DWI) technique in healthy volunteers under normal breathing with background body signal suppression. Methods WB-DWI was performed on 32 healthy volunteers twice within two-week period using short TI inversion-recovery diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging sequence and built-in body coil. The volunteers were scanned across six stations continuously covering the entire body from the head to the feet under normal breathing. The bone apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and exponential ADC (eADC) of regions of interest (ROIs) were measured. We analyzed correlation of the results using paired-t-test to assess the reproducibility of the WB-DWl technique.Results We were successful in collecting and analyzing data of 64 WB-DWI images. There was no significant difference in bone ADC and eADC of 824 ROIs between the paired observers and paired scans (P>0.05). Most of the images from all stations were of diagnostic quality.Conclusion The measurements of bone ADC and eADC have good reproducibility. WB-DWI technique under normal breathing with background body signal suppression is adequate.

A new technique is described for automated ultraviolet dosimetry within whole-body phototherapy cabinets. A dual-head detector system has been designed, permitting simultaneous assessment of irradiance levels and radiant intensities from individual lamps. One detector is used in combination with a diffuser/filter system for the measurement of irradiance and the other is mounted at the end of a slit collimator to provide a measurement which can be related to the radiant intensities of the individual lamps. These quantities are derived from 800 separate measurements made during rotation of the detector head around a 360 deg. circle at a fixed height and position within the cabinet under remote computer software control. The device has advantages compared with standard techniques, enabling measurements to be made without the need for a person to be present in the cabinet. A full set of measurements is made with minimal switching of the power supply to the lamps. This simplifies the assessment and reduces the uncertainty from variation in output after the lamps are switched on. Variations in irradiance with orientation for the smaller phototherapy cabinets are clearly demonstrated. Plots of data from the collimated detector show peaks corresponding to the lamps and the surrounding reflectors. The plots enable failed lamps to be detected and peak values can be related to radiant intensities of individual lamps. (author)

A report is given on the state of the research project to reconstruct our whole-body counter with solid geometries into a scanning type one. The object is to develop a process computer controlled 'adaptive system'. The self-built scan mechanics are explained and the advantages and problems of applying stepping motors are gone into. A stepping motor coordinates control is presented. As the planned scanner and the process computer form a digital controlled system, all theoretical and actual values as well as the control orders from the process computer must be directly controllable. A CAMAC system was not used for economical reasons, the process periphery was made controllable by self building of interfaces to and from the computer. As example, the available multi-channel analyzers were converted to external controlling. The price-moderate and relatively simple self-built set-up are outlined and an example is given of how a TELETYPE version is reconstructed into a fast electronic interface. A BUS-MULTIPLEX system was developed which generates all necessary DI/DO interfaces out of one DI and DO address of the process computer only. The essential part of this system is given. (orig./LH)

Full Text Available Abstract Heat production serves as the standard measurement for the determination of energy expenditure and efficiency in animals. Estimations of metabolic heat production have traditionally focused on gas exchange (oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production although direct heat measurements may include an anaerobic component particularly when carbohydrate is oxidized. Stoichiometric interpretations of the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen uptake suggest that both anaerobic and aerobic heat production and, by inference, all energy expenditure – can be accounted for with a measurement of oxygen uptake as 21.1 kJ per liter of oxygen. This manuscript incorporates contemporary bioenergetic interpretations of anaerobic and aerobic ATP turnover to promote the independence of these disparate types of metabolic energy transfer: each has different reactants and products, uses dissimilar enzymes, involves different types of biochemical reactions, takes place in separate cellular compartments, exploits different types of gradients and ultimately each operates with distinct efficiency. The 21.1 kJ per liter of oxygen for carbohydrate oxidation includes a small anaerobic heat component as part of anaerobic energy transfer. Faster rates of ATP turnover that exceed mitochondrial respiration and that are supported by rapid glycolytic phosphorylation with lactate production result in heat production that is independent of oxygen uptake. Simultaneous direct and indirect calorimetry has revealed that this anaerobic heat does not disappear when lactate is later oxidized and so oxygen uptake does not adequately measure anaerobic efficiency or energy expenditure (as was suggested by the "oxygen debt" hypothesis. An estimate of anaerobic energy transfer supplements the measurement of oxygen uptake and may improve the interpretation of whole-body energy expenditure.

In a previous epidemiological study we reported that the prevalence (45.8%) of low-back pain (LBP) and the two-year incidence (25.9%) of LBP in 284 male taxi drivers in Japan was comparable with rates reported for other occupational drivers in which LBP frequently occurs. LBP was significantly related with the level of uncomfortable road vibrations, and, importantly, increased with total mileage. The aim of this study was to measure whole-body vibration (WBV) on the driver's seat pan of 12 taxis operating under actual working conditions. The results were evaluated according to the health guidelines in International Standard ISO 2631-1:1997. Finally, the relation between total mileage and WBV was investigated. The majority of the frequency-weighted r.m.s. accelerations of the taxis fell into the "potential health risks" zone, under ISO 2631-1:1997. It was clear that the taxi drivers were exposed to serious WBV magnitudes. Therefore, occupational health and safety management should be carried out to help prevent adverse health effects in taxi drivers. In particular, reduction of WBV in taxis and shortening of driving time to reduce duration of WBV exposure should be considered. Moreover, because many taxi drivers work 18 h every other day, the shortening of working hours and taking of rest breaks while working should be considered. Frequency-weighted r.m.s. accelerations of taxis had a tendency to decrease as total mileage increased. The relation between total mileage and WBV should be investigated by taking measurements on the floor and the back rest in addition to the seat pan. PMID:15090686

Saliva represents a low stress, not-invasively collected matrix that allows steroid hormone monitoring in athletes by reflecting type, intensity and duration of exercise. Wholebody cryotherapy (WBC) consists of short whole-body exposures to extremely cold air (-110° to -140°C) which, despite being initially used to treat inflammatory diseases, is currently acquiring increasing popularity in sports medicine. Cryostimulation practice is now widely accepted as an effective treatment to accelerate muscle recovery in rugby players. The aim of this work was to study the changes of steroid hormones in saliva of rugby players after both 2 and 14 consecutive WBC sessions, in order to investigate the effects of the treatment on their salivary steroid hormonal profile. Twenty-five professional rugby players, belonging to the Italian National Team, underwent a 7-day cryotherapy protocol consisting of 2 daily sessions. Saliva samples were taken in the morning prior to the start of the WBC, in the evening after the end of the second WBC, and in the morning of the day after the last WBC session. The samples were analyzed for cortisol, DHEA, testosterone and estradiol using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cortisol and DHEA showed a reduction already after the 2 WBC sessions of the first day; after 14 consecutive WBC sessions cortisol, DHEA, and estradiol levels decreased, while testosterone increased as did the testosterone to cortisol ratio. These results were confirmed by the fact that the majority of subjects showed variations exceeding the critical difference (CD). In conclusion, we found that WBC acutely affects the salivary steroid hormone profile, and the results are evident already after only one twice-daily session. Most significantly, after one-week of consecutive twice-daily WBC sessions, all the hormones were modified. This is the first experimental report that links changes in the hormonal asset to WBC. PMID:25001661

We attempted image fusion between wholebody PET and wholebody MRI of thirty patients using a full-automatic mutual information (MI) -based multimodality image registration software and evaluated accuracy of this method and impact of the coregistrated imaging on diagnostic accuracy. For 25 of 30 fused images in body area, translating gaps were within 6 mm in all axes and rotating gaps were within 2 degrees around all axes. In head and neck area, considerably much gaps caused by difference of head inclination at imaging occurred in 16 patients, however these gaps were able to decrease by fused separately. In 6 patients, diagnostic accuracy using PET/MRI fused images was superior compared by PET image alone. This work shows that wholebody FDG PET images and wholebody MRI images can be automatically fused using MI-based multimodality image registration software accurately and this technique can add useful information when evaluating FDG PET images. (author)

Full text: Radiotherapy is the most commonly used local treatment of cancer. However, the large dose needed for local control often limits its successful use. In view of the stimulatory effect of low dose radiation (LDR) on anticancer immunity an experimental study of the effect of whole-body LDR on the outcome of conventional local radiotherapy of cancer was designed with an aim at reducing the total dose and promoting treatment efficiency. With a Lewis lung cancer model in mice it was observed that a regimen of 2 Gy x 3 per week for 2 weeks with a total local dose of 12 Gy resulted in only 23% reduction of tumor volume in 1 month as| compared with untreated control, while substitution of the second, third, fifth and sixth doses of 2 Gy with whole-bodyirradiation (WBI) of 0.075 Gy with a total local dose of 4 Gy plus 0.3 Gy WBI caused a 69% reduction of tumor volume in the same period. Since gene therapy with Egr-IL-18-B7.1 in combination with local X-rays showed better control of mouse I melanoma than local radiotherapy alone, a trial was made with this plasmid in the above Lewis lung cancer model. The results showed that in the 12 Gy protocol the tumor volume) reduction was 42% and in the 4 Gy local plus 0.3 Gy WBI protocol the tumor volume reduction was 77% in one month. This better control of cancer growth was apparently related to the stimulation of anticancer immunity by WBI with low doses and facilitation of IL-18) and B7.1 expression from the cancer cells in the gene therapy group resulting in up-regulation of immunity. It is concluded that WBI with low doses in combination with conventional radiotherapy exerts a significant promoting effect manifested in reduction in local radiation dose and improvement in tumor control

Electrons produced by accelerators are always accompanied by Bremsstrahlung radiation generated by electron interactions with the accelerator exit window, monitor ionization chamber, collimator, etc. The ratio of the Bremsstrahlung x-rays to electrons depends on the design of the accelerator, beam energy and adjustment, and the treatment set-up. For the electron mode of the Philips SL75/10 linac, x-rays normally constitute 1-2% of the beam at a distance of 1 meter. While this is acceptable for conventional treatments when electrons are used for whole-bodyirradiation, the x-ray contamination can become excessive because of the degrading effects of the large treatment distances or scattering foils required to produce large fields. A wholebody electron treatment method for the SL75/10 linac, with emphasis on the means employed to minimize the x-ray dose to the patient, is described. Measurements of the properties of the electro; beams and their x-ray components were made with the aid of a thin parallel plate ionization chamber, thermoluminescent dosimeters and films in various phantoms. From analysis of the results of the measurements a practical method for treating patients was developed. The method is based on multiple adjacent beams of 4 Mev electrons applied while the patient lies on the treatment couch at a distance of 150cm from the source. The method satisfies the clinical requirements with regard to the depth and uniformity of electron dose and the level of x-ray contamination. It is not necessary to modify the linac or to use any special devices when giving the treatment. (author)

Full Text Available Abstract Background The pattern of protein intake following exercise may impact whole-body protein turnover and net protein retention. We determined the effects of different protein feeding strategies on protein metabolism in resistance-trained young men. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to ingest either 80g of whey protein as 8x10g every 1.5h (PULSE; n=8, 4x20g every 3h (intermediate, INT; n=7, or 2x40g every 6h (BOLUS; n=8 after an acute bout of bilateral knee extension exercise (4x10 repetitions at 80% maximal strength. Whole-body protein turnover (Q, synthesis (S, breakdown (B, and net balance (NB were measured throughout 12h of recovery by a bolus ingestion of [15N]glycine with urinary [15N]ammonia enrichment as the collected end-product. Results PULSE Q rates were greater than BOLUS (~19%, P Conclusion We conclude that the pattern of ingested protein, and not only the total daily amount, can impact whole-body protein metabolism. Individuals aiming to maximize NB would likely benefit from repeated ingestion of moderate amounts of protein (~20g at regular intervals (~3h throughout the day.

To improve the knowledge of Radiation Acute Syndrome radiopathological picture, wholebody x-rays irradiation at 2Gy of a primate (Cebus apella paraguayanus) used as model has been performed. Early evaluations of clinical symptoms and dose and damage biological indicators have shown that this primate has given out similar responses to those of man. (author)

Nutraceuticals that provide medical or health benefits, including prevention and treatment of disease may be advantageous in inflammation and exposure to radiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of curcumin to modulate, counteract or prevent the inflammatory response induced in irradiated and non-irradiated rats using the carrageenan air-pouch model as an acute model. Diclofenac was used as a reference standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Results indicated that exposure of rats to a single dose of gamma-radiation (6 Gy) before induction of inflammation increased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum. Blood glutathione (GSH) was shown to be reduced in irradiated animals. Curcumin suppressed the elevated levels of TNF-alpha, PGE2 and MDA and was able to restore blood GSH levels. Reduction in liver contents of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and iron (Fe) was recorded after irradiation of animals before induction of inflammation. Curcumin restored the hepatic concentrations of these trace elements. The present results suggest that irradiation of rats caused marked changes in the inflammatory response while curcumin suppressed the inflammatory response in both irradiated and control animals.

examination, which includes recording any change in exposure to WBV. The findings for the individual should be compared with previous examinations. Group data should also be compiled periodically. Medical removal may be considered along with re-placement in working practices without exposure to WBV. This paper presents opinions on health surveillance for whole-body vibration developed within a working group of partners funded on a European Community Network (BIOMED2 concerted action BMH4-CT98-3251: Research network on detection and prevention of injuries due to occupational vibration exposures). The health surveillance protocol and the draft questionnaire with explanation comments are presented for wider consideration by the science community and others before being considered appropriate for implementation.

Total body irradiation is being used with increasing frequency for the treatment of lymphopoietic malignancies and in preparation for marrow transplantation. Acute toxicities include reversible gastroeneritis, mucositis, myelosuppression alopecia. As the success of treatment improves and more patients become long-term survivors, manifestations of delayed and chronic toxicity become evident. These include impairment of growth and development, gonadal failure and sterility, cataract formation and possibly secondary malignancies. The contribution of total body irradiation to the development of pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis is still poorly understood. Some of these changes are reversible or correctable, whereas others are permanent. Nevertheless, until equally effective but less toxic regimens become available, total body irradiation appears to be the treatment of choice to prepare patients with leukemia for marrow transplantation.

Total body irradiation is being used with increasing frequency for the treatment of lymphopoietic malignancies and in preparation for marrow transplantation. Acute toxicities include reversible gastroeneritis, mucositis, myelosuppression alopecia. As the success of treatment improves and more patients become long-term survivors, manifestations of delayed and chronic toxicity become evident. These include impairment of growth and development, gonadal failure and sterility, cataract formation and possibly secondary malignancies. The contribution of total body irradiation to the development of pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis is still poorly understood. Some of these changes are reversible or correctable, whereas others are permanent. Nevertheless, until equally effective but less toxic regimens become available, total body irradiation appears to be the treatment of choice to prepare patients with leukemia for marrow transplantation

To understand the current situation of internal radiation exposure in the population around the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP), we examined the 137Cs body burden in six residents of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia in 2002 and 2004 using the whole-body counter (WBC) at Nagasaki Univ. (Japan). The data were compared with those of our previous study performed in 1993-1994 using the same method. In 2002 and 2004, peaks of 137Cs were detected in two residents from Gomel, which was heavily contaminated by the CNPP accident, one from Minsk (Belarus) and one from Kiev (Ukraine), but another resident from Minsk showed no 137Cs peaks. The results of the present study suggests that residents around the CNPP are still exposed to chronic 137Cs internal irradiation, probably due to the daily consumption of contaminated domestic foods, but the risk of any disease by the irradiation is quite low. Long-term follow-up of WBC around the CNPP is useful and may contribute to radiation safety regulation together with a reduction of unnecessary radio-phobia for the residents. (authors)

Dose evaluation for out-of-field organs during radiotherapy has gained interest in recent years. A team led by University of Tsukuba is currently implementing a project for advancing boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), along with a radiation treatment planning system (RTPS). In this study, the authors used the RTPS (the 'Tsukuba-Plan') to evaluate the dose to out-of-field organs during BNCT. Computed tomography images of a whole-body phantom were imported into the RTPS, and a voxel model was constructed for the Monte Carlo calculations, which used the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System. The results indicate that the thoraco-abdominal organ dose during BNCT for a brain tumour and maxillary sinus tumour was 50-360 and 120-1160 mGy-Eq, respectively. These calculations required ∼29.6 h of computational time. This system can evaluate the out-of-field organ dose for BNCT irradiation during treatment planning with patient-specific irradiation conditions. (authors)

Abstract Background The pattern of protein intake following exercise may impact whole-body protein turnover and net protein retention. We determined the effects of different protein feeding strategies on protein metabolism in resistance-trained young men. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to ingest either 80g of whey protein as 8x10g every 1.5h (PULSE; n=8), 4x20g every 3h (intermediate, INT; n=7), or 2x40g every 6h (BOLUS; n=8) after an acute bout of bilateral knee extension exerci...

The general purpose of the ORNL WholeBody Counter is to provide a rapid estimation of the type and quantity of radionuclide deposited in the human body. This report contains a review of the equipment in use at the facility and the procedure for its operation, the standard procedure for performing a routine wholebody count, and a discussion of interpretation of results

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of wholebody diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of metastatic tumor.Methods Fifty-six patients (40 males and 16 females, age ranging from 29 to 84 years with a mean age of 57 years) with a variety of primary tumors were investigated by wholebody DWI combined with computed tomography (CT) and/or conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Twelve patients underwent positron emission tomography. The final diagnosis was made on the basis of CT or high resolution CT result for lung lesion and MRI or CT result for skull, abdomen and other parts. All tumors were classified into four groups by their diameter: below 1.0 cm, 1.0-1.9 cm, 2.0-2.9 cm, and above 3.0 cm. The sensitivity and specificity of wholebody DWI in the detection of metastatic tumor were analyzed.Results The sensitivities of wholebody DWI for screening metastasis oftlie four groups were 38%, 75%, 97%, and 100%, respectively. Wholebody DWI showed the highest sensitivity and specificity for detecting metastasis of the skeletal system. It was difficult to find metastatic tumor whose diameter was below 1.0 cm, or lymph nodes located in the pelvis with diameter below 2.0 cm. Conclusions Wholebody DWI is a promising method in the diagnosis ofmetastastic tumors. With the perfection of scanning parameter, wholebody DWI should be a new effective wholebody technique for tumor detection.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of 20 weeks of wholebody vibration (WBV) on the body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Thirty adolescent with DS were divided into two groups: control and WBV. Wholebody, upper and lower limbs body fat and lean body mass were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)…

In the present experiments, a study of the radioprotective effects of natural antioxidants, rutin alone, vitamine E alone or each of them combined with synthetic radioprotector, cysteine have been investigated in irradiated and feverish irradiated rats. Furthermore, the oxidative stress bio markers and certain liver function tests of the irradiated and the feverish wholebodyirradiated rats were examined. Two main sets of animals were used: The 1st set was constructed in order to study the effect of irradiation, while the second set was used to study the effect of irradiation on feverish rats. The effect of irradiation was evaluated by exposing the wholebody of rats to gamma radiation at acute single dose level of 6.5 Gy. Rutin was orally daily administered for two weeks before irradiation in a dose of 1.064 mmol/kg , vitamine E was injected intraperitoneally daily for seven days before irradiation in a dose of 50 mg/100 g. While, cysteine was intraperitoneally administered only 30 min. before irradiation in a dose of 30 mg/kg. In order to determine the antipyretic effect of the drugs, body temperature of each animal was measured before induction of hyperthermia as well as 18 hours following yeast injection. Rats were treated with the tested drugs before induction of fever then exposed to wholebody gamma radiation at acute single dose level of 6.5 Gy and body temperature of each animal was measured 3 days after irradiation

Background: magnetic resonance imaging is a safe modality and useful in characterizing normal and abnormal bone marrow. magnetic resonance imaging also presents a more global view of bone marrow than biopsy; therefore , it may provide a better understanding of hematologic disorders. The purpose of this study was to monitor radiation-induced alterations of bone marrow in acute phase of irradiation (1-10 day after total body irradiation with conventional magnetic resonance imaging. Materials and methods: twelve New Zealand adult male white rabbits (10 for total body irradiation and 2 as controls) were irradiated to 6 Gy gamma rays. magnetic resonance imaging was performed for each rabbit femoral marrow and marginal muscles around femur region (as internal control) using T1-weighted (W) and SPIR (TR/TE 631/15) techniques before and after (24h, 48h, 72h, 5d, 10d) post total body irradiation. Results: the results were expressed as MR signal ratio (mean MR signal of femur/mean MR signal of muscle). The bone marrow MR- signal intensity values were subsequently compared to the histologic values of bone marrow cellularity, edema and hemorrhage. Values of T1-signal intensity of bone marrow for 1 to 5 days after irradiation was smaller than those the values for before irradiation data (P< 0.006) SPIR-signal intensity values of bone marrow in 3, 5 and 10 days were less than values for before irradiation (P<0.001). Since signal intensity depends to edema and hemorrhage the high correlation between cellularity and T1-signal intensity (r=0.725, P= 0.018) or SPIR-SI (r= 0.814, P 0.004) was not found. Conclusion: This study indicated that radiation-induced modification of bone marrow-signal intensity is tightly linked to the parameters like decline of all hematopoietic cell lines, edema and hemorrhage. IT was concluded that magnetic resonance imaging can distinguish normal from irradiated bone marrow so that radiation-induced alterations in bone marrow could be assessed with

Background: Whole-body MR (WBMR) imaging allows the acquisition of images of the entire body in a matter of minutes. Its use has primarily been in the evaluation of possible metastases in the setting of a known primary tumour. Objective: To document the value of WBMR imaging in ten children in whom this was added as an additional sequence when the primary diagnosis had not yet been made. Materials and methods: Ten children, age range 4 months-15 years (mean 7 years 4 months) had WBMR imaging after initial MR showed an abnormality that raised the possibility of systemic disease. Initial scanning was of the brain (n=1), spine (n=2), retroperitoneum (n=4), hips (n=1), femur (n=1) and wrist (n=1). Results: Abnormalities were detected in eight patients. Two patients had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and another had an anaplastic lymphoma, unsuspected prior to the WBMR. Two patients had a previously undiagnosed neuroblastoma with bone marrow metastases. Two patients had Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Another had multiple bone lesions due to cystic angiomatosis. Conclusions: WBMR imaging may be a useful additional sequence in children in whom a systemic and especially a bone marrow abnormality is suspected. (orig.)

A genetically engineered 'knockout gene' mouse model for human cystic fibrosis (CF) has been utilized to study bone mineralization. In CF, the so-called cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, a chloride ion channel, is either absent or defective. To produce the animal model the murine CFTR gene has been inactivated producing CF symptoms in the homozygotic progeny. CF results in abnormal intestinal absorption of minerals and nutrients which presumably results in substandard bone mineralization. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using whole-body thermal and fast neutron activation analysis to determine mineral and trace-element differences between homozygote controls (+/+) and CF (-/-), murine siblings. Gender-matched juvenile +/+ and -/- litter mates were lyophilized and placed in a BN capsule to reduce thermal-neutron activation and irradiated for 10 seconds at φfast ∼ 1 x 1013 n x cm-2 x s-1 using the MURR pneumatic-tube facility. Phosphorus was measured via the 31P15(n,α)28Al13 reaction. After several days decay, the whole-body specimens were re-irradiated in the same facility, but without thermal-neutron shielding, for 5 seconds and the gamma-ray spectrum was recorded at two different decay periods allowing measurement of 77mSe, 24Na, 27mg, 38Cl, 42k, 49Ca, 56Mn, 66Cu and 80Br from the corresponding radiative-capture reactions. (author)

Moderate-temperature (40 to 410C) hyperthermia in combination with localized radiotherapy is undergoing a Phase I trial at Tufts-New England Medical Center. Hyperthermia is achieved by depositing 27 MHz RF energy primarily into the great vessels of the trunk and abdomen, using a computer-assisted system. Circulation of warm malignant disease. The treatment plan calls for 9 courses of hyperthermia over 3 weeks, i.e., 3 treatments/week, with local radiotherapy (according to department policy for the particular tumors) 5 times/week. Unsedated patients are brought to 40 +- 1/20C in 30 to 40 min, maintained at this temperature for 45 min and irradiated immediately thereafter. Of 9 patients, 6 completed 8 or more courses of hyperthermia without serious side-effects. Three patients did not complete the treatment because of complications of their disease. The rationale for 40 to 410C hyperthermia is presented and fundamental research in this area is described. Clinical laboratory investigations on patients subjected to whole-body hyperthermia are summarized

Purpose: Our previous study reveals bone marrow transplantation (BMT) recruits host marrow-derived myelomonocytic cells to radiation-injured intestine, enhancing stromal proliferation, leading secondarily to epithelial regeneration. In this study, we propose BMT ameliorates intestinal damage via paracrine mechanisms. Materials and methods: Angiogenic cytokines within the intestinal mucosa of mice after wholebodyirradiation (WBI) with or without BMT were measured by cytokine array and ELISA. BM conditioned medium (BMCM) with or without treatment with neutralizing antibodies to angiogenic cytokines were continuously infused into mice for three days after radiation. Carrageenan was used to deplete myelomonocytic cells of mice. Results: BMT increased VEGF, bFGF and other angiogenic and chemotactic cytokines in the intestinal mucosa within 24 h after WBI. Infusion of BMCM ameliorated radiation-induced intestinal damage with improved stromal activity and prolonged survival of mice. Neutralization of bFGF, PDGF and other angiogenic cytokines within BMCM abolished the mitigating effect to the intestine. Pretreatment of carrageenan to recipient mice reversed some of the cytokine levels, including VEGF, bFGF and IGF within the intestinal mucosa after BMT. Conclusions: Our result suggests BMT recruits host myelomonocytic cells and enhances intestinal stroma proliferation after radiation by secreting cytokines enhancing angiogenesis and chemotaxis. Host myelomonocytic cells further uplift the paracrine effect to enhance intestinal mucosal recovery.

Whole-body vibration is a health hazard for operators of construction machinery. The level of whole-body vibration exposure on the operator is governed by three different factors; performance of the suspension system of the machine, planning of the work and the skills of the operator.In this research work it is investigated whether there is a potential in bringing down the level of whole-body vibration exposure by educating operators of backhoe loaders. This is carried out by an experimental ...

The determination of accurate, quantitative, biokinetic distribution of an internally dispersed radionuclide in humans is important in making realistic radiation absorbed dose estimates, studying biochemical transformations in health and disease, and developing clinical procedures indicative of abnormal functions. In order to collect these data, a whole-body imaging system is required which provides both adequate spatial resolution and some means of absolute quantitation. Based on these considerations, a new whole-body scanning system has been designed and constructed that employs the conjugate counting technique. The conjugate whole-body scanning system provides an efficient and accurate means of collecting absolute quantitative organ distribution data of radioactivity in vivo

Whole-body SPECT small animal imaging is used to study cancer, and plays an important role in the development of new drugs. Comparing and exploring whole-body datasets can be a difficult and time-consuming task due to the inherent heterogeneity of the data (high volume/throughput, multi-modality, postural and positioning variability). The goal of this study was to provide a method to align and compare side-by-side multiple whole-body skeleton SPECT datasets in a common reference, thus elimina...

textabstractWhole-body SPECT small animal imaging is used to study cancer, and plays an important role in the development of new drugs. Comparing and exploring whole-body datasets can be a difficult and time-consuming task due to the inherent heterogeneity of the data (high volume/throughput, multi-modality, postural and positioning variability). The goal of this study was to provide a method to align and compare side-by-side multiple whole-body skeleton SPECT datasets in a common reference, ...

Indium-111 oxine, polymorphonuclear cells isolated and labeled with 111In were used for studying abscesses and inflammatory conditions. There were 64 total scans done in 59 patients, 32 male and 27 female, aged 3 to 81 years (average, 51). The original clinical diagnosis was abscess in 33 patients. The whole blood cell scan was abnormal in 12 (36%) of these, and a good clinical correlation was obtained in 11 of the 12. In the 21 with a normal scan, 18 had no evidence of abscess, yielding one false-positive and three false-negative interpretations in the abscess group. Thirteen patients had fever of unknown origin, nine had negative scans and no subsequent evidence of abscess, and four had positive scans with good correlation in three. Acute bone and joint infections were positive on scan (4/4), whereas chronic osteomyelitis was negative (0/2). Three patients with acute myocardial infarction and three of four with subacute bacterial endocarditis had normal scans. All three studies in renal transplant rejection showed positive uptake in the pelvic kidneys. Indium-111 white blood cell scans have proved useful to diagnose or exclude a diagnosis of abscess or inflammatory condition infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes

From this study one deduces that thermoluminescence remains the moss reliable process for the measurement of dose in vivo: precision, reproducibility and easy calibration. The semiconductors do not present the quality needed to a reliable use in dosimetry. The limits of each techniques have been established in our study, we have applied them simultaneously in dosimetric irradiations of the wholebody in view of bone marrow grafting. Semiconductors allow to follow the irradiation and to intervene instantaneously if necessary, thermoluminescent dosimeter insure precise knowledge of the delivered dose. One hundred and ten patients have been treated before bone narrow grafting at the Gustave Roussy Institut and fifty two of them render account of the results obtained with this experimental dosimetric protocol

Humans may be exposed to whole-body vibration in environments where clear speech communications are crucial, particularly during the launch phases of space flight and in high-performance aircraft. Prior research has shown that high levels of vibration cause a decrease in speech intelligibility. However, the effects of whole-body vibration upon speech are not well understood, and no attempt has been made to restore speech distorted by whole-body vibration. In this paper, a model for speech under whole-body vibration is proposed and a method to remove its effect is described. The method described reduces the perceptual effects of vibration, yields higher ASR accuracy scores, and may significantly improve intelligibility. Possible applications include incorporation within communication systems to improve radio-communication systems in environments such a spaceflight, aviation, or off-road vehicle operations.

Mass spectrometry imaging methods and protocols have become widely adapted to a variety of tissues and species. However, the mass spectrometry imaging literature contains minimal information on whole-body cryosection preparation for the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model organism ...

The purpose of this study was to compare FDG PET; whole-body MRI; and the reference standard, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, to determine the best imaging technique for assessment of disease activity in multiple myeloma.

The investigators describe their multifaceted approach to the study of the relationship between whole-body vibration and low back pain.In vitroexperiments, using percutaneous pin-mounted accelerometers have shown that the natural frequency is at 4·5 Hz. The frequency response was affected by posture, seating, and seat-back inclination. The response appears to be largely determined by the rocking of the pelvis. Electromyographic studies have shown that muscle fatigue occurs under wholebody vibration. After wholebody vibration exposure the muscle response to a sudden load has greater latency. Vehicle driving may be a reason for low back pain or herniated nucleus pulposus. Prolonged seating exposure, coupled with the wholebody vibration should be reduced for those recovering from these problems. Vibration attenuating seats, and correct ergonomic layout of the cabs may reduce the risks of recurrence.

Whole-body imaging in children was classically performed with radiography, positron-emission tomography, either combined or not with computed tomography, the latter with the disadvantage of exposure to ionizing radiation. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in association with the recently developed metabolic and functional techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging, has brought the advantage of a comprehensive evaluation of pediatric patients without the risks inherent to ionizin...

Osteonecrosis is a well-recognized complication of corticosteroid use resulting in significant morbidity, often requiring surgical intervention. Whole-body MRI is a promising method that allows imaging of the whole patient in a reasonable time without the use of ionizing radiation. This technique has the potential for evaluating nonmalignant multifocal skeletal disease like osteonecrosis. This case highlights the value of whole-body MR in an adolescent with dermatomyositis who developed multifocal osteonecrosis. (orig.)

Background Patients with stable COPD show improvements in exercise capacity and muscular function after the application of wholebody vibration. We aimed to evaluate whether this modality added to conventional physiotherapy in exacerbated hospitalised COPD patients would be safe and would improve exercise capacity and quality of life. Methods 49 hospitalised exacerbated COPD patients were randomized (1:1) to undergo physiotherapy alone or physiotherapy with the addition of wholebody vibratio...

Purpose aerobic exercise has been identified as the main treatment for type 2 diabetic patients. Such an exercise, however, is usually repined by some of patients who suffer from lack of stamina. Therefore, wholebody vibration has recently been introduced as a passive intervention. The present study aimed at comparing how aerobic exercise and wholebody vibration affect glycaemia control in type 2 diabetic males. Methods Thirty diabetic males were divided into three groups, namely aerobic ex...

A whole-body counting program using a trailer-mounted counter has been in service in Ontario Hydro since 1972 to monitor routinely internal uptakes of radionuclides by nuclear station employees. The philosophy and objectives of the program are discussed; equipment and calibration procedures are described, and experience over the past two and a half years is reviewed. The procedures to minimize the effects of external contamination, a problem commonly encountered in whole-body counting, are described. (auth)

Full Text Available Context As the prevalence of obesity and diabetes continues to increase there is a need for new interventions to control this epidemic. Multiple alternative treatment methods exist for type 2 diabetes mellitus such as acupuncture, bariatric surgery, yoga, aromatherapy, herbal remedies, etc. WholeBody Vibration is a relatively new area of interest recently utilized as an adjunctive therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus, representing a potentially new and novel treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective The primary objective of this study was to summarize current literature regarding the effects of wholebody vibration on type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review details the effect of wholebody vibration on areas of high clinical impact in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus such as glycemic control, body composition, renal function, inflammatory indices, peripheral neuropathy, and wound healing. Methods Reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts in journal articles and books to extract data from multiple studies and literature to compile a current review on the topic of wholebody vibration and diabetes mellitus. Results Current literature in murine and human models reported an overall improvement in glycemic control, renal function, inflammatory indices, and peripheral neuropathy following wholebody vibration therapy. Wholebody vibration effect on body mass composition is controversial with inconsistent reports of the effect on lean mass, bone density, and fat mass. Conclusions Wholebody vibration has demonstrated significant promise in improving multiple systems related to the sequela of type 2 diabetes mellitus, thereby suggesting a new and novel treatment modification in this patient population. Subsequent studies are needed to further analyze the effect of wholebody vibration on type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To determine whether plasma sclerostin levels are affected by applying whole-body vibration treatments. Materials and methods: Following a pilot study, the present prospective, randomized, controlled single-blind study was performed on 16 healthy volunteer women (ages 20 to 40 years). Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups, and whole-body vibration was applied to the treatment group but not to the controls. The plasma sclerostin levels were measured before the treatment and at the 10t...

Clinicians have long known that marked granulocytopenia predisposed patients to bacterial infections either from pathogens or commensal organisms with which an individual usually lives in harmony. Evidence that infection was of major importance derives from several observations: (a) clinical observations of bacterial infection in human beings exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in reactor accidents, and in large animals dying from radiation exposure, (b) correlative studies on mortality rate, time of death, and incidence of positive culture in animals, (c) challenge of irradiated animals with normally non-virulent organisms, (d) studies of germ free mice and rats, and (e) studies of the effectiveness of antibiotics in reducing mortality rate. General knowledge and sound experimental data on animals and man clearly demonstrated that the sequelae of pancytopenia (bacterial infection, thrombopenic hemorrhage, and anemia) are the lethal factors. A lot of research was required to demonstrate that there were no mysterious radiations toxins, that hyperheparinemia was not a cause of radiation hemorrhage and that radiation hemorrhage could be prevented by fresh platelet transfusions

Clinicians have long known that marked granulocytopenia predisposed patients to bacterial infections either from pathogens or commensal organisms with which an individual usually lives in harmony. Evidence that infection was of major importance derives from several observations: (a) clinical observations of bacterial infection in human beings exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in reactor accidents, and in large animals dying from radiation exposure, (b) correlative studies on mortality rate, time of death, and incidence of positive culture in animals, (c) challenge of irradiated animals with normally non-virulent organisms, (d) studies of germ free mice and rats, and (e) studies of the effectiveness of antibiotics in reducing mortality rate. General knowledge and sound experimental data on animals and man clearly demonstrated that the sequelae of pancytopenia (bacterial infection, thrombopenic hemorrhage, and anemia) are the lethal factors. A lot of research was required to demonstrate that there were no mysterious radiations toxins, that hyperheparinemia was not a cause of radiation hemorrhage and that radiation hemorrhage could be prevented by fresh platelet transfusions.

A conventional PET scanner has a 15-25 cm axial field-of-view (FOV) and images a wholebody using about six bed positions. An OpenPET geometry can extend the axial FOV with a limited number of detectors. The entire whole-body PET scanner must be able to process a large amount of data effectively. In this work, we study feasibility of the fully 3D entire whole-body PET scanner using the GATE simulation. The OpenPET has 12 block detector rings with the ring diameter of 840 mm and each block detector ring consists of 48 depth-of-interaction (DOI) detectors. The OpenPET has the axial length of 895.95 mm with five parts of 58.95 mm open gaps. The OpenPET has higher single data loss than a conventional PET scanner at grouping circuits. NECR of the OpenPET decreases by single data loss. But single data loss is mitigated by separating the axially arranged detector into two parts. Also, multiple coincidences are found to be important for the entire whole-body PET scanner. The entire whole-body PET scanner with the OpenPET geometry promises to provide a large axial FOV with the open space and to have sufficient performance values. But single data loss at the grouping circuits and multiple coincidences are limited to the peak noise equivalent count rate (NECR) for the entire whole-body PET scanner.

Objective: To assess and compare patient experience of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to that of computed tomography (CT) for staging newly diagnosed lymphoma. Materials and methods: A total of 36 patients with newly diagnosed lymphoma prospectively underwent whole-body MRI and CT for staging purposes. Patients were asked to fill in a short questionnaire with regard to the burden and experience of the examination on a Likert scale (range 1–4). Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to determine statistically significant differences in patient (dis)comfort between the two examinations. Results: Patients reported to be significantly (P = 0.007) less worried before undergoing whole-body MRI compared to CT. Patients also experienced whole-body MRI as significantly (P = 0.010) less unpleasant and felt significantly (P = 0.003) better shortly after the scan. The necessary preparations before CT scanning (i.e. insertion of intravenous line, drinking of contrast fluid), which are not required for whole-body MRI, were reported to be a considerable burden. Conclusion: In this study in patients with newly diagnosed lymphoma, whole-body MRI was experienced as a more patient-friendly technique than CT

Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a useful tool in oncology, which enables fast screening of disseminated tumors, lymph nodes or abscesses in the body. Multistation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or continuously moving table (CMT) MRI can be performed to overcome the limited field of view (FOV) of the magnet bore in whole-body DWI. Although CMT-MRI is regarded as a more advanced form of whole-body MRI, it cannot be widely used because most of the available MR systems are not equipped with the required hardware/software to perform CMT. Thus, optimizing the multistation approach for whole-body DWI, which is more widely available and easier to perform with the existing MR systems, is worthwhile. To improve the quality of DW images acquired with the multistation approach, we used different combinations of the built-in body RF coil and the phased-array surface RF coils for reception of the signals in whole-body DWI in this work. If different coils are selectively used in the extended FOV and appropriate reconstruction algorithms are exploited, the screening ability of whole-body DWI can be improved while minimizing the patient's discomfort and the artifacts due to physiological motions.

Acute effects of wholebody exposure to static magnetic field (SMF) on pharmacologically induced hypertension in a conscious rabbit were evaluated. Hypertensive and vasoconstrictive actions were induced by norepinephrine (NE) or a nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). The hemodynamics in a central artery of the ear lobe was measured continuously and analyzed by penetrating microphotoelectric plethysmography (MPPG). Concurrently, blood pressure (BP) changes in a central artery, contralateral to that of the MPPG measured ear lobe, were monitored. Magnetic flux densities were 5.5 mT (Bmax), the magnetic gradient peaked in the throat at the level of approximately 0.09 mT/mm, and the duration of exposure was 30 min. The results demonstrated that under normal physiological conditions without treatment of pharmacological agents, there were no statistically significant differences in the hemodynamics and BP changes between the sham and the SMF exposure alone. Under pharmacologically induced hypertensive conditions, the wholebody exposure to nonuniform SMF with peak magnetic gradient in the carotid sinus baroreceptor significantly attenuated the vasoconstriction and suppressed the elevation of BPs. These findings suggest that antipressor effects of the SMF on the hemodynamics under NE or l-NAME induced high vascular tone might be, in part, dependent on modulation of NE mediated response in conjunction with alteration in NOS activity, thereby modulating BPs. PMID:12524681

The effect of low level radiation doses is the subject of serious investigations and there is concern that the degree of hazards may be higher than has been assumed in the past. The increasing number of individuals who are being exposed to low level of fast neutron doses during their work and radiotherapy raised the need for the estimation of the degree of hazards of low level fast neutron doses. The present study was conducted to investigate the direct effect of wholebody exposure to low level doses of fast neutrons on the liver function of rats. Rats were divided into five groups; the first group was non-irradiated controls and the others were exposed to fast neutrons from californium-252 source at fluencies of 105, 106, 107 and 108 n/cm2, respectively. The activities of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as the plasma concentrations of cholesterol and total bilirubin for all groups were estimated. Significant increases in GOT activity of values 4.27, 4.21, 2.55 and 1.49 times that of controls were observed for rats exposed to 105, 106, 107 and 108 n /cm2, respectively. On the other hand, significant increases in GPT activity of values 1.23, 1.57, 1.66 and 2.7 times that of controls were observed after wholebody exposure to 105, 106, 107 and 108 n/cm2, respectively. A significant increase in ALP activity of percentage 12.49% was observed as a result of exposure to 105 n/cm2, while a net drop in the activity of this enzyme of percentages 49.7%, 72.52% and 78.85% was observed after exposure to 106, 107 and 108 n/cm2, respectively. Exposing rats to 105 n/cm2 led to a significant increase in plasma concentration of cholesterol of value 2.04 times that of controls, while the exposure to 106 and 107 n /cm2 led to a significant drop in the concentration of this compound with percentages of 45.14% and 24.05%, respectively, when compared to controls. The results showed significant

The Antioxidant effect of Sumac; Rhus coriaria L. against wholebody gamma-irradiation-induced oxidative damage in lung and liver tissues was investigated in albino rats. To achieve the ultimate goal of this study, 48 adult rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 12 animals each. Group I: Control group. Group II: Irradiated with a single dose of 5Gy gamma-rays. Group III: Fed with sumac orally (300 mg/ kg body wt/ day) for 10 days. Group IV: Fed sumac (300 mg/ kg body wt) for 3 days pre-irradiation and 7 days after-radiation (5 Gy). The rats were sacrificed 1 and 7 days after a single exposure to ?-rays. The animals exposed to gamma radiation recorded significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitrate oxide (NO) levels in both lung and liver tissues. Also the results revealed, significant decrease in the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), in lung and liver tissues. Moreover, a significant increase in plasma glucose accompanied with a significant decrease in insulin level was observed in irradiated rats. Administration of sumac for 10 days to rats prior and post gamma irradiation improved the tested parameters except glucose. In conclusion, data obtained from this study indicated that sumac could increase the antioxidant defence mechanism in rat and there by protects the animals from radiation-induced organs toxicity but it may increase the blood sugar, therefore in diabetic patient be considered

That the management of wholebody radiation injury involves: (1) watchful waiting, (2) observation of the hematologic parameters, (3) use of antibiotics, platelet red cell and possibly granulocyte transfusions, (4) administration of hemopoietic molecular regulators of granulopoiesis, and (5) bone marrow transplantation as the last line of defense. The clinical indication for the preceding will not be discussed, since this will be a subject of later speakers in this conference. Certainly, if a radiation casualty is fortunate enough to have an identical twin, a marrow transplant may be lifesaving and certainly can do no harm to the patient, and there is little risk to the donor

A 2 GHz whole-body exposure to rats over a multigeneration has been conducted as part of bio-effect research in Japan. In this study, the rats moved freely in the cage inside the exposure system. From observation of the activity of rats in the cage, we found that the rats do not stay in each position with uniform possibility. In order to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) during the entire exposure period with high accuracy, we present a new approach to statistically determine the SAR level in an exposure system. First, we divided the rat cage in the exposure system into several small areas, and derived the fraction of time the rats spent in each small area based on the classification of the documentary photos of rat activity. Then, using the fraction of time spent in each small area as a weighting factor, we calculated the statistical characteristics of the whole-body average SAR for pregnant rats and young rats during the entire exposure period. As a result, this approach gave the statistical distribution as well as the corresponding mean value, median value and mode value for the whole-body SAR so that we can reasonably clarify the relationship between the exposure level and possible biological effect. (paper)

Purpose: To describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with suspected Parsonage Turner syndrome and to emphasize the value of an additional wholebody MR scan to improve specificity of this diagnosis. Material and Methods: Three patients with proven Parsonage Turner syndrome referred for conventional MRI of the shoulder girdle and additional wholebody turboSTIR MRI were included for study. Results: In each case, imaging revealed edema in the muscles of the shoulder girdle. Wholebody turboSTIR MRI scan confirmed localized unilateral changes in each case improving specificity and confidence in the diagnosis of Parsonage Turner syndrome in each case. Conclusion: Wholebody turboSTIR MR imaging is a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with suspected Parsonage Turner syndrome. Inclusion of the brain, neck, brachial plexus, and extremity musculature at wholebody imaging allows differentiation from polymyositis and elimination of additional causes of shoulder girdle pain and weakness including gross lesions in the brain, neck, and brachial plexus by a single non-invasive study.

The role of the splanchnic bed in the economy of wholebody leucine (leu) metabolism was assessed in 5 chronically catheterized conscious fasting mongrel dogs. Using primed continuous intravenous infusions of L-[15N, 1-13C]-leu and L-1-14C-leu the metabolic fate of leu carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the splanchnic region was compared with that in the body as a whole, by measurement of isotope and substrate balance across gut and liver. Sampling was from the portal and hepatic veins and arch of aorta. Blood flow estimation was made by dye dilution. Wholebody leu N and C fluxes and oxidation were (Mean +/- SEM); 453 +/ 47, 197 +/- 37 and 41 +/- 5 μmol kg-1.h-1, respectively. The splanchnic bed accounted for (% of wholebody) 36 +/- 13 of leu disappearance into proteins (liver 14%; gut 22%); 24 +/- 7 of leu appearance via protein breakdown (liver 8%; gut 16%) 12 +/- 2% of leu transamination to α-ketoisocaproate (KIC) (liver 7%; gut 5%); 12 +/- 3 of KIC reamination to leu (liver 7%; gut 5%) and 11 +/- 3 of leu oxidation (liver 2%; gut 9%). Hence, in the fasting state the splanchnic region accounts for a small proportion of wholebody leu-KIC interconversion and oxidation, but a more significant proportion of wholebody of leu for protein synthesis

Purpose: To describe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with suspected Parsonage Turner syndrome and to emphasize the value of an additional wholebody MR scan to improve specificity of this diagnosis. Material and Methods: Three patients with proven Parsonage Turner syndrome referred for conventional MRI of the shoulder girdle and additional wholebody turboSTIR MRI were included for study. Results: In each case, imaging revealed edema in the muscles of the shoulder girdle. Wholebody turboSTIR MRI scan confirmed localized unilateral changes in each case improving specificity and confidence in the diagnosis of Parsonage Turner syndrome in each case. Conclusion: Wholebody turboSTIR MR imaging is a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with suspected Parsonage Turner syndrome. Inclusion of the brain, neck, brachial plexus, and extremity musculature at wholebody imaging allows differentiation from polymyositis and elimination of additional causes of shoulder girdle pain and weakness including gross lesions in the brain, neck, and brachial plexus by a single non-invasive study

The acute radiation syndrome showing only a few clinical symptoms was examined using biochemical tests. Store pigs received a whole-bodyirradiation of 2 Gy (200 rad). 11 biochemical tests were used for plasma and the whole blood. Activity changes were observed in the enzymes ALD, LDH, GOT and CPK after irradiation. The results show that despite of only a few clinical symptoms of the radiation syndrome considerable enzyme changes reveal individually differing radiation effects. (author)

Cysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by infestation with the encysted larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. Disseminated cysticercosis is an exceptional expression of this disease characterized by high morbidity due to massive symptomatic parasite burden in the central nervous system, striated muscles, subcutaneous tissues and other organs. Less than 50 such cases have been reported worldwide, and fewer than 10 children. We report on the whole-body MR diagnosis of extensively disseminated cysticercosis in a child. The critical role of whole-body MR as a stand-alone modality in the diagnosis and management of this pleomorphic disease is highlighted. Whole-body MR diagnosis of an infectious disease is unique. (orig.)

Transmission scans for attenuation correction of wholebody PET studies are not acquired routinely, since noise considerations impose acquisition time constraints that make conventional scanning techniques infeasible. The aim of this work is to optimize data acquisition and processing parameters and improve the SNR of wholebody transmission scans, in order to achieve within a reasonable time frame, an attenuation correction of the same quality as in cardiac PET. Methods to improve the scanner sensitivity by using additional coincidence planes, as well as smoothing methods for the randoms and the transmission data were investigated. Phantom and patient studies show that transmission scans are feasible for wholebody PET studies, with equivalent noise introduced in the chest area as in a typical cardiac PET attenuation correction, at fractions of the time required by conventional transmission scan protocols

Cysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by infestation with the encysted larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. Disseminated cysticercosis is an exceptional expression of this disease characterized by high morbidity due to massive symptomatic parasite burden in the central nervous system, striated muscles, subcutaneous tissues and other organs. Less than 50 such cases have been reported worldwide, and fewer than 10 children. We report on the whole-body MR diagnosis of extensively disseminated cysticercosis in a child. The critical role of whole-body MR as a stand-alone modality in the diagnosis and management of this pleomorphic disease is highlighted. Whole-body MR diagnosis of an infectious disease is unique. (orig.)

A semiconductor gamma spectrometer could be used for the rapid estimation of internal contamination of the people in cases of accidents even when no special calibration for wholebody counting is prepared. Generic transfer factors for calculation of the wholebody detection efficiency from the 25 cm distant point source detection efficiency are presented. Generic dependence of parameters of power function describing the detector efficiency for point source in 25 cm on the detector relative efficiency given by producer was derived from calibration of 18 detectors with relative efficiency from 1.4% to 62%. Minimum detectable activity for various backgrounds and the uncertainty of the estimate of wholebody retention are presented, too. (author)

In wholebody cryotherapy the whole human body is exposed to low temperature below -100 degrees C in a special room called cryogenic chamber for a very short period of time (2-3 minutes). The impact of cold can cause many different biochemical and physiological reactions of the organism. The skin temperature response due to wholebody cryotherapy was studied by means of infrared measurements. The thermograms of chosen body parts of patients suffering from low back pain were performed before and after wholebody cooling on the 1(st), 5(th) and the last (10(th)) day of medical treatment. Infrared imaging performed after cold impact owing to the enhancement of the skin temperature profile may reveal a slight decrease of the inflammatory states as a result of the 10 sessions of cryotherapy. PMID:17643893

The paper describes the usual methods of determination of the incorporation level of radionuclides. In direct measurements of the whole-body activity as well as with the indirect method of excretion analysis, the varying behaviour of different chemical compounds of the radionuclides has to be borne in mind. The direct measurement of plutonium and other transuranium elements special problems owing to the fact that their soft X-ray radiation is strongly absorbed in the body, and special care must therefore be bestowed upon the calibration of the measurements. For the assessment of the whole-body exposure by urinalyses, the new ICRP lung model and Heaby's excretion function are referred to. In some cases, the data of the lung model enable conclusions on the whole-body exposure to be drawn from examination of the faeces if the conditions of inhalation are known. The practical use of this method and the problems involved are discussed by some examples. (orig./AK)

The objective of the study was to investigate the radioprotective effect of Tamarindus indica pod extract against radiation induced damage.The effect of 100 mg of hydroalcoholic extract of Tamarindus indica pod was studied in Swiss albino mice exposed to 6 Gy wholebody electron beam radiation. Treatment of mice with extract for 15 days before irradiation reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the untreated irradiated group. The irradiated animals showed an elevation in lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione, total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. Radiation induced mice has shown micronucleus in the bone marrow cells. Treatment of mice with Tamarindus indica pod extract before irradiation caused a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation followed by significant elevation in reduced glutathione, total antioxidants, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity. It also showed a reduction in the micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells. Results indicate that the radioprotective activity of Tamarindus indica pod extract may be due to free radical scavenging attributed as a result of increased antioxidant level in mice. (author)

Background: Recent technological advances have made whole-body MRI feasible within a reasonable time-frame. The clinical utility of whole-body MRI in patients with renal cell carcinoma has not been evaluated yet. Purpose: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of whole-body MRI and computed tomography (CT) in follow-up of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Material and Methods: In 28 patients with primary renal cell carcinoma a multislice CT scan of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, and a whole-body MRI were carried out as part of the postoperative follow-up. A combination of subsequent imaging studies and histology served as standard of reference. Results: MRI demonstrated a significantly better diagnostic accuracy regarding musculoskeletal metastases compared with CT (97.7% vs 82%, P<0.001). In contrast, CT was superior in the detection of pulmonary metastases (88.5% vs 71.9%, P<0.001). Both methods had similar diagnostic performance regarding lymph node metastases (CT, accuracy 82.4%; MRI, accuracy 83.4%, P=0.25). The concordance of both modalities regarding N and M stage was excellent (Cohen's kappa 1.00). In two patients cerebral metastases were revealed by MRI, which led to a change in therapy. Conclusion: At this stage, whole-body MRI cannot be considered an adequate replacement for CT in the follow-up of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Further significant improvement of lung MR protocols is necessary, as CT's sensitivity for pulmonary nodules is clearly superior. In contrast, the main advantage of whole-body MRI is its high diagnostic accuracy for musculoskeletal metastases

Background: Recent technological advances have made whole-body MRI feasible within a reasonable time-frame. The clinical utility of whole-body MRI in patients with renal cell carcinoma has not been evaluated yet. Purpose: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of whole-body MRI and computed tomography (CT) in follow-up of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Material and Methods: In 28 patients with primary renal cell carcinoma a multislice CT scan of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, and a whole-body MRI were carried out as part of the postoperative follow-up. A combination of subsequent imaging studies and histology served as standard of reference. Results: MRI demonstrated a significantly better diagnostic accuracy regarding musculoskeletal metastases compared with CT (97.7% vs 82%, P<0.001). In contrast, CT was superior in the detection of pulmonary metastases (88.5% vs 71.9%, P<0.001). Both methods had similar diagnostic performance regarding lymph node metastases (CT, accuracy 82.4%; MRI, accuracy 83.4%, P=0.25). The concordance of both modalities regarding N and M stage was excellent (Cohen's kappa 1.00). In two patients cerebral metastases were revealed by MRI, which led to a change in therapy. Conclusion: At this stage, whole-body MRI cannot be considered an adequate replacement for CT in the follow-up of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Further significant improvement of lung MR protocols is necessary, as CT's sensitivity for pulmonary nodules is clearly superior. In contrast, the main advantage of whole-body MRI is its high diagnostic accuracy for musculoskeletal metastases

Astronauts' training is conventionally performed in a pool to reproduce weightlessness by exploiting buoyancy which is supposed to reduce the impact of gravity on the body. However, this training method has not been scientifically validated yet, and requires first to study the effects of underwater exposure on motor behavior. We examined the influence of neutral buoyancy on kinematic features of whole-body reaching underwater and compared them with those produced on land. Eight professional divers were asked to perform arm reaching movements toward visual targets while standing. Targets were presented either close or far from the subjects (requiring in the latter case an additional whole-body displacement). Reaching movements were performed on land or underwater in two different contexts of buoyancy. The divers either wore a diving suit only with neutral buoyancy applied to their center of mass or were additionally equipped with a submersible simulated space suit with neutral buoyancy applied to their body limbs. Results showed that underwater exposure impacted basic movement features, especially movement speed which was reduced. However, movement kinematics also differed according to the way buoyancy was exerted on the whole-body. When neutral buoyancy was applied to the center of mass only, some focal and postural components of whole-body reaching remained close to land observations, notably when considering the relative deceleration duration of arm elevation and concomitant forward trunk bending when reaching the far target. On the contrary, when neutral buoyancy was exerted on body segments, movement kinematics were close to those reported in weightlessness, as reflected by the arm deceleration phase and the whole-body forward displacement when reaching the far target. These results suggest that astronauts could benefit from the application of neutral buoyancy across the whole-body segments to optimize underwater training and acquire specific motor skills which

Assessing experimentally the whole-body specific absorption rate (SARwb) in a complex indoor environment is very challenging. An experimental method based on room electromagnetics theory (accounting only the Line-Of-Sight as specular path) to assess the whole-body SAR is validated by numerical...... deviations 0.71% and 4% have been obtained for far-field scenarios, and 77.5% for the near field-scenario. The contribution of the DMC in the total absorption rate is also quantified here, which has never been investigated earlier. It is found that the DMC may represent an important part of the total...

We here report each one case with primary aldosteronism (male, 28 years old) and Cushing syndrome (female, 37 years old). Both of the cases showed characteristic clinical signs of hypertension and typical laboratory findings of adreno-hormonal assays. In performance of wholebody computed tomography, clear pictures of tumorous adenomas in both cases were taken and the sizes of adenomas in picture were completely same as the masses obtained by the lateral adrenectomies. As a result, the wholebody computed tomography is very useful to diagnose the diseases of adrenal adenoma and hyperplasia. (author)

WholeBody Operational Space Control (WBOSC) is a pioneering algorithm in the field of human-centered Whole-Body Control (WBC). It enables floating-base highly-redundant robots to achieve unified motion/force control of one or more operational space objectives while adhering to physical constraints. Limited studies exist on the software architecture and APIs that enable WBOSC to perform and be integrated into a larger system. In this paper we address this by presenting ControlIt!, a new open-...

In this article, we present a method of whole-body manipulation of large objects by a humanoid robot using a pivoting motion. Pivoting manipulation can be an alternative to pushing or lifting for more dexterous and stable operation, which is often used by humans to move large and bulky furniture. This article describes a method and control techniques for a humanoid robot to perform the manipulation of a large object through whole-body motion by applying this pivoting motion. For this purpose,...

Deletion of the mouse selenoprotein P gene (Sepp1) lowers selenium concentrations in many tissues. We examined selenium homeostasis in Sepp1−/− and Sepp1+/+ mice to assess the mechanism of this. The liver produces and exports selenoprotein P, which transports selenium to peripheral tissues, and urinary selenium metabolites, which regulate whole-body selenium. At intakes of selenium near the nutritional requirement, Sepp1−/− mice had whole-body selenium concentrations 72 to 75% of Sepp1+/+ mic...

The efficiency of a whole-body counter for 137Cs and 40K was calculated using the MCNP5 code. The ORNL phantoms of a human body of different body sizes were applied in a sitting position in front of a detector. The aim was to investigate the dependence of efficiency on the body size (age) and the detector position with respect to the body and to estimate the accuracy of real measurements. The calculation work presented here is related to the NaI detector, which is available in the Serbian Whole-body Counter facility in Vinca Inst.. (authors)

Compliant manipulation is one of the grand challenges for autonomous robots. Many household chores in human environments, such as cleaning the floor or wiping windows, rely on this principle. At the same time these tasks often require whole-body motions to cover a larger workspace. The performance of the actual task itself is thereby dependent on a large number of parameters that have to be taken into account. To tackle this issue we propose to utilize low-level compliant whole-body control s...

Whole-body carbon dioxide (CO2) production (RaCO2) is an index of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure; therefore, it may provide information about the metabolic response to sepsis. Using stable isotope techniques, we determined RaCO2 and its relationship to protein and glucose metabolism in m...

A case reported is presented of bone marrow suppression in a 62 year old women, who was given six courses of electron therapy between 1979 and 1982 for mycosis fungoides over the wholebody. X-ray contamination in the electron beam is discussed. (U.K.)

Background: Intermittent fasting (IF) was shown to increase whole-body insulin sensitivity, but it is uncertain whether IF selectively influences intermediary metabolism. Such selectivity might be advantageous when adapting to periods of food abundance and food shortage. Objective: The objective was

Insulin and amino acids (AA) stimulate muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. To determine the effects of insulin and AA on wholebody protein turnover, hyperinsulinemic (0 and 100 ng/(kg[0.66]/min))-euglycemic-AA clamps were performed during euaminoacidemia or hyperaminoacidemia in fasted 7-d-...

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) requires phantoms for quality control and cross-calibration. No commercially available phantoms are designed specifically for infant whole-body scanning. We fabricated a phantom closely matching a 7-kg human infant in body habitus using PVC, nylon-mix, and poly...

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a diagnosis of exclusion primarily in children and adolescents. As part of the essential criteria for the diagnosis of CRMO, multifocal lesions must be identified. We present the case of an 11-year-old boy with CRMO, whose diagnosis was facilitated by the use of wholebody magnetic resonance imaging (WBMR), but not isotope bone scanning.

Full Text Available Objective. To review the literature on the effects of whole-body vibration therapy in patients with fibromyalgia. Design. Systematic literature review. Patients. Patients with fibromyalgia. Methods. An electronic search of the literature in four medical databases was performed to identify studies on whole-body vibration therapy that were published up to the 15th of January 2015. Results. Eight articles satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were analysed. According to the Dutch CBO guidelines, all selected trials had a B level of evidence. The main outcomes that were measured were balance, fatigue, disability index, health-related quality of life, and pain. Whole-body vibration appeared to improve the outcomes, especially balance and disability index. Conclusion. Whole-body vibration could be an adequate treatment for fibromyalgia as a main therapy or added to a physical exercise programme as it could improve balance, disability index, health-related quality of life, fatigue, and pain. However, this conclusion must be treated with caution because the paucity of trials and the marked differences between existing trials in terms of protocol, intervention, and measurement tools hampered the comparison of the trials.

Full Text Available The aim of this systematic review was to summarize available scientific evidence on the utilization of wholebody vibration as an alternative method to promote effective modifications on muscle strength and power in the aging population. Scientific studies were retrieved from the following databases: Medline, Scielo, Lillacs, Cochrane Library, PEDro and Science Citation Index. The PEDro scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies, while content went through a critical analysis. From the 91 studies retrieved, 75 were excluded and 16 attended the selection criteria. From the16, the majority (68.8% presented from moderate to high methodological quality. Whole-body vibration associated to both isometric and dynamic exercises seemed to constitute an alternative for therapeutic intervention to improve muscular strength and power of healthy elderly. However, due to the characteristics of the designs of the studies reviewed and the threats to their internal validity (i.e., the absence of the control condition to the vibratory stimulus it was challenging to establish the additional effects of the whole-body vibration on the target population. Divergent findings were found for the whole-body vibration effect on muscular power. It is still necessary to conduct randomized control trials to establish the real effectiveness of this kind of intervention.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging provides physiologic and metabolic information that characterizes lesions that are indeterminate by CT. FDG PET imaging is sensitive to the detection of lung cancer in patients who have indeterminate lesions on CT, whereas low grade malignancy such as bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and carcinoid may be negative on FDG PET. The specificity of PET imaging is less than its sensitivity because some inflammatory processes, such as active granulomatous infections, avidly accumulate FDG. This possibility should be kept in mind in the analysis of PET studies of glucose metabolism aimed at differentiating malignant from benign solitary pulmonary nodules. FDG uptake is considered to be a good marker of cell differentiation, proliferative potential, aggressiveness, and the grade of malignancy in patients with lung cancer. FDG PET accurately stages the distribution of lung cancer. Several studies have documented the increased accuracy of PET compared with CT in the evaluation of the hilar and mediastinal lymphnode status in patients with lung cancer. Whole-body PET studies detect metastatic disease that is unsuspected by conventional imaging. Management changes have been reported in up to 41% of patients on the basis of the results of whole-body studies. Whole-body FDG PET is also useful for the detection of recurrence. Several studies have indicated that the degree of FDG uptake in primary lung cancer can be used as an independent prognostic factor. Thus, whole-body FDG PET is clinically very useful in the management of lung cancer. (author)

Full Text Available The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of wholebody resistance training on bone status and body composition in young female. Twenty five moderately active females volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to wholebody resistance trained (WRT (n=13; 23.1±2.0 years and control (C groups (n=12; 22.5±1.7 years. Height, body weight and body composition measurements were held. Total body fat (%BF, fat mass (FM, fat-free mass (FFM, and bone mineral density (BMD measurements were performed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After completing the pre-test measurements, the WRT subjects were participated in 12 week wholebody resistance training. At the end of the 12-week training period, paired t-test results showed that there was a significant (p.05 change in the body weight (-.21kg or BMI (.09. In the control group, significant (p.05 change in the body weight (.85kg, FFM (.12kg, and BMD (-.002 g/cm2 after 12 week period. These results showed that 12 week wholebody resistance training had a optimize effect on body composition and bone status, but had no effect on body weight and body mass index in young female subjects.

The wholebody clearance of noradrenaline (NA) was measured in seven patients pre- and postoperatively. L-3H-NA was infused intravenously for 90 min and steady-state concentrations of L-3H-NA were measured in both arterial and peripheral venous blood. Preoperatively, in the resting supine position...

Integrated whole-body PET/MRI tomographs have become available. PET/MR imaging has the potential to supplement, or even replace combined PET/CT imaging in selected clinical indications. However, this is true only if methodological pitfalls and image artifacts arising from novel MR-based attenuation...

The effect of resistance training on arterial stiffening is controversial. We tested the hypothesis that resistance training would not alter central arterial compliance. Young healthy men (age, 23 +/- 3.9 (mean +/- s.e.m.) years; n = 28,) were whole-body resistance trained five times a week for 12 w

Whole-body magnetic resonance angiography (WB-MRA) is a noninvasive method for diagnosing the systemic distribution of atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the feasibility and diagnostic performance of WB-MRA, but no studies have investigated patient acceptance of this imaging method....

A computer programming using the Monte Carlo method for calculation of efficiencies of whole-body counting of body radiation distribution is presented. An analytical simulator (for man e for child) incorporated with99mTc, 131I and 42K is used. (M.A.C.)

]SeMet was retained within the body after 7 d. In contrast, the measured excretion in urine and faeces for the 7 d period was 8•2 (SD 1•1)% of the activity. Time–activity curves were generated for the wholebody, stomach, liver, abdomen (other than the stomach and the liver), brain and femoral muscles. Gamma camera...

Full Text Available Background. Osteoporosis is an extrapulmonary effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD. Diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on BMD measured by DXA-scan. The best location for BMD measurement in COPD has not been determined. Aim of this study was to assess whole-body BMD and BMD of the hip and lumbar spine (local DXA in COPD patients and compare the prevalence of osteoporosis at these locations. Methods. Wholebody as well as local DXA-scan were made in 168 COPD patients entering pulmonary rehabilitation. Patient-relevant characteristics were assessed. Prevalence of osteoporosis was determined. Characteristics of patients without osteoporosis were compared to patients with osteoporosis on local DXA. Results. A higher prevalence of osteoporosis was found using local DXA compared to whole-body DXA (39% versus 21%. One quarter of patients without osteoporosis on wholebody-DXA did have osteoporosis on local DXA. Significant differences in patient characteristics between patients without osteoporosis based on both DXA measurements and patients with osteoporosis based on local DXA only were found. Conclusions. DXA of the hip and lumbar spine should be made to assess bone mineral density in COPD patients. The lowest T-score of these locations should be used to diagnose osteoporosis.

Protein energy malnutrition is present in 18 to 56% of hemodialysis patients. Because hemodialysis has been regarded as a catabolic event, we studied whether consumption of a protein- and energy-nriched meal improves the wholebody protein balance during dialysis in chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patien

Two types of rat exposure chambers, nose-only and whole-body chambers, were evaluated simultaneously for the temporal and spatial distribution of the same test aerosols within the chambers, both with and without animals present. Results indicated that both types of exposure chambers performed well, with coefficients of variation less than 10% for both temporal and spatial variations. (author)

Since the wholebody CT (computed tomography) unit (GE, CT/T) was installed in our hospital in April, 1982, a total of 2884 cases have been examined by this wholebody scanner for one year from April, 1982 to March, 1983. An analysis of the relationship between the situations of the subjects in and the results of wholebody CT examination disclosed some very interesting facts. Up to the present time such a study has scarcely made. That is why we wanted to make this report. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Wholebody CT examinations were performed on the patients of advanced age more frequently than on those of young age and performed most frequently on the group in the sixties. 2. The number of CT examinations performed on head and abdomen of the patients was 86.7% of a total of 2884 cases. 3. Enhanced CT examinations were perfomed on 26.1% of 2884 cases and most frequently on the group in the teens. 4. The percentage of the abnormal findings found in 2884 cases was 61.5% and this rate was higher than that shown in the reports made by us in 1980 and 1982, respectively. (author)

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is rare in infancy, and we present a case of aggressive NHL of T-cell lineage in an infant with multifocal bone, cardiac, mediastinal nodal, paranasal sinus, calvarial, and soft-tissue deposits on presentation that were detected on whole-body MRI. (orig.)

The hypothesis of radiation hormesis was proposed. In order to elucidate the hormetic effect on immune system, the mitogen response of rat lymphocytes after the exposure to low dose X-ray was studied. Male rats were subjected to the wholebody exposure from 0.01 to 2 Gy. The lymphocytes from spleens, thymuses and bone marrows were prepared at the prescribed time after the irradiation, thereafter, they were incubated at 37 degC for 48 hours in the presence of mitogens. The cells were pulsed with [H-3]-thymidine in the final 4 hours of culture, and the cell growth was evaluated by its intake into the cells. The results obtained were as follows. The in vitro concanavalin A (Con A) response of the spleen cells prepared 4 hours after the irradiation increased by the exposure to 0.05 Gy, whereas the response of thymus and bone marrow cells did not change. These spleen cells showed the increase of relative Con A response by 240 %, while their mitogen response to phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide was only 150 %. This enhancement of mitogen response of spleen cells was observed within a few hours after the irradiation, so it is a temporary effect. Low dose exposure may induce a hormesis-like effect. (K.I.)