Brazilian giant’s comeback shows preservation and development of Amazon is possible

Fishermen capture a large Pirarucu fish from the water at the Amana Sustainable Development Reserve, in Amazonas State, northern Brazil. Photos: AFP

Several meters long and weighing hundreds of kilograms, the Amazon’s pirarucu was almost fished to extinction. But the creation of sustainable development reserves in Brazil has ensured the giant fish — and its indigenous hunters — are flourishing again.

The resurgence of one of the world’s largest freshwater fish is the result of Brazil’s yearslong efforts to combine scientific and traditional know-how to preserve the country’s rich biodiversity and ensure sustainable livelihoods for indigenous communities in the Amazon.

Spanning more than three million hectares (7.4 million acres), the Mamiraua and neighboring Amana Sustainable Development Reserves in the upper reaches of the Amazon river were created in the 1990s by the state government.

They are among 39 such designated areas across Latin America’s biggest country — home to more than half of the world’s animal and plant species.

As the Amazon faces growing threats from illegal loggers, clandestine miners and aggressive farming businesses who have found their champion in recently elected far-right President Jair Bolsonaro, advocates say these reserves are proof that it is possible to exploit natural resources in a way that does not harm the environment.

“The rainforest allows us to use it without affecting, or affecting very little, the way it works,” Emiliano Ramalho, science and technical director of the government-backed Mamiraua Sustainable Development Institute (MSDI) told AFP on a recent trip to the Amazon.

“We have to change the concept that the rainforest can only bring benefits if it is felled, if the conservation units are closed, and if we remove or don’t create more indigenous land.

“This socio-biodiversity is what makes the Amazon. Without it, the system doesn’t function.”

‘Great recover

A black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) swimming on the Jaraua River at the Mamiraua Reserve, Brazil’s largest protected area, in Amazonas state.

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Mamiraua is a 40-minute boat ride from the nearest municipality of Tefe.

Set deep inside the Amazon, pink dolphins glide through the water, while birds of different colors produce a complex symphony as they soar over floating houses.

Hidden in the trees guariba monkeys create a racket screeching from dawn to dusk — when huge mosquitoes begin to attack visitors.

Around 15,000 people live in the Mamiraua and Amana reserves. The majority are caboclo — people of mixed Indian and European heritage — who mainly live in floating or stilt houses due to fluctuations in the water level, which can top 10 meters (33 feet) between December and July.

Inhabitants support themselves by raising livestock using sustainable techniques such as rotational grazing or extracting the pulp from native fruits for sale, which is more profitable than selling them whole.

Responsible fishing and handicrafts supplement their income.

Locals — human and animal — are reaping the benefits of their symbiotic relationship.

Since 1999, for example, the pirarucu population has gone from around 2,500 to more than 190,500 in 2018 after fishermen began tracking numbers and respecting reproductive periods and fishing quotas.

Last year, more than 700 fishermen in the Mamiraua and Amana earned US$430,000, according to a report.

Taking a dip in the Mamiraua Lake is tempting in the oppressive heat, but the resurgence of alligator numbers is a strong deterrent.

The melanosuchus niger alligator — the largest of its species in the Americas — was threatened with extinction in the 1980s due to demand for its meat and skin.

“The recovery of the alligator population was due to the prohibition of hunting and the creation of reserves,” says Barthira Resende, technical manager of the MSDI’s alligator management plan.

Now, the Mamiraua has the largest concentration of alligators in Brazil largely thanks to the efforts of the indigenous communities.

Inhabitants help by collecting data on the location of alligator sightings or their nests, which are used to set killing quotas to avoid overexploitation again.

“Bringing community members together in sustainable management is a conservation strategy,” says Resende.

Afonso Carvalho, a leader of the Vila Alencar community on the shores of the Mamiraua Lake, says it is working.

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