Nonsense syllable speech materials are often used when investigating speech perception in quiet and
under adverse conditions. The main advantage of using nonsense syllables over words and sentences
is that the acoustic as well as the linguistic context is minimal. This paper presents three anechoic
recordings of 13 male and 13 female native talkers of Danish each speaking 65 nonsense syllables
repeated three times with the neutral intonation contour for Danish (in total 15210 syllables). The
authors compared and ranked groups of three recordings. These three recording had the same talker
and had identical phonetic content. The syllables were ranked according to the general “appropriateness”
and consistency, i.e., prototypical production of the consonant-vowel (CV) with respect to
applicability in speech perceptual studies. The results were compared to results of an automatic
method based on acoustic measures. The two novel ideas are 1) to devise an automated method for
evaluating “appropriateness” of CVs and 2) to develop a Danish CV-material annotated with an objective
measure of “appropriateness” for each recorded CV. The latter would potentially render more
CV’s appropriate for perceptual studies. Moreover, objective evaluation would make it possible to
examine any perceptual effects of variability in CV production (for example how susceptible different
renderings by the same talker of CV’s are to background noise). To the knowledge of the authors, no
such material has yet been published for any language.

One of the aims of the Eye-to-IT project (FP6 IST 517590) is to integrate
keyboard logging and eye-tracking data to study and anticipate the behaviour
of human translators. This so-called User-Activity Data (UAD) would
make it possible to empirically ground cognitive models and to validate hypotheses
of human processing concepts in the data. In order to thoroughly ground a
cognitive model of the user in empirical observation, two conditions must be met
as a minimum. All UAD data must be fully synchronised so that data relate to
a common construct. Secondly, data must be represented in a queryable form so
that large volumes of data can be analysed electronically.
Two programs have evolved in the Eye-to-IT project: TRANSLOG is designed
to register and replay keyboard logging data, while GWM is a tool to record and
replay eye-movement data. This paper reports on an attempt to synchronise and
integrate the representations of both software components so that sequences of
keyboard and eye-movement data can be retrieved and their interaction studied.
The outcome of this effort would be the possibility to correlate eye- and keyboard
activities of translators (the user model) with properties of the source and target
texts and thus to uncover dependencies in the UAD.

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This paper examines some typological differences in the discourse structure of Italian and Danish. The results of the study indicate that there are significant differences in information packing in the two languages, especially in their use of deverbalisation. Italian sentences tend to include a larger number of Elementary Discourse Units (EDUs), especially propositions, than Danish. A higher percentage of these is rhetorically backgrounded by means of non-finite and nominalised predicates. Danish text structure, on the other hand, is more informationally linear and characteristic of a higher number of finite verbs and topic shifts. The study also suggests that a more fine-grained classification of non-finite and nominalised EDUs is needed for a complete in-depth analysis of discourse constraints in different language families.

The online environment offers a fertile breeding ground for anti-brand herds of disgruntled
consumers. Firms are often caught off guard by the unpredictability of such herds and, as a
consequence, are forced into a reactive, defensive stance. We conduct a social media analysis
that aims to shed light on the formation, growth, and dissolution of online anti-brand herds. First
we expand on the concept of environmental turbulence to advance core properties unique to
online herd behavior. Next, based on evidence gathered from 40 online anti-brand herd episodes
targeting two prominent firms from the Netherlands, we develop an analytical model to
investigate drivers of herd formation, growth, and dissolution. Finally, combining environmental
turbulence literature with our empirical findings, we derive a novel typology of online anti-brand
herd behaviors, and put forward six propositions to guide theory development in this area.

Debates on the effects of online communication on distance within organizational networks have persisted within extant literature. Early contributions, which focus primarily on geographical distance, have highlighted the negative impact of distance on network evolution and sustenance, alluding to the importance of online communication as a means of nullifying these effects (Caimcross, 2001; Wellman, 2001). These studies have led to optimistic, but also premature, declarations of the ‘death of distance’ (Caimcross, 2001).
More recent works however, have demonstrated that online networks are “to a significant part, digital reflections of pre-existing offline, local networks” (Hage & Noseleit, 2015, p. 4), emphasizing the relevance of distance to network formation. Not only do informal friendship networks have digital counterparts (Hage & Noseleit, 2015), the same can be said for other networks (Takhteyev, Gruzd & Wellman, 2012; Tranos & Nijkamp, 2013), especially that of organizational networks (Recker & Lekse, 2016).

The practice of illegally copying and distributing digital games is
at the heart of one of the most heated and divisive debates in the
international games environment, with stakeholders typically
viewing it as a very positive (pirates) or very negative (the industry,
policy makers). Despite the substantial interest in game piracy,
there is very little objective information available about its
magnitude or its distribution across game titles and game genres.
This paper presents a large-scale analysis of the illegal distribution
of digital game titles, which was conducted by monitoring the
BitTorrent peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing protocol. The sample
includes 173 games and a collection period of three months from
late 2010 to early 2011. A total of 12.6 million unique peers were
identified, making this the largest examination of game piracy via
P2P networks to date. The ten most pirated titles encompass 5.27
million aggregated unique peers alone. In addition to genre, review
scores were found to be positively correlated with the logarithm
of the number of unique peers per game (p<0.05).

Symphonic orchestras—“a mélange of musicians, volunteers, and paid staff whose contributions must be closely coordinated” (Allmendinger, Hackman, & Lehman, 1996: 194)—have been of growing interest for scholars of organization for their creative and collaborative performance through projects and their work under pressure. While their resemblance with bureaucratic and professional service organizations has been acknowledged, they have been found also akin to coordinated internal networks of multiple identities (Glynn, 2000; Karmowska & Child, 2014). However, scholars have depicted orchestras as rather established and hierarchical creative organizations that are bound by conventions and are dedicated to the pursuit of ‘superior performance’, as the opening quote suggests. As a consequence, they have paid less attention to their learning potential. Studies of other kinds of collaborative collectives, such as teams in management and education, have demonstrated interesting tensions between learning and performing (Bunderson & Suttcliffe, 2003; Paunova & Lee, 2016).

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A Revision of Hofstede's Theory of Industrialization Supported by Cases from Latin America, Africa and Germany in the 19th century

Kragh, Simon Ulrik(Frederiksberg, 2014)

[Flere oplysninger]

[Færre oplysninger]

Resume:

Drawing on a revised version ofHofstede's theory ofindustrialization and cultural change contained in his explanation of individualism and collectivism, the paper proposes that countries which are in the earlier stages of industrialization have a common culture that governs organizational behaviours. In-group/out-group particularist values that have been handed over from preindustrial society tend to overlay and replace impersonal and universalistic bureaucracies and market exchange typical ofindustrial society. The paper shows how these values shape the culture of organizations in Latin America, Africa and Germany around 1850.

Program QA at Copenhagen Business School (CBS) faces two major challenges; (1) large number of different programs, and (2) decentralized organisation of the program area. CBS has more than 60 programs in the portfolio, each managed by an autonomous Study Board. The paper demonstrates how CBS has addressed these challenges in a quality policy based on two main elements. Standards and Guidelines for day to day quality operations are combined with recurrent 5 year cycle peer reviews of every program. It is demonstrated how optimal use of existing information from various sources can be combined to provide a parsimonious picture of program performance, without putting too much burden on program managers. Both external and internal peer reviewers are used in order to create dialogue, mutual inspiration, increased alignment across programs, and balance between formative development and summative assessment. Early experiences with implementation of the QA system are discussed.

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Overt VP anaphors like do so, do it and do the same can host a following PP (Culicover & Jackendoff
(2005:285–6), Huddleston & Pullum (2002:1533), Miller (2011:5–6), Sobin (2008:150, 155–157)):
(1) The House is set to take up the final version of the funding bill tomorrow. The Senate will do
the same on Thursday. [COCA]
(2) You have jilted two previous fiances and I expect you would do the same to me. [COCA]
Using (1) to fix terminology, the ANAPHOR is do the same, the ANTECEDENT is take up the final version
of the funding bill, the ORPHAN is on Tuesday, and the CORRELATE is tomorrow. Examples like (2) are of
particular interest because the correlate (two previous fiances) is inside the antecedent and, consequently,
the orphan and the antecedent must interact to produce the interpretation of the clause containing the
anaphor. In order to arrive at the interpretation ‘you would jilt me’, the me of the orphan must take the
place of two previous fiances inside the antecedent VP.
A superficially similar situation arises with remnants of ellipsis, including pseudogapping (3),
sluicing (4), and fragment answers (5). In each case, the interpretation of the ellipsis clause combines
part of the antecedent with all or part of the remnant.
(3) I wouldn’t say that to my mother, but I would to you.
(4) I know he gave the dresser away, but I don’t know to who.
(5) Q: Who did he give the dresser to?
A: To me.

The 2002 European Union (EU) directive on the energy performance of buildings
(Directive 2002/91/EC) set minimum standards on the energy performance of new
buildings and existing buildings. It also indicated that these would be subject to periodic
renovation. In some countries the directive supported policymakers in their bid for
national commitments to carbon reduction. In others, it affirmed existing commitments.
In most countries, it informed the ongoing reformulation of building regulations. This
paper explores energy related developments in building regulations for new housing in
Denmark (DK) and the United Kingdom (UK). The interest of the comparison lies in
similarities in the type of changes introduced into the regulations and differences in
industry responses.

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This memo concerns the new public procurement directive adopted by the EU in 2014. The new directive, in many ways, acknowledges P3 as a significant instrument in both the public and the private sector, especially in comparison to the 2004 public procurement directive on works. In the last 10 years, P3 has been governed by restrictive rules on anti-corruption, transparency, equality and competition, based on a principle on non-negotiation.

The unfolding of the paradoxical interplay between overarching institutional orders
and domain-specific, situated practices has been a central theme of organization
studies. With the rise of information and communication technology (ICT), digital
infrastructures and the standards they foster are disseminating on a global scale based
on the computational rationale of binary-based digitalization. The following paper
will delve into this paradoxical interplay by studying digital video as it travels across
work practices of broadcasting qua computational standards and processes. Using
BBC’s Digital Media Initiative (DMI) as a case study, we seek to assess how work
practices are affected by the use of digital video throughout the editing process. In
particular, we take a semiological approach in order to understand two distinctive
image-intensive practices, news and long-form productions, and the ways they
changed due to the implementation of a digital infrastructure. Thus conceived, we
demonstrate how digitalization as a technical process decontextualizes digital video
information, while the work practices related to their management rely on highly
contextualized and situated information.

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This paper discusses partnering contracts in Denmark and Great Britain, analyses
the legal content and applies game theory and the prisoner’s dilemma game on
some of the legal clauses and objectives. The paper defines partnering contracts as
alternative social contracts relevant when forming a strategic alliance or another
long-term relationship with a certain degree of specificity and frequency. It is not
the aim of partnering contracts to replace the traditional contracts. The paper
focuses on partnering in the construction industry and compares the clauses in
both Danish and British partnering contracts. Based on the analysis, the paper sets
up a scientific definition regarding the aim of partnering contracts and shows that
economic theory can explain the legal clauses in the partnering contract, and the
partnering contract can solve inefficiency in the Nash Equilibrium in the
prisoner’s dilemma game. The partnering contract makes it possible to obtain the
benefit from joint utility and the paper proposes some legal improvements in this
regard.

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This paper addresses a recent strand of offshoring research that concerns the processes of evolution and change that appear in offshoring partnerships after the launch of offshoring operations. Based on longitudinal case studies of offshoring of advanced IT and engineering services from Danish firms to Indian firms, I identify a process model with three stages that captures the evolution of the initial 1-2 years of the offshoring partnership. Overall, the data portray a rapid development of the Danish-Indian offshoring partnerships which show that once trust is established and offshoring firms gain experience, the offshoring firms will increase the sophistication as well as expand the range and volume of advanced work done offshore. The dynamics of the process therefore suggest that at a broader scale, advanced services offshoring will increase in the coming years.

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With care of writing as a method of inquiry, this paper engages in academic writing such as responsible knowledge development drawing on emotion, thought and reason. The aim of the paper is to better understand emancipatory knowledge development. Bodily experiences and responses shape academic writing and there are possibilities for responsible academic writing in that iterative process. I propose that academic writing can be seen as possibilities of passionate as well as passive writing.

Purpose - Container shipping, due to its boundary crossing nature, is generally seen as an
international business. A first look into the physical networks of the industry has shown
that container-shipping companies operate however rather differently, with different
motives for internationalization, and infact show different patterns to their international
development. However, there are other important transactional and market-oriented
considerations, and overall dynamics that need to be examined before concluding on the
internationalization levels of container shipping companies, and the industry. The purpose
of this paper is to further investigate the patterns of internationalisation by the examination
of the more demand-oriented considerations.
Design/methodology/approach - In order to answer the research question, the paper
focusses on the examination of the front-end activities and structures like sales office
networks and the overall extent of market presence. For this the fundamental sales
networks of the companies were considered as a key indicator, and the port networks of the
20 largest container-shipping companies in the world (by TEU capacity) were analyzed.
Findings - The resulting data set allows an examination on each company’s overall
network at various geographic levels, and a direct comparison of the networks of the
companies. It shows that not all shipping companies are highly international. It also shows
that market share and total capacity are not necessarily a good indicator for the worldwide
presence of a company.
Research limitations/implications (if applicable) - The paper adds yet another piece to
the interesting puzzle on internationalization patterns of container shipping companies.
However, for a complete picture on the internationalization process further work will be
required that is based e.g. on the development pattern of single companies and that may
also take more the dynamic aspects and comparisons into account.
Practical implications - Preceeding work provides insights that are directed towards the
port networks and thus toward the more back office oriented resource architecture and the
more geographical aspect of physical coverage. By reorganising the focus on the sales
network of the single container shipping companies, this paper presents findings that are
also applicable to the front end, towards the customer, The comparison of both views is
promising interesting insights such as ownership structures and entry modes along with the
specific location commitment as a basis for strategic considerations.
Originality/value – In the academic literature there is not much to find on the
internationalization process and the dominating internationalisation patterns related to
container shipping. The paper makes an important contribution in this regard by
considering the different aspects of the international shipping networks and by bringing
these closer to extant frameworks on internationalization.

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Traditionally, attempts to measure Machine Translation
(MT) quality have focused on how close output is to a “gold
standard” translation. TER (Translation Error Rate) is one
standard measure that can be generated automatically. It is the
normalized length of the shortest path (smallest number of edits
per word) needed to convert MT output to an average of “ideal”
translations (Snover et al., 2006).
MT quality has now improved so much that post-edited (or
in some cases, raw) MT output is routinely used in many
applications in place of from-scratch translations. Despite the
translators’ continued resistance to post-editing, there is
increasing evidence that productivity is greater when translators
post-edit rather than translate from scratch (e.g., Green et al.,
2013). Machine-assisted alternatives to post-editing, such as
Interactive Translation Prediction (see for example Sanchis-
Trilles et al., 2014) are also making rapid advances.
Because of these changing paradigms, alternative ways of
measuring MT quality are being developed. Under many
circumstances, perfect accuracy is not necessary: it is enough
for MT output to be “good enough.” The end-user of the raw
product should be able to use it with little effort, and the posteditor
should easily be able to produce a satisfactory product. MT utility is determined by the effect the MT output has on
the actual effort expended by the user, while MT adequacy is
determined by the anticipated demand the MT output places on
the user. Adequacy has been measured by human judgments
along Likert scales, as well as by automatic metrics such as
TER. In the context of post-editing, TER is modified to HTER,
to measure the discrepancy between MT output and the final
post-edited product. Thus, HTER measures the smallest
number of necessary edits per word during post-editing.

Over the last decade, we have witnessed payment innovations that fundamentally have changed the
ways we pay. Payment innovations, such as mobile payments and on-line banking, include
characteristics or features that are essential to understand if we want to know how and why payers
choose among payment innovations. Using the Repertory Grid technique to explore 15 payers’
perception of six payment instruments, including coins, banknotes, debit cards, credit cards, mobile
payments, and on-line banking, we identify 16 payment characteristics. The characteristics aggregate
seventy-six unique features. Many of the characteristics and one of the categories are completely novel
and unaccounted for in previous works.