New delivery system for drugs and fragrances with microscopic bottles and corks

(Nanowerk News) Microscopic, bottle-like structures with corks that melt at precisely-controlled temperatures could potentially release drugs inside the body or fragrances onto the skin, according to a recently published study.

Typical drug delivery systems act more like sponges than bottles. For example, drugs are absorbed into polymer particles and then allowed to diffuse out over time. The researchers hope that the new system may allow for greater control of drug delivery. Cargo would stay inside the hollow polymer particle when plugged with a solid cork. When the cork is melted by body heat, the drugs would quickly flow out of the particle bottle.

“It’s just like when you open wine, you remove the cork,” said Younan Xia, a professor in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University. Xia also holds joint appointments in School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Tech.

The melting corks are made of fatty acids, derived from natural oils and fats. The length of the hydrocarbon chains on these molecules can be made longer or shorter to increase or decrease, respectively, the temperature at which they melt. This way, the fragrances in deodorants, for example, would be released only when a person gets hot and sweaty.

The new system for temperature-regulated release was detailed in a recent online edition of the journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition ("Microscale Polymer Bottles Corked with a Phase-Change Material for Temperature-Controlled Release"). The research was sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, a National Institutes of Health Director’s Pioneer Award, and startup funds from Georgia Tech. Funds were also provided by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) and the Korean Ministry of Education and Science.

A scanning electron microscope image showing the polystyrene 'bottles' with a hole in the surface. The inset shows a magnified view. (Image: Younan Xia)

Drug delivery systems have also been designed to release their cargoes in response to pH change, ultrasound, mechanical signals and electric or magnetic fields. Xia’s system is the first bottle-and-cork design, but it isn’t the first to release drugs in response to temperature. His system, however, has several advantages over other temperature-regulated delivery systems, such as quick and efficient loading of small molecules, macromolecules and even nanoparticles up to 100 nanometers in size. Other temperature-based systems can release their cargoes early. In Xia’s system, the contents are bottled up until the body hits the desired temperature and then they are quickly released.

“It’s like bottled water,” Xia said. “When you are thirsty, you can just drink it.”

The melting corks are made from a group of phase-changing materials — fatty acids or fatty alcohols — that change from solid to liquid when heated to specific melting points. As a proof of principle for the temperature-sensitive delivery system works, in the new study Xia’s lab loaded fluorescent dye into the hollow polymer particles. The holes were then corked with solid 1-tetradecanol, a fatty alcohol. After washing away any dye that might be stuck to the outer surfaces of the bottles, a fluorescent micrograph showed that all of the dye was completely bottled up.

The bottles were then heated to 25 and 37 degrees Celsius — just below the corks’ melting point — but no dye escaped, even after 4 days and vigorous washing in a buffer solution. This performance is better than other delivery systems, Xia said, which typically release some of the drug prematurely.

When bottles were heated to 39 degrees Celsius, the melting point of 1-tetradecanol, the corks melted and the dye was instantly released.

“You can bottle everything and then you put a stopper on top. Whenever you need it, just unplug it and things will come out quickly,” said Xia, who is a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Nanomedicine.

The corks tested in the study are expected to pose no harm once inside or on the human body. 1-tetradecanol and lauric acid, a fatty acid that has also been test as a cork, have very low toxicity in small doses, Xia said, because they are derived from natural fats and oils. These same fats are often used as ingredients for food and pharmaceuticals.

Xia said that hydrophobic drugs, such as the majority of anticancer treatments, could be easily loaded into the hollow particles for delivery inside the body. Future studies will examine this possibility in more detail in animal models. Hydrophilic drugs could also be delivered with this system, but the surface of the bottle would need to be modified.

The hollow polymer particles in Xia’s study were made of polystyrene, which couldn’t be injected safely into the body to deliver drugs, but would work in a scented body cream for applying to the skin.

Xia’s lab is currently working on making these microscale particle bottles out of polymers that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, such as polycarprolactone, so they can bring translational capability to this system.