Abstract: Cynicism and skepticism are nowadays conceived as curiosities in the history of philosophical thought, reduced to “eccentric” characters like Diogenes of Sinope and Pyrrho of Elis and a series of anecdotes about them. However, they have gone beyond classical antiquity to the present. Both schools of thought offer a constant challenge to the “official” thought bon ton: mocking and irreverent criticism in the case of the first and extreme relativism in the second.This paper presents an epistemological approach supporting the recovery of the cynicism and the pyrrhonian skepticism principles for the criticism of the historical thought in the modernity It is divided into two parts: the first one shows the broad features of these philosophical trends and the second examines their contributions to historical knowledge based on two cases: Cioran for the cynicism and Veyne for the skepticism.

Abstract: The article addresses the thought of E.M. Cioran from the perspective of that vital uneasiness known as the sentiment of death. Although the term appears only in his first book, the idea cuts across his entire work given that, for Cioran, human beings intuit themselves as possessed by death at every moment of their lives. When persons are faced with a meaningless reality, dominated by radical and limiting circumstances such as pain and agony, the whole tenor of life changes until it becomes a tragic intuition of life.

ABSTRACT – The human being lives in a reality which clings with all his strength. But within that reality it must always meet that strange called the “crazy”, but excludes him from his world, nonetheless, that isn´t reason for finish with the existence of the emissary of madness. Madness is a presence that many fear and hate, because it contradicts, apparently, the sense of the sane. However, she has many important things to say the human being, whether for the sane men or not, It always reveals great wonders to those who know it to listen. To do this you have to know to find it, however, where is the insanity? If we want to get the answer to that question, in the thinking’s of Emil Cioran and Cornelius Castoriadis we can find it, since both authors, despite being so different, in their reflections were responsible for the madness. Therefore the goal of The madness and its place in the world from the perspective of Emil Cioran and Cornelius
Castoriadis is finding the place where live the madness, and claim it to the same world.

Abstract – This article analyzes the answers the Polish writer Witold Gombrowicz (exiled in Argentina between 1939 and 1963) gave to the Romanian philosopher Emile Cioran who published “Advantages and Disadvantages of Exile” in 1953; an essay where he writes about writers in exile. The text promoted an interesting discussion by the Polish writer. Although the discussion was not successfully accepted, it was a very symbolic theme about the situation at that time. For this study, we look for support in Gombrowicz’s statements in his Diary (published by the Polich journal Kultura) which became an priceless source as time passed, not only for studying his life and work, but also the environment of that period and the analysis made to exile in general.