" sine prole (i.e. legitima), only inserted when some importance attaches to the fact

Visct.

" Viscount

wid. wdr.r

" widow, widower

(1)(2)(3)

if placed next to the name of a person, signifies the ordinal among his or her marriages of that noted in the table (e.g. Henry VIII(6) = (3)Cath.Parr).

If placed above a name, (1) (2) indicates child of first or second marriage,

1,9 (ital.) above name indicates order of birth (used where this is altered in the order of printing, for the sake of convenience)

=

for married

†

" died

-

"4 generations (and so with other numbers)

-

" lapse of several generations, not specified

↓

descendants not here shown

????

" illegitimate

( )

enclosing title, signifies, in the Tables, that this was acquired after marriage ; enclosing a lower title, it means that this is the title generally used ; in the Lists, that the date of its acquisition was after that of appointment to the office in question

Magdeburg (Archbprc.). After 1566 administered by temporal princes of Brandenburg or Saxony. 1648 annexed to Brandenburg on death of D. Augustus of Saxony (took effect 1680).

Mainz (Archbpre.). 1801 territory on left bank of Rhine annexed to France : later, divided between Hesse-Darmstadt and Rhenish Prussia. 1803 the remainder (in exchange for compensatory dominions) ceded by the Imperial Chancellor and divided amongst: Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau-Usingen, Leiningen, Löwenstein-Wertheim, Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedbur, and Prussia, which in 1866 acquired the shares assigned to Hesse-Cassel and Nassau-Usingen, and a portion of that of Hesse-Darmstadt.

Meissen. Protestant from 1580. Merged in the Meissen Circle and united with Saxony.

Merseburg. Protestant from 1561. Administered by Christian, 3rd son of John George I, El. of Saxony. Saxon principality, united with the Electorate 1738. Ceded to Prussia 1815.

Metz. 1648 formally ceded to France. Secularised in French Revolution. 1871 part of territory ceded to Germany.

Minden. 1648 annexed to Brandenburg : 1807 to Westphalia ; 1810 to the French Empire ; 1813 to Prussia.

Münster. 1719-1803 united with Archbpre. of Cologne ; 1803, and again 1813, to Prussia.

Naumburg-Zeitz. Protestant from 1564. 1662 Saxon principality for Maurice, 4th son of John George I. 1718 united with Electorate. 1815 greater part ceded to Prussia.

Osnabrück. From 1648 the Bishop was alternately Roman Catholic and Protestant ; the latter always of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. 1803 annexed to Hanover: 1806 to Prussia: 1807 to Westphalia: 1810 to the French Empire : 1814 to Hanover : 1866 to Prussia.

Paderborn. 1802 annexed to Prussia : confirmed 1803.

Passau. 1803 Western and lesser portion annexed to Bavaria, Eastern and larger to Electorate of Salzburg, for the Grand Duke of Tuscany. 1805 the whole to Bavaria.

Ratisbon. 1803 secularised and transferred as principality of Ratisbon to the Prince Primas. 1810 transferred to Bavaria.

Schwerin. Lutheranised 1530 and from that date administered by princes of Mecklenburg (Schwerin). Annexed to Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1648 as compensation for Wismar.

Speier. 1801 territory on left bank of Rhine (the lesser portion) annexed to France : 1814 to Bavaria. 1803 territory on right bank (the larger portion) annexed to Baden. 1789 outlying dependencies annexed by France, included in Alsace : 1815 part of these ceded to Bavaria. 1871 the remainder annexed by the German Empire (incl. in Elsass-Lothringen).

Strassburg. 1803 territory on right bank of Rhine annexed to Baden (principality of Ettenheim). 1789 territory on left bank (under French sovereignty since 1648) incorporated in Departments of Lower and Upper Alsace. 1871 annexed by German Empire.

Toul. 1648 formally ceded to France. Secularised in French Revolution.

Trent (Archbprc.) and Brixen. From 1511 reckoned as territorially belonging to Tyrol. 1803 annexed to Austria, as compensation for Ortenau, and incorporated with Tyrol.

Trier (Archbprc.). 1794 territory on left bank of the Rhine annexed to France: 1803 to Prussia, except St Wendel, ceded to Coburg till 1834. 1803 territory on right bank annexed to Nassau-Weilburg : 1815 to Prussia, with certain exceptions. 1866 the whole annexed to Prussia.

Verden. 1648 secularised and ceded to Sweden. 1719 sold by Denmark to Hanover.

Verdun. 1648 formally ceded to France. Secularised in French Revolution.

Worms. 1705 district of Reithausen annexed to the Palatinate. 1801 territory on left bank of the Rhine annexed to France: 1814-5 divided between Bavaria and Hesse. 1803 territory on right bank of the Rhine annexed to Hesse-Darmstadt.

Würzburg, (1) 1803 major part annexed to Bavaria in compensation for lost Rhine provinces, as a hereditary principality: 1805 ceded to Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany as compensation for Salzburg. 1815 restored to Bavaria : 1866 small portion in north ceded by Bavaria to Prussia.

1487 Swabian League founded (renewed 1512).
1495 League of the Pope, the Emperor, Spain, Milan, and Venice against France.
1496 Magnus Intercursus. (England and the Netherlands.)
1508 League of Cambrai.
1511 The Holy League.
1512 Alliance of Scotland with France, and of Maximilian I with. Julius II.
1514 Alliance of Henry VIII and Louis XII.
1516 French Concordat with the Papacy.
1521 Alliance of Bruges (Henry VIII, Charles V, and Leo X).
1522 Alliance of Windsor (Henry VIII and Charles V).
1524 Catholic Alliance of Ratisbon.
1526 League of Cognac.
Alliance of Torgau.
1531 League of Schmalkalden.
1533 League of Halle.
1536 Alliance of France and the Porte.
1538 League of Nürnberg.
1546 Alliance of Charles V and Paul III.
1547 League of Princes (against Charles V).
1548 Alliance of Scotland and France.
1551 Habsburg Family Compact.
1553 League of Heidelberg.
1558 Landsberg League.
1571 Triple Alliance (the Pope, Spain, and Venice) against the Turks.
1576 French Catholic League formed.
1577 Union of Brussels.
1578 League between Savoy and Swiss Catholic Cantons.
1579 League of Arras and Union of Utrecht.
1596 Alliance of England, France, and United Provinces.
1607 Franco-Venetian Alliance with the Grisons.
1608 Union of Ahausen.
Pressburg Alliance.
1609 German Catholic League.
1610 Alliance of Brosolo (France and Savoy against Milan).
1614 League of French Princes.
1633 Alliance of Heilbronn.
1656 Alliance of England and France against Spain.
1658 Confederation of the Rhine.
1661 Defensive alliance of England and Brandenburg.
1666 Quadruple Alliance (United Provinces, Denmark, Brandenburg, and Brunswick-Lüneburg).
1668 Triple Alliance (England, United Provinces, and Sweden) against France.
1670 Secret Alliance between Louis XIV and Charles II.
1683 The Hague Alliance.
1684 The Holy League (the Emperor, Poland, and Venice) against the Turks.
1685 Alliance of Brandenburg and the United Provinces.
1686 Alliance of Brandenburg and the Emperor.
Augsburg Alliance.
1689 First Grand Alliance.
1699 Alliance of Denmark, Poland, and Russia against Sweden.
1701 Second Grand Alliance.
1707 " Perpetual " Alliance of Sweden and Prussia.
1709 Alliance of Denmark, Poland, and Russia against Sweden.
1715 Alliance of Great Britain, Russia, Denmark, and Prussia against Sweden.
1717 Triple Alliance (France, Great Britain, and United Provinces).
1718 Quadruple Alliance (the same and the Emperor).
1725 First Vienna Alliance (Spain, the Emperor, and the Empire; 1726 joined by Russia).
Alliance of Hanover (Great Britain, France and Prussia ; 1726 joined by United Provinces ; 1727 joined by Sweden and Denmark).
1733 First Bourbon Family Compact.
1743 Alliance of Fontainebleau (Second Bourbon Family Compact).
1744 Secret Alliance between Prussia and France. Union of Frankfort.
1745 Alliance of Austria and Russia.
1746 Alliance of France and Sardinia.
Alliance of Denmark and France.
1756 Convention of Westminster.
Defensive Alliance of Versailles (second Treaty 1757).
1761 Third Bourbon Family Compact.
1767 Confederation of Radom.
1768 Confederation of Bar.
1773 Alliance of France and Sweden.
1778 Alliance of France with the American Colonies ; 1779 joined by Spain ; 1780 by Holland.
1780 First Armed Neutrality.
Alliance of Austria and Russia against the Porte.
1785 The Fürstenbund.1788 Triple Alliance (Great Britain, United Provinces, and Prussia).
1790 Alliance of Prussia with the Porte, and with Poland.
1792 First Coalition (Prussia and Austria; 1793 joined by Great Britain, Holland, Spain, and the Italian States).
1799 Second Coalition (Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Naples, and the Porte).
1800 Second Armed Neutrality.
1803 Swiss Act of Mediation.
1805 Third Coalition (Great Britain, Austria, and Russia).
1806 Confederation of the Rhine.
1807 Fourth Coalition (Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia).
1812 Secret Alliance between Russia and Sweden.
1813 Alliance between Russia and Prussia.
1814 Quadruple Alliance of Chaumont. Congress of Vienna.
1815 Defensive Triple Alliance of Great Britain, Austria, and France.
Alliance of the Eight Powers.
The Holy Alliance.
Renewal of Quadruple Alliance of Chaumont.
1818 Renewal of Quadruple Alliance of Chaumont.
1833 Secret Alliance of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
1845 The Sonderbund.1849 The Dreikönigsbündniss (Prussia, Saxony, Hanover) and Union.
1850 The Germanic Confederation revived.
1851 Secret Alliance between Austria and Prussia.
1854 Alliance of Great Britain and France (1855 joined by Sardinia).
1863 Alliance of South American States against Spain.
1866 Alliance of Italy and Prussia.
1872 The Dreikaiserbund (1884 renewed).
1876 Alliance between Servia and Bulgaria.
1879 Secret Defensive Alliance between Germany and Austria.
1882 Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, and Italy ; renewed quinquennially since).
1895 Alliance between France and Russia.
1902 Alliance between Great Britain and Japan (1905 amplified).

TABLE 151

UNIVERSITIES FOUNDED FROM 1450

(The dates are where possible those of foundation. Dates enclosed in ( ) are those of second foundation. The names of universities which have ceased to exist or to hold rank of universities are enclosed in [ ].)