pTS is not that dissimilar from it's alkyl cousin, SPS, {1353}. Likely a soapy chemical due to the opposed methyl and sulfonic acid group; benzine will take up less room in the polymer c.f. SDS & may lower the oxidation potential of EDOT.

Tosylates have been explored as a EDOT counterion : PMID-22383043Characterization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate conductive polymer microelectrodes for transmitter detection. and PEDOT-TMA

For each solution the electrodeposition was carried out by applying 100 pA/channel for 600 s to form a layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):sodium p-toluenesulfonate (PEDOT:pTS) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).

Weird, would use voltage control here..

According to works by Green et al [45] and Hukins et al [46], equation (1) can be used to determine the aging time that

the fibers have undergone: t37=tTQ10T−37)/10 where t37 is the simulated aging time at 37 °C, tT is the
amount of real time that the samples have been kept at the elevated temperature, T, and Q10 is an aging factor that is
equal to 2, according to ASTM guidelines for polymer aging [47].

Show > 2MOhm impedance of the small-area electrodes. At the aging endpoint, PEDOT:pTS had about half the impedance of PEDOT:PSS.

4M PSS, 7M pTS, both plated down to ~ 130k initial, went up to 2M pSS, 840k pTS.

Poulin et al. demonstrated that microelectrodes made solely of CNT fibers22 show remarkable electrochemical activity, sensitivity, and resistance to biofouling compared to conventional carbon fibers when used for bioanalyte detection in vitro.23-25

We describe an assembly method for a 16-channel electrode array consisting of carbon fibers (<5 µm diameter) individually insulated with Parylene-C and fire-sharpened. The diameter of the array is approximately 26 µm along the full extent of the implant.

The absence of any report of single neuron isolation in HVC with a fixed chronic electrode implant underscores the difficulty of recording small cells (8-15um soma) with an implant whose damage length scale is large relative to the target neurons. (!!)

It has been estimated that insertion of a 50 um wire in the adult rat hippocampus CA1 area could damage 90% of the neurons that would otherwise be recordable by the electrode (Claverol-Tinture and Nadasdy 2004)

PMID-14741588[0]Chronic response of adult rat brain tissue to implants anchored to the skull.

The increase in tissue reactivity observed with transcranially implanted HFMs may be influenced by several mechanisms including chronic contact with the meninges and possibly motion of the device within brain tissue.

Broadly speaking, our results suggest that any biomaterial, biosensor or device that is anchored to the skull and in chronic contact with meningeal tissue will have a higher level of tissue reactivity than the same material completely implanted within brain tissue.

lately, I've been having to do a lot of this, after my glasses lost one earpeice and have been moving about since :) slight changes in the angles of the lenses are very noticeable.

I thought that the theory for this system would be complete by now, and ready for the application to more complicated motor movements, but this is not so. The thoeries are still a bit controversial, and require a molecular understanding.

----
Description of the system:
see figure. need to label this on the slides. (comment: I'm sure many of you know this better than i, but for review ...)
need diagram of the direction that the eyes turn, including the lateral/medial rectus muscles. Note that the eyes are stabilized in the two other directions - pitch and roll. here we study yaw, but people have demonstrated the same effects in the other directions.
{ cat and human have gain < 1, monkey just about 1 (perfect) - humans require extra input, via OKR}
- basic circuit known since 1967 (Eccles).
- Maekawa and Simpson: the cerebelar purkinje cell recieves climbing fiber input from the inferior olivary nucleus that encodes visual information.
- information about ongoing movements arrives at the lateral vestibulocerebellum via mossy fivers from the dorsolateral pontine nuclei.
- some mossy fibers also carry visual information.
- purkinje cells project directly back to the vestibular nuclei.

ito's hypothesis:

climbing fibers froms the inferior olive provide a visual teacher signal that adjusts the sensitivity of the purkinje cell to particular inputs from parallel fibers.