The Beneventan minuscule that origines nearly 1400 years ago from the Roman cursive, survived the reforms of Charlemagne in the 9th c., and unlike most of the other pre-Carolingian scripts of Europe, was preserved in South Italy and Dalmatia right into the 16th c. In the 15th c. it was nearly extinct. From the 16th c. there are only 8 examples known, all from Napoli. The other 7 codices are in the following public collections: 1 at New York: Columbia University, 3 at the Vatican, 1 in Montevergine, and 2 in Napoli.