1000 Years Pollution Free

For thousands of years civilizations other than our own have thrived without pollution.

In these cultures the concept of waste — or “trash” as we call it — did not exist. These highly evolved cultures were essentially pollution free: no trash, no waste… no pollution! Their ways of lives were in deep harmony with the cycles of life around them. Indeed, many of these ancient civilizations vanished almost without any trace– everything from their buildings to their bottles, swallowed up by the Earth. We have much to learn from them. Especially those that are still with us.

In one of the more profound periods of my life, I was stranded in the remote Northern Filipino Cordilleras, in the land of the Igorot people. The Igorots, one of the few unsubjugated indigenous peoples in Asia, have over the centuries fiercely maintained a remarkable culture and profoundly harmonious way of life. At a point of my life where love, career and direction were all falling apart, I was taken in by the Igorots and made their verdant, remote land my home for five years. While living in a small mountain side village, I learned their Kankanaey language as a way to integrate and heal. It was fascinating to learn new words and concepts from a culture so different from my own.

However, it was even more fascinating to learn what words they did not have.

Backpacks hand made from rainforest rattan in the ancestral traditions of Barlig and Sagada, Cordilleras, Philippines.

In the Igorot language there is no word for ‘trash’. In their world-view, there is no concept of ‘waste’ or ‘worth-less’. It was very hard for me to grasp at first– the concept of waste is so ingrained in my own world view. Yet, in the Igorot civilization, literally everything has its use, and once its purpose is complete, another awaits it. Everything from cups, bowls, packaging, backpacks, tools and houses were made from locally sourced, organic resources. Once their use was complete, everything could be reused locally and personally in some new way: They could be composted, fed to the pigs, or fixed and re-purposed. I realized that it was impossible for something to be ‘waste’ or ‘worthless’ if its next life cycle was already built in.

As I continued to learn the language, I also discovered that they had words that were missing in my language. The most striking was the word ‘Ayyew‘. It became clear to me that this was an important Igorot virtue, a word used to describe the attribution of value to the tighter cycling of an object. The closest we have in English is ‘thriftiness’– but its emphasis on saving money, and slightly derogatory connotation mean it is not the same. Ayyew, is entirely positive and exults and praises the maximizing of cycles of utility. For example, one could compost one’s organic waste for garden fertilizer — or more Ayyew — feed it to the pigs: thus fattening them up and creating richer manure to fertilize the garden. My friend Nhe Angway, describes how children are encouraged to be Ayyew and finish their meal down to the last grain of rice — not because it will be ‘waste’, but to respect their place in the cycles of harvest, season and sun that made the rice possible. Sure, the leftover food could be given to the pigs. However, the cycles of life are even more enriched when the rice is eaten by a human, who can then tend the cycles of the pig and garden. It’s a subtle, yet powerful, distinction and affirmation. This exultation of Ayyew, leads to not only to the prioritization of maximizing ecological cycles in Igorot culture — it enables the Igorot to know their place in the cycles, and work towards enriching them at every turn.

Alas, with the arrival of American missionaries in the 1900s, the influence of southern Filipino culture, and the ever encroaching tendrils of capitalism, ‘trash’ has made its way to the Cordilleras. The Kankanaey language has since appropriated the Filipino word “basura” (this being the word for trash of the 16th century Spanish colonizers). Consequently, today, many of the rivers, forests and fields of the Cordilleras have become inundated with waste.

However, for me it was a fascinating experience to see how the Igorots rose to the ‘waste’ challenge. I came to learn that Ayyew is different from the concept of recycling back in my country (where we try to use things over and over until they get thrown out). Instead, Ayyew, as virtue, leads to an ever evolving spiral of iterative, community-driven tightening and improvement of cycling. As waste (plastic for example) has become a problem, so too has the Igorot tribe’s ferocity to transform and cycle it. Thus the Igorots are years ahead of the rest of South East Asia in their community based, collaborative solutions to what others would call, ‘waste’.

Igorot women show their work weaving Coke bottle labels. Behind, a mat woven from straws and a lamp made from bottles.

Stoked by the Igorot Ayyew virtue, the entire Cordillera region was a hot-bed of innovative cycling! The miners in the mountains were famous for weaving intricate backpacks from the long ropes of peeled plastic dynamite cord. The women in my village were renowned for their work transforming plastic sachets and straws into all sorts of creations, from clutch bags, to mats, to purses (many of which were exported to fulfil orders around the world). Meanwhile, the schools and churches were the very first to start ecobricking in the Philippines. Their community ecobrick projects, in which tons of plastic was re-purposed, have inspired the spread of the ecobrick movement all over South East Asia.

The Igorots have a word to praise these innovative, hard-working, recyclers. I was always hearing them being called ‘nagaget’. I came to learn that this was a word of honour in Igorot culture. The closest we have in the English language is ‘Industrious’ or ‘hard working’. But where ‘Industrious’ is a virtue from the Industrial revolution, referring to working efficiently towards a goal, ‘Nagaget’ flows from the virtue of Ayyew: working hard to make better, tighter and more abundant cycles — such as someone who would work a barren patch of land, apply their garden skills and creativity and bring it to fertility and abundance. The term implies innovation, hard work, and heroism. Indeed, the nagaget woman who rebuilt her house with plastic, the nagaget man who turned bottles into a bench, the nagaget high school students who made ecobrick furniture— they are all Ayyew heroes– enriching otherwise polluting materials and cycling them into solutions.

Even recycling in my country is another form of trashing: we throw our plastic away, for it to be taken somewhere else, and dealt with by someone else. The cycling is so broad and loose, non-personal, and non-local (so non-ayyew!) that a majority of ends up in the biosphere. See my essay Recycling The Evil Illusion

Of course, I had lots of adapting to do. My words, way of thinking, and the economy I grew up in, are founded on the Judeo-Christian tradition. Here is the tendency towards a linear, black and white view of life: sinful and sacred, angels and demons, good and bad. This fundamentally biblical paradigm is linear rather than circular: one moves from birth to death, to heaven or hell. Alas, when this linear way of judging the world guides a civilization, it results in an economy, a way of living, with dire consequences.

The words ‘trash’ and ‘waste’ are essentially linear judgments. The act of “trashing” an object is a condemnation. We are judging the object to be worthless and no longer fit for a place in our world. Is there any difference between a piece of plastic before it has served its purpose, and after? The molecules and atoms are all still the same. The only difference is the word “trash” we’ve labelled it with. Yet this word, condemns the piece of plastic to a hellish fate as its taken away to be dumped or burned somewhere. These ‘dumps ‘ and ‘landfills’ (words the Igorots also didn’t have) are remarkably similar to Hell in their noxious, smouldering desolation. And, despite all our technology, all our industry, the polluting, the waste and the trash are actually increasing. In the decades since I learned in school to ‘recycle’, our dumpsites are bigger than ever, while disastrous amounts of plastic are making it into the ocean.

This has been the pattern of our civilization, our paradigm.

But it needn’t be so.

I’ll never forget a visit to a remote Igorot village, nestled in a rugged, verdant , and stunningly beautiful Cordillera valley. The village, only accessible after a half hour hike down from the highway, is famous for its ancient stone solar calendar. Here, after centuries of Igorot habitation, the applied principles of Ayyew could be vividly seen and experienced.

For thousands of years civilizations other than our own have thrived without pollution. Can we?

A great waterfall cascaded down into the valley. At its base an intricate network of terraces and irrigation ensured the maximum usage and dispersion of the water to all the community’s rice paddies, farms and gardens. While waiting for my friend to finish her meeting in the village, I had a close look at the bushes and trees that were growing around the town. Everything was edible! All these plants, from avocados to passion fruit were growing in verdant abundance around the town — between homes and fields, in every gap. And then out of the town, the entire valley was rice terraces, fruit trees and more.

“Our ancestral rice farming cycle emphasizes ayyew. After the harvest, to maximize time and land, the rice terraces are planted with many different plants. Corn is planted first, then beans. When the corn starts to sprout, then we plant the sweet potato. The corns and the legumes will be harvested first. The sweet potato’s leaves we cook, then after a few months we harvest the crop. It is not surprising to find soya beans or any other longer living plants at the edges of each garden. This leads to keeping the soil rich and abundant and varied crops. The practice of ayyew means steadily tightening, syncing and strengthening the cycles we’re part of.” —Irene Nhe Angway, Igorot culture curriculum developer, Sagada, Cordilleras.

It was literally a heaven on earth. The entire community and culture were a full expression of Ayyew. Everywhere, cycles of utility had been intensified, amplified and synced so that the village was living in full thriving abundance. Unlike the separation between food production and housing in my land (often food travels thousands of kilometres to get to one’s plate), here food and living were intimately meshed. Unlike the subjugation of a single species to a single track of land (as we grow food in my land) the village was a thriving symphony of species. The stone calendar, on which the sunrises of the equinoxes would fall, and the community’s celebrations were guided, was a culminating testament to their syncing with the cycles of life.

A glance at the highly evolved civilizations that came before us, and in particular those still with us, shows us that solving the pollution crisis, has little to do with technology and way more to do with our way of looking at the world.

There’s no need to wait for the next eco-innovation, or for some technological breakthrough. Co-creating a thriving, harmonious world is as simple, and as momentous, as losing some words, and learning some new ones.

It’s time we got a little more nagaget, and started living a little more ayyew.

Russell Maier is a regenerative designer and one of the leaders in the global ecobrick movement. Russell strives to live Ayyew– he makes ecobricks with his plastic, composts his biodegradeables, and builds his home and garden with his bottles and Ecobricks. He is constantly experimenting with clay, bamboo and glass to cycle ever-better. You can see his innovations unfolding on russs.net

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Russs.net

Russell is a regenerative designer and inventor based in Bali, Indonesia. He is one of the leaders of the Ecobrick movement in Indonesia and the world. Inspired by the principles of the mandala and his time amongst the Igorot people he works to implementing deep, trans-formative innovations. You can read more in his Regenerative Design Manifesto or follow him on Facebook and Steemit: