1

Barefoot calluses:
If the calluses are from walking on coarse material the skin can repair itself by sloughing over a period of one to six month. You may use soap and wash cloth to help speed up the process daily.
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Callus is a noun meaning a localized thickening of the skin, and a verb meaning to form that skin thickening (especially on the palm of a hand or the sole of a foot, caused by repeated pressure or friction). Callous has a meaning related to callus, but callous is not used to describe skin. As an adjective, it means toughened or unfeeling. As a verb, it means to make or become callous in personality.
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3

Don't use toothpick :
Might cause significant bleeding which could be serious so please avoid. Usually they don't cause serious problems. I would usually recommend an ENT opinion about them and where removing the tonsils as a way of getting rid of the tonsolith is required or appropriate - they are often associated with recurrent tonsillitis. I suggest doctor or ENT consult to take things further.
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4

Heat rash:
Heat rash is caused by the build up of sweat from the glands under the skin. The "treatment" is to (1) avoid heat and sweating as much as possible. Being out in the sun a lot, as you say you are, is NOT helpful. (2) Let skin air-dry instead of using towels or cloths; (3) loosen clothes and don't wear clothes that are "skin-tight" like neoprene or lycra; (4) avoid lotions which block the glands.
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8

Diet:
'Bad' cholesterol (LDL, VLDL & Triglycerides) can often be managed by tight diet control. Limit starches and fats in your diet. They may require medications to achieve safe levels. I usually recommend the DASH diet as a starting point.. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/dash/
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9

Good plan:
It is a good plan to seek out a podiatrist for this problem . Fungal infections of the nails and feet are common and there are significant remedies that a podiatrist can help you with.
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12

See below:
This will be a long process since it takes almost 1 year to grow the toenail from base to tip.
I would recommend a daily use of a liquid antifungal and make sure to use a cuticle stick to push the skin away from the nail to allow it to grow out
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Many options:
See a dermatologist. There are several options, though none of them are 100% effective. Freezing, chemical agents, injections, and laser treatments are some of the many options.
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17

Hand hygiene!:
You can stop disinfecting the house.
What is more important is enforcing handwashing before eating a meal and after going to the bathroom. Viral infections can contaminate surfaces from dirty hands, only to be picked up by another person touching the contaminated object.
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18

See Podiatrist:
A professional should examine it and assess situation. Any remaining infection will be treated and measures can be taken to prevent recurrence. If this is first time ingrown nail occurred, probably will grow back normal in time with proper care.
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19

Onychomycosis:
The use of topical agents should be limited to cases involving less than half of the distal nail plate or for patients unable to tolerate systemic treatment. Agents available in the United States include ciclopirox olamine 8% and efinaconazole 10% nail solutions. Amorolfine and bifonazole/urea are available outside of the United States. Best to see your doctor.
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A callus is an area of skin that has become toughened, thick, and hard as a result of repeated pressure, friction or other irritation. Most commonly found on the feet due to walking. Generally calluses are not harmful. Calluses can also form on the fingers due to use of writing utensils, musical instruments, or even rock climbing. They are formed by keratinocytes in the outer layer of skin.
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