Summary

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Eighth Editioncontinues to set the standard for A&P texts with an enhanced media package and new active learning features that help readers better visualize and understand the structure and function of the human body. New information on hot topics like DNA fingerprinting, bone implants for children, stem cell research, and obesity draws readers into the material. Elaine Marieb's clear and friendly writing style emphasizes the relevance of anatomy and physiology to readers' lives and careers. It clarifies concepts, defines key terms, and offers just the right balance of anatomy, physiology, and clinical coverage to make the content complete without being overwhelming.The Human Body: An Orientation, Basic Chemistry, Cells and Tissues, Skin and Body Membranes, The Skeletal System, The Muscular System, The Nervous System, Special Senses, The Endocrine System, Blood, The Cardiovascular System, The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses, The Respiratory System, The Digestive System and Body Metabolism, The Urinary System, The Reproductive System.For all readers interested in learning the essentials of human anatomy and physiology.

Table of Contents

The Human Body: An Orientation

1

(24)

An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

2

(1)

Anatomy

2

(1)

Physiology

2

(1)

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology

2

(1)

Levels of Structural Organization

2

(5)

From Atoms to Organisms

2

(1)

Organ System Overview

3

(4)

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Urinary System

Reproductive System

Maintaining Life

7

(2)

Necessary Life Functions

7

(2)

Maintaining Boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretion

Reproduction

Growth

Survival Needs

9

(1)

Homeostasis

9

(2)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

10

(1)

Homeostatic Imbalance

11

(1)

The Language of Anatomy

11

(14)

Anatomical Position

11

(1)

Regional Terms

12

(1)

Anterior Body Landmarks

Posterior Body Landmarks

Directional Terms

13

(4)

Body Planes and Sections

17

(1)

Body Cavities

17

(5)

Dorsal Body Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

Summary

22

(1)

Review Questions

23

(1)

At the Clinic

24

Focus on Careers Dental Hygienist

15

(3)

Prove It Yourself Negative Feedback Systems Operate Continuously

18

(2)

Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body

20

(5)

Basic Chemistry

25

(36)

Concepts of Matter and Energy

26

(1)

Matter

26

(1)

Energy

26

(1)

Forms of Energy

Energy Form Conversions

Composition of Matter

27

(5)

Elements and Atoms

27

(2)

Atomic Structure

29

(1)

Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom

Identifying Elements

30

(2)

Atomic Number

Atomic Mass Number

Atomic Weight and Isotopes

Molecules and Compounds

32

(1)

Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions

33

(6)

Bond Formation

33

(4)

Role of Electrons

Types of Chemical Bonds

Patterns of Chemical Reactions

37

(2)

Synthesis Reactions

Decomposition Reactions

Exchange Reactions

Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter

39

(22)

Inorganic Compounds

39

(3)

Water

Salts

Acids and Bases

Organic Compounds

42

(14)

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Summary

56

(2)

Review Questions

58

(2)

At the Clinic

60

Prove It Yourself Demonstrate an Enzyme in Your Saliva

49

(4)

Focus on Careers Food Technologist

53

(1)

DNA Fingerprinting: Cracking Our Genetic ``Barcode''

54

(7)

Cells and Tissues

61

(1)

PART I: CELLS

62

(23)

Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life

62

(1)

Anatomy of a Generalized Cell

63

(9)

The Nucleus

63

(1)

Nuclear Envelope

Nucleoli

Chromatin

The Plasma Membrane

64

(2)

Specializations of the Plasma Membrane

The Cytoplasm

66

(5)

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Cell Diversity

71

(1)

Cell Physiology

72

(13)

Membrane Transport

72

(7)

Passive Transport Processes: Diffusion and Filtration

Active Transport Processes

Cell Division

79

(4)

Preparations: DNA Replication

Events of Cell Division

Protein Synthesis

83

(2)

Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure

The Role of RNA

Transcription

Translation

PART II: BODY TISSUES

85

(13)

Epithelial Tissue

86

(4)

Special Characteristics of Epithelium

86

(1)

Classification of Epithelium

86

(4)

Simple Epithelia

Stratified Epithelia

Glandular Epithelium

Connective Tissue

90

(5)

Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue

90

(1)

Extracellular Matrix

90

(1)

Types of Connective Tissue

91

(4)

Bone

Cartilage

Dense Connective Tissue

Loose Connective Tissue

Blood

Muscle Tissue

95

(2)

Types of Muscle Tissue

95

(2)

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Nervous Tissue

97

(1)

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

97

(1)

PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES

98

(292)

Summary

102

(2)

Review Questions

104

(1)

At the Clinic

105

IV Therapy and Cellular ``Tonics''

75

(7)

Focus on Careers Medical Transcriptionist

82

(17)

Prove It Yourself Demonstrate that Oil and Water Don't Mix

99

(1)

Cancer---The Intimate Enemy

100

(7)

Skin and Body Membranes

107

(22)

Classification of Body Membranes

108

(2)

Epithelial Membranes

108

(2)

Cutaneous Membrane

Mucous Membranes

Serous Membranes

Connective Tissues Membranes

110

(1)

Integumentary System (Skin)

110

(14)

Basic Skin Functions

111

(1)

Structure of the Skin

112

(4)

Epidermis

Dermis

Skin Color

116

(1)

Appendages of the Skin

116

(4)

Cutaneous Glands

Hairs and Hair Follicles

Nails

Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin

120

(4)

Infections and Allergies

Burns

Skin Cancer

Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes

124

(5)

Summary

126

(1)

Review Questions

127

(1)

At the Clinic

127

Tattoos

115

(4)

Prove It Yourself Plot the Distribution of Sweat Glands

119

(6)

Systems in Sync

125

(4)

The Skeletal System

129

(48)

Bones: An Overview

130

(9)

Functions of the Bones

130

(1)

Classification of Bones

131

(1)

Structure of a Long Bone

132

(2)

Gross Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy

Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling

134

(4)

Bone Fractures

138

(1)

Axial Skeleton

139

(14)

Skull

139

(6)

Cranium

Facial Bones

The Hyoid Bone

Fetal Skull

Vertebral Column (Spine)

145

(7)

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Bony Thorax

152

(1)

Sternum

Ribs

Appendicular Skeleton

153

(10)

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle

153

(2)

Bones of the Upper Limbs

155

(2)

Arm

Forearm

Hand

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

157

(2)

Bones of the Lower Limbs

159

(4)

Thigh

Leg

Foot

Joints

163

(5)

Fibrous Joints

163

(1)

Cartilaginous Joints

163

(1)

Synovial Joints

163

(2)

Type of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

165

(2)

Homeostatic Imbalance of Joints

167

(1)

Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton

168

(9)

Summary

172

(1)

Review Questions

173

(1)

At the Clinic

174

Protect Your Back---It's the Only One You've Got!

146

(15)

Them Bones, Them Bones Goin' to Walk Around---Clinical Advances in Bone Repair

161

(8)

Prove It Yourself Demonstrate That Joints Are Stabilized by Muscles and Ligaments

169

(2)

Systems in Sync

171

(6)

The Muscular System

177

(44)

Overview of Muscle Tissues

178

(4)

Muscle Types

178

(3)

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle Functions

181

(1)

Producing Movement

Maintaining Posture

Stabilizing Joints

Generating Heat

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

182

(2)

Skeletal Muscle Activity

184

(8)

Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells

184

(3)

The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory

Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole

187

(5)

Graded Responses

Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction

Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt

Types of Muscle Contractions---Isotonic and Isometric

Muscle Tone

Effect of Exercise on Muscles

Muscle Movements, Types, and Names

192

(8)

Types of Body Movements

192

(4)

Special Movements

Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body

196

(1)

Naming Skeletal Muscles

196

(3)

Arrangement of Fasicles

199

(1)

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

200

(14)

Head and Neck Muscles

200

(1)

Facial Muscles

Chewing Muscles

Neck Muscles

Trunk Muscles

201

(2)

Anterior Muscles

Posterior Muscles

Muscles of the Upper Limb

203

(1)

Muscles of the Humerus That Act on the Forearm

Muscles of the Lower Limb

204

(10)

Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint

Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint

Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot

Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System

214

(7)

Summary

216

(1)

Review Questions

217

(2)

At the Clinic

219

Are Athletes Looking Good and Doing Better with Anabolic Steroids?

197

(10)

Prove It Yourself Palpate Muscles As They Contract

207

(2)

Focus on Careers Massage Therapist

209

(6)

Systems in Sync

215

(6)

The Nervous System

221

(50)

Organization of the Nervous System

223

(1)

Structural Classification

223

(1)

Functional Classification

223

(1)

Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function

224

(11)

Supporting Cells

224

(2)

Neurons

226

(9)

Anatomy

Classification

Physiology

Central Nervous System

235

(14)

Functional Anatomy of the Brain

235

(6)

Cerebral Hemispheres

Diencephalon

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

Protection of the Central Nervous System

241

(3)

Meninges

Cerebrospinal Fluid

The Blood-Brain Barrier

Brain Dysfunctions

244

(3)

Traumatic Brain Injuries

Spinal Cord

247

(2)

Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots

White Matter of the Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System

249

(14)

Structure of a Nerve

249

(1)

Cranial Nerves

249

(4)

Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses

253

(1)

Autonomic Nervous System

253

(10)

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared

Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division

Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division

Autonomic Functioning

Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System

263

(8)

Summary

266

(2)

Review Questions

268

(2)

At the Clinic

270

Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's---The Terrible Three

245

(16)

Prove It Yourself Improve Your Memory

261

(1)

Tracking Down CNS Problems

262

(3)

Systems in Sync

265

(6)

Special Senses

271

(28)

The Eye and Vision

272

(12)

Anatomy of the Eye

272

(8)

External and Accessory Structures

Internal Structures: The Eyeball

Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction

280

(1)

Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain

281

(3)

Eye Reflexes

284

(1)

The Ear: Hearing and Balance

284

(7)

Anatomy of the Ear

284

(2)

Outer (External) Ear

Middle Ear

Inner (Internal) Ear

Mechanisms of Equilibrium

286

(2)

Static Equilibrium

Dynamic Equilibrium

Mechanism of Hearing

288

(1)

Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits

289

(2)

Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell

291

(2)

Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell

291

(1)

Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste

292

(1)

Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses

293

(6)

Summary

295

(2)

Review Questions

297

(1)

At the Clinic

298

Visual Pigments---The Actual Photoreceptors

279

(3)

If I Can't See Things Far Away, Am I Nearsighted or Farsighted?

282

(17)

The Endocrine System

299

(28)

The Endocrine System and Hormone Function---An Overview

300

(3)

The Chemistry of Hormones

300

(1)

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

301

(2)

Control of Hormone Release

303

(1)

The Major Endocrine Organs

303

(17)

Pituitary Gland

304

(3)

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

Thyroid Gland

307

(3)

Parathyroid Glands

310

(1)

Adrenal Glands

311

(3)

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

Pancreatic Islets

314

(2)

Pineal Gland

316

(1)

Thymus Gland

316

(1)

Gonads

316

(4)

Hormones of the Ovaries

Hormones of the Testes

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs

320

(3)

Placenta

320

(3)

Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System

323

(4)

Summary

323

(2)

Review Questions

325

(1)

At the Clinic

326

Potential Uses for Growth Hormone

306

(16)

Systems in Sync

322

(5)

Blood

327

(20)

Composition and Functions of Blood

328

(7)

Components

328

(1)

Physical Characteristics and Volume

328

(1)

Plasma

328

(2)

Formed Elements

330

(4)

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Platelets

Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)

334

(1)

Hemostasis

335

(3)

Disorders of Hemostasis

337

(1)

Undesirable Clotting

Bleeding Disorders

Blood Groups and Transfusions

338

(3)

Human Blood Groups

338

(3)

Blood Typing

341

(1)

Developmental Aspects of Blood

341

(6)

Summary

344

(1)

Review Questions

345

(1)

At the Clinic

346

Focus on Careers: Phlebotomy Technician

339

(3)

Concocting Blood: Artificial Blood Substitutes

342

(5)

The Cardiovascular System

347

(42)

The Heart

348

(6)

Anatomy of the Heart

348

(6)

Location and Size

Coverings and Wall

Chambers and Associated Great Vessels

Valves

Cardiac Circulation

Physiology of the Heart

354

(6)

Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm

Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds

Cardiac Output

Blood Vessels

360

(21)

Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels

360

(4)

Tunics

Structural Differences between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels

364

(8)

Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation

Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation

Special Circulations

Physiology of Circulation

372

(9)

Arterial Pulse

Blood Pressure

Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients

Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds

Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System

381

(8)

Summary

383

(2)

Review Questions

385

(2)

At the Clinic

387

Electrocardiography: (Don't) Be Still My Heart

356

(7)

Prove It Yourself Venous Valves Prevent Backflow

363

(5)

Focus on Careers: Certified Surgical Technologist (CST)

368

(9)

Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drano

377

(5)

Systems in Sync

382

(7)

The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

389

(1)

PART I: THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

390

(5)

Lymphatic Vessels

390

(2)

Lymph Nodes

392

(2)

Other Lymphoid Organs

394

(1)

PART II: BODY DEFENSES

395

(22)

Nonspecific Body Defenses

396

(4)

Surface Membrane Barriers

396

(1)

Cells and Chemicals

396

(4)

Phagocytes

Natural Killer Cells

Inflammatory Response

Antimicrobial Chemicals

Fever

Specific Body Defenses: The Immune System

400

(17)

Antigens

402

(1)

Cells of the Immune System: An Overview

403

(1)

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response

404

(7)

Active and Passive Humoral Immunity

Antibodies

Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response

411

(3)

Organ Transplants and Rejection

414

(1)

Disorders of Immunity

414

(3)

Allergies

Immunodeficiencies

Autoimmune Diseases

PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND BODY DEFENSES

417

(37)

Summary

421

(2)

Review Questions

423

(1)

At the Clinic

424

Prove It Yourself Swollen Lymph Nodes Usually Indicate Infections

417

(1)

AIDS: The Modern Day Plague

418

(2)

Systems in Sync

420

(5)

The Respiratory System

425

(28)

Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System

426

(8)

The Nose

426

(2)

Pharynx

428

(1)

Larynx

429

(1)

Trachea

429

(1)

Main Bronchi

430

(1)

Lungs

430

(4)

The Respiratory Membrane

Respiratory Physiology

434

(11)

Mechanics of Breathing

434

(2)

Inspiration

Expiration

Nonrespiratory Air Movements

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

436

(1)

Respiratory Sounds

437

(1)

External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration

438

(2)

External Respiration

Gas Transport in the Blood

Internal Respiration

Control of Respiration

440

(5)

Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth

Respiratory Disorders

445

(1)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

445

(1)

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System

446

(7)

Summary

449

(2)

Review Questions

451

(1)

At the Clinic

452

Lung Cancer: The Facts Behind the Smoke Screen

442

(5)

Focus on Careers: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)

447

(1)

Systems in Sync

448

(5)

The Digestive System and Body Metabolism

453

(1)

PART I: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

454

(24)

Anatomy of the Digestive System

454

(13)

Organs of the Alimentary Canal

454

(10)

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Accessory Digestive Organs

464

(3)

Salivary Glands

Teeth

Pancreas

Liver and Gallbladder

Functions of the Digestive System

467

(11)

Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls

467

(3)

Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

470

(1)

Food Ingestion and Breakdown

Food Propulsion---Swallowing and Peristalsis

Activities of the Stomach

470

(4)

Food Breakdown

Food Propulsion

Activities of the Small Intestine

474

(3)

Food Breakdown and Absorption

Food Propulsion

Activities of the Large Intestine

477

(1)

Food Breakdown and Absorption

Propulsion of the Residue and Defecation

PART II: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM

478

(12)

Nutrition

478

(12)

Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients

478

(2)

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Metabolism

480

(1)

Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells

480

(4)

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Fat Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism

484

(2)

General Metabolic Functions

Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport

Body Energy Balance

486

(4)

Regulation of Food Intake

Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production

Body Temperature Regulation

PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND METABOLISM

490

(80)

Summary

496

(2)

Review Questions

498

(2)

At the Clinic

500

Peptic Ulcers: ``Something Is Eating at Me''

472

(19)

Prove It Yourself Calculate Your Basal Metabolic Rate

491

(1)

Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted

492

(3)

Systems in Sync

495

(6)

The Urinary System

501

(26)

Kidneys

502

(10)

Location and Structure

502

(3)

Blood Supply

Nephrons and Urine Formation

505

(7)

Nephrons

Urine Formation

Characteristics of Urine

Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra

512

(2)

Ureters

512

(1)

Urinary Bladder

512

(1)

Urethra

513

(1)

Micturition

514

(1)

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

514

(6)

Maintaining Water and Electrolyte Balance of Blood

514

(4)

Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments

The Link Between Water and Salt

Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood

518

(2)

Blood Buffers

Respiratory System Controls

Renal Mechanisms

Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System

520

(7)

Summary

523

(1)

Review Questions

524

(1)

At the Clinic

525

Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney

509

(9)

Prove It Yourself Demonstrate the Water-Retaining Power of Salt

518

(4)

Systems in Sync

522

(5)

The Reproductive System

527

(43)

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

529

(4)

Testes

529

(1)

Duct System

529

(2)

Epididymis

Ductus Deferens

Urethra

Accessory Glands and Semen

531

(1)

Seminal Vesicles

Prostate Gland

Bulbourethral Glands

Semen

External Genitalia

532

(1)

Male Reproductive Functions

533

(2)

Spermatogenesis

533

(2)

Testosterone Production

535

(1)

Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System

535

(4)

Ovaries

535

(1)

Duct System

536

(3)

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

Uterus

Vagina

External Genitalia

539

(1)

Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles

539

(4)

Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle

539

(2)

Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

541

(2)

Hormone Production by the Ovaries

543

(1)

Mammary Glands

543

(2)

Survey of Pregnancy and Embryonic Development

545

(12)

Accomplishing Fertilization

545

(1)

Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development

546

(2)

Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother

548

(4)

Anatomical Changes

Physiological Changes

Childbirth

552

(5)

Initiation of Labor

Stages of Labor

Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System

557

(7)

Summary

560

(2)

Review Questions

562

(1)

At the Clinic

563

Focus on Careers Doula

549

(5)

Contraception: To Be or Not To Be

554

(3)

Prove It Yourself The Stages of Mitosis and Meiosis Are Similar but Different

557

(2)

Systems in Sync

559

(5)

Appendixes

Appendix A: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

564

(3)

Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements

567

(1)

Appendix C: Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals