Not Quite Your Sunday School Teacher’s Dispensationalism

Israel’s future has been a contentious issue among American Christians. Many still view Israel through dispensational lens while other interpreters react against it. At the same time, many denominations have deep-seated differences on the relationship between the New Testament and the Old Testament.

McDermott doesn’t give many details about the fulfillment of these promises; instead, he focuses on the final picture. Israel will be brought back to their land (which is part of the new world but also distinct) and blessings will flow to the whole world from the New Jerusalem. Israel, as a people and a land, still matters.

Bold Statement

McDermott begins with a bold statement: “Most Christians for most of Christian history have been wrong about Israel.” They’ve believed in what some call supersessionism, the view that the church has superseded or replaced Israel. He identifies historical proponents of this view, including Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Origen, Luther, Calvin, and Schleiermacher.

He then argues against this view from the New Testament: “When the New Testament authors wrote ‘Israel,’ they did not mean ‘church’” (20). He gives a historical survey of Christians who believed in this view, which he calls New Zionism. Justin Martyr and Irenaeus, although believers in supersessionism, still got some things right, as did Tertullian, Augustine, and some of the Reformers, Puritans, and 18th-century heirs of the Puritan tradition.

McDermott goes on to show the Old Testament teaches that salvation for the world comes through Israel. Additionally, the promises in the New Testament still support a future for both the people and also the land of Israel.

The final chapters address political and theological objections, and then McDermott closes with six proposals:

(1) in Israel we see ourselves and God;
(2) the history of redemption is ongoing;
(3) prophecy is real but mysterious;
(4) it’s not over till it’s over;
(5) Israel and the church are joined at the hip; and
(6) the history of the Jews shows us the mystery of iniquity.

Attractive Features of New Christian Zionism

This “New Christian Zionism” will be attractive to people for at least four reasons.

First, McDermott ditches what was problematic with dispensationalism. He focuses on the people and land and strips away unnecessary eschatological detail.

Second, he grounds his view in history. Dispensationalism has been critiqued for being relatively new, but McDermott shows that “New Zionism” has a rich historic tradition, existing long before the rise of dispensationalism.

Third, he grounds his arguments in Scripture and doesn’t prooftext. He takes on tough texts that seem to work against his thesis.

Fourth, his proposal comes at a time when Christians are thinking more carefully about ethnic relationships. In biblical studies, there’s a movement within the Pauline school called “Paul within Judaism” or “The Radical Perspective on Paul,” which would align with many of McDermott’s implications. In many ways, McDermott simply affirms that the promises to Israel will be fulfilled in the future (how literally is another question).

Categorizing This Book

So how do we categorize McDermott’s proposal? It’s clearly not classic dispensationalism; there are no specifics about the rapture, rebuilt temple, or even the tribulation in this book. Yet it’s also not quite progressive dispensationalism. Progressive dispensationalists can sign onto many of McDermott’s suggestions, but so can covenant theologians. By giving his view a different label, McDermott seems to want to create a new way of thinking about the future of Israel that’s conceptually separate from dispensationalism.

But I wonder if this will work. I’m afraid that what’s attractive about “New Zionism” will never be able to be separated from dispensationalism (though this isn’t McDermott’s fault). When you try to summarize McDermott’s view in America, people will look at you and say, “Oh yeah, that’s dispensationalism.”

Critiques of McDermott’s Arguments

First, it’s curious that McDermott employs some of the same church fathers both to support his case and also to show there’s been a history of supersessionism. The overlap might demonstrate that the fathers were at different times emphasizing the continuity and the discontinuity between Israel and the new people of God. The historical section indicates that the same people point to both unity and disunity.

Second, McDermott claims “the church is never called the new Israel.” True. But they’re called the Israel of God (Gal. 6:16). Peter himself gives an incredible list in 1 Peter 1:15–2:10 about Jews and Gentiles being the people of the new exodus, the Passover, the new covenant, the new temple, and a kingdom of priests. Additionally, when the Holy Spirit falls on people in Acts, they’re portrayed as the new temple. We need to pay attention not only to the words that are used in Scripture, but also to the images.

Third, when analyzing the relationship between Israel, the church, and the future we must not skip an important step. The line between Israel and eschatology doesn’t run straight; it runs through Christ. We must analyze the relationship between Israel and Israel’s Messiah, Jesus Christ, before we address the relationship between Christ, the church, and eschatology. If Jesus is the fulfillment of Israel, then “the relationship between the church and Israel . . . is neither one of direct succession nor radical disjunction, but one of mediated continuity” (William L. Kynes). The church can be the true Israel because it’s incorporated into Christ. Christ embodies the identity, vocation, and prophesied roles of corporate Israel. Our ecclesiology must flow from our Christology.[1]

Fourth, while McDermott argues for a future restoration of Israel, I’d argue for a future salvation of Israel; the distinction is important. Restoration involves salvation, but goes beyond that. It includes Israel being reinstalled as a nation in her land. Is McDermott suggesting (like dispensationalists) that only the new covenant’s spiritual aspects are inaugurated in this age, while the territorial and political aspects are still to come? In my opinion, it’s better to see the entire new covenant as already inaugurated (both spiritually and materially), with the final consummation still to come.

Third Way

McDermott presents two ways on this issue: supersessionism or New Zionism. But why are those the only options? I offer my most significant critique by proposing a third way: “fulfillment.”[2] This avoids clunky statements like “the church replaces Israel” and also provides more information about what it means that “Israel matters.”

Fulfillment avoids two misunderstandings: (1) that Jesus came to set aside old promises, and (2) that Jesus simply came to say the old promises continue in the same way. Jesus didn’t come to abrogate the law or to simply affirm it; he came to fulfill it. The New Testament authors argue that Jesus fulfills the law and the identity of Israel, and the church is an outgrowth of this fulfillment. The tension between the new and the old is illustrated and encapsulated in the word “fulfillment.”

These positions can be put on a spectrum:

Christ Abrogates the Law ––––––––– Christ Fulfills the Law –––––––– Christ Affirms the Law

To put these positions in the terms of this book, the “abrogate” position maps onto supersessionism, and the “affirm” position maps onto New Christian Zionism.

Supersessionism ––––––––– Fulfillment –––––––– New Christian Zionism

It seems to me that McDermott falls into the trap that Jesus avoids in Matthew 5. The law is neither simply abrogated nor affirmed, because the environment has completely changed: Christ is here, and that makes all the difference.

McDermott’s proposal has some attractive features, but I think he falls too far on the affirming side of the spectrum. By using the third way of “fulfillment” we can still affirm that Israel matters, but then we can ask, “In what way?” All our answers must come only after we’ve grappled with our Christology, the triune nature of God, and the biblical storyline.