Dear Mr. Giago,
In a page-one article of your February 11, 1987 issue, Mr. Frank Whitaker
reported on the Alliance for American Indian Leaders (AAIL).The issues discussed affect the people of
the Red Lake Indian Reservation deeply—and the implications of your article
should be clarified.
Reading between the lines of some mighty fine-sounding rhetoric, it seems as
though the leadership of AAIL is defending the Bureau of Indian Affairs.This is only to be expected, since these
gentlemen are (albeit indirectly) paid by the B.I.A., and their “unique” status
as “Indian leaders” depends on the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
As has been highlighted by recent media reports, American Indian Nations appear
to be caught on the horns of a dilemma, torn between the Hobson’s choices of:
(1) Ongoing dictatorial (indirect) control by the B.I.A., and even
intensification and re-entrenchment of the B.I.A.’s power, or:
(2) Takeover (even on the Red Lake Indian Reservation, which is legally exempt
from Public Law 280) of our beleaguered native Nations by State and County
encroachment.This is effectively the
“termination” specter of the 1950’s all over again: legislating us out of
existence.
In Indian country across the continent, there has been strong community
involvement toward economic development.Indian community economic independence from the Federal (and State and
County) Government; this would mean that we are no longer at the beck and call
of bureaucrats in the dominant society.Community owned and controlled economic development would also provide
us with the means to regain traditional sovereignty and community-centered
self-government.Obviously, Red Lake
Indian traditional self-government and self-sufficiency would mean that many parasitic
bureaucrats (B.I.A., “Tribal,” and other) would no longer have their plush
jobs, kickbacks and slush funds.
It should thus be apparent that this “dilemma” is a red-herring issue; and
furthermore that the B.I.A. is using this issue as a means to intensify
division in Indian communities.“Divide
and Conquer” is an old tactic.We in
Red Lake have had 98 years too much of it.
As is to be expected from a consummate politician, Roger Jourdain and his AAIL
associates (backed by the B.I.A. “good ol’ boy” network) have uttered some
rousing platitudes.All they need is a
ticker-tape parade and a 21-gun salute (and maybe a few statutes).Unfortunately, a critical look at the AAIL
platform reveals some gaping holes through which our people could fall into oblivion.Roger Jourdain, who has been “chosen” as our
leader by the B.I.A., has little stature compared to our traditional chiefs who
signed the treaties.
•The AAIL met, according to the Lakota Times article, in the Hilton Hotel.The old chiefs wouldn’t be eating steaks
while their people eat commodities (= rations).They would be sure that their people were fed.There is 90% unemployment on this
reservation, and our children are malnourished.
•The AAIL says that their “goal is nothing less than the recognition by
Washington and other world governments of the constitutional rights ...”But, whose constitution?The 1934 Indian Reorganization Act
boilerplate “Tribal Constitutions” were forced on the Indian people without
their informed consent.Or, are they
talking about the U.S.A. Constitution—the constitution of an occupying
nation.Both constitutions are racist,
and both constitutions deny Indian nations traditional sovereignty and
self-government.
• Point one of the AAIL’s “1987 Campaign on Constitutional Rights” calls for
Congressional Committee hearings on the “UNIQUE sovereign status of Indian
nations.”This = “domestic dependent
nations” = indirect rule minus self-government = “constitutionally” abolishing
traditional sovereign Indian governments and nations.It is unclear exactly how this relates to “treaty rights,” since
the Rad Lake Indian Nation signed the Treaties as a traditional sovereign
nation, and (Roger Jourdain and the B.I.A. notwithstanding) remains such.
•The AAIL does not specify what they mean by “correct constitutional
relationship of the federal government to Indian tribes,” but past experience
gives us reason to believe that what it probably means is bringing P.L. 280
through the “back door” of Red Lake Reservation (e.g. phasing out the Indian
Health Service, present administration of our schools by the State of Minnesota
[ranked lower in academic achievement than any school in the state], and, worst
of all, phasing out any vestige of independence in the law enforcement system.)
And then, where is our traditional
sovereignty, and where are our rights as a traditional sovereign nation
guaranteed by the Treaties?
•AAIL urges a “congressional seat for a non-voting Native American Indian
representative to be elected by (which?) members of Indian tribes.”This has a nice sound to it—but under AAIL
leadership and/or the present system, the proposed representative will be an
appointed B.I.A. yes-man.Furthermore,
this is blatantly giving away our claims to traditional sovereignty.What does a non-dependent, fully
traditionally sovereign Indian nation with self-government want with a small
fraction of a non-voting member of the U.S.A. Congress?(They never said anything about this in the
Treaties—the emphasis was on “perpetual peace and friendship” between equal
nations.Besides which, if we had a
solid economic base (as we should), the Red Lake Indian people could afford to
send several observers (= non-voting member) to Congress.We could even afford to follow the
Capitalist Ethic, and buy ourselves a couple of Senators—like the corporations
that are after our resources do.
•AAIL recommends “election of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the presidential
cabinet level.”There is a saying in
Indian Country about the “fox guarding the chicken coop.”This plank of the AAIL platform sounds like
the “Tribal” chairmen are speaking for the B.I.A. again.We all know about the old B.I.A. headlock,
“do as we tell you, or we’ll cut off your funding” (= “unique
relationship”).A traditional sovereign
Indian nation doesn’t need a B.I.A., cabinet-level or otherwise.
•Roger Jourdain is quoted as saying some other strange things, for example,
“upholding oral history ... legally.”Does this mean that the B.I.A. gets to legislate, and thus censor, our
oral history?Roger has given away too
many of our treaty rights already, whether out of self-aggrandizement, lining
his own pockets, or perhaps ignorance.(Our traditional Indian chiefs left community elders in charge of oral
history, and didn’t need to buy followers.Without cold, hard B.I.A. cash, how many followers would the Red Lake
“Tribal Chairman” have?)
•AAIL is apparently launching an expensive (whose money?) campaign of P.R. and
mass-mailings.If this money were
ethically used, instead, it would be spent on addressing the problems faced by
the people: urgent need for community owned and controlled economic development
on the Red Lake Reservation; improving the educational system which is
destroying so many of our most precious resource, our children (who have been
taught by non-Indians with disastrous results over the past 97 years); dealing
with the root causes of the alcoholism, drug addiction, malnutrition, and
suicide which are devastating our community; resolving—at the causal level—the
health problems on Red Lake Reservation including epidemic stages of diabetes
... protecting our remaining forest, timber, fish and watershed, and wildlife
habitat from the depredations of the surrounding Whites ... the list of
extremely pressing problems inflicted on our nation and our people under U.S.
B.I.A. (and “tribal council” administration is a depressingly long one.
Instead of helping his people, the Red Lake “Tribal Chairman” is playing
dead-end politics with AAIL and devoting his energy to lobbying for an “Indian
holiday.”We wonder if he realizes that
the White man’s holidays are generally named after dead people, or if perhaps
his attention in this direction reflects the Bureau’s alcoholic leadership that
will lead to our annihilation: “legislating” us out of existence (the
International Convention calls this “genocide,” but in Chairman Jourdain’s case
perhaps there’s “fratricide”).For the
Red Lake Indian people, one whole season named after us is good enough—we have
Indian Summer.
After 98 years we need to put a moratorium on greed, corruption, graft,
ruthless plunder of our resources, ... to a long list of man-made problems
created by 98 years of the B.I.A. “helping us.”We need to free ourselves from our (B.I.A. “recognized”)
centralized and self-serving B.I.A.-controlled government, and return to our
traditional council of chiefs dependent on the consensus of the community.We need to return to the self-government,
autonomy, and status as a traditional sovereign nation guaranteed us by the Treaties.We need to provide a solid economic base
(rather than the corporate-controlled “economic development” recommended by
that apparent scoundrel Ross Swimmer) for our people.We need to address the social and community problems inflicted on
us by nearly a century of colonial occupation by the U.S. Government at the
cause, rather than providing jobs for a B.I.A. elite (none of whom are
descended from our ancestors who signed the Red Lake Treaties) and financing
band-aid social service programs out of our trust funds.
We also need a cease-and-desist injunction againstthe Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Minnesota Department of Natural
Resources, various multinational corporations, certain “Christian”
institutions, and other government agencies.The time is, indeed, long overdue for international (and U.S.A.)
recognition of the Red Lake Anishinabe Ojibwe Nation as a traditional sovereign
Indian nation.
We have been at the bottom of the heap for so long, we have nowhere to go but
up.
You can fool some of the people, some of the time, but after 30 years, you
can’t fool us.
We believe that since the Lakota Times has given ample space to the platform of
the AAIL, we deserve equal consideration.
Thank you and mee gwitch.Sincerely,[jointly signed by several persons, names omittedin present publication due to
concerns aboutretaliation against signer’s family
members]
Enrolled Members
Red Lake Anishinabe Ojibway Nation
Descendants of the signers of the 1889 Ratification of the 1863 Treaty

1132. Ens,
G. J. (1990). Kinship, ethnicity, class and the Red River Metis: the
parishes of St. Francois Xavier and St. Andrew's (St. Francois Xavier Parish,
St. Andrew's Parish). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Alberta (Canada).
Abstract: The focus of this study the role of economic forces in the evolution
of metis identity, ethnic differentiation, and class divisions the Red River
Settlement. During the period studied (1835-1890), Red River metis society and
economy underwent a fundamental transition as capitalism began to transform the
region. The emergence of new economic opportunities in the 1840s acted as a
centrifuge as communities and individuals increasingly were forced to make
decisions of whether to participate in the commercial-capitalist fur trade
(particularly the buffalo-robe trade), or to continue their peasant-subsistence
mode of production (farming and hunting). The choice was made all the more
decisive by the withdrawal of the buffalo westward. The parishes of St.
Francois Xavier and St. Andrew's were representative of the different patterns
of adaptation. The adaptation of some metis to the new opportunities in the
capitalistic fur trade, effected a transformation of their family economy.
Production of buffalo robes for market and profit, rather than subsistence,
entailed a proto-industrialization of the metis family economy. This
development had implications for metis family formation and fertility. These
new economic opportunities and activities not only split the metis along
occupational lines, but began to bifurcate metis society along economic or
class lines. Social and economic divisions within metis society became much
more distinct in the 1850s and 1860s. There arose an identifiable metis
bourgeoisie or merchant class which employed large numbers of metis as
labourers. With this, and as the HBC increasingly hired metis labourers for its
boat and cart brigades, a metis labouring class emerged. That there was a clear
absence of identity between metis groups can be seen in the Riel Resistance of
1869-70. This complex political event can neither be seen as a national
uprising of the metis, nor a racial civil war. It had economic aspects that
pitted French metis against French metis, while allying some groups of English
and French metis. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

1133. Episcopal
Church. (1872). A Month among the Indian missions and agencies on the
Missouri River, and in Minnesota and Wisconsin. New York : American Church
Press Co.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 23683046 ...
accession: 20471714 ... accession: 7267758

1134. Erickson,
L. (1998). At the cultural and religious crossroads: Sara Riel and the Grey
Nuns in the Canadian northwest, 1848-1883. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Calgary (Canada).
Abstract: Sara Riel has been overshadowed by the attention paid to her famous
brother, Louis. Yet, a study of her life provides great insight into aspects of
the western Canadian past. Her experiences as a Metis Grey Nun and missionary
were shaped by complex factors of race, gender, class, and religion. This study
also contributes to our understanding of women's, specifically the Grey Nuns',
contributions to the development of the West. The Grey Nuns staffed the
Catholic missions of the West and provided essential social services such as
health care and education. By accepting Metis, Mixed-blood and Aboriginal
women, like Sara Riel, into their order, they demonstrated an ability to adapt
to western society and to overcome racial boundaries. In particular, this study
of a Metis woman missionary, sent to serve but also transform Native society,
challenges simple models of missionaries as 'conquerors,' Catholic sisterhoods
as auxiliaries, and Natives as victims.

1135. Ernst.
(1958 August). [Letter to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, re 'Proposed
Election Order for Adoption or Rejection of Proposed Tribal Constitution and
Bylaws Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians Minnesota'].
Notes: cited in Wub-e-ke-niew (1995):There is attached for your
consideration and signature a proposed letter authorizing the Superintendent of
the Minnesota Agency to conduct an election to permit the adult Indians of the
Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians to vote on the adoption or rejection of the
proposed tribal constitution and bylaws enclosed with the letter.You will recall that in January of this year
we asked the Secretary of the Interior to intervene in the matter of
determining which of two General Councils within the Band (both of which
claimed to be duly constituted in accordance with the Band's 1918 tribal
constitution under a hereditary chieftain [sic] system) should be given
official recognition by the Federal Government as representing the Band.In response to our problem, the Secretary
appointed a three-member special committee to study the matter.This committee recommended in its memorandum
of March 5, 1958, that six specific steps be taken toward the reconstitution of
a tribal government.The sixth step is
now at hand, namely, the matter of the adoption of a new constitution and
bylaws which will provide for an orderly government.The Red Lake people, although they adopted [sic] the
Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934 (48 Stat. 984) in an election held
on November 17, 1934, have an intense feeling against organization under the
provisions of that act.The tribal
members since the days of the Allotment Act have been fierce in their feeling
against alienation of any lands within the Red Lake Reservation.Tribal history indicates the only reason the
Red Lake people accepted the application of the Indian Reorganization Act to
their reservation was because Section 1 of that Act specifically prohibits
further allotment of reservation lands.Previous efforts to organize the Band under the Indian Reorganization
Act have failed, the last being in 1946 which failed by a narrow margin.In the current effort, the Red Lake people
again voiced their opposition to organization under the Indian Reorganization
Act.An attempt, therefore, was made to
offer them a proposed form of constitution outside the provisions of this
Act.The Assistant Solicitor on
reviewing the proposed draft constitutionsubmitted by the Tribal Constitutional Committee held on July 18, 1858,
that it is not possible for a tribe which has accepted the Indian
Reorganization Act to amend a former constitution, from which recognition has
been withdrawn, without complying with established legal criterion for
obtaining the Secretary's approval of a new organic document.In view of the strong tribal feeling, the
proposed constitution and bylaws now before you, although it contains all the
requirements of an IRA-document, dare not directly refer to that act if
we are to obtain tribal acceptance of the proposed document.We recommend, therefore, that the proposed
election order receive your early favorable consideration.We have been advised during this past week
by the Area Director and the tribal constitutional committee of the urgent need
to call this election as soon as possible for the presentation of the proposed
document to the people.

1139. Ewers,
J. C. (1974). Ethnological report on the Chippewa Cree tribe of the Rock Boy
reservation, Montana, and the Little Shell band of Indians. in D. A. Horr
(editor and compiler), Chippewa Indians VI . New York: Garland Press.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:45-6), "the Garland series reprints many valuabe and often otherwise
unobtainable studies.Pagination used
here is that proved by Garland.David
Horr's introductions are well worth the reader's attention."

1140. Ewers,
J. C. (1966). Howard, J. H.The
Plains-Ojibwa or Bungi: hunters and warriors of the Northern Prairies with
special reference to the Turtle Mountain band [book review]. American
Anthropologist, 68(2 (part I)), 562.
Notes: Source: International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology,
Vol. XII (1968:89)

1143. Fanany,
I. (1991). Teacher-student interaction in the classroom: is race related to
clarity and kinetic structure? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell
University.
Notes: This research was designed to study the linguistic content of
interactions between teachers and students of various races in the first grade
and to identify possible reasons for widely noted racial discrepancies in
academic achievement, most notably the low achievement of blacks and Native
Americans as compared to whites. The study sample consisted of 263 white,
black, and Native American children from 12 first grade classes in four schools
andthree districts in the
Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, Metropolitan Area. Intact classes were used
where the school principals and classroom teachers were willing to participate
and where white and minority students were present. Reading lessons were
recorded and transcribed. The number of vagueness terms/minute and the number
of mazes/minute were used to measure lesson clarity. Kinetic structure, a
measure of lesson organization, was also assessed. All variables were specified
at the individual student level and reflectverbal interactions between teachers
and students in one-to-one instructional settings. It was hypothesized that
black and Native American students would receive lessons that are significantly
less clear and less structured than those received by whites. Analysis ofvariance results
showed that minority students (black and NativeAmerican students taken
together) and Native American students received lessons that were significantly
less clear with respect to mazes/minute and significantly less structured when
compared to whites. No significant differences in clarity or structure were
found between blacks and whites. Additionally, no significant differences in
clarity with respect to vagueness terms/minute were found. This study shows
that teacher clarity and kinetic structure are, in some cases, related to
student race. Further research is indicated to determine if other student
characteristics influence teachers' verbal behavior. The findings that
differences in clarity and kinetic structure occurred for Native American
students but not for blacks while the achievement of both groups has been noted
to be significantly lower than that of whites suggest that it would be useful
to study minority groups separately in order to identify unique factors that
contribute to each group's low achievement.

1145. Farkas,
C. S. (1985). Nutrition education planning for native Canadians: an
application of the ethnography of speaking. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Toronto (Canada).
Abstract: This study was concerned with identifying factors which impede
nutrition education communication between Euro-Canadian nutrition educators and
Ojibwa or Cree clients or audiences, with special attention being given to
nutrition education in urban settings. Differences between Euro-Canadian and
native Canadian communication patterns and structures of reasoning were
investigated as being major factors influencing the process and outcome of
nutrition education encounters. Structures of reasoning are defined in this
work as epistemology or basic patterns of cognition, preception, behavior and
causal explanation. The means used to collect information on these differences
included: (1) Applying information obtained from sociolinguistic and native
studies literature to Native/non-Native nutrition education interaction. (2)
Applying this information to the development of a method to obtain information
from Euro-Canadian nutrition educators and Native Canadians on selected aspects
of structures of reasoning considered by the author as being important for an
understanding of how structures of reasoning differences could impede nutrition
education interaction. To obtain this information an adapted projective
technique method was devised. This method consisted of six posters showing
Native and non-Native semi-cartoon characters in food related situations, and
narratives and queries about the poster which were coded with specific concepts
related to structures of reasoning. These concepts, considered by the author to
be important for nutrition education interactions, were cause and effect
relationships between food and health; classification of foods; body image as a
cultural norm; locus of control beliefs; and orientation to nutritional
knowledge. The posters were shown to Native Canadians in groups and individual
Euro-Canadian nutrition educators in Toronto. The findings of this study
indicate that the standard approach used by nutrition educators may not be
effective with Ojibwa and Cree clients or audiences. This is due to differences
in Euro-Canadian and Ojibwa-Cree patterns of discourse and teaching and
learning styles, and to a lesser degree, due to differences between Euro-Canadian
and Native Canadian structures of reasoning.

1153. (1967).
Greeley, Colorado : Museum of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado.
Notes: ERIC NO: ED046552
Abstract: Part II of a series of publications consisting of American Indian
tribal governmental documents, this volume includes charters, constitutions,
and by-laws of Indian tribes of Wisconsin (Great Lakes Agency). Documents are
included relative to the Bad River, Lac Courte Oreilles, Lac du Flambeau, and
the Red Cliff bands of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians; the St. Croix band of
Chippewa Indians; the Sokaogon Chippewa, Forest County Potawatomi, and
Stockbridge Munsee communities; and the Oneida, Menominee, and Winnebago tribes
in Wisconsin. (JH)

1158. Federal
Emergency Management Agency. (1999). North Dakota; Major Disaster and Related
Determinations: Notice. Federal Register, 64(132), 37534.
Notes: Source: the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr12jy99-78]
Abstract: SUMMARY: This is a notice of the Presidential declaration of a
majordisaster for the State of North
Dakota (FEMA-1279-DR), dated June 8,1999, and related determinations.
EFFECTIVE DATE: June 8, 1999.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Madge Dale, Response and RecoveryDirectorate, Federal Emergency Management
Agency, Washington, DC 20472,(202)
646-3772.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Notice is hereby given that, in a letterdated June 8, 1999, the President declared a
major disaster under theauthority of
the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and EmergencyAssistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), as follows:I have determined that the damage in
certain areas of the Stateof North
Dakota, resulting from severe storms, flooding, snow andice, ground saturation, landslides,
mudslides, and tornadoesbeginning on
March 1, 1999 and continuing, is of sufficient severityand magnitude to warrant a major disaster
declaration under theRobert T.
Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act,Public Law 93-288, as amended (``the
Stafford Act''). I, therefore,declare
that such a major disaster exists in the State of NorthDakota.In order to provide Federal assistance, you are herebyauthorized to allocate from funds available
for these purposes, suchamounts as you
find necessary for Federal disaster assistance andadministrative expenses.You are authorized to provide Individual Assistance, PublicAssistance, and Hazard Mitigation in the
designated areas.Consistent with the requirement
that Federal assistance besupplemental, any Federal funds provided under the Stafford Act forPublic Assistance or Hazard Mitigation will
be limited to 75 percentof the total
eligible costs.Further, you are
authorized to make changes to this declarationto the extent allowable under the Stafford Act.The time period prescribed for the
implementation of section310(a),
Priority to Certain Applications for Public Facility and PublicHousing Assistance, 42 U.S.C. 5153, shall be
for a period not to exceedsix months
after the date of this declaration.Notice is hereby given that pursuant to the authority vested in theDirector of the Federal Emergency Management
Agency under ExecutiveOrder 12148, I
hereby appoint Lesli A Rucker of the Federal EmergencyManagement Agency to act as the Federal
Coordinating Officer for thisdeclared
disaster.I do hereby determine the
following areas of the State of NorthDakota to have been affected adversely by this declared major disaster:The counties of Barnes, Benson,
Bottineau, Burleigh, Cass,Dickey,
Emmons, Foster, Grand Forks, Griggs, Kidder, LaMoure, Logan,McHenry, McIntosh, McLean, Mountrail,
Nelson, Pembina, Pierce,Ramsey,
Ransom, Renville, Richland, Rolette, Sargent, Sheridan,Steele, Stutsman, Towner, Traill, Walsh,
Ward, and Wells, and theIndian
Reservations of the Spirit Lake Tribe, Three AffiliatedTribes, and Turtle Mountain Band of
Chippewa for IndividualAssistance
and Public Assistance.All counties within the State of
North Dakota are eligible to applyfor
assistance under the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program.
(The following Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Numbers (CFDA)are to be used for reporting and drawing
funds: 83.537, CommunityDisaster
Loans; 83.538, Cora Brown Fund Program; 83.539, CrisisCounseling; 83.540, Disaster Legal Services
Program; 83.541,Disaster Unemployment
Assistance (DUA); 83.542, Fire SuppressionAssistance; 83.543, Individual and Family Grant (IFG) Program;83.544, Public Assistance Grants; 83.545,
Disaster Housing Program;83.548,
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program.) James L. Witt, Director.
[FR Doc. 99-17609 Filed 7-9-99; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6718-02-P

1163. Field.
Treaties & Agreements of the Chippewa Indians.Institute for the Development of Indian Law.
Notes: Source: Books in Print electronic database, Fall 1999

1164. Fikes,
J. C. (1995). Wub-e-ke-niew.We have
the right to exist: a translation of aboriginal indigenous thought: the
first book ever published from an Ahnishinahbæótjibwayperspective. [book review]. Choice,
33(1).
Abstract: Like Vine Deloria’s Custer Died for Your Sins (CH, Mar
‘70),this book offers an
uncompromising critique of Euroamerican colonization of “New World”
natives.Steeped in the Ahnishinahbæótjibwaytradition, Wub-e-ke-niew writes poignantly about his imprisonment in
Catholic boarding schools, his confrontation with Indian colleagues in the
American Indian Movement, and conflicts with agents from the Bureau of Indian
Affairs.
His interpretation of what motivates institutions to disparage and destroy his
people’s aboriginal culture is predicated on a passionate but well-documented
defense of his people’s sovereignty.
Substantial archival research supports his claim that neither fraudulent
treaties signed by “mix-bloods” (Métis) nor the tribal government established
under the Indian Reorganization Act by Chippewa Indians at Red Lake, Minnesota,
have never extinguished his people’s stewardship of the land they have
cherished for a millennium.
Wub-e-ke-niew argues cogently that neither the US government nor its chosen
“Indians” have any right to interfere with the Ahnishinahbæótjibway
people.
This superb combinationof expose and
autobiography deserves careful reading by all Americans curious about how their
government’s Indian policy endangers the aboriginal way of life so eloquently
evoked by Wub-e-ke-niew.All levels.J.C. Fikes, Institute for
Investigation of Inter-cultural Issues.de

1165. Filemyr,
A. (1995). Living at the crossroads: the intersection of nature, culture and
identity (original writing) (feminist). Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
The Union Institute.
Abstract: The thesis provides an active critique of the construction of
personal, social, and cultural identities from an ecological and feminist
standpoint challenging existing Feminist Theory on Identity Politics with an
emphasis on relationships between women. It makes new contributions to Cultural
Studies, Cultural Ecology, Ethnography and Environmental Literature by
expanding a gender and race perspective on issues of culture and nature. The
primary focus is on stories and the role of stories in constructing personal,
social, and cultural identity and relationships to the natural world. The
notion of stories is applied broadly to include those generated from personal
experience or from the news media, storieshanded down over generations or kept as secrets. A series of creative
and critical essays explore these themes, titles include: Living at the
Crossroads, a theoretical challenge to feminist standpoint theory based on
exploring the tension between theory and lived experience; Loving Across the
Boundary, the author recounts her experiences in long-term relationships across
the color line; Blurring the Boundary, reflection on the connection between
Africa and the Americas based on a trip to Senegal and Cape Verde and the
legacy of slavery in the New World; Culture Within Nature--The Importance of
Place, an examination of radical ecology including bioregionalism, deep
ecology, environmental justice, ecofeminism, indigenous peoples movements, and
the value of stories in creating relationships to specific places; Remembering
the Future: Documenting the Zuni Conservation Project, analysis of ethnographic
work and the role of stories among the Zuni as the author assists the Zuni in a
documentary about an ecological program on the reservation; Thunder &
Lightning: Story as Voice and Illumination among the Anishinaabeg, explores the
role of sacred stories and oral history among the Anishinaabeg (Chippewa)
includes the author's fourteen years as a memorizer of stories which cannot be
written down; Body/Nature, final section explores in-depth th e experience of
being female in relationship to urban, rural, and wild landscapes, includes
poetry, journal writing, analysis, and reflections on involvement in
earth-based spirituality.

1171. Firkus,
A. J. (1999). Native Americans and the Wisconsin Cooperative Extension
Service, 1910-1940 (agricultural education, Bureau of Indian Affairs, State
Tribal relations, federalism) . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue
University.
Abstract: The Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Service (CES) began serving
Native American communities in the 1910s because Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
agricultural instruction was insufficient to help Indians become prosperous
farmers, and because progressivism philosophy called for the inclusion of
Native Americans into the political and cultural mainstream. In 1915, J. F.
Wojta, Wisconsin leader of county agents, attended the Menominee Fair to judge
exhibits and discuss farming. Other Wisconsin reservation communities invited
Wojta to help them as well. Because Indian fairs contained too many
distractions, Wojta adopted the Farmers' Institute approach and held more than
fifty such events in Native American communities over the next twenty years.
County agents and University of Wisconsin agricultural specialists also visited
Native American communities during the 1910s and 1920s to provide farming
instruction. By 1930, however, Congress began increasing federal appropriations
for Indian affairs. The BIA organized its own extension division and boosted
its agricultural and extension activities. By 1940, however, the federal
government had once again began to relinquish its responsibility for Native
Americans, and the CES again began to sponsor programs in Indian communities.

1175. Fisher,
P. A., Bacon, J. G., & Storck, M. (1998). Teacher, Parent, and Youth Report
of Problem Behaviors Among Rural American Indian and Caucasian Adolescents. American
Indian & Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 8(2), 1-23.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Previous research on the mental health status of American Indian
youth has documented rates of pathology that are higher than the rates for
Caucasian youth. However, much of this previous research has compared rural
American Indians to urban Caucasians. The present study is a comparison of
American Indian and Caucasian youth living on or near a rural reservation.
Results suggest that although American Indian youth have higher levels than
Caucasian youth of certain problem behaviors, group differences are much less
general and pronounced than previous research has documented. Analyses also
revealed teachers' perceptions of youth were in some cases quite different than
parents' perceptions of youth and youth's perceptions of themselves.(Abstract by: Author)

1176. Fisher,
P. A., Storck, M., & Bacon, J. G. (1999). In the Eye of the Beholder: Risk
and Protective Factors in Rural American Indian and Caucasian Adolescents. American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69(3), 294-304.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: This study examines how relations Between risk and protective factors
and psychopathology vary by ethnic group, gender, and informant. Data were
collected from Caucasian and American Indian adolescents, and their teachers.
Results indicate a need for interventions that reduce risk increase protective
factors, and bring about greater convergence in the perceptions teachers and
youth. [References: 34]

1178. Flandrau,
C. E. (1898). Lawyers and courts of Minnesota prior to and during its
territorial period . in Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society.
Volume VIII.St. Paul, Minn.: The Minnesota Historical
Society.
Notes: Source: PALS online catalog (October 1999 search)
Abstract: The international boundary between Lake Superiorand the Lake of the Woods / by Ulysses
Sherman Grant -- The settlement anddevelopment of the Red River Valley / by Warren Upham -- The discovery
anddevelopment of the iron ores of
Minnesota / by N.H. Winchell -- The originand growth of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Alex. Ramsey --
Openingof the Red River of the North
to commerce and civilization / by Russell Blakeley -- Last days of Wisconsin
territory and early days of Minnesotaterritory / by Henry L. Moss -- Lawyers and courts of Minnesota prior
toand during its territorial period /
by Charles E. Flandrau -- Homes andhabitations of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Charles E. Mayo --
Thehistorical value of newspapers / by
J.B. Chaney -- The United Statesgovernment publications / by D.L. Kingsbury -- The first organizedgovernment of Dakota / by Samuel J. Albright
-- How Minnesota became astate / by
Thomas F. Moran -- Minnesota's ! northern boundary / by Alexander N. Winchell
-- The question of the sourcesof the
Mississippi River / by E. Levasseur. The source of the Mississippi / by N.H.
Winchell --Prehistoric man at the
headwaters of the Mississippi River / by J.V. Brower-- Charter members of the Minnesota Historical Society and its
work in 1896/ by Alex. Ramsey --
History of agriculture in Minnesota / by James J. Hill-- History of mining and quarrying in
Minnesota / by Warren Upham --History
of the discovery of the Mississippi River and the advent ofcommerce in Minnesota / Russell Blakeley --
Reminiscences of persons andevents in
the early days of the Minnesota Historical Society / by WilliamH. Kelley -- Fort Snelling from its
foundation to the present time / byRichard W. Johnson -- Sully's expedition against the Sioux, in 1864 /
byDavid L. Kingsbury -- State-building
in the West / by Charles E. Flandrau

1179. Flandrau,
C. E. (1898). State-building in the West . in Collections of the Minnesota
Historical Society. Volume VIII.St. Paul, Minn.: The Minnesota Historical
Society.
Notes: Source: PALS online catalog (October 1999 search)
Abstract: The international boundary between Lake Superiorand the Lake of the Woods / by Ulysses
Sherman Grant -- The settlement anddevelopment of the Red River Valley / by Warren Upham -- The discovery
anddevelopment of the iron ores of
Minnesota / by N.H. Winchell -- The originand growth of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Alex. Ramsey --
Openingof the Red River of the North
to commerce and civilization / by Russell Blakeley -- Last days of Wisconsin
territory and early days of Minnesotaterritory / by Henry L. Moss -- Lawyers and courts of Minnesota prior
toand during its territorial period /
by Charles E. Flandrau -- Homes andhabitations of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Charles E. Mayo --
Thehistorical value of newspapers / by
J.B. Chaney -- The United Statesgovernment publications / by D.L. Kingsbury -- The first organizedgovernment of Dakota / by Samuel J. Albright
-- How Minnesota became astate / by
Thomas F. Moran -- Minnesota's northern boundary / by Alexander N. Winchell --
The question of the sourcesof the
Mississippi River / by E. Levasseur. The source of the Mississippi / by N.H.
Winchell --Prehistoric man at the
headwaters of the Mississippi River / by J.V. Brower-- Charter members of the Minnesota Historical Society and its
work in 1896/ by Alex. Ramsey --
History of agriculture in Minnesota / by James J. Hill-- History of mining and quarrying in
Minnesota / by Warren Upham --History
of the discovery of the Mississippi River and the advent ofcommerce in Minnesota / Russell Blakeley --
Reminiscences of persons andevents in
the early days of the Minnesota Historical Society / by WilliamH. Kelley -- Fort Snelling from its
foundation to the present time / byRichard W. Johnson -- Sully's expedition against the Sioux, in 1864 /
byDavid L. Kingsbury -- State-building
in the West / by Charles E. Flandrau

1180. Flandrau,
C. E. (Charles Eugene), 1828-1903 (The Indian War of 1862-1864 : and following
campaigns in Minnesota ). (1890). detatched from Minnesota. Board of
Commissioners on Publication of History of Minnesota in Civil and Indian WarsMinnesota
in the Civil and Indian Wars, 1861- 1865(p. [727]-818 ). St. Paul, Minn.Printed for the State by the Pioneer Press Co.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 15689922. Caption
title. "Roster of citizen soldiers engaged in the Sioux Indian War of
1862:" Other: Minnesota. Board of Commissioners on Publication of History
of Minnesota in Civil and Indian Wars. Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars,
1861- 1865.... accession: 3254059 [2d
ed.] 2d ed. was produced after an ammendment to the general appropriation act
of April 22, 1891 and consists of 10,000 copies, 2 v. ; 27 cm., 1891

1189. Fore,
C. L., & Chaney, J. M. (1998). Factors Influencing the Pursuit of
Educational Opportunities in American Indian Students. American Indian &
Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 8(2), 46-55.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: American Indians are the most under-represented minority group across
all levels of education. The present study investigates sociocultural,
psychological, and nontraditional academic factors that influence American
Indian students' decisions to pursue higher education (e.g., vocational
training, college). Nineteen American Indians with previous academic
difficulties completed several self-report measures at the beginning of an
eight-week Job Corps. program. The results indicate that students who pursue
educational opportunities have a more realistic self-appraisal of their
academic abilities and are supported by others (e.g., family, mentors) in their
academic pursuits. A hypothesized link between self-appraisal and support
suggests that the availability of a mentor and/or family support is crucial in
American Indian students' decision to pursue educational opportunities.(Abstract by: Author)

1190. Forest
County Potawatomi Community (Association). (1937). Constitution and by-laws
of the Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin approved February 6, 1937.
Washington: U.S. G.P.O.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October 15, 1999 search).At head of title: United States. Department
of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs.

1192. Fortunate
Eagle, A. N. (1994). Urban Indians and the occupation of Alcatraz Island. American
Indian Culture and Research Journal, 18(4), 33-58.
Notes: Source: endeavor.rlg.org via University of Minnesota online
database, August 1999 search
Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct 1999
search
Abstract: Organizations including the Navajo Club, the Chippewa Club and the
Pomo Club, representing Native Americans from both rural and urban areas in the
nation and upholding the community's pride of place, came under the United
Council, the umbrella organization of Native Americans, in organizing and conducting
the 1969 invasion and occupation of Alcatraz Island in the San Francisco Bay
Area, CA. This island invasion was a watershed in the Natives' quest for
self-determination in the American society.

1193. Foster,
A. A. (1943). ESP tests with American Indian children: a comparison of methods.
Journal of Parapsychology, 7(2), 94-103.3 refs.
Notes: Source: Parapsychology Abstracts International, Jun 1984:21
Abstract: Fifty children attending a government school for Plains Indians in
Canada were given tests for ESP by a white teacher.The primary aim was to compare the effectiveness of a new type
of test as against a standard technique, Screened Touch Matching, which has
long been used in ESP research.As it
turned out, the older technique, which utilized ESP cards concealed from the
subject's view by an opaque screen, gave significant results while the new
technique gave only chance scores.The
significant results consisted of 250 runs through the ESP deck, five runs for
each of the fifty subjects.The
children averaged 3.59 hits per deck, whereas expectation is 5.00.This average is significant to five a
critical ratio of 3.07; the odds are more than 700 to 1 that such a result
would occur by chance.The new type of test, while it was a
failure as far as producing evidence for ESP is concerned, may be regarded as
an experimental control since the conditions were the same as far as
precautions were concerned.The
principal significance of the experiment lies in its constituting the only
published report to date of ESP experiments conducted with Indians as subjects.
--DA

1194. Foster,
J., C. E. of Montreal. (1869). Railway from Lake Superior to Red River
settlement considered in a letter to the Hon. Wm. McDougall, C.B., minister of
public works . Montreal?J. Lovell.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 9494765.Reproduction of original in: Library of the
Public Archives of Canada. Includes bibliographical references.Other: MacDougall, William, 1822-1905. ...
accession: 17756081.B.B. Peel,
Bibliography of the prairie provinces, no. 224. Advertisement for
"Foster's new system of wooden railway" inserted. ... accession:
26709826

1196. Fox,
T. B. (1858). History of Saginaw County, from the year 1819 down to the
present time. Comp. from authentic records and other sources: traditionary
acccounts, legends, anecdotes &c, with valuable statistics and notes of its
resources and general information concerning its advantages; also a business
directory of each of the three principal towns of the County. East Saginaw,
MI: Enterprise Print.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:46)

1201. Freeman,
W. L. (1994). Making research consent forms informative and understandable: the
experience of the Indian Health Service. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare
Ethics, 3(4), 510-521.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota Bioethics electronic database, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: <Conclusion>: This article is relevant to many more researchers
and IRBs than just those that deal with AI/AN [American Indian and Alaska
Native] communities. Many researchers and IRBs are involved with research in
other minority communities. Although other minority communities may not have
legal tribal sovereignty, many of the sensitivities and values needed to work
with them effectively are similar to those discussed in connection with AI/AN
groups. Even more important, in the cross-cultural setting of health
professionals trying to communicate with lay volunteers, effective writing and
communication requires the same methods as described here. Researchers and IRBs
can write more effective consent forms and develop more effective consent
processes by understanding 1) the findings of the NALS [National Adult Literacy
Survey], 2) the six factors that inhibit written communication with people
possessing typical reading skills, 3) the six characteristics of the effective
consent forms, and 4) the four ways to go beyond the usual consent form. The
IHS [Indian Health Service] Model Volunteer Consent Forms are examples or
'templates' that researchers and IRBs might use to improve their consent forms.
[References: 39 fn.]

1202. Fregeau,
C. J., Tan-Siew, W. F., Yap, K. H., Carmody, G. R., Chow, S. T., & Fourney,
R. M. (1998). Population Genetic Characteristics of the STR Loci D21S11 and FGA
in Eight Diverse Human Populations. Human Biology , 70(5), 813-844.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Abstract: A highly polymorphic multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) system
composed of D21S11, FGA, and the sex-typing system amelogenin (AMG) has been
used to investigate allele frequency distributions in two Canadian Caucasian
samples (British Columbia and Alberta), three Canadian aboriginal populations
(Coastal Salishans from British Columbia, Ojibwa from northern Ontario, and
Cree from Saskatchewan), and three ethnic groups from Singapore (Chinese,
Malays, and Asian Indians). Using the automated fluorescence detection approach
on an ABD 373A DNA Sequencer, we distinguished 20 D21S11 and 22 FGA alleles
with a nearly equal representation of two- and four-base variants. An overlap
in allele sizes for both STR loci across populations was observed, but
frequency differences were noted. Statistical analysis revealed that (1) both
D21S11 and FGA loci conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all eight surveyed
populations based on five different tests and (2) both STR loci are in linkage
equilibrium. Results from the 2 times N contingency table exact tests for
population differentiation demonstrated that the Canadian samples from two
different provinces were not distinguishable from one another at either STR
locus and therefore could be combined to form one Caucasian group. Likewise,
Chinese and Malays from Singapore did not show significant differences at
either STR locus. In contrast, all other examined populations exhibited
differences deemed statistically significant. As a complement to our study, we
compared D21S11 allele frequency distributions in 21 worldwide populations and
FGA allele frequency distributions in 14 populations. Many alleles never
previously reported in worldwide populations were identified in Canadian aboriginal
and Asian samples from this study. Twenty-four D21S11 and 29 FGA alleles were
distinguished in worldwide groups. Interesting similarities in allele frequency
distribution patterns across populations suggest that the STR polymorphism at
these loci predates the geographic dispersal of ancestral human populations.
This study further demonstrates the utility of highly informative STR loci such
as D21S11 and FGA in human population evolutionary history and in forensic
medicine.

1204. Return
to Endion women, work and family in Duluth, a historical perspective .
(1985).[Recording]. Duluth: University
of Minnesota, Duluth, Learning Resources Center.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 12099115
Abstract: A talk given March 12, 1985 at UMD as part of Women's History Week,
1985. Gives a history of the living conditions of women in the Duluth area
through the beginning of World War I, followed by a question and answer period.

1208. Friedl,
E. (1995). The Life of an Academic - a Personal Record of a Teacher,
Administrator, and Anthropologist. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24,
1-19.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: An account, spanning 50 years, of how I became an anthropologist, my
graduate education at Columbia University, and my academic positions at
Brooklyn and Queens College and at Duke University. I discuss my fieldwork
among the Chippewa of Wisconsin and among modern Greeks in Boetia and Athens. I
comment on the new ethnography as it applies to modern Greek studies and
discuss how and why I turned to gender studies. I comment on teaching,
university administration, and trends in contemporary anthropology and make a
recommendation for a future thrust of the field. Reconnecting biology and
cultural anthropology is, I believe, a necessary step if anthropology is to
continue to be useful for ameliorating the human condition.

1211. Friedl,
E. (1995). The life of an academic: a personal record of a teacher,
admnistrator and anthropologist. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24,
1-19.
Notes: Source: International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology,
Vol. XLI (1996:4)

1214. Friedli,
J. (1918). The Winnebago Indian Mission at Black River Falls, Wis.
Sheboygan, Wis.Board of Home Missions
of the Northwest, Central and Southeast Synods of the Reformed Church in the
U.S.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October 15, 1999 search)

1219. Frisch,
L. L. (1998). The association between social influences (cues to action) and
pap smear screening frequency rates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Michigan State University.
Abstract: Cervical cancer occurs at a high rate among Native American women in
the United States. Few published data have concurred why Native American women
do not seek recommended preventive Pap smear screening exams to identify cancer
in early stages, anddecrease mortality rates in this population. Social
influences, in the role of preventive health behavior may play an important
role in offering rationale. Chart audits and structured interviews were used of
those women who complied with the guidelines of at least one Pap in the last
three years, and those women who did not in a select population of Sault Ste.
Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indian women, aged 40 years and older (N = 30). Using
crosstabs, chi-square and bFisher's exact, this study found no association
between Pap smear screening frequency rates, and social influence as a cue to
action.However, findings did show the
women in this study valued the opinion and advice of healthcare professionals,
and that Pap smears exams were being discussed. These findings suggest the need
for further research, and culturally sensitive interventions by the APN to move
social influence to the cue to action phase.

1221. Fritz,
R., Suffling, R., & Younger, T. A. (1993). Influence of Fur Trade Famine
and Forest Fires on Moose and Woodland Caribou Populations in Northwestern
Ontario From 1786 to 1911. Environmental Management , 17(4), 477-489.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Hudson's Bay Company records were used to estimate the 1786-1911
annual number of moose (Alces alces andersonii) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus
caribou) involved in trade by northern Ojibwa natives to the company post at
Osnaburgh House (51.degree.10'N 90.degree.15'W) in northwest Ontario,
Canada.The human population for the
early 19th century, and the number and severity of human starvations from 1786
to 1911 were estimated.The extent of
forest fires in the region around Osnaburgh was documented using a 'fire-day'
index computed from Hudson's Bay Company journals and using qualitative
archival information.It is argued that
the human population was too small to have caused the observed early 19th
century moose and caribou population decline solely through predation.Likewise, severe early 19th century famines
were caused by climatic factors rather than by declines in moose and caribou
numbers.Habitat change caused by
increased forest fires correlates with the observed decline of caribou, while
moose increased and subsequently collapsed as winter shelter was
destroyed.A burgeoning human
population, sustained during winter food shortages on potatoes donated by the
Hudson's Bay Company, then kept ungulate populations to low levels until the
late 19th century.Only then did
maturing forests and a new outbreak of fires provides renewed habitat for
resurgences of, respectively, caribou and moose.

1228. Fuller,
I. (1940). The loon feather. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World,
Incorporated.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:92),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "Tecumseh's daughter is adopted by a French couple.This story tells of her attempts to absorb
the best of the white man's world while maintaining the best of her Indian
heritage.Excellent for grades
7-8."

1229. Fusaro,
R. M., & Johnson, J. A. (1980). Hereditary Polymorphic Light Eruption in
American Indians: Photoprotection and Prevention of Streptococcal Pyoderma and
Glomerulonephritis. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association , 244(13),
1456-1459.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Hereditary polymorphic light eruption (HPLE) occurs in Indians of
North and South America. Affected persons are sensitive to long UV radiation
and receive no substantial benefit from conventional sunscreens. There were 46
HPLE patients treated at the Red Lake Reservation, Minnesota, USA, treated with
topically administered dihydroxyacetone and lawsone, orally given beta-carotene
or both. Oral beta-carotene afforded adequate photoprotection to 33 patients; 4
additional patients were protected with the combined use of oral and topical
agents. HPLE is a causative factor in streptococcal pyoderma in the American
Indian and may be associated with epidemics of streptococcal
glomerulonephritis.

1231. Gade,
W., Jack, M. A., Dahl, J. B., Schmidt, E. L., & Wold, F. (1981). The Isolation
and Characterization of a Root Lectin From Soybean (Glycine Max (L), Cultivar
Chippewa). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 256(24), 12905-12910.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: A lectin has been isolated from the roots of 5-day soybean (Glycine
max (L) cultivar Chippewa) seedlings, and its properties have been compared to
those of the soybean seed lectin. The sugar-binding activities of the two
lectins, both in terms of specific hemagglutinating activity and sugar
specificity, are indistinguishable. Molecular properties of the two lectins,
measured as relative molecular weights, isoelectric and electrophoretic
patterns, amino acid compositions, immunochemical cross-reactivity, and chromatographic
behavior on Sepharose-concanavalin A adsorbents suggest that the seed and the
root lectin are very similar but not identical. On the basis of these
comparisons, we conclude that models regarding biological functions of soybean
lectin derived from studies using the seed lectin can be extended to include
the root lectin in this cultivar. Studies on the distribution of the lectin in
the root tissue suggest that it is associated with the outer surface of the
root and is concentrated in the segments of the root at which hair and early
secondary roots are observed. Since this is the region at which Rhizobium
binding occurs and at which nodulation probably is initiated, all the reported
observations on the root lectin are consistent with its proposed role in the
specific interaction of the developing soybean with its symbiont.

1235. Gallo,
J. C., Thomas, E., Novick, G. E., & Herrera, R. J. (1997). Effects of
Subpopulation Structure on Probability Calculations of DNA Profiles From
Forensic PCR Analysis. Genetica (Dordrecht), 101(1), 1-12.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Abstract: DNA typing for forensic identification is a two-step process. The
first step involves determining the profiles of samples collected at the crime
scene and comparing them with the profiles obtained from suspects and the
victims. In the case of a match that includes the suspect as the potential
source of the material collected at the crime scene, the last step in the
process is to answer the question, what is the likelihood that someone in
addition to the suspect could match the profile of the sample studied? This
likelihood is calculated by determining the frequency of the suspect's profile
in the relevant population databases. The design of forensic databases and the
criteria for comparison has been addressed by the NRC report of 1996 (National
Research Council, 1996). However, the fact that geographical proximity,
migrational patterns, and even cultural and social practices have effects on
subpopulation structure establishes the grounds for further study into its
effects on the calculation of probability of occurrence values. The issue
becomes more relevant in the case of discrete polymorphic markers that show
higher probability of occurrence in the reference populations, where several
orders of magnitude difference between the databases may have an impact on the
jury. In this study, we calculated G values for all possible pairwise
comparisons of allelic frequencies in the different databases from the races or
subpopulations examined. In addition, we analyzed a set of 24 unrelated Caucasian,
37 unrelated African-American, and 96 unrelated Sioux/Chippewa individuals for
seven polymorphic loci (DQA1, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, GC, and D1S80). All three
sets of individuals where sampled from Minnesota. The probability of occurrence
for all seven loci were calculated with respect to nine different databases:
Caucasian, Arabic, Korean, Sioux/Chippewa, Navajo, Pueblo, African American,
Southeastern Hispanic, and Southwestern Hispanic. Analysis of the results
demonstrated marked differences in the probabilities of occurrence when
individuals were compared to the different populations and subpopulation
databases. The possible genetic and forensic consequences of subpopulation
structure on probability calculations are discussed.

1236. Gannett,
W. B. (1984). The American invasion of Texas, 1820-1845: patterns of
conflict between Settlers and Indians. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Cornell University.
Abstract: The thesis examines the conflicts between the Indian peoples of Texas
and the American settlers who came to Texas from 1822 to 1845. Particular
emphasis is placed upon the different cultures of the Texas Indian peoples and
how, in turn, these differences affected relations with the intrusive white
population. The organizing principle used to classify the Indian cultures is
ecological. Within the geographical expanse of Texas, there were four major
environmental zones within each of which lived Indian groups that derived their
subsistence in similar ways. The hunter-gatherer Karankawa and Atakapa Indians
lived on the deltaic coastal plains; the Cherokee, Shawnee, Alabama and
Coushatta practiced sedentary horticulture in the East Texas woodland region;
the semi-nomadic Waco, Tawakoni, Lipan, Tonkawa, Keechi, transitional Caddo,
and Toweash farmed and hunted on the grassland prairies; and the nomadic
Comanche and Kiowa ruled the plains. The pattern of subsistence gathering among
each of these groups affected not only the relative size of each group, but
also their political and cultural organization. When American settlers began
legally to migrate to Texas after 1822, they sought to establish a capitalist
agricultural export society. Since ownership of the land itself was necessary
for development, the whites fought with the different Indian groups to
establish control over farming land. Disputes over possession of each of the
environmental regions of Texas occasioned different types of warfare to further
different white objectives. Initially, the whites fought with the coastal
Indians for control of the coastline and water transportation routes of Texas.
Because of the small numbers of coastal Indians and their inability to escape
from the whites, by 1845 the settlers had largely exterminated these Indians.
While fighting with the coastal Indians, the Americans allied with the woodland
Indians to fend off attacks from the Indians to the west. However, as the white
settlements grew, Americans began to covet the land settled by their putative
allies, and in 1838 the whites drove these Indians from Texas. Instead of
extermination or expulsion, conflict with the prairie and plains Indians
throughout this period led to an uneasy state of truce. In 1845, the settlers
could not use the arid lands upon which these Indians lived, and the whites
desired only security from raids.

1244. Garro,
L. C. (1990). Continuity and Change: the Interpretation of Illness in an
Anishinaabe (Ojibway) Community. Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 14(4),
417-454.
Notes: Source: UnCover database (Aug 1999)
Source: endeavor.rlg.org via University of Minnesota online database,
August 1999 search
Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Abstract: Rich descriptions of Anishinaabe medical knowledge and the cultural
meanings associated with illness are available in the anthropological
literature, especially in the writings of A.I. Hallowell. Most of this work is
based on fieldwork carried out prior to 1940 and was often motivated by a
desire to reconstruct the pre-contact situation. Since that time, there have
been numerous changes affecting health status and health care. This paper
examines lay medical knowledge in a contemporary Canadian Anishinaabeg
community, with particular attention to change and continuity in the way people
explain and respond to the occurrence of illness.(Abstract by: Author)

1247. Garro,
L. C. (1995). Individual or Societal Responsibility? Explanations of Diabetes
in an Anishinaabe (Ojibway) Community. Social Science & Medicine, 40(1),
37-46.
Notes: Source: UnCover database (Aug 1999)
Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Abstract: In recent years, many aboriginal communities in North America have
experienced increasing rates of maturity onset diabetes. This paper is based on
interviews held with individuals diagnosed with diabetes in an Anishinaabe
community in Manitoba, Canada, The varying ways people account for their own
case of diabetes and the increase in diabetes generally are described. Although
people talk about diabetes as a result of individual dietary choices, much of
the discourse links diabetes to environmental and societal changes.
[References: 28]

1248. Garro,
L. C. (1996). Intracultural Variation in Causal Accounts of Diabetes - a
Comparison of Three Canadian Anishinaabe (Ojibway) Communities. Culture,
Medicine & Psychiatry, 20(4), 381-420.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Abstract: This paper presents a methodological approach for examining variation
and consensus both within and between research settings and for addressing
issues of generalizability and replicability. The comparison is based on how
individuals diagnosed with diabetes and living in three Canadian Anishinaabe
(Ojibway) communities explain diabetes and talk about their responses to the
illness. Two kinds of interview format are used - an open-ended explanatory
model type interview and a more structured, true-false, interview, amenable to
analysis with cultural consensus theory. The responses given in both interviews
converge on a set of explanations which can be found in all three communities,
although differences occur in how these explanations are framed and emphasized.
Implications of these differences and how these accounts relate to how
individuals respond to diabetes are discussed. It is argued that the analysis
of both interview formats leads to a deeper and more finely nuanced
representation of understandings about causes of diabetes across the three
communities than could be achieved by using one alone. [References: 27]

1261. Geisler,
P. (1984). Parapsychological anthropology: I. Multi-method approaches to the
study of psi in the field setting. Journal of the American Society for
Psychical Research, 78(4), 289-330. 141 refs.
Notes: Source: Parapsychology Abstracts International, Dec 1986:12
Abstract: The scope and nature of research in a new interdisciplinary science,
parapsychological anthropology, is introduced.The historically "one-sided" methodological models for
researching psi and psi-relevant activities in the field setting in non-Western
cultures and the predominantly ethnographic or predominantly experimental
(ESP/PK testing) models are reviewed.The paper aims at advancing the present methodological models employed
in parapsychological antghropology by proposing a multi-method apprach in which
improved and more psi-directed and culturally relevant versions of the standard
ethnographic and intrusive experimental methods are utilized in a mutually
complementary fashion.In addition, a
new integrative method, "psi-in-process," is introduced.The psi-in-process approach studies
ostensible paranormal functioning in a natural cultural or subcultural context
with the rigor of experimental control and statistical evaluation, yet without
(or minimally) altering or disturbing the context.it is concluded that the psi-in-process method supplemented by
ethnographic data on a particular psi-related activity, its actors, and its
relationship to the greater cultural milieu affords a more holitic portrayal of
psi and the psychocultural conditions under which it occurs.This paper (Part I) concludes with the
foundational material for a second (Part II), where the research with the
Afro-Brazilian shamanic cult of Umbanda will be reported.Part II will serve both to illustrate in
detail an application of the psi-in-process approach proposed here and to
substantiate some of the principal multi-methodological considerations
delineated. --DA

1263. Gerein,
H. J. H. (1998). Community wellness in the northwest territories: indicators
and social policy (government change, political self determination, aboriginal,
land claims). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Gonzaga University.
Abstract: The communities of Canada's Northwest Territories and its territorial
government are struggling with rapid economic, social, political, and
technological change in a region which is sparsely populated, largely Aboriginal,
and very poor. Each community is committed to improving the condition of the
population while also making progress towards economic self-sufficiency and
political autonomy. The perspectives and cultural backgrounds of the four
principal populations--Inuit, Dene, Metis, and Euro-Canadianand the views of
the legislature and its professional bureaucracy must be harmonized and a
common language developed in order to produce appropriate public policy and
maximize the use of scarce financial resources. As a foundation for the
development of a common language about community, the researcher sought to
define a healthy northern community and develop an instrument for the
measurement of community wellness. A definition of community wellness and its
measures composed a draft instrument derived from the literature on quality of
life, sustainable community, healthy community, and moral community movements,
as well as northern public policy documents. Designed for adaptation,
application, and maintenance at the local and regional levels, the Community
Wellness Instrument and its output, a wellness index, were based on available
administrative and publicly collected statistics. The instrument is a tool--a
means by which the Northwest Territories government and its communities can
assess community socio-economic condition, gain insights to causal
relationships, and mutually design policies and intervention strategies that
will optimize effectiveness and the building of a more just society. The
researcher used focus groups to validate and revise the draft instrument. The
study measures the condition of the Territories' 58 communities, using the
Instrument and statistical analyses to examine the relationships between
socio-economic indicators; the differences among the communities based on their
size, population composition, and administrative region; and to identify the
best predictors of the Community Wellness Index. The project's findings and
conclusions include implications of community wellness measurement and reporting
to political accountability, policy-making, bureaucratic organization, and
administrative practice in Canada's north along with recommendations for change
and further study.

1265. Gerrish,
T., 1846-1923.(1887). Life in the
world's wonderland : a graphic description of the great Northwest, from St.
Paul, Minnesota, to the land of the midnight sun : descriptions of the old
Indian battle fields, with sixty splendid engravings . Biddeford, Me.Press of the Biddeford Journal.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 6258203

1266. Gerson,
C. (1997). Nobler savages: representations of native women in the writings of
Susanna Moodie and Catharine Parr Traill. Journal of Canadian Studies, 32(2),
5 (17).
Notes: Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct
1999 search
Abstract:As immigrant newcomers,
Susanna Moodie (Roughing It in the Bush, 1852) and Catharine Parr Traill (The
Backwoods of Canada, 1836; "A Visit to the Camp of the Chippewa
Indians," 1848; Canadian Crusoes, 1852) represent First Nations Canadians
in relation to the stereotype of the Noble Savage. In their accounts of Native
women they develop an experiential mode of discourse that communicates both
their genuine engagement with the Other and their projection of their own
otherwise unarticulable concerns as women and mothers.
Author's Abstract: COPYRIGHT 1997 Trent University (Canada)

1267. Gerstenberger,
S. L., Tavris, D. R., Hansen, L. K., Pratt, S. J., & Dellinger, J. A.
(1997). Concentrations of Blood and Hair Mercury and Serum PCBs in an Ojibwa
Population That Consumes Great Lakes Region Fish. Journal of Toxicology -
Clinical Toxicology, 35(4), 377-386.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)
Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Abstract: Objective: This paper describes an exposure assessment of an American
Indian population using blood and hair samples as indicators of mercury and
polychlorinated biphenyl exposure from the consumption of fish taken from the
Great Lakes region. Methods: Questionnaires regarding fish consumption were
completed by 89 Ojibwa tribal members. Mercury concentrations were determined
in human hair and blood samples, and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations
were determined in serum. Results: Fish were consumed at the highest rates in
April, May, June, and July. Lake trout, whitefish, and walleye were the
preferred fish consumed by 91.4% of the respondents. Concentrations of blood
mercury were all below 55 mu-g/L (ppb), while concentrations of mercury in hair
were all less than 3 mg/L (ppm). Hair mercury concentrations were correlated
with the previous year's fish consumption (p = .05). Dental amalgams and blood
mercury concentrations were also significantly correlated (p lt .002). Serum
polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations, determined as the sum of 89 congeners,
were all below 9.6 ppb total polychlorinated biphenyls. Subject age and total
serum polychlorinated biphenyls were correlated (p lt .001). Conclusions: The
concentrations of mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls in this Ojibwa
population were relatively low, but several individuals were identified as
having elevated concentrations and additional testing may be warranted. Since
the accumulation of contaminants was related to fish consumption and age, a
long-term monitoring program that assesses chronic exposure to fish diets would
be beneficial.

1269. Ghezzi,
R. W. (1990). Ways of speaking: an ethnopoetic analysis of Ojibwe narratives
(Native American, Jones). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Pennsylvania.
Abstract: The present study examines nine texts from the collection of Ojibwe
narratives transcribed by William Jones during the years 1903-1905 primarily in
the region north of Lake Superior. I have included five texts of one narrator
whose stories are strongly represented in Jones' collection. For comparison, I
have also analyzed one text each of four other storytellers whose narratives
Jones included. The purpose of my study is to examine the field work of William
Jones (giving credit to Truman Michaelson's careful editing) and, through the
analysis of patterns found within the narratives, offer a further presentation
of these nine texts that both clarifies their original transcriptions and
revives their fundamental intentions. In my analysis of each of the nine texts,
I have initially changed the presentation of the narrative from a prose form
into a line, or poetic, one in order to facilitate recognition of persistent
patterns inherent within the texts. The final analysis of each text includes a
version in 'measured verse'(Hymes,
1981, ch. 4) in both Ojibwe and English, an analysis of the patterns found
within the narrative and a profile which lists in table form the major
divisions and initial markers of a text at a glance. Following the analyses of
all nine texts, an in depth discussion of the persistent patterns found within
Ojibwe narratives from this sample concludes the study. As with any literary
criticism, no single analysis is the final word on the form or meaning of a
particular text. Instead, each new inquiry must learn from and extend prior insights.
The present analysis attempts to do just that. By using these nine examples of
texts from Jones' collection, I have discovered significant shared elements
among the texts as well as important differences between them, elements that
were not visible in Jones' prose transcriptions. Other more general aspects of
the texts have also surfaced during my study which will add to the richness of
our knowledge about Ojibwe narrative and narration as well as Native American
literature in general.

1271. Ghostkeeper,
E. N. (1996). 'Spirit Gifting': the concept of spiritual exchange (Metis,
Alberta). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta
(Canada).
Abstract: The aim of this work is to describe the value of the concept of
spiritual exchange known as 'Spirit Gifting' (Mekiachahkwewin) among the Metis
of Paddle Prairie, Alberta. This thesis will be addressed by describing a shift
in livelihood between two separate time periods in the community. The first set
of events takes place in the year 1960, where a pattern of livelihood involves
a sacred relationship of living with the land. The second set of events occurs
in the year 1976, which involves a secular relationship of living off of the
land. This thesis emphasizes that changes in subsistence patterns caused some
of the Metis of Paddle Prairie, including myself, to repress their sacred world
view and the way they related with the land through spiritual exchange. In my
own case, this resulted in a dissatisfaction so intense that it stimulated me
to attempt to revitalize my repressed world view. I will conclude by attempting
to frame what happened to me in anthropological perspective.

1275. Gilats,
A. S. (1997). American Indian lives, lands and cultures: the story of an
intercultural educational travel program. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, The Union Institute.
Abstract: This is a true story about the issues, challenges, problems, and
processes associated with conceiving, constructing, delivering, and sustaining
an educational program of study tours in Indian America aimed at adult lifelong
learners. It is a story of engagement, collaboration, exchange, trial, error,
and reflection as told by a non-Indian educator working within a large public
university. It recounts a search for approaches and working methods in which
(1)partnership and dialogue with
tribal communities shape program content, presentation, and faculty selection,
(2) power and control are shared in order to preserve cultural integrity and
dismantle stereotypes both in tribal communities and the academy, (3) tribal
communities and their members take authority for deciding which aspects of
their cultures are shared with outsiders and how and where that sharing takes
place, and (4) the resulting programs further these communities' economic,
cultural, and political goals for tourism. This story is written with the
intention that the research, thought, and feeling that inform it will improve
and enrich the educational program that is its subject, and that it will be
useful to tribal communities and educational institutions that wish to develop
similar educational and cultural programs. There is an artifact associated with
this story. This artifact is American Indian Lives, Lands, and Cultures
(AILLC), a program of study tours 'owned' and operated by the University of
Minnesota. The goal of this program is to broaden and deepen knowledge about
continuity and change in American Indian cultures by providing a variety of
tourist-students access to historical Indian lands and contemporary tribal
communities, and opportunities to learn from living American Indian educators,
scholars, artists, and elders. This story is complemented, countered, and
contextualized with quotations fromAmerican Indian writers, artists, and philosophers, and with excerpts
from the author's visual and written travel journals.

1276. Gile,
M. A. (1996). The thunderbird and underwater panther in the material culture
of the Great Lakes Indians: symbols of power. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Michigan State University.
Abstract: Symbols/images of the thunderbird and the underwater panther within
the material culture of the Ojibwa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi were investigated
from pre-contact to contemporary times to determine possible changes in form
and meaning. Additionally the human ecological concept of part and whole was
explored in relation to these images. A search of primary documents,
artifactual and photographic sources, and interviews with Anishnabeg artists
and elders yielded information that was analyzed for changes over time and
related to concurrent cultural influences. The study concludes that these two
images have been expressed in a variety of material culture and yet remain a
traditional cultural expression. Certain elements of each image remain uniform
over time, although the medium employed may somewhat change its form. Meanings
about these symbols are varied, yet a generally consistent view about the
nature of each remains. Part and whole analysis reveals a continuing Anishnabeg
world view that all life, at all levels, is connected in one unified totality.

1281. Gillan,
K. A., Hasspieler, B. M., Russell, R. W., Adeli, K., & Haffner, G. D.
(1998). Ecotoxicological Studies in Amphibian Populations of Southern Ontario. Journal
of Great Lakes Research , 24(1), 45-54.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Abstract: In order to evaluate the relative exposure and stress of
environmental contaminants on amphibian populations of Southern Ontario, two
species of frogs, Rana pipiens and Rana clamitans, were collected from nine
sites and analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides.
Sediment samples were also collected, and analyzed for PCBs, pesticides, and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Biota-sediment accumulation factors
(BSAFs) were calculated for PCBs and pesticides at all sites for both species
of frogs. BSAFs ranged from 33.28 +- 16.16 to 1.06 +- 0.0 for leopard frogs and
from 23.02 +- 7.89 to 0.42 +- 0.0 for green frogs. Sediment extracts were
further tested for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on a leopard frog embryo cell
line. The Neutral Red Uptake bioassay was used to measure cytotoxicity and a
DNA break bioassay was used to test genotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was evident in
four of the nine sites, Cornwall, Brighton, Ancaster, and Ojibway, at 200 g
sediment equivalents per liter of culture medium. Genotoxicity, expressed as
F-values, ranged from 0.921 +- 0.052 to 0.975 +- 0.004, indicating that
sediment extracts were not causing significant genotoxic stress.

1282. Gilliland,
F. D., & Key, C. R. (1998). Prostate Cancer in American Indians, New
Mexico, 1969 to 1994 [See Comments]. Journal of Urology, 159(3), 893-7.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search.Discussion 897-8, 1998 Mar.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer as
well as the leading cause of cancer death among American Indian men. MATERIALS
AND METHODS: To describe further the occurrence of prostate cancer among
American Indian men, we examined population based incidence, treatment, survival
and mortality data for American Indians in New Mexico during the 25-year period
1969 to 1994. RESULTS: Although American Indian men have a lower risk of
prostate cancer than nonHispanic white men, the incidence and mortality rates
are rising for American Indians, and mortality rates are now equal to those for
nonHispanic white men. During the 25-year period age adjusted incidence rates
for American Indians increased from 42.2/100,000 (95% confidence interval 27.1
to 57.3) to 64.6/100,000 (95% confidence interval 46.2 to 83.0). The burden of
prostate cancer among American Indian men compared with nonHispanic white men
was reflected in disproportionately high mortality rates in relation to
incidence rates. The mortality rates were high because American Indian cases
were more advanced at diagnosis, 23.3% of prostate cancers were diagnosed after
distant spread had occurred compared with 11.6% for nonHispanic white men and
the 5-year relative survival rate was poorer (57.1% compared with 77.6% for
nonHispanic white men). CONCLUSIONS: Effective and culturally sensitive cancer
control efforts for prostate cancer in American Indian communities are urgently
needed.(Abstract by: Author)

1286. Giroux,
S. S. (1997). The experiences that contributed to the attrition decisions of
Lac du Flambeau high school students (Wisconsin, Chippewa, dropout).
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Abstract: Chippewa elders and tribal council members at Lac du Flambeau,
Wisconsin were concerned that the economic prosperity and future cultural
longevity of their tribe could be in jeopardy as a result of the very high
attrition phenomena among their high school youth. According to Valliere
(1990), the high school attrition rate among younger members of the Lac du
Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Indians varied between fifty-three percent and
seventy-three percent (53%-73%) over the past decade. The purpose of this study
was tohelp others understand the lived
experiences of Chippewa high school students as they left the reservation (a
majority learning environment) to attend public high school off the reservation
(a minority learning environment) and also what events transpired that
contributed to their attrition decisions. As part of this qualitative study,
interview sessions with six Chippewa youths (three males and three females
between the ages of 16 and 20) along with their parents or guardians were
conducted on the Lac du Flambeau reservation in the fall of 1993. Other
secondary resources and documents were examined for purposes of corroborating
the testimonies of those individuals who had terminated their secondary
education. In analyzing the content of the testimonies, ten primarypatterns and themes emerged. These included
the effects of racism, fear, severe punishment, political and spiritual issues
and peer pressure. A dichotomy existed between lighter and darker-skinned
Indians. While most Chippewa families were profoundly committed to education,
labeling, tracking, and sorting devices contributed to their sense of shame and
an erosion of their cultural identity.Domestic issues and family concerns burdened young Chippewa students.
Internal strife among members of the Chippewa community itself served to
further alienate young people from their educational or career pursuits. Though
alternative educationprograms on the
reservation contributed significantly to the graduation accomplishments of
Chippewa youths, these were discontinued due to a lack of funding. Though many
Indian families prefer to have their children integrate academically and
socially intothe predominantly
all-white high school off the reservation, others have called for the
construction of an Indian high school on thereservation.

1287. Gittelsohn,
J., Evans, M., Story, M., Davis, S. M., Metcalfe, L., Helitzer, D. L., &
Clay, T. E. (1999). Multisite Formative Assessment for the Pathways Study to
Prevent Obesity in American Indian Schoolchildren. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition, 69(4 Suppl. S), 767s-772s.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Abstract: We describe the formative assessment process, using an approach based
on social learning theory, for the development of a school-based
obesity-prevention intervention into which cultural perspectives are
integrated. The feasibility phase of the Pathways study was conducted in
multiple settings in 6 American Indian nations. The Pathways formative
assessment collected both qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative
data identified key social and environmental issues and enabled local people to
express their own needs and views. The quantitative, structured data permitted
comparison across sites. Both types of data were integrated by using a
conceptual and procedural model. The formative assessment results were used to
identify and rank the behavioral risk factors that were to become the focus of
the Pathways intervention and to provide guidance on developing common
intervention strategies that would be culturally appropriate and acceptable to
all sites. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69(suppl):767S-72S. [References: 39]

1288. Gittelsohn,
J., Harris, S. B., Burris, K. L., Kakegamic, L., Landman, L. T., Sharma, A.,
Wolever, T. M. S., Logan, A., Barnie, A., & Zinman, B. (1996). Use of
Ethnographic Methods for Applied Research on Diabetes Among the Ojibway-Cree in
Northern Ontario. Health Education Quarterly, 23(3), 365-382.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: Biomed (Cinahl) electronic database, Fall 1999 search. (57 Ref)
Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)
Abstract: This article presents the results of applied ethnographic research
aimed at developing a community-based diabetes prevention program in an
isolated Ojibway-Cree community in northern Ontario. Using qualitative
techniques, the authors describe diabetes in its sociocultural context and
underlying belief systems that affect related activity and dietary behaviors.
Local concepts of food and illness are dichotomized into 'Indian' and 'white
man's' groupings, with Indian foods perceived as healthy and white man's foods
felt to be unhealthy. Diabetes is believed to result from consumption of white
man's 'junk foods' (sugar, soda); some believe the disease can be avoided by
eating traditional Indian foods such as game animals (moose, beaver, duck).
While dietary linkages to diabetes are recognized, physical activity as a means
of controlling obesity and decreasing the risk for diabetes is not part of the
local ethnomedical model. This information is being used to develop culturally
appropriate health education interventions.(Abstract by: Author)

1289. Gittelsohn,
J., Harris, S. B., Zinman, B., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Hanley, A. J. G., &
Barnie, A. (1996). Body Image Concepts Differ by Age and Sex in an Ojibway-Cree
Community in Canada. Journal of Nutrition, 126(12), 2990-3000.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)
Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct 1999
search [full text available]
Abstract: Community-based studies of body image concepts can be useful for
developing health interventions to prevent obesity-related diseases such as
diabetes and cardiovascular disease in specific populations. First Nations
peoples, in particular, face increased obesity-related health problems as a
result of acculturative changes in diet and activity. This study examined body
shape perception in an Ojibway-Cree community in Northern Ontario, Canada. A
set of figure outline drawings ranging from very thin to very obese were used
to examine perceived body shape, body shape satisfaction and ideals of
healthiness across sex and age groups. Overall, only 16% of the population were
satisfied with their current body shape. People with a higher body mass index
(BMI) were less satisfied with their bodies and thought they were less healthy
than people with a lower BMI. While females had a significantly greater BMI
than males, males and females did not differ significantly in perception of
current body shape. On the other hand, females desired relatively smaller body
shapes than males (P < 0.05). Older people chose significantly larger
healthy body shapes than did younger people (P < 0.05). Differences between
our results and those reported for Anglo populations indicate that while both
groups prefer body shapes smaller than those they have currently, the
Ojibway-Cree tend to prefer relatively larger body shapes. Knowledge of age and
sex-related patterns of body image concepts in communities can assist in the
design of obesity-reducing interventions targeting specific groups.(Abstract by: Author)

1291. Glaser,
P. H., Wheeler, G. A., Gorham, E., & Wright, H. E., Jr. (1981). The
Patterned Mires of the Red Lake Peatland, Northern Minnesota, USA: Vegetation,
Water Chemistry and Landforms. Journal of Ecology , 69(2), 576-600.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Red Lake Peatland in northern Minnesota covers an area of about 80
times 15 km which is uninterrupted by streams or uplands and consists of a vast
patterned complex of raised bogs and water tracks. IR photography and LANDSAT
imagery were used to examine their interrelationships. The major types of
vegetation of the Red Lake Peatland were determined subjectively by the
Braun-Blanquet method and are characterized by different water chemistry. The
importance of surface drainage in the maintenance of mire patterns is suggested
by the localized effects of drainage ditches on the vegetation and landforms.
IR aerial photographs and LANDSAT imagery indicate that water flow is
channelled across broad surfaces of peat to initiate the development of water
tracks, bog drains, and islands that have an ovoid, horseshoe or teardrop
shape.

1293. Glubock,
S. (1964). The art of the North American Indian. New York: Harper and
Row, Publishers.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:91),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "A treatment of the full range of American Indian art.Many photos give interest to a young
reader."

1298. "God".
(1957). The Holy Bible, King James Version.William Collins and Co., Ltd.
Notes: cited in Wub-e-ke-niew (1995)licensed "in terms of
the Letters of Patent granted by Her late Majesty Queen Victoria ... dedicated
to the most high and mighty Prince, James, by the Grace of God, King of Great
Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Etc. ...,"

1306. Gollnick,
W. A. (1990). The Reappearance of the Vanishing American. The College Board
Review, 155, 30.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)
Abstract: They live in Boston, Omaha, and Las Vegas, as well as Narragansett,
Fond du Lac, and Warm Springs, Although they are the First Americans, their
interests have often come last.

1307. Gonzales,
D. J. (1990). Because of the blood in the water: a novel (original novel).
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Abstract: 'Because of the Blood in the Water: A Novel' is a dissertation with
creative component. The scholarly portion consists literary research pertaining
to the idea of land as motif in emergent American Indian literature. N. Scott
Momaday's House Made of Dawn, Leslie M Silko's Ceremony, James Welch's Winter
in the Blood, Gerald Vizenor's Darkness in Saint Louis Bearheart, and Ignatia
Broker's Night Flying Woman serve as representative literary works, emphasizing
the land and spirituality. The research is based on American Indian cultural
perspectives distinguishing land as a living, holy entity from land as real
estate and private property. The creative component is a novel set in the
Middle East. Two American Indian mixedbloods travel, making a film of the Arab
world. The male character is a filmmaker, and the female character is his
girlfriend from Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa Indian Reservation in northern
Wisconsin. They film the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians after
the British withdraw from Palestine and the Palestinians are displaced in
Lebanon, Syria, and other Arab countries. The novel ends with the return of the
two characters to the United States. They end their journey of consciousness at
the Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation. A final drama occurs between the two
characters, a scenario of death and life questions, a drama of love between
them. The male character leaves the reservation after attempting to murder his
girlfriend's lover. He continues his journeying west, never to return.

1309. Gonzalez,
V. G. (1995). Breaking points and the role of the print visual in public
service communication campaigns. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Michigan State University.
Abstract: This study explores the nature and use of the print visual in public
communication campaigns. The work is based on interviews with persons
responsible for the planning and execution of those campaigns and documentation
found largely in the files of public agencies and the library of Michigan State
University. Official posters, booklets and brochures, the visual focal points
of the study, are also among the sources cited in this work. The study
describes, interprets and analyzes the printed visual within the context of
campaigns of the Michigan Travel Bureau, the Native American Institute of
Michigan State University, the Office of Minority Equity of the State Department
of Education and the Michigan Office of Substance Abuse Services. The research
provides insights into the complexity of the print visual, demonstrating that
the strength of a message is based not upon the number of visual elements, but
the coherence of its parts, including composition and color, and its
appropriateness to a given target audience. In so doing, the work reveals that
the visuals reflect either a harmony of effort or a series of inconsistencies
within the production process. The work notes,especially, the presence of gaps, or breaking points, in the development
of the visuals. The study defines and describes those points and analyzes their
relationship to the creation of the visual message. The study draws upon the
literature of mass communication, journalism and advertising, particularly as
they relateto public service
campaigns, in describing the campaign process and in determining ways to judge
the roles and effectiveness of the visual components. The literature of art and
art education provide insights into the nature and aims of a variety of
visuals. The study proceeds within an analytical framework in delineating the
visual from conceptto construction.
The work offers judgments regarding the effectiveness of the print visual in
the four campaigns and renders conclusions as to the role of breaking points in
those outcomes.

1310. Good,
E. R. (1996). Crown-directed colonization of Six Nations and Metis land
reserves in Canada (Ontario). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University
of Saskatchewan (Canada).
Abstract: This study focuses upon contact between British-Canadian, Aboriginal
and Mennonite colonists' systems of property. Both Aboriginal peoples and
Mennonites sought to maintain within the British-Canadian state their own areas
of civil jurisdiction, including distinct property systems. They gained de
facto civil autonomy at first, but eventually the British-Canadian state
presumed to define their property rights according to British-Canadian law.
Aboriginal peoples' property rights, secured by promises from the Crown,
gradually wore incorporated into the British-Canadian property system as
usufructuary interests which could be converted into fee simple estates only at
the discretion of the Crown. Mennonite property rights, derived from Crown
grants, immediately were incorporated into the British-Canadian property system
as fee simple estates which were enforceable against all parties including the
Crown. The systematic enforcement of British (later Canadian) property rights,
against competing Aboriginal property rights, ultimately led, by 1848, to the
dislocation in Upper Canada (today's Ontario) of the Six Nations from the Grand
River Valley; and in what is now southern Manitoba, to the dislocation of Metis
people from the Red River Valley by 1878. The provincial
governors/lieutenant-governors ensured that Aboriginal peoples' dislocation
occurred without resort to the degree of bloody armed conflict that
characterized Aboriginal-newcomer relations in the American Northwest. So long
as the Six Nations in Upper Canada and the Metis people in Red River/Manitoba
held the balance of military power, provincial governors/lieutenant-governors
recognized Aboriginal property rights secured by prior agreements. The Six
Nations and Metis people consequently exercised their military power
consistently in favour of the Crown because they believed that their interests
could best be promoted by enforcing prior agreements through this channel.
Thus, at every flashpoint in the periods under investigation--whenever they
might have united with newcomers in opposing imperial/dominion control of the
administration of 'Crown' lands--the Six Nations and Metis people forestalled
such action and prevented an American-style revolution from taking place in
Canada.

1326. Grabowski,
J. (1994). The common ground: settled natives and French in Montreal,
1667-1760. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universite de Montreal,
Montreal, Canada.
Abstract: The present study is an attempt to understand and explain the ambiguous
relationship that came into existence between the French colonists and Indians
settled in Montreal in the closing decades of the seventeenth century and
persisted until the fall of the French regime. The phenomenon of Indian-White
contacts in an urban setting has largely escaped historical scrutiny. Owing to
the precarious political and military situation of New France, its feeble
French population and a significant number of settled Indians, thelatter enjoyed a unique status. Despite the
fact that the Indians settled in the Montreal area were officially considered
French subjects, the reality belied the letter of the law. On the one hand, the
authorities created a system of exemptions that enabled the domicilies to break
French laws with impunity. On the other, the habitants strived to establish a
common ground of their own, developing a framework of trade, business and
personal relationships that bridged the gap between the two groups. The size of
the native population established close to the French settlements had a crucial
importance for the development of the common ground between the two societies.
The national composition of native villages also played a significant role in
colonial relationships. The domicilies formed a significant part of the total
population of the Montreal district. Their communities, although on several
occasions weakened by the impact of epidemics, were able to maintain their
population thanks to frequent migrations. More importantly, the number of
warriors in Indian villages outnumbered by far the garrison of Montreal. The
fourth and fifth chapters deal with French criminal procedure and its
application in cases involving the domicilies. Our research in the judicial
archives points to the fact that, in order to accommodate the natives, the
authorities created a system of exemptions that amounted to nothing less than a
'parallel'justice. Few domicilies
charged with an offense were ever convicted. Since practically all registered crimes
allegedly committed by natives occurred under influence of alcohol, the
judicial and executive officials focused on French liquor-traders and did not
prosecute the Indians. Chapter VI analyses the liquor trade in Montreal and its
impact in the creation of the common ground between Europeans and Amerindians.
It appears that the liquor-trade was a significant economic factor for numerous
French families and that all strata of the colonial society took part in this
highly profitable exchange. Chapter VII examines the meaning and significance of
the 'illegal' fur trade between New France and the English colonies for the
common ground established between the French and the Indians. Despite numerous
ordinances expresslyforbidding the
transport of furs to the south, the domicilies continuedto engage in this inter-colonial trade
throughout the period. Chapter VIII traces the evolution and the deepening of
the common ground in the area of inter-personal relations between the members
of Indian and White societies. The habitants strived on their own to reach a
modus vivendi with the domicilies. Frequent contacts and common pursuits
resulted in an increased awareness of the other.The habitants spoke Indian languages, knew native traditions and
and were aware of the different spiritual world of their nativeneighbours. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1327. Grafe,
S. L. (1999). The origins of floral-design beadwork in the southern Columbia
River plateau (Washington, Oregon). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The
University of New Mexico.
Abstract: For over a century, Native American artists of the southern Columbia
River Plateau have embroidered seed beads onto personal accessories and
garments using a variety of floral compositions. Some observers have speculated
that these designs emerged as local Indian people saw decorated objects
belonging to those Great Lakes and Woodlands Indians who were employed in the
Columbia River fur trade. Credit for the origins of the style has also been
assigned to the Cree, Ojibwa, and Métis wives of fur company employees. While
Plateau scholars have argued that regional floral design began in response to
intrusive Native influences, researchers have concluded that throughout other
areas of Native North America, indigenous floral decoration appeared in the
wake of westward Euroamerican expansion. Few eastern Indians were actually
present in the Plateau after 1810 and they were persons of little influence.
These men generally married local Indian women and few eastern Indian women
ever visited the region. An exhaustive search of museum collections reveals
that Eastern peoples seldom used floral designs before the 1840s. From a
stylistic perspective, pre-1840 embroidered articles from the Woodlands and
Great Lakes would not have prompted other groups to produce floral imagery. The
visual and material records also reveal that floral designs were first used by
the Nez Perce, Palouse, Walla Walla, Cayuse, Umatilla, and Yakima peoples
during the 1860s. The adoption of this new iconographic system occurred only
after seed beads became readily available and after these same groups began to
actively interact with growing numbers of Euroamericans. Regional white
settlement began in earnest after 1840 and the presence of European and
American trade items also increased. Commercially produced and homemade
Euroamerican manufactures of this period were frequently adorned with floral
motifs. The decoration of these items shares stylistic affinities with the
earliest regional examples of Indian-made floral embroidery. The southern
Plateau floral style was first practiced by persons residing in reservation
communities. Initial examples of regional floral art may thus reflect an Indian
identity that was being redefined as it responded to acculturation pressures
and the realities of interracial coexistence.

1329. Grafstein,
A. (1989). Disjoint reference in a 'free word order' language. Theoretical
Perspectives on Native American Languages(pp. 163-175). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Notes: Source: endeavor.rlg.org via University of Minnesota online
database, August 1999 search

1330. Grafstein,
A. J. (1985). Argument structure and syntax in a non-configurational
language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, McGill University (Canada).
Abstract: This thesis is an attempt to develop a model for the interpretation
of thematic relations in the Algonquian language, Ojibwa. Ojibwa is a language
with an extremely rich derivational and inflectional morphology and a highly
flexible word order. The analysis developed in this thesis is based on the
assumption that an adequate grammar of Ojibwa should reflect the fundamental
role of the morphology in encoding thematic relations. A model of Ojibwa phrase
structure is proposed which is similar to the model already developed by Hale
(1982a,b) for Walbiri and by Farmer (1980) for Japanese. Within this model,
lexical items are inserted in random order under category-neutral terminal
nodes. An algorithm is then formulated which accounts for how nouns, which
appear in random order in syntactic phrase markers, are associated with
lexically-specified verbal argument positions. According to this algorithm, a
noun in a syntactic phrase marker is associated with a verbal argument position
when its features match the features specified by the verbal inflections which
refer to that argument position.

1331. Graham,
E. L. (1951). An analysis of the errors made in standardized achievement
tests by Indian children in grades six, seven, and eight in Becker county,
Minnesota . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Colorado State College of
Education, Division of Education.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 8040517

1332. Grand,
B. (1968). American Indians: yesterday and today. New York: E.P. Dutton
and Company.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:91),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "An alphabetically arranged encyclopedia designed as a reference
and history.Each entry is compact and
describes the lore, legends, history, beliefs, food, customs and the
characteristics of all known tribes.Some biographies of Indian leaders and chiefs are included.Many references to the place locations in
America that have Indian names."

1333. Grand
General Indian Council (7th : 1882 : near Hagersville, Ont.). (1883). Minutes
of the 7th Grand General Indian Council held upon the New Credit Indian
Reserve, near Hagersville, Ontario, from September 13th to September 18th, 1882.Hagersville Book and Job Rooms.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (Fall 1999 search)

1335. Grant,
B. H. (1995). Spirituality and sobriety: the experience of alcohol use and
abuse among the Menominee Indians of Wisconsin (substance abuse).
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Catholic University of America.
Abstract: This study explored cultural meanings of alcohol use and abuse among
the Menominee Indians of Wisconsin, and analyzed their interrelationships
within historical, community, and clinical contexts. It employed a conceptual
framework that integrated several analytic concepts to understand their
cultural experience of alcohol use. These included revitalization movements,
symbolism, and explanatory models. Fieldwork proceeded in three phases. Phase I
focused on the Menominee community and involved open-ended interviews and
participant-observation of a wide range of tribal activities. Phase II involved
in-depth, semi-structured interviews with sixteen key informants. These
focussed on identifying a broad range of alcohol-related concerns among
community members. Phase III focused on the Menominee alcohol treatment center.
A sample of twenty-one adult Menominee clients receiving outpatient services
was interviewed to elicit perceptions of alcohol use and abuse. Client
interviews utilized the Explanatory Model Interview Catalog (EMIC), an
instrument designed to explore cultural models of illness. Thematic analysis of
field notes and symbolic analysis of transcribed key-informant interviews were
performed. Groups of quantitative variables from client interviews were also
analyzed. Lastly, relevant historical sources were analyzed. Findings revealed
that perceptions of alcohol use and abuse are linked to concepts of Menominee
cultural identity. Spirituality emerges as a central characteristic that
influences beliefs and behaviors about sobriety. Historically, alcohol use was
associated with various sacred experiences among Menominee Indians. Today, it
is the abstinence of alcohol that is strongly associated with spirituality.
Sobriety has assumed powerful symbolic value as a sign of personal renewal,
which is seen as vital to tribal revitalization. These cultural meanings of
sobriety are increasingly accepted among contemporary Menominee Indians and
strongly associated with efforts to reclaim the values of traditional tribal
life. The spiritual aspects of a client's life must therefore be carefully
weighed at each stage of treatment planning and implementation in order to
achieve effective outcome. Future research should focus on exploring ways to
systematically assess the impact of the symbolic and social world on Indian
alcoholics, including ways to understand the historical and cultural
complexities that shape their experience of illness.

1339. Grant,
U. S. (1898). The international boundary between Lake Superiorand the Lake of the Woods . in Collections
of the Minnesota Historical Society. Volume VIII.St. Paul, Minn.: The
Minnesota Historical Society.
Notes: Source: PALS online catalog (October 1999 search)
Abstract: The international boundary between Lake Superiorand the Lake of the Woods / by Ulysses
Sherman Grant -- The settlement anddevelopment of the Red River Valley / by Warren Upham -- The discovery
anddevelopment of the iron ores of
Minnesota / by N.H. Winchell -- The originand growth of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Alex. Ramsey --
Openingof the Red River of the North
to commerce and civilization / by Russell Blakeley -- Last days of Wisconsin
territory and early days of Minnesotaterritory / by Henry L. Moss -- Lawyers and courts of Minnesota prior
toand during its territorial period /
by Charles E. Flandrau -- Homes andhabitations
of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Charles E. Mayo -- Thehistorical value of newspapers / by J.B.
Chaney -- The United Statesgovernment
publications / by D.L. Kingsbury -- The first organizedgovernment of Dakota / by Samuel J. Albright
-- How Minnesota became astate / by
Thomas F. Moran -- Minnesota's ! northern boundary / by Alexander N. Winchell
-- The question of the sourcesof the
Mississippi River / by E. Levasseur. The source of the Mississippi / by N.H.
Winchell --Prehistoric man at the
headwaters of the Mississippi River / by J.V. Brower-- Charter members of the Minnesota Historical Society and its
work in 1896/ by Alex. Ramsey --
History of agriculture in Minnesota / by James J. Hill-- History of mining and quarrying in
Minnesota / by Warren Upham --History
of the discovery of the Mississippi River and the advent ofcommerce in Minnesota / Russell Blakeley --
Reminiscences of persons andevents in
the early days of the Minnesota Historical Society / by WilliamH. Kelley -- Fort Snelling from its
foundation to the present time / byRichard W. Johnson -- Sully's expedition against the Sioux, in 1864 /
byDavid L. Kingsbury -- State-building
in the West / by Charles E. Flandrau

1341. Grauer,
L. (1993). In the camp of Big Bear: narrative representations of the Frog
Lake uprising, 1885 (Saskatchewan). Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Toronto (Canada).
Abstract: In April, 1885, as the Riel rebellion was beginning, the Plains Cree of
Big Bear's band took armed action in the village of Frog Lake and at Fort Pitt,
Saskatchewan. This study explores the narrative representation of that action
and surrounding events, examining the personal accounts of seven men and women
held captive by the Cree at that time. They include the popular history and
adventure story of The War Trail of Big Bear, by W. Bleasdell Cameron, trader
turned writer; the captivity narratives Two Months in the Camp of Big Bear, by
Theresa Gowanlock and Theresa Delaney, newcomers from Ontario who dedicated
their text to 'Our Sisters, the Ladies of Canada'; the reminiscences of
Hudson's Bay Company official William J. McLean, Chief Trader at Fort Pitt, and
those of his daughters Kitty and Elizabeth McLean; and the picaresque account
by Metis Louis Goulet recorded in his memoirs L'espace de Louis Goulet. These
form a context for the examination of Rudy Wiebe's novel The Temptations of Big
Bear (1973), and its transformations of these historical writings. The study
investigates the origins, perspectives, narrative forms and strategies of these
texts, which together constitute a complex colonial discourse constructing the
Cree uprising. By origins, I mean the texts' conditions of production (material
and social); by perspectives, the cultural and gender positions involved; by
narrative forms and strategies, the generic influences (literary or
non-literary) that can be traced in the different accounts. The thesis
illuminates the diverse range of narrative forms and signifying practices which
these writers take up in their efforts to construct history and story. What is
said about the Cree uprising in historical accounts has as much to do with the
narrative form employed as it does in fictional accounts. The effect of
different narrative structures is apparent even among the 'non-literary'
accounts. And resemblances appear between the 'historical' account of Cameron
and the 'fictional' one of Wiebe in their common use of classic realist
techniques.

1342. Gray,
N. (1998). Addressing Trauma in Substance Abuse Treatment With American Indian
Adolescents. [Review] [42 Refs]. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(5),
393-399.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Substance abuse among American Indian adolescents is a serious
problem that frequently continues into adulthood. Therefore, it is important to
investigate all potential means of prevention and treatment of substance abuse
that might improve the physical and psychological health it undermines. This
paper examines the prevalence of substance abuse and its potential
relationships with physical/emotional trauma or loss that occurs in American
Indian adolescents' lives. The possible benefits of addressing trauma and
posttraumatic stress as means of enhancing treatment is explored. An example of
residential treatment that involved a focus on trauma and loss is
included.(42 Refs)(Abstract by: Author)

1343. Gray,
R. A. (1994). Theological Responses to Environmental Decline: An Annotated
Bibliography. RSR: Reference Services Review, 22(3), 69.
Notes: Source: UnCover database (Aug 1999)
Abstract: The threat of ecosystemic collapse imposes an obligation on public
policy framers to take all possible actions to avert catastrophe. But
theologians in particular cannot evade the same duty if they are to be faithful
to their reason for being. In as much as the defining task of theologians is to
devise convincing imagery of divine intentions toward man and the ecosystem,
divine judgement on man, and human responsibilities toward God and the
ecosystem, they cannot remain silent when confronted as they are with
humanity's grim ecological prospects. Nor have they remained silent. In this
article, Gray reviews a 1967 article by Lesley White, in which he assigned
major responsibility for the current ecological crisis to the Judeo-Christian
heritage and its "subdue the earth" philosophy. Gray's article
continues with critical responses to White's article and a two-part annotated
bibliography: on Lesley White and his critics; and on current thinkers who have
made significant progress in constructing an ecocentric theology to substitute
for the theology that White found to be unacceptable environmentally.

1345. Gray,
S. E. (1997). The Ojibwa world view and encounters with Christianity along the
Berens River, 1875-1940 (First Nations, Ontario). Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, The University of Manitoba (Canada).
Abstract: Conversions and the taking on of Christianity had multi-dimensional
meanings and were interpreted in a myriad of different ways by Ojibwa people
living along the Berens River between 1875 and 1940. Christian rituals and
practices were integrated into the Saulteaux world view in ways that were
controlled by and meaningful to the participants. Today, both Christian and
Ojibwa ideas are interwoven in the lives of Berens River residents. Both
strands hold power, meaning and sincerity. There is no doubt that aspects of
Christianity sustain many in their daily life and it is equally true that many
of the same people's beliefs remain grounded in such Ojibwa concepts as the
Thunderbirds, the power of medicine men and conjurors (terms still used at
Berens River when people speak in English) and the use of dreams as vehicles of
prediction, guidance and foreshadowing. Ojibwa people living along the Berens
River experienced and still live a deep, dynamic and complex religion based on
the power of belief and yet which is adaptive and flexible. New ideas arriving
in their midst, such rituals as the Dream Drum Dance, have often been welcomed
if seen as valuable. Contrary to the assumptions of generations of Westerners,
the Saulteaux employed empiricism and critical thinking at deep levels. The
ability to incorporate outside ideas into an existing world view does not imply
an inability to think empirically nor does it suggest a superficial belief
system. In positive encounters with Christianity, native people along the
Berens River were influenced by a number of factors. These included a wish for
literacy and Western education and technical resources, a desire to understand
the Bible as a source of potentially helpful and beneficial messages, added
divine protection from illness and other crises, protection against bad
medicine, access to Western medicine and added dimensions and powers to existing
ones derived from traditional ones such as rituals. Where mission efforts were
successful in these communities, it was usually as a result of the sustained
presence of a devoted missionary who stayed long enough to achieve respect and
earn trust. By the late nineteenth century, most Berens River Ojibwa were
second generation Christians; thus a tradition and loyalty had been established
among families. Christianity, however, was not always accepted out of hand.
Lack of support by missionaries, lack of agreement with the lessons taught to
children in schools, or lack of need to take on aspects of a new religion and
lack of respect by a missionary for sacred Ojibwa rituals could all yield cold
responses. Clearly, native people were in control of making choices hereit was
they who decided when and how they would or would not accept Christianity.

1348. Great
Britain. (1957). Treaty no. 3 between Her Majesty the Queen and the
Saulteaux tribe of the Ojibbeway Indians at the northwest angle on the Lake of
the Woods, with adhesions. Ottawa: E. Cloutier, Queen's Printer.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October 15, 1999 search)

1349. Great
Britain. Treaties. (1875). Copy of treaty and supplementary treaties made
20th and 24th September, 1875, between Her Majesty the Queen and the Saulteaux
and Swampy Cree tribes of Indians at Beren's River and Norway House.
Canada.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search)

1352. Great
Britain. War Office. Intelligence Division. (1870). Notes on the routes from
Lake Superior to the Red River, and on the settlement itself ... : notes
relating to the transport of troops, &c. London: Printed at the War Office.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search). ... accession: 13852952: At
head of title: Confidential. Original wrappers. Tables of distances: p. 7-16.
... accession: 21889245.

1356. Greater
Minneapolis Council of Churches. Division of Indian Work (Ed.). (1981). Vision
on the Wind [Newsletter of the Minneapolis Division of Indian Work]//Wig-i-Wam (Vols. Oct. 1981-). Minneapolis, Minn.Division of Indian Work.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 8963141

1359. Green,
J. (1996). After Wounded Knee: Correspondence of Major & Surgeon John
Vance Lauderdale While Serving with the Army Occupying the Pine Ridge Indian
Reservation, 1890-1891.Michigan
State University Press.
Notes: Source: Books in Print electronic database, Fall 1999

1363. Greenberg,
J. H., Turner G. C. =II, & . Zegura, S. L. (1985). Convergence of Evidence
for the Peopling of the Americas. Collegium Antropologicum, 9(1), 33-42.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Linguistic, dental, and genetic evidence are concordant with the
hypothesis that there were three major pre-European New World migrations which
can be identified in terms of a linguistic classification as Amerind, Na-Dene,
and Aleut-Eskimo.The problems of
relative and absolute chronology raised by this hypothesis are discussed in a
framework provided by recent summary interpretations of early New World prehistory.

1365. Greene,
J. D., & Hewitson, J. Manabozho's Gifts: Three Chippewa Tales .
Notes: Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct
1999 search [book review]
Abstract: Gr. 4-7 younger for reading aloud. Incorporating elements from
Algonquin, Menominee, and Ojibwa legends, Greene introduces the shape-shifter
hero Manabozho, known as Nanbozho, Hiawatha, or Manabush in similar tales. The
philosophy of living in harmony with nature that is central to Manabozho's
adventures combines the appeal of pourquoi tales, magic, and talking animals.
In these three stories, Manabozho becomes a rabbit to bring fire to his people,
learns to cultivate wild rice during a vision quest, and restores the balance
of nature when the animals ignore the disappearing wild rose. Complemented by
dramatic black-and-white stylized illustrations, reminiscent of scratchboard or
woodcuts, Greene's adaptations are accessible to independent readers yet
contain evocative phrasing that marks them as good read-alouds for any age
group. The bibliography and source notes provide both young and adult readers
with material to extend their study of Manabozho.
Full Text COPYRIGHT American Library Association 1995

1366. Greenholt,
H. R. (1937). A study of Wilhelm Loehr, his colonies and the Lutheran Indian
missions in the Saginaw valley of Michigan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
The University of Chicago.

1367. Greenlund,
K. J., Valdez, R., Casper, M. L., Rith-Najarian, S., & Croft, J. B. (1999).
Prevalence and Correlates of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome Among Native
Americans - The Inter-Tribal Heart Project. Diabetes Care, 22(3),
441-447.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The clustering of factors characterizing the insulin
resistance syndrome has not been assessed among Native Americans, a population
at high risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We examined the
distribution and correlates of the insulin resistance syndrome among
individuals in three Chippewa and Menominee communities in Wisconsin and
Minnesota. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 488 men and
822 women ages > or = 25 years in the Inter-Tribal Heart Project (1992-1994)
were included. The clustering of each individual trait (hypertension, diabetes,
high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol) with the other traits and the
association of the number of traits with measures of adiposity and insulin
levels were examined. RESULTS: Among the men, 40.4, 32.6, 17.4, and 9.6% had
none, one, two, or at least three of the four traits, respectively; among the
women, the respective percentages were 53.2, 25.6, 15.3, and 6.0%. The
percentage of individuals with each particular trait significantly increased (P
< 0.01) among those with none, one, or at least two other syndrome traits.
Having more syndrome traits was significantly related (P < 0.001) to higher
BMI, conicity index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip and waist-to-thigh
ratios. Among individuals with normal glucose levels, having more syndrome
traits was significantly related (P < or = 0.05) to higher fasting insulin
levels after adjusting for age and measures of adiposity, although associations
were attenuated with adjustment for either BMI or waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS:
Traits characterizing the insulin resistance syndrome were found to be
clustered to a significant degree among Native Americans in this study.
Comprehensive public health efforts are needed to reduce adverse levels of
these risk factors in this high-risk population.(Abstract by: Author)

1371. Gregorich,
B. (1995). John Olson and His Barnstorming Baseball Teams. Michigan History,
79(3), 38.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)
Abstract: In the 1890s Watervliet's John B. Olson Jr. and his two teams--the
Cherokee Indian Base Ball Club and the Chicago Star Bloomers--entertained
crowds across the country.

1372. Gregory,
S. A. (1993). A validation and comparative study of kinetic family drawings
of Native American children (family perceptions). Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Andrews University.
Abstract: Problem.Research on how
Native American (NA) children draw their families and how perceptions of their
families are reflected in their family drawings is lacking. The purpose of the
study was (1) to validate the Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD) as an appropriate
instrument for use with this population, and (2) to compare Native American and
Caucasian children's KFDs. Method. The KFD and Semantic Differential Scales
were administered to 52 Native American children from the Potawatomi and
Iroquois tribes, ages 6-14. A matched sample of 104 KFDs of Caucasian children
from Southern; Michigan was used for comparison. The data were analyzed by
multiple regression, t-tests, and analysis of variance. The value of alpha was
set at.05. Results. (1) The Semantic Differential obtained significant
correlations with the KFD. Family pictures drawn with the child outside, a higher
level of activity of mother and self, mother and self involved in less
nurturing activities, fewer barriers between mother and self, and less direct
physical orientation between figures correlated with a higher rating of family
relationships. (2) Statistically significant differences were found between the
KFDs of Native American and Caucasian children, although the mode scores for
both groups were identical for all KFD variables related to action, physical,
position, and style characteristics. (3) Some differences were found between
the KFDs of children differing in proportion of Native American ancestry and
attendance rate at NA cultural events, although these differences were not the
same for both groups. No differences were found relating to birth order.
Differences between NA and Caucasian females and males were noted. The majority
of the pictures were free from KFD style characteristics; over 67% drew all the
figuresfacing forwards.Conclusions. The findings of this study
indicated that the KFD is a valid instrument for use with this population if
cultural and mainstream societal trends are considered in the interpretation.
Even though differences were apparent between Native American and Caucasian
children, Native American children from this sample might have be exhibiting a
more acculturated picture than other minority groups. Generalizability was
limited due to a self-selected, small sample size.

1375. Gribb,
W. J. (1983). The Grand Travers Band's land base: a cultural historical
study of land transfer in Michigan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Michigan State University.
Abstract: The land holdings of the Native American have dwindled substantially
since their contacts with Europeans. This study is an investigation of the
Grand Traverse Bands' land holdings as prescribed in the Treaty of Detroit,
July 31, 1855. The treaty provided for the allotment of eighty acre parcels to;
the heads of households, widows, and single adults over the age of twenty-one.
Five major questions were addressed in relation to the transfer of the Grand
Traverse Bands' holdings: (1) What were the methods by which the Grand Traverse
Bands' transfered their allotments? (2) Was there a difference between the
methods of transfer experienced by the Euro-Americans and those experienced by
the Native Americans? (3) If the land was sold, did the Native Americanreceive a fair market price for the parcel?
(4) How long did the Native American keep the fee simple title? And, was there
any difference between the length of time the Native American kept the title
and the Euro-American in the same area? And, (5) Was there a correlation
between the length of time the Native American kept the allotment and the land
value or potential land value? Archival research revealed that the Grand
Traverse Bands' members received 20,040.73 acres in allotments. Four methods of
transfer were experienced, 77.4% transfered by warranty sale, 3.2% by tax sale,
18.8% by quit claim sale, and over .6% by administrative sale. Using a random
sample, there was a statistically significant difference between the selling
price received by the Native American ($3.31) and that received by
Euro-Americans ($6.95). Furthermore, the Native American kept their land only
6.4 years compared to over eleven years for the Euro-American. Finally, there
was no statistical relationship between the value of the land and the length of
time the Native American held the land. Also, there was no significant
statistical relationship between price or the length of time the land was held
and distance to market. It was further revealed that forty percent of the
allotments were obtained by sixteen local entreprenuers, and they tended to
acquire land juxtaposed to their other holdings.

1380. Grim,
J. (1984). The shaman: patterns of Siberian and Ojibway healing. Norman,
OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Notes: Source: International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology,
Vol. XXX (1987:217)

1381. Grim,
J. A. (1980). The shaman: an interpretation of this religious personality
based on ethnographic data from the Siberian tribes and the Woodland Ojibway of
North America. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Fordham University.

1389. Guilford,
A. M., Scheverle, J., & Shirek, P. G. (1982). Manual Communication Skills
in Aphasia... Acquisition and Use of American Sign Language and American Indian
Gestural Code (Amerind). Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation,
63(12), 601-604.
Notes: Source: Biomed (Cinahl) electronic database, Fall 1999 search.(14 Ref)
Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Abstract: The acquisition and use of American Sign Language (ASL) and American
Indian Gestural Code (Amerind) were investigated in 8 (human) aphasic adults.
Subjects received 2 h of instruction for 4 wk in 20 signs from each system. No
difference was found in ease of acquisition between the sign systems in these
subjects. When specific subject characteristics were noted, auditory
comprehension skills were significantly related to subjects' abilities to learn
the signs. Subjects' residual expressive language skills were not related to
their abilities to learn either sign system.

1390. Gulig,
A. G. (1998). In whose interest?Government-Indian relations in northern Saskatchewan and Wisconsin,
1900-1940. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of
Saskatchewan (Canada).
Abstract: American and Canadian Indian policy in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries generally focused on 'civilizing' Indian peoples. In other
words, the government wanted a more sedentary, less dispersed Indian population
who would likewise require less land for traditional hunting and gathering
activities and might be more easily assimilated when time and circumstance
required. Such policy, however, was best suited to agricultural regions. In
forested regions or other areas which were not suitable for commercial
cultivation, conflict arose as Aboriginal groups tried to maintain their
traditional practices while other interest groups sought to access the same
resources. Increasing use of these non-agricultural areas by sport hunters,
commercial fishing industries, logging enterprises, tourists, and in some cases
prospectors and land speculators, grew in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries. These interests not only competed for the same resources
from which the Indian population secured its subsistence, but they also
influenced the governments of the United States, Canada, Wisconsin, and
Saskatchewan to regulate traditional Indian hunting and gathering activity.
Conservation commissions in both the United States and Canada went about the
business of re-shaping the public perception of the acceptable use of fish and
game. Traditional subsistence activity had little, if any place in these new
fish and game management strategies. This was the case even though Indians in
both northern Saskatchewan and Wisconsin negotiated treaties which they
believed upheld their access to vital resources. The conflict over resources
became acute in the early twentieth century when governments in both places
actively interfered with traditional activities. Such interference had the most
dire consequences for the Indian people in both areas. The case studies
presented here illustrate the historical antecedents of conflicts which still
exist today. The Indian concern for continued access to natural resources has
rarely been heard in its historical context. This study places the historic
confrontation between Indian subsistence resource users and government
resource-managing agencies in the context of the early twentieth century
conservation movement. The two areas studied here have striking similarities.
The governments refused to uphold treaty promises and rarely listened to the
Indians' demands for continued access to natural resources. This study explains
how governments managed resources in their own interest and relates not only
the struggle for access to resources, but also how Indians responded to
government interference in their way of life. It is important to move beyond a
comparative analysis of two similar tribal populations in a cross-border
analysis. By examining two disparate tribal groups who negotiated similar
treaties in two different eras but in distant geographic locations, a better
understanding of governmental conservation motives and actions, as well as the
impact of such governmental activity on Indian people, may be achieved. This
study is a unique look at the impact of the early conservation movement on the
subsistence needs of Indian peoples in North American non-agricultural regions.

1391. Guyette,
S. (1982). Selected Characteristics of American Indian Substance Abusers. International
Journal of the Addictions, 17(6), 1001-1014.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Data on characteristics of 71 adult American Indians in an urban
treatment program are reported, including patterns of drug use and cultural implications
of use.

1393. Hafen,
P. J. (1994). The complicated web: mediating cultures in the works of Louise
Erdrich (Erdrich Louise, Native Americans). Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
Abstract: Louise Erdrich is a mixed blood Turtle Mountain Chippewa, educated in
the dominant culture. Her volumes of poetry, Jacklight and Baptism of Desire,
express a personal and narrative voice that reflects her tribal, European,
Catholic, and educational heritage. Her well received novels, co-authored with
her husband, Michael Dorris, are poetic in their language. Love Medicine and
Tracks abound in myth, irony, humor, and contemporary Chippewa issues.The Beet Queen and The Crown of Columbus,
incorporate Euroamerican settings and characters while disclosing Native
American characteristics of oral rhetoric and tribal community. The trickster
archetype in Erdrich's works incorporates survival humor, moral indicators, and
cultural mediation. The conflation of narrative voices, cultural pluralism,
indistinguishable genres, and interdisciplinary criticism interweave a
complexity that celebrates diversity in a 'toleration of paradox' and
harmonizes the human community.

1396. Hagan,
W. T. (1980). Indian police and judges : experiments in acculturation and
control . Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search)."A Bison book". Reprint of the ed. published by Yale
University Press, which was issued as no. 13 of its series: Yale Western
Americana series. Includes index. Bibliography: p. [177]-183.

1397. Hagen,
E. A. M. (1965). A study of the Indian dropout in the Black River Falls
School District .
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October 15, 1999 search)
Abstract: Seminar paper--Wisconsin State University (La Crosse) Includes
bibliographical references.

1399. Hagey,
R. (1984). The Phenomenon, the Explanations and the Responses: Metaphors
Surrounding Diabetes in Urban Canadian Indians. Social Science &
Medicine, 18(3), 265-272.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Type II Diabetes is a growing problem among Indian people in Canada.
Ojibway and Cree leaders in Toronto collaborated with the University of
Toronto, Faculty of Nursing, to develop the Native Diabetes Program. A key to
the success of the program was seen by Natives to be the story 'Nanabush and
the Pale Stranger', which seemed to put into perspective the nature of diabetes
as a phenomenon. It provided explanations for it and answered numerous
questions (non-biological) associated with the disease and indicated appropriate
coping strategies. Yet formal methods of analyzing the story would not reveal
its benefit as there is no explicit reference to many of the questions it
implicitly answers. Metaphoric relationships are illuminated which may provide
an underlying rationality to the narrative. Cultural expression is advocated as
a source of making meaningful and tolerable that which is feared and avoided;
of generating metaphors which make health information understandable and
useful, by providing resolution to conflicting systems of belief. Information
does not come in discreet ingestible particles of fact. All information is a
sort of propaganda in that it is tied to deeper meaning structures. Clinicians
are architects of meaning construction. Clinical research and practice requires
a knowledge of the folk and professional construction of meaning around
so-called factual information.

1402. Hagwood,
D. (1998). IGI on computer: the International genealogical index from CDROM.
London: D. Hagwood.
Notes: Includes index. Describes the use of the FamilySearch system and the
International genealogical index, produced by the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter Day Saints.

1403. Hahn,
R. A. (1999). Why Race Is Differentially Classified on U.s. Birth and Infant
Death Certificates: an Examination of Two Hypotheses [See Comments]. Epidemiology,
10(2), 108-111.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Among U.S. infants who die within a year of birth, classification of
race on birth and death certificates may differ. I investigate two hypotheses:
(1) The race of infants of different-race parents is more likely to be
differentially classified at birth and death than the race of infants of
same-race parents. (2) States with a greater proportion of infant deaths of a
given race are less likely to differentially classify infants of that race on
birth and death certificates than states with a smaller proportion of infant
deaths of that race. Using the Linked Birth/Infant Death data tape for
1983-1985, I assessed the first hypothesis by comparing rates of differential
classification for infants with different-race parents and same-race parents.
To assess the second hypothesis, I examined the correlations between the
proportion of infant deaths of each race in each state and the proportion of
infants of that race consistently classified. Differential racial
classification on birth and death certificates was more than 31 times as likely
with different-race than with same-race parents. The second hypothesis was
confirmed for white, black, American Indian, and Japanese infants. As the U.S.
population becomes more heterogeneous, attention to these methodologic issues
becomes increasingly critical for the measurement and redress of differential
racial health status.(Abstract by:
Author)

1406. Hall,
B. J. (1994). Understanding Intercultural Conflict Through an Analysis of
Kernel Images and Rhetorical Visions. International Journal of Conflict
Management, 5(1), 62-86.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: This study endeavors to deepen our understanding of intercultural
conflict by the detailed development of a particular case. The case chosen is
the controversy over spearfishing between the largely white protest community
in northern Wisconsin and the Native American (Anishinabe) community in the
same region. This study identifies and examines a kernel image which serves
simultaneously as common and uncommon ground across the two communities, thus
helping to escalate and prolong the conflict. This process is further explored
through the identification and articulation of the rhetorical visions which
embody the common sense of a community and are expressed through the collective
discourse of that community. Finally, implications for intercultural conflict
in general are discussed [References: 41]

1409. Hall,
S. (1991). The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity. in A. D. King
(editor), Culture, Globalization, and the World System . Binghamton, NY:
SUNY.
Notes: Source: cited by Stuart Christie (Summer 1997)

1424. Hammond,
J. H. (The Ojibway of Lakes Huron and Simcoe). (1905). in Toronto. Ontario
Provincial MuseumAnnual archeological report 1904 being a part of appendix
to the Report of the Minister of Education, Ontario(pp. 71-76). Toronto: L. K. Cameron.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:49)

1425. Hamp,
E. P. (1976). One and single in Ojibwa. International Journal of American
Linguistics, 42(2), 166-167.
Notes: Source: International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology,
Vol. XXII (1979:116)

1430. Hankey,
A. M. (1975). The environmental health needs of the White Earth Indian
Reservation as could be effected by a total solid waste program .
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 21173255

1435. Hanski,
I. K., Fenske, T. J., & Niemi, G. J. (1996). Lack of Edge Effect in Nesting
Success of Breeding Birds in Managed Forest Landscapes. Auk, 113(3),
578-585.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: We assessed avian nesting success in two forested landscapes
(Chippewa and Superior National Forests) in northern Minnesota. We found 311
nests of 33 species in the Chippewa study area and 36 nests of 13 species in
the Superior study area. Each nest was classified into one of three general
habitat types: open (clearcuts with vegetation <2 m high), regenerating
aspen (2-8 m high), or forested (trees >8 m high). Mayfield nesting success
for the most common species in the Chippewa (all of which had open-cup nests)
averaged 0.43. Nesting success ranged from 0.18 for the Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo
olivaceus) to 0.76 for the Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia). Nest predation
was the most common mortality factor, causing 89.2% of known failures Nest
predation among ground-nesting birds was significantly higher in the Chippewa
(55%) than in the Superior (15%) study area (P = 0.038). Nest predation was
highest (P = 0.015) in the forest (62.2%) and lowest in open (42.2%) and
regenerating (47.4%) habitat types. Only canopy cover explained differences in
nesting success. which was higher in more open canopies. Distance to forest
edge, nest height, and nest concealment had no effect on nesting success in
both forested and open habitats. Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)
parasitism was low (9.6% in the Chippewa study area), and parasitized nests
were relatively unsuccessful (only 1.7% yielded cowbird fledglings). Neither
cowbirds nor nest parasitism was observed in the Superior study area.
[References: 37]

1436. Hanson,
D. S., & Hargrave, B. (1996). Development of a Multilevel Ecological
Classification System for the State of Minnesota. Environmental Monitoring
& Assessment, 39(1-3), 75-84.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR) began
development of an Ecological Classification System (ECS) in 1991. The ECS is
hierarchically organized into six levels following the United States Forest
Service structure. The upper four levels are being developed State-wide by an
interdisciplinary group from several agencies. Geographic Information Systems
approaches are being used to overlay and integrate existing data. The first two
levels (Province and Section) have been completed. The third level (Subsection)
is nearly completed, and work on the fourth level (Land Type Association (LTA))
started in January 1995. Classification and inventory for the lowest two levels
(Ecological Land Type and Ecological Land Type Phase) was cooperatively undertaken
on two Land Type Associations within the Chippewa National Forest. A sample set
of management interpretations is being developed and tested for the two lower
levels. Workshops demonstrating how ECS can be used for natural resource
management began in mid-1995 and will continue for several years, as will
development of the lower two levels on LTAs beyond the Chippewa National
Forest.

1438. Hare,
J. (1996). Meanings attached to literacy in a First Nation community.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Western Ontario (Canada).
Abstract: It is apparent from the literature surrounding literacy and
acquisition of literacy that historical experiences, culture, and shifts in
culture may cause differences in how literacy is acquired and the beliefs one
forms about literacy. The purpose of this study is to determine what
understandings of literacy, literacy values, and literacy practices have been
formed by the complex and conflicting traditions that have affected Native
people within a First Nation community. The experiences of Native people, who
attended residential school, where the social, emotional, and physical
conditions necessary for the development of literacy were devoid, was collected
through a semi-structured interview. Interviews were also conducted with Native
people who did not attend a residential school, but lived at home and attended
school within the provincial system. The remarkably different experiences of
these two groups were compared and contrasted as they relate to meanings Native
people attach to literacy, how literacy was acquired, and how past experiences
with literacy affect decisions Native people make about present literacy
values, practices, and choices. The study reveals literacy is valued for
different purposes among those who attended residential school and those who
lived at home and attended school within the provincial school system. Literacy
for the five respondents was seen as important to economic well-being, culture,
and communication. In addition, interviews reveal a resurgence in the
importance of literacy for Native people and the necessity for literacy skills
in a changing world. Participants further expressed a sense of 'loss' in not
being able to speak the Ojibwe language. It was a connection to their culture
that was missing. The meanings attached to literacy in this Native in community
contributes to a broader understanding of literacy for Aboriginal people.

1442. .
(1970). A. M. HarkinsJunior high Indian children in Minneapolis: a study of
one problem school . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 16394908.
"Training Center for Community Programs in coordination with the Office of
Community Programs, Center for Urban and Regional Affairs." Includes
bibliography. Other: University of Minnesota. Training Center for Community
Programs. University of Minnesota. Office of Community Programs.

1443. Harkins,
A. M. (1969). Proposal for a reservation-urban center for Indian development
at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis . Minneapolis, Minn.Training Center for Community Programs :
Office of Community Programs, Center for Urban and Regional Affairs.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 12158526. "25
October 1969." "For review by members of the Indian Affairs Center
Subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Committee on American Indian Studies, University of
Minnesota."Other: Craig, Gregory
W. University of Minnesota. Training Center for Community Programs. University
of Minnesota. Office of Community Programs.

1445. .
(1970). A. M. Harkins, I. K. Sherarts, & R. G. Woods, 1933-(University of Minnesota. Training Center
for Community Programs), The teachers of Minneapolis junior high school
Indian children : a second "problem school" . Minneapolis [Minn.] : Training Center for
Community Programs, University of Minnesota.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 7971956. Published in
coordination with Office of Community Programs, Center for Urban and Regional
Affairs.

1446. Harkins,
A. M., & Woods, R. G., 1933- . (1970). Indian Americans in Duluth : a
summary and analysis of recent research . Minneapolis: Training Center for
Community Programs, University of Minnesota.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 3179738. Issued in
coordination with the Office of Community Programs, Center for Urban and
Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota.

1449. Harp,
M. A. (1997). Indian missions, immigrant migrations, and regional Catholic
culture: Slovene missionaries in the upper Great Lakes, 1830-1892 (Minnesota,
Ottawa, Ojibway, nineteenth century). Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
The University of Chicago.
Abstract: In the second quarter of the nineteenth century, the Upper Midwest
received Catholic missionaries of various ethnicities who sought primarily to
convert the Native Americans who resided in the regionnin relatively large
numbers. Slovene missionaries sponsored by thenVienna-based Leopoldine
Foundation were particularly numerous. This dissertation explores the
connections between the initial work done by Slovene missionaries among the
Native Americans and the subsequent influence these missionaries exerted on the
type and pattern of Catholic settlement which followed in the 1850s and beyond,
especially in the state of Minnesota. Such Catholic migrations lent a specific
tenor to the regional Catholic culture that eventually emerged in the area. The
migrations of specific types of Catholics, namely Central European Germans and
Slovenes, produced a German-based religious culture migration to Minnesota, the
remains of which are still evident in the area in the late twentieth century.
In tracing the linkages between the early mission work among the Ottawa and
Ojibway Indians and the later migration of Catholics, the role of the Slovene
missionary priests becomes vital. This study examines the work of these
missionaries and establishes the validity of such linkages and why they merit
attention in the study of this region of the United States. Previously,
immigration historians have not examined Indian missions as a precursor to
immigrant settlement. In the Upper Great Lakes, clearly this was the case.
Whether this holds for other regions of the country remains to be researched.

1452. Harris,
S. B., Caulfield, L. E., Sugamori, M. E., Whalen, E. A., & Henning, B.
(1997). The Epidemiology of Diabetes in Pregnant Native Canadians - a Risk
Profile. Diabetes Care, 20(9), 1422-1425.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: Biomed (Cinahl) electronic database, Fall 1999 search.(26 Ref)
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Abstract: OBJECTIVE - The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence
of diabetes in pregnancy (gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM] and NIDDM) and to
identify risk factors in the development of GDM in a native population in
northwestern Ontario, Canada. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective
analysis of 1,305 singleton deliveries among Ojibwa-Cree women from
northwestern Ontario, Canada, was conducted from 1990 to 1993 inclusive. GDM
was diagnosed using a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and defined
according to standard guidelines. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of diabetes
in pregnancy (NIDDM and GDM) was 11.6% (152 of 1,305) with a GDM prevalence of
8.4% (110 of 1,305). Among 741 women with complete data, prevalence rates
increased with age, peaking at 46.9% in the age-group > or = 35 years.
Significant risk factors for GDM included older maternal age, multiparity,
prepregnancy obesity, a family history of diabetes, and a history of GDM in
previous pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes in pregnancy among Ojibwa-Cree
reported here represent the highest rates reported to date in a Canadian
population. The high rates of maternal obesity and relative young age of this
population further highlight the urgent need for diadbetes screening and
prevention in this population.(26 ref)

1454. Hart-Wasekeesikaw,
F. (1997). First Nations Peoples' perspectives and experiences with cancer.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Manitoba (Canada).
Abstract: The purpose of this descriptive, ethnographic study was to explore
the experiences of First Nations People diagnosed with cancer and Elders'
perceptions of cancer. The Medicine Wheel was the conceptual guide for this
study. Forty-six informants living in four Anishinaabe communities were interviewed
using semi-structured interview schedules. Content analysis of First Nations
experiences with cancer occurred at various levels using three data sets: the
individual with cancer, her/his family and community. The cancer experience was
metaphorically characterized by 'the stranger.' Some examples of the themes are
presented. In 'The Presence of a Stranger: The Elders Speak,' the Elders
provided a historical perspective of the development and prevention of cancer
in First Nations communities. 'Becoming Aware: The Stranger in the Body'
describes the informants' experiences when they sensed they had cancer. In the
theme 'Making The Stranger Known: The Healing Journey,' the informants
identified traditional Indian medicine as one way to manage cancer in their
communities. Some of the findings revealed that cancer is thought to be a new
disease affecting Anishinaabe. Food is considered to be the primary cause of
cancer and the loss of traditional values is at the core of cancer in First
Nations communities. A range of metaphors reflected First Nations Peoples'
understanding about cancer. The most common metaphor used by the Anishinaabe in
this study was 'manitoch' which, in the Ojibwa language, Saulteaux, means
cancer-as-worm. Informants suggested that Western medicine is limited in its
ability to cure cancer. First Nations People with cancer consulted one or more
Indian medicine healers before, during, or after obtaining medical cancer
treatment. Spiritual visions and dreams were important to First Nations People.
(Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1456. Harvey,
J., Arnett, F. C., Bias, W. B., Hsu, S. H., & Stevens, M. B. (1981).
Heterogeneity of Hla-Dr4 in the Rheumatoid Arthritis of a Chippewa Band. Journal
of Rheumatology, 8(5), 797-803.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: A high frequency of both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and HLA-DR4 was
found in a Chippewa Indian population. Multiple immunogenetic 'variants' of
HLA-DR4 were demonstrated, each showing a different response in mixed
lymphocyte culture which corresponded to a serologic pattern of reactivity to a
panel of non-DR4 B cell alloantisera. No DR4-bearing HLA haplotype or DR4
'variant' was common to subjects with RA, all of whom were DR4-positive. The
implications are discussed.(Abstract
by: Author)

1457. Harvey,
J., Lotze, M., Stevens, M. B., Lambert, G., & Jacobson, D. (1981).
Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Chippewa Band. I. Pilot Screening Study of Disease
Prevalence. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 24(5), 717-721.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: The Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians in central Minnesota was
screened for rheumatoid arthritis, with a 77% completion rate of the
reservation census. Rheumatoid arthritis was found in marked excess, namely
6.8% of those evaluated or, minimally, 5.3% of the total band if all persons
had been evaluated with no additional cases identified. This relatively closed
population thus provides an opportunity to assess genetic and environmental
factors of significance in this disease.(Abstract by: Author)

1458. Harvey,
J., Lotze, M. A. F. C., Bias, W. B., Billingsley, L. M., Harvey, E., Hsu, S.
H., Sutton, J. D., Zizic, T. M., & Stevens, M. B. (1983). Rheumatoid Arthritis
in a Chippewa Band. II. Field Study With Clinical Serologic and Hla-D
Correlations. Journal of Rheumatology, 10(1), 28-32.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: We present an in-depth study of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a
Chippewa band. Of the 227 band members, 168 (74%) were evaluated. The unusually
high prevalence of RA was confirmed in 7.1% of those studied or, minimally,
5.3% with a 100% completion rate without additional cases found. Seropositivity
in those with clinically definite RA was 92% relative to rheumatoid factor and
75% for ANA. Despite the high prevalence (68%) of HLA-DR4 in this closed
population, there was a significant correlation of DR4 with RA (100%). The
implications of these observations in this population isolate are
discussed.(Abstract by: Author)

1463. Hatt,
F. K. (1970). The response to directed social change of an Alberta Metis
colony. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta (Canada).

1464. Haugh,
A. E. (1995). Balancing rights, powers and priveleges: a survey and
evaluation of natural resource co-management agreements reached by the
government and First Nations of Manitoba. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, The University of Manitoba (Canada).
Abstract: A 1991-93 survey of natural resources cooperative management
agreements reached by the government and First Nations of Manitoba yielded
eighteen agreements involving thirty-five Chiefs and Councils, four Tribal
Councils, fourteen Metis communities, nine federal and provincial government
departments, two large-scale resource developers and twenty-two third parties.
Subsumed under the general heading 'co-management', these agreements created
management regimes for barren ground and woodland caribou, moose, elk, wood
bison, sturgeon, walleye, northern pike, lake trout, whitefish, goldeye, wild
rice and timber. In addition to participants and resource sectors, this study
presents co-management agreements in terms of geographic areas and time periods
covered, legal status or 'formality', the level of community participation in
the decision-making process and in specific management functions, the economic
returns accruing to participants, the level of funding support and the
provision of information feedback mechanisms. Finally, co-management agreements
are presented in terms of their ability or failure to implement the
three-tiered resource allocation regime mandated by the Supreme Court of Canada
and thereby strike a balance between constitutionally-derived legislative
authority, constitutionally-protected aboriginal and treaty rights and legislated
privileges in natural resources management. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

1465. Hauswirth,
W. W., Dickel, C. D., Rowold, D. J., & Hauswirth, M. A. (1994). Inter- and
Intrapopulation Studies of Ancient Humans [Review]. Experientia, 50(6),
585-591.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: For a genetic analysis of ancient human populations to be useful, it
must be demonstrated that the DNA samples under investigation represent a
single human population. Toward that end, we have analyzed human DNA from the
Windover site (7000-8000 BP). MHC-I analysis, using allele-specific
oligonucleotide hybridization to PCR amplified Windover DNA, microsatellite
anaysis by PCR of the APO-AZ repeat and mtD-loop 3' region sequencing on
multiple individuals spanning nearly the full range of estimated burial dates
all confirm the hypothesis that there is a persistence of both nuclear and
mitochondrial haplotypes at Windover throughout its entire period of use. Thus,
Windover can be considered a single population. Neighbor-joining tree analysis
of mtDNA sequences suggests that some mitochondrial types are clearly related
to extant Amerind types, whereas others, more distantly related, may reflect
genetically distinct origins. A more complete sequence analysis will be
required to firmly resolve this issue. Calibrating genetic relationships
deduced by tree analysis, radiocarbon dates and burial position, yields a human
mtD-loop DNA rate of evolution of 3700 to 14,000 years per percent change. Both
values are within the range of recent, independently calculated values using
estimates of evolutionary divergence or theoretical population genetics. Thus
we are beginning to realize the promise of ancient DNA analysis to experimentally
answer heretofore unapproachable questions regarding human prehistory and
genetic change. [References: 22]

1467. Hay,
T. H. (1977). The development of some aspects of the Ojibwa self and its
behavioral environment. Ethos, 5(1), 71-89.
Notes: Source: International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology,
Vol. XXIII (1981:317)

1479. Heimstra,
J. C. (1996). The storyteller and indigenous Canadian oral narratives: a
study of the relationship of contemporary storytellers to the remembered
indigenous oral narratives. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Trent
University, Canada.
Abstract: In response to increasing interest in storytelling as a formal event
in Canada, contemporary tellers draw from traditionally oral narratives of
indigenous Canadians. This thesis, the study of the three oral mythtellers,
describes a contemporary relationship between teller and story, now outside its
original context; a relationship awakening traditional patterns in order to
inform listeners. Pennishish, Mushkigo storyteller, shows that the correlation
of traditional narratives to physical landscape offers contemporary survival
and re-appropriation of land. Esther Jacko, Anishinabe storyteller, shows that
traditional narratives formed interior landscapes once in harmony with an
exterior landscape. Today they offer the listener restoration and recovery of
balance. Robert Bringhurst, translator of Haida oral narratives, offers
retrieval and recognition of these aesthetic compositions, preliterary artforms
restored to the anthology of the world's great literature.

1481. Hendra,
R. I. (1971). An assessment of the motivation and achievement of Michigan
reservation Indian high school students and Michigan Caucasian high school
students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University.

1482. Hendrickson,
E. J. (1954). The city where the two rivers meet : the background and early
history of Thief River Falls, Minnesota . Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of North Dakota.
Notes: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 17255640

1483. .
(1938). L. Hennepin (Father), Description of Louisiana, newly discovered to
the soutwest of New France by order of the King .University of Minnesota Press.
Notes: cited in Wub-e-ke-niew (1995)

1485. Henry,
A. (1809). Travels and adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories
between the years 1760 and 1776. New York: I. Riley.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:48)

1486. .
(1809). A. HenryTravels and adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories
between the years 1760 and 1776 . New York: I. Riley.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:48)

1487. .
(1809). A. HenryTravels and adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories
between the years 1760 and 1776 . New York: I. Riley.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:48)

1490. Hermes,
M. R. (1996). Making culture, making curriculum: teaching through meanings
and identities at an American Indian tribal school. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, The University of Wisconsin--Madison, PhD dissertation (advised
by Elizabeth Ellsworth).
Abstract: In this dissertation I explore some of the meanings of culture based
curriculum as I interpret them through my own and others teaching practices at
the Lac Courte Orielles Ojibwe School in Northern Wisconsin. Practice and
voices of community members inform the research and lend multiple perspectives
to the ongoing construction of curriculum. Through the process of writing and
reflecting I have identified a post-modern shift which occurs when culture
based curriculum as a process involves community and relationship. Further this
perspective recognizes essentialized notions of culture and curriculum as
obstacles to this process. Culture based curriculum in Indian education takes
on new meanings in classrooms contexts where neither the concept of Ojibwe
culture nor curriculum is given a fixed meaning. I have generated theory from
these practices which point to a break with a cultural determinist model of
cultural education. Fourteen interviews are included.

1492. Hesse,
J. L., & Powers, R. A. (1978). Polybrominated Biphenyl (Pbb) Contamination of
the Pine River, Gratiot, and Midland Counties, Michigan. Environmental
Health Perspectives, 23, 19-25.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Michigan Chemical Corporation, St. Louis, Michigan manufactured PBB
from 1970 until November 20, 1974. Studies in 1974 showed significant
quantities of PBB in effluent discharged from the facility and in water, fish,
ducks, and sediments from the Pine River. Fish uptake rates and
bioconcentration factors were estimated. Followup surveys over the three year
period since the termination of PBB production indicate a decline in PBB
loadings to the river but no significant corresponding decline of PBB levels in
sediments, fish and duck tissue. A Michigan Department of Public Health warning
against consumption of Pine River fish from St. Louis downstream to its
confluence with Chippewa River remains in effect.

1493. Hessler,
M. (1995). Catholic Nuns and Ojibwa Shamans: Pauline and Fleur in Louise
Erdrich's Tracks. Wicazo Sa Review, 11(1), 40 (6).
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)
Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct 1999
search
Abstract: In 'Tracks' written by Louise Erdrich, the clash between the
traditional Ojibwa beliefs and the Catholic church is shown through the central
characters of Fleur Pillager and Pauline Puyat. Fleur remains loyal to her
beliefs all her life while Pauline rejects traditional Native American beliefs
and invents a sadist form of Catholicism and ultimately loses the battle
against her own people. Although the Catholic church forced Native Americans to
embrace Catholicism, Erdrich's critical focus is on people like Pauline, who
renouncing their own people.

1494. Heuman,
W. (1965). The Indians of Carlisle. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:91),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "The fascinating story of Carlisle Industrial School which was
created to prepare American Indians to survive in a white man's world by
teaching them trades as well as scholastic subjects.Grades 4-8."

1495. .
(1976). H. J. Hibschman, 1879- The Shetek pioneers and the Indians . New York : Garland Pub.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 1959502. Reprint of
the 1901 ed. published by the Pioneer Press, St. Paul. Issued with the reprint
of the 1900 ed. of Janney, A. Narrative of the capture of Abel Janney. New
York, 1976.

1496. Hickerson,
H. (1974). An anthropological report on the Indian Occupancy of Area 242, which
was ceded to the United States by the Chippewa Nation of Indians under the
Treaty of July 29, 1837 ... in D. A. Horr (editor and compiler), Chippewa
Indians IV(pp. 9-253). New York:
Garland Press.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:45-6, 50), "The Garland Series reprints many valuable and often
otherwise unobtainable studies. ... David Horr's introductions are well worth
the reader's attention."

1497. Hickerson,
H. (1974). An anthropological report on the Indian use and occupancy of Royce
Area 337, which was ceded to the United States by the Mississippi Bands, and
the Pillager and Winnibigoshish Bands of Chippewa Indians under the Treaty of
February 22, 1855. in D. A. Horr (editor and compiler), Chippewa Indians IV(pp. 9-317). New York: Garland Press.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:45-6, 50), "The Garland Series reprints many valuable and often
otherwise unobtainable studies. ... David Horr's introductions are well worth
the reader's attention."

1498. Hickerson,
H. (1974). An anthropological report on the Indian use and occupation of Royce
Area 332, which was ceded to the United States by the Chippewa Indians of Lake
Superior and the Mississippi under the Treaty of September 30, 1854 ...".
in D. A. Horr (editor and compiler), Chippewa Indians III(pp. 9-180). New York: Garland Press.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:45-6, 50), "The Garland Series reprints many valuable and often
otherwise unobtainable studies. ... David Horr's introductions are well worth
the reader's attention."

1508. Hickerson,
H., & William, T. (1965). Boutwelle of the American Board and the Pillager
Chippewa: the history of a failure. Ethnohistory, 12(1), 1-29.
Notes: Source: International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology,
Vol. XI (1967:30)

1509. .
(1957). H. Hickerson, 1924- An anthropological report on the Indian
occupancy of the Royce area 268 which was ceded to the United States by the
Chippewa of the Mississippi and Lake Superior under the treaty of Aug. 21, 1847
: and of Royce area 269, which was ceded to the United States by the Pillager
Band of Chippawa under the treaty of Aug. 21, 1847 . [New York] : Clearwater.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 8619345. Originally
prepared in 1957.Other: United States.
Indian Claims Commission. Chippewa and Pillager Band of Chippewa in Minnesota,
1642- 1847.

1510. .
(1954). H. Hickerson, 1924- An anthropological report on the Indian
occupancy of the Royce area 357 which was ceded to the United States by the
Mississippi Bands and the Pillager and Winnibigoshish Bands of Chippewa Indians
under the treaty of February 22, 1855 . [New York] : Clearwater.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 8619327. Originally
prepared in 1954.Other: United States.
Indian Claims Commission. Occupancy by Chippewa bands of areas ceded in
Minnesota, 1855.

1512. Hildebrand,
C. L. (1970). Maternal-Child Care Among the Chippewa: a Study of the Past and
the Present. Military Medicine, 135(1), 35-43.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search

1513. Hildreth,
S. P. ( Dec. 1971). Pioneer History: Being an Account of the First
Examinations of the Ohio Valley, & the Early Settlement of the Northwest
Territory.Ayer Company Publishers,
Incorporated.
Notes: Books in Print electronic database, Fall 1999

1518. Hilger,
M. I., Sister. (1939). A social study of one-hundred-fifty Chippewa Indian
families on the White Earth Reservation of Minnesota. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, The Catholic University of America.

1519. Hill,
E. E. Preliminary Inventory of the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.National Archives and Records .
Notes: cited in Wub-e-ke-niew (1995)listing, for example, 8,033
feet of documents in Item 121, Central Classified Files [B.I.A. Washington
office], 1907-39, and another 80 feet of documents in item 122, Classified
Files, New System, 1936.The B.I.A. and
other Federal Agencies also maintain vast quantities of information which have
not been released to the National Archives

1520. Hill,
J. J. (1898). History of agriculture in Minnesota . in Collections of the
Minnesota Historical Society. Volume VIII.St. Paul, Minn.: The
Minnesota Historical Society.
Notes: Source: PALS online catalog (October 1999 search)
Abstract: The international boundary between Lake Superiorand the Lake of the Woods / by Ulysses
Sherman Grant -- The settlement anddevelopment of the Red River Valley / by Warren Upham -- The discovery
anddevelopment of the iron ores of
Minnesota / by N.H. Winchell -- The originand growth of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Alex. Ramsey --
Openingof the Red River of the North
to commerce and civilization / by Russell Blakeley -- Last days of Wisconsin
territory and early days of Minnesotaterritory / by Henry L. Moss -- Lawyers and courts of Minnesota prior
toand during its territorial period /
by Charles E. Flandrau -- Homes andhabitations of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Charles E. Mayo --
Thehistorical value of newspapers / by
J.B. Chaney -- The United Statesgovernment publications / by D.L. Kingsbury -- The first organizedgovernment of Dakota / by Samuel J. Albright
-- How Minnesota became astate / by
Thomas F. Moran -- Minnesota's northern boundary / by Alexander N. Winchell --
The question of the sourcesof the
Mississippi River / by E. Levasseur. The source of the Mississippi / by N.H.
Winchell --Prehistoric man at the
headwaters of the Mississippi River / by J.V. Brower-- Charter members of the Minnesota Historical Society and its
work in 1896/ by Alex. Ramsey --
History of agriculture in Minnesota / by James J. Hill-- History of mining and quarrying in
Minnesota / by Warren Upham --History
of the discovery of the Mississippi River and the advent ofcommerce in Minnesota / Russell Blakeley --
Reminiscences of persons andevents in
the early days of the Minnesota Historical Society / by WilliamH. Kelley -- Fort Snelling from its
foundation to the present time / byRichard W. Johnson -- Sully's expedition against the Sioux, in 1864 /
byDavid L. Kingsbury -- State-building
in the West / by Charles E. Flandrau

1521. Hill,
K. J. (1989). An analysis of Michigan Treaty fishing rights in the 1836
Treaty ceded waters of Lake Superior, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Eastern Michigan University.
Abstract: This thesis consists of a descriptive component and an analytic one.
The descriptive element presents an intellectual discussion relative toNative American studies. The analytic
component presents primary material focusing on the importance of fishing to
the Michigan Chippewa since pre-European contact, origins of federal Indian
policy, relevant treaties, court cases, and an examination of the rulesand regulations governing Indian fishing in
the treaty ceded waters ofthe Great
Lakes. State and federal court case records, as well as a variety of primary
and secondary sources, were consulted while researching this paper. I conducted
several telephone interviews and personally visited the Library of Congress in
Washington, D.C. and the Helen Newberry Library in Chicago, Illinois. Finally,
complementing historical scholarship, disciplines such as anthropology,
ethnology, linguistics and sociology (to name several) contributed valuable
insights to my study.

1522. Hind,
H. Y., 1823. (1859). Papers relatiave to the exploration of the country
between Lake Superior and the Red River settlement. London: George Edward
Eyre.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search).

1523. Hind,
H. Y. Y. (1859). North-west territory: reports of progress, together with a
preliminary and general report on the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan exploring
expedition, made under instructions from the Provincial Secretary, Canada.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search).Reprint of the 1859 ed. issued as part of Appendix no. 36, A.
1859 (Appendix to the seventeenth volume of the Journals of the Legislative
Assembly of the Province of Canada); with t.p., introd., and table of contents
lacking. Bound with Dawson, S. J. Report on the exploration of the country between
Lake Superior and the Red River settlement. [New York, 1968]

1524. .
(1858). H. Y. Hind, 1823-1908Report on a topographical & geological
exploration of the canoe route between Fort William, Lake Superior, and Fort
Garry, Red River and also of the Valley of Red River, north of the 49th
parallel, during the summer of 1857 : Made under instructions from the
provincial secretary of Canada .
Toronto: S. Derbishire & G. Desbarats, law printer to the Queen's most
excellent Majesty.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search) ... accession: 13735236.Canada. Provincial Secretary's Office.Wagner-Camp. Plains and Rockies, 301.Other: Canada. Provincial Secretary's
Office.... accession: 15099874.The introduction to Hind's report. The
complete report was published in Canada. Provincial Secretary's Office. Report
on the exploration of the country between Lake Superior and the Red River
settlement ... 1858.Other: Canada.
Provincial Secretary's Office. ... accession: 24097565. ... accession:
31989489.

1526. Hirata-Dulas,
C. A., Rith-Najarian, S. J., Mcintyre, M. C., Ross, C., Dahl, D. C., Keane, W.
F., & Kasiske, B. L. (1996). Risk Factors for Nephropathy and
Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetic Northern Minnesota American Indians. Clinical
Nephrology, 46(2), 92-98.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: Although complications of diabetes are common among Southwest
American Indians, little is known about diabetes and associated risk factors
for nephropathy and cardiovascular disease in other genetically distinct
tribes. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 665 diabetic patients at two
Chippewa Indian reservations in northern Minnesota to evaluate the prevalence
of risk factors for diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. In 79
patients, a more detailed study was carried out, including an assessment of
renal function and urinary albumin excretion (UAE). The overall prevalences of
proteinuria and hypertension were 47.9% and 62.6%, respectively. Proteinuria
was observed more often in hypertensive than in non-hypertensive patients
(55.2% vs 44.4%, p < 0.05), and in patients with diabetes for longer than 10
years (57% vs 40% for diabetes less than 10 years, p < 0.05). Although
hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol > or = 200 mg/dl) was observed in
54% of patients, there was no relationship between hypercholesterolemia and
proteinuria. In the 79 patients studied in more detail, UAE was greater in
hypertensive patients compared to non-hypertensive patients (606 +/- 15600
mg/24h vs 101 +/- 157 mg/24 h, p < 0.05), and in patients with diabetes for
10 years or longer compared to patients in the first decade of disease (748 +/-
1732 mg/24 h vs 96 +/- 171 mg/24 h, p < 0.05). Hypercholesterolemia and
elevated LDL-cholesterol (> 130 mg/dl) were observed in 56% and 49% of
patients, respectively, but were not associated with increased UAE. In
contrast, hypertriglyceridemia (> 250 mg/dl) was associated with an elevated
UAE (932 +/- 2150 mg/24 h vs 245 +/- 735 mg/24h, p < 0.05). Increased
lipoprotein(a) was found in patients with overt albuminuria. In summary, the
prevalence of risk factors for diabetic nephropathy and associated
cardiovascular disease is high in Chippewa American Indians in northern
Minnesota. Although detecting abnormal UAE may be useful in identifying
high-risk patients who may benefit from early intervention, traditional risk
factors such as hypercholesterolemia may not explain the risk associated with
increased UAE.(Abstract by: Author)

1530. Hjartarson,
F. A. (1997). Epistemological foundations of traditional native education
according to Algonquian elders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Ottawa (Canada).
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to define traditional Native education
for three Algonquian speaking nations using ethnographic skills of cognitive
anthropology. An understanding of traditional Native education from a First
Nations' perspective through dialogue using individual audio-taped interviews
and an audio-taped group consensus-building dialogue is provided. The
Algonquian elders involved are from the Algonquin, Cree and Ojibway Nations.
Ten case studies and a group consensus-building conversation with elders
constitutes this study. Each case study contains an individual audio-taped
dialogue transcription with contextual remarks. The audio-taped dialogues and
group consensus-building conversation are transcribed and analyzed using verbal
protocol techniques. The emergent themes across the interviews and group
consensus-building dialogue are analyzed and the findings tabulated. Six female
elders and four male elders whose ages cover a fifty year age span, is the
composition of the ten case studies. Nine elders, two women and seven men make
up the membership of the group dialogue. Some of the participating elders
conveyed their thoughts using the assistance of a translator. Consensus emerges
across the individual dialogues and group interview. Elders tell of the
existence of a different epistemology for Algonquian speakers that originates
in the circle of life and is represented by the medicine wheel. In the
cosmology of the circle each person is a whole world and a member of the larger
circles of life; the family, the community, the world and the universe.
According to the elders the concept of traditional Native education and the
process of traditional Native education are embedded in the medicine wheel.
Traditional Native education includes learning the Algonquian customs,
traditions, values and beliefs and languages. Traditional Native education is
the process of acquiring a First Nation identity. The importance of the land to
all First Nations People is a recurring theme across all the dialogues. Elders
disclose that the land holds knowledge and wisdom, and that it is capable of
offering direction. They also iterate the interconnectivity of all of life in
the recorded dialogues. No apparent difference in the thought patterns of the
contributing Algonquian elders to this study is evident. This study has
implications for First Nations' education in particular and for education in
general. First, it gives direction to educators involved in educating First
Nations children pointing out the need to provide traditional Native education
and delineating the components of such an education. Second, it indicates that
different epistemologies exist for First Nation Peoples and non-First Nations People
and suggests ways of bridging the cultural differences to encourage
understanding amongst all people. Third, it offers direction to educators
involved in developing cross-cultural education programs.

1540. Hofsinde,
R. (1961). Indian Beadwork. New York: William Morrow and Company,
Incorporated.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:91),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "The history of Indian beadwork.Includes instructions and diagrams for making and decorating many
items.Grades 5-8."

1541. Hofsinde,
R. (1957). Indian Games and Crafts. New York: William Morrow and
Company, Incorporated.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:91),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "A book of instructions showing how to make equipment for twelve
different Indian games and how to play them.Grades 5-8."

1546. Holling,
H. C. (1928). Claws of the Thunderbird. New York: P.E. Volland Company.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:95),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "This story takes place on the North Shore of Lake Superior.Deals with a family's struggles with nature
and the Sioux.Brings in much
consideration of the spirit world.Grades 4-7."

1547. Holman,
R. C., Parashar, U. D., Clarke, M. J., Kaufman, S. F., & Glass, R. I.
(1999). Trends in Diarrhea-Associated Hospitalizations Among American Indian
and Alaska Native Children, 1980-1995. Pediatrics, 103(1), E11.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in diarrhea- associated hospitalizations
among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children and to estimate the
morbidity from rotavirus. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of Indian Health
Service hospital discharge records. PATIENTS: AI/AN children 1 month through 4
years of age with a diarrhea-associated diagnosis listed on the hospital
discharge record. SETTING: Hospitals on or near US Indian reservations from
1980 through 1995. RESULTS: During 1980 through 1995, 21 669
diarrhea-associated hospitalizations were reported among AI/AN children. The
annual incidence of diarrhea-associated hospitalizations declined by 76% from
276 per 10 000 in 1980 to 65 per 10 000 in 1995. The median length of hospital
stay decreased from 4 days during 1980-1982 to 2 days during 1993-1995.
Diarrhea-associated hospitalizations peaked during the winter months (October
through March), especially among children 4-35 months of age, with the peaks
appearing first in the Southwest during October and moving to the East in
March. In the early years of the study (1980-1982), the rate of
diarrhea-associated hospitalizations among AI/AN children (236 per 10 000) was
greater than the national rate (136 per 10 000). By the end of the study period
(1993-1995), the rate for AI/AN children (71 per 10 000) was similar to the
national rate (89 per 10 000), although the rate for AI/AN infants remained
higher than the national rate for infants. CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhea-associated
hospitalization rates for AI/AN children have declined to a level similar to
that of the national population. Rotavirus may be an important contributor to
diarrheal morbidity among AI/AN children, underscoring the need for vaccines
against this pathogen.(Abstract by:
Author)

1557. Hood,
F. m. (1962). Something for the Medicine Man. Chicago: Melmont
Publishers, Incorporated.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:92),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "A Cherokee girl of the modern world has to decide what her
contribution will be when she and her classmates are asked to bring a gift for
an ailing medicine man.Grades
3-5."

1558. Hopper,
M., & Power, G. (1991). The Fisheries of an Ojibwa Community in Northern
Ontario Canada. Arctic, 44(4), 267-274.
Notes: Source: UnCover (August 1999 search)
Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999 search
Abstract: Subsistence fishing provides an important source of food for the
remote Ojibwa community of Webequie, located along the Winisk River in northern
Ontario Canada.Field observations
during the summer of 1988 were combined with a recall survey to estimate catches
from October 1987 through September 1988.Of 133 potential fishermen, 90 were surveyed.The total community harvest was estimated to be 83 810 fish,
round weight 108 210 kg.After
adjustments, this provide 118 kg round weight/person/year, or 0.21 kg/person/day
edible fish for consumption.Lake
whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), northern
pike (Esox lucius) and suckers (Catostomus commersoni and C. catostomus) were
dominant in the catch.Lake sturgeon
(Acipenser fluvescens) attracts special fishing effort. Older males (> 40
years old) are the primary fishermen.Fixed gill nets take 95% of the harvest, most of which is consumed.Commercial fishing seems to be
disappearing.Recreational fishing is a
potential source of revenue.Subsistence fishing tends to be overlooked in development and management
schemes but is clearly an important activity.

1562. Hosmer,
B. C. (1994). Experiments in capitalism: market economics, wage labor, and
social change among the Menominees and Metlakahtans, 1860-1920 (Native
Americans, Wisconsin, Alaska). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The
University of Texas at Austin.
Abstract: This dissertation results from my desire to challenge prevailing
assumptions regarding the nature of Native American adaptations to European culture.
While some scholars have begun to dismantle what has been a rather static
picture of what was once called 'acculturation,' many works still assume that
most native peoples had just two choices when confronted with change: resist
and be defeated; or capitulate and forfeit one's distinctive 'identity.' In
addressing this question, I chose to compare two instances where natives
attempted to adapt to the capitalistic 'market system,' and in that process,
found creative ways to balance the demands of a new economic order with more
traditional ways. These two areas are the Menominee Reservation, where a
tribally-owned and operated lumber mill constituted the center of a vibrant
reservation economy; and Metlakahtla, where, under the direction of the lay missionary
William Duncan, a colony of refugee Tsimshians created a varied and nearly
self-sufficient economy based on the exploitation of the resources of sea and
forest. In both cases, natives labored to exploit abundant natural resources to
provide a degree of economic stability. Yet while whites encouraged these
efforts, it is important to emphasize that natives, in both places, supported
the introduction of resource-based industries and understood them to have
social as well as economic benefits. This was neither acculturation nor
assimilation but an effort to preserve cultural integrity through a type of
economic modernization that did not sacrifice ties with the past. In the end,
this dissertation challenges the notion that confinement to diminishing parcels
of land always led to cultural degeneration or economic chaos. Blessed with
abundant natural resources, Menominees and Metlakahtlans combined new with old
and came to grips with change by adopting a strategy of purposeful
modernization. Their efforts resulted in a measure of independence not realized
by most Indian societies.

1568. Howard,
J. H. (1965). The Plains-Ojibwa or Bungi: hunters and warriors of the
Northern Prairies with special reference to the Turtle Mountain band.
Vermillion, SD: Museum, University of South Dakota.
Notes: Source: International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology,
Vol. XII (1968:89)

1569. Howe,
C. P. (1996). Architectural tribalism in the Native American New World
(Ponca tribe, Nebraska). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University
of Michigan.
Abstract: This study proposes a theoretical framework for the production of
contemporary tribal architectures which emphasizes the unique identities and
traditional spiritual beliefs of Native American communities. The framework
views architectures as communication systems whose social functions are to
embody rhetorical messages of tribal communities. Such architectures spatially
manifest the unique tribal identities of those communities, thereby promoting
arenaissance of architectural
tribalism. The theoretical framework was used to develop an 'architectural
code' for the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska. This architectural code was tested by
two graduate architecture studios (one having access to the code, the other
not) atthe University of Michigan. The
students proposed 17 designs for a Northern Ponca interpretive center which
were evaluated throughinterviews with
the students and their instructors, and through voting by 35 members of the
Niobrara, Nebraska, community.Interestingly, community members consistently preferred those designs
which most completely fulfilled the programmatic requirements of the
hypothetical center, regardless of whether or not designers had access to the
'architectural code.' In fact, a test of the code's ability to produce Ponca
architecture was confounded by the varied ways students with access to the code
chose to employ it in their designs. The production of tribal
architectures--ethnoarchitectonics--is shown to be dependent on the development
of new 'design traditions' whereby (1) tribally specific messages are encoded
into contemporary architectures and (2) procedures are implemented which enable
Native American communities to ensure adherence to those traditions.

1580. Humphrey,
B. M. (1944). Paranormal occurrences among preliterate peoples. Journal of
Parapsychology, 8(3), 214-229.15
refs.
Notes: Source: Parapsychology Abstracts International, Jun 1984:33
Abstract: This paper is an initial effort in evaluating and sifting the
relevant reports of abilities of parapsychical nature in primitive
peoples.The criterion by which the
cases given here are selected is that they constitute firsthand evidence; that
is, they must have been reported by a witness to the event in question.Also, since the scientifically trained
observer is generally more trustworthy, the search has centered mainly on
reports of anthropologists and medical men and that portion of the literature which
has appeared wince 1900.The survey
includes, among others, reports of Andrew Lang, the SPR, Theodore Besterman, J.
F. Hutton, Geoffrey Gorer, J. F. Laubscher (on Solmon Daba), and A. Irving
Hallowell.Most accounts provide cases
of ESP although there are a few cases of physical phenomena (PK).It is concluded that research in this area
should be continued.Some of the cases
are striking and others at least thought-provoking.The most apparent need is for follow-up and investigation, but we
cannot expect anthropologists to do that.Ultimately it will be up to the trained parapsychologtist to asnwer the
question of whether or not primitive peoples possess genuine psi capacities.
--DT/R.A.W.

1583. Hunt,
W. B. (1954). The Golden Book of Indian Crafts and Lore. New York: The
Golden Press, Incorporated.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:92),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "One of the best craft and lore books available.Excellent directions for performing ritual
dances and other information.Easy
directions showing how to make many Indian craft items."

1584. Hurley,
D. (1995). Powwow dancers . Child Life, 74(7), 4-8 [cover story].
Notes: Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct
1999 search
Abstract: "Honor the Earth" Powwows are held every July at the Lac
Courte Oreilles (la-COOT-o-ray) Reservation in northwestern Wisconsin. In
French, Lac Courte Oreilles means "lake of the short ears."
Jordan and many of the other kids at the powwow live on the reservation. They
are Ojibwa (oh-JIB-way) Indians, and they celebrate their Ojibwa heritage by
dancing at the powwow, just as their parents and grandparents did.
Their dancing costumes are bright and colorful. They are made from feathers,
fur, and beads according to the customs of their tribe. The kids perform
traditional dances that have been done for many years.
Centuries ago, the Native American dances were often done as spiritual
ceremonies for celebrating hunts and feasts or for healing sick people. Today
some Native Americans dance at powwows for fun, and they also dance to practice
their traditions in modern-day life.
The festivities at the powwow are fun to see and exciting to hear. Usually six
or eight people sit around a big drum. They are called singers. They beat the
drum and sing traditional Native American chants. The dancers move to the sound
of drums. The sounds of the dancers' bells and jingles blend with the music from
the drums.
There are different types of powwow dances for boys, girls, and grown-ups. Boys
and men do traditional dances, fancy dances, and grass dances. Girls and women
do traditional dances, shawl dances, and jingle dances.
Some of the dance costumes are made for a certain type of dance. The shawl
dancers carry shawls. Many of the shawls are made by hand, and some are handed
down from grandmother to mother to daughter.
On their dresses, the jingle dancers have sewn ornaments that jingle as they
dance. These jingles are made from the covers of snuff cans. Some dresses may
have a hundred or more jingles. Many years ago, the jingles were made from
animal bones and teeth or from seashells.
The boys' and men's costumes are also very colorful. Some are made from fur,
feathers, beads, bells, and bones. Some of the men wear an eagle feather in
their hair.
To the Ojibwa people, the eagle represents a messenger that carries their
thoughts and feelings to their Creator.
Because of this, eagle feathers are considered sacred. The feathers must be
earned with a special deed, or they are given on a special occasion, such as
highschool graduation.
When Jordan Lacapa danced at the powwow, many of his friends danced also.
Rachel Denn, thirteen, was a jingle dancer with many jingles on her costume.
Later, she was named Miss Lac Courte Oreilles.
Starla Robertson, ten, was a shawl dancer. She likes to get exercise dancing at
powwows. David Butler, twelve, is a grass dancer. He says the powwow helps him
learn about his Native American culture.
Felina LaPointe, ten, wears a jingle dress that he grandmother made. She
learned the jingle dance by watching others dance.
Tiny Erin Miller is just two years old, but this was her second year in the
powwoe. She started dancing when she was one year old, just after she learned
to walk.
The powwow is not just for dancing. There are good things to eat, such as
Indian fry bread, Indian tacos, and wild rice soup. There are things to buy,
such as Indian jewelry, clothing, and toys.
The powwow is like a big party where families get together and meet friends.
And most important, the powwow helps the Native American kids understand the
customs and traditions of their people.

1585. Hurtado,
A. (1982). Domination and intergroup relations: the impact on Chicano
linguistic attitudes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of
Michigan.
Abstract: This study examines the relationship between ethnic
identification,political
consciousness, and the attitudes of people of Mexican descent towards Spanish/English
bilingualism. The data base for the study is the 1979 Chicano Survey conducted
by the Institute for Social Research at The University of Michigan. Nine
hundred and ninety one interviews were completed in the 1979 Chicano Survey.The sample for this study, however, was
delimited to the 429 respondents who were born in the United States and chose
to take the interview in English. This purposeful sub-sample was selected
because previous findings concluded that English ability facilitated exposure
to the dominant ideology and nativity determined length of contact with the
dominant group. Both English ability and nativity were considered critical in
determining language attitudes. Multiple regression analysis was used to gauge
the direct impact of socio-demographic variables, ethnic identity, and
political consciousness on attitudes toward bilingualism. The results indicate
that socio-demographic variables do not have a direct effect; they influence
bilingualism largely through their effects on ethnic identity and political
consciousness. Ethnic identity measures do have direct effects. Respondents who
identified with Mexican Traditional terms(Spanish speaker, Mexican) and Ethno-Political terms (Chicano,raza, cholo, pocho, indian, mestiza) have positive
attitudes toward bilingualism. Conversely, respondents who identify with
ethnically mobile terms (Hispanic, Latin American, middle class, working class)
have negative attitudes toward bilingualism. Political consciousness measures
also had a direct effect on attitudes toward bilingualism. Respondents who
perceived influential groups(businessmen, policemen, etc.) as having too much power in society,and/or perceive a great amount of
discrimination directed at people of Mexican descent, have positive attitudes
towards bilingualism. In summary, the investigation results show that ethnic
identification asconsciousness have an
impact on positive attitudes towards bilingualism.

1587. Hussain,
M., Rae, J., Gilman, A., & Kauss, P. (1998). Lifetime Health Risk
Assessment From Exposure of Recreational Users to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 35(3),
527-531.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: http://www.webofscience.com/CIW.cgi -- subject search on all indexes,
Fall 1999
Abstract: In order to assess the lifetime risk of skin cancer for recreational
users from dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sediment
samples were collected from beach sites along the St. Marys River near Sault
Ste. Marie, Ontario, and in Hamilton Harbor and Toronto Harbor, Ontario, and
analyzed for PAHs. Dermal exposure and lifetime skin cancer risk were estimated
as follows: Concentrations of 11 PAHs with sufficient or limited evidence of
carcinogenicity or mutagenicity were converted to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)
equivalents using toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). Lifetime dermal exposure
values were derived based on the BaP equivalents in the silt + clay fraction
taken as representative of suspended sediment particulates to which recreational
users would be exposed. The lifetime health risk of skin cancer associated with
such exposures was above the negligible risk level of 1.0 x 10(-6) at offshore
Rytac, Lake George Channel, and Bell Point beaches in the St. Marys River; at
Pier 4 Park in Hamilton Harbor; and at Humber Bay, Sunnyside Beach, Cherry
Beach, and Water Rats Sailing Club in Toronto Harbor. Risk was negligible
inshore at the Rytac and Bell Point beaches and at Squirrel Island and Ojibway
Trailer Park along St. Marys River, at Lax Beach in Hamilton Harbor; and at
Centre Island in Toronto Harbor. Strategies to reduce risk were developed with
these communities; a key recommendation was to take a bath or shower within 24
h after a swim because virtually all the PAHs on the skin would be removed.

1588. Sketch
of road from Prince Arthur's Landing, Thunder Bay, L. Superior to Lake
Shebandowan as traversed by the Red River Expeditionary Force .
(1870).Great Britain. War Office.
Topographical Depot.
Notes: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 17322152
Abstract: Shows road from Prince Arthur's Landing to River Matawin near River
Kaministiquia. Facsimile. Publisher's no. from its catalog of nineteenth
century maps of Canada and North America from the British Parliamentary papers:
31.

1592. In
The Woods, P. M. (1995). Opposing the ideology of the split: mythological
synergy as resistance discourse in the novels of Louise Erdrich.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Abstract: This dissertation explores the characterization of mixedblood
protagonists in Louise Erdrich's novels, Love Medicine and Tracks, and
demonstrates how these characterizations deconstruct the stereotypical figure
of the mixedblood as yet another icon of doom and sacrifice in the ongoing myth
of the vanishing American while exposing the impact that colonization has had
on indigenous communities. Erdrich's unique approach, which utilizes
cross-cultural mythologies as wellsprings for characterization, goes beyond
syncretism to produce a synergistic expression of mythic resistance to
mixedblood stereotypes. In addition to using mythic figures and symbols
extracted from denied and/or discredited forms of knowledge such as Chippewa
mythology, and the Tarot, Erdrich also draws upon and deconstructs Christian
imagery which she either forces back upon itself or opens up to expose the
previously subsumed non-Christian elements. This strategy allows for new
interpretations which subvert traditional associations and moves mixedblood
protagonists away from their spuriously assigned role of scapegoat or
sacrificial victim. In order to further oppose the Euro-American notion that
mixedbloods are an 'outcast' people who are by nature doomed, defective and
double-crossed, that is culturally confused and therefore locked in stasis or
canceled out altogether, Erdrich builds her stories around a family of
characters largely composed of mixedbloods who survive more often than
not,rather than focusing on the exploits
of a single mixedblood protagonist disconnected from family and community.
Through her characterizations, Erdrich makes it clear that the tragedies that
afflict the lives of some of the characters in Love Medicine and Tracks are
directly related to the effect that colonization has had upon them, and not to
biologically deterministic notions of a fatal flaw of mixed blood.

1600. (1981).
Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Dept. of Education, Edmonton. Planning and Research
Branch.
Notes: ERIC NO: ED220244
Abstract: The report and evaluation of Education North (a project designed to
encourage parents, community members, and teachers in small, isolated,
primarily Native and Metis communities in northern Alberta to work together to
meet community educational needs) is comprised of three parts. Part One
presents an update of Education North activities and concerns at the provincial
level and an analysis of the teacher questionnaire and parent interview data
collected in May and June of 1980. The survey summary indicates that: there is
a major effect associated with "more" and "less"
remoteness; there is teacher dissatisfaction with student attendance and
commitment and with parental involvement; and parents strongly feel that they
can have very little influence on school practices. Part Two provides historical
background, current activities, and future plans for the local education
societies (Atikameg, Fort Chipewyan, Fort Vermillion, Lac la Biche, Little Red
River, Slave Lake, and Wabasca-Desmarais). The issues section (Part Three)
indicates that the previously reported imbalance between accountability and
responsiveness has been eliminated. Issues listed as unresolved are: the locus
of power in the relationship of school and community; the dialectics of
voluntary and retained leadership; Education North as a family of strategies;
community conflict; and Education North's future. (BRR)

1601. Innanen,
S. E. R. (1996). Issues in environmental mercury contamination: Ontario
(Canada), Finland and Sweden. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, York
University (Canada).
Abstract: The present study examines the problem of environmental mercury in
various sectors of Ontario, Finland and Sweden, with the objective of making
recommendations on (i) how best to improve on the existing mercury policy and
regulatory structure, (ii) developing a monitoring system with potential for
global comparison, (iii) need for more comprehensive research in certain
scientific areas, and (iv) uses of international agencies for development of
global, legally binding emissions limits. Emissions estimates of environmental
mercury source release to the atmosphere in Ontario was undertaken, and
patterns of contamination, using Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy
data for 1-kg northern pike (Esox lucius L.), were mapped using GIS technology
(Chapter 2). Native Canadian populations especially vulnerable to mercury
contamination because of fish intake were discussed in Chapter 3, with special
emphasis on the Ojibway band Grassy Narrows. The origins of governmental
mercury policy with regard to regulations governing industrial atmospheric
mercury release and guidelines recommending levels of fish intake were traced
in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 examines proposed sites and equipment for governmental
environmental mercury monitoring. Chapter 6 set the basis for comparison
between Ontario and Finland and Sweden; the three countries have many physical
similarities. Chapter 7 outlined analogous Finnish and Swedish experiences to
those described in Ontario in Chapters 2 through 5. Finally, Chapter 8 briefly
compared Ontario with Finland and Sweden, and made thirteen recommendations as
a result, including policy and regulatory recommendations, scientific and
abatement recommendations, and monitoring recommendations. Environmental
mercury is a global problem requiring global cooperation and solutions. More
emphasis should be placed on treating it that way.

1603. .
(1974). Institute for the Development of Indian LawTreaties and agreements
of the Chippewa Indians . Washington, D. C.: Institute for the Development
of Indian Law.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:53)

1604. International
Joint Commission. (1915). Hearings on the reference by the United States and
Canada in re levels of the Lake of the Woods and its tributary waters and their
future regulation and control; being further public hearings at International
Falls and Warroad, Minn., and Kenora, Ontario, September 7-14, 1915.
Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October 15, 1999 search)

1609. Jackson,
D. D. (1999). 'Our elders lived it': American Indian identity and community in
a deindustrializing city (urban communities, Michigan). Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, The University of Michigan.
Abstract: Issues of 'ethnic identity' have gained increasing importance in the
United States (and elsewhere) as disenfranchised 'minority groups' seek to
improve their circumstances and promote positive images of themselves. These
'identity politics' in contemporary society have been paralleled by a
corresponding literature in the social sciences on the nature of 'identity' as
a social construct or process, in which a choice is often made between
'subjective' vs. 'objective' approaches that are ultimately rooted in Cartesian
dualism. This dissertation takes a different approach to the analysis of ethnic
identity--one that is rooted in the philosophy of C. S. Peirce, which
transcends Cartesian dualism by offering a semeiotic notion of the self. The
particular ethnic group considered is the 'urban Indian' community of Flint,
Michigan. The political-economic history of Flint as a deindustrializing
Midwestern city has shaped its demographics such that the contemporary American
Indian population there falls into three main categories: (1) those who grew up
on reservations or in other non-urban Indian home communities; (2) those who
grew up in households where the parents grew up in such a community; and, (3)
those who now, as adults, choose to identify themselves as Native American, but
who grew up in households where the parents had no connection to an Indian home
community. The dissertation argues that Native home communities constitute key
sites for the formation of an American Indian identity which is then reinforced
as those who grew up in such communities continue to interact with one another.
Looking at both the official and informal institutions of Flint's urban Indian
community, and at the Indian home communities from which some people came, the
dissertation considers various kinds of 'Indianness.' Emphasis is given to the
most subtle manifestations--the values, habits, and practices that characterize
the daily interactions of those who grew up in non-urban Indian home
communities. A semeiotic notion of the self is utilized to clarify and
illuminate these highly significant, yet often overlooked, aspects ofAmerican
Indian identity. An essential connection is therefore shown between identity
and community.

1611. Jackson,
L. J. (1985). Late Wisconsin environments and Palaeo-Indian occupation in
the northeastern United States and southern Ontario. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Trent University (Canada).

1613. Jackson,
L. (1885). Our Caughnawagas in Egypt: a narrative of what was seen and
accomplished by thecontingent of North
American Indian voyageurs who led theBritish boat expedition for the relief of Khartoum up thecataracts of the Nile. Montreal: W.
Drysdale & co.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (Fall 1999 search)
Other: Brown, T. S.

1614. (1998).
R. R. Jackson, & R. A. Rozoff (written and produced by). St. Germain, WI :
DeltaVision Entertainment.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October, 1999 search)
Abstract: This program examines the relationship between Wisconsin's long
established tribal nations and a young, expanding United States government
through the hundred years that follow the founding of the United States, on
into the present day. VHS.

1616. Jacobs,
C. A. (1997). Artificer and bearer of the tradition: Louise Erdrich's
mythopoei quartet from the North Dakota plains (novels, Native Americans).
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University.
Notes: Louise Erdrich's quartet, Tracks, The Beet Queen, Love Medicine, and The
Bingo Palace, stands as one of the most moving, humorous, and compassionate
accounts of 20th century Native American life.While other prominent Indian authors have focused their work on the
displacement resulting when an Indian tries to function in the Anglo society,
Erdrich eschews such topics and concentrates solely on her Indian community,
the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewas.Her novels combine the mixed voices of five generations of families who
tell the stories of their lives during this century. From near decimation as a
people around the turn of the century due to disease, erosion of tribal lands,
and loss of hope, this Chippewa band emerges as a strong, compassionate, often
raucous group of people whose stories Erdrich tells with compassion and love.
Erdrich's focus is not on any individual but rather on the community,a new focus in Native American fiction. She
relates the stories of Chippewa families who fight alcohol, the BIA, the
Catholic church and especially themselves in their struggle to retain their
distinctive cultural heritage. Her story is that of a group of Indian people
and their Anglo counterparts on the harsh North Dakota Plains who struggle
against the physical and psychological ties to this particular place they hold
sacred. Through the voices of individuals, of theirfamilies, of their community, and of their tribe, a story emerges
of a group of Indian people who endure. Erdrich positions herself as thetribal storyteller relating the history of
various tribal families, and their voices and histories mingle and blend to
form a composite of a group of people whose will to survive is stronger than
the forces thatseek their demise.
Underpinning all their stories is the powerful medicine woman, Fleur, sole
representative of the old ways throughout the novels whose presence binds the
people together. Erdrich's quartet is not an elegy to a way of life that has
died; rather, it is a loving tribute to the endurance of her people who
continue to evolve and thrive into the 21st century.

1617. Jacobson,
S. F., Booton-Hiser, D., Moore, J. H., Edwards, K. A., Pryor, S., &
Campbell, J. M. (1998). Diabetes Research in an American Indian Community. Image
- the Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30(2), 161-165.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: PURPOSE: To describe field experiences of a nurse-led team conducting
collaborative research on diabetes with an American Indian community. Diabetes
is of epidemic proportions among Indians. Methodological reports can assist
nurse researchers to make important contributions to Indian health and diabetes
care. ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK: Wax's stages of fieldwork: Initiation, fieldwork,
post-field work. SCOPE AND METHOD: Report of key research experiences from all
phases of a study with an Indian community (1988-1996). Based on review of
classic literature, field notes, and team meetings. FINDINGS: Methodological
literature on research with Indians and cultural tutelage by Indians were
helpful but neither sufficient nor infallible. A long period of investigator
presence in the community before beginning the research was extremely useful.
The need for researchers to explain their presence and the contribution of
research to the community was ongoing. CONCLUSIONS: Wax's conception of field
work as a dialectic process was supported. A collaborative, community focus and
willingness to spend much time acquiring cultural knowledge can facilitate
successful research on Indian health.(Abstract by: Author)

1624. Jantz,
R. L., & Meadows, L. (1995). Population Structure of Algonquian Speakers. Human
Biology, 67(3), 375-386.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct 1999
search [full text available]
Abstract: Speakers of Algonquian languages are widely dispersed geographically
but are homogeneous linguistically. We examine anthropometric differentiation
among Algonquian-speaking populations distributed from New Brunswick to
Montana. Head and face measurements and body measurements were analyzed
separately in an attempt to address the effect of phenotypic plasticity on
relationships. The head and face and body dimensions yield somewhat different
pictures of relationships. From the head and face data an east to west
geographic pattern can be discerned. The principal feature of the body
measurements is the distinctiveness of the Ojibwa located northwest of Lake
Superior. The formal correlation between the two sets of measurements is low
and not significant. Only the head and face dimensions correlate significantly
with geographic distances. Language distances do not correlate with
anthropometric distances. The set of populations is also more strongly
differentiated with respect to body measurements than to head and face
measurements. We interpret this as reflecting phenotypic plasticity and
possibly greater interobserver variation.

1625. Jantzer-White,
M. J. (1998). Beyond modernism: Anishinaabe abstraction, activism, and
traditionalism (Native Americans, Minnesota). Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Los Angeles, California.
Abstract: What accounts for the creative explosion of art by Anishinaabe
artists working in the urban environment of Minnesota during the1970s? The
artistic Renaissance that occurred emerged in an epistemological and political
conjuncture shaped by an activism that continues unabated, if altered, today.
Sparked by the creation of the National Indian Youth Council in 1961, a
generational shift marked by ideologies of traditionalism ushered in a wave of
creativity across a broad spectrum. In sculpture and painting, this revolution
derived its sustenance from a revitalization of 'traditional' concepts and
symbology. Between the pathbreaking modernism of Patrick DesJarlait's social
realism during the forties and Anishinaabe abstraction of the seventies,
Anishinaabe artists overturned the silence of Minnesota's art institutions
toward Native American art.In the
process, art served in remapping social, political and cultural identity.
Citing doodems, markers of familial and village identity, and the ideographic
figurative language of Mide'wiwin, the blueprint of Anishinaabe philosophy and
religion, several artists working independently drafted resources of a
classical era of Anishinaabe art and knowledge from which identity may both
express itself in the present, as well as project into the future.

1631. Jarvis,
B. D. E. (1999). A 'woman much to be respected': Madeline LaFramboise and
the redefinition of a metis identity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Michigan State University.
Abstract: This thesis analyzes the identity presentation of one individual,
Madeline LaFramboise. LaFramboise lived in early nineteenth century Mackinac
and enjoyed a successful career as a fur trader and educator. Ethnically, she
was metis, a term that refers to those individuals born from unions between
French fathers and Indian mothers and who functioned as cultural brokers or as
intermediaries in the middle ground between Euro-American and Native American
cultural groups, establishing themselves as important facilitators of the fur
trade. The arguments presented here attempt to demonstrate how Madeline
LaFramboise succeeded in constructing a personal identity that allowed her to
claim affiliations with multiple social groups and, therefore, function at
various levels in a dynamic society. The theoretical model used in this thesis
implements practice theory, asserting that individuals perceive cultural
phenomena in traditional ways. When applied to this case study, the model
argues that LaFramboise redefined traditional aspects of her metis identity in
order to maintain affiliations to groups within both Ottawa and Euro-American
societies. As derived from identity theory, this process of identity
construction was a negotiative and evaluative process that entailed the
emphasis of certain components of her identity in various contexts in order to
achieve what Marshall Sahlins terms social 'interest.'

1632. Jarvis,
E. (1952). Moccasin Trail. New York: Coward-McCann, Incorporated.
Notes: cited in: Minnesota Chippewa Indians: a handbook for teachers (1967:92),
"Annotated list of selected teaching materials"
Abstract: "A trapper is left to die after a battle with a grizzly, and is
found by the Crow Indians.He knows no
other life until he gets a letter from his brother.Grades 7-8."

1635. Jefferson,
T. (President of the United States, 1801-1809). (1832). Lewis and Clarke's
expedition. T. Jefferson, 1743-1826, M. Lewis, 1774-1809, J. Sibley, W. Dunbar,
1749-1810, Dr. Hunter, & 1. s. s. United States. Congress (9th (joint
author), Message from the President of the United States communicating
discoveries made in exploring the Missouri . Washington.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October 15, 1999 search)
Abstract: Reprint of 1806 ed.; issued without map of the Washita River. Cf.
Wagner-Camp 5. Message to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States [signed: Th. Jefferson. February 19, 1806]-- Extract of letter from
Captain Meriwether Lewis, to the President of the United States, dated Fort
Mandan, April 17th, 1805.--A statistical view of the Indian nations inhabiting
the territory of Louisiana and the countries adjacent to its northern and
western boundaries. [By Meriwether Lewis]--Historical sketches of the several
Indian tribes in Louisiana, south of the Arkansa River, and between the
Mississippi and River Grand. [By John Sibley]--To General Henry Dearborn
[account of Red River and the country adjacent, by John Sibley]--Observations
made in a voyage commencing at St. Catharine's landing, on the east bank of the
Mississippi, proceeding downwards to the mouth of Red River, and from thence
ascending that river, the Black River, and the Washita River, as high as the
hot springs in the proximity of the last mentioned river, extracted from the
journals of William Dunbar, esquire, and Docter Hunter.-- Meteorological
observations made by Mr. Dunbar and Doctor Hunter, in their voyage up the Red
and Washita Rivers, in the year 1804.

1636. . (1806).
T. Jefferson, 1743-1826 (President of the United States (1801-1809)), Message
from the President of the United States, communicating discoveries made in
exploring the Missouri, Red River and Washita . City of Washington : A.
& G. Way, printers.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October 15, 1999 search)
Abstract: "February 19, 1806." "Printed by order of the
Senate." Message to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States / signed: Th. Jefferson. February 19, 1806 -- Extract of a letter from
Captain Meriwether Lewis, to the President of the United States, dated Fort
Mandan, April 17th, 1805 -- Statistical view of the Indian nations inhabiting
the territory of Louisiana and the countries adjacent to its northern and
western boundaries / [Meriwether Lewis] -- Historical sketches of the several
Indian tribes in Louisiana, south of the Arkansa river, and between the
Mississippi and River Grand / [John Sibley] -- To General Henry Dearborn
[account of Red river and the country adjacent, by John Sibley] -- Observations
made in a voyage commencing at St. Catharine's landing, on the east bank of the
Mississippi, proceeding downwards to the mouth of Red river, and from thence
ascending that river, the Black river, and the Washita river, as high as the
hot springs in the proximity of the last mentioned river / extracted from the
journals of William Dunbar, esquire, and Doctor Hunter --Meteorological observations made by Mr.
Dunbar and Doctor Hunter, in their voyage up the Red and Washita rivers in the
year 1804. Master microform held by: ResP.

1637. Jefferson,
T., 1743-1826. (1808). Message from the President of the United States
transmitting a treaty made at Detroit on the seventeenth of November, 1807
between the United States and the Ottaway, Chippeway, Wyandot and Pottowattamie
Nations of Indians, "January 30, 1808 referred to the Committee of Ways
and Means" . City of Washington : A. & G. Way, printers.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (Fall 1999 search)

1638. Jeffries,
T. W. (1976). Transmission of Indian Pharmaceutical Knowledge to Physicians. Pharmacy
in History, 18(1), 28-30.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: A brief account of the methods of transmission of American Indian pharmaceutical
knowledge to American educators and physicians is presented. (11 refs.)
(Abstract by Paul R. Webster.)

1641. Jenks,
W. L. (1912). St. Clair County, Michigan, its history and its people.A narrative account of its historical
progress and its principal interests ... Chicago and New York: The Newis
Publishing Co.
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:54), "Volume 1 is germane to Ojibwa concerns."

1642. Jennes,
D. (1956). The Chipewyan Indians: an account by an early explorer. Anthropologica,
56(3), 15-34.
Notes: Source: International Bibliography of Social and Cultural Anthropology,
Vol. II (1956:2-815)

1644. Jennings,
N. (1995). Country princess: rising star Shania Twain fought hard for her
newfound success. Maclean's, 108(35), 54 (2).
Notes: Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct
1999 search [review]
Abstract: Twain's album 'The Woman in Me' was produced by her husband Robert John
Lange and has sold over two million copies. She was born in Timmins, Ontario,
is part Ojibwa, and helped raise her younger siblings after her parents were
killed in a car accident

1645. Jette,
M. M. (1997). Ordinary lives: three generations of a French-Indian family in
Oregon, 1827-1931. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universite Laval
(Canada).
Abstract: Recent studies in the history of metis peoples in the United States
have found that French-Indian communities which developed during the fur trade
era quickly passed into oblivion following the demise of the trade and the
arrival of American emigrants. This paper retraces the experience of a
French-Indian community in Oregon. In my attempt to determine how the
transition from fur trade to farming to city dwelling played out in the lives
of individuals, I have employed a non-traditional approach. I examine the
French-Indians generations of my ancestral paternal family over a period of one
hundred years, from 1827 to 1931. This study entails an examination of
individual behavior in the face of social pressures, as well as an analysis of
how that behavior changed from one generation to the next. The result is a
modest portrait of the interplay between ordinary lives and larger historical
changes.

1650. Johnson,
B. D. (1995). Cinderella of country: Shania Twain. Maclean's, 108(51),
50 (2).
Notes: Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct
1999 search [review]
Abstract: Twain, who is part Ojibwa, grew up poor in Timmins, Canada, and began
singing in bars when she was eight. She is a now a major country-western
singer, and her latest album 'The Woman in Me' has sold more than three million
copies. She is married to record producer Robert John Lange.

1662. Johnson,
M. E. (1995). My apprenticeship with a modern Ojibwa shaman: a personal and
comparative analysis of shamanic flight. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
York University (Canada).
Abstract: Soul flight, from a comparative point of view, has not essentially
changed, but the shaman's role has altered from traditional times. Soul travel
has served a practical purpose in terms of the shaman providing the best
possible assistance for his group whether he gathers information, observes or
heals his clients from a distance. In primal cultures, every member of the
society was essential to the survival of the group, but the shaman's role was
critical. Due to the transition of cultures such as the Ojibwa, the shaman's
role changed from one of major importance to one of minimal functioning.
However, soul travel continued to be utilized. The purpose of this thesis is to
create an awareness that the experience of soul travel in traditional Ojibwa
culture served an essential function which has continued to the present, as
well as to explain several aspects of flight. The teachings of John-Paul, a
modern Ojibwa shaman, are presented for the benefit of those who may not have
access to authentic information regarding modern shamanism. Soul flight is
viewed from various cultural perspectives and the history of the Ontario Ojibwa
is studied in order to determine the function of shamanism. A section on
altered states of consciousness provides a psychological context in which to
examine soul travel as one phenomena in a continuum of possible experiences.
The technique of soul flight from a 'traveller's' point of view is presented to
describe what is experienced during flight, and to explain one method of
teaching soul flight.

1663. Johnson,
R. E., & Tuchler, R. J. (1975). Role of the Pharmacist in Primary Health
Care. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 32, 162-164.
Notes: Source: University of Minnesota BioMed electronic databases, Fall 1999
search
Abstract: The provision of primary health care to a rural American Indian
population by a pharmacist is discussed.

1665. Johnson,
R. W. (1898). Fort Snelling from its foundation to the present time . in Collections
of the Minnesota Historical Society. Volume VIII.St. Paul, Minn.: The
Minnesota Historical Society.
Notes: Source: PALS online catalog (October 1999 search)
Abstract: The international boundary between Lake Superiorand the Lake of the Woods / by Ulysses
Sherman Grant -- The settlement anddevelopment of the Red River Valley / by Warren Upham -- The discovery
anddevelopment of the iron ores of
Minnesota / by N.H. Winchell -- The originand growth of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Alex. Ramsey --
Openingof the Red River of the North
to commerce and civilization / by Russell Blakeley -- Last days of Wisconsin
territory and early days of Minnesotaterritory / by Henry L. Moss -- Lawyers and courts of Minnesota prior
toand during its territorial period /
by Charles E. Flandrau -- Homes andhabitations of the Minnesota Historical Society / by Charles E. Mayo --
Thehistorical value of newspapers / by
J.B. Chaney -- The United Statesgovernment publications / by D.L. Kingsbury -- The first organizedgovernment of Dakota / by Samuel J. Albright
-- How Minnesota became astate / by
Thomas F. Moran -- Minnesota's northern boundary / by Alexander N. Winchell --
The question of the sourcesof the
Mississippi River / by E. Levasseur. The source of the Mississippi / by N.H.
Winchell --Prehistoric man at the
headwaters of the Mississippi River / by J.V. Brower-- Charter members of the Minnesota Historical Society and its
work in 1896/ by Alex. Ramsey --
History of agriculture in Minnesota / by James J. Hill-- History of mining and quarrying in
Minnesota / by Warren Upham --History
of the discovery of the Mississippi River and the advent ofcommerce in Minnesota / Russell Blakeley --
Reminiscences of persons andevents in
the early days of the Minnesota Historical Society / by WilliamH. Kelley -- Fort Snelling from its
foundation to the present time / byRichard W. Johnson -- Sully's expedition against the Sioux, in 1864 /
byDavid L. Kingsbury -- State-building
in the West / by Charles E. Flandrau

1669. Johnston,
B. (1995). The Manitous: The Spiritual World of the Ojibway .HarperCollins.
Notes: Source: InfoTrac [electronic database--Daemon@epub.med.iacnet.com]: Oct
1999 search [review]
Abstract: Ethnotogist Johnston bridges several worlds in this book that is both
exemplary original scholarship and a delightfully, even charmingly written set
of stories that, although written for adults, can be appreciated by those of
any age, for, based in oral tradition, they read as if they have voices. From
his own cultural heritage, that of the Ojibway who are called, by themselves,
Anishiaubae, and by later American settlers, Chippewa), Johnston has gathered
scores of tales of manitous, the spirits that are both elemental forces and
divinities. In these pages we encounter Kitchi-Manitou, the genderless divine
force, and Muzu-Kummik-Quae, the earth-mother, as well as the fearsome cannibal
Weendigo. Many of their stories are recorded here for the first time, which by
itself makes this a valuable addition to collections of Native American
spirituality. Meanwhile, the wit and ease with which Johnston writes make it a
good selection for general reading collections, too.

1675. Johnston,
B. C. (1993). Plant use among the Metis near Lac la Biche, Alberta: a study
of tradition and change. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Northern Colorado.
Abstract: This work studied change in the use of wild plants among the Metis
near Lac La Biche, Alberta. The data were obtained from thirty-three residents
at the Kikino and Buffalo Lake settlements during the summers of 1990 and 1991.
The study had three objectives; the determination of the plant species used and
their purposes, quantitative change, or retention, in the use of each of
several plant categories, and the reasons for the change or retention in each
category. Eighty-six plant species were identified for purposes of food, medicine,
fabrication, fuel, and miscellaneous intents. These groupings were further
divided into fourteen sub-categories. Respondents reported a reduction of use
in all fourteen. The most substantial reductions occurred in non-berry foods,
fabrication plants, tobaccos, and dyes. Reductions in the categories of berries
and cherries, organic medicine, smoking woods, and decorative plants were less
substantial than in other groupings. The most frequently cited reasons for
change were: the economic integration of residents into the cash economy of the
exterior culture, the better quality or convenience of some commercial goods,
and the present occupation and consequent location of residents. In the later
case, residents reported that they rarely participated in the traditional
activities which once brought them into the wilderness, a location which
prompted the use of traditional plant products. Modern roads and vehicles have
also improved the accessibility of commercial goods. In some instances the same
reasons that were given for change also served to continue the use of a few
plant categories. The introduction of goods from the exterior culture has in
some cases displaced previous plant uses. In others, commercial goods are used
in addition to traditional plant applications. The overall reduction in wild
plant use will likely continue.

1676. Johnston,
C. T., 1872-1970. (1888). Clarence Thomas Johnston photograph series. Johnston,
Clarence Thomas. Papers, 1888-1941. (CStRLIN)MIUV88-A344.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (October 15, 1999 search)
Abstract: Donor: 5126, 5127, 5375, 5384 Photos of Johnston's personal and
family life in Wyoming and Michigan, including student activities at the
University of Michigan; photos of his work on water projects in the West and in
Egypt; and photos of Camp Davis, the summer engineering camp of the University
of Michigan. Professor of engineering at the University of Michigan.

1680. Jones,
H. R. I. A., & Rindisbacher, P., 1806-1834. (1825). Views in Hudson's
Bay : taken by a gentleman on the spot in the years 1823 and 1824 :
illustrative of the customs, manners and costumes of those tribes of North
American Indians amongst whom Captne. Franklin has passed in his present and
former arduous undertaking : to be continued in numbers. London : W. Day.
Notes: Source: WorldCat (November 1999 search), accession: 30452023
Abstract: In portfolio, each plate separately matted. "[R.P.] Pelly ...
commissioned an artist called H. Jones, R.I.A., to copy six of [Peter]
Rindisbacher's pictures ... and after getting them lithographed in London, made
up books of them ..."--C. Wilson, Pelly's picture books, in The beaver,
Dec. 1945, p. 36. The governor of Red River, Hudson's Bay, voyaging in a light
canoe 1824 -- The Red Lake chief, making a speech to the governor of Red River
at Fort Douglas in 1825 -- A gentleman travelling in a dog cariole in Hudson's
Bay with an Indian guide -- The Red Lake chief with some of his followers
arriving at the Red River and visiting the governor -- The governor of Red
River, driving his family on the river in a horse cariole -- A Souteaux Indian,
travelling with his family in winter near Lake Winnipeg.

1684. Jones,
P., 1802-1856. (uuuu). A collection of Chippeway and English hymns, for the
use of the native Indians ... To which are added a few hymns. N.Y.:
Phillips.
Notes: Source: WorldCat database (Fall 1999 search)

1687. .
(1840). P. Jones [Ojibwa Chief] (ranslator), A collection of Chippeway and
English Hymns for the use of the Native Indians.Translated by Peter Jones ... to which are added a few hymns
translated by Rev. James Evans and George Henry ...Toronto: [printed for the translator].
Notes: Source: Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Ojibwas, a critical bibliography
(1976:55-6), "containing English and Ojibwa on facing pages, this version
is based on the Jones 1829 ed., New York: Printed at the Conference Office by
J. Collord.This work was reprinted and
reissued numerous times, often under various titles.James Evans and George Henry are frequently referenced as joint
translators.(Reprinted, from an 1847
Toronto edition, Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1969."

1689. (1976).
Minnesota State Dept. of Education, St. Paul. Indian Section.
Notes: ERIC NO: ED149892
Abstract: Summarizing the analyses of testimonies presented before the
Minnesota Subcommittee on Indian Education by both Indians and nonIndians
concerned and/or involved with national, state, or local Indian education, this
report focuses on findings at the statewide and individual site levels
(Minneapolis, St. Paul, Red Wing, Cass Lake, Duluth, White Earth, and Red
Lake). Additionally, this document presents: methods employed in analysis;
detailed recommendations; limitations; and appendices (comprised of
definitions, the content analysis code structure, table of contents--written
testimonies, frequencies of responses per major categories by item names, total
priorities per hearing site by major categories, priorities per major
categories as indicated by total number of responses, and summary of data by
races for each site). Supporting documents of graphs, charts, tables, etc. are
presented both within the main text and the appendices. Specific
recommendations are generalized into the following three areas: to improve
existing Indian education programs; to better facilitate local, state, tribal,
and Federal educational legislation and administration; and to fulfill Indian
rights and equal educational opportunities guaranteed by treaty and civil
rights that are sometimes unfulfilled due to conflicts with the states' roles
and responsibilities per Indian self-determination, or desegregation, or the
unmet special needs of Indian children. (JC)

1690.(1976). Minnesota State Dept. of Education, St. Paul.
Indian Section.
Notes: ERIC NO: ED149891
Source: WorldCat (October 1999 search), accession: 4175324.Other: Minnesota. Dept. of Education.
Division of Special and Compensatory Education. Indian Education Section.
Minnesota. State Board of Education. Subcommittee on Indian Education
Abstract: Summarizing the results of the Minnesota Indian Education Hearings
and the methods used to generate analysis of the transcripts for the State
Board of Education and its subcommittee on Indian Education, this document
presents tabular and narrative data re: content analysis; statewide findings;
findings for each hearing site (Minneapolis, St. Paul, Red Wing, Cass Lake,
Duluth, White Earth, and Red Lake)//and prioritized recommendations. Analysis
methodology is described as involving a master content analysis code structure
to identify, for computer analysis, the testifiers, the hearings' board
members, staff, type of testimony, and the range of categories. Major
categories are identified as: legislation; administration; research; finances;
communications; training; curriculum; bilingual/bicultural; post-secondary; and
rights and responsibilities. Comparisons and cross-references of these data are
presented via charts, graphs, and tables. Statewide findings are presented in a
prioritized format as follows: research (student supportive services and Indian
school participation factors); rights/responsibilities (Indian dual citizenship
rights and discriminatory factors); finances (state financing of Indian
education); curriculum (Indian materials development, assessment,
dissemination, and the need for state coordination and state financing
efforts); administration (state); and other priority areas (communication,
training, post-secondary, legislation, and bilingual/bicultural). (JC)