film festival held annually in Toronto in September. It was founded in 1976 as the Festival of Festivals, with the aim of screening movies from other film festivals, and has since become one of the world’s largest annual showcases of film, attended by both industry professionals and the public. It was renamed the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in 1995. Since 2010 the festival ha...

holiday celebrating the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, the summer solstice (June 21). Midsummer’s Eve is observed in several countries. It is a national holiday in Sweden and Finland, and the official holiday is typically observed on the third Friday in June to allow a three-day weekend. During this time many Scandinavians travel to rural parts of the country. Midsummer...

Festival activity, which has always been a significant part of Pacific culture, has provided a vehicle for expressing contemporary indigenous identities. The Festival of Pacific Arts, founded in 1972, has become a major venue for the perpetuation of the region’s arts, music, and dance. With the goal of reviving what was in danger of being lost, the festival is held every four years, each ti...

Two of Tripura’s largest festivals are the Kharchi Puja and the Garia. The Kharchi Puja—also known as the Festival of the 14 Gods—has its origins in tribal tradition but is now a major temple festival celebrated within a predominantly Hindu framework by both tribal and nontribal peoples; it takes place in Agartala every July and honours the deities and the Earth. The Garia......

...venerated and eaten by families in their houses. The main purpose of the sacrament was to secure a good maize harvest and a renewal of the crops, as well as human health and strength. In Peru at the Festival of the Sun, after three days of fasting, llamas, the sacred animals, were sacrificed as a burnt offering, and the flesh was eaten sacramentally at a banquet by the lord of the Incas and his...

in Judaism, holiday commemorating the Hebrews’ liberation from slavery in Egypt and the “passing over” of the forces of destruction, or the sparing of the firstborn of the Israelites, when the Lord “smote the land of Egypt” on the eve of the Exodus. The festival thus marks the first and most momentous event in Jewish history. Passover begins wi...

...first published in St. Petersburg, 1887), which give a remarkable self-portrait of his indolent, amiable, hypochondriacal character. His last notable composition was Festival Polonaise for Tsar Alexander II’s coronation ball (1855)....

...productions of Shakespeare at the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Dance. Moving to Stratford, in Ontario, Canada, and assisted by stage designer Tanya Moiseyevich, Guthrie designed the Festival Theatre, which represents a fusion of the classical auditorium with the stage of Shakespeare. The experiment, with modifications, was repeated in 1963 at Minneapolis, where the Guthrie......

Bayreuth is best known for its association with the composer Richard Wagner. He settled there in 1872, and the foundation stone of the Festival Theatre (Festspielhaus) was laid that same year. It opened in 1876 with the premiere performance of the Ring of the Nibelungen cycle. Since Wagner’s death in 1883, the festivals have been carried on by his relatives, includ...

a band, or chain, of flowers, foliage, and leaves; it may be joined at the ends to form a circle (wreath), worn on the head (chaplet), or draped in loops (festoon or swag). Garlands have been a part of religious ritual and tradition from ancient times: the Egyptians placed garlands of flowers on their mummies as a sign of celebration in entering the afterlife; the Greeks decorated their homes,......

in architecture and decoration, carved ornamental motif consisting of stylized flowers, fruit, foliage, and cloth, tied together with ribbons that sag in the middle and are attached at both ends. The distinction is sometimes made between a swag and a festoon by limiting the former to festoons entirely made up of folds of cloth....

...Salzburg on an annual basis. The Salzburg Festival now comprises recitals, concerts of orchestral and chamber music, church music, opera, and drama. The music of Mozart dominates the festival. The Festspielhaus (Festival Theatre), converted from the court stables built into the cliff of Monks’ Hill, consists of the Rock Riding School (1693), an auditorium for open-air performances; two l...

Bayreuth is best known for its association with the composer Richard Wagner. He settled there in 1872, and the foundation stone of the Festival Theatre (Festspielhaus) was laid that same year. It opened in 1876 with the premiere performance of the Ring of the Nibelungen cycle. Since Wagner’s death in 1883, the festivals have been carried on by his relatives, includ...

any of about 100 species of grasses constituting the genus Festuca (family Poaceae), native to temperate and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Several species are important pasture and fodder grasses, and a few are used in lawn mixtures....

...F. elatior), a plant about 0.5 to 1.2 m (1 12 to 4 feet) tall, is used for fodder and as a permanent pasture grass. Both meadow fescue and tall or reed fescue (F. arundinacea) are Old World species that have become widespread in parts of North America. The shorter, fine-leaved sheep fescue (F. ovina), often found on......

Meadow fescue (F. pratensis; formerly F. elatior), a plant about 0.5 to 1.2 m (1 12 to 4 feet) tall, is used for fodder and as a permanent pasture grass. Both meadow fescue and tall or reed fescue (F. arundinacea) are Old World species that have become widespread in parts of North America. The shorter, fine-leaved sheep fescue (F.......

...as a permanent pasture grass. Both meadow fescue and tall or reed fescue (F. arundinacea) are Old World species that have become widespread in parts of North America. The shorter, fine-leaved sheep fescue (F. ovina), often found on mountainsides, grows in dense tufts and forms turfs in dry or sandy soil. One variety, known as blue fescue (F. ovina variety......

...parts of North America. The shorter, fine-leaved sheep fescue (F. ovina), often found on mountainsides, grows in dense tufts and forms turfs in dry or sandy soil. One variety, known as blue fescue (F. ovina variety glauca), has smooth, silvery leaves and is planted in ornamental borders. Red fescue (F. rubra) is used in lawn grass mixtures....

Meadow fescue (F. pratensis; formerly F. elatior), a plant about 0.5 to 1.2 m (1 12 to 4 feet) tall, is used for fodder and as a permanent pasture grass. Both meadow fescue and tall or reed fescue (F. arundinacea) are Old World species that have become widespread in parts of North America. The shorter, fine-leaved sheep fescue (F.......

...grows in dense tufts and forms turfs in dry or sandy soil. One variety, known as blue fescue (F. ovina variety glauca), has smooth, silvery leaves and is planted in ornamental borders. Red fescue (F. rubra) is used in lawn grass mixtures....

...“Songs”), received critical acclaim, praised for its innovative imagery, language, and form. His collection Valdiks (1940; “Sylvan”) celebrates nature. Di festung (1945; “The Fortress”) reflects his experiences as a member of the ghetto resistance movement in Belorussia (Belarus) and his service with Jewish partisans during Wor...

Latin grammarian who made an abridgment in 20 books, arranged alphabetically, of Marcus Verrius Flaccus’ De significatu verborum (“On the Meaning of Words”), a work that is otherwise lost. A storehouse of antiquarian learning, it preserves by quotation the work of other authors that has not survived elsewhere. The first half of Festus’ work, to...

...laid on a substrate, was one of the fastest-growing areas of condensed state physics. Yu-Ming Lin of IBM’s T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, N.Y., and colleagues created a graphene field-effect transistor (FET) that switches at more than twice the speed of current silicon transistors. The same group also developed a highly sensitive graphene photodetector....

fresh, white, soft or semisoft cheese of Greece, originally made exclusively from goat’s or sheep’s milk but in modern times containing cow’s milk. Feta is not cooked or pressed but is cured briefly in a brine solution that adds a salty flavour to the sharp tang of goat’s or sheep’s milk....

Both percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) and preimplantation testing are rare, relatively high-risk, and performed only in very unusual cases. Preimplantation testing of embryos derived by in vitro fertilization is a particularly new technique and is currently used only in cases of couples who are at high risk for having a fetus affected with a given familial genetic disorder and who......

...cord or the fetus; fetoscopy, in which an instrument called a fetoscope is inserted through an incision in the abdomen in order to directly access the umbilical cord, amniotic cavity, and fetus; and fetal doppler ultrasound, which is used to examine blood flow in the umbilical cord, placenta, and fetal organs (certain conditions, such as sickle-cell anemia, can restrict fetal blood flow, leadin...

in mammals, the time between conception and birth, during which the embryo or fetus is developing in the uterus. This definition raises occasional difficulties because in some species (e.g., monkeys and man) the exact time of conception may not be known. In these cases the beginning of gestation is usually dated from some well-defined point in the reproductive cycle (e.g., the beginning of the pr...

The upheaval affected the southern chiefdoms and rebellious tributaries attacked by Shaka as far away as Pondoland. Many of the refugees fled either into the eastern Cape or west onto the Highveld, although their precise number is a matter of dispute. In both areas the arrival of the refugees added to upheavals of very different origin. The Mfengu, as the refugee population was known in the......

area of ocean or lake surface over which the wind blows in an essentially constant direction, thus generating waves. The term also is used as a synonym for fetch length, which is the horizontal distance over which wave-generating winds blow. In an enclosed body of water, fetch is also defined as the distance between the points of minimum and maximum water-surface elevation. This line generally co...

...both are fetched from memory by the CPU. The CPU has a program counter that holds the memory address (location) of the next instruction to be executed. The basic operation of the CPU is the “fetch-decode-execute” cycle: Fetch the instruction from the address held in the program counter, and store it in a register.Decode the instruction. Parts of it specify the operation to be......

(French: “rural festival”), in painting, representation of a rural feast or open-air entertainment. Although the term fête galante (“courtship party”) is sometimes considered to be a synonym for fête champêtre, it is also used to refer to a specific kind of fête champêtre: a more graceful, u...

...promulgated to help the protectorate, but, instead, it divided the country and accelerated nationalism. Wanting to make Muḥammad a national symbol, the Moroccan nationalists organized the Fête du Trône (Throne Day), an annual festival to commemorate the anniversary of Muḥammad’s assumption of power. On these occasions he gave speeches that, though moderate in ...

...of the French artist Claude Gillot all provided important source material for early Rococo painting. The delicate sketchlike technique and elegant figures of Watteau’s wistful fantasies, called fêtes galantes, provided the models for the paintings of Jean-Baptiste Pater and Nicolas Lancret, both of whom conveyed a delicately veiled eroticism. Eroticism was more explicit in ...

...there are various harvest and wine festivals. A popular holiday in Geneva is the Escalade, which is celebrated in December and marks the city’s victory over the duke of Savoy in 1602. August 1 is National Day (German: Bundesfeier; French: Fête Nationale; and Italian: Festa Nazionale), which commemorates the agreement between representatives of the Alpine cantons of Uri, Schwyz, an...

...included poignant expressions of love and melancholy supposedly centred on his cousin Élisa, who married another and died in 1867 (she had paid for this book to be published). In Fêtes galantes personal sentiment is masked by delicately clever evocations of scenes and characters from the Italian commedia dell’arte and from the sophisticated pastorals of 18th-century....

Italian Baroque painter whose best-known works are small representations of biblical parables as scenes from everyday life—e.g., The Good Samaritan. These works, which Fetti painted between 1618 and 1622, were executed in a style that emphasized the use of rich colour and the changing effects of light and shade. They are important in the development of Baroque l...

any of a body of 20 Roman priestly officials who were concerned with various aspects of international relations, such as treaties and declarations of war. The fetials were originally selected from the most noble families; they served for life, but, like all priesthoods, they could only submit advice, not make binding decisions....

any of a body of 20 Roman priestly officials who were concerned with various aspects of international relations, such as treaties and declarations of war. The fetials were originally selected from the most noble families; they served for life, but, like all priesthoods, they could only submit advice, not make binding decisions....

The sculptural forms are most commonly wood carvings: masks, ancestor figures, fetishes, bowls, boxes, cups, staffs, pots and lids, pipes, combs, tools, weapons, and musical instruments. Similar objects are also carved in ivory, and in some cases copper, brass, and iron are used. In rare instances, stone figures have been found....

Among the most notable is the Ohio buckeye (A. glabra), also called fetid buckeye and American horse chestnut, a tree growing up to 21 m (70 feet) in height, with twigs and leaves that yield an unpleasant odour when crushed. The digitate leaves, of five to seven leaflets, turn orange to yellow in fall....

(species Torreya taxifolia), an ornamental evergreen conifer tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), limited in distribution to western Florida and southwestern Georgia, U.S. The stinking yew, which grows to 13 metres (about 43 feet) in height in cultivation, carries an open pyramidal head of spreading, slightly drooping branches. The brownish, orange-tinged bark is irregularly furrowed and scal...

The sculptural forms are most commonly wood carvings: masks, ancestor figures, fetishes, bowls, boxes, cups, staffs, pots and lids, pipes, combs, tools, weapons, and musical instruments. Similar objects are also carved in ivory, and in some cases copper, brass, and iron are used. In rare instances, stone figures have been found....

The sculptural forms are most commonly wood carvings: masks, ancestor figures, fetishes, bowls, boxes, cups, staffs, pots and lids, pipes, combs, tools, weapons, and musical instruments. Similar objects are also carved in ivory, and in some cases copper, brass, and iron are used. In rare instances, stone figures have been found....

Russian hockey player who was regarded as one of the best defensemen in the history of the sport. As a member of the Soviet Olympic team in the 1980s, he won two gold medals and a silver. He was also a member of seven world championship teams (1978–79, 1981–84, and 1986)....

Russian hockey player who was regarded as one of the best defensemen in the history of the sport. As a member of the Soviet Olympic team in the 1980s, he won two gold medals and a silver. He was also a member of seven world championship teams (1978–79, 1981–84, and 1986)....

...are part of a second major function of the endocrine system—namely, the control of growth and development. The mammalian fetus develops in the uterus of the mother in a system known as the fetoplacental unit. In this system the fetus is under the powerful influence of hormones from its own endocrine glands and hormones produced by the mother and the placenta. Maternal endocrine glands......

...Other diagnostic tests that may be used include cordocentesis (fetal blood sampling, or percutaneous umbilical cord sampling), in which fetal blood is collected from the umbilical cord or the fetus; fetoscopy, in which an instrument called a fetoscope is inserted through an incision in the abdomen in order to directly access the umbilical cord, amniotic cavity, and fetus; and fetal doppler......

In 1734 Moravians en route to mission work in the American colonies arrived in London and made contacts that led to the formation of the Fetter Lane Society in 1738, the forerunner of churches in England, Wales, and Ireland. John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, met the Moravians during his trip to Georgia in 1735–36. Upon his return home, both he and his brother Charles affiliated with......

As early as 1865 Crazy Horse was a leader in his people’s defiance of U.S. plans to construct a road to the goldfields in Montana. He participated in the massacre of Captain William J. Fetterman and his troop of 80 men (December 21, 1866) as well as in the Wagon Box fight (August 2, 1867), both near Fort Phil Kearny, in Wyoming Territory. Refusing to honour the reservation provisions of the...

Italian Baroque painter whose best-known works are small representations of biblical parables as scenes from everyday life—e.g., The Good Samaritan. These works, which Fetti painted between 1618 and 1622, were executed in a style that emphasized the use of rich colour and the changing effects of light and shade. They are important in the development of Baroque l...

...movement. Characteristic novels of this period include his first novel, L’Homme couvert de femmes (1925; “The Man Covered With Women”), and Le Feu follet (1931; The Fire Within, or Will o’ the Wisp; filmed by Louis Malle in 1963). Le Feu follet is the story of the last hours in the life of a young bourgeois Parisian addict who kills...

...timing, exhibit Malle’s typically bold and uninhibited treatment of sensual themes. Social alienation and isolation was the subject of Le Feu follet (1963; The Fire Within), which was acclaimed by critics as Malle’s most mature and sophisticated work. The sombre and keenly observed story of the last days of an alcoholic contemplati...

...with L’Enfer (1908; The Inferno, 1918). In 1914 he volunteered for the infantry, was twice cited for gallantry, and finally was discharged because of his wounds in 1917. Barbusse’s Le Feu; journal d’une escouade, awarded the Prix Goncourt, is one of the few works to survive the proliferation of wartime novels. Its subtitle, Story of a Squad, reve...

novelist, author of Le Feu (1916; Under Fire, 1917), a firsthand witness of the life of French soldiers in World War I. Barbusse belongs to an important lineage of French war writers who span the period 1910 to 1939, mingling war memories with moral and political meditations....

...prince had her well educated not only in modern languages but in Greek and Latin. He took her to Paris and, to prevent scandal and to qualify her to be received at court, had her married in 1818 to Adrien-Victor de Feuchères, a major in the royal guards. The prince provided her dowry and made her husband his aide-de-camp and a baron. The baroness, pretty and clever, became a person of......

...Feichtmayr was a member of the group of families from Wessobrunn in southern Bavaria that specialized in stucco work and produced a long series of masters, including Johann Georg Übelherr and Joseph Anton Feuchtmayer, whose masterpieces are the Rococo figures at Birnau on Lake Constance. The sculptor Christian Wenzinger worked at Freiburg im Breisgau in relative isolation, but his softly...

a continuing state of conflict between two groups within a society (typically kinship groups) characterized by violence, usually killings and counterkillings. It exists in many nonliterate communities in which there is an absence of law or a breakdown of legal procedures and in which attempts to redress a grievance in a way that is acceptable to both parties have failed....

...the power of the Carolingian kings of the Frankish Empire and to make the inhabitants of their own areas their vassals. These vassals held their land from the lords as tenants of a so-called feud, or fee. Each feudal lord held a court for his tenants in which he applied the same law to all of the tenants, irrespective of their racial or national origin. Thus the old Germanic personal......

...part of the Universities of Paris I–XIII). There, on the eve of World War II, he completed his masterful two-volume synthesis, La Société féodale (1939, 1940; Feudal Society). Drawing on a lifetime of research, Bloch analyzed medieval ideas and institutions within the context of the intricate feudal bond, which laid the groundwork for the modern......

historiographic construct designating the social, economic, and political conditions in western Europe during the early Middle Ages, the long stretch of time between the 5th and 12th centuries. Feudalism and the related term feudal system are labels invented long after the period to which they were applied. They refer to what those who invented them perceived as the most ...

historiographic construct designating the social, economic, and political conditions in western Europe during the early Middle Ages, the long stretch of time between the 5th and 12th centuries. Feudalism and the related term feudal system are labels invented long after the period to which they were applied. They refer to what those who invented them perceived as the most ...

historiographic construct designating the social, economic, and political conditions in western Europe during the early Middle Ages, the long stretch of time between the 5th and 12th centuries. Feudalism and the related term feudal system are labels invented long after the period to which they were applied. They refer to what those who invented them perceived as the most ...

Jan. 15, 1911Brooklyn, N.Y.May 17, 2006New York, N.Y.American producer who , brought a number of Broadway’s most notable musicals to the stage, usually in partnership with Ernest H. Martin, with whom he collaborated for some five decades. Among the team’s dozen Broadway musica...

town, north-central Austria, where the Traun River enters Lake Traun (Traunsee) in the Salzkammergut region, south of Gmunden. Feuer Peak (5,241 feet [1,598 metres]) of the Höllen Mountains overlooks the town. Ebensee was first cited in 1450 and established a saltworks in 1607. The town continued to produce salt into the 21st century. Ebensee’s other products include chemicals (soda ...

He escaped in 1895 and was made a pasha (the highest rank in the Egyptian court) by the khedive (Ottoman viceroy) of Egypt. His book, Feuer und Schwert im Sudan, 2 vol. (1896, 1922; “Fire and Sword in the Sudan”), was instrumental in enlisting support against the Mahdists. After serving with Lord Kitchener (1897–98) in the reconquest of the Sudan, he was named inspector...

...with others: a child sees others thinking and acting in certain ways and then internalizes and models what is seen. An elaboration of this view is the suggestion by the Israeli psychologist Reuven Feuerstein that the key to intellectual development is what he called “mediated learning experience.” The parent mediates, or interprets, the environment for the child, and it is......

French actress whose long career as a much loved and respected star of the French stage and screen saw her shine in a variety of roles, including classical, comedic, and sensual; among her most acclaimed stage performances was in the 1947 Partage de midi (b. Oct. 29, 1907, Vesoul, France--d. Nov. 13, 1998, Paris, France)....

...a solid in three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional plane by drawing the projections—known as plans, elevations, and traces—of the solid on a sheet of paper. Feuilles d’analyse appliquée à la géométrie (1801; “Analysis Applied to Geometry”) was an expanded version of his lectures on differential geometry...

Four books of poems came from Hugo in the period of the July Monarchy: Les Feuilles d’automne (1831; “Autumn Leaves”), intimate and personal in inspiration; Les Chants du crépuscule (1835; Songs of Twilight), overtly political; Les Voix intérieures (1837; “Inner Voices”), both personal and philosophical; and Les Rayons...

French dancer, dancing master, and choreographer whose dance notation system was published in his Chorégraphie ou l’art de décrire la danse (1700; “Choreography, or the Art of Describing the Dance”). Working in Paris, he collaborated with André Lorin, conductor of the Royal Academy of Dance; he also wrote Recueil de danses (1704; “Coll...

...II Char led a Resistance unit in the French Alps. After the war’s end he published some of his finest (and most politically committed) poems in the collections Seuls demeurent (1945) and Feuillets d’Hypnos (1946; “Leaves of Hypnos”). The latter work, his poetic journal of the war years, reflects his humanism, his belief in man’s high calling, and...

former region of France lying on the eastern side of the Massif Central and included within the modern département of Loire. The name is derived from that of Feurs (Forum Segusiavorum in Roman times), a town midway between Roanne and Saint-Étienne, in an agriculturally rich area watered by the Loire River. The Forez counts of the Artaud family vied with the archbishops of......

abnormally high bodily temperature or a disease of which an abnormally high temperature is characteristic. Although most often associated with infection, fever is also observed in other pathologic states, such as cancer, coronary artery occlusion, and disorders of the blood. It also may result from physiological stresses, such as strenuous exercise or ovulation, or from environm...

...during the decade included a version of Richard Rodgers and Moss Hart’s Lover (1952), with an audacious mambo-style arrangement by Gordon Jenkins, and Fever (1958), one of Lee’s signature tunes, featuring one of her most seductive vocal performances and a musical backing of only drums, bass, and finger snaps. Lee also had a noted s...

...with Wrong Is Right (1982), a satire about the media that was largely ignored by moviegoers, despite the presence of Sean Connery. His last movie was Fever Pitch (1985), starring Ryan O’Neal as a gambling addict. The drama was a commercial and critical failure, and Brooks subsequently retired....

...and serving as pop music critic for The New Yorker. He published a collection of literary essays in 1992, the same year that saw the release of Fever Pitch, an autobiographical account of his life as an obsessive supporter of the English football (soccer) club Arsenal. The hugely popular book was adapted to film in 1997 and again in......

city, seat (1827) of Jo Daviess county, northwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies along the Galena River (originally called Fever River), 4 miles (6 km) east of the Mississippi River and about 15 miles (25 km) southeast of Dubuque, Iowa. French explorers visited the region in the late 17th century and found Sauk and Fox Indians mining lead. In 1807 the U.S. Congress created a lead-mining district,......

city, seat (1827) of Jo Daviess county, northwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies along the Galena River (originally called Fever River), 4 miles (6 km) east of the Mississippi River and about 15 miles (25 km) southeast of Dubuque, Iowa. French explorers visited the region in the late 17th century and found Sauk and Fox...

Meanwhile, Shawn continued to produce highly lauded dramas. Aunt Dan and Lemon (1985) won him a second Obie Award, and he took a third in 1991 for The Fever, a caustic 90-minute monologue that dissects the power relations between the world’s poor and elite classes and finds a pervasive moral deficiency in the latter. ......