"This research is certainly welcome news for people who have struggled to lose weight, because it shows that when people are taught to imagine, or simulate the future, they can improve their ability to delay gratification," says Leonard H. Epstein. (Credit: Darlene/Flickr)

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Published in the journal Appetite, the findings show that behavioral interventions designed to improve delay of gratification can work just as well with overweight and obese women as with lean women.

“This research is certainly welcome news for people who have struggled to lose weight, because it shows that when people are taught to imagine, or simulate the future, they can improve their ability to delay gratification,” says Leonard H. Epstein, a professor in the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo.

The research is part of a field called prospection, the process by which people can project themselves into the future, by mentally simulating future events.

Resist the impulse

Some of the most famous research done on delay of gratification includes experiments done at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s, where children were given an opportunity to either eat a single snack, such as a marshmallow now, or, if they waited a period of time, they could be rewarded with multiple snacks. Follow-up studies found that in general, those who were able to wait were more responsible and successful in their adult lives.

Many people have difficulty resisting the impulse for immediate gratification. Instead, they do something called delay discounting, in which they discount future rewards in favor of smaller, immediate rewards. This tendency is associated with greater consumption of highly caloric, ready-to-eat foods. It has been speculated that if people could modify delay discounting, they would be more successful at losing weight.

“Now we have developed a treatment for this,” says Epstein. “We can teach people how to reduce delay discounting, where they learn how to mentally simulate the future in order to moderate their behavior in the present.”

Researchers evaluated how much delay discounting participants engaged in using a hypothetical test that promised different amounts of money available either now or in the future. While the amount available in the future remained $100, the amount available immediately decreased during each test, eventually falling to as low as $1.

Future thinking

Participants were then asked to think about future events that would occur during the time periods involved in the monetary test. So if they were choosing between $95 now and $100 in six months, they would be instructed to think about the most vivid event that would be happening to them six months from now, for example, a birthday party.

A control group was asked, instead, to think during the monetary test of vivid scenes from a Pinocchio story they had read.

Those who engaged in the future thinking exercise were able to reduce delay discounting. There were few differences between the lean and the overweight and obese women.

The study looked at 24 lean women and 24 overweight and obese women, all of whom underwent several behavioral assessments to determine differences in each person’s motivation level, their perspective on time, and how much they sought out fun and responded to rewards.

In a study published earlier this year, Epstein and his colleagues demonstrated that overweight and obese women ate less when they were imagining themselves in enjoyable future scenarios and reduced their inclination to engage in delay discounting.

“In the current study, we show that episodic future thinking works equally well in overweight and obese women in comparison to lean women,” says Epstein. “That’s important since several studies have shown that overweight/obese women are more impulsive.

“The fact that projecting oneself into the future and imagining future scenarios works equally well for lean and overweight/obese women is important for designing interventions to reduce impulsive decision making in women who need to lose weight.”

Tinuke Oluyomi Daniel, a doctoral student of pediatrics and of community health and health behavior is first author on the study; Christina M. Stanton, research assistant, is co-author.

The research was funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health.

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2 Comments

This is so true, you become what you think about most. It’s hard to practice constantly but do the best you can and really believe it to be true and then take action! The best program(the taking ACTION part) I have found that combines nutrition, exercise, and a healthy diet can be found at http://www.myshakeology.com/travisspaulding

Floyd Gary Clyne September 7, 2013

We all need healthy future thinking – especially in my business – fashion where there is very little doing about health.