Michael Keen is Deputy Director of the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department. Before joining the IMF, he was Professor of Economics at the University of Essex and visiting Professor at Kyoto University. He was awarded the CESifo-IIPF Musgrave prize in 2010, and is an Honorary President of the International Institute of Public Finance. Mr. Keen has led technical assistance missions to over thirty countries, and is co-author of books on The Modern VAT; the Taxation of Petroleum and Minerals; and Changing Customs.