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1 EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL GCSE CHEMISTRY EDEXCEL CERTIFICATE IN CHEMISTRY ANSWERS SECTION C Chapter Burn sulfur in air to give sulfur dioxide. S(s) + O 2 (g) ----> SO 2 (g) Pass this with more air over a vanadium(v) oxide catalyst at a temperature of 450 C and a pressure of 1 to 2 atmospheres to give sulfur trioxide. 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) Absorb the sulfur trioxide in concentrated sulfuric acid to give fuming sulfuric acid. H 2 SO 4 (l) + SO 3 (g) ----> H 2 S 2 O 7 (l) Dilute this carefully with water to give concentrated sulfuric acid. H 2 S 2 O 7 (l) + H 2 O(l) ----> 2H 2 SO 4 (l) 2. a) (i) % ammonia decreases. Rate increases. (ii) % ammonia increases. Rate increases. (iii) % ammonia no change. Rate increases. b) High pressures increase both the percentage conversion and the rate of the reaction. However, very high pressures are very expensive to produce. Typically, about 200 atmospheres is as high a pressure as it is economic to use. c) nitrogen: air. hydrogen: natural gas 3. a) That makes sure that the flow of liquid is always from left to right, preventing any of the sodium hydroxide solution formed finding its way back to where chlorine is being produced. That stops the two from reacting. b) Titanium anode. Steel cathode. c) (i) H 2 O(l) H + (aq) + OH - (aq) (ii) sodium and hydrogen (iii) hydrogen (iv) The sodium ions in the sodium hydroxide solution are there because they are attracted to the cathode. As the hydrogen ions are discharged to give hydrogen gas, the equilibrium in part (i) moves to the right to replace them (Le Chatelier s Principle), producing hydroxide ions. There is therefore a build-up of sodium ions and hydroxide ions in the cathode compartment. d) (i) Any valid use for sodium hydroxide solution (see chapter) (ii) Any valid use for chlorine (see chapter) (Care over phrasing! For example, sodium hydroxide isn t used as a bleach - it is used to make bleach.)

2 4. a) Add a measured volume of ammonia solution to a flask using a pipette (or measuring cylinder). Add a named indicator. Add sulfuric acid from a burette until a correctly stated colour change. Note the volume of acid added. Mix the same volumes of acid and ammonia solution without the indicator. b) Any sensible design involving a control. For example, germinate at least two lots of grass seed in identical trays of weakly fertilised compost (John Innes seed compost, or similar). When the grass is growing properly, water one with plain water, and the other with the same volume of a very dilute solution of ammonium sulfate. Keep side-by-side under the same conditions. Compare the growth and appearance of the two trays. (The dilution of the solution would be fairly hit-and-miss. It would be better to have more trays so that you could compare the effects of varying concentrations in order to find the best one.) 5. a) The reaction is strongly exothermic (large negative number for ΔH). Once the reaction starts, there is enough heat produced to keep the catalyst hot. b) The catalyst isn t used up, and without it the reaction would be too slow. (In fact, the catalyst is in the form of a number of very large platinum-rhodium gauzes, which do get damaged over time. They can, however, be sent back to the manufactures and remade.) c) 2NO(g) + O 2 (g) ----> 2NO 2 (g) d) 2H 2 O(l) + 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ----> 4HNO 3 (aq) e) Any valid use. Easy to find ones include the manufacture of explosives, drugs, dyes. (The question isn t looking for any detail. A simple answer, for example Manufacture of explosives, is enough.)

3 Chapter a) Sodium is high in the Reactivity Series, and so will need to be produced by electrolysis. Manufacture it by electrolysing molten sodium chloride using suitable electrodes (industrially, carbon anode, steel cathode), keeping the sodium and chlorine apart to prevent them from reacting back to give sodium chloride again. Sodium would be released at the cathode: Na + (l) + e > Na(l) b) Needed discovery of electricity. c) Any other metals high in the RS - e.g. potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium. d) An alloy of copper and tin. Both metals are lowish in the RS and easily produced by heating their ores with carbon. 2. a) bauxite b) a solution of aluminium oxide in molten cryolite c) cathode (or negative) d) Al 3+ (l) + 3e > Al(l) reduction e) Reacts with the carbon anodes and burns them away. f) (i) low density (ii) alloys are stronger 3. a) A b) (i) coke (ii) air (iii) iron ore (iv) limestone c) CaO(s) + SiO 2 (s) ----> CaSiO 3 (l) d) Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 3C(s) ----> 2Fe(l) + 3CO(g) 4. a) (i) carbon, about 4% (ii) Makes it brittle. b) Mixture of iron, nickel and chromium. Nickel and chromium form thin layers of strongly adherent oxides which protect the iron from air and water attack. Any valid use (see chapter for examples). c) (i) Iron coated with zinc. (ii) It would take much longer before the car went rusty. Zinc is more reactive than iron and so corrodes more easily. The corrosion of zinc forms zinc ions and releases electrons. These electrons flow to the iron and prevent its ionisation (which would lead to rusting). Painting has no similar effect, so galvanising lengthens the life of the car.

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