In this Remastered NASA Documentary Film "The Eagle Has Landed" "Space History Sundays" takes you back to "1969" and takes a look at the danger and history of the Apollo astronauts and space flight mission of Apollo 11 to the Moon's surface.7
This film tells the story of the historic first landing of men on the Moon in July, 1969. It depicts the principal highlight events of the mission from launching through post-recovery activities of Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, and Michael Collins. Through television, motion picture and still photography, the film provides an "eye-witness" perspective of the Apollo 11 mission.
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Astronomy Cast Ep. 478: Apollo 8 with Paul Hildebrandt

Join +Fraser Cain and +Pamela Gay for a live episode of Astronomy Cast. We'll record our 30-minute show, and then stay tuned for them to answer questions!

OTD in Space – January 27: Apollo 1 Fire

On January 27, 1967, three Apollo astronauts were killed during a routine preflight rehearsal at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. The Apollo 1 fire was the first major deadly disaster in the history of the U.S. space program. Apollo 1 was supposed to be the first flight that NASA would conduct to prepare for a crewed landing on the moon. Less than a month before their planned launch date, a fire erupted inside the apollo command module with all three astronauts trapped inside. Heat caused the air pressure inside the spacecraft to rise, making it impossible for the astronauts to open the hatch, which was designed to open inward. NASA did learn from the tragedy, and they redesigned their spacecraft to be much safer going forward.

Apollo 11's "1202 Alarm" Explained

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My companion blog post might explain this one more if you still have questions! http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/vintagespace/2018/01/03/apollo-11s-1202-alarm-explained/
Check out Frank O'Brien's "The Apollo Guidance Computer" on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Apollo-Guidance-Computer-Architecture-Operation/dp/1441908765
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This Apollo Rocket Stage was Smashed for Science

Companion blog post is on its way! Check for it in a couple of hours here: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/vintagespace/#.WirvviOZPdQ
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Apollo Mission Project: vision-projection (artifact old movie), 1963.

IMPORTANT: The sound on this one is atrocious, but I posted it anyway due to the very interesting early Apollo graphics.
The Apollo Mission ~ 1963 North American Aviation NASA; Project Apollo Moon Mission Overview
(Document and information from Jeff Quitney)
Slide show "animated". Shows the principal steps to be taken by NASA to place men on the moon and retrun them safely to Earth. The sound on this one is atrocious, but I posted it anyway due to the very interesting early Apollo graphics.
Originally a public domain film, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
Project Apollo, the American space program to land men on the moon, originated in 1960. On July 28-29, 1960, the Apollo program was announced to US industry representatives. On September 1, The Apollo Project Office was formed under the Space Task Group (STG) Flight Systems Division. In late October, Convair, GE and Martin were selected to prepare feasibility studies for the Apollo spacecraft.
Numerous committees were formed within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to develop lunar mission concepts. On February 7, 1961, the final report of the Low Committee (Manned Lunar Landing Task Group) outlined "A Plan for Manned Lunar Landing" within the decade using either Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR) or direct ascent technique.
On May 5, STG completed the first draft of Apollo spacecraft specifications, and on May 22, the 2nd draft was completed. On May 25, President Kennedy proposed a manned lunar landing within the decade to Congress. On June 10, the Lundin Committee recommended the Earth Orbit Rendezvous method using the conceptual Saturn C-3 (S-IB-2 4x F-1; S-II-C3 2x J-2; S-IV 6x RL-10) launch vehicle to accomplish the manned lunar landing mission.
In August, the Heaton Committee (Ad Hoc Task Group for Study of Manned Lunar Landing by Rendezvous Techniques) recommended Earth Orbit Rendezvous using the conceptual Saturn C-4 (S-IB-4 4x F-1; S-II-4 4x J-2; S-IVB 1x J-2) for the manned lunar landing.
On November 1, 1961, the Space Task Group was renamed as the Manned Spacecraft Center. On November 28, North American Aviation was selected as principal contractor for the Apollo spacecraft under MSC direction. In December, the configuration of the Saturn C-5 (Saturn-V) lanuch vehicle was determined. Boeing had been chosen as prime contractor for the first stage, and Douglas Aircraft as prime contractor for the third stage.
The prime contractor for the 2nd stage was not announced until November 7, 1962: North Amerian Aviation (NAA). This choice was surprising, because NAA had already received the Apollo Command & Service Module contract, and because the Rocketdyne division of NAA was prime contractor for the F-1 and J-2 engines which would power all three stages of the Saturn V launch vehicle.
America's first manned orbital flight was accomplished by John Glenn in the Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. In March, the Apollo Spacecraft Project Office was relocated to the Manned Spacecraft Center near Houston, Texas, and on July 20, NASA announced that the Mission Control Center for Apollo would be located at the Manned Spacecraft Center.
On July 11, 1962 NASA announced that the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous mode would be used the manned lunar landing mission, and that the Saturn C-IB (Saturn IB) launch vehicle would be developed to test the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit missions...

Apollo 12 the second mission: 'The Intrepid Voyage", November 1969

RICHARD GORDON astronaut (R.I.P.)
Documentary Segment: The team of the Apollo 12 mission, tells this historical journey. Segment of the documentary.
Shot and edited by Tim Holland.

Learn All About the Mission to Send Man to the Moon - STEM in 30

Apollo 11 launched from Cape Kennedy on July 16, 1969, sending three Americans to the Moon. Learn all about the Apollo program.
More info: airandspace.si.edu/stem-30

Did You Know One of the Most Famous Images Ever Taken Was Spontaneous? - STEM in 30

The famous "moon man" image showing Buzz Aldrin walking on the lunar surface wasn't an elaborately planned shoot. Learn all about the historic photo and the man in that image.
More info: airandspace.si.edu/stem-30
Image Credit: MIT and Dominick Reuter

"The First Man on the Moon: Why Neil Armstrong?” Dr. James Hansen

August 3, 2017 "The First Man on the Moon: Why Neil Armstrong?”
Dr. James Hansen
NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, Edwards California
Of all the Apollo astronauts, why was Neil Armstrong chosen to command Apollo 11 and also become the first astronaut to step out onto the lunar surface? In the process of answering this question, Dr. Hansen also examined important aspects of Armstrong's life story, a life that began quietly in small-town America and developed into his celebrated career as a naval aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and pioneering astronaut. Dr. Hansen explores the question of the complex legacy left by this reluctant hero and first man on the Moon.
Speaker: Dr. James Hansen
FIRST MAN (Simon & Schuster, 2005, 2012) by Dr. James Hansen is the only authorized biography of Neil Armstrong, first man on the Moon. The book spent three weeks as a New York Times Bestseller and garnered major book awards including the AIAA’s Eugene E. Emme Astronautical Prize, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ Gardner-Lasser Literature Award, and CHOICE magazine’s Outstanding Academic Book.

We Almost Had Jet Packs on the Moon

There's more on the one man lunar flying proposals in my companion blog post at Discover: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/vintagespace/2017/09/28/we-almost-had-jet-packs-on-the-moon/#.Wc1DhEyZMo8
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The Life-Saving Q-Ball of Apollo

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When you mention the words “Apollo” and “NASA” most people will immediately think of America but success in Space requires a global effort: the International Space Station is only the latest example of the coordinated ingenuity of nations working together to get things done off the planet.
When an explosion threatened Apollo 13 mission a group of Australian engineers on the other side of the world managed to regain communications to the sickened craft in record time, this is the story of How Australia Helped Save Apollo 13.
For more information about the Australian story and the wider Australian involvement in manned and unmanned space exploration visit https://www.honeysucklecreek.net/
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This episodes shirt was the Zig Zag Trip by Madcap England and are available at AtomRetro.com with worldwide shipping from the UK.
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Presented By Paul Shillito
Written & Researched By Andy Munzer
Additional Material By Paul Shillito
Editing by Paul Shillito

How Neil Armstrong Cheated Death Multiple times Before Apollo

By the time of the first manned moon mission, Apollo 11 on July 22nd, 1969, Neil Armstrong had already cheated death at least seven times – all in vehicles provided to him by the American government.
From navy pilot to the first man on the moon, Armstrong's professional life is a remarkable survival rate for a man whose family gained their name for an act of strength in an arm.
How Neil Armstrong Cheated Death Multiple times Before Apollo.
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Presented by Paul Shillito
Researched and written by Martin Kielty
Additional material by Paul Shillito
Edited by Paul Shillito
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Memorys 2 by Frank Dorittke and Memorys are licensed under a Music Sharing 3.0 International License.
http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Frank_Dorittke/Mare_Tranquillitatis/pcr018_cd01_08_fd_project_memorys_two
http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Frank_Dorittke/Mare_Tranquillitatis/pcr018_cd01_09_fd_project_memorys

The TV camera's Apollo left on the Moon
Apollo 17 was the last mission to the moon but if no one else is there, who’s operating the TV camera as it pans up and follows the ascent module when it returned to Earth? here's a clue... it's not Stanley Kubrick
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Presented by Paul Shillito
Researched and Written by Andy Munzer
Addition Material by Paul Shillito
Music by Paul Shillito.

In this episode, I talk with Ex IBM and NASA contractor Kenneth Roberts who worked on the Saturn V, Skylab, Spacelab, the space shuttle and also helped train the crews and astronauts to understand and use the custom made flight and operational computer systems.
This was a result of the request to talk to people who worked or still do work in the space/aerospace industry and i would like the thank Tennis Smith for setting up the interview and suggesting it in the first place.
If you know someone that worked in the space industry and think they would like to share their stories then contact me on the email link in the about page of this channel.
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Presented by Paul Shillito
Interviewee Kenneth Roberts
Suggested by Tennis Smith.

The Lost Apollo 2 and Apollo 3 Missions

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*This is a reboot of an old video that I was never happy with - you're not crazy if this seems familiar!*
And more even older space in my book, BREAKING THE CHAINS OF GRAVITY! You can order your copy on Amazon: bit.ly/astbtcog
My blogs is now at DISCOVER MAGAZINE! blogs.discovermagazine.com/vintagespace
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Amy talks about the American Mercury missions to space that occurred in the early and mid-1960s in preparation for the Apollo missions that eventually landed Americans on the moon on July 20, 1969.
Amy Shira Teitel is a lifelong space history nerd who has turned a childhood fascination with the Moon landings into a career. Over the years she has written for over a dozen online and print outlets including Discovery News and Al Jazeera English, and appeared in several TV series, most notably in NASA's Unexplained Files. Her first book, Breaking the Chains of Gravity, was released in 2016. She currently maintains her personal YouTube channel as well as the popular Vintage Space channel, among a whole other whack of insane and awesome projects.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx

How NASA Took Cars to the Moon

REBOOT! The Museum of Flight in Seattle asked to include my old video on this in their new Apollo exhibit, and when I looked at it I decided it was too embarrassing. So I redid the video, and added onboard audio! And am happy with the outcome so decided to take the old one down and put this one up instead. Enjoy!
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Or get a signed hardcover edition on my website! http://www.amyshirateitel.com/store.html - IT'S BACK ONLINE! 🙂 (But orders are slow for the moment - waiting for books from my publisher!)
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What Happened on Board when Apollo 12 was Struck by Lightning

REBOOT! The Museum of Flight in Seattle asked to include my old video on this in their new Apollo exhibit, and when I looked at it I decided it was too embarrassing. So I redid the video, and added onboard audio! And am happy with the outcome so decided to take the old one down and put this one up instead. Enjoy!
Want weekly Vintage Space ? Don't forget to subscribe! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw95T_TgbGHhTml4xZ9yIqg
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Or get a signed hardcover edition on my website! http://www.amyshirateitel.com/store.html - IT'S BACK ONLINE! 🙂 (But orders are slow for the moment - waiting for books from my publisher!)
My blog archives has lots of awesome olde timey space, too (and I'm looking for a new home for it, too!): http://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space
I've also got a PATREON PAGE! Want to listen to a Vintage Space Podcast or get awesome merch like t-shirts? Please consider becoming a patron! I've set up a Patreon account so I can raise funds to buy the gear I'll need to make an awesome podcast and also work with professionals to make better content all around. Any help is so hugely appreciated. https://www.patreon.com/amyshirateitel
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What Happened on the Moon Before Apollo ?

The Apollo landings from 1969 to 1972 marked a high point in lunar exploration but Apollo didn’t just rock up on to the moon out of the blue, it took many, many missions by probes and landers over the preceding years to establish if we could send men to the moon and get them back.
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You can now translate this and other curious droid videos, see my video about it here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLPVgIytKyg
It's quite strange to think that even by the late 1950’s ,just over 10 years before Neil Armstrong set foot on the lunar surface, we knew surprising little about the moon other than what we could observe from the earth and the hypotheses we drew from those observations.
We knew that it had no appreciable atmosphere or large bodies of water but we didn’t know what the surface was like and we didn’t what was on the far side, the side which always faces away from earth.
After the launch of Sputnik on Oct 4th 1957, the Soviets made several attempts at getting a probe to the moon. The first 3 launches in September, October and December of 1958 all failed but the fourth one in January 1959 did work but… they missed the moon and Luna-1 became the first spacecraft escape earth’s gravity to enter orbit around the sun.
After another launch failure in June, in September 1959 Luna-2 became the first man-made object to reach the surface of the moon.
These probes are not like the landers we are used to now, these were impactors, which means that they are designed to crash into the moon surface, taking measurements on the way. During their journey to the moon, Luna-2 took measurements approximately once a minute which was transmitted back to earth up until the time of impact.
Luna 2’s instruments helped prove that the moon had no real magnetic field and also confirmed the exitance of the Van Allen belts which had been discovered by the first US Satellite Explorer 1.
It also released a vapour cloud of bright orange sodium gas that expanded up to 400 miles, 650 km across which could be seen by telescopes on earth.
The US were sceptical of the Soviets and didn’t believe that they had reached the moon. That was until Bernard Lovell at the Jodrell Bank Radio telescope in England, using a Doppler effect method, proved that the signals did indeed come from the moon.
Once again, the US had been caught out by the Soviets who used Luna-2 and Sputnik and as propaganda to show the superiority of the Soviet Space program. The closest the US had come to the moon by then was Pioneer 4 which only got within 37,000 miles, 60,000 Km.
Luna-2 also proved that the impactor method worked and this would also be used later by the US ranger probes.
Then in Oct 1959, the Soviets did it again with Luna-3 when it became the first spacecraft to photograph the far side of the moon. Luna-3 was also the first craft to not only use the gravity assist method to swing it around the moon and back to the earth but also to position itself in space using 3 axis control with thrusters, this was essential to control the spin of the craft and to position the camera towards the lunar surface.
The photographic film used to for the images of the moon was high temperature, radiation hardened film which had been captured from American Genetrix balloons which the US used as high altitude surveillance devices, in effect they were the original spies in the sky, before high altitude planes or satellites. They would float over the Soviet Union taking pictures before being intercepted by the USAF once out of soviet airspace.....
The Life and Death of a Certain K. Zabriskie, Patriarch by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/vendaface/
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Bigger and Better Saturn V Rockets that Weren't

There was a lot of logic to extending the Saturn V rocket, saving money and extending our reach into the Solar System. But we didn't do it. If you're curious, the authors are Ronald D. Scott and
William L. Corcoran... if you want to find the paper yourself!
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Or get a signed hardcover edition on my website! http://www.amyshirateitel.com/store.html - IT'S BACK ONLINE! 🙂 (But orders are slow for the moment - waiting for books from my publisher!)
My blog archives has lots of awesome olde timey space, too (and I'm looking for a new home for it, too!): http://www.popsci.com/blog-network/vintage-space
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NASA's Million Dollar Space Pen vs The Soviet Pencils

The story of the NASA’s million $ space pen and the soviet pencils has become one of the enduring tales from the space race which still floats around the internet today and goes a bit like this.
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During the 1960’s as NASA was sending the first men in the space, they realise that pens don’t work in zero gravity, so they spent years and millions of tax payer dollars to develop one that did. Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union, the cosmonauts simply used pencils.
The moral of the story to many is that NASA was a wasteful government organisation that would be giving your hard earned TAX dollars to some greedy contractors charging sky high prices for a seemingly trivial object whereas the enemy, the Soviets, where common sense and practical.
But the story is a myth, however like all good myths it’s based on facts, facts which over time like Chinese whispers end up as grossly exaggerated stories which then are taken at face value and purport to be the real facts.
The true story of the “Space Pen” is a bit more down to earth and starts with a sandwich on the Gemini 3 mission of March 23rd, 1965.
The crew of the flight were Gus Grissom and John Young. After the mission, it came to light that John Young had smuggled a sandwich on board in his space suit pocket.
Although it had been allowed by the director of flight operations, it was frowned upon by the flight surgeon because when they took bites out of the two-day old sandwich in orbit, the crumbs floated around the cabin in micro gravity and that these could get into the electronics and cause a problem.
At the time, the astronauts had an exclusive deal with “Life” magazine and some thought that they had planned little stunts like this, so as to reveal them in upcoming articles. In the earlier Mercury missions, it had been common place for non-flight items to have been taken on board missions.
When it was then discovered that the two mechanical pencils the crew were using, cost $128.84 each ($986 today) and that NASA had bought 34 of them for a total of $4,382.50, the equivalent of $33,700 in 2017 prices, the press had a field day and there was a public outcry.
It turned out that the actual pencils cost $1.75 each but they had custom made housings so that the crew could hold and write with them whilst wearing their thick space suit gloves and it was the R&D and manufacturing cost of these housings which was where the bulk of the money had really gone.
The issue here is that people might not know what a flight computer or a rocket engine costs but when they see a pencil costing $128, they might well think what else have unscrupulous contractors been overcharging for.
After an investigation, as to what was being carried on to missions, it also turned out that they also had on board four Japanese Pentel pencils which cost $0.49c each, something NASA definitely didn’t want to be known about when they flew alongside the $128 American versions.
During the mid-1960’s, Paul Fisher, inventor and owner of the Fisher Pen Company patented what he called the “space pen”.
Fisher knew of the issues with the NASA pencils and had the idea of making a pen that would work in space. The Space pen had a cartridge pressurised with nitrogen and that used a special gel ink that became liquid when the ballpoint rotated against the gel. It could write at any angle, on almost any surface, in a vacuum, even underwater and work in temperatures from -46C to +71C.
However, he didn’t have any official backing, nor was he contracted by NASA, it was just his idea to make the perfect pen and he funded it privately by his company to the tune of a reportedly $1 million, how true that figure was, might be up for question but its where the $million price tag comes from.

Buzz Aldrin & Jeffrey Kluger On Human Missions To Mars, The Apollo 8 Mission And More At SXSW | TIME

Buzz Aldrin talks to TIME’s Jeffrey Kluger about human missions to Mars inspired by 'The Martian', the Apollo 8 Mission, & much more at this year's SXSW Festival.
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Yes, Apollo Flew Through the Van Allen Belts Going to the Moon

No, the van Allen radiation belts weren't deal breakers for the Apollo astronauts. They really did go to the Moon. Want weekly Vintage Space ? Don't forget to SUBSCRIBE! https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw95T_TgbGHhTml4xZ9yIqg
The Apollo Experience Report on Radiation is here, if you're curious: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730010172.pdf
There's more about rockoons here:https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4401/ch4.htm
Also, thanks to Doctor Dad (as in my Dad) for helping me get my head around how annoying it is that radiation is measured in so many ways and coming up with the CT scan as a relatable reference point!
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How did the Apollo flight computers get men to the moon and back ?

There is much speculation by some, as to how the flight computer aboard the Apollo missions managed to get men to the moon when it had just a tiny fraction of the computing power of something like a modern smartphone.
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But this is quite misleading as there was not one solitary computer controlling the Apollo craft, there were 4 computers and no fancy touch screens, GUI’s or other things in a typical computer of today to waste resources on.
The first of the 4 computers was the Saturn Launch Vehicle Digital Computer or LVDC, this got the rocket from the launch pad to earth orbit.
Then there was the Apollo Guidance Computer or AGC, this is the one which most people think of. There were in fact, two of them, one in the Command Module to get from the earth orbit to the moon and back again. The second was in the lunar module that would control the landing and then the ascent back to the command module and docking.
The fourth computer was one which was never used on any mission because it would control an emergency abort and ascent should something happen during the descent to the moons surface like the landing computer failing or they ran out of fuel.
The Apollo Guidance Computer wasn’t as dumb as many make it out to be. As time when by in Apollo’s development, the tasks that it was meant to do increased in both number and sophistication, this in turn created ever more issues with the limited resources available .
One of the biggest problems was the limited amount of memory due to the technological limitations of the time, this meant that the programmers had to make use of every single byte available.
The AGC also had a unique operating system. Systems like UNIX, Linex, Windows and Apple iOS are in control and share time out to the programs. In the AGC, the programs controlled how much time they got depending on how important they were. So that in the case of an emergency, the highest priority programs would get most of the time and non-essential operations were dropped to free up resources which became the basis of mission critical system for all manned mission afterwards.
The computer had a performance somewhere around that to that of the first generation of personal computers like the Apple II, commodore 64, ZX Spectrum that would arrive 10 years later in the late 70’s.
It had 2k of RAM and 36k of fixed storage magnetic rope core memory, which was woven by hand and took months to assemble, so any software bugs were literally woven into the system.
A comparison between the Apollo Guidance Computer and say an iPhone 6 is tricky because the AGC was not a general purpose computer. It was built for a very specific task, had a unique operating system and with the 48-year gap in the technologies used, we can only really get very rough estimates.
The Apple iPhone 6 uses the ARM A8 processor which has about 1.6 billion transistors in it, the AGC had just 12,300. The iPhone 6 has 1Gb of RAM, about 488,000 times the AGC and in this one, 128Gb of non-volatile storage or about 3.5 million times the AGC.
As for performance, the iPhone 6 is somewhere between maybe 4 and 30 Million times faster than the AGC depending on what type of calculations are being done and if you include the iPhone’s GPU it would be even more.
So, if you had to fly back to the moon in an Apollo craft and given the choice, would you trust your life to a couple of iPhones in place of the AGC’s?, because you would actually have more computing power in just one of them than the whole of NASA had during all the Apollo missions.......
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What if Apollo had crashed on the Moon ?

For all of the celebrations surrounding the first manned lunar landing of Apollo 11 in 1969, what is forgotten today is just how close they and the other Apollo missions flew to the edge of disaster.
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Apollo 11 came within seconds of aborting the landing because they had over shot the landing area and were running low on fuel.
This was only one of several issues with the Apollo missions that arose that could have led to the loss of the mission and crew, though as it turned out only Apollo 13 came close to this happening. This excludes the Apollo 1 accident where the crew died because of a fire as they rehearsed a launch on January 27th, 1967.
Apollo 12 was struck by lightning twice a during the launch and although it knocked several electrical systems, the main navigation system continued to work and the rest of the mission proceeded successfully.
On Apollo 16 the engine back up system malfunctioned on the command module as it orbited the moon which resulted in the flight being 1 day shorter but mission control determined that they could work around the fault instead of aborting the mission.
Even Apollo 11 was a test flight, with it building upon the previous mission’s results and achievements. It was to be the first attempt at a manned landing and was driven as much by the desire to achieve President Kennedys directive to put a man on the moon before the end of the decade as it was to beat the perceived threat from the Soviets getting there first, US national pride was at stake if either of these failed.
As Apollo 11 was to be the first landing, NASA wanted to make sure that it would be as event free as possible, so they chose to land on the largest flattest part of the moon that they could find, officially known as site 2, it was a 10 mile long elliptical area in the northern sea of tranquillity.
The idea was that the flight computer on board the lander would guide it down to from 50,000 feet to 500 feet above the surface where Neil Armstrong would take over the controls for the final landing.
However, Armstrong became aware early on that things were not going to plan and that they had already flown over the landing site and were heading to a boulder strewn area now known as west crater which about the size of a football field.
He assumed control from the flight computer and manually flew over West crater and another smaller crater before landing at the outer edge of site 2 about 4 miles from its intended target, and uttering the immortal words, "Houston, Tranquillity Base here – the Eagle has landed."
As he was making the final descent, mission control estimated that they had just 25 seconds of fuel left at the time they landed, although this was later revised to 45 seconds after the mission.
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The Sky at Night - The Last Man on the Moon

Patrick talks about the last mission to the moon and talks to Gene Cernan..the last human to walk on the moon. Broadcast in 2007

The Apollo Story - Presented by Patrick Moore

Patrick Moore presents the story of the Apollo Programme.

Day of Remembrance -- Apollo 1

On Jan. 27, 1967, the three Apollo 1 astronauts -- Gus Grissom, Ed White II and Roger Chaffee -- were preparing for what was to be the first manned Apollo flight. The astronauts were sitting atop the launch pad for a pre-launch test when a fire broke out in their Apollo capsule. The investigation into the fatal accident led to major design and engineering changes, making the Apollo spacecraft safer for the coming journeys to the moon.

"Last Man on the Moon": Last Steps

The Last Man on the Moon is a recent film about astronaut Eugene Cernan’s life, produced by U.K. production company Mark Stewart Productions and directed by Mark Craig.

NASA Reflects on Legacy of Gene Cernan, Last Man to Walk on Moon

Former NASA astronaut Eugene Cernan, the last man to walk on the moon, died Monday, Jan. 16, following ongoing health issues, according to a statement from his family.
"It is with very deep sadness that we share the loss of our beloved husband and father,” said Cernan’s family. “Our family is heartbroken, of course, and we truly appreciate everyone's thoughts and prayers. Gene, as he was known by so many, was a loving husband, father, grandfather, brother and friend.”
“Even at the age of 82, Gene was passionate about sharing his desire to see the continued human exploration of space and encouraged our nation's leaders and young people to not let him remain the last man to walk on the Moon," the family continued.
Cernan, a Captain in the U.S. Navy, left his mark on the history of exploration by flying three times in space, twice to the moon. He also holds the distinction of being the second American to walk in space and the last human to leave his footprints on the lunar surface.
The following is a statement from NASA Administrator Charles Bolden on the passing of the Gemini and Apollo astronaut:
“Gene Cernan, Apollo astronaut and the last man to walk on the moon, has passed from our sphere, and we mourn his loss. Leaving the moon in 1972, Cernan said, ‘As I take these last steps from the surface for some time into the future to come, I’d just like to record that America’s challenge of today has forged man’s destiny of tomorrow.’ Truly, America has lost a patriot and pioneer who helped shape our country's bold ambitions to do things that humankind had never before achieved.”
According to the family, details regarding services will be announced in the coming days.
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Last man to walk the moon, Gene Cernan, dies

Retired NASA astronaut Eugene Cernan, the last man to walk the moon, has died at the age of 82. CNN's Martin Savidge reports.

God Speed Gene Cernan

The last Human Being to have walked on the Moon has past on Gene Cernan and now he is on new missions. I knew Gene personally and he was indeed a great man, his contributions to our understanding of Space will never be forgotten he did have the Right Stuff. Godspeed Commander Cernan.....

NASA's Last Lunar Astronaut Gene Cernan Dies

The last astronaut to walk on the Moon during NASA's Apollo program has died.
Gene Cernan passed away at the age of 82 in Houston, Texas.
Cernan commanded Apollo 17, his third space flight and the last mission in the moonshot program.
On Dec. 14th, 1972, Cernan took the last steps on the moon, before climbing up the ladder of the lunar module.
Before leaving the lunar surface, he scrawled his daughter's initials into the dust.
Decades later, Cernan lobbied the Congress for a lunar return.
Born in 1934, the Chicago native Eugene A. Cernan joined NASA in their third class of astronauts.
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Capt. Eugene Cernan, the last man on the moon

Astronaut Eugene Cernan's mission is the focus of a new movie, "The Last Man on the Moon," which is out now

How did Apollo deal with the Van Allen radiation belts ?

One of the most hotly contested procedures during the Apollo missions was the how NASA dealt with the issue of the Van Allen belts, the naturally occurring belts of radiation that surround the earth, both on the journey to the moon and returning from it.
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To some this just proves the point that NASA never went to the moon because they contest that if the crew went through the Van Allen belts they would have received a lethal dose of radiation and died during or shortly afterwards but as we know that didn’t happen, so how did they achieve this.
Mention word “radiation” and most people will think of X-rays and the atom bomb, Hiroshima, Chernobyl and therefore associate it with bad things.
Yes, you do need thick lead shielding against high-intensity X-rays but the radiation in the Van Allen belts is not X-rays, its charged particles.
There are two main types of radiation, the first is electromagnetic waves. This covers everything from the radio waves, through microwaves, infrared which we feel as heat, visible light on through ultraviolet, X-rays to Gamma rays, that is the electromagnetic spectrum.
The second type of radiation is charged particles, these are the component parts of atoms such as protons, neutrons and electrons which have been broken apart by nuclear reactions or extreme heat as in the sun.
Title: Adam Are You Free?
Author: P C III
Source: www.pipechoir.com
Nightingale sounds from Gerry Gutteridge flic.kr/ps/Mk2zU
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0

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How Did the Saturn V End Up in Florida?

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More here: Stages to Saturn: http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/contents.htm

There were a LOT of unknowns about spaceflight in the early 1960s, including what would happen if a rocket exploded en route to orbit. Enter Project Highwater.
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A Brief History of Moon Hoaxes - Why do people still believe in them?

Go to google and type in “site: Moon hoax” and you get back over 670,000 websites that reference in some way or another that the moon landing were faked or we have never been to the moon at all.
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How did we get from one of the greatest technological achievements of the 20th century to believing that it was a massive cover-up by NASA, the CIA, the government or a combination of all three?, and why almost 50 years after the first Apollo missions, with all the scientific proof available, do an increasing number of people believe in an a radically different version of reality?.
Conspiracy theory’s about the Apollo missions have been circulating since before the moon landings.
One of the first reported instances of people not believing that the moon landings were true came on December 18th, 1969, 5 months after first moon walk, when the New York Times science reporter , John Noble Wilford in an article called “A Moon Landing? What moon landing?” remarked that ― “A few stool warmers in Chicago bars are on record as suggesting that the Apollo 11 moon walk last July was actually staged by Hollywood on a Nevada desert.”
Six months later, on June 15th 1970, the Atlanta Constitution led with the story “Many skeptics feel moon explorer Neil Armstrong took his ‘giant step for mankind‘ somewhere in Arizona”. The article was based on a poll of 1,721 U.S. citizens that were asked “Do you really, completely believe that the United States has actually landed men on the moon and returned them to earth again?”
The poll results showed that less than 5% of responders in Detroit, Miami, and Akron believed they were fake but that increased to 54% of African Americans in places such as Washington DC.
An early common theme was that because of the cold war between the US and the Soviets, the US could not be seen to lose the race to the moon but when they realized that it couldn’t be done, NASA faked the missions and used the funds to buy the silence of potential whistle blowers.
Other ones said that we could never get to the moon because the astronauts would have been killed by the radiation in the Van Allen Belts which surround the earth. This is down a poor understanding of the science of radiation and that all radiation is not the same. As we will see, It’s this “bad science” that is the underpinning of most the moon hoax theories”
One theory by William Brian said that we did go to the moon but only with the help of Alien technology and NASA couldn’t risk the public finding out about this as they would have disclosed how they got.
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Why We Haven't Gone Back to the Moon

We went to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, and we have better technology now, so why haven't we been back? There's a reason, sort of, and it's not the most straightforward... Thanks to the Vlogbrothers for helping make this episode possible.
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Why Disappearing Hatchmarks Don't Mean Apollo Images are Fake

Thanks to the Vlogbrothers for helping make this episode possible!
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Watch the talented Reggie Watts perform at the Exploratorium August 9th, 2012. Reggie was at the Exploratorium for an Osher Fellowship, and he graciously joined us at the end of a live webcast on Mars to share a little of his own feelings about the red planet!

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