5 Health Problems Linked to Height

Height has been linked to a range of health problems, from Alzheimer's and heart disease to multiple cancers. How stature stacks the odds of getting sick is unclear, but experts say the link between height and health offers new hope for understanding puzzling diseases.

Here are five common conditions linked to height.

Health Problems Linked to Height

The study, published today in the Journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, found that taller women were more likely to develop cancers of the breasts, ovaries, kidneys, thyroid, endometrium, colon and rectum. They also had an increased risk for multiple myeloma and melanoma.

The study adds to mounting evidence connecting height and cancer risk. A 2012 study published in the journal PLoS One found that for every 5-centimeter (2-inch) increase in height above the average 5 feet, 3 inches, the risk of ovarian cancer rose 7 percent. And a 2011 study published in The Lancet found that taller women had an increased risk of 10 different cancers, including breast and skin cancer.

Taller men have an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer, according to a 2008 study published in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. The study of more than 9,000 British men with an average height of 5 feet, 9 inches found a 23 percent increased risk for high-grade prostate tumors for every 10-centimeter (3.9-inch) increase in height.

"One of the big surprises in cancer has been the potential impact of early life nutritional factors on long-term cancer risk," said Dr. Tim Byers, a professor of preventive medicine and biometrics at the University of Colorado Cancer Center in Denver. "I think height is an indicator of some risk factor, but we don't know what the mechanism is."

The findings offer little comfort for tall men and women, whose height -- guided by genes, nutrition and other environmental influences -- was established in their 20s. But Byers said taller people should not worry any more, nor should shorter people worry any less, about their cancer risk.

"Whether you're tall or short, staying away from tobacco, being physically active, eating a balanced diet and maintaining a healthy are beneficial behaviors for everyone," he said. "And get the recommended cancer-screening tests, regardless of height."

Health Problems Linked to Height

Heart Disease

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, killing 616,000 people per year, according to the CDC. And, unlike cancer, it seems to affect shorter people more than their taller counterparts.

A 2010 review of 52 studies involving more than 3 million men and women found shorter people have a 50 percent higher risk of having deadly heart disease than tall people.

"It would be interesting to explore the possibility that short stature is connected with the risk of [coronary heart disease] and [heart attack] through the effect of smaller coronary artery diameter, and that smaller coronary arteries may be occluded earlier in life under similar risk conditions," the authors wrote in their report, published in the European Heart Journal.

A 2006 study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology found that identical twins who died from coronary heart disease tended to be shorter than their co-twins, suggesting the height-heart disease link stems from environmental factors that affect both height and heart disease risk rather than genetics.

"If there is some environmental factor acting early in life that both affects adult height and somehow programs us for certain diseases, we need to look early in life for those factors. It's not impossible, but it's hard," said Byers, explaining the difficulty of asking adults to accurately recall what they ate as children. "It would be nice if everyone kept a diary, wouldn't it?"

Health Problems Linked to Height

Stroke

Like heart disease, serious strokes are also more common among shorter people.

An Israeli study of more than 10,000 men, 364 of whom died from stroke, linked each 5-centimeter (2-inch) decrease in height with a 13 percent increase in fatal stroke risk. Men who were in the shortest quartile had a 54 percent higher risk of fatal stroke than men in the tallest quartile, according to the 2002 study published in the journal Stroke.

"Height might represent a strong indicator of nutritional status, especially in a study such as ours, which included many subjects who had lived as persecuted minorities in their childhood," the authors wrote. "It could also be associated with environmental conditions in childhood and adolescence."

While nutrition is known to influence height, Byers height may also influence hormones to dictate disease risk.

"I suspect that height is probably an indicator of early life nutritional factors that somehow play out 50, 60 years later. But the other possibility is that taller people have slightly different hormone profiles than shorter people," he said. "This definitely needs more attention."

Health Problems Linked to Height

Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in older people, affecting 5.2 million Americans, according to the Alzheimer's Association. The risk increases with age and a family history of Alzheimer's, highlighting the disease's genetic roots. And according to a 2007 study, the risk is also higher for shorter people.

The study, which compared 239 Alzheimer's patients with 341 healthy controls, found men who were taller than 5 feet 10 inches had a 59 percent lower risk of developing the disease than men who were shorter than 5 feet 6 inches. The study was published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.

The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it's thought result from an autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Although it can occur at any age, it's usually diagnosed in children, teens or young adults.

There is debate surrounding the link between height and diabetes, however, as other studies have suggested children with diabetes are similar in stature or even shorter than their non-diabetic peers.