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Linguistics Essays & Research Papers

Best Linguistics Essays

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language.[1][2][3][4][5] Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest known activities in descriptive linguistics have been attributed toPāṇini around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi.[6]
One subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of rules followed by the users of a...

Linguistics, though one of the youngest behavioral sciences, has a background extending over several millennia. During this period scholars with various interests have concerned themselves with language. Some of the most readable treatises on language were produced by the Greeks and Romans, such as Plato’s Cratylus and Quintilian’s advice to an orator. Much of our terminology was devised in the course of this earlier concern. Any of introductions to linguistic cannot, therefore, limit itself to...

Semantics and Theories of Semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. We know that language is used to express meanings which can be understood by others. But meanings exist in our minds and we can express what is in our minds through the spoken and written forms of language (as well as through gestures, action etc.).
The sound patterns of language are studied at the level of phonology and the organisation of words and sentences is studied at the level of morphology and syntax....

﻿Linguistics III
Set 1: Cross linguistic influence and learner language
Psychological principles of SLA form the foundation stones for building a comprehensible understanding of the acquisition of the linguistic system. The studies was centered on the contrasts between the native lang and the target lang (contrastive analysis) and the effect of the native on the target lang (cross linguistic influence).
1-The contrastive analysis Hypothesis
It’s the study of two languages in contrast. Based...

PAPER 6 (DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS)
Discuss synchronic and diachronic approaches to language.
In opposition to the totally historical view of language of the previous hundred
years, Ferdinand de Saussure emphasized the importance of seeing from two distinct and
largely exclusive points of view, which he called "synchronic" and "diachronic". The
word "chronic" has been derived from Greek word "chronos" which means time.
Synchronic linguistics sees language as a living whole, existing as a...

Language and Mind – Spring 2013 – Second Practice Exam
1. Which of the following statements about parameters is FALSE?
a. They specify the limits on possible differences between languages
b. They do not belong to Universal Grammar #
c. Their values must be “set” on the basis of experience
2. From the viewpoint of the principles-and-parameters theory, the process of language acquisition consists of:
a. Setting the choice for each parameter that fits the language that is being acquired #
b....

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Linguistics
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
1.1 Why study language?
1. Language is very essential to human beings.
2. In language there are many things we should know.
3. For further understanding, we need to study language scientifically.
1.2 What is language?
Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
1.3 Design features of language
The features that define our human languages can be...

Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it links literary criticism and linguistics, but has no autonomous domain of its own.[1][2] The preferred object of stylistic studies is literature, but not exclusively "high literature" but also other forms of written texts such as text from the domains of advertising, pop culture, politics or religion.[3]
Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular...

What are Types of Stylistics?
Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it links literary criticism and linguistics, but has no autonomous domain of its own.
Types of Stylistics:
1. Computational Stylistics: Study of patterns formed in particular texts, authors, genres, periods via computational methods. Through the use of computers, it should be possible to achieve more accurate detection and explanation of such linguistic patterns....

31.10.2011
What is Linguistics?
The study of human languages; including the influence of one language on another; how language and words are formed and change within time; the rules of the language- how words are formed, the structure of sentences and words; relationship between culture and language; how language is acquired- the process of language acquisition (foreigner verses mother tongue language).
There are two approaches/types of linguistics:
1. Traditional Linguistics- the only...

Some Preliminaries about Language
IV. Define the following terms:
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.
3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .
4 Design features: it referred to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language that tell...

Yerevan State Linguistic University after Valery BrusovPaper
Corpus Linguistics, Lexicology and Translation
Subject- Lexicology
Faculty- IC
Year - II
Group - III
Lecturer - K. SoghikyanStudent – Mane Nersisyan1586865360044Yerevan 2013
0Yerevan 2013
Introduction
This paper includes information about corpus linguistics, its connection with lexicology and translation. The latter is the most important one and I am keen on finding and introducing something which is mainly connected with...

STRUCTURALISM IN LINGUISTICS
Introduction
It is not my purpose here to give a historical treatment of linguistic ideas, nor it to distinguish and analyze the various approaches and schools of thought generally subsumed under the heading of Structuralism. Rather, I propose to look at the general features characterizing structuralism as seen and treated by structuralists and further to see how it has come to be viewed by Chomsky and other transformationalists. Structuralism in linguistics has...

The Benefits and Downsides of Intermingling Languages
While bilingualism has always been an object of interest and thorough research for scientists of various fields, mixing languages had been, until the last few decades, cast aside as its defective by-product. However, recent linguistic studies show that intermingling languages should not be considered an ill-conceived overlapping tendency that implies carelessness and a improper use of language, but a linguistic phenomenon with its...

Reading report
Applied linguistics and language use
Here is the role applied linguistics is to recognize that these problems often cause deep passions and may need to be viewed as issues in which language plays only a part.
The purpose here is that the chief role of applied linguistics is to ask the right questions about the context in which a language problem is embedded, and then to generalize to other contexts where the same problem can be shown often analysis to exist.
Problems,...

Text linguistics
Module I. Classificationally meaningful characteristics of the text as an integral and independent object of investigation.
Lecture 6. Conceptual variability of linguistic interpretations of the text essence and status and their reflections in the models of the text descriptions.
Problem for discussion
Evolution of the text description approaches. Models of the text descriptions. Grounds for the chosen models and schemes of the text...

1 Linguistics and sociolinguistics
It is difﬁcult to see adequately the functions of language, because it is so deeply rooted in the whole of human behaviour that it may be suspected that there is little in the functional side of our conscious behaviour in which language does not play its part. Sapir (1933)
Language is a complicated business. In everyday talk, we use the word ‘language’ in many different ways. It isn’t clear how ‘language’ should be deﬁned or what the person on the street...

﻿Interlanguage
American linguist Selinker put forward the hypothesis- interlanguage in 1969. He believed there were five cognitive processes to construct interlanguange. They are language transfer, transfer of training, language learning strategy, and language communication strategy and overgeneralization of target language linguistic material.
I have some experiences regarding those aspects during my ten years’ English learning. As to the language transfer, I once equated “individualism”...

inguidRepublic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City
Course Number: CAE211
Course Title: Introduction to Linguistics and Communication Theories
Professor: Dr. Merlita Q. Santos
Discussant: Herbert M. Tabios
The Breakthrough of Linguistics Science (1820-1960)
a. 1820 to 1875
Jacob Grimm
Grimm's law
Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or the Rask's-Grimm's rule), named for Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the...

﻿
TOPIC- THEORIES RELATING TO HOW CHILDREN ACQUIRE THEIR FIRST LANGUAGE ABSTRACT – In the following essay ,language is explored from its initial stages of development in children. Language can be described in so many formats, due to its diversity and its complexity. One interesting description is from, (Edward Sapir), who sees language as an “art” saying; "Language is an anonymous, collective and unconscious art; the result of the...

.Introduction
Language is a human tendency to communicate with others and this could underlie the emergence of language. Montessori said, “To talk is in the nature of man.” Humans needed language in order to communicate, and soon, the powers that come with language were revealed. The evolution of the human language began when communication was done through pictograms or pictures and drawings.
It then developed into ideograms when pictures began to turn into symbols. Later, these symbols...

Applied linguistics is an umbrella term that covers a wide set of numerous areas of study connected by the focus on the language that is actually used. The emphasis in applied linguistics is on language users and the ways in which they use languages, contrary to theoretical linguistics which studies the language in the abstract not referring it to any particular context, or language, like Chomskyan generative grammar for example.
Interestingly even among applied linguists there is a difference...

PREFACE
In the name of Allah, most Gracious, most Merciful. All praises for Allah, the Lord of the worlds, and the sequel is for those who keep their duty unto Him, further, here will be no hostility except against wrongdoers. Blessing and solution be upon the most honorable prophet and messenger, His family all His disciples, and those who follow them in goodness till the Day of Judgment.
Alhamdulillah, the writer has finished writing this research paper.
This paper is submitted to the...

Chapter 4: Linguistic Typology
Chapter 4
Linguistic typology
4.1 Introduction
Simply speaking, the study of universals is concerned with what human languages have in common, while the study of typology deals with ways in which languages differ from each other. This contrast, however, is not sharp. When languages differ from each other, the variation is not random, but subject to limitations. Linguistic typology is not only concerned with variation, but also with the limitations on the...

Two-Word Utterances
When does language begin? In the middle 1960s, under the influence of Chomsky’s vision of linguistics, the first child language researchers assumed that language begins when words (or morphemes) are combined. (The reading by Halliday has some illustrative citations concerning this narrow focus on “structure.”) So our story begins with what is colloquially known as the “two-word stage.” The transition to 2-word utterances has been called “perhaps, the single most disputed...

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Transformational grammar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In linguistics, a transformational grammar or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) is a generative grammar, especially of a natural language, that has been developed in the Chomskyan tradition of phrase structure grammars (as opposed to dependency grammars). Additionally, transformational grammar is the tradition that gives rise to specific transformational grammars. Much...

Thinking Mathematically
Short Essay: Understanding Mathematics and Linguistics
How is Mathematics and Linguistics related with each other?
Linguistics is the science of language. Linguists seek to understand the
proper uses of natural human language. How languages are structured, how and
why they vary and change, how they are acquired, and how people, in
communicating use them.
Mathematics on the other hand is the language of science. It is used to...

Structuralism
Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in 20th-century social sciences and humanities; it focuses on recurring patterns of thought and behaviour  it seeks to analyse social relationships in terms of highly abstract relational structures. Structuralism is distinctly different from that applied to Radcliffe-Brown  it involves more the bio and psychological aspect of human studies rather than social structures. Claude Levi-Strauss was the one to...

What is meant by the field of linguistics? This introductory chapter concerns some dimensions of linguistics, which give us a general idea of what linguistics is, including the history of linguistic, grammar, and other disciplines of linguistics study. What does grammar consist of and what are the relationship between one and another? How many languages do human beings have the capacity to acquire? What other studies are made in recent centuries? Each of these aspects are clearly described, and...

TMA06
This assignment will firstly explain the meaning of the following terms, communicative competence and metalinguistic awareness. Observations have shown that children do imitate older peers and adults when speaking as well as signs of creativity from an early age when developing language. Then the second section will evaluate the roles of creativity and imitation in regards to learning spoken English. This assignment will focus on the spoken English of young children.
Part 1...

Stylistics, sometimes called linguostylistics, is a branch of general linguistics. It deals mainly with two interdependent tasks:
a) the investigation of special language means which secure the desirable effect of the utterance(stylistics devices and expressive means)
b) certain types of texts (discourse) which due to the choice and arrangement of language means are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication. (functional styles)
Functional styles discusses such general...

AYDIN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (PHD PROGRAM)
LINGUISTICS
DR VEYSEL KILIÇ
ESMA ŞENEL
Y1112.620021
HISTORY OF LINGUISTICS
Linguistics as a study endeavors to describe and explain the human faculty of language. The history of linguistics is a branch of intellectual history, for it deals with history of ideas- ideas about language- and not directly with language itself...

﻿Spanglish is a well-known term that describes the linguistic behaviors on Spanish speakers, who’s Spanish is uniquely influenced from the English language. Spanglish can also be defined as a “mixed-code vernacular that includes a range of linguistic phenomena, most notably code-switching”. Despite the fact that Puerto Rican linguist, Salvador Tio, coined the term ‘Spanglish’ in the late 1940’s, this language contact phenomena has actually been used over the past 150 years, since the Treaty of...

﻿Write about the 2 theories of 1st language acquisition and choose which most tenableand provide examples and relevant literature one you find
Michelle
In this essay, I will explain as well as compare two theories of first language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. I will explore the differences between them in such categories as the role of the learner, the role of the environment and as well as their strengths and weaknesses. I will then state and explain which one I find more tenable...

STYLISTICS (лекции)
1. Stylistics as a science. Branches of stylistics.
Stylistics is a branch of general linguistics. It has mainly with two tasks:
Stylistics – is regarded as a lang-ge science which deals with the results of the act of communication.
There are 2 basic objects of stylistics:
- stylistic devices and figures of speech
- functional styles
Branches of stylistics:
- Lexical stylistics – studies functions of direct and figurative meanings, also the way contextual...

What is psycholinguistics?
http://www-psych.nmsu.edu/~pfoltz/psy301/overheadsfirstthird.html
The three primary processes investigated in psycholinguistics
•Language Comprehension
•Language Production
•Language Acquisition
Psycholinguistics is a branch of cognitive science
What will be covered in this class?
• How do we produce and recognize speech?
• How do we perceive words, letters, and sentences?
• How do we learn and recall information from texts?
• How can we...

1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods used by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers are believed to strongly affect the way each defines psycholinguistics. Please discuss some different conceptions of psycholinguistics in its relation to other branches of linguistics. Then, define yours. One of your reference should be “fundamentals of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010)”
Ø Psycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study in which the goals are to...

moving from the introduction into the first main point of the body. A connective is not required here but may be used if desired. For information on connectives, review pages 177-178 of your textbook. Skip a space above and below connectives.)
BODY
I. A single complete sentence expressing the main point of this section of the speech A. Sub point [As with main points, sub points should be written in full sentences.]
1. Sub-sub point [Write sub-sub points in full sentences.]
2. Sub-sub point...

"It is very easy to demonstrate to English speakers that languages change over time". (Holmes, 210)
Language is always changing just because of the time, the people, the gender, the age, the social class, etc. It is very normal to see even in a decade that language has change in some ways, it always maintain the original background but as it goes changing it may be that you won't recognize it that much.
Like an example that is mentioned by Holmes, it says that the k of knit and knife wasn't...

﻿Dialect:
The term dialect (from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos, "discourse", from διά diá, "through" + λέγω legō, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class.[2] A dialect that is associated with a particular social...

Culture and Language
The power of language to reflect culture and influence thinking was first proposed by an American linguist and anthropologist, Edward Sapir (1884–1939), and his student, Benjamin Whorf (1897–1941). The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis stated that the way we think and view the world is determined by our language (Anderson & Lightfoot, 2002; Crystal, 1987; Hayes, Ornstein, & Gage, 1987). Instances of cultural language differences are evidenced in that some languages have...

June 20, 2011
Linguistic Diversity
All children deserve an early childhood program or education that recognizes and respects their family, community, and linguistic diversity. In this nation, there are children of all ethnic and cultural backgrounds. “For young children to develop and learn optimally, the early childhood professional must be prepared to meet their diverse developmental, cultural, linguistic, and educational needs. Early childhood educators face the challenge of how...

Mr.1. Introduction
1.1. Approaching the issue
The task of setting out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods:
* Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more...

IFL
A4.2 (2011-2012)
Chapter 1: What is Language?
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Language can be viewed as a social fact, as a psychological state (mental dictionary), as a set of
structures (a grammatical system: a system to what orders the words have to come in if they are to make
sense), or as a collection of outputs (utterances/sentences: spoken or written).
Language can be viewed as a set of choices (different ways of saying a sentence), a set of contrasts (an...

The topic of seminar:
The main trends of Cognitive Linguistics in works of foreign (American and European) scientists
Problem task: What principles of cognitive linguistics did G. Lakoff pay much attention at ?
Describe his idea. Describe the study of spatial relationships and types of movement in the conceptualization of language,
the concept of imaginative schemes and types of schemes.
Describe the study of body based consciousness and language of humans.
The idea of ​​the...

﻿University of Babylon
College of Education for Human Sciences
Department of English/ PhD Programme
A Theoretical Survey of
Gambits
A term paper
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of a
PhD course in Discourse Analysis
by
Ahmed Sahib Jabir
May, 2013
1. Introductory remarks
It is an agreed upon fact that language is mainly used to fulfil two basic functions: the first is the transactional function which is related to the communication of information and...

Linguistic Anthropology
Ever since I was seven years old, I’ve wanted to be a writer; more specifically, a poet. I think for my chosen profession, linguistic anthropology would benefit me better than any other field of anthropology. According to the Department of Anthropology of California State University, “Linguistic anthropologists are interested in how many languages there are, how those languages are distributed across the world, and their contemporary and historical relationships....

﻿Mukachevo State University
Report
Text linguistics
Prepared by Kamenkova Nastia
2014
Text Linguistics
A text is an extended structure of syntactic units i.e. text as super-sentence such as words, groups, and clauses and textual units that is marked by both coherence among the elements and completion .A non-text consists of random sequences of linguistic units such as sentences, paragraphs, or sections in any temporal and/or spatial extension.
A...

Contrastive Linguistics: Theories and Methods Volker Gast 1 Introduction: The subject matter of contrastive linguistics
Narrowly defined, contrastive linguistics can be regarded as a branch of comparative linguistics that is concerned with pairs of languages which are ‘socio-culturally linked’. Two languages can be said to be socio-culturally linked when (i) they are used by a considerable number of bi- or multilingual speakers, and/or (ii) a substantial amount of ‘linguistic output’ (text,...

An outline of the history of linguistics
• Hindu Tradition
o Had its origins in the 1st millennium BC
o Stimulated by changes in Sanskrit
o Panini (c. 500 BC) is the best known grammarian
o Panini’s grammar of Sanskrit covered phonetics and
morphology
• The Greek Origin
o The Greek tradition of linguistics developed in response to
Homer’s epics. The Greeks founded the European tradition.
o IMPORTANT THEMES IN THE GREEK TRADITION INCLUDE:
 The origin of language
 Classification...

An Assignment on the Linguistic Acquisition Device
Question One
In linguistics, language acquisition is the process through which human beings obtain the capability to comprehend and perceive language as well as produce sentences and words and utilize them to communicate. According to Chomsky, his Linguistic Acquisition Device (LAD) encompassed a device that children were born that could be defined as the inborn ability to comprehend the language principles. This LAD fits his innateness...

LECTURES ON ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY
INTRODUCTION The book is intended for English language students at Pedagogical Universities taking the course of English lexicology and fully meets the requirements of the programme in the subject. It may also be of interest to all readers, whose command of English is sufficient to enable them to read texts of average difficulty and who would like to gain some information about the vocabulary resources of Modern English (for example, about synonyms and...

Applied Cultural Linguistics
Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research
Over the past decades, linguists have taken a broader view of language and are
borrowing methods and ﬁndings from other disciplines such as cognition and
computer sciences, neurology, biology, sociology, psychology, and anthropology. This development has enriched our knowledge of language and communication, but at the same time it has made it diﬃcult for researchers in a particular
ﬁeld of...

Children with Linguistic Differences
Kisha Brown
Ashford University
ECE 605: Children and Families in a Diverse Society
Dr. Rhonda Welch-Scalco
April 8, 2013
Children with Linguistic Differences
In today’s classroom, it is common to have a student who speaks English as a second language. The teachers today should have knowledge of linguistic diversity and apply what they know to assist those children. According to our text, language is one of the aspects that define diversity and...

SEMANTICS
A short story of semantics
Why study semantics?
Semantics (as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing.
Semantics is also at the centre of human mind – thought processes, cognition, conceptualization – all these are strongly connected to the way in which we classify and convey our experience of the world through...

Lin, Alan
Spring 2013
Linguistics 1
Properties of Language According to Linguistics
Language, we use it everyday, but what exactly defines “language?” Are there generalizations to be made of all languages? Does everyone learn language same way? What are the rules of language? “What is Language?” by Neil Smith and Deirdre Wilson answers these questions and more by highlighting the three major theories of modern linguistics.
The first modern linguistic theory claims that language is...

Question: What are the fundamentals in Linguistics? Explain each of them and illustrate with relevant examples.
by Samuel T.T. Wee Linguistics is the science of language. All areas of language can be examined scientifically such as grammar, sounds, meaning, just to name a few. For the purposes of this essay, I shall limit the fundamentals of linguistics to the following: phonetics and phonology, pragmatics, semantics, discourse morphology and syntax. Phonetics and Phonology Pronunciation can be...

GENERAL LINGUISTICS
I. Chapter 6: SEMANTICS: The study of meaning and denotation
EXERCISE 8 (page 224)
a. A second is part of a minute
A minute is part of an hour
An hour is part of a day
* A second is a part of an hour, and it is also a part of a day. It is a transitive relation because a minute, an hour and a day express the same thing which is Time.
b. The toenail is part of the toe
The toe is part of the foot.
The foot is part of the leg
* The toenail is part of the leg....

Mahmoud Moh’d Al-Hihi
Linguistics for Elementary Teachers (CI324)
After reading the first and second chapters, in How Linguistics are Learned, I am interested by what Lightbown and Spada (2006) argued. The authors claimed that “The development of bilingual or second language learning is of enormous importance” (p.25). They argued also that acquisition of more than one language in our new global world is rewarding for bilingual individuals socially and economically. The authors stated that...

Introduction and Overview of Topic:
As the world becomes increasingly globalised, we observe a rising trend where individuals migrate for educational and economic opportunities. The prestige of being educated in a highly ranked university and the prospects of higher paying jobs are definitely important pull factors for both internal and international migration (Welch, 1970). When people move, they also transfer the use of their existing linguistic repertoire to their host country. However,...

A linguistic analysis of humor: A look at Seinfeld
Elizabeth Magnotta and Alexandra Strohl University of Montana
Using the Incongruity Theory of humor (Attardo, 2001; Morreall, 1983; Schwarz, 2010) and the Interactional Sociolinguisitic Methodology of discourse analysis, we examine the incongruous elements, such as moral short-comings, ignorance, and impersonation used in Seinfeld to set up a situation conducive to humor. We analyze the contextualization cues used to support these...

FINAL ESSAY FOR APLIED LINGUISTICS
COMMENT ON THIS VIEWPOINT
“Applied linguistics is not a discipline which exists on its own. It is influenced by other disciplines and influences them as well. It is a two-way process. For this reason, applied linguistics examines theories from all sorts of different areas (semantics, syntax, pragmatics, sociolinguistics,…) and from all sorts of perspectives so that it help find out effective solutions for language -related issues such as teaching...

Pre-linguistic Development
As linguistic development designates the stage when children are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the child is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is sometimes called the pre-symbolic stage. Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of...

﻿Department of English Language and Literature
Semester 1, 2006/07
EL5221: The Linguistic Analysis of Literature
Programme
Lecturer:
A/P Ismail S Talib
Brief Module Description
This interface module deals with some of the ways that linguistics and discourse analysis can be used for the analysis of literature. Among the topics covered are the grammatical features in literary texts, the sounds of poetry, and discourse situations in fictional narrative. This module will be useful for higher-degree...

PSYCHOLINGUISTIC THEORIES OF
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND THE
SAUDI LEARNER OF ENGLISH
Jasser Abdulrahman Al-Jasser, Ph.D
ABSTRACT
This study seeks to determine the relevance of the behavioristic and cognitive approaches for Saudi learners’ acquisition of English as a foreign language (EFL). A special attention is given to learners in EFL programs at the University level. It also assesses the effectiveness of these approaches on...

Chapter 7
Persuasion and Poetics; rhetoric and resistance
Language in literature is used to create alternatives to the real world. In doing so, the precise choice and ordering of words is very important. It not only creates a substitute world for us but also determines our attitude to its inhabitants and the events that take place there. This dependence upon precise wording is why a literary text loses so much in paraphrase or translation. However, despite this importance of precise wording,...

When linguists claim that their discipline is the scientific study of language, they have in mind certain principles which distinguish between a scientific and a non-scientific study of language. First, linguistics is objective, that is, it considers all languages to be equal. For a linguist, there are no 'primitive', 'pure', 'beautiful', 'cultural', or 'sophisticated' languages. Objectivity is difficult to attain because language is so familiar to us that we can hardly dissociate ourselves from...

﻿APPLIED LINGUISTICS
A Paper
“APPLIED LINGUISTIC AND LANGUAGE LEARNING”
Submitted as Final Assignment
Diki Atmarizon
2013/1304071
ENGLISH EDUCATION SECTION
GRADUATE PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF PADANG
2013
I. INTRODUCTION
Today, linguistics is developed rapidly. Another aspect related to the fields of language study is also growing. Studies on language not only covers one aspect only, but has extended to areas or aspects outside the language associated with the...

﻿
The Relationship Between Linguistics and Language Teaching.
Fiona Le Maitre
Thongsook College
May 2013
Abstract
This paper is an attempt to analyze the relationship between linguistics and language teaching.
Linguistics is a science and teaching while technical is also an art yet they are closely related to each other in the case of language teaching. The foreign language teachers need to include 'selection', 'grading' and 'presentation' as their...

﻿Annotations
1. Guy Cook (2003). Applied Linguistics.
This book explains applied linguistics in brief. It describes the popular and academic views of correctness. It also discusses the languages in the contemporary world. It presents English and its growth and the many Englishes used nowadays. It discusses some of the English language teaching techniques. It describes communication. It looks at the linguistic changes and second – language acquisition.
2. Guy Cook and Sarah North (2010)....

SYLLABUS
Cambridge International AS and A Level English Language Literature in English Language and Literature in English
9093 9695 8695
For examination in June and November 2014
University of Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even...

Newspaper style.
includes informative materials: news in brief, headlines, ads, additional articles. But not everything published in the paper can be included in N.S. we mean publicist essays, feature articles, scient. Reviews are not N.S. to attract the readers attention special means are used by british & am. Papers ex: specific headlines, space ordering. We find here a large proportion of dates, personal names of countries, institutions, individuals. To achieve an effect of objectivity in...

The Scope of Applied Linguistics:
AL, according to Corder 1974 is the utilization of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by linguistics research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which language is a central component.
1. Language and Teaching
Approaches & Methods
Grammar Translation Method (GTM): Classes are conducted in the mother tongue. This method depends on memorization of lists of new vocabulary in isolation (i.e. no context...

Abstract
Thomas Stern Eliot (1888-1965) is one of the important poets and the most influential critics of English literature. He attempts to re-educate his readers through the use of languages and various other techniques. Many differences in interpretation exist for Eliot’s complex poetry. In this discussion I shall be examining Eliot's use of a range of linguistic devices. The discussion will focus on how T. S. Eliot employs the medium of language to parallel and reflect his observation of...

﻿Hussam Hasan Karim
University of Basrah
College of Arts/ Department of English
Contrastive analysis as Applied Linguistics
Contrastive analysis is a branch of linguistics. It is a linguistic enterprise aimed at producing inverted (i.e. contrastive, not comparative) two-valued typologies (a CA is always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that languages can be compared (Carl James,1983( .
contrastive analysis includes all fields of linguistics such as...

do TV chefs adapt and change their language to suit their audience and purpose?
There are as many different styles and variations of spoken language as there are people on Earth as language is an abundant ocean of creativity that will never dry up. The inventions of modern day technology such as the TV have meant that English spoken language is as varied now as it has ever been; you only have to flick through the TV channels to discover the differences in the language a news reporter uses,...

﻿English 50 - Introduction to the Study of Languages
Name: Ryan Mark L. Catanio Submitted to: Pro. Salvacion Santander
Topic: Linguistic Performance and Competence Time: MTH, 9:00 – 10:30
Linguistic Knowledge
Speakers’ linguistic knowledge permits them to form longer and longer sentences by joining sentences and phases together or adding modifiers to a noun. whether you stop at three, five or eighteen adjectives, it is impossible to limit the number you could add if desired. Very long...

Paper-5
1. Give a critical appreciation of following poem:
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration ﬁnds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O no; it is an ever-ﬁxed mark,
That looks on tempests, and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.
2. Show your acquaintance on one of the following:
a. Marxism
b. Psycho-Analytical theory
c. feminist criticism
d. post colonialism
3. Write a...

1. Introduction
Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) is one of the most famous and influencing linguists in the last century. His linguistic theory of regarding language as a synchronic and static sign system has turned the historical trend of linguistics and opened up a new pattern of modern linguistics, thus makes linguistics get great achievement in the 20th century. His work Course in General Linguistics (1916) that comes from the notes of his lessons collected by his students...

How does linguistic variation cue representations of a speaker’s social identity and, presumably, stereotypes about relevant social groups? Although studies have indicated that phonetic variation in speech may activate social stereotypes (Purnell, Idsardi & Baugh, 1999), research on the mechanisms of this process has been scant. The term “stereotype” was introduced into the variations of sociolinguistic literature in Labov’s (1973) taxonomy of language forms charged with broad social meaning,...

Vishaldeep Singh October/22/2013
Ms. McFarlane- Ms. Rachel/ ELA 7-701
Linguistic History Essay
My family’s linguistic history is a main role of one person from each family that represents to reflect others. My family’s linguistic history project is based on my mom’s history and how that reflects me. While my mom was growing up, she didn’t loose any language but only gained a language. She gained a language because of her movement, which reflected on me a lot. Most of...

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
INTRODUCTION
Historical linguistics, also called Diachronic Linguistics, the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of phonological, grammatical, and semantic changes, the reconstruction of earlier stages of languages, and the discovery and application of the methods by which genetic relationships among languages can be demonstrated.
According to dictionary.com, Historical linguistics is the branch of linguistics which deals with the history and...