The abducens nerve or abducens nerve (the sixth cranial nerve, also called the sixth nerve or simply CNVI) is a somatic efferent nerve that, in humans, controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

Seen in neuromuscular junction synapses, all parasympathetic synapses, all preganglionic sympathetic synapses, and some postganglionic sympathetic synapses (sweat glands)

In brain, involved in plasticity, reward, and arousal

Damage to cholinergic neurons involved in Alzheimer's

First called Vagusstoff because it was first identified being released from the vagus nerve to slow the heart

MedyQuestion

A middle-aged woman has blurry and double vision 10 hours after eating preserved vegetables. A few hours after these symptoms she begins to experience dysphagia, xerostomia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, weakness of the distal muscles, and urinary retention. She is alert and conscious. Which of the following is mechanisms is most likely contributing to her condition?

A disease in which there is an accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in the "white" matter of the CNS and inside the organ "near" the "kidneys" adrenal cortex, leading to "bad" "nourishment" of the tissue.

A condition in which the "muscle" becomes "without" "nourishment" and atrophied leading to stiffening or "hardening" of the body. med for the "sides" because the weakness begins in your limbs before moving more central.

Posterior region of the brain tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres involved in motor control, some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and regulating fear and pleasure responses

The cerebellum does not initiate movements but contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing.

Due to its distinctive appearance, early atomists recognized the cerebellum, however, people such as Aristotle did not consider it part of the brain (encephalon brain proper) and med it proencephalon (sameasbrain).

Chorea can be caused by Huntington's disease, rheumatic fever, CreutzfeldJacob disease, Wilson's disease, and certain drugs. The St. Vitus dance in the 15th century was a mass hysteria characterized by uncontrolled dancing

The most common type of herniation where the innermost part of the frontal lobe is pushed under part of the falx cerebri (separates the cerebral hemispheres), usually occurring when swelling of the cerebral hemispheres pushes the cingulate gyrus by the falx cerebri

Cingulate herniation is thought to be a precursor to other types of herniation.

The coiled form of the cochlea is unique to mammals, while nonmammalian vertebrates possess a blindended tube called the cochlear duct. The difference in shape evolved in parallel with the differences in frequency range of hearing between mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates, with mammals able to hear at much higher frequencies.

A cestode (tapeworm) which can cause hydatid disease in humans (cysts in the liver, lung and brain). AKA hydatid worm, their body segments have a tough outer shell of tegument that resembles a "prickly berry".

Subtype of T "cells" that live within the "clear water" of the body, that "support" the stimulation of antibody class switching in B cells and activating cytotoxic T cells. They are produced by the "thymus gland".

This nerve is the smallest of the three branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. It provides sensory innervations for the lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, and the lateral upper eyelids.

Originally called the Norwalk agent after Norwalk, Ohio where the Bronson Elementary School faced an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in children in November 1968. The virus is also called small, roundstructured viruses (SRSVs) and Snow Mountain virus. Norovirus causes illness referred to as winter vomiting disease, winter vomiting bug, viral gastroenteritis, acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, and stomach flu though the latter is a broad term. Prevented by hand washing and avoiding buffets on cruises.

The superior cardiac nerve arises from the superior cervical ganglion and courses down the neck behind the common carotid artery to innervate the heart. The right nerve courses towards the back of the aortic arch and joins the deep cardiac plexus, while the left nerve joins the superficial part of the cardiac plexus.

Cyanotic congenital heart defect with a right to left shunt which has "4" atomical abnormalities. These "4" abnormalities include pulmonary valve stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy

ToF is caused by a defect in development of the aorticopulmonary septum

"Tet spells" occur in children due to cyanosis and is compensated by squatting to increase systemic vascular resistance

Digital clubbing

Blue baby syndrome

Associated with DiGeorge syndrome

It is med after French Physician Etienne Louis Arthur Fallot

MedyQuestion

A 6 year old boy is brought to the pediatrician because his mother reports that he has been having bouts of blue colored skin and shortness of breath. She says that when he is outside playing, he becomes short of breath much quicker than the other children. The patient was evaluated for asthma last year, but at that time demonstrated normal PFTs. The pediatrician asked the patient if anything made him feel better when he found it hard to breath, at which time, the boy squatted. What 4 characteristics are pathomnemonic for this childâ€™s condition?

A 6 year old boy is brought to the pediatrician because his mother reports that he has been having bouts of blue colored skin and shortness of breath. She says that when he is outside playing, he becomes short of breath much quicker than the other children. The patient was evaluated for asthma last year, but at that time demonstrated normal PFTs. The pediatrician asked the patient if anything made him feel better when he found it hard to breath, at which time, the boy squatted. On cardiac auscultation, what type of murmur is expected to be appreciated and where?

Around 460 BC, Hippocrates described Phthisis (Greek for consumption, an old word for pulmonary tuberculosis, as the most widespread disease of the times. Before the Industrial Revolution, in folklore, it was believed that TB was associated with vampires because when one family member died, the other infected members lost health slowly, almost as if the original member was slowly draining the life out of the family members.

Medytoons

MedyQuestion

A 33 year old incarcerated man with medical history significant for asthma is brought to the prison physician for complaint of ongoing productive cough. The patient reports that over the last few weeks, he has been coughing vigorously and bringing up green sputum, often times tinged with blood. On further investigation, the patient also discloses that he has lost 10 lbs in the last few weeks since the coughing began, and that he has occasionally been waking up drenched in sweat. Physical exam is significant for productive cough, and rhonchi appreciated over the left lung field. What type of lesion and where is most likely to be present on X-ray of this patient's lung?

USMLE Step 1

Cavitary lesion of the left upper lobe

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, or TB is a common cause of lung pathology, especially seen in incarcerated and homeless population in the United States. Common presenting symptoms include productive cough, often times with blood tinged sputum, weight loss and night sweats (B symptoms). Common xray findings include cavitary lesions on the superior aspect of the lung.

Increase level of dopamine in brain. unlike dopamine,Ldopa can cross the blood brain barrier and is converted by dopa decarboxylase in the CBS to dopamine. Carbidopa is a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, is given with Ldopa to increase the bioavailability of Ldopa in the brain and to limit peripheral side effects