4. Megalithic Cultures: Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, development of community life, settlements, development of agriculture, crafts, pottery, and iron industry.

5. Aryans and Vedic Period: Expansions of Aryans in India.

Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature, transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period, political, social and economical life, significance of the Vedic Age and evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.

6. Period of Mahajanapadas:

Formation of States (Mahajanapada): Republics and monarchies, rise of urban centers, trade routes, economic growth, introduction of coinage, spread of Jainism and Buddhism, rise of Magadha and Nandas.

9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and South India: Kharavela, the Satavahanas, Tamil states of the sangam age, administration, economy, land grants, coinage, trade guilds and urban centers, Buddhist centers, sangam literature and culture, art and architecture.

Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture.

Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy.

Court patronage of art and technology.

21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century:

Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.

The Empire and the Zamindars.

Religious policies of Jahangir Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.

Nature of the Mughal State.

Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts.

The Ahom Kingdom.

Shivaji and the early Maratha kingdom.

22. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries:

Population, agricultural production, craft production.

Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies : a trade revolution.

Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems.

Condition of peasants, condition of women.

Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth.

23. Culture in the Mughal Empire:

Persian histories and other literature.

Hindi and other religious literature.

Mughal architecture.

Mughal painting.

Provincial architecture and painting.

Classical music.

Science and technology.

24. The Eighteenth Century:

Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire.

The regional principalities: Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh.

Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas.

The Maratha fiscal and financial system.

Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat: 1761.

State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of the British conquest.

Part II (Maximum Marks 300)

1. European Penetration into India: The Early European Settlements, The Portuguese and the Dutch, The English and the French East India Companies, Their struggle for supremacy, Carnatic Wars, Bengal -The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal, Siraj and the English, The Battle of Plassey, Significance of Plassey.

2. British Expansion in India: Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim, The Battle of Buxar, Mysore, The Marathas, The three Anglo-Maratha Wars, The Punjab.

3. Early Structure of the British Raj: The early administrative structure from diarchy to direct control, The Regulating Act (1773), The Pitt’s India Act (1784), The Charter Act (1833), The voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule, The English utilitarian and India.

4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:

Land revenue settlements in British India, The Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari Settlement, Mahalwari Settlement, Economic Impact of the Revenue Arrangements, Commercialization of agriculture, Rise of landless agrarian laborers, Impoverishment of the rural society.

Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce, De-Industrialization, Decline of Traditional Crafts, Drain of Wealth, Economic Transformation of India, Railroad and Communication Network including Telegraph and Postal services, Famine and Poverty in the Rural Interior; European Business Enterprise and its Limitations.

5. Social and Cultural Developments: The state of indigenous education, its dislocation, orientalist-anglicist controversy, the Introduction of western education in India, the rise of press, literature and public opinion, the rise of modern vernacular literature, progress of science, christian missionary activities in India.

6. Social and Religious Reform Movements in Bengal and Other Areas: Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement, Devendranath Tagore, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, The Young Bengal Movement, Dayanada Saraswati, The social reform movements in India including sati, widow remarriage, child marriage, etc. The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India, Islamic revivalism – the Feraizi and Wahabi movements.

7. Indian Response to British Rule: Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebel l ion (1859-60) , Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899- 1900), The great revolt of 1857 - origin, character, causes of failure the consequences, the shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post -1857 period and the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.

8. Factors Leading to the Birth of Indian Nationalism: Politics of Association, The Foundation of the Indian National Congress, The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress, programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; The Moderates and Extremists; the Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.

9. Rise of Gandhi: Character of Gandhian nationalism, Gandhi ’s popular appeal, Rowlatt Satyagraha, the Khilafat movement, the non-cooperation movement, national politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the civil disobedience movement, the two phases of the civil disobedience movement, simon commission, the nehru report, the round table conferences, nationalism and the peasant movements, nationalism and working class movements, women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947), the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries, Cripps Mission, the Quit India Movement, the Wavell Plan, the Cabinet Mission.

10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935.

11.Other strands in the National Movement: The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P and The Madras Presidency, Outside India. The Left, The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party, the Communist Party of India, other left parties.

12. Politics of Separatism: the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, Communalism and the politics of partition, Transfer of power, Independence.

13. Consolidation as a Nation: Nehru’s Foreign Policy, India and her neighbours (1947-1964), the linguistic reorganization of States (1935-1947), Regionalism and regional inequality, Integration of Princely States, Princes in electoral politics, the Question of National Language.

27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World:

Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991.

Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001.

End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.

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