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Instructional Materials

Causal Patterns in Ecosystems
Available through Project Zero: http://www.pz.harvard.edu/ This
curriculum was developed with funding from the National Science
Foundation (Grant No. REC-97255-2 and REC-0106988.) All opinions,
findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed here are
those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the National Science Foundation.

Bones
and Skeletons
Insights
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Exploring with Wisconsin Fast
Plants
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Organisms
Science and Technology for Children
Carolina Biological Supply Company

Images

Readings

Reprinted from the Leeds National
Curriculum Science Support Project,
Leeds City Council/University
of Leeds.

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Manager

Bev King

Director of Outreach

Joyce Gleason

Outreach/Scheduling Consultant

Dana Rouse

Outreach Coordinator

Colleen Kern

Outreach Assistants

Amy Barber Biewald

Zenda Walker

Education Coordinators

Jeff Peyton

Alexander D. Ulloa

Financial Manager

Oral Benjamin

Administrator

Linda Williamson

Project Manager

Nancy Finkelstein

Executive Producer

Alex Griswold

Executive Director

Dr. Matthew H. Schneps

Course Developer

Sue Mattson, Ph.D.Sue Mattson received a B.A. in
biology from the University of California at Berkeley, followed
by a master’s
in biology and Ph.D. in science education from Florida State
University. Dr. Mattson’s
dissertation focused on the dynamics involved as biologists and
science educators worked together to develop a biology course
for prospective elementary teachers. In addition to teaching biology
at the high
school,
community college, and university levels, her experiences include
curriculum development in the sciences and professional development
for teachers.
She has taught science-methods courses for early childhood and
elementary education majors and served as an instructor in a
Web-based distance
learning course for practicing elementary teachers seeking master’s
or specialist’s degrees in science and/or math education. She
has worked previously with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics in the following series: Case Studies in Science
Education, The Next
Move: Steps Toward Change in Elementary Math and Science, and
Looking at Learning…Again, Part I.

Onscreen Guides

Eleanor Abrams, Ph.D.Dr. Eleanor Abrams is an associate professor
at the University of New Hampshire. She is a member of the
Department of Education
and the interdisciplinary Natural Resources doctoral program.
She earned her B.S. in wildlife biology and botany and her
doctoral degree
in
science education from Louisiana State University (1994). Her
research focuses on how students learn content and the scientific
process through
project-based and technology-enriched curricula. Dr. Abrams has
developed environmental curriculum in which students work, often
with scientists, on authentic research projects.
One such project is the GLOBE program (Global Learning and
Observation to Benefit
the Environment) where K-12 students monitor the environmental
health of their local area and send the results to other schools
and scientists
via the World Wide Web.

Linda Grisham, Ph.D.Linda Grisham received a B.A. in biochemistry
from the University of Chicago, followed by a Ph.D. in pharmacology
from Stanford
University. She has a deep commitment to science and math teacher
preparation, particularly for those who teach in underserved
communities. She has
worked over the years as a research scientist (University of
California–Santa Barbara and Brandeis University), science
educator, curriculum
developer, financial planner, community activist, and radio
commentator. Now at Lesley University in Cambridge, Massachusetts,
she has a joint appointment in the School of Undergraduate Studies,
Natural Science
Program, and the School of Education and teaches undergraduate
and graduate level courses (physics, chemistry, modeling complex
systems,
pharmacology,
and science education). Current projects include the co-creation/implementation
of a fully online master's degree program, Science in Education
Program for K-8 teachers with TERC, Inc., a science- and math-focused
think
tank. She is also a founding member of the Institute for African-American
E-Culture.

Paul Williams, Ph.D.Dr. Williams has been a professor in the Department
of Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison since
1962. He attended the University of British Columbia as an
undergraduate and received
his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Through
his research addressing the diseases of cabbages in the state of
Wisconsin was born
the idea of developing a rapid cycling plant (Fast Plants)
as a model for research with a wide range of biological and educational
applications. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978, was
made a Fellow of the American Phytopathological Society in
1979 and served
as its president in 1989, and received the Eriksson Gold Medal
of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Science in 1981. He served as Director of
the Center for Biology Education on the Madison campus from
1989-1995 and was
named Atwood Distinguished Professor in the College of Agricultural
and Life Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in
1995. He became a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement
of
Science in 1996 and received an honorary D.Sc. from the University
of British Columbia in 2001.

Douglas Zook, Ph.D.Dr. Zook is an associate professor of science education
and biology at Boston University. He also directs the Master
of Arts in Teaching
program in science education. He is the co-founder and director
of the Microcosmos Professional Development Program for Science
Teachers and serves as president of the International Symbiosis
Society. Dr.
Zook received his Ph.D. from Clark University and did extensive
postdoctoral symbiosis research at the University of Tuebingen
as a
Fulbright Scholar.
Dr. Zook teaches a science methods course for students who
intend to become biology instructors. He also currently teaches a
graduate symbiosis
course and an undergraduate global ecology course.

Curriculum
Developers

Programs 1 and 7

Dr. Herb Thier, SCIS 3+, Lawrence Hall of ScienceHerbert D. Thier
is currently an academic administrator emeritus at the Lawrence
Hall of Science, University of California, Berkeley.
Thier received his B.A.
in physics and biology from the State University of New York, Albany, in 1953
and his M.A. in school administration in 1954. He received his Ed.D. in curriculum
and administration from New York University in 1962. Since 1963, he has been
leading instructional materials development and teacher enhancement projects
in science at the Lawrence Hall of Science. In 1975, he received (with M. Linn),
the JRST Research in Science Teaching Award of the National Association for Research
in Science Teaching. Thier received the Distinguished Service to Science Education
Award of the National Science Teachers Association in 1994 and the Distinguished
Service to Science Education Award of the Connecticut Science Supervisors Association
in 1996.

Program 2

Dr. Sally Goetz Shuler, Science and Technology for Children,
National Science
Resource CenterSally Goetz Shuler is the executive director of the National
Science Resources Center (NSRC), which is sponsored by the
Smithsonian Institution and The National
Academies. The mission of the NSRC is to improve the teaching
and learning of science in the nation’s schools. In addition to
managing the NSRC’s
professional development and outreach activities, Dr. Shuler
oversees the development, dissemination, and evaluation of curriculum
and other teaching tools for students, including the NSRC’s comprehensive
science curriculum programs for K-8 students, Science and Technology
(STC) and Science and Technology Concepts for Middle School Students
(STC/MS).

Dr. Shuler has over three decades of experience working to improve
K-12 science education at the local, national, and international levels.
At the classroom level, she has ten years of experience as
a high school biology, earth science, and mathematics teacher in both
private and public schools. She has also been a science instructor for
adult education in Fairfax County, Virginia. At the district level, she
served for five years as the K-12 science resource specialist
for the Fairfax County Public Schools, the nation’s tenth largest
school district. Dr. Shuler has an M.S. in environmental health
sciences from George Washington University and a B.A. from Edinboro
State University, with majors in biology and geology.

Program 3

Dr. Rodger Bybee, Science TRACS (Teaching Relevant Activities
for Concepts and Skills), Biological Sciences Curriculum Study
(BSCS)Rodger W. Bybee is executive director of the Biological
Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS), a nonprofit organization
in Colorado Springs,
Colorado, that
develops
curriculum materials, provides professional development for
the science-education community, and conducts research and evaluation
on curriculum reform. Prior to joining BSCS, he was executive director
of the National Research Council’s
Center for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education
(CSMEE), in Washington, DC. Between 1992 and 1995, he was associate
director of BSCS. From 1972 to 1985, he was professor of education at
Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota. He
has been active in education for more than 30 years, having
taught science at the elementary, secondary, and college levels.

Program 4

Nancy Landes, Science TRACS, Biological Science Curriculum
StudyNancy M. Landes, Ph.D., currently serves as the director
of the BSCS Center for Professional Development. She began
her professional career as a classroom
teacher,
grades 4 and 5, and completed a master of arts in curriculum
and instruction and a Ph.D. in science education at Michigan State University.
She joined BSCS in 1983. Since joining, Dr. Landes has served as the
project director of two major curriculum development projects—Science for Life and Living: Integrating
Science, Technology, and Health and BSCS Science TRACS, both in elementary
science education. In her role as the director of the Center for Professional
Development at BSCS, Dr. Landes is the co-principal investigator of the SCI
Center, an NSF-funded high school implementation and dissemination center.
She has worked
with NSTA to develop inquiry-based professional development materials and strategies
within NSTA’s Building a Presence for Science program. Landes
is particularly interested in helping teachers make the connections
between curriculum implementation, professional development, and
student learning and in establishing the conditions that make possible
the successful implementation of meaningful instructional materials
and strategies in science classrooms.

Program 5

Program 6

Karen Worth, Insights, Education Development Center, Inc.Karen Worth
has extensive experience in early childhood and elementary science
education. She worked as a curriculum and
staff developer for
both the Elementary
Science Study (ESS) and the African Primary Science Program at the Education
Development Center in the 1960s. More recently, she was the principal investigator
for the development of the Insights Curriculum. She also was principal investigator
for a system-wide science education reform effort in Cleveland, Ohio, and works
as a consultant and advisor to many urban systemic reform efforts across the
country. She chaired the Working Group on Science Teaching Standards for the
National Science Education Standards effort of the National Academy of Science
and is currently co-principal investigator of the NSF-funded K-12 Science Curriculum
Dissemination Center at EDC and the Toolkit for Early Childhood Science Education.
She has also been a member of the Wheelock College faculty for over 30 years
where she teaches early childhood and elementary education courses at the graduate
level. She began her career in education as a teacher of young children in
New York City and Boston and continues to work closely with teachers and children
in classrooms.

Program 8

Tina Grotzer, The Understandings of Consequence Project,
Project ZeroTina Grotzer is a research associate at Project Zero.
Her research focuses on topics at the intersection of cognition,
development, and educational practice,
such as the learnability of intelligence and how children develop causal models
for complex science concepts. She works with students and teachers in several
school systems on an ongoing basis, linking theory and practice such that they
inform one another. She has studied cognitive development both as a teacher
and
as a researcher. Tina is co-principal investigator on the Understandings of
Consequence Project, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The project
has identified
ways in which student explanations of scientific concepts have different forms
of causality at the core than those of scientists. She received her Ed.D. in
1993, her Ed.M. in 1985 from Harvard University, and her A.B. in developmental
psychology from Vassar College in 1981.

Scientists

Program 1

Gary Ruvkun, Ph.D.Gary Ruvkun has been a professor
of genetics at the Harvard Medical School since 1985. Professor
Ruvkun received his Ph.D. in biophysics
from Harvard
University
in 1982. Dr. Ruvkun’s major research interests include neuroendocrine
control of metabolism and aging, temporal patterning during
development, regulatory RNAs,
genomics, neuroendocrine regulation of molting, regulation
of fat deposition, microbial diversity, and life on Mars. Over his
career, Dr. Ruvkun has authored or co-authored over 90 scientific papers
and has maintained a lab and active teaching
schedule at the Harvard Medical School. He has received myriad
honors for his work including, most recently, the 2001 National Institute
of Health Merit Award.

Program 2

Colleen M. Cavanaugh, Ph.D.Dr. Colleen M. Cavanaugh is the Edward
C. Jeffrey Professor of Biology in the Department of Organismic
and Evolutionary Biology
at Harvard University. She
received both an M.A. and a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1981 and 1985, respectively.
Professor Cavanaugh's continuing research interests include prokaryote-eukaryote
symbiosis, including its physiology, biochemistry, ecology, evolution, the
co-evolution of host and symbiont, and the physiology, molecular biology, ecology,
and evolution
of autotrophs and methanotrophs, as well as microbial cycling of inorganic
and organic compounds. In addition to her teaching responsibilities at Harvard,
Dr.
Cavanaugh is a Visiting Investigator at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
and has ten deep-sea research cruises worldwide and twelve deep-sea dives
on the submersible Alvin to her credit. She is the author or co-author of approximately
50 peer-reviewed scientific papers.

Program 3

Sigal KlipsteinDr. Klipstein is a fellow in the Department of Obstetrics,
Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology at the Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center in Boston.
She has received
two fellowships, one in medical ethics at Harvard Medical School, and the other
in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Boston IVF and the Beth Israel
Deaconess Medical Center. Dr. Klipstein has lectured in both gynecology and
medical ethics at the Harvard Medical School and has authored or co-authored
over 10
original articles. She is a member of the New England Fertility Society, the
American Society of Reproductive Medicine, and the Society of Reproductive
Endocrinology and Infertility.

Program 4

Judith SumnerJudith Sumner is a botanist who specializes in flowering
plants, specifically their evolution, morphology, anatomy,
and adaptations. She has taught extensively
both at the college level and at botanical gardens. She served as education
director at Garden in the Woods (New England Wild Flower Society) until she
accepted her
present position at Assumption College in Worcester, where she is a member
of the natural sciences faculty. Sumner has published monographic studies in
the
American Journal of Botany, Pollen et Spores, and Allertonia. She monographed
two families for recently published volumes of Flora Vitiensis Nova. Her first
book, The Natural History of Medicinal Plants, was published in October 2000;
her second, Domestic Botany: The Natural History of Household Plants, is due
out in 2004.

Dan Scheirer, Ph.D.Dan Scheirer is an associate professor
of biology and also directs the Electron Microscopy and Imaging
Center at Northeastern. A plant
biologist, Professor
Scheirer’s
research has focused on studying patterns of plant cell development
with diverse plants ranging from algae and mosses to flowering
plants, including the plant model organism, Arabidopsis thaliana.
Scheirer is also a forensic botanist who applies plant cell
and molecular biology to the resolution of legal questions.
A passionate teacher and classroom innovator, Scheirer teaches
an introductory biology course as well as higher-level courses
in plant biology, plant development, and electron microscopy.
He has authored more than 50 scientific publications as well
as essays for college texts and student study guides.

Dan CousinsDan Cousins is the head grower at Wilson Farms in
Lexington, Massachusetts, where he oversees the operation of
a one-acre, fully computerized and automated
greenhouse.
Cousins earned his B.S. in botany at the University of Texas.
After graduating, Cousins worked for five years in Texas as
a commercial grower before being hired to serve as a grower
at Cornell University. While at Cornell, he also taught
a course on interior plantscaping.

Program 5

Georgia Dunston, Ph.D.Georgia Dunston is professor and chair of the
Department of Microbiology at Howard University College of Medicine
and founding director
of the newly formed
National
Human Genome Center (NHGC) at Howard University. Her research on human genome
variation in disease susceptibility has been the vanguard of current efforts
at Howard University to build national and international research collaborations
focusing on the genetics of diseases common in African Americans and other
African Diaspora populations. Dr. Dunston is program director of the coordinating
center
for the Africa America Diabetes Mellitus Study, an international collaboration
to study the genetics of type 2 diabetes in ancestral populations of African
Americans, and the coordinating center for the African American Hereditary
Prostate Cancer Study Network, a national cooperative formed to map and characterize
genes
for prostate cancer in African Americans. The NHGC is instrumental in bringing
multicultural perspectives and resources to an understanding of knowledge gained
from the Human Genome Project and research on human genome variation.

Robert
Murray, Ph.D.Robert Murray serves as professor
of pediatrics and medicine and chief of the
Division of Medical Genetics in the Department
of Pediatrics and Child Health
in the College of Medicine at Howard Medical School.
In addition, he is a graduate professor and chairman
of Howard's Graduate Department of Genetics and
Human Genetics, which offers both M.S. and Ph.D. programs
through the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. He has authored
or co-authored more than 80 publications, including
four books: most recently, The Human Genome Project and the Future of Health
Care. Dr. Murray is a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, a fellow
and member of the board of directors of the Hastings
Center, a fellow of the Institute of Medicine, National
Academy of Sciences, and a former member of its governing
council. He has been a member of the Mammalian Genetics
Study Section of the Division of Research Grants, NIH;
the National Advisory General Medical Sciences Council
of NIGMS, NIH; and the Bioethics Advisory Committee
to the Secretary of DHEW 1979-81. He is a member
of the American Board of Internal
Medicine and the American Board of Medical Genetics.

Program 6

Jim Hanken, Ph.D.James Hanken is the director of
Harvard University’s
Museum of Comparative Zoology, where he also serves as the
curator of Herpatology. Additionally,
he serves as Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology in the
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. Hanken earned
his Ph.D. at Berkeley and then worked on the faculty of Colorado
State University for 16 years before coming to Harvard in 1999. His
research interests include evolutionary biology, especially development,
morphology, and systematics, and he works principally with
amphibians. Professor Hanken oversees research efforts in Sri Lanka,
Africa, and South America, and is currently engaged in his own fieldwork
in Central America, where he is interested in describing new species
of salamander. In addition to his work as a biologist, Professor
Hanken has received awards for his nature and scientific photography.

Douglas
Causey, Ph.D.Douglas Causey is senior biologist at the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, and serves as the
chief ornithologist
in the museum. He has authored
more than 120 articles and books on natural history, biodiversity,
and ornithology, and is actively engaged in research and public education.
His research is focused on the coevolution and natural history of
avian viruses, tropical biodiversity, and environmental security
and sustainability. He has active research programs in the United
States, throughout the Arctic, and in Central and South America. At
present, he is undertaking a broad-scale survey of birds and avian
disease pathogens
along migration pathways ranging from Arctic Siberia and Alaska
to both coasts of Costa Rica. He has been working for the past decade
on various issues relating to national and international environmental
policy and has published several recent articles on environmental
security and the conservation of forests and biodiversity.

Program 7

Aaron Ellison, Ph.D.Aaron M. Ellison is senior research
fellow in organismic and evolutionary biology at the
Harvard Forest and adjunct professor
in the graduate program in organismic
and evolutionary biology at the University of Massachusetts
at Amherst. He received a B.A. in 1982 from
Yale University, and a Ph.D. from Brown University
in 1986.
In 1992, during his tenure as the Marjorie Fisher Professor
of Environmental Studies at Mount Holyoke College,
Dr. Ellison received the National Science Foundation's
Presidential Faculty Fellow award for "demonstrated excellence
and continued promise both in scientific and engineering research and in teaching
future generations
of students to extend and apply human knowledge." His
research foci include: food web dynamics, community
ecology of wetlands and forests, evolutionary ecology
of carnivorous plants, and the application of Bayesian
inference to ecological
research and environmental decision-making.

Marianne Farrington, Ph.D.Marianne Farrington is the associate
director of the Edgerton Research Laboratory
at the New England Aquarium in Boston, Massachusetts.
Dr. Farrington earned
a Ph.D. in biochemistry at Pennsylvania State University
in 1987 before going on to Northeastern University
to complete her post-doctorate work. In 1991,
she
joined the New England Aquarium's Edgerton Research
laboratory. She began a course of work that
led to the analysis of juvenile groundfish
bycatch survival in Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries. While at the Aquarium, Dr. Farrington
also taught human genetics, biochemistry, molecular
biology of the cell, as well as introductory
biology
courses through Northeastern University's division
for returning adults, University College.

Sanat Majumder, Ph.D.Sanat Majumder is a professor
emeritus of biology at Westfield State College. While
active, Professor Majumder taught a variety
of courses, including environmental
biology; population, food, and nutrition; and plant
physiology. In addition to teaching at Westfield
State College, Professor Majumder taught at
Smith College
and St. Louis University. As a post-doctoral fellow,
Majumder’s research
in radiation biology took him to Brookhaven National
Laboratory and the University of Hawaii in
Honolulu. Professor Majumder has published
a book, The Drama
of Man and Nature, as well as nearly 30 scientific
papers. A native of India, Professor Majumder currently
resides in Northampton, Massachusetts.

Les Kaufman,
Ph.D.Les Kaufman is an associate professor
of biology at Boston University. He also is
a fellow at the Harvard University Museum of
Comparative Zoology
and a research
scholar at the New England Aquarium. Professor Kaufman
earned his Ph.D. at John Hopkins in theoretical
ecology and evolutionary biology in 1980. His
research is in evolutionary ecology and applied research
in marine conservation biology,
where his focus is on various fish ecologies. In 1997,
Professor Kaufman started a research and graduate
training effort to encourage a switch from
classical fisheries to ecosystem-based marine
resource management. The project is active
in New England, East Africa, Florida, California,
and the tropical Pacific and
Atlantic Oceans, and is also engaged with the New England
Fishery Management Council and the California
Department of Fish and Game.

Program 8

Adrien Finzi, Ph.D.Adrien Finzi is an assistant professor in Boston
University's biology department. Professor Finzi earned his Ph.D.
in 1996 at the University
of Connecticut.
His research interests include forest ecology, terrestrial biogeochemistry,
and global
change biology. Currently, his focus is in terrestrial biogeochemistry and
global change biology. Specifically, he is investigating the effect of free-air
CO2
enrichment on carbon-storage and nutrient cycling in a southern pine-hardwood
forest. Professor Finzi is author or co-author on more than ten scientific
papers.

Charles TylerIn 1989, Charles Tyler started work
at the Professional Services Group, Inc., as an operations
specialist on the Boston Harbor Project
(BHP), where he
contributed to operational planning and operational
review and input to the conceptual
and detailed design of the 1.27 billion-gallon-per-day
wastewater facility on Deer
Island. After working for over five years with the
construction management firm on the BHP, Tyler "jumped the fence" and joined the Massachusetts
Water Resources Authority as a project manager in the process group, a group
of specialists
who focused on punchlisting and construction turnover and start-up of the
newly constructed facilities on Deer Island. Tyler, who began his career
in wastewater operations
in 1977, now works on operations and maintenance with technical and process
issues in Deer Island’s effort to keep the huge
facility operating optimally.

Nicky Sheats, Ph.D.Dr. Sheats received his Ph.D. in the
department of earth and planetary sciences
at Harvard University in 2000, where his field
of study was biological oceanography
with a focus in stable isotope biogeochemistry. His
doctoral dissertation focused on determining
if sewage nitrogen was being incorporated into
the food webs
of the Delaware River Estuary and Massachusetts Bay.
Currently Dr. Sheats is researching
urban air pollution as a post-doctoral fellow at the
Earth Institute at Columbia University.