JournalsStatistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular BiologyStatistics in MedicineThe International Journal of BiostatisticsJournal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental StatisticsJournal of Biopharmaceutical StatisticsBiostatisticsBiometricsBiometrikaBiometrical JournlGenetics Selection Evolution

Applications of biostatisticsPublic health, including epidemiology, health services research, nutrition, and environmental healthDesign and analysis of clinical trials in medicineGenomics, population genetics, in order to link variation in genotype with a variation in phenotype. This has been used in agriculture to improve crops and farm animals (animal breeding). In biomedical research, this work can assist in finding candidates for gene that can cause or influence predisposition to disease in human geneticsEcology, ecological forecastingBiological sequence analysisStatistical methods are beginning to be integrated into medical informatics, public health informatics, and bioinformatics

BiostatisticsBiostatistics (a combination of the words biology and statistics; sometimes referred to as biometry or biometrics) is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology. The science of biostatistics encompasses the design of biological experiments, especially in medicine and agriculture; the collection, summarization, and analysis of data from those experiments; and the interpretation of, and inference from, the results.Biostatistics and the history of biological thoughtBiostatistical reasoning and modeling were of critical importance to the foundation theories of modern biology. In the early 1900s, after the rediscovery of Mendel's work, the conceptual gaps in understanding between genetics and evolutionary Darwinism led to vigorous debate between biometricians such as Walter Weldon and Karl Pearson and Mendelians such as Charles Davenport, William Bateson and Wilhelm Johannsen. By the 1930s statisticians and models built on statistical reasoning had helped to resolve these differences and to produce the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis.These individuals and the work of other biostatisticians, mathematical biologists, and statistically inclined geneticists helped bring together evolutionary biology and genetics into a consistent, coherent whole that could begin to be quantitatively modeled.In parallel to this overall development, the pioneering work of D'Arcy Thompson in On Growth and Form also helped to add quantitative discipline to biological study.Despite the fundamental importance and frequent necessity of statistical reasoning, there may nonetheless have been a tendency among biologists to distrust or deprecate results which are not qualitatively apparent. One anecdote describes Thomas Hunt Morgan banning the Frieden calculator from his department at Caltech, saying "Well, I am like a guy who is prospecting for gold along the banks of the Sacramento River in 1849. With a little intelligence, I can reach down and pick up big nuggets of gold. And as long as I can do that, I'm not going to let any people in my department waste scarce resources in placer mining. Educators are now adjusting their curricula to focus on more quantitative concepts and tools.

Sunday, November 15, 2009

Foraminifera (forams) Forams are all marine Named for their porous shells Hardened with calcium carbonate ChalkMycetozoa (Slime Molds) Mycetozoa “fungus animals” They decompose leaf litter like fungi But they are not fungi Use pseudopodia for movement Two distinct groups Plasmodial slime mold Cellular slime moldMyxogastridia (Plasmodial Slime Mold) Most are brightly colored All are heterotrophic Life cycle contains: Feeding stage (mobile) Large mass of unicellular organisms that is not separate by cell walls Fruiting body (not mobile)Dictyostelida: Cellular Slime Mold Feeding stage consists of individual cells When food is scarce form an aggregate that functions as a unit

Diversity of protists use pseudopodia for movement
Most are heterotrophs and use pseuodpods to hunt for food
Unsure of their place in a phylogenetic treeRhizopoda (amoebas)Actinopoda (heliozoans and radiolarians)
Actinopod means “ray foot”
Extensions of slender pseudopods
Heliozoans –
Fresh water habitat
Skeletons consist of silica

Chrysophyta (golden algae) Named for their color
Typically biflagellated
Live among freshwater and marine plankton
Most are unicellularPhaeophyta (brown algae)
Largest and most complex algae
All are multicellular
Called seaweeds

Alveolata Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates All contain membrane bounded cavities (alveoli)Dinoflagellata Abundant components of phytoplankton Some are also heterotrophic Contain plates of cellulose armor Two or more flagella propel the protist Cause Red tides Pfiesteria piscicida is carnivorousApicomplexa All are parasites of animalsCilliophora (cilliates) All use cilia to move around Among the most complex of all cellsStramenopila Includes heterotrophic groups as well as photosynthetic organismsAll have numerous fine, hairlike projections on the flagella

Motility and Life CycleMost protists have cilia or flagella. Flagella are different in eukaryotic organisms than in prokaryotic organism. Mitosis occurs in almost all protists. Protists have complex life cycles. Some reproduce asexually

Introduction to ProtistsMost protests are unicellular. Some are complex multicultural like the seaweeds. The 5 Kingdom system doesn’t work for Protests either. We classified protests based on they were eukaryotic but not plants, animals, or fungi.Diversity of ProtestsRecent systematic studies have split the once 1 kingdom Protest into many kingdoms. Protests are very complex. They must carry out all the requirements of life in a single cell

Mating animals of the same breed for maintaining such breed is referred to as purebred breeding.

Purebred breeding Explanation

Opposite to the practice of mating animals of different breeds, purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. By "breeding the best to the best," employing a certain degree of inbreeding, considerable culling, and selection for "superior" qualities, one could develop a bloodline or "breed" superior in certain respects to the original base stock.Such animals can be recorded with a breed registry, the organisation that maintains pedigrees and/or stud books.The observable phenomenon of hybrid vigor stands in contrast to the notion of breed purity.

"Breeding stock" is used to describe a group of animals used for purpose of planned breeding.

Breeding stock Explanation

When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred animals, or may intend to use some type of crossbreeding to produce a new type of stock with different, and presumably superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. For example, when breeding swine the "breeding stock should be sound, fast growing, muscular, lean, and reproductively efficient. The "subjective selection of breeding stock" in horses has led to many horse breeds with particular performance traits.

Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation of the genetic value of domestic livestock.

Animal breeding Explanation Selecting animals for breeding in growth rate, egg, meat, milk, or wool production, or have other desirable traits has revolutionized agricultural livestock production throughout the world. The scientific theory of animal breeding incorporates population genetics, quantitative genetics and statistics.

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Bot. 519 PALAEOECOLOGY& VEGETATION HISTORY (2+3): 3Differences between Ecology and Palaeoecology. Philosophical principles of Palaeoecology and the nature of Palaeoecological evidence. Pollen analysis as an important evidence: The fate of the pollen grain from the flower to the slide. Laboratory techniques of pollen analysis. Pollen grain morphology. New frontiers in pollen analysis. Practicals: Study of prepared slides to show variations in pollen grain types. Preparation of slides from: Sediments., honey, animal remains& others.

Bot. 518 PLANT TASXONOMY III (2+3): 3Cytotaxonomy: Karyotpic analysis, mutations, polyploidy and hybridization, apomixes( their application to taxonomy). Numerical taxonomy: Introduction, methods of analysis, species relationships and variations. Chemotaxonomy: Introduction. Use and limitations. Survey of some common compounds found in plants and their relevance to families, genera or species where they occur. Practicals: Karyotpic analysis and chemical analysis of some plant families. Application of numerical methods in the study of variations.

Bot. 414 MICROBIOLOGY(Bacteriology) III (2+3): 3Introduction: General characteristics of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cell structure and functions. Cultural characteristics and shapes of bacterial cells. Bacterial growth, nutrition and metabolism: Factors influencing bacterial growth, the concept of asepsis. Bacterial genetics: recombination and plasmids. The control of bacteria: Chemical, physical and biological means of control. Classification of bacteria : Classification according to Bergy`s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Survey of bacterial groups with emphasis on the structure and characteristics of econ9omically important groups. Effect of bacteria on the environment. Fermentation Techniques: Fermentation and importance of bacteria in biotechnology.

Bot. 324 MICROBIOLOGY II ( Algae) (1+3): 2Introduction: ecological distribution of algae- historical background of algal classification. Modern trends in algal taxonomy: study of selected examples from algal classes to illustrate the diversity of structure, reproductive methods, life cycles and economic importance. Emphasis is made on classes Chlorophyta, Bacillarophyta and Phaeophyta. Culture and gGrowth of algae: isolation and purification methods for some algal species.Laboratory training:Laboratory training comprises: morphological studies of selected examples from different orders and classes, methods of collection, preservation and identification of algae. Use of taxonomic keys and taxonomic references. Methods of isolation and culturing of algae as a basic tool in laboratory training.

Bot. 322 ECOLOGY I (2+6): 4Climatic factors: their effect on vegetation and as limiting factors in terrestrial plants distribution. Vegetation belts(biomes): global-vegetation belts in Sudan. Field trips: elucidation of some vegetation types e.g. smi-arid in north Khartoum State- The Sunut Forest etc. Practicals: Field studies to elucidate plant modifications in response to climate, use of instruments and devices to measure climatic variables.

Bot. 316 PLANT TAXONOMY I (1+3): 2Introduction: identification and nomenclature of plants. Taxonomic criteria: use of taxonomic characters in classification of plants- Deme terminology- The use of keys- Herbarium in identification of plants- Systems of classification. Practical : the use and construction of taxonomic keys in identification of plants. Field trips to selected areas.

Bot. 315 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY I (1+3): 2Plant-water Relationships: A. Water and plants- classification of plants according to water availability- water cycle- the role of water in plants- water content of plants. B. Chemical and physical properties of water. C. Water and soil: soil properties- soil water- water movement in the soil- determination of soil-water content. D. Cell-water relationships: cell structure- Terminology in plant-water relationships: Plasmolysis- cell permeability-water movement within the cell- determination of water potential component in plants. E. Water movement to the plant: Root structure- movement of water to the xylem- factors affecting water absorption- the ascent of sap in the xylem. F. Loss of water from the plant: Transpiration- leaf anatomy- transpiring surfaces- stomata- measurement of transpiration- factors affecting the rate of transpiration.

Bot. 311 BIOCHEMISTRY I (2+3): 3Carbohydrates and lipids: Nature, classification, occurrence, structure. Role in plants: Biological functions in living organisms, examples of and detailed study of structure and function, their biochemical reactions in living organisms.

Bot. 423 GENETICS III (2+3): 3Molecular genetics: Physical, chemical and biological evidence that DNA is the genetic material, the genetic dogma. Structures of DNA and RNAs: Macro and micro organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene Mutations: Types of mutations, mutagenic agents, mechanism of action of some mutagens, classification of mutations at the molecular level, some aspects of the environmental effects of mutagens and their importance. Replication of DNA: Replication in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and some models for replication of viral genetic material. DNA Repair: Repair of errors of replication and mutations, revertants in genetic analysis. Gene Expression: Regulation of Gene Expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology.

Bot. 423 GENETICS III (2+3): 3Molecular genetics: Physical, chemical and biological evidence that DNA is the genetic material, the genetic dogma. Structures of DNA and RNAs: Macro and micro organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene Mutations: Types of mutations, mutagenic agents, mechanism of action of some mutagens, classification of mutations at the molecular level, some aspects of the environmental effects of mutagens and their importance. Replication of DNA: Replication in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and some models for replication of viral genetic material. DNA Repair: Repair of errors of replication and mutations, revertants in genetic analysis. Gene Expression: Regulation of Gene Expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology.

Bot. 421 BIOSTASTICS II (2+3): 3Sampling and sampling distributions. Inferential statistics. Tests of hypotheses: using z and t tests to compare sample and population means. Use of G and χ2 in tests of association and goodness of fit. Principles and methods of analysis of variance: (ANOVA) and methods of comparisons of means. Linear correlation and regression. The analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). Non-parametric statistical methods.

InvertebrateIntroduction General organizations (Structure, function, mode oflife, Reproduction, life cycles, adaptation, distribution and EconomicImportance) of the Following groups with special reference to theTopic mentioned in each group:-