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The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyse key variables determining the success or failure of community participation approaches to wildlife use and management systems in Africa. It derives its mandate for this focus from the background statement for this Policy Consultation, which suggests that success can be measured by "robust cost effective and efficient, non-subsidized systems and institutions." The issues specified in this background statement for attention under the "community participation" theme are addressed, but not pedantically or exhaustively. A presentation of this length does not permit this, and these issues nave already received extensive treatment in the precursor document for the consultation, Whose Eden? An Overview of Community Approaches to Wildlife Management. (IIED/ODA, 1994)'