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Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourists Approach Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic One.

“Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one”. Behaviourism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behaviour and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behaviour. Behaviourists are unique among psychologists in believing that it is unnecessary to speculate about internal mental processes. The behaviourist theory believes that cultural and sub – cultural conditioning moulds and shapes behaviour and subsequently the personality. Behaviourists also believe that people are born with only a handful of innate reflexes and that all of a person’s complex behaviours are the result of learning through interaction with the environment. They also assume that the processes of learning are common to all species and so humans learn in the same way as other animals. A human being, according to the behaviourist, has his life determined for him since he is the product of the culture that causes him to be as he is. The theory therefore, is very deterministic. To the behaviourist, normal behaviour results from acceptable conditioning and abnormal behaviour results from defective conditioning. The behaviourist isn’t concerned in what developmental processes may have influenced a person’s behaviour. They believe that if the patient is taught to understand his environment and how he interacts with it, he will automatically understand himself and his behaviour. The behaviourist functions from the position that if a neurotic behaviour can be learned, then it can be unlearned. Behaviourists explain behaviour in terms of the stimuli that elicit it and the events that caused the person to learn to respond to the stimulus in that way. Behavioural therapy is particularly helpful in assisting in issues such as anxiety, depression, post – traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders and drug misuse. Unlike other talking therapies, behavioural therapy focuses on the issue you have now, rather than issues from your past. It looks for practical ways you can improve your state of mind on a daily basis. Behaviourists use two processes to explain how people learn; classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In order to understand how classical conditioning works it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process. The Unconditioned Stimulus – is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell your favourite food you might suddenly feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. The Unconditioned Response – is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. In this example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. The Conditioned Stimulus – a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. For example, suppose that when you smelt your favourite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus. The Conditioned Response – is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In this example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. One of the most well known examples of classical conditioning was first demonstrated by Russian physiologist Ivan...

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...“Behaviouristsexplainmaladaptivebehaviour in terms of the learningprinciples that sustain and maintain it. Discussthisstatement and showhow a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in starkcontrast to a psychoanalyticone”.
The term ‘therapy’ has been defined as an activity which ‘involves the treatment of a disease or disorder, by some remedial, rehabilitating, or curative process’. Historically, there has been considerable development in the range and types of therapy that can be used to help a client overcome problems in a modern world, with some sharing similarities but also differences. The intent of this essay is to compare and contrast the behaviourist perspective with a psychoanalytical approach, drawing out their fundamental principles but reinforcing their differences.
In 1924, John Watson a behavioural psychologist, made the notorious claim in his book that ...‘if you give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select’....

...This essay has 2462 words
‘Behaviouristsexplainmaladaptivebehaviour in terms of the learningprinciples that sustain and maintain it. Discussthisstatement and showhow a behaviouristsapproach to therapy is in starkcontrast to a psychoanalyticone’
Behaviorism was originally founded by John B. Watson who believed that behavior had the means to be measured, trained and changed (1913) The Behavioural theory is firstly based on experiment and secondly by describing how human behaviour is learnt through principles and rules. Maladaptivebehaviour is when an individual is unable to adjust to situations; psychologists use thisterm to describe patterns of emotional disturbance. Both behavioural and psychoanalytic psychologists use this in different ways.
The behavioural theory is based on two main factors being biological drives such as primitive needs and sex drive and what is learnt. The three main principles in the behavioural theory are Stimuli, response and conditioning.
Behaviour is believed to be a conditioned response...

...‘Behaviouristsexplainmaladaptivebehaviour in terms of the learningprinciples that sustain and maintain it.
Discussthisstatement and showhow a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in starkcontrast to a psychoanalytic.’
Introduction
In this essay I intend to compare and contrast the behaviourist perspective with a psychoanalytical approach to therapy, in relation to the above statement and will explore their fundamental principles and differences.
Throughout the centuries, different methods and techniques have been developed to help enhance the quality of therapy for people who suffer from different types of behaviours. Many theories about how and what therapy is and most effective techniques have been sought out and applied. All have different techniques with yet the same goal, which is to find a cure and treat the individual’s issue. Through the years therapists have found one to be more effective than the other, and some therapies have been modified of enhanced to better treat a patient.
Behavioural psychology, also known as behaviourism, is a theory of...

...Outline and evaluate the behaviouristapproach to abnormality
The behaviourist model explains abnormality as learnt behaviour. The behaviouristsexplainthislearning as being a result of our environment. It has two ways to explainhow abnormality can be learnt.
It also argues that people do not have free will and that the environment determines their behaviour by making them behave in certain ways
Classical conditioning is about an association made between a stimulus and response. In a study, carried out by Watson and Raynor (1927), phobias are shown to be demonstrated through classical conditioning. By banging rods behind Little Albert’s back every time he went to play with a toy fluffy white rat, Albert came to associate the toy with the fear he felt from the banging. As a result Albert began to always make that association whether any rods were being banged together behind him or not.
Operant conditioning is another form of learning proposed by the behaviourists’ model. Operant conditioning focuses on reward and reinforcement. Through this idea we learnt to behave in certain ways as a result of positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement involves encouraging behaviour through reward. E.g. “if you eat all your vegetables,...

...ESSAY TITLE: “ BEHAVIOURISTSEXPLAINMALADAPTIVEBEHAVIOUR IN TERMS OF THE LEARNINGPRINCIPLES THAT SUSTAIN AND MAINTAIN IT. DISCUSSTHISSTATEMENT AND SHOWHOW A BEHAVIOURIST’S APPROACCH TO THERAPY IS IN STARKCONTRAST TO A PSYCHOANALYTICONE”
Behaviourism is a movement within psychology that works on the principle that all behaviour is “learned” , that we were all born with a “blank slate”. Behavioural approaches use strict experimental measures to study observable behaviour ( or responses ) in relation to the environment, thus resulting in the maladaptive behavioural approaches that we employ to deal with our learning.
Behaviourism was first developed in the early 20th century by an American psychologist John B Watson, who at the time was working in the field of animal psychology. He believed that all behaviour was observable and therefore scientific, and worked on the principle and study of the association between a stimulus and response. ( Watson did not deny the existence of inner experiences, but insisted that they could not be studied because they were not observable ) Watson’s stimulus and response theory of psychology...

...evaluate the behaviouristapproach in psychology
INTRODUCTION
Psychology as a subject offers a number of different approaches contributing in their own specific ways to the understanding of behaviour. Each perspective begs of certain assumptions on the functioning and behaviour of humans. Amongst the various approaches, each boasts several theories, all contributing to the strengthening of the core assumption. All perspectives carry their own individual strengths and weaknesses, playing their part in psychological comprehension.
In summary, there are 5 key perspectives in psychology; behaviourist, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and biological. There are a number of key debates in psychology that are applied to each approach, differentiating between their assumptions and defining the perspective. These being whether the approach is considered to be more concerned with nature or nurture, whether it believes in free will or determinism, does it consider psychology in a holistic or reductionist manner is it ideographic or nomothetic, and generally is the perspective based on science or common sense?
The Behaviouristapproach derived from the dissatisfaction at the time with the psychoanalytical school of thinking. at the time of Behaviourism is said to be a scientific approach, being based predominantly on observable...

...Describe and discuss the behaviouristapproach in psychology
The behaviourists are a school of psychology that believe that behaviour is learned. The behaviourists don’t believe that people have the innate desire to act in a certain way. They think we are born as a blank sheet that is then developed by life experiences. As we develop interactions and life lessons mould us into the person who we become.Behaviourists do not believe that behaviour has any contribution from biology. They dismiss that our biology is a decisive factor in who we are and believe that the idea is nonsense and therefore do not consider this.
A criticism of this idea is that it completely ignores nature and the ideas of our biology helping us develop. This means that the behaviourists are ignoring research that shows our biology as playing a part in our development. By not assessing all areas of psychology they are ignoring key features of how we become who we are. Rather than considering the possibility of it being nature or nature and nurture they just claim all behaviour is leaned.
Another key feature of the behaviourist they believe we learn by 2 processes these are :
Classical conditioning – this is the process of learning by association....

...﻿Compare and Contrast the Behaviourist Perspective with one other major approach in Psychology
Psychology is a human science, which aims to describe and understand behaviour, emotion and mental processes of the mind. Modern Psychology began in the laboratories of Wilhelm Wundt at the University of Leipzug Germany in 1879. (Lucy T Benjamin JR 2007). As the study of psychology grew, disagreements within the science arose leading to scholar’s creating different theories to outline their understanding and explanation of behavior.The study of psychology now includes Behaviourism, which presupposes that behaviour is learnt externally, Psychodynamic accredits that the unconscious mind, personality, and childhood experiences has an effect on our lives. Cognitive theorist places emphasis on observation and examines the internal mental faculties and schemas of the mind. I.e. memory, problem solving and language. The Humanistic theorists conceive individual behaviour is connected to his or her inner feelings and self-image; and Biopsychology seeks to understand behaviour in relation to the body and specifically the brain. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast Behavioural and Psychodynamic paradigms
John B Watson (1913) is recognised as the father of Behaviourism ; and proposed that all behaviour is learnt...

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