In 1439 Esen became the chief of the Oyrat Mongols, living in the remote mountainous region in western Mongolia near Lake Baikal, from which had come some of Genghis Khan’s most ferocious warriors. Esen began to follow in Genghis’ footsteps, subjugating other Mongol tribes and extending his authority eastward until he came to rule the territory between the Great Wall of China and the Korean border.

In 1449 Esen stopped paying the tribute that the Chinese exacted from the Mongol tribes and mobilized his forces along the Chinese border. The Chinese government was then under the domination of the eunuch Wang ChenZhen, who persuaded the Chen-t’ung Zhengtong emperor to take command of an army against Esen. Esen quickly surrounded the poorly led Chinese forces and captured the Emperoremperor. After hesitating for a few months, he advanced into China proper and laid siege to Pekingthe Ming capital Beijing. The Chinese had meanwhile enthroned another emperor, Jingtai (reigned 1449–57), and prepared a cannon defense of the capital. Esen soon abandoned his siege and in 1450 released the captured emperor. Three years later he signed a peace treaty with the Chinese and resumed his tribute payments. Esen’s son inherited his conquests, but Oyrat power soon declined.