Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a biodegradable polymer of great biotechnological interest, because it has physical properties similar to fuel-derived plastics. In order to optimize the production of PHB, we constructed a recombinant Escherichia coli strain that expresses the phb genes from Azotobacter sp. FA8. This recombinant strain also produces the protein PhaP, which is found associated to PHB granules and positively affects PHB synthesis. We studied the accumulation of biomass, PHB, and physical properties of the polymer produced in this strain, and in the strain lacking PhaP. The strain that expresses PhaP produced more PHB and biomass that the isogenic strain. The production of PHB and several metabolic products varied in bioreactor cultures when using different carbon sources and aeration conditions, allowing bacteria to adjust carbon and energy flow. To study the effect of PHB and PhaP on recombinant E. coli, we studied the expression of different genes by qRT-PCR and microarray analysis. In the PHB-producing strains there was an increase in the expression of genes related with nitrogen metabolism, which could be related to the fact that acetyl-CoA and reducing power are needed for the production of PHB. We also observed that the production of the polymer generates a stress response in E. coli, similar to a heat shock response, which is diminished in the presence of PhaP. Surprisingly, the expression of stress-related genes was lower in the PHB and PhaP producing strain, that in the strain which does not express either PHB or PhaP. Based on these results, we studied the effect of PhaP on the physiology of E. coli, in the absence of PHB. PhaP-bearing strains grew more, and were more resistant to heat stress. These results suggest that PhaP has a protective effect on E. coli, which could be very useful for the production of heterologous products.

Real-time experiments using small-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry on blends of the semicrystalline polyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and amorphous monomer epoxy DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) were performed. Differences in the processes of melting and recrystallization were observed in blends relative to pure PHB. The results obtained in this study indicated that re-crystallization is more important in blends with 50% DGEBA than in pure PHB. Moreover, segregation toward the interfibrillar region would facilitate re-crystallization.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-based bionanocomposites were prepared using various percentages of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by a solution casting method. CNCs were prepared from microcrystalline cellulose using sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The influence of CNCs on PHB properties was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and tensile testing. Vapor permeation and light transmission of the materials were also measured. Differential scanning calorimetric tests demonstrated that CNCs were effective PHB nucleation agents. Tensile strength and Young's modulus of PHB increased with increasing CNC concentration. Moreover, the PHB/CNC bionanocomposites exhibited reduced water vapor permeation compared to neat PHB and had better UV barrier properties than commodity polymers such as polypropylene. It was found that nanocomposites with 6wt% of CNCs had the optimum balance among thermal, mechanical and barrier properties.

Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-based films, reinforced with bacterial cellulose (BC) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and plasticized using a molecular (tributyrin) or a polymeric plasticizer (poly(adipate diethylene)), were produced by solvent casting. Their morphological, thermal, wettability, and chemical properties were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of adding both plasticizers (20 wt % respect to the PHB content) and biobased selected nanofillers added at different contents (2 and 4 wt %) on disintegrability in composting conditions was studied. Results of contact angle measurements and calorimetric analysis validated the observed behavior during composting experiments, indicating how CNC aggregation, due to the hydrophilic nature of the filler, slows down the degradation rate but accelerates it in case of increasing content. In contrast, nanocomposites with BC presented an evolution in composting similar to neat PHB, possibly due to the lower hydrophilic character of this material. The addition of the two plasticizers contributed to a better dispersion of the nanoparticles by increasing the interaction between the cellulosic reinforcements and the matrix, whereas the increased crystallinity of the incubated samples in a second stage in composting provoked a reduction in the disintegration rate.

The effect of eliminating D-lactate synthesis in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-accumulating recombinant Escherichia coli (K24K) was analyzed using glycerol as a substrate. K24KL, an ldhA derivative, produced more biomass and had altered carbon partitioning among the metabolic products, probably due to the increased availability of carbon precursors and reducing power. This resulted in a signiﬁcant increase of PHB and ethanol synthesis and a decrease in acetate production. Cofactor measurements revealed that cultures of K24K and K24KL had a high intracellular NADPH content and that the NADPH/NADP ratio was higher than the NADH/NAD ratio. The ldhA mutation affected cofactor distribution, resulting in a more reduced intracellular state, mainly due to a further increase in NADPH/NADP. In 60-h fed-batch cultures, K24KL reached 41.9 g / liter biomass and accumulated PHB up to 63% (wt/wt), with a PHB yield on glycerol of 0.41 g /g, the highest reported using this substrate.