(1879-1914) The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) sought to preserve the balance of power, but dragged their members into World War I. [279]

Franz Ferdinand

archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I

trench warfare

War from inside trenches enemies would try killing each other with machine guns and tanks, and poison gas, and mines. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Fourteen Points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

mandate system

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. (p. 770)

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin. In WWI ordered a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, forcing a chain reaction of mobilization.

Russian Revolution

the coup d’etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

October Revolution

in 1917 this Russian revolution replaced the monarchy with Lenin’s communist govt.

Russian Civil War

1918-1920The battle between the Bolsheviks (Red Army) and their opponents (White Army); the Bolsheviks won, however, 15 million Russians were dead, the economy was in ruins, trade was at a standstill and there was a shortage of skilled labor.

U.S.S.R.

Soviet Union–Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

Bolsheviks

Political party of Lenin that won the support of the people by promising “Peace, Bread, and Land,” and which led the “October” Revolution of 1917 in Russia