There are many kinds of electron microscopy in a different way of working. The following is a type of electron microscope used today.· Transmission electron microscope (TEM)UnderstandingTransmission electron microscopy (TEM Transmission-electron microscope) is an electron microscope that works similar to how the slide projector, in which electrons are forwarded to the observed object and the observer observing the copy on the screen.How it worksEletron current transmission microscopy has improved the performance to be able to produce a resolution of up to 0.1 nm (or 1 angstrom) or equal to a million times magnification. Although many areas of science that is growing rapidly with the help of transmission electron microscopy it.The requirement that "the object of observation should be as thin as possible" this re-make the most of researchers are not satisfied, especially with objects that can not necessarily is thinned. Therefore, the development of new methods of electron microscopy continues to be done.Preparation of dosageSo that the observer can observe the preparations with a good, necessary preparations to stage the following preparation:A. to fixation, which aims to kill the cells without changing the structure of the cell to be observed. fixation can be performed using glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide compound.2. making the incision, which aims to cut incision to as thin as possible to be easily observed under the microscope. Preparations coated with resin monomer through a process of heating, followed by cutting using microtome. Microtome blades are generally made of diamonds because diamonds are composed of a dense carbon atoms. Therefore, the incision is made more presentable. Incision that has been formed is placed on the ring puzzle to be observed.3. coating / coloring, aims to increase the contrast between the preparations that would be observed with the surrounding environment. Coating / coloring can use heavy metals such as uranium and lead.· Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is one type that is the result of the development of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In STEM system, the electrons penetrate the specimen, but as with the workings of SEM, electron optics directly focused on a narrow angle by scanning scanning an object using the pattern in which the object is scanned from side to side (raster) that produce lane-lane points (dots) that form the image as generated by the CRT in television / monitor.· Scanning electron microscope (SEM)Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used for detailed studies of cell surface architecture (or structure other microorganisms), and observed a three-dimensional objects.How it worksSEM image formation in a way different from what happens in the optical microscope and TEM. In the SEM, the image is created based on the detection of new electrons (secondary electrons) or the reflection of electrons emerging from the sample surface when the sample surface is scanned by the electron beam. Secondary electrons or reflected electrons are then amplified the signal is detected, then the amplitude is shown in shades of dark-light on the monitor screen CRT (cathode ray tube). On the CRT screen image is an object that has been enlarged structure could be seen. In the process of operation, the SEM does not require that samples be diluted, so that it can be used to view objects from three-dimensional perspective.Preparation of dosageSo that the observer can observe the preparations with a good, necessary preparations to stage the following preparation:A. to fixation, which aims to kill the cells without changing the structure of the cell to be observed. fixation can be performed using glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide compound.2. dehydration, which aims to lower the water content in the incision so as not to disrupt the process of observation.3. coating / coloring, aims to increase the contrast between the preparations that would be observed with the surrounding environment. Coating / coloring can use precious metals like gold and platinum.D. Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM)This microscope is a development of the SEM, which in English is called the Environmental SEM (ESEM), which was developed to address the observation of objects that do not qualify as an object of TEM and SEM.Objects that do not qualify as it usually is a natural substance to be observed in detail without damaging or add unnecessary treatment of the object when the conventional SEMs utilize the tools necessary to add a few tricks that allow it to happen.How it worksFirst made an attempt to eliminate the buildup of an electron (charging) on ​​the surface of the object, by creating an atmosphere in the sample space is not a vacuum but is filled with a bit of gas that will deliver positive charge to the surface of the object, so the buildup of electrons can be avoided.This poses a problem because the column where the electrons are accelerated and the filament chamber in which electrons are produced require high vacuum levels. This problem can be solved by separating the vacuum pumping system and object space and column space of the filament, using a pump system for each space. Of which are then placed one or more platinum metal plate which is called (aperture) holes with a diameter of between 200 to 500 micrometers are used only for passing electrons, while the vacuum level different from each room is maintained.Preparation techniques used in the manufacture of electron microscopesThe material will be monitoring the object by using an electron microscope must be processed in such a way as to produce a sample that meets the requirements to be used as the electron microscope preparations.Techniques used in the manufacture of preparations there is a wide range depending on the specimen and the required research, among others:Kriofiksasi is a method of preparation by using specimens with a rapid freezing technique that uses liquid nitrogen or liquid helium, where the water will form crystals that resemble glass. A field of science called cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-electron microscopy) has been developed based on this technique. With the development of cryo-electron microscopy of pieces like glass (vitreous) or so-called cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS), it is now possible to conduct virtual research on biological specimens in their original state.Fixation - that is, a preparation method for preparing a sample that looks realistic (as fact) using glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide.Dehydration - a method of preparation by replacing water with organic solvents such as ethanol or aceton.Planting (Embedding) - a method of preparation in a way to infiltrate the tissue with a resin such as epoxy araldit or for the separation section.Cleavage (Sectioning) - a method of preparation to get thin slices of the specimen so that makes it semi-transparent to electrons. These cuts can be made by ultramicrotome using a diamond knife to produce very thin pieces. The knife is also commonly used by the glass because the price is cheaper.Staining (Staining) - a method of preparation using heavy metals such as lead, uranium, or tungsten to describe electrons resulting image contrast between different structures in which the biological material, especially a lot of color almost transparent to electrons (weak phase object).Fracture freezing (Freeze-fracture) - a method of preparation that is usually used to test the lipid membrane. Fresh tissue or cell is cooled rapidly (cryofixed) then dipatah-break or by using a microtome while still in a state of nitrogen temperature (up to -100% Celsius).The fracture is then steamed frozen with platinum or gold vapor at an angle of 45 degrees on an evaporator device en: high pressure evaporator.Ion Beam Milling - that is, a method of preparing a sample to be transparent to electrons by using combustion ion (usually used argon) at an angle to the surface of splashed material from the surface. Lower category of Ion Beam Milling method is the next method is a method Focused ion beam milling, where gallium ions are used to produce electron transparent membrane in a specific section in the sample.Conductive coating (Conductive Coating) - is a method of preparing an ultrathin layer of an electrically-conducting material. This was done to prevent the accumulation of static electric field on the specimen with respect to the electron irradiation during the process of drawing the sample. Several coating materials including gold, palladium (white gold), platinum, tungsten, graphite and others, in particular it is essential for the study of specimens with SEM.E. Reflection electron microscopy (REM)Reflection Electron Microscope (REM), the electron microscope that has a way of working is similar to the workings of TEM, but the detection system uses the reflection of electrons on the surface of the object. This technique is specifically used by combining it with the technique of reflection high energy electron diffraction (Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction) and the technique of reflection high-energy release spectrum (reflection high-energy loss spectrum - RHELS)F. Spin-Polarized Low-Energy Electron Microscopy (SPLEEM)Spin-Polarized Low-Energy Electron Microscopy (SPLEEM) This is a variation that was developed from previously existing techniques, and is used to view the microstructure of the magnetic field.Making movies with the ESEM microscopeWith the addition of video equipment so the observer can make observations with the electron microscope continuously in a living object.A company of French films and even managed to record the lives of small creatures and actually filmed. Of the few films are made, a movie called Cannibal mites which won several awards in Edutainment Award (Japan 1999), Best Scientific Photography Award (France 1999), and the Grand Prix Best Popular and Informative Scientific Films (France 1999). The film was also aired on television stations Zweites German Deutsches Fernsehen, Discovery Channel in the U.S. and Great Britain. The same company is now working on a film series titled "Fly Wars" are taking an average of about five minutes of shooting with the ESEM in the film can be seen in detail each piece of hair that had a fly in battle.Microscope components consist of:A. Ocular lensPart close to the eye of the observer while observing the object. Eyepiece tube mounted on the microscope. Magnification of the eyepiece are of three kinds, namely 5x, 10x, and 12.5 x.2. Microscope tubeIs connecting the ocular lens and objective lens. Tube inserted in the jagged handle attached to the upper microscope. Through the jagged, the tube can be moved up and down.3. Makrometer (coarse steering screws)Is a component of the microscope tube to move upwards and since e down with a big shift.4. Micrometer (screw the steering smooth)Is a component for moving the tube up and down with smooth shifts.5. RevolverLens is the player to place a desired objective lens.6. The objective lensIs a component that is directly related to the object or specimen. An objective lens mounted on the bottom of the revolver.Magnification of the objective lens varies, depending on the amount of the microscope objective lens. For example, there is a magnification of 10x and 40x objective lens (a microscope with two objective lenses); 4x, 10x, and 40x (microscope with three objective lenses), and 4x, 10x, 45x, and 400x (with four microscope objective lens).7. Microscope stageA counter preparations or preparations obek / specimen.At the center of the microscope stage there is a hole for the entrance of light into the eye of the observer.The stage is used to place the object or specimen preparation. On stage there are two clamps to clamp the glass object. In some other microscopes, the stage can be moved up and down.8. DiaphragmIs a component to set more or less light entering through a hole on the microscope stage. The diaphragm is mounted on the bottom of the microscope stage.9. CondenserIs a tool to focus the light on the object or specimen. This tool is located under the stage.10. Arm of the microscopeIs the part that can be held when lifting or shifting the microscope microscope.11. Mirror reflectorUsed to capture the light coming in through the hole on the microscope stage, ie, by varying the location. This mirror has a flat surface and a concave surface. Flat surface is used if the source is fairly bright light and a concave surface is used if the light is less bright.12. Feet microscopeIs the resting place microscope. Most of the microscope foot shaped like a horseshoe.Preparing the MicroscopeA. Microscope microscope retrieved from storage by using both hands when taking and bringing the microscope to the table. One hand on the arm of a microscope and other hand held microscope feet.2. The microscope was placed on a table with a flat position and faced towards the light.3. Screw of the players played up to the microscope tube down to the lower limit.4. Revolver played so weak objective lens with magnification (eg 10x) right at the place or the hole just above the stage.5. The diaphragm is opened fully. Mirror position is set so that the reflected light coming through a hole in the stage so that through the eyepiece will appear equally bright circle of light. Circle of light is known as a field of view.How To Use MicroscopeA. Eye-ocular distance:To prevent eyestrain, care is required distance between the eye and the eyepiece. To determine this distance, the eyes approach the eyepiece of a maximum distance of about 1 cm. The optimum range is achieved when the field of view looks as much as possible and as sharp-sharp. In addition, the right eye must be kept open longer.2. Observation begins with a weak objective lens with magnification (eg 10x).3. While observing through the eyepiece, screw rough player that is slowly rotated microscope tube ride. At such times, the image can be observed although it was not so clear. Gambit to gain a clearer, smoother player screws rotated so that it can be observed that the picture is clearer and more focused.4. After observing the image by using an objective lens with a weak magnification (10x), try the same object was observed by using a lens with a more powerful magnification (eg 40x) by rotating the revolver so that the 40x objective lens on the right leads to the opening stage.Things to remember: during the observation with strong magnification should not use screws rough player, to get a good shot (focus) is used screws fine player.

Microscope careA. Holding the microscope with both hands when lifting.2. Observation of a weak start with enlargement enlargement before using force.3. Not rotate with the rough.4. Remove the dirt on the lens microscope:Microscope images often remain vague despite the fine focus adjustment has been attempted. This is often due to the front objective lens is dirty and / or ocular lens. To ensure the part where the lens is dirty, first of all the ocular lens is rotated, and then, if necessary, the objective lens rotated while watching footage to determine when a fuzzy layer of dirt to move. Then cleaned with a dirty lens or lens paper transerat paper. Dirty condenser can blur the image.When cleaning the front of the objective lens, it must be remembered that the lens is mounted on an adhesive which can be soluble in organic solvents. Therefore, it is better to use distilled water to remove dirt, if not, use volatile organic solvents as little as possible, such as benzene or petroleum ether.5. Ensuring the microscope in a dry state, before and after use.Calculating Magnification ImagePreviously described that a microscope has two lenses, the eyepiece and objective lens. The second lens has a certain enlargement size. Total magnification for long tubes used were obtained from the enlargement of the objective multiplied by the magnification indicated on the eyepiece.objective magnification x magnification eyepiece = magnification of the total10 x 8 = 80 x10 x 12.5 = 125 x40 x 8 = 320 x40 x 12.5 = 500 xTotal 80-125x magnification (low magnification) and 320-500x (high magnification) are given in the example is sufficient to meet normal requirements. Low magnification (3.5 x 8 or 3.5 x 12.5, ie a total of 30-40x magnification) to show the general look of the footage and is usually used for the first observation on the entire footage.