Around March 1, 1961

The 1949 Orlando Negro Chamber of Commerce Business Directory and the 1957 Orlando Negro Chamber of Commerce Business Directory show the major growth of black owned businesses in Orlando, Florida. The number of businesses listed in 1949 was 169. This grew to 389 in 1957. The businesses in these documents and the production of the Directories themselves reflect the strength of the efforts of Orlando’s...

On December 30, 1961 The Globe and Mail printed an article about a newspaper article printed by the University of Toronto Varsity regarding criticism of Québec separatism. The co-editor who wrote the piece was accused of French-Canadian nationalism for not growing academically in Quebec, infringing civil liberties, and accusing French-Canadian culture is not with modern times but of the...

Between 6:00 and 9:00 PM on the night of Friday October 26, 1962, the tenth day of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the members of President John F. Kennedy’s Executive Committee of the National Security (ExCom) received sections of a long, emotional private message from Soviet Union Premier Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev revealed the underlying logic of the Cuban Missile Crisis when he wrote, “I...

It was October 1962 and the Cuban Missile Crisis had narrowly been avoided. However, the stress of the of nuclear war still remained in President of the United States John F. Kennedy and the First General Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the USSR. This is evident in the political cartoon, drawn by Leslie Illingworth in the British newspaper, The Daily Mail. The cartoon which appeared...

Twelve years after the Detroit Parks and Recreation Department entered into service, they proudly announced that they had become the “largest and most active [Department] in our City Government.” Originally created to prevent overlaps in event planning, the department expanded along with the booming city of Detroit. The total acreage of Detroit parks from 1940-52 jumped from 4163 to 5736 acres,...

“Thirteen Days” in October 1962, or better known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, was a dangerous time when a nuclear war could have occurred. The Soviet Union (U.S.S.R) secretly placed missiles in Cuba in 1962 to support Fidel Castro’s administration against the United States. Castro and his rebels had overthrown the American-backed president and military dictator, Fulgencio Batista, in 1959....

In 1957, an anonymous Jewish citizen in Greenwood, MS created a pamphlet called “A Jewish View on Segregation”. In his pamphlet, he gives an account of why the Jewish population should prefer segregation. His premise is the same as White Southerners “that the innate inferiority of African Americans would leave them incapable of competing on equal terms in an integrated society”. He claims...

Barthwell Drugs was a well-known pharmacy chain in Detroit. The pharmacies were created by Sidney Barthwell. He was born in Cordele, Georgia; he left Georgia when he was 14 and worked with his father in Chicago. He eventually moved to Detroit and attended Cass Technical High School where he studied courses in pharmacological sciences. He then went on to Detroit Technological Institute (now Wayne...

On February 10, 1957 the Birmingham Post-Herald headline story was “Beds Scarce For Negroes in Hospitals.” Arthur Bailey, the administrator of Jefferson-Hillman hospital said that they had been forced to turn colored people away up to two weeks before this articled was printed. Due to Jim Crow Laws black people were unable to receive equal treatment in the medical community...

On December 11, 1958, John F. Kennedy a Democratic Presidential candidate composed a personal letter to Eleanor Roosevelt. He wrote, “I note from the press that on last Sunday afternoon, December 7, on the ABC television program College News Conference, you stated…that Senator Kennedy’s ‘father has been spending oodles of money all over the country and probably paid representatives in every...