Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?a. the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behaviorb. the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behaviorc. the debate as to the relative importance ofheredity and instinct in determining behaviord. the debate as to whether mental processes area legitimate area of scientific study

A

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes though sensory experience is:a. Platob. Aristotlec. Descartesd. Locke

Today, psychology is a discipline that:a. connects with a diversity of other fields.b. is largely independent of other disciplines.c. is focused primarily on basic research.d. is focused primarily on applied research.

The first psychology laboratory was established by ___________ in the year ____________. a. Wundt; 1879b. James; 1890c. Freud; 1900d. Watson; 1913

A

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"?a. Wilhelm Wundtb. John Watsonc. Ivan Pavlovd. virtually any American psychologist during the 1960s

A

In psychology, behavior is best defined as:a. anything a person says, does, or feels.b. any action we can observe and record.c. any action, whether observable or not.d. anything we can infer from a person's actions.

In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a:a. way of asking and answering questions.b. field engaged in solving applied problems.c. set of findings related to behavior and mental processes.d. nonscientific approach to the study of mental disorders.

A

Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of:a. philosophy and chemistry.b. physiology and chemistry.c. philosophy and biology.d. philosophy and physics.

The way we encode, process, store, and retrieve information is the primary concern of the _________________ perspective.a. neuroscience c. social-culturalb. evolutionary d. cognitive

D

Which of the following individuals is also a physician?a. clinical psychologistb. experimental psychologistc. psychiatristd. biological psychologist

C

Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely aa. clinical psychologist.b. personality psychologist.c. psychiatrist.d. developmental psychologist.

D

Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace?a. clinical psychologyb. personality psychologyc. industrial-organizational psychologyd. psychiatry

C

Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the _____________ perspective.a. behavioral c. social-culturalb. evolutionary d. cognitive

(Close-Up) A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is thata. people learn and remember material best when they actively process it.b. many students overestimate their mastery of text and lecture material.c. study time should be spaced over time rather than crammed into one session.d. over-learning disrupts efficient retention.

A

The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance ofa. different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes.b. basic research over pure research.c. pure research over basic research.d. having a single academic perspective to guide research.

A

Jawan believes that psychologists should go back to using introspection as a research tool. This technique is based ona. survey methodology.b. experimentation.c. self-examination of mental processes.d. the study of observable behavior.

C

Dharma's term paper on the history of American psychology notes thata. psychology began as the science of mental life.b. from the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology was defined as the scientific study of observable behavior.c. contemporary psychologists study both overt behavior and covert thoughts.d. all of these statements are true.

D

Terrence wants to talk to a professional to help him cope with some academic challenges he's facing. You recommend that he contact a(n)a. industrial-organizational psychologist.b. developmental psychologist.c. counseling psychologist.d. psychiatrist.

C

Professor Gutierrez, who believes that human emotions are best understood as being jointly determined by heredity, learning, and the individual's social and cultural contexts, is evidently a proponent of thea. psychodynamic perspective.b. biopsychosocial approach.c. evolutionary perspective.d. neuroscience perspective.

B

The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of Rene Descartes as ____________ is to ______________.a. nature; nurtureb. nurture; naturec. rationality; irrationalityd. irrationality; rationality

B

During his presentation on the history of psychology, Sanjay notes that Darwin's theory led most directly to the development of the school ofa. structuralism. c. functionalism.b. behaviorism. d. humanism.

C

In concluding her report on the "nature-nurture debate in contemporary psychology," Karen notes thata. most psychologists believe that nature is a more important influence on the development of most human traits.b. most psychologists believe that nurture is more influential.c. the issue is more heatedly debated than ever before.d. nurture works on what nature endows.

D

Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpre-tation of a situation affects his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working from the ____________ perspective.a. neuroscience c. cognitiveb. behavioral d. social-cultural

Close-Up) Your roommate announces that her schedule permits her to devote three hours to studying for an upcoming quiz. You advise her toa. spend most of her time reading and rereading the text material.b. focus primarily on her lecture notes.c. space study time over several short sessions.d. cram for three hours just before the quiz.

C

(Close-Up) A fraternity brother rationalizes the fact that he spends very little time studying by saying that he "doesn't want to peak too soon and have the test material become stale." You tell him thata. he is probably overestimating his knowledge of the material.b. if he devotes extra time to studying, his retention of the material will be improved.c. the more often students review material, the better their exam scores.d. all of these statements are true.