Update: Micron tells us that the P320h doesn't support NVMe, we are digging to understand how Micron's controller differs from the NVMe IDT controller with a similar part number.

Well over a year ago Micron announced something unique in a sea of PCIe SSDs that were otherwise nothing more than SATA drives in RAID on a PCIe card. The drive Micron announced was the P320h, featuring a custom ASIC and a native PCIe interface. The vast majority of PCIe SSDs we've looked at thus far feature multiple SATA/SAS SSD controllers with their associated NAND behind a SATA/SAS RAID controller on a PCIe card. These PCIe SSDs basically deliver the performance of a multi-drive SSD RAID-0 on a single card instead of requiring multiple 2.5" bays. There's decent interest in these types of PCIe SSDs simply because of the form factor advantage as many servers these days have moved to slimmer form factors (1U/2U) that don't have all that many 2.5" drive bays. Long term however, this SATA/SAS RAID on a PCIe card SSD solution is clunky at best. Ideally you'd want a native PCIe controller that could talk directly to the NAND, rather than going through an unnecessary layer of abstraction. That's exactly what Micron's P320h promised. Today, we have a review of that very drive.

Although it was publicly announced a long time ago (in SSD terms), the P320h's specifications are still very competitive:

Micron P320h

Capacity

350GB

700GB

Interface

PCIe 2.0 x8

NAND

34nm ONFI 2.1 SLC

Max Sequential Performance (Reads/Writes)

3.2 / 1.9 GBps

Max Random Performance (Reads/Writes)

785K / 205K IOPS

Max Latency (QD=1, Read/Write)

47 µs / 311 µs (nonposted)

Endurance (Max Data Written)

25PB

50PB

Encryption

N

TDP

25W

Form Factor

Half-Height, Half-Length PCIe
68.9mm x 167.65mm x 18.71mm

In fact, the only indication that this product was announced over a year ago is the fact that it is launching using 34nm SLC NAND. Most of the enterprise SSDs we review these days have shifted to 2x-nm eMLC or MLC-HET. Micron will be making a 25nm SLC version available as well as eMLC/MLC-HET versions in the future, but the launch product uses 34nm SLC NAND. I don't have official pricing from Micron yet, but I would expect it to be pretty high given the amount of expensive SLC NAND on each of the drives (512GB for the 350GB drive, 1TB for the 700GB drive).

The obvious benefit from using SLC NAND is endurance. While Intel's MLC-HET based 910 SSD tops out at 14PB of writes over the life of the 800GB, the 350GB P320h is rated for 25PB. The 700GB drive doubles that to 50 petabytes of writes.

Micron is also quite proud of its low read/write latencies, enabled by its low overhead PCIe controller and driver stack.

As a native PCIe SSD, the P320h features a single controller on the card - a giant 1517-pin controller made by IDT. The huge pin count is needed to connect the controller to its 32 independent NAND channels, 4x what we see from most SATA SSD controllers:

There are no bridge chips or RAID controllers on-board, that single Micron developed IDT manufactured controller is all that's needed. Talk about clean.

Each of the 32 channels can talk to up to 8 targets, with a maximum capacity of 4TB although Micron only uses 1TB of NAND on-board. Twenty two percent of the on-board NAND is set aside as spare area for garbage collection, bad block replacement and wear leveling. An additional 1/8 of the user capacity is reserved for parity data.

The IDT controller features a configurable hardware RAID-5 that stripes accesses across multiple logical units. The logical units are broken down into blocks and pages as is standard for NAND based SSDs. Blocks and pages are striped across logical units, with parity data calculated from every 7 blocks/pages.

Calculating parity based on fewer blocks/pages would be able to withstand greater failures but capacity and performance would suffer. As NAND failures should be far more rare/predictable than mechanical storage failures, this tradeoff shouldn't be a problem.

The P320h is available in one form factor: a half-height, half-length PCIe 2.0 x8 card. In the box are both half and full height brackets allowing the P320h to fit in both types of cases:

Unlike most 2.5" SATA/SAS SSDs, these PCIe SSDs are pretty interesting to look at. With much more bandwidth to saturate, the drive makers have become more creative in finding ways to cram as many NAND devices onto a half height, half length PCIe card as possible. While sticking to a single slot profile, Micron uses two smaller daughterboards attached via high density interface connectors to the main P320h card to double the amount of NAND on the drive.

Each daughtercard has sixteen 34nm 128Gb NAND packages for a total of 256GB of NAND. That's 512GB of NAND on cards, and then another 512GB on the main P320h card itself for a total of 1TB of NAND for a 700GB drive. The 350GB drive keeps the daughtercards but moves to 64Gb NAND packages instead. Remember that these are 34nm SLC NAND die, so you're looking at only 2GB per die vs. the 8GB per die we get from 25nm MLC NAND (or 4GB per die from 25nm SLC NAND).

Of course with a huge increase in the number of NAND devices, there's a correspondingly large increase in the number of DRAM devices to keep track of all of the LBAs and flash mapping tables. The P320h features nine 256MB DDR3-1333 devices (also made by Micron) for a total of 2.25GB of on-board DRAM.

There's a relatively small heatsink on the custom PCIe controller itself. Micron claims it only needs 1.5m/s of airflow in order to maintain its operating temperature. Prying the heatsink off reveals IDT's NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) controller. This is a native PCIe controller that supports up to 32 NAND channels, as well as a full implementation of the NVMe spec. Although the controller itself is PCIe Gen 3, Micron only certifies it for PCIe Gen 2 operation. With 8 PCIe lanes there's more than enough host bandwidth on PCIe 2.x so this isn't an issue. Update: Micron tells us that the P320h doesn't support NVMe, we are digging to understand how Micron's controller differs from the NVMe IDT controller with a similar part number.

The NVMe spec promises a lower overhead, more efficient command set for native PCIe SSDs. This is a transition that makes a lot of sense as the current approach of just using SATA/SAS controllers behind a PCIe switch is unnecessarily complex. With NVMe the NAND talks to a native PCIe controller which can in turn deliver tons of bandwidth to the host vs. being bottlenecked by 6Gbps SATA or SAS. The NVMe host spec also scales the number of concurrent IOs supported all the way up to 64,000 (a max of 256 currently supported under Windows vs 32 for SATA based SSDs), well beyond what most current workloads would be able to generate.

As NVMe spec defines the driver interface between the SSD and the host OS, it requires a new set of drivers to function. The goal is down the road these drivers will be built into the OS, but in the short term you'd hopefully only need one NVMe driver that would work on all NVMe SSDs rather than the current mess of having an individual driver for every PCIe SSD. Companies like Intel have gotten around the driver issues by simply using SATA/SAS to PCIe controllers whose drivers are already integrated into modern OSes (e.g. LSI's Falcon 2008 controller on the Intel SSD 910).

In the long run NVMe SSDs should enjoy the same plug and play benefits that SATA drives enjoy today. You never have to worry about installing a SATA driver to make your new SSD work (you shouldn't at least), and the same will hopefully be true for NVMe SSDs. The reality today is much more complicated than that.

Micron provided us with drivers for the P320h under the guidance that the driver was only tested/validated for certain server configurations. Even having other PCIe devices installed in the system could cause incompatibilities. In practice I found Micron's warnings accurate. While the P320h had no issues working on our X79 testbed, our H67 testbed wouldn't boot into Windows with the P320h installed. What was really strange about the P320h in the H67 system was that the simple presence of the card caused graphical corruption at POST. I noticed other incompatibilities with certain PCIe video cards installed in our X79 system. I eventually ended up with a stable configuration that let me run through our suite of tests, but even then I noticed the P320h would sometimes drop out of the system entirely - requiring a power cycle to come back again.

Micron made no attempt to hide the fact that the P320h is only validated on specific servers, but it's something worth considering if you're looking at this drive. Apparently the state of Linux drivers is much better than Windows, unfortunately most of our tests run under Windows which forced us into dealing with these compatibility issues head on.

Any chance we could see some power consumption numbers on the various PCI-E SSDs? It would be interesting to see if the higher levels of integration in the NVMe controller solution are reflected by power savings. Also, its a shame it's not PCI-E 3.0 certified (although I'm sure it will be, given time) - it's not that the extra bandwidth is necessary, but you could achieve the same bandwidth with fewer lanes.Reply

Its funny to see all the dreamers here wishing it booted so when they won the lotto they could have one to go with their quad chip triple SLI dream machine.

Seriously though, the SLC makes it a good sell to the boss who is worried about it dying before its time. Versus SAS hard drives/SSDs you just pull the dead one out and swap in a new one. Not so easy with these cards if you don't have them mirrored. Add the current market cost of a 2nd one to the mirror it does make it a hard sell. You could rely on these running a bit too well so that failure becomes a massive concern. So far we only trust the HP ones to store data that can easily be restored or is our prime business of massive scale market data capture and therefore mostly useless after 30 minutes.

We have just started using the HP badged (Fusion) IO Accelerator and are well impressed with its performance. We would love to start using it in more servers but even with preferential HP pricing these are not cheap. If this thing was certified to run in Proliant DL 38x & 58x servers at $3000 I think the market just got tipped on its head. I can't see the competition getting much cheaper than around $8000 on the HP cards so Micron are either going to go in hard and disruptive or they might settle for a "cheaper" price closer to the competition to keep margins high. It would be a shame if they did, these devices are just about ready for a big push into the enterprise market that it is ripe for someone to come in and sweep it all up. We would have brought 4 times the number of cards versus the HP ones.Reply

This is the second Micron review you have done that there is no available product for. The last one was their new SSD drive which still hasn't appeared. I am in the UK. I wrote to them about the last review you did and they said that although Micron was their parent company, they has no information on when a product would or would not be available.

I don't understand why they send you products for review, yet even months (nearly a year for the first one?) they aren't shipping the product.

I can understand proof of concept and all that, and I love this PCIE card, but it's all fantasy IT until we can actually get our hands on it :)Reply