Contents

Pulsipher was born in Rockingham, Vermont, to John and Elizabeth Pulsipher. He came from a heritage of New England settlers and patriots, including a father and grandfather who fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill.[1] He spent much of his childhood working on his parent's farm. During his early twenties, Pulsipher attempted to study to become a doctor, but decided to return to farming. He married Mary Randall in 1810 and they had a daughter together. Mary died after a year of being married. Pulsipher married Mary Brown a few years later and they raised a large family together.[2]

The Pulsipher family was introduced to the Latter Day Saint church while living in Onondaga County, New York, and Pulsipher was baptized on January 11, 1832, by missionary Jared Carter.[3] For the next two years, Pulsipher presided over the branch of the church in that county[4] and served a number of missions to preach his new-found faith. During one of these missions he taught and baptized future LDS Church presidentWilford Woodruff.[5] In 1835, the Pulsiphers moved to church headquarters at Kirtland, Ohio, where Pulsipher was ordained as a First President of the Seventy on March 6, 1838, replacing Salmon Gee, who had been released.[6] After the highest leadership of the church fled Kirtland in 1838, Pulsipher and the other First Presidents of the Seventy organized the bulk of the remaining adherents to travel to Far West, Missouri, the new church headquarters. This group of over 500 Latter Day Saints was known as the Kirtland Camp and was one of the earliest concerted efforts of mass Mormon migration.[7]

Pulsipher and his family followed the main body of the church membership as they settled in Far West, Nauvoo, Winter Quarters, and Salt Lake City. He also helped settle Southern Utah in his later years. In each of these areas, Pulsipher provided leadership including helping to locate the settlement of Garden Grove, Iowa;[8] leading a company of 100 to Utah;[9] serving as a city counselor in Salt Lake City for a number of years;[10] and presiding over the settlement of Hebron, Utah, from 1863 to 1869.[11]

Pulsipher misused the sealing authority by performing two unauthorized polygamous marriages for William Bailey during the years 1856 and 1861,[12] and was brought to answer before the First Presidency on April 12, 1862. At the meeting, Pulsipher was instructed to be rebaptized, released as one of the Seven Presidents of the Seventy, and was given the option to be ordained a high priest.[13] Pulsipher was later ordained a patriarch,[14] and died in Hebron, Utah, in early 1872 as a member in full fellowship in the church.

1.
Seventy (LDS Church)
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Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Latter-day Saints teach that the office of seventy was anciently conferred upon the seventy disciples mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 10, multiple individuals holding the office of seventy are referred to collectively as seventies. In practical terms, the office of seventy is one which has varied widely over the course of history. These presidents, chosen from the first quorum, would appoint, as introduced by Joseph Smith, the apostles and the seventy had authority only outside the main body of Latter Day Saints in Zion, and in the outlying stakes. Members in Zion and the stakes were led by the High Council of Zion, historically, the First Quorum of the Seventy came into being in 1835 when seven men were set apart as the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy. In 1837, six of the seven presidents were released because it was discovered that they had previously been ordained high priests, five of these men were ultimately replaced by others. The other two—Levi W. Hancock and Joseph Young—remained members of the First Seven Presidents for the rest of their lives. In the LDS Church, the quorums of the seventy are directed and supervised hierarchically by the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, as a body, the seventy in the LDS Church are considered to be equal in priesthood authority with the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This presumably means that if the apostles were killed or incapacitated, however, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. In the LDS Church, members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole, Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the office of seventy. Area seventies generally have authority only within a unit of the church called an area. By the time Joseph Smith was killed, he had organized four incomplete quorums of seventy. By 1845, there were ten quorums of seventy, the members of the first quorum were thus spread out across the church, making meetings of the first quorum rare. Elders were often ordained to the office of seventy immediately before left on a mission. Quorums were not restricted to geography, so individual quorums were scattered all over the world, in 1883, church president John Taylor localized the quorums of seventy. Each stake was given a quorum of seventy, and seventies in that stake would belong to that quorum. Taylor also prescribed that the president of the first 64 quorums could meet with the seven presidents of the first quorum

2.
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period

3.
Rockingham, Vermont
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Rockingham is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States, along the Connecticut River. The population was 5,282 at the 2010 census, Rockingham includes the incorporated villages of Bellows Falls and Saxtons River, as well as a large rural area west of Interstate 91. Rockingham has no town center, instead town offices and the Rockingham Public Library are located in the village of Bellows Falls. The approximate center is the Rockingham Meeting House on Route 103, most of what was left of Rockingham Village burned in April,1909, the fire came close to the Meeting House but it was saved. The houses, hotel and store that burned were not rebuilt, one of the New Hampshire grants, it was chartered by Governor Benning Wentworth on December 28,1752 and named for Lord Rockingham. The township was granted to Samuel Johnson and 72 others, first settled in 1753, pioneers fished for salmon and shad. By 1771, the population reached 225, in 1785, Colonel Enoch Hale erected the first bridge over the Connecticut River, and until 1796, it remained the only bridge across. The village of Bellows Falls became an important mill town, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 42.3 square miles, of which 41.9 square miles is land and 0.4 square mile is water. It is drained by the Williams River, the Saxtons River, and several brooks that drain directly to the Connecticut River and it is crossed by Interstate 91, U. S. Route 5, Vermont Route 103 and Vermont Route 121. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,309 people,2,202 households, the population density was 126.7 people per square mile. There were 2,425 housing units at a density of 57.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 38% White,0. 34% African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 55% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 26% from other races, and 1. 32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 15% of the population,30. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 2.96. In the town, the population was out with 25. 1% under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,27. 1% from 25 to 44,25. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $33,423, and the median income for a family was $45,503. Males had an income of $29,200 versus $22,944 for females

4.
Vermont Republic
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The term Vermont Republic has been used by later historians for the government of Vermont that existed from 1777 to 1791. In January 1777, delegates from 28 towns met and declared independence from jurisdictions and they also abolished adult slavery within their boundaries. Many people in Vermont took part in the American Revolution, although the Continental Congress did not recognize the jurisdiction, because of vehement objections from New York, which had conflicting property claims, the Continental Congress declined to recognize Vermont, then called the New Hampshire Grants. Vermonts overtures to join the British Province of Quebec failed, in 1791, Vermont officially joined the United States as the 14th state. Vermont coined a currency called Vermont coppers from a mint operated by Reuben Harmon in East Rupert, while the Vermont coppers bore the legend Vermontis. Publica, the constitution and other official documents used the term State of Vermont and it referred to its chief executive as a governor. The Vermont Republic was called the reluctant republic because many early citizens favored political union with the United States rather than independence, both popular opinion and the legal construction of the government made clear that the independent State of Vermont would eventually join the original 13 states. While the Continental Congress did not allow a seat for Vermont, William Samuel Johnson, in 1785, Johnson was granted title to the former Kings College Tract by the Vermont General Assembly as a form of compensation for representing Vermont. After 1749, Benning Wentworth, the Royal Governor of New Hampshire, granted land to anyone in a land granting scheme designed to enrich himself, after 1763, settlement increased due to easing security concerns after the end of the French and Indian Wars. The Green Mountain Boys, led by Ethan Allen, was a force from Vermont that supported the New Hampshire claims. Following controversy between the holders of the New York grants and the New Hampshire grants, Ethan Allen, on January 15,1777, a convention of representatives from towns in the territory declared the region independent, choosing the name the Republic of New Connecticut. On June 2 of that year, the name of the nation was officially changed to Vermont upon the suggestion of Dr. Thomas Young. John Greenleaf Whittiers poem The Song of the Vermonters,1779 describes the period in ballad form, first published anonymously, the poem had characteristics in the last stanza that were similar to Ethan Allens prose and caused it to be attributed to Allen for nearly 60 years. The Constitution of Vermont was drafted and ratified at Elijah Wests Windsor Tavern in 1777, possessing an identifiable population or a people entitled them to the same constitutional rights of self-government as other Peoples in the American confederacy. In addition to creating a new government for the thirteen colonies. At the same time as they struggled for independence from Great Britain, Americans had to confront just how that formation should take place, during the time of the Vermont Republic, the government issued its own coinage and currency, and operated a postal service. The governor of Vermont, Thomas Chittenden, with consent of his council, Vermont exchanged ambassadors with the United States, the Netherlands, and France. Much of the associated with Vermont in this period expressed a desire for political union with the United States

5.
Utah Territory
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The creation of the territory was part of the Compromise of 1850 that sought to preserve the balance of power between slave and free states. The creation of the Utah Territory was partially the result of the petition sent by the Mormon pioneers who had settled in the valley of the Great Salt Lake starting in 1847. S. The Mormon settlers had drafted a constitution in 1849 and Deseret had become the de facto government in the Great Basin by the time of the creation of the Utah Territory. Following the organization of the territory, Young was inaugurated as its first governor on February 3,1851, in the first session of the territorial legislature in September, the legislature adopted all the laws and ordinances previously enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret. In 1861, partly as a result of this, the Nevada Territory was created out of the part of the territory. Non-Mormons also entered the easternmost part of the territory during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, in 1861 a large portion of the eastern area of the territory was reorganized as part of the newly created Colorado Territory. Territories that encompassed land that would become part of the Territory of Utah, Mexican Cession,1848 State of Deseret

6.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus

7.
Wilford Woodruff
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Wilford Woodruff Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the fourth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1889 until his death. Woodruff was known as a religious man, but was also enthusiastically involved in the social. He was an outdoorsman, enjoying fishing and hunting. Woodruff learned to fly fish in England, and his 1847 journal account of his fishing in the East Fork River is the earliest known account of fly fishing west of the Mississippi River. As an adult, Woodruff was a farmer, horticulturist and stockman by trade, Woodruff was one of nine children born to Bulah Thompson and Aphek Woodruff, a miller working in Farmington, Connecticut. Wilfords mother Bulah Thompson died of spotted fever in 1808 at the age of 26 and he was raised by his step-mother Azubah Hart. As a young man, Woodruff worked at a sawmill and a mill owned by his father. Woodruff joined the Latter Day Saint church on December 31,1833, at that time, the church numbered only a few thousand believers clustered around Kirtland, Ohio. On January 13,1835, Woodruff left Kirtland on his first full-time mission, preaching without purse or scrip in Arkansas, like many early Latter Day Saints, Woodruff practiced plural marriage. He was married to nine women, however, not all of these marriages were concurrent and his wives, Phoebe Whittemore Carter, m. April 13,1837 Mary Ann Jackson, m, aug 2,1846 Sarah Elinor Brown, m. Aug 2,1846 Mary Caroline Barton, m, aug 2,1846 Mary Meek Giles Webster m. March 28,1852 Emma Smith m, March 13,1853 Sarah Brown, m. March 13,1853 Sarah Delight Stocking m, July 31,1857 Eudora Young Dunford m. March 10,1877 Woodruffs wives bore him a total of 34 children, Woodruff met his first wife, Phoebe Carter, in Kirtland shortly after his return from his first mission through Southern Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky. Woodruff came to Kirtland on November 25,1836, along with Abraham O. Smoot and he was introduced to Phoebe by Milton Holmes on January 28,1837. She was a native of Maine and had become a Latter Day Saint in 1834, Woodruff and Phoebe were married on April 13,1837, with the ceremony performed by Frederick G. Williams. Their marriage was sealed in Nauvoo by Hyrum Smith

8.
Battle of Bunker Hill
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The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17,1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts and it was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent Breeds Hill. In response,1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill, during the night, the colonists constructed a strong redoubt on Breeds Hill, as well as smaller fortified lines across the Charlestown Peninsula. By daybreak of June 17, the British became aware of the presence of forces on the Peninsula. Two assaults on the positions were repulsed with significant British casualties. The colonists retreated to Cambridge over Bunker Hill, leaving the British in control of the Peninsula, the battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle. Subsequently, the battle discouraged the British from any further attacks against well defended front lines. American casualties were much fewer, although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary. Their new approach to battle was actually giving the Americans greater opportunity to retreat if defeat was imminent, the costly engagement also convinced the British of the need to hire substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries to bolster their strength in the face of the new and formidable Continental Army. Boston, situated on a peninsula, was protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it. In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, the militia, a force of about 15,000 men had surrounded the town. Under the command of Artemas Ward, they controlled the land access to Boston itself. The British troops, a force of about 6,000 under the command of General Thomas Gage, occupied the city, in theory, they were thus able to remain in Boston indefinitely. However, the land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills, if the militia could obtain enough artillery pieces, these could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered. It was with this in mind that the Knox Expedition, led by Henry Knox, the Charlestown Peninsula, lying to the north of Boston, started from a short, narrow isthmus at its northwest, extending about 1 mile southeastward into Boston Harbor. Bunker Hill, with an elevation of 110 feet, lay at the end of the peninsula. Breeds Hill, at a height of 62 feet, was more southerly, the town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula. At its closest approach, less than 1,000 feet separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula, throughout May, in response to orders from Gage requesting support, the British received reinforcements, until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men

9.
Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
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The Church of Christ was the original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith. Each of the churches that resulted from this schism considers itself to be the continuation of Smiths original Church of Christ. This church is unrelated to other bodies bearing the name, including the United Church of Christ, a Reformed church body, and the Churches of Christ. Today, there are several Latter Day Saint churches called Church of Christ, the first Latter Day Saint references to the church of Christ are found in passages of the Book of Mormon that Smith dictated from April to June 1829. During the course of this dictation, the outlines for a community of believers or church structure became apparent. Such a structure would have authority from God, ordinances such as baptism, the book described the clergy in Almas church as consisting of priests, who were unpaid and were to preach nothing save it were repentance and faith in the Lord. Alma later established churches, which were considered one church because there was nothing preached in all the churches except it were repentance. In addition to priests, the book mentions that the clergy of these also included teachers. Smiths further dictation of the Book of Mormon also stated there were two churches only, the one is the church of the Lamb of God, and the other is the church of the devil. As a result of the references to baptism and the organization of churches. Smith and Cowdery then baptized each other by immersion and they also baptized dozens of people, as early as June 1829. These converts, however, did not belong to a church organization. Nevertheless, this community of believers referred to themselves as the Church of Christ, in June 1829, Smith dictated a revelation stating that in are all things written, concerning my church, my gospel, and my rock. Wherefore if you build up my church, and my gospel, and my rock. Some time between June and December 1829, Cowdery said he received a revelation about how he should build up his church & the manner thereof. This revelation was called the Articles of the Church of Christ, the church was to meet regularly to partake of bread and wine. Cowdery was described as an Apostle of Jesus Christ, according to David Whitmer, by April 1830, this informal Church of Christ had about six elders and 70 members. On April 6,1830, Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and a group of approximately 30 believers met with the intention of formally organizing the Church of Christ into a legal institution

10.
Onondaga County, New York
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Onondaga County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 467,026, Onondaga County is part of the Syracuse, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. Joanie Mahoney is the current County Executive, the name Onondaga derives from the name of the Native American tribe who historically lived in this area at the time of European contact, one of the original Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee. They called themselves Onodagega, sometimes spelled Onontakeka, the word means People of the Hills. The federally recognized Onondaga Nation has a 9.3 square miles reservation within the county, when counties were established in New York in 1683, the present Onondaga County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, the Onondaga were among four Iroquois tribes that allied with the British against the American colonists, as they hoped to end their encroachment. Instead, they were forced to cede most of their land in New York to the United States after the war. Many Onondaga went with Joseph Brant and other nations to Canada, in 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County. It honored General Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec, in 1789, Montgomery County was reduced by the splitting off of Ontario County from Montgomery. In 1791, Herkimer County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery and this was much larger than the present county, however, and was reduced by a number of subsequent splits. In 1794, Onondaga County was split off from Herkimer County and this county was larger than the current Onondaga County, including the present Cayuga, Cortland, and part of Oswego Counties. In 1799, Cayuga County was split off from Onondaga, in 1808, Cortland County was split off from Onondaga. In 1816, parts of Oneida and Onondaga Counties were taken to form the new Oswego County. At the time Onondaga County was originally organized, it was divided into towns, Homer, Pompey, Manlius, Lysander, Marcellus, Ulysses, Milton, Scipio, Ovid

11.
President of the Church (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the President of the Church is the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the church. The President of the LDS Church is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of both the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes and the Council of the Church, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. The concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831, initially, after the churchs formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as an apostle of Jesus Christ, and elder of the church. However, there was another apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, in early June 1831, Smith was ordained to the high priesthood, along with twenty-two other men, including prominent figures in the church such as Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and Martin Harris. As high priests, these men were higher in the hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smiths and Cowderys callings as apostles gave them superior authority to that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, in 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob. Hyrum Smith, his successor, was killed in the same incident. Smith had not indisputably established who was next in line as successor to President of the Church, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young would not be ordained President of the Church until December 1847, thomas S. Monson is the 16th and current President of the LDS Church. As president, Monson is considered by adherents of the religion to be a prophet, seer, a printer by trade, Monson has spent most of his life engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service

12.
Kirtland, Ohio
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For other places with the same name, see Kirtland Kirtland is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States. The population was 6,866 at the 2010 census, Kirtland is famous for being the early headquarters of the Latter Day Saints movement from 1831–1837 and is the site of the first Mormon temple, the Kirtland Temple, completed in 1836. The city is also the location for many parks in the Lake Metroparks system, after the founding of the United States, northern Ohio was designated as the Western Reserve and was sold to the Connecticut Land Company. The area was first surveyed by Moses Cleaveland and his party in 1796, Kirtland is named for Turhand Kirtland, a principal of the Connecticut Land Company and judge in Trumbull County, the first political entity in Ohio that included Kirtland township. Kirtland, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, demonstrated both breadth of vision and integrity in his dealings with the local Native Americans. He was known for his bravery, resourcefulness, and passion for justice, dr. Jared Potter Kirtland was the son of the former, he helped to found a medical college in nearby Willoughby, Ohio, and he compiled the first ornithology of Ohio. The bird Kirtlands warbler is named for Jared Kirtland and this rare species has been documented in the city during migration, but it does not nest in Ohio. Being less well suited to agriculture, the forested, clay soiled, high, hilly, land of Kirtland was settled later than surrounding townships, Mentor in 1798. Kirtlands first European settlers were the John Moore family, soon followed by the Crary family who came to Kirtland in 1811, in 1893 Christopher Crary wrote a memoir of his Kirtland life, which provided a great deal of material for Anne B. From 1831 to 1838 Kirtland was the headquarters for the Latter Day Saint movement, Joseph Smith moved the church to Kirtland in 1831, shortly after its formal organization in April 1830 in Palmyra, New York. Latter Day Saints built their first temple there, a landmark that is now owned and operated by the Community of Christ. The temple was built with a degree of opulence, considering the nature of the area. Many attending the Kirtland Temple dedication in 1836 claimed to see multiple heavenly visions and appearances of heavenly beings, for this and other reasons, Kirtland remains a place of importance to those of all Latter Day Saint denominations. Many sections from the Doctrine and Covenants, considered modern revelations and canonical by most denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, today, besides giving tours, the Community of Christ church allows others to use the temple for special meetings. After the majority of the Latter Day Saints departed Kirtland in 1837-38, Crary recalls the last rattlesnakes being killed on Gildersleeve Mountain in the 1830s. During this period most of the areas near Kirtland were cleared for agriculture, with corn. In the early 20th century, Kirtland School was built to consolidate 3 school houses, one of the old school houses can still be found at the corner of Baldwin and Booth Roads in Kirtland Hills. Kirtland saw few changes until after World War II when several subdivisions were built

13.
Far West, Missouri
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Far West, Missouri, was a Latter Day Saint settlement in Caldwell County, Missouri. Today it is a historic site, the town was founded by Missouri Mormon leaders, W. W. Phelps and John Whitmer in August 1836 shortly before the countys creation. The town was platted originally as a 1-mile square area, centered on a square which was to house a temple. The design of the town resembled Mormon founder and prophet Joseph Smith Jr. s plan for the City of Zion, as the town of Far West grew, the plat was extended to 4 square miles. Early Latter-day Saints began to settle in northwestern Missouri soon after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was organized in 1830, according to a revelation given by Joseph Smith Jr. Independence would be the centerplace of the City of Zion when Jesus returned, however, disputes between Mormon and Missourian settlers in Independence led to the expulsion of the Mormons from Jackson County in 1833. Most Mormons temporarily settled in Clay County, Missouri, towards the end of 1836, Caldwell County was created specifically for Mormon settlement to compensate Mormon property losses in Jackson County. Shortly after the creation of Caldwell County, Far West was made the county seat, while headquartered in Far West, the official name of the church was changed from Church of Jesus Christ to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. A series of escalating conflicts followed and the Governor of Missouri eventually called out 2,500 state militiamen to put down what he alleged to be a Mormon rebellion, Latter Day Saints poured into Far West for protection and found themselves under siege. Joseph Smith Jr. Sidney Rigdon and others surrendered at the end of October,1838, the main body of the Mormons were then forced to sign over their property in Far West and Caldwell County to pay for the militia muster and then leave the state. The main body later settled in Nauvoo, Illinois, Far West became a ghost town soon after the departure of most of the Mormon population. The county seat was moved to Kingston, Missouri and many of the log houses in Far West were relocated, former Mormon John Whitmer continued to live in the nearly empty town, where he owned a large farm. Today Far West is a site seven miles south of U. S. Route 36 on Route D. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains a site there. It also honors the Far West legacy in the name of a ward, and, since 2015, some Latter Day Saints expect that a temple will be located on this spot at some time in the future. The Community of Christ, formerly known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, has a congregation that meets in Far West. In 2004 construction began on a village adjacent to the temple site. It is operated by the Far West Historical Society to accommodate, the Country Store has been in operation since 2006

14.
Nauvoo, Illinois
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Nauvoo is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census, the city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District. The area of Nauvoo was first called Quashquema, named in honor of the Native American chief who headed a Sauk, by 1827, white settlers had built cabins in the area. By 1829 this area of Hancock County had grown sufficiently so that a post office was needed and in 1832 the town, however, the honor was awarded to a nearby city, Carthage. In 1834 the name Venus was changed to Commerce because the settlers felt that the new name better suited their plans, the name Nauvoo is derived from the traditional Hebrew language with an anglicized spelling. The word comes from Isaiah 52,7, “How beautiful upon the mountains. ”It is notable that “by 1844 Nauvoos population had swollen to 12,000, after Joseph Smiths death in 1844, continuing violence from surrounding non-Mormons forced most Latter-Day Saints to leave Nauvoo. Most of these refugees, led by Brigham Young, eventually emigrated to the Great Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Icarians moved to the Nauvoo area to implement a utopian socialist commune based on the ideals of French philosopher Étienne Cabet. At its peak the colony numbered over 500 members, but Cabets death in 1856 caused some members to leave this parent colony, in the early and mid 20th century Nauvoo was primarily a Roman Catholic town, and the majority of the population today is Catholic. Guided tours are available at the churchs Joseph Smith Historic Site, located at the end of the town. The LDS Church owns most of the historic sites in Nauvoo, including the homes of Brigham Young. Kimball, and other members of the church, as well as other significant buildings. Most of these sites are open to the public, with demonstrations and displays and these tours are free, as are the stage and riverside theatrical productions. There is a visitors center complete with two theaters and a relief map of 1846 Nauvoo. The creation of Nauvoo as a tourism destination was largely a result of the work of J. LeRoy Kimball. Kimball was a descendent of early Mormon leader Heber C, Kimball, and bought his ancestors home in 1954 with the intention of restoring it. He was the president of Nauvoo Restoration, Inc. from 1962 to 1986, an LDS congregation was established in Nauvoo in 1956, from its inception consisting largely of elderly LDS couples serving as missionaries and historical guides. The City of Joseph Pageant, a musical produced by the LDS Church. An LDS stake was organized with headquarters at Nauvoo in 1979, in addition to the many homes that had been restored, the Relief Society Memorial Garden was dedicated in 1978, featuring statues designed by Dennis Smith and Florence Hansen

15.
Winter Quarters (North Omaha, Nebraska)
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It followed a preliminary tent settlement some 3½ miles west at Cutlers Park. The Mormons built more than 800 cabins at the Winter Quarters settlement, located in present-day North Omaha overlooking the Missouri River, the settlement remained populated until 1848. Wintering Saints had left their homes in Nauvoo, Illinois on relatively short notice, conditions at the settlement remained primitive the first month, with pioneers living in tents while the men put up hay, found water and managed the cattle. Due to arguments among the Oto and Omaha tribes over use of the land, there they built cabins and sod houses for the winter. One group of cabins became known as Kimball Row and it consisted of thirteen adjacent cabins, with the homes of church leaders Heber C. Kimball and Newel K. Whitney at either end, Young Mormon men also produced handcrafted items such as willow baskets and washboards for sale. Church funds also allowed the community to build a much needed water-powered gristmill, even with trade, diet in the camp was mainly corn bread, salt bacon and a little milk, with occasional fresh game or domestic meat. Scurvy, known as blackleg during this period, became a major problem, Missouri potatoes and horseradish found at old Fort Atkinson helped ease the level of disease, but all residents lacked fresh vegetables in their diet. Tuberculosis, malaria, and unidentified fevers and chills also plagued the temporary settlement, church member Louisa Barnes Pratt recalled in her memoirs, I hired a man to build me a sod cave. He took turf from the earth, laid it up, covered it with willow brush, built a chimney of the same. I paid a five dollar gold piece for building my sod house,10 x 12, a long cold rain storm brought more severely again the chills and fever. These with scurvy made me helpless indeed, neither could I go to see their remains carried to their final resting place where it was thought I would shortly have to be conveyed. Brigham Young supervised construction of the Florence Mill, today it is reportedly the only surviving building in the area to have been built by Mormons. The settlers needed a mill to grind corn, wheat, and rye to create cornmeal, constructed next to Turkey Creek, later called Mill Creek, which flowed into the Missouri River, the original structure was started in the fall of 1846. It was completed by spring of 1847 at the cost of $3000, brigham Young sold this mill to John Neff, who left it when he also moved to Salt Lake City. Later settlers renovated and used the mill for years, evidence of the original construction techniques has been found in the surviving Florence Mill. Today, the area that was once Winter Quarters is part of the community of Florence, the pioneer community is remembered with several attractions, including the Mormon Pioneer Cemetery, Cutlers Park, Mormon Trail Center and the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Bridge. The Winter Quarters Nebraska Temple was dedicated there in April 2001, the Story of the Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book Co

16.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858

17.
Southern Utah
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Southern Utah University is a public university located in Cedar City, Utah, United States, founded in 1898. Originally a normal school, Southern Utah University now graduates over 1,700 students each year with baccalaureate and graduate degrees from its six colleges, SUU offers more than 85 undergraduate degrees and eight graduate programs. There are more than 8,000 students that attend SUU, SUU’s 17 athletic teams compete in Division 1 of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Thunderbirds. SUU joined the Big Sky Conference in September 2012, in the spring of 1897, Cedar City was notified it had been chosen as the site for the Branch Normal School, the region’s first teaching training school in southern Utah. For the next three months, citizens labored to complete Ward Hall on Main Street for the first school year, in September, the school opened its doors. Cedar City residents came together and in January 5,1898 and it took them four days to reach the sawmills, located near present-day Brian Head Ski Resort. Upon arrival, they realized the wagons they brought with them could not carry logs through the heavy snow, the way back was just as hard as the trip up. The snow continued to fall destroying the trail they originally took and it was this phase of their march that an old sorrel horse proved valuable. Placed at the front of the party, the horse would walk into the drifts, then he would pause for a rest and then get up and start over again. “Old Sorrel” was credited with being the savior of the expedition, from January through July they kept up their labors and when September 1898 arrived, Old Main was almost completed. It had a chapel for religious assemblies, a library and reading room. Milton Bennion was first principal for the Branch Normal School, courageous and young, Bennion brought a code of integrity to the students of BNS. He established a student body. Bennion directed 161 students during his time as principal, the BNS started classes with four teachers, now known as the Founding Four. Bennion, who acted as principal, taught history, geography, Howard R. Driggs acted as the first English professor at BNS until 1905. During his career, Dr. Driggs was both a professor of English education and historian of the American West, SUU still honors his name with the Howard R. Driggs Collection located in the Gerald R. Sherratt Library and plays host to a semi-annual lectures by national scholars. The third, George W. Decker was a southern Utah native and was adamant about teaching from the point of view rather from a book. Students loved him so much that a request by the student body to proper authorities was the point to his appointment as the fourth principal of BNS

18.
Garden Grove, Iowa
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Garden Grove is a small town in Decatur County, Iowa, United States. The population was 211 at the 2010 census, on April 24,1846, emigrants affiliated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under the direction of Brigham Young established a way station halfway into their trek across Iowa. This semi-permanent settlement was named Garden Grove because the entire grove was covered with onions as far as the eye could see. Within three weeks of their arrival, the enclosed and planted 715 acres. They founded the village to assist those who did not have sufficient means to continue their journey, as well as to support, when Brigham Young and the main company left Garden Grove on May 12,1846, the poorest and least prepared were left behind. After the Saints arrived in Winter Quarters, Captain James Allen brought orders from President James Polk to enlist a battalion of Mormons for the War with Mexico. Brigham Young and other leaders rode back as far as Mt. Pisgah to encourage the men to enlist, only one man from the Garden Grove settlement, Edward Bunker, enlisted and served in the Mormon Battalion. In the fall of 1846, when the last of the Mormons were driven out of Nauvoo, Illinois, two rescue parties were sent from Winter Quarters and Council Bluffs, and an additional group was requested from Garden Grove. Luman Shurtliff lead the rescue party and brought the poorest of the exiles to the settlement at Garden Grove. Through the winter of 1846/47, about 600 Latter-day Saints resided in Garden Grove, by 1852, the Mormon settlers had moved on to Utah, selling the property and improvements to other American frontiersmen. Garden Grove is a site on the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail, a marker just west of the city, overlooking a wooded ravine, marks the site of the former Mormon Cemetery. Garden Grove was a point on the Chicago, Burlington. Garden Grove is located at 40°49′35″N 93°36′28″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.69 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 211 people,78 households, the population density was 305.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 103 housing units at a density of 149.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 6% White,0. 9% African American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 9% of the population. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age in the city was 38.1 years

19.
Sealing (Mormonism)
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Sealing is an ordinance performed in Latter Day Saint temples by a person holding the sealing authority. The purpose of this ordinance is to seal familial relationships, making possible the existence of family relationships throughout eternity, LDS teachings place great importance on the specific authority required to perform these sealings. Church doctrine teaches that this authority, called the Priesthood, corresponds to that given to Saint Peter in Matthew 16,19, sealings are typically performed as marriages or as sealing of children to parents. They were performed prior to the death of Joseph Smith, and are performed in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Although some denominations, such as the Community of Christ, view sealing as an artifact of Smiths practice of plural marriage and this means that in the afterlife they and their family will be together forever. An illustrative difference in the ceremony performed in LDS temples is the replacement of the words until death do us part with for time. Eternal marriages are performed vicariously for the deceased, of effect after receiving all other saving ordinances. As with sealings of living persons, they are sealed with their spouse, couples who have children born to them before being sealed may have their children sealed to them afterwards. Couples who have children after being sealed need not have their children sealed to them in a separate ceremony, children born to sealed parents are born in the covenant and are automatically sealed to their parents. Adopted children may be sealed to their parents once the adoption has been legally finalized. The union of a couple is regarded as valid only if both individuals have kept their religious commitments and followed LDS teachings. No one will be sealed to any one with whom they do not want to be sealed, only worthy members of the LDS Church, who hold current valid temple recommends, can attend and witness sealings. Non-member family and friends generally wait in the waiting room during the sealing ceremony. Since the LDS Church rejects same-sex marriages, these unions are not performed in temples nor are they recognized by the LDS Church, not all countries recognize marriages performed by clergy outside of the state religion. In these cases, temple marriages are not seen as binding. In other cases, marriages must be performed in a forum for any to witness or formally object. In such circumstances, government representatives or authorized clergy will perform the public wedding prior to the temple sealing. In the United States and some countries, bishops and temple sealers have the civil authority to perform marriages

20.
Plural marriage
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The Latter-day Saints practice of polygamy has been controversial, both within Western society and the LDS Church itself. America was both fascinated and horrified by the practice of polygamy, with the Republican platform at one time referencing the twin relics of barbarism—polygamy, the private practice of polygamy was instituted in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith. In 1862, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, in spite of the law, Mormons continued to practice polygamy, believing that it was protected by the First Amendment. In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff issued a Manifesto that officially terminated the practice of polygamy. Although this Manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages, relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, on its web site, the church states that the standard doctrine of the church is monogamy and that polygamy was a temporary exception to the rule. Many early converts, including Brigham Young, Orson Pratt, and Lyman Johnson, Pratt reported that Smith told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle, but that the time to practise it had not yet come. Johnson also claimed to have heard the doctrine from Smith in 1831, mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. William Clayton, Smiths scribe, recorded polygamous marriages in 1843. Clayton relates, On the 1st day of May,1843, I officiated in the office of an Elder by marrying Lucy Walker to the Prophet Joseph Smith, during this period the Prophet Joseph took several other wives. Amongst the number I well remember Eliza Partridge, Emily Partridge, Sarah Ann Whitney, Helen Kimball and these all, he acknowledged to me, were his lawful, wedded wives, according to the celestial order. His wife Emma was cognizant of the fact of some, if not all, of these being his wives, the majority of what became the Quorum of the Twelve in 1835 attended Mormon conferences held in the center of the Cochranites in 1834 and 1835. Joseph Smith publicly condemned polygamy, denied his involvement in it, but church leaders nevertheless began practicing polygamy in the 1840s, particularly members of the Quorum of the Twelve. At the time, the practice was kept secret from non-members, throughout his life, Smith publicly denied having multiple wives. However, John C. Bennett was called to account by Joseph and Hyrum Smith, in April 1844, Joseph Smith referred to polygamy as John C. The practice was publicly announced in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, in 1852, some five years after the Mormons arrived in Utah, the doctrine authorizing plural marriage was published in the 1876 version of the LDS Churchs Doctrine and Covenants. The 1843 polygamy revelation, published posthumously, counseled Smiths wife Emma to accept all of Smiths plural wives, Emma Smith was publicly and privately opposed to the practice and Joseph may have married some women without Emma knowing beforehand. Emma Smith remained affiliated with the RLDS Church until her death at the age of 74, Emma Smith claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of the 1843 polygamy revelation was when she read about it in Orson Pratts publication The Seer in 1853. There is a difference between sealing, and marriage

21.
First Presidency (LDS Church)
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The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency, there have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators. Counselors are formally designated as First Counselor in the First Presidency, additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including Third Counselor in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselor to the President, and simply Counselor in the First Presidency. Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the president who called them. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, the death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, although these are fairly common occurrences, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church. In the case of a president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when ordained as an apostle. All members of the First Presidency are also members of the churchs Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, there is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith Thorpe B, the position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary as opposed to members of the First Presidency, the First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. D. Arthur Haycock also served as secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century. George W. Robinson George Reynolds George F. Gibbs Joseph Anderson Francis M. Gibbons F. Michael Watson Brook P. Hales Council of the Church

22.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

23.
S. Dilworth Young
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Seymour Dilworth Young was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 36 years, from 1945 until his death. From 1945 to 1975, Young was the president of the churchs First Council of the Seventy. In 1975 he was sustained a member of the newly created First Quorum of Seventy and he was the senior president of the Seventy from 1967 to 1976. Young was a graduate of Weber College and he served in the United States military during World War I. After the war he served as a missionary in the Central States Mission, Young was known as an author and poet among members of the church. Young authored a biography of his great-great-uncle, LDS Church president Brigham Young, many of Dilworth Youngs poems have been published in the Ensign. Young, Jr. and Carlie Louine Clawson, Young was the grandson of Latter-day Saint leader Seymour B. Young, the nephew of Levi E, Young and the great-grandson of Joseph Young. He was also a descendant of Edward Partridge, one of Youngs early American ancestors, Thomas Bascom, a founder of Windsor, Connecticut, was of French Basque and French Huguenot descent. Young married Gladys Pratt and had two children, one of whom died in World War II, following his first wifes death, Young married Huldah Parker. From 1947 to 1951, Young was president of the churchs New England Mission, Young is the subject of a biography by grandson Benson Y. Pages, S. Dilworth Young Leon R. Hartshorn, MSS SC448, S. Dilworth Young letter, 20th Century Western and Mormon Manuscripts, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

24.
Ensign (LDS magazine)
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The Ensign of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly shortened to Ensign /ˈɛnsaɪn/, is an official periodical of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Unlike some of its predecessors, the Ensign contains no advertisements, as an official church publication, the Ensign contains faith-promoting and proselytizing information, stories, sermons, and writings of church leaders. The May and November editions of the Ensign provide reports of the proceedings of the annual and semi-annual general conferences. These issues contain the full sermons and business of the conferences, as well as a current photographic list general authorities, the text of every issue of the magazine is available on the churchs web site. Each issue since January 2001 is also available in PDF format, list of Latter Day Saint periodicals Herald Ensign official homepage Ensign archive

25.
Andrew Jensen
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Jenson also served the church as president of the Scandinavian Mission. Anders Jensen was born in Torslev parish, Hjørring, Denmark and his parents joined the LDS Church when he was four. He left Denmark for the United States in 1866 and he traveled across the North American Great Plains in Andrew H. Scotts ox company. On coming to Utah Territory he anglicized his name to Andrew Jenson, in 1873, Jenson was ordained a seventy in the LDS Church by George Q. Cannon and sent on a mission to Denmark, in 1876, he translated the history of Joseph Smith into Danish. Jenson served a mission to Denmark from 1879 to 1881. While in Denmark, Jenson established a periodical called Morgenstjernen. After eight years, the changed its name to the Historical Record and was published in English. In 1886, Jenson became an employee of the LDS Church. His assignments included conducting interviews and gathering photographs, historic documents, Jenson also gathered similar documents from various church stakes and missions throughout the church, which led to the writing of a manuscript history for each LDS Church ward and stake. Jenson was appointed as a full-time Assistant Church Historian in 1897, along with John Jaques, Jenson was the Acting Church Historian from 1899 until the appointment of Anthon H. Lund as Church Historian in 1900. Jenson would continue on again as Assistant Church Historian until his death, during his time in the Church Historians office, Jenson was a prolific writer, presenting the history of the Latter-day Saints from an orthodox perspective. He was also a remarkable archivist of historical material and continued to collect records, Jenson compiled the four-volume Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, a church chronology and an early Latter-day Saint biographical dictionary. Jensons contribution included its chronological organization and a subject index on thousands of index cards. He also compiled the Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, among the men he worked with in Church Historians office was Joseph Fielding Smith, who later served as Church Historian and eventually as President of the Church. During the 1890s, Jenson collected all the records he could find concerning the Mountain Meadows massacre and this archive including his own field notes, excerpts of witnesses diaries, affidavits, newspaper reports, and the transcriptions from the LDS Churchs internal investigations. Many participants in the massacre were granted complete confidentiality for the contents of these interview transcriptions, since Jensons time, these files were closed to the public and were not available for use by historians. However, in August 2008, LDS historians Ronald W. Walker, Richard E. Turley Jr. a decade in the making, research for the book finally draws from the Jenson archive

26.
John Van Cott
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John Van Cott was descended from a Dutch settler named Claes Cornelissen Van Cott who came from Holland to what is now New York in 1662. His father died of consumption when John was 10 years old and he first heard of The Book of Mormon and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints from his cousin LDS Apostle Parley P. Pratt who was seven years his senior. Some accounts put this first introduction as early as 1833 but, unlike his cousin, in 1835 he married Lucy Sackett and they had four children in Canaan, New York. There is some disagreement regarding whether their family name links to a famous old Van Cats family of Holland, Claes Van Cats subsequently married Catalyn Jans in 1670. Their line continued through Johannes Van Cats to Nicolaes Van Cats and on to Johannes Van Cott, finally arriving at Losee Van Cott, John Van Cotts father. The Van Cott line can be traced back from Claes to the first Lord Giselbert Van Welle, Lord Van Cats, in 1843, Lucy joined the Latter Day Saint church. Records are consistent in saying that the family was in Nauvoo in 1846 and stayed for a time at Pratts home, the winter of 1846 was spent at Winter Quarters, where Van Cott became well acquainted with Brigham Young. According to historical records, he was chosen to be a bishop at this time to watch after the families of men who had joined the Mormon Battalion and he was ordained a Seventy on February 25,1847. As a Mormon pioneer, John made the trip across the multiple times. In 1847 he, his wife, two children, and 59-year-old mother traveled with the Daniel Spencer/Perrigrine Sessions Company, wherein John was appointed to be a captain of 10 and they arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on September 25. After arriving in the valley, at the behest of Young and he assisted in the exploration of the new land. He was chosen to be the first marshal of Salt Lake City, in 1852 Van Cott began a four-year assignment as the president of the Scandinavia Mission, headquartered in Denmark. He was called to the same assignment again in 1859 and served for two-and-a-half years and he became proficient in Danish as a result of his work there. On the journey home to Utah, Van Cott led a group of members from Scandinavia to the United States aboard the ship Waldemar. He is listed as being the President of the Madsen and Liljenquist companies and this may be the same group he led on the Waldemar, but further information is needed. In 1862 Van Cott was sustained as one of the Seven Presidents of the Seventy and he died at his home a short distance south of Salt Lake City, February 18,1883, after a lingering illness of several months. Like several church leaders of his time, John Van Cott was instructed to practice plural marriage and he had five wives and 28 children. His first child was born in 1838, his last in 1878, some did not live to see adulthood, while others did, some became prominent members of their communities

27.
Joseph Young
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Joseph Young was an early convert to the Latter Day Saint movement and was a missionary and longtime general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was a brother of Brigham Young. Young was born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, the child born to John Young. In 1830, while he was a preacher for the Methodist Church in Upper Canada, later in April 1832, Joseph was ordained to the priesthood office of elder by Ezra Landon. Immediately following his ordination, Young began a mission for the church, preaching in New York and Upper Canada in the spring and summer of 1832 with his brother Phineas. In November 1832, Young joined the gathering of Latter Day Saints in Kirtland, Ohio, where he met Joseph Smith, the founder of the church. Shortly after arriving in Kirtland, Smith asked Young to depart on another mission for the church to Upper Canada, on February 18,1834, Young married Jane Adeline Bicknell in Geneseo, New York. The couple would eventually have eleven children, Young accompanied Joseph Smith and others in a journey to Independence, Missouri, in 1834 as part of Zions Camp. In 1835, Smith selected Young to be one of the leaders of the Seventy of the church, Young was ordained to the office of Seventy on February 28 and was ordained as one of the seven presidents of the First Quorum of the Seventy on March 1. After it was discovered that the president of the Seventy, Hazen Aldrich, had previously been ordained to the office of high priest. As a result, Young became the senior or seventh president of the Seventy and he would retain this position in the church from 1835 until his death. Young participated in significant events in early Latter Day Saint history. He was present at the dedication of the Kirtland Temple in 1836, Young was also present at Hauns Mill, Missouri, when it was attacked by those who opposed the Mormon presence in Missouri. He left Missouri with the Latter Day Saints in consequence of the order which had been issued by Lilburn W. Boggs. Young received his endowment in Nauvoo, Illinois, on February 3,1844 and he was selected by Smith as an inaugural member of the Council of Fifty on March 1,1844. When Smith was killed on June 27,1844, Young was campaigning in Ohio on behalf of Smiths bid for the presidency of the United States, like many early Latter Day Saints, Young practiced plural marriage. On January 16,1846, he was married to Lucinda Allen and Lydia Caroline Hagar, soon to follow was Mary Ann Huntley on February 6,1846. Later, on 7 April 1868 he married Sarah Jane Snow, Young would eventually father a total of ten children with his plural wives

28.
Levi W. Hancock
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Levi Ward Hancock was an early convert to Mormonism and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for nearly fifty years. He was also one of the witnesses of the Book of Commandments, Hancock was born in Springfield, Massachusetts to Thomas Hancock III and Amy Ward. In 1830, while living in Ohio, Hancock heard Latter Day Saint missionaries Parley P. Pratt, Sidney Rigdon, convinced by their words, Hancock was baptized in the Latter Day Saint church on November 16,1830. He was ordained an elder shortly after his baptism and in 1831 he served a mission to Missouri with Zebedee Coltrin. In 1834 Hancock participated in Zions Camp, traveling from Ohio to Missouri in an effort to assist Church member who were experiencing trouble there. On March 1,1835, Hancock was ordained a seventy in the Church and was selected as one of the first seven presidents of the Seventy. On April 6,1837, Hancock was released from this position because it was believed that he. When it was discovered that this was not the case, Hancock was restored to his position on September 3,1837, Hancock would serve as one of the presidents of the Seventy until his death. Following the death of Joseph Young, Hancock was the president of the Seventy from July 1881 until his own death in June 1882. Hancock wrote the words to several songs and his My Peaceful Home,1837 captures the feelings of Latter-day Saints about their new homes in the communities they had set up. Hancock wrote the words of the twelve verse-song sung at the placing of the Far West Temple cornerstones in 1838, Hancock followed the Latter Day Saints as they moved to Missouri, and then to Nauvoo, Illinois. He was a member of the Nauvoo Legion and the Nauvoo police force, in 1843 Hancock was made the chief musician in the Nauvoo Legion. Hancock was one of the Church members in Missouri that sustained the truth of the Book of Commandments and he signed the testimony with a pencil and he also added the text never to be erased, when he saw that the others had signed with a pen. Because of the circumstances when the book was printed, the document was not included in the printing, in 1844 Hancock became a member of the Council of Fifty, and in 1846 joined the Mormon Battalion. On 16 July 1847, he was mustered out of the Army at Pueblo Los Angeles with the majority of the Battalion, traveling east along the California Trail, Hancock led about 100 men to Utah where they joined the Mormon pioneers in the Salt Lake Valley on 18 October. In Utah Territory, he became a member of the 1st Utah Territorial Legislature and he served a full-time mission for the Church attempting to grow cotton in southern Utah. Hancock helped settle Washington, Utah, and was ordained a patriarch in 1872. Like many early Latter Day Saints, Hancock practiced plural marriage, Hancock was married to five wives, three of whom eventually divorced him, he was the father of 18 children

29.
Zebedee Coltrin
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Zebedee Coltrin was a Mormon pioneer and a general authority in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints from 1835 to 1837. Coltrin was born in Ovid, New York, in 1814, his family moved to Strongsville, Ohio. Sometime before 1828, Coltrin married Julia Ann Jennings, on 9 January 1831, Coltrin was baptized into the Latter Day Saint church by Solomon Hancock at Strongsville, Ohio and ordained an elder of the church on January 21,1831. Just weeks after, Coltrin was assigned to go to Missouri as a missionary with Levi W. Hancock. On 17 July 1832 Coltrin was ordained a high priest and in 1834 he served another mission, this time to Upper Canada. On 19 April 1834, Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, and Oliver Cowdery gave Zebedee a blessing that he would live to see 70yrs age, also in 1834, Coltrin joined Zions Camp and marched from Ohio to Missouri to assist Latter Day Saints there. Coltrin became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy on 28 February 1835, the next day, Coltrin was appointed to be one of the first seven presidents of the Seventy. When the church hierarchy realized that Coltrin had previously been ordained a high priest, moved to Commerce, Illinois in 1839 but soon moved to Kirtland, Ohio. Appointed second counselor to Almon W. Babbit in Kirtland Stake, May 22,1841, Coltrin was a Mormon pioneer and traveled to the Salt Lake Valley in 1847. In 1852, Coltrin settled in Spanish Fork, Utah Territory, Coltrin practiced plural marriage, and his second wife, Mary Mott, gave birth to his eight children. In 1873, John Taylor ordained Coltrin to be a church patriarch, a position he held until his death in Spanish Fork at the age of 83

30.
Josiah Butterfield
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Josiah Butterfield was an early Mormon leader and member of the Presidency of the Seventy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Butterfield was born in Dunstable, Massachusetts, and married Polly Moulton on October 30,1819, the couple spent the 1820s in Maine, where John F. Boynton and a missionary companion baptized him in 1833. Butterfield relocated to Kirtland, Ohio, in 1834, where he worked on the Kirtland Temple, there he also became a charter member of the Kirtland Safety Society. He was set apart as one of the seven presidents of Seventy on April 6,1837 and he functioned simultaneously as a member of the Kirtland High Council. After Polly died on October 28,1840, Butterfield married Margaret Lawrence, shortly after this marriage, a conflict arose between Butterfield and Joseph Smith, Jr. over the Lawrence estate, from which Butterfield was set to benefit. Smith represented the two daughters position, Smith wrote on March 28,1843, that Butterfield came to my house and insulted me so outrageously that I kicked him out of the house, across the yard, and into the street. Butterfield became disaffected and was excommunicated on October 7,1844, jedediah M. Grant took his place in the Presidency. Butterfield was later rebaptized and received his endowment in the Nauvoo Temple on January 20,1846, by 1853, he was on his way to California when he visited his nephew, Thomas Butterfield, at Fort Herriman and affirmed his continuing faith in Mormonism. On his way to California, he met and married Clarinda Cram Walker in Salt Lake City and they settled near Aromas, California and had six children together. On May 1,1865 Butterfield was baptized into the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints by Glaud Rodger in Watsonville and he died March 3,1871 in Aromas, California

31.
Henry Harriman (Mormon)
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Henry Harriman was one of the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints from 1838 until his death. The town of Herriman, Utah was named after him, Harriman was born in Rowley, Essex County, Massachusetts to Enoch Harriman and Sarah Brocklebank. In 1832, he was baptized a member of the Latter Day Saint church by Orson Hyde, Harriman moved to Kirtland, Ohio in 1834 and was a member of Zions Camp later that year. In February 1838, he one of the Seven Presidents of the Seventy. That same year, Harriman was one of the leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints who moved from Kirtland to Daviess County and he then moved with the Saints to Nauvoo, Illinois. The spelling of the name was later changed to Herriman. In 1857, Harriman was the president of the handcart company that went east from Salt Lake City. After leading this company, he went to Great Britain where he served as a missionary. From 1882 until his death, Harriman was the Senior President of the Seventy, latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, Vol.1, p.1932008 Deseret Morning News Church Almanac, p.81 Grampa Bills G. A

32.
Albert P. Rockwood
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Albert Perry Rockwood was an early Latter Day Saint leader and member of the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Rockwood was born in Holliston, Massachusetts to Luther Rockwood and Ruth Perry and he married Nancy Ruth Haven on April 4,1827. His interests were temperance, anti-slavery, military tactics and medicine and his wife Nancy Haven was a first cousin to Brigham Young and Willard Richards. In 1836, Brigham Young and Joseph Young stayed at the Rockwood home in Holliston, Mass. and left a copy of the Book of Mormon with Albert, who went by AP, and Nancy. Soon after Brigham and Josephs departure, Nancys cousin Willard Richards came to stay with AP, many in the family thought that Brigham and Joseph had gone mad and left behind a copy of the Devils Bible. Willard Richards proclaimed that he did not know whether the Book of Mormon was from God or the Devil and he read the book from cover to cover while staying in the Rockwood home and became convinced that the book was from God. In 1837, Willard Richards and Brigham Young visited AP and Nancy, in 1837, AP traveled to Kirtland, Ohio at the invitation of Brigham Young in order to meet the Prophet Joseph Smith firsthand. Despite hearing many slanders that were circulating about Joseph Smith in Kirtland at the time, Brigham Young baptized him in Kirtland on July 25,1837. Notwithstanding AP came from a family in the Holliston, Mass. area. Wilford Woodruff reported visiting AP in jail after charges were brought against him due to anti-Mormon prejudice, AP and Nancy traveled to Far West, Mo. to join with the Saints. They had to stay quiet about the fact they were Mormons to avoid harassment on the way, in Missouri, AP was a member of the Danite organization and participated in the Mormon militia that attempted to defend the saints against mob attacks on their settlements. He was appointed an officer for he Nauvoo Legion on March 9,1841 and was the commander of Joseph Smiths bodyguards. AP Rockwood was trusted by Joseph Smith and there are a few surviving stories of AP trying to protect the prophet. On one occasion AP received intelligence that an enemy of the prophet by the name of John C. Bennett was going to attempt an assassination of the prophet during an exercise of the Nauvoo Legion. AP ordered the body guard to surround him during the entire exercise. On another occasion, a sheriff from the state of Missouri crossed the Mississippi River into Illinois, AP led a posse that attempted to recover the prophet. After the mob murder of Joseph Smith, AP remained in Nauvoo where he was put in charge of quarrying the stone used to build the Nauvoo Temple and it was a dangerous occupation and wives of some of the men working in the quarry complained to Brigham Young. AP accepted responsibility to care for the family of any man killed in the quarry, having been ordained a seventy by Joseph Young January 5,1839, Young was set apart as one of the Presidents of the Seventy on December 2,1845

Seventy (LDS Church)
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Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Latter-day Saints teach that the office of seventy was anciently conferred upon the seventy disciples mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 10, multiple individuals holding the office of seventy are referred to collectively as seventies. In pr

1.
Henry B. Eyring

2.
Amasa M. Lyman

3.
Kim B. Clark

4.
Zera Pulsipher

Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith publis

1.
Joseph Smith

2.
Smith said he received golden plates from the angel Moroni at the Hill Cumorah.

3.
Cover page of the Book of Mormon, original 1830 edition

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A mob tarred and feathered Smith in 1832.

Rockingham, Vermont
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Rockingham is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States, along the Connecticut River. The population was 5,282 at the 2010 census, Rockingham includes the incorporated villages of Bellows Falls and Saxtons River, as well as a large rural area west of Interstate 91. Rockingham has no town center, instead town offices and the Rockingham Public

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Pleasant Valley Grange Hall, next to the Rockingham Meeting House

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Street scene c. 1910

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Rockingham, 1915

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Rockingham Meeting House

Vermont Republic
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The term Vermont Republic has been used by later historians for the government of Vermont that existed from 1777 to 1791. In January 1777, delegates from 28 towns met and declared independence from jurisdictions and they also abolished adult slavery within their boundaries. Many people in Vermont took part in the American Revolution, although the C

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Vermont coin with the passage VERMONTIS. RES. PUBLICA. on the obverse, and the motto "STELLA QUARTA DECIMA" on the reverse

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Green Mountain Boys Flag

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The Old Constitution House in Windsor, Vermont, where the 1777 constitution was signed, is also called the birthplace of Vermont.

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The "Old Chapel" (Castleton Medical College Building) in Castleton

Utah Territory
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The creation of the territory was part of the Compromise of 1850 that sought to preserve the balance of power between slave and free states. The creation of the Utah Territory was partially the result of the petition sent by the Mormon pioneers who had settled in the valley of the Great Salt Lake starting in 1847. S. The Mormon settlers had drafted

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Territorial coat of arms (1876)

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A map of the Utah Territory and its environs upon its establishment. Modern state boundaries are shown for reference.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership

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Church members believe that Joseph Smith was called to be a modern-day prophet through, among other events, a visitation from God the Father and Jesus Christ.

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Brigham Young led the LDS Church from 1844 until his death in 1877.

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The Salt Lake Temple, which took 40 years to build, is one of the most iconic images of the church.

Wilford Woodruff
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Wilford Woodruff Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the fourth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1889 until his death. Woodruff was known as a religious man, but was also enthusiastically involved in the social. He was an outdoorsman, enjoying fishing and hunting. Woodruff learned to fly fish in Engla

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Wilford Woodruff in 1889.

3.
Woodruff's funeral in the Salt Lake Tabernacle

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Grave marker of Wilford Woodruff

Battle of Bunker Hill
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The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17,1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts and it was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent Breeds Hill. I

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The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull

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1775 map of the Boston area (contains some inaccuracies)

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The Battle of Bunker Hill, by Howard Pyle, 1897

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The Bunker Hill Monument

Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
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The Church of Christ was the original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith. Each of the churches that resulted from this schism considers itself to be the continuation of Smiths original Church of Christ. This church is unrelated to other bodies bearing the name, including the United Church of Christ, a Reformed church body,

1.
A reconstruction of the original Peter Whitmer Home in Fayette, New York.

2.
Oliver Cowdery

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Joseph Smith

4.
Samuel H. Smith

Onondaga County, New York
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Onondaga County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 467,026, Onondaga County is part of the Syracuse, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. Joanie Mahoney is the current County Executive, the name Onondaga derives from the name of the Native American tribe who historically lived in this area at the time

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Onondaga County Courthouse at Columbus Circle in Syracuse

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Oneida Lake borders Onondaga County to the northeast. It is the largest lake wholly within the state of New York. This picture was taken from the town of Cicero, a northern suburban town in the northeast part of Onondaga County.

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Onondaga Lake Park in the northern suburbs of Syracuse. Picture captures Onondaga Lake with the Syracuse skyline in the background. Onondaga Lake Park attracts over one million visitors each year.

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Jamesville Reservoir

President of the Church (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the President of the Church is the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the church. The President of the LDS Church is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator,

1.
Thomas S. Monson, 16th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

2.
Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter-day Saint movement

3.
Henry B. Eyring First Counselor

4.
Dieter F. Uchtdorf Second Counselor

Kirtland, Ohio
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For other places with the same name, see Kirtland Kirtland is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States. The population was 6,866 at the 2010 census, Kirtland is famous for being the early headquarters of the Latter Day Saints movement from 1831–1837 and is the site of the first Mormon temple, the Kirtland Temple, completed in 1836. The city is al

1.
Kirtland Temple

2.
The N. K. Whitney Store

Far West, Missouri
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Far West, Missouri, was a Latter Day Saint settlement in Caldwell County, Missouri. Today it is a historic site, the town was founded by Missouri Mormon leaders, W. W. Phelps and John Whitmer in August 1836 shortly before the countys creation. The town was platted originally as a 1-mile square area, centered on a square which was to house a temple.

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Monument at the temple site in Far West.

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Community of Christ chapel in Far West

Nauvoo, Illinois
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Nauvoo is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census, the city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District. The area of Nauvoo was first called Quashquema

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The rebuilt Nauvoo LDS Temple

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Engraving of Nauvoo, ca. 1855

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Nauvoo House during 2008 Flood

Winter Quarters (North Omaha, Nebraska)
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It followed a preliminary tent settlement some 3½ miles west at Cutlers Park. The Mormons built more than 800 cabins at the Winter Quarters settlement, located in present-day North Omaha overlooking the Missouri River, the settlement remained populated until 1848. Wintering Saints had left their homes in Nauvoo, Illinois on relatively short notice,

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Cutler's Park in the late 1840s.

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Winter Quarters

Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo C

1.
Clockwise from top: The skyline in July 2011, Utah State Capitol, TRAX, Union Pacific Depot, the Block U, the City and County Building, and the Salt Lake Temple.

Southern Utah
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Southern Utah University is a public university located in Cedar City, Utah, United States, founded in 1898. Originally a normal school, Southern Utah University now graduates over 1,700 students each year with baccalaureate and graduate degrees from its six colleges, SUU offers more than 85 undergraduate degrees and eight graduate programs. There

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Dedication of Old Main

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Southern Utah University

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The second oldest buildings on campus, the Braithwaite Liberal Arts Center (left), built in 1899, and the oldest building on campus, Old Main (right), built in 1898. Part of the R. Haze Hunter Conference Center, dedicated in the 1920s, can be seen on the far right

4.
Fred C. Adams Theatre on SUU's campus

Garden Grove, Iowa
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Garden Grove is a small town in Decatur County, Iowa, United States. The population was 211 at the 2010 census, on April 24,1846, emigrants affiliated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under the direction of Brigham Young established a way station halfway into their trek across Iowa. This semi-permanent settlement was named Garde

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View of water tower and town center

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Location of Garden Grove, Iowa

Sealing (Mormonism)
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Sealing is an ordinance performed in Latter Day Saint temples by a person holding the sealing authority. The purpose of this ordinance is to seal familial relationships, making possible the existence of family relationships throughout eternity, LDS teachings place great importance on the specific authority required to perform these sealings. Church

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A couple following their marriage in the Manti Utah Temple.

Plural marriage
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The Latter-day Saints practice of polygamy has been controversial, both within Western society and the LDS Church itself. America was both fascinated and horrified by the practice of polygamy, with the Republican platform at one time referencing the twin relics of barbarism—polygamy, the private practice of polygamy was instituted in the 1830s by f

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A Mormon polygamist family in 1888.

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Portrait of polygamists in prison, at the Utah Penitentiary, including George Q. Cannon in 1889, arrested under the Edmunds–Tucker Act.

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Teens from polygamous families along with over 200 supporters demonstrate at a pro-plural marriage rally in Salt Lake City in 2006

First Presidency (LDS Church)
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The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and

1.
Thomas S. Monson President of the Church

2.
Henry B. Eyring First Counselor

3.
Dieter F. Uchtdorf Second Counselor

Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving c

1.
Wayback Machine

S. Dilworth Young
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Seymour Dilworth Young was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 36 years, from 1945 until his death. From 1945 to 1975, Young was the president of the churchs First Council of the Seventy. In 1975 he was sustained a member of the newly created First Quorum of Seventy and he was the senior president of the Seven

1.
S. Dilworth Young

Ensign (LDS magazine)
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The Ensign of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly shortened to Ensign /ˈɛnsaɪn/, is an official periodical of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Unlike some of its predecessors, the Ensign contains no advertisements, as an official church publication, the Ensign contains faith-promoting and proselytizing informat

1.
Ensign

Andrew Jensen
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Jenson also served the church as president of the Scandinavian Mission. Anders Jensen was born in Torslev parish, Hjørring, Denmark and his parents joined the LDS Church when he was four. He left Denmark for the United States in 1866 and he traveled across the North American Great Plains in Andrew H. Scotts ox company. On coming to Utah Territory h

1.
Andrew Jenson

John Van Cott
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John Van Cott was descended from a Dutch settler named Claes Cornelissen Van Cott who came from Holland to what is now New York in 1662. His father died of consumption when John was 10 years old and he first heard of The Book of Mormon and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints from his cousin LDS Apostle Parley P. Pratt who was seven year

1.
John Van Cott in 1846

2.
John Van Cott in his older years

3.
Lavina Jemima Pratt Van Cott, John Van Cott's mother, 1787–1878

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Lucy Sackett, Wife of John Van Cott, 1815–1902

Joseph Young
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Joseph Young was an early convert to the Latter Day Saint movement and was a missionary and longtime general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was a brother of Brigham Young. Young was born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, the child born to John Young. In 1830, while he was a preacher for the Methodist Church in Upper Can

1.
Joseph Young

2.
The five sons of John and Nabby Young From left to right: Lorenzo Dow, Brigham, Phineas H., Joseph, and John.

Levi W. Hancock
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Levi Ward Hancock was an early convert to Mormonism and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for nearly fifty years. He was also one of the witnesses of the Book of Commandments, Hancock was born in Springfield, Massachusetts to Thomas Hancock III and Amy Ward. In 1830, while living in Ohio, Hancock heard Latte

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Levi W. Hancock

2.
1863c. Ether, Levi, Levison, Solomon and Samuel Hancock

Zebedee Coltrin
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Zebedee Coltrin was a Mormon pioneer and a general authority in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints from 1835 to 1837. Coltrin was born in Ovid, New York, in 1814, his family moved to Strongsville, Ohio. Sometime before 1828, Coltrin married Julia Ann Jennings, on 9 January 1831, Coltrin was baptized into the Latter Day Saint church by

1.
Zebedee Coltrin

Josiah Butterfield
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Josiah Butterfield was an early Mormon leader and member of the Presidency of the Seventy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Butterfield was born in Dunstable, Massachusetts, and married Polly Moulton on October 30,1819, the couple spent the 1820s in Maine, where John F. Boynton and a missionary companion baptized him in 1833. Butt

1.
Josiah Butterfield

Henry Harriman (Mormon)
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Henry Harriman was one of the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints from 1838 until his death. The town of Herriman, Utah was named after him, Harriman was born in Rowley, Essex County, Massachusetts to Enoch Harriman and Sarah Brocklebank. In 1832, he was baptized a member of the Latter Day Saint

1.
Henry Harriman

Albert P. Rockwood
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Albert Perry Rockwood was an early Latter Day Saint leader and member of the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Rockwood was born in Holliston, Massachusetts to Luther Rockwood and Ruth Perry and he married Nancy Ruth Haven on April 4,1827. His interests were temperance, anti-slavery, military