Urbanisation: The expansion of urban centresis threatening the very last natural relics in Alpine lowland areas. The easily accessible valleys of the Rhône, Rhine, Inn, Adige/Etsch, and other major rivers have already lost most of their biodiversity value due to urban sprawl.

Traffic: The dense road and rail networksin these valleys exacts a heavy toll through space-eating traffic infrastructure, noise, and air pollution. It is also a leading cause of habitat fragmentation constituting a major barrier for Alpine species.

Tourism: A top industry in the Alps, tourism is a major driver of urbanisation. Large tourist resorts have an area consumption rate that is far greater than that of a non-tourist community. This is especially problematic for remote Alpine regions which would otherwise be safe from urban sprawl.

Agriculture: With increasing industrialisation and globalisation, traditional land management practices are no longer economically feasible. As a result, remote farming locations are being abandoned while the more favourable zones are intensified. This trend has led to a decrease in biodiversity as species rich mountain pastures are either converted into heavily fertilized ‘green deserts’ or overgrown by forests.

Freshwater: Alpine water ways have been heavily altered and degraded. Riparian areas, which regulate floods, have been cut off from rivers and converted to agricultural fields or urban areas. River straightening and hydroelectric dams destroy freshwater habitats: fish spawning grounds are wiped out and migratory routes are cut off. This has devastating effects for the unique and specialised freshwater organisms.

Climate Change: Global warming will impact mountain areas in a particularly severe way. Changes in rain- and snowfall patterns are predicted, along with an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather-related events, such as floods and avalanches. Over the last century global warming has caused all Alpine glaciers to recede and has led to an upward migration of Alpine plants.