3 Acknowledgments ConnectEd: The California Center for College and Career wants to thank the many people who helped develop this integrated forensics curriculum unit. We would especially like to thank teachers in the Law Academy at Deer Valley High School (Antioch, California) who collaborated with us to develop the lessons and served as the primary pilot site. Several additional California high schools piloted all or parts of the unit and/or provided feedback to our curriculum developers. This curriculum unit is an integral part of a new Foundation of Law course created by our curriculum partner, EDC. Inc, and was designed to be used with that course. However, Crime Scene Investigation is a standards-based curriculum unit that is appropriate for multidisciplinary teacher teams in any law or lawenforcement themed pathway or academy. The yearlong Foundations of Law course can be accessed at Teachers at the following California high schools participated in various aspects of this pilot work: Reseda High School, Los Angeles Unified School District Richmond High School, West Contra Costa Unified School District This curriculum originated as a health science curriculum unit that was created by ConnectEd in partnership with the National Consortium on Health Science Education. We greatly appreciate their earlier collaboration with us on health science curriculum integration. A large number of ConnectEd curriculum writers worked on the various versions of this curriculum. The original team included Pier Sun Ho, Khanh Bui, Aaron Malloy, and Charles Stephen. Adaptation from health science to law and law enforcement was accomplished by Khanh Bui, Jill Hagan, and Theresa Esparrago Lieu. We gratefully acknowledge the publishing, editorial, and design work provided by MPR Associates staff. The original team included, Barbara Kridl, Andrea Livingston, Natesh Daniel, Patti Gildersleeve, and Alicia Broadway. This law-themed version benefitted from the contributions of Patti Gildersleeve and Martha Hoeper. Major funding for this work came from the James Irvine Foundation to ConnectEd and EDC, Inc. We gratefully acknowledge the Foundation s generous support for new curriculum materials that engage high school students in learning and lead to success in both college and career. LEADS, San Diego Unified School District Excel High School, Oakland USD Crime Scene Investigation iii

6 Crime Scene Investigation UNIT OVERVIEW Essential Question for This Unit What are the appropriate roles for scientific technology and human judgment in bringing criminal charges against a defendant? Unit Summary In this unit, students take on the role of crime scene investigators to solve a murder that has occurred at the school. They will integrate math, science, and language arts into the study of forensic science and associated legal careers such as district attorneys, law enforcement, pathology, forensic science, and medical examination. In Subunit 1, students are introduced to the unit and the task of crime scene investigation. They will read and analyze a classic mystery, The Blue Carbuncle. Students will also learn about the techniques of various branches of forensic science and how advances in biotechnology have helped to solve crimes. In Subunit 2, students will learn and apply the various techniques used during a crime scene investigation, including what types of evidence to collect and how that evidence can be used to deduce information about the crime and/or perpetrator. In this unit, students will learn such investigative strategies as measuring stride length from footprints left at the scene to calculate height; using the victim s temperature to estimate the time of death; and collecting blood and other DNA samples from the scene in order to conduct a variety of biological tests including blood typing and DNA fingerprinting that can match a suspect to the crime. In English Language Arts, students will interview the witnesses and write a narrative police report using the active voice. In Subunit 3, students examine the results of forensic science. In World History, they examine how forensic science has been used not only to solve individual crimes, but also to shed light on crimes against humanity. In English Language Arts, students interview will marshal the evidence from their own investigations into a case against the primary suspect. Students will write up their arguments, as well as present them orally. Culminating Event The culminating assessment will be a presentment to the supervising police lieutenant of the written report, and an oral report with a multimedia PowerPoint of the evidence. The goal is to authentically persuade the supervising lieutenant of the guilty suspect, and the charges to be brought against the suspect. Students summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the case and the evidence. Key Questions/Issues What tales can dead men tell? What can you learn about a crime by examining the victim? (Foundations of Law, Biology, Algebra, Geometry) What kinds of clues and evidence can be gleaned from a crime scene? What types of evidence are left behind? (Foundations of Law) What factors and evidence should be used to determine a person s guilt? Is some evidence better or worse than others? (Foundations of Law, English Language Arts) Should circumstantial evidence play a role? Why or why not? (English Language Arts, Foundations of Law, World History) Why take the temperature of a dead body? (Algebra II) How have advances in DNA technology helped to ensure justice is being served? (Biology) Should juries rely solely on DNA evidence in determining the guilt of accused individuals in capital murder cases? How reliable is DNA evidence? (English Language Arts, Foundations of Law) Crime Scene Investigation Unit Overview 1

7 Learning Scenario to Kick Off the Unit A body has been found in the library office with a knife stuck in her chest. A group of three students found the body this morning. The deceased was on her back when discovered, and the room was in a little bit of disarray, chairs turned over and desks shoved out of place. Bloody footprints and the murder weapon were left at the scene! Everyone in school is shocked and wondering what happened. When the police arrive, the crime scene investigators go to take a look at the scene. What will the police be doing to solve the crime and to ensure that they have the right perpetrator? Law and Education Partner Roles Forensic law enforcement specialists from the local community can be invited to speak to students in greater depth about their job and training and can set up the CSI unit. Attorneys or the district attorney can come to speak to students about criminal law. Law enforcement officers and detectives can speak about interviewing techniques and interrogation. Subunits and Major Topics (across academic and technical subject areas) Subunit 1 Murder Most Foul FOUNDATIONS IN LAW * ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS Careers in forensic science and criminal law Techniques of forensic science Literary analysis including identifying or inferring the central idea, purpose, or theme and identifying literary devices and techniques, particularly those associated with mysteries Reasoning and problem solving Differentiating between facts and opinions Evidence protection: secure crime scene, chain of custody Evidence collection: latent prints, blood, physical evidence Evidence preparation: photographs, scaled diagrams Subunit 2 Crime Scene Investigations ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS* ALGEBRA I * ALGEBRA II * BIOLOGY * GEOMETRY Ratios and proportions Linear equations Graphing the equation of a circle Deriving from the distance formula Logarithmic equations Newton s Law of Cooling DNA structure and purpose Blood typing DNA fingerprinting Gel electrophoresis Narrative report writing, including technical field notes, police report writing and using active voice Interviewing Differentiating between fact and opinion Subunit 3 Convincing the Jury ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS * WORLD HISTORY Investigation of war crimes and crimes against humanity Aftermath of World War II and the Nuremberg Trials Persuasive composition writing with structured arguments Delivery of persuasive arguments using rhetorical devices to support assertions Narrative report writing, including technical field notes and police report writing and using active voice Crime Scene Investigation Unit Overview 2

8 Murder Most Foul SUBUNIT 1 OVERVIEW Essential Question for This Unit What are the appropriate roles for scientific technology and human judgment in arriving at verdicts in criminal cases? Subunit Goals Subunit 1 introduces the topic of forensic science. In this subunit, students learn about the range of fields within forensic science and the basic investigatory techniques used in a criminal investigation. Students also discuss reasoning from evidence in literature, in the form of a classic mystery story, The Blue Carbuncle by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In Lesson 1.3, students are taken to a crime scene within the school and asked to investigate. Students will collect evidence from the scene following the guidelines they have studied. They then analyze the collected evidence in Subunit 2. Subunit Key Questions How are the procedures used to collect evidence from violent crime scenes similar to and different from what we see on television? (Foundations of Law) How are criminal investigations portrayed in literature? Is Sherlock Holmes really a great detective? Can you find errors in the conclusions he draws from evidence? (English Language Arts) What kinds of evidence can be left at a crime scene, and what can be learned? (Foundations of Law/Biology) What are early examples of forensic investigation? How has forensic science advanced in recent years? What techniques have been developed and which ones are falling out of use? (Foundations of Law/Biology) Lesson Summaries Lesson Subject Description 1.1 Foundations of Law Introduction to Forensic Investigations Students are introduced to the field of forensic science. They are given a brief overview of the history of forensics and learn the basic procedures followed in a modern murder investigation. Students also use the Internet to discover the many branches of forensic science. 1.2 English Language Arts You Be the Detective: Sherlock Holmes and Deductive Reasoning Students discuss the characteristics of the mystery genre and relate their discussion to the short story, The Blue Carbuncle. Following a close read of the story, students identify examples of faulty reasoning used by the main character, Sherlock Holmes. 1.3 Foundations of Law/Biology Murder in the Classroom A murder is discovered in the classroom, and students are taken to investigate the scene. Students observe the crime scene and collect physical evidence for analysis in later lessons. Class Sessions Crime Scene Investigation Subunit 1 Overview 3

9

10 Subunit 1 Murder Most Foul Introduction to Forensic Investigations LESSON 1.1 Foundations of Law Time 60 minutes Materials Equipment Crime-Scene Search, FBI Handbook of Forensic Services (http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/han dbook/forensics.pdf) Forensic Science Subdivisions handout Computer lab Resources Forensic Science Timeline (http://www.forensicdna.com/ti meline pdf) Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement (http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/b ackissu/april2000/twgcsi.pdf) Prior Student Learning Ask students to view an episode of a crime investigation TV program and review the Forensic Science Timeline before beginning the lesson. Essential Question for This Unit What are the appropriate roles for scientific technology and human judgment in bringing criminal charges against a defendant? Objectives After completing this lesson, students should be able to Describe the range of work in forensic science, including careers that use forensic science techniques. Identify major procedures used in conducting a crime scene investigation and explain the importance of following procedures. Demonstrate multiple ways to collect forensic evidence while preserving the crime scene. Lesson Activities Lesson Springboard Many believe that TV shows such has Law & Order and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation have produced something called the CSI effect. That is, victims of crimes, jurors, and members of the general public have heightened expectations about what can be revealed from the evidence that is presented in trials. Some argue that this phenomenon is responsible for the increased use of forensic evidence in criminal cases. Modern advances in forensic science (forensics) have transformed previously unusable clues into highly reliable evidence. Today, many cold cases from the past aren t that cold anymore. For instance, in 1996, using advances in DNA technology, California created a DNA database of criminal offenders. They reopened cold cases to see whether this DNA evidence would help resolve the cases. Results have been promising. For example, the offender database linked Gerald Parker, a man already serving a prison sentence for rape, to a 17-year-old murder case. Confronted with the evidence, Parker not only confessed to that crime, but also to five other murders. Forensic scientists have not only solved cold cases, but also reopened solved cases. The Innocence Project, a nonprofit legal clinic reports that 205 people have been exonerated due to DNA evidence. In the case of Gerald Parker, after his confessions, another man (the husband of one of Parker s victims) was freed after serving 16 years in prison for the wrongful conviction in the assault of his pregnant wife and murder of her unborn fetus, which Parker committed. Crime Scene Investigation Lesson 1.1 5

11 A Brief History DNA evidence is just one tool in forensic scientists toolbox. The first written record of forensic science can be traced back to ancient China in a book written in 1248 titled Xi Yuan Ji Lu (translated as Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified) by Song Ci. This book describes the investigation of a person murdered with a sickle (a cutting tool). All suspects were told to bring their sickles to a central location, where it was noticed that flies were attracted to one particular sickle, presumably by the smell of blood; this led to a confession by the owner of that sickle. Archimedes (287BC 212 BC), a Greek mathematician, is often credited as the father of forensics due to reportedly being asked to determine the purity of a gold crown without melting or destroying it. While taking a bath, he noticed that his body always displaced a certain amount of water. Archimedes recognized that a supposed pure gold crown must not only weigh the same as an authenticated one, but also displace the same amount of water as an equal weight of pure gold. Fingerprints were recognized in the prehistoric era and became an identifier in criminal cases in the late 19th century. The earliest documented cases of forensic ballistics, toxicology, pathology, and biology also occurred in the 19th century. Today, DNA evidence has established a new standard one can only wonder what the future will hold. In 1913, the polygraph examination (lie detector test), which measures physiological responses (blood pressure, perspiration, pulse, and so on) to verbal statements, was created; it s routinely used by law enforcement officials though test results are not admissible in many courts. Now, a new lie detection technology has been created called Brain Fingerprinting. It reportedly measures the presence of indicators of memory in a person s brain, and it has already been used in court cases. Lesson Development Direct instruction Investigators should approach the crime scene investigation as if it will be their only opportunity to preserve and recover these physical clues, according to the manual Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement. In this class, students should be introduced to the basic protocol for conducting forensic science investigations and the importance of following it. Explain to students that the goal of most crime scene investigations is to answer some or all of the following questions: Who is the perpetrator, and who is the victim? What happened, when, and why? How did the crime happen? Where did it happen (the location of the body is not always at the primary crime scene)? What is the evidence? Ask students what types of evidence would be found at a crime scene in which a victim was murdered with a knife. Students may mention fingerprints, the murder weapon, DNA evidence, and so on. Write their responses on the board. Inform students that a brief examination of the scene will often provide a general theory of what occurred, while forensics often reveals hidden clues. Body temperatures can be Crime Scene Investigation Lesson 1.1 6

12 used to approximate the time of death, as well as any insect found in or on the body (the stage of development of fly larvae can also indicate the time of death). If there is blood, DNA can be analyzed. Also, hand or shoe prints can be analyzed to provide the approximate height and stride of the suspect. Both time of death and the suspect s stride can be used to approximate a radius that the suspect must be in. Investigators use many types of clues together to narrow down the potential pool of suspects. Ask students what is the best way to find this evidence. If officers rush to the scene to collect the murder weapon, it s possible that they may destroy other evidence such as footprints. Explain to students that crime scene investigators often work in teams and follow an established procedure. Explain the following specialized set of protocols for a crime scene investigation: 1. APPROACHING Carefully observe persons, odors, and other elements. Exercise extreme safety. 2. CONFIRM OR DISCONFIRM DEATH Locate and view the body, noting the success, failure, or futility of resuscitative efforts. 3. PRESERVING Establish perimeters. Set up command posts. Determine the suspect s point of entry and egress and your own. 4. PROCESSING Photograph scene, body, and face. Place and photograph markers. Photograph body. Sketch and search the scene. Examine evidence in detail. Take notes. Tag and bag. Describe and document. When you do this, you may want to bring in a police officer or forensic specialist to explain this portion. 5. IDENTIFY THE VICTIM Estimate cause, manner, and time of death. Obtain exemplars and controls. Look for ID. Look for drag marks. Note discrepancies in mortis and body temperature. 6. NOTIFY NEXT OF KIN (and be prepared to assist the family through an autopsy and provide financial advice). 7. DEVELOP THEORY OF MOTIVE Rely upon evidence, knowledge of victim s activities, and appearance of victim s clothing. See if any documents were written by or sent to victim recently. Determine the pre-scene activity and health status (physical and mental) of the victim. 8. SEEK ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Do background and history checks (marital, family, sexual, employment, financial, daily routine, friends, religion, education, and criminal history). Obtain leads from people who knew the victim. Challenge discrepancies in witness knowledge of the victim or lack of corroboration with other witnesses. Order warrants on suspects. 9. QUESTIONING Question all suspects. Make use of evidence during questioning. Use information withheld from the public about the case to obtain a confession. Destroy alibis. Crime Scene Investigation Lesson 1.1 7

13 SOURCE: An Introduction to Crime Scene Analysis (http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/315/315lect04.htm) (This website also provides many additional Internet resources about crime scene investigations.) Group Work Assemble students into groups of four. Have them print the seven-page document Crime-Scene Search from the FBI s Handbook of Forensic Sciences at Print out pages Each student group will include a Person in charge (team leader) Photographer Sketch preparer Evidence recorder Using the FBI Crime-Scene Search information as a reference, each student should write a one-half to one-page summary of the duties they would perform in their assigned role at a crime scene investigation. They should also describe how their duties combined with those of other students in their group would contribute to the overall quality and effectiveness of the investigation. At the conclusion of this assignment, pass out the Forensic Science Subdivisions handout and provide students with Internet access to fill in the chart (students can also work in groups). Explain that many other fields of forensics are not included on the list and that they should list any additional subdivisions. Lesson Closure Ask students if they understand why it is important to follow protocol and conduct careful investigations or if they know of any court cases where the forensic evidence collected was tainted or discredited due to improper investigative procedures. Some students may mention the O.J. Simpson murder trial in which he was acquitted of criminal liability but found liable for the crime in a civil court. Possible Prior Misconceptions Most students will probably link forensics with crime due to popular TV shows. Yet, forensic science is any science used in the courts, the justice system, or in public investigations, and these investigative methods can be used in many situations beyond criminal cases. Students should understand that crime scene investigations usually require a team of forensic scientists who do most of their work in laboratories because this work requires knowledge of several scientific disciplines: often one person lacks the necessary educational background and expertise to conduct the entire investigation alone. This scenario is illustrated well on popular TV shows. For example, a ballistics expert may be a physicist and a forensic pathologist will be a medical doctor, while the scientist analyzing blood samples may be a chemist or biologist. Crime Scene Investigation Lesson 1.1 8

14 Student Assessment Artifacts Summary of duties Forensic science subdivisions handout Variations and Extensions A law enforcement officer or forensic scientist can speak to the class about crime scene investigation and provide details about occupations in Forensics. Students can be selected to present their summaries to the class (one student can be selected from each position) to ensure their overall understanding of the investigative process. NATIONAL None available at this time. State Career Technical Standards CALIFORNIA Standards for Legal and Government Services Pathway B4.0 Students understand methods to acquire, analyze, and disseminate information and interpret laws to facilitate clear and positive communication: B4.1 Understand specialized investigative techniques, devices, and equipment to enhance investigation regarding compliance with laws and regulations. B9.0 Students understand the foundation of national and state law and the important elements of trial procedures. Crime Scene Investigation Lesson 1.1 9

18 Subunit 1 Murder Most Foul You Be the Detective: Sherlock Holmes and Deductive Reasoning LESSON 1.2 English Language Arts Time 45 minutes Materials The Blue Carbuncle by Arthur Conan Doyle Faulty Reasoning handout (teacher answers) The Red Headed League by Arthur Conan Doyle The Speckled Band by Arthur Conan Doyle Prior Student Learning Assign students to read The Blue Carbuncle before beginning the lesson. Students should have experience in the close reading of short stories. Essential Question for This Unit What are the appropriate roles for scientific technology and human judgment in bringing criminal charges against a defendant? Objectives After completing this lesson, students should be able to Draw inferences from evidence. Perform a close reading of a short story. Understand narrative development from the introduction, to rising action and climax, to denouement. Lesson Activities Lesson Springboard Police dramas are a popular genre of television programs, and solving crimes through observation of evidence and reasoning is a popular subject of literature as well. Ask students if they have read any detective stories, and if so, what constitutes a great story in this genre. Allow students time to think of some examples and be sure the ones they offer are true instances of the genre. Lesson Development Class Discussion Guide students through a discussion of how detective stories are a distinct type of short story. To encourage discussion, ask the following questions: All short stories involve people or animals (characters) who act or are acted upon (plot) and who exist in a certain place and time (setting). Stories also require a narrator and the events he or she relates. How do these elements function in a detective story and distinguish it from other short stories? In a short story, information may be withheld from the narrator, the reader, or both. In a detective story, however, it is essential for the reader to be shown all the evidence the detective possesses. Why is this the case? What characterizes a good suspect? Is there a reason in most detective stories why at least one suspect is wrongly accused? What are some differences between the detective and the police? Keep in mind not only differences in their personal characteristics, but also differences in their methods for solving the crime. Crime Scene Investigation Lesson

19 What are some key features of the detective? How is the detective like a scientist? Detective stories have a special kind of ending, one that not all short stories share. What is the significance of this ending? The Blue Carbuncle is published in its entirety on many websites. In addition, there are many websites devoted to Sherlock Holmes that include lively and contentious discussions of his methods and reasoning. Small Group Work Inform students that detective stories reward close and active reading, because if you pay close attention and use some logical reasoning, you can actually solve the crime, even outwitting the detective himself! The Blue Carbuncle is an excellent example. Close readers have identified at least eight instances of faulty reasoning by Sherlock Holmes, the world s master detective. Have students work in teams to find some of these instances. As an example, use Holmes description of what he has learned about Henry Baker from his hat: Look at the band of ribbed silk, and the excellent lining. If this man could afford to buy so expensive a hat three years ago, and has had no hat since, then he has assuredly gone down in the world. Gone down in the world? It s just as likely that Baker owned more than one hat, and that he chose to wear his old one in order to carry a goose through London s dark streets at four o clock in the morning! Divide students into teams of four to six detectives. Tell them they will search for faulty reasoning, showing where and why Holmes has made his mistakes. From the list they create, each detective will choose a single error, write a paragraph to explain why it is erroneous, and show how the evidence could be explained differently. Class Discussion Ask the teams to report back to class, list the errors the detective has committed, and, if time permits, explain why they believe he is mistaken. Lesson Closure Remind students that detective stories contain all the elements of the short story, but use them in a distinctive way. Possible Prior Misconceptions Students may think that detective fiction is an inferior genre, not realizing that it is an offspring of the traditional short story. Students may believe that all short stories conform to the same format. However, some genres such as detective fiction emphasize plot instead of character, denouement instead of climax, and present evidence that is as available to the reader as it is to the narrator or any of the characters. Student Assessment Artifacts One-paragraph report on the logical fallacies in the story. Variations and Extensions Student reports on logical fallacies can be extended to include all the errors they find. Crime Scene Investigation Lesson

20 Students can be challenged to read a Sherlock Holmes story closely and try to solve the crime on their own. Two stories that lend themselves to this challenge are The Red Headed League and The Speckled Band. In each, the clues are fully laid out before the short denouement at the end of the story, in which Holmes interprets them. National and State Academic Standards NATIONAL CALIFORNIA NCTE Standards for the English Language Arts Content Standards for English Language Arts 9 10 Students read a wide range of print and non-print texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States and the world; to acquire new information; to respond to the needs and demands of society and the workplace; and for personal fulfillment. Among these texts are fiction and nonfiction, classic and contemporary works. Students read a wide range of literature from many periods in many genres to build an understanding of the many dimensions (e.g., philosophical, ethical, aesthetic) of human experience. Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. They draw on their prior experience, their interactions with other readers and writers, their knowledge of word meaning and of other texts, their word identification strategies, and their understanding of textual features (e.g., sound-letter correspondence, sentence structure, context, graphics). Reading 3.3 Analyze interactions between main and subordinate characters in a literary text (e.g., internal and external conflicts, motivations, relationships, influences) and explain the way those interactions affect the plot. 3.4 Determine characters traits by what the characters say about themselves in narration, dialogue, dramatic monologue, and soliloquy. 3.5 Compare works that express a universal theme and provide evidence to support the ideas expressed in each work. 3.6 Analyze and trace an author s development of time and sequence, including the use of complex literary devices (e.g., foreshadowing, flashbacks). 3.7 Recognize and understand the significance of various literary devices, including figurative language, imagery, allegory, and symbolism, and explain their appeal. 3.8 Interpret and evaluate the impact of ambiguities, subtleties, contradictions, ironies, and incongruities in a text. 3.9 Explain how voice, persona, and the choice of a narrator affect characterization and the tone, plot, and credibility of a text. Crime Scene Investigation Lesson

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