Glossary

Technical terms about computer viruses and antivirus

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ActiveX: This technology is used, among other things, to improve the functionality of web pages (adding animations, video, 3D browsing, etc). ActiveX controls are small programs that are inserted in these pages. Unfortunately, as they are programs, they can also be targets for viruses.

Address Book: A file with WABextension. This is used to store information about other users such as e-mail addresses etc.

Administrator: A person or program responsible for managing and monitoring an IT system or network, assigning permissions etc.

Administrator rights: These rights allow certain people to carry out actions or operations on networked computers.

ADSL: This is a kind of technology that allows data to be sent at very high speed across an Internet connection. It requires a special ADSL modem.

Adware: Programs that display advertising using any means: pop-ups, banners, changes to the browser home page or search page, etc. Adware can be installed with the user consent and awareness, but sometimes it is not. The same happens with the knowledge or lack o knowledge regarding its functionalities.

Algorithm: A process or set of rules for calculating or problem-solving.

Alias: Although eachvirushas a specific name, very often it is more widely-known by a nickname that describes a particular feature or characteristic of the virus. In these cases, we talk about the virus ‘alias’. For example, the virusCIHis also known by the aliasChernobyl.

ANSI (American National Standards Institute): Is a voluntary organization that sets standards, particularly for computer programming.

Anti-Debug / Anti-debugger: These are techniques used by viruses to avoid being detected.

Antivirus / Antivirus Program: These are programs that scan the memory, disk drives and other parts of a computer for viruses.

API (Application Program Interface): This is a function used byprogramsto interact with operating systems and other programs.

Armouring: This is a technique used by viruses to hide and avoid detection by the antivirus.

BBS (Bulletin Board System): A system or service on the Internet that allows subscribed users to read and respond to messages written by other users (e.g. in a forum or newsgroup).

BHO (Browser Helper Object): A plugin that is automatically runs long with the Internet browser, adding to its functionality. Some are used for malicious ends, such as monitoring the web pages viewed by users.

BIOS (Basic Input / Output System): A group of programs that enable the computer to be started up (part of the boot system).

Bit: This is the smallest unit of digital information with which computers operate.

Boot / Master Boot Record (MBR) : Also known as the Boot sector, this is the area or sector of a disk that contains information about the disk itself and its properties for starting up the computer.

Boot disk / System disk: Disk (floppy disk, CD-ROM or hard disk) that makes it possible to start up the computer.

Boot virus: A virus that specifically affects the boot sector of both hard disks and floppy disks.

Bot: A contraction of the word ‘robot’. This is a program that allows a system to be controlled remotely without either the knowledge or consent of the user.

Bot herder: A person or group that controls the botnet. They are also known as ‘bot master’ or ‘zombie master’.

Botnet: A network or group of zombie computers controlled by the owner of the bots. The owner of the botnets sends instructions to the zombies. These commands can include updating the bot, downloading a new threat, displaying advertising or launching denial of service attacks.

Browser: A browser is the program that lets users view Internet pages. The most common browsers are: Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera, etc.

Buffer: This is anintermediarymemory space used to temporarily save information transferred between two units or devices (or between components in the same system).

Category / Type (of virus): As there are many different types of viruses, they are grouped in categories according to certain typical characteristics.

Cavity: Technique used by certain viruses and worms to make them more difficult to find. By using this technique, the size of the infected file doesn’t change (they only occupy cavities in the file affected).

Damage level: This is a value that indicates the level of the negative effects that a virus could have on an infected computer. It is one of the factors used to calculate the Threat level.

Database: A collection of data files and the programs used to administer and organize them. Examples of database systems include: Access, Oracle, SQL, Paradox, dBase, etc.

DDoS / Distributed Denial of Service: This is a Denial of Service (DoS) attack where multiple computers attack a single server at the same time. Compromised computers would be left vulnerable, allowing the attacker to control them to carry out this action.

Deleted items: A folder in e-mail programs that contains messages which have been deleted (they have not been eliminated completely from the computer). After deleting a message containing a virus, it is advisable to delete it from this folder as well.

Detection updated on: The latest date when the detection of a malware was updated in the Virus Signature File.

Dialer: This is a program that is often used to maliciously redirect Internet connections. When used in this way, it disconnects the legitimate telephone connection used to hook up to the Internet and re-connects via a premium rate number. Often, the first indication a user has of this activity is an extremely expensive phone bill.

Direct action: This is a specific type of virus.

Directory / Folder: Divisions or sections used to structure and organize information contained on a disk. The terms folder and directory really refer to the same thing. They can contain files or other sub-directories.

Disinfection: The action that an antivirus takes when it detects a virus and eliminates it.

Distribution level: This is a value that indicates the extent to which a virus has spread or the speed at which it is spreading. It is one of the factors used to calculate the Threat level.

DNS (Domain name system): System to enable communication between computers connected across a network or the Internet. It means that computers can be located and assigns comprehensible names to their IP addresses.

DNS servers, are those computers in which these names are handled (resolved) and associated to their corresponding IPs.

DoS / Denial of Service: This is a type of attack, sometimes caused by viruses, that prevents users from accessing certain services (in the operating system, web servers etc.).

Download: This is the process of obtaining files from the Internet (from Web pages or FTP sites set up specifically for that purpose).

Driver / Controller: A program, known as a controller, used to control devices connected to a computer (normally peripherals like printers, CD-ROM drives, etc).

Dropper: This is an executable file that contains various types of virus.

Dynamic Link Library (DLL): A special type of file with the extensionDLL.

Emergency Disk / Rescue disk: A floppy disk that allows the computer to be scanned for viruses without having to use the antivirus installed in the system, but by using what is known as the “command line antivirus”.

Encryption / Self-encryption: This is a technique used by some viruses to disguise themselves and therefore avoid detection by antivirus applications.

EPO (Entry Point Obscuring): A technique for infecting programs throughwhicha virus tries to hide its entry point in order to avoid detection. Instead of taking control and carrying out its actionsas soon as the program is used or run,the virusallows it to workcorrectlyfor a whilebeforethe virus goes into action.

Exploit: This can be a technique or a program that takes advantage of a vulnerability or security hole in a certain communication protocol, operating system, or other IT utility or application.

Extension: Files have a name and an extension, separated by a dot:NAME.EXTENSION. A file can have anyNAME, but theEXTENSION(if it exists) has a maximum of three characters. This extension indicates the type of file (text, Word document, image, sound, database, program, etc.).

Family / Group: Some viruses may have similar names and characteristics. These viruses are grouped into families or groups. Members of the group are known as variants of the family or the original virus (the first to appear).

FAT (File Allocation Table): This is a section of a disk that defines the structure and organization of the disk itself. It also contains the ‘addresses’ for all the files stored on that disk.

File / Document: Unit for storing information (text, document, images, spreadsheet etc.) on a disk or other storage device. A file is identified by a name, followed by a dot and then its extension(indicating the type of file).

Firewall: This is a barrier that can protect information in a system or network when there is a connection to another network, for example, the Internet.

FireWire: Is a high-speed communication channel, used to connect computers and peripherals to other computers.

First Appeared on…: The date when a particular virus was first discovered.

First detected on: The date when the detection of a certain malware was first included in the Virus Signature File.

Flooding: Programs that repeatedly send a large message or text to a computer through messaging systems like MSN Messenger in order to saturate, collapse or flood the system.

Format: Define the structure of a disk, removing any information that was previously stored on it.

Hacker: Someone who accesses a computer illegally or without authorisation.

Hacking tool: Program that can be used by a hacker to carry out actions that cause problems for the user of the affected computer (allowing the hacker to control the affected computer, steal confidential information, scan communication ports, etc).

Hardware: Term referring to all physical elements in an IT system (screen, keyboard, mouse, memory, hard disks, microprocessor, etc).

Header (of a file): This is the part of a file in which information about the file itself and its location is kept.

Heuristic scan: This term, which refers to problem solving by trial and error, is used in the computer world to refer to a technique used for detecting unknown viruses.

Hijacker: Any program that changes the browser settings, to make the home page or the default search page, etc. different from the one set by the user.

Hoax: This is not a virus, but a trick message warning of a virus that doesn’t actually exist.

Host: This refers to any computer that acts as a source of information.

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): This is a communication system that allows web pages to be viewed through a browser.

Identity Theft: Obtaining confidential user information, such as passwords for accessing services, in order that unauthorized individuals can impersonate the affected user.

IFS (Installable File System): System used to handle inbound/outbound information transfers between a group of devices or files.

IIS (Internet Information Server): This is a Microsoft server (Internet Information Server), designed for publishing and maintaining web pages and portals.

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): This is a system or protocol which allows access to e-mail messages.

In circulation: A virus is said to be in circulation, when cases of it are actually being detected somewhere in the world.

In The Wild: This is an official list drawn up every month of the viruses reported causing incidents.

Inbox: This is a folder in e-mail programs which contains received messages.

Infection: This refers to the process of a virus entering a computer or certain areas of a computer or files.

Interface: The system through which users can interact with the computer and the software installed on it. At the same time, this software (programs) communicates via an interface system with the computer’s hardware.

Interruption: A signal through which a momentary pause in the activities of the microprocessoris brought about.

Interruption vector: This is a technique used by a computer to handle the interruption requests to the microprocessor.This provides the memory address to which the service should be provided.

IP (Internet Protocol) / TCP-IP: An IP address is a code that identifies each computer. The TCP/IP protocol is the system, used in the Internet, that interconnects computers and prevents address conflicts.

IRC (Chat IRC): These are written conversations over the Internet in which files can also be transferred.

Keylogger: A program that collects and saves a list of all keystrokes made by a user. This program could then publish the list, allowing third parties to access the data (the information that the user has entered through the keyboard: passwords, document texts, emails, key combinations, etc.).

LAN (Local Area Network): A network of interconnected computers in a reasonably small geographical area (generally in the same city or town or even building).

Link / Hyperlink: These are parts of a web page, e-mail or document (text, images, buttons, etc.), that when clicked on, take the user directly to another web page or section of the document.

Link virus: This is a type of virus that modifies the address where a file is stored, replacing it with the address of the virus (instead of the original file). As a result, when the affected file is used, the virus activates.

After the computer has been infected, the original file will be unusable.

Logic bomb: This is a program that appears quite inoffensive, but which can carry out damaging actions on a computer, just like any othervirus.

Loop: Aset of commands or instructionscarried out by a program repeatedly until a certain condition is met.

Macro: A macro is a series of instructions defined so that a program, say Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or Access, carries out certain operations. As they are programs, they can be affected by viruses. Viruses that use macros to infect are known as macro viruses.

Malware: This term is used to refer to all programs that contain malicious code(MALicious softWARE), contain malicious code, whether it is a virus, Trojan or worm.

Map: This is the action of assigning a shared network disk a letter in a computer, just as if it were another drive in the computer itself.

MAPI: Messaging Application Program Interface. A system used to enable programs to send and receive e-mail via a certain messaging system.

Mask: This is a 32 bit number that identifies an IP address in a certain network. This allows the TCP/IP communication protocol to know if a an IP address of a computer belongs to one network or another.

Means of infection: A fundamental characteristic of a virus. This is the way in which a virus infects a computer.

Means of transmission: A fundamental characteristic of a virus. This is the way in which a virus spreads from one computer to another.

Microprocessor / Processor: This is the integrated electronic heart of a computer or IT system e.g. Pentium (I, II, III, IV,...), 486, 386, etc.

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions): This is the set of specifications that allows text and files with different character sets to be exchanged over the Internet (e.g. between computers in different languages).

Modem: A peripheral device, also known as MOdulator DEModulator, used to transmit electronic signals (analogical and digital). It is designed to enable communication between computers or other types of IT resources. It is most often used for connecting computers to the Internet.

Module: In IT parlance, this is a set or group of macros in a Word document or Excel spreadsheet, etc.

MS-DOS (Disk Operating System): This operating system, which predates Windows, involves the writing of commands for all operations that the user wants to carry out.

MSDE (Microsoft Desktop Engine): A server for storing data, which is compatible with SQL Server 2000.

MTA (Message Transfer Agent): This is an organized mail system that receives messages and distributes them to the recipients. MTAs also transfer messages to other mail servers. Exchange, sendmail, qmail and Postfix, for example, are MTAs.

Multipartite: This is a characteristic of a particular type of sophisticated virus, which infects computers by using a combination of techniques used by other viruses.

Mutex (Mutual Exclusion Object): Some viruses can use a mutex to control access to resources (examples: programs or even other viruses) and prevent more than one process from simultaneously accessing the same resource.

By doing this, they make it difficult for antiviruses to detect them. These viruses can ‘carry’ other malicious code in the same way that other types, such as polymorphic viruses, do.

Network: Group of computers or other IT devices interconnected via a cable, telephone line, electromagnetic waves (satellite, microwaves etc), in order to communicate and share resources. Internet is a vast network of other sub-networks with millions of computers connected.

Newsgroup: An Internet service through which various people can connect to discuss or exchange information about specific subjects.

Nuke (attack): A nuke attack is aimed at causing the network connection to fail. A computer that has been nuked may block.

Nuker: Person or program that launches a nuke attack, causing a computer to block or the network connection to fail.

Packaging: An operation in which a group of files (or just one) are put into another file, thus occupying less space. Packaging is similar to file compression, but is the usual way of referring to this in Unix/Linux environments.

The difference between packaging and compression are the tools used. For example, a tool called tar is normally used for packaging , while zip or gzip -WinZip- are used for compressing.

Parameter: A variable piece of data indicating how a program should behave in any given situation.

Partition: A division of a computer’s hard disk which enables the operating system to identify it as if it were a separate disk. Each partition of a hard disk can have a different operating system.

Partition table: An area of a disk containing information about the sections or partitions, that the disk is divided into.

Password: This is a sequence of characters used to restrict access to a certain file, program or other area, so that only those who know the password can enter.

Password stealer: A program that obtains and saves confidential data, such as user passwords (using keyloggers or other means). This program can publish the list, allowing third-parties to use the data to the detriment of the affected user.

PDA (Personal Digital Assistant): A pocket-sized, portable computer (also called palmtops). Like other computers, they have their own operating system, have programs installed and can exchange information with other computers, the Internet, etc. Well-known brands include Palm, PocketPC, etc.

Permanent protection: This is the process that some antivirus programs carry out of continually scanning any files that are used in any operations (albeit by the user or the operating system.) Also known as sentinel or resident.

Phishing: Phishing involves massive sending of emails that appear to come from reliable sources and that try to get users to reveal confidential banking information. The most typical example of phishing is the sending of emails that appear to come from an online bank in order to get users to enter their details in a spoof web page.

Plataform: Refers to an operating system, in a specific environment and under certain conditions (types of programs installed, etc.).

Plugin: A program that adds new functionality to an existing system.

Polymorphic / Polymorphism: A technique used by viruses to encrypt their signature in a different way every time and even the instructions for carrying out the encryption.

POP (Post Office Protocol): This is a protocol for receiving and sending e-mails.

Pop-up menu: List of options that is displayed when clicking on a certain item or area of a window in a program with the secondary mouse button (usually the right). These options are shortcuts to certain functions of a program.

Pop-up windows: A window that suddenly appears, normally when a user selects an option with the mouse or clicks on a special function key.

Potentially Unwanted Program (PUP): Program that is installed without express permission from the user and carries out actions or has characteristics that can reduce user control of privacy, confidentiality, use of computer resources, etc.

Prepending: This is a technique used by viruses for infecting files by adding their code to the beginning of the file. By doing this, these viruses ensure that they are activated when an infected file is used.

Preview Pane: A feature in e-mail programs that allows the content of the message to be viewed without having to open the e-mail.

Privacy policy: This is the document that sets out the procedures, rules, and data security practices of a company to guarantee the integrity, confidentiality and availability of data collected from clients and other interested parties in accordance with applicable legislation, IT security needs and business objectives.

Proactive protection: Ability to protect the computer against unknown malware by analyzing its behavior only, and therefore not needing a virus signature file periodically updated.

Process killer: A program that ends actions or processes that are running (active) on a computer, which could pose a threat.

Program: Elements that allow operations to be performed. A program is normally a file with an EXE or COMextension.

Programming language: Set of instructions, orders, commands and rules that are used to create programs.Computers understand electronic signals (values 0 or 1). Languages allow the programmer to specify what a program must do without having to write long strings of zeros and ones, but using words (instructions) that are more easily understood by people.

Protocol: A system of rules and specifications that enables and governs the communication between to computers or IT devices (data transfer).

Proxy: A proxy sever acts as a middle-man between an internal network, such as an Intranet, and the connection to the Internet. In this way, one connection can be shared by various users to connect to an Internet server.

RAM (Random Access Memory): This is a computer's main memory, in which files or programs are stored when they are in use.

Recycle bin: This is a section or folder on the hard disk where deleted files are stored (provided they haven’t been permanently deleted).

Redirect: Access one address via another.

Remote control: The action of gaining access to a user’s computers (with or without the user’s consent) from a computer in a different location. This access could pose a threat if it is not done correctly or for legitimate purposes.

Rename: Action whereby a file, directory or other element of a system is given a new name.

Replica: Among other things, the action by which a virus propagates or makes copies of itself, with the aim of furthering the spread of the virus.

Resident / Resident virus: A program or file is referred to as resident when it is stored in the computer’s memory, continuously monitoring operations carried out on the system.

Ring: A system governing privilege levels in a microprocessor, controlling the operations that can be performed and its protection. There are various levels: Ring0 (administrator), Ring1 and Ring2 (administrator with less privileges), Ring3 (user).

ROM (Read Only Memory): This is a type of memory which under normal circumstances cannot be written on, and therefore its content is permanent.

Root directory: This is the main directory or folder on a disk or drive.

Rootkit: A program designed to hide objects such as processes, files or Windows registry entries (often including its own). This type of software is not malicious in itself, but is used by hackers to cover their tracks in previously compromised systems. There are types of malware that use rootkits to hide their presence on the system.

Routine: Invariable sequence of instructions, that make up part of a program and can be used repeatedly.

Scam: Any illegal plot or fraud in which a person or group of persons are tricked into giving money, under false promises of economic gain (trips, vacations, lottery prizes, etc.).

Scanning -ports, IP addresses-: The action of identifying the communications ports and/or IP addresses of a computer and getting information about their status. This action can sometimes be considered an attack or threat.

Screensaver: This is a program that displays pictures or animations on the screen. These programs were originally created to prevent images from burning onto the screen when the computer wasn’t used for a while.

Script / Script virus: The term script refers to files or sections of code written in programming languages like Visual Basic Script (VBScript), JavaScript, etc.

Sector: This is a section or area of a disk.

Security patch: Set of additional files applied to a software program or application to resolve certain problems, vulnerabilities or flaws.

Security risk: This covers anything that can have negative consequences for the user of the computer. For example, a program for creating viruses or Trojans).

Sent items: A folder in e-mail programs which contains copies of the messages sent out.

Server: IT system (computer) that offers certain services and resources (communication, applications, files, etc.) to other computers (known as clients), which are connected to it across a network.

Service: The suite of features offered by one computer or system to others that are connected to it.

Services applet: An applet in Windows XP/2000/NT, which configures and monitors system services.

Shareware: Evaluation versions of a software product that allow users to try out a product for a period of time before buying it. Shareware versions are normally free or significantly cheaper than complete versions.

Signature / Identifier: This is like the virus passport number. A sequence of characters (numbers, letters, etc.) that identify the virus.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): This is a protocol used on the Internet exclusively for sending e-mail messages.

Software: Files, programs, applications and operating systems that enable users to operate computers or other IT systems. These are the elements that make the hardware work.

Spam: Unsolicited e-mail, normally containing advertising. These messages, usually mass-mailings, can be highly annoying and waste both time and resources.

Spammer: A program that allows the mass-mailing of unsolicited, commercial e-mail messages. It can also be used to mass-mail threats like worms and Trojans.

Spear Phishing: This attack uses phishing techniques but is aimed at a specific target. The creator of this type of attack will never use spam to obtain a massive avalanche of personal user data. The fact that it is targeted and not massive implies careful preparation in order to make it more credible and the use of more sophisticated social engineering techniques..

Spyware: Programs that collect information about users' browsing activity, preferences and interests. The data collected is sent to the creator of the application or third-parties, and can be stored in a way that it can be recovered at another time. Spyware can be installed with the user consent and awareness, but sometimes it is not. The same happens with the knowledge or lack of knowledge regarding data collected and the way it is used.

SQL (Structured Query Language): A standard programming language aimed at enabling the administration and communication of databases. It is widely used in the Internet (e.g. Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, etc).

Statistics: A sample of malware has statistics whenever its infection percentage is among the 50 most active threats.

Status bar: A section that appears at the bottom of the screen in some Windows programs with information about the status of the program or the files that are in use at the time.

Stealth: A technique used by viruses to infect computers unnoticed by users or antivirus applications.

Sub-type: Each of the sub-groups into which a type is divided. In this case, a group of viruses or threats within the same category or type, with certain characteristics in common.

Symptoms of infection: These are the actions or effects that a virus could have when it infects a computer including trigger conditions.

System services: Applications which normally run independently when a system is started up and which close, also independently, on shutting down the system. System services carry out fundamental tasks such as running the SQL server or the Plug&Play detector.

Targeted attack: Attacks aimed specifically at a person, company or group and which are normally perpetrated silently and imperceptibly. These are not massive attacks as their aim is not to reach as many computers as possible. The danger lies precisely in the customized nature of the attack, which is designed especially to trick potential victims.

Technical name: The real name of a virus, which also defines its class or family.

Template / Global template: This is a file that defines a set of initial characteristics that a document should have before starting to work with it.

Threat level: This is a calculation of the danger that a particular virus represents to users.

Title bar: A bar on top of a window. The title bar contains the name of the file orprogram.

Track: A ring on a disk where data can be written.

Trackware: All programs that monitor the actions of users on the Internet (pages visited, banners clicked on, etc.) and create a profile that can be used by advertisers.

Trigger: This is the condition which causes thevirusto activate or to release its payload.

Trojan: Strictly speaking, a Trojan is not a virus, although it is often thought of as such. Really they are programs that, enter computers appearing to be harmless programs, install themselves and carry out actions that affect user confidentiality.

TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident): A characteristic that allows certain programs to stay in memory after having run.

Updates: Antiviruses are constantly becoming more powerful and adapting to the new technologies used by viruses and virus writers. If they are not to become obsolete, they must be able to detect the new viruses that are constantly appearing. To do this, they have what is called a Virus Signature File

UPX: This is a file compression tool (Ultimate Packer for eXecutables) which also allows programs compressed with this tool to be run without having to be decompressed.

Vacination: An antivirus technique that allows file information to be stored, and posible infections detected when a change is noted in the file.

Variant: A variant is a modified version of an original virus, which may vary from the original in terms of means of infection and the effects that it has.

Virus: Viruses are programs that can enter computers or IT systems in a number of ways, causing effects that range from simply annoying to highly-destructive and irreparable.

Virus constructor: A malicious program intended to create new viruses without having any programming skills, as it has an interface that allows to choose the characteristics of the created malware: type, payload, target files, encryption, polymorphism, etc.

WAN (Wide Area Network): A network of interconnected computers over a large geographical area, connected via telephone, radio or satellite.

Windows desktop: This is the main area of Windows that appears when you start up the computer. From here you can access all tools, utilities and programs installed on the computer, via shortcut icons, options in the Windows Start menu, the Windows taskbar, etc.

Windows Explorer: Program or application available in Windows to administer the files available on the computer. It is very useful for getting an organized view of all directories.

Windows Registry: This is a file that stores all configuration and installation information of programs installed, including information about the Windows operating system.

Windows Registry Key: These are sections of the Windows Registry that store information regarding the system’s settings and configuration.

Windows System Tray: Area in the Windows taskbar (usually in the bottom right corner of the screen), which contains the system clock, icons for changing system settings, viewing the status of the antivirus protection, etc.

Windows taskbar : This is a bar that appears at the bottom of the screen in Windows. The bar contains the Start button, the clock, icons of all programs resident in memory at that moment and shortcuts that give direct access to certain programs.

WINS (Windows Internet Name Service): A service for determining names associated with computers in a network and allowing access to them. A computer contains a database with IP addresses (e.g. 125.15.0.32) and the common names assigned to each computer in the network (e.g. SERVER1).

Workstation: One of the computers connected to a local network that uses the services and resources in the network. A workstation does not normally provide services to other machines in the network in the same way a server does.

Worm: This is similar to a virus, but it differs in that all it does is make copies of itself (or part of itself).

Write access / permission: These rights or permissions allow a user or a program to write to a disk or other type of information storage unit.

Write-protected: This is a technique used to allow files on a disk or other storage device to be read but to prevent users from writing on them.

WSH (Windows Scripting Host): The system that enables you to batch process files and allows access to Windows functions via programming languages such as Visual Basic Script and Java Script (script languages).