Thursday, June 12, 2014

The #1 thing
on my bucket list is to see a leatherback sea turtle – and today I got to cross
that off! I’ve been fortunate enough to receive extensive nesting beach survey
training during the past few weeks here on Hutchinson Island – and I have many
awesome stories to share from that, but I’m going to start with this one.

The
purpose of nesting beach surveys is to get an idea of the number of nests each
species is laying each season and how successful those nests are. My past
experience with nesting beaches was in North Carolina where the nesting beaches
are primarily used by loggerhead sea turtles. In Florida, there are 3 species
which are commonly seen: loggerhead, green and leatherback.

When a
female leaves the ocean to lay a clutch, she can frequently be scared away by
lights, obstacles such as beach furniture or large holes that people dig in the
sand, or animals on the beach. When a female comes out to nest but doesn't lay
a clutch, it’s called a false crawl. A typical false crawl is a U-turn, but it
can be much more complicated than that.

Typical U-turn false crawl - loggerhead female.

You can
tell the difference between the species of turtle which laid the nests by the way they
crawl as well as the size of the crawl. I’ll show other types of nests in
future posts, but here’s what a leatherback track looks like – we saw this out
on the beach this morning.

Leatherback crawl, Hutchinson Island, FL.

A unique
characteristic of leatherback nesting is something called an “orientation
circle,” the turtle does a 360° turn after she’s done laying before she
returns to the ocean.

Carrie Keske next to the leatherback orientation circle.

I love leatherbacks because they have
very interesting physiology, I’ve actually written a little bit about it in a
previous blog here, but this summer is the only time I’ve
had the opportunity to see a leatherback because they nest mostly in the
tropics, and Florida is in the most northern end of their nesting range (though
they travel all over the world).

Unfortunately, sea turtle nests do not
always stay intact until it’s time for the hatchlings to emerge and crawl to
the ocean. During nesting surveys, we keep track of nests that have been washed
over by the tide, depredated, and nested on top of by other sea turtles.

One of the earliest leatherback nests on
the beach I’m helping to monitor was laid on April 3, 2014 and it hatched on
June 9, 2014. During the survey that morning, we noticed that there were
headless hatchlings outside of the nest – a telltale sign of depredation by
raccoons.

Early deprated loggerhead nest.

Leatherback hatchling predated upon by raccoons and ghost crabs.

This sight was very sad, of course,
particularly since the predators didn’t even eat the entire hatchling, only the
heads. What a waste of a life. It’s frustrating to see things like this when
you know that every nest is important to the conservation of the species, and
leatherbacks are one of the species that needs the most help.

Though I’m becoming a scientist, my love
for these creatures as individuals consumes me at times. My heart hurt for this
nest. It seemed that all was lost – that all the hatchlings had been eaten and this
nesting effort by the mama turtle was for not.

However, as we were surveying the damage
to the nest, we noticed something.

Leatherback hatchling crawl.

One little hatchling managed to escape
the raccoons and make it to the water.

Sea turtles are survivors. They face so
many threats each day – and unfortunately we can’t save them all. Conservation
work can be a roller coaster – we lose many battles. This little turtle reminds
me that for many turtles, we are winning the war. I still hurt for those
babies that we lost – and all the babies we lose to predators each season – but
at least one of those little guys made it to the water in the cover of night and
got his chance at survival.

Three days after the turtles hatch from their
eggs, we perform a “nest excavation” in which we dig out the nest and count the
number of hatched eggs, the number of eggs that didn’t hatch, as well as the
number of live and dead hatchlings that are inside the nest. Live hatchlings
can be left behind when the others leave the nest because they need the
momentum of the entire clutch moving in unison to get out of the sand.

The purpose of these excavations is to
determine hatching and emerging success of the nests for scientific research as
well as rescue and release any live hatchlings that might be left behind. Given that the
nest had clearly been dug into and most of the hatchlings had been eaten, I
wasn’t holding out much hope to see a live hatchling in this excavation.
Between the raccoon’s quick, agile fingers and its strong sense of smell, it seemed
unlikely that any more could have evaded detection. It was a somewhat somber
looking morning, while we were driving up to the nest during the morning
survey, it started to rain. Though it was cold and windy, we persevered and the
fearless Carrie Keske began to dig up the nest – sorting hatched egg shells,
unhatched eggs, etc. into their respective piles to be counted for the data
sheet.

To my amazement, we found one little
leatherback hatchling that had managed to remain hidden from the predators. Finally,
I got to see and touch a turtle that I’ve studied and loved from afar for so
many years!

After his little photo shoot, we let the
hatchling crawl toward the ocean to imprint, and then away he went.

Good luck little leatherback!

Sea turtle conservation is a roller
coaster. It is highs and lows – victories and defeats. Maybe most of the
hatchlings in this nest were eaten by raccoons – but the track of the hatchling
that escaped on its own as well as the hatchling that we rescued during the
excavation give me hope that all is not lost for this nest. Luckily, female sea
turtles lay many clutches a season – between 8 and 12 – so it’s likely that
this female had other more successful nests this year.

Today was a victory - and a victory is a victory, no matter how small.

Tuesday, June 10, 2014

Over the past few years of my education, I've been able to
learn more and more about sea turtles in a variety of contexts –
rehabilitation, organizing public education, nesting beaches, and now
scientific research. It’s so true that the more you learn about something the more
you realize how much you don’t know – but instead of being something that is
frustrating, it has been a source of increasing fascination and wonder.

Science can be seen as something cold, unemotional and
clinical – and that perspective is sometimes deserved. However, in my
experience it’s been a method to tell a story. From the clinical side of things
– my research is about physiology – hormones and proteins. But to me, it’s much
more than that.

Brie ultrasounding an adult, female loggerhead.

How an adult female sea turtle is able to produce all the calcium, fats and proteins needed to make so many eggs is
somewhat mystifying. The fact that she has to break down much of her
own fat stores as well as extracting calcium from her own bones to give to her offspring is beautiful in my eyes.
Female sea turtles do not provide parental care for their offspring – they haul
out on the beach, make a nest and lay their eggs, disguise it as best they can,
and they return to the ocean, probably never to see their offspring again. Of
those offspring – each individual has a minute chance of surviving their first
year – much less to survive to reproduce, which can take over a decade. These
hormones that regulate the metabolism of these fats, calcium and proteins and
their incorporation of these constituents into the egg are the female’s
contribution to the success of her offspring. The protein that I’m studying is
broken down into smaller pieces into the egg yolk of the hatchling – it’s the
nutrient source that will sustain the hatchling during its mad dash to the
sargassum – they don’t stop swimming for over 24 hours. Every sea turtle that survives to be an adult has overcome massive obstacles, many of which we will never know about. However, one turtle I worked with last week bears scars to tell a small piece of her story: boat strike scars.

My first experience with sea turtle boat strike injuries was during my internship at the Karen Beasley Sea Turtle Hospital in 2012. The volunteers at that hospital treat
turtles for a variety of injuries and ailments – including boat strikes. I've
seen firsthand the damage that a boat propeller or hull can do to the body of a
sea turtle – frequently cutting into the body cavity and damaging the organs
and bones underneath. It’s difficult to imagine – but even when the propeller
of a boat cuts into the delicate lung tissue or the vertebrae of a sea turtle
or when the hull of a ship smashes a sea turtle shell into a dozen pieces –
they can often be nursed back to health with delicate, professional care
because of the amazing fighting spirit that sea turtles have.

So, given that I've seen the horrific consequences of a boat’s
interactions with sea turtles, and the great amount of care required to nurse
them back to health – imagine my surprise when we catch this lady for my
research.

An adult loggerhead female with significant scarring from a boat strike.

She has very large scars on the side of her carapace that
are a telltale sign of a boat strike. She also had no tags or scars on her
flippers to indicate that she had ever been cared for in a rehabilitation
facility. I was deeply moved to see that this turtle had clearly sustained
massive injuries as a result of this boat strike – but managed to heal on her
own in the wild.

How can you not fall in love with that face?!

I felt my chest swell with pride when I saw the extent of
these old injuries, she’d faced the worst and lived. As I ran my hand over her scars, I thought back to the extensive treatment protocols we used to treat such injuries - antibiotics, pain killers, daily disinfection of the wound, regular debridement to ensure the shell healed properly, daily tank cleanings and water changes, the list goes on. This turtle experienced huge amounts of blood loss, excruciating pain, and lived with an open wound that would remain open for weeks if not months. Despite the pain and weakness she must have felt, she still managed to feed herself, avoid predators who would surely target a turtle with such an injury, and miraculously avoid deadly infection and parasites. If there's a definition of a survivor - she's it.

A close up of the boat strike scars.

It was particularly emotional for me to ultrasound her and find shelled eggs in her
reproductive tract. She’s not only recovered well from her injuries, she’s
healthy enough to be out there laying hundreds of eggs, containing the genes of
a warrior.

This survivor could be out on the beaches any day laying a
clutch of eggs. Thank you, Mama, we need many more little loggerheads out there
like you.

Though many species of sea turtles are endangered, though
they face a long list of threats every day, I refuse to give up on them. I have
witnessed a few of the horrific circumstances that kill off many – but still,
some survive. I've dedicated my life to helping them through scientific
research and conservation, because if they won’t go down without a fight – why should
I?

Brie with the turtle. I'm so excited to include her in my study!

Releasing the turtle. After we weighed, measured, tagged, ultrasounded and took blood on her - she was back where she belongs!

Saturday, May 17, 2014

I'm working on my master's thesis studying sea turtle reproductive physiology at Southeastern Louisiana University, and this summer I'm all wrapped up in collecting blood samples and ultrasound images from adult female loggerheads. I'm collecting blood samples which I will use to measure hormones and proteins to learn more about how reproduction is regulated in sea turtles. In order to do this, I've been collaborating with Inwater Research Group, a fantastic research team which (among many other things) monitors St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant on Hutchinson Island, FL.

St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant

St. Lucie Intake Canal with day nets set.

Ryan Welsh (IRG) PIT tagging the male nurse shark

This power plant is located right on the south eastern coast of Florida and uses a constantly running supply of sea water to cool down the reactors (circled). The plant pulls water in from the nearby ocean, and the water travels into the intake canal, water flow is depicted by arrows above, then flows around the reactors, and is then discharged back into the ocean. When this water is pulled into the canal, it regularly also pulls in marine life, including sea turtles. One example of the many different forms of sea life that can be found here includes the 7 ft nurse shark caught on my second day.

The IRG is responsible for rescuing these animals, and they do this by setting and monitoring nets (yellow) during the day to catch the turtles when they enter the canal, this prevents the turtles from traveling further into the power plant. After capturing the turtles, The IRG weighs/measures, tags and photographs them. The canal, in my study, acts as a random sampling of sea turtles that happen to be swimming past the intake pipes. I am fortunate enough to have the opportunity to collaborate with this team, so that I can take blood samples and ultrasound images from the adult females which become entrained in the power plant's intake canal. I am hopeful that using the power plant in this way will allow me to get a broad picture of how adult, female sea turtles regulate the production of yolk proteins over the course of their reproductive cycle.

On my very first day of sampling, we caught 3 loggerhead sea turtles, all in different size classes. The first turtle we caught was a juvenile, which aren't very commonly caught in the canal.

Juvenile loggerhead sea turtle
freshly rescued from the canal

Ryan Welsh and Serge Aucoin (IRG)
rescuing a juvenile loggerhead

Ryan Welsh (IRG) tagging the turtle

Ryan Welsh and Serge Aucoin (IRG)
weighing the turtle

Releasing the turtle back into the ocean

Later in the day, we caught a sub-adult turtle. I'm only taking samples from adult, female loggerheads, but it was exciting to see a live turtle after working in my lab and office all semester.

The highlight of the day for me was ultrasounding and taking blood samples from my first adult female turtle.

Just look at that sweet face from this big mama!

Preparing for release

Sometimes I just can't believe how incredibly lucky I am

Releasing the sea turtle after her processing

We successfully got a blood sample as well as ultrasounds from this big girl. She weighed 209 pounds and her shell was nearly 3 feet long!

When I examined the female with the ultrasound probe, I discovered that she had several ovarian follicles developing on both sides, and that they were quite large. Also, I was able to see calcified eggs inside of the female - she's ready to pop any day!

My first week in the field was extremely exciting! I could not be more thrilled to be out working with these turtles and (hopefully) to be providing some new information on the reproductive physiology of these animals to the scientific and conservation communities!

Friday, May 16, 2014

PLEASE, I BEG YOU - USE REUSABLE BAGS INSTEAD OF PLASTIC BAGS WHEN SHOPPING! It is a minor convenience that has been shown to wreak havoc on the environment. I saw some evidence of this yesterday while running on a small beach in Gulfport, MS.

I accidentally "invented" (I'm not ACTUALLY the first person to think of this) a new workout I've called, "The Conservationist Run." It's where you run from piece of litter to piece of litter until you can't carry any more, then run all the way to the trash can, dump your weighted trash, and then run back to the beach, rinse and repeat. I haven't mentioned this on my blog before because it's sort of out of the scope of my usual topics, but it is relevant this time. Over the past year I have been on a weight loss journey. I have a goal of losing 140 pounds, and I am 50 pounds into it so far. I started out just wanting to mix up my exercise routine by running on the beach after I finished volunteering with the sea turtle hospital in Gulfport. I wasn't running too long when I realized that there was a ton of litter on the beach, so I started picking it up as I went. Eventually, I had to narrow down my efforts to only litter which posed an immediate danger to wildlife (plastic bags and entanglement dangers). I couldn't leave them with good conscience after spending all day at the sea turtle hospital caring for sick animals knowing that sea turtles frequently choke on plastic bags and die long before a rehabilitation center can save them.

So, each little peak you see in my route below is actually me running to a trash can with armfuls of plastic bags, if you look closely you can see 12 separate trips to the trash can. I think I ended up collecting about 40-50 plastic bags off this small stretch of beach as well as an umbrella, zip ties, mesh bags used for fruit, etc.

This 90 minute effort of mine is not much on its own. But, maybe if everyone picks up a little trash while running/walking outside we can make a big difference! Who else picks up litter when exercising outside? This 90 minute effort of mine is not much on its own. But, maybe if everyone picks up a little trash while running/walking outside we can make a big difference! Who else picks up litter when exercising outside?

About Me

My name is Brie and I'm a PhD student studying sea turtle reproductive physiology at Texas A&M University-College Station. My goal through pursuing my PhD is to become a comparative endocrinologist, because I love hormones and all that they can tell us about an animal's health, history and status. I am very passionate about using science to develop tools for conservation, and love to teach and work in outreach to help spread the message of how amazing science is and how it can help us and bring more meaning to our lives.