Summary: In the late 1940s and early 50s, physicist Martin Packard made significant contributions to the emerging field of nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) technology at Stanford University. Packard was later employed by Varian Associates, where he became
head of the analytical instrumentation department, Corporate Vice President, and finally Assistant to Board Chairman Edward
Ginzton. The collection is largely from his time at Varian, consisting of correspondence and memoranda, subject files maintained
as Varian’s reference library, and files related to Varian’s corporate history. Packard’s involvement with the Addiction Research
Foundation is also chronicled in part.

Language(s): The materials are in English.

Language(s): While the bulk of the collection is in English, there is some Chinese, Russian, and German language material.

Physical Location: Special Collections and University Archives materials are stored offsite and must be paged 36-48 hours in advance. For more
information on paging collections, see the department's website: http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html.

Repository:
Dept. of Special Collections & University Archives.

Stanford University Libraries.

557 Escondido Mall

Stanford, CA 94305-6064

Email: speccollref@stanford.edu

Phone: (650) 725-1022

URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc

Administrative Information

Provenance

This collection was given by Martin Packard to Stanford University, Special Collections in 1990.

Information about Access

The materials are open for research use. Audio-visual materials are not available in original format, and must be reformatted
to a digital use copy.

Ownership & Copyright

All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the
Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94305-6064. Consent
is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission
from the copyright owner. Such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. See: http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/pubserv/permissions.html.

Restrictions also apply to digital representations of the original materials. Use of digital files is restricted to research
and educational purposes.

Cite As

[identification of item], Martin Packard papers (M0760). Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University
Libraries, Stanford, Calif.

Martin Everett Packard, born in 1921, received his B.A. in Physics in 1942 from Oregon State University and began working
at Westinghouse Research. In the summer of 1945 (following at stint at UC Berkeley Radiation Lab for the Manhattan Project),
Packard was introduced to Felix Bloch by his supervisor at Westinghouse, Stanford physics alumnus Daniel Alpert. Bloch explained
to Packard his ideas concerning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which he termed nuclear induction. The following week Packard
enrolled as a graduate student at Stanford University, working with professors Bloch and William Hansen on Stanford’s first
NMR experiments. As part of this experiment, Packard was the first to detect the nuclear magnetic resonance of protons in
water in January 1946.

Bloch, together with Harvard physicist E. M. Purcell, shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952 for their development of NMR.
Aware of its commercial potential, inventor and Stanford alum Russell Varian convinced Bloch to patent NMR, which Russ and
his brother Sigurd then licensed. This exclusive license was transferred to Varian Associates when they founded the company
in April 1948. The first commercial NMR spectrometer was built by Varian in 1950.

Meanwhile Packard, after earning a PhD in Physics in 1949, remained at Stanford as an instructor. In 1951, with students James
Arnold and Srinivas Dharmatti, he discovered how NMR could be applied to organic compounds, opening the field of magnetic
resonance analysis in organic chemistry. At the end of the term Packard joined Varian, as had many of Bloch’s former students.
Thanks to the license, Varian led the field in NMR commercialization. Packard, along with James Arnold, James N. Shoolery,
Emery Rogers, Forrest Nelson, and Wes Anderson, worked with NMR at Varian, “building NMR from a theoretical concept to one
of the most widely used tools in analytical chemistry,” as his bio states.

Continuing his research path, Packard published papers, developed with Russell Varian the Proton Free Precession Magnetometer
(widely used in geophysics) and is named in eight patents with the company. In 1971 Martin Packard received the IEEE Morris
E. Leeds Award "for his pioneering research leading to the practical use of nuclear magnetic resonance for the accurate measurement
of magnetic fields, and for his contributions to the spectrometry of complex molecules." Packard retired from Varian in 1989.

Scope and Contents

In the late 1940s and early 50s, physicist Martin Packard made significant contributions to the emerging field of nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) technology at Stanford University. NMR involves the measure of electromagnetic radiation absorbed
and emitted by nuclei in magnetic fields. NMR is the underlying principle behind MRI and other medical imaging techniques.
It also has important applications in chemistry, biology, and geology. Packard was employed by Varian Associates, who, building
on their success with the klystron, were market leaders in the commercial application of NMR technology. The collection is
from his time at Varian, and therefore should also appeal to those researching that company’s history, or the birth of Silicon
Valley.

While Packard came to Varian with NMR expertise, his role in the company quickly expanded, and the files contained here cover
many aspects of Varian’s business. There are two main series of Varian correspondence and internal memoranda from the 1960s
through the 80s, arranged chronologically. Packard maintained several document files as a sort of reference library, with
each document (correspondence, memoranda, and background articles and papers) numbered and indexed. There are files for Varian’s
dealings with the People’s Republic of China and the USSR, files on health concerns in radio frequency and microwave technologies
(“Biological Effects”), as well as a general subject file arranged alphabetically.

The collection contains a variety of material related to Varian’s corporate history, much of which was assembled for Packard’s
“The Varian Story” lecture delivered at the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry in 1980. Most of these files are
contemporary remembrances in the form of articles, papers, correspondence, and transcripts. However, there is a set of Russell
Varian research notes, papers and patents from the late 1940s and 50s, and photocopies of the Varian newsletter from the late
1940s through the 70s. There is correspondence with Stuart W. Leslie about an unpublished Varian history, essays by W.G. Proctor,
Dorothy Varian, and others, and various photographs, some of which are likely original prints. The last files involve Varian
Fellows’ efforts to reinvigorate the company in the late 1980s. Historical files also include related information concerning
Felix Bloch, NMR, Stanford University, and SLAC. Other Varian files include expense reports, sales brochures for spectroscopes,
chromatographs, and other instruments, and records of the Palo Alto Capital Company (Varian’s Minority Enterprise SBIC).

Packard was a member of two National Academy of Science panels on technology transfer and national security, and there is
correspondence, memoranda, draft reports, and background information from both panels. He was also president of the Addiction
Research Foundation, Avram Goldstein’s research clinic devoted to studying the physiological basis for drug addiction, and
there are organizational files through its dissolution in 1989. Of course Packard’s own speeches, papers and other writings
are also present, most of which can be found in their own series. There are also many notebooks, planners and business cards,
as well as vacuum tubes and other unidentified machine parts.

Access Terms

Addiction Research Foundation (U.S.).

Ginzton, Edward L. (Edward Leonard), 1915-

Goldstein, Avram

Packard, Martin E.

Varian Associates

Nuclear magnetic resonance.

Radiation--Health aspects

Science and industry.

Science--History.

United States--History--Trade relations

Collection Contents

1. Varian correspondence1962-1986

Processing/Project Information

no 1963-1966

Box 49, Folder 1

Correspondence1962

Box 49, Folder 2

Correspondence1966-1967

Box 49, Folder 3

Correspondence1968

Box 49, Folder 4

Correspondence1969

Box 49, Folder 5

Correspondence1970

Box 49, Folder 6

Correspondence - Photographs1970

Scope and Content Note

Photographs and correspondence concerning the use of a magnetoscope in an archeological expedition locating Toltec sculpture
in San Lorenzo, Mexico.

Box 49, Folder 7

Correspondence1971

Box 50, Folder 1

Correspondence1972

Box 50, Folder 2

Correspondence - Barringer Research Ltd.1973

Box 50, Folder 3

Correspondence1973

Box 50, Folder 4

Correspondence1974

Box 50, Folder 5

Correspondence1975

Box 50, Folder 6

Correspondence1976

Box 50, Folder 7

Correspondence1977

Box 50, Folder 8

Correspondence1978

Box 51, Folder 1

Correspondence1979

Box 51, Folder 2

Correspondence1980

Box 51, Folder 3

Correspondence1981

Box 51, Folder 4

Correspondence [USA]1982

Box 51, Folder 5

Correspondence [USA]1983

Box 51, Folder 6

Correspondence [USA]1984

Box 52, Folder 1

Correspondence [USA]1985

Box 52, Folder 2

Correspondence [USA]1986

2. Varian interoffice memoranda

Processing/Project Information

no 1982, 1984

Box 52, Folder 3

Memoranda1966-1967

Box 52, Folder 4

Memoranda1968

Box 52, Folder 5

Memoranda1969

Box 53, Folder 1

Memoranda1970

Box 53, Folder 2

Memoranda1971

Box 53, Folder 3

Memoranda1972

Box 53, Folder 4

Memoranda1973

Box 53, Folder 5

Memoranda1974

Box 53, Folder 6

Memoranda1975

Box 53, Folder 7

Memoranda1976

Box 53, Folder 8

Memoranda1977

Box 53, Folder 9

Memoranda1978

Box 53, Folder 10

Memoranda1979

Box 53, Folder 11

Memoranda1980

Box 53, Folder 12

Memoranda1981

Box 54, Folder 1

Memoranda1983

Box 54, Folder 2

Memoranda, Correspondence1985

Box 54, Folder 3

Memoranda, Correspondence1986

3. Varian document files

Scope and Content Note

Numbered documents for Varian's reference library, with computer printouts of various indexes (i.e. by author, chronologically,
etc.). There are numbered documents elsewhere in the collection, without indexes.

3.1 Biological Effects1975-1989

Scope and Content Note

Correspondence, memoranda, and background information (articles, papers, and other publications), in approximately chronological
order. In a letter to a cousin in 1983, Packard wrote “one of my jobs is to keep abreast of any potentially harmful biological
effects of electrical or magnetic fields," and this file reflects that effort.

Box 1, Folder 1

Indexes

Box 1, Folder 2

0001-0020

Box 1, Folder 3

0021-0040

Box 1, Folder 4

0041-0060

Box 1, Folder 5

0061-0080

Box 1, Folder 6

0081-0082

Box 1, Folder 7

0083-0100

Box 2, Folder 1

0101-0120

Box 2, Folder 2

0121-0140

Box 2, Folder 3

0141-0160

Box 2, Folder 4

0161-0180

Box 2, Folder 5

0181-0200

Box 2, Folder 6

0201-0220

Box 2, Folder 7

0221-0240

Box 3, Folder 1

0241-0260

Box 3, Folder 2

0261-0280

Box 3, Folder 3

0281-0300

Box 3, Folder 4

0301-0320

Box 3, Folder 5

0321-0340

Box 3, Folder 6

0341-0360

Box 4, Folder 1

0361-0380

Box 4, Folder 2

0381-0400

Box 4, Folder 3

0401-0420

Box 4, Folder 4

0421-0440

Box 4, Folder 5

0441-0460

Box 4, Folder 6

0461-0480

Box 5, Folder 1

0481-0483

Box 5, Folder 3

0484-0500

Box 5, Folder 3

0501-0503

Box 5, Folder 4

0504-0520

Box 5, Folder 5

0521-0540

Box 5, Folder 6

0541-0560

Box 6, Folder 1

0561-0580

Box 7, Folder 1

0581-0599

Box 7, Folder 2

0601-0620

Box 7, Folder 3

0621-0640

Box 7, Folder 4

0641-0660

Box 7, Folder 5

0661-0680

Box 7, Folder 6

[unnumbered]

3.2 PRC [People's Republic of China]1972-1986

Scope and Content Note

Correspondence, memoranda, and background information (articles, papers, and other publications), in approximately chronological
order. These files chronicle the emergence of normalized trade relations with communist China. Varian activity began around
1972 when Carl Djerassi was involved with hosting a delegation of scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and approached
Varian for a tour. In 1977, Varian was in China for a trade fair. By 1986, China was responsible for $10-15 million in sales,
Beijing had a sales office and two service centers, and there were manufacturing licenses for six products.

Box 8, Folder 1

Indexes

Box 8, Folder 2

0980-0999

Box 8, Folder 3

1000-1019

Box 8, Folder 4

1020-1099

Box 8, Folder 5

1100-1139

Box 9, Folder 1

1140-1199

Box 9, Folder 2

1200-1239

Box 9, Folder 3

1240-1299

Box 9, Folder 4

1300-1339

Box 9, Folder 5

1340-1369

Box 10, Folder 1

1370-1399

Box 10, Folder 2

1400-1437

Box 10, Folder 3

1438-1499

Box 11, Folder 1

1500-1569

Box 11, Folder 2

1570-1599

Box 11, Folder 3

1600-1659

Box 11, Folder 4

1660-1699

Box 11, Folder 5

1700-1455

Box 12, Folder 1

1756-1799

Box 12, Folder 2

1800-1869

Box 12, Folder 3

1870-1899

Box 13, Folder 1

1900-1959

Box 13, Folder 2

1960-1999

Box 13, Folder 3

2000-2040

Box 13, Folder 4

2041-2099

Box 13, Folder 5

2100-2145

Box 14, Folder 1

2146-2199

Box 14, Folder 2

2200-2255

Box 14, Folder 3

2256-2299

Box 14, Folder 4

2300-2345

Box 14, Folder 5

2346-2399

Box 14, Folder 6

2400-2439

Box 15, Folder 1

2440-2499

Box 15, Folder 2

2500-2539

Box 15, Folder 3

2540-2599

Box 15, Folder 4

2600-2649

Box 15, Folder 5

2650-2699

Box 15, Folder 6

2760-2799

Box 16, Folder 1

2700-2759

Box 16, Folder 2

2800-2899

Box 16, Folder 3

2900-2922

Box 16, Folder 4

2923-2944

Box 16, Folder 5

2945-2999

Box 17, Folder 1

3000-3049

Box 17, Folder 2

3050-3059

Box 17, Folder 3

2100-3149

Box 17, Folder 4

3150-3199

Box 17, Folder 5

3200-3214

Box 17, Folder 6

3215-3252

Box 17, Folder 7

3253-3299

3.3 USSR1973-1986

Scope and Content Note

Correspondence, memoranda, and background information (articles, papers, and other publications), in approximately chronological
order. The file begins with correspondence and reports from Edward Ginzton (who was born in Ukraine) from 1973, as well as
Ginzton’s “Some Notes on a Trip to Russia” from 1974. Packard’s first trip was in 1976, and subsequent communication is largely
business, scientific and government trip and meeting coordination, notably with licensing agency Licensintorg, and the US-USSR
Trade & Economic Council. In early 1980 (around 3300-3364), following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, U.S. trade embargos
extended to the suspension of high technology export licenses, and there is a great deal of correspondence concerning this.
The files contain much information about the exchange of scientific knowledge, expertise, and technology with Russia, as well
as articles about industrial espionage and spying. Related information can be found in Packard’s National Academy of Science
panel files under Series 8.

Edward Ginzton, who was part of the company from its inception, was Varian’s Chairman of the Board following Russell’s death
in 1959. As Assistant to Board Chairman, Packard met with him regularly, and they continued to meet following Ginzton's retirement
in 1984. These agendas, largely concerning Varian business in the USSR and China, are annotated by Packard. There are also
related agendas in the Varian history series.

Box 55, Folder 4

Cassette Files [ROI forecasts on computer printouts]1972-1974

Box 55, Folder 5

Expense Reports1967-1979

Box 56, Folder 1

Expense Reports1980-1989

Box 56, Folder 2

Map

Box 56, Folder 3

X-Ray Tube Failure Analysis [computer printout]1980

Box 56, Folder 4

Schedule for Visit of USSR Delegation [computer printout]1977-03-17

Box 56, Folder 5

Castle Rock

Box 56, Folder 6

Magazine list (MEP to Library)1978

Box 56, Folder 7

Chinese scientists at Varian1987

Scope and Content Note

Correspondence and documents related to two Chinese scientists (Lu Guo and Lin Bin Sheng of Dalian) working and studying in
the United States, as well as negotations for a trip to China by Packard.

Box 56, Folder 8

Varian - 25 Years [pamphlet]

Box 56, Folder 9

Your Future With Varian [pamphlet]

7. Palo Alto Capital Company1967-1975

Scope and Content Note

In the late 1960s, Varian Associates, and Edward Ginzton in particular, had an interest in assisting “members of minorities
to establish and expand successful small business in the mid-Peninsula area,” and founded a Minority Enterprise Small Business
Investment Company (MESBIC) to that end. Varian’s Minority Employment Committee worked with the Stanford-Mid-Peninsula Urban
Coalition in setting up an SBIC that would also coordinate volunteer business consultation and management development, in
addition to providing loans. The Palo Alto Capital Company, founded in October 1969, was the second MESBIC in country. PACC
merged with Opportunity Capital Corporation of San Francisco in 1974, with Martin Packard representing Varian on their Board
of Directors.

Box 65, Folder 1

MESBICs, ELG1969-1970

Box 65, Folder 2

American Association of MESBICS Annual Conference - Position Papers1975-10

Box 65, Folder 3

Minority Employment Committee1967-1969

Box 65, Folder 4

Palo Alto Capital Company1969-1975

Box 65, Folder 5

Palo Alto Capital Company. Schedule "A," Arcata

8. Other organizations

8.1. Addiction Research Foundation (ARF)1974-1989

Scope and Content Note

The Addiction Research Foundation was a nonprofit research clinic devoted to the study of addictive diseases, formed by Avram
Goldstein, a professor of pharmacology at Stanford University School of Medicine who advocated for the recognition of addiction
as a behavioral disorder. Goldstein was one of the discoverers of endorphins, in part because of the work he was able to accomplish
at the Foundation. Goldstein was a consultant to Varian-related company Syva prior to the Addiction Research Foundation, and
Packard was on the ARF Board of Directors from the beginning. Varian also sold the group some analytical instruments. The
Foundation originally offered experimental treatment of heroin addicts, and later studied nicotine addiction and the development
of non-addictive pain-killers. The collection only contains organizational records, and no medical or scientific data is present.

Box 61, Folder 8

General 1970s

Box 62, Folder 5

Organization and Policies1974-1977

Box 61, Folder 4

Fundraising1977-1985

Box 61, Folder 5

Executive Committee1979

Box 61, Folder 6

Stanford Affiliation1976-1986

Box 61, Folder 7

Loan Guaranty Proposal1979

Box 62, Folder 4

General1980-1984

Box 62, Folder 6

Litigation1980

Box 62, Folder 2

Patents1984-1985

Box 61, Folder 3

General1985-1986

Box 62, Folder 3

Board of Directors1985-1987

Box 62, Folder 1

Symposium1987-1988

Box 61, Folder 1

Closing

Box 61, Folder 2

Trust1987-1988

8.2. Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security (National Academy of Sciences)1982

Box 66, Folder 1

Draft Report1982-08-18

Box 66, Folder 2

Draft Report1982-09-07

Box 66, Folder 3

Appendices1982-09-07

Box 66, Folder 4

Working Papers

Box 66, Folder 5

misc. articles and papers

Box 62, Folder 6

meeting materials [papers, memos, draft documents]1982-07

8.3. Panel on the Impact of National Security Controls on International Technology Transfer (National Academies of Sciences
and Engineering Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy)
1986

Vacuum tubes from Varian and Westinghouse (although Packard worked at the latter, these tubes may date from after his time
there), as well as a possible vacuum cavity from Westinghouse and other unidentified tubes or parts.