The President of Guatemala (Spanish: Presidente de Guatemala) officially known as the President of the Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: Presidente de la República de Guatemala), is the head of state and head of government of Guatemala, elected to a single four-year term.

1.
Emblem of Guatemala
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The emblem of Guatemala was adopted in 1871. The emblem was designed by Swiss artist and engraver Johan-Baptist Frener, the current Guatemalan emblem was created according to the Executive Decree number 33 of 18 November 1871 issued by the president General Miguel García Granados. According to the decree, The arms of the republic will be, the middle will harbor a scroll of parchment with the words Liberty 15 of September of 1821 in gold and in the upper part a Quetzal as the symbol of national independence and autonomy. It should be noted, that the shield which is mentioned in the description above is never used, the emblem also appears on the middle third of the flag of Guatemala. The quetzal previously appeared in the flag of Los Altos, Central America in the 1830s, Guatemala - Coat of Arms at Flags of the World

2.
Jimmy Morales
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Jimmy Morales is the President of Guatemala after his victory in the 2015 presidential election. Prior to his career, he was a comic actor. Morales was born in Guatemala City and he comes from a poor family and is an Evangelical Christian. He holds degrees in Business Administration from the national Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Morales rose to fame as a TV comedian, starring in the series Moralejas alongside his brother Sammy. He formally changed his name from James Ernesto Morales Cabrera to Jimmy Morales by deed poll in 2011, in 2011, he ran as mayoral candidate in Mixco for the small right-wing Action for National Development party. In 2013, he joined the small National Convergence Front and became its secretary-general, in 2015 he was nominated as the FCNs presidential candidate. He was initially considered an outsider but surprisingly finished first in the first round of the election and he runs on a platform of conservative values and against corruption. His slogan is Neither corrupt nor a thief and he identifies as a nationalist, supports the death penalty and opposes abortion. Moreover, he denies that a genocide against the Ixil Maya took place, Morales success came after both former vice president Roxana Baldetti and outgoing president Otto Pérez Molina had to step down and were arrested on fraud and corruption charges. Morales success was viewed as a sign of the distrust of many Guatemalans towards the political elite that ruled the country for decades. Voter anger and military support helped the former win the presidency against more experienced politicians who voters felt were tainted by a corrupt political system. Morales is married and has four children, when Morales was running for president, a Guatemalan journalist asked Morales which Guatemalan historical event he thinks is the most deplorable. Morales responded, The most deplorable event – among all the things that have happened in Guatemala, there are things that are not spoken about. Everything that goes contrary to national unity and territorial integrity are things that should hurt us, something is happening right now, we are about to lose Belize. We still have the possibility of going to the International Court of Justice where we can fight that territory or part of that territory, I think that it is worth anything that is natural resources and of benefit to the nation. In response, Belizean Prime Minister Dean Barrow said, Lets wait, I dont know that he will necessarily win. We will deal with what happens when it happens, so, I am sure that we will be able to deal with that situation if and when it occurs. Personal website Presidential campaign website Jimmy Morales at the Internet Movie Database Biography by CIDOB

3.
Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio

4.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S

5.
National Palace (Guatemala)
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Known as Palacio Nacional de la Cultura also known colloquially as Palacio Verde, it is identified as Guatemala Citys symbol in its architectural context. It was the most important building in Guatemala and was the headquarters of the President of Guatemala, the building is the origin of all the roads in the Republic and has a spot known as Kilometro Cero. It is actually a museum and is used for important acts of the government. Since the beginning of Spanish colonization, a seat was needed. In 1528, the first Government House was built in Santiago de Guatemala in the Valle de Almolonga, then, in 1549, President Alonso López de Cerrato moved the Audiencia de los Confines from Gracias a Dios in Honduras to Santiago de Guatemala. In 1761 President Alonso Fernández de Heredia began the construction of a new seat, under the direction of Spanish Captain, in celebration of the first century of independence in 1919, President Manuel Estrada Cabrera placed the first stone for a future palace next to the Plaza de Armas. The Italian architect Guido Albani was charged with designing the palace, two years later, in 1921, President Carlos Herrera, with the Centenary very close, ordered the Palacio del Centenario to be built in only three months time with a small budget and few resources. It became popularly known as the Palacio de Cartón, however, in 1925 it was destroyed by a fire. In 1927 President Lazaro Chacón declared a contest for the design of a new palace, the contest was won by the artist Agustín Iriarte, but this project again never came to be. Finally, in 1932, President General Jorge Ubico published the basis for the design and construction of the palace, and on July 4,1937, the National Palace was built between January 1939 and 1943. On November 10 of that year, the birthday of President Ubico, the building survived the earthquake of February 4 of 1976, a magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale. Because of that, he said, the government was going to fight communist guerrillas by any means they wanted, but that they also were going to use open trials. These secret tribunals, whose members were appointed by the president but were unknown to the Guatemalan people, performed fast and drastic trials, in the end,15 people were executed less than a month after they had been captured. Guatemala portal Architecture portal History portal History of Guatemala Guatemala Civil War Media related to Guatemala National Palace at Wikimedia Commons

6.
Guatemala City
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Guatemala City, locally known as Guatemala or Guate, is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Guatemala, and the most populous in Central America. The city is located in the part of the country. In 2009, it had a population of 1,075,000, Guatemala City is also the capital of the local Municipality of Guatemala and of the Guatemala Department. Human settlement on the present site of Guatemala City began with the Maya who built a city at Kaminaljuyu, the Spanish colonists established a small town, which was made a capital city in 1775. At this period the Central Square with the Cathedral and Royal Palace were constructed, after Central American independence from Spain the city became the capital of the United Provinces of Central America in 1821. The 19th century saw the construction of the monumental Carrera Theater in the 1850s, at this time the city was expanding around the 30 de junio Boulevard and elsewhere, displacing native settlements from the ancient site. Earthquakes in 1917–1918 destroyed many historic structures, during the Guatemalan Civil War, terror attacks beginning with the burning of the Spanish Embassy in 1980 led to severe destruction and loss of life in the city. In May 2010 two disasters struck, the eruption of the Pacaya volcano, and two days later Tropical Storm Agatha, Guatemala City serves as the economic, governmental, and cultural epicenter of the nation of Guatemala. Guatemala City is subdivided into 22 zones designed by the engineering of Raúl Aguilar Batres, each one with its own streets and avenues. Zones are numbered 1-25 with Zones 20,22 and 23 not existing as they would have fallen in two other municipalities territory. Addresses are assigned according to the street or avenue number, followed by a dash, the zones are assigned in a spiral form starting in downtown Guatemala city. Efforts to revitalize this important part of the city have been undertaken by the government and have been very successful thus far. This plan denominated POT aims to allow taller building structures of mixed uses to be next to large arterial roads and gradually decline in height. It is also worth mentioning, that due to the Airport being in the city, to the south and this limits the maximum height for a building, at 60 metres in Zone 10, up to 95 metres in Zone 1. The city is located in the South-Central area of the country and has a lot of green areas, besides the parks, the city offers a portfolio of entertainment in the region, focused on the so-called Zona Viva and the Calzada Roosevelt as well as four degrees North. Also include projects such as Zona Pradera and Interamerica´s World Financial Center http, the location of the La Aurora international airport within the city limits the construction of skyscrapers, changing the limits permitted directly by its location within the urban area. According to the 2017 census, the Guatemala City metropolitan area had a population of 3.3 million, making it the most populous urban agglomeration in Central America. The growth of the population has been robust since then

7.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years

8.
Mariano Rivera Paz
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Mariano Rivera Paz was the Head of State of Guatemala, he served as Head of State of Guatemala in the periods of 1838-1839 and 1842-1844. Mariano Rivera Paz was born in Guatemala City and studied Law in Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo, the criollos of both parties celebrated until dawn that they finally had a caudillo like Morazan, who was able to crush the peasant rebellion. Along the way, Morazán increased repression in eastern Guatemala, as punishment for helping Carrera, knowing that Morazán had gone to El Salvador, Carrera tried to take Salamá with the small force that remained, but was defeated, losing his brother Laureano in combat. With just a few men left, he managed to escape, badly wounded, knowing that Morazán was going to attack El Salvador, Francisco Ferrera gave a thousand arms and ammunition to Carrera and convinced him to attack Guatemala City. Salazar, in his nightshirt, vaulted roofs of neighboring houses and sought refuge, then, as he could, he reached the border disguised as a peasant and fled Guatemala. Carrera defeated General Agustin Guzman when the former Mexican officer tried to ambush him and then went on to Quetzaltenango, Guatemala had a cordon of guards from the border with El Salvador, without telegraph service, men ran carrying last minute messages. With the information from these messengers, Carrera hatched their plan of defense leaving his brother Sotero by troops who presented a slight resistance in the city. Carrera pretended to flee and led the army to the heights of Aceituno as only had about four men. The city was at the mercy of the army of Morazán, now in such combat scenario, Morazáns soldiers lost the initiative and their numerical superiority. The disaster for the general was complete, aided by Angel Molina who knew the streets of the city, had to flee with his favorite men. Through ravine of El Incienso to El Salvador, to save his life, in his absence, Morazán had been relieved as Head of State of that country, which is why he had to embark for exile in Perú. In Guatemala, survivors from his troops were shot without mercy, while Carrera was out in pursuit of Morazan, Agustin Guzmán, who was freed by Morazán when the latter had seemingly defeated Carrera in Guatemala City, had gone back to Quetzaltenango to tell the good news. The city liberal criollo leaders rapidly reinstated the Los Altos State, on 2 April 1840, after entering the city, Carrera told the citizens that he had already warned them after he defeated them earlier that year. Then, he ordered the majority of the city hall officials from Los Altos to be shot on his orders. Carrera, then forcibly annexed Quetzaltenango and much of Los Altos back into conservative Guatemala, the liberal criollos defeat and execution in Quetzaltenango reinforced Carrera ally status within the native population of the area, whom he respected and protected. In 1840, Belgium began to act as a source of support for his independence movement. Even though the colony eventually crumbled, Belgium continued to support Carrera in the century, although England remained as the main business. When hostilities started with El Salvador in June of 1844, Rivera Paz closed the borders to prevent an invasion using inmates of the border for these the watch over

9.
Vice President of Guatemala
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Vice President of Guatemala is a political position in Guatemala which is since 1966 elected concurrently with the position of President of Guatemala. The current Vice President is Jafeth Cabrera, historically there has been provisions for multiple Vice Presidents elected for one-year-term. The election was carried in Congress of Guatemala, a provision for First and Second Vice Presidents existed 1882-1921, 1921-1928 and 1956-1966. A provision for First, Second and Third Vice Presidents existed 1921, history of the office holders follows

10.
Guatemalan quetzal
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The quetzal is the currency of Guatemala, named after the national bird of Guatemala, the resplendent quetzal. In ancient Mayan culture, the birds tail feathers were used as currency. It is divided into 100 centavos or lenes in Guatemalan slang, the quetzal was introduced in 1925 during the term of President José María Orellana, whose image appears on the obverse of the one-quetzal bill. In 1925, coins in denominations of 1,5,10 centavos, ¼, ½ and 1 quetzal were introduced, although the majority of the 1 quetzal coins were withdrawn from circulation, ½ and 2 centavos coins were added in 1932. Until 1965, coins of 5 centavos and above were minted in 72% silver, ½ and 1 quetzal coins were reintroduced in 1998 and 1999, respectively. In 1946, the Bank of Guatemala took over the issuance of paper money, except for the introduction of 50 quetzales notes in 1967, the denominations of banknotes were unchanged until ½ and 1 quetzal coins replaced notes at the end of the 1990s. In the top-right corner of the face of each banknote. The Bank of Guatemala has introduced a polymer banknote of 1 quetzal on August 20,2007, the Bank of Guatemala has also introduced a 5 quetzal polymer banknote on November 14,2011. Economy of Guatemala Banco de Guatemala Images of Guatemalan coins from the Banco de Guatemala page Banco de Guatemala currency in circulation The banknotes of Guatemala

11.
Guatemala
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With an estimated population of around 15.8 million, it is the most populated state in Central America. Guatemala is a democracy, its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción. The territory of modern Guatemala once formed the core of the Maya civilization, most of the country was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century, becoming part of the viceroyalty of New Spain. Guatemala attained independence in 1821 as part of the Federal Republic of Central America, from the mid to late 19th century, Guatemala experienced chronic instability and civil strife. Beginning in the early 20th century, it was ruled by a series of dictators backed by the United Fruit Company, in 1944, authoritarian leader Jorge Ubico was overthrown by a pro-democratic military coup, initiating a decade-long revolution that led to sweeping social and economic reforms. A U. S. -backed military coup in 1954 ended the revolution, from 1960 to 1996, Guatemala endured a bloody civil war fought between the US-backed government and leftist rebels, including genocidal massacres of the Maya population perpetrated by the military. As of 2014, Guatemala ranks 31st of 33 Latin American and Caribbean countries in terms of the Human Development Index, Guatemalas abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems includes a large number of endemic species and contributes to Mesoamericas designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The country is known for its rich and distinct culture. The name Guatemala comes from the Nahuatl word Cuauhtēmallān, or place of many trees and this was the name the Tlaxcaltecan soldiers who accompanied Pedro de Alvarado during the Spanish Conquest gave to this territory. The first evidence of habitation in Guatemala dates back to 12,000 BC. Evidence, such as obsidian arrowheads found in parts of the country. There is archaeological proof that early Guatemalan settlers were hunters and gatherers, pollen samples from Petén and the Pacific coast indicate that maize cultivation had been developed by 3500 BC. Sites dating back to 6500 BC have been found in the Quiché region in the Highlands, archaeologists divide the pre-Columbian history of Mesoamerica into the Preclassic period, the Classic period, and the Postclassic period. Until recently, the Preclassic was regarded as a period, with small villages of farmers who lived in huts. This period is characterized by urbanisation, the emergence of independent city-states and this lasted until approximately 900 AD, when the Classic Maya civilization collapsed. The Maya abandoned many of the cities of the lowlands or were killed off by a drought-induced famine. The cause of the collapse is debated, but the Drought Theory is gaining currency, supported by such as lakebeds, ancient pollen. A series of prolonged droughts, among other such as overpopulation, in what is otherwise a seasonal desert is thought to have decimated the Maya

12.
Politics of Guatemala
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Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Congress of the Republic, the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Guatemalas 1985 Constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, the president and vice president are directly elected through universal suffrage and limited to one term. A vice president can run for president after four years out of office, the Congress of the Republic has 158 members, elected for a four-year term, partially in departmental constituencies and partially by nationwide proportional representation. Political parties in Guatemala are generally numerous and unstable, no party has won the presidency more than once and in every election period the majority of the parties are small and newly formed. Even the longer-lived parties, such as the Christian Democrats or the URNG, the Constitutional Court is Guatemalas constitutional court and only interprets the law in matters that affect the countrys constitution. It comprises thirteen members, who serve concurrent five-year terms and elect a president of the Court each year from among their number, the president of the Supreme Court of Justice also supervises trial judges around the country, who are named to five-year terms). The Supreme Court has an Appeal Court formed by 43 members, when one of the Supreme Court is absent or cannot participates in a case, one of the Appeal Court takes its place. Guatemala is divided into 22 departments, administered by governors appointed by the president, Guatemala City and 333 other municipalities are governed by popularly elected mayors or councils. Guatemalas major diplomatic interests are regional security and increasingly, regional development, the 1999 presidential and legislative elections were considered by international observers to have been free and fair. Participation by women and indigenous voters was higher than in the recent past, alfonso Portillos landslide victory combined with a Guatemalan Republican Front majority in congress suggested possibilities for rapid legislative action. However, under the Guatemalan Constitution of 1985, passage of many kinds of legislation requires a two-thirds vote, passage of such legislation is not possible, therefore, with FRG votes alone. The political balance was disrupted in 2000 when allegations surfaced that the FRG had illegally altered legislation, following an investigation, the Supreme Court stripped those involved, including President of Congress and FRG chief Ríos Montt, of their legislative immunity to face charges in the case. At roughly the time, the PAN opposition suffered an internal split and broke into factions. As a result, reforms essential to peace implementation await legislative action, new cases of human rights abuse continued to decline, although violent harassment of human rights workers presented a serious challenge to government authority. Common crime, aggravated by a legacy of violence and vigilante justice, the government has stated it will require until 2002 to meet the target of increasing its tax burden to 12% of GDP. During the Presidential race the FRG organized what will later be known as Black Thursday, the FRG organized its partisans from the country and brought them to the city. The FRG gave them transport, food, a shelter for the night, with these sticks the participants ran through the streets wreaking havoc on the public infrastructure

13.
Constitution of Guatemala
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The Constitution of Guatemala is the supreme law of the Republic of Guatemala. It sets the bases for the organization of Guatemalan government and it outlines the three branches of Guatemalan government, executive branch, legislative branch, and judicial branch. 1825, promulgating the October 11,1825, the first Constitution of the State of Guatemala, also entering into force the same year. 1879, promulgating the 11 December 1879, the Constitutive Act of the Republic of Guatemala, the second of Guatemala,1945, adopted on March 11,1945 and comes into force on March 15,1945 the Constitution of 1945. 1956, adopted on 2 February 1956 and entered force on 1 March 1956 the Constitution of 1956. 1965, adopted on September 15,1965 and comes into force on May 5,1966 the Constitution of 1965. 1985, adopted on 31 May 1985 and comes into force on January 14,1986,1993, reform the Constitution on 17 November of that year, after the overthrow of then President of the Republic of Guatemala Jorge Antonio Serrano Elias. 1999, a referendum is done to reform the Constitution again, the Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala 1985, legally divided into three parts, which are. It is considered the most important part of the charter, organic Part This part starts from Article 140 to Article 262, in which the Organization of the State and the State Agency is established, which are, Legislative body, Executive Agency, Y Judiciary. As well as autonomous and decentralized entities, procedural, pragmatic or practical part In this guarantees and mechanisms established to enforce the rights enshrined in the Constitution, in order to defend the constitutional order. The we find contained in Titles VI and VII and includes Articles 263 to 281, SOLEMNLY DECREE, SANCTION AND PROMULGATE THE NEXT, CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA Title I, The human person, purpose and duties of the State Chapter One. Title II, Human Rights Chapter I, Individual Rights, Section Two, Culture Section Three, Indigenous Communities. Section Seven, Health, Safety and Welfare, Section Ten, Economic and Social Regime. Chapter III, Duties and Civil and Political Rights, Chapter IV, Limitation of Constitutional Rights. Title III, The State Chapter I, The State and its form of government, Chapter III, International Relations of the State. Title IV, Public Power Chapter I, exercise of public authority Title IV, Public Power Chapter I, Section Three, Training and Punishment Act. Section One, President of the Republic, Section Three, Court of Appeal and other courts. Title V, Structure and Organization of the State Chapter I, Chapter III, Board of Control and Supervision

14.
Congress of Guatemala
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The Congress of the Republic is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Guatemala. The Guatemalan Congress is made up of 158 deputies who are elected by universal suffrage to serve four-year terms. The electoral system is closed party list proportional representation,31 of the deputies are elected on a nationwide list, whilst the remaining 127 deputies are elected in 22 multi-member constituencies. Each of Guatemalass 22 departments serves as a district, with the exception of the department of Guatemala containing the capital, departments are allocated seats based on their population size and they are shown in the table below. It is not uncommon that Congress Members change parties during the legislature term, in Congress, Baldizóns LIDER gained 30 seats on their previous election making them the largest party with 44 seats. Torres UNE retained second position with 36 seats, despite losing 12, competing in their first election, Todos captured 18 seats. PP suffered the greatest loss, losing 39 seats overall, down to 17, politics of Guatemala List of legislatures by country Official website

15.
Elections in Guatemala
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Elections in Guatemala include, on the national level, a head of state – the president – and a unicameral legislature. Guatemalas president and vice-president are elected on one ballot for a term by the people. Guatemala also elects deputies to the supranational Central American Parliament, political parties in Guatemala are generally numerous and unstable. No party has won the more than once. In every election period the majority of the parties are small, politics of Guatemala Adam Carrs Election Archive

16.
Guatemalan general election, 2007
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A general election was held in Guatemala in two rounds on 9 September and 4 November 2007. Voters went to the polls to elect a new President and Vice President of the Republic,158 congressional deputies, a total of fifteen parties contested the election, though one of them did not field a candidate for the presidential election. Around 60% of the voting public participated in the 9 September first-round vote, the ruling Grand National Alliance, after placing third in the first-round vote, declined to endorse either Colom or Pérez Molina for the second round. With 97. 23% of the vote counted in the second round, the National Unity of Hope made huge gains in the election, receiving 27. 08%, nearly 10 percentage points more than November 2003. The Patriotic Party, which ran independent of the Grand National Alliance, GANA itself received 18. 28% of the vote. A full list appears on the Electoral Courts website, Óscar Castañeda for the National Advancement Party Vinicio Cerezo Blandón for Guatemalan Christian Democracy. Cerezo Blandón is the son of Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo, who served as president from 1986 to 1991, Álvaro Colom for the National Unity of Hope. Colom was the runner-up in the 2003 presidential election, manuel Conde Orellana for the Democratic Union Mario Estrada for the Nationalist Change Union. Fritz García-Gallont for the Unionist Party, alejandro Giammattei for the Grand National Alliance. Giammattei served as director of the prison service under GANA president Óscar Berger. Pablo Monsanto for the New Nation Alliance, rigoberta Menchú for the Encounter for Guatemala party. Menchú is a Kiche Maya and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, press reports in late August reported that she had withdrawn from the race because of financial constraints and low levels of support, these reports were false. Otto Pérez Molina for the Patriotic Party, Pérez Molina is a retired army general who was active in the Civil War. Luis Rabbé for the Guatemalan Republican Front Héctor Rosales for Authentic Integral Development, miguel Ángel Sandoval for Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity–MAIZE. Eduardo Suger for the Social Action Centre

17.
Guatemalan general election, 2011
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The Patriotic Party emerged as the largest party in Congress, winning 56 of the 158 seats. Pérez was elected with 53. 7% of the vote, guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity and other leftist groups ran under the Broad Front of the Left banner, nominating Rigoberta Menchú as their presidential candidate. Guatemalas high crime rate was an issue in the campaign as it sits near the Mexican border that is a conduit for drug trafficking. Baldizon campaigned on the premise of having Guatemalas football team to the World Cup, additionally he also promised to tackle poverty and crime, as well as assure workers an extra months salary every year. He also said he would reinstate the death penalty and televise executions, polls showed Pérez Molina with a lead over other possible candidates. A poll for the second round showed Pérez Molina with 49. 4% to Baldizóns 39. 2%, a second poll gave Pérez Molina 39. 7% to Baldizóns 32. 2%, with 28% undecided. A third poll gave Pérez Molina the lead with 45. 7% to Baldizóns 37. 2% and 17. 1% undecided, a final poll had Pérez Molina ahead with 54. 6%, Baldizón at 38. 7% and undecided at 5. 7%. Former Foreign Minister Edgar Gutierrez said that the methods are inadequate. Theyve failed to capture how between 25 and 30 per cent of the people intend to vote, amongst the oberservers for the election were Oscar Almengor, who led a team University of San Carlos. According to Article 186 of the Constitution, the relatives of the President cannot participate in the Presidential election when the relative holds the Presidency, Sandra Torres, former wife of the current president, got divorced to run for the presidency. There were several requests to have a warrant to forbid Sandra Torres from participating in the election, on 9 August 2011, the Constitutional Court upheld a sentence of the Supreme Court preventing Torres from running. On 6 November, Molina declared victory in the saying that, For all the Guatemalans who have put their trust in me. To those Guatemalans who did not vote for Otto Perez, I make a call to unite and to work together in the four years. Turnout for the runoff was half that of the first round in some regions, about 65% of MPs were first time representatives, which was the first time this occurred since the 1995 election. Tribunal Supremo Electoral Elecciones Generales 2011 Resultados Elecciones Generales y al Parlamento Centroamericano 2011

18.
Guatemalan general election, 2015
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The Renewed Democratic Liberty became the largest party in Congress with 44 seats. Since no presidential candidate received more than 50% of the vote, Jimmy Morales won the contest, taking 64. 7% of the vote, in a landslide victory over Sandra Torres. It was the first presidential election since 1999 in which the runner-up of the previous contest did not then go on to win, baldetti resigned in May and was arrested on fraud charges in August. More than a dozen ministers and deputy ministers as well as a number of government officials also resigned, less than a week before the election, President Pérez was stripped of his immunity, resigned and was arrested. Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre acts as head of state until a new president is elected, the scandal has further diminished many Guatemalans trust in the political elite. Some of the participants of mass protests against corruption demanded a postponement of the due to the crisis. A previous treaty between the two countries stipulated that any such vote must be held simultaneously, Guatemala was initially expected to hold its referendum on the issue during its second round of presidential elections in October 2015. Belize has yet to announce its vote on the matter, when Jimmy Morales was running for president, a Guatemalan journalist asked Morales which Guatemalan historical event he thought was the most deplorable. Morales responded, The most deplorable event – among all the things that have happened in Guatemala, there are things that are not spoken about. Everything that goes contrary to national unity and territorial integrity are things that should hurt us, something is happening right now, we are about to lose Belize. We still have the possibility of going to the International Court of Justice where we can fight that territory or part of that territory, I think that it is worth anything that is natural resources and of benefit to the nation. The President of Guatemala is elected using the two-round system, the other 127 seats are elected in 22 multi-member constituencies aligned with the departments also using the dHondt method. Around 7.5 million people registered for the elections, members of the armed forces, people in prison, and Guatemalans living abroad were not allowed to vote. The Tribunal Supremo Electoral officially called for elections on 2 May 2015. However, all parties were reinstated before elections were called, a poll released on 3 September gave Morales 25% of the vote, compared to 22. 9% for Manuel Baldizon and 18. 4% for Sandra Torres. The front runners, Morales, Baldizón and Torres, were expected to compete for the position of President. In the first round, Morales gained 23. 9% of the vote, since no candidate received a 50% majority, the top two candidates participated in the run-off in October. Morales won the run-off contest with 67. 4% of the vote to Torres 32. 6%, Morales, a comedic actor, won with the slogan not corrupt, nor a thief

19.
Encuentro por Guatemala
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Its logo is a red circle with four green dots on its circumference, representing the coming together of the four peoples that make up the Guatemalan nationality, Mayas, Garifunas, Xincas and Ladinos. The party was founded in 2007, in the run-up to that years 9 September general election and its presidential candidate was Rigoberta Menchú, the Nobel Peace Prize-winning indigenous activist, running on a ticket with businessman Luis Fernando Montenegro as her vice-presidential hopeful. They secured 3. 09% of the popular vote, in the Congressional election held on the same day, the party fared somewhat better, receiving 6. Subsequently, only Nineth Montenegro has remained with the party, the three deputies have left Encounter for Guatemala to operate as independents. Rodolfo Aníbal García has since formed a new party, the New Republic Movement. Rigoberta Menchú has gone on to form the Winaq political party, both MNR and WInaq participated in the 2011 elections as part of the Broad Leftist Front. Encuentro por Guatemala party web site ¿Qué es Winaq

20.
Grand National Alliance (Guatemala)
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The Grand National Alliance is a right-wing conservative political party in Guatemala. The acronym GANA also spells out the word gana, from the verb ganar, GANA was created as an electoral alliance to fight the 2003 general election. In that election, held on 9 November 2003, the Grand National Alliance, won 24. 3% of the vote, the presidential candidate of the alliance, Óscar Berger Perdomo, won 34. 3% at the presidential elections of the same day. He won 54. 1% at the round and was elected president. In November 2005, the National Solidarity Party ceded its electoral registration to GANA, with which the Grand National Alliance ceased to be an alliance, in August 2006, the Reform Movement withdrew its support from GANA. GANAs candidate in the 2007 presidential election was former director of the prison service Alejandro Giammattei. He came in place in the election, with 17% of the vote. Despite the splits in the party, it did well in the congressional elections, receiving 37 seats

21.
Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
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Since the CIA-backed coup in 1954, opposition groups were continuously forming in an attempt to fight against the repression that the military and wealthy landowners in Guatemala had created. They became the face of the long-running insurgency against the Guatemalan government throughout the Civil War. The URNG led the leftist opposition in peace negotiations with the conservative Guatemalan government and these negotiations began in 1987, and brought the end of the civil war when negotiations finished in 1996. They received support from Guatemala’s rural poor as well as from urban intellectuals, in March 1982, only one month after their formation, the URNG experienced an attack ordered by then president, retired General Efraín Ríos Montt. Backed by the CIA, Ríos Montt led a scorched-earth counterinsurgency campaign against the URNG, the UNRG employed ambushes and raids on government security forces as their main tactic, and also performed bombings and assassinations. They attacked the military, government officials, as well as foreign diplomats, the government responded with undercover death-squads, supported by the police and military, who undertook the mission to take down prominent leftists. The subsequent settlements ending the wars in Nicaragua and El Salvador stiffened the elites resolve never to such an outcome in Guatemala. The Guatemalan Civil War was an affair that lasted 36 years. The URNG functioned as an organization to represent the leftist beliefs amongst the Guatemalan people. Although they were involved in attacks, their function was at the negotiation table with the Guatemalan government. From 1986 to 1996, the army and government were drawn into a peace process moderated and verified by the United Nations, the Oslo Agreement provided an arrangement for direct negotiation between the belligerent groups. This open negotiation led to the signing of the Agreement on Procedures in Search of Peace by Political Means in Mexico in 1991, the United Nations presided over these changes meant to create a long-lasting peace. Obligations were imposed on the government, including significant constitutional reforms, in 1987 URNG substituted PGT-NDN for the Guatemalan Party of Labour in its leadership. The political party is interested in disarmament, demobilization and integration process as outlined by the United Nations and it is now a peaceful political party that is part of the New Alliance Bloc. On 29 December 1996, a agreement was signed by the government. The Secretary-General of the URNG, Comandante Rolando Morán and president Álvaro Arzú jointly received the UNESCO Peace Prize for their efforts to end the civil war and attain the peace agreement. The UNRG has since apologized for the atrocities occurred during the Guatemalan Civil War, asking forgiveness from all victims, families. This apology came two days after President Clinton admitted the role of the United States in a dark and painful period during the war in Guatemala

22.
National Unity of Hope
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The National Unity of Hope is a political party in Guatemala. It was founded in 2002 and defines itself as a social-democratic, in the legislative elections held on 9 November 2003, the party won 17. 9% of the popular vote and 32 out of 158 seats in Congress. Its presidential candidate Álvaro Colom won 26. 4% in the elections on the same day and was defeated in the second round. For the 2007 elections, the party again chose Colom as its presidential candidate and he came in first place with 28% of the vote, the party won 22. 8% of the vote and 48 seats in Congress, more than any other party. On 4 November 2007, in the round of the election. It would mark the first time since 1954 that Guatemala had a left wing government, official website National Unity of Hope on Facebook

23.
Patriotic Party (Guatemala)
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The Patriotic Party was a conservative political party in Guatemala. It was founded on 24 February 2001 by retired Army General Otto Pérez Molina, strongly compromised by corruption cases, the party falls from 36 % in 2011 to 4 % in 2015. It is dissolved on order in January 2017. At the legislative elections held on 9 November 2003, the party was part of the Grand National Alliance which won 24. 3% of the vote and 47 out of 158 Congressional seats. The presidential candidate of the alliance, Óscar Berger Perdomo, won 34. 3% at the elections of the same day. He won 54. 1% at the round and was elected president. In 2007 elections, the Patriotic Party won 15. 91% of the vote and 30 seats in Congress, in 2011 elections, the party again chose Pérez Molina as its presidential candidate. He came in first place with 36. 01% of the vote, in the Legislative Election, on November 6,2011, in the second round of the election, Pérez Molina was elected President of Guatemala. In 2015 elections, the party chose Mario David García as its presidential candidate and he came in seventh place with 4. 63% of the vote. In the Legislative Election, the party won 9. 43% of the vote and 17 seats in Congress, former President Otto Pérez Molina is imprisoned for his involvement in the customs fraud network called La Línea. Former Vice President Roxana Baldetti is also imprisoned for her participation in the network, former Interior Minister Mauricio Lopez is also accused of drug trafficking and should be the object of extradition request of the United States. Former Vice Minister of the Interior and the Director General of Police were arrested for fraudulent sales of armored vehicles which brought them four million dollars, in march others partu leaders are arrested for another corruption case. Some party members have been attacked by unidentified elements, probably belonging to rival right wing factions, on 11 November 2000, Pérez Molinas son, Otto Pérez Leal, was attacked by gunmen while driving with his wife and infant daughter. On 21 February 2001, three days before Pérez Molina was scheduled to launch his new party, masked gunmen attacked and wounded his daughter Lissette. The same day, masked gunmen shot and killed Patricia Castellanos Fuentes de Aguilar, on 14 March, four armed men shot and killed Jorge Rosal, a regional leader of the PP, as he left the partys Guatemala City headquarters. Four days earlier, Rosal had participated in a march with other members of the PP involved in the Civic Movement, human rights groups claimed that the killings were politically motivated. Salazar Cutzal,33, was a Kaqchikel Mayan Indian and a mother of two, Pérez Molina blamed organized crime for the killing and said it was the eighth murder of a member of his party

24.
Unionist Party (Guatemala)
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The Unionist Party is a conservative political party in Guatemala, who advocates the re-creation of a Central American union. At the legislative elections,9 November 2003, the party won 6. 2% of the vote and 7 out of 158 seats. Its presidential candidate Fritz García Gallont won 3. 0% at the elections of the same day. At the 2007 elections, the party again chose Garcia as its presidential candidate and he won 2. 92% of the vote. The party won 8 seats in the congressional elections, the party has been a member of the centre-right International Democrat Union since 2008 and is associated with the Union of Latin American Parties. Not to be confused with the party of the name formed in 1920

25.
Foreign relations of Guatemala
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Guatemalas major diplomatic interests are regional security and increasingly, regional development and economic integration. Guatemala has a claim to a large portion of Belize. The territorial dispute caused problems with the United Kingdom and later with Belize following its 1981 independence from the UK, in December 1989 Guatemala sponsored Belize for permanent observer status in the Organization of American States. In September 1991 Guatemala recognized Belizes independence and established diplomatic ties, in early 2000 the Guatemalan Foreign Ministry proposed a border settlement that would transfer more than half of Belizes territory to Guatemala. Following a spate of incidents, both sides agreed during talks under OAS auspices in November 2000 to confidence-building measures to reduce tensions. They followed that with an agreement on opening substantive discussions on the dispute, notably, both Guatemala and Belize are participating in the confidence-building measures, including the Guatemala-Belize Language Exchange Project. The outcome of any ruling handed down by the ICJ will be final and binding, Guatemala maintains official relations with the Republic of China. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1992, both countries are full members of Organization of American States and Association of Caribbean States. India maintains an embassy in Guatemala City, Guatemala has an embassy in New Delhi Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Guatemala began in 1838 after the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America. Mexico has an embassy in Guatemala City and a consulate in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala has an embassy in Mexico City and consulates-general in Oaxaca City, Tenosique, Tijuana, Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Veracruz City. Guatemala also has consulates in Ciudad Hidalgo, Comitán and Tapachula, in addition, there are two consular agencies in Acayucan and in Arriaga, in order to assist Guatemalan nationals who traverse Mexico in order to reach the United States. Both countries are members of the Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, see also, Guatemalan immigration to Mexico Guatemala has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Guatemala City, the establishment of diplomatic relations between the South Korea and Guatemala started on 24 October 1962. Guatemala has an embassy in Madrid, Spain has an embassy in Guatemala City. Relations between the United States and Guatemala traditionally have close, although at times strained by human rights. The United States, as a member of the Friends of Guatemala, along with Colombia, Mexico, Spain, Norway, to that end, the U. S. government committed over $500 million to support peace implementation since 1997. Violent criminal activity continues to be a problem in Guatemala, including murder, rape, in recent years the number of violent crimes reported by U. S. citizens has steadily increased, though the number of Americans traveling to Guatemala has also increased. Most U. S. assistance to Guatemala is provided through the U. S, agency for International Developments offices for Guatemala

26.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania

27.
Head of state
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A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president

Mariano Rivera Paz (24 December 1804 – 26 February 1849) was the Head of State of Guatemala, he served as Head of State …

Portrait of Rivera Paz at the National History Museum of Guatemala

Portrait of Mariano Rivera Paz

State Coat of Los Altos, carved in stone on the grave of heroes in the Cemetery of Quetzaltenango

General Francisco Morazán tried to invade Guatemala for the second time in 1840 after having invaded in 1829 and expelled members of the Aycinena clan and regular orders. In 1840 he was defeated by Carrera overwhelmingly, marking the end of his career in Central America