What 4 questions do you have to ask, to find out if a slimming product/program is reliable?

Is the report a scientific study, published in a reputable journal?

Was it written by a qualified person (not connected with sellers)?

Was the smaple of people tested large enough to give reliable results?

Have there been other studies which show similar results?

Diets and slimming products will only work if you...

Eat less fat/carbohydrates (to take in less energy), or do more exercise (to use more energy)

To lose weight, you must take in......then you use

Less energy

Does eating low fat bars mean that you'll lose weight?

No (eating them without changing the rest of your doesn't necessarily mean you'll lose weight - you will still be taking in too much energy)

Why does regular exercise decrease the risk of becoming obese?

Exercise increases the amount of energy used by the body and decreases the amount stored in fat. It also builds muscle so it helps your metabolic rate. The more energy you use (and the less fat you store), the less likely you are to become obese

Blood vessels get clogged with fatty cholesterol deposits which reduces blood flow to the heart, possibly leading to angina (chestpain), or a heart attack (if the vessel is blocked completely

Why is the liver important in controlling the amount of cholesterol in the body?

It makes new cholesterol and removes it from the blood so that it can be eliminated from the body

What does the amount of cholesterol your liver makes depend on?

It depends on your diet and inherited factors

Cholesterol is transported around the body in the blood by...

Lipoproteins (fat attached to protein)

What does HDL stand for?

High density lipoprotein

What does LDL stand for?

Low density lipoproteins

What do LDLs do?

They carry cholesterol from the liver to the body cells

Why are LDLs sometimes called 'bad cholesterol'?

They’re sometimes called ‘bad cholesterol’ as any excess can build up in the arteries

What do HDLs do?

HDLs carry cholesterol that isn’t needed from the body cells back to the liver for removal from the body

Are HDLs good cholesterol or bad cholesterol?

Good

Are LDLs good cholesterol or bad cholesterol?

Bad

The LDL/HDL balance is very important. Ideally, you want more......then......in the blood

HDLs, LDLs

What does BMI stand for?

Body Mass Index

What can BMI be used for?

To tell how healthy a person's weight is by finding out if you're a healthy weight for your height

What does 'Anorexia Nervosa' mean?

It means ‘loss of appetite for nervous reasons’ (they have lost the ability to allow themselves to satisfy their appetite)

How does anorexia distort your thoughts?

It makes it impossible for you to make rational decisions about food as you think you're fat all of the time

How can anorexia result in death?

People may starve themselves or die from malnutrition

What are the main 10 effects of anorexia?

Extreme weight loss

In children and teenagers, lack of growth

Constipation and abdominal pains

Fatigue and feeling faint

Bloated stomach, puffy face and ankles

Downy hair on the body

Poor blood circulation and feeling cold

Dry, rough, or discoloured skin

Loss of ‘periods’

Loss of bone mass and eventually osteoporosis (brittle bones)

Why are saturated fats bad for you?

They raise cholesterol in the blood by increasing the amount the liver makes and decreasing the amount it gets rid of – so they should be eaten in moderation

What are the main sources of saturated fats?

Animal fats and coconut

Saturated fats have......(C=C) double bonds

No

Why are polyunsaturated fats good for you?

They tend to lower blood cholesterol by increasing its removal from the body and improve the LDL/HDL balance

Polysaturated fats have......(C=C) double bond

More than one

What are the main sources of polysaturated fats?

Nuts and seeds (sunflower, sesame, quorn, soya)

What are the main sources of monosaturated fats?

Olives, avocadoes and peanuts

Monosaturated fats have......(C=C) double bond

Exactly one

Why are monostaurated fats good?

They help to lower blood cholesterol and improve the LDL/HDL balance. Also, they lower levels of heart disease in some cases

How many grams of salt does your body need a day?

6

What is another name for salt?

Sodium chloride

Why is salt needed in the body?

To help muscles and nerves to work and to regulate blood pressure

How could you change your cholesterol levels?

By exercising and reducing the amount of fat in your diet

Why are people who exercise regularly usually healthier then people who take little exercise?

They are less likely to be overweight and will have more muscle so will burn more energy. This controls their weight and means that they are less likely to get arthritis, diabetes and high blood pressure. It also reduces cholesterol levels which reduce the risk of heart disease

Using the data in Figure 3, which group of people do you think are most at risk of death? Why do you think this might be? What could they do to reduce the risk?

People who are least active are most at risk of dying. Unﬁt people have the most health problems and so any careful improvement in activity levels will be of beneﬁt and they will lose weight

Why do people who are very thin, and some people who are obese, suffer from deﬁciency diseases?

People who are very thin do not take in enough food to get all the nutrients (vitamins, minerals, etc.) they need. Some people who are obese eat a lot of junk/fast food which is very low in minerals and vitamins, high in salt, fat, etc. So both can suffer from deﬁ ciency diseases

One slimming programme controls your food intake. Another controls your food intake but also has an exercise programme. Which do you think would be the most effective? Explain your answer

The programme which combines controlled food intake and exercise. Taking in less energy and using up more energy will be most effective. It builds muscle which uses more energy

Why do you need more energy in your diet when you are 18 than when you are 80?

Generally, teenagers use more energy than the very elderly because they are more active and to build new cells as they are still growing

Why does a top athlete need more energy in their diet than you do? Where does the energy in the diet come from?

A top athlete probably has more muscle, which uses a lot of energy. The energy comes from proteins, fats and carbohydrates

Explain why some people put on weight more easily than others

Some people have a slower metabolic rate, some take less exercise, some eat more and do not use up all the energy they take in as food so they store the excess as fat

Why does a pregnant woman need more energy than a woman who isn’t pregnant?

Because a pregnant woman has to provide energy for a growing baby as well as herself