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Don't mess with Japanese honeybees. Not only do they cooperate to attack their enemies, researchers now say their brains may actually be processing and responding to the threat.

When confronted with their arch-enemy, the aggressive giant Asian hornet, the honeybees will attack it by swarming en masse around the hornet and forming what scientists call a "hot defensive bee ball" - a move unique to their species.

With up to 500 bees all vibrating their flight muscles at once, the bee ball cooks the hornet to death.

While this defensive manoeuvre has been known for some time, the mechanism behind it has been shrouded in mystery. But researchers at Japan's University of Tokyo , through study of the bees' brains, have now found that neural activity in bees taking part in the attack picks up.

"When the hornet, the Japanese honeybee's natural enemy, enters a colony, the bees quickly form a 'hot defensive bee ball,' trapping the hornet inside and heating it up to 46°C with their collective body heat," says Atsushi Ugajin of the University of Tokyo.

He says that while the high temperature phase lasts about 20 minutes, it often takes up to an hour before the hornet dies inside the ball.

The move is set off by bees posted as "guards" at the entrance to the colony whenever they detect an intruder. It is thought to have evolved because the bee's stingers aren't strong enough to penetrate the hornet's tough exo-skeleton, researchers say.

The research team, whose latest paper on the phenomenon recently appeared in the scientific journal PLoS ONE, was astounded by the fact that the collective heat generated by the group, while fatal for the hornet, leaves the bees unaffected.

Coordinated defence

They were also surprised that the bees used perfectly coordinated teamwork during the process, says Dr Takeo Kubo, a professor at the University of Tokyo graduate school.

"When an outsider enters, the honeybees are immediately on their guard. Then, all at once, they gather to attack," he says.

"So, it isn't one commanding all the rest, we believe in this moment of emergency they're acting collectively."

Curious about why the bees attack this way, the researchers examined their brains and found that neural activity increased in the bees involved with the bee ball, apparently reflecting processing of thermal stimuli.

The group also say that while this discovery may seem to demonstrate that the Japanese honeybee is "smarter" than its European counterpart, this is not the case - it's merely a matter of development in response to environmental factors.

"When a member of the colony, a worker drone, is killed, this is a grievous loss for the hive. Evolution has reacted in this way (for their survival)," says Masato Ono, a Japanese honeybee and hornet expert who was also part of the study.

And many fundamental unknowns remain.

"One of the great mysteries for us is how animals' brains have evolved and how they operate," says Kubo. "This will be for us the next great puzzle to examine."