Understanding DAI

Understanding ARP

ARP provides IP communication within a Layer 2 broadcast domain by mapping an IP address to a MAC address. For example, Host B wants to send information to Host A but does not have the MAC address of Host A in its ARP cache. Host B generates a broadcast message for all hosts within the broadcast domain to obtain the MAC address associated with the IP address of Host A. All hosts within the broadcast domain receive the ARP request, and Host A responds with its MAC address.

Understanding ARP Spoofing Attacks

ARP spoofing attacks and ARP cache poisoning can occur because ARP allows a gratuitous reply from a host even if an ARP request was not received. After the attack, all traffic from the device under attack flows through the attacker's computer and then to the router, switch, or host.

An ARP spoofing attack can target hosts, switches, and routers connected to your Layer 2 network by poisoning the ARP caches of systems connected to the subnet and by intercepting traffic intended for other hosts on the subnet. Figure 56-1 shows an example of ARP cache poisoning.

Figure 56-1 ARP Cache Poisoning

Hosts A, B, and C are connected to the switch on interfaces A, B and C, all of which are on the same subnet. Their IP and MAC addresses are shown in parentheses; for example, Host A uses IP address IA and MAC address MA. When Host A needs to communicate to Host B at the IP layer, it broadcasts an ARP request for the MAC address associated with IP address IB. When the switch and Host B receive the ARP request, they populate their ARP caches with an ARP binding for a host with the IP address IA and a MAC address MA; for example, IP address IA is bound to MAC address MA. When Host B responds, the switch and Host A populate their ARP caches with a binding for a host with the IP address IB and the MAC address MB.

Host C can poison the ARP caches of the switch for Host A, and Host B by broadcasting forged ARP responses with bindings for a host with an IP address of IA (or IB) and a MAC address of MC. Hosts with poisoned ARP caches use the MAC address MC as the destination MAC address for traffic intended for IA or IB. This means that Host C intercepts that traffic. Because Host C knows the true MAC addresses associated with IA and IB, it can forward the intercepted traffic to those hosts by using the correct MAC address as the destination. Host C has inserted itself into the traffic stream from Host A to Host B, which is the topology of the classic man-in-the middle attack.

Understanding DAI and ARP Spoofing Attacks

DAI is a security feature that validates ARP packets in a network. DAI intercepts, logs, and discards ARP packets with invalid IP-to-MAC address bindings. This capability protects the network from some man-in-the-middle attacks.

DAI ensures that only valid ARP requests and responses are relayed. The switch performs these activities:

•Intercepts all ARP requests and responses on untrusted ports

•Verifies that each of these intercepted packets has a valid IP-to-MAC address binding before updating the local ARP cache or before forwarding the packet to the appropriate destination

•Drops invalid ARP packets

DAI determines the validity of an ARP packet based on valid IP-to-MAC address bindings stored in a trusted database, the DHCP snooping binding database. This database is built by DHCP snooping if DHCP snooping is enabled on the VLANs and on the switch. If the ARP packet is received on a trusted interface, the switch forwards the packet without any checks. On untrusted interfaces, the switch forwards the packet only if it is valid.

You can configure DAI to drop ARP packets when the IP addresses in the packets are invalid or when the MAC addresses in the body of the ARP packets do not match the addresses specified in the Ethernet header (see the "Enabling Additional Validation" section).

Interface Trust States and Network Security

DAI associates a trust state with each interface on the switch. Packets arriving on trusted interfaces bypass all DAI validation checks, and those arriving on untrusted interfaces undergo the DAI validation process.

In a typical network configuration, you configure all switch ports connected to host ports as untrusted and configure all switch ports connected to switches as trusted. With this configuration, all ARP packets entering the network from a given switch bypass the security check. No other validation is needed at any other place in the VLAN or in the network. You configure the trust setting by using the ip arp inspection trust interface configuration command.

Caution Use the trust state configuration carefully. Configuring interfaces as untrusted when they should be trusted can result in a loss of connectivity.

In Figure 56-2, assume that both Switch A and Switch B are running DAI on the VLAN that includes Host 1 and Host 2. If Host 1 and Host 2 acquire their IP addresses from the DHCP server connected to Switch A, only Switch A binds the IP-to-MAC address of Host 1. Therefore, if the interface between Switch A and Switch B is untrusted, the ARP packets from Host 1 are dropped by Switch B. Connectivity between Host 1 and Host 2 is lost.

Figure 56-2 ARP Packet Validation on a VLAN Enabled for DAI

Configuring interfaces to be trusted when they are actually untrusted leaves a security hole in the network. If Switch A is not running DAI, Host 1 can easily poison the ARP cache of Switch B (and Host 2, if the link between the switches is configured as trusted). This condition can occur even though Switch B is running DAI.

DAI ensures that hosts (on untrusted interfaces) connected to a switch running DAI do not poison the ARP caches of other hosts in the network. However, DAI does not prevent hosts in other portions of the network from poisoning the caches of the hosts that are connected to a switch running DAI.

In cases in which some switches in a VLAN run DAI and other switches do not, configure the interfaces connecting such switches as untrusted. However, to validate the bindings of packets from switches where DAI is not configured, configure ARP ACLs on the switch running DAI. When you cannot determine such bindings, isolate switches running DAI at Layer 3 from switches not running DAI. For configuration information, see the "Sample Two: One Switch Supports DAI" section.

Note Depending on the setup of the DHCP server and the network, it might not be possible to validate a given ARP packet on all switches in the VLAN.

Rate Limiting of ARP Packets

The switch performs DAI validation checks, which rate limits incoming ARP packets to prevent a denial-of-service attack. By default, the rate for untrusted interfaces is 15 packets per second (pps). Trusted interfaces are not rate limited. You can change this setting by using the ip arp inspection limit interface configuration command.

When the rate of incoming ARP packets exceeds the configured limit, the switch places the port in the error-disabled state. The port remains in that state until you intervene. You can use the errdisable recovery global configuration command to enable error disable recovery so that ports automatically emerge from this state after a specified timeout period.

Relative Priority of ARP ACLs and DHCP Snooping Entries

ARP ACLs take precedence over entries in the DHCP snooping binding database. The switch uses ACLs only if you configure them by using the ip arp inspection filter global configuration command. The switch first compares ARP packets to user-configured ARP ACLs. If the ARP ACL denies the ARP packet, the switch also denies the packet even if a valid binding exists in the database populated by DHCP snooping.

Logging of Dropped Packets

When the switch drops a packet, it places an entry in the log buffer and then generates system messages on a rate-controlled basis. After the message is generated, the switch clears the entry from the log buffer. Each log entry contains flow information, such as the receiving VLAN, the port number, the source and destination IP addresses, and the source and destination MAC addresses.

You use the ip arp inspection log-buffer global configuration command to configure the number of entries in the buffer and the number of entries needed in the specified interval to generate system messages. You specify the type of packets that are logged by using the ip arp inspection vlan logging global configuration command. For configuration information, see the "Configuring DAI Logging" section.

The rate is 15 pps on untrusted interfaces, assuming that the network is a Layer 2-switched network with a host connecting to as many as 15 new hosts per second.

The rate is unlimited on all trusted interfaces.

The burst interval is 1 second.

ARP ACLs for non-DHCP environments

No ARP ACLs are defined.

Validation checks

No checks are performed.

Log buffer

When DAI is enabled, all denied or dropped ARP packets are logged.

The number of entries in the log is 32.

The number of system messages is limited to 5 per second.

The logging-rate interval is 1 second.

Per-VLAN logging

All denied or dropped ARP packets are logged.

DAI Configuration Guidelines and Restrictions

When configuring DAI, follow these guidelines and restrictions:

•DAI is an ingress security feature; it does not perform any egress checking.

•DAI is not effective for hosts connected to switches that do not support DAI or that do not have this feature enabled. Because man-in-the-middle attacks are limited to a single Layer 2 broadcast domain, separate the domain with DAI checks from the one with no checking. This action secures the ARP caches of hosts in the domain enabled for DAI.

•A physical port can join an EtherChannel port channel only when the trust state of the physical port and the channel port match.

Conversely, when you change the trust state on the port channel, the switch configures a new trust state on all the physical ports that comprise the channel.

•The operating rate for the port channel is cumulative across all the physical ports within the channel. For example, if you configure the port channel with an ARP rate limit of 400 pps, all the interfaces combined on the channel receive an aggregate 400 pps. The rate of incoming ARP packets on EtherChannel ports is equal to the sum of the incoming rate of packets from all the channel members. Configure the rate limit for EtherChannel ports only after examining the rate of incoming ARP packets on the channel-port members.

The rate of incoming packets on a physical port is checked against the port-channel configuration rather than the physical-ports configuration. The rate-limit configuration on a port channel is independent of the configuration on its physical ports.

If the EtherChannel receives more ARP packets than the configured rate, the channel (including all physical ports) is placed in the error-disabled state.

•Make sure to limit the rate of ARP packets on incoming trunk ports. Configure trunk ports with higher rates to reflect their aggregation and to handle packets across multiple DAI-enabled VLANs. You also can use the ip arp inspection limit none interface configuration command to make the rate unlimited. A high rate-limit on one VLAN can cause a denial-of-service attack to other VLANs when the software places the port in the error-disabled state.

•To enable a range of VLANs, enter a dash-separated pair of VLAN numbers.

•You can enter a comma-separated list of VLAN numbers and dash-separated pairs of VLAN numbers.

This example shows how to enable DAI on VLANs 10 through 12:

Router# configure terminal

Router(config)# ip arp inspection vlan 10-12

This example shows another way to enable DAI on VLANs 10 through 12:

Router# configure terminal

Router(config)# ip arp inspection vlan 10,11,12

This example shows how to enable DAI on VLANs 10 through 12 and VLAN 15:

Router# configure terminal

Router(config)# ip arp inspection vlan 10-12,15

This example shows how to verify the configuration:

Router(config)# do show ip arp inspection vlan 10-12,15| begin Vlan

Vlan Configuration Operation ACL Match Static ACL

---- ------------- --------- --------- ----------

10 Enabled Inactive

11 Enabled Inactive

12 Enabled Inactive

15 Enabled Inactive

Vlan ACL Logging DHCP Logging

---- ----------- ------------

10 Deny Deny

11 Deny Deny

12 Deny Deny

15 Deny Deny

Configuring the DAI Interface Trust State

The switch forwards ARP packets that it receives on a trusted interface, but does not check them.

On untrusted interfaces, the switch intercepts all ARP requests and responses. It verifies that the intercepted packets have valid IP-to-MAC address bindings before updating the local cache and before forwarding the packet to the appropriate destination. The switch drops invalid packets and logs them in the log buffer according to the logging configuration specified with the ip arp inspection vlan logging global configuration command. For more information, see the "Configuring DAI Logging" section.

–To specify a range of VLANs, enter a dash-separated pair of VLAN numbers.

–You can enter a comma-separated list of VLAN numbers and dash-separated pairs of VLAN numbers.

•(Optional) Specify static to treat implicit denies in the ARP ACL as explicit denies and to drop packets that do not match any previous clauses in the ACL. DHCP bindings are not used.

If you do not specify this keyword, it means that there is no explicit deny in the ACL that denies the packet, and DHCP bindings determine whether a packet is permitted or denied if the packet does not match any clauses in the ACL.

•ARP packets containing only IP-to-MAC address bindings are compared against the ACL. Packets are permitted only if the access list permits them.

This example shows how to apply an ARP ACL named example_arp_acl to VLANs 10 through 12 and VLAN 15:

•For rate pps, specify an upper limit for the number of incoming packets processed per second. The range is 0 to 2048 pps.

•The rate none keywords specify that there is no upper limit for the rate of incoming ARP packets that can be processed.

•(Optional) For burst intervalseconds (default is 1), specify the consecutive interval, in seconds, over which the interface is monitored for a high rate of ARP packets.The range is 1 to 15.

•When the rate of incoming ARP packets exceeds the configured limit, the switch places the port in the error-disabled state. The port remains in the error-disabled state until you enable error-disabled recovery, which allows the port to emerge from the error-disabled state after a specified timeout period.

•Unless you configure a rate-limiting value on an interface, changing the trust state of the interface also changes its rate-limiting value to the default value for the configured trust state. After you configure the rate-limiting value, the interface retains the rate-limiting value even when you change its trust state. If you enter the no ip arp inspection limit interface configuration command, the interface reverts to its default rate-limiting value.

Router(config-if)# do show ip arp inspection interfaces | include Int|--|5/14

Interface Trust State Rate (pps) Burst Interval

--------------- ----------- ---------- --------------

Fa5/14 Untrusted 20 2

Enabling DAI Error-Disabled Recovery

To enable DAI error-disabled recovery, perform this task:

Command

Purpose

Step 1

Router# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 2

Router(config)# errdisable recovery cause arp-inspection

(Optional) Enables DAI error-disabled recovery.

Step 3

Router(config)# do show errdisable recovery | include Reason|---|arp-

Verifies the configuration.

This example shows how to enable DAI error disabled recovery:

Router# configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)# errdisable recovery cause arp-inspection

Router(config)# do show errdisable recovery | include Reason|---|arp-

ErrDisable Reason Timer Status

----------------- --------------

arp-inspection Enabled

Enabling Additional Validation

DAI intercepts, logs, and discards ARP packets with invalid IP-to-MAC address bindings. You can enable additional validation on the destination MAC address, the sender and target IP addresses, and the source MAC address.

To enable additional validation, perform this task:

Command

Purpose

Step 1

Router# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 2

Router(config)# ip arp inspection validate {[dst-mac] [ip] [src-mac]}

(Optional) Enables additional validation.

Step 3

Router(config)# do show ip arp inspection | include abled$

Verifies the configuration.

The additional validations do the following:

•dst-mac—Checks the destination MAC address in the Ethernet header against the target MAC address in ARP body. This check is performed for ARP responses. When enabled, packets with different MAC addresses are classified as invalid and are dropped.

•ip—Checks the ARP body for invalid and unexpected IP addresses. Addresses include 0.0.0.0, 255.255.255.255, and all IP multicast addresses. Sender IP addresses are checked in all ARP requests and responses, and target IP addresses are checked only in ARP responses.

•src-mac—Checks the source MAC address in the Ethernet header against the sender MAC address in the ARP body. This check is performed on both ARP requests and responses. When enabled, packets with different MAC addresses are classified as invalid and are dropped.

When enabling additional validation, note the following information:

•You must specify at least one of the keywords.

•Each ip arp inspection validate command overrides the configuration from any previous commands. If an ip arp inspection validate command enables src-mac and dst-mac validations, and a second ip arp inspection validate command enables IP validation only, the src-mac and dst-mac validations are disabled as a result of the second command.

This example shows how to enable src-mac additional validation:

Router# configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)# ip arp inspection validate src-mac

Router(config)# do show ip arp inspection | include abled$

Source Mac Validation : Enabled

Destination Mac Validation : Disabled

IP Address Validation : Disabled

This example shows how to enable dst-mac additional validation:

Router# configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)# ip arp inspection validate dst-mac

Router(config)# do show ip arp inspection | include abled$

Source Mac Validation : Disabled

Destination Mac Validation : Enabled

IP Address Validation : Disabled

This example shows how to enable ip additional validation:

Router# configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)# ip arp inspection validate ip

Router(config)# do show ip arp inspection | include abled$

Source Mac Validation : Disabled

Destination Mac Validation : Disabled

IP Address Validation : Enabled

This example shows how to enable src-mac and dst-mac additional validation:

Router# configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)# ip arp inspection validate src-mac dst-mac

Router(config)# do show ip arp inspection | include abled$

Source Mac Validation : Enabled

Destination Mac Validation : Enabled

IP Address Validation : Disabled

This example shows how to enable src-mac, dst-mac, and ip additional validation:

Router# configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)# ip arp inspection validate src-mac dst-mac ip

Router(config)# do show ip arp inspection | include abled$

Source Mac Validation : Enabled

Destination Mac Validation : Enabled

IP Address Validation : Enabled

Configuring DAI Logging

DAI Logging Overview

When DAI drops a packet, it places an entry in the log buffer and then generates system messages on a rate-controlled basis. After the message is generated, DAI clears the entry from the log buffer. Each log entry contains flow information, such as the receiving VLAN, the port number, the source and destination IP addresses, and the source and destination MAC addresses.

A log-buffer entry can represent more than one packet. For example, if an interface receives many packets on the same VLAN with the same ARP parameters, DAI combines the packets as one entry in the log buffer and generates a single system message for the entry.

If the log buffer overflows, it means that a log event does not fit into the log buffer, and the display for the show ip arp inspection log privileged EXEC command is affected. Two dashes ("--") appear instead of data except for the packet count and the time. No other statistics are provided for the entry. If you see this entry in the display, increase the number of entries in the log buffer or increase the logging rate.

Configuring the DAI Logging Buffer Size

To configure the DAI logging buffer size, perform this task:

Command

Purpose

Step 1

Router# configure terminal

Enters global configuration mode.

Step 2

Router(config)# ip arp inspection log-bufferentries number

Configures the DAI logging buffer size (range is 0 to 1024).

Step 3

Router(config)# do show ip arp inspection log | include Size

Verifies the configuration.

This example shows how to configure the DAI logging buffer for 64 messages:

When configuring the DAI logging system messages, note the following information:

•For logsnumber_of_messages (default is 5), the range is 0 to 1024. A 0 value means that the entry is placed in the log buffer, but a system message is not generated.

•For intervallength_in_seconds (default is 1), the range is 0 to 86400 seconds (1 day). A 0 value means that a system message is immediately generated (and the log buffer is always empty). An interval setting of 0 overrides a log setting of 0.

•System messages are sent at the rate of number_of_messages per length_in_seconds.

This example shows how to configure DAI logging to send 12 messages every 2 seconds:

Router# configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)# ip arp inspection log-buffer logs 12 interval 2

Router(config)# do show ip arp inspection log | include Syslog

Syslog rate : 12 entries per 2 seconds.

This example shows how to configure DAI logging to send 20 messages every 60 seconds.

When configuring the DAI log filtering, note the following information:

•By default, all denied packets are logged.

•For vlan_range, you can specify a single VLAN or a range of VLANs:

–To specify a single VLAN, enter a single VLAN number.

–To specify a range of VLANs, enter a dash-separated pair of VLAN numbers.

–You can enter a comma-separated list of VLAN numbers and dash-separated pairs of VLAN numbers.

•acl-match matchlog—Logs packets based on the DAI ACL configuration. If you specify the matchlog keyword in this command and the log keyword in the permit or deny ARP access-list configuration command, ARP packets permitted or denied by the ACL are logged.

•acl-match none—Does not log packets that match ACLs.

•dhcp-bindings all—Logs all packets that match DHCP bindings.

•dhcp-bindings none—Does not log packets that match DHCP bindings.

•dhcp-bindings permit—Logs DHCP-binding permitted packets.

This example shows how to configure the DAI log filtering for VLAN 100 not to log packets that match ACLs:

Displaying DAI Information

To display DAI information, use the privileged EXEC commands described in Table 56-2.

Table 56-2 Commands for Displaying DAI Information

Command

Description

show arp access-list [acl_name]

Displays detailed information about ARP ACLs.

show ip arp inspection interfaces [interface_id]

Displays the trust state and the rate limit of ARP packets for the specified interface or all interfaces.

show ip arp inspection vlanvlan_range

Displays the configuration and the operating state of DAI for the specified VLAN. If no VLANs are specified or if a range is specified, displays information only for VLANs with DAI enabled (active).

To clear or display DAI statistics, use the privileged EXEC commands in Table 56-3.

Table 56-3 Commands for Clearing or Displaying DAI Statistics

Command

Description

clear ip arp inspection statistics

Clears DAI statistics.

show ip arp inspection statistics [vlanvlan_range]

Displays statistics for forwarded, dropped, MAC validation failure, IP validation failure, ACL permitted and denied, and DHCP permitted and denied packets for the specified VLAN. If no VLANs are specified or if a range is specified, displays information only for VLANs with DAI enabled (active).

For the show ip arp inspection statistics command, the switch increments the number of forwarded packets for each ARP request and response packet on a trusted DAI port. The switch increments the number of ACL-permitted or DHCP-permitted packets for each packet that is denied by source MAC, destination MAC, or IP validation checks, and the switch increments the appropriate failure count.

To clear or display DAI logging information, use the privileged EXEC commands in Table 56-4:

DAI Configuration Samples

Sample One: Two Switches Support DAI

This procedure shows how to configure DAI when two switches support this feature. Host 1 is connected to Switch A, and Host 2 is connected to Switch B as shown in Figure 56-2. Both switches are running DAI on VLAN 1 where the hosts are located. A DHCP server is connected to Switch A. Both hosts acquire their IP addresses from the same DHCP server. Switch A has the bindings for Host 1 and Host 2, and Switch B has the binding for Host 2. Switch A Fast Ethernet port 6/3 is connected to the Switch B Fast Ethernet port 3/3.

Sample Two: One Switch Supports DAI

This procedure shows how to configure DAI when Switch B shown in Figure 56-2 does not support DAI or DHCP snooping.

If switch Switch B does not support DAI or DHCP snooping, configuring Fast Ethernet port 6/3 on Switch A as trusted creates a security hole because both Switch A and Host 1 could be attacked by either Switch B or Host 2.

To prevent this possibility, you must configure Fast Ethernet port 6/3 on Switch A as untrusted. To permit ARP packets from Host 2, you must set up an ARP ACL and apply it to VLAN 1. If the IP address of Host 2 is not static, which would make it impossible to apply the ACL configuration on Switch A, you must separate Switch A from Switch B at Layer 3 and use a router to route packets between them.

To set up an ARP ACL on switch Switch A, follow these steps:

Step 1 Configure the access list to permit the IP address 1.1.1.1 and the MAC address 0001.0001.0001, and verify the configuration: