11 September, 2014

America knows how to market itself, its products, and its
ideas. For better or for worse, for richer or poorer, American marketing
creativity, power, and prestige influence consumers the world over.

PhilipKotler, best known for the marketing principle of the four Ps—product, price,
promotion, and place—takes us on a guided tour of American marketing, including
its origins and trends, its relationship to economics, and its criticisms.

His
talk will include examples of exemplary marketing. Kotler is professor of
marketing at Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management, and his
textbooks serve as the basis for graduate business programs worldwide.

Importance of horizontal communication is as follows-1.Quick solution of problems2.Increase the efficiency of peers3.Developing informal relationships4.Co-ordination of activities5.Enhancing mutual understanding6.Improve inter-department communication7.Less distortion of information8. Strength ending group efforts9.Performing in the department communication10.Gain benefits of informal communication11.Dynamism of workplace.

25 March, 2013

Communication taking places with in the purview of organizational area call internal communication.In others works when people of the same organization exchange information between and among themselves it can be termed as internal communication.Internal communication can be downward or upward and horizontal.It can be written or oral.

Internal Communication

"Internal communication concise in transmitting information with in the organization."

< R.P. Pal & J.S.Korahalli

"Message exchange between higher official, executives and employees of a same or organization is known as internal communication."

< S.P.Arora

Form the above dis cation we can say that-

It is a type of communication which ac-curs internally

It is the transmission of information between same level on different level organizational employee.

Advantages of downward communication

1.Efficiency: Subordinates get the necessary information from the superiors.As a result,they can perform their duties and thus their efficiency is increased.

2.Systematic flow: Because of the systematic flow of information under this communication,it is possible to maintain good relations at all stages of the organization.

3.Discipline: Chain of command is completely maintained in downward communication.So a sense of discipline is developed among the employees.

4.To inform: Policies and procedures designed by the upper level management are required to be communicated to the subordinates and therefore superiors take the help of downward communication.

5.Explanation: Subordinates need explanation of organizational policies,procedures,practice and rules etc.These explanations are sent to subordinates through downward communication.

6.No by passing: As chain of command is clear in downward communication,so no superior can send any message to may subordinate through by passing the immediate next subordinate.

7.Delegation of authority: Delegation of authority is facilitated through downward communication.This is possible because such communication flows from upper level to the lower level of an organization.

8.Developing functional relation: Downward communication is helpful to increase functional relation among the officers and the lower level employees.Sender and receiver both have the mentality to work together to fulfill the assigned task.

9.To begin action: Such communication inspires the employees to task initiative because they are aware regarding their specific tasks.So,downward communication helps to begin action.

10.Completeness: This is a complete form of communication because the boss is conscious about every pattern of communication.

1.To give idea: With the help of downward communication objectives,policies,rules are explained to the subordinates by superior to give complete understanding.

2.To give direction: To direct any assignment,job or task to the subordinates,superior makes downward communication.

3.Assignment of job: To assign job according to efficiency of the workers,superior makes justification through downward communication.

4.To encourage: Employees are required to be motivated to work more to achieve organizational objectives.Management has to resort to downward communication to encourage the lower level employees.

5.To evaluate: Supervisors evaluate works performed by the employees.Downward communication is used to inform the employees of their evaluations.

6.To inform job rationale: An important objective of this type of communication is to give information regarding the rationale of the task assigned and its relation to other organizational task.

7.To inform job significance: Use of downward communication also helps to inform the subordinates regarding the significance of the job entrusted to them.

8.To control: Since necessary instructions are forwarded through downward communication,employees are very much aware about their task and activities.Therefore such communication can act as a control tool.

9.To explain about change: Changes are dependent to circumstances.When there is any change in respect of plans,policies,procedures or rules etc. such are communication with explanation through downward communication.

10.To maintain discipline: Such communication follows the organizational hierarchy,so every section unit or department must follow the set rules or procedure.As a result discipline is ensured.

It is not very easy to have a smooth upward communication.
Although upward communication is merited with many advantages but it is not
very easy to have a smooth upward flow due to following reasons:

Disadvantages of Upward Communication

1. Distortion:
Upward communication is intentionally distorted. Such distortion hampers the
real objective of any communication.

2. Unwillingness:
Employees are usually reluctant to start upward communication. The managers
might keep their doors open but they cannot force the employees to walk into
their room.

3. Fear:
Employees often feel that if they communicate their problems to their superiors
it may affect negatively to their efficiency. The complaint or criticism placed
by the subordinates may be interpreted as a sign of their personal weakness or
limitation.

4. By passing:
In the process of upward communication, sometimes workers directly approach the
top most authority with their suggestions or by passing their immediate boss.
This proves harmful in two ways. The relations become poor between superiors
and workers and works are damaged.

5. Recklessness:
Taking the opportunity of upward communication, sometimes the subordinates
behave desperately with their bosses. This can hamper the chain of command in
any organization.

6. Flattery:
In order to convince the superiors, subordinates can take the help of flattery.
Decision taken on such incomplete information will be wrong to serve the
organizational purpose.

7. Insufficiency:
Subordinates may not be aware regarding the sufficiency or completeness of any
information. Inadequate information will bring zero outcomes.

8. Errors and
omission: Most of the lower level employees are not aware regarding
many aspects of an organization. During performance of any upward communication
they may commit errors and mistakes.

Upward communication plays a vital role for attaining
organization goal. The respective advantages of such communication are as
follows:

Advantages of Upward Communication

1. Decision Making:
Upper management wants to know specific information regarding production,
procurement, marketing, financial matters and so on before making any decision.
Subordinates supply the related information through upward communication and
thus decision making is made easier and quick.

2. Providing
Counsel: Subordinates can provide their constructive opinions to the
superiors through upward communication. These opinions may be useful to the
achievement of organizational goals.

3.Motivation:
Up-word communication allows the lower level staff to express their attitude or
opinion to upper level staff. As a result subordinates are influenced to work
more towards fulfillment to target.

4. Feedback:
Through such communication, the subordinates send back their reactions to the
decision sent by the superiors. Thus upper level management can ensure whether
the lower level employees have accepted the message sent by the superiors.