Abstract [en]

It is well known that inclusions affect the properties of the steel and other alloys. The importance of understanding the behavior of the inclusions during production can never be overstated. This study has examined the main types of big size (> 10 mu m) inclusions that exist in Ni-based Alloy at the end of ladle treatment and after casting during industrial production of Ni based Alloys 825. Sources, mechanisms of formation and behavior of different type large size inclusions in Alloy 825 are discussed based on 2 and 3D investigations of inclusion characteristics (such as, morphology, composition, size, and number) and thermodynamic considerations. The large size inclusions found can be divided in spherical (Type I and II) inclusions and in clusters (Type III-V). Type I-A inclusions (Al2O3-CaO-MgO) originate from the slag. Type I-B inclusions and Type II inclusions consist of CaO-Al2O3-MgO and Al2O3-TiO2-CaO, respectively. Both types originate from the FeTi70R alloy. Type III clusters (Al2O3-MgO-CaO) are formed during an Al deoxidation of the Ni-based alloy. Type IV clusters (Al2O3-TiO2-CaO) formed from small inclusions, which are precipitated in local zones which contain high Ti and Al levels. These clusters are transformed to Type III clusters over time in the ladle. Finally, Type V clusters are typical TiN clusters.

Kellner, Hans

Abstract [en]

It is well known that inclusions affect the properties of steels and alloys. Therefore, it is important to understand what type of inclusions that exist and how they behave and especially with a focus on large size inclusions. Thus, the large size non-metallic inclusions in ferroalloy FeTi70R were investigated in two dimensions (2D) by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with an energy dispersive technique (EDS). It was found that the FeTi70R ferroalloy contain complex oxide inclusions consisting mostly of CaO, SiO2 and TiOx. Furthermore, experimental trials were performed to investigate how these inclusions behaved when entering a melt. More specifically, a comparison between pure Fe and an Alloy 825 grade were made. These results determined the parameters effect on the transformation of the inclusions in the melt.

The large size non-metallic inclusions in Alloy 825 during the ladle treatment were investigated during industrial trials by using both two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) microscopic investigations. The results showed that inclusions consisted of spherical oxides and clusters made up of oxides and nitrides. Further investigations found that the spherical inclusions were transformed from existing NMI in the FeTi70R ferroalloy and slag particles. As for the clusters, they originate from deoxidation products. Furthermore, small inclusions precipitated in the local zones around the added FeTi70R ferroalloy and titanium nitrides. Investigations also found that only Al2O3-MgO and TiN clusters exist after casting.

Industrial trials were performed during the last period of the ladle treatment and using a combined electromagnetic (EMS) and gas (GS) stirring. The purpose to investigate the effect of different EMS directions on the agglomeration and on the removal of Al2O3-MgO and TiN clusters. The investigations were then performed in 3D after an electrolytic extraction of the metal samples. The results show that electromagnetic stirring in the upwards direction is best for the agglomeration of the Al2O3-MgO and TiN clusters. However, electromagnetic stirring in the downwards direction is more effective to remove clusters from the melt. This is in agreement with the theoretical predictions based on Stokes’, Brownian and Turbulent collisions. Also, the calculations showed that for Al2O3-MgO clusters with sizes <20 μm the Turbulent collision is the defining factor for agglomeration. However, both Stokes’ and Turbulent collisions are dominant for larger inclusions. For the TiN clusters, turbulent collisions is the dominant factor.

Further investigations with more heats and stirring modes were done by using 2D microscopic investigations. More specifically, the number, size, composition and morphology of different inclusions were determined by using SEM in combination with EDS and Inca Feature analyses. The results show that the EMS in downwards direction with a 0.04 m3 min-1 gas flow rate promotes a general removal of Al2O3-MgO and TiN inclusions. Furthermore, that the upwards EMS direction promotes a drastically increase of inclusions having an equivalent size smaller than 11.2 μm. Moreover, the stirring with a 0.02 m3 min-1 gas flow rate has a better removal rate for both downwards and upwards stirring directions compared to the stirring with a 0.04 m3 min-1 gas flow rate. However, no influence on the inclusion composition and morphology could be seen from the different stirring modes.