The politics of fishing in East Africa

I have
wanted to work in Africa since I was a child. No other continent reflected my
dreams like Africa. Maybe it was the majestic lions and spritely gazelles - and
the mix of terror and awe I felt watching a hunt on Animal Kingdom.

Maybe it was the openness of the savannah
punctuated by blooming acacias.

Maybe it was the books by Jane Goodall that
described a woman I wanted so badly to be.

In the end, however, I suspect I was
drawn to Africa by a force I could neither name nor recognize as a child: one
needs to have a reason to go to
Africa.

In graduate
school at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, a reason to go to Africa was
planted as a zygote of a thought. I became aware of ongoing economic imperialism
in African fisheries. Many African nations sell access to their fishing grounds
to foreign, primarily European, industries. The selling nation earns payment
but loses access to most of the fish.

I began to wonder, what impact does this
arrangement have on the nutrition of Africans who had previously consumed the
seafood now served in foreign markets? There are researchers studying this
question, but the answers are not yet fully known.

The
considerations are complex. Are fishing agreements rewarding African nations
for fish they otherwise might not harvest? What happens to the money paid to
African governments for this access? Are European fleets displacing African
fishing vessels? Are the selling nations being fairly paid for their resources?
Do foreign fleets displace local and subsistence fishers? Do these arrangements
encourage unsustainable levels of fishing? To put a very fine point on it: are
Western nations stealing food from Africa to support an expanding, and often
superfluous, appetite for frutti di mare
- the fruit of the sea?

To answer
these questions, I needed to travel to Africa - finally, I had my reason! In 2011,
after completing a postdoctoral research position at the University of Kansas,
I set out with colleagues Cullen Hendrix and Idean Saleyhan, then from the
University of North Texas, to study climate change and civil conflict in
Uganda. My interest was in Lake Victoria.

Lake
Victoria, the world’s second largest lake, is surrounded by Uganda, Tanzania
and Kenya, and it epitomizes the complex interactions of natural processes, like
water chemistry and ecology, and human processes, like fishing and pollution.

Over
40 million people live in the Lake’s basin, and millions depend directly or
indirectly on resources from the lake: water for irrigation, drinking and
bathing; a means of transportation and waste disposal; and hundreds of thousands
of tons of fish each year.

Sixty years
ago, the primary fisheries in Lake Victoria were native cichlids, catfishes,
and native tilapia. In 1954, however, Nile perch was introduced to the Lake. This
species has since established itself as one of the dominant species, and it has
won that spot by consuming the fishes that once supported artisanal fisheries. Economically
speaking, the Nile perch fishery is second only to coffee as the largest export
commodity in Uganda, and undoubtedly there are many people who owe their
livelihoods to the capture of Nile perch.

However,
dramatic changes in the ecosystem of the Lake combined with a rapidly growing
human population make it unclear whether the fishery may also be undermining
local food security. Almost all Nile perch is exported, primarily to Europe but
also to the United States, the Middle East, and elsewhere in Africa.

Those
exports constitute a source of protein to which people living in East Africa no
longer have access. On the other hand, those exports generate revenue, and revenue
can be used to buy grains, goats, and vegetables. Scientists who have studied
this issue caution that while malnutrition and hunger around Lake Victoria is
rampant, the causes are far more complex than the volume of fish exports from
the Lake.

While in
Uganda during 2011, Dr. Hendrix and I, now both at William & Mary, were
invited to the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI)
located at the headwaters of the Nile River in Jinja. They have been collecting
extensive data about the Lake’s fisheries for decades, but they were looking
for training in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze these data.

A research
collaboration was born.

In 2012, Dr. Hendrix and I returned to NaFIRRI hauling with us computers, software, three
William &Mary students and a GIS instructor and recent W&M law school
graduate. Colleen Devlin ’13, Alyssa Luisi ’14 and Catherine Mahoney ’15
assisted John Holden in teaching GIS to 16 NaFIRRI scientists and students,
themselves having just completed a one-week crash course at W&M’s Center
for Geospatial Analysis.

In return, NaFIRRI took us to local fishing villages,
provided us with translators, set up interviews, and shared with us data from
the Lake. Our project had expanded to investigate the interactions between
fishing, food security and conflict among Lake basin communities.

On that
trip, our students learned more about the world than any single course could
teach them.

They met people who simply did not believe that none of us had ever
had malaria. They saw massive factories and aquaculture facilities, all
Chinese-owned. They met eighty-year old taxi drivers who had Britney Spears
ringtones and saw children carrying dirty jerry cans of water for miles for their
families. They ate chapati, matoke (banana mash, a local staple), ground nuts
and goat. They learned about circumcision ceremonies and the controversies surrounding
modern-day polygamy. They danced with children at an AIDS orphanage. They saw for
themselves both the promises and perils of globalization in developing
countries.

The
research we began last year continues, and we will return to Uganda this coming
summer of 2013 with more students and more technology. Our research has been
funded by the Reves Center for International Studies, the Institute for the Theory and Practice of
International Relations, the Center for Geospatial Analysis and the Charles
Center.

We recently were awarded a
National Science Foundation grant to fund this project though 2014, and we plan
to expand in years to come.

And while
we bring much with us, we know we always will always return with so much
more.

This article originally appeared in the Spring 2013 issue of World Minded magazine.