When humans modify and alter natural things, they produce objects more or less
cultural and artefactual, depending on extent of modification and interactions

Problem of restoration-greater interaction results in more natural object

How humans affect the landscape matters too: attempts to restore land
versus farm it, the former have much less impact on nature.

No nec separation culture and nature

Humans can be integrated into nature to varying degrees (e.g., indigenous people
and individuals with ecological lifestyle)

Many envs: 55

Environments are more or less natural by degree

From wilderness, to slightly modified areas in the past (e.g., National Parks), to
countryside, to suburban, to urban, highly cultured artifactual areas and typical art
objects and other artefacts including technological objects (cars)

Parks and gardens often less natural than they might appear

But even in cities, nature has a role: weeds, animals, natural building
materials

Difference between types of env (more cultural/artefactual or more natural) affect our app
and aes qualities

Is this the claim that exact same perceptual characteristics will be (should be) aes
app differently depending on whether they are natural or cultural?

Is managed wilderness not natural because we manage it?

When we manage an area we imprint our culture on envs through planning and
conservation

Cultural landscape/environments

E.g., countryside, grazed lands, hedge rows

Object of Appreciation 60

Two dimensions determine app

Nature of object, kind of thing, and its origin (obj of app)

Context of object, context of app and situation of aes object (context of app)

Differences natural envs and artworks

Biggest dif in origin: Art intentional and nature not

Art embodies ideas and intentions of maker

Art is about something: have rep, expressive content; meanings given by
artist; so app is directed by artist

Nature not planned or executed, greater spontaneity, app not directed by
artist

Not look at natural object in attempt to "read" the meanings that the artist
put there

Example of a stature made by artist or by nature

Although all the perceptual qualities are the same, we should not look for
signs of craftsmanship

Assuming god did not design nature

Natural teleology is not intentionality

Does lack of intentionality affect expressive qualities?

Natural objects can have expressive aspects

How is not all that clear

And Ziff argues that these expressive qualities not affected (impaired) by not being an
artefact

This seems problematic

Aes objects with mixed origins: both intentional and non-intentional aspect

Get conflict between two, and tension

See object as dynamic interactive relationship between natural processes
and human activity?

"Explore meaning in relation to qual we perceive through what we sense,
imagine, feel emotionally about nature, or by the various narratives and
knowledge that may be fed into aes exp, (e.g., folklore, natural and human
history, myths, and religious)

Not anything goes

Role of personal exp:Is personal experience part of aes exp? (67 & 74)

On p. 67 suggests that personal, and individual experience may permissibly be
brought to the aes appreciation

Conflicts with Kant's (and her?) claims about DI?

Cow example: "As I hear cows munching I am reminded of first time walked
through pasture, when pleasure tinged with fear of cows"

DI requires we recognize certain meanings as personal and separate them from
more generalizable inter. 74

Landscape becomes imbued with meaning from personal asso

Emotion source of interpretation

Dark, tall, heavy trees of forest lead to ascription of expressive qualities of being
magical or scary

Philosophers disagree about point of interpretation of art

Three views:

One: Achieve under of artwork; do so by getting correct inter by ref to artist's
intentions

Two: Proper aim is to maximize enjoyable aes exp and this can be done via a range
of acceptable inter of work

Three: No single proper aim

Brady embraces second position above:

For Brady, point of interpretation is to enhance aes app: 75

"Although I find it a little on humanistic side and even hedonistic side, 2nd
position is more appro to natural and aes context"

"When no longer dealing with artefacts, proper aim of interpretation is to enrich
aes app in ways that enhance our aes encounters with natural env.

Is her idea these are the only two alternative aims of interpretation?

But not aimed at increasing our pleasure

One goal (in addition to app object for its own sake) is to increase respect for
nature: We should hope for and as a side effect to increase our sensitivity to
natural qualities and greater respect for nature

80: Aim of inter should fit with spirit of aes app as enriching encounter with
natural world

Why must it enrich?

Aim of aes is to enhance app by expanding our ways of relating to dif envs 81

Why must interpretation of nature aim to increase value we find there?