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1 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games: The Past, Present, and Future LEIGH ACHTERBOSCH, ROBYN PIERCE, AND GREGORY SIMMONS School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ballarat, Australia Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) are emerging in the computer game industry as a very popular genre. These games have existed since the late 1990s, but in the last few years the market has become increasingly strong. This relatively new genre is attracting a widespread audience, bringing together those who previously enjoyed both pen and paper and computer role-playing games, as well as those who enjoy socializing with other players in a virtual environment. Game developers see MMORPGs as a potentially profitable business due to its widespread appeal, but the reality is that only a small percentage of MMORPGs that are released become a success [Kosak 2006]. This article attempts to determine the many aspects that make a successful MMORPG; it also attempts to ascertain what new and innovative features are expected by the users from the next generation of MMORPGs. This is achieved by looking at and discussing past literature and surveying the MMORPG community s perception of previous and current MMORPGs, as well as their expectations of the next generation. An online survey attracted 122 participants to provide their perceptions of current and past MMORPGs. This article determines and outlines the respondents preferences in the MMORPG genre, discussing what implications these could have on its future. The survey also gave insight into the respondents expectations of the future of MMORPGs. We conclude this article with a discussion of aspects of current MMORPGs that the participants would like improved, as well as new features they would like incorporated into the next generation of games. Categories and Subject Descriptors K.8.0 [Personal Computing] General Games General Terms: Human Factors Keywords: MMORPG, Multiplayer Games, Socialization, Game Development. ACM Reference Format: Achterbosch, L., Pierce, R., and Simmons, G. Massively multiplayer online role-playing games: The past, present, and future. ACM Comput. Entertain., 5, 4, Article 9 (March 2008). 33 Pages. DOI = / INTRODUCTION Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) are a fast-growing computer game genre; they are multiplayer role-playing games (RPGs) played online over the internet in a persistent world with hundreds, or even thousands of people simultaneously connected to the same server. A persistent world is an online game world that continues to function even when a player logs out and no longer participates in it. A The authors are with the University of Ballarat, University Drive, Mount Helen, Ballarat, Victoria 3353, Australia. Permission to make digital/hard copy of part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the copyright notice, the title of the publication, and its date of appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Permission may be requested from the Publications Dept., ACM, Inc., 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY , USA, fax: +1 (212) , 2008 ACM /08/1000-ART9 $5.00 DOI /

2 9: 2 L. Achterbosch et al. player can log back in at any time and continue from where he or she left off. While a player is logged out, other players can continue to play in the virtual world. A player assumes the role of a fictional character and then controls that character s actions. This genre of games, like the single-player variety of RPGs, focuses on players carrying out quests with distinguishable goals. Unlike the single-player variety, players can accomplish their goals collaboratively with other players or may choose to compete against others. 1.1 Statement of Purpose The key aims of this research are to determine the evolutional aspects of MMORPGs by analyzing literature related to MMORPG history and its influences and by exploring MMORPG players perceptions and expectations. This research also aims to discover some of the commercially successful MMORPG s innovative or evolutional features, and then see if they fall within the players' expectations. We also explore players' (current and those who played MMORPGs in the past and still have a keen interest in the genre) expectations of future MMORPGs. 1.2 Related Research Current research in the area of MMORPGs fits mainly into one of four categories: (1) The social interactions between players in MMORPGs. In online games, socializing is a large component of how the game is built, especially in an online role- playing game, due to the dynamics behind forming groups capable of defeating enemies and advancing through the game together. Yee [2006] has an ongoing study on socialization in MMORPGs, in which more than 40,000 people have participated over 6 years.. Yee states that the appeal of these games is strong for a wide age range of players, who average 22 hours per week in play [Yee, in press]. Other researchers such as Foo and Koivisto [2004] identified players they termed Griefers, who would intentionally disrupt another player s experience in the game. Further on we will see how the participants of the survey viewed socialization in MMORPGs. (2) The different architectures to build MMORPGs. The architecture to build a MMORPG can determine many different things: How many people can be active simultaneously on one server? How much control over the game do the developers maintain? And what up-front costs does a developer need before launching the game to the public? Many of these questions have been considered, for example, Kabus et al.[2005] looked at ways to reduce upfront costs using a peer-2-peer model, rather than what many researchers thought of as the traditional architecture: a client-server model {Kabus et al. 2005; Saha et al. 2003; Yamamoto et al. 2005). (3) The effects of latency on MMORPGs. The word latency is used to describe how much time it takes a packet of data to get from one designated point to another. If internet data traffic is congested, the packet may take longer to reach its destination than normal, which causes delayed actions in the game, much like a live satellite transmission delay. Even at a latency of 1000ms (milliseconds), EverQuest, a popular MMORPG, still responded accurately to the player s actions [Fritsch et al. 2005]. The authors [Fritsch et al. 2005] discovered that this was so because EverQuest has an action queuing system, whereby many actions can be queued, and are performed as soon as a previous action finishes. Each action usually takes at least one second to perform, thus catering to the 1000ms

3 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games 9: 3 latency. Do MMORPG players believe that in the future latencies will need to improve (decrease) to accommodate a new generation of MMORPGs? (4) Problems that plague MMORPGs. There are many problems affecting MMORPGs that need to be resolved to make the games more enjoyable. Some research has focused on cheating within the game to gain an unfair advantage [Golle and Ducheneaut 2005]; hacking an account and using it illegally [Chen et al. 2005b]; and counterfeiting documents to obtain an account illegally ( Chen et al. 2005a; 2005b]. The research reported in this study does not specifically fit into any of these four categories, but attempted to use parts of the four aspects as a guideline to create a survey, which helped to determine the players perceptions of these features and issues. 1.3 Significance of the Study MMORPGs represent a fast growing sector of the personal computer (PC) games' market, so a study such as this may help inform MMORPG developers how to better meet user expectations, and thus is significant. As an example, one game in the genre, World of Warcraft (shown in Figure 1), boasts over 8.5 million current subscribers worldwide [Blizzard Entertainment 2007]. The game is purchased from a retail outlet at a regular price consistent with that of other PC game prices; but to log in to the persistent world an additional subscription fee must be paid on a monthly basis. At the time of writing the monthly fee was $15 USD, payable with credit card, or a prepaid card purchasable from many game retail stores. The first month is free, and there is a small discount if three or six months are purchased in advance. Fig. 1. World of Warcraft.

4 9: 4 L. Achterbosch et al. However, the World of Warcraft is a successful MMORPG. There are many that are abandoned before development has concluded or simply forgotten, if they make it to a launch. In an interview with Dave Kosak, Robert Garriott, a veteran of the game development business, says: It's funny, a lot of companies look at our business from the outside and say, 'Wow! This is a high profit business! We wanna get into it.' But the reality is different. Everything looks greener from the outside. But if you look at our business, how many companies are really making money in the online game space? There's NCSoft, Blizzard... but outside of a few companies it's questionable. To reach the sort of volume necessary to make money, given the costs of development, and the time it takes -- there are a lot more easier ways to make money than the online game space! Given those risks, a lot of people have chosen not to invest in these experimental projects. [Kosak 2006] The research reported in this study aims to determine what it is that players liked in past MMORPGs and what they want to see in future games. If developers and venture capitalists can be further informed about players interests, it will help to mitagate risk and make MMORPG development more viable. 2. RESEARCH APPROACH To meet the objectives of this study, the authors devised three approaches: The first approach consists of reviewing some factors that had an influence on MMORPG design and development (detailed in Section 3 of this study). This review considers many MMORPG aspects and features and looked for their sources. With the sources established, there is then a discussion of why these features (which also helped formulate questions in the survey in the next section) were important to the evolution of MMORPGs. Taking the second approach, the authors looked at the evolution of MMORPGs, from their beginnings to the present day (detailed in Section 4). The common current opinion among many game developers and journalists is that MMORPGs have been through two distinct generations. In looking through the history of this game genre, the authors researched online timelines, game community postings, articles, and web blogs to identify its evolutionary aspects from one generation to the next. The third approach was a survey of player expectations for future MMORPGs. An invitation to take part in the survey was posted at many MMORPG gaming web forums; the results were used to investigate the MMORPG player community s current perceptions and its expectations for future MMORPGs. 2.1 The Survey The survey, written with MMORPG player expectations in mind, was the source of the data for the third research approach. In order to gain a more accurate sample from both the existing MMORPG community and also experienced MMORPG players who had taken a break from the genre, the survey was restricted to the participants in those two groups The first part of the questionnaire was quantitative. This means that the majority of questions were multiple choice. Some required the respondents to check as many answers

5 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games 9: 5 as were applicable, while others asked respondents to order the answers in order of preference; the statistical results can be found in Section 5. The second part of the survey was qualitative, with the opportunity for respondents to express their concerns about the future of MMORPGs. These questions were optional; some respondents wrote a couple of words, while others wrote or as much as an entire paragraph. These answers had to be analyzed qualitatively, and were separated from the rest of the survey results in Section Sample Size Survey respondents were recruited by responding to an invitation to contribute to the project, which was posted on a number of popular MMORPG forums, so the sample represents a self-selected group. The project constraints placed a practical limit on the sample size, as the survey was placed online for two weeks only, after which the evaluation stage had to begin. During the two weeks, 122 people participated in the survey. 3. MMORPG PRECURSORS Today s massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) have evolved from two definable areas: multi-user dungeons (MUDs), and computer role-playing games (CRPGs), both single and multiplayer; they in turn borrowed concepts from penand-paper Dungeons & Dragons (D&D). 3.1 Dungeons & Dragons Dungeons & Dragons was built from the epic adventures in J.R.R. Tolkien s novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings series. The novels include a wonderful variety of beings such as dwarves, elves, and hobbits, as well as humans. They are stories of good and evil (the villains are creatures known as orcs, goblins, ogres, and other assorted evil doers). In 1974, a company called Tactical Studies Rules (TSR) financed and published the Dungeons & Dragons game; this was the first tabletop role-playing game [Wizards of the Coast 2003]. In some form, all MUDs, RPGs, and MMORPGs can be traced back to D&D, so the game needs to be explained in full detail. Together with a group of friends you lead your hero, usually referred to as a character, through treacherous dungeons. The only boundary is your imagination. D&D provides a core set of rules and instructions to follow, but within those rules anything is possible. When players create their character they must make a number of choices that dictate the tasks they can perform, their strengths and weaknesses. First, players select a race or species for their character, which will determine some of their strengths and weaknesses, as outlined in the D&D rules. For example, the human species is considered well rounded, whereas Halflings, due to their small stature, may have more dexterity but less strength. Dexterity and strength are just two of the attributes in D&D used to determine the outcomes of many events (e.g., to determine how much damage a player will inflict on an enemy, his or her strength score is factored into the equation). Dexterity may be used to determine the disabling of a trap, where a player will roll dice to determine whether the trap was successfully disabled or not. Second, players select one of a number of predefined classes, which will determine what a player s capacities will be. For example, the fighter class is designed for close combat, so according to the D&D rules a player in the fighter class will be able to wear heavy armor and wield any weapon, as well as have a large number of hit points. Hit

6 9: 6 L. Achterbosch et al. points refer to the number of hits a character can take before dying. The Mage class is another example of a predefined class; it is all about magic spells. In this class, a player is allowed almost no armor, has very few hit points, and can wield only a few weapons (such as a staff). A player in this class will try not to enter into direct combat but will let the fighter suffer the damage; meanwhile he/she will cast spells to damage the enemy by possibly putting the enemy to sleep or via other nifty tricks. The dungeon master (DM) is an essential component of D&D. He or she is responsible for setting the scene and creating the story, and assumes responsibility for all monsters and friendly characters (in computer RPGs these are known as nonplaying characters (NPCs)) that players may meet. There is no board to play on; it s all carried out by role-playing a character and using imagination to set the scenes within the rules of the game. There have been many adventures, called modules, created and sold commercially that make the DM s job a little easier by providing a playing board and a fully developed story with characters and monsters. A computer RPG is similar to a module, with a pre-built story and world and a computer-controlled DM. It takes away some of the imagination, but still allows role-playing and character development. The D&D rules have served as a framework for the developers of computer games. It made the transition to computers a seamless one, as the mathematical equations could be translated into programming routines. Recently, the MMORPG Dungeons & Dragons Online has been released by Turbine Entertainment (the creators of the successful Asheron s Call MMORPG series) utilizing the D&D version 3.5 rule set. D&D continues to have an impact on the RPG phenomenon, even many years later. 3.2 Character Development Models As outlined above, D&D uses a class-based character development system. Most RPG developers use one of two different systems, namely those that are class or skill-based (or a mix of the two); this continues to be the case for MMORPGs Class-Based System. The player chooses an initial character class when he or she first creates a character. The class chosen defines strengths and weaknesses: A warrior or fighter class will generally be able to use many weapons, be equipped with heavy armor, and fight at close quarters. Whereas a priest class will generally cast healing spells and other beneficial effects to keep its group alive. The class-based system allows developers to create a game that requires players to interact and help each other by balancing their strengths and weaknesses. It forces players into taking one path in order to advance--once a warrior class is picked, the player will always be a warrior Skill Points-Based System. The skill points system can be implemented in RPGs in two different ways. In both implementations the character upon character creation has no definable attributes. The first implementation will give skill points to a player as he or she advances instead of levels of a class. Players can assign the skill points to various skills and abilities in order to increase their strength using that skill. For example, players might assign some points to healing magic to increase their ability with that skill. The second implementation simply allows players to gain skill points in their chosen skills by simply using those skills. For example, to improve healing magic a player may simply cast healing spells more often. This system generally allows for a more personalized character that is not locked into a specific set of skills as defined by the class system. It can however become unbalanced

7 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games 9: 7 when players learn of a combination of skills that can make them more powerful than another combination of skills. If this tactic is used, developers may have to make the hard decision to balance one kind of skill against another, or not. Changing skills may cause controversy among players who utilize them. 3.3 Multiuser Dungeons The origin of multiuser dungeons (MUDs) can be traced to 1978 [Bartle[ 1990], when MUD1 was developed by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw. They created an entirely text-based game that could be played simultaneously by multiple users. Game-play was similar to the Dungeons & Dragons pen-and-paper tabletop game, in that players entered a dungeon and fought monsters for treasures and experience. The experience would then increase the character s level of play. MUDs started off by focusing on the imaginative side of D&D and allowing multiple users to interact with each other in any way they desired. For example, players could kill each other openly, and murdering other players was a generally popular business [Cox and Campbell 1994]. Later, MUDs took a new approach, employing more D&D rules and traits such as grouping and class-based characters. This is important to note, as future MMORPGs mainly follow this line of MUDs. Other MUDs such as TinyMUD, however, decided to focus purely on social interactions between players [Cox and Campbell 1994]. While current-day MMORPGs do not entirely focus on socialization only, it is important because socialization is a key aspect in all MMORPGs that are available or in development. 3.4 Single-Player Computer RPGS Single-player computer RPGs brought a lot of innovative features to the RPG, many of which continue to be used in MMORPGs. Dungeon Master introduced real-time mechanics into the game engine [Wikipedia 2006a], instead of taking turns as in chess, all the action was instant and in real-time. Wasteland offered open-ended game mechanics that allowed players to complete tasks by a variety of means. Ultima Underworld was the first game to offer fully rotational 3D [Gallear 2004; Wikipedia 2006d]. While the Elder Scrolls RPG series tried to immerse the player into the world through the use of cultures, day and night cycles, as well as weather effects. All these innovations are taken for granted in today s MMORPGs, but it is interesting to see when they were developed. Despite the fact that many MMORPGs fail [Kosak 2006], many are successful and their profitability has encouraged many software development companies to concentrate in this area, hence single-player RPGs are now less common. Even Bioware, the creator of many critically acclaimed single-player RPGs, has recently announced that it has an MMORPG in production [Bioware 2006]. A successful MMORPG such as Blizzard s World of Warcraft can generate much higher revenue than any single-player RPG. But the single- player game is not dead yet, as it still offers well-written stories revolving around the player, something that is difficult in MMORPGs since there are thousands of players in the same world. 3.5 Multiplayer Computer RPGS Computer RPGs that offered some aspects of multiplayer games have in some cases inspired the developers of MMORPGs. Such games were, and still are, generally played on a local area network or on an online server. They are not considered MMORPGs

8 9: 8 L. Achterbosch et al. because they only cater to a small number of players. But they did implement a few innovative features that have crossed over well into the MMORPG genre. Neverwinter Nights (not the same as Bioware s 2002 game) is sometimes credited as the first MMORPG (it ran from 1991 to 1997 [(Medar 2001]. The term massively multiplayer does not suit the Neverwinter Nights server capacity of 200 players. It was more like a MUD than a MMORPG, as it only had very basic 2D graphics, and players commanded their characters with a simple set of instructions. Even though the internet had not really taken off at that time, Neverwinter Nights was a commercial success and an early indication that an online game could be successful. The first online RPG was not the only innovation of the multiplayer RPG genre. The game Diablo and its sequel introduced randomly generated dungeons and items that extended the life of the game by allowing people to replay the game with different characters and to experience altered dungeons and items. And a new version of Neverwinter Nights was developed that allowed players to create their own content. This capability is being discussed by many developers and players of MMORPGs, as allowing player-created content could extend the life and world of an MMORPG. 4. HISTORY OF MMORPGS There is no definitive opinion that is agreed about what constitutes a first, second, or future generation MMORPG. There have been many discussions about it, and the general consensus is that there have been two generations already, and the third generation is not far away. Some people dispute this, such as Richard Garriott (in an interview with Dave Kosak [2006]: Here's my take on the result of the first-generation of games, which covers everything from Ultima Online to EverQuest and even up through World of Warcraft. WoW, by the way, was the pinnacle of these kind of games: incredibly well refined, very good user-interface, totally polished. The challenge/reward cycle is perfectly perfected. On the other hand, they still fit the mold [of first-generation games]: the level grind. Richard Garriott has been in the computer RPG and MMORPG business since their beginnings, so his comments have weight. However, the fact is that for a long time now, articles, journals, and most other information regarding the generations of MMORPGs talk about two generations of MMORPGs; this article will continue to take this line during the discussion of history. 4.1 First-Generation MMORPGS The first generation of MMORPGs were the first graphical online role-playing games that allowed many players to simultaneously play in the same universe. From an online perspective, these games generally had only text-based MUDs to look to as models. The other obviously influential factors were single and multiplayer computer RPGs. The developers idea was to take MUDs further by implementing a user friendly interface without text commands and a graphical engine similar to the leading computer RPG s of the time The First MMORPG. Meridian 59 (pictured in Figure 2) is often credited as the first MMORPG, as it had many of the elements that players associate with MMORPGs, at least in an early stage [GameSpy 2003]. Meridian 59 was published in 1996 by 3DO, but went through a beta period in early 1996 which was supported by thousands of

9 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games 9: 9 Fig. 2. Meridian 59. players [Kirmse], a number that was massive and the reason it s often considered the first MMORPG. Meridian 59 also marks the introduction of the term massively multiplayer. In 1996, 3DO used this term as well as persistent world to describe their game to the press [GameSpy 2003]. Meridian 59 was also the first game to have a monthly charging system, as opposed to an hourly rate [Kirmse]. Meridian 59 offered many features that MUDs did, but allowed users to see everything occur on screen (such as another player waving to them). The communication system although unrealistic (since it allowed players anywhere in the world to converse with others), facilitated the establishment of a community. The interface had elements that are still widely popular today, such as the mini-map (similar to a radar system) that uses a small amount of space usually located in a corner of the user s screen. It also had a dialog box, which, for example, allowed chatting and gave detailed information about actions that had been performed. With layoffs at 3DO bringing the development team down to one artist [Kirmse], Meridian 59 s graphics quickly became outdated, but the game had shown promise and paved the way for other developers to jump into the new ambitious venture now known as MMORPGs Ultima Online: The First Commercially Successful MMOPRG. The games developer ORIGIN watched Meridian 59 with interest, and quickly moved half of its

10 9: 10 L. Achterbosch et al. team from Ultima IX (a single-player RPG of a very successful series), to a new project, Ultima Online (UO). UO was released in 1997 and is credited with popularizing the MMORPG genre, as it quickly gained 100,000 subscribers [Koster 2002] by using the name Ultima (an RPG series that had attracted over 5 million customers [GameSpy 2003]), and by engaging one of the biggest games publishers, Electronic Arts, to do an intensive marketing drive. Although UO was the first commercially successful MMORPG, it had its share of problems [Wikipedia 2006c]. Early on there were some technical difficulties, and later new players were often surrounded and killed by other players for sport. UO was largely centered on a PvP (player versus player) model, in which players are free to kill one another and the losing player incurs penalties such as loss of gold. UO offered a large persistent world to adventure in and created the popular MMORPG game mechanism called crafting, which allows players to build their own weapons, armor, and other objects. Ultima Online is currently undergoing a transition to overhaul its graphics so it can compete with today s market leaders. Figures 3 and 4 compare what a player sees now (at the time this article was written) to what the developer Electronic Arts proposes for the new graphic. Electronic Arts must believe that players find graphics important. Fig. 3. Ultima Online original graphic. Fig. 4. Ultima Online new graphic.

11 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games 9: 11 Fig. 5. EverQuest EverQuest: A Blueprint for Future MMORPGS. In 1999, EverQuest (EQ), was released; see Figure 5. In the Western world this is known as the second big game in the MMORPG genre after UO. It had the backing of Sony, and set out to achieve everything Meridian had tried to do It created a massive world to explore, in full 3D with contemporary graphics, unlike Meridian 59 s outdated engine. It could also support a massive community, between 10,000 and 15,000 people per server [Fritsch et al. 2005]. Whereas Ultima Online popularized the genre for other developers to take advantage of, EverQuest brought MMORPGs to the mainstream. At its peak it attracted over 500,000 subscribers [GameSpy 2003]. EQ s main drive was, and is, combat, exploration, and character development; over the course of its life it has released 11 expansion packs that detail new areas to explore and conquer. EQ focused more on being a cooperative model rather than a PvP; it encouraged players to work together rather than against each other, much like DikuMUD did many years before it. It is also known as a player versus environment (PvE) model, which refers to a player engaging in combat against a computer-controlled environment full of virtual monsters and enemy characters, rather than PvP, where a human-controlled player fights other human players. EQ was so similar to the text-based DikuMUD that Verant (the developers) provided a sworn statement [DikuMUD 2000] to scotch rumors that they had copied parts of DikuMUD.

12 9: 12 L. Achterbosch et al. EQ also introduced the idea of raids, which is a very large group formed to overcome extremely difficult encounters that require the cooperation of many players simultaneously (a maximum of 72). The players must work harmoniously together in order to accomplish the goal. Many MMORPGs today have used EQ as a template in order to achieve success Customizable Interfaces. Asheron s Call was published by Microsoft in late Although it was mostly another fantasy set game, it was known for the originality of its creatures, as well as its friendly stance towards third-party software, which, for example, allowed interface enhancements. This is an extremely important element, as interfaces in MMORPGs can get very cluttered with statistics, menus, items, and information. Third-party alteration allows for more customizable interfaces, which the MMORPG community appreciates, as long as the rules and mechanics of the game are not broken. 4.2 Second-Generation MMORPGS Most second-generation-mmorpgs had their start in the new millennium. While on the whole second-generation games are not very innovative (they copied the concepts created in first-generation titles), they have evolved in most areas. Second-generation MMORPGs have generally improved on the graphics and interface of the first generation, since they were able to look back on the successes and failures of older titles and improve upon them. There is an extremely large number of second- generation games that have been released to the market, many of which are never heard of again. This article will focus on second- generation titles that have made an impact or brought some innovation to the genre, or both Realm versus Realm Combat. The first successful MMORPG of the 21 st century was called the Dark Age of Camelot, released in beta format in early It quickly outpaced Asheron s Call, becoming the third most popular American MMORPG [Koster 2002]. The Dark Age of Camelot brought PvP combat back to the genre. It also required less time for players to gain a character level, meaning it was more accessible to casual players. But its most innovative feature was realm-vs-realm (RvR) combat, which allowed massive battles of human-controlled players among the three different kinds of beings. 4,2,2 Instances. Anarchy Online was released in June It fought to eliminate problems created in other MMORPGs by creating instanced dungeons, more commonly referred to today as instances, which are special zones that generate a new copy, or instance, for each group that enters the zone. This allows players or groups a private copy of the zone, and ensures that there will be no competition for resources or for opportunities to kill enemies in that zone. This sort of competition had become a problem in previous MMORPGs, as players would camp (patiently wait in one area for a resource or a creature to spawn) so they could acquire the resource or the kill before anyone else. The new instance averted this behavior and gave everyone a chance to experience the content; it also allowed for more personal groups to have a bit of fun together, without the fear that all their work could be undone by a camper.

13 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games 9: 13 Fig. 6. Final Fantasy XI Multiplatform Support. Final Fantasy XI (FFXI), shown in Figure 6, was released in It scored a number of firsts: it was the first successful console-based MMORPG; and the first to have servers that shared populations from both console and windows-based PC users. These were innovative features technically, but what about ingame innovation? Final Fantasy XI divided its goals into two categories: quests and missions. Quests are like ordinary jobs--the player performs a task to acquire rewards and/or in-game money. Missions, however, advance the storyline and the progress of the playercharacter, gaining the player new privileges such as access to new areas or an increase in rank. FFXI has a very dynamic character-development system. Characters choose a job, which is another word for class. Unlike other class-systems that lock the player into that specific class, FFXI allows the player to change his or her job at any time within their ingame private quarters. Changing a job allows the player to experience the game differently, and eventually a player can acquire a support job. This system allows for a good mix of attributes, something players look for in an MMORPG One Server for All. In May 2003, Eve Online (pictured in Figure 7) was released. This game chose to ignore the popular fantasy-themed setting and instead based itself in a fictional galaxy 24,000 years in the future. The game revolves around space exploration, trading, and of course, space combat. Although Eve Online has not achieved the subscription records of some MMORPGs, it does have a loyal fan base that continues to grow.

14 9: 14 L. Achterbosch et al. Fig. 7. Eve Online. Because Eve Online is set in space and much of the graphics is empty space, it does not require a hefty computer system to run. Hence the developers were able to have all players log in to one galaxy, or one server. The record stands at 23,811 players playing concurrently on a single server [CCP Games 2006]. For future MMORPGs, as games grow in size and worlds become larger (like the galaxy in Eve Online), a larger population per server needs to be implemented for a good player per area ratio Player Economy and Crafting. Star Wars Galaxies (SWG) was released in June Set in the Star Wars universe, the game initially attracted a large audience. SWG also had the most extensive set of emotes, moods, and associated animations, which, due to the way it allowed players to express themselves, later MMORPGs also implemented. A big feature of the game is that almost every item in-game is created by players, from blasters to starships, creating a completely player-driven economy. The unique crafting system was also SWG s undoing: players learned to go into combat with only the best equipment and enhancements, which made characters far more powerful than intended by the developers. A major update was done to the game to try and balance this, which left many players with items that were now useless and with a whole new combat system to learn. SWG subscriptions have never recovered [Tierney 2006] Highly Customizable Characters. The City of Heroes, an innovative MMORPG of the second generation, was released in April Completely avoiding all other settings, it is centered on super heroes controlled by players, battling the villains of the

15 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games 9: 15 Fig. 8. EverQuest II. Paragon City. City of Heroes is said to have the most extensive character-creation system; it is able to customize everything from facial features to the superhero s outfit. Such customization allows players to be visually distinguishable from one another, which many MMORPGs fail at: many players with the same equipment end up looking the same. There is a lot of concern over this particular element; this topic is discussed further in Section Refining the MMORPG. EverQuest II (EQ2), shown in Figure 8, was released in November It was designed to keep the best features of the original and remove the worst, as well as to add new features and implement those that had become standard in the single-player games market. One of the biggest new features was that players could become tradesmen by spending all their time crafting items to sell to the game community rather than adventuring and leveling up a character class. To try and match the production levels of single-player games the initial release of EverQuest II contained complete voice-overs for all NPCs [Sony Online Entertainment 2004], by enlisting Hollywood talents such as Heather Graham and Christopher Lee [Wikipedia 2006b]. Its graphics were also a huge improvement over first-generation titles, unfortunately hampered by the need for an extremely powerful PC, beyond the level available at the time EQ2 was published World of Warcraft. EverQuest II never achieved a large market share because, unfortunately, it was released at the same time as World of Warcraft (WoW), shown in Figure 9,, which currently has 8.5 million subscribers. While largely incorporating first-

16 9: 16 L. Achterbosch et al. Fig. 9. World of Warcraft. generation ideas, its graphics are a huge improvement over those of the first generation. With a lower system requirement for the graphical engine, an intuitive interface, along with an easy learning curve, WoW was accessible to almost anyone, and opened the genre to a much wider audience. Although a great success, WoW copped some criticism, with one case of a child suffocating while the parents went to play WoW at a local internet café [Gibson 2005]. Later that year the Chinese government enforced strict rules and limits to playing time [BBC News 2005]. 4.3 Summary In general, first-generation games were an experimental phase, during which developers created a new genre out of older ones. The second generation is happening now: developers are currently releasing much more polished games based on first-generation ideas. There is still a little bit of experimentation taking place, but the major innovations appear to be in graphics. In order to create a third generation, developers will have to continue to evolve many MMORPG game mechanisms, and the improvements will include, but not be limited to, graphics. 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This section will discuss the results of the survey s quantitative questions, which was conducted to gather information about what the players expected of MMORPGs.

17 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games 9: 17 What MMORPG(s) are you currently playing? World of Warcraft None at the Moment Eve Online Other - Fantasy Other - Free MMORPG Saga of Ryzom City of Heroes/Villians Star Wars Galaxies Silkroad Online Guild Wars Everquest II Other - Futuristic Lineage 2 Other - Other Genre Other - Beta Testing Fig.10. MMORPG(s) the respondents were playing. 5.1 Distribution of Respondents The 122 respondents to the survey had very different tastes. As expected, respondents who played World of Warcraft constituted the largest percentage of players: 31% of all respondents were currently investing time and money in World of Warcraft. The chart below (Figure 10) shows the distribution of the survey respondents and the games they were playing. As we can see, the total number of games played exceeds 122, as some respondents were playing more than one game at the same time. Some MMORPGs were played by a few respondents only, so the researchers sorted games with fewer than five players into the Other categories. Figure 10 shows five categories classed as Other, for example, Other Fantasy is made up of a few MMORPGs with a fantasy setting. The other thing of note here is that a large percentage of currently-played MMORPGs fall within the fantasy genre, with a smaller percentage of respondents turning to futuristic and/or science fiction MMORPGs. It is interesting to see that 22 of the respondents (18%) were not playing any MMORPG at the time they submitted their survey. They took the time to participate, and hence are interested in MMORPGs and their future, so are these respondents ready for something new? The respondents were also quite experienced in the genre: over 80% had played MMORPGs for two years or more, and 73% had played more than four games in this genre. 5.2 Favored Genres Respondents were asked what other game genres they liked to play; the results can be seen in Table I.

18 9: 18 L. Achterbosch et al. Table I. What other Game Genres do Respondents Play? What other game genres do you pay? Frequency Percent Role-Playing (Single Player) Strategy Adventure Action Shooter Fighting Simulator Puzzle Racing There are two genres that stand out. The single-player variety of role-playing games and strategy games were played by almost the entire survey base. The next three mostplayed genres were action, adventure, and shooter games, played by 68% of the respondents. The rest of the genres failed to attract more than 45% of interested players, suggesting that those games would not be a good avenue for a new innovative MMORPG. They may, however, fill a niche market, as long as the developers are willing to accept this early on, and plan for it when purchasing equipment and servers. MMORPG players may like a bit of strategy in their role-playing game, as evidenced by role-playing games and strategy games being the respondents favored genres. The strategic element already occurs in some second-generation games, where players are forced to work cooperatively with a variety of different character types in order to achieve a goal, such as defeating a dragon. The strategies for reaching such goals can sometimes be very complex, and there are many guides on the internet to help players do so, as well as videos showcasing strategies on free video-hosting websites like Google Video Australia and YouTube Broadcast Yourself. Action, adventure, and shooter genres can sometimes be mixed together very effectively, so it is no surprise that they had very similar (numbers of) responses in the survey. There are also many games currently in development combining MMORPGs with first-person shooters (FPS). This sort of innovation may be something the MMORPG community has been looking for, considering just over two-thirds of those surveyed enjoy these genres. 5.3 Respondents Preferences In the survey, respondents were asked a series of questions which aimed to discover their preferences for various aspects of all MMORPGs, not just those specific to a particular generation. The questions required the respondents to select only their top five responses, rather than selecting every response they agreed with. This forced respondents to prioritize; for example, to the question What are the features you like the most? there were 16 features available, but the question requires respondents to choose, in ranked order, only the five that are most important to them.

19 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games 9: 19 Table II. MMORPG Game Settings: Respondents Top Five Preferences Setting Fantasy/ Medieval Futuristic Post Apocalyptic Outer Space Contemporary Other Setting Mean Rank The first question, What game setting in MMORPGs would you prefer to play? contains only five settings to choose from, but respondents were allowed to create their own Other category as well. With a small number to choose from and only 36 of 122 respondents citing an Other category, the settings from the survey were ranked according to the top five settings. Table II shows the mean rank of each setting, which is the average rank that respondents assigned to each setting. The order of preference for the game settings are fantasy/medieval with a mean rank of 1.69; futuristic at 2.69; followed by post-apocalyptic and outer space both at approximately 3.3; and lastly, contemporary, with a mean rank of 4.1. It seems it would be a poor choice for a developer to make an MMORPG set in a modern world. Looking at Section 5.1, most respondents are either playing MMORPGs set in a fantasy world or a futuristic world. As shown in Table II, these players do not want to change, with most ranking fantasy and futuristic settings as their first or second preferences. The first generation of MMORPGs (Section 4) consisted of fantasy-based games only; the second generation, while encompassing a large number of games, is still mainly set in a fantasy world, but also includes futuristic settings. The preferences outlined in Table II show that these setting are still popular with MMORPG players, as the majority of respondents preferred them, and the market for them is still strong. Even if more settings were available to choose from, it is doubtful that there would have been much difference for the top two, as only 36 respondents chose the Other category. These respondents very rarely ranked their own Other setting as their number one preference, instead they chose either fantasy or futuristic settings. The most popular among the Other settings was the historical one, with 11 people adding it to their rankings. If the historical setting were given as a sixth choice, it would be interesting to see if more respondents ranked it highly. The rest of the Other options such as cyberpunk, horror, and alternate reality, or a cross of fantasy and futuristic genres did not fare as well, with only three respondents citing each of them. The respondents were asked What are the features in MMORPGs you like the most? They had 16 features to choose from, with the choice of selecting a feature that was not on the list by using the Other option. But the question required respondents to choose in ranked order only those five features that were most important to them. Table III outlines their responses. Looking at the Total rows will help determine the number of respondents that included a given feature in their top five. Of 122 respondents, 78 chose to rank Lots of Class/Skill Options as one of their top five features; it received the highest rating, with 22 of 78 respondents rating it as the top feature to be included in an MMORPG. The top five features that respondents found important were Lots of Class/Skill Options, Graphics and Effects, Large World to Explore, Player versus Player Combat, and finally, the Socialization aspects of MMORPGs. The Lots of Content

20 9: 20 L. Achterbosch et al. Table III. Respondents Top Five MMORPG Features Frequency Lots of Class/Skill Options Graphics and Effects Large World to Explore Player vs Player (PvP) Socialization Lots of Content Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Total Elaborate Crafting System Solo Content Player vs Environment (PvE) Rich History Lore World and Small Group Content Extensive Story Telling Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Total Low Latency Instances Raid Content Low System Requirements Other Feature Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Total feature cannot be ignored either, as it only fell two votes short of Socialization, in fifth place. The features that failed to attract much interest were Instances, Extensive Storytelling, Low Latency, Low System Requirements, and Raid Content. This does not necessarily mean all players would like these features removed, but that respondents do not rate them as highly as other features on the list. A further question that respondents were asked to rank is What are the worst issues that plague MMORPGs? There were nine issues to choose from, with the option to state an issue not on the list by using the Other feature. While there were not as many issues to choose from as there were features in the previous question, it still required the

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