﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿Vietnamese Breadfruit﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿Cây Sa Kê Việt Nam

﻿1- Introduction to Breadfruit tree﻿

1.1-Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: AngiospermsDivision: EudicotsClass: Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Tribe: Artocarpeae Genus: Artocarpus Species: Artocarpus altilis(1) The FamilyMoraceae - often called themulberry familyorfig family- is a family offlowering plantscomprising about 40 genera and over 1000 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates. The onlysynapomorphywithin Moraceae is presence oflaticifersand milkysapin allparenchymatous tissues, but generally useful field characters include twocarpelssometimes with one reduced, compound inconspicuousflowers, and compoundfruits. Included are well-known plants such as thefig,banyan,breadfruit, mulberry, andOsage-orange. The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia(reducedinflorescences).(2) The TribeArtocarpeaeincludes 7 to 12generaand 70 to 87 species including Artocarpus altilis, the breadfruit. The tribe is based on the genusArtocarpus, the largest and best-known genus in the group. Species in the Tribe Artocarpeae are tropical trees or shrubs which, like all members of the Moraceae, producelatex. Most aredioecious, although some aremonoecious. The male and femaleinflorescencesinclude a variety of elongate or compact structures. The Artocarpeae is the least homogeneous of the five tribes that make up the Moraceae. Members of the Artocarpeae are native to tropicalAsia, theIndo-Pacific, southernAfrica,Madagascarand theNeotropics. In addition, members of the genusArtocarpusare cultivated throughout the tropics, especiallyArtocarpus altilis, the breadfruit, andA. heterophyllus, the jackfruit. (3) The Genus Artocarpusis agenusof approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asianand Pacific origin, belonging to themulberryfamily,Moraceae. The native range ofArtocarpus, the largest genus, includes tropical Asia, Indonesia,New Guinea, thePhilippinesand Micronesia. AllArtocarpusspecies arelaticiferoustreesorshrubsthat are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milkysap. Most species ofArtocarpusare restricted toSoutheast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especiallyA. altilisandA. heterophyllus, which are cultivated throughout the tropics. In the most recent revision ofArtocarpus, the highly variable speciesA. communisis a complex of three species of breadfruit:A. altilis,A. mariannensis, andA. camansi.﻿(4) Species Breadfruit(Artocarpus altilis)﻿ is a species of flowering tree in the mulberry family, Moraceae, growing throughout Southeast Asia, South India and most Pacific Ocean islands. It is also grown in the Leeward Islands and Windward Islands of the Caribbean and in Africa. Its name is derived from the texture of the cooked moderately ripe fruit, which has a potato-like flavor, similar to freshly baked bread.

﻿﻿﻿﻿1.3-Etymology﻿﻿ The nameArtocarpusaltilisis derived from theGreekwordsartos("bread"), karpos("fruit") andaltilismeans ‘fat’. This name was coined byJohann Reinhold ForsterandJ. Georg Adam Forster, a father-and-son team of botanists aboard the HMS ResolutiononJames Cook's second voyage. It is maintained as aconserved name. Its name in English, Breadfruit, is derived from the texture of the cooked moderately ripe fruit, which has a potato-like flavor, similar to freshly baked bread.﻿﻿

﻿﻿﻿1.4-Origin and distribution﻿﻿﻿+ Origin﻿ Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis) originated in the Indo-Malayan Archipelago and Papua New Guinea and spread eastwards over the Micronesian and Polynesian islands many centuries before European explorers first arrived. It is said to have travelled to Polynesian Marquesas Islands via Malaya on board Polynesian ships in the 12th Century where it eventually spread throughout the South Pacific. Breadfruit was first described in 1595 from its occurrence on Tauta Island in the Marquesa group. The seedless form, which has been cultivated on some Pacific islands for centuries, is a triploid derived from diploid x tetraploid crosses but mutation may also have played a role.﻿+ Distribution﻿ Breadfruit has long been an important staple crop and a primary component of traditional agroforestry systems in Oceania. Hundreds of varieties have been cultivated and more than 2,000 names have been documented. Breadfruit has long been an important staple crop and a primary component of traditional agroforestry systems in Oceania. Hundreds of varieties have been cultivated and more than 2,000 names have been documented. Breadfruit was first domesticated in the western Pacific and spread by humans throughout the region. The tree is grown on most Pacific Islands, with the exception of New Zealand and Easter Island. The breadfruit is a minor crop on a world scale, but it is quite important in Polynesia where it may supply a large proportion of the daily food. In the late 1700s several seedless varieties were introduced to Jamaica and St. Vincent from Tahiti and a Tongan variety was introduced to Martinique and Cayenne via Mauritius. It is now cultivated throughout the tropics. These Polynesian varieties were then spread throughout the Caribbean and to Central and South America, Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the Maldives, the Seychelles, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, northern Australia, and south Florida. It is now cultivated throughout the tropics. There are seeded and seedless forms of the breadfruit, the pulp of which may be boiled, roasted or steamed and used in various main and side dishes. It has a high nutritional value. The seeds can also be eaten after cooking. Currently the main area of breadfruit cultivation is in the Pacific islands, especially Polynesia, although it is grown throughout the tropics, including Vietnam. ﻿

﻿1.3- Characteristics of Bread trees and fruits﻿

Map of breadfruit on the World

﻿﻿﻿2.1- Description﻿﻿﻿+ The trunk﻿﻿ The breadfruit tree is fast growing and reaches a height of 25 m (82 ft), can be up to 30 m tall, and 0.6-1.8 m in width and is often buttressed at the base. There are many spreading branches with thick foliage bearing branches. It isevergreen in the humid tropics, semi-deciduous in monsoon climates. ﻿+ The leaves﻿ Leaves alternate, ovate to elliptic (15-60 cm or longer), undivided when young, older ones entire or deeply pinnately cut into 5 to 11 pointed lobes, dark green above, pale green below. ﻿+ The flowers﻿ The trees aremonoecious, with male and female flowers growing on the same tree. Inflorescence axillary; male flowers drooping, club-shaped, yellow colored; female flowers stiffly upright, globose or cylindrical, green. The maleflowersemerge first, followed shortly afterward by the female flowers, which grow intocapitula, which are capable ofpollinationjust three days later. The pollinators are bees and fruit bats.+ The fruits The compound, false fruit develops from the swollenperianth, and originates from 1,500-2,000 flowers. These are visible on the skin of the fruit as hexagon-like disks. The fruit botanically is a syncarp formed from the entire inflorescence, and is cylindrical to globose, rind yellow green, sometimes bearing short spines. The ovoid fruit has a rough surface, and each fruit is divided into manyachenes, each achene surrounded by a fleshy perianth and growing on a fleshy receptacle. The fruit (10-30 cm long × 9-20 cm wide) vary in shape, size, and skin texture. They are usually round, oval or oblong, can weigh up to 4.5kg, average of 1 to 2 kg (up to 10 pounds, but averages 2 to 5 pounds). Skin texture ranges from smooth to rough to spiny. The color is light green, yellowish-green or yellow when mature, although one unusual variety ('Afara' from French Polynesia) has pinkish or orange-brown skin. The flesh is creamy white to pale yellow. Fruit are typically mature and ready to cook and eat as a starchy staple in 15-19 weeks. Ripe fruit have yellow or yellow-brown skin and soft, sweet, creamy flesh that can be eaten raw or cooked. When fully ripe the fruit is cream colored and fragrant on the inside. In the centre of a seedless fruit, there is a cylindrical core, in some species this is covered with hairs and small brown seeds about 3 mm in length. The mature fruits are high in carbohydrates and low in fat and protein. They are also a good source of B vitamins.+ The seeds Most selectively bredcultivarshaveseedless fruit. Fruit contain zero to many seeds depending upon the variety. Seeds are rounded or obovoid, irregularly compressed, 1-3 cm long and with a pale to dark brown seed coat. Seeds germinate immediately and cannot be dried or stored. They are rarely used forpropagation. All parts of the tree are rich in white gummy latex, a milky juice, which is useful for boat caulking.﻿﻿

Breadfruit tree

Breadfruit fruits

﻿﻿2.2- The Nutrition of Breadfruit ﻿Breadfruit is a versatile crop and the fruit can be cooked and eaten at all stages of maturity. It is an important staple food in the Pacific region, parts of the Caribbean and other tropical regions where it is mainly grown as a subsistence crop in home gardens or small farms. Breadfruit is roughly 25% carbohydrates and 70% water. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy with low levels of protein and fat and a moderate glycemic index. Like other tropical fruits, breadfruit also contains high amounts of calories. 100 grams of breadfruit provides 102 calories. It contains small amounts of flavonoids and antioxidants in the form of xanthin and leutin. Breadfruit contains high amounts of Vitamin C. 1 medium breadfruit provides 29 mg of vitamin, amounting to 48% of the recommended daily allowance. Some varieties contain small amounts of folic acid. Yellow-fleshed varieties can be a good source of provitamin A carotenoids. The seeds are edible and can be boiled, roasted, or ground into meal. They resemble chestnuts in flavor and texture. They are a good source of protein and minerals. It also contains adequate levels of protein. 100 grams provide 7.4 grams, approximately 23% of the recommended amount. Breadfruit contains moderate levels of essential vitamins and minerals. It is rich in riboflavin, iron, niacin, thiamin, iron and phosphorus. It contains minerals like potassium, copper, iron, magnesium, calcium, zinc, manganese, selenium and phosphorus. It is low in saturated fats, cholesterol and sodium. It is an excellent dietary staple and compares favorably with other starchy staple crops commonly eaten in the tropics, such as taro, plantain, cassava, sweet potato and white rice. It is a good source of dietary fiber, potassium, calcium, and magnesium with small amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and iron. ﻿Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) of Breadfruit, raw﻿﻿

﻿﻿﻿2.3- The uses of Breadfruit on the World﻿ Breadfruit is a multipurpose species and all parts of the tree are used. It is an essential component of home gardens and traditional agroforestry systems, creating a lush overstory that shelters a wide range of cultivated and native plants. A breadfruit tree yields food, construction materials, medicine, cordage, glue, insect repellent, and animal feed. Many early travellers to Polynesia, including Captain James Cook who mentioned it in the accounts of his journeys, knew the usefulness of breadfruit. The breadfruit has unique flavor and texture used in subsistence as other tropical staples such as rice, sweet potatoes, taro, banana, and coconut in many of the East Asian, Micronesia, Polynesian, and Caribbean countries.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿a- Food uses﻿﻿﻿+ The breadfruit fruits used as food﻿ The fruit looks like a melon with thin, rough skin. The skin is lime-green at first; as the fruit ripens, it turns yellowish with some brown spots and exudes small drops of latex. When the skin is green, the flesh inside is hard, white and fibrous. When it has turned yellowish, the fruit inside is soft, and cream-coloured. Bread Fruit is a fruit, as its name would indicate, but it is always cooked, and eaten as a vegetable. It can be harvested and cooked in various states of ripeness. When unripe, with fully green skin, it will be starchy and treated like a potato, in that it can be boiled or roasted. When it is partially-ripe, it will be treated as plantain is. When fully ripe, it will be less starchy and much sweeter. It can be baked or steamed and used as a vegetable or to make a sweet dessert from. Breadfruit is a staple food in many tropical regions. The fruit can be roasted, baked, fried and even boiled before consumption. The flesh of the breadfruit has a nice fragrance and a sweet taste. - Preparation and serving method Breadfruit is used along with other tropical staples like plantain, banana, yam, potato, and rice in the Pacific region as an important starch source. The fruit can be used at different stages of maturity; at bud stage, immature, mature but firm and when fully ripe. Breadfruit seeds, rich in protein, can be eaten roasted or boiled like nuts/lentils. Raw, uncooked seeds should not be eaten as they are bitter in taste and may choke. To prepare, place the fruit on a clean surface and peel its outer skin using paring knife. Cut the flesh as you do in cases of big vegetables and fruits as in pumpkin, butternut-squash, muskmelons, etc., into cubes, chunks, slices, or small pieces. In general, the fruit is cut into quarters, and its fiber-rich central core is trimmed away and discarded. In some parts, the whole fruit is roasted intact, which is then peeled and either eaten with seasoning or added to recipes. Ripe fruit is used in a similar way like durian or jackfruit. - Here are some serving tips: Raw breadfruit cubes may be added in stews, soups, baking, and stir-fries much like potatoes. Its slices fried and eaten like French fries. Thin slices can be made into chips. Fresh ripe fruit is eaten much like dessert. It can be added to make sweet bread, muffins, cakes, puddings, etc. Mature but unripe fruit is rather preferred as vegetable and used in dumpling recipes. In the seed-variety of breadfruit, its seeds are gathered, sun-dried, and used much like other nuts and kernels. - Safety profile Allergy or intolerance to breadfruit is rare. However, unripe, raw green-stage fruit should be used only after cooking since its flesh may choke the respiratory tract. Once ripen, however, the fruit can be eaten as it is. Main source: http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/breadfruit.html+ Breadfruit flour Breadfruit flouris made from dried breadfruit, by pounding or by grinding if a grinder is available. Sift and repeat the process until all of the flour is sifted. Store the flour in an airtight jar. It can be used instead of wheat flour in many recipes. Many good-quality and acceptable baked products could be derived from composite flours with up to certain levels of breadfruit flour substitution in wheat flour. ﻿+ Ripe Breadfruit used as ferment beverages﻿ One traditional preservation technique is to bury peeled and washed fruits in a leaf-lined pit where they ferment over several weeks and produce a sour, sticky paste. So stored, the product may last a year or more, and some pits are reported to have produced edible contents more than 20 years later. Fermented breadfruit mash goes by many names such as mahr, ma, masi, furo, and bwiru, among others.﻿﻿Note! ﻿﻿Don’t mistake with Sake or saké is an alcoholic beverage of Japanese origin that is made from fermented rice. Sake is sometimes referred to in English-speaking countries as "rice wine". However, unlike wine, in which alcohol (ethanol) is produced by fermenting sugar that is naturally present in grapes, sake is produced by a brewing process more like that of beer.﻿﻿b- Medical uses﻿﻿ Breadfruit is also used for medicinal purposes. ﻿﻿+ Folkloric medicine﻿﻿ The breadfruit tree is an important part of the native pharmacopoeia in the Pacific Islands. - The latex is massaged into the skin to treat broken bones and sprains and is bandaged on the spine to relieve sciatica. - Crushed leaves are commonly used to treat skin ailments and fungus diseases such as 'thrush'. - Diluted latex is taken internally to treat diarrhea, stomachaches, and dysentery. - The sap from the crushed stems of leaves is used to treat ear infections or sore eyes. - The root is an astringent and used as a purgative; when macerated it is used as a poultice for skin ailments. - The bark is also used to treat headaches in several islands. - In the West Indies and Vietnam the yellowing leaf is brewed into tea and taken to reduce high blood pressure and to relieve asthma. The tea is also thought to control diabetes. - In the Bahamas, a decoction of the breadfruit leaf is believed to lower blood pressure, and is also said to relieve asthma. Ashes of burned leaves are used on skin infections. A powder of roasted leaves is employed as a remedy for enlarged spleen. - Toasted flowers of the breadfruit tree are also rubbed on the gums as a remedy for an aching tooth. Note! Medical disclaimer. Source: http://ntbg.org/breadfruit/uses/tree1.php﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿+ Modern medical studies﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ The reason why breadfruit is considered ascholestrol controlleris because it is a rich source of fiber. The kind of fiber in breadfruit actually lowers the LDL levels (the “bad” cholesterol) while raising the levels of the HDL (the “good” cholesterol) which protect the arteries. Breadfruit protects the body from heart diseases and heart attacks, Other than this the fiber present in breadfruit help those with diabetes to control the disease to some extent by reducing the absorption of glucose from the in taken food. Consuming breadfruit on a regular basis can reduce the risk of developing colon cancer. Breadfruit leaf is believed to lower blood pressure and is also believed to reduce asthma. Toasted flowers of the breadfruit tree are also rubbed on the gums as a cure for tooth ache.Source: http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/...htm﻿﻿c- Other uses﻿﻿ - In the Pacific, breadfruit agroforests have protected mountain slopes from erosion for more than two millennia. The trees have a beneficial impact on the natural environment creating organic mulch, shade, and a cooler micro-climate beneath the canopy. They give shelter and food to important pollinators and seed dispersers such as honeybees, birds, and fruit bats. - The leaves are used as fans, to wrap foods that are cooked in traditional earth ovens, and as biodegradable plates. - The crushed fruit is used to "make ripen" for other unripe breadfruits. - Some countries also use the tree for ornamental purposes as its dark green leaves provide good shade.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿+ The uses of breadfruit tree wood﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ - The wood of the breadfruit tree was one of the most valuable timbers in the construction of traditional houses and furniture in Samoan architecture. Although the wood is not very hard, it is strong, pliable, and termite resistant. - The lightness of the breadfruit tree wood makes it perfect for making surfboards. - The wood is light and durable with a light golden color that darkens with age. It is used for the construction of houses and canoes because it resists termites and marine worms. - Its lightweight wood (specific gravity of 0.27) is resistant to termites and ship wood worms, so is used as timber for structures and outrigger canoes. The hulls of outrigger canoes are often fashioned from a single log and are still made in parts of Micronesia and Melanesia. - The wood is carved into attractive bowls, statues, handicrafts, furniture, and other items. The wood is also used to make traditional Hawaiian drums. - Older trees are an important source of firewood, especially on the atoll islands. - Its wood pulp can also be used to make paper, called breadfruit tapa. ﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿+ The uses of other parts of breadfruit tree﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ - The latex is very sticky and really stains things. Sticky white latex is present in all parts of the tree and has been used for glue, caulk, and even chewing gum. Bees are attracted to and harvest droplets of latex from the surface of the fruit. - Native Hawaiians used its sticky latex to trapbirds, whose feathers were made into cloaks. - The inner bark, or bast, can be made into bark cloth or cordage. - In a 2012 research study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, scientists at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), a division of the USDA, and collaborators at the University of British Columbia in Okanagan, Canada, "identified three breadfruit compounds - capric, undecanoic and lauric acids - that act as insect repellents." These saturated fatty acids were "found to be significantly more effective at repelling mosquitoes than DEET."﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿

﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿2.4- The Health Benefits of breadfruits Some of its health benefits include:1. Cardiovascular health: Breadfruit is an excellent source of potassium. This heart-friendly nutrient reduces blood pressure in the body and regulates the heart rate by minimizing the effects of sodium. It conducts electrical charges that drive muscular contraction in the skeletal system including the heart. Dietary fiber helps reduce cholesterol by preventing its absorption in the gut. It lowers bad cholesterol (LDL), while elevating good cholesterol (HDL) in the body. It decreases the triglyceride levels, which is one of the main causes of heart attacks.2. Resistance against infections: Breadfruit contains good amounts of antioxidants, which help the body to develop resistance against infectious agents. It also scavenges harmful free radicals from the body that lead to aging and other age-related diseases.﻿﻿﻿3. Source of Energy:﻿﻿﻿ One cup of breadfruit provides 60 grams of carbohydrates, the primary source of energy in the body. It is very beneficial for athletes and gym goers.﻿﻿﻿4. Diabetes:﻿﻿﻿ Fiber in breadfruit inhibits the absorption of glucose from the food we eat, thus controlling diabetes. It contains compounds, which are needed by the pancreas for producing insulin in the body.﻿﻿﻿ 5. Aids digestion:﻿﻿﻿ Fiber in breadfruit flushes out the toxins from the intestine, aiding in proper functioning of the bowel and intestines. It prevents digestion-related diseases like heartburn, acidity, ulcer and gastritis, eliminating toxic compounds from the gut. Breadfruit protects the colon’s mucous membrane by warding off cancer-causing chemicals from the colon. 6. Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids: Breadfruit contains relatively high amounts of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, which are vital for the proper development of the mind and body.﻿﻿﻿ 7. Dental health:﻿﻿﻿ Eating toasted breadfruit flower can help relieve toothache. Applying crushed breadfruit leaves on the tongue can also cure thrush.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ 8. Prevents Excessive Skin Inflammation:﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ Fresh breadfruit extracts may help to reduce unwanted inflammation. It inhibits the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes and prevents the overproduction of nitric oxides, thus preventing excessive inflammation.﻿ 9. Collagen Production:﻿ Drinking breadfruit juice helps to even out the skin tone and firm the skin by rejuvenating its appearance. The high amount of Vitamin C in breadfruit helps in the production of collagen, a protein which provides elasticity to the skin.﻿10. Encourages New Cell Growth:﻿ The antioxidants in breadfruit provide an effective shield against sun rays and sun damage. It also encourages the growth of new cells to make the damaged skin appear smooth and young. 11. Cures Skin Infections: Ashes of the breadfruit leaves are useful for curing skin infections.﻿﻿ 12. Treats Skin Diseases:﻿﻿ The latex of the breadfruit tree is applied on skin surfaces affected by skin diseases like eczema, psoriasis and inflammation.﻿﻿13. Nourishes Hair:﻿﻿ Breadfruit contains several hair-friendly nutrients, which are required for maintaining the health of the hair. Vitamin C in breadfruit facilitates the absorption of minerals and provides nourishment to the hair.﻿﻿﻿﻿14. Treats Dandruff, Itchiness & Hair Breakage:﻿﻿﻿﻿ Breadfruit is a good source of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, which naturally condition the hair, reducing hair breakage. The fatty acids present in breadfruit regulate the sebum production in the scalp, reducing dandruff and itchiness. It also inhibits scalp inflammation and cell death, preventing hair loss.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ 15. Promotes Hair Growth:﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ The moderate amounts of iron in breadfruit improve blood circulation in the scalp, stimulating the hair follicles to promote hair growth. Source: http://www.healthbeckon.com/breadfruit-benefits/ The breadfruit holds a treasure chest of nutrition, most notably being rich in fiber. This fiber can help control diabetes and even lower bad cholesterol levels, decreasing the risk for heart attacks. It is currently recommended that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of dietary fiber per day, which is equivalent to two cups of boiled breadfruit. Consider replacing white rice in meals with breadfruit to boost your dietary fiber easily. Breadfruit can also provide a proportion of the recommended requirements for vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, and iron. Source: http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/breadfruit.html﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿

﻿2.5- Cultivation of breadfruit on the World﻿﻿a- History﻿ Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis) originated in the Indo-Malayan Archipelago and Papua New Guinea. The breadfruit has been cultivated in the Malay Archipelago (where the species is held to be indigenous) since remote antiquity. From this region it spread throughout the tropical South Pacific region in prehistoric times. The ancestors of the Polynesians found the trees growing in the northwest New Guinea area around 3500 years ago. Artocarpus altilis, was introduced acrossOceaniabyPolynesianscolonists. It is said to have travelled to Polynesian Marquesas Islands via Malaya on board Polynesian ships in the 12th century where it eventually spread throughout the Polynesian islands, the Micronesian and South Pacific by the Polynesian colonist era. In that time Polysian people gave up the rice cultivation they had brought with them from ancient Taiwan, and raised breadfruit wherever they went in the Pacific. Breadfruit then spread west and north through Southeast Asia. Breadfruit was first domesticated in the western Pacific and spread by humans throughout the region. The tree is grown on most Pacific Islands, with the exception of New Zealand and Easter Island because of temperate low. Breadfruit has long been an important staple crop and a primary component of traditional agroforestry systems in Oceania and Asian countries in a long time before European explorers first arrived. It is closely related to the other tropical fruits such asjackfruit, breadnut,figs, and some mulberries. In 1769 Sir Joseph Banksand others saw the value of breadfruit as a highly productive food, when stationed inTahitias part of the Endeavourexpedition commanded byCaptain James Cook. As President of The Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks was the first people introduced breadfruit tree to Britain (but not successful) and later he introduced them to the West Indies in South America to provide food for slaves. Both types were brought, seeded and seedless. The late-18th-century quest for cheap, high-energy food sources forBritishslavesprompted colonial administrators and plantation owners to call for the introduction of this plant to theCaribbean. Banks provided a cash bounty and gold medal for success in this endeavor, and successfully lobbied his friends in government and the Admiralty for a British Naval expedition. In 1787, William Blighwas appointed Captain of theHMSBounty, and was instructed to proceed to the South Pacific for this task. In 1789, Captain Bligh was transporting breadfruit trees from Tahiti to the Caribbean when his crew rebelled. Only years later did people in the Caribbean start to eat it. One of the original trees still grows in the Botanic Gardens in St Vincent (at the Caribbean Sea). In the late 1700s several seed and seedless varieties of breadfruit were introduced to Jamaica and St. Vincent from Tahiti and a Tongan variety was introduced to Martinique and Cayenne via Mauritius. It is now cultivated throughout the tropics. These Polynesian varieties were then spread throughout the Caribbean and to Central and South America, Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the Maldives, the Seychelles, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, northern Australia, and south Florida. From Southeast Asia breadfruit tree gradually spread to other tropical regions. Breadfruit is now grown in close to 90 countries on the World.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ b- The species and varieties﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ There are two main types of Bread Fruit: one with seeds and one without.﻿﻿+ In the traditional classification﻿﻿there are three different species and many hybrids of breadfruit trees: -The Breadfruit(Artocarpus altilis) is growing throughout Southeast Asia, South India and most Pacific Ocean islands. It is also grown in theLeeward IslandsandWindward Islandsof theCaribbeanand inAfrica. -The Breadnut or wild ancestor of breadfruit,Artocarpus camansi(breadnut) naturally occurs in New Guinea, the Moluccas (Indonesia), and possibly the Philippines. Breadnut accompanied seedless breadfruit varieties on their trek beyond the Pacific and is now widely grown in other tropical regions. - The Wild breadfruitArtocarpus mariannensis grows wild in Palau, Guam, and the Northern Marianas Islands and has long been cultivated throughout Micronesia, especially on the atoll islands. - Many Hybrid breadfruit varieties in Micronesia are natural hybrids between Artocarpus mariannensis and Artocarpus altilis. + In the most recent revisionofArtocarpus, the highly variable speciesA. communisis a complex of three species of breadfruit:A. altilis,A. mariannensis, andA. camansi. In this case the all three are considered as subspecies or varieties of species Artocarpus communis There are hundreds varieties of breadfruit on the World. Depending on The Breadfruit Institute (headed byDiane Ragone, PhD) at the National Tropical Botanical Garden in Hawaii, there are more than 120 varieties from throughout the Pacific region on the World, they are both in seed and seedless fruit types. Numerous varieties are cultivated in the Pacific islands, but these are not known in tropical America. The tree cannot tolerate frost and has not been successfully grown even in the southernmost parts of Florida. Variable 2n numbers of the genetics have been reported for the breadfruit, viz. 54, 56, and 81. The basic chromosome number of the genusArtocarpusis probably,x= 28, and the seedless form is likely to be triploid with 2n = 3x= 84, explaining the absence of seeds. To date there has been no deliberate breeding of breadfruit; only selection has been done by the farmers from seedling populations.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿+ Ecology and habitat﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ The breadfruit is adapted to hot tropical lowland conditions and grows well on a cultivar of soils as long as there is good drainage. It doesn't do well where the temperature will go below 16oC (60oF). It is unable to tolerate frost, the tree has not been successfully grown in the U.S., even in southernmost Florida. Cultivars differ in their tolerance of seasonal drought and soil salinity. The tree is susceptible to wind damage causing branches to break and flowers and young fruit to fall. Breadfruit, an equatorial lowland species, grows best below elevations of 650 metres (2,130 ft), but is found at elevations of 1,550 metres (5,090 ft). Its preferred rainfall is 1,500 -3,000 millimetres (59 - 118 in) per year. Breadfruit trees grow in a variety of soils, and fruit well on atolls. Varieties have adapted to different climates, but high winds or little rainfall can cause loss of leaves, and may even cause them to die. Preferred soils are neutral toalkaline(pHof 6.1-7.4) and either sand, sandy loam, loam or sandy clayloam. Breadfruit is able to grow incoral sandsandsaline soils.+ Planting The seeded form of breadfruit is usually propagated by seed, while the seedless form by root suckers, although this method is rather unreliable and slow. Several other methods of vegetative propagation are possible, including grafting, but with varying degree of success. Planting seeds from full ripe fruits in well-drained soil is one way to grow breadfruit trees. Another way is to plant young shoots or suckers. Young breadfruit trees need protection from hot sun. Later they grow best in full sunlight. Older trees require little care except on atolls where they must sometimes be watered and manured with compost. The seedless are more widely grown than the seed types. These seedless types are propagated by transplanting suckers that grow out from the roots. Plants are set out in the field at the onset of the rains at a distance of 6 to 12 m, depending on the type and growing conditions. Partial shading is provided until the plants are well established. Often they are grown in household gardens or mixed orchards in Vietnam. The trees begin bearing in 3 to 5 years and are productive for many decades. Artificial pollination, a relatively simple operation, has resulted in considerably increased fruit yields.﻿﻿﻿﻿+ Pests and diseases﻿﻿﻿﻿ A few insects and mites may damage breadfruit trees, but can be chemically and biologically controlled. There are a number of diseases, including eight of economic importance: - Three root rots (Fusariumsp., Alternarasp. andPhillinus noxius), - One crown rot, - One leaf blotch (Phyllosticta artocarpicola), - and three fruit rots (Rhizoctonia solani, Phytopthora palmivoraandRhizopus artocarpi). The fruit rot caused byRhizopus artocarpican be partially controlled with copper sprays. ﻿+ Harvesting and yield﻿ Breadfruit trees typically yield well, but may suffer from drought when grown on porous coral soils in the Pacific, strong winds and salt spray damage. Adult breadfruit tree bears hundreds of fruits during each season. The fruits, however, can come in variety of colors, size and shapes. Each fruit generally features round or globular shape and weigh about 1 to 5 kg. Breadfruit is one of the highest-yielding food plants, with a single tree producing upwards of 200 or more fruits per season. In the South Pacific, the trees yield 50 to 150 fruits per year, however, in southern India, normal production is 150 to 200 fruits annually. Productivity varies between wet and dry areas. In theCaribbean, a conservative estimate is 25 fruits per tree. Studies inBarbadosindicate a reasonable potential of 16 to 32 tons per hectare (6.7-13.4 tons/acre).﻿﻿+ Post harvesting﻿﻿ Most breadfruit varieties also produce a small number of fruits throughout the year, so fresh breadfruit is always available, but somewhat rare when not in season. In general, well-mature but just short of ripeness fruits are harvested by hand from the tree. The fruit continues to ripe even after its harvesting. Its color gradually turns from bright green to light brown as it ripens. Ripe fruits impart fragrant-rich freshly baked sourdough bread flavor and has sour-sweet custard apple taste. The ripening process converts its starch to sugar with pleasing and more intensified fruity smell. At home, place the fruit in a cool well-ventilated place. If not used immediately, it will be ripe in 2-3 days as in jackfruit. Ripe fruit should be eaten soon when it yields to gentle thumb pressure; otherwise, it deteriorates rather quickly. When storing ripe breadfruit for a short period of time, keep it in a cool and dark place until needed. If it is to be stored overnight, place the whole breadfruit under water. Harvested fruits are collected in baskets and kept in cool place for 7 to 10 days. Fruits wrapped in polyethylene bags and kept at 12oC can be stored for about 20 days. The fruit cannot be stored in the refrigerator as it sustains chilling injury when stored below 12 degrees F. People in Pacific islands have mastered some unique ancient techniques to preserve for off-season use. The fruit is sun dried, and powdered or fermented in underground ovens as in Samoa islands. + The problem of storage The seedless variety of the African breadfruit is known to have problem of storage due to high respiration rate observed in the fruit during storage. This problem of storage has been attributed to account for the loss through wastage of a great proportion of the breadfruit produced in West Africa especially in the western part of Nigeria due to poor postharvest handling reported that between 60% and 80% of breadfruit produced in the southwestern Nigeria is wasted as a result of deterioration and lack of use.

﻿﻿2.6- Summary about Breadfruit 1) Breadfruit is a tropical tree which is mainly related to Jackfruit family. It has many similarities to jackfruit in all respects except that their fruits emerge from the terminal ends of small branches; whereas they arise (erupt) directly from the trunk and large branches in case of the latter. It is a very large evergreen tree found in tropical rainforests of Oceania, Asia, Africa and South America. 2) Plants bestow demeanor fruits from 2-3 years after planting and remains productive for decades. 3) Breadfruit can also be used like a vegetable. It can be baked, boiled, fried, or roasted. 4) Breadfruit has been an important crop in the Pacific for more than 3,000 years. It is an important staple food in many Pacific Islands countries as well as an exotic fruit of the western world. 5) They also provide construction materials, medicines, fabric, glue, insect repellent, animal feed, and more. 6) There are two varieties of breadfruit, one is the seeded variety known as the breadnut, scientific name - Artocarpus camansi and the other one is the seedless one. 7) The seeds are boiled, steamed, roasted over fire and eaten with salt. Sometimes they are made in the form of a puree. 8) Breadfruits play a vital role in animal feeding.﻿﻿

3- Breadfruit tree in Vietnam

3.1- Origin The breadfruit tree in Vietnam was planted in a long time ago, its origin is unknown. It was able cultivated at the first time in the Mekong Delta and was introduced to here from Thailand or Cambodia. The name of breadfuit tree in Vietnam is "Sa kê or Xa kê". This name can be derived from the name of this tree called "Sake" in Thailand or called "Saké" in Cambidia. Sometime it is called "Cây bánh mì" in Vietnam when it is translated from English name "Breadfruit". 3.2- Distribution Breadfruit trees were planted in every part of the country in Vietnam. They are the most widely cultivated in the Mekong Delta, Central Highlands and many provinces of Central Vietnam. In recent years with the role of ornamental and medicinal plants, breadfruit trees were development everywhere, including in rural and urban areas, from the plains to the highlands. This plant is easy to grow, healthy, easy to care and fewer pests and diseases.3.3- Varieties There are two varieties of breadfruit tree are grown in Vietnam: seed type and seedless type. The seed type variety of breadfruit is popularly grown in a long time ago with the seedlings were collected from ripening fruits that grown naturally or by nursing the seeds for planting. The seed variety is mainly grown for ornamental, medicinal and shade plants. It fruits are rarely used for food in Vietnam. The seedless type variety was not popularly grown in the past time by it is hardly in propagation. To have the young plants from seedless tree, cutting and grafting stems is the common methods to produced the young plant for growing. The young plants are mainly produced by the skilled farmers in their nursing young plant garden for selling. In the nearly present time because of to known the value of breadfruit tree with good nutritional and medicinal uses, the both seed and seedless type varieties of breadfruit were largely grown in anywhere. To use breadfruit fruits as food is attention now in Vietnam when there are many foreign food recipes are known from internet or food and medicinal magazines. For the purpose grown as ornamental plants, the seed and seedless breadfruit trees are planted, they aren't different.﻿3.4- Ecology﻿ In Vietnam, breadfruit trees suitable for planting on many different ecological zones, from the plain to the midland and mountainous. This plant can grow well both on the dry and humid soil. From the tropical climates to the temperate climates in Vietnam such as in Da Lat and Sa Pa can be also grown breadfruit tree.

﻿3.5- The uses of breadfruit in Vietnam﻿ In Vietnam breadfruit tree was cultivated in a long time but it was not a traditional crops. While in the Pacific island countries, Africa and South America breadfruit trees are the source of important food crop, but in Vietnam only a small part of the breadfruit fruits are used to eating, most of them are usually wasted out. It is a good source of food that is wasted in Vietnam! Breadfruit tree in Vietnam from the past mainly used as ornamental and medicinal plants. Until recently the breadfruit fruit is attention for eating as a fruit vegetable and a fruit food.

3.6- Planting breadfruit trees in Vietnam The breadfruit trees are interested by they has many benefits for garden decoration and simultaneously harvested fruit for processing many kinds of delicious food in the family. Over these the breadfruit trees are widely cultivated almost all over the country by the growth characteristics of the tree is easy to grow and adapt most soils as alum, salty ...1. Indication the varieties of breadfruit trees to growing There are two types of breadfruit trees in Vietnam, they are distinguished by fruit with seeds and fruit without seeds. The type with seedy fruit for harvesting it fruits to supply in the market for food processing uses. If the breadfruit trees are planted as an ornamental garden they aren't necessary to distinguish the texture of fruit, it can be both seed and seedless varieties. If the breadfruit trees are planted to use for food the farmers want to choice the seedless variety because this type of fruit has rich in powder and nutrition. The young plants for growing much to be mainly propagated from stem extract. The seedless young tree can be bought in the specialized seedling garden.2. Guide for planting breadfruit tree The breadfruit seedlings are mainly from cutting or grafting stems to make seedling such should note when starting to cultivate the young plant in an well improved soil around 20 cm high, to help it grows well in drainage soil because their root system of seedlings should be damage under wet soil. Use the organic fertilizers such as manure decomposed or red earthworm fertilizer in the hollow of soil before planting the seedlings. Then compact the solid base to help plant located certainly. After planting need to tie the young tree with one or many strong sticks set surrounding the trunk of young tree to protect it not be fallen by strong wind because the young trees will be damage at the roots and easily susceptible to death. Breadfruit tree grow better in the hot and humid climate than in cold and dry climate.﻿3. Fertilization and care after planting breadfruit trees﻿ Watered the young plants after planting them, you can use the nursing root drugs as N3M, roots surper, and use surper phosphate fertilizer in water phase (about 2-3 times, 5-7 days/ circle) to quickly appear new roots. About 25-30 days after planting the trees begin to recover, the leaves begin to erupt, in this period you need to supply about a teaspoon (if small trees) and tablespoons (for large trees) of DAP in soil around the young tree. After 3 months of growing the breadfruit tree has many new leaves and shoots. You need to supply the NPK fertilizer or the compound of DAP, URE and KCl, about one tablespoon of one kind/tree for once a month. Where the breadfruit tree grows well, you need to cover a ground layer and supply enough fertilizer for it growing. If planting outside garden soil, only care for 2 years, no need to supply water, the fertilizer is just supplied 2-3 times per year to get more fruits on trees. Because the seedless type of breadfruit seedlings getting from marcotting should just take care of full irrigation and fertilizing, when the tree has 3-4 branches may well be left out. If breadfruit grow too high and difficult to harvest it fruits you may cut the top of tree lower, the tree will give more low branches with foliage spread. The fruit will be appear in the lower new branches. Planting breadfruit tree with hugh bulk, choose a distance of 6-8 meters between plants, rows 8-10 meters. You can plant mixed crop under breadfruit shade with lower plant such as Cacao trees. 4. Pest control on breadfruit tree in Vietnam When planting breadfruit tree with many hurts in the fruit system, the tops of the trees will gradually more ill and the tree can be die in black color, the tree buds will regenerate the new body. When the body in being ill, need to remove dead branches and spray mushroom killer such as kasumin, valydamycin, metaxyl or other fungicide .... If it has prolonged rains and the scorching sun suddenly, making the attack aphids easy, just need to spray pesticides as SecSaigon, Anvado 100WP, Bassan ... with fungicide spray when unusual weather. Note that some pests can attack on small or newly planted trees. However breadfruit tree when grow well, it is rarely attacked by pests and diseases. 5. The yield of breadfruit in Vietnam The breadfruit trees in Vietnam has a high yield such as in other countries. The tree lives in very long time (60-100 years). A big tree produces hundreds of fruits on a year.

3.7- The future of breadfruit tree in Vietnam Breadfruit is a multipurpose species and all parts of the tree are used. It fact breadfruit tree is used in many functions: - Breadfruit can also be used like a vegetable. It can be baked, boiled, fried, or roasted. - Breadfruit is an important staple food in many Pacific Islands countries as well as an exotic fruit of the western world. - Breadfruit fruits are very good for health benefits. - Many part of breadfruit tree is used as medicines in the Pacific Islands and Asia. - Breadfruit tree is a good tree for forest garden. - Breadfruit tree is used as ornamental and shade plants. The breadfruit is adapted to hot tropical lowland conditions and grows well on a cultivar of soils as long as there is good drainage. Prof. Nguyen Van Luat, chairman of the South Plant Breeding, who had many years as Director of the Mekong Delta Rice Institute, when he presents in any food conference and enlist any time to introduce the benefits of tree "breadfruit". According to him, the pressure of the situation, "climate change" and the threat of rising sea levels reducing rice area, the scientists should be responsible for collecting, developing corporate food crops, food useful, easy to grow. In which breadfruit tree is one of food crops emerged interesting position because it is a forest trees that give food. Breadfruit tree is an important plant of Vietnam in the future!