BIOL 1413

General Zoology

BIOL 1413

Updated January 04, 2011

State Approval Code:2607015103

Semester Credit Hours:4

Lecture Hours per Week:3

Lab Hours per Week:3

Contact Hours per Semester:96

Catalog Description

An introduction to the animal kingdom providing the foundation for advancedstudies in agriculture, medicine, zoology, and other biological sciences. Laboratory
work with animals representing the various phyla of the invertebrates.(Lab fee)(2607015103)
Lecture hours = 3, Lab hours = 1

Course Curriculum

Basic Intellectual Compentencies in the Core Curriculum

Critical thinking

Perspectives in the Core Curriculum

Recognize the importance of maintaining health and wellness.

Develop a capacity to use knowledge of how technology and science affect their lives.

Use logical reasoning in problem solving.

Integrate knowledge and understand the interrelationships of the scholarly disciplines.

Core Components and Related Exemplary Educational Objectives

Mathematics

To recognize the limitations of mathematical and statistical models.

Natural Sciences

To understand and apply method and appropriate technology to the study of natural
sciences.

To recognize scientific and quantitative methods and the differences between these
approaches and other methods of inquiry and to communicate findings, analyses, and
interpretation both orally and in writing.

To identify and recognize the differences among competing scientific theories.

To demonstrate knowledge of the major issues and problems facing modern science, including
issues that touch upon ethics, values, and public policies.

To demonstrate knowledge of the interdependence of science and technology and their
influence on, and contribution to, modern culture.

Instructional Goals and Purposes

Panola College's instructional goals include 1) creating an academic atmosphere in
which students may develop their intellects and skills and 2) providing courses so
students may receive a certificate/an associate degree or transfer to a senior institution
that offers baccalaureate degrees.

General Course Objectives

1. To help prepare students who wish to pursue upper division coursework in biology
or biologyrelated fields.2. To help students develop an appreciation for the history and development of science.3. To help students become better informed citizens by providing opportunities to
learn the differences between science as a way of knowing and other disciplines such
as art, philosophyand religion4. To provide students an opportunity to understand and appreciate the complexity
and relationships of living systems.5. To help students become better informed regarding the role of animals in the environment
and the use of animals by humans.6. To make students aware of changing technologies in science and the responsibilities
and ethical decisions that come with the use of various technologies.7. To help students become better informed regarding environmental issues

Specific Course Objectives

Unit 1. Zoology: General Considerations, Basic Chemistry, Cells and the Organization
of LifeZoology: Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives1. define biology, zoology and related terms ( eg. Specializations by sub-discipline
and taxonomic categories)2. list the general characteristics of science as defined by U.S. District Court Judge
William R. Overton3. and explain the circumstances in which these characteristics were defined4. explain the scientific method5. differentiate between the physiological sciences and evolutionary sciences6. discuss the difficulty in defining life7. identify the characteristics of life8. discuss the importance of being able to view living things from both an evolutionary
and an ecological perspective9. explain what hypothesis is being made when zoologists classify animals into taxonomic
groupsThe Chemical Basis of Animal Life (from Online Learning Center or ESP CD)1. explain why understanding chemistry is important to an understanding of biology2. identify and describe atoms and elements3. discuss the structure of atoms and related concepts such as atomic number, atomic
mass, energy-level shell4. differentiate between atoms, compounds and molecules5. explain the effect of the condition of the outer electron shell on bonding6. differentiate between covalent, hydrogen and ionic bonds7. explain the pH scale8. describe the general structure, essential elements, building blocks and functions
of each of the four major groups of organic compounds and their various classesCells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems (NOTE: Most, if not all, of these concepts
will becovered in the laboratory. However, the student will be responsible for this information
on bothlecture exams and lab quizzes.)1. recognize or describe the modern cell theory2. define cells3. explain the importance of surface-to-volume ratio in cell size4. identify the cell membrane, describe its structure and function5. discuss the fluid-mosaic model of cell membrane structure6. list 6 major functions of cell membranes7. define homeostasis and selective permeability8. differentiate between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration,
active transport, endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis)
and exocytosis.9. recognize the various organelles and structures of eukaryotic cells and their relative
composition and functions.10. explain the composition and functions of the nucleus11. define tissue, organ and organ system.12. identify the 4 major types of tissues in animals and the various classes of those
tissues.13. relate the composition of various tissues to their function.Unit 2: Energy: Basic Concepts, Enzymes, and the Harvesting of Energy from NutrientsEnergy and Enzymes: Life’s Driving and Controlling Forces1. discuss an animal’s use of radiant energy from the sun2. recognize or write the Laws of Energy Transformation3. define producers, primary and secondary consumers, food chain and related terms4. define energy5. discuss the significance of activation energy as it relates to enzymes, chemical
reactions and reaction rates.6. compare and contrast exergonic and endergonic reactions; catabolic and anabolic
reactions7. define enzymes and recognize their structure, functions and relationship to a substrate8. list factors affection enzyme activity9. define cofactors and coenzymes; include examples of each and their role in enzyme
reactions10. describe briefly the conversion of ATP ADP and the significance of the compound(s)
to living cells11. define substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylationHow Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients1. identify and describe the major pathways in cellular respiration2. describe the important by-products for each of the major pathways in aerobic respiration3. discuss the metabolism of lipids and proteins4. compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration5. explain the control of metabolism6. describe the significance of the metabolic poolUnit 3. Cell Division and Inheritance; Protection, Support and MovementCell Division and Inheritance Systems (NOTE: Most, if not all, of these concepts will
be coveredin the laboratory. However, the student will be responsible for this information on
both lecture exams and lab quizzes.)define gene, genetics, inheritance and related terms1. differentiate between chromatin, nucleosome, sex chromosome, autosomes, heterochromatic
and euchromatic regions2. explain why not all chromatin is equally active3. describe three different genotypes for gender determination and tell which organism(s)
possesses which type4. describe the diploid, haploid and polyploidy conditions5. describe the major processes in the two types of cell division and the major events
in each process [eg. cytokinesis, karyokinesis (mitosis, meiosis)]6. describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the cells which
participate in each and the resulting ploidy of the offspring cells7. define replication, transcription and translation; list the major events in each
and relate the role each plays in the cell8. describe the various types of changes that can occur in DNA9. recognize various patterns of inheritance10. explain the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent assortment and their
significance to genetic variation11. recognize the molecular basis of various inheritance patternsProtection, Support, and Movement1. describe various representative integumentary systems2. explain the structures and functions of the various integumentary systems3. compare and contrast the skeletal systems of invertebrates4. describe the major composition of the vertebrate skeletal system5. compare the skeletal systems of fishes, tetrapods, and humans6. compare and contrast muscular and non-muscular movements7. describe the properties of animal muscles8. compare and contrast the different types of animal muscles.9. compare the various muscular systems and locomotion forms of invertebrates10. describe the functions of tendons in the muscular system of invertebrates11. compare the muscular systems of fish and other vertebrates12. describe the structure of a skeletal muscle13. give a basic explanation of the control of muscle contractionUnit 4. Communication: Nervous and Sensory Systems, The Endocrine System and Chemical
MessengersCommunication 1: Nervous and Sensory Systems1. describe the importance of neurons and their properties.2. describe the 3 functional types of neurons.3. describe the 3 functional types of neurons.4. explain neuronal communication.5. compare and contrast resting potential and action potential in terms of the relative
charges and ion concentration outside and inside the cell membrane.6. describe the roles of the end bulb, synapse, synaptic cleft, electrical synapse,
chemical synapse, neurotransmitters7. give 2 examples of neurotransmitters8. explain what happens to nerve transmission in cases of botulism poisoning.9. describe the 5 general evolutionary trends in nervous systems development in invertebrates.10. describe the characteristics of the vertebrate nervous system.11. describe the 2 main divisions of the vertebrate nervous system, their subdivisions
and the functions of each.12. describe the structure and function of the spinal cord13. relate the number of spinal nerves to the number of segments in the trunk and
tail of a vertebrate.14. describe the structure and function of the brain and its various parts15. describe the main division of the autonomic nervous system and their functions16. briefly describe the composition and processes of sensory receptors.17. list 9 examples of receptors in invertebrates, identify their uses and identify
the organism(s) in which they are found18. List 11 examples or categories of vertebrate receptors, describe their function
and indicate the organism in which they are found.Communication 2: The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers1. Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine system (glands) and give an example
of each.2. describe the 5 categories of chemical messengers3. define hormones and related terms4. describe the biochemistry of hormones5. explain feedback control of hormonal secretions6. describe mechanisms of hormone activations7. list some examples of hormones in invertebrates and some of their functions8. provide a general description of a vertebrate endocrine system.9. describe the basic composition of the endocrine system in vertebrates other than
birds and mammals10. briefly describe the endocrine system of birds11. describe the endocrine system of mammals including a discussion of the various
glands, their locations, and functionsUnit 5: Circulation, Gas Exchange, Nutrition and Digestion, Temperature and Body Fluid
RegulationCirculation and Gas Exchange1. Write a general description of internal transport or circulatory system and the
relationshipof such a system to homoeostasis.2. contrast the various transport systems (circulatory-including lymphatic system
and gasexchange) in invertebrates and vertebrates3. compare the characteristics of invertebrate coelomic fluid , hemolymph, and blood
cells4. describe the transport systems of vertebrates.5. describe the composition of body fluids6. describe and compare various circulation systems7. describe the mammalian heart and trace the path of blood through the heart beginningwith deoxygenated blood8. describe the circulatory vessels9. describe and compare various respiration systems10. describe the structure and function of mammalian respiratory systemsNutrition and Digestion1. describe organisms by their energy sources and carbon sources2. identify the steps of processing foods3. compare feeding adaptations and of animals4. describe the process of digestion and the organization of the alimentary canal5. explain regulation of food intake6. describe nutritional requirements of animals, especially compare micro- and macronutrients7. explain how the energy value of food is measured8. describe the physiological roles of various essential minerals (macronutrients)
and various trace minerals (micronutrients)9. list or recognize the various water-soluble vitamins, their characteristics, functions,sources (selected vitamins )10. describe the various digestive structures and their structures (invertebrates,
mammals and other selected vertebrates)11. list or recognize the major digestive glands, secretions and enzymes in mammals.Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation1. define homeostasis2. describe the birth of the concept of homeostasis3. describe the 2 sources of potential changes in an organism’s internal environment4. describe and compare osmotic regulation in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
organisms.5. describe various invertebrate excretory structures and explain their functions6. describe the vertebrate kidney and explain its functions7. explain the different forms of temperature regulation8. describe some adaptations for coping with temperature fluctuations9. describe some adaptations for coping with hot environmentsUnit 6: Reproduction and Development, Embryology1. differentiate between various forms of asexual and sexual reproduction2. define hermaphrodism3. describe 2 types of parthenogenesis4. explain the advantages and disadvantages to sexual reproduction5. compare the plans of reproduction systems in various vertebrates6. describe the human male reproduction system7. describe the human female reproduction system8. explain gametogenesis in male and female9. describe the process of oocyte maturation, fertilization and activation10. compare and describe cleavage and the early stages of embryonic development11. compare the various patterns of cleavages in invertebrate and vertebrate zygote12. describe blastulation and gastrulation13. describe the mechanisms of development14. explain the development of systems and organs in vertebrates by discussing derivatives
of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm15. compare various reproduction patterns16. describe major events in mammalian developmentUnit 7: Evolution: A Historical Perspective, Gene Frequencies, and Ecology: Preserving
theAnimal KingdomEvolution: A Historical Perspective1. define evolution, phylogeny2. recognize the main players in the development of evolutionary theory, their contributions,
(or criticisms) as well as the relative time period in which their ideas were presented3. discuss Darwin's theory of evolution4. list examples of the evidence for Darwin's theories5. discuss the concept and evidence for perpetual change ( interpretation of fossil
records,geologic time, evolutionary trends)6. briefly explain common descent7. list examples of multiplication of species8. discuss gradualism and natural selection9. briefly explain neo-Darwinism and emergence of the synthetic theory10. define micro-evolution11. define macro-evolution12. discuss evolutionary processes13. discuss human evolutionEvolution and Gene Frequencies1. define organic evolution in modern genetic theory2. explain the advantage of genetic variation in a population3. define gene pool4. Define the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem; include a discussion of its assumptions and
explainwhat it contributes to the science of population genetics5. define balanced polymorphism and give an example6. define speciation (and its various forms) and reproductive isolation.7. define genetic drift and neutral selection8. re-examine mutation and natural selection from Ch. 39. contrast phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibriumEcology: Preserving the Animal Kingdom1. define ecology, habitat, tolerance range, range of optimum, limiting factor taxis2. contrast autotroph and heterotroph3. explain how thermoregulatory needs influence many habitat requirements4. define biotic and abiotic5. define population, community, ecosystem, biome6. describe the various types of population growth including a discussion of environmental
resistance7. explain density-dependent and density-independent factors and their effect on population
regulation8. compare intraspecific and interspecific competition and how they affect a population
and/or community9. define coevolution10. explain the various types of symbiotic relationships and give an example of each11. describe some interspecific adaptations12. define communities, ecological niche, dominant species, diversity(richness)13. explain succession and the associated terms: pioneer community, sere, seral stage,
climax community and describe at least one type of succession14. explain the difference between food chain and food web15. explain trophic levels16. describe at least one of the biogeochemical cycles: carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle,
water cycle17. explain the significance and impact of ecological problems related to human populationgrowth, pollution, resource depletion, biodiversityLaboratory ObjectivesGeneral Laboratory Objectives (Other objectives listed by topic/week)For each taxonomic category specified in an exercise the student may be required to:1. identify the designated taxa associated with particular organisms2. describe the evolutionary history and relationships, phylogeny3. describe the morphology of an organism, typical body plans, characteristics of
various taxa, etc.4. identify organelles or organs and their functions5. describe typical habitats6. describe ecological relationships7. discuss the economic and/or medical importance of groups of organismsObjectives: The student must be able toMicroscopy and Lab Safety1. describe and apply appropriate and safe lab procedure2. identify the parts of the microscope3. identify the functions of the microscope parts4. demonstrate appropriate care and use of the microscope5. define the electromagnetic spectrum and its main parts6. explain how transmission, absorption, reflection, refraction and diffusion affect
our use of the microscope and explain the procedures and mechanisms that compensate
for these effectsCell structures and functions1. discuss the history of the cell concept and biologists who were instrumental in
its development2. define and identify the cell theory3. briefly describe instruments used in the study of cells4. identify the components of Eukaryotic cells and their functions5. discuss the surfaces of cells and their specializations6. identify the cell membrane and its functions7. discuss the fluid-mosaic model of cell membranes8. compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsHistology:Tissue structure and function1. Name the four kinds of tissues found in animal systems and describe their functions2. recognize and describe the composition, function and location of the following
types of epithelium:a. simple squamous epitheliumb. simplecuboidal epitheliumc. simple columnar epitheliumd. stratified epithelium3. describe the functions of general and special connective tissues4. recognize and describe the function and location ofa. dense connective tissueb. loose connective tissuec. adipose tissue5. recognize and describe the composition, function and location of the various types
of muscletissueAspects of Cell Function: Membrane Transport1. explain the importance of membrane transport2. describe or recognize the processes involved in: diffusion, osmosis, pinocytosis,
phagocytosis, Exocytosis3. differentiate between active transport, passive passive transport, bulk transport,
facilitated transport4. describe the role of the plasma membrane in transport processes.The cell cycle1. discuss the processes of cell division2. define and identify the characteristics of: cell cycle, interphase,cytokinesis,
karyokinesis, meiosis, mitosis3. define and recognize the function of chromatin, chromosome, chromotids, homologues,
kinetochore,centromere, spindle fibers, polar fibers, kinetochore fibers, asters, centrioles,
cleavage furrowGenetics1. describe, recognize and/or model the various stages of meiosis2. predict the results of crosses involving one or two autosomally linked traits3. predict the results of crosses involving single X-linked traits4. analyze data using a simple statistical test (Teacher’s option)5. describe the principles of segregation and independent assortment and use these
principles insolving problems involving monohybrid, dihydrid, and X-linked crosses.Embryology1. describe the goals of embryological studies2. describe the events of fertilization and early embryology for the sea urchin and
the frog3. explain how the yolk influences patterns of cleavage4. recognize stages in the embryology of the sea urchin and the frog5. describe the significance of the three embryonic: germ layers—ectoderm, endoderm,
and mesoderm. List the variety of structures that each forms in the adult animalPhylogeny and Classification of Organisms 71. describe a classification system as a reflection of the order present in nature2. describe systematics, or taxonomy, as the study of the kinds of organisms and their
evolutionary relationships.3. describe a species as a single kind of organism that is given a distinctive name
by taxonomists4. describe other levels of classification as reflecting the relatedness among different
species5. interpet and describe the usefulness of cladograms in modern taxonomic studies6. construct a cladogram using simple block animals7. assign names to simple block animals using a few basic rules of zoological nomenclatureFor each taxonomic category specified in an exercise the student may be required to:1. identify the designated taxa associated with particular organisms2. describe the evolutionary history and relationships, phylogeny3. describe the morphology of an organism, typical body plans, characteristics of
various taxa, etc.4. identify organelles or organs and their functions5. describe typical habitats6. describe ecological relationships7. discuss the economic and/or medical importance of groups of organismsThe Animal-like ProtistsPhylum PoriferaThe radiate animals:Phylum CnidariaPhylum CtenophoraThe acoelomate animals:Phylum Platyhelminthes10Phylum NemerteaPhylum GnathostomulidaThe pseudocoelomate animals:Phylum RotiferaPhylum NematodaPhylum MolluscaPhylum AnnelidaPhylum ArthropodaSubphylum ChelicerataSubphylum CrustaceaSubphylum UniramiaPhylum EchinodermataPhylum ChordataSubphylum UrochordataSubphylum CephalochordataSubphylum VertebrataClass CephalaspidomorphiClass ChondrichthyesClass OsteichthyesClass AmphibiaClass ReptiliaClass Aves

General Description of Each Lecture or Discussion

Course content will be taken from the adopted text and lab manual, scientific journals,
current popular periodicals, appropriate online sources and pertinent reference literature.

Methods of Instruction/Course Format/Delivery

Instruction for this course will include formal instructor lectures, question/answer
sessions, small group discussions, videos and interactive software.

Assessment

Lecture assessment may include face-to-face and online testing including multiple
choice, fill-in-the-blank, short answer and short essay questions as well as short
reports. Lab assessment may include observations of student work, written and/or oral
quizzes, graded exercises and/or reports.

50% from average of Unit Exams (5 or 6 exams)30% from the Final Exam (comprehensive over all but the last unit)20% from the Laboratory Average (50% from quizzes, 50% from written or observed activities)

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