6 crocidolite and amosite asbestos comprised most of the rest. Anthophyllite asbestos was produced in minor amounts in Finland. Tremolite and actinolite asbestos were produced in very minor amounts in various parts of the world. Significant production of asbestos began in the late 19th century; yearly production peaked at about 5.1 million tonnes (t) in 1975, and then declined steadily to about 2.3 million t in Ninety-six percent of the raw asbestos imported into the United States was the chrysotile variety, almost all from Canada. The peak year for use of Canadian asbestos in the United States was 1973, when nearly 700,000 t was imported. By 1996, these imports had dropped to 21,000 t. The most important chrysotile mining districts are in the Province of Quebec, Canada, in the Bazhenovo and Kiembay districts of Russia, and in the Dzhetygara district of Kazakhstan. Other important deposits of chrysotile asbestos presently being exploited are found in Zimbabwe, South Africa, Brazil, and China. One of the world s largest deposits occurs in the New Idria area of California, but production there is low. A description of past and present uses of asbestos, total world production of asbestos by year, asbestos production by country for selected years, and United States import and consumption of asbestos by year are also presented. Keywords: asbestos, chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, geological occurrence, mining localities, production figures. Des six minéraux asbestiformes, seulement trois ont fait l objet d une exploitation importante; le chrysotile englobe de 90 et 95% de la production mondiale, tandis que crocidolite et amosite constituent le reste. L anthophyllite asbestiforme a été produite en faibles quantités en Finlande. La trémolite et l actinolite asbestiformes ont été produites en quantités très faibles à divers endroits. La production commerciale de l amiante débuta vers la fin du 19ième siècle; la production annuelle atteignit environ 5.1 millions de tonnes en 1975, et diminua par la suite à environ 2.3 million de tonnes en Quatre-vingt seize pourcent de l amiante brut importé aux Etats-Unis est la variété chrysotile, provenant presqu entièrement du Canada. C est en 1973 que les importations d amiante provenant du Canada ont atteint leur maximum, environ 700,000 t. En 1996, seulement 21,000 t ont été importées. Les districts miniers les plus importants pour la production du chrysotile sont situés dans la province de Québec, au Canada, dans les districts de Bazhenovo et Kiembay en Russie, et dans le district de Dzhetygara au Kazakhstan. D autres gisements importants de chrysotile sont présentement en exploitation au Zimbabwe, en Afrique du Sud, au Brésil et en Chine. Un des plus gros gisements qui soit se trouve dans la région de New Idria en Californie, mais la production y est très faible. Nous fournissons des données sur les utilisations passées et présentes de l amiante, la production mondiale annuelle d amiante, la production des pays exportateurs en fonction d années désignées, et le taux d importation et de consommation annuelles aux Etat-Unis. Mots-clés: amiante, chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, contexte géologique, camps miniers, données sur la production. Can. Mineral., Spec. Publ. 5, pp (2001) CONTROLS OF AMPHIBOLE FORMATION IN CHRYSOTILE DEPOSITS: EVIDENCE FROM THE JEFFREY MINE, ASBESTOS, QUEBEC ANTHONY E. WILLIAMS-JONES, CHARLES NORMAND, JAMES R. CLARK, HOYATOLLAH VALI AND ROBERT F. MARTIN Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada ANDRÉ DUFRESNE AND ATAOLLAH NAYEBZADEH Department of Occupational Health, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada Epidemiological studies have demonstrated strong correlations between long-term exposure to asbestos fibers and a variety of pulmonary diseases, including fibrosis, lung carcinoma and a type of pleural cancer known as mesothelioma. Moreover, studies of chrysotile mine and mill workers in Quebec have shown that the principal fiber in their lung tissues is not, as might be expected, chrysotile, but rather the amphibole-group mineral tremolite. In view of these findings, it is essential to establish the distribution of tremolite in the mines and, in particular, to determine whether or not the chrysotile ores are tremolite-bearing. Detailed investigations of the Jeffrey mine, in Asbestos, Quebec, have revealed the presence of the following amphibole-group minerals: anthophyllite, cummingtonite, hornblende and tremolite actinolite. The bulk of the amphibole, however, is in the form of tremolite and actinolite, and is found mainly in serpentinite adjacent to or included within felsic dykes. Appreciable quantities of amphibole also are present in pyroxenite (tremolite) and slate (actinolite) in contact with serpentinite distal to the ore zones. Significantly, the chrysotile ores are essentially amphibolefree. Most of the amphibole is fibrous, but a small proportion is asbestiform according to criteria established by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The principal control on the formation of tremolite and actinolite in the serpentinite was an increase in asio 2 associated with felsic dykes. Increased aca 2+ favors the crystallization of tremolite actinolite, but is not a prerequisite. The formation of anthophyllite and cummingtonite required both an increase in asio 2 and high temperatures (>600 C), which were associated with the intrusion of felsic dykes. Amphibole is easily detected by conventional (>2.5 wt.%) and digestion-enhanced (>0.1 wt.%) powder X-ray-diffraction analysis. Lithogeochemical analyses afford an indirect and less expensive method for screening samples for the amphiboles. Amphibole-free samples contain <15 ppm CaO, <0.6 wt.% Al 2O 3, and >2,350 ppm Ni. In conjunction with conventional geological mapping, it should be possible, using these methods of detection, to identify potential amphibole-rich zones and to design methods to mine chrysotile ores with minimal contamination. Keywords: serpentine, amphibole, tremolite, distribution, phase relations, physicochemical controls, Jeffrey mine, Asbestos, Quebec.

14 Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Brooklyn College of The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York , U.S.A. The former Soviet Union produces over 50% of the world s chrysotile asbestos and is the largest user of the mineral. Occupational exposures are controlled using six different gravimetric standards, which vary depending on the percentage of chrysotile asbestos in the dust and the type of asbestos-containing product being fabricated. Uncontrolled exposures produced high incidence of asbestosis and lung cancer, although historically mesothelioma has been and remains a rare disease in the Russian industry. The Russian experience with the mining and milling of chrysotile ore indicates that the incidence of asbestosis and lung cancer can be significantly reduced by controlling the exposures. Lung-content analysis in ten cases of asbestosis revealed that tremolite is not an etiological factor. In the fabrication of some asbestos-containing products, where historical exposures have been lower than in mining and milling, the risk of lung cancer is similar to that in the general population. Even significant nonoccupational exposure to chrysotile has been associated with slight if any increased incidence of mesothelioma. Keywords: chrysotile asbestos, asbestos-related disease, asbestosis, fibrosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, Sverdlovsk Region, Urals, Russia. La Fédération russe produit plus de 50% de l amiante de type chrysotile, et serait le plus important utilisateur de ce minéral au monde. En Russie, les taux d exposition occupationnelle sont évalués avec six étalons gravimétriques, qui varient selon la proportion de fibres de chrysotile dans la poussière et le type de produit contenant l amiante. Les expositions non contrôlées ont produit une incidence élevée d asbestose et de cancer pulmonaire, quoique de façon historique, le mésothéliome a été et demeure une maladie rare sur le territoire de la Fédération russe. D après l expérience russe de l extraction et de l usinage du chrysotile, on peut réduire de façon importance le taux d incidence de l asbestose et du cancer pulmonaire simplement en réduisant le taux d exposition. Une analyse de la charge pulmonaire dans dix cas d asbestose montre que la trémolite n est pas un facteur étiologique. Dans les milieux de fabrication de certains produits contenant de l amiante, où les taux d exposition passés ont toujours été plus faibles que dans les mines et les moulins, le risque de cancer pulmonaire ressemble au risque pour la population générale. Même les cas d exposition non occupationnelle au chrysotile n ont pas été associés à un accroissement significatif du taux d incidence de mésothéliome. Mots-clés: amiante de type chrysotile, maladies liées à l amiante, asbestose, fibrose, cancer pulmonaire, mésothéliome, région de Sverdlovsk, Ourales, Russie. Can. Mineral., Spec. Publ. 5, pp (2001) MORBIDITY IN A COHORT OF CHILDREN LIVING IN AN ASBESTOS-PRODUCING AREA STANISLAV G. DOMNIN, EDWARD G. PLOTKO AND ALEXANDER V. SHTOL Medical Research Center for Prevention and Health Protection of Industrial Workers, 30 Popov Street, Ekaterinburg , Russian Federation ROBERT P. NOLAN Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Brooklyn College of The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, U.S.A. Virtually all epidemiological studies concerning the health effects of chrysotile asbestos focus on the risk of cancer and asbestosis in occupationally exposed groups. However, chrysotile asbestos escapes into the environment, creating the opportunity for non-occupational exposure, particularly among children. To extrapolate health effects downward from higher occupational exposures associated with cancer risks among adults is obviously of limited applicability. The different asbestos-related diseases observed at higher exposure help to explain the widespread public awareness and interest about the risks at much lower exposures. Relatively small concentrations of chrysotile asbestos are typically found in the ambient environment around chrysotile mining and milling complexes. These exposures are low compared to the occupational setting, although considerably higher than other non-occupational exposures, such as those encountered in buildings with asbestoscontaining materials. The purpose of this study is to determine if such exposures can produce increases in non-malignant respiratory diseases in children. A retrospective study of morbidity found that the youngest children in the area of the asbestos complex near Asbest City, in the Urals region of the Russian Federation, had a prominent increase in bronchitis compared to controls. This correlation did not occur in older children. Increases in respiratory complaints tended to occur one day after highest levels of all particulates in the dust, although for the newborn, this complaint often occurred on the same day. Keywords: chrysotile asbestos, children, non-malignant respiratory diseases, morbidity, Urals, Russia.

David Marsden Labour market segmentation in Britain: the decline of occupational labour markets and the spread of entry tournaments Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Marsden, David

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