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Citation Guidelines

Here are some examples of citation formats for the specific types of content you are likely encounter on the Gilder Lehrman website: essays, multimedia, spotlights on primary sources, and primary sources. We have included APA, MLA, and Turabian (adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style). The examples below are suggested models, and you should verify preferred citations of online materials with your teacher or department.

Essays that are not part of the online journal History Now (these essays do not have the History Now issue bar above the essay title):

In-text Citations

Reference

Spotlights on Primary Sources are brief introductions to historical documents; the “creator” listed on Spotlights on Primary Source pages is the author of the original document, not the author of the introduction. The Gilder Lehrman Institute is the author of the introductions.

In-text Citations

(Gilder Lehrman Institute, “Hoover”)

List of Works Cited

The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. (n.d.). Herbert Hoover on the Great Depression and New Deal, 1930–1933. Retrieved from https://www.gilderlehrman.org/content/herbert-hoover-great-depression-and-new-deal-1931-1933

MLA (7th edition)

These examples follow MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed. (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2009). MLA advises including the source medium (e.g., Web) and the access date. MLA also suggests eliminating the url, but we have shown it in the Lists of Works Cited examples in case your teacher or department wants it included.

Essays

Essays that are part of the online journal History Now are indicated by the bar above the title of the essay showing the issue number, title, and publication date:

These are brief introductions to historical documents; the “creator” listed on Spotlights on Primary Source pages is the author of the original document, not the author of the introduction. The Gilder Lehrman Institute is the author of the introductions.

Parenthetical documentation

(Gilder Lehrman Institute, “Hoover”)

List of Works Cited

The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. “Herbert Hoover on the GreatDepression and New Deal, 1930–1933.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute ofAmerican History, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. <http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/new-deal/resources/herbert-hoover-great-depression-and-new-deal-1931–1933>.

Turabian (8th edition)

These examples follow Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 8th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013). The two different styles described in Turabian—notes-bibliography style and author-date style—are listed below.

Notes-Bibliography Style

Essays

Essays that are part of the online journal History Now, indicated by the History Now logo above the title of the essay (click on the title of the issue of History Now in small type under the History Now logo to find out which issue the essay is from):

Notes

1. Alfred Crosby, "The Columbian Exchange," History Now 12 (Summer 2007), The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, accessed March 28, 2014, http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-now/2007-06/age-exploration.

Bibliography

Crosby, Alfred. "The Columbian Exchange," History Now 12 (Summer 2007). The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Accessed March 28, 2014.http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-now/2007-06/age-exploration.

Essays that are not part of the online journal History Now (these essays do not have the History Now logo above the title of the essay):

Notes

Gary W. Gallagher, "The American Civil War," The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, accessed March 28, 2014, http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/civil-war-and-reconstruction-1861-1877/american-civil-war.

These are brief introductions to historical documents; the "creator" listed on Spotlights on Primary Source pages is the author of the original document, not the author of the introduction. The Gilder Lehrman Institute is the author of the introductions.

Notes

1. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, "Herbert Hoover on the Great Depression and New Deal, 1931–1933," accessed March 28, 2014, http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/new-deal/resources/herbert-hoover-great-depression-and-new-deal-1931–1933.

Bibliography

The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. "Herbert Hoover on the GreatDepression and New Deal, 1931–1933." Accessed March 28, 2014.http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/new-deal/resources/herbert-hoover-great-depression-and-new-deal-1931–1933.

Multimedia

Notes

1. Eric Foner and James G. Basker, "The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery," The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History video, 36:12, accessed March 28, 1014, http://www.gilderlehrman.org/multimedia#!116430.

If multiple items from the Gilder Lehrman Collection are used, the bibliography entry can be the Collection itself:

Author-Date Reference Style

Essays

Essays that are part of the online journal History Now, indicated by the History Now logo above the title of the essay (click on the title of the issue of History Now in small type under the History Now logo to find out which issue the essay is from):

Parenthetical citations

(Crosby 2007)

Reference list

Crosby, Alfred. 2007. "The Columbian Exchange," History Now 12 (Summer). TheGilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Accessed March 28, 2014.http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-now/2007-06/age-exploration

Essays that are not part of the online journal History Now (these essays do not have the History Now logo above the title of the essay). For undated online materials, Turabian recommends using the date of access in place of the date of publication.

These are brief introductions to historical documents; the "creator" listed on Spotlights on Primary Source pages is the author of the original document, not the author of the introduction. The Gilder Lehrman Institute is the author of the introductions. For undated online materials, Turabian recommends using the date of access in place of the date of publication. When author and date are the same for multiple sources, Turabian suggests adding lower-case letters after the year.

Parenthetical citation

(Gilder Lehrman Institute 2014a)

Reference list

The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. 2014a. "Herbert Hoover on theGreat Depression and New Deal, 1930–1933." Accessed March 28, 2014.http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/new-deal/resources/herbert-hoover-great-depression-and-new-deal-1931–1933.