Friday, September 10, 2010

King Crater Natural Bridge

About ten kilometers north of the deep 73 km-wide crater King, a 20 meter-long natural bridge near 6.23°N, 119.70°E. has been discovered, surveyed in high-resolution from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Impact melt from King's energetic formation was flung up and over this area. Still semi-liquid, cooling unevenly, the flood then rushed back into King's interior, carving a wide notch on the crater rim. This brief chaos blistered and channeled this slope, under the surface. A void, perhaps briefly a subsurface channel, eventually degraded into a pit opening amazingly "bridged" by a uniquely stubborn ceiling. This intriguing lunar feature is well within the King Crater Region of Interest, a Tier One priority target for LRO. Further views and Discussion about this discovery [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

The camera aboard NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft, currently about to begin its second year of mapping the Moon, continues to reveal new and fascinating details of the geology of the Moon. A recent featured image at the LROC web site shows what appears to be a “natural bridge” on the lunar surface, i.e., an unsupported strip of terrain that connects two topographic prominences. What might this feature be telling us about the Moon’s processes and history?

Four Windows Cave, El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico [DesertMarmot].

Natural bridges are not common on Earth. They typically form by erosion of rock from beneath, in which material is slowly and gradually removed at such a rate that the uppermost surface remains intact. They are found most often on Earth in sedimentary deposits, in which running water erodes rock away from opposite sides of an area, causing the retreat of two scarps that eventually meet, leaving an intact arch or “bridge” that appears to connect two hills. Such a feature is ephemeral, of course; the same erosion that created the bridge will eventually destroy it, leaving at last only two disconnected hills, both of which will eventually be eroded flat themselves over time.

As there is no running water, how can such a feature be made on the Moon? A flowing liquid is involved, but it’s not water. I have discussed the flow of lava in the lunar maria and its production of caves in a previous column. Billions of years ago, lava erupted onto the surface of the Moon. This lava was of very low viscosity (about the consistency of motor oil at room temperature) and it spread out into thin sheets that flowed across the surface very rapidly. As the lava cooled, it solidified from the outside inward, leaving the hottest, most fluid material in the center of the flow. In some cases, this created a lava tube, which is a very efficient method of transporting erupted lava from a vent to a flow margin. Lava tubes can be active for most of the duration of an eruption and when the eruption stops, the lava inside them often drains out, leaving behind an empty, underground tunnel. Sometimes, the roofs of these tunnels collapse, exposing the tube interiors to space through cave “skylights.”

Natural bridge in a terrestrial lava tube, El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico. "Nearby, old lava tubes have collapsed to form narrow steep-walled box canyons (the largest called 'Catepillar Collapse' for its winding path). A small section of a cave roof survived to form this narrow bridge." [DesertMarmot].

It is difficult to understand how caves on the Moon may be preserved for very long periods of time. When drained, the tube roofs are exposed to space and over time, may be hit by impact debris, both meteoroid projectiles from space and secondary debris kicked up by other impacts nearby. This debris will erode and shake the surface and could destroy the tube roofs to the point where they might collapse, filling in the underlying void space. If such a process were incomplete, collapse could create a natural bridge on the Moon, where adjacent segments of a collapsed lava tube roof are still connected by a segment of the roof that has not yet been destroyed (see picture above).

One interesting aspect of the newly found natural bridge is that it does not occur in volcanic terrain, but in the middle of the far side highlands. How can such a feature form here, so far away from the volcanic maria that is found predominantly on the near side? The same processes are at work but the liquid rock here has a different origin. During very large impact events, some of the shock energy of the impacting projectile is dissipated as heat, both vaporizing and melting some of the rocky target. The LROC images have shown us a wealth of features around very young craters that appear to be solidified flows of liquid rock (shock melt from the impact event). In the case of this natural bridge, it is found in a smooth pool of impact melt that was formed when the 70 km diameter crater King was formed. King is a very young crater in lunar terms, probably having formed no more than a few hundred million years ago. This is extremely old by Earth standards, but on the Moon – with its extremely low rates of erosion – it is part of the Copernican time system, which encompasses events that occurred within the last one billion years of lunar history. King is probably slightly younger than the crater Copernicus and to look at its rim in the high resolution images from LROC, one sees a myriad of fresh, crisp features that look liked they formed only a few days ago.

The natural bridge found near King crater probably formed when a large pool of shock liquid rock cooled enough to roof over, creating a solid surface crust. Downhill draining of the melt pond removed the liquid from beneath this crust, weakening the surface and causing its collapse in some places. The natural bridge is actually just a zone of preserved surface crust that occurs between two adjacent collapse pits. As with natural bridges on the Earth, this bridge is transient; the constant bombardment of the lunar surface will grind away the bridge through erosion by impact, which is extremely slow (erosion rates on the order of one millimeter per 20 million years.) Eventually, both surface grinding and shaking during impacts will cause the collapse of this feature. However, this won’t happen anytime soon, so you have several tens of millions of years to see it.

Closer look at the King crater natural bridge

Stretched "3D" close-up of the 20 meter natural bridge over a far side lunar pit discovered by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) team at Arizona State University. The bridge's shadow cast on the pit floor is visible in the west opening [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

The view over "King Y," the 17 km-wide impact-melt flooded depression northwest of 72 km King (5°N, 120.5°E). The interior and western rim of the larger complex crater is on the horizon. 10 km north of King the natural bridge is seen huddled in the blistered melt sheet. Flow patterns from the King impact event hint at the forces briefly at work here, and quickly fossilized, hundreds of millions of years ago.

Discovering a Natural Bridge on the Moon

Credited as the first view of the natural bridge discovered in high-resolution surveys of the King Crater Constellation Region of interest (ROI). This 400 x 400 pixel segment, cropped from a 5064 x 52224 pixel Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) strip was swept up early in the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission, August 1, 2009. The vehicle was slewed -6.09° to image the King ROI target, 118.57 kilometers over the Moon. The field of view is approximately 480 meters. LROC NAC observation M103725084L, orbit 451 (Res. 1.22 m, Sun-Moon-LRO phase angle 68.74°) [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

The subsequent orbit (LRO orbit 452) over King brought cameras nearer to being directly over the natural bridge, and this slightly better view was captured, again on August 1, 2009, from 118.72 kilometers. The field of view is approximately 480 meters. LROC NAC observation M103732241L; Res. 1.2 meters, phase angle 53.57° [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

The next opportunity to image the King ROI took place a lunar month later, August 28, 2009, still in the LRO Commissioning phase of its mission. The Natural Bridge was imaged in afternoon sunshine from 127.88 kilometers, and the 400 pixel field of view was approximately 517 meters. LROC NAC observation M106088433LE, LRO orbit 781, res. 1.29 m, phase angle 36.92° [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

By November 18, 2009, LRO was several weeks into the year-long Nominal mission, circling the Moon at an average altitude of 54 kilometers. This "Shadow under a Walking Bridge" and Featured Image (Inset) view was released with its announced discovery, September 7, 2010. Below that is shown a greatly reduced "full-width" of the Right Frame image from the LROC NAC observation, to allow for context. LROC NAC M113168034R, from 60.49 km, LRO orbit 1811 (Res. 0.625 m, phase angle = 46.36°) [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Moonscape, thanks for asking. I'm headed out for an EVA to accomplish a Householding list, right now. But I wanted you to know I will be happy to share how we do the Google Moon thing. (You will need the latest v.3, if I'm not mistaken. And we might be able to share some kmls, to save you some hassle.

Anyway, I will get back with you asap, before the weekend is over, certainly.

thanks for the quick reply !I'm really very interested in how you did the overlaying so accurately because I tried something similar some time ago but unfortunately there were rather big problems with alignment between the high resolutions (LROC,HIRISE) and the low resolution base DEM (LATL, MOLA).It just would not align most of the time :-(

Also: does your processing/aligning involve the USGS ISIS software or are you able to do this with the published CDRs EDRs directly ?

Thanks again for your offering help with this.

P.S.:I will be away for vacation in Italy over the next two weeks but will probably have access to internet so I can follow the discussion here in the blog !