It is the ALR schemes which are the most common and that are causing the greatest concern.

Figures from Highways England, obtained by the RAC via a Freedom of Information request, show that at the end of 2017 there were 100 miles of ALR motorway in England.

Last year, on these stretches there were 16 crashes across all lanes which caused injury involving stationary vehicles, such as broken-down cars.

The figures also show that over the same period, there were 29 similar crashes involving vehicles parked up on the hard shoulder for the whole of the rest of the network in England - which includes about 1,800 miles of road.

'Sitting Duck'

Ellie Montgomery, her husband, and three young daughters were hit by a lorry last December when their vehicle broke down on the M6 in Cheshire.

The family's people carrier came to an abrupt halt in a live lane and there was no hard shoulder for them to pull on to. It was sealed off because the stretch of motorway concerned was being converted into a smart motorway.

The Campaign for Safer Roadside Rescue and Recovery (CSRRR) wants the rollout of this ALR scheme to be stopped - and for recovery workers to be able to use red flashing lights rather than orange.

The campaign is being led by Samantha Cockerill - whose partner Steve Godbold, a vehicle recovery worker, was killed in September 2017 when an HGV strayed on to the hard shoulder of the M25.

She calls the new ALR smart motorways "crazy" and says they increase the risk to recovery workers.

She is now being backed by the all-party parliamentary group,

Tracey Crouch, Conservative MP for Chatham and Aylesford, who sits on the group, told 5 live Investigates the rollout should be halted with immediate effect.

"We need the government to pause and reflect on whether we're getting this right," she said.

The introduction of ALR smart motorways should be halted "until we have a better understanding about how we can protect those who have broken down and the recovery workers that come to assist them", she added.

What to do if you break down on a smart motorway?

Use an emergency refuge area if possible

If possible, leave your vehicle safely, and ring Highways England

If you can, drive your vehicle as close to the nearside verge or the nearside boundary as possible

Always, switch on your hazard warning lights.

If you can't get out of your vehicle safely, or there is nowhere of relative safety to wait, stay in your vehicle with your seat belt on and dial 999

Highways England, which operates the motorway network, says the technology used on smart motorways makes journeys more reliable and insists they are as safe as traditional motorways.

It says they will continue to make design changes - including introducing systems that detect stationary vehicles.

"We recognise that as well as being safe, drivers want to feel safe and we have and will continue to make some changes to the design of motorways," it said in a statement.

The organisation also said it was prioritising raising awareness of the need to comply with lane closures and, where practical, reducing the distance between emergency refuge areas to a maximum of one mile.