Pay For U.s. History And Government Thesis Proposal - Opinion of professionals

The first transcontinental railroad was completed when the rails of the Union Pacificreaching westward from Omaha, Nebraska, and those of the Central Pacific Railroad, reaching eastward from Sacramento, California were joined, completing the coast-to-coast connection.

Did you know that supermarket bar code labels were originally "just extended The Central Pacific company had thirty locomotives gayly decked ranged on the city front, and at the signal of a gun announcing the driving of the last spike on the road the locomotives opened a chorus of whistles, and all the bells and steam whistles in the city joined. Hart Stereograph with Steamer Chrysopolis. Courtesy Dana Scanlon Collection.

The Central Pacific began laying track eastward from Sacramento, California inand the Union Pacific started laying track westward from Omaha, Nebraska, two years later in July, To meet its manpower needs, the Central Pacific hired thousands of Chinese laborersincluding many recruited source farms in Canton. The crew had the formidable task of laying the track crossing California's rugged Sierra Nevada mountain range and had to blast fifteen tunnels to accomplish this.

The crew of the Union Pacific, which was composed largely of Click immigrants and Civil War veterans, had to contend with Indian attacks and the Rocky Mountains. On May 10,after completing 1, miles, 4, feet 2, Courtesy Martin Gregor and Bruce C. Lewis Metzler Clement was the engineer in direct charge of the final location, design and construction of the CPRR Division between Colfax and Truckee miles 75 toby far the most difficult section of the entire Pacific Railroad which included Cape Horn, the Sierra tunnelsand the snowsheds.

In addition he had similar charge of the final miles of the line across Nevada and Utah ending at Promontory Summit. In February,Clement was appointed as one of four members of the Special U. Clement went on to design and build also using Chinese laborers the Southern Pacific Railroad line from Sacramento to Los Angeles via the San Joaquin Valleyand also worked on many urban and cable car lines.

Among his works in the Pay For U.s. History And Government Thesis Proposal was the design of the cable car turntable at the foot of Market Street in San Francisco. In an statement submitted to the U. Pacific Railway CommissionLewis M.

Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum

The NLRA was a major turning point in American labor history because it was supposed to put the power of government behind the right of workers to organize unions and bargain collectively with their employers about wages, hours, and working conditions. Whatever the NLRA's shortcomings and long-term failures, it changed the American power structure for the next 50 years. In telling this story, the document shows that corporate moderates had more of a role in creating the legislation than is usually understood, even though they fiercely opposed its final form. Then the document goes on to explain Pay For U.s. History And Government Thesis Proposal and why the act was all but dead by due to an all-out and unrelenting battle against it by the entire corporate community from the day it was passed, and then finally killed in the s. The account ends in through a quick overview of a failed legislative issue initiative in and information on the declining figures on "union density" the percentage of wage and salary workers in unions. By then the figure was as low as it was in But why do workers want unions in the first place, and why do business owners resist them so mightily? Workers originally want unions primarily for defensive purposes -- to protect against what they see as arbitrary decisions, such as sudden wage cuts, lay-offs, or firings. They also want a way to force management to change what they see as dangerous working conditions or overly long hours. More generally, they want more certainty, which eventually means a contract that lasts for a specified period of time. In the United States, as we will see, the early trade unionists also wanted the same kind of rights at work that they already had as independent citizens. And if unions grow strong, then, well, they try to go on the offensive, by asking for higher wages. Business owners, on the other hand, don't like unions for a variety of reasons. If they are going to compete successfully in an economy that can go boom or bust, then they need a great deal of flexibility in cutting wages, hiring and firing, and adding extra hours of work or trimming back work hours when need be. And even when business is good, small wage cuts, or holding the line on wages, can lead to higher profits. More generally, business owners are used to being in charge, and they don't want to be hassled by people they have come to think of as mere employees, not as breadwinners for their families or citizens of the same city and country. These conflicts are therefore best described as class conflicts because the two sides have many conflicting objectives even though they have to cooperate to keep the company going. The conflicts that these disagreements generate can manifest themselves in many different ways in a step-by-step escalation: All this soon leads to more general disagreements over the rate and progressivity of taxation, the usefulness of labor unions, and the degree to which business should be regulated by government. Employees want businesses to pay higher taxes to government, and they often want government to regulate businesses in ways that help employees. Most businesses reject these policy objectives -- they are for low taxes on businesses, minimum regulation of their businesses, and no government help for unions. Despite the greater power of employers, sometimes workers are able to form unions and win contracts for two reasons. First, protests and strikes by workers in some occupations click to see more because the "replacement costs" for Pay For U.s. History And Government Thesis Proposal in strikebreakers and replacement workers are very high Kimeldorf ; Sometimes replacement costs are high due to skill barriers, as in the case of printers in decades gone by or professional sports players today who have some of the strongest unions in the country, which is why they make big money, not just because they are sterling athletes. Replacement costs also can be high for companies that have fast turn-around times, such as shipping and railroads in the past, or UPS today, which is why UPS drivers have been able to maintain a strong union and keep their wages high. And in the past it was often impossible to recruit strikebreakers and replacement workers due to the geographic isolation of the workplace e. For example, you could get killed by strikers for being a replacement worker in a coal mine in unfamiliar hill country far from your urban upbringing. If replacement costs are high, then sometimes the use of violence can play a role in organizing a union, but mostly as a means of keeping replacement workers from entering job sites, not as a primary strategy. Most of this violence is between strikers and scabs, or police and strikers, with destruction of equipment and other forms of sabotage relatively rare even though it is sometimes threatened. However, some skilled workers, such as construction workers of various kinds, were able to do a lot of damage if they decided to sabotage equipment or destroy what they had partially built. The second way workers can have success in creating unions through sit-downs, strikes, and other forms of disruption is if the government imposes restrictions on violence by employers, of which there was plenty between and In this case, the government may be acting to keep the economy from going into depression, or more likely, to make sure that the government has the war materiel it needs, as during World War I and World War II. But the government usually doesn't side with the workers if the workers don't have some political power through their involvement in a political party. If workers do succeed in unionizing, as a little over one-third of wage and salary workers did between andthen there's one kind of contract that corporations really came to despise in the s and s. It's one that runs for several years and has an annual cost-of-living-adjustment "COLA" click to see more into it. Employers dislike COLA's because they create inflationary spirals if some separate factor, such as increased demand for products, or unexpected increases in the cost of raw materials, triggers inflation. Hopefully, this quick overview of why there's a big battle over unions should make the story that unfolds fairly easy to understand, even though there's Pay For U.s. History And Government Thesis Proposal some further details or unexpected events. But before we get to the passage of the National Labor Relations Act in the s, and the aftermath of that unique legislation, it's necessary to have some historical context on the pitched battles of that era, so the story begins in the s. Along the way, it makes a few comparisons with successful unionization efforts in many European countries, which provide the context that is needed to explain why unionization had so little success in the United States, except from the late s to the mids. The early forms of labor organization in the United States were largely mutual aid societies or Pay For U.s. History And Government Thesis Proposal guilds that restricted entry into a craft and enforced workplace standards, as was also the case in Western Europe. It didn't raise too many hackles or cause too many hassles because craft workers were relatively few in number and most companies were small. But industrial development in the early nineteenth century slowly widened the gap between employers and skilled workers, so the workers began to think of industrial factories as a threat to both their wages and status. They soon formed fledgling craft unions in an attempt to resist sudden wage cuts, longer working hours, and unsafe working conditions, while also protecting their political, social, and economic rights. Most of these unions were local in scope, but as both labor and product markets became more national due to improvements in transportation, and as employers continued to decrease wages and de-skill jobs, workers came to believe that they would have to organize on a wider basis if they were to be effective. But they faced enormous resistance from employers and had little success until the s. The first halting steps beyond separate craft guilds at the local level occurred between andwhen workers in a wide Pay For U.s. History And Government Thesis Proposal of skilled jobs including railroading, mining, canal building, and building construction formed citywide labor organizations in and around Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. Their goal was learn more here resist the longer hours and wage cuts that were being demanded by employers. Union leaders from these cities met yearly under the name General Trades' Union, but in fact there was little coordination beyond the city level. However, the new labor leaders did speak out against increasingly frequent claims by publicists of the day building on the ideas of Adam Smith that the new economic conditions were simply due to abstract and neutral economic laws, which of course became a familiar refrain for employers and all those social scientists who think that it's all about free markets and not at all about power e. In contrast to the story told by free-market advocates, the union activists asserted that they had been dispossessed, which they cast as a threat to the United States as a Republic because it stripped them of their rights and independence as free white male citizens. The defense of labor was thereby equated with the defense of American republican government Vosspp. Although there were strikes by carpenters, shoe binders, textile workers, and tailors in defense of what they claimed to be their republican rights, the attempts to organize in any serious way ended abruptly with the onset of the nation's first industrial depression in After all, workers in a slack economy stand even less of a chance than workers in a strong economy when few people are unemployed. Many local craft organizations were disbanded. The efforts at unionization were not revived until after the Civil War. Fast-forwarding by 35 years, the rapidly industrializing economy created in the post-Civil War boom gave skilled workers an opening to resuscitate the past craft unions and start some new ones as well, and they seemed to be building a national labor organization that might have some staying power for the first time. This national labor organization, the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Pay For U.s. History And Government Thesis Proposal usually shortened to the Knights of Labor was founded in as a secret society by a handful of Philadelphia garment cutters, who had given up on their own craft union as having any chance to succeed. Their credo emphasized citizenship rights, action in support of general social progress, cooperative forms of organization for the society as a whole, and, significantly, the inclusion of workers of all crafts and races in one union for the first time Vosspp. They also started reading rooms, held parades, and supported local labor parties. The top leaders were ambivalent about strikes because disruptive actions alienated both employers and the general public, so at first they tended to focus on education, persuasion, and legislative changes. Although they emphasized their openness to unskilled as well as skilled workers, to women as well as check this out, and to African Americans as well as whites, they were in fact mostly white male craft workers when the union grew to a few thousand members nationwide between and Four months after a big political bargain called the Compromise of handed the Republicans the disputed presidential election, and just weeks after the last of the federal troops were removed from the former Confederate states as part of the deal that gave the presidency to the Republicans, labor relations suddenly took a violent turn. This violence turned out to be the start of a new era that lasted for decades and reshaped the nature of the American union movement. In the face of an ongoing depression that had lingered sinceother railroads had already made draconian wage cuts without major protest, but in Martinsburg, West Virginia, the announcement by the Baltimore and Ohio led to a spontaneous strike in the company's rail yards that did not end quickly. City officials called out the local militia, but its members were reluctant to use force against workers who were part of their own community. The governor asked for federal troops, leading to a clash in which workers stopped trains and destroyed railroad property. The strike rapidly spread to other nearby cities. The violence was especially extensive in Pittsburgh, already a growing industrial center based in the iron and steel industry. When militia brought in from Philadelphia fired at the demonstrators, killing several people, the angry mob burned down 39 buildings and destroyed locomotives and 1, freight and passenger cars. The strike became national in scope, drawing in nearlyworkers and at one point stopping half the nation's rail freight from moving Bruce ; Foner In all, governors in seven different states had to call out their militia. Traveling from city to city via trains, government troops finally quelled the uprising after two weeks of effort. In the process, over people had been killed and many more were imprisoned Stowellfor the most recent account. Based on the traditional, more tolerant responses to strikes, the extent of the violence came as a shock to both workers and employers. Up until that time, as just noted, strikes usually had been called in an effort to reduce the long working hours that increasingly had been imposed upon workers, and somewhat less often to protest sudden wage cuts. Americans generally had viewed strikes as a legitimate form of action because employees had an independent stature that reflected both their valued work skills and their belief in republican values Lambert Courts had sometimes condemned strikes as conspiracies or restraints of trade, but fines were usually small and there were no imprisonments, and in any case the Massachusetts Supreme Court had rejected the conspiracy and restraint of trade charges in Dubofsky and Dullespp. The only previous known deaths from strike activity -- two in number -- had occurred in New York City in when police shot into the crowd to break up a strike by tailors who were protesting wage cuts Lambertp. But after American labor relations were the most violent in the Western world with the exception of Russia Mann It is one of those superficial paradoxes of history that the most democratic and the most despotic countries in the Western world would have the most violent labor clashes. The strongly held American belief in the right of business owners to have complete control over their property, along with business dominance of both political parties and a history of violence in dealing with Native Americans and slaves, not to mention the horrendous casualty rate in the Civil War, made the pitched labor battles seem as normal and expectable to most Americans as they were to Russians with their totally different history. Between andAmerican presidents sent the U. Army into 11 strikes, governors mobilized the National Guard in somewhere between and labor disputes, and mayors called out the police on numerous occasions to maintain "public order" Archerp. In the aftermath of the summer of violence ina few railroad corporations began to consider the use of employee benefits, such as accident insurance and old-age pensions, to mollify workers. Instead, corporate leaders put their efforts into creating stronger military forces to control workers when necessary, starting with reorganized militias and fortified local armories. In addition, militia units were often directly funded and supplied by corporate leaders: The regular army also developed close ties to the industrial companies in urban areas. Three business leaders in Chicago, for example, provided the money for a military base just twenty miles north of their city Archerpp. The use of private security forces in labor disputes also grew. Business leaders paid for and directed the activities of deputy sheriffs and deputy marshals, regularly employed Pinkerton Detective Agency strikebreakers the company had 30, regular and reserve agents inand attempted to establish and control their own police forces Norwood ; Smith The violence of also led to a change of strategy by many local affiliates of the Knights of Labor, which decided that the strikes had failed because they lacked the proper leadership and organization. Reflecting the changing circumstances as businesses grew in size and power, the Knights decided to drop their semi-secret ways and take a more active role in creating the kind of organizations that could counter employers and even challenge the new industrial companies. They also emphasized again that their doors were open to membership by both skilled and unskilled workers as well as women and people of all racial and ethnic backgrounds. With the economy improving at the same time, the Knights claimed to have 50, members in It was at this point that the Knights seemed to be on the verge of major success due to highly publicized strikes by railroad shop men in and against one of the most notorious Robber Barons of the day, railroad magnate Jay Gould. The successes only involved the restoration of wage cuts, but local activists saw them as evidence for the potential power of unions and their strike weapon, and more workers began to join: By the summer ofmembership had doubled and a local assembly [the Knights' term for a local chapter] had been established in nearly every city and mid-sized town in the country" Vosspp. Buoyed by their new hopes, many assemblies decided to join a general strike to force employers to grant the eight-hour day, an action first advocated by the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, which was another loose-knit national labor organization to which some of the Knights also belonged. The strike was set for May 1,

Field were close friends of Leland Stanford and other parties involved. See also David C. Craftsman of the Law , p. American Law and the Constitutional Order: Harvard University Press, Illinois , the Supreme Court struck down state Granger laws regulating railroad rates charged to farmers, declaring that interstate commerce could only be regulated by the federal government. Paul railroad and timber crowd that moved west in with the construction of the Northern Pacific" included C. Foster, who was soon a U. Paul and Tacoma Lumber Company Lien, , p. Rockefeller, because of Northern Pacific's arrival, and established mills at Port Gardner Ficken, , p. Cloud was renamed the Great Northern Railway. In , Great Northern took over the St. The prevalent claim that GN was the only transcontinental built without federal aid is not true. Eleven railroads forfeited 5. See Ellis, , p. House Reports, 52d Cong. The Pine Tree Lumber Co. Congress passed an act to allow GN to select federal land in lieu; Hill picked timberland in Montana, Idaho, and Washington that had been picked out while on tour with Weyerhaeuser Holbrook, , p. Yellowstone was the first in ; 14 more inlcuding the Pacific Forest Reserve were created in , for a total of about 14 million acres; in 21 million acres were added by Cleveland, which McKinley suspended C. During the same period , acres from the first indemnity limits of the grant of , and , acres from the second indemnity limits laid down under that grant, were withdrawn for the same purposes. This action was taken, in the main, pursuant to an Act of March 3, [28 Stat. See entry for eventual decision to compensate NP for the loss of 1,, acres. Reorganized as the NP Railway Co. William Hogan and followers broke into the Northern Pacific's Butte, Montana roundhouse and commandeered a train. Army troops seized them; trial was held in Helena. They get half the NP stock and a majority of the board of directors. GN stockholder Thomas W. Peterson sues against the merger. Morgan's bonds used grant land as collateral; these liens on the development of the grant lands were removed in McKinley then signed the Pettigrew Amendment as an appropriations rider, suspending the establishment of six Western forest reserves for a year, in order to let Timber and Stone claims to be made; this authorized the Forest Reserves to sell timber and stone, use water for mining, milling, irrigation, etc. A January Cosmopolitan Magazine article by Charles Norcross claimed that Interior Secretary Cornelius Bliss, who urged the amendment, "was then, as always, a corporation and railroad man. Allison, Hill, and Gorman were the senators on the committee that passed the bill. It has been charged, and circumstances lend plausibility to the charge, that the scheme was concocted in the land office of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company in St. Paul, and for the benefit of the Weyerhaeuser interests. Corps, Part 1, p. Most of the land was in southwest Washington; a quarter of it had never been surveyed Ficken, , p. McKnight, and others Ficken, , p. Previous to this sale, NP had never sold more than , acres in a year in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho combined Ficken, , p. By March , Weyerhaeuser manager George S. Long's office was in the NP building in Tacoma Ficken, , p. Long immediately began acquiring the even sections "to clean up the Despite selling 19, acres of the land between June and mid to small mills to reassure them of a supply of timber Ficken, , p. Weyerhaeuser began purchasing more land to fill in the railroad land grant checkerboards HHN p. In the U. Bureau of Corporations estimated the purchase price to have been ten cents per thousand board feet for some 17 billion board feet; this was an underestimate HHN p. The properties are as good as ever, and they will continue to make money for their stockholders" Yenne, , p. The shareholders of each railroad are given a share of the other railroads' stock. They are printed in different colors. That is the main difference," remarked Hill Holbrook, , p. Prohibits railroads from hauling commodities in which they have an interest but courts ruled that holding companies owning railroads and coal mining could haul the coal on the railroad - U. Bureau of Corporations, , Part 1, p. The contract with Anaconda's Marcus Daly included , acres; the price agreed on for timber was 50 cents per acre and 50 cents per thousand board feet Northern Pacific Land Grants Hearings, p. University of California Press, , p. Hill testified in March The ICC ruled partially in favor of the lumbermen Steen, , p. GN subsidiary Glacier Park Co. Hill, at the National Conservation Congress, supports state rather than federal control of forests Lien, , p. Hill an honorary Doctor of Law degree. Harvard Business School later named a professorship after Hill. The three were estimated to hold 11 percent of the timber in the U. Weyerhaeuser had obtained most of its timber from the NP. The Bureau said Weyerhaeuser-associated companies owned almost Of the 1,, acres owned by Weyerhaeuser, 1,, acres, or 78 percent, was purchased from the Northern Pacific U. Bureau of Corporations, , p. The reaction of Weyerhaeuser-related Potlatch manager A. Timber sold to highest bidder; proceeds split between feds, state, counties. Railroads carry three quarters of all intercity freight and 98 percent of all intercity passengers. Weyerhaeuser, who served until Paul; its first head was Joseph Pyle, Hill biographer. The federal government takes over railroad operations. Railroads got around it by restructuring, having joint ventures lease the coal. BN got its Dreyer Brothers ranch subsidiary to apply for Montana coal lease. Their letters, published in the New York Times Feb. NP denied the many charges of error and fraud. The Attorney General said Congress could declare the land grant forfeited, and should have it submitted for judicial resolution Hearing, Part Supreme Court decision for a description of and judgement on the government's charges U. In June 25 legislation 46 Stat. The courts were also to make a "complete determination The railroad describes the impending suit in its Annual Report p. The suit in equity which this Act provides for will doubtless be commenced in the near future. The legislation held the transfer of 2. Attorney General filed suit U. In the eventual settlement between the U. The ICC is to control trucking rates and entry. According to Cotroneo , p. Both sides appealed to the Supreme Court; NP's appeal was thrown out. Only eight justices ruled - Jackson disqualified himself for previous involvement in land grant investigation. The eight didn't agree on several points and reserved judgement U. The rest of the decision favored the U. The Transportation Act ended further claims by railroads to grant lands: NP relinquished claims to 4. NP would relinquish further land or compensation claims and agree to pay the U. The Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior accepted, and the settlement was approved by the court and the Attorney General Applegate, , p. Act of ] on , acres to which it had laid claim, and it filed a request for compensation for the 1,, acres expropriated and placed in forest reserves. The secretary of the interior accepted the agreement on April 16, and the repeal of reduced land grant rates on government civil and mail transportation went into effect on that date. The land committees of both houses of Congress agreed to the settlement. Next, the matter came before the district court in Spokane. Upon hearing the issues resolved and the agreements reached, the judge entered the final decreee on August 28, " Cotroneo, , p. From the railroad's Annual Report p. Northern Pacific is filed, attacking the validity of its reorganization. Cyprus searches for extremely rare, 'lost' baby monk seal Cyprus authorities are searching for an extremely rare baby monk seal that appears to have been separated from its mother. Pakistan officials probing suspect's possible porn ring ties Pakistan investigates whether suspect arrested in slaying of 8 girls had links to international child-porn ring. Rights group fears for detained Bahrain activist A human rights group says the life of an imprisoned activist in Bahrain is at risk because he has been denied adequate medical care and is being held US likely to send 1st aircraft carrier since war to Vietnam In a move that would irritate China, a U. Navy aircraft carrier is likely to visit Vietnam in March for the first time since the war. EU takes action against 5 states over defense contracts The EU is starting legal action against five member countries amid concern about their handling of defense contracts and conditions they might be House Speaker Paul Ryan is in the United Arab Emirates, where he promised to take a harder line on Iran's ballistic missile program and its Commuter train crash in Milan kills at least 3 More than commuters were injured. Egypt slams McCain criticism of el-Sissi's 'backwards' Egypt Egypt expresses 'absolute rejection' of McCain's criticism of its crackdown on human rights under President el-Sissi. Putin hails upgraded Russian strategic bomber Russian President Vladimir Putin says modernized strategic bombers will boost the nation's military power. German bishops reject pope suggestion to tweak Lord's Prayer Roman Catholic bishops in Germany say they've debated Pope Francis' suggestion to tweak the translation of the Lord's Prayer, but will leave it Swiss mummy identified as ancestor of Boris Johnson Researchers have identified a mummified body found in a Basel churchyard as a wealthy 18th-century Swiss woman who is an ancestor of British Foreign European Central Bank keeps policy on hold as economy grows The European Central Bank has left its interest rates and policy stance unchanged amid predictions that it will soon start signaling a definite exit Spain seeks to challenge Puigdemont candidacy to form govt The Spanish government says it is seeking legal advice on challenging the proposed candidacy of fugitive Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont to form a French justice minister meets unions over prison blockades France's justice minister is meeting with union leaders in an effort to end a nationwide prison blockade launched by guards seeking improved working Southeast Asian leaders celebrate ties with India Southeast Asian leaders celebrate ties with India, as New Delhi looks to deepen bonds with eastern neighbors amid China's ever-growing influence. Malaysia raises interest rate for first time in 4 years Malaysia's central bank has raised its key interest rate for the first time in four years ahead of general elections due by August. Louvre Museum shuts down lower level as River Seine continues to flood The museum has closed its Department of Islamic Arts due to flooding. China says evidence needed to punish entities tied to NKorea China is promising to take action against U. Commuter train crash near Milan kills at least 4 A packed commuter train derailed during morning rush hour outside of Milan, Italy, killing at least four and injuring more than Via the site, those submissions would familiarize participants with one another and facilitate discussion prior to the program. This will help the PO hone the meeting itinerary to ensure the program fulfills the goals of its participants. The PO will also encourage US interlocutors to join the discussion and submit via the same password-protected front gateway any publications they believe would stimulate discussion and foster more relevant face-to-face meetings. Post-visit the site would be cross-linked to similarly themed IVLP sites from preceding years, enabling the latest batch of participants to tap into their predecessors' expertise while offering earlier IVs the chance to refresh their professional knowledge via access to the latest from experts from the US and around the world. Each IVLP would thus automatically revitalize the alumni network. Parents who adopt abroad need to know where, how often, and what to report about the wellbeing of their child to foreign adoption authorities requiring such reports. Through this project, the Departme Research, Social media management, Writing. Through this project, the Department will provide highly reliable information to parents and identify where to link to it. When families adopt abroad, adoption authorities in many countries of origin of adopted children require periodic reports about how the children are adapting to their new environments. At the time of the adoption, families commit to providing such reports but may misplace the information about reporting received at the adoption and may miss submitting one or more reports. Unfortunately, when reports fail to arrive in the foreign country adoption officials there worry about the wellbeing of the adopted children and may delay or stop future adoptions from their country until reports about children adopted in the past are produced. In such countries, the future of intercountry adoption hinges on families submitting the reports in a timely fashion. Each country of origin can have different specific reporting requirements both in terms of content and how often and for how long to submit them. See 'Additional Information,' below, for more information. The person working with this project will assess the information already known to the Department about post-placement and post-adoption requirements of all countries engaged with the United States on Inter-country Adoption, fill in gaps in requirement information, and explore ways to ensure that families and the adoption service providers who will assist to produce the reports can access the information, including via social media. This project takes place under the supervision of the Office of Children's Issues, Adoption Division and contributes to the Office's strategic efforts to ensure that ethical and transparent adoption is a viable option in every country where children are in need of permanent families. Develop a corpus of texts in foreign languages, using sources identified in coordination with the School of Language Studies at the Foreign Service Institute, the training arm of the State Department. Develop a corpus of texts in foreign languages, using sources identified in coordination with the School of Language Studies. The texts would be important for the kind of work done by Foreign Service Officers and reflect the five professional cones used by the department. The goal of the project is to produce lists of high frequency words that support curriculum development work in the Language School. The intern will develop corpora database of foreign language texts containing at least 2,, tokens words , and conduct corpus analysis using AntWord Profiler and AntConc, two freely available software packages. The curriculum unit will provide guidance and coaching during the project. You need to be able to read in at least one of the language requirements listed. Both are available free from http: A critical mechanism for strengthening diplomatic connections and promoting economic growth, public-private partnerships are an especially effective tool in fostering innovative solutions to address the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs — the year global agenda countries adopted in As the entry point for collaboration between the U. The e-Intern will be asked to review public sources such as Corporate Sustainability Reports, annual reports, Ks, and press releases from Fortune companies. Reporting to a supervisory Partnerships Specialist, the e-Intern should collect and consolidate the information in a format that sorts the data by the 17 SDGs, the name of the company, the industry, and the location of activities. The e-Intern will collaborate with the Partnerships Specialist to design a database using MS office products so that it can be easily accessed and amended in the future. Do you love fonts and typography? Do you love research? Then we've got the project for you! There's lots of info on the internet about which fonts are best for reading- but we want the actua Analytical writing, Data analysis, Design thinking. There's lots of info on the internet about which fonts are best for reading- but we want the actual research, not just the info that gets passed around the Internet that isn't backed by science. We want to know more about the science behind typography and fonts. We need you to review the academic research on this subject over the past years, and answer research questions such as the following: If so, what research backs this up? What research backs this up? Does the result change when you switch from a computer LCD screen to a mobile device such as an iPad or iPhone with Retina display? You will survey the academic studies over the past few years and write a report on each question, backed up with academic citations based on sound studies. You must provide your own computer and have access to academic articles through research databases such as ProQuest, SAGE, etc. Research applications of Blockchain or distributed ledger technologies in U. Political Analysis, Research, Writing. Blockchain is the core technology behind bitcoin — the digital currency that can be securely transferred between individuals online. Blockchain is not just for bitcoin. Nations and cities around the world are actively utilizing this technology to transform the work of government. This is happening now. And the Department of State cannot afford to wait to explore applications of this technology to the work of international development and diplomacy. Thus, the goal of this project is to help the Office of Global Partnerships and its partners on the Blockchain working group to bring the Department of State into this exciting conversation. Reporting to the Director for Innovation and the Acting Special Representative for Global Partnerships, the e-Intern will track developments in Blockchain technology and prepare bi-weekly briefings to keep the initiative informed of new applications in the field. The e-Intern will be asked to monitor open internet sources such as technology blogs, news sites, government webpages, and academic journals for developments around Blockchain or distributed ledger technologies in government. Additional tasks may include preparing talking points, background information for a memo, or directed research on a specific stakeholder organization. The ideal candidate will have an interest in technology and foreign affairs as well as excellent communications skills. Interns will lead conversation courses with English major students in Ecuador two hours per week. Cultural diplomacy, Educational design. This project supports English language education in Ecuador by having U. Some students will become English teachers, of which there is a great need in Ecuador. The student groups are located in cities throughout Ecuador, and many lack the opportunity to interact with native English speakers. Exact lesson plans are not required, but this could be good practice for students who plan to pursue teaching as a profession. Interns are required to report on attendance and progress with the Mission contact on a weekly basis. Program time commitment for interns includes a total of two hours per week for English conversation classes, plus time for preparation and reporting. Education in general with a focus on the teaching of English is one of the U. Government's highest priorities in Ecuador and a strong point of cooperation in our bilateral relationship. Analytical writing, Data analysis, Economic analysis, Research. Given the close relationship the DPRK economy has with regional neighbors, the role of sanctions, trade, humanitarian assistance, and other diplomatic measures on DPRK economic conditions is a matter of great interest. Embassy Seoul is looking for a Virtual Student eIntern to help assess the impact of various diplomatic, political, and economic forces on the DPRK and its relations with regional neighbors, including China, Japan, and Russia. The eIntern will search through all available media, including official ROK government websites, non-governmental websites, universities, think tanks, and media on any information, which would impact the DPRK, whether it is a regional or global development. Make a difference for diplomats, families, and partners overseas! Got a passion for helping people do their best? Got a knack for writing and an addiction to great experiences and customer service? Here's your chance to be a real entrepreneur and help build a team, from scratch, inside the Nation's oldest agency, dedicated to providing community skills, services, and support to our diplomats, their families, and affiliated partners abroad. If you think it sounds like the internship of a lifetime, you'd be right - apply what you know, support a fantastic community, and prove it with data! We anticipate building a multi-disciplinary team from across a range of specialties. This team's primary mission will be to support Community Liaison activities and broader unclassified Management activities. Strategic objectives for the team include: Embassies often use old technology for certain tasks. This project is to find ways to use Google Apps part of the Foreign Affairs Network to accomplish those tasks. The project requires someone who can become an expert in Google Apps, and research ways to make them work with iPads, scanners, etc. You will be given the goal, you figure out how to get there. Also required will be good documentation to conclude the project. For more information, you can contact JohnsonRW2 state. No foreign language required, all is in English. See how foreigners perceive the U. Popular and documentary American films are a useful way to introduce foreign audiences to U. If you are a student of film classics, popular, documentary, and beyond or are just a film buff, this is an opportunity to put your knowledge to work. American Spaces, places where foreign audiences come to learn more about the United States through lectures, discussion clubs, and other activities, often offer film shows as a way to create awareness or initiate a change. The intern will research and develop curated lists of films and videos around specific policy topics, giving consideration to potential cultural and thematic sensitivities. You will help the staff of American Spaces to select appropriate films around particular themes and develop discussion questions and short scripts to get those discussions started. Educational and short films are especially good for conversation clubs, where the screening and discussion often take place in the same setting. Of course, "Hollywood" feature films are a popular draw, and frequently touch on policy topics useful in sparking a meaningful cross-cultural dialogue. Another intriguing aspect of film selection relates to intellectual property rights, and permissions to screen the films. Public television distributors like PBS offer some of their films with AV educational rights that simplify permissions. Acquisition of rights is also an opportunity to promote intellectual property rights IPR globally. Learn more about, and help, the American Spaces program to choose and discuss great American films with foreign audiences, and to share American greatness through mutual understanding of the human story. To learn more about American Spaces and the public diplomacy goals they serve, please see the Annual Report for American Spaces: This project includes conducting quantitative and qualitative macroeconomic analysis of countries in the central African region, particularly in the CEMAC monetary union. French helpful; Data analysis, Data visualization, Economic analysis. The virtual intern assigned to this project will provide macroeconomic analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, of countries in the Central African Economic and Monetary Union CEMAC , including composing page briefers on the macroeconomies of CEMAC countries and the sub-region as a whole as well as tracking progress on International Monetary Fund IMF projects in this sub-region. The interns will have the opportunity to present findings in person or via digital video-conference to staff from the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs EB and Bureau of African Affairs AF at the end of the program. Other Desired Skills and Experience: Develop a database in Microsoft Access that will support the details of a course catalog. Data visualization, Design thinking, Software development. Microsoft Access Database Development Project. This is a great opportunity to use relational database design and development skills to create a database in Microsoft Access. This project will require a basic to intermediate level of MS Access proficiency. In essence, each course will have a large quantity of information associated with the course, but the information will be managed through the separate queries that are generated by the user. The design and development skills used for this project will easily transfer to other organizations that have a course or product catalog. Research and analyze current developments in China-Europe and China-Africa economic relations. Chinese-Mandarin helpful; Economic analysis, Research, Writing. The intern will conduct open source research to develop weekly summaries of significant events in China-Europe and China-Africa economic relations. The intern will have the opportunity to draft policy papers in areas of interest, develop databases to track trade and investment, create country-specific fact sheets, and complete other written research documents. Cultural diplomacy, Research, Social media management. In addition, PRE must identify licensed or registered Real Estate operators in each city with the appropriate experience and resources to assist in finding suitable properties. For management purposes, the State Department has divided the world into six functional regions: The United States has an embassy in almost every capital of the world; in the major cities or locations frequently visited by Americans, it has consulates or American Presence Posts. The required information is needed for all posts in every region. Intern may select the region he or she wishes to focus on from the following list: Request contact information for past clients. At the end of each semester, the intern will submit a comprehensive breakdown of the requested information, in Excel format, identified by country. The interns are encouraged to be creative in developing a detailed matrix for the presentation of the information. The intern is expected to deliver to OBO a comprehensive list of companies and their known capabilities. The sources of information can be derived from internet research, published review, listed clientele, direct contact with the firm, local licensing and permitting offices, or other diplomatic missions, to name a few. It is anticipated survey forms will be the primary source of screening the information from companies. When possible, direct follow-up to confirm survey results with multiple sources would be beneficial. Your task will be to help the State Department identify the best local real estate firms available to assist PRE with finding needed property. Additionally, you will be expected to determine the fees, permits, and laws that govern such acquisitions by a sovereign government. This will not be easy and will require some creative research. Our goal is to establish a list of reliable companies in each region that we can call upon when a post needs real estate assistance. Some cities and countries may not even have licensed or identifiable real estate professionals, in which case it will be helpful to know if companies from other cities or even countries are willing and able to provide these services. You may express your interest in a particular region and the most qualified and creative proposal will be selected. One intern will be expected to take responsibility for a specific region, but the six selected interns will be welcome to exchange ideas and pool resources. If you already have an assignment that places you in one of these regions, that can certainly add to your ability to find out the needed information. Synthesize investment reports on global investment policy trends, or the investment policy regimes of specific countries and summarize for Economic Bureau senior leaders. Analytical writing, Economic analysis, Research, Writing. Multilateral agencies such as the UN, World Bank, IMF, OECD as well as third party sources frequently issue reports analyzing global investment trends, investment policy regimes, trends in investment agreements and other related topics. This project is an opportunity to read and learn about these trends, and summarize individual reports for senior policy-makers. Depending on the intern's location, tasks may also include attending conferences on these topics and writing summaries of conference outcomes. Interns may be located anywhere and we will send you reports for review and summary. Manage a WhatsApp group to connect with motivated women entrepreneurs. Cultural diplomacy, Social media management. Nigerien women are engaged in a multitude of entrepreneurial endeavors. Embassy Niger would like to help make meaningful connections by hosting a lively WhatsApp Group. Managing the group has three components 1 Monthly conversations with leading Nigerien entrepreneurs 2 Answering ongoing questions from the group 3 Matching mentors with mentees via WhatsApp. We also hope to build a community of connected entrepreneurs who can also serve as a sounding board for PAS women-focused initiatives. Your work will involve establishing the monthly talks, regular monitoring of the group, and matching mentors. You will be supported by the public affairs staff in these endeavors. Self-starter; passion for assisting women; organizational skills; must be highly skilled French writer. Monitor East Asia and Pacific media on a daily basis and prepare a daily media analysis product read by senior policy-makers in Washington and at posts in the region. Provide social media content inpu Editing and proofreading, Social media management, Writing. This includes monitoring East Asia and Pacific media on a daily basis and flagging misunderstandings of U. The East Asia and the Pacific region continues to be of key importance to the United States and this product informs the daily decisions of senior policy-makers. We will also work with you to think creatively about how to generate greater interest in our social media properties. You will draft Facebook posts and tweets that highlight U. We provide authoritative and fast information on U. We specialize in multilateral and regional topics as well as issues that reach beyond the Asia Pacific region. We arrange interviews with U. Government policymakers traveling in the region or in Washington, DC with print, broadcast and online media. Research and analyze current developments in China-Asia economic relations. The intern will conduct open source research to develop weekly summaries of significant events in China-Asia economic relations. Track the impact of Foreign Press Center Media Events through traditional, web-based and social media placements from Washington-based foreign correspondents. We need interns with excellent foreign la Spanish req'd; Analytical writing, Editing and proofreading, Research, Writing. We need interns with excellent foreign language abilities and superior analytic and writing skills. FPC is looking for highly motivated interns who will track placements in foreign language media following media events at the Washington Foreign Press Center. Using our transcripts and questions logs, hunt down the placements in traditional and new media, blogs and social media platforms, and let us know if the reporters got the message -- and then what conclusions they drew for their readers. We will engage at least one intern, and may add additional interns based on available language skills. Applicants should have superior reading skills in at least one of the following languages: We need you to help us tell the stories of our large, wide-ranging bureau! A Bureau Connect aims to connect the nearly 2, members of our diverse bureau with each other and with our customers in other bureaus. We use the blog to inform our A Bureau colleagues and our customers about new initiatives, give status updates, and provide a forum for exchanging ideas. Our bureau supports diplomacy around the globe. Ideal number of students to work on project: One, but two if available. Identify and implement digital asset management systems and processes for high-quality photos, videos and degree video used in foreign language instruction; identify new sources of digital assets Identify and implement digital asset management systems and processes for high-quality photos, videos and degree video used in foreign language instruction; identify new sources of digital assets. We need someone to help us whip our digital assets into shape! We have roughly 10, photos which we use in our language instruction that we need organized. You will research digital asset management systems or digital media organizational frameworks to find candidate systems that meet our needs; help us develop a tagging schema; tag and organize our current photo library; identify photos that could be used commonly across languages and cultures; research additional viable sources of high-quality photos, videos and degree videos that meet our needs and curate media from those resources. We are looking for a team of 6 interns who can leverage skills, knowledge, and abilities to design informational products on current management and leadership theory, design an assessment framework fo Analytical writing, Editing and proofreading, Research, Writing. We are looking for a team of 6 interns who can leverage skills, knowledge, and abilities to design informational products on current management and leadership theory, design an assessment framework for team effectiveness, and facilitate assessments and team-building via virtual engagement. This team will be expected to provide in-depth and relevant research, summary, and highlights to management, leadership, and operations research for our management professionals overseas at embassies abroad. Leverage your skills, knowledge, and abilities to design information products on current management and leadership theory, design as assessment framework for team effectiveness, and facilitate assessments and teambuilding via virtual engagement. This is a unique team in the building focused almost exclusively on applying modern management and leadership theory for our management platforms overseas. Interested parties should have a robust background in business, management, and leadership, be able to write and speak effectively, and create traditional and digital products. Hindi req'd; Analytical writing, Editing and proofreading, Research, Writing. The Department of State is seeking interested, capable applicants who can read Chinese to review public blogs and postings and write a report on the opinion of Chinese citizens interested in traveling Analytical writing, Data visualization. The Department of State is seeking interested, capable applicants who can read Chinese to review public blogs and postings and write a report on the opinion of Chinese citizens interested in traveling or immigrating to the U. Research will be done online in any publicly available media. The ability to read conversational level simplified Chinese characters is necessary, but it is permissible to use study aids and dictionaries. The final work product is a report and supporting annex describing your findings. Among the materials provided will be instructions on how to format a formal, front channel cable in the Department of State—an essential skill for many U. This is a terrific opportunity to gain experience in the formal writing style used within the Department, but, just to be clear, selected students will be following the format of a cable in their reports, but will not be writing a cable that will be disseminated through formal channels. Embassy and Consulates in China receive millions of applications from Chinese citizens interested in traveling or immigrating to the United States. Chinese citizens have a vibrant online presence where netizens discuss a wide range of experiences, including their visa applications and interviews for U. The Department of State is seeking interested, capable applicants who can read Chinese to review public blogs and postings to see what our applicants are saying about the visa process and us! The goal is to increase our understanding of Chinese perceptions of the visa process to improve our customer service and public outreach. You will write a report in the style of a State Department cable and learn about U. You will be working as part of a group conducting individualized research in this field. Depending on the number of successful applicants accepted onto the project, you may be asked to focus on a particular visa category or sub topic. Those accepted onto the project will be given some background information to help them get started on their research, but must be self-motivated and self-directed in their work. Do you want to influence U. If you do and if you are adept at researching and summarizing social media in Arabic , this is the assignment for you! For those considering this assignment, Embassy Baghdad would gladly send examples of recent editions of the PMF Pulse, as well as connect interested parties with the current author. ECA Alumni Affairs seeks a virtual intern to assist with outreach efforts to exchange alumni. Cultural diplomacy, Website design, Writing. Countering Extremism through Public Diplomacy. Looking at the role of connective technology to explore social upheavals and countering extremism through Public Diplomacy. A public diplomacy project that would look at the online space and develop case studies on hate speech extremism , anti-ISIL narratives and what has worked against them online. In particular, looking at social psychology of extremism and hate speech as the pathway for extremists, whether they are ISIS recruits or far-right wing. We are interested in exploring how early technology cassette tapes were used and how tech has evolved to digital communications, especially among faith-based communities and how that affects our public diplomacy outreach. Create a source of information website for Foreign Service families seeking details on educating their children at boarding schools, via home study, and at post-specific preschools. Coding, Data visualization, Research, Website design. At times, Foreign Service families overseas look for alternatives to brick and mortar schools at post. While some families decide to send children to boarding schools, others will opt for homeschooling. There are many options available for both but trying to sort through those options from far -flung locations overseas can often prove daunting for Foreign Service parents. The Department of State Family Liaison Office FLO is looking for a Virtual Student Foreign Service e intern to create two searchable online resources for Foreign Service families — one that offers information on the wide range of boarding schools available and another that contains homeschooling programs and resources. The e-intern will be responsible for identifying schools and programs to include in each online resource plus highlighting features such as virtual campus tours and homeschooling program trial sessions that might enable our Foreign Service families abroad to make well-informed decisions on educational choices. Time permitting, the e-intern will also create a fillable form to be used for the FLO for the Overseas Childcare preschool Report as well as user-friendly instructions to Community Liaison Office Coordinators CLOs on how to successfully complete the report at post. The ideal candidate will have a passion for education, excellent oral and written communication skills, and the knowledge and ability to create searchable web solutions. Telephone and a computer with Microsoft Office suite plus access to the internet a must. Create social media content around annual themes in support of U. Cultural diplomacy, Social media management, Writing. Much of our content centers around themes, for example: Embassy in New Delhi is seeking an intern who can generate social media content for a standard set of annual themes throughout the school year. We would work with the intern to identify the themes, set deadlines, and determine deliverables. Content would be due on a bi-weekly basis. Knowledge of India is not required, but would be considered a plus. The intern must be proactive, creative and a self-starter. All content must be the original creation of the virtual intern, and copyright for all works created will be the property of the U. We anticipate that this will run the full academic year, and are looking for two students to share the workload. Interns are expected to be independent, proactive, and exercise good judgement. Feedback and guidance will be conducted primarily by email. Videos Photos Research Speaker. Editing and proofreading, Research, Social media management, Videography. Each intern is also expected to do some research to understand the theme and determine relevant, culturally appropriate content. The content from an intern will be visual — original photos, videos, interviews, campus tours, and other appropriate original input. These presentations require the intern to speak on a specific topic for approximately 10 to 15 minutes and then engage in a question and answer session with the audience. The Consulate has a growing social media following of more than , subscribers. The purpose of our social media outreach is to promote a positive bilateral relationship by showing U. Embassy and Consulate engagement with Pakistan and providing information that portrays American culture and society. The Consulate uses a variety of sources for content such as information from State Department sources, including International Information Programs, Embassy and Consulate initiatives, and activities of USG exchange program alumni. To add to this social media content, PAS Peshawar proposes hiring two virtual interns to produce original content. What do we expect of virtual interns: Interact via Skype sessions with students participating in the Russia Access program - an extracurricular program to teach English to disadvantaged teenagers. The Virtual Intern would commit to two prearranged Skype sessions per week to interact with Russian students in the Access Program. The Access program provides extracurricular language instruction to disadvantaged teens. The intern would be expected to interact for approximately 45 minutes to an hour, twice a week, with Access classes in Russia via Skype. The goal is for the Access students, many of whom live in underserved areas of Russia, to have a chance to interact with an American. We will match interns with several Access sites currently there are 19 active sites in Russia , taking into account the time difference. Each intern will interact with at least four sites: Interns will work with the teachers in the Access program to determine appropriate topics for discussion based on what material the students are working with at the time of the Skype meetings. Topics could include American holidays, popular culture, educational structure, etc. Join our amazing social media team! We are looking for an intern who can help us with social media analysis and engagement with our Vietnamese followers. Cultural diplomacy, Editing and proofreading, Graphic design, Infographic design, Marketing, Social media management. This project involves three main components. First, the intern will help us with tracking activity and analysis of the topics that attract the most public attention and those that do not. Second, the intern will craft social media content for specific themes, with guidance from the press team. Finally, the intern will help create engaging and informative content that will inform our followers about U. Are you passionate about video production, graphic design, and communicating science? Do you want to mix those skills with the opportunity to promote entrepreneurship and start-ups in emerging economies? The Global Innovation through Science and Technology GIST initiative is a public-private partnership created by State to give science and technology entrepreneurs access to needed resources and advice. GIST programs include monthly webinars broadcast globally on various topics, in-country boot camps, and pitch competitions bringing private sector investors to developing areas. The intern will assist the team in creating promotional materials and social media content for all GIST events and initiatives. For more info, visit http: Community Engagement - Guadalaraja. Help keep the U. Hone your skills in researching, writing, editing, and disseminating cultural and local information in an engaging way! Spanish helpful; Marketing, Research, Social media management, Writing. This position will support content creation and updates for U. Consulate Guadalajara's community outreach programs. Work closely with the Community Liaison Office to create content written and designed for the internal Mission newsletter and Facebook page. This includes researching and summarizing events in the area to disseminate in an attractive and succinct format. The information will be disseminated in related, but unique ways through fliers, the newsletter, and the community Facebook page. Finally, this information will be filed in the CLO Evernote account, tagged with relevant search terms. Many of the events that will be researched are written in Spanish, so a working proficiency of the language is preferred. However, Google Translate can be a useful tool if and when needed! We seek an intern to research and write brief English-language Facebook posts about news of interest to employees and family members of U. Spanish req'd; Social media management. Briefly summarize news articles if the linked article is only available in Spanish. Content of interest includes stories highlighting U.

Clement summarized the challenges and great obstacles — both physical and financial — which had to be overcome to build the CPRR: Rockefeller" — Warren Buffett. Historical perspective — that you won't get on the nightly news: Prosperity is accelerating worldwide. Continue reading incomes have tripled sinceglobally.

The filth from horses polluting 19th century cities is gone ; hydraulic mining is obsolete ; there is more old-growth forest in California today than there was in ; forest lands are increasing New Hampshire: Welfare reform has almost doubled the earnings of poor families. Even the eighth of Americans below the "poverty" line now live as the "well off" did in earlier generations: Butreal environmental protection is not easy or intuitive and since a jungle became a "rain forest" and a swamp became a "wetland" wastefulscientifically illiterate "environmentalism"litigationintimidationdubious conclusionsoverconfidencemisleading and incompetent reportingscare stories, or propaganda is neither nice nor benignbeing instead a " deadly prejudice " that puts people in jeopardy — for example: Riding the Transcontinental Rails: An anthology of Nineteenth century first person accounts of overland travel on the Pacific railroad between and with fourteen sections in the book each of which can easily be read in one sitting.

Also includes 93 period engravings and other illustrations, eleven maps, and another sixty pages of appendicies.

Important Notice: June 4, 2017 at 14:48 am

There were 23 miles of railroad in the U.S. U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas arranges a checkerboard compromise to create the first federal land grant railroad. U.S. actions to permanently divide the country and establish a foreign-backed government in the south provoked strong resistance. In an interview with the American. The Rise and Fall of Labor Unions In The U.S. From the s until (but mostly the ss) by G. William Domhoff.

Duncan, Book summary. Tutorow and The Arthur H.

The Rise and Fall of Labor Unions In The U.S. From the s until (but mostly the ss) by G. William Domhoff. Which test are you preparing for? Click for comprehensive study guides and strategies for performing your best on test day—all for free! SAT. Automatically formats, alphabetize, and prints bibliographies for free. Search and sort projects below. Apply July on cocktail24.info You may apply to three projects. You can "favorite" projects by starring them. U.S. actions to permanently divide the country and establish a foreign-backed government in the south provoked strong resistance. In an interview with the American.

Read the corrected paperback edition, not the hardcover first edition. Why are health insurance premiums rising so much faster than workers' earnings? Stop Hiding the Cost! This also produces " job lock " preventing people from changing jobs to avoid losing their health plan.

Patients paying directly for their health care "first party" see the expense directly and won't allow costs to rise out of control as has NOT happened with un-reimbursed cosmetic and LASIK vision correction surgery prices. However when insurance company or government meddling makes medical care not provided directly by the employer appear almost free to patients low co-payments and deductibles — U.

By analogy, buying your own meals, or — like the CPRR medical plan — buying a pre-paid monthly meal plan at the company cafeteria is workable, but meal cards entitling you to unlimited "free" — or "almost free" — meals at any restaurants of your choice will be completely unaffordable — i.

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The Industrial Economy: Crash Course US History #23

We thank the Collections that have generously permitted the display of their photographs on this website for your personal viewing. All use of this website and any related activity, including browsing and sending us messages, is governed by the CPRR. Only send content intended for publication. Tell us what you think: Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. Then, at one in the morning on May 3,a great, noisy crumbling took place at the east Pay For U.s.

History And Government Thesis Proposal, and light from torches in the west could be seen flickering through the dust. The Summit had been pierced. The Sierras had been bested. With torchbearers stationed every few yards in the 1,foot bore, Clement began his first series of observations in the damp and eerie tunnel. During the preceding two years' work he and his assistants had been measuring under conditions never taught about in engineering schools.

They had made their calculations under poor visibility on a wildly uneven tunnel floor, plotting a bore not only divided into four distinct parts, but one that had to gradually rise, descend, and curve as it penetrated from west to east.

As Clement finished his measurements and read article out the geometric statistics at a rude desk near the tunnel mouth, he found his most fervent prayers answered. Summit Tunnel's four bores fitted together almost perfectly, with a total error in true line of less than two inches. The seemingly impossible had been achieved.

The longest tunnel anyone had cut through natural granite, cut at a daunting altitude in an abominable climate, had been bored by a small army of Chinese thousands of miles Pay For U.s. History And Government Thesis Proposal their ancestral home. The Sierras were truly breached and By Professor John Hoyt Williams.

Help with your support! Two men seize the end of a rail and start forward, the rest of the gang taking hold by twos, until it is clear of the car. They come forward at a run. At the word of command the rail is dropped in its place, right side up with care, while the same process goes on at the other side of the car.

Less than thirty seconds to a rail for each gang, and so four rails go down to the minute It is a grand ' anvil chorus ' It is played in triple time, 3 strokes to the spike. There are 10 spikes to a rail, rails to a mile, 1, miles to San Francisco — 21, times those sledges to be swung: Did you know that punched railroad tickets were the forerunners of computers? As second in command of the most formidable engineering project of the 19th century, Lewis M.

Clement was in charge of locating and constructing the first transcontinental railroad over California's Sierra Nevada Mountains, including blasting the Summit Tunnel through 1, feet of solid granite using black power, this web page building 40 miles of Snowsheds to keep the track clear during winter blizzards.

Judah Chief Engineer Watkins Portrait. Read about Transcontinental Railroad History: Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad - Introduction. The Rise of the Big Four: Huntington, Stanford, Crocker, and Hopkins. Bailey The Pacific MonthlyJanuary, The Pathway that United a Nation. Railroad History The First Transcontinental Railroad. Hart, Artist," by Mead B. California State Library Foundation, Photographer of the Central Pacific Railroad. History of Photography, Stereo and Albumen Prints.

Hamilton, Newcomen Society, A Visual History of the Stereoscope. A Process Identification Guide. Review of "Alfred A. Photographer of the Transcontinental Railroad. Reilly Photographer — Views of American Scenery. Courtesy Virtual Museum of San Francisco. Railroad to the Pacific. Courtesy The Yosemite Web. From the Library of T. Corps of Topographical Engineers. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Grambo and Co. Utah, Nevada and California, A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad.