5 What is intelligence? Intelligence of CreaturesIntelligence of Non-CreaturesIntelligence of Human

6 Intelligence of CreaturesApe can …Use tool to get bananaBuy coke from vending machineDophin can…Understand “language” & communicate with humanDog can …Recognize its master and his voiceDo a few jobsParrot can …Do arithmetic

7 Intelligence of CreaturesAnts can …Find their way homeCommunicate with one otherManage their societyTree can …Grow and do not collapseAdapt itself to the environment (cactus)Migrant birds can …Identify their direction

8 Intelligence of Non-CreaturesBloodHeartbeatVirusNeuronRainDo not seem to come from thinking with knowledge or information consciously …

10 What is AI?Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think” (Oxford dictionary)AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better.Examples: Speech recognition, Smell, Face, Object, Intuition, Inferencing, Learning new skills, Decision making, Abstract thinking

12 Definition of AI Weak AI Strong AIArtificial intelligence is the study of systems that act in a way that to any observer would appear to be intelligent.Strong AIArtificial intelligence involves using methods based on the intelligence behavior of humans and other animals to solve complex problems.

16 Turing Test Alan Turing, Computing Machinery & Intelligence, 1950An InterrogatorIs given access to two individuals – a human and a computerCan ask the two individuals any questions in text modeIs requested to distinguish the computer from the humanIf the interrogator cannot distinguish the computer from the human, then the computer may be assumed to be intelligent.

18 Turing Test Giving an objective notion of intelligenceThe behavior of a known intelligent being in response to a particular set of questionsPreventing from being sidetracked by confusing & unanswered questionswhether the computer uses internal processeswhether the machine is conscious of its actionsEliminating bias in favor of living organisms over machine intelligence

19 Influences of Turing TestNo program has passed the Turing test yetProviding a basis for many schemes used to evaluate modern AI programsHuman behaviors could be as indications of “intelligent” or “good”ExamplesExpert systemInformation retrievalSpeech synthesisSpoken dialogue (wizard of Oz)

20 AI HistoryArtificial Intelligence was first used by John McCarthy at a conference in Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire.John McCarthy invented LISP programming language in 1958Newell and Simon (1957)invented the idea of the General Problem Solver (GPS)To solve almost any logical problemMeans-ends analysis

21 AI History 1960~1990 Optimism  RealismNo longer to create a robot as intelligent as a human, but rather to use algorithms, heuristics, and methodologies based on the ways in which the human brains solves problems.

30 Some AI videosNote: there is a lot of AI that is not quite this “sexy” but still very valuable!E.g. logistics planning – DARPA claims that savings from a single AI planning application during 1991 Persian Gulf crisis more than paid back for all of DARPA’s investment in AI, ever. [Russell and Norvig]