James Duffield is back in the field at Henlet House after
being removed in 1744 because of his tyrannical nature. He is keeping Won-a-wogen
and Nam-a-shis at bed and board, while refusing relatives access to the
fort. The relatives attacked the House, killing Duffield.

Laurent Ducharme born 1723 Montreal, Quebec, son Louis
Ducharme and Marie Picard, hired Pierre Bourdon, Antoine Basinet, Joseph
Janot dit Lachapelle, Philibert Sicard, Laurent Roy and Joseph Menard for
Michel Makina to go to Michilimackinac, New France (Michigan). He continued
until the 1760's and 1770's when he was licensed to trade out of British
Green Bay, (Michigan).

Chevalier, (II)-Louis Luc de LaCorne (born 1711) of Saint-Luc,
commandant of the North West Territories, claims to have planted the first
wheat in the Province of Saskatchewan, in the Carrot River Valley. He also
claimed to have planted other grains and vegetables at Fort St. Louis.

Paul Lacroix (Hubert?) is sent to the Mississippi River
by Joseph Martin.

James McBride, an Englishman, is on the Ohio River, Kentucky.

Marin the younger, commandant le Roi and the poste La Baye
(Green Bay), New France (Wisconsin), went among the Dakota Sioux to establish
peace with the Cree and Saulteaux (Ojibwa)- with slight success.

New England has a population of 1,500,000 people due to
heavy migration of non-English people, mostly Irish, Scotch, German and
those Protestant French.

Jacques Pierre Daneaux, Sieur de Muy (1695-1758), who commanded
(1730-1735) Post River St. Joseph, this year succeeded Pierre Joseph Celoron
(1693-1759) at Fort Detroit, New France (Michigan). He would command Fort
Detroit until 1758.

(I)-Anthony Henley, born on the Isle of Wright, an outlaw
wanted for smuggling, joined the Hudson Bay Company to escape punishment.
He is indentured to working as a laborer and net maker at Fort York (Manitoba).
When (I)-James Isham, d-1761, Chief Factor of Fort York, (Manitoba) asked
for a volunteer to travel the interior and assess the trading situation,
(I)-Anthony Henday (in the HBC service 1750-1762) jumped at the opportunity.
(I)- James Isham, d-1761, a bigamist, wrote that Cree maidens are rare at
thirteen or fourteen, and none exist at fifteen years of age.

Jean Baptiste Reaume, voyager, and interpreter, for Le
Roy at La Baie, New France (Wisconsin), is recorded at Makinac, New France
(Michigan), this year in the birth, death and marriage records.

Governor Kerlerec of Louisiana, asked for permission to
stop the Coureurs des Bois- those vagabonds and vagrants, who under pretense
of hunting were guilty of trading with savages without the permission of
the Governor. It is noteworthy that a short distance from French Fort de
Chartes (St. Louis) was the Metis settlement of Cahokia, at the historic
Indian trading place at the forks of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.
The Metis, without fanfare, were everywhere collecting furs, far beyond
the ability of the French, Spanish or English to control them.

The five English traders at Henley House are executed because
they had taken two Cree women as concubines. As a result, any attempt to
reestablish this post is thwarted by the Cree.

January 3: Michillimakinac, New France (Michigan), baptism
Charles Joseph Repentigny, an enfant of a slave of M. De Repentigny.

April: Fort Duquesne, (Allegheny, Pennsylvania) located
at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, at the site of
present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was begun by the British. In April
1754 it was captured by the French Claude Pierre Pecaudy, Sieur de Contrecoeur
and completed.

May 28: George Washington (1732-1799) attacked Joseph Coulon
de Villiers de Jumonville (1718-1754) at the Forks of the Ohio near Jumonville,
Penn where the new Fort Duquesne (Allegheny, Pennnsylvania) had been built.
Jumonville and nine other French are sent to order Washington to withdraw
from the area and are murdered by Washington before he retreated. Some believe
this infamous attack by Washington triggered the American French Indian
War known as the Seven Year War in Europe. In retaliation, on July 4, Louis
Coulon de Villiers led a large force of French and Indians against the assassins
who had retreated to Fort Necessity causing the surrender of the infamous
George Washington (1732-1799). The French allowed the prisoners to return
home. This defeat caused all of the waving Indian bands over to the French
alliance.

June 24: Anthony Henley attached himself to a departing
Cree party who is going to the land of the Blackfoot below the great Stony
Mountains. It is important to understand that there are four differing journals
of the 1754-1755 Henley trip, it is not known which one represents the truth.

July 3: (I)-Robert Dinwiddle (1693-1710), Governor Virginia
(1751-1758) a Scott, sent George Washington (1732-1799) with an army against
the French at Fort Necessity, S.W. Pennsylvania. This was called by some
the 'Battle of Great Meadows'.

July 4: George Washington (1732-1799), the wealthy slave
owner, surrendered to the French Canadians after being surrounded at Fort
Necessity. After his humiliating and bitter defeat he denounced the Roman
Catholic Church and the French culture.

July 24: Conawapa, the Cree, took (I)- Anthony Henday (HBC
service 1750-1762) to the French Fort Paskoyac, also called Basque, Pasquia
or La Riviere du Pas (The Pas), (Manitoba) and conversed with the 'Assinipoval
Metis' who, on first encounter, threatened to take him prisoner and send
him to France. The French called the Fort: Basque, and it was twenty six
feet long, twelve feet wide and nine feet tall. Three Frenchmen are presently
at the Fort. (I)- Anthony Henday (HBC service 1750-1762) said this country
belongs to the English as much as the French. One version suggests Anthony
Henday is under the direction of Attickasish (Little Deer) but his role
changes depending on different versions. One version has Henday being contemptuous
and the others as being uncertain, even frightened. I would suspect, due
to his lack of experience, the latter is more likely correct.

August 18: Michilimackinac, baptism, Louis Maur so Louis
Maur and Marie Moran. Entry appeared in the 1786 ledger??

August 21: Fort Detroit, New France (Michigan), death,
Jean Baptiste Fauvel born 1753, parents not recorded but most likely son
(II)-Jacques Fauvel dit Bigras (1696-1751) and (II)-Angelique Clement born
1705.

August and September: Anthony Hemley and company departed
The Pas (Manitoba) and the Saskatchewan River, heading overland to visit
the Assiniboine who told him they would not trade with the English as the
French keep them well supplied. In a different version he suggests they
will trade with the English. The former version is more likely correct.
Anthony Henley wasted little time in obtaining a country woman for his journey.

September and October: (I)- Anthony Henday (HBC service
1750-1762) traveled south of Red Deer River to the Earchithinue tribe, visited
the horsed Atsina of the prairies and south to the Bow River. Henday discovered
that the Cree, like the Wendat of earlier periods, are middlemen in the
fur trade. The Blackfoot do not have the canoe and the Bay is too far away
for trade. One version of his journals suggests the Blackfoot gave Henley
two slave girls but the other versions make no mention. This entry is highly
suspect. It is suggested Anthony Henday (HBC service 1750-1762) first encountered
the horse at Buffer Lake, Saskatchewan and bought his first horse at Sounding
Creek, Alberta. Some even question if he made this trip due to the attempts
to embellish his journals.

The November issue of Gentleman's Magazine said: The country
bordering on the Hudson Bay might serve as an English Siberia where we might
hold our convicts instead of hanging them by the thousands at home or transporting
them to corrupt the natives of our colonies. Convicts should always be sent
to a country barren and in a manner uninhabited because there they can't
corrupt by their bad example. The Public Records of Ireland in Belfast contain
documents of similar proposals. The worst offenders should be turned over
to the Eskimos (Inuit) as slaves.

There is a good chance that (III)-Oliver Garneau, also
called Coline de Carillon and Perrin de Louarget, is involved in the construction
of Fort Carillon, a.k.a. Fort Ticonderoga, which commands the outlet of
Lake George, Minnesota into Lake Champlain . This Fort is also known as
Fort Vaudreuil. The Fort was abandoned by the French in 1759

The French Assinipoval Metis are trading to the upper regions
of the Saskatchewan River system, North West Territories. Daniel William
Harmon (1778-1845) in 1805 reported that a French Missionary lived in the
vicinity of Fort Assiniboine for a number of years instructing the Natives
in the Christian Religion.

Fort des Prairies on the Saskatchewan River near Nepowewin
is first constructed this year. This name would be applied to various different
establishments after this date. If two forts are constructed on the prairies
then they called one the upper and the other the lower Fort des Prairies.

General Edward Bradock (1695-1755) and a powerful force
from New England tried to take Fort Duquesne, (Allegheny, Pennsylvania)
located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, at the
site of present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and are soundly defeated by
the French. The English would recover the Fort in 1758, but it was burnt
before being abandoned. It would be rebuilt in 1761 by the British and called
Fort Pitt.

General Edward Bradock (1695-1755) commanded 1,500 British
regulars and the balance Provincials making a force of 2,150. They attacked
the French Fort Duguesne (Pittsburgh) on the Ohio River. The massacre of
the British-American force is by a much smaller French-Canadian force. Only
500 Americans escaped the slaughter. It is noteworthy that this Fort was
originally built by the British in 1753 and captured and completed in 1754
by the French. The French, commanded by Captain Dumas and Metis Charles
Langlade of Green Bay, New France (Wisconsin), includes 75 French regulars.
George Washington, (1732-1799), a survivor, recounts that three hundred
English settlers in wagons are fleeing New France in the Ohio. Reports confirm
that the Natives are repelling the invasion on all fronts. During the next
two years, the resistance to invasion continued and Chesterfield wrote:
We are no longer a Nation. The Indian Nations only desired liberty and freedom
for all peace loving peoples and the Government to live within negotiated
settlements. George Washington (1732-1799), would start the genocide program
against these Native peoples.

A French Fort is built at Prairie du Chien.

Fort Tiscondergoa (Carillon), a place between the waters,
is built by the French at the confluence of Lakes Champlain and George in
upper New York. The Fort was abandoned in 1759. It was briefly reoccupied
in 1777 for a few months.

The English stopped at Fort Paskoyac and (I)- Anthony Henday
(HBC service 1750-1762) wrote that the French spoke several languages to
perfection. They have the advantage of us in every shape and if they had
Brazil tobacco they would entirely cut off our trade. He still managed to
return with seventy canoes that he traded on their return trip. Henday returned
to York (Manitoba), June 23 and couldn't possibly have had more canoes than
he started with as the best furs were traded to the French under his nose.
It is highly likely that all four versions are forgeries by (I)-Andrew Graham
(1733-1815), a sloop masters servant, done for political reasons. One forgery
is dated 1755-56 rather than 1754-55 and is obviously not by (I)-Andrew
Graham. The London office did not hold (I)-Anthony Henday (HBC service 1750-1762)
as being very expert, even though they were dealing with forged documents.
Upon his return he was sent out on another year venture but returned in
a week, which further supports his incompetence. In 1756 (I)- Anthony Henday
(HBC service 1750-1762) again failed to return to the Blackfoot saying sickness
forced him back. It is alleged that Henday and Joseph Smith ventured into
Blackfoot territory in 1759-60, but no record supports this claim. (I)-
Anthony Henday (HBC service 1750-1762) retired in 1762.

January: Henley House is abandoned this year. The attack
by angry Indians on Henley House was due to their women being kept at the
post while their own access was denied. This is a clear violation of a social
contract involving exchanging of women for post rights. "The Cree marriage
rights might seem frivolous", William Falloner wrote.

"However, both men and women perform their duties
and are more chaste to each other than more civilized nations instructed
with the duties of Christianity." Another report reached Albany House,
James Bay that said the Indians had massacred the garrison called Henley
House. The Cree claimed the attacks were at the instigation of the Coureurs
des Bois.

January 18: Louis Le Gardeur, chevalier, is listed at Makinac,
New France (Michigan), as officer commandant of Le Roi and Sault Ste Marie,
New France (Michigan/Ontario).

May: (I)- Anthony Henday (HBC service 1750-1762) camped
on the mouth of the Sturgeon River, 20 miles down river from Edmonton (Alberta).
(I)-Anthony Henday had struck at the very heart of the French fur trade
and had returned down the Saskatchewan River with sixty canoes of furs (sixty
canoes of Cree?).

May 23: The English were forced to stop at the French Fort
La Corne at the forks of the river and ruefully (I)- Anthony Henday (HBC
service 1750-1762) watched as the five or six French traded about one thousand
of the best skins. The French were well aware of Henday's ventures last
year. To suggest he discover anything new is absurd. It took four days for
(I)- Anthony Henday (HBC service 1750-1762) to coax his Natives from the
pleasant company of the French.

July: The English Colonies (America) numbered 1,600,000
people including 200,000 slaves. New France numbered 80,000 people at best,
and the King of France considered New France as being a sinkhole for money
and a sponge for French blood. The number of slaves in New France is not
listed, but must also run into the thousands. This year a group of Virginia's
formed the Ohio Company in order to establish settlements in the upper Ohio
Valley. The French hastened to construct a number of forts below Lake Erie.
The French seized two British strong points: Fort Necessity and the site
of Fort Duguesne. The British General Bradock marched on Fort Duguesne in
July 1755 with one thousand, five hundred and fifty regulars and four hundred
and fifty Virginia Militiamen. Their disastrous defeat included the death
of Bradock.

July 27: Michillimakinac, New France (Michigan), baptism,
Anne St. Omer, born 1743, slave of M. St. Omer.

July 28: Acadia Governing Council chaired by Charles Lawrence
(1709-1760) conceived and ordered one of the most horrendous acts in the
history of Canada, the forced removal of Acadian citizens, many of who are
Metis.

THE ACT: "After mature consideration it was unanimously
agreed, that, to prevent as much as possible their attempting to return
and molest the settlers that may be set down on their lands, it would be
most proper to send them to be distributed amongst the several colonies
on the continent, and that a sufficient number of vessels should be hired
with all possible expedition for that purpose".

THE INFAMOUS COUNCIL OF NOVA SCOTIA:

Charles Lawrence (1709-1760) from England

Benjamin Green (1713-1772) from Massachusetts

John Collier d-1769 from England

William Cotterell

John Rous (1689-1760) from England

Jonathon Belchar (1710-1776) from Massachusetts

The infamous Jonathon Belchar (1710-1776) from Massachusetts,
ruled that Charles Lawrence (1709-1760) is innocent of the severest criticism.
Confiscation of lands, goods, chattel, and deportation of Acadian Natives
is not considered severe.

August 2: Mackinac, New France (Michigan), baptism, Albert
Farley born this day son Jacque Farley and Josette du Mouchel, living Michilimackinac..

August 18: Michilimackinac, New France (Michigan), marriage,
(V)-Nicolas Amiot, Metis, born 1730 Mackinac, New France (Michigan), son
(IV)-Jean Baptiste Ambrose Amiot, born 1694, and Marie Anne Kitoulague,
sauvagesse; churched this year at Mackinac, New France (Michigan), Suzanne
DuKimakoue (Nouvellaut), Savage, born 1735. They likely had a country marriage
1735 or earlier. Two sons are recorded Ambroise Amiot, Metis, born 1754
and Joseph Amiot, Metis, who died July 18, 1757, all at Mackinac, New France
(Michigan).

September: Jacques LeGardeur de St. Pierre (1701-1755)
led a force of Mohawks and French Canadians against a British force near
Fort Edwards (Lake George, New York) where he was killed. Others suggest
Fort Edwards was created 1755 in Nova Scotia.

October 27: Fort Detroit, New France (Michigan), birth,
(IV)-Angelique Cabassier, and likely died shortly thereafter as next daughter
born also called Angelique, daughter (III)-Joseph Cabassier (1722-1773)
and (II)-Angelique Bienvenu dit Delisle born 1721

September to December: The British governor of Acadia,
Charles Lawrence, serving July 23, 1756 to September 24, 1762, expelled
and deported eight to ten thousand settlers spreading them down the Eastern
seaboard to Louisiana where they called themselves Cajuns. Cajun is a corruption
of the word Acadian. About 4,000 Acadians are deported to Louisiana. Cajuns
at this time are primarily French-Metis-Canadians.

1756

The harvest of New France is scant and hunger pervaded
the land. The Ojibwa at Rainy River plunder the canoes out of Quebec for
French trade goods, as they were destitute. The supplies from Quebec have
been restricted since the late 1750's.

Sieur Bondeau alias Nannette, voyager is recorded at Makinac,
New France (Michigan), this year in the birth, death and marriage records.

Red River Metis Colony, census of 1831 to 1838 lists Laurent
Cadotte Sr. born 1756-57 North West and Canada, depending on the census
year. Could be son (III)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte born 1723 and living Nipigon
and Sault Ste Marie, New France (Michigan/Ontario), both Canadian and American
side. His date of birth varies from 1747 to 1757. The two Laurent Cadotte
jr. born 1773 and 1783 may suggest two or more Cadotte Sr.?

January 7: Fort Detroit, New France (Michigan), Marriage,
(III)-Charles Bouron, born 1722, (Inhabitant of the southern side. The side
of the Huron. We have in liaison with the sieur Legrand, Justice of the
Peace of the Encette village, gives Marie Huron, born and baptized the Day
before, child of unknown parents, with the sieur (Pierre) and Bouron lady,
to bring up; to be nourished and maintained like their child. Provided that
the aforesaid Marie Huron is her offspring, he is obliged to serve them
until age of twenty years, in all that is not to me contrary to the religion
and my awareness. Fort Detroit, New France (Michigan), this March 7, 1766,
signed F Simple Bosquet a Recollet.) Charles is listed son (II)-Pierre Bouron;
Charles married January 7, 1756, Fort Detroit, New France (Michigan), (IV)-Marguerite
Reaume born 1725 daughter (III)-Pierre Reaume (1691-1740).

January 14: Michillimakinac, New France (Michigan), baptism,
Suzanne Slave born of a legal union of Charles Slave and Marie Slave both
slaves married 1754.

January 25: Louis Joseph Marquis de Montcalm Gozon de St.
Veran, age 44, became Major General of New France. His second in command
is Gaston Francois, Chevalier de Levis. Montcalm captured the British Fort
Oswego on the south shore of Lake Ontario. Others suggest Fort Oswego was
built this year in Quebec. Montcalm also took Fort William Henry in the
upper valley of the Hudson. He strengthened the defenses of Fort Carillon
(Lake George, Minnesota), also know as Tisconderoga and Vaudreuil.

February 28: Michilimachigan, New France (Michigan), marriage
(III)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte (1723-1803) to Anastasia a Nipissing, neophyte
(Awause totem?), who died 1767. In July 22 he recorded the sale of his share
of the family property in Batiscan to his brother (IV)-Michel Cadotte (1729-1784),
he must have returned to Quebec. October of 1756 he arrived with his wife
Anastasia a Nipissing, neophyte (Awause totem?), who died 1767.

July 9: Fort Detroit, New France (Michigan), baptism, of
a six week old Irish girl, taken by the Chouanon savages, daughter of Patrice
and Francoise Langford who married in Pennsylvania, Irish and catholic.

July: (III)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte (1723-1803) arrived Michilimackinac,
New France (Michigan). In July 22 he recorded the sale of his share of the
family property in Batiscan to his brother (IV)-Michel Cadotte (1729-1784).
October of 1756 he arrived with his wife Anastasia a Nipissing, neophyte
(Awause totem?), who died 1767. The Jesuit Le Franc performed a baptism
of (IV)-Marie Renee Cadotte who died this year.

July 19: Mackinac, New France (Michigan), posting (I)-Hubert
Couterot, a soldier of Trois Rivers, Quebec is posted to Mackinac, New France
(Michigan).

(I)-Henry Pollexfen, Factor at Moose Factory, resented
being asked for a new work assignment by one of his crew. He gave the poor
fellow a blow to the head, and when he struck back had him put in irons
to be returned to Britain. Henry reported finding three Indian debts of
800 'Made Beaver'. The Indians refused to settle the debt saying it was
with the previous Factor, not the new Factor.

Jean Baptiste Reaume, voyager, and interpreter, is living
at Mackinac, New France (Michigan).

Fort Burbon, John Smith said just because the King of England
and the King of France are at war doesn't mean we can't be friends.

The Rev. Peter Fontaine of Virginia wrote: Many base wretches
amongst us take up with Negro women, by which means the country swarms with
mulatto bastards, and these mulattoes, if but three generations removed
from the black father or mother, may, by the indulgence of the laws of the
country, intermarry with the white people and actually do so every day.
Now, if instead of this abominable practice, which hath polluted the blood
of many amongst us, we had taken Indian wives in the first place, it would
have made them some compensation for their lands. We should become rightful
heirs to their lands and should not have smutted our blood.

A French officer said: They (Metis & Coureurs des Bois)
are not thrifty and take no care for the future, being too fond of their
freedom and their independence. They want to be well thought of and they
know how to make the most of themselves. They endure hunger and thirst patiently,
many have been trained from infancy to imitate the Indians whom, with reason,
they hold in high regard. They try to strive to gain their esteem and to
please them. Many of them speak their language, having passed part of their
life amongst them at the trading posts.

April: Francois Marie Picote, sieur de Belestre (1719-1793)
with 20 French, 150 Miami, Ouiatonon and Shawnee went on a raiding party
150 leagues below Ft Duquesne (Pittaburg, Co. Allegheny, Pennsylvania) and
he was wounded in the arm.

April 9: Michillimakinac, New France (Michigan), baptism,
Un Homme Amiot, 12 year old slave, belonging to (V)-Nicolas Amiot, Metis,
born 1745, Mackinac, New France (Michigan), armorer this post, he married
his slave. .

May: Francois Marie Picote, sieur de Belestre (1719-1793)
with 12 French and 40 Natives, raided the British Fort Cumberland in Virginia.
On their return to Fort Duquesne (Allegheny, Pennsylvania) they are attacked
by a British/Indian party.

May 11: Fort Detroit, New France (Michigan), birth/baptism,
Antoine Cesaire, panis (slave) Indian son Louise a Pawnee Indian slave of
Louis Cesaire Dagneau (1704-1767); some suggest this is Louis Dagneau Douville
Dequindre b-1735. Louise Pawnee had three sons between 1757-1764 while in
bondage. She was freed in 1766 with her son Antoine, but her two other sons
remain the slaves of Louis Cesaire.

May 16: Michilimackinac, baptism, Augustin Kitchinape born
March 31, 1756, son Pierre Kitchinpe and Angelique.

May 20: Michillimakinac, New France (Michigan), baptism
Joseph Lefebvre, son of a slave, of M. Jean Baptiste Lefebvre (Le Bebre)
a trader.

May: Francois Marie Picote, sieur de Belestre (1719-1793)
with 12 French and 40 Natives, raided the British Fort Cumberland in Virginia.
On their return to Fort Duquesne (Allegheny, Pennsylvania) they are attacked
by a British/Indian party.

May 30: (II)-Philippe Dagneau de la Saussaye, St. Ours
and 3 soldiers with a French/Indian party were killed by a American (British)/Indian
party while they were returning from a raiding mission against Fort Cumberland
on their way to Fort Duquesne, (Allegheny, Pennsylvania). Francois Marie
Picote de Belestre (1719-1793) was wounded and taken prisoner. This mission
was to entice out small parties and then kill them or take them prisoners.
They had a force of 40 Indians and 12 French.