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LINT(1) FreeBSD General Commands Manual LINT(1)
NAMElint -- a C program verifier
SYNOPSISlint [-abceghprvwxzHFV] [-s | -t] [-i | -nu] [-Dname[=def]] [-Uname]
[-Idirectory] [-ddirectory] [-Ldirectory] [-llibrary]
[-ooutputfile] [-Bdirectory] [-Xid[,id...]] file...lint [-abceghprvwzHFV] [-s | -t] -Clibrary [-Dname[=def]] [-Uname]
[-Idirectory] [-ddirectory] [-Bdirectory] [-Xid[,id...]]
file...DESCRIPTION
The lint utility attempts to detect features of the named C program files
that are likely to be bugs, to be non-portable, or to be wasteful. It
also performs stricter type checking than does the C compiler. The lint
utility runs the C preprocessor as its first phase, with the preprocessor
symbol ``lint'' defined to allow certain questionable code to be altered
or skipped by lint. Therefore, this symbol should be thought of as a
reserved word for all code that is to be checked by lint.
Among the possible problems that are currently noted are unreachable
statements, loops not entered at the top, variables declared and not
used, and logical expressions with constant values. Function calls are
checked for inconsistencies, such as calls to functions that return val-
ues in some places and not in others, functions called with varying num-
bers of arguments, function calls that pass arguments of a type other
than the type the function expects to receive, functions whose values are
not used, and calls to functions not returning values that use the non-
existent return value of the function.
Filename arguments ending with .c are taken to be C source files. File-
name arguments with names ending with .ln are taken to be the result of
an earlier invocation of lint, with either the -i, -o, or -C option in
effect. The .ln files are analogous to the .o (object) files produced by
cc(1) from .c files. The lint utility also accepts special libraries
specified with the -l option, which contain definitions of library rou-
tines and variables.
The lint utility takes all the .c, .ln, and llib-llibrary.ln (lint
library) files and processes them in command-line order. By default,
lint appends the standard C lint library (llib-lc.ln) to the end of the
list of files. When the -i option is used, the .ln files are ignored.
Also, when the -o or -i options are used, the llib-llibrary.ln files are
ignored. When the -i option is omitted the second pass of lint checks
this list of files for mutual compatibility. At this point, if a com-
plaint stems not from a given source file, but from one of its included
files, the source filename will be printed followed by a question mark.
The special input file name ``-'' causes lint to take input from standard
input (until end of file) and process it as if it were a .c file. If the
-i flag is given and ``-'' is named as one of the input files, the -o
flag must also be specified to provide an output file name. The options
are as follows:
-a Report assignments of long values to variables that are not long.
-aa Additional to -a, report all assignments of integer values to
other integer values which cause implicit narrowing conversion.
-b Report break statements that cannot be reached. This is not the
default because, unfortunately, most lex(1) and many yacc(1) out-
puts produce many such complaints.
-c Complain about casts which have questionable portability.
-e Complain about unusual operations on enum-Types and combinations
of enum- and integer-Types.
-g Do not print warnings for some extensions of gcc(1) to the C lan-
guage. Currently these are nonconstant initializers in automatic
aggregate initializations, arithmetic on pointer to void, trail-
ing commas in enum declarations, C++ -style ``//'' comments, zero
sized structures, subscripting of non-lvalue arrays, prototypes
overriding old style function declarations and long long integer
types. The -g flag also turns on the keywords asm and inline
(alternative keywords with leading underscores for both asm and
inline are always available).
-h Apply a number of heuristic tests to attempt to intuit bugs,
improve style, and reduce waste.
-i Produce a .ln file for every .c file on the command line. These
.ln files are the product of lint's first pass only, and are not
checked for compatibility between functions.
-n Do not check compatibility against the standard library.
-p Attempt to check portability of code to other dialects of C.
-r In case of redeclarations report the position of the previous
declaration.
-s Strict ANSI C mode. Issue warnings and errors required by ANSI
C. Also do not produce warnings for constructs which behave dif-
ferently in traditional C and ANSI C. With the -s flag,
__STRICT_ANSI__ is a predefined preprocessor macro.
-t Traditional C mode. __STDC__ is not predefined in this mode.
Warnings are printed for constructs not allowed in traditional C.
Warnings for constructs which behave differently in traditional C
and ANSI C are suppressed. Preprocessor macros describing the
machine type (e.g., sun3) and machine architecture (e.g., m68k)
are defined without leading and trailing underscores. The key-
words const, volatile and signed are not available in traditional
C mode (although the alternative keywords with leading under-
scores still are).
-u Do not complain about functions and external variables used and
not defined, or defined and not used (this is suitable for run-
ning lint on a subset of files comprising part of a larger pro-
gram).
-v Suppress complaints about unused arguments in functions.
-x Report variables referred to by extern declarations, but never
used.
-z Do not complain about structures that are never defined (for
example, using a structure pointer without knowing its contents).
-Bpath
Path to use when looking for the lint1 and lint2 binaries.
Defaults to /usr/libexec.
-Clibrary
Create a lint library with the name llib-llibrary.ln. This
library is built from all .c and .ln input files. After all
global definitions of functions and variables in these files are
written to the newly created library, lint checks all input
files, including libraries specified with the -l option, for
mutual compatibility.
-Dname[=def]
Define name for cpp(1), as if by a #define directive. If no def-
inition is given, name is defined as 1.
-Idirectory
Add directory to the list of directories in which to search for
include files.
-ddirectory
Use directory instead of /usr/include as the default place to
find include files.
-llibrary
Include the lint library llib-llibrary.ln.
-Ldirectory
Search for lint libraries in directory and directory/lint before
searching the standard place.
-F Print pathnames of files. The lint utility normally prints the
filename without the path.
-H If a complaint stems from an included file lint prints the name
of the included file instead of the source file name followed by
a question mark.
-ooutputfile
Name the output file outputfile. The output file produced is the
input that is given to lint's second pass. The -o option simply
saves this file in the named output file. If the -i option is
also used the files are not checked for compatibility. To pro-
duce a llib-llibrary.ln without extraneous messages, use of the
-u option is suggested. The -v option is useful if the source
file(s) for the lint library are just external interfaces.
-Uname
Remove any initial definition of name for the preprocessor.
-V Print the command lines constructed by the controller program to
run the C preprocessor and lint's first and second pass.
-w Treat warnings as errors.
-Xid[,id...]
Suppress error messages identified by the list of ids. A list of
messages and ids can be found in lint(7).
InputGrammarlint's first pass reads standard C source files. The lint utility recog-
nizes the following C comments as commands.
/* ARGSUSEDn */
makes lint check only the first n arguments for usage; a missing
n is taken to be 0 (this option acts like the -v option for the
next function).
/* BITFIELDTYPE */
Suppress error messages about illegal bitfield types if the type
is an integer type, and suppress non-portable bitfield type warn-
ings.
/* CONSTCOND */ or /* CONSTANTCOND */ or /* CONSTANTCONDITION */
suppress complaints about constant operands for the next expres-
sion.
/* FALLTHRU */ or /* FALLTHROUGH */
suppress complaints about fall through to a case or default
labelled statement. This directive should be placed immediately
preceding the label.
/* LINTLIBRARY */
At the beginning of a file, mark all functions and variables
defined in this file as used. Also shut off complaints about
unused function arguments.
/* LINTED [comment] */ or /* NOSTRICT [comment] */
Suppresses any intra-file warning except those dealing with
unused variables or functions. This directive should be placed
on the line immediately preceding where the lint warning
occurred.
/* LONGLONG */
Suppress complaints about use of long long integer types.
/* NOTREACHED */
At appropriate points, inhibit complaints about unreachable code.
(This comment is typically placed just after calls to functions
like exit(3)).
/* PRINTFLIKEn */
makes lint check the first (n-1) arguments as usual. The n-th
argument is interpreted as a printf(3) format string that is used
to check the remaining arguments.
/* PROTOLIBn */
causes lint to treat function declaration prototypes as function
definitions if n is non-zero. This directive can only be used in
conjunction with the /* LINTLIBRARY */ directive. If n is zero,
function prototypes will be treated normally.
/* SCANFLIKEn */
makes lint check the first (n-1) arguments as usual. The n-th
argument is interpreted as a scanf(3) format string that is used
to check the remaining arguments.
/* VARARGSn */
Suppress the usual checking for variable numbers of arguments in
the following function declaration. The data types of the first
n arguments are checked; a missing n is taken to be 0.
The behavior of the -i and the -o options allows for incremental use of
lint on a set of C source files. Generally, one invokes lint once for
each source file with the -i option. Each of these invocations produces
a .ln file that corresponds to the .c file, and prints all messages that
are about just that source file. After all the source files have been
separately run through lint, it is invoked once more (without the -i
option), listing all the .ln files with the needed -llibrary options.
This will print all the inter-file inconsistencies. This scheme works
well with make(1); it allows make(1) to be used to lint only the source
files that have been modified since the last time the set of source files
were linted.
ENVIRONMENT
LIBDIR the directory where the lint libraries specified by the
-llibrary option must exist. If this environment variable is
undefined, then the default path /usr/libdata/lint will be used
to search for the libraries.
TMPDIR usually the path for temporary files can be redefined by setting
this environment variable.
CC Location of the C compiler program. Defaults to /usr/bin/cc.
FILES
/usr/libexec/lint[12] programs
/usr/libdata/lint/llib-l*.ln various prebuilt lint libraries
/tmp/lint* temporaries
SEE ALSOcc(1), cpp(1), make(1)AUTHORS
Jochen Pohl
BUGS
The routines exit(3), longjmp(3) and other functions that do not return
are not understood; this causes various incorrect diagnostics.
Static functions which are used only before their first extern declara-
tion are reported as unused.
Libraries created by the -o option will, when used in later lint runs,
cause certain errors that were reported when the libraries were created
to be reported again, and cause line numbers and file names from the
original source used to create those libraries to be reported in error
messages. For these reasons, it is recommended to use the -C option to
create lint libraries.
FreeBSD 10.1 May 24, 2001 FreeBSD 10.1