The Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement (Malay: Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Patani; GMIP) is an Islamic insurgent movement that has carried out violent actions as part of the protracted insurgency in Southern Thailand.

GMIP is hostile to the practices of moderate Malay Muslims, accusing them of being un-Islamic. It is one of the most extreme terrorist groups currently operating in Southern Thailand.[1] A shadowy leader named 'Jehkumir Kuteh' or 'Abdul Rahman Ahmad', among other names, was assumed at a certain point to lead the group, and Thailand's prime minister demanded from Malaysia his extradition in January 2005, but the Malaysian government refused.[2][3]

Unlike previous Islamic insurgent groups of the region, the characteristic of this outfit in its new avatar is that it attacks forcefully and does not claim responsibility, and also that it keeps its leadership shrouded in secrecy. GMIP was accused by the Thai authorities as the main instigator of the series of bombings, drive-by shootings and machete attacks in Southern Thailand that began in January 2004.[1]

Although its headquarters are unknown, many of the operations of the GMIP suggest that it is rural-based. The Thai military have linked the GMIP to attacks on convoys and policemen in roads crossing rural districts.[5]

1.
South Thailand insurgency
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The South Thailand insurgency is an ongoing conflict centered in southern Thailand. Although low-level separatist violence had occurred in the region for decades, the campaign escalated after 2001, with a recrudescence in 2004, incidents blamed on southern insurgents have occurred in Bangkok and Phuket. In July 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra assumed wide-ranging emergency powers to deal with the southern violence, on 19 September 2006, a military junta ousted Thaksin Shinawatra in a coup. The junta implemented a policy shift by replacing Thaksins earlier approach with a campaign to win over the hearts. Despite little progress in curbing the violence, the junta declared that security was improving, by March 2008, however, the death toll surpassed 3,000. During the Democrat-led government of Abhisit Vejjajiva, Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya noted a sense of optimism, but by the end of 2010 insurgency-related violence had increased, confounding the governments optimism. Finally in March 2011, the government conceded that violence was increasing, however, these groups have been largely sidelined by the Barisan Revolusi Nasional-Koordinasi, the group currently spearheading the insurgency. It sees no reason for negotiations and is against talks with other insurgent groups, the BRN-C has as its immediate aim to make southern Thailand ungovernable and it has largely been successful. Estimates of the strength of the insurgency vary greatly, in 2004 General Pallop Pinmanee claimed that there were only 500 hardcore jihadists. Other estimates say there as many as 15,000 armed insurgents, Thai rule over the historical Patani region was confirmed by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. Until well into the 20th century, the government in Bangkok had interfered little locally and this included an exemption in implementing Thai Civil Law, which had allowed Muslims to continue their observance of local Islamic laws regarding issues on inheritance and family. The National Culture Act was enforced as a result of the Thaification process, promoting the concept of Thai-ness and its Mandate 3 was directly aimed at the Patani people. By 1944, Thai civil law was enforced throughout the land including the Patani region, the school curriculum was revised to be Thai-centric, with all lessons in the Thai language, to the detriment of the local Jawi. Traditional Muslim courts that formerly handled civil cases were removed and replaced with civil courts run and this forced assimilation process and the perceived imposition of Thai-Buddhist cultural practices upon their society were irritants to the ethnic Malay Patani. In 1947, Haji Sulong, founder of the Patani People’s Movement, launched a campaign, demanding autonomy, language, and cultural rights. In January 1948, Sulong was arrested on treason charges along with local leaders branded as separatist. Sulong was released from jail in 1952, then disappeared under mysterious circumstances in 1954, denied recognition as a culturally separate ethnic minority, Patani leaders reacted against the Thai government policy towards them. Inspired by ideologies such as Nasserism, in the 1950s a Patani nationalist movement began to grow, by 1959, Tengku Jalal Nasir established the Patani National Liberation Front, the first Malay rebel group

2.
Separatism
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A common definition of separatism is that it is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to political secession, separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy. There is some debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to secessionism. Separatist groups practice a form of identity politics, political activity, such groups believe attempts at integration with dominant groups compromise their identity and ability to pursue greater self-determination. However, economic and political factors usually are critical in creating strong separatist movements as opposed to less ambitious identity movements, groups may have one or more motivations for separation, including, emotional resentment and hatred of rival communities. Protection from ethnic cleansing and genocide, resistance by victims of oppression, including denigration of their language, culture or religion. Propaganda by those who hope to gain politically from intergroup conflict, Economic and political dominance of one group that does not share power and privilege in an egalitarian fashion. Economic motivations, seeking to end exploitation by more powerful group or, conversely. Preservation of threatened religious, language or other cultural tradition, destabilization from one separatist movement giving rise to others. Geopolitical power vacuum from breakup of larger states or empires, continuing fragmentation as more and more states break up. Feeling that the nation was added to the larger state by illegitimate means. The perception that the state can no longer support ones own group or has betrayed their interests, governments may respond in a number of ways, some of which are mutually exclusive. Settle for a confederation or a relationship where there are only limited ties among states. Some governments suppress any separatist movement in their own country, Ethnic separatism is based more on cultural and linguistic differences than religious or racial differences, which also may exist. Chechen separatism in the Caucasus, currently the Republic of Chechnya is part of the Russian Federation, serb separatism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. Albanian separatism in Kosovo and R. Macedonia Turkish separatism in Cyprus, South Ossetian and Abkhazian separatism in Georgia. Armenian separatists of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan, azeri separatists in Iran want to unite the provinces of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Zanjan and Ardabil with Azerbaijan. Kurdish separatism in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran, silesian separatism in Poland and Czech Republic

3.
Islamism
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Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts. It is commonly used interchangeably with the terms political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism and these movements have arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence, redefining politics and even borders according to Robin Wright. Some authors hold the term Islamic activism to be synonymous and preferable to Islamism, Central and prominent figures of modern Islamism include Hasan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Maududi, and Ruhollah Khomeini. Some Islamist thinkers emphasize peaceful political processes, whereas Sayyid Qutb in particular called for violence, however, Qutb, unlike modern extremists, denounced the killing of innocents. Following the Arab Spring, some Islamist currents became heavily involved in politics, while others spawned the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist militia to date. A theocratic ideology that seeks to impose any version of Islam over society by law, subsequently, clarified to be, the desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam on society. A movement so broad and flexible it reaches out to everything to everyone in Islam, making it unsustainable. and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals. All who seek to Islamize their environment, whether in relation to their lives in society, their circumstances, or the workplace. Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has gained political influence through military coup détats in the past. The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine participate in the democratic, following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism as increasingly interdependent with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that neither can now survive without the other. While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy, at the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups. The term, which denoted the religion of Islam, first appeared in English as Islamismus in 1696. The term appears in the U. S. Supreme Court decision in In Re Ross, the term Islamism acquired its contemporary connotations in French academia in the late 1970s and early 1980s. From French, it began to migrate to the English language in the mid-1980s, a 2003 article in Middle East Quarterly states, In summation, the term Islamism enjoyed its first run, lasting from Voltaire to the First World War, as a synonym for Islam. Enlightened scholars and writers generally preferred it to Mohammedanism, eventually both terms yielded to Islam, the Arabic name of the faith, and a word free of either pejorative or comparative associations. To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become synonyms in contemporary American usage, the AP Stylebook entry for Islamist now reads as follows, An advocate or supporter of a political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam. Do not use as a synonym for Islamic fighters, militants, extremists or radicals, where possible, be specific and use the name of militant affiliations, al-Qaida-linked, Hezbollah, Taliban, etc

4.
Southern Thailand
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Southern Thailand is a distinct region of Thailand, connected with the central region by the narrow Kra Isthmus. Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around 70,713 km2, bounded to the north by Kra Isthmus, the western part has steeper coasts, while on the east side river plains dominate. The largest river of the south is the Tapi in Surat Thani, smaller rivers include the Pattani, Saiburi, Krabi, and the Trang. The biggest lake of the south is Songkhla Lake, the largest artificial lake is the Chiao Lan, occupying 165 km2 of Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani. Running through the middle of the peninsula are several chains, with the highest elevation at Khao Luang,1,835 m. Ranging from the Kra Isthmus to Phuket island is the Phuket chain, the border with Malaysia is formed by the Sankalakhiri range, sometimes subdivided into the Pattani, Taluban, and Songkhla chain. At the Malaysian border the Titiwangsa chain rises up, the limestone of the west coast has been eroded into many steep singular hills. Those parts submerged by the sea after the last ice age now form many islands. Also quite famous is the so-called James Bond Island in Phang Nga Bay, there are still a huge number of migrant or informal workers, temporary workers, and even stateless people, and a large contingent expatriate population which is not included. The Malay peninsula has been settled since prehistoric times, archeological remains were found in several caves, some used for dwellings, others as burial sites. The oldest remains were found in Lang Rongrien Cave, dating 38,000 to 27,000 years before present, in the first millennium Chinese chronicles mention several coastal cities or city-states. No exact geographical locations were recorded, so the identification of these cities with later settlements is difficult, the cities were highly influenced by Indian culture, and have adopted Brahman or Buddhist religion. When Srivijaya in Chaiya extended its sphere of influence, those cities became tributary states of Srivijaya, the city Chaiya in Surat Thani Province contains several ruins from Srivijaya times, and was probably a regional capital of the kingdom. Some Thai historians even claim that it was the capital of the kingdom itself for some time, after Srivijaya lost its influence, Nakhon Si Thammarat became the dominant kingdom of the area. During the rule of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai, Thai influence first reached Nakhon Si Thammarat, according to the Ramkhamhaeng inscription, Nakhon Si THammarat was a tributary state of Sukhothai. During most of later periods, Nakhon became a tributary of Ayutthaya, the deep south belonged to the Malay sultanates of Pattani and Kedah, while the northernmost part of the peninsula was under the control of Bangkok. During the thesaphiban reforms at the end of the 19th century, the area was subdivided into 5 monthon, which were installed to control the city states. Minor mueang were merged into larger ones, thus forming the present 14 provinces, with the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 the boundary to Malaysia was fixed

5.
Thailand
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Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately 513,000 km2, Thailand is the worlds 51st-largest country and it is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades, the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order. Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok and its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The Thai economy is the worlds 20th largest by GDP at PPP and it became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s. Manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy and it is considered a middle power in the region and around the world. The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens, by outsiders prior to 1949, it was usually known by the exonym Siam. The word Siam has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma, the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word. The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin, but a learned, another theory is the name derives from Chinese, Ayutthaya emerged as a dominant centre in the late fourteenth century. The Chinese called this region Xian, which the Portuguese converted into Siam, the signature of King Mongkut reads SPPM Mongkut King of the Siamese, giving the name Siam official status until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it reverted to Thailand. According to George Cœdès, the word Thai means free man in the Thai language, ratcha Anachak Thai means kingdom of Thailand or kingdom of Thai. Etymologically, its components are, ratcha, -ana- -chak, the Thai National Anthem, written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as, prathet Thai. The first line of the anthem is, prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai, Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh. There is evidence of habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Siam from India in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire. The Menam Basin was originally populated by the Mons, and the location of Dvaravati in the 7th century, the History of the Yuan mentions an embassy from the kingdom of Sukhothai in 1282

6.
Malay language
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Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It has a status in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. As the Bahasa Kebangsaan or Bahasa Nasional of several states, Standard Malay has various official names, in Singapore and Brunei it is called Bahasa Melayu, in Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia, and in Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia and is designated the Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu. However, in areas of central to southern Sumatra where the language is indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as Bahasa Melayu and consider it one of their regional languages. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay, as well as Macassar Malay, Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast. A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages. The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods, Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period, Late Modern Malay and it is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit literary language of Classical India, Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. Batenburg on November 29,1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang and it is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres. The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjong Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters and this 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the Adityawarman era of Dharmasraya, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the Minangkabau people, who still live in the highlands of Sumatra. The Malay language came into use as the lingua franca of the Malacca Sultanate. During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature, the development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic, Malayalam and Sanskrit vocabularies, called Classical Malay. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay, however, there is no connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. One of the oldest surviving letters written in Malay is a letter from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate, Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia, the letter is addressed to the king of Portugal, following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão. The letters show sign of non-native usage, the Ternateans used the unrelated Ternate language, Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia, malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking, many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language

7.
Islamic
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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the worlds second-largest religion and the major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and He has guided mankind through revealed scriptures, natural signs, and a line of prophets sealed by Muhammad. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the word of God. Muslims believe that Islam is the original, complete and universal version of a faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses. As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered, certain religious rites and customs are observed by the Muslims in their family and social life, while social responsibilities to parents, relatives, and neighbors have also been defined. Besides, the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal, social, political, Islam began in the early 7th century. Originating in Mecca, it spread in the Arabian Peninsula. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders, most Muslims are of one of two denominations, Sunni or Shia. Islam is the dominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, sizable Muslim communities are also found in Horn of Africa, Europe, China, Russia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Northern Borneo, Caucasus and the Americas. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world, Islam is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root s-l-m which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, safeness and peace. In a religious context it means voluntary submission to God, Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root, and means submission or surrender. Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the verb form. The word sometimes has connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran. In some verses, there is stress on the quality of Islam as a state, Whomsoever God desires to guide. Other verses connect Islām and dīn, Today, I have perfected your religion for you, I have completed My blessing upon you, still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith. In the Hadith of Gabriel, islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān, Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies. This term has fallen out of use and is said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims religion

8.
Malaysia
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Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra

9.
Extradition
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Between countries, extradition is normally regulated by treaties. Where extradition is compelled by laws, such as among sub-national jurisdictions and it is an ancient mechanism, dating back to at least the 13th century BC, when an Egyptian Pharaoh, Ramesses II, negotiated an extradition treaty with a Hittite King, Hattusili III. Through the extradition process, a sovereign typically makes a formal request to another sovereign, if the fugitive is found within the territory of the requested state, then the requested state may arrest the fugitive and subject him or her to its extradition process. The extradition procedures to which the fugitive will be subjected are dependent on the law, such absence of international obligation, and the desire for the right to demand such criminals from other countries, have caused a web of extradition treaties or agreements to evolve. When no applicable extradition agreement is in place, a sovereign may still request the expulsion or lawful return of an individual pursuant to the requested state’s domestic law and this can be accomplished through the immigration laws of the requested state or other facets of the requested state’s domestic law. Similarly, the codes of penal procedure in many countries contain provisions allowing for extradition to take place in the absence of an extradition agreement. Sovereigns may, therefore, still request the expulsion or lawful return of a fugitive from the territory of a state in the absence of an extradition treaty. By enacting laws or in concluding treaties or agreements, countries determine the conditions under which they may entertain or deny extradition requests, political nature of the alleged crime, most countries refuse to extradite suspects of political crimes. Possibility of certain forms of punishment, some countries refuse extradition on grounds that the person, if extradited, a few go as far as to cover all punishments that they themselves would not administer. This was due to the conditions on death row and the uncertain timescale within which the sentence would be executed. Jurisdiction, Jurisdiction over a crime can be invoked to refuse extradition, in particular, the fact that the person in question is a nations own citizen causes that country to have jurisdiction. These countries often have laws in place that give them jurisdiction over crimes committed abroad by or against citizens, by virtue of such jurisdiction, they prosecute and try citizens accused of crimes committed abroad as if the crime had occurred within the countrys borders. A concept related to extradition that has significant implications in transnational criminal law is that of aut dedere aut judicare, many international agreements contain provisions for aut dedere aut judicare. These include all four 1949 Geneva Conventions, the U. N, the refusal of a country to extradite suspects or criminals to another may lead to international relations being strained. Often, the country to which extradition is refused will accuse the other country of refusing extradition for political reasons, another long-standing example is Roman Polanski whose extradition was pursued by California for over 20 years. For a brief period he was placed under arrest in Switzerland, the questions involved are often complex when the country from which suspects are to be extradited is a democratic country with a rule of law. Typically, in countries, the final decision to extradite lies with the national executive. However, such countries typically allow extradition defendants recourse to the law and these may significantly slow down procedures

10.
Pattani separatism
–
The South Thailand insurgency is an ongoing conflict centered in southern Thailand. Although low-level separatist violence had occurred in the region for decades, the campaign escalated after 2001, with a recrudescence in 2004, incidents blamed on southern insurgents have occurred in Bangkok and Phuket. In July 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra assumed wide-ranging emergency powers to deal with the southern violence, on 19 September 2006, a military junta ousted Thaksin Shinawatra in a coup. The junta implemented a policy shift by replacing Thaksins earlier approach with a campaign to win over the hearts. Despite little progress in curbing the violence, the junta declared that security was improving, by March 2008, however, the death toll surpassed 3,000. During the Democrat-led government of Abhisit Vejjajiva, Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya noted a sense of optimism, but by the end of 2010 insurgency-related violence had increased, confounding the governments optimism. Finally in March 2011, the government conceded that violence was increasing, however, these groups have been largely sidelined by the Barisan Revolusi Nasional-Koordinasi, the group currently spearheading the insurgency. It sees no reason for negotiations and is against talks with other insurgent groups, the BRN-C has as its immediate aim to make southern Thailand ungovernable and it has largely been successful. Estimates of the strength of the insurgency vary greatly, in 2004 General Pallop Pinmanee claimed that there were only 500 hardcore jihadists. Other estimates say there as many as 15,000 armed insurgents, Thai rule over the historical Patani region was confirmed by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. Until well into the 20th century, the government in Bangkok had interfered little locally and this included an exemption in implementing Thai Civil Law, which had allowed Muslims to continue their observance of local Islamic laws regarding issues on inheritance and family. The National Culture Act was enforced as a result of the Thaification process, promoting the concept of Thai-ness and its Mandate 3 was directly aimed at the Patani people. By 1944, Thai civil law was enforced throughout the land including the Patani region, the school curriculum was revised to be Thai-centric, with all lessons in the Thai language, to the detriment of the local Jawi. Traditional Muslim courts that formerly handled civil cases were removed and replaced with civil courts run and this forced assimilation process and the perceived imposition of Thai-Buddhist cultural practices upon their society were irritants to the ethnic Malay Patani. In 1947, Haji Sulong, founder of the Patani People’s Movement, launched a campaign, demanding autonomy, language, and cultural rights. In January 1948, Sulong was arrested on treason charges along with local leaders branded as separatist. Sulong was released from jail in 1952, then disappeared under mysterious circumstances in 1954, denied recognition as a culturally separate ethnic minority, Patani leaders reacted against the Thai government policy towards them. Inspired by ideologies such as Nasserism, in the 1950s a Patani nationalist movement began to grow, by 1959, Tengku Jalal Nasir established the Patani National Liberation Front, the first Malay rebel group

11.
Pattani
–
Pattani is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Narathiwat, Yala, and Songkhla, the name Pattani is the Thai adaptation of the Malay name Patani, which can mean this beach in Patani Malay language. Another suggestion is that it derives from a Sanskrit word pathini, meaning virgin nymph, Pathini was the name of a daughter of Merong Mahawangsa, historically, Pattani Province was the centre of the Malay Sultanate of Patani Darul Makrif. For centuries a tributary state of Siam, Pattani has been governed by Siam since its conquest in 1785, siamese rule was officially acknowledged by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 negotiated with the British Empire. Both Yala and Narathiwat were originally part of Patani, but were made provinces of their own during the administrative reform. Pattani is one of the four provinces of Thailand where the majority of the population are Malay Muslim and they make up about 88 percent of its population. The people speak the Patani Malay language, although most also speak Thai, the Pattani Malays are similar in ethnicity and culture to the Malays of Kelantan, Malaysia. Pattani is on the Malay Peninsula, with the coast of the Gulf of Thailand to the north, the south is dominated by the Sankalakhiri mountain range, which includes Budo-Su-ngai Padi National Park, on the border with Yala and Narathiwat. The seal of the shows the cannon called Phraya Tani, known as Sri Pattani in Malay. It was brought to Bangkok in 1785, and is now on display in front of the Ministry of Defence in Bangkok, the provincial flower is the Chinese hibiscus, and the provincial tree the Ironwood. Pattani is divided into 12 districts, which are subdivided into 115 communes and 629 villages. The districts of Chana, Thepa and Saba Yoi were detached from Pattani, Thailand Islamic Insurgency Muslim rebels light fuse in Thailand

12.
Thai military
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The Royal Thai Armed Forces is the name of the military of the Kingdom of Thailand. The Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January to commemorate the victory of King Naresuan the Great in battle against the Crown Prince of Burma in 1593. The Royal Thai Armed Forces main role officially is the protection of the sovereignty, the armed forces are also charged with the defence of the monarchy of Thailand against all threats, foreign and domestic. Apart from these roles, the forces also have responsibilities ensuring public order. The armed forces are charged with assisting victims of national disasters. And participating in the force in Iraq, contributing 423 personnel from 2003 to 2004. As of 2015, the Royal Thai Armed Forces had 306,000 active duty and 245,000 reserve personnel and this percentage is higher than that of the US, but lower than that of its neighbour, Vietnam. The Thai military has more than 1,750 flag officers, by comparison, the US military as of April 2011 had 964 flag officers for a force several times the size of Thailands. On 2 May 20151,043 new flag officers of all three services promoted in 2014-2015 took the oath of allegiance and it is not clear how many retired during the same period. According to the Constitution of the Kingdom, serving in the forces is a duty of all Thai citizens. However, only males over the age of 21 who have not gone through training are subjected to a random draft. Those chosen randomly are subjected to twenty-four months full-time service, while volunteers are subjected to eighteen months service, the defence budget nearly tripled from 78.1 billion baht in 2005 to 207 billion baht for FY2016, amounting to roughly 1.5 percent of GDP. The budget for FY2017 is 214 billion baht —including funds for a submarine purchase—a nominal increase of three percent, the proposed budget again represents around 1.5 percent of GDP and eight percent of total government spending for FY2017. According to Janes Defense Budgets, the Royal Thai Army generally receives 50 percent of defense expenditures while the air force, the Royal Siamese Armed Forces was the military arm of the Siamese monarchy from the 12th to the 19th centuries. It refers to the forces of the Sukhothai Kingdom, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the Thonburi Kingdom. The army was one of the armed forces of Southeast Asia. The army was organized into a standing army of a few thousand, which defended the capital and the palace. Conscription was based on the system, which required local chiefs to supply, in times of war

13.
Barisan Revolusi Nasional
–
It is the most powerful rebel group in the region. Originally the BRN was established as a territorial organisation, prioritizing Pattani secessionism. Since 2001, however, the BRN-C has become its most active wing, leading the south Thailand insurgency, the BRN-C, through its Pejuang Kemerdekaan Patani paramilitary wing, is the main group behind the murder of teachers in the Southern Border Provinces. The BRN was founded on 13 March 1963 by Haji Abdul Karim Hassan, by 1984 three main factions were discernible within the group, The BRN-Coordinate or BRN-C is currently the largest, most active and best organised of the BRN subgroups. Rejecting the Pan-Arab socialist thought that influenced the early BRN, it favours Salafist ideology and is involved in activism in the mosques. The main recruiting unit of the BRN-C is the Pemuda student group and its leaders are mainly Islamic religious teachers, the BRN-C sees no reason for negotiations and is against talks with other insurgent groups. The BRN-C has the vision of becoming a mass-organisation and it has as its immediate aim to make southern Thailand ungovernable, having largely been successful at it. The Pejuang Kemerdekaan Patani are the wing of the BRN-C. These armed groups of youth have routinely intimidated and terrorised local Buddhists and they are also behind the attacks on schoolteachers. BRN-Congress or BRN-K, led by Rosa Burako, has been pursuing a military struggle but is less active. There is little information about this subgroup, the groups violent separatist insurgency began in 2004, with tactics such as setting two bombs at one location, with the second designed to kill and injure those attending the aftermath of the first. In total, the insurgency has killed more than 6,000 people. In the past decade the BRN-C has been involved in arson, bombing. Thai military observers believe that the attacks are carried out by its loosely affiliated. On 1 May 2013 insurgents attacked a restaurant in the Pattani Region, the perpetrators, armed with machine guns, killed six people including a two-year-old child. The act was an act of revenge, that appeared twelve hours following the action in the three predominantly Muslim provinces of Narathiwat, Pattani and Yala, islamism Salafi jihadism South Thailand insurgency

14.
Trengganu
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Terengganu, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is known by its Arabic honorific, Dāru l-Īmān. The coastal city of Kuala Terengganu which stands at the mouth of the broad Terengganu River is both the state and royal capital as well as the largest city in Terengganu, there are many islands located close to the coast of Terengganu state, such as Redang Island. There are several theories on the origin of the name Terengganu, one theory attributes the names origin to terang ganu, Malay for bright rainbow. One of the hunters spotted a big animal fang lying on the ground, a fellow party member asked to which animal did the fang belong. The hunter, not knowing which animal, simply answered taring anu, the party later returned to Pahang with a rich hoard of game, fur and sandalwood, which impressed their neighbours. They asked the hunters where did they source their riches, to which they replied, from the land of taring anu, Terengganu was called Trangkanu by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Terengganuans usually pronounce Terengganu as Tranung or Ganu, the traditional Chinese name for Terengganu has been 丁加奴, which is a direct transcription of the Malay name. However, in recent years, the Chinese community in Terengganu has raised objections to the name and it is worth noting, however, that the new name has been in unofficial use by the states Chinese society for at least 30 years before its official adoption. There are certain segments of the Chinese society who opposed to the change, citing the fact that the new name contains too many character strokes. They have proposed to revert the name back to the version used before 2004, but with the word 奴 to the similar sounding, terengganus location by the South China Sea ensured that it was on trade routes since ancient times. The earliest written reports on the area that is now Terengganu were by Chinese merchants, like other Malay states, Terengganu practised a Hindu–Buddhist culture combined with animist traditional beliefs for hundreds of years before the arrival of Islam. Under the influence of Srivijaya, Terengganu traded extensively with the Majapahit Empire, the inscribed date which is incomplete due to damage can be read as various dates from 702 to 789 AH. Terengganu became a state of Malacca, but retained considerable autonomy with the emergence of Johor Sultanate. Terengganu emerged as an independent sultanate in 1724, the first sultan was Tun Zainal Abidin, the younger brother of a former sultan of Johor, and Johor strongly influenced Terengganu politics through the 18th century. In the 19th century, Terengganu became a state of the Thai Rattanakosin Kingdom. Under Thai rule, Terengganu prospered, and was left alone by the authorities in Bangkok. The terms of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 saw power over Terengganu transferred from Siam to Great Britain, a British advisor was appointed to the sultan in 1919, and Terengganu become one of the Unfederated Malay States

15.
Islamic militant
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Islamic terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism, is defined as any terrorist act, set of acts or campaign committed by groups or individuals who profess Islamic or Islamist motivations or goals. Islamic terrorists justify their violent tactics through interpreting the Quran and Hadith according to their own goals, the highest numbers of incidents and fatalities caused by Islamic terrorism occur in Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria. In 2015 four Islamic extremist groups were responsible for 74% of all deaths from terrorism, ISIS, Boko Haram, the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, according to the Global Terrorism Index 2016. In recent decades, such incidents have occurred on a scale, affecting not only Muslim-majority states in Africa and Asia, but also Europe, Russia, Australia, Canada. Such attacks have targeted Muslims and non-Muslims, the literal use of the phrase Islamic terrorism is disputed. Such use in Western political speech has variously been called counter-productive, highly politicized, intellectually contestable, however, others view the refusal to use the term as an act of self-deception. Some Muslim commentators assert that extremism within Islam goes back to the 7th century to the Kharijites, from their essentially political position, they developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting an approach of Takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers. Dame Eliza Manningham Buller, the head of MI5, told the Iraq inquiry. For example, Hezbollah initiated suicide bombings after a complex reworking of the concept of martyrdom, the only way to apply a brake to suicide terrorism, Kramer argues, is to undermine its moral logic, by encouraging Muslims to see its incompatibility with their own values. Maajid Nawaz, in a debate with Mehdi Hasan, countered Scheuers contention, the prerequisite to such a disavowal of one’s country of birth is a recalibration of identity, this is the undeniable role of ideological narratives. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, in their book, The Age of Sacred Terror and they are seen as a sacrament. Intended to restore to the universe a moral order that had been corrupted by the enemies of Islam and it is neither political or strategic but an act of redemption meant to humiliate and slaughter those who defied the hegemony of God. Two studies of the background of Muslim terrorists in Europe—one of the UK, many lack religious literacy and could actually be regarded as religious novices. Very few have been brought up in strongly religious households, some are involved in drug-taking, drinking alcohol and visiting prostitutes. MI5 says there is evidence that a religious identity actually protects against violent radicalisation. They are estranged from their parents and don’t know where to fit in, or they are recent converts, largely from rural areas and many from divorced families. If Islam or social conditions are essentially to blame for breeding terrorism, why does it not attract first- or third-generation French Muslims, or those whose Islamic culture is the deepest

16.
Nationalist
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Nationalism is a complex, multidimensional concept involving a shared communal identification with ones nation. It is contrasted by Anti-nationalism as a political ideology oriented towards gaining and maintaining self-governance, or full sovereignty, Nationalism therefore holds that a nation should govern itself, free from unwanted outside interference, and is linked to the concept of self-determination. Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve the nations culture and it often also involves a sense of pride in the nations achievements, and is closely linked to the concept of patriotism. In these terms, nationalism can be considered positive or negative, from a political or sociological outlook, there are three main paradigms for understanding the origins and basis of nationalism. The first, known as Primordialism or Perennialism, sees nationalism as a natural phenomenon and it holds that although the concept nationhood may be recent, nations have always existed. The third, and most dominant paradigm is Modernism, which sees nationalism as a recent phenomenon that needs the structural conditions of society in order to exist. There are various definitions for what constitutes a nation, however and this anomie results in a society or societies reinterpreting identity, retaining elements that are deemed acceptable and removing elements deemed unacceptable, in order to create a unified community. Nationalism means devotion for the nation and it is a sentiment that binds the people together. National symbols and flags, national anthems, national languages, national myths, Nationalism is a newer word, in English the term dates from 1844, although the concept is older. It became important in the 19th century, the term increasingly became negative in its connotations after 1914. Glenda Sluga notes that The twentieth century, a time of disillusionment with nationalism, was also the great age of globalism. Nationalism is the term used to characterize the modern sense of national political autonomy. For example, German nationalism emerged as a reaction against Napoleonic control of Germany as the Confederation of the Rhine around 1805–14, linda Colley in Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837 explores how the role of nationalism emerged about 1700 and developed in Britain reaching full form in the 1830s. The early emergence of a popular patriotic nationalism took place in the mid-18th century, National symbols, anthems, myths, flags and narratives were assiduously constructed by nationalists and widely adopted. The Union Jack was adopted in 1801 as the national one, Thomas Arne composed the patriotic song Rule, Britannia. in 1740, and the cartoonist John Arbuthnot invented the character of John Bull as the personification of the English national spirit in 1712. The political convulsions of the late 18th century associated with the American, the Prussian scholar Johann Gottfried Herder originated the term in 1772 in his Essay on the Origins of Language. Stressing the role of a common language, the political development of nationalism and the push for popular sovereignty culminated with the ethnic/national revolutions of Europe. During the 19th century nationalism became one of the most significant political and social forces in history, napoleons conquests of the German and Italian states around 1800–06 played a major role in stimulating nationalism and the demands for national unity

17.
Al Qaeda
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It operates as a network made up of Islamic extremist, Salafist jihadists. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries, including the 1998 U. S. embassy bombings, the September 11 attacks, the U. S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the War on Terror. Characteristic techniques employed by al-Qaeda include suicide attacks and the bombing of different targets. Al-Qaeda ideologues envision a complete break from all foreign influences in Muslim countries, among the beliefs ascribed to al-Qaeda members is the conviction that a Christian–Jewish alliance is conspiring to destroy Islam. Al-Qaeda also opposes what it regards as man-made laws, and wants to replace them with a form of sharia law. Al-Qaeda has carried out attacks on targets it considers kafir. Al-Qaeda is also responsible for instigating violence among Muslims. Al-Qaeda leaders regard liberal Muslims, Shias, Sufis and other sects as heretics and have attacked their mosques, examples of sectarian attacks include the Yazidi community bombings, the Sadr City bombings, the Ashoura massacre and the April 2007 Baghdad bombings. Since the death of bin Laden in 2011, the group has been led by the Egyptian Ayman al-Zawahiri, al-Qaedas management philosophy has been described as centralization of decision and decentralization of execution. Many terrorism experts do not believe that the global jihadist movement is driven at every level by al-Qaedas leadership, marc Sageman, a psychiatrist and former Central Intelligence Agency officer, said that al-Qaeda is now just a loose label for a movement that seems to target the west. We like to create an entity called in our minds. This view mirrors the account given by Osama bin Laden in his October 2001 interview with Tayseer Allouni and this matter isnt about any specific person and. is not about the al-Qaidah Organization. We are the children of an Islamic Nation, with Prophet Muhammad as its leader, and all the true believers are brothers. So the situation isnt like the West portrays it, that there is an organization with a specific name and that particular name is very old. It was born without any intention from us, created a military base to train the young men to fight against the vicious, arrogant, brutal, terrorizing Soviet empire. So this place was called The Base, as in a base, so this name grew. We arent separated from this nation, and so we discuss the conscience of this nation. Bruce Hoffman, however, sees al-Qaeda as a network that is strongly led from the Pakistani tribal areas

18.
Islamic Caliphate
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A caliphate is an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph —a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire Muslim community. During the history of Islam after the Rashidun period, many Muslim states, the Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives. Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a caliph should be an Imam chosen by God from the Ahl al-Bayt, before the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title malik, or another from the same root. The term caliph, derives from the Arabic word khalīfah, which means successor, steward, however, studies of pre-Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was successor selected by God. There was no specified procedure for this shura or consultation, candidates were usually, but not necessarily, from the same lineage as the deceased leader. Capable men who would lead well were preferred over an ineffectual heir, Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr was chosen by the community and that this was the proper procedure. Sunnis further argue that a caliph should ideally be chosen by election or community consensus, the Shia believe that Ali, the son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, was chosen by Muhammad as his spiritual and temporal successor as the Mawla of all Muslims in the event of Ghadir Khumm. The caliph was often known as Amir al-Muminin, Muhammad established his capital in Medina, after he died, it remained the capital during the Rashidun Caliphate, before Kufa was reportedly made the capital by Caliph Ali. At times there have been rival claimant caliphs in different parts of the Islamic world, according to Sunni Muslims, the first caliph to be called Amir al-Muminin was Abu Bakr, followed by Umar, the second of the Rashidun. Uthman and Ali also were called by the title, while the Shia consider Ali to have been the only truly legitimate caliph. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk officially abolished the system of Caliphate in Islam as part of his secular reforms, the Kings of Morocco still label themselves with the title Amir al-Muminin for the Moroccans, but lay no claim to the Caliphate. Some Muslim countries, including Somalia, Indonesia and Malaysia, were never subject to the authority of a Caliphate, with the exception of Aceh, consequently, these countries had their own, local, sultans or rulers who did not fully accept the authority of the Caliph. Abu Bakr, the first successor of Muhammad, nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, Umar, the second caliph, was killed by a Persian named Piruz Nahavandi. His successor, Uthman, was elected by a council of electors, Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group. Ali then took control but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt and he faced two major rebellions and was assassinated by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Khawarij. Alis tumultuous rule lasted only five years and this period is known as the Fitna, or the first Islamic civil war. The followers of Ali later became the Shia minority sect of Islam, the followers of all four Rashidun Caliphs became the majority Sunni sect. Under the Rashidun each region of the Caliphate had its own governor, Muawiyah, a relative of Uthman and governor of Syria, succeeded Ali as Caliph

19.
South Thailand Insurgency
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The South Thailand insurgency is an ongoing conflict centered in southern Thailand. Although low-level separatist violence had occurred in the region for decades, the campaign escalated after 2001, with a recrudescence in 2004, incidents blamed on southern insurgents have occurred in Bangkok and Phuket. In July 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra assumed wide-ranging emergency powers to deal with the southern violence, on 19 September 2006, a military junta ousted Thaksin Shinawatra in a coup. The junta implemented a policy shift by replacing Thaksins earlier approach with a campaign to win over the hearts. Despite little progress in curbing the violence, the junta declared that security was improving, by March 2008, however, the death toll surpassed 3,000. During the Democrat-led government of Abhisit Vejjajiva, Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya noted a sense of optimism, but by the end of 2010 insurgency-related violence had increased, confounding the governments optimism. Finally in March 2011, the government conceded that violence was increasing, however, these groups have been largely sidelined by the Barisan Revolusi Nasional-Koordinasi, the group currently spearheading the insurgency. It sees no reason for negotiations and is against talks with other insurgent groups, the BRN-C has as its immediate aim to make southern Thailand ungovernable and it has largely been successful. Estimates of the strength of the insurgency vary greatly, in 2004 General Pallop Pinmanee claimed that there were only 500 hardcore jihadists. Other estimates say there as many as 15,000 armed insurgents, Thai rule over the historical Patani region was confirmed by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. Until well into the 20th century, the government in Bangkok had interfered little locally and this included an exemption in implementing Thai Civil Law, which had allowed Muslims to continue their observance of local Islamic laws regarding issues on inheritance and family. The National Culture Act was enforced as a result of the Thaification process, promoting the concept of Thai-ness and its Mandate 3 was directly aimed at the Patani people. By 1944, Thai civil law was enforced throughout the land including the Patani region, the school curriculum was revised to be Thai-centric, with all lessons in the Thai language, to the detriment of the local Jawi. Traditional Muslim courts that formerly handled civil cases were removed and replaced with civil courts run and this forced assimilation process and the perceived imposition of Thai-Buddhist cultural practices upon their society were irritants to the ethnic Malay Patani. In 1947, Haji Sulong, founder of the Patani People’s Movement, launched a campaign, demanding autonomy, language, and cultural rights. In January 1948, Sulong was arrested on treason charges along with local leaders branded as separatist. Sulong was released from jail in 1952, then disappeared under mysterious circumstances in 1954, denied recognition as a culturally separate ethnic minority, Patani leaders reacted against the Thai government policy towards them. Inspired by ideologies such as Nasserism, in the 1950s a Patani nationalist movement began to grow, by 1959, Tengku Jalal Nasir established the Patani National Liberation Front, the first Malay rebel group

20.
Patani United Liberation Organisation
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The Patani United Liberation Organisation or PULO is one of the active separatist movements calling for an independent Patani. This group, along with others, is fighting for the independence of Thailands predominantly Malay Muslim south. PULOs platform is highlighted by its Islamic nationalist goals, calling the Thai presence in Pattani a colonisation and its stated aims are to secede from Thailand through military and political means, and to create a state named Patani Darul Makrif. By late 1992, the organisation had split into three factions, the first faction was headed by Dr. Arong Muleng while the second one was led by Haji Hadi Bin Ghazali. The first faction set up the PULO Leadership Council with a symbol of a crossing with a sword as its logo. The name of its unit is called Kasdan Army. The second faction, also headed by Haji Sama-ae Thanam, has set up the PULO Army Command Council to give support to Kabir Abdul Rahman and they use four stars on their flag and is led by Abu Yasir Fikri a long time respected leader of PULO since its inception. In 1995, rifts emerged among the leaders of the new PULO movement. Currently, PULO has a policy of targeting those it views as collaborators and associates of the Thai government, such as teachers, civil servants, soldiers and policemen. They are currently the political representatives by popular consent of GMIP and active military fractions of BRN, RKK, the four star is becoming increasingly powerful steadily gaining support and loyalty from separatist from different groups forcing different fractions to join their ranks. On 26 July 2009, the president of PULO and the Emir of the Movement of Mujahidin Islam Patani, Cikgume Kuteh, the agreement included giving a mandate to president of PULO to speak on behalf of the GMIP on all political issues. In the case of Patani it seems impossible to resolving the issue if it is entirely in the hands of the Patani people. This is why international intervention in the form of governments or the United Nations is necessary. Therefore, external intervention should not be seen as interfering with the affairs of Thailand. In the first stage the government of Thailand should award the Patani area special status, the Government and Parliament should allow greater freedom for Patani to manage its internal affairs. Recognition of the ethnic Malay in the way that Thailand acknowledges ethnic Chinese in Thailand. Right now Thailand does not recognise the Malay ethnicity, which makes it difficult to prove the sincere intention of the Thai government for peaceful coexistence with the Patani people. It is necessary that the Malay language is recognised as the official language in the region

21.
2006 Bangkok bombings
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The 2006 Bangkok bombings occurred on 31 December 2006 and 1 January 2007, during New Years Eve festivities in Bangkok, Thailand. Four explosions went off almost simultaneously in different parts of the city at around 18,00 local time, two explosions also occurred after midnight. In total, eight explosions were reported during the night, as of 1 January 2007, three people were confirmed dead and more than 38 injured. One additional bomb exploded inside a cinema, but went unreported until the day due to fears of negative publicity. The next morning, a bomb exploded in a mosque in Chiang Mai, authorities ordered all public New Years Eve events cancelled, including the countdown at the CentralWorld shopping center and the alms-giving at Sanam Luang. Chiang Mai police claimed the Chiang Mai mosques janitor confessed to making that bomb, however, no one has ever claimed responsibility for the Bangkok bombings. Both the Thai Rak Thai party and deposed Premier Thaksin Shinawatra denied involvement, Surayud later backtracked and admitted that his claim that Thaksin-allies were responsible was just an intelligence analysis and was based on no solid evidence or information. The initials IRK were found written in marker in four places at three bomb sites, the IRK is an Afghanistan-trained urban guerrilla terrorism unit. Interior Minister Aree Wong-araya shrugged off suggestions that those responsible were Muslim terrorists, a meeting between Premier Surayud Chulanont and various security and intelligence agencies on the evening of 31 December failed to officially identify those for the attacks. Police arrested more than an individuals, including several military officers. Junta-leader General Sonthi Boonyaratglin, himself a Muslim, claimed all of the officers were innocent. A police investigation later determined that southern separatists were actually behind the bombings, detonation circuits and other materials used to make the bombs were identical to those used by the Islamic insurgents. However, the junta downplayed the role of the southern separatists, six explosive charges went off almost simultaneously in the early evening in Bangkok, killing three and injuring 38, as Thais were about to start celebrating New Years Eve. Seventeen people were injured and two died of their injuries, one foreigner, a Hungarian, was among the injured. The bomb had been placed in a shelter and went off at around 18,00, ripping through the bus stops, shattering windows at a nearby restaurants. A second blast went off shortly afterwards. Khlong Toei, near Na Ranong intersection, a bomb hidden in a litter bin close to a Chinese spirit shrine exploded and injured three people, including a 10-year-old girl. A 61-year-old man died at the hospital from his injuries, the blast caused a secondary explosion of several propane gas cylinders that were standing nearby

22.
2009 Thailand standoff
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The South Thailand insurgency is an ongoing conflict centered in southern Thailand. Although low-level separatist violence had occurred in the region for decades, the campaign escalated after 2001, with a recrudescence in 2004, incidents blamed on southern insurgents have occurred in Bangkok and Phuket. In July 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra assumed wide-ranging emergency powers to deal with the southern violence, on 19 September 2006, a military junta ousted Thaksin Shinawatra in a coup. The junta implemented a policy shift by replacing Thaksins earlier approach with a campaign to win over the hearts. Despite little progress in curbing the violence, the junta declared that security was improving, by March 2008, however, the death toll surpassed 3,000. During the Democrat-led government of Abhisit Vejjajiva, Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya noted a sense of optimism, but by the end of 2010 insurgency-related violence had increased, confounding the governments optimism. Finally in March 2011, the government conceded that violence was increasing, however, these groups have been largely sidelined by the Barisan Revolusi Nasional-Koordinasi, the group currently spearheading the insurgency. It sees no reason for negotiations and is against talks with other insurgent groups, the BRN-C has as its immediate aim to make southern Thailand ungovernable and it has largely been successful. Estimates of the strength of the insurgency vary greatly, in 2004 General Pallop Pinmanee claimed that there were only 500 hardcore jihadists. Other estimates say there as many as 15,000 armed insurgents, Thai rule over the historical Patani region was confirmed by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. Until well into the 20th century, the government in Bangkok had interfered little locally and this included an exemption in implementing Thai Civil Law, which had allowed Muslims to continue their observance of local Islamic laws regarding issues on inheritance and family. The National Culture Act was enforced as a result of the Thaification process, promoting the concept of Thai-ness and its Mandate 3 was directly aimed at the Patani people. By 1944, Thai civil law was enforced throughout the land including the Patani region, the school curriculum was revised to be Thai-centric, with all lessons in the Thai language, to the detriment of the local Jawi. Traditional Muslim courts that formerly handled civil cases were removed and replaced with civil courts run and this forced assimilation process and the perceived imposition of Thai-Buddhist cultural practices upon their society were irritants to the ethnic Malay Patani. In 1947, Haji Sulong, founder of the Patani People’s Movement, launched a campaign, demanding autonomy, language, and cultural rights. In January 1948, Sulong was arrested on treason charges along with local leaders branded as separatist. Sulong was released from jail in 1952, then disappeared under mysterious circumstances in 1954, denied recognition as a culturally separate ethnic minority, Patani leaders reacted against the Thai government policy towards them. Inspired by ideologies such as Nasserism, in the 1950s a Patani nationalist movement began to grow, by 1959, Tengku Jalal Nasir established the Patani National Liberation Front, the first Malay rebel group

23.
Patani (region)
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Patani is a historical region in the northern part of the Malay peninsula. It includes the southern Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, after Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese in 1767, the Sultanate of Patani gained full independence, but under King Rama I, it again came under Siams control. In recent years a secessionist movement has sought the establishment of a Malay Islamic state, Patani Darussalam and this campaign has taken a particularly violent turn after 2001, resulting in an intractable insurgency problem across southern Thailand and the imposition of martial law. When written in Thai, Patani paa-ta-ni sounds markedly different from Pattani pat-ta-ni, Malays say P’tani, pronounced as pa-ta-ni with a very brief first syllable and stress on the second syllable. Ptani, the original Malay word for the region, has used for a long time and is usually never written in Thai. So while technically being the word as Ptani, Patani has a certain newness. From the cultural point of view the term Patani may refer to the territories of the historical Sultanate of Patani, the inhabitants of the Patani region have been traditionally part of the Malay culture, having a historical background in which Islam has constituted a major influence. The Patani people speak a form of the Malay language locally known as Jawi, the National Culture Act was enforced as a result of the Thaification process, promoting the concept of Thai-ness and its centralist aims. Its Mandate 3 was directly aimed at the Patani people, by 1944, Thai civil law was enforced throughout the land including the Patani region over-riding the earlier concessions to local Islamic administrative practices. The school curriculum was revised to that of a Thai-centric one with all lessons in the Thai language, traditional Muslim courts that were used to handle civil cases were removed and replaced with civil courts run and approved by the central government in Bangkok. Current insurgent groups proclaim militant jihadism and are not separatist any more and they have extreme and transnational religious goals, such as an Islamic Caliphate, to the detriment of a constructive cultural or nationalistic Patani identity. Salafi-based groups are hostile to the heritage and practices of traditional Malay Muslims and they are not concerned about Patani cultural values, instead their immediate aim is to make the Patani region ungovernable. So far, and in the present circumstances, to preserve an identity free of the influence of Militant Islam has been next to impossible for the people of the hapless Patani Region. The activity of the present-day insurgents has changed the face of Patani society by the imposition of extreme religious undercurrents, the area was home to the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom of Langkasuka as early as the second century, as accounts from Chinese travellers attest. Langkasuka reached its peak in the sixth and seventh centuries, Pattani subsequently became part of the Hindu-Buddhist Empire of Srivijaya, a maritime confederation based in Palembang, which spanned the seventh to the thirteenth centuries. Regional influence during these early centuries also came from the developing Khmer, Siamese, the founding of the Islamic kingdom of Patani is thought to have been around the mid-13th century, with folklore suggesting it was named after an exclamation made by Sultan Ismail Shah, Pantai Ini. However, some think it was the country known to the Chinese as Pan Pan. Patani came under Thai rule briefly during the Sukhothai period, all were ruled by the King of Ligor

24.
Royal Thai Armed Forces
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The Royal Thai Armed Forces is the name of the military of the Kingdom of Thailand. The Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January to commemorate the victory of King Naresuan the Great in battle against the Crown Prince of Burma in 1593. The Royal Thai Armed Forces main role officially is the protection of the sovereignty, the armed forces are also charged with the defence of the monarchy of Thailand against all threats, foreign and domestic. Apart from these roles, the forces also have responsibilities ensuring public order. The armed forces are charged with assisting victims of national disasters. And participating in the force in Iraq, contributing 423 personnel from 2003 to 2004. As of 2015, the Royal Thai Armed Forces had 306,000 active duty and 245,000 reserve personnel and this percentage is higher than that of the US, but lower than that of its neighbour, Vietnam. The Thai military has more than 1,750 flag officers, by comparison, the US military as of April 2011 had 964 flag officers for a force several times the size of Thailands. On 2 May 20151,043 new flag officers of all three services promoted in 2014-2015 took the oath of allegiance and it is not clear how many retired during the same period. According to the Constitution of the Kingdom, serving in the forces is a duty of all Thai citizens. However, only males over the age of 21 who have not gone through training are subjected to a random draft. Those chosen randomly are subjected to twenty-four months full-time service, while volunteers are subjected to eighteen months service, the defence budget nearly tripled from 78.1 billion baht in 2005 to 207 billion baht for FY2016, amounting to roughly 1.5 percent of GDP. The budget for FY2017 is 214 billion baht —including funds for a submarine purchase—a nominal increase of three percent, the proposed budget again represents around 1.5 percent of GDP and eight percent of total government spending for FY2017. According to Janes Defense Budgets, the Royal Thai Army generally receives 50 percent of defense expenditures while the air force, the Royal Siamese Armed Forces was the military arm of the Siamese monarchy from the 12th to the 19th centuries. It refers to the forces of the Sukhothai Kingdom, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the Thonburi Kingdom. The army was one of the armed forces of Southeast Asia. The army was organized into a standing army of a few thousand, which defended the capital and the palace. Conscription was based on the system, which required local chiefs to supply, in times of war

25.
Royal Thai Police
–
The Royal Thai Police are the national police force of Thailand. The RTP employs between 210,700 and 230,000 officers, roughly 17 percent of all civil servants, until the 19th century Royal Thai Armed Forces personnel, aside from their duties of national defence, also performed law enforcement duties alongside dedicated civil servants. Responsibility for law and order was divided into the 6 ministries led by chancellors of state, by 1902 the Royal Thai Police Academy was founded to train future police officers. In 1915 the provincial and urban police forces were united as one organization under the Ministry of Interior. The formal functions of the TNPD included more than the enforcement of laws, the department also played an important role in the governments efforts to suppress the remnants of the communist insurgency. In the event of an invasion by forces, much of the police force would come under the control of the Ministry of Defense to serve with, but not be incorporated into. Originally modelled on the pre-World War II national police force of Japan, during this era the strength and effectiveness of the police grew steadily. All components of the system were administered by the TNPD headquarters in Bangkok. The major operational units of the force were the Provincial Police, the Border Patrol Police, the Metropolitan Police, in mid-1987 the total strength of the TNPD, including administrative and support personnel, was estimated at roughly 110,000. Of this number, over one-half were assigned to the Provincial Police, more than 10,000 served in the Metropolitan Police. Quasi-military in character, the TNPD was headed by a director general and he was assisted by three deputy directors general and five assistant directors general, all of whom held the rank of police lieutenant general. Throughout the TNPD system, all ranks except the lowest corresponded to those of the army, the proliferation of high ranks in the TNPD organizational structure, as in the military, indicated the political impact of the police on national life. In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly under the Office of the Prime Minister and it acquired a new name, in English, the Royal Thai Police. The title of its commander was changed from Director-General of the TNPD to Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police, the Thai police are subdivided into several regions and services, each wielding their own powers. Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police A40,000 person paramilitary force, the CIB was organized to assist both provincial and metropolitan components of the Royal Thai Police in preventing and suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing threats to national security. Specialized units of the bureau, including the railroad, marine, highway, and forestry police, who employ up-to-date technical equipment, law enforcement techniques, five other divisions and offices employed modern procedures to assist in investigating and preventing crime. The Crime Suppression Division, one of the bureaus largest components, is responsible for conducting most of the investigations of criminal offenses throughout the kingdom. The Criminal Records Office collects and maintains records required in the conduct of work, including dossiers and fingerprints of known criminals

26.
Jihadism
–
Jihadism is a 21st-century neologism found in the Western languages to describe Islamist militant movements perceived as a military movement rooted in Islam and existentially threatening to the West. It has been described as a term to define precisely, because it remains a recent neologism with no single. The term jihadism first appeared in South Asian media and was adopted by Western journalists in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and it has since been applied to various insurgent and terrorist movements whose ideology is based on the notion of jihad. The terrorist organizations partaking in the Soviet–Afghan War of 1979 reinforced the rise of jihadism, gilles Kepel has diagnosed a specifically Salafi jihadism within the Salafi movement of the 1990s. Jihadism with an international, Pan-Islamist scope in this sense is known as global jihadism. Jihadism is usually defined as Sunni Islamist armed struggle, and fighters often target Shia Islam, as well as Sufism, the term jihadism has been in use since the 1990s more widely after 9/11 attacks. It was first used in the Indian and Pakistani media, according to Martin Kramer as of 2003, jihadism is used to refer to the most violent persons and movements in contemporary Islam, including al-Qaeda. Most Muslims do not use the term disliking the association of illegitimate violence with a religious concept. The term jihadist globalism is also used in relation to jihadism. It is a sub-culture mainly applied to individuals in developed nations who are recruited to travel to conflict zones on jihad, for example, jihadi rap videos make participants look more MTV than Mosque, according to NPR, which was the first to report on the phenomenon in 2010. Jihadism has been called an offshoot of Islamic revivalism of the 1960s and 1970s, the writings of Sayyid Qutb and Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj provide inspiration. The Soviet war in Afghanistan is said to have amplified the jihadist tendency from a phenomenon to a major force in the Muslim world. It served to produce foot soldiers, leadership and organization, abdullah Yusuf Azzam provided propaganda for the Afghan cause. The jurists were made salaried employees and the nationalist rulers naturally encouraged their employees to serve the rulers interests, inevitably the jurists came to be seen by the Muslim public as doing so. Into this vacuum of authority came aggressive proselytizing funded by tens of billions of dollars of petroleum-export money. The term jihadist is almost exclusively used to describe Sunni extremists, in Syria, where there are thousands of foreign Muslim fighters engaged in the civil war, for example, non-Syrian Shia are often referred to as militia, and Sunni foreigners as jihadists. One who does use the term Shia jihad is Danny Postel, according to Shadi Hamid and Rashid Dar, jihadism is driven by the idea that jihad is an individual obligation incumbent upon all Muslims. This is in contrast with the belief of Muslims up until now that jihad is a collective obligation carried out according to orders of legitimate representatives of the Muslim community

27.
Salafi jihadism
–
The concept was described by Martin Kramer as an academic term that will inevitably be jihadism or the jihadist movement in popular usage. Practitioners are referred to as Salafi jihadis or Salafi jihadists, the most famous jihadist-Salafist attack is the September 11,2001 attacks against the United States by al-Qaeda. U. Gilles Kepel writes that the Salafis whom he encountered in Europe in the 1980s were totally apolitical, but by the mid-1990s he met some who felt jihad in the form of violence and terrorism was justified to realize their political objectives. The combination of Salafi alienation from all things non-Muslim – including mainstream European society –, according to Kepel, Salafist jihadism combined respect for the sacred texts in their most literal form. With an absolute commitment to jihad, whose number-one target had to be America, principal among the sheikist scholars was Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz – the archetypal court ulema. Iyad El-Baghdadi describes Salafism as deeply divided into mainstream Salafism, another definition of Salafi jihadism, offered by Mohammed M. Hafez, is an extreme form of Sunni Islamism that rejects democracy and Shia rule. Hafez distinguished them from apolitical and conservative Salafi scholars, but also from the movement associated with Salman al-Ouda or Safar Al-Hawali. According to Mohammed M. Defending the Muslim community from external non-Muslim perceived threats, intimidating and marginalising other Muslim sects, Robin Wright notes the importance in Salafi jihadist groups of the formal process of taking an oath of allegiance to a leader. Marbling, i. e. pretending to cut ties to a global movement when strategically or financially convenient. (An example is the cutting of ties to al-Qaeda by the Syrian group Al-Nusra Front with al-Qaedas approval, Al Jazeera journalist Jamal Al Sharif describes Salafi jihadism as combining the doctrinal content and approach of Salafism and organisational models from Muslim Brotherhood organisations. Their motto emerged as Salafism in doctrine, modernity in confrontation, antecedents of Salafism jihadism include Islamist author Sayyid Qutb, who developed the intellectual underpinnings of the ideology. Qutb argued that the world had reached a point and that the Islamic world has been replaced by pagan ignorance of Jahiliyyah. The group Takfir wal-Hijra, who kidnapped and murdered an Egyptian ex-government minister in 1978, inspired some of the tactics, in Afghanistan the Taliban were of the Deobandi, not Salafi, school of Islam but cross-fertilized with bin Laden and other Salafist jihadis. Seth Jones of the Rand Corporation argues that Salafi-jihadist numbers and activity have increased not decreased from 2007 to 2013, according to his research, the number of Salafi-jihadist groups increased by over 50% from 2010 to 2013, using Libya and parts of Syria as sanctuary. The number of Salafi jihadist fighters more than doubled from 2010 to 2013 using both low and high estimates, the war in Syria was the single most important attraction for Salafi-jihadist fighters. Attacks by al-Qaeda–affiliated groups despite al-Qaedas traditional focus on the far enemy, approximately 99% of the attacks by al-Qaeda and its affiliates in 2013 were against near enemy targets. Theoreticians of Salafist jihadism included Afghan jihad veterans such as the Palestinian Abu Qatada, the Syrian Mustafa Setmariam Nasar, Osama bin Laden was its most well-known leader. The dissident Saudi preachers Salman al-Ouda and Safar Al-Hawali, were held in esteem by this school

28.
Pan-Islamism
–
Pan-Islamism is a political movement advocating the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state – often a Caliphate – or an international organization with Islamic principles. The model pan-Islamism aims for is the years of Islam – the reign of Muhammad. In the modern era, Pan-Islamism was championed by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani who sought unity among Muslims to resist colonial occupation of Muslim lands. Afghani feared that nationalism would divide the Muslim world and believed that Muslim unity was more important than ethnic identity. ”In a review of the articles of his Paris-base newspaper there was nothing favoring political democracy or parliamentarianism. While Afghanis interest in Islamic law and theology was scant, later Pan-Islamism in the world was strongly associated with Islamism. Leading Islamists such as Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Maududi, and Ayatollah Khomeini all stressed their belief that a return to traditional Sharia law would make Islam united, in the period of decolonialism following World War II, Arab nationalism overshadowed Islamism which denounced nationalism as un-Islamic. In the Arab world secular pan-Arab parties – Baath and Nasserist parties – had offshoots in almost every Arab country, Islamists suffered severe repression, its major thinker Sayyid Qutb, was imprisoned, underwent torture and was later executed. Following the defeat of Arab armies in the Six-Day War, Islamism, Pan-Islamic Sunni Muslims such as Maududi and the Muslim Brotherhood, embraced the creation of a new Caliphate, at least as a long-term project. Shia leader Ruhollah Khomeini also embraced a united Islamist supra-state but saw it led by a scholar of fiqh. These events galvanised Islamists the world over and heightened their popularity with the Muslim public, throughout the Middle-East, and in particular Egypt, the various branches of the Muslim Brotherhood have significantly challenged the secular nationalist or monarchical Muslim governments. In Pakistan the Jamaat-e-Islami enjoyed popular support especially since the formation of the MMA, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Hizb-ut-Tahrir has emerged as a Pan-Islamist force in Central Asia and in the last five years has developed some support from the Arab world. Pan-Islamism, Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, Brill Academic Publishers,1997, commonwealth of Muslim States, a plea for Pan-Islamism, al-Ahibba,1972. Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics, A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924, Brill Academic Publishers,1999, the Politics of Pan-Islam, Ideology and Organization. Londonistan, How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within, Pan-Islamism in Oxford Islamic Studies Online al-Afghanis Vision of a Pan-Islamic Civilization al-Afghani Bibliography The Manchester Document

29.
Islamic fundamentalism
–
Definitions vary of what Islamic fundamentalism is and how, if at all, it differs from Islamism or Islamic revivalism. Exemplary figures of Islamic fundamentalism are Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Mawdudi, the Wahhabi movement and its funding by Saudi Arabia is often described as being responsible for the popularity of contemporary Islamic fundamentalism. Form of Islamism – Graham Fuller describes Islamic fundamentalism not as distinct from Islamism, but as a subset and its strictest form includes Wahhabism, sometimes also referred to as salafiyya. For fundamentalists the law is the most essential component of Islam, leading to an emphasis upon jurisprudence. In this fundamentalists have drifted away from the stand of the Islamists of the 1970s and 80s, similarly, the Afghan Jamaat, in its statutes, has declared it legal in the eyes of Islam to employ non-Muslims as experts. Use of ijtihad in Islamic law – According to academic John Esposito, one of the most defining features of Islamic fundamentalism is belief in the reopening of the gates of ijtihad. Disorder – Dr. Kathleen Taylor, speaking at the Hay Literary Festival, said Islamic fundamentalism may one day be seen in the way as mental illness. Islamists often talk of revolution and believe that the society will be Islamized only through social and political action, fundamentalists are primarily interested in revolution, less interested in modernity or by Western models in politics or economics, and less willing to associate with non-Muslims. While both Islamists and fundamentalists are committed to implementing Sharia law, Islamists tend to consider it more a project than a corpus. Islamists generally tend to favour the education of women and their participation in social and political life, the Islamist woman militates, studies, and has the right to work, but in a chador. While the fundamentalist preaches for women to return to the home, traditionalists take imitation, accepting what was said before and refusing to innovate, as a basic principle, They follow one of the great schools of religious jurisprudence. Their vision of the sharia is essentially legalistic and used to determine what is right or wrong for Enjoining good. Traditionalists are sometimes connected to the forms of Sufism such as the Barelvi school in Pakistan). 18th-century examples are Shah Waliullah Dehlawi in India and Abdul Wahhab in the Arabian Peninsula and this reformism is often developed in response to an external threat such as the influence of Hinduism on Islam. In the late 19th century salafiyya was developed in the Arab countries, criticism of the term The term Islamic fundamentalism has been criticized by Bernard Lewis, Khaled Abou El Fadl, Eli Berman, John Esposito, among others. Many have proposed substituting another term, such as puritanical, Islamic revivalism or activism, Lewis, a leading historian of Islam, believes that although the use of this term is established and must be accepted, It remains unfortunate and can be misleading. In this they oppose the liberal and modernist theologians, who tend to a critical, historical view of Scripture. Among Muslim theologians there is as yet no such liberal or modernist approach to the Quran, where the so-called Muslim fundamentalists differ from other Muslims and indeed from Christian fundamentalists is in their scholasticism and their legalism

30.
Islamic terrorism
–
Islamic terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism, is defined as any terrorist act, set of acts or campaign committed by groups or individuals who profess Islamic or Islamist motivations or goals. Islamic terrorists justify their violent tactics through interpreting the Quran and Hadith according to their own goals, the highest numbers of incidents and fatalities caused by Islamic terrorism occur in Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria. In 2015 four Islamic extremist groups were responsible for 74% of all deaths from terrorism, ISIS, Boko Haram, the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, according to the Global Terrorism Index 2016. In recent decades, such incidents have occurred on a scale, affecting not only Muslim-majority states in Africa and Asia, but also Europe, Russia, Australia, Canada. Such attacks have targeted Muslims and non-Muslims, the literal use of the phrase Islamic terrorism is disputed. Such use in Western political speech has variously been called counter-productive, highly politicized, intellectually contestable, however, others view the refusal to use the term as an act of self-deception. Some Muslim commentators assert that extremism within Islam goes back to the 7th century to the Kharijites, from their essentially political position, they developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting an approach of Takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers. Dame Eliza Manningham Buller, the head of MI5, told the Iraq inquiry. For example, Hezbollah initiated suicide bombings after a complex reworking of the concept of martyrdom, the only way to apply a brake to suicide terrorism, Kramer argues, is to undermine its moral logic, by encouraging Muslims to see its incompatibility with their own values. Maajid Nawaz, in a debate with Mehdi Hasan, countered Scheuers contention, the prerequisite to such a disavowal of one’s country of birth is a recalibration of identity, this is the undeniable role of ideological narratives. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, in their book, The Age of Sacred Terror and they are seen as a sacrament. Intended to restore to the universe a moral order that had been corrupted by the enemies of Islam and it is neither political or strategic but an act of redemption meant to humiliate and slaughter those who defied the hegemony of God. Two studies of the background of Muslim terrorists in Europe—one of the UK, many lack religious literacy and could actually be regarded as religious novices. Very few have been brought up in strongly religious households, some are involved in drug-taking, drinking alcohol and visiting prostitutes. MI5 says there is evidence that a religious identity actually protects against violent radicalisation. They are estranged from their parents and don’t know where to fit in, or they are recent converts, largely from rural areas and many from divorced families. If Islam or social conditions are essentially to blame for breeding terrorism, why does it not attract first- or third-generation French Muslims, or those whose Islamic culture is the deepest

31.
Abu Sayyaf
–
The group is considered violent, and was responsible for the Philippines worst terrorist attack, the bombing of Superferry 14 in 2004, which killed 116 people. The name of the group is derived from the Arabic abu, as of 2012, the group was estimated to have between 200 and 400 members, down from 1,250 in 2000. They use mostly improvised explosive devices, mortars, and automatic rifles, the group has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations, Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 2002, fighting Abu Sayyaf became a mission of the American militarys Operation Enduring Freedom, the group was founded by Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, and led after his death in 1998 by his younger brother Khadaffy Janjalani who was killed in 2007. On 23 July 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon swore an oath of loyalty to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, in September 2014, the group began kidnapping people to ransom, in the name of ISIL. In the early 1970s, the Moro National Liberation Front was the main Muslim rebel groups fighting in Basilan, Abdurajik then went to Afghanistan to fight against the Soviet Union and the Afghan government during the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Both Abdurajik Abubakar and his brother who succeeded him were natives of Isabela City. Located on the North-Western part of the island of Basilan, Isabela is also the capital of Basilan province, MNLF had moderated into an established political government, the ARMM. It was established in 1989, fully institutionalised by 1996 and which became the ruling government in southern Mindanao. According to the defector Only 10 to 30% of the funding goes to the legitimate relief and livelihood projects. Khalifa had married a woman, Alice Jameelah Yabo, By 1995 Abu Sayyaf was active in large scale bombings. The Abu Sayyafs first attack was the assault on the town of Ipil in Mindanao in April 1995 and this year also marked the escape of 20-year-old Khadaffy Janjalani from Camp Crame in Manila along with another member named Jovenal Bruno. On 18 December 1998, Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani was killed in a gun battle with the Philippine National Police on Basilan Island and he is thought to have been about age 39 at the time of his death. The Abu Sayyaf primarily operates in the southern Philippines with members travelling to Manila and it was reported that Abu Sayyaf had begun expanding into neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia by the early 1990s. The Abu Sayyaf is one of the smallest, but strongest of the Islamist separatist groups in the Philippines, some Abu Sayyaf members have studied or worked in Saudi Arabia and developed ties to mujahadeen while fighting and training in the war against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Abu Sayyaf proclaimed themselves as mujahideen and freedom fighters but are not supported by people in the Philippines including its Muslim clerics. Until his death in a gunbattle on 4 September 2006, Khaddafy Janjalani was considered the leader of the group by the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The 23-year-old Khadaffy Janjalani then took leadership of one of Abu Sayyafs factions in an internecine struggle and he then worked to consolidate his leadership of the Abu Sayyaf, causing the group to appear inactive for a period

South Thailand insurgency
–
The South Thailand insurgency is an ongoing conflict centered in southern Thailand. Although low-level separatist violence had occurred in the region for decades, the campaign escalated after 2001, with a recrudescence in 2004, incidents blamed on southern insurgents have occurred in Bangkok and Phuket. In July 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawat

1.
Original arms of the PULO and GMIP

2.
Map of the southern provinces of Thailand showing the Malay-Muslim majority areas

Separatism
–
A common definition of separatism is that it is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to political secession, separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy. There is some debate about this definition, and in particular ho

1.
Eastern Ukraine 's separatism emerged as a reaction to the Euromaidan revolution

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Mural for Catalan independence in Belfast.

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OLF rebels in Kenya armed with AK-47 rifles.

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A Tuareg rebel fighter in northern Niger.

Islamism
–
Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts. It is commonly used interchangeably with the terms political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism and these movements have arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence, redefining politics and even borders accord

1.
Sab'u Masajid, Saudi Arabia

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An Islamist protestor in London protesting over anti-Muslim cartoons, 6 February 2006

3.
Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani

4.
Painting of Abul Ala Maududi

Southern Thailand
–
Southern Thailand is a distinct region of Thailand, connected with the central region by the narrow Kra Isthmus. Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area of around 70,713 km2, bounded to the north by Kra Isthmus, the western part has steeper coasts, while on the east side river plains dominate. The largest river of the south is the

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Huts, Khao Sok National Park, Surat Thani

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Ko Lao Liang Phi with the steep limestone hills present at most of the western coast

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Wat Phra Baromathat, Nakhon Si Thammarat, an old and important temple

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Pagoda in Srivijaya -style, Chaiya, Surat Thani

Thailand
–
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately 513,000 km2, Thailand is the worlds 51st-largest country and it is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest cit

Malay language
–
Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It has a status in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. As the Bahasa Kebangsaan or Bahasa Nasional of several states, Standard Malay has various official names, in Singapore and Brunei it is called Bahasa Melayu, in Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia, and in Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia and is designated the Bah

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Malay Traffic-signs

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Koc Wanita street sign in Malay.

Islamic
–
Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the worlds second-largest religion and the major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and u

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The Kaaba, in Mecca, Hejaz region, today's Saudi Arabia, is the center of Islam. Muslims from all over the world gather there to pray in unity.

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The dome of the Carol I Mosque in Constanța, Romania, topped by the Islamic crescent

Malaysia
–
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur,

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"Malaysia" used as a label for the Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas

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Flag

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The Dutch fleet battling with the Portuguese armada as part of the Dutch–Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of Malacca.

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Statue of Francis Light in the Fort Cornwallis of Penang, marking the first step of British expansion in the 18th century over the Malay Archipelago.

Extradition
–
Between countries, extradition is normally regulated by treaties. Where extradition is compelled by laws, such as among sub-national jurisdictions and it is an ancient mechanism, dating back to at least the 13th century BC, when an Egyptian Pharaoh, Ramesses II, negotiated an extradition treaty with a Hittite King, Hattusili III. Through the extrad

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Luis Hernando Gómez extradited from Colombia to the United States 2007

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Swedish extradition of German and Baltic soldiers to the Soviet Union in January 1946

Pattani separatism
–
The South Thailand insurgency is an ongoing conflict centered in southern Thailand. Although low-level separatist violence had occurred in the region for decades, the campaign escalated after 2001, with a recrudescence in 2004, incidents blamed on southern insurgents have occurred in Bangkok and Phuket. In July 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawat

1.
Original arms of the PULO and GMIP

2.
Map of the southern provinces of Thailand showing the Malay-Muslim majority areas

Pattani
–
Pattani is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Narathiwat, Yala, and Songkhla, the name Pattani is the Thai adaptation of the Malay name Patani, which can mean this beach in Patani Malay language. Another suggestion is that it derives from a Sanskrit word pathini, meaning virgin nymph, Pathini was the name of a daug

1.
Pattani Grand Mosque

Thai military
–
The Royal Thai Armed Forces is the name of the military of the Kingdom of Thailand. The Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January to commemorate the victory of King Naresuan the Great in battle against the Crown Prince of Burma in 1593. The Royal Thai Armed Forces main role officially is the protection of the sovereignty, the armed fo

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The Siamese Expeditionary Force in Paris, 1919.

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Emblem of the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters

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Thai soldiers boarding a USAF aircraft, during the Vietnam War.

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Thai and US military training together during Cobra Gold 2001.

Barisan Revolusi Nasional
–
It is the most powerful rebel group in the region. Originally the BRN was established as a territorial organisation, prioritizing Pattani secessionism. Since 2001, however, the BRN-C has become its most active wing, leading the south Thailand insurgency, the BRN-C, through its Pejuang Kemerdekaan Patani paramilitary wing, is the main group behind t

1.
Currently the use of the black flag of Jihad by BRN-C affiliated groups has largely replaced the former BRN flag.

Trengganu
–
Terengganu, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is known by its Arabic honorific, Dāru l-Īmān. The coastal city of Kuala Terengganu which stands at the mouth of the broad Terengganu River is both the state and royal capital as well as the largest city in Terengganu, there are

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The Terengganu Inscription Stone. The Jawi inscriptions are of local laws influenced by the Shariah and thus one of the earliest proof of Islamic influence in Malaysia

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Flag

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Crystal Mosque in Kuala Terengganu.

Islamic militant
–
Islamic terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism, is defined as any terrorist act, set of acts or campaign committed by groups or individuals who profess Islamic or Islamist motivations or goals. Islamic terrorists justify their violent tactics through interpreting the Quran and Hadith according to their own goals, the highest numbers of incidents an

1.
Sab'u Masajid, Saudi Arabia

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People killed by terrorists worldwide

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Beslan school victim photos

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Wounded people following a bomb attack by Boko Haram in Nigeria, in April 2014

Nationalist
–
Nationalism is a complex, multidimensional concept involving a shared communal identification with ones nation. It is contrasted by Anti-nationalism as a political ideology oriented towards gaining and maintaining self-governance, or full sovereignty, Nationalism therefore holds that a nation should govern itself, free from unwanted outside interfe

1.
Beginning in 1821, the Greek War of Independence began as a rebellion by Greek nationalists against the ruling Ottoman Empire.

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The growth of a national identity was expressed in a variety of symbolic ways, including the adoption of a national flag. Pictured, a Scottish Union Flag in the 1704 edition of The Present State of the Universe.

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Nationalist and liberal pressure led to the European revolutions of 1848

Al Qaeda
–
It operates as a network made up of Islamic extremist, Salafist jihadists. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets in various countries, including the 1998 U. S. embassy bombings, the September 11 attacks, the U. S. government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the War on Terror. Characteristic techniques emplo

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Al-Qaeda militant in Sahel, 2012

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Shahada flag

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Al-Zawahiri and Bin Laden in 2001 interview with Hamid Mir in Kabul

Islamic Caliphate
–
A caliphate is an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph —a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire Muslim community. During the history of Islam after the Rashidun period, many Muslim states, the Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be

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Mustansiriya University in Baghdad

2.
Caliphate خِلافة

3.
Abdülmecid II was the last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman dynasty.

South Thailand Insurgency
–
The South Thailand insurgency is an ongoing conflict centered in southern Thailand. Although low-level separatist violence had occurred in the region for decades, the campaign escalated after 2001, with a recrudescence in 2004, incidents blamed on southern insurgents have occurred in Bangkok and Phuket. In July 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawat

1.
Original arms of the PULO and GMIP

2.
Map of the southern provinces of Thailand showing the Malay-Muslim majority areas

Patani United Liberation Organisation
–
The Patani United Liberation Organisation or PULO is one of the active separatist movements calling for an independent Patani. This group, along with others, is fighting for the independence of Thailands predominantly Malay Muslim south. PULOs platform is highlighted by its Islamic nationalist goals, calling the Thai presence in Pattani a colonisat

1.
Logos of Original PULO and GMIP

2.
The flag of Original PULO

2006 Bangkok bombings
–
The 2006 Bangkok bombings occurred on 31 December 2006 and 1 January 2007, during New Years Eve festivities in Bangkok, Thailand. Four explosions went off almost simultaneously in different parts of the city at around 18,00 local time, two explosions also occurred after midnight. In total, eight explosions were reported during the night, as of 1 Ja

1.
Victory Monument, a busy public transportation hub, was the site of one of the blasts.

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A bomb was reported on Khao San Road, a popular area for foreign backpackers, but none was found.

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An ITV news van is parked at the Rajavithee Hospital, where most of the victims of the blasts were treated.

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Bangkok residents watch television news coverage of the bombings early in the morning on 1 January 2007.

2009 Thailand standoff
–
The South Thailand insurgency is an ongoing conflict centered in southern Thailand. Although low-level separatist violence had occurred in the region for decades, the campaign escalated after 2001, with a recrudescence in 2004, incidents blamed on southern insurgents have occurred in Bangkok and Phuket. In July 2005, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawat

1.
2009 Thailand standoff

Patani (region)
–
Patani is a historical region in the northern part of the Malay peninsula. It includes the southern Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, after Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese in 1767, the Sultanate of Patani gained full independence, but under King Rama I, it again came under Siams control. In recent years a secessionist movement has sought t

1.
View of Krue Se Mosque, an ancient mosque in the Patani region.

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The Hikayat Patani chronicle of the Patani Kingdom.

Royal Thai Armed Forces
–
The Royal Thai Armed Forces is the name of the military of the Kingdom of Thailand. The Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January to commemorate the victory of King Naresuan the Great in battle against the Crown Prince of Burma in 1593. The Royal Thai Armed Forces main role officially is the protection of the sovereignty, the armed fo

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The Siamese Expeditionary Force in Paris, 1919.

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Emblem of the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters

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Thai soldiers boarding a USAF aircraft, during the Vietnam War.

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Thai and US military training together during Cobra Gold 2001.

Royal Thai Police
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The Royal Thai Police are the national police force of Thailand. The RTP employs between 210,700 and 230,000 officers, roughly 17 percent of all civil servants, until the 19th century Royal Thai Armed Forces personnel, aside from their duties of national defence, also performed law enforcement duties alongside dedicated civil servants. Responsibili

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Thai Traffic Police in Surin, Thailand

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Official Seal

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Royal Thai Police officer

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Thai Police vehicle in maroon and white

Jihadism
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Jihadism is a 21st-century neologism found in the Western languages to describe Islamist militant movements perceived as a military movement rooted in Islam and existentially threatening to the West. It has been described as a term to define precisely, because it remains a recent neologism with no single. The term jihadism first appeared in South A

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Praying Muhjahideen in Kunar Province, Afghanistan (1987).

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The " black flag of jihad " as used by jihadist militants since around the late 1990s

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Rebels from the militant Islamist sect Ansar Dine in Mali

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President Reagan meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the Oval Office in 1983

Salafi jihadism
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The concept was described by Martin Kramer as an academic term that will inevitably be jihadism or the jihadist movement in popular usage. Practitioners are referred to as Salafi jihadis or Salafi jihadists, the most famous jihadist-Salafist attack is the September 11,2001 attacks against the United States by al-Qaeda. U. Gilles Kepel writes that t

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Sab'u Masajid, Saudi Arabia

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Logo of Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

Pan-Islamism
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Pan-Islamism is a political movement advocating the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state – often a Caliphate – or an international organization with Islamic principles. The model pan-Islamism aims for is the years of Islam – the reign of Muhammad. In the modern era, Pan-Islamism was championed by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani who sought unity among M

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Islam by country Sunni Shias Ibadi

Islamic fundamentalism
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Definitions vary of what Islamic fundamentalism is and how, if at all, it differs from Islamism or Islamic revivalism. Exemplary figures of Islamic fundamentalism are Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Mawdudi, the Wahhabi movement and its funding by Saudi Arabia is often described as being responsible for the popularity of contemporary Islamic fundamentalism.

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Sab'u Masajid, Saudi Arabia

Islamic terrorism
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Islamic terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism, is defined as any terrorist act, set of acts or campaign committed by groups or individuals who profess Islamic or Islamist motivations or goals. Islamic terrorists justify their violent tactics through interpreting the Quran and Hadith according to their own goals, the highest numbers of incidents an

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Sab'u Masajid, Saudi Arabia

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People killed by terrorists worldwide

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Beslan school victim photos

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Wounded people following a bomb attack by Boko Haram in Nigeria, in April 2014

Abu Sayyaf
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The group is considered violent, and was responsible for the Philippines worst terrorist attack, the bombing of Superferry 14 in 2004, which killed 116 people. The name of the group is derived from the Arabic abu, as of 2012, the group was estimated to have between 200 and 400 members, down from 1,250 in 2000. They use mostly improvised explosive d

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Top: Filipino and US Troops during the PMC Balikatan Exercise Below: A member of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front training with a light machine gun. Map of the Philippines showing the Moro-Muslim majority areas in Mindanao.

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The CMC Cruiser as shown in an AFP Anniversary parade in 1997.

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M101 howitzer was widely use as the artillery in the operation against the Moro insurgencies in Mindanao.