[This report does
not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations]

HARARE, 4
August (IRIN) - The annual Zimbabwe International Book Fair(ZIBF) was this
year described as a "non-event" by the publishingindustry, acknowledging
that books had become a luxury for Zimbabweansstruggling to make ends
meet.

"Libraries and books are among the casualties of the economic
challengesfacing our country today," said ZIBF director Samuel
Matasangaise."Individuals have to make a hard choice between spending their
bearercheque [Zimbabwe currency] on the latest book by their favourite
author,or a child textbook, and using scarce money to replenish their
dwindlingfood basket."

The public and major authors were absent from
this key annual event in thepublishing industry, which opened on Tuesday
under the theme 'Voices:Dialogue Across Nations'. "People cannot come here
on empty stomachs, sothe bottom line is that people want to have food first
before reading abook," noted poet Freedom Mubaya.

"There is nothing
to talk about for this year's book fair, it's anon-event," said the
marketing manager of a well-known publishing house.

With an inflation
rate of around 400 percent, ordinary households areunable to afford basic
commodities. IRIN reported last month that thecapital, Harare, had seen a
rising number of kwashiorkor cases. Thesymptoms of kwashiorkor, caused by
inadequate protein consumption, includea bloated stomach and spindly arms
and legs, and can result in death ifnot treated.

The International
Monetary Fund calculated that Zimbabwe's GDP had fallenby 30 percent over
the last five years and expected another 4 to 5 percentdecline this year.
"Unemployment is very high and increasing; socialindicators, which were once
among the best in Africa, have worsened, andthe widespread HIV/AIDS pandemic
remains largely unchecked," the Fundsaid.

The UN's Food and
Agricultural Organisation has predicted yet another poorharvest for Zimbabwe
this season, the third in a row.

Columbia
University's School of Journalism has awarded its top prize in international
reporting to Andrew Meldrum, the freelance reporter kicked out of Zimbabwe for
his reports on brutalities and crackdowns by the Mugabe regime.

The prestigious journalism school is honoring Mr. Meldrum with its Kurt
Schork Award in International Journalism. The awards committee says it is
recognizing Andrew Meldrum's "remarkable courage, commitment and lucidity" in
more than 20 years of reporting on the brutality of the Mugabe regime and the
suffering of the Zimbabwean people. The director of the school's international
program, Josh Friedman, is a member of the award committee.

"Andrew Meldrum was honored for a body of work that was compiled over a
number of years that he lived in Zimbabwe,” Mr. Friedman said. “He often ran
into tremendous opposition from the government and overcame it up to the point
where he got kicked out."

Mr. Meldrum, an American citizen who graduated from Columbia's Journalism
School, spent more than two decades in Zimbabwe, mostly working as a freelance
reporter for the British newspaper, The Guardian. He was expelled in 2002
immediately after a court acquitted him of charges of publishing falsehoods in
what was widely viewed as a test case for media in Zimbabwe.

A second award, honoring local reporting in nations in transition, was given
to Romanian investigative reporter Liviu Avram for his ongoing expose of a
Cabinet minister who diverted European Union funds to her family and front
companies. Josh Friedman says the award to Mr. Avram recognizes the
determination reporters need in nations that do not have traditions of tolerance
for investigative journalism.

"This guy is intrepid. He is incredible. He is a traditional muckraking
investigator. He was burrowing in and they could not stop him and he exposed
this situation," Mr. Friedman said.

The winners will each receive $5000. The awards were established to honor
freelance journalist Kurt Schork, who was killed in a military ambush while on
assignment for the Reuters news agency in 2000 in Sierra Leone.

EYES for Africa seeks to establish the country's first ever
cornea bank in a bid to restore sight to thousands of people throughout the
country.

The organisation is hoping to get people to donate their
corneas, the lens on the eye, after death. This is common practice in many other
countries of the world.

Although the whole eye would be removed from the dead body,
it is only the cornea that can be transplanted.

According to Ms Anne Hamilton King, a Rotarian who, over the
weekend held a fund-raising event for Eyes for Africa at Borrowdale Country
Manor, there were thousands of people who needed cornea transplants in the
country.

Research had shown that many people throughout the world
were blind because of problems affecting the cornea.

Though good vision could be regained through corneal
transplantation, the rate of eye donations could not meet the demand.

Hence the appeal for cornea donations, which, said Ms King,
would only be taken after a person's death.

The pledge to donate one's eyes, she said, would be fulfiled
by their kin after their death.

According to the eye bank donor pledge form, artificial or
plastic eyes would be inserted into the socket to replace the eyes before the
eyelids are stitched together to restore the normal appearance of the face.

The identity of both the recipient and the donor would be
kept a secret and there is no payment for the eye or the cornea even though the
recipient may pay for the operation.

To donate one's eyes in the event of their death, one has to
fill in a pledge form, after consulting their family.

Ms King said the donor had to get the approval of the
family, as these were the people who would make it possible for the eye bank to
get the eyes on the death of the donor.

For the eyes to be useful, she said, they had to be removed
no more than six hours after death.

They would then be tested for HIV and any other diseases
before being put to use.

If successful, she said, the move could result in many
people who were otherwise resigned to lose their sight, being able to see.

Ms King said her organisation was aware of some of the
cultural implications of the eye bank, especially in Zimbabwe where a dead body
is considered sacred and must not be tampered with. To counter this cultural
block, some educational and awareness campaigns were being carried out, she
said.

"We want people to know that they can live on through
somebody by donating their eyes and that they would be doing someone a great
service," she said.

The idea of an eye bank was mooted by renowned eye surgeon
Dr Solomon Guramatunhu, who has over the years assisted many people to regain
their sight.

For the first
time, an international group of researchers measured cancer survival rates in
one city in Sub-Saharan Africa. Survival is disturbingly low, as shown by a
study in Harare, Zimbabwe.

The study, published in the International Journal of Cancer, found
that cancer patients in Harare are not likely to survive five years after
diagnosis. Researchers followed a few thousand people who had been diagnosed
with the 15 most common types of cancer, including skin, liver, cervical, and
lung cancer.

Survival rates vary among those types, but even in the best case, a patient's
chance of being alive after five years is only about 50 percent. The study also
shows that black Zimbabweans have even lower survival rates than white
Zimbaweans.

Study author Max Parkin of the International Agency for Research on Cancer in
France, says this is one of the first studies of cancer survival in Africa. His
group has just completed research in Uganda and the Gambia as well, showing
similar results to the Zimbabwe cancer study.

Although the types of cancer are different from those in the United States
and Europe, Dr. Parkin says cancer is no less a problem in Africa. For example,
Zimbabweans have fewer cases of the kinds of cancer that are partly caused by
eating fatty foods. At the same time, cervical cancer is more common in Zimbabwe
than in the United States, where women are treated before the cancer can
develop. A certain kind of skin cancer that accompanies AIDS, called Kaposi
sarcoma, is also more widespread.

"So it's not a particularly rare disease; the types of cancer are different,"
Dr. Parkin said. "It's a neglected problem because there are a lot of other
pressing health problems that are there and require urgent attention; AIDS in
particular at the moment, maternal and child health, infectious diseases so that
cancer sort of tends to get forgotten."

Dr. Parkin suggests a number of possible reasons for low cancer survival
rates in Harare and the difference between black and white Zimbabweans. He does
not think race itself is an issue, except as it relates to social class. He adds
that wealthier people often have better access to cancer treatment, especially
in countries where it is not widely available. He also says people do not seek
treatment for cancer early enough.

"There's this problem of knowledge about cancer," Dr. Parkin said. "People
are quite unaware of the disease so they come at a stage when it's completely
untreatable. So probably a lot more can be done about that awareness of the
public, trying to persuade people that if you feel something you should go and
seek treatment. And then try to make treatment available for those early cases."

Dr. Parkin adds that the AIDS epidemic may also affect cancer survival,
because cancer patients who also have AIDS are abnormally weak.

Johannesburg - Zimbabwean journalists who have launched
an Internet-based newspaper from South Africa hope to loosen their government's
hold on the media before elections in 2005, its editor said on
Wednesday.

Abel Mutsakani was briefly the managing editor of the
pro-opposition Daily News before it was closed last year under tough new media
laws enacted by President Robert Mugabe's government.

He and about 20
other Zimbabwean journalists who worked for the Daily News and other independent
publications have combined to launch Zim Online, (www.zimonline.co.za), after being barred from working
in their home country, he said.

'We are not trying to demonise the
government'

"This is a news service primarily to try and give
a platform for an alternative voice that has been shut down in Zimbabwe,"
Mutsakani told Reuters in Johannesburg.

"We are not trying to demonise
the government," he said.

An independent watchdog, the Media Institute of
Southern Africa (MISA), said on Wednesday that independent journalism had
effectively been criminalised in Zimbabwe, where media laws compel journalists
to register with a state commission and subject them to tight
regulations.

The government says the laws are necessary to instil
professionalism in Zimbabwean journalism, and while they have been used to
target a handful of independent media outlets they have not been used recently
against individual journalists.

MISA regional director Luckson Chipare
said more than half of the press freedom violations the watchdog recorded in 11
Southern African countries last year were in Zimbabwe.

Laws compel journalists to register with a state
commission

MISA said reporters who criticise the government
may still see applications to work turned down and then fail to find work in the
dwindling independent media.

"The legal framework ensures that within the
independent media, self-censorship has taken control," said Pamela Dube, a
journalist from Botswana who visited Zimbabwe recently as part of a MISA
team.

Mugabe, in power since independence from Britain in 1980, says
private media have spearheaded a Western propaganda campaign against his
government over its seizure of white-owned farms for redistribution to landless
blacks.

Mutsakani said Zim Online, which is currently funded by
donations, aimed to keep independent Zimbabwean journalism alive until the
country's political and economic crisis was over.

"We are looking into
the post-Mugabe era. This guy Mugabe goes, and we have nothing (no independent
news)," said Mutsakani. "We are online at the moment but if things change and
conditions allow, it will be a newspaper published in Zimbabwe."

He said
that despite not having advertised, Zim Online had received 300 000 hits in its
first three weeks of operation, many from people inside Zimbabwe who printed off
stories and circulated them to friends and colleagues.

Harare - Zimbabwe police have arrested five men for attempting to smuggle
farm equipment to Zambia, where many evicted white Zimbabwean farmers have
settled, a police spokesperson said on Wednesday.

Zimbabwe law allows
authorities to confiscate agricultural equipment left behind on commercial farms
seized from whites, although President Robert Mugabe's government has accused
some farmers of vandalising the machinery in retaliation.

Assistant
Commissioner Wayne Bvudzijena said in a statement police had intercepted a
consignment of farm equipment en route to Zambia from the southwestern city of
Bulawayo. He said a white farmer was implicated in the crime.

Critics say
Mugabe's redistribution of land from white commercial farmers to landless black
has disrupted agriculture and led to the food shortages which have affected
millions of Zimbabweans since 2001.

Johannesburg - A group of South Africans held in Zimbabwe on suspicion of
plotting a coup in Equatorial Guinea lost a bid on Wednesday to force their
government to seek their return home, where they hope they will get a fairer
trial.

Lawyers for the 69 men say Zimbabwe plans to extradite their
clients to Equatorial Guinea once their trial in Harare is completed - a move
they fear could put them at risk of the death penalty, which South Africa has
banned.

South Africa's Constitutional Court ruled that Pretoria had no
legal obligation to seek the men's return to South Africa, rejecting defence
arguments it should force the government to step in to help.

Defence
attorney Francois Joubert said he would study the ruling before deciding on
further steps.

"We plan to continue doing everything we can to protect
our clients' interests," he said.

The men were arrested when their plane
landed in Harare in March. A further 15 men, including eight South Africans,
have been detained in Equatorial Guinea in connection with the same alleged
plot.

They deny the charges and say they were en route to the Democratic
Republic of the Congo to guard mines.

Most of the Harare defendants
pleaded guilty and were convicted last week of immigration and arms violations,
but other charges are pending.

The Zimbabwe trial will resume on August
18, while the one in Equatorial Guinea is expected to begin later in the month.

Government continues to maintain tight fiscal management
according the latest figures released by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ).

As of July 23, it had a surplus cash position of a
staggering $652 billion while domestic debt has been sustained in the region of
$2 trillion.

This fiscal discipline has contributed immensely to the
economic turnaround programme through reducing inflationary pressures and
instilling confidence in the economy thereby boosting the revival optimism.

Contributing to the domestic debt figure was the huge
Treasury Bill figure of $1,4 trillion while Government stocks have remained
constant at around $267 billion in the past two months.

The Treasury Bills figure was largely inflated by the RBZ's
open market operations, which were meant to drain the excess liquidity in the
market.

The persistent surplus on the market has seen the central
bank introducing the compulsory Treasury Bills, which converted any surpluses at
the end of the day into the special instruments.

While the Treasury Bill amount might not be of concern, the
interest bill that the instruments have attracted might be of worry as they have
ballooned to very high levels.

As of July 23, the interest on the Treasury Bills amounted
to $1,04 trillion from just over $300 billion at the beginning of July.

The Reserve Bank's tight control of liquidity in the market
is a way of containing money supply growth, which was one of the main drivers of
inflationary pressures last year.

The government's reduced recourse to the domestic sector for
funding leads to a contraction in money supply growth, a development that is
fundamental to the anti-inflation course.

Compared to the over 500 percent money supply growth figure
in the previous year, the RBZ has set a target of 200 percent money supply
growth this year, which will be attainable if the prevailing discipline is
enhanced.

The concentrated efforts to wipe up the excess money on the
market by the RBZ is expected to stabilise the interest rates regime which
ballooned to as high as 700 percent in December 2003 when the sector was hit by
a liquidity crunch.

As stated by the central bank governor, Dr Gideon Gono in
his monetary policy statement, fiscal discipline is quite critical if the
monetary control measures put in place are to bear fruit.

Analysts reckon it is important for the Government to
contain its expenditure thereby minimising its borrowings from the domestic
sector if the inflation target of 200 percent by December 2004 is to be
realised.

Government's inflated borrowing in the past were, to a
significant extent, being channelled to finance recurrent expenditure at the
expense of capital expenditure.

Borrowing for consumption is not sustainable and merely
results in higher levels of debt without creating any income to reimburse the
debt. However, on the expenditure side as recently announced by the central
bank, from January to last week, the Government maintained an average surplus
position of $241 billion on their account at the RBZ.

Although the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
has reported some unbudgeted pressures on the fiscal policy, line ministries
managed to keep a sterling record of fiscal rectitude over the first half of the
year.

HARARE - The fall in standards at the
National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) due to serious viability problems resulted
in the train crash yesterday, sources told ZimOnline.

Seventy people
were injured, some of them seriously, following the collision of two commuter
trains from Marimba and Dzivarasekwa, which Deputy Minister of Transport and
Communications, Andrew Langa, blamed on 'human error'.

A different
picture emerged, however, when ZimOnline spoke to NRZ officials in the traffic
control department late yesterday. Speaking on condition of anonymity, the
officials said the accident had resulted from the non-functioning of
communication systems as well as serious defects on the train wagons.

'The second train, the one which was behind, should have changed lanes
as well as gone to park at another station. However, the train driver couldn't
make the decision because of failure to get information from the control
department due to the breakdown of the system,' one of the officials said.

The two trains were coming from the same direction of western Harare.The
one from Dzivarasekwa, which came in second, ran into the other, which had
slowed down and was parking at the main station.

It was not possible to
talk to either of the two train drivers, who were both injured and taken to
hospital. However, the NRZ officials who spoke to ZimOnline said the driver of
the second train had complained about defective brakes on the locomotive before
going to Dzivarasekwa in the morning.

The accident was a poignant
reminder of the crash in Dete in February last year which claimed 40 lives and
seriously injured more than 60 people, also as a result of run-down
communication systems. ZimOnline

HARARE -The World Food Programme (WFP) has
retrenched 140 members of its workforce in Zimbabwe following President Robert
Mugabe's insistence that the country has harvested enough to feed itself and
will not require outside aid.

ZimOnline has established that out of
the 230 workers that the WFP employed in the country, 140 have been retrenched,
with the first batch having already left and the last group set to leave at the
end of this month. Sources at WFP' Harare office said this week that management
had sent a circular stating that retrenchment was inevitable due to the refusal
by Mugabe to accept humanitarian assistance.

Richard Lee, WFP's
Johannesburg-based Regional Office corporate affairs manager, yesterday
confirmed the retrenchment exercise, saying it was necessitated by a drastic
reduction in the number of Zimbabweans receiving food aid. 'We have scaled down
(the workforce) to 140 from 230. We have scaled down because the number of
people we are feeding has gone down from 4 million to just over 600 000.'

There seems to be controversy over what some of the retrenched workers
described as 'peanuts' in terms of terminal benefits and exit packages. 'I
wouldn't comment on the issue of disgruntlement over the packages. The Harare
office will have to speak on that,' said Lee. Makina Walker, the WFP
spokesperson in Harare, was said to be on leave yesterday.

WFP still
gives 'targeted assistance' to starving Zimbabweans and reports are that the
Harare office has been receiving more requests for food aid from across the
country. Government, however, is understood to have reminded WFP and other donor
agencies that their 'assistance is not required this year and it would be
appreciated if they stopped operations'.

Mugabe has repeatedly claimed
that the country had a good harvest this year and that donor agencies had to
'look elsewhere for hungrier people'. ZimOnline

BULAWAYO - With each passing pay day,
Themba Ncube (not his real name) is growing more frustrated with working for
the National Railways of Zimbabwe.

An artisan, Ncube complains bitterly
of being short-changed by his employer when it comes to payment. Each month
since February this year, the nearly 10 000 workers at the railway company have
been receiving their salaries weeks late.

Ncube and his colleagues at
the parastatal say they have been reduced to 'professional working beggars'
because of the payment delays.

'We are not managing at all even though
we are working. We are struggling. There are things that you have to do whether
you have been paid or not. You have to pay rent, water and electricity,
otherwise you will find yourself on the streets,' says Ncube.

In order
to pay essential bills on time, most NRZ workers have resorted to borrowing from
moneylenders at 50 percent interest per month. In addition, accounts with
credit stores have interest added on for late payment.

'By the time I
eventually get paid, I have lost out through interest payments yet the employer
does not add interest to our salaries for paying us late,' complains Ncube.

By yesterday, workers from grades one to six who include management and
artisans were yet to be paid. They should have been paid last Friday. Workers
in grades 7 to 12 who include general workers, messengers, clerks and shunters
received their wages last week.

NRZ management attributes the delays to
cash flow problems caused by a fall in the volume of traffic moved due to stiff
competition from road haulers.

But workers hold a different view. 'Our
unions have done investigations and established that the tonnage we are moving
is viable. The problem is too much politics in the running of the organisation,'
says Ncube.

'Take the freedom trains (introduced in the run-up to the
2002 presidential elections as the cheapest mode of transport available). We are
charging commuters $300 a trip yet it costs double the amount to move each
passenger.. Management is not allowed to raise tariffs and if they stop moving
goods for organisations (also parastatals) such as ZESA, ZISCO and Wankie
Colliery for non-payment, government orders them to continue.'

Zimbabwe
Railway Artisans Union (RAU) secretary general Zvavamwe Shambare maintains the
cause of the parastatal's financial problems is not an issue for workers. 'They
should just pay workers their wages and salaries on the agreed dates. We come to
work to get paid.'

Shambare told ZimOnline that leaders of the three
unions representing railway workers had resolved not to go on strike to press
for prompt payment of salaries as a tactical strategy. He alleges that NRZ
management eager to shed excess staff would welcome any opportunity to 'retrench
workers by firing them and save on paying retrenchment packages.'

'Therefore, we have been adopting other strategies to force them to pay
us on time. And just imagine how many times we would have gone on strike this
year alone, we would have lost credibility as professionals in the eyes of the
public.'

Workers are also disgruntled by management's unilateral
decision to stop paying a 20 percent cost of living adjustment agreed on at the
beginning of the year. Instead, workers are getting eight days of leave each
month. These can not be encashed.

'They cannot pay us and instead give
us leave days. But we are told we cannot go off because there is a shortage of
staff. So what do they want us to do?' asked a worker who declined to be named.

Some workers are worried about management's recent move to resuscitate
pending disciplinary cases, some dating back to the late 1990s. Workers say the
net effect of the new wave of disciplinary hearings has been to instil fear
among workers so that they do not complain about poor working conditions.

Railway unions believe NRZ is facing unfair competition from railway
organisations such as the privately owned Beitbridge Railway Company and
Sheltom. The two companies use NRZ's infrastructure but contribute nothing
towards the upkeep of the railway lines and signals.

Some workers fed up
with the payment delays are resigning to join private companies or are
emigrating to countries such as New Zealand, Australia and South Africa.

Ncube, who has been with parastatal for 12 years, is also contemplating
packing his toolbox to go in search of the proverbial greener pastures.

'It's not just the pay. The other frustrating issue is the lack of
resources and materials to work with. Take for example locomotives. We have many
locomotives that are broken down that we cannot repair because there are no
spares, so we end up cannibalising for parts. For a professional like me, that
is not a conducive working environment,' says Ncube, who has set his eyes on
neighbouring South Africa. ZimOnline

HARARE - Zimbabwean civic society and
non-governmental organisations will lobby southern African leaders meeting in
Mauritius later this month to put pressure on the government to scrap a proposed
new law designed to restrict NGO activity in the country.

They resolved
to take advantage of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) heads of
state meeting to show that the proposed NGO Bill is out of step with democratic
principles, said Zimbabwe Crisis Coalition (ZCC) chairman Brian Kagoro. ZCC
brings together churches, the labour movement, opposition parties, civic and
pro-democracy groups.

"Our argument is specifically that the bill aims
to close democratic space at a time when Zimbabwe claims to be moving towards
creating a more conducive environment for democracy."

Under the NGO Bill
2004, to be tabled in Parliament when it resumes next week, NGOs will be banned
from carrying out political and civic rights education campaigns.

The
NGOs, which President Robert Mugabe has accused of being used by his enemies to
unseat his government, will also be barred from receiving external funding for
their activities. According to human rights activists and analysts, the new law,
if enacted, could see pro-democracy NGOs virtually unable to operate in
Zimbabwe. ZimOnline

HARARE - The Zimbabwe Teachers'
Association ZIMTA and the Progressive Teachers' Union of Zimbabwe (PTUZ) have
called on the government to prevent political violence against teachers in the
run-up to the 2005 general election.

"Only the government can protect our members from political violence," ZIMTA
secretary general, Denis Sinyolo told ZimOnline. In a separate interview PTUZ
secretary general Raymond Majongwe said: "Everything depends on
thegovernment. There is really nothing that we can do to protect our
members."

Several teachers in Zimbabwe's rural areas were tortured and murdered before
parliamentary and presidential elections in 2000 and 2003 respectively. The
suspected perpetrators were ruling ZANU PF party militants who accused teachers
in particular of influencing rural voters to back the opposition Movement for
Democratic Change (MDC).

Majongwe himself was arrested by police in the eastern border city of Mutare
yesterday afternoon for addressing students at Mutare Teachers' College.Speaking
to ZimOnline by phone while still in police custody, he said he had been invited
by college authorities to address students.

The government's Public Order and Security Act prohibits Zimbabweans from
holding meetings without first seeking permission from police, but it allows
professionals such as teachers to meet freely for the discussion of professional
issues only.

It could not be established by late last night whether Majongwe had been
released or was still being held by police. ZimOnline

HARARE ­ Zimbabwe's Labour Court has
ordered Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe (ANZ), publishers of the banned Daily
News, to pay 153 former workers five million Zimbabwe dollars each and six
months pay for every year served as retrenchment packages.

The five
million dollar payouts, the Court said, are meant to cover 'relocation costs'.
The bulk of the Harare-based ANZ workers lived in the capital city.

Workers who had been employed for less than a year are to receive two
years pay. The company is also ordered to factor in a 960 percent salary
increment it had initially awarded workers but later backtracked on.

The
ruling, a copy of which is in the posession of ZimOnline, was made last Friday
but is still to be made public.

ANZ chief executive officer Sam Sipepa
Nkomo said the company was going to appeal against the judgment. "I am happy
that the retrenchment has been granted. We will appeal against this ruling. I
have never heard about relocation. I only knew it in cases such as when one is
relocating to a far away place like Malawi. But in our case, it doesn't apply."

In addition to the huge payouts ANZ, which has been out of production
since it was forced to shut down the Daily News last September, was also ordered
to cover medical costs of its former workers for one year and to sell company
vehicles to all workers who were using them at book value.

Workers'
representatives could not be reached for comment on the matter.

If ANZ
loses on appeal and has to pay the huge retrenchment bill, the company may be
forced to close down completely and sell off its properties, including its huge
printing press, to raise money to pay workers' packages. ZimOnline