-also called Bubonic Plague
-nature of the disease was debated
-1/3 of the population was wiped out
-came from China on a ship
-led to economic decline

Black Death

-split within the Roman Catholic Church
-new pope elected
-french retreat to Avignon to elect their own pope
-now 2 popes
-Spaniard claims to be pope
-conflict resolved at
Council of Constance
-all 3 resigned and new pope is elected

Great Western Schism
(1378)

-fall of the Byzantine Empire
-captured by the Ottoman Empire

Fall of Constantinople 1453

5 Events after 1300

1) Black Death
2) Hundred Years War
3) Avignon Papacy
4) Great Western Schism
5) Fall of Constantinople

-empire controlling much of the middle east beginning in the 14th century and keeping control up until WWI

Ottoman Emprire

-tenth and longest reining sultan of the Ottoman Empire
-was well known for political and economic power
-under his rule Ottoman fleets dominated the seas

Suleiman the Maginificent (1520-1566)

-battle won by Ottoman Turks in present day Hungary

Battle Mohacs

the most high, absolute, and perpetual power over the citizens and subjects in a commonwealth

sovereignty

-wrote the six books of the republic in ______
-developed term \"sovereignty\"

Jean Bodin; 1576

-representative body
-king went to _____for money

estates

-France\'s first Renaissance monarch
-alliance with Suleiman the Great
-promotes centralization of political authority
- from the house of Valois

Francis I of France (1515-1547)

-first monarch of the Tudor dynasty
-restored power and stability to England and War of Roses

Henry VII (1485-1509)

-was well known for his break with the catholic church and formation of the anglican church
-had many wives
-was originally married to Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII (1509 to 1547)

-king and queen of spain
-brought aragon and Castille together
-last muslim kingdom (Granada) was defeated under them

-Ferdinand and Isabella (1479-1516) Isabella dies in 1504

-king of Spain
-also Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V
-heir to three different royal families (Hapsburg, Valois, Trastamara)
-had a large span of land that he controlled

Charles I or V

-3 fold increase in prices across the board in the span of a century
-high rate of inflation across Western Europe

Price Revolution

-humanist
-wrote a book on the relief of the poor (On the Subvention of the Poor)

Juan Louis Vives (1526)

-port city Beligium that was a center of commerce and trans shipment
-experienced strong urbanization

Antwerp

currency of florence

florum

coin of the republic of Venice

Ducat

-1st bank of Europe
-created by _____ family in the 14th century

Medici Bank

-allowed you to exchange currencies in order to do business

bill of exchange

-going out and selling your goods
-peasants buy/rent your goods and produce in the home
-paid by how much they produce

domestic or putting out system

-first man to sail around the world from _______
-he really didn\'t sail around the world because he died in the Philippines
-proved that the world was round
-brought back spices and sold them for 10,000 times more than he paid for them

Ferdinand Magellan;1519-1522

-brother of Portuguese king
-established research institute in early 15th century (1460)

Prince Henry the Navigator

1st person to sail directly from Europe to India in______

Vasco de Gama; 1498

-Indian port city controlled by Portuguese
-established by Vasco de Gama

Goa

-Vasco de Gama pushes control into this city
-in present day singapore

Malacca

-fortified trading post
-Portuguese were more interested in establishing these as opposed to colonization

factory

-origninally wanted to sail to India but ended up in the Americas
-thought Native Americans were Japanese
-sparked Spanish interest in conquest

Christopher Columbus

-city established by Columbus in Hispaniola
-oldest European city in America

Santo Domingo

-well known conquistador who conqueroed the Aztecs in Tenotichlan (present day Mexico City) in _____

-Italian explorer in service of the French crown
-was the first to pass into New York through the Hudson River
-also explored the coast of New England

Giovanni da Verrazzano

-Bolivian city
-important silver mining city under Spanish Colonial rule

Potosi

-worked for improvement in treatment of Native Americans
-wanted to developed the \"ideal\" Indian community
- that didn\'t work out so well so he returned to Spain to lobby for Native American rights until his death
-period in which he attempted to m

Bartolomeo de las Casas; 1516-1522

royal official who runs a country or province in the name of and as a representative of a monarch

-\"Prince of Humanists\"
-most famous work \"Praise of Folly\" in _____
-\"crowning glory for Christian Humanists\"

Erasmus of Robberdam; 1512

-invented moveable type
-also developed the printing press in _______

Johannes Gutenberg;1439

-vesion of the vulgate printed by Gutenberg

Gutenberg Bible

-means cradle
-refers to the infancy stage of printing

Incunabula

-style of art popular during the early Renaissance
-reigning style up until the 14th century
-more depth to figures, more 3D
-more exciting natural backgrounds
-halo of remnant of gold backgrounds of older style

naturalism

-Italian painter and architect from Florence
-considered to be first in a line of great artists contributing to the Italian Renaissance

Giotto di Bordone

-Florintine painter
-very naturalistic in style
-one of the first to use a scientific perspective in his paintings

Masaccio

-wasn\'t very popular
-unnatural aspects of the body e.g. freakishly long arms and necks
-Florentine painter

Sandro Botticelli (1440-1510)

-painting depicting the cycle of life of Saint Peter
-describes a scene from the Gospel of Matthew
-considered to be Masaccio\'s greatest work

\"The Tribute Money\"

-painting of spring by Botticelli
-typical in Renaissance style

\"Primavera\" (1482)

-one of the 3 most well known artists of the Renaissance
- painted the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in ______
-sculptor as well

Michaelangelo (1475-1564); 1508-1512

-painted by Rafael for the popes private quarters
-meant to bring out harmony between the ancient classical world and the Christian Renaissance World
-Plato and Aristotle at center

"School of Athens" (1510)

-was 1 of the 3 most well known artist of the Renaissance
-loves those reds

Raphael (1483 to 1520)

-branch of Christianity developed by Martin Luther

Lutherans

-also referred to as \"Reformed\"
-began in Geneva Switzerland by John Calvin
-stressed the absolute sovereignty of God
-had 3 other forms
-

Calvinism

-term used to describe French Calvinists

French Huguenots

branch of Calvinism referring to the Scottish Protestants

Presbyterians

-another branch of Calvinism that didn\'t appear on the scene until after 1560
-wanted to \"purify\" the Anglican Church
-spread into the Netherlands and eventually to America

Puritans

-Church of England
-created by Henry VIII in his break from the Catholic Church
-called Episcopalians in America

Anglican Church

-\"second baptism\"
-separated themselves from politics and the state

Anabaptists

-also referred to as the Catholic Reform
-Catholics say they were already in the process of reforming but the Reformation interrupted this process
-Ecumenical Movement
(attempt to unite all Christians)

Counter Reformation

-16th century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church
-major reform council embodying counter reformation ideals

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

-catholic religious order called the Society of Jesus
-set strong examples of Catholic renewal during the Counter Reformation
-one of the most effective new Catholic orders during the Counter Reformation

Jesuits

-destruction of the cosmos, the Greek notion for the universe
-considerations based on its replacement by vision of the world as bodies or particles in motion moving through space according to mathematical laws

Scientific Revolution (1543 - 1687)

-developed the Greek vision of the universe (4th century bce)
geocentric universe with earth in middle and planets revolving around the earth
division of terrestrial and celestial spheres

Aristotle

-believed that the deferent revolves in a perfect circle around the earth, while the epicycle revolves around the deferent

Ptolemy (2nd century ad)

-believed that the sun should be placed in the center of the universe
-earth rotates on its axis daily and revolves around the sun annually

Coppernicus (1473-1543)

-developed three laws of planetary motion

Johannes Keplar

-first person to look at the earth through the telescope
-advocates Capernicanism
-law of inertia
-law of falling bodies
\"the starry messenger\" -1610

Galileo 1564- 1642

-series of events concerning the conflict between Galileo and the Catholic Church concerning Galileo\'s support of Copernican ideas