Summary

For combined courses in Anatomy and Physiology, taken by majors in allied health, health, and physical education. Form meets function in Martini's Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiologyevery element of the text is designed carefully to enhance student comprehension and to anticipate instructor's needs. Long known for its outstanding art program, readability, and innovative teaching and learning system, this text also offers a well-integrated media program that provides excellent classroom support and encourages independent learning.

Table of Contents

Preface

vii

UNIT 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO DIAGNOSTICS

1

(13)

The Scientific Method

2

(3)

Forming a Hypothesis

2

(1)

Avoiding Bias

3

(1)

The Need for Repeatability

4

(1)

The Diagnosis of Disease

5

(9)

Homeostasis and Disease

5

(1)

Symptoms and Signs

6

(1)

The Steps in Diagnosis

6

(8)

The Purpose of Diagnosis

10

(4)

UNIT 2: APPLIED RESEARCH TOPICS

14

(27)

The Application of Principles in Chemistry

15

(19)

The Medical Importance for Radioisotopes

15

(2)

Radioisotopes and Clinical Testing

15

(1)

Radiopharmaceuticals

16

(1)

Solutions and Concentrations

17

(1)

The Pharmaceutical Use of Isomers

18

(1)

Topics in Metabolism

18

(1)

Artificial Sweeteners

19

(1)

Fat Substitutes

19

(1)

A Closer Look: The Control of Enzyme Activity

19

(3)

Substrate and Product Concentrations

21

(1)

Enzyme Concentration

21

(1)

Competitive Inhibition

21

(1)

Enzyme Activation States

21

(1)

Metabolic Anomalies

22

(1)

Anomalies in Amino Acid Metabolism

22

(1)

Anomalies in Lipid Metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia

22

(1)

Anomalies in Carbohydrate Metabolism: Galactosemia

22

(1)

Topics in Cellular Biology

23

(1)

A Closer Look: The Nature of Pathogens

23

(7)

Bacteria

23

(1)

Viruses

24

(3)

Prions

27

(1)

Unicellular Pathogens and Multicellular Parasites

28

(2)

Methods of Microanatomy

30

(1)

Light Microscopy

30

(1)

Electron Microscopy

31

(1)

Cell Structure and Function

31

(3)

Drugs and the Cell Membrane

31

(1)

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

32

(1)

Mitochondrial DNA, Disease, and Evolution

33

(1)

Topics in Molecular Biology

34

(7)

Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy

34

(3)

Mapping the Human Genome

34

(1)

Gene Manipulation and Modification

34

(3)

Genetic Engineering---Questions to Think About

37

(1)

A Closer Look: Cancer

37

(4)

Cancer Causes

37

(1)

Detection and Incidence of Cancer

38

(1)

Clinical Staging and Tumor Grading

38

(2)

Cancer Treatment

40

(1)

Cancer and Survival

40

(1)

UNIT 3: THE BODY SYSTEMS: CLINICAL AND APPLIED TOPICS

41

(159)

The Integumenary System

42

(9)

Examination of the Skin

42

(5)

Diagnosing Skin Conditions

42

(2)

Environmental Stress, Inflammation, and Infections of the Skin

44

(1)

Skin Tumors and Skin Cancers

45

(2)

Secondary Disorders of the Skin

47

(2)

Baldness and Hirsutism

47

(1)

Acne

48

(1)

Trauma to the Skin

48

(1)

Treatment of Skin Conditions

49

(2)

Synthetic Skin

49

(2)

The Skeletal System

51

(11)

The Symptoms of Bone and Joint Disorders

52

(1)

Examination of the Skeletal System

52

(5)

Heterotopic Bone Formation

54

(1)

Congenital Disorders of the Skeleton

55

(1)

Stimulation of Bone Growth and Repair

56

(1)

Degenerative Disorders of the Skeletal System

57

(5)

Osteoporosis and Age-Related Skeletal Abnormalities

57

(1)

Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis

57

(1)

Problems with the Ankle and Foot

57

(1)

A Matter of Perspective

58

(1)

Diagnosing and Treating Disc Problems

59

(1)

Arthroscopic Surgery and the Diagnosis of Joint Injuries

59

(1)

Rheumatism, Arthritis, and Synovial Function

60

(1)

Hip Fractures, aging, and Professional Athletes

61

(1)

The Muscular System

62

(8)

Signs and Symptoms of Muscular System Disorders

62

(1)

Diagnostic Tests

63

(1)

Disorders of the Muscular System

63

(7)

Disruption of Normal Muscle Organization

63

(4)

Problems with the Control of Muscle Activity

67

(1)

Hernias

68

(1)

Sports Injuries

69

(1)

The Nervous System

70

(27)

The Symptoms of Neurological Disorders

70

(1)

The Neurological Examination

71

(1)

Disorders of the Nervous System

72

(20)

Headaches

72

(1)

Axoplasmic Transport and Disease

72

(2)

Demyelination Disorders

74

(1)

Neurotoxins in Seafood

74

(1)

Neuroactive Drugs

75

(1)

Tay-Sachs Disease

75

(1)

Meningitis

76

(1)

Spinal Anesthesia

76

(1)

Multiple Sclerosis

76

(1)

Spinal Cord Injuries and Experimental Treatments

76

(1)

Shingles and Hansen's Disease

77

(1)

Peripheral Neuropathies

78

(1)

Damage and Repair of Peripheral Nerves

79

(1)

Reflexes and Diagnostic Testing

79

(1)

Cranial Trauma

80

(1)

Aphasia

81

(1)

The Cerabral Nuclei and Parkinson's Disease

81

(1)

Cerebellar Dysfunction

82

(1)

Tic Douloureux

82

(1)

Cranial Reflexes and Cranial Nerve Tests

82

(1)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

83

(1)

Seizures and Epilepsies

84

(1)

Amnesia

85

(1)

Altered States

85

(1)

Sleep Disorders

86

(1)

Huntington's Disease

87

(1)

Pharmacology and Drug Abuse

87

(2)

Alzheimer's Disease

89

(1)

Hypersensitivity and Sympathetic Function

89

(1)

Pharmacology and the Autonomic Nervous System

89

(2)

A Closer Look: Transduction

91

(1)

Analyzing Sensory Disorders

92

(5)

A Closer Look: Pain Mechanisms, Pathways, and Control

93

(1)

Assessment of Tactile Sensitivities

94

(1)

Otitis Media and Mastoiditis

94

(1)

Vertigo and Meniere's Disease

95

(1)

Testing and Treating Hearing Deficits

95

(2)

The Endocrine System

97

(8)

A Classification of Endocrine Disorders

97

(1)

Disorders Due to Endocrine Gland Abnormalities

97

(1)

Disorders Due to Endocrine or Neural Regulatory Mechanism Abnormalities