This research examines how differences in the organization of brand information in memory between higher and lower knowledge consumers affects which brands are retrieved when consumers are provided with a usage situation. A spreading activation network model of memory is used to predict the results of an experiment where the usage situations were varied at encoding and repeated recall sessions.

To account for the incentive alignment and the information effects of ownership
concentration, we control for the level of voting rights in each firm and focus on
examining how earnings informativeness is affected by the controlling owner’s
entrenchment.

The effects of our actions now on future changes in the climate have long lead times.
What we do now can have only a limited effect on the climate over the next 40 or 50
years. On the other hand what we do in the next 10 or 20 years can have a profound
effect on the climate in the second half of this century and in the next.
No-one can predict the consequences of climate change with complete certainty; but
we now know enough to understand the risks. Mitigation - taking strong action...

By strictest interpretation, theories of both centering and intonational meaning fail to predict the existence of pitch accented pronominals. Yet they occur felicitously in spoken discourse. To explain this, I emphasize the dual functions served by pitch accents, as markers of both propositional (semantic/pragmatic) and attentional salience.

Scientists predict the earth is facing 40-to-60 years of climate change, even if emissions of carbon dioxide and other global warming gases stopped today. One inevitable consequence of the greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere will be an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disaster events. Global Warming, Natural Hazards, and Emergency Management documents the imperative need for communities to prepare for the coming effects of climate change and provides a series of in-depth, road-tested recommendations on how to reduce risks for communities and businesses.

In 2003, the National Research Council (NRC) published the first decadal strategy for solar and
space physics: The Sun to the Earth—and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space
Physics.1 That report included a recommended suite of NASA missions that were ordered by priority,
presented in an appropriate sequence, and selected to fit within the expected resource profile for the next
decade.

Mining has diminished as a major factor in the US economy, a consequence of the
growth of other sectors, and the reduction in the prices for raw materials. Contrary to
many popular predictions, the prices of raw materials have fallen even as output and
population have grown. We will see later in this book that the fall in prices of raw
materials – ostensibly in fixed supply given the limited capacity of the earth – means
that people expect a relative future abundance, either because of technological
improvements in their use or because of large as yet undiscovered...

As innovative ways are being developed to harvest the
enormous potential of the Internet infrastructure, a new class
of large-scale globally-distributed network services and applications
such as distributed content hosting services, overlay
network multicast [1][2], content addressable overlay networks
[3][4], and peer-to-peer file sharing such as Napster
and Gnutella have emerged. Because these systems have a
lot of flexibility in choosing their communication paths, they
can greatly benefit from intelligent path selection based on network
performance.

Steedman (1985, 1987) and others have proposed that Categorial Grammar, a theory of syntax in which grammatical categories are viewed as functions, be augmented with operators such as functional composition and type raising in order to analyze • noncanonical" syntactic constructions such as wh- extraction and node raising. A consequence of these augmentations is an explosion of semantically equivalent derivations admitted by the grammar. The present work proposes a method for circumventing this spurious ambiguity problem.

In this paper, we address the problem of reducing the unpredictability of userinitiated dialogue contributions in humancomputer interaction without explicitly restricting the user’s interactive possibilities. We demonstrate that it is possible to identify conditions under which particular classes of user-initiated contributions will occur and discuss consequences for dialogue system design.

What-if models of pavement management analysis such as RTIM, HERS and HDM-4 predict the consequences of different maintenance options to be tested that are specified exogenously. Therefore, although they are often used to “optimize” maintenance options, they are not optimizing them in its true sense; they are merely used to find the best options among those tested. Since there are usually infinite numbers of options, it is impossible to exhaust all of them and only suboptimal optimizers are found.

A prototypical problem road agencies are faced with is to find the optimal application schedule of maintenance works for a given road section. To solve such problems what-if models such as the road transport investment model (RTIM), the highway economic requirements system (HERS), and the highway development and management tool (HDM-4) are widely used to predict the consequences of different maintenance options.

Public relations practice is the art of social science in
analyzing trends, predicting their consequences,
counseling organization leaders, and implementing
planned programs of action which will serve both the
organization and public interest.

Does this mean that differences in genetic diversity levels will have predictable
ecological consequences? The answer is no, because only one portion of genetic diversity is
connected to ecological factors, i.e. adaptation. Ecological adaptation is a significant factor
for example, in range expansion of plant species. Plants with different genotypes conferring
the highest levels of fitness are expected to survive and reproduce better, shifting the gene
pool over time towards higher frequencies of the alleles making up the more successful
genotypes (Ward et al., 2008).

The scientific evidence is clear: before 2020 global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) must peak and by 2050 they must be reduced by 50-85% below 2000 levels, in order to avoid a rise in global temperature of 2°C or more above the preindustrial level.2 Without ambitious international action, new scientific research3 predicts close to, or even more than, a metre of sea level rise by the end of this century, due to melting glaciers and expansion of the oceans. Tthese and other changes will have serious economic and human consequences....

A number of studies (see, for example, Iacoviello (2005) or Calza et al (2009)) apply the
nancial accelerator to the housing market, where a similar mechanism is at work. A reduction in
interest rates increases the value of collateral (housing) by increasing the discounted value of
future user costs. The borrowers' debt capacity and consequently the demand for housing
increases further, generating an even larger increase in house prices. Persistence and
amplication would be mutually reinforcing and propagate the effect of the initial shock to
interest rates on housing activity.

This article argues that the crisis of 2007–2008 happened because of an explosive
combination of agency problems, moral hazard, and “scientism”—the illusion that
ostensibly scientiﬁc techniques would manage risks and predict rare events in spite
of the stark empirical and theoretical realities that suggested otherwise. The authors
analyze the varied behaviors, ideas and effects that in combination created a ﬁnancial
meltdown, and discuss the players responsible for the consequences.

further understanding of atmospheric processes, and advances in technology will continue to enhance the accuracy and resolution of atmospheric analysis and prediction. As a consequence, society will enjoy greater confidence in atmospheric information and forecasts and will be able to act more decisively and effectively. THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND OTHER DISCIPLINES This report, by design, focuses on the atmosphere, but recognizes that the atmosphere interacts intimately with other parts of the Earth and its...