The impact on training: The robots mean less human work is required in the operating room. According to a paper published Tuesday in Administrative Science Quarterly, that takes away training opportunities from new doctors going through their residencies. In the past, younger doctors had “hands in patient” roles that were useful to senior surgeons. Now they’re superfluous: the robot performs many of their previous tasks.

Surgeons without skills: The study found that senior surgeons often took over from younger medics during training, so they didn’t get enough experience to learn. After completing their residencies, young doctors were not adequately prepared to complete robotic surgeries alone.

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