Public Release: 20-Aug-2008
Codeine not safe for all breastfeeding moms and their babies

Using pain treatments which contain codeine may be risky for some
breastfeeding mothers, according to researchers at The University of Western Ontario, and the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) in Toronto.
Lead author Dr. Gideon Koren published research in the journal, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics which suggests that the codeine used in some pain relief drugs can actually have harmful and even fatal results for infants when ingested by some breastfeeding mothers.

"With nearly half of all infants in North America being delivered by caesarean section or
after episiotomy, there is clearly a requirement for pain relief for mothers," says Koren. "However, our study confirms that codeine as a treatment for pain may be unsuitable and cannot be considered safe for all breastfed infants."

Koren holds the Ivey Chair in Molecular Toxicology at the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at The University of Western Ontario, and is a professor of pediatrics at both Western and the University of Toronto. He is also a senior scientist in the Child Health Evaluative Sciences program at SickKids Research Institute, and director of The Motherisk Program.

Codeine is commonly used for pain relief and is recommended by the American
Academy of Pediatrics as being compatible with breastfeeding. Following numerous
reports through the Motherisk counseling service and the tragic death of an infant who
died from an overdose of morphine acquired from breast milk, Koren and his team,
located at SickKids and The University of Western Ontario, investigated these negative
reactions.

Codeine is a 'prodrug' which means that on its own it is relatively inactive. The pain
relieving attributes are only activated when it is metabolized, or transformed by the body
into a more active pain relieving compound, morphine. Some individuals have a genetic
variance which causes them to metabolize codeine at a rapid rate, producing significantly
more morphine in their system than most of the population. While this genetic
predisposition is rare, women who possess it and who take codeine for pain while
breastfeeding can end up exposing their babies to high levels of morphine through their
breast milk. This can cause babies to experience central nervous system depression as a
result.

"The good news is that those breastfeeding children who were exposed to these high
levels of morphine showed dramatic improvement once they were taken off the morphine
tainted breast milk," says Koren. "By removing the exposure, most children will
demonstrate a complete reversal of symptoms and show no long-term adverse effects."

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The study was funded by Genome BC, Genome Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Ivey Chair in Molecular Toxicology, the Research Leadership for Better Pharmacotherapy during Pregnancy and Lactation, and SickKids Foundation.

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