“Space debris is a growing problem that threatens not only the International Space Station and other human-occupied spacecraft, but also satellites that we rely upon every day for weather prediction, navigation, communications and other important matters.”

John Crassidis, CUBRC Professor in Space Situational Awareness

University at Buffalo

BUFFALO, N.Y. – First NASA, now the Air Force.

The aerial branch of the United States Armed Forces has, like
the space agency, ordered a space debris-tracking satellite from
the University at Buffalo.

The satellites, which students are designing and building under
the supervision of engineering faculty, are roughly the size of a
briefcase. Inside are powerful cameras, sensors and other gizmos
that will monitor thousands of manmade objects, also known as space
junk, that orbit Earth and threaten spacecraft.

“Space debris is a growing problem that threatens not only
the International Space Station and other human-occupied
spacecraft, but also satellites that we rely upon for weather
prediction, navigation, communications and other important
matters,” said John Crassidis, PhD, CUBRC Professor in Space
Situational Awareness in UB’s School of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, who is overseeing the project.

The space junk problem

NASA estimates more than 20,000 pieces of debris larger than a
softball are orbiting Earth at speeds up to 17,500 mph. It is
unlikely those objects will enter Earth’s atmosphere, but the
odds that one will strike and damage functioning satellites and
other spacecraft are increasing, according to the National Research
Council.

Because there is no cost-effective way to remove debris,
researchers want to better track objects to avoid future
collisions.

Most debris is in low-Earth orbit, a field 100 to 1,200 miles
from Earth’s surface. Because of the objects relative
proximity, researchers often can determine their shape and mass by
using telescopes and radar.

The same tracking ability isn’t available in high-Earth
orbit, a field more than 22,000 miles from Earth’s surface
that is home to satellites used to monitor the weather, make
cellular phone calls and more.

How the satellite works

Inside Bell Hall on UB’s North Campus, a few dozen
students are working on the first satellite, dubbed GLADOS (short
for Glint Analyzing Data Observation Satellite).

Once in low-Earth orbit, the instruments inside GLADOS will
measure the sun’s reflection off space debris in high-Earth
orbit. Researchers will use that data to determine the size, shape,
spin and path the objects follow while in orbit. With that
knowledge, they can move satellites out of harm’s way.

With 80 percent of the work done on GLADOS, most students have
gained valuable hands-on experience in a cutting-edge field of
aerospace engineering.

“We are learning an incredibly broad range of
engineering-related skills such as soldering, wiring, working in
the clean room – the list goes on,” said Mara Boardman,
a junior and Tennessee native serving as the project’s chief
scientist.

Growth of the microsatellite industry

GLADOS is a microsatellite, so-called because it’s much
smaller than traditional satellites.

The Department of Defense, NASA and other organizations are
pivoting toward microsatellites because new technology is allowing
scientists to pack more power and features into smaller packages.
Microsatellites are also relatively inexpensive and carry less
risk; for example, losing a $1 million microsatellite during a
launch failure doesn’t sting as much as losing a $100 million
traditional satellite.

SpaceWorks Enterprises, a Georgia-based aerospace engineering
consulting firm, expects the number of microsatellites launched
globally will grow from nearly 100 in 2013 to more than 400 in
2020. The growth is due, in part, to the Air Force’s
University Nanosat Program and NASA’s CubeSat Launch
Initiative, both of which partner with universities to develop and
build microsatellites.

UB began submitting proposals to the Air Force program in 2010.
It wasn’t until earlier this year, however, that the Air
Force green-lighted the project by providing UB with $110,000 to
build GLADOS. The go-ahead comes after NASA in 2014 selected UB to
build a space junk tracking satellite for CubeSat.

UB anticipates the Air Force will launch GLADOS in 2017. NASA is
expected to follow in 2018.

In addition to support from the Air Force and NASA, the students
have received engineering and testing guidance from Moog Inc. of
East Aurora, N.Y.