Designing the Accessible Web Museum: If I Can Experience
It, Everyone Can Experience It Better

Jeffrey J. Moyer, M.R.A, Consultant on Access, USA

Abstract

Individuals with disabilities face barriers when seeking
to interact with virtual and physical museums. Solutions to accessibility
problems can provide an individualized experience for all visitors. The
application of international standards can provide accessible web museums.
Onsite, museum location-specific web portals will make the treasures of
museums available to everyone in the manner and with the content they
desire. Cutting edge technology will open both aspects of the museum experience
to all visitors.

Accessible to Whom?

There are many compelling reasons to design web museums that are open
to and accessible by all cyber visitors. In addition to opening access
to people with a range of abilities and limitations, accessible design
also provides websites that are more usable by all, and available through
a wider array of technology. When most designers think about access considerations
they try to imagine the needs of what they assume is a very small population
that has no real need or desire to seek or use their information. However,
recently released data from the U.S. Census presents a very different
picture. Consider the following. (Data from the U.S. Census is used
 not because of a U.S.-centric perspective  but because these
current and reliable figures represent an excellent snapshot of the human
family in developed countries.) Of all Americans over 15 years old, 3.7%
have difficulty seeing words or letters, 3.8% have difficulty hearing
conversation and, we can assume, sound content on websites, 3.2% have
difficulty grasping objects, including a computer mouse, 1.7% have learning
disabilities, 0.7% have retardation, and 0.9% have Alzheimer's, senility,
or dementia (McNeil, 2001). For each of these subgroups, there are design
considerations to remove the barriers to website use that do not detract
from the nature, depth, quality, or design interest of accessible web
pages. These percentages are not additive, because many people with
disabilities experience multiple disabilities. However, almost one in
five Americans self report having a significant disability.

Disability Facts and Design Fixes

Let's look briefly at what the facts are about some categories of disability
and what museum web designers and administrators can do to create welcoming
and usable web museums.

Blindness

For those who are functionally blind, we can assume that there will be
no screen or mouse access. Computers, whatever the application or function,
are used through speech synthesis or electronic Braille displays. This
presents the need for linear text presentations and specific table clarity
when tables are used. Alt tags can provide text descriptions for all
graphic or non-text images. Further, alt tags and text on links will
provide specific information of benefit to those not able to follow visual
elements like "Click here." Avoid multiple columns when presenting
text. Screen readers may read all text on a line, disregarding columns,
which will result in unintelligible verbal garble. When my now-adult
son was learning to read as a child, he did not understand columns and
read the following sentence as his eyes jumped the white space between
two columns in a children's encyclopedia, "Dogs are human beings and
the only mammals with wings." Articulate row and column for each
table cell. That is, don't present numbers within table format without
writing within the cell its row and column position. Summarize tables
to highlight significant data if specific detail is not needed by the
user. Avoid boxes around text because they can interfere with the understandability
of surrounded data. Imagine hearing "underline," or "asterisks,"
67 times as the speech synthesizer reads what is on the screen.

Low Vision

The majority of individuals with vision loss have low vision -- defined
as loss of visual field, limited acuity, or both. People with low vision
have a wide range of visual abilities and often use computers by reading
enlarged or enhanced text. Access is often gained through variable screen
enlargement, a technique that by definition reduces the percentage of
the total screen that can be viewed at one time. Such enlargement also
necessitates left-right scrolling. When laying out pages, present text
outside of graphic elements, making text easier to read. Avoid difficult-to-read
fonts. Avoid moving text and pages that auto-refresh because many users
with low vision, and other disabilities, may read more slowly. Maintain
high-low glare contrast  contrast sensitivity is often diminished
for people with low vision. Provide the ability to over-ride style sheets
with personal style sheets, thereby allowing low vision users to employ
color and contrast selections to assist with maximum individual usability.

Color Blindness

Most of us would not think of color blindness as a real problem for web
users. However, that is not necessarily true. Color blindness ranges
from color deficiency to total color loss. The worst colors for many
individuals with damage to color perception are reds, greens, oranges,
and yellows. Color coding and critical highlighting can prove problematic
for people with color perception difficulty. Use additional designation
for critical color attributes, i.e. asterisks or grouping. Use bright,
pure colors, rather than muted or darker hues. Like low vision, provide
for user ability to over-ride style sheets with personal style sheets.
To analyze your museum site as it might appear without color attributes,
try checking your site on a black/white monitor. There is an excellent
website that provides a general color-blindness simulator, www.vischeck.com
.

Deafness and Hearing Impairment

Deafness and Hearing Impairment, like all disabilities, presents a full
continuum of loss. Assume that the audible portion of your site will
be inaccessible. Lip reading, a generally ineffectual means of receptive
communication under the best of conditions, becomes impossible on computer
monitors. Furthermore, lip reading and sign language use are not universal
among people with hearing loss. Provide synchronized captions and/or
transcripts for audio elements of web pages. To understand this concept,
consider the model of television captioning.

Physical Disability

Physical Disability can represent a range of limitation to hand dexterity
and control, often interfering with mouse use. Access to computers
for people with severe physical disabilities is gained through keyboard
or alternative switching systems that take advantage of whatever volitional
control may be available. These may include; key guards to avoid inadvertent
key strokes, head or mouth sticks, puff and sip switches, tongue-operated
switches, and eye-gaze systems. Individuals who have physical limitations
often experience fatigue when multiple repetitive key stroke sequences
are demanded. Avoid navigational strategies requiring only mouse use.
Provide for means of skipping long link lists to avoid fatigue. Number
links for immediate access and implement access key for selectability.

Cognitive Disabilities

When we consider cognitive disabilities, we must again think about a
continuum of cognitive abilities and limitations that includes memory
impairment, retardation, and learning disabilities. The genius Einstein
lived with cognitive disability. More typical are the millions of individuals
with disabilities in this category who learn, work, and live normal lives.
The effect of these disabilities on web access is the inability to orient
to and navigate within overly complex and poorly organized sites. Consider
the following suggestions. Develop simple and intuitive interfaces.
Clearly and directly word text. Keep navigational schemes consistent.
Use non-decorative representational pictographics. Maintain alt tag text
and the ability to freeze animated graphics. Individuals with reading
limitations may use text to speech software. Provide a variety of searching
strategies.

Seizure Disorder

Seizure Disorder is rarely considered when thinking about public places
or public websites. Some seizures may be triggered by flashing light
between 2 and 55 Hz. Simply avoid flashing banners or other page elements
that attract attention but may trigger seizures.

Technical Standards and Resources

The source for international standards on accessible web design is www.w3.org/WAI.
The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) is the international standards
consortium. One of the greatest contributions they have given the web
community is the priority levels for their accessibility guidelines.
Priority 1 designates essential design elements for access by one or more
subgroups of people with disabilities. Priority 2 indicates strongly recommended
design elements, and Priority 3 desirable design elements. Further, the
WAI provides technical "how to" standards, guidance, and materials
for web designers.

For those interested in applying the principles of accessible design
to their museum websites, there are a plethora of resources that can teach,
guide, direct and assess efforts.

Web Accessibility in Mind. This
program educates, and trains web developers. It is an initiative of
the Center for Persons with Disabilities at Utah State University, funded
through U.S. Department of Education Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary
Education (LAAP).

a compendium of web access resources,
cyber surveys of web site accessibility, extensive resources and practical
guides. WebAble is a Boston-based company whose president, Michael
Paciello, is the author of Web Accessibility for People with Disabilities.

Web Accessibility Initiative Quick Tips

Images and animations - use thealt attribute to describe
the function on each visual element.

Image Maps - Use the client-side map and text for hotspots.

Multimedia presentations - Provide captioning and transcripts of
audio, and descriptions of video.

Hypertext links - Use text that makes sense when read out of context.
For example, avoid "click here."

Page organization - Use headings, lists, and consistent structure.
Use CSS for layout and style where possible.

Graphs and charts - Summarize or use the longdesc attribute.

Scripts, applets, and plug-ins - Provide alternative content in case
active features are inaccessible or unsupported.

Frames - Use the noframes element and meaningful titles.

Tables - Make line-by-line reading sensible and summarize.

Check your work - Validate and use tools, checklist, and guidelines
at www.w3.org/TR/WCAG.

The Future

Web museums are virtual representations of physical museums in most cases.
Occasionally virtual museums reflect no brick and mortar place
of collection. In either case, the desirability of making virtual visits
possible that are not tied to a desktop computer is obvious. Further,
when the museum on the web reflects a physical museum, being able to access
the web while visiting the physical museum opens a never-before tapped
potential for content exploration for everyone as well as a means of providing
access to data currently unavailable to those unable to see or read labels
and signs.

The New York Times Circuits Section reported on February 14, 2002, that,
according to the Yankee Group, a Boston-based market research firm, only
10% of the U.S.'s 130 million cell phone users currently use phones to
send and receive data. The Yankee Group projects that by 2006, fully
half of all cell phone customers will use wireless data services. A new
generation of cell phones will be needed and is under rapid development.
Future phones must have location functions built in, most of todays
phones do not. It was also pointed out that in order for users to browse
the web with tiny 5 line displays, websites will have to develop scaled-back
versions, free of graphics and band-width-hogging material. The prototype
design mentioned for this type of access is Amazon.com's text only service
for users with visual disabilities. The website, www.amazon.com/access
, is free of graphics, advertisements and pictures. The Times noted that
such design is perfect for cell phone users. This type of web use will
employ Short Messaging Service, or SMS. SMS will be the next breakthrough
service according to Verizon Wireless (Hafner, 2002). Such portable on-site
web museum access then will necessitate attention to the same type of
design that today will assist any user using speech for reading.

The article further notes that with GPS, location-based services present
a nearly infinite range of possible applications. But GPS does not work
indoors. A U.S. company based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Talking Signs
Inc.( www.talkingsigns.com
), has developed and is installing an access technology that provides
directional, way-finding information through infrared transmitters and
receivers. (Note: The author serves as Director of Community Relations
for Talking Signs). This innovative access technology also holds the potential
for solving the problem of location-based services indoors. Talking
Signs® transmitters incorporate PointLink technology - now being
installed in all transmitters in the U.S., Japan, and Europe. This combined
system includes directional infrared transmitters that provide human voice
way-finding sign messages and simultaneously emit an identification, or
domain, code for accessing web pages particular to that location in the
built environment. This will be accomplished when next generation receiving
devices -- such as future cellular web phones or PDA's -- can process
the received unique domain code and then communicate with wireless local
area network technology or cellular service. The company is installing
the system in numerous public places worldwide including on buses, in
transit stations, universities, convention centers, intersections, and
a variety of other public venues. This remote infrared audible signage
has been installed in many museums including a pilot demonstration at
The Boston Museum of Science and a complete installation at the Cincinnati
Childrens Museum. An extensive installation of 300 Talking Sign®
transmitters are incorporated throughout the new The Pequot Museum, outside
of Mystic, Connecticut. While earlier Talking Sign® system installations
were for the purpose of directional way-finding alone, all current Talking
Sign® transmitters incorporate PointLink technology. Presently
the following Japanese museums are equipped with Talking Sign® and PointLink
transmitters: the Nature Museum, Kanagawa Prefecture; the Nature Museum,
Ibaraki Prefecture; the Archaeology Museum, Kani City; the Dejima History
Museum, Nagasaki City, and the Exhibition Centro of the Tokyo Gas Company,
Ltd.

Lets get back to imagining how web access will be provided using
location-based information through PointLink technology. The handheld
device is pointed at a PointLink transmitter and, by receiving and
processing this infrared transmission, communicates the domain
code of that particular location to an Internet Service Provider.
The web page of the location will then appear on the hand held device
where the desired information is presented to be browsed by the user,
either through visual or auditory means. Imagine visitors to your museum
being able to review content on site in their native language. Utilizing
the power of the web, the museum visitor also has immediate access to
the depth and range of data on the museum website germane to that physical
location. In the U.S., Japan, and Europe, the Talking Signs® system (which
contains PointLink) is spreading rapidly, making it the defacto
world standard. A critical aspect of this means of providing location-based
services is that, in addition to providing a portal to the web, the technology
is device, system, and protocol independent.

Conclusion

So as surely as the curb cut has increased freedom of travel and comfort
to numerous segments of the population not envisioned by advocates and
planners involved in the removal of architectural barriers in the built
environment, developing and maintaining accessible web museums and linking
this content to location-based access in the built museum will expand
and integrate the web museum as never before. Providing curb cuts ensures
physical access. Designing accessible web sites will ensure universal
access. We are on the cusp of real change. We have the technology.
We have the understanding. Now all we need is the vision and the will.

References

Hafner, K. (2002, February 14). The future of cell
phones is here  sort of. The New York Times, p. G7.