This thesis was conducted in the framework of the European Mediterranean Sea Acidification in a changing climate (MedSeA) project (http://medsea-project. eu). It studies the effects of phosphorus limitation and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) on different aspects of the biology and ecology of coccolithophores. This thesis starts with an introduction to the studied problem. This is the ocean acidification and phosphorus limitation in the oceans. The organisms under study, the coccolithophores, are also introduced. The last two parts of the introduction expose the objectives of the thesis (exposed as research questions) and an explanation of why the study is performed in the Mediterranean Sea. The following four chapters (chapters 2 to 5) compose the main part of the work. The thesis combines different approaches from culture to mesocosm experiments and field observations, aiming to solve questions at different scale from species to community level. Chapters 2 and 3 are focussing on culture experiments performed on the most abundant modern coccolithophore species, Emiliania huxleyi. The experiments investigate the impacts of phosphorus limitation and ocean acidification on monoclonal E. huxleyi cultures. In Chapter 2 the possible impacts of P limitation are investigated on 6 E. huxleyi clones, 4 of them isolated in the eastern Mediterranean (ultra-oligotrophic) and 2 in the western Mediterranean (oligotrophic to mesotrophic). Chapter 3 presents the results of a second culture experiment designed to test the combined effects of seawater acidification under P limitation in one of the E. huxleyi clones used in the previous experiment. Chapter 4 presents the work performed in two mesocosm experiments conducted off Corsica and Villefrance sur Mer (France). They focussed on the quantification and understating of the impacts of ocean acidification on two different coccolithophore communities inhabiting P poor waters. Finally, Chapter 5 elaborates on field data from 81 samples collected at depths from 0 – 100 m on an east to west transect in the Mediterranean Sea (Meteor Research Vessel, M84-3 cruise, April 2011). The acquired data are used to describe the spring-time coccolithophore distribution in the Mediterranean Sea, which was related to a broad set of in situ measured environmental variables. It is concluded that oligothrophy (i. e. P limitation) amplifies the response to ocean acidification in terms of maximum cell densities. That is, further decreases maximum cell densities. Results on P limitation (Chapter 2) and from other studies in ocean acidification (Meyer & Riebesell 2015) allowed to conclude that E. huxleyi might, in a future P-poor and acidified ocean, contribute relatively little inorganic carbon to exported matter, which would in turn favour remineralization over long term burial at depth. While P limitation does not induce coccolith malformations in E. huxleyi (Chapters 2 and 3), under a long time exposure to enhanced pCO2 and the absence of clone selection, ocean acidification does cause coccolith malformation irrespectively of the [P].