Planets around cool suns have different mix of life-forming chemicals

Washington, April 8 (ANI): A new study from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope hints that planets around stars cooler than our Sun might possess a different mix of potentially life-forming, or “prebiotic,” chemicals.

Astronomers used Spitzer to look for a prebiotic chemical, called hydrogen cyanide, in the planet-forming material swirling around different types of stars.

Hydrogen cyanide is a component of adenine, which is a basic element of DNA.

The researchers detected hydrogen cyanide molecules in disks circling yellow stars like our Sun - but found none around cooler and smaller stars, such as the reddish-colored “M-dwarfs” and “brown dwarfs” common throughout the universe.

“Prebiotic chemistry may unfold differently on planets around cool stars,” said Ilaria Pascucci, lead author of the new study from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Young stars are born inside cocoons of dust and gas, which eventually flatten to disks.

Dust and gas in the disks provide the raw material from which planets form. Scientists think the molecules making up the primordial ooze of life on Earth might have formed in such a disk.

Prebiotic molecules, such as adenine, are thought to have rained down to our young planet via meteorites that crashed on the surface.

“It is plausible that life on Earth was kick-started by a rich supply of molecules delivered from space,” said Pascucci.

But, could the same life-generating steps take place around other stars?

Pascucci and her colleagues addressed this question by examining the planet-forming disks around 17 cool and 44 Sun-like stars using Spitzer’s infrared spectrograph, an instrument that breaks light apart, revealing signatures of chemicals.

The stars are all about one to three million years old, an age when planets are thought to be growing.

The astronomers specifically looked for ratios of hydrogen cyanide to a baseline molecule, acetylene.

They found that the cool stars, both the M-dwarf stars and brown dwarfs, showed no hydrogen cyanide at all, while 30 percent of the Sun-like stars did.

“Perhaps ultraviolet light, which is much stronger around the Sun-like stars, may drive a higher production of the hydrogen cyanide,” said Pascucci.

The team did detect their baseline molecule, acetylene, around the cool stars, demonstrating that the experiment worked.

This is the first time that any kind of molecule has been spotted in the disks around cool stars.

The findings have implications for planets that have recently been discovered around M-dwarf stars. (ANI)