So I would say that naively SUSY has 'something to do with spacetime' since the any idiot can simply see the $ P_\mu $ in the above as I just have. But at a deeper level is there a relation between, say, the $Q$ and $\bar{Q}$ and spacetime? Alternatively, without writing down the above relation, how can we see that SUSY has something to do with spacetime? Thanks.

3 Answers
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SUSY has something to do with spacetime since its generators $Q$ carry spin angular momentum, so they change the spin of the state they act on, hence SUSY is a spacetime symmetry. And this kind of generators is called fermionic generators. (compare with the generators of gauge symmetries, which are unphysical symmetries. They don't change the spin of the state they act on, and they are called bosonic generators.)

The S-matrix is a fundamental object in QFT. The 'physical symmetries'
are those groups whose action commutes with the S-matrix. One of the motivations of SUSY, the Coleman-Mandula theorem, is a no-go result which, written in full, asserts that the largest Lie group $\mathcal{G}$ of symmetries the S-matrix possesses, has the form $\mathcal{G}=P\times H$. Here $P$ is the Poincaré group, and $H=G\times \mathbb{T}^n$ with $G$ compact, semisimple Lie group. What is importat is that a larger symmetry compatible with certain physically consistence conditions do not work, if this symmetry is a Lie group.

Nevertheless, what Haag, Łopuszansky and Sonhius proved is that a symmetry which infinitesimally looks like a graded Lie algebra does the trick. The piece corresponding to this graded algebra is spanned by the $Q$('s) and $\bar{Q}$('s) (plural for there could be more than one supersymmetry.)

So indeed, SUSY is related with spacetime in the sense that the generators of this symmetry are intertwined with those of the Poincaré group (=spacetime symmetries) in the relations

The group of supersymmetry transformations is an extension of the Poincare group, which is the isomorphism group of Minkowski spacetime. So it contains the Poincare group. However, the supersymmetry transformations are not symmetries of Minkowski spacetime. Rather they are the symmetries of a supermanifold which contains Minkowski spacetime.

You can think of this supermanifold, Minkowski superspace, as being a copy of Minkowski space with some extra fermionic directions. In addition to the usual (bosonic) coordinates $x^\mu$, we also have fermionic coordinates $\theta^i$. Ordinary translations generate translations in the usual Minkowski spacetime; $P^\mu$ moves you along the $x^\mu$ coordinate. But supersymmetry charges generate translations in the fermionic directions; $Q^i$ moves you along $\theta^i$.

If you take a function $F(x,\theta)$ on Minkowski superspace -- a "superfield" and Taylor-expand in $\theta$, you'll find that the Taylor coefficients are functions on ordinary Minkowski space. The coefficients of even powers of $\theta$ will be bosonic fields and the coefficients of odd powers will be fermionic fields. One can often understand supersymmetry transformations relating fermionic fields and bosonic fields by identifiying these fields with the Taylor-coefficients of a superfield. Translation in theta will mix the Taylor coefficients, giving the supersymmetry transformations.

All of this generalizes to curved manifolds. You basically just spray "super" on everything in sight. The canonical reference is DeWitt's Supermanifolds.

You have fields all over the (conventional) spacetime manifold. If you speak of fermionic coodinates, do you mean the real/complex space of values the fields could take or do the specific field configurations/value under consideration have an influence on the transformation? Could you clearify that point a little? Since there is a $P_{\mu}$ in the formula, it seem to me that after a small transformation, each of the specific field values becomes that, which was the value on a neightboring point before.
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NikolajKJun 22 '12 at 11:15

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"If you speak of fermionic coodinates, do you mean the real/complex space of values the fields could take or do the specific field configurations/value under consideration have an influence on the transformation?" The coordinates $x^\mu$ and $\theta^i$ are coordinates on the Minkowski superspace, meaning that they generate the algebra of functions on this space. But the supercharges simply act by translation on these coordinates. And there is no $P^\mu$ in the formula $e^{\epsilon Q}F(x,\theta) = F(x,\theta + \epsilon)$.
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user1504Jun 22 '12 at 11:41

It's not necessarily true that the exponential of a susy generator terminates at the first term; it depends on how many components of the susy generator there are. In 4d with N=1 susy, the series terminates at fourth order. Also, in the comment above, acting with the exponential of a susy generator doesn't merely shift theta, it also changes x. See Chapter 4 of Wess and Bagger. The susy generators contain a theta derivative and a P term.
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user8260Jun 26 '12 at 19:04