When you need to explain in writing how to do something, a set of step-by-step instructions is your best choice. By enumerating the steps, you make it easy for readers to perform the process in the correct sequence. Your goal is to provide a clear, self-sufficient explanation so that readers can perform the task independently.

When necessary, the apparatus being explained (machine, software package, or other equipment)

Prepare

Perform the task yourself, or ask experts to demonstrate it or describe it to you in detail.

Analyze prospective readers’ familiarity with the process so that you can write instructions at their level of understanding.

Make your Instructions Clear

Include four elements: an introduction, a list of equipment and materials, a description of the steps involved in the process, and a conclusion.

Explain in the opening why the process is important and how it is related to a larger purpose.

Divide the process into short, simple steps presented in order of occurrence.

Present the steps in a numbered list, or if presenting them in paragraph format, use words indicating time or sequence, such as first and then.

If the process involves more than ten steps, divide them into groups or stages identified with headings.

Phrase each step as a command (“Do this” instead of “You should do this”); use active verbs; use precise, specific terms (“three weeks” instead of “several weeks”).

When appropriate, describe how to tell whether a step has been performed correctly and how one step may influence another. Warn readers of possible damage or injury from a mistake in a step, but limit the number of warnings so that readers do not underestimate their importance.

Include diagrams of complicated devices, and refer to them in appropriate steps.

Summarize the importance of the process and the expected results.

Test your Instructions

Review the instructions to be sure they are clear and complete. Also judge whether you have provided too much detail.

Ask someone else to read the instructions and tell you whether they make sense and are easy to follow.

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