Books of correspondence were introduced by Cracow municipal office in 1621. Approximately 90% of the letters are correspondence sent from the city hall. Most of the letters were directed to influential persons, called ...

This book is a collection of analytic studies. They are based principally on the
Sound Toll Registers (STR) preserved in the Danish Public Record Office (Rigsarkivet,
Copenhagen) and on the Sound Toll Tables (Tabeller ...

Grand Duchy of Lithuania lost strategical points in frontier zone (Smolensk, Polotsk), as a result of wars against Russia, which were waged in XVI century. These yields showed the direction of Moscow’s expansion, toward ...

Ceremonial has always played a great role among European and Middle Eastern societies, reflecting the value systems cherished by their elites. Embassy instructions and envoys' reports provide valuable material concerning ...

The Seym of Lithuanian Jews (Hebrew: waad medinat Lita) was established in 1623 by breaking away from the Jewish seym called the Council of the Four Lands (created about 1580). The main reason for the division of the ...

In the 17th and 18th c. the south-eastern areas of the Rzeczpospolita were inhabited by a dynamically growing Jewish community – the most numerous in the world. Jews enjoyed favourable living conditions; they were provided ...