► This dissertation consists of three independent but related papers on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. The overarching theme is that it is most fruitful…
(more)

▼ This dissertation consists of three independent but
related papers on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics.
The overarching theme is that it is most fruitful to study how
semantics interacts with pragmatics by identifying linguistic
phenomena that call out for explanation, and by comparing the
theoretical virtues of the semantics-pragmatics packages that
explain or predict those phenomena. Contrary to what is often said
about their role in semantic theorizing, ordinary intuitions are
not the targets of semantic explanations, because they only play
the role of bringing to light or justifying linguistic phenomena.
Chapter 1 argues that the imprecise interpretations of maximal
standard absolute adjectives, such as `clean' and `certain', are
the adjectives' semantic contents. My argument is based on the
phenomenon that the result of embedding Rotstein and Winter's `Both
towels are clean, but the red one is cleaner than the blue one'
inside the belief context `Mary believes that' has three readings.
I argue that my semantic account is preferable to the extant
accounts because only it can deliver all three readings. Chapter 2
argues that Jason Stanley's binding assumption is faced with two
well-founded overgeneration worries, and that a feasible response
to those worries is to draw from some parallels between quantifier
domain restriction and adjectival domain restriction, and to adopt
the variable-free approach to binding, which is compatible with
Stanley's grammatical approach to quantifier domain restriction.
This chapter as a whole illustrates that what makes Stanley's
grammatical approach better than the pragmatic approach isn't its
ability to respect ordinary intuitions, but its better explanatory
and predictive power. Chapter 3 objects to Rothschild and Segal's
arguments for their account of color adjectives, on which color
adjectives are fully-fledged indexicals with minimal semantic
constraints on their possible extensions. I argue that, instead of
choosing between Rothschild and Segal's account and the rival
accounts they argue against, we can defuse Travis cases by
clarifying the relation between ordinary intuitions, linguistic
phenomena, and explanation and prediction.
Advisors/Committee Members: Heck, Richard (Advisor), Nickel, Bernhard (Reader), Jacobson, Pauline (Reader).

► Explanations for the misinformation effect have focused on issues in long-term memory. This exploratory study re-examines data from previous research and suggests that a visual…
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▼ Explanations for the misinformation effect have focused on issues in long-term memory. This exploratory study re-examines data from previous research and suggests that a visual versus verbal distinction during encoding could account for seemingly contradictory results. The working memory model of Baddeley and Hitch (1974) incorporates such a distinction, and thus, using this framework, a dual-task study was conducted examining the roles of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad in processing misleading information, with a novel three forced-choice recognition procedure. Results indicate that the visuospatial interference task of manual tapping significantly increases subject’s performance to the same level as controls. Although non-significant, articulatory suppression led to an increase in reporting the misinformation item. Results favour an active role of working memory during the encoding phase, and further research is discussed, along with possible adaptations to the cognitive interview.
Advisors/Committee Members: Logie, Robert.

Mensen, A. (2006). The Role of encoding in the misinformation effect : a link to working memory. (Thesis). University of Edinburgh. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2379

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Mensen, Armand. “The Role of encoding in the misinformation effect : a link to working memory.” 2006. Thesis, University of Edinburgh. Accessed September 15, 2019.
http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2379.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Mensen, Armand. “The Role of encoding in the misinformation effect : a link to working memory.” 2006. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Mensen A. The Role of encoding in the misinformation effect : a link to working memory. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Edinburgh; 2006. [cited 2019 Sep 15].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2379.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Mensen A. The Role of encoding in the misinformation effect : a link to working memory. [Thesis]. University of Edinburgh; 2006. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2379

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

UCLA

3.
Blander, Joshua.
Dependence, Separability, and Theories of Identity and Distinction in Late Medieval Philosophy: Case Studies from Scotus and Ockham.

► Theories of distinctions surface some of the most fundamental elements of metaphysical and logical inquiry. For many medieval philosophers, theories of distinctions provided some semblance…
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▼ Theories of distinctions surface some of the most fundamental elements of metaphysical and logical inquiry. For many medieval philosophers, theories of distinctions provided some semblance of rational order and unity to metaphysical, logical and theological questions. The two philosophers on which I focus, John Duns Scotus and William Ockham, discuss distinctions and metaphysical adjuncts in a variety of philosophical and theological contexts. When discussing Scotus, I emphasize his development of a robust theory of identity and distinction. I give special attention to his accounts of what he calls qualified non-identity or qualified distinction, which he surprisingly says is compatible with real identity. When I turn my attention to Ockham, I focus on his use of the real distinction in the context of the common fourteenth century disputes about universals.The question of separability has long been a central one for various theories of distinctions. Students of medieval philosophy who have interacted with Scotus's theory of distinctions have generally assumed two distinct claims: (1) that the real distinction entails separability; and (2) that the formal distinction entails inseparability. I raise concerns for both of those claims. The rejection of assumption (2) depends on a careful (and controversial) reading of Scotus's account. On the other hand, the rejection of (1) is comparatively straightforward, though perhaps still controversial.Ockham's interesting claims about universals make reference only to the real distinction (or its denial). Thus the emphasis in what follows is on Ockham's account of the real distinction and the proper conditions for separability when such a distinction obtains. Because Ockham's account of the distinctions is simpler than Scotus's in important ways, the discussion of separability might initially seem like it ought to be simpler as well. Surprisingly, Ockham's account of separability in relation to the real distinction - the only relevant case, since he denies the general usefulness of the formal distinction - is complicated, and he seems to deny that separability is possible in every case in which a real distinction obtains.

The thesis takes as a starting point an evidence: the despise of the Malagasy elite for the rural community and more especially for the ancestral…
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▼

The thesis takes as a starting point an evidence: the despise of the Malagasy elite for the rural community and more especially for the ancestral customs that would prevent the country of its economic take off. However, this rural population, considered as very poor, succeed every year in organizing very costly ceremonies, like Famadihana or the rite of the “turning of the bones” to honor their ancestors. Therefore, one can ask himself how can they save such amount of money in such a short time? And why, if they are so poor, they waste the little they have for ancestors who will never be alive anymore? In other words, why don’t they invest that money in agricultural tools or in fertilizer in order to increase their surplus, then their income and their material conditions of living?
To have a chance to respond to these questions, we have analyzed the ceremony of Famadihana, not in a religious way, but in a holistic way around the concept of “productivity”, not only taking into account the economic and social spheres but also the symbolic one. The fieldwork was done in the village of Amboasary, located 30km South of the capital of Madagascar from September 2005 to June 2007.
The results show that the economic activities aim to deal or to engage in transactions with the ancestors. These transactions, which cannot be done through money, have to be dominated by the logic of the gift: offering of foods and others are followed by blessings from the ancestors. These gifts take both a ceremonial and ostentatious aspects: every man defending his honor and prestige in his capacity of producing and his generosity to distribute.
The symbolic dimension, usually ignored in the development studies, becomes fundamental to understand that society. The economic motivation of the agents combines both strategies of integration to the group and strategies of social distinction to maintain prestige and social distance. Finally, the results verify the hypothesis that the Famadihana is a “total”social phenomenon that expresses in the same time religious, moral, political, social, esthetic and economic institutions.

► In this dissertation, I study dynamics of inequality in three post-bureaucratic organizations: a makerspace and two on-demand labor platforms for couriers. I focus on three…
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▼ In this dissertation, I study dynamics of inequality
in three post-bureaucratic organizations: a makerspace and two
on-demand labor platforms for couriers. I focus on three aspects of
post-bureaucracy: 1) Identity work and social clorure. 2) Dynamics
of status and distinction making. 3) Technology as an alternative
to rational-bureaucratic and value-rational organizations, and the
experience of technologically organized work. Collectively, these
cases explore how institutional orders are created, reproduced, and
transformed in organizations that reject interpersonal authority
relationships. As a social technology for coordinating activity,
bureaucracies rely upon formalized rules, responsibilities, and
impersonal authority relationships. In a completely rationalized
bureaucracy, coordination is achieved through rigid adherence to
codified roles and procedures, as well as deference to designated
superiors within a bureaucratic hierarchy. Post-bureaucratic
organizations, by contrast, eschew formalized interpersonal
authority relationships - typically emphasizing normative and
technical controls. For example, many high-tech organizations group
workers into teams that negotiate and enforce norms. Material
technology may also be used by organizations as a method to
coordinate and manage workers, as in the case of on-demand labor
platforms that direct workers via software technology. Like
conventional bureaucracies, post-bureaucratic organizations are
susceptible to a variety of pathologies. Two tendencies, however,
are particularly salient: anomie and reification. Technical control
involves reifying aspects of an institutional order that otherwise
would be interactively negotiated and enforced. One risk in
reifying an institutional order is that it will be incapable of
responding to changes in the environment. In contrast to the
problem of an institutional order that is too stable, anomie is a
quality of normlessness and an ambiguous institutional order.
Previous research suggests commitment forms of organizing are
susceptible to anomic tendencies. In such weakly institutionalized
environments where norms are open for negotiation, there can be
considerable competition between individuals over how to define
norms and practices. These individual status competitions may come
at the expense of collective goals, in addition to being an avenue
by which race, gender, and class inequalities are produced and
reproduced.
Advisors/Committee Members: Juliet B. Schor (Thesis advisor).

This work proposes to focus on the "up or out" system in the 'Big Four' audit firms through qualitative data, interviews and on site participant observation. The initial research question is to understand the logic of auditors’ involvement in a Big Four audit firm. We first show that careers in the Big Four firms are demanding and uncertain since each auditor must act as an entrepreneur of his reputation undergoing uncontrollable social logics (disproportion dynamic, virtuous and vicious cycles, homologies of pairing). We then show that behind an individualistic rhetoric (career advancement, salary) practicing in such a firm has a function of distinction and self-affirmation, which gives individuals the sense that they belong to a selective elite. The "up or out" system is presented as a theatrical argument for attributing differentiated prestige. Finally, we analyze the effects of the "up or out" system on individuals’ moral careers. We show how the relationship to work is reconfigured depending on whether the promised career is confirmed or not and we distinguish three figures in this conversion: the integrated-detached, the looser and the withdrawing.

Is the writing of Maurice Blanchot determined by its philosophical thought or literary thought? Because of his dual roles, critic and novelist, Blanchot’s writing seems to display two possible thoughts: philosophical and literary thoughts. Philosophical thought is the aim on uncovering the truth. As a result, the writing becomes an implement to represent the dialectical thinking. Every chosen word must correspond to what the thinker stated so that the reader can follow it. Literary thought bases on transforming the original fact. A novelist asks the reader to look for the second meaning in his writing, in other words, what he wrote is not equal to what he meant. Thus what is written (by the author) is not yet written, but is waiting for written (by readers). There are two kinds of writing: one tells the truth, the other tells the lie. How can readers distinguish the reality from the writing of Blanchot? Can readers believe Blanchot’s literary criticism while he is also a novelist along with those rhetorical writing skills? One questing would Blanchot never confuse between his double roles. Accordingly, this thesis will discuss the indeterminacy within the writing of Maurice Blanchot.

Do we know what laugh is ? Under the ordinary practice of infinitesimal range, what mechanisms and what uses, what affects and what pleasures, justify the lighting of the tools of social sciences ? To answer these questions, this PhD research takes support on a sociology of the cultural reception of comic arts : it undertakes to include the laugh at the crossroads of the comic arts and of the laughing person. Two types of materials are used and interpreted : the first one comes from a quantitative inquiry led to 210 respondents ; the second one calls 36 singular persons for…

Popular cultural expressions among young adults (25-35 years old) from privileged social groups, Peruvian-based high gastronomy and electronic music parties have quickly obtained a central place in the offer of cultural leisure activities of the city of Lima. The analysis of the social construction of reputation around these globalized activities reveals that, although the value granted to these practices may be short-lived as far as it is about cultural fields crossed by fashion effects, it is nevertheless founded on mechanisms of social distinction appealing to meanings firmly implanted in the Peruvian society. An immersion in these « exclusive » and « trendy » circles demonstrates that these mechanisms, very subtle and strongly articulated with trade logics, convey values and attitudes contributing to the construction (or reconstruction) of « Lima’s bourgeois culture ».

By acknowledging from 1936 the controlled designation of origin of the sweet wine "Monbazillac", the State, by means of the INAO, officially defines sweet wine as a local product, developed by a human know-how in an area of agronomic skills and in particular weather conditions. Nevertheless, in spite of the "produits du terroir" trend, in France, sweet wine seems very far away from having acquired the image of a local product and is situated at the bottom of the wine sector hierarchy. Its production is split up within the French wine-making productive space while this wine is mainly produced in the areas of influence within Bordeaux and Burgundy vineyards. Sweet wine is thus developed within small sweet wine vineyards, which are part of small sometimes even very small vineyards, just like the vineyards of Bergerac, Jurançon, Jura and Corrèze. Therefore, French sweet wine seems to forman "unthought" of wine geography, because it is not recognized as alocal…

Within the educational system, mentors are entrusted with two tasks: teaching, as well as training adults. In a sense, they are expected to act as “model workers”, transmitting official wisdom, and publicizing “good practices”. They are subjected to Background effects, which determine their leeway. Our research was conducted in the context of institutional changes, namely the granting of MAs to trainees for the teaching profession. It highlights the constraints bearing upon mentors, who are expected to maintain standards of excellence. Such standards were inherited from the traditional training schools for primary education (“écoles normales”) as well as the newer teacher training institutions (IUFM), but also underwent significant changes. Primary sources include interviews with mentors as well as direct observation: Training schemes for mentors, training sessions and assessment of trainees, self analysis. This dissertation purports to demonstrate that the granting of a responsibility in training to mentors craving for recognition and distinction leaves them in a double bind. On the one hand they are subjected to institutional injunctions, on the other hand they aspire to professional freedom and autonomy, just as any other teacher. Mentors in fact negotiate their way between official demands and the constraints of practical work. Acknowledging the existence of a “compact” between mentors and their institutional employer is essential to an understanding of this process of negotiation.

How to live together? Molière entertains us by depicting the customs of his age and by giving pause to reflect on this issue. Civility is one of his answers. It bloomed in France during the 17th century when the "honnête homme" complied with the rules of guide books teaching good manners and strove to please and make the smart society more refined. Civility deliberately conceals the differences between people and ranks, and delicately includes everyone in society. Meanwhile civility is denounced as a form of hypocrisy and as a mask concealing violence. Could we live better together by rejecting this civil behavior? Civility ought to be used to avoiding violence. But civility and violence can overlap as well, as violence is not necessarily physical violence: it can also result in verbal and moral abuse, derision and discrimination. The aim of this dissertation is to first understand what civility and violence involve through the characters of Molière, then to analyze the relation between civility and violence, and eventually to find out Molière’s insights to better live together as couples and as a society.

Whether relation is really distinct from its foundation or not is a question that can easily be found in medieval texts from the mid-thirteenth century onwards. It comes from an aristotelian background, the discussion about the categories, and asks if the category of relation really posits another thing, i.e. a relation, in reality. It results from a realist perspective on relations. In fact, most thirteenth and fourteenth century thinkers held without doubt that things outside the mind are really connected between them. Two men sharing the same height are really equal, that is, really linked to each other by a relation of equality. What is then left to understand is how these things are linked between them, or the exact nature of the aforementioned relation. Should we say that the equality in each of the equally sized men is a new thing that adds to the substance of each of them and to the accidents of height, belonging tho the category of quantity, on which these relations are founded? Or should we say that equality is real in another way, that is, without adding a new thing to the subject acquiring it? We can already find this issue in Aristotle himself, emerging from disagreeing texts devoted to this category. It received various answers that enable us to understand better how reality was defined in the Middle Age and some of the ontological debates of the…

This study looks at the controversy between Descartes and Pierre Bourdin, providing a historical reconstruction and analysing the concepts in their debate. The dispute arose after the publication of Discours and Essais (1637) and, particularly, when Charles Potier defended three theses against the Dioptric in 1640. The dispute evolved from the scientific to the metaphysic plane with Bourdin’s redaction of a Dissertatio, which was included in the second edition of Meditations (1642) as the Seventh Set of Objections with Replies and, together with the Letter to Father Dinet, form an Appendix to Meditations. Dinet’s intervention made possible a reconciliation between Descartes and Bourdin, which coincided with the publication of Principia (1644). The first chapter is dedicated to the themes of the critic to the optic starting from Bourdin’s scientific context, using the theses of the students of the Jesuit College and the contents of three manuscripts. In the second chapter, with the analysis of Objections VII, Bourdin’s critic, which is usually considered to have its focus on the method and, precisely, on doubt, undergoes a crucial development concerning the Cartesian demonstration of real distinction. Bourdin identifies the weakness of the theory of real distinction based on the doubt. This chapter also scrutinizes a lecture of Descartes’ answer that underlines points of tension between Meditations and Answers. The third…

18.
Rego, Diane.
Les élites au village, étude de la distinction sociale par les marqueurs archéologiques de part et d'autre de la Manche, entre le XIe et le XVe siècle. : The elites in the village : study of the social distinction through archaeological indicators on both sides of the Channel Sea, from the 11th to the 15th century.

This PhD aims both at demonstrating that archaeological remains could and should be socially interpreted and at revising our - sometimes simplified - perspective on the socio-economic stratification of medieval villages. This project is based on the example of the excavations situated at Trainecourt (Grentheville - Calvados) where an “aristocratic” house had been established in the centre of the hamlet. Thus, a method has been developed to grasp village elites, of whom we know some details thanks to medieval written sources but who had hardly been studied in medieval archaeology.By using a comparative approach that draws a parallel between both French and English archaeological data and scientific perspectives; by adopting the theoretical frame offered by the Social Archaeology; by studying the social processes (the distinction, coming closer to, the performance) that are expressed by patterns of consumption in the settlement; by examining aristocratic sites (manor houses, moated sites, castles, etc.), we managed to establish a list of thirty-four archaeological indicators revealing an outstanding social identity. They are grouped in three categories: the use of space, the morphology of the settlement and a specific lifestyle. This repertoire was then compared to rural sites (villages, hamlets, etc.) situated on both sides of the…

Rego, D. (2018). Les élites au village, étude de la distinction sociale par les marqueurs archéologiques de part et d'autre de la Manche, entre le XIe et le XVe siècle. : The elites in the village : study of the social distinction through archaeological indicators on both sides of the Channel Sea, from the 11th to the 15th century. (Doctoral Dissertation). Normandie; University of Durham. Retrieved from http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC038

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Rego, Diane. “Les élites au village, étude de la distinction sociale par les marqueurs archéologiques de part et d'autre de la Manche, entre le XIe et le XVe siècle. : The elites in the village : study of the social distinction through archaeological indicators on both sides of the Channel Sea, from the 11th to the 15th century.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Normandie; University of Durham. Accessed September 15, 2019.
http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC038.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Rego, Diane. “Les élites au village, étude de la distinction sociale par les marqueurs archéologiques de part et d'autre de la Manche, entre le XIe et le XVe siècle. : The elites in the village : study of the social distinction through archaeological indicators on both sides of the Channel Sea, from the 11th to the 15th century.” 2018. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Rego D. Les élites au village, étude de la distinction sociale par les marqueurs archéologiques de part et d'autre de la Manche, entre le XIe et le XVe siècle. : The elites in the village : study of the social distinction through archaeological indicators on both sides of the Channel Sea, from the 11th to the 15th century. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Normandie; University of Durham; 2018. [cited 2019 Sep 15].
Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC038.

Council of Science Editors:

Rego D. Les élites au village, étude de la distinction sociale par les marqueurs archéologiques de part et d'autre de la Manche, entre le XIe et le XVe siècle. : The elites in the village : study of the social distinction through archaeological indicators on both sides of the Channel Sea, from the 11th to the 15th century. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Normandie; University of Durham; 2018. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC038

I explore the cultural biography of a dress created by designer Rui Spohr and purchased by Heloisa Brenner, member of the rural aristocracy of Rio Grande do Sul. The object was presented during a fashion show held in Porto Alegre, in 1971, and lived along with its owner for four decades, being chosen to dress her up at her 80th Birthday party, in 2011. One year later, it synthesized almost 60 years of Rui’s professional career in a fashion exhibition at an art museum, in São Paulo, becoming a work of art in the face of the creator. The owner, in turn, exalts her long-lived status atributing importance to the item. Brading the characters’ trajectories, I cover tensions and symbolic transformations. In speaking about the dress understood here as a biographical object, Heloisa and Rui speak about themselves. And the garment speaks about its creator and owner. In this process, I demonstrate how the object exercises agency upon subjects with whom it interacts, being itself a result of intentionality.

► This thesis investigates the role of practical activity in the union of the soul and God in Meister Eckhart. Since Eckhart’s attitude toward temporal works…
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▼ This thesis investigates the role of practical
activity in the union of the soul and God in Meister Eckhart. Since
Eckhart’s attitude toward temporal works is highly inconsistent,
the thesis begins by examining the complex and intimate
relationship between God and the temporal order in Eckhart’s
discussions of creation in principio. Next it considers the
creation of man and how he, through the natural function of the
intellect interacting with the created order, is transformed into
the image of God. Finally it examines the relationship between the
intellectual and practical acts and considers the possibility of a
union between God and the soul which takes place in practical
activity in Eckhart’s thought. Throughout, the thesis makes
reference to Eckhart’s creative use of the term indistinctum
(indistinct) and its Middle High German equivalents with respect to
God, the soul, and the union between the two.
Advisors/Committee Members: n/a (external-examiner), Dr. Eli Diamond (graduate-coordinator), Dr. Eli Diamond, Dr. Michael Fournier (thesis-reader), Dr. Wayne J. Hankey (thesis-supervisor), Not Applicable (ethics-approval), Not Applicable (manuscripts), Not Applicable (copyright-release).

► This thesis aims to establish whether death debts in the early modern Netherlands (drafted in Antwerpen, Doesburg, Lichtenvoorde, Maasland, Maassluis, Medemblik, and Weesp between 1638…
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▼ This thesis aims to establish whether death debts in the early modern Netherlands (drafted in Antwerpen, Doesburg, Lichtenvoorde, Maasland, Maassluis, Medemblik, and Weesp between 1638 and 1800) show that ‘funeral consumption’ ( the money spent on various funerary rites) reflect ‘social distinction’ (the desire of the members of a social class or group to distinguish themselves socially). A thorough, primarily quantitative analysis of the source material demonstrates that funeral consumption was relatively substantial throughout the period 1638-1800 and this high level of expenditure appears to reflect ‘social distinction’.
Advisors/Committee Members: Gelderblom, O.C., van Eijnatten, J..

Hollewand, K. E. (2011). Funeral consumption and social distinction in the early modern Netherlands. (Masters Thesis). Universiteit Utrecht. Retrieved from http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/208303

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Hollewand, K E. “Funeral consumption and social distinction in the early modern Netherlands.” 2011. Masters Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht. Accessed September 15, 2019.
http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/208303.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Hollewand, K E. “Funeral consumption and social distinction in the early modern Netherlands.” 2011. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Hollewand KE. Funeral consumption and social distinction in the early modern Netherlands. [Masters Thesis]. Universiteit Utrecht; 2011. Available from: http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/208303

With narrative method, we investigate what happens with football players from Sweden whenthey go from national football to international football. Because of this profession,…
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▼

With narrative method, we investigate what happens with football players from Sweden whenthey go from national football to international football. Because of this profession, therespondents move in what Bourdieu calls the social space (Bourdieu 1986). Narrative methodhas given us a deep insight into our respondent´s experiences as professional football players inone of the five highest ranked leagues in Europe (UEFA 2018). The unstructured interviewsthat we used gave us a good empire. Through this approach, we try to capture the subjectiveexperiences of respondents (Kvale & Brinkmann 2014). The narratives of the respondentsdiffer in many ways, because of their background. This is something we have been given theopportunity to analyze with the unstructured interviews. The payroll increases dramatically, asattitude towards the teammates and the whole device around the individual changes. Ouranalyze can answer that a class trip is conducted when respondents go from national tointernational football.

► Abstract nouns refer to entities that do not exist in space and time, and are construed in the English language as count nouns (countable entities),…
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▼ Abstract nouns refer to entities that do not exist in
space and time, and are construed in the English language as count
nouns (countable entities), mass nouns (non-countable phenomena),
or both (i.e., they are dually countable). Drawing from previous
research that has investigated the count-mass distinction in
concrete nouns, the goal of the present study is to explore the
usage of count versus mass status of abstract nouns. In particular,
this study evaluates the Cognitive Individuation (CI) Hypothesis,
which assumes that countability depends on ease of individuation.
Three types of analysis of dually-countable abstract nouns include
(1) an account of the ontological status of the nouns’ referents in
both count and mass status, (2) corpus analysis of the modification
of dually-countable nouns, and (3) the contextual semantic shifts
for count and mass versions of the dually-countable nouns. The
combined results of these analyses support the view that the CI
Hypothesis descriptively applies to abstract nouns to indicate
countability, and that individuation can be attributed to
modification and shifts in meaning resulting from ontology and
polysemy. Finally, this study postulates the perceptual schema
behind individuation of third-order nouns and the implications for
the cognition of plurality in abstract entities.
Advisors/Committee Members: Jarvis, Scott H. (Advisor).

► This study examines, among Montana males, the relationship between the size of one’s residential community and the likelihood to overcompensate when masculinity is threatened. Masculine…
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▼ This study examines, among Montana males, the relationship between the size of one’s residential community and the likelihood to overcompensate when masculinity is threatened. Masculine overcompensation asserts that males react to masculine insecurity with exaggerated demonstrations of masculinity. The predictions for this study follow the argument that rural males, because masculinity is a more important feature of their identities, will overcompensate more when their masculinity is threatened.
Data were collected through an experimental study. Thirty-eight male students were given feedback suggesting that they are either typical or atypical for their gender. Following the gender identity feedback manipulation, the participants filled out a series of surveys designed to measure their (1) attitudes toward homosexuals, (2) attitudes toward violent military action, (3) interest in purchasing a vehicle identified as highly masculine compared to one identified as gender neutral, and (4) change in masculine identity responses.
The data analysis does not support the research hypotheses that rural males will overcompensate more than urban males, when their masculinity is threatened, in regard to their attitudes toward homosexuals, their attitudes toward violent military action, and their interest in purchasing a vehicle identified as highly masculine compared to one identified as gender neutral. However, the results indicate that when their masculinity is threatened, rural males are more likely to change their identity responses to reflect a more masculine image than urban males are. Explanations for these results are discussed.

► This thesis develops a pragmatic theory of metaphors and slurs. In the pragmatic literature, theorists mostly hold the view that the framework developed by Grice…
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▼ This thesis develops a pragmatic theory of metaphors and slurs. In the pragmatic
literature, theorists mostly hold the view that the framework developed by Grice is
only applicable to the sentence-level pragmatic phenomena, whereas the subsentential
pragmatic phenomena require a different approach. In this thesis, I argue against
this view and claim that the Gricean framework, after some plausible revisions, can
explain subsentential pragmatic phenomena, such as metaphors and slurs.
In the first chapter, I introduce three basic theses I will defend and give an
outline of the argument I will develop. The second chapter discusses three claims
on metaphor that are widely discussed in the literature. There I state my aim to
present a theory of metaphor which can accommodate these three claims. Chapter 3
introduces the notion of "phrasal implicature", which will be used to explain phrase-level
pragmatic phenomena with a Gricean approach. In Chapter 4, I present my
theory of metaphor, which I call "phrasal implicature theory of metaphor" and
discuss certain aspects of the theory. The notion of phrasal implicature enables a
new conception of what-is-said and a different approach to the semantics-pragmatics
distinction. Chapter 5 looks into these issues. In Chapter 6, I compare my theory
of metaphor with three other theories. Finally, in Chapter 7, I develop a phrasal
implicature theory of slurs, which I argue outperforms its rivals in explaining various
uses of slurs.
Advisors/Committee Members: Ball, Derek Nelson (advisor).

► This thesis suggests an explanation for how it is possible for individuals living in an unsafe neighborhood to expressa highlevel of security. Araby is…
(more)

▼ This thesis suggests an explanation for how it is possible for individuals living in an unsafe neighborhood to expressa highlevel of security. Araby is the district in Växjö municipality withthe highest level of insecurity. Within the district, there is acategory of individuals in security-measurements showing a high degree of security. Inhabitants living in house in Araby also seem to show a higher level of security than inhabitants in the same accommodation in other neighborhoods in the municipality.The study's purpose is to understand how individuals belonging to an unsafe neighborhood can experience a high degree of security.Qualitative data were collected from an observation in Araby and from interviews with individuals living in house in the district. Previous research has shown that security in the surrounding area depends on several factors, such as disorders, the degree of social control and personal opinions. Thestudy shows how a distinction to places and people in the district can explain the degree of security. When security is related to something more insecure, the level of security seems toincrease. The conclusion is therefor that individuals in an unsafe neighborhood can expressa high degree of security because security is seen in relation to something that describes asmore insecure.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Kansas State University

28.
Gonzalez, Alejandra.
The impact of
explicit instruction concerning grammar and lexical-related matters
in the Spanish heritage language classroom: searching for an
effective way to teach aspectual distinction and semantic
properties of homophones and homographs.

► Heritage language learners (hereafter HLLs), bilinguals who are exposed to Spanish from an early age in home contexts, possess varying proficiency levels of the minority…
(more)

▼ Heritage language learners (hereafter HLLs),
bilinguals who are exposed to Spanish from an early age in home
contexts, possess varying proficiency levels of the minority
language (Valdés, 1997). This can be explained by various factors
concerning exposure, such as the quality (minoritized variety of
Spanish) and the quantity of input (limited to casual contexts)
(Beaudrie et al., 2015; Potowski, 2018; Rothman, 2007). More often
than not, another determining aspect of proficiency fluctuation
among this linguistic population is the limited access to formal
instruction (Lynch & Potowski, 2014). Those fluent HLLs
enrolled in Spanish classes often face unrealistic linguistic
expectations (Beaudrie et al., 2015). To better prepare language
instructors to teach this population and build on HLL’s strengths,
further research on the effect of teaching practices in the
heritage language classroom is crucial. Thus, this study aims to
evaluate the impact of explicit instruction on a) HLLs’ grammatical
judgment of the aspectual distinction (i.e., preterit and
imperfect) and b) HLLs’ recognition of the semantic difference in
homophones (e.g., tuvo vs tubo) and homographs (e.g., hacia vs
hacía) distinguished solely by the addition of diacritic accent
marks (e.g., tu vs tú). The results of this study suggest that
explicit grammar instruction has an overall negative impact on
grammar-related matters. Nevertheless, direct instruction on the
semantic contrast between homophones through the selection and
implementation of diacritic accent marks significantly facilitated
the development of a wider lexical repertoire.
Advisors/Committee Members: Laura Valentin-Rivera.

Gonzalez, A. (2019). The impact of
explicit instruction concerning grammar and lexical-related matters
in the Spanish heritage language classroom: searching for an
effective way to teach aspectual distinction and semantic
properties of homophones and homographs. (Masters Thesis). Kansas State University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2097/39606

Gonzalez A. The impact of
explicit instruction concerning grammar and lexical-related matters
in the Spanish heritage language classroom: searching for an
effective way to teach aspectual distinction and semantic
properties of homophones and homographs. [Masters Thesis]. Kansas State University; 2019. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/2097/39606

University of Missouri – Columbia

29.
Guitard, Gretchen C., 1967-.
District-level differences between school systems recognized for distinction in performance and those not thus recognized.

► The purpose of this study was to compare school districts that consistently have high student performance to other school districts with similar enrollment, socioeconomic status,…
(more)

▼ The purpose of this study was to compare school districts that consistently have high student performance to other school districts with similar enrollment, socioeconomic status, and community types that do not have consistently high performance and analyze the subtleties of these differences. For the study, school districts in Missouri designated with "Distinction in Performance" were compared with similar districts not receiving "Distinction in Performance" scores. The designation of "Distinction in Performance" is the highest merit a school district can receive in the state's accreditation process and is primarily based on student performance on various state and national assessments. Quantitative analyses were used to analyze the differences. The findings from this study provide insight and guidance to the educational leaders seeking to determine factors upon which to focus in their efforts to establish highly successful school districts based upon the criteria established by the Missouri state department of education. The statistical findings for the remaining scales provide additional insight about other areas of focus for a districts' effort to achieve excellence.
Advisors/Committee Members: Valentine, Jerry (advisor).

Guitard, Gretchen C., 1. (2010). District-level differences between school systems recognized for distinction in performance and those not thus recognized. (Thesis). University of Missouri – Columbia. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/10289

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Guitard, Gretchen C., 1967-. “District-level differences between school systems recognized for distinction in performance and those not thus recognized.” 2010. Thesis, University of Missouri – Columbia. Accessed September 15, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/10289.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Guitard, Gretchen C. 1. District-level differences between school systems recognized for distinction in performance and those not thus recognized. [Thesis]. University of Missouri – Columbia; 2010. Available from: https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/10289

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee

30.
Liu, Yang.
Configuring the Qualification of Good Coffee an Ethnography on the Specialty Coffee Industry in Milwaukee.

► I put qualification at the center of this research, because the intensive emphasis on coffee quality in the Third Wave Coffee Movement is the…
(more)

▼ I put qualification at the center of this research, because the intensive emphasis on coffee quality in the Third Wave Coffee Movement is the first thing that drew me to this research. When I talked with people in the specialty coffee industry in Milwaukee, they did not always admit they are part of the movement but they did highlight coffee quality as the core value of the specialty coffee market.
The concept of qualification comes from Michael Callon and his colleagues’ (2002) theoretical framework “the economy of qualities.” It refers to an economy in which tradable goods in the market are defined by the characteristics attributed to them in successive qualifications and re-qualifications, enacted by producers, marketers, and consumers. This framework helped me to locate my research and initially directed me where to look and to make sense of what I have seen and heard. I asked, What are they actually doing when they provide coffee factory tours, mark coffee flavors, perform a pour over, and meet with producers? Under the framework of “the economy of qualities”, the question became what marketers are doing to all the other relationships they are embedded in through qualifying coffee.
Nevertheless, this framework has a major problem. It draws an ahistorical picture of commodification. “The economy of qualities” does not deal with politics, at lease at its macro level. It presents a synchronous picture in which different groups of people and their agencies all enact through and are connected by a certain commodity, so that the historical relationships, especially inequality, among producers, consumers, and marketers are neutralized and ignored. What the framework does is to capture the moment when commodity connects to different groups of people and pay attention to the dynamics or negotiations on the basis of this network. However, the framework does not talk about what happened before the network of multiple qualifications came into being, for example the history of colonization, and the collapses of international regulations in the global market. Meanwhile, the framework does not concern the social or political consequences of such qualifications, so that it ignores the invisible and the silent ones that are left out in this network of qualification. For example, how to make sense of marketers’ practice of qualification as the signs of gentrification in the urban space? How to think of consumption and marketing patterns as consequential sites of class reproduction beyond the (re)qualifications of the commodity?
I organized this thesis under the framework of “the economy of qualities,” but at the same time reached to theories and ethnographies that consider how social discourses and practices are inexorably linked to hegemonic social relations. These theories and ethnographies enable me to look at the spatiality of the specialty coffee shops in the context of gentrification and analyze the effectiveness of tastes as a resource for social stratification.
Coming back to my title,…
Advisors/Committee Members: Tracey Heatherington.

Liu, Y. (2016). Configuring the Qualification of Good Coffee an Ethnography on the Specialty Coffee Industry in Milwaukee. (Thesis). University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee. Retrieved from https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1383

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Liu, Yang. “Configuring the Qualification of Good Coffee an Ethnography on the Specialty Coffee Industry in Milwaukee.” 2016. Thesis, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee. Accessed September 15, 2019.
https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1383.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Liu, Yang. “Configuring the Qualification of Good Coffee an Ethnography on the Specialty Coffee Industry in Milwaukee.” 2016. Web. 15 Sep 2019.

Vancouver:

Liu Y. Configuring the Qualification of Good Coffee an Ethnography on the Specialty Coffee Industry in Milwaukee. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee; 2016. [cited 2019 Sep 15].
Available from: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1383.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Liu Y. Configuring the Qualification of Good Coffee an Ethnography on the Specialty Coffee Industry in Milwaukee. [Thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee; 2016. Available from: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1383

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation