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When authorities feel that the basic ideology and well-being of their political system is being threatened, they may take extreme action against individuals and groups, which denies them the basic right guaranteed under the laws of the state (Banks, p. 344).

Authorities tend to resist any change that they feel will reduce their power and influence (Banks, p. 344)

Conflict arises within a political system when individuals or groups have competing goals and /or interpret the meaning of laws differently (Banks, p. 344)

Politics is the art of reconciliation and that the need for this art always arises from some kind of estrangement (Tinder, 1986, p. 23).

When the leaders of one national covet territory held by another nation or when one class resents the easier life of other classes, demand are place on political leadership (Tinder, 1986, p. 23).

Voting is a way in which citizens participate in the political the political process. The decline in the number of people voting in presidential elections concerns politicians and political scientists; hypotheses:

Voter participation has declined because…

Certain groups are alienated from the system

(there) is a sense of cynicism about politics and politicians

The average citizen fails to see any direct impact of political decision on their lives except in the negative form of income taxes withheld from their paychecks

Large numbers of citizens are basically satisfied with the system as it is