About Me

Dr. Clyde Winters, has taught in the Chicago Public Schools for 36 years. He has taught Education and Linguistic Courses at Saint Xavier University-Chicago. As a teacher in the Chicago Public Schools Dr. Winters wrote State Standards in the 1990's for the Chicago Public School system and Common Core State Standards for Social Studies. He also wrote the 6th Grade World History Lesson Plans used in the CPS in 2000.

Cabrera et al, argue that the basic lineages for L3 migrated
back to Africa 70,000 years ago. The proposition is not supported by any
archaeological evidence. Absent any archaeological evidence this proposal lacks
any credibility. It is more likely that L3 had already spread across Africa
prior to 100,000 BC. This is obvious by the fact that the Aurignacians carried
L3 (N).

The
TMRCA mtDNA ancestor of hgs L3, M and N lived around 94.3kya(3).
There appears to have been a serial expansion of haplogroup N from the Great Lakes region of Africa
to other parts of Africa 93kya (3a). From Tanzania Khoisan speaking people
probably spread the haplogroup into Ethiopia by 80kya. this agrees with Cabrera et al's contention that L3, had early spread into East Africa.

By 70 kya Khoisan people probably spread
hg N into West Africa. Sometime before 40kya
there was probably a second migration event from Cameroon and possibly the
Senegambian region into Northwest Africa on
into Iberia
(3a).

The mtDNA haplogroup N has the common
transitions 73,7028,11719, 12705,14766 and 16223. The defining mutations include
8701,9540,10398, 10873 and 15301. Haplogroup N is a branch of L3 (M,N).

There
are also N hgs found in Africa. Haplogroups
N,N* and N1 is found in low frequencies
within Sub-Saharan groups including
Senegambians (9), Tanzanians (3) andmodern
Ethiopians (1) .In Egypt 8.8 percent of the Gurma carry hg N1b (25).

Much of
the ancient mtDNA found in Iberia
has no relationship to the people presently living in Iberia (1a).
Dominguez found that the lineages recovered from ancient skeletons are the
African lineages L1b,L2 and L3. Almost 50% of the lineages from the Abauntz
Chalcolithic deposits and Tres Montes, in Navarre are the Sub-Saharan
lineages L1b,L2 and L3.

Discussion

Until
recently it was assumed that the earliest dates for hg N were in Eastern Eurasia. This view has changed recently as a
result of the extraction and examination of ancient mtDNA from Cro Magnon
skeletons dating to the Aurignacian period (26).

The archaeological evidence indicates that AMH
replaced Neanderthal during the Aurignacian period in Europe
between 32-35kya (27).
The Aurignacian civilization appears to have expanded from West to East (28-30).The
founders of this culture came from Africa (28,29,31).
Some researchers have argued that the Aurignacian culture was introduced to Europe from Africa (1a,32).
They based this conclusion on the fact that its tool kit was foreign to the
Mousterian type, and the culture appears in a mature form throughout Europe from France to Central Europe (1a,3a, 32-33).

Around 40,000 BC Europe
was occupied mainly by Neanderthals. They begin to be replaced in Europe around 32,000 by the CroMagnon
people at Les Eyzies in France
(29). It is also evident that archaic humans were replaced in much
of the Levant by the Levantine Aurignacian
culture bearers by a local variant of this technology at Ksar Akil Xlll-Vll
32kya , not 60-50kya.

The Cro Magnon
DNA found in the ancient skeletons dates back to the Aurignacian period.
The Cro magnon skeletons belong to the N
haplogroup (26).

The Cro
Magnon skeletons carried N1a,N1b,N1c and N* (26). It is
characterized by motifs 00073G,10873C, 10238T and A4CC between nucleotide
positions 10397 and 10400. Most of the skeletons carried hg N*.

It
appears that the hg N was the most frequent mtDNA carried by Western European
populations for over 20,000 years. This gene as discussed earlier is found
primarily today outside Western Europe. The
Cro Magnon people were mainly hunter-gathers.

Haak et
al. found that the twenty-four samples included haplogroups H or V, T, K, J ,
N1a and U3 (36). The frequency of N1a among ancient samples ranged
from 8% to 42%.

The archaeological evidence make it clear that the
Cro Magnon people probably originated in Africa
where we find hg N among African populations throughout the continent (3-3a,9).
The spread of Cro Magnon populations from Iberia eastward into Eastern Europe and the Levant
support the view thathaplogroup N was
carried into Eurasia by Cro Magnon population
from Africa across the Straits of Gibraltar into
Iberia
(28).

The dates for the hg N in East Asia are
far later than the dates for hg N among Cro Magnon populations in western Eurasia. This
suggest that the hg N was carried into Iberia by Cro Magnon people.

The
Aurignacian culture did not enter Europe from
the Levant. The Aurignacian civilization
appears to have expanded from West to East (29-30) . The spread of
the Aurignacian culture from Western to Eastern Eurasian suggest that while hg
N*,N1 was already present among Western Eurasians, by around 12-14 kya hgs N2- N3 probably
originated in Siberia, not East
Asia. It would appear that the presence of these haplogroups in Eastern Europe are the result of a back migration from Siberia.

The high
frequency of hg N among the ancient Western Eurasians
make it clear that eventhough hg M and hg N may have exited Africa
along the southern coastal route out of Africa
65kya most carriers of hg N probably left Africa
during the migratory trajectory across the Straits of Gibraltar. Low
frequencies of hg N in East Asia and Oceania today, are probably the result of the southern
coastal route out of Africa from the Red Sea on into Asia.This view is supported by the
ancient M and N lineages found in Asia.

Conclusion

In
conclusion, the ‘Classic Aurignacian’
culture probably began in Africa, crossed the
Straits of Gibraltar into Iberia,
and expanded eastward across Europe (3a,40-41,44)
. The archaeological record informs us that CroMagnon people carried hg N and
replaced the Neanderthal population of the Levant, at Ksar Akil around 32, 000 years ago (42-43),
not the Natufians who entered the Levant almost 20,000 years later. Moreover,
by 7000 BC the dominant haplogroup of Western Eurasians
remained hg N1(36) .

The
appearance of phylogenetically related sequences of hg L3 present
in many ancient Iberian skeletons
suggest that this haplogroup may have a
long history in Iberia.
The fact that hg N came to Iberia
with the Cro-Magnon people in Aurignacian times suggest that carries of L3 may
have also been part of this population movement.

The
mtDNA, skeletal and archaeological record generally, support a third migration event out of Africa before the expansion of the Natufians into the Levant 10,000-20,000 ybp (35). This third out
of Africa event took place between 40-35kya,
when modern man crossed from Africa into Iberia carrying
haplogroups N and L3, and began to
replace Neanderthal as the dominant population in western Eurasia.

32.Mellars, P.A.
(1992).Archaeology and the Population-Dispersal Hypothesis of Modern Human
Origins in Europe. The Origin of Modern Humans and the Impact of
Chronometric Dating. .Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 337( 1280) : 225-234.

Tuesday, February 6, 2018

Anas Elbashir Ahmed Musa has used comparative linguistic methods to illustrate the genetic linguistic relationship between Old Sudanese Language (Colloquial Sudanese Arabic) and Meroitic. Brother Anas Elbashir has illustrated the continued use of classical Meroitic terms among contemporary Sudanese.

Meroitic Survivals The meaning*

Sudanese Arabic dialect

Meroitic word

Father

Ab

Ab, Ap pa

long (time), olden times

Aro

Aro URA

M: religious, SA: pray

As-l

As-l LZA

give

Ada, Ade

d D

M:transmission, deliver, SA: give me

d-ne

d-ne :D

travel

mindli

dili ILID

to teach; to direct

em

em ME

Dignity, repute, esteem

hr

hr RG

soul

ho

ho UG

M: to desire, SA: want more

Kb

Kb BK

M: lady, SA: expression said to the
beautiful lady

Kdi

kdi IDK

M: rain, SA: water, rain

Mi

Mi IM

lord

Mk

Mk KM

departure, emigration

nglni

ñl-ne :LJ

M: bring good, SA: clear

ngy

ñy YJ

admiration

ode

ode UDE

M: guard, protection, SA: expression said in
the terrifying situations