The Connecticut Western Railroad was chartered June 25, 1868 to run from Hartford, Connecticut west to the New York state line, where it would meet the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad just east of Millerton, New York. The line was completed December 21, 1871; the previous month the company had leased the easternmost bit of the D&C to gain access to the New York & Harlem Railroad at Millerton. The only branch was a short one in Connecticut, south into Collinsville, which would not be completed until December, 1874, the Connecticut Western became bankrupt on April 27, 1880, and on March 31, 1881 it was reorganized as the Hartford & Connecticut Western Railroad.

The proposal that was eventually built was the Poughkeepsie Bridge at Poughkeepsie, the Poughkeepsie Bridge Company was chartered in June 1871 to build the bridge, and the first train crossed the bridge on December 29, 1888. The Hudson Connecting Railroad was chartered in 1887 to build southwest from the bridge, and about the same time the Poughkeepsie & Connecticut Railroad was chartered to continue the line northeast from Poughkeepsie. The bridge company had hoped to acquire the Poughkeepsie, Hartford & Boston Railroad, but was unable to, and so chartered the P&C to run parallel, ending at the Hartford & Connecticut Western Railroad at Silvernails, NY. The connections were not completed until 1889, and on July 22 the two approaches merged to form the Central New England & Western Railroad. That same year the CNE&W leased the Hartford and Connecticut Western, giving it a route from Hartford all the way across the Hudson River to Maybrook and Campbell Hall, New York. Maybrook/Campbell Hall soon became a major junction point for many railroads transferring cars to the CNE&W. The Delaware & New England Railroad was also formed in 1889 as a holding company to own the CNE&W and Poughkeepsie Bridge Company.

The Reading Company (RDG) bought the CNE&W and Poughkeepsie Bridge Company from D&NE in January 1892, extending RDG's influence to New England via the Pennsylvania, Poughkeepsie & Boston Railroad. The two companies merged on August 1, 1892 to form the Philadelphia, Reading & New England Railroad (PR&NE). RDG proved unable to handle its new acquisitions, and PR&NE defaulted on its interest payments in May 1893. The final reorganization came on January 12, 1899 with the formation of the Central New England Railway (CNE).

CNE had the steepest grades of the various east-west routes of the NH; most bridge traffic was routed via the former NY&NE to Hopewell Junction. In 1932 the former Rhinebeck & Connecticut Railroad was abandoned from Copake (north of Boston Corners) southeast to the state line, cutting the CNE in two.

More abandonments came during 1938, the main line was closed from East Canaan east to Tariffville, along with the rest of the Springfield Branch. The main line and former Rhinebeck & Connecticut were abandoned northeast and east from Poughkeepsie and Rhinecliff, as well as the parallel P&E and the main line from the state line east to Lakeville. In 1940 the main line from East Canaan to Canaan was closed, and in 1965 the line between Lakeville and Canaan was abandoned.

The Hartford & Connecticut Western Railroad was owned by NH through the CNE, but was not merged by the mid-1930s when NH became bankrupt. On December 31, 1937 the H&CW filed a reorganization plan. After a long reorganization, H&CW was merged into the NH on September 18, 1947 (along with the Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad and Old Colony Railroad); by then all of the H&CW but the easternmost section had been abandoned.

1.
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
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Beginning in the 1890s and accelerating in 1903, New York banker J. P. By 1912, the New Haven operated more than 2,000 miles of track, with 120,000 employees and this quest for monopoly angered Progressive Era reformers, alienated public opinion, resulted in high prices for acquisitions, and increased construction costs. Debt soared from $14 million in 1903 to $242 million in 1913, even as the advent of automobiles, trucks, also in 1913, the federal government filed an anti-trust lawsuit that forced the NH to divest its trolley systems. S. Until the Enron Corporation superseded it in 2001, the majority of the system is now owned publicly by the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad was formed on July 24,1872, through the consolidation of the New York and New Haven Railroad and Hartford and New Haven Railroad. It owned a line from New York City to Springfield, Massachusetts via New Haven and Hartford, Connecticut. The company later leased more lines and systems, eventually forming a monopoly in New England south of the Boston. The New York and New Haven was built later, as it ran parallel to the Long Island Sound coast and it opened in 1848, using trackage rights over the New York and Harlem Railroad from Woodlawn in the Bronx area south to New York. From 1913 on, Grand Central Terminal served as the New Havens New York City terminal, about the beginning of the 20th century, New York investors led by J. P. Morgan gained control, and in 1903 installed Charles S. Mellen as President. Morgan and Mellen achieved a monopoly of transportation in southern New England, purchasing other railroads and steamship. More than 100 independent railroads eventually became part of the system before and during these years, substantial improvements to the system were made during the Mellen years, including electrification between New York and New Haven. But the Morgan-Mellen expansion left the company overextended and financially weak, under the stress of the Great Depression the company became bankrupt in 1935, remaining in trusteeship until 1947. Common stock was voided and creditors assumed control, after 1951 both freight and passenger service lost money. The earlier expansion had left NH with a network of low-density branch lines that could not pay their own maintenance, the freight business was short-haul, requiring switching costs that could not be recovered in short-distance rates. They had major commuter train services in New York and Boston, the demise of the New Haven may have been hastened by the opening of the Connecticut Turnpike in 1958 and other interstate highways. With decades of investment, the New Haven could not compete against automobiles or trucks. In 1954 the flashy Patrick B, McGinnis led a proxy fight against incumbent president Frederic C. Buck Dumaine Jr. vowing to return more of the companys profit to shareholders. McGinnis won control of the railroad and appointed Arthur V. McGowan, McGinnis attempted to accomplish many of his financial goals by deferring maintenance

2.
New England Central Railroad
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The New England Central Railroad began operations in 1995. It is a subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming and runs from New London, Connecticut, to Alburgh, Vermont at the Canada–US border, the railroad interchanges with the CN, CSX, MCER, PAS, P&W, GMRC, WACR, and VTR. The New England Central Railroad is the successor to the Central Vermont Railway, the new railroad was marked by improved service compared to the old Central Vermont, as well as more flexible crew arrangements, both of which led to a resurgence of the line. NECRs motive power consisted of former Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad EMD GP38s although by the late 1990s, leased locomotives, largely former Conrail EMD SD40s. In 2000, Railtex was acquired by RailAmerica, which was bought in 2007 by Fortress Investments. Neither change in ownership affected the NECR to any great extent, in 2010, the railroad operated freight trains at night in order not to conflict with the Amtrak schedule. This led to sounding horns at unprotected crossings when nearby residents were sleeping, the upgrades were part of a project to decrease running times for Amtraks Vermonter, which operates over the route. Construction was funded by a $70 million grant from the government, part of the American Recovery. At the end of August 2011, the NECR was severely impacted by flood waters from Hurricane Irene, two bridges over the White River were also heavily damaged, but the line from White River Junction to New London was not affected as severely. At first it was estimated that repairs would take 4 to 6 weeks, however, with repair crews working around the clock to replace the washed-out ballast and shore up the bridges, the railroad was reopened for traffic by mid-September. The 45 railroads formerly owned by RailAmerica, which had taken over RailTex lines, were transferred to Genesee & Wyoming in December 2012. This change of ownership caused a shuffle of locomotives around their rail system, on August 15,2016, Genesee & Wyoming announced an agreement to purchase the Providence and Worcester Railroad, which interchanges freight with the New England Central. The NECR hauled around 37,000 carloads in 2008, NECR maintains significant operations at several locations along their line. Its main office is located in St. Albans, Vermont, along with the office for the Connecticut Southern Railroad. St. Albans is also the location of the main shop, vermonts largest rail yard is the St. Albans yard, which handles upwards of 40,000 cars each year. Other significant operations are at White River Junction and Brattleboro, both of which are the location of offices and smaller yards, palmer, Massachusetts serves as the main yard and office for operations south of the Vermont line. Beginning in December 2014, the Vermonter enters the NECR right-of-way at East Northfield, the largest cause of delays on this line has been track and signal problems along the NECR. Since 2007, many track and surfacing improvements brought Amtraks on time performance to above 80% on-time levels

3.
Reporting mark
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A reporting mark is an alphabetic code of one to four letters used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain railroad networks. In North America the mark, which consists of an code of one to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment. The Association of American Railroads assigns marks to all carriers, under authority granted by the U. S, surface Transportation Board, Transport Canada, and Mexican Government. Under current practice, the first letter must match the initial letter of the railroad name, as it also acts as a Standard Carrier Alpha Code, the reporting mark cannot conflict with codes in use by other nonrail carriers. In another example, the mark for state-funded Amtrak services in California is CDTX because the state transportation agency owns the equipment used in these services. This is why the reporting mark for CSX Transportation, which is a railroad, is CSXT instead of CSX. This often resulted in five-letter reporting marks, an option not otherwise allowed by the AAR, the standard ISO6346 covers identifiers for intermodal containers. When the owner of a mark is taken over by another company. For example, when the Union Pacific Railroad acquired the Chicago and North Western Railway in the 1990s, some companies own several marks that are used to identify different classes of cars, such as boxcars or gondolas. If the acquiring company discontinues the name or mark of the acquired company, occasionally, long-disused marks are suddenly revived by the companies which now own them. For example, in recent years, the Union Pacific Railroad has begun to use the mark CMO on newly built covered hoppers, gondolas, CMO originally belonged to a predecessor of the CNW, which passed it on to them, from which the UP inherited it. Some of these still retain their temporary NYC marks. Because of its size, this list has been split into subpages based on the first letter of the reporting mark, railinc, a subsidiary of the AAR, maintains the active reporting marks for the North American rail industry. Railinc offers a free online look-up of reporting marks and other industry reference files through the Railincs Freight Rail 411 website, a railway vehicle must be registered in a national vehicle register using a 12-digit number derived from the old UIC system of vehicle numbering. The number contains the country in the third and fourth digit. The VKM must not contain special signs or digits, the VKM is preceded by the code for the country, where the vehicle is registered and a hyphen. Some examples, When a vehicle is sold it does not normally be transferred to another register, the Czech railways bought large numbers of coaches from ÖBB. The number remained the same but the VKM changed from A-ÖBB to A-ČD, the UIC introduced a uniform numbering system for their members based on a 12-digit number, largely known as UIC number

4.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront

5.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days

6.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

7.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide

8.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in

9.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany

10.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State

11.
Springfield, Massachusetts
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Springfield is a city in western New England, and the seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Springfield sits on the bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers, the western Westfield River, the eastern Chicopee River, and the eastern Mill River. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 153,060. Metropolitan Springfield, as one of two areas in Massachusetts, had an estimated population of 698,903 as of 2009. The first Springfield in the New World, it is the largest city in Western New England, and the urban, economic and it is the third-largest city in Massachusetts and fourth-largest in New England after Boston, Worcester, and Providence. Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, lies 23.9 miles south of Springfield, bradley International Airport, which sits 12 miles south of Metro Center Springfield, is Hartford-Springfields airport. Springfield was founded in 1636 by English Puritan William Pynchon as Agawam Plantation under the administration of the Connecticut Colony, in 1641 it was renamed after Pynchons hometown of Springfield, Essex, England, following incidents that precipitated the settlement joining the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From 1777 until its closing during the Vietnam War, the Springfield Armory attracted skilled laborers to Springfield, arsenal at Springfield during Shays Rebellion of 1787 led directly to the formation of the U. S. Springfield is located at 42°6′45″N 72°32′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 33.2 square miles, of which 32.1 square miles is land and 1.1 square miles is water. Once nicknamed The City in a Forest, Springfield features over 4, aside from its rivers, Springfields 2nd most prominent topographical feature is the citys 735 acres Forest Park, designed by renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. Forest Park also borders Western Massachusetts most affluent town, Longmeadow, Springfield shares borders with other well-heeled suburbs such as East Longmeadow, Wilbraham, Ludlow and the de-industrializing city of Chicopee. The small cities of Agawam and West Springfield, Massachusetts lie less than a mile from Springfields Metro Center, across the Connecticut River. The City of Springfield also owns the Springfield Country Club, which is located in the city of West Springfield, Massachusetts. Springfield, like other cities in southern New England, has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold with a average in January of around 26 °F. During winter, noreaster storms can drop significant snowfalls on Springfield, Springfields summers are very warm and sometimes humid. During summer, several times per month, on hot days afternoon thunderstorms will develop when unstable warm air collides with approaching cold fronts, the daily average in July is around 74 °F. Usually several days during the summer exceed 90 °F, constituting a heat wave, Spring and fall temperatures are usually pleasant, with mild days and crisp, cool nights

12.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River

13.
Walkway over the Hudson
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The Walkway over the Hudson is a steel cantilever bridge spanning the Hudson River between Poughkeepsie, New York, on the east bank and Highland, New York, on the west bank. Built as a double track bridge, it was completed on January 1,1889. It was taken out of service on May 8,1974 and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and its entry updated in 2008. It was reopened on October 3,2009 as a walkway as part of the new Walkway Over the Hudson State Historic Park. In 1868, a proposed an railroad bridge across the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie. The proposal seemed so absurd that the Eagle ridiculed it, over the years, many plans had been made for a fixed span across the Hudson River south of Albany to replace numerous car float and ferry operations. The Poughkeepsie Bridge Company was chartered in June 1871 to build the bridge, contracts were let to a firm called the American Bridge Company, but the Panic of 1873 intervened and the scheme collapsed. In 1886, the Manhattan Bridge Building Company was organized to finance the construction, among the prominent backers was Henry Clay Frick, the coal tycoon and associate of Andrew Carnegie. The Union Bridge Company of Athens, Pennsylvania, which had completed the Michigan Central cantilever bridge at Niagara, was subcontracted to build the Poughkeepsie Bridge. Dawson, Symmes and Usher were the engineers, while John F. ORourke, P. P. Dickinson. The bridge was designed by Charles Macdonald and Arthur B, the first train crossed the bridge on December 29,1888, and it was formally opened for scheduled passenger service on January 1,1889. Considered an engineering marvel of the day, the bridge has seven main spans, the total length is 6,768 feet, including approaches, and the top of the deck is 212 feet above water. All seven spans were built of newly available Bessemer Process mild steel and it formed part of the most direct rail route between the industrial northeastern states and the midwestern and western states. Ownership of the bridge passed through several railroads including the Central New England Railway, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Penn Central and Conrail. In 1917–18, the tracks on the bridge were converted to gantlet track operation to center the weight of heavier NH 2-10-2 steam locomotives. Even so, trains were restricted to 12 miles per hour, in 1959, the gantlet tracks were replaced by a centered single track. During World War II, the bridge was a link for war freight traffic. At its peak, nearly 3,500 train cars crossed over the Hudson on a daily basis, traffic across the bridge began a slow decline in the 1950s as industry shrank in New England and with it the need for the raw materials railroads excelled at transporting

14.
Maybrook, New York
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Maybrook is a village in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 2,958 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. It is located mostly in the Town of Montgomery, but a portion is in the Town of Hamptonburgh. It is also defined by the 427 telephone exchange in the 845 area code, Maybrook is located at 41°29′12″N 74°12′52″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.3 square miles. By contrast, it is only a mile wide at its widest point, near its south end, the village is mostly flat, rising up to hills on its west side. The summit of one is its highest elevation, at 520 feet above sea level, maybrooks lowest point is a swampy, undeveloped area in its northeast corner,360 feet in elevation. In the early 1970s, Governor Nelson Rockefellers administration saw the potential for Stewart to support the metropolitan area and its long runway made it particularly attractive for intercontinental service via supersonic transport, then under development in the U. S. and elsewhere. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority was the first government body to try to convert it into the New York metropolitan areas fourth major airport and it tripled the airports territory, extending its land well beyond its previous western boundary at Drury Lane, a two-lane rural road. The land was bounded by I-84 to the north, Route 207 along the south and roughly by Rock Tavern, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,084 people,1,043 households, and 780 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,306.3 people per square mile, there were 1,077 housing units at an average density of 805.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 82. 81% White,8. 98% African American,0. 29% Native American,1. 20% Asian,3. 99% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 12. 74% of the population. 19. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.41. In the village, the population was out with 32. 7% under the age of 18,8. 2% from 18 to 24,32. 8% from 25 to 44,19. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males, the median income for a household in the village was $52,872, and the median income for a family was $56,912. Males had an income of $40,165 versus $30,385 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,194, about 3. 6% of families and 6. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 9% of those under age 18 and 11. 2% of those age 65 or over

15.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing

16.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies

17.
Newburgh, Dutchess and Connecticut Railroad
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The Dutchess and Columbia Railroad was chartered September 4,1866. It was to run from Fishkill northeast and north to meet the New York, Millbrook resident, George H. Brown, was elected president. The road was promoted largely by New York bankers who had interests in the town of Washington. Several Dutchess County towns along the proposed route bonded themselves to aid in the construction of the road and it was also extended to State Line to connect with the Connecticut Western. Bridges were built over Fishkill Creek and Sprout Creek, after this section was in place more rails would be hauled by trains to complete the line. The line reached north to Pine Plains by July 1,1869, construction reached Millerton in the northeast corner of the county in November 1871. A short four-mile connecting Railroad called the Clove Branch was chartered in 1868, the CB connected with the D&C near Old Hopewell, and its main purpose was to haul iron ore out of the mine at Sylvan Lake. Later the CB was extended four miles and ran passenger and freight service to a few customers. The president was the same George H. Brown who was President of the D&C RR, operations were suspended in 1897 and it was abandoned in 1898. In 1849, the two Connecticut companies merged to form the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad, with a charter to continue past Brewster to Fishkill. In 1851 the Rhode Island company was merged into it, later that year the first section opened, from Hartford east to Willimantic. Extensions opened east to Providence in 1854 and west to Waterbury in 1855, the HP&F went bankrupt on January 1,1858, and was run by the trustees until 1863, when it was leased by the newly formed Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad. On December 1865 a number of Erie Railway men were elected to the BH&E board, the BH&E planned to connect New England cities with a shipping terminal on the Hudson River, and purchased property at Dennings Point adjacent to the Dutchess Junction starting point of the D&C RR. The D&C RR continued building the line and bought a used locomotive from a railroad in Pennsylvania naming it Tioronda and it was a 4-4-0 wood burner that had been built in 1856. It arrived at Dutchess Junction on 8 February 1869, later it purchased two more from New Haven. These were named Washington and Pine Plains for the towns which the D&C/BH&E ran through, the chocolate brown coaches were lettered BH&E Railroad. The station at Plum Point/Dutchess Junction was not yet completed so on Monday,21 June 1869 the first trip on the line left Fishkill Landing and they ran south along the Hudson River line to Plum Point/Dutchess Junction and then ran east on the new rail line. Trains used this route for a time in 1869 until the station was finished at Dutchess Junction

18.
Millerton, New York
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Millerton is a village in Dutchess County, New York, United States with a population of 958 at the 2010 census. The village was named after Sidney Miller, a contractor who helped the people of that area with the introduction of the railroad system. Millerton is part of the Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown Metropolitan Statistical Area of New York as well as the larger New York-Newark-Bridgeport NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area, Millerton is within the town of North East and is near the border of Connecticut. The town borders Taconic State Park, the community of Millerton formed after 1851, and the village was incorporated in 1875. Millertons revival as a village with urban influences from nearby towns and boroughs is shown through the vibrant arts, culture. The village hosts several foodie destinations, such as No.9 Restaurant, Manna Dew, the Oakhurst Diner, there is a recording studio and music school, the music cellar, right on the bike path, or rail trail. The Movie House features foreign films, live broadcasts of the Metropolitan Opera, Millerton boasts a number of art galleries, artist studios, and hosts the annual Spring for Art festival each May. Millerton is located in northeastern Dutchess County at 41°57′14″N 73°30′28″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.62 square miles, of which 0.00 square miles, or 0. 50%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 925 people,375 households, the population density was 1,470.4 people per square mile. There were 412 housing units at a density of 654.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 93. 51% White,2. 27% African American,0. 32% Native American,1. 30% Asian,0. 11% Pacific Islander,1. 41% from other races, and 1. 08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 89% of the population,32. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 3.09. In the village, the population was out with 24. 4% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,27. 8% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males, the median income for a household in the village was $36,176, and the median income for a family was $46,458. Males had an income of $27,279 versus $29,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,220, about 7. 7% of families and 14. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24. 7% of those under age 18 and 12. 0% of those age 65 or over

19.
New York and Harlem Railroad
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The New York and Harlem Railroad was one of the first railroads in the United States, and was the worlds first street railway. Designed by John Stephenson, it was opened in stages between 1832 and 1852 between Lower Manhattan to and beyond Harlem, initially using horses, the line was partially converted to use steam engines and then electricity, using a battery-powered Julien electric traction car. In 1907 the then leaseholders of line, New York City Railway went into receivership, following a further receivership in 1932 the New York Railways Corporation converted the line to bus operation. The Murray Hill Tunnel now carries a lane of road traffic, the line became part of the New York Central Railroad system with trackage rights granted to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad into Manhattan. It is now part of the Metro-North Railroad system, and the only Manhattan trackage of that system, the company was incorporated on April 25,1831 as the New York and Harlem Railroad, to link New York City with suburban Harlem. Among the companys founders was John Mason, a wealthy banker and they decided to build their railroad on the eastern side of Manhattan Island, convinced that their railroad would never be able to compete with steamboat traffic on the Hudson River. The first section, along Bowery from Prince Street north to 14th Street, between 1847 and 1856, a track was built in Grand Street between Centre Street and Bowery for northbound trains. Southbound trains continued to use the old route, in 1864 or 1865, a branch was added for trains between downtown and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing, running along 32nd Street, Lexington Avenue and 34th Street. This was the start of separate horse car service, running between Astor House and the ferry, Grand Central Depot opened just north of 42nd Street in October 1871, and intercity passenger trains from the north were ended there. Freight trains continued to operate along the south of Grand Central. As of 2016, Metro-North operates commuter service from Grand Central Terminal, via Southeast. The trackless right-of-way from Wassaic to Chatham is being converted to the Harlem Valley Rail Trail, as in other early railroads, the dominant propulsion in the railroads early years was horse power. In 1837, steam engines were introduced, but their use was limited to areas outside of the settled parts of the city - then. Before that, the locomotives had run to 32nd Street. When the ordinance took effect, the NY&H had not done anything, after much debate, including an injunction issued preventing the city from enforcing the ordinance, the courts struck down the injunction on July 30,1858. On July 2,1870, horsecars started to run not only to the 34th Street Ferry and these trains ran through the Murray Hill Tunnel and turned west on 42nd before going north on Madison. The line was extended to 86th Street and then to Harlem. On April 1,1873, the NY&H leased its lines to the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad

20.
Collinsville, Connecticut
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Collinsville is a village and census-designated place in the town of Canton, Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,746 at the 2010 census, the central portion of the village is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built around the Collins Company Axe Factory, a manufacturer of edge tools, such as axes, machetes, picks. Collins machetes were the brand of choice in South America, Collins tools were used almost exclusively for the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and axes and picks made their way across the country to be used in the California Gold Rush. Admiral Peary carried Collins tools to the North Pole, typical of New England mills, the Collins Company axe factory was sited on a river, and their production was powered by utilizing the waters strength to turn turbines and power machines. The numerous old buildings ramble along the riverbanks intertwined by a maze of sluices that run throughout the site. The company closed its doors in 1966, but the buildings stayed standing and are now rented out to local businesses. The ambiance of Main Street reflects period architecture with ornate details from the start of the 20th century, according to historian Diana Muir writing in Reflections in Bulloughs Pond, it was in Collinsville that Elisha Root invented the important industrial technique of die casting. Root was employed by Samuel W. Collins whose Collins and Company was the largest manufacturer of axes in the nineteenth century, Collinsville hosts an annual Halloween Parade through the historic town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 3.6 square miles, of which 3.1 square miles is land and 0.42 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,686 people,1,080 households, the population density was 871.8 people per square mile. There were 1,128 housing units at a density of 366.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97. 54% White,0. 56% African American,0. 07% Native American,0. 48% Asian,0. 30% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 60% of the population. 26. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91. In the CDP, the population was out with 24. 3% under the age of 18,5. 0% from 18 to 24,31. 9% from 25 to 44,26. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $60,690, and the median income for a family was $66,550. Males had an income of $44,414 versus $37,679 for females

21.
Rhinecliff, New York
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Rhinecliff is a hamlet and census-designated place located along the Hudson River in the town of Rhinebeck in northern Dutchess County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of Rhinecliff was 425 and it was founded in 1686 as the town of Kipsbergen by five Dutchmen, among them Hendrikus and Jacobus Kip, who moved from Kingston to live in the settlement along the eastern shore of the Hudson. In 1849, under the influence of the Hudson River School of painters, the name was borrowed from the original name of the Jones-Schermerhorn estate, now known as Wyndcliffe. Rhinecliff is located in the part of the town of Rhinebeck,1 mile west of Rhinebeck village. It is directly across the Hudson River from the city of Kingston, the closest river crossing is the Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge,4 miles to the north. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the Rhinecliff CDP has an area of 1.0 square mile, of which 0.02 square miles. At 20 miles long, this district is the largest National Historic Landmark designation in the country. The quaintness and charm of the serve as the water. The hamlet is demarcated by large agricultural and wooded area to the north, east, and south, steep topography, formed by contorted slate ridges and valleys, define the site-specific and seemingly random orientation of the small, frame nineteenth-century houses and winding narrow roads. After experiencing a mid-nineteenth century building boom, the hamlet boundaries. As part of the town of Rhinebeck, the hamlet of Rhinecliff is included within the jurisdiction of the town government, in 2005, the Town Board created the Rhinecliff Hamlet Advisory Council to facilitate communications between the hamlet and town. A proposal to build a contemporary residence overlooking the Hudson on Grinnell Street in the hamlet is generating controversy in Rhinecliff. Other Rhinecliff residents have defended the proposal, arguing it will be an addition to the hamlet and that it blends the historic. In 2014 the matter was before the Rhinebeck Planning Board and Zoning Board of Appeals, according to her biographer Louis Auchincloss, Edith Wharton was a frequent childhood visitor who later described the Wyndcliffe mansion as The Willows in Hudson River Bracketed. In her autobiography, A Backward Glance, Mrs. Wharton wrote about Wyndcliffe, the town is also the setting of the fictional book series The It Girl by Cecily von Ziegesar. Nearby notables, past and/or present, have included Levi P. Morton, Vincent Astor, Natalie Merchant, rhinecliff–Kingston Morton Memorial Library and Community House Rhinecliff. org, local community website

22.
Albany, New York
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Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw

23.
Car float
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A railroad car float or rail barge is an unpowered barge with rail tracks mounted on its deck. It is used to move railroad cars across water obstacles, or to locations they could not otherwise go, as such, the car float is a specialised form of the lighter, as opposed to a train ferry, which is self-powered. During the Civil War Herman Haupt used huge barges fitted with tracks to enable trains to cross the Rappahannock River in support of the Army of the Potomac. The ferry operation ended in 1906, the B&O operated a carfloat across the Baltimore Inner Harbor until the mid-1890s. It connected trains from Philadelphia to Washington, D. C. the operation was discontinued after the opening of the Baltimore Belt Line in 1895. Carfloat service was provided to many pier stations and waterfront warehouse facilities by the above-mentioned railroads. At their peak, the railroads had 3,400 employees operating small fleets totalling 323 car floats, plus 1,094 other barges, towed by 150 tugboats between New Jersey and New York City. A complete list can be here, Surviving Float Bridges of New York Harbor The only remaining carfloat service currently in operation in New York Harbor is operated by New York New Jersey Rail. This company, operated by the government agency Port Authority of New York & New Jersey is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Carfloat service operates between Bush Terminal in Brooklyn, New York and Greenville Yard in Jersey City and it has been proposed that carfloat service be transferred from Bush Terminal 50th float bridge to 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard float bridges. Freight cars do not run in the East River Tunnels nor the North River Tunnels, between 1912–1936 the Erie Railroad operated a car float service on the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois. Santa Fe Railroad, San Francisco Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad Western Pacific Railroad, San Francisco Chicago, Milwaukee, the rail ferries Pere Marquette 12 and Pere Marquette 10 were converted to barges and used until 1995 to carry dangerous cargoes and oversize cars. Windsor, Ontario – Detroit, Michigan BC Rail. until 1955 railcars were barged from North Vancouver to Squamish, a large number of isolated BC pulp mills had chemicals and freight moved by car floats. The Alaska Railroad provides the Alaska Rail Marine rail barge service from downtown Seattle, additionally, CN Rail provides the Aqua Train rail barge service from Prince Rupert, British Columbia to Whittier. The only remaining carfloat service currently in operation in the Port of New York and this company, operated by the bi-state government agency Port Authority of New York & New Jersey is the successor to the New York Cross Harbor Railroad. Car float service operates between Bush Terminal in Brooklyn, New York and Greenville Yard in Jersey City, New Jersey and it has been proposed that carfloat service be transferred from Bush Terminal 50th float bridge to 65th Street / Bay Ridge Yard float bridges. Bay Coast Railroad currently operates a 2-barge car float connecting Virginias Eastern Shore with the city of Norfolk, Prince Rupert – Whittier Delta – Nanaimo, British Columbia Matane, Quebec – Baie-Comeau, Quebec Railroad ferry, Hudson River, New York, Andreas Feininger,1940. Still Photograph Archive, George Eastman House, Rochester, NY, NYNJ Rail – official site Industrial & Offline Terminal Railroads of Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island, Bronx & Manhattan

24.
Anthony's Nose (Westchester County, New York)
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Anthonys Nose is a peak along the Hudson River at the north end of Westchester County, New York. Anthonys Nose, together with Dunderberg Mountain, comprises the South Gate of the Hudson Highlands, the Hudson makes a turn around the southwestern tip, so that the northwestern side also slopes down to salt marshes along the river. On the southeastern side are Mine Mountain and, across Broccy Creek, most of this land is part of Camp Smith, a New York National Guard reservation. US 6/202 crosses the Hudson on the Bear Mountain Bridge to the tip of the mountain. 9D runs northeast along the flank of the mountain to Garrison, New York, while 202/6 runs southeast, hugging the cliffs. The peak has been known as Anthonys Nose since at least 1697, the eponymous Anthony may be St Anthony, as a rock formation called Saint Anthonys Face existed on Breakneck Ridge nearby before its destruction by quarrying. Pierre Van Cortlandt, who owned this mountain, said it was named for a pre-Revolutionary War sea captain and this captain was reputed to have a Cyrano de Bergerac type nose. One of his mates, looking at this mount, as they sailed by it and he said that they looked similar in size. This good-natured joke soon spread, and the name Anthonys Nose stuck to this peak, washington Irvings History of New York, a satire, attributes the name to one Antony Van Corlear, who was the trumpeter on Henry Hudsons ship. Other traditions name Anthony de Hooges, a deacon of the Dutch Reformed Church and early settler of Rensselaerswyck, one of the Hudson River Chains was stretched from Fort Montgomery to the foot of the mountain. The Bear Mountain Bridge was later constructed along approximately that alignment, an airway beacon was once located on the summit. The mountain is composed of Canada Hill granite, large calcite crystals have been collected from the railroad cut along the base. The Appalachian Trail crosses the Bear Mountain Bridge and follows 9D for a distance before turning east. It skirts the summit ridge, descends into the clove between Anthonys Nose and Mine Mountain, and from there into South Mountain Pass, the blue-blazed Camp Smith Trail leaves the AT southwestward just above the descent to 9D, and runs along the ridge to reach the summit. From there, it runs along the border of Camp Smith to reach parking along 202/6 on the side of Manitou Mountain

25.
Bear Mountain Bridge
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The Bear Mountain Bridge is a toll suspension bridge in New York State, carrying US 6/US202 across the Hudson River between Rockland/Orange Counties and Westchester/Putnam Counties. From the time of its completion in 1924, it held the record for the longest suspension bridge in the world for 19 months, until it was surpassed by the Benjamin Franklin Bridge in Philadelphia. The span enables connections to the Palisades Interstate Parkway and US 9W on the west bank near Bear Mountain Inn to New York State Route 9D on the east and it also carries the Appalachian Trail and New York State Bicycle Route 9 across the Hudson. The bridge has two lanes, separated by a double yellow line. The span includes pedestrian walkways on both sides of the bridge, bicycling is legal on the roadway. Cyclists may walk their cycles on the pedestrian walkway, plans for a bridge at the site had been made as early as 1868. The intent was to carry a railroad toward Derby, Connecticut, to supply coal, the surface of the bridge was to be 150 feet above high tide. In 1871 the newspaper reported that capital of $2.5 million had been raised, in 1887, reports said the bridge would be finished in two years. By 1889, work on the pits was progressing rapidly. The story again resurfaces in 1896, when the Hudson Highland Bridge, the company was described as a reorganization of the former Hudson Suspension Bridge and New England Railway Company, which at some point included steel magnate Andrew Carnegie on its board. Much of this period coincided with the so-called Long Depression, including stock market crashes called the Panic of 1873, a charter for construction of the bridge expired in 1916. The 11-member board of directors included financiers E. Roland Harriman, a $4.5 million bond issue was completed in April of that year through the Harriman banking and brokerage firm. Under the 1922 charter, ownership of the bridge was to revert by 1962 from the company to New York State. When the bridge opened on November 27,1924, it was the longest suspension bridge span in the world. It was the first automobile bridge to cross the Hudson south of Albany, construction methods pioneered on the Bear Mountain Bridge influenced much larger projects to follow, including the George Washington and Golden Gate bridges. Completion also inspired the state to extend the Bronx River Parkway from Kensico Dam northward, work which evolved into the Bear Mountain Parkway and the first phase of the Taconic State Parkway. Ownership was transferred to the New York State Bridge Authority on September 26,1940, in 1982 the bridge and its then-abandoned original toll house several miles away on the Peekskill approach road, Routes 6 and 202, were added to the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge was designated as a local historic civil engineering landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1986

26.
Poughkeepsie, New York
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Poughkeepsie /pəˈkɪpsi/, officially the City of Poughkeepsie, is a city in the state of New York, United States, which is the county seat of Dutchess County. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 32,736, Poughkeepsie is in the Hudson Valley midway between New York City and Albany, and is part of the New York metropolitan area. Poughkeepsie is known as The Queen City of the Hudson and it was settled in the 17th century by the Dutch and became New Yorks second capital shortly after the American Revolution. It was chartered as a city in 1854. S, the city of Poughkeepsie lies in New Yorks 18th congressional district. The site of Poughkeepsie was purchased from the Indians in 1686 by Robert Sanders, an Englishman, and Myndert Harmense Van Den Bogaerdt, the first settlers were the families of Barent Baltus Van Kleeck and Hendrick Jans van Oosterom. The settlement grew quickly, and the Reformed Church of Poughkeepsie was established by 1720, the community was set off from the town of Poughkeepsie when it became an incorporated village on 27 March 1799. The city of Poughkeepsie was chartered on 28 March 1854, spared from battle during the American Revolution, Poughkeepsie became the second capital of New York. With its ratification, New York entered the new union as the eleventh of the thirteen colonies to join together as the United States of America. In 1799, a new seal was created for Poughkeepsie, due to the areas natural beauty and proximity to New York City, families such as the Astors, Rogers, and Vanderbilts built palatial weekend homes nearby. The city is home to the oldest continuously operating entertainment venue in the state, the city is on the western edge of Dutchess County, bordered by the Hudson River on the west and by the town of Poughkeepsie on the north, east and south. There are two crossings of the Hudson River in Poughkeepsie, the Mid-Hudson Bridge for motor vehicles and pedestrians, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.7 square miles. 5.1 square miles of it is land, and 0.23 square miles of it is water and it is about 75 miles north of New York City and is in southeastern New York State. It receives approximately 44.12 inches of precipitation per year, much of which is delivered in the late spring, due to its inland location, Poughkeepsie can be very cold during the winter, with temperatures dropping below zero a few times per year. Poughkeepsie can also be hit by powerful noreasters, but usually significantly less snow or rain from these storms compared to locations to the south. As of the census of 2010, there were 32,736 people, the population density was 5,806.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 13,153 housing units at a density of 2,556.6 per square mile. 35. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.15. In the city, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,12. 2% from 18 to 24,29. 2% from 25 to 44,19. 0% from 45 to 64

27.
Hamptonburgh, New York
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Hamptonburgh is a town located in the northern part of Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 5,561 at the 2010 census and it was named by an early settler, William Bull, for his place of birth — Wolverhampton. The Town of Hamptonburgh is in the central part of Orange County. The town was part of patent of 1703, assigned to Christopher Denn, the town was established in 1830 from parts of the Towns of Blooming Grove, Goshen, and Montgomery, including land which previously belonged to Loyalist Fletcher Mathews. The tory brother would not speak with his republican relative, the sentiments of this brother were changed by the happy results of the revolution. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 27.0 square miles. NY-207 and NY-416 intersect west of Campbell Hall, according to the Census Bureaus 2008-2012 American Community Survey, there were 5,542 people,1,718 households, and 1,338 families residing in the town. The population density was 175.0 people per square mile, there were 1,532 housing units at an average density of 57.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 92. 3% White,3. 9% African American,0. 0% Native American,2. 6% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 5% of the population. 12. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.43 and the average family size was 3.78. In the town, the population was out with 24. 3% under the age of 18, 13% from 18 to 24,17. 7% from 25 to 44,29. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42.7 years, for every 100 females there were 104.4 males. The Census Bureaus 2008-2012 American Community Survey showed that median income was $96,693. Males had an income of $68,482 versus $54,405 for females. The per capita income for the village was $33,903, about 0. 7% of families and 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0. 7% of those under age 18 and 3. 4% of those age 65 or over. Hamptonburgh is an area, but the main center of Hamptonburgh is Campbell Hall. Campbell Hall is home to Americas first butter factory and it is also the location of the Otterkill Fire Department and the Campbell Hall post office. Its economy is derived from a number of sources, The General Store, Campbell Hall Salvage, American Fence, a Service Station, the Bulls Head Inn, and a number of horse and dairy farms

28.
Maybrook Line
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It was the main east-west freight route of the New Haven until its merger with the Penn Central in 1969. The CNE line was chartered as the Dutchess County Railroad in 1889 and ran southeast from the bridge to Hopewell Junction. The line was absorbed by the CNE in 1907, and eventually merged into the New Haven Railroad in 1927, passenger service was phased out beginning in the 1930s, the same decade the New Haven Railroad faced crippling bankruptcy. Later financial troubles in the 1950s and 1960s led to its acquisition by Penn Central Railroad in 1969. Upon taking ownership, the Penn Central began discouraging connecting traffic on the line that paralleled Penn Central routes for the rest of its journey to prevent it from being short-hauled, after 1971 only one train in each direction traversed the full line. While the Penn Central did not connect with the old New Haven on the west side of the line, the service ended in a dispute over haulage charges and the traffic was diverted to the longer all Penn Central route through Selkirk, New York. Through service over the line ended abruptly in 1974 when the Poughkeepsie Bridge burned and was not repaired, the portion of the line west of Hopewell Junction, New York, has been abandoned and now forms part of the Dutchess Rail Trail. The remainder of the line is owned in New York by Metro-North, beacon Line The Maybrook Line across Dutchess County Hopewell Depot Restoration Corporation Timeline

29.
Hopewell Junction, New York
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Hopewell Junction is a hamlet and census-designated place in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 376 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. Hopewell Junction is located within the town of East Fishkill and it was originally a railroad junction where the Newburgh, Dutchess and Connecticut Railroad met the New York and New England Railroad and Dutchess County Railroad. The railroad that goes through Hopewell is no longer in use and it was ranked #31 on Money magazines Most Desirable Places to Live for 2005. Hopewell Junction is located near the center of the town of East Fishkill at 41°35′N 73°48′W, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,610 people,894 households, and 688 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 923.4 per square mile, there were 914 housing units at an average density of 323. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 92. 26% White,1. 80% African American,0. 27% Native American,3. 91% Asian,0. 42% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 98% of the population. 19. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.37. In the CDP, the population was out with 20. 9% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,29. 1% from 25 to 44,35. 5% from 45 to 64. For every 100 females there were 96.7 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $106,042, males had a median income of $49,750 versus $33,092 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,844, about 2. 3% of families and 4. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 3% of those under age 18

30.
New York and New England Railroad
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The New York and New England Railroad was a major railroad connecting southern New York State with Hartford, Connecticut, Providence, Rhode Island, and Boston, Massachusetts. It operated from 1873 to 1893, prior to 1873 it was known as the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad, which had been formed by several smaller railroads dating back to 1846. The Connecticut Southern Railroad operates freight service on a portion of the former NY&NE line near East Hartford and Manchester. Other portions in Connecticut and Rhode Island have been converted to rail trails, the corridor from Providence, Rhode Island west into New York was originally chartered as three companies. The Providence and Plainfield Railroad, chartered in June 1846, would run from Providence to the Rhode Island/Connecticut state line, later that year the first section opened, from Hartford east to Willimantic. Extensions opened east to Providence in 1854 and west to Waterbury in 1855, the HP&F went bankrupt on January 1,1858, and was run by the trustees until 1863, when it was leased by the newly formed Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad. At the Boston end, the earliest predecessor was the Norfolk County Railroad, the company went bankrupt soon after. The short Medway Branch Railroad was leased in 1851, opening December 29,1852, on May 1,1849 the Southbridge and Blackstone Railroad was incorporated to extend the line west from Blackstone to Southbridge. On its way to Douglas, this passed through Ironstone, where there was a factory that made Kentucky Blue Jeans. The Midland Railroad was incorporated May 2,1850 to build a new entrance to Boston, the first section of this extension was incorporated in May 1853 as the East Thompson Railroad, forming the Connecticut portion of the Southbridge and Blackstone. The extension from Blackstone southwest to Mechanicsville, Connecticut on the Norwich, in January 1855 the new main line to Boston was opened, but was closed six months later until December 1856 because of an injunction due to the danger of the numerous grade crossings. The new line ran to a terminal at the foot of Summer Street in downtown Boston via South Boston, the full line was first operated as one on June 1,1855, but again failed quickly. On August 6 operations were restarted on only the original Dedham-Blackstone line, operated by the Boston, on March 2,1857 the trustees took repossession, ending the operation by the B&P. The East Thompson Railroad leased the line, reopening it again in full for about a year before another failure, at that time, all but the original Dedham-Blackstone line and Medway Branch were closed until 1867. The closed lines were sold in November 1858 to the Midland Railroad, the Midland Land Damage Company tried again in 1862, changing its name to the Southern Midland Railroad in 1863 without success. It quickly leased the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad from its trustees, in September of that year it acquired the former Boston and New York Central Railroad, but did not operate it yet, the old Norfolk County Railroad continued operations by its trustees. In the meantime, the New York and Boston Railroad had built a line from Brookline, Massachusetts southwest to Woonsocket, Rhode Island, on January 4,1865 the BH&E absorbed that company, making its Woonsocket Division. On December 13 of the year, various Erie Railway men were elected to the BH&E board

31.
Reading Company
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The Reading Company operated an important railroad in southeast Pennsylvania and neighboring states from 1924-1976. Commonly called the Reading Railroad, it was a successor to the Philadelphia, until the decline in anthracite loadings in the Coal Region after World War II, it was one of the most prosperous corporations in the United States. Competition with the highway system and short hauls compounded the companys problems. Its railroad operations were merged into Conrail in 1976, but the corporation lasted into 2000, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was one of the first railroads in the United States. Along with the Little Schuylkill, a railroad in the Schuylkill River Valley. Primarily, the P&R was constructed to haul coal from the mines in northeastern Pennsylvanias Coal Region to Philadelphia. The P&R mainline had the distinction of being, upon its 1843 completion, the P&R became profitable almost immediately. In 1871, the Reading established a subsidiary called the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, the heavy investment in coal paid off quickly. By 1871, the Reading was the largest company in the world, with $170,000,000 in gross value, in 1879, the Reading gained control of the North Pennsylvania Railroad and gained access to the burgeoning steel industry in the Lehigh Valley. Instead of broadening its rail network, the Reading invested its vast wealth in anthracite and this led to financial trouble in the 1870s. In 1890, Reading president Archibald A. McLeod saw that more riches could be earned by expanding its rail network, McLeod went about trying to control neighboring railroads in 1891. He was able to control of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, Central Railroad of New Jersey. The Reading almost achieved its goal of becoming a road, but the deal was scuttled by J. P. Morgan and other rail barons. The Reading was relegated to a railroad for the rest of its history. The Philadelphia and Reading Rail Road was chartered April 4,1833, the portion from Reading to Norristown opened July 16,1838, the full line December 9,1839. An extension northwest from Reading to Mount Carbon, also on the Schuylkill River, opened on January 13,1842, at Mount Carbon, it connected with the earlier Mount Carbon Railroad, continuing through Pottsville to several mines, and would eventually be extended to Williamsport. On May 17 of 1842, a branch from West Falls to Port Richmond on the Delaware River north of downtown Philadelphia opened. Port Richmond later became a large coal terminal

32.
New England
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New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south, the Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the south. Its largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston, which also includes Worcester, Manchester, ten years later, more Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 126 years, people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquin allies in North America. In 1692, the town of Salem, Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced one of the most infamous cases of hysteria in the history of the Western Hemisphere. The Boston Tea Party was a protest to which Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government, the confrontation led to the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, and the expulsion of the British authorities from the region in spring 1776. Each state is subdivided into small incorporated municipalities known as towns. The only unincorporated areas in the region exist in the populated northern regions of Vermont, New Hampshire. The region is one of the U. S. Census Bureaus nine regional divisions, the earliest known inhabitants of New England were American Indians who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages. Prominent tribes included the Abenaki, Mikmaq, Penobscot, Pequot, Mohegans, Narragansett Indians, Pocumtuck, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock in present-day Maine, the Penobscot lived along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Narragansett and smaller tribes under Narragansett sovereignty lived in most of modern-day Rhode Island, west of Narragansett Bay, the Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket. The Pocumtucks lived in Western Massachusetts, and the Mohegan and Pequot tribes in the Connecticut region, the Connecticut River Valley includes parts of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and linked different indigenous communities culturally, linguistically, and politically. As early as 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders began exploring the New World, trading metal, glass, on April 10,1606, King James I of England issued a charter for each of the Virginia Companies, London and Plymouth. These were privately funded ventures, intended to land for England, conduct trade. In 1620, Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts was settled by Pilgrims from the Mayflower, in 1616, English explorer John Smith named the region New England. As the first colonists arrived in Plymouth, they wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact, the Massachusetts Bay Colony came to dominate the area and was established by royal charter in 1629 with its major town and port of Boston established in 1630. Massachusetts Puritans began to settle in Connecticut as early as 1633, roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts for heresy, led a group south, and founded Providence Plantation in the area that became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1636

33.
Lehigh and New England Railroad
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The Lehigh & New England Railroad was a Class I railroad located in Northeastern United States that acted as a bridge line. The company holds the distinction of being the second notable U. S. railroad that filed for abandonment in its entirety, around 1868, serious proposals for the crossing of the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie began to appear. A charter for the Poughkeepsie Bridge Company was obtained in 1871, the charter was amended to allow placing piers in the river by 1872, and the company began raising funds. Through the influence of Andrew Carnegie, Pennsylvania Railroad president J. Edgar Thomson was persuaded to personally invest in the project and this funding led to a surge of activity. The line was to be carried from Harrisburg to the crossing of the Delaware River at Portland by the South Mountain Railroad. The South Mountain and Boston Railroad was chartered in New Jersey on March 13,1873 and also in New York to continue the line via Poughkeepsie, at the state line, an extension of the planned Massachusetts Central Railroad would connect, taking traffic to Boston. Grading began on the lines, and the cornerstone was laid for a bridge pier at Poughkeepsie. However, the Panic of 1873 and the death of Thomson in May 1874, an attempt at revival was made in 1879. The property of the PP&NE was sold to the P&NE on October 13,1880, the P&NE merged with the Delaware and Slatington on June 22,1882 to form the Pennsylvania, Slatington and New England Railroad. In the meantime, the P&NE was successful in laying one, in the meantime, the Harrisburg and Eastern underwent a final reorganization on May 31,1887 to become the Harrisburg and Delaware River Railroad. In December of that year, John L. Blair, who controlled the nearby Bangor and Portland Railway, acquired control of the PS&NE, in order to give the B&P direct access to New England and other points. Additionally the Central Railroad of New Jerseys Lehigh and Lackawanna Railroad could no longer access points on the B&P, construction was carried out through 1883, with grading finished in Pennsylvania and about 12 miles west from Sussex, New Jersey. The bridge over the Delaware River at Portland was built, in early 1883 a dispute erupted with the Wind Gap and Delaware Railroad over the tracks between Pen Argyl and Bangor, which the PS&NE wanted to use. Later that year the company went bankrupt and construction stopped, construction was begun, but the company again went bankrupt, and was sold at foreclosure December 14,1894. Around that time, various companies were chartered to build the line over the Poughkeepsie Bridge, and in 1889. That part would be combined with the PS&NE in 1892 by the Philadelphia and Reading Railway, the eastern section later became part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, and the western section stayed independent to the end. The Campbell Hall Connecting Railroad was chartered April 3,1889 to obtain the right to operate the section in New York and it was originally planned to extend beyond Pine Island to Campbell Hall, the west end of the existing Poughkeepsie Bridge line. The Readings bankruptcy in 1893 ended this control, and led to the PP&Bs bankruptcy, the Lehigh and New England Railroad was organized April 2,1895 as the successor to the PP&B

34.
Tariffville, Connecticut
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Tariffville is a neighborhood and census-designated place in the town of Simsbury in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 1,324 at the 2010 census and it is a popular location for whitewater paddlers who use the Farmington River. Part of the mill village area is included in the Tariffville Historic District. The historic district excludes newer development around West Point Terrace and Hayes Road, as well as properties along White Water Turn, Wooster Road, in Tariffvilles center, the Cracker Barrel Pub is host to much of the night-life. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.66 square miles, of which 0.62 square miles is land and 0.039 square miles. In 1825, the Tariff Manufacturing Company built a mill along the Farmington River. The company name came from the Tariff Act of 1824 which included protective tariffs for a number of products, including wool, the area did not have sufficient housing for the workers, so the company built housing, some of which survives today. The carpet business survived for a few decades, but by 1867, the tobacco business would continue as the chief industry through the 1930s. The first steel manufacturing plant in the country was established in Tariffville at a site on the Farmington River in 1727, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,371 people,618 households, and 376 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,260.3 people per square mile, there were 638 housing units at an average density of 1,051.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 92. 41% White,2. 70% African American,0. 29% Native American,2. 04% Asian,0. 29% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 02% of the population. 33. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.87. In the CDP, the population was out with 23. 3% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,35. 1% from 25 to 44,23. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $60,000, and the median income for a family was $65,096. Males had an income of $42,750 versus $32,132 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,585, about 5. 3% of families and 9. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 6% of those under age 18 and 16. 0% of those age 65 or over

35.
Boston and Albany Railroad
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The Boston and Albany Railroad was a railroad connecting Boston, Massachusetts to Albany, New York, later becoming part of the New York Central Railroad system, Conrail, and CSX Transportation. The line is used by CSX for freight. Passenger service is operated on the line by Amtrak, and by the MBTA Commuter Rail system. The Boston and Worcester Railroad was chartered June 23,1831 and construction began in August 1832. The line opened in sections, to West Newton on April 16,1834, to Wellesley on July 3, to Ashland on September 20, to Westborough in November 1834, and the full length to Worcester on July 4,1835. The originally single-track line was doubled-tracked from Boston to Framingham in 1839, in 1843 the B&W introduced season passes to West Newton for $60, effectively introducing the concept of commuter rail. The Western Railroad was chartered February 15,1833 and incorporated March 15,1833 to connect the B&W to the Hudson, construction began in 1837, and the Eastern Division to the Connecticut River in Springfield opened on October 1,1839. On October 4,1841 the first train ran along the full route, the Castleton and West Stockbridge Railroad was incorporated in New York in 1834 as the New York part of the Western Railroad, and changed its name to the Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad. Construction began in December 1840 and the line opened from Greenbush to Chatham on December 21,1841 and it was leased to the Western Railroad for 50 years from November 11,1841. This railroad replaced the Hudson and Berkshire Railroad east of Chatham, two mergers, on September 4,1867 and December 28,1870 brought the three companies, along with the Hudson and Boston Railroad, together into one company, known as the Boston and Albany Railroad. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad leased the B&A for 99 years from July 1,1900 and this lease passed to the New York Central Railroad in 1914, throughout this, the B&A kept its own branding in the public eye. The NYC merged into Penn Central on February 1,1968, by 1889, as many as 35 trains traveled the Circuit daily, providing commuter service. In 1899, the new South Station union station opened in Boston and that terminal had been located on the west side of Utica Street (Boston, from Kneeland Street south to Harvard Street, now part of the South Bay Interchange. Even earlier, the terminal was in the bounded by Kneeland Street, Beach Street, Albany Street. By the early part of the 20th century, commuter service was provided east of Worcester. The intercity trips were taken over by Amtrak on May 1,1971, and, on January 27,1973, Service beyond Framingham was discontinued October 27,1975, as the state did not subsidize it. Conrail took over Penn Central on April 1,1976, on September 26,1994, some rush hour trains started to serve Worcester on Conrail trackage, extending to other times beginning on December 14,1996. The MBTA acquired the rest of the line from Framingham to Worcester as part of an agreement announced in 2009, the deal was closed on June 17,2010

36.
West Springfield, Massachusetts
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West Springfield is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 28,391 at the 2010 census. The city is known as West Side, in reference to the fact that it is on the western side of the Connecticut River from Springfield. In paraphrase, from the town history book. The area that became known as West Springfield was settled in 1635, the settlers fled to higher ground on the east side of the river and founded Springfield in the aftermath of the great hurricane of 1635. West Springfield was good land, so some families did stay on the west side. Gristmills and saw mills were present in the early settlement. Because the Connecticut River was too wide to be bridged at the time, by the 1650s some English settlers had begun living full-time on the western side of the river, probably near what is now Riverdale Road, across from the Chicopee River. Early in that decade, Springfield had made a provision that any able-bodied man could be required to work up to six days on local roads. In 1666, the west side residents complained about having to work on east side roads while their own were not well taken care of, after considerable dispute, it was determined that the men of the settlement would tend the roads on their own sides of the river. For the early settlers of Springfield, attendance at both meetings and weekly Congregational church services in the early settlement were mandatory, and this was enforced by fines. In March 1683, Reice Bedortha, his son John, Johns wife Lydia, the west side residents renewed their complaints and began to demand their own church meeting house. On 29 May 1697, the Massachusetts General Court finally approved a separate parish, West side parishes were also created for Agawam, Feeding Hills, and Holyoke. The Massachusetts Bay Colony passed a law in 1647 requiring the construction of a school in any town with 50 or more families. In 1706 after two years of petitioning, west side residents were granted funds for the construction of a school, in 1707, the west side parish was delegated from Springfield town meeting the right to grant land in its territory. On 23 February 1774, West Springfield was incorporated as a town, with territory including what is now Agawam. Another dispute was created when the charter of the town prevented it from taxing the property of Springfield residents within its boundaries. This law was changed to apply only until such property was sold

37.
Beacon, New York
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Beacon is a city located in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The 2010 census placed the city population at 15,541. It was named to commemorate the historic beacon fires that blazed forth from the summit of the Fishkill Mountains to alert the Continental Army about British troop movements. The area occupied as Beacon was originally settled as the villages of Matteawan and Fishkill Landing in 1709, which were among the first colonial communities in the county. Beacon is located in the southwest corner of Dutchess County in the Mid-Hudson Region, approximately 90 miles south of Albany, New York, and approximately 60 miles north of New York City. In 1683, the land that would come to include the City of Beacon was purchased from the Wappinger Indians by Francis Rombout and Gulian Verplanck, merchant-fur traders from New York City. The sale was confirmed, in 1685 by royal patent issued in the names of Rombout, Jacobus Kipp (as successor to the deceased Verplanck, and Stephanus Van Cortlandt. Rombout died in 1691, leaving his share to his daughter, Catharyna, who later married Roger Brett, the Rombout Patent was partitioned in 1706 with Catharyna Brett receiving about 28,000 acres along the Vis Kill. In 1708 the Bretts re-located upriver from the home on Broadway to an area near the mouth of the Fishkill Creek. In June 1718, Roger Brett was drowned when his sloop encountered a fierce squall near Fishkill Landing while returning from New York with supplies, thereafter Catharyna Brett continued to manage her holdings, becoming a well-respected businesswoman. Unlike the Verplancks, Livingstons, and other landowners, Madam Brett was not averse to selling land to settlers, of paramount importance was the commerce in flour. During the first third of the century, Dutchess County ranked first among New York State counties in wheat production. Madam Brett laid out a road over her property from the river eastward to the limits of her lands. “Madam Brett’s Road” ran from Fishkill Landing through Matteawan to Fishkill, the mill thrived, attracting farmers from both sides of the river. Wheat and corn were ground into flour and meal, and shipped to New York, in 1748, Madam Brett, with eighteen others, entered into an agreement for the building of the Frankfort Store House. Which stood near the water at the Lower Landing north of Dennings Point and this was the origin of river freighting. Fishkill Landing developed into a river port, as early as 1780 two dozen vessels operated out of Fishkill Landing. The early development of Fishkill Landing was due in no part to the enterprises of John Peter DeWint

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Danbury, Connecticut
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Danbury is a city in northern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, approximately 70 miles from New York City. Danburys population at the 2010 census was 80,893, Danbury is the fourth most populous city in Fairfield County, and seventh among Connecticut cities. The city is within the New York metropolitan area, the city is named for Danbury, England, the place of origin of many of its early settlers. It is nicknamed the Hat City because of its prominent history in the hat industry, the mineral danburite is named for Danbury. Danbury is home to Danbury Hospital, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury Fair Mall, Danbury was settled by colonists in 1685, when eight families moved from what are now Norwalk and Stamford, Connecticut. The Danbury area was then called Pahquioque by its namesake, the Pahquioque Native Americans, one of the original settlers was Samuel Benedict, who bought land from the Paquioques in 1685, along with his brother James Benedict, James Beebe, and Judah Gregory. Also called Paquiack by local Native Americans, the settlers chose the name Swampfield for their town, but in October 1687, the general court appointed a committee to lay out the new towns boundaries. A survey was made in 1693, and a formal patent was granted in 1702. During the American Revolution, Danbury was an important military depot for the Continental Army. On April 26,1777, the British, under Major General William Tryon, the central motto on the seal of the City of Danbury is Restituimus, a reference to the destruction caused by the Loyalist army troops. The American General David Wooster was mortally wounded at the Battle of Ridgefield by the same British forces which had attacked Danbury and he is buried in Danburys Wooster Cemetery, the private Wooster School in Danbury also was named in his honor. It is the first known instance of the expression in American legal or political writing, the letter is on display at the Unitarian-Universalist Congregation of Danbury. The first Danbury Fair was held in 1821, in 1869, it became a yearly event, the last edition was in 1981. The fairgrounds were cleared to make room for the Danbury Fair Mall, in 1835, the Connecticut Legislature granted a rail charter to the Fairfield County Railroad, which saw no construction as investment was slow. In 1850, the plans were scaled back, and renamed the Danbury. Work moved quickly on the 23 mi railroad line, in 1852, it, the first railroad line in Danbury, opened, with two trains making the 75-minute trip to Norwalk. The central part of Danbury was incorporated as a borough in 1822, the borough was reincorporated as the city of Danbury on April 19,1889. The city and town were consolidated on January 1,1965, the dam impounding the Kohanza Reservoir, one of many reservoirs built to provide water to the hat factories, broke on January 31,1869

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Pine Plains (town), New York
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Pine Plains is a town in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 2,473 at the 2010 census, the name is derived from the geographic character of the region. The hamlet of Pine Plains is on the border of the county. The town was part of the Little Nine Partners Patent of 1706, the town was first settled around 1740 by Moravian missionaries to the native Mahican village of Shekomeko. The town of Pine Plains was formed from the town of North East in 1823, in 1907, Walter W. Law moved Briarcliff Farms from Briarcliff Manor, New York, to Pine Plains and sold the property in 1918. In 1916, New York banker Oakleigh Thorne and several partners purchased large land parcels. The farm was broken up into smaller farms in the late 1940s. Berkshire Stud purchased 550 acres there, starting in 1983, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 31.2 square miles. 30.6 square miles of it is land, and 0.58 square miles, the north town line is the border of Columbia County. Three small lakes lie west of Pine Plains hamlet, Stissing Lake which is excellent for swimming, Thompson Pond which is dedicated to conservation for wildlife, the most prominent physical feature is Stissing Mountain which at 1, 403-foot elevation towers over the local area. The mountain is formed of Precambrian gneiss that remains after numerous cycles of glaciation have scoured and reformed the surrounding terrain, the town recently enacted its first zoning ordinance after protracted review, discussion and community input. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,569 people,988 households, the population density was 83.2 people per square mile. There were 1,161 housing units at a density of 37.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 26% White,0. 90% Black or African American,0. 66% Native American,0. 66% Asian,0. 47% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 36% of the population. 23. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.03. In the town, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,6. 4% from 18 to 24,27. 2% from 25 to 44,25. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males, the median income for a household in the town was $43,125, and the median income for a family was $46,900