Perception of daylighting in southern and northern classrooms of a high school in Tabriz-Iran: a questionnaire surveyS. Sabouri , L. Rahimi , M. KhalilzadehPages 93-104Abstract Full Text [PDF 1196KB]

Orientation of classrooms is an important challenge in architectural design of a school. However، there is a lack of appropriate knowledge about influence of orientation on students’ perception of daylighting in classrooms. This paper presents a questionnaire survey that was conducted to compare students’ perception and satisfaction with daylighting in classrooms of a high school in Tabriz، Iran. Statistical analysis of responses was done to identify daylight factor and their relationships with satisfaction with daylighting in northern and southern classrooms. In southern classrooms، satisfaction with daylighting had significantly negative and positive correlation with perception of reflected and direct glare، respectively. In northern classrooms، perception of unified daylight and control of sunlight overheating by operable windows had significantly strong and positive correlation with satisfaction with daylighting، respectively. The students’ seating location had significant influence on satisfaction with daylighting and perception of direct glare in southern classrooms. In northern classrooms، students’ seating location caused different perception of reflected glare. The results showed that orientation did not lead to significant difference between satisfactions with daylighting in northern and southern classrooms. Although، in southern classrooms، the mean votes of satisfaction with daylighting was higher than northern classrooms.

Early design decisions made on building configuration and spatial design affect seismic behavior of buildings. Therefore introducing design guidelines and empirical methods implemented to assess seismic behavior of buildings have been proposed as an appropriate approach. Such concept helps architects to take into the consideration that how their preliminary design decisions influence downstream structural results. In previous efforts guidelines for seismic assessment of irregular buildings configuration and also torsional effect of interior walls-layout have been introduced. While seismic effects of the adjacency in spatial units and associated structural systems are almost ignored. This paper tries to show how spatial layout and specifically adjacency of spatial units affect the seismic behavior of a building when (1) the roofing systems are non-uniform and (2) specific spatial units correspond to the specific types of roofs with specific seismic behavior. The paper focuses on masonry buildings with curved roofing systems. To develop guidelines and empirical methods، we selected conventional masonry residential buildings implemented in central arid and semi-arid zones of Iran، traditionally، as case study. Two approaches have been proposed in the form of seismic guidelines and empirical methods. First، a method is introduced to show how adjacency of spatial units and associated vaults with different seismic vulnerability can affect the vulnerability of whole structure according to the effect of “successive damage”. An empirical method is also proposed to estimate the value and shape of distribution of lateral forces on load-bearing walls transferred by adjacent curved roofs، since lateral forces increase seismic vulnerability of load-bearing walls.

Environmental problems caused by fossil fuel consumption، on the one hand، and the upcoming prospect of ending these fuels on the other، attracted much attention towards sustainable architecture. Traditional buildings can be seen as a sample of sustainability; as they have used strategies to cope with the environment، which have been developed over the years، providing users’ comfort conditions for centuries. But before implementing these strategies in today buildings، we need to know the exact effect of their use; something that is regularly performed by an energy simulation software. Thus، first، we should know the ability of the software in modeling different design strategies، and secondly we should be certain of the validation of its results. This research aims to study the ability of DesignBuilder software (as one of the most applied software for building energy simulation) to model and simulate a complex traditional building. The accuracy of DesignBuilder thermal simulation results، in comparison with the experimental data is the main question of this study. To do this، Rasoulian house in Yazd (in hot and arid climate of Iran) was chosen as a case study and after simulating the entire building، the simulation results were compared with experimental measurement data. The results show that in most spaces، the experimental data were only 1–5°C different from the results of the simulation. Finally، the probable causes of these differences were analyzed and some suggestions were proposed to develop DesignBuilder، to be more applicable in simulating buildings of hot and arid climate.

Trust، along with transparency، is an important indicator of a satisfactory relationship between a government and the public. Considering transparency as the key to trust in government، the purpose of this paper is to postulate a link between transparency and trust taking into account satisfaction as a psychological factor. This paper tries to find the answer of these questions: “Is there any significant relationship between institutional transparency and citizen trust? And what is the role of citizen satisfaction in this context?” In order to investigate these questions، through survey method of research، this paper presents the results of an experiment (N=384) testing three hypotheses by statistical analysis which involve the relationship between institutional transparency، citizen trust and satisfaction. Tehran municipality is elected as a specific institution. This study found that transparency will significantly increase citizen trust، and satisfaction will play a significant role in the relationship between transparency and citizen trust. As well، trust will increase satisfaction. This study found that transparency and satisfaction play a substantial role in enhancing citizen trust. Furthermore، transparency and citizen trust play a significant role in enhancing citizen satisfaction. The results show that among background variables (gender، age، education، income and history of residence) the two variables، education and income have a week significant relationship with trust.

Preset paper aims to recognize the most important factors in creating a smart city in the city of Ahvaz. For achieving this، all criteria، which play an important role in creating smart cities، were collected using different resources based on descriptive-analytical method. At the next stage، a survey of a number of 40 urban planning experts was accomplished in Ahvaz city، which is the case study of the research، to rank smart city criteria and sub-criteria in terms of importance using Fuzzy TOPSIS technique. The results showed that among six criteria، “smart government” with the score of 4 percent was ranked as the most important criterion and “smart environment” with the score of around 1.5 percent was recognized as the least important criterion in the regard of creating a smart city. Moreover، of the sub-criteria، “Stable economy and ability to transform”، “Social and ethnic plurality”، “Crisis management and ability to organize human resources”، “local and regional accessibility”، “Sustainable resource management”، and “Individual Safety” were recognized as the most important factors in different aspects of making the city smart.

Keywords: Smart city, Fuzzy TOPSIS, Criteria, Ahvaz

Urban Planning

The impactts of physical contexts of local mosques on their efficacy (Case study: a comparative study of three districts of Tehran)S. Maroofi , A. A. Taghvaee , M. R. PourjafarPages 151-159Abstract Full Text [PDF 651KB]

The purposeofthispaper is to examinethe impacts ofphysical contextson theefficacy oflocalmosques. The main question of thisresearchis: “What istherelationship betweenphysical context (including:number and space share per head of mosque in neighborhood، functional radius of mosque، the location of local mosque، local adjacent land uses and finally legibility and identity of local mosque in neighborhoods) and efficacy of local mosques? The research hypothesisis based on the assumption that there is a meaningful relation between physical context of mosques and their expected socio- cultural efficacyinurban neighborhoods. The method of the research has been analytical descriptive.In order to examine the hypothesis، variables “physical components of the mosquesandtheirefficacy" have been assigned. Applying“the Theory of Environmental Quality”، theindexes of each variable have been determined and applied in questionnaire to be evaluated in case studies. The data of the study wereanalyzed through SPSS software and the hypothesis was confirmed with 95% confidence level. Theresearch resultsrevealedthatphysicalcontext ofmosques can have a positive influence on their function of efficacy which consists of socialsolidarity، sense of belongingand sense of religiousaffiliationsofpeople through the five above mentioned factors.

Rapidly increasing urbanization in the world، especially in developing countries، let to increasing urban extents. Rapid urban growth causes to appearance many problems such as wasting environmental resources، inability of providing necessary services for citizens and unplanned growth. Urban mangers and planners need tools for understanding amount and size of future urban growths to prevent these problems. Urmia as capital city of west Azerbaijan province، in the last decades has considerable growth in both extent and population. This rapid growth caused to lose most high value agricultural resources in its surrounding. It has also caused many problems for urban management. Therefore، how city managers and urban planners can be aware of magnitude and location of Urmia city’s future growth and what is the best growth scenario for Urmia city? This paper uses a quantitative analysis research methodology to prediction and evaluation of growth scenarios for Urmia city. In this paper، SLEUTH model was applied to predict future urban growth of Urmia until 2050. Two different scenarios were employed include: Historical Growth Scenario (HGS) and Environment Protection Scenario (EPS). The result highlight that if the city continues its growth based on HGS scenario، in compare with growth based on EPS scenario، it would occupy more area. In this paper، we concluded that the EPS scenario can be more sufficient than HGS scenario. In addition، SLEUTH urban growth model can be used as a planning support model for urban planners and managers decisions for Urmia city based on scenarios.

The problems of distressed urban areas are getting worse year after year. Due to limited resources and Amenities of municipal organizations for solving every problem concerning urban distressed textures، it is essential to determine the priorities of each area based on identified factors and criteria. In distressed areas، there are different circumstances and distinctive citizens with their needs and special expectations، so in this article we face many criteria with fuzziness. This study aimed to apply the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to prioritize the most important issues for each urban distressed area in Karaj. For this purpose a hierarchical model with 4 main factors (social، physical، environmental and economic) and 17 sub factors were suggested. Four zones of the city (central Karaj، Hesarak، Mehrshahr and Fardis) were analyzed. The findings of the paper suggest that social factors with a weights of about 30% are the most significant problems cause in these areas and physical factors with 27% weight we’re in second place. Among the areas، Fardis and Hesarak areas were most affected by social factors and Central Karaj and Mehrshar had the most priority for physical factors.

Transformation of land use-land cover change occurs due to the numbers and activities of people. Urban growth modeling has attracted authentic attention because it helps to comprehend the mechanisms of land use change and thus helps relevant policies made. This study applied logistic regression to model urban growth in the Ahvaz Metropolitan Area of Khuzestan province in IDRISI Selva software and to discover what are driving forces effective on the urban growth of Ahvaz city، and with what intensity? Historical land use and land cover data of Ahvaz were extracted from the 1991and 2006 Satellite images. The following two groups of factors were found to affect urban growth in different degrees as indicated by odd ratios: (1) Constraints Distance to the Bridge، Rural Areas، Planned town and Industry activities (all with odds ratios<1_or coefficient <0); and (2) Number of urban cells within a 5·5 cell window، Distance to the Hospitals، Main Road، High Road، Rail Line، River، CBD and Secondary centers، agriculture areas in distance more than 5km of Urban area and Vacant area (all with odds ratios>1_or coefficient >0). Relative operating characteristic (ROC) value of 0.906 indicates that the probability map is valid. It was concluded logistic regression modeling is suitable for Understanding and measuring of driving forces effect on urban growth. Second، unlike the Cellular Automata (CA) model، the logistic regression model is not temporally explicit; urban growth trend in Ahvaz isn't in the event of infill development strategy. Also، variables of sprawl based agents indicate more power than to compact base agents.