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Occupations in ESS R1-R5 Occupations are measured for respondent (current/last, partner (current), father, mother (at resp. age 16). R&P occupations are coded into ISCO-88 (ISCO-com) by local agencies (on behalf of national coordinator): ISCOCO, ISCOCOP. No further checks on procedure or testing of quality. Occupations in ESS R1-R52

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Parental Occupations in ESS Parental occupations are NOT coded. Verbatim strings are published on ESS website. Total number of strings to be coded: ca. 360.000 in 25 languages. For parental (F&M) occupations there is also a showcard (precoded – crude). Occupations in ESS R1-R53

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Policy changes between rounds Parental showcard was changed to ISSP 1987 format in R4-R5. As of R4 ESS requested countries to deposit ‘raw data’ in NSD archive. As of R6, occupations (R&P) are to be coded in ISCO-08. Occupations in ESS R1-R54

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Results and conclusions (1) All parental occupations are now coded in ISCO-88. Codes are freely available on http://www.harryganzeboom.nl/ess-devo.http://www.harryganzeboom.nl/ess-devo These codes are good! Coding was done by expert and amateur coders; this does not make a difference. On average coding variability leads to 15% loss of information. The implementation of the ISSP 1987 showcard was a clear improvement. The ISSP 1987 showcard has about the quality of measurement as the detailed ISCO codes. Occupations in ESS R1-R56

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Results and conclusions (2) For ISCO-08 there is now a ISEI-08 available. ISEI-08 can also be applied to ISCO-88. (ISEI-88 can not be applied to ISCO-08!) ISCO-88 can be (automatically) converted into ISCO-08 without much loss of information. Using coders to check and improve the automated conversion of ISCO-88 into ISCO-08 helps, but only very marginally. ISCO-08/ISEI-08 creates somewhat better measurement quality (4%) than ISCO-88/ISEI-88. Most of this improvement is due to improvement in ISEI-08, not ISCO- 08. Occupations in ESS R1-R57

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Coding project Verbatim strings were organized in a ‘long’ coding file. Coders do not see the association between fathers and mothers! Other variables added: self-employment and supervising status. NOT ADDED: education, earnings, gender. If possible, strings were matched with previously coded occupation in the same language and codes transferred. Coders received a 2 hour training, concentrating on the logic of ISCO-88. In some instances we had occupations coded by 2 coders. Occupations in ESS R1-R58

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Quality (1) How do you examine the quality of coders in languages that you cannot read? The standard answer is: –Independent, double coding However, what do you learn from a low inter-coder correlation? What do you do when two coders disagree? –How do you choose the best? –Or use a third coder (the “adjudicator”)? Occupations in ESS R1-R59

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Quality (2) Quality can also be compared between coders by examining association with criterium (‘validation’) variables. –Such as: education, income and … other occupations! If you have more than one occupation coded (father & mother), you can apply MTMM modeling. Occupations in ESS R1-R510

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MTMM coefficients: –a: true correlation –b, c: Measurement coefficients for reliability of coder 1 and coder 2. –d, e: Systematic measurement error (??) by coder 1 and coder 2. The elementary MTMM model is not identified (despite having 6 correlations with 5 coefficients). The model becomes identified by using auxiliary variables (such as education, income). You do not need much overlap between the two coders to estimate the model using ML for missing values. Occupations in ESS R1-R512

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The use of showcards In ESS we have also the showcard for both parents: these are independent measures of occupational status. The showcard is a rather bad measure of occupational status, in particular in R1-R3 (as I will show). However, the bad quality of the showcard measure does not really damage its power as second indicator in the MTMM model. Occupations in ESS R1-R513

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Occupations in ESS R1-R514 Showcards The showcard in R1-R3 is a particularly bad one to collect parental occupations: –Unclear labels –Categories unordered –No category for farm (!!). Showcard R4-R5 (taken from ISSP 1987) is better – this is basically the first digit of ISCO-88.

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ISEI-08 ISEI-08 was developed using converted ISCO-88 codes from ISSP 2002-2008. Conversion: straight cross-walk, but amended with self- employment and supervising status into account to define supervising occupation (new in ISCO-88). ISEI is defined as an optimal scaling of detailed occupations in an elementary status attainment model: occupational status translates education into earnings. Due to the construction method, ISEI-08 can also be applied to ISCO-88. New: the scaling now refers to men and women. Previously only men. Occupations in ESS R1-R516

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Coding ISCO-08 in ESS Due to the new archiving policy it is now possible to have access to the strings of respondent / partner in ESS. For a limited set of countries, all occupation in R5 were coded into ISCO-08 in two steps: –Automatic conversion –Check by coder. Occupations in ESS R1-R517

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Results ISCO-08 / ISEI-08 New ISEI-08 is a clear improvement (about 3%) New ISCO-08 is only marginal improvement (< 1%) Having a coder check the automated conversion is only marginal improvement (< 1%). Occupations in ESS R1-R518

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Hindsight It would have been much better to ask the coders to translate the occupation files before coding. Google Translater has become a big help. I do not have a good recommendation on the optimal overlap between coders. Occupations in ESS R1-R519