They are given 100 acres for the head of the house and
50 acres for each woman and child.

It is noteworthy that they are given a generous land
grant, free and clear, and food and supplies for the winter.

In the next century, the English would procrastinate
in recognizing the Canadian Metis' right to own land.

The English demanded freedom of choice for themselves
but would not allow freedom of choice to be given to the Canadians.

These are not the only evils that these ungrateful people
would bring to Canada.

The Metis still use La Pointe (Wisconsin) as their major
staging point for the North West Territories.

The French and English Voyagers operating beyond Grande
Portage were now called Nor'westers.

Smallpox swept the North West Territories causing a
drastic drop in trade.

1781

The Census of 1831 of Red River Settlement lists the following
births this year in the North West: Joseph Bird, Paul Boucher, Hugh Lonklaten,
and Robert Ligan. (II)-Joseph Bird is the son of (I)-James Bird of the H.B.C.
at York Factory, with the mother being most likely a Cree.

Augustin Ange, a Canadian, arrived Prairie des Chiens in
1781 after living and trading among the Dakota Sioux on the Missouri.

Pierre Antaya, a Canadian trader, died shortly after 1815
married a Fox woman, arrived Prairie des Chiens in 1781.

Charles Asham b-1781 married Ann Indian b-1790 Red River
Settlement

Michael Brisbois, a freetrader, is living Prairie du Chien
on the Mississippi.

Paul Dorion, Metis, born about 1781 son Pierre Dorion (1740-1810)
and Yankton woman (Holy Rainbow) married Zeah White Cloud. It is noteworthy
that Pierre was a polygamist and also married to a Iowa woman. See 1780.

Pierre Dorion (1740-1810) is reported on the Mississippi
and Des Moines Rivers.

Antoine Lapierre b-1781 Canada 1st married Josephte Indian
b-1795 most likely North West 2nd marriageCatherine Gagnon Metis b-1815
most likely North West 3rd marriage Bethsy Cree b-1815 most likely North
West.

Potan Zaikof a Russian explored Prince William Sound to
Copper River using Aleut guides.

(I)-John Askin (Erskine) (1739-1815) of British Fort Detroit
(Michigan) was in partnership with Robert Hamilton and Richard Cartwright
of Niagria and Todd and McGill of Montreal, looking after western interests
until 1784. Robert Hamilton, about this time, brought out his cousins Robert
Dickson (1768-1823), William Dickson and Thomas Dickson, sons of John Dickson
and Helen Wight of Scotland, to work Mackinac.

Meanwhile at Fort Paskoyac (The Pas) the smallpox epidemic
of last year spread as far north as the Saskatchewan River system and this
year reached the Athabasca region and the Barren Ground where ninety percent
of the Chipewyan in the Barren Ground died. Very few Europeans caught the
disease. They smoked every thing with flour of sulfur, though several of
their country wives died. Trade dropped off as few of the survivors came
to trade. David Thompson (must be a different David Thompson as he was not
on site until 1784) recorded that traders exchanged new blankets for beaver
robes, which are spread over dead Indian bodies.

An Ojibwa party is trading northeast of Cumberland House
in the summer of 1781 and 1782. They resided in the Interlake region by
the winter of 1782.

The Ojibwa ceded the Island of Michilimakinak (Mackinac),
alias La Grosse Isle, located in the straits that join Lakes Huron and Michigan,
to the British for 5,000 pounds.

The documents were signed by: Kitchie Negou, Pouanas, Pouanas
2nd, Kouese, Magousseihigan, and Okah. Those others present were Matthew
Lessey, John MacNamara, David Rankin, Henry Bostnick, Benjamin Lyons, Etienne
Champion and P. Ant. Tabeau at British Fort Detroit (Michigan). British
Fort Mackinac (Michigan) moved from its Macinaw location to Mackinac Island
prior to 1712. It was located on Pointe St. Ignace, on the north side of
the Straits of Mackinac. (III)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte Sr. (1723-1803) is
in the employ of the Indian Department as an interpreter.

Assiniboine River, 21 men are building a fort when attacked
by the Cree, Assiniboine and Bas de la Riviere. Eleven Peddlers hid, ten
stood their ground defending the partly built fort. Three Peddlers are killed
but 15 Indians lay dead and 15 more died later from their wounds.

African to be imported into Louisiana duty free.

January: Robert Longmoor wrote concerning Hudson House:
The ground is all burnt, and no buffalo, the Natives burnt it as they were
nigh hand in the fall and far from the Beaver Country, in purpose that they
might get a great price for provisions, but great part of them has paid
for it since, by Hunger and oblidged to go far off.

January 8: British Fort Detroit (Michigan), marriage, (IV)-Jacque
Gabriel Godfroy born November 10, 1758 son (III)-Jacques Godfroy (1722-1795)
and (II)-Louise Clotilde Chapoton b-1741; married to (V)-Marie Catherine
Couture born March 9, 1766, died March 24, 1794 British Fort Detroit (Michigan),
son (IV)-Jean Baptiste Couture born 1735 and (IV)-Marie Campeau born 1742.

July 18: Assumption de la Pointe de Montreal du Detroit
(Essex, Ontario), death, July 16, 1780, fell from a horse, as recorded by
Monsieur Anthony (physician), Rev. Father Potier, Jesuit for 37 years, born
April 1707

Joseph Adam, Metis, born 1782 (1785) Red River Settlement,
North West son Jean Baptiste Adam, listed 1870 census St. Norbert Red River.
He married Isabella Rivard, Metis, born 1786 (1805) Red River Settlement,
North West. Also married Angelique Racette, Metis, born 1785.

Etienne Campion born Montreal died about 1790 is trading
for Richard Dobie for Michilimackinac.

Captain Caucaukes, an influential trader of Sturgeon Lake,
had his clothing sent yearly from Machillimakinac according to John Kipling.
This band (tribe) is closely related to Captain Metweash of Lac Seul.

Peter Corrigal b-1782 married Christianna Indian b-1751
likely North West.

Illinois, birth, Louis Dorion, Metis, born about 1782,
died April 29, 1890, son Pierre Dorion (1740-1810) and Yankton woman (Holy
Rainbow). It is noteworthy that Pierre was a polygamist, also married to
a Iowa woman. See 1780.

John Kipling, at Gloucester House on Rainy Lake, says that
the Indians had informed him that the Indians near Rainy Lake are dead,
and that the Assineybois Country was almost depopulated from the smallpox
epidemic of the 1780-1782 season.

A map of North America, published in London, depicted all
lands west of the Hudson Bay as a blank and included the notation: "These
parts entirely unknown". Then they have the ignorance to say they own
these unknown lands.

The Smallpox epidemic (1780-1782) ravaged all the tribes
on the central plains, and a large number of Mandan and Hidatses died. It
is estimated that 75% of the Mandan and 50% of the Hidatsas had died. Six
large Mandan cities had been reduced to two small villages. Smallpox reached
York Factory this year.

The first census of Niagara shows sixteen families totaling
eighty three people. Samuel Hearne of Prince of Wales Fort surrendered the
invincible fortress to the French without a shot being fired. The Prince
of Wales Fort, near present-day Churchill, Manitoba, was considered the
strongest ever built in North America. Thirty eight men, untrained fur-trade
employees, defend the Fort. Its defense was considered impossible. David
Thompson (must be a different David Thompson, as he was not on site until
1784) alleged that the men of the Fort begged (I)-Samuel Hearne (1745-1792)
to allow them to mow down the French troops with the heavy guns loaded with
grapeshot. He absolutely refused. Chief Factor Humphrey Marten, with sixty
Englishmen, twenty five cannon and a dozen swivel guns, also surrendered
York Factory without firing a shot.

Edward Umfreville is alleged to have discharged a firearm
but is rebuked by the Chief Factor. John Irvine is alleged to have assisted
the French but later received full back pay. French sailor Jean Francois
de Galaup, Conte de La Perouse, destroyed and burnt York Factory and blew
up the Prince of Wales Fort; the chief posts of the Hudson Bay Company,
as a gesture of support to the Americans. No supplies would reach the inland
posts this year. Mary Norton, wife of (I)-Samuel Hearne (1745-1792,) bolted
into the Barren Ground and soon starved to death among her Indian relatives.
A smallpox epidemic depopulated the Barren Ground in 1783; so reported (I)-William
Walker of the H.B.C. (I)-William Walker married an Indian woman. (I)-William
Walker noted that when the Indians (Cree) contacted smallpox, the sick were
abandoned. They are abandoned due to the belief that there is no hope of
recovery. But this abandonment causes some to perish by starvation. This
is a very interesting cultural change as they were previously noted as caring
for their sick and aged. The numbers of sick likely overwhelmed them. The
death rate is believed higher among males than females because, during high
fevers, the men would throw themselves into lakes and rivers, attempting
to cool themselves.

The Montreal Traders reported a disaster year because of
the smallpox epidemic in the North West.

Over the next five years, fifty thousand displaced persons
left the United States for a new life under their beloved British flag to
the north. They brought with them a blind hatred of the United States and
a blind worship of British superiority, which would cause much suffering
in Canada. This attitude would persist into the present age.

(IV)-Michael Cadotte (1764-1837) of Makinac, son (III)-Jean
Baptiste Cadotte Sr. (1723-1803) became Chief Factor La Pointe (Wisconsin)
for the Alexander Henry Sr. (1739-1824) and (III)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte
Sr. (1723-1803) partnership. (IV)-Michel Cadotte married Equaysayway daughter
Waubojeeg (The White Fisher) hereditary Chief of the La Pointe Chippewa.
Some list (IV)-Michael Cadotte as (1763-1804) married to the daughter of
White Crane the Ojibwa. Grandson of Ke-che-ne-zuh-yauh a famed orator chief
of the Western Ojibwa. The English Middle Fort on Madeleine Island lay destroyed.
It is believed Cadotte spent much time at Lac Court Oreilles and Lac de
Flambeau: Ojibwa villages. Lac du Flambeau is about 45 miles from Lake Superior.
Lac du Flambeau, or Torch Lake (Wauswagning), occupied by the Ojibwa from
La Pointe, is named after the custom of spearing fish by torchlight. There
are three Michael Cadottes in the field this year.

I have received a lot of e-mail concerning the three Michael
Cadottes. I have no personal incentive to verify who is who.

Jean Loehde, however, noted: William W. Warren suggests
Michael took as wife the daughter of White Crane (waub-ij-e-jauk the son
of A-ke-gui-ow) (Ke-che-ne-zuh-yauh, head of the Crane family is father
to A-ke-gui-ow). However, (Waubijeeg is Reindeer or Caribou). He went on
to say it is difficult to trust Warren because of lack of dates for anything.
I also have problems with the fact that this historical data isn't time
frame related.

(IV)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte (1761-1818) and (IV)-Michel
Cadotte (1764-1837) are both employed by their father. Cazelet is employed
by (III)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte Sr. (1723-1803) at his post L'Anse, and one
of his sons was posted to Fond du Lac at the western end of Lake Superior.

Jean Francois of Galaup, Count of Laperouse (1741-1783),
captured the Fort Prince of Wales (Fort Churchill), destroying the walls
defended by Chief Factor (I)-Samuel Hearne (1745-1792) on August 9. On August
24, De Galaup captured York Factory and completely burnt down the palisades.
Edward Umfreville, a prisoner of war, is taken by La Perouse and deported
to France for ransom. His wife and daughter, Louise, is abandoned on Ruperts
Land.

A large band of Ojibwa took possession of Leech Lake. They
became known as Mukimduawininewug (Pillager); meaning men who take by force.
Many are former Bear and Catfish clans of the Lake Superior people. The
Pillager are distinct from the Red, Cass and Winnipeg Ojibwa. George Sutherland
of the Hudson Bay Company, at Sturgeon Lake, listed no less than 17 Canadian
outposts northwest of Lake Superior.

March: (I)-Jean Etienne Waddens (Wadin and Waden), a Swiss
Protestant Nor'wester from Montreal, is shot and killed by either Peter
Pond (1740-1807) or his associate Toussaint Le Sueur at Lac La Ronge (Saskatchewan).
This is not the first death attributed to Peter Pond and his associates.
Peter Pond (1740-1807) escaped retribution and fled the North West Territories.

(I)-William Cadwell (1750-1822) married Suzanne Baby, Metis
daughter Duperon Baby; they had 5 sons and 3 daughters. Cadwell was also
married to a Mohawk woman, sister of Blue Jacket and daughter Rising Sun
and had two children Billie Cadwell born March 17, 1780, died 1841 Youngstown,
New York and an un-named daughter whom he abandoned.

Barthelemi Chevalier a country marriage out of British
Mackinac (Michigan) to Sauvagesse.

Birth, Charles Martin Dorion, Metis, born, about 1781,
likely Illinois son Pierre Dorion (1740-1810) and Yankton woman (Holy Rainbow).
It is noteworthy that Pierre was a polygamist, also married to a Iowa woman.
See 1780

Jean Baptiste Roy b-1783 married Marguerite Indian b-1788
most likely North West.

Gregor Ivanovich Shelikov a Russian built the settlement
of Three Saints on Kodiak Island trading with the Aleuts and Tlingits Peoples.

(I)-William Tomison in the field (1760-1811), an Orkney
,reported that the Ojibwa are again trading Hudson House, but the Hudson
Bay supply ship failed to arrive this season.

Prairie des Chiens one league above the mouth of the Ouisconsin
(Wisconsin) River, a Metis Settlement, is claimed by some to be established
this year. Others say it is much more ancient than this. Others claim it
dates to 1727/28.

George Washington, who some label as the killer of women
and children, said of the Indian People: They have nothing human except
the shape and deserve total ruin.

The North West Company established a post at Michipicoten
River at Lake Superior as an extension of the Post at Sault Ste Marie which
the Montreal men had established.

Red River census of 1831 to 1838 lists Laurent Cadotte
Jr. born 1773 and 1783 North West son Laurent Cadotte born 1747 to 1757
that could imply more than one person and the two Laurent Cadotte jr. born
1773 and 1783 may suggest two different persons.

Edward Umfreville joined New France in April as a result
of disagreement with the Hudson Bay Company over salary. He departed New
France for the Falls of St. Mary in 1784.

(I)-Samuel Hearne (1745-1792) has returned to the Hudson
Bay by the fall of this year having been previously driven off by the French.
He learns for the first time that his wife, Mary Norton, had died. The Indians
no longer ventured to the Hudson Bay to trade. The Hudson Bay posts are
still being raided by the French, and a directive is issued that all servants
are to be outfitted in regimental uniforms (This order is never carried
out).

Trade increased by 20% in the 1783-84 seasons through Lake
Superior. Some towns beyond Montreal are Kingston and Niagara, with about
four hundred people in each.

In and about British Fort Detroit (Michigan) there lived
about two thousand people, mostly Metis. Sault Ste Marie, an old establishment
on the Canadian side of St. Mary River, also includes the American side
and its portage road. Grand Pointe and Red River also contained settlements.
By the Treaty of Versailles, Britain and the United States agreed to an
international boundary that ran through the upper St. Lawrence, through
the Great Lakes, down to the lands claimed by Spain in the Mississippi and
Missouri river Basins. Benjamin Franklin, at the Paris peace talks, had
held for a boundary line between Canada and the United States which would
expose the life line to the North West Territories. The Americans failed
to honor their promise to allow Loyalists to return to their homes to collect
legitimate debts and receive compensation for property. Britain, therefore,
refused to vacate the Western post of Oswego, Niagara, Detroit and Mackinac.
The Montreal, Quebec trading stage point shifted from British controlled
Fort Detroit and Fort Mackinac to beyond Lake Superior at Grand Pointe and
Grand Portage, in Indian Territory where Voyagers operating beyond this
point became known as Nor'westers. La Pointe, Indian Territory (Wisconsin)
still serves the South West trade, but is rapidly expanding to the North
West. Most of the fur trade on Lake Superior is still coming from the South
West. Jean Baptiste Cadotte, Alexander Kay, Harris, Default, Jean Baptiste
Perrault (Perrot) (1763-1844) and others operate trading posts in Northern
Minnesota this season. Jean Baptiste Perrault (Perrot) (1763-1844), however,
departed in order to trade on the Illinois on behalf of Nicolas Marchesseau,
a trader of the Upper Mississippi who sold all his trade goods in the trade
to Chouteau of St Louis. Perrault went with Sacharite of Quebec, St Germain,
Robert and Dupuis of Maskinonge, Antoine and Francois Beauchemin, Menard,
L. Lavallee of Sorel and Yamaska.

The Montreal Merchants are pushed from the southern trade
out of Detroit and the southwestern trade out of Michilimackinac. This also
pushed the traders from Fon du Lac on Lake Superior, known as the Southern
Men, into Red River and Assiniboine.

The Hudson Bay Company paid no dividends 1783-1785 as small
pox had depopulated the Praries and Upper regions.

The Peddlers (Coureurs des Bois) are reported to be in
control of the Nipigon River, St. Joseph Lake and Cat Lake. Competition
among the Metis peddlers is most fierce and all believed that more organization
is required to compete with the English.

The refugees from America received land script: head of
the family received 100 acres; members of the family received 50 acres each;
single men received 50 acres, and non commissioned officers, 200 acres.
To provide territory for the displaced Americans, the government acquired
a section of the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario, Quebec from the Ojibwa,
or as some called them the Mississauga Natives, who had been living there
since the seventeenth century.

The supply ship for the Hudson Bay arrived too late to
help the inland posts, and proud (I)-William Tomison in the field (1760-1811),
an Orkney, had to face the ignominy of begging the Nor'wester for ammunition,
having no food or trade goods to obtain food.

(IV)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte (1761-1818) wrote Monsieur Gautier,
Kings Interpreter at Mackinac, that smallpox had devastated the Ojibwa at
Fond du Lac, Sandy Lake, Rainy Lake, Sandy Lake and surrounding areas. The
survivors likely temporarily abandoned the area. In September, when the
Chippewa (Ojibwa) are at war with the Fox and Dakota, Captain (I)-Daniel
Robertson (1733-1810), commandant at Mackinac, sent messages to the Indians
by (III)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte Sr. (1723-1803) and Matchekewis; a Chippewa
(Ojibwa) chief of note.

The Mackinaw Fur Company is formed and later the Southwestern
Fur Company, both under British control. John Jacob Astor of New York acquired
and merged the new companies into the American Fur Company (1814-1834).

The Virginian homesteaders flooded into the Metis towns
of Cahokia and Kaskaskia of the Mississippi River, (Illinois). They refused
to accept French authority and established rule by sword and pistol. Anarchy
and barbarism ruled and one Metis settler wrote: Our horses, horned cattle,
and corn are stolen and destroyed, our houses are in ruin and decay, our
lands uncultivated, all commerce is destroyed. We are in misery and distress.
We fear an untimely death at the hands of the American Savages.

Politically correct writers call it 'Social Chaos'. As
a result of this invasion of criminals, over the next 7 years, the population
of this region is depopulated by 77%. Where these people relocated to might
be of interest.

During the period of 1778 to 1783 over 1,000 Spanish(Islenos)
migrated into Louisiana, New Spain from the Canary Islands.

March 19: British Fort Detroit (Michigan), death, (I)-Lareole
a European b-1711

March 29: British Fort Detroit (Michigan), birth/death,
(V)-Nicolas Campeau died August 19, 1783 British Fort Detroit (Michigan)
son (IV)-Jean Baptiste Campeau born 1743 and (V)-Genevieve Godet born 1751.

April 24: Dominique Brunet dit Letang (Lestang) son Jean
Baptiste Brunet dit Letang and Marguerite Dubois is licensed at Fort Culonge
with 1 canoe and 5 men for James Finlay and Alexander Henry (1739-1824).

June 5: Ardent Schuyler de Peyster (1736-1822), commander
of British Fort Detroit (Michigan), writes about the expedition to clear
the Rebels from the Illinois Country.

Most of the prisoners are brought to British Fort Detroit
(Michigan). They numbered 492 being sent to Montreal for ransom and returned
via Lake Champlain. Of the few remaining is Mrs Polkie, all her little family
and a small party who escaped from the remote part of the Wabash or elsewhere,
unknown to us. Major Walls of Kentucke is warned not to retaliate.

December 31: British Fort Detroit (Michigan), marriage,
Joseph Mallet to Marie Anne Catin born 1768 daughter Antoine Catin died
before 1791 and was married about 1767 to Marie Anne Martin living south
west of La Cote.