Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "activity retail marketing" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
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We study how market structure within a product category varies across retail formats. Building on the literature on internal market structure, we estimate a joint store and brand choice model where the loading matrix of brand attributes are allowed to ... Keywords: brand maps, heterogeniety, market structure, retail formats

The restructuring of retail gas services has followed a typical pattern for previously heavily regulated industries: large customers are initially given rights to purchase unbundled services from different entities, with the same rights dispersed over time to smaller customers. For about ten years now industrial customers in most states have been able to {open_quotes}play the market{close_quotes}. Since the passage of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 636 in 1992, interest has centered on expanding service unbundling to small retail customers, including residential customers. Importantly, the Order prohibited pipelines from providing bundled sales service. This is not surprising - in the telecommunications industry, for example, the unbundling of wholesale services was a strong stimulant for developing competition in the local exchange market. The push for small-customer service unbundling has derived from the basic but politically attractive idea that all retail customers should directly benefit from competitive forces in the natural gas industry. When one looks at the movement of prices since 1985, it is easy to see that large retail customers have enjoyed more favorable prices than other retail customers. For example, over the period 1985 to 1994 gas prices to industrial customers and electric utilities fell around 23 percent and 36 percent, respectively. In comparison, gas prices to residential customers increased by around 5 percent while gas prices to commercial customers decreased slightly by about 1 percent. This report examines various aspects of unbundling to small retail gas customers, with special emphasis on residential customers.

Customers are not provided with incentives for efficient conservation and substitution of electricity away from peak periods if they do not face prices that reflect the real-time cost of purchasing wholesale electricity that is experienced by their retail energy provider. Recent events in California's restructured electricity market underscore the importance of developing products and structures that enable demand response to changes in prices in these markets. This report assembles three studies of cust...

Retail electric competition requires estimation of hourly loads for each retail supplier. Load profiling is the means by which loads for customers who do not have hourly metering are accounted for. This report presents an assessment of alternative load profiling and settlement methods for retail electric markets and provides a framework for evaluating costs and benefits of potential improvements to profiling and settlement systems. This report is available only to funders of Program 101A or 101.001. Fund...

5939 5939 LBNL-42286 February 1999 Green Power Marketing in Retail Competition: An Early Assessment Ryan Wiser, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Jeff Fang, Kevin Porter, and Ashley Houston, National Renewable Energy Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy The Topical Issues Brief series is sponsored by DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Power Technologies Green Power Marketing in Retail Competition i Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................

THE ELECTRICITY RETAILMARKET: REQUERIMENTS FOR AN E-BUSINESS SYSTEM Victor Santos ISCAC to Client . Abstract: In the last decade the electric energy market as changed is structure in several countries, mainly in the most developed, ones where the regulated activity of electrical companies where

The use of firm-specific controls on the price of gasoline during 1979 and 1980, at both the wholesale and the retail level, dramatically affected the retailmarket for gasoline. The most visible effect was a diversity of monetary prices across service stations within particular retailmarket areas. Price could no longer play its usual role in clearing the retailmarket for gasoline. Queues and other changes in quality of service at stations arose to maintain the balance of market demand and supply. This report examines the behavior of an otherwise competitive market in the presence of such regulation-induced nonprice phenomena. In such a market, consumers consider both monetary prices and costs imposed by queues in deciding where to buy gasoline and how much to buy. Using a price-theoretic model of behavior, this paper predicts how various changes in effective price regulation affect consumers. 14 references, 7 figures, 2 tables.

The Organization of Midwest ISO States (OMS) launched the Midwest Demand Resource Initiative (MWDRI) in 2007 to identify barriers to deploying demand response (DR) resources in the Midwest Independent System Operator (MISO) region and develop policies to overcome them. The MWDRI stakeholders decided that a useful initial activity would be to develop more detailed information on existing retail DR programs and dynamic pricing tariffs, program rules, and utility operating practices. This additional detail could then be used to assess any"seams issues" affecting coordination and integration of retail DR resources with MISO's wholesale markets. Working with state regulatory agencies, we conducted a detailed survey of existing DR programs, dynamic pricing tariffs, and their features in MISO states. Utilities were asked to provide information on advance notice requirements to customers, operational triggers used to call events (e.g. system emergencies, market conditions, local emergencies), use of these DR resources to meet planning reserves requirements, DR resource availability (e.g., seasonal, annual), participant incentive structures, and monitoring and verification (M&V) protocols. This report describes the results of this comprehensive survey and discusses policy implications for integrating legacy retail DR programs and dynamic pricing tariffs into organized wholesale markets. Survey responses from 37 MISO members and 4 non-members provided information on 141 DR programs and dynamic pricing tariffs with a peak load reduction potential of 4,727 MW of retail DR resource. Major findings of this study area:- About 72percent of available DR is from interruptible rate tariffs offered to large commercial and industrial customers, while direct load control (DLC) programs account for ~;;18percent. Almost 90percent of the DR resources included in this survey are provided by investor-owned utilities. - Approximately, 90percent of the DR resources are available with less than two hours advance notice and over 1,900 MW can be dispatched on less than thirty minutes notice. These legacy DR programs are increasingly used by utilities for economic in addition to reliability purposes, with over two-thirds (68percent) of these programs callable based on market conditions. - Approximately 60percent of DLC programs and 30percent of interruptible rate programs called ten or more DR events in 2006. Despite the high frequency of DR events, customer complaints remained low. The use of economic criteria to trigger DR events and the flexibility to trigger a large number of events suggests that DR resources can help improve the efficiency of MISO wholesale markets. - Most legacy DR programs offered a reservation payment ($/kW) for participation; incentive payment levels averaged about $5/kW-month for interruptible rate tariffs and $6/kW-month for DLC programs. Few programs offered incentive payments that were explicitly linked to actual load reductions during events and at least 27 DR programs do not have penalties for non-performance. - Measurement and verification (M&V) protocols to estimate load impacts vary significantly across MISO states. Almost half of the DR programs have not been evaluated in recent times and thus performance data for DR events is not available. For many DLC programs, M&V protocols may need to be enhancedin order to allow participation in MISO's proposed EDR schedule. System operators and planners will need to develop more accurate estimates of the load reduced capability and actual performance.

This report describes various options that are now available for retail electric customers, or that may become available during the next few years as the electric utility industry restructures. These options include different ways of meeting demand for energy services, different providers of service or points of contact with providers, and different pricing structures for purchased services. Purpose of this document is to examine these options from the customer`s perspective: how might being a retail electric customer in 5--10 years differ from now? Seizing opportunities to reduce cost of electric service is likely to entail working with different service providers; thus, transaction costs are involved. Some of the options considered are speculative. Some transitional options include relocation, customer-built/operated transmission lines, municipalization, self-generation, and long-term contracts with suppliers. All these may change or diminish in a restructured industry. Brokers seem likely to become more common unless restructuring takes the form of mandatory poolcos (wholesale). Some options appear robust, ie, they are likely to become more common regardless of how restructuring is accomplished: increased competition among energy carriers (gas vs electric), real-time pricing, etc. This report identified some of the qualitative differences among the various options. For customers using large amounts of electricity, different alternatives are likely to affect greatly service price, transaction costs, tailoring service to customer preferences, and risks for customer. For retail customers using small amounts of electricity, there may be little difference among the options except service price.

To win public support, proponents for electricity market reform to introduce competition often promise that the post-reform retail rates will be lower than the average embedded cost rates that would have prevailed under the status quo of a regulated monopoly. A simple economic analysis shows that such a promise is unlikely to occur without the critical assumption that the post-reform market has marginal costs below average costs. (author)

The world’s largest retailers—Walmart, Carrefour, Tesco, and Metro—all entered China after 1995. They established hundreds of stores as well as centers for procuring goods to be sold worldwide. Multinational retailers may affect Chinese exports through two channels. First, they could inform outlets in other countries where they operate about the products offered by local Chinese suppliers, thereby enhancing bilateral exports. Second, they can augment the general capabilities of local suppliers. Chinese city-level exports to all destinations grow following the increase of multinational retailers ’ activities in and near the city, as predicted by the capability hypothesis. JEL classification: F13

U.S. electricity markets have been transitioning in an uneven, but accelerating pace toward competition. Enough experience with competition exists by now to begin to draw from lessons learned. This report summarizes key trends observed in U.S. competitive energy markets to-date, and suggests several trends that are likely to emerge in the near future. Among some of the most important trends observed are the declining number of retail mass-market energy service providers, and the relative lack of differen...

Although the Nordic countries were among the first to develop competition in the electricity industry, it took a long time to make retail competition work. In Norway and Sweden a considerable number of households are actively using the market but very few households are active in Finland and Denmark. One problem has been institutional barriers involving metering, limited unbundling of distribution and supply, and limited access to reliable information on contracts and prices. (author)

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "activity retail marketing" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
to obtain the most current and comprehensive results.

Since 1999, regional retail and wholesale gasoline markets in the United States have experienced significant price volatility, both intertemporally and across geographic markets. This paper focuses on one potential explanation ...

Barriers to competitive supplier entry such as California's wholesale-price pass-through model can provide an almost insurmountable barrier to effective retail competition. The telecommunications, airline, and software industries provide lessons--positive and negative--on how creating competitive wholesale markets is insufficient to bring the benefits of competition to smaller consumers.

A long line of research investigates whether the retail prices of electricity and natural gas send proper signals about scarcity in order to induce efficient consumption. Historically, regulated utilities have not designed tariffs that set marginal prices equal to marginal costs. Currently, some jurisdictions are opening the retail sectors of the gas and electricity industry to competition via “retail choice”. These new regimes replace imperfect regulation with imperfect competition as the process by which retail tariffs are formed. We discuss the challenges in evaluating the efficiency of these new pricing regimes and present descriptive evidence of how pricing has changed in markets with retail choice.

U.S. electricity markets have been transitioning in an uneven, but accelerating pace toward competition. Enough experience with competition exists by now to begin to draw from lessons learned. This report summarizes key trends observed in U.S. competitive energy markets to-date, and suggests several trends that are likely to emerge in the near future. Among some of the most important trends observed are the declining number of retail mass-market energy service providers, and the relative lack of differen...

REPORT TO CONGRESS ON COMPETITION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAILMARKETS REPORT TO CONGRESS ON COMPETITION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAILMARKETS FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY REPORT TO CONGRESS ON COMPETITION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAILMARKETS FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY The enclosed report is submitted to Congress pursuant to section 1815 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Section 1815 of the Act established a five-member Electric Energy Market Competition Task Force. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005)1 was designed to provide a comprehensive long-range energy plan for the United States. Section 1815 of the Act2 created an "Electric Energy Market Competition Task Force"3 (Task Force) to conduct a study of competition in wholesale and retailmarkets for electricity in the United States. Section 1815(b)(2)(B) required the Task Force to publish a draft final report for public comment

REPORT TO CONGRESS ON COMPETITION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAILMARKETS REPORT TO CONGRESS ON COMPETITION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAILMARKETS FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY REPORT TO CONGRESS ON COMPETITION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAILMARKETS FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY The enclosed report is submitted to Congress pursuant to section 1815 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Section 1815 of the Act established a five-member Electric Energy Market Competition Task Force. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005)1 was designed to provide a comprehensive long-range energy plan for the United States. Section 1815 of the Act2 created an "Electric Energy Market Competition Task Force"3 (Task Force) to conduct a study of competition in wholesale and retailmarkets for electricity in the United States. Section 1815(b)(2)(B) required the Task Force to publish a draft final report for public comment

Future sustainable energy systems will need efficient, clean, low-cost, renewable energy sources, as well as market structures that motivate sustainable behaviors on the part of households and businesses. "Smart grid" components can help consumers manage ...

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "activity retail marketing" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
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The retail industry in the 21st century is undergoing a confluence of transformative changes. In this paper we discuss particularly noteworthy changes related to demography, retail economics and the Internet. We note how, ...

Demand response has grown to be a part of the repertoire of resources used by utilities to manage the balance between generation and load. In recent years, advances in communications and control technology have enabled utilities to consider continuously controlling demand response to meet generation, rather than the other way around. This paper discusses the economic applications of a general method for load resource analysis that parallels the approach used to analyze generation resources and uses the method to examine the results of the US Department of Energy’s Olympic Peninsula Demonstration Testbed. A market-based closed-loop system of controllable assets is discussed with necessary and sufficient conditions on system controllability, observability and stability derived.

The standard economic model of efficient competitive markets relies on the ability of sellers to charge prices that vary as their costs change. Yet, there is no restructured electricity market in which most retail customers can be charged realtime prices (RTP), prices that can change as frequently as wholesale costs. We analyze the impact of having some share of customers on time-invariant pricing in competitive electricity markets. Not only does time-invariant pricing in competitive markets lead to outcomes (prices and investment) that are not first-best, it even fails to achieve the second-best optimum given the constraint of time-invariant pricing. We then study a number of policy interventions that have been proposed to address the perceived inadequacy of capacity investment. We show that attempts to correct the level of investment through taxes or subsidies on electricity or capacity are unlikely to succeed, because these interventions create new inefficiencies. We demonstrate that the most common proposal, a subsidy to capacity ownership financed by a tax on retail electricity, is particularly problematic. An alternative approach to improving efficiency, increasing the share of customers on RTP, has some surprising effects. We show that such a change lowers the equilibrium price to flat rate customers

12 12 Physical Market Conditions, Paper MarketActivity, and the WTI-Brent Spread Bahattin BÃ¼yÃ¼kÅŸahin Thomas K. Lee James T. Moser Michel A. Robe* Abstract We document that, starting in the Fall of 2008, the benchmark West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil has periodically traded at unheard of discounts to the corresponding Brent benchmark. We further document that this discount is not reflected in spreads between Brent and other benchmarks that are directly comparable to WTI. Drawing on extant models linking inventory conditions to the futures term structure, we test empirically several conjectures about how time and quality spreads (prompt vs. first-deferred WTI; prompt Brent vs. WTI)

The standard economic model of efficient competitive markets relies on the ability of sellers to charge prices that vary as their costs change. Yet, there is no restructured electricity market in which most retail customers can be charged realtime prices (RTP), prices that can change as frequently as wholesale costs. We analyze the impact of having some share of customers on time-invariant pricing in competitive electricity markets. Not only does time-invariant pricing in competitive markets lead to outcomes (prices and investment) that are not first-best, it even fails to achieve the second-best optimum given the constraint of time-invariant pricing. We then show that attempts to correct the level of investment through taxes or subsidies on electricity or capacity are unlikely to succeed, because these interventions create new inefficiencies. In contrast, increasing the share of customers

Changes in power contract terms for customers of Western`s Salt Lake City Area Office affect electricity rates for consumers of electric power in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. The impacts of electricity rate changes on consumers are studied by measuring impacts on the rates charged by individual utility systems, determining the average rates in regional areas, and conducting a detailed rate analysis of representative utility systems. The primary focus is an evaluation of the way retail electricity rates for Western`s preference customers vary with alternative pricing and power quantity commitment terms under Western`s long-term contracts to sell power (marketing programs). Retail rate impacts are emphasized because changes in the price of electricity are the most direct economic effect on businesses and residences arising from different Western contractual and operational policies. Retail rates are the mechanism by which changes in cost associated with Western`s contract terms are imposed on ultimate consumers, and rate changes determine the dollar level of payments for electric power incurred by the affected consumers. 41 figs., 9 tabs.

Policymakers have increasingly recognized the structural impediments to effective competition in electricity markets, which has resulted in a renewed emphasis on the need for careful market design and market monitoring in wholesale and retail electricity markets. In this study, we review the market monitoring activities of four Independent System Operators in the United States, focusing on such topics as the organization of an independent market monitoring unit (MMU), the role and value of external market monitors, performance metrics and indices to aid in market analysis, issues associated with access to confidential market data, and market mitigation and investigation authority. There is consensus across the four ISOs that market monitoring must be organizationally independent from market participants and that ISOs should have authority to apply some degree of corrective actions on the market, though scope and implementation differ across the ISOs. Likewise, current practices regarding access to confidential market data by state energy regulators varies somewhat by ISO. Drawing on our interviews and research, we present five examples that illustrate the impact and potential contribution of ISO market monitoring activities to enhance functioning of wholesale electricity markets. We also discuss several key policy and implementation issues that Western state policymakers and regulators should consider as market monitoring activities evolve in the West.

The availability of retail stations can be a significant barrier to the adoption of alternative fuel light-duty vehicles in household markets. This is especially the case during early market growth when retail stations are likely to be sparse and when vehicles are dedicated in the sense that they can only be fuelled with a new alternative fuel. For some bi-fuel vehicles, which can also fuel with conventional gasoline or diesel, limited availability will not necessarily limit vehicle sales but can limit fuel use. The impact of limited availability on vehicle purchase decisions is largely a function of geographic coverage and consumer perception. In this paper we review previous attempts to quantify the value of availability and present results from two studies that rely upon distinct methodologies. The first study relies upon stated preference data from a discrete choice survey and the second relies upon a station clustering algorithm and a rational actor value of time framework. Results from the two studies provide an estimate of the discrepancy between stated preference cost penalties and a lower bound on potential revealed cost penalties.

Resolution in Support of Customer Resolution in Support of Customer "Right-to-Know" and Product Labeling Standards for the RetailMarketing of Electricity WHEREAS, At least 30 million consumers in six States will begin choosing among competitive electricity providers in early 1998 and retail access to competing electricity suppliers is under consideration in many other states; and WHEREAS, Electricity purchases make up a significant portion of the budget of many households; and WHEREAS, The production of electricity imposes very substantial resource and environmental impacts; and WHEREAS, Pilot retail access programs have shown that customer confusion and misleading claims are highly likely; and WHEREAS, Clear and uniform disclosure may promote efficiency through informed product comparisons; and informed customer choice cannot occur in a retail electricity

Consumer Convenience and the Consumer Convenience and the Availability of Retail Stations as a Market Barrier for Alternative Fuel Vehicles Preprint M. Melaina National Renewable Energy Laboratory J. Bremson University of California Davis K. Solo Lexidyne, LLC Presented at the 31st USAEE/IAEE North American Conference Austin, Texas November 4-7, 2012 Conference Paper NREL/CP-5600-56898 January 2013 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (Alliance), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Accordingly, the US Government and Alliance retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "activity retail marketing" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
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they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
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Energy service providers (ESPs) are struggling to make money in the retailing of electricity. During the past two years, leading companies such as Enron Energy Services, Green Mountain Energy, New Energy, and PG&E Energy Services have lost almost $500 million collectively. This initiative will create breakthrough product designs that transcend commoditization of retail electricity markets, replace price wars that destroy shareholder value with market creation activities that simultaneously expand product...

In the expanding retail banking sector of the 1990s, companies have to become increasingly customer-focused. Due to intense competition and the rapidity of change in the external environment, strategic planning in the industry has had to focus more directly ...

This paper investigates how a retailer’s store brand supply source impacts vertical pricing and supply channel profitability. Using chain-level retail scanner data from major supermarkets in Boston prior to the leading retailer’s divestiture of its store brand milk processing to a major brand manufacturer I estimate a random coefficients logit demand model employing a Bayesian estimation approach. Bayesian decision theory is applied to select from a set of pricing games the one most likely for the data sample analyzed. Results from this analysis indicate that the empirically valid model has the pre-divested retailer integrated into the processing of its own milk and takes as given the wholesale price of brand milks while competing retailers have nonlinear pricing contracts with brand manufacturers who produce their store brands. This model is matched against a series of counterfactual simulations as a baseline. The counterfactual simulations consider the eventual divestiture of store brand milk processing by the leading retailer

This document is the second in a series of information briefs on green power marketingactivity in the United States. It includes descriptions of utility green pricing programs, green power marketingactivity, retail access legislation and pilot programs, and other data and information supporting the development of green power markets.

In large retail stores, France is characterized by market saturation and even a decline of several retail concepts such as variety stores, or even supermarkets and hypermarkets (Cliquet, 2000). This situation leads to a fierce competition and raises questions which affect marketing strategies of French retail companies. Given the legal context, the French retailers can increase sales through retail brands which appear to be henceforth among the most effective marketing tools. Indeed, product innovation, sophisticated packaging and retail brands- from generic products to premium retail brands (Kumar and Steenkamp, 2007)- could create consumer value. There are thus today real retail branding strategies consisting in creating consumer value leading to the idea of retail brand equity. This paper focuses on retail brand equity to understand where this retail brand value stems from and how to measure it in the French retail context. Adapting the brand equity literature to the retail brand opens large perspectives in the way of considering this type of brands helping managers to examine the importance of components in the shaping of their brand value and finally to develop better strategic and tactical decisions concerning retail brand positioning. Keller’s contributions (Keller, 1993), qualitative methodology and confirmatory analysis are used to

Large companies are entering the profitable retailmarket with conservation equipment and services that will compete for a share of the $10 to $80 billion Americans will spend on energy efficiency this year. Energy centers and clinics are also opening around the country to market products and compete with the utilities for energy audit business. The new retailing efforts are counting on homeowners' willingness to spend money to lower their energy bills. The smaller companies hope to hold their own against competition from large corporations. (DCK)

1 1 Notes: While EIA cannot claim to explain all of the factors that drive retail gasoline prices, we have had a fair amount of success in exploring the relationship between wholesale and retail prices. In particular, we have looked closely at the "pass-through" of changes in spot prices to the retailmarket. This graph shows a weighted national average of spot prices for regular gasoline -both conventional and reformulated (shown in red), and EIA's weekly survey price for retail regular (again both conventional and reformulated). As you can see, spot prices tend to be more volatile (and would be even more so on a daily basis), while these changes are smoother by the time they reach the retail pump. Furthermore, by looking at the peaks, you can see the retail prices seem to lag the spot price changes

default electricity rate in the United States, especiallystates, including Washington, Louisiana, or Arkansas, have total residential electricity ratesStates are often compensated at the customer’s underlying retail electricity rate

We empirically study the price adjustment process at multiproduct retail stores. We use a unique store level data set for five large supermarket and one drugstore chains in the U.S., to document the exact process required to change prices. Our data set allows us to study this process in great detail, describing the exact procedure, stages, and steps undertaken during the price change process. We also discuss various aspects of the microeconomic environment in which the price adjustment decisions are made, factors affecting the price adjustment decisions, and firm-level implications of price adjustment decisions. Specifically, we examine the effects of the complexity of the price change process on the stores ’ pricing strategy. We also study how the steps involved in the price change process, combined with the laws governing the retail price setting and adjustment, along with the competitive market structure of the retail grocery industry, influence the frequency of price changes. We also examine how the mistakes that occur in the price change process influence the actions taken by these multiproduct retailers. In particular, we study how these mistakes can make the stores vulnerable to civil law suits and penalties, and also damage their reputation. We also show how the mistakes can lead to stockouts or unwanted inventory accumulations. Finally, we discuss how retail stores try to minimize these

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Firms in several markets attract consumers by offering discounts in other unrelated markets. This promotion strategy, which we call “cross-market discounts,” has been successfully adopted in the last few years by many grocery retailers in ... Keywords: competition, fuelperks!, game theory, nonlinear pricing, retail promotions

This paper reviews the experience with retail choice of non-residential electricity customers during the period from early 1998 through the first few months of 2000. Key findings include: (1) customers in California received a significantly smaller discount from utility tariffs than customers in other competitive markets; (2) this sample of large commercial/industrial customers believed they were benefiting significantly more from commodity savings from contracts with retail electricity service providers (RESP) than from value-added services; and,(3) market rules appear to be critical to customer experiences with retail competition, yet the relationship between market rules and market development is inadequately understood.

Despite all of the talk about ?deregulation? of the electricity sector, a large number of non-market mechanisms have been imposed on emerging competitive wholesale and retailmarkets. These mechanisms include spot market ...

Retail delivery of electric power through millimeter waves is relevant in developing areas where the market for communication devices outpaces the power grid infrastructure. It is also a critical component of an evolutionary path towards terrestrial ... Keywords: Micro renewable energy systems, millimeter wave, power beaming, rural India power, space power grid, systems

In addition to analyzing trends in wellhead purchases over the past year, this study also presents information and analysis of natural gas purchases from other pipeline companies, and sales to several types of customers. Activities of 20 major interstate pipeline companies were analysed in response to market developments over the past 4 years and over the past year in particular. This study includes an analysis of trends in natural gas sales and of the effects of increasing prices since 1979. It includes separate analyses of direct industrial sales, sales to major pipeline companies, and other sales for resale, as well as analyses of the volumes transported for sale to others. It also reports on purchase patterns in general since 1979 and on purchase projection patterns for particular types of gas since 1981. The differing behavior of pipeline companies in purchasing high-cost gas in the current market is also analyzed. (PSB)

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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1 Integrated Retail and Wholesale Power System Operation with Smart-Grid Functionality Dionysios of retail and wholesale power markets operating over transmission and distribution networks with smart-grid metering. This study reports on the latter work. Index Terms--Restructured power markets, smart grid

This paper aims to analyze the effects deriving from the liberalization process in the Italian natural gas market carried out by the Italian government through the legislative decree n. 164/2000. More specifically, the objective is to analyze the competitiveness ... Keywords: Italian gas market liberalization, import gas prices, linear regression analysis, natural gas retail prices

We analyze a number of unstudied aspects of retail electricity competition. We first explore the implications of load profiling of consumers whose traditional meters do not allow for measurement of their real time consumption, ...

Arizona`s solar portfolio standard serves a model for utilities and regulators by linking solar power and retail electric competition. Like many states, Arizona is pursuing retail electric competition as a substitute for traditional regulated monopolies. In addition the development of the competitive market is being linked with the development of solar power. Topics covered include the following: a simple solar portfolio standard; cost of the solar portfolio; feasibility of the solar portfolio standard. 4 figs., 1 tab.

The preliminary statistics for October 1983, show that total operator sales of selected petroleum products, measured in gallons per day, decreased by 2.1 percent compared to the final September sales data. Substantial decreases in sales were reported for each of the four transportation fuels: motor gasoline, No. 2 diesel fuel, aviation gasoline, and kerosene-type jet fuel. Conversely, large increases were reported in operator sales of No. 2 fuel oil, while sales of the secondary heating fuels (kerosene, No. 1 distillate, and propane), along with sales of No. 4 and residual fuel oils, increased slightly. Total operator sales decreased at both the retail and wholesale levels. Because the smaller operators increased their retail product sales, their share of the total operator market increased slightly. Operator prices were predominantly down, except for retail prices of No. 2 fuel oil, aviation gasoline, and kerosene, and the wholesale prices of kerosene-type jet fuel and low-sulfur residual fuel oil. The average retail price of No. 2 distillate for all sellers similarly increased slightly, primarily as a result of increased sales to residential customers. Sales activity for each of the principal product groups are summarized.

Retail and Services Retail and Services Home: A Look at CBECS Building Activities How large are they? How many employees are there? Where are they located? How old are they? Who owns and occupies them? How do they use energy and how much does it cost? How do they use electricity? How do they use natural gas? What types of equipment do they use? How do they measure up on conservation efforts? Summary Comparison Table (All Activities) RETAIL AND SERVICE BUILDINGS There were an estimated 1,289,000 retail and service buildings in the U.S. in 1995. Number of Buildings In the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), information is collected separately for service buildings, enclosed malls, strip shopping centers, and retail buildings other than malls. In most CBECS publications, these types are all grouped into one category; where possible, this profile will look at each of these separately.

Agenda: {lg_bullet} Convey current state of the retail gasoline market {lg_bullet} Explore E85 as part of the solution {lg_bullet} Test the profitability of E85 as an investment {lg_bullet} Give retailers guidance to assess if E85 would be a good investment for them

For a long time, the second-hand retailmarket was the preserve of the charity shop. However, the advent of services like eBay has massively increased its prominence. In this paper we describe a novel Internet of Things-based approach to enhancing the ... Keywords: RFID, digital object memory, internet of things, second-hand retail

We study linking the Mexican market for natural gas with the North American market and the implications of these links on efficient marketing of gas in Mexico. We argue that PEMEX should be permitted to enter into spot contracts or future contracts to sell gas, however, the price of gas should always be the net back price based on the Houston Ship Channel at the time of delivery. PEMEX should not be permitted to discount the price of gas from the Houston netback price even in a nondiscriminatory fashion. This arrangement is transparent, it is easy to enforce and does not eliminate any legitimate market options for any of the parties involved. PEMEX or consumers of gas can use the Houston market for hedging of speculative transactions.

Demand Response in Southwest Power Pool Demand Response in Southwest Power Pool Retail Demand Response in Southwest Power Pool In 2007, the Southwest Power Pool (SPP) formed the Customer Response Task Force (CRTF) to identify barriers to deploying demand response (DR) resources in wholesale markets and develop policies to overcome these barriers. One of the initiatives of this Task Force was to develop more detailed information on existing retail DR programs and dynamic pricing tariffs, program rules, and utility operating practices. This report describes the results of a comprehensive survey conducted by LBNL in support of the Customer Response Task Force and discusses policy implications for integrating legacy retail DR programs and dynamic pricing tariffs into wholesale markets in the SPP region.

The thesis studies the changing direction of Detroit's central downtown shopping street, Woodward Avenue. During the last two decades, Woodward Avenue has lost most of its retailmarket to suburban shopping centers. The ...

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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6 6 Notes: Retail prices for both gasoline and diesel fuel have risen strongly over the past two years, driven mostly by the rise in world crude oil prices to their highest levels since the Persian Gulf War. Of course, there are a number of other significant factors that impact retail product prices, the most important of which is the supply/demand balance for each product. But the point of this slide is to show that generally speaking, as world crude oil prices rise and fall, so do retail product prices. Because of the critical importance of crude oil price levels, my presentation today will look first at global oil supply and demand, and then at the factors that differentiate the markets for each product. I'll also talk briefly about natural gas, and the impact that gas

Retail Stores Retail Stores The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager is changing the way organizations track and manage energy. Because of this widespread market adoption, EPA has prepared the DataTrends series to examine benchmarking and trends in energy and water consumption in Portfolio Manager. To learn more, visit www.energystar.gov/DataTrends. Energy use intensity (EUI) ranges from less than 100 to more than 800 kBtu/ft 2 across all retail buildings, with those at the 95th percentile using more than 3 times the energy of those at the 5th percentile. The distribution has a negative skew, which means the most energy intensive buildings are much further away from

6 6 Notes: Gasoline pump prices have backed down from the high prices experienced last summer and fall. The retail price for regular motor gasoline fell 11 cents per gallon from September to December. However, with crude oil prices rebounding somewhat from their December lows combined with lower than normal stock levels, we project that prices at the pump will rise modestly as the 2001 driving season begins this spring. For the summer of 2001, we expect only a little difference from the average price of $1.50 per gallon seen during the previous driving season, as motor gasoline stocks going into the driving season are projected to be slightly less than they were last year. The situation of relatively low inventories for gasoline could set the stage for some regional imbalances in supply that could once again

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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7 7 Notes: Retail gasoline prices, like those for distillate fuels, have hit record prices nationally and in several regions this year. The national average regular gasoline price peaked at $1.68 per gallon in mid-June, but quickly declined, and now stands at $1.45, 17 cents higher than a year ago. Two regions, in particular, experienced sharp gasoline price runups this year. California, which often has some of the highest prices in the nation, saw prices peak near $1.85 in mid-September, while the Midwest had average prices over $1.87 in mid-June. Local prices at some stations in both areas hit levels well over $2.00 per gallon. The reasons for the regional price runups differed significantly. In the Midwest, the introduction of Phase 2 RFG was hampered by low stocks,

Power marketing refers to wholesale and retail transactions of electric power made by companies other than public power entities and the regulated utilities that own the generation and distribution lines. The growth in power marketing has been a major development in the electric power industry during the last few years, and power marketers are expected to realize even more market opportunities as electric industry deregulation proceeds from wholesale competition to retail competition. This Topical Issues Brief examines the nature of the power marketing business and its relationship with renewable power. The information presented is based on interviews conducted with nine power marketing companies, which accounted for almost 54% of total power sales by power marketers in 1995. These interviews provided information on various viewpoints of power marketers, their experience with renewables, and their respective outlooks for including renewables in their resource portfolios. Some basic differences exist between wholesale and retail competition that should be recognized when discussing power marketing and renewable power. At the wholesale level, the majority of power marketers stress the commodity nature of electricity. The primary criteria for developing resource portfolios are the same as those of their wholesale customers: the cost and reliability of power supplies. At the retail level, electricity may be viewed as a product that includes value-added characteristics or services determined by customer preferences.

A central issue in the debate over restructuring the electric power industry is the extent to which the market should be open to competition. One aspect of this debate is whether competition ought to be restricted to the whole sale power market or be extended to final retail consumers. This report begins to explore the potential differences in economic efficiency between wholesale and retail competition in the electric power industry. The two market-structure scenarios are defined and the factors responsible for differences in efficiency are described. The report also contains an assessment of the relative importance of the factors and recommendations for pursuing further research.

Deregulating UK Gas and Electricity Markets: How is Competition Working for Deregulating UK Gas and Electricity Markets: How is Competition Working for Residential Consumers? Speaker(s): Catherine Waddams Date: April 15, 2003 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Chris Marnay Retail gas and electricity prices were deregulated in the UK in April 2002, following introduction of retail choice for residential consumers between 1996 and 1999. We use information from consumer surveys, including a panel survey over three years, to analyse consumer attitudes and behaviour. In particular we explore how awareness changed, whether those who were actively considering switching in one wave of the survey had actually done so by the next round, whether individuals become willing to switch for smaller price gains as the markets matured, and how expectations

Ohio allows communities to vote to aggregate the loads of individual consumers (unless they opt out) in order to seek a competitive energy supplier. Over 200 communities have voted to do this for electricity. By 2004 residential switching reached 69 % in Cleveland territory (95 % from municipal aggregation) but by 2006 had fallen to 8%. Savings are now small, but customer acquisition costs are low and the cost to consumers is negligible. Aggregation and retail competition have been thwarted by Rate Stabilization Plans holding incumbent utility prices below cost since 2006. In the Ohio gas sector, rate regulation has not discouraged aggregation and competition, but market prices falling below municipally negotiated rates can be politically embarrassing. How municipal aggregation would fare against individual choice in a market conducive to retail competition is an open question, but the policy deserves consideration elsewhere.

Voluntary consumer decisions to buy electricity supplied from renewable energy sources represent a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. In the early 1990s, a small number of U.S. utilities began offering 'green power' options to their customers. Since then, these products have become more prevalent, both from traditional utilities and from renewable energy marketers operating in states that have introduced competition into their retail electricity markets or offering renewable energy certificates (RECs) online. Today, more than half of all U.S. electricity customers have an option to purchase some type of green power product directly from a retail electricity provider, while all consumers have the option to purchase RECs. This report documents green power marketingactivities and trends in the United States including utility green pricing programs offered in regulated electricity markets; green power marketingactivity in competitive electricity markets, as well as green power sold to voluntary purchasers in the form of RECs; and renewable energy sold as greenhouse gas offsets in the United States. These sections are followed by a discussion of key market trends and issues. The final section offers conclusions and observations.

In an effort to analyze the causes of changes in motor gasoline marketing, various economic data were collected and are presented. These data include; (1) gasoline sales by refiners; (2) sales through salaried retail outlets; (3) the number of gasoline retail outlets; and (4) the number of branded independent retail outlets. (PMA)

Voluntary consumer decisions to purchase electricity supplied by renewable energy sources represent a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. Beginning in the early 1990s, a small number of U.S. utilities began offering "green power" options to their customers. Since then, these products have become more prevalent, both from utilities and in states that have introduced competition into their retail electricity markets. Today, more than 50% of all U.S. consumers have an option to purchase some type of green power product from a retail electricity provider. This report provides an overview of green power marketingactivity in the United States. The first section provides an overview of green power markets, consumer response, and recent industry trends. The second section provides brief descriptions of utility green pricing programs. The third section describes companies that activelymarket green power in competitive markets and those that market renewable energy certificates nationally or regionally. The final section provides information on a select number of large, nonresidential green power purchasers, including businesses, universities, and government agencies.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Reductions in Northeast Reductions in Northeast Refining Activity: Potential Implications for Petroleum Product Markets December 2011 Independent Statistics & Analysis www.eia.gov U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 U.S. Energy Information Administration | Reductions in Northeast Refining Activity: Potential Implications for Petroleum Product Markets i This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA's data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the U.S. Department of Energy

In certain product categories, large discount retailers are known to offer shallower assortments than traditional retailers. In this paper, we investigate the competitive incentives for such assortment decisions and the implications for manufacturers' ... Keywords: assortment, channel power, channels of distribution, retailing

This article will focus on retail chain stores with areas of 22,000 to 75,000 sq ft, but much of the article will apply to all retail stores independent of size. Typically, a store is serviced by 5 to 15 rooftop HVAC units with a total cooling capacity of 50 to 150 tons, depending on the floor area and geographic location. The interior lighting represents a load of 80 to 300 KW with three lighting levels--retail, stocking, and security or night. Most stores are located in strip centers, and therefore, the parking lot lighting is provided by the landlord, but each store does control and service its own sign lighting. Generally, the total load controlled by an FAS represents 130 to 450 KW with corresponding annual energy costs ranging from $65,000 to $200,000 (natural gas and electricity), depending on the size of the store and the local unit costs of energy. Historical utility data, electrical and mechanical drawings, site surveys, significant analyses of data, and most importantly, discussions with corporate facilities management personnel and store operations personnel provide the source for the development theory and sequence of operation of the design of the facility automation systems for retail stores. The three main goals of an FAS are: reduce utility operating costs, maintain comfort levels during occupied hours, reduce HVAC maintenance costs.

electricity generators who report meter data to a system operator to also report generation, fuel type requires retail providers of electricity to disclose fuel source information to consumers about, and fuel type consumed (as a percentage of generation) data to the system operator on a quarterly basis

making the data available. Retail Price Drivers and their Financial Consequences What are the drivers of retailers ' prices and what, if any, are their financial consequences? The results of a large-scale quantitative analysis show that retail prices are mainly driven by pricing history (50%), acquisition costs (25%), and demand feedback (12.5%). In contrast to pricing history, demand-based pricing is associated with higher retailer (and manufacturer) financial performance. The remaining price drivers: category management, store traffic, and store brand performance, affect manufacturer and retailer performance in more complex ways.

Transformation Efforts for Residential Energy Efficient Windows: Transformation Efforts for Residential Energy Efficient Windows: An Update of National Activities Alecia Ward, Alliance to Save Energy Margaret Suozzo, American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Joseph Eto, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ABSTRACT With the burst of recent initiatives to accelerate adoption of energy-efficient fenestration technologies in the marketplace, an update on window market transformation efforts is needed. Because of the impact of glazing on total home energy performance, the residential window market has received increasing attention over the past two years. National programs such as the ENERGY STAR Windows program, the Efficient Windows Collaborative, and regional initiatives such as the California Windows Initiative and the

With the introduction of retail competition in the electric utility industry, meeting customer needs is critical for retaining existing customers and attracting new ones. Understanding customer preferences for new products and offering products that provide value to customers is a first step toward meeting customer needs. While it is true that some retail customers will only choose electricity services at the lowest possible price, this is only one segment of the retailmarket! Recent EPRI research sugge...

The economic activity in an area may affect
electric utility sales more than other
retailers. Statistics show that the KWH
consumption per customer is in direct proportion
to effective buying income, number of jobs and
plant operating levels. Unlike other
businesses, the utility service area (sales
territory) is restricted by law, the product
cannot be put in inventory, and with current
regulatory treatment the price is difficult to
raise.
These unique problems, which are compounded
in a declining economy, have caused utilities to
abandon traditional marketing techniques and
develop new strategies to cope with this
changing market. This paper deals with some of
these new concepts being used by utilities in a
downturn economy.

Green power marketing is creating a customer-driven market for renewable energy resources, including solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower. Yet there are a number of “market barriers” to the creation of a workable green power market, and the ultimate success of retailmarkets for green power products will depend critically on the detailed “market rules ” established at the onset of restructuring and on a number of “market facilitation ” efforts. By surveying green power marketers and reviewing regulatory filings, this paper identifies and analyzes the types of restructuring market rules and market facilitation efforts that impact the competitive market for electricity services broadly, and the retailmarket for green power specifically. Taking a marketer perspective as our point of reference, we emphasize those rules and efforts that most effectively target key market barriers and that might be most successful in expanding the market for retail green power products. This information should help those interested in encouraging the development of the green power market during the early years of electricity restructuring.

Along with heating oil prices, the distillate supply squeeze has Along with heating oil prices, the distillate supply squeeze has severely impacted diesel fuel prices, especially in the Northeast. Retail diesel price data are available sooner than residential heating oil data. This graph shows that diesel prices turned the corner sometime after February 7 and are heading down. Retail diesel fuel prices nationally, along with those of most other petroleum prices, increased steadily through most of 1999. Prices jumped dramatically (by over 11 cents per gallon) in the third week of January, and rose 2 or more cents a week through February 7. The increases were much more rapid in the Northeast. From January 17 through February 7, diesel fuel prices in New England rose nearly 68 cents per gallon, or 47 percent. Prices in the Mid-Atlantic region rose about 58

With the rapid development of e-commerce and the adoption of dual channels, increasingly manufacturers and retailers are implementing profit sharing strategies in order to improve channel coordination and supply chain performance. In this study, we focus ... Keywords: Channel coordination, Game theory, Online marketing, Profit bargaining, Profit sharing, Supply chain management

BRENNAN -- DSM UNDER COMPETITION: 1 Demand-Side Management Programs Under Retail Electricity Â· An automotive analogy Not marketing of fuel-efficient cars Not exactly CAFE standards or EPA mileage stickers More like getting a check from oil companies if one buys a high mileage car Â· Conservation

Preliminary data for September 1985 indicate that refiners' crude oil acquisition costs are continuing to decline slowly. The decline in both domestic and imported refiners' crude costs resulted in a drop in the composite acquisition cost of 6 center per barrel (0.2%). In the petroleum products markets, preliminary data (summarized in the table below) show that total refiner/gas plant operator sales of selected petroleum products declined 2.7% from the August sales level. While sales of motor gasoline, residual fuel oil, aviation gasoline, and No. 2 diesel were down in September, sales of No. 2 fuel oil, kerosene, No. 1 distillate, No. 4 fuel oil, and propane showed seasonal increases. In addition, sales of kerosene-type jet fuel rose up slightly. Refiner/gas plant operator prices rose in September for most petroleum products at the retail and wholesale levels. At the retail level, the three grades of motor gasoline were the only products showing price decreases. At the wholesale level, prices of motor gasoline and aviation gasoline declined. Wholesale prices for all the other products increased in September, with the No. 2 distillate price up 4.4 cents per gallon. The September petroleum marketingactivity is summarized. 17 figs., 75 tabs.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Predicting customer demand in the highly competitive grocery retail business has become extremely difficult, especially for promotional items. The difficulty in promotional forecasting has resulted from numerous internal ...

Use of retail-ready packaging reduces the costs of replenishing store shelves by eliminating the labor of removing packaging materials and stocking individual items on shelves. While reducing costs for retailers, retail-ready ...

In 2007, the Southwest Power Pool (SPP) formed the Customer Response Task Force (CRTF) to identify barriers to deploying demand response (DR) resources in wholesale markets and develop policies to overcome these barriers. One of the initiatives of this Task Force was to develop more detailed information on existing retail DR programs and dynamic pricing tariffs, program rules, and utility operating practices. This report describes the results of a comprehensive survey conducted by LBNL in support of the Customer Response Task Force and discusses policy implications for integrating legacy retail DR programs and dynamic pricing tariffs into wholesale markets in the SPP region. LBNL conducted a detailed survey of existing DR programs and dynamic pricing tariffs administered by SPP's member utilities. Survey respondents were asked to provide information on advance notice requirements to customers, operational triggers used to call events (e.g. system emergencies, market conditions, local emergencies), use of these DR resources to meet planning reserves requirements, DR resource availability (e.g. seasonal, annual), participant incentive structures, and monitoring and verification (M&V) protocols. Nearly all of the 30 load-serving entities in SPP responded to the survey. Of this group, fourteen SPP member utilities administer 36 DR programs, five dynamic pricing tariffs, and six voluntary customer response initiatives. These existing DR programs and dynamic pricing tariffs have a peak demand reduction potential of 1,552 MW. Other major findings of this study are: o About 81percent of available DR is from interruptible rate tariffs offered to large commercial and industrial customers, while direct load control (DLC) programs account for ~;;14percent. o Arkansas accounts for ~;;50percent of the DR resources in the SPP footprint; these DR resources are primarily managed by cooperatives. o Publicly-owned cooperatives accounted for 54percent of the existing DR resources among SPP members. For these entities, investment in DR is often driven by the need to reduce summer peak demand that is used to set demand charges for each distribution cooperative. o About 65-70percent of the interruptible/curtailable tariffs and DLC programs are routinely triggered based on market conditions, not just for system emergencies. Approximately, 53percent of the DR resources are available with less than two hours advance notice and 447 MW can be dispatched with less than thirty minutes notice. o Most legacy DR programs offered a reservation payment ($/kW) for participation; incentive payment levels ranged from $0.40 to $8.30/kW-month for interruptible rate tariffs and $0.30 to $4.60/kW-month for DLC programs. A few interruptible programs offered incentive payments which were explicitly linkedto actual load reductions during events; payments ranged from 2 to 40 cents/kWh for load curtailed.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The purpose of this report is to define the objectives of the Distillate Market Model (DMM), describe its basic approach, and to provide details on model functions. This report is intended as a reference document for model analysts, users, and the general public. Documentation of the model is in accordance with EIA`s legal obligation to provide adequate documentation in support of its models. The DMM performs a short-term (6- to 9-month) forecast of demand and retail price for distillate fuel oil in the national US market; it also calculates the end-of-month stock level during the term of the forecast. The model is used to analyze certain market behavior assumptions or shocks and to determine the effect on retailmarket price, demand, and stock level.

Power industry restructuring continues to evolve at multiple levels of system operations. At the bulk electricity level, several organizations charged with regional system operation are implementing versions of a Wholesale Power Market Platform (WPMP) in response to U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission initiatives. Recently the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and several regional initiatives have been pressing the integration of demand response as a resource for system operations. These policy and regulatory pressures are driving the exploration of new market designs at the wholesale and retail levels. The complex interplay among structural conditions, market protocols, and learning behaviors in relation to short-term and longer-term market performance demand a flexible computational environment where designs can be tested and sensitivities to power system and market rule changes can be explored. This paper presents the use of agent-based computational methods in the study of electricity markets at the wholesale and retail levels, and distinctions in problem formulation between these levels.

The transition to competitive wholesale and retailmarkets for electricity in the U.S. has been a difficult and contentious process. This paper examines the progress that has been made in the evolution of wholesale and ...

JCPenney Co., Inc., recently opened a 126,000-sq ft, two-level retail store in Albuquerque, NM. The project construction was accomplished using a design-build format. This process allows preliminary construction processes to begin while the design is finalized. Law/Kingdom, Inc. was assigned the architectural and engineering services for this building. During the process of design, the team decided to study the addition of evaporative cooling into the air system. This article reviews system design, selection, and performance using an indirect evaporative system in the HVAC system. It also demonstrates the company`s design approach on the original equipment selection for a typical anchor store.

Given its low dollar and maintenance cost, RFID is poised to become the enabling technology for inventory control and supply chain management. However, as an outcome of its low cost, RFID based inventory control is susceptible to pernicious security and privacy threats. A deleterious attack on such a system is corporate espionage, where attackers through illicit inventorying infer sales and restocking trends for products. In this paper, we first present plausible aftermaths of corporate espionage using real data from online sources. Second, to mitigate corporate espionage in a retail store environment, we present a simple lowcost system called Mirage. Mirage uses additional programmable low cost passive RFID tags called honeytokens to inject noise in retail store inven-torying. Using a simple history based algorithm that controls activation and de-activation of honeytokens, Mirage randomizes sales and restocking trends. We evaluate Mirage in a real warehouse environment using a commercial off-the-shelf Motoro...

A growing number of states are unbundling utility services with the objective of creating a competitive open retailmarket for electric energy and other traditionally regulated utility services. Currently, each state or region has its own approach to unbundling and dealing with various issues such as stranded assets, market power, generation and fuel portfolio requirements, transmission system operation, and electricity pricing. Existing generating asset value and technology choice for new generation pro...

This paper studies a manufacturer that sells to a newsvendor retailer who can improve the quality of her demand information by exerting costly forecasting effort. In such a setting, contracts play two roles: providing incentives to influence the retailer's ... Keywords: endogenous adverse selection, forecasting, rebates, returns, supply chain contracting

We consider the problem of determining (for a short lifecycle) retail product initial and replenishment order quantities that minimize the cost of lost sales, back orders, and obsolete inventory. We model this problem as a two-stage stochastic dynamic ... Keywords: Heuristics, Inventory replenishment, Retailing, Stochastic dynamic programming

year with an optimized daylighting system. #12;RETAIL AND DAYLIGHTING INTRODUCTION 1 1. INTRODUCTIONCALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Daylight and Retail Sales TECHNICALREPORT October 2003 500-03-082-A-5 in this report. #12;#12;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is a part of the Integrated Energy Systems - Productivity

3 3 FY 2012 Annual Progress Report DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program IntroductIon The Market Transformation sub-program is conducting activities to help promote and implement commercial and pre-commercial hydrogen and fuel cell systems in real-world operating environments and to provide feedback to research programs, U.S. industry manufacturers, and potential technology users. One of the sub-program's goals is to achieve sufficient manufacturing volumes in emerging commercial applications that will enable cost reductions through economies of scale, which will help address the current high cost of fuel cells (currently the capital and installation costs of fuel cells are from five to six times higher than

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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5 Million in Technical Assistance to Support Major 5 Million in Technical Assistance to Support Major Retailers, Financial Institutions and Real Estate Firms to Adopt Energy-Efficient Technologies DOE Awards $15 Million in Technical Assistance to Support Major Retailers, Financial Institutions and Real Estate Firms to Adopt Energy-Efficient Technologies September 26, 2008 - 3:43pm Addthis Awards Encourage Adoption of Energy-Saving Technologies for New Construction and Retrofits in Commercial Buildings WASHINGTON - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced the first phase of awards, valued at $15 million, for the Net-Zero Energy Commercial Building Initiative (CBI). Twenty-one companies, which will include retailers, financial institutions and commercial real estate firms, will team with two of DOE's National Laboratories to speed market adoption of

Voluntary consumer decisions to purchase electricity supplied by renewable energy sources represent a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. Beginning in the early 1990s, a small number of U.S. utilities began offering ''green power'' options to their customers. Since then, these products have become more prevalent, both from traditional utilities and from marketers operating in states that have introduced competition into their retail electricity markets. Today, more than half of all U.S. consumers have an option to purchase some type of green power product from a retail electricity provider. Currently, more than 600 utilities, or about 20% of utilities nationally, offer green power programs to customers. These programs allow customers to purchase some portion of their power supply as renewable energy--almost always at a higher price--or to contribute funds for the utility to invest in renewable energy development. The term ''green pricing'' is typically used to refer to these utility programs offered in regulated or noncompetitive electricity markets. This report documents green power marketingactivities and trends in the United States.

Voluntary consumer decisions to purchase electricity supplied by renewable energy sources represent a powerful market support mechanism for renewable energy development. Beginning in the early 1990s, a small number of U.S. utilities began offering ''green power'' options to their customers. Since then, these products have become more prevalent, both from traditional utilities and from marketers operating in states that have introduced competition into their retail electricity markets. Today, more than half of all U.S. consumers have an option to purchase some type of green power product from a retail electricity provider. Currently, more than 600 utilities, or about 20% of utilities nationally, offer green power programs to customers. These programs allow customers to purchase some portion of their power supply as renewable energy--almost always at a higher price--or to contribute funds for the utility to invest in renewable energy development. The term ''green pricing'' is typically used to refer to these utility programs offered in regulated or noncompetitive electricity markets. This report documents green power marketingactivities and trends in the United States.

Along with heating oil prices, the distillate supply squeeze has Along with heating oil prices, the distillate supply squeeze has severely impacted diesel fuel prices, especially in the Northeast. Diesel fuel is bascially the same product as home heating oil. The primary difference is that diesel has a lower sulfur content. When heating oil is in short supply, low sulfur diesel fuel can be diverted to heating oil supply. Thus, diesel fuel prices rise with heating heating oil prices. Retail diesel fuel prices nationally, along with those of most other petroleum prices, increased steadily through most of 1999. But prices in the Northeast jumped dramatically in the third week of January. Diesel fuel prices in New England rose nearly 68 cents per gallon, or 47 percent, between January 17 and February 7. While EIA does not have

term trends for house prices and asks where prices will go from here. I would like to say Halifax price Nationwide price Chart 1: Halifax and Nationwide House Price Trends SourcesHOUSES!an independent view of the property market Prices and Affordability Lending Activity Supply

The slowdown in electricity market restructuring since 2000 has dramatically altered opportunities for marketing green energy to retail customers. Indeed, it has become less clear what role direct consumer demand for green energy may play in future renewable energy development. Currently, utilities, green energy activists, and marketers are pursuing a number of new concepts that may increase the scale of renewable energy development. This report evaluates the status and potential of these new green energ...

The short-term power exchange offers a glimpse of the deregulated power market. As the electric power industry goes the way of other formerly regulated monopolicies in the United States, incentives will continue to grow for novel ways to trade electricity in hitherto uncharted markets. The emergence of open power markets. The emergence of open power markets thus far has been a patchwork affair. Federally mandated competition in wholesale markets has only recently taken place and all jurisdictional transmission owners must file open access transmission tariffs with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. The national agenda has been spotted here and there by state or even utility-specific efforts to unlock retailmarkets but most of these will take years to implement. Thus, the most common complaint of power market professions is a basic one: It is difficult to determine the market price of electricity. The basic building blocks of an efficient market are missing, e.g. no multitudes of willing buyers and sellers, few arms-length purchases, no price transparency.

Load shapes, representing usage patterns in the electric and gas industry, are a key factor in energy company operations and management. In the emerging restructured energy market, retail energy suppliers market energy to final customers and must arrange for electricity generation or gas delivery to meet their customers' needs. EPRI and GRI sponsored a two-day workshop in June, 1999 that addressed a range of issues associated with load shapes, including modeling, profiling for retailmarket settlement, r...

This report documents the status and trends of 'compliance'--renewable energy certificate (REC) markets used to meet state renewable portfolio standard (RPS) requirements--and 'voluntary' markets--those in which consumers and institutions purchase renewable energy to match their electricity needs on a voluntary basis. Today, 29 states and the District of Columbia have an RPS, more than half of all U.S. electricity customers have an option to purchase some type of green power product directly from a retail electricity provider, and all consumers have the option to purchase RECs. This report documents REC activities and trends in the United States. The compliance REC market analysis includes analysis of REC trading, regional REC markets, REC tracking systems, types of compliance RECs, compliance REC pricing trends, and an overview of compliance with RPS polices. The voluntary REC analysis presents data and analysis on voluntary market sales and customer participation, products and premiums, green pricing marketing and administrative expenses, voluntary REC pricing, and the voluntary carbon offsets market. The report concludes with a discussion of upcoming guidance from the Federal Trade Commission on green marketing claims, the emergence of community solar programs, and the potential impact of Dodd-Frank regulations on the REC market.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Despite the rigour and ability of game theory to cope with oligopolistic electric markets, it fails to model many existing behaviours in the real-world circumstances. The traditional models such as statistical extrapolation or econometrics are not capable ... Keywords: Electricity market, Intelligent decision support system, Multi-agent technology, Planning, Power systems

Consumer behaviour at pure Internet players has been analysed thoroughly in earlier work. When it comes to retailers with multiple distribution channels, however, new behaviour patterns can be observed. Given the fact that multi-channel retailing is much more common than Internet-only, the analysis of consumer behaviour in a multi-channel context constitutes a challenge for the deeper understanding of e-business. The contribution of this research is threefold: first, this study provides an overview of how the 50 largest e-retailers presently coordinate the interaction between sales on their web sites and in physical stores. Second, we present findings from a consumer survey suggesting what consumers like about multi-channel services on retail sites. Finally, user behaviour is empirically evaluated based on transaction and web log data from a large multi-channel retailer. The results indicate a strong demand for multi-channel services and suggest that retailers should expand their multi-channel service spectrum.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Price rigidity involves prices that do not change with the regularity predicted by standard economic theory, and is of long-standing interest to firms and industries, and our understanding of the economy as a whole. The previous IS literature has failed to identify the central role of IT and Internet retailing-related technologies to explain the rigidity of prices on the Internet. Instead, it has offered only limited explanations, such as menu costs and tacit collusion. These ideas, and quite a few other key theoretical perspectives were formulated in disciplines other than ours. Thus, the issue of price rigidity and price adjustment in Internet retailing should be given more scrutiny than the literature has provided to date. We review and synthesize what we know about price rigidity in non-electronic retailing contexts using a multi-level theory approach that identifies three unique levels of analysis: the firm-specific level, the firm-to-consumer level, and the firm-to-market level. We evaluate to what extent this knowledge is applicable to explain price-setting and price adjustment on the Internet. We conclude that there should not be less price rigidity in Internet retailing than in traditional retailing – even though the Internet is involved. To this end, we recommend a multi-level variance theory of Internet-based price rigidity. This study provides a foundation for the development of new theoretical perspectives at the crossroads of the academic disciplines of marketing, economics and IS. It encourages research that is able to probe for a deeper understanding of new economic phenomena associated with the digital economy’s growth.

Market failures have plagued competitive electricity markets worldwide. This report explores market and regulatory options for correcting some of these failures. In doing so, it recognizes the critical role that regulation plays in assuring that the competitive process works, as it should, to the benefit of all. In particular, the report examines ways to better integrate demand response (DR) into electricity markets at both the wholesale and retail levels.

the following four components: – employer flexibility in hiring and firing – employability through training and active labour market policies – supportive social security system – high-trust social dialogue Benefits of Flexicurity • Economic benefits – Eg... of uncertainty • Loss of work colleagues? • Loss of seniority? Psychological reasons for aversion to job insecurity. • “To have a reasonably stable situation at home, that’s the most important thing. A stable home life and a stable situation...

In 2007 Dell began selling through the retail channel. Five years later, the retail channel is still in the early stages relative to competitors and is growing rapidly. Short product lifecycles, long lead times and a high ...

A large online retailer strategically stocks inventory for SKUs with low demand. The motivations are to provide a wide range of selections and faster customer fulfillment service. We assume the online retailer has the ...

As massive online retailers are putting increasing pressure on the traditional brick-and-mortar retailers, new ways to compete for customers is needed. Identifying customers' behavior and understanding their needs could ...

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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This industry report examines changes in the competitive electricity market throughout the year 2000, and how these changes affect residential and commercial customers. The following issues are discussed: o Characteristics of the residential and commercial markets: current and future energy use data by market and fuel type o Industry restructuring, deregulation, and its energy suppliers: deregulation issues by state and energy supplier activity within those states o Corporate moves, mergers, and business...

Retail Aggregation of Responsive Load to Produce Wholesale Retail Aggregation of Responsive Load to Produce Wholesale Demand Side Resources Project Lead: Shmuel Oren Objectives The project seeks to develop methods for assembling, managing, and valuing complementary portfolios of variable or intermittent power sources and applications, such as load curtailment, load shifting, renewable resources (wind, solar) and distributed storage (e.g., EV and PHEV batteries, UPS devices etc.). Aggregators can assemble portfolios of such resources to obtain wholesale resources that can be offered in the various ISO markets and exploit the complimentary aspects of these resources through portfolio structuring and dispatch strategies to mitigate the intermittent nature of load response and renewables. Variability can be further reduced by pooling uncertain retail

In world crude oil markets, 1987 was a year of limited recovery and relative stability after the dramatic price slide of early 1986. Both foreign and domestic crude thereafter, ending the year somewhat higher than a year ago. In contrast, product wholesale markets remained relatively stable throughout the year, while retail prices sustained a fairly steady increase. As has been the case for over a decade, major price movements in international oil markets generally reflected responses to actual or perceived changes in the policies of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and/or its members. The year began with prices on an upward trend, in reaction to the December 1986 OPEC meeting in which the members resolved to return to an official pricing structure (a departure from the market-based pricing of 1986), and to reduce output quotas. Prices continued to rise until August, when evidence of continued OPEC overproduction appeared to outweigh market optimism, triggering a gradual slide that lasted the remainder of the year. Even with the downturn in the fourth quarter, crude oil markets in 1987, as measured by refiner acquisition costs, finished the year above year-end 1986 levels, and considerably above the lows reached in mid-1986. OPEC's struggle to maintain stable prices and production levels in 1987 reflected the organization's difficulties in reaching and enforcing agreements among its politically and economically diverse membership. 11 figs., 49 tabs.

it possible to deliver electric power to off-grid locations using millimeter-wave beams and compact, efficient of very large utility-scale power plants, serving given areas in a hub-and-spoke arrangement. GridPolicy Issues for Retail Beamed Power Transmission Girish Chowdhary, Rajeev Gadre, Narayanan

COMMISSION 1516 NINTH STREET SACRAMENTO CA 95814-5512 June 19, 2008 To All Retail Providers: Subject from generators to the California Energy Commission (Energy Commission), and for providing rate payers reporting period, the Energy Commission adopted the 2007 Net System Power Report at its April 16, 2008

Multichannel marketing is the practice of simultaneously offering information, goods, services, and support to customers through two or more synchronized channels. In this dissertation, I develop an integrated framework of multichannel marketing and develop models to assist managers in their marketing resource allocation decisions. In the first essay of the dissertation, I investigate the factors that drive customers multichannel shopping behavior and identify its consequences for retailers. In the second essay, I build on this work and develop a model that enables firms to optimize their allocation of marketing resources across different customer-channel segments. In the first essay, I develop a framework comprising the factors that drive consumers’ channel choice, the consequences of channel choice, and their implications for managing channel equity. The results show that customer-channel choice is driven in a nonlinear fashion by a customer demographic variable such as age and is also influenced by consumer shopping traits such as number of categories bought and the duration of relationship with a retailer. I show that by controlling for the moderating effects of channel-category associations, the influence of customers’ demographics and shopping traits on their channel choices can vary significantly across product categories. Importantly, the results show that multichannel shoppers buy more often, buy more items, and spend considerably more than single channel shoppers. The channel equity of multichannel customers is nearly twice that of the closest single channel customers (online or offline). In the second essay, I propose a model for optimal allocation of marketing efforts across multiple customer-channel segments. I first develop a set of models for consumer response to marketing efforts for each channel-customer segment. This set comprises four models, the first for purchase frequency, the second for purchase quantity, the third for product return behavior, and the fourth for contribution margin of purchase. The results show that customers’ responses to firm marketing efforts vary significantly across the customer-channel segments. They also suggest that marketing efforts influence purchase frequency, purchase quantity and monetary value in different ways. The resource allocation results show that profits can be substantially improved by reallocating marketing efforts across the different customer-channel segments.

Information for Retailers of Lighting Products Information for Retailers of Lighting Products Information for Retailers of Lighting Products July 29, 2012 - 8:18pm Addthis Information for Retailers of Lighting Products U.S. retailers who sell lighting products can use the information below to help their customers better understand energy-efficient lighting choices. New information will be added as it becomes available. U.S. retailers are welcome to use parts of these materials in their retail displays. In those cases, please do so without the Department of Energy's name, since we will not be approving your version. If you would prefer a different version that fits your requirements for size or layout better, and you'd like to keep the Department's name, you are welcome to submit that revised layout for approval. Native artwork files can be made

This article introduces the use of rigorous econometric tools to understand the geographic scope of the market for generation services. These tools are applied to data from the current wholesale electricity market in the western United States. The behavior of the current wholesale electricity market and the methods used to assess the expanse of the geographic market in the current wholesale electricity market can go a long way toward informing the discussion of pricing behavior and performance in a restructured electricity industry. First, the current wholesale electricity market is already effectively unregulated and suffers from the same technical complexities that face a retail electricity market. Consequently, understanding the supply and demand conditions that cause the extent of the geographic market for generation services to narrow in the current wholesale electricity market can shed light on which times the geographic expanse of the market may narrow in a restructures electricity market. Second, the techniques developed in this paper to assess the extent of the current wholesale electricity market can be applied readily to a restructured electricity market. Finally, because market conditions in the electricity industry are likely to change significantly in the next few years, as the structure of the electricity sector changes dramatically, this analysis of the geographic expanse of the market can provide a useful benchmark against which to compare post-restructuring wholesale price relationships.

Restructuring in electric power sectors took asignificant step backward in the summer of 2000 whenwholesale and retailmarkets in California experiencedstaggering price increases that continued through June of2001. During this period, California suppliers ...

The energy industry is in the process of restructuring itself from an array of vertically integrated, regulated monopolies into competitive supply chains. One of the most significant changes for the energy business infrastructure in this era of disaggregation is the need for settling up between various unbundled entities comprising these energy supply chains. Settlement is a new business process for utilities. Some settlement activities have taken place at the wholesale level; however, these settlements ...

This paper examines the importance of market characteristics in restructured electricity markets. We measure market performance relative to benchmarks that abstract away from market design characteristics but capture important structural elements. Specifically, we estimate market outcomes under an assumption of perfect competition and under an assumption of Cournot competition in three U.S. markets: California, New England, and PJM. These two counter-factual assumptions bound the space of possible static, non-cooperative outcomes. By establishing where actual market outcomes fall within these bounds, we can compare how markets perform relative to the extremes determined by structural factors alone. Our findings suggest that vertical arrangements between suppliers and retailers, dramatically affect estimated market outcomes. When we include vertical arrangements in firms ’ objective functions, Cournot equilibrium prices in both PJM and New England fall dramatically. California did not have such arrangements. After accounting for vertical arrangements, performance in each market relative to Cournot is similar, particularly during hours of peak demand.

There are ongoing shifts in the distributed resources (DR) market that impact both the retail side of the equation and the application of DR to the distribution grid. This brief paper examines some of these recent shifts and attempt to interpret the reasons for these shifts and the implications that these shifts have for the near term future of DR technologies. This review focuses on three states that appear to be the leaders in the evolution of the role of DR technologies in the wires company: Californi...

includes all public sector and commercial organisations in Great Britain and Northern Ireland that (i) have at least one half?hourly electricity meter settled on the half?hourly market and (ii) consume more than 6,000 MWh of electricity per year (DEFRA, 2008c). In September 2009, the... retailers and climate change: The role of partnership in climate strategies1 Aoife Brophy Haney2 ESRC Electricity Policy Research Group and Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge Ian Jones Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge Michael G. Pollitt ESRC Electricity...

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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This booklet is based on the findings of an infiltration analysis for supermarkets and large retail buildings without refrigerated cases. It enables retail building managers and engineers to calculate the energy savings potential for vestibule additions for supermarkets; and bay door operation changes in large retail stores without refrigerated cases. Retail managers can use initial estimates to decide whether to engage vendors or contractors of vestibules for pricing or site-specific analyses, or to decide whether to test bay door operation changes in pilot stores, respectively.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Telephone screener questionnaires and mail-out questionnaires for marketing surveys for solar heating and cooling equipment are presented. Questionnaires are included for the residential segment, industrial segment, HVAC professionals segment, builder/developer segment, and the commercial segment. No results are reported. (WHK)

The Advanced Energy Retrofit Guide for Retail Buildings is a component of the Department of Energy’s Advanced Energy Retrofit Guides for Existing Buildings series. The aim of the guides is to facilitate a rapid escalation in the number of energy efficiency projects in existing buildings and to enhance the quality and depth of those projects. By presenting general project planning guidance as well as financial payback metrics for the most common energy efficiency measures, these guides provide a practical roadmap to effectively planning and implementing performance improvements for existing buildings.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory developed the LBNL Water Heater Price Database to compile and organize information used in the revision of U.S. energy efficiency standards for water heaters. The Database contains all major components that contribute to the consumer cost of water heaters, including basic retail prices, sales taxes, installation costs, and any associated fees. In addition, the Database provides manufacturing data on the features and design characteristics of more than 1100 different water heater models. Data contained in the Database was collected over a two-year period from 1997 to 1999.

Retail: An Overview of Energy Use and Retail: An Overview of Energy Use and Energy Efficiency Opportunities Of the almost 5 million commercial buildings in the U.S. 1 , retail buildings account for the largest energy costs - nearly $20 billion each year 1 - and are also responsible for the second largest percentage of greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global climate change. By becoming more energy efficient, retailers can increase the comfort of customers and productivity of employees, and achieve cost savings that enhance corporate profitability. By using the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ENERGY STAR tools and resources, retailers can save money and fight global climate change by reducing their energy use through energy efficiency measures. Energy Efficiency Tips

Inventory record inaccuracy is a significant problem for retailers using automated inventory management systems. While investments in preventative and corrective measures can be effective remedies, gains can also be achieved through inventory management tools that account for record errors. In this paper, we consider intelligent inventory management tools that account for record errors using a Bayesian inventory record. We assume that excess demands are lost and unobserved, in which case sales data reveal information about physical inventory positions. We show that a probability distribution on inventory levels is a sufficient summary of past sales and replenishment observations, and that this probability distribution can be efficiently updated as observations are accumulated. We also demonstrate the use of this distribution as the basis for practical replenishment and inventory audit policies, and illustrate how the needed parameters can be estimated using data from a large national retailer. Our replenishment policies avoid the problem of “freezing, ” in which a physical inventory position persists at zero while the corresponding record is positive. In addition, simulation studies show that our replenishment policies recoup much of the cost of inventory record inaccuracy, and that our audit policies significantly outperform the popular “zero-balance walk ” audit policy. 1.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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California's restructured electricity markets opened on 1 April 1998. The former investor-owned utilities were functionally divided into generation, transmission, and distribution activities, all of their gas-fired generating capacity was divested, and the retailmarket was opened to competition. To ensure that small customers shared in the expected benefit of lower prices, the enabling legislation mandated a 10% rate cut for all customers, which was implemented in a simplistic way that fossilized 1996 tariff structures. Rising fuel and environmental compliance costs, together with a reduced ability to import electricity, numerous plant outages, and exercise of market power by generators drove up wholesale electricity prices steeply in 2000, while retail tariffs remained unchanged. One of the distribution/supply companies entered bankruptcy in April 2001, and another was insolvent. During this period, two sets of interruptible load programs were in place, longstanding ones organized as special tariffs by the distribution/supply companies and hastily established ones run directly by the California Independent System Operator (CAISO). The distribution/supply company programs were effective at reducing load during the summer of 2000, but because of the high frequency of outages required by a system on the brink of failure, customer response declined and many left the tariff. The CAISO programs failed to attract enough participation to make a significant difference to the California supply demand imbalance. The poor performance of direct load participation in California's markets reinforces the argument for accurate pricing of electricity as a stimulus to energy efficiency investment and as a constraint on market volatility.

Papers address particular policy or marketing issues in a non-technical manner. They summarize research results and provide insights for users outside the research community. Single copies are available at no charge. The last page lists all Food Policy Issue Papers to date, and describes other publication series available from the Food Marketing Policy Center.

LBNL-1470E LBNL-1470E Retail Demand Response in Southwest Power Pool Ranjit Bharvirkar, Grayson Heffner and Charles Goldman Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Environmental Energy Technologies Division January 2009 The work described in this report was funded by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Permitting, Siting and Analysis of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of

6 6 Notes: With the worst of the heating season (October-March) now behind us, we can be fairly confident that retail heating oil prices have seen their seasonal peak. Relatively mild weather and a softening of crude oil prices have helped ease heating oil prices. Spot heating oil prices recently reached their lowest levels in over six months. Because of relatively balmy weather in the Northeast in January and February, heating oil stock levels have stabilized. Furthermore, heating oil production has been unusually robust, running several hundred thousand barrels per day over last year's pace. Currently, EIA expects winter prices to average around $1.41, which is quite high in historical terms. The national average price in December 2000 was 44 cents per gallon above the December 1999 price. For February

Green Markets Green Markets Search Search Help More Search Options Search Site Map News TVA Seeks 126 MW of Renewables in 2014 December 2013 More News More News Subscribe to E-Mail Update Subscribe to e-mail update Events EPA Webinar - The Power of Aggregated Purchasing: How to Green Your Electricity Supply & Save Money January 15, 2014 1:00-2:00 p.m. ET Previous Webinars More News Features Green Power Market Status Report (2011 Data) Featured Green Power Reports Green Pricing Green Power Marketing Green Certificates Carbon Offsets State Policies Overview The essence of green power marketing is to provide market-based choices for electricity consumers to purchase power from environmentally preferred sources. The term "green power" is used to define power generated from renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, geothermal, hydropower and various forms of biomass. Green power marketing has the potential to expand domestic markets for renewable energy technologies by fostering greater availability of renewable electric service options in retailmarkets. Although renewable energy development has traditionally been limited by cost considerations, customer choice allows consumer preferences for cleaner energy sources to be reflected in market transactions. In survey after survey, customers have expressed a preference and willingness to pay more, if necessary, for cleaner energy sources. You can find more information about purchase options on our "Buying Green Power" page.

Over the last several years, a green power marketing industry has evolved, with companies offering green power service choices to retail customers. The reverberations of the recent California energy shortage have dampened the steady growth trend of green power markets. The Sixth National Conference on Green Power Marketing, held in Portland, Oregon, July 30 - August 1, 2001, examined the state of green power marketing in this critical period while exploring opportunities to improve on the success of gree...

NREL's deployment and market transformation (D and MT) activities encompass the laboratory's full range of technologies, which span the energy efficiency and renewable energy spectrum. NREL staff educates partners on how they can advance sustainable energy applications and also provides clients with best practices for reducing barriers to innovation and market transformation.

NREL's deployment and market transformation (D and MT) activities encompass the laboratory's full range of technologies, which span the energy efficiency and renewable energy spectrum. NREL staff educates partners on how they can advance sustainable energy applications and also provides clients with best practices for reducing barriers to innovation and market transformation.

This thesis is about the effects of changing customer preferences on the United States Postal Service's retail network and offers a process for wider adoption of its current retail partnership program. The Contract Postal ...

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In the consumer products industry, retail chains and manufacturers run promotions to maintain consumer and brand loyalty. The two major issues in planning and executing promotions are to accurately forecast demand and to ...

The objective of the study is to find an optimal inventory distribution in a retail three-echelon environment, consisting of a supplier, a DC, and stores. An inventory model is built by replicating the echelons' periodic, ...

The degree to which any deregulated market functions efficiently often depends on the ability of market agents to respond quickly to fluctuating conditions. Many restructured electricity markets, however, experience high prices caused by supply shortages and little demand-side response. We examine the implications for market operations when a risk-averse retailer's end-use consumers are allowed to perceive real-time variations in the electricity spot price. Using a market-equilibrium model, we find that price elasticity both increases the retailers revenue risk exposure and decreases the spot price. Since the latter induces the retailer to reduce forward electricity purchases, while the former has the opposite effect, the overall impact of price responsive demand on the relative magnitudes of its risk exposure and end-user price elasticity. Nevertheless, price elasticity decreases cumulative electricity consumption. By extending the analysis to allow for early settlement of demand, we find that forward stage end-user price responsiveness decreases the electricity forward price relative to the case with price-elastic demand only in real time. Moreover, we find that only if forward stage end-user demand is price elastic will the equilibrium electricity forward price be reduced.

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The degree to which any deregulated market functions efficiently often depends on the ability of market agents to respond quickly to fluctuating conditions. Many restructured electricity markets, however, experience high prices caused by supply shortages and little demand-side response. We examine the implications for market operations when a risk-averse retailer's end-use consumers are allowed to perceive real-time variations in the electricity spot price. Using a market-equilibrium model, we find that price elasticity both increases the retailers revenue risk exposure and decreases the spot price. Since the latter induces the retailer to reduce forward electricity purchases, while the former has the opposite effect, the overall impact of price responsive demand on the relative magnitudes of its risk exposure and end-user price elasticity. Nevertheless, price elasticity decreases cumulative electricity consumption. By extending the analysis to allow for early settlement of demand, we find that forward stage end-user price responsiveness decreases the electricity forward price relative to the case with price-elastic demand only in real time. Moreover, we find that only if forward stage end-user demand is price elastic will the equilibrium electricity forward price be reduced.

Plug and process loads (PPLs) in commercial buildings account for almost 5% of U.S. primary energy consumption. Minimizing these loads is a primary challenge in the design and operation of an energy-efficient building. PPLs are not related to general lighting, heating, ventilation, cooling, and water heating, and typically do not provide comfort to the occupants. They use an increasingly large fraction of the building energy use pie because the number and variety of electrical devices have increased along with building system efficiency. Reducing PPLs is difficult because energy efficiency opportunities and the equipment needed to address PPL energy use in retail spaces are poorly understood.

Achieving the Department of Energy target of an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 depends on transportation-related strategies combining technology innovation, market adoption, and changes in consumer behavior. This study examines expanding low-carbon transportation fuel infrastructure to achieve deep GHG emissions reductions, with an emphasis on fuel production facilities and retail components serving light-duty vehicles. Three distinct low-carbon fuel supply scenarios are examined: Portfolio: Successful deployment of a range of advanced vehicle and fuel technologies; Combustion: Market dominance by hybridized internal combustion engine vehicles fueled by advanced biofuels and natural gas; Electrification: Market dominance by electric drive vehicles in the LDV sector, including battery electric, plug-in hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles, that are fueled by low-carbon electricity and hydrogen. A range of possible low-carbon fuel demand outcomes are explored in terms of the scale and scope of infrastructure expansion requirements and evaluated based on fuel costs, energy resource utilization, fuel production infrastructure expansion, and retail infrastructure expansion for LDVs. This is one of a series of reports produced as a result of the Transportation Energy Futures (TEF) project, a Department of Energy-sponsored multi-agency project initiated to pinpoint underexplored transportation-related strategies for abating GHGs and reducing petroleum dependence.

The good news is that market stability can be achieved through a combination of longer-term contracts, auctions for far enough in the future to permit new entry, a capacity management system, and a demand curve. The bad news is that if and when stable capacity markets are designed, the markets may seem to be relatively close to where we started - with integrated resource planning. Market ideologues will find this anathema. (author)

The opportunities for retail electricity competition to provide new value-added services to retail electricity consumers are discussed. The physical attributes of electricity supply make many of the traditional "convenience ...

This thesis sets out to examine whether incorporating local independent or small regional chain retailers and restaurants along with national chain stores in new large scale open-air retail developments can help add to a ...

1 1 Notes: Using the results of this research, EIA has been able to create a model that takes observed changes in spot prices over the previous weeks, and forecasts what this week's retail price change will be. As you can see from this chart, we've been fairly successful. This chart shows that the model is quite accurate at forecasting one week ahead. In fact, in the first 28 weeks of this year, our model correctly forecasted the direction of the retail price change 26 times, for an accuracy rate of 93 percent . Additionally, as you can see, most weeks it did a very good job of forecasting the relative magnitude of the increase or decrease in retail prices. We're still refining this model, and customizing it for each region, so we've got quite a bit of work left

Geothermal Exchange System for Residential, Office and Retail Geothermal Exchange System for Residential, Office and Retail Development Geothermal Project Jump to: navigation, search Last modified on July 22, 2011. Project Title Large Scale Geothermal Exchange System for Residential, Office and Retail Development Project Type / Topic 1 Recovery Act - Geothermal Technologies Program: Ground Source Heat Pumps Project Type / Topic 2 Topic Area 1: Technology Demonstration Projects Project Description RiverHeath will be a new neighborhood, with residences, shops, restaurants, and offices. The design incorporates walking trails, community gardens, green roofs, and innovative stormwater controls. A major component of the project is our reliance on renewable energy. One legacy of the land's industrial past is an onsite hydro-electric facility which formerly powered the paper factories. The onsite hydro is being refurbished and will furnish 100% of the project's electricity demand.

While the effect speculators have on forward premiums (the difference between forward and expected spot prices) has been widely studied, there has been very little focus on the effect speculators have on competition in the product market. I study the effect speculators have had on production decisions and price levels in New York’s deregulated electricity market. For the first two years of its operation, the market, which opened in November 1999, restricted trade to producers and retailers of electricity. During this period, the forward price of electricity in western New York was significantly higher than the expected spot price. I show that, after the market opened to purely speculative traders, the forward premium significantly decreased. In addition, the forward price of transmission (the price difference between two geographically distinct points) ceased to differ significantly from the expected spot price of transmission. I present a theoretical model to help understand these price relationships and other possible effects of speculators on market prices and firms’ production decisions. Absent speculators, the model predicts that firms with market power will price discriminate between the forward and spot markets for electricity, resulting

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Over the past six decades, numerous analytical models have been developed to determine optimal inventory levels. These models predict that inventories carried by a retailer should be a function of the product variety carried by the retailer, distribution ... Keywords: econometric analysis, empirical research, inventory, retailing, supply chain management

Attracting shoppers to stores and converting the incoming traffic into sales profitably are vital for the financial health of retailers. In this paper, we use proprietary data pertaining to an apparel retailer to study the relationship between store ... Keywords: retail operations, store labor management, store performance, traffic uncertainty, traffic variability

Electricity Markets Electricity Markets Researchers in the electricity markets area conduct technical, economic, and policy analysis of energy topics centered on the U.S. electricity sector. Current research seeks to inform public and private decision-making on public-interest issues related to energy efficiency and demand response, renewable energy, electricity resource and transmission planning, electricity reliability and distributed generation resources. Research is conducted in the following areas: Energy efficiency research focused on portfolio planning and market assessment, design and implementation of a portfolio of energy efficiency programs that achieve various policy objectives, utility sector energy efficiency business models, options for administering energy efficiency

With processors imbedded in appliances, cars, books, and other retail products, modern society has entered the world of pervasive computing. Yet few consumers are able to set up new digital devices and integrate them into everyday life. From this perspective, ... Keywords: Design principles, Dynamic framework, Market segmentation, Mobile data services, User life cycle

Multi-agent systems offer a new and exciting way of understanding the world of work. We apply agent-based modeling and simulation to investigate a set of problems in a retail context. Specifically, we are working to understand the relationship between people management practices on the shop-floor and retail performance. Despite the fact we are working within a relatively novel and complex domain, it is clear that using an agent-based approach offers great potential for improving organizational capabilities in the future. Our multi-disciplinary research team has worked closely with one of the UK's top ten retailers to collect data and build an understanding of shop-floor operations and the key actors in a department (customers, staff, and managers). Based on this case study we have built and tested our first version of a retail branch agent-based simulation model where we have focused on how we can simulate the effects of people management practices on customer satisfaction and sales. In our experiments we hav...

Understanding customer response to electricity price changes is critical to profitably managing a retail business, designing efficient wholesale power markets, and forecasting power prices for valuation of long-lived generating assets. This report packages the collective results of dozens of price response studies for use by forward price forecasters and power market analysts in forecasting loads, revenues, and the benefits of time-varying prices more accurately. In specific, the report describes key mea...

With the specter of retail competition looming, utilities face a plethora of strategic challenges, ranging from choosing a market focus to acquiring core competencies to specifying portfolios of profitable products and services. This report examines the best practices of some of the most successful corporations that have undergone major transitions during the last 15 years. These practices include developing competitive marketing strategies as well as managing internal and external change.

7 7 Notes: Because of the higher projected crude oil prices and because of increased tightening in the Northeast heating oil market since the last Outlook, we have raised expected peak prices this winter for residential heating oil deliveries to $1.55 per gallon (January) compared to $1.43 per gallon in last month's projections. This is significantly above the monthly peak reached last winter. Because these figures are monthly averages, we expect some price movements for a few days to be above the values shown on the graph. Primary distillate inventories in the United States failed to rise significantly in November despite some speculation that previous distributions into secondary and tertiary storage would back up burgeoning production and import volumes into primary storage that month. Average

9 9 Notes: Because of the higher projected crude oil prices and because of increased tightening in the Northeast heating oil market since the last Outlook, we now expect prices this winter for residential heating oil deliveries to peak at about $1.52 per gallon in January. This is significantly above the monthly peak reached last winter. Because these figures are monthly averages, we expect some price movements for a few days to be above the values shown on the graph. This winter's expected peak price would be the highest on record in nominal terms, eclipsing the high set in February 2000. However, in real (constant dollar) terms, both of these prices remain well below the peak reached in March 1981, when the average residential heating oil price was $1.29 per gallon, equivalent to over $2.50 per gallon today.

Because of the higher projected crude oil prices and because of Because of the higher projected crude oil prices and because of increased tightening in the Northeast heating oil market since the last Outlook, we now expect prices this winter for residential heating oil deliveries to peak at $1.52 per gallon in January. This is significantly above the monthly peak reached last winter. Because these figures are monthly averages, we expect some price movements for a few days to be above the values shown on the graph. This winter's expected peak price would be the highest on record in nominal terms, eclipsing the high set in February 2000. However, in real (constant dollar) terms, both of these prices remain well below the peak reached in March 1981, when the average residential heating oil price was $1.29 per gallon, equivalent to over $2.50 per gallon today.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
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State Government Market information about energy efficiencyEnergy Efficiency in the State Government Market assistance, and informationEnergy Performance Contracting Activity Using available baseline information on the state government market

This report examines the characteristics of global gas markets. These markets have entered a period of supplier strength and high prices as global demand growth has outpaced supply growth. The report systematically evaluates developments in global liquefaction andfor the principal consuming nationsin domestic production, market growth, pipelines, and regasification. While containing a great deal of detail, the report probes myriad announcements of commercial activities to help interpret the evolving comp...

In competitive electricity markets, the vertically integrated utilities that were responsible for ensuring system reliability in their own service territories, or groups of territories, often cease to exist. Typically, the burden falls to an independent system operator (ISO) to insure that enough ancillary services (AS) are available for safe, stable, and reliable operation of the grid, typically defined, in part, as compliance with officially approved engineering specifications for minimum levels of AS. In order to characterize the behavior of market participants (generators, retailers, and an ISO) in a competitive electricity market with reliability requirements, we model a spot market for electricity and futures markets for both electricity and AS. By assuming that each participant seeks to maximize its expected utility of wealth and that all markets clear, we solve for the optional quantities of electricity and AS traded in each market by all participants, as well as the corresponding market-clearing prices. We show that future prices for both electricity and AS depend on expectations of the spot price, statistical aspects of system demand, and production cost parameters. More important, our model captures the fact that electricity and AS are substitute products for the generators, implying that anticipated changes in the spot market will affect the equilibrium futures positions of both electricity and AS. We apply our model to the California electricity and AS markets to test its viability.

5 Reformulated Gasoline Market Affected 5 Reformulated Gasoline Market Affected Refiners Differently by John Zyren, Charles Dale and Charles Riner Introduction The United States has completed its first summer driving season using reformulated gasoline (RFG). Motorists noticed price increases at the retail level, resulting from the increased cost to produce and deliver the product, as well as from the tight sup- ply/demand balance during the summer. This arti- cle focuses on the costs of producing RFG as experienced by different types of refiners and on how these refiners fared this past summer, given the prices for RFG at the refinery gate. RFG Regulatory Requirements The use of RFG is a result of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA). The CAAA cover a wide range of programs aimed at improving air qual-

Retail Electric Competition: Retail Electric Competition: A Blueprint for Consumer Protection Barbara Reid Alexander Consumer Affairs Consultant 15 Wedgewood Drive Winthrop, Maine 04364 October 1998 This report was prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, Chicago Regional Support Office (Purchase Order DE-AP45-97R553188). Funding was provided by the Department of EnergyÂ’s Office of Power Technologies, Ofiice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. ii This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information,

The electric battery industry in Europe is discussed. As in any other part of the world, battery activity in Europe is dependent on people, prosperity, car numbers, and vehicle design. The European battery industry is discussed from the following viewpoints: battery performance, car design, battery production, marketing of batteries, battery life, and technology changes.

Attempts to explain how changes in the global supply and demand of crude oil can affect retail gasoline prices in various parts of the country. It does this by exploring 3 recent gasoline price spikes: Spring 2001, March 2003, and August 2003. The presentation compares and contrasts these price spikes in order to give the audience an understanding of the various reasons behind gasoline price increases.

Typically, in competitive electricity markets, the vertically integrated utilities that were responsible for ensuring system reliability in their own service territories, or groups of territories, cease to exist. The burden falls to an independent system operator (ISO) to ensure that enough ancillary services (AS) are available for safe, stable, and reliable operation of the grid, typically defined, in part, as compliance with officially approved engineering specifications for minimum levels of AS. In order to characterize the behavior of market participants (generators, retailers, and an ISO) in a competitive electricity market with reliability requirements, spot markets for both electricity and AS are modeled. By assuming that each participant seeks to maximize its wealth and that all markets clear, we solve for the optimal quantities of electricity and AS traded in the spot market by all participants, as well as the market clearing prices for each.

Stand-alone Retail Stand-alone Retail Dataset Summary Description Commercial reference buildings provide complete descriptions for whole building energy analysis using EnergyPlus simulation software. Included here is data pertaining to the reference building type Stand-alone Retail for each of the 16 climate zones, and each of three construction categories: new construction, post-1980 construction existing buildings, pre-1980 construction existing buildings.The dataset includes four key components: building summary, zone summary, location summary and a picture. Building summary includes details about: form, fabric, and HVAC. Zone summary includes details such as: area, volume, lighting, and occupants for all types of zones in the building. Location summary includes key building information as it pertains to each climate zone, including: fabric and HVAC details, utility costs, energy end use, and peak energy demand.In total, DOE developed 16 reference building types that represent approximately 70% of commercial buildings in the U.S.; for each type, building models are available for each of the three construction categories. The commercial reference buildings (formerly known as commercial building benchmark models) were developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in conjunction with three of its national laboratories.Additional data is available directly from DOE's Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) Website, including EnergyPlus software input files (.idf) and results of the EnergyPlus simulations (.html).

The restructuring of regional electricity markets in the U.S. has been accompanied by numerous problems, including generation capacity shortages, transmission congestion, wholesale price volatility, and reduced system reliability. These problems have created significant new opportunities for technologies and business approaches that allow load serving entities and other aggregators, to control and manage the load patterns of their wholesale or retail end-users. These technologies and business approaches for manipulating end-user load shapes are known as Load Management or, more recently, Demand Responsive programs. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is conducting case studies on innovative demand responsive programs and presents preliminary results for five case studies in this paper. These case studies illustrate the diversity of market participants and range of technologies and business approaches and focus on key program elements such as target markets, market segmentation and participation results; pricing scheme; dispatch and coordination; measurement, verification, and settlement; and operational results where available.

Market Acceleration Market Acceleration Market Acceleration Photo of several men on a floating platform that is lowering monitoring tools into the ocean. The Water Power Program works to foster a commercial market for marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy devices in order to achieve its goal of the nation obtaining 15% of its electricity needs from all types of water power by 2030. Though marine and hydrokinetic energy is still in its infancy, the program is developing a robust portfolio of projects to accelerate wave, tidal and current project deployments and development of the MHK market in general. These projects include project siting activities, market assessments, environmental impact analyses, and research supporting technology commercialization. Learn more about the Water Power Program's work in the following areas of

As one of the first US stages to open its doors to retail electric competition, California offers an important opportunity to assess the effectiveness of green power marketing as a mechanism for supporting renewable energy. This report is an interim assessment of key green power product, industry, and market trends in California. The report identifies and analyzes: the potential size of the green power market in California; the companies participating in the green power market; the green power products being offered and their prices; the impact of the green market on renewable generators and the environment; and the influence of several public policies and non-governmental programs on the market for green power. Data used in this paper have been collected, in large part, from surveys and interviews with green power marketers that took place between December 1997 and April 1998. There remain legitimate concerns over the viability of green power marketing to support significant quantities of renewable energy and provide large environmental gains, and it is far too early to assess the overall strength of customer demand for renewable energy. A critical finding of this report is that, because of the high cost of acquiring and servicing residential customers and the low utility default service price, green power marketing affords new energy service providers one of the only viable entrees to California`s residential marketplace.

Sample records for activity retail marketing from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "activity retail marketing" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
to obtain the most current and comprehensive results.

The degree to which anyderegulated market functions e ciently often depends on the ability ofmarket agents to respond quickly to uctuating conditions. Many restructured electricity markets, however, experience high prices caused by supply shortages and little demand-side response. We examine the implications for market operations when a risk-averse retailer's end-use consumers are allowed to perceive real-time variations in the electricity spot price. Using a market-equilibrium model, we nd that price elasticity bothincreases the retailer's revenue risk exposure and decreases the spot price. Since the latter induces the retailer to reduce forward electricity purchases, while the former has the opposite e ect, the overall impact of price responsive demand on the electricity forward price is ambiguous. Indeed, each retailer's response depends on the relative magnitudes of its risk exposure and end-user price elasticity. Nevertheless, price elasticity decreases cumulative electricity consumption. By extending the analysis to allow for early settlement of demand, we nd that forward stage end-user price responsiveness decreases the electricity forward price relative to the case with price-elastic demand only in real time. Moreover, we nd that only if forward stage end-user demand is price elastic will the equilibrium electricity forward price be reduced.

This presentation reports on development of a prototype customer exposure management system that combines the Energy Book System's (EBS's) capabilities to represent full-requirement loads with a model to represent those loads as a stochastic process that can be updated as the delivery date approaches. This system will give risk managers the ability to track the successive narrowing of uncertainty in both wholesale power prices and customer loads as the delivery date approaches, and to develop optimal hed...

, upon the request of the relevant electricity suppliers. DNOs own and manage the meter assets. They also charge electricity suppliers for metering services. The prices they charge electricity suppliers are regulated by Ofgem. In March 2001, Ofgem... options. More recently (May 2007), the government (the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR)) has announced its policies on promoting smart metering technology in of its 2007 white paper on energy Meeting the Energy Challenge...