PAPYRUS OF ANI --- THE EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD

Transcription

1 PREFACE v. INTRODUCTION:-- PAPYRUS OF ANI --- THE EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD (c BC) Translated by E A Wallis Budge Late keeper of Assyrian and Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum (1895) (This material was compiled from sources in the United States public domain) THE VERSIONS OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD ix THE LEGEND OF OSIRIS xlviii THE DOCTRINE OF ETERNAL LIFE lv EGYPTIAN IDEAS OF GOD lxxxii THE ABODE OF THE BLESSED ci THE GODS OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD cvii --()-- CONTENTS GEOGRAPHICAL AND MYTHOLOGICAL PLACES cxxxiii FUNERAL CEREMONIES cxxxviii THE PAPYRUS OF ANI cxlii TABLE OF CHAPTERS cliii

2 THE HIEROGLYPHIC TEXT OF THE PAPYRUS OF ANI, WITH INTERLINEAR TRANSLITERATION AND WORD FOR WORD TRANSLATION TRANSLATION APPENDIX - HYMNS AND PRAISES (From Various Sources) Preface --()-- The Papyrus of Ani, which was acquired by the Trustees of the British Museum in the year 1888, is the largest, the most perfect, the best preserved, and the best illuminated of all the papyri which date from the second half of the XVIIIth dynasty (about B.C to 1400). Its rare vignettes, and hymns, and chapters, and its descriptive and introductory rubrics render it of unique importance for the study of the Book of the Dead, and it takes a high place among the authoritative texts of the Theban version of that remarkable work. Although it contains less than one-half of the chapters which are commonly assigned to that version, we may conclude that Ani's exalted official position as Chancellor of the ecclesiastical revenues and endowments of Abydos and Thebes would have ensured a selection of such chapters as would suffice for his spiritual welfare in the future life. We may therefore regard the Papyrus of Ani as typical of the funeral book in vogue among the Theban nobles of his time. The first edition of the Facsimile of the Papyrus was issued in 1890, and was accompanied by a valuable Introduction by Mr. Le Page Renouf, then Keeper of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities. But, in order to satisfy a widely expressed demand for a translation of the text, the present volume has been prepared to be issued with the second edition of the Facsimile. It contains the hieroglyphic text of the Papyrus with interlinear transliteration and word for word translation, a full description of the vignettes, and a running translation; and in the Introduction an attempt has been made to illustrate from native Egyptian sources the religious views of the wonderful people who more than five thousand years ago proclaimed the resurrection of a spiritual body and the immortality of the soul. The passages which supply omissions, and vignettes which contain important variations either in subject matter or arrangement, as well as supplementary texts which appear in the appendixes, have been, as far as possible, drawn from other contemporary papyri in the British Museum. The second edition of the Facsimile has been executed by Mr. F. C. Price. British Museum January 25, ()-- E A Wallis Budge

3 Introduction THE VERSIONS OF THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. The four great Versions of the Book of the Dead. THE history of the great body of religious compositions which form the Book of Dead of the ancient Egyptians may conveniently be divided into four[1] of the periods, which are represented by four versions:-- 1. The version which was edited by the priests of the college of Annu (the On of the Bible, and the Heliopolis of the Greeks), and which was based upon a series of texts now lost, but which there is evidence to prove had passed through a series of revisions or editions as early as the period of the Vth dynasty. This version was, so far as we know, always written in hieroglyphics, and may be called the Heliopolitan version. It is known from five copies which are inscribed upon the walls of the chambers and passages in the pyramids[2] of kings of the Vth and VIth dynasties at Sakkâra;[3] and sections of it are found inscribed upon tombs, sarcophagi, coffins, stelæ and papyri from the XIth dynasty to about A.D. 200.[4] [1. See Naville, Todtenbuch (Einleitung), p Hence known as the "pyramid texts." 3. I.e., Unâs, Tetâ, Pepi I., Mentu-em-sa-f, and Pepi II. Their pyramids were cleared out by MM. Mariette and Maspero during the years , and the hieroglyphic texts were published, with a French translation, in Recueil de Travaux, t. iii-xiv., Paris, In the XIth, XIIth, and XIIIth dynasties many monuments are inscribed with sections of the Unâs text. Thus lines are found in hieroglyphics upon the coffin of Amamu (British Museum, No See Birch, Egyptian Texts of the Earliest Period from the Coffin of Amamu, Plates XVII.- XX.); Il and on the coffin of Apa-ankh, from Sakkâra (see Lepsius, Denkmäler, ii., Bl. 99 b; Maspero, Recueil, t. iii., pp. 200 and 214 ff.); Il {footnote page x.} and on the coffin of Antef (see Lepsius, Denkmäler, ii., Bl. 145; Maspero, Recueil, t. iii., pp. 200, 214); line 206 on a coffin of Menthu-hetep at Berlin (see Lepsius, Aelteste Texte, Bl. 5); lines on the sarcophagus of Heru-hetep (see Maspero, Mémoires, t, i., p. 144). A section is found on the walls of the tomb of Queen Neferu (see Maspero, Recueil, t. iii., p. 201 ff.; Mémoires, t. i., p. 134); other sections are found on the sarcophagus of Taka (see Lepsius, Denkmäler, ii., Bll. 147, 148; Maspero, Guide au Visiteur, p. 224, No. 1053; Mémoires, t. i., p. 134); lines 5-8 occur on the stele of Apa (see Ledrain, Monuments Égyptiens de la Bibl. Nationale, Paris, 1879, foll. 14, 15); lines 166 ff. are found on the stele of Nehi (see Mariette, Notice des Mon. à Boulaq, p. 190; Maspero, Recueil, t. iii., p. 195); and lines on the coffin of Sebek-Aa (see Lepsius, Aelteste Texte, Bl. 37; Maspero, Recueil, t. iv., p. 68). In the XVIIIth dynasty line 169 was copied on a wall in the temple of Hatshepset at Dêr elbaharî (see Dümichen, Hist. Inschriften, Bll ; Maspero, Recueil, t. i., p. 195 ff.); and copies of lines occur in the papyri of Mut-hetep (British Museum, No. 10,010) and Nefer-uten-f (Paris, No. 3092, See Naville, Todtenbuch, Bd. I., Bl. 197; Aeg. Zeitschrift, Bd. XXXII., p. 3; and Naville, Einleitung, pp. 39, 97). In the XXVIth dynasty we find texts of the Vth dynasty repeated on the walls of the tomb of Peta-Amen-apt, the chief kher-heb at Thebes (see Dümichen, Der Grabpalast des Patuamenap in der Thebanischen Nekropolis, Leipzig, ); and also upon the papyrus written for the lady Sais ###, about A.D. 200 (see Devéria, Catalogue des MSS. Égyptiens, Paris, 1874, p. 170 No. 3155). Signor Schiaparelli's words are:--"esso è scritto in ieratico, di un tipo paleografico speciale: l' enorme abbondanza di segni espletivi, la frequenza di segni o quasi demotici o quasi geroglifici, la sottigliezza di tutti, e l'incertezza con cui sono tracciati, che rivela una mano più abituata a scrivere in greco che in egiziano, sono altrettanti caratteri del tipo ieratico del periodo esclusivamente romano, a cui il nostro papiro appartiene senza alcun dubbio." Il Libro dei Funerali, p. 19. On Devéria's work in connection with this MS., see Maspero, Le Rituel du sacrifice Funéraire (in Revue de l'histoire des Religions, t. xv., p. 161).] {p. x}

4 II. The Theban version, which was commonly written on papyri in hieroglyphics and was divided into sections or chapters, each of which had its distinct title but no definite place in the series. The version was much used from the XVIIIth to the XXth dynasty. III. A version closely allied to the preceding version, which is found written on papyri in the hieratic character and also in hieroglyphics. In this version, which came into use about the XXth dynasty, the chapters have no fixed order. IV. The so-called Saïte version, in which, at some period anterior probably to the XXVIth dynasty, the chapters were arranged in a definite order. It is commonly written in hieroglyphics and in hieratic, and it was much used from the XXVIth dynasty to the end of the Ptolemaic period. Early forms of the Book of the Dead. The Book of the Dead. The earliest inscribed monuments and human remains found in Egypt prove that the ancient Egyptians took the utmost care to preserve the bodies of their {p. xi} dead by various processes of embalming. The deposit of the body in the tomb was accompanied by ceremonies of a symbolic nature, in the course of which certain compositions comprising prayers, short litanies, etc., having reference to the future life, were recited or chanted by priests and relatives on behalf of the dead. The greatest importance was attached to such compositions, in the belief that their recital would secure for the dead an unhindered passage to God in the next world, would enable him to overcome the opposition of all ghostly foes, would endow his body in the tomb with power to resist corruption, and would ensure him a new life in a glorified body in heaven. At a very remote period certain groups of sections or chapters had already become associated with some of the ceremonies which preceded actual burial, and these eventually became a distinct ritual with clearly defined limits. Side by side, however, with this ritual there seems to have existed another and larger work, which was divided into an indefinite number of sections or chapters comprising chiefly prayers, and which dealt on a larger scale with the welfare of the departed in the next world, and described the state of existence therein and the dangers which must be passed successfully before it could be reached, and was founded generally on the religious dogmas and mythology of the Egyptians. The title of "Book of the Dead" is usually given by Egyptologists to the editions of the larger work which were made in the XVIIIth and following dynasties, but in this Introduction the term is intended to include the general body of texts which have reference to the burial of the dead and to the new life in the world beyond the grave, and which are known to have existed in revised editions and to have been in use among the Egyptians from about B.C. 4500, to the early centuries of the Christian era. Uncertainty of the history of its source The home, origin, and early history of the collection of ancient religious texts which have descended to us are, at present, unknown, and all working theories regarding them, however strongly supported by apparently well-ascertained facts, must be carefully distinguished as theories only, so long as a single ancient necropolis in Egypt remains unexplored and its inscriptions are untranslated. Whether they were composed by the inhabitants of Egypt, who recorded them in hieroglyphic characters, and who have left the monuments which are the only trustworthy sources of information on the subject, or whether they were brought into Egypt by the early immigrants from the Asiatic continent whence they came, or whether they represent the religious books of the Egyptians incorporated with the funeral texts of some prehistoric dwellers on the banks of the Nile, are all questions which the possible discovery of inscriptions belonging to the first dynasties of the Early Empire can alone decide. The evidence derived from the {p. xii} Its antiquity.

5 enormous mass of new material which we owe to the all-important discoveries of mastaba tombs and pyramids by M. Maspero, and to his publication of the early religious texts, proves beyond all doubt that the greater part of the texts comprised in the Book of the Dead are far older than the period of Mena (Menes), the first historical king of Egypt.[1] Certain sections indeed appear to belong to an indefinitely remote and primeval time. Internal evidence of its antiquity. The earliest texts bear within themselves proofs, not only of having been composed, but also of having been revised, or edited, long before the days of king Meni, and judging from many passages in the copies inscribed in hieroglyphics upon the pyramids of Unas (the last king of the Vth dynasty, about B.C. 3333), and Teta, Pepi I., Mer-en-Ra, and Pepi II. (kings of the VIth dynasty, about B.C ), it would seem that, even at that remote date, the scribes were perplexed and hardly understood the texts which they had before them.[2] The most moderate estimate makes certain sections of the Book of the Dead as known from these tombs older than three thousand years before Christ. We are in any case justified in estimating the earliest form of the work to be contemporaneous with the foundation of the civilization[3] which we call Egyptian in the valley of [1. "Les textes des Pyramides nous reportent si loin dans le passé que je n'ai aucun moyen de les dater que de dire qu'elles étaient dejà vieilles cinq mille ans avant notre ère. Si extraordinaire que paraisse ce chiffre, il faudra bien nous habituer à le considérer comme représentant une évaluation à minima toutes les fois qu'on voudra rechercher les origines de la religion Égyptienne. La religion et les textes qui nous la font connaître étaient déjà constitués avant la I re dynastie: c'est à nous de nous mettre, pour les comprendre, dans l'état d'esprit où était, il y a plus de sept mille ans, le peuple qui les a constitués. Bien entendu, je ne parle ici que des systèmes théologiques: si nous voulions remonter jusqu'à l'origine des é1éments qu'ils ont mis en œuvre, il nous faudrait reculer vers des ages encore plus lointains." Maspero, La Mythologie Égyptienne (in Revue de l'histoire des Religions, t. xix., p. 12; and in Études de Mythologie et d'archéologie Égyptiennes, t. ii., p. 2 36). Compare also "dass die einzelnen Texte selbst damals schon einer alten heiligen Litteratur angehörten, unterliegt keinem Zweifel, sie sind in jeder Hinsicht alterthümlicher als die ältesten uns erhaltenen Denkmäler. Sie gehören in eine für uns 'vorhistorische' Zeit und man wird ihnen gewiss kein Unrecht anthun, wenn man sie bis in das vierte Jahrtausend hinein versetzt." Erman, Das Verhältniss des aegyptischen zu den semitischen Sprachen, in Z.D.M.G., Bd. XLVI., p "Le nombre des prières et des formules dirigées contre les animaux venimeux montre quel effroi le serpent et le scorpion inspirait aux Égyptiens. Beaucoup d'entre elles sont écrites dans une langue et avec des combinaisons de signes qui ne paraissent plus avoir été complètement comprises des scribes qui les copiaient sous Ounas et sous Pepi. Je crois, quant à moi, qu'elles appartiennent an plus vieux rituel et remontent an delà du règne de Mînî." Maspero, La Religion Égyptienne (in Revue de l'histoire des Religions, t. xii., p. 125). See also Recueil de Travaux, t. iv., p So sind wir gezwungen, wenigstens die ersten Grundlagen des Buches den Anfängen den Aegyptischen Civilization beizumessen." See Naville, Das Aegyptische Todtenbuch (Einleitung), Berlin, 1886, p. 18.] {p. xiii} the Nile.[1] To fix a chronological limit for the arts and civilization of Egypt is absolutely impossible.[2] Evidence of the antiquity of certain chapters. The oldest form or edition of the Book of the Dead as we have received it supplies no information whatever as to the period when it was compiled; but a copy of the hieratic text inscribed upon a coffin of Menthu-hetep, a queen of the XIth dynasty,[3] about B.C. 2500, made by the late Sir J. G. Wilkinson,[4] informs us that the chapter which, according to the arrangement of Lepsius, bears the number LXIV.,[5] was discovered in the reign of Hesep-ti,[6] the fifth king of the Ist dynasty, about B.C On this coffin are two copies of the chapter, the one immediately following the other. In the rubric to the first the name of the king during whose reign the chapter is said to have been "found" is

6 given as Menthu-hetep, which, as Goodwin first pointed out,[7] is a mistake for Men-kau-Ra,[8] the fourth king of the IVth dynasty, about B.C. 3633;[9] but in the rubric to the second the king's name is given as Hesep-ti. Thus it appears that in the period of the XIth dynasty it was believed that the chapter might alternatively be as old as the time of the Ist dynasty. Further, it is given to Hesep-ti in papyri of the XXIst dynasty,[10] a period when particular attention was paid to the history of the Book of the Dead; and it thus appears that the Egyptians of the Middle Empire believed the chapter to date from the more [1. The date of Mena, the first king of Egypt, is variously given B.C (Champollion), B.C (Mariette), B.C (Lepsius), B.C (Brugsch). 2 See Chabas, Aeg. Zeitschrift, 1865, p. 95. On the subject of the Antiquity of Egyptian Civilization generally, see Chabas, Études sur l'antiquité Historique d'après les Sources Égyptiennes, Paris, Introduction, p The name of the queen and her titles are given on p. 7 (margin) thus:-- ###. 4 It was presented to the British Museum in 1834, and is now in the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities. Todtenbuch, Bl the Ou?safaï's ui!o's of Manetho. 7 Aeg. Zeitschrift, 1866, p See Guieyesse, Rituel Funéraire Égyptien, chapitre 64 e, Paris, 1876, p. 10, note The late recension of the Book of the Dead published by Lepsius also gives the king's name as Men-kau-Ra (Todtenbuch, Bl. 25, l. 30. In the same recension the CXXXth Chapter is ascribed to the reign of Hesep-ti ( , l. 28). 10. Naville, Todtenbuch (Einleitung), pp. 33, 139] {p. xiv} remote period. To quote the words of Chabas, the chapter was regarded as being "very ancient, very mysterious, and very difficult to understand" already fourteen centuries before our era.[1] Antiquity of Chapter LXIV. The rubric on the coffin of Queen Menthu-hetep, which ascribes the chapter to Hesep-ti, states that "this chapter was found in the foundations beneath the hennu boat by the foreman of the builders in the time of the king of the North and South, Hesep-ti, triumphant";[2] the Nebseni papyrus says that this chapter was found in the city of Khemennu (Hermopolis) on a block of ironstone (?) written in letters of lapis-lazuli, under the feet of the god";[3] and the Turin papyrus (XXVIth dynasty or later) adds that the name of the finder was Heru-ta-ta-f, the son of Khufu or Cheops,[4] the second king of the IVth dynasty, about B.C. 3733, who was at the time making a tour of inspection of the temples. Birch[5] and Naville[6] consider the chapter one of [1. Chabas, Voyage d'un Égyptien, p. 46. According to M. Naville (Einleitung, p. 138), who follows Chabas's opinion, this chapter is an abridgement of the whole Book of the Dead; and it had, even though it contained not all the religious doctrine of the Egyptians, a value which was equivalent to the whole.

7 2. See Goodwin, Aeg. Zeitschrift, 1866, p. 55, and compare the reading from the Cairo papyrus of Mes-em-neter given by Naville (Todtenbuch, ii-, p. 139) 3 Naville, Todtenbuch, Bd. I., B1. 76, L Lepsius, Todtenbuch, Bl. 25, "The most remarkable chapter is the 64th..... It is one of the oldest of all, and is attributed, as already stated, to the epoch of king Gaga-Makheru or Menkheres..... This chapter enjoyed a high reputation till a late period, for it is found on a stone presented to General Perofski by the late Emperor Nicholas, which must have come from the tomb of Petemenophis,[*] in the El-Assasif[+] and was made during the XXVIth dynasty Some more recent compiler of the Hermetic books has evidently paraphrased it for the Ritual of Turin." Bunsen, Egypt's Place in Universal History, London, 1867, p The block of stone to which Dr. Birch refers is described by Golénischeff, Inventaire de la Ermitage Impérial, Collection Égyptienne, No. 1101, pp. 169, 170. M. Maspero thinks it was meant to be a "prétendu fac-similé" of the original slab, which, according to the rubric, was found in the temple of Thoth, Revue de l'histoire des Religions, t. XV., p. 299, and Études de Mythologie, t i., p Todtenbuch (Einleitung), p Mr. Renouf also holds this opinion, Trans. See. Bibl. Arch., 1803, p. 6. * I.e., the "chief reader." Many of the inscriptions on whose tomb have been published by Dümichen, Der Grabpalast des Patuamenap; Leipzig, 1884, I.e., Asasîf el-bahrîyeh, or Asasif of the north, behind Dêr el-baharî, on the western bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes.] {p. xv} the oldest in the Book of the Dead; the former basing his opinion on the rubric' and the latter upon the evidence derived from the contents and character of the text; but Maspero, while admitting the great age of the chapter, does not attach any very great importance to the rubric as fixing any exact date for its composition.[1] Of Herutataf the finder of the block of stone, we know from later texts that he was considered to be a learned man, and that his speech was only with difficulty to be understood,[2] and we also know the prominent part which he took as a recognized man of letters in bringing to the court of his father Khufu the sage Tetteta.[3] It is then not improbable that Herutataf's character for learning may have suggested the connection of his name with the chapter, and possibly as its literary reviser; at all events as early as the period of the Middle Empire tradition associated him with it. [1. "On explique d'ordinaire cette indication comme une marque d'antiquité extrême; on part de ce principe que le Livre des Morts est de composition relativement moderne, et qu'un scribe égyptien, nommant un roi des premières dynasties memphites, ne pouvait entendre par là qu'un personnage d'époque très reculée. Cette explication ne me paraît pas être exacte. En premier lieu, le chapitre LXIV. se trouve déjà sur des monuments contemporains de la X e et de la XI e dynastie, et n'était certainement pas nouveau au moment où on écrivait les copies les plus vieilles que nous en ayons aujourd'hui. Lorsqu'on le rédigea sous sa forme actuelle, le règne de Mykérinos, et même celui d'housapaiti, ne devaient pas soulever dans l'esprit des indigènes la sensation de l'archaïsme et du primitif: on avait pour rendre ces idées des expressions plus fortes, qui renvoyaient le lecteur au siècles des Serviteurs d'horus, à la domination de Ra, aux âges où les dieux régnaient sur l'égypte." Revue de l'histoire des Religions, t. xv., p Chabas, Voyage, p. 46; Wiedemann, Aegyptische Geschichte, p In the Brit. Mus. papyrus No. 10,060 (Harris 500), Herutataf is mentioned together with I-em-hetep as a well known author, and the writer of the dirge says, "I have heard the words of I-em-hetep and of Herutataf, whose many and varied writings are said and sung; but now where are their places?" The hieratic text is published with a hieroglyphic transcript by Maspero in Journal Asiatique, Sér. VII ième, t. xv., p. 404 ff., and Études Égyptiennes, t. i., p. 173; for English translations, see Trans. Soc. Bibl. Arch., vol. iii., p. 386, and Records of the Past, 1st ed., vol. iv., p. 117.

8 3 According to the Westcar papyrus, Herutataf informed his father Khufu of the existence of a man 110 years old who lived in the town of Tettet-Seneferu: he was able to join to its body again a head that had been cut off, and possessed influence over the lion, and was acquainted with the mysteries of Thoth. By Khufu's command Herutataf brought the sage to him by boat, and, on his arrival, the king ordered the head to be struck off from a prisoner that Tetteta might fasten it on again. Having excused himself from performing this act upon a man, a goose was brought and its head was cut off and laid on one side of the room and the body was placed on the other. The sage spake certain words of power whereupon the goose stood up and began to waddle, and the head also began to move towards it; when the head had joined itself again to the body the bird stood up and cackled. For the complete hieratic text, transcript and translation, see Erman, Die Märchen des Papyrus Westcar, Berlin, 1890, p. it, plate 6.] {p. xvi} The Book of the Dead in the IInd dynasty. Passing from the region of native Egyptian tradition, we touch firm ground with the evidence derived from the monuments of the IInd dynasty. A bas-relief preserved at Aix in Provence mentions Âasen and Ankef,[1] two of the priests of Sent or Senta, the fifth king of the IInd dynasty, about B.C. 4000; and a stele at Oxford[2] and another in the Egyptian Museum at Gizeh[3] record the name of a third priest, Shera or Sheri, a "royal relative" On the stele at Oxford we have represented the deceased and his wife seated, one on each side of an altar,[4] which is covered with funeral offerings of pious relatives; above, in perpendicular lines of hieroglyphics in relief, are the names of the objects offered,[5] and below is an inscription which reads,[6] "thousands of loaves of bread, thousands of vases of ale, thousands of linen garments, thousands of changes of wearing apparel, and thousands of oxen." Now from this monument it is evident that already in the IInd dynasty a priesthood existed in Egypt which numbered among its members relatives of the royal family, and that a religious system which prescribed as a duty the providing of meat and drink offerings for the dead was also in active operation. The offering of specific objects goes far to prove the existence of a ritual or service wherein their signification would be indicated; the coincidence of these words and the prayer for "thousands of loaves of bread, thousands of vases of ale," etc., with the promise, "Anpu-khent-Amenta shall give thee thy thousands of loaves of bread, thy thousands of vases of ale, thy thousands of vessels [1. Wiedemann, Aegyptische Geschichte, p In a mastaba at Sakkara we have a stele of Sheri, a superintendent of the priests of the ka, whereon the cartouches of Sent and Per-ab-sen both occur. See Mariette and Maspero, Les Mastaba de l'ancien Empire, Paris, 1882, p See Lepsius, Auswahl, Bl See Maspero, Guide du Visiteur au Musée de Boulaq, 1883, pp. 31, 32, and 213 (No. 1027). 4 A discussion on the method of depicting this altar on Egyptian monuments by Borchardt may be found in Aeg. Zeitschrift, Bd. XXXI., p. i (Die Darstellung innen verzierter Schalen auf aeg. Denkmälern). 6 Among others, (1) ###, (2) ###, (3) ###, (4) ###; the word incense is written twice, ###. Some of these appear in the lists of offerings made for Unas (l. 147) and for Teta ( , 131, 133; see Recueil de Travaux, 1884, plate 2). 6 ###. 7 The sculptor had no room for the ### belonging to ###.] {p. xvii} of unguents, thy thousands of changes of apparel, thy thousands of oxen, and thy thousands of bullocks," enables us to recognise that ritual in the text inscribed upon the pyramid of Teta in the Vth dynasty, from which the above promise is taken.[1] Thus the traditional evidence of the text on the

9 coffin of Menthu-hetep and the scene on the monument of Shera support one another, and together they prove beyond a doubt that a form of the Book of the Dead was in use at least in the period of the earliest dynasties, and that sepulchral ceremonies connected therewith were duly performed.[2] The Book of the Dead in the IVth dynasty. With the IVth dynasty we have an increased number of monuments, chiefly sepulchral, which give details as to the Egyptian sacerdotal system and the funeral ceremonies which the priests performed.[3] The inscriptions upon the earlier [1. ###. Teta, II. 388, 389. (Recueil, ed. Maspero, t. v., p. 58.) 2 The arguments brought forward here in proof of the great antiquity of a religious system in Egypt are supplemented in a remarkable manner by the inscriptions found in the mastaba of Seker-kha-baiu at Sakkara. Here we have a man who, like Shera, was a "royal relative" and a priest, but who, unlike him, exercised some of the highest functions of the Egyptian priesthood in virtue of his title xerp hem. (On the ###[*] see Max Müller, Recueil de Travaux, t. ix., p. 166; Brugsch, Aegyptologie, p. 218; and Maspero, Un Manuel de Hiérarchie Égyptienne, p. 9.) Among the offerings named in the tomb are the substances ### and ### which are also mentioned on the stele of Shera of the IInd dynasty, and in the texts of the VIth dynasty. But the tomb of Seker-khabaiu is different from any other known to us, both as regards the form and cutting of the hieroglyphics, which are in relief, and the way in which they are disposed and grouped. The style of the whole monument is rude and very primitive, and it cannot be attributed to any dynasty later than the second, or even to the second itself; it must, therefore, have been built during the first dynasty, or in the words of MM. Mariette and Maspero, "L'impression générale que l'on reçoit au premier aspect du tombeau No. 5, est celle d'une extrême antiquité. Rien en effet de ce que nous sommes habitués à voir dans les autres tombeaux ne se retrouve ici... Le monument.... est certainement le plus ancien de ceux que nous connaissons dans la plaine de Saqqarah, et il n'y a pas de raison pour qu'il ne soit pas de la I re Dynastie." Les Mastaba de l'ancien Empire; Paris, 1882, p. 73. Because there is no incontrovertible proof that this tomb belongs to the Ist dynasty, the texts on the stele of Shera, a monument of a later dynasty, have been adduced as the oldest evidences of the antiquity of a fixed religious system and literature in Egypt. 3. Many of the monuments commonly attributed to this dynasty should more correctly be described as being the work of the IInd dynasty; see Maspero, Geschichte der Morgenlänsdischen Völker im Alterthum (trans. Pietschmann), Leipzig, 1877, p. 56; Wiedemann, Aegyptische Geschichte p * Ptah-shepses bore this title; see Mariette and Maspero, Les Mastaba, p. 113.] {p. xviii} monuments prove that many of the priestly officials were still relatives of the royal family, and the tombs of feudal lords, scribes, and others, record a number of their official titles, together with the names of several of their religious festivals. The subsequent increase in the number of the monuments during this period may be due to the natural development of the religion of the time, but it is very probable that the greater security of life and property which had been assured by the vigorous wars of Seneferu,[1] the first king of this dynasty, about B.C. 3766, encouraged men to incur greater expense, and to build larger and better abodes for the dead, and to celebrate the full ritual at the prescribed festivals. In this dynasty the royal dead were honoured with sepulchral monuments of a greater size and magnificence than had ever before been contemplated, and the chapels attached to the pyramids were served by courses of priests whose sole duties consisted in celebrating the services. The fashion of building a pyramid instead of the rectangular flat-roofed mastaba for a royal tomb was revived by Seneferu,[2] who called his pyramid Kha; and his example was followed by his immediate successors, Khufu (Cheops), Khaf-Ra (Chephren), Men-kau-Ra (Mycerinus), and others. Revision of certain chapters in the IVth dynasty.

1 The history of Egypt is divided into dynasties of rulers What is a dynasty? A succession of rulers from the same family or line is called a Dynasty. 2 3 Predynasty: c.3100 2649 BC Major Events: Unification

The Coffin of The She-Cat of Crown Prince Thutmose ("Thutmose V") Cairo CG 5003 JE 30172 Middle of the Roof: Words spoken by Osiris, Ta-Miaut I bristle before the Sky, and its parts that are upon (it).

Woolooware High School YEAR 7 EGYPT HOMEWORK NAME: CLASS: TEACHER: HOMEWORK # H0MEWORK # I THE RIVER NILE The river Nile is one of the world's great rivers. It begins its long journey in Africa, as two

Notes 10/6 Name: Period: Date: Shapes & Symbols Shape is an element of art. There are two kinds of shapes, geometric and organic. Geometric Shapes Geometric shapes are shapes that have names. These are

Name: Hieroglyphic Questions Class: 1. Why did the ancient Egyptians need to develop a system of writing? 2. What was the name of the system of writing the Egyptians developed? 3. How did the development

Year 2 History: Ancient Egypt Resource Pack This pack includes the following lessons: Locating Egypt The River Nile Archeology Hieroglyphics Pharaohs Every effort has been made to seek permission for the

Chapter 3 The Ancient Egyptian C i v i l i z a t i o n Objectives To put the ancient Egyptian civilization into historical perspective and to look at why it is considered a great civilization. Myster y

Egyptian History 101 By Vickie Chao 1 A long time ago, before Egypt was a united country, there were two kingdoms -- Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Upper Egypt was in the south. It controlled the areas along

ANCIENT EGYPT: MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION TO WRITING? ORIGINS OF EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS The earliest known examples of writing in Egypt have been dated to 3400 BC The ancient Egyptians believed that writing

Government of Ancient Egypt Question Packet Your group will research Ancient Egyptian culture focusing on the Government of Ancient Egypt. Assign jobs to group members. Everyone must have a job. Research

Egypt The Old Kingdom Vocabulary: Narmer (Menes)- King that united Upper and Lower Egypt Old Kingdom Began around 2600BC, rise of Egyptian cities as centers for religion and government Artisans- someone

1 of 6 1/8/2007 7:56 PM http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ The Great Pyramid: Gateway to Eternity By Dr Aidan Dodson Of all the cultural mysteries passed down from the ancient world, none beguiles us more than

Lesson 2 Life in Ancient Egypt MAIN IDEAS Economics Egyptians developed a complex society with many different jobs and social roles. Science and Technology Egyptians made advances in calendars, geometry,

Ancient Greek Arts and Architecture Ancient Greek Architecture The earliest buildings built in Greece in the New Stone Age are small houses or huts with wooden walls around them for protection. Later bigger

Bryn Critz Schockmel Boston University History of Art and Architecture Field Report: Caere Project 2015 This summer I had the pleasure of participating in the Caere Project, led by Professor Fabio Colivicchi

LINA AND HER NURSE. SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNI0 N, 200 MULBERRY-STREET, N. Y. LINA AND HER NURSE. SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, 200 MULBERRY-STREET, NEW YORK. LINA AND HER NURSE. L INA lived away in that land of the East

RULES Of INTERPRETATION. p. 1, Para. 1, IN studying the Bible, I have found the following rules to be of great service to myself, and now give them to the public by special request. Every rule should be

EASTER TIME INTRODUCTORY RITES When the people are gathered, the Priest approaches the altar with the ministers while the Entrance Chant is sung. When he has arrived at the altar, after making a profound

Downloadable Reproducible ebooks Sample Pages These sample pages from this ebook are provided for evaluation purposes. The entire ebook is available for purchase at www.socialstudies.com or www.writingco.com.

Fry Instant Words High Frequency Words The Fry list of 600 words are the most frequently used words for reading and writing. The words are listed in rank order. First Hundred Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group

9 KING DAVID & KING SOLOMON The Davidic Covenant Solomon Builds the Temple & Blesses the Nations 1 Teacher s Notes Scripture 2 Samuel 7, I Kings 6 10 Objectives To explain that Our lessons are all a part

Guidelines for Funerals and Burials in the Catholic Church Foreword This booklet provides general information to the Catholic community and to those who provide services when death occurs. Death in the

The Rosetta stone Code: AE-RSTON The discovery of the Rosetta stone provided the crucial breakthrough that unlocked the mysteries of Egyptian Hieroglyphics. Napoleon s troops discovered it in July 1799

What are you worried about? Looking Deeper Looking Deeper What are you worried about? Some of us lie awake at night worrying about family members, health, finances or a thousand other things. Worry can

First 100 Instant Words the had out than of by many first and words then water a but them been to not these called in what so who is all some oil you were her sit that we would now it when make find he

Visit guide: self-directed visits Who are these materials for? These materials are for ESOL, EFL, EAL or IELTS tutors who are planning self-directed visits to the museum. We have provided some background

Basic Bible Doctrine Study Series Session 1 Salvation and Eternal Security The idea for this study began a long time ago. Regardless of denomination, many, if not most Christians base what they believe

by Christian Classics Ethereal Library About Book of Needs of the Holy Orthodox Church by Title: URL: Author(s): Publisher: Print Basis: Rights: Date Created: Status: CCEL Subjects: Book of Needs of the

WORKSHEET PHARAOHS, PYRAMIDS AND THE WORLD OF THE GODS 2 1. THE PHARAOH The word pharaoh comes from Egyptian and means great house. The term was used along with the five royal names of the king. The pharaohs

Explanatory Notes: WILL WE BE MARRIED IN THE LIFE AFTER DEATH? Series title: Topic: Marriage in heaven / heaven as a marriage Table of Contents: Message 1: What is the Life after Death Like? p. 1 Message

The Qualities of a Godly Father Mark 5: 21-24; 35-43 Today is a special day for many of the men here. Today has been set aside to honor fathers. Being a father is one of the great joys in life. I am blessed

Palmerston Place Church bringing Christian worship, fellowship and service back to the heart of everyday life Rev Colin A M Sinclair BA BD Morning Worship Sunday 12 March 2006 Theme: Being thankful Prayer

8.1 Introduction In this chapter, you will visit ancient Egypt. You will meet four leaders, called pharaohs. In 1922, archaeologists discovered the tomb of a pharaoh known as King Tutankhaten (too-tan-kah-tin),

ATTORNEYS MAKING OUT LIKE BANDITS: IT IS LEGAL, BUT IS IT ETHICAL? By Elizabeth Ann Escobar I. IN WHOSE BEST INTEREST?...2 II. COMPENSATION: WORDS MATTER...3 III. EDUCATION AND STATUTORY REFORM...5 IV.

Acts: Seeing the Spirit at Work Sunday Morning Bible Study Lesson Three Acts 3:1-4:31 Jesus has returned to heaven before the very eyes of the astounded disciples. Matthias has been chosen to replace Judas.

FOR TEACHERS ONLY The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION F COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION IN FRENCH Friday, June 16, 2006 1:15 to 4:15 p.m., only SCORING KEY Updated information

SAMPLE ASSESSMENT TASKS ANCIENT HISTORY ATAR YEAR 11 (SAMPLE 2) Copyright School Curriculum and Standards Authority, 2014 This document apart from any third party copyright material contained in it may

A New Angle on Sneferu s Pyramids By David A. Cintron The most prolific pyramid builder in Egyptian history was King Sneferu, the first king of the fourth dynasty and only the second king known to have

Printing in Secret The Role of the Clandestine Press in the French Resistance Movement of World War II Michael Driscoll, Jesus Garcia, Lisa Zachary, Kelly Lee Research Topic We sought to investigate: The

A SHORT HISTORY OF CHURCH BUILDING From its beginning, a critical part of Christianity has been the gathering of people worshipping together. By virtue of this activity, the place where they worship has

Copying the Kings: Preserving Egypt s Heritage for Generations to Come JOHNNY SATTIN MAY 22, 2016 Photo courtesy of Factum Arte While the debate on the existence of a side-chamber in Tutankhamun s tomb

Chapter 1 Counting and Measuring Section 1.1 Systems of Numeration and Additive Systems of Numeration Counting The language of mathematics began when human civilization began to develop words and later

Name: Date: Period: Lesson 10 - The Kingdom of Kush Section 1 - Introduction In this chapter, you will learn about the African kingdom of Kush. Kush was located on the Nile River, to the south of Egypt.

Seeking the Truth And you shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. - John 8:32 Answer Key Introduction The following pages contain the answer key to the seven lesson Bible correspondence

SOLEMNITY OF THE HOLY TRINITY Deuteronomy 4:32-34, 39-40; Romans 8:14-17; Matthew 28:16-20 (These appear after the homily.) Father, you sent your Word to bring us truth and your Spirit to make us holy.

Getting in the Deep Water Ezekiel 47: 1-12 As with many of the prophetic passages in the Bible, this too deals with the nation of Israel. Ezekiel is speaking of the time when the Lord returns to this earth

A Family Guide to Pharaohs, Sphinxes, and Hippos Ancient Egypt Transformed: The Middle Kingdom The Tisch Galleries 2nd Floor, Gallery 899 Welcome to ancient Egypt s Middle Kingdom! During this period of

Father Master Bridegroom King A Bible Study in 6 Sessions on the Kingdom Parables FatherMaster BridegroomKing A Bible Study in 6 Sessions on the Kingdom Parables When the Son of Man comes, will he find

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TALISMAN OF NAPOLEON & THE NAPOLEON ROSICRUCIAN MEDAL By Randy Jensen On April 10 th, 2014, a theft at the Briars Museum in Australia resulted in the loss of the priceless Napoleon

Funeral Service I *The ceremonies or tributes of social or fraternal societies have no place within the service. Baptized Christians should be buried from the Church. We begin in the name of the Father

Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile How did geography influence ancient Egypt? What were the main features and achievements of Egypt s three kingdoms? How did trade and warfare affect Egypt and Nubia? The Egyptian

Bible Survey, part 3 The New Testament (The Gospels & The Acts of the Apostles) OVERVIEW OF THE BIBLE WHAT each book is about WHEN each one was written HOW they are all interconnected Enhanced CD contains:

PUSD High Frequency Word List For Reading and Spelling Grades K-5 High Frequency or instant words are important because: 1. You can t read a sentence or a paragraph without knowing at least the most common.

FUNERAL PLANNING Burial or Cremation? One of the initial decisions to make about a funeral is if there will be cremation or burial. The Church allows cremation as long as no disrespect is intended toward

Christian Doctrines about Life after Death Introduction Virtually every religion holds some type of belief about the subject of life after death that is, the subject of what happens to people, after their

Hieroglyphs and Community By Grant Hieroglyphs were hard to understand in the ancient times and are still hard to understand today. Hieroglyphs are carvings of an object or creature that Egyptians used

Name Date Mastering the Content Circle the letter next to the best answer. CH10 Practice Test 2015 1. An important way historians learn about ancient Kush is through A. Syrian trade agreements. B. Sumerian

Page 1 of 6 The Rise of Civilizations Thousands of years ago, several societies in different parts of the world changed from hunting and gathering to farming. Some began to produce surpluses of food. Those

Whereas I was Blind, Now I See John 9: 1-11; 25 We all know that great hymn well: Amazing grace, how sweet the sound, that saved a wretch like me; I once was lost, but now I m found; was blind, but now

BIBL 323 D12 LUO Sign Miracles Paper Jesus Deity Revealed Thomas Hutto From the beginning of time, people have often looked for signs from heaven. They wanted to God to show them evidence or proof that

VMFA Resources Ancient Worlds: Pre- and Post-Visit Activities VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS Egypt and China Grade 2 Based on images of two works of art from VMFA s collection, these activities will provide

ORDER OF MASS INTRODUCTORY RITES ENTRANCE SONG In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit