Ranging from simple wisdom of nilpotent (Lie) teams, an algebraic thought of almost-Bieberbach teams, the basic teams of infra-nilmanifolds, is built. those are a typical generalization of the well-known Bieberbach teams and plenty of effects approximately traditional Bieberbach teams end up to generalize to the almost-Bieberbach teams.

We're all accustomed to the typical suggestion of two-sided symmetry, as seen for instance within the exterior kind of the human physique. yet in its broadest interpretation symmetry is a estate which comprises regularity and repetition. during this experience symmetry are available far and wide, specifically in technology and paintings.

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However, reality is more complicated once emphasis is placed on other state and non-state actors, and the conception of the bureaucracy as a united monolithic structure, which guides Japanese public policy without disagreement, is challenged. Campbell has demonstrated the cleavages between various ministries: the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and MOF over macro-economic policy, MITI and MOFA over foreign aid and export promotion (Campbell 1984: 297–9). One would expect to see MOFA playing an integral role in the formulation of foreign policy; however, with a strong economic interest in foreign policy, a variety of agencies, ministries, and private organisations all have an interest in the foreign policy-making process and a plurality of influences exist.

These devices are the constituent parts of a norm, as Payne states, ‘[f]rames are basic building blocks for the construction of broadly resonant norms and they thereby serve to legitimate normative orders’ (Payne 2001: 39). For example, the norm of sending a thank-you card would be justified by using the frame that the sender would feel hurt not to receive any recognition; the norm that Japan should open its doors to various forms of internationalisation would use the frame that Japan’s low birth-rate necessitates an influx of foreign workers (for this and other frames see Gurowitz 1999: 435); the norm of the non-use of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons would stress the frame that emphasises their destructive and indiscriminate power.

Finally, Finnemore has outlined how an international organisation, UNESCO, broke out of the Realist constraints of state control and acted as the entrepreneur of a norm which ‘held that co-ordination and direction of science are necessary tasks of the modern state’ and was able to teach ‘states the value and utility of science policy organizations’ (Finnemore 1993: 566). It is important to recognise that this collection of actors ‘can engage in practices that attempt to rewrite the cultural landscape, and their motivations for doing so might stem from principled beliefs and/or instrumental gain’ (Barnett 1999: 7).