In the Oscar Award winning movie Avatar, the blue-skin creatures communicate in an unique way – by connecting the end of their hair to other fellow creatures in dialogues and information exchange. This is much similar to E.T., the classical 1982 American science-fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg. There, the extra-terrestrial creature touched the main character Elliot ‘as an offering of friendship’, observed the movie review at AMCFilmsite.

(Picture: Neytiri the Avatar exchanges information with the Tree of Voices by connecting her hair with the tree fibre)

Social media changes people’s social life by a similar touch. Facebook and Twitter act as popular cyber platforms for information exchange and publishing. “But what’s happening today –the mass ability to communicate with each other, without having to go through a traditional intermediary -– is truly transformative”, said Alan Rusbridger, Editor of the Guardian newspaper. With latest tools such as iPad and smart phones, people can interact and collaborate with the digital population globally.

Kaplan and Haenlein describe social media as a group of internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and allows for creation and exchange of user generated content. There are three basic requirements of user generated content. First, it is publicly accessible and available to everyone. Secondly, it involves creative effort by the user or re-working on others’ work. Lastly, it is personal, not professional, so the writers do not need to be experts on the matter when they publish. With social media, the mass audience communicate differently and this blog will discuss how social media has changed the role of publishing and its impact on social life.

First, let’s look at how media and publishing used to be like. As described by Rusbridger, it is traditional, hierarchical and authoritative. Wayne Errington and Narelle Miragliotta further elaborated the traditional characteristics of media. These include ‘the preserve of the elite’, meaning that the elite and the powerful decide what will get published. Also, information flows in one direction, in a top-down fashion, hencethe audience is a passive receiver of information or propaganda. They have no control and influence over the media, and cannot participate in debates and discussions.

Historian Raymond Williams points out that “much of what we call communication is…no more…than transmission; that is to say, a one-way sending.” Which Rusbridger echoed that the media used to be a one-way transmission which “involved one person speaking to many”. In fact, the historic timeline of communication, from handwritten scribes, Gutenberg’s printing press to radio and TV broadcasting, adopted the way of information being fed to the readers/audiences.

Through mergers and acquisitions, the media power is concentrated in the hands of a few. To illustrate, apart from its theme parks, Walt Disney Company is one of the Big Six media groups that owns the ABC Television Network, 10 major TV stations, cable networks, 277 radio stations, music, book publishing and film production companies. In Australia, the three giant media conglomerates –Packers, Fairfax and Murdoch, control what we see, hear and read, which are understandably highly biased towards their own economic interest.

(Picture: The cute Mickey mouse has turned greedy by controlling over the flow of news and information from media outlets to us.

Then came the digital revolution, the role of publishing has changed drastically. The global community experiences a paradigm shift from a vertical to horizontal communication. “As the world moves from hierarchies to social networks, people will have fewer rules and more independence. This autonomy opens the door to more opportunities to create, experiment, and be responsible,” said Joan Arehart-Treichel.

There are various social media tools that allow people to interact socially with a wide spectrum of correspondents on diversified media contents as shown by the following table :

With these tools, the audience is now empowered to participate in discussion groups and interacting with others online. The domination and grip of media oligopoly has melted away. “This will likely be remembered as the year that the new social media movement came of age. From the dramatic acquisition of YouTube.com by Google to the choice of Time magazine’s person of the year, it’s almost impossible to have a conversation where creating and expanding social media reach, digital influence or customer engagement is absent,” said public relations expert Rod Amis in 2007.

The new mode of communication can even toppled governments by cyberactivism. “You can’t quash an uprising if millions of people are acting like their own independent news stations,” said Rami Nakhla, a Syrian cyberactivitist, published in the 5th-13th June issue of the Time Magazine. The atrocities of dictatorial regimes can no longer be swept under the carpet, but are exposed and broadcast to the whole world by the iphone, YouTube, Twitters, Facebook, or even WikiLeaks. Protesting events get organized and become viral or pandemic through the social media. As seen in the Jasmine Revolution protests which create a domino effect, the governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Yemen and Liberia are miraculously overthrown through the song of birds – Twitter. The Chinese government, with its tight grip on the media, was utterly shocked and embarrassed when hundreds of Falun Gong protesters suddenly appeared at the Forbidden City organized through the use of SMS.

Rusbridger pointed out how communication has become more and more personal. People tend to be more reserved in face-to-face encounters, but become more open and ready to share their feelings and ideas in the virtual world. These published informations combined to form a global infrastructure for monitoring, modelling and memory.

A tab on the iPad can link users to the world’s latest breaking news. Another tab on the Kindle allows people to ‘flip’ the page of Encyclopaedia Brittanica. A touch on the smart phone can update someone’s latest status onto social networking sites. The audience is no longer a recipient of information, but can also be producer, editor and transmitter as well. In an interview, Merritt Calaizzi, publisher of SmartBrief, suggested that business should find new ways to integrate readers’ input, where more and more audiences can get involved in the creation of content they consume. For example, the online version of New York Times allows reader participation. Visitors can now communicate with the authors, and even add their own comments to stories or blogs. Customer feedback provides valuable data for improvement of the service contents and quality.

“Social software” is the latest buzz-phrase emanating from technology evangelists, who are concerned with how to apply information technology to the real world, according to Martyn Perks. The key idea behind social software is that by using technology we can reinvigorate interest and participation in the democratic process. Any website or application which connects users with similar interests and ideas together, via the internet, can be described as social software, which its characteristics is summarised by Stewart Butterfield into identity, presence, relationships, conversations and groups. I will explain how social life has changed according to these elements.

First, the virtual identity is a way to identify people uniquely, and can be represented by people’s log-in names of e-mail, online community nicknames, or their behaviour in cyberspace. In Web 2.0 platforms, people tend to carefully craft the character they want to present to others. For example in Facebook, they might share with the public about where they are living, gender, languages spoken, or may display cool profile pictures. People might try to add as much photos or ‘friends’ in Facebook or have as much ‘followers’ from Twitter to make themselves looks popular.

As for presence, it is a way of knowing who is online. It is the main function of Twitter, where people change their status from time to time to let others know what they are up to. For example the popular Apple application Foursquare, according to this blog, it is a geographical location based social network that incorporates gaming elements. Users share their location with friends by “checking in” via a smartphone application, which such update can be posted onto their Twitter and facebook accounts as well.

(Picture: Elements of social life, including identity, presence, relationships, conversations and groups, are redefined as the role of publishing has transformed through these social networking tools.)

Social media changes our relationship too, thus a new way of describing how two users in the system are related is developed. Relationships can be as simple as “contacts”. People can add “friends” which they might not know, or which they sharie the same interests. As for LinkedIn, people get connected to potential employers and mentors by adding them into their networks.

Fourthly, conversation through social media can be real-time or asynchronous. Instead of communicating directly, people can now communicate online through social networking sites, either publicly or privately. The public “tweets” or “wall message” can be viewable by others, who may read and comment on such message ahead of the intended receiver. Thus conversation between two parties has expanded to a many-to-many structure. However such conversation appears on everyone else’s newsfeed may considered as spams, which are the unwanted messages sent to a person’s email account or mobile phone, according to the Australian Communications and Media Authority.

Group are a way of forming communities of interest. People can ‘follow’ their interest group on Twitter, so whenever there is new information or events coming up, they will receive notifications. As for Facebook, people can join groups that they feel they belonged to, and there are spaces for online discussions on specific topics.

As for reputation, there is a way to know the status of other people in the system. Everyone leaves electronic footprints that are traceable. “Facebook? It’s where teenagers post all the stuff that will make them unemployable later in life,” said Rusbridger. Users may be judged on their virtual behaviours, interactions, online purchases by their ‘friends’, ‘followers’ and the public.

Lastly, it’s about sharing. The Michigan State University found that over the past few years, file sharing over peer-to-peer networks has become a popular way for people to sample and gather music, movies, and video games. In addition, one can now share articles, news, or even virtual gifts such as a facebook cake by posting such links onto their status, or at the common digital space. Moreover, people take photos and videos and upload them onto various social networking sites. For example, Flickr is for sharing photos, while Slideshare is for sharing presentations, such as Powerpoint. Users can give their publications or photos a “tag” using keywords or category labels, so the content can be searchable by the public, according to instructions given in Flickr help page.

New modes of publishing have changed our social lives. The traditional press has declined as fewer people go for the print version. Alternatively, cyber publication markets such as those for eBooks are prospering as growing number of people download such publications onto their iPad and Kindle. Users can read at their own time and pace, and carry with them the entire library in their palms or pockets. As for the broadcasting industry, downloads of dramas and radio programs online are becoming popular as well. Thus advertisers turn to online marketing and advertising. With less revenue available for production, program quality may decline, and the audience may shift to the social media instead.

(Photo: You can carry unlimited books in the form of pock-sized electronic devices .)

To conclude, the media landscape has undergone a radical transformation from a one-way traffic to an interactive process amongst the global digital population through social media. Information is no longer dominated by giant media companies with their own economic agenda and reduced plurality and balance. With the change in the role of publishing, users of social media are empowered to be both the producer and receiver of user-generated contents. Also, they can openly scrutinise government behaviours and the media industry without having to go through a traditional intermediary. However, credibility and authenticity of data flooding in the digital world is questionable and quality professional journalism is rare. As for the impact of the shift in media consumption habit, I believe the social media gives the press and broadcasting industry greater opportunities to re-engineer and renovate their strategic directions, and they may one day excel in the cyber-world of publishing.

There is an increasing use of iPad applications for learning and creating(Chip Chicklets 2010)

In his seminar titled ‘Making is Connecting’ held in Denmark, David Gauntlett used Legos to demonstrate linkage and importance between making and connecting.

He suggested that teaching is no longer effective with the “sit back and be told” culture, where students are taught what to think, passing knowledge directly from teachers or television. He believes “making and doing” culture should be used, which gives our next generations tools and let them be creative in learning.

They connect to others in networks, both physically or virtually, and they will end up building and nuturing their own unique global network. For example, David used climate change as to illustrate how audience can achieve by self-learn with tools available, and the evidences are all online data, no matter its an opinion piece or a graph, a pie chart or a colour-contour map, these is all produced and shared among people, without boundaries through the internet. David believes ideas are out there for people to understand, and their mind-set will be change, to become concern of the issue, and even start campaigning for a change.

I think using tools, one can get creative, and changing others mindset is easier than ever, espcially with the well-established social networking sites. Nowadays more and more schools start to use different tools such as computer and interactive board to aid students learning. And the latest technology, is to use the iPad2.

“It’s not just the device that has an effect but how it gets used, the way students think about what they’re doing”, said Peter Goodyear, professor of education at the University of Sydney. It showed that private schools are expanding the use of new technologies in classrooms, rolling out iPads to help teachers and students with teaching and learning. Further information about this can be found in this article published on Sydney Morning Herald in January.

However several issues come to my concern, these include:

1. Persistence of the data.

All data is being released into the digital sphere and will be kept there forever. Joe Salvo mentioned that the Information Age has ended, and he believes we are at the System Age. The information Age a period of history of separations between people because the existing data tend to be low-value ubiquity. The Systems Age is new data processing period, including sensing, collecting, and manipulating, which occurs at real-time with little or no human supervision. And hence all data once published can always be retrieved even I try to remove them.

2. Searchability and replicability

The internet is a world of resource without boundary of countries, and it is easy to download or share files even they had copyright, including movies, songs, books. Bloger Coturnix raised the issues of the ways our connectedness affects book publication, as the internet offers writers more ways to start writing, get noticed, self-publish and embrace new forms

3. Invisible Audience

The information may be useful for my assignments or even beneficial to the society. For example, Aleks Jakulin he thinks that “keeping medical data public would allow massive advances in medicine”, but there is struggle between data privacy and publicity, in understanding the diseases, the information of the patients will also be leaked out.

Try Google your name, you might find your own electronic footprint that you have left unconsciously, and it might not be compatible with the image you want to present to others, and might get your unemployed! So, readers, beware!

This week I attempted to work on Question2 from the lists for the final essay.

From the extra readings from week 10’s folder, I found several “essay” as an example approach to my final project, and I believe that making a short video will be really interesting. However I am not familiar with animations. So I made a short one based on question two here, and I will work on it using formats that I am more familiar with for it – images and texts.

Anyways, this video is mainly about how role of publishing has changed throughout history, and how authorship and challenged with the new media. This is the background information for now, you should watch it yourself to discover more!

Lastly, there is background music, which I got from the creative commons]. So turn on your speaker, and ENJOY!

To begin with, what is visualisation? It is a process to make something invisible visible. Sounds complicated? Let me explain more in this post.

Many ideas are abstract, and in fact idea itself already is an abtract and invisible thing. Here, I am going to dicuss two different representations of visualizations , including the use of objects and the use of non-objects.

Firstly, to present abstract idea, real object can help. In this article, the author managed to represent 200 calories using various food, including a big bags of tomato, a small fries, and several M&Ms.

Secondly, we can represent invisible object using non-objects such as imaginary lines, lights, music.

Timo has written in his blog that uses dotted line as an example to display key information element, including representation of hidden geometry, as movement, as paths, as expectation… Just like this 3 little dashes I just typed! This shows that dashed line made invisible objects, location and expectation into something that you can printed on paper! Here is an example:

[Even the butterfly hasn’t fly to the spot, but I have drawn out the predicted path of it.]

Another example of visualisation in this week’s reading is the series of audiovisual projects done by AntiVJ. The one I loved most is AntiVJ presents: Déshérence

It is a project with light projected onto a building, which made the building moves. For example, light projected on empty walls can give building window with flickering candlelights at the window pane. Or imaginary pictures, which made the building looked like it is collasping! Just like the dashed line that created something invisible, this audiovisual project created the interior of the building using different shades of light, which is really amazing, especially when the ‘bricks’ of the building ‘moved’ in and out! It’s just like a haunted house!

There’re many ways to visualize ideas, for example how do we show God? Objects may be a church, some believers, a cross, a bible, etc. can represent God. Non-objects can be worship, love, earth, prayers and much more! And even the non-objects can become visualised, for example, by drawing or writing it out. For example in this drawing, love can be shown by drawing a heart-shape and so on.

Take home exercise: You can challenge yourself and your friend in visualizing really complicated ideas! How about smell? Cough? Speed? Try to list out all objects and non-objects that can display these abstract ideas and see who can write up the the longest list!

I got you!

My blog title or the above words should have gotten your attention!

Nothing happens without attention. Philosophers have asked the question of whether the world is there, or is the same while we have closed our eyes. Without seeing it, feeling it, listening to it, or simply, concentrating on it, we will get nothing. Even the world has changed, we might not have noticed.

For example, a student my leave a lecture hall after a 2 hours lecture remembering nothing. If you are a facebook user, do you remember the first advertisement that appears on the right column of your profile picture? If you tweet, what is the last status you have updated? Without attention, one will not take in and absorb things they have seen or in contacted with.

In fact, information is not a scarce resource but attention is. Multiple authors have observed that the information economy can be characterized as an “attention economy”, where the scarce resource is not information, but rather attention to absorb the information.

Because of this, Howard Rheingold made up the word “infotention” in his blog, which describes the psycho-social-techno skill/tools we all need to find our way online today, a mind-machine combination of brain-powered attention skills with computer-powered information filters.

Nowadays, information is overflowing all the time. We all need infotention in order to find useful information among the sea of data. NPR found that the average person today consumes almost three times as much information as what the typical person consumed in 1960, according to research at the University of California, San Diego.

Look at the following picture.

ET and Mac (Photo: Decal 2010)

Answer these questions on your own time

What do you think when looking at this picture? Which get more of your concentration? The Apple logo? Or the ET cartoon character?

Actually I might not have 100% of your attention. First, looking at the ET might bring you back to the memories about the the film ET. Secondly, looking at the Apple logo, you might start thinking about Apple’s new products, perhaps the iPad2. Thirdly, you might think “Oh! Such a lovely sticker! Where can I buy it”. Fourthly, you might want to concentrate on the ET but since its finger is pointing at the logo, you can’t stop yourself from diverting your attention to the sign.

If two out of four of the above suggestions have occurred to you, you has lost your attention to understanding the picture as a whole, or put it this way, you are not mindful.

According to Dr. David Rock, practicing mindfulness is important. The key to practicing mindfulness is just to practice focusing your attention onto a direct sense, and to do so often. It helps to use a rich stream of data. You can hold your attention to the feeling of your foot on the floor easier than the feeling of your little toe on the floor: there’s more data to tap into.

“The more mindful you become, the better decisions you will make, and the more you will achieve your own goals … the less your mind wander and the happier are”, said Dr. Rock.

So, from now on, start to be mindful. And to begin with, please be mindful about being mindful!

How do people record, store and find what they need in archives like this?

When we talk about archives, you might think of a huge stack of yellowish paper with faded ink and artisitic handwriting on it. In fact, with the internet, we are archiving all contents we published.

You have become a accidental archiver when you update your facebook statues, upload a video on youtuve, share a news online or post a picture on Tumblr… Once published, all of these will become archives that exist forever in the online world. Not only instantly accessible to the public, but remain as a kind of real-time archives immediately.

Before the development of the internet, people keep records of history and ideas by writing with ink, and storing them will be problematic as paper turned yellow, ink blurred, pages missing, etc. With the web 2.0 well-established, all content become archivable and nothing will be lost.

The following link is a mind map I created to relate some ideas on Archive Fever:

To conclude, archives changes how data are stored, expressed, distributed and used. This fever has no stopping to it! See how my phone beeps when I received notification from my Twitter and Facebook! Do you have the same experiences?

This week’s reading is on the Actor-network theory (ANT), developed by Science Techonology Studies scholars Michel Callon and Bruno Latour, the sociologist John Law and the others (Wikipedia, 2011a).

So everything is made up of concepts, which is called “assemblages”. In which every human and non-human factors formed an agency which have the ability to influence and act on the network.

For example, a hospital is made up of different components. The human factors include doctors, patients, administrative officers, recruitment managers, counselors, etc. Non-human components are the equipments, medicines, beds, tables, television, common area, announcements, smell of detergents, etc. Missing a table in the hospital won’t change the idea of a hospital, but without doctors, it changes everything. So each role are different, and affects the idea of something entirely.

The printing press and the internet are said to being revolutionary changes, but it is not the only agents as there are numerous assemblages that have the ability to act even it has no intention to.

To explain how material-semiotic networks come together to act as a whole, I would like to explore deeper into the Latour Litany, playing with the Latourian fun through creating new relation, using De Landa’s idea of assemblage (Wikipdeia, 2011b).

The sunset acts as a material role. It is an assemblages formed from colours, end of dat, sadness, finsing line, death, air, cloud, red and yellow.

This dog acts as an expressive role, as it always sticks its tongue out for sweating. This concept comes from hot, dizziness, saliva, wet, sunny day, limbs, organs,survival.

A pregnant mother can perform the territorializing role, because she can reproduce, giving birth to children, and their children will do the same. Therefore generations after generations, human being will still remain on the earth, proving people’s identities and durability of the assemblage.

The tree acts as a linguistic/coding role, because it takes it carbon dioxide, and gives out oxygen in the daylight. This is an important component in the ecosystem in maintaining the living of the earth, so there will be a suitable environment for organisms to live and prosper.

Lastly, ANT needs constant making and re-making in order to exist, and or else the meaning will be lost. Therefore the they need to be perform continuously. In fact, those performance shown in the above photos have numerous other meaning and relationship with semiotics, may be you can think of some new ideas that you can share with me? Leave a comment and let me know what you’re thinking!

Print publications are considered out-of-date long time ago and it is reported on the front page of the Sydney Morning Herald on 8th this month, that UNSW has threw away libraries books that no one has borrowed for five consecutive years. However you didn’t, hear me wrong, online publications are also considered as out-dated.

From the readings this week, David, C. (2010) reported that Rupert Murdoch, CEO of News Corporation, is going to introduce charges for access to all his news websites, including the Times, Sunday Times and the News of the World. Also, the New York Times is planning to introduce a pay wall to its website later this year after being freely read online since the establishment of its website.

What does this imply? People are now using eTablets such as iPad, Kindle and so on to get free or a minimal subscription fee to gain access to applications for various newspapers, books and magazines.

“Online measurement is going through rapid change, and that has huge implications for media planners and buyers. In some ways it will make their work easier, but it will also present new challenges” written by staff of the online magazine, Media Life (2010).

With the instability in market of the traditional publication companies, they can’t just wait until bankrupt but to start putting works into the electronic format, adding new interactions functions, and videos to accompany the content. Some companies even published eBooks only, reducing the price for the publication process in order to survive in this competitive environment.

First Japanese anime applications for iPhone, iPad (photo: From 2010, blog.udn.com, 25 October)

Not only American publications are made into electronic applications, even the Japanese has participate in this media revolution. Ishaan (2010) has reported that not only American magazines, but Japanese magazine has launched their own electronic applications. ASCII Media Works, the Japanese publisher of Gunslinger Girl and Yotsuba!, are set to launch a new digital manga magazine titled Dengeki Comic Japan, the magazine will launch on the iPhone and iPad and will later expand to the PC platform.

It can be seen that traditional and pure online publications are now facing serious threats from application developers. I predict that in the near future, they will get out compete and be eliminated by the market. As the Apple products keep on updating and having more and better features, launching from originally once a year to once a few months. Probably iPad10 will be launched sometimes next year! Can you image what will our next generation be reading? They might not even know what a book is!

The Daily Prophet, the wizard newspaper agency, has its publishing secret leaked out from the magical world when J. K. Rowling wrote the Harry Potter series. So, on 2nd Feb 2011, the News Corp. and the Apple Corps. Ltd. has created an iPad eNewspaper app called The Daily.

Unlike a printed version or a digital online eNewspaper, subscribers can interact with the interactive graphics, 360 degree photos, Sudoku or crossword puzzles. And they can leave comments in written or audio form on the news articles. Its new mode of publishing definitely gives us a brand new experience in reading newspaper! As for eBooks, David Eaglemsn’s Why the Net Matters developed especially for iPad impressed me so much.
He has demonstrated how we should use or read his book:

The ‘reading’ process has now taken new dimensions and incorporate reading, listening, touching, commenting, note-taking , copying, editing and exploring the content of the book and accessing internet links on related topics. From now on, we do not simply read books— we ‘interact’ with eBooks! As journalist John Naughton said, “the iPad is altering the very concept of a ‘book‘”.

From the printing press to the online newspaper, different modes of publishing changes people’s way of engaging with the media. Now with the increasing popularity of portable tablet devices such as Amazon Kindle Series, SONY PRS Series, Nook, iPad 1 and 2, more and more apps were developed in bringing convenience and enjoyment for people. Users can flip the page simply by dragging the virtual page with one’s fingertip.

The portable pad are becoming smaller and lighter. Launched just last week, the iPad2 is 15% lighter than the earlier model with added new features and functions. People, whether or not already Apple users, are fascinated by those novel features and multiplicity of functions in the new gadget. I got myself an iPad a few months ago, and I am reading more news than I used to. I have taken some photos comparing the use of iPad with viewing tablet news, printed newspaper and laptop online news. Do take a look and decide for yourself whether reading with iPad is an better option.

From now on, information and knowledge can be accessed and transmitted instantly. Textbooks or fictions from bookshops, newspaper and magazines from news agencies are now available for download by a few touches on your eTablet and you may even save them up. Your handbag or pocket is now carrying a library with tonloads of all your favourite collections! These great inventions allow people to read anytime and anywhere.

With this new way of publishing, it is predicted that print publications may eventualy die a natural death. Barnes & Noble, a global large bookseller, has already closed down business. More are expected to follow. The Donald W. Reylonds Journalism Institute has conducted a survey in December 2010 at the University of Missouri. It found that iPad news apps may diminish newspaper print subscriptions as iPad news consumers prefer newspaper apps to printed newspaper or those on the website.

To me, reading is an unique experience. I feel quite excited about the new interactive ways to engage with these portable electronic gadgets as I can interact with the graphics, processing and accessing books and magazines in it without buying and storing them. The most wonderful thing is that I can read the newspaper now with the new eNewspaper App on iPad, where I can zoom in and flip the page with its multi-touch system.

However I do enjoy reading a real book. I love the smell of the pages and inks, I love the physical page turning, I love the feeling its hard cover, especially those covers printed with different texture with protuberant and indentations. I am currently subscribing to the The Sydney Morning Herald and Daily Telegraph. I do hope they can survive in this competitive market, and I don’t mind paying to support the printed publications. How does having your own portable library with magical interactive books and newspaper sounds to you? Do you think the print publications are not replaceable?

The ‘reading’ process has now taken new dimensions and incorporate reading, listening, touching, commenting, note-taking, copying, editing and exploring the contents of the book and accessing internet links on related topics. From now on, we do not simply read books— we ‘interact’ with eBooks! As journalist John Naughton said, “the iPad is altering the very concept of a ‘book‘”.

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