Mét sè thÝ dô Jorge has already walked to school. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh) He has been to California three times. (h¬n 1 lÇ n) Mary has seen this movie before. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh) They have been at home all day. We haven’t gone to the store yet. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh). John has worked in Washington for three years. HoÆ c John has been working in Washington for three years. (vÉ n ch−a kÕ t thóc - John vÉ n ® ang lµ m viÖ c ë Washington).

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VÝ dô: The flock of birds is circling overhead. The herd of cattle is breaking away. A school of fish is being attacked by sharks. L− ý : TÊ t c¶ c¸c danh tõ tË p hî chØ thêi gian, tiÒ n b¹c, sè ® o ® Ò u ® ß i hái c¸c ® éng tõ - ® ¹i tõ u p bæ ng÷ ® i cï nã ph¶i ë ng«i sè Ý t. ng (TOEFL b¾ t lçi nµ y). VÝ dô: He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty. Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt. Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish this test. Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder. Two miles is too much to run in one day.

3.6 C¸ch sö dông A number of/ the number of

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This is my book = This is mine. Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his. Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mine is red. Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy. Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small. I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.

VÝ dô: John expects to begin studying law next semester. Mary learned to swim when she was very young. The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting. The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years. The soldiers are preparing to attack a village. Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.

Danh tõ + gií tõ + Ving (b¶ng sau) i possibility of choice of method of intention of method for excuse for reason for

VÝ dô: George has no excuse for dropping out of school. There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price. There is no reason for leaving this early. Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem. TÝ nh tõ + gií tõ + Ving (b¶ng sau) i accustomed to intent on afraid of interested in capable of successful in fond of tired of

VÝ dô: Mitch is afraid of getting married now. We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.

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eager to do smth: h¸o hø c lµ m g× . hard to do smth : khã lµ m g× . * able : able capable unable to do smth = incapable of doing smth VÝ dô: These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems. These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems. Mét sè thÝ dô: Mohammad is eager to see his family. It is dangerous to drive in this weather We are ready to leave now. It is difficult to pass this test. It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country. Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college. L− ý : u - Mét sè c¸c ® éng tõ tiÕ ng Anh th−êng cã gií tõ ® i kÌm ë phÝ a sau. Kh«ng ® −î nhÇ m lÉ n gií tõ i c i ® ã ví to cña ® éng tõ nguyªn thÓ . Ch¼ ng h¹n mét sè ® éng tõ trong b¶ng sau: i object to: ph¶n ® èi look forward to : mong ® î i confess to : thó nhË n ® · lµ m g×

VÝ dô: John gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice. Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane. Fred confessed to stealing the jewels. We are not looking forward to going back to school. Henry is thinking of going to France in August. You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

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VÝ dô: We understand your not being able to stay longer. He regrets her leaving. We are looking forward to their coming next year. We don’t approve of John’s buying this house. We resent the teacher’s not announcing the test sooner. We object to their calling at this hour.

VÝ dô: The grass needs to be cut. HoÆ c The grass needs cutting. The television needs repairing. HoÆ c The television need to be repaired. The composition needs rewriting. HoÆ c The composition needs to be rewritten. L− ý : u
need = to be in need of + noun to be in need of + noun cã thÓ thay thÕ cho c¶ 2 c«ng thø c trªn. VÝ dô: Jill is in need of money = Jill needs money. The roof is in need of repair = The roof needs to be repaired. The organization was in need of volunteers = The organization needed volunteers.

Is Mary going to school today? Was Mary sick yesterday? Have you seen this movie before? Will the committee decide on the proposal today? Do you want to use the telephone? Does George like peanut butter? Did you go to class yesterday?

8.2.1 who vµ what lµ m chñ ng÷.
Who + verb + (complement) + (modifier) what Who opened the door? (someone opened the door) What happened last night? (something happened last night.) Chó ý : Kh«ng ® óng khi nãi : Who did open the door? What did happen last night?

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Subject + verb(be) + too Affirmative statement (be) + and + So + verb(be) + subject VÝ dô: I am happy, and you are too. I am happy, and so are you. - Khi mét ® éng tõ ë thÓ kÐ p (auxilary + verb), vÝ dô, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, vv... xuÊ t hiÖ n trong mÖ nh ® Ò chÝ nh th× trî ® éng tõ cña mÖ nh ® Ò chÝ nh ® −î sö c dông ë d¹ng kh¼ ng ® Þ nh, vµ chñ ng÷ vµ ® éng tõ ph¶i hoµ hî p. Subject + auxiliary only + too Affirmative statement + and + (® éng tõ ë thÓ kÐ p) subject VÝ dô: They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too. They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you. Subject +do, does, or did + too. Affirmative statement + and + (® éng tõ ® ¬n trõ be) ject VÝ dô: Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too. Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister. John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too. John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we. I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too. I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they. He has seen her plays, and the girls have too. He has seen her plays, and so have the girls. We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too. We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy. She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too. She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we. So + do, does, or did + subSo + auxiliary only +

VÝ dô: I didn’t see Mary this morning. John didn’t see Mary this morning. I didn’t see Mary this morning, and John didn’t either. I didn’t see Mary this morning, and neither did John. She won’t be going to the conference. Her colleagues won’t be going to the conference. She won’t be going to the conference, and her colleagues won’t either. She won’t be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues. John hasn’t seen the new movie yet. I haven’t seen the new movie yet. John hasn’t seen the new movie yet, and I haven’t ether. John hasn’t seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.

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were + Ving

Subject* : cã thÓ lµ cï hoÆ c kh¸c chñ ng÷ ví chñ ng÷ trong mÖ nh ® Ò chÝ nh. ng i VÝ dô: We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can’t come.) I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably won’t stop.) She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)

VÝ dô: I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I don’t have enough time.) We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.) They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)

VÝ dô: Would you like to dance with me? I would like to visit Hongkong. We would like to order now, please. The president would like to be re-elected. They would like to study at the university. Would you like to see a movie tonight?

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It might rain tomorrow It may rain tomorrow It could rain tomorrow

=

It will possibly rain tomorrow OR Maybe it will rain tomorrow

Chó ý : Maybe lµ sù kÕ t hî cña may vµ be, nh−ng nã lµ mét tõ vµ kh«ng ph¶i lµ trî ® éng tõ. Nã ® ång p nghÜ a ví perhaps. i Mét sè vÝ dô vÒ Could, may, vµ might: The president said that there might be a strike next month. I don’t know what I’m doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stay home. (L−u ý lµ ng−êi Anh th−êng nãi lµ stay at home nh−ng ng−êi Mü l¹i nãi lµ stay home.) It might be warmer tomorrow. I may not be able to go with you tonight. I don’t know where Jaime is. He could be at home.

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good well bad badly

better worse

best worst

I feel much better today than I did last week. The university is farther than the mall. He has less time now than he had before. Marjorie has more books than Sue. This magazine is better than that one. He acts worse now than ever before. + further = more. VÝ dô: The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine. He will come to the US for further education next year.

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The + comparative + subject + verb + the comparative + subject + verb

VÝ dô: The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel. The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel. The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
The more + subject +verb + the + comparative + subject + verb

The more you study, the smarter you will become. The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got. The more he slept, the more irritable he became.

Harvey is the smarter of the two boys. Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier. Please give me the smaller of the two pieces of cake. Of the two landscapes that you have shown me, this one is the more picturesque. Of the two books, this one is the more interesting. Ghi nhí :
2 thùc thÓ - so s¸nh h¬n 3 thùc thÓ trë lªn - so s¸nh h¬n nhÊ t

L− ý : u
MÆ c dï trong v¨n nãi cã thÓ chÊ p nhË n kh«ng cã that nh−ng trong v¨n viÕ t buéc ph¶i cã that. He studied very hard so that he could pass the test. (nã ® · häc rÊ t ch¨m chØ ® Ó cã thÓ qua ® −î kú thi) c She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sister’s birthday. Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance. I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer. Susan drove to Miami instead of flying so that she could save money. Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?

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The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation. Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record. Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary. The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more. The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him. The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class. C¸c cÊ u tróc chøa c¸c bæ ng÷ c− êng ® é:

Subject + verb + so +

many few

+ dt ® 2 sè nhiÒ u + that + subject + verb

The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team. I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one.

Subject + verb + so +

much little

+ dt kh«ng ® 2 + that + subject + verb

He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now. The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat. Subject + verb + such + a + adjective + dt ® 2 sè Ý t + that ... hoÆ c Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + dt ® 2 sè Ý t + that ... L− ý : u Such + a + adjective th−êng ® −î dï nhiÒ u h¬n trong 2 cÊ u tróc trªn. c ng It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. HoÆ c It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors. It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down. HoÆ c It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down.

Subject + verb + such + adjective +

dt ® 2 sè nhiÒ u + that + subject + verb dt kh«ng ® 2

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Whether or not + positive verb (dï cã ... hay kh«ng) He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god. unless + positive verb = if ... not (trõ phi, nÕ u ... kh«ng) If you don’t start at once, you will be late. = You will be late unless you start at once. But for that + unreal condition (nÕ u kh«ng th× ....) Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)
present ® iÒ u kiÖ n kh«ng thùc ë hiÖ n t¹i

(cho phÐ p ai, ® Ó ai lµ m g× ) VÝ dô: John let his daughter swim with her friends. (John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.) (John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.) The teacher let the students leave class early. The policeman let the suspect make one phone call. Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday. Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend. We are going to let her write the letter. Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.

34. C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉ u hoµ n thµ nh
To have + P2 Should like + to have + P2 would like (DiÔ n ® ¹t −í muèn nh−ng kh«ng thµ nh.) c VÝ dô: I would (should) like to have passed the test last week. Should like He to have seen the photos = would like would He have liked to see the photos = should

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Hay John said he was leaving next week. Henry told me that he had a lot of work to do. Hay Henry told me he had a lot of work to do. - Tuy nhiªn, sau 4 ® éng tõ : mention, declare, report, state th× that kh«ng thÓ bá ® i, b¾ t buéc ph¶i cã. VÝ dô: The mayor declared that on June the first he would announce the results of the search. George mentioned that he was going to France next year. The article stated that this solution was flammable.

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It was urgent that she leave at once. It has been proposed that we change the topic. It is important that you remember this question. It has been suggested that he forget the election. It was recommended that we wait for the authorities. Trong mét sè tr−êng hî cã thÓ dï danh tõ t−¬ng ø ng ví c¸c tÝ nh tõ ë trªn theo c«ng thø c sau. p ng i it + be + noun + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...
( any tense)

VÝ dô: It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.

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At a glance, he knew how he could solve this math problem. Seeing the weather map, the pilot knew how he had to fly at which line. Mét sè thÝ dô: Bill knows how to play tennis well. Maggie and her sister know how to prepare Chinese food. Do you know how to get to Jerry’s house from here ? Jason knew the answer to the teacher’s question. No one knows about Roy’s accepting the new position. I didn’t know that you were going to France.

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The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to. Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic. The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections. Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep. She attended the class although she did not feel alert.

If one takes this exam without studying, they are likely to fail.
Sè Ý t Sè nhiÒ u

C¸c vÝ dô bæ trî cho c¶ 2 d¹ng: One should never tell his secrets to a gossip if he wishes them to remain secret. You should always look both ways before you cross the street. If one’s knowledge of English is complete, he will be able to pass TOEFL. If you do not want your test scores reported, you must request that they be canceled. One should always remember his family.

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two twins Twins nghÜ a lµ “ hai anh em hay 2 chÞ em” the time when the place wherre Ng−êi Anh kh«ng nãi the time when mµ chØ dï 1 trong 2. ng VÝ dô: It is the time you must leave. Ng−êi Anh kh«ng nãi the place where mµ chØ dï 1 trong 2. ng VÝ dô: It is the place I was born.

Mét sè vÝ dô: The army advanced after the big battle. Hay The army moved forward after the big battle. The peace talks advanced. Hay The peace talks progressed. We have sufficent money to buy the new dress. They have enough time to eat a sandwich before going to work. The teacher proceeded to explain the lesson. John and his brother are competing in the running games. The teacher asked us to join the students who were cleaning the room. Mary repeated the question slowly so that Jim would understand. Besides the two evening showings, there will also be a matinee. The reason I want to take that class is that the professor is supposed to be very eloquent. (Lý do t«i tham dù vµ o lí häc ® ã lµ «ng gi¸o s− rÊ t cã tµ i hï biÖ n.) p ng This is where I left him. That was the time I hit a home run.

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B¶ng ® æ i c¸c lo¹i tõ kh¸c. This, these here, overhere today yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow the day after tomorrow next + thêi gian (week, year ...) last + thêi gian (week, year ...) thêi gian + ago That, those there, overthere that day the day before two days before the following day/ the next day in two days’ time the following + thêi gian (week, year...) the privious + thêi gain (week, year...) thêi gian + before/ the privious +thêi gian

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Sensitive (adj) : nhË y c¶m. Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive skin and burns easily. Special (adj) : ® Æ c biÖ t. Meyer’s Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers. Especially (adv) : ® Æ c biÖ t. Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing music by ear. Use (n): ¸p dông, sö dông. The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn. Usage (n) : c¸ch sö dông. Norm Crosby’s usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious.

54.1 During - trong suèt (hµnh ® éng x¶y ra trong mét qu· thêi gian) ng
during for + time (chØ tr¹ng th¸i). VÝ dô: During our vacation, we visited many relatives across the country. During the summer, we do not have to study.

54.2 From (tõ) >< to (® Õ n).
Dï cho thêi gian vµ ® Þ a ® iÓ m. ng From a time to a time a place a place He lived in Germany from 1972 to 1978. We drove from Atlanta to New York in one day.

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From time to time : thØ nh tho¶ng, ® «i khi. VÝ dô: We visit the art museum from time to time.

54.3 Out of (ra khái) >< into (di vµo)
• be (run) out of + danh tõ : hÕ t, kh«ng cß n. • be out of town : ® i v¾ ng. Mr. Adams cannot see you this week because he is out of town. • be out of date (cò, lçi thêi) >< be up to date (mí cË p nhË t, hî thêi) i, p Don’t use that dictionary. It is out of date. Find one that is up to date. • be out of work : thÊ t nghiÖ p. I have been very unhappy since I have been out of work. • be out of the question : kh«ng thÓ ® −î c. Your request for an extension of credit is out of the question. • be out of order: háng. We had to use our neighbour’s telephone because ours was out of order.

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54.6 on
• • On + thø trong tuÇ n/ ngµ ytrong th¸ng. VÝ dô: I will call you on Thursday. His birthday is on February 3. On + a/the + ph−¬ng tiÖ n giao th«ng (bus/ plane/ train/ ship/ bike). VÝ dô: It’s two late to see Jane; she’s already on the plane. I came to school this morning on the bus. On a street : ë t¹i phè. VÝ dô: I lives on 1st Ngäc kh¸nh. On + the + sè thø tù + floor: ë tÇ ng thø . VÝ dô: My girlfriend lives on the fourth floor of an old building by my house. On time : ® óng giê (bÊ t chÊ p hoµ n c¶nh bªn ngoµ i). VÝ dô: Despite the bad weather, our plane left on time. On the corner (of two street) : gãc gi÷a 2 phè. VÝ dô: My house is on the corner of Ngäc kh¸nh street and Trém c−í street. p On the corner at the corner in the corner

• • • •

• • • •

On the sidewalk : trªn vØ a hÌ. VÝ dô: Don’t walk in the street, walk on the sidewalk. On the way : trªn ® −êng tí >< on the way back to: trªn ® −êng trë vÒ . i VÝ dô: We can stop at the grocery store on the way to their house. On the right/ left : ë bªn tr¸i/ bªn ph¶i. VÝ dô: Paul sits on the left side of the room and Dave sits on the right. On television/ (the) radio: trªn truyÒ n h× nh/ trªn ® µ i ph¸t thanh. VÝ dô: The president’s “State of the Union Address” will be on television and on the radio tonight. On the telephone (on the phone): nãi trªn ® iÖ n tho¹i, gäi ® iÖ n tho¹i, nhµ cã m¾ c ® iÖ n tho¹i. VÝ dô: Is your house on the telephone ? - nhµ cË u cã m¾ c ® iÖ n tho¹i kh«ng? Janet will be here soon; she is on the telephone. On the whole = in general : nãi chung. VÝ dô: On the whole, the rescue mission was well executed. On the other hand: tuy nhiªn. on the one hand ... on the other hand : mét mÆ t ... mÆ t kh¸c. VÝ dô: The present perfect aspect is never used to indicate a specific time; on the other hand, the simple past tense is. On sale 1- for sale : cã b¸n, ® Ó b¸n.

•

• • •

•

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2- b¸n h¹ gi¸. VÝ dô: The house will go on sale this weekend. The regular price of the radio is $39.95, but today it’s on sale for $25. • On foot: ® i bé. VÝ dô: My car would not start so I came on foot.

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• • • • • •

Check (up) on : ® iÒ u tra. VÝ dô: The insurance company decided to check up on his driving record before insuring him. Close in on : tiÕ n l¹i gÇ n, ch¹y l¹i gÇ n. VÝ dô: In his hallucinatory state, the addict felt that the walls were closing in on him. Come along with: ® i cï ví ng i. VÝ dô: June came along with her supervisor to the budget meeting. Come down with : M¾ c ph¶i 1 c¨n bÖ nh. VÝ dô: During the summer, many people come down with intestinal disorders. Count on = depent on = rely on : tr«ng cË y vµ o, dùa vµ o, nhê vµ o. VÝ dô: Maria was counting on the grant money to pay her way through graduate school. Do away with = eliminate = get rid of : tèng khø , lo¹i bá, trõ khö. VÝ dô: Because of the increasing number of broblems created after the football games, the director has decided to do away with all sports activities. Draw up : so¹n th¶o (1 hî ® ång, 1 kÕ ho¹ch). p A new advertising contract was drawn up after the terms had been decided. Drop out of : bá (® Æ c biÖ t bá häc gi÷a chõng). VÝ dô: This organization has done a great deal to prevent young people from dropping out of school.