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Summary

The Meaning of Difference is a text-reader about the social construction of difference as it operates in American formulations of race, sex and gender, social class, and sexual orientation. The book is based on the conviction that similar processes are at work in the construction of differences of color, sex and gender, class, and sexuality and that these processes likely also apply to other master statuses such as disability. Four framework essays provide the conceptual structure for the book. Following each framework essay is a set of readings that illustrate the concepts and processes described in the essays. The readings have been selected for readability, conceptual depth, and applicability to a variety of statuses.

Table of Contents

Preface

xiii

SECTION I---CONSTRUCTING CATEGORIES OF DIFFERENCE

Framework Essay

What Is Race?

Who Is Black? One Nation's Definition

37

(8)

F. James Davis

The Evolution of Identity

45

(1)

Washington Post

Census 2000: Seventeen Questions from the Long Form

46

(3)

Real Indians: Identity and the Survival of Native America

49

(8)

Eva Marie Garroutte

Latinos in the U.S. Race Structure

57

(7)

Clara E. Rodriguez

Personal Account: What's in a Name?

63

(1)

Ruth C. Feldsberg

Tripping on the Color Line: Black-White Multiracial Families in a Racially Divided World

64

(5)

Heather M. Dalmage

Personal Account: The Best of Both Worlds

70

Mindy Peral

Asian American Panethnicity

69

(11)

Yen Le Espiritu

Personal Account: I Thought My Race Was Invisible

79

(1)

Sherri H. Pereira

Whiteness as an ``Unmarked'' Cultural Category

80

(7)

Ruth Frankenberg

What Is Sex? What Is Gender?

The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough

87

(4)

Anne Fausto-Sterling

The Berdache Tradition

91

(9)

Walter L. Williams

The Gendered Society

100

(9)

Michael S. Kimmel

Personal Account: Basketball

108

(1)

Andrea M. Busch

It's Your Gender, Stupid!

109

(6)

Riki Wilchins

What Is Social Class?

What's Class Got to Do with It?

115

(3)

Michael Zweig

Getting Ahead: Economic and Social Mobility in America

118

(8)

Daniel P. McMurrer

Isabel V. Sawhill

Personal Account: Lucky Americans

125

(1)

LeiLani Page

America's Economic Transformation

126

(9)

Nancy Wiefek

Personal Account: I Am a Pakistani Woman

134

(1)

Hoorie I. Siddique

Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America

135

(11)

Barbara Ehrenreich

This Hard-Earned Money Comes Stuffed in Their Genes

146

(2)

Dusty Horwitt

What Is Sexual Orientation?

The Hazards of Naming Sexual Attraction

148

(5)

Michael R. Kauth

Personal Account: Living Invisibly

153

(1)

Tara S. Ellison

Is Homosexual a Noun?

153

(3)

Paul R. Abramson

Steven D. Pinkerton

The End of Gay (and the Death of Heterosexuality)

156

(9)

Bert Archer

SECTION II---EXPERIENCING DIFFERENCE

Framework Essay

165

(29)

Oppression

194

(5)

Marilyn Frye

Race and Ethnicity

What Are You?

199

(1)

Joanne Nobuko Miyamoto

Everybody's Ethnic Enigma

200

(1)

Jelita McLeod

Ethnic Identity and Racial Formations: Race and Racism American-Style and a lo Latino

201

(6)

Marta Cruz-Janzen

The Cost of Whiteness

207

(6)

Thandeka

Personal Account: Play Some Rolling Stones

213

(1)

Mark Donald Stockenberg

``Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?''

213

(10)

Beverly Daniel Tatum

The Minority Quarterback

223

(11)

Ira Berkow

A Day in the Life of Two Americas

234

(4)

Leonard Steinhorn

Barbara Diggs-Brown

At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die

238

(9)

Charlie LeDuff

Diversity and Its Discontents

247

(5)

Arturo Madrid

Sex and Gender

Fast Girls: Teenage Tribes and the Myth of the Slut

252

(6)

Emily White

Personal Account: Just Something You Did as a Man

258

(1)

Francisco Hernandez

How Do We Know What Manhood Really Is?

258

(5)

John Stoltenberg

Personal Account: He Hit Her

262

(1)

Tim Norton

Chappals and Gym Shorts: An Indian-Muslim Woman in the Land of Oz

263

(4)

Almas Sayeed

Sexual Orientation

Anti-gay Slurs Common at School: A Lesson in Cruelty

267

(3)

Laura Sessions Stepp

Personal Account: An Opportunity to Get Even

269

(1)

Gillian Carroll

For Children of Gays, Marriage Brings Joy

270

(2)

Patricia Leigh Brown

Social Class

All Souls

272

(4)

Michael Patrick MacDonald

Stupid Rich Bastards

276

(7)

Laurel Johnson Black

Personal Account: That Moment of Visibility

282

(1)

Rose B. Pascarell

Why are Droves of Unqualified, Unprepared Kids Getting into Our Top Colleges? Because Their Dads Are Alumni

283

(5)

John Larew

Disability

Public Transit

288

(8)

John Hockenberry

Personal Account: I Am Legally Blind

295

(1)

Beth Omansky

``Can You See the Rainbow?'' The Roots of Denial

296

(8)

Sally French

SECTION III---THE MEANING OF DIFFERENCE

Framework Essay

304

(17)

Law, Politics, and Policy

Thirteen Supreme Court Cases and the Civil War Amendments

321

(28)

Social Movements and the Politics of Difference

349

(12)

Cheryl Zarlenga Kerchis

Iris Marion Young

After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation

361

(10)

Charles T. Clotfelter

The Minority Rights Revolution

371

(7)

John D. Skrentny

The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics