Nyquist Frequency

The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem (Nyquist) states that a signal sampled at a rate F can be fully reconstructed if it contains only frequency components below half that sampling frequency: F/2. This frequency is known as the Nyquist frequency and is shown in the figures below.

When a component of the signal is above the Nyquist, a sampling error occurs that is called aliasing. Aliasing “names” a frequency above Nyquist by an “alias” the same distance below Nyquist.

Aliasing in TEM images

For a high resolution TEM sensor, spatial frequency components that are higher than Nyquist will be aliased to a lower frequency, as shown in the example above. Direct detection sensors that havehigh detective quantum efficiency (DQE) near Nyquist, will alias signal more strongly than scintillator and CCD–based cameras. When an aliased signal cannot be easily distinguished from background, it can act as a source of noise in the image signal.

Super-resolution on the K2® camera can minimize the performance loss due to aliasing.