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In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas S. Kuhn argues against the view that science continually progresses throughout time. Instead, he asserts that science undergoes revolutions in which a dramatic shift takes place. He contends that the old and new paradigms are incommensurable and therefore likens the change to religious conversion.

This book changed the landscape of the history, philosophy and sociology of scientific knowledge and practice. One of the most influential books of the 20th century, many of its ideas, such as that of "paradigm", spread to many other disciplines as well.