Sheet, strip, ingot, pig made of rhenium

Technical characteristics

Rhenium is refractory metal that looks like a steel. By physical properties, it is similar to refractory elements of the sixth group (molybdenum, tungsten), and elements of platinum group. Metallic powder has dark-blue or black color, depending on its dispersive capacity. By melting point, rhenium is in inferior only to tungsten. By strength, it ranks 4th after osmium, platinum, iridium. Pure rhenium is malleable in standard conditions. However, due to high module of elasticity, its hardness increases after treatment because of hammering harden. In order to recover a plasticity, metal is annealed in hydrogen, inert gas or vacuum. Rhenium can withstand thermal shock without loss of strength. Its strength is much higher than in tungsten or molybdenum up to a temperature of 1200 °C. Rhenium has specific electric resistance that exceeds indexes of tungsten and molybdenum.

Physical characteristics of rhenium

Description

Identification

Atomic (molar) weight mole/h

186.2

Oxidation rate

7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, -1

Density [g/cm3]

21.02

Melting point

3186°С

Melting heat kJ/mole

34

Heat conductivity K [V/m*K]

48

Evaporation heat kJ/mole

704

Manufacture

Rhenium is depleted out of copper sulfide and molybdenum ore with extremely low percentage composition. Ingoing material is processed with pyrometallurgical methods (smelting, converting, oxidizing annealing). Boiling rhenium is sublimated in the form of oxides that are held in gaseous and dust-catching systems. During annealing of molybdenum concentrates and partial volatilization, part of rhenium is kept in cinder from which it is reclaimed with ammonia and soda solutions by leaching method. In this case, sulfuric acid wet-type solutions of dust-catching systems or master solutions after hydrometallurgical cinder processing serve as a source of metal obtaining. While smelting copper concentrates with gasses, 56−60% of Re usually whirls away. Non-sublimated metal turns into matte. After matte converting, it is completely removed with gasses. If furnace and converter gasses are expended on production of sulfurinc acid, rhenium is obtained in a form of rhenium acid by electric recirculating filter washing. After processing of copper concentrates, washing acid is the main source of this metal.

Application

Rhenium is non-competitive bearing material that is applied for manufacture of special technique parts. Operational temperature of such parts exceeds 1000 °C in aggressive environment. In electrical engineering, electronics, there are manufactured grids, filament heaters, cathode heaters for cathode ray tubes; in thermionic generators, generator and receiving-intensifying lamps there are used filament heaters of ion gauges and mass spectrometers made of rhenium. Consistent operational use of mechanical and optical assemblies that are fixed on metallic thin fixture are very important for geodesic devices. Fixtures of such type contain transit theodolites, level instruments, gyro-theodolites. The most accurate fixtures are those which are made out of rhenium alloys.

Thermocouples

In order to measure the highest temperatures (of about 2500°C), there are used thermocouples made out of tungsten and rhenium alloys. They are much more accurate than simple thermocouples made of molybdenum and tungsten. Thermocouple wire is made out of alloy WRe20 (Re-20%), WAlRe5 (with silicon-alkali and aluminium additives), WRe5 (Re-5%) by method of powder metallurgy. Thermocouple wire of grades WRe20, WRe5 possesses different specified rates of thermal electromotive force that are noted in graduation marks. Tungsten-rhenium thermocouples are protected with molybdenum and ceramic protection tubes. Thermocouple wire of grade WRe5 is collected only along with electrode and thermocouple wire of grade WRe20 that have the same statistic characteristic.

Glowing filament

In length of time, on the inside of filament lamp, there are formed dark spots in a glass. They are the end result of water cycle. Part of water steam always remains even at the most rigorous removal of oxygen from filament lamp. At a high temperature, water splits up on oxygen and hydrogen that oxidise hot tungsten filament. After this, tungsten oxide steams off and settles down on a glass in a form of metallic tungsten that is recovered with oxygen. Thereby, The minute tungsten particles steam off from glowing filament. On a glass, there is formed dark spot and the filament becomes thinner until it tears. Up to a temperature of 1300 °C, rhenium is twice as much resistant to water cycle than tungsten; at a temperature of 1750 °C, it is eight times much resistant. Alloys of rhenium and tungsten perfectly suit to manufacture of glowing filament.

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