Biochemistry Studybook

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Transcript of Biochemistry Studybook

Chapter 1:Introduction to Biochemistry 3 Chapters 1 2 4 5 What is biochemistry? Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processess at the cellular and molecular level. Organic molecules The functional groups attached to the carbon chains makes organic molecules unique Each carbon has 4 bonding sites Carbon-Hydrogen bond is non-polar Organic molecules are also called biological molecules Huge moleculesHundreds of monomers bonded together to form the molecule Organic molecules are molecules containing Carbon and Hydrogen Chapter 2: Functional Groups What is a functional Group? A functional group is a specific group of atoms within molecules that are responsible for characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule. AlcoholsSuffix: -olA hydroxyl group makes it a polar molecule able to form hydrogen bonding with water and itself.Eg. Ethanol Hydroxyl Carboxylic acidsSuffix: -oic acidPolar and can also form hydrogen bonding with water and itself. Carboxyl AldehydesDouble bond between carbon and oxygen at the END of the moleculeSuffix: -al Carbonyl KetonesDouble bond between carbon and oxygen in the middle of the moleculeSuffix: -one Organic phosphatesA functional group consisting of a polyatomic ion.Polar molecule attached to a non polar hydrocarbon chain making the whole molecule polar. Phosphate AminesSuffix: -amineThe amino group is attached to a hydrocarbon making the molecule polar Amino Functional Groups of Organic Compounds Chapter 4: Carbohydrates What are carbohydrates? Biochemical moleculeCarbohydrates are the primary source of energy.Carbohydrates are also known as sugars.Some are structural molecules.Energy sources are based on hexose structures (6 carbons), but other exist, like pentose (5 carbons)When in water, most sugars form a ringed structureCarbohydrates are further divided into chemical groupings: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysacharides. Monomer - MonosaccharideDimer - DisaccharidePolymer - Polysaccharide Most common ones are glucose, fructose, and galactose.All structural isomers of C6H12O6.Either aldehydes or ketones, all other carbons have hydroxyl groups attached.The position of the carbonyl group that determines the sugar. Monosaccharides Formed when two monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis reaction which involves removing a water molecule.Monosaccharides, disaccharides are sweet, dissolve in water, and are called sugars.Common examples are maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are repeating units of monosaccharides - many sugarsStorage sugarIn animals, the stored sugar is glycogenIn plants, the stored sugar is starches Disaccharides Polysaccharides Glucose has 2 primary isomers: alpha and beta.Often referred to as blood sugarThe only difference is in the arrangement of the hydroxyl groups.Alpha glucose is used for energy and beta is used for structure. Often referred to as fruit sugar and is found in many foods. Honey, tree fruits, berries, melons, and some root vegetables contain some of the most significant amounts of fructose.Fructose is the sweetest of all naturally occuring carbohydrates.Used commercially in foods and beverages for its sweet taste and low cost. It is less sweet than glucose, and is considered to be a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy. Glucose Fructose Galactose Alpha Glucose Beta Glucose * Notice the only difference is in the position of the first OH ! MaltoseSucrose (table sugar)Lactose Glucose + GlucoseGlucose + FructoseGlucose + Galactose Disaccharide Made of... Animals Plants The storage sugar in animals is glycogen.In humans it is found in the liver and muscles.Glycogen is structurally very similar to amylopectin (alpha 1,4 with alpha 1,6 side chains) The storage sugar in plants is starchesThere are two types of starches: amylose and amylopectin. AmyloseSingle chained polysaccharide made of repeating alpha glucose molecules linked at the 1,4 carbons. AmylopectinBranched chain of alpha glucose primary chain of alpha 1,4, and secondary linked chain of alpha 1,6. Chitin Structural polysaccharide in animals and fungiThe main component of the cell wall of fungi, also present in the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans, and insects.Human body cannot break it downStructural polysaccharide with nitrogen containing fuctional groups attached Structural polysaccharide in plantsCell walls are made of celluloseBeta 1,4 bonded glucose polymer alternativesHumans and many other animals lack the enzymes to break down the beta linkages, so are unable to digest cellulose.Certain animals can digest cellulose because of the presence of a certain bacteria in their gut. Termites, cows are examples of these animals. Cellulose What are lipids? Chapter 5: Lipids Biochemical moleculeThere are many types of lipids such as triglycerides, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.Lipids are non-polarLipids are hydrophobic Functions Long-term energy sourceInsulationVitamin transit (A,D,E & K)Moisture retentionComponent of cell membraneSome hormones Triglycerides Typically fats and oilsNon polarThey are composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acidsWhen a glycerol and 3 fatty acids bonds through dehydration synthesis, 3 waters are madeThe bond between a glycerol and a fatty acid is called an ester bond Usually saturatedFound in animalsSolid at room temperatureEg. butter, lard Fats Oils Usually unsaturatedFound in plantsLiquid at room temperatureEg. vegetable oil, margarine May be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, but never saturatedThey are oils pretending to be fatsHydrogenated - hydrogen atoms were added to unsatured fatBecomes unstable after heated, releases free radicalsHarmful Trans Fat Triglyceride Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Ester Bond Phospholipids Major component of all cell membranes.Composed of a polar head, 2 non polar tails, and a phosphate group.The structure contains a backbone glycerol, with 2 non polar fatty acids and a polar phosphate group.The fatty acids tails are hydrophobic.The phosphate group end of the molecule is hydrophilic because of the oxygens with all of their pairs of unshared electrons.This makes phospholipids soluble in both water and oil. Phosphate group - polar headHydrophilic Glycerol - back bone Fatty acids - 2 non-polar tailsHydrophobic Waxes A long chained alcohol attached to a fatty acidNon-polar Steroids In the form of a ringed carbonNon-polarEg. cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D + Alcohol Fatty acid -> wax + water Cholesterol Molecules containing an amino group, a carboxylic acid group and a R group.Building blocks of protein.They can be linked together in varying sequences to form different proteins. Chapter 6: Proteins Amino Acids What are proteins? Biochemical molecule.Used for structure and cell repair.One or more polypeptides.The shape of the protein determines its function.When the shape of the protein is altered, the protein no longer performs its function.Permanent alteration of the shape is called denaturation. Caused by extreme heat. Enzymes All enzymes are proteinsThe best known role of proteins in the human body is as enzymes which catalyze chemical reactions.Enzymes carry out most of the reactions involved with metabolism. Monomer - Amino AcidDimer - DipepeptidePolymer - Polypeptide Protein Structure Primary structure: Order of the amino acidsSecondary Structure: Alph Helix or Beta pleated sheetTertiary structure: Final 3D structure of a single chained polypeptide. A functional protein.Quaternary structure: More than one polypeptide chain working as one protein. It is a mix of tertiary structures. Not all proteins become Quaternary. Amino Acid Peptide Bond Biochemical moleculeFunctions include DNA and RNA - genetic information, stored Chapter 7: Nucleic Acid What are Nucleic Acids? 3 Parts of a nucleotidePentose (5 carbon) sugar (RNA=ribose, DNA=deoxyribose)Phosphate groupNitrogen containing base (Eg. Adenine, cytosine) Basic Structure of a Nucleic Acid monomer - Nucleotide Pentose Sugar Phosphate Group + + Nitrogen Containing Base Nucleotide -> CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic Acids BiochemistryStudy Book BuildingMolecules Reaction is called Dehydration Synthesis Chapter 3:Making and Breaking Up Polymers Remove water To make/put together Glucose + Glucose -> Maltose + WaterC6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O * When building biological molecules use dehydration synthesis! Use water to break down Reaction is called Hydrolysis Sucrose + Water -> Glucose + FructoseC-C-O-C-C + H2O -> C-C-OH + C-C-OH * When breaking up polymers use hydrolysis! Breaking upMolecules Index Monomers - Subunits that make up macromoleculesDimer - two monomers bonded togetherPolymers - Long chains of monomers

f) 1. c)2. e)3. d)4. a)5. f)6. b) Chapter 1: Intro to Biochemistry Fill in the blanks1. Biochemistry is the application of ________ to the study of ________ processess at the cellular and molecular level2. Biological molecules are also called _________ molecules.3. Organic molecules all contain ________ and ________ molecules.4. _________ are the subunits that make up macromolecules, ___________ are two subunits bonded together, ___________ are long chains of subunits bonded together5. The __________ groups attached to the carbon chains make the organicmolecules unique.6. Organic molecules are _______ in size.7. Carbon-hydrogen bond is ___________.8. Each carbon has ___ bonding sites. Chapter 3: Making and Breaking Polymers Ch 1 Ch 3 Ch 2 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6 Ch 7 1. Carbohydrates2. Glycogen3. Glucose, Fructose4. Amylose, Amylopectin5. Glucose6. Cellulose7. Energy8. Monosaccharides, Monomers True or False1. Hydrolysis is used when building biological molecules.2. Dehydration synthesis is used when bonding monomers into polymers.3. Water is used during hydrolysis.4. Water is produced During dehydration synthesis.5. Always use dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis when making and breaking polymers of biological molecules. 1. False2. True3. True4. True5. True6. True Answers: