Tooth decay is the most common problem with teeth. A sticky film called plaque causes tooth decay. Bacteria in the mouth form plaque as they feed on sugars from food. As acids in the plaque eat away the outer layer of the teeth, decayed areas called cavities form.

Brushing and flossing the teeth can prevent tooth decay. But regular cleanings at a dentist’s office are also important. During a cleaning the dentist, or an assistant called a dental hygienist, removes tartar and other material from the teeth. Tartar is a hard, yellowish substance that forms from plaque, minerals, and saliva. The hygienist also polishes the teeth, which helps to prevent plaque from building up again. The hygienist may also treat the teeth with sodium fluoride, a mineral that helps to keep cavities from forming.

After a cleaning or on a separate visit, the dentist inspects the teeth and gums for problems. An assistant will often take X-rays, which show cavities or problems inside the teeth or below the gums.

The dentist uses a drill to remove any cavities. Drugs help the patient not to feel pain during the drilling. Then the dentist fills the tooth with a substance made of metals, plastics, or other materials. The substance is commonly called a filling.

Dentists try to avoid pulling teeth. Sometimes, though, dentists must remove teeth that cause pain or other problems. If a patient loses teeth, the dentist may fit the patient with false teeth. Some false teeth are attached to the jawbone. Others, called dentures, may be taken out at night for cleaning.

Dentists may also treat other problems with the teeth, gum disease, and problems with the jaw. Some dentists, called orthodontists, straighten teeth. Cosmetic dentists work to make teeth even and white.

In ancient times people used herbs, mouthwashes, magic spells, and prayers to treat tooth problems. They also pulled out decayed teeth. Dentistry became more scientific in the 1700s. Dentists began using drugs and X-rays in the 1800s. In the 1900s people began adding sodium fluoride to toothpastes and drinking water to help prevent tooth decay.

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