After 1960s, rapid urbanization, increases in income and consumption inevitably gave rise to environmental pollution as well as mass generation of waste on an unprecedented scale. The changes in consumption pattern for most people preferring luxurious goods also resulted in shortening of product life span and brought about early discard of products, such as furniture, and home appliances. And use of disposable products, excessive packaging and excessive food waste were creating greater challenges for waste management authorities. Moreover, waste treatment facility was necessary but construction of sanitary landfill site and incinerator caused big social conflict between local communities. To overcome the problems, government started to shift its focus from “how to treat the waste” to “how to reduce the waste.” In order to reduce waste and maximize recycling, the Korean government introduced the Volume-based Waste Fee (VBWF) System in 1995. (The rest omitted)