Wednesday, December 30, 2009

Go Ugly Early. In some forms of context, this means choosing the first or less prominent girl in a nightclub. However, to a military aviator this connotation takes on a whole different meaning. Whenever there is a need for an aircraft to attack a ground target, they usually send in a bird that is dedicated to ground attack. This usually means attack/bombers such as the A-10 or the AC-130. [1]

As seen in these pictures, these are not the sleek and sexy aircraft you usually see in the movies or in the usual airplane posters. Seriously, look up F-22 or F-15 or find the usual posters jocks and teenage boys put up in their rooms and dorms. If these aircraft were people, they would be in reality shows such as 'Extreme Makeover.' These aircraft are also seen aviator's eyes as fugly little things. In fact, the own crew of these aircraft gave them aptly named nicknames to their looks. The A-10 Thunderbolt II is universally nicknamed the Warthog because of its resemblance to a warthog's head and its grunt when the A-10s gun is fired. In some aspects, it is also nicknamed the Devil's Cross because of its the similarities between its silhouette and the cross of the Russian Orthodox Church. [2]

However, the AC-130 Spectre/Spooky doesn't have a nickname, because its name was already foul to begin with.

Despite all of this, these aircraft are beautiful in their own way. The A-10 was designed ugly because it was meant to take every bullet and missile in the Soviet or Ayatollahs arsenal, kill the baddie, and limp back bleeding like a sieve and missing parts. Kind of like John McClane with wings. The fuel tanks have a honeycomb infrastructure to hold onto its drink and not blow up if directly shot. The tail and engines are separated to allow the aircraft to continue flying if a tail or engine is shredded. The engine is a fuel efficient turbofan (the same type used to power the puddle jumpers (regional jets) you fly today) that allows the A-10 to loiter, or remain in the battlezone, for long periods of time. The cockpit is sort of bug-eyed to allow the pilot to see the battlefield in order to attack the baddies. The cockpit is also surrounded in the bottom with a titanium half-sphere and has strong bullet-proof glass in order to protect the pilot from ground fire. Heck, even the landing gear was made to provide a safe landing during the worst scenarios. The main (rear) wheels were housed without any cover in order to provide some stability during a belly landing. The pièce de résistance is the big GAU-8 gatling gun built within the aircraft.[3] This gun, the size of a Honda Civic if you include the magazine chamber and mechanisms, is capable of firing bullets that are meant to pierce tanks, reinforced walls, Transformers, Godzilla, Simon Cowell's ego, etc. etc. etc. Take in consideration that this airplane fires bullets as wide as 3cm long and 4 inches wide.[4]

The AC-130 is a funny little concept since the beginning. During the Vietnam War, an idea was conceived of adding rapid firing miniguns on an air transport. The transport would then go in circles above a fixed spot and fire on the baddies. This started by adding three miniguns to a C-47 (the military version of the propliner DC-3). The problem the gunships had were that they were big juicy targets for the enemy. This meant that the aircraft had to fly at night in order to use the darkness to their advantage. However, these aircraft were from the Second World War era and their age limited how much fire they could take. From this, the United States Air Force (Air Force) armed a C-119 (Korean War era cargo transport) which was a somewhat improvement over the C-47 and an incredible improvement on receiving bullets from Mr. Baddie. So the Air Force needed a sturdy and reliable aircraft to carry lots of guns. The C-130 Hercules was the aircraft of choice. entering service in the late 1950s, this aircraft was more refined as newer variants came into existence. A large aircraft with four turboprop engines, it was able to carry much more than the C-47 and the C-119 and take a beating by both its crew and baddies and make it home to be fixed with a hammer and duct tape. In fact, during combat the Hercules was able to take direct fire and continue firing. During the Falklands war, the Royal Navy pilot Nigel 'Sharkey' Ward had to use two missiles and his Harrier's guns to shoot down an Argentinian Hercules because of its durability and fire suppression system in its wings and engine.[5] This was the perfect aircraft to strap guns and have it fire directly on the baddies. With the A-Attack configuration in its name, this variant became the AC-130 Spectre. As the Vietnam War progressed, newer variants came about with the installation of a Bofors gun (basically a chain gun with the effect of creating explosive ammunition) and a howitzer gun. In essence, the Air Force installed a tank gun and explosive bullets on an aircraft. This proved successful in providing air cover and nightmares to the baddies. [6]Six Spectres were lost during the Vietnam War but destroyed around 10,000 trucks.[7] Think about it, most of the Vietnamese logistical division was annihilated and they only brought down six of their planes. During the Trouble in Paradise campaigns (Grenada and Panama), the Spectre managed to provide strong cover fire for the US troops and special forces below. During the first Gulf War, the Spectres provided a great burden to the Iraqi forces. A Spectre crew went beyond their call of duty to protect the Marines during a fierce firefight at the Battle of Khafji. However, they remained airborne as day came and an Iraqi soldier managed to use a portable missile to bring it down. It was later that another Spectre got its revenge. A Spectre named Azrael caught the massive Iraqi evacuation from Kuwait and mercilessly annihilated entire convoys despite being under fire.[8] Even during the Second Gulf War and the war in Afghanistan, the newer variants, the Spooky, are heavily relied on precision strikes against the terrorist baddies. They have also been used recently to support allied troops in restoring the government of Somalia. With all of their time in service, the AC-130 Spectre/Spooky has the distinction of never having a base under its protection lost to the enemy.[9] However, the Pentagon's generals (the top brass) were not that happy on its resources detracting from the high flying speed birds. They wanted the Air Force to focus on the sexy fighter jets and bombers in their fleet. Their spite towards ground attack aircraft culminated in the A-10.

The A-10 came on the scene as a consequence of the Vietnam War. Many military officers saw that the attack aircraft usually were blasted to bits by ground fire and needed lots of firepower to support the troops and kill the baddies. The leading aircraft to support in this role was the propellor driven A-1D Skyraider. [10]While this aircraft was able to fly low and slow to find and kill the baddies and was able to loiter for a while to support the troops; it was not built to withstand direct hits from enemy artillery and missiles. Sure the Skyraider could take lots of hits, but let a missile hit the plane or an anti-aircraft bullet hit the pilot and there goes the air support. So after the Vietnam War, the Air Force needed a plane that could fly low and slow, take a beating, protect the pilot, and have a good loiter time. However, some of the top brass wanted none of that. Many of them grew up with the Air Force composed of sleek and sexy fighter jets gracefully dogfighting very high in the sky. To go low and gritty with the ground combat was contradicting to the idea of flying high. Flying near the ground against ground forces was seen as a job for the Army. As the Air Force was obligated to provide all air support to both the combat theatre and the troops below, they were stuck with the A-10. This conflict continued through the eighties as the fighter jets, such as the Air Force's F-16, the Navy's F-18, and the Marine's AV-8 Harrier were capable of attacking ground forces. Despite this, many saw the potential of the A-10. Tom Clancy used his novel, Red Storm Rising, as one of the more realistic depictions of World War III between NATO and the Soviets. In this novel, the A-10 proved useful in eradicating tank batallions and providing lengthy cover for ground troops while taking enemy fire. This would ring true when the A-10 flourished in the first Gulf War. Here the Devil's Cross destroyed many Iraqi armor, provided lengthy cover for the Allied troops, got shot by a surface to air missile and made it back to base, and shot down a helicopter. Since then the A-10 has been accepted by the top brass as a superb aircraft and will continue to be so until its obligated retirement around 2028.

These aircraft are still not the first thing people think about when it comes to attack warplanes. Many kids and adults still dream about the F-22 and the F-18 when it comes to modern warplanes. However, the soldiers have always seen these aircraft as angelic when they came to their aid. There is no sweeter sound than the grunt of the gun and loud whistle of the Warthog or the sounds of incoming fire from the Spooky raining down on the enemy. So in the end, they aren't pretty, but Satan's Cross (as I like to call it) and the Spooky do their job and become saviors and brethren to the soldiers on the ground and provide the nightmares to the baddies. These aircraft literally bring the rain. And that's a lot more to say than what the F-22 Raptor can do.

[1]Wikipedia contributors, "A-10 Thunderbolt II," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-10_Thunderbolt_II&oldid=335691841This is a combination of an image of the A-10 from Wikipedia and an image of the AC-130 from my personal collection.[2] Wikipedia contributors, "Russian Orthodox Church," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&oldid=335605918 The image is an image mix of a personal image with the image from this webpage.[3] Wikipedia contributors, "A-10 Thunderbolt II," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-10_Thunderbolt_II&oldid=334574747 Go ugly early usually has not had a strong influence with current wars, such as Afghanistan. This is because there was a greater need to send in a faster aircraft to respond to allies on the ground. This meant that the aircraft used were the sleeker looking F-16,F-15E, or the B-1B.[4] Wikipedia contributors, "30 mm caliber," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=30_mm_caliber&oldid=332291059 [5] Philip Kaplan, Fly Navy: Naval Aviators and Carrier Aviation - A History (London: Aurum Press, 2001). 224[6][7][8][9] Wikipedia contributors, "Lockheed AC-130," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lockheed_AC-130&oldid=333839304 [10] Wikipedia contributors, "A-1 Skyraider," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-1_Skyraider&oldid=333989479

Saturday, December 19, 2009

Ok, maybe I was a bit harsh with my comments on the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) pilots and the UAVs itself in the U-2 blog. After much thought I realized that there was more to UAVs than being overgrown remote control planes. The reason for the apprehension comes from the traditional thought within aviators of the aircraft being controlled by a pilot within it. The thought of the pilot sitting behind a desk while their aircraft is airborne is seen as the sign of the end of times. It is a horrific thought to even ponder that aircraft can autonomously fly by themselves or be controlled by an armchair pilot. Nonetheless, the Predator has shown that it is a very capable and efficient aircraft through its combat service. It is also one of the most efficient and practical designs that can come out of aviation since, dare I say, the Douglas DC-3. It is imperative that I add the Predator into my blog before it becomes too cool for it. I also promised someone I would give a detailed look at one of General Atomics’ greatest creation. Individuals who have recently purchased Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 have either faced the wrath of a Predator’s missile or have giggled at seeing their adversary’s last moments caught on the Predator’s infrared camera.

Moments before some hapless gamers curse at General Atomics for creating their flying assassin.

The Predator had an interesting history starting from spying on the Serbians debauchery in the Balkans and then on the Iraqis and Taliban before Uncle Sam decided to give it some six shooters to play with (in the form of Hellfire air to ground missiles and Stinger air to air missile). It’s a simple design because it has the sensors in front, the fuel in the long rectangular wings, and the light engine in the back. The aircraft is well balanced in weight in order to provide a fuel efficient flight and allows many of its components to be easily accessible for maintenance. Despite the stiff price and off the shelf technology it carries, the Predator is cheaper than a manned reconnaissance aircraft and uses the off the shelf technology to provide the advantage viewpoint of our soldiers below; that is unless the baddies also use off the shelf technology to get their unencrypted view of themselves from the Predator .Nonetheless, the long wings allow it to glide in the air and maintain a low speed flight to loiter over a specific zone for many hours at a time, giving the soldiers on the ground and the Brass in the command centers the optimum view of the battlefront. The company that created the Predator has a curious history before their first UAV was created. General Atomics began as an offshoot of General Dynamics in order to construct nuclear technologies for the United States of America in San Diego, until it was purchased by Gulf Oil in 1967. [1] After being passed around like a nasty fruitcake between oil companies, it was bought by Neal and Linden Blue who took the company from the oil company to make, among many things, airplanes. [2] In the early 1990s, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) wanted a new reconnaissance drone plane. It wasn’t the first time the CIA had flown spy drones. Drone aircraft have existed even before the Second World War. Some examples were Teledyne Ryan Firebee (first drone with a jet engine) and the Lockheed D-21 (the Mach 3+ supersonic drone that spied on the People’s Republic of China) [3]The Predator’s cocaine driven Kawasaki riding uncle.

However, these drones were expensive and impractical. The Firebee only flew fast and quickly consumed much of its fuel while the D-21 quickly zipped by in order to not get shot down by the mainland Chinese (which they later caught on with quicker Surface to Air Missiles). The CIA needed a drone that could stick around a zone of conflict and not make the Top Brass worry if the drone gets shot down. By 1994, General Atomics gave the CIA and the Pentagon the RQ-1A Predator (R for Reconnaissance and Q for being an unmanned aircraft). This was a rather revolutionary design for an unmanned aircraft. The wings were long and rectangular to get the best lift at the slowest speed possible. It was a light aircraft so it didn’t need a huge engine to power it. The engine, a Rotax 914, is a small four-cylinder motor with a 115 horsepower engine. [4] Its almost the same caliber as a motor of a Honda Fit. This small engine is to keep all of this in the air:

[5]

The Predator entered military service in 1995, right in time to spy on the Serbians during the many conflicts that occurred in the Balkans. Many more flew and went down for the rest of the decade. Despite this, there was no loss of life, nor any danger to the airmen. It later became a common enforcer of Operation Northern Watch and Operation Southern Watch in patrolling the Iraqi airspace and patrol the ground during the latter war. It was after 2001 that the Predator was armed with anti-tank Hellfire missiles, which designated the aircraft as the MQ-1A (M for multi-role). The Predator also broke a new record in 2002. It fired on another aircraft. It used a Stinger missile (the same anti-air missile soldiers, Taliban, and Modern Warfare 2 gamers fondly use against the Predator) to take out the Iraqi fighter jet. While it lost the fight, it was never designed to fly and fight like the fighter jocks, it proved a milestone as being the first UAV to enter a dogfight.

The future looks bright for the R2D2 of the skies. It is the frontline aircraft in attacking the Taliban in eastern Afghanistan/northern Pakistan. It also spawned its more powerful cousin, the MQ-9 Reaper.

[6]A more powerful and larger UAV with a powerful turboprop engine and capable of using many missiles and bombs that are usually carried by the fancier fighter jets.

There is also an advanced version that recently entered service this year. The MQ-1C Warrior has a longer range and a diesel piston engine that uses jet fuel:

[7]

In short, this aircraft is slowly becoming a ubiquitous sight in the news and in the warzone. Heck, it is even slipping into the mainstream media (with it being part of games such as Modern Warfare 2) and even in webcomics. It’s practicality and efficiency allows it to loiter long enough to give the soldiers a bird’s eye view of their battlezone. As a hunter-killer UAV, it has proven time and time again that it is one of the best weapons of modern combat and one of the most practical aircraft to ever take to the skies.

Saturday, November 28, 2009

Once upon a time a quaint magazine was born in the fifties that captivated men's attention and changed the way people would think for the rest of time. While Car and Driver is a captivating magazine, women would be appalled and flock to Playboy magazine. This magazine would continue to profit during the sexually liberating sixties and would have the best selling copy in 1972.[1] The sixties and seventies was also a change in the aviation industry. Airliners were transitioning to the jet age and was the avant garde of technology. Gone were the noisy and slow piston aircraft and in came the svelte and fast jets like the 707 and DC-8. This technology had created a generation of the wealthy "Jet Set" who could enjoy life and chill in anywhere in the world within a days worth of travel.[2] One could drink a martini in a New York penthouse party in one night and dine on chelow kabab in Tehran by the next night. To simply understand the radical change the jet age made to society; everyone went from seeing aviation like this; [3]

to this. [4]

To own a jetliner during the Jet Age was the ultimate status symbol. It meant that the individual could travel anywhere they wanted and in the opulent comfort of your own private jet. Noone would take this farther than Hugh Hefner. He would ride in his symbol of decadence in 1970. [5]This jet came into service decked out with many creature comforts that existed in the seventies. The plane had:

televisions and leather chairs, [6]

plush leather sofas through most of the jet, [7]

a shagtastic round bed with animal pelt as a comforter, [8]

And even its own Jet Bunnies! [9]

Never before, or since, has such misogyny ever taken the sky. [10]Well, there were some exceptions...

The Big Bunny, or "Hare Force One," was the most opulent private aircraft for most of the seventies.[11][12] The only aircraft capable to match such extravagance is the executive aircraft of some national or world leaders, including the United States Air Force's famous 'Air Force One.' Such private luxury could not be matched until the boom of business jets and private use of wide-body airliners. The aircraft (N950PB) would continue flying the Jet Bunnies until 1976, when the magazine could no longer afford to keep it.[13] From there, it had a short career with the Venezuelan airline, Aeropostal. However, it finally went where every individual doused in debauchery would go to, Mexico!!! In the beginning of the 1980s, the airliner would begin a long and successful career shuttling people around Mexico with Aeromexico. The plane still had a taint of lasciviousness when it was dubbed the former party town of "Ciudad Juarez."[14] It would later be painted with a nameless silver livery during its later years.[15] In fact the Bunny Jet even has its own conspiracy theory of colliding with a UFO [16]. The plane would be retired in 2004 and was to be chopped up into scraps and soda cans in 2008. However, a plane with such a history wouldn't go down that quickly. [17]This is the very same Big Bunny (XA-JEB) in Cadereyta, Queretaro, Mexico. The fuselage was donated to the city so that it would help bring education and classes to the children of this city.[18] So unless the violence and recession changes anything; the plane went from being a sex symbol to a childrens educational tool. A fitting finale for the Big Bunny. [19]

Tuesday, November 17, 2009

Whenever you hear of the word U-2, the first thing that will pop into your head is Bono singing one of his band's hits in your head. For others it will stir up sentiments of the Cold War and a big black spyplane.

But note the odd car in this picture. The vehicle there is not because of a photo op. This is one of the legendary U-2 chase cars that the United States Air Force (USAF) has to escort this bird when it lands. The need for chase cars is not to impress our allies and adversaries for the rad spectacle that comes from this. This is a necessity as this is one of the hardest aircraft to land. The aircraft has a landing gear bicycle configuration and its massive wings creates a ground effect that creates a cushion of air under the aircraft; which it prevents the aircraft from landing [1]. Because of this, the aircraft had to purposely stall, or lose lift in its wings, in order to land. There's also the problem of a lack of visibility in the cockpit. Because of this, the pilot needs an extra set of eyes to guide them by radio in landing the aircraft. Because of this, the extra set of eyes is another U-2 pilot sitting in a souped up car following behind the spyplane.

The U-2 program started when the United States needed a spyplane that can fly higher than the Soviet fighters and anti-air guns in the early 1950s. This was needed to overfly the Soviet Union and to provide aerial reconnaissance to the top brass in the Pentagon and the White House. The Lockheed Skunkworks division concocted this jet that had a large glider-like wingspan to allow it to gain lift in the thin air up at 70,000 feet. The U-2 succeeded in spying on the Soviets until they caught up with anti-air missile technology and brought a U-2 down with a barrage of SA-2 missiles.[2] So great was this barrage that it brought down a pursuing Soviet Mig-19 fighter jet. Another one would be shot down over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The U-2 spyplanes would also be used by Republic of China (ROC) to spy on the People's Republic of China (PRC). The ROC U-2s were painted in the colors of the ROC air force.[3] Many spyplanes were lost and continued to fly until the United States reestablished political relations with the PRC in 1974. The aircraft would endure many changes including a more powerful engine(U-2C), a longer nose, equipment pods on the wings and above it(U-2R/TR-1A), and now high tech equipment such as GPS (U-2S). With these modifications, the crew of the U-2 looked at the appearance and gave it the nickname, "the Dragon Lady."

While this was going on, there was a need to land this aircraft safely. The USAF needed a fast car to keep up with the U-2 upon landing. Their option was to purchase many souped up Chevrolet El Camino cars in order to speed up to the landing U-2 and to add the gear struts that attached to the extreme part of the wings of the U-2 to allow it to taxi around the airport.After that, the USAF turned to Ford to deal with a fact car to catch up to the U-2. the next series of cars were the Ford Mustang SSP (Special Service Package) during the 1980s and early 1990s.[4] The USAF bought a whole batch of these cars after testing a Mustang SSP that was being used by the California Highway patrol at the U-2 home at Beale Air Force Base (AFB), California. After this car, the USAF turned to Chevrolet to get the Chevrolet Camaro Z-28. However, the air force got the B4C package, which was the version sold solely to the law enforcement.[5] With a 305-horsepower, 5.7-liter engine similar to the one used in the Chevrolet Corvette, the Camaro had no problem to keep up with the U-2 and carry the wing struts to the aircraft[6].

When the production of the old Camaro ended in 2002; the USAF turned to the Pontiac G8, also known as the Holden VE Commodore. This is the current car used (sometimes alongside an older B4C Camaro) as the chase car wherever the U-2 aircraft lands. Despite Pontiac's demise, the USAF is still maintaining the G8s for the time being. [7]

However, there is a storm brewing on the horizon. An aircraft now exists that will one day remove the daring pilot and Hollywood style car chases at Beale AFB. This aircraft was even suggested by dear old "Rummy" to replace the U-2.[8] Meet C-3PO with wings:

This is the RQ-4A Global Hawk. This unmanned aerial vehicle does the spying without risking the pilot's life. It is the epitome of efficiency and expendability. In short, this is a plane without the passion or soul that you get from the U-2. The U-2 has the heritage and essence of the will of humanity to ride it out to the limits of the Earth and is an adventure from takeoff to cruising through the Coffin Corner (edge where your high cruising speed is at the exact point of stalling) and landing with a show. Comparing the Dragon Lady with the Global Hawk is like comparing a Ferrari California with a Hyundai Sonata. The Hawk does the job rather brilliantly, but what's the use of glorifying and oversize remote control bird. Seriously, if these two pilots were lady killers at a night club, who do you think would get the girl; the guy who flight-simmed through a war, or the one who flew at the edge of space and landed in hot pursuit.

Fortunately, Congress still has yet to cast a bill to retire the U-2. And there's a big emphasis on the word yet. I leave you all with a video link to the U-2 chase cars in the first five minutes with James May.

For starters, this is an unofficial writing. By this I mean that I do not hold it to the highest standards of using primary sources (as most of it will be from online webpages) and will not be a fit writing of perfection (as most of it will be my practice trial and error run for my assignment and papers and will not be rechecked for errors). If any of my professors or friends read this; not that this blog will not follow the exact and serious writing that are accepted by institutions. The Chicago Manual of Style will also be followed as best as I can with this blog but I cannot guarantee to be error free. I will also do this aside and secondary to my research papers and assignments so the content will vary in size and timely effort.With all the preliminary cautions aside, here I will write about historical moments in aviation. However, I will focus mostly on small historical details or aircraft that have been obscured or largely ignored by the mainstream media and population. Everyone knows about the U-2 spyplane and the DC-9 aircraft, but few know of the U-2 chase cars and the Playboy Bunny jet. So in short, I will try to do this as interesting as possible in order for, you, the reader and I can enjoy this blog. With this in consideration, welcome to Just Plane History!