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Time Bomber Book Videos, with other odds and ends

Thursday, July 18, 2013

- Full First Chapter: January 7, 1972: The Beginning of an Exciting Month -

This short chapter could have been an introduction as well. This chapter is now the introduction. It covers what was going on at the time this story erupted across America on television and in print.

This is the only chapter of the book that is posted here in full.

B

ack in January 1972, I was a 10
year old technology and news geek in Matteson, Illinois.It was a remarkable time to be a lad with
those interests.For years, it seemed, every
single day the news mentioned a hijacking,[1]
bombing, attempted bombing, the occasional domestic biological warfare plot,[2]
or high-profile kidnapping. For many of
you reading this today, I am here to tell you, post 9/11 America is pretty darn
calm.Even the week of 9/11/2001 was
calm compared to January 1972, and you really should count your blessings.
Knowledge of terrorism from that period is not only
lost on the young.A few years later,
when I left Chicagoland for the Tennessee Valley, I discovered that much of
this terrorism news was ignored or forgotten outside of the larger cities.

The institutional amnesia effect was confirmed yet
again at the family Independence Day picnic the year I write this, 2013.I asked one of my aunts if she remembered the
November 1972 hijacking of Southern Airways flight 49, a flight that made
national news when the hijackers wanted to crash the plane into the nuclear
reactor at Oak Ridge National Labs.[3]One of the hijackers, Louis Moore, was from
Knoxville, Tennessee (where I write) and still lives here.Nope, she did not remember a bit of that, but
she remembered the “streaking” craze on the University of Tennessee campus.

I remembered the hijacking, as a youngster in the Chicago
suburbs, because my mother’s family is from the area targeted by the hijackers.I remembered the streaking craze too, but I
just don’t find that as important an issue as hijackings, bank bombings, and
home grown biological warfare attacks.

It was not just here in East Tennessee, throughout
my life I’ve met people reared in every corner of the country who had no idea
that between January 1, 1969 and April 15, 1970 there were over 8,200 bombings,
attempted bombings, and bomb threats attributed to “student unrest” alone.[4]In 1970 there were over 450 terror attacks in
the USA, and the next year, just a shade over half that many.[5]Of course, different people “score” these
events differently. So, for every number
I reference, other sources have different numbers.Dennis Sodomka, of the Chicago Daily News,
reported in January 1972 that in California alone “more than 100 bombs explode
every month.”[6]The fact remains, whatever source you use,
that era was very active in bombings, attempted bombings, and hijackings.

Perhaps the reason this case stood out for me, the
case of the time bomber, is because it was near the end of a long series of
terrorist events, and it was so different from the others in the US.

These days, never a terrorist attack goes by that
I don’t mutter, “That is not as unique or new as they are making it out to be.”I said that about the Boston Marathon bombing
of 2013, and I said it about the beheading of a British Soldier the same year.

In this case, an instance of a bomber setting seven-month
long time bombs in banks, or on other property, and holding said property for
ransom, I have not noticed replicated yet, but I am sure that it is just a
matter of time before someone dusts the idea off and it is reported as
“unprecedented.”[1]http://bit.ly/16xtF5x “Airliner Hijacked by
Armed Pair Lands in Florida,” The Evening
News, Beacon, NY, January 7, 1972. Accessed June 25, 2013.[2]http://bit.ly/UCV0Al “The terrorist mind—a look
back at a 1972 plot to poison Chicago,” Chicago
Reader, Michael Miner, September 25, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2013.[3]http://www.wbir.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=170845
“Convicted hijacker shares story, details 1972 threat to Oak Ridge,” WBIR-TV
May 25, 2011. Accessed July 6, 2013.[4]http://bit.ly/12olRPcCongressional Quarterly, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, p.
2726, Volume 28, Part 4, 1970. Accessed June 25, 2013.[5]http://bit.ly/12mmwod “Four Years of US
Terror Attacks Listed and Detailed,”
Guardian UK, April 17, 2013. Accessed June 22, 2013[6]
“Militants show bomb know-how,” Chicago
Daily News, p. 11, January 7, 1972

Note: This is the only blog post where the footnotes are the same as the book. They do not reset by chapter, they continue to the end sequentially.

This chapter covers the news of the bomb plot as it was reported on January 7, 1972. It tracks closely to the way I remember hearing and reading about it.

Beyond this preview, the chapter continues with early connections that could have been made between the bomber and others. Information that was in the notes appears here, as well as information about the bombs that was not widely reported.

Update: Moving photos of the bomber's 4 page note along with a transcription, to this chapter. The bomber's punctuation will be corrected in the transcript. If anybody wants to read the annoying version as he wrote it (the letters A and L are capitalized throughout the note), they can look at the note itself. I will place the annoying version of the transcript in another page on this blog.

The embeded news clip on this page is the same one referenced in the book.

O

n Friday January 7th a
particular story grabbed my attention.Harry
Reasoner announced[1] on
the ABC Evening News that someone had planted time bombs in safe deposit
boxes of prominent banks across the country. Instead of sending audio tapes to the Marxists
at KPFA-FM ala the Weather Underground, this bomber sent hand written notes.Not to them, but to other Marxists and the
rest to more mainstream outlets in Chicago, New York city, and the San
Francisco Bay area. He printed in block
letters and had a quirky capitalization of the letters A and L no matter where
they appeared in his text.

Use of the scribe method usually results in some
differences in notes, which may account for some differences in transcription;
even though newspaper reports said the notes were “identical,” save for the
notation to which safety deposit box an included key belonged.The version sent to the Berkeley Tribe― then edited by Matthew
Landy Steen of the Weather Underground ―
was transcribed, distributed by the Associated Press wire service, and printed
by papers from the New York Times to the Geneva Times.[2]The Chicago Daily News transcribed and
published the copy sent to their columnist Mike Royko.[3]

All were mailed from the Lincoln Park postal
station in Chicago, located at 2643 North Clark Street, all stamped Special Delivery.
The letters destined for Chicago
addresses were postmarked within a few minutes of 4:35 PM, January 6, 1972.[4]The letters for San Francisco addresses were
mailed one day earlier, all were delivered on January 7, 1972 to the following
recipients:

While not included in the criminal complaint, the Berkeley
Tribe received a letter too.
The selection of recipients was a calculated
move.Sending to network news anchors in
New York increased the chances that the news would hit the national
airwaves.Although nobody at ABC received
a copy, they appear to have obtained one from a newspaper.

The mainstream newspaper selections, especially one morning paper and one evening paper in Chicago, were papers whose articles were regularly reprinted across the country. Of course, the “underground” papers would spread the news across the country from their Chicago and San Francisco centers. In those days, newspapers ruled the news, and if you wanted to get the word about something out there, you needed to get it into the big papers of the big cities.[1]http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video?id=4100228ABC Nightly News, “Jan. 04, 1972:
Terrorist Bomb Threats.” Title and page note the wrong date.Video shows correct date. Accessed June 21,
2013[2]http://bit.ly/19cqkhl “Text of the plot to
free prisoners,” Geneva Times,
January 7, 1972, p. 2 from the Fulton History collection.Clip of headline featured on the cover.Accessed June 21,2013[3]
“Text of letter on bombs,” Chicago Daily
News, p. 2, January 7, 1972[4]
“6 bomb letters mailed at Lincoln Pk. station,” Chicago Daily News, January 14, 1972[5]
Recipient list from Ninth District Court complaint, see Documents chapter.

Note: The footnotes here begin at 1, but in the book they do not reset by chapter.

This chapter deals with the question of wether this set of bombs were part of a Weatherman action. My view of Weatherman should be apparent, I do not want any reader to get the wrong impression about my thoughts, or of what the Weathermen really were.

I did find it necessary to include, because almost from the start the FBI linked this series of bombs to the Weathermen.

If you are looking for why the Weathermen chose their club name, look anywhere else but here. That reference has been copied and pasted so many times, that no article about them is written without it (some writers actually rearranged the words a little, bully for them). Except this one.

O

ne item that leans away from a
Weatherman plot is where the bombs were planted. Nine bombs and not a
one found in a bathroom!Weatherman,
Weathermen, Weatherpersons, Weatherpeople, Weather Underground,[1]
no matter what their name of the month was, they had a thing for bathrooms.
Before I continue, if you are
looking for yet another repeat of where Weatherman took their name, you will
not find it here.Every single story on
this Soviet sponsored terrorist organization tells the tale of the minstrel and
the song where these disaffected suburban youths got their club name.What I have prepared is closer to reality,
and it comes from “The Jacket” episode of Seinfeld.A fair-use clip can be viewed here:http://timebomberbook.blogspot.com/p/weatherman-worlds-most-prolific.html
and the relevant dialogue goes like this:

Alton Benes: “I don’t need anybody to tell me it’s gonna rain. All I gotta do is stick my head out da winda.”

Alton Benes: “All right, you boys get yourselves together. We’ll head out to the restaurant. I’ll leave a note for Elaine. I’m goin’ to da batroom.”

They blew up a bathroom in the Pentagon, they hit
a couple bathrooms in the State Department, they got one in the US Capitol, and
the list goes on.

However, there were quite a few similarities.The mention by the bomb-note writer of a
“nearly silent” timing mechanism is interesting.Electric clocks of the day had a faint hum,
even the cordless variety hummed.Electric watches had a hum too, but it was more faint, since a smaller
motor equals less noise.

If you want to hide a bomb well, you want the thing to be as quiet as possible, especially if you plan on taking a building “hostage” for months on end until your demands are met. In these bombs, there was no remote activation. Radio remote detonation did not come into vogue for a few more years,[2] and it is questionable if that technique would work with a bomb intentionally buried under tons of reinforced concrete.

[1]
They never used the name “Weathergirls,” but Paul Schaffer of The Late Show with David Letterman
produced a singing group by that name a few years later.[2]http://bit.ly/yHIqoeCleveland Magazine, “The Bombing Business,” Edward P. Whelan, April,
1977.Accessed June 28, 2013

Note: The footnotes in the book begin in chapter 1 and continue sequentially throughout. They do not reset by chapter.

This chapter covers when the manhunt for the bomber actually began. No spoilers here, the bomber's real does not appear until a later chapter. The chapter continues to reveal more details of what the bomber was doing, where he was living, and various deceptions used. "Mohr" was one of his aliases, and the actual person the bomber stole this identity from is revealed.

A

s it turns out, the manhunt actually
began four months earlier, on the morning of September 7, 1971. A bomb planted in safe deposit box #1508, in
the San Francisco Bank of America branch at Market―New Montgomery, blew up around 12:35 AM. The
box was rented to Christopher C. Mohr, 560 West Arlington Place, Chicago,
Illinois.From all accounts, it appears
that the FBI kept news of the explosion quiet.There was nary a peep in the press about the explosion until after they
were alerted on January 7 to the existence of that already exploded bomb, and
eight more, through the hand written notes mailed to them.

The Bank of America box was rented in January 1971
for a yearly fee of $7.The last visit
to that box was by Mr. Mohr, recorded as July 16, 1971.Incidentally, that was the same date someone
visited all three of the safety deposit boxes he rented in Chicago, Illinois.One of the signature cards of that date for a
Chicago bank is in the Documents section, and it is signed Christopher C. Mohr.

After the bomb at Bank of America exploded, fingerprints
were recovered on documents related to the box, as well as on remnants of the
bomb.On the bank documents, Mr. Mohr described
himself as a 25-year-old writer from Los Angeles.As it turns out, this became part of the
charges in his indictment.Lying to
bankers in an FDIC insured bank is a felony, even if you are paying for one of
the few services that the FDIC has nothing to do with,[1]
renting a safety deposit box.

FBI agents questioned the building manager at 560
West Arlington Place, the address Mohr gave eight of the nine banks.The exception: He gave a non-existent “500 W.
Arlington Place” address to the Continental Illinois National Bank. Dan Madori, president of the American
Management and Maintenance Corporation,[2]
told the FBI, the IRS, and the press that “Mohr” only lived there (560 W.
Arlington) for a few days in December 1970.Mohr described himself to Madori as a physicist from Boston, Massachusetts,
and the building manager said Mohr had impeccable references and that he was working
with a good company.

Mohr moved in some furniture and introduced another young man, presented as a student who would be Mohr’s part-time roommate.[3] Both men were described as being in their 20s, although Mohr was over 30 at the time.[1]http://www.fdic.gov/consumers/consumer/information/fdiciorn.html
Accessed July 17, 2013[2]
“Suspect sought for 6 months,” Chicago
Daily News, p. 10, January 7, 1972[3]
“Who’s Mystery Man Mohr?,” San Francisco
Examiner, p. 5, January 7, 1972

Note: The footnotes here begin at 1, but the footnotes in the book do not reset by chapter. They continue sequentially until the end.

This chapter opens with a bit of what was going on in the country at the time. Jensen is one of the several aliases used by the bomber, and this is how he spent his fall and early winter in 1971.

The notion that ending the slavery of conscription is some Rightist plot to undermine protests is one of the most ridiculous things I have ever heard, and it took me by complete surprise when both Mark Rudd and Peter Coyote said the same thing, using almost the same words, in book promotion appearances for their various books. I highly encourage everybody to read their books, their support of slavery notwithstanding.

I do not include the links to their video statements here, partly because the only versions of their videos are not easily queued to the supporting statement. The links should be here and in the book before publication.

I

n 1971, conscription was still a
part of life for men of a certain age in America.The US was still fighting the war in Vietnam,
as well as keeping the Soviets out of Western Europe and the Chinese out of
South Korea.The Gates Commission had
published their report the previous year, recommending Dr. Milton Friedman’s
idea of an all-volunteer military.[1]However, in 1971 the Congress extended
conscription another two years, into 1973.

One slogan that those on the squishy Left, and us
True Right Minarchist libertarians can agree on: Conscription is Slavery.For the hard Left Marxists (or just hard Left
without Marx), you can hear the distress in the voices of Mark Rudd, Peter
Coyote, and others, that conscription is gone.They believe, and vocally complain, that an all-volunteer military is a
Rightwing plot to thwart student protests.

For those of us on the Right, it is not just a
slogan, we really mean it and everyplace that has adopted the libertarian,
free-market approach to manning their military has eliminated
conscription.As for the Marxists
regimes, they never eliminate conscription until they eliminate their Stalinist
modeled governments.The Soviets
continued their draft long after we ended ours, and it continues to this day in
Russia, as well as Red China, North Korea …
Just in time for the 1971 draft season, the US Congress
changed the draft system eliminating deferments and instating a lottery-type
system.I suppose the idea was to make
the slavery “fair.”

The draft lottery was televised that year, if I
recall I watched a bit of it, but it did not make much sense to me as a nine
year old.However, it made perfect sense
to Mike Martin and Harold Harris.Harris
had an undergraduate degree from North Carolina, and Martin was on the verge of
completing his Architecture degree from Oklahoma State when his birth date drew
a low lottery number.Martin ran right
out and joined an Oklahoma National Guard unit, did his active duty training,
finished school and completed his National Guard commitment.

n late December 1971, armed with
his new US Army issued identification card and accompanying piles of Army paper
with the Jensen name and Social Security numbers all over them,[1]
Private Jensen stopped off in Berkeley, California with a panel truck, to clean
up his belongings from the rooming house owned by Leonard Coats[2]
at 1314 Poe St.[3] and on
December 20 he also picked up a new passport.

From a Brazilian Federal Police document, their government and presumably others were not informed until August 10, 1972 that Jensen (Passport No. B-2362296) might be stopping by or passing through.[1]
In 1979, every Army anything I had was emblazoned with my name and SSAN, even
my duffle bags.[2]New York Times, January 14, 1972.[3]San Francisco Examiner, “Bay Address
– Alias Traced Bank Bomber”, January 15, 1972.

Note: The footnotes here begin at 1, but in the book they begin at 1 in the beginning and increase throughout the book, they do not restart by chapter.

This chapter continues with a translation of the Brazilian Federal Police documents. Images of the original are in the Documents chapter of the book.

This is the chapter that begins the details of who the bomber really is. It is rife with spoilers from beginning to end, so I won't be pasting the beginning here. Yes, the chapter title is the passport number that goes with his real name and comes from a Brazilian Federal Police alert that is freely available online.

The video above shows how the FBI wants the public to think their criminal identification labs work, with a focus on fingerprints. In reality, it just does not work that way and this case demonstrates that in spades.

This chapter covers how the investigation progressed, through the eyes of the public.

W

hat REDACTED BY AUTHOR did between
February 1970 and December of that year is not clear in the information
publicly available, but he was busy for sure, establishing alternate
identities, traveling coast-to-coast, learning how to build bombs, and assembling
the needed materials for his bombs.
At least one of the Social Security Account
Numbers (SSAN) he used was issued sometime in 1970, for the birth certificate
of someone who was born and died in the 1940s.He first opened savings accounts for $1 at each bank to establish a
“business relationship” with each, then in December 1970 he rented his first
two safety deposit boxes in Chicago, the one at First National Bank on December
22, and then in January 1971[1]
he rented boxes in New York and San Francisco

Sometime before July 1971, he constructed nine
time bombs and traveled across the country depositing them in the nine safety
deposit boxes he rented.It is not clear
if he constructed them in Chicago, or if they were assembled in their
respective target cities.We do know
someone identifying himself at Mohr signed in to access boxes at banks in
Chicago and San Francisco on the same day, July 16, 1971.

On January 13, 1972, the FBI announced REDACTED BY AUTHOR was the bomber that they were hunting.[2]REDACTED BY AUTHOR photo was on the front pages of
the Chicago Daily News that day, and in newspapers from New York to San
Francisco the next.The story had been
in every edition of every paper, in the three cities where the bombs were found,
every day for a week already; now the subject of the story had a real name.

The FBI gave an estimate at the time of $40.27,
and three hours time, to construct each bomb.[3]The total financial cost of the project they
estimated at $785 (about $4,515.11[4]
in 2013 dollars), if he traveled by air between cities, and only one trip
between each.[1]http://bit.ly/170astG “All Removed Safely
In 3 Major Cities,” Sarasota
Herald-Tribune, January 8, 1972. Accessed July 8, 2013.[2]
“FBI hunting GI, says he planted bombs in banks,” Chicago Daily News, p. 1, January 13, 1972.[3]
“U.S. hunting bank-bomb money men,” Chicago
Daily News, p. 4, January 20, 1972.[4]
Calculated with http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm
using years 1971 and 2013.

Note: The footnotes here begin at 1, but in the book they are sequential from beginning to end.

This chapter brings the story up to date with regard to what was going on the rest of the month of January 1972. The safe deposit box bomber was driven from the headlines mid-month by Chicago teens who formed a biological terrorist group called R.I.S.E. To this day, as far as I know, nobody has been able to decode what the letters in the acronym really mean. Michael Miner wrote about the case for the Chicago Sun-Times in 1972, and he did a followup in 2012.

After Mr. Miner's story was published, the bank bomber evaporated into obscurity, as if he was not already obscure enough.

A few more stories will be included from a bit later in the year here too, like the hijacking of Southern Airways flight 49. The hijacking that gave us metal detectors at airports to prevent airliners from being flown into buildings.

Sorry, too many spoilers in this chapter. The bomber is named in the beginning and throughout the chapter. However, I will reveal this. It is a longer than original version of the article I wrote for The Freeman (a large portion of that submission was cut in the editing process. and spoilers at the link), about how all this security theater just costs us more money and liberty, yet it does not offer any measurable additional protection.

Following the public document references come the books and magazines that reference this particular bomber, like in the debut edition of CounterSpy.

n 1978 the fifth season of Barney
Miller aired on the ABC television network.I was a huge fan of that show, and I remember a December episode (Season
5, Episode 11) that faintly reminded me of the safety deposit box bomber
case.In the episode titled “The
Radical,”[1]
a 1960s agitator hid out for about a decade in his apartment.The Internet Movie Database (IMDB) entry describes
the plot as follows:

A shoplifting suspect turns out to be a wanted 1960s-era
radical, whose raging about the Vietnam War stirs up passions and polarizes the
precinct. An overweight burglar becomes the butt of jokes.

The squad arrests a man who turns out to be a famous radical
who disappeared in the 1960s. He's disappointed that his arrest has not
generated more controversy. Inspector Lugar argues himself into a possible
heart attack debating the man. Harris collars a rotund burglar.

And then there is this, from Paul Krassner:

And an episode of Barney Miller would show a
police officer looking at an arrestee’s record muttering, “A Yippie huh?”He then read from the rap sheet: “Making
bombs, inciting to riot . . .” That’s disinfotainment.[3]

See all of the scenes with Corey Fischer portraying Jonathan Dodd from this episode here.

Mr. Krassner gets a bit annoyed when Yippies and
Weathermen are lumped together, as he told me in an email about that
passage.He was the guy who coined the
term Yippie, and if anybody is an expert on YIP, it is he.

From my memory, Detective Arthur P. Deitrich (played
by Steve Landesberg) dug out an unsolved case file, a hobby of his he would do
every year or so, and went looking for the fugitive.In a day or two, he found Jonathan Dodd /
Gerald Morris (played by Corey Fischer)[4]
and I suppose shoplifting was part that.

(My memory merged two different episodes. In "The Radical" Dodd was pinched by Detective Sergeant Wojohowitz, after a shoplifting incident at Cotterman's Market. He spontaneously confessed to being wanted Yippie Jonathan Dodd.)

(The next season, season 6, episode 17, "Uniform Day" was the episode where Detective Lieutenant Dietrich captured a different criminal, who robbed Cotterman's almost seven years earlier. He stayed in his apartment waiting out the statute of limitations and thought every cop in the city was after him the whole time. Dietrich had only recently started looking.)

Captain Barney Miller (played by Hal Linden) and
his staff of detectives checked around with various federal agencies to see if
any of them wanted to pick up the nabbed radical, and nobody was interested.He was given at least the requisite “one
phone call” and asked someone about Abbie Hoffman, but Hoffman was still in
hiding at the time so he was not able to get in touch.

In one scene, he launched what he thought was a
stinging verbal attack at Det. Wojciehowicz about being an authoritarian "maco crewcut shooting off guns."Wojo responded, “Yea, maybe so.”The character had that “aging radical”
persona that I would become familiar with a few years later when I went to
college.More like the second trip to
college a decade after “The Radical” aired, when I showed up more often and
actually hung around the campus all day.It foresaw the “professional students” who “hid out” in college for
decades and were upset younger students were not expressing their own
individuality, or the same concerns, that they approved of. That aspect was brought out when a college friend of Dodd, now working as a life insurance salesman, comes to visit him in his cell.

By the end of the episode, Captain Miller released
the disappointed radical because “nobody cares anymore.”

Oddly, the 12th Precinct station of
“Barney Miller” was in Manhattan’s West Side neighborhood of Greenwich Village,
where numerous fugitives, from Weatherman members[5]
to others liked to hide out.The
December 1978 episode aired just a bit over one year before the baby store
Bernadine Dohrn was managing in the area became involved in an investigation a pair
of armored truck robberies.

And in two of the armored car robberies, in early
1980, the police are studying an apparent connection between the rental of the
vehicles and personal identification supplied several months earlier by
unsuspecting customers at Broadway Baby, an Upper West Side children's wear
shop that was managed by Bernadine Dohrn, a former Weather Underground leader.
Miss Dohrn has not been publicly linked to the Brink's case or any of the other
robberies.[6]

The attempted robberies resulted in the deaths and
injuries of several people.The driver’s
licenses of some of the Weatherman and Black Panther members who attacked the
trucks were linked to identity theft of customers from the baby store Dohrn
managed.

Another interesting oddity is that the show was
filmed at the ABC Television Center, in Los Angeles, California.The show began filming in 1974, around the
same time that Thomas Roy Gifford showed up in LA.Born around 1943, Mr. Gifford found work as a
maintenance man at a convalescent home, and continued with them until a little
while after meeting Martha Leicester in the mid-1980s. They were married in February 1984.

Note: The footnotes here start at 1, but in the book they are sequential from the beginning.

Side notes: 1) Of course it is a cliffhanger! This is the chapter that reveals the capture of the bomber.

2) http://nyti.ms/141bfMU “BEHIND THE BRINK'S CASE: RETURN OF THE RADICAL LEFT,” New York Times, February 16, 1982. Accessed July 14, 2013. was referenced in numerous articles in 2008, but not a one of them that I found bothered to give the whole date, or even enough information to find the five page article. It may have been behind the pay-wall in 2008, but it is online for anybody to read free as I type. Those references are to a story that has nothing to do with this one.

Monday, July 15, 2013

The background is from the note mailed to Chicago Daily News columnist Mike Royko on September 6, 1972 and received on September 7th. It is colorized to approximate the yellow legal pad paper it was written on. Copies of the original, from the Royko FBI file, are in the Documents section of the book. The photos on the left margin are captioned with the various aliases the bomber used over the years. All of the news clippings are from 1972.