True Televisions have the CRT Tube !!
Welcome to the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum. Here you will see a TV Museum showing many Old Tube Television sets
all with the CRT Tube, B/W ,color, Digital, and 100HZ Scan rate, Tubes technology. This is the opportunity on the WEB to see, one more time, what real technology WAS ! In the mean time watch some crappy lcd picture around shop centers (but don't buy them, or money lost, they're already broken when new) !!!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

In Brief: On this site you will find pictures and information about some of the electronic, electrical and electrotechnical technology relics that the Frank Sharp Private museum has accumulated over the years .

Premise: There are lots of vintage electrical and electronic items that have not survived well or even completely disappeared and forgotten.

Or are not being collected nowadays in proportion to their significance or prevalence in their heyday, this is bad and the main part of the death land. The heavy, ugly sarcophagus; models with few endearing qualities, devices that have some over-riding disadvantage to ownership such as heavy weight,toxicity or inflated value when dismantled, tend to be under-represented by all but the most comprehensive collections and museums. They get relegated to the bottom of the wants list, derided as 'more trouble than they are worth', or just forgotten entirely. As a result, I started to notice gaps in the current representation of the history of electronic and electrical technology to the interested member of the public.

Following this idea around a bit, convinced me that a collection of the peculiar alone could not hope to survive on its own merits, but a museum that gave equal display space to the popular and the unpopular, would bring things to the attention of the average person that he has previously passed by or been shielded from. It's a matter of culture. From this, the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum concept developed and all my other things too. It's an open platform for all electrical Electronic TV technology to have its few, but NOT last, moments of fame in a working, hand-on environment. We'll never own Colossus or Faraday's first transformer, but I can show things that you can't see at the Science Museum, and let you play with things that the Smithsonian can't allow people to touch, because my remit is different.

There was a society once that was the polar opposite of our disposable, junk society. A whole nation was built on the idea of placing quality before quantity in all things. The goal was not “more and newer,” but “better and higher" .This attitude was reflected not only in the manufacturing of material goods, but also in the realms of art and architecture, as well as in the social fabric of everyday life. The goal was for each new cohort of children to stand on a higher level than the preceding cohort: they were to be healthier, stronger, more intelligent, and more vibrant in every way.

The society that prioritized human, social and material quality is a Winner. Truly, it is the high point of all Western civilization. Consequently, its defeat meant the defeat of civilization itself.

Today, the West is headed for the abyss. For the ultimate fate of our disposable society is for that society itself to be disposed of. And this will happen sooner, rather than later.

OLD, but ORIGINAL, Well made, Funny, Not remotely controlled............. and not Made in CHINA.

How to use the site:

- If you landed here via any Search Engine, you will get what you searched for and you can search more using the search this blog feature provided by Google. You can visit more posts scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year,or you can click on the main photo-page to start from the main page. Doing so it starts from the most recent post to the older post simple clicking on the Older Post button on the bottom of each page after reading , post after post.

You can even visit all posts, time to time, when reaching the bottom end of each page and click on the Older Post button.

- If you arrived here at the main page via bookmark you can visit all the site scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year pointing were you want , or more simple You can even visit all blog posts, from newer to older, clicking at the end of each bottom page on the Older Post button.So you can see all the blog/site content surfing all pages in it.

- The search this blog feature provided by Google is a real search engine. If you're pointing particular things it will search IT for you; or you can place a brand name in the search query at your choice and visit all results page by page. It's useful since the content of the site is very large.

Note that if you don't find what you searched for, try it after a period of time; the site is a never ending job !

Every CRT Television saved let revive knowledge, thoughts, moments of the past life which will never return again.........

Many contemporary "televisions" (more correctly named as displays) would not have this level of staying power, many would ware out or require major services within just five years or less and of course, there is that perennial bug bear of planned obsolescence where components are deliberately designed to fail and, or manufactured with limited edition specificities..... and without considering........picture......sound........quality........

The old B/W Tubes Television set was powered with a External Voltage stabiliser / Constant Voltage transformer unit (portable
metal box) because There was intermittent significant rapid line
voltage dips here and there that were rather annoying when watching a
tube set with an unregulated power supply (like all tvs of ancient
times) and it eliminates the line dip issue completely.

(The, of mine, Pictured Constant Voltage transformer unit taken as example is a "KURTIS" STV/3 Italian Manufactured
in Milan (Italy) in Year 1954 with a 250 VA power displacement and
developed under Italian Patent 50499. It's clearly reported that input
may be universal within -20% +10% variations, output is precisely
regulated within 1% range.........................click on pictures to
enlarge them at full screen......)

The
invention relates to voltage regulators of the type employed to supply
alternating
current and a constant voltage to a load circuit from a source in which
the line voltage varies. They are particularly advantageous in
connection with commercial applications such as amplifiers for talking
motion pictures, amplifiers for radio transmitters, Television sets
(tubes), mercury arc lamps, X-ray apparatus, etc.

Features : Instantaneous
Voltage regulation. No effect of input Transient and spikes on the
output. Sinusoidal output waveform. Was a perfect answer and remedy for
all types of electronic equipment. The CVT have been designed to give
you total protection against power related problems and to condition the
power to suit the needs of Tubes television sets based equipment. It
effectively regulates voltage variation, suppresses transients and
bridges short interruptions/dips.

Basics:
Ferro Resonant type Constant Voltage Transformers - CVT, the AC mains
power the input winding, which The input winding normally runs at very
moderate Flux linkage levels. The output winding exhibits an intrinsic
energy characteristic and this energy storage operate in conjunction
with mains capacitor to produce self-generated AC flux Field which is
indirectly extracted from the Input Winding.These
Constant Voltage transformer or CVT use a tank circuit composed of a
high-voltage resonant winding and a capacitor to produce a nearly
constant average output with a varying input. The ferroresonant approach
is attractive due to its lack of active components, relying on the
square loop saturation characteristics of the tank circuit to absorb
variations in average input voltage.

The ferroresonant action is a
flux limiter rather than a voltage regulator, but with a fixed supply
frequency it can maintain an almost constant average output voltage even
as the input voltage varies widely.

All problems related to
variation / fluctuation in Voltages are effectively handled because of
this principle and a constant voltage output of ± 1% is given.

INVENTOR: JOSEPH G. SOLA.

The
invention relates to an improved constant potential transformer by
means of which variations of input voltage over a wide range of limits
may take place without affecting the output voltage to any substantial
extent.

One of the objects of my invention is to provide a
constant potential transformer which is compact as a unit and which may
be economically manufactured.

o1 It is another object of my
invention to provide a transformer of this type in which the efficiency
and input power factor are high while the temperature rise of the
magnetic core is low.

A further object of my invention is to
provide 1., a transformer, the outputvoltage wave of which will have
very little distortion and the device will be satisfactory for various
commercial applications.

The invention consists of the novel
constructions, arrangments and devices to be hereinafter described and
claimed for carrying out the above stated objects and such other objects
as will appear from the following description of certain preferred
embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein,Fig. 1 is a
sectional view of one form of construction that may be used; Fig. 2 is a
diagrammatic illustration of the wiring arrangement that may be used in
connection with a construction such as that shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a
sectional view of another form of construction embodying the principles
of my invention; Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of the wiring
arrangement that may be used in connection with a construction such as
that shown in Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the vector relations
between the various voltages obtained in the illustrated constructions
at different values of input voltage; and Fig. 6 is a graph showing the
relation between the magnitudes of various voltages obtained in the
illustrated constructions as the input voltage is varied.

Like characters of reference designate like parts in the several views.

Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, it
will be seen that a core type of transformer construction is
illustrated, the closed magnetic circuit 10 of which comprises a stack
of I-shaped laminations II in abutting relation with the end legs 12a of
a stack of E-shaped laminations 12, which may be held 5 together by any
suitable means. On the end portion A of the core bar 11, I have
provided a primary winding 13, the terminals 14 and 15 of which are
adapted to be connected with a source of alternating current, the
voltage of which from time to time may fluctuate or vary substantially. g
On the end portion B of the core bar 11, I have mounted a winding 16,
which is in spaced relation to but magnetically coupled with the winding
13, the winding 16 having terminal leads 17 and 18 and an intermediate
tap 19. That part of the winding 16 between the lead I7 and tap 19 may
be considered as an output or load winding, and the entire winding 16
between the leads 17 and 18 may be termed an intermediate winding.

The
magnetic core 10 is provided with a high leakage reactance path between
the windings 13 and 16 which in the form shown comprises the central
leg 12b of the E-shaped laminations and which terminates short of the
core bar 1 thereby providing a non-magnetic or air gap 20 between said
leg 12b and the core bar II. In this arrangement, a condenser 21 is
connected by leads 22 across the terminals 17 and 18 of the winding 16.The
lead 17 forms one side and the tap 19 the other side of what may be
termed an output or load circuit. In the arrangement shown, an auxiliary
winding 23 is positioned over the winding 13 and is magnetically
coupled therewith, the terminals 24 of said winding 23 being connected
in series in the lead 19 of said output circuit. In Figs. 3 and 4, I
have illustrated my invention in connection with a well-known shell type
of transformer having two closed magnetic circuits 10 and 10a
comprising a straight central core bar 25 of I-shaped laminations, the
sides of which are in abutting contact with the end legs 26a of the
E-shaped laminations 26 and the end legs 27a of the E-shaped laminations
27, said parts being held in operative relation by any suitable means.
On the end portion A, of the core bar 25, I have mounted a primary
winding 28 the terminals 29 and 30 of which are adapted to be connected
to a source of alternating current, the voltage of which may fluctuate
substantially from time to time. Another winding 31 is positioned on the
end portion B of the core bar 25, the winding 31 being in spaced
relation to but magnetically coupled loosely with the winding 28.

A
condenser 32 is connected across the terminals 33 and 34 of the winding
31. Another winding 80 35 is mounted on the end portion B of the core
bar 25, in the arrangement shown the winding 35 being positioned over
and magnetically coupled tightly with the winding 31. The terminal 36 of
the winding 35 leads to one side of what may i be termed an output
circuit. An auxiliary winding 37 is positioned on the end portion A of
the core bar 25 and in the arrangement illustrated the winding 3I is
positioned over and magnetically coupled tightly with the winding 28.A
lead 38 connects the winding.37 in series with the winding 35, the lead
39 of the winding 37 forming the other side of the aforesaid output
circuit. The winding 35 may be termed an output or load winding and the
winding 31 may be considered as an intermediate winding. The closed
magnetic circuits described are each provided with a high leakage
reactance path between the windings 28 and 37 on the end portion A of
the core bar 25 and the windings 31 and 35 on the end portion B of said
core bar, which in the arrangement shown comprise the central legs 40
and 41 of the respective E laminations 26 and 27. The shunts 40 and 41
terminate short of the adjacent sides of the core bar 25 thereby
providing non-magnetic or air gaps 42 and 43 between the legs 40 and 41
and the core bar 25.

In Figs. 2, 4, 5 and 6 Vo represents the
voltage across the output circuit, Vp shows the input voltage on the
primary winding, Vs indicates the voltage derived from the winding 16
between the lead 17 and tap IS, and from the winding 35 forming parts of
the respective output circuits, and Vpa is the component of the output
voltage taken across the terminals of the auxiliary winding 23 or 31, as
the case may be.In
Fig. 5, I have shown the vector relations of the various voltages in
either arrangement at a certain power output and at different values of
primary voltage. The various voltages are either not primed or are
primed to correspond to the different values of Vp which is varied. As
shown, Vpa is nearly 180* out of phase with Vs, and hence the vectorial
sum Vo of the two is approximately their numerical difference.

In
Fig. 6, I have illustrated graphically the relation in the
constructions described between Vs, Vo, Vpa and Vp ata certain power
output.

The principles upon which my improved transformer
constructions operate will be clear from a detailed consideration of the
construction shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The flux set up by applying a
potential across the primary winding 28 will link with winding 31 and
cause a definite reactance to be set up by that winding. As the voltage
on the. primary winding is increased from zero to a higher level, the
flux threading through winding 31 tends to increase in nearly direct
proportion to the primary flux, due to the re5 luctance caused by the
air gaps 42 and 43, a very slight amount leaking through the shunts 40
and 41. As the Induced E. M. F. reaches a higher value in winding 31 a
critical point is reached where resonance takes place, since the
reactance of the effective inductance of the winding 31 and the capacity
reactance of the condenser 32 are approximately equal at the frequency
of the voltage impressed on the winding 28. that is to say.

WCfL
where f is the frequency of the voltage impressed on the primary winding
28, L is the effective 70 Inductance of the winding 31, and C is the
capacity of the condenser 32. Under this resonant condition, a definite
amount of current will flow in the resonant circuit, comprising the
winding 31, condenser 32 and leads 33 and 34, and such t6 current will
be limited by the constants of that circuit, with the result that a
potential will be set up across the winding 31 and a corresponding
amount of magnetic flux will be set up in the end portion B of the core
bar 25.

It is well known that the inherent characteristic of a resonant circuit
is such that its power vector may be many times greater than that of
the generator which supplies the energy to the resonant circuit; in this
case the energy is supplied by the primary of the transformer to the
resonant circuit comprising winding 31 and condenser 32. By varying the
primary voltage across winding 28 so that the magnetic density of
section A thereof will still remain under the maximum magnetic density
of section B of the core, with which the resonant circuit is associated,
the change of flux density in section A of the core due to line
variation in the primary will have no appreciable effect on the resonant
circuit as the reluctance of the leakage path will be under that of
section B of the core and flux will leak through the leakage path
between the primary and resonant core portions, which leakage path
comprises the shunts 40 and 41 and their respective nonmagnetic gap
portions 42 and 43. It is due to this leakage reactance path also that
the co-efficient of coupling between the primary winding 28 and the
aforesaid resonant circuit is reduced to a certain optimum value,
thereby maintaining a balanced condition so that the resonant circuit
will continue to oscillate with the maximum current therein at a
frequency equal to the frequency impressed on the primary winding. Under
this state of resonance, winding 31 will set up a magnetic field in the
core portion B which will remain practically constant so long as the
density in the magnetic field of the core portion A remains at a lower
density than that of the core portion B. It
follows that this substantially constant field strength in core portion
B will produce also a substantially constant voltage across the
terminals of winding 31 and condenser 32, and this voltage will remain
at practically a constant level regardless of variation of voltage
applied to the primary winding 28. The aforesaid resonant circuit,
therefore, becomes a constant primary source of voltage for any winding
such as the winding 35 that is directly coupled to the winding 31. This
coupling can be effected in any desired way, for example, by means of an
auto-type transformer arrangement as shown in Fig. 2, or by mounting
the winding 35 over the winding 31 as shown in Fig.

4. In the
Fig. 4 construction, the output voltage of the windings 35 will also
have a practically 5, constant level voltage independent of the voltage
variation in the primary winding 28 so long as the circuit which
includes the winding 31 remains in resonance.The
auxiliary regulating winding 37 is coupled go to the portion A of the
core and is used to change the percentage of regulation of Vo across the
terminals 36 and 39 of the output circuit with a variation of Vp. Since
this auxiliary winding 37 on core portion A is directly coupled to the
pri- 05 mary winding 28, the voltage induced will always be proportional
to the turns ratio of primary winding 28 and the auxiliary winding 37.

A
very constant level of voltage Vo across the terminals 36 and 39 may be
obtained by suitably T0 apportioning the number of turns of said
auxiliary winding 37 in relation to the number of turns in the winding
35. Any percentage of regulation of output voltage in relation to
variations of Vp also may be obtained from terminals Ts 2 t ist. .y 36
and 39,-for example, an increase in the prinrary voltage on winding 28
will produce a decrease in output voltage Vo by properly arranging or
apportioning winding 37 in relation to the winding 35.

The
relation of voltages described has been upon the assumption that the
transformer is on an open output circuit, that is to say, with no load
on the terminals 36 and 39. If a load be applied on said terminals, a
magnetic flux in the aforesaid resonant circuit will be developed
corresponding to the load on said output circuit thereby unbalancing the
magnetic flux in section B of the core. This density change in core
section B will in turn affect the stable relation of the flux in core
sections A and B and also the leakage reactance through the aforesaid
shunt paths thereby causing a greater amount of useful flux from core
section A to thread through core section B, which compensates for the
energy used by the consuming circuit and at the same time maintains the
resonant circuit in the desired oscillating condition.

It will be
readily understood that in transformers embodying the principles of my
invention the primary winding electrically connected to the source
serves to induce voltage to the resonant
circuit which is separated from the primary circuit by a high leakage
reactance path, thereby providing a low co-efficient of coupling between
the primary and the resonant circuits. The aforesaid resonant circuit
may be considered as the primary or main source of controlling energy to
the winding 35 and hence'to o3 the output or consuming circuit of the
transformer.

My improved constant potential transformers are
compact and efficient, and are of a small size relative to their power
output as compared with other and more cumbersome and expensive
apparatus intended for the same purpose. My improved transformers
operate at an inherent high power factor, and the output voltage is very
close to a pure sine wave.

My improved transformers may be used
for many different purposes. They are particularly advantageous in
connection with commercial applications such as amplifiers for talking
motion pictures, amplifiers for radio transmitters, Television sets
(tubes), mercury arc lamps, X-ray apparatus, etc.

I wish it to
be understood that my invention is not to be limited to the specific
constructions shown and described, except so far as the claims may be so
limited, as it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that
changes in the constructions and arrangements may be made without
departing from the principles of my invention.

I claim:1. In a
constant potential transformer, the combination of a magnetic core, a
winding on said core adapted to be connected to a source of alternating
current of fluctuating voltage, a second winding on said core, said core
providing a high leakage reactance path for a portion of the flux to
thread through one of the windings to the exclusion of the other
winding, and means for maintaining the potential across the second
winding substantially constant regardless of fluctuations in the input
voltage comprising a resonant circuit including said second winding and a
condenser, the resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the
frequency of the voltage impressed on the first winding.2.
In a constant potential transformer, the 7T combination of a magnetic
core, a winding on said core adapted to be connected to a source of
alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a second winding on said
core in spaced relation to said first winding, said core having
magnetically disposed between said windings a magnetically 6 permeable
shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion, and means for maintaining the
potential across the second winding substantially constant regardless of
fluctuations in the input voltage comprising a resonant circuit
including said second winding and a condenser, the resonant circuit
operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage impressed
on the first winding.

3. In a constant potential transformer,
the combination of a closed magnetic circuit comprising first and second
core portions, a winding on said first core portion adapted to be
connected to a source of alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a
second winding on said second core portion, said circuit providing a
high leakage reactance path for a portion of the flux to thread through
one of the windings to the exclusion of the other winding, and means for
maintaining the potential across the second winding substantially
constant regardless of fluctuations in the input voltage comprising a
resonant circuit including said second winding and a condenser, the
resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the
voltage impressed on the first winding, the magnetic density at maximum
predetermined input voltage of the first core portion being less than
the maximum magnetic density of the second core portion.

4. In a
constant potential transformer, the 85 combination of a closed magnetic
circuit comprising first and second core portions, a winding
on said first core portion adapted to be connected to a source of
alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a second winding on said
second core portion in spaced relation to said first winding, said
circuit having magnetically disposed between said windings a
magnetically permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion, and means
for maintaining the potential across the second winding substantially
constant regardless of fluctuations in the input voltage comprising a
resonant circuit including said second winding and a condenser, the
resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the
voltage impressed on the first winding, the magnetic density at maximum
predetermined input voltage of the first core portion being less than
the maximum magnetic density of the second core portion.

5. A
constant potential transformer comprising in combination a magnetic
core, a primary winding on said core adapted to be connected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a load winding on said
core adapted to be connected to an output circuit, said core providing a
high leakage reactance path for a portion of the flux to thread through
one of the windings to the exclusion of the other winding, and means
for maintaining the potential across the load winding substantially
constant regard- 05 less of fluctuations in the input voltage comprising
a resonant circuit including a condenser and a third winding, the
resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the
voltage impressed on the primary winding, the third winding being in
inductive relation to the load winding.

6. A constant potential transformer comprising
in combination a magnetic core, a primary winding on said core adapted
to be connected to a source of alternating current of fluctuating
voltage, a load winding on said core in spaced relation to said primary
winding and adapted to be connected to an input circuit, said core
having magnetically disposed between said winlings a magnetically
permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion.; and means for
maintaining the potential across the load winding substantially constant
regardless of fluctuations in the input voltage comprising a resonant
circuit including a condenser and a third winding, the resonant circuit
operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage impressed
on the primary winding, the third winding being in inductive relation
to the load winding.

7. A constant potential transformer comprising in combination a closed
magnetic circuit comprising first and second core portions, a primary
winding on said first core portion adapted to be Sconnected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a load winding on said
second core portion and adapted to be connected to an output circuit,
said magnetic circuit having magnetically disposed between said windings
a magnetically permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion, and
means for maintaining the potential across the load winding
substantially constant regardless of fluctuations in the input voltage
comprising a resonant circuit including a conSdenser and a third
winding, the resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the
frequency of the voltage impressed upon the primary winding, the third
winding being on the second core portion and in inductive relation to
the load winding, the magnetic density at maximum predetermined input
voltage of the first core portion being less than the maximum magnetic
density of the second core portion.

8. A constant potential
transformer comprising in combination a magnetic core, a primary wind40
ing on said core adapted to be connected to a source of alternating
current of fluctuating voltage, a load winding on said core adapted to
be connected to an output circuit, said core providing a high leakage
reactance path for a portion of the 45 flux to thread through one of the
windings to the exclusion of the other winding, a resonant circuit
including a condenser and a third winding, the resonant circuit
operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage impressed
on the 50 primary winding, the third winding being in inductive
relation to the load winding, and an auxiliary winding on the core in
inductive relation to the primary winding and in series with the load
winding, for the purpose described.55
9. A constant potential transformer comprising in combination a closed
magnetic core comprising first and second core portions, a primary
winding on said first core portion adapted to be connected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating 60 voltage, a load winding on said
second core portion and adapted to be connected to an output circuit,
said core having magnetically disposed between said windings a
magnetically permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion, a reso65
nant circuit including a condenser and a third winding, the resonant
circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage
impressed on the primary winding, the third winding being in inductive
relation to the load winding, and an auxiliary winding on said first
core portion in inductive relation to the primary winding and in series
with the load winding, the magnetic density at maximum predetermined
input voltage of said first core portion being less thain the maximum
density of said second core portion.

10. A constant potential
transformer comprising in combination a magnetic core, a primary winding
on said core adapted to be connected to a source of alternating current
of fluctuating voltage, a second winding on said core provided with two
leads and an intermediate tap, one of said leads and said tap leading
to an output circuit, said core providing a high leakage reactance path
for a portion of the flux to thread through one of the windings to the
exclusion of the other winding, and means for maintaining in said output
circuit a substantially constant potential regardless of fluctuations
in the input voltage cornprising a resonant circuit including a
condenser connected in series between the leads of said second winding,
the resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of
the voltage impressed on the primary winding.11.
A constant potential transformer comprising in combination a magnetic
core; a primary winding on said core adapted to be connected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating voltage; a second winding on said
core provided with two leads and an intermediate tap; said core having
magnetically disposed between said windings a magnetically permeable
shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion; and means for maintaining in said
output circuit a substantially constant potential comprising a resonant
circuit ineluding a condenser connected in series between the leads of
the second winding, the resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal
to the frequency of the voltage impressed on the primary winding, and an
auxiliary winding on said core in 40 inductive relation to the primary
winding and in series with the load winding.12.
A constant potential transformer comprising in combination a closed
magnetic core comprising first and second core portions; a primary 45
winding on said first core portion adapted to be connected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating voltage; a second winding on the
second core portion and provided with two leads and an intermediate tap;
one of said leadsandsaidtap 50 leading to an output circuit; said core
having magnetically disposed between said windings a magnetically
permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion; the maximum density at
maximum predetermined input voltage of said first 55 core portion being
less than the maximum density of said second core portion; and means for
maintaining in said output circuit a substantially constant potential
comprising a resonant circuit including a condenser connected in series
between 60 the leads of the second winding, the resonant circuit
operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage impressed
on the primary winding, and an auxiliary winding on said core in
inductive relation to the primary winding and o5 in series with the load
winding.

JOSEPH G. SOLA.

Transformer having constant and harmonic free output voltage

This
invention relates to voltage transforming and regulating apparatus, and
to core and coil constructions therefor, more particularly to such
apparatus having a substantially harmonic free output voltage, and it is
an object of the invention to provide improved apparatus and
constructions of the character indicated.

It is a
further object of the invention to provide improved apparatus of the
character indicated having an output voltage which is substantially
constant irrespective of variations of input voltage over a certain
range, and which is substantially free of harmonics.

It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved transformer.

To
provide a source of alternating current voltage of a desired frequency
which is free of harmonics, that is, a sine wave, has long been a
problem because of the undesired eifects produced thereby. For example,
instruments which receive a voltage having harmonics therein may give
erroneous and sometimes erratic indications. Apparatus supplied with a
voltage having harmonies therein may overheat, and its useful life may
be lessened. If the transformer which is supplying a voltage is
responsible for the generation of harmonics, the supply transformer as
well as the apparatus connected to it may overheat.

Commercial
power systems supplying alternating current voltage approach the
desired condition of a harmonic free voltage, and a large amount of
technical eifort is devoted thereto. However, even with the extensive
attention directed to this problem, it frequently occurs, in industrial
areas particularly, that the supply voltage has an undesired percentage
of harmonics.
In
the Patent No. 2,143,745, Joseph G. Sola, entitled Constant Voltage
Transformer, there is disclosed and claimed apparatus including a
transformer and a condenser wherein a substantially constant output
voltage is obtained throughout a certain range of variation in input
voltage. While the output voltage of apparatus constructed according to
the said patent has good wave form, that is, one largely free of
harmonics, under certain conditions the voltage output has included as
much as five per cent of third harmonic.

Filter
circuits which are connected between the output of a source and a load
and which serve to substantially reduce or eliminate harmonics are
known. Such filters generally require the use of additional condensers
and inductors and will correct the output voltage only when load current
is flowing. Moreover, the correction may depend upon the amount of the
load, there being the greatest correction at full load and substantially
none at no load.

Accordingly, it is a further object
of the invention to provide an improved transformer which will provide a
constant output voltage substantially free of harmonics, which does not
require additional condensers or inductors, and which will
substantially eliminate the harmonics from no load to full load.

It
is a further object of the invention to provide an improved transformer
of the character indicated which will have improved efficiency in
operation and which is economical to manufacture.

In
carrying out the invention in one form, a transformer is provided having
substantially constant output voltage and a substantially harmonic free
output voltage and comprising in combination, a core, a primary winding
and a secondary winding on the core, a high reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between the primary 2,694,177 Patented Nov. 9,
1954 and secondary windings, a third winding disposed on the core in a
position to link with a portion of the leakage flux of the secondary
winding and to be substantially free of any linkage with the leakage
flux of the primary winding, a condenser which is connected in circuit
with the secondary winding and the third winding, the condenser having a
value of capacity such that when the transformer is excited with a
voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a series
resonant nature exists at that frequency, and means for connecting a
load circuit to a certain portion of the secondary winding.

For
a more complete understanding of the invention, relilferfince should be
had to the accompanying drawings in w to Figure 1 is a sectional view
of a transformer core and coils according to one form of the invention,
and

Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a system according to the invention and employing the core and coils of Fig. 1.

Referring
to Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawing, the invention is shown embodied in
regulating apparatus including a core and coil arrangement 10 having
input, output, regulating and compensating windings and a condenser 11
connected to certain of these windings, all to be more particularly
described.

The core and coil arrangement 10 comprises a
core 12 which may be made of laminations stamped in the form shown and
made of suitable material such, for example, as 26 gauge transformer C
steel. The core, as shown, is composed of laminations or layers, each of
which consists of two pieces, and when assembled into a stack of
desired thickness form an outer piece or shell 13 and a center leg 14.
The outer shell includes a pair of end legs 6 and 7 and a pair of side
legs 8 and 9. The laminations of center leg 14 may be stamped from the
pieces forming the outer shell 13 as part of the same process during
which the openings or coil windows 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 21 are also
formed. A core of the proper thickness is formed by assembling together
the required number of outer shell laminations and pressing into the
appropriate space the same number of center leg laminations assembled
together, as is well understood in this art.
Each
lamination of the outer shell 13, as shown, comprises a complete or
continuous piece of metal with no joints therein. It will be understood,
however, that the same configuration can be made up of individual
pieces if so desired. Projecting inwardly from leg 8 between the coil
windows 16 and 17 is a member 22 formed of the corresponding parts of
the laminations of shell 13, and projecting inwardly from leg 9 between
coil windows and 18 is a member 23 also formed of the corresponding
parts of the laminations of shell 13. Projecting inwardly between coil
windows 17 and 21 is a member 24 formed of parts of the laminations of
shell 13, and projecting inwardly between coil windows 18 and 19 is a
member 25 also formed of the corresponding parts of the laminations of
shell 13. Projecting outwardly from the center leg 14 are members 26 and
27 formed of corresponding parts of the center leg laminations and so
disposed as to lie between the coil windows 15 and 18 and 16 and 17 and
to be disposed opposite the members 23 and 22, respectively, when the
center leg 14 is disposed in shell 13 with the right end thereof forming
the joint 28.

The members 22 and 27 are spaced from
each other by a nonmagnetic gap 29, and the members 23 and 26 are spaced
from each other by a nonmagnetic gap 31. The members 24 and 25 are
formed of such a length as to tightly abut the center leg 14 at the
joints 32 and 33 and have a cross-sectional area substantially less than
that of the end leg 7 of the outer shell 13. The center .leg 14 is
formed of a length so as to tightly abut the outer shell at joint 28 at
one end and to leave a nonmagnetic gap 35 between the other end of the
center leg and the inside surface of end leg 7.

Coil
windows 15 and 16 comprise a space within which a primary winding 36 and
a compensating winding 37 are disposed; coil windows 17 and 18 form a
space within which a secondary winding 38 is disposed;
and
coil windows 19 and 21 comprise a space within which a neutralizing
winding 3% is disposed. Each of the coils or windings 36, 3'7, 38 and 39
comprise an appropriate number of turns and are provided with
sufficient insulation, as is shown schematically in Fig. 1. Each of the
coils may be preformed and placed upon the center leg and the unit
pressed into the outer shell so as to form the nonmagnetic gap 35 and
the abutting joints 23, 32 and 33.

The members 22 and
27 and gap 29, and members 23 and 26 and gap 31, form a high magnetic
leakage path between the primary winding 36 and the secondary winding
38. The width of the members 22, 27, 23 and and the length of the
nonmagnetic gaps 23 and 31 are chosen so as to provide the desired
amount of magnetic leakage reactance, as will become clear subsequently
in this specification. While the members 22 and 2'7 and gap 29, and
members 23 and 26 and gap 31, as shown, form a high magnetic leakage
pathway, it will be understood that the high magnetic leakage pathway
may be formed in other well understood manners.

The
members 24 and 25, the end of leg 14 together with the end leg 7 and the
nonmagnetic gap 35 complete the end path for magnetic flux generated by
the primary winding. Since the joints 32 and 33 are press-fits, there
is little magnetic reluctance thereat, and consequently the members 24
and 25 form a return path which carries the major portion of the primary
flux. These mom bers, however, are formed narrower than the end leg 7
whereby a small percentage of the primary flux flows through the end leg
7. The nonmagnetic gap 35 produces high reluctance in the path of the
primary flux, thereby reducing the amount of flux which would flow
through leg 7 if the gap were not there, and increasing the percentage
of primary flux which flows through members 24 and 25.

The
structure as thus far described in Fig. l is illustrated
diagrammatically in Fig. 2, the same reference characters being used in
the two figures to designate corresponding parts. Thus the windings 36
and 38 are disposed on a common core with a high leakage reactance shunt
22, 27, 29, 23, 26, and 31 disposed therebetween, winding 39 is
disposed on the same magnetic core with the nonmagnetic gap 35
separating the core parts, and winding 3'7 is disposed in a closely
coupled relationship to winding 36.

The effect of the
high leakage path between primary winding 36 and secondary winding 38 is
to relatively loosely couple these windings so that each of the
windings has a high leakage reactance, and nonmagnetic gap 35 tends to
isolate the winding 39 from the flux of the primary winding.

The
primary winding 36 is adapted to be connected to a line or source by
conductors 41 and 42. The secondary winding 38 has one of its ends
connected by means of a conductor 43 to one terminal of condenser ll,
and has its other end connected by means of a conductor 44 to one end of
neutralizing winding 39 by a conductor 45. The other end of
neutralizing winding 3% is connected by means of a conductor 46 to the
other terminal of condenser 11. The conductors 44 and 45 connected
together may be connected to one side of a load circuit through a
conductor 47, and the other side of the load may be connected through a
conductor 48 to one end of a compensating winding 37, the other end of
which is connected by means of a conductor 49 to a tap on the secondary
winding 38. The load circuit may then be traced as follows: From one
side of the load through conductor 47, conductor 44, the right-hand
portion of winding 38, conductor 49, winding 37, and conductor 43 to the
other side of the load.

The operation of the apparatus
may perhaps best be understood by considering its operation in two
phases; that is, as a constant voltage apparatus alone, and as the
combination of the constant voltage and the harmonic elimination or
neutralizing apparatus. Considering first the constant potential aspects
of the apparatus, it may be made such in one form by removing, in
efiect, the neutralizing winding 39. Referring to Fig. 2, this may be
accomplished by connecting conductor 46 to conductors 44 and 47 and
disconnecting conductor 45 from conductors 44 and 47. When so connected,
the apparatus of Figs. 1 and 2 is essentially similar to the form of
the apparatus illustrated in the Patent No. 2,143,745, already
hereinbefore referred to. When connected in this form as only a constant
potential device,
the
members 24 and 25, together with leg 7, form a portion of the return
circuit for the primary winding flux and provide a return leg having
substantially the same elfgctgive cross section as the other flux return
legs 8 an For a complete understanding of the operation of the device
in this form as a constant voltage transformer, reference may be had to
the aforesaid Patent No. 2,143,745. Briefly, however, when voltage above
a certain magnitude is applied to the primary winding 36 through
conductors 41 and 42, a condition approximating series resonance is set
up in the apparatus, and particularly in the circuit including condenser
11 and winding 38. When this condition exists, a substantially constant
voltage is obtained across conductors 4'7 and 49 over a wide range of
variations in voltage applied to the primary winding. Such small changes
as occur in this voltage may be compensated for by the winding 37 which
is closely coupled to winding 36 and which is in such a relation as to
buck the voltage existing across conductors 47 and 49. Thus, if the
primary voltage rises and the output voltage would tend to rise on
account thereof, the compensating winding prevents it. Likewise, if the
primary voltage falls and the output voltage tends to fall, the bucking
voltage is also reduced and the output voltage remains the same. By
proper choice of turns of winding 37, the load voltage, that is, the
voltage appearing across conductors 47 and 48, is made substantially
constant.

Vvhile explanation of the operation of this
form of the device as a constant potential apparatus does not lend
itself to simple terms, it is thought that the currents flowing in the
condenser 11 and winding 38, due to the existing resonance condition,
set up a llux condition in the portion of the core underneath and
directly associated with the winding 38, due to the presence of the
shunts between the primary and secondary windings 36 and 38, such that
changes in flux caused by changes in voltage across the primary winding
are largely absorbed in the shunts and thus do not change the flux
conditions of the secondary winding. The output voltage or" the device
as a constant voltage transformer has good wave shape, but it does have
appreciable percentages of harmonies in it which are eliminated by the
presence of the neutralizing winding 39. When the device is operating as
a constant voltage apparatus and the winding 39 is present in the core
but is not connected to the circuit, the winding 39 will, of course,
have a voltage induced into it since a certain percentage of flux will
course through the center leg 14 and through the end leg 7. With the
core constructed as shown and described, it has been found that the
voltage of coil 3? has a high percentage of odd harmonics in it, that
is, third, fifth, seventh and ninth, etc. There is also present a
certain value of fundamental since the winding 39 is linked by a small
percentage of the flux set up by the primary winding. The presence of
the odd harmonic voltages in winding 39 is due to the linkage of winding
39 by the leakage flux created by winding 38 when current flows through
the condenser 11 and winding 33. This leakage flux, of course, has two
pathways to follow, one of these including a portion of the central leg
14, the members 24 and 25, a portion of the legs 8 and 9 of the core,

. which links with winding 39, that is, that portion of these windings prior to such connection.

the
secondary leakage flux which flows across gap 35 and through leg 7. The
leakage flux of the primary winding 36 flows largely through the shunts
22, 27, 29 and 23, 26, 31 and thus does not link with winding 39.
Consider now the second phase of the device. The winding 39 is connected
in circuit with and in additive polarity to winding 38 and with
condenser 11 as shown, to form a constant voltage and harmonic free
device. When so connected the combined voltage of windings 38 and 39 is
increased over the sum of the voltages of With the con nections so made,
the percentage of odd harmonics existing in the winding 38 and across
the conductors 47 and 49 is very much reduced and a constant voltage
output also is had. They are, in fact, reduced to a virtually negligible
amplitude. After. the connection has been made, as shown in Fig. 2, the
harmonic voltage still '5 exists across winding 39 and also across the
condenser 11, but these harmonic voltages are of such phase that they
neutralize the harmonics which formerly existed in the Winding 38. For
example the third harmonic, which exists in winding 39, is induced
therein by the leakage flux from Winding 38, and this harmonic voltage
is approximately 180 out of phase with the third harmonic voltage
existing in winding 38.

With winding 39 connected into
circuit in additive polarity, there has been, in effect, a number of
turns added to the secondary winding, but these turns and the core
configuration produce harmonic elimination and do not destroy the
constant voltage. The flux in the core remains such that the condition
of a series resonant nature still exists and hence substantially
constant volt age exists across Winding 38. In order to have the proper
value of output voltage with the higher voltage available when winding
39 is connected in circuit with winding 38 in additive polarity, the
number of turns of winding 38 may be less than in a construction having
only constant voltage output of the same value.

The
number of turns in winding 39, the cross-sectional area of members 24
and 25, the length of gap 35, and the cross-sectional area of leg 7
enter into the magnitude of the third harmonic voltage produced as
compared with the fundamental voltage in winding 39. The fundamental
component is not essential since winding 38 may have a sufficicnt number
of turns to produce the necessary value thereof, and it is thought that
by coupling the winding 39 to the winding 38, as shown, the necessary
.third harmonic neutralizing voltage is obtained while at the same time
the fundamental voltage is not changed much.

Reduction
of the harmonic voltages, and consequently currents in winding 38,
reduces the heating of the windings and of the iron thereby making the
transformer itself more eificient and economical, this being an
advantage in addition to the desirable effects due to the lack of
harmonics in loads.

By way of additional and more
complete disclosure, one form of apparatus which was constructed and op;
erated may be particularly described. This apparatus had a continuous
rating of 500 volt amperes, a rated primary (across conductors 41 and
42) voltage range of 90 to 125 volts, a rated load voltage (across
conductors 47 and 48) of 115 volts, and a rated load current of 4.35
amperes. In this apparatus the primary winding 36 had 106 turns of No.
13 copper wire arranged in 10 layers of 11 turns per layer, the winding
37 had 12 turns of No. 14 copper wire arranged in one layer of 12 turns,
the secondary winding 38 had 405 turns of No. 15 copper wire arranged
in 14 layers of 29 turns each, and the winding 39 had 207 turns of No.
15 copper wire arranged in 23 layers of 9 turns each. That portion of
winding 38 lying between conductors 44 and 47, that is, the load portion
of the winding, had 290 turns arranged in 10 layers.

The
core of the apparatus described was designed to operate at a flux
density of 100,000 lines per square inch and consisted of a stack of
laminations 3 inches thick of No. 26 gauge transformer C steel. The
length of side legs 8 and 9 was 6 inches and the length of end legs 6
and 7 was 5 inches; the width of end leg 6 and side legs 8 and 9
adjacent windings 36 and 38 was /8 of an inch; the width of side legs 8
and 9 adjacent winding 39 and the width of end leg 7 was /8 of an inch;
the width of members 24 and 25 was A of an inch; the width of center leg
14 inside of coils 36 and 38 and members 24 and 25 was 1% inches, and
the width of leg 14 inside of coil 39 was of an inch; the width of shunt
members 22, 27, 23 and 26 was /2 of an inch; the length of gaps 29 and
31 was 0.050 of an inch; and the length of gap 35 was 0.150 of an inch.
The width of center leg 14 inside of coil 39 may be the same as inside
of coil 38 and the number of turns in coil 39 changed to fit the
different space of windows 19 and 21.
The condenser 11 had a capacity of 16 microfarads and was rated at 660 volts.

By
way of further disclosure, the results of a harmonic analvsis on the
foregoing apparatus. as described and particularized, may be summarized.
The first analysis was made at no load; that is, there'was no load
connected across conductors 47 and 48. The winding 36 was connected to a
sine wave generator supplying 115 volts R. M. S. A harmonic analysis of
the sine wave generator voltage indicated that 'the voltage supplied to
winding 36 had a fundamental component (60 cycles) of arbitrarily
assigned amplitude equal to 100 per cent, and a third harmonic of 1.1
per cent of the fundamental, the remaining harmonics being less than one
per cent of the fundamental and consequently negligible. With this same
connection, the R. M. S. voltage across condenser 11, that is, across
combined windings 38 and 39, was 610 volts. The harmonic analysis of
this voltage showed on the basis of a fundamental of arbitrarily
assigned amplitude equal to per cent, a third harmonic having an
amplitude of 7 per cent, and a fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 2
per cent all in terms of the fundamental. The voltage across the winding
39 had an R. M. S. amplitude of 122 volts. The harmonic analysis showed
on the basis of a fundamental of arbi trarily assigned amplitude equal
to 100 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of 100 per cent, a
fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 20 per cent, a seventh harmonic
having an amplitude of 4 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an
amplitude of 17 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The voltage
across winding 38 had an R. M. S. amplitude of 522 volts, the harmonic
analysis showing on the basis of a fundamental of arbitrarily assigned
amplitude equal to 100 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of
1.1 per cent, a seventh harmonic having an amplitude of l per cent, and
a ninth harmonic having an amplitude of 1.8 per cent, all in terms of
the fundamental. Correspondingly, the voltage across that portion of
winding 38 between conductors 44 and 49 (load winding) had an R. M. S.
amplitude of 127 volts, the harmonic analysis showing on the basis of a
fundamental of arbitrarily assigned amplitude equal to 100 per cent, a
third harmonic having an amplitude of .4 per cent, a fifth harmonic
having an amplitude of .6 per cent, a seventh harmonic having an
amplitude of 1.2 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an amplitude of
1.6 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The output voltage, that
is, the voltage across conductors 47 and 48, had an R. M. S. value of
114 volts with the harmonic analysis showing on the basis of an
arbitrarily assigned fundamental component having an amplitude equal to
100 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of .4 per cent, a
fifth harmonic having an amplitude of .7 per cent, a seventh harmonic
having an amplitude of 1.3 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an
amplitude of 1.7 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental.

The
percentage of harmonics at the load conductors 47 and 48 is of the same
general order as that of the applied voltage, the third harmonic being
an improvement and some of the higher harmonics being very slightly
increased.

In the apparatus as described and for the
harmonic values given, when the conductor 46 was connected to the
conductor 44, that is, the winding 39 was removed from the circuit as
previously described, and the same sine wave generator was connected to
the winding 36, the voltage across winding 36 had an R. M. S. amplitude
of 115 volts. A harmonic analysis thereof showed on the basis of a 6D
cycle or fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an amplitude of 100
per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of .8 per cent, a fifth
harmonic having an amplitude of .4 per cent, and a seventh harmonic
having an amplitude of .3 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The
voltage across condenser 11 or across winding 38 had an R. M. S.
amplitude of 467 volts, the harmonic analysis showing on the basis of a
fundamental component of 100 per cent, a third harmonic having an
amplitude of 23 per cent, and a fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 6
per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The portion of winding 38
forming the load winding, that is, the winding connected across
conductors 47 and 49, had an R. M. S. amplitude of 113 volts, the
harmonic analysis showing on the basis of a fundamental component
arbitrarily assigned an amplitude of 100 per cent, a third harmonic
having an amplitude of 23 per cent, and a fifth harmonic having an
amplitude of 6 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. Under these
conditions, the output voltage, that is, across conductors 47 and 48,
had an R. M. S. amplitude of 100 volts, the harmonic analysis showing on
the basis of a fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an amplitude
of 100 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of 27 per cent, a
fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 7 per cent, and a seventh harmonic
having an amplitude of one per cent, all in terms of the fundamental.
The voltage across winding 39 had an R. M. S. amplitude of 73 volts, a
harmonic analysis showing on he basis-of a fundamental componen
arbitrarily assignedau amplitude f 100. per cent. a-third harmonic havin
an amplitude of 11.00, per cent, a fifth harmoni havingan amplitudeof
.78 per cent, a sev nth harmonic having an amplitude; of percent, an a
ninth harmonic having an amplitude'of 6 per cenhall in terms of the
fundamental.

A compari n f he rela ive harmonic val es
across conductors a7 and 43 with the condenser c nnected to include the
winding 39 andto exclude it, reveals. the reduction in the harmonic
content' t? he output vol age.
A
m lar h rmonic a alysis was. made with the apparatus opera ng at full
loa with th sin wavesource as alr adyescrib providing l.15 volts acros
he primary winding 36. With, the condenser 11 connected s shown in F
gthe output volt ge across conductors 47 and cent, a third harmonic
having an amplitude of 1-1 per cent, a fifth harmonic having an
arriplittldev of .4 per cent, a seventh harmonic having an amplitude of
1.6 percent, an a ni th h rmonic having an amplitude of 1.2 p r. cent.
These harmonic values are not substa tially diiferent from those taken
at no load. Under the full load condition described, the voltage across
winding 3,9had an R. M. S. amplitude of 111 volts, the harmonic analysis
showing on the basis of a fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an
ampltiude of 100 per cent, a third harmonic-having an amplitude of ,98
per cent, a fifthv harmonic having an amplitude of 16 per cent, a
seventh harmonic having an amplitude of ll per cent, and a ninth
harmonic having an amplitude of 11 per cent, all in terms of
thefundamental- The vol age across Condenser 11 had an R. M. S. value of
593 volts with the harmonic analysisshowing n the basis of a
fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an amplitude of 100 per cent,
a third harmonic having an amplitude of 13 per cent, a fifth harmonic
having an amplitude of 1.5 per cent, a seventh harmonic having an
amplitude of .2 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an amplitude of .1
per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The voltage across winding
38'had an R. M. S. amplitude of 512 volts, the harmonic analysis show
ing a fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an amplitude of 100 per
cent, a third harmonichaving an amplitude of 1.7 per cent, a fifth
harmonic having an amplitude of zero per cent, a seventh harmonic having
an am.- plitude of 1.4 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an
amplitude of 1.2 per cent.

With full load being
supplied by the transformer, and i with the condenser 11 connected so as
to-remove wind.- ing .39 from the circuit,-tha.t is, conductor
connected to conductor 44, the output voltage across conductors 4.7. and
48 had an R. M. S. amplitude of '97 volts, the harmonic analysis
showing on the basis of a fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an
amplitude of 10.0 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of 23
per cent, a fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 6 per cent, and a
seventh harmonic haying'an amplitude of .Tper cent. The voltage of
winding 3.8 or condenser 11 had an, R. M. ,S. amplitude of 452 volts,
the harmonic analysis showing a fundamental component arbitrarily
assigned an amplitude of .100 per cent, a third harmonic having an
amplitude of '20 per cent, a fifth harmonic having ah amplitude of per
cent, and a seventh harmonichaving an amplitude of ,4 per cent.
Comparing the relativeharlmonic value between the-full load condition
where-in the neutralizing winding 39 is connected into and out .of the
circuit, reveals that the harmonic content is very much by the presence
of winding 39 in the core structure defined.

The loads fed by the transformer in the preceding tests were resistance loads.

"The
structure as shown in Fig. 2 and having the harmonic analysis as given,
was connected to a re ular The. in en on ha ing h s be descr ed, Wha is
el imedandde re to. be s cur d by L e s. a nt s:

A transformer having
substantially costant output voltage and a substantially armonic free
voltage comprising, a core, a primary winding and a secondary
winding on said core, ahigh reluctance shunt magnetrc l v disposed t
eens d v nd ngs, a con e av ng a value of capacity such that
when'connected across said secondary winding and the transformer is
excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a
condition of a seriesresonaut nature exists at the said freq v, a third
ind ng d pos d n sa d ore n a P tion to link with a portion ofthe
leakage flux of said secondary Windingand to be substantially free of
any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary winding, said
secondary winding, said third winding and said condenser being connected
in circuit, and means for connecting a load circuit to at least a
certain portion of said secondary winding.

2. A
transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between said windings, a condenser having a value
of capacity such that when connected across said secondary winding and
the transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding disposed on said core in a positionto link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary windingand to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said third winding and said condenser
being connected in circuit with said third winding in additive polarity
to said secondary winding, a compensating winding disposed on said core
in close coupled relationship with said primary winding and connected in
b ng r lat onship to saidse ary nd ng. and means for connecting a load
circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding and to
said compensating winding,

A ns m ha ing suhstantia yc
nst toutput voltage and a substantially harmonic free output voltage
comprising, a core, a primary winding and a secondary winding on said
core, a high reluctance shunt magnetically disposed-between said
windings, a condenser having a value of capacity such that when
connected across said secondary winding and the transformer is excited
with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition-of a
series resonant nature exists at the said frequency, a harmonic
eliminating winding disposed on said core in a position to link with a
portion of the leakage flux'of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said harmonic eliminating winding and
said condenser being connected in circuit, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding.

4.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between said windings, a condenser having a value
of capacity such that when connected across said secondarywinding and
the transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the-said
frequency, a third w'mding disposed on said core in a position to link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, saidse'condary winding, saidthird winding and said condenser
being connected in a series circuit with said third winding in additive
polarity relative to said secondary winding, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion .of said secondary winding.

5-
A n o m h in subs ant ally con tant ou pu voltage an a substanti l y
harmonic free output lt ge mpr sing, a c e, a pr ary Winding and a se nd
ry in g o said co e, a hi h re uct n s un ma c ly d posed be ween a d i
di s, .a cond se having a alu o apac y such t a h n e ted a r ss sai se
da y in ing. and he t an former is excited with a voltage of
predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a series resonant
nature exists at the said frequency, a thir:l winding disposed on said
core, the leakage flux path of said third winding including a portion
having low reluctance and a portion having high reluctance to the fluxes
of said primary and secondary windings, said secondary winding, said
third winding and said condenser being connected in circuit, and means
for connecting a load circuit to at least a certain portion of said
secondary winding.
6.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between said windings, a condenser having a value
of capacity such that when connected across said secondary winding and
the transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding on said core, a low reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between said third winding and said primary and
secondary windings, and high reluctance means disposed in the flux path
of said third winding, said secondary winding, said third winding and
said condenser being connected in circuit, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding.

7.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding disposed on one leg of said core, a secondary winding disposed
on said one leg, said primary and secondary windings being relatively
loosely coupled thereby to provide said windings with high leakage
reactance, a condenser having a value of capacity such that when
connected across said secondary winding and the transformer is excited
with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a
series resonant nature exists at the said frequency, a third winding on
said one leg, at low reluctance shunt disposed between said third
winding and said secondary winding, high reluctance means in said core
beyond said shunt, and means for connecting a load circuit to at least a
certain portion of said secondary winding.

8. A
transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding disposed on one leg of said core, a secondary winding disposed
on said one leg, said primary and secondary windings being relatively
loosely coupled thereby to provide said windings with high leakage
reactance, a condenser having a value of capacity such that when
connected across said secondary winding and the transformer is excited
with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a
series resonant nature exists at the said frequency, a third winding on
said one leg, a low reluctance shunt disposed between said third
winding and said secondary winding, high reluctance means in said one
leg beyond said shunt, and means for connecting a load circuit to at
least a certain portion of said secondary winding.
9. A
transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a
primary winding disposed on one leg of said core, a secondary winding
disposed on said one leg, said primary and secondary windings being
relatively loosely coupled thereby to provide said windings with high
leakage reactance, said high leakage reactance means including a
magnetic shunt having a nonmagnetic gap, a condenser having a value of
capacity such that when connected across said secondary winding and the
transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding on said one leg, a low reluctance shunt
disposed between said third winding and said secondary winding, high
reluctance means in said core beyond said shunt, said high reluctance
means including a core portion and a nonmagnetic gap, and means for
connecting a load circuit to at least a certain portion of said
secondary winding.

10. A transformer having
substantially constant output voltage and a substantially harmonic free
output voltage comprising, a core, a primary winding and a secondary
winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt magnetically disposed
between said windings, a third winding disposed on said core in a
position to link With a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary
winding and to be substantially free of any linkage with the leakage
flux of said primary winding, a condenser, said secondary winding, said
third winding and said condenser being connected in circuit, said
condenser having a value of capacity such that when the transformer is
excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a
condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said frequency, and
means for connecting a load circuit to at least a certain portion of
said secondary winding.

ll. A transformer having
substantially constant output voltage and a substantially harmonic free
output voltage comprising, a core, a primary winding and a secondary
winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt magnetically disposed
between said windings, a third winding disposed on said core in a
position to link with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary
winding and to be substantially free of any linkage with the leakage
flux of said primary winding, a condenser, said third winding in
additive polarity to said secondary winding and said condenser being
connected in circuit with said secondary winding, said condenser having a
value of capacity such that when the transformer is excited with a
voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a series
resonant nature exists at the said frequency, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding.
12.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core and having high leakage
reactance associated therewith, a condenser having value of capacity
such that when connected across said secondary winding and the
transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding disposed on said core in a position to link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said third winding and said condenser
being connected in a series circuit with said third winding in additive
polarity relative to said secondary winding, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding.

13.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary Winding on said core, said primary and
secondary windings being relatively loosely coupled thereby to provide
said windings with high leakage reactance, a condenser having a value of
capacity such that when connected across said secondary winding and the
transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding disposed on said core in a position to link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said third Winding and said condenser
being connected in circuit with said third winding in additive polarity
to said secondary winding, and means for connecting a load circuit to at
least a certain portion of said secondary winding.

14.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core, said primary and
secondary windings being relatively loosely coupled thereby to provide
said windings with high leakage reactance, a condenser having a value of
capacity such that when connected across said secondary winding and the
transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding disposed on said core in a position to link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said third winding and said condenser
being connected in circuit with said third winding in additive polarity
to 11 said secondary Winding, a compensating winding disposed on said
core in close coupled relationship with said primary winding and
Connected in bucking relationship to said secondary winding, and means
for connecting a load circuit to at least a certain portion of said
secondary Winding and to said compensating Winding.

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Resisting the tide of post-modernity may be difficult, but I will attempt it anyway.

Your choice.........Live or DIE.That indeed is where your liberty lies.

IMPORTANT NOTE: - FRANK SHARP obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.comwas founded as a public free WEB Museum to all kind of people and amateur and professional CRT TELEVISION Lovers who enjoy using and/or preserving - restoring vintage CRT Televisions sets, or only curious public who was unaware of that kind of technolgy of the past. The purpose is to provide information about vintage Television Receivers Publicy on the WEB that is generally difficult to locate; all this as a important milestone general worldwide reference for the future, globally in the public interest.obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com does not provide support or parts for any apparatus on this site nor do we represent any manufacturer listed on this site in any way. Catalogs, manuals and any other literature that is available on this site is made available for a historical record only. Please remember that safety standards have changed over the years and information in old manuals as well as the old Television receivers themselves may not meet modern standards. It is up to the individual user to use good judgment and to safely operate old machinery. The obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com web site will assume NO responsibilities for damages or injuries resulting from information obtained from this site. No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this site/Blog may be interpreted or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or other industrial or intellectual property rights.

Many topics are permanent, so may be updated to any material, for add or correct info.

Sure Fun Times, A working TV Discovered with a CRT Oscilloscope !

Safety Hazards:

------------------------------------------------------Safety Hazards in Radio and TV Repair,------------------------------------------------------

People who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Anyone attempting to repair any electronic equipment who does not fully understand the shock hazards, as well as the fire hazards associated with working with electronic equipment, should not attempt such procedures! Improperly attempted repair can kill you and burn down your house.Devices that plug into the wall can produce a very lethal electric shock as well cause a fire from incorrect or careless repairs both during servicing or later on.Improper repair of battery operated devices can also result in bad consequences for you, the device, and any equipment attached to it.

Why some people do repairs themselved then? If you can do the repairs yourself, the equation changes dramatically asyour parts costs will be 1/2 to 1/4 of what a professional will chargeand of course your time is free. The educational aspects may also beappealing. You also will learn a lot in the process.

Consumer electronic equipment like TVs, computer monitors, microwave ovens, and electronic flash units, use voltages at power levels that are potentially lethal. Even more so for industrial equipment like lasers and anything else that is either connected to the power line, or uses or generates high voltage.

Normally, these devices are safely enclosed to prevent accidental contact. However, when troubleshooting, testing, making adjustments, and during repair procedures, the cabinet will likely be open and/or safety interlocks may be defeated. Home-built or modified equipment, despite all warnings and recommendations to the contrary - could exist in this state for extended periods of time - or indefinitely.

Depending on overall conditions and your general state of health, there is a wide variation of voltage, current, and total energy levels that can kill.

Microwave ovens in particular are probably THE most dangerous household appliance to service. There is high voltage - up to 5,000 V or more - at high current - more than an amp may be available momentarily. This is an instantly lethal combination.

TVs and monitors may have up to 35 kV on the CRTbut the current isn't low - like a wrong legend saying a "couple of milliamps" but relatively high because of the boost circuit technology and transformer design. However, the CRT capacitance can hold a painful charge for a long time. In addition, portions of the circuitry of TVs and monitors as well as all other devices that plug into the wall socket are line connected.This is actually even more dangerous than the high voltage due to the greater current available - and a few hundred volts can make you just as dead as 35 kV!

Electronic flash units and strobe lights, and pulsed lasers have large energy storage capacitors which alone can deliver a lethal charge - long after the power has been removed. This applies to some extent even to those little disposable pocket cameras with flash which look so innocent being powered from a single 1.5 V AA battery. Don't be fooled - they are designed without any bleeder so the flash can be ready for use without draining the battery!

Even some portions of apparently harmless devices like VCRs and CD players - or vacuum cleaners and toasters - can be hazardous (though the live parts may be insulated or protected - but don't count on it!

This information also applies when working on other high voltage or line connected devices like Tesla Coils, Jacobs Ladders, plasma spheres, gigawatt lasers, hot and cold fusion generators, cyclotrons and other particle accelerators, as well as other popular hobby type projects. :-)

In addition, read the relevant sections of the document for your particular equipment for additional electrical safety considerations as well as non-electrical hazards like microwave radiation or laser light. Only the most common types of equipment are discussed in the safety guidelines, below.

SAFETY guidelines:

These guidelines are to protect you from potentially deadly electrical shock hazards as well as the equipment from accidental damage.

Note that the danger to you is not only in your body providing a conducting path, particularly through your heart. Any involuntary muscle contractions caused by a shock, while perhaps harmless in themselves, may cause collateral damage. There are likely to be many sharp edges and points inside from various things like stamped sheet metal shields and and the cut ends of component leads on the solder side of printed wiring boards in this type of equipment. In addition, the reflex may result in contact with other electrically live parts and further unfortunate consequences.

The purpose of this set of guidelines is not to frighten you but rather to make you aware of the appropriate precautions. Repair of TVs, monitors, microwave ovens, and other consumer and industrial equipment can be both rewarding and economical. Just be sure that it is also safe!

Don't work alone - in the event of an emergency another person's presence may be essential.

Always keep one hand in your pocket when anywhere around a powered line-connected or high voltage system.

Wear rubber bottom shoes or sneakers. An insulated floor is better than metal or bare concrete but this may be outside of your control. A rubber mat should be an acceptable substitute but a carpet, not matter how thick, may not be a particularly good insulator.

Don't wear any jewelry or other articles that could accidentally contact circuitry and conduct current, or get caught in moving parts.

Set up your work area away from possible grounds that you may accidentally contact.

Have a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires readily accessible in a location that won't get blocked should something burst into flames.

Use a dust mask when cleaning inside electronic equipment and appliances, particularly TVs, monitors, vacuum cleaners, and other dust collectors.

Know your equipment: TVs and monitors may use parts of the metal chassis as ground return yet the chassis may be electrically live with respect to the earth ground of the AC line. Microwave ovens use the chassis as ground return for the high voltage. In addition, do not assume that the chassis is a suitable ground for your test equipment!

If circuit boards need to be removed from their mountings, put insulating material between the boards and anything they may short to. Hold them in place with string or electrical tape. Prop them up with insulation sticks - plastic or wood.

If you need to probe, solder, or otherwise touch circuits with power off, discharge (across) large power supply filter capacitors with a 2 W or greater resistor of 100 to 500 ohms/V approximate value (e.g., for a 200 V capacitor, use a 20K to 100K ohm resistor). Monitor while discharging and/or verify that there is no residual charge with a suitable voltmeter. In a TV or monitor, if you are removing the high voltage connection to the CRT (to replace the flyback transformer for example) first discharge the CRT contact (under the insulating cup at the end of the fat red wire). Use a 1M to 10M ohm 1W or greater wattage resistor on the end of an insulating stick or the probe of a high voltage meter. Discharge to the metal frame which is connected to the outside of the CRT.

For TVs and monitors in particular, there is the additional danger of CRT implosion - take care not to bang the CRT envelope with your tools. An implosion will scatter shards of glass at high velocity in every direction. There is several tons of force attempting to crush the typical CRT. Always wear eye protection. While the actual chance of a violent implosion is relatively small, why take chances? (However, breaking the relatively fragile neck off the CRT WILL be embarrassing at the very least.)

Connect/disconnect any test leads with the equipment unpowered and unplugged. Use clip leads or solder temporary wires to reach cramped locations or difficult to access locations.

If you must probe live, put electrical tape over all but the last 1/16" of the test probes to avoid the possibility of an accidental short which could cause damage to various components. Clip the reference end of the meter or scope to the appropriate ground return so that you need to only probe with one hand.

Perform as many tests as possible with power off and the equipment unplugged. For example, the semiconductors in the power supply section of a TV or monitor can be tested for short circuits with an ohmmeter.

Provide a reliable means of warning that power is applied and that high voltage filter capacitor(s) still hold a charge during servicing. For example, solder a neon indicator lamp (e.g., an NE2 in series with a 100K ohm resistor) across the line input and a super high brightness LEDs in series with 100K, 1 W resistors across the main filter capacitor(s).

Use an isolation transformer if there is any chance of contacting line connected circuits. A Variac(tm) (variable autotransformer) is not an isolation transformer! However, the combination of a Variac and isolation transformer maintains the safety benefits and is a very versatile device. See the document "Repair Briefs, An Introduction", available at this site, for more details.

The use of a GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) protected outlet is a good idea but may not protect you from shock from many points in a line connected TV or monitor, or the high voltage side of a microwave oven, for example. (Note however, that, a GFCI may nuisance trip at power-on or at other random times due to leakage paths (like your scope probe ground) or the highly capacitive or inductive input characteristics of line powered equipment.) A GFCI is also a relatively complex active device which may not be designed for repeated tripping - you are depending on some action to be taken (and bad things happen if it doesn't!) - unlike the passive nature of an isolation transformer. A fuse or circuit breaker is too slow and insensitive to provide any protection for you or in many cases, your equipment. However, these devices may save your scope probe ground wire should you accidentally connect it to a live chassis.

When handling static sensitive components, an anti-static wrist strap is recommended. However, it should be constructed of high resistance materials with a high resistance path between you and the chassis (greater than 100K ohms). Never use metallic conductors as you would then become an excellent path to ground for line current or risk amputating your hand at the wrist when you accidentally contacted that 1000 A welder supply!

Don't attempt repair work when you are tired. Not only will you be more careless, but your primary diagnostic tool - deductive reasoning - will not be operating at full capacity.

Finally, never assume anything without checking it out for yourself! Don't take shortcuts!

Many people who mistakenly feel that ‘old technology’ is somehow more user-friendly, in some strange way automatically good - merely because it is old. Don’t be fooled! Approach old equipment with an open and alert mind and realise that a hot chassis, or a resistor line cord, or asbestos insulation, or selenium rectifiers require much more thought and consideration for safety.

Live chassis are indiscriminate in whom they kill and even if you are a thoughtful, careful kind of person, that doesn’t mean the last person who handled the set was.

Vintage radio and television receivers use 'live chassis' techniques, in which the chassis is connected directly to one side of the incoming mains supply. This means they can be lethal to carry out repair or servicing work on, unless the appropriate safety measures are in place.

Another thing about live-chassis sets - live spindles. We’ve touched on this already but it’s worth making the point once more. The shafts of switches and potentiometers fixed to the chassis may well be at chassis potential and thus live. The bakelite or wood cabinet is insulated but these shafts are not, and if someone lost the proper grub screw and replaced a knob using a cheesehead screw, the next person to grip that knob may get a dose of 250 volts. Originally these grub screws were sealed and embedded in wax but you cannot rely on subsequent tinkerers having the same high standards.

Even in more orthodox apparatus standards of insulation were not always as high as they are now. Soldered connections to HT and mains wiring should always have rubber or plastic sleeving but in times gone by this was often omitted (or it may since have perished). Beware too of kinked and frayed braiding on cloth-covered mains cords, particularly when the cord has a dropper conductor.

If you are not satisfied that you fully understand the risks involved in this sort of work, do not proceed any further. Instead seek advice and assistance from a competent technician or engineer.

Whenever you acquire a new treasure there's always a terrific temptation to try it out. With mains-driven equipment that means plugging it in and seeing if it works. Well don't, not until you have made some quick checks.

Before contemplating connecting any unknown receiver to the mains supply, spend a little time inspecting it for signs of missing or loose parts, blown fuses, overheating or even fire damage. Use a meter to check obvious points to ensure no short circuit exists (e.g. across the mains input). If you then decide to apply power keep clear but be observant since an elderly electrolytic might explode! This can be avoided if you can apply power gradually through a variac. Auto-transformers are handy for supplying reduced power to sets being repaired but they are not a substitute for a proper isolation transformer!

If you are working with electricity and your work area has a concrete floor, a rubber mat is essential, particularly during damp weather! Where possible try to arrange a neat working area away from water or central heating pipes. For safety try to arrange that this area is separate from the area occupied by your family. This is emphasised because inadvertently rushing to answer a telephone you might just leave a TV chassis connected to a supply and curious little fingers know nothing of the dangers of electricity - or, for that matter - the lethal vacuum encased within every picture tube!

Many younger enthusiasts may not be aware of the dangers of mishandling tubes, in particular the old round types found in early TVs. When handling these tubes eye protection should be worn and tubes must not be left lying around, they must be stored in boxes. The glass is surprising fragile and can implode without any provocation or warning. Bits of glass flying around at high speed can be deadly. The notes following are inspired by Malcolm Burrell again.

Picture tubes are perhaps one of the most hazardous items in any TV receiver. This is because most are of glass construction and contain a very high vacuum. If you measured the total area of glass in any picture tube then estimated the pressure of air upon it at 14.7lb. per square inch, you would discover that the total pressure upon the device could amount to several tons! Fracturing the glass suddenly would result in an extremely rapid implosion such that fragments of glass, metal and toxic chemicals would be scattered over a wide area, probably causing injury to anyone in close proximity. In modern workshops it is now a rule that protective goggles are worn when handling picture tubes.

The weakest point in most picture tubes is where the thin glass neck containing the electron gun is joined to the bowl. It is therefore essential that you refrain from handling the tube by its neck alone. Once a tube is removed from the receiver hold it vertically with the neck uppermost and one hand beneath the screen with the other steadying the device by the neck.With larger devices it is sometimes easier to grip the peripheral of the screen with both hands.

Until the advent of reinforced picture tubes, most were mounted in the cabinet or on the TV chassis by some form of metal band clamped around the face.Never support the weight of the tube by this band since it has been known for the tube to slide out! Some of the larger tubes are extremely heavy. It may, therefore, be easier to enlist assistance.

Before starting to remove a tube, first discharge the final anode connection to the chassis metalwork and preferably connect a shorting lead to this connection whilst you are working. It might be convenient to keep a spare piece of EHT cable with a crocodile clip at one end and a final anode connector at the other.

Exercise care when removing picture tubes from elderly equipment. You may find that the deflection coils have become stuck to the neck. It is extremely dangerous to use a screwdriver prise them away. Gently heating with a hairdryer or soaking in methylated spirit is safer.

Disposal of picture tubes also requires care. Unless rendered safe they should never be placed in dustbins or skips. Many engineers swipe the necks off tubes in cavalier fashion using a broom handle but this is not recommended. A safer method is to make a hole in the side of a stout carton, preferably one designed to hold a picture tube. The tube is placed in the carton and the neck broken using a broom handle. The carton should then be clearly labelled that it contains chemicals and broken glass!

Therefore people who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

Think for yourself. Otherwise you have to believe what other people tell you.

For most people thinking is a matter of fortune.A society based on individualism is an oxymoron.Freedom is at first the freedom to starve.A wise fool speaks, because he has something to say.A fool speaks, because he has to say something.A wise fool is silent, because there is nothing to say.A fool is silent, because he has nothing to say.

Resist or regretWork for what's good for our people

Help stem the dark tideStand tall or be beat downFight back or die

The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

We now live in a nation where doctors destroy health, lawyers destroy justice, universities destroy knowledge, governments destroy freedom, the press destroys information, religion destroys morals and our banks destroy the economy.The globalist argument is that if only we erase distinctions, obliterate identities, put everyone on a level playing field, etc.. we can eliminate war and everyone can be so prosperous and efficient, such great cogs in a well-oiled global machine.There will be no more historical grievances because people will no longer even care, they'll have no connection to the past, no foolish pride in past accomplishments of people totally unrelated to them.A globalized culture, no borders, everyone a citizen of the world.Know this: I will never acquiesce to this corrupt, inhuman, Borg-like vision. The dangerous lunatics who push us towards their globalized "utopia" are my enemy. How exactly all this will play out, whether through wars, or whether we can thwart the globalist agenda peacefully (this is my hope of course) I don't know. But I do know that unless people are willing to fight and die, globalism will win out in the end.The actual crimes committed by the EU against the European peoples are directly in violation of the 1948 UN genocide convention, Article II: (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.* The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

TELEVISION HISTORY IN BRIEF

Television history

At 1928 Baird transmits from London to New York, using his mechanical system.with 30 vertical lines. By 1930 it was clear that mechanical television systems could never produce the picture quality required for commercial success. For this reason mechanical system was rapidly succeeded by the electronic TV systems. The first all-electronic American systems in 1932 used only 120 scanning lines at 24 frames per second Since the mid-1930s picture repetition frequency (field rate or frame rate) has been the same as the mains frequency, either 50 or 60Hz according to the frequency used in each country. This is for two very good reasons. Studio lighting generally uses alternating current lamps and if these were not synchronised with the field frequency, an unwelcome strobe effect could appear on TV pictures. Secondly, in days gone by, the smoothing of power supply circuits in TV receivers was not as good as it is today and ripple superimposed on the DC could cause visual interference. If the picture was locked to the mains frequency, this interference would at least be static on the screen and thus less obtrusive.To determine what electronic system to use, the BBC sponsored trial broadcasts by two systems, one by Baird, with 240 lines, and one by EMI with 405 lines. Scheduled electronic television broadcasting began in England in 1936 using 405-line system (lasted until the 1980s in the UK). Germany made their forst TV broadcasts at 1936 olympics using 180-line TV system. Germany also made their TV broadcasts by the fall of 1937 using a 441-line system. Also fFrance tested TV (455 line system). RCA introduced electronic television to the U. S. at the 1939 World's Fair,and began regularly scheduled broadcasting at the same time (525 line system).In 1940 the USA established its 525-line standard. At year 1941 the 525-line standard, still in use today in USA, was adopted.Russia also produced TV sets before the war (240 and 343 line systems).World War Two interrupted the development of television. Immediately after World War Two production of TV sets started in the U.S-In USA there was TV broadcasts and few throusand receivers at 1945. In the early 1950s, two competing color TV systems emerged: CBS sequential color (used color wheel) and RCA dot sequential system. At 1953 color broadcasting officially arrives in the U.S. on Dec. 17, when FCC approves modified version of an RCA system.It calls this new RCA color system "NTSC" color. The first NTSC color TVs were on the marker at 1954.In Europe the TV broadcasts started to use experiment using 625 line system 1950s. This standard is used nowadays throughout Europe. France also tried 819 line system at the same time (this system was in use to 1980s). The rest of Europe opted for 625 lines, a system devised in 1946 by two German engineers, M??ller and Urtel (it appears that the Russians came up independently with a very similar system). The use of PAL color standard started at around 1967 and is still in use. The SECAM color system (used in France) testing started also at 1967. The TV broadcasting history has not ended. The newst thign is digital television. It is expected that terrestrial television will open up billion-dollar opportunities for those companies and organisations best prepared to embrace this new broadcasting era. At 1996 small digital satellite dishes hit the market. They become the biggest selling electronic item in history next to the VCR.

Using TV 24H

TV has something for everyone. Idiots, intellectuals, fans of all sorts. Some people are couch potatoes, watch anything just to sit there and be mindless. That's their problem. Children have always needed to be monitored by their parents. If people gotta a mind for it they could figure out the real news even without the internet and there has always been a library.

Is TV bad in and of itself? The researchers aren’t saying that. But we all know that watching television is a solitary, isolating occupation that keeps you sedentary. Sitting in front of the boob tube reduces the time you have available to exercise, interact with your family, read books, and be outdoors. This new research dovetails with other studies, which have linked excessive TV time to obesity and higher rates of cardiovascular disease.

watching too much television can jeopardize your whole family’s health.

This should be a wake-up call to all adults. Stay active. Go outside. Spend time with your spouse and your children with the television off. Read a book and do crossword puzzles to stimulate your imagination and your brain. Reduce your screen time as much as you can.

The National Cancer Institute researchers suggest that watching TV is a public health issue. The price we are paying for our technology-driven lives may be much higher than we previously realized !

DON'T WATCH TV AT ALL !!

The Propaganda TV Machine a.k.a. The Ministry of Truth delivers The Truth from The Government to the people.

At least, that's what they say. In fact, a Propaganda Machine is only employed by The Empire and used to brainwash people into Gullible Lemmings who believe that everything is all right when in fact, it isn't, and that the very people who could help them are their enemies.

Girl Looking TV.

Happy Times:

Do you remember when a telly looked like a real telly? When it was a piece of furniture that you lavished love on, even polished from time to time ?When it was a piece of somewhat at looking in to ?When it was a piece of Highest tech looking inside ? First, this site is a Digital free, HD free, flat panel, HDMI, China, Turks, Afrika free zone. All in all a wealth of vintage information at your finger tips, a one stop unique experience. So step on in, leave the modern throw-away world behind, travel back in time to a vintage world of repair and enjoy.This site has stirred memories about the watching TV's days on a CRT TUBE television......Childhood memories, your parents getting their first colour tv, a b/w or color portable, perhaps memories of renting or buying your first set remote featured, perhaps your days working in the trade, selling or repairing them....... If you enjoyed this site, found its content left you all misty eyed then just talk about it as it would be very welcome............like the time to recover and restore a set ................and happy reminiscing.

Digital TV in Brief.

Digital TV:

Digital television is a hot topic now.If you have looked at television sets at any of the big electronics retailers lately, you know that Digital TV, or DTV, is a BIG deal right now in the U.S. In Europe Digital TV is also a hot topic, because many countries have started terrestrial digital TV broadcasts and plan to end analogue broadcasts after some years (will take 5-10 years). Satellite TV broadcasts have also shifted very much to digital broadcasts.The main advantage if digital broadcasts are that it does not havethe picture quality problems of analogue TVs (it had it's own videoproblems caused by video compression), it allowes putting more TV channels to same medium (TV channel frequencies and satellites) and it allows new services (like HDTV and interactive multimedia). The digital brodcasts are generally designed to use such modulation that the digital data stream (typically around 20-30 Mbit/s) is modulated to the same bandwidth (around 6 MHz) as the analogue TV broadcasts. The used modulation vary between different media, which means thatdifferent modulation techniques are used in terrestrial transmissions, cable TV and satellite. Different modulations are used because of the different characteristics of those transmission medias. There is not on "digital TV", but several different variations of it in use.The basic technology of digital TV, known as MPEG 2 video compressionand MPEG 2 transmission stream format, is same around the world, butis is used somewhat differently in different standards used in differentcountries.

USA uses ACTS Digital Televisio Standard, which standardizes NTSC format transmissions, HDTV transmission, sound formats and data signal modulation in use. The ATSC MPEG-2 formats for DTV, including HDTV, uses 4:2:0 samling for video signal. The US system uses a fixed power and a fixed maximum bitrate, at which some bits are always transmitted. That rate is typically 19.3 Mb/sec.

Europe uses DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) standard. This standardallows basically normal PAL resolution transmisssion (vasically HDTVcould be added later but is not yet standardized) with several audio formats, digital data rates and digital signal modulation. There are several different variations fo DVB standard for different media:

DVB-T for terrestrial broadcastsDVB-S for satelliteDVB-C for cable TV

Those different DVB versions varyon the data signal modulation methods, error correction and frequency bands used. DVB and option for some interactive extra services, but thestandardization of this is not ready here yet(there are fire different incompatible interactive servicessystems in use in different countries and by different broadcasters).

The process of transmitting digital TV signal is the following: Analog video/audio - digitisation - MPEG compression - Multiplexing ( youcan now call it digital) - Preparation for transmisson - modulation toanalog carrier.Reception process is the following: Demodulation of analogue carrier - Error correction - Demultiplexing - MPEG decompression - DA conversion to get analogue signal (unless you use digital display). The analoguie video signal that gets digitized can be practically from any video source, for example produced with old analogue video production equipment and distributed with a video tape. In high-end system the information is analogue only in the image sensor on the video camera, and from this on the signal gets digitally processed. In many real-life TV production systems the reality is something between those two extremes.

At least in Europe, the signal level requirements for DVB-T are well below the analog requirements, so the transmitter power is much less than on the analog side. In the NorDig recommendation the minimum received signal level for 64QAM, 7/8 code rate with a Rayleigh fading path and 8 dB receiver noise figure would be -64 dBm. With other code rates, modulations and fading mechanisms, the requirement is lower. Many receivers can perform much better at conditions where there is no fading (a quasi error free less than one uncorrected error/hour signal even at 27 dBuV (-82 dBm) with 64QAM and 8 MHz channel width). For analog signals, the recommended level is more than 1 mV (+60 dBuV, -49 dBm). While the ERP can be at least 10 dB lower than analog, the question of power consumption is more complicated, since COFDM with 64QAM carriers require a quite good linearity, which may affect the efficiency and hence power consumption.

Digital TV system in use in USA

The FCC mandate to change our broadcast standards from NTSC analog to ATSC digital broadcasting (DTV) is big bold move, requiring changes in everything from the way the studios shoot video, the format that's transmitted, to the equipment we use to receive and watch broadcastsDTV (digital TV) applies to digital broadcasts in general and to the U.S. ATSC standard in specific. The ATSC standard includes both standard-definition (SD) and high-definition (HD) digital formats. The notation H/DTV is often used to specifically refer to high-definition digital TV. The federal mandate grants the public airwaves to the broadcasters to transmit digital TV in exchange for return of the current analog NTSC spectrum, allowing for a transition period in the interim. At the end of this period scheduled for 2006, broadcasters must be fully converted to the 8VSB broadcast standard. Digital Television ("DTV") is a new broadcast technology that will transform television. The technology of DTV will allows TV broadcasts with movie-quality picture and CD- quality sound and a variety of other enhancements (for example data delivery). With digital television, broadcasters will be able to offer free television of higher resolution and better picture quality than now exists under the current mode of TV transmission. If broadcasters so choose, they can offer what has been called "high definition television" or HDTV, television with theater-quality pictures and CD-quality sound. . Alternatively, a broadcaster can offer several different TV programs at the same time, with pictures and sound quality better than is generally available today. HDTV (high-definition TV) encompasses both analog and digital televisions that have a 16:9 aspect ratio and approximately 5 times the resolution of standard TV (double vertical, double horizontal, wider aspect). High definition is generally defined as any video signal that is at least twice the quality of the current 480i (interlaced) analog broadcast signal. There are 18 approved formats for digital TV broadcasts, but only two (720p/1080i) are proper definition of the term HDTV. The advent of high definition has allowed monitors to read images differently, either in standard interlaced format or progressively. Sets that do not have any decoding capabilities but can display the high-resolution image is often labeled as "HD-Ready" a term that describes 80% or more of the Digital TVs on the market. HDTV displays support digital connections such as HDMI (DVI) and IEEE 1394/FireWire, although standardization is not finished. HDTV in the US is part of the ATSC DTV format. The resolution and frame rates of DTV in the US generally correspond to the ATSC recommendations for SD (640x480 and 704x480 at 24p, 30p, 60p, 60i) and HD (1280x720 at 24p, 20p, and 60p; 1920x1080 at 24p, 30p and 60i). In addition, a broadcaster will be able to simultaneously transmit a variety of other information through a data bitstream to both enhance its TV programs and to provide entirely new services. The technical specifications of USA DTV system is defined in ACTS Digital Television Standards.

Digital TV in Europe

Digital TV brodacasting in Europe is done according to DVB standards. DVB technology has become an integral part of global broadcasting, setting the global standard for satellite, cable and terrestrial transmissions and equipment. There are three versions of DVB in use: DVB-S, DVB-C and DVB-T.DVB-T is a flexible system allowing terrestrial broadcastersto choose from a variety of options to suit their various service environments. This allows the choice between fixed roof-top antenna, portableand even mobile reception of DVB-T services. Broadly speaking the trade-off in one of service bit-rate versus signal robustness.

DVB-T network is very flexible. Having many transmitters all on the same frequency is not a problem for the used COFDM based system. COFDM has been chosen and designed to minimise the effects of multipath in obstructed reception areas. In fact multipath signals can significantly improve the overall received signal with no adverse effects. These properties are particularly valuable for radio cameras and mobile links. DVB-T because of its unique design which allows single frequency networks (SFN). This means that many transmitters along the planned routes can transmit on the same frequency. It is also possible to use simple gap fillers that amplify and retransmit the signal. In-air digital TV broadcasts in Europe use DVB-T. 8 MHz of bandwidth may be used to provide a 24 Mbps digital transmission path using Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) modulation (theoretical maximum 31.67 Mbits for 8 MHz bandwidth). In cases where less bandwidth is available (6 or 7 MHz), the data rate is somewhat lower (around 20 Mbit/s).

DVB-C does the same function as DVB-T, but the modulation used in this system is optimized to operate well in cable TV networks. The modulation used in DVB-C is QAM. Systems from 16-QAM up to 256-QAM can be used, but the system centres on 64-QAM, in which an 8MHz channel can accommodate a physical payload of about 38 Mbit/s. Digital cable TV in Europe uses DVB-C. The DVB standard for the cable return path has been developed jointly with DAVIC, the Digital Audio Visual Council. The specification uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation in a 200kHz, 1MHz or 2MHz channel to provide a return path for interactive services (from the user to the service provider) of up to about 3Mbit/s. The path to the user may be either in-band (embedded in the MPEG-2 Transport Stream in the DVB-C channel) or out-of-band (on a separate 1 or 2MHz frequency band).

DVB-S is the satellite version of DVB. Satellite transmission has lead the way in delivering digital TV to viewers. Established in 1995, the satellite standard DVB-S is the oldest DVB standard, used on all six major continents. QPSK modulation system is used, with channel coding optimised to the error characteristics of the channel. A typical satellite channel has 36 MHz bandwidth, which may support transmission at up to 38 Mbps (assuming delivery to a 0.5m receiving antenna) using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. 16 bytes of Reed Solomon (RS) coding are added to each 188 byte transport packet to provide Forward Error Correction (FEC) using a RS(204,188,8) code. For the satellite transmission, the resultant bit stream is then interleaved and convolutional coding is applied.

The core of the DVB digital data stream isthe standard MPEG-2 "data container",which holds the broadcast and service information.This flexible "carry-all" can containanything that can be digitised, includingmultimedia data. The MPEG-2 standards define how to format the various component parts of a multimedia programme (which may consist of: MPEG-2 compressed video, compressed audio, control data and/or user data). It also defines how these components are combined into a single synchronous transmission bit stream. The process of combining the steams is known as multiplexing. The multiplexed stream may be transmitted over a variety of links, standards / products.Each MPEG-2 MPTS multiplex carries a number of streams which in combination deliver the required services. A typical data rate of such multiplex is around 24 Mbps for terrestrial brodcasts.

European DVB systems currently transmit only standard definition TV signals and set top boxes also handle only normal TV resolution. It would be possible to transmit HDTV signals on DVB data stream, but those broadcasts have not yet started in any wide scale. There is one satellite broadcater that broadcasts HDTV DVB signals in Europe (some cable TV operators carry that signal on their cable).

Many DVB-T integrated TV sets, and some set top boxes, in the Europe come with a Common Interface slot - which is pretty much the same form-factor as a PC Card (aka PCMCIA) used in PC laptops. This CI slot accepts a Conditional Access Module, in the same way that DVB-S receivers do, which implements at least one (some can do more than one) decryption algorithm. This CAM may also, itself, have a smart card slot to accept a consumer subscription card to authorise decryption - you plug your smartcard into your CAM and your CAM into the CI slot in your receiver/IDTV. Some DVB receivers have an integrated CAM (in the case of some receivers this is implemented purely in software, with no extra hardware required) rather than a CI slot to plug in a 3rd party device. With these type of receivers you just plug in the smart card and don't have to worry about CI slots and buying CAMs. So there is an interface standard for DVB - but different broadcasters can chose different encryption schemes, requiring different CAMs for decryption.

DVB Standards and related documents are published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). These include a large number of standards and technical notes to complement the MPEG-2 standards defined by the ISO.

There are few different standard how interactive TV functionaly is implemented in DVB-systems in use in differenct countries. DVB-MHP is one gaining some acceptance. Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) is the open middleware system designed by the DVB Project (www.dvb.org).