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1 PASR Preparatory Action on the enhancement of the European industrial potential in the field of Security research Grant Agreement no Supporting activity acronym: PRISE Activity full name: Privacy enhancing shaping of security research and technology A participatory approach to develop acceptable and accepted principles for European Security Industries and Policies Activity type: Supporting Activity D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings: Towards privacy enhancing security technologies the next steps Vienna, April 28th and 29th 2008 Final Version, February 2009 Edited by Johann Čas, Institute of Technology Assessment

2 Supporting Activity Coordinator Johann Čas, Institute of Technology Assessment, Austrian Academy of Sciences Strohgasse 45, A-1030 Vienna, Austria Partners Institute of Technology Assessment, Vienna, Austria Contact: Johann Čas The Danish Board of Technology, Copenhagen, Denmark Contact: Lars Klüver The Norwegian Board of Technology, Oslo, Norway Contact: Christine Hafskjold Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany Contact: Marit Hansen Legal notice: The information in this document is provided as is and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The user thereof uses the information at its sole risk and liability. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of the following information. PRISE Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

3 Table of Contents page Preface 5 Vincent Brochier The EuropCop project - The impact of the Social, Legal and Ethical aspects in the implementation of ICT dedicated to the pedestrian police officer* 7 Fanny Coudert Balancing the needs for increased security and the protection of fundamental rights in the new generation of video surveillance networks: the example of DYVINE project 9 Anne Kets Technological trends in screening and security measures* 25 Mario Savastano Privacy issues coverage in the 3DFace project* 27 Colin Bennett Privacy Impact Assessments: What are they and how can they be made to work?* 29 Andreas Pfitzmann Biometrics - how to put to use and how not at all? 31 Leon Hempel Towards New Design Practices for Security Technologies?* 37 Andrew A. Adams Privacy by Design. The Whole System Approach* 39 John Borking Organizational Motives for Adopting Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) 43 Katja Stoppenbrink Big brother on my desk - Can office surveillance systems be compatible with privacy protection at the workplace? A question of legal clarity and corporate responsibility 73 Sandro Gaycken Counter-Development - Technological Opposition as an Ethical Duty* 75 Elin Palm Ethical aspects of information security* 77 Gloria González Fuster Law, justice and ethics for preemptive security practices 79 Abstract or external link

5 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings Page 5 Preface Over the last years security from crime and terror has become a key issue in public debate and on the political agenda. Many of the proposed measures and technologies meant to increase security are, however, in direct conflict with the human right of privacy. The technical possibilities of surveillance, as well as access to and analysis of personal data are steadily increasing. A main objective and key result of the PRISE project are criteria for privacy enhancing security research, technologies and measures. Whereas the developed criteria can provide important guidance towards security technologies and measures respecting human rights and personal privacy, they are obviously only a first step to preserve privacy in a security focused world. The purpose of the PRISE conference was to discuss in an open and broad forum PRISE results as well as further steps required for a balanced approach on privacy and security. The programme was targeted at a broad range of experts on privacy and security issues, representing security industries, policy-making, research, human rights organisations as well as users of security technologies. The aim was to advance public debate and policy discourse and in this way to contribute to security policies in line with human rights and privacy protection. This deliverable consists of the proceedings of the workshops conducted within the final PRISE Conference, to which the second conference day was devoted. If not indicated otherwise, full text papers are included. Further information on the conference conducted on the 28 th and 29 th of April 2008 in Vienna is available from the PRISE website this includes also the presentations of the conference contributions as far as made available to the PRISE project.

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7 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings Page 7 The EuropCop project - The impact of the Social, Legal and Ethical aspects in the implementation of ICT dedicated to the pedestrian police officer Abstract: Vincent Brochier Sagem Défense Sécurité Police forces make a major contribution to the security of a country. They protect its frontiers, protect against terrorism and other violence, mange crises these are the main missions of the police, and all require advances in interoperable integrated systems for information and communication. Lack of progress jeopardises the efficiency of police in the modern world. The organisation of forces differs from country to country but their core missions are similar: to protect Life and Property, to prevent Crime, to detect and arrest offenders, to maintain the peace. The ratio of officers to the public is around 1/1000 in the European Union. Pedestrian police officers will always be irreplaceable because they have access everywhere (gardens, stairs, cellar ) and they are the front line in any action. They have to enable lawful activities of all citizens and to protect human rights. Key to their mission is the ability to gather intelligence, record crime and incidents, retrieve information from police systems and input information into them, identify people encountered, be accessible to their communities. They need to spend as much time as possible engaged in active policing visible to citizens yet be respectful of privacy. Currently, pedestrian police officers have limited communication equipment and are not included in the police network. Their efficiency suffers from such a situation and globally, they spend only a small part of their time (sometimes as low as 20%) policing on the street; too much of their time is spent in visiting an office or vehicle to access or input information. This directly effects security. There is therefore a strong need to improve the efficiency of pedestrian police officers and in particular to increase the time available for patrol. Police officers equipment has to date not been designed in a systemic approach. Potential new equipment has been tested independently in different countries and most of the proposed systems have not been deployed. Various soldiers equipment programmes (Soldatto del futuro, IZF, F.IS.T, FELIN) explore the future with a systemic approach and can give some ideas of the different types of system and equipment that could be useful for a pedestrian police officer. However the needs and constraints of soldiers and police officers are very different and military equipment can only inspire research not simply be copied for police needs. New ICTs might bring significant improvements, but they could also provide too much information. At the same time, such equipment can be intrusive because it increases the capabilities of the officer to capture all the information (audio, video) circulating in a public area. In this case, the reception by the population could be very negative and the efforts made in developing these new technologies could be undermined by fear and the disruption of trust and communication with the populace. So there is clearly some potential danger to

8 Page 8 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings provide all these technologies without taking into account the social, legal and ethical implications. We will present the concept of EuropCop and the process which was undertaken to include these SLE aspects in the technical research process. Consequently it will demonstrated that EuroCop will integrate new ICT solutions in a suitable way allowing greater efficiency, speed and safety for a police officer in the street while at the same time allowing police officers to be closer to the needs of the citizen without becoming the henchman of Big Brother.

9 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings Page 9 Balancing the needs for increased security and the protection of fundamental rights in the new generation of video surveillance networks: the example of DYVINE project Fanny Coudert Interdisciplinary Center for Law & ICT (ICRI) Katholieke Universiteit Leuven IBBT Abstract: DYVINE participates from the development of the next generation of video surveillance networks. Video surveillance techniques are evolving from static and passive cameras documenting events to dynamic and preventive networks. The use of wireless IP systems allows the emergence of flexible networks and massive customization at the same time that video content analyses improve their added-value. DYVINE is building a system which will enable few operators to effectively manage complex emergency situations, e.g., creating security perimeters warning against intruders, tracking objects and persons or helping the search for missing people. This evolution brings however new threats for individual freedoms, challenging in particular the application of the current data protection safeguards. This paper analyses the threats posed by DYVINE system and present the recommendations made within the project to build a system respectful of fundamental rights, pointing out insufficiencies in the protection provided by the legal framework to the new reality of video surveillance capabilities. 1. Introduction DYVINE (Dynamic Visual Networks) is a European project which deals with the problem of low efficiency of video surveillance systems, despite the growing number of cameras installed in every city, with the aim of enhancing the security and safety of citizens. Nowadays, the main challenge made to video surveillance consists in defining the best way to take advantage of the significant number of streams of images available. The concept of DYVINE is to design a federative system which is able at any time to integrate all the cameras of a city, whoever they belong to, complete them with other cameras, fixed or mobile, in situ or airborne, to provide the risk management agencies with an accurate and up-to-date situation picture of the relevant events. DYVINE-like systems is foreseen to be used during the prevention phase of a crisis and its further management by the Civil Protection agencies and on a permanent basis for Police and Urban management requirements. DYVINE-like systems are thus called to be used on many different situations with the purpose of enhancing the protection of citizens. Protection should be understood here broadly as referring to the endeavour to preserve human life in the face of both direct (terrorist attacks,

10 Page 10 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings deadly diseases, extreme weather) and indirect threats (risk to the vital systems that sustain human life such as water supplies, electricity provision, health systems and police service) 1. This paper deals with the main issues raised by the new generation of video surveillance networks for the protection of citizens from a data protection point of view. Despite being a valuable tool for the police and civil protection forces, several questions should be solved before considering their implementation on a large scale. Such systems should keep an adequate balance between the needs of security and the respect of fundamental rights. A first part describes the main characteristics of the new video surveillance networks with a particular focus put on the system being developed under DYVINE. This will permit to understand and identify, in a second time, the threats posed by this system to fundamental rights and more particularly how it challenges the safeguards introduced by data protection legislations. Finally, recommendations made within DYVINE to reduce the negative impact on fundamental rights are presented. 2. DYVINE as example of the new generation of video surveillance networks Video surveillance networks have spread the last decade in response to public security concerns, as a deterrent to crime and for evidence gathering purposes. Other important public interests such as traffic monitoring have also motivated the large deployment of such systems, interweaving a web of video cameras that monitors everyday life of millions of citizens. 2 The efficiency of these systems, i.e. their ability to achieve the goals pursued, is however often put at stake. Suffice is to mention the complaint filed by Privacy International with the Ontario Information and Privacy Commissioner's Office regarding the plans to implement 12,000 cameras across Toronto's transportation network of buses, streetcars, and subways with the goal of crime deterrence. 3 This organisation fundamentally contest the choice of a video surveillance as optimal solution to fight street crime and terrorism, particularly when proof has not been made of its efficiency in this specific domain. They claimed that the benefit for the public good did not seem to justify such interference into fundamental rights. The measure was considered by Privacy International disproportionate and thus lacking of legitimacy. 4 1 BOIN A., EKENGEN M., RHINARD M., The European Union s protection policy space: a framework for analysis, in BOIN A., EKENGEN M., RHINARD M., Protecting the European Union, policies, sectors and institutional solutions, October As pointed out in this paper., the use of the broad concept of protection instead of the traditional concepts of safety, i.e. a term that traditionally covers domestic questions about technological accidents, natural disasters, and other immediate threats to the well-being of citizens, and security, a term traditionally related to territorial defense using military means, allows to overcoming the difficulties arising from their blurring both in theory and in practice. 2 COUDERT, Fanny, DUMORTIER, Jos, Intelligent video surveillance networks: data protection challenges, Proceedings of The Third International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES'08), 4-7 Mars 2008, IEEE Computer Society, pp Privacy International, PI Files complaint about expansion of CCTV on Toronto transit network, 25 October 2007, available online at: 4 The Ontario Information and Privacy Commissioner's Office did however not follow the arguments raised by Privacy International based on the fact that video surveillance systems were not installed and used only for purposes of crime deterrence but also for risk management, public safety, detection and prosecution of crimes. See, Ontario Information and Privacy Commissioner's Office, Privacy and Video Surveillance in Mass Transit Systems: A Special Investigation Report, Privacy Investigation Report MC07/68, 3 March 2008.

11 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings Page 11 Advances in surveillance technologies are progressively providing tools to remedy the claimed lack of efficiency of video surveillance networks, changing their main nature 5. Video cameras are not fixed anymore but can adapt their view angle to the needs of the changing circumstances. The use of IP technologies facilitates interconnection and interoperability. Finally, the development of video analytics provides a substantial help in decision-making. These technologies give a new dimension to video surveillance. It evolves from a reactive into a proactive technology, facilitated by the interconnection of networks New video surveillance technologies New surveillance technologies allow identifying, tracking and investigating diverse activities of formerly anonymous individuals and are fundamentally changing the nature of video surveillance. 5 Three main technological trends can be observed: growing performance of video cameras providing a more precise view of the situation, the use of IP technology which makes video surveillance networks interoperable and finally the use of video analytics tools which improve decision making. Observation technologies First of all, video surveillance networks are not fixed anymore, aiming at documenting events in a static way, but make use of sophisticated and re-configurable video cameras that can adapt to the changing needs of a situation. Cameras from closed-circuit television could see about as far as human eye but with a narrower field of view. Modern cameras in contrast can expand their coverage area by panning, i.e. moving in a horizontal plan, tilting, i.e. moving in vertical plan, and magnifying to improve the details that camera images can render. With a mere 60- times optical zoom lens a camera can read the wording on a cigarette packet at 100 yards, some cities are reportedly deploying cameras capable of 400-times magnification. 5 Finally, video cameras can be equipped with night and very low vision thanks to the use of infra-red vision technology. 5 The growing performance of video cameras certainly expands the possibilities of monitoring public areas in an effective way but at the same time it reduces increasingly the sphere of anonymity enjoyed by individuals in public places. IP video surveillance networks Second, video surveillance networks are not closed circuits anymore but tend to be converted in networked digital surveillance based on IP technology. IP video surveillance can be defined as the transmission of video utilizing open internet protocols and standards for the purpose of recording and monitoring. This open architecture encouraged third-party software manufacturers to develop management and recording software resulting in exponential growth of the IP video surveillance market The Constitution Project, Guidelines for public video surveillance, a guide to protecting communities and preserving civil liberties, November 2006, available online at: Wikipedia, IP Camera, available online at:

12 Page 12 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings Apart from reducing costs, IP technology supports for a variety of standard and multimegapixel image resolutions beyond NTSC, PAL and SECAM and the Transmission of commands for PTZ (pan, tilt, zoom) cameras via the same cable 6, facilitating the integration of networks. It moreover allows the building of federative platforms used by several agencies and the interconnection with third party s networks. The connection of mobile cameras to the network is also facilitated. The increased flexibility permitted by IP technology enables a growing adaptability of the configuration and characteristics of video surveillance networks to the changing circumstances. It however reduces the transparency of such networks to individuals and contributes to the building of increasingly opaque systems. Video analytics Finally, IP technology also supports an increased use of intelligent video analytics tools, namely object recognition software, behaviour analysis and individual and object tracking. The interconnection of video surveillance networks increases their complexity. The spread of video camera networks makes it more difficult to monitor all incoming video feeds. Video analytics provides the necessary help to operators in charge of watching multiple monitors 7. In that sense, computers never loose attention, so video analytics remedies the problem 7. But more than the attention required to the operator, it is the ability to analyse the images which is at stake. Video analytics is, according to the definition provided by IBM, designed to enable real-time decision-making and post event correlation of people and activities 8. It enables situation awareness of the location, identity and activity of objects in a monitored space including license plate recognition and face capture 8. Embedded intelligent video motion detection with shape recognition/counting applied to objects, people, and vehicles allows increased use of tracking facilities. Integration of video surveillance with other systems and functions such as access control, alarm systems, building management, traffic management, etc allows the design of refined pre-configurable alarms which help to decision-making The example of DYVINE system 9 DYVINE participates from this new generation of video surveillance networks and integrate these features in order to assist Police and Civil Protection agencies in their daily activities. The system being developed first aims at enabling civil protection forces to work together in view of effectively managing an emergency situation, e.g., creating security perimeters warning against intruders, monitoring the work of firemen or policemen, looking for missing people or tracking objects and individuals and provide them with the required assistance. DYVINE-like systems are however expected to provide powerful tools for local agencies to PANE D., Video surveillance networks: Lights, camera, controversy, in Law Enforcement Technology, Officer.com, June 2007, available online at: camera--controversy/1$37805, last accessed on 2nd January 2008). IBM, Press release, IBM unveils new digital video surveillance service, 28 March 2007, available online at: 03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/21289.wss, last accessed on 2nd January Section based on COUDERT F., VARANGOT G., DYVINE D.5.2. Final version of legal issues, 7 March 2008.

13 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings Page 13 perform several public tasks encompassing public safety, citizen security, traffic management, etc. The implementation of DYVINE-like systems will typically integrate forests of cameras spread in a city. It will enable access to automatic functions, taking benefit of the videos deployed throughout the city to operators originating from different organisations. Interconnection can also be envisaged at a higher level than the city council in so far DYVINE-like resources can be accessed to by other systems. DYVINE-like system could thus become a valuable tool for other crisis management platforms such as the one developed in various PASR and ESRP projects. The PASR Project MARIUS provides a good example. This project aims to develop a heli-transportable command post for the first reaction after the crisis. As such, the MARIUS Command Post s first task is to assess the situation and damages. It would thus greatly benefit from an enhanced situation awareness picture provided by all the cameras available in the area. In another field (interoperability of law enforcement agencies), the HITS project would also benefit from DYVINE system capability to exchange accurate and real time situation pictures between the agencies in support of the operations. To that effect, the platform offers a series of specifications: Multi-agencies system: the platform will support the work of different agencies (firemen, police, civil protection, etc.) with different needs and level of authorization. Interoperability with other video surveillance systems: the platform is able to interact with other video surveillance systems whenever required in order to provide a better view of the situation The system is based on area processing: the platform implements processing based on multiple cameras. It allows performing new processing with performances that were not possible on single cameras, e.g. precise location of events. The system can support pre-configurable alarm: The possibility to integrate smart mobile cameras to the pre-existing networks will allow the dynamic and adaptable configuration of specific alerts depending on the need of the situation. Information is not displayed as such to the operator but in a first time processed and analysed by the local and the intermediary node. The system will thus filter the events on the basis of the pre-defined needs and display only the more relevant information to the operator. The system can support object characterization: the platform is able to identify relevant objects of surveillance, characterize them in order to allow further data processing, e.g. car or individual tracking. 3. Privacy risks posed by DYVINE-like systems Despite improving substantially the efficiency of crisis management by Police or Civil Protection forces, DYVINE brings forth considerable risks in terms of fundamental rights. In particular, the connection of several entities at times via an electronic centre may result into recording a considerable amount of personal data and tracking all the passages occurring over a given time span. In that sense, the Working Party 29 have already pointed out that the overproliferation of image acquisition systems in public and private areas should not result in placing unjustified restrictions on citizens rights and fundamental freedoms; otherwise,

14 Page 14 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings citizens might be actually compelled to undergo disproportionate data collection procedures which would make them massively identifiable in a number of public and private places. 10 Data protections legislations play a crucial role in safeguarding fundamental rights against intrusive technologies such as video surveillance. In that sense, the Council of Europe already acknowledged in 1981, when approving the Convention 108 for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data 11, that the exercise of the freedom to process information may, under certain conditions, adversely affect the enjoyment of other fundamental rights (for example privacy, non-discrimination, fair trial) or other legitimate personal interests (for example employment, consumer credit). Indeed, in the field of video surveillance, not only do data protection laws intend to protect the right to privacy, but at the same time, they foresee, e.g., to guarantee the right of movement in an anonymous way or the freedom of expression. Data protection laws were first enacted in order to prevent abusive interconnections of public databases and to protect individuals from being converted in crystal men. A series of principles have been introduced in order to empower the data subject to keep control over the processing of his/her personal data. However, the interconnection of video surveillance networks puts dramatically at risk those principles, calling for adapted safeguards. With regard to the prototype being developed under DYVINE, five main privacy risks area have been identified: risks of disproportionate processing of personal data due to the amount of data processed by the system; risks of function creep due to the multi-agency character of the platform; risks of loss of transparency due to the building of an opaque system; risks of abuses due to the use of behaviour analysis tools; and risks of breach of confidentiality of the information processed Excessive collection and processing of personal data. The main added-value of DYVINE consists in integrating the different video surveillance systems managed by a City in order to provide an overview of the incoming catastrophe. It thus implies the fusion of all the incoming video feeds into a unique processing. The massive personal data processing originated by the integration of video surveillance networks renders the processing highly sensitive, calling for additional safeguards. These video feeds could moreover be enriched by cross-checking the information collected within the network against external databases, e.g. when facial recognition software is being used to identify missing people after an earthquake or wanted people. 10 Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Opinion 4/2004 on the processing of personal data by means of video surveillance, WP89, 11 February Council of Europe, Convention for the protection of individuals with regard to automatic processing of personal data, ETS n 108, Strasbourg, 28 September 1981.

15 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings Page 15 DYVINE City Council Fire Departement Traffic Management Local police Health Services Public Transportation Fig. 1. DYVINE system, a federative video-surveillance system for city council s organizations EADS These features seriously put at stake the proportionality of the processing as it could engender an excessive collection and processing of personal data. The principle of proportionality should guide the balancing of the right to privacy with other competing interests. It grounds the legitimacy of the processing. The monitoring of individuals constitutes by itself a threat to individuals freedom insofar it seriously reduces their anonymity. The strict application of the proportionality principle in the field of video surveillance is expected to prevent the emergence of pervasive surveillance which could result in an increased vulnerability of individuals. The deployment of a video surveillance network should be proportionate to the objective foreseen. The principle of proportionality first calls to assess the necessity of the processing carried out. Personal data processing should pass a three-part test and prove that they are able to achieve the goals foreseen (adequacy test) but also be strictly necessary (necessity test), i.e. other processing less intrusive could not be implemented or would prove insufficient, and finally provide sufficient benefits for the public interest to compensate the harm caused to other competing values (strict proportionality test). Due to their highly sensitive nature, video surveillance networks should only be implemented on a subsidiary basis, when the benefits they bring forth for public safety clearly outweigh the increased risks in terms of individual freedoms. The requirement of proportionality will moreover affects the choice of the most appropriate technology and the filming arrangements applying to the data processing. The visual angles, the possibility of zooming, image-freeze functions, etc. should only be implemented when they are deemed proportionate to the purpose foreseen. In definitive, the use of video surveillance systems should be governed by the principle of minimum intervention The integration of video surveillance networks into a unique processing. The purpose specification principle compels the controller, i.e. the natural or legal person which determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data, to collect personal data for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes and not be further processed in a way incompatible with those purposes. This means that the personal data collected can not be processed for purposes beyond the reasonable expectations of the data subject. Further processing can be slightly but never substantially different. The interconnection of networks implies that, necessarily, the images in first place via the legacy networks will be further processed with a different purpose within DYVINE-like

16 Page 16 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings system, namely the management of an abnormal situation putting at risk the citizens protection. As the video feeds are merged, it becomes easier to use the data collected for different purposes that the ones originally foreseen. The interconnection of networks thus brings increased risks of function creeps that have to be dealt with The use of advanced software for image analysis increases the risks of interference into individuals fundamental rights. Video analytics enables an increased use of automated individual decisions that help decisionmaking. Automated-based decision systems may be a powerful tool in terms of efficiency of networks but can also bring forth risks of discrimination or put at risks other fundamental rights such as the right to come and go anonymously. The main concern with regard to automated individual decisions resides in the automatic acceptance of the validity of the decisions reached and a concomitant reduction in the investigatory and decisional responsibilities of humans. 12 In that sense, the Data Protection Directive already contains some safeguards and grants individuals with a right to object to a processing solely based on automated processing and the right to be informed of the logic underlying the decision. This does not however appear sufficient to guarantee a real and efficient protection in opaque system such as the one designed by DYVINE. Moreover the safeguards ensured by the Data Protection Directive are not applicable to the domain of law enforcement which is mainly regulated by the provisions of the Council of Europe Convention n 108 and the Recommendation R(87) 15 on the use of personal data in the police sector 13 where no reference is made to this specific kind of processing. The Council Framework Decision on the protection of personal data processed in the framework of police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters 14 certainly makes a reference to automated individual decision but let its regulation and thus the balancing of the interests to the appreciation of Member States 15. This situation seems in contradiction with the growing use of automated decisions, especially in the domain of crime prevention, as illustrated by the Proposal for a Council Framework Decision on the use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data for law enforcement purposes 16. The former proposal is moreover still pending and has received heavy criticism for the low level of safeguards it implements. 12 BYGRAVE L.A., Data Protection Law: approaching its rationale, logic and limits, Kluwer Law international, Council of Europe, Recommendation nº R (87) 15, regulating the use of personal data in the police sector, 17 September Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA of 27 November 2008 on the protection of personal data processed in the framework of police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters, OJ L 350, Vol. 51, Article 8 of the decision stipulates that a decision which produces an adverse legal effect for the data subject or seriously affects him and which is based solely on automated data processing for the purposes of assessing individual aspects of the data subject shall be permitted only when the legitimate interests of the data subject are safeguarded by law. 16 Council Framework Decision on the use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data for law enforcement purposes, COM(2007) 654 final of

17 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings Page DYVINE, an opaque system. DYVINE-like systems will not directly collect the personal data from the data subjects but will make use of video feeds collected via legacy networks. It thus seems extremely difficult to adequately inform the data subject of the nature of the processing carried out and therefore creates a risk of undermining the level of awareness of the individual with regard to the processing going on. The transparency principle introduces an obligation of information to the controller to data subjects, prior to the processing of personal data, in addition to granting rights of access, rectification and deletion to data subjects. The main challenge of video surveillance networks, when it comes to transparency, is figuring out the best way to effectively guaranteeing that the data subject is aware of the undergoing processing. So far, the solution has consisted in compelling the controller to place an information notice in visible places. However, this remains unsatisfactory and insufficient. Individuals should be aware of the fact that their personal data are being processed, for which purposes and who is carrying it out. This enables them to exercise their rights of access, objection and deletion. DYVINE is building a fundamentally opaque system. It illustrates the difficulties of traditional means in ensuring the transparency of interconnected networks and systems. Such systems do not offer a direct interaction with the data subject for one part, and do not collect information directly from the data subject. Alternative transparency tools should be devised for these systems Confidentiality of the information processed. The massive processing of video images originating by the use of DYVINE systems renders security measures of significant importance. The integration of the video surveillance networks could indeed lead to a centralization of the personal data to be recorded even if they proceed from different processing. This increases significantly the risks of security breach and of function creep. Furthermore, the use of wireless communications by DYVINE increases the risks of intrusion in the system. Eavesdropping and intrusion are easier as the signal is sent over the air and no physical connexion is required. 4. Reconciliating security with privacy. DYVINE-like systems, if they are to be generalized, should not only take into account the current legal constraints but to develop a socially acceptable solution in terms of civil liberties and the fundamental right to privacy. The difficulty resides in the fact that the systems can consequently be used on different modes with distinct functions: on a day-to-day basis the system would serve the specific purposes of each network; when a natural or man-made catastrophe occurs it could be used the management of the crisis; and finally when circumstances justify it, the system could be used for public safety purposes. It is thus absolutely necessary that the required safeguards are adaptable and implemented in such a way as to adequately answer the needs of all three situations. To that effect, several recommendations have been made tending on the one hand to integrate privacy safeguards in

18 Page 18 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings the design of the system, and on the other hand to adapt the current legal safeguards to the specific risks posed by these systems Privacy by design A series of recommendations has first been made in order to build privacy concerns right into the design of the system. What is intended here is to prevent unwanted accident by limiting the possibility of misuse or abuse. DYVINE as dormant system First, in order to limit the cases where the video feeds are merged, the system is recommended to be conceived as a dormant system. This means that the merge of legacy video surveillance networks should exclusively be activated when a series of predefined conditions ensuring the lawfulness and legitimacy of DYVINE processing occurs. On a daily basis, the system is not apparent to the user who can only access the data he is entitled to, extracted from the video surveillance network he usually uses. In case of emergency or any other event that could justify the use of DYVINE-like system actively, the system is activated and the user will gain access to the images he needs to perform his task. Strict definition of access rights In order to ensure that each user obtain access only to the images he needs for the performance of his task, a strict definition of users access profiles should be implemented. As a way of example, a police officer could use some of the tracking functions whereas these functions would not be made available for a health service operator. 9 Moreover, the consulted video images and the results of each processing are to be accessed according to users rights. The rights are checked whenever a user accesses the video, data and processing, and a correct filtering is performed corresponding to the user rights. As an example, a traffic regulator operator could see detailed information concerning vehicles, whereas third party operator could see only general information. The exchange of information between organisations is subject to the same filtering on data. 9 In addition, digital water markers help creating a clear record of where and when records were accessed. The figure below represents a first general architecture of DYVINE system, considering the recommendations relative to legitimacy, proportionality and data minimisation principle.

19 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings Page 19 DYVINE Organisation s Operator Third party Organisation s Operator Commands Filtered Video and processing results Video and processing results Interorganisation exchanges Filtering -User authentication -Access Rights Repository (for each type of data, for each processing) -Standard -For specific tasks -Access logs. Processing Video Videosurveillance Cameras Video Database & Archive Fig. 2. Functional architecture of the logical access function of DYVINE system, EADS The use of pre-configurable alarms as data minimization tool The use of pre-configurable alarms is advocated in order to reduce the amount of data to be displayed on the screens to the information strictly necessary. These alarms would lead to display exclusively the images related to abnormal events or behaviours to be detected by the system. The definition of configurable alarms function of the events and thus the fact that the system (via the local and intermediary node) is able to determine the data that should be accessed to by the operator may be a first step into the designing of less privacy-intrusive video surveillance networks. The operator does not need to watch the whole footage in order to take a decision but he is alerted by the automatic video surveillance system whenever an event identified as worth of attention occurs. This solution is also advocated by the UK Royal Academy of Engineering. In the report on Dilemmas of Privacy and surveillance 17, this academy proposes to devise systems that only stepped into action when a suspected crime was taking place. Instead of having operatives scanning hours of mundane footage, feed from the cameras could be examined by an automated system, which alerted the operative when suspicious activities were detected. This would mean that ordinary activities would be effectively ignored, and certainly not scrutinized by an operative. In that sense, it is argued that if a system is developed that can successfully target only suspicious behaviour, the law-abiding citizen can be confident that their behaviour is not under scrutiny. Furthermore, research shows that stereotypes seem to affect the way that CCTV operators monitor footage, meaning that surveillance systems have a more negative effect on those who tend to receive poorer treatment in other areas of life. Automated surveillance systems could instead be programmed on the basis of fact rather than prejudice. 17 An automatic video surveillance system which would display only the sequences related to abnormal events may indeed reduce the intrusion into privacy as well as raising the efficiency of the use of video surveillance systems. This does not mean that the mere filming of public spaces, even when no alert is raised would fall outside the scope of application of data protection laws or that the use of such alert would always be in conformity with their provisions. On the contrary, it should be seen as a double-edged sword and should be carefully 17 The Royal Academy of Engineering, Dilemmas of Privacy and Surveillance, Challenges of technical changes, March 2007, available online at:

20 Page 20 D 7.3 PRISE Conference Proceedings considered in so far the nature of some alerts such as the ones based on human behaviour analysis may result highly intrusive. Decentralization of the information stored Finally, the integration of the video surveillance networks could indeed lead to a centralization of the personal data to be recorded even if they proceed from different processing. The centralization of data increases the risks of security breach and of function creep and should be avoided as far as possible. Alternative solutions such as the storage of the data in separated databases corresponding to each legacy video surveillance network should be preferred Better use of existing measures: an increased use of the prior checking procedure and of Privacy Impact Assessments Finally, the risks posed to privacy, in particular the difficult assessment of proportionality, call for a growing implication of Data Protection Authorities, in particular via the prior checking procedure. These procedures are directed to examine processing operations likely to present specific risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, before they start. The Data Protection Authority may, according to its national law, give an opinion or an authorization regarding the processing (Recital 54 of the Data Protection Directive). The Data Protection Directive however let to Member States the choice whether to implement these procedures and the processing object of such procedure. This has resulted in a very scarce use of the procedure in practice. It is however progressively implemented in some countries. As a way of example, in France, prior checking is mandatory for processing involving biometrics, the same procedure is however voluntary in Italy but can also be used for video surveillance processing. The threats posed by DYVINE-like systems to privacy as described in this paper call for prior check of such systems by Data Protection Authorities. These authorities would be able to ensure that the system is compliant with data protection principles, in particular with the principle of proportionality, an operation that cannot be let to the sole controller. In addition and to prepare the prior checking procedure, controllers should systematically carry out a Privacy Impact Assessment (PIAs). PIAs allow the controller to identify and manage privacy risks prior to the implementation of a system. In order to define the purposes and assess their legitimacy, the Information Commissioner Office (UK Data Protection Authority) and the Data Protection Authority of Madrid for video surveillance processing- are already recommending that organisations carry out PIAs before starting any new projects or programmes that may have privacy implications. The Information Commission Office considers that by performing a PIA at an early stage of a project, organisations can identify any problems before it is too late. These PIAs should moreover have a follow-up with the objective to assess whether the processing is having the desired effect, for example in terms of reducing crime or providing a more efficient service to the public For more information on Privacy Impact Assessments as advocated by the UK DPA, see the dedicated web page of this body at:

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