In the third chapter of City Lights: Urban-Suburban Life in the Global Society, the author discusses the "romance of science", how we build hypotheses and conduct research and how ideologies and values form our way of thinking. This chapter is important as it challenges the reader to think more analytically and to challenge ideas they may already have formed. "As the late astronomer Carl Sagan put it, 'skeptical scrutiny is the means, in...science...by which deep insights can be winnowed from deep nonsense...'" (page 74). By constantly challenging ideas and uncovering new research to test theories, one can further pass information down from generation to generation. Also, by using proper scientific methods we can separate fact from fiction and better understand new ideas.

When discussing scientific method, the author concentrates on: reasoning processes, systematic analysis and hypothesis construction. Reasoning processes is divided into two ways of gaining knowledge: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Both types of reasoning are important in research as they assist in developing theories through induction and deduction. Inductive reasoning is defined as the process of reasoning from particular examples to general principles (page 96). One example as found in "Step by Step Research", Kimberly Porter Martin, Ph.D. is, "...if you are driving around a community and you see lots of bumper stickers on cars, all of which have people's names on them, you might draw the conclusion that the community was having an election." By using induction, you might hypothesize that based on the presence of the bumper stickers, there is an upcoming election. From our current hypothesis of the bumper stickers and upcoming election, science requires that we test it using further evidence. This would require deductive reasoning, defined as the process of reasoning from general principles to particular examples (page 96). We have already theorized that there is an upcoming election and by using deduction we can narrow down the generalization. For example, "...you might look for signs posted in people's yards and along the roadside that ask people to vote for someone, or you might get hold of a local newspaper and look for articles about an election." In both induction (inductive reasoning) and deduction (deductive reasoning) there is empirical evidence. Empirical evidence is derived from direct observation and sense experience. Without evidence, you cannot have a theory or hypothesis, but you may have some preconceived notions as to how something may or may not work therefore continuously testing these notions is vital to continuing science. Hypotheses and theories are never finite, they are continuously being tested with new research and newly discovered facts. Without the preconceived notions or influence passed down from generation to generation, how do we continue testing and challenging facts?

Conducting proper, accurate research is equally important in science as creating the hypothesis or theory. Research can begin with the scientific method, though it does not need to follow it in such precise steps. Scientific method is defined as a method for doing science based on the assumption that all true knowledge is verifiable using empirical evidence. Well-ordered, successive stages- defining a research problem, constructing hypotheses, data gathering and analysis, and prediction of facts- are outlined. (page 97) As described in the book, the scientific method proceeds in a series of steps including, but not limited to: categorizing facts, constructing hypotheses, analyzing the data and predicting facts. While not all sciences can be laid out in such specific processes, social science especially, it does provide an outline to conduct proper research in order to better inform others. Research must be factual, it cannot be assumed or at the very worst, "made up". The scientific method is often...

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...by the hand upon deadline and an electronic version must be submitted on deadline to the course lecturer.
Below you will find a template of the reflective log and a template of a summary sheet. You are suggested to complete your reflective log using the first person style (‘I did this’, ‘I think’, etc.).
1 when you reflect what you have studied and read, you should reflect the findings/ critical review of those selected papers/ book chapters that you have found particularly helpful/ inspiring. Your completed template form and content should be a CRITICAL reflection of the paper/ chapter content but NOT merely summarize what you have read.
TEMPLATE FOR REFLECTIONS ON EXPERIENCES
DATE: PLACE:
The experience
1. What experience are you reflecting on (class session, project group meeting, particular piece of reading, other)? Give a brief account of this experience.
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3. Reflections on Experience
4. 2. Looking back, what was particularly memorable/ interesting about this experience/ learning (something may be memorable because it was a satisfying or an unsatisfying experience).
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...What is reflection?
Reflection is the examination of personal thoughts and actions. For practitioners this means focusing on how they interact with their colleagues and with the environment to obtain a clearer picture of their own behaviour.
It is therefore a process by which practitioners can better understand themselves in order to be able to build on existing strengths and take appropriate future action. And the word ‘action’ is vital.Reflection is not ‘navel-gazing’. Its aim is to develop professional actions that are aligned with personal beliefs and values.
There are two fundamental forms of reflection: reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action. Understanding the differences between these forms of reflection is important. It will assist practitioners in discovering a range of techniques they can use to develop their personal and professional competences.
Reflection-on-action
Reflection-on-action is perhaps the most common form of reflection. It involves carefully re-running in your mind events that have occurred in the past. The aim is to value your strengths and to develop different, more effective ways of acting in the future.
In some of the literature on reflection (Grant and Greene 2001; Revans 1998), there is a focus on identifying negative aspects of personal behaviour with a view to...

...this assignment is to discuss the contribution of reflective practice for clinical nursing. Reflection has been defined as a way for individuals to “capture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate” (Boud et al 1985: 19)
Argyris and Schon (1974) suggest that practitioners often practice at less than effective levels because they follow routine. Johns (1995) implies that action can be taken through reflection to increase effectiveness in practice as reflection provides opportunities for self development as professionals and individuals (Hinchliff et al., 1993).
Bishop and Scott (2001) believe Clinical nursing is fundamental to nursing practice, that it provides expertise that are used to bring high quality care to patient’s that is not likely to be provided by a lay person. During this assignment I will discuss Christopher Johns model of structured reflection and Donald Schon’s model of reflection on and in action and his coaching theory and other methods that contribute to the reflecting process. I will identify how the models then relate to clinical practice and how nursing has changed.
Carper (1978) Identified that as individuals have different ways of thinking and knowledge differentiates it is some times helpful to refer to a framework to assist reflection.
Johns et al (2002) built on Carper’s theory and constructed a model for structured...

...child. I will use Gibbs reflective model (Gibbs 1988)(see appendix 1). This model of reflection will be applied to the essay to facilitate critical thought and relating theory to practice where the model allows. Discussion on the incident will include the knowledge underpinning practice and the evidence base for the administration of the drug. A conclusion to the essay will then be given which will discuss my knowledge and competence of the incidence being reflected upon.
The drug that I have chosen to reflect upon is Fragmin (see Drug Profile 1 Appendix 2) which was administered as a parenteral subcutaneous injection to a 14 year old girl, who shall remain anonymous for the purpose of patient confidentiality in accordance with the regulations of the NMC (2008). I have chosen to reflect on this drug as it was the first injection I had given during my training which encouraged me to further develop my knowledge within this area.
The first stage of Gibbs model (1988) of reflection requires a description of events (see Appendix 3).
The next stage of Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle is related to thoughts and feelings aroused during the event which I can use to reflect upon (see appendix 4).
The third stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection encourages exploration of both positive and negative experiences encountered and I have chosen a few that I propose to discuss further within this reflection.
Throughout the...

...Reflecting on an incident in the minor injuries department of A & E
The concept of reflection as a learning tool in workplace education can enable the student to problem solve in practice. By exploring the individuals own unique situations and past experience they can, in order to learn, consider past thoughts and memories to achieve a desired outcome. (Rolfe, 1998). Taylor (2000) suggests that, to reflect on action from an event, we must remember our thoughts and memories. Then we must use the ability of contemplation, meditation and consideration, which will enable us to make sense of them in order to modify our behaviour, should we encounter a similar experience in the future.
The following reflective account aims to explore specific complications and difficulties encountered after obtaining a history and performing a physical examination on a young patient that presented to the Accident and Emergency (A&E) Department. The incident that I have chosen to look at took place whilst on a shift in the Minor Injuries Unit based in an A & E Department. Confidentiality has been preserved throughout in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (NMC 2004).
To achieve and understand the use of reflection in a structured manner, the Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle will be utilised. Bulman and Schutz (2004) believe that reflection is a dynamic progression, and using a cyclical framework is of an advantage...

...DC00050206
Professional Practice Two
WYP 502
Assignment 2
25thMarch 2013
SWOT/CV
Contents Page
Reflection P3 – P6
Reference List P7
Appendix List P8
Appendix 1 –Updated CV P9
Appendix 2 –Old CV P10
Appendix 3 – Updated SWOT P11
Appendix 4 – Old SWOT P 12
The purpose of this assignment was to reflect and compare four different documents, before analysing the changes made between an updated CV (curriculum vitae) and a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) in comparison to an older CV and SWOT, according to Ackerman, L. (2007) a CV is the life story of a professional and tells you everything and anything you have done in your professional career. A SWOT analysis according to Pehlchen, B. (2007) a swot analysis is tool used to receive a certain potential of the intention and indicate possibilities for improvements. It was found that there weren’t many significant changes made in the SWOT analysis and CV’s. This reflection will be separated in to subheadings which are; Reflective Practise, confidence, qualifications and training, academic writing and IT skills
Reflective Practise
In my professional role I have encountered situations that have not been as successful as I would have liked. From studying the module “becoming an effective, reflective practitioner” I have been able to gain the confidence, knowledge and better understanding of how to reflect and...

...write a good personal reflection?’ Many students are riding intellectual waves, devoting hours of mental and emotional energy to examination preparation so, today’s post is a practical one inspired by a question from my year 12 students.
How do I write a good personal reflection?
First it is useful to clarify, ‘what is a personal reflection?’ As is the case with most reflective writing, a Personal Reflection is a response to a particular stimulus. Often, it is written by an individual to explore personal experiences, feelings and events. A personal reflection is an opportunity to reconsider events, thoughts and feelings from a fresh perspective. Many blog posts are written in this style. However you may also be required to write a Personal Reflection within an academic context.
In the English classroom, personal reflections are usually a response to what you’re studying. For example, you may be required to offer a personal reflection during examinations. In these cases, examiners want to gauge how successfully you can interact with a text (previously seen and unseen). You need to show that you can evaluate ideas and draw a comparison between those ideas, and your own. At other times you may be required to reflect upon your own learning in order to identify then evaluate, which approaches have been helpful or unhelpful. You may also be asked to consider...

...PRACTICE
Reflective assignment 2
Introduction
The purpose of this essay is to reflect on my personal role in the inter-professional team and the delivery of healthcare that I have encountered during my duty as a health care assistant in one of the hospitals here in England. In accordance with the NMC (2002) Code of professional conduct, confidentiality shall be maintained and all names have been changed to protect identity. The purpose of reflection as stated by John's (1995) is to promote desirable practice through the practitioner's understanding and learning about his/her lived experiences. I have decided to reflect upon an incident with the nurse in charge in one of my shifts and in order to structure my reflection I have decided to use John's (1995) model of reflection. This model encourages practitioners to work through a series of reflective cues, the last of which is concerned with personal learning. John's (1995) model provides a good example of an approach to reflection on action (or reflection on practice). Reflection on action, which takes place after the event, allows the practitioner to revisit an experience with the intention of exploring and learning from an activity.
Context
It was incident when I was taking the observations of six patients on a night shift. I was specializing for two confused and agitated patients but due to the lack of staff I had to look after...