1.
Cinema of the Czech Republic
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Czech cinema is the name for cinematography of Czech Republic, as well as the Czech cinematography while it was a part of other countries. The most viewed Czech film ever is Proud Princess from 1952 and it was seen by 8,222,695 people. The film also won a prize for a film at Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Marketa Lazarová was voted the all-time best Czech movie in a prestigious 1998 poll of Czech film critics, the first Czech film director and cinematographer was Jan Kříženecký, who since the second half of the 1890s filmed short documentaries called Newsreels. The first permanent cinema house was founded by Viktor Ponrepo in 1907 in Prague, sound was first used in Czechoslovakia in the film Když struny lkají. Then the Czech movie industry experienced a period which lasted until World War II. Barrandov Studios were launched in 1933, it is the largest film studio in the country, at present the studios are often called the European Hollywood or Hollywood of the East due to increasing interest of western productions. Vladimír Čech started his career during the WW2, as well as Václav Krška, scenario writer Karel Steklý turned to film directing at the end of the war and maintained both careers until his death. Well-known actor Rudolf Hrušínský also tried himself as a director during this period, encompassing a broad range of works in the early to mid-1960s, the Czechoslovak New Wave cannot be pinned down to any one style or approach to filmmaking. Examples range from highly stylised, even avant-garde, literary adaptions using historical themes to semi-improvised comedies with contemporary subjects, the acid western comedy film Lemonade Joe was a famous parody of old-time westerns. Many of the active in the previous periods continued to work in this period, including Otakar Vávra. Among the most successful Czech films made after the change are, Kolya, Divided We Fall, Cosy Dens, Loners, I Served the King of England. Paris, Centre national dart et de culture Georges Pompidou, greenCine primer on Czech and Slovak Cinema History of Czech cinematography List of essential Czech films by Prague Life Resources on Czech Cinema, Literature and Politics

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Czechoslovakia
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From 1939 to 1945, following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate. From 1948 to 1990, Czechoslovakia was part of the Soviet bloc with a command economy and its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949, and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955. A period of liberalization in 1968, known as the Prague Spring, was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries. In 1993, Czechoslovakia split into the two states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Form of state 1918–1938, A democratic republic, 1938–1939, After annexation of Sudetenland by Nazi Germany in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A large strip of southern Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine was annexed by Hungary, 1939–1945, The region was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the Slovak Republic. A government-in-exile continued to exist in London, supported by the United Kingdom, United States and its Allies, after the German invasion of Russia, Czechoslovakia adhered to the Declaration by United Nations and was a founding member of the United Nations. 1946–1948, The country was governed by a government with communist ministers, including the prime minister. Carpathian Ruthenia was ceded to the Soviet Union, 1948–1989, The country became a socialist state under Soviet domination with a centrally planned economy. In 1960, the country became a socialist republic, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. It was a state of the Soviet Union. 1989–1990, The federal republic consisted of the Czech Socialist Republic, 1990–1992, Following the Velvet Revolution, the state was renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, consisting of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. Neighbours Austria 1918–1938, 1945–1992 Germany Hungary Poland Romania 1918–1938 Soviet Union 1945–1991 Ukraine 1991–1992 Topography The country was of irregular terrain. The western area was part of the north-central European uplands, the eastern region was composed of the northern reaches of the Carpathian Mountains and lands of the Danube River basin. Climate The weather is mild winters and mild summers, influenced by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, Baltic Sea from the north, and Mediterranean Sea from the south. The area was long a part of the Austro Hungarian Empire until the Empire collapsed at the end of World War I, the new state was founded by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He was succeeded by his ally, Edvard Beneš. The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, nationalism became a mass movement in the last half of the 19th century

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Czech Republic
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The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the territories of Bohemia, Moravia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire, after the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, reimposed Roman Catholicism, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, and was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup détat, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence, in 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed, on 6 March 1990, the Czech Socialistic Republic was renamed to the Czech Republic. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and it is a developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development, the Czech Republic also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union, the traditional English name Bohemia derives from Latin Boiohaemum, which means home of the Boii. The current name comes from the endonym Čech, spelled Cžech until the reform in 1842. The name comes from the Slavic tribe and, according to legend, their leader Čech, the etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning member of the people, kinsman, thus making it cognate to the Czech word člověk. The country has traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the southeast, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without a common single-word geographical name in English, the name Czechia /ˈtʃɛkiə/ was recommended by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Slovakia
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Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Slovakias territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks, the capital and largest city is Bratislava. The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries, in the 7th century, they played a significant role in the creation of Samos Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra. In the 10th century, the territory was integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary, which became part of the Habsburg Empire. After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a separate Slovak Republic existed in World War II as a client state of Nazi Germany. In 1945, Czechoslovakia was reëstablished under Communist rule as a Soviet satellite, in 1989 the Velvet Revolution ended authoritarian Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The country maintains a combination of economy with universal health care. The country joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone on 1 January 2009, Slovakia is also a member of the Schengen Area, NATO, the United Nations, the OECD, the WTO, CERN, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group. The Slovak economy is one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and its legal tender, the Euro, is the worlds 2nd most traded currency. Although regional income inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes, in 2016, Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 165 countries and territories, ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world. Slovakia is the world’s biggest per-capita car producer with a total of 1,040,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2016 alone, the car industry represents 43 percent of Slovakia’s industrial output, and a quarter of its exports. Radiocarbon datingputs the oldest surviving archaeological artefacts from Slovakia – found near Nové Mesto nad Váhom – at 270,000 BC and these ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia. Other stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic era come from the Prévôt cave near Bojnice, the most important discovery from that era is a Neanderthal cranium, discovered near Gánovce, a village in northern Slovakia. The most well-known finds include the oldest female statue made of mammoth-bone, the statue was found in the 1940s in Moravany nad Váhom near Piešťany. Numerous necklaces made of shells from Cypraca thermophile gastropods of the Tertiary period have come from the sites of Zákovská, Podkovice, Hubina and these findings provide the most ancient evidence of commercial exchanges carried out between the Mediterranean and Central Europe. The Bronze Age in the territory of modern-day Slovakia went through three stages of development, stretching from 2000 to 800 BC

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Adelheid (film)
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Adelheid is a 1969 Czechoslovak drama film directed by František Vláčil, and based on a 1967 novel of the same name by Czech writer Vladimír Körner. The story is about complicated relation between Czech man Viktor and German woman Adelheid and about relation between Czechs and Germans in postwar Czechoslovakia in general. A decommissioned Czechoslovak officer Viktor Chotovický returns to his homeland from the Western front after spending much of the war in Aberdeen and he is being appointed the trustee of an empty manor formerly occupied by a German family of a notorious Nazi war-criminal imprisoned by the Czechoslovak authorities. The soldier Viktor Chotovický meets his beautiful daughter Adelheid Heidenmann, sister of an SS officer who allegedly disappeared in the Eastern Front, Adelheid is forced to work as a cleaning lady at her own mansion. Viktor makes her his captive maid, and soon falls in love with her and his heart is torn between feelings of desire and his national identity and sympathies. Adelheid also slowly gains certain sympathy towards Viktor, but at the same time silently waits for her brother Hansgeorg to return, despite her action against him, Viktor refuses to testify against Adelheid because he doesnt have anybody else. The soundtrack, adapted by Zdeněk Liška is based on existing music by Bach and Strauss, the film was produced by Film Studio Barrandov Czechoslovakia in 1969

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Adventures of Sinbad the Sailor
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Pohádky tisíce a jedné noci is a 1974 Czech animated film directed by Karel Zeman. The film combines the voyages of Sindbad the Sailor with elements of other tales from the Arabian Nights, released in America as Adventures of Sinbad the Sailor, it is also known as A Thousand and One Nights. The film was animated using paper cutouts and draws its inspiration from Persian miniatures. Originally released as the short Dobrodružství námořníka Sindibáda, originally released as the short Druhá cesta námořníka Sindibáda. Originally released as the short V zemi obrů, originally released as the short Magnetová hora. Originally released as the short Létající koberec, originally released as the short Mořský sultán. Originally released as the short Zkrocený démon, Adventures of Sinbad the Sailor at the Internet Movie Database

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Alice (1988 film)
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Alice is a 1987 dark fantasy film written and directed by Jan Švankmajer. Its original Czech title is Něco z Alenky, which means Something from Alice and it is a loose adaptation of Lewis Carrolls first Alice book, Alices Adventures in Wonderland, about a girl who follows a white rabbit into a bizarre fantasy land. Alice is played by Kristýna Kohoutová, the film combines live action with stop motion animation, and is distinguished by its dark and uncompromising production design. For Švankmajer, a director of short films for more than two decades, Alice became his first venture into feature-length filmmaking. The director had been disappointed by other adaptations of Carrolls book and his aim was instead to make the story play out like an amoral dream. The film won the film award at the 1989 Annecy International Animated Film Festival. Alice shrinks and enlarges her size by drinking from an ink bottle, frustrated by still being unable to go through the tiny door where the Rabbit wanders, an enlarged Alice floods the room with her tears. Then, a sailing mouse docks on her head and tries to prepare a cooking fire with her hair, a displeased Alice submerges and the mouse swims away. Soon after, she is able to go through the door by shrinking again with some cookies that produce out of nowhere in the waters. While looking, she accidentally enlarges herself by eating candies labeled Eat Me and they try to kick the giant Alice out of the house. Alice resists, and the Rabbit angers after she kicks away a skull-head lizard stuffed with sawdust and they finally imprison the girl by submerging her in a pot of milk, which cocoons her into an Alice-like shell and they lock her away inside a storage. Alice escapes her Alice cocoon and decides to be mindful onwards and she finds the key of the storage inside a sardine can and continues her journey into a hallway with many doors. Then, the Hatter produces the White Rabbit from inside its hat and she finds a colorful paper garden behind bedclothes hanging in an attic. Suddenly, cards march in the garden followed by the King, the Queen angrily commands the White Rabbit, her servant, to decapitate two fencing Jacks. A cardplaying Hatter and Hare are sentenced likewise, only to exchange their heads, suddenly, the Queen imposes Alice an invitation to play crocket using flamingos and hedgehogs, which ends without reason. Then, the White Rabbit delivers a trial transcript to a puzzled Alice and she presents into a room where she is being judged for eating the Queens tarts, which are displayed untouched in the room. Alice tries to explain herself and the Queen continually demands to sentence and decapitate her, annoyed, Alice starts eating the tarts and the King and Queen angrily demand the girls head. A startled Alice asks But which one, while shapeshifting her head into other characters

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Battle of Moscow (film)
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The Battle of Moscow is a 1985 Soviet two-part war film, presenting a dramatized account of the 1941 Battle of Moscow and the events preceding it. The films were a Soviet-East German-Czechoslovak-Vietnamese co-production directed by Yuri Ozerov who also wrote the script. It was made in time for the 40th anniversary of the Allied victory over Nazi Germany, in the aftermath of the victory in France, Hitler decides to attack the Soviet Union and selects Marshal von Bock in charge of leading Army Group Center of the Wehrmacht into Russia. Ilse Stöbe, Rudolf von Scheliha and Richard Sorge inform of the danger, Zhukov is concerned that the army is ill-prepared, Pavlov decries him as a fear-monger. The Red Army officers are convinced that in the event of an invasion, on 22 June 1941 Germany launches Operation Barbarossa, overwhelming the Soviets. The Red Army tries to counter the assault with a string of hasty operations, the Soviets manages to recapture Yelnya but having Lieutenant General L. G. Stalin insists on defending Kiev, and his forces suffer immense losses, the Wehrmacht enacts to attack Moscow in which Hitler decides to call it Operation Typhoon. Richard Sorge finds out that Japan wont attack the USSR in 1941, the Germans approach the Soviet capital, winning the Battle at Borodino Field and breaching the Mozhaisk line. Stalin decides to remain in Moscow, the enemy is at the outskirts of the city, yet the traditional 7 November parade takes place as always. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is captured and executed, and Panfilovs men fight to the last, Rokossovsky begs Zhukov to allow retreat but is refused. After all seems lost, the Germans grind to a halt since because of the harsh winter, on 6 December, the Soviets launch a successful counter-offensive by using the air force, the cavalry, tanks, and ski troops. Forcing the Germans to retreat, causing Hitler to blame his generals, Battle of Moscow was director Ozerovs third film dealing with the Second World War, after the five-part Liberation and the TV mini-series Soldiers of Freedom. Ozerov was not allowed to deal with the early, dark chapters of the war in Liberation due to political pressure, unlike Liberation, Ozerovs most acclaimed work, Battle of Moscow was a purely historical film, with no fictional characters included in the plot. The actors selected to portray the roles were mostly ones who already appeared as such in the directors earlier works. Eventually, the involved a crew of some six thousand people. The German-speaking actors were contacted through DEFA, while the scenes involving Richard Sorge were shot in Vietnam with the assistance of the Fafim studio, Marshal Sergei Rudenko served as the chief military consultant of the movie, the battle scenes involved troops from the Red Army as extras. The film premiered in the Moscow Film Festival, Yuri Ozerov won the Grand Prize in the 1986 Alma Ata All-Union Film Festival for his work on the film, as well as the Alexander Dovzhenko Golden Medal. Russian film critic Alexander Fedorov called the movie a large-scale war production typical to Yuri Ozerov which presents Stalin as a wise leader, Fedorov also commented on the battle scenes, describing them as impressive

9.
Birds, Orphans and Fools
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Birds, Orphans and Fools is a 1969 Czechoslovak film directed by Juraj Jakubisko. The film is about three people who are all orphaned by political violence, the film was released in 1969 and was shown that year at an international film festival in Sorrento, Italy. Soon after, though, the film was banned by the Soviet regime until the end of 1989, the main characters, Yorick, Martha and Ondrej, exist in a bleak, cynical world. All of them have been orphaned during a war, to survive, they adopt a childlike philosophy where they live in love and joy, and seem to be immune to despair. Life is beautiful, screams the main characters, the trio live with birds in a surrealistic, bombed church in the center of a city. At first it seems that they are all enjoying their lighthearted play, or, as Yorick says, only a fool can be a free man. The key struggle is the relationship of the two men to Martha, Yorick develops a relationship with Martha quickly. Ondrej, a virgin, has a time getting close to Martha. In an odd move, Yorick has himself arrested and is sent to jail for a year during which time Martha, each of the characters in the film goes through a long internal development. The most apparent is that of Yorick, who after returning from prison, Ondrej seems to find passion in his love of Martha. Jealous of Ondrej and Marthas relationship incites Yorick to murder to Martha and her unborn baby, the film is made soon after the Soviet invasion of Prague. In the movie the main characters are living in a world of love, joy and freedom. The world is dismal and lacking the freedom that they pretend to enjoy, as Jakubisko is quoted as saying, Foolish games and death are cruel. When I shot my fiction in 1968 there were people lying on the sidewalks and they didn’t have to fake death. Birds, Orphans and Fools was made in 1969 and had a release before it was banned. It would be 20 years before the Soviet ban of the film was lifted with the end of the Soviet Regime, the film was censured for its negative, hopeless and non-socialist content. When it finally debuted at the 1990 film festival it was met with resounding approval, birds, Orphans and Fools came out in 2009 in a DVD edition. The movie was filmed in Bratislava, Piestany and Bradlo, the movie was produced by Slovenská filmová tvorba, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia and Como Film Paris, France

Cinema of the Czech Republic
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Czech cinema is the name for cinematography of Czech Republic, as well as the Czech cinematography while it was a part of other countries. The most viewed Czech film ever is Proud Princess from 1952 and it was seen by 8,222,695 people. The film also won a prize for a film at Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Marketa Lazarová was voted the a

Czechoslovakia
–
From 1939 to 1945, following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate. From 1948 to 1990, Czechoslovakia was part of the Soviet bloc with a command economy and its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949, and its defen

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Czechoslovak troops in Vladivostok (1918)

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Flag since 1920

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The car in which Reinhard Heydrich was killed

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Spartakiad in 1960

Czech Republic
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The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million i

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Přemysl Ottokar II, King of Bohemia (1253–1278) and Duke of Austria (1251–1278)

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Flag

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The Crown of Saint Wenceslas is the 4th oldest in Europe

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The Defenestration of Prague sparked the Thirty Years' War

Slovakia
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Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Slovakias territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5 million and comprises mostly ethnic Slovaks, the cap

Adelheid (film)
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Adelheid is a 1969 Czechoslovak drama film directed by František Vláčil, and based on a 1967 novel of the same name by Czech writer Vladimír Körner. The story is about complicated relation between Czech man Viktor and German woman Adelheid and about relation between Czechs and Germans in postwar Czechoslovakia in general. A decommissioned Czechoslo

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Town of Vroutek (German: Rudig), location of the Lužec castle from the film Adelheid

Adventures of Sinbad the Sailor
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Pohádky tisíce a jedné noci is a 1974 Czech animated film directed by Karel Zeman. The film combines the voyages of Sindbad the Sailor with elements of other tales from the Arabian Nights, released in America as Adventures of Sinbad the Sailor, it is also known as A Thousand and One Nights. The film was animated using paper cutouts and draws its in

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Original Czech poster

Alice (1988 film)
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Alice is a 1987 dark fantasy film written and directed by Jan Švankmajer. Its original Czech title is Něco z Alenky, which means Something from Alice and it is a loose adaptation of Lewis Carrolls first Alice book, Alices Adventures in Wonderland, about a girl who follows a white rabbit into a bizarre fantasy land. Alice is played by Kristýna Kohou

Battle of Moscow (film)
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The Battle of Moscow is a 1985 Soviet two-part war film, presenting a dramatized account of the 1941 Battle of Moscow and the events preceding it. The films were a Soviet-East German-Czechoslovak-Vietnamese co-production directed by Yuri Ozerov who also wrote the script. It was made in time for the 40th anniversary of the Allied victory over Nazi G

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A poster of the film.

Birds, Orphans and Fools
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Birds, Orphans and Fools is a 1969 Czechoslovak film directed by Juraj Jakubisko. The film is about three people who are all orphaned by political violence, the film was released in 1969 and was shown that year at an international film festival in Sorrento, Italy. Soon after, though, the film was banned by the Soviet regime until the end of 1989, t