History of the Council/Manager Form of Government

One of the key elements in 20th-century municipal reform has been the proposition that a strong and non-political executive office should be the administrative centerpiece of municipal government. This concept has been implemented in thousands of American cities in the 20th century by the adoption of the council-manager form of government. This form parallels the organization of the business corporation: voters (stockholders) elect the council (board of directors), including the mayor (chairman of the board), which, in turn, appoints the manager (chief administrative officer).

Unlike the council-mayor forms, where the emphasis is on political
leadership, the prevailing norms in the council-manager form are
administrative competence and efficiency.

Mayor-Council-Manager Relationship
Under the
council-manager form, the manager is the chief administrative office of
the city. The manager supervises and coordinates the departments,
appoints and removes their directors, prepares the budget for the
council's consideration, and makes reports and recommendations to the
council. All department heads report to the manager. The manager is
fully responsible for municipal administration. The mayor in a
council-manager form is the ceremonial head of the municipality,
presides over council meetings, and makes appointments to boards. The
mayor may be an important political figure, but has little, if any, role
in day-to-day municipal administration. In some councils-manager
cities, the office of mayor is filled by popular election; in others, by
council appointment of a council member.

The council-manager form is widely viewed as a way to take politics out
of municipal administration. The manager himself is expected to abstain
from any and all political involvement. At the same time, the council
members and other "political" leaders are expected to refrain from
intruding on the manager's role as chief executive. Of course, the
manager, who is hired and fired by the council, is subject to the
authority of the council, but council members are expected to abstain
from seeking to individually interfere in administrative matters,
including actions in personnel matters. Some city charters provide that
interference in administrative matters by an elected city official is
grounds for removal of the elected official from office.

Spread of Council-Manager Plan
The council-manager
plan, first used in 1908 in Staunton, Virginia, received nationwide
attention 6 years later when Dayton, Ohio, became the 1st sizable
city to adopt it. Thereafter, the plan's popularity enjoyed steady but
not spectacular growth until after World War II. At that time, many
municipalities were confronted with long lists of needed services and
improvements that had backlogged since the Depression years of the
1930s. Faced with such challenges, many municipalities adopted the
council-manager form. The plan has been especially attractive to small
and medium-sized localities. It is used in a majority of American
municipalities with populations of 25,000 to 250,000. It has been
strongly promoted since the 1920s by the National Civic League.