..This mini-review is intended to address the particular problems and challenges in evaluating botanical supplements using in vitro methods, and review what can and cannot be learned from such investigations...

The effects of probenecid on the disposition of risperidone and olanzapine in healthy volunteers

Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate after oral administration of two modified-release formulations in healthy adults

John S MarkowitzDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 0742, USAClin Pharmacokinet 42:393-401. 2003

..To compare the rate and extent of absorption of DL-threo-methylphenidate (MPH) from two modified-release MPH formulations at their respective recommended starting doses in healthy adult volunteers...

..We conclude that standardized extracts of GB at recommended doses are unlikely to significantly alter the disposition of co-administered medications primarily dependent on the CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 pathways for elimination...

Intranasal sumatriptan in post-ECT headache: results of an open-label trial

..Taken together, data from in vitro, animal, and human studies support the premise that the d-enantiomer of MPH mediates the neurophysiological actions of MPH and therefore likely mediates its clinical efficacy...

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in CYP2D6 extensive and poor metabolizers

..Asp260fs, respectively, compared to the wild-type enzyme. These findings indicate that specific CES1 gene variants can lead to clinically significant alterations in pharmacokinetics and drug response of carboxylesterase 1 substrates...

..These results suggest that P-gp is likely to influence the access to the brain of all of the atypical antipsychotics studied to various degrees. In vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings...

Population pharmacokinetic analysis of drug-drug interactions among risperidone, bupropion, and sertraline in CF1 mice

..Accumulating evidence indicates that modulation of the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is responsible for many drug-drug interactions...

..These data do not eliminate the need for caution when prescribing antidepressants with the potential for causing metabolic interactions, but do help allay the fear that such interactions are highly prevalent and routinely hazardous...

The emerging recognition of herb-drug interactions with a focus on St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)

J S MarkowitzDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USAPsychopharmacol Bull 35:53-64. 2001

..Concomitant use of herbal agents and conventional medications should generally be discouraged until further information is available. Additional research is urgently needed in this area...

Pharmacokinetics of olanzapine after single-dose oral administration of standard tablet versus normal and sublingual administration of an orally disintegrating tablet in normal volunteers

..The newer drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes are discussed, and considerations are given for avoiding or minimizing drug interactions when prescribing psychoactive drugs to patients with diabetes...

..These data define the time course of a persistent effect that fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine have on CYP2D6 following drug discontinuation and should be considered when initiating therapy with a CYP2D6 substrate...

Age- and sex-related expression and activity of carboxylesterase 1 and 2 in mouse and human liver

..In conclusion, the expression and activity of CES1 and CES2 are age-related but independent of growth hormone level. Sex seems to be an unlikely factor contributing to the regulation of CES1 and CES2...

..This case suggests that atypical antipsychotics, although generally better tolerated than conventional agents, may still result in untoward reactions that may be partially due to individual differences in drug absorption and metabolism...

..There were no significant differences in the excretion of urinary 8-epi-PGF(2 alpha) after treatment with green tea. We conclude that 14 days of green tea supplementation did not significantly alter in-vivo lipid peroxidation...

Brain penetration of methadone (R)- and (S)-enantiomers is greatly increased by P-glycoprotein deficiency in the blood-brain barrier of Abcb1a gene knockout mice

..Therefore, the function of P-gp in blood-brain barrier (BBB) may affect the concentration of methadone at its site(s) of action in the central nervous system, thereby contributing to its therapeutic efficacy and/or adverse events...

The role of the polymorphic efflux transporter P-glycoprotein on the brain accumulation of d-methylphenidate and d-amphetamine

..In addition, d-MPH is a relatively weak P-gp substrate, and its entry into the brain may be limited by P-gp. Furthermore, the mechanism by which d-MPH-induced locomotor activity was attenuated in P-gp KO mice remains to be elucidated...

..The validation data support the use of this method for human pharmacokinetic studies of modafinil in patients with known or suspected use of common antidepressants, psychostimulants, and drugs of abuse...

Dietary levels of quinine in tonic water do not inhibit CYP2D6 in vivo

..05). We conclude that quinine as consumed in tonic water does not inhibit CYP2D6 activity in vivo. Thus, quinine should not alter the metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates taken concomitantly with tonic water...

Role of carboxylesterase 1 and impact of natural genetic variants on the hydrolysis of trandolapril

..This paper reports an examination of sex differences based on further analysis of data from a comparison of two once-daily methylphenidate formulations (the COMACS study), which addresses these shortcomings...

Donepezil effects on mood in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder