Scientist. He immigrated to America in 1910, became a naturalized citizen in 1916 and was appointed a Research Fellow at the University of California where he received his Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 1918. His fields of work included, microbiology with antibiotics, actinomycin, fradicin, candicidin, candidin and many others. In 1952, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He has published more than 400 scientific papers and has wrote 28 books. He retired in 1958, as the Director of the Institute of Microbiology. (bio by: John "J-Cat" Griffith)