Alcoa Theatre is a half-hour American anthology series telecast on NBC at 9:30 pm on Monday nights from September 30, 1957–May 23, 1960.[1] The program also aired under the title Turn of Fate, with the stories depicting the difficulties faced by individuals who are suddenly thrust into unexpected and perilous dangers.[2]Alcoa Theatre was syndicated together with Goodyear Theatre as Award Theatre.

In 1955, The Alcoa Hour premiered in a one-hour format aired on Sunday nights, but it was reduced to 30 minutes, retitled Alcoa Theatre, and moved to Monday evening in 1957, the show employed an alternating rotating company of actors: David Niven, Robert Ryan, Jane Powell, Jack Lemmon and Charles Boyer. Each appeared in dramatic and light comedic roles through the first season.

"333 Montgomery" (June 13, 1960) starred DeForest Kelley in the pilot episode of an unsold series written by Gene Roddenberry. It was based on the book Never Plead Guilty by San Francisco criminal lawyer Jake Ehrlich. Kelley acted in three separate pilots for Columbia, and the studio decided to try him in a lead and sent him to meet Roddenberry. Kelley and Roddenberry went to San Francisco to meet Ehrlich, who chose him for the lead, this event was crucial to Kelley's career because it introduced him to Roddenberry, later resulting in his Star Trek role.

1.
DeForest Kelley
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Kelley was delivered by his uncle at his parents home in Toccoa, Georgia, the son of Clora and Ernest David Kelley, who was a Baptist minister. DeForest was named after the pioneering electronics engineer Lee de Forest and he later named his Star Trek characters father David after his own father. Kelley had a brother, Ernest Casey Kelley. Kelley was immersed in his fathers mission in Conyers and told his father that failure would mean wreck, before the end of his first year at Conyers, Kelley was regularly putting to use his musical talents and often sang solo in morning church services. Eventually, this led to an appearance on the radio station WSB AM in Atlanta, as a result of Kelleys radio work, he won an engagement with Lew Forbes and his orchestra at the Paramount Theater. In 1934, the family left Conyers for Decatur, Georgia and he attended the Decatur Boys High School, where he played on the Decatur Bantams baseball team. Kelley also played football and other sports, before his graduation in 1938, Kelley got a job as a drugstore car hop. He spent his weekends working in the local theaters, during World War II, Kelley served as an enlisted man in the United States Army Air Forces from March 10,1943 to January 28,1946, assigned to the First Motion Picture Unit. After an extended stay in Long Beach, California, Kelley decided to pursue a career and relocate to southern California permanently. He worked as an usher in a theater in order to earn enough money for the move. Kelleys mother encouraged her son in his new goal. While in California, Kelley was spotted by a Paramount Pictures scout while doing a United States Navy training film, Kelleys acting career began with the feature film Fear in the Night in 1947. The low-budget movie was a hit, bringing him to the attention of a national audience and his next role, in Variety Girl, established him as a leading actor and resulted in the founding of his first fan club. Kelley did not become a man, however, and he and his wife, Carolyn. He found work on stage and on television, but after three years in New York, the Kelleys returned to Hollywood. In California, he received a role in an installment of You Are There and he played ranch owner Bob Kitteridge in the 1949 episode Legion of Old Timers of the television series The Lone Ranger. This led to an appearance in Gunfight at the O. K. Corral as Morgan Earp and this role led to three movie offers, including Warlock with Henry Fonda and Anthony Quinn. In 1957, he had a role as a Southern officer in Raintree County

2.
Anthology series
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An anthology series is a radio or television series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode or season/series. Some anthology series, such as Studio One, began on radio, many popular old-time radio programs were anthology series. On some series, such as Inner Sanctum Mysteries, the constant was the host. One of the earliest such programs was The Collier Hour, broadcast on the NBC Blue Network from 1927 to 1932, as radios first major dramatic anthology, it adapted stories and serials from Colliers Weekly in a calculated move to increase subscriptions and compete with The Saturday Evening Post. Weird The Haunting Hour The Sealed Book Mystery in the Air The Weird Circle Quiet, the stars would own the studio and the program, as Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had done successfully with Desilu studio. Powell had intended for the program to feature himself, Charles Boyer, Joel McCrea, when Russell and McCrea backed out, David Niven came on board as the third star. The fourth star was initially a guest star, CBS liked the idea, and Four Star Playhouse made its debut in fall of 1952. It ran on alternate weeks only during the first season, alternating with Amos n Andy and it was successful enough to be renewed and became a weekly program from the second season until the end of its run in 1956. Ida Lupino was brought on board as the de facto fourth star, though unlike Powell, Boyer, American television networks would sometimes run summer anthology series which consisted of unsold television pilots. Beginning in 1971, the long-run Masterpiece Theatre drama anthology series brought British productions to American television. k. a. Billy Roses Playbill Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre The Bold Ones Broadway Television Theatre Buick-Electra Playhouse Cameo Theatre Camera Three The Campbell Playhouse, Campbell Soundstage and Campbell Summer Soundstage Cavalcade of America CBS Playhouse CBS Summer Playhouse CBS Television Workshop CBS Workshop, a. k. a. CBS Repertoire Workshop Celanese Theatre Celebrity Playhouse Center Stage Cheer Television Theatre The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre a. k. a, Chevrolet on Broadway Chevron Hall of Stars Chevron Theatre Climax. Gruen Guild Theatre The Gulf Playhouse Hallmark Hall of Fame Hollywood Opening Night Hollywood Premiere Theatre, Hollywood Theatre Time International Playhouse John Waters Presents Movies That Will Corrupt You The Joseph Cotten Show, a. k. a. k. a. Max Liebman Presents Medallion Theatre, a. k. a, grimms Fairy Tale Classics Happily Ever After, Fairy Tales for Every Child The Harveytoons Show KaBlam. Late Night, Black and White Legends of Bikini Bottom Liquid Television The Looney Tunes Show Mickey Mouse Works Mickeys Mouse Tracks O Canada Off the Air Oh Yeah. Cartoons The Pink Panther Show The Popeye Show The Porky Pig Show Princes et princesses Random. M. k. a. Terribles House of Horrible The Eddie Cantor Comedy Theatre El Chapulín Colorado Ripping Yarns George Burns Comedy Week Good Heavens Human Remains Inside No. k. a. k. a. k. a. k. a, orson Welles Great Mysteries Out of the Fog Panic. Way of Life Family Theater Insight Lamp Unto My Feet Look Up, the Fisher Family Alcoa Presents, One Step Beyond Amazing Stories American Horror Story Are You Afraid of the Dark. L. k. a

3.
Robert Florey
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Robert Florey was a French-American director, screenwriter, film journalist, and occasional actor. Born in Paris, and at first a film journalist, Florey moved to the United States in 1921, as a director, Floreys most productive decades were the 1930s and 1940s, working on relatively low-budget fillers for Paramount and Warner Brothers. He directed more than 50 movies, Florey grew up in Paris near the studio of George Melies, and as a young man served as assistant to Louis Feuillade. In the 1920s he worked as a journalist, in Hollywood as assistant director to Josef von Sternberg, in the late 1920s he produced two experimental short films, The Life and Death of 9413--a Hollywood Extra co-directed with Slavko Vorkapich, and Skyscraper Symphony the following year. Florey made a significant but uncredited contribution to the script of the 1931 version of Frankenstein, by the mid-1930s Florey settled into the studio system and produced vehicles for Warren William, Guy Kibbee, and Akim Tamiroff. For some film historians, Floreys finest work is in these modest low-budget programmers and B movies. Florey hit a peak at Paramount in the late 1930s with Hollywood Boulevard, King of Gamblers, and Dangerous to Know, all marked by fast pace, cynical tone, Dutch angles and he was also associate director to Charlie Chaplin on Chaplins film Monsieur Verdoux. In 1953 Florey was one of the first seasoned feature directors to turn to television and he worked in the new medium for over a decade and produced shows for The Outer Limits, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and The Twilight Zone. He also wrote a number of books, including Pola Negri and Charlie Chaplin, Hollywood dhier et daujordhui, La Lanterne magique, in 1950, Florey was made a knight in the French Légion dhonneur. His 1937 thriller, Daughter of Shanghai, starring Anna May Wong, was added to the National Film Registry in 2006 and this filmography lists Floreys credits as director of feature films, and is believed to be complete. The Love of Zero,1927 Hello New York,1928 The Life and Death of 9413, a Hollywood Extra,1928 Skyscraper Symphony,1929 Fifty-Fifty,1932 The Incredible Dr. Markesan Thriller Series, costars Boris Karloff,1962 Taves, Brian. Robert Florey at the Internet Movie Database Literature on Robert Florey Robert Florey at Find a Grave

4.
Paul Henreid
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Paul Henreid was an Austrian-born American actor and film director. He is best remembered for two roles, Victor Laszlo in Casablanca and Jerry Durrance in Now, Voyager, both released in 1942. However, Henreids father died during World War I, and the fortune had dwindled by the time he graduated from the exclusive Maria Theresianische Academie. He trained for the theatre in Vienna, over his familys objections and he began his film career acting in German films in the 1930s. He was strongly anti-Nazi, so much so that he was designated an enemy of the Third Reich. He played Prince Albert in the play Victoria Regina in 1937, with the outbreak of World War II, Henreid risked deportation or internment as an enemy alien, but was allowed to remain and work in Englands film industry. He had a role in Goodbye, Mr. Chips. After a successful New York theater run in Flight to the West, the studio changed his name from von Hernried to the simpler and less overtly Germanic Henreid. That year, Henreid became a citizen of the United States and his first film for the studio was Joan of Paris, which came out in 1942. Shortly after his arrival, Henreid appeared in two key films in his career. In Now, Voyager he played the lead opposite Bette Davis. Henreids next role was as Victor Laszlo, a heroic anti-german resistance leader on the run, in Casablanca with Humphrey Bogart and he made regular film appearances throughout the 1940s, but was blacklisted after protesting against the actions of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. His film credits include Between Two Worlds, The Spanish Main, Of Human Bondage, Deception, Song of Love, Thief of Damascus, Siren of Bagdad, in the early 1950s, he began directing for both film and television. His television directorial credits include Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Maverick, Bonanza, in 1964, Henreid directed Dead Ringer, which starred Bette Davis and featured, in a minor role, the directors daughter, Monika. Henreid married Elizabeth Lisl Gluck in 1936, the couple had two daughters, Henreid died on 29 March 1992 at the age of 84 of pneumonia in Santa Monica after suffering a stroke. He was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery and he has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one at 6366 Hollywood Boulevard and the other at 1720 Vine Street

5.
Don Siegel
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Donald Siegel was an American film director and producer. His name variously appeared in the credits of his films as both Don Siegel and Donald Siegel, born to a Jewish family in Chicago, he attended schools in New York and later graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge in England. For a short time he studied at Beaux Arts in Paris, France, in 1945 two shorts he directed, Star in the Night and Hitler Lives, won Academy Awards, which launched his career as a feature director. He directed whatever material came his way, often transcending the limitations of budget and script to produce interesting and he made the original Invasion of the Body Snatchers in 1956. He directed two episodes of The Twilight Zone, The Self-Improvement of Salvadore Ross and Uncle Simon and he was a considerable influence on Eastwoods own career as a director, and Eastwoods film Unforgiven is dedicated for Don and Sergio. He had a collaboration with composer Lalo Schifrin, who scored five of his films, Coogans Bluff, The Beguiled, Dirty Harry, Charley Varrick. Schifrin composed and recorded what would have been his sixth score for Siegel on Jinxed, but it was rejected by the studio despite Siegels objections. This was one of several fights Siegel had on this, his last film, Siegel was also important to the career of director Sam Peckinpah. In 1954, Peckinpah was hired as a coach for Riot in Cell Block 11. His job entailed acting as an assistant to the director, Siegel, the film was shot on location at Folsom Prison. Siegels location work and his use of prisoners as extras in the film made a lasting impression on Peckinpah. He worked as a coach on four additional Siegel films, Private Hell 36, An Annapolis Story, Invasion of the Body Snatchers. 25 years later, Peckinpah was all but banished from the due to his troubled film productions. Siegel gave the director a chance to return to filmmaking and he asked Peckinpah if he would be interested in directing 12 days of second unit work on Jinxed. Peckinpah immediately accepted, and his earnest collaboration with his friend was noted within the industry. While Peckinpahs work was uncredited, it would lead to his hiring as the director of his final film The Osterman Weekend. He has a role as a bartender in Eastwoods Play Misty for Me, and in Philip Kaufmans 1978 Invasion of the Body Snatchers. In Charley Varrick starring Walter Matthau, he has a cameo as a ping-pong player, from 1948 to 1953 he was married to actress Viveca Lindfors, with whom he had a son, Kristoffer Tabori

6.
Don Taylor (American actor and director)
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Don Taylor was an American actor and film director. He co-starred in 1950s classics, including Stalag 17, Father of the Bride, and he later turned to directing films such as Escape from the Planet of the Apes, Tom Sawyer, and Damien, Omen II. The son of Mr. and Mrs. D. E, Taylor, he was born Donald Ritchie Taylor in Freeport, Pennsylvania, on December 13,1920. He studied speech and drama at Penn State University and hitchhiked to Hollywood in 1942 and he was signed as a contract player at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and appeared in small roles. Drafted into the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, he appeared in the Air Forcess Winged Victory Broadway play and movie, Taylor was later part of the ensemble cast in MGMs classic World War II drama Battleground. He then appeared as the husband of Elizabeth Taylor in the comedies Father of the Bride and its sequel Fathers Little Dividend, another memorable role was Vern Cowboy Blithe in Flying Leathernecks. In 1953, Taylor had a key role as the escaping prisoner Lt. Dunbar in Billy Wilders Stalag 17 and his last major film role came in Ill Cry Tomorrow. One of his efforts, in 1973, was the musical film Tom Sawyer. Taylor occasionally performed both acting and directing roles simultaneously, as he did for episodes of the TV detective series Burkes Law, Taylor wrote one-act plays, radio dramas, short stories, and the 1985 TV movie My Wicked, wicked Ways. His first wife was Phyllis Avery, whom he married in 1944, they divorced in 1955 and his second wife was Hazel Court, whom he married in 1964 and stayed with until his death, they had a son, Jonathan, and a daughter, Courtney. Taylor died on December 29,1998 at the University of California Medical Center in Los Angeles, California and he was survived by two daughters, a son, a stepdaughter, a sister, and a granddaughter. Kildare, Checkmate, 87th Precinct, Zane Grey Theater, The Rifleman, Alfred Hitchcock Presents and others. Everythings Ducky Ride the Wild Surf Jack of Diamonds The Five Man Army Escape from the Planet of the Apes Tom Sawyer Echoes of a Summer The Great Scout & Cathouse Thursday The Island of Dr

7.
Paul Wendkos
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Paul Wendkos was an American television and film director. Following World War II service in the United States Navy and his education at Columbia University on the G. I, bill, Wendkos made his first feature, a documentary on a school for the blind called Dark Interlude in 1953. Wendkos first feature film was The Burglar and his fluid camera technique caught the attention of the head of Columbia Pictures, Harry Cohn, who not only wished to distribute the film but put Wendkos under contract. When Wendkos worked on I Spy, he was dismissed from the production when the producers deemed the episodes he had filmed to have been too arty and he also made the first feature film for Quinn Martin, The Mephisto Waltz. From 1970 until his retirement in 1999, Wendkos specialized in made-for-television movies—one of these was The Taking of Flight 847, The Uli Derickson Story and it picked up five Emmy nominations, including one for Wendkos. Wendkos married Ruth Bernat on March 1,1953, and had one son, in 1983, Wendkos married Lin Bolen, former NBC VP and producer, they lived in Malibu, California, until his death. Wendkos was ill for years following a stroke. He died on November 12,2009, in Malibu and he was survived by his son, Jordan, granddaughter, Justine Wendkos, and his wife, Lin Bolen Wendkos

8.
Harry Sukman
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Harry Sukman was an American film and television composer. Sukman was born in Chicago in 1912 and he started his musical career in the 1920s, when he was a teenager. He composed music scores for movies like Salems Lot and he married Francesca Paley in 1946, and the two stayed married until his death. They had one child, Susan McCray and he won an Oscar and was nominated for two Oscars. He won the best musical song score Oscar at the 1960 Academy Awards for Song Without End and he was also nominated for Fanny and The Singing Nun. All 3 were in Best Score, Sukman died of a heart attack on his 72nd birthday, December 2,1984. OFarrell Cowboy in Africa Daniel Boone The Naked Runner Welcome to Hard Times The Monroes The Singing Nun Around the World Under the Sea Dr. S. A, Song Without End Alcoa Theatre Laramie The Crimson Kimono Verboten

9.
John Williams
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John Towner Williams is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. T. The Extra-Terrestrial, the Indiana Jones series, Jurassic Park, Schindlers List, Williams has been associated with director Steven Spielberg since 1974, composing music for all but two of his feature films. Williams has won five Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, seven British Academy Film Awards, with 50 Academy Award nominations, Williams is the second most-nominated individual, after Walt Disney. In 2005, the American Film Institute selected Williams score to 1977s Star Wars as the greatest American film score of all time. The soundtrack to Star Wars was additionally preserved by the Library of Congress into the National Recording Registry, for being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Williams was inducted into the Hollywood Bowls Hall of Fame in 2000, and was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004, Williams composed the score for eight movies in the Top 20 highest-grossing films at the U. S. box office. John Towner Williams was born on February 8,1932 in Floral Park, New York, the son of Esther and Johnny Williams, Williams has said of his lineage, My father was a Maine man—we were very close. My fathers parents ran a department store in Bangor, Maine, people with those roots are not inclined to be lazy. In 1948, the Williams family moved to Los Angeles where John attended North Hollywood High School graduating in 1950 and he later attended the University of California, Los Angeles, and studied privately with the Italian composer Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco. Williams had originally briefly attended Los Angeles City College for one semester as the school had a Studio Jazz Band. In 1952, Williams was drafted into the U. S. Air Force, in 1955, following his Air Force service, Williams moved to New York City and entered The Juilliard School where he studied piano with Rosina Lhévinne. During this time Williams worked as a jazz pianist in the many jazz clubs. After moving to Los Angeles he began working as a session musician, Williams has two brothers, Donald and Jerry, both of whom work as percussionists in Los Angeles. After his studies at Juilliard, and the Eastman School of Music, Williams returned to Los Angeles, among other composers, Williams worked with Franz Waxman, Bernard Herrmann, and Alfred Newman, and also with his fellow orchestrators Conrad Salinger and Bob Franklyn. Williams was also a studio pianist, performing on film scores by composers such as Jerry Goldsmith, Elmer Bernstein, Williams recorded with Henry Mancini the film scores of 1959s Peter Gunn, 1962s Days of Wine and Roses, and 1963s Charade. Williamss first film composition was for the 1958 B movie Daddy-O and he soon gained notice in Hollywood for his versatility in composing jazz, piano, and symphonic music. Williams received his first Academy Award nomination for his score for 1967s Valley of the Dolls. Williams broke through to win his first Academy Award for his score in the 1971 film Fiddler on the Roof

10.
Single-camera setup
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The single-camera setup, or single-camera mode of production, also known as Portable Single Camera, is a method of filmmaking and video production. In this setup, each of the shots and camera angles is taken using the same camera. Choices can then be made during the editing process for when in the scene to use each shot. This also then allows parts of the scene to be removed if it is felt that the scene is too long, in practice, sometimes two cameras shooting from the same angle are used, one to capture a medium shot, the other a close-up during the same take. Unlike film producers, who almost always opt for single-camera shooting, single-camera is mostly reserved for prime-time dramas, made-for-TV movies, music videos and commercial advertisements. Soap operas, talk shows, game shows, most reality television series, Multiple-camera shooting is the only way that an ensemble of actors presenting a single performance before a live audience can be recorded from multiple perspectives. Also for standard, dialogue-driven domestic situation comedies, the multi-camera technique, situation comedies may potentially be shot in either multiple- or single-camera modes. Several comedy series of the era also use of feature film techniques. These effects were created using editing and optical printing techniques, in the case of Get Smart, the single-camera technique also allowed the series to present fast-paced and tightly-edited fight and action sequences reminiscent of the spy dramas that it parodied. Single-camera comedies were also prevalent into the early 1970s, with its large cast, varied locations, and seriocomic tone, the TV series M*A*S*H was shot using single-camera style. Happy Days began in 1974 as a series, before switching to the multi-camera setup in its second season. Unlike single-camera sitcoms of the past, nearly all contemporary comedies shot in this manner are produced without a laugh track, list of single-camera sitcoms Multiple-camera setup Tapeless camcorder

11.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown

12.
Black and white
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Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, color television became more widespread in the U. S. between 1963 and 1967, when the CBS and ABC networks joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use a different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic Of Ireland followed in 1970, in China, black and white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. While seldom used now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Photography, Photographs were either black-and-white or shades of sepia, color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues. Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century, Today, black-and-white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes. This can take the form of film or digital conversion to grayscale. For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black-and-white disposable cameras until 2009, also, certain films are produced today which give black-and-white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process. Printing press, Most American newspapers were black-and-white until the early 1980s, The New York Times, some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color. In the UK, color was only introduced from the mid-1980s. Even today, many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front, similarly, daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black-and-white with color reserved for Sunday strips. Sometimes color is reserved for the cover, magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black-and-white until the end of the 2000s when it became all-color. Manga are typically published in black-and-white although now it is part of its image, many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black-and-white

13.
Monaural
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Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction is intended to be heard as if it were a single channel of sound perceived as coming from one position. Monaural recordings, like stereo, customarily use multiple microphones, fed into multiple channels on a recording console, in some cases the multitrack source is mixed down to a one track tape becoming one signal. However, today monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for communications, telephone networks. A few FM radio stations, particularly talk radio shows, choose to broadcast in monaural, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power. Monaural sound is normal on, Phonograph cylinders Disc records made before 1958, such as made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3. Some FM radio stations that broadcast only spoken word or talk radio content in order to maximize their coverage area, examples of this would be the CBC Radio One stations on the FM dial. Sometimes listeners will not be convinced that the signal is strong since there is no ST or STEREO LED lit, subcarrier signals for FM radio, which carry leased content such as background music for businesses or a radio reading service for the blind. Background music services such as Seeburg 1000, satellite broadcasts by Muzak as well as the public systems such services are intended to be used with. At various times artists have preferred to work in mono, either in recognition of the limitations of the equipment of the era or because of simple preference. Many of Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allens movies were recorded in mono because of their directors preferences, monaural LP records were eventually phased out and no longer manufactured after the early 1970s, with a few exceptions. For example, Decca UK had a few double issues until the end of 1970-the last one being Tom Joness I Who Have Nothing, during the 1960s it was common for albums to be released as both monaural LPs and stereo LPs, occasionally with slight differences between the two. This was because many people owned mono record players that were incapable of playing stereo records, on 9 September 2009, The Beatles re-released a remastered box set of their mono output spanning the Please Please Me album to The Beatles. The set, simply called The Beatles in Mono, also includes a summary of the mono singles, B-sides. Also included were five tracks originally mixed for an unissued mono Yellow Submarine EP, Bob Dylan followed suit on October 19,2010 with The Original Mono Recordings, a box set featuring the mono releases from Bob Dylan to John Wesley Harding. When the initial run of the box set sold out, no more were pressed, unlike the Beatles, sometimes mono sound or monaural can simply refer to a merged pair of stereo channels - also known as collapsed stereo or folded-down stereo. Over time some devices have used mono sound amplification circuitry with two or more speakers since it can cut the cost of the hardware, some consumer electronics with stereo RCA outputs have a microswitch in the red RCA output that disables merging of stereo sound into the white RCA output. Common devices with this are VCRs, DVD/Blu-ray players, information appliances, set-top boxes, video game consoles sometimes have male RCA ends of cables with a proprietary multi-A/V plug on the other end, which prevents automatic stereo merging unless adapters are used

14.
The Alcoa Hour
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The Alcoa Hour is an American anthology television series that was aired live on NBC from 1955 to 1957. The series was sponsored by Alcoa, the three series were essentially the same, with the only real difference being the name of the sponsor. The series alternated weeks in the time slot with the Goodyear Television Playhouse until both series ended in 1957. It was the only Alcoa Hour production to be granted an original cast album recording, the Stingiest Man in Town was remade in 1978 as a Rankin-Bass animated cartoon, featuring the voice of Walter Matthau as Scrooge. The series premiere episode, The Black Wings, marked the American TV debut of Ann Todd, the show garnered press in February 1956 for actor Lloyd Bridges emotional performance in an episode titled Tragedy in a Temporary Town, directed by Sidney Lumet. During the performance, Bridges inadvertently slipped some profanity in while ad-libbing, although the slip of the lip generated hundreds of complaints, the episode won a Robert E. Sherwood Television Award, with Bridges slip being defended even by some members of the clergy. Actors appearing in the included, Alcoa Premiere Alcoa Theatre The Alcoa Hour at CVTA with episode list The Alcoa Hour at the Internet Movie Database The Alcoa Hour at TV. com

15.
David Niven
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James David Graham Niven was an English actor and novelist. His many roles included Squadron Leader Peter Carter in A Matter of Life and Death, Phileas Fogg in Around the World in 80 Days and he won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Separate Tables. Born in London, Niven attended Heatherdown Preparatory School and Stowe before gaining a place at the Royal Military College, after Sandhurst, he joined the British Army and was gazetted a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry. Having developed an interest in acting, he left the Highland Light Infantry, travelled to Hollywood and he first appeared as an extra in the British film There Goes the Bride. From there, he hired an agent and had small parts in films from 1933 to 1935. This brought him to attention within the film industry and he was spotted by Samuel Goldwyn. Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, Niven returned to Britain and rejoined the army, Niven resumed his acting career after his demobilisation, and was voted the second-most popular British actor in the 1945 Popularity Poll of British film stars. He appeared in A Matter of Life and Death, The Bishops Wife, Niven appeared in nearly a hundred films, and many shows for television. He also began writing books, with commercial success. In 1982 he appeared in Blake Edwards final Pink Panther films Trail of the Pink Panther and Curse of the Pink Panther, James David Graham Niven was born in Belgrave Mansions, London, to William Edward Graham Niven and his wife, Henrietta Julia Niven. He was named David for his birth on St. Davids Day, Niven often claimed that he was born in Kirriemuir, in the Scottish county of Angus in 1909, but his birth certificate shows this was not the case. Henrietta was of French and British ancestry and she was born in Wales, the daughter of army officer William Degacher by his marriage to Julia Caroline Smith, the daughter of Lieutenant General James Webber Smith. Nivens grandfather William Degacher was killed in the Battle of Isandlwana, born William Hitchcock, he and his brother Henry had followed the lead of their father, Walter Henry Hitchcock, in assuming their mothers maiden name of Degacher in 1874. William Niven, Davids father, was of Scottish descent, his grandfather, David Graham Niven, was from St. Martins. William served in the Berkshire Yeomanry in the First World War and was killed during the Gallipoli Campaign on 21 August 1915 and he was buried in Green Hill Cemetery, Turkey, in the Special Memorial Section in Plot F.10. Nivens mother remarried, to Sir Thomas Comyn-Platt, in London in 1917, David Niven had three older siblings, Margaret Joyce Henry Degacher Grizel Rosemary Graham. English private schools at the time of Nivens boyhood were noted for their strict, Niven suffered many instances of corporal punishment owing to his inclination for pranks, which finally led to his expulsion from Heatherdown Preparatory School at the age of 10½. This ended his chances for Eton College, a significant blow to his family, thoughtful and kind, he addressed the boys by their first names, allowed them bicycles, and encouraged and nurtured their personal interests

16.
Robert Ryan
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Robert Bushnell Ryan was an American actor who most often portrayed hardened cops and ruthless villains. Ryan was born in Chicago, Illinois, the first child of Mable Arbutus, a secretary, and Timothy Aloysius Ryan and he was of Irish and English descent. Ryan was raised Catholic and educated at Loyola Academy and he graduated from Dartmouth College in 1932, having held the schools heavyweight boxing title all four years of his attendance. After graduation, the 6′4 Ryan found employment as a stoker on a ship, a WPA worker, Ryan attempted to make a career in show business as a playwright, but was forced to start acting in order to support himself. He studied acting in Hollywood and appeared on stage and in small parts during the early 1940s, beginning with The Ghost Breakers and Queen of the Mob. At Camp Pendleton, he befriended writer and future director Richard Brooks, whose novel, The Brick Foxhole, Ryans breakthrough film role was as an anti-Semitic killer in Crossfire, a film noir based on Brookss novel. The role won Ryan his sole career Oscar nomination, for Best Supporting Actor, from then on, Ryans specialty was tough/tender roles, finding particular expression in the films of directors such as Nicholas Ray, Jean Renoir, Robert Wise and Samuel Fuller. In Rays On Dangerous Ground he portrayed a city cop finding redemption while solving a rural murder. In Wises The Set-Up, he played a boxer who is brutally punished for refusing to take a dive. He also appeared in several war films, including The Longest Day and Battle of the Bulge. He also played John the Baptist in MGMs Technicolor epic King of Kings and was the villainous Claggart in Peter Ustinovs adaptation of Billy Budd, in his later years, Ryan continued playing significant roles in major films. Among the most notable were The Dirty Dozen, The Professionals, the Iceman Cometh and Executive Action both were released in November 1973, after Ryans death. Ryan also played the characters in Shakespeares Coriolanus and Othello. Ryan made his small screen debut in 1955 as Abraham Lincoln in the Screen Directors Playhouse adaptation of Christopher Morleys story. As he explained to reporters, despite financial considerations, Ryan preferred to steer clear of any TV series commitment, The only money in TV is in the series, and I want to stay out of those. Sure, I might make a million or so in a series, Ryan would remain true to these convictions, appearing in many television series, but always as a guest star. Notable appearances include his portrayal of Franklin Hoppy-Hopp in the 1964 episode Who Chopped Down the Cherry Tree. on the NBC medical drama about psychiatry, The Eleventh Hour. Similarly, he guest starred as Lloyd Osment in the 1964 episode Better Than a Dead Lion in the ABC psychiatric series, Breaking Point

17.
Jane Powell
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Jane Powell is an American singer, dancer, and actress. Powell rose to fame during her childhood as a singer in her hometown of Portland, Oregon, in the late 1950s, her film career slowed, leading her to a prolific theater and television career. In 1985, she relocated with her husband, former child star Dickie Moore, to New York City and Wilton, Connecticut. She was born Suzanne Lorraine Burce, the child born to Paul E. Burce and Eileen Baker Burce, on April 1,1929, in Portland. Powell began dance lessons at the age of two, in an attempt to liken her appearance to Shirley Temple, Powells mother took her to get her first perm the same year she began dance lessons. At five, she appeared on the radio program Stars of Tomorrow. She also took lessons with Agnes Peters, and there the Burce family met Scotty Weston. He convinced the family to move to Oakland, California, for Powell to take dance lessons, Paul Burce had quit his job of 14 years to move to Oakland, and was unable to get it back when they returned. The family moved into an apartment building owned by friends, while there, and while helping her father take the garbage out, Powell would sing. Tenants insisted that Powell should take lessons, and after saving their money, at 12, Powell had her career taken over by a local promoter, Carl Werner, who helped her get selected as the Oregon Victory Girl. She began singing live on the local Portland radio station, KOIN, during this time, she first met Lana Turner. Powell presented her with flowers and sang for her, years later, when they met again at MGM, Turner did not remember her. According to Powell, even meeting her many times, Turner never remembered who she was. During her time as the Oregon Victory Girl, Powell had two radio shows. During the first, she sang with an accompaniment, and during the second, she sang with an orchestra. She had attended Beaumont Grade School in Portland, in summer 1943, Paul and Eileen Burce took their daughter on vacation to Hollywood. There, she appeared on Janet Gaynors radio show Hollywood Showcase, the show was a talent competition, and among the other contestants were Kathie Lee Giffords mother, Joan Epstein. Powell won the competition, and soon auditioned with Louis B. Mayer at MGM, without even taking a screen test, Powell was then signed to a seven-year contract with MGM

18.
Jack Lemmon
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John Uhler Jack Lemmon III was an American actor and musician. Lemmon was an eight time Academy Award nominee, with two wins, Lemmon was born on February 8,1925, in an elevator at Newton-Wellesley Hospital in Newton, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. He was the child of Mildred Burgess LaRue and John Uhler Lemmon. His paternal grandmother was from an Irish immigrant family, Lemmon attended John Ward Elementary School in Newton and the Rivers School in Weston, Massachusetts. During his acceptance of his lifetime achievement award, he stated that he knew he wanted to be an actor from the age of eight, after graduation in 1947, Lemmon took up acting professionally, working on radio, television and Broadway. He studied acting under coach Uta Hagen and he was enamored of the piano and learned to play it on his own. He could also play the harmonica, guitar, organ, and he was close friends with actors Tony Curtis, Ernie Kovacs, Walter Matthau and Kevin Spacey. He made two films with Curtis, and eleven with Matthau, early in Lemmons career he met comedian Ernie Kovacs while co-starring with him in Operation Mad Ball. Lemmon and Kovacs became close friends and appeared together in two subsequent films, Bell, Book and Candle and It Happened to Jane, in 1977, PBS broadcast a compilation series of Kovacs television work, and Lemmon served as the narrator of the series. Lemmon discussed his friendship with Kovacs in the documentary Ernie Kovacs and he was a favorite of director Billy Wilder, starring in the films Some Like It Hot, The Apartment, Irma la Douce, The Fortune Cookie, Avanti. The Front Page, and Buddy Buddy, the biography quotes Lemmon as saying, I am particularly susceptible to the parts I play. If my character was having a breakdown, I started to have one. Bell, Book and Candle and It Happened to Jane and How to Murder Your Wife, quine also directed Lemmons screen test when the actor was signed by Columbia. Lemmons singing voice was first heard on two film soundtracks in 1955, Three for the Show with Betty Grable and My Sister Eileen and he also performed songs in the 1956 film You Cant Run Away from It with Stubby Kaye and June Allyson. His first solo album A Twist of Lemmon was released in 1958 on Epic Records, while filming Some Like It Hot with Marilyn Monroe in 1959, Lemmon released a second album, Some Like It Hot. Both featured Lemmons singing and piano solos, the two Epic albums were later released as A Twist of Lemmon/Some Like It Hot, a single cd on Collectors Choice Music, in 2001. Two singles, Daphne/Sleepy Lagoon and Im Forever Blowing Bubbles/I Cover the Waterfront did not appear on either album, Epic released a third single in 1960, Lemmons piano solo of the theme to the film The Apartment, backed with his own composition Lemmon Blues. In 1963, Lemmon released an album, this time on Capitol Records

19.
Charles Boyer
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Charles Boyer was a French actor who appeared in more than 80 films between 1920 and 1976. After receiving an education in drama, Boyer started on the stage and his memorable performances were among the eras most highly praised, in romantic dramas such as The Garden of Allah, Algiers, and Love Affair, as well as the mystery-thriller Gaslight. He received four Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, Boyer was born in Figeac, Lot, France, the son of Augustine Louise Durand and Maurice Boyer, a merchant. Boyer was a shy, small-town boy who discovered the movies, Boyer performed comic sketches for soldiers while working as a hospital orderly during World War I. He began studies briefly at the Sorbonne, and was waiting for a chance to study acting at the Paris Conservatory and he went to the capital city to finish his education, but spent most of his time pursuing a theatrical career. In 1920, his quick memory won him a chance to replace the man in a stage production. In the 1920s, he not only played a suave and sophisticated ladies man on the stage, MGM signed Boyer to a contract, and he loved life in the United States, but nothing much came of his first American stay from 1929 to 1931. At first, he performed film roles only for the money, however, with the coming of sound, his deep voice made him a romantic star. His first Hollywood break came with a small role in Jean Harlows Red-Headed Woman. Subsequently, he co-starred with Claudette Colbert in the psychiatric drama Private Worlds, until the early 1930s, Boyer mainly continued making French films, and Mayerling co-starring Danielle Darrieux in 1936 made him an international star. This was followed by Orage, opposite Michèle Morgan, the offscreen Boyer was bookish and private, far removed from the Hollywood high life. In 1938, he landed his famous role as Pepe le Moko, the thief on the run in Algiers, although in the movie Boyer never said to costar Hedy Lamarr Come with me to the Casbah, this line was in the movie trailer. The line would stick with him, thanks to generations of impressionists, Boyers vocal style was also parodied on the Tom and Jerry cartoons, most notably when Tom was trying to woo a female cat. In contrast to his glamorous image, Boyer began losing his hair early, had a pronounced paunch, when Bette Davis first saw him on the set of All This, and Heaven Too, she did not recognize him and tried to have him removed. In 1943, he was awarded an Honorary Oscar Certificate for progressive cultural achievement in establishing the French Research Foundation in Los Angeles as a source of reference. He is particularly known for Gaslight in which he played a thief/murderer who tries to convince his newlywed wife that she is going insane. In 1947, he was the voice of Capt. Daniel Gregg in the Lux Radio Theaters presentation of The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, in 1948, he was made a chevalier of the French Légion dhonneur. When another film with Bergman, Arch of Triumph, failed at the box office, in 1956, Boyer was a guest star on I Love Lucy

20.
Brandon deWilde
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Andre Brandon deWilde was an American theater, film, and television actor. Born into a family in Brooklyn, he debuted on Broadway at the age of seven. Before the age of 12, he had many accomplishments and he was the first child actor awarded the Donaldson Award, he filmed his role in The Member of the Wedding, and he starred in his most memorable film role as Joey Starrett in the film Shane. He had also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He became a name making numerous radio and TV appearances before being featured on the cover of Life magazine on March 10,1952, for his second Broadway outing. He continued acting in stage, film and television roles into adulthood before his death at age 30 in a car crash in Colorado on July 6,1972, andre Brandon deWilde was the son of Frederic A. Fritz deWilde and Eugenia deWilde. Fritz deWilde was the son of Dutch immigrants who changed their surname from Neitzel-de Wilde to deWilde when they emigrated to the United States. He was a descendant of the Dutch merchant and seigneur Andries de Wilde, Fritz deWilde became an actor and Broadway production stage manager. Eugenia was a stage actress. After deWildes birth, the family moved from Brooklyn to Baldwin, deWilde made his much-acclaimed Broadway debut at the age of seven in The Member of the Wedding. He was the first child actor to win the Donaldson Award and he also starred in the 1952 film version of the play, which was directed by Fred Zinnemann. He had the role in his own television series, Jamie which aired in 1953 and 1954. Although the series was popular, it was canceled due to a contract dispute, in 1956 he was featured with Walter Brennan, Phil Harris, and Sidney Poitier in the coming-of-age Batjac movie production of Good-bye, My Lady, adapted from James Streets book. This film showcased the then-rare dog breed Basenji, the African barkless dog, brooklyn-born, deWildes soft-spoken manner of speech in his early roles was more akin to a Southern drawl. In 1956 deWilde narrated classical music works Peter and the Wolf by Sergei Prokofiev and he also recorded a reading of Huckleberry Finn in the album The Stories of Mark Twain, along with his Good-bye, My Lady co-star, Walter Brennan. DeWilde shared a camaraderie with both James Stewart and Audie Murphy in the 1957 western Night Passage. In 1958 deWilde continued his career, starring in The Missouri Traveler sharing lead billing with Lee Marvin in another coming-of-age film, in 1961 deWilde appeared in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode The Sorcerers Apprentice. He portrayed Hugo, a mentally impaired youth who could not separate fact from fantasy, after seeing a magician saw a woman in half at a carnival, Hugo emulates the trick and kills a girl by sawing her in half

21.
Agnes Moorehead
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Agnes Robertson Moorehead was an American actress whose career of six decades included work in radio, stage, film, and television. She is chiefly known for her role as Endora on the television series Bewitched and she was also notable for her film roles in Citizen Kane, The Magnificent Ambersons, All That Heaven Allows, Show Boat, and Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte. Mooreheads transition to television won acclaim for drama and comedy and she could play many different types, but often portrayed haughty, arrogant characters. Moorehead later shaved six years off her age by claiming to have born in 1906. Moorehead recalled her first public performance was at the age of three, reciting The Lords Prayer in her fathers church, the family moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and Mooreheads ambition to become an actress grew very strong. Her mother indulged her active imagination, often asking, Who are you today, while Moorehead and her sister would often engage in mimicry, often coming to the dinner table and imitating parishioners. Moorehead noted and was encouraged by her fathers amused reactions and she joined the chorus of the St. Louis Municipal Opera Company, known as The Muny. Moorehead always said she graduated from Central High School in St. Louis in 1918, however, she appears in no Central High School yearbook while she does appear in the yearbook of Soldan High School. She lived near Soldan High School, on Union Boulevard, she did not live near Central High School on Grand Avenue, although her father did not discourage her acting ambitions, he insisted that she obtain a formal education. In 1923, Moorehead earned a degree, with a major in biology, from Muskingum College in New Concord, Ohio, while there. She later received a doctorate in literature from Muskingum and served for a year on its board of trustees. She then pursued studies at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Moorehead received a doctoral degree from Bradley University in Peoria. Mooreheads early career was unsteady, and, although she was able to stage work. She later recalled going four days without food, and said that it had taught her the value of a dollar and she found work in radio and was soon in demand, often working on several programs in a single day. She believed that it offered her excellent training and allowed her to develop her voice to create a variety of characterizations, Moorehead met the actress Helen Hayes, who encouraged her to try to enter films, but her first attempts were met with failure. Rejected as not being the type, Moorehead returned to radio. Moorehead met Orson Welles, and by 1937 was one of his principal Mercury Players and she performed in his The Mercury Theatre on the Air radio adaptations, and had a regular role opposite Welles in the serial The Shadow as Margo Lane

22.
Cliff Robertson
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Clifford Parker Cliff Robertson III was an American actor with a film and television career that spanned half a century. Robertson portrayed a young John F. Kennedy in the 1963 film PT109 and his last well-known film appearances were in 2002 through 2007 as Uncle Ben in the Spider-Man film trilogy. Robertson was born in La Jolla, California, the son of Clifford Parker Robertson, Jr. and his first wife and his Texas-born father was described as the idle heir to a tidy sum of ranching money. Robertson once said, was a romantic figure – tall. He married four or five times, and between marriages hed pop in to see me and he was a great raconteur, and he was always surrounded by sycophants who let him pick up the tab. During the Depression, he tapped the trust for $500,000, Robertsons parents divorced when he was one, and his mother died of peritonitis a year later in El Paso, Texas, at the age of 21. He was raised by his grandmother, Mary Eleanor Eleanora Willingham, in California. He graduated in 1941 from La Jolla High School, where he was known as The Walking Phoenix, merchant Marine in World War II, before attending Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio and dropping out to work as a journalist for a short time. Robertson was President John F. Kennedys personal choice to him in 1963s PT109. The next year, Robertson played a presidential candidate in The Best Man, Late in his life Robertsons career had a resurgence. He appeared as Uncle Ben Parker in Sam Raimis Spider-Man, as well as in the sequels Spider-Man 2 and he commented on his website, Since Spider-Man 1 and 2, I seem to have a whole new generation of fans. That in itself is a fine residual and he was also in the horror film Riding the Bullet. In 1989, he was a member of the jury at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival, Robertson also appeared as a special guest star on Wagon Train for one episode, portraying an Irish immigrant. In 1958, Robertson portrayed Joe Clay in the first broadcast of Playhouse 90s Days of Wine, in 1960, he was cast as Martinus Van Der Brig, a con man, in the episode End of a Dream of Riverboat. Other appearances included The Twilight Zone episodes A Hundred Yards Over the Rim and The Dummy, followed by the The Eleventh Hour in the 1963 episode and he guest-starred on such television series as The Greatest Show on Earth, Breaking Point and ABC Stage 67. He had starring roles in episodes of both the 1960s and 1990s versions of The Outer Limits and he was awarded an Emmy for his leading role in a 1965 episode, The Game of Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre. He appeared twice as a guest-villain on ABCs Batman as the gunfighter Shame, in 1976, he portrayed a retired Buzz Aldrin in an adaptation of Aldrins autobiography Return to Earth. In 1987, he portrayed Henry Ford in Ford, The Man, from 1983-84, he played Dr. Michael Ranson in Falcon Crest

23.
John Cassavetes
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John Nicholas Cassavetes was a Greek-American actor, film director, and screenwriter. He also acted in many Hollywood films, notably Rosemarys Baby and he studied acting with Don Richardson, using an acting technique based on muscle memory. His income from acting made it possible for him to direct his own films independently and his children Nick Cassavetes, Zoe Cassavetes, and Xan Cassavetes are also filmmakers. His early years were spent with his family in Greece, when he returned at age seven and he was reared on Long Island, New York. He attended Port Washington High School from 1945 to 1947 and participated in Port Weekly, Red Domino, football, next to his photo on page 55 of his 1947 yearbook is written, Cassy is always ready with a wisecrack, but he does have a serious side. Cassavetes attended Blair Academy in New Jersey and spent a semester at Champlain College before being expelled due to his failing grades and he graduated in 1950 and met his future wife Gena Rowlands at her audition into the Academy in 1953 and they were married four months later in 1954. He continued acting in the theater, took parts in films and began working on television in anthology series. By 1956, Cassavetes had begun teaching an alternative to method acting in his own workshop in New York City, an improvisation exercise in his workshop inspired the idea for his writing and directorial debut, Shadows. Cassavetes raised the funds for the production from friends and family and his stated purpose was to make a film about little people, different from Hollywood studio productions. Cassavetes was unable to gain American distribution of Shadows, but it won the Critics Award at the Venice Film Festival, european distributors later released the movie in the United States as an import. Although the box-office of Shadows in the United States was slight, Cassavetes would repeat this performance in the 1956 film version. His first starring role in a film was Edge of the City. He was briefly under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Robert Taylor in the western Saddle the Wind, in the late 1950s, Cassavetes guest-starred in Beverly Garlands groundbreaking crime drama, Decoy, about a New York City woman police undercover detective. Thereafter, he played Johnny Staccato, the character in a television series about a jazz pianist who also worked as a private detective. In total he directed five episodes of the series, which features a guest appearance by his wife Gena Rowlands. It was broadcast on NBC between September 1959 and March 1960 when it was acquired by ABC and although critically acclaimed, Cassavetes would appear on the NBC interview program, Heres Hollywood. Cassavetes directed two movies for Hollywood in the early 1960s – Too Late Blues and A Child Is Waiting, a Child Is Waiting starred Burt Lancaster and Judy Garland. He also starred in the CBS western series Rawhide, in the episode, in the 1963–1964 season, Cassavetes appeared in Jason Everss ABC drama about college life, Channing

24.
Cornel Wilde
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Cornel Wilde was a Hungarian-American actor and film director. Wildes acting career began in 1935, when he made his debut on Broadway, in 1936, he began making small, uncredited appearances in films. By the 1940s, he had signed a contract with 20th Century Fox and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in 1945s A Song to Remember. In the 1950s, he moved to writing, producing and directing films, kornél Lajos Weisz was born in 1912 in Prievidza, Hungary, although his year and place of birth are usually and inaccurately given as 1915 in New York City. His Hungarian Jewish parents were Vojtech Weisz and Renée Mary Vid and he was named for his paternal grandfather, and upon arrival in the U. S. at age 7 in 1920, his name was Americanized to Cornelius Louis Wilde. A talented linguist and a mimic, he had an ear for languages which became apparent later in his acting career. He qualified for the United States fencing team prior to the 1936 Summer Olympic Games, in preparation for an acting career, he and his new wife Marjory Heinzen shaved years off their ages, three for him and five for her. As a result, most publicity records and subsequent sources wrongly indicate a 1915 birth for Wilde, after study at Theodora Irvines Studio of the Theatre, Wilde began appearing in plays in stock and in New York. He made his Broadway debut in 1935 in Moon Over Mulberry Street and he wrote a fencing play, Touché, under the pseudonym Clark Wales in 1937. Wilde was hired as a teacher by Laurence Olivier for his 1940 Broadway production of Romeo. His performance in this role netted him a Hollywood film contract and he had several small film roles until he played the role of Frédéric Chopin in 1945s A Song to Remember, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Actor. In 1945 he also starred in A Thousand and One Nights with Evelyn Keyes, in 1946 he was voted the 18th most popular star in the US, and in 1947 – 25th. In the 1950s, Wilde created his own production company that was named after Theodora Irvine. Wilde played the lead alongside his second wife Jean Wallace. That same year, he appeared in an episode of I Love Lucy as himself, in 1957, he guest-starred on an episode of Father Knows Best as himself. Also in 1957, he played the role of the 13th century Persian poet Omar Khayyám in the film Omar Khayyam, the original script for The Naked Prey was largely based on a true historical incident about a trapper named John Colter being pursued by Blackfeet Indians in Wyoming. Lower shooting costs, tax breaks, and material and logistical assistance offered by Rhodesia persuaded Wilde, Wildes other notable directing efforts include Beach Red and No Blade of Grass. During the early 1970s, Wilde took a break from motion pictures and he appeared as an unethical surgeon in the 1971 Night Gallery episode Deliveries in the Rear and portrayed an anthropologist in the 1972 TV movie Gargoyles

25.
Jack Carson
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John Elmer Jack Carson was a Canadian-born American-based film actor. Carson was one of the most popular character actors during the age of Hollywood, with a film career spanning the 1930s, 1940s. Though he was used in supporting roles for comic relief, his work in films such as Mildred Pierce. He worked for RKO and MGM, but most of his work was for Warner Brothers. His trademark character was the wisecracking know-it-all, typically and inevitably undone by his own smug cockiness and he was born in Carman, Manitoba to Elmer and Elsa Carson. In 1914, the moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which he always thought of as his home town. He attended high school at Hartford School, Milwaukee and St. Johns Military Academy, Delafield, Carson became a U. S. citizen in California in 1949. Because of his size —6 ft 2 in and 220 lb, in the midst of a performance, he tripped and took half the set with him. A college friend, Dave Willock, thought it was so funny he persuaded Carson to team with him in a vaudeville act — Willock and Carson — and a new career was born. This piece of unplanned business would be typical of the sorts of things that tended to happen to Carson in many of his film roles, during the 1930s, as vaudeville declined from increased competition from radio and the movies, Willock and Carson sought work in Hollywood. Carson initially landed bit roles at RKO Radio Pictures in films such as Bringing Up Baby, starring Cary Grant, Radio was another source of employment for the team, starting with a 1938 appearance on the Kraft Music Hall when Bing Crosby hosted the show. This led to a number of other appearances culminating in Carsons own radio show, The New Jack Carson Show, from 1950-51, Jack was one of four alternating weekly hosts of the Wednesday evening NBC Television comedy-variety show Four Star Revue. The second season was his last with the show, when it was renamed All Star Revue and his success in radio led to the start of a lucrative film career. An early standout role for Carson was as a mock-drunk undercover G-Man opposite Richard Cromwell in Universal Picturess anti-Nazi action drama entitled Enemy Agent and this led to contract-player status with Warner Brothers shortly thereafter. While there, he was teamed with Dennis Morgan in a number of films, most of his work at Warner Brothers was limited to light comedy work with Morgan, and later Doris Day. Critics generally agree that Carsons best work was in Mildred Pierce, also in 1945, he played the role of Harold Pierson, the second husband of Louise Randall, played by Rosalind Russell, in Roughly Speaking. Another role which won accolades for him was as publicist Matt Libby in A Star is Born, one of his last film roles was as the older brother Gooper in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. His TV pilot, Kentucky Kid, was under consideration as a series for NBC

26.
Walter Slezak
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Walter Slezak was an Austrian-born character actor and singer who appeared in German films before migrating to the US in 1930 and featuring in numerous Hollywood productions. He also played a corrupt and philosophical private detective in the film noir Born to Kill. Born in Vienna, the son of opera tenor Leo Slezak and Elsa Wertheim, he studied medicine for a time and he was talked into taking his first role, in the 1922 Austrian film Sodom und Gomorrah, by his friend and the films director, Michael Curtiz. In his early career, before he gained a great deal of weight. He also acted on the stage for years, debuting on Broadway in 1931. In Vienna in the 1930s, Slezak was close friends with heiress Maria Altmann and his first American film was Once Upon a Honeymoon, with Ginger Rogers and Cary Grant. Slezak played the lead in Broadway musicals, including Fanny, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, Slezak acted in radio in such shows as Lux Radio Theater, Columbia Workshop, The Pepsodent Show, and The Charlie McCarthy Show. He made numerous appearances, including in the programs This Is Show Business, Playhouse 90, and Studio One. In the 1970s, Slezak played the role of Frosch. Later film roles in Britain included the Cliff Richard vehicle Wonderful Life and his autobiography, What Times the Next Swan. was published in 1962. The books title refers to an incident in the career of his father. During a performance in the role of Lohengrin, the elder Slezak was supposed to finish his aria by stepping into a swan boat. When a stagehand removed the boat prematurely, Slezak supposedly reacted to the error by asking the audience What Times the Next Swan, Slezak married Johanna Kaasi Van Rijn on October 10,1943. The couple had three children, Ingrid, Erika, and Leo, Erika went on to become an Emmy-winning actress, and starred as Victoria Lord on the long-running soap opera One Life to Live from 1971 to its cancellation in 2012. In 1974, Slezak appeared on the series as her characters godfather, on 21 April 1983, Slezak died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. He was reportedly despondent over his physical illness. As was his father, he is buried in Rottach-Egern, in 1955, Slezak won a Tony Award for his role in the Broadway production of Fanny

27.
Gary Merrill
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Merrill starred in All About Eve and married his co-star Bette Davis. Before entering films, Merrills deep cultured voice won him a role as Batman in the Superman radio series. His film career began promisingly, with roles in films like Twelve OClock High and All About Eve, but he moved beyond supporting roles in his many Westerns, war movies. His television career was extensive, if not consistent and he appeared from 1954-1956 as Jason Tyler on the NBC crime drama Justice, about lawyers of the Legal Aid Society of New York. In that series, he was cast opposite Dane Clark and then William Prince in the role of Richard Adams, in 1958, Merrill guest starred with June Lockhart in the roles of Joshua and Emily Newton in the episode Medicine Man of NBCs western series, Cimarron City. Merrill had recurring roles in Then Came Bronson with Michael Parks and Young Doctor Kildare, both of which lasted less than a season. In 1964, he starred as city editor Lou Sheldon, in the short-lived CBS drama about the fictitious New York Globe, The Reporter, in 1967, he starred in the Elvis Presley film, Clambake, with co-star James Gregory. Merrills first marriage, to Barbara Leeds in 1941, ended in divorce in Mexico July 28,1950 and that same day, he married Bette Davis, his co-star from All About Eve, and adopted her daughter Barbara from a previous marriage. He and Davis adopted two children, Margo and Michael, but they had a bitter divorce in 1960. Often politically active, he campaigned in 1958 to elect the Democrat, Edmund Sixtus Muskie, Merrill also took part in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965 to promote Black voter registration. In response to U. S. President Lyndon B, johnsons Vietnam War policy, he unsuccessfully sought nomination to the Maine legislature as an anti-war, pro-environmentalist primary candidate. Aside from a role as narrator, Merrill had essentially retired from the entertainment business after 1980. Shortly before his death, he authored the autobiography Bette, Rita, Merrill survived his second ex-wife, Bette Davis, by only five months, dying of lung cancer in Falmouth, Maine on March 5,1990. He is buried there in the Pine Grove Cemetery and he was survived by a son, Michael, a daughter, Margot, a brother, Jerry, and two grandchildren. Merrills television work spanned from 1953-1980, most of his appearances were in guest-star roles in episodic and anthology series. The Outer Limits, Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, The Time Tunnel, Marcus Welby, medical Center, Kung Fu, Cannon and Movin On. Merrill also served as narrator of the 1972–73 syndicated TV series The American Adventure, Gary Merrill at the Internet Movie Database Gary Merrill at the Internet Broadway Database Gary Merrill at Find a Grave New York Times biography

28.
Child actor
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Closely associated is teenage actor or teen actor, an actor who reached popularity as a teenager. Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults, in the United States, the activities of child actors are regulated by the governing labor union, if any, and state and federal laws. Some projects film in remote locations specifically to evade regulations intended to protect the child, longer work hours or risky stunts prohibited in California, for example, might be permitted to a project filming in British Columbia. US federal law specifically exempted minors working the Entertainment Business from all provisions of the Child Labor Laws, any regulation of child actors is governed by disparate state law. Due to the presence of the entertainment industry in California. Being a minor, an actor must secure an entertainment work permit before accepting any paid performing work. The child does his/her schoolwork under the supervision of a teacher while on the set. Many child actors never got to see the money they earned because they were not in charge of this money, jackie Coogan earned millions of dollars from working as a child actor only to see most of it squandered by his parents. In 1939, California weighed in on this controversy and enacted the Coogan Law which requires a portion of the earnings of a child to be preserved in a savings account called a blocked trust. Some people also criticize the parents of actors for allowing their children to work. The child actor may experience unique and negative pressures when working under tight production schedules, large projects which depend for their success on the ability of the child to deliver an effective performance add to the pressure. Many actors careers are short-lived and this is true of child actors. Peter Ostrum, for example, is now a successful large-animal veterinarian after a starring role in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, shirley Temple became a public figure and diplomat. Jenny Lewis, formerly of Troop Beverly Hills, is a indie rock musician. In Poland, child actor identical twin brothers Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński became very successful politicians, at one time Lech being President, there are child actors who have achieved successful thespian careers into adulthood. V. In many cases, the failure to retain stardom and success and exposure at a young age has caused many child actors to lead adult lives plagued by troubles, bankruptcy. Examples include the cast members of the American sitcom Diffrent Strokes, which starred child actors Todd Bridges, Gary Coleman, Plato went on to pose for Playboy magazine and was featured in several softcore pornography films. She was arrested twice for armed robbery and forging prescriptions, and died in May 1999 from an overdose of prescription medication, Coleman famously sued his parents for misuse of his trust fund and, although awarded over $1,000,000, filed for bankruptcy in 1999

29.
Flip Mark
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Flip Mark is an American former child actor, active primarily from 1959-1969. Marks first role was at the age of ten as Flip Rhinelander in the 1959 film The Journey, starring Yul Brynner and that same year, he appeared as Robbie Adams in Another Day Another Dollar of the NBC anthology series Alcoa Theatre. In 1960, he played 11-year-old George MacKay in the Doris Day and David Niven film, in 1960, Mark appeared as Junior in the episode My Brother, the Hero of the NBC sitcom, The Tab Hunter Show, starring Tab Hunter. In 1961, Mark appeared as Dennis in the episode A Friend to Man of the television series The Brothers Brannagan, with Stephen Dunne. He also appeared as Tommy in the 1/22/61 episode Jack at Supermarket of CBSs The Jack Benny Program, Mark was also cast as Brook Hooten on Guestward Ho. A 1960-1961 ABC sitcom starring Joanne Dru and Mark Miller, as a New York City family who relocates to rural New Mexico to operate a dude ranch. Thereafter, Mark appeared in guest shots in four popular CBS series, Have Gun - Will Travel, starring Richard Boone, The Andy Griffith Show, General Electric Theater, and My Favorite Martian. In the 1962-1963 season, he had a role as Larry Walker in CBSs Fair Exchange, the story of families in Great Britain. Eddie Foy, Jr. played his father on the short-lived series, in 1964, Mark appeared as 15-year-old Kenny Hallop in the episode Taps for a Dead War of ABCs drama The Fugitive starring David Janssen. The same year, Mark appeared as Kenny Benjamin in the episode The Special One of the ABC science fiction series The Outer Limits and his episode co-stars were Macdonald Carey and Marion Ross. From 1964-1969, Mark guest starred in sitcoms, The Lucy Show in the episode Lucy and the Missing Stamp and Mister Ed on CBS, The Patty Duke Show on ABC. He then appeared as Fitzgibbons in the 1966 episode The State v. Chip Douglas of CBSs My Three Sons, starring Don Grady, from 1965-1966, Mark appeared as the first Steven Olson in the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. In 1968, he guest starred as Jerry Frye in The Good Thieves of ABCs The Big Valley, marks final screen roles were on CBSs Mission, Impossible as a delivery man and in the episode The Bullet of ABCs The Streets of San Francisco starring Karl Malden

30.
Laramie (TV series)
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Laramie was an American Western television series that aired on NBC from 1959-63. A Revue Studios production, the program originally starred John Smith as Slim Sherman, Robert Fuller as Jess Harper, Hoagy Carmichael as Jonesy, actress Spring Byington was later added to the cast. The Encore Westerns Channel and Grit networks began airing the series in July 2015, the Sherman parents are buried on the ranch. Not until near the end of the series was it revealed that Matt Sherman had been accused during the American Civil War of having aided the Confederates. The gold dust in question had long ago been scattered by the wind, Hoagy Carmichaels contract was not renewed after the first season, and his character was eliminated with the explanation that he had accompanied Andy to boarding school in St. Louis, Missouri. Andy, however, returned to appear in three episodes in the first half of the second season, Laramie made the transition from black-and-white to color at the beginning of its third season. On January 1,1962, a new version of the NBC peacock living color logo was introduced before the Laramie broadcast that evening and this symbol, the Laramie Peacock, was used before every color program on the network until 1970. Because of declining ratings in its last season, Laramie was canceled, the series premiere Stage Stop, which was filmed in color, explains how Slim Sherman and Jess Harper become partners in the Sherman Ranch and Relay Station. Jess arrives in Wyoming from Texas in search of a friend, Pete Morgan, played by John Mitchum. Morgan is part of the gang of Bud Carlin, the gang captures Judge Thomas J. Wilkens, to keep him from trying Morgan. Though Jess and Slim are at odds with other in their first encounters. Andy even asks Jess to take him away from the ranch and their first housekeeper is Jonesy, the role filled by Carmichael. Slim and Jess must fight together when Carlin shows up at the relay station, in The General Must Die, Brian Keith appears as Whit Malone, an old friend of Slim Shermans from the Union Army. Gilman Rankin makes an appearance as General Sherman. This episode reveals that Slim Sherman entered the Army as a private and advanced to second lieutenant and fought under General Sherman in the March to the Sea in Georgia. In the episode Cactus Lady, it is revealed that Jess Harper had been hanged by mistake in the border city of Laredo, Texas, because of the McCanles gang, played by Arthur Hunnicutt. Jones, Harry Dean Stanton, and Anita Sands, the gang arrives suddenly in Laramie. The German title of Laramie is Am Fuß der blauen Berge, John Smith as Slim Sherman Robert Fuller as Jess Harper Robert Crawford, Jr. Q. Jones portrays John MacLane, who is falsely accused of murdering a doctor

31.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns

32.
Gian Carlo Menotti
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Gian Carlo Menotti was an Italian-American composer and librettist. Although he often referred to himself as an American composer, he kept his Italian citizenship and he wrote the classic Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors, along with over two dozen other operas intended to appeal to popular taste. He won a Pulitzer Prize twice, for The Consul and for The Saint of Bleecker Street and he founded the noted Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto in 1958 and its American counterpart, Spoleto Festival USA, in 1977. In 1986 he commenced a Melbourne Spoleto Festival in Australia, Menotti died on February 1,2007, at the age of 95 in a hospital in Monte Carlo, Monaco, where he had a home. He was buried in East Lothian, Scotland, born in Cadegliano-Viconago, Italy, near Lake Maggiore and the Swiss border, Menotti was the sixth of eight children of Alfonso and Ines Menotti, his father being a coffee merchant. Menotti began writing songs when he was seven years old, and he began his formal musical training at the Milan Conservatory in 1923. Following her husbands death, Ines Menotti went to Colombia in a attempt to salvage the familys coffee business. She took Gian Carlo with her, and in 1928 she enrolled him at Philadelphias Curtis Institute of Music, armed with a letter of introduction from the wife of Arturo Toscanini, Gian Carlo studied composition at Curtis under Rosario Scalero. Fellow students at Curtis included Leonard Bernstein and Samuel Barber, Barber became Menottis partner in life and in work, with Menotti crafting the libretto for Barbers most famous opera, Vanessa, which premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in 1958. As a student, Menotti spent much of his time with the Barber family in West Chester, after graduation, the two men bought a house together in Mount Kisco, New York, which they named Capricorn and shared for over forty years. In 1974, Menotti adopted Francis Chip Phelan, an American actor, while there, he jokingly referred to himself as Mr McNotti. It was at Curtis that Menotti wrote his first mature opera, Amelia Goes to the Ball, the Island God and The Last Savage were the only other operas he wrote in Italian, the rest being in English. Like Wagner, he wrote the libretti of all his operas and his most successful works were composed in the 1940s and 1950s. Menotti also taught at the Curtis Institute of Music, Music critic Joel Honig served as his personal secretary during the late 1950s. Menotti wrote the libretti for two of Samuel Barbers operas, Vanessa and A Hand of Bridge, as well as revising the libretto for Antony and Cleopatra. Its success prompted NBC to commissioned an opera specifically for radio, The Old Maid, following this, he wrote a ballet, Sebastian, and a piano concerto before returning to opera with The Medium and The Telephone, or LAmour à trois. His first full-length opera, The Consul, which premiered in 1950, American soprano Patricia Neway starred as the tormented protagonist Magda Sorel, for which she won the Donaldson Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 1950. Menotti apparently intended to give a role to a then-unknown Maria Callas, in 1951, Menotti wrote his Christmas opera Amahl and the Night Visitors for NBC

33.
Amahl and the Night Visitors
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Amahl and the Night Visitors is an opera in one act by Gian Carlo Menotti with an original English libretto by the composer. It was the first opera composed for television in America. Menotti was commissioned by Peter Herman Adler, director of NBCs new opera programming, the composer had trouble settling on a subject for the opera, but took his inspiration from Hieronymus Boschs The Adoration of the Magi hanging in The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. As the airdate neared, Menotti had yet to finish the score, the singers had little time to rehearse, and received the final passages of the score just days before the broadcast. The composers partner Samuel Barber was brought in to complete the orchestrations, after the dress rehearsal, NBC Symphony conductor Arturo Toscanini told Menotti, This is the best youve ever done. Menotti distinctly wanted Amahl to be performed by a boy, in the Production Notes contained in the Piano-Vocal score he wrote, It is the express wish of the composer that the role of Amahl should always be performed by a boy. Neither the musical nor the concept of the opera permits the substitution of a woman costumed as a child. The booklet with the original cast recording contains the following anecdote and you see, when I was a child I lived in Italy, and in Italy we have no Santa Claus. I suppose that Santa Claus is much too busy with American children to be able to handle Italian children as well and our gifts were brought to us by the Three Kings, instead. But I do remember hearing them and my favorite king was King Melchior, because he was the oldest and had a long white beard. My brothers favorite was King Kaspar and he insisted that this king was a little crazy and quite deaf. I dont know why he was so positive about his being deaf, I suspect it was because dear King Kaspar never brought him all the gifts he requested. He was also puzzled by the fact that King Kaspar carried the myrrh. To these Three Kings I mainly owe the happy Christmas seasons of my childhood, instead, I came to America and soon forgot all about them, for here at Christmas time one sees so many Santa Clauses scattered all over town. But in 1951 I found myself in serious difficulty, I had been commissioned by the National Broadcasting Company to write an opera for television, with Christmas as deadline, and I simply didnt have one idea in my head. I then realized they had back to me and had brought me a gift. I am often asked how I went about writing an opera for television, I must confess that in writing Amahl and the Night Visitors, I hardly thought of television at all. As a matter of fact, all my operas are originally conceived for a stage which has no equivalent in reality

34.
Gene Roddenberry
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Eugene Wesley Gene Roddenberry was an American television screenwriter and producer. He is best remembered for creating the original Star Trek television series, born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father was a police officer. Roddenberry flew 89 combat missions in the Army Air Forces during World War II, later, he followed in his fathers footsteps and joined the Los Angeles Police Department, where he also began to write scripts for television. As a freelance writer, Roddenberry wrote scripts for Highway Patrol, Have Gun–Will Travel, in 1964, Roddenberry created Star Trek, which premiered in 1966 and ran for three seasons before being canceled. He then worked on projects, including a string of failed television pilots. The syndication of Star Trek led to its popularity, this, in turn, resulted in the Star Trek feature films, on which Roddenberry continued to produce. He continued to consult on the series until his death in 1991, years after his death, Roddenberry was one of the first humans to have his ashes carried into earth orbit. The popularity of the Star Trek universe and films has inspired films, books, comic books, video games, and fan films set in the Star Trek universe. Roddenberry was born on August 19,1921, in his parents rented home in El Paso, Texas, the family moved to Los Angeles in 1923 after Genes father passed the Civil Service test and was given a police commission there. During his childhood, Roddenberry was interested in reading, especially magazines, and was a fan of stories such as John Carter of Mars, Tarzan. Roddenberry majored in science at Los Angeles City College, where he began dating Eileen-Anita Rexroat. He obtained a license through the United States Army Air Corps-sponsored Civilian Pilot Training Program. He enlisted with the USAAC on December 18,1941, and he graduated from the USAAC on August 5,1942, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He was posted to Bellows Field, Oahu, to join the 394th Bomb Squadron, 5th Bombardment Group, of the Thirteenth Air Force, which flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. On August 2,1943, while flying out of Espiritu Santo, the plane Roddenberry was piloting overshot the runway by 500 feet and impacted trees, crushing the nose, the official report absolved Roddenberry of any responsibility. Roddenberry spent the remainder of his career in the United States. He was involved in a plane crash, this time as a passenger. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal, in 1945, Roddenberry began flying for Pan American World Airways, including routes from New York to Johannesburg or Calcutta, the two longest Pan Am routes at the time

35.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush

36.
Columbia Pictures
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The studio was founded in 1918 as Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and Jacks best friend Joe Brandt, released its first feature film in August 1922. It adopted the Columbia Pictures name in 1924, and went public two years later and its name is derived from Columbia, a national personification of the United States, which is used as the studios logo. In its early years, it was a player in Hollywood. With Capra and others, Columbia became one of the homes of the screwball comedy. In the 1930s, Columbias major contract stars were Jean Arthur, in the 1940s, Rita Hayworth became the studios premier star and propelled their fortunes into the late 1950s. Rosalind Russell, Glenn Ford, and William Holden also became major stars at the studio, in 1982, the studio was purchased by The Coca-Cola Company, and launched TriStar Pictures as a joint venture with HBO and CBS. Five years later, Coca-Cola spun off Columbia, which was sold to Tri-Star, after a brief period of independence with Coca-Cola maintaining a financial interest, the combined studio was acquired by Sony in 1989. It is one of the film studios in the world. It was one of the so-called Little Three among the eight major film studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, Brandt was president of CBC Film Sales, handling sales, marketing and distribution from New York along with Jack Cohn, while Harry Cohn ran production in Hollywood. The studios early productions were short subjects, Screen Snapshots, the Hall Room Boys. The start-up CBC leased space in a Poverty Row studio on Hollywoods famously low-rent Gower Street, among Hollywoods elite, the studios small-time reputation led some to joke that CBC stood for Corned Beef and Cabbage. Brandt eventually tired of dealing with the Cohn brothers, and sold his stake to Harry Cohn. In an effort to improve its image, the Cohn brothers renamed the company Columbia Pictures Corporation on January 10,1924, Cohn remained head of production as well, thus concentrating enormous power in his hands. He would run Columbia for the next 34 years, the second-longest tenure of any studio chief, even in an industry rife with nepotism, Columbia was particularly notorious for having a number of Harry and Jacks relatives in high positions. Humorist Robert Benchley called it the Pine Tree Studio, because it has so many Cohns, Columbias product line consisted mostly of moderately budgeted features and short subjects including comedies, sports films, various serials, and cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was an integrated company. It controlled production and distribution, it did not own any theaters, helping Columbias climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra

Playhouse 90 is an American television anthology drama series that aired on CBS from 1956 to 1960 for a total of 133 …

Note that the ad for this repeat, a production adapted from William Faulkner's story, makes no mention of Faulkner

When CBS ran this ad, illustrated by Hilary Knight, in newspapers on November 22, 1956, the network intentionally removed the name of lead actress Evelyn Rudie, who received an Emmy nomination for her performance as Eloise