"That's certainly a statute that invites a lot of regulatory overreach, which could be reviewed and challenged on an expedited basis with this legislation," Wicker told The Hill.

The proposed law could also be used to challenge other regulations, such as those from the Environmental Protection Agency, he added.

The legislation, called the 10th Amendment Regulatory Reform Act, mirrors a bill introduced by Rep. Tom Cole (R-Okla.) on March 25, two days after the president signed healthcare reform into law. It would allow designated state officials to file a legal brief challenging the constitutionality of proposed regulations during the time when they're open for comment.

The head of the federal agency whose regulation is challenged would then have 15 days to certify that the regulation doesn't violate the 10th Amendment. That certification, and a link to the state's legal brief, would have to be displayed prominently on the agency's primary webpage within 15 days.

State officials could also challenge the regulation in district court and get expedited review at the appeals level. It would be up to a judge to decide whether to freeze the regulatory process as a challenge makes its way through the courts.

The Obama administration did not respond to queries about whether it would challenge the bill if it became law and how it could affect the regulatory process.

Wicker said the provision could save time and money.

"This would allow a challenge earlier, by governors, lieutenant governors, attorneys general or state legislative leaders, to go ahead and take the matter into federal court," he said. "And it requires the agency to engage quickly in response."

Wicker was one of the Republican senators up for reelection who was recently identified by the conservative blog Red State as a potential target for a Tea Party challenge in 2012. He said his support for the bill was influenced not by political considerations but by a genuine interest in legislation that's nevertheless likely to be popular in conservative Mississippi.

A spokesman for Mississippi Gov. Haley Barbour (R) said the governor is aware and supportive of the legislation. State officials could conceivably avail themselves of the new states' rights in the legislation, said Dan Turner, depending on the regulations.

Wicker said he's looking for co-sponsors for his bill. He said he wanted to introduce it during the lame-duck session in order to draw early attention to it before picking it up again next year.

Wicker said he favors getting rid of the healthcare reform law and will push for a vote on repeal early next year, to get everyone on the record on the issue. But, he said, his bill is one potential way forward given that repeal isn't likely to pass in the Senate.

"I think it's going to take another election, and probably another president, to get this taken care of," he said. "But this is a step. It's a salvo."

Correction: This post was updated Monday afternoon to clarify an agency whose regulation is challenged would have to meet two 15-day deadlines: one to certify that a regulation doesn't violate the 10th Amendment, and another to prominently display the certification on the agency's website.