Windsor v. The United States Of America

Filing
13

MEMORANDUM OF LAW in Support re: 12 MOTION to Intervene a party defendant in this matter for the limited purpose of litigating the constitutionality of Section III of the Defense of Marriage Act, Pub. L. No. 104-199, 110 Stat. 2419 (Sept. 21, 1996), codified at 1 U.S.C. § 7. MOTION to Intervene a party defendant in this matter for the limited purpose of litigating the constitutionality of Section III of the Defense of Marriage Act, Pub. L. No. 104-199, 110 Stat. 2419 (Sept. 21, 1996), codified at 1 U.S.C. § 7.. Document filed by Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the U.S. House of Representatives. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1, # 2 Certificate of Service)(Clement, Paul)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
__________________________________________
)
EDITH SCHLAIN WINDSOR, in her
)
capacity as Executor of the Estate of THEA
)
CLARA SPYER,
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
) Case No. 1:10-cv-8435 (BSJ) (JCF)
vs.
) ECF Case
)
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
)
)
Defendant.
)
__________________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES
IN SUPPORT OF THE UNOPPOSED MOTION OF THE BIPARTISAN LEGAL
ADVISORY GROUP OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
TO INTERVENE FOR A LIMITED PURPOSE
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Edith Schlain Windsor asks this Court to declare “unconstitutional as applied to
[her],” under the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment,
Section III of the Defense of Marriage Act (“DOMA”), Pub. L. No. 104-199, 110 Stat. 2419
(Sept. 21, 1996), 1 U.S.C. § 7. See Amended Complaint at 21-22 (Feb. 2, 2011). As the Court is
aware, ordinarily it is the duty of the executive branch to “take Care that the Laws be faithfully
executed,” U.S. Const. art. II, § 3, and of the Department of Justice in particular, in furtherance
of that responsibility, to defend the constitutionality of duly enacted federal laws when they are
challenged in court. DOMA, of course, is such a law.
DOMA was enacted by the 104th Congress in 1996. The House and Senate bills which
became DOMA passed by votes of 342-67 and 85-14, respectively. See 142 Cong. Rec. H750506 (July 12, 1996) (House vote on H.R. 3396), and 142 Cong. Rec. S10129 (Sept. 10, 1996)
(Senate vote on S. 1999). President Clinton signed the bill into law on September 21, 1996. See
32 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1891 (Sept. 21, 1996).
While the Department has repeatedly defended the constitutionality of Section III of
DOMA in the intervening years -- see, e.g., Corrected Brief for the United States Department of
Health and Human Services, et al. (Jan. 19, 2011), in Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. United
States Department of Health and Human Services, et al., Nos. 10-2204, 10-2207, 10-2214 (1st
Cir.) (pending) -- the Attorney General announced on February 23, 2011 that the Department
would no longer do so. In particular, he announced that the Department would not defend the
statute’s constitutionality in this case. See Letter from Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General, to
Kerry Kircher, General Counsel (Feb. 23, 2011), attached as Exhibit 1.1 At the same time, the
Attorney General articulated his intent to “provid[e] Congress a full and fair opportunity to
participate in the litigation in [the] cases [at issue].” Id. at 5-6.
In response, the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the U.S. House of Representatives
(hereinafter, “the House”), which articulates the institutional position of the United States House
of Representatives in litigation matters, formally determined on March 9, 2011 to defend the
statute in civil actions in which Section III’s constitutionality has been challenged. See Press
Release, Speaker of the House John Boehner, House Will Ensure DOMA Constitutionality Is
Determined by Courts (March 9, 2011) (“House General Counsel has been directed to initiate a
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In so announcing, the Attorney General acknowledged that (i) nine U.S. circuit courts
of appeal have rejected his conclusion that sexual orientation classifications are subject to a
heightened standard of scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause, id. at 3-4 nn.4-6, and (ii)
“professionally responsible” arguments can be advanced in defense of the statute. Id. at 5
(appearing to draw distinction between arguments deemed to be “reasonable” and those that are
merely “professionally responsible”).
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legal defense of [Section III of DOMA]”), available online at
http://www.speaker.gov/News/DocumentSingle.aspx?DocumentID=228539. While the House
most often appears in judicial proceedings as amicus curiae,2 it also intervenes in judicial
proceedings where appropriate. See, e.g., North v. Walsh, 656 F. Supp. 414, 415 n.1 (D.D.C.
1987); American Federation of Government Employees v. United States, 634 F. Supp. 336, 337
(D.D.C. 1986). In particular, the House has intervened to defend the constitutionality of federal
statutes when the Department has declined to do so. See, e.g., INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 930
n.5 (1983); Adolph Coors Co. v. Brady, 944 F.2d 1543, 1545 (10th Cir. 1991); Synar v. U.S., 626
F. Supp. 1374, 1378-79 (D.D.C. 1986), aff’d sub nom. Bowsher v. Synar, 478 U.S. 714 (1986);
Ameron, Inc. v. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, 607 F. Supp. 962, 963 (D.N.J. 1985), aff’d, 809
F.2d 979 (3d Cir. 1986); Barnes v. Carmen¸ 582 F. Supp. 163, 164 (D.D.C. 1984), rev’d sub
nom. Barnes v. Kline, 759 F.2d 21, 22 (D.C. Cir. 1984), rev’d on mootness grounds sub nom.
Burke v. Barnes, 479 U.S. 361, 362 (1987); In re Production Steel, Inc., 48 B.R. 841, 842
(Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1985); In re Moody, 46 B.R. 231, 233 (Bankr. M.D.N.C.1985); In re Tom
Carter Enterprises, Inc., 44 B.R. 605, 606 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1984); In re Benny, 44 B.R. 581,
583 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 1984), aff’d in part & dismissed in part, 791 F.2d 712 (9th Cir. 1986).
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See, e.g., Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 430 n.* (2000); Raines v. Byrd, 521
U.S. 811, 818 n.2 (1997); American Foreign Serv. Ass’n v. Garfinkel, 490 U.S. 153, 154 (1989);
Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654, 659 (1988); Japan Whaling Ass’n v. American Cetacean Soc’y,
478 U.S. 221, 223 (1986); Helstoski v. Meanor, 442 U.S. 500, 501 (1979); United States v.
Helstoski, 442 U.S. 477, 478 (1979); United States v. Renzi, No. 10-10088, 10-10122 (9th Cir.
argued Feb. 17, 2011); In re: Grand Jury Subpoenas, 571 F.3d 1200 (D.C. Cir. 2009); Fields v.
Office of Eddie Bernice Johnson, 459 F.3d 1, 3 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (en banc); Beverly Enterprises
v. Trump, 182 F.3d 183, 186 (3d Cir. 1999); United States v. McDade, 28 F.3d 283, 286 (3d Cir.
1996); In the Matter of Search of Rayburn House Office Bldg., 432 F.Supp.2d 100, 104-05
(D.D.C. 2006), rev’d sub nom. United States v. Rayburn House Office Bldg., 497 F.3d 654 (D.C.
Cir. 2007).
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In light of the Attorney General’s February 23, 2011 announcement, we respectfully
suggest that the Court allow the House to intervene here for the limited purpose of defending the
constitutionality of Section III of DOMA against the argument that it violates the equal
protection component of the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause.
ARGUMENT
I.
Intervention by the House Is Appropriate Here Under Rule 24.
Rule 24(a)(1) provides for intervention as of right where the proposed intervener “is
given an unconditional right to intervene by a federal statute,” while Rule 24(b)(1)(A) provides
for permissive intervention where the proposed intervener “is given a conditional right to
intervene by a federal statute.” A “federal statute,” namely, 28 U.S.C. § 2403, clearly
contemplates that the federal government will defend the constitutionality of an act of Congress
when challenged:
In any action, suit or proceeding in a court of the United States to
which the United States or any agency, officer or employee is not a
party, wherein the constitutionality of any Act of Congress
affecting the public interest is drawn into question, the court . . .
shall permit the United States to intervene for presentation of
evidence, if evidence is otherwise admissible in the case, and for
argument on the question of constitutionality. The United States
shall, subject to the applicable provisions of law, have all the rights
of a party and be subject to all liability of a party as to the court
costs to the extent necessary for a proper presentation of the facts
and law relating to the question of constitutionality.
Id. § 2403(a) (emphasis added). Here, of course, the United States is a party, but in light of the
Justice Department’s decision to decline to play the role contemplated by § 2403(a), it makes
sense to allow the House to intervene to discharge that function. See Chadha, 462 U.S. at 940;
see also 28 U.S.C. § 530D(b)(2) (specifically contemplating that House and/or Senate may
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intervene to defend constitutionality of federal statute where Justice Department declines to do
so).
Ordinarily the Department not only intervenes under § 2403(a) where appropriate, but
also more generally represents the United States in the defense of such challenged statutes. See
28 U.S.C. § 516 (“Except as otherwise authorized by law, the conduct of litigation in which the
United States, an agency, or officer thereof is a party, or is interested, and securing evidence
therefore, is reserved to officers of the Department of Justice, under the direction of the Attorney
General.”). However, where, as here, the Department declines to defend a challenged statute, the
Supreme Court has held that the legislative branch may, if it wishes, accept that responsibility:
“Congress is the proper party to defend the validity of a statute when an agency of government,
as a defendant charged with enforcing the statute, agrees with plaintiffs that the statute is
inapplicable or unconstitutional.” Chadha, 462 U.S. at 940 (citing Cheng Fan Kwok v. INS, 392
U.S. 206, 210 n.9 (1968); United States v. Lovett, 328 U.S. 303 (1946)). That is the precise
situation at issue here. Moreover, as noted above, numerous other courts have followed
Chadha’s direction and permitted the House to intervene to defend the constitutionality of
federal statutes. See supra at 3.
Accordingly, whether the Court construes 28 U.S.C. § 2403(a) as vesting the legislative
branch with an “unconditional right to intervene,” Rule 24(a)(1), or a “conditional right to
intervene,” Rule 24(b)(1)(A), intervention here by the House to defend the constitutionality of
Section III of DOMA is clearly appropriate.
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II.
The Court Should Allow Intervention Without Requiring the Filing of a “Pleading”
in Conjunction with the Motion to Intervene.
Rule 24(c) provides that a motion to intervene should “be accompanied by a pleading that
sets out the claim or defense for which intervention is sought.” In light of Rule 7(a), the only
“pleading” the House could conceivably file here would be an answer to the Amended
Complaint.
The courts of this district, however, have construed Rule 24(c) as a “technical
requirement,” Tachiona ex rel. Tachiona v. Mugabe, 186 F. Supp. 2d 383, 393 n.8 (S.D.N.Y.
2002), to be applied flexibly in light of its obvious purpose to ensure that the court and the
parties are informed about the would-be intervener’s claims or defenses. “In general, Rule 24(c)
requires the submission of a formal motion and supplemental pleadings in order to trigger the
motion. Where, however, the position of the movant is apparent from other filings and where the
opposing party will not be prejudiced, Rule 24(c) permits a degree of flexibility with technical
requirements.” Id. (citing Werbungs und Commerz Union Austalt v. Collectors’ Guild, Ltd., 782
F. Supp. 870, 874 (S.D.N.Y. 1991)); see also Jones v. Ford Motor Credit Co., No. 00-8330,
2004 WL 1586412, at *2 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. July 15, 2004); Official Comm. of Asbestos Claimants of
G-I Holding Inc. v. Heyman, No. 01-8539, 2003 WL 22790916, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 25, 2003)
(“‘Although usually, the movant may not merely adopt a pleading of another party, a certain
amount of leeway is allowed where such a practice will not prejudice any of the parties.’”)
(quoting Werbungs und Commerz Union Austalt, 782 F. Supp. at 874); McCausland v.
Shareholders Mgmt. Co., 52 F.R.D. 521, 522 (S.D.N.Y. 1971) (annexation of claims in
complaint sufficient for “pleading” requirement of Fed. R. Civ. P. 24 where “[n]o doubt exists as
to the precise and detailed nature of the interveners’ claim, and [parties] have not been
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prejudiced by the failure to annex to the motion a copy of the complaint already served upon
them.”).
Here, the Court should apply Rule 24(c) flexibly to dispense with the need for the House
to file an Answer for several reasons. First, under the unique circumstances of this case, the
motion to intervene itself and this memorandum place the plaintiff on notice of the defense the
House will assert in this case, viz., that Section III of DOMA is constitutional under the equal
protection component of the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause. Moreover, to the extent this
litigation requires the resolution of other issues, the House will not participate. Intervention is
sought for the limited purpose of defending Section III on equal protection grounds. Second, this
case is new, no pleadings other than the Complaint and Amended Complaint have been filed to
date, and it appears that the constitutional issue can be most appropriately resolved in the context
of dispositive cross-motions, without the need for the filing of an Answer, as this Court has
previously recognized. See Order (Dec. 3, 2010) (establishing schedule for filing of motion to
dismiss, cross-motion for summary judgment, and appropriate responses). Third, counsel for
plaintiff and the Department of Justice agree that the House should not be required to file an
Answer or other pleading in conjunction with its motion to intervene.
CONCLUSION
For all the foregoing reasons, the Court should grant the House’s motion to intervene for
the limited purpose of defending the constitutionality of Section III of the Defense of Marriage
Act from attack on equal protection grounds.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Paul D. Clement
Paul D. Clement, Esq.
Jeffrey S. Bucholtz, Esq.
Of Counsel:
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Kerry W. Kircher, General Counsel
John D. Filamor, Senior Assistant Counsel
Christine Davenport, Sr. Assistant Counsel
Katherine E. McCarron, Assistant Counsel
William Pittard, Assistant Counsel
Kirsten W. Konar, Assistant Counsel
Nicholas J. Nelson, Esq.
KING & SPALDING LLP
1700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 200
Washington, D.C. 20006
(202) 737-0500 (phone)
(202) 626-3737 (fax)
Office of General Counsel
U.S. House of Representatives
219 Cannon House Office Building
Washington, D.C. 20515
(202) 225-9700 (phone)
(202) 226-1360 (fax)
Counsel for the Bipartisan Legal Advisory
Group of the U.S. House of Representatives
April 18, 2011
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