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Across the Hudson River, in New Jersey, Joel Parker assured President Lincoln that his state would fulfill its allotted number of men. The letter was sent on 21 July 1863—just days after the deadly riots.

One can understand Governor Seymour’s concern: More than 300 buildings were burned or destroyed as the rampaging mob turned on its own city.

But one can also understand the President’s reaction: Weeks before the riots, the North and South had combined casualties totaling more than 45,000 men who were killed, injured or missing in the Gettysburg battle.