after the year 1000 because most people believed that the world was going to end so they didn't spend time building big churches

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basic elements of Romanesque architecture

-linear shape for a meeting hall

-central nave with apse at one or both ends

-rows of columns under vaulted arches

-crucifix form

Romanesque vaults

-the tunnel (or barrel) vault

-cross or groined

-semicircular arch

Gothic architecture

-very tall

-flying buttresses

-ornamentation dominates interior and exterior

-stained glass windows and play with light

-princely leader

-embodies the pure spiritual world

-ribebd vaulted ceilings

-taller, thinner piers

revival of the Gothic

-during Romanticism because of mystical qualities

Nuremberg in the 15th century

-rise in merchant cities and trade leads to loss of feudal system which is agrigarial based

-rise of the middle class= burger class

42 man council

wealthy merchants that created a strong sense of order and prosperity and a middle class

Albrecht Durer's key 3 tensions

-craftsmen/commercial artist v. creative

-Dutch/Belgian Northern Renaissance v. Italian Renaissance

-creative artist v. humble servant of God

woodcut

-white areas hollowed out

-printed part raised (like a stamp)

-allowed books to be made in mass quantities and reach the poor

-more profitable for artists, more circulation

engravings

-printed with copper plates

-opposite of woodcut, draws paint out of cracks that have been etched

-popular in Northern Europe

-for more wealthy customers

Durer's biblical themes

-beginnings of the reformation

-criticized the pomp and circumstance of the catholic church

-Knight, Death and the Devil

-St. Jerome

-Meloncholia (angel and baby angel)

Background and reasons for the Reformation

-humanism (study of languages, arts, and sciences)

-printing press (books no longer just owned by churches and people could begin to interpret them for themselves)

-the Empire was very large and it was hard to consolidate power

tithing

pay 1/10 of salary to the church

indulgences

buy yourself off sin

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relics

objects part of Jesus's life or the life of the saints

good works

the Catholic Church claimed that this is what got you into heaven (indulgences etc) but Luther aruged that it was faith alone

95 theses in 1517

-attacked indulgences

-attacked Pope's right to assign purgatory

-thought that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves

act of tolerance

-said Jews could be citizens if they became more German

-actually not tolerant at all

Moses Mendelssohn

-argued for Jews being emancipated

-gov has no right dealing with religion

-criticizes requirement for Jews to change to become emancipated

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