Proud to Be Junior! -- 11th Grade Class Forum -- Pan American School of Bahia

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Hello everyone, here are the review to help you for preparing tomorrow's quizz

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The following block is basically the group presentation stuff:

Electrochemistry – Electrolytic Cells Summary

1. Metal plating2. Electrolysis of brine3. Electrolysis of molten NaCl4. Electrolysis of water

Similarities:

• They all need an external electricity source that send electric current through the cell• They all involve non spontaneous redox reactions• They all involve decomposition reactions• They all use electrolytes • Electrons are pumped through the electrolytic solution by electric pressure• They all involve the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy• The anode is the positive electrode (attached to the positive electrode of the battery) where the anions (negative ions) attach and can be collected• The cathode is the negative electrode (attached to the negative electrode of the battery) where the cations (positive ions) attach and can be collected

Differences

Metal plating (Electro plating)

Uses and other info

Use of electrolysis to deposit a thin coating of metal on an object

Decorative purposesProtection from corrosion and from wearAerospace, military, automotive, telecommunication and medical industries

Reactions

The object to be coated (spoon) is at the cathode and the metal to be used for coating (silver) is at the anode

Oxidation: Ag => Ag+ + e-

Silver ions (Ag+) move from the anode to the object being plated (cathode) when a direct current is applied

Effective, cheaper way to produce pure chlorine gas, hydrogen gas. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which remains dissolved in solution (Na is very reactive, it’s much more likely to exist as an ion than H)Chlorine is used for water treatments as disinfectant (bleach), production of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and other solvents used in dry cleaningHydrogen is used as fuel and to make margarineSodium hydroxide is used to make soaps, detergents, paper, rayon and other fibers

Electrodes – the surface on which oxidation and reduction will occur; help electrons enter or leave the cell; there is a constant flow of electrons between the two electrodes outside the cell Anode – where oxidation occurs Cathode – where reduction occurs

Electrolyte – the medium for the movement of ions within the cell which carries the ionic current inside the battery; it separates the anode from the cathode inside the battery

Electrochemical cells A device that uses a redox reaction to either produce or use energy; the transfer of electrons of the redox reactions occurs through a metal wire, generating electric currentThey are of two types: Voltaic cells and Electrolytic cells

1. Voltaic (Galvanic) cells = batteries• Electrons are consumed at the cathode (+) and released at the anode (-)• Produce electricity as a result of a spontaneous redox that releases energy• Storage of energy in chemical form; they are like small power plants that convert chemical energy into electrical energy• Batteries have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+), and the electrolyte• The cathode and anode are hooked up to an electrical circuit.• The chemical reactions in the battery between the electrolyte and the metal at the anode causes a build up of electrons at the anode which results in an electrical difference between the anode and the cathode• Electrons want to go to a place with fewer electrons, so they travel through the conductive wire to the cathode where they reduce the other metal (powering the device on the way)• The electrolyte keeps the electrons from going straight from the anode to the cathode within the battery.• Reactions products accumulate and gradually slow the cell´s action and reduce its voltage with use• These electrochemical processes change the chemicals in anode and cathode to make them stop supplying electrons

Battery Do's and Don'tshttp://www.energizer.com/learning-center/battery-care/Pages/dos-and-donts.aspxDo's• DO only use the size and type of battery specified in the instructions. • DO insert the batteries properly. Follow the symbols showing the correct way to position the positive (+) and negative (-) ends of the batteries. • DO keep battery contact surfaces clean by gently rubbing with a clean pencil eraser or cloth. • DO preserve battery life by switching off a device and removing the batteries when it is not being used, and is not expected to be used for extended periods of time. • DO practice proper battery storage by keeping batteries in a cool, dry place at normal room temperature. It is not necessary to store batteries in a refrigerator. Don'ts• DON’T dispose of batteries in a fire — they may leak or rupture. • DON’T disassemble, crush, puncture, or otherwise damage batteries. This can result in leakage or rupture. • DON’T carry loose batteries in a pocket or purse with metal objects like coins, paper clips, etc. This can short-circuit the battery, leading to high heat or leakage. • DON’T recharge a battery unless it is specifically marked "rechargeable." Attempting to recharge a non-rechargeable (primary) battery could result in leakage or rupture. Don't use rechargeable alkaline batteries in nickel metal hydride battery chargers. • DON’T store batteries or battery-powered devices in hot places — elevated temperatures can lead to capacity loss, leakage or rupture. • DON’T mix old and new batteries, or mix different types or makes of batteries. This can cause leakage or rupture, resulting in personal injury or property damage. • DON’T give batteries to young children.

Batteries come in two basic types: single-use and rechargeable.

Single-use batteries, also known as primary batteries, have one life cycle and must be replaced when drained. Examples include alkaline, carbon-zinc, lithium, silver-zinc and zinc air.

Rechargeable batteries, also known as secondary batteries, can be recharged and used repeatedly. Examples of rechargeable batteries include Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd), Lithium Ion (LiIon) and Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) batteries.Rechargeable batteries have discharge “memory”, they only charge to what they were charged. When recharging them, the flow of electrons is reversed, and the cathode is supplied back with electrons

Fuel cells – voltaic cells in which a fuel is continuously supplied from an external reservoir, do not run down, they do not polluteExample: Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell - used in space ships; 2H2 + O2 2 H2O (oxidation of hydrogen to produce water, which can be drunk

2. Electrolytic cells • Non-spontaneous flow of electrons• Anions (-) get to the anode (+) where they are oxidized (they lose their electrons)• Cations (+) go to the cathode (-) where they are reduced (they gain electrons)

Uses:• Purifying metals• Obtain active metals from their compounds – (example – obtain pure aluminum from its main ore, bauxite)• Metal plating – depositing a thin layer of a non-reactive metal on the surface of another metal; protects from corrosion or just decorative (ex. Coat a spoon with silver layer)

Electrolysis – the process by which electricity in an electrolytic cell is used to bring about a non-spontaneous chemical change

Examples: Electrolysis of water – to produce pure hydrogen and oxygenElectrolysis of molten sodium chloride – to produce pure sodium and chlorineElectrolysis of brine (concentrated solution of sodium chloride)– the main industrial way (cheaper) to produce pure chlorine, hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide