[Cite as Cockrum v. State, 24 Tex. 394
(1859). A discussion of the nature of the right to arms occurs in the appeal and part of the
decision starting at page 401.]

John Cockrum v. The
State.

The discretion given to the jury, by article 74 of the penal code, to direct, when the penalty affixed
is imprisonment in the penitentiary for life, that the confinement may be
solitary, or in whole, or in part, to labor, is not in conflict with article 612, as originally adopted, which provided that murder
might "be punished by death, solitary confinement in the penitentiary for life,
confinement to labor for a term of years, not less," etc.

Article 612 was so shaped, to
define the extent of the power of the jury, when they should determine to adopt
either one of the three modes of punishing murder.

Solitary confinement for life, is not
mentioned in the code, as a specific class of punishment, but it is included
under a part of the second division into which punishments are classified, viz.,
"2d, imprisonment in the penitentiary for life, or for a period of time."

And the jury may, in view of "the degree of
atrocity, or circumstances of extenuation," of the case, increase the rigor of
the confinement for life, by making it, in whole or in part, solitary.

Such construction should be given to the different
articles of the code, as accords with its general objects and purpose, and which
will give full effect to all its provisions, general as well as special, so that
they may stand and operate in harmony, though a "special provision" may thereby
be partially controlled, where otherwise a general one could have no effect.

A charge is erroneous which does not leave to the
jury the discretion, when they affix the penalty of imprisonment in the
penitentiary for life, to direct whether it should be solitary, or in whole, or
in part, to labor.

The legislature is not constrained to affix the
penalty of offenses that are committed with a view of the evil intent manifested
in their commission, without regard to the means that may be used to carry the
intent into effect.

The article of the code which provides that a
homicide, which would otherwise be a case of manslaughter, if committed with a
bowie-knife or dagger, shall be deemed murder and punished as such, is not in
violation of the constitutional right of every citizen to bear arms in the
lawful defense of himself or the state; but is in restraint of an abuse growing
out of such right.

But the legislature could not affix such a
punishment to the abuse, as, in its nature, must deter the citizen from its
lawful exercise; for that would be tantamount to its prohibition.

The legislature may put all cases of manslaughter
with deadly weapons upon the same footing with murder, and leave the jury to
affix the degree of punishment, according to their opinion of its atrocity.

The amendment to the code establishing degrees in
murder, and affixing its (p.395)punishment
accordingly, limits the discretion of the jury, and is more often prejudicial
than beneficial to a defendant; the court cannot, therefore, say that the
punishment has been ameliorated by the amendments.

That a witness was permitted to state that the
ill-feeling which, on cross examination, he had admitted he entertained towards
the defendant, was caused by a report charging him with horse-stealing, is
immaterial, when this report had been previously stated in detailing the quarrel
that resulted in the homicide.

Appeal from Freestone.
Tried below before the Hon. John Gregg.

The appellant was indicted at the fall term, 1857, of the district
court of Freestone county, for the murder of William N. Self.

At the fall term, 1858, of the said court, a trial was had upon the
indictment, and the following verdict was found by the jury, viz.: "We, the
jury, find the defendant guilty of murder according to the indictment, assessing
the punishment at solitary confinement in the penitentiary, for life."

The defendant moved for a new trial, which was overruled, and he
appealed. The questions discussed in the opinion will be fully understood,
without a further statement of the case.

Robert S. Gould, for the appellant. It is contended, that
article 610 of the penal code, is in violation both of the
state and federal constitution, which contain substantially the same provision,
securing the citizen from any infringement on the right to keep and bear arms.
1st. It is asserted that any law prohibiting a citizen from keeping or bearing
any knife, which is intended to be worn upon the person, which is capable of
inflicting death, and not commonly known as a pocket-knife, would be
unconstitutional. To prohibit absolutely the keeping and having of an ordinary
weapon, is certainly to infringe on the right of keeping and bearing arms. A
bowie-knife or dagger, as defined in the code, is an ordinary weapon, one of the
cheapest character, accessible even to the poorest citizen. A common
butcher-knife, which costs not more than half a dollar, comes (p.396)within the description given of a bowie-knife or dagger,
being very frequently worn on the person. To prohibit such a weapon, is
substantially to take away the right of bearing arms, from him who has not money
enough to buy a gun or a pistol.

It has been held, that even a law prohibiting the carrying of
concealed weapons, is unconstitutional. Bliss v. Commonwealth, 2
Litt. 90. The court
there say, that whatever restrains the full and complete exercise of the
right, is in violation of the constitution. Such laws have, however, been
sustained in other states. See State v. Reid, 1 Ala. 612; State
v. Mitchell, 3 Blackf. 229; Nunn v. State, 1 Kelly, 243. The attention of
the court is particularly called to the case of Nunn v. State, as bearing more
directly on the proposition above asserted. The legislature of Georgia had
passed a law, prohibiting the keeping, sale, or carrying of certain kind of
knives or pistols. Judge Lumpkin held it to be unconstitutional, in so far as it
prohibited the carrying of a pistol (or other weapon) openly. It is
held, also, in that case, that the provision in the constitution of the United
States, is applicable to state legislation.

2d. If the last proposition be conceded, it follows, that it is
equally unconstitutional to prohibit the use of such a weapon in a proper case.
The right to keep and bear, implies the right, on a proper emergency, to use. In
the case of State v. Reid, 1 Ala. 612 (above cited), it is
said, that a statute requiring arms to be worn in such a manner as to render
them wholly useless, for the purpose of self-defense, would be clearly
unconstitutional. Were the legislature to pass a law, inflicting a penalty for
the use of a bowie-knife or dagger, in self-defense, it is believed that it
would be unconstitutional, because of its infringement on the right to keep and
bear arms, and on the inalienable right of self-defense.

3d. It is contended that article 610 of the penal
code, is an attempt, indirectly, to prohibit the keeping, bearing, or use
of a bowie-knife, or dagger, and is, therefore, unconstitutional. What other
object could the law have in view, but to prohibit this weapon? Upon what other
principle can its enactment be (p.397)justified, than that the use of a bowie-knife is in
itself wrong, and that it is a weapon to be prohibited? What is it, in effect,
but an effort, indirectly, to prohibit the keeping, bearing, or use of such
knives? It is believed, that there is no difference in principle, between a law,
making the use of a bowie-knife criminal, and a law discriminating
against the use of a bowie-knife, by affixing a higher penalty to its use, than
to the same act committed with any other deadly weapon. Substantially, this is
to affix a penalty to the use of that weapon. This discrimination is but a form
of prohibition. The right to discriminate against, implies the right to
prohibit. Both rights are based on the unconstitutional ground, that the
legislature can control the keeping, bearing, and use of this weapon. But the
legislature cannot do indirectly, that which it has no power to do directly. See
Thomas v. State, 9 Tex. 324.

It is contended, that the amendment of article 612 of
the penal code, is an amelioration of the punishment of murder; and that
the defendant should have been put on his election, as to which penalty he would
receive. Penal Code, art. 14. To ameliorate is to " make
better," to" improve;" to mitigate, is to "render less rigorous," to "diminish,"
to "reduce the amount or severity of;" and it is clear that these words are used
in the same sense in the code. The term murder, in the code, and in the amended
code, embraces all the grades of murder. If the punishment of any of the grades
of murder is mitigated by the amendment, the court should have given the
defendant the benefit of the mitigation, unless he elected differently. Now, it
is evident, that solitary confinement is a more rigorous punishment than
confinement to labor. That it is so regarded by the law, is evident from the
place assigned it in the scale of punishments. The amended code has obliterated
this odious penalty from our statute books, and thereby increased the
possibilities of diminished punishment, and reduced the amount or severity of
the punishment for any but the highest grade of murder. Surely, a punishment is
mitigated, when one species of punishment is wholly abolished. Had the
legislature diminished the (p.398)minimum or
maximum punishment, it would hardly be denied to be a mitigation. Or, had the
amendment left the law on the subject just as it was, only reducing the maximum
of solitary confinement to a period of ten years, it would clearly have
mitigated the punishment, by reducing its amount.

Attorney General, for the appellee.

Roberts, J. The defendant
was convicted of murder, and sentenced to solitary confinement, for life, in the
penitentiary. The matters of error complained of, arise upon the charge and
rulings of the court below. The offense was laid in the indictment, and proved
on the trial, to have taken place after the code went into operation, and before
the passage of the amendments to the code.

There is no evidence in the record, that the court put the defendant
upon his election, whether he would be tried under the provisions of the code,
as they originally stood, or under the amendments of the code. But the charge
was evidently based on the code, as it was at the time the offense was
committed.

In reference to the punishment, the court instructed the jury, that
in the event they found the defendant guilty of murder, "they will say so, and
assess the punishment at 'death,' or at 'solitary confinement in the
penitentiary for life,' or at 'confinement in the penitentiary, to labor, for a
term not less than three, nor more than fifteen years.'" This was intended to be
in accordance with article 612 of the code, as originally
passed, without taking into consideration the 74th article,
which reads as follows, to wit: "In cases where the penalty affixed, is
imprisonment in the penitentiary for life, the jury may, in their discretion,
direct that the confinement be solitary, or that the whole, or any portion of
it, be to labor."

The charge, as given by the court, did not leave to the jury the
exercise of the discretion, as contemplated in this last article. And therefore
if they believed the enormity of the offense required imprisonment for life,
they were compelled to make it (p.399)solitary confinement. The court's attention was
called to this error, by the grounds set out in the motion for a new trial, and
for this error in the charge, a new trial should have been granted.

The article last referred to, is one of the general provisions
relating to "punishments." Title 11, "Of Punishments in
General." The rule of construction laid down is, that "each general
provision shall be controlled by a special provision on the same subject, if
there be a conflict." Article 5, Penal Code.

Article 74 giving the jury a discretion as to
imposing solitary confinement in certain cases, is not in conflict with
article 612, which says,that murder "may" (not
shall) "be punished by death, solitary confinement in the penitentiary
for life, confinement to labor for a term of years, not less than three, nor
more than fifteen." This article is so shaped, as to define the extent of the
power of the jury, when they should determine to adopt either one of the three
modes of punishing murder. They had the power to determine that he
should be punished by solitary confinement for life. If they imprisoned
him for life, were they compelled by the law to make the confinement solitary?
In treating "of punishments in general," it is said, "the punishments incurred
for offenses under this code, are, first, death; second, imprisonment in the
penitentiary for life, or for a period of time; third, imprisonment in the
county jail; fourth, forfeiture of civil or political rights, or suspension from
such rights for a limited time; fifth, pecuniary fines."

This does not mention solitary confinement for life as a
specific class of punishment, but it is included under a part of the second head
enumerated, of "imprisonment for life." To make the confinement for life
solitary, is one mode of increasing the punishment. It is generally believed,
considering our climate, and the active habits of our population, to be, in most
cases, a slow mode of capital punishment. The test furnished the jury as to the
appropriate punishment of murder, is "the degree of atrocity, or circumstances
of extenuation in each particular case." Art. 612. In
applying this test, the jury might increase the rigor of the confinement for
life, by making it in whole, or in part, solitary, and (p.400)this would not be in conflict with the power specially
given them, to punish "by solitary confinement for life." If article 74 is not thus made to harmonize, and partially control a
"special provision," it can have no operation at all. From its very terms, it is
designed to control just such a provision as this now under consideration, and
to give the jury the discretion to modify the punishment, to suit their opinion
of the enormity of the offense.

This is rendered still more obvious, by considering the general
object of the code, in establishing gradations in the punishment of murder. If
the jury should believe the offence committed was not of the most heinous
character, and that the defendant might be reformed, the measure of punishment
is designated, and limited to labor in the penitentiary from three to fifteen
years. If they should believe the offense so atrocious, that the defendant
should never again be trusted in society, and that reformation for such purpose
was not to be hoped for, then they were given the power to adapt the degree of
punishment to the atrocity of the offense, by confinement to labor for life, by
confinement for life, partly to labor and partly solitary, by solitary
confinement for life, and by death. This view of the case, gives full effect to
all the provisions of the code, general as well as special (arts.
74 and 612); allows them to stand and operate in harmony together, and
gives to the jury a wide and varied range, in which to adapt the degree of
punishment to the degree of atrocity manifested in the commission of the
offense.

This view also comports with what is declared in the code, that "the
object of punishment is to suppress crime and reform the offender" (Penal Code, art. 2), and is arrived at in accordance with the
rule prescribed, "that the provisions of this code shall be liberally construed,
so as to attain the objects intended by the legislature; the prevention,
suppression and punishment of crime." Art. 25. The
restriction upon the discretion of the jury, to impose solitary confinement in
whole or in part, is found in the article conferring it, which makes it apply
only "in cases where the penalty affixed is imprisonment in the penitentiary for
life." Art. 74.(p.401)

As the case will be remanded for this error, it is important to
notice some other grounds of error assigned, because the same questions will
necessarily arise upon another trial.

After charging the law generally upon the subject of manslaughter,
the court below added, that, "if, however, the jury believe that the defendant
is guilty of manslaughter, as above defined, but that the act was done with a
bowie-knife, or dagger, they will consider the act murder." This was given in
compliance substantially with article 610 of the code: "If
any person be killed with a bowie-knife or dagger, under
circumstances which would otherwise render the homicide a case of manslaughter,
the killing shall nevertheless be deemed murder, and punished accordingly."

It is contended, that this article of the code, is in violation of
the constitution of the United States, and of this state. The clause in the
constitution of the United States, that it is said to be in violation of, is the
2d article of the amendments: "A well regulated militia
being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep
and bear arms shall not be infringed." O. & W. Dig. 7. The
clause in the constitution of this state, which it is said to violate, is the
13th section of the bill of rights: "Every citizen shall
have the right to keep and bear arms, in the lawful defense of himself or the
state." O. & W. Dig. 14.

The object of the clause first cited, has reference to the
perpetuation of free government, and is based on the idea, that the people
cannot be effectually oppressed and enslaved, who are not first disarmed. The
clause cited in our bill of rights, has the same broad object in relation to the
government, and in addition thereto, secures a personal right to the citizen.
The right of a citizen to bear arms, in the lawful defense of himself or the
state, is absolute. He does not derive it from the state government, but
directly from the sovereign convention of the people that framed the state
government. It is one of the "high powers" delegated directly to the citizen,
and "is excepted out of the general powers of government." A law cannot be
passed (p.402)to infringe upon or impair it,
because it is above the law, and independent of the law-making power.

The argument advanced against the constitutionality of this law is,
that any discrimination made by the legislature, in punishing the abuse of this
right, in regard to a particular weapon, is an impairing of the right of its
lawful use. That proposition given a practical application, amounts to this,
that the legislature cannot affix any higher punishment to an unlawful assault
with one of the dangerous weapons, which it is lawful to carry, than with any
other; because the effect of such discrimination against the unlawful use of
such weapon would discourage the lawful use of it, and therefore the carrying of
it. This proposition can hardly be maintained; for admitting that two persons
make each an assault with like vicious intent, though with different weapons,
one with a weapon not likely to produce death, but which is capable of it, and
sometimes does it; and the other with a weapon so destructive in its character
as to be almost certain to produce death, when used offensively; the act of the
one, who has the more dangerous instrument, is much more likely to be seriously
injurious to other people, than the act of the other, though the intent is the
same in doing the acts. Now if the legislature can make no distinction in the
punishment of the two cases supposed, it is forced to base its punishment upon
the degree of evil intent, in total disregard of the means used to carry out
that intent, and of the probable injurious results of the acts.

The right to carry a bowie-knife for lawful defense is secured, and
must be admitted. It is an exceeding destructive weapon. It is difficult to
defend against it, by any degree of bravery, or any amount of skill. The gun or
pistol may miss its aim, and when discharged, its dangerous character is lost,
or diminished at least. The sword may be parried. With these weapons men fight
for the sake of the combat, to satisfy the laws of honor, not necessarily with
the intention to kill, or with a certainty of killing, when the intention
exists. The bowie-knife differs from these in its device and design; it is the
instrument of almost certain death. (p.403)He
who carries such a weapon, for lawful defense, as he may, makes himself more
dangerous to the rights of others, considering the frailties of human nature,
than if he carried a less dangerous weapon. Now, is the legislature powerless to
protect the rights of others thus the more endangered, by superinducing caution
against yielding to such frailties? May the state not say, through its law, to
the citizen, "this right which you exercise, is very liable to be dangerous to
the rights of others, you must school your mind to forbear the abuse of your
right, by yielding to sudden passion; to secure this necessary schooling of your
mind, an increased penalty must be affixed to the abuse of this right, so
dangerous to others." This would be in accordance with the well established
maxim of law, that "you must so use your own as not to injure others." A law
inflicting such increased penalty, would only be a sanction of this rule.

Such admonitory regulation of the abuse must not be carried too far.
It certainly has a limit. For if the legislature were to affix a punishment to
the abuse of this right, so great, as in its nature, it must deter the citizen
from its lawful exercise, that would be tantamount to a prohibition of the
right. In the absence of authority bearing on the question, we are not now
prepared to say, that this law is one of such a nature, or that such has been,
or will be, its practical effect. This is a question of power, not of policy.
The legislature has the power to put all cases of manslaughter, committed with
deadly weapons, on the same footing with murder, in the punishment, leaving it
to the jury to affix the degree of punishment, according to their opinion of the
degree of its atrocity. If so, it is difficult to see the reason why they may
not do this, in the case of a bowie-knife, the most deadly of all weapons in
common use.

Another objection taken to the action of the court, is, that the
defendant was not put upon his election, as to whether he would be tried under
the code, or under the amendments. This is necessary only when "the punishment
of the offense is ameliorated" by the last law. The maximum of punishment, both
of murder and of manslaughter, is the same under both laws, and the minimum
(p.404)in both is increased by the last law.
The main difference, otherwise, is the establishment of degrees in murder, and
its punishment accordingly. This limits the discretion of the jury, and would
more often be prejudicial to a defendant than beneficial. We cannot say, then,
that the punishment has been "ameliorated," in reference to the interests of a
defendant by the last law.

Another objection is made to the ruling of the court, in the
admission of testimony of a witness, who stated that his ill-feeling towards the
prisoner was caused by a report, charging him with horse-stealing, and of his
having been run off from Hill county by the citizens. We do not think this could
have been material. For this report about horse-stealing was detailed by the
witnesses as constituting the matter of quarrel, which resulted in the killing,
and was a part of the evidence necessarily developed on the trial.

We are of opinion that the court erred upon the point first noticed,
and for that reason the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded.