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Mathis Grossmann

70 years of clinical experience. On the other hand, in functional androgen deficiency due to axis suppression because of age-related comorbidities, treatment may aim for a specific health outcome, such as improvement of glucosemetabolism, and

therapy.
In this review, we summarize the major findings on the function of PGC-1α in glucosemetabolism and discuss its potential therapeutic applications for T2DM. The close correlation between PGC-1α polymorphisms and T2DM is also discussed in this

hypothalamus, regulates most of the processes affected by thyronamines (body temperature, cardiac function, and energy metabolism). Moreover, a principal role in regulating hepatic glucosemetabolism has recently emerged for the hypothalamus ( Obici et al

and behavioral circadian misalignments in modern lifestyle, such as shift work and late eating, lead to dysregulation of glucosemetabolism and increased risk of type 2 diabetes ( Cedernaes et al. 2015 , Qian et al. 2016 ). Intriguingly, one night

K L Franko, A J Forhead and A L Fowden

, little is known about the effects of commonly used control procedures, such as maternal saline or vehicle injection, on glucosemetabolism of their offspring. The current study, therefore, compared the effects of maternal injection with dex or saline with

S Patterson, P R Flatt, L Brennan, P Newsholme and N H McClenaghan

.p.m.) and the supernatant was treated with Chelex-100 resin and then lyophilised.
Assessment of glucosemetabolism by NMR spectroscopy
The lyophilised cell extracts were dissolved in 3 ml H 2 O and then centrifuged at 1500

. 2003 ). Evidence in the literature has shown that glucokinase (GK) activity plays a pivotal role upon islet glucosemetabolism and insulin secretion. As opposed to other hexokinases (HK), GK kinetics shows a cooperative glucose dependence (Hill

tissue and β-cells, in glucosemetabolism has not yet been explored. As indicated, endogenously synthesized and/or stored monoamine neurotransmitters appear to participate in the paracrine regulation of insulin secretion and entrainment of the activity of

as a regulator involved in glucosemetabolism. Results of early studies carried out of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) indicated that EPO not only treated anemia but also improved insulin sensitivity ( Borissova et al . 1993 , Mak 1996