Sunday, July 09, 2006

Two weeks ago, various newspapers reported the Supreme Court’s 9-5 decision in the Estrada vs. Escritor case, a landmark decision involving the Constitutional freedom of religion.The Court (even in its in interim resolution last August 2003) ruled that Escritor, a court interpreter at the Las Pińas Regional Trial Court Branch 253, could not be dismissed from the government service for “disgraceful and immoral conduct” on the basis of a valid exercise of her freedom of religion.

Admittedly, Escritor was living in with Luciano Quilapio Jr (also married to another person) without the benefit of marriage. But her church (the Jehovah’s Witnesses) had recognized her relationship and allowed them to have marital relations, since her legal husband had abandoned her. In a JW church document known as “Declaration of Pledging Faithfulness” entered into by Escritor and Quilapio, they bound themselves to have their union legally recognized should the opportunity arise.

Moreover, as investigation by the Office of the Court Administrator showed, such a practice of the JW had extensive theological underpinnings and was a long time, widely held practice. It was not simply a device or scheme that Escritor resorted to in order to evade administrative liability.

Please take note that the JW, in the defense of its doctrines and practices, has had a long history of butting heads with the State. In 1956, for example, the Supreme Court ruled against the JW in the Gerona case, where JW members enrolled in public schools were not granted exemption from attending flag ceremonies and singing the national anthem. Yet the JW persisted in challenging this ruling. Finally, after 39 long years, in 1995, the Supreme Court in the case of Ebralinag vs. Division Superintendent of Cebu, recognized the right of the JW members not to participate in the flag ceremonies and in the singing of the national anthem.

Please also take note that being a Baptist, I do not subscribe to the JW teachings and practices; I hope only to clarify what the Supreme Court's ruling is in the Escritor case.

Flawed understanding of the Escritor ruling in media reports

The problem is, some newspaper reporters and editors have misunderstood the SC ruling. For example, one headline in a business newspaper stated, “SC ruling favors live-in setup if church-blessed.” The lead went on to say, “The Supreme Court virtually gave its blessing to living-in couples when it issued a landmark decision declaring that they cannot be punished for having such an arrangement if it does not clash with their religious beliefs.”

"Repercussions" of the Supreme Court ruling

Some people I have talked to (and who have read the skewed news reports) are disgusted with the SC ruling, saying that it’s another assault on the institution of marriage, encouraging people to simply live in without the benefit of marriage, in the name of religious freedom. (In a previous post, I mentioned a DSWD finding that 40% of couples in the CALABARZON area are merely living in.) They say that now, various religious groups will come up with doctrines, documents and practices similar to the JW’s “Declaration of Pledging Faithfulness” in order to accommodate their own members.One pastor (from the Visayas region) I talked to last year, mentioned the difficulty of one couple in his church. They are new converts, living in together as husband and wife, but could not have their previous marriages annulled because of the prohibitive legal expenses. The pastor mentioned that he has been thinking of just conducting an “ecclesiastical marriage” so that this couple and the church could say that in the eyes of God, they are husband and wife, even though legally, they are married to other persons.

Justice Consuelo Ynares-Santiago, who voted against the majority ruling, states in her dissenting opinion (see below) the possible repercussion that each church or religion could become a republic unto itself.

Setting the record straight on the Escritor ruling

The legal expert on GMA-7’s early morning show “Unang Hirit” about a week ago has explained quite clearly what this SC decision is all about. (My congratulations to her for such a clear explanation despite the very limited time allotted to her. I was riding on a G-Liner bus equipped with a TV set, on my way from Pasig/Ortigas to the NLRC in Quezon City when her portion came on. Atty. Roldan, I think her name is, used to do the late night news for RPN-9, if I'm not mistaken.) She clarified that:

[1]As a general rule, people in live-in relationships and whose marriages to other parties have not been annulled or declared null and void, can and will be held criminally liable for adultery, concubinage, marital infidelity, etc. under the Revised Penal Code and other special laws like RA 9262.

[2] If these people in live-in relationships are in the government service, then they can be charged administratively under the Administrative Code of 1987.

[3] The Escritor doctrine established not a general rule but an exception to the general rule on the basis of a valid exercise of the Constitutional freedom of religion. As the Supreme Court clarified, “It does not mean that the Court would grant exemptions everytime a free exercise of religion comes before it.”

Restricted application of the Supreme Court's rulingAs the Supreme Court in the dispositive (concluding) portion of its June 2006 decision stated,

Thus, we find that in this particular case and under these distinct circumstances, respondent Escritor’s conjugal arrangement cannot be penalized as she has made out a case for exemption from the law based on her fundamental right to freedom of religion. The Court recognizes that state interests must be upheld in order that freedoms - including religious freedom - may be enjoyed. In the area of religious exercise as a preferred freedom, however, man stands accountable to an authority higher than the state, and so the state interest sought to be upheld must be so compelling that its violation will erode the very fabric of the state that will also protect the freedom. In the absence of a showing that such state interest exists, man must be allowed to subscribe to the Infinite. (emphasis by boldfacing supplied)

A word of caution to other live-in couples and to other religionsThus, any pastor, church or members of a religious sect who might draw some unfounded conclusions and consequently act according to the way some media outlets have reported the Escritor case, should be forewarned. Any pastor who obtains a license from the State to solemnize marriages is bound by the laws of the Philippines. If he solemnizes a marriage without observing the legal requirements, he could be charged criminally with violation of the Revised Penal Code in performing an illegal marriage. If he claims freedom of religion and the Escritor ruling as his defense, he’d better make sure that his case has similar antecedents (background) as that of the Escritor case. As lawyers are fond of saying, his case must be “on all fours” with the Escritor case.

But from my own perspective, and without going into the merits or the intricacies of the Escritor ruling, I would always be in favor of the “least interference” or “no excessive entanglement with religion” by the State. This is the so-called “Lemon Test” in American jurisprudence. In the Escritor case, the Supreme Court used the “compelling state interest” test from a benevolent neutrality stance. That is, the Court entertained the possibility that Escritor’s claim to religious freedom could warrant carving out an exception to the Civil Service law, unless the government succeed in demonstrating a more compelling state interest.

The "compelling state interest test from a benevolent neutrality stance"

In its 2003 interim decision, the Supreme Court explained how the “compelling state interest test from a benevolent neutrality stance” was to be applied:

In applying the test, the first inquiry is whether respondent’s right to religious freedom has been burdened. There is no doubt that choosing between keeping her employment and abandoning her religious belief and practice and family on the one hand, and giving up her employment and keeping her religious practice and family on the other hand, puts a burden on her free exercise of religion. xxx

The second step is to ascertain respondent’s sincerity in her religious belief. Respondent appears to be sincere in her religious belief and practice and is not merely using the “Declaration of Pledging Faithfulness” to avoid punishment for immorality. She did not secure the Declaration only after entering the judiciary where the moral standards are strict and defined, much less only after an administrative case for immorality was filed against her. The Declaration was issued to her by her congregation after ten years of living together with her partner, Quilapio, and ten years before she entered the judiciary. Ministers from her congregation testified on the authenticity of the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ practice of securing a Declaration and their doctrinal or scriptural basis for such a practice. As the ministers testified, the Declaration is not whimsically issued to avoid legal punishment for illicit conduct but to make the “union” of their members under respondent’s circumstances “honorable before God and men.” xxx Respondent’s request for exemption from the flag ceremony shows her sincerity in practicing the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ beliefs and not using them merely to escape punishment. She is a practicing member of the Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Jehovah ministers testified that she is a member in good standing.

In its 2003 decision, the Supreme Court remanded the case to the Office of the Court Administrator. The Solicitor General was ordered to intervene in the case and be given the opportunity (a) to examine the sincerity and centrality of Escritor’s claimed religious belief and practice; (b) to present evidence on the state’s “compelling interest” to override Escritor’s religious belief and practice; and (c) to show that the means the state adopts in pursuing its interest is the least restrictive to Escritor’s religious freedom.

Well, as things turned out from 2003, the OSG failed to prove, in the minds of the nine justices who voted in favor of the Escritor ruling, any compelling interest of the State that could have overridden Escritor’s exercise of her religion.

Dissenting opinions in the Escritor case;Muslims’ exemption from prosecution for bigamy

Supreme Court Justice Antonio Carpio, voting against the majority in the Escritor case, explained in his dissenting opinion that:

“The majority opinion will make every religion a separate republic, making religion a haven for criminal conduct that otherwise would be punishable under the law of the land. Today concubinage, tomorrow bigamy, will enjoy protection from criminal sanction under the new doctrine foisted by the majority opinion.”

Associate Justice Consuelo Ynares-Santiago, in her separate dissenting opinion, stated that Escritor should have been declared guilty of immorality and disgraceful conduct and subsequently suspended for six months without pay. Justice Santiago stated in her opinion,

"The Court cannot be the instrument by which one group of people is exempted from the effects of these laws just because they belong to a particular religion. Moreover, it is the sworn mandate of the Court to supervise the conduct of an employee of the judiciary, and it must do so with an even hand regardless of her religious affiliation."

I have read the 2003 interim decision of the Supreme Court in the Escritor case and there it was mentioned that under Art. 180 of P.D. No. 1083, otherwise known as the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines, Muslims have been expressly exempted from the operation of bigamy laws of the Philippines. This provision of law has never been challenged in terms of violation of the “establishment of religion clause” of the 1987 Constitution. In the light of the Escritor ruling however, if and when such a case is brought before the Supreme Court, my guess is that the said provision of law will be declared as constitutional.

Unless, in view of the vigorous dissent by the five justices who voted against the Escritor ruling (namely, Justices Carpio, Consuelo Ynares- Santiago, Romeo Callejo, Conchita Carpio Morales and Chief Justice Artemio Panganiban), the Ecritor ruling could later on be overturned. Is this possible? Well, from the introductory portion of the interim 2003 decision as quoted below, from Justice Puno’s ponencia, the issue of freedom of religion has had a long and convoluted history. Anything is possible.

"The case at bar takes us to a most difficult area of constitutional law where man stands accountable to an authority higher than the state. To be held on balance are the state’s interest and the respondent’s religious freedom. In this highly sensitive area of law, the task of balancing between authority and liberty is most delicate because to the person invoking religious freedom, the consequences of the case are not only temporal. The task is not made easier by the American origin of our religion clauses and the wealth of U.S. jurisprudence on these clauses for in the United States, there is probably no more intensely controverted area of constitutional interpretation than the religion clauses. The U.S. Supreme Court itself has acknowledged that in this constitutional area, there is “considerable internal inconsistency in the opinions of the Court.” As stated by a professor of law, “(i)t is by now notorious that legal doctrines and judicial decisions in the area of religious freedom are in serious disarray. In perhaps no other area of constitutional law have confusion and inconsistency achieved such undisputed sovereignty.” Nevertheless, this thicket is the only path to take to conquer the mountain of a legal problem the case at bar presents. Both the penetrating and panoramic view this climb would provide will largely chart the course of religious freedom in Philippine jurisdiction. That the religious freedom question arose in an administrative case involving only one person does not alter the paramount importance of the question for the “constitution commands the positive protection by government of religious freedom - not only for a minority, however small - not only for a majority, however large - but for each of us.”

Liberty and authority; freedom and responsibility; law and grace … this reminds me of that famous chapter (“The Grand Inquisitor”) in Fyodor Dostoyevski’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov.” But that’s for another post …

About Me

Friends of Legal Updates

Related blog

Marital infidelity: causes, consequences and conclusions; Mediation not allowed in domestic violence cases (with apologies to Pia Guanio); Why marriages fail: He said, She said; Transformers: Why do persistent suitors become passive husbands? How to save your marriage alone; All about women; Why do men think the things they think, say the things they say, and do the things they do? Surviving marital infidelity; Legal lessons from Willie Revillame and Liz Amoro; Marriage: The Ultimate Fighting Championship; Boundaries in marriage; and other articles.

Color or black and white?

I took these pictures when I was a journalism teacher and yearbook adviser in Rizal High School in Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines from 1984 to 1995. Rizal High School was once credited in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world’s largest high school. Hello to all Rizalians!

Getting married? Take a look at what “covenant marriage” is all about

“Marriage is a covenant between a man and a woman who agree to live together as husband and wife for as long as they both live. We have chosen each other carefully and have received premarital counseling on the nature, purposes and responsibilities of marriage. We understand that a covenant marriage is for life.”