The 1960s and beyond

In the 1960s Finnish society underwent great structural changes: a welfare system along the Swedish model was developed, and the process of urbanization accelerated, with a sizable proportion of the population moving to cities and, later, also to Sweden. Toward the end of the decade, protests against the Vietnam War radicalized the young. In the arts the 1960s was a period of challenging old taboos. Poetry became overtly politicized before prose did. Poets such as Matti Rossi and Pentti Saaritsa, both strongly influenced by Latin American poetry, adopted a frank, urbane, conversational style and took a firm left-wing stand on social and political questions. The spirit of the 1960s found its quintessential articulation in Pentti Saarikoski’s Mitä tapahtuu todella? (1962; “What Is Really Happening?”), a collage of fragments and quotations from political and classical texts, and in Väinö Kirstinä’s Luonnollinen tanssi (1965; “Natural Dance”). Arvo Salo’s Lapualaisooppera (1966; “The Lapua Opera”), a pacifist declaration and condemnation of the semifascist Lapualaisliike (“Lapua Movement”) of the 1930s, also exemplified the cultural climate of the 1960s. The socially critical pamphlet emerged as a favoured genre. Paavo Rintala, a prolific writer, cultivated the documentary novel, frequently addressing issues related to World War II. In his later works he used history as a filter through which to assess contemporary society as well as his own place in it (e.g., Faustus [1996]). A writer who took a somewhat different path was Pentti Holappa, a political columnist and poet, praised for the formal mastery of his diction. He introduced the French nouveau roman (New Novel) to Finland.

Finland’s development during the following decades moved between opposites: the party-loyal politicized culture of the 1970s, an era that witnessed an oil crisis and economic downturn, yielded to the prosperous and self-centred ’80s. In the 1990s Finland suffered a serious economic setback, with its unemployment figures higher than those recorded in the 1930s during the Great Depression. The nation’s social fabric did not escape unscathed.

The great novel of the 1970s was Hannu Salama’s Siinä näkijä missä tekijä (1972; “Where There’s a Crime There’s a Witness”), which explored a communist resistance movement during the War of Continuation. Salama had made literary history already with an earlier novel, Juhannustanssit (1964; “Midsummer Dance”), for which he was charged with blasphemy; his prison sentence was subsequently overturned by the country’s president. Many prose writers of the ’70s cultivated the regional novel, including Heikki Turunen, with his realistic depictions of northern Karelia, and Antti Tuuri of Ostrobothnia, with an unemotional, modernistic style. Eeva Kilpi, also an accomplished poet, became best known for her autobiographical novels about Karelian evacuees after World War II. Leena Krohn—a socially active writer, deeply concerned with the ethical dimensions of literature—depicted the world from the perspective of insects in her novel Tainaron (1985; Tainaron: Mail from Another City), written in epistolary form. Matti Pulkkinen’s Romaanihenkilön kuolema (1985; “The Death of a Fictional Character”), a postmodern novel that probes the possibilities of literary expression, caused a stir for its seemingly reactionary political views. Olli Jalonen and Annika Idström focused on the darker aspects of contemporary life. Jalonen’s Hotelli eläville (1983; “Hotel for the Living”) offers a dystopic view of modern society, while Idström’s Veljeni Sebastian (1985; My Brother Sebastian) explores the forces of evil through dysfunctional family relationships. Rosa Liksom (pseudonym of Anni Ylävaara) is a master of short prose who offers snapshots, usually rather grim ones, of the lives of social outsiders and eccentrics—a loner in Lapland or a drug addict in Helsinki—in language attuned to each environment. Whether her works use a dialect from northern Finland or urban Helsinki slang, they always include a robust helping of absurd humour. Other contemporary writers of note include Markku Envall, noted for his aphorisms, and Sirkka Turkka, who in her poetry addresses the fundamental issues of existence in an idiom that freely mixes the high and the low. Other prominent prose writers at the turn of the 21st century included Hannu Mäkelä, Hannu Raittila, Mari Mörö, and Irja Rane.

Click anywhere inside the article to add text or insert superscripts, subscripts, and special characters.
You can also highlight a section and use the tools in this bar to modify existing content:

Add links to related Britannica articles!
You can double-click any word or highlight a word or phrase in the text below and then select an article from the search box.
Or, simply highlight a word or phrase in the article, then enter the article name or term you'd like to link to in the search box below, and select from the list of results.

Note: we do not allow links to external resources in editor.
Please click the Web sites link for this article to add citations for
external Web sites.