The beginning of agriculture with the domestication and farming of wild plants of wide success and earliest prominence occurred in the Mediterranean habitat of the Fertile Crescent. Early crops of the Fertile Crescent included barley, emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, peas, lentil, chickpeas, flax, and muskmelon. This change from hunter-gatherer to farmer was subtle at first and experimental, as the outcome was unknown and unforeseen to early farmers. To-be farmers would pick wild plants and take them to newly formed and formed because-of farming chiefdoms and plant the crops nearby. To-be farmers did not see this as an alternative to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle, but a supplement to caught or un-caught animals. They used the crops as a resort to low volumes of animals killed during a day and as a somewhat additive to their diets. As years passed, the chiefdoms became permanent towns and kingdoms because of the permanence required of farmers to maintain their crops.

Also associating the Fertile Crescent in agricultural sense was China, only a mere 1,000 years later. Chinese crop domestication included foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, rice, soybean, adzuki bean, mung bean, hemp, and muskmelon, although it was first domesticated elsewhere. As with the Fertile Crescent, root and tuber crops and melons of China were of early importance in only some areas.

As generations became adept to farming and techniques thereof, technological advances in the tools used for plowing, harvesting, preparing, and storing of the crops occurred. With the discovery of bronze tools and later steel tools, efficiency of productivity increased. The addition of large mammal-pulled ploughs increased speed and decreased stress on the human farmers, but first the animals needed to also be domesticated.

Eight crops domesticated and farmed in the Fertile Crescent are termed "founder crops, because they founded agriculture in the region and possibly the world. These eight founder...

YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL

...﻿
Bria Brownn
Fundamentals of Agriculture
Mr. Peters
10 october 2013
The Beginning of
Agriculture
The beginning of Agriculture was found years ago. It involves plants and animals. It was developed 10,000 years ago. At that time, people began altering plant and animal communities for benefit through fire stick farming. Humans survived as foragers or hunter gatherers, gathering wild plants and hunting animals in their environment. Agriculture has significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation. The Fertile Crescent of Western Asia, Egypt, and India were the earliest sowing and harvesting plants.
Independent agriculture happened in northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea parts of India and several regions of the Americas. Agricultural deals with irrigation, crop rotation,fertilizers, and pesticides. They were developed a long time ago, but were made with great strides in the past. Corn, grass, tress, wild life was the key to the beginning of agricultre for the early.
The wild crops including wheat, barley, and peas are traced to the Near East region. Cereals were grown in Syria as long as 9,000 years ago. Though the transition from wild harvesting was gradual, the switch from a nomadic to a settled way of life is marked by the appearance of early Neolithic villages with homes equipped with grinding stones for...

... These result into low productivity.
Most of the food production is consumed by the farmers and their families. Where facilities like irrigation and electricity are available, farming has improved. Important cash crops like sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton and jute are grown.
The subsistence agriculture has given way to commercial agriculture to some extent. Dry land farming is practised in areas where the rainfall is low and irrigation facilities are inadequate. Here, emphasis is laid on conservation of moisture, and on crops like jowar, bajra and pulses, which need less water.
Wetland farming is practised in high rainfall and irrigated areas. Rice, sugarcane and vegetables are important crops in these areas. In dry farming, only one crop is grown while in wet farming, at least two crops are raised in a year-one in the kharif and another in the Rabi seasons.
Features of Subsistence Farming:
The whole family works on the farm.
Most of the work is done manually.
The farms are small.
Tradition methods of farming are followed.
Yield is not very high.
Most of the yield is consumed by the family with very little surplus for the family.
(2) Shifting Agriculture:
In this type of agriculture, first of all a piece of forest land is cleared by felling trees and burning of trunks and branches. After the land is cleared, crops are grown for two to three years and then the land is abandoned as the fertility of the soil...

... AGRICULTURE
INTRODUCTION:
Agriculture is central to economic growth and development in Pakistan. Being the dominant sector it contributes 21.4 percent to GDP, employs 45 percent of the country’s labour force and contributes in the growth of other sectors of the economy.
During 2012-13, agriculture sector exhibited a growth of 3.3 percent on the back of positive growth inagriculture related sub sectors, Crops grew at 3.2 percent, Livestock 3.7 percent, Forestry 0.1 percent and Fishing 0.7 percent. The agriculture subsector component which includes important crops other percent respectively. As the performance of agriculture sector dependent upon weather condition, timely availability of input (water).
During 2012-13 weather condition and water situation has an impact on these Kharif crops that paved the way for decrease in output of rice and cotton crops.
Agriculture growth percentages (Base=2005-06):
Other crops that contributed 12.3 percent value addition in agriculture witnessed a positive growth of 6.7 percent in 2012-13 against negative growth of 7.7 percent during the same period last year. The cotton ginning under new base 2005-06 has been included in agriculture value addition showed a negative growth of 2.9 percent in 2012-13 against the positive growth of 13.8 percent...

...﻿ HISTORY OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
Early history
Barley and wheat cultivation—along with the domestication of cattle, primarily sheep and goat—was visible in Mehrgarh by 9000 BCE.
Vedic period – Post Maha Janapadas period (1500 BCE – 200 CE)
The Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE) categorised soils and made meteorological observations for agricultural use.
Early Common Era – High Middle Ages (200–1200 CE)
Water storage systems were designed during this period. Kallanai, a dam built on river Kaveri during this period, is considered the as one of the oldest water-regulation structures in the world still in use.
Late Middle Ages – Early Modern Era (1200–1757 CE)
The construction of water works and aspects of water technology in India is described in Arabic and Persian works.
Colonial British Era (1757–1947 CE)
Few Indian commercial crops—such as Cotton, indigo, opium, and rice—made it to the global market under the British Raj in India.
Republic of India (1947 CE onwards)
The many 'production revolutions' initiated from 1960s onwards included Green Revolution in India, Yellow Revolution (oilseed: 1986-1990), Operation Flood (dairy: 1970-1996), and Blue Revolution (fishing: 1973-2002) etc.
HISTORY OF ORGANIC FARMING
Organic farming was practiced in India since thousands of years. The great Indian civilization thrived on organic farming and was one of the most prosperous countries in the world, till the British ruled...

...Husbandry
We all need food to survive. Food is the basic need for all living beings, as it provides energy for doing work, and raw material for building and repair of various parts of the body. You know that our country has a large population, and therefore, we need to produce a lot of food. You also know that to produce such a large amount of food we need a large area of land. However, our land availability is limited. Indian scientists have experimented and researched and suggested ways and means by which more food can be grown than before, on the same piece of land. Improved methods of agriculture have led to the production of about 360m tonnes of plant food products and about 88m tonnes of animal food products. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: • state reasons for human dependence on plants and animals for food; • define and differentiate between agriculture and horticulture; • list and explain the various steps for raising an improved crop; • differentiate between manures and fertilizers with the help of examples; • explain various agricultural practices adopted for improvement of food such as, crop rotation and multiple cropping; • state the need for protection of crops; • explain the terms and give examples of weedicides and insecticides; • suggest methods of storage of agricultural produce; • explain the meaning of green revolution; • state the need for animal husbandry; • cite examples of three groups of...

...India. E-mail:
Abstract: A progressive agriculture serves as a powerful engine of economic growth of any country. It helps in
initiating and sustaining the development of other sectors of the economy. In view of this, after independence the
Government of India adopted a positive approach and specific programmes like new agriculture technology
were introduced. Indian farmers being poor were not in a position to buy these expensive inputs.Then the Indian
Government started the scheme of subsidies on the purchase of various agriculture inputs to facilitate the
farmers. Subsidies are often criticized for their financial burden, on the other hand there is a fear that
agriculture production and income of farmers would decline if subsidies are curtailed. The findings indicate
that the increasing rate of total subsidies (fertilizers, electricity and irrigation) is higher than gross cropped
area (GCA) during pre, first as well as second phase of liberalization periods. There is a lot of variation to find
out the relationship between gross cropped area (GCA) and in total subsidies in zones throughout the study
period. The present study suggests that Government should keep aside its motive to please voters or strengthen
the vote bank, it should frame rational policy in which small size category farmers, who are not actual
beneficiaries of subsidies, could get more and subsides, which they do not want should be...

...Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry, is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel,drugs and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.[1] Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands that are suitable for raising domesticated species. For plants, this usually requires some form ofirrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming; pastoral herding on rangeland is still the most common means of raising livestock. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable agriculture (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture).
Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the human population labored in agriculture. Pre-industrial agriculture was typicallysubsistence agriculture in which...

...various farming methods employed by the farmers along with the type of crops grown and the type of animals reared.
Data Analysis
Agriculture is practiced mainly by small farmers in Jamaica. The farm visited in Rosemount, Linstead, St Catherine will be discussed under the following sub-headings:
The farmer
The location
Size of farm
Market
Labour
Crops grown and animals reared
Climate
Soil
Farming practices
Problems
Rosemount Farm
The Farmer
The farmer is a male in the 25-60 years age group. He has been working full time in farming for 20 years. He is the owner of the farm land. There are three adults in his household.
The location
The farm is located in Rosemount. Linstead, St Catherine. The distance from the farmer’s house to his farm is 200ft and about half mile from the town of Linstead.
The size of the farm
The size of the Rosemount farm is eight hectares which includes 6 sections of plots used to plant various crops. This is the usual size of small farms in the Caribbean because small farms size usually range from zero to ten hectares.
Markets
Britain and other European countries have traditionally been the main export markets for Caribbean agriculture. Due to increased competition, the Caricom market has become more important for regional agriculture. In Jamaica, small scale farmers mainly market their crops in the following ways:
Directly to...