3 RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED A. BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLy SUMMARY OF DECISIONS CONT AINED IN THE REPORT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY I. 'Statutesand By-lq'i1Js. The revised Statutes and By-laws, as adopted, are printed on pages 477 in Part Structure of Commissions. A revised structure was adopted for Commissions. 3. Admission of Countries. The action of the Executive Committee in admitting Taiwan as an Adher'ing Country was confirmed. It was announced that the Executive Committee had also admitted: Brazil, North Korea, and Turkey. 4. The International Latitude Service. The resolution submitted by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics was adopted. It was noted that the Executive Committee had accepted the offer from the Science Council of Japan to set up the Central Bureau at Mizusawa under the directorship of Dr. T. Hattori. 5. The Unit of Contribution. It was agreed to increase the unit of contribution for the years 1962, 1963 and 1964 from 500 to 600 gold francs. 6. Budget of Expenditure. In accepting the Budget, as proposed by the Finance Committee (see page 39), the General Assembly approved those financial resolutions from Commissions for which provision is made. These resolutions are not repeated here. 7. Advisory Finance Committee. It was agreed to discontinue this committee. 8. Commissions and Sub-Commissions. It was agreed that: (a) Commission 3 (Notations) be dissolved; (b) Commission 14 be renamed "Commission on Fundamental Spectroscopie Data"; (c) Commission 28 he renamed "Commission on Galaxies"; (d) Sub-Commission 29 a become Commission 36 on "The Theory of Stellar Atmospheres"; (e) Ail other Sub-Commissions become Committees or Working Parties of their main Commi,sions.

5 Resolution No. 2 Proposedby the Executive Commjftee/Proposée par Je Comité Exécutif The International Astronomical Union expresses its appreciation that the plans for Project West Ford have been publicly announced weil ahead of proposed launching and of the United States Government's official policy* that further launchings will be guided by the principle that such projects shall not be undertaken unless sufficient safeguards have been obtained against harmful interference with astronomical observations. Nevertheless the International Astronomical Union views with the utmost concern the possibility that the band of dipoles proposed in Project West Ford might be long-lived, and it is completely opposed ta the experiment until the question of permanence is clearly settled in published scientific papers with adequate time being allowed for their study. The International Astronomical Union is opposed to any experiment which might hamper future developments in astronomy. If a short lifetime for the dipoles and the harmless nature of the experiment can be assured, and if Project West Ford is carried out, the International Astronomical Union regards it as essential that the fullest observations of, and experiments on, the properties and behaviour of the band of dipoles be carried out by ail possible means. The observations and experiments should be performed and analysed according to the highest scientific standards and with the best equipment available, bearing in mind that signais which are barely, or not, detectable today will probably cause serious interference with future scientific research because of the development of more sensitive equipment. The observations and experiments to be made on West Ford are likely to be difficult to perform, and will, in many ways, be similar to those carried out by the authorities responsible fol' operating West Ford. Moreover, much specific information such as precise and up-to-date ephemerides will be required. The International Astronomical Union will attempt to arrange for rapid and full co-operation among astronomers making observations and calculations, and ta provide for world-wide dissemination of their results conforming to accepted standards of scientific research. The International Astronomical Union welcomes the position* taken by the Government of the United States that any decision on later experiments of the West Ford type will be taken in the light of the results obtained from the presently proposed experiment. To enable the International Astronomical Union to obtain the necessary data, it requests the Government of the United States to grant full privileges to a group of astronomers, acceptable both to the Government and to the Union, to co-operate with West Ford authorities in performing quantitative experiments to determine the properties of the proposed belt of dipoles, its changes with time and location, and its impact upon present and future astronomical research. * Letter of August Il, 1961, from Dr. J. B. Wiesner ta Dr. L. V. Berkner

8 (12) que l'observatoire de Quito mette en service l'astrolabe qui y a été envoyé et que l'observatoire entreprenne la détermination de l'heure et de la latitude et l'observation d'étoiles fondamentales, (13) que deux autres astrolabes soient installés dans l'hémisphère Sud, pour l'étude du mouvement du pôle, de préférence dans des observatoires déjà équipés d'instruments d'astronomie de po,sition, et encourage le projet de l'observatoire National du Chili d'installer un de ces appareils à Santiago, (14) que l'observatoire de La Plata installe un PZT sur la même latitude que celle de Mount Stromlo, note avec satisfaction l'assurance donnée par le Professeur Cassinis que l'activité de la station de latitude de Carloforte continuera, et souligne l'importance de cette station, et recommande que l'union Astronomique Internationale considère l'adoption de cette résolution. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics: Recommends (1) that an increase!:le "made in the financial resources of the Central Bureau of the International Latitude Service (ILS), (2) that the northern ILS stations should continue in operation with the present instruments, and with some improvement in their equipment, due to the fact that the need for accurate polar co-ordinates for both astronomical and geophysical purposes is greater than ever before, (3) that the ILS be reorganized into an International Polar Motion Service utilizing both time and latitude observations made at both independent and ILS stations, (4) that a small working group be created initially to establish a definite plan for the organization of international co-operation in the study of polar motion and then to direct the work in the future. The group should submit to the IAU recommendations concerning the future location of the Central Bureau of the ILS (to become IPMS), (5) that the co-ordinates of the pole shall be given in the following forms: x = Xo + X" y = Yo + Y" where x and Y are computed using fixed initial latitudes and x, and Y, are computed using the mean latitude of epoch. The co-ordinates of the mean pole of epoch are Xo and Yo' (6) that results obtained with the' ILS and independent instruments should be published in detail as soon as practicable, (7) that the following problems should be investigated further: (a) reduction to a uniform system, and careful analysis of the data of the ILS, (b) elaboration of criteria for the precision of latitude observations and comparison, by means of these criteria, of observations made with different instruments,

9 (8) that the density field in altitude of the atmosphere above each station should be studied in order to fix the order of magnitude of accidentai refraction, and that as a minimum one such study be made when choosing a new location, (9) that the necessary measures be taken ta assure equilibrium in temperature between an instrument and the air of the shelter, and that the intrinsic properties of the instrument should be studied ta avoid optical and mechanical faults, (la) that a detailed study of the local gravity field should be made ta reveal the anomalies whenever there are reasons ta suspect ab normal variations of the vertical. Such a study would be useful when a new station is created. (Il) that an astrolabe be installed at Mizusawa, (IZ) that the Observatory of Quito should place in service the astrolabe that has been sent there, and that the Observatory should undertake the determination of time and latitude and the observations of fundamental stars, (13) that two other astrolabes should be installed in the southern hemisphere fol' the study of polar motion, preferably in observatories already equipped with position-measuring instruments, and heartily endorses the plan of the National Chilean Observatory to install an astrolabe in Santiago, (14) that the La Plata Observatory establish a PZT at the same latitude as that of Mount Stromlo, notes with satisfaction the assurance given by Professor Cassinis that the activlty of Carloforte latitude station will be continued, and stresses the importance of this station, and recommends that the International Astronomica! Union consider the adoption of this Resolution. Resolution No. 4 Proposedby CommÎSsion J4/Proposée parla Commission J4 ~onsfdering that the ang~trom is equal ta meter with an accuracy as great as that with whlch It ha~ been rea1jzed In terms ofthe red line of cadmium and that, on the other hand, the meter now IS defined with a great accuracy in terms of the 2Pro-Sds radiation of krypton 86 t.he General, A,ssembly, decides, subject ta agreement by the other Unions represented in the Tnple CommIssIOn for Spectroscopy, that (1) the angstrom is defined as being equal ta ra-io meter, (2) the definition of the angstrom in force since 1907 based on the red line of cadmium is revoked.

14 4. Longitude be measured positive to the East. 5. Recommends the computation and circulation of tables of the quantities p~ (x), ((n - m) ')1 (n + m)' by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. n, m = 0, l, 2,... 8 In ail the above formulae, R represents the equatorial radius of the Earth. The members of the Commission present agreed that the recommended notation did not pertain to the quantities /-" R, {J. In the discussion which ensued, Dr Herget asked why the expression in 2 does not degenerate to that in 1. Professor Hagihara replied that this form was retained to pay respect to former work in the field and Professor Brouwer added that the use of J has been standard for a long time. Dr Herget felt that by recommending this form, it would be perpetuated in the future. Dr Kovalevsky remarked that in this context longitude should be measured to the east only. Otherwise the possibilities of errors would be very large. Dr Herrick made the fo1towing suggestion: Cn,o = - Jn = Cn His recommendation was that the zero subscript be dropped in the coefficient Cn,o' Herrick's suggestion was adopted followed by the adoption of the above recommendations of the committee. Commission 8 (Positional Astronomy/L'Astronomie Position) Commission 8-see page 178. Commission 8~voir page 178. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE COMMISSION 1. Commission 8 has noted with great interest the virtual completion, since the last General Assembly, of the "Mirror Transit CircIe" at the University of Oporto. This pioneering project has been carried through with great courage and perseverance, and the Commission expresses the most earnest hope that means may be found to subject the instrument to the necessary tests and to bring it into appropriate operation at a very eariy date. 2. Commission 8 notes with regret that although astrolabe observations are of recognized value for improving fundamental catalogues, particulariy in the southern hemisphere, no practical effect has been given to the resolutions in favour of establishing a chain of astrolabes, which were adopted at the tenth General Assembly in Moscow and at the second Astrometrie Conference in Cincinnati. The Commission repeats this recommendation once again. 3. In view of the fact that many astrolabe observations have not yet been discussed for the purpose of improving star-places, Commission 8 urges the authors in question either to undertake this analysis or to notify the Paris Observatory that they do not propose to do so; in the latter case the Commission understands that the Paris Observatory will itself undertake the work.

15 4 Commission 8 recommends that on the basis of the findings of the Working Group appointed to consider meridian observations of latitude stars, a sufficient number of observatories having meridian circles be urged to make the necessary number of observations. 5 Commission 8 r~commends that: (a) the individual observations of the AGK 3R stars, and of the fundamental stars used in their reduction, be made available to the D.S. Naval Observatory, for the formation of a reference-star catalogue rigorously related to the system of the FK 4; (h) the.individual observations thus collected at the V.S. Naval Observatory be made avallable by Jt to the Strasbourg and Pulkovo Observatories. 6. For the purpose of forming catalogues of the Southern Reference Stars, Commission 8 recommends: (a) that the individual observations of Reference Stars and Fundamental Stars in the zone 0 to - 30 be made available to the V.S. Naval Observatory and that those in the zone - 30 to -90 be made available to the Pulkovo Observatory; (h) that the D.S. Naval Observatory a~d the Pulkovo Observatory exchange as many of these observations as may be requested by elther, to meet the requirements of their catalogues and to obtain a good connection with the AGK 3R catalogue. 7 Commission 8 recommends that the "Bright Star List", 0 to-900, be observed during the Southern Reference Star programme. Commission 10 (Solar ActivityIL'Activite Solaire) Commission lo-see page 189. Commission 10, considering the wish expressed by the Comité International de Géophysique and other organizations for world-wide co-operation in geophysics, urges all observers active in the solar patrol to report promptly to the nearest Regional Warning Centre, by telegram or other available fast channel, all flare events of importance 1+ and greater, during the coming years of declining solar activity and especially during the International Year of the Quiet Sun (IQSY). Commission IO--voir page 189. La Commission 10, considérant le vœu exprimé par le Comité International de Géophysique et par d'autres organisations, d'une coopération mondiale en géophysique, demande avec insistance à tous les observateurs actifs dans la surveillance du Soleil de signaler rapidement au Centre d'alerte Régional le plus proche (par télégramme ou par tout autre procédé rapide) toutes les éruptions d'importance 1+ (et plus importantes) pendant les prochaines périodes d'activité' solaire en diminution, et spécialement pendant l'année Internationale du Soleil Calme (AISC). Following a discussion on the need for improvements in the estimation of flare importance the following resolution 'l'as adopted: "TIrat a Working Group be appointed to consider all problems concerned with the estimation of flare importance and to make recommendations which could be put into operation from 1 January 1965". Members of the Working Group were appointed as follows: M. C. Ballario, A. Bruzek, H. Dodson-Prince (Chairman), E. E. Dubov, M. A. Ellison, R. Hedeman, J. V. Lincoln, R. IVIichard, Y. bhman, H. J. Smith and C. Warwick. The Group 'l'as empowered to take earli er action if it found that discrepancies were arising between the estimations of different stations through the use of incorrect units or methods of measurement.

20 English translation I. "For designating the [unar surface features, it is recommended that the previous mies be followed, revised and improved as follows: (a) Craters and rings, or walled plains, are designated by the name of an astronomer or prominent scientist deceased, written in the Latin alphabet, and spelt according to the recommendation by the country of origin of the scientist named. (h) Mountain-like chains are designated in Latin by denominations allied with our terrestrial geography. Names are associated with the substantive Mons according to the Latin declination mies and spelling. (Three exceptions, Mons d'alembert, Mons Harbinger and Mons Leibnitz, are preserved due to long usage). (e) Large dark areas are designated in Latin denominations calling up psychic states of minds. These names are associated, according to the Latin declination mies and spelling, to one of the appropriate substantives: Oceanus, Mare, Laeus, Palus or Sinus. (The exceptions, Mare Humboldianum and lyfare Smythii, are preserved, due to long usage). (d) Isolated peaks are designated according to the same mies as for the craters, as weil as promontories, the latter being preceded by the Latin substantive Promontorium. (Example: Promontorium Laplace). (e) Rifts and valleys take the name of the nearest designated crater, preceded by the Latin substantives Rima and Vallis. (The exception Vallis Schrëter is preserved). (1) Undenominated features can be designated by their co-ordinates. They can equally be designated according to the former c1assical system, by taking the name of the nearest crater, followed by an upper case letter of the latin alphabet for craters, depressions and valleys, by a lower case letter of the greek alphabet for hills, elevations and peaks, and by a roman number followed by the letter r (Ir, IIr, IIIr, etc..) for the clefts." 2. "Accordingly, for the designation of the lunar surface features observable from the Earth, it is recommended that the International Astronomical Union Nomenclature (published in Named Lunar Formations by M. A. Blagg and K. Müller, London, 1935), as corrected in table III of the Photographie Lunar Atlas (Editor G. P. Kuiper, University of Chicago Press, '960), be adopted, that new names be avoided, and that the following orthographie corrections be applied: Condamine must be printed La Condamine Lacaille " " " La Caille Lahire " n n La Hire Lapeyrouse "" " La Pérouse Legentil "" " Le Gentil Lemonnier II II " Le Monnier Leverrier "" II Le Verrier Régnault "" " Regnault 3. "For the designation of the surface features on the reverse side of the Moon, it is recommended that the nomenclature reported in the Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon (Editors: N. P. Barabashov, A. A. Mikhailov and Y. N. Lipsky, Moscow '960) be adopted, expressed in terms of the following table and the accompanying chart". (Names are given in the table of the French version of the resolution, printed above.)

21 3. The committee appointed by Commission 16 on "International Collaboration for Planetary Observations" desires to facilitate international collaboration on planetary studies by the eventual establishment of at least two data centers, one in the United States and one in Europe; and meanwhile requests observatories having large collections of planetary photographs to make these available for such studies as require a full coverage in longitude. 3. Le comité de la Commission 16, "Coopération Internationale pour l'observation des Planètes", désire faciliter cette coopération par l'établissement éventuel d'au moins deux centres de documentation, l'un aux Etats-Unis, l'autre en Europe; dans ce but il demande aux observatoires disposant de grandes collections de photographies planétaires de les rendre disponibles pour de telles études, vu la nécessité d'une répartition complète en longitude. Commission 17 (Motion and Figure of the Moon/Mouvement et Figure de la Lune) Z. Kopal gave a brief account of the proceedings of a conference on current problems of selenodesy and topography of the Moon, which was held at the Observatoire du Pic-du-Midi between 19 and 23 April Dr Jean Riisch, Director of the Observatoire du Pic-du-Midi, acted as chairman of a gathering which included Drs Camichel, Campen, Carder, Dollfus, Hunt, Kearns, Kopal, Koziel, Rackham, Ring, Schrutka-Rechtenstamm and Weimer. One of the main aims of this conferpnce (the Proceedings of which, edited by Z. Kopal and E. B. Finlay, should shortly be available for distribution as an Astronomical Contribution from the University of Manchester, Series III, No. 90) has been to discuss the ways in which the existing systems of three-dimensional co-ordinates on the surface of the Moon could be improved in the near future. As a result of extensive discussions held on this occasion it was recommended: (a) To reduce anew all past heliometric observations of the crater Miisting A with the aid of an electronic computer, in order to improve our present knowledge of the libration constants of the Moon. This task is to be undertaken shortly by Professor Koziel at the University of :Ylanchester in England. (b) To select a system of loo-200 lunar control points of second order, defined by the position of small craters (5-10 km in diameter) which are sufficiently shallow and geometrically welldefined to enable us to measure accurately their positions; and to employ the lunar plates taken with the Markowitz cameras during the IGY to determine the positions of such craters with respect to a fundamental frame of reference as represented by the neighbouring stars. This problem has since been under active investigation by Drs Weimer and Hunt. (c) To use the shadows cast by the irregularities of the Iunar surface in oblique illumination by the Sun for determination of relative heights above the osculating surface of the local mean selenoid (as defined by three or more adjacent points of second order). Extensive work along these lines has been in progress at the University of Manchester since 1958 (Professor Kopal and Ml' Rackham), using photographie material secured at the Observatoire du Pic-du-Midi; and a comprehénsive mathematical analysis of the problem is being published by Kopa! in Chapter VII of the forthcoming compendium on The Moon (Academie Press, London and New York, 1961).

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