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dvpl psyc

Ch 1 Nature and Theories of Dvpt

specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy

idea of theories

-some theories view human beings as passive, reactive, and ultimately responsive to the impact of environmental stimulation
-such theories place great emphasis upon reward and punishment as factors in shaping devpt

contrasting theories

-human is inherently active
-instead of being shaped by envir, indiv is resp for shaping or constructing envir
-theories differ in degree to which they see dvpt or series of discontinuous and descrete series of changes

-totally unconscious: has no contact w/reality
-consists of instincts: our reservoir of psychic energy
-e.g. baby wants what they want now and dsnt care about anything else
-has no morality

Ego

-emerges out of babies early experiences: manage demands in diff way like chngng feeding sched from 2am to 9pm
-deals w/demands of reality
-called "executive branch" of personality:uses reasoning to make decisions
-has no morality
-

superego

-begin to dvlp someones values, like children
-moral branch of personality
-takes into accout right and wrong
-out conscience
-set of moral values
-takes into account whether something is right or wrong

development

pattern of chng that begins at conception and continues - life cycle
-systematic changes and continuities which occur b/w conception and death

3 realms of dvpt

physical, cognitive, psychosocial

physical dvpt

1. body and organs during childhood
2. dramatic and often disturbing chngs assoc w/puberty
3. appearance of aging
4. gains and losses in motor abilities that occur over time

fixation-when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage because needs are under- or over-gratified.

Erik Erikson 1902-94

-realized Freud's contribution but dvpd psychosocial theory

psychosocial dvpt theory

-primary motivation for human bx is social and reflects desire to affiliate w/other people
Eight stages
Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced

The Psychosocial Theory of Development (cont’d)'

Crises are not catastrophes but rather turning points of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.
The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be.'

Trust vs. Mistrust (First Year)'

A sense of trust requires a feeling of physical comfort and a minimal amount of fear and apprehension about the future.
Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place.
'

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Second Year)

After gaining trust in caregivers, infants begin to discover their bx is their own.
start to assert sense of independence or autonomy
realize their will.
If restrained too much or punished too harshly,dvp a sense of shame and doubt.

Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Years)'

As preschoolers, encounter widening socl wrld,challenged more than when were infants,& active, purposeful bx is needed to cope w/challenges.
asked to assume resp4 bodies, bx, toys,& pets.
Guilt may arise if child is irresponsible nd made to feel anxiou

industry vs. inferiority (elementary age)

-middle and late children directenergy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills
-danger during this time is dvpt of sense of inferiority-feeling incompetent and unproductive

-what does erikson believes about industry vs inferiority

identity vs identity

-adolescence
-indiv faced w/finding out who they r, what they're all about, & where going in life
-confronted w/many new roles & adult statuses
-if adolescent explores roles in healthy manner & arrives at positive path in life, + identity will b achiev

in identity vs identity if parent pushes identity on adolescent what happens

don't beocme adequately able to explore many roles and confusion reigns

-middle adulthood
-chief concern is to assist the younger generation in devpg and leading useful lives (generativity)
-feeling of having done nothing to help next generation is stagnation

integrity vs despair involves what and how is this achieved

-late adulthood
-reflecting on past and either piercing together a + review or concluding that life hasn't been well spent
-thru reflecting on a past deemed worthwhile

what leads to despair?

-if oldr adlt resolved mny of earlier stages negatively, looking back will lead to doubt or gloom

contributions of psychoanalytic theories

-early exp play imprtnt part in dvpt
-fam relat r central aspect of dvt
-personality understood by examinning dvpt
-mind not all conscious; uncon needs to be considered
-chngs occur in adulthood and childhood

criticisms of psychoanalytic theories

-difficult to test
-much of data used to support theses theories come from indiv reconstr of past, often distant past, and unknkown accuracy
-sexual underpinning of dvpt are given too much importance (esp freud)

other criticisms of psychoanalytic theories

-unconscious mind is given too much credit for influencing dvpt
-psychoanalytic theories present image of humans that is too negative
-theories are culture and gender biased

1896-1934
-shares Piaget's view that children actively construct their knowledge
-emphasizes dvpl analysis, the role of language, adn social relations
-like Piaget, Vygotsky's ideas were not introduced in America until 1960s

Vygotsky's 3 basic claims about children's dvpt

-their cognitive skills can be understood only when they are dvpty analyzed and interpreted
-cogn skills are mediated by words, lang, and forms of discourse
-cogn skills have their origins in socl relats and are embedded in sociocultural backdrop

-scientifically we can only study what can be directly observed and measured
-dvpt is observable bx taht can be learned thru exp w/envir

Ivan Pavlov and BF skinner

l

classical condintioning

early 1900s russian physiologist ivan pavlov discovered phenomenon in which neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce bxl response originally produced by another stimulus

operant conditioning

-bf skinner deomonstrated that consequences of bx produce chngs in probability of bx occurring again
-consequences can be either rewards (incr the likelihood of bx recurrence) or punishment (decr this chance)
-e.g.

-doesnt follow any one theoretical approach
-selects and uses best from each theory
-acknowledges that no one theory is complete and that each has made important contributions to understanding dvpt
-orientation is presented and maintained thru the text

ch 2

genetic foundations

-each of us carries a genetic code that we inherited from our parents
-this code is located within every cell in our bodies
-code is mechanism for transmitting characteristics from one generation to next

-begins when fm gamete (ovum) is fertilized by male gamete (sperm)
-produces zygot
-in zygote, 2 sets of unprd chromo combine to form one set of paired chromosomes

zygote

single cell formed thru fertilization

genetic principles

-dominant recesssive genes principle
-sex linked genes

dominant recessive genes principle

-if one gene of pr is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant gene exerts its effect, overriding the potential infl of other,recessive gene
-recessive gene exerts its infl only if 2 genes of pr are both recessive

-presence of extra chromosome
-round face, flattened skull, extra fold of skin over eyelides, protrudingtongue, short limbs, retardation of motor and mental abilities
-women yngr than 18 and older than 38 are more likely to have down syndrom baabies

-sex chr lnkd abn
-male has extra Y chr
-early belief surrounding the syndrome was tat the extra Y chr contributed to male aggression and violence
-researchers have since found taht CYY males are no more likely to commit crimes than are XY males

Fragile X syndrome and characteristics

-sex liked chromosome abn
-X chromosome bcomes constricted and often breakes
-mental defiecience (varied in form from mental retardation to short attention span)
-occurs more frequently in males

-prenatal medical procedure in which sampl of amniotic fluid is withdran by syringe and tested to discover if fetus is suffering metabolic disorders
-perfomed b/w 12th and 16th weeks of preg
-exists smll risk of miscarriage (1 in 200-300)

ultrasound sonography

-prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into pregnat woman's abdomen
-echo from sounds is transformed into visual representation of fetus's inner structures
-able to detect such disorders microencephaly

chorionic Villi sampling

-prenatal medical procedure in which small sample of placenta is removed
-performed b/w 8th and 11th wks of preg
-provides info about presence of birth defects
-has slightly higher risk of miscarriage than amniocentesis