^ On
a 27 June:2005 Craig A.
Hutto, 16, of Lebanon, Tennessee, has his right leg amputated after, earlier
in the day, a shark nearly severed it as Craig and two companions were fishing
in chest-deep water 18 meters off Cape San Blas in the Florida Panhandle.2002 The Israeli army publishes the photo of a Palestinian
baby (who looks like he might have the same age as the al-Aqsa intifada,
which began on 28 September 2000, after a provocative visit by Ariel Sharon
to the Temple mount) wearing a suicide bomber's costume, with
an explosive belt and a shaheed's red headband, removed from an album found
in Hebron in his home, which the army later destroyed, because his father
is a wanted terrorist, Nader Abu Turki, whose father, Redwan Abu Turki,
later explained that the photo was taken at a rally at the university, just
for the fun of it. The army did not allow reporters to go to the site
because Hebron is a closed military zone. [Israeli troops have
shot at ambulances and killed emergency medical personnel on the pretext
that the Palestinian use ambulances in their attacks. Are Palestinian babies
now going to be killed for a similar reason? The fact is that both Israelis
and Palestinians have killed enemy babies of that age and younger,
including those not yet born or being born, without punishing the killers
or taking any measures to avoid the repetition of similar incidents.]2002 In Board of Education of Independent School District
No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls (01-332) the US
Supreme Court rules 5-to-4 that public middle and high schools can require
drug tests for students in extracurricular activities such as choir or band
without violating their privacy rights.2002 In Zelman
v. Simmons-Harris (00-1751); Hannah Perkins School v. Simmons-Harris (00-1777);
and Taylor v. Simmons-Harris (00-1779); the US Supreme Court rules
5-to-4 that the Constitution allows public money for tuition vouchers as
long as parents have a choice among a range of religious and secular schools.2001 The 189-member UN General Assembly unanimously adopts
the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS at the end of a three-day special
session  the first ever on a health issue.

^2001 US's ten worst intersections.
The US's most-dangerous traffic intersection
is north of Miami in Pembroke Pines, Florida, the No. 1 US car insurer reports.
State Farm releases its top 10 "Most Dangerous"
intersection list, which analyzes claims data in all 50 US states and the
District of Columbia. Philadelphia,
Phoenix and Tulsa, Oklahoma, each had two intersections on the list, while
Frisco, Texas, near Dallas, Metairie, Louisiana, near New Orleans, and Sacramento,
California, each had one. The insurer compiled the list based on crashes
that resulted in claims by its policy-holders in 1999 and 2000.
State Farm estimated there were 357 crashes over the two-year period at
the Flamingo Road and Pines Boulevard intersection. The main problem there
is traffic volume. The intersection handles some 200'000 cars per day.
Intersections on the top 10 list all meet
appropriate design standards and are regulated by traffic lights. Traffic
volume and driver error are two important factors in crashes.
Roosevelt Boulevard intersections at Red Lion Road and Grant Avenue in Philadelphia
ranked second and third, while Seventh Street and Bell Road in Phoenix was
fourth. Memorial Drive intersections
with 51st and 71st streets in Tulsa ranked fifth and sixth, while 19th Avenue
and Northern Avenue in Phoenix was seventh.
State Highway 121 and Preston Road in Frisco, Texas, was eighth, Clearview
Parkway and Veterans Memorial Boulevard in Metairie, Louisiana, was ninth,
and Fair Oaks Boulevard and Howe Avenue in Sacramento was 10th.

2000 ["Physician, cure yourself" department]
The Steuben, Indiana, firestation is devastated by a fire, arson probably. 2000 US House of Representatives Republicans make a deal
to allow direct sales of US food to Cuba for the first time in four decades.
2000 President Robert Mugabe's ruling party is assured
a majority in Zimbabwe's new parliament despite historic gains by the opposition.
1996 President Clinton and other Group of 7 leaders
meeting in Lyon, France, pledged solidarity against terrorism following
a truck bombing in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 Americans.

1996 Australian cable system offers television,
telephone, and data links
Optus Vision, a long-distance telephone company in Australia, beats
US technology firms to the punch as it launches the first commercial
cable system capable of delivering not only television but also telephone
services and high-speed data links. The ability to bundle communication
services in a single network was an important goal for the telecommunications,
utilities, and wireless industries.

^1991 Thurgood Marshall,
83, retires
Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall, who in 1967 became the first
African American to sit on the US Supreme Court, retires after serving
on the nation’s highest court for twenty-four years.
The great-grandson of slaves, Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland,
in 1908. In 1933, after studying under the tutelage of civil liberties
lawyer Charles H. Houston, he received his law degree from Howard
University in Washington, D.C. In 1936, he joined the legal division
of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP), of which Houston was director, and two years later succeeded
his mentor in the organization’s top legal post.
As the NAACP’s chief counsel from 1938 to 1961, he argued thirty-two
cases before the US Supreme Court, successfully challenging racial
segregation, most notably in public education. He won twenty-nine
of these cases, including a groundbreaking victory in 1954’s Brown
v. Board of Education, in which the Supreme Court ruled that
ruled that segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution
and was thus illegal. The decision served as a great impetus for the
Black civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, and ultimately
led to the abolishment of segregation in all public facilities and
accommodations. In 1961, President
John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to the US Court of Appeals, but
his nomination was opposed by many Southern senators, and he was not
confirmed until the next year. On 13 June 1967, President Lyndon B.
Johnson nominated him to the Supreme Court, and on 30 August, after
a heated debate, the Senate confirmed Marshall’s nomination by a vote
of sixty-nine to eleven. Two days later, he was sworn in by Chief
Justice Earl Warren. During his
twenty-four years on the high court, Associate Justice Marshall consistently
challenged discrimination based on race or sex, opposed the death
penalty, and supported the rights of criminal defendants. He also
defended affirmative action and women’s right to abortion. As appointments
by a largely Republican White House changed the politics of the Court,
Marshall found his liberal opinions increasingly in the minority.
He would die two years after his retirement.

1991 The US Supreme Court ruled that juries considering
life or death for convicted murderers may take into account the victim's
character and the suffering of relatives.1990 NASA
announced that a flaw in the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope was preventing
the instrument from achieving optimum focus. victim's character and the
suffering of relatives.1990 Author Salman
Rushdie, condemned to death as a blasphemer of Islam by Iran for his
novel The Satanic Verses, contributes $8600 to help their earthquake
victims 1989 Concluye en Madrid la cumbre
de presidentes y jefes de Estado de la Comunidad Económica Europea,
cuyo principal logro es el desbloqueo provisional del proceso de unificación
monetaria y financiera. 1987 US Supreme Court Justice
Powell retires 1986 In referendum, Irish uphold
ban on divorce 1986 World Court rules US aid to
Nicaraguan contras illegal 1985 Route 66, which
originally stretched from Chicago to Santa Monica, Calif., passed into history
as officials decertified the road.
1983 Highest price paid for painting by a living artist: $960'200:
Miró — links
to images.1981 Es aprobado el Estatuto de Autonomía
de Castilla y León.1980 US President Carter signs
legislation reviving draft registration for 18-year-old males. 1977
5-4 Supreme Court decision allows lawyers to advertise 1977 Djibouti gains independence from France (National
Day) 1977 Regresa a España Josep Tarradellas, presidente
de la Generalitat de Cataluña en el exilio.

^1976 Plane hijacked to Entebbe
An Air France jet carrying 256 passengers
from Tel Aviv, Israel, to Paris, France, is hijacked by four Palestinian
terrorists. Just minutes after taking off from Athens, Greece, where
the plane had stopped to re-fuel, an armed gunman stormed the cockpit
and forced the plane to fly to Entebbe Airport in Uganda.
The terrorists, members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine, chose Uganda as their safe harbor because they were welcomed
by notorious dictator Idi
Amin, who had become an international outcast after murdering
hundreds of thousands of people during his seize of power in 1971.
After being joined by three others at Entebbe, the terrorists demanded
the release of 53 prisoners held by Israel, various European countries,
and Kenya. Five of the prisoners were Ugandans held in Kenya. They
were almost certainly added to the list by Amin, who provided the
terrorists with Ugandan soldiers to help guard the hostages.
On 30 June the PFLP terrorists released
47 hostages; a day later, another 101 were freed. The 12-member crew
of the Air France plane refused an offer to be released and stayed
with the remaining hostages  mostly Israeli  who were
held in an airport terminal surrounded by explosives.
While planning a daring raid to free the hostages, Israel pretended
to negotiate with the terrorists. On the night of 03 July three C-130
Hercules transport planes that had been painted to look like Ugandan
jets began the long flight to Entebbe carrying 200 elite commandos,
several Land Rovers, and a Mercedes. When the planes landed in Entebbe,
the cars disembarked and sped toward the hijacked plane.
Surprising both the Ugandan troops guarding the hostages and the terrorists,
who believed that the cars were Amin's men returning to help with
the negotiations, the commandos attacked. A firefight ensued in which
all 7 terrorists, 3 hostages, 1 Israeli military commander, and approximately
20 Ugandan soldiers were killed. Jonathan Netanyahu, the older brother
of future Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the lone Israeli
military casualty, was the leader of the mission. (One female hostage
who had been taken to a hospital earlier was murdered by Ugandan troops
after the raid.) Within an hour, the remaining hostages and crew were
safe and on their way back to Israel.
Most Western nations hailed the amazing rescue of the hostages, but
the successful raid did not stop Palestinian terrorists from continuing
to target Israel. However, new exhaustive security measures instituted
for flights from Israel after the incident helped to drastically reduce
plane hijackings. This was the
subject of the movies (best first) Operation
Thunderbolt, Raid
on Entebbe, andVictory
at Entebbe, and of computer game Operation Thunderbolt.

1974 Augusto Pinochet Ugarte asume el cargo de Jefe Supremo
de Chile.1973 President Richard Nixon vetoes a Senate
ban on bombing
Cambodia.1973 Former White House counsel John
W. Dean tells the Senate Watergate Committee about an "enemies list" kept
by the Nixon White House.1969 Patrons at the Stonewall
Inn, a homosexual bar in New York's Greenwich Village, clash with police
in an incident considered the birth of the gay rights movement.

^1968 US forces begin to evacuate Khe
Sanh The US command
in Saigon confirms that US forces have begun to evacuate the military base
at Khe Sanh, 23 km south of the Demilitarized Zone and 10 km from the Laotian
border. The command statement attributed the pullback to a change in the
military situation. To cope with increased North Vietnamese infiltration
and activity in the area, Allied forces were adopting a more "mobile posture,"
thus making retention of the outpost at Khe Sanh unnecessary. The new western
anchor of the US base system in the northern region would be located 10
miles east of Khe Sanh. The siege
of Khe Sanh during the 1968 Tet Offensive had been one of the most publicized
battles of the war because of the similarities it shared with the battle
of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, in which the communist Viet Minh forces had decisively
defeated the French and forced them from the war. Many in the US media had
portrayed the battle for Khe Sanh as potentially "another Dien Bien Phu."
The battle began on 22 January with a brisk firefight involving the 3rd
Battalion, 26th Marines and a North Vietnamese battalion entrenched between
two hills northwest of the base. An incessant barrage kept Khe Sanh's Marine
defenders  which included three battalions from the 26th Marines,
elements of the 9th Marine Regiment, and the South Vietnamese 37th Ranger
Battalion  pinned down in their trenches and bunkers.
During the 66-day siege, US planes, dropping 5000 bombs daily, exploded
the equivalent of five Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs in the area. The relief
of Khe Sanh, called Operation Pegasus, began in early April as the 1st Cavalry
(Airmobile) and a South Vietnamese battalion approached the base from the
east and south, while the Marines pushed westward to re-open Route 9. The
siege was finally lifted on 06 April, when the cavalrymen linked up with
the 9th Marines south of the Khe Sanh airstrip. In a final clash a week
later, the 3rd Battalion, 26th Marines drove enemy forces from Hill 881
North. Gen. William Westmoreland, commander of US Military Assistance Command
Vietnam, contended that Khe Sanh played a vital blocking role at the western
end of the Demilitarized Zone, and asserted that if the base had fallen,
North Vietnamese forces could have outflanked Marine defenses along the
buffer zone. Various statements in
the North Vietnamese Communist Party newspaper suggested that Hanoi saw
the battle as an opportunity to re-enact its famous victory at Dien Bien
Phu. There was much controversy over the battle at Khe Sanh, as both sides
claimed victory. The North Vietnamese, although they failed to take the
base, claimed that they had tied down a lot of US combat assets that could
have been used elsewhere in South Vietnam. This is true, but the North Vietnamese
failed to achieve the decisive victory at Khe Sanh that they had won against
the French at Dien Bien Phu. For their part, the Americans claimed victory
because they had held the base against the North Vietnamese onslaught. It
was a costly battle for both sides. The official casualty count for the
Battle of Khe Sanh was 205 Marines killed in action and over 1,600 wounded
(this figure did not include the US and South Vietnamese soldiers killed
in other battles in the region). The US military headquarters in Saigon
estimated that the North Vietnamese lost between 10'000 and 15'000 men in
the fighting at Khe Sanh.

1963 Kennedy appoints Lodge as ambassador
to Vietnam. President
John F. Kennedy appoints Henry Cabot Lodge, his former Republican
political opponent, to succeed Frederick E. Nolting as ambassador
to Vietnam. The appointing of Lodge and the recall of Nolting signaled
a change in US policy in South Vietnam. Lodge was a firm believer
in the "domino theory," and when he became convinced that the United
States could not defeat the Communists in Vietnam with President Ngo
Dinh Diem in office, he became very critical of Diem's regime in his
dispatches back to Washington. Diem was ultimately removed from office
and assassinated during a coup by opposition South Vietnamese generals
that began on 01 November 1963. On orders from the Kennedy administration,
Lodge had conveyed to the coup plotters that the United States would
not thwart any proposed coup. Lodge served in Saigon until June 1964,
when he resigned his ambassadorial post to pursue the Republican presidential
nomination. Ultimately, Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona secured
the nomination and was defeated by Johnson in the general election.
Lodge returned to Saigon in 1965 for another two-year stint as ambassador.

1961 In England, Arthur Michael Ramsey is enthroned as
the 100th Archbishop of Canterbury, the principal see of the Established
Church of England.1960 British Somaliland becomes
part of Somalia 1957 La empresa Seat pone a la venta
el coche seiscientos.

1955 first automobile seat belt legislation enacted (Illinois)
1954 first atomic power station opens (Obninsk,
near Moscow, Russia) 1954 CIA-sponsored rebels
overthrow elected government of Guatemala.

^
1950 Truman orders troops to Korea:
The UN Security Council calls on members
for troops to aid South Korea and US President Harry Truman sends 35 military
advisers to South Vietnam and authorizes the deployment of US troops to
South Korea after an agreement to combine forces was made with the UN Two
days earlier, Communist North Korean troops had stormed across the 38th
parallel in an unexpected invasion of South Korea. In the opening months
of the war, the US-led UN forces rapidly advanced against the North Koreans,
but in October, Chinese Communist troops entered the fray, throwing the
Allies into a general retreat. In 1953, a peace agreement was signed, ending
the war and reestablishing the 1945 division of Korea that still exists
today. US casualties in the Korean War were 170'000 killed, wounded, or
missing in action. Truman"s statement:

In
Korea the Government forces, which were armed to prevent border raids
and to preserve internal security, were attacked by invading forces from
North Korea. The Security Council of the United Nations called upon the
invading troops to cease hostilities and to withdraw to the Thirty-eighth
Parallel. This they have not done, but on the contrary have pressed the
attack. The Security Council called upon all members of the United Nations
to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of this
resolution.
In these circumstances I have ordered United
States air and sea forces to give the Korean Government troops cover and
support.
The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond
all doubt that communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer
independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war.
It has defied the orders of the Security
Council of the United Nations issued to preserve international peace and
security. In these circumstances the occupation of Formosa by Communist
forces would be a direct threat to the security of the Pacific area and
to United States forces performing their lawful and necessary functions
in that area.
Accordingly I have ordered the Seventh
Fleet to prevent any attack on Formosa. As a corollary of this action
I am calling upon the Chinese Government on Formosa to cease all air and
sea operations against the mainland. The Seventh Fleet will see that this
is done. The determination of the future status of Formosa must await
the restoration of security in the Pacific, a peace settlement with Japan,
or consideration by the United Nations.
I have also directed that United States
forces in the Philippines be strengthened and that military assistance
to the Philippine Government be accelerated.
I have similarly directed acceleration
in the furnishing of military assistance to the forces of France and the
associated states in Indo-China and the dispatch of a military mission
to provide close working relations with those forces.
I know that all members of the United Nations
will consider carefully the consequences of this latest aggression in
Korea in defiance of the Charter of the United Nations. A return to the
rule of force in international affairs would have far-reaching effects.
The United States will continue to uphold the rule of law.
I have instructed Ambassador Austin, as
the representative of the United States to the Security Council, to report
these steps to the Council.
President Harry S. Truman announces that he is ordering US air and naval
forces to South Korea to aid the democratic nation in repulsing an invasion
by communist North Korea. The United States was undertaking the major
military operation, he explained, to enforce a United Nations resolution
calling for an end to hostilities, and to stem the spread of communism
in Asia. In addition to ordering US forces to Korea, Truman also deployed
the US 7th Fleet to Formosa (Taiwan) to guard against invasion by communist
China and ordered an acceleration of military aid to French forces fighting
communist guerrillas in Vietnam. At the Yalta Conference towards the end
of World War II, the United States, the USSR, and Great Britain agreed
to divide Korea into two separate occupation zones. The country was split
along the 38th parallel, with Soviet forces occupying the northern zone
and Americans stationed in the south. In 1947, the United States and Great
Britain called for free elections throughout Korea, but the Soviets refused
to comply. In May 1948 the Korean Democratic People's Republic 
a communist state  was proclaimed in North Korea. In August, the
democratic Republic of Korea was established in South Korea. By 1949,
both the United States and the USSR had withdrawn the majority of their
troops from the Korean Peninsula.
At dawn on 25 June 1950 (24 June in the
United States and Europe), 90'000 Communist troops of the North Korean
People's Army invaded South Korea across the 38th parallel, catching the
Republic of Korea's forces completely off guard and throwing them into
a hasty southern retreat. On the afternoon of 25 June, the UN Security
Council met in an emergency session and approved a US resolution calling
for an "immediate cessation of hostilities" and the withdrawal of North
Korean forces to the 38th parallel. At the time, the USSR was boycotting
the Security Council over the UN's refusal to admit the People's Republic
of China and so missed its chance to veto this and other crucial UN resolutions.
On 27 June, President Truman announced to the nation and the world that
America would intervene in the Korean conflict in order to prevent the
conquest of an independent nation by communism. Truman was suggesting
that the USSR was behind the North Korean invasion, and in fact the Soviets
had given tacit approval to the invasion, which was carried out with Soviet-made
tanks and weapons.
Despite the fear that US intervention in
Korea might lead to open warfare between the United States and Russia
after years of "cold war," Truman's decision was met with overwhelming
approval from Congress and the US public. Truman did not ask for a declaration
of war, but Congress voted to extend the draft and authorized Truman to
call up reservists. On 28 June the Security Council met again and in the
continued absence of the Soviet Union passed a US resolution approving
the use of force against North Korea. On 30 June Truman agreed to send
US ground forces to Korea, and on 07 July the Security Council recommended
that all UN forces sent to Korea be put under US command. The next day,
General Douglas MacArthur was named commander of all UN forces in Korea.
In the opening months of the war, the US-led UN forces rapidly advanced
against the North Koreans, but Chinese communist troops entered the fray
in October, throwing the Allies into a hasty retreat. In April 1951, Truman
relieved MacArthur of his command after he publicly threatened to bomb
China in defiance of Truman's stated war policy. Truman feared that an
escalation of fighting with China would draw the Soviet Union into the
Korean War. By May 1951, the communists were pushed back to the 38th parallel,
and the battle line remained in that vicinity for the remainder of the
war. On 27 July 1953, after two years of negotiation, an armistice was
signed, ending the war and reestablishing the 1945 division of Korea that
still exists today.
Approximately 150'000 troops from South
Korea, the United States, and participating UN nations were killed in
the Korean War, and as many as one million South Korean civilians perished.
An estimated 800'000 Communist soldiers were killed, and more than 200'000
North Korean civilians died. The original figure of US troops lost 
54'246 killed  became controversial when the Pentagon acknowledged
in 2000 that all US troops killed around the world during the period of
the Korean War were incorporated into that number. For example, any US
soldier killed in an car accident anywhere in the world from June 1950
to July 1953 was considered a casualty of the Korean War. If these deaths
are subtracted from the 54'000 total, leaving just the US soldiers who
died (from whatever cause) in the Korean theater of operations, the total
US dead in the Korean War numbers 36'516.

^1950 UN approves armed force to repel North Korea
Just two days after communist North Korean
forces invaded South Korea, the United Nations Security Council approves
a resolution put forward by the United States calling for armed force to
repel the North Korean invaders. The action provided the pretext for US
intervention in the conflict and was the first time the Security Council
had ever approved the use of military force. On 25 June 1950, communist
North Korea invaded South Korea. Although some US military personnel were
in South Korea, the North Korean forces made rapid headway. Almost immediately,
the UN Security Council issued a resolution calling for a cease-fire and
an end to North Korean aggression. North Korea dismissed the resolution
as "illegal." On 27 June Warren Austin,
the US representative on the Security Council, proposed a resolution. It
noted that North Korea had ignored the earlier cease-fire resolution and
that South Korea was pleading for assistance. Therefore, the resolution
asked that "the members of the United Nations furnish such assistance to
the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and
to restore international peace and security in the area." The resolution
passed by a vote of 7 to 1. Yugoslavia was the only dissenting vote; Egypt
and India abstained. The Soviet Union, as a permanent member of the Security
Council, could have easily vetoed the resolution, but the Russian representative
was boycotting Security Council meetings until the communist People's Republic
of China was admitted to the United Nations.
The Security Council vote meant that any member nation could now come to
the assistance of South Korea, though it left unstated how the efforts of
various nations might be coordinated. For the United States, the resolution
was all that was needed to provide a foundation for US military intervention.
Just three days after the resolution was passed, President Harry S. Truman
dispatched land, sea, and air forces to beat back the North Korean attack.
That action led to three years of US involvement in the Korean War and over
50'000 US servicemen were killed in the conflict. An armistice signed in
July 1953 left Korea a divided nation.

1945 FCC allocates TV channels
The US FCC allocates airwaves for 13
TV stations. Before World War II, a few experimental TV shows had
been broadcast in New York, but the war postponed the development
of commercial television. With the allocation of airwaves, commercial
TV began to spread. The first regularly scheduled network series appeared
in 1946, and many Americans viewed television for the first time in
1947, when NBC broadcast the World Series. Since privately owned television
sets were still rare, most of the series' estimated 3.9 million viewers
watched the games from a bar.

^
1944 Allies take Cherbourg
The Allies capture the fortified town
and port of Cherbourg, on Normandy’s Cotentin Peninsula, freeing it
from German occupation asd giving the Allies their first major port
in France. Hitler had for all intents and purposes anticipated his
own defeat when, in contrast with the analysis of his advisers, he
accurately predicted that the D-Day invasion would be focused on Normandy.
He knew the Allies needed to take a large port-and Cherbourg fit the
bill. (The Brits had actually handpicked Cherbourg as the target for
a "Cross-Channel" landing back in 1942.)
On 06 June 1944, after a year of meticulous planning conducted in
complete secrecy by a joint Anglo-American staff, the largest combined
sea, air, and land military operation in history began on the French
coast in the Baie de la Seine. The Allied invasion force included
three million men, 13'000 aircraft, 1200 warships, 2700 merchant ships,
and 2500 landing craft. There were five Allied landing sites at Normandy,
and by the evening of the first day, some 150'000 US, British, and
Canadian troops were ashore, holding two hundred square kilometers.
Despite the formidable German coastal
defenses, beachheads had been achieved at all five landing locations.
At one site  Omaha Beach  German resistance was especially
strong, and the Allied position was only secured after hours of bloody
fighting by the Americans assigned to it. Over the next five days,
the US, British, and Canadian divisions in Normandy took longer to
reach their goals than planned, but nevertheless moved steadily forward
in all sectors. On 11 June the five landing groups, made up of some
330'000 troops, linked-up in Normandy to form a single solid front
across northwestern France. From
there, Operation Overlord  the code name for the Allied invasion
of northwestern Europe  proceeded as planned, with the Allies
liberating the French towns they had targeted and the Cotenin Peninsula.
On 27 June Cherbourg was captured, and by the end of the month, the
Allies had landed 630'000 men, 177'000 vehicles, and 600'000 tons
of supplies at a cost of 62'000 dead or wounded. By the end of the
summer, Paris had been liberated and the Germans were in retreat all
along the western front.. A
perilous airborne strike and the mightiest assemblage of seaborne
power yet seen heralded the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany.

1942 The FBI announces the capture of eight Nazi
saboteurs who had been put ashore from a submarine on New York's
Long Island.1942 The Allied Convoy
PQ-17leaves Iceland for Murmansk and Archangel.1941
II Guerra Mundial. Hungría declara la guerra a la URSS.
1940 USSR returns to the Gregorian calendar

^1940 Germans use Enigma coding machine
The Germans set up two-way radio communication
in their newly occupied French territory, employing their most sophisticated
coding machine, Enigma,
to transmit information. The Germans set up radio stations in Brest
and the port town of Cherbourg. Signals would be transmitted to German
bombers so as to direct them to targets in Britain. Arthur
Scherbius [20 Oct 1878 – 13 May 1929] applied on 23 February
1918 for the patent for the Enigma coding machine. It looked like
a typewriter and was originally employed for business purposes. The
German army adapted the machine for wartime use and considered its
encoding system unbreakable. They were wrong. The Brits had
broken the code as early as the German invasion of Poland and
had intercepted virtually every message sent through the system. Britain
nicknamed the intercepted messages Ultra. —(060623)

1934 El rey de Arabia y el imán del Yemen ponen fin
a la prolongada guerra del desierto.1934 In the
US, the National Housing Act is enacted as one of several economic recovery
measures. It provides for the establishment of a Federal Housing Administration
(FHA) to be headed by a Federal Housing Administrator. This agency encouraged
banks, building and loan associations, etc. to make loans for building homes,
small business establishments, and farm buildings. If the FHA approved the
plans, it would insure the loan. In 1937 Congress passed another National
Housing Act that enabled the FHA to take control of slum clearance.1924 Democrats offer Mrs. Leroy Springs the US vice presidential
nomination, the first woman considered for the job.1923
Yugoslav Premier Nikola Pachitch is wounded by Serb attackers in Belgrade
1922 Newberry Medal first presented for kids literature
(Hendrik Van Loon) 1918 Two German pilots are saved
by parachutes for the first time. 1915 38ºC,
Fort Yukon, Alaska (state record) 1914 US signs
treaty of commerce with Ethiopia 1905 The battleship Potemkin
succumbs to a mutiny on the Black Sea.  Se amotina la tripulación
del acorazado ruso Potemkin, en Sebastopol, refugiándose el buque
en el puerto rumano de Constanza.1894 Le président
Sadi Carnot vient d'être assassiné par un anarchiste. Par 451 voix sur 853
votants, Jean Casimir-Perier celui qui a imposé ces lois
pour lutter contre l'anarchie, que l'opposition républicaine de gauche a
qualifié de "lois scélérates", est élu président de la République. 1893 The New York stock market crashes.

1874 Buffalo hunters
and Indians clash at Adobe Walls
Using new high-powered rifles to devastating effect, 28 buffalo hunters
repulse a much larger force of attacking Indians in the Texas panhandle
at an old trading post called Adobe Walls. The Commanche, Kiowa, and
Cheyenne Indians living in western Texas had long resented the advancement
of white settlement in their territories. In 1867, some of the Indians
accepted the terms of the Treaty of Medicine Lodge, which required
them to move to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) but also reserved
much of the Texas Panhandle as their exclusive hunting grounds. Many
white Texans, however, maintained that the treaty had ignored their
legitimate claims to the area. These white buffalo hunters, who had
already greatly reduced the once massive herds, continued to hunt
in the territory. By the early 1870s, Commanche, Kiowa, and Cheyenne
hunters were finding it harder to locate buffalo, and they blamed
the illegal white buffalo hunters. When the federal government failed
to take adequate measures to stop the white buffalo hunters, the great
chief Quanah Parker and others began to argue for war. In the spring
1874, a group of white merchants occupied an old trading post called
Adobe Walls near the South Canadian River in the Indian's hunting
territory. The merchants quickly
transformed the site into a regional center for the buffalo-hide trade.
Angered by this blatant violation of the treaty, Chief Quanah Parker
and Lone Wolf amassed a force of about 700 Commanche, Kiowa, and Cheyenne
braves. On this day in 1874, the Indians attacked Adobe Walls. Only
28 hunters and traders occupied Adobe Walls, but they had two advantages
over the Indians: the thick walls of the adobe structure were impenetrable
to arrows and bullets, and the occupants had a number of high-powered
rifles normally used on buffalo. The hunters’ .50 caliber Sharps rifles
represented the latest technology in long-range, rapid firing weaponry.
Already skilled marksmen, the buffalo hunters used the rifles to deadly
effect, decimating the warriors before they came close enough even
to return effective fire. On the second day of the siege, one hunter
reportedly hit an Indian warrior at a distance of eight-tenths of
a mile. Despite their overwhelmingly superior numbers, after three
days the Indians concluded that Adobe Walls could not be taken and
withdrew. The defenders had lost only four men in the attack, and
they later estimated that the Indians had lost 13. Enraged by their
defeat, several Indian bands subsequently took their revenge on poorly
defended targets. Fearful settlers demanded military protection, leading
to the outbreak of the Red River War. By the time the war ended in
1875, the Commanche and Kiowa had been badly beaten and Indian resistance
on the Southern Plains had effectively collapsed.

1864 Atlanta Campaign  General Sherman is repulsed
by Confederates at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain., Georgia

^1864 Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
Union General William T. Sherman launches
a major attack on Confederate General Joseph Johnston's army at the
Battle of Kennesaw Mountain in Georgia. Beginning in early May, Sherman
began a slow advance down the 160-km corridor from Chattanooga, Tennessee,
to Atlanta, refraining from making any large-scale assaults. The campaign
was marked by many smaller battles and constant skirmishes but no
decisive encounters. Johnston was losing ground, but he was also buying
time for the Confederates. With Sherman frustrated in Georgia, and
Ulysses S. Grant unable to knock out Robert E. Lee's army in Virginia,
the Union war effort was stalled, casualty rates were high, and the
re-election of Abraham Lincoln appeared unlikely. In the days leading
up to the assault at Kennesaw Mountain, Sherman tried to flank Johnston.
Since one of Johnston's generals,
John Bell Hood, attacked at Kolb's Farm and lost 1500 precious Confederate
soldiers, Sherman believed that Johnston's line was stretched thin
and that an assault would break the Rebels. So he changed his tactics
and planned a move against the center of the Confederate lines around
Kennesaw Mountain. He feigned attacks on both of Johnston's flanks,
then hurled 8,000 men at the Confederate center. It was a disaster.
Entrenched Southerners bombarded the Yankees, who were attacking uphill.
Three thousand Union troops fell, compared to just 500 Confederates.
The battle was only a marginal Confederate victory. Sherman remained
in place for four more days, but one of the decoy attacks on the Confederate
flanks did, in fact, place the Union troops in a position to cut into
Johnston's rear. On 02 July Johnston had to vacate his Kennesaw Mountain
lines and retreat toward Atlanta. Sherman followed, and the slow campaign
lurched on into the Georgia summer.

2006
Brennan Larson, 24; Kristen Yoder, 21, and her brother, Dustin Yoder, 23;
US hikers who fall into a crevice 700 meters below the 5999-meter-altitude
peak of glacier-covered mount Artesonraju in Peru. They had started their
hike the previous day. Their corpses are found on 02 July 2006. —
(060704)2006 Ángel
Maturino Reséndiz “The Railway Killer”, by lethal
injection in Texas. He was born Ángel Leoncio Reyes Recendis on 01
August 1959 (1960?), in Mexico. He murdered some 15 persons living near
railroad tracks, including the following 12:
_ in July 1991, Michael White, in San Antonio, Texas.
_ on 23 March 1997: Jesse Howell, 19; and his fiancée Wendy
VonHuben, 16; in Ocala, Florida. _ on 29 August
1997, in Lexington, Kentucky, Christopher Maier, 21. Reséndiz raped and
beat nearly to death Maier's girlfriend Holly Dunn.
_ on 04 October 1998, in Hughes Springs, Texas, Leafie Mason, 81.
_ on 17 December 1998, in West University Place, Texas,
Claudia
Benton [15 May 1959–]. _ on 02 May 1999,
in Weimar, Texas, Norman J. Sirnic, 46; and Karen Sirnic, 47.
_ on 04 June 1999, in Houston, Texas, Noemi Dominguez, 26;
and near there, in Fayette County, Josephine Konvicka, 73.
_ on 15 June 1999, in Gorham, Illinois, George Morber Senior,
80 years old, and Carolyn Frederick, 52 — (060629)2006
Sedley
Alley, born on 16 August 1955, executed by lethal injection
in Tennessee, for the rape, and murder of US Marine Lance Cpr. Suzanne
Marie Collins [08 Jun 1966 – 12 Jul 1985]. — (060629)2005 Shelby Foote, US historian and novelist, born on 17
November 1916.2005 John T. Walton [1946–], as
the kit-built CGS Hawk Arrow airplane that he is piloting crashes at 12:20
(18:20 UT) shortly after taking off from Jackson, Wyoming. He was the son
of Wal-mart founder Sam Walton. He was the chairman of True North Partners,
a venture capital firm. His fortune was estimated at $18.2 billion and,
just behind his brother Samuel Robson Walton [1944~] ($18.3 billion), he
was tied with his brother Jim C. Walton [1948~] as the 4th richest person
in the US and the 11th richest person in the world.2003 Palestinians [first name not available] al-Rul,
30; Mohammad al-Rul, 24; Zehariya Sa'idi;
and Mohammed Abu Atiya; and Israeli Staff Sgt. Erez
Ashkenazi[< photo], from Kibbutz Reshafim in
the Beit She'an Valley, who was among troops attacking the al-Rul home in
the Moraqa neighborhood of Gaza City, with the intention of arresting Amran
al-Rul, Hamas activist, who, Israel says, has planned shooting and bomb
attacks in the nearby enclave settlement Netzarim. But Amran al-Rul, father
of Mohammad al-Rul, was not there. Sa'idi was a Hamas gunman. Atiya was
a civilian in a nearby house. 15 Palestinians are wounded.2003
Aviv Iskarov, 6, Israeli boy, soon after midnight, from injuries
suffered from a motorcycle hitting him when he was crossing a road, in front
of a car which had stopped for him, in Be'er Sheva, Israel, at 23:30 earlier
in the night. There is no mention of why a 6-year-old would be out alone
that late.2002
Oleg Sedinko[photo >], by an explosion when he
enters his apartment in Vladivostok, accompanied by a bodyguard, who is
injured. Sedinko was one of the owners of the Novaya Volna (New Wave) television
and radio company and a chain of movie theaters.2002 Edilson
Conde, 12, Juan Quenta, 18, Amador Conde Mendieta, 37, Ramiro Máximo Bautista,
23, Adela Mita de Huayta, 35, Yamil Huayta Mita, 7, Tamaris Huayta Mita,
11, Néstor Camacho, 24, Kevin Camacho, 2, Rubén Camacho, 2, Elisa Camacho
Leanca, 33, Dennis Corrales Camacho, 9, Jhanet Corrales, 17, Édgar Llusko
Trujillos, 29, Blanca Mamani Cori, 9, Celina Mamani Mamani, 35, Lucía Mamani
Mamani, 38, Tomasa Vilca Ventura, 32, Rogelio Cachaca Huallpa, 37, Mario
Ayllón Salas, 42, Marcelino Aguilar, 44, Claudio Rivero Céspedes, 36, 20
other passengers, and Rolando Ramírez Guarachi, 27, driver of
a 38-seat Totaí bus, traveling at excessive speed on a mountain road
from La Paz to Caranavi, which skids off a curve and falls 350 meters into
a gorge near Challa (Yungas), Bolivia (112 km from La Paz). The 9 survivors
are injured.2002 John D. Worth, 66, of a heart aneurysm,
US historian of Canada and Latin America, whose books include Identities
in North America: The Search for Community and Smelter Smoke in
North America: The Politics of Transborder Pollution.2000
Pierre Pflimlin, político y primer ministro francés.1999
George Papadopoulos, 80, Greece's 1967-74 military dictator, of
cancer, in Athens.1997 Leila al-Attar, 48, (and
five other civilians) in US Tomahawk missile strike on Saddam Hussein's
intelligence headquarters in Baghdad, Iraq (ordered by Clinton in retaliation
for Iraq's involvement in a foiled car bomb plot to kill Bush on a visit
to Kuwait). Al-Attar was a painter and head of Iraq's state institute for
the arts. Iranians believe that she was targeted (she was not) because she
oversaw the work on a portrait of a snarling George Bush Sr. [labeled BUSK
IS CRIMINAL and something in Arabic] on the floor of the lobby of the Rashid
Hotel (al-Attar had nothing to do with it). The mosaic portrait was the
work of brothers Mohsen Tabani, then 45, and Majid Tabani, alone, in retaliation
for an errant US missile which killed two in that lobby on 17 January 1993
[when Bush was still president]. 1994 Seven persons, by sarin
gas released in Matsumoto, west of Tokyo, by Aum Shinrikyo sect
members in a parking lot across the street from a rest house where judges
who were hearing a case against them are staying. 150 persons are injured.
However, Japan’s authorities, hindered by constitutional protection of religious
organizations, failed to arrest the sect's leader, Matsumoto Chizuo (“Shoko
Asahara” to his followers), 39, or suppress his cult. During the 1980s,
Chizuo, a self-styled Buddhist monk, begin winning numerous converts to
his Aum Shinrikyo cult, a Japanese name that translated to the "True Teachings
of Om." In 1989, Aum was recognized as a religious body and corporation
in Japan. On 20 March 1995, the sect would release sarin gas in the Tokyo
subway, killing twelve persons. 1994 Salvador Victoria,
pintor español.1989 Alfred Jules Ayer, filósofo
británico.1975 Geoffrey
Ingram Taylor, English mathematician born on 07 March 1886.1970 Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, estadista portugués.1957 More than 500 persons by Hurricane "Audrey" in coastal
Louisiana and Texas.1952 Max
Wilhelm Dehn, German US mathematician born on 13 November 1878.
He wrote one of the first systematic expositions of topology (1907) and
later formulated important problems on group presentations, namely the word
problem and the isomorphism problem. 1949 Alejandro Lerroux
García, político español.1946 Los 69 tripulantes
del submarino español C-4, en aguas de las islas Baleares,
por colisión con el destructor Lepanto.1941 Jews
burned alive in a synagogue in Bialystok, Poland, by the Nazis,
just five days after they attacked the Soviet Union and seized the Soviet-occupied
part of Poland.1935 Eva Coo, executed in New York
state in the electric chair.1927 Thomas Jacques Somerscales,
British painter born on 30 October 1842, active mostly in Chile. 
MORE
ON SOMERSCALES AT ART 4 JUNEwith links to images.1914
Bertha Von Suttner, escritora austriaca, Premio Nobel de la Paz
1905. 1910 Edouard Alexandre Sain, French artist
born on 13 May 1830.  [Would you believe this?  There was a
French artist named Sain / Who of critics had enough, / So he went to the
Pont-Neuf, / Jumped off, and thus died in Seine.]1883 William
Spottiswoode, born on 11 January 1825, London mathematician,
physicist, also a leading expert on European languages and on oriental languages.1880 Carl
Wilhelm Borchardt, German mathematician born on 22 February
1817. He did important research on the arithmetic geometric mean continuing
work in this area by Gauss
and Lagrange.
He generalized results of Kummer
[29 Jan 1810 – 14 May 1893] on equations determining the secular disturbances
of the planets. In this work he used determinants and Sturm
functions. 1862 Many Yanks and Rebs as the Confederates
of Generals Robert E. Lee [19 Jan 1807 – 12 Oct 1870] and “Stonewall”
Jackson [21 Jan 1824 – 10 May 1863] break through the Union lines
of the V Corps of General Fitz-John Porter [31 Aug 1822 – 21 May 1901]
at the Battle of Gaines' Mill (First Cold Harbor), the third of the Seven
Days' Battles in Virginia.1862 William Madigan,
36, in the Battle of Chickahominy in Gaines Mill, Virginia. Born in Boston,
he was a captain in the Ninth Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry,
also known as the Irish North. He was known as a wit and every
inch a gentleman, and a brave soldier. Madigan was a punster and a vocalist;
could tell a pleasing story, or perpetrate a good joke. He was greatly beloved
by his fellow officers.  Massachusetts Governor John A. Andrew commissioned
William
Morris Hunt [21 Mar 1824  08 Sep 1879] to paint a posthumous
military portrait of Madigan. It is one of several portraits of
Civil War heroes by Hunt.

1844 Joseph Smith, Hyrum
Smith, murdered by mob
Joseph Smith, the founder and leader of the Mormon religion, was murdered
along with his brother Hyrum when an anti-Mormon mob breaks into a
jail in Carthage, Illinois, where they are being held on charges of
inciting a riot. In 1823, Smith,
born in Vermont in 1805, claimed that he been visited by a Christian
angel named Moroni who spoke to him of an ancient Hebrew text that
had lost been lost for 1500 years. The holy text, supposedly engraved
on gold plates by a Native-American historian in the fourth century,
related the story of Jewish peoples who had lived in America in ancient
times. Over the next six years, Smith dictated an English translation
of this text to his wife and other scribes, and, in 1830, The Book
of Mormon was published. In the
same year, Smith founded the Church of Christ, later known as the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in Fayette, New York.
The religion rapidly gained converts and Smith set up Mormon communities
in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois. However, the Christian sect was heavily
criticized for its unorthodox practices, such as polygamy, and, on
27 June 1844, Smith and his brother were murdered by an anti-Mormon
mob that included members of the Illinois state militia.
At the time of Smith’s death there were approximately thirty-five
thousand practicing Mormons. Two years later, his successor, Brigham
Young, led an exodus of Mormons from Nauvoo, Illinois, along the western
wagon trails in search of religious and political freedom. In July
of 1847, the first wave of 148 Mormon pioneers reached Utah's Valley
of the Great Salt Lake. Upon viewing the valley, Young declared, “This
is the place,” and the pioneers began preparations for the tens of
thousands of Mormon migrants who would follow.

1831 Marie-Sophie
Germain, French mathematician and physicist born on 01 April
1776. She made major contributions to number theory, acoustics and elasticity.

^1829 James Smithson, in
Genoa, Italy, after a long illness, English scientist, endower of
the Smithsonian He leaves behind
a will with an interesting clause. In the event that his only nephew
died without any heirs, Smithson decreed that the whole of his estate
go to “the United States of America, to found at Washington, under
the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the
increase and diffusion of knowledge.” Even with the contingency clause,
Smithson’s curious bequest to a country that he had never visited
aroused significant attention on both sides of the Atlantic.
Smithson had been a fellow of the venerable
Royal Society of London from the age of twenty-two, publishing numerous
scientific papers on mineral composition, geology, and chemistry.
In 1802, he overturned popular scientific opinion by proving that
zinc carbonates were true carbonate minerals, and one type of zinc
carbonate was later named smithsonite in his honor.
Six years after his death, his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, indeed
died without children, and on 01 July 1836, the US Congress authorized
acceptance of Smithson’s gift. President Andrew Jackson sent diplomat
Richard Rush to England to negotiate for transfer of the funds, and
two years later, Rush set sail for home with eleven boxes containing
a total of 104'960 gold sovereigns, eight shillings, and seven pence,
as well as Smithson’s mineral collection, library, scientific notes,
and personal effects. After the gold was melted down it amounted to
a fortune worth well over five hundred thousand US dollars. After
considering a series of recommendations, including the creation of
a national university, a public library, or an astronomical observatory,
Congress agreed that the bequest would support the creation of a museum,
a library, and a program of research, publication, and collection
in the natural and applied sciences, arts, and history.
On 10 August 1846, the act establishing the Smithsonian Institution
was signed into law by President James K. Polk. Today, the Smithsonian
is composed of eighteen museums and galleries and many research facilities
throughout the United States and the world. Besides the original Smithsonian
Institution Building, popularly known as the “Castle,” visitors to
Washington DC tour the National Museum of Natural History, which houses
the natural science collections, the National Zoological Park, and
the National Portrait Gallery. The National Museum of American History
houses the original Star-Spangled Banner and other artifacts of US
history. The National Air and Space Museum has the distinction of
being the most visited museum in the world, exhibiting marvels of
aviation and space history such as the Wright brothers’ plane and
Freedom 7, the space capsule that took the first American into space.
John Smithson, the Smithsonian Institution’s great benefactor, is
interred in a tomb in the Smithsonian Building.

1800 Théophile-Malo Corret de la Tour D'Auvergne, 57, in
action at the battle of Oberhausen. He had been named Premier Grenadier
de France by Napoléon Bonaparte, and subject of the non-historical
poem (?) The
First Grenadier of France, by the worst poet (?) ever, William
Topaz McGonagall (1830 or March 1825  29 Sep 1902).

1758 Michelangelo Unterberger, Austrian artist born on
11 August 1695.1641 Michiel Janszoon van Mierevelt,
Dutch painter born on 01 May 1567.1574 Giorgio Vasari,
Italian Mannerist
writer and painter born on 30 July 1511.  MORE
ON VASARI AT ART 4 JUNEwith links to images.0363
The death of Roman Emperor Julian brings an end to the Pagan Revival.

1953 Alice McDermott, National
Book Award-winner. Alice is born
in Brooklyn to first-generation Irish-Catholic parents. McDermott's
Irish-Catholic upbringing on Long Island became the subject of much
of her writing. She went to college at the State University of New
York at Oswego, then worked in publishing for a year, unsuccessfully
trying to rid herself of the writing bug. She went to graduate school
at the University of New Hampshire and soon began publishing short
stories in women's magazines.
Her first novel, A Bigamist's Daughter, came out in 1982.
Her second, That Night (1987), was nominated for the National
Book Award and the Pulitzer. McDermott and her husband, a neuroscientist,
have three children and lived in San Diego and Pittsburgh before settling
in Bethesda. She taught at Johns Hopkins University while continuing
to write novels, including At Weddings and Wakes and Charming
Billy (1998), which beat out the favorite, Tom Wolfe's A
Man in Full, for the National Book Award that year.

1946 Eduardo Chamorro, periodista y escritor español.1940 Daniel
Gray Quillen, US mathematician 1938 Bruce Babbitt,
would grow up to be US Interior Secretary. 1936 John Shalikashvili,
would grow up to be a US Army general and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff.1934 Federal Savings and Loan Association
is created.

^1930 Henry Ross Perot He
would grow up to enteri the US Naval Academy in 1949, serve in the
US Navy (1953-1957), work for IBM, then, in 1962 form his own company,
EDS. In 1968 Perot took the firm public, which yielded him, the majority
shareholder, several hundred million dollars. In 1984 Perot sold EDS
to General Motors for $2.5 billion worth of stock and a seat on GM's
board of directors. GM bougt back his seat for $700 million in 1986.
In 1969 Perot mounted an unsuccessful campaign to free US POWs being
held in North Vietnam. In 1979 he sponsored efforts to rescue two
EDS employees held in prison in Iran.
In 1992 Perot ran as an independent for US president (with James Stockdale
for vice president), he won 19% percent of the vote. Then Perot organized
the nonpartisan political pressure group United
We Stand America. In 1995 Perot established the Reform
Party. As its candidate for president in 1996, Perot
received 8% of the vote.

1929 Color television demonstration
Researchers at the Bell Telephone Lab
in New York City gave the first public demonstration of color television.
The demonstration shows an US flag, a watermelon, and a bouquet of
roses. A series of mirrors superimposed three images-red, blue, and
green, to create one combined color picture. Color television took
many years to perfect. CBS broadcast the first experimental color
television program in 1951; unfortunately, no viewers had color televisions
at the time. It took another five years until the first all-color
television station debuted. The station, WNBQ-TV in Chicago, first
showed color programs on November 3, 1955, and switched to color entirely,
even for local programs, by April 15, 1956.

^
1905 The Industrial Workers of the World (the
"Wobblies")
The dawn of the twentieth century witnessed a sustained burst of progressive
activities as various disenfranchised elements of US society pushed
to assert their rights. This was especially true in the world of organized
labor, as workers marshaled their forces in the battle against Big
Business. Along with heading to the picket line, workers formed new
and increasingly more strident unions, such as the Industrial Workers
of the World (IWW), which was formally consecrated in Chicago on this
day in 1905. Organized by industrial labor's more militant members,
including Eugene Debs, William D. Haywood (also known as “Big Bill”
Haywood) and the long-stymied Socialist segment of the American Federation
of Labor (AFL), the IWW tilted at the formidable windmills of industrial
capitalism and its caste-like wage system. As Haywood told the union's
first convention, the IWW's "purpose" was the "emancipation of the
working class from the slave bondage of capitalism." Towards that
end, the IWW's leaders sought to build a massive union that, rather
than give in to labor's nativist tendencies, built its numbers by
pooling members from all races and ethnicites. Once the IWW became
large enough, its leaders planned to call an apocalyptic strike that
would effectively fell the capitalist system. Though the IWW did score
some key victories, including leading a successful strike by textile
workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts (1912), it also drew heavy fire
from business leaders, government officials and conservative sectors
of the union movement alike.

1901 Merle Tuve
Merle Tuve made important developments in radar and measured the height
of the ionosphere. In 1902, Oliver Heaviside theorized that an atmospheric
layer reflected radio waves. William Eccles, a British radio pioneer,
had conducted research proving that the ionosphere's reflection of
radio waves could enable long-distance radio. As a graduate student
in 1925, Tuve measured the ionosphere's height by bouncing short-pulse
radio off the layer and measuring how long the echoes took to return.

1899 Juan T. Trippe, US pioneer in commercial aviation
who died on 03 April 1981.  [He enabled many to take a quick Trippe
trip by air.]1882 Eduard Spranger, German educator
and philosopher who died on 17 September 1963.1880 Henri
Montassier, French artist who died in 1946.

^1880Helen
Adams Keller, Tuscumbia,
Alabama.
She would become known as a US author
and educator who was blind and deaf. Her education and training represent
an extraordinary accomplishment in the education of persons with these
disabilities.
Keller was afflicted at the age of 19 months with an illness (possibly
scarlet fever) that left her blind and deaf. She was examined by Alexander
Graham Bell at the age of six; as a result he sent to her a 20-year-old
teacher, Anne Sullivan from the Perkins Institution for the Blind
in Boston, which Bell's son-in-law directed. Sullivan, a remarkable
teacher, remained with Keller from 03 March 1887 [photo:
Helen Keller at age 7] until her own death in October 1936.
Miss Sullivan's first effort at teaching
Helen was to take her to the well-pump. She steadily pumped cool water
into one of the girl's hands while repeatedly tapping out an alphabet
code of five letters in the other - first slowly, then rapidly. The
scene was repeated. again and again as the young Helen painstakingly
struggled to break her world of silence. Suddenly the signals crossed
Helen's consciousness with a meaning. She knew that "w-a-t-e-r" meant
the cool something flowing over her hand. Darkness began to melt from
her mind like so much ice left out on that sunny March day. By nightfall,
Helen had learned 30 words. Within months
Keller had learned to feel objects and associate them with words spelled
out by finger signals on her palm, to read sentences by feeling raised
words on cardboard, and to make her own sentences by arranging words
in a frame. By the end of August 1887, in six short months, she knew
625 words.
During 1888-90 Helen Keller spent winters
at the Perkins Institution learning braille. By age 10, Helen had
mastered Braille as well as the manual alphabet and even learned to
use the typewriter. Then she began a slow process of learning to speak
under Sarah Fuller of the Horace Mann School for the Deaf, also in
Boston. Helen Keller also learned to lip-read by placing her fingers
on the lips and throat of the speaker while the words were simultaneously
spelled out for her. At age 14 she enrolled in the Wright-Humason
School for the Deaf in New York City, and at 16 she entered the Cambridge
School for Young Ladies in Massachusetts. She won admission to Radcliffe
College in 1900 and graduated cum laude in 1904. Keller
then served on the Massachusetts Commission for the Blind. Throughout
her life she worked and raised funds for the American Foundation for
the Blind, and she traveled and lectured in many countries, including
England, France, Italy, Egypt, South Africa, Australia, and Japan.
Keller was also a pacifist and was active in socialist causes. After
World War II (1939-1945), she visited wounded veterans in US hospitals
and lectured in Europe on behalf of the physically handicapped.Having
developed skills never approached by any similarly disabled person,
Keller began to write of blindness, a subject then taboo in women's
magazines because of the relationship of many cases to venereal disease.
Edward W. Bok accepted her articles for the Ladies' Home Journal,
and other major magazines  The Century, McClure's,
and The Atlantic Monthly  followed suit.She
wrote of her life in several books, including The
Story of My Life (1902), Optimism (1903), The
World I Live In (1908),
Out of the Dark (1913),
My Religion (1927),
Midstream-My Later Life (1930),
Helen Keller's Journal (1938),
Let Us Have Faith (1940), Teacher: Anne Sullivan Macy
(1955),
and The Open Door (1957). In 1913 she began lecturing (with
the aid of an interpreter), primarily on behalf of the American Foundation
for the Blind, for which she later established a $2 million endowment
fund, and her lecture tours took her several times around the world.
Her efforts to improve treatment of the deaf and the blind were influential
in removing the disabled from asylums. She also prompted the organization
of commissions for the blind in 30 states by 1937.Helen
Keller's life is the subject of a motion picture, The Unconquered
(1954)
. Her childhood training with Anne Sullivan was depicted in William
Gibson's play The Miracle Worker (New York opening, 19 October
1959), which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1960 and was subsequently made
into a motion picture (1962) that won two Academy Awards. Helen Keller
died on 01 June 1968

1871
The yen becomes the new form of currency in Japan 1869
Emma Goldman, Lithuanian born US anarchist, feminist and birth
control advocate who was deported to the Soviet Union for inciting World
War I draft riots in New York. She died on 14 May 1940. 1850
Ivan Vazov Bulgaria, poet/novelist/playwright (Under the Yoke)
[Vazov portrait on the 200-leva banknote current in the 1990s until
December 1999 >] Sofia man of letters whose poems, short stories,
novels, and plays are inspired by patriotism and love of the Bulgarian countryside
and reflect the main events in his country's history. He died on 22 September
1921.  VAZOV ONLINE: (in Bulgarian) Apostolt
v Sofia  V
Okopa  Draski
i Sharki  Pod
Igoto  Chichovtsi
 Mitrofan
i Dormidolski  Nora
 Kardashev
na Lov  Nova
Zemya  Svetoslav
Terter  MORE 1850 Lafcadio Hearn US, journalist / author.
HEARN ONLINE: Chita:
A Memory of Last Island  Kwaidan:
Stories and Studies of Strange Things  translator of Chin
Chin Kobakama1850 Jorgen
Pedersen Gram, Dane who grew up to be a mathematician best
remembered for the Gram-Schmidt
orthogonalisation process which constructs an orthogonal set of from an
independent one. He was not however the first to use this method. The process
seems to be a result of Laplace
[23 Mar 1749 – 05 Mar 1827] and it was essentially used by Cauchy
[21 Aug 1789 – 23 May 1857] in 1836. Gram died on 29 April 1916. 1846 Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalist member
of British Parliament (1875-91) who died on 06 October 1891.1838
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Bengali novelist (Anandamath) 1838 Paul Mauser, armero alemán.1806 Augustus
De Morgan, one-eyed British mathematician who died on 18 March
1871. In 1838 he introduced the term “mathematical induction”
putting a process that had been used without clarity on a rigorous basis.
Author of Elements of arithmetic (1830), 712 articles for The
Penny Cyclopedia, The Differential and Integral Calculus, Trigonometry and
double algebra.1767 Alexis Bouvard, French
astronomer and director of the Paris Observatory, who died on 07 June 1843.
 [Was he fictionalized in Flaubert's Bouvard
et Pécuchet?] 1682 Charles
XII king of Sweden (1697-1718)1667 Ignace Jacques
Parrocel, French artist who died in 1722. 1550 Charles
IX king of France (1560-74) 1462 Louis XII (the
Just) king of France (1498-1515)