Thieves, give Muhammad a hand!

Ever since 9/11, we have been careful not be overly critical of Islam because we do not
want to insult the religion or to paint it with a broad brush, lumping together the bad
Muslims with the good ones.

However, now that our emotions have calmed down after 9/11, we must analyze Islam
critically and unflinchingly, since many Muslims in their websites argue that Islam is the
religion of peace and that it has perfected Christianity (Sura 5:3). Critically analyzing
Islam and its claim of perfecting Christianity is not the same as condemning Islam.

Critical analysis is the purpose of this article.

We have all heard of rumors that some Muslims, perhaps in the obscure corners of the
Islamic world, practice extreme punishments, such as chopping off the hands of thieves. Is
this rumor or fact? Where does this gruesome practice come from, originally?

Sad to report, the policy of chopping off the hands of thieves comes directly from the
Quran itself, in Sura or Chapter 5:38. As we will see, Muhammad incorporated a
seventh-century Arab pagan custom into his Quran, claiming that God revealed to him that
Islam, the perfected religion for all humankind, should uphold this atrocity.

To show how "divinely endorsed" mutilation is prescribed in the Quran, a
specific method of exegesis (detailed analysis of a text) is followed. First, various
translations of Sura 5:38 are cited to set the table for further analysis and to prevent
confusion over the wording circulating around the worldwide web. Second, the historical
and literary contexts are explained so that the most accurate interpretation can be
obtained. This step is also intended to prevent the reflexive, standard "out of
context" defense from Muslim apologists. Third, we explore how the earliest Muslims
interpreted the verse in the hadith (Muhammads words and deeds outside of the
Quran), which sheds light on Muhammads practice. Fourth, influential modern Muslim
translators and commentators speak for their own sacred book, but then we critique their
views. Fifth, we can get some insight into early Islam by contrasting the Quran with the
Bible. Finally, we apply our findings to todays world.

As to the fifth step in our method, it may be stated here that for Bible-educated
Christians, this barbarity is completely unacceptable, especially when it comes six
hundred years after Jesus Christ showed us the better way and demonstrated the love of
God.

5:38 Cut off the hands of thieves, whether they are male or female, as punishment
for what they have donea deterrent from God: God is almighty and wise. 39 But
if anyone repents after his wrongdoing and makes amends, God will accept his repentance:
God is most forgiving and merciful. (Haleem)

The standard verb "to cut" (q-T-c) is used, and the object of the
cutting is "their hands." For this crime, early Islam punishes both male and
female thieves. Evidently, the purpose is to purify the Islamic community and to deter
future thieves. Verse 39 is included because it seems that Muhammad is providing a way of
repentance before the penalty is exacted. But traditional Islam says the opposite. The
bloody penalty is carried out, which helps the thief to purify his or her heart, and then
he or she is in better state to repent (more on this below, "Early
interpretations").

Some Muslim apologists, especially on the worldwide web, seek to squirm out of the
plain and harsh meaning of Sura 5:38 with dubious translations. To counter this confusion
and subterfuge, the following long list of Muslim translations anchor the key words and
prevent endless disputes.

"As for the thief, whether man or woman, cut off the hand of either of them"
(Muhammad Akbar, translator of Maududi); "And (as for) the male thief and the female
thief, cut off their hands" (team of translators of Ibn Kathir); "Cut off the
hand of the man who steals and of the woman who steals" (Zafrulla Khan); "As for
the thief, both male and female, cut off both their hands" (Pickthall); "And as
for the man who steals and the woman who steals, cut off their hands" (Sher Ali);
"And (as for) the male thief and the female thief, cut off (from the wrist joint)
their (right) hands" (Hilali and Khan); "As for the thieves, whether male or
female, cut off their hands" (Fakhry); "As to the thief, male or female, cut off
his or her hand" (Yusuf Ali); "And as for the man addicted to theft and the
woman addicted to theft, cut off their hands" (Nooruddin); "And as for the man
and the woman addicted to theft, cut off their hands" (Maulana Muhammad Ali, his word
"addicted" is analyzed below); "And (as for) the man who steals and the
woman who steals, cut off their hands" (Shakir); "And as for the male and female
thief, cut off their hands" (Mufti Afzal Hoosen Elias, translator of Mufti Muhammad
Aashiqs commentary); "As for the man or woman who is guilty of stealing, cut
off their hands" (Salahi and Shamis, translators of Sayyid Qutbs commentary);
"Now as for the man who steals and the woman who steals, cut off the hand of either
of them" (Asad).

Thus, the vast majority of Muslims, to their credit, translate the verse straightforwardly.
Two Muslims who do not, Orooj Ahmed Ali and Rashad Khalifa, are analyzed below. If the readers
would like to see the verse in multiple translations, they should go here
and type in the reference, like so: 5:38. (5 is the chapter or sura, and 38 is the verse.)

With these basic facts in mind, we now explore the historical and literary contexts.

Historical and literary contexts of Sura 5:38

To judge from the content of Sura 5, most scholars agree that its historical context
takes place after the Treaty of Hudaybiyah in 628 and even as late as Muhammads
farewell pilgrimage to Mecca in 632, the year Muhammad dies of a fever. (Some regard Sura
5:3, which states that Muhammad has finally perfected religion, as the last verse in the
entire Quran.) The details of these four years are largely irrelevant to this article
because all we need to know is the following:

[N]ow Islam had become an invulnerable power .... [I]t had become quite obvious to
the Arabs that no power could suppress the Islamic Movement. Now Islam was not merely a
creed which ruled over the minds and hearts of the people, but had also become a State
which dominated every aspect of the life of the people who lived within its boundaries.
(S. Abdul Ala Maududi, The Meaning of the Quran, vol. 1, p. 141)

At this time in Islams history, depending on the exact date of Sura 5 between
628 and 632, Muhammad had or was about to subjugate his enemies, such as the Jews and
the Meccans. So he must lay down more rules for his community, wherever it may be found
in the Arabian Peninsula, in order to control his community. Ibn Kathir, a highly respected
Medieval commentator, points out (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, ed. Shafi Mubarakpuri, vol. 3,
p. 172, Riyadh and New York: Darussalam) that cutting the hands off of thieves was carried
out in pagan Arabia before Muhammad conquered the land, and that Islam upheld this
punishment under Allahs guidancebut only when Islam was strong militarily.
Comparing this revelation with the pagan custom and the Bible (see below, "Biblical
view") questions whether the true God would send Gabriel down with such a gruesome
law.

Be that as it may, Maududis quotation, above, accurately describes early Islam.
The more power it accumulates, the more control it exerts over "every aspect"
peoples lives. As we just read in 5:38, one of the laws that Allah and Muhammad lays
down, though absorbed from pagan Arabia, commands the severing of hands of male or female
thieves for certain thefts; it now becomes a timeless law that reflects Allahs will
and blessing for all humankind; hence Islams goal is to impose its own version of
holiness on society.

In four ways, the literary context shows a confused, selective use of the Torah, which
breeds severity and harshness. First, Muhammad implies that he is better than Moses, so
his religion fulfills Judaism (and Christianity) (vv. 15-19). Second, Muhammad seems to
elaborate on his replacement of Moses in his story about the early Hebrews in the desert
just before they conquer Canaan (vv. 20-26). Moses and "two men" (presumably
Joshua and Caleb) were fearless, but the people were fearful, so Allah cursed them. In
the same way, Muhammad is fearless in his battles and leadership, and his Muslims must not
disobey him.

Third, however, he confuses the story of Cain and Abel, saying that God at that time
instituted the death penalty. But Genesis 4 says explicitly that Cain was spared the death
penalty and that he was to wander around as a fugitive, untouched. (The death penalty was
actually instituted in the Flood narrative in Gen. 9:6) (vv. 27-34). In these same verses,
he flies over, as it were, a long sweep of Old Testament history and says that even after
all the prophets had come and gone, the people still committed "excesses" (v. 32);
hence, he is allowed to curtail any excesses in his community as well, so he commands
the cutting off of hands or feet for corruption (v. 33) and hands for theft (v. 38). (For
more information on how Islamic scholars today broadly interpret 5:33, go to the article
in this Shiite journal
and scroll down to the third point, looking for Sura 5:33 and the bulleted list.)

As usual with Muhammad, he takes things too far, because the Bible never orders cutting
off the hands of thieves (see below, "Biblical view").

Fourth and finally, out of the blue, so it seems, Muhammad condemns the non-Muslims to
an eternally painful torment, even if they were to gather up all the riches of the world
and offer them to Allah in order to ransom or redeem themselves out of hell. Ransoming
prisoners of war and victims of kidnapping was a hard custom in seventh-century Arabia,
and Muhammad uses the practice to illustrate the inescapability of non-Muslims from Allah
and his eternal flamesnot an odd metaphor since Allah enriched Muhammad and his
Muslims with their prisoners of war in real life (vv. 35-37).

Thus, reading the literary context of Sura 5:38in fact, reading the entire
Quran where it references the Old and New Testaments and the torment of hellone
gets the impression that Muhammad twists and distorts the earlier sacred Books both out
of ignorance and out of an agenda to make himself powerful and controlling; he also
frequently promises the disobedient hell fire, in order to scare them into obeying him.
Hence, the entire literary context of Sura 5:38 reveals a practical harshness and severity
and personal power that coincides with his military power.

To sum up the historical and literary contexts, then, Muhammad is powerful militarily,
so he is powerful socially, and this double-edged power shows up in his harsh and severe
practical commands. Holy men stalked the Arab Peninsula in the seventh century, but none
backed up their prestige with an army in the same convincing way that Muhammad did. Hence,
he decides how people should be punished because his military prowess supports his harsh
and severe practices.

Early interpretations of Sura 5:38

How did the earliest Muslims apply Muhammads severe command? Literally and
gruesomely, as they followed his example.

The hadith corpus, so Muslims believe, did not come down from Gabriel, so it occupies a
secondary, yet sacred place in Islam. It reveals and interprets Muhammads policy
outside of the Quran. The following passages (representing others) indicate that the
penalty cannot be explained away as anything but literal and physical. This is a quick
compilation taken from the two most reliable collectors and compilers of the Hadith,
Bukhari (AD 810-870) and Muslim (c. AD 817-875):

Aisha [favorite wife of Muhammad] reported Allahs Messenger as saying, "The
hand of a thief should be cut off but for a quarter of a dinar and what is above that."
(Bukhari 8:6789; Muslim 3:4175-79)

A dinar, a word taken from the Roman denarius, was not a small sum, but not exorbitant,
either. It could buy a shield, and many of the very poor in Muhammads army could not
afford one.

Abu Huraira reported the Prophet as saying, "God curses the thief who steals an
egg, for which his hand is to be cut off, or steals a rope for which he has his hand cut
off!" (Bukhari 8:6799; Muslim 3:4185)

Some commentators say that an "egg" was really a helmet, and the rope was a
ships rope, which was sizable and costly. However, the translation above is usually
accepted, and this means that the penalty could be imposed for trivial thefts. But even
if the more expensive items are in view here, are they still worth a human hand?

Next, it should be recalled that 5:39 says that Allah accepts the repentance of a
thief, and it seems to imply that the repentance before the penalty blocks the mutilation
that a court imposes. However, the earliest Muslim sources interpret the verse more
accurately.

Ibn Kathir, referencing two hadiths from Bukhari and Muslim, summarizes an application
of the punishment in early Islam (vol. 3, pp.175-76). A woman committed theft during
Muhammads conquest of Mecca, and she was brought to him. A devout Muslim interceded
for her, wanting her repentance to be accepted before the penalty. But Muhammads
face turned red with anger and he rebuked the intercessor, saying that even if his own
daughter were to steal, he would have her hand cut off. Allahs command must be
carried out no matter what. So Muhammad had the womans hand cut off, and Aisha
reported that her repentance afterwards was sincere. Narrated Aisha: The prophet cut
off the hand of a lady ... and she repented, and her repentance was sincere.
(Bukhari 8:6800; Muslim 3:4187 and 4188)

Finally, we end our analysis of the early Muslim interpreters with further support of
the policy of accepting repentance only after the penalty, not before, with this short
passage:

Abu Abudallah said: "If a thief repents after his hand has been cut off,
then his witness will be accepted" .... (Bukhari 8:6801)

To sum up this section, the earliest Muslims had no doubt that Muhammad intended this
command to be taken literally and that he actually carried it outbefore their very
eyes. And repentance was more effective after the thiefs hand was cut off and
cauterized, not before.

Modern interpretations of Sura 5:38

We now turn to modern interpretations. Millions of copies of the Quran in multiple
Muslim translations are circulating around the English-speaking world, and some provide
brief commentaries. We analyze five of the most popular translations that provide brief
comments on Sura 5:38, which represent other views circulating around the worldwide web.

Incredibly, modern interpreters do not deny that Allah sent down this verse. It is
beyond them to challenge such a (gruesomely) divine policy, so most of them acknowledge
the plain reading of Sura 5:38 and conclude that the will of Allah should be imposed.
However, a few interpreters strain credulity and distort the straightforward language in
the verse, attempting to explain it away.

First, Maulana Muhammad Ali belongs to the Ahmadiyyah sect, which is considered a
heresy by most Muslims, but his translation and commentary (The Holy Quran,
1917, 2002) are discussed here because his version of the Quran is so widespread and
because he puts forth a strong effort to defend the brutality of Sura 5:38. He translates
the key clause: "And (as for) the man and woman addicted to theft," which
implies habitual, unreformed thievespossibly kleptomaniacs. In reply, though, the
hadith states that one offense is enough, which he rightly acknowledges in his commentary.
And he fails to ask that even if addiction to theft or kleptomania were the correct
translation, does this amount to losing a hand? Next, he says in his lengthy commentary on
5:38 that the punishment may be taken metaphorically. Thus, in Arabic someone may
"cut off a tongue," which means "cut off" a speaker in the middle of
his speech, to silence him. This interpretation as it applies to cutting the hand, says
Maulana Ali, amounts to putting the thief in prison. Again, though, the earliest
traditions do not support this soft and dubious interpretation. They correctly take
"cut off" as literal. Finally, as to 5:39, he points out that repentance can be
accepted before the punishment, so a judge should not be hasty. To find mercy anywhere
near a cruel passage like 5:38 is a nice effort on his part, but this only reveals a tacit
admission that the Quran is severe and unmerciful; also, the hadith does not support this
soft interpretation. A thief first gets punished, and only then his repentance is accepted
by Allah.

Thus, Maulana Ali struggles with the verse, shifting his ground. But at least he is
straightforward enough to admit that the literal meaning of "cut off" is found
in the verse. He wrongly maintains, however, that this extreme punishment expresses a
divine commandunless he means a pagan divine command.

Second, Yusuf Ali, in his translation (The Holy Quran, 1934, 11th
ed., 2004) says that this verse was sent down so that later law could be built on it,
possibly implying that literal mutilation should be seen as archaic and irrelevant, though
he is unclear on this matter. If this is so, then this is a step in the right direction.
However, as we will explain more fully in our analysis of Muhammad Asad, below, this
explanation does not help ultimately, for he implies that God sent down the bloody
punishment as the root that feeds other laws. Apparently, he does not see that the root
is rotten. Yusuf Ali then deflects the obvious extremity of Sura 5:38 that is found in a
legal context by quoting Matthew 18:8, which tells people to cut off their hands if they
cause people to sin. As usual with Muslim apologists, who too often completely miss the
point of Biblical passages, Yusuf Ali also misses the point of Matthew 18:8, which will
be explained in the next section.

Third, Muhammad Asad in his translation and commentary (The Message of the
Quran, 1980, 2003) first provides the social and economic background to
early Islam and hence to Sura 5:38, and then he interprets the verse. Clauses, words
and phrases as the following are laced throughout, describing an Islamic socialist
paradise: "every citizen is entitled to a share in the communitys economic
resources"; "social security"; "Islam ... demands a society that
provides ... for his bodily and intellectual needs as well"; "available
resources are so unevenly distributed" that group A lives in wealth, while group B
lives in povertythis is unjust. But then Asad shifts his ground to discuss the bare
minimum material goods for everyone in an Islamic society. Why does he write a long
commentary on such matters? He must elevate an ordinary theft to "an attack
against the system as a whole, and must be punished as such" (emphasis original).
Hence, a thief deserves to get his hand cut off. However, Asad warns us that in a society
which is not discharging its duties to care for its citizens (e.g. not providing social
security), theft should not be punished with cutting off a hand. Asad then references a
time of famine under Caliph Umars reign, who suspended the practice. So the
application of the punishment shifts around according to such circumstances as the
economy.

Asad is partially right about this; it would indeed be wrong to cut off the hands of
thieves if they stole bread in a famine, just to eat. However, we must step back and look
at the big picture he lays out for us. First, he says that this punishment should not be
applied in less-than-ideal societies, but this implies that it should be applied in fully
functioning socialist paradises. So should it be applied in Canada, Sweden, or France?
Has Saudi Arabia reached the status of a socialist utopia yet? Who decides? Second, he does
not deny that Allah sent down the verse; rather, he must rationalize this atrocity that an
ordinary and reasonable thinker rightly sees as extreme and unacceptable in any society, at
any time, and in any circumstance six hundred years after Christ came to show us a better
waywhether in poverty or in the infinite riches of socialism. Thus, he only hurts
his case, not helps itwhich also applies to Yusuf Ali, analyzed above. Cutting off
the hands of thieves is wrong at all times and in all places after Christ. The root law
in Sura 5:38 is rotten, ipso facto.

Fourth, we can easily answer Rashad Khalifas comment in his translation
(Quran: the Final Testament, 3rd ed., 2001). He claims that the punishment
of cutting off hands for theft was decreed by "false Muslims" and is a
"satanic practice without Quranic basis." To support this, he mysteriously plays
with the reference numbers of Suras 5:38 and 12:31. This last verse, appearing in the
context of Muhammad inaccurately retelling the story of Joseph the Biblical patriarch,
also has the word "cut" in it, when women at a banquet cut their hands upon
seeing the beauty of Joseph. Khalifa adds up the references, like so: 5:38 = 5+38 = 43;
12:31 = 12+31 = 43. He concludes that "to cut" in 5:38 cannot mean to cut off
completely because in 12:31 women merely cut their hands, not cut them off; "nobody
can," he says. (He goes further with this silliness, but enough.) So this sincere but
outlandish belief leads him to mistranslate "cut off their hands" as "mark
their hands." According to him, then, marking hands entails a cut that leaves only a
mark.

Unfortunately for Khalifa, Ockhams (non-literal) razor, which says that the
plainest and clearest explanation is the best one, applies to such convoluted reasoning.
The plain meaning of Sura 5:38 says in a legal context that hands must be cut off for
theft, so the vast majority of Muslim translations cited above is right. So the
"satanic practice" does indeed have "a Quranic basis." Moreover, the
prophet Muhammad practiced this atrocity; his first generation of followers practiced it.
Are these the "false Muslims" Khalifa was referring to? Finally, he makes two
true statements in his short comment on 5:38. The first is that the punishment is
"satanic." Objectively speaking, the practice is satanicit emerges from
pagan Arab custom, after all. So to his credit, his intuition is sound and right. The
second is that false Muslims promote the practice, but it may be more accurate to say that
only false prophets would promote it, so his intuition about falsehood is headed in the
right direction, though he holds back from stating the obvious truth.

Fifth and finally, Orooj Ahmed Ali (Al-Quran, Princeton UP, 1984, 4th
ed. 2001) commits the same interpretive error that Maulana Ali does. He looks up the words
"to cut" in an Arabic dictionary and cites meanings that have nothing to do with
5:38, like being "cut off the road" or hands being "wounded" (Sura
12:31). So he mistranslates the clause as follows: "As for the thief, whether man or
woman, cut his hand," which does not say, "cut off their hand."

In reply to this mistranslation and the irrelevant meanings that Ahmed Ali cites, Sura
5:38 plainly and clearly in a legal context speaks of cutting off hands for stealing; it
does not speak of traveling down a busy road only to be cut off, or of being swept away by
beauty only to accidentally cut ones hand. To repeat, 5:38 is found in a legal
context, and the context of any passage determines the meaning of words. Thus,
Ockhams (non-literal) razor applies here as well, and 5:38 clearly says that hands
should be cut off, not only cut.

Moreover, Ahmed Ali would like to believe that Sura 5:39 allows a thief to repent
before the penalty, and this is a commendable attempt to find kindness in an excessive
passage, but the hadith do not allow it. The punishment helps the thief to repent,
according to the earliest traditions concerning punishments. Clearly, an apologists
agenda, not objective scholarship, guides Ahmed Ali in his mistranslation and commentary.

To sum up these five commentators, they cannot bring themselves to admit that this
Quranic command is wrong and misguided. In a way, this is understandable because they
have the prior belief in Muhammads complete reliability and in the Qurans
inerrancy. However, Muslims must have the courage to challenge this belief, especially
when they compare it to reality, which says that mutilating a thief is far too extreme
and hence wrong. Muhammad simply absorbed a seventh-century Arab pagan custom.

Biblical view

Contrasting the Quran with the Bible can bring out the differences in the two books,
as we examine the Biblical view in this order: the Torah, Jesus, and Paul.

The Torah, traditionally ascribed to Moses, does not order the cutting off of the hands
of thieves; rather, it commands that they should make restitution and work off the debt.
These two passages represent others:

Exodus 22:3 A thief must certainly make restitution, but if he has nothing, he must
be sold to pay for his theft.

Leviticus 6:4 ... He must return what he has stolen .... He must make
restitution in full and add a fifth of the value of it ....

Restitution is appropriate and justwe all sense it (just as we all sense that
Muhammads punishment is cruel and unjust). However, at first glance, Exodus 22:3
appears troubling because if a thief does not have the goods to restore what he has
stolen, then he is to be sold. But at bottom the verse is not as troubling as it seems for
two reasons, once we understand this law in its historical and literary context. First,
Exodus 21:2part of the literary contextsays that a sold Hebrew must work for
only six years, and on the seventh year he is to go free without having to pay for his
freedom. So the thief must become a laborer or indentured servant and work off his debt,
but only for a prescribed time. Second, the law in Exodus 22:3 should be taken in its
historical context. The code or law of Hammurabi, named after the emperor of Babylon
(ruled 1792-1750 BC), commands that a thief unable to make restitution should be put to
death. Hammurabis Laws (trans. MEJ Richardson, Sheffield Academic P, 2000)
says:

If a man has stolen and ox, or a sheep ... he shall repay ten times its value if it
belongs to a workman. If that thief does not have enough to pay, he shall be killed.
(p. 45)

A thief "shall be killed" if he does not have the means to restore the value
of the stolen property. Per contra, when the law of Moses says that a thief must work off
his debt and not be put to death if he is unable to make restitution, this law is much
more generous than and improves on the law of Hammurabi. Working off the debt is better
than rotting in prison or chopping of the thiefs hand so that he cannot work.

To cite another example, the code of Hammurabi commands that a barber have his hand
cut off if he shaves away the mark of a slave.

If a barber has shaved away the mark of a slave which is not his own without the slave
owners knowing, they shall cut off the hand of that barber. (p. 107)

Evidently, without this mark on the slave, no one would know that he was a slave, so
class hierarchy would be confused, or he could possibly escape, or he could be stolen
by another slave-owner; the last two possibilities entails a big financial loss for the
original owner, an indirect theft, of sorts. But regardless of the monetary amount or the
rationale behind this law, the Mosaic law rejects this barbarity circulating around the
greater Middle East in the second millennium BC. The Torah does not command a hand to be
cut off for trivial reasons, even for the loss of an expensive slave, initiated by a barber.

In contrast, Muhammad did not reject this barbarity circulating around the pagan
Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century. He incorporated the punishment into his Quran
because he erroneously believed that the true God told him to uphold the pagan custom.
However, objectively speaking, it is far better that a thief in Old Testament culture or
in any culture should keep his hand and work off his debt; he should not get his hand cut
off so that he cannot work to make restitutionand he certainly should not get
killed. The law of Moses makes much more sense than the law of Muhammad, not to mention
the law of Hammurabi.

Therefore, for Christians, one of the difficulties with Muhammad and his old-new
lawthe Quranis that they appear six hundred years after Christ, who ushered in
a new way of salvation that improves on the Old Testament much more clearly and decisively
than Muhammad and the Quran allegedly improve on it. In light of the historical fact that
Muhammad arrives late on the world stage and that he recycles the law of Moses and a pagan
custom, in no way do he and his Quran improve on or perfect Jesus and the New
Testamentthat is an empirical fact. Again, the true God
says nothing about cutting off the hands of thieves. For this and many other reasons, the
New Testament is the final, once-and-for-all Covenant and Testament for all humankind.

This brings us to Jesus and Paul and the New Covenant, which makes the debate between
the Torah, the Quran, and the law of Hammurabi obsolete. Christians live under the law of
love and the law of the Spirit.

Jesus did not order this bloody punishment for thieves. Since the Torah itself does not
prescribe it, why would Jesus be crueler than it, which was sacred to him and which orders
restitution?

It should be recalled that Yusuf Ali (second commentator, above) quotes Matthew 18:8,
which says that if peoples hands cause them to sin, the people should cut them off.
He intends to deflect the harsh punishment in the Quranfound in a legal
contextby showing that Jesus endorses this practice. Why therefore would Christians
complain? Yusuf Ali is completely wrong.

Jesus said that if ones right eye or hand causes one to sin, one should gouge it
out or cut it off and throw it away (Matt. 18:8; cf. 5:30 and Mark 9:42-47), but Jesus
realized that neither the hand nor the eye really and literally causes one to sin.
"But the things that come out of the mouth [words] come from the heart, and these
make a man unclean" (Matt. 15:18). Thus, Jesus knew "the heart"
causes one to sin, but did he mean the physical heart? Should one cut that out too? He
later clarifies for his disciples in private what he means: "For out of the heart
come evil thoughts" and then he lists some sins like adultery and theft (Matt.
15:19). Therefore, in Matthew 15 Jesus takes the common meaning of "the heart"
as the deepest part of the human, not the physical heart. Likewise, in Matthew 18:8, he
merely says that one should treat sin so drastically that one should cut itthe
sinout of ones life no matter how deeply one may cherish it, or no matter how
deeply it has sunk its claws into ones soul. To use modern examples, an alcoholic
should cut off all access to alcohol, and a sex addict must cut off all exposure to the
sex industry. This is what Jesus means by cutting off and gouging outdealing with
sin drastically and decisively.

Finally, Paul the Apostle offers good advice. Even though Muslims recognize only the
four Gospels, Christians regard the entire New Testament as inspired. In the last half of
the Epistle to the Ephesians, Paul outlines the ethical conduct for his fellow Christians.
Paul recommends a remedy for thieves:

4:28 He who has been stealing must steal no longer, but must work, doing something
useful with his own hands, that he may have something to share with those in need.

The verb tense in "[h]e who has been stealing" signifies that the thief has
been stealing habitually. Evidently, Paul believes that a thief like that can undergo
reform if he works with his own hands, so that he can share his product with the needy.
The irony is rich: his hands should be employed, not cut off. The New Testament does not
shift from severity to mercy in a flash. Thus, in this matter (and in many others), Paul
excels Muhammad.

To sum up, the Torah improved on the code of Hammurabi. The law of Moses never
endorsed the brutality of chopping off the hands of thieves. On the other hand,
Muhammad did not improve on the seventh-century Arab custom, but inserted it into his
Quran. More important than all of these, never did Jesus or the New Testament authors
support this butchery in a penal code or as an "exemplary" punishment for
society in order to impose external righteousness. He and they sought to convert people
by preaching alone, not to execute them or to maim and mutilate his church and the larger
society.

For more information on how Jesus fulfills the Old Testament, click on
this article.

Application to us today

The hard facts presented in this article are relevant to us today.

First, sharia, which is Islamic law rooted in the Quran and the hadith, is not
a benefit to society. It contains too many harsh rules and punishments. One of
the most tragic and under-reported occurrences in the West in recent years is
the existence
of a sharia court in Canada. Muslims are pushing for a sharia divorce court
in Australia,
as well. Having a court of arbitration if it is based on western law and legal theory is
legitimate, but sharia does not hold to this standard. So Canada should promptly shut down
any sharia court, and Australia should never allow one. Most importantly, such a court
should never be permitted in the US. Sharia ultimately degrades society and diminishes
freedom, contrary to what this whitewashed and euphemistic analysis says at
this site.
Readers should go to this last link to read for themselves how a Muslim apologist distorts
or softens the meaning of straightforward and harsh words (e.g. mutilating "has some
negative connotations, and I would prefer the alternative amputating"),
and how they deny or omit facts. Butchery by any other word still smells as bad. Whichever
words they choose, the hard reality is the same. Hence, sharia is no benefit to society.

Second, traditional Muslims believe that Allah sent down the Quran through Gabriel.
Would they break the letter of Gabriels command if they were to ignore the literal
meaning of cutting off hands in Sura 5:38? The five Muslim commentators critiqued in this
article seem to zigzag between an intuition that cutting off hands is excessive and a deep
belief that the Quran is completely inerrant and universally relevant. It seems that the
cognitive dissonance or the mental shock may be too great for them to reform, if they have
to deny the plain meaning of Sura 5:38 and that Allah sent it down.

Third, the violent radicals who are now slithering around the world would gladly impose their
Qurans severe law on non-Muslim nations, if the radicals could ever conquer them by force
or by gradual means. If the terrorists do
not hesitate to cut off heads,
why would they not cut off hands to make society pure and holy before Allah, who gave this
rule in the first place? The war on terror must continue, in order to preserve western
civilization and an assortment of nonwestern nations struggling with Islam.

Fourth, we on the outside of Islam are allowed to ask whether the Qurans
punishments are better than Pauls recommendation that thieves work with their hands
or better than Jesus unwillingness to impose mutilation. Does the Quran guide
society better than the New Testament does? Would the true God send Gabriel down to
Muhammad with such a message that is found in pagan Arabia six hundred years after Jesus?
Should this message supercede the New Testament?

Given the hard evidence, Bible-educated Christians realize that the true God would not
send down such a violent verse in the new era of salvation which Jesus ushered in. They
realize that the Quran is empirically and factually worse than the New Testament.

Jesus Christ came with good news and the love of God. Muhammad came with harsh rules
and mutilation. Christianity advances society forward. Absorbing a seventh-century Arab
pagan custom of butchery, Islam drags society backwards.

Occasionally, Muslims attempt to defend or justify the Quranic punishment of cutting off
the hands of thieves by referring to Deuteronomy 25:11-12 which states that if a woman sees
her husband and another man fighting, and she grabs the other mans genitals to defend
her husband, then her hand is to be cut off. This objection distracts from the topic of
this article, but it deserves a brief answer here. There are three replies to this objection,
based on the historical and literary contexts of the two verses in the law of Moses.

First, we consider the historical context. In the second millennium before Christ,
in Middle Eastern cultures generally and Hebrew culture specifically, a man who has lost
his reproductive ability is nearly dead, for his name dies out when he actually dies. So
already we are far beyond the punishment for the theft of physical items in the Quran.

Second, this brings us to the literary context of Deuteronomy 25:11-12. Verses 5-10
discuss the marriage rules for a man who dies childless. His brother is to marry his wife,
so the deceased mans name may be carried on. (This is called a levirate marriage,
from the Latin word levir, meaning "brother-in-law.") So the literary
context of vv. 11-12 clarifies the two target verses. The woman robs a man of his future
children or posterity, committing murder, as it were. Again, we are far beyond the
punishment for the theft of physical items in the Quran.

Third, the Mishnah (Baba Kamma 8:1, Danbys translation), an early source of
rabbinic discussions of the Torah, recognizes this connection between a woman permanently
wounding a mans reproductive ability and the punishment. However, the Mishnah passage
adds that the punishment was never applied, but the woman was fined a monetary amount instead.
But even if the punishment were applied, it is very different from Muhammads cruel law.
He orders the chopping off of the hand of a female or male thief for stealing an "egg"
or a ropeeven if the more expensive items are in view (an egg is really a helmet and
a rope is a ships rope), then Muhammads rule is quite out of proportion to
the crime. A woman who robs a man of his name living on in his children in ancient Israel
commits a far worse crime than a woman who steals an egg or a helmet in seventh-century
Arabia, after Christ came.

To repeat, unlike Muhammads law, the law of Moses for thieves is fair and appropriate,
for it orders that the thief should work off his debt with both hands intact.

Jesus saves. Muhammad mutilated.

Supplementary material:

MEMRI TV has a video clip and
a transcript of a Saudi
cleric justifying chopping off hands (see the same cleric here
on chopping off hands). He takes the standard line that only this punshment can deter thieves
and that only it protects society. It is actually showing mercy, he reasons. Then he takes
the usual Muslim approach of deflecting this indefensible mutilation by talking about
violence in other nations at various times in history. The cleric does seem to realize
that these nations did not have clear Scripture to justify their actions, but the Quran
says clearly to chop off the hands of thieves. (The readers can see this cleric on
a translated video clip, if they do a key word search at memritv.org: chop.)

This chilling article
reviews the punishment of mutilation in the Sudan. The author condemns a leading Islamic scholar who
will not issue a fatwa against this gruesome punishment. But how can the cleric write one when the Quran
commands the punishment? The Sudanese have backed the wrong religion—or, sadly, the religion
of peace is being forced on them.

Warning! This short article has photos
of severed hands. The reader should never lose sight of the fact that this punishment is prescribed
in the Quran, the eternal word of Allah. It does not merely exist in the fevered imagination of a violent
and sick radical regime like the Taliban, which once ruled in Afghanistan.

This lengthy article questions whether
the true God would inflict the punishment of mutilation for theft. Of special interest is a description of the human
hand—God's masterpiece. Surely no stolen material object measures up to the hand.

This website says
that Islam is the answer for the world, and that chopping off the hands of thieves is the best
solution for this crime (see point no. 2c). Allah wills it for our own good.

This article, written
by a Muslim physician, calls for a halt to carrying out sharia (Islamic law) until judges can
apply it consistently. However, he says that sharia per se is not sexist or barbaric, and
to call it that amounts to Islamophobia. However, anyone whose mind has not been clouded
by a lifetime of devotion to Islam and who uses sound judgment understands that many punishments
in sharia are barbaric and sexist, by their very nature.

This is a short interview
with an Egyptian moderate who would like to broaden the meaning of the "Word of God" and go
beyond the Quran. He also says that chopping off the hand of thieves is relevant only for
the seventh century. However, he does not represent the vast majority of Muslims, and that
is why he was kicked out of Egypt.

This article reports
on Iranian Shirin Ebadi who won the Nobel Peace Prize. She is the first Muslim woman to win
the prize. She inaccurately says that atrocities like chopping off the hand of thieves comes from
a misinterpretation of sharia and from a bad regime. However, the Islamic jurists have read
sharia rulings more accurately than she has. Besides, this punishment is prescribed in
the eternal word of Allah. How can this be changed?

The Islamic Party of
Malaysia would like to impose sharia punishments, including chopping off the hands of
thieves, in the State of Terenganu, which is 95% Muslim. But the Prime Minister's adminstration
wisely said that sharia is inappropriate in a multi-religious nation.

In 2002, in Sudan, a Christian, living under forced sharia, had his
hand amputated for theft. A Muslim was scheduled to undergo the same punishment, but he was found innocent.
Under international pressure, nineteen amputation sentences were commuted.

In 2003, in Saudi Arabia a Bangladeshi man had his hand
amputated for theft in a mosque according to the offical charge, though Saudi Arabia's justice system is
not error free, to say the least.

Warning! This page has photos
of thieves getting their hands chopped off. They also show beheadings.

Copyright by James Malcolm Arlandson. Originally published at
americanthinker.com,
this article was expanded for Answering Islam.