Malaria

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Transcript of Malaria

An infectious diseaseCaused by pathogens, the protoctist known as PlasmodiumFour species : wHAT IS mALARIA?MalariaMethod of transmissionFrom a week to a yearDepends on partial immunity and medication taken against malariaIncubation PeriodLiverSite of Action of PathogenFlu- aches and painFever (Cold, shivering, sweating)HeadacheClinical Features and SymptomsBlood films (Thin and thick) Rapid Diagnostic Test Molecular methodsPCRDetection of iron crystal byproduct in the haemoglobinRolling Circle-Enhanced Enzyme Activity Detection (REEAD)

Methods of DiagnosisGlobal Patterns of Distribution and Factors that Influence ThemCurrent TreatmentVaccinationPreventionEffectivenessFactors in prevention and control of disease -Social Factor

Chloroquine-controls conversion of toxic heme to hemozoin(disposable product formed from digestion of blood by parasites e.g malaria) by inhibiting the biocrystallization of hemozoin; kills parasite by poisoning through excess levels of toxic heme

-most widely used anti malarial (it is the least expensive and safest anti-malarial)until recent years due to emergence of chloroquine-resistant parasitic strands

-side effects: intolerable itching and can be a provocation factor of psorasis (a common, chronic relapsing/remitting immune-mediated skin disease characterized by red, scaly patches, papules, and plaques, which usually itch)

Mefloquine (A.K.A Larium)-developed during the Vietnam War to protect American troops from multi-drug resistant P.falciparum

-side effects: nausea vomiting, diarrhea abdominal pain and dizzinessDoxycycline-one of the more prevalent anitimalarials due to its effectiveness and cheapness

-Numerous vaccines however are now at the clinical trial stage but many show insufficient immunogenicity(ability of a substance to provoke an immune response in the body)Malaria Symptoms appear9 to 14 days for Plasmodium (P.) falciparum.12 to 18 days for P. vivax and P. ovale.18 to 40 days for P. malariae.11 to 12 days for P. knowlesi.MOst symptoms caused by:The release of merozoites into the bloodstreamAnemia resulting from the destruction of the red blood cellsLarge amounts of free hemoglobin being released into circulation after red blood cells break openWorld Malaria Day-15 April -recognizes global efforts to control malaria- established to provide "education and understanding of malaria" and spread information on "year-long intensified implementation of national malaria-control strategies, including community-based activities for malaria prevention and treatment in endemic areas."

-e.g Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed accurate diagnostic tests and high-quality effective drugs-anti malarial drugs are losing their effectiveness e.g chloroquine-reason: Plasmodium species has a very high rate of replication, allowing surviving plasmodium(after drug is administered) to reproduce and eventually develop resistanceNYVAC-Pf7 multi-stage vaccine-incorporates seven P.falciparum antigenic genes-when tested on Rhesus monkeys 4 out of the 7 produced specific human antibody responses (CSP, PfSSP2, MSP 1, PFs25)-In humans, 90% of candidates had poor antibody responses while 10% gained complete protection against P.falciparumAgents under developement-Circum-Sporozoite Protein (CSP)-Sporozoite surface protein 2 (PfSSP2)-Liver stage antigen(LSA1)-Merozoite surface protein 1-Serine repeat antigen-AMA-1-25-kDa Pfs25 The Seven antigens[NANP]19-5.1-very successful-our of 194 candidates. none developed any malaria symptoms-consist of schizont export protein(5.1) and 19 repeats of sporozoite surface protein[NANP]- Community in endemic areas are not receptive to treatment given by the goverment.

- Civil war in Africa and South-East Asia

- Migration of people from areas where malaria is endemic to non endemic areas.

- Use of certain chemicals contribute to mosquito resistance to DDTWays Of Prevention- People in endemic areas should cooperate with control program.- Pass laws on excessive deforestation.-Put posters and advertisment on malaria.- Stocking ponds, irrigation and drainage ditches and other permanent water bodies with fish which feed on mosquito larvae.red blood cell infected with malariaAnopheles gambiae mosquitoDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT)