Some Brain Areas Keep Youthful Connectivity in Aging

New research discovers that some regions of the brain maintain the ability to make new connections long after the brain stops growing.

This ability to retain a “childlike” ability in adulthood potentially contributes to our ability to learn new skills and form new memories as we age.

Researchers from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle arrived at the new findings by comparing gene activity levels in different regions of the brain.

They identified adult brain regions where genes linked to the construction of new connections between cells have higher activity levels. The same genes are also highly active in young brains, so the researchers called this pattern of gene activity “childlike.”

“We already knew that the adult human brain generally has more activity among these genes when compared with other closely related species, including chimpanzees and monkeys,” said first author Manu S. Goyal, M.D.

“Our new results connect this activity to a form of energy production known to be helpful for building biological structures, such as the new nerve cell branches needed to add connections in the brain.”

Scientists believe that new links between brain cells help encode new memories and skills long after the brain stops growing.

The study has been published in the journal Cell Metabolism.

Several years ago, senior author Marcus Raichle, M.D. was investigating the brain’s voracious consumption of sugar and oxygen to make energy and enable other functions when he noticed that a few areas of the brain consumed sugar at exceptionally high rates.

He and his colleagues later showed that this was because these regions were actively engaged in an alternative energy-making process called aerobic glycolysis.

“Aerobic glycolysis happens to be the form of sugar consumption favored by cancer cells and other rapidly growing cells,” said Goyal.

“This made us wonder if the brain regions that use aerobic glycolysis were also those that had the most childlike gene activity, namely those that help form new brain cell connections.”

For the new study, Raichle collaborated with Michael Hawrylycz, Ph.D., and created the Allen Human Brain Atlas, a database detailing the activity of genes in different parts of the brain and from people of different ages.

When researchers used the atlas to look at gene activity in brain regions with high rates of aerobic glycolysis, they found that these regions had more childlike gene activity than other brain regions.

They also identified more than 100 genes that consistently were more active in these regions than in others.

As part of the study, Goyal also analyzed data from earlier research by other scientists to show that there is more aerobic glycolysis throughout the brain in young children.

“In the adult brain, aerobic glycolysis accounts for about 10 to 12 percent of overall sugar consumption,” he said.

Aerobic glycolysis is less efficient for energy production than oxidative glycolysis, the alternative method that uses oxygen and sugar. But scientists think the former is a better source of energy for rapid growth.

“Even in adults, there are parts of the brain that still are rapidly changing and adapting, and that’s likely why aerobic glycolysis continues to be used in the adult brain,” Goyal said.

The researchers now are studying whether problems in specific brain cells that use aerobic glycolysis contribute to neurodevelopmental problems such as autism or mental retardation or to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease.

“The ability to support the metabolic requirements of adult brain cells to create new connections may one day be important for treating brain injuries and neurodegenerative disorders,” Goyal explained. “We have a lot of work to do, but this is an intriguing insight.”

Related Articles

About Rick Nauert PhD

Dr. Rick Nauert has over 25 years experience in clinical, administrative and academic healthcare. He is currently an associate professor for Rocky Mountain University of Health Professionals doctoral program in health promotion and wellness. Dr. Nauert began his career as a clinical physical therapist and served as a regional manager for a publicly traded multidisciplinary rehabilitation agency for 12 years. He has masters degrees in health-fitness management and healthcare administration and a doctoral degree from The University of Texas at Austin focused on health care informatics, health administration, health education and health policy. His research efforts included the area of telehealth with a specialty in disease management.