Over the years, monitoring rapidly wide areas for the presence of threatening bioaerosols has become an important objective for defense and public security. This chapter describes an important contending technology showing valuable capability to achieve that goal: Spectrally Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Lidars. After an introduction to this subject, the fundamental Lidar theory associated with this specific technology is derived. Then, the robustness, specificity and sensitivity of this technique to recognize the class ofbioaerosols from a remote position are discussed. Subsequently, a statistical multi-variate method based on the Mahalanobis distance and used to extract the bioaerosol classification from the collected spectral data is detailed. Finally, a conclusion reviews the key issues associated with this inelastic Lidar technology as an important component of a complete threatening bioaerosol defense suite.