The most dangerous situation for a diver isn’t schooling sharks, the
bends or running out of air — it’s panic, which accounts for at least 20
percent of all diver deaths. Someone in the grip of a panic attack doesn’t
think rationally. They can bolt to the surface, discard their regulators or
harm other divers. One of the most important skills to have — usually learned
through Rescue Diver and Divemaster courses — is how to safely deal with these
situations. For an idea of what it takes, here are five tips for helping
panicked divers.

1. Learn to recognize panic

It’s best to diffuse anxiety before it becomes a full-blown attack.
Divers on the verge of panic often display predictable signs including “wide
and unseeing eyes,” meaning their eyes are open very wide in fear, but they
don’t recognize your hand signals or attempts to help. Pre-dive, pay special
attention to those who seem agitated about minor details of the dive plan or
fixated on their equipment, which are common ways of compensating for feelings
of unease.

2. Make a cautious approach

When you recognize panicked divers, approach them carefully but
confidently with your arm outstretched and your palm up in a “stop” signal
until they recognize you’re there to help and they acknowledge your hand
signals. Stay at arm’s length, however, because they may harm you in a
struggle.

3. Use eye contact and deep breaths

A hand on the shoulder and direct eye contact is one of the most
effective ways to calm a panicked diver. Once the person is responsive, signal
him or her to look you in the eye, then hold the person by the upper arm or BC
strap and encourage him or her to take slow, deep breaths while maintaining eye
contact. Panicked divers often hyperventilate, but a few deep breaths can bring
them around in seconds.

4. Take charge

For a panicked diver on the surface who is non-responsive, the safest
approach is to place a floatation device (like an inflated BC or life ring)
between you and the victim. If underwater, swim behind the diver, hold him or
her firmly by the tank valve, make sure the regulator is in place, then make a
slow ascent, inflating his or her BC once you reach the surface. If needed,
continue holding the tank valve as you both move toward the boat.

5. Know when to back away

Never sacrifice your own safety for a panicked diver; that can cause
you to be another potential victim. Proper rescue techniques are designed to
help you help other divers, while minimizing your own risk. However, if the
diver is far larger, or actively fights you, it may not be possible to get him
or her to safety without endangering yourself. In this case, the best option is
to get free and back away.