Transitioning Our Shelters

Transcription

1 Transitioning Our Shelters A GUIDE TO MAKING HOMELESS SHELTERS SAFE FOR TRANSGENDER PEOPLE by Lisa Mottet and John M. Ohle National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute National Coalition for the Homeless

2 The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute is a think tank dedicated to research, policy analysis and strategy development to advance greater understanding and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. Founded in 1984, the National Coalition for the Homeless is the nation's oldest and largest national homelessness advocacy organization. National Coalition for the Homeless 1012 Fourteenth Street, NW, Suite 600 Washington, DC Tel: Fax: Natonal Gay and Lesbian Task Force Washington, DC 1325 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 600 Washington, DC Tel Fax New York, NY 121 West 27th Street, Suite 501 New York, NY Tel Fax Los Angeles, CA 5455 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 1505 Los Angeles, CA Tel Fax Cambridge, MA 1151 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA Tel Fax Policy Institute 214 West 29th Street, 5th Floor New York, NY Tel Fax The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute encourages, and grants permission to, reproduce and distribute this guide in whole. This publication may not be reproduced in part without written permission of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute. When referencing this document, we recommend the following citation: Mottet, L., & Ohle, J. (2003). Transitioning Our Shelters: A Guide to Making Homeless Shelters Safe for Transgender People. New York: The National Coalition for the Homeless and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute.

3 Contents INTRODUCTION TRANSGENDER PEOPLE, HOMELESSNESS, AND THE STRUGGLE TO FIND SAFE SHELTER WHO ARE TRANSGENDER PEOPLE? THE BASICS Some Definitions THE FIRST AND MOST CRITICAL STEP: A POLICY OF RESPECT FOR TRANSGENDER PEOPLE LEGAL ISSUES: CHANGING LEGAL DOCUMENTS AND NONDISCRIMINATION PROTECTIONS HEALTH ISSUES FOR TRANSGENDER PEOPLE YOUTH ISSUES PUTTING POLICY INTO PRACTICE Creating a Welcoming Environment: Intake Processes, Confidentiality and Necessary Conversations Restrooms Showers Sleeping Arrangements Harassment iii

5 Introduction Homelessness is a crisis in the United States. An estimated 3.5 million people experience homelessness each year. 1 Homeless shelters are struggling to meet this need without sufficient resources. A recent review of homelessness in 50 cities found that in virtually every city, the city s official estimated number of homeless people greatly exceeded the number of beds in emergency shelter and transitional housing. 2 Congressional budget cuts have made operating these shelters increasingly difficult, as they are forced to provide more services with less resources. 3 With all of these challenges, it can be hard for shelters to figure out how to make their shelters safe for transgender people. This publication is for shelters that wish to make their shelters safe for all people by making a few minor but important policy adjustments. Most emergency and temporary homeless shelters and shelter systems in the United States are segregated by sex. There are men s facilities, women s facilities, facilities that house both men and women but in separate quarters, youth facilities, and family facilities. Placement at most facilities is typically based on assumptions about a person s sex that is, male or female. Many facilities, especially youth facilities, have rules about gender-related dress or appearance. As a result, transgender youth and adults, who identify as or express a gender that is different from their birth sex, can experience extreme difficulties in obtaining adequate and safe shelter. Because of the many problems faced by transgender people seeking shelter, the National Coalition for the Homeless adopted a nondiscrimination resolution that protects people on the basis of gender identity or expression in October of 2003 (see Appendix A). Realizing that shelters need more guidance than just a nondiscrimination policy, the 1. Urban Institute, The. (2002, February 1). A New Look at Homelessness in America. Available at 2. National Coalition for the Homeless. (1997). Homelessness in America: Unabated and Increasing. Available at 3. Public Action to Deliver Shelter. (2000). Perspectives on Shelter for the Homeless. Available at There are ways to provide safer shelter for transgender people by making a few changes in policy and procedures that will maintain personal privacy and safety for all shelter residents. 1

6 National Coalition for the Homeless and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force have teamed up to provide this guide. Well-meaning shelter administrators are often unsure of how to provide safe shelter for transgender people. Rightfully concerned about safety and privacy for all shelter residents, these administrators may be unsure of how to integrate transgender people into the sexsegregated shelter population. The good news for shelter administrators is that there are ways to provide safer shelter for transgender people by making a few changes in policy and procedures that will maintain personal privacy and safety for all shelter residents. This guide is meant for shelter administrators and staff, government officials, and anyone who is interested in making shelters safe for transgender people. Many shelters across North America have successfully implemented policies to make shelters safe for transgender people. The recommendations in this publication are derived from policies implemented in Boston, the District of Columbia, San Francisco and Toronto. This publication is designed to help shelters implement an effective nondiscrimination policy. No matter how an organization chooses to make its shelter safe for transgender people, it is critical that this issue be fully explored and addressed with staff and administrators to create the safest, most hospitable environment for all people in need of shelter. 2 TRANSITIONING OUR SHELTERS

7 Transgender People, Homelessness, and the Struggle to Find Safe Shelter Transgender youth and adults, who identify as or express a gender that is different from their birth sex, can experience extreme difficulties in obtaining adequate and safe shelter. Not only are transgender people frequently asked to endure the emotional injury of being classified as the gender with which they do not identify, but many shelters are physically unsafe for transgender people. For example, transgender women (who were born male but identify and live as women) can risk verbal, physical, and sexual harassment and assault when they are required to room with men. Additionally, some shelters that are properly classifying transgender people according to their self-identified gender do not provide adequate privacy and safety for transgender residents. For example, transgender men (who were born female but identify and live as men) in men s facilities are often only allowed to shower in open showers with other men, a situation that increases the likelihood they will be harassed or attacked. Finally, some transgender people are turned away from shelters, either because of ignorance or because a shelter does not think it can accommodate them. It is reported that some shelters in Atlanta have hung signs that say No Transvestites. 4 The need for safe shelters for transgender people is severe. Transgender people are disproportionately represented in the homeless population because of the frequent discrimination they face at home, in school, and on the job. It is not uncommon for transgender youth to be harassed out of school and left unable to acquire a job because of a lack of education. It is also not uncommon for a transgender person to be rejected by family members and even to be kicked out of the house. Many times, transgender people lose their jobs when their employers learn of their transgender status. Moreover, it is often very difficult to find employment as an openly transgender person (and it can be incredibly hard to conceal one s transgender status from a potential employer). Some transgender people are turned away from shelters, either because of ignorance or because a shelter does not think it can accommodate them. It is reported that some shelters in Atlanta have hung signs that say No Transvestites. 4. Anita Beaty, director of Atlanta s Metro Task Force for the Homeless, interviewed by Lisa Mottet on December 6,

8 Studies have verified that transgender people face severe discrimination in everyday life, increasing their need for shelter services. Although there are few studies of the needs of transgender individuals and the extent to which they face discrimination, data from needs-assessments done in urban areas provide some insight into the lives of transgender people. In our nation s capital, the Washington Transgender Needs Assessment Study found that one third of transgender people were earning $10,000 or less per year, and 29% of respondents were unemployed. Only one in four respondents reported being satisfied with his or her housing situation. Hostility and insensitivity of housing staff and other residents were reported as the most common barriers to housing. Thirteen percent of respondents reported not feeling safe in their current housing. Fifteen percent reported losing a job due to discrimination in the workplace and only 58% had paid employment. 5 A study conducted by the Transgender Law Center and the National Center for Lesbian Rights also shows pervasive discrimination. Their study of transgender people in San Francisco found that 64% made less than $25,000 a year, over 40% did not have health insurance, and one in five did not have stable housing. 6 As studies show, there are many reasons why transgender people have a greater need for shelter and other social services. These factors interact with one another, and the cumulative effect can be staggering. The factors transgender people may be dealing with include: Poverty due to discrimination in employment and chronic under-employment Lack of economic/housing support from family a safety net that many people can utilize during hard times Lack of education and training because of harassment or discrimination, which results in an inability to acquire jobs Inability to access standard healthcare due to discrimination by providers and other barriers Inability to pay for transgender-related healthcare such as hormones, counseling, and gender reassignment procedures (almost all transgender-related healthcare is not covered by insurance providers in the US) Substance abuse and addiction Discrimination by housing providers, landlords, etc. Discrimination by social service agencies Criminal record of all types of survival street crimes (drug trade, theft, sex work) to which a person turns when unable to earn a living through legal means HIV infection or other sexually transmitted acquired from survival sex work or other means 5. Xavier, Jessica. (2002). The Washington, DC Transgender Needs Assessment Survey (WTNAS). The WTNAS was a project implemented by US Helping Us, People Into Living, Inc. and funded by the Administration for HIV/AIDS, Department of Health of the District of Columbia Government. It was conducted during the period September 1998 to May Available at 6. National Center for Lesbian Rights and the Transgender Law Center. (2002). TransRealities: A Legal Needs Assessment of San Francisco s Transgender Communities. Available at The Washington Transgender Needs Assessment Study found that one third of transgender people were earning $10,000 or less per year, and 29% of respondents were unemployed. 4 TRANSITIONING OUR SHELTERS

9 Inability to meet workfare requirements due to discrimination at workfare sites 7 Victimization from crime while living on the street or from crime targeting transgender people (hate crimes) 8 For youth, being prohibited from making necessary decisions for themselves because of their age, such as living and dressing according to their gender identity Other forms of discrimination people may face, such as race, disability, or economic status discrimination Because of the above factors, transgender people need homeless shelter services. Homeless shelters are designed to be a social safety net for those who need a safe place to stay because they are unable to provide one for themselves. Homeless shelters are also often designed to provide the services people need to get back on their feet. Right now, in many places, transgender people are left to struggle without that needed safety net. The consequences of not creating safe shelters for transgender people are grim. If shelters are not safe and respectful, many transgender people will avoid them and seek other places to stay. When faced with a shelter that subjects them to disrespect, harassment, or other safety risks, transgender people may be better off out on their own. On top of safety concerns that a transgender person may have, it is important to understand that there is a deep emotional injury that comes with not being accepted or treated with respect by a service provider. If transgender individuals are not provided with safe shelter, they face life on the street. For transgender individuals, living on the street gives rise to a set of risk factors. To make additional money for rent or to stay in a motel, individuals may need to engage in various types of survival crimes, from theft, drug trade, to A 2002 study reported sex work (and unsafe sex pays better than safe sex). In many cities, it that possibly 35% of has become a crime to sleep outside. People may consent to sex with homeless youth are a stranger or a john in order to spend the night at his or her house. They may stay in an abusive relationship with a partner who uses the lesbian, gay, bisexual threat of homelessness to control them. Being on the street also or transgender. increases the likelihood of becoming the victim of crimes, including hate crimes. In addition to all of these unique problems, transgender people must also endure the other universal hardships of homeless people outside of shelters: inclement weather, lack of proper sanitation, and myriad other dangers of life on the streets. Finally, there is a basic injury to the human dignity of a person who is denied shelter services leading to feelings of overwhelming hopelessness, despair, and rejection. Because of the problem of homelessness, the United State Interagency Council on Homelessness has begun an initiative to end homelessness in American cities in the next 10 years. 9 It will not be possible to attain that goal without first recognizing the diversity of individuals who find themselves homeless. A 2002 study reported that pos- 7. Workfare is a term for government programs that enforce strict work requirements on welfare recipients. The 1996 Personal Responsibility Act was the impetus for many state-created workfare programs. Workfare workers are often labeled trainees or volunteers. This status can result in denials of basic protection or redress against unfair treatment, such as unsafe and unsanitary conditions, sexual abuse and being thrown off benefits for speaking up. 8. The New York City Gay & Lesbian Anti-Violence Project keeps records of hate motivated crimes, and publishes the statistics annually, available at Another source is Remembering Our Dead, available at 9. Interagency Council on Homelessness, (2002) White House Interagency Council Announces New Strategy to Combat Chronic Homelessness. Available at TRANS PEOPLE, HOMELESSNESS AND THE STRUGGLE TO FIND SAFE SHELTER 5

10 sibly 35% of homeless youth are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender. 10 Other studies show that 1 in 5 transgender people are in need or at risk of needing homeless shelter assistance. 11 Unfortunately, these studies provide only a rough estimate and likely do not reveal the full scope of the problem. No one Studies show that 1 in 5 has a clear idea of the true number of transgender individuals in need transgender people are in of services, because no one is accurately counting. However, it is need or at risk of needing known that transgender people are requesting shelter in large numbers. For example, 4.3% of the people who request services from homeless shelter assistance. Atlanta s largest male-only shelter are transgender women who are not allowed in women s shelters. 12 Similarly, Nashville s largest homeless shelter for youth, Oasis, estimates that approximately 1% of their requests for emergency assistance come from transgender youth Cochran, B.N., Stewart, A.J., Ginzler, J.A., Cauce A.M. (2002, May). Challenges Faced by Homeless Sexual Minorities: Comparison of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Homeless Adolescents With Their Heterosexual Counterparts. American Journal of Public Health 92(5), Risser, J. & Shelton, A. (2002). Behavioral Assessment of the Transgender Population, Houston, Texas. University of Texas School of Public Health. Also, see National Center for Lesbian Rights and the Transgender Law Center, TransRealities: A Legal Needs Assessment of San Francisco s Transgender Communities. Available at 12. Smith, J.J., (2003, February 15). Shelters Bar Trans Homeless, Southern Voice. Available at 13. Hal Cato, Executive Director of Oasis Center, Inc. of Nashville, Tennessee, interviewed by Sunny Eaton, November TRANSITIONING OUR SHELTERS

11 Who are Transgender People? The Basics Transgender is an umbrella term used to describe a wide range of identities and experiences, and is used to refer to many types of people, including transsexual people; crossdressers; androgynous people; genderqueers; and other gender non-conforming people whose appearance or characteristics are perceived to be gender atypical. In its broadest sense, transgender encompasses anyone whose identity or behavior falls outside stereotypical gender expectations. It is important to understand that some people may identify as transgender but not fall into one of the subcategories discussed here. This publication attempts to identify many of the ways in which transgender individuals identify and express themselves, but this listing is in no way complete. Furthermore, it is particularly important to realize that many individuals, despite the fact that they may appear transgender to some, do not consider themselves to be transgender. It is important that we not label people transgender based on our perceptions, but instead use the words they use to describe themselves. All people have a gender identity. Gender identity refers to a person s internal sense of being male, female or something else. For most people, one s gender identity matches the sex assigned to them at birth for example, a person born female typically identifies as a girl, and later, as a woman. For many transgender people, there may not be a match. All people also have a gender expression. Gender expression refers to all of the ways that people express their gender (or gender identity) to the outside world, including through dress, appearance, and behavior. For many transgender people, their gender expression doesn t match what society thinks it should be. The following is an attempt to describe more specifically some of the ways of being transgender. All people have a gender identity. Gender identity refers to a person s internal sense of being male, female or something else. 7

12 TRANSSEXUALS Some transgender people are transsexual, identifying psychologically and emotionally as a gender different than their assigned sex at birth. 14 Transsexuals may desire to modify their bodies through hormones and/or sexual reassignment surgery in order to bring their physical appearance into line with their gender identity. 15 The process of identifying and living in one s new gender is called transition, and it may or may not include surgery and/or hormone treatment. Many people who would like surgery to alter their bodies cannot afford it or are not medically able to have surgery. More information about surgery and hormone treatment appears in a later chapter: Health Issues for Transgender People (pg. 20). Transgender women refers to transgender people who were born male but now live as women. Transgender men refers to people who were born female but now live as men. Note that not all people who transition from one sex to the other identify as transsexual. Transgender is a broad term that is good for providers to use. CROSS-DRESSERS Cross-dressers are people who dress in clothing stereotypically worn by the other sex, but who have no intent to change their gender. Typically, cross-dressers cross-dress on a part-time or limited basis. From a shelter perspective, cross-dressers may have increased needs for safety because of their gender identity and/or expression. ANDROGYNOUS PEOPLE, GENDERQUEERS, AND OTHER IDENTITIES Androgynous people and those who identify as genderqueer typically have gender identities that are somewhere between what is stereotypically considered to be male and female. Other terms include femme queens, bois, butch bois or drags. They may be born as male or as female, but identify as neither now or as a bit of both. From a shelter perspective, people with these types of identities need both their privacy and safety needs met in respectful and sensitive ways. GENDER NON-CONFORMING PEOPLE Gender non-conforming refers to people whose gender expressions do not match stereotypes of how girls/women or boys/men are supposed to look and act. In reality, most people in general don t meet all gender expectations and stereotypes either; almost nobody is perfectly masculine or perfectly feminine. The reason gender nonconforming people are included in the list of transgender people is that there are some people who identify as transgender but are not transitioning gender, and do not consider themselves cross-dressers, androgynous, or genderqueer. Gender non-conforming people have an increased need for safety while in the shelters. 14. Transsexual people may or may not be diagnosed with gender dysphoria or gender identity disorder, diagnoses listed in the DSM- IV. The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force supports the reform of these diagnoses, possibly through the creation of a medical diagnosis that does not pathologize transgender people or gender non-conforming people. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. (1996, December 13). Statement on Gender Identity Disorder. Available at 15. Goodrum, A. J. (2002). Gender identity 101: A transgender primer. Available at 8 TRANSITIONING OUR SHELTERS

13 HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION? Many people are confused about the difference between sexual orientation and gender identity or gender expression. Some people believe that all gay, lesbian and bisexual people are transgender, or vice versa. In fact, however, sexual orientation and gender identity are distinct concepts. Sexual orientation refers to a person s attraction to members of the same sex or different sex whether a person is gay, lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual. On the other hand, gender identity refers to a person s internal sense of being male, female or something else. Everyone has both a sexual orientation and a gender identity. The fact that a person is transgender says nothing about their sexual orientation. A transgender person may identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual or heterosexual. GENDER IS AN INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE The definitions provided above are designed to make readers familiar with some basic concepts and terms often used to describe transgender people. Please understand that these descriptions are not complete. It is important to realize how much people can differ from one another when it comes to gender identity or expression. No two people experience their gender, gender identity, or gender expression the same No two people experience their gender, gender way. Thus, staff may encounter someone who identifies as transgender in a identity, or gender way other than those mentioned in this section. For example, some Native expression the same way. Americans use the term two-spirit as the preferred term for a transgender person. Other people identify as bi-gendered, the meaning of which is different for different people. Language and terms relating to gender identity and expression are constantly changing. This can seem daunting at first, but staff will learn in the next chapter that it is not really that difficult to treat all people with respect and dignity. It is also important to realize that class, race, and religious differences may mean that the transgender people shelters encounter could have different classifications and different terminology for themselves. For example, some cultures do not draw a distinction between transgender people and gay and lesbian people like the distinction drawn in the box above. Rest assured, however, that the basics on how to treat transgender people respectfully and how to ensure they have safe shelter remain essentially the same. The next chapter discusses the policy of respect that will ensure that the shelter is able to treat all transgender people respectfully. WHAT ABOUT INTERSEX PEOPLE? Intersex people are distinct from transgender people. People with intersex conditions are born with sex chromosomes, external genitalia, or an internal reproductive system that are not considered standard for either male or female. Overall, there are at least 15 different medical causes of intersexuality, and only a small percentage of these cases result in ambiguous genitalia at birth. Other intersex conditions are learned of at the time of puberty, while still others appear later in life. Doctors perform surgery on one or two babies per 1,000 births in a misguided effort to correct ambiguous genitalia. The Intersex Society of North America, along with other groups, has exposed the fact that these surgeries are harmful to many intersex people and that performing genital surgery on infants is often not in the best interests of the child. People with intersex conditions may be among shelter residents and have an increased need for privacy and safety, just as transgender people do. Some intersex people identify as transgender if they were assigned one sex at birth but transition to the other later in life. Although not the focus of this publication, most of the recommendations in this publication will help intersex shelter residents be safer in shelters as well. For more information about intersex people, go to Bodies Like Ours, the Intersex Initiative of Portland, Intersex Society of North America, or Queer Bodies, (specific to youth). WHO ARE TRANSGENDER PEOPLE? THE BASICS 9

14 SOME DEFINITIONS Transgender: An umbrella term for people whose gender identity, expression or behavior is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth, including but not limited to transsexuals, crossdressers, androgynous people, genderqueers, and gender non-conforming people. Transgender is a broad term and is good for providers to use. Transgender Man: A term for a transgender individual who currently identifies as a man (see also FTM ). Transgender Woman: A term for a transgender individual who currently identifies as a woman (see also MTF ). Gender Identity: An individual s internal sense of being male, female, or something else. Since gender identity is internal, one s gender identity is not necessarily visible to others. Gender Expression: How a person represents or expresses one s gender identity to others, often through behavior, clothing, hairstyles, voice or body characteristics. Transsexual: A term for people whose gender identity is different from their assigned sex at birth. Often, but not always, transsexual people alter their bodies through hormones or surgery in order to make it match their gender identity. Cross-dresser: A term for people who dress in clothing traditionally or stereotypically worn by the other sex, but who generally have no intent to live full-time as the other gender. Transvestite: A term for a cross-dresser that is considered derogatory by many. Genderqueer: A term used by some individuals who identify as neither entirely male nor entirely female. Genderqueer is an identity more common among young people. Gender Non-conforming: A term for individuals whose gender expression is different from the societal expectations based on their assigned sex at birth. Bi-gendered: One who has a significant gender identity that encompasses both genders, male and female. Some may feel that one side or the other is stronger, but both sides are there. Two-spirit: The definition of a two-spirit person varies across the Native American cultures in which they appear. In general, two-spirit people are born one sex, and end up fulfilling the roles assigned to both sexes, or other roles reserved for two-spirit people. Some people consider two-spirit a term that can refer to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, while others think it is best used only for transgender people. FTM: A person who has transitioned from female-to-male, meaning a person who was assigned female at birth, but now identifies and lives as a male. Also known as a transgender man. MTF: A person who has transitioned from male-to-female, meaning a person who was assigned male at birth, but now identifies and lives as a female. Also known as a transgender woman. Passing: A term used by transgender people to mean that they are seen as the gender they self-identify as. For example, a transgender man (born female) who most people see as a man. Sex Reassignment Surgery: Surgical procedures that change one s body to make it conform to a person s gender identity. This may include top surgery (breast augmentation or removal) or bottom surgery (altering genitals). Contrary to popular belief, there is not one surgery; in fact there are many different surgeries. Sex change surgery is considered a derogatory term by many. Sexual Orientation: A term describing a person s attraction to members of the same sex or different sex. Usually defined as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or heterosexual. Transition: The period during which a person begins to live as their new gender. Transitioning may include changing one s name, taking hormones, having surgery, or changing legal documents (e.g. driver s license, Social Security number, birth certificate) to reflect their new gender. Intersex: A term used for people who are born with external genitalia, chromosomes, or internal reproductive systems that are not traditionally associated with either a standard male or female. Drag Queen: generally used to accurately refer to men who dress as women (often celebrity women) for the purpose of entertaining others at bars, clubs, or other events. It is also used as slang, sometimes in a derogatory manner, to refer to all transgender women. Drag King: used to refer to women who dress as men for the purpose of entertaining others at bars, clubs, or other events. These definitions are influenced by a variety of sources. See Patrick Letellier, Beyond He and She: A Transgender News Profile (January 2003), Good Times; Intersex Society of North America, the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network, and Transgender Equality: A handbook for activists and policymakers. New York: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute and National Center for Lesbian Rights. 10 TRANSITIONING OUR SHELTERS

15 The First and Most Critical Step: A Policy of Respect for Transgender People The single most important thing a shelter must do to make the shelter safe for transgender people is to understand and implement a policy of respect for transgender people. This policy of respect is the only mandated policy recommendation in this guide the rest are practical recommendations that flow from the policy of respect and will be different from shelter to shelter. Because this basic policy of respect is the most important thing to understand, implement, and enforce, the next few pages are devoted entirely to why this policy should be adopted, answering concerns that shelters have about implementing the policy, and what exactly following the policy will mean with regard to placing people in men s or women s shelters. Whether or not a shelter adopts this policy is the dividing line between safe and unsafe shelter. Thankfully, the policy of respect is quite simple and should be obvious once the reasons behind it are understood: The Policy of Respect: People should be treated according to their self-identified gender. In other words, people are who they say they are. If someone says she is a woman, she is, and she should be treated as a woman. This policy of respect is nearly identical to the clarifying language that the National Coalition for the Homeless resolution added to its nondiscrimination resolution: Abiding by this non-discrimination resolution means that housing, shelter and services are to be made available to individuals according to the gender that the person self-identifies as (see Appendix A). The importance of respecting a person s self identity cannot be understated. While most people have never questioned their gender identity, some peo- The single most important thing a shelter must do to make the shelter safe for transgender people is to understand and implement a policy of respect for transgender people. Abiding by this nondiscrimination resolution means that housing, shelter and services are to be made available to individuals according to the gender that the person self-identifies as. National Coalition for the Homeless 11

16 ple have spent a great deal of time struggling over it, trying to understand how they feel inside, how they desire to look outside, whether they can change their gender, and how to tell friends and family that changes are going to occur. Living as a gender different than one s birth sex is not undertaken lightly. Shelters need to understand that transitioning from one gender to the other is not easy and it comes with many risks. HOUSING PLACEMENTS BASED ON SELF-IDENTIFIED GENDER, NOT SURGERY The most important policy decision regarding a transgender person is which gender they are housed with. Some shelters have rules that a transgender person s gender should be recognized only after they have had surgery. While, at first blush, this rule requiring surgery may seem fair, in reality it is both hurtful and disrespectful when understood from the perspective of a transgender person s lived experience. The policy of respect for transgender people looks instead to a person s self-identification only, making it irrelevant whether or not a person has made body modifications through surgeries. Why isn t requiring surgery reasonable? There are many reasons why surgery should not be a dividing line for determining who is and who is not a man or woman. Here are some of the main reasons: Surgeries are very expensive, sometimes costing over $70,000, and nearly all medical insurance plans exclude them from coverage. While surgery is necessary for many transgender persons to feel comfortable, this is not the case for all; some individuals do not desire genital surgery because they do not view it as something necessary for their happiness. Many individuals do not undergo surgery because they are medically unable to do so because of age, weight, general health, HIV status, or other conditions. There are many personal reasons a transgender individual may choose not to undergo surgery. They include fear of surgery, inability to take time off work, lack of someone to play a support role during the recovery process, lack of a doctor in the area who performs such surgery, among others. Some of the surgeries have poor or unpredictable results and are undesirable for that reason. Whether or not any person has had surgery or any other medical treatment is usually considered a private matter, and surgery for transgender people should not be different. Transgender people shouldn t have to make their medical history public knowledge in order for them to get respectful treatment. Whether or not a person has had surgery is almost always irrelevant after all, our bodies are almost always under our clothes. The policy of respect for transgender people looks instead to a person s self-identification only, making it irrelevant whether or not a person has made surgical body modifications. 12 TRANSITIONING OUR SHELTERS

17 Last, the concerns that shelters have that makes them hesitate to implement a rule that doesn t require surgery, when closely inspected, turn out not to be real problems. These are typically concerns about the privacy and safety of other residents. Shelters that have lifted their requirement of surgery have learned that their fears about privacy and safety were unfounded. Because these concerns are primarily expressed by women s shelters, the next section deals specifically with concerns women s shelters might have. WOMEN S SHELTERS JUST AS SAFE WITH TRANSGENDER WOMEN Sometimes women s shelters are afraid to house transgender women who have not had genital surgery. These concerns seem to be related to safety. Specifically, shelters may be fearful that a transgender woman (who has not had genital surgery) may sexually or physically assault another resident. They may also be concerned that men who are not transgender may dress as women to gain admittance to a women s shelter in order to assault women. To someone who has little experience with transgender people or who has never tried to run a shelter without a surgery rule, these concerns may seem very legitimate. First, are transgender women (including those who may have male genitals) really likely to physically or sexually assault the other women residents? In actuality, transgender women are no more dangerous than other women. It is not fair or correct to assume that just because a person is transgender or has male genitals that they are a physical threat to others. Any woman, transgender or not, could assault another person at any time, due to mental illness or an interpersonal conflict, etc. Shelters in San Francisco and Boston that for many years have integrated transgender women report that they have not had assaults committed by transgender women that are unlike those committed by other women. Judith Pomeroy, who for over five years has managed the Marian Residence for Women, one of the services run by the St. Anthony Foundation in San Francisco, explains that their women s shelter has had a policy of accepting transgender women since before she was manager and they haven t found assault to be a problem. We operate on behavior here and don t assume that one person is more likely to harm others just by looking at them. If anyone hurts another person, we deal with that reality rather than thinking based on a stereotype that someone will hurt another person. 16 By focusing on inappropriate behavior that is not allowed from anyone and enforcing those rules if they are violated, shelters balance the needs of everyone involved without discriminating against transgender women. Gunner Scott works with The Network/LaRed in Boston, an organization that works against abuse in the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community. Scott has trained many Boston-area domestic violence shelters that accept transgender women. Scott notes that: We operate on behavior here and don t assume that one person is more likely to harm others just by looking at them. If anyone hurts another person, we deal with that reality rather than thinking based on a stereotype... Judith Pomeroy, Mgr, Marian Residence for Women, San Francisco 16. Judith Pomeroy, shelter manager of Marian Residence for Women, San Francisco, interviewed by Lisa Mottet on December 9, A POLICY OF RESPECT FOR TRANSGENDER PEOPLE 13

18 Stereotypes of transgender people attacking women come from movies and television shows that inaccurately portray transgender people as dangerous and abusive. This is far from the truth. When it comes to transgender people, the more serious risk is that violence will be committed against transgender people by others. Also, shelters need to learn that it is a myth that woman-only space is always safe. The occurrence of woman-to-woman abuse by both straight and lesbian women is real, and shelters need clear rules against it. By enforcing these rules for all residents, transgender and non-transgender, these spaces can become truly safe. Second, are men likely to put on women s clothing to gain admittance to women s shelters? Sometimes women s shelters are concerned that men who are not transgender will begin to put on women s clothing just to get into women s homeless shelters. That fear doesn t match the experience of shelters that have adopted policies that accept transgender women. In San Francisco, where transgender-inclusive shelters have been running for the last eight years, Human Rights Commission investigator Marcus Arana notes that, We have not received a single complaint that any man has ever put on a dress to get into a women s shelter. 17 The authors of this guide have never heard of a scenario like this happening and believe that it is extremely unlikely to occur. If this unlikely situation were to occur, we believe that intake staff would be able to immediately detect that the person is not sincerely identifying as woman. There are other concerns that women s shelters may have about having transgender women who have not had sex reassignment surgery in women s shelters. They may worry that other residents will not feel safe around transgender women. These are addressed in a later section on Dealing with Concerns of Other Residents (pg. 34). Other concerns, such as bodily privacy, are addressed in later sections on Restrooms (pg. 28) and Showers (pg. 30). We have not received a single complaint that any man has ever put on a dress to get into a women s shelter. Marcus Arana, Human Rights Commission Investigator, San Francisco SHOWING RESPECT HONORING PEOPLE S IDENTITIES CREATING SAFE SHELTER There are many ways respect is shown, or not shown, in a shelter situation. SHOWING RESPECT THROUGH LANGUAGE One of the most obvious ways to respect or disrespect a person is the language used to speak about and refer to them. Language is one of the most powerful tools we have and can be one of the most harmful as well. If a person identifies as a woman, then she should be used to refer to her. If a person identifies as a man, then he should be used to refer to him. Similarly, if an individual explains that he identifies as a man, the shelter should not question that identification. That person s identity should be honored. Failure to honor a person s self-identification creates an unwelcoming and unsafe shelter. 17. Marcus Arana, investigator for the San Francisco Human Rights Commission, interviewed by Lisa Mottet on December 4, TRANSITIONING OUR SHELTERS

19 SHOWING RESPECT BY HONORING EVERY PERSON S IDENTITY While applying the policy of respect to people who live all the time in their new gender may be straightforward, sometimes it is confusing for shelter staff when a transgender person is living only part-time in their new gender. Perhaps the person goes by his or her old name as well as a new name. Perhaps the person dresses mostly in clothing appropriate to the old gender. Or perhaps a resident has a gender identity that is neither male nor female and has a gender expression that is a little bit of both. Regardless of the reasons that a person is not identifying as 100% male or female, the policy recommendation is the same. Each person should be treated as an individual. The best solution for these situations is to have a conversation with the person about his or her privacy and safety needs, and to ask that person, Would it be better for you to be housed with women or with men? The transgender resident should be offered all of the housing options that are available under shelter policies. The solutions to these situations will vary with the individual. After discussing these issues with the resident, the staff person must ultimately allow transgender people to make their own decisions, based on a personal evaluation of which place is safer. REASONS A PERSON MAY ONLY LIVE PART OF THE TIME IN HIS OR HER NEW GENDER The decision to live 100% of the time in one s new gender comes with many risks. There are also many barriers for people who want to live full time in their new gender. For many, transitioning means the likelihood of facing discrimination everywhere the person goes. It can be harder to get a job as a transitioned transgender person than it is if they pretend not to be transgender at work. Living openly as a transgender person may mean being at increased risk for violence on the street. If a person fully transitions and does not have a state identification card or driver s license with the person s new name and gender on it, it can present a problem in many circumstances. For low-income people, it is difficult to get one s name changed legally so that one s driver s license name can be changed. It is also often difficult to get the gender changed on one s driver s license. For more information, see chapter on Legal Issues (pg. 17). It is almost impossible to get the gender changed on one s birth certificate without proving that surgery has taken place. See chapter on Legal Issues (pg. 17). Some people do not feel safe transitioning until they can afford surgeries to change their bodies. Some do not feel safe transitioning because they do not believe they will "pass" as members of their new gender. Sometimes a person, because of their immigration status, cannot change legal documents. As you see, many transgender people are not able to transition for fear of their emotional, economic, and physical safety. A POLICY OF RESPECT FOR TRANSGENDER PEOPLE 15

20 THE BOTTOM LINE THE POLICY OF RESPECT The bottom line is that transgender people should be treated with respect. Their freedom to define themselves through self-identification and expression should be honored in every way, including in the language that staff use to refer to them as well as with their housing, bathroom, and shower placement. Because of the reality of transgender people s lives, administrators and other staff persons must treat transgender persons as the gender with which they self-identify. Transgender people may not have the bodies they want, but it isn t the shelter s place to deprive them of gender-appropriate housing and treatment. The clear consequence of a rule that makes surgery the dividing line between who gets gender-appropriate shelter and who does not means that most transgender people will never get gender-appropriate shelter and treatment. Knowing how important it is for the emotional and physical safety of transgender people to have their gender identities respected, treating people according to the gender they self-identify the policy of respect is the only humane option. PRACTICAL ANSWERS TO PRACTICAL QUESTIONS What if our new shelter resident is only living in her new gender part of the time? What does a shelter do if a new resident dresses as a man during the day (her old gender) for safety reasons, but sometimes dresses more femininely and has her friends call her she and by her female chosen name when in private? This person is clearly presenting herself during the day as male and as a woman only when she feels safe to do so. The important thing to do is ask her where she will feel most safe, housed with the women or with the men. She may be more comfortable being housed with men, feeling that she will be safer on the streets during the day if the other residents do not know that she is hoping and planning to transition. Of course, she also may feel more comfortable being in a women s shelter, and may hope that having safe shelter will make it easier to live full-time in her new gender. Ironically, she may be dressing as a male during the day in part because she thinks that she has to sleep in the male shelter which won t be safe for her if she dresses as a woman! What placement best fits her safety needs will come out from a good conversation about what safety procedures the shelter has available. See the section on Sleeping Arrangements (pg. 31) for more discussion on this topic. What about people who are not identifying as either male or female? At first, this might seem a bit challenging. Perhaps this person identifies as androgynous or as genderqueer. Perhaps the person takes the label bi-gendered. Regardless of the person s identity, which may be one with which the staff person is unfamiliar, the most important thing is to talk to the person about options. The staff person should discuss the various privacy and safety concerns they have and ask the person if he or she would feel more comfortable being housed with men or women, or a gender-neutral option if the shelter provides one. In this conversation, the staff person should tell the transgender person about the relative privacy and safety considerations in each facility. The staff person should defer to the resident s assessment of what will be most safe. 16 TRANSITIONING OUR SHELTERS

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