The study of the paper deals with the coins and its preservation methods. In Tamil Monarchal rule, the kings issued various types of coins. The triumvirate, Chera, Chola and The Pandian kings coined coins made up of gold, copper and other metals. They are sparsely found out by the archaeologists and preserved in many methods. Therefore, the study traces the art of numismatics and the preserving measures.

The study of the paper extends an analysis of time calculation from the evidences from the holy Bible. Middle East is the place where the Hebrews lived and their successors live. They followed certain time methods in their culture. After the New Testament was written by the Greek, Latin, and English Bible scholars, the time methods vary. The study focuses on the evidences based on it. Hence, the study helps to know the cultural ethics and informations of Tamil Culture

The article has been the source of the relics found at the time of the archaeological survey, sites and the culverts in the Thiruvannamalai Temple and the caves and other places with the edicts. The origin of the Thiruvannamalai temple, the archaeological study, Polur, Sengam Sites, Mottur Urn burial sites, Urn burial culture, Pot usage, rituals, sacrifice to the dead, Mother Goddesses Cult, are evinced through this scrutiny. Many Pallava, Chola kings and the philanthrophists had done sacred service to the temple and they are still in the culverts. Hence, the study brings out the related facts.

The purpose of the study has been determined to find out the water management system of Tamil society through archaeological facts. The classical antiquity of the Tamil people shows that they are keenly aware of life is without water and water is the elixir of life. They rely on agriculture and cattle rearing and built their civilizations on the banks of the famous rivers of Tamil nadu. The Tamil Triumvirate kings channeled big rivers and let them to be stored by digging ponds, lakes in the remote places to save water to get used of it when there is much scarcity of water. Thus, the water management system is highly systematic in the Tamil society and the study becomes too much important to research with objectives and that becomes the need of the present study.

The paper culls out the details of the excavations done on the central focus on the Archeological sites of the Tamilar regions all over the world. Tamil people are a universal one and their culture are seen in many continents and in many countries. Many individual geologists and governments of various countries are doing research on it. Indian government also did many researches on the remnants of the Tamil civilization. The survey done at Eelam is also a particular one and is discussed here. Hence, the article gives out the minute details of the remnants of Tamil civilization.

The article has the plan to find out the deeds of good done by the Marathas who had succeeded the Nayaks in the Clola region after the fall of the Cholas.The culvert and plate evidences show evidently that many of the Maratha kings did dedicated efforts to the people of their occupied area. They were patrons to many schools and inns to the way of Rameswaram. They even built a hospital relied on Sidda Medicine on the time. Most probably, Shambaji is the noted of the Marathas who did many reformations. Nevertheless, the purpose of the article is to bring out the glimpses of such informations from the archaeological evidences.

The present study deals with the idea of evincing the facts collected from the culverts and copper plates found in Tamil Nadu. It is real fact that a society’s glory can be assessed through the edicts edited by the royal people of the dynasty. The edicts may show their culture, lifestyle, aesthetics, ethics, charity and society related renovations and building water ponds, lakes and the order of provincial arrangement. Here in the article, it is discussed about the Chera, Chola and the Pandian kings and the Tamil Brahmi Scripts they have used to edict their messages. Then it focuses on the Sethupathis and their title culverts and about their feats and lifestyle. Hence, the paper is a fine sort out of culture with archaeological evidences.

The paper intends to find out the evidences of Tamil culture in Archaeology. The culture of Tamils is a noble one based on the natural life and its related principles. The Indian government through the archaeological department has conducted many surveys and site exvacuations to study on the Tamil culture. The culverts and the Kodumanal exvacation are certain examples of Tamil culture. Hence, the study helps to cull down the stance of archaeology and Tamil culture.

The study deals with a close analysis on the archaeological survey methods to evaluate the artefacts found in the archaeological sites. The discussion explains about the types of methods in the estimation of the relics. These methods help exactly in their phases to know the real facts of the evidences. Hence, the brief study aids to understand the assessing process of archaeology.

Two thousand years ago ‘PoogarNagaram’ left an indelible marble in the field of sea trade and it was specified in ancient literature elaborately. Such resourceful Nagaram was submerged in the sea due to a natural disaster and this claim was proven by archaeological department. Tamil clan is a prishne and the ancient one. According to Archaeology department, Tamil is the first and fore most clan in the world and it is comprechensive to accept that ‘PoogarNagaram’ is an ancient city in the world. The paper discloses the facts related to the evidences of Archaeology.

The article focuses that anthropologists are the first to know the oldest living standards. In the field of humanity, the culture, liturgical methods rituals ought to be done in the original idea to extract evidences. Tamil people are a classic set of people who had the tradition of Stonehenge worship. They erected stones for the brave and chivalrous men. That shows the social life of the Tamil people. Moreover their tradition, and cultural rituals are understood through authentic evidences. Hence the study gives informations from the culverts.

The article focuses on the facts on classical evidences of the Tamil society through the resources recorded in the Sangam Literature.The documents show that the society is highly traditional and ethical. The quqlities of the society are recorded in the classical works such as “Nattrinai” and “Kurunthokai”. These works were originally got in the palm leaflets and now available in all forms of technological advancement. The people of the sangam times gave more importance to moral ethics above all social values.These traits are seen naturally now in the common personality of the Tamil people. Hence, this study focuses to decipher the real facts in sangam Literature.

The paper focuses on the art and historical state of Thirukattalai Sundereswara Temple. This is a temple that is near tp Pudukkottai. The temple was built at the times of the Chola king Aadita Cholan. The architecture of the temple is discussed with the structures of the temple. The deities and festivals related to the temple are discussed in the paper.

The article enunciates the Tamil Chola kings and their dedication in building temples. Chola regime is noted for it massive growth in all sorts of administration from the time of the graet Parantaka Cholan to the world famed Raja Raja Cholan then to his son Rajendra Cholan. It is a fact that Raja Raja, originally named Arul Mozhi Varman built Thousand Temples. His elder sister Kundavai also a keen devotee of Saiva religion donated gold, silver and land to the temples. The facts on the temples of Tanjore, Tarasuram, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Tiripuvanam and Sun Temples are discussed. Hence, the paper tries to bring out the culvert, plates and literary sources to get the information related to the temples in the times of Chola Kingdom.

The article has been culled out by the inspiration to extract the Religious Beliefs in Archaic Culture. The religious traits tell of the beliefe of the Tamil people through the archaic remnants of the Tamil culture. Nevertheless, the purpose of it is to bring out the glimpses from the archaeological evidences of the religious beliefs.

The article has been culled out by the inspiration to extract the glorious kings glorified in the poetic verses of ‘Purananooru’. The evidences from the culverts, copper plates and literary sources scops of the feats of some of the kings in a far-fetched manner. Kings such as Pandian Palyagasalai Mudhukudumbi Peruvazhudhi, Pandian Nedunchelian, Vel Aai, Adhiyaman Newdumananji are famed through the Sangam poems. The article delves deep to scrutinize the facts related to it. Nevertheless, the purpose of it is to bring out the glimpses from the archaeological evidences of the Purananooru kings.

The article discloses about the use of iron in the antique excavations of Aathichanallur. The people belonged to the civilization are highly developed in the melting of iron ore and creating many objects out of it. They are mainly kitchen utensils and warfare weapons. These evidences show clearly that the Tamil people who lived in this area had contacts with the foreign traders from Greece and Rome. Hence the study extract the informations from the relics and documents for a clear disclosure.

The paper deals with the antiqueness of the Tamil language. It is considered the oldest language spoken in many parts of the world, scholars of linguistics like Noam Chomsky, Alex Collier and Clyde Winters are in the idea that the oldest language is the Tamil language. The Proto Language of all the Dravidian languages is the Tamil Language. The Bhrami Script and the Round inscriptions of Tamil languages prove that it is the oldest one. The classical literature of the Sangamn age is also very important to consider for the language’s antiqueness. Therefore, the revise traces the antiqueness of Tamil language and literature.

The paper traces the relical facts in Sangam Literature that show the well being of the Tamil Society. The Sangam poems are a notable resource and record that gives us many of the antique states of Tamil culture. The traditions followed by them are mainly recorded by the Sangam poets. Lots of evidences speak of the ritual followed by the people on those days. The salutation to the dead by erecting stones, urn burial and the transformation of burial into cremation are evidently discussed in the article. Hence, the paper will be a source to identify Tamil culture.

The article purports the facts of the archaeological sites related to the Megalithic symbols found in the South Kongu Region. The evidences show that the people had been using the developed utensils, ware objects and other forms of products. These are the things which are widely seen as remnants in all archaeological sites. Therefore, the study culls out the megalithic sumbols found in the south Kongu region.

The article focuses on the worship of the classical Tamil people. Worship is the most significant tradition followed by the Tamil people of the ancient times. They gave much importance to the patterns of prayer methods. The present paper studies on the evidences of prayer seen in the archaeological evidences.The tamil people did Nature worship, Ancestor worship, Murugan worship, Kottravai worship and other minor forms. Hence the study gives the worship related informations from the culverts.

The article focuses that archaeology ought to be done in the original idea to extract evidences regarding anthropology. Tamil people are a classic set of people who had an ancient history to tell. Many of the civilizations on Tamil Nadu and under water near to the land are full of antique tamil culture.The remnants reveal the anthropological origins of Tamil people. Moreover their tradition, and cultural rituals are extracted through authentic evidences. Hence the study extracts the informations from the documents.

The study of the paper extends an analysis on the Culverts in Tamil Nadu Temples. The temple were built by the Tamil people with great reverence. Many kings hab built many temples and edicted culverts about it. Hence, the study helps to know the culverts in the Tamil temples.

The article discloses the rich ethical life, life style and war are found in the highest intentions of the world. The life of the Tamils is the lifestyle of the noble ones. The study of this article is a study of the Tamil’s lifestyle in the Vellore district at the ancient times. It evinces the Stone age, New stone age, Iron age and Historical monuments and relics of the Tamils. Hence, the paper attempts a survey of the concerned theme.

The paper deals with the facts collected from the culverts related to the Business Ethics found in the Kongu region of Tamil Nadu. A society’s grandeur can be assessed through the edicts. The edicts show their culture, ethics, charity and society related ethics. Business is considered one of the major parts in the development of the society and the ethical norms followed by the set of people are also very important to know their level. Tamil people are well known for their trade with the foreign contries in the past to the Present. They even had business contacts with ancient civilizations like Greek, Roman, Chinese and Egyptian people. The business stalwarts on those times had donated gold coins, bronze coins, land and other charity acts are revealed through the culverts. Hence, the paper traces business ewthics with archaeological evidences.

The gist of the study is to decipher the evidences of Tamil society through the religious inscriptions from the ancient times of the Tamil society. The article explains about religion in general, the types of religion and its impact on the Tamil society and culture. It evinces the inscriptions from artefacts and relics to tell about the glorious religions such us Saiva, Vaisnava, Samana and Budddist religion and the evidences related to it. Through the samples, the study putforth the ethical values followed by the people.

The paper evinces the religious ethical life, life style of the Tamils. Their lifestyle is a noble one. The study of this article is a study of the Tamil way of culvert edicting in the ancient times. Cheyyar is an important place in Thiruvannamalai District. There are lots of temple edicts that tells about the nobility of he people, kings and administrators under he king. The culverts and the edicts in the temples reveal a superior culture existed and existing in the society. Hence, the paper attempts an investigation of the edicts.

The study gives a close analysis on the archaeological surveys done in Tamil Nadu. The article explains the role of archaeology and the lofty past of the Tamil culture. It brings down the ages of Tamil culture and the methods used by the department of archaeology to define the facts evolved from it. The studuy scrutinizes the site relics to decode the similarities and the antiqueness of the civilization. It also suggests the regions near to Palani for survey.

Tamil Nadu is one of the ancient places with a vast history and literary sources. It has lots of evidences such as culverts, plates and other inscriptions to boast of their age old tradituion. It is to note that lots of archaeological sites in Tamil region proved it rationally. The sites such as Kodumanal, Keeladi, Ravimangalam, Seithunganallor, Pattaraiputhur and many places are the future sites because there are no any further site openings of them. So it remains dormant. This is the time to make these sites to be assessed again in the possible areas to establish Tamil Culture. Hence, the paper tries to scrutinize the facts regarding to the topic.

The article enunciates the water management principles followed in the Tamil region by the Tamil kings and the later Nayak Kings. It briefs about water management in the Sangam Period, Pallava Period, Pandian Period, Nayak Period and other water related constructions conducted and maintained at Thamiraparani river basin and Kumbakonam warer reservoir. The evidences from ‘Purananooru’, ‘Malaipadukadam’, ‘Paripadal’ and other sources tell of the apt and systematic water system managed by our ancestors. Today, in the time of water crisis, we all should know about the systems followed and maintained by our forefathers to resurrect the golden age of agriculture. It is also suggested to do multi-faceted research in the water management systems followed in the Tamil society and to redeem it for the betterment of life.

The Creation of the King’s Clan in Ilankai- An Analysis based on the Recent Archaeological Findings

Mrs. Saitharan Sivarupy

Abstract

The article has been culled out by the inspiration to extract the creation of the King’s Clan in Ilankai. It speaks of the generations of the kings from the past Tamil Pandian and Chola kings to the later arrived Sinhala kings and the sub sects of Tamil people. Nevertheless, the purpose of it is to bring out the glimpses from the archaeological evidences of the clans.

The article explains about the history of the true inhabitants of the present India. The history was originally falsely written in Aryan perspective but the Dravidian culture and language was once spoken all over the today’s India and the places such as Today’s Pakistan and Afganistan. Still, Dravidian languages are spoken there. Brahui, Malt are such languages existing there. The art and culture of the Dravidian people are really ancient and remarkable in the archaeological history. Hence, the study make clear the unified details from the revelation found on authentic sources.

Archaeology deals with the decoding of the past facts with ancient or traditional forms of documentation. The study propagates to find out the life of pulithevan, the famous warrior of Tamil Nadu through the Tamil traditional documentation sources such as culverts, bronze plates, numismatics and the weapons used by them. He was the first one to fight against the British East Indian Company. So the study becomes relevant to tell the hidden fact that he is the first in India who fought bravely with rhe Britishers. Hence, the paper focuses to extract evidence to prove the facts.

Keywords: Pulithevan, Archaeology, Facts, East Indian Company, First Revolution

Tamil culture is known for its monuments. In the ancient days the ancient Tamil Warriors are glorified in all sorts of documentation, especially in the verses and the culverts show their valour and martyrdom for the sake of the country, they gave their lives for saving innocent people with stoicness. In commemoration of their feats and valorable acts, the kings erected many stonehenges for the martyred warriors. Hence, this paper tries to bring out the informations related to the Stonehenge.

The study of the article deals with use of Turmeric in the life of the Tamil People. Turmeric is an antibiotic. It has been used from the age old history of the Tamil people for medicinal purposes. The plant and the root of the plant is used for all sorts of celebrations as a token of healthy welcome. Th people believe if they use it in daily life, they will get ultimate benefit out of it. The women of Tamil Nadu use turmeric as an application and according to the tradition it lengthens life and it is the symbol of long life of the life partner to the woman. It also has other significances. Therefore, the study use of turmeric in tamil society.

The article evinces the need and importance of Archaeology. It caters the facts of the Tamil People’s age old tradition, lifestyle, agriculture and other facets of life. The idea of the study bring forth the study needed to reinvestigate the fossils, and relics to find out the classic quality of the Tamil people. It putforths many surveys done in the Tamil land such as Aathichanallur, Kodumanal and Ilankai as valid examples. Hence, the study make logical the mutual details from the revelation originate from consistent sources.

The article evinces the traces of Tamilar on the Globe. It caters the facts of the Tamil People’s age old tradition, lifestyle, agriculture and other walks of life. The idea of the study bring forth the study needed to reinvestigate the fossils, and relics to find out the classic antiquity of the Tamil people. It putforths many sites such as Aathichanallur, Kodumanal and Ilankai as valid examples. Hence, the study gives details from the consistent sources.

Tamil culture is an ancient culture. Now the people are living in the southern part of Indian sub-continent. The place has been surveyed in relation to archaeological basis for many times by many individual archaeologists, geologists and archaeologicasl departments of many governments. India as named after the independence from the Britishers had done in continuation of the archaeological sites and survey. They have found the cultures of the Tamils are the very oldest civilization in the Indian history. The excavations at Aathichanallor, Kodumanal, Keeladi, Ravimangalam and other places are very notable and had evidences of the Megalithic age. Hence, this paper tries to bring out the informations related to the domain topic.

The article ponders over the explanation of culverts and relates the connection between archaeology and culverts. Then it speaks of the Kapilakunrru. ‘Pattinapalai’ and Uruthirakannanar are taken as objectives and a short discussion is there. After that ‘Malaipadumkadam’ is explained with reference to the Pandian King Maravarman and his valour and his love on Tamil language that he showed while demolishing the Chola territory. Then a glance on the Adiyamans gives a hint on their feats. Hence, the study make clear the unified specifics from the elucidation found on the culverts.

The article propagates to draw out the historical evidences of the Aruntathiyinar caste based on the culvert and other related facts collected from the ancient times to the present. The idea centers that the Aruntathiyinar are one of the ancient sect of Tamil people. There are many of the sources that say the people have their distinct reputation and role in the society. The history of Tamil Nadu has been written from the high class people only. So, there is bias in the chronology. This study focuses to find out history from down to earth of the Tamil society. Nevertheless, the purpose of the article is to bring out the glimpses from the archaeological evidences from temples, culverts and other sources.

The purpose of the study is to bring out the traces of the first woman who committed sati in the chronicle of Tamil Nadu. Woman who entered sati are revered as woman of high repute and chaste. They are later given status as county deities. Some small temples at Theepenjayi Amman Temple at Cuddallore road and in Venkitammal memorial temple at Perumalpatti of Virudhunagar District are certain examples such incidents of sati practice. Thus, this article brings down the related evidences through the culverts and temple evidences.

Tamil nadu is rich for culture and the times of the Chola kings are very much notable for its gradual rise in all sorts of life. The kings and the local administrators deputed by the king edicted many culverts to retain their acts in the history. So there are enormous culverts that speak of the life and its values to the people. Women are the integral part of the society life without them is nothing for a society. The chola’s time are very noted for sculptiog and culvert cutting. There are lots of evidences speaking on women of all cadres. Informations on queeesn administrators, house wifes, slum women and devadasis were seen in the culverts. Hence, this paper tries to bring out informations of women from the culverts.

The aim of the paper is to interpret the Rama Vilasa Paintings in the Ramnad Palace. The article culls out the Sethupatis who guarded the Sethu, means Ramnad, a costal area in the Eastern Tamil Nadu whereby threats may come fron Lanka. The details of the study shows that how the sethupathis come to the land and got accreditation from the Nayak kings and evolved into the rulers of the area. Moreover, they are known for their artistic love and the preservation of culture through the paintings in the palace. The paintings of ‘Bhagavatham’, ‘The Ramayana’, and on Krishna and his life events are very good examples in the paintings of the palace. Hence, the paper unveils the facts from the paintings.

The idea of the paper is to find out the present scenario of the Archaeological developments. In the world, it is the only field that brings out the truth of the older civilizations to the scholarly world. The study also aids to show the history of the ancient people with rhe remnants of the sites. Hence, the study helps to cull down the state of archaeology and its neo state through evident sources.

The aim of the writing is to bring forth the details inscribed in the Copper Plates of Kasikudi. The facts tell about the Pallava, Chola, Pandia and Chalukya kings. Their donations, philanthrophic acts, and titles are clearly seen through copper plates. We can also know about some of the facts on the conquering feats of the Pallava and other kings through them. Hence, the paper discloses the derivated facts from the sources.

Tamil Culture evolves from the various facets of Tamil related sources and ethics. These are the royal individuality of Tamil culture. Tamil chronology dates back many thousand years. The resources that show us the relics of Tamil culture and society have classical quality and rights. This quality has been brought from the ancestors to the present successors. This can be tabled under archaeological, architectural, tradition, craftship and nature classical quality. Today Tamil culture is losening its quality by the advent of globalization. Most of the present generation fails to preserve the Tamil vestiges and rely meaningless. Hence, the study dedicates to find out the forgotten antiques and the ways to preserve and to preach the needs of preservation to the younger generation of Tamil society.

The paper tries to scrutinize the evidences based on archeology related to Tamil Culture. The richness of Tamil culture has been accepted by the world scholars of archaeological department that Tamil culture is a one of ancient origin. Most of the cultures from ancient civilizations seem with the remnants of Tamil culture. The Harappa, Mohenjadaro, Sumeria, Lothal, Aatichanallor, Kodumanal seems to be similar in the town architecture and usage of clay pots. It is lucidly seen that there are lots of evidences to prove the civilizations are of one origin. The art models are also of similar structures and composition. Therefore, the study brings out the fact related to the study

The paper tries to scrutinize the evidences based on archeology related to Tamil Culture at Kodumanal. It seems to be similar in all archaeological sites. Therefore, the study brings the facts related to the study.

The article tells about the classic history of the Tamil people and their custom of edictind culverts. The general messages are erected as culverts in the classic society.The kings inscribed copper plates for indicating their feats, glory, donation and other philosophical acts. Hence, the study makes way to understand the culverts and copper plates from consistent sources.

The paper extends a brief study on the lifestyle of the Tamil people lived in the Sangam times. Their lives are very rich with moral ethics and valuable tradition and cultural norms. Those people lives are highly recorded in the Sangam literature. Hence, the study helps to know the Tamil people’s cultural ethics and informations of Tamil Culture through the sangam classical verses.

The paper deals on the facts related to the evidences of archaeological sources on Vaigai civilization. Vaigai river is on the banks of the world famed city Madurai. It is in the heart of Tamil nadu. This Madurai is the third capital established by the Pandian kings after meeting great deluges. Once Vaigai was also ferocious and flows always. Due to the floods of Vaigai many of the settlements of the Tamils are raided away by the waters. At present many of such sites are being found and the culture of those people belong to them seems more then 2500 years. Therefore, The study traces the Vaigai Civilization with the help of archaeological evidences.

The Sangam literature, which has appeared three thousand years ago, has been written by the sangam poets. The Sangam writers have identified clues about climbing on the bulls and taming of it. The study of this finds the archeological evidences of the matters relatd to Bull taming and the culture of bravery.

The Tamil culture is reveales as much more through the culverts and Copper plates. There are enormous evidences regarding to the edicts. still they are preserved in the musems. Hence, the study of this finds the archeological evidences of the matters relatd to culverts and copper plates.