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Modularity refers to the scheme by which interfaces shared among components in a
given product architecture are standardized and specified to allow for greater
reusability and commonality sharing of components among product families. The
management of innovation through modular product architecture strategies is gaining
increasing importance for firms, not only in practice but also from a theoretical
perspective. It is argued that the degree of modularity inherent in a given product
architecture is sensitive and highly dependent upon the number of components and the
interface constraints shared among the components, modules, sub-systems, and
systems. This paper applies a mathematical model, termed modularization function,
for analyzing dynamics and the degree of modularity of a given product architecture
by taking into account the following variables: number of components, number of
interfaces, new-to-the-firm component composition, and substitutability factor. The
application of the modularization function is illustrated with two elevator systems
from Schindler Lifts of Switzerland: traction and hydraulic elevators. The
comparative analysis of the elevators captures the sensitivity and dynamics of product
architecture modularity created by three types of components (standard, neutral, and
unique) and two types of interfaces (fundamental and optional).

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2
Modularization assessment of product architecture
by
Juliana Hsuan Mikkola
DRUID
Dept. of Industrial Economics and Strategy
Copenhagen Business School
Howitzvej 60
DK-2000 Frederiksberg
Denmark
Tel: +45 3815 2941
Fax: +45 3815 2540
Email: jh.ivs@cbs.dk
Abstract
Modularization refers to the opportunity for mixing-and-matching of components in
a modular product design in which the standard interfaces between components are
specified to allow for a range of variation in components to be substituted in a
product architecture. It is through mixing-and-matching of these components, and
how these components interface with one another, that new systems are created.
Consequently, the degree of modularization inherent in a system is highly dependent
upon the components and the interface constraints shared among the components,
modules, and sub-systems. In this paper, a mathematical model is derived for
analyzing the degree of modularization in a given product architecture by taking into
consideration the number of components, number of interfaces, the composition of
new-to-the-firm (NTF) components, and substitutability of components. An analysis
of Chrysler windshield wipers controller suggests that two product architectures may
share similar interface constraints, but the opportunity for modularization of one
module is significant higher than the other due to the higher substitutability of its
components and lower composition of NTF components.

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Modularization refers to the opportunity for mixing-and-matching of components in
a modular product design in which the standard interfaces between components are
specified to allow for a range of variation in components to be substituted in a
product architecture. It is through mixing-and-matching of these components, and
how these components interface with one another, that new systems are created.
Consequently, the degree of modularization inherent in a system is highly dependent
upon the components and the interface constraints shared among the components,
modules, and sub-systems. In this paper, a mathematical model is derived for
analyzing the degree of modularization in a given product architecture by taking into
consideration the number of components, number of interfaces, the composition of
new-to-the-firm (NTF) components, and substitutability of components. An analysis
of Chrysler windshield wipers controller suggests that two product architectures may
share similar interface constraints, but the opportunity for modularization of one
module is significant higher than the other due to the higher substitutability of its
components and lower composition of NTF components.

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The impact of modular products on the organization of product development has recently attracted interest in academia. This paper explores the economic rational behind the idea that modular products result in modular product organizations using a team-theoretic approach. An important implication that can be drawn from team theory is that the nature of the design problem and the way in which it can efficiently be decomposed into design tasks strongly influence the information structures of organizations and therefore also the extent to which the organization can be characterized as a modular organization. Different economic rationales behind task definitions are identified and discussed. The organization of product development activities also can be expected to vary with the main goal of the product development team. I argue that when the minimization of lead-time is the main goal one should expect to find a more modular product development organization among firms that follow a modular product development strategy compared to those that follow an integral product development strategy.

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This paper examines the effect of taxes on the individuals' choices of educational direction, and thus on the economy.s skill composition. A proportional labour tax induces too many workers with high innate ability to choose an educational type associated with high consumption value and low effort. This increases the skill mismatch and aggregate unemployment in the economy. The government can correct for this distortion by use of differentiated tuition fees or tax rates.
JEL codes: J64, J68, H21, H24
Keywords: Unemployment, matching, education, optimal taxation, tuition fees

This position paper is aimed at presenting as discussion material at the CoPDA 2016 Workshop the preliminary results of a short review of the literature published by the HWID community in the last 10 years in four books. Specifi-cally, the attention is posed on understanding the importance of motivation, par-ticipation, and engagement in Interaction Design projects for smart and pervasive workplaces.

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Understanding and Addressing Workplace Disgruntlement through the Application of Organisational Justice

Willison, Robert(, 2009)

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[Færre oplysninger]

Resume:

Within the IS security field, employee computer crime has received increased attention.
Indeed, a number of researchers have focused their attention on the behaviour of the
‘insider’, both prior to and during the perpetration. Despite this, there is currently an
absence of academic insight into the problem of workplace disgruntlement and how this
may motivate employee computer crime. To address this deficiency, this paper draws
on a body of knowledge called ‘organisational justice’, which examines how perceptions
of fairness are formed. Under this umbrella term are four constructs which relate to
different organisational phenomena and influence employees’ fairness perceptions. It is
believed that these constructs, entitled distributive, procedural, interactional and
informational justice, and the theories which underpin them, can not only assist in
understanding, but also in mitigating disgruntlement. To illustrate this, a case of
employee computer sabotage is analysed, highlighting which forms of organisational
justice occurred, and how they could have been addressed. The discussion section
notes how mitigating disgruntlement provides a new area for safeguard
implementation, with the final part of the paper discussing the conclusions and
potential for future research.

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In this article I discuss the Indian outsourcing phenomena and ask the question now what? Using data from the Euro-India project I demonstrate that a small but significant part of the Indian IT entities are moving beyond outsourcing, to co-creation where Innovation and the desire to create new markets is the key driver. This does not imply that outsourcing will disappear but it does mean that firms will engage in globalization using innovative mix of business models and technical platforms. We discuss the implication of this slow transformation to co-creation of innovation for the global outsourcing industry. The key thesis of this paper is to discuss co-creation as a form of innovation and how such a form of innovation is likely to bring Indian companies rich dividends.

This study seeks to untangle the impact of film festivals on the conception and action of industry actors. This study puts forward the argument that film festivals, seen as instances of tournament rituals and field configuring events, play a role in bridging art and commerce. It examines three instances of a particular tournament ritual, that of the three leading European premier film festivals, namely the Cannes Film Festival, the Berlin Film Festival, and the Venice International Film Festival, to untangle their role as mediators between art and commerce and their impact on the artistic classification system of the cinema field. For the purpose, it uses admissions data from 36 European countries for the period of 1996 to 2005. It examines the impact of festival participation and awards on admissions, and further artistic recognition at award ceremonies in the US. Based on the results of our study we argue that, similarly to the classification of art forms, there is a status ordering of tournament rituals (i.e. film festivals) with regard to their ability to act as a nexus of dichotomous categories for a particular cultural form (i.e. art and commerce in the case of film).

This study seeks to untangle the impact of film festivals on the conception and action of industry actors. This study puts forward the argument that film festivals, seen as instances of tournament rituals and field configuring events, play a role in bridging art and commerce. It examines three instances of a particular tournament ritual, that of the three leading European premier film festivals, namely the Cannes Film Festival, the Berlin Film Festival, and the Venice International Film Festival, to untangle their role as mediators between art and commerce and their impact on the artistic classification system of the cinema field. For the purpose, it uses admissions data from 36 European countries for the period of 1996 to 2005. It examines the impact of festival participation and awards on admissions, and further artistic recognition at award ceremonies in the US. Based on the results of our study we argue that, similarly to the classification of art forms, there is a status ordering of tournament rituals (i.e. film festivals) with regard to their ability to act as a nexus of dichotomous categories for a particular cultural form (i.e. art and commerce in the case of film).

The potential of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to integrate
the business functions of any organization has led to its proliferation since
the 1990s. Arguably, ERP systems potentially enable an organization to
become competitive, and their impact has since been extensively
researched and debated. This thesis seeks to understand how ERP
vendors have innovated and developed their business practices to ensure
their own competitive advantage. The thesis consists of an overview
wrapper and five articles. This work is based on a research methodology
using case studies to understand the development of business practices in
the ERP industry since the 1950s. As such, the thesis explores the journey
of different ERP vendors that (1) were influenced by their environment, (2)
participate in different structuring processes to develop their business
practice; (3) adapt their business practices to produce product/service
offerings potentially matching or exceeding the actions of their rivals; and
(4) encounter challenges as they shift their business models.
The thesis reveals that in order to continue to outlast the competition in a
hypercompetitive environment, ERP vendors (1) refine their business
practices, over time, through incremental and evolutionary changes
impacting the ERP industry; (2) obtain a competitive advantage through the exploitation of core resources; (3) co-create with a partner network to
maximize their resources and increase their ability to compete; and (4)
realize the value proposition in terms of the business model.

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SUMMARY
The summary presents an overview of the dissertation and major findings of my
research:
· Research Area, Questions and Design
· Frame of Reference - Domain Knowledge
· Major Findings
Research Area, Questions and Design
This dissertation investigates development and use of multimedia teaching cases, as
applied in business education. Teaching cases present companies, and the current problems
or opportunities they are facing. (Barnes, Christensen and Hansen 1994, Maufette-
Leenders, Erskine and Leenders 1997, Heath 1998, Manninen 1997.) The primary
characteristic is that the case is based on real events. Very often the case description
follows a decision-making situation. (Mauffette-Leenders, Erskine, and Leenders 1997,
Hazard 2000.) The case is prepared by students and then discussed in class. The objective
of the class discussion is to analyse the company's situation and come up with viable
strategies for the future (Leenders and Erskine 1989, Heath 1998, Orngreen and Bielli
2001). Cases were introduced to business education already in 1910 at the Harvard
Business School, and have since then gained widespread use throughout the world
(Leenders and Erskine 1989). Traditionally teaching cases have been written descriptions,
but the teaching cases in this dissertation are multimedia cases.
The use of multimedia teaching cases is a relatively new phenomenon. Because of the
novelty of the approach, research on how to apply these or developing them is extremely
limited. Though I investigate both a use and a development perspective, the use dimension
is investigated with the purpose to inform development. In particular the dissertation
results in a set of roles and tools influencing the development process, which is also seen in
my three research questions:
1. Which roles and tools characterise the development and use of multimedia
teaching cases for business education?
2. How are these roles and tools applied to the multimedia development process,
and how do they support or restrain the development.
3. How are the development roles and tools, and the use roles and tools
interrelated, and how do they relate to a development model for multimedia
teaching cases?

Analyzing the internationalization of large companies from small countries requires understanding the process of internationalization by examining the interface between micro (firm strategies) and macro (the forces of centripetal and centrifugal) level factors. We examine the growth and international expansion of the ten largest companies in Denmark, Finland, and Norway over the period 1990 to 1999. Most companies in the sample became more international during the last decade across basically all the investigated dimensions of internationalization. This was particularly accentuated in the case of Norwegian firms, possibly due to their lower degree of internationalization at the beginning of the period. The study also shows that companies mainly have internationalized their operations activities, while such strategic activities as research and development activities and headquarters functions to a much larger extent are kept in the home country.

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This paper presents the results of a survey of 54 Danish multinational corporations that have
acquired activities abroad. The role of the acquired R&D units was the focus of the survey,
particularly with respect to the schism between basic and applied R&D, and the schism
between autonomous and network R&D. This paper establishes the connection between a
multinational corporation that follows a capability-motivated acquisition strategy and the
R&D role new subsidiaries should play in order for the acquired resources to be utilized
corporation-wide. Statistical findings reveal the need to follow a combination of basic and
network-oriented R&D activities when focusing on capability development.
Keywords: Acquisition; Research and Development (R&D), Basic R&D, Applied R&D,
Autonomy, Network, Capabilities.