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1 Human Rights Watch January 2004, Vol. 16, No. 1 (A) Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenue in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights I. Summary...1 II. Recommendations...4 To the Government of Angola... 4 To the International Monetary Fund... 4 To the World Bank... 5 To Donor governments, the G-8 and Member Governments of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative... 5 To Oil Companies Operating in Angola... 5 III. Background: The IMF and Angolan Government...6 Staff-Monitored Programs: The Oil Diagnostic Delays in Implementation and a Failure to Publish Reports IV. The Oil Diagnostic: Oil Revenue Discrepancies...16 KPMG s July 2002 Inception Report and the July 2003 Executive Summary Incoming Revenue Discrepancies...20 Taxes and Royalties...20 Sonangol s Tax and Royalty Discrepancies Sonangol s Profit Oil Discrepancies...24 Reconciling Incoming Revenues Other Sources of Revenue Signature Bonus Payments...28 Production Discrepancies...31 V. Expenditure Discrepancies...33 The March 2002 and July 2003 IMF Staff Reports Missing Funds Inadequate Record Keeping Indications of Corruption War as an Impediment to Economic Reform VI. Government Attempts to Restrict Information...47 Domestic Laws that Would Criminalize and Restrict Information Failure to Provide Information to the IMF Threats Against Governments Switzerland...52 France...52

2 Efforts to Prevent Companies from Publishing Data VII. The Impact of Lack of Transparency and Accountability on Human Rights and Development...57 Freedom of Information Underfunding of the Judiciary and the Right of Access to Justice Inadequate Funding of Health, Education, and Social Services Social Bonus Payments from Companies The Angolan Government s Obligation to Fulfill Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Emerging Issues: HIV/AIDS Lack of Democracy VIII. International Initiatives to Promote Transparency...79 IMF and World Bank The IMF...79 The World Bank...82 The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) The Publish What You Pay Campaign (PWYP) The G-8 Statement The Soros Announcement IX. Conclusion...91 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...93

3 I. Summary The Angolan government has consistently mismanaged its substantial oil revenues and, despite rhetorical commitments, has yet to demonstrate a meaningful commitment to reform. In recent years, literally billions of dollars in oil revenues have illegally bypassed the central bank and remain unaccounted for. Such missing revenues reflect a failure of government accountability more generally and are directly linked to the Angolan government s continuing failure to foster institutions that uphold the rule of law and human rights. The sums involved are staggering. From 1997 to 2002, unaccounted for funds amounted to some U.S.$4.22 billion. In those same years, total social spending in the country including Angolan government spending as well as public and private initiatives funded through the United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal came to $4.27 billion. In effect, the Angolan government has not accounted for an amount roughly equal to the total amount spent on the humanitarian, social, health, and education needs of a population in severe distress. Due at least in part to such mismanagement and corruption, the government also has impeded Angolans ability to enjoy their economic, social, and cultural rights. It has not provided sufficient funding for essential social services, including healthcare and education. As a result, millions of Angolans continue to live without access to hospitals and schools, in violation of the government s own commitments and human rights treaties to which it is a party. In recent years, as oil revenues surged, the Angolan government has refused to provide information about the use of public funds to its population, undermining their right to information. It has failed to establish hundreds of courts and allowed the judiciary to become dysfunctional, undermining Angolan s ability to hold government officials and others accountable. And it has not fully committed to free and fair elections, thus removing another avenue of accountability. Had the government properly accounted for and managed the disappeared funds it is likely that more funds would have been allocated to the fulfillment of economic, social, and cultural rights, such as increased spending on education, health, and other social services. The government of Angola has not complied with its obligations under 1 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A)

4 international human rights law because it has misallocated resources at the expense of the enjoyment of rights. When a government is the direct beneficiary of a centrally controlled major revenue stream and is therefore not reliant on domestic taxation or a diversified economy to function, those who rule the state have unique opportunities for self-enrichment and corruption, particularly if there is no transparency in the management of revenues. Because achieving political power often becomes the primary avenue for achieving wealth, the incentive to seize power and hold onto it indefinitely is great. This dynamic has a corrosive effect on governance and ultimately, respect for human rights. Instead of bringing prosperity, rule of law, and respect for rights, the existence of a centrally controlled revenue stream such as oil revenue can serve to reinforce or exacerbate an undemocratic or otherwise unaccountable ruler s or governing elite s worst tendencies by providing the financial wherewithal to entrench and enrich itself without any corresponding accountability. Human rights typically are among the first casualties. This has happened in Angola. Despite repeated efforts by diverse actors to promote greater transparency including multilateral financial institutions, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), corporations, and even other governments the Angolan government has sought to maintain the status quo. The Angolan people, who have endured decades of war while seeing their country s resources mismanaged and its social development stunted, continue to be the primary victims of government recalcitrance. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), interested in transparency for economic reasons, has been an important force pushing for greater fiscal transparency in Angola. Human Rights Watch does not take a position on the work of the international financial institutions per se, but can and does examine the positive or negative impact IMF activities can have on human rights. Whatever one thinks of the IMF s economic prescriptions, its efforts to promote transparency in the oil sector in Angola have been an important source of leverage for those interested in human rights improvements in the country. This report focuses on two aspects of IMF-led pressure for reform: the socalled Oil Diagnostic monitoring system set up by joint agreement of the IMF and the Angolan government starting in 2000; and the IMF s findings regarding the government s consistent lack of transparency and gross mismanagement of public funds. The Oil Diagnostic showed that billions of dollars from the Sociedade Nacional de Combustiveis de Angola (Sonangol), the state-owned oil company, illegally bypassed the HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A) 2

5 Angolan central bank and that the government did not have any procedures in place to reconcile hundreds of millions of dollars of discrepancies in its accounting of oil revenue. The overall picture from the Oil Diagnostic is one of gross mismanagement of a country s public funds, largely derived from oil production and sales. The IMF went further and detailed billions of dollars in unexplained expenditures, consistent government unwillingness to disclose the use of those funds, and other troubling examples of government opaqueness. Recent changes in Angola, however, including an end to the civil war, renewed government interest in better political and economic integration with the rest of the world, and rising popular demands for change, have created an unprecedented opportunity for reform. How Angola manages its oil revenues will be an important barometer of progress toward transparency, accountability, good governance, and increased respect for human rights. Whether meaningful reforms are implemented depends ultimately on the Angolan government, but the international community can play an important role by using its influence to press forcefully for change. Otherwise, the promise of Angola s wealth will be squandered once more at the expense of good governance and human rights. This report analyzes the IMF s overall relationship with the government and successes and failures of the Oil Diagnostic to date. It examines what the Oil Diagnostic and failed efforts at reform can tell us about Angolan government oil revenue mismanagement, and what continuing difficulties in obtaining basic information from the government and major gaps in the data tell us about the ground still to be covered before the Angolan government can meaningfully be said to embrace transparency and accountability. It also analyzes how much money is missing in comparison to how much has been spent on activities and institutions that could facilitate Angolans enjoyment of their civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. Based on research conducted in Angola, the United States, and United Kingdom between 1999 and 2003, the report begins with a brief overview of IMF efforts to promote fiscal transparency in Angola. It then looks in detail at oil revenue mismanagement revealed by the Oil Diagnostic, the massive scope of fiscal discrepancies and unexplained Angolan government expenditures in recent years, and systemic government attempts to limit access to information. The report concludes with a survey of existing international initiatives aimed at promoting greater transparency, with analysis of how each might be used to promote change in Angola. 3 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A)

6 II. Recommendations To the Government of Angola Publish all of the Oil Diagnostic reports and make them publicly available in Portuguese; Publish all details of incoming revenues and outgoing expenditures; Publish the audits of the Banco Nacional de Angola (BNA); Conduct and publish an audit of Sonangol, beginning with the year 2000; Publicly disclose the amount and uses of Sonangol s and the government s oilbacked debt; Revise the State Secrets Law so that disclosure of information by third-parties is not a criminal offense when it relates to the use of public funds; Authorize the publication of all IMF Article IV Staff Reports; including those from previous years; Join the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative as a formal participant and implement its principles; Publish a National Plan of Action for the realization of universal primary compulsory education. Such a plan should include a detailed accounting of the funds required, funds allocated, and accounting mechanisms to ensure their appropriate use; Publish a National Health Strategy in order to ensure the progressive realization of the right to health. Such a plan should include a detailed accounting of the funds required, funds allocated, and accounting mechanisms to ensure their appropriate use; To the International Monetary Fund Ensure that any new Staff Monitored Program includes requirements to publish the Oil Diagnostic reports; that audits of Sonangol and the BNA are made public; and that a full account of revenues, expenditures, and debt is made public as part of a new Staff Monitored Program and before any formal lending program with the IMF is finalized. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A) 4

7 To the World Bank Insist upon full compliance and implementation of the transparency measures contained in the Transitional Support Strategy before considering new lending; Make future cooperation with the government of Angola contingent on publication of all of the Oil Diagnostic reports; publication of audits of Sonangol and the BNA; and publication of a full account of revenues, expenditures and debt. To Donor governments, the G-8 and Member Governments of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Press the government of Angola to join the EITI and ensure that companies also participate in the initiative with respect to Angola; Require that Angola publish the Oil Diagnostic reports; that audits of Sonangol and the BNA are made public; and that a full account of revenues, expenditures, and debt is made public prior to an agreement to hold a donors conference; Develop mechanisms mandating that companies disclose their payments to governments. To Oil Companies Operating in Angola Encourage the government to publish the Oil Diagnostic reports; that audits of Sonangol and the BNA are made public; and that a full account of revenues, expenditures, and debt is made public; Disclose any signature bonus payments to the government publicly at the time that they are paid; Join the EITI and comply with its principles. 5 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A)

8 III. Background: The IMF and Angolan Government The Angolan government and IMF have had a strained relationship since the mid-1990s. It has been characterized by periods in which the government has faced dire economic conditions and has appeared to sincerely negotiate a reform program 1 with the Fund, followed by periods of improved economic conditions in which it abandons the reforms. The principal reason that reform programs have failed is the government s lack of political will. Throughout this process, increased transparency has been a key condition for further cooperation with the IMF. There was some progress in 2000 when the government agreed to the Oil Diagnostic; a study to determine how much oil revenue is actually deposited in the BNA, as part of a larger economic reform program. However, that reform program collapsed in October 2001 after the government received repeated extensions, but still failed to implement promised reforms. Nevertheless, the Oil Diagnostic continued. But relations with the IMF were extremely strained, largely because of the government s consistent inability or unwillingness to provide the IMF basic information to assess the state of the economy. Staff-Monitored Programs: Since 1995, there have been at least four Staff Monitored Programs (SMPs) negotiated between the IMF and the Government of Angola and three that were formally started. An SMP is typically a set of economic reforms that the government negotiates with the IMF, and then agrees to implement, while the IMF monitors its progress. Typically, an SMP is a six-month program that can be extended to give a government time to implement reforms. But it cannot be extended indefinitely because that would signal that reforms are not progressing. Successful implementation of an SMP is a precursor to formal IMF lending. If a government implements a successful SMP it is eligible for increased World Bank lending on favorable terms as well as debt rescheduling or relief. Successful implementation also enhances a government s credibility in managing its economy. The Angolan government s decisions to negotiate agreements with the IMF consistently have been motivated by severe economic difficulties that inflicted severe hardship on Angolans as a whole. In , the rapidly devaluating Kwanza and hyperinflation 1 The program of reforms included increased transparency and disclosure of incoming revenues and outgoing expenditures; assessing the function of government institutions; and widespread economic reforms. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A) 6

9 highlighted the dire economic circumstances. The situation further deteriorated in 1996, prompting further negotiations with the IMF even though a program had just expired. 2 In , the global price of oil collapsed, starving the government of its key source of revenue during a ceasefire with UNITA. Emmanuel Carneiro, the then Minister of Planning and Economic Development, outlined the government s motivations to negotiate with the IMF in a 1998 speech he gave while he was in Washington, D.C: New economic and political realities namely the decline in world oil prices, deteriorating social conditions within Angola, and the continuation of the peace process have created a new impetus to restructure our economy. We must move forward on economic reform, on an agreement with the IMF and with the peace process. 3 However, each SMP failed because of the government s unwillingness to either agree upon an SMP or implement the reforms once the program was underway. The first SMP began in July 1995 but was abandoned by the IMF in December Shortly thereafter, the economy further deteriorated and the government began preliminary negotiations for another SMP. In November 1997, the IMF sent a country representative to Angola in anticipation of a new agreement. The IMF believed that the period of relative peace was going to become a permanent peace and that an IMF program would facilitate much-needed reconstruction and reforms. 5 A new SMP was negotiated in mid-1998, but was not implemented because of presidential objections. 6 The IMF country representative at the time recalled the situation: In 1997, people really believed, especially the IMF and myself, that there would be a real peace and that a major reconstruction program would be needed involving the [World] Bank and the Fund. But after three months, it was clear in Angola that there would not be peace. After six 2 Tony Hodges, Angola: From Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), pp Emmanuel Carniero, former Minister of Planning and Economic Development, speech before the U.S.-Angola Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D.C., August 27, Angola: From Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism, pp Human Rights Watch interview with Corentino Santos, Luanda, May 31, Angola: From Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism, pp HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A)

10 months, I joked with my colleagues in Washington that I wanted to leave there was no commitment to reform. 7 By the end of 1998, the ceasefire with UNITA had collapsed and the war began anew. Nevertheless, the government and IMF continued to negotiate an SMP. The two parties finally reached an agreement on April 3, It was an ambitious agreement scheduled to run until December The government committed to implement a wide range of economic and institutional reforms, including the Oil Diagnostic. These measures, if implemented, would likely have increased transparency and accountability particularly in the management of oil revenue and government expenditures. Successful implementation would have led to further lending and cooperation with the IMF and World Bank. 9 However, by December 2000, the government was far behind schedule in implementing reforms. The IMF and government agreed upon an extension that effectively began another SMP scheduled to run from January to June The government partially implemented some important reforms; including continuing the Oil Diagnostic and conducting an audit of the central bank, but many others were incomplete or unfulfilled. For example, the government did not provide adequate data on revenues and expenditures. The IMF reported: There has been some progress in the implementation of the structural measures under the program, namely the preparation of the reports from the diagnostic study of the oil sector the completion of the external audit of the 1999 accounts of the central bank, and the liquidation of the CAP bank. Many of these and other measures, however, remain to be completed, and urgent action is required to 7 Human Rights Watch interview with Corentino Santos, Luanda, May 31, Government of Angola, Government of Angola and International Monetary Fund Reach New Agreement, press release, April 5, In addition to the Oil Diagnostic, the monitoring program set out a series of ambitious reforms that the government must undertake before becoming eligible for Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility loans from the international financial institutions, including: creating an integrated financial management system; eliminating domestic fuel subsidies; limiting subsidies to indebted state-owned enterprises; eliminating tax exemptions that are not a part of international agreements; eliminating import licenses and non-tariff barriers; simplifying commercial licensing; progressively adjusting tariffs for public services such as water and electricity to market levels; liquidate the Caixa de Credito Agropecuria (CAP); defining a strategy to deal with the country s external debt; clearing arrears payments to multilateral financial institutions; gradually eliminating external commercial credits to the central bank; creating a register of debt service payments, including oil-backed loans; preparing a restructuring of the financial system, including privatization of state banks; revising of the special foreign exchange regime; presenting a policy document on privatization; implementing a pilot program involving the privatization of five state-owned companies; publishing comprehensive statistics on government accounts and macroeconomic indices; and preparing a plan for tax reform. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A) 8

11 improve the production and publication of data on government revenues and expenditures from all sources, including that on external debt transactions. 10 The government also started a Ministry of Finance website that was intended to make public data on some oil production and revenues, but that website was not updated, nor was the information comprehensive. 11 Although the government failed to adequately implement two consecutive SMPs, the IMF agreed to extend the program until October 2001, but with significant new requirements in order to increase transparency, including: [I]dentifying and eliminating or including in the treasury account all extrabudgetary expenditures; strengthening the control of the treasury over fiscal operations and foreign debt transactions; publishing data on oil and other government revenues and expenditures, as well as on external debt; conducting a financial audit of the 2000 accounts of the central bank; hiring an independent international company to implement international accounting standards in Sonangol; and seeking the assistance of the World Bank for a complete overhaul of the procurement system. 12 Despite the extension, the government again failed to implement many of the reforms, particularly those related to fiscal transparency. The government was less inclined to implement reforms by 2001 because the price of oil had rebounded and revenues had increased. Instead, the government wanted to do as little as possible in order to secure a formal program. According to a former IMF official, the government had various motivations for agreeing to an SMP, none of which involved transparency or accountability: 10 International Monetary Fund, Angola: Preliminary Conclusions of the IMF Mission, mission concluding statement, August 14, See: 12 International Monetary Fund, Angola: Preliminary Conclusions of the IMF Mission, mission concluding statement, August 14, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A)

12 During , the government was not interested in real reform; it wanted the IMF program because it was short of cash while oil prices were low and because it wanted international approval to start the war again. They craved legitimacy for the war effort and this was never a sincere exercise in reform now [in 2001] the motivations are different. The government is seeking international legitimacy again it cannot use the war as justification for poor economic management. Discontent is growing and the international community is unconvinced of government performance It also realizes that it needs money and debt relief. It cannot use oil-backed loans to finance itself. 13 The lack of commitment to reform was also reflected in the government s unwillingness to provide basic information to the IMF. The government would not provide key data such as full information on oil-backed loans, on unexplained expenditures, and on oil bonus payments. 14 This led to an increasingly tense and strained relationship between the government and the Fund. Publicly, the IMF issued an unusually bleak statement after its annual visit to Angola during February The Fund noted that the economic situation had deteriorated despite a massive increase in oil and diamondrelated income over the last three years. 15 The Fund noted that poverty and humanitarian needs had increased even as government revenues, primarily because of growing oil revenue. The IMF attributed these problems to a lack of transparency and poor government management of revenue. The Fund noted: Given that poverty indicators have shown no improvement in recent years and the humanitarian situation has reached dire proportions, there is an urgency to reallocate expenditures in favor of the social sectors, including humanitarian assistance. More broadly, cost-benefit analyses and public information would also help to ensure that major financial transactions (such as debt refinancing operations) and large infrastructure projects are both economically efficient and socially desirable. In relation to the transparency of government operations, the discussions centered on the need to identify and eliminate or include in 13 Human Rights Watch interview with Corentino Santos, Luanda, May 31, Human Rights Watch interviews with key officials who were part of those discussions, March 14, 2002 and November 27, International Monetary Fund, Angola 2002 Article IV Consultation: Preliminary Conclusions of the IMF Mission, mission concluding statement, February 19, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A) 10

13 the treasury account all extrabudgetary and quasi-fiscal expenditures; record and transfer to the treasury all revenues, including the total amount of signature oil bonuses; ensure that all foreign currency receipts and government revenues, including Sonangol receipts, are channeled through the central bank as mandated by the law; eliminate all subsidy and tax arrears to and from Sonangol; publish data on oil and other government revenues and expenditures, as well as on external debt; and conduct independent financial audits of the 2001 accounts of Sonangol and of the central bank. 16 The IMF did not suggest that a new SMP was imminent or even under negotiation, but only noted that it had reviewed economic developments in 2001 and prospects for 2002, as well as progress made in the implementation of measures contemplated in the lapsed staff-monitored program for January-June 2001 The discussions did not involve the formulation of an economic program that could be monitored by Fund staff. 17 For the IMF, it was an unusually blunt statement, but far more diplomatic than the private March 2002 Staff Report (see Section V below). That report was far more critical and provided far more detail on the state of the Angolan economy, the lack of transparency, and the lack of desire to implement reforms. The government did not authorize its public release and it remains a private and confidential document at this writing, another indication of the government s hostility to transparency. The Oil Diagnostic The opaqueness of the Angolan government s budget and expenditures has generated widespread concern both with and outside Angola that finances were being grossly mismanaged. Public funds, derived largely from oil revenues were used to secretly finance arms purchases and to mortgage future oil revenues in return for immediate oilbacked loans to the government. Under Angolan law (Decree 30/95), all oil revenue is supposed to be deposited in the BNA. However, oil revenues illegally bypassed the BNA and went through the state-owned oil company, Sonangol, or through the Presidency. These activities sparked allegations of official corruption. The Oil Diagnostic, promoted by both the IMF and World Bank, was meant to shed light on some of these practices as a starting point to press for greater transparency. 16 Ibid. 17 Ibid. 11 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A)

14 As early as 1996, the IMF wanted a full audit of incoming and outgoing oil revenues as part of an SMP. However, those negotiations stalled because the government would not agree to an audit and other reforms. The Oil Diagnostic represented a compromise between the IMF s desire for an audit and the government s desire to do nothing. 18 It was finally included in the April 2000 SMP. It was not a full audit, but a study conducted by an internationally recognized accounting firm to determine how much oil revenue is generated in comparison to how much oil revenue is actually deposited in the central bank. Although the initial agreement to carry out the Oil Diagnostic was reached in April 2000, procedural delays held up the announcement of the monitoring contract for several months. On November 20, 2000, the Angolan government announced that KPMG had been awarded the U.S. $1.6 million consulting contract to conduct the Oil Diagnostic. The government would pay 68 percent of the costs of the program while the World Bank would pay the remainder under a prior loan it extended to the Ministry of Finance. 19 KPMG was given the following terms of reference: Creation of a database that contains an assessment of proven and probable oil reserves, production, and exports. Development of projections of export oil prices, production, exports, and subsequent revenues payable to the government on a quarterly basis from mid to the end of 2001, and annually until Monitoring actual revenues received by the government and comparing these figures to the projections of revenues on a quarterly basis from June 2000 to December This includes signature bonus payments. Assessing the government's existing monitoring of exports, data management, and financial and procurement procedures. Providing recommendations to improve institutional and regulatory controls within the government to "support the sound management of oil revenues." Designing and implementing a monitoring system for the government so that it can accurately assess oil revenues. 18 Human Rights Watch interview with Corentino Santos, Luanda, May 31, Petróleos sob Auditoria Internacional, Jornal de Angola, November 20, 2000; and Angola Announces Audit of Oil Industry, Associated Press, November 21, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A) 12

15 Training Angolan staff and providing proposals for institutional strengthening so that the government can continue monitoring oil revenues. 20 The Oil Diagnostic leaves much to be desired: among other things, it does not provide for a comprehensive audit, despite persistent allegations of widespread government corruption and financial mismanagement. In fact, the agreement between KPMG and the government explicitly states that the consultants [KPMG] shall not be expected or required to consider or investigate or conduct any form of enquiry into the conduct, practices, honesty, integrity or standards of, or nature or quality of work performed by, any person who has or may have had, any involvement in or connection with, directly or indirectly, the facts, matters, circumstances or events which shall be diagnosed, monitored, studied, assessed or considered by the consultants during the performance of these services. 21 Despite these limitations, the Oil Diagnostic does, however, have a number of positive features and it remains in place today even as other aspects of the April 2000 SMP and other SMPs have fallen by the wayside. In its conception, if not in its execution (as described in Section IV below), the Oil Diagnostic marked a limited, but positive first step toward promoting transparency, accountability, and good governance in Angola and, ultimately, greater respect for human rights because it was the first time that there had been meaningful scrutiny of Angola s oil revenues. At a minimum, it detailed the extremely poor accounting practices of the government as it managed the country s oil and underscores the need for a full audit of Angola s oil revenue and expenditures. Delays in Implementation and a Failure to Publish Reports The key to the Oil Diagnostic s success would be government cooperation since the data KPMG required would have to come from the government, cross referenced by information from companies. Past efforts by the international financial institutions to monitor oil revenues in other countries had been unsuccessful because of the inability or unwillingness of governments to provide adequate information. This problem also plagued the Angolan Oil Diagnostic. For example, KPMG was awarded the contract in November 2000, but it was unable to complete its first report until July The IMF 20 Contract for the Oil Diagnostic between the World Bank, the Government of Angola, and KPMG, Appendix A, Description of the Services, p. 23. Human Rights Watch has confirmed with KPMG and oil companies that this document accurately details the services provided by KPMG. 21 Description of the Services, p. 24 (emphasis in original). 13 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A)

16 reported that the delay arose mainly because the data on the central bank accounts and external loans was not provided to the consultants in a timely manner. 22 At this writing, there have been eight Oil Diagnostic reports: the Inception Report, six quarterly reports, and the final report with recommendations. Even though these reports have been completed, the results have been disappointing because the government has failed to make any of the Oil Diagnostic reports public. Instead, only the executive summary of the first report has been released on the website of the government s U.S. embassy. 23 In June 2001, Human Rights Watch asked Aguinaldo Jaime, then central bank Governor, when the government would publish the Oil Diagnostic reports. He replied: the reports are public the government has seen them. 24 It is unclear whether he actually saw the final versions of the reports, since the first report was only completed over a year later in July Two years later, Jaime, now Deputy Prime Minister, told Human Rights Watch that the government had not committed to publishing the full reports. 25 Instead, the government only committed to publish the executive summary of the first report by December 2002 and the final report s executive summary shortly after it was finished. 26 However, the government delayed publication of the first executive summary until July 2003 and has yet to announce when or if it will publish the final executive summary. Jaime told Human Rights Watch that the government had technical differences with KPMG over the final report and this was delaying its completion. 27 Human Rights Watch believes that all of the quarterly Oil Diagnostic reports should be public, and not just the executive summaries. Availability of information, particularly information regarding government activity and spending is crucial for human rights. It allows individuals to exercise some oversight over government activity, informs public debate, and allows individuals to hold government accountable. At this writing, the 22 International Monetary Fund, Angola: Staff Report for the 2002 Article IV Consultation, March 18, 2002, p See: 24 Human Rights Watch interview with Aguinaldo Jaime, the former central bank Governor of Angola and current Deputy Prime Minister, Washington, D.C., June 12, Human Rights Watch interview with Aguinaldo Jaime, Deputy Prime Minister of Angola, London, June 16, Government of Angola, Ministry of Finance, Press Release by the Ministry of Finance on the Oil Diagnostic, November 5, Human Rights Watch interview with Aguinaldo Jaime, Deputy Prime Minister of Angola, London, June 16, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A) 14

17 government has not made any of the Oil Diagnostic reports public, nor has it committed to do so. However, Human Rights Watch has obtained the first Oil Diagnostic report and assesses its findings in Section IV. 15 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A)

18 IV. The Oil Diagnostic: Oil Revenue Discrepancies KPMG s July 2002 Oil Diagnostic report, known as the Inception Report, 28 provided the first third-party scrutiny of how Angola s oil revenue is managed by the government. It was not an audit, but it did reveal how the government mismanaged the country s principal source of income. The government has not agreed to publish the full report, nor has it agreed to publish any of the subsequent quarterly reports under the Oil Diagnostic s terms of reference with KPMG. It did publish an executive summary of the Inception Report on July 17, Human Rights Watch has obtained a copy of the full July 2002 Inception Report. The difference between the July 2002 full report and July 2003 executive summary are minimal: some information on oil-backed loans is altered, for example, but the analysis and criticism of the Angolan oil sector is identical. However, the July 2002 report has much more detail on the state of the Angolan oil industry and the government s management of oil revenues. The Oil Diagnostic is especially significant because oil revenue is the Angolan government s principal source of income. Angola is the second largest oil producer in sub-saharan Africa and enabled the government to pursue vigorously its conflict with Jonas Savimbi s rebel National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, UNITA) movement until April 2002, after Savimbi was killed and the war with UNITA ended. Between , oil revenues comprised approximately 70 to 89 percent of government revenues and from 85 to 92 percent of exports, according to the IMF. In 2000, when the Oil Diagnostic was announced, oil accounted for 89 percent of government revenue, more than U.S. $4 billion. In 2001, oil accounted for about 81 percent of government revenue and was estimated to be at least 75 percent of government revenue in The report reveals serious defects in Angola s oil revenue management. The report makes clear that in 2000 the state-owned oil company Sonangol did not follow Decree 30/95 that requires all oil revenue to be deposited in the central bank, passing over two billion dollars through other accounts; the government did not have meaningful procedures to verify payments by companies, including Sonangol; Ministry of Finance records were unreliable because in many cases they were based on paper transactions 28 The full title of the report is: Current Assessment of the Angolan Petroleum Sector: Inception Report by KPMG for the Ministry of Finance, Government of Angola, July Angola: Staff Report for the 2002 Article IV Consultation, p. 32. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A) 16

19 rather than actual transfers; and the government lacked or failed to provide sufficient information to allow KPMG to reconcile hundreds of millions of dollars in discrepancies. KPMG, dependent on information that the government was willing to provide, found that, in many cases, the government did not have adequate information or procedures to reconcile conflicting information. The government s failure to make these reports public makes it very difficult, if not impossible, for the Angolan public to exercise adequate oversight over the government s use of public funds. Moreover, the report s findings that the government could not adequately account for billions of dollars of revenues makes it extremely difficult to plan and allocate sufficient resources to those activities that could improve human rights, such as increased assistance to internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) and demobilized soldiers, or strengthening the weak judiciary. Furthermore, the opaqueness of the government s activity impedes Angola s emerging civil society from exercising government oversight, educating the public, or critiquing government decision making, all of which are crucial for increased respect for human rights. From the start, it was clear that the key to the Oil Diagnostic s success would be government cooperation since the data KPMG required would have to come from the government, cross referenced by information from companies. Past efforts by international financial institutions to monitor oil revenues in other countries had been unsuccessful because of the inability or unwillingness of governments to provide adequate information. This problem also plagued the Angolan Oil Diagnostic. For example, the Inception Report was due in April 2001, but KPMG did not actually finish it until July 2002 due to delays in receipt of data from the government. KPMG s July 2002 Inception Report and the July 2003 Executive Summary Ideally, the Angolan government would have agreed to an audit of its oil revenue and would have allowed it to be retroactive, since there were many allegations of opaque arms purchases and misuse of oil revenue. However, the government only agreed to the forward-looking Oil Diagnostic study. Nevertheless, the Inception Report was critically important since it provided the initial baseline data to compare against subsequent assessments of the oil sector. The Inception Report examined oil revenue flows for 2000, even though it was not published until 2002 and only made public in summary form in The IMF reported that the principal reason for delays was the 30 KPMG, Current Assessment of the Angolan Petroleum Sector: Inception Report, July 2002, p HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 1(A)

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