Crystal Scintillators for High Precision EM Calorimeters

We are aiming at development of scintillators applicable to high precision electromagnetic calorimeters at future high luminosity hadron collider experiments. Such scintillators have to be radiation hard (to 10 Mrad at least), fast (~20 ns), bright, and stable. Since 1995 Tsukuba group has been a collaborator with the group of Ishii-Kobayashi-Ishibashi-Usuki who has been leading the oxide crystal scintillator development for more than 10 years.
One of the candidate scintillators is PWO lead tungstate (see this table).
This material is being actively developed for the CMS experiment at CERN LHC.
In the following publication we have shown that doping of La improves light transmittance and radiation hardness to the level that can be usable at CMS.
Another material we are investigating is gadolinium silicate GSO. This has been developed at Hitachi Chemical. The main features (see this table) are radiation hardenss to ~1 Grad and brightness (x~100 of PWO).