Sample records for fourier transform infrared from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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This invention is comprised of an imaging Fouriertransform spectrometer having a Fouriertransforminfrared spectrometer providing a series of images to a focal plane array camera. The focal plane array camera is clocked to a multiple of zero crossing occurrences as caused by a moving mirror of the Fouriertransforminfrared spectrometer and as detected by a laser detector such that the frame capture rate of the focal plane array camera corresponds to a multiple of the zero crossing rate of the Fouriertransforminfrared spectrometer. The images are transmitted to a computer for processing such that representations of the images as viewed in the light of an arbitrary spectral ``fingerprint`` pattern can be displayed on a monitor or otherwise stored and manipulated by the computer.

Planar samples of varying thicknesses of both CH and CD glow discharge polymer have been measured with Fouriertransforminfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy before and after exposure to deuterium-tritium (DT) gas at elevated temperature and pressure. Planar samples of polyimide films made from both hydrogenated and deuterated precursors have also been examined by FTIR before and after DT exposure. The post-exposure FTIR spectra demonstrated no measurable exchange of hydrogen with deuterium or tritium for either polymer. Evidence for oxidation of the glow discharge polymer due to atmospheric oxygen was the only chemical change indicated by the FTIR data.

State and stability or reactivity of waste materials are important properties that must be determined to obtain information about the future behavior and the emission potential of the materials. Different chemical and biological parameters are used to describe the stage of organic matter in waste materials. Fouriertransforminfrared spectroscopy provides information about the chemistry of waste materials in a general way. Several indicator bands that are referred to functional groups represent components or metabolic products. Their presence and intensity or their absence shed light on the phase of degradation or stabilization. The rapid assessment of the stage of organic matter decomposition is a very important field of application. Therefore, infrared spectroscopy is an appropriate tool for process and quality control, for the assessment of abandoned landfills and for checking of the successful landfill remediation. A wide range of applications are presented in this study for different waste materials. Progressing stages of a typical yard/kitchen waste composting process are shown. The fate of anaerobically 'stabilized' leftovers in a subsequent liquid aerobic process is revealed by spectroscopic characteristics. A compost that underwent the biological stabilization process is distinguished from a 'substrate' that comprises immature biogenic waste mixed with mineral compounds. Infrared spectra of freeze-dried leachate from untreated and aerated landfill material prove the effect of the aerobic treatment during 10 weeks in laboratory-scale experiments.

Fourier-TransformInfrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy is implemented to measure the infrared spectrum of water absorbed by the Poly(t-butoxycarbonylstyrene) (tBOC) and the ketal-protected Poly(hydroxystyrene) (KRS-XE) polymer photoresists. The shape and intensity of the OH stretching band of the water spectrum is monitored in a variety of humidity conditions in order to obtain information on the hydrogen-bonding interactions between the water and the polymer chains. The band is deconvoluted into four sub-bands, which represent four types of water molecules in different environments. Because of the hydrophilicity of the polymers studied, a large portion of the sorbed water molecules is believed to be strongly bound to the polar sites of the polymer. The ratios of each type of water are found to be dependent on the humidity conditions to which the sample was exposed. At higher humidities, there is an increase in the fraction of free and weakly-bound water molecules. These findings are used to explain the humidity dependence of the deprotection reaction rates, since certain types of water may slow transport of reactive species within the polymer network.

A significant challenge to realize the full potential of nanotechnology for therapeutic and diagnostic applications is to understand and evaluate how live-cells interact with an external stimulus, e.g., a nanosized particle (NSP), and the toxicity and broad risk associated with these stimuli. NSPs are increasingly used in medicine with largely undetermined hazards in complex cell dynamics and environments. It is difficult to capture the complexity and dynamics of these interactions by following an omics-based approach exclusively, which are expensive and time-consuming. Additionally, this approach needs destructive sampling methods. Live-cell attenuated total reflectance-Fouriertransforminfrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometry is well suited to provide noninvasive approach to provide rapid screening of cellular responses to potentially toxic NSPs or any stimuli. Herein we review the technical basis of the approach, the instrument configuration and interface with the biological media, and various effects that impact the data, data analysis, and toxicity. Our preliminary results on live-cell monitoring show promise for rapid screening the NSPs.

Single Cancer Cells from Human tumors are being detected and imaged by FourierTransformInfrared (FT-IR), FourierTransform Near Infrared (FT-NIR)Hyperspectral Imaging and Fluorescence Correlation Microspectroscopy. The first FT-NIR chemical, microscopic images of biological systems approaching one micron resolution are here reported. Chemical images obtained by FT-NIR and FT-IR Microspectroscopy are also presented for oil in soybean seeds and somatic embryos under physiological conditions. FT-NIR spectra of oil and proteins were obtained for volumes as small as two cubic microns. Related, HR-NMR analyses of oil contents in somatic embryos as well as 99% accurate calibrations are also presented here with nanoliter precision. Such high-resolution, 400 MHz H-1 NMR analyses allowed the selection of mutagenized embryos with higher oil content (e.g. >~20%) compared to the average levels in non-mutagenized control embryos. Moreover, developmental changes in single soybean seeds and/or somatic embryos may be monito...

Increased interest in using atmospheric brightness temperature measurements from simple infrared radiometers combined with radars and lidars has prompted the investigation of their accuracy for various sky conditions. In comparisons of ...

We propose an all-digital telescope for 21 cm tomography, which combines key advantages of both single dishes and interferometers. The electric field is digitized by antennas on a rectangular grid, after which a series of fast Fouriertransforms recovers simultaneous multifrequency images of up to half the sky. Thanks to Moore's law, the bandwidth up to which this is feasible has now reached about 1 GHz, and will likely continue doubling every couple of years. The main advantages over a single dish telescope are cost and orders of magnitude larger field-of-view, translating into dramatically better sensitivity for large-area surveys. The key advantages over traditional interferometers are cost (the correlator computational cost for an N-element array scales as Nlog{sub 2}N rather than N{sup 2}) and a compact synthesized beam. We argue that 21 cm tomography could be an ideal first application of a very large fast Fouriertransform telescope, which would provide both massive sensitivity improvements per dollar and mitigate the off-beam point source foreground problem with its clean beam. Another potentially interesting application is cosmic microwave background polarization.

The adsorption of CO{sub 2} onto five zeolite materials (13X, WEG, AGP, 4A, and 5A) was studied by in situ infrared spectroscopy at 1 atm as a function of the pretreatment temperature (120 and 350{sup o}C) and adsorption temperature (30 and 120{sup o}C). Adsorbed CO{sub 2} surface species identified in the current work include physisorbed CO{sub 2}, bidentate carbonate, bridged bidentate carbonate, monodentate carbonate, and carboxylate. Both pretreatment temperature and CO{sub 2} adsorption temperature affected the type and amount of adsorbed CO{sub 2} species formed. Materials pretreated at 350{sup o}C, as opposed to 120{sup o}C, had more surface adsorption sites available as evidenced from the resulting more intense IR bands. Physisorbed CO{sub 2} was the most abundant species observed. Bridged bidentate carbonate was found to be more stable than bidentate carbonate. Tests involving both CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O showed that the two species competed for the same adsorption sites on the zeolite surface. 18 refs., 15 figs., 1 tab.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is an untreatable, neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons characterized by progressive muscle atrophy, limb paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, dyspnae and finally death. Large motor neurons in ventral horns of spinal cord and motor nuclei in brainstem, large pyramidal neurons of motor cortex and/or large myelinated axons of corticospinal tracts are affected. In recent synchrotron FourierTransformInfrared microspectroscopy (sFTIR) studies of ALS CNS autopsy tissue, we discovered a small deposit of crystalline creatine, which has a crucial role in energy metabolism. We have now examined unfixed, snap frozen, post-autopsy tissue sections of motor cortex, brain stem, spinal cord, hippocampus and substantia nigra from six ALS and three non-degenerated cases with FTIR and micro-X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Heterogeneous pigmented deposits were discovered in spinal cord, brain stem and motor neuron cortex of two ALS cases. The FTIR signature of creatine has been identified in these deposits and in numerous large, non-pigmented deposits in four of the ALS cases. Comparable pigmentation and creatine deposits were not found in controls or in ALS hippocampus and substantia nigra. Ca, K, Fe, Cu and Zn, as determined by XRF, were not correlated with the pigmented deposits; however, there was a higher incidence of hot spots (Ca, Zn, Fe and Cu) in the ALS cases. The identity of the pigmented deposits remains unknown, although the absence of Fe argues against both erythrocytes and neuromelanin. We conclude that elevated creatine deposits may be indicators of dysfunctional oxidative processes in some ALS cases.

We find a new integration transformation which can convert a chirplet function to fractional Fouriertransformation kernel, this new transformation is invertible and obeys Parseval theorem. Under this transformation a new relationship between a phase space function and its Weyl-Wigner quantum correspondence operator is revealed.

We find a new integration transformation which can convert a chirplet function to fractional Fouriertransformation kernel, this new transformation is invertible and obeys Parseval theorem. Under this transformation a new relationship between a phase space function and its Weyl-Wigner quantum correspondence operator is revealed.

The purpose of this study was to identify the formation interfaces from geophysical well log data using the wavelet transform, and a combination of the wavelet transform and the Fouriertransform methods. In the wavelet transform method, the identification ... Keywords: Formation interface, Fouriertransform, Geophysical well log, Stratigraphic interface, Wavelet transform

This paper analyzes the block structure of the matrix of the N-point discrete Fouriertransform (DFT) in the real space R 2N . Each block of this matrix corresponds to the Givens transformation, or elementary rotation ... Keywords: Discrete Fouriertransform, Fourier analysis, Signal and image processing

The present invention relates to a system and methods for acquiring two-dimensional Fouriertransform (2D FT) spectra. Overlap of a collinear pulse pair and probe induce a molecular response which is collected by spectral dispersion of the signal modulated probe beam. Simultaneous collection of the molecular response, pulse timing and characteristics permit real time phasing and rapid acquisition of spectra. Full spectra are acquired as a function of pulse pair timings and numerically transformed to achieve the full frequency-frequency spectrum. This method demonstrates the ability to acquire information on molecular dynamics, couplings and structure in a simple apparatus. Multi-dimensional methods can be used for diagnostic and analytical measurements in the biological, biomedical, and chemical fields.

The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is an attractive power source for mobile applications due to the high-energy density of methanol, the portability and ease of distribution of liquid rather than gaseous fuel, and elimination of the need for a bulky, power-consuming fuel reformer. There are several factors limiting the power output of polymer electrolyte DMFCs. One of the major factors is the slow kinetics of the methanol electrooxidation reaction on the conventional platinum catalyst material. A CH{sub 3}CN-modified triruthenium carbonyl cluster, Ru{sub 3}(CO){sub 9}(CH{sub 3}CN){sub 3}(I), has been adsorbed on platinum and platinum oxide surfaces from dichloromethane solutions. The modified surface has been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and polarized grazing angle Fouriertransform-infrared (FT-IR) microscopy. The proposed mechanism for the adsorption of I involves the chemisorption of the metal cluster at the platinum surface by losing the acetonitrile ligand. The original cluster, Ru{sub 3}(CO){sub 12}, could not be adsorbed under the same experimental conditions used for cluster I. The cluster-modified surface was treated with hydrogen for the reduction of the cluster to its metallic state on the Pt surface. This was done at different temperatures. The XPS results show the formation of a complex Ru-RuO{sub 2}-RuO{sub 3}/Pt surface.

1.1 This test method covers determining the concentrations of refrigerant-114, other carbon-containing and fluorine-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, and partially or completely substituted halohydrocarbons that may be impurities in uranium hexafluoride. The two options are outlined for this test method. They are designated as Part A and Part B. 1.1.1 To provide instructions for performing Fourier-TransformInfrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis for the possible presence of Refrigerant-114 impurity in a gaseous sample of uranium hexafluoride, collected in a "2S" container or equivalent at room temperature. The all gas procedure applies to the analysis of possible Refrigerant-114 impurity in uranium hexafluoride, and to the gas manifold system used for FTIR applications. The pressure and temperatures must be controlled to maintain a gaseous sample. The concentration units are in mole percent. This is Part A. 1.2 Part B involves a high pressure liquid sample of uranium hexafluoride. This method can be appli...

Fast FourierTransforms perform a vital role in many applications from astronomy to cellphones. The complexity of these algorithms results from the many computational steps, including multiplications, they require and, as ...

A zero dead volume (ZDV) microbore high performance liquid chromatography (.mu.HPLC)/Fouriertransforminfrared (FTIR) interface flow cell includes an IR transparent crystal having a small diameter bore therein through which a sample liquid is passed. The interface flow cell further includes a metal holder in combination with a pair of inner, compressible seals for directly coupling the thus configured spectrometric flow cell to the outlet of a .mu.HPLC column end fitting to minimize the transfer volume of the effluents exiting the .mu.HPLC column which exhibit excellent flow characteristics due to the essentially unencumbered, open-flow design. The IR beam passes transverse to the sample flow through the circular bore within the IR transparent crystal, which is preferably comprised of potassium bromide (KBr) or calcium fluoride (CaF.sub.2), so as to minimize interference patterns and vignetting encountered in conventional parallel-plate IR cells. The long IR beam pathlength and lensing effect of the circular cross-section of the sample volume in combination with the refractive index differences between the solvent and the transparent crystal serve to focus the IR beam in enhancing sample detection sensitivity by an order of magnitude.

Sample records for fourier transform infrared from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "fourier transform infrared" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
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A zero dead volume (ZDV) microbore high performance liquid chromatography (..mu.. HPLC)/Fouriertransforminfrared (FTIR) interface flow cell includes an IR transparent crystal having a small diameter bore therein through which a sample liquid is passed. The interface flow cell further includes a metal holder in combination with a pair of inner, compressible seals for directly coupling the thus configured spectrometric flow cell to the outlet of a ..mu.. HPLC column end fitting to minimize the transfer volume of the effluents exiting the ..mu.. HPLC column which exhibit excellent flow characteristics due to the essentially unencumbered, open-flow design. The IR beam passes transverse to the sample flow through the circular bore within the IR transparent crystal, which is preferably comprised of potassium bromide (KBr) or calcium fluoride (CaF/sub 2/), so as to minimize interference patterns and vignetting encountered in conventional parallel-plate IR cells. The long IR beam pathlength and lensing effect of the circular cross-section of the sample volume in combination with the refractive index differences between the solvent and the transparent crystal serve to focus the IR beam in enhancing sample detection sensitivity by an order of magnitude.

We present a method for classically simulating quantum circuits based on the tensor contraction model of Markov and Shi (quant-ph/0511069). Using this method we are able to classically simulate the approximate quantum Fouriertransform in polynomial time. Moreover, our approach allows us to formulate a condition for the composability of simulable quantum circuits. We use this condition to show that any circuit composed of a constant number of approximate quantum Fouriertransform circuits and log-depth circuits with limited interaction range can also be efficiently simulated.

NFFT 3 is a software library that implements the nonequispaced fast Fouriertransform (NFFT) and a number of related algorithms, for example, nonequispaced fast Fouriertransforms on the sphere and iterative schemes for inversion. This article provides ... Keywords: Fast Fouriertransforms, approximative algorithms

Multiple Reference FourierTransform Multiple Reference FourierTransform Holography: Five Images for the Price of One Improving the quality of a high magnification image on an optical microscope is simply a matter of cranking up the intensity of the illumination lamp. The same is true for x-ray microscopes, but complications arise when there just aren't enough x-rays or even worse when the sample is susceptible to damage caused by the intense x-ray beam. To address these challenges we have demonstrated a novel technique for improving the quality of a microscopic image without increasing the x-ray exposure to the specimen. This affords new opportunities to explore materials prone to soft x-ray damage, like polymer or biological samples. Our technique uses coherent x-ray scattering to simultaneously acquire multiple images of a specimen, which can easily be combined later to enhance the image quality. Applying our technique in the weak illumination limit we imaged a nanoscale test object by detecting only 2500 photons.

We propose Fouriertransform (FT) method for processing images of extensive air showers (EAS) detected by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACT) used in the very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray astronomy. The method is based on the discrete Fouriertransforms (DFT) on compact Lie groups, and the use of continuous extension of the inverse discrete transforms to approximate the discrete EAS images by continuous EAS brightness distribution functions. Here we describe the FT-method in case of SU(3) group. It allows practical realization of the DFT technique for functions sampled on hexagonal symmetry grids. The proposed method can also be implemented in case of IACT cameras with grids of rectangular symmetry by using the DFT on the SU(2)xSU(2) group. The proposed FT-method is applied to the Monte-Carlo simulated bank of TeV proton and gamma-ray EAS images for a stand-alone telescope. Comparing between the FT-method and the currently used standard method shows that the FT technique allows a better and systematic enhancement of the gamma-ray signal. The relative difference between these two methods becomes more profound especially for `photon poor' images. It suggests that the EAS detection thresholds of IACTs could be effectively reduced with the use of FT technique. This prediction is further supported by a significant noise suppression capability of the method using simple low-pass filters in the image frequency domain. The FT-method allows very deep `tail' (and `height') image cuts, differentiation of images, operations in the image frequency domain, etc., that can be used for development of new effective parameters for the EAS image processing.

We prove $L^p$-bounds on the Fouriertransform of measures $\\mu$ supported on two dimensional surfaces. Our method allows to consider surfaces whose Gauss curvature vanishes on a one-dimensional submanifold. Under a certain non-degeneracy condition, we prove that $\\wh\\mu\\in L^{4+\\beta}$, $\\beta>0$, and we give a logarithmically divergent bound on the $L^4$-norm. We use this latter bound to estimate almost singular integrals involving the dispersion relation, $e(p)= \\sum_1^3 [1-\\cos p_j]$, of the discrete Laplace operator on the cubic lattice. We briefly explain our motivation for this bound originating in the theory of random Schr\\"odinger operators.

The split-step Fouriertransform method for solving the parabolic wave equation is briefly introduced in this paper. To achieve the acceleration of the calculation process, a parallel scheme based on matrix transpose is proposed. Due to some ingenious ... Keywords: Parabolic Wave Equation, Split-Step FourierTransform Method, Parallel Computing

The analytical solving dynamic problems of elasticity theory for piecewise homogeneous half-space is found. The explicit construction of direct and inverse Fourier's vector transform with discontinuous coefficients is presented. The technique of applying Fourier's vector transform with discontinuous coefficients for solving problems of mathematical physics in the heterogeneous environments is developed on an example of the dynamic problems of the elasticity theory.

A new equipment of distinguishing rock from coal based on statistical analysis of Fast FourierTransform (FFT) is invented which can be used in the mechanized caving coal locales. First, eight groups of sound signals which had been measured during caving ... Keywords: Threshold of Distinguishing Rock from Coal, Fast FourierTransform (FFT), Frequency Energy Variance, Frequency Energy Ratio

A method proposed by Salby for computing the zonal space-time Fouriertransform of asynoptically acquired satellite data has been tested and applied to soundings of brightness temperature taken by polar-orbiting satellites. The technique, which ...

In this paper, a general, efficient, manageable split algorithm to compute one-dimensional (1-D) unitary transforms, by using the special partitioning in the frequency domain, is introduced. The partitions determine fast transformations that split the ...

This paper discusses recent applications of FT-IR spectroscopy to measure gas concentrations and temperatures, and particle sizes. Advances in hardware are discussed and results for field tests in pulp and paper and utility boilers are presented.

The infrared sensors task at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is focused on the science and technology of remote and in-situ chemical sensors for detecting proliferation and countering terrorism. Missions to be addressed by remote chemical sensor development will include detecting proliferation of nuclear or chemical weapons, and providing warning of terrorist use of chemical weapons. Missions to be addressed by in-situ chemical sensor development include countering terrorism by screening luggage, personnel, and shipping containers for explosives, firearms, narcotics, chemical weapons, or chemical weapons residues, and mapping contaminated areas. The science and technology relevant to these primary missions is also likely to be useful for battlefield chemical weapons defense, air operations support, monitoring emissions from chemical weapons destruction facilities or industrial chemical plants, and law enforcement applications. PNNL will seek to serve organizations with direct interest in these missions through collaborative research and development efforts approved by NA-22. During FY02, PNNL began assembling a remote IR detection capability that would allow field experiments to be conducted. The capability consists of a commercially available FTIR (FourierTransformInfrared) emission spectrometer and a frequency-modulation differential-absorption LIDAR (FM-DIAL) system being developed at PNNL. To provide environmental protection for these systems, a large, well insulated, temperature controlled trailer was specified and procured. While the FTIR system was field-ready, the FM-DIAL system required many modifications to prepare for field deployment. This document provides an overview of the FTIR system, summarizes the modifications made to the FM-DIAL system, and describes the salient features of the remote systems trailer.

The AGT relations reduce S-duality to the modular transformations of conformal blocks. It was recently conjectured that for the four-point conformal block the modular transform up to the non-perturbative contributions can be written in form of the ordinary Fouriertransform when $\\beta\\equiv-\\epsilon_1/\\epsilon_2=1$. Here we extend this conjecture to general values of $\\epsilon_1,\\epsilon_2$. Namely, we argue that for a properly normalized four-point conformal block the S-duality is perturbatively given by the Fouriertransform for arbitrary values of the deformation parameters $\\epsilon_1,\\epsilon_2$. The conjecture is based on explicit perturbative computations in the first few orders of the string coupling constant $g^2\\equiv-\\epsilon_1\\epsilon_2$ and hypermultiplet masses.

We present a general approach for evaluating a large variety of three-dimensional Fouriertransforms. The transforms considered include the useful cases of the Coulomb and dipole potentials, and include situations where the transforms are singular and involve terms proportional to the Dirac delta function. Our approach makes use of the Rayleigh expansion of exp(i p.r) in terms of spherical Bessel functions, and we study a number of integrals, including singular integrals, involving a power of the independent variable times a spherical Bessel function. We work through several examples of three-dimensional Fouriertransforms using our approach and show how to derive a number of identities involving multiple derivatives of 1/r, 1/r^2, and delta(\\vec r).

A test for second order stationarity of a time series based on the Discrete FourierTransform property, we construct a Portmanteau type test statistic for testing stationarity of the time series. It is shown that under the null of stationarity, the test statistic is approximately a chi square distribution

Wilting is a common symptom in plants responding to drought stress. Early wilting detection is of high importance for crop precision management. However, it is challenging to develop a reliable measurement technology. This study presents a sensing method ... Keywords: 2D Fouriertransform (2DFT), 3D image processing, Laser scanner, Wilting identification, Zucchini

A new expression for the Green's function of a finite one-dimensional lattice with nearest neighbor interaction is derived via discrete Fouriertransform. Solution of the Heisenberg spin chain with periodic and open boundary conditions is considered as an example. Comparison to Bethe ansatz clarifies the relation between the two approaches.

Sample records for fourier transform infrared from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "fourier transform infrared" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
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they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
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Volcanic gases provide important insights on the internal workings of volcanoes and changes in their composition and total flux can warn of impending changes in a volcano`s eruptive state. In addition, volcanoes are important contributors to the earth`s atmosphere, and understanding this volcanic contribution is crucial for unraveling the effect of anthropogenic gases on the global climate. Studies of volcanic gases have long relied upon direct in situ sampling, which requires volcanologists to work on-site within a volcanic crater. In recent years, spectroscopic techniques have increasingly been employed to obtain information on volcanic gases from greater distances and thus at reduced risk. These techniques have included UV correlation spectroscopy (Cospec) for SO{sub 2} monitoring, the most widely-used technique, and infrared spectroscopy in a variety of configurations, both open- and closed-path. Francis et al. have demonstrated good results using the sun as the IR source. This solar occultation technique is quite useful, but puts rather strong restrictions on the location of instrument and is thus best suited to more accessible volcanoes. In order to maximize the flexibility and range of FTIR measurements at volcanoes, work over the last few years has emphasized techniques which utilize the strong radiance contrast between the volcanic gas plume and the sky. The authors have successfully employed these techniques at several volcanoes, including the White Island and Ruapehu volcanoes in New Zealand, the Kilauea volcano on Hawaii, and Mt. Etna in Italy. But Popocatepetl (5452 m), the recently re-awakened volcano 70 km southeast of downtown Mexico City, has provided perhaps the best examples to date of the usefulness of these techniques.

We introduce a class of probability measures whose densities near infinity are mixtures of Pareto distributions. This class can be characterized by the Fouriertransform which has a power series expansion including real powers, not only integer powers. This class includes stable distributions in probability and also non-commutative probability theories. We also characterize the class in terms of the Cauchy-Stieltjes transform and the Voiculescu transform. If the stability index is greater than one, stable distributions in probability theory do not belong to that class, while they do in non-commutative probability.

The C library \\texttt{libkww} provides functions to compute the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function, i.e.\\ the Laplace-Fouriertransform of the stretched (or compressed) exponential function $\\exp(-t^\\beta)$ for exponents $\\beta$ between 0.1 and 1.9 with sixteen-digits accuracy. Analytic error bounds are derived for the low and high frequency series expansions. For intermediate frequencies the numeric integration is enormously accelerated by using the Ooura-Mori double exponential transformation. The source code is available from the project home page \\url{http://apps.jcns.fz-juelich.de/doku/sc/kww}.

A test for second order stationarity of a time series based on the Discrete FourierTransform stationary. Exploiting this important property, we construct a Portmanteau type test statistic for testing stationarity of the time series. It is shown that under the null of stationarity, the test statistic has

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has seen increased application for high spatial chemical imaging of complex biological surfaces. The advent and commercial availability of cluster and polyatomic primary ion sources (e.g. Au and Bi cluster and buckminsterfullerene (C60)) provide improved secondary ion yield and decreased fragmentation of surface species, thus accessibility to intact molecular ions. Despite developments in primary ion sources, development of mass spectrometers to fully exploit their advantages has been limited. Tandem mass spectrometry for identification of secondary ions is highly desirable, but implementation has proven to be difficult. Similarly, high mass resolution and high mass measurement accuracy would greatly improve the chemical specificity of SIMS. Here we combine, for the first time, the advantages of a C60 primary ion source with the ultra-high mass resolving power and high mass measurement accuracy of Fouriertransform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Mass resolving power in excess of 100,000 (m/?m50%) is demonstrated, with mass measurement accuracies below 3 parts-per-million. Imaging of mouse brain tissue at 40 ?m pixel size is shown. Tandem mass spectrometry of ions from biological tissue is demonstrated and molecular formulae can be assigned to fragment ions.

Panoramic full-field imaging is demonstrated by applying spatial multiplexing to Fouriertransform holography. Multiple object and reference waves extend the effective field of view for lensless imaging without compromising the spatial resolution. In this way, local regions of interest distributed throughout a sample can be simultaneously imaged with high spatial resolution. A method is proposed for capturing multiple ultrafast images of a sample with a single x-ray pulse.

Multidimensional integral transformations with non-separated variables for problems with discontinuous coefficients are constructed in this work. The coefficient discontinuities focused on the of parallel hyperplanes. In this work explicit formulas for the kernels in the case of ideal coupling conditions are obtained; the basic identity of the integral transform is proved; technique of integral transforms is developed

Emission spectra of the A {sup 2{Pi}}-X {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} transition (red system) of {sup 13}C{sup 14}N have been measured in the 4000-15,000 cm{sup -1} region using the Fouriertransform spectrometer associated with the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope of the National Solar Observatory. The {sup 13}C{sup 14}N free radical was produced in microwave discharge of a mixture of {sup 13}CH{sub 4} and {sup 14}N{sub 2}. Rotational analysis of 22 vibrational bands involving vibrational levels up to v' = 8 and v'' = 5 of the excited and ground states has been obtained and much improved spectroscopic constants have been determined. An experimental line list and calculated term values are provided. The results of the present analysis are useful for the identification of {sup 13}C{sup 14}N lines in late-type stars in the red and near-infrared spectral regions.

The industrial standard process for the purification of natural gas is to remove acid gases, mainly hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, by the absorption and reaction of these gases with alkanolamines. Inadequate data for vapor -- liquid equilibrium (VLE) hinder the industry from converting operations to more energy efficient amine mixtures and conserving energy. Some energy reductions have been realized in the past decade by applying such amine systems as hindered'' amines, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and MDEA based amine mixtures. However, the lack of reliable and accurate fundamental VLE data impedes the commercial application of these more efficient alkanolamine systems. The first project objective is to improve the accuracy of vapor -- liquid equilibrium measurements at low hydrogen sulfide concentrations. The second project objective is to measure the VLE for amine mixtures. By improving the accuracy of the VLE measurements on MDEA and mixtures with other amines, energy saving can be quickly and confidently implemented in the many existing absorption units already in use. If about 25% of the existing 95.3 billion SCFD gas purification capacity is converted to these new amine systems, the energy savings are estimated to be about 3 {times} 10{sup 14} BTU/yr.

We present the first high-resolution spectroscopic study of LiCs. LiCs is formed in a heat pipe oven and studied via laser-induced fluorescence Fourier-transform spectroscopy. By exciting molecules through the X$^1\\Sigma^+$-B$^1\\Pi$ and X$^1\\Sigma^+$-D$^1\\Pi$ transitions vibrational levels of the X$^1\\Sigma^+$ ground state have been observed up to 3cm^{-1} below the dissociation limit enabling an accurate construction of the potential. Furthermore, rovibrational levels in the a$^3\\Sigma^+$ triplet ground state have been observed because the excited states obtain sufficient triplet character at the corresponding excited atomic asymptote. With the help of coupled channels calculations accurate singlet and triplet ground state potentials were derived reaching the atomic ground state asymptote and allowing first predictions of cold collision properties of Li + Cs pairs.

The longwave radiation environment of the Antarctic Peninsula and Southern Ocean has been investigated using radiometric FourierTransformInfrared (FTIR) measurements of atmospheric emission in conjunction with detailed radiative transfer ...

The present in invention is directed to a method, system and program storage device for efficiently implementing a multidimensional Fast FourierTransform (FFT) of a multidimensional array comprising a plurality of elements initially distributed in a multi-node computer system comprising a plurality of nodes in communication over a network, comprising: distributing the plurality of elements of the array in a first dimension across the plurality of nodes of the computer system over the network to facilitate a first one-dimensional FFT; performing the first one-dimensional FFT on the elements of the array distributed at each node in the first dimension; re-distributing the one-dimensional FFT-transformed elements at each node in a second dimension via "all-to-all" distribution in random order across other nodes of the computer system over the network; and performing a second one-dimensional FFT on elements of the array re-distributed at each node in the second dimension, wherein the random order facilitates efficient utilization of the network thereby efficiently implementing the multidimensional FFT. The "all-to-all" re-distribution of array elements is further efficiently implemented in applications other than the multidimensional FFT on the distributed-memory parallel supercomputer.

The development of real-time predictors of mental workload is critical for the practical application of augmented cognition to human-machine systems. This paper explores a novel method based on a short-time Fouriertransform (STFT) for analyzing galvanic skin conductance (SC) and pupillometry time-series data to extract estimates of mental workload with temporal bandwidth high-enough to be useful for augmented cognition applications. We tested the method in the context of a process control task based on the DURESS simulation developed by Vincente and Pawlak (1994; ported to Java by Cosentino,& Ross, 1999). SC, pupil dilation, blink rate, and visual scanning patterns were measured for four participants actively engaged in controlling the simulation. Fault events were introduced that required participants to diagnose errors and make control adjustments to keep the simulator operating within a target range. We were interested in whether the STFT of these measures would produce visible effects of the increase in mental workload and stress associated with these events. Graphical exploratory data analysis of the STFT showed visible increases in the power spectrum across a range of frequencies directly following fault events. We believe this approach shows potential as a relatively unobtrusive, low-cost, high bandwidth measure of mental workload that could be particularly useful for the application of augmented cognition to human-machine systems.

The radiometric measurement of the marine air temperature using a Fouriertransforminfrared spectroradiometer is described. The measurements are taken by the Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI) that has been deployed on ...

indicate that solid phase forma- tion from STS does not occur until the ice frost point is reached.2Phase Transformations of Micron-Sized H2SO4/H2O Particles Studied by Infrared Spectroscopy Scot T been developed for investigations of phase transitions of micron-sized particles through infrared

A time-dependent generalization of a Fourier-ray method is presented and tested for fast numerical computation of high-resolution nonhydrostatic mountain-wave fields. The method is used to model mountain waves from Jan Mayen on 25 January 2000, a ...

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Emission spectra of the B {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +}-X {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} transition of {sup 13}C{sup 14}N have been observed at high resolution using the Fouriertransform spectrometer associated with the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope of the National Solar Observatory. The spectra have been measured in the 21000-30000 cm{sup -1} region and a total of 52 vibrational bands involving vibrational levels up to v = 15 of the ground and excited states have been rotationally analyzed to provide a much improved set of spectroscopic constants. An experimental line list and calculated term values are provided. The results of the present analysis should prove useful in the identification of additional {sup 13}C{sup 14}N lines in comets and cool stars, and will help in the determination of the {sup 12}C/{sup 13}C abundance ratio.

The industrial standard process for the purification of natural gas is to remove acid gases, mainly hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, by the absorption and reaction of these gases with alkanolamines. Inadequate data for vapor--liquid equilibrium (VLE) hinder the industry from converting operations to more energy efficient amine mixtures and conserving energy. Some energy reductions have been realized in the past decade by applying such amine systems as hindered'' amines, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and MDEA based amine mixtures. However, the lack of reliable and accurate fundamental VLE data impedes the commercial application of these more efficient alkanolamine systems. The first project objective is to improve the accuracy of vapor--liquid equilibrium measurements at low hydrogen sulfide concentrations. The second project objective is to measure the VLE for amine mixtures. By improving the accuracy of the VLE measurements on MDEA and mixtures with other amines, energy saving can be quickly and confidently implemented in the many existing absorption units already in use. If about 25% of the existing 95.3 billion SCFD gas purification capacity is converted to these new amine systems, the energy savings are estimated to be about 3 [times] 10[sup 14] BTU/yr.

We present colour transformations for the conversion of the {\\em 2MASS} photometric system to the Johnson-Cousins $UBVRI$ system and further into the {\\em SDSS} $ugriz$ system. We have taken {\\em SDSS} $gri$ magnitudes of stars measured with the 2.5-m telescope from $SDSS$ Data Release 5 (DR5), and $BVRI$ and $JHK_{s}$ magnitudes from Stetson's catalogue and \\citet{Cu03}, respectively. We matched thousands of stars in the three photometric systems by their coordinates and obtained a homogeneous sample of 825 stars by the following constraints, which are not used in previous transformations: 1) the data are de-reddened, 2) giants are omitted, and 3) the sample stars selected are of the highest quality. We give metallicity, population type, and transformations dependent on two colours. The transformations provide absolute magnitude and distance determinations which can be used in space density evaluations at short distances where some or all of the {\\em SDSS} $ugriz$ magnitudes are saturated. The combination of these densities with those evaluated at larger distances using {\\em SDSS} $ugriz$ photometry will supply accurate Galactic model parameters, particularly the local space densities for each population.

In this paper we introduce the interlaced chirp Z transform (Interlaced CZT), It is based on the computation of several carefully staggered CZT that are progressively interlaced to result in a spectrum that has denser frequency samples where needed. ... Keywords: chirp Z transform, discrete fouriertransform, interlaced chirp Z transform, warped discrete fouriertransform, zoom chirp Z transform

Transformation, which alters the genetic makeup of an individual, is a concept that intrigues the human imagination. In Streptococcus pneumoniae such transformation was first demonstrated. Perhaps our fascination with genetics derived from our ancestors observing their own progeny, with its retention and assortment of parental traits, but such interest must have been accelerated after the dawn of agriculture. It was in pea plants that Gregor Mendel in the late 1800s examined inherited traits and found them to be determined by physical elements, or genes, passed from parents to progeny. In our day, the material basis of these genetic determinants was revealed to be DNA by the lowly bacteria, in particular, the pneumococcus. For this species, transformation by free DNA is a sexual process that enables cells to sport new combinations of genes and traits. Genetic transformation of the type found in S. pneumoniae occurs naturally in many species of bacteria (70), but, initially only a few other transformable species were found, namely, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitides, Neisseria gonorrheae, and Bacillus subtilis (96). Natural transformation, which requires a set of genes evolved for the purpose, contrasts with artificial transformation, which is accomplished by shocking cells either electrically, as in electroporation, or by ionic and temperature shifts. Although such artificial treatments can introduce very small amounts of DNA into virtually any type of cell, the amounts introduced by natural transformation are a million-fold greater, and S. pneumoniae can take up as much as 10% of its cellular DNA content (40).

Transformers of a type adapted for use with extreme high power vacuum tubes where current requirements may be of the order of 2,000 to 200,000 amperes are described. The transformer casing has the form of a re-entrant section being extended through an opening in one end of the cylinder to form a coaxial terminal arrangement. A toroidal multi-turn primary winding is disposed within the casing in coaxial relationship therein. In a second embodiment, means are provided for forming the casing as a multi-turn secondary. The transformer is characterized by minimized resistance heating, minimized external magnetic flux, and an economical construction.

The interpretation of the optical Appell transformation, as previously elaborated in relation to the free-space paraxial propagation under both a rectangular and a circular cylindrical symmetry, is reviewed. Then, the caloric Appell transformation, well known in the theory of heat equation, is shown to be amenable for a similar interpretation involving the Laplace transform rather than the Fouriertransform, when dealing with the 1D heat equation. Accordingly, when considering the radial heat equation, suitably defined Hankel-type transforms come to be involved in the inherent Appell transformation. The analysis is aimed at outlining the link between the Appell transformation and the canonical transforms.

We propose a discrete fractional random transform based on a generalization of the discrete fractional Fouriertransform with an intrinsic randomness. Such discrete fractional random transform inheres excellent mathematical properties of the fractional Fouriertransform along with some fantastic features of its own. As a primary application, the discrete fractional random transform has been used for image encryption and decryption.

A solid state laser is frequency tripled to 0.3 {micro}m. A small portion of the laser is split off and generates a Stokes seed in a low power oscillator. The low power output passes through a mask with the appropriate hole pattern. Meanwhile, the bulk of the laser output is focused into a larger stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) amplifier. The low power beam is directed through the same cell in the opposite direction. The majority of the amplification takes place at the focus which is the fouriertransform plane of the mask image. The small holes occupy large area at the focus and thus are preferentially amplified. The amplified output is now imaged onto the multichip module where the holes are drilled. Because of the fourier plane amplifier, only about 1/10th the power of a competitive system is needed. This concept allows less expensive masks to be used in the process and requires much less laser power. 1 fig.

The industrial standard process for the purification of natural gas is to remove acid gases, mainly hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, by the absorption and reaction of these gases with alkanolamines. Inadequate data for vapor -- liquid equilibrium (VLE) hinder the industry from converting operations to more energy efficient amine mixtures and conserving energy. Some energy reductions have been realized in the past decade by applying such amine systems as ``hindered`` amines, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and MDEA based amine mixtures. However, the lack of reliable and accurate fundamental VLE data impedes the commercial application of these more efficient alkanolamine systems. The first project objective is to improve the accuracy of vapor -- liquid equilibrium measurements at low hydrogen sulfide concentrations. The second project objective is to measure the VLE for amine mixtures. By improving the accuracy of the VLE measurements on MDEA and mixtures with other amines, energy saving can be quickly and confidently implemented in the many existing absorption units already in use. If about 25% of the existing 95.3 billion SCFD gas purification capacity is converted to these new amine systems, the energy savings are estimated to be about 3 {times} 10{sup 14} BTU/yr.

The industrial standard process for the purification of natural gas is to remove acid gases, mainly hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, by the absorption and reaction of these gases with alkanolamines. Inadequate data for vapor--liquid equilibrium (VLE) hinder the industry from converting operations to more energy efficient amine mixtures and conserving energy. Some energy reductions have been realized in the past decade by applying such amine systems as ``hindered`` amines, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and MDEA based amine mixtures. However, the lack of reliable and accurate fundamental VLE data impedes the commercial application of these more efficient alkanolamine systems. The first project objective is to improve the accuracy of vapor--liquid equilibrium measurements at low hydrogen sulfide concentrations. The second project objective is to measure the VLE for amine mixtures. By improving the accuracy of the VLE measurements on MDEA and mixtures with other amines, energy saving can be quickly and confidently implemented in the many existing absorption units already in use. If about 25% of the existing 95.3 billion SCFD gas purification capacity is converted to these new amine systems, the energy savings are estimated to be about 3 {times} 10{sup 14} BTU/yr.

A new, robust, and computationally efficient Fourier method for evaluating the loss of load probability and expected value of energy not served in a generation system is presented in this paper. An efficient algorithm is developed for computing the transformed probability density function of outages of all the generating units of the system. The fast Fouriertransform algorithm is then used for transforming the load duration curve, and for inverse transformation of the product of the transformed outage function and the transformed load duration curve. As the method does not involve any approximation, it is expected to yield highly accurate results in all situations. Being a Fourier domain method, significant saving in computational effort results for systems with identical units. The application of the method is illustrated for a typical medium-sized system.

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We study the properties of different type of transforms by means of operational methods and discuss the relevant interplay with many families of special functions. We consider in particular the binomial transform and its generalizations. A general method, based on the use of the Fouriertransform technique, is proposed for the study of the properties of functions of operators.

This document describes activities in the following tasks associated with a project on environmental management technology decontamination and commercialization: A commercialized version of a field-portable instrument for performing supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with on-line Fouriertransforminfrared (FT-IR) detection;pyrolysis of plastic wastes associated with mixtures of radioactive wastes;management and reporting activities; centrifugal membrane filtration with application to tank waste remediation; technology development integration activities associated with remedial action and waste management.

The spatial resolution enabled by in situ Fourier-transforminfrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy as predicted from our earlier report in Spectroscopy (1) is applied to localized chemical analysis in this vital biological process of seed germination. Germination includes several different biochemical and structural processes. Ultimately, the entire seed is consumed in sustaining the new life that results after sprouting and growth (2-4). Alpha amylase production is the standard evidence for detection of sprouted (germinated) wheat at harvest. Moist preharvest conditions can cause devastating losses and render the harvested wheat unfit for flour production. Dormancy of dry seeds following harvest retards sprouting under proper storage.

In recent years there has been a renewed interest in finding fast algorithms to compute accurately the linear canonical transform (LCT) of a given function. This is driven by the large number of applications of the LCT in optics and signal processing. The well-known integral transforms: Fourier, fractional Fourier, bilateral Laplace and Fresnel transforms are special cases of the LCT. In this paper we obtain an O(N*Log N) algorithm to compute the LCT by using a chirp-FFT-chirp transformation yielded by a convergent quadrature formula for the fractional Fouriertransform. This formula gives a unitary discrete LCT in closed form. In the case of the fractional Fouriertransform the algorithm computes this transform for arbitrary complex values inside the unitary circle and not only at the boundary. In the case of the ordinary Fouriertransform the algorithm improves the output of the FFT.

The Nevanlinna transform K(z), of a measure and a real constant, plays an important role in the complex analysis and more recently in the free probability theory (boolean convolution). It is shown that its restriction k(it) (the restricted Nevanlinna transform) to the imaginary axis can be expressed as the Laplace transform of the Fouriertransform (characteristic function) of the corresponding measure. Finally, a relation between the Voiculescu and the boolean convolution is indicated.

Let $\\mathscr Q$ be the quaternion Heisenberg group, and let $\\mathbf P$ be the affine automorphism group of $\\mathscr Q$. We develop the theory of continuous wavelet transform on the quaternion Heisenberg group via the unitary representations of $\\mathbf P$ on $L^2(\\mathscr Q)$. A class of radial wavelets is constructed. The inverse wavelet transform is simplified by using radial wavelets. Then we investigate the Radon transform on $\\mathscr Q$. A Semyanistri-Lizorkin space is introduced, on which the Radon transform is a bijection. We deal with the Radon transform on $\\mathscr Q$ both by the Euclidean Fouriertransform and the group Fouriertransform. These two treatments are essentially equivalent. We also give an inversion formula by using wavelets, which does not require the smoothness of functions if the wavelet is smooth.

Properties of conjugate functions, Hilbert transforms, and certain maximal operators occurring in Fourier analysis in weighted Lebesgue spaces are established. For functions of several variables in Orlicz spaces the divergence in measure of the Cesaro and the Abel means of the conjugate trigonometric series, and the question of the existence of conjugate functions are investigated.

Novel methodologies are currently being developed and established for the chemical analysis of soybean seeds, embryos and single cells by FourierTransformInfrared (FT-IR), FourierTransform Near Infrared (FT-NIR) Microspectroscopy, Fluorescence and High-Resolution NMR (HR-NMR). The first FT-NIR chemical images of biological systems approaching one micron resolution are presented here. Chemical images obtained by FT-NIR and FT-IR Microspectroscopy are presented for oil in soybean seeds and somatic embryos under physiological conditions. FT-NIR spectra of oil and proteins were obtained for volumes as small as two cubic microns. Related, HR-NMR analyses of oil contents in somatic embryos are also presented here with nanoliter precision. Such 400 MHz 1H NMR analyses allowed the selection of mutagenized embryos with higher oil content (e.g. ~20%) compared to non-mutagenized control embryos. Moreover, developmental changes in single soybean seeds and/or somatic embryos may be monitored by FT-NIR with a precision ...

Recently, directional wave spectra have been obtained by applying the two-dimensional fast Fouriertransform (2D FFT) to the three-dimensional spatial topography of ocean surface waves collected by an airborne scanning laser ranging system during ...

This report summarizes development work completed in FY 1995 on near-infrared (NIR) and FourierTransformInfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of determining the moisture content and solid species present in Hanford Site high-level waste. In prior fiscal years, the main emphasis was on identification of cyanide species that might be present in the ferrocyanide waste tanks, but the present thrust has been more focused on determining the moisture content of the waste. If sufficient moisture is present in the waste, propagating reactions in reactive waste are precluded, regardless of its fuel content. A prototype hot cell NIR moisture probe is now ready for hot cell deployment to sense moisture contents and homogeneity in tank waste samples

Infrared spectroscopy provides the analytical laboratory with essential capabilities to identify and to quantify components of gas mixtures in a relatively straightforward manner. Except for symmetric diatomic species, most molecules are 'IR active' that is, they absorb IR light at specific energies associated with that molecule's vibrational and rotation modes. Simple molecules have a few predominant absorption energies and are easy to identify, while more complicated molecules with many bonds have many absorption peaks. To cover the full range of possible absorption energies, laboratory instruments initially employed dispersive elements, typically gratings, to scan over the wavelengths of interest. Today, Fourier-transforminfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has replaced most dispersive IR spectrometry due to improvements in speed and the signal-to-noise ratio but at the expense of instrumental complexity. The impressive analytical power of IR spectroscopy can be distilled into a tiny sensor for a restricted, but nevertheless very useful, set of chemical vapors. Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors use bandpass filters to select one, or at most a few, energy bands corresponding absorption by carbon dioxide, water, hydrocarbons, etc. Although the concept is simple, the task has proved to be elusive for constructing an NDIR sensor that maintains its calibration in spite of aging and environmental factors. Over the past four decades, Dr. Wong has been on the quest to perfect NDIR sensing, yet in very practical designs. This book reflects his journey, and more recently that of his coauthor, to do just that.

The objective of this study was to investigate the inherent structural-chemical features of Chinese feed-type sorghum seed using synchrotron-radiation Fouriertransforminfrared microspectroscopy (SRFTIRM) with two multivariate molecular spectral analysis techniques: Agglomerative Hierarchical cluster (AHCA) and principal component analyses (PCA). The results show that by application of these two multivariate techniques with the infrared spectroscopy of the SRFTIRM, it makes possible to discriminate and classify the inherent molecular structural features among the different layers of sorghum with a great efficiency. With the SRFTIRM, images of the molecular chemistry of sorghum could be generated at an ultra-spatial resolution. The features of nutrient matrix and nutrient make-up and interactions could be revealed.

by gridding and inverse Fouriertransform, converting the acquired data S(kx,ky,kv,t) to S(x,y,kv,t). A region. Carvalho1 , K. S. Nayak1 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los. The use of FVE instead of PC makes it possible to resolve the full velocity distribution within each voxel

In relativistic quantum constraint mechanics the state of a physical system is constrained to a 3-dimensional subspace of Minkowski 4-space. Fouriertransformation can be used to relate this state between constraint spaces in 4-position and 4-momentum space. It is shown that integral transforms of this nature can be carried out using Lorentz-invariant 3-dimensional constraint space coordinates such that a complete equivalence class of 4-space representations can be constructed from the transform. This method is further applied to develop a relativistic generalization of the Segal-Bargmann transformation that leads to the representation of quantum systems in a three-dimensional subspace of Bargmann 4-space.

We review Darboux-Crum transformation of Heun's differential equation. By rewriting an integral transformation of Heun's differential equation into a form of elliptic functions, we see that the integral representation is a generalization of Darboux-Crum transformation. We also consider conservation of monodromy with respect to the transformations.

Exemplary embodiments provide an infrared (IR) retinal system and method for making and using the IR retinal system. The IR retinal system can include adaptive sensor elements, whose properties including, e.g., spectral response, signal-to-noise ratio, polarization, or amplitude can be tailored at pixel level by changing the applied bias voltage across the detector. "Color" imagery can be obtained from the IR retinal system by using a single focal plane array. The IR sensor elements can be spectrally, spatially and temporally adaptive using quantum-confined transitions in nanoscale quantum dots. The IR sensor elements can be used as building blocks of an infrared retina, similar to cones of human retina, and can be designed to work in the long-wave infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from about 8 .mu.m to about 12 .mu.m as well as the mid-wave portion ranging from about 3 .mu.m to about 5 .mu.m.

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In the standard picture of cosmological structure formation, initially random-phase fluctuations are amplified by non-linear gravitational instability to produce a final distribution of mass which is highly non-Gaussian and has highly-coupled Fourier phases. We use the Zel'dovich approximation in one dimension to elucidate the onset of non-linearity including mode spawning, merging and coupling. We show that as gravitational clustering proceeds, Fourier modes are spawned from parent ones, with their phases following a harmonic relationship with the wavenumbers. Spawned modes could also merge leading to modulation of the amplitudes and phases which consequently breaks such harmonic relation. We also use simple toy models to demonstrate that bispectrum, Fouriertransform of connected three-point correlation functions, measures phase coupling at most at the second-order only when the special wavenumber-phase harmonic relation holds. Phase information is therefore partly registered in bispectrum and it takes a co...

Fourier-envelope algorithms are an important component of the mixed-signal/RF verification toolbox. In this paper, we address the unpredictability and lack of robustness that has been reported for these algorithms. We show that the problem stems from ...

The technical effort described in this report relates to the program that was performed to design, fabricate, and test a lightweight transformer for Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) mission requirements. The objectives of this program were two-fold: (1) design and fabricate a lightweight transformer using liquid hydrogen as the coolant; and (2) test the completed transformer assembly with a low voltage, dc power source. Although the full power testing with liquid helium was not completed, the program demonstrated the viability of the design approach. The lightweight transformer was designed and fabricated, and low and moderate power testing was completed. The transformer is a liquid hydrogen cooled air core transformer that uses thin copper for its primary and secondary windings. The winding mass was approximately 12 kg, or 0.03 kg/kW. Further refinements of the design to a partial air core transformer could potentially reduce the winding mass to as low as 4 or 5 kg, or 0.0125 kg/kW. No attempt was made on this program to reduce the mass of the related structural components or cryogenic container. 8 refs., 39 figs., 2 tabs.

The ability to create an unlimited number of identical copies is a privilege of digital documents. What if that would not be the case, if each copy of a digital file would go along with some sort of transformation? This ...

Using the integral representations of the solutions of Schr\\"odinger equation, which are the essential ingredients of the Gel'fand-Levitan and Marchenko integral equations of inverse scattering theory, we obtain a general theorem on the positivity of some integral transforms, and extend the theorem of Bochner on Fouriertransforms of functions of positive type to more general transforms. The present study is restricted to the positive half-axis. We then obtain a theorem on the positivity of Fourier cosine transform of the phase-shifts.

We use automated surface photometry and pattern classification techniques to morphologically classify galaxies. The two-dimensional light distribution of a galaxy is reconstructed using Fourier series fits to azimuthal profiles computed in concentric elliptical annuli centered on the galaxy. Both the phase and amplitude of each Fourier component have been studied as a function of radial bin number for a large collection of galaxy images using principal component analysis. We find that up to 90 percent of the variance in many of these Fourier profiles may be characterized in as few as 3 principal components and their use substantially reduces the dimensionality of the classification problem. We use supervised learning methods in the form of artificial neural networks to train galaxy classifiers that detect morphological bars at the 85-90 percent confidence level and can identify the Hubble type with a 1-sigma scatter of 1.5 steps on the 16-step stage axis of the revised Hubble system. Finally, we systematically characterize the adverse effects of decreasing resolution and S/N on the quality of morphological information predicted by these classifiers.

4 4 Recovery Act/Buy American Information Related to Substantial Transformation GUIDANCE ON MANUFACTURED GOODS AND SUBSTANTIAL TRANSFORMATION FOR FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE AWARDS Section 1605 of the Recovery Act states, "None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act may be used for a project for the construction, alteration, maintenance, or repair of a public building or public work unless all of the iron, steel, and manufactured goods used in the project are produced in the United States." The Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) guidance on implementing this section defines "manufactured good" as a "good brought to the construction site for incorporation into

From the earliest extragalactic infrared studies AGN have shown themselves to be strong infrared sources and IR surveys have revealed new populations of AGN. I briefly review current motivations for AGN surveys in the infrared and results from previous IR surveys. The Luminous Infrared Galaxies, which in some cases house dust-enshrouded AGN, submillimeter surveys, and recent studies of the cosmic x-ray and infrared backgrounds suggest that there is a population of highly-obscured AGN at high redshift. ISO Surveys have begun to resolve the infrared background and may have detected this obscured AGN population. New infrared surveys, particularly the SIRTF Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey (SWIRE), will detect this population and provide a platform for understanding the evolution of AGN, Starbursts and passively evolving galaxies in the context of large-scale structure and environment.

From the earliest extragalactic infrared studies AGN have shown themselves to be strong infrared sources and IR surveys have revealed new populations of AGN. I briefly review current motivations for AGN surveys in the infrared and results from previous IR surveys. The Luminous Infrared Galaxies, which in some cases house dust-enshrouded AGN, submillimeter surveys, and recent studies of the cosmic x-ray and infrared backgrounds suggest that there is a population of highly-obscured AGN at high redshift. ISO Surveys have begun to resolve the infrared background and may have detected this obscured AGN population. New infrared surveys, particularly the SIRTF Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey (SWIRE), will detect this population and provide a platform for understanding the evolution of AGN, Starbursts and passively evolving galaxies in the context of large-scale structure and environment.

Fast digital implementations of the second generation curvelet transform for use in data processing are disclosed. One such digital transformation is based on unequally-spaced fast Fouriertransforms (USFFT) while another is based on the wrapping of specially selected Fourier samples. Both digital transformations return a table of digital curvelet coefficients indexed by a scale parameter, an orientation parameter, and a spatial location parameter. Both implementations are fast in the sense that they run in about O(n.sup.2 log n) flops for n by n Cartesian arrays or about O(N log N) flops for Cartesian arrays of size N=n.sup.3; in addition, they are also invertible, with rapid inversion algorithms of about the same complexity.

Vibrational eigenvalues with estimated errors {lt}5{times}10{sup {minus}2}cm{sup {minus}1} and their corresponding eigenfunctions for {bold J}=0 5D (planar) acetylene modeled by the Halonen{endash}Child{endash}Carter potential-energy surface are obtained using an energy-shifted, imaginary-time Lanczos propagation of symmetry-adapted wave packets. A lower resolution ({approximately}4cm{sup {minus}1}) vibrational eigenspectrum of the system is also calculated by the Fouriertransform of the autocorrelation of an appropriate wave packet. The eigenvalues from both approaches are in excellent agreement. The wave function of the molecule is represented in a direct-product discrete variable representation (DVR) with nearly 300000 grid points. Our results are compared with the previously reported theoretical and experimental values. We use our 69 computed eigenstates as a basis to perform an optimal control simulation of selective two-photon excitation of the symmetric CH-stretch mode with an infrared, linearly polarized, transform-limited, and subpicosecond{endash}picosecond laser pulse. The resulting optimal laser pulses, which are then tested on the full DVR grid, fall within the capabilities of current powerful, subpicosecond, and tunable light sources. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}

There is provided an improved RF transformer having a single-turn secondary of cylindrical shape and a coiled encapsulated primary contained within the secondary. The coil is tapered so that the narrowest separation between the primary and the secondary is at one end of the coil. The encapsulated primary is removable from the secondary so that a variety of different capacity primaries can be utilized with one secondary.

A source of tunable far-infrared radiation has been constructed. The system has been operated at 91.6 cm/sup -1/ with a demonstrated tunability of .63 cm/sup -1/. The system is based on a Rydberg state transition in optically pumped potassium vapor. The transition energy is tuned by the application of an electric field to the excited vapor. The transition wavelength and the shifted wavelength were detected and measured by the use of a Michelson interferometer and a liquid helium cooled Ga:Ge bolometer and the data was reduced using Fast Fouriertransform techniques. Extensive spectroscopy was done on the potassium vapor to elucidate the depopulation paths and rates of the excited levels. Both theoretical and experimental results are presented to support the conclusions of the research effort. Additionally, possible alternative approaches to the population of the excited state are explored and recommendations are made for the future development of this source as well as the potential uses of it in molecular spectroscopy.

This paper describes a particularly didactic and transparent derivation of basic properties of the Lorentz group. The generators for rotations and boosts along an arbitrary direction, as well as their commutation relations, are written as functions of the unit vectors that define the axis of rotation or the direction of the boost (an approach that can be compared with the one that in electrodynamics, works with the electric and magnetic fields instead of the Maxwell stress tensor). For finite values of the angle of rotation or the boost's velocity, collectively denoted by V, the existence of an exponential expansion for the coordinate transformation's matrix, M (in terms of GV where G is the generator) requires that the matrix's derivative with respect to V, be equal to GM. This condition can only be satisfied if the transformation is additive as it is indeed the case for rotations, but not for velocities. If it is assumed, however, that for boosts such an expansion exists, with V = V(v), v being the velocity, and if the above condition is imposed on the boost's matrix then its expression in terms of hyperbolic cosh(V) and sinh(V} is recovered, and the expression for V(= arc tanh(v)) is determined. A general Lorentz transformation can be written as an exponential containing the sum of a rotation and a boost, which to first order is equal to the product of a boost with a rotation. The calculations of the second and third order terms show that the equations for the generators used in this paper, allow to reliably infer the expressions for the higher order generators, without having recourse to the commutation relations. The transformationmatrices for Weyl spinors are derived for finite values of the rotation and velocity, and field representations, leading to the expression for the angular momentum operator, are studied.

Transformer apparatus is designed for measuring the amount of a paramagnetic substance dissolved or suspended in a diamagnetic liquid. The apparatus consists of a cluster of tubes, some of which are closed and have sealed within the diamagnetic substance without any of the paramagnetic material. The remaining tubes are open to flow of the mix- ture. Primary and secondary conductors are wrapped around the tubes in such a way as to cancel noise components and also to produce a differential signal on the secondaries based upon variations of the content of the paramagnetic material. (AEC)

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Nonstationary heat conduction in a single-walled carbon nanotube was investigated by applying a local heat pulse with duration of subpicoseconds. The investigation was based on classical molecular dynamics simulations, where the heat pulse was generated as coherent fluctuations by connecting a thermostat to the local cell for a short duration. The heat conduction through the nanotube was observed in terms of spatiotemporal temperature profiles. Results of the simulations exhibit non-Fourier heat conduction where a distinct amount of heat is transported in a wavelike form. The geometry of carbon nanotubes allows us to observe such a phenomenon in the actual scale of the material. The resulting spatiotemporal profile was compared with the available macroscopic equations, the so-called non-Fourier heat conduction equations, in order to investigate the applicability of the phenomenological models to a quasi-one-dimensional system. The conventional hyperbolic diffusion equation fails to predict the heat conduction due to the lack of local diffusion. It is shown that this can be remedied by adopting a model with dual relaxation time. Further modal analyses using wavelet transformations reveal a significant contribution of the optical phonon modes to the observed wavelike heat conduction. The result suggests that, in carbon nanotubes with finite length where the long-wavelength acoustic phonons behave ballistically, even optical phonons can play a major role in the non-Fourier heat conduction.

In the standard picture of cosmological structure formation, initially random-phase fluctuations are amplified by non-linear gravitational instability to produce a final distribution of mass which is highly non-Gaussian and has highly-coupled Fourier phases. We use the Zel'dovich approximation in one dimension to elucidate the onset of non-linearity including mode spawning, merging and coupling. We show that as gravitational clustering proceeds, Fourier modes are spawned from parent ones, with their phases following a harmonic relationship with the wavenumbers. Spawned modes could also merge leading to modulation of the amplitudes and phases which consequently breaks such harmonic relation. We also use simple toy models to demonstrate that bispectrum, Fouriertransform of connected three-point correlation functions, measures phase coupling at most at the second-order only when the special wavenumber-phase harmonic relation holds. Phase information is therefore partly registered in bispectrum and it takes a complete hierarchy of polyspectra to fully characterize gravitational non-linearity.

Apparatus and system for inspecting infrared transparents, such as an array of photovoltaic modules containing silicon solar cells, includes an infrared microscope, at least three sources of infrared light placed around and having their axes intersect the center of the object field and means for sending the reflected light through the microscope. The apparatus is adapted to be mounted on an X-Y translator positioned adjacent the object surface. 4 figs.

The infrared sky from space is the sum of a cosmic signal from galaxies, quasars, and perhaps more exotic sources; and foregrounds from the Milky Way and from the Solar System. At a distance of 1 AU from the Sun, the foreground from interplanetary dust is very bright between 5 and 100 microns, but ``very bright'' is still several million times fainter than the background produced by ground-based telescopes. In the near infrared 1-2.2 micron range the space infrared sky is a thousand times fainter than the OH nightglow from the Earth's atmosphere. As a result of these advantages, wide-field imaging from space in the infrared can be an incredibly sensitive method to study the Universe.

The perfect NOT transformation, probabilistic perfect NOT transformation and conjugate transformation are studied. Perfect NOT transformation criteria on a quantum state set $S$ of a qubit are obtained. Two necessary and sufficient conditions for realizing a perfect NOT transformation on $S$ are derived. When these conditions are not satisfied we discuss a probabilistic perfect NOT transformation (gate). We construct a probabilistic perfect NOT machine (gate) by a general unitary-reduction operation. With a postselection of the measurement outcomes, the probabilistic NOT gate yields perfectly complements of the input states. We prove that one can realize probabilistically the NOT gate of the input states secretly chosen from a certain set $S=\\{|\\Psi_1>, |\\Psi_2>,..., |\\Psi_n>\\}$ if and only if $|\\Psi_1>, |\\Psi_2>,...,$ and $|\\Psi_n>$ are linearly independent. We also generalize the probabilistic NOT transformation to the conjugate transformation in the multi-level quantum system. The lower bound of the best p...

The code let model is a fine-grain dataflow-inspired program execution model that balances the parallelism and overhead of the runtime system. It plays an important role in terms of performance, scalability, and energy efficiency in exascale studies ... Keywords: FFT, fine-grain, execution model, memory bandwidth

The Coulomb correlations between photoexcited charged particles in materials such as photosynthetic complexes, conjugated polymer systems, J-aggregates, and bulk or nanostructured semiconductors produce a hierarchy of ...

The authors have found that the conventional exponentiated split operator procedure is subject to difficulties in energy conservation when solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation for Coulombic systems. By rearranging the kinetic and potential energy terms in the temporal propagator of the finite difference equations, one can find a propagation algorithm for three dimensions that looks much like the Crank-Nicholson and alternating direction implicit methods for one- and two-space-dimensional partial differential equations. They report comparisons of this novel implicit split operator procedure with the conventional exponentiated split operator procedure on hydrogen atom solutions. The results look promising for a purely numerical approach to certain electron quantum mechanical problems.

A cryogenically cooled FTS system capable of a spectral resolution of 0.06 cm?1 is described. The entire interferometer is operated at LN2 temperature with the exception of the Ge:Cu detector, which is cooled to below 10 K. In order to maintain ...

It has recently been shown that the n-dimensional reduced adder graph (RAG-n) technique is beneficial for many DSP applications such as for FIR and IIR filters, where multipliers can be grouped in multiplier blocks. This paper highlights ...

This research has performed preliminary [ital in] [ital situ] Fouriertransforminfrared (FTIR) measurements during the plasma deposition of amorphous silicon ([ital a]-Si:H). Experiments demonstrate both gas phase and film measurements within a simple SiH[sub 4] plasma reactor using a specially modified FTIR spectrometer. Films are deposited on substrates of either gold (mirror finish) or stainless steel (matte finish). In particular, [ital in] [ital situ] emission/reflection FTIR of the film yields information about surface temperature, film thickness, and film composition. We have measured surface temperature to [plus minus]5 K and detected the onset of poor film growth at a thickness of 500--1000 A using the 2080 cm[sup [minus]1] absorption feature. A simple model for the reflectance of a film on a metal is employed to determine the thickness of the films. [ital In] [ital situ] emission/transmission FTIR of the plasma determines the gas composition and average gas temperature. Measurements show that the silane conversion is [similar to]11% within the plasma region for a typical deposition at 250 [degree]C and roughly doubles for a deposition at room temperature. The FTIR spectra show that most of this converted silane reappears as disilane (Si[sub 2]H[sub 6]). Before starting the plasma, the silane gas is [similar to]30 K cooler than the nominal substrate temperature of 250 [degree]C; starting the plasma raises the average temperature another 20 [degree]C.

The timescale and/or products of photo-induced decomposition of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) were investigated at ambient pressure and compared with products formed at elevated pressure (i.e. 8 GPa). Ultrafast time-resolved infrared and steady state Fouriertransform IR (FTIR) spectroscopies were used to probe TATB and its products after photoexcitation with a 5 ns pulse of 532 nm light. At ambient pressure, transient spectra of TATB indicate that the molecule has significantly decomposed within 60 ns; transient spectra also indicate that formation of CO{sub 2}, an observed decomposition product, is complete within 30-40 s. Proof of principle time resolved experiments at elevated pressures were performed and are discussed briefly. Comparison of steady-state FTIR spectra obtained at ambient and elevated pressure (ca. 8 GPa) indicate that the decomposition products vary with pressure. We find evidence for water as a decomposition product only at elevated pressure.

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We consider the application of infrared spectroscopy to protein crystals, with particular emphasis on exploiting molecular orientation through polarization measurements on oriented single crystals. Infrared microscopes enable transmission measurements on individual crystals using either thermal or nonthermal sources, and can accommodate flow cells, used to measure spectral changes induced by exposure to soluble ligands, and cryostreams, used for measurements of flash-cooled crystals. Comparison of unpolarized infrared measurements on crystals and solutions probes the effects of crystallization and can enhance the value of the structural models refined from X-ray diffraction data by establishing solution conditions under which they are most relevant. Results on several proteins are consistent with similar equilibrium conformational distributions in crystal and solutions. However, the rates of conformational change are often perturbed. Infrared measurements also detect products generated by X-ray exposure, including CO{sub 2}. Crystals with favorable symmetry exhibit infrared dichroism that enhances the synergy with X-ray crystallography. Polarized infrared measurements on crystals can distinguish spectral contributions from chemically similar sites, identify hydrogen bonding partners, and, in opportune situations, determine three-dimensional orientations of molecular groups. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Structure and Function in the Crystalline State.

Infrared Thermography Laboratory Infrared Thermography Laboratory The Infrared Thermography Laboratory (IRLab) conducts detailed laboratory experiments on the thermal performance of windows and other insulated systems. During a typical experiment, a specimen is placed between two environmental chambers that simulate a long, cold night during winter. Besides generating informative thermal images, the experiments collect several types of quantitative data with high spatial resolution that are useful for understanding subtle details in the thermal performance and for validating computer simulations of heat and fluid flows. Thermography experiments in the IRLab use an infrared imager to produce qualitative thermal images, or thermograms, that help provide a visual interpretation of how heat is flowing through the specimen. The infrared thermograms are also taken and postprocessed to extract numerical data to perform quantitative thermography that produces a database of the distribution of surface temperatures on the warm side of various specimen. A traversing system is also used to measure the distribution of air temperatures and velocities near the specimen. Research results are presented at various technical conferences -- see our schedule of upcoming conferences. Technical papers on infrared thermography are available for downloading. The IRLab contains a machine tool shop area that supports fabrication efforts in the Building Technologies Department. Other types of research, such as Non-Destructive Evaluation, are also conducted in the IRLab.

A recently proposed analogue transformation method has allowed the extension of transformation acoustics to general spacetime transformations. We analyze here in detail the differences between this new analogue transformation acoustics (ATA) method and the standard one (STA). We show explicitly that STA is not suitable for transformations that mix space and time. ATA takes as starting point the acoustic equation for the velocity potential, instead of that for the pressure as in STA. This velocity-potential equation by itself already allows for some transformations mixing space and time, but not all of them. We explicitly obtain the entire set of transformations that do not leave its form invariant. It is in these cases that ATA shows its true potential, allowing for building a transformation acoustics method that enables the full range of spacetime transformations. We provide an example of an important transformation which cannot be achieved with STA. Using this transformation, we design and simulate an acous...

By the newly developed technique of integration within an ordered product (IWOP) of operators, we explore quantum optical version of classical optical transformations such as optical Fresnel transform, Hankel transform, fractional Fouriertransform, Wigner transform, wavelet transform and Fresnel-Hadmard combinatorial transform etc. In this way one may gain benefit for developing classical optics theory from the research in quantum optics, or vice-versa. We can not only find some new quantum mechanical unitary operators which correspond to the known optical transformations, deriving a new theorem for calculating quantum tomogram of density operators, but also can reveal some new classical optical transformations. We derive GFO's normal product form and its canonical coherent state representation and find that GFO is the loyal representation of symplectic group multiplication rule. We show that GFT is just the transformation matrix element of GFO in the coordinate representation such that two successive GFTs is still a GFT. The ABCD rule of the Gaussian beam propagation is directly demonstrated in the context of quantum optics. Especially, the introduction of quantum mechanical entangled state representations opens up a new area to finding new classical optical transformations. The complex wavelet transform and the condition of mother wavelet are studied in the context of quantum optics too. Throughout our discussions, the coherent state, the entangled state representation of the two-mode squeezing operators and the IWOP technique are fully used. All these confirms Dirac's assertion: " ... for a quantum dynamic system that has a classical analogue, unitary transformation in the quantum theory is the analogue of contact transformation in the classical theory".

The region between 1 and 5.5 ..mu..m has been observed with a high-resolution Fouriertransform spectrometer. See-through hollow cathode lamps with calcium fluoride windows were operated at high current. Special precautions were required to minimize interference by blackbody radiation from the hot cathode. Observed lines were measured to an absolute accuracy of about 0.001 cm/sup -1/ and about 5% relative intensity accuracy. The argon carrier gas lines were readily distinguished by their much wider Doppler-broadened linewidths. Many lines were assigned to neutral or singly-ionized thorium on the basis of predicted transition wavenumbers calculated from accurate level lists. However, many lines remain to be assigned. This new spectral data connects to, and extends similar, spectral information given in our uranium and thorium atlases which cover the ultraviolet and visible regions.

The use of a new transformer and transformer fluid by a rural electric cooperative is described in the article. Edisol TR Transformers, which require about half as much fluid, are being used to replace existing transformers from 10- to 50 kVA. The dielectric fluid used in the transformers biodegrades more rapidly and completely, and is non-bioaccumulating in aquatic species. Standardized tests show that five to six weeks is required for biodegradation. The thermal design increases the efficiency of heat removal and reduces thermal gradients in the winding; the transformer is 20% smaller and 25% lighter than conventional transformers.

Fouriertransforminfrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) is a widely used method for mapping the material properties of bone and other mineralized tissues, including mineralization, crystallinity, carbonate substitution, and collagen cross-linking. This technique is traditionally performed in a transmission-based geometry, which requires the preparation of plastic-embedded thin sections, limiting its functionality. Here, we theoretically and empirically demonstrate the development of reflection-based FTIRM as an alternative to the widely adopted transmission-based FTIRM, which reduces specimen preparation time and broadens the range of specimens that can be imaged. In this study, mature mouse femurs were plastic-embedded and longitudinal sections were cut at a thickness of 4 {micro}m for transmission-based FTIRM measurements. The remaining bone blocks were polished for specular reflectance-based FTIRM measurements on regions immediately adjacent to the transmission sections. Kramers-Kronig analysis of the reflectance data yielded the dielectric response from which the absorption coefficients were directly determined. The reflectance-derived absorbance was validated empirically using the transmission spectra from the thin sections. The spectral assignments for mineralization, carbonate substitution, and collagen cross-linking were indistinguishable in transmission and reflection geometries, while the stoichiometric/nonstoichiometric apatite crystallinity parameter shifted from 1032/1021 cm{sup -1} in transmission-based to 1035/1025 cm{sup -1} in reflection-based data. This theoretical demonstration and empirical validation of reflection-based FTIRM eliminates the need for thin sections of bone and more readily facilitates direct correlations with other methods such as nanoindentation and quantitative backscatter electron imaging (qBSE) from the same specimen. It provides a unique framework for correlating bone's material and mechanical properties.

A sun photometer which operates at five wavelengths in the near infrared between 1.0 and 4.0 ?m has been developed. The instrument is a manually operated, fitter wheel design and has principal applications for atmospheric aerosol studies. The ...

An exact inversion formula for the Lorentz integral transform (LIT) is provided together with the spectrum of the LIT kernel. The exponential increase of the inverse Fouriertransform of the LIT kernel entering the inversion formula explains the ill-posed character of the LIT approach. Also the continuous spectrum of the LIT kernel, which approaches zero points necessarily to the same defect. A possible cure is discussed and numerically illustrated.

Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics close to equilibrium is a physically satisfactory theory centered on the linear response formula of Green-Kubo. This formula results from a formal first order perturbation calculation without rigorous justification. A rigorous derivation of Fourier's law for heat conduction from the laws of mechanics remains thus a major unsolved problem. In this note we present a deterministic mechanical model of a heat-conducting chain with nontrivial interactions, where kinetic energy fluctuations at the nodes of the chain are removed. In this model the derivation of Fourier's law can proceed rigorously.

The discrete cosine transform (DCT), introduced by Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao, has been used in many applications of digital signal processing, data compression and information hiding. There are four types of the discrete cosine transform. In simulating the discrete cosine transform, we propose a generalized discrete cosine transform with three parameters, and prove its orthogonality for some new cases. A new type of discrete cosine transform is proposed and its orthogonality is proved. Finally, we propose a generalized discrete W transform with three parameters, and prove its orthogonality for some new cases.

The objective of this thesis is to depict the role of metrics in the evolving journey of enterprise transformation. To this end, three propositions are explored: (i) metrics and measurement systems drive transformation, ...

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We study the typechecking problem for XML transformers: given an XML transformation program and a DTD for the input XML documents, check whether every result of the program conforms to a specified output DTD. We model XML transformers using a novel device ...

Although conventional transformers are ac, a device that may be termed a dc transformer has been constructed by using superconductors. To provide an understanding of how such a transformer would operate, some of the properties of type I and type II superconductors ...

Adsorption of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), silica gel (SiO{sub 2}), and Illinois No. 6 coal was compared using in situ attenuated total reflectance Fouriertransforminfrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy at pressures up to 14 MPa and temperatures at 40{sup o}C and 50{sup o}C. Only physical adsorption of CO{sub 2} was recorded for PDMS, SiO{sub 2}, and Illinois no. 6. There was no evidence of the formation of carbonic acid, bicarbonates, carbonates, or any other reaction product between CO{sub 2} and PDMS, SiO{sub 2}, and Illinois No. 6 coal. Carbon dioxide adsorption on PDMS and SiO{sub 2} produced a linear isotherm while a typical Langmuir-like isotherm was observed for Illinois No. 6 coal. Attempts to measure CO{sub 2} induced swelling of the three materials was unsuccessful due to the design of the ATR-FTIR cell. 51 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

You are here You are here Home Â» Transforming a Transformative School Transforming a Transformative School October 11, 2012 - 10:14am Addthis During a yearlong renovation, Harding Charter Preparatory school upgraded lighting fixtures, installed a new heating and cooling system, and replaced the entry doors. The new doors allow daylight into the school and restore the historical building envelope. | Photo courtesy of John Winkel, Energy Department. During a yearlong renovation, Harding Charter Preparatory school upgraded lighting fixtures, installed a new heating and cooling system, and replaced the entry doors. The new doors allow daylight into the school and restore the historical building envelope. | Photo courtesy of John Winkel, Energy Department. Julie McAlpin

We present a statistical analysis of 248 luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) which comprise the Great Observatories All?sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) observed with the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on?board Spitzer in the rest?frame wavelength range between 5 and 38 ?m. The GOALS sample enables a direct measurement of the relative contributions of star?formation and active galactic nuclei (AGN) to the total infrared (IR) emission from a large

A Fourier-transform interferometer, operated throughout 1992 at South Pole Station, measured downward spectral longwave radiance from 550 to 1500 cm?1 (7–18 ?m) at a resolution of 1 cm?1. Radiance measurements were usually made twice daily, ...

: This paper presents time-frequency multiresolution wavelet analysis on power system transients. Since it is difficult to analyze transients on-site due to a vast amount of data recorded from a digital transient recorder, it is imperative to develop an intelligent recorder which has the ability to detect and classify different types of power system transients. In order to develop a good approach for transient data capture and analysis, one of the important steps is to model transients, so that it is more efficient for computers to extract the features from power transients and recognize them automatically. Most of transient signals are aperiodic and short-term duration signals superimposed on the power frequency. The Fourier-based transforms have been proved valuable for periodic, time-invariant, or stationary signals, but they have problems with analyzing power transients due to the lack of multiple resolution in time-frequency domain. Wavelet analysis overcomes the limitations of t...

We show that a finite Hubbard-phonon interacting system has ferromagnetic or unique spin-singlet ground state under the infrared singular condition. The key tool is a unitary transformation introduced by Arai and Hirokawa. We construct a concrete infrared singular representation using the operator algebraic method. The method is essentially same as one for the van Hove model using the Wightman functional method.

Previous heat capacity estimators useful in path integral simulations have variances that grow with the number of path variables included. In the present work a new specific heat estimator for Fourier path integral Monte Carlo simulations is derived using methods similar to those used in developing virial energy estimators. The resulting heat capacity estimator has a variance that is roughly independent of the number of Fourier coe#cients (k max ) included, and the asymptotic convergence rate is shown to be proportional to 1/k 2 max when partial averaging is included. Quantum Monte Carlo simulations are presented to test the estimator using two one-dimensional models and for Lennard-Jones representations of Ne 13 . For finite kmax , using numerical methods, the calculated heat capacity is found to diverge at low temperatures for the potential functions studied in this work. Extrapolation methods enable useful results to be determined over a wide temperature range. Typeset using REVT...

Utilities are losing many of their subject matter experts through retirement and downsizing. This is particularly true in the case of power transformers, so that there is now a critical need for a comprehensive transformer reference book geared toward utility engineers. In 2007, the Electric Power Research Institute EPRI published the technical update report Transformer Guidebook Design 1013799. That report described the results of the initial project to develop the Copper Book, a comprehensive reference...

Transforming Commercial Building Operations Transforming Commercial Building Operations Transforming Commercial Building Operations Ron Underhill Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ronald.underhill@pnnl.gov (509)375-9765 April 4, 2013 2 | Building Technologies Office eere.energy.gov * Most buildings are not commissioned (Cx) before occupancy, including HVAC and lighting systems * Buildings often are poorly operated and maintained leading to significant energy waste of 5 to 20%, even when they have building automation systems (BASs)

Transforming Commercial Building Operations Transforming Commercial Building Operations Transforming Commercial Building Operations Ron Underhill Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ronald.underhill@pnnl.gov (509)375-9765 April 4, 2013 2 | Building Technologies Office eere.energy.gov * Most buildings are not commissioned (Cx) before occupancy, including HVAC and lighting systems * Buildings often are poorly operated and maintained leading to significant energy waste of 5 to 20%, even when they have building automation systems (BASs)

A heated SiC microtubular reactor has been used to decompose acetaldehyde and its isotopomers (CH{sub 3}CDO, CD{sub 3}CHO, and CD{sub 3}CDO). The pyrolysis experiments are carried out by passing a dilute mixture of acetaldehyde (roughly 0.1%-1%) entrained in a stream of a buffer gas (either He or Ar) through a heated SiC reactor that is 2-3 cm long and 1 mm in diameter. Typical pressures in the reactor are 50-200 Torr with the SiC tube wall temperature in the range 1200-1900 K. Characteristic residence times in the reactor are 50-200 {mu}s after which the gas mixture emerges as a skimmed molecular beam at a pressure of approximately 10 {mu}Torr. The reactor has been modified so that both pulsed and continuous modes can be studied, and results from both flow regimes are presented. Using various detection methods (Fouriertransforminfrared spectroscopy and both fixed wavelength and tunable synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry), a number of products formed at early pyrolysis times (roughly 100-200 {mu}s) are identified: H, H{sub 2}, CH{sub 3}, CO, CH{sub 2}=CHOH, HC{identical_to}CH, H{sub 2}O, and CH{sub 2}=C=O; trace quantities of other species are also observed in some of the experiments. Pyrolysis of rare isotopomers of acetaldehyde produces characteristic isotopic signatures in the reaction products, which offers insight into reaction mechanisms that occur in the reactor. In particular, while the principal unimolecular processes appear to be radical decomposition CH{sub 3}CHO (+M) {yields} CH{sub 3}+ H + CO and isomerization of acetaldehyde to vinyl alcohol, it appears that the CH{sub 2}CO and HCCH are formed (perhaps exclusively) by bimolecular reactions, especially those involving hydrogen atom attacks.

We extend previous measurements of cosmic infrared background (CIB) fluctuations to {approx}< 1 Degree-Sign using new data from the Spitzer Extended Deep Survey. Two fields with depths of {approx_equal} 12 hr pixel{sup -1} over three epochs are analyzed at 3.6 and 4.5 {mu}m. Maps of the fields were assembled using a self-calibration method uniquely suitable for probing faint diffuse backgrounds. Resolved sources were removed from the maps to a magnitude limit of mag{sub AB} {approx_equal} 25, as indicated by the level of the remaining shot noise. The maps were then Fouriertransformed and their power spectra were evaluated. Instrumental noise was estimated from the time-differenced data, and subtracting this isolates the spatial fluctuations of the actual sky. The power spectra of the source-subtracted fields remain identical (within the observational uncertainties) for the three epochs indicating that zodiacal light contributes negligibly to the fluctuations. Comparing to 8 {mu}m power spectra shows that Galactic cirrus cannot account for the fluctuations. The signal appears isotropically distributed on the sky as required for an extragalactic origin. The CIB fluctuations continue to diverge to >10 times those of known galaxy populations on angular scales out to {approx}< 1 Degree-Sign . The low shot-noise levels remaining in the diffuse maps indicate that the large-scale fluctuations arise from the spatial clustering of faint sources well below the confusion noise. The spatial spectrum of these fluctuations is in reasonable agreement with an origin in populations clustered according to the standard cosmological model ({Lambda}CDM) at epochs coinciding with the first stars era.

An infrared laser system and method for isotope separation may comprise a molecular gas laser oscillator to produce a laser beam at a first wavelength, Raman spin flip means for shifting the laser to a second wavelength, a molecular gas laser amplifier to amplify said second wavelength laser beam to high power, and optical means for directing the second wavelength, high power laser beam against a desired isotope for selective excitation thereof in a mixture with other isotopes. The optical means may include a medium which shifts the second wavelength high power laser beam to a third wavelength, high power laser beam at a wavelength coincidental with a corresponding vibrational state of said isotope and which is different from vibrational states of other isotopes in the gas mixture.

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An infrared laser system and method for isotope separation may comprise a molecular gas laser oscillator to produce a laser beam at a first wavelength, Raman spin flip means for shifting the laser to a second wavelength, a molecular gas laser amplifier to amplify said second wavelength laser beam to high power, and optical means for directing the second wavelength, high power laser beam against a desired isotope for selective excitation thereof in a mixture with other isotopes. The optical means may include a medium which shifts the second wavelength high power laser beam to a third wavelength, high power laser beam at a wavelength coincidental with a corresponding vibrational state of said isotope and which is different from vibrational states of other isotopes in the gas mixture.

This is a version of a part of the book ``Transformations of Grassman Spaces'' (in progress). We study transformations of Grassman spaces preserving certain geometrical constructions related to buildings. The next part will be devoted to Grassman spaces associated with polar spaces.

NREL's deployment and market transformation (D and MT) activities encompass the laboratory's full range of technologies, which span the energy efficiency and renewable energy spectrum. NREL staff educates partners on how they can advance sustainable energy applications and also provides clients with best practices for reducing barriers to innovation and market transformation.

A method of biochemically transforming macromolecular compounds found in solid carbonaceous materials, such as coal is provided. The preparation of new microorganisms, metabolically weaned through challenge growth processes to biochemically transform solid carbonaceous materials at extreme temperatures, pressures, pH, salt and toxic metal concentrations is also disclosed. 7 figs.

Generalized Lorentz transformations with modified velocity parameter are considered. Lorentz transformations depending on the mass of the observer are suggested.The modified formula for the addition of velocities remarkably preserves the constancy of the velocity of light for all observers. The Doppler red shift is affected and can provide a test of such generalisations.

NREL's deployment and market transformation (D and MT) activities encompass the laboratory's full range of technologies, which span the energy efficiency and renewable energy spectrum. NREL staff educates partners on how they can advance sustainable energy applications and also provides clients with best practices for reducing barriers to innovation and market transformation.

We have developed a physically-intuitive method to calculate the local lattice constant as a function of position in a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy image by performing a two-dimensional fast Fouriertransform. We apply a Gaussian filter with appropriate spatial full-width-half-max (FWHM) bandwidth to the image centered at the desired location to calculate the local lattice constant (as opposed to the average lattice constant). Fourier analysis of the filtered image yields the vertical and horizontal lattice constants at this location. The process is repeated by stepping the Gaussian filter across the image to produce a set of local lattice constants in the vertical and horizontal direction as a function of position in the image. The method has been implemented in a freely available tool on nanoHUB.

We show that starting with the fact that special relativity theory is concerned with a distortion of the observed length of a moving rod, without mentioning if it is a "contraction" or "dilation", we can derive the Lorentz transformations for the spacetime coordinates of the same event. This derivation is based on expressing the length of the moving rod as a sum of components with all the lengths involved in this summation being measured by the observers of the same inertial reference frame.

Transformation Market Transformation is based on the concept that federal support can catalyze a market to achieve economic and environmental benefits that can reduce costs through economies of scale. Adoption of fuel cells in emerging markets expands the growth of green jobs, with new opportunities in manufacturing, fuel cell maintenance and support systems, and domestic hydrogen fuel production and delivery. By providing reliable field operations data and increasing user confidence, early market deployments help overcome non-technical challenges like developing appropriate safety codes and standards and reducing high insurance costs. Strategies Market Transformation's primary goal is to accelerate the expansion of hydrogen and fuel cell use by lowering the life

Adaptive optics (AO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are powerful imaging modalities that, when combined, can provide high-resolution (3.5 {micro}m isotropic), 3-D images of the retina. The AO-OCT system at UC Davis has demonstrated the utility of this technology for microscopic, volumetric, in vivo retinal imaging. The current system uses an AOptix bimorph deformable mirror (DM) for low-order, high-stroke correction and a 140-actuator Boston Micromachines DM for high-order correction. Developments to improve performance or functionality of the instrument are on-going. Based on previous work in system characterization we have focused on improved AO control. We present preliminary results and remaining challenges for a newly implemented Fouriertransform reconstructor (FTR). The previously reported error budget analysis is also reviewed and updated, with consideration of how to improve both the amount of residual error and the robustness of the system. Careful characterization of the AO system will lead to improved performance and inform the design of future systems.

We present a new technique for the design of transformation-optics devices based on large-scale optimization to achieve the optimal effective isotropic dielectric materials within prescribed index bounds, which is ...

We uncover a new type of unitary operation for quantum mechanics on the half-line which yields a transformation to ``Hyperbolic phase space''. We show that this new unitary change of basis from the position x on the half line to the Hyperbolic momentum $p_\\eta$, transforms the wavefunction via a Mellin transform on to the critial line $s=1/2-ip_\\eta$. We utilise this new transform to find quantum wavefunctions whose Hyperbolic momentum representation approximate a class of higher transcendental functions, and in particular, approximate the Riemann Zeta function. We finally give possible physical realisations to perform an indirect measurement of the Hyperbolic momentum of a quantum system on the half-line.

The cumulant representation of the Fourier path integral method is examined to determine the asymptotic convergence characteristics of the imaginary-time density matrix with respect to the number of path variables $N$ included. It is proved that when the cumulant expansion is truncated at order $p$, the asymptotic convergence rate of the density matrix behaves like $N^{-(2p+1)}$. The complex algebra associated with the proof is simplified by introducing a diagrammatic representation of the contributing terms along with an associated linked-cluster theorem. The cumulant terms at each order are expanded in a series such that the the asymptotic convergence rate is maintained without the need to calculate the full cumulant at order $p$. Using this truncated expansion of each cumulant at order $p$, the numerical cost in developing Fourier path integral expressions having convergence order $N^{-(2p+1)}$ is shown to be approximately linear in the number of required potential energy evaluations making the method promising for actual numerical implementation.

A series transmission line transformer is set forth which includes two or more of impedance matched sets of at least two transmissions lines such as shielded cables, connected in parallel at one end ans series at the other in a cascading fashion. The cables are wound about a magnetic core. The series transmission line transformer (STLT) which can provide for higher impedance ratios and bandwidths, which is scalable, and which is of simpler design and construction.

Simultaneous multiwavelength measurements of a developing cloud system were obtained by NOAA Doppler lidar, Doppler radar, Fouriertransforminfrared interferometer, and microwave and infrared radiometers on 26 November 1991. The evolution of the ...

The surface films formed on commercial LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathodes (ATD Gen2) charged from 3.75V to 4.2V vs. Li/Li+ in EC:DEC - 1M LiPF6 were analyzed using ex-situ Fouriertransforminfrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique. A surface layer of Li2CO3 is present on the virgin cathode, probably from reaction of the active material with air during the cathode preparation procedure. The Li2CO3 layer disappeared even after soaking in the electrolyte, indicating that the layer dissolved into the electrolyte possibly even before potential cycling of the electrode. IR features only from the binder (PVdF) and a trace of polyamide from the Al current collector were observed on the surfaces of cathodes charged to below 4.2 V, i.e., no surface species from electrolyte oxidation. Some new IR features were, however, found on the cathode charged to 4.2 V and higher. An electrolyte oxidation product was observed that appeared to contain dicarbonyl anhydride and (poly)ester functionalities. The reaction appears to be an indirect electrochemical oxidation with overcharging (removal of > 0.6 Li ions) destabilizing oxygen in the oxide lattice resulting in oxygen transfer to the solvent molecules.

We define a class of transformations of the dependent and independent variables in an ordinary difference scheme. The transformations leave the solution set of the system invariant and reduces to a group of contact transformations in the continuous limit. We use a simple example to show that the class is not empty and that such "contact transformations for discrete systems" genuinely exist.

A light-weight partial-core pule transformer is provided for generating high voltage output pulses with low distortion. The transformer includes sets of ferrite bars arranged so as to extend longitudinally along the inside and outside surfaces of a high frequency cylindrical coil winding-pair. The ferrite bars are arranged in pairs with the bars of each pair being located on opposite sides of winding-pair. The bars are preferably disposed in a radially symmetric arrangement around the winding-pair, and each has a length at least equal to the width of the winding-pair.

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Functional integrals are defined in terms of locally compact topological groups and their associated Banach-valued Haar integrals. This approach generalizes the functional integral scheme of Cartier and DeWitt-Morette. The definition allows a construction of functional Mellin transforms. In turn, the functional Mellin transforms can be used to define functional traces, logarithms, and determinants. The associated functional integrals are useful tools for probing function spaces in general and $C^\\ast$-algebras in particular. Several interesting aspects are explored. As an application, we construct a functional Mellin representation of the quantum evolution operator.

Model transformations are increasingly recognised as being of significant importance to many areas of software development and integration. Recent attention on model transformations has particularly focused on the OMG's Queries / Views / Transformations (QVT) Request for Proposals (RFP). In this paper I motivate the need for dedicated approaches to model transformations, particularly for the data involved in tool integration, outline the challenges involved, and then present a number of technologies and techniques which allow the construction of flexible, powerful and practical model transformations.

The quaternion spaces can be used to describe the property of electromagnetic field and gravitational field. In the quaternion space, some coordinate transformations can be deduced from the feature of quaternions, including Lorentz transformation and Galilean transformation etc., when the coordinate system is transformed into others. And some coordinate transformations with variable speed of light can be obtained in the electromagnetic field and gravitational field.

Images provided by the water vapor channel data of meteorological satellites are suitable for the determination of wind vectors in the midtroposphere. Preprocessing the image data affects the quality and quantity of the derived wind vectors. ...

An implicit split-operator FFT algorithm for the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schroedinger equation is implemented for the electronic structure of H{sub 2}{sup +} and H{sub 2}. The covalent versus separated-atoms behavior is described by two distinct steady states to which the imaginary-time Schroedinger solution evolves for small or large internuclear distances, respectively.

The problem of phase retrieval from intensity measurements plays an important role in many fields of physical research, e.g. optics, electron and x-ray microscopy, crystallography, diffraction tomography and others. In practice the recorded images contain information only on the intensity distribution I(x,y) = {Psi}*{Psi} = {vert_bar}A{vert_bar}{sup 2} of the imaging wave function {Psi} = A*exp(-i{var_phi}) and the phase information {var_phi}(x,y) is usually lost. In general, the phase problem can be solved either by special holographic/interferometric methods, or by non-interferometric approaches based on intensity measurements in far Fraunhofer zone or in the Fresnel zone at two adjacent planes orthogonal to the optical axis. The latter approach uses the transport-of-intensity equation (TIE) formalism, introduced originally by Teague [1] and developed later in [2]. Applications of TIE to nonmagnetic materials and magnetic inductance mapping were successfully made in [3,4]. However, this approach still needs further improvement both in mathematics and in practical solutions, since the result is very sensitive to many experimental parameters.

In this paper we prove that if f ? Cw([0, 1]2) and the function f is bounded partial p- variation for some p ? [1, + ?) then the double Walsh-Fourier series of the function f ... Keywords: Cesàro means, double Walsh-Fourier series, uniform summability

We present a new method for estimating the edges in a piecewise smooth function from blurred and noisy Fourier data. The proposed method is constructed by combining the so called concentration factor edge detection method, which uses a finite number ... Keywords: Compressive sensing, Concentration factors, Edge detection, Higher order methods, Partial Fourier data, Sparseness

The MATLAB language has become a standard for rapid prototyping throughout all disciplines of engineering because the environment is easy to understand and use. Many of the basic functions included in MATLAB are those operations that are necessary to carry out larger algorithms such as the chirp z-transform spectral zoom. These functions include, but are not limited to mathematical operators, logical operators, array indexing, and the Fast FourierTransform (FFT). However, despite its ease of use, MATLAB's technical computing language is interpreted and thus is not always capable of the memory management and performance of a compiled language. There are however, several optimizations that can be made within the chirp z-transform spectral zoom algorithm itself, and also to the MATLAB implementation in order to take full advantage of the computing environment and lower processing time and improve memory usage. To that end, this document's purpose is two-fold. The first demonstrates how to perform a chirp z-transform spectral zoom as well as an optimization within the algorithm that improves performance and memory usage. The second demonstrates a minor MATLAB language usage technique that can reduce overhead memory costs and improve performance.

Wood is used everywhere and for everything. With times, this material presents many adulterations, witch degrade his physical properties. This work present a study of infrared thermography NDT for wood decay detection. The study is based on the difference of moisture content between sound wood and decay. In the first part, moisture content influence on response signal is determine. The second part define the limits of infrared thermography for wood decay detection. Results show that this method could be used, but with many cautions on depth and size of wood defects.

Apparatus for analyzing aerosols in essentially real time includes a virtual impactor which separates coarse particles from fine and ultrafine particles in an aerosol sample. The coarse and ultrafine particles are captured in PTFE filters, and the fine particles impact onto an internal light reflection element. The composition and quantity of the particles on the PTFE filter and on the internal reflection element are measured by alternately passing infrared light through the filter and the internal light reflection element, and analyzing the light through infrared spectrophotometry to identify the particles in the sample.

Selecting proper transforms for video compression has been based on the rate-distortion criterion. Transforms that appear reasonable are incorporated into a video coding system and their performance is evaluated. This ...

An infrared emitting device and method. The infrared emitting device comprises a III-V compound semiconductor substrate upon which are grown a quantum-well active region having a plurality of quantum-well layers formed of a ternary alloy comprising InAsSb sandwiched between barrier layers formed of a ternary alloy having a smaller lattice constant and a larger energy bandgap than the quantum-well layers. The quantum-well layers are preferably compressively strained to increase the threshold energy for Auger recombination; and a method is provided for determining the preferred thickness for the quantum-well layers. Embodiments of the present invention are described having at least one cladding layer to increase the optical and carrier confinement in the active region, and to provide for waveguiding of the light generated within the active region. Examples have been set forth showing embodiments of the present invention as surface- and edge-emitting light emitting diodes (LEDs), an optically-pumped semiconductor laser, and an electrically-injected semiconductor diode laser. The light emission from each of the infrared emitting devices of the present invention is in the midwave infrared region of the spectrum from about 2 to 6 microns.

Infrared is and has been an established technology in the military and aerospace fields. However, only relatively recently has this technology found a "use" in the industrial sector. Many reasons exist why the technology has not been used, but in the final analysis it comes down to the fact that the industrial management responsible for the operations and production budgets did not, and in many cases, still does not understand the economic benefits to the company that infrared industrial inspections can bring about. Over the last 2-3 years a number of articles have appeared in various industrial publications concerning infrared surveys. However, all of the articles have dealt with the technical aspects of infrared inspections, with the economics either completely neglected or mentioned only in passing. I believe that in the real industrial world it is the economic benefits of a technology that allow the product of that technology to reach the market and become a success, and not the fact that a technology is useful per se. In this presentation, I shall be focusing primarily on the major economic aspects of the surveys and what the end results really represent in terms of economic benefits. Once the economic benefits of these inspections are clearly understood, it will be readily apparent why the industrial use of these inspections is developing rapidly.

: The increasing demand for portable computing has elevated power consumption to be one of the most critical design parameters. A high-level synthesis system, HYPER-LP, is presented for minimizing power consumption in application specific datapath intensive CMOS circuits using a variety of architectural and computational transformations. The synthesis environment consists of high-level estimation of power consumption, a library of transformation primitives, and heuristic/probabilistic optimization search mechanisms for fast and efficient scanning of the design space. Examples with varying degree of computational complexity and structures are optimized and synthesized using the HYPER-LP system. The results indicate that more than an order of magnitude reduction in power can be achieved over current-day design methodologies while maintaining the system throughput; in some cases this can be accomplished while preserving or reducing the implementation area. 1.0 Introduction VLSI research a...

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The vision of the EPRI ADA Program (Program 124) is to create the technology basis for the distribution system of the future by transforming traditional single-function distribution systems into multifunctional power and information exchange systems with increased reliability, improved performance (lower system losses), better economics, better power quality, and more customer service options. Achieving this vision will require capturing the benefits of new capabilities in power electronics, information ...

In an earlier white paper entitled Needed: A Grid Operating System to Facilitate Grid Transformation; EPRI; Palo Alto, CA: 2011; 1023223, we set the stage for a new grid operating system called Grid 3.0. Since that time we have identified four core research areas that are required to achieve the expected outcome. These research areas are called: seamless geospatial power system model, seamless power system analytics, integrated energy management system and setting-less protection method. While each area ...

Power transformation was used to normalize the peak daily and peak monthly rainfall at various raingage stations in Iraq. Excellent correlations were found between the coefficient of skewness (Cs) and a parameter for power transformation (?), ...

Conformal transformations are obtained by demanding that the form of the metric change by a conformal factor. Nevertheless, this transformation of the metric is not taken into account when a variation of the action is performed. The basic purpose of this paper is to take the transformation of the metric into the variation of the action. When this is done, we obtain now that even massive particles are invariant under the conformal transformations.

Conformal transformations are obtained by demanding that the form of the metric change by a conformal factor. Nevertheless, this transformation of the metric is not taken into account when a variation of the action is performed. The basic purpose of this paper is to take the transformation of the metric into the variation of the action. When this is done, we obtain now that even massive particles are invariant under the conformal transformations.

A taxonomy of model transformations was introduced in [16]. Among others, such a taxonomy can help developers in deciding which language, forma lism, tool or mechanism is best suited to carry out a particular model transformation activity. In this paper we apply the taxonomy to the technique of graph transformation, and we exemplify it by referring to four representative graph transformation tools. As a byproduct of our analysis, we discuss how well each of the considered tools carry out the activity of model transformation.

This report summarises the results of the discussions of a working group on model transformation of the Dagstuhl Seminar on Language Engineering for Model-Driven Software Development. The main contribution is a taxonomy of model transformation. This taxonomy can be used to help developers in deciding which model transformation approach is best suited to deal with a particular problem.

The conformal transformations corresponding to $N$-Galilean conformal symmetries, previously defined as canonical symmetry transformations on phase space, are constructed as point transformations in coordinate space.

Near Infrared Surveys Near Infrared Surveys Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Near Infrared Surveys Near infrared surveys refer to multi- and hyperspectral data collected in the region just outside wavelengths detectable by the human eye. Near infrared wavelengths are generally considered to be between approximately 0.75-1.4 micrometers. View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometres (nm) to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz, and includes most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature. Infrared light is emitted or absorbed by molecules

An apparatus and method are provided for sensing infrared radiation. The apparatus includes a sensor element that is positioned in a magnetic field during operation to ensure a .lamda. shaped relationship between specific heat and temperature adjacent the Curie temperature of the ferroelectric material comprising the sensor element. The apparatus is operated by inducing a magnetic field on the ferroelectric material to reduce surface charge on the element during its operation.

A device for measuring the two-dimensional temperature profile of a surface comprises imaging optics for generating an image of the light radiating from the surface; an infrared detector array having a plurality of detectors; and a light pipe array positioned between the imaging optics and the detector array for sampling, transmitting, and distributing the image over the detector surfaces. The light pipe array includes one light pipe for each detector in the detector array.

Given a string of characters, the Burrows-Wheeler Transform rearranges the characters in it so as to produce another string of the same length which is more amenable to compression techniques such as move to front, run-length encoding, and entropy encoders. We present a variant of the transform which gives rise to similar or better compression value, but, unlike the original, the transform we present is bijective, in that the inverse transformation exists for all strings. Our experiments indicate that using our variant of the transform gives rise to better compression ratio than the original Burrows-Wheeler transform. We also show that both the transform and its inverse can be computed in linear time and consuming linear storage.

We show that the Lorentz transformations for the space-time coordinates of the same event are a direct consequence of the principle of relativity and of Einstein's distant clocks synchronization procedure. In our approach, imposing the linear character of the Lorentz transformations we guess that the transformation equation for the space coordinate has the form x=ax'+cbt'. Imposing the condition that it accounts for the time dilation relativistic effect and taking into account the fact that due to the clock synchronization a la Einstein the space-time coordinates of the same event in the two frames are related by x=ct and x'=ct', we find out expressions for a and b. Dividing the transformation equation for the space coordinate by c we obtain the transformation equation for the time coordinate t=at'+b/cx'. Combining the two transformation equations we obtain directly the inverse Lorentz transformations.

The infrared emitting device comprises a III-V compound semiconductor substrate upon which are grown a quantum-well active region having a plurality of quantum-well layers formed of a ternary alloy comprising InAsSb sandwiched between barrier layers formed of a ternary alloy having a smaller lattice constant and a larger energy bandgap than the quantum-well layers. The quantum-well layers are preferably compressively strained to increase the threshold energy for Auger recombination; and a method is provided for determining the preferred thickness for the quantum-well layers. Embodiments of the present invention are described having at least one cladding layer to increase the optical and carrier confinement in the active region, and to provide for waveguiding of the light generated within the active region. Examples have been set forth showing embodiments of the present invention as surface- and edge-emitting light emitting diodes (LEDs), an optically-pumped semiconductor laser, and an electrically-injected semiconductor diode laser. The light emission from each of the infrared emitting devices of the present invention is in the midwave infrared region of the spectrum from about 2 to 6 microns. 8 figs.

The three-dimensional equation of radiative transfer is formally solved using a Fourier-Riccati approach while calculations are performed on cloudy media embedded in a two-dimensional space. An extension to Stephens’ work, this study addresses ...

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A dynamical core of a general circulation model with the spectral method using double Fourier series (DFS) as basis functions is presented. The model uses the hydrostatic balance approximation and sigma coordinate system in the vertical direction ...

This study describes an application of the double Fourier series (DFS) spectral method developed by Cheong as an alternative dynamical option in a model system that was ported into the Global/Regional Integrated Model System (GRIMs). A message ...

A Fourier-based method is presented to process video observations of water waves and calculate the speed distribution of breaking crest lengths. The method has increased efficiency and robust statistics compared with conventional algorithms that ...

This study describes an application of the double Fourier series (DFS) spectral method developed by Cheong (2006) as an alternative dynamic option in a model system that was ported in the Global/Regional Integrated Model system (GRIMs). A message-...

The Fouriertransform of a dataset apodised with a window function is known as the Gabor transform. In this paper we extend the Gabor transform formalism to the sphere with the intention of applying it to CMB data analysis. The Gabor coefficients on the sphere known as the pseudo power spectrum is studied for windows of different size. By assuming that the pseudo power spectrum coefficients are Gaussian distributed, we formulate a likelihood ansatz using these as input parameters to estimate the full sky power spectrum from a patch on the sky. Since this likelihood can be calculated quickly without having to invert huge matrices, this allows for fast power spectrum estimation. By using the pseudo power spectrum from several patches on the sky together, the full sky power spectrum can be estimated from full-sky or nearly full-sky observations.

The infrared freezing of observables is known to hold at fixed orders of perturbative QCD if the Minkowskian quantities are defined through the analytic continuation from the Euclidean region. In a recent paper [1] it is claimed that infrared freezing can be proved also for Borel resummed all-orders quantities in perturbative QCD. In the present paper we obtain the Minkowskian quantities by the analytic continuation of the all-orders Euclidean amplitudes expressed in terms of the inverse Mellin transform of the corresponding Borel functions [2]. Our result shows that if the principle of analytic continuation is preserved in Borel-type resummations, the Minkowskian quantities exhibit a divergent increase in the infrared regime, which contradicts the claim made in [1]. We discuss the arguments given in [1] and show that the special redefinition of Borel summation at low energies adopted there does not reproduce the lowest order result obtained by analytic continuation.

We proposed a concept of LU transformation invariant operators. By using this operator, arbitrary multi-qubit states LU transformation invariant and SLOCC invariant could be easily obtained. And we find that presences two kinds of invariant operators and corresponding invariants. One kind of operators yields LU invariants and the other operators results in SLOCC invariants. For three-qubit states, all independence LU transformation invariant are obtained. Furthermore, by this system method, arbitrary multi-qubit states invariants can be given.

TransformerTransformer Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Transformer An electromagnetic device that changes the voltage of alternating current electricity.[1] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition View on Reegle Reegle Definition A transformer consists of a primary- and secondary coil, coupled by a magnetic field. The primary coil induces the voltage in the secondary coil. The voltage transformation depends on the number of windings. Related Terms Electricity, Transmission, Electric grid, transmission lines, electricity generation, transmission line, alternating current References â†‘ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/site_administration/glossary.html#T Retrieved LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Transformer&oldid=502565

There are presently many different approaches to transformer monitoring, either on the market or under development. There are also, many different opinions about how on-line monitoring should be accomplished. On the one hand, efforts are being made to develop expert systems that monitor all transformer parameters and generate an estimate of overall transformer condition. On the other hand, a large number of transformer monitors, designed to monitor one or two specific parameters are already on the market. Another important factor to consider in choosing a monitor is who receives the information and how it is transmitted. The ultimate transformer monitor should feed into the supervisory control and data acquisition (Scada) system. This paper discusses the various aspects of this issue including asset protection, cost control, dissolved gases, pinpointing bad bushings and current transformers, hot spot measurement partial discharge, and water-in-oil measurements. 10 figs.

EPRI's asset management research focuses on developing a rational basis for selecting repair or replacement options for specific classes of equipment by balancing the risks of equipment failure against the costs of continued maintenance or capital replacement. This Model User Guide is a companion to Transformer Asset Management and Testing Methodology, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2006. 1012504, which discusses methods for making decisions about transformers, and It explicitly models transformer degradation, ins...

Transformers rarely, if ever, operate under equilibrium conditions; rather, they exist in a dynamic state where decomposition products migrate among various phases, including headspace (when present), oil, and solid insulation. Detailed knowledge of these parameters is needed for accurately interpreting fault gas analysis and for continuous transformer condition monitoring. This report describes work to date on laboratory experiments using test chambers to simulate transformer conditions under various dy...

An apparatus and method for passively detecting a projectile such as, for example, a bullet using a passive infrared detector. A passive infrared detector is focused onto a region in which a projectile is expected to be located. Successive images of infrared radiation in the region are recorded. Background infrared radiation present in the region is suppressed such that second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile as the projectile passes through the region are produced. A projectile path calculator determines the path and other aspects of the projectile by using the second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile. The present invention, in certain embodiments, also determines the origin of the path of the projectile and takes a photograph of the area surrounding the origin and/or fires at least one projectile at the area surrounding the origin of the path of the projectile. 9 figs.

An apparatus and method for passively detecting a projectile such as, for example, a bullet using a passive infrared detector. A passive infrared detector is focused onto a region in which a projectile is expected to be located. Successive images of infrared radiation in the region are recorded. Background infrared radiation present in the region is suppressed such that second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile as the projectile passes through the region are produced. A projectile path calculator determines the path and other aspects of the projectile by using the second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile. The present invention, in certain embodiments, also determines the origin of the path of the projectile and takes a photograph of the area surrounding the origin and/or fires at least one projectile at the area surrounding the origin of the path of the projectile.

An apparatus and method for passively detecting a projectile such as, for example, a bullet using a passive infrared detector. A passive infrared detector is focused onto a region in which a projectile is expected to be located. Successive images of infrared radiation in the region are recorded. Background infrared radiation present in the region is suppressed such that second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile as the projectile passes through the region are produced. A projectile path calculator determines the path and other aspects of the projectile by using the second successive images of infrared radiation generated by the projectile. The present invention, in certain embodiments, also determines the origin of the path of the projectile and takes a photograph of the area surrounding the origin and/or fires at least one projectile at the area surrounding the origin of the path of the projectile.

The paper classifies algebraic transformations of Gauss hypergeometric functions with the local exponent differences $(1/2,1/4,1/4)$, $(1/2,1/3,1/6)$ and $(1/3,1/3,1/3)$. These form a special class of algebraic transformations of Gauss hypergeometric functions, of arbitrary high degree. The Gauss hypergeometric functions can be identified as elliptic integrals on the genus 1 curves $y=x^3-x$ or $y=x^3-1$. Especially interesting are algebraic transformations of the hypergeometric functions into themselves; these transformations come from isogenies of the respective elliptic curves.

A new method of derivation of Lorentz Transformation (LT) is given based on both axioms of special relativity (SR) and physical intuitions. The essence of the transformation is established and the crucial role played by the presumptions is presented for clarification. I consider the most general form of transformations between two sets of events in two inertial reference frames and use the most basic properties expected from such a transformation together with the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light to derive LT. The method is very simple, succinct and useful for students trying a better understanding of the subject.

A method of detecting an activator, the method including impinging with an activator a receptor material that includes a photoluminescent material that generates infrared radiation and generating a by-product of a nuclear reaction due to the activator impinging the receptor material. The method further includes generating light from the by-product via the Cherenkov effect, wherein the light activates the photoluminescent material so as to generate the infrared radiation. Identifying a characteristic of the activator based on the infrared radiation.

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Business transformation is a key management initiative that attempts to align people, process and technology of an enterprise more closely with its business strategy and vision. It is an essential part of the competitive business cycle. Existing consulting ... Keywords: business transformation, business process models, software tools

A method is demonstrated for deriving a correction for the effects of an infrared window when used to weatherproof a radiometrically calibrated thermal infrared imager. The technique relies on initial calibration of two identical imagers without ...

Transformer Monitors Transformer Monitors Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Line Transformer Monitors Transformer Monitoring System can monitor different aspects of transformers, including oil levels and multiple temperatures within the transformer. This allows for analysis of the health of either individual key power transformers or multiple power transformers networked in the system. For example, the transformer monitors provide transformer oil dissolved gas analysis (DGA), oil temperature, ambient temperature, and moisture in oil measurements. These measurements are made in relation to transformer load.[1] Related Terms transformer, system, transformer References â†‘ https://www.smartgrid.gov/category/technology/line_transformer_monitors [[Cat LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like.

This paper provides the information on the diagnostics techniques for condition monitoring of power transformer (PT). This paper deals with the practical importance of the transformer diagnostic in the Electrical Engineering field. A review has been ... Keywords: temperature, condition monitoring, diagnostics methods, paper analysis techniques, oil analysis techniques

The theory of graph transformation [2] was originally developed as a generalization of Chomsky grammars from strings to graphs. Methods, techniques, and tools from the area of graph transformations have already been studied and applied in many fields of computer science such as formal language theory, pattern recognition and generation, compiler construction, software engineering, etc. Despite the large variety of existing graph transformation tools, the implementation of their graph transformation engine typically follows the same principle. In this respect, first a matching occurrence of the left-hand side (LHS) of the graph transformation rule is being found by some sophisticated graph pattern matching algorithm. Then the engine performs some local modifications to add or remove graph elements to the matching pattern, and the entire process starts all over again. Since graph pattern matching leads to the subgraph isomorphism problem that is known to be NPcomplete in general, this step is considered to be the most crucial in the overall performance of a graph transformation engine. Current tools (e.g., PROGRES [4]) use different efficient strategies for the graph pattern matching phase. However, I argue that the overall complexity of a graph transformation engine is not necessarily equal to the complexity of the graph pattern matching phase, especially for long transformation sequences.

This paper makes two points. First, we show that the line-of-sight solution to cosmic microwave anisotropies in Fourier space, even though formally defined for arbitrarily large wavelengths, leads to position-space solutions which only depend on the sources of anisotropies inside the past light-cone of the observer. This happens order by order in a series expansion in powers of the visibility $\\gamma=e^{-\\mu}$, where $\\mu$ is the optical depth to Thompson scattering. We show that the CMB anisotropies are regulated by spacetime window functions which have support only inside the past light-cone of the point of observation. Second, we show that the Fourier-Bessel expansion of the physical fields (including the temperature and polarization momenta) is an alternative to the usual Fourier basis as a framework to compute the anisotropies. In that expansion, for each multipole $l$ there is a discrete tower of momenta $k_{i,l}$ (not a continuum) which can affect physical observables, with the smallest momenta being $k_{1,l} ~ l$. The Fourier-Bessel modes take into account precisely the information from the sources of anisotropies that propagates from the initial value surface to the point of observation - no more, no less. We also show that the physical observables (the temperature and polarization maps), and hence the angular power spectra, are unaffected by that choice of basis. This implies that the Fourier-Bessel expansion is the optimal scheme with which one can compute CMB anisotropies. (Abridged)

A new method is presented for Fourier decomposition of the Helmholtz Green Function in cylindrical coordinates, which is equivalent to obtaining the solution of the Helmholtz equation for a general ring source. The Fourier coefficients of the Helmholtz Green function are split into their half advanced+half retarded and half advanced-half retarded components. Closed form solutions are given for these components in terms of a Horn function and a Kampe de Feriet function, respectively. The systems of partial differential equations associated with these two-dimensional hypergeometric functions are used to construct a fourth-order ordinary differential equation which both components satisfy. A second fourth-order ordinary differential equation for the general Fourier coefficent is derived from an integral representation of the coefficient, and both differential equations are shown to be equivalent. Series solutions for the various Fourier coefficients are also given, mostly in terms of Legendre functions and Bessel/Hankel functions. These are derived from the closed form hypergeometric solutions or an integral representation, or both. Numerical calculations comparing different methods of calculating the Fourier coefficients are presented.

The Diffuse InfraRed Background Experiment on COBE measured the total infrared signal seen from space at a distance of 1 astronomical unit from the Sun. Using time variations as the Earth orbits the Sun, it is possible to remove most of the foreground signal produced by the interplanetary dust cloud [zodiacal light]. By correlating the DIRBE signal with the column density of atomic hydrogen measured using the 21 cm line, it is possible to remove most of the foreground signal produced by interstellar dust, although one must still be concerned by dust associated with H_2 (molecular gas) and H II (the warm ionized medium). DIRBE was not able to determine the CIRB in the 5-60 micron wavelength range, but did detect both a far infrared background and a near infrared background. The far infrared background has an integrated intensity of about 34 nW/m^2/sr, while the near infrared and optical extragalactic background has about 59 nW/m^2/sr. The Far InfraRed Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) on COBE has been used to constrain the long wavelength tail of the far infrared background but a wide range of intensities at 850 microns are compatible with the FIRAS data. Thus the fraction of the CIRB produced by SCUBA sources has large uncertainties in both the numerator and the denominator.

InfraredInfrared Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Multispectral Thermal Infrared This wavelength range senses heat energy from the Earth's surface. It can be used to sense surface temperature, including anomalies associated with active geothermal or volcanic systems. Both multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing observations are available. This range can also be used to map mineralogy associate with common rock-forming silicates.[1][2] View on Wikipedia Wikipedia Definition References â†‘ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy â†‘ http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/ Ret LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. rieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Multispectral_Thermal_Infrared&oldid=601561

Standard models of the interplanetary dust emission fail to account satisfactorily for IR observations. A new model of the dust, based on very simple assumptions on the grain structure (spherical and homogeneous) and chemical composition (astronomical silicates, graphite, blackbodies) is developed. Updated values of the refractive indexes have been included in the analysis. The predictions of the model (absolute values of the fluxes, spectral shape, elongation dependence of the emission) have then been compared with all the available IR observations performed by the ARGO (balloon-borne experiment by University of Rome), AFGL and Zodiacal Infrared Project (ZIP) (rocket experiments by Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Bedford, Mass.), and IRAS satellite. Good agreement is found when homogeneous data sets from single experiments (e.g., ZIP and ARGO) are considered separately. 19 references.

The completeness of a collection of design transformations is an important aspect in transformational design. Completeness guarantees that any correct design can in principle be explored using the transformation system. In the field of transformational ... Keywords: Completeness, formal methods, high-level synthesis, syntactic variance problem, transformational design

The US Army Engineering & Support Center, Huntsville (USAESCH), and the US Marine Corps Base (MCB), Okinawa, Japan retained Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to conduct a Transformer Efficiency Assessment of “key” transformers located at multiple military bases in Okinawa, Japan. The purpose of this assessment is to support the Marine Corps Base, Okinawa in evaluating medium voltage distribution transformers for potential efficiency upgrades. The original scope of work included the MCB providing actual transformer nameplate data, manufacturer’s factory test sheets, electrical system data (kWh), demand data (kWd), power factor data, and electricity cost data. Unfortunately, the MCB’s actual data is not available and therefore making it necessary to de-scope the original assessment. Note: Any similar nameplate data, photos of similar transformer nameplates, and basic electrical details from one-line drawings (provided by MCB) are not a replacement for actual load loss test data. It is recommended that load measurements are performed on the high and low sides of transformers to better quantify actual load losses, demand data, and power factor data. We also recommend that actual data, when available, be inserted by MCB Okinawa where assumptions have been made and then the LCC analysis updated. This report covers a generalized assessment of modern U.S. transformers in a three level efficiency category, Low-Level efficiency, Medium-Level efficiency, and High-Level efficiency.

The US Army Engineering & Support Center, Huntsville (USAESCH), and the US Marine Corps Base (MCB), Okinawa, Japan retained Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to conduct a Transformer Efficiency Assessment of “key” transformers located at multiple military bases in Okinawa, Japan. The purpose of this assessment is to support the Marine Corps Base, Okinawa in evaluating medium voltage distribution transformers for potential efficiency upgrades. The original scope of work included the MCB providing actual transformer nameplate data, manufacturer’s factory test sheets, electrical system data (kWh), demand data (kWd), power factor data, and electricity cost data. Unfortunately, the MCB’s actual data is not available and therefore making it necessary to de-scope the original assessment. Note: Any similar nameplate data, photos of similar transformer nameplates, and basic electrical details from one-line drawings (provided by MCB) are not a replacement for actual load loss test data. It is recommended that load measurements are performed on the high and low sides of transformers to better quantify actual load losses, demand data, and power factor data. We also recommend that actual data, when available, be inserted by MCB Okinawa where assumptions have been made and then the LCC analysis updated. This report covers a generalized assessment of modern U.S. transformers in a three level efficiency category, Low-Level efficiency, Medium-Level efficiency, and High-Level efficiency.

This article introduces wavelet analysis theory to identify inrush and internal fault correctly. The wavelet transform has the characteristic of multi-scale analysis and good time and frequency domain localization, fits to extract sudden-change signals ...

We derive an analytical solution for the flavor evolution of a neutrino through a turbulent density profile which is found to accurately predict the amplitude and transition wavelength of numerical solutions on a case-by-case basis. The evolution is seen to strongly depend upon those Fourier modes in the turbulence which are approximately the same as the splitting between neutrino eigenvalues and, unexpectedly, we also find a dependence upon the long wavelength modes when the ratio of their amplitude and the wavenumber is of order, or greater than, the first root of the Bessel function $J_0$.

Transformational Manufacturing Transformational Manufacturing Argonne's new Advanced Battery Materials Synthesis and Manufacturing R&D Program focuses on scalable process R&D to produce advanced battery materials in sufficient quantity for industrial testing. The U.S. manufacturing industry consumes more than 30 quadrillion Btu of energy per year, directly employs about 12 million people and generates another 7 million jobs in related businesses. Argonne is working with industry to develop innovative and transformational technology to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of domestic manufacturing while reducing its carbon footprint. The lab's efforts concentrate on sustainable manufacturing, applied nanotechnology and distributed energy, with an emphasis on transitioning science discoveries to the market.

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Mineral Transformation and Biomass Accumulation Associated With Uranium Bioremediation at Rifle transformation and biomass accumulation, both of which can alter the flow field and potentially bioremediation to understand the biogeochemical processes and to quantify the biomass and mineral transformation/ accumulation

The Discrete-Cosine-Transform (DCT) is the most widely used transform in image and video compression. Its use in image compression is often justified by the notion that it is the statistically optimal transform for first-order ...

Correctness of model transformations is a prerequisite for generating correct implementations from models. Given refining model transformations that preserve desirable properties, models can be transformed into correct-by-construction implementations. ...

Electrokinetic effects such as static electrification can cause catastrophic failures in large forced-oil-cooled power transformers. The development of a network-based theoretical model provides a critical perspective not apparent from previous small-scale laboratory experiments.

Reducing risks of severe climate change in the latter part of the 20th Century is likely to require not only incremental improvements in known energy technologies, but the discovery of transformational new energy technologies. This paper reviews current knowledge about both demand and supply aspects of the challenge of accelerating transformational change, considering both economic and policy incentives, including targeted government funding of research and development, and several other schools of thought about drivers of scientific discovery and innovation.

Electric utilities should have a sufficient number of spare transformers to backup substation distribution transformers to replace transformers that fail and require factory rebuild or replacement. To identify such a number, the statistical methodology was developed to analyze available failure data for different groups of transformer. That methodology enables the estimation of future numbers of failures with associated probabilities, recommends the proper number of spares, identifies the necessity and shows the means to shorten the transformer`s replacement time.

A method for computing the ground surface heat flux density is tested at two places in West Africa during the rainy season and during the dry season. This method is based upon the Fourier analysis of the experimental ground surface temperature. ...

The paper provides results of the Fourier spectrum analysis of the new Ar-37 production rate data of the Homestake solar neutrino experiment and compares them with results for earlier data, revealing the harmonic content in the Ar-37 production in the Homestake experiment.

In comparison to the Tatsumi’s spectral method, the harmonic-Fourier spectral method has two major advantages. 1) The semi-implicit scheme is quite efficient because the solutions of the Poisson and Helmholtz equations are readily derived. 2) The ...

We combine data from our recent FUSE survey of interstellar molecular hydrogen absorption toward 50 high-latitude AGN with COBE-corrected IRAS 100 micron emission maps to study the correlation of infrared cirrus with H2. A plot of the H2 column density vs. IR cirrus intensity shows the same transition in molecular fraction, f_H2, as seen with total hydrogen column density, N_H. This transition is usually attributed to H2 self-shielding, and it suggests that many diffuse cirrus clouds contain H2 in significant fractions, f_H2 = 1-30%. These clouds cover approximately 50% of the northern sky at latitudes b > 30 degrees, at temperature-corrected 100 micron intensities D_100 > 1.5 MJy/sr. The sheetlike cirrus clouds, with hydrogen densities n_H > 30 cm^-3, may be compressed by dynamical processes at the disk-halo interface, and they are conducive to H2 formation on grain surfaces. Exploiting the correlation between N(H2) and 100 micron intensity, we estimate that cirrus clouds at b > 30 contain approximately 3000 M_sun in H2. Extrapolated over the inner Milky Way, the cirrus may contain 10^7 M_sun of H2 and 10^8 M_sun in total gas mass. If elevated to 100 pc, their gravitational potential energy is ~10^53 erg.

Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 0.7 m and 100 m. It extends from visible light to THz waves. Because fundamentally different phenomena can be observed within the IR region, four sub-bands are usually distinguished: near-IR (NIR), mid-wave-IR (MWIR), long-wave-IR (LWIR) and very long-wave-IR (VLWIR). Although somewhat different definitions exist in literature, wavelengths from 0.7 m to 2.5 m belong to NIR, from 2.5 m to 8 m belong to MWIR, from 8 m to 14 m belong to LWIR and wavelengths above 14 m belong to VLWIR. The IR photon energies range from 1.77 eV for 0.7 m photons to 0.0124 eV for 100 m photons. The significance and practical applications of IR detectors are related to two distinct phenomena: emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects at T > 0 K and interaction of electromagnetic waves with vibrational modes of molecular bonds. Thermal imaging and molecular spectroscopy are, respectively, the two major fields that critically depend on the ability to detect IR radiation.

Abstract—In this paper, we present the design of directional lapped transforms for image coding. A lapped transform, which can be implemented by a prefilter followed by a discrete cosine transform (DCT), can be factorized into elementary operators. The corresponding directional lapped transform is generated by applying each elementary operator along a given direction. The proposed directional lapped transforms are not only nonredundant and perfectly reconstructed, but they can also provide a basis along an arbitrary direction. These properties, along with the advantages of lapped transforms, make the proposed transforms appealing for image coding. A block-based directional transform scheme is also presented and integrated into HD Phtoto, one of the state-of-the-art image coding systems, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed transforms. Index Terms—Directional transform, image coding, lapped transform.

Systems and methods for infrared detection are described. An optomechanical photon detector includes a semiconductor material and is based on measurement of a photoinduced lattice strain. A multicolor infrared sensor includes a stack of frequency specific optomechanical detectors. The stack can include one, or more, of the optomechanical photon detectors that function based on the measurement of photoinduced lattice strain. The systems and methods provide advantages in that rapid, sensitive multicolor infrared imaging can be performed without the need for a cooling subsystem.

High energy flux infrared heaters are used to treat an object having a surface section and a base section such that a desired characteristic of the surface section is physically, chemically, or phasically changed while the base section remains unchanged.

Airborne measurements of aerosol size distributions are used to determine the vertical profiles of infrared (IR) extinction and absorption coefficients and asymmetry factors in eight different maritime stratus cloud regimes during unstable ...

In this work we study several applications of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) with infrared band gaps. In the first half, we explore the physics of two systems with applications in NC based photovoltaics. The physics of ...

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Infrared energy is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between 0.78 mm ..... that may bring to the market new materials that cannot be produced economically ... For more information, contact C.A. Blue, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ...

High energy flux infrared heaters are used to treat an object having a surface section and a base section such that a desired characteristic of the surface section is physically, chemically, or phasically changed while the base section remains unchanged.

A method was developed for calibrating infrared thermometers to properly measure target temperatures ranging from ?70 to 0°C. Once calibrated for this range, the thermometer can then be used to measure the flux of thermal radiation from the sky. ...

Upper and lower bounds are computed for the infrared radiance within a cloud of finite size. The bounds are established by an iterative procedure, analogous to the iterative solution of the radiative transfer equation, except that at every ...

Synchrotron Infrared Unveils a Synchrotron Infrared Unveils a Mysterious Microbial Community Synchrotron Infrared Unveils a Mysterious Microbial Community Print Tuesday, 22 January 2013 00:00 A cold sulfur spring in Germany is the only place where archaea are known to dominate bacteria in a microbial community. How this unique community thrives and the lessons it may hold for understanding global carbon and sulfur cycles are beginning to emerge from research by the University of Regensburg's Christine Moissl-Eichinger and her colleagues, including Advanced Light Source guest Alex Probst. Crucial microbial biochemistry was done at Berkeley Lab by Hoi-Ying Holman, director of the Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology facility, and her staff at the ALS, and by Phylochip inventors Todd DeSantis and Gary Anderson.

Source U2B beam line using Fouriertransforminfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy will be presented. Measurements, that in the NY/NJ Harbor regions, petroleum products may be a biomarker for major organic compounds

The authors describe the optical design of a high-resolution FourierTransform Spectrometer (FTS), which serves as the primary instrument at the University of Toronto Atmospheric Observatory (TAO). The FTS is dedicated to ground-based infrared ...

Remote sensing measurements of the troposphere were obtained by a new technique in which spectra of the downward thermal radiation from tropospheric ozone were measured with a Fouriertransforminfrared spectrometer. The measurements were ...

Longwave emission by the tropical western Pacific atmosphere has been measured at the ocean surface by a FourierTransformInfrared (FTIR) spectroradiometer deployed aboard the research vessel John Vickers as part of the Central Equatorial ...

A ground-based Fouriertransform spectrometer has been developed to measure the atmospheric downwelling infrared radiance spectrum at the earth's surface with high absolute accuracy. The Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) ...

We investigate the one-loop infrared behaviour of the effective potential in minimally coupled graviton Higgs theory in Minkowski background. The gravitational analogue of one loop Coleman Weinberg effective potential turns out to be complex, the imaginary part indicating an infrared instability. This instability is traced to a tachyonic pole in the graviton propagator for constant Higgs fields. Physical implications of this behaviour are studied. We also discuss physical differences between gauge theories coupled to Higgs fields and graviton Higgs theory.

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS] has measured an optical luminosity function for galaxies in 5 bands, finding 1.5 to 2.1 times more luminosity density than previous work. This note compares the SDSS luminosity density to two recent determinations of the near infrared luminosity function based on 2MASS data, and finds that an extrapolation of the SDSS results gives a 2.3 times greater near infrared luminosity density.

Electrokinetic effects such as static electrification can cause catastrophic failures in large forced-oil-cooled power transformers. Experimental and analytical studies confirm that surface charges can significantly impact dielectric integrity. The project team used a closed-loop oil circulation system and full-scale models of power transformer cooling duct structures to conduct controlled experiments. They measured charge density in the oil-resulting from flow through these structures-as a function of flow rate, temperature, ac voltage stress, moisture, and duct types. In addition, they constructed models so that the spatial distribution of electrostatically induced currents and stresses could be determined. They developed a finite-element computer program to study the complex voltage distribution in the models and in two transformer winding examples. A special test cell was used to examine the impact of surface charge on creep strength of transformer pressboard. Static electrification in power transformer duct structures is aggravated by flow rate, temperature, presence of collars, and ac energization; and it is mitigated by increasing oil moisture content. Shell-form model structures exhibit more charge generation than disk-type core-form winding ducts under corresponding conditions. Partial discharges were detected in one shell-form model but only under the worst conditions. These discharges were not energetic enough to produce visible damage. Preliminary finite-element analysis indicates that surface charge has more impact on cumulative stress in a shell-form geometry than in a core-form disk winding.

Although code transformations are routinely applied to improve the performance of programs for both scalar and parallel machines, the properties of code-improving transformations are not well understood. In this article we present a framework that enables ... Keywords: automatic generation of optimizers, code-improving transformations, enabling and disabling of optimizations, parallelizing transformations, specification of program optimizations

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We studied the photoelectron spectra generated by an intense few-cycle infrared laser pulse. By focusing on the angular distributions of the back rescattered high energy photoelectrons, we show that accurate differential elastic scattering cross sections of the target ion by free electrons can be extracted. Since the incident direction and the energy of the free electrons can be easily changed by manipulating the laser's polarization, intensity, and wavelength, these extracted elastic scattering cross sections, in combination with more advanced inversion algorithms, may be used to reconstruct the effective single-scattering potential of the molecule, thus opening up the possibility of using few-cycle infrared lasers as powerful table-top tools for imaging chemical and biological transformations, with the desired unprecedented temporal and spatial resolutions.

This paper presents an approach for the development of a number theoretic discrete Hilbert transform. The forward transformation has been applied by taking the odd reciprocals that occur in the DHT matrix with respect to a power of 2. Specifically, the expression for a 16-point transform is provided and results of a few representative signals are provided. The inverse transform is the inverse of the forward 16-point matrix. But at this time the inverse transform is not identical to the forward transform and, therefore, our proposed number theoretic transform must be taken as a provisional result.

Amorphous-metal transformers were developed through EPRI in the early 1980's. Over the next 15 years, US electric utilities bought and installed over 500,000 units and had satisfactory field experience. The demand for this product disappeared in North America late in the 1990's as deregulation set-in. Globally, this product has been in use, and its acceptance has been increasing. This paper describes the current state of amorphous transformer activities globally. An analysis using US Department of Energy...

We introduce the concept of quantum supermap, describing the most general transformation that maps an input quantum operation into an output quantum operation. Since quantum operations include as special cases quantum states, effects, and measurements, quantum supermaps describe all possible transformations between elementary quantum objects (quantum systems as well as quantum devices). After giving the axiomatic definition of supermap, we prove a realization theorem, which shows that any supermap can be physically implemented as a simple quantum circuit. Applications to quantum programming, cloning, discrimination, estimation, information-disturbance trade-off, and tomography of channels are outlined.

A conditioned unitary transformation ($90^o$ polarization rotation) is performed at single-photon level. The transformation is realized by rotating polarization for one of the photons of a polarization-entangled biphoton state (signal photon) by means of a Pockel's cell triggered by the detection of the other (idler) photon after polarization selection. As a result, polarization degree for the signal beam changes from zero to the value given by the idler detector quantum efficiency. This result is relevant to practical realization of various quantum information schemes and can be used for developing a new method of absolute quantum efficiency calibration.

Recently, a special group of global spherical coordinate transformations has been introduced in order to focus attention on the interactions of an enlarged spectral band of only one selected area, while de-focusing the rest of the globe and thus ...

Security experts generally believe that, "security cannot be added on, it must be designed from the beginning" [1]. This is because the typical way of improving system security by patches is ad hoc and has not produced good results. My work shows that ... Keywords: program transformation, security

In this paper, I describe a framework for spectral transforms called P3DFFT, and its extended features and applications. I discuss the scaling seen on petascale platforms, and directions and some results of the ongoing work on improving performance, ... Keywords: community applications, high performance computing (HPC), numerical libraries, open source software, parallel performance, petascale, scalability, two-dimensional decomposition

The goal of this paper is to simulate the colors transforms of the reflected light from an illuminated object that passes trough an image capture system. We are interested to see the colors differences at the output of each component from which the light ... Keywords: CIE standards, human eye response, lenses and filters transmittance, spectral images

The handbook presents spectra to be utilized for the detection and measurement of new constituents in the earth's atmosphere and to obtain data for common minor species with large gas amounts in the absorption cell (such as CH/sub 4/ and N/sub 2/O). These results can be applied in the identification of absorption features in atmospheric spectra determined over long atmospheric paths. The spectra were recorded with FourierTransform Spectrometers which are more precise than grating spectrometers. Each molecule spectrum was plotted on two scales: a condensed scale covering the range from 75 to 300/cm in one frame, and an expanded view covering 20 or 10/cm per frame. Each plot contains the name of the molecule, chemical formula, the gas pressure, cell length, and estimated resolution of the spectrum.

This paper makes two points. First, we show that the line-of-sight solution to cosmic microwave anisotropies in Fourier space, even though formally defined for arbitrarily large wavelengths, leads to position-space solutions which only depend on the sources of anisotropies inside the past light-cone of the observer. This happens order by order in a series expansion in powers of the visibility $\\gamma=e^{-\\mu}$, where $\\mu$ is the optical depth to Thompson scattering. We show that the CMB anisotropies are regulated by spacetime window functions which have support only inside the past light-cone of the point of observation. Second, we show that the Fourier-Bessel expansion of the physical fields (including the temperature and polarization momenta) is an alternative to the usual Fourier basis as a framework to compute the anisotropies. In that expansion, for each multipole $l$ there is a discrete tower of momenta $k_{i,l}$ (not a continuum) which can affect physical observables, with the smallest momenta being $...

Probing Organic Transistors with Infrared Beams Print Probing Organic Transistors with Infrared Beams Print Silicon-based transistors are well-understood, basic components of contemporary electronic technology. In contrast, there is growing need for the development of electronic devices based on organic polymer materials. Organic field-effect transistors (FETs) are ideal for special applications that require large areas, light weight, and structural flexibility. They also have the advantage of being easy to mass-produce at very low cost. However, even though this class of devices is finding a growing number of applications, electronic processes in organic materials are still not well understood. A group of researchers from the University of California and the ALS has succeeded in probing the intrinsic electronic properties of the charge carriers in organic FETs using infrared spectromicroscopy. The results of their study could help in the future development of sensors, large-area displays, and other plastic electronic components.

An infrared light source is disclosed that comprises a layered semiconductor active region having a semimetal region and at least one quantum-well layer. The semimetal region, formed at an interface between a GaAsSb or GalnSb layer and an InAsSb layer, provides electrons and holes to the quantum-well layer to generate infrared light at a predetermined wavelength in the range of 2-6 .mu.m. Embodiments of the invention can be formed as electrically-activated light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or lasers, and as optically-pumped lasers. Since the active region is unipolar, multiple active regions can be stacked to form a broadband or multiple-wavelength infrared light source.

The objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of using infrared sensors to monitor the welding process. Data were gathered using an infrared camera which was trained on the molten metal pool during the welding operation. Several types of process perturbations which result in weld defects were then intentionally induced and the resulting thermal images monitored. Gas tungsten arc using ac and dc currents and gas metal arc welding processes were investigated using steel, aluminum and stainless steel plate materials. The thermal images obtained in the three materials and different welding processes revealed nearly identical patterns for the same induced process perturbation. Based upon these results, infrared thermography is a method which may be very applicable to automation of the welding process.

We investigate the use of a logarithmic density variable in estimating the Lagrangian displacement field motivated by the success of a logarithmic transformation in restoring information to the matter power spectrum. The logarithmic relation is an extension of the linear relation, motivated by the continuity equation, in which the density field is assumed to be proportional to the divergence of the displacement field; we compare the linear and logarithmic relations by measuring both of these fields directly in a cosmological N-body simulation. The relative success of the logarithmic and linear relations depends on the scale at which the density field is smoothed. Thus we explore several ways of measuring the density field, including Cloud-In-Cell smoothing, adaptive smoothing, and the (scale-independent) Delaunay tessellation, and we use both a Fourier-space and a geometrical tessellation approach to measuring the divergence. We find that the relation between the divergence of the displacement field and the density is significantly tighter and straighter with a logarithmic density variable, especially at low redshifts and for very small ({approx}2 h{sup -1} Mpc) smoothing scales. We find that the grid-based methods are more reliable than the tessellation-based method of calculating both the density and the divergence fields, though in both cases the logarithmic relation works better in the appropriate regime, which corresponds to nonlinear scales for the grid-based methods and low densities for the tessellation-based method.

The authors report results of modeling and experiments on infrared heated deuterium-hydride (HD) layers in hohlraums. A 2 mm diameter, 40 {micro}m thick shell with 100-400 {micro}m thick HD ice inside a NIF scale-1 gold hohlraum with 1-3 {micro}m rms surface roughness is heated by pumping the HD vibrational bands. Models indicate control of the low-mode layer shape by adjusting the infrared distribution along the hohlraum walls. They have experimentally demonstrated control of the layer symmetry perpendicular to the hohlraum axis.

Sample records for fourier transform infrared from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The FourStar infrared camera is a 1.0-2.5 micron (JHKs) near infrared camera for the Magellan Baade 6.5m telescope at Las Campanas Observatory (Chile). It is being built by Carnegie Observatories and the Instrument Development Group at Johns Hopkins and is scheduled for completion in 2009. The instrument uses four Teledyne HAWAII-2RG arrays that produce a 10.9 x 10.9 arcmin field of view. The outstanding seeing at the Las Campanas site coupled with FourStar's high sensitivity and large field of view will enable many new survey and targeted science programs.

This report details the progress made in the detection of acetylene and hydrogen gas dissolved in oil using novel methods of optical fiber sensing. Of note in this report are the sensitivity and resolution enhancements of the two sensing methods as well as the construction of a field-testable prototype. The sensor’s non-sensitivity to several other gases commonly found in insulating transformer oil is also described. With some further development, the resolution of gas detection can still be ...

We study conditions for the deterministic transformation $\\ket{\\psi}\\longrightarrow\\ket{\\phi}$ of a bipartite entangled state by a separable operation. If the separable operation is a local operation with classical communication (LOCC), Nielsen's majorization theorem provides necessary and sufficient conditions. For the general case we derive a necessary condition in terms of products of Schmidt coefficients, which is equivalent to the Nielsen condition when either of the two factor spaces is of dimension 2, but is otherwise weaker. One implication is that no separable operation can reverse a deterministic map produced by another separable operation, if one excludes the case where the Schmidt coefficients of $\\ket{\\psi}$ and are the same as those of $\\ket{\\phi}$. The question of sufficient conditions in the general separable case remains open. When the Schmidt coefficients of $\\ket{\\psi}$ are the same as those of $\\ket{\\phi}$, we show that the Kraus operators of the separable transformation restricted to the supports of $\\ket{\\psi}$ on the factor spaces are proportional to unitaries. When that proportionality holds and the factor spaces have equal dimension, we find conditions for the deterministic transformation of a collection of several full Schmidt rank pure states $\\ket{\\psi_j}$ to pure states $\\ket{\\phi_j}$.

In conventional transform coding, the importance of preserving desirable quantization partition cell shapes prevents one from considering the use of a nonlinear change of variables. If no linear transformation of a given ...

Typically the same transform, the 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), is used to compress both image intensities in image coding and prediction residuals in video coding. Major prediction residuals include the motion ...

Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms is a powerful tool in computational probability. It greatly enhances the applicability of stochastic models in many fields. In this article we present a simple Laplace transform inversion algorithm that can compute ...

The separation of the vertical structure of the, solutions of the primitive (hydrostatic) meteorological equations is formalized as a vertical normal-mode transform. The transform is implemented for arbitrary static stability profiles by the ...

The subject of this paper is the history of the Minkowski-Funk Transform. After introducing the Minkowski-Funk Transform as well as its dual transform and a generalization of both, we will present an inversion formula of the Minkowski-Funk Transform. Then we will discuss the history of this problem: related work by Minkowski and Funk and the connection between their work.

We are concerned with catalyst-assisted probabilistic entanglement transformations. A necessary and sufficient condition is presented under which there exist partial catalysts that can increase the maximal transforming probability of a given entanglement transformation. We also design an algorithm which leads to an efficient method for finding the most economical partial catalysts with minimal dimension. The mathematical structure of catalyst-assisted probabilistic transformation is carefully investigated.

The use of a shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectroradiometer as a solar radiometer is presented. The radiometer collects 1024 channels of data over the spectral range of 1.1–2.5 ?m. The system was tested by applying the Langley method to data ...

increasingly on mastery of the infrared spectral region. Fiber-optic communications systems rely on the low's progress in visible-light-emitting colloidal-quantum-dot synthesis, physical chemistry, and devices on applications and devices. The applications of interest surveyed include monolithic integration of fiber-optic

We report CO detections in 17 out of 19 infrared ultraluminous QSO (IR QSO) hosts observed with the IRAM 30 m telescope. The cold molecular gas reservoir in these objects is in a range of (0.2-2.1) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 10} M{sub Sun} (adopting a CO-to-H{sub 2} conversion factor {alpha}{sub CO} = 0.8 M{sub Sun} (K km s{sup -1} pc{sup 2}){sup -1}). We find that the molecular gas properties of IR QSOs, such as the molecular gas mass, star formation efficiency (L{sub FIR}/L'{sub CO}), and CO (1-0) line widths, are indistinguishable from those of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). A comparison of low- and high-redshift CO-detected QSOs reveals a tight correlation between L{sub FIR} and L'{sub CO(1-0)} for all QSOs. This suggests that, similar to ULIRGs, the far-infrared emissions of all QSOs are mainly from dust heated by star formation rather than by active galactic nuclei (AGNs), confirming similar findings from mid-infrared spectroscopic observations by Spitzer. A correlation between the AGN-associated bolometric luminosities and the CO line luminosities suggests that star formation and AGNs draw from the same reservoir of gas and there is a link between star formation on {approx}kpc scale and the central black hole accretion process on much smaller scales.

A near infrared waveguide photodetector in Si-based ternary Si?â??xâ??yGexCy alloy was demonstrated for 0.85~1.06 µm wavelength fiber-optic interconnection system applications. Two sets of detectors with active absorption ...

An imaging Fouriertransform spectrometer is described having a Fouriertransforminfrared spectrometer providing a series of images to a focal plane array camera. The focal plane array camera is clocked to a multiple of zero crossing occurrences as caused by a moving mirror of the Fouriertransforminfrared spectrometer and as detected by a laser detector such that the frame capture rate of the focal plane array camera corresponds to a multiple of the zero crossing rate of the Fouriertransforminfrared spectrometer. The images are transmitted to a computer for processing such that representations of the images as viewed in the light of an arbitrary spectral ``fingerprint`` pattern can be displayed on a monitor or otherwise stored and manipulated by the computer. 2 figs.

The predicted infrared brightness temperature of Mars using the 1976 model of Wright is tabulated here for the period 1983 to 2103. This model was developed for far-infrared calibration, and is still being used for JCMT calibration.

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Canonical transformations (Bogoliubov transformations) for fermions with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are studied within a calculus of superanalysis. A continuous representation of the orthogonal group is constructed on a Grassmann module extension of the Fock space. The pull-back of these operators to the Fock space yields a unitary ray representation of the group that implements the Bogoliubov transformations.

Previous formulations of transformation optics have generally been restricted to transformations from relatively simple initial media, such as the vacuum, because of limitations due to their non-covariance. I show that a completely covariant approach enables arbitrary transformations from arbitrarily complex initial linear dielectrics.

AALBORGUNIVERSITYÂ­ DEPARTMENTOFENERGY TECHNOLOGY Transformer in series Filipe Miguel Faria Da that corresponds to a neighbour transformer. Both loads are 3-phase loads, which can be unbalanced to generated. The harmonics are generated inside the farm, thus, the current source is grounded at the transformer's neutral

Most colour descriptors are not robust because they are constructed for simple colour transformations, such as a diagonal-offset transformation. In this paper, a type of colour descriptor is proposed which is composed of rational expression of moments ... Keywords: Affine transformation, Colour, Image retrieval, Moment invariants, Pattern recognition

In this paper, we describe a prototype of an multimedia guide system that use instant infrared communication to get the multimedia contents and play the contents based on the operation of the users. The portable guide device is conposed of an infrared ... Keywords: guide system, infrared, uubiquitous computing, wireless communication

Thin film applications are of great interest to the semiconductor industry due to the important role they play in cutting edge technology such as thin film solar cells. X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR) characterizes thin films in a non-destructive and efficient manner yet complications exist in extracting these characteristics from raw XRR data. This study developed and tested two different algorithms to extract quantity of layers and thickness information on the nanometer scale from XRR data. It was concluded that an algorithm involving a local averaging technique revealed this information clearly in Fourier space.

This invention permits retinal images to be acquired at high speed and with unprecedented resolution in three dimensions (4.times.4.times.6 .mu.m). The instrument achieves high lateral resolution by using adaptive optics to correct optical aberrations of the human eye in real time. High axial resolution and high speed are made possible by the use of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography. Using this system, we have demonstrated the ability to image microscopic blood vessels and the cone photoreceptor mosaic.

We have measured the fluorescence spectrum for fluorescein solution in ethanol with concentration 1 {\\times} 10-3 mol/liter at different temperatures from room temperature to freezing point of solvent, (T = 153, 183, 223, 253, and 303 K) using liquid nitrogen. Table curve 2D version 5.01 program has been used to determine the fitting curve and fitting equation for each fluorescence spectrum. Fourier series (3 {\\times} 2) was the most suitable fitting equation for all spectra. Theoretical fluorescence spectrum of fluorescein in ethanol at T = 183K was calculated and compared with experimental fluorescence spectrum at the same temperature. There is a good similarity between them.

The phases of the Fourier modes appearing in a plane-wave expansion of cosmological density fields play a vital role in determining the morphology of gravitationally-developed clustering. We demonstrate this qualitatively and quantitatively using simulations. In particular, we use cross-correlation and rank-correlation techniques to quantify the agreement between a simulated distribution and phase-only reconstructions. The phase-only reconstructions exhibit a high degree of correlation with the original distributions, showing how meaningful spatial reconstruction of cosmological density fields depends more on phase accuracy than on amplitudes.

We give a new mechanism for constructing Backlund transformations by using symmetry reduction of differential systems. We then characterize a family of Backlund transformations between Darboux integrable systems where the Backlund transformation can be constructed by the proposed symmetry reduction method. It is then shown that the well-known Backlund transformations between Darboux integrable Monge-Ampere systems can all be constructed using group quotients. A simple group theoretical argument leads to a non-existence result for Backlund transformations which disagrees with Theorem 1 in arXiv:0707.4408v2. A variety of examples are given.

Gale transform is a simple but powerful tool in convex geometry. In particular, the use of Gale transform is the main argument in the classification of polytopes with few vertices. Many books and documents cover the definition of Gale transform and its main properties related to convex polytopes. But it seems that there does not exist document studying the Gale transform of more general objects, such that triangulation of spheres. In this paper, we study the properties of the Gale transform of a large class of such spheres called starshaped spheres.

Disclosed are multi-stage systems for high flux transformation of solar energy allowing for uniform solar intensification by a factor of 60,000 suns or more. Preferred systems employ a focusing mirror as a primary concentrative device and a non-imaging concentrator as a secondary concentrative device with concentrative capacities of primary and secondary stages selected to provide for net solar flux intensification of greater than 2000 over 95 percent of the concentration area. Systems of the invention are readily applied as energy sources for laser pumping and in other photothermal energy utilization processes. 7 figures.

Disclosed are multi-stage systems for high flux transformation of solar energy allowing for uniform solar intensification by a factor of 60,000 suns or more. Preferred systems employ a focusing mirror as a primary concentrative device and a non-imaging concentrator as a secondary concentrative device with concentrative capacities of primary and secondary stages selected to provide for net solar flux intensification of greater than 2000 over 95 percent of the concentration area. Systems of the invention are readily applied as energy sources for laser pumping and in other photothermal energy utilization processes.

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A nonferromagnetic linear variable differential transformer for accurately measuring mechanical displacements in the presence of high magnetic fields is provided. The device utilizes a movable primary coil inside a fixed secondary coil that consists of two series-opposed windings. Operation is such that the secondary output voltage is maintained in phase (depending on polarity) with the primary voltage. The transducer is well-suited to long cable runs and is useful for measuring small displacements in the presence of high or alternating magnetic fields.

The IHS sharpening technique is one of the most commonly used techniques for sharpening. Different transformations have been developed to transfer a color image from the RGB space to the IHS space. Through literature, it appears that, various scientists proposed alternative IHS transformations and many papers have reported good results whereas others show bad ones as will as not those obtained which the formula of IHS transformation were used. In addition to that, many papers show different formulas of transformation matrix such as IHS transformation. This leads to confusion what is the exact formula of the IHS transformation?. Therefore, the main purpose of this work is to explore different IHS transformation techniques and experiment it as IHS based image fusion. The image fusion performance was evaluated, in this study, using various methods to estimate the quality and degree of information improvement of a fused image quantitatively.

An efficient, direct, second-order solver for the discrete solution of a class of two-dimensional separable elliptic equations on the sphere (which generally arise in implicit and semi-implicit atmospheric models) is presented. The method ...

of Physics, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Javid av. 33, AZ-1143 Baku, Azerbaijan 2 Permanent to do this. Acknowledgments E.I. Jafarov was supported by a postdoc fellowship from the Azerbaijan

Differences in the development of carbon structures between coal chars and metallurgical cokes during high-temperature reactions have been investigated using Raman spectroscopy. These are important to differentiate between different types of carbons in dust recovered from the top gas of the blast furnace. Coal chars have been prepared from a typical injectant coal under different heat-treatment conditions. These chars reflected the effect of peak temperature, residence time at peak temperature, heating rate and pressure on the evolution of their carbon structures. The independent effect of gasification on the development of the carbon structure of a representative coal char has also been studied. A similar investigation has also been carried out to study the effect of heat-treatment temperature (from 1300 to 2000{sup o}C) and gasification on the carbon structure of a typical metallurgical coke. Two Raman spectral parameters, the intensity ratio of the D band to the G band (I{sub D}/I{sub G}) and the intensity ratio of the valley between D and G bands to the G band (I{sub V}/I{sub G}), have been found useful in assessing changes in carbon structure. An increase in I{sub D}/I{sub G} indicates the growth of basic graphene structural units across the temperature range studied. A decrease in I{sub V}/I{sub G} appears to suggest the elimination of amorphous carbonaceous materials and ordering of the overall carbon structure. The Raman spectral differences observed between coal chars and metallurgical cokes are considered to result from the difference in the time-temperature history between the raw injectant coal and the metallurgical coke and may lay the basis for differentiation between metallurgical coke fines and coal char residues present in the dust carried over the top of the blast furnace. 41 refs., 17 figs., 3 tabs.

We propose a simple physical implementation of the quantum Householder reflection (QHR) M(v)=I-2|v>N degenerate states (forming a qunit) coupled simultaneously to an ancillary (excited) state by N resonant or nearly resonant pulsed external fields. We also introduce the generalized QHR M(v;k)=I+(exp{ik}-1)|v>N-pod system when the fields are appropriately detuned from resonance with the excited state. We use these two operators as building blocks in constructing arbitrary preselected unitary transformations. We show that the most general U(N) transformation can be factorized (and thereby produced) by either N-1 standard QHRs and an N-dimensional phase gate, or N-1 generalized QHRs and a one-dimensional phase gate. Viewed mathematically, these QHR factorizations provide parametrizations of the U(N) group. As an example, we propose a recipe for constructing the quantum Fouriertransform (QFT) by at most N interaction steps. For example, QFT requires a single QHR for N=2, and only two QHRs for N=3 and 4.

Since three-loop and higher-loop terms in the $\\beta$ function of a gauge theory are scheme-dependent, one can, at least for sufficiently small coupling, carry out a scheme transformation that removes these terms. A basic question concerns the extent to which this can be done at an infrared fixed point of an asymptotically free gauge theory. This is important for quantitative analyses of the scheme dependence of such a fixed point. Here we study a scheme transformation $S_{R,m}$ with $m \\ge 2$ that is constructed so as to remove the terms in the beta function at loop order $\\ell=3$ to $\\ell=m+1$, inclusive. Starting from an arbitrary initial scheme, we present general expressions for the coefficients of terms of loop order $\\ell$ in the beta function in the transformed scheme from $\\ell=m+2$ up to $\\ell=8$. Extending a previous study of $S_{R,2}$, we investigate the range of applicability of the $S_{R,3}$ scheme transformation in an asymptotically free SU($N_c$) gauge theory with an infrared zero in $\\beta$ depending on the number, $N_f$, of fermions in the theory. We show that this $S_{R,3}$ scheme transformation can only be applied self-consistently in a restricted range of $N_f$ with a correspondingly small value of infrared fixed-point coupling. We also study the effect of higher-loop terms on the beta function of a U(1) gauge theory.

There are several solutions to code the signal arising from optical long baseline multi-aperture interferometers. In this paper,we focus on the {\\bf non homothetic spatial coding scheme} (multiaxial) with the fringe pattern coded along one dimension on one detector(all-in-one). After describing the physical principles governing single mode interferometers using that sort of recombination scheme, we analyze two different existing methods that measure the source visibility. The first technique, so-called Fourier estimator, consists in integrating the high frequency peak of the power spectral density of the interferogram. The second method, so-called model-based estimator, has been specifically developed for the AMBER instrument of the VLTI and deals with directly modelling the interferogram recorded on the detector. Performances of both estimators are computed in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the visibility, assuming that the interferograms are perturbed by photon and detector noises. Theoretical expressions of the visibility SNR are provided, validated through numerical computations and then compared. We show that the model-based estimator offers up to 5 times better performances than the Fourier one.

Metamaterials form a new class of artificial electromagnetic materials that provides the device designer with the ability to manipulate the flow of electromagnetic energy in ways that are not achievable with naturally occurring materials. However, progress toward practical implementation of metamaterials, particularly at infrared and visible frequencies, has been hampered by a combination of absorptive losses; the narrow band nature of the resonant metamaterial response; and the difficulty in fabricating fully 3-dimensional structures. They describe the progress of a recently initiated program at Sandia National Laboratories directed toward the development of practical 3D metamaterials operating in the thermal infrared. They discuss their analysis of fundamental loss limits for different classes of metamaterials. In addition, they discuss new design approaches that they are pursuing which reduce the reliance on metallic structures in an effort to minimize ohmic losses.

3 3 Posters Long-Pathlength Infrared Absorption Measurements in the 8- to 14-Âµm Atmospheric Window: Self-Broadening Coefficient Data T. J. Kulp (a) and J. Shinn Geophysics and Environmental Research Program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Introduction The accurate characterization of the latent infrared (IR) absorption in the atmospheric window regions continues to be an area of research interest for the global climate modeling community. In the window between 8 and 14 Âµm, this absorption can be attributed primarily to water vapor. It consists of 1) weak lines originating from the edge of the water vapor pure rotational band (at low wavenumbers) and the trailing P-branch of the Ï… 2 rovibrational band (at the high-wavenumber boundary of the window); and 2) the

Solar infrared colors provide powerful constraints on the stellar effective temperature scale, but they must be measured with both accuracy and precision in order to do so. We fulfill this requirement by using line-depth ratios to derive in a model-independent way the infrared colors of the Sun, and we use the latter to test the zero point of the Casagrande et al. effective temperature scale, confirming its accuracy. Solar colors in the widely used Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) JHK{sub s} and WISE W1-4 systems are provided: (V - J){sub Sun} = 1.198, (V - H){sub Sun} = 1.484, (V - K{sub s} ){sub Sun} = 1.560, (J - H){sub Sun} = 0.286, (J - K{sub s} ){sub Sun} = 0.362, (H - K{sub s} ){sub Sun} = 0.076, (V - W1){sub Sun} = 1.608, (V - W2){sub Sun} = 1.563, (V - W3){sub Sun} = 1.552, and (V - W4){sub Sun} = 1.604. A cross-check of the effective temperatures derived implementing 2MASS or WISE magnitudes in the infrared flux method confirms that the absolute calibration of the two systems agrees within the errors, possibly suggesting a 1% offset between the two, thus validating extant near- and mid-infrared absolute calibrations. While 2MASS magnitudes are usually well suited to derive T{sub eff}, we find that a number of bright, solar-like stars exhibit anomalous WISE colors. In most cases, this effect is spurious and can be attributed to lower-quality measurements, although for a couple of objects (3% {+-} 2% of the total sample) it might be real, and may hint at the presence of warm/hot debris disks.

This report describes and presents the results of an analysis of the performance of the infrared acquisition system for a Self-Initiated Antiaircraft Missile (SIAM). A description of the optical system is included, and models of target radiant intensity, atmospheric transmission, and background radiance are given. Acquisition probabilities are expressed in terms of the system signal-to-noise ratio. System performance against aircraft and helicopter targets is analyzed, and background discrimination techniques are discussed. 17 refs., 22 figs., 6 tabs.

. Two sky brightness monitorsone for the near-infrared and one for the mid-infraredhave been developed for site survey work in Antarctica. The instruments, which we refer to as the NISM (Near-Infrared Sky Monitor) and the MISM (Mid-Infrared Sky Monitor), are part of a suite of instruments being deployed in the Automated Astrophysical Site-Testing Observatory (AASTO). The chief design constraints include reliable, autonomous operation, low power consumption, and of course the ability to operate under conditions of extreme cold. The instruments are currently operational at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, prior to deployment at remote, unattended sites on the high antarctic plateau. 1. INTRODUCTION The antarctic plateau is recognized as having the potential to provide some of the best astronomical observing conditions on earth (see, e.g., Burton et al. 1994). Almost all the site testing to date has been carried out at the South Pole, where it has already been demonstrated t...

Probing Organic Transistors with Probing Organic Transistors with Infrared Beams Probing Organic Transistors with Infrared Beams Print Wednesday, 26 July 2006 00:00 Silicon-based transistors are well-understood, basic components of contemporary electronic technology. In contrast, there is growing need for the development of electronic devices based on organic polymer materials. Organic field-effect transistors (FETs) are ideal for special applications that require large areas, light weight, and structural flexibility. They also have the advantage of being easy to mass-produce at very low cost. However, even though this class of devices is finding a growing number of applications, electronic processes in organic materials are still not well understood. A group of researchers from the University of California and the ALS has succeeded in probing the intrinsic electronic properties of the charge carriers in organic FETs using infrared spectromicroscopy. The results of their study could help in the future development of sensors, large-area displays, and other plastic electronic components.

Report of Report of ADVANCED NUCLEAR TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBCOMMITTEE of the NUCLEAR ENERGY RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE 24 October 2003 BURTON RICHTER, CHAIR DARLEANE C. HOFFMAN SEKAZI K. MTINGWA RONALD P. OMBERG SILVIE PILLON JOY L. REMPE I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY The committee met in Washington on September 16 and 17 to review progress in the program with respect to a changed set of mission priorities. Our last meeting took place in December 2002 after the reorganization that had placed the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) and the GEN IV program together in the Advanced Nuclear Research Office (AN-20). Since mission priorities have been evolving, the committee felt that it should wait until they have settled down before we met again. We have kept in touch

EPRI has been engaged in research on forensics related to transformer failures and decommissioning. There is a need to make this information available to EPRI members in an easily accessible format. The Transformer Forensics Database provides an application to house all the information, learnings, and experiences gathered from transformers forensics studies in an easily accessible format and help maintain valuable lessons that are often lost after a failure due to operational ...

In this article, we give a geometric description for any invertible operator on a finite dimensional inner--product space. With the aid of such a description, we are able to decompose any given conformal transformation as a product of planar rotations, a planar rotation or reflection and a scalar transformation. Also, we are able to conclude that an orthogonal transformation is a product of planar rotations and a planar rotation or a reflection.

In this short article, we study different problems described as initial value problems of discrete differential equations and develop a a transform method called the sigma transform, a discrete version of the continuous Laplace transform to generate solutions as rational functions of integers to these initial value problems. Particularly we look how the method generates the traditionally known numbers called Fibonacci sequence as a solution to an initial value problem of a discrete differential equation.

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EPRI has been engaged in research on forensics related to transformer failures and decommissioning. There is a need to make this information available to EPRI members in an easily accessible format. The Transformer Forensics Database provides an application to house all the information, learnings, and experiences gathered from transformers forensics studies in an easily accessible format and help maintain valuable lessons that are often lost after a failure due to operational ...

The Lorentz Transformation is traditionally derived requiring the Principle of Relativity and lightspeed universality. While the latter can be relaxed, the Principle of Relativity is seen as core to the transformation. The present letter relaxes both statements to the weaker, Symmetry of Reference Principle. Thus the resulting Lorentz transformation and its consequences (time dilatation, length contraction) are, in turn, effects of how we manage space and time.

The Lorentz Transformation is traditionally derived requiring the Principle of Relativity and light-speed universality. While the latter can be relaxed, the Principle of Relativity is seen as core to the transformation. The present letter relaxes both statements to the weaker, Symmetry of Reference Principle. Thus the resulting Lorentz transformation and its consequences (time dilatation, length contraction) are, in turn, effects of how we manage space and time.

Method and apparatus are provided for one-way transformation of data according to multiplication and/or exponentiation modulo a prime number. An implementation of the invention permits the one way residue transformation, useful in encryption and similar applications, to be implemented by n-bit computers substantially with no increase in difficulty or complexity over a natural transformation thereby, using a modulus which is a power of two.

This paper describes a push-pull parametric transformer constructed using a pair of orthogonal-cores. The operating characteristics of the parametric transformer with a rectifier load were analyzed based on SPICE simulations. The analysis results show good agreement with experiment. It was found that the input surge current of the full-wave rectifier circuit with a smoothing capacitor can be compensated by the parametric transformer. Use of the parametric transformer as a power stabilizer is anticipated owing to its various functions such as for voltage regulation and overload protection.

Several Wide Field of view Adaptive Optics (WFAO) concepts like Multi-Conjugate AO (MCAO), Multi-Object AO (MOAO) or Ground-Layer AO (GLAO) are currently studied for the next generation of Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). All these concepts will use atmospheric tomography to reconstruct the turbulent phase volume. In this paper, we explore different reconstruction algorithms and their fundamental limitations. We conduct this analysis in the Fourier domain. This approach allows us to derive simple analytical formulations for the different configurations, and brings a comprehensive view of WFAO limitations. We then investigate model and statistical errors and their impact on the phase reconstruction. Finally, we show some examples of different WFAO systems and their expected performance on a 42m telescope case.

A continuation of gravity work in the Cascade Mountains of Washington is presented. Baseline gravity data were collected for use in geothermal resource evaluation. The purpose of this report is to describe a Fourier analysis method for separating residual and regional gravity anomalies from a complete Bouguer gravity anomaly field. The technique has been applied to gravity data from the Southern Cascade Mountains, Washington. Residual gravity anomaly maps at a scale of 1:250,000 are presented for various regional wavelength filters, and a power spectrum of the frequency components in the South Cascade gravity data is displayed. No attempt is made to interpret the results of this study in terms of geologic structures.

This Report is Chapter 8 of Kit 1021892: EPRI Transformer Guidebook Development: The Copper Book. Utilities are losing many of their subject matter experts due to retirement and downsizing. This is particularly true in the case of power transformers, so there is now a critical need for a comprehensive transformer reference book geared toward utility engineers. In 2007, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) published the technical update report Transformer Guidebook Design (1013799). That report de...

This study was undertaken to determine the merits of oil analysis for condition monitoring and diagnostics of bushings, current, potential and voltage transformers. Oil test results and equipment information from 193 bushings, 830 current transformers, 194 potential transformers and 268 voltage transformers were analyzed. Statistical analyses was used to assigns equipment condition codes from 1 (Normal Operation) to 4 (Extreme) based on threshold limits for dissolved gas in oil results. A more recent set...

High-resolution, gated infrared images were taken of tin samples shock heated to just below the 505 K melting point. Sample surfaces were either polished or diamond-turned, with grain sizes ranging from about 0.05 to 10 mm. A high explosive in contact with a 2-mm-thick tin sample induced a peak sample stress of 18 GPa. Interferometer data from similarly-driven tin shots indicate that immediately after shock breakout the samples spall near the free (imaged) surface with a scab thickness of about 0.1 mm.

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Each of the two moving observers observes the relative velocity of the other. The two velocities should be equal and opposite. We have shown that this relativistic requirement is not fulfilled by Lorentz transformation. We have also shown that the reason is that Lorentz transformation is not associative. Reciprocal symmetric transformation is associative and fulfills relativistic requirements.

A Laplace transform representation is used to describe the changes in atmospheric CO"2 in response to emissions. The formalism gives an explicit representation of generic relations that are less clear when model results are presented as numerical integrations ... Keywords: Carbon cycle, Geosequestration, Laplace transforms, Response functions

In this paper, we show that when two systems of differential equations admitting a symmetry group are related by a point transformation it is always possible to generate invariant schemes, one for each system, that are also related by the same transformation. This result is used to easily obtain new invariant schemes of some differential equations.

A frequently confused point in studies of symmetry violation is the distinction between observer and particle transformations. In this work, we consider a model in which a coefficient in the Standard-Model Extension leads to violations of rotation invariance in Newton's second law. The model highlights the distinction between observer and particle transformations.

Wind power plants use power transformers to step plant output from the medium voltage of the collector system to the HV or EHV transmission system voltage. This paper discusses the application of these transformers with regard to the selection of winding configuration, MVA rating, impedance, loss evaluation, on-load tapchanger requirements, and redundancy.

Following two different tracks, we arrive at a definition of Nahm's transformation valid for self-dual fields on the 4-dimensional torus with non-zero twist tensor.The transform is again a self-dual gauge field defined on a new torus and with non-zero twist tensor. It preserves the property of being an involution.

The behavior of dielectric fluids used for the cooling and insulation of power system equipment is significantly influenced by motion enforced by the action of circulating pumps. Not only can charges generated by streaming electrification accumulate to distort the electric field in positions where dielectric integrity is prejudiced, but the dielectric strength of the fluid is also altered per se by the actions of the flow in a complex, but predictable manner. Three important electrokinetic effects in transformer oil subjected to forced circulation are experimentally investigated using laboratory model ducts. Careful breakdown measurements with sustained voltage on flowing fluids have been extended to pulse voltages with a view to establishing the nature of time dependencies. The use of Schlieren optics on the duct has also demonstrated that flow patterns are modified by the imposition of electric fields through electrohydrodynamic (EHD) effects. Present model studies invite speculation that not only streaming electrification but also forced circulation per se may prejudice dielectric structure in power system equipment and these effects need to be understood to permit informed design and safe operation. These models are discussed in this paper. 122 refs., 82 figs., 10 tabs.

The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is carrying out an investigation that will provide methods to predict the fate of selected trace elements in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) systems to aid in the development of methods to control the emission of trace elements determined to be air toxics. The goal of this project is to identify the effects of critical chemical and physical transformations associated with trace element behavior in IGCC and IGFC systems. The trace elements included in this project are arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and lead. The research seeks to identify and fill, experimentally and/or theoretically, data gaps that currently exist on the fate and composition of trace elements. The specific objectives are to 1) review the existing literature to identify the type and quantity of trace elements from coal gasification systems, 2) perform laboratory-scale experimentation and computer modeling to enable prediction of trace element emissions, and 3) identify methods to control trace element emissions.

The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is carrying out an investigation that will provide methods to predict the fate of selected trace elements in integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) systems to aid in the development of methods to control the emission of trace elements determined to be air toxics. The goal of this project is to identify the effects of critical chemical and physical transformations associated with trace element behavior in IGCC and IGFC systems. The trace elements included in this project are arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and lead. The research seeks to identify and fill, experimentally and/or theoretically, data gaps that currently exist on the fate and composition of trace elements. The specific objectives are to (1) review the existing literature to identify the type and quantity of trace elements from coal gasification systems, (2) perform laboratory-scale experimentation and computer modeling to enable prediction of trace element emissions, and (3) identify methods to control trace element emissions.

The Xi-transform is a new spinor transform arising naturally in Einstein's general relativity. Here the example of conformally flat space-time is discussed in detail. In particular it is shown that for this case, the transform coincides with two other naturally defined transforms: one a two-variable transform on the Lie group SU(2, C), the other a transform on the space of null split octaves. The key properties of the transform are developed.

Based on our previous experiment that successfully demonstrated wakefield transformer ratio enhancement in a 13.625 GHz dielectric-loaded collinear wakefield accelerator using the ramped bunch train technique, we present here a redesigned experimental scheme for even higher enhancement of the efficiency of this accelerator. Design of a collinear wakefield device with a transformer ratio R2, is presented. Using a ramped bunch train (RBT) rather than a single drive bunch, the enhanced transformer ratio (ETR) technique is able to increase the transformer ratio R above the ordinary limit of 2. To match the wavelength of the fundamental mode of the wakefield with the bunch length (sigmaz=2 mm) of the new Argonne wakefield accelerator (AWA) drive gun (where the experiment will be performed), a 26.625 GHz dielectric based accelerating structure is required. This transformer ratio enhancement technique based on our dielectric-loaded waveguide design will result in a compact, high efficiency accelerating structures for future wakefield accelerators.

One potentially realistic specification for devices designed with transformation optics is that they operate with high precision in curved space-time, such as Earth orbit. This raises the question of what, if any, role does space-time curvature play in determining transformation media? Transformation optics has been based on a three-vector representation of Maxwell's equations in flat Minkowski space-time. I discuss a completely covariant, manifestly four-dimensional approach that enables transformations in arbitrary space-times, and demonstrate this approach for stable circular orbits in the spherically symmetric Schwarzschild geometry. Finally, I estimate the magnitude of curvature induced contributions to satellite-borne transformation media in Earth orbit and comment on the level of precision required for metamaterial fabrication before such contributions become important.

transformationtransformation Tag: transformation Displaying 1 - 10 of 11... Category: News Y-12 Knows Uranium Y-12 produces many forms of uranium. More... Category: News Energy Secretary Moniz visits Y-12 Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz (at right) tours the Highly Enriched Uranium Materials Facility during his visit Monday to Y-12. More... Category: About Site improvements of $490 million result from FIRP The Facilities and Infrastructure Recapitalization Program has been a key component of modernization and transformation efforts at Y-12. More... Category: Nuclear Deterrence Processing Y-12's core manufacturing and processing operations are housed in decades-old buildings near or past the end of their expected life spans. More... Category: About Uranium Processing Facility An integral part of Y-12's transformation efforts and a key component

Sample records for fourier transform infrared from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Rapid Characterization of Drill Core and Cutting Mineralogy using Infrared Rapid Characterization of Drill Core and Cutting Mineralogy using Infrared Spectroscopy Jump to: navigation, search OpenEI Reference LibraryAdd to library Journal Article: Rapid Characterization of Drill Core and Cutting Mineralogy using Infrared Spectroscopy Abstract Infrared spectroscopy is particularly good at identifying awide variety of hydrothermally altered minerals with no samplepreparation, and is especially helpful in discrimination amongclay minerals. We have performed several promising pilot studieson geothermal drill core and cuttings that suggest the efficiencyof the technique to sample continuously and provide alterationlogs similar to geophysical logs. We have successfully identifiedlayered silicates, zeolites, opal, calcite, and iron oxides and

The Savannah River Site is a Department of Energy, government-owned, company-operated industrial complex built in the 1950s to produce materials used in nuclear weapons. Five reactors were built to support the production of nuclear weapons material. Irradiated materials were moved from the reactors to one of the two chemical separation plants. In these facilities, known as ''canyons,'' the irradiated fuel and target assemblies were chemically processed to separate useful products from waste. Unfortunately, the by-product waste of nuclear material production was a highly radioactive liquid that had to be stored and maintained. In 1993 a strategy was developed to implement predictive maintenance technologies in the Liquid Waste Disposition Project Division responsible for processing the liquid waste. Responsibilities include the processing and treatment of 51 underground tanks designed to hold 750,000 to1,300,000 gallons of liquid waste and operation of a facility that vitrifies highly radioactive liquid waste into glass logs. Electrical and mechanical equipment monitored at these facilities is very similar to that found in non-nuclear industrial plants. Annual inspections are performed on electrical components, roof systems, and mechanical equipment. Troubleshooting and post installation and post-maintenance infrared inspections are performed as needed. In conclusion, regardless of the industry, the use of infrared thermography has proven to be an efficient and effective method of inspection to help improve plant safety and reliability through early detection of equipment problems.

We show that in some cases, catalyst-assisted entanglement transformation cannot be implemented by multiple-copy transformation for pure states. This fact, together with the result we obtained in [R. Y. Duan, Y. Feng, X. Li, and M. S. Ying, Phys. Rev. A 71, 042319 (2005)] that the latter can be completely implemented by the former, indicates that catalyst-assisted transformation is strictly more powerful than multiple-copy transformation. For purely probabilistic setting we find, however, these two kinds of transformations are geometrically equivalent in the sense that the sets of pure states which can be converted into a given pure state with maximal probabilities not less than a given value have the same closure, no matter catalyst-assisted transformation or multiple-copy transformation is used.

Inverse transformation optics is introduced, and used to calculate the boundary reflection of a two-dimensional (2D) finite embedded coordinate transformation which is discontinuous at the boundary. For an electromagnetic excitation of particular polarization, many pairs of original medium (in a virtual space) and transformation function can give exactly the same anisotropic medium through a conventional procedure of transformation optics. Non-uniqueness of these pairs is then exploited for the analysis and calculation of the boundary reflection. The reflection at the boundary of the anisotropic transformation medium (associated with vacuum in the virtual space) is converted to the simple reflection between two isotropic media in a virtual space by a new transformation continuous at the boundary. A necessary condition for reflectionless boundary of finite embedded coordinate transformation is found as a special case. The theory is verified numerically with the finite element method.

High Temperature X-ray Diffraction (HTXRD) is a very powerful tool for studies of reaction kinetics, phase transformations, and lattice thermal expansion of advanced materials. Accurate temperature measurement is a critical part of the technique. Traditionally, thermocouples, thermistors, and optical pyrometers have been used for temperature control and measurement and temperature could only be measured at a single point. Infrared imaging was utilized in this study to characterize the thermal gradients resulting from various sample and furnace configurations in a commercial strip heater furnace. Furnace configurations include a metallic strip heater, with and without a secondary surround heater, or a surround heater alone. Sample configurations include low and high thermal conductivity powders and solids. The IR imaging results have been used to calibrate sample temperatures in the HTXRD furnace.

The transformations of $W$-type entangled states by using local operations assisted with classical communication are investigated. For this purpose, a parametrization of the $W$-type states which remains invariant under local unitary transformations is proposed and a complete characterization of the local operations carried out by a single party is given. These are used for deriving the necessary and sufficient conditions for deterministic transformations. A convenient upper bound for the maximum probability of distillation of arbitrary target states is also found.

When considering a charged particle evolving in the Poincar\\'e disk under influence of a uniform magnetic field with a strength proportional to +1, we construct for all hyperbolic Landau level \\epsilon^\\gamma_$m$ m = 4m(-m), m 2 Z+ \\[0, /2] a family of coherent states transforms labeled by (,m) and mapping isometrically square integrable functions on the unit circle with respect to the measure sin^\\gamma-2m (\\theta/2) d\\theta onto spaces of bound states of the particle. These transforms are called circular Bargmann transforms.

A step-wise tensor transformation technique is presented for the transformation of the single energy group transport equation to an arbitrary spatial coordinate system. Both gradient and divergence forms of the equation are given and the same method is applied to the derivation of the diffusion approximation. It is demonstrated that using an orthogonal representation of the propagation vector will simplify the divergence form of the equation. The application of this technique is in the representation of the transport equation in coordinate systems other than the usual rectangular, cylindrical and spherical ones. Its use is demonstrated by transforming the transport equation to a toroidal coordinate system consisting of nested circular toroids. (auth)

In many Lagrangian field theories, one has a Poisson bracket defined on the space of local functionals. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for a transformation on the space of local functionals to be canonical in three different cases. These three cases depend on the specific dimensions of the vector bundle of the theory and the associated Hamiltonian differential operator. We also show how a canonical transformationtransforms a Hamiltonian evolutionary system and its conservation laws. Finally, we illustrate these ideas with three examples.

The paper is devoted to the range description of the Radon type transform that averages a function over all spheres centered on a given sphere. Such transforms arise naturally in thermoacoustic tomography, a novel method of medical imaging. Range descriptions have recently been obtained for such transforms, and consisted of smoothness and support conditions, moment conditions, and some additional orthogonality conditions of spectral nature. It has been noticed that in odd dimensions, surprisingly, the moment conditions are superfluous and can be eliminated. It is shown in this text that in fact the same happens in any dimension.

The problem of constructing a necessary and sufficient condition for establishing the separability of continuous variable systems is revisited. Simon [R. Simon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2726 (2000)] pointed out that such a criterion may be constructed by drawing a parallel between the Peres' partial transpose criterion for finite dimensional systems and partial time reversal transformation for continuous variable systems. We generalize the partial time reversal transformation to a partial scaling transformation and re-examine the problem using a tomographic description of the continuous variable quantum system. The limits of applicability of the entanglement criteria obtained from partial scaling and partial time reversal are explored.

Infrared nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are described that have a good potential for providing valuable data concerning solar cell or panel characteristics without requiring contact with the photovoltaic device. Preliminary tests with cells and panels were conducted and the infrared NDT results are presented and discussed. (MHR)

The Guideline for Developing and Managing an Infrared Thermography Program is an extension of a number of reports addressing the use and benefits of infrared thermography (IRT) as a diagnostic tool. This document expands on more of the technology's intricacies, as well as defining procedures for setting up a comprehensive IRT program.

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This paper proposes a novel technique to analyze the infrared vein patterns in the back of the hand for biometric purposes. The technique utilizes the minutiae features extracted from the vein patterns for recognition, which include bifurcation points ... Keywords: Biometrics, Infrared, Minutiae, Vein pattern

A method and apparatus for enabling analysis of a material (16, 42) by applying a cooling medium (20, 54) to cool a thin surface layer portion of the material and to transiently generate a temperature differential between the thin surface layer portion and the lower portion of the material sufficient to alter the thermal infrared emission spectrum of the material from the black-body thermal infrared emission spectrum of the material. The altered thermal infrared emission spectrum of the material is detected by a spectrometer/detector (28, 50) while the altered thermal infrared emission spectrum is sufficiently free of self-absorption by the material of the emitted infrared radiation. The detection is effected prior to the temperature differential propagating into the lower portion of the material to an extent such that the altered thermal infrared emission spectrum is no longer sufficiently free of self-absorption by the material of emitted infrared radiation, so that the detected altered thermal infrared emission spectrum is indicative of the characteristics relating to the molecular composition of the material.

with Visible through Long Wave Infrared Imaging with Visible through Long Wave Infrared Imaging Spectrometers Jump to: navigation, search OpenEI Reference LibraryAdd to library Conference Paper: Geothermal Exploration with Visible through Long Wave Infrared Imaging Spectrometers Abstract Surface minerals of active geothermal systems have been mapped using visible-short wave infrared and mid wave and long wave imaging spectrometers separately. May and June 2008, the Prospectir sensor and SEBASS (Spatially Enhanced Broadband Array Spectrograph System) were located on together on a roll compensated mount viewing through the same camera port in a Twin Otter. These two imaging spectrometers have similar Instantaneous Fields of View (IFOV) and together collect over 600 channels of spectral information from the visible to the long wave infrared.

mNAL PERFORMANCE REPORT mNAL PERFORMANCE REPORT for INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS OF FREE RADICALS DE-FG05-85ER13439 1-AUG-1985 to 31-JUL-1994 Robert F. Curl and Graham P. Glass Principal Investigators Introduction This research was directed at the detection, monitoring, and study (by infrared absorption spectroscopy) of the chemical kinetic behavior of small free radical species thought to be important intermediates in combustion. The work typically progressed from the detection and analysis of the infrared spectrum of combustion radical to the utilization of the infrared spectrum thus obtained in the investigation of chemical kinetics of the radical species. The methodology employed was infrared kinetic spectroscopy. In this technique the radical is produced by UV flash photolysis using an excimer laser and then

Conventional paints transmit or absorb most of the intense infrared (IR) radiation emitted by fire, causing them to contribute to the spread of fire. The present invention comprises a fire retardant paint additive that reflects the thermal IR radiation emitted by fire in the 1 to 20 micrometer ({micro}m) wavelength range. The important spectral ranges for fire control are typically about 1 to about 8 {micro}m or, for cool smoky fires, about 2 {micro}m to about 16 {micro}m. The improved inventive coatings reflect adverse electromagnetic energy and slow the spread of fire. Specific IR reflective pigments include titanium dioxide (rutile) and red iron oxide pigments with diameters of about 1 {micro}m to about 2 {micro}m and thin leafing aluminum flake pigments. 4 figs.

An automated non-contact and non-destructive resistance spot weld inspection system based on infrared (IR) thermography was developed for post-weld applications. During inspection, a weld coupon was heated up by an auxiliary induction heating device from one side of the weld, while the resulting thermal waves on the other side were observed by an IR camera. The IR images were analyzed to extract a thermal signature based on normalized heating time, which was then quantitatively correlated to the spot weld nugget size. The use of normalized instead of absolute IR intensity was found to be useful in minimizing the sensitivity to the unknown surface conditions and environment interference. Application of the IR-based inspection system to different advanced high strength steels, thickness gauges and coatings were discussed.

This study examines the relationships between satellite infrared clouds and rainfall, and infrared-threshold visible clouds and rainfall. Clouds are defined by the outline of the 253 K isotherm. Cloud infrared area was highly correlated with rain ...

A tunable source of infrared radiation is obtained by irradiating an assemblage of Raman active gaseous atoms or molecules with a high intensity pumping beam of coherent radiation at a pump frequency .omega..sub.p to stimulate the generation of Stokes wave energy at a Stokes frequency .omega..sub.s and to stimulate the Raman resonant mode at the Raman mode frequency .omega..sub.R within the irradiated assemblage where the pump frequency .omega..sub.p minus the Stokes frequency .omega..sub.s is equal to the Raman mode frequency .omega..sub.R. The stimulated assemblage is irradiated with a tunable source of coherent radiation at a frequency .omega..sub.i to generate the output infrared radiation of the frequency .omega..sub.0 which is related to the Raman mode frequency .omega..sub.R and the input wave .omega..sub.i by the relation .omega..sub.0 =.omega..sub.i .+-..omega..sub.R. In one embodiment the interaction between the pump wave energy .omega..sub.p and the tunable input wave energy .omega..sub.i is collinear and the ratio of the phase velocity mismatch factor .DELTA.k to the electric field exponential gain coefficient T is within the range of 0.1 to 5. In another embodiment the pump wave energy .omega..sub.p and the tunable input wave energy .omega..sub.i have velocity vectors k.sub.p and k.sub.i which cross at an angle to each other to compensate for phase velocity mismatches in the medium. In another embodiment, the Stokes wave energy .omega..sub.s is generated by pump energy .omega..sub.p in a first Raman cell and .omega..sub.s, .omega..sub.i and .omega..sub.p are combined in a second Raman mixing cell to produce the output at .omega..sub.i.

We compare scalare and vector transform methods for global spectral models of the shallow-water equations. For the scalar transform methods, we demonstrate some economies in the number of Legendre transforms required. It is shown that the ...

We prove the boundedness on $L^p$, $1transformations of stochastic integrals. These operators include various classical operators such as second order Riesz transforms and operators of Laplace transform-type.

We introduce a class of Radon transforms for reductive symmetric spaces, including the horospherical transforms, and study some of their properties. In particular we obtain a generalization of Helgason's support theorem for the horospherical transform on a Riemannian symmetric space.

The Olympic Games represent an unparalleled fast-track urban development opportunity for Olympic host cities. Taking the premise that the transformational effect of the Olympics has a potential to drive long-term urban ...

Abstract. We present a general theory for the computation of stream transformers of the form F: (R ¿ B) ¿ (T ¿ A), where time T and R, and data A and B, are discrete or continuous. We show how methods for representing ...

This report offers information about the physical, dielectric, chemical, and environmental properties of transformer fluids and their operational impacts. Companies can use this information to choose environmentally acceptable green fluids.

The recently advanced approach of wavelet transforms is applied to the analysis of ocean currents. The conventional analyses of time series in the frequency domain can be readily generalized to the frequency.and time domain using wavelet ...

Sample records for fourier transform infrared from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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In the web services environment software development can involve writing both object-oriented programs and XML transformations. This can be seen in the popular Web Services architecture. In this architecture, crosscutting concerns are often manifest ...

The Lorentz Transformation, which is considered as constitutive for the Special Relativity Theory, was invented by Voigt in 1887, adopted by Lorentz in 1904, and baptized by Poincar\\'e in 1906. Einstein probably picked it up from Voigt directly.

xml is a language for describing markup languages for structured data. A growing number of applications that process xml documents are transformers, i.e., programs that convert documents between xml languages. Unfortunately, the current proposals for ...

A new non-destructive test of transformer oil dielectric strength is a promising technique to automate and make more reliable a diagnostic that presently involves intensive manual efforts. This thesis focuses some of the ...

Phase Transformation and Microstructural Evolution: Martensitic Phase ... of Bordeaux; Francisca Caballero, National Center for Metallurgical Research ... The finding challenges the conventional view that martensite always returns to ... The experimental data are explained in terms of both mechanical and chemical effects.

Using real-data numerical simulation experiments, latent heat induced energy transformations during the development of the wave cyclone of 20 May 1977 are investigated. During a 24 h period over 5 cm of precipitation fell despite baroclinically ...

Malaysia is currently the world’s largest exporter of palm oil although it is the second-largest producer of the oil after neighboring Indonesia. Malaysia: economic transformation advances oil palm industry Inform Magazine Biofuels and Bioproducts and Bi

Quartz sand derived from alluvial fans that drain different lithologies at the Nevada Test Site can be distinguished on the basis of grain shape as described by the Fourier series in closed form. Specifically, we examined tuff units from the Piapi Canyon and Indian Trail Formations as well as carbonate-bearing clastic units from the Eleana Formation. Discrimiation between rock types was accomplished by examining the mean harmonic amplitude spectra and the grain shape frequency distributions at those harmonics that exhibit significant chi-square values. The results of these analyses indicate that the tuffs can be easily distinguished from the clastics. However, differences between samples from genetically similar rock types are not as prominent. Grain shape frequency distributions of tuffs and clastics show such strong differences that they can be characterized by standardized distributions. By comparing the shape frequency distributions of mixed sediment samples, it is possible to determine the relative contribution of tuff and clastics to any sediment sample taken within the drainage network. The Piapi Canyon, Indian Trail, and Eleana Formations have produced the thick alluvium sequence in the Rainier Mesa region of Yucca Flat. We believe it is likely that these grain shape relationships can also be applied to subsurface samples. Not only would this extended application enable more accurate correlation of alluvial layers, but more precise determination of the clastic-tuff contact within the alluvium sequence might also be possible.

We present in this paper a new kernel-independent fast multipole method (FMM), named as FKI-FMM, for pairwise particle interactions with translation-invariant kernel functions. FKI-FMM creates, using numerical techniques, sufficiently accurate and compressive representations of a given kernel function over multi-scale interaction regions in the form of a truncated Fourier series. It provides also economic operators for the multipole-to-multipole, multipole-to-local, and local-to-local translations that are typical and essential in the FMM algorithms. The multipole-to-local translation operator, in particular, is readily diagonal and does not dominate in arithmetic operations. FKI-FMM provides an alternative and competitive option, among other kernel-independent FMM algorithms, for an efficient application of the FMM, especially for applications where the kernel function consists of multi-physics and multi-scale components as those arising in recent studies of biological systems. We present the complexity analysis and demonstrate with experimental results the FKI-FMM performance in accuracy and efficiency.

This report represents a continuation of gravity work in the Cascade Mountains of Washington supported by the Division of Geology and Earth Resources since 1974. The purpose of this research has been collection of baseline gravity data for use in geothermal resource evaluation. Results of the Division's gravity studies to date are given in Danes and Phillips (1983a, 1983b). One of the problems encountered when analyzing gravity data is distinguishing between those parts of the data that represent geologic structures of interest, and those that do not. In many cases, the features of interest are relatively small, near-surface features, such as those sought in mineral, petroleum, or geothermal exploration. Gravity anomalies caused by such structures may be distorted or masked by anomalies caused by larger, deeper geologic structures. Gravity anomalies caused by relatively shallow, small geologic structures are termed residual anomalies. Those due to broad, deep-seated features can be described as regional anomalies. The purpose of this report is to describe a Fourier analysis method for separating residual and regional gravity anomalies from a complete Bouguer gravity anomaly field. The technique has been applied to gravity data from the Southern Cascade Mountains, Washington. Residual gravity anomaly maps at a scale of 1:250,000 are presented for various regional wavelength filters, and a power spectrum of the frequency components in the South Cascade gravity data is displayed. No attempt is made to interpret the results of this study in terms of geologic structures.

The Common Information Model (CIM) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61970 model contains transformers. However, the modeling was based on the needs and requirements defined primarily by the transmission users. Because the CIM has been expanded into distribution and the distribution control center, there is a need to review the transformer model and ensure that the needs and requirements of both transmission and distribution are defined and included. This report proposes method to model tra...

We show that two ways of manipulation of quantum entanglement, namely, entanglement-assisted local transformation [D. Jonathan and M. B. Plenio, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\\bf 83}, 3566 (1999)] and multiple-copy transformation [S. Bandyopadhyay, V. Roychowdhury, and U. Sen, Phys. Rev. A {\\bf 65}, 052315 (2002)], are equivalent in the sense that they can asymptotically simulate each other's ability to implement a desired transformation from a given source state to another given target state with the same optimal success probability. As a consequence, this yields a feasible method to evaluate the optimal conversion probability of an entanglement-assisted transformation.