Styles (and hence stylesheets) are used to modify the visual presentation of HTML elements. The current
version of cascading stylesheet specifications is CSS2, but CSS3 is in development.

Styles will be applied first using any inline styles (at the element level), then internal styles (page level), then
as specified in any external stylesheet/s (link, @import), and lastly using the browser’s default interpretation.

If it cannot find a style defined it will cascade to the next source, hence the term cascading stylesheet (CSS).

Styles can often be ‘inherited’ by the ‘child’ element of a ‘parent’ element – this is something you will find out
more about when you begin to use styles, as it can affect why styles sometimes don’t work as expected.

Web page structure and layout
When you begin marking up your page you first need to consider the structure of the document and semantics
(meaning) of the information, and then later consider its visual presentation. There are a number of tools for
creating/editing HTML files, from simple programs like Notepad (or Textedit for MAC), MS Word, web-based editors (as found in MyUni or the in-house TMS), up to WYSIWYG editors like Adobe Dreamweaver.
Page/document structure

HTML pages contain both unseen(metadata, info about the file or for the file) and visible
(the actual page content) data.

For detailed information on controlling the layout of these elements look up ‘CSS visual formatting model’.
Making connections – hypertext links

Anchor tags are used to link to other information or resources internally via ‘name’ or ‘id’
attributes and externally to a specified URL. Use the ‘title’ attribute to provide more information about the link.

A link can also initiate an email by using the ‘mailto:’ format, e.g. href=”mailto:person.name@domain”

Modifying text and appearance
Once the overall structure of your document is in place you can then look at how you can enhance it – semantically
and visually. Stylesheets and inline styles can be used to modify the appearance of individual or groups of elements.
Semantic html tags for text

You can use the tag to apply block-type styles while having it still display inline.

By using CSS selectors you can change multiple instances over a document, e.g. tag, class, id, name, div/id.

A key advantage of using stylesheets, apart from making changes to styling easier, is the ability to maintain consistency of appearance across a whole web site.

Understanding the box model

The box model describes the following properties for an enclosing ‘box’ on which styles can then be applied:
box (content, e.g. text – various properties apply), padding, border, margin. When setting styles for these
elements they are applied in the order – top, right, bottom, left.

The layout behaviour of block elements can be modified using CSS properties such as: float, clear, display,
position and z-index.

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