xine is a free multimedia player. It plays back CDs, DVDs, and VCDs. It also decodes multimedia files like AVI, MOV, WMV, and MP3 from local disk drives, and displays multimedia streamed over the Internet. It interprets many of the most common multimedia formats available--and some of the most uncommon formats, too. All those features come in a reusable library (xine-lib) which can easily be embedded in your applications.

LiVES is a simple to use yet powerful video
effects, editing, conversion, and playback system
aimed at the digital video artist and VJ. It runs under Linux, BSD, Mac OS X/Darwin, IRIX, and openMosix. It is frame and sample accurate, can handle
almost all types of video, and is fully extendable
through plugins and the included plugin builder
tool. It can also be controlled remotely using OSC.

Video Disk Recorder (VDR) is a digital satellite receiver program using Linux and DVB
technologies. It can record MPEG2 streams, as well as output the stream to TV.
It also supports plugins for DVD, DivX, or MP3 playback and more.

StreetSign is a digital signage system, originally written for the TeenStreet 2013 (Germany) youth congress. It works with a single server, and multiple client computers connect over the network. It is lightweight enough that a Raspberry PI can run as the server for smaller installations.

VLC media player is a multimedia player, framework, streamer, and encoder. It can play inputs like files, network streams, DVDs, audio CDs, Blu-Rays, capture devices, and screens. It can play most audio and video codecs and formats (MPEG 1/2/4, H264, VC-1, DivX, WMV, Vorbis, AC3, AAC, MKV, etc.), but can also be used to convert to different formats and/or send streams through the network.

MPlayer is a movie and animation player that supports a wide range of codecs and file formats, including MPEG 1/2/4, DivX 3/4/5, Windows Media 7/8/9, RealAudio/Video up to 9, Quicktime 5/6, and Vivo 1/2. It has many MMX/SSE(2)/3Dnow(Ex) optimized native audio and video codecs, but allows using XAnim's and RealPlayer's binary codec plugins, and Win32 codec DLLs. It has basic VCD/DVD playback functionality, including DVD subtitles, but supports many text-based subtitle formats too. For video output, nearly every existing interface is supported. It's also able to convert any supported files to raw/divx/mpeg4 AVI (pcm/mp3 audio), and even video grabbing from V4L devices.