Posts Tagged ‘home care’

MARCH 16, 2013 VOLUME 20 NUMBER 11
A colleague recently asked if we knew why long-term care insurance premiums might be climbing significantly in the next month or so. We didn’t, but it got us thinking about how the industry has changed over the past few years. Is it still a good idea to purchase insurance to cover possible costs of institutional or home care in the future? If so, who should be considering such policies, and what should they expect to pay?

First, the cost figures. The American Association for Long-Term Care Insurance, an industry trade group, conducts a survey of prices every year. The AALTCI’s 2013 figures were released, as it happens, this month. The short version: long-term care insurance costs have risen significantly in the past year. They calculate, for instance, that a 55-year old buying a typical policy might expect to pay $2,065 per year in premiums; the same policy last year would have cost $1,720. That’s about a 20% increase in cost, during a year where the general cost of living increased at something more like 2%.

Of course, your mileage may vary. If you are older or younger, married rather than single, or purchase a “richer” policy or one with less coverage, you might see a greater or lesser increase. But there’s no doubt that the cost of long-term care insurance has increased in the past year, continuing a trend of the past several years. Jane Bryant Quinn, a leading columnist for AARP Magazine, last year reported that premiums were up as much as 50% over the preceding five-year period.

More significant, perhaps, is the problem of a contracting market. Both buyers and insurance companies are leaving the long-term care insurance marketplace (though the number of new policies has rebounded somewhat since the economic downturn of five years ago).

So what’s happening to the marketplace? Historically low interest rates have the perverse effect of increasing insurance costs (since insurance companies are investing your premium dollars in order to generate income to pay future claims, costs of administration and profits). Life expectancies continue to increase, and uncertainty about the length of a policy-holder’s life makes actuaries a little twitchy — and conservative. Medical advances introduce the possibility of cures for some of the diseases that cut life expectancies short — and create the paradoxical possibility of extended nursing home stays. And, surprisingly, existing policyholders are not dropping their policies at the rate predicted years ago — meaning that more claims are being made on older policies than insurance companies anticipated. While most insurance products experience a “lapse” rate of about 5%, the figure for long-term care insurance is more like 1%. In short, the long-term care insurance industry is in trouble.

That might mean that long-term care insurance is more expensive, or harder to locate, but it doesn’t necessarily mean that consumers should avoid the product. The cost of long-term care can easily exceed $100,000 per year in a nursing home or in home care (in fact, home care is often more expensive than institutional placement).

It is, of course, impossible to predict which potential buyers will need long-term care insurance. But there are some generalizations about the purchasers of LTCI policies that might give some guidance — if only on the theory that the marketplace is wiser than individual buyers. Here are some observations about typical buyers and policies, drawn from the American Association for Long-Term Care Insurance reports and financial writers over the past few years:

The average age of new LTCI policy purchasers is dropping. Twenty years ago it was almost 70. Today it is below 60 (it was 59 in 2010-2011, according to America’s Health Insurance Plans, an insurance industry trade group).

Not too surprisingly, wealthier people buy more policies. The AHIP study reports that more than half of policies are purchased by people with incomes over $75,000 per year; more than three-quarters of all policies are owned by people with liquid assets of more than $100,000.

There is a correlation between education levels and policy purchases. Nearly three-quarters of long-term care insurance buyers are college-educated. For comparison purposes: about a quarter of all those over age 50 have college degrees.

Women and men buy long-term care insurance policies at rates almost exactly equal to their respective shares of the over-50 population. Married people buy policies at a slightly higher rate than their representation in the age group, and divorced, separated and widowed seniors are much less likely to purchase policies.

One of the significant drivers of cost of a particular LTCI policy: inflation protection. About three-quarters of policies sold in recent years include a provision for automatic increases in coverage — most of those provide for about a 3%/year increase, down from the 5%/year that was more common twenty years ago.

In 1990 nearly two-thirds of LTCI policies covered nursing home or institutional care only. Today almost all policies (95%) cover both nursing home and home care. But more than half of the more modern policies will still be exhausted if the buyer spends four years in a nursing home.

Does all this mean that you don’t have to worry about long-term care costs unless you are age 59, college-educated and earning an income of $75,000 or more? Of course not. In fact, it may be more important that you shop for insurance if you are younger and more solidly middle-class (as judged by your income and assets). You might have more to lose, and a harder time paying for nursing care you might end up needing. We urge you to talk with an insurance salesperson about long-term care coverage.

North Hollywood, California, elder law attorney Stuart Zimring knows what his clients want. “In my Elder Law practice,” he writes, “I have found that when I ask my clients (or their families) what they want more than anything, the answer is frequently ‘I want to stay at home. I don’t want to have to go to a nursing home or other kind of facility.’” Elder Law Issues asked Zimring, a nationally recognized authority on placement concerns, to provide some guidance for our subscribers and readers. Here is what Zimring wrote:

“Our senior population is fiercely independent and self-reliant. They (and we, their children, the baby boomers who will be ‘them’ in not too many years) value independence, the ability to go and do what we want when we want.

“But reality can impose boundaries on this independence. Whether it is physical limitations such as arthritis that make it difficult to grasp or manipulate cooking utensils, mental limitations such as short term memory lapses that cause us to forget that we were putting up a pot of tea, the reality of the aging process makes it desirable, if not imperative, for many of us to obtain assistance at home if we are going to continue to age in place.

“But where can we find this assistance? How do we make sure the persons we choose are honest and capable? What are our obligations to them as employers? How do we pay for these services?

What Kind of Help Do You Need?

“The threshold question before looking for assistance is to determine exactly what kind of assistance is required. It may ‘only’ be housekeeping once or twice a week. Or meal preparation once a day. Or transportation. Or companionship. Seniors with more serious needs may need assistance with some (but not all) of the ‘activities of daily living’ such as bathing, dressing, toileting, eating, medicating and/or ambulating. Obviously, someone who requires assistance with most of these ‘ADLs’ requires a significantly higher level of care than someone who just needs help keeping the house clean.

“The point here is that the senior (and her family) may not be in a position to objectively assess what services are necessary. Thus, the first step may be to retain the services of an experienced Geriatric Care Manager to do an assessment and recommendation of what is required. Various local aging organizations provide these services. They can be located through the state agency responsible for aging issues [in Arizona, the Department of Economic Security’s Aging and Adult Administration, at www.de.state.az.us/links/aaa/]. Also, the National Geriatric Care Managers Association website (www.caremanager.org) can be used to locate professionals in the area.

“Once the level of assistance has been ascertained, the next step is to locate the right person. Simply put, there are two ways to do this: Work through an agency, or employ the person yourself. There are pros and cons to both approaches.

“Again, to put it simply, there are two kinds of agencies that can be utilized. The first, an ‘employment’ agency, will generally pre-screen candidates, acting as an initial filter for you. Some are better than others. With respect to services to the senior population, some social service agencies perform services like this (in the Los Angeles area, Jewish Family Service of Los Angeles has its A+ Total Care division which screens prospective aides, gives them some training on an ongoing basis, and then matches its people to meet the senior’s criteria). Domestic agencies may do minimal training and screening, but basically they are simply going to refer a number of potential candidates to the senior, leaving the hiring decision to the senior or her family. These agencies charge a fee for their service, usually calculated as a percentage of the salary of the employee.

“The other kind of agency actually furnishes the aide. He or she is an employee of the agency. The hiring process is similar, in that a number of candidates will be sent out for interviews and the senior allowed to choose the one she wants. However, in this scenario the aide remains an employee of the agency rather than of the senior.

How to Find Assistance

“Another source is ‘word of mouth.’ It is trite but often true that everyone ‘knows someone.’ It pays to talk to friends in the community, church or synagogue members, senior center participants and other social groups. Unfortunately, as we move through this continuum called ‘aging’ our needs change. Someone’s father may now be in a nursing home and the aide who assisted him at home for several years may now be looking for work. These kinds of referrals (whether they are of individuals or agencies) are often the best.

“Speaking of referrals: always, always, always get references and do not hesitate to talk to all of them!

“One of the most frequently asked questions is ‘should I hire the aide myself or pay the agency?’ The simple answer in my opinion is that if it is economically feasible, let the agency be the employer. It is more expensive (some-times a little, sometimes a lot) but there are a number of advantages. The biggest advantage: if the aide doesn’t show up for work, it is the agency’s responsibility, not yours, to see that someone is there. Taxes, worker’s compensation insurance, all the minutiae of being an employer are someone else’s problem. But one generally pays for this luxury.

“Unfortunately, there is very little government assistance in most states for non-skilled or custodial care. Medicare will provide some home health assistance in certain circumstances on an intermittent, non-recurring basis, but not full time. Medicaid assistance [managed in Arizona by ALTCS—the Arizona Long Term Care System] may be available for services related to ‘activities of daily living,’ or ADLs, but again on a limited basis. However, this kind of assistance, usually referred to as Home and Community Based Services (HCBS) or In Home Supportive Services (IHSS), is usually limited to low income families such as those receiving SSI and, unfortunately, may provide only minimal financial assistance at best. The Department of Veterans Affairs provides a range of home health benefits for eligible veterans, especially those who are combat veterans and who are disabled (whether or not the disability is service related).

“Older long term care insurance policies (the first generation of ‘nursing home’ policies) generally did not provide any residential care benefits. However, today’s policies frequently include various kinds of in-home benefits such as respite care, homemaker services, adult day care coverage and the like. Benefits are usually tied to the number of ADLs that are adversely impacted.

“When looking into the availability of governmental or insurance benefits, the senior and/or her family should never assume that benefits are not available. It is always better to ask, apply for benefits and then, if denied, ask ‘why?’ Where appropriate, an elder law attorney should be consulted. It may well be that when pushed, the local agency or insurance carrier may reconsider its initial denial.

“The specter of losing one’s independence is frightening and depressing. Effectively utilizing aides and assistance can facilitate our aging in place, maintaining our independence and dignity. The costs involved (including the cost of competent legal advice) are usually a small price to pay.”

Mr. Zimring’s advice and suggestions are entirely relevant to securing and monitoring home care outside his own Los Angeles, California, area. Elder Law Issues thanks Mr. Zimring for sharing his expertise with our readers in Arizona, California and around the country.