Numidas insequentes moenibus pro- hibuit: The Etruscans had been spoiled and massacred by Sulla, for their adherence to the Marian party. They had risen against the Senate immediately after Sulla's death, when Lepidus headed a movement against the existing government. Ea potestas per senatum, more Eomano, magistratui Etruria et omnes reliquiae belli ar- rectaj. See Cicero, in Catil. Consul convocato Senatu refert quid de his fieri placeat qui in custo- diam traditi erant: The decree which followed was given on xi.

See Fiseher's Roi- mische Zeittafeln. This, it will be seen, was some days before the meet- ing in Porcius Lieca s house, and the attempt to murder the consid. Post paucos dies L. JVIanlium arma ce- pisse, cum magna multitudine, ante diem vi. Ob- serve the place which maxima holds in this sentence, removed from its sub- stantive, and give it a pregnant sense: This was equiva- lent to giving the consuls dictatorial power, and was far more convenient to the nobles than creating a dictator, which they had not ventured to do for years, except in the case of SuUa.

Ordinarily the consul exercised no military imperium within the city, but only in the camp: The meaning of the passage is: Properly it means the decree of the curies, by which, in early times, the imperiuni was conferred upon the kings, and after the establishment of the repub- lic, upon the consuls, posterior to their election by the centuries.

In process of time this became a mere form. But the phrase niay be used loosely for the election itself, by which the consul became virtually invested with the jus juris dicendi, and jus imperandi beyond the walls. Sallust means perhaps to reserve to the people the right of extending this jus in extreme cases to paramount authority within the city; which however tliey never ventured to claim, though they strongly objected to its exercise by the senate.

This ancient form of the genitive is sanctioned by Nonius, viii. Ci- cero praises his courage and military skill, in Pison. Marcius and Martius are probably the same words, as Poreius, Accius, nun- cius, etc, are written indiiferently Portius, Attius, nuntius. This com- mon sui stitution of c for t shews that t before i was pronounced soft. Ea, meaning Apulia, would make the pas- sage absurd.

Loca is governed by in. These words are to be connected together: Asconius explains the phrase, Act. This man, who was prajtor a. Pompeius, in that year sole con- sul. Pontifices saeri proconsular government of Africa. Hence the us, were Aulus and Quintus ; those of name, which is an abbreviation of se- the Strabones, Cna;us and Sextus.

It stands man houses. Quibus rebus permota civitas, atque im- mutata urbis facies erat: The large numbers of these gladiators collected, particularly at Capua, be- came an object of alarm to the go- vernment in times of disturbance.

On this occasion their schools were dis- persed in various towns as a measure of precaution. The inferior magistrates were elected by the co- mitia tributa, the superior by the centuriata.

The tribunes of the people were not strictly magistrates. The establishment of the watch is mentioned by Cicero, in Catil. Augustus first instituted a re- gular police, cohors vigiluni, in Rome. Gracchis cupidine victoria haud satis moderatus animus fuit.

Ci- cero, ad Div. A law de ri, i. Plautius Sylvanus, a tribune of the plebs, A. It made the offence of wearing arms in the city, and occupying the public places with an armed force, capital, in the Roman sense, i. He was proscribed by the triumvirs, but escaped death. In such cases the harder construction is generally to be pre- ferred, as the more likely to have been altered by the transcribers.

Sallusthere refei-s to the first speech against Catiline. Sallust does not pretend to give Ci- cero's speeches, because they were published by himself. Jugurtha ut erat impigro atque acri ingenio. This is an unjust sarcasm on Cicero, who was a genuine citizen of Rome ; but the ] roud patrician sneers at the plebeians generally, as an adventitious class. But more particu- larly to traitors against the state, slayers of their country.

Just as a conflagration may be extinguished by the falling or pulling down of the house. Cicero, pro Murena, 25, cites the same phrase as used by Catiline: This reply, according to Cicero, was made not to himself, but to Cato, who probably had foUowed him in the debate. Sed Cethego atque Lentulo, ceterisque quorum cognoverat promp- tam audaciam, mandat, quibus rebus possent, opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli maturent, csedem incendia, aliaque belli facinora parent: It was a common heading for proclamations.

Nemo ex hoc numero mihi non dona- tus abibit. The same double con- struction with gen. This was called unci- arium fenus, the uncia being jgth of the as. This was reduced to one half by the consuls Manlius and Plautius, A. These enact- ments were generally disregarded: Quinas hic capiti mercedes exsecat.

But the passage in the text refers more particularly to the lex PiEtelia Papiria, a. At aii earlier period the creditor had power not only to confine his debtor, but to sell him into slavery. Gellius under- stood this law literally, and it has generally been interpreted accord- ingly.

Some, however, maintain that the sectio refers only to a division of the debtor's eflfects. Perhaps it was a rude way of expressing the idea of strict retribution, like the provisions of the ]Mahometan law of retaliation, not meant to be actually enforced. The prietor ur- banus was the principal judge in all civil processes, and the poor debtors complained that he favoured their wealthier creditors.

In the edictum which he issued on assuming his office he declared the principles on which he should administer justice, and frequently trenched upon the provisions of actual law. G , thoucrh niany ]MSS. Observe that nostri, vestri are genitives sing. On the other hand, amor nostri, where being or condition, negotii, may be imderstood. So where nos is tlie sub- ject, pars nostrum amat: The silver coin, the sesteriius, was paid with the brass coin, the as. Tliis re- fers to an adjustment of debts made by the government in the year u.

Fabio Maximo dictatore asses unciales facti, placuit- que denarium sedecim assibus permu- tari, sestertium quaternis. On three or more oc- casions the plebs removed in a body from the city. They were prevailed upon to return by con- cessions accorded them by the pairi- cians. Observethe change of construction. Massilia, the modern Marseilles, was founded by the Phocaans Thuc.

The Roman province bein"' governed by proconsuls sent there by the oligarchical party, and all their influence brought to bear upon the allies of the republic, Mas- silia beeame firmly attached to the senate ; and Catiline, in pretending to choose it for his place of exile, inti- mated that he was falsely accused of hostility to the ruling faction.

Exile among the Romans was banishment to a place beyond the direct control of the commonwealth, but any allied city was allowed to receive exiles, however near it might be to Rome. Gradually all the free states were ab- sorbed into the provinces, and there ceased to be any place of asylum for exiles within the frontiers of the em- pire.

He was the most illustrioiis of the oligarchical party both in rank and reputation. Catulus vvas of the Lutatian, properly Luctatian, getis. Some suppose there to be a Deus Fidius, from a passage in Plautus, Asin. Cortius ob- serves that status is the position a man holds, gradus that which he seeks, therefore proposes to substitute the latter for the former here; on the supposition that status dignitatis means the consulship which Catiline failed to ohtain.

It refers, however, to the position which Catiline already occupied. Catilina, pecu- niarum repetundarum reus, prohibitus erat consulatum petere. Obtinere ; to hold, keep, preserve. Sumptum, which occurs here in some MSS.

Reate, in the country of the Sabines, was far to the right. This was accordingly an usurp- ation of official rank ; as Plutarch says in his life of Cicero, c. The word meant originally no more than " strangers," comp.

Cui tolerare colo vitam tenuique Minerva. Thus Crassus, after the defeat of Spar- tacus, when suing for the consulship, A. G83, feasted the Roman people at ten thousand tables. Public largesses had been given occasionally, and C, Gracchus introduced the sale of corn at low fixed prices to the citizens; but M. Cato first advised a regular gratui- tous distribution, in the hope of with- drawing the needy citizens from the influence of the demagogues.

The largess five bushels, Sall. The families of the proscribed were incapacitated for holding public office by a Lex Cor- nelia, a. The rehabilitation of these persons was agitated for many years; defeated by Cicero in his con- sulship; and at last eflfected by Cae- sar as dictator.

Among the principal measures of SuUa for curbing the pretensions of the Marian or popular party at Rome, and securing to the senate the administra- tion of aflfairs, was the restriction he placed upon the prerogative of the tribunes of the plebs. Tribu- norum plebis potestatem minuit et omne jus ferendarum legum ademit. The ancient right of intercessio, or a veto on motions in the senate, still remained to them.

All these prerogatives were restored by a Lex Pompeia, in the year above raentioned. Pompeius tribuniciam po- testatem restituit, cujus Sulla imagi- nem sine re reliquerat. Properly adolescen- tia extended from 15 to 30 years of age. But the term was frequently applied to persons of more advanced age.

In this place liomines adolescentes may be rendered "rising men;" that is, men who were beginning to become im- portant political characters. Hi magistratus, provincias, aliaque omnia tenere: Tlie " maritime war" was that against the Cilician pirates, who infested the whole of the Mediterra- nean, and often made descents on land, even in Italy.

Gabinius, a crea- ture of Pompey, proposed a law for conferring upon him extraordinary coramand for their suppression, a. The speed and efficiency with which Pompey put down these ma- rauders was deservedly celebrated. The "Mithridatic war" was the long contest waged by the republic against Mithridates, the renowned king of Pontus. Sulla had defeated, and was supposed to have crushed him ; but he rose again, and wrested the province of Asiafrom the Ilomans. Lucullus again defeated him, but he was still unconquered ; and at last, at the motion of Manilius, the Roman people appointed Pompey to carry on the war against him, with full powers throughout the eastern possessions of the republic.

This extraordinary com- mission was regarded by the senate with great jealousy. It was appre- hended that Pompey would never consent to return to Rome as a pri- vate man.

Nevertheless, after the suc- cessful completion of his task, and the addition of extensive provinces to the empire, he disbanded his legions, and was content to be the first citizen in the free state.

But he afterwards re- pented, and tried, by a league with Caesar and Crassus, the first triuravi- rate, to acquire a more decided su- premacy in the commonwealth. The Manilian law was carried a. Gens unica terras Incolit a sa;vo serpentum innoxia morsu. Innoxiu3 ab injuria pecorum.

I put [que] iii brackets as suspicious, tliough sup- ported by the MSS. Tliere is great confusion in this passage. Fuere tamen extra conjurationem complures, qui ad Catilinam in- itio profecti sunt: FulviusS senatoris filius; quem, retractum ex itinere, parens necari jussit. Disappoint- ed candidates, especially if they were tribunes, excited the people against their rulers ; but by an unscrupuloua use of ihe judicia, the magistrates, se- cure themselveSjterrified them into mo- deration.

Placidius tractarent, "keep them quiet," as opposed to accenderent or exagitarent. But this sense is ques- tionable. Flacidius tractarent should rather mean, " treat with kindness: Catualda, dubiis rebus ejus, ultionem ausus. So rebus2Jei'ditis, rebus secundis, etc. The reading novandi is supported by some MSS.

The father, by the old Roman law, had power of life and death over his child up to any age. Instances are given of parents calling their rela- tions together and sitting in judgment on their sons for public crimes. But this right had become obsolete, and its exercise would not have been en- dured in this case, but for the preju- dice of the government against Cati- line and his abettors. The Allo- broges, a tribe between the Khone and Isere, had sent envoys to Rome to complain of the exactions of the provincial government, and to sue for a remission of their public debts.

They had been with difficulty con- quered, and had more than once re- volted. Cicero says of them, in CatiL iii. Fabius INIaximus obtained the surname Allobrogicus for his vic- tory over them as far back as a.

The negotiator was generally a money-lender. IUe eos in domum D. Prseterea Gabinium accer- sit, quo major auctoritas sermoni inesset: Sed AUobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam consilii caperent. Hsec illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna reipublicae. For the construction comp. Ex eo numero compliires Q. Hence we may infer that this Fabius inherited the office of patronus from the con- queror Fabius AUobrogicus. The conjunction is found in all the MSS.

At this time the repub- lic possessed two provinces named Gaul: The hither province was divided into Cis- padane and Transpadane, with refer- ence to the river Po Padus which intersected it. The western peninsu- lar extremity of Italy was called Brut- tium: So, Bruttia saxa, Pers. This emendation for Citeriore is rendered necessary by the statement of Cicero that Murena was in the transalpine province.

Metellus Celer was in the cisalpine or hither province. A lieutenant of the imperator, or governor of a province. Sometimes the governor being himself absent deputed his charge to a legatus. But in this case the legatus was sent by the Senate itself, and no proconsul appointed. Boc- chus cum peditibus It is generally used technically of legal proceedings. It was the policy of the conspirators to pretend that Cicero had got up a false rumour of a plot in order to drive innocent men away from the city.

It seems that ISI. Brutus in writing an account of these transactions used this same ex- pression, optimus consul, with refer- ence to Cicero's part in them.

Opti' mus was itself a hearty and genial word, and occurs in the most compli- mentary descriptions. Optimus hic et forniosissiraus idem gentis patriciae. Cicero himself uses it of Pansa ; consul fortissimus atque optimus. The tribunes were to enter upon their office the lOth of that month.

But Cicero's vigilance anticipated this design. He got the conspirators exe- cuted December 5. Plutarch doubt- less exaggerates when he says that the conspirators assigned a hundred dif- ferent places to be fired at the same time. Catilina's ad- herents were mostly young men. Cicero calls them, libidinosa et deli- cata juventus jad Att. Of the proscriptions of the second triumvirate Velleius remarks: Id tamen notandum, fuisse in proscriptos uxorum fidem Buramam, libertorum mediam, servo- rum aliquam, filiorum nullam.

This was a covert suggestion to arm slaves, whieh was too atrocious a design to be com- mitted to writing, though recommend- ed, as we see immediately afterwards, orally. Probably neither author cared to quote with perfect accuracy.

No reliance whatever can be placed on Sallust saying just above, quarum ex- emplum infra scriptum. The same whom Cicero defended upon a charge of malversation in the province of Asia. Pomptinius ; or Pomtinus. His family were probably of Suessa Pometia, in Latium, whence the paludes PomptintE derived their name. This Pomptinius succeeded Murena in Transalpine Gaul, and eflfected the final pacification of the Allobroges, over whom he triumphed, a. The Mulvian, or Milvian bridge perhaps, from M. The great battle between Constantine and Maxentius a.

It is now called Ponte Molle: A bridge would be a con- venient spot for interceptingtravellers. At such a point it was more diffieult to escape. Being narrow, and gene- rally with a considerable elevation, carriages would slacken their pace at them. Beggars and loiterers infested them, and waylayers might keep a look out from them without exciting suspicion.

It was built by Camillus, and commemorated the restoration of concord between the senate and peo- ple. Four hundred and fifteen members divided at a full meeting. Allowance must be made for the number of se- nators engaged in the provincial ad- ministration. The meetings were held in the cella, or interior chamber of the temple comp. Autronium, Servium Sul- lam, L. Vargunteium, multos praeterea in ea conju- ratione esse.

He had only heard the names of a few indi- viduals among them. Kritz explains it, se praeterquam quod legatos sciat conjurationis participes esse nuUam plane ex conjuratis nosse: Certain volumes so called, containing predic- tions regarding the destinies of the republic, were kept in custody of spe- cial officers called Quindecimvirs, and formed an important engine of state.

Many other vaticinations, pretending to the authority of the Sibyls, were current among the citizens, and it is to some of these probably that Len- tulus referred. The emperor Augus- tus found these inipostures such a nuisance to the government that he caused a pretended authentic compila- tion to be made, and gave all the rest he could coUect to the flames.

Cornelius Cinna, a leader of the popular party during the absence of Sulla in the east a. He was consul a. Being driven out of Rome by his colleague Octavius, he retumed with a military force, took the city, and exacted a proscription of the aristocratic party. Hewaseven- tually killed in a mutiny of his own soldiers whom he was leading against Sulla. It wasagain burnt in the con- test of the Vitellian and Flavian sol- diers. Lac- tantius says that, up to his time, in the fourth century, it had been fre- quently destroyed by lightning.

Statilius cognovit signum et manum suam. Gallio retrahitur in urbem custoditurque domibus magis- tratuum. Spinther means, a bracelet. Lentulus is said to have derived his surname from his similarity to a certain actor of the day so called.

The lower or- ders contemplated the plunder of the city with little alarm, inasmuch as they had no possessions but what they carried in their hands or wore on their backs: Sed iisdem temporibus Q. Calpurnius Piso, consul G87, proconsul of the further Gaul ; defended by Cicero when accused of extortion in his province. He is to be distinguished from L. Cal- purnius Piso Ca? C9G, and father-in-law of Caesar, a great enemy of Cicero.

Pupius Piso, and Cn. Calpurnius Piso, contemporary nobles. See above, note on ch. It is probable that both were equally aware of the machinations in progress, and disposed to regard with satisfaction a movement which would harass, if not overthrow, the government of the oligarchy. But it is not likely that eitherof them was directly implicated.

Caesar was named as an accomplice the foUowing year by L. Vettius, a man of bad character, whose accusa- tion would have been treated with contempt, but that, being thrown into prison on another account about the same time, he was found dead in his bed, which gave occasion to odious suspicions.

An inhabitant of the part of the Cisalpine province be- yond the Po. Caesar was patron of this people, and as such had impeached Piso.

Ca- tulus had ofFered himself as a can- didate for the high-priesthood in the year , but was opposed, much to his mortification, by Caesar, then comparatively young and little known. The people, who had the appointment, elected their favourite. Caesar atthis time was Caesar beneficiis atque mu- nificentia magnus habebatur But money was at all times freely lent him by the wealthy men of his party, who expected to be amply repaid on his advancement to the highest offices.

Caesar en- gaged Cicero to come forward and declare that he had been actually the first to revealthe existence of the plot to him; and the senate decreed that the reward assigned to Curius should be taken from him, and handed over to the prior informant. This refers to the clause following: For ihe circumstance comp. He wonders, however, if this were true, why Cicero did not mention it in the history of his consulship. This outrage, however, caused great indignation among the people, who on a subsequent occasion, when Caesar defended himself in the senate, and was ill received there, sur- rounded the curia with loud outcries, and insisted on his being dismissed ia safety.

Upon the occasion of Cicero's second Catili- narian oration Nov. The other conspirators, on being con- victed of correspondence with them, fell under the same sentence. He succeed- ed to the consulship in the following year, with Murena. He was married to Cato's half sister, Servilia. The consul designatus, elected but not yet entered upon his office, was usually asked his opinion first by the actual consul.

Tibe- rius exemit Drusum, consulem desig- natum, dicendae primo loco sententiee. He had proposed tliat the question of punish- ment should stand over for the pre- sent, probably till the issue of the con- test with Catilina; the culprits being kept in custody during the interval: There was much irregularity in the ordcr in wliich opinions were demanded in the senate.

At the conclusion of the de- bate, the groups thus assembled were counted. The consul usually called first upon one of the consuls-desig- nate, next upon the consulars, the praetors, and other high magistrates. But he was not bound to any particu- lar order ; and in the present case we find Catulus, a consuhir, speaking af- ter Ca'sar, who was pra.

But whatever order the consul as- signed at the commencement of his term of office, he was expected to maintain throughout. Caesar's vio- lating this usage, in his own consul- ship, was remarked upon. On this occasion it seems that Crassus was not present, otherwise Sallust, or Cicero himself, would undoubtedly have recorded liis opinion. He was indignant, perhaps, at the suspicion of complicity cast upon him. Many of the senators ab- stained from attending, from various motives. Magna mihi copia est memo- randi, Patres conscripti, qui reges atque populi, ira aut misericordia impulsi, male consuluerint: Perses, or Perseus, the last of tlie liings of Mace- donia, was subdued by L.

The state of Rhodes became famous as the greatest maritime power of the eastern Medi- terranean, after the fall of Athens in the fourth century b. It had proved itself a faithful ally of the Ro- mans in the war with Antiochu? In the Macedonian war it in- clined to the other side, or, at least, trimmed between the two. The Romans did not turn their arms upon theni, and over- throw their commonwealth: No Iloman citizen could, in strict lavv, be con- demned to death, except by a vote of the people.

On the other hand, the senate by the a pointment of a dicta- tor, or by investing the consuls with SUtnniary powers, by a senatus-con- sultum ultinium, i. The j eopIe alvvays regarded these strctches of prerogative as illegal en- croathments, and in the sequel de- clared, at the instigation of the tri- bune Clodius, that Cicero had com- mitted a judicial murder in executing the conspirators by virtue of a decree of the senate.

He goes on to prove the same from the combination of ego a. Bentley maintained, however, that the use of equidem was confined at least to the first person singular down to the time of Nero: Equidem then is best explained as a stronger form of quidem, the e being an intensive particle, as in edurus, egelidus, or enim, ecastor.

Donald- son's Varronianus, p. See Bentley on Ter. Ac- cordingly read in Pers. Haud equ'em immerito Cautum; Virg. An, quia gra- GeoT. Ilaud equ'em, credo, quia sit divinitus illis. But it is not likely that this vulgar contraction would be admitted in heroic poetry; and it is better to consider the e short, as in etiim.

The various constructions in which equidem occurs may be seen in the following. A remarkable avowal of materialism in the Chief Pontiflf of the national religion. Cicero himself only ventures, iu opposition to this opinion, to allude to the belief of the ancients as a conve- nient check to crime: The Porcian law, proposed by P. Porcius Laeca, a tri- bune of the plebs, a. Porcia lex sola pro tergo civium lata videtur, quod gravi poena, si quis verberasset necassetve civem Roma- num, sanxit.

A citizen brought on a capital charge before the people might decline a trial by withdrawing into banishment. The lex Sempronia of C. Gracchus also forbade the ma- gistrate pronouncing a capital sen- tence aga nst a citizen without first obtaining the sanction of the people.

Profecto virtus atquc sapientia major in illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum imperium fecere, quam in nobis, qui ea bene parta vix retinemus. The da- tive of the thing, instead of the person, which is more usual with invidere.

The Komans were proud of the mildness of tlieir laws in regard to their own citizens, whicli they considered the mark of a free and liberal constitution.

At Athens, citizens were liable to capital punishment, which was frequently inflicted on slight grounds, tliough the mode of death, by administering a draught of hemlock, was studiously mild.

Leges is omitted by some MSS. Illi mihi disseruisse videntur de poena eorum, qui patriie, paren- in Catil. It appears that the Ivoman government allowed so much independence to the municipal ad- ministrations, that they might liave refused to undertake the confine- ment of these prisoners. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatera, si im- perare velis ; difficultatem, si ro- gas.

The Porcian was a plebeian gens, but of ancient no- bility. Cato the censor was great grandfather of the Cato here men- tioned, who is distinguished from him by the surname of Uiicemis, from the place of his death.

He was born, a. Accordingly, he was at this time 32 years of age. He had not yet served any high office, and was only beginning to become known in tlie political world.

The uncompro- mising opinions he expressed on this occasion marked him out as a leader for the nobles, Avho were dissatis- fied with Pompeius and Crassus, and disdained Cicero for his obscure ori- gin. Cicero cha- racterizes Cato's speech on this occa- sion in his pleading for Sestius, c.

Sed, pcr dcos immortales! Non agi- tur de vcctigakbus, nequc de sociorum injuriis: The best opi- nion seems to be that both these words refer to the citizens' private dwellings; the ara being the altar of the Penatcs, in the central court of the house im- phivium , the focus the hearth in the hall atrium around which the little images of the Lares wereranged. In dubio vitje nostra Corinna jacet. Bene O' to forgive, i. Hic mihi Fufius pacis commoda commemorat. Some editions make the sentence in- terrogative.

Quare ita ego censeo: When it was proposed, in the reign of Nero, that Antistius should be executed more majorum, it was ursjed that the sentence should LIII. Sciebam saepe- numero parva manu cum magnis legionibus hostium contendisse: Ac mihi multa agi- be commuted to banishment: Adsido, accurrunt servi, soccos de- tralmnt.

The de- cree is said to have been made in ac- cordance with Cato's opinion, not as if he had been the only speaker on that side, but because his speech was the most effective, and had evidently carned the point.

See Cicero to At- ticus, xii. Cicero's policy, whereas M. Brutus, in writing a panegyric on his uncle Cato, had made it appear as if the capital punishment had been Cato's original suggestion. Much weight cannot be given to Brutus's authority on this point, but it is in some degree corroborated by the silence of Sallust, regarding the part which Cicero claimed in the business.

Tlie Carcer, a public prison, under the east- ern side of the Capitoline hill, -vvas built by Ancus, and enlarged by Ser- vius Tullius. This place now exists, and is used as a chapel to a church built over it, in honour of the supposed imprisonment there of St Peter. Formerly crimi- nals were let down into it by a hole in the chamber above. But the phrase ubi ascenderis, seems to imply some common passengers' route, and refers, probably, to the ascent of the street in which the carcer stood, from the for m, which agrees with the existing localities.

Marius jubet tubicines siniul omnes signa canere. But this subject and object are rarely expressed together. Marius in exercitu habu- isse dicebatur. At ex altera parte C. Antonius, pedi- cornicines occinuerunt. But it is more common to meet with the phrase in the text. Caesar primum suo deinde omnium e conspectu remotis equis, ut a? Plutarch gives him the name of Furius. Tacitus sometimes adds the object.

Antonius is sur- mised to have feigned sickness, to escape the necessity of fighting with Catiline, in whose designs he may have been partly implicated. The same who was joined in command with Afranius, as a legatus of Pompey in Spain, and was there defeated by Caesar, a.

He caused himself to be killed in single combat with Juba, king of Nu- midia, after the disastrous battle of Thapsus. TumuliuSf a sudden occasion of peril from a fo- reign foe, when the ordinary rules of service are suspended, and the citizens generally liable to be called out for the defence of the state.

There were six of these to each legion. In early times they commanded the legion successively day by day, and even at this period a tribune might still be ealled by courtesy, the commander of a legion. Horace, at the age of 22, joined the army of M. Brutus in Greece, and was appointed a tribunus.

He savs of himself: Quod mihi pare- ret legio Romana tribuno. It is im- possible that so young and obscure a man could have been actual com- mander of a legion. The commander of the auxiliary horse, appointed by the imperator from among his Roman officers.