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Younger Drivers May Benefit From Training that Targets Hazard Anticipation

May 14, 2010

A new study finds that young drivers can be trained to recognize and avoid hazardous situations when driving, thereby reducing their risk of accidents.

Researchers from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, have developed and evaluated a PC-based training program that would help younger drivers better anticipate potential hazards on the open road.

The researchers include Anuj K. Pradhan, Ph.D., and Donald L. Fisher, Ph.D., of the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; Alexander Pollatsek, Ph.D., of the Department of Psychology; and Michael Knodler, Ph.D., of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

“Younger drivers are over-involved in crashes,” states co-author Fisher, director of the Human Performance Laboratory at the university. “We determined in previous research that a major reason for this over-involvement is their failure to scan areas of the roadway for information about potential risks in hazardous situations,” he explains. “In this study, we wanted to determine if a PC-based, one-hour training program would increase the likelihood that younger drivers anticipated hazards; not only on a driving simulator, but also out on the open road.”

Twenty-four younger drivers (ages 18-21) participated in the study. Prior to any on-road driving, half of the drivers participated in a Risk Awareness and Perception Training (RAPT) program, developed at the University (for more information visit http://www.ecs.umass.edu/hpl). The PC-based training-program contains nine driving scenarios with a potential risk of a collision with another vehicle or pedestrian. The remaining 12 drivers did not participate in the training.

Following the training, researchers measured the eye movements each of the participants as they drove a vehicle for 16 miles on local residential, feeder and arterial roads. The researchers had identified areas of the drive that contained potential hazards that were both similar (near transfer) and dissimilar (far transfer) to those in the RAPT program. For safety purposes, the vehicles used for the investigation were equipped with a secondary braking system. A certified driving instructor sat in the passenger seat of the car and could operate and the secondary braking system if necessary.

From the data obtained from the experiment, the researchers found that the trained drivers were significantly more likely to gaze at areas of the roadway that contained information relevant to the reduction of risks (64.4 percent) than were the untrained drivers (37.4 percent). Importantly, the findings revealed large and significant training effects even in situations on the road that were quite different from those shown in training (far transfer).

“Our findings provide some of the first solid evidence that younger teen drivers can increase hazard anticipation behaviors in an actual driving situation with very little training,” says Fisher. “It remains to be seen whether the increase in safety-related behaviors observed immediately after training lasts for an extended period of time, and more importantly, whether it actually leads to a reduction in crashes. We hope to expand upon our research in this area.”

The researchers published a paper of their results, “Can Younger Drivers Be Trained to Scan for Information That Will Reduce Their Risk in Roadway Traffic Scenarios That Are Hard to Identify as Hazardous?” The paper, published in Ergonomics (Vol. 52, No. 6, p.p. 657-673, June 2009), discusses a scientific investigation aimed to reduce the risk of vehicle crashes for younger drivers (18-21 years).

They subsequently received the 2010 Liberty Mutual Award for their scientific paper. The award was presented at the recent Annual Conference of the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors (formerly the Ergonomics Society) held at Keele University in Staffordshire, United Kingdom. The Best Paper Award promotes excellence in safety and health research. The annual award, established in 2005 by the Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and the UK Institute for Ergonomics and Human Factors, recognizes the paper published in the journal Ergonomics that best contributes to the advancement of ergonomics. The editors of Ergonomics, in conjunction with the Institute’s Honors Committee, select the winner from all of the papers published in the journal over the given year. All papers published in the journal are considered.