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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 2 The Outlook Focus: modeling aspects, minimal technical details (the rest – in the paper) Why to model negotiation? In a generic way? –YU.Inc scenario – the example (quite a generic case) –Negotiations on Who is (becomes) Who in Yu.Inc Framework to model negotiations illustrated by Yu.Inc Outline of the usage (engineering design, no politics) Conclusions and future work

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 4 Yu.Inc The Adventure of Coalition Formation Ms. Jolie of Jolie Corp 28% of shares Mr. Yu The Founder 22% of shares Family Business has to be efficient! Need the team of executives Coalition with control package, CEO, CFO, The Board of Trustees, Mr. Yahhoo of Yahhoo Corp 38% of shares - Im the most influential and efficient - Was the CEO before - Ready to collaborate - Shall dominate the coalition - Can guarantee 12-16% growth in sales - My opposition will destabilize the Co - Hey, dear, you promised me the CEOs chair - He wont disturb us if we have Santa - Shall we appoint Santa as CFO? - Well, I was the CEO and want want want it again - You know, Ill do whatever you say, … effectively Mr. Santa of Santa Corp 11% of shares - Well, Im loosing influence, indeed - Im still professional, employees like me and trust me - Honesty is my dominant feature - I can be the CEO if you support me - I can be the CFO - My 11% may become an important thing on the table

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 6 Negotiation Party Participant of the NP An Actor, representing him/her-self or the group –Has beliefs about the other parties –Assumed to be rational: –Will not act in a way or agree upon an outcome which lowers own Utility –Even if this outcome may bring extra utility to the other Parties Plays the Role in the NP –Negotiation Roles frame out the goals, the commitments, and the strategies of the parties Negotiation Process Negotiation Role Negotiation Party Negotiation Mechanism Negotiation Outcome has resultsIn takesPartIn affectedBy plays Actor Belief permits

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 7 Utility Represents rational motivations of Negotiation Parties A Utility Function assigns a number for every possible Negotiation Outcome –The higher the number – the more preferred the outcome is –Ordinal UF – only the relative rankings are important, but no quantity is actually being measured –Id prefer to become the CEO much (57.25%) more than to become the CFO –Cardinal UF – quantities are measured –My valuation of the CEOs chair is 3,000 Utility Units (UU) Are used in Negotiation Strategies to reason about possible Negotiation Outcomes Is not money, broader, a useful analogy Problem: all the Parties to use the same measure and units

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 8 Negotiation Role Behavior pattern of a Permissible Participant of a Negotiation Process Shapes out: –The configuration of the partys Negotiation Strategy –The attitudes to the other parties –Attitude – pre-disposition to collaboration with the other parties A Party (playing one Role) is eager to collaborate with another Party (playing another Role) if their goals are coherent Goal Coherence Negotiation Role Negotiation Party Permissible Participant Negotiation Strategy adheresTo 0…* uses permits Negotiation Protocol plays interactsIn shapesOut Those elected by the founders The representatives of: - J.Corp - S. Corp - Y. Corp

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 9 Negotiation Goal(s): The goal pursued by a Negotiation Party in the Negotiation Process The state of affairs which: –May be reached in the Negotiation Process –Is specified in the terms of the true valuations of the Negotiation Issues comprising the Negotiation Set –Is most preferred by the party among the other possible states of affairs (the highest Utility) The specification of the goal is framed by the Negotiation Role –Coherent, neutral, conflicting Negotiation Party Negotiation Issue Negotiation Goal +trueValuation: double +public: boolean consideres - I wanna be the CEO by all means - I wouldnt object Sa becomes the CFO - Ill better die (politically) than allow Yh to become the CEO CEO CFO The most preferred outcome

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 10 Private vs Public Goals Private: the goals are not revealed to public (the other parties) –E.g., in Classical English auction Public: true valuations are: –Either explicitly exposed –Or may be implicitly revealed in communication –E.g., in Vickrey Auction - I wanna be the CEO by all means - I wouldnt object Sa becomes the CFO - Ill better die (politically) than allow Yh to become the CEO Public Private – nobody is informed about the VALUATION of such a death Negotiation Goal +trueValuation: double +public: boolean

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 11 Coherent, Neutral, Conflicting Goals The distance between the goal and the current state of affairs is measured by the difference in Utility A goal g A of the party A is coherent to the goal g B of the party B if they are mutually facilitating –A is closer to g A B is closer to g B –Negotiation Roles are Cooperative Goal Coherence Negotiation Role 0…* Im the CEO Im the CFO current state of affairs

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 12 The distance between the goal and the current state of affairs is measured by the difference in Utility A goal g A of the party A is neutral to the goal g B of the party B if the movement of A towards g A does not affect the movement of B towards g B –Negotiation Roles are Cooperative Coherent, Neutral, Conflicting Goals Im the CEO Im the Trustee current state of affairs

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 13 Coherent, Neutral, Conflicting Goals The distance between the goal and the current state of affairs is measured by the difference in Utility A goal g A of the party A is conflicting to the goal g B of the party B if: –A is closer to g A B is farther to g B –And vise versa Negotiation Roles are Competitive Im the CEO current state of affairs

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 15 Negotiation Setting: Symmetric vs Non-Symmetric Symmetric wrt the Parties involved: –Roles played by the Parties are similar –The parts of the Beliefs revealed to the other Parties are similar –How to find out? –Parties normally have Neutral or Coherent Goals –Their Negotiation Roles are Cooperative Non-symmetric: –Differences in the Roles of the Parties –Shared Beliefs differ –The Goals may be Conflicting –The Roles may be Competitive Non-symmetric: - Private Goals - Conflicting Goals - Competitive Roles

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 16 Negotiation Setting: Single-Issue vs Multi-Issue An NI A is independent from the other NIs in the NS if the agreement on NI A doesnt affect the agreement on the other If an NI is independent it can be negotiated separately: –Decomposition of a Multi-Issue Negotiation into the series of a simpler Singe-Issue Negotiations An NI A is dependent on the other NIs if the agreement on the latter affects the agreement on NI A –If the NIs are dependent decomposition is impossible Dependencies among NIs may be formalized by SWRL rules Im the CEO Im the Trustee Im the CEO Im the CFO

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 17 Negotiation Setting: 1 - 1, 1 - m, m - m 1-to-1 negotiation: 1 Party negotiates with exactly 1 opponent 1-to-many: 1 representative of a Role negotiates with the group(s) of the representatives of (an)other Role(s) Many-to-many: if there are 2 or more groups of Parties playing different Roles If you support my appointment as the CEO I shall help you to become the CFO We have to appoint the CEO, the CFO, the Board of Trustees

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 18 Negotiation Outcome Result of Negotiation Process If negotiation is successful: –The agreed values of the NIs comprising the NS If negotiation fails: –The outcome points to the differences in the valuations of the NIs –The distance not passed to reach the goals Negotiation Outcome +agreement: boolean Negotiation Issue Agreed Value Negotiation Set

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 20 Negotiation Mechanism The agreed rules of encounter covering: –Valid Actions – allowed to be undertaken by the Permissible Participants –Followed by a Communicative Act to communicate the results to the other parties –The locus of the internal behavior of a Negotiation Party –Pro-active and flexible because of exploiting Negotiation Strategies –Communicative Acts – the means to construct the interaction –FIPA ACL –Communication of the required content –Reward Structures – the means to share and re-allocate the Utility among the parties I have lowered my priority of the goal of having Sa as the CFO for the sake of becoming the CEO Yh may now require that Sa spends more utility to reach his goal

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 21 Negotiation Process: One-Shot vs Iterative One-shot – the Outcome is elaborated in one round This round normally comprises –A proposal by one Party (group) –The acceptance or rejection communicated by the Counterparty Iterative – the Outcome is reached iteratively in a series of rounds It is assumed that the Parties concede (NI valuations) towards the Agreement by turns in these iterations –The concessions are done in a rational way –Reasoning is undertaken in Valid Actions –PROBLEM: Who concedes FIRST???

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 22 Negotiation Strategy Specification of the internal behavior of a Negotiation Party playing a Negotiation Role in a Negotiation Process Employed to reason about the next move: –Compute how much to concede on the values of the Negotiation Issues –Check out if the Negotiation Goals are reached –Find out if it is rational to continue or terminate Negotiation Valid Action Negotiation Role Negotiation Party Negotiation Strategy +CheckAgreement() +ComputeConcession() employs plays pluggedIn shapedOutBy Belief

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http://google.com/search?q=generic+ontology+rational+negotiation 24 Conclusions and Future Work We made our first steps on a 1,000 mile road … –The Description Framework has been developed –GNO has been implemented (OWL+SWRL) –Some refinements were experimented with PSIAdopted by PSI Negotiation Framework Anticipated to be used in the next version of PSI DEDP-PMS Research Prototype Looking forward to receiving advice Ready for cooperation

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CADENCE CONFIDENTIAL Questions please … … perhaps the most fundamental and powerful mechanism for managing inter-agent dependencies at run-time is negotiation the process by which a group of agents comes to a mutually acceptable agreement on some matter. - Nick Jennings If a character has been recognized in a wrong way – it happened by just a coincidence… - Vadim & Natalya Tuesday, May the 30-th, 2006 Session 3 Off-line questions are accepted by vadim@ermolayev.com The copies of the paper draft http://ermolayev.com/psi-public and this presentation may be downloaded from