Tuesday, October 11, 2016

WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN PUBLIC AND POLITICAL LIFE 1/3

Historically, women have been excluded from political life and decisionmaking
processes. Women’s campaigns for participation in the public and
political arena date back to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and
continue today.
At the time of the First World War, few parliamentary democracies
recognized women’s right to vote. In 1945, when the United Nations was
established, more than half of the 51 nations that ratified the Charter still
did not allow women to vote or gave them only restricted voting rights.

According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has
the right to take part in the government of his or her country. One of
the first tasks of the Commission on the Status of Women was to write
the 1952 Convention on the Political Rights of Women. The Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women builds
on previous conventions and its article 7 concerns women’s access to
decision-making in political and public life. Article 7 guarantees the right
of women to vote in all elections and public referendums and to be eligible
for election to all publicly elected bodies, the right to participate in the
formulation of government policy and its implementation, to hold public
office and perform all public functions at all levels of government, and
the right to participate in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or
associations concerned with the public and political life of the country.
Article 8 requires State parties to “take all appropriate measures to ensure
to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the
opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and
to participate in the work of international organizations.”

Although women’s right to vote has been secured in nearly every country
of the world, in practice, the right to vote can sometimes be meaningless when other conditions make it virtually impossible or very difficult for both
men and women to vote, such as the absence of free and fair elections,
violations of freedom of expression, or lack of security, which tends to
affect women disproportionally. In some countries, women cannot register
to vote because they are missing a birth certificate or identity papers
that are issued only to men. Other obstacles such as stereotyping and
traditional perceptions of men’s and women’s roles in society, as well as
lack of access to relevant information and resources, also inhibit women’s
possibilities or willingness to exercise their right to vote fully. Traditional
working patterns of many political parties and government structures
continue to be barriers to women’s participation in public life, and
women may be discouraged from seeking political office because of their
double burden of work and the high cost of seeking and holding public
office, in addition to discriminatory attitudes and practices. Among the
countries that have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women few have a legal bar to the eligibility
of women, yet women remain seriously underrepresented at all levels of
government.

The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action deals extensively with the
issue of women in power and decision-making. Through the Declaration
and Platform for Action, States are committed to taking concrete measures
to ensure women’s equal access to and full participation in power
structures and decision-making, and to increase women’s capacity to
participate in decision-making and leadership, in accordance with its
detailed recommendations.