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PowerPoint Slideshow about ' Genetics and Recombinant DNA' - dyanne

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· The plasmid vector contains another identifiable gene (e.g., a second drug resistance or an enzyme activity), with the coding sequence of this gene containing the restriction site for insertion.

· Insertion of the foreign DNA at this site interrupts the reading frame of the gene and result in insertional mutagenesis.

· In the following example, the -galactosidase gene is inactivated. The substrate "X-gal" turns blue if the gene is intact, ie. makes active enzyme. White colonies in X-gal imply the presence of recombinant DNA in the plasmid.

utilizes 2',3'-dideoxynucleotide triphospates (ddNTPs), molecules that differ from deoxynucleotides by the having a hydrogen atom attached to the 3' carbon rather than an OH group. (see upcoming figure)

Calcium phosphate - forms an insoluble precipitate with DNA. It was discovered that cells efficiently take up this precipitate. More efficient than DEAE dextran or many cell types and can be used for both transient and stable transfection. Not suitable for cells which grow in suspension culture.

Electroporation - Cells are concentrated, mixed with the DNA and placed in a small chamber with electrodes connected to a specialised power supply. A brief electric pulse is applied, which is thought to ‘punch holes’ in the cell membrane, enabling the cell to take up DNA.

Lipofection - (liposome-mediated gene transfer) several lipid- based methods have been developed in which DNA is encapsulated by synthetic lipid bilayers which resemble cell membranes. Liposomes are essentially spheres of synthetic membrane filled with DNA. These fuse spontaneously with cell membranes, releasing their contents into the cytoplasm.

Microinjection - The most efficient artificial means of getting DNA into cells. DNA is injected into the nucleus using a microelectrode needle. Very tedious method because each and every cell has to be injected individually. There are now computer-based systems which will assist in the process.