Rationale for selection of countries: The face-to-face survey element had four parts: three countries (Ghana, Senegal and Tanzania) and a focus on part of a country, Northern Nigeria. All of the country samples were nationally representative and the Northern Nigeria sample is regionally representative. The countries have been chosen from a relatively small group of countries where media and technology changes have been most obvious over the last five years. The reason is that it will allow closer scrutiny of these changes. Other African countries will experience the same changes and the only difference will be the speed and extent of these changes. Three of the surveys cover Anglophone countries (Ghana, Northern Nigeria, Tanzania) and the fourth is a francophone country (Senegal). These are the two of the main language groupings and therefore it might be useful to see whether this cultural difference had any impact on media and technology changes. Finally, the focus on Northern Nigeria was to see how the media landscape and communications worked in this huge but not often researched part of Nigeria.