The vision that Peter had of the great sheet, and his subsequent visit to Cornelius, form part of the
movement that we see taking place in Acts 8 to 11, which prepares the way for the work of Paul, the apostle to the
Gentiles. It will be found that there is nothing in Acts 10 to warrant the idea that Peter had a ministry among the
Gentiles, for the vision of the sheet and the visit to Cornelius were exceptional. They accomplished their purpose,
and Peter was left free to pursue his ministry among the circumcision.

The subject before us falls into four parts:

THE VISION OF CORNELIUS (Acts 10:1-9).

THE VISION OF PETER (Acts 10:9-24).

THE MINISTRY OF PETER (Acts 10:24-48).

THE EFFECT UPON THE CHURCH (Acts 11:1-18).

Cornelius is described as:

‘A devout man, and one that feared God with all his house, which gave much alms to the people, and prayed to
God always’ (Acts 10:2).

Paul’s converts are described variously as:

‘Ye know that ye were Gentiles, carried away unto these dumb idols, even as ye were led’ (1 Cor. 12:2).

‘When ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods’ (Gal. 4:8).

‘At that time ye were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the
covenants of promise, having no hope, and without God in the world’ (Eph. 2:12).

Yet it is abundantly clear from Acts 10 that had he not had the vision of the sheet Peter would have called the
devout, prayerful Cornelius ‘common and unclean’. How is this attitude possible if it is true that the Church began
at Pentecost? The dispersion of the Jew throughout the Roman world had of necessity influenced Gentile thought,
and there were accordingly some who, though uncircumcised and outside the Hebrew pale, were nevertheless
worshippers of the true God. Lydia, a woman of Thyatira, is said to be one who ‘worshipped God’ and is found at
the place of prayer (Acts 16:14). At Thessalonica there was ‘a great multitude of devout Greeks’ (Acts 17:4), at
Athens Paul disputed with devout persons (Acts 17:17); and at Corinth Paul found a refuge in the house of one
named Justus who ‘worshipped God’ (Acts 18:7). It was to this class that Cornelius belonged, for if he had been a
proselyte he would not have been looked upon by the Jew as ‘common and unclean’. This conclusion is further
strengthened by Peter’s confession:

‘Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons: but in every nation he that feareth Him, and worketh
righteousness, is accepted with Him’ (Acts 10:34,35).

We must now turn our attention to the vision given to Peter, which produced so great a revolution.

Joppa! Did Peter ever think of Jonah? Was not Peter’s name ‘Simon bar Jonah’? Did not Jonah remonstrate
with God because of His mercy to Gentiles? Were the problems of the expanding gospel forcing themselves upon
Peter? We are not told, but we believe that he would have been neither human nor an apostle, if such were not the
burden of his thought.

Falling into a trance upon the housetop he saw a vessel descending from heaven, and containing four-footed
beasts, reptiles of the earth, and fowls of the air, and a voice said to him: ‘Rise, Peter, slay and eat’. It is hardly
possible for any Gentile to enter into the thoughts that would fill the mind of a Jew, whether Christian or otherwise,
who received such a command. We can, however acquaint ourselves with the law that governed this matter of clean
and unclean animals and see what is written:

‘These are the beasts which ye shall eat among all the beasts that are on the earth. Whatsoever parteth the hoof,
and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat’ (Lev. 11:2,3).

Then follows the long list of prohibited animals, with the recurring sentiment:

‘They are unclean to you’ (Lev. 11:8).

‘Ye shall have their carcases in abomination’ (Lev. 11:11,20,23).

Not only so, but

‘These are unclean to you among all that creep: whosoever doth touch them, when they be dead, shall be unclean
until the even’ (Lev. 11:31).

All this prohibition is because Israel were a separated people:

‘For I am the LORD your God: ye shall therefore sanctify yourselves, and ye shall be holy; for I am holy ... This
is the law of the beasts, and of the fowl, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every
creature that creepeth upon the earth: TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE between the unclean and the clean, and between
the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten’ (Lev. 11:44-47).

This instruction to ‘make a difference’ is reiterated in the corresponding section of Leviticus, namely, chapter 20.

‘I have said unto you, Ye shall inherit their land, and I will give it unto you to possess it, a land that floweth with
milk and honey: I am the LORD your God, which have SEPARATED YOU from other people. Ye shall therefore
PUT DIFFERENCE between clean beasts and unclean ... which I have SEPARATED from you as unclean. And ye
shall be holy unto Me: for I the LORD am holy, and have severed you from other people, that ye should be Mine’ (Lev. 20:24-26).

It was in this atmosphere that the Jew was born, lived, moved and had his being. Practically from cradle to
grave, from morning till night, waking or sleeping, marrying or giving in marriage, buying or selling, he was
continually reminded that all the Gentiles were unclean, and that his own nation alone was holy unto the Lord. This
separation to the Lord was seriously enforced upon his conscience by the scrupulous observances of the Levitical
law. The bearing of all this upon the words and attitude of Peter in Acts 10 is most evident by the following
references:

‘Not so, Lord; for I have never eaten any thing that is common or unclean’ (Acts 10:14).

‘What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common’ (Acts 10:15).

‘Ye know how that it is an unlawful thing for a man that is a Jew to keep company, or come unto one of another
nation; but God hath shewed me that I should not call any man common or unclean’ (Acts 10:28).

Here are the words of Peter himself. If we accept the chronology of the A.V., this incident occurred eight years
after Pentecost, and Peter is still by his own confession, ‘A man that is a Jew’. He, at least, did not believe that ‘the
Church began at Pentecost’. Not only was he still a Jew, though a believer, but he was still under the Law. ‘It is an
unlawful thing’, said he. How then can we tolerate the tradition that the Church began at Pentecost? He told
Cornelius to his face that he would have treated him as ‘common and unclean’, for all his piety and prayers, had he
not received the extraordinary vision of the great sheet. Yet at Pentecost.

‘All that believed were together, and had ALL THINGS COMMON’ (Acts 2:44).

When taken with Acts 10 this is absolute proof that no Gentile could have been there. Yet the tradition that the
Church began at Pentecost persists!

Peter moreover makes manifest his state of mind by adding: ‘Therefore came I unto you without gainsaying, as
soon as I was sent for’ (Acts 10:29). Can we imagine the apostle Paul speaking like this even to the most abject of
pagans? No, the two ministries of these two apostles are poles apart. Further, Peter continued: ‘I ask therefore for
what intent ye have sent for me?’ (Acts 10:29). Can we believe our eyes? Do we read aright? Is this the man who
opened the Church to the Gentile on equal footing with the Jewish believer? He asks in all simplicity, ‘What is your
object in sending for me?’ Again, we are conscious that such words from the lips of Paul would be not only
impossible but ridiculous. He was ‘debtor’ to wise and unwise, to Jew and Gentile, to Barbarian and to Greek. Not
so Peter. He was the apostle of the Circumcision (Gal. 2:8), and therefore the call of Cornelius seemed to him
inexplicable.

‘For what intent have ye sent for me?’- Can we imagine a missionary in China, India or anywhere else on the
broad earth, asking such a question, or asking this question in similar circumstances? Any Mission Board would
request such a missionary to resign his post, and rightly so. No! every item in this tenth chapter is eloquent of the
fact that Peter had no commission to the Gentiles.

At last Peter ‘began to speak’ (Acts 11:15). Let us listen to the message he gives to this Gentile audience:

‘Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons (first admission): but in every nation he that feareth
Him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted with Him (second admission). The word which God sent unto the
children of Israel (note, not as Paul in Acts 13:26), preaching peace by Jesus Christ: (He is Lord of all:) (third
admission) ... published throughout all Jud -a ... in the land of the Jews, and in Jerusalem ... preach unto the
people (i.e. the people of Israel) ... whosoever believeth in Him shall receive remission of sins’ (Acts 10:34-43).

One cannot but be struck with the attitude of Peter. He does not preach directly to the Gentile audience, he
rehearses in their hearing the word which God sent to Israel, saying nothing of a purely gospel character until the
very end.

But for the further intervention of God we cannot tell how long Peter would have continued in this way. It is
doubtful whether he would have got so far as inviting Cornelius and his fellows to be baptized, as his own words
indicate:

‘Can any man forbid water, that these should not be baptized, which have received the Holy Ghost as well as
we?’ (Acts 10:47).

Peter’s ministry in the Acts concluded with the words ‘Forbidding’ and ‘Withstand’ both translations of the
Greek word koluo. Paul’s ministry concludes with the words ‘No man forbidding’ (Acts 28:31) where the Greek
word is akolutos. Peter maintained this attitude up to the tenth chapter of the Acts, he would have ‘forbidden’ both
Cornelius and God, for the word ‘withstand’ in Acts 11:17, is koluo.

The upshot of this work at Caesarea was that even Peter was called upon to give an account of himself.

‘The apostles and brethren that were in Jud -a heard that the Gentiles had also received the word of God. And
when Peter was come up to Jerusalem, they that were of the circumcision contended with him, saying, Thou
wentest in to men uncircumcised, and didst eat with them’ (Acts 11:1).

We find no remonstrance from Peter to the effect that seeing that the Church began at Pentecost, the conversion
of Cornelius should have been anticipated and be a matter for rejoicing. No, Peter patiently, and humbly, and
apologizingly, rehearsed the matter, even to the pathetic conclusion: ‘What was I, that I could withstand God?’ (Acts
11:17). Why should Peter ever think of withstanding God, if he knew that the Church began at Pentecost? It is
abundantly evident that neither Peter, the other apostles, nor the brethren at Jerusalem had the remotest idea of any
such thing.

‘When they heard these things, they held their peace, and glorified God, saying, THEN HATH GOD ALSO to the
Gentiles granted repentance unto life’ (Acts 11:18).

We have devoted this much space to the story of Cornelius, because we believe that when once the attitude of Peter
here is realized, it will be utterly impossible to still retain the traditional view that ‘The Church’ began at Pentecost.