In this video, a heart-shaped version of the new ionic conductor expands and contracts as voltage is turned on and off at a frequency of 1 Hz—the rate at which a human heart typically beats. The green light in the lower left corner indicates when the voltage is applied and removed.

Credit: Courtesy of Science/AAAS

PUMP UP THE JAM

In this clip, the see-through conductor behaves as a loudspeaker, vibrating at frequencies beginning at 20 Hz and ramping up to 20,000 Hz, to cover sounds audible to humans. In this side view, vibrations become visible as the frequency increases.

The possibility of implantable electronic sensors to bolster functioning of a person’s brain, heart, or skin depends on scientists’ success in developing flexible electronic circuits that are biocompatible. But all the bendy electronics made so far rely on components such as copper or graphene to conduct electrons across their surfaces, says Zhigang Suo, a professor of mechanics and materials at Harvard University. And those materials, he adds, might not interact well with the human body.

Suo and colleagues, including Harvard chemistry professor George M. Whitesides, have addressed this shortcoming by making an inert gel-based device that conducts electrical charge not via electrons but via ions that normally help signal a person’s heart to beat or nerves to fire (Science 2013, DOI: 10.1126/science.1240228). The team’s ionic conductor is also transparent to light, a plus for possible optical applications.

To make their device, Suo, Whitesides, and coworkers began with a 1-mm-thick piece of double-sided sticky tape. They sandwiched this insulating sheet between two thin, salt-filled layers of a polyacrylamide hydrogel.

When the team applies a voltage across the see-through sandwich with electrodes placed along its edges, sodium and chloride ions in the hydrogels move rapidly, generating an electrostatic force that causes the inner insulator to flex like a muscle, nearly doubling its original dimensions.

When voltage is applied to a heart-shaped, transparent ionic conductor, the gel expands.

Credit: Science

When voltage is applied to a heart-shaped, transparent ionic conductor, the gel expands.

Credit: Science

In the past, scientists thought ionic conductors weren’t suitable for use in electronics because their relatively bulky ions wouldn’t allow them to respond fast enough to applied voltages. Electrons, on the other hand, are the darlings of conduction because they are small and move rapidly across metals and other materials. Although it still isn’t as conductive as a metal, the Harvard team’s stretchy device can operate at such high frequencies of applied voltage that it generates sound.

According to Suo, one of the postdocs on the Harvard team, Christoph Keplinger, is an audio system enthusiast, so he had the idea to demonstrate the ionic conductor’s ability to handle high frequencies—in the 20- to 20,000-Hz range, which people can hear—by turning it into a loudspeaker. When the researchers took the audio output from a soundtrack played on a laptop, ran it through an amplifier, and fed it to the material, it played the song.

John A. Rogers, a materials scientist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, says this “clever” technology “can be thought of as a transparent artificial muscle, with potential for use in things like noise-canceling windows and reconfigurable optics.”

Suo hopes that once engineers see the simplicity of the hydrogel sandwich they’ll find new uses for old electronic devices. By replacing some components with ionic conductors, he says, “you might sacrifice some conductivity, but you’ll gain transparency, stretchability, and possibly even biocompatibility.”