Signification by association or
implication between the word and its designatum, when, for example, the word
"roof" is used to designate the walls as well; the latter designatum is
associated with or implied in the former.

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dalalat al-tadammun

Signification of partial accord between
the word and its designatum, when, for example, the word "house" is used to
signify only a part of the house, i.e. its roof only or walls only, etc.

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dalalat al-tatafful

A term used by Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi
Maqtul (549-587/1153-1191) for dalalat al-iltizam (q.v.).

Signification of complete accord between a
word and its designatum, when, for example, the word "house" is used to signify
the whole of the house taking all its parts, the walls, the roofs, the floors, etc. into
consideration.

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dalil

A word of common use in philosophical
discourse but bearing different meanings among which the following should be
distinguished: ( i ) designation or indication by which a sign "leads" to
another sign or thing; (2) proof in a general sense to be distinguished from a proof in
the strict sense, i.e. from the syllogistic proof [al-burhan
al-mutlaq (q.v.) or al-burhan al-qati
(q.v.)] in deductive logic by which the particular is deduced from the universal; (3) more
specifically the proof by which the cause is inferred from the effect or universal from
the particular; see also istidlal and al-burhan
al-inni.

The eternal duration in which eternity in
past (azal, q.v.) is in a constant union with eternity in
future (abad, q.v.). Dahr being the innermost
essence or part of time (zaman, q.v.), encompasses it
altogether. Dahr, compared with time and measured by it, is found to have a
permanence corresponding exactly to the permanence of time with reference to what is
contained in it; see also sarmad.

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daur

A term used in logic to denote the
circularity in argument or proof which occurs when a proposition is put forward followed
by a number of propositions successively and at the end the last proposition is posited as
the proof of the original proposition. It is, thus, a kind of petitio principii. In
a simpler form it may be merely the rotation of two proposition, one used as a proof of
the other. See also al-musadarah alal-matlub al-awwal
and muqati.

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Dimiqratis

Democritus of Abdera (c. 460-370 B.C.):
famous in Muslim philosophy for his theory of atoms; generally considered to be the
founder of Greek atomism and also of the notion of empty space.

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Dayujans al-Kalabi

Diogenes of Sinope (412 ?-323 B.C.): Greek
cynic philosopher; studied under Antisthenes (c. 444-368 B.C.); the founder of cynicism (kalabiyah, q.v.). Diogenes rejected all social conventions.
According to a tradition current in Arabic as well as in Persian literature, he once went
through streets holding up a lantern "looking for an honest man". According to
another similar tradition, he was visited at Corinth by Alexander the Great who asked if he
could oblige the philosopher in any way, "Yes", Diogenes, "stand from
between me and the sun."