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1.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam

2.
Nirim
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Nirim is a kibbutz in the northwestern Negev in Israel. Located near the border with the Gaza Strip, about 7 kilometers east of Khan Yunis, in 2015 it had a population of 357. The kibbutz was established in June 1946 as part of the 11 points in the Negev plan aimed at establishing a Jewish presence in the Negev in order to claim it as part of a future Jewish state. One of the founders was Dan Zur, who one of Israels leading landscape architects. At the outbreak of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on 15 May 1948, during the battle, the Egyptians came within 25 meters of the kibbutz perimeter and eight of the kibbutz defenders were killed, before Egyptians withdrew. All of the houses were destroyed in the attack, Nirim remained an Israel Defense Forces outpost against the Egyptian army throughout the war. During the Mapam split of 1952, Moshe Snehs supporters were banished from the kibbutz, until 1956, it was targeted by Fedayeen attacks from the Gaza Strip. Since 2000, Nirim has been hit by Qassam rockets fired from the Gaza Strip, after Israels launching of Operation Cast Lead, in January 2009, most of Nirims members, as well as other villages near the Gaza Strip, were evacuated. Dozens of families from Nirim stayed at kibbutz Mishmar HaEmek in the Jezreel Valley for a month, Nirim produces organically grown peanuts, sweet potatoes, turnips, carrots and other vegetables and exports them to Europe. The farmers work the right up to the Gaza Strip barrier. After Israels disengagement from Gaza in 2005, the Defense Ministry decided to construct a security strip in the area surrounding Gaza, Nirim was asked to concede NIS1 million of its compensation funds

3.
Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)
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The Jewish Quarter is one of the four traditional quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. In the early 20th century, the Jewish population of the quarter reached 19,000, the quarter is inhabited by around 2,000 residents and is home to numerous yeshivas and synagogues, most notably the Hurva Synagogue, destroyed numerous times and rededicated in 2010. In CE135, when the Roman Emperor Hadrian built the city of Aelia Capitolina on the ruins of ancient Jerusalem, new structures, such as a Roman bathhouse, were built over the Jewish ruins. The Jewish quarter was located near the Gate of the Moors and Coponius Gate. Most of the property consisted of Muslim religious endowments, and was rented out to Jews. The population of the quarter was not homogeneously Jewish, such a rule being neither desired by the Jewish inhabitants nor enforced by the Ottoman rulers, during the Ottoman era, most of the homes in the quarter were leased from Muslim property owners. This is one of the reasons for the growth of buildings west of the city in the last years of the Ottoman Empire since land outside the city wall was freehold and easier to acquire. While most residents of Jerusalem in the 19th century preferred to live near members of their own community, there were Muslims living in the Jewish Quarter, many Jews moved to the Muslim Quarter toward the end of the century due to intense overcrowding in the Jewish Quarter. In 1857, an organization of Dutch and German Jews named Kolel Hod bought a plot of land on which, between 1860 and 1890, the Batei Mahse housing complex was built. The most prominent building of the project, the two-storey Rothschild House, built in 1871 with money donated by Baron Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild, between December 1917 and May 1948, the entire city of Jerusalem was part of British-administered Palestine, known after 1920 as Mandatory Palestine. In 1948, during the Arab-Israeli War, the population of the Jewish Quarter counted about 2,000 Jews, who were besieged, defeated, the defenders surrendered on May 28,1948. Colonel Abdullah el Tell, local commander of the Jordanian Arab Legion, with whom Mordechai Weingarten negotiated the surrender terms, the operations of calculated destruction were set in motion. I knew that the Jewish Quarter was densely populated with Jews who caused their fighters a good deal of interference, I embarked, therefore, on the shelling of the Quarter with mortars, creating harassment and destruction. Only four days after our entry into Jerusalem the Jewish Quarter had become their graveyard, death and destruction reigned over it. As the dawn of Friday, May 28,1948, was about to break, the Jordanian commander is reported to have told his superiors, For the first time in 1,000 years not a single Jew remains in the Jewish Quarter. Not a single building remains intact and this makes the Jews return here impossible. The Hurva Synagogue, originally built in 1701, was blown up by the Jordanian Arab Legion, during the nineteen years of Jordanian rule, a third of the Jewish Quarters buildings were demolished. According to a complaint Israel made to the United Nations, all, the synagogues were razed or pillaged and stripped and their interiors used as hen-houses or stables

4.
Kalya
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Kalya is an Israeli settlement and kibbutz in the West Bank. It was originally established in 1929 but was occupied and destroyed by the Jordanians in 1948, located on the northern shore of the Dead Sea,360 meters below sea level, it falls under the jurisdiction of Megilot Regional Council. In 2015 it had a population of 394, the international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this. The name Kalya is derived from kalium, the Latin name for potassium, Kalya is also a Hebrew acronym for קם לתחייה ים המוות, literally, the Dead Sea has returned to life. The kibbutz was first established during the British Mandate era, the company, chartered in 1929, set up its first plant on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya and produced potash, or potassium chloride, by solar evaporation of the brine. It employed both Arabs and Jews, Kalya was spared violence in the 1936–39 Arab revolt due to good relations with the Arabs, the plant employed many Arab laborers from Jericho. Residents of Kalia and nearby Beit HaArava ultimately fled by boat on 20 May 1948, the area remained unpopulated save a Jordanian military camp. Following Israels capture of the West Bank from Jordan in the 1967 Six-Day War, Kalya was re-established as a paramilitary Nahal settlement in 1968, civilians temporarily settled in the deserted Jordanian army camp in 1972 while planting the first date palms and building permanent houses. The completed homes were populated in 1974, like all Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories, Kalya is considered illegal under international law, though Israel disputes this. The international community considers Israeli settlements to violate the Fourth Geneva Conventions prohibition on the transfer of an occupying powers civilian population into occupied territory. Israel disputes that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the Palestinian territories as they had not been held by a sovereign prior to Israel taking control of them. This view has been rejected by the International Court of Justice, Kalya has a population of 300 and depends mainly on agriculture, primarily consisting of dairy farming and raising date palms, watermelons and cherry tomatoes. The kibbutz also runs the Israel Nature and Parks Authority visitors centre of the nearby Qumran Caves, at one time, the kibbutz operated a water park. A private beach run by the kibbutz is popular with Israelis, Christian pilgrims, the wooden building near the seashore where people can drink, eat and chat is rightly called the lowest bar in the world, some lower of the entrance one. Since the easing of restrictions in the West Bank and the removal of major roadblocks. The kibbutz serves as a rest stop between Jerusalem and Ein Gedi due to its proximity to the Beit HaArava Junction between Highway 90 and Highway 1

5.
Neve Yaakov
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Neve Yaakov also Neve Yaaqov, is an Israeli settlement and neighborhood located in East Jerusalem, north of Pisgat Zeev and south of al-Ram. Established in 1924 during the period of the British Mandate, it was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the area was captured by Israel in the Six Day War and a new neighborhood was built there, at which time international opposition to its legitimacy began. The population of Neve Yaakov is 30,000, Neve Yaakov is one of Jerusalems Ring Neighborhoods. Neve Yaakov was established in 1924 on a 65 dunams parcel of land purchased from the Arabs of Beit Hanina by members of the American Mizrachi movement, haKfar HaIvri Neve Yaakov was named for the leader of the movement, Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. It was a walk to the Old City, where most Jews of Jerusalem lived at the time. Until they were abandoned in 1948, Neve Yaakov and Atarot were the only Jewish settlements north of the Old City, the first houses were ready for occupancy in Av 1925. Rabbi Orenstein himself moved into his new house during The Nine Days, while village administrator Dov Brinker moved his furniture, the village, home to 150 families, suffered from financial problems and lack of a regular water supply. After years of hauling water in buckets from a well six kilometers away, electricity was hooked up in 1939. According to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities, Neve Yaakov had a population of 101 inhabitants, in the course of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine, shots were heard from the Arab side almost every night. The British Mandate government supplied a cache of arms to defend Neve Yaakov, during the peaceful years from 1940 to 1947, the village operated a school that accepted students from all over the country. Childrens summer camps and convalescent facilities were opened, taking advantage of the rural atmosphere, veteran Jerusalem residents remember hiking to Neve Yaakov to buy fresh milk from dairy farmers. < Atarot was abandoned on May 17,1948. The region was occupied by the Jordanians until the 1967 Six-Day War, in August 19703,500 acres of privately owned and titled Palestinian land was confiscated for public purposes. On this land 4 residential colonies were established including Neve Yaakov with 4,000 apartments, in 1972, a new Jewish neighborhood was constructed on the site of the original village, with 4,900 apartments in high-rise buildings. The new neighborhood was populated by Jewish immigrants from Bukhara, Georgia, Latin America, North Africa, France, in the 1990s, when large waves of Russian and Ethiopian Jews came to Israel, many settled in Neve Yaakov. In October 1971, Rabbi Meir Kahane presented the Minister of Immigrant Absorption, Natan Peled, several hundred apartments were populated by young, Haredi Jewish families, many of them from English-speaking countries. In 1992,700 new apartments were added to Kiryat Kaminetz on the slope of the mountain. The latter has a concentration of Hasidic and Sephardic Haredi families, with a variety of schools. Neve Yaakov Mizrach is also home to two yeshivas catering to American students, Yeshivas Bais Yisroel and Yeshivas Lev Aryeh and this new trend has been characterized by calling the older section the Mitchared In 2009 the Haredi presence in Neve Yaakov was estimated at 900 families

6.
Gush Etzion
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Gush Etzion is a cluster of Jewish settlements located in the Judaean Mountains, directly south of Jerusalem and Bethlehem in the West Bank. The area was left outside of Israel with the 1949 armistice lines and these settlements were rebuilt after the 1967 Six-Day War, along with new communities that have expanded the area of the Etzion Bloc. As of 2011, Gush Etzion consisted of 22 settlements with a population of 70,000, the international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this. The core settlements of Gush Etzion before 1948 were Kfar Etzion, Massuot Yitzhak, Ein Tzurim and Revadim, from November 29,1947, Kfar Etzion was under siege and cut off from Jerusalem. On May 13,1948, when the village surrendered,127 Jewish inhabitants were massacred by the Arab Legion or local village irregulars or both, the other villages surrendered the next day. The inhabitants were taken prisoner and the homes were plundered and burned, the establishment, defense and fall of Gush Etzion have been described as one of the major episodes of the State of Israel-in-the-making, playing a significant role in Israeli collective memory. In 1927, a group of religious Yemenite Jews founded a village they named Migdal Eder. The land had been purchased in 1925 by Zikhron David, a private Jewish land holding company at a site between Bethlehem and Hebron that fell between the zones of influence of the local Arab clans. This early community did not flourish, mainly due to economic hardships, two years later, during the 1929 Palestine riots and recurring hostilities, Migdal Eder was attacked and destroyed. Residents of the neighboring Arab village of Beit Umar sheltered the farmers, in 1932, a Jewish businessman of German extraction, Shmuel Yosef Holtzmann, provided financial backing for another attempt at resettling the area, through a company named El HaHar. The kibbutz established there in 1935 was named Kfar Etzion, in his honor, the 1936–1939 Arab revolt made life intolerable for the residents, who returned to Jerusalem in 1937. The Jewish National Fund organized an attempt at settlement in 1943 with the refounding of Kfar Etzion by members of a religious group called Kvutzat Avraham. Despite the rocky soil, shortage of water, harsh winters, and constant threat of attack. Their isolation was somewhat relieved by the establishment in 1945 of Masuot Yitzhak and Ein Tzurim, populated by members of the religious Bnei Akiva movement, against the backdrop of an impending struggle for Israeli independence, the secular Hashomer Hatzair movement founded a fourth kibbutz, Revadim. A religious center, Neve Ovadia, was founded by the blocs members. By the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Etzion bloc numbered 450 residents, on November 29,1947, the United Nations approved the Partition Plan. The bloc fell within the allotted to a proposed Arab state. The Haganah command decided not to leave the bloc, Arab hostilities began almost immediately, and travel to Jerusalem became exceedingly difficult

7.
Neve Daniel
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Neve Daniel is a communal Israeli settlement in the West Bank. In 2015 it had a population of 2,275, the international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this. Neve Daniel was established on 18 July 1982 on the site of the Cohen Farm, the Cohen Farm was founded on September 6,1935, on lands purchased from the nearby village of al-Khader that were transferred to the Jewish National Fund in 1943. The farm was abandoned during the Arab riots, and remained under Jordanian control until 1967, the loss of the Nabi Daniel Convoy became a turning point in the fight for Gush Etzion. The road to Gush Etzion had been blocked by Arab villagers who organized attacks on vehicles traveling to, on 27 March 1948, a convoy of 51 vehicles returning from Gush Etzion encountered an impassable roadblock and came to a halt. The Arabs positioned on both sides of the road opened fire, an alternative theory is that the community was named by the leader of another convoy destroyed while attempting at resupplying Gush Etzion in 1948, Daniel Dani Mass of the Convoy of 35. On a visit to Neve Daniel in 2009, former U. S. president Jimmy Carter told his hosts and this is part of settlements close to the 1967 line that I think will be here forever. Like all Israeli settlements in the Israeli-occupied territories, Neve Daniel is considered illegal under international law, the international community considers Israeli settlements to violate the Fourth Geneva Conventions prohibition on the transfer of an occupying powers civilian population into occupied territory. Israel disputes that the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to the Palestinian territories as they had not been held by a sovereign prior to Israel taking control of them. This view has been rejected by the International Court of Justice, Neve Daniel has a mixed population of native Israelis and immigrants from the former Soviet Union, France, Canada, and the United States. The population doubled from 800 residents in 2001 to nearly 1,500 in 2008, the majority of residents are religious Zionists. Ephraim Henry Pavie is a French-born architect who made aliyah to Israel in 1983, around the year 2000 he purchased a lot in Neve Daniel, and in 2008 began constructing a home there for him and his wife and their six children. The Pavie house, which four stories high and is entirely made of concrete, has ten rooms. Yuli Edelstein, Israeli politician Shuli Mualem, Israeli politician Rabbi Ari Berman, incoming president of Yeshiva University

8.
Jordan
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Jordan, officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west, Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordans most populous city as well as the countrys economic, what is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age, Ammon, Moab, later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom, the Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I, the Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the then Emir Abdullah I and became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state known as The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. Jordan captured the West Bank, which it later lost in 1967, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and is one of two Arab states to have signed a peace treaty with Israel. The country is a monarchy, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers. Jordan is a relatively-small, semi-arid, almost-landlocked country with a population numbering at 9.5 million, Sunni Islam, practiced by around 92% of the population, is the dominant religion in Jordan. It coexists with an indigenous Christian minority, Jordan is considered to be among the safest of Arab countries in the Middle East, and has avoided long-term terrorism and instability. The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of Iraqi Christians fleeing the Islamic State, while Jordan continues to accept refugees, the recent large influx from Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure. Jordan is classified as a country of high human development with a middle income economy. The Jordanian economy, one of the smallest economies in the region, is attractive to foreign investors based upon a skilled workforce, the country is a major tourist destination, and also attracts medical tourism due to its well developed health sector. Nonetheless, a lack of resources, large flow of refugees. Jordan is named after the Jordan River, where Jesus is said to have been baptized, the origin of the rivers name is debated, but the most common explanation is that it derives from the word yarad, found in Hebrew, Aramaic, and other Semitic languages. Others regard the name as having an Indo-Aryan origin, combining the words yor and don, another theory is that it is from the Arabic root word wrd, as in people coming to a major source of water. The name Jordan appears in an ancient Egyptian papyrus called Papyrus Anastasi I, the lands of modern-day Jordan were historically called Transjordan, meaning beyond the Jordan River. The name was Arabized into Al-Urdunn during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, during crusader rule, it was called Oultrejordain

9.
Hartuv
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Hartuv or Har-Tuv was an agricultural colony in the Judean Hills established in 1883 on land purchased from the Arab village of Artuf by English missionaries. It was destroyed in the 1929 Palestine riots but was rebuilt in 1930, in 1948 it was abandoned again. Hartuv was the point for the Convoy of 35 during the 1948 war. Hartuv is now an industrial zone near Beit Shemesh, in the early 1870s, the Spanish consul in Jerusalem bought over 5,000 dunams of land from the villagers of Artuf, which he sold to the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. After the pogroms against the Jews in Eastern Europe in 1882, towards the end of 1883,24 Jewish families were settled there, each receiving 150 dunams of farmland, farm animals and tools. Due to economic difficulties and the lack of water, some of the land was leased to Arabs, after living for some time in tents, a wooden hut was built where all the families lived together. They were obliged to attend Sunday meetings and send their children to the missionary school, in 1895, the Bulgarian Hibbat Zion movement bought the 5, 000-dunam farm from the London Jews Society and renamed it Har-Tuv. Twelve Jewish families settled there and tried to earn a living from agriculture, due to the poor quality of the soil, and lack of water, seeds and work implements, life in Hartuv was a struggle. In 1900, one of the settlers inaugurated a service to Jerusalem. During the 1929 riots Hartuv was destroyed by Arabs, invoking the Collective Punishments Ordinance, the British Mandatory authorities heavily fined the Arab villages whose residents attacked the Jews of Hartuv. In 1930 Hartuv was rebuilt and some of the families returned, according to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities, Har Tuv had a population of 107 inhabitants, in 24 inhabited houses. On 20 December 1947, a Notrim truck on its way to Hartuv was attacked, since then all transportation was done in lightly armored vehicles. On March 18,1948 a convoy that had just finished resupplying Hartuv was ambushed on its way back to Jerusalem by the forces of Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni,11 convoy members were killed in the battle. The Convoy of 35 left Hartuv in an attempt to resupply,35 members of the convoy were killed. After the establishment of the State of Israel, a transit camp was set up to accommodate the masses of new immigrants arriving from Europe. In 1950, Moshav Naham was founded nearby, two archaeological sites nearby are Khirbat Marmita, about 1 km east of the village, and al-Burj, on the site of Hartuv to the southwest. Excavations have been carried out on Khirbat al-Burj by the Hebrew University since 1985, excavations in Hartuv revealed an architectural complex dating to the Early Bronze 1 period. The site includes a courtyard surrounded by rooms on at least three sides

10.
Jordanian annexation of the West Bank
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Jordanian annexation of the West Bank refers to the occupation and consequent annexation of the West Bank by Jordan in the aftermath of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. At the end of hostilities, Jordan was in control of the West Bank. Following the December 1948 Jericho Conference, and the 1949 renaming of the country from Transjordan to Jordan and it was recognized by the United Kingdom, Iraq and Pakistan. Jordan transferred its citizenship to the residents of the West Bank, prior to hostilities in 1948, all of the country known as Palestine had been under the British-controlled Mandate Government of Palestine, since 1917. Prior to that time, the country had been under Ottoman Turk occupation since 1517, toward the expiration of the British Mandate, Arabs aspired for independence and self-determination, as did the Jews of the country. On 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion, on behalf of the Jewish leadership, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, on 22 September 1948, the All-Palestine Government was established in Gaza captured by Egypt. On 30 September, the First Palestine Congress, which saw Palestine as part of Syria, the December 1948 Jericho Conference, a meeting of prominent Palestinian leaders and King Abdullah, voted in favor of annexation into what was then Transjordan. By the end of the war, Jordanian forces had control over the West Bank, on 3 April 1949, Israel and Jordan signed an armistice agreement. The main points included, Jordanian forces remained in most positions held in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Jordan withdrew its forces from its front posts overlooking the Sharon plain, in return, Israel agreed to allow Jordanian forces to take over positions in the West Bank previously held by Iraqi forces. The committee was never formed, and access to the Holy Places was denied to Israelis throughout the Jordanian occupation, the remainder of the area designated as part of an Arab state under the UN Partition Plan was partly occupied by Egypt, partly occupied and annexed by Israel. The intended international enclave of Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan, the Jordanians immediately expelled all the Jewish residents of East Jerusalem. All but one of the 35 synagogues in the Old City were destroyed over the course of the next 19 years, either razed or used as stables, many other historic and religiously significant buildings were replaced by modern structures. The United States, together with the United Kingdom favored the annexation by Transjordan, Jordan formally annexed the West Bank on 24 April 1950, giving all residents automatic Jordanian citizenship. West Bank residents had received the right to claim Jordanian citizenship in December 1949. Jordans annexation was regarded as illegal and void by the Arab League. A motion to expel Jordan from the League was prevented by the votes of Yemen. On 12 June 1950, the Arab League declared the annexation was a temporary, practical measure, on 27 July 1953, King Hussein of Jordan announced that East Jerusalem was the alternative capital of the Hashemite Kingdom and would form an integral and inseparable part of Jordan

11.
Kfar Etzion
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Kfar Etzion is an Israeli settlement and a religious kibbutz located in the Judean Hills between Jerusalem and Hebron in the southern West Bank re-established in 1967. It is located 4.7 km from the Green Line west of the Separation Barrier, in 2015, Kfar Etzion had a population of 1,071. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, the name was taken from a verse in the Bible, Genesis 35,21, which referenced a tower by the same name. During the 1929 Palestine riots, Migdal Eder was attacked and destroyed, residents of the neighboring Arab village of Beit Umar sheltered the farmers, but they could not return to their land. The Jews were forced to again in the wake of the 1936–39 Arab revolt. Much of what Holtzman and his comrades had built was demolished by the Arabs, in 1943–47, the kibbutz movement sent out groups of settlers to establish four kibbutzim, creating what became known as the Etzion bloc. Kfar Etzion, Ein Tzurim, Massuot Yitzhak and Revadim were destroyed in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the kibbutzim held off the attacks for ten days until Kfar Etzion fell. In the Kfar Etzion massacre on 14 May,157 Jewish inhabitants of the village were murdered, as all but four of the inhabitants were executed by Arab Legion, the inhabitants there were taken as prisoners of war and released nine months later. In 1967 Israel gained control over the West Bank in the Six-Day War, a key figure identified with Kfar Etzions reestablishment after 1967 is Hanan Porat, who lived on the kibbutz as a child prior to its destruction in 1948. Another figure involved in Kfar Etzions resettlement is Elyashiv Knohl, a rabbi of the community whose father fought in Israels War of Independence and was captured during the war by the Jordanians. According to Knohl, Kfar Etzions original settlers were socialists, today Kfar Etzion houses a museum and archive documenting the history of Gush Etzion. In the 2013 Middle East cold snap a meter of snow fell on the Kfar Etzion area, residents of Kfar Etzion earn their livelihood growing cherries, flowers, olives, almonds, and grapes. Some raise chickens, and others work in Jerusalem, as of 2012 there is a large clothing store on the settlement. In 2012 the price of a 120-square-meter home on the settlement was ILS1.1 million while the price of a 200-square-meter home was ILS1.8 million. Lone Tree Brewery Between Jerusalem and Hebron, Jewish Settlement in the Pre-State Period, Yossi Katz Official website Peace Now fact sheet