Pollinator
A pollinator is an animal that moves pollen from the male anther of a
flower to the female stigma of a flower. This helps to bring about
fertilization of the ovules in the flower by the male gametes from the
pollen grains.
Insect pollinators include bees, (honey bees, solitary species,
bumblebees); pollen wasps (Masarinae); ants; flies including bee
flies, hoverflies and mosquitoes; lepidopterans, both butterflies and
moths; and flower beetles. Vertebrates, mainly bats and birds, but
also some non-bat mammals (monkeys, lemurs, possums, rodents) and some
lizards pollinate certain plants
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Euglossini
Aglae
Euglossa
Eulaema
Eufriesea
ExaereteDiversityc. 200 speciesThe tribe Euglossini, in the subfamily Apinae, commonly known as
orchid bees or Euglossine bees, are the only group of corbiculate bees
whose non-parasitic members do not all possess eusocial behavior.Contents1 Description1.1 Fragrance collection2 Footnotes2.1 References3 External linksDescription[edit]Male
EuglossaEuglossa sp.Most of the tribe's species are solitary, though a few are communal,
or exhibit simple forms of eusociality.[1] There are about 200
described species, distributed in five genera: Euglossa, Eulaema,
Eufriesea,
ExaereteExaerete and the monotypic Aglae. All exclusively occur in
South or Central America (though one species,
EuglossaEuglossa dilemma, has
become established in the United States)
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Odor
An odor, odour or fragrance is caused by one or more volatilized
chemical compounds, generally at a very low concentration, that humans
or other animals perceive by the sense of olfaction. Odors are also
commonly called scents, which can refer to both pleasant and
unpleasant odors. The terms fragrance and aroma are used primarily by
the food and cosmetic industry to describe a pleasant odor, and are
sometimes used to refer to perfumes, and to describe floral scent. In
contrast, malodor, stench, reek, and stink are used specifically to
describe unpleasant odor. The term smell (in its noun form) is used
for both pleasant and unpleasant odors.
In the United Kingdom, odour refers to scents in general
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Monkey
HominoideaMonkeys are non-hominoid simians, generally possessing tails and
consisting of about 260 known living species. Many monkey species
are tree-dwelling (arboreal), although there are species that live
primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Most species are also active
during the day (diurnal). Monkeys are generally considered to be
intelligent, particularly Old World monkeys.
There are two major types of monkey: New World monkeys (platyrrhines)
from South and Central America and
Old World monkeysOld World monkeys (catarrhines of
the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia
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Rodent
Anomaluromorpha
Castorimorpha
HystricomorphaHystricomorpha (incl. Caviomorpha)
Myomorpha
SciuromorphaCombined range of all rodent species (not including introduced
populations)Rodents (from
LatinLatin rodere, "to gnaw") are mammals of the order
Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously
growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all
mammal species are rodents; they are found in vast numbers on all
continents except Antarctica
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LizardSauriaSauria Macartney, 1802Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 6,000
species,[1] ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well
as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic as it
excludes the snakes and
AmphisbaeniaAmphisbaenia which are also squamates. Lizards
range in size from chameleons and geckos a few centimeters long to the
3 meter long Komodo dragon.
Most lizards are quadrupedal, running with a strong side-to-side
motion. Others are legless, and have long snake-like bodies. Some such
as the forest-dwelling Draco lizards are able to glide
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Honeyeaters
See textThe honeyeaters are a large and diverse family, Meliphagidae, of small
to medium-sized birds. The family includes the Australian chats,
myzomelas, friarbirds, wattlebirds, miners and melidectes. They are
most common in
AustraliaAustralia and New Guinea, but also found in New
Zealand, the
PacificPacific islands as far east as
SamoaSamoa and Tonga, and the
islands to the north and west of
New GuineaNew Guinea known as Wallacea
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UltravioletUltravioletUltraviolet (UV) is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength
from 100 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light
but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight
constituting about 10% of the total light output of the Sun. It is
also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights, such as
mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. Although
long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation
because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms, it can cause
chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce.
Consequently, the chemical and biological effects of UV are greater
than simple heating effects, and many practical applications of UV
radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules.
Suntan and sunburn are familiar effects of over-exposure of the skin
to UV, along with higher risk of skin cancer
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Lipotriches
In biology,
LipotrichesLipotriches is a large genus of sweat bees in the family
Halictidae, distributed widely throughout the Eastern Hemisphere
though absent from Europe. There are nearly 200 species in 9
subgenera
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Mosquito
Mosquitoes[a] are small, midge-like flies that constitute the family
Culicidae. Females of most species are ectoparasites, whose tube-like
mouthparts (called a proboscis) pierce the hosts' skin to consume
blood. The word "mosquito" (formed by mosca and diminutive -ito)[2] is
Spanish for "little fly".[3] Thousands of species feed on the blood of
various kinds of hosts, mainly vertebrates, including mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians, and even some kinds of fish. Some mosquitoes
also attack invertebrates, mainly other arthropods. Though the loss of
blood is seldom of any importance to the victim, the saliva of the
mosquito often causes an irritating rash that is a serious nuisance.
Much more serious though, are the roles of many species of mosquitoes
as vectors of diseases
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ElectrostaticElectrostaticsElectrostatics is a branch of physics that deals with study of the
electric charges at rest.
Since classical physics, it has been known that some materials such as
amber attract lightweight particles after rubbing. The Greek word for
amber, ήλεκτρον, or electron, was the source of the word
'electricity'. Electrostatic phenomena arise from the forces that
electric charges exert on each other. Such forces are described by
Coulomb's law
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Scopa (biology)
A scopa (plural scopae; Latin for "broom") is any of a number of
different modifications on the body of a non-parasitic bee that form a
pollen-carrying apparatus. In most bees, the scopa is simply a
particularly dense mass of elongated, often branched, hairs (or setae)
on the hind leg. When present on the hind legs, the modified hairs
are, at a minimum, on the tibia, but some bees also have modified
hairs on the femur and/or trochanter. A few bees have, in addition to
the leg hairs, many modified hairs on the ventral surface of the
abdomen which are also used in pollen transport; there is one family
of bees, Megachilidae, in which the modified leg hairs are absent, and
the scopa is limited to the abdominal hairs (see photo). In the
familiar honey bees and bumblebees, the scopa is replaced by the
pollen basket (corbicula)
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Megachilidae
Fideliinae
MegachilinaeA leaf-cutter bee showing abdominal scopaLeaves showing cuts by a leafcutter bee
MegachilidaeMegachilidae is a cosmopolitan family of mostly solitary bees whose
pollen-carrying structure (called a scopa) is restricted to the
ventral surface of the abdomen (rather than mostly or exclusively on
the hind legs as in other bee families). Megachilid genera are most
commonly known as mason bees and leafcutter bees, reflecting the
materials from which they build their nest cells (soil or leaves,
respectively); a few collect plant or animal hairs and fibers, and are
called carder bees, while others use plant resins in nest construction
and are correspondingly called resin bees. All species feed on nectar
and pollen, but a few are cleptoparasites (informally called "cuckoo
bees"), feeding on pollen collected by other megachilid bees.
Parasitic species do not possess scopae
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Seta
In biology, setae /ˈsiːtiː/ (singular seta /ˈsiːtə/; from the
Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or
hair-like structures on living organisms.
Animal setae[edit]
Invertebrates[edit]Setae on the foreleg of a mayfly
AnnelidAnnelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. They help, for
example, earthworms to attach to the surface and prevent backsliding
during peristaltic motion. These hairs make it difficult to pull a
worm straight from the ground
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Honey Bee
A honey bee (or honeybee) is any member of the genus Apis, primarily
distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the
construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax. In the early 21st
century, only seven species of honey bee are recognized, with a total
of 44 subspecies,[1] though historically six to eleven species are
recognized. The best known honey bee is the
Western honey beeWestern honey bee which
has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination. Honey
bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known
species of bees.[2] Some other types of related bees produce and store
honey, including the stingless honey bees, but only members of the
genus Apis are true honey bees
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