Kudos to Winnipeg naturopathic Dr. Sean Ceaser and Alexandra
Paul of the Winnipeg Free Press for their very informative and closely
accurate list of most of the natural therapies that help people like
myself, with multiple sclerosis, with some of the horrible symptoms
we face daily.

I have been suffering from MS for almost 30 years and
have been taking Omega 6 and 3 essential fatty acids for over 15 of
those years in a 3:1 ratio -- three times as much of Omega 6 as Omega
3. This regime along with vitamins and minerals such as D, C, calcium
magnesium, a multi-vitamin, anti-oxidants and last but not least cannabis
have all but stopped the progression of my disease. All of the above
mentioned have alleviated my excruciating pain, leg spasms, bladder
problems, violent shaking, kept me out of my wheelchair and gotten
me back on my feet. Am I living proof that these therapies work? You
bet I am.

Please stress to patients who choose cannabis therapy
for any chronic disease, that they frequent the Compassion Clubs in
their area to support them in helping themselves and others to find
a safe, affordable, and clean source of marijuana until the government
of Canada has a little better choice to offer the sick and dying people
of our country.

The people supporting therapeutic marijuana are very unsatisfied and
unhappy about the conservative government's decision to abolish the
research program on the usage of this drug for medical purposes.

Ottawa explains that their upcoming political announcement
against drug use with the young generation is not in line with financing
researches on cannabis.
Alison Myrden, who consumes marijuana for therapeutic purposes, accuses
prime minister Stephen Harper to act this way in order to please George
Bush's american government.
For the past five years, Ottawa spend 5 million dollars on scientific
researches on cannabis.

Neev Tapiero, from the "Toronto Compassion Club" explains
that the different varieties of cannabis have different effects on
the symptoms associated with Aids, Multiple Sclerosis or Epilepsy. According
to him, Canada will lose it's chance in becomming a role model in this
domain.

Researchers from the Montreal McGill University, have already done
tests on animals and are in the process of going to the next step which
are clinical try outs on humans. There are worried now that they
will not have the necessary financing to go on with their study and
don't know how to get such financing.

Ottawa said that it's up to the pharmaceutical companies, rather than
the government, to finance such researches on medical marijuana.
In Canada, 1400 people are authorized to consume marijuana for medical
purposes. The federal government is responsible to get
this cannabis to the users, which they cultivate in an abandoned
mine in Saskatchewan.

Straight dope from pot prof

NOW | SEPTEMBER 28 - OCTOBER 4, 2006 | VOL. 26 NO. 4

It was an ugly process, but in the end U of
T my own ventilated toking room U of T philosophy professor Doug Hutchinson,
who won the right this week to smoke pot during work hours for an undisclosed
medical condition, goes public about his travails in an open letter
released September 22 to U of T authorities, fellow philosophy professors
and graduate students.

Greetings, philosophers. I thought I should let you know
that as of this week our university has a professor who smokes marijuana
openly on campus, legally, and with workplace accommodation for his
need to use this remedy. I am that professor.

I feel it falls to me to let you know this state of affairs
in the proper terms so that the inevitable rumours and possible slanders
that arise can be ignored or challenged by you, my peers and fellow
philosophers. I have used marijuana for a serious and chronic health
condition for over 10 years, in varying amounts for the varying condition.
Currently, the use is heavy and the condition is stable or improving.
As for what this condition is, I would ask you please not to speculate
or spread rumours or half-truths. Canada has laws that are meant to
protect the privacy of personal health information. If you know me
well, you will feel free to ask.

How did I manage this transition from clandestine smoker
to officially accommodated one? It was an ugly process that started
when college and university authorities, acting on policies to repress
the use of marijuana among students, decided that they needed to enforce
those laws and policies against me as well. Over the course of months
of sometimes angry discussions, the other side learned better what
the facts of my case and the laws on marijuana actually are.

The outcome is that I have been provided with a ventilated
basement smoking room in Trinity College, and the provost of the college
and the provost of the university have both written me letters in which
they "acknowledge" and "respect" my choice of therapy.
I take this opportunity to thank the college and the university for
this good solution and for these necessary affirmations of the legitimacy
of my conduct. Colleagues and other U of T employees who may need adapted
working conditions due to a health condition should know that since
2003 our university has had an Office of Health and Well-being Programs
and Services, whose function is to support the work of afflicted employees.

The staff in this office recommend the appropriate accommodation
while holding health information confidential from all other university
parties. I found this process worked fairly well, and I feel that others
should know about it and trust in its integrity. Colleagues and others
who use marijuana wholly or partly for medical reasons should be using
medical-grade marijuana, with a good selection of strains, of which
there are currently two sources of supply in Toronto.

I know these compassion clubs well and will be glad to
offer informed advice. Colleagues and others who wonder whether their
use of marijuana is medical, or whether they should try some preparation
of marijuana for their health condition, should feel free to apply
to me for guidance and further information. Professors who become known
as heavy users of marijuana risk a great loss of credibility, and I
wish I had been able to remain discreet; but I was "outed" by
college authorities from where I was hiding in my "dope closet." Under
these circumstances, I decided to come out fully into the open, on
my own terms. This is the reason I am writing this letter to you; and
this is the reason I explained the situation to my undergraduate class
on Tuesday, before they could be shocked (or not) at the sight of me
puffing during the break (outside the building, of course).

It would be realistic of me to expect a higher than usual
degree of scrutiny of my performance at this time; but rather than
resent this scrutiny, the better plan is to invite it. There are 10
spare seats in my third-year class on Seneca, which meets from 10 am
to 1 pm on Tuesdays, and I invite visits to my class from graduate
students, colleagues and higher university officials to see for themselves
whether the pot-head professor is teaching well. Please get in touch
with me if you intend to visit; and if you wish I will send you the
Seneca readings for the day.

It is not a satisfactory defence of my Charter rights
to have my grudging authorization from Health Canada while students
and others are hounded as criminals for doing what looks like the very
same thing; this casts dark shadows of opprobrium on the blameless
sick. My experience in coming out into the open has rekindled my activism
on the marijuana front, and I am now building, with other Canadian
activists, fresh legal challenges to our Charter-defective and previously
invalidated prohibition, which seems to have been miraculously resurrected
in October 2003 .

I invite colleagues and others to join me in this liberal struggle.

Marijuana mood swing

Tokers say weed works wonders, but science divided on pot for the blues
By PAUL TEREFENKO

Two months ago, the International Cannabinoid Research
Society (ICRS) held its annual huddle in Budapest, Hungary, where participants
reviewed, among other items, the latest studies on pot's effect on
mood. A quick perusal of the conference agenda, however, gives an idea
of the yawning gap that now exists between what scientists are able
to prove and what tokers are experiencing. For some years, many smokers
have claimed reefer as a tonic for funk, posing the possibility that
even more are self-treating for depression without even knowing it.
And now some therapists are prescribing pot as as an alternative to
pharma products, with their scary side effects. But recent studies
are contradictory. Some conclude that the green worsens the blues,
while others are more hopeful. Last year, for example, a team headed
by Dr. Xia Zhang at the U. of Saskatchewan discovered that a synthetic
version of the cannabinoid compound found in pot reduced depression
in lab rats. With the profit motive in full force, increasing pharma
bucks are now being spent on the pot-mood equation, and we may at last
have an answer. Does pot trump Prozac? It depends.

One enthusiastic observer is Umar Syed, vice-president
of scientific and strategic affairs at Cannasat, a firm hoping to bring
cannabis-based pharmaceuticals to market and an attendee at July's
ICRS meet. "There's
decent scientific evidence that marijuana works for depression," he
says. He points out that back in the 80s, scientists located two cannabinoid
receptors in the brain: CB1 and CB2. CB1, in particular, works with
THC to alleviate depression, "though the exact mechanism is unknown." It's
no wonder there are so many reports of successful self-medication,
he says, because although there are up to 60 active ingredients in
cannabis, most North American plants have been bred for the high and
contain 4 to 8 per cent THC, a substance known to raise depression-easing
serotonin levels in the brain.

But not everyone is convinced it's THC that makes the
difference. Researcher Richard Musty, executive director of the ICRS
and a University of Vermont professor emeritus, believes it's cannabidiol
(CBD), a non-psychoactive component of the marijuana plant, and not
THC, that shows the most promise. "This is kind of a confusing
area right now. It's going to take more time," he cautions. Musty,
with others, conducted studies of rats and concluded that CBD has therapeutic
potential. He also monitored patients using CBD, and found that two
out of five showed improvement. But he doesn't recommend trying to
get your CBD fix from a reefer, because "there's just nothing
out there," says Musty, referring
to the low CBD content in Canadian pot. And the kicker: when he ran
a depression study on animals using THC, "it actually made the
animals worse," he says.

Dr. Richard Deyo, a professor of psychiatry at Winona
State U. in Minnesota, agrees that while there are positive results
from components in marijuana, it's not time to roll a J. "Cannabis
itself causes depression in some people and seems to alleviate it in
others," says Deyo, who presented a paper at the
ICRS conference. "There are too many cannabinoids in it, and it's
not stable. It can produce one effect today and one effect tomorrow.
That's the danger." Deyo, whose research is funded by drug companies,
claims many factors can affect marijuana's effects, including a smoker's
age, gender and mental state. He emphasizes that the chemistry of marijuana
differs greatly according to the climate in which the plant is grown,
making consistent research results tricky.

This, in fact, seems to be the major hurdle of pot studies
today. With prohibition the law of the land in North America, researchers
have trouble experimenting with the many plant varieties. "Until
we have a [conducive] legal environment, you're not going to see any
good tests," says Cannabis Culture magazine publisher Marc Emery,
who points out that more than 500 different kinds of seeds are available. "The
modern medical world is all about dosage ranges that are quantified.
Cannabis doesn't work that way; you take it until it works," he
says. While clinical reports are smoky, things certainly look a lot
different on the front lines. Here, an empiricism of a different kind
is at work: what patients report works for them.

At the Toronto Compassion Centre, Jim Brydges has been
dispensing pot for nine years, and while he has no fancy science to
describe how it works, he says he's had repeated success treating depressed
clients with the leafy green. His technique is mix-and-match; he uses
different plants on different people, combining various strains of
pot and keeping at it until the client reports feeling better. "A
cannabis-indica-based product we know as M-39, for example, is traditionally
known to take away anxiety and relax the person using it," says
Brydges.

In California, the only U.S. state that allows doctors
to prescribe marijuana for mental illness, there are similar reports. "There's
a lot of anecdotal research recorded," says Allen St. Pierre,
exec director of the Washington-based National Organization for the
Reform of Marijuana Laws. "About 35 per cent of people who go
to the dispensaries indicate they're taking cannabis in conjunction
with, but more often as a substitute for, everything from attention
deficit disorder drugs to very powerful anti-depression and anti-psychotic
meds." This positive experience mirrors that of more scholarly
med pot specialist Dr. Lester Grinspoon , associate professor emeritus
of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and author of several landmark
books. Grinspoon points out that no double blind studies had been done
on lithium way back when he became the first to prescribe it for bipolar
disorder. So he can't see why it shouldn't be acceptable for his patients,
many of whom have been helped by pot, to have legal access to it. Why,
he seems to ask, don't patient reports count? His website documenting
hundreds of users' positive experiences opens with a quote by native
American poet Simon Ortiz: "There are no
truths, only stories."

"Government propaganda notwithstanding, marijuana
is much less toxic than anything we as psychiatrists have to offer," says
Grinspoon. "Some
patients find it more useful than Prozac for low-grade depression." Grinspoon's
not the only psychiatrist reporting such findings. California's Tod
Mikuriya, who was in charge of marijuana research for the U.S. National
Institute of Mental Health Center for Narcotics and Drug Abuse Studies
some decades back, says it's shocking that modern medicine has ignored
the history of cannabis in the 100 years before the 1940s, when it
was taken off the market. "It's usually patients who have had
poor results with standard antidepressants" who do best with marijuana,
he says. "One
of the things I've been learning is the complicated relationship between
emotional and physical conditions. Depression is closely connected
with pain, and most of the medications prescribed [such as opiates]
have a bad effect. Cannabis operates on a totally different system
in the body." Scientists, he says, are desperately looking for
something patentable, "but
they're going to have a hard time. They're calling things 'cannabinoids'
instead of admitting that they are molecules from good old cannabis
that are unpatentable. The reason I feel so strongly is because I am
so aware of the chemical studies done prior to the contemporary ones."

Studies or no, the Canadian Psychiatric Association,
seems to have positioned itself carefully outside the fray. "We
don't have any official guidelines," says CPA spokesperson Hélène
Càté. At Health Canada, too, officials remain noncommittal.
Spokesperson Carol Saindon points out that while the Marijuana Medical
Access Regulations don't specifically mention psychiatric conditions,
physicians may prescribe pot for whatever purpose they think is appropriate,
if they attest that they have consulted a specialist. But while inhaling
for depression has a trail of backers, things look different when it
comes to other mental ills. Toking may not be what the doctor ordered
for bipolar illness, for example. Says Cannasat's Syed, "THC is
only safe in the depressive states of bipolar. If a patient is in a
manic state, they would probably benefit from CBD. But they could be
on the precipice of a manic attack, take THC and make it worse. I would
be very hesitant to recommend any cannabinoid for bipolar disease." The
same caution applies to schizophrenia. "A fair number of
studies point to a significant increase in risk of either causation
or relapse of schizophrenia in smokers of pot," says Dr. Harold
Kalant, professor emeritus of psychiatry at U of T. Syed, however,
says growing evidence suggests that CBD is effective for this disorder. "The
strongest data out there is that CBD, in strong enough doses, controls
schizophrenia. This is the hottest area of research fresh out of Hungary,
and no one really knows it yet," he
says.

As momentum builds for cannabis-based meds, there's a
chance the bid for legalization of just plain weed may get left in
the dust. NORML's St. Pierre sees that as the great irony of pharma's
new interest in the plant. "Many pot reformers are investors in these companies.
They think their investment can free up the politics [and end prohibition],
but it's more likely the government will soon say, 'There's a product
and it's safe and you have to go through the drug system. '"

Pursuit of drug case all
smoke, no fire

August 5, 2005
Story Seattle Post-Intelligencer

By JOEL CONNELLY
SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER COLUMNIST

In their search for proof that Bigfoot exists, researchers
ought to take hair samples from the Washington, D.C., offices of Drug
Enforcement Administration boss Karen Tandy.

Tandy has left giant footprints on the drug prosecution
of Vancouver, B.C., mail-order pot entrepreneur, and B.C. Marijuana
Party founder, Marc Emery.

With an ill-advised statement politicizing the case
that also misspelled Emery's first name, the DEA boss may help transform
a publicity seeker into a Canadian martyr.

Seeking to stop his extradition to the United States
-- where he faces charges of trafficking in marijuana seeds -- Emery's
legal team could use Tandy's words to telling effect: Their client
is being prosecuted for his beliefs.

The U.S. Attorney's Office in Seattle brought charges
against Emery last week, based on investigative work by the local DEA
office.

The feds allege that Emery has peddled his wares south
of the border. An acquaintance, in the growing business here, yesterday
joked that he received "prompt, efficient, courteous service" recently
while buying seeds at Emery's Vancouver store. He politely declined
a request to sample the resulting product.

But extraditing Emery, through Canadian courts and
eventually the Justice Ministry, will be sensitive.

Nor is conviction in Seattle a given. The city voted
in 2003 to put pot possession at the bottom of law enforcement priorities.

Authorities in this Washington astutely adopted a
Just-the-Facts approach, turning the Emery case into a bombast-free
zone.

"The focus of this case is on the drug trafficking
of Marc Emery. It is not about his political activities, nor his campaigns
for office. Nor is it focused on his magazine," said assistant
U.S. attorney Todd Greenberg.

Consider the contrasting bluster of Tandy's statement
from the DEA home office in the other Washington.

"Today's arrest of Mark (sic) Scott Emery, publisher
of Cannabis Culture magazine and the founder of a marijuana legalization
group, is a significant blow not only to the marijuana trafficking
trade in the U.S. and Canada, but also to the marijuana legalization
movement."

Why? Tandy gives us a handy dose of innuendo.

"Hundreds of thousands of dollars of Emery's
illicit profits are known to have been channeled to marijuana legalization
groups active in the United States and Canada. Drug legalization lobbyists
now have one less pot of money to rely on."

As the old Wendy's TV spot used to ask, Where's the
beef?

Tandy cites no supporting evidence. Anyone who has
witnessed Seattle Hempfest -- the nation's largest marijuana-related
festival -- is likely to scoff.

"Marc Emery has never given a penny to Seattle
Hempfest or Sensible Seattle (sponsor of a 2003 initiative)," said
Dominic Holden, longtime Hempfest organizer.

"If he did, us American advocates might be driving
new cars and live in nice homes like the activists in Canada," he
added.

The statement by Tandy will send nationalists-of-the-north
up in smoke.

"The big fuss here seems to be the notion that
we're knuckling under to American law enforcement," said Rafe
Mair, a lawyer and Vancouver's best-known radio talk-show host.

Canada is moving toward decriminalizing marijuana
possession. It still has on the books a law against sale of pot seeds,
but police have not pursued Emery's seed selling by catalog or out
of his Vancouver store.

The heavy hand is nothing new. U.S. drug policy chief
John Walters visited Vancouver in 2002. He warned Mayor Philip Owen
that crossing the border would get tougher if the city adopted a drug
policy based upon tolerance and treatment.

"It was the most unsatisfactory meeting of my
life," Owen said. "The pressure was intense."

Owen was succeeded by current Vancouver Mayor Larry
Campbell. A former coroner and drug squad cop, Campbell wants to legalize
-- and tax -- marijuana.

"Drug czars are the most ill-informed people
in government ... They are still living in an era of 'Reefer Madness,' " Campbell
said in a recent interview, referring to the much-lampooned 1930s movie.
He was named this week to the Canadian Senate.

By contrast, Karen Tandy is a Justice Department hard-liner
who, in the words of Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California, "doesn't
seem amenable to listening."

She is a career federal prosecutor who has gone after
mail-order bong sellers and been involved in thwarting California's
voter-approved medical marijuana program.

The DEA boss's record is marked by accusations of
excessive prosecutorial zealotry, according to a 2003 investigation
by The Nation magazine.

She once waited until three days before trial to turn
over 60,000 pages of documents to defense attorneys.

In the current case, she is giving Emery a larger
stage to strut his stuff.

"It would seem, from her statements, this prosecution
is about Mr. Emery's political efforts to legalize marijuana as much
as it is about his business," said Murray Mollard, director of
the B.C. Civil Liberties Union.

And that is exactly what U.S. prosecutors must avoid
if they want Emery, rather than their case, to go south.

P-I columnist Joel Connelly can be reached at 206-448-8160
or joelconnelly@seattlepi.com.

B.C. pot activist granted bailLawyer says activities were tolerated for years
U.S. wants three Canadians extradited in case

Aug. 3, 2005AMY CARMICHAEL
CANADIAN PRESS

VANCOUVER—Canadian justice officials can't turn pot activist
Marc Emery over to the United States to face possible life in prison
after ignoring his sale of marijuana seeds in this country for nearly
a decade, his lawyer said yesterday.

"For nine years he's been doing this quite openly," John
Conroy told a news conference after Emery was granted bail. "They've
known about it; the local authorities haven't done anything about it."

Emery is accused of selling seeds out of his bookstore in downtown
Vancouver and over the Internet. He also runs Cannabis Culture magazine
and is the leader of the British Columbia Marijuana Party.

Conroy said Emery has long had tacit permission from Canadian authorities
to sell seeds, adding that even Health Canada has directed people who
are allowed to possess pot for medical conditions to the Internet to
buy seeds.

"Here we have a situation where they turn a blind eye locally
and now they're in a position of assisting the U.S. to try to have
him extradited to the U.S., where the penalties are substantially greater
than here," Conroy said.

Bail was set at $50,000 for Emery, who faces a sentence of 10 years
to life in prison if convicted in the U.S.

They face charges of conspiracy to manufacture marijuana, conspiracy
to distribute marijuana seeds and a third of conspiracy to engage in
money laundering.

The U.S. wants the trio extradited after they were indicted by a federal
grand jury in May following an 18-month investigation by American police
into the sale of marijuana seeds on the Internet and by mail.

The pot paraphernalia store that Emery runs was raided on Friday by
Vancouver police after a warrant was issued at the request of U.S.
justice officials.

Supporters, who regularly come together in rallies to support Emery's
political and legal causes, packed the gallery seats around his wife,
Cheryl, during Emery's court appearance.

Outside the court, one demonstrator waved a massive Canadian flag
bearing a marijuana leaf instead of a maple leaf.

Others criticized the extradition request. Emery's lawyer agreed.

"It seems to me if you do anything on the Internet that's illegal
in the U.S., or that they don't like, you do run the risk of the U.S.
federal government taking a position that you're doing things that
somehow impact on their sovereignty," Conroy said.

"In effect, they have some power over you no matter where you
are."

But a spokesperson for Justice Minister Irwin Cotler brushed aside
the suggestion from Emery's supporters that Ottawa is taking its orders
from U.S. justice authorities, pointing out that a process exists for
law enforcement officials on both sides of the border to seek the apprehension
of suspects.

"A foreign country is allowed to make a request for arrest and
extradition of people who are sought in criminal cases ... That's why
we have extradition treaties like the one we have with the United States," said
Christian Girouard, adding he couldn't discuss the details of Emery's
case.

Canada should be ashamed for arresting a prominent Canadian marijuana
rights activist on charges of violating American drug laws, marijuana
advocates said here yesterday after demonstrating against the arrest.

B.C. Marijuana Party leader Marc Emery, who sells marijuana seeds
over the Internet, was arrested by RCMP in Nova Scotia Friday on a
warrant issued by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.

Although selling marijuana seeds is legal in Canada, it's a violation
of U.S. law.

"Ottawa should be ashamed ... for selling off Canadians to keep
good relations with Uncle Sam," Jessica Aulthouse said yesterday
outside the U.S. Consulate General on University Ave., where 30 people
gathered to protest the arrest of Emery and two of his colleagues.

"I want the Canadian government to make decisions based on what
people here want and not what foreign heads want," said Aulthouse,
who travelled to Toronto from Niagara Region.

The surprise arrests were authorized by the B.C. Supreme Court under
the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act.

The three now face extradition and, if convicted, punitive sentences
ranging from 10 years to life in prison.

Emery, 47, Michelle Rainey-Fenkarek, 34, financial agent for the party
and Greg Williams, 50, an employee of Pot-TV, all face U.S. charges
of conspiracy to manufacture marijuana, distribute seeds and engage
in money laundering.

The arrests came after the trio was indicted by a U.S. federal grand
jury in May following an 18-month investigation by American police
into the sale of marijuana seeds on the Internet and by mail.

At a similar pro-Emery rally in Vancouver Saturday, some 200, including
visiting Americans, protested the arrests.

Canadian officials have a long history of trying to dethrone Emery,
who's been dubbed the Canadian Prince of Pot because he's among the
world's biggest dealers in marijuana seeds. While he's been convicted
of various drug-related charges since 1994, when he opened a store
in Vancouver that now sells marijuana paraphernalia, he's only ever
been sentenced once. Last year, he was slapped with three months in
jail for passing a joint at a pot rally in Saskatoon.

Emery has long insisted on selling seeds because they don't contain
enough THC, the mood-altering ingredient in marijuana, to qualify as
a banned substance. But since he stopped selling them over the counter
and started selling them in cyberspace, Canadian authorities have for
the most part left him alone.

Currently, his seed-selling business is booming, Rod Benson, the special
agent in charge of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, told reporters
in Seattle on Friday. It sells about $3 million worth of seeds each
year, mostly to the U.S.

`I see this as part and parcel of a very great push by the U.S ...
to invade us with their will'

Connie Fogal, Canadian Action Party

Unlike here, authorities south of the border believe that selling
marijuana seeds is the same as selling marijuana.

Rainey-Fenkarek and Williams were arrested in Vancouver. As city police
were raiding his pot paraphernalia store, Emery was arrested in Lawrencetown,
N.S., where he'd been scheduled to speak at a music festival that raises
money for the group Maritimers Unite for Medical Marijuana.

Rainey-Fenkarek was released on $25,000 bail Friday, but both Williams
and Emery spent the weekend in custody. Both men are to appear in a
Vancouver court today for a bail hearing.

Calls to Justice Minister Irwin Cotler's office yesterday were not
returned. However, many have called the arrests a flagrant display
of American bullying.

"The ability (for Americans) to come into our country and ask
for our help to take (Emery) away so they can punish him for their
kinds of laws is immoral, " said Connie Fogal, leader of the Canadian
Action Party, which promotes Canadian nationalism.

"It's not just their approach to marijuana. I see this as part
and parcel of a very great push by the U.S., not to just exercise its
clout, but to invade us with their will. They don't have to use guns,
tanks and missiles, because they've got political wimps here who bow
down to them," said Fogal, who's also a lawyer in Vancouver.

Her comments were loudly echoed yesterday by protestors outside the
U.S. consulate on University Ave.

"Today's a big day, not just for the marijuana movement but for
all Canadians," said Alison Myrden, sitting in a wheelchair and
holding a sign that read, "Marc Emery Saved my Life," as
she took drags from a marijuana joint.

"Marc is a legitimate businessman, he's always been above board," said
Myrden.

She added that Emery has often sent her money so she could afford
to buy marijuana to ease the pain brought on by by 28 years of living
with multiple sclerosis.

Protest organizer Matt Mernagh, a medicinal user of marijuana, called
Emery's arrest a "gross insult to Canadian sovereignty."

But "it's an excellent opportunity to get rid of someone who's
a pain in their ass — they can't get him in Canada so they'll
send him to the U.S.," Mernagh said.

"The government has washed their hands of this."

with files from Canadian Press

Marijuana Medicine Tests Pot's
PotentialCanada's approval of a
cannabis-based medicine has people wondering
what would be possible if a stigma could be removed.

August 1st, 2005
Story St. Pertersburg
Times, Florida
By SUSAN TAYLOR MARTIN, Times Senior Correspondent

BURLINGTON, Ontario - Since she was diagnosed with
multiple sclerosis 13 years ago, Alison Myrden has suffered from pain
so intense it feels like "lightning going off in my face."

To reduce her agony, Myrden, 41, has long taken dozens
of prescription pills a day, including the powerful Dilaudin. Now,
though, she has a new weapon in her arsenal: Sativex, billed as the
world's first cannabis-based drug.

"I think it has good potential," says Myrden,
squirting Sativex into her mouth from a small sprayer. "It's really
fabulous that the government has taken marijuana seriously and is making
a medicine of it."

This spring, Canada became the first country to approve
Sativex, a prescription drug for MS that contains tetrahydrocannabinol,
or THC, and other active ingredients of the Cannabis sativa plant.
The drug went on sale throughout Canada in mid June, just a week after
the medical marijuana movement in the United States was dealt a major
setback by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Sativex is so new and expensive that few Canadians
are using it so far. But given the timing of its debut, it has highlighted
the divergent views on marijuana's therapeutic benefits.

Sativex "is an important step, but why should
this whole field be centered in Canada and England instead of the United
States? It's because of the repression of science in the United States," says
Rick Doblin, whose Sarasota-based Multidisciplinary Association for
Psychedelic Studies funds research of marijuana's medical effects.

But the U.S. government's Office of National Drug
Control Policy, which deems marijuana a dangerous drug, says many of
those touting its therapeutic use want to legalize its recreational
use as well.

"Of course we would look at any medicine proven
safe or efficacious," says spokesman Tom Riley. "But the
medical marijuana issue has been kind of larded with hype for a number
of years by a lot of people with agendas in this area."

Sativex was developed by GW Pharmaceuticals, a small
British company that is trying to distance itself from the medical
marijuana debate as it seeks U.S. and European approval of a potentially
lucrative product.

"There is a clear distinction to be drawn between
what you would call medical marijuana and Sativex, which is the name
of a medicine," says Mark Rogerson, a GW spokesman. "Medical
marijuana is smoking a joint or baking a cake. This is a prescription
medicine for MS."

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central
nervous system (brain, spinal cord and optic nerves) that affects people
in unpredictable ways. Some patients suffer from spasticity, causing
the muscles to lock up; others, like Myrden, shake or have excruciating
pain.

In Britain, GW has focused on Sativex as a treatment
for spasticity. So far the British government has refused to approve
it without more evidence it works for that purpose.

In Canada, however, Sativex has been approved for
use in treating neuropathic pain, another common symptom.

Myrden, a disabled former corrections officer and
one of 50,000 Canadians with MS, says Sativex helps relieve pain but
is not as cheap or effective as the plant.

Unlike the other drugs she takes, Sativex is not
covered by Ontario's health care program. A small bottle, with enough
sprays to last Myrden just 31/2 days, costs $125.

For Sativex to gain wider use, "it has to be
cost effective," says Myrden, who lives on government disability
and help from her mother and boyfriend. "It's about $1,000 a month
- where am I going to get money for my next prescription?"

By comparison, it costs Myrden about $400 a month
to buy marijuana from compassion clubs, the quasilegal establishments
that sell it for medicinal purposes. She is also among a few hundred
Canadians licensed by the government to grow marijuana and smoke it
wherever tobacco cigarettes are allowed.

Despite its high price, Sativex is less effective
than regular marijuana, Myrden has found. She never used marijuana
before developing MS, she says, but now smokes it several times a day
and eats it in oatmeal cookies.

With the right strain of marijuana, "I can get
rid of the pain in minutes for two hours. I would rely on marijuana
hands down - it's the only thing that gives me quality of life."

That it comes in spray form and is obtainable only
by prescription "is a little more reassuring because it's less
apt to be abused," says Dr. William McIlroy, the society's medical
adviser. "The majority of doctors in Canada don't want to be known
as the primary source of smoked marijuana."

In the United States, where MS afflicts 400,000,
the National Multiple Sclerosis Society says anecdotal evidence suggests
marijuana can help reduce MS-related pain. But it remains difficult
to measure relief objectively: Participants in one study realized they
were getting a cannabinoid-based treatment instead of a placebo when
they developed the dry mouth and lightheadedness familiar to marijuana
users.

"So far the studies that have purported to show
the benefits of marijuana have not been well-blinded, and so people
knew what they were receiving," says John Richert, the society's
vice president for research. "That makes it impossible to distinguish
whether one is seeing a true effect of the treatment or whether it
is a placebo effect."

As for Sativex, "there is still no good scientific
study that proves its efficacy," Richert says.

GW Pharmaceuticals has yet to formally seek approval
for Sativex in the United States, though it has "started the process" of
talking to the Food and Drug Administration, says Rogerson, the GW
spokesman. "No disrespect to the FDA, but we would expect it be
a longer process in the States."

Advocates of medical marijuana claim the U.S. government
has made it difficult to do scientific research into the plant's therapeutic
effects. Researchers must get federal approval for their studies and
must use marijuana from a government farm in Mississippi.

"This is the only drug in America for which
the only source for research purposes is the U.S. government, and they
have a reputation for producing not very good quality stuff," says
Ethan Nadelmann, executive director of the Drug Policy Alliance, which
advocates more liberal drug policies.

Availability of the Mississippi marijuana used to
be limited to those studying the plant's effects on behavior and reasoning.
But the government began giving it to other researchers after a federal
advisory panel found enough evidence of marijuana's medical benefits
to warrant additional study.

"Except for the harm associated with smoking,
the adverse effects of marijuana are within the range of effects tolerated
for other medicines," said a report by the Institute of Medicine.

Thousands of people with MS, cancer, AIDS and other
diseases routinely use marijuana in California and the 10 other states
with medical marijuana laws. (Florida is not among them.) In June,
however, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government still
can ban marijuana possession in states that have eliminated penalties
for its therapeutic use.

That's unfortunate, says Myrden, who applauds the
Canadian government for approving Sativex and allowing sick people
to use marijuana in other forms as well.

"I'm really excited this is available," she
says of Sativex, "but you have to realize the natural form is
just as good if not better."

Police raided a marijuana seed store run by the B.C. Marijuana Party
leader in Vancouver Friday, at the request of U.S. authorities in Seattle.

In connection with the 11 a.m. raid, Greg Williams a.k.a. "Marijuana
Man" was arrested at the store, Michele Rainey at her Vancouver
home and high-profile B.C. Marijuana Party leader Marc Emery was picked
up in Nova Scotia while attending "Hempfest 2005."

U.S. officials are accusing the trio of growing marijuana, distributing
marijuana seeds and conspiring to engage in money laundering, following
an 18-month investigation by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA).

Emery runs a mail-order website that distributes marijuana seeds to
clients in a variety of countries, including the United States.

At a news conference in Seattle, U.S. authorities announced they've
asked for Emery to be extradited to the U.S. to face drug charges.

Seattle DEA Special Agent Rod Benson said that Emery displayed an "overwhelming
arrogance and abuse of the rule of law."

"The message here is clear," Benson said. "Those engaged
in the cultivation, and trafficking of illegal drugs will eventually
pay a steep price."

The price of a conviction could carry a sentence ranging from 10 years
to life in prison.

Chief of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office Jeff
Sullivan said the charges are based on what Emery allegedly does in
the U.S. and not what he does in Canada.

Vancouver Constable Howard Chow said Canadian law enforcement was
approached by the DEA to aid in the investigation.

"The DEA came to us about a year ago surrounding Marc Emery and
asked for our assistance in the criminal investigation that had to
do with trafficking a controlled substance," Chow told CTV.ca
News. "It's an ongoing investigation. There may be further charges
that come out of this.

Emery's site has been operating for more than five years with no action
being taken until today.

"It just comes in terms of resources and priority. We get information
and we act on it and we deal with it at that time," Chow said.

"You can expect that anybody who engages in criminal activity
on a high profile, such as Marc Emery does -- you're not going to expect
to do it forever before you have to account for your actions."

Known as "The Prince of Pot", the leader of the B.C. Marijuana
Party has been a vocal advocate for the legalization of marijuana.

In 1994, Emery opened a Vancouver-based store called Hemp BC selling
marijuana paraphernalia. Police raided his store in 1996 and again
in 1998, confiscating his entire stock.

After those raids, Emery opened the mail-order business selling the
seeds. He also publishes "Cannabis Culture" magazine and
runs "Pot TV" on the Internet.

He ran for mayor of the city of Vancouver in 1996 and again in 2002,
coming in fifth place.

In 2004, Emery served a 90-day sentence in a Saskatoon jail for passing
a marijuana joint.

Party spokesperson Kirk Tousaw said he had not spoken to Emery since
the raid.

"I can express a pretty significant disappointment that police
would choose to go this route to go after Marc and others who have
been operating there for years with no harm to anyone," Tousaw
told CTV.ca News.

"The timing stinks. They do it on Friday so that they can keep
you in jail the maximum amount of time before you can be released on
bail," said Tousaw.

Emery's operation on West Hastings houses a hemp shop, a book store,
the headquarters for PotTV and the operations behind an Internet-based
seeds sales company.

According to police, Emery's seed business rakes in about $3 million
a year

U.S. Patriot Act warrants questioned

August 1, 2005

SEATTLE (AP) - The USA Patriot Act made it possible for federal investigators
to search and bug a 110-metre tunnel under the U.S.-Canadian border,
and then watch and listen as hundreds of kilograms of marijuana were
carried through it.

Government agents surreptitiously installed video and audio devices
after obtaining a "sneak and peek" warrant, which allows
searches that leave no trace and are conducted without immediate notification
of the subject.

Regular search warrants require that the subject be notified immediately
after a search. Usually notice is left at the scene, with details about
any removal of items.

With a sneak-peek warrant - also called a delayed-notice warrant -
investigators arrange the timeline of the delay with a judge. Most
often, suspects are notified within 30 days, said Doug Whalley, an
assistant U.S. attorney in Seattle.

As Congress prepares to reauthorize parts of the law, some legislators
and civil-rights groups want to scale back some of the powers it grants.
The Senate Judiciary Committee, for example, recently introduced a
bill that would greatly limit how "sneak-peek" activity is
conducted.

"I think that the power that the government has under the Patriot
Act ... is clearly contrary to the notion underlying the Fourth Amendment," said
former U.S. Representative Bob Barr, a Republican from Georgia who
leads an organization called Patriots to Restore Checks and Balances.
The secret warrants are "being used in cases that have nothing
whatsoever to do with terrorism," Barr said.

Whalley said the Patriot Act codified already-existing law and made
it difficult to challenge the use of sneak-peek warrants in court.
Before the law went into effect, rulings were made on a case-by-case
basis. Appeals courts could decide whether the warrants were improperly
issued.

Under Patriot Act warrants, suspects often are not aware for months
that their properties have been searched, said Lisa Graves, senior
counsel for legislative strategy for the American Civil Liberties Union.

"The Justice Department decided to create a statutory right across
the board, to try and create a national right of law enforcement to
create secret searches of businesses and homes, secret seizures of
evidence," she said.

Whalley said prosecutors "don't eagerly use these methods of
surveillance. The process is very labour-intensive. If you watch TV,
they get a search warrant within 10 minutes. Something like this, where
you want to go in and not announce your presence if we're lucky, the
turnaround is two days, and that's fast."

When discovery of the tunnel was announced last month, federal officials
cited concerns it could be used to smuggle terrorists or weapons, not
just drugs.

Civil-rights advocates are skeptical.

"The tunnel has nothing to do with the war on terrorism. ...
There's absolutely no reason why the authorities couldn't have availed
themselves of the normal ways possible," said Bob Mahler, a Seattle
criminal defence lawyer.

Emery expected to return to Vancouver next week

July 30, 2005

By ELIANNA LEV

VANCOUVER (CP) - All the cliches of a pot protest were there: the
hackey-sac games, tie-dye T-shirts and small clouds of smoke floating
above the crowd of about 200 people.

What wasn't to be expected at Saturday's rally to protest the arrest
of three B.C. Marijuana Party members was the support it received from
visiting Americans.

Party leader Marc Emery, Michelle Rainey-Fenkarek, financial agent
for the party and Greg Williams, an employee of Pot-TV, all face American
charges of conspiracy to manufacture marijuana, distribute seeds and
engage in money laundering.

Friday's arrests came at the request of the U.S., which wants the
three extradited for trial. A conviction carries a sentence ranging
from 10 years to life in prison.

Emery was arrested by RCMP on Friday in central Nova Scotia and was
to spend the weekend in a Halifax-area jail before being returned to
Vancouver.

Rainey-Fenkarek was released on bail Friday while Williams remained
in custody in Vancouver.

Nick Frey, who was visiting from Los Angeles stumbled across the protest
while walking through the "pot block," a city street that
houses mostly marijuana-themed stores.

"I resent my (Drug Enforcement Administration) for infringing
on Canadian policy," he said.

"It's not my problem because I don't smoke pot but people should
be alarmed. People should be able to do what they want to do."

Nebraskan Scott Tanner echoed the sentiment.

"Our government has overstepped its bounds (by requesting the
arrests of the Canadians)," he said. "Whatever happens on
this side of the border, it's none of our business."

He said he would never expect to see such a protest in his hometown.

"In the mid-70s, they had 'Marijuana is Fun Day.' Now whatever
happened to that, I don't know."

The uplifting psychedelic music blaring from the party headquarters
didn't reflect the mood inside.

Signs at the entrance to the storefront, which doubles as a bookstore
and sells marijuana paraphernalia, told the U.S., politely and not
so politely, where to go.

A donation box was set up inside asking for help for Emery, Rainey-Fenkarek
and Williams.

"All of them have been outspoken advocates for changing our marijuana
policies, both domestically and throughout the world," said Kirk
Tousaw, the party's campaign manager. "We believe that's why they've
been targeted by the U.S. government."

Donation boxes aside, there were few indications inside the store
that it had been raided less than a day earlier.

Alison Myrden is excited yet somewhat apprehensive about becoming
one of the first people in the world to try a new prescription
drug designed to alleviate the intense pain experienced by some
multiple sclerosis patients.

The 41-year-old local resident, who says she has suffered
intense facial nerve pain related to MS on a constant basis for about
10 years, has begun using a new medication that is derived from the
cannabis plant. Long an advocate and also one of a small group of legal
users of prescribed medicinal marijuana in cigarette form -- to help
ease her daily discomfort -- Myrden hopes that Sativex is not only
a more potent analgesic than traditional pot, but will become more
socially acceptable too.

Sativex is a medication delivered via a small spray bottle.
It is administered under the tongue or in the cheek. It was approved
by Health Canada is April and has been available here by prescription
since June. It is currently only available in Canada and only for neuropathic
pain associated with MS. GW Pharmaceuticals of Great Britain, the developer
of Sativex, says on its Web site that the drug's principal active ingredients
are the cannabis-derived components delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
and cannabidiol (CBD).

Myrden said she tried the new drug for the first time
on Sunday morning. In the few days before that first use she extended
the time between taking her usual daily cocktail of medications --
marijuana in pill and cigarette form plus morphine -- to see what level
of effect Sativex would have. She said the initial results are not
encouraging but acknowledged it is far too early to know if she will
be able to switch to Sativex exclusively at some point.

"I have a bad pain in my face all the time but I
had a particularly bad flare-up Sunday morning. I hadn't had anything
at all since 5 a.m. I went a little longer (without medication) than
I normally would, a couple of hours more," taking Sativex for
the first time around 9 a.m., she said. "I used three doses the
first time, waited about 30 minutes and there was no relief at all.
Then I took five more sprays and nothing. I waited 15 more minutes
then lit a marijuana cigarette and got relief within five minutes." Myrden
said she understands, and is patient enough, that it could be a long
time before she knows if Sativex will help ease her condition. "I've
been told it could take three months to slowly come off my medication
and the marijuana cigarettes, if I stay on the Sativex.

"I want it to work desperately
because I want relief,
and I'm (using)
it exactly as they tell me."

Even if Sativex proves not to be an improvement on her
pot cigarettes in terms of pain relief, she's excited about the prospect
of it possibly helping others. She also hopes the spray format gains
widespread acceptance and erases the social stigma of having to smoking
dope. "Also, it might not be as difficult going to the United
States, maybe I can travel easier some day (with Sativex)," she
said, referring to crossing the border.

Myrden has attended American conferences on medicinal
marijuana and taken her marijuana pills, which she says are accepted
by U.S. authorities. She is planning to speak at the Law Enforcement
Against Prohibition (LEAP) gathering in California in November. Myrden
has been living for years with a severe form of MS. She had neurosurgery
on her face about 10 years ago but got no relief. She had even tried
heroin and cocaine. When the facial pain became unbearable she turned
to smoking marijuana, which she said helped immensely.

MS is a disease of the central nervous system. The MS
Society of Canada estimates that 50 per cent of people with MS suffer
from chronic neuropathic pain. Approximately 50,000 Canadians, the
majority women, have the disease. Lori Ann Horrigan, communications
manager with Bayer Canada -- the exclusive marketer in Canada of Sativex
for the UK's GW Pharmaceuticals -- said Sativex helps with neuropathic
pain. However, she noted it is only currently approved for use by MS
sufferers, not those with similar pain associated with arthritis, anorexia,
AIDS, depression, epilepsy or Hepatitis C.

Myrden's pharmacist, David Pinkus, of the Roseland Shoppers
Drug Mart, said a drug like Sativex has "definitely been a long
time coming." "It's going to reduce the side effects and,
hopefully, the amount of analgesic medication Alison needs to take," said
Pinkus. For Myrden, and likely many others in her situation, the effectiveness
of Sativex is only one consideration, the other being its exorbitant
cost. A bottle costs $124.95 and contains 51 spray doses. Myrden figures
she'll use eight bottles per month. She says it is not covered by the
Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP), meaning she will need to pay
about $1,000 per month out of her own pocket.

The new drug will compound her financial straits, she
said, noting she already pays about $200 of her own money for a three-day
supply of marijuana, which she smokes. The 180 marijuana pills Myrden
says she uses every month cost about $4,800; she also takes morphine
tablets at a cost of more than $300 monthly. Myrden said about two-thirds
of her medication costs are covered by public health insurance, but
that still leaves her with about $2,000 in direct costs every month.
She doesn't work anymore. The former corrections liaison officer and
medical secretary has trouble walking due to the MS. She lives on her
own and often uses an electric scooter in public. She said she receives
about $1,200 monthly in Canada pension and Ontario Disability Support
payments, far short of covering just her medical expenses. "I
couldn't do it without my boyfriend and my mother," whom
she said help buy her food and pay her other bills.

Therapeutic
potential of cannabinoids
in Trigeminal Neuralgia

Dec,
2004 - Liang YC, Huang CC, Hsu KS.

Department
of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
Tainan 701, Taiwan.

Trigeminal
neuralgia is a disorder of paroxysmal and severely disabling facial
pain and continues to be a real therapeutic challenge to the clinicians.
While the exact cause and pathology of this disorder is uncertain,
it is thought that trigeminal neuralgia caused by irritation of the
trigeminal nerve. This irritation results from damage due to the
change in the blood vessels, the presence of a tumor or other lesions
that cause the compression of the trigeminal root.

The
pain of trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by unilateral pain
attacks that start abruptly and last for varying periods of time
from minutes to hours. The quality of pain is usually sharp, stabbing,
lancinating, and burning. The attacks are initiated by mild stimuli
such as light touch of the skin, eating, chewing, washing the face,
brushing the teeth, and exposure to wind.

Although
antiepileptic drug therapy may be beneficial in the treatment of
trigeminal neuralgia, up to one-half of the patients become refractory
or intolerant to these medications. At present there are few other
effective drugs. In cases of lacking effect after pharmacotherapy,
surgical options may be considered. Currently
there is growing amount of evidence to suggest that the psychoactive
ingredient in cannabis and individual cannabinoids may be effective
in alleviating neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia.

Evidence
suggests that cannabinoids may prove useful in pain modulation
by inhibiting neuronal transmission in pain pathways. Considering
the pronounced antinociceptive effects produced by cannabinoids,
they may be a promising therapeutic approach for the clinical
management of trigeminal neuralgia.

PMID:
15578967 [ PubMed ]

Alison
Myrden on Houston, Texas Radio ShowOctober
26th, 2004 on the show Cultural Baggage

Marijuana
Against Multiple SclerosisOne
of the First Canadians granted a pot permit
Alison Myrden praises therapeutic value of cannabis

By
Francesco Veronesi

Publication Date: 2004-10-03

I
had to take 32 pills a day, as well as a heavy dose of morphine.
Imprisoned in bed by the pain, I did not have the strength to get
up, to do the simplest things. Thanks to marijuana, all this is behind
me. Now I get up, I move around. I'm alive again."
Alison Myrden is a courageous woman. She has to struggle every day against
a terrible illness, multiple sclerosis, an incurable disease that debilitates
her, conditions her life, and always accompanies her with its constant presence. "An
indescribable, continuous pain, a suffering that nobody should have to bear," Alison
told us from her Burlington home, "because no one could possibly deserve
suffering so much."

Yet
Alison is in love with life, even though life reserved her such a
cruel destiny. Ever since her illness was diagnosed, Alison decided
to resist, to tackle her disease and fight it tooth and nail. In
1992, due to the rapid progress of her illness, Alison was forced
to leave her job. The drugs she had to take in order to control the
pain were debilitating her. "We beat all paths known to medicine," continued
Alison; "alongside traditional drugs I began a cure based on
cocaine and heroin, under constant medical monitoring and with a
regular permit by Health Canada."

These
attempts, however, soon proved just as useless. "My health was
declining fast. My illness was accompanied by the Tic Doloreux, a
persistent pain in the face that often manifests itself in MS patients." Then,
in 1995, she found marijuana. "I had smoked some cannabis when
I was a kid, just out of curiousity. I would never have dreamed that
eventually it would help me survive."
In the same year, Alison obtained a Health Canada permit for consuming marijuana
for therapeutic purposes, the very first ever granted in Canada. "When
I tried it for the first time I didn't expect too much. But 10 minutes later
things had completely changed: after such a long time, I finally felt good.
Pain decreased, I could move, I could smile once again."
In March 2000, Alison got the Authorization to Possess, partly exempting her
from the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substance Act: she was allowed to grow,
possess and smoke marijuana. "Until you get the Authorization, some absurd
situations can arise: you have to supply yourself from the illegal market,
with all the risks this entails. That's why I decided to fight another battle,
just as difficult and hard: the battle for the legalization of cannabis."

In
the same period Alison became an activist against the "prohibitionist" law,
and she had to confront an apparently insurmountable obstacle, the
cultural gap of Western society that sees marijuana as an evil to
be avoided at all costs. "Marijuana never killed anybody," remarked
Alison. "There is scientific evidence of this. From this standpoint,
Canada is even considered too permissive, in comparison to many other
countries where not even therapeutical use of cannabis is allowed.
I wonder, why should a government force me to suffer? Why do they
deny a patient an opportunity to alleviate physical pain, especially
for incurable diseases like MS, where the illness cannot be defeated
but its effects can be reduced? Trying to answer these questions,
I decided to fight for legalization."

In
recent years, the Canadian situation has changed, probably thanks
also to the commitment of Alison and the numerous groups of activists
all over the country. A bill, first tabled by Jean Chrétien
and then by Paul Martin, asks for the decriminalization of possession
of small quantities of cannabis. And the Marijuana Party, a political
formation that ran in the latest Federal election, is alive and growing.
At the same time, due to the sensitivity of the issue, strong repressive voices
have also emerged, both in society and among politicians, urging harsher punishments
for those who possess and use marijuana. "In a nutshell, we ask for choice,
freedom of choice. Thanks to marijuana, my quality of life has sharply changed."
At present, some 70 patients all over Canada hold Health Canada's Authorization
to Possess. Health Canada also grows therapeutical cannabis through a private
company, Praire Plant System, which has been awarded a government contract
for $5.57 million.

Some
problems and incongruities of this system, which on the one hand
represses and on the other promotes, came to light in the past few
months, with a controversy between the patients and Health Canada
about the alleged low quality of government-grown cannabis. "I
can only confirm," added Alison, "that there are big problems
with the content of THC, the active principle of cannabis: Health
Canada's marijuana has a very low level of it. Once again, people
resort to the street market."
"Thanks to marijuana," concluded Alison, "I am able to alleviate
my pain and muzzle my illness. After so long, I smile, I hope, I look forward
with faith. I'm alive again."

Who
could imagine that cannabis might one day offer hope as a cure for
cancer? The United States government, that’s who.

For
the past 30 years, U.S. officials have willfully ignored clinical
research indicating that marijuana can inhibit the growth of certain
type of malignant tumors. However, the recent publication of a trio
of clinical studies and a pair of scientific reviews have effectively
blown the lid off "Cancergate," and revealed that pot’s
medical value may be far greater than ever presumed.

THE
EMERGING EVIDENCE

Last
year, five scientific journals published prominent articles trumpeting
cannabinoids (compounds in marijuana) as potential anti-cancer agents.
These include:

Clinical
trial data published in January 2003 issue of the Journal of
the American Society of Clinical Investigation that found cannabinoids
significantly inhibit skin tumor growth in mice. Investigators
of the study concluded, "The present data indicate that
local cannabinoids administration may constitute an alternative
therapeutic approach for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer."

Clinical
trial data published in the March 2003 issue of The FASEB Journal
that found that the "local administration of a non-psychoactive
cannabinoid inhibits angiogenesis (tissue growth) of malignant
gliomas (brain tumors)."

A
clinical review in the October 2003 issue of the prestigious
journal Nature Reviews Cancer that concluded that cannabinoids’ "favorable
drug safety profile" and proven ability to inhibit tumor
growth make them desirable agents in the treatment of cancer.
According to the review’s author, tumors inhibited by cannabinoids
include: lung carcinoma, glioma, thyroid epithelioma, lymphoma/leukemia,
skin carcinoma, uterus carcinoma, breast carcinoma, prostate
carcinoma, and neuroblastoma (a malignant tumor originating in
the autonomic nervous system or the adrenal medulla and occurring
chiefly in infants and young children).

Clinical
trial data published in the November 2003 issue of the Journal
of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics that found the
administration of the cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) inhibits
the growth of human glioma cells both in vitro (e.g., a petri
dish) and in animals in a dose-dependent manner. Investigators
concluded, "Non-psychoactive CBD produce[s] a significant
antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo, thus suggesting
a possible application of CBD as an antineoplastic agent (something
which prevents the growth of malignant cells.)"

And
finally, a clinical review in the December 2003 issue of the
journal Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets that summarized "the
demonstrated antitumor actions of cannabinoids," and elaborated
on "possible avenues for the future development of cannabinoids
as antitumor agents."

AND
SUBSEQUENT MEDIA BLACKOUT

Despite
these stunning findings, media coverage of them in North America
has been virtually non-existent. As noted by Richard Cowan, editor
of the website MarijuanaNews.com, "The New York Times, The Washington
Post and Los Angeles Times all ignored this story, even though its
newsworthiness is indisputable: a benign substance occurring in nature
destroys deadly brain tumors."

Why
the media blackout? For starters, all of these studies were conducted
overseas. And secondly, not one of them has been acknowledged by
the U.S. government.

U.S.
KNEW IN ’74... AND AGAIN IN ’96!

This
wasn’t always the case. In fact, the first ever experiment
documenting pot’s anti-tumor effects took place in 1974 at
the Medical College of Virginia at the behest of the U.S. government.
The results of that study, immortalized in an August 18, 1974 Washington
Post newspaper feature, were that "THC slowed the growth of
lung cancers, breast cancers and a virus-induced leukemia in laboratory
mice, and prolonged their lives by as much as 36 percent."

Despite
these favorable preliminary findings, U.S. government officials banished
the study, and refused to fund any follow up research until conducting
a similar – though secret – study in the mid-1990s. That
study, conducted by the U.S. National Toxicology Program to the tune
of $2 million concluded that mice and rats administered high doses
of THC over long periods had greater protection against malignant
tumors than untreated controls. However, rather than publicize their
findings, government researchers shelved the results – which
only became public one year later after a draft copy of its findings
were leaked in 1997 to the journal AIDS Treatment News, which in
turn forwarded the story to the national media.
Nevertheless, in the nearly eight years since the completion of the National
Toxicology trial, the U.S. government has yet to fund a single additional study
examining pot’s potential as an anti-cancer agent.

SCIENCE
IGNORED NO MORE

Fortunately,
researchers at Madrid, Spain’s Complutense University, School
of Biology have generously picked up where U.S. researchers so abruptly
left off. In 1998, the research team – led by investigator
Manuel Guzman – discovered that THC can selectively induce
program cell death in brain tumor cells without negatively impacting
the surrounding healthy cells. Then in 2000, Guzman’s team
reported in the journal Nature Medicine that injections of synthetic
THC eradicated malignant gliomas (brain tumors) in one-third of treated
rats, and prolonged life in another third by six weeks. A commentary
to the study noted that the results were the first to convincingly
demonstrate that cannabis-based treatments may successfully combat
cancer.

Today,
Guzman believes that enough favorable clinical evidence exists supporting
pot’s anti-cancer properties to warrant clinical trials in
humans. "The scientific community has gained substantial knowledge
of the palliative and anti-tumor actions of cannabinoids during the
past few years," Guzman wrote in the October 2003 issue of Nature
Reviews Cancer. "Anti-tumor compounds should selectively affect
tumor cells [and] it seems that cannabinoids can do this, as they
kill [malignant] tumor cells but do not affect their non-transformed
counterparts and might even protect them from cell death. ... As
cannabinoids are relatively safe compounds, it would be desirable
that clinical trials using cannabinoids ... could accompany [ongoing]
laboratory studies to allow us to use these compounds in the treatment
of cancer." Guzman concludes the article by noting that the
Spanish Ministry of Health recently approved a human clinical trial – the
first ever – aimed at investigating the effects of intracranially
administered THC on the life expectancy of volunteers suffering from
malignant brain tumors.

"Cannabinoid
research continues to show tremendous potential in the treatment
of cancer," summarizes University of Southern California professor
Mitch Earleywine, author of the book Understanding Marijuana: A New
Look at the Scientific Evidence. However, he laments that the "vast
majority of this work originates outside the United States, often
in countries that lack our economic and scientific advantages. Let’s
hope that our drug policy won’t stymie the battle against the
second leading cause of death in America."
Indeed. Let’s not add a potential treatment for cancer to the ever-growing
list of victims of pot prohibition.

Paul
Armentano is the senior policy analyst for the NORML Foundation in
Washington, DC.
paul@norml.org

THE
MAPLE LEAF FOREVER

In
recent weeks, federal drug warrior John Walters has turned his attention
to the latest and apparently, in his esteemed opinion, greatest threat:
Canadian marijuana.

Walters,
head of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy --
the "drug czar" -- in recent months has bemoaned the increase
in availability of the allegedly superpotent Canadian bud. Canada
has less strict marijuana laws than the U.S., and our northern neighbors
have allegedly been cultivating strains that contain about 7% THC,
more than triple the amount commonly found in U.S. pot in the Seventies.
This combination of lax laws and pot potency equals a national scourge for
Walters, who told Time that he blames a potent strain of the dope cultivated
in British Columbia -- the nefarious "BC Bud" -- for a rise in marijuana-related
emergency room visits in the late Nineties. "Canada is exporting to us
the crack of marijuana," he said.

Unfortunately
for Walters, the U.S. Department of Justice doesn't agree with his
dire dope assessments. According to the annual National Drug Threat
Assessment report, released in April by the National Drug Intelligence
Center, California and Mexico produce most of the pot smoked in the
U.S., and growers in Hawaii are credited as the "leading source
of high-potency marijuana." Further, contrary to Walters' claims,
the increase in marijuana-related emergency room visits has "not
been significant."

At
press time, the fight over the latest Nevada marijuana-legalization
ballot initiative was raging on, as supporters waited on the U.S.
9th Circuit Court of Appeals to give a final nod on its fate. On
Sept. 2, Silver State election officials announced that initiative
supporters had gathered about 2,000 fewer signatures than the number
required to secure the measure a place on the November ballot.
However, that determination -- made after a district judge sided with initiative
organizers and ordered a signature recount -- is potentially moot if the 9th
Circuit rules in favor of the Marijuana Policy Project on an action pending
before the court.

At
issue is the Nevada secretary of state's decision to rule invalid
the petition signatures of people who signed up in support of the
measure on the same day they registered to vote. The Silver State's
last citizen initiative to decriminalize marijuana was vociferously
opposed by Walters, whose campaign activities there led to previous
legal actions alleging the drug czar violated the federal Hatch Act,
which restricts the political activities of government employees.

Budding
therapy: New evidence supports previous findings that cannabinoids,
the main active ingredients in marijuana, can fight cancer.

Marijuana's
main active ingredients, cannabinoids, appear to restrict blood supply
to brain tumors, a finding that supports their use to fight brain
cancer and could lead to new cannabinoid-based cancer treatments.
Principal investigator Manuel Guzmán and colleagues at Complutense University
in Madrid, Spain have found that cannabinoids significantly lower vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity in mice and in tumors from two people
with late-stage glioblastoma multiforme—the most common type of brain
tumor.

VEGF
is known to facilitate cancer growth by stimulating blood vessel
formation, and some studies suggest that it also directly promotes
tumor cell proliferation. "Blockade of the VEGF pathway constitutes
one of the most promising antitumoral approaches currently available," says
Guzmán.

Rediscovered
treatment

Glioblastoma
multiforme is a highly aggressive form of a type of brain tumor called
a glioma. The disease strikes more than 7,000 Americans each year,
generally resulting in death within one to two years following diagnosis.

Standard
treatment for glioblastoma multiforme is surgery and then radiotherapy
alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Unfortunately, such treatment
often yields unfavorable results.
Previously, researchers at Complutense found that cannabinoids eradicated tumors
in some rat models of glioblastoma multiforme and lengthened the lives of others.

This
wasn't the first time that marijuana had been found to fight cancer,
however. As far back as 1974, a US government funded study at the
Medical College of Virginia in Richmond found evidence that ingredients
in marijuana slowed the growth of three kinds of cancer in mice,
but the study was subsequently shut down and its findings little
reported.

Cannabinoids
appear to work by inhibiting angiogenesis—a process involving
the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. Angiogenesis
is a normal process in growth and development, but also supplies
tumors with the vital nutrients they need to grow.

Although
prior experiments with cannabinoids yielded promising results for
treating tumors, researchers knew little about the specific mechanisms
by which cannabinoids inhibited blood vessel growth. In addition,
the researchers didn't know whether the cannabinoids would do the
same for human tumors.

Stemming
the flow

To
address these issues, Guzmán and colleagues induced gliomas
in mice, and then injected them with cannabinoids. Using DNA microarray
analysis—a technique to swiftly screen for the activity of
many genes at once—the researchers found that cannabinoids
lowered the expression of certain genes involved in the VEGF pathway.

They
also discovered that cannabinoids seemed to work by increasing the
activity of ceramide, a type of fat produced in the body that can
cause some types of cells to die. By stimulating ceramide activity,
cannabinoids inhibited cells needed for VEGF production. Conversely,
inhibiting ceramide activity decreased the ability of cannabinoids
to alter VEGF production.

To
study the ability of cannabinoids to inhibit the growth of blood
vessels in human tumors, Guzmán and colleagues obtained tumor
samples from two people with glioblastomas who had failed to benefit
from standard therapy.

After
cannabinoid injections, the researchers found that VEGF levels in
the tumors decreased, just as they did in experiments on mice, suggesting
a potential strategy to treat intractable brain tumors.

"It
is essential to develop new therapeutic strategies for the management
of glioblastoma multiforme," say the researchers, "which
will most likely require a combination of therapies to obtain significant
clinical results."
The research is reported in the journal Cancer Research.

Profound
effects of THC (Study)

Analgesia
is one of the most profound effects of THC in most species after
its parenteral administration, and THC had shown equivalent potency
to morphine in rats and mice in a variety of analgesic tests, including
the tail-flick latency measurements (Buxbaum, 1972; Sofia et al.,
1975). Several synthetic cannabinoids have also shown analgesic activities
in animal models selective for detecting opiate analgesics (Johnson
et al., 1981). These models included the tail clip and hot-plate
tests in mice and rats. The analgesic potency of a prototype synthetic
cannabinoid after its subcutaneous administration was also similar
to that of morphine (Johnson et al., 1982).

CT-3
showed marked analgesic activity in the hot-plate and tail clip tests
in mice after i.g. and i.p. administration with potency similar to
that of morphine sulfate. The analgesic ED50 values for morphine
sulfate that were obtained in the present tests were very similar
to the previously reported ED50 values in similar tests (Dajani et
al., 1977). In addition, CT-3 showed marked analgesic activity in
the rat tail clip test. Unlike narcotic analgesics, CT-3 did not
induce Straub tail reaction, miosis, or muscular rigidity (Dajani
et al., 1977). However, like opiates, the analgesic activity of CT-3
was also accompanied by decreased spontaneous motor activity. As
previously observed with other cannabinoids, CT-3 induced catalepsy
that occurred at high multiples of its analgesic doses (Abood and
Martin, 1992; Fride and Mechoulam, 1993). These analgesic studies
clearly indicate that CT-3 has an analgesic action with potency similar
to that of morphine.

The
oral and i.p. analgesic ED50 values of CT-3 in mice and rats were
essentially similar, suggesting that this drug has good oral absorption
and bioavailability. Cannabinoids, however, have erratic oral absorption
(Agurell et al., 1986). For example, the oral absorption of THC was
reported to be slow and erratic with low bioavailability (Ohlsson
et al., 1980). Due to the combined effect of first-pass hepatic metabolism
and high lipid solubility, only 10 to 20% of the orally administered
dose of THC reaches the systemic circulation. In addition, the absorption
of THC from the GI tract was influenced by fasting or food deprivation.
Fasting was found to decrease the rate of absorption of -9-THC when
administered in a sesame oil vehicle (Pryor et al., 1977). In contrast,
the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone was readily absorbed in humans
when orally administered as a coprecipitate with polyvinylpyrrolidone
(Rubin et al., 1977). These observations suggest that the oral bioavailability
of cannabinoids depends not only on their chemical structures but
also on the type of pharmaceutical formulation used.

In
the present study, we explored the relative pharmacological availability
of CT-3 after oral and parenteral administration. To permit CT-3
to be dissolved, DMSO was used for the preparation of acceptable
pharmaceutical formulation because CT-3 is completely soluble in
this solvent. The dose of DMSO used in such formulation was 5 ml/kg,
which was well below its LD50 value of 20 ml/kg (Gosseline et al.,
1984). However, it is recognized that DMSO not only enhances the
solubility of lipophilic drugs but also may affect their transport
across many organs (e.g., blood-brain barrier). The presumably enhanced
transport of CT-3 by DMSO could result in the augmentation of not
only desirable but also undesirable pharmacological actions. Thus,
a comparison of several pharmacological actions of CT-3 in the presence
and absence of DMSO in rats would establish whether DMSO had interacted
with CT-3.

The
coadministration of CT-3, administered at low doses, with DMSO slightly
but significantly reduced its analgesic actions. In addition, when
CT-3 was administered at very high doses, DMSO enhanced and prolonged
its depressant effects on spontaneous motor activity, respiratory
depression, and catalepsy. Furthermore, the acute i.g. administration
of high doses of CT-3 with DMSO was associated with GI ulcerogenicity,
whereas acute administration of CT-3 without DMSO, either i.g. or
i.p., was not associated with any GI ulcerations. The fact that DMSO
administered alone without CT-3 was not associated with the induction
of ulcer formation indicates that the ulcer associated with the combined
administration of CT-3 with DMSO was due to a synergistic response.
These observations indicate that the use of DMSO as solvent for the
preparation of pharmaceutical formulations of CT-3 should be completely
avoided.

The
chronic administration of CT-3 at a large multiple (>300) of its
effective anti-inflammatory dosage was not associated with GI ulceration,
whereas the reference standard indomethacin was clearly ulcerogenic
even when administered at small multiples of its effective anti-inflammatory
dosage. The model used in the present study for the assessment of
the drug-induced ulcer in rat has good predictive value with drug-induced
ulcer in humans (Lanza et al., 1986; Dajani and Agrawal, 1990). The
mechanisms for the induction of ulcer associated with the combined
use of CT-3 with DMSO are unknown.
However, it is well known that ulcerogenic drugs not only disrupt GI mucosal
barrier but also reduce several protective factors affecting GI mucosal defense
(Larsen et al., 1992).

The
present results indicate that there is a species-dependent toxicity
for CT-3. In rats, the i.g. LD50 value of CT-3 exceeded 1000 mg/kg
in the presence or absence of DMSO, whereas its i.p. LD50 value was
estimated to be 494 mg/kg. In mice, the i.g. and i.p. LD50 values
were 200 and 136 mg/kg, respectively. The i.g.-to-i.p. LD50 ratio
for CT-3 was approximately equal to 2 in both species, which suggests
that this drug has a good bioavailability in both species. The basis
for the increased toxicity of CT-3 in mice compared with that in
rats is unknown but may reflect differences in the metabolic biotransformation
of this drug.

The
ED50 analysis of the time course of major pharmacological observations
noted with CT-3 in rats provided useful information about its peak
and duration of actions. Because analgesia is a desirable pharmacological
action for CT-3, analysis of this parameter indicates that CT-3 has
a peak effect of 1 h and a duration of 5 to 24 h in rats. In mice,
the duration of the analgesic action of CT-3 was maintained for about
5 h.

The
mechanism of the analgesic action of CT-3 is unknown at the present
time; however, cannabinoid-induced analgesia is considered multifactorial,
affecting both central and peripheral receptors and involving an
interaction with the cannabinoid receptors (Richardson et al., 1998),
prostaglandins (Peres-Reyes et al., 1991), and opiate receptors (Smith
et al., 1993, 1998). Clearly, additional studies are required to
establish the mechanism of the analgesic actions of CT-3.

Narcotic
analgesics are well established for inducing physical dependence
in animals and in humans, whereas cannabinoid dependence has been
controversial. Some investigators were unable to demonstrate physical
dependence on cannabis (Harris et al., 1974; Leite and Carlini, 1974),
whereas other investigators were successful in showing physical dependence
(Jones et al., 1976; Dewey, 1986; Pertwee, 1991). However, the discovery
of the specific cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A permitted
definitive investigation of the dependence liability of cannabinoids
(Rinaldi-Carmona et al., 1994). Studies using high doses of THC followed
by the antagonist SR 141716A demonstrated withdrawal signs in rats
(Aceto et al., 1996) and in mice (Cook et al., 1998) that are consistent
with animal studies of other addictive drugs. Furthermore, it has
been established that cannabinoid dependence is related to the dose
and frequency of its exposure (Martin, 1995). At this time, it is
unknown whether CT-3 would have the capacity for the induction of
physical dependence, and additional studies are required to address
this issue.

The
analgesic action of CT-3 is well confirmed in rats and in mice. Available
evidence indicates that CT-3 exhibits two distinct pharmacological
properties: an anti-inflammatory property occurring at a very low
dose (ED50 = ~0.1 mg/kg i.g.; Zurier et al., 1998) and an analgesic
property occurring at a higher dose (ED50 = ~5 mg/kg i.g. and i.p.).
The present results indicate that CT-3 is an orally effective analgesic
drug, and acceptable pharmaceutical formulation of CT-3 would not
require the adjuvant use of permeability enhancers to promote its
bioavailability. CT-3 clearly warrants clinical development as an
analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug.

Marijuana
Extract Fights Brain Cancer in Mice

The
current debate over medical marijuana hinges on its use as pain medication.
But an extract of the plant could one day form the basis of cancer
treatments. New findings indicate that cannabis extracts can shrink
brain tumors by blocking the growth of blood vessels that nourish
them.

Manuel
Guzman of Complutense University in Spain and his colleagues tested
extracts of marijuana known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinols in 30
mice that had brain tumors. The researchers analyzed the animals'
DNA and identified 267 genes associated with blood vessel growth,
or angiogenesis. The cannabinoids inhibited the expression of several
genes critical to angiogenesis known as the VEGF pathway.

“Blockade
of the VEGF pathway constitutes one of the most promising antitumoral
approaches currently available,” Guzman says. The cannabinoids,
they determined, work by increasing the potency of a fat molecule
known as ceramide, the team posits. Increased ceramide activity,
in turn, inhibits cells that would normally produce vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) and encourage blood vessel growth.

The
scientists also tested the therapy on tumors taken from two patients
who had not responded to conventional therapy for their glioblastoma,
a deadly form of brain cancer. After the cannabinoid injections,
both tumors exhibited decreased VEGF levels.

Writing
in the current issue of the journal Cancer Research, the team notes,
however, that a combination of therapies will most likely be required
to obtain significant clinical results.

Sarah
Graham

Cannabis
does not induce schizophrenia,
Dutch scientists say

A
group of Dutch scientists say that there is no proof that cannabis
induces schizophrenia. These findings will be embarrassing for the
Dutch government, which has been bearing down on Marijuana Coffee
Shops saying the drug induces schizophrenia.

You
can read about this study in the journal Psychiatry.

The
scientists say in the journal that after reviewing currently available
data there is justifiable reason for closing down coffee shops in
The Netherlands.

The
scientists say the drug only seems to affect people who are genetically
predisposed to getting schizophrenia (meaning they will get it anyway).
As schizophrenia manifests itself during adolescence, and many people
start taking cannabis during adolescence – it is just coincidence
that some people develop the mental illness soon after they start
taking the drug.

The
authors of the report wrote "It is therefore advisable that
youngsters with a family history of schizophrenia and patients with
a schizophrenic disorder be discouraged from using cannabis."
Next year all coffee shops will be subjected to a smoking ban in The Netherlands.

The
findings of a short, 15-week trial of MS patients published last
year were inconclusive because although patients reported relief
in muscle stiffness, rigidity and mobility, the findings could not
be confirmed by physiotherapists.

But
Dr John Zajicek, of the Peninsula Medical School at the Universities
of Exeter and Plymouth in southwestern England who headed the study,
told a conference there seemed to be further benefits for patients
who continued treatment for a year.

"In
the short term-study there was some evidence of cannabinoids alleviating
symptoms of multiple sclerosis; in the longer term there is a suggestion
of a more useful beneficial effect, which was not clear at the initial
stage," he said.

Cannabis
contains more than 60 different cannabinoids. The most active is
thought to be tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

The
667 patients in the original study, which was reported in The Lancet
medical journal, were given a cannabis extract or capsules with a
synthetic version of THC or a placebo for 15 weeks.

About
80 percent of patients opted to continue the treatments for up to
a year.

"We
have generated interesting results which suggest there may be long-term
benefits," Zajicek told a news conference at the annual meeting
of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

But
he added that more research is needed to confirm the findings, which
will be published later this year.

MS,
which affects about one million people worldwide, is a disease in
which immune system cells destroy the myelin sheath that protects
the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.

Although
cannabinoids have been used in medicine for thousands of years, until
recently there has been little scientific evidence of any therapeutic
values.

Last
year, the Netherlands became the world's first country to make cannabis
available as a prescription drug for cancer, HIV and MS. In the United
States it is used to treat weight loss in AIDS patients and nausea
and vomiting in cancer sufferers.