14 Asylum Procedures: Directive 2005/85/EC Aim: to establish minimum standards for asylum procedures APD provided a set of minimum safeguards for asylum seekers in the mainstream asylum procedure Right to an effective remedy against negative first instance decisions. However admitted wide exceptions and derogations from basic rights Lack of guarantee of suspensive effect of appeals Personal interview may be denied in several procedures Accelerated procedures with reduced safeguards for wide categories of cases

15 CJEU case-law Samba Diouf v. Ministre du Travail, de l'emploi et de l'immigration (Luxembourg), Case C-69/10,, 28 July Questions posed by the Administrative Court: 1. Is Article 39 of Directive 2005/85/EC to be interpreted as precluding national rules ( ) pursuant to which an applicant for asylum does not have a right to appeal to a court against the administrative authority's decision to rule on the merits of the application for international protection under the accelerated procedure?

16 2. If the answer [to the first question] is in the negative, is the general principle of an effective remedy under Community law, prompted by Articles 6 and 13 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950, to be interpreted as precluding national rules ( ), pursuant to which an applicant for asylum does not have a right to appeal to a court against the administrative authority's decision to rule on the merits of the application for international protection under the accelerated procedure?

17 How did the CJEU answer? 42. The decisions against which an applicant for asylum must have a remedy under Article 39(1) of Directive 2005/85 are those which entail rejection of the application for asylum for substantive reasons or, as the case may be, for formal or procedural reasons which preclude any decision on the substance. 43. It follows that decisions that are preparatory to the decision on the substance or decisions pertaining to the organisation of the procedure are not covered by that provision.

18 The compatibility of rules such as those at issue in the main proceedings with the right to an effective judicial remedy 55. The decision relating to the procedure to be applied for the examination of the application for asylum, viewed separately and independently from the final decision which grants or rejects the application, is a measure preparatory to the final decision on the application. 56. Accordingly, the absence of a remedy at that stage of the procedure does not constitute an infringement of the right to an effective remedy, provided, however, that the legality of the final decision adopted ( ) may be the subject of a thorough review by the national court, within the framework of an action against the decision rejecting the application.

19 Asylum Procedures Recast (June 2011) What s new? New provisions enhancing access to the procedure Information on the possibility to request international protection Clear reasons for decisions, even in case of positive decisions Less grounds for omitting personal interviews Effective remedies in principle, suspensive effect mus apply OR al leasta right to request suspensive effect

20 Art. 39/5 and 6 APD Recast ( ) Member States shall allow applicants to remain in the territory until the time limit within which to exercise their right to an effective remedy has expired or, when this right has been exercised within the time limit, pending the outcome of the remedy. In the case of a decision to consider an application unfounded ( ) or of a decision to consider an application inadmissible ( ) and where, in such cases, the right to remain in the Member State pending the outcome of the remedy is not foreseen under national legislation, a court or tribunal shall have the power to rule whether or not the applicant may remain on the territory of the Member State, either upon request of the concerned applicant or acting on its own motion.

22 CJEU Case-law Application, throughout the duration of the procedure for taking charge of them or for taking them back by that other Member State? CIMADE and GISTI v. Ministry of Interior (France), Case C-179/11, pending. Main question posed by the Conseil d Etat: Does Council Directive 2003/9/EC of 27 January 2003 [1] guarantee the minimum reception conditions to which it refers to applicants in respect of whom a Member State in receipt of an application for asylum decides, under Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 of 18 February 2003, [2] to refer a request to another Member State which it deems to have jurisdiction to examine that asylum.

23 Opinion of the Advocate-General Sharpston (delivered on 15 May 2012) Asylum seekers under Dublin II Regulation cannot be excluded.

25 Qualification Directive Actual reference: Directive 2004/83/EC Aim: to establish a common set of criteria for determining eligibility for refugee status and subsidiary protection. QD incorporates the Geneva Convention definition into EU law Art. 2/c: «refugee» means a third country national who, owing to a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, is outside the country of nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of that country, or a stateless person, who, being outside of the country of former habitual residence for the same reasons as mentioned above, is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it.

26 QD creates an obligation to grant subsidiary protection falling out the scope of the refugee definition, but in need of international protection: Art. 15: Protection of persons at real risk o Death penalty or execution; o Torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment of an applicant in the country of origin; OR o Serious and individual threat to a civilian's life or person by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict.

29 The Court answered that people fleeing indiscriminate violence in armed conflicts must show individual threat to varying degree, depending on the level of violence.

30 The existence of such a threat can exceptionally be considered to be established where the degree of indiscriminate violence characterising the armed conflict taking place reaches such a high level that substantial grounds are shown for believing that a civilian, returned to the relevant country or, as the case may be, to the relevant region, would, solely on account of his presence on the territory of that country or region, face a real risk of being subject to that threat.

31 Z & Y (Germany), C-71/11 and C-99/11, 5 September Main question posed was about persecution on religious grounds. If the person concerned can profess her/his religion in the areas of the home and neighborhood, can we consider she/he being subjected to persecution?

32 The Court answered that: Persecution on religious grounds must be a severe violation of religious freedom having a significant effect on the person concerned. Severity is not to be assessed by distinguishing if there is interference with core areas ( forum internum ) of the basic right to freedom of religion, or with religious activities in public ( forum externum ) There may be an act of persecution as a result of interference with external manifestations of religious freedom.

33 It is the severity of the measures and sanctions adopted or liable to be adopted against the person concerned which will determine whether a violation of the religious freedom constitutes persecution, taking in account subjective and objective circumstances.

34 B & D (Germany), Cases C-57/09 and C-101/09, 9 November 2010 Main question posed: Exclusion clause: serious non-political crimes Does it constitute a serious non-political crime or an act contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations ( ) if : o the person seeking asylum was a member of an organisation which is included in the list of persons, groups and entities annexed to the Common Position [2001/931] and employs terrorist methods, and the appellant has actively supported that organisation s armed struggle? (Case C-57/09)

35 o a foreign national was for many years involved as a combatant and an official including for a time as a member of its governing body in an organisation (in this case, the PKK) which repeatedly employed terrorist methods in the armed struggle waged against the State (in this case, Turkey) and is included in the list of persons, groups and entities annexed to the Common Position [2001/931], and the foreign national thereby actively supported its armed struggle in a prominent position? (Case C )

36 The Court answered that being membership of a terrorist organisation without more does not justify exclusion necessary assessment on a case-by-case basis of the specific facts

37 Abdulla (Germany), Cases C 175/08, C 176/08, C 178/08 and C 179/08, 2 March 2010 Main question posed: Cessation of refugee status What are the evidential standards to be applied in these circumstances?

38 The Court answered that cessation was applicable in case of significant, lasting change in country of origin, with existence of an operational legal system for the detection, prosecution and punishment of acts constituting persecution.

39 Qualification Directive Recast What s new? Clarification of concepts as actors of protection, internal protection and membership of a particular social group, in particular as regards gender-related aspects of persecution; Best interest of the child to be taken in account when assessing asylum applications Approximation of the rights of refugees and beneficiaries of subsidiary protection with regard to family unit, access to employment and health care but not regarding the duration of residence permits.

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