Wo hope that you like the varied faro of this number. (Our members
indicate a wide interest of collecting and we have a duty to cater to the
postal historians, Impcrial, Post Imperial collectors, Numismatistsl Topic-
alists, Rvcnucrs and others). As usual the Impcrial era prodominates, only
a little over seven paeos are devoted to the prcc-nb day airmails, steam-
ships, North Pole and a Sport issue varict:-, as well as philatelic exhibition
and sputnik special cancellations all popular sidelines among our ecmbers.
We enclose a 48 pago sup;plcomnt to all but the members of BSRP, who already
havo their copies. This is a combined Index of all Rossica and BJRP articles
published to date, and it is a prcccnt to you from your editor who bore all
of the costs,

Our future issue, No. 61 will have an unusual article by 1K. :. Kosslcr
dealing with the field of philately of interest to both the collectors of
iU.S. and Imperial Russian natcrial. Cur Associate Editor and Publisher Hon.
R. A. Sklarcvski will contribute another important article on the Impcrial
entire. Dr. C. do Stackelberg and F. Julius Fohs will debate an interesting
point in Imperial philately. E. F. Iownan of England adds his "Flaws of the
1C R Stenp of 1906-1922" aided by material and notes from LM. Li. Liphschutz
of Paris and Dr. C. do Stackolborg. Dr. L. H. Wortman promised "Intcrosting
Covers of Rusian Offices in China" which he has recently shown at the
"Royal" and BS-F Jubilee E3hibitions. ecssrs. Stephen and Cronin will con-
tinum their fasciinting Tannu Touva. Thocsc arc just a few of the features
of #'51.

Since the passing of our President A. A. Chobotkcvich it has boon the
job of Yoez Editor to take on his duties. In the months ahead you as members
will be ackod to nomina.c your candidate for Presidency and for the other
offices. Ionminations, according to our constitution, a prerogative limited
net only to a fowr but to all. Plcaso be free to nominate, and do not fail
to votcl This is your society.

Cur organization has rown from a handful of cnigros of the Russian
Empire to a large body of philatelists over two thirds of whom are nlo-
.inricans. It is the duty of us, of Russian extraction, to pass onto the
"new blood" the priceless herita-c of Russian philatelic literature. We must
also publicize our field. During the past year we have addressed the Mn.
Phil. Society, Am. Phil. Con-ress, SOJEX and will soor. appear before Collect-
ors Club of 1Iow York. The coring .n. Phil Congress book will carry a 20 page
article o oours on Impcrial Russia. TUc nust proudly present our Rossica
Society before the philatelists of the World. Thus we will mova forward.

Secretary i. K. Lavrov has a selection of stamps for sale, for beginners
and medium ccllcctcrs of Pussia= Encirc, USCR and of sc-rorl European ouaL-rr-
ries. Those solccti'ns will be sont on a proval by request, at no obligation
tc purchase sme.c. i.:crbcrs _wil be roquircd to pay return postage. Plccse
writc to .. :. L-crov, 15 Tnrfly Road, Ernglwoc', J.

President Chebotkeyich was born in Uman, Kiev Province on June 3, 1893,
and his early years were spent in South Russia, Upon completion of the cour-
ses at classical gymnasium he entered the Kiev Military College. He graduate
during the first month of World War I and was assigned to the 148th Caspian
Regiment, on the front lines. He participated in all of the heavy battles
until he was seriously wounded in 1916. He received contusions twice yet
returned to the font and fought until the collapse of the Empire. He joined
the Volunteer Army and took part in the battle before Tsaritsin where he
suffered more wounds. Upon recuperating he served as a captain of cavalry
in Northern Caucasus, and later in Crimea under General Wrangel. When Crimea
fell, he was evacuated to Gallipoli, and later, in 1921 he moved to Jugoslavir

In Jugoslavia he and Eugene Archanguelsky founded the Rossica Society
and the early issues of the journal featured his articles. World War II sus-
pended his philatelic activities in the society, and in 1944 forced his emi-
gration to Austria, and later to Germany. While in one of the D. P. camps
he contacted A. N. Lavrov and both revived their- philatelic activities.

In 1950 A. A. Chebotkevich and his wife emigrated to the United States,
where he joined forces again with AL N. Lavrov, and with Archanguelsky1c blos-
sings revived.the Rossica society. A Bulletin was published regularly and
ninety collectors joined the membership ranks. In 1954 he invited Dr. G. B.
Salisbury"to join the society and to be.-cme the editor of the future journal.
Within a short time, after the appearance of #44, the first issue of the
journal printed in two languages, the society grew to more than 300 members.
During the past few years President Chebotkevich saw our journal receive
eight top International awards for journalism and he was very proud and happy.

SHe was a quiet, soft spoken, diplomatic mcn, who spent the last ten
years of his life in the service of Rossica Society. He strove for good
harmony and put his efforts to help the growth of the society. According to
his widow he was "shy, undemanding in life and found great relaxation in
philately". When the end came, a stamp catalogue was at his bedside.

In June 1916, the 1, 2 and 3 kop. money stamps made th-eir appearance,
after a crisis caused by a shortage of coins of snall dencr-_Li;-J.c's. They
were identical with the postage stamps cf same denominatiorn cf the Romanov
Tercentenary Issue of 1913, on the face only. On the reverse ci'ie a single
line black frame enclosed a two headed eagle, arms of the Empire above and
a five line inscription below in black, reading:

Kop. 1, 2 or 3 Kop.
Has
circulation on par
with copper
coin.

The numeral of denomination was purposely made clear and bold to avoid
tampering, wear and general gradual obliteration that may have caused con-
fusion and mix up with other values. Thin card board was used to print
the currency stamps.

Nevertheless the 1 and 2 kop. denominations did undergo falsification,
and forgery of various types caused the recall of those two money stamps.
It is for this reason that the 1 and 2 kop. st-mps are difficult to obtain.
Our Assistant Editor, R. A. Sklarevski wrote an infbrmative article on the
subject of these falsifications in the Russian nmerican Philatelist, Jan,
1943, Vol. 1, No. 5. The forgeries were prepared in the following manner:

2. Low cost of those two stamps, caused the owner to examine
the stamps. Upon examination it was discovered that the
stamp was made of two parts and in gluing together the perfo-
rations of two parts did not match and there was a slight over-
lap. Likewise the thickness of the forgery was different than
the original.

All of these steers show a wide range of color variations. The 3 kop.
stamp is known imperforu:te. Scott errs in his listing, for Nos. 114, 115,
and 116, i.e. the 1, 2 and 3 kop. unovorprinted stamps were issued before
Scotts Nos. 112 and 113, i.,. the overprinted stamps "1" on 1 op. and "2"
on 2 kop. After all, the 114 and 115 were subsequently overprinted and the
overprinted stamps normally should have a later listing.

In my collection, I have rint and cancelled stamps of 1, 2, and 3 kop.
in various shades, and with nur-crous interesting postmarks of towns such as
Tashkent, Tiflis, etc.

#6C Page 5

Scott No. 116 (3 kop. rose red)..

The 3 kop. stamp is shown as mint, in blocks'and cancelled in a full
sheet,' cancelled to order in the town of.Tlf:lis, with a cauccllr dC'id
1,4,18, This, although showing attachment to a packet is a E.-l. r. l se-
lic creation. I also have a letter from 7oselovo, Riaz., dated 21. ,18 to
Riazan, addressed to a member of Riazan CGboornia Corntrol Palatae reasived
on 24.4.18. There are in addition to the sheet a 3 kop. money stamp, a
block of 10 (5x2) of imperforate 1917 issue of 2 kop. Arms type (Scott No.
120), and a block of 12 (4:3) of 1 kop. (Scott No. 119) of the same iss'e.

When the first two values were removed from circulation, they were
overprinted on face, "11 on 1 kop. and '2"' on 2 kop. The overprint "1"
on 1 kop. is found with different thicknesses of numeral, and with differ-
ent shades of black ink. A worn plate variety exists and a double overprint
is known.

The overprint 2 on 2 kop.' likewise shows variations in the thickness
of numeral "2" as well as in shape. There are also shade varieties of
black ink. The color of the basic stamp varies from yellowish green to
bluish green. The following varieties exist:

(a). Misplaced overprint various positions.
(b). Imperforate, with surcharge at the top.
(c) A strip with the surcharge missing on one of the stamps.
(d). Forged cancellations of Tukkhum.

After stocks of Nos. 112, 113 and 116 dwindled, government printed new
money stamps of 1, 2, and 3 kop, denomination, the first two having large
numerals on face as before (Scott Nos. 139 and 140), and the 3 kop. without
overprint (Scott No. 141).. The reverse side however was changed. It has
again a single lined vertical .fr-r:, but on these stamps divided in.two by
a horizontal line. A large numeral "Il, "21 or "3" is found in the upper
half of the frame over the word kopeika (singular) or kopeiki- (plural).
The lower half of the frame has the same inscription in four lines as on
the previous issue, except for the following: In the second line, word
naravne (on-par) is divided na-ravno, the'second hJalf of the word being on
third line (Nos. 139-141). In the previous issue it was divided narav-no,
the "ne" being on third line (Nos. 112, 113 and 116). The inscription shows
many variations, which will be described later in this article. The words
"kopoika" and "kopeiki" wore printed in medium sized capital letters.

Scott No. 139 (1 on 1 kop., brown orano).

I have in my collection strips, large blocks and single stamps with
shade varieties that range from palo orange to deep dark orange, 'with great

Page 6 4 60

variations of znumeral "l" on the face of stamp in the design of the numeral
itself, in thickness, and in color varieties of black, in varied position
of "1" on stamps, and in shifts of all numeral surcharges on large blocks.
Forged cancellations of Tukkhur also plague this series.

I have a letter -with three 1 on 1 kop. (No. 139) on a piece, with shift
to the loft of the surcharge, -lso 3 kop. stamp of the previous series
"(No. 116) and f kop. irerforate stamp of 1917 Arrs issue (l:o. 122). The
aforementioned letter was mailei from Moscow by town post, and the stamps
cover a 10 kop. fae.

I also have a post card in r. collection, mailed from Ugroedi, Kharkov
(4-9-18) to Kursk on which thI 1C kop. rate is proFpid by one 1 on 1 kop.
(No. 139), two of 2 on 2 kop. (iC. 140) and one 5 kop. imperforate of
1917 Arms type (INo. 123).

Scott No. 140 (2 on 2 kop. yellow green).

The 2 on 2 kop. stamp of this issue also has nucrous varieties. I
have largu blocks and strips of this stamp which show variation in numeral
"2", shifts, shade varieties, stamps with rough perforations, and st-aps
with various cancellations. The most interesting part of my collection is
the ir.mrforate section. I have a vertical strip of this stamp with one
stanp overprinted, while the others lack the "2 cn 2 I op." overprint. There
is also a crease on one stamp running diagonally, and a great shift of
rameral "2" into the upper riCht hand corner of the stamp.

SI also have two horizontal strips of the .imperforate stamps with great
shifts of nu.cral "2 to the right, som? stamps lacking thq overprint, color
pale bluish groen, payor yellcwish instead of white.

Scott No. 141 (3 kop. rose r-d).

The shades of 3 keo, stamp very from pale rose carmine to dark red. I
have examples with ver:- reugh perforations. On many stamps the inscription
on the back is shiftc, scr.o have broken frames in the upper left corner. I
have one with double frame, shift double irprossion of inscription. Some
stamps aro poorly printed, such as dry ink, etc. There are many varieties
known of numeral "31".

May I reiterate once again, as I have in the previous article on cur-
rency stamps that they wore net intended for postal use, and that such use
was expressly forbidden and that the letters mentioned in this article went
through the posts either by favor or because of carclessness. Cne can excuse
the error of accepting IC, 15 and 2C kop. currency stamps, as well as the
unovorprinted 1, 2 and 3 kcp., since they looked like postage stamps then
in use, however the overprinted currency stamps wore easy to spot as there
were no postage stamps of that typr.

#60 Page 7

0

In October 1917, after the fall of the government, tho currency stamps
were removed from circulation. Actually they were no longer needed, as
inflation eliminated any use of small coins.
-----------------------
In the next issue of the journal by request of many readers we shall
describe in-detail the Jubilee issue of 1913, issued to celebrate the
Tercentenary of the House of Romanovs.
ooooooooooooooooooo
000000000000 o0o0ooo o

The stamp listed in practically all catalogues as Wenden No. 1 and
stated as having been issued on January 1, 1863, is now generally recognized
(v!de Gibbons) as having been an essay. This eliminates cause for Wronder-.
ment at the paradoxical statements of E. F. Hurt, L. N. and i. .illiams in
Eilligs "Handbook of the Private Local Posts" of its having been sold in very
small numbers and that used copies are unknown, while evaluating a used
copy atRRRR. An .assertion concerning the sale was attributed by those
writers to Baron von Campenhausen whose part in the philately of Wenden is
well known.

Having come into possession of a full sheet of 80 (8x1O) stamps, of
the lithographed essay which cropped up in the first Goss sale, the writer
has been impressed by a unique characteristic of its design. This is the
fact that under 7-power magnification the center dot in the design of each
stamp shows its own distinctive characteristics. The observation was made
in the course of looking for the two generally recognized minor varieties,
i.e. the stamp printed sideways in relation to the others and the one with
the double dot. The former is in Position 41 and the other is in Position
53.

It became apparent that two positions with center dots every bit as
distinctive as that on Position 58 have been slighted. They are those of (x)
Position 63, where the dot has a half moon appearance. The naked eye can
easily discern the distin-.ctive characteristics of the dots of Nos. 58 36,
and 63.

When one gets down to business with a '-power glass it is readily
apparent that each of the -8 dots has its own characteristic features suf-
ficiently distinct to p.errmi plating on a basis of the dots alone. This
observation was thcn checked by comparing the dots of some singles, pairs
and blocks of No. 1 with dots of the stamps in the sheet. The ch-racter-
istics of the dots !.onr wa.s adequate to permit one to determine the plate
positions of the severed examples.

Since in this instance a circul-r design, i.e. the dot and the inner
circle space that encompasses it was basis of this study, it was apparent
that the descriptions for plcting purposes could be predicted on a chrono-
metric basis, such as 1 o'clock, 3 noclock, etc. From th-At point on, the
probtloe was simplified. It was merely a matter of j tting down the charac-
teristics in such a manrir and then of re-arranging them in sequence.
(Illustrations to clarify the terminology used accompany this article).

Before passing on to the tabul-tions as completed, however, here are
the descriptions in the terminology finally adopted of the four positions
mentioned above.

Position 5:. 2 o'clock and 2:3C, sm.l nobs. (this is the double dot).
9 to 12 Five small flecks between center dot and the circle.

Position 41. 2:30, 8:30 and 11:30, small bulges. Blunted point at 5:30,
fleck at 3:30. This is the best known minor variety, namely
the one printed sidewise in relation to other stamps in the
sheet. The description given is in the normal position of the
severed stamp with the word "Kreis" at the top.

Position 36. 3 and 9:30, slight indentations. This is the tear drop dot
whose pointed top almost touches the enclosing circle.

Position 63. 7 to 10, concave. This is the half moon facing left.

Following are the plate positions described in the manner'detailed
above, and for convenience are listed clockwise:

12; bulge. White.spot just right of center of blued dot. Position 5
12 to l:30.'rim edge is straight. Position 22

12:30 o'clock.

12:30, Two small faint flecks,-one midway between center
dot and outer rim, other one fourth of way from center
dot. 5:30, larger fleck close to center dot. Position 77

0000000000000000 -.
Page 12 #60

S

JOINT METING OF TWO SOCIETIES
New York, November 20, 1960

The Joint Meeting of British Society of Russian Philately and of the
Rossica Society of Russian Philately was held on November 20, 1960, at
Vanderbilt Hotel, New York, as usual, during the big A. S. D. A. Stamp Show
at the Armory across the street.

At 2 p.m. the meeting was opened by Dr. G. B. Salisbury, who spoke
about the passing of President Chebotkevich and both societies stood at a
moment of silence, to honor the memory of the deceased. Afterwards, Kurt
Adler was presented as the Program Chairman.

The first speaker of the day was Raymond S. Ehrman, winner of Silver
Gilt Medal in London, who displayed his rrize winning collection of Manchu-
ria. The first outstanding item was a Newchwang cover, dated January 12,
1877, showing the earliest use of the Chinese stamps (official date of
issue first Chinese stamp was in 1878). Another interesting cover was from
Port Arthur, dated 1883. He also showed examples of usage of the stamps of
Shanghai Local Post in INewchwang, with different chops. There were also
lovely Newchwang registered covers showing Imperial P.O. use of Chinese and
Russian stamps, addressed to Shanghai, and turned over to the Russian Post
Offices. Various post office in Manchuria, such as 1.ukden came next. We
noted a lovely post card, dated 1898, from Port Arthur, Manchouli 19C4
issue, different types of oval, field post, field telegraph, and railroad
cancellations. Also shown was example of the Russian Imperial Post mailed
on board of ship at Chofoo. Other items displayed were Patriotics of Head
Bae Field P. Russ aane Field RusField Post !8l, Field Post Corps #1 of
H. Q. of 3rd Manchurian Army, Provisional Government Issue of Harbin. Stamps
i -th shifts, inverted overprints, as well as with numeral surcharges on cover
and mint were also shcwn. 'Er. Ehrman also showed small town cancellations of
i.:-chnrin railroad, Far East Republic stamps of 1923 on Manchurian covers.

He also showed a splendid array of Japanese Imperial Post items used in
Manchuria, Prisoner of :!-r c0f W'orld War I covers, as well as censorship
franks. There were postmarks of Pogranichnaya, Y.M.C.A. covers from Manchu-
ria, and stamps of .'anchkruo. Other items ofi-terest were U.S. covers bearing
U.S. stamps used in -.ch-ria, Chinese National Liberation covers and stamps,
and Chinese locals liberated by National showing liberation cachets. He
concluded his presentation with two unusual items, one being a cover with
8 onlC kop. of 1,77, with Alezx-ndrotta postmark, addressed to Genoa, while
the other was a Tannu Toviva cover, a real dazzler with a manuscript cancels
lation 12 on a pictorial sot of 6, addressed from Kizil Town to U.S. The
aforementioned presentation will be given in detail by Lr. Ehrman in this
j urnal.

N. A. Kormilev, Chairnan of the Numismatic Circle showed Russian gold
coins from the reign of Pot'r the Great to the reign of Catherine the Great.
His entire speech, entitled the 'Russian Gold Coins of the XVIII Century" is
re produced in this issue of th. journal.

#6C Page 13

S

Vincent Domanski, author of many books on Baltics and Poland showed
his Gold Medal collection of Finland. His display included stampless covers
of Viborg which were most interesting. The Number One stamp was discussed
in detail and presented en masse on and off cover, showing Types I and II,
i.e. stamps with small and large pearls in post horns. He likewise showed
Fournior fakes, as well as an entire album of erly issues on and off cover,
with various varieties'. The postal stationery was also exhibited, and among
the items we saw the famous error of 1870, use of dotted line, 1871 ruled
line on back, mint and used, and 1872 trilingual inscription with the double
print error, A detailed article on the material shown by the aforementioned
exhibitor is included in next issue of the journal.

Dr. L. S. Snegireff prior to showing his album conveyed greetings from
"the B.S'.R.P. members whom he had met recently in London at the E-xibition.
He displayed some outstanding Mount Athos covers, used in Russia one hundred
years ago for collecting money for monks. An 1859 cover from Odessa to Mt.
Athos, had a declared value of 295000 rubles in silver, quite a large sum
in those days, It had the personal markings of the forwarding agent in
Cdessa, a merchant of guild there. Other covers showed boed: markings,
insured markings of Constantinople to Mt. Athos, -with dates-up to 1868,
as well as Turkish cancellation of Mt. Athos. Other items included were
letters from Tula to Mt. Athos and ROPiT cancellations on.covers. We noted
a lovely circular postmark of Stary Afoh, i.e. Mt. Athos, of 1896, also the
gradual disappearance of the Turkish postmarks-from covers. We also noted
the variety of colorsof postmarks in black blue, light blue, also a second
variety of the circular postmark, one similar to the Russian postmark of
Constantinopol. Dr. Snegireff also showed World War I period covers from
Mt. Athos,'those of Soviet Rbegimie of 1923. We noted in the album-a fine
Port Said marking on a cover, a 1885 Jaffa without year date, Chios marking
in form of St. Andrewts cross, as well as an example of II K cancellation
as shown by Von Bochmann. The album also included Boxer Rebellion covers
with boxd chops, as-well as double use of postage, Russo-Japanes War covers,
Chuguchak Semirechinsk Obl., Sinkiank 1912 cover, as well as a lovely Romanov
1 ruble stamp on cover from Shanghai used-for internal postage. Other
interesting items were two varieties of 5b' Ship marking of 1912 one star,
trilingual (Russian,:Finnish and Swedish), the second variety of the.Finish
items was one with the clustr of three stars. The.presentation was comple-
ted with a showing .f World War II Archangel covers with oval Principal
Naval Transport office markings as well as British covers with marking of the
Ass. Mil. Army of Black Sea.

Melvin Kessler gave a brief address in which he outlined his research
project in the field of Russia-U.S. and he sought covers from members or
data on covers bearing postmarks of interest to both fields,-such as missions,
legations, YM.C.A. American Relief Administration,'Red Cross, Field Posts,
etc.

Kurt Adler displayed three outstanding items which are described else-
where in this journal, as well as special cancellations, the earliest being
the 1831 Cholera disinfection cover with "OTCHICHENO' cancellation of Odessa
and Kerch. He also had 172 Agricultulra Exhibition and 1881 French Eyhi-
bition in Moscow cancellations.

Page 14
S#60

Dr. Salisbury presented Ar. de Stackelberg's address and tales of
of Flaws on 1C Ruble, the album of labels and vignettes of Jacques Posell.
Joseph Chudoba displaced a group of interesting covers, among which was a
fine three line Nizhni-Novgorod cancellation of the Fair, on Russia #2, in
a hxd rectangle. Colonel Prince presented manyimportant letters written
by historical figures of U.S. in Russia, while Lydia Callahan presented her
prize winning (SOJEX) collection of Russia. The meeting ended after five
hours of dazzling display. BONT FORGET TO ATTEND THE NEXT ANNUAL .EETING.

ooooooooo0000000ooo00000000000

POSTAL HIST ORY DISPLAY
by Kurt Adler

The following items were shown at the joint meeting of Rossica and
BJRP in New York, in November, 196C.

"Arrived in Athens. Unbelievable boredom. I have enrolled in the
Army as a volunteer. If, God willing, I shall keep alive, we will see
each other again after the war. I am writing postcards because here in
the barracks they're selling postcards with Russian stamps, surcharged
20 paras exclusively. We train daily from 7 to 9, 9:3C to 11, and 2 to
4. After that, I am free. In a few days I shall write in detail what
I went through before I reached my goal. I can not write more because
they are calling me for inspection......."

The aforementioned item, therefore, may be classified as an example of
a Russian Postal SuprlOffice abroad. It belongs to the Postal History
of the Russian Levant as well, also to the Fostel History of 1912 Balkan
War and to the Postal History of Russia-Greece.

This item is interestin- for different reasons. First, since the
money order blank was printed in Tiflie, the Reserve FP0 11? is sure
belongs to the Caucasian front. It was most probably a sedentary FPO,
in or around Tabriz, since the money order took onlyone day to reach its
destination. It also shows the Tabriz Consulate (Russian) postmark as
an arrival postmark and proves that this postmark was not only used by

#60 Page 15

stamp dealers, dispatching Persian stamps to Western Europe and TSA, .but
also legitemately used to cancell-in-coming and. out-going mail.

I also have a Reserve FPO.Nol18(g) cancellation. on a postcard, eenso-
red by the Caucasian War Censor on 22-11-15. The writer gives as his address
the Caucasian Army in the Field, 261st Akhalginsky Infantry Regiment. This
proves that Reserve FPO was also a Caucasian Front sedentary FPO. Perhaps
some readers who spent the 1914-1917 war on the Caucasian front can pinpoint
the exact front sector of No. 118 during the winter of 1915.

3. A cover with a block of four of the 1 kop."Soviet postage due stamps of
1925.plus other stamps of the same set used as regu postg samps.
The stamps are dated 5-11-25 (a legal usage during this period), and
postmarked Khiv. Khiva Vladenie. This is the first known example of
the Khanate of Khiva canceller. Its'existence had been expected but
,had never been seen on postal material of the times of the Khanate
which ceased to exist in 1920. Although this cover does not belong to
the Russian PO.'s abroad it is a proof of the reality of Tchilinghirian's
and Stephen's assumption ( Handbook IILp,page 262).
oooooo0000000000ooooooo

T.y Manchuria collection started in 1932. I was a stamp collector, an
avid one, and had been for some years. Eut, as far back as then, I realized
that I would neverkb a bl-et&eep up with the flock of new issues that were
coming onto the scene. So, I decided to find a country, or countries, that
I could get some semblance of completeness, and one of these that I chose
was Manchukuo.

I remember that Scott 730 was far scarcer than the original ten cent
catalogue value and it took me a long time until I located a copy that I
could get for a few dollars. Other than that one, however, I managed to
get all the issues fairly easily. So, I expanded my collection to include
minor varieties, revenues, and other philatelic material from Ianchukuo.
Even this did not keep my philatelic fever in check so, aftor I returned to
civilian life, I further expanded my collection to Mlanchuria, and now I
believe that I have a subject that will keep me well occupied.

In a collection from Manchuri. there are many facets which I will only
mention here. The first Chinese usage was a branch of the Shanghai postal
service at Newchwang and that port was the site of the first cancellation
of Chinese postage stamps in '.anchuria, as well. The earliest postmark in
my collection is a circular customs post cancel dated January 12, 1877.
There may be earlier ones extant, but I dontt know of them. Newchwang was
also the location, later, for a branch of the Imperial Japanese Post Office
and, known as Yingkow, the site of a Russian Post Cffice. In addition to
the governments mentioned above, there were many loual governmental units and
combination usages which serve to ornl-rge the scope of a Ianchurian
collection.

Cnly a portion of this collection would be devoted to items in which
the Rossica members would be interested, but I find that Russian material is
much more difficult to obtain than, say, Japanese, and there is a much greater
interest and comrctition for choice material.

In showing this collection in London (Silver-Gilt Medal Editor) and
later having the opportunity to talk at the Rossica meeting in Now York, in
November, much of the collection has already been described and I trust that
I am not redundant in dco'criLing some of the items, perhaps for the second
time. In addition, I am not a Russian specialist and if I have made errors
in translation, please forgive me.

The earliest cancel I have from Fort Arthur is October 16, 1898 but
this is on an unused postal card, and may be of philatelic ori(-in. I have
also a loose stamp cancelled cn .:arch 3", 1917, from S H W l C H E N r U,
similar to the one described' c.' r; A52 of the very fine ST,":S OF TPH
P_'SSIA:': EPIRE 'JSE ;ED-L r+ 7v). As the description states that the
stamp is almost unknown, I c'nsi'.lr myself very fortunate in possessing this
cancelled item.

S6C Page 17

I have several examples of Manchuli strikes on cover and on loose items
and, of course, more from Harbin than anywhere. Yingkow, also, is represent-
ed in my collection of commercially.used mail, as is Harbin Station, Harbin
Pier and Harbin Camp. I also have Pogranichnaya and the Chinese Eastern
Railway Lines 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 and 266, but only some of these are on
cover. One item is a Far EasternRepublic (Chita Issue of 1922) 20k. used on
cover with a beautiful date stamp line from 261

As I am sure you realize, most of the Russo-Japanese War was fought on
Manchurian soil. I have many e samples of Japanese illustrated postcards of
.that period and some of the pictures of the generals are quite typical of
posed portraits of that period. I have also Japanese Army and Navy Commemo-
rative cancellations and triumphal notices., but the Russian items are hard
for me to locate. I have one patriotic cover which was mentioned in the
Rossica Journal No. 59 and which could be unique. That article also men-
tioned other items of this period, which I will not describe here. I have
several other Russian Military Post letters and cards written from the field,
and from headquarters offices.

Also included in my collection are the issues of the Russian Government
prepared for Harbin. I have these perforated, and some imperforate, as well
inverted, double and errors of color. I also have many of the misplaced
surcharges, including one postally used block of the error wherein "01" was
used instead of "10".

Finally, I include in this part of my collection, items of United States
use in Manchuria after World War I. After some investigation, I got the
name of the gentleman who was in charge of the YMICA in Harbin, and wrote
him asking if he still had any letters from that period. His reply was that
he had them all and that I was welcome to acquire any I wanted., S.o, I
traveled to North Carolina and spent a most pleasant evening in the company
of this man, and his family. I was shown all of the correspondence, dince
his mother had saved every letter that he had written home, but unfortunately
she had thrown every envelope away. So, I came home with two postcards and
some YMCA stationery

In the collection of Manchnriaand related items the only issue which I
lack (as far as I know) is the material in use by the Czech Legion which was
in Harbin, and perhaps some day I will be lucky to find some.
C0000000000000000000
MAMCHiCHURLIANCHnIRIA UTC.'JH :T.UILCHURIA MIMTCHLiRL UNCHURITNHUR URI^i ICHURIA
A I. M
N WANTED A
C N
H Russo-Japanese War Material, or amy Russia used in Manchuria. C
S- H
R I am interested in anything. Manchurian and philatelic. Also wantU
I R
A Russia used in Alexandretta and Tannu Touva. I
M I
A Raymond S. Ehrman 468 Woodland Road rittsburgs 37, Pa.M
N k
CHURLa?l CH UR L0U-0,Ih ^i7 NCHURLI;AJNCHURIALNCHUR IIANC IT RIMNCHRI R LI rCN

Page 18 #60

PLE INE E R C OVERS
by _r. A. H. Wortman

From 189C, mail posted on board ship and arriving at Egyptian ports
with stamps uncancelled, received a special postal marking. The aforemen-
tioned cancellation which reads "PLEINE LER" is the equivalent of "(Posted
on) the High Seas". Unframed, it was used at Port Said and Suez, and the
individual mark used at each of these ports may be distinguished by the
following characteristics:

P 0 R T S A I D "PLEINE MER is 28.5 mm. long and letters are 4mm.
high. Letter "1' Wide. Letters "I" and "N1 very
close together.

The PLEINE .1ER marking was taxnally used to cancel the stamps, while
the town mark was elsewhere on the cover, but occasionally this was reversed.
I have a stationery postcard of Great Britain marked thus, the printed stamp
being cancelled with the Port Said postmark, and the PLEINE ER marking
below it.

Covers bearing Russian stamps with the PLEIN ER marking are very rare.
There is one in Kurt Adler's collection, from Theodor and Rawlins, the
Hankow tea firm which used Russian stamps on its correspondence to Europe.
It is franked with a 10 kop. adhesive stamp which is cancelled IEINE MiER,
and the cover is addressed to the Russian Brnk of Foreign Trade, London.
There is also a bi-linuel (French and Arabia) SUEZ postmark on cover,
dated 3.8.94. It is described on p. 558 of Fart VI of Stamps of the Russian
Emrire Used Abroad, by Tchilinghirian and Stephen, and the authors state
that it was presumably dropped into a letter box of a Volunteer Fleet ship.
This line of ships operated between Vladivostok and Odessa, and calling at
other ports of the Far East, including Shanghai. No doubt the letter des-
cribed above was posted on bcar- of one of the ships of the Volunteer Fleet,
either by *r_ agent of Thocdor and Rawlins while the ship was docked in
Shanghai or after it had left the port. When the ship called at Suez, the
mail addressed to Western Europe was landed before going to Odessa.

This is confirmed by another cover which has just been added to my col-
lection. It also originated from Theodor and Rawlins as maybe inferred from
the initials "T & P" embossed on the flap. It is frarked by a pair and a
single 10 kop. blue carellod by two strikes of 11EINE MER marking. There
is also a bi-lingual SUEZ D 28.VI.94 Tl postmark. All of the postmarks are
in black. The cover is addressed to a firm in Koenigsberg i Pr. The IMS
marking on the cover "per Saratcv" is also interesting because we know
that "Saratdv" was one of the Volunteer Fleet ships, built in 1891. The
aforementioned statements confirm the explanation given by Tchilinghirian
and Stephen of the reason for the EL3IIE !E R marking on Russian stamps, and
the route taken by those covers.

#60 Page 19

*

The framed PLEINE LER is known as a cancellation on stamps of the
Russian Lovant, and Tchilinghirian and Stephen record it as a Port Said
marking. 1lotter card which I have with this marking shows that it was
almost certainly used at Alexandria, possibly in addition to Port Said, and
it may have been used at Suez as well. A also have parts of this marking
on two copies of the 10 kop. numeral type Levant stamps but I have not been
able to detect any definite difference between them.

The letter cai has the numeral type 1C kop. Levant stamp, printed in
carmine and green, and the inscription in Russian and French 1 Poste Russe
du Levant in green together with-the usual Universal Postal Union heading.
The message inside is written in French from Beyrouth, May 6, 1896, and is
addressed to the writers brother in Ramle.

The printed stamp is cancelled by the framed PLEIE MER and there is
a bi-lingual postmark of Alexandria, 9. V. 96 together with a similar post-
mark of Ramle of the following day, all postmarks being in black and of
the same kind of ink.

This letter card was probably posted on board of a ROP.I.T. ship,
possibly when the ship was in port at Beyrouth, and it received the PLEINE
Meor and Alexandria postmarks on arrival.
ooooooooooo000000000000000

L NEW CHECK LTST OF THE AFIS TYPE ISSUES OF 1909-1923
by Dr. C do Stackelberg
continuedd from #59, page 20)

On page 65 of #58, Major Darlow states that he bought in March 1917 in
Petrograd 5 and 15 kop. stamps, unofficially rouletted approximately 11.
Likewise he states that he bought 2 & 5 kop. and 1 ruble stamps, rouletted
8g- in Tiflis post office in March 1919. Apparently 200, 400, and 100 stamps
stamps respectively had been rouletted by the postal emplyoes, but the
experiment was unsuccessful and the practice was discontinued.

The operation described below was performed on a white chalky lined
and gummed marginal strip of a paper on which the genuine stamps were print-
ed. A rectangular opening was cut in the aforementioned papers exactly the
the same size as the printed part of a 7 kop. stamp. Then the perforations
were cut from a copy of 7 kop. stamp, along the outside of the frame line
of the stamp. The trimmed piece of the sbamp was then carefully glued inside
of the above mentioned rectangular window.

The chalk lines or not of the margin paner and the stamp itself,
which are of exactly the same width and color) seem to continue uninterrupted
across the margins and the stamp itself. Even on the gummed side the cuts
of the "window" are hardly discernible The imperforate margins at the top
and left side of this fake are wide, whereas the right and bottom sides of
the borders have the exact width of half the space found between two normal
stamps. Thus the aforementioned fake looks like a beautiful stamp, #1 of an
upper left pane. This imperforate 7 kop. fake is-probably one of the most
beautifully and expertly executed fakes encountered in Russian philately.

5c2, c2: Bg. Fr. and C. regularly in position for Bg. P. N. 6 and Fr.
P. I. 6. Has centers double printed so as to rotate clockwise from
B. L. so that center is down 1/3 and to the left; so that at B. L.
center is over T. L. corner of stamp and at T. L. stamp or No. 1 posi-
tion, center is slightly left and more than 2/3 above its normal posi-
tion. The Rt. vertical row of stamps has no double C, -and No. 1 over-
print, while on the left of the sheet the row of centers and No. 1 is
printed on the margin, one row to left of the regularly printed sheet.
ImPprf.
Page 28 #60
S#60

5g2: With gray or black BC.
5a2, 5c2 Bg. shifted L. about 2m. in relation to Fr. which is shifted
to B. about 7mm.: C. shifted 22i;I. to B. and L. linm. related to cen-
ter of Bg. Imperf.

5a2, el. Bg. shifted to Rt. 6nr. and to E. l6rm. so that upper half and
L. of stamp has no Eg.: elso imperf. at position of Eg.; Perf.

5: Falsifications: Otto Stiedl describes a falsification of the 1920 1 R.
(see list. of publications heretc attached) without chalk net. This has
frame brown, C. yellow. Has dot in ring of top oval instead of lines;
likewise in Bg. immediately right of work (marker). Base of numeral is
longer so touches circle.. Line in double circle above L. 1. is absent;
line is semicircle below "OBA" are left out; most of these are stamped
false on face and are imporforate.

One other crude falsification has been soon. This is on thinner
paper than usual, and colors are off.

Special catalogues covering stamps of Russia only are NIos. 1, 6, 7, 10,
11, and 12. All others are general catalogues and the pages listed appear
under the Russian section. The later Soviet Catalogue of 1948. adds nothing
on these issues. The Minkus 1958 description of Russian issues prepared by
N. V. Savitzky is particularly good and the prices..given are representative.

I wish to make particular acknowledgement to the following for
private communications: H. Goss of London, S-rce Rockling> -omeko) of
Paris, Dr. C. de StackQlberg, Washington, D. C., Kurt Adier, N. V. Savitzy,
and Souren Serebrekian of New York City. Catalogue dating -re those
available to the author. .

0Q 0 900000 0o : .

Page 30 60

RUSSIA: GOLD COINS OF XVIII CENTURY
by Y. A. Kormilev

Before 1700 majority of Russian coins were struck from silver in very
primitive fashion from snail pieces of flattened out silver wire. Also
copper "puls" pulyy in Russian), for local use as small change were made on
rare occasions. Later, in the middle of XVII Century, as an inflationary
measure, an unfortunate attempt was made to substitute copper "poltinas"
for foreign talers, which circulated as bigger units. Gold coins, when
struck, were mostly used for decoration for "merits". On rare occasions, as
for example during the so called "troubled times", in the reign of Tsar
Vasily Shuisky, golden kopeks wore struck, because the treasury did not have
silver. The aforementioned golden kopeks were worth 10 silver kopeks. When
Shuisku was overthrown, and Moscow was occupied by Poles, under rule of
Polish Prince Vladislav as the Tsar, golden kopeks were struck again for the
same reason.

Peter yhe Great, on the ev of XVIII Century, begun his monetary reforms
by establishing a silver ruble as a new basic value. Likewise he started
early in his reign to strike gold coins.

Russian gold coins, struck during XVIII Century may be divided roughly
into two groups, which are as follows:

A. Trade money, struck from very fine, almost pure gold, which was
used for payments in the foreign countries.

B. Regular gold coins struck for internal circulation.

Trade i oney

The coins had no indicated value, and their equivalent value to silver
money constantly changed, the fluctuation depending on the cost of gold.
The aforementioned gold coins wero called "chervonotzi", the name being de-
rived from Russian of "chervonnoyo Zoloto" or "pure gold".

Both types of the gold coins had on the faco a likeonss of the emperor
or the compress, except the chervonotz of Paul I, which had a verse in Russian
" eNo nne n nam, a imenni tvoomu or Not unto us, not unto us, but in
Thy franc ", from Psaln 115, substituted for the likeness of the Emperor.

In 1716 some chcrvonetzi were struck with Latin inscriptions, where the
title of FPter the Groat was ,-iven ar s Emperor ", although the title he bore
at that time was that of Tsar ". The title of Tsar was used on all coins
bearing Russian inscriptions.

#6C Page 31

All of the aforementioned coins, with the exception of chervonetz of
the roign of Paul I, had on reverse a double headed eagle. The latter had
a cross monogram made of four Pis I and crowns ".

As'mentioned previously, the value of chorvonetz fluctuated. At first
it was equivalent to 2 rubles 20 kopeks, but very soon its value was in-
creased slightly to 2 rubles 25 kopeks. The latter value remained through-
out the greater portion of the century. At the end of the century it was
raised further to 2 rubles and 45 kppoks and during the reign of Paul I it
was worth 2 rubles and 90 1/5 kopoks.

Striking of chervonetzov was temporarily interrupted in 1718. In 1729
periodic striking of chervonetzov was resumed and continued with interrupt-
ions to 1749. In 1749 and 1951 only double chorvonetzi were struck.;

Regular Gold Coins

Regular gold coins of 2 roubles wore struck in the first half, of the
century, while during the second half of the bontury gold d:oizs of half a
ruble, ruble, half imperial and-imnprial appeared. Whe the .rEgulr gold
Scoins wore first struck in 1718, the striking of the chorvonetzov was tempo-
rarily stopped. The aforementioned coins were struck during the reigns of
Peter the Great, Catherine I and Peter-II,'up to 1728.

In the second half of the century 2.ruble gold- coins were struck
occasionally, namely in 1755 ( pattern ), 1756, 1757, 1758, 1766 and 1785.
No gold coins were struck during the reign of Ivan III. In 1755 ( pattern),
rnd from 1756 the following coins of now--value were introduced, namely: half
a ruble, 1 ruble, half imperial ( 5 rubles ), and an imperial ( 10 rubles ).
A double imperial ( 20 rubles, pattern ) was struck in 1755, but was not
accepted for general use.

All of the aforementioned coins had on the face a likeness of the
emperor or the empress except the half imperial of the reign-of Paul I which
had a verso from Psalm 115, qa on the chervonetz, described under Trade
Money .

The reverse sides of the regular coins varied as follows:

Half a trouble monogram
One Roublo double headed eagle on all coins, including the
Two rubs 1755 ( pattern ) rouble.
*Two rubles Image, o St. indrew on the cross appeared on the coins
struck during the reigns of'Poter the Great1 Catherine
I I, and Fcbtor II, while double hjca:c eagle graced the
reverse side during the reigns of Elizabeth I and
Catheriino iI. In 1755 ( pattern ) appeared with one
h e,' : ._,-l : ,o .- .-" *
Half Imperial &C I-:-: "i--1 A cross made of five coats of arms designed
in the following:way: In the center the imperial
double-hocded eaglo,,while at the sides the coats of
arms of four kingdoms of Moscow, Siberia, Kazan and
Astrakhan. In 1755 half imperials were struck with one
Page 32 #60

headed eaogl, also with St. Alndrew on the double headed
eagle. The 1757 inmrrial of the so called Daiscr-
type had a"biF bust" .

The half-inperials struck during the reign of Faul
I ha! a croc-mronogram consisting of four P' s" and
crowns.

Quantities of various coins struck in ZXVII Century

The coinage of gold coins struck during XVIII Century may be
divided into three periods.

Period I From 17C1 to 1753.
Period II From 1755 to 1796 ( to the death of Empress Catherine II ).
Period III Reimg of Paul I

From the cuantites struck, we can see the issues were n-t so small.
Why then the Russian gold coins of XVIII Century are so rare' The reason is
as fellows: In lIC, when the legal wci'ht of pure silver in silver ruble
-.as sot blow the world's price of gold, during a period of two years, more
than 5CO million rubles worth of osld coins found its wra into foroi-gn
countries whelr t!hy wureo nI+.< ,own for its gndi contoei .

06r pr-^ 35

SAUT TRANSCRIPTION OF RUSSIAN NAMES
by B. Kurbas

This article was translated from the Russian into English by R.
Sklarevski, who also stencils, and Edits the English Edition with Dr. G. B.
Salisbury. Due to anavailability of a Russian typewriter, the translator
was forced to resort to use of numbers for the letters of Russian alphabet.
The method used unfortunately will make certain portions of this.article
rather difficult to follow. To help the readers, the Editorial Board has
reproduced the Russian alphabet, and numbers 1 to 32 to correspond to the
position of letters. Editors

Our journal is published in two editions, namely Engiish and Russian.
Therefore articles originally written in English must-be translated into
Russian and vice versa. In translating, one is often faced with various
problems, among which of the greatest importance is the. transcription of
proper names of persons as well as geographic names. Here I will discuss
transcription of Russian Geographic terms into English, since it is the
most difficult of the two mentioned, although the same rules will apply
in transcription of names of the persons. Lack of coordination regarding
this question exists not only in our journal, but likewise in literature,
newspapers, journals, atlases, and maps, appearing in United States and
England. I think that we must undertake, at least in our journal, a usage
of same unchanging system in transcripitions.

First of all I must state, that the course for establishing some general
rules is notceasy, and the fault lies fundamentally on the English side,
since there exists a great gap between spelling and pronunciation, especial-
ly of the vowels. Likewise, the English language utilizes only 25 letters
of the Latin-alphabet, while the Russian Cyrillic alphabet uses 33. Besides
that, Russian letters, with few exceptions are always pronounced in the same
way. The exception will be discussed later.

What method of transcription must we recognize er. being most realistic
Of many atlases and charts which I have used, I-prefer the superb maps and
literature of the National Geographic Society of Washington, 1. C.

It is true, that occasionally, in the aforementioned maps, one will
find variance in representation of the same sound, although Russian names
are accurately reproduced.

I must indicate first of all that the least difficulty will be encoun-
'terod with the following letters:

1. Consonants (Numbers corres ond to position in the Russian alphabet).

n (14), p (17) and t (19) are pronounced somewhat softer than their English
equivalents. In transcriptions. the Russian v (3) situated at the end of the
word should be replaced by an "f (21)" or by "ff", as done in French, an ex-
ample of which is "Kioff".

Twenty fourth (24th) and twenty fifth (25th) letters of Russian alpha-
bet are transcrabed exactly into English by two vowels "ch" and "sh" respect-
ively.

There are no corresponding English letters for the 7, 22, and 26 letters
of the Russian alphabet. The presentt, widely used equivalent, for the
transcription of the 7th letter is the combination of two consonants "zh", as
used in German and French and it sounds as the pronouncination of the letter
"s" in English word "pleasure", The 22nd letter is transcribed as "kh"
similarr to Gornan "ch" rand "Ih"). The 26th letter may be transcribed by four
consonants "shch" and it woulldnt be wrong to use "soh".

Russian letter"p (17)" which is written in English as "r" is pronounced
as in word "right".

Russian letter "c (I1)" is always translated as English "s", as in word
"_ee", and it should never be pronounced as the letter "s" in word "rose".

To the list of consonants we may add the ICth letter of the Russian
alphabet, although it is usually considered as a semi-vowel. In Russian
gran-mar it is rnrwn as "kratkoo" or brief "e", and it is usually transcribed
as "y", as in word "year".

2. Semi-vowels

To the aforementioned belongs the 27th letter ("tveriyznak" or hard
symbol) and the 29th letter ("riachy znak" or soft symbol). The former is
only found in the middle of r word and the best representation for it is
apostroyhe ('). Fortunately it is not found in Russian geoCraphic names.
Unfortunately the "soft symbol" is difficult to transcribe. It has no sound
of its cwn, but it is used to denote that the letter proceeding it should
have a soft sound or accent. It is found within a word as well as at the end,
To those familiar with French, Italian or Spanish languages the following
xolantion may be of help. For exanmle "gn" (in French and Italian) and
letter "n" with a mark over it (in Spanish) are transcribed in Russian as
"n" with "niaghky zrnk" or "n" with a soft accent. Spanish "n" with a mark
over it is forncodby ble-ndi--- of "n" and "y" as in "can c ou". How to trans-
cribe this letter into Enr.li;:. s a problem and the only solution I have is
to ignore it as does the Nati.:onai Gcograpic Society, since in the English
Slanguage there is no oquiv7alc: t for it. To indicate it in transcribed
English word by a mark; either above or below the letter taking the soft
.aceont is not within the province of the English language.

aforementioned-letter is the 33rd letter mentioned by the author -Editors.
Ordinarily the double dotted "e" is not written in Russian language.

Letter "a" (1) is always pronounced as "a" iin art", and "ew (9) has an
approximate pronunciation of "i" in "machino", or to be more exact as "ee"
in "meet". In translating'it is always transcribed as "i".

Letter e (6) is ordinarily pronounced as "ye" in "v:llow", except in
cases whom it follows the following Russian letters: r (17), sh (7), oh
(24), sh (25), and shch (26) the pronounciation:is always as "e" in "red".
30th letter is always as "o" in the same word.- Russian "y' (20) as "u" in
"put", and "e with double dots" as "yo" in 1ylk"

Letter no" (15) has a lengthened "o" sound. With an accent -it is pro-
nounced approximately as "o" in "mother". Unaccented it has a sound midway
between "o" and "a", and is transcribed as an English "o".

31st and 32nd letters are pronounced in English as "you" and "ya" as in
"vnyrd", respectively, and are transcribed as "u" and "ya" '

Most difficult letter in the Russian alphaboth is the 28th, since no
such sound exists either in English or any other European languages, except
in the majority of-Slavic and Poumanian language. It may be described as
a fictitious letter having a harsh sound of the 9th Russian letter which
is pronounced as "i". -In the book, the "Manual of Foreign Languages" by
von Ostormann and Giegengack this letter is transcribed as "y" in the word
"nvmph'. This is not exactly correct, but there is. no other alternative,
and we must transcribe it as 2Cth or 10th letter of the Russian alphabet,
which is the system used by the National Geographic Society.

For example a locality, near Odessa, having the following Russian
letters: 2-20-32-12-28-11" is transcribed into English by the aforemen-
tioned society as "Buyalyk". The first "y" is a semi-vowel of 10th letter,
and 2nd O"y" is a vowel. The first one is before a vowel and the second one
is between consonants.

Likewise, in the transcription of 28th and 10th Russian letters, when
combined, the American Geographic Society drops the 2nd "y" and the word
consisting of Russian letters "2-6-12 28-10" is transcribed as "Bely". This
unfortunately is a hardship, but I see no other solution.

Easiest of all to transcribe are the double vowels, due to the fact
that they are unknown in Russian phonetics.

Now we shall examine the letters of the Latin alphabet which are abso-
lutely unnecessary in transcri-rtion of Russian names. First of all the
vowel "h", except of course tho combinations of "ch", "Sh", "kh" and "zh".
since this sound is strange to Russian phonetics, then "q" and the combina-
tion of a"u" which is transcribed cs "kv'. "D is replaced by "Iks" as in
"All eksandrovsk", although it wouldn't be incorrect to write "fnxandrovsk",
and finally the letter r"j".

Page 36 .60 i

On the map supplied by Ir. Rosselevitch in Rossica No. 58, the City of
"18-20-5-7-1" is transcribed as Sudja, while on the maps of Messrs. Spoors
and Ray it is indicated as Suja. Both of these transcriptions are incorrect.

Russian language has no sound equivalent to letter "j", but there exist
separate sounds for Russian letters d (5) and zh (7). Therefore the correct
transcription is "Sudzha".

Finaly there is no sound in the Russian language which is equivalent to
English letter "w". It is actually a semi-vowel rather than a consonant, since
it is pronounced very short, but in the names of German origin, the -letter
"w" is considered as a consonant. Clasic example is the Russian word "3-6-
14-5-6-14 or "Wenen".

It will be well at this time to say a few words regarding localities in
Russia, which are of non-Russian origin. Many of the localities hacvo been
Russianized from the original foreign name. For examinle some Greek names
wore transcribed harmoniously into Russian without difficulty. These names
must be translated therefore as Fooddosiaya, Yvpatoriya, Seyvastopol, (The
latter is not in agreement with the National Geographic Society).

There are but a few namo places in Russia of English origin, and they
all have been Russianized for sometime. Therefore to transcribe correctly
one must transcribe the Russianized names; such as Yuzovka, Gcvirdovo, Meken-
zicvy Gory an! not Hughovka. Howardovo and LcKenzievy Gory. Gcrmanic names,
very numerous in Pribaltica, i.e. in Estland, Lif land and Kurland Gubernias
"before the revolution. With few exceptions these names were not Russianized,
the exception is Reval "17-6-3-6-12-290, therefore they must remain with
their Gormanic phonetics.

In Lithuanian localities (Kovno and parts of Vilna and Sivalki Gubernias)
official names had Polish equivalents. nhen Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
become independent, the localities within their jurisdictions took national
naersy which remained the same after the Soviets took over. On the Russian
maps they wore transcribed. When the rmars were translated into English they
were transcribed again, and quite often different from the original.

It is therefore advisable to follow the method used by the National
Geographic Society on their larger maps, by placing the local (national)
naeos in the parenthesis.
---------------------------- --- -- ---------------------- -------------------------
-Lot of Ukraine containin- th:'-.usand of stamps, singles, blocks and full"
"-sheets, mostly ITITZA }PC L :', also high values, come covers, some "RU""
"overprints, many stamps c:- riz1d by the "U.F.V." (Ukraino Philatolistcn"
-Vcrband). With this lot w^ a'e including without any additional charge, -
-a lot of Odcssa fcrpcrics, which rxr nevertholoss of interest to the
-sr-;cialist. In order to liquidate this terrific holding, we have reduced"
-the price to........... .-. ............ ...................... .. C .C -
- We also have a nice assortment of CZ;jIST RUSSIA FOST;L STATIOIERY -
4-.cl. unused stamm-cd Z-ESTV0 onnvlocs. Approvals cheerfully sub--:ittcd,-

Capt. S. de Shramchenko was one of the great Ukrainian philatelists and
we are all losers, philatelically and personally, now that he is no longer
with us. I was honored with a request to write for the Rossica Journal a
short article on his collection of the Courier Fieldpost stamps of 1920;
this article is based on a set of photostats of the relevant pages of the
"Shramcherka" collection which Dr. Salisbury most kindly provided.

Any collection of these Fieldpost stamps needs to be looked at against
the information available, and will therefore start with a few comments on
this aspect. The most comprehensive summary published to date is that of
Mr. C, W. Roberts and myself in Nos. 23 and 24 of the British Journal of
Russian Philately (March & September 1958 respectively). In that article we
survey the literature, and, it is worth noting that all the early information
(in the 1920's) on the Courier Fieldpost surcharges was either written by
Capt. de Shramcheoko or was a rewrite of his information. In fact the
first entirely independent article which I know is the first of the 3 which
have so far appeared in the pages of Rossica.

For the record, Dr. Seichter and Mr. J. Lea, FRPSL., are the authors of
the other two articles on these stamps which are known to me. Mr. Roberts
and I acknowledged all these references in our BJRP. article; in all we quoted
14 references and then continued with discussions of each of the following
"articles:

I do not intend in this article to repeat detailed information which is
contained in this BJRP article; I would suggest that, if the details.are re-
quired (in particular of the plating marks for the 25 positions) it should be
read. We were fortunate in possessing panes of the surcharges which greatly
assisted us in wr ying s timsis times correcting) existing information as well
as adding details hereto unknown.

Page. '86.
~ . ..... #60

The only additional information available to us since that article
B concerns some additional covers from "Marquis of Bute" collection, and this
we published in BJP. No. 27 (Iarch 1960).

Having detailed the published information to date, I now pass on to the
intorostinE task of describing the "Shernchenkou collection and how this
enables us to add further points of great interest to our knowledge of these
stamps.

COPIES OF TnE TYPESET SLUCI-iRGE IN THE "S:-.CHEIKO" CCLECTION.

Capt. S. de Shramchenko was never able to describe many of the plating
"variotios because he did not possess panes or blocks of the stamps; in fact,
he possessed only 6 mint copies and therefore did not have a complete set.
That his collection did not boost more of these typeset copies does emphasis
the rarity of then.

In addition to these 6 stamps, however, there were two used copies, one
being 1C Gr./ 10 Sh. and the other 20 Gr./2C Sh. Both of those copies are
cancelled with the "Tsontro Ust." cancellation (Fostmark No. 1 of the BJRP.
23/24 article); on the former stamp the date is not legible but on the
latter it is 6.IX.920 (this is a date occurring en only one of the ten covers
described in the BJRP. 23/24 article, but is by coincidence actually illust-
rated in BJRP. ITo. 24). These two used stamps are the crly two off cover
which have yet been recorded; a point worth noting is that some edges of each
are cut and others torn, and this is a feature which, at least so far, seems
to be peculiar to used copies rather than to unused.

There 'was no qopy of the extremely rare 49 Gr./2C Gr. typeset surcharge
in the "S!-. anchrnko" collection. Only two copies are known at present, one ir
-r. Roberts' possession arn. the other (in extremely bad condition) in the
"lute" collection; see BJFR. Nos. 23 and 27 respectively.

COTPIE OF THE F1LDST.LT' SUTJ1CHJ @I T T "SH:-PJCHEeO" CCILECTION.
In contradistinction to the incomplotoness of the typeset surcharges,
Capt. S. de Shranchenkc's collection was remarkable for the excellent ranfe
of the handstruck surcharge which is even rcrer than the typeset one. First,
let no itemise the examples in the collection:

a. b. c, and e. Double circle with "Volochisk" in Ukrainian, at the
top, and "Dvirets" at foot. All but "a" show date.
On "b" and "c" the date is 19,10.20 (described and
discussed in BJRP. 24). On "e" it is 18.11.20, pre-
viously unknown.
da Not identifiable, as only a small portion of the
cancellation is on the stamp.
f. A smudgy Mogilov Pod. double circle cancellation
"dated 12.11.20 (the script letter after the two
stars at the foot of the cancellation is unfortunately
not all on the piece so is not identifiable).

Having itemised this amazing collection of these handstamps (some of
which we have recorded in BJRP. No. 23, but others are new to me and even
may be unique), the question which immediately arises is "what is the status
of these stamps." Mr. Roberts and I wore not able to express a firm view
in our BJRP article. The lack of covers is a factor leading one to be a
little cautious, but another and more serious objection to these handtftrk
surcharges was raised by,Mr. Lychmanenko when we asked him for his views on
the effect in Ukrainian of. having "e" instead of "eh" (30th letter in the
alphabet) as the fourth letter of the first line. He told us that "e" made
the word unpronounceable in Ukrainian although it could be pronounced in
Russian.

With this background ih mind, lot us now consider the main points made
by Capt. S. de Shramchenk.o in his own annotation of his collection. I an
indebted to Dr. Salisbury for the translation, which follows:

a.TThl hhndstamp is an ESSAY (Capt. de Shrmchenko's own English word).
b. The handstamnp is an error of overprint due to the fact that the
typography which surcharged the normal issue did not have enough
Ukrainian letters or numorals.
c. The handstamp is a proof 6verprint (Probnikh) which was applied by
hand prior to the use of typography for the normal issue.

Page 40 60

d. Capt. de Shramchcnko was in Tarnov, and it was there that he
Q obtained the only complete set of proofs.
e. Some of the prcofs we cancelled for philatelists.

I feel it would be prosumptious of me to query the status of these hand-
stamps as prescribed above by Capt. do Shrranchonko. I would only like to
suggest that comment "b' dces soon unOexected as the 5x5 surcharpe can have
taken very little time to apply to the 13C sheets of 1CC stamps (520 panes
of 5x5) which are enumerated in the Linistr7y Order No. 23 of Aug. 26, 1920,
but otherwise it is quite possible that? they wore some kind of initial rough
trial print (perhaps submitted to in-icate the sort of effect the typeset
surcharge would ;give), and tat a they should accordingly be recognized as such.

OVERS RECORDED IE TTE "SH= rCHEIKO COLLECTION.

There were no original Ficldpost covers in the "Shranchenko" collection
(as I have to admit there are none in mine) but there were what we unlucky
ones have to insert in our collections to prove that the stamps were used -
photographs of some covers. The two covers repreosnted in this way were those
identified as ITos. 2 & 9 in BJF,? To. 24, and fully detailed therein. ecssrs.
Gibrick an'. Rand- were the lucky owners.

C OrCLUSIONS.

In describing the "Shramchenko" collection I have been faced with a
difficulty: the normal typeset surchar-cs were not well represented and
only the two used copies wore of outstaniing interest. However the truly
amazing set of handstruck surchargcs leaves one aPhast, and I am pleasod to
have had the opportunity to record -11 of the specimens he possessed.

SPECIAL C;C5LL.rTIG1:3 OF PHILATELIC EXHIBITIONS
(Ccntinue from ossica c. 56)
by I'urt Aelor

1. On April 4, 1960 the 10,l00th turn of the 3rd Sputnik was celebrated in
a number of towns by cancellations and cachets, which are illustrated in
this issue of the Journal.

Cancellations were applied in Moscow Post Office K 9 and in Leningrad,
Central Telegraph, both in black. Cachets known to me are Kiev in red, and
Minsk in blue. Other towns may also' have used cancellations or cachets on
that day.

2. Only two days later, on April 6, 1960, the 3rd. Sputnik after making
its 10,037th rounding of the globe was finally consumed in the earthts
atmosphere. This event was noted by a cancellation in black, reading "Last
turn of the 3rd Sputnik", which was applied in the Moscow Post Office. A
black,very elaborate cachet was used at the Central Telegraph Office in
Leningrad. The cover in my possession is dated 14-9-60.

3. To celebrate the 1st Anniversary of the 1st Soviet Cosmic Rocket which
reached the moon, Kiev Post Office on 14-9-60 used a black cancellation.

4. The 1st Anniversary of the photographing of the hidden side of the moon
tTa commemorated by Kiev Post Office with a beautiful black postmark on
7-10-1960. It should be underlined that the Philatelic Society of Kiev is
very active and no doubt is unstrumental in urging the Kiev Post Office to
release special postmark.. We may state here that the photographing of the
hidden side of the -moon took place on October 7, 1959.

5. The postmark described in 4. was also used in Minsk and Kalingrad.

6. The father of Soviet Rocketry K. E. Tsiolkovsky is buried in Kaluga.
The Kaluga Post Office issued a special postmark in Tsiolkovskyts memory,
dated 19-9-1960. This postmark was written up in "Stamps" and is considered
to be very scarce.
oooooooooooooooooooooo
0000000000000000000000
o00OO000oC0000000000000Oc-Ocooo.0ccoo -ococo occooc0ococ-oocoo00oooo
o C ASE or E X C H A NGE

In this article is described, for the benefit of those who do not have
it in their collection of entire, a mint, reply-paid letter card.

The aforementioned item is on beige paper of the same thickness as the
regular letter cards; the inscriptions are in blue nad it is perforated.
On the face, in the upper left corner is the imperial eaglo, while in the
upper right corner is a vertical rcctanr7-lar space for the stamp. Between
the earle and the space for the stanp is a two line inscription reading
" LE T T E R I T H FRE P ID RE PL Y", with a short blue
line below it. The portion of the card just described is separated from the
rest of the card by horizontal perforation. There are vertical perforations
on each side of the card, near the borders.

Below the top horizontal perforation is a space for the address, which
consists of five dotted horizontal lines, which are sopar-rto from an ins-
cription to the left of them,reading "P L A C E F 0 R A D D R E S S",
by a vertical line. The aforemontionoe inscription is in three lines.

The reverse side is blank and has vertical porofations near each side
border.

When the reply-paid letter card is opened up we see three sections:

1. The enclosed envelope, shc-win:: ilcntical inscriptions as one
described above, o--xct tha.t the inscription between the eagle
and the space for the stamp rea s "F 0 R E P L 'Y. This envelope
can be easily removed from the rest of the entire by tearing the
perforations, thus leaving the smaller envelope as a complete unit,
which includes a gunmome -ortion to sealing.

2. The space for the original message inside of the main envelope bo-
comes detache 1, and the recipient has the message and the address
section of the main envelope. The upper part of the main envelope
with the first inscribed descri-tion has gunned borders inside and
this serves as the flap of the reply envelope.

Prigara lists a reply-paid letter card as issue VI (1916). It is on
bluish gray papr of 174x2C6mm. in size. He states that it was issued, but
not placed in use. The embossed value on each section is 1C kop. or a total
of 2C kop. Originally the aforementioned item was first listed by Asher.

Inasmuch as the item described in this article has no embossed stamps on
either of the two parts, and the stan-ms have to be affixed to both of the
parts before they can be used thcy are not truly considered as official
stationery by the collectors of the stationery. They must be considered on
the par with supplemont-y 1pot cards issued either by the government or
private individuals which cn be used postally if stamps of proper value .re
affiMd.

Editor The writer states that is a -cvernment issue.

# 6C Fage 45

FUR MONEY OF ANCIENT RUSSIA
by M. Perekrestenko

Many of our historians abroad, whenever fur money of ancient Russia is
mentioned, cite classics of history, that "this is theory, ignored already
during the second half of the XIX Century". This was true because in the
XVIII Century a theory of Norman origin of Russia was accepted.

Now, during the second half-of XX Century, considering the facts of
archeological findings and viewing same from the Russian viewpoint we can-
not deny the existence of the trade in ancient Russia in which fur was a
standard unit of payment.

Fur money.begins to be, used during our era, in trade with the Finnish
tribes and among the Slavs themselves. Fur was actually in circulation at
the beginning; such as squirrel, marten, etc. Later came definite agreed
valuations of pieces of skins with the brands of a merchant, monastery,
prince, etc., or a private individual.

Increase and development of this system was aided by the temporary
stoppage of flow of silver from abroad and minting of ou own coins. (XI -
XIV Century). More than three hundred years followed during which time our
own coins and fur money again entered into circulation in full force.

Fur money in the later period XIV -XVIII Century was not the fundamental
method of buying and selling, as was.the dollar the unit in U S, and not the
checks.

If Slavic name kuna (marten in Russian), monetary unit of Croats, is
translated from the Latin cuneus forged (kovanny) or hammered, then what
is the origin of "nogata, rezana, veveritza, polushkal Must those terms
have an ending of urin' alsoT1 There existed also terms such as "ushka, dole
gea, mordka, oboushnaya morika, etc.". (from S. Lesnoyts History of Russia,
Paris 1959, p. 950).

These terms, the divisions of-silver coins, were little known to histo-
rians. If the Soviet historians were surprise. !, why did not the earlier
historians mention the information. These terms cannot be of.Latin origin.
They can only be taken as functioning units of valuable furs and thus they
find their true meaning.

Soviet historian V. L. Yahin (:: otary weight system of Russian Middle
Ages. Pre Mongolian period, Moscow 1956) writes "there is no doubt that fur
valuables could fulfill temporary functions of money from the manufacturer to
the consumer. Such a role is especially possible in agreements with main
international markets, and it is not accidental that the majority of witnes-
ses-of its use in Russia, belong to fcroi- ncrs, and in one way or another
ties in with the question of tho international exchange with the centers in
Russia. However such use has a limited fieldt.

Page 4.6
#60

*)

Internal change of furs existed even during the reign of Peter I. In
Ukase issued by him in 17C1, forbade monasteries, guests or free men to give
or accept"kozhanie znaki" or fur money.

If this system evolved in such a way that as the result the fur money
or "kozhanic zneaki" wore used as currency alongside of the government issues,
Peter I saw in this use "barbarism", and eradicated it by his usual and
extreme measures. We must deducQ that the use of fur money was not a tempo-
rary measure but a widespread system spread from Pribaltica to the Pacific
Ocean. According to certain 1dat, the factories of Russo-iAmerican Company
rave Indians and 1aeuts in Alaska and Chukctka pieces of fur with their
brand, cven in the beginning of XIX century (Recent findings,
needing checking up).

Ancient Slav unit of silver was grTivnac", later from XIV XV centuries
it was "kceika", and during the reign of Petcr 1 it was "ruble". The very
name cf r'iv-na recalls to ones mind that this was the term used to denote
the quantity of silver needed for fabricating ornaments for the sleeves. In
ancient times, crivna was merely two woven toFether silver wires placed
around the nock as a necklace. Later Trivna was cut into pieces cr rubless".
The present term of "grivennik" is equivalent to 1C kopek. Polovina and
chetvortck are half (5C kop.) and quarter (25 kop.) of Crivna and later a
ruble.

From the ancient tcrminology there remain the term of polushbka cf
half of a kopok.

As yet the rclaticnshi; between grivna kuna (fur) and grivna of silver
has not been established.

Ibn Rustc, Irabian historian of X Century writes that kunitza was equiva-
lent to two and a half (2j-) dirkhmea. Dirkhoma at that time was one tenth
(1/1C) grivna of silv-r, thus making a grivna of silver oqual to four (4)
grivnas of huna. This is a simple mathematical calculation, but the span of
ten centu-ris, does nit without documentary evidence allows for checking on
the results. This result ad hoc, taking the chekhanki of IX or XI centuries
and lace of kuna nocata (kuna of reoatcr value than the standard g'rivna
kuna) and the result is different., ne way or another.

Russian monetary system intr.ouced by Peter I (one kopeika equal to
one hundredth of a ruble or one silver European thaler), actually became the
end of the-development of thcmonetary uses of ancient Russia. In 17C4 the
first rubles wore coincd and Russia thus became the first government in the
world to use the decimal monctary system. I. G. Spasski, in "Russian ionc-
tary System", p. 15, writes "In 1743, in Copenhagen, a book was printed in
"Tanish, entitled 'Travels in -uscia'. The author, Peter Van Haven, when
twenty years old, came to FotcrTb-ur", ani after living there for throc yoers
returned hcmo in 1739. Eis book was s-cn translated into several languages.
V-n Havents intorsst in mathneatics led him to make several observations
in this field. 3 was especially intorescto in the monetary system of Russia.
Pointing out that only Russia fulfills the demands of mathematics and thus
easing the monetary figuring. Ho stated that other governments should follow

6 6C PaFae 47

Russia's example and reorganize their monetary systems along her lines". US
was the first government to follow Russia's example in 1792.

Since we had the first original decimal monetary system, it seems
strange to deny the existence of ancient similarly original monetary system
about which was based on furs, and about which wrote Arabian and European
historians, up to and including XV Century.

"1. An analogical card is a picture postcard illustrating a scene or sub-
ject identical to that depicted on the stamp affixd on the pictorial
side of the postcard. The stamp is to be cancelled by the post office
of the place represented on both. This cancellation should appear on
the postage. stamp as on-that part, of the postcard.

2. A postcard intended to become an analogical picture-postcard should
on no account be produced by enlargement, copying or photographing
the staup. The picture on an analogical card should be produced from
the same subject as that from which the picture on the postage stamp
was made; and should in general bear more details than the postage
stamp.

3. The picture represented on the postcard and the main motive of the
postage stamp should be as far as possible identical. The analogical
card is incomplete when its picture is not entirely similar to that
on the postage stamp. The value, of such an analogical card is pro-
pcrtionally less, according to the differences which exist between
the card and the stamp.

4. In case where there appears on the stamp both a natural subject and
one due to an artist's imagination, only the natural subject should
be considered. here the postage stamp shows more. than one natural
subject, which do not in realty.appear together, then a separate ana-
logical c-rd should be produced for each of the subjects, i.e. each
natural subject must have its own analogical card.

5. The postage of an analogical card may be paid only by ordinary or
commemorative postage stamp issued for public useZ It cannot be
stamped with official st .- s, registration stamps, parcel post stamps,
savings stamps, newspaper stamps, treasury stamps, etc.

6. In analogical cardmay be stamped with a single stamp only on its pic-
toril side. In accordance with standard philatelic practice this
stamp must not be torn or defaced in any way, and should be without

Page 48 6
C #6

Margins. Should the stamp employed happen to be part of a special commemo-
rative block then a part of the margin with its inscription may be used to
prove the source of the block. The stamp with its margin should not cover a
space greater than one-third of the part of the card similar to the postage
stamp.

7. The cancellation postmark must bear either the name of the locality where
exists the subject of the picture, or the name of the locality which the
subject is associated or was connected in the past; if there is no post
office, or a district.to which this locality belongs.

8. A- stamp with an allegorical fantastic design, that is not existing in reality:
must not be used for the postage of an analogical card even if the postcard
and the stamp have been designed ,by the same artist.

9. A stamp depicting subjects which exist beyond the boundaries of the issuing
State & which in fact never belonged to the State, must not be used for
postage.

10. A postcard depicting the coat-of-arms or national emblems of the issuing
State, may be cancelled by any post office in-that-State.

11. An analogical card with a postage stamp.depicting the present or past ruler
of the State can be cancelled.by any post office in the territory ruled by
him.
S 12. An analogical card representing distinguished personalities/national heroes,
members of Royal Families, leaders, invoent-ors, poets, writers, musicians,
S.etc., should be cancelled.by post office at their where-performed, or burial,
place'where their historical deeds wore performed, or other place definitely
connected with their stay or activities in the territory of State issuing
the postage stamps.

13. The postagoe.stamp andpostcard depicting foreign personalities or nationals
of the country issuing tho stamp, but who never lived or stayed on its ter-
ritory, 'canotbe used..for analogical card. The only exception to this rule
is when simultaneously with the issue of.the stamp in question a special
commmorative cancellation postmark has been introduced. In this case the
cancellation must be.very closely connected with the circumstances of the
issue of the postage stamp,

14. A stamp depicting historical personalities or scenes taken from the history
of a country occupied- by an enemy power who overprints the postage stamps
and puts them in circulation in 'the occupied territory, may not be used on
an analogical card.. However, if the person shown on the stamp issued before
the occupation, and overprinted by occupying power, continues to perform the
duties of a ruler or. a government member in the occupied territory, that
stamp can be used for postage on an analogical card.

15. A stamp representing a living ruler or a member of the government or a coat-
of--rms national emblem of the. occupying power can be used for postage of an
analogical card cancelled in the occupied territory.

#60 ..Page 49

16. .An; analogical card should be cancelled only during that period when the
corresponding stamp is valid for postage, that is, before its withdrawal
from circulation.

17. On the pictorial side of an analogical card there should be no written
inscription of any sort, nor deterioration nor damage of the part of the
design corresponding to the motive of the postage stamp.

18. The exports on anal ogiccl cards guarantee that the motive of the postage
stamp does exist in reality; i.e monuments, statues, portraits or
photographs known before the stamp was issued. They also guarantee
faithfulness of the likeness of the subjects and the authenticity and
suitability of the postmark. Their guarantee seal should be. affixed on
the pictorial side of the card near the postage stamp and postmark. The
experts and their guarantee seal should be approved, accepted and regist-
ored by the international superior authority of the Analogophily,

to be continued
oooooo000000000000000000000ooooooo

THE POSTAL ATrqI" OF NORTH POLE #6
by A. Cr onin

From a member of the scientific group operating at this base the writer
received some covers which shed somo light on the mail service available.

Postal facilities appear to be limited to a datestamp, as illustrated,
and a supply of 40 kop and 1 ruble stamps to cover the Russian internal '
ordinary post and airmail rates--the specific stamps so far noted are Scottts
#1260 or S.G. #1329 (both smaller size) and Scott's #1765 S.G. #1924
naturallyyl.. There is no registration service, nor is the base provided
with the customary "International" cachet to indicate mail going abroad.

The handstamp is struck in violet and any other necessary markings, in-
cluding a single line PPdR AVION applied in black during transit (probably in
Moscow). The earliest example noted, left the base on 30,8.58 and was back-
stamped en route at Moscow 7 days later when the "International" mark was
also added in black. Sometime before the end of the year, the date slugs
were rearranged to give the year in full--the two examples seen by the
author are dated 4.12.1958 and 1.1.1959 respectively.

The illustration also shows the official envelope in use by the base
members. It is printed in blue on white .r,-with the exception of the terr
"Severny Polus 6" which is in red. The telescopic word at the top stands
for "Main Northern Sea Route", while the initials :F ere teken to moan "Mer-
kantilno-Morskoi Flot (Mechantilo Marine)" as opposed to "VM' (Voenno Mor-
skoi lot) which refers to .. The second and third lines of the inscrip-
tion read "Drifting scientific investigation station, North Polo 6".

Additional Notes

"Niorth Pole t uses the samr style official cover as the photostat
illustrated, with the following differences:

I would also like to mention a cover front Pixon, Lat 73.32 I, Long
CO.C9 E, A Russian Arctic Sottloment, which also serves Island Dixon off-
shore, which may be uninhabited as far as I know as all mail is cancelled
at Eixon, at the Arctic mouth of the Yenisei River. The whole area forms
part of the Krasnoyarski Region, which stretches all the way down to
Touva Oblast or Territory,
oooo0000000oooooco000000

SHIP CANCELLATI 0NS
by John Barry

As you know I found out that they still use T. P. 0. (RR) cancellations
in USSR. I wondered whether they still used cancellations on ships.

As a correspondent of mine was goinf to Eupatoria on the Crimean Coast
for a holiday, I asked him to try tc rail me a letter from -that point by
boat.

I received from him a letter saying a boat was waiting a mile offshore,
han he would try to get the letter mT il- on it.

So it is now established that cancellations on ships are still used
but it seems that the ol-' "Farakhods" are giving way to Dicscl-Electrics.

The cover was airmailed after leavinE the shirt and therefore travelled
by sea, air and land, it reached me in six days.

Our ncmbor, Kurt Aler, durin.-: his trips to Soviet Union in 1959 and
196C found, that all larger boats from ,CCC tons an- up hav a boat post
office, while the sr.aller ones do not. He was on a 4,C' ton vessel, and
it did not have a post office. He states that the marking T/x cr.ons
"TaiTlokhod" or Diesel Boat.
ooocoooo
O- '0000000
ago 51

On June 5, 19583 the Ministry of Communications of USSR issued a set
of two stamps of 40 and 60 kop. value, to commemorate the 6th. .Wrld Soccer
Championships, held in 'tockholm, Sweden between 8th and 9th of June of that
year. Later, this series was re-issued imperforate, in limited number. The
design was prepared by painter R. Jitkov, and it cannot be called a successful
one. Not all however know that these stamps have a number of differences,
which will be discussed in this article. One cannot call this ,study a final o:
one. This is only an early effort of systematizing the- varieties in this
interesting issue of stamps. We can at the present time discuss only the
varieties, but the reason for variations is not known to us at this writing.
We shall not attempt to compare the variations in the pictured soccer ball
players to the actual:players who played and won the World title in 1958 in
Stockholm.

Using the 40-kop value we are describing the types known to us at the
present time. The stamps of 60 kop have analogous differences.,

1st. player looks down.; We should point out-that the
2nd player looks forward, the faces of first players of Types I,
3rd player looks straight forward. III, and IV are different. The positions
Ball has 3 vertical lines., of the heads have already been noted.

The soccer ball has various number of lines or stripes. It is important
to point out that the position of the letters C C C P with respect to
the network of meridians and parallels, differs.
ocoooooooo

Page 52
I#60

*

"C T E S F P. 0 i. C OL L E C T OR S

r. A. H. ortman En-land

Seeinc Dr. Stackelbcrgts name in the Rossica Journal rcrinded me that I
have four stationery ostoards vritton in 1875 by a young Englishnan who
journcye. across Siberia. On one of them cancelled Tom'sk 25 Soc. 1'75 he
says "---in the evonin- I should start for Irkutsk, which will be seven or
eiLht days' ride. I go with Baron Staci-Olbrg and General Srirnoff and wife.
Each of us has a tarantass.---". :- .cult the Baron is an ancestor of our
r.mber. The contents of the cards aro quitC interesting and I may one day
transcribe them for publication,

I acquired two Russo-Japanosc War itoms only a day or two ago. They are
both active service stanpless. One has F.P.O. No. 11 in Typo "IR' of the
Used .broads, while the other is No. 12 in Tyole'P We now know that No. 11
is ijKDEI, and since No. 13 is YIKCWJ, I should think it is likely that No.
12 is LIL.OYANG. A recent cover of Kurt Adlcr shows that No. 5 is almost
certainly HAILLSSU. JAnd so we [o on slowly filling in the blanks. This is
the real stuff of modern philately.

Sormone show' mo a stationery 7 kcy. cover the other day at the Royal
F. S. with an added Wenden stamp which was obviously a forgery. I was able
to tell him that the sender was Broitfuss, giving his address as St. Peters-
burc, and that it Piidntt go anywhere noar W.n.on. A certain cxpcrt had told
him that all the St. P. cancellations on the front were genuine, (the expert
shall b' nanmelss) but I was ahle to assure him that only one was, the
others fako'e very cleverly to tic the forced Woni.en to the cover.

Which reminds me that in a certain German auction catalogue 1 have just
received there is an illustr-tion of a 5 !c:. blue and black Town Post stamp
with a part of the cacc-llation "FEThCGPDJ" clearly visible.

By the way, 1 have a list of 14 copies altocether of the 14 kop. KITIJ
on vertically lai- payor, anT thrce was a note somewhere, in the Rossica
Journal 1 think, of a block of six somewhere over on your side. Do you know
if anyone else has a copy in the US..

The article in No. 5L by Sch.idt, on the rejected die 7 kop. arms
brought back minories of the oealy days of ry collecting when 1 thought 1
might actually find one of thos,- in the junk. When Lavroff wrote an article
on this stanp for the West End Philatolist, a London House Crran, I help
him to rut it into oca Enelish and they liid a very good onlarccd photograph
of the two dies, 1 rOemnbcr. GLbbons now lists it as No. 97b, but not prices
it. I think Stackolber- is a bAt har on us when he says that oven postally
used the stanr might still be the essay. What does he want, a pair se-tonant
on cover. I don't remember over stcinr an ordinary aiir, registered covers
clways seem to have the 14 ko star:.

I had a guest recently from Paris, 'r. E-slowski who reported picking up
sorc nice items during his travels, such as a "3 Siberian Army", a nice St. F.
Town Post "31" and G'T:E-I-KLUZ in Persia.

S6Pagc 53

Maslowski also found an extraordinary stationery item. Four "5Ts" sur-
charged on the 10 hop. expressed stamp is a bit too much I think, but the
added 2k and 1k stamps make up the 8 kop. postage* I cannott help thinking
se local philatelist was enjoying himself.
------------------
Liphschutz in Paris has also been finding some rarities, including a
EENEZHNOI letter from MANCHULI Railway Station, dated 1905, and addressed to
Moscow, sending 138 rubles. He is also reporting a new type of KHARBIN
KeRPUSNI GORODOK reading "KIURB. CORPUSN. GORODOK".

J. V. Stuart in Hague is going to send me for inspection a letter card
with "K. 10 K." overprint on 7k, used from Khabarovsk on 20.IX.1917, and not
rnly with MANCHULI censor markings (See Used Abroads, p. 409) but TIENTSIN
censor as well. He also has a BRATSLA postmark on a No. 1, and Simon
Tehilinghirian, who has seen it thinks it is BRATISLAVA.

A friend has just sent me a green label 4.75xl-5cm,, stuck on a piece of
an address label from Groat Britain, showing a registration of a book to a
book dealer in "NO-----". Printed on the label is in-Russian "Zaprezheno
Tsenzurou (Refused by Censor)" and "Refuse'par la censure" (the accent on
the mocond "e" in "Refuse" is .grave instead f acute). From the British "R"
mark, I would say the date is 1C95 to 1905.

An answer to your query: my camel postcard is unfortunately not camel
post, but one of those reply cards to naprisoner of war in Germany with a
Russian postmark reading "Polevoe Etapnoe P. T. 0. 245.10.10.7" and a cachet
in violet, imp. eagle still with crowns and "2 Verbluzhii Transport Gurgens-
kago Otriada". Writer gives his address as 'fKavko Armia Cherez Engeli" or
Caucasian Army, through Engeli. It has Baku censor on the front and Askhabad
eensor on the back. --------------

John Barry England

Mecvedev. mentions Perm-Luga Soviet Zemstvos which I- have. There is
another, Toropetz given by Schmidt, in the Berlin Museum Catalogue, which is
rarer than the ones I have. Editor: If any of the collectors has an example
of TOROPETZ he should give, sell or trade it to Fred W. Speers of California,
our member. This will make him "very hai::py.

I have noted that Jos. Chudoba displayed a "Nizhni Novg. Yarmarka" item
at the meeting in N.Y. I have a Nizhni Novgorod Yarmarka postmark also. I
also have a 1858 cover, with a 10 kop. (#2), with dotted postmark "1" and a
two line, rectangular, bobd postmark, reading "S.P.B. St. RR. (1st line)-
5 Auus 1085 (2nd line)". 'The letter is from St. Petersburg to M. I. Boriso-
rski, Nizhni Novgorod Fair. Dr., Wortman talks of a similar one, dated 1855
in an earlier issue of BJRP. Borisorski was a regular trader at the fair.

Kurt Adler New York

Kindly note that Czochoslovak Army in Siberia stamps are genuine, while
stamps with other porforations are fakes. Major Pittner of Vienna, on my
recent trip there was definite on this point. He had. purchased the genuine
ones from the Mobile Train P. Office of this Army in Siberia.

Page 54 #60

Dr. C. do StackolborF Washington, D.C.

How lone were the Special Delivery Stamps of Soviet Russia (Scottts ##
1 to 3), which wore issued in M.ay 1932 used!

Until when were the pcst:ao Cdu stamps of Soviet Russia, which wore
issued in 1925, usedc The Soviet Catalo:gu of 1933 states that they wero
used as postage dues until 1.II.1925, an.d from then as ordinary stamps (see
p. 67). Catalorue of 1933 does net state how lonr- the S.D. were used.

E. Larcovitch 1C, rue Jouvonct, Pris (16)

I became friendly with one of the fTcatest collectors of Russian
Philately in the World, :. V. Liphschutz. His collection of Russia and
nemstvcs is the finest in the world. It includes several hundred -rc-stan_
letters with outstanding postarks, among which are dozens of covers of XVIII
century. He has over 15' ex.amlos of No. 1 with various cancellations, of
which several dozen are on covers, nur.orous pairs, and one horizontal strip
of thrco. He also has rmny co'ios of 7,2,3, and 4 in various shades, off and
on cover, as well as pairs. His collection includes many stamped envelopes
cf St. cPtersbur Town Post of various issues, sizes (blue), as well as two
!ocscow Town Post red envelopes. His Zensto collection is outstanding and
has received Fold medals and a "Grand Prixi at recent international shows.

L. Frado Brazil

I purchased a 4 Kop. postcarT with a double "-VR overprint. Neither
does .schor nor any other publications mention it.

S. Gib'ric: California

I have recently al-i- to my collection a rig-ht corner block of 9 of the
Scott k-14 money-stamns. Straps number 2,3 and 6, in the block do not have
the overprint. There is a su-rch'acer "2" on the back of the richt corner.

V. Link Chio

I am onclosing for you inspection two more copies of 1C ruble Scott
No. 1C9 with defective ri ht zero open at the top). Both of those copies
came to me recently in one lot of stamps.

You will note that there is small notch in the upper portion of the
circle, and since both of the copies are li-htl:, cancelled the defect is
clearly soon.

I thiok the finding of those: two additional coyios proves that the
aforor.ontion flaw is constant,

I ar anxiously awitJ i the ne: issue of the journal for the ccntinua-
tion of Lr. do Stackclbcr- ch-ck list cf the xars ty e. I a. wondering if
he will mention the two frr. c sizes cf the 5 ruble stamp. I have copos

6- Pra:o 55

which vary in size --m. Perhaps the difference is.due to paper shrinkage.

Another interesting item which I posses is a gutter, pair of the 15 kop.
imperforate, Scott "125. I understand that the gutter pairs are ,scarce
because the Government Printing Works always cut the sheets of 100 into panes
of 25 before sending the stamps to the post offices. These stamps are on a
pince of a parcel post tag. Unfortunately the postmark- is illegible,

J. P. Visser GeorgE, rs. Netherlands

I an enclosing an item interesting to me and would like to have your
comments:-

1. Bilingual Askabad Askhaba Turk. (Russian) cancellation on a letter
to Holland. Editor In 1930 s the Turko-Iranian-4longolian Districts
had bilingual postmarks. Askabad was the Turkmonian way of spelling
Ashkhabad.

2. Simferopol-Vokzal Krim postmark on a letter to Holland via Odessa,
dated 1.1.38, having at the bottom of a double ring cancellation
"A Q ME SC I D". Editor:- "Aqmescid" is the Crimea-Tartarian
name for Simfer'opol
CO00000C0000 .

The Postage Stamps of Armenia, Part IV, the Pictorials, by S.D. Tchilinghirian
and P.T. Ashford. Price $4.00 or 27 shillings.

Part V Check List. $1.50 or 10 shillings.

Both of the books are obtainable from P.T. Ashford, 79a, Victoria Road,
Warminstor (Wilts), England.

Both of the books, again demonstrate the erudition and painstaking care
of the authors projected in a vital, absorbing and elucidating manner. The
classification of the Soviet Period divided into sixteen sections clears up
the chaotic condition of philatelic information on that perplexing era, as
well as on the previously little understood historical events.

The basic pictorial issues are well handled, especially the first
Essayan pictorial sot. The section on handstamps is most helpful and it is
needed for quick reference. The first and second.star sets, as well as the
three gold kopok issues are thoroughly covered. The chapter on the second
gold kopek issue appealed the most to me. The TSFSR and the USSR sections
cleared up little known facts, while the chapters on the autonomous districts
of Nakhichevan and Karabach were needed, especially the latter, for knowing
that this district never used Armenian stamps many collectors of Armenia did
not include it in their specialized collections.

The check list is most essential for all collectors for evaluating their
collection in a realistic way. The US monetary system should have been used
"however, alongside of the British.

There can be nothing but praise for the classical and precise Part IV.
Photographs of stamps themselves, and of covers should have been included.
However, the costs must be considered, and that factor must have influenced
the authors.
.L .---- ------- ..

An excellent booklet by our member which sheds light on the little known
Lithuanian who was Russiats trusted agent in Central Asia and Afghanistan.

Page 58 #60

BO K REVIEWS

Ukraine 1918/20 : Bezirk Charkiw by Dr. R. Seichter, Soltau.

Continuing his series of small handbooks dealing with the various bran-
ches of Ukrainian philately, Dr. Seichter has now published the "District of
Kharkov" handbook, which maintains the fine standard set by his earlier
publications. This review is from the pen of S. D. Tchilinghirian.

Readers will already be familiar with Dr. Soichter preceding book, the
"District of Poltava", which was reviewed in Rossica No. 58. The "District
of Kharkov" now available is along the same lines as the former. and-con-
sists again of 27 pages, printed on fine coated art paper, but. in this case,
there are 14 pages of illustrations, and the first two of these consist of
clear photographic reproductions of the fourteen different 5-stamps hand-
stamps in the Type 1 of Kharkov. Another page is devoted to photographic
reproductions of the three different 3-stamp handstamps of Kharkov Typll
and to the three different 3-stamp handstamps of Kharkov Type III.

These pages alone make this handbook an indispensable reference work
to every serious collector of Ukraine, as these various multi-stamps were
not illustrated in the Sonder-Katalog published in 1956. This new ahndbook
is in fact to all intents and purposes a Supplement to the Kharkov section
of the former work. This is not only so on account of the illustrations
cited, but because Tr. Seichter has also included in it a complete revised
price list of all Kharkov issues, comprising, in addition to the early
tridents, the scarce "Local" issues, and also the "Rub" Postmaster provision-
als issued in 1920 when Kharkov was part of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet
Republic.

The revised price list, which supersedes the prices given in 1956 edit-
ion- of the Sonder-Katalog, does not show the same quantity of sensational
rises as the Poltava handbook published last year, but its general trend can
be summarised by saying that the scarcer material is increasing in value,
while the commonest items are slightly marked down. The prices of the RUB
overprints .of 1920, a_ first given in the 1957 Supplement to the Sonder-
Katalog, remain unchanged. It would thus appear that the market in Germany
for Ukrainian stamps can now be considered as having reached a level of sta-
bility, with demand not in excess of the available supply, except in the
cases of the rarer items, which have always been almost impossibleto secure.

"The pages of text in the handbook make interesting reading, and include
inter alia considerable fresh information on the stock held by the Riga stamp
dealer Dzenis, who was the man responsible for some of the so-called "reprints
of the Kharkov tridents. Apart from the "reprints" formerly listed, Pzenis
apparently caused the production of a great many errors and other speculative
material, including double and inverted overprints and the like, and much of
this 'material is now described in this handbook and illustrated.

Another most useful section is where Dr. Seichter describes in detail
the few genuine cases of use of Tridents Types II and III on kopek values
(mostly to complete the franking of postcards, some such franking being

#60 Pag, 59

illustrated). This will make easier for the student to separate such genuine
uses from the Dzenis prints of those same stamps. Incidentally, one of the
postcards illustrated, where the franking is completed with 2 kop. stamps,
has the 2k. stamps in a most unusual private perforation, roughly gauging 9.
Obviously, these stamps were from imporforate sheets which were thus treated
before issue, a case comparable to the Tiflis roulette, or to the Russian
Arms type stamps issued with Georgian overprints in 1923 and locally perfo-
rated ll-. To the best knowledge of this reviewer, this perf. 9 had not
been listed before.

As this series of sectional handbooks is likely to be continued, there
is one suggestion this reviewer has to offer as an improvement for future
volumes, and this is that the text should be divided into a number of capti-
ons, each caption being preceded by a small title. This would allow collect-
ors to spot easier the particular subject to which they may wish to refer at
any given moment. The price list should also have such a title. This could
enhance the attractiveness of the remarkable erudite books*

I received recently the addenda No. 2 to the original catalogue of Mr.
Maksymczuk. As in the review of No. 1 addenda given in Rossica #54 it should
be pointed out that the Addenda 1 and 2 were issued by the Ukrainian Philate-
lic Library which issues Ukrainian literature of interest to us as well as
to our Ukrainian colleagues.

The paper of No. 2 is not as fine in texture as in No. 1, and this is
explained by the fact that despite the moral success, the Ukrainian literature
brings likewise financial loss. It must be noted that the first addenda had
an edition of 600y while the second one only of 400.

Part 2 covers besides corrections of texts and prices of previous cata-
logues, interesting m:.i.e-ial of entires of ZOYHP newly discovered labels of
1900-1920 period arid newest labels issued by various organizations and we
have mainly the labels of Ukrainian Museum in Cleveland. From the information
of philatelic section we learn that the Museum lost $640' in the issuance of
these labels and thus ceased to print them.

During 1957-60 Y-P (T::- .-:n National Rada) issued 2 stamps from the
same cliche probably peri ,id imperf, or all in all 4 varieties. If we
compare this with the 1953-356 w ih 74 variieties we must surmise that this
curtailment of activity is due to the same cause. It is erroneous to think
that the issuance of these labels can be source of funds. This can be only
in exceptional cases, and all of the Ukrainian activity in unofficial stamps
followed exclusively propganda aims, receiving needed financial assistance
from interested nonphilat6lic organizations. For example that certain sums
of money were received from the Vatican for the stamps of 3IP 1954, the
"Mariiskii Pik".

Page 60 @
#60

Chapter 4 covers vignettes of organization "P L A S T", as well as the
illustrated envelopes and special cancellations popular among the American
collectors. Chapter 5 covers the Underground Ukrainian Post. and here we find
no lessening of the number of stamps issued, 75 in all-du=ing 1956-59 not
counting varieties, as well as 10 miniature sheets.

In "Dodatok" section we find data on "membership"stampsg and an interest-
ing part on labels of letters of various diplomatic missions, YHP (directoria)
in European countries in 1918. At the end there is a list of illustrated
envelopes issued by non-Plast organizations. The latest work by the fruitful
author Mr. Maksymczuk is but another fine example of his activity.

German Postal Catalogues. Reviewed by R. Polchaninoff.

In Germany exists a society known as P 0 S T S T E M P E L G I L D E
"Rhein Donan" which studies:German Philatelic History, and issues regularly
separate catalogues which are of interest to the Russian collectors as well
as collectors of Germany.

Booklet #18 Published August 1955, 180 pages.

It cover the German Dienpost 1939-1944 in Galicia however without
special cancellations and also in Ciecho-Moravian Protectorate. Charts are
..enclosed for both territories.

Booklet #19 Published Nov. 1955. 248 pages.

SCovers German Dienpost (1939-1944) in Tsikhenay, Bielostok, Pribaltica,
Belofussia, and Pskov, also without cancellations (special), and not covering
the Pskov town post. Both bulletins were written by Dr. Schultz, an authori-
ty in this Field,

Covers all types of postmarks of field post with indicated time, locali-
ties of use, used for c.. ncelling stamps, but not the cancellations of postal
establishments-with Field P6st numbers.

#60 Page 61

In Chapter VIII data on Field Post of legions, including the Vlassov
Post, while "in Chapter IX stamps using the field post, including the charity
stamps or semipostals issued in'Northern Russia in 1944 to aid the German
Red Cross which until now were unknown to me.
ocooooo0OOco00co0000

SOVIET AIRMAIL PROOF IN AUCTION
by Kurt Adlor-

Some rare Airmail color and plate proofs were sold in a recent auction
by one of the nation's leading airmail stamp auction houses.

Foremost among them were the 100 Essay-Die Proof of the Tchelushkin
issue of 1935. (Scott C50-67). These color proofs were mounted on 10
official sample cards, inscribed in Russian "Project 5 October 1934", 10
stamps, al in one color, to each card. The color proof stamps are smaller
in size than the original stamps and are perforated IC- instead of 14, the
perforation of the originals.

Most of the colors wore chosen for the regular set, so that there is one
stamp on each card in the basically approved color.

These proofs which were described ore probably unique and were brought
originally to the Western Hemisphere by Raymond A. Davies (see his article
"'The Stamp Game in Russia" in Scotts Monthly Journal of February 1946). The
proofs nay be unique in their completeness but I have seen some individual
ones in collection of the outstanding Soviet Stamp Specialist H. L. Aronson.
Estimated price for the 100 proofs was $1000, the price realized was $510.

Other proofs that were auctioned off included Scott C37 slate instead of
ultramarine, 043 purple instead of dull blue, the 5, 20 and 50 kop. of the
sane issue in dark green and. 50 k. -slate blue. All these proofs were imper-
forate. Likewise Sc. 040 is brown instead of ultramarine.

Furthermore, 05C one copy in blue and one in green, C51 in the same
two colors and C52 in green, also imperforate.