Despite the intense interest garnered by cognitive neurosciences of emotions and the numerous publications in recent decades attempting to partial the neurobiological basis of emotions, our knowledge of the area remains embryonic. Important questions that need to be answered include whether or not there exists a general system for processing emotional stimuli and whether or not there are differences between men and women in processing emotional stimuli. The main objective of this dissertation is to provide some answers to these questions by characterizing the neurobiological substrate involved in processing dynamic visual emotional stimuli. This work was conducted through cerebral functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
The first chapter, which is divided into four sections, lays the groundwork for the thesis. The first section of this chapter serves to clarify some definitional background related to emotions. The second section, based on a reading of the original texts, traces the salient historical facts of the neurobiology of emotions from Charles Darwin to Joseph Ledoux. The third section begins where the second ends and continues the history of the neurobiology of emotions through a summary of all the main functional brain imaging meta-analyzes of emotions. The final section of the chapter introduces the research problematic. The research itself, which constitutes the body of the dissertation, is then presented in the form of three articles. Finally, results of this research and how they fit into the continuity of our current knowledge form the basis of a general discussion.
The first paper (Chapter II) reports, in men and women, the brain regions that are more activated during the processing of erotic film excerpts than during the processing of so-called 'neutral' film excerpts. A clear overlap is observed between men and women. This being said, a significantly greater activation is observed in men for the hypothalamus, a region important for sexual behavior across the phylogeny. In addition, in men only, hypothalamic activation is correlated with reported sexual arousal.
As the research presented in the first paper uses relatively long experimental conditions for fMRI (i.e. 3-minute film excerpts) and as this can lead to a net signal decrease due to certain fMRI constraints, the second paper (Chapter III) examines correlates of processing sexual stimuli using, this time, a classic fMRI paradigm where several short film clips of 33 seconds are used instead. This study shows that, for the processing of sexual stimuli, this conventional fMRI paradigm is much more sensitive than the one used in the first paper. Importantly, given that this paradigm leads to a reproduction of results of the first paper, this work supports the view that short epochs are a valid alternative to long epochs as a method of studying the processing of emotional stimuli.
The third section (Chapter IV) capitalizes on the protocol of the second paper and demonstrates that the activation patterns associated with the viewing of short film excerpts inducing disgust, amusement, or sexual arousal, are extensive. A formal conjunction analysis shows a broad overlap of these patterns across the various affects studied.
Finally, the fifth chapter provides a general discussion of the results. The question of gender differences in processing emotional stimuli, of whether or not a general system for processing emotions exists, and of how it may be understood, represent important elements of the discussion. These points are discussed in light of current knowledge and of the results of the three papers.