You will note the video I posted of the Varese, below. In addition, I welcome you to listen to several other historical works mentioned today in our lecture on musique concrète, elektronische musik, and the unification or rejection of these idea(l)s in later works, such as Verese’s Poem…

Represented below are 1). Pierre Schaeffer’s earliest example of musique concrète, the first piece from his Cinq études de bruits (“Five noise studies”),1948, titled Étude aux chemins de fer (“Railway Study), 2.) An example of Elektronische Musik by Karlheinz Stockhausen, his own “Study I” from 1953, and 3) Stockhausen’s later “classic” work, Gesang der Jünglinge (literally “Song of the Youths”), 1956, his setting of the Biblical story in The Book of Daniel where Nebuchadnezzar throws Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego into a fiery furnace but they are miraculously unharmed.

The complete audible discography of Edouard Leon Scott de Martinville, the world’s first recording artist, and French inventor of the Phonautograph.

And on the topic of “What is Music?” some listening for your consideration. I encourage you to explore the history and context of this piece (some names and terms to get you started: Le Corbusier, Iannis Xenakis, Philips Pavilion, Brussels World Fair, “Space Measured in Seconds”, musique concrète).