reinforcement schedule in which response is reinforced only if it occurs after a specified amount of time has elapsed following that response

differential reinforcement of low rate

the gradually increasing rate of responding that occurs between successive reinforcements on a fixed interval schedule

fixed interval scallop

as time of availability of the next reinforcer draws closer, the response rate increases, evident in an acceleration in the cumulative record

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time following the last reinforcer

fixed interval schedule

set time is constnat from one occasion to the next

reinforcement schedule in which fixed number of responses must ocur in order for the next response to be reinforced

fixed ratio schedule

schedule of reinforcement in which only some of the ocurrences of the instrumental response are reinforced; thus, instrumental reponse is reinforced occasionally or intermittently

intermittent reinforcement; partial reinforcement

interval between one response and the next

interresponsetime (IRT)

reinforcement schedule in which a response is reinforced only if it occurs after a set (not fixed?) amount of time following the last reinforcement

interval schedule

restriction on how long reinforcements remain available

limited hold

available only for limited periods; can be added to both fixed interval and variable intercal schedules

rule for instrumental behavior which states that the relative rate of responding equals the relative rate of reinforcement

matching law

mechanism for achieving matching by responding so as to improve local rates of reinforcement for response alternatives

melioration

a pause in responding that typically occurs after the delivery of the reinforcer on fixed ration and fixed interval schedules of reinforcement

postreinforcement pause

zero rate of responding that occurs just after reinforcement

the high and invariatn rate of responding observed after the postreinforcement pause on fixed ratio reinforcement schedules;

ratio run

when does the ration run end?

when te participant is reinforced

reinforcement schedule in whihc reinforcedment depends on the number of responses the participant performs, irrespective of when those responses occur

ratio schedule

reinforcement depends on the number of responses organism has performed

disruption of responding that occurs when a fixed ratio response requirement is increased too rapidly

ratio strain

reinforcement schedule in which response is reinforced depending on how soon that response is made after the previous one

response-rate schedule

a program or rule that determines how and when the occurrence of a response will be followed by the delivery of the reinforcer

schedule of reinforcement

pattern of results is highly predictable

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is provided for the first response that occurs after a variable amount of time from the last reinforcement

variable interval schedule

the value of the schedule refers to the average amount of time needed for reinforcement

reinforcement schedule in which the number of responses necessary to produce reinforcement varies from trial to trial; value of the schedule refers to the average number of responses needed for reinforcement

variable ratio schedule

numerical value represents the average number of responses required

instance in which delivery of reinforcer happens to coincide with a particular reponse even though that response was not responsible for the reinforcer presentation

accidental reinforcement; adventitious reinforcement

a pleasant or satisfying stimulus

appetitive stimulus

an instrumental conditioning procedure in which the instruemtnal response prevents the delivery of an aversive stimulus

avoidance

involves aversive stimulus scheduled to be presented sometime in the future; do something to prevent aversive stimulus

theoretical idea that an organisms's evolutionary history makes certain responses fit or belong with certain reinforcers

belongingness; proposed by Thorndike

stimulus that becomes an effective reinforcer because of its association with a primary or unconditioned reinforcer

conditioned reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

may bridge delay between instrumental response and primary reinforcer

simultaneous occurrence of two events

contiguity; temporal contiguity

instrumental conditioning procedure in which positive reinforcer is devivered if the participant fails to perform a particular response

differential reinforcement of other behavior; ommission

method of instrumental conditioning in which the participant can perform the instrumental response only during specified periods usually determined by placement of the participant of the participant in an experimental chamber or by the presentation of a stimulus

method of instrumetnal conditioning that permits repeated performance of the instrumentla response without the participant being removed from the experimntal chamber

free-operant method

Skinner

gradual drift of instrumental behavior away from the responses required for reinforcement to species-typical or instinctive responses related to the reinforcer and to other stimuli in the experimental situation

instinctive drift

Breland and Breland

activity that occurs because it is effective in producing a particular consequence or reinforcer

instrumental behavior

aspect of behavior produces significatn outcome (behavior occurs because similar actions produced the same type of outcome in the past)

respose that increases in frequency after the delivery of a periodic reinforcer and then declines as time for the next reinforcer approaches

interim response

rule for instrumental behavior which states that if a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, association between S-R will be strengthened; if response is followed by annoying event, S-R weakened

law of effect, proposed by Thorndike-involves S-R learning

animals learn association between response and stimuli present at the time of the response (consequence of the response is not one of the elemnts in the association)

interference with learning of new instrumentla responses as result of exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive stimulation

learned-helplessness effect

theoretical idea that assumes that during exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive stimulation, participants lern that their behavior does not control environmental events

learned-helplessness hypothesis

preliminary stage of instrumental conditioning in which stimulus is repeatedly paired with the reinforcer to enable participant to learn to go and get reinforcer when it is presented

magazine training

sound of food-delivery device maybe be repeatedly paired with food so that animal will learn to go to the food cup when food is delivered; involves classical conditioing like sound of food delivery device (food magazine) paired with dlivery of food pellet into the cup

What should you do with every question of this test?

READ THE QUESTION!

response turns on appetitive stimulus, there is a posiitive contingency

positive reinforcement

response turns on aversive stimulus; there is a postitive contingney with an aversive stimulus

punishment

instrumental response prevents delivery of an aversive stimulus

negative reinforcement

less responding for reinforcer following previous epxerince with a more desired reinforcer than in the absence of such prior experience

negative contrast

instruemtnal conditioning procedure in which there is a negative contingency between instrumental response and avserive stimulus; aversive stimulus is terminated or preventd from ocurring when response is performed

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