Following the reapportionment resulting from the Fifth Census, Pennsylvania gained two representatives, increasing from 26 to 28, and was redistricted into 25 districts, two of which were plural districts

^ abThere are discrepancies among the sources, e.g. Dubin, pg. 108 (and Moore, pg. 956-959) vs. Martis, pg. 92 (and "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives.): Dubin lists 145 Democrats (incl. 1 Independent Democrat), 60 National Republicans, 24 Anti-Masons, 7 Southern Rights or Nullifiers, and 1 "Unionist", while the latter sources list 143 Jacksonians or Democrats, 63 Anti-Jacksonians or National Republicans, 25 Anti-Masons, and 9 Nullifiers. Figures used here defer to Martis and the party figures from the Historian of the House.

1.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House

2.
Andrew Stevenson
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Andrew Stevenson was a Democratic politician in the United States. He served in the United States House of Representatives representing Virginia, as Speaker of the House, Andrew Stevenson was born in Culpeper County, Virginia on January 21,1784. He was educated at the College of William and Mary, studied law, Stevenson was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1809 to 1816 and 1818 to 1821. He served as Speaker of the House of Delegates from 1812 to 1815, in 1814 and 1816 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress. In 1820 Stevenson won election to the United States House of Representatives, from 1827 to 1834 he was the Speaker of the House. Stevenson began his Congressional career as a Democratic-Republican, as the Democratic-Republican Party began to split in the 1820s and 1830s and reorganized as the Democratic Party, he won reelection as a Crawford Republican, and then as a Jacksonian. Stevenson resigned from Congress in June 1834 to accept appointment as Minister to the United Kingdom, in June of that year the United States Senate denied him confirmation by a vote of 23 to 22. In the Anti-Jacksonian view, this amounted to a quid pro quo that allowed executive branch interference with the prerogatives of the legislative branch and he returned to Virginia and resumed the practice of law. In addition, he presided over the 1835 Democratic National Convention, in February 1836 President Andrew Jackson renominated Stevenson for Minister to Great Britain. He was confirmed 26 votes to 19, and served from 1836 to 1841, the Irish statesman Daniel OConnell was reported to have denounced Stevenson in public as a slave breeder, generally thought to be a more serious matter than simply being a slaveowner. Stevenson, outraged, challenged OConnell to a duel, but OConnell, who had an aversion to dueling, refused. Stevenson presided over the 1848 Democratic National Convention, in 1845 he was elected to the board of visitors of the University of Virginia. From 1856 to 1857 he served as the universitys rector and he died at his Blenheim estate on January 21,1857. He was buried at Enniscorthy Cemetery in Keene, Virginia, Stevenson purchased the Blenheim property in Albemarle County in 1846. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In 1809, he married Mary Page White, granddaughter of Carter Braxton, who was the mother of John White Stevenson, a Congressman, U. S. Senator, and who also served as Governor of Kentucky. In 1816 he married his wife, Sarah Coles, who was a cousin of Dolley Madison and a sister of Edward Coles. In 1849 he married Mary Schaff, biographical Directory of the United States Congress

3.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president

4.
Virginia's 11th congressional district
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Virginias Eleventh Congressional District is a U. S. congressional district in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The district stretches from Herndon to Quantico, comprising most of Fairfax County, all of the city of Fairfax, the residents of the 11th district are represented by Democrat Gerry Connolly. The Hill newspaper quotes census data to conclude that Virginias 11th district was the wealthiest congressional district in the nation from 2003 to 2013, the article attributed the wealth to the many lobbyists and two-career couples in Northern Virginia. The district last existed in what is now West Virginias 1st District and was held by Jacob B. Blair before the events of the U. S. Civil War. Virginia did not have an 11th District until it was re-created after the 1990 United States Census from portions of the old 8th and 10th districts because of growth in Northern Virginia. It was intended to be a fair fight district, indeed, it encompassed most of the more Democratic portions of the old 10th District and the more Republican portions of the old 8th District. George W. Bush only narrowly defeated John Kerry here in 2004, while Democratic Governor Tim Kaine, in 2008, Barack Obama won this district over Republican Senator John McCain. Democrat Leslie L. Byrne briefly held the seat for the first election cycle of the new district, Davis established a secure hold on the district during his tenure, but Democrat Gerald Connolly won it when Davis stepped down. Both Davis and Connolly may have been aided by their previous service on the Board of Supervisors of Fairfax County,61. 5% of 11th Congressional District residents live in Fairfax County. Data on election results for Virginia districts can be found via the Virginia Department of Elections, Virginias congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Virginias 11th congressional district election,2010 Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts

5.
North Carolina's 13th congressional district
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The Thirteenth congressional district of North Carolina was re-established in 2002 after the state gained population in the 2000 United States Census. Previously, the state had 13 districts from the first election following the 1810 United States Census until the reapportionment following the 1840 United States Census. From 2003 to 2013 the district included most of northern Wake County, all of Person and Caswell counties as well as parts of Rockingham, Granville, Guilford, however, reapportionment after the 2010 census shifted the district more to the south and east. As a result, it lost its share of Alamance, Caswell, Guilford, Person, in place of those five counties, portions of Durham, Edgecombe, Franklin, Nash, Vance, Wayne, and Wilson counties were added. More of Wake County and less of Granville County were also included, while Barack Obama carried the old 13th with 59 percent of the vote in 2008, John McCain would have won it with 54 percent of the vote had it existed under the new lines. As a result, Congressman Brad Miller, who represented the district from its creation in 2003, from 2013 to 2017, the district was represented by Republican George Holding. After a mid-decade redistricting, most of the old 13th was essentially merged with the old 2nd District, a new 13th was created, stretching from the northern suburbs of Charlotte to Greensboro. Republican Ted Budd became the first congressman from this new district, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Congressman Holdings official House website

6.
Harmar Denny
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Harmar Denny was an American businessman and Anti-Masonic member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Harmar Denny was born in Pittsburgh the son of Ebenezer Denny and his father had served as adjutant to General Harmar during wars on the western frontier. Graduating from Dickinson College in Carlisle in 1813, Harmar Denny was admitted to the bar in Pennsylvania in 1816 and became a law partner with Henry Baldwin and he married Elizabeth F. OHara on November 25,1817 and they had 11 children. Elizabeth was the daughter of General James OHara and Mary Carson OHara and he served as a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives from 1824 to 1829. In 1829 he became an elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Pittsburgh. Denny was elected as an Anti-Masonic candidate to the Twenty-first Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William Wilkins and he was reelected to the Twenty-second through Twenty-fourth Congresses and served from December 15,1829, to March 3,1837. After his term, he resumed the practice of law in Pittsburgh and he was a presidential elector on the Whig ticket in 1840. As commissioner under act of incorporation of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, April 13,1846 and he was admitted to the American Philosophical Society in 1848. In 1849 he was elected president of the council of Pittsburgh. He declined the nomination to be a candidate for Congress in 1850 and he served as president of the Pittsburgh & Steubenville Railroad Company in 1851 and 1852. He was a trustee of the Western University of Pennsylvania, now the University of Pittsburgh and he was buried at Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburghs Lawrenceville neighborhood. New York State Senator Henry E. H. Brereton was his grandson, Congressman Harmar D. Denny, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Harmar Denny at Find a Grave

7.
Anti-Masonic Party
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The Anti-Masonic Party was the first third party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry as a party, and later aspired to become a major party by expanding its platform to take positions on other issues. Although lasting only a decade, the Anti-Masonic Party introduced important innovations to U. S. politics, such as nominating conventions, the Anti-Masonic Party was formed in upstate New York in February 1828. Anti-Masons were opponents of Freemasonry, believing that it was a corrupt, many people regarded the Masonic organization and its adherents involved in government as corrupt. The opponents of Freemasonry formed a party after the Morgan affair convinced them the Masons were murdering men who spoke out against them. This key episode was the mysterious 1826 disappearance of William Morgan, Morgan claimed to have been made a member of the Masons while living in Canada, and he appears to have briefly attended a lodge in Rochester. In 1825 Morgan received the Royal Arch degree at Le Roys Western Star Chapter #33, whether he actually received these degrees and if so from where has not been determined for certain. Angered by the rejection, Morgan announced that he was going to publish an exposé titled Illustrations of Masonry, critical of the Freemasons and describing their secret degree ceremonies in detail. When his intentions known to the Batavia lodge, an attempt was made to burn down the business of the printer who planned to publish Morgans book. In September 1826 Morgan was arrested on allegations of failing to repay a loan and theft of a shirt. The individual who intended to publish Morgans book paid his bail, the generally believed version of events was that Masons killed Morgan by drowning him in the Niagara River. Whether he fled or was murdered, Morgans disappearance led many to believe that Freemasonry was in conflict with good citizenship, because judges, businessmen, bankers, and politicians were often Masons, ordinary citizens began to think of it as an elitist group. Moreover, many claimed that the lodges secret oaths bound Masons to favor each other against outsiders, in the courts, when a member sought to reveal its secrets, so ran the conclusion, the Freemasons had done away with him. Because they controlled the courts and other offices, they were capable of obstructing the investigation. True Americans, they said, had to organize and defeat this conspiracy, if good government was to be restored all Masons must be purged from public office. Opposition to Masonry was taken up by churches as a religious crusade. Anti-Masonry also became an issue in Western New York, where early in 1827 many mass meetings resolved not to support Masons for public office. In New York at this time the supporters of President John Quincy Adams, called Adams men, or Anti-Jacksonians, in this effort they were aided by the fact that Andrew Jackson was a high-ranking Mason and frequently spoke in praise of the organization

8.
Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district
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Pennsylvanias 22nd congressional district was one of Pennsylvanias districts of the United States House of Representatives. Created in 1833, the district served portions of the city of Pittsburgh, in 1843 the district moved to northwest Pennsylvania. In 1853 the district returned to Pittsburgh, in 1903 the district included many of the counties around Pittsburgh. In 1923 the district was moved to York and this district was created in 1833. The district was eliminated in 1993, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

9.
Jacksonian democracy
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Jacksonian democracy was a 19th-century political philosophy in the United States that espoused greater democracy for the common man, as that term was then defined. Originating with President Andrew Jackson and his supporters, it became the dominant political worldview for a generation. It emerged when the long-dominant Democratic-Republican Party became factionalized during the early-to-mid 1820s, broadly speaking, the era was characterized by a democratic spirit, and built upon Jacksons equal political policy. Even before the Jacksonian era began, suffrage had been extended to a majority of male adult citizens. Jacksonian democracy also promoted the strength of the presidency and executive branch at the expense of Congress, the Jacksonians demanded elected judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values. In national terms they favored geographical expansion, justifying it in terms of Manifest Destiny, there was usually a consensus among both Jacksonians and Whigs that battles over slavery should be avoided. Jacksons expansion of democracy was largely limited to Americans of European descent, there was little or no progress for the rights of African-Americans and Native Americans. Jacksons biographer Robert V. Remini argues that Jacksonian Democracy, stretches the concept of democracy about as far as it can go, Jacksonian Democracy was built on the following, Expanded Suffrage – The Jacksonians believed that voting rights should be extended to all white men. The Whigs generally opposed Manifest Destiny and expansion, saying the nation should build up its cities, patronage – Also known as the spoils system, patronage was the policy of placing political supporters into appointed offices. Many Jacksonians held the view that political appointees in and out of office was not only the right. Jacksonians also held that long tenure in the service was corrupting. However, it led to the hiring of incompetent and sometimes corrupt officials due to the emphasis on party loyalty above any other qualifications. Strict constructionism – Like the Jeffersonians who strongly believed in the Kentucky, Jackson said that he would guard against all encroachments upon the legitimate sphere of State sovereignty. However, he was not a states rights extremist, indeed and this position was one basis for the Jacksonians opposition to the Second Bank of the United States. As the Jacksonians consolidated power, they more often advocated expanding federal power, the chief spokesman amongst laissez-faire advocates was William Leggett of the Locofocos in New York City. Opposition to banking – In particular, the Jacksonians opposed government-granted monopolies to banks, especially the national bank, Jackson said, The bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it. The Whigs, who supported the Bank, were led by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Nicholas Biddle. An important movement in the period from 1800 to 1830—before the Jacksonians were organized—was the expansion of the right to vote toward including all white men, older states with property restrictions dropped them, all but Rhode Island, Virginia and North Carolina by the mid 1820s

10.
United States presidential election, 1832
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The United States presidential election of 1832 was the 12th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 2, to Wednesday, December 5,1832. Jackson won 219 of the 286 electoral votes cast, Virginia Governor John Floyd, who was not a candidate, received the electoral votes of South Carolina. This was the first national election for Martin Van Buren of New York, Van Buren faced opposition for the vice-presidency within his own party, however, and as a result, all 30 Pennsylvania electors cast ballots for native son William Wilkins. For this reason, the candidates of 1832 were chosen by national conventions, the first national convention was held by the Anti-Masonic Party in Baltimore, Maryland, in September 1831. The National Republican Party and the Democratic Party soon imitated them, also holding conventions in Baltimore, as a result of this, Secretary of State Martin Van Buren and Secretary of War John H. Eaton resigned from office in April 1831, and Jackson requested the resignation of all cabinet offices as well except one. Van Buren instigated the procedure as a means of removing Calhoun supporters from the Cabinet, Calhoun further aggravated the president in the summer of 1831 when he issued his Fort Hill Letter, in which he outlined the constitutional basis for a states ability to nullify an act of Congress. At the time of Calhouns vote to end Van Burens political career, as a result, the Democratic Party followed the pattern of the opposition and called a national convention. The 1832 Democratic National Convention, the first of the Democratic Party, was held in the Athenaeum in Baltimore from May 21,1832, several decisions were made at this initial convention of the party. On the first day, a committee was appointed to provide a list of delegates each state. This committee, which came to be called the Credentials Committee. The Rules Committee gave a report that established several other customs. Each state was allotted as many votes as it had presidential electors, several states were over-represented, secondly, balloting was taken by states and not by individual delegates. Thirdly, two-thirds of the delegates would have to support a candidate for nomination, the fourth rule, which banned nomination speeches, was the only one the party quickly abandoned. No roll call vote was taken to nominate Jackson for a second term, instead, the convention passed a resolution stating that we most cordially concur in the repeated nominations which he has received in various parts of the union. Martin Van Buren was nominated for vice-president on the first ballot, afterwards, the convention approved an address to the nation and adjourned. The Barbour Democratic National Convention was held in June 1832 in Staunton, Jackson was nominated for president and Philip P. Barbour was nominated for vice-president. Although Barbour withdrew, the ticket appeared on the ballot in five states, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, soon after the Anti-Masonic Party held its national convention, supporters of Henry Clay called a national convention of the National Republican Party

11.
Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union. Jackson was born in 1767 somewhere near the border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson acted as a courier, at age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British. He moved to Tennessee and practiced as a lawyer, in 1791, he married Rachel Donelson Robards. The couple later learned that Rachels previous husband had failed to finalize their divorce, Jackson served briefly in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Upon returning to Tennessee, he was appointed a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia, and was elected its commander the following year. He built the Hermitage plantation in 1804, in 1806, he killed a man in a duel over a matter of honor regarding his wife. He led Tennessee militia and U. S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813-1814, Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans, making him into a national hero. Because Spanish Florida was a refuge for blacks escaping slavery, who allied with the Seminole Indians, Jackson invaded the territory in 1816 to destroy the Negro Fort. He led an invasion in 1818, as part of the First Seminole War, resulting in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Jackson briefly served as Floridas first Territorial Governor in 1821, Jackson was nominated by several state legislatures to be a candidate for president in 1824. Although he earned a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote against three major candidates, Jackson failed to get a majority and lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, Jacksons supporters founded what became the Democratic Party. He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams, building and expanding upon his base of support in the West and South, he won in a landslide. He blamed the death of his wife, Rachel, which occurred after the election, on the Adams campaigners, as president, Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations, which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his successors, he denied the right of a state to secede from the union or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Jackson believed strongly in majority rule and he supported direct election of senators and abolition of the Electoral College, believing that these reforms would provide average citizens with greater power

12.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included

13.
Nullification Crisis
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It ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state. The US suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s, and South Carolina was particularly affected, many South Carolina politicians blamed the change in fortunes on the national tariff policy that developed after the War of 1812 to promote American manufacturing over its European competition. The controversial and highly protective Tariff of 1828 was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams, the tariff was opposed in the South and parts of New England. By 1828, South Carolina state politics increasingly organized around the tariff issue and its opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced. In Washington, a split on the issue occurred between Jackson and Vice President John C. Calhoun, a native South Carolinian and the most effective proponent of the theory of state nullification. On July 14,1832, before Calhoun had resigned the Vice Presidency in order to run for the Senate where he could effectively defend nullification, Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832. This compromise tariff received the support of most northerners and half of the southerners in Congress, military preparations to resist anticipated federal enforcement were initiated by the state. The South Carolina convention reconvened and repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 15,1833, the crisis was over, and both sides could find reasons to claim victory. The tariff rates were reduced and stayed low to the satisfaction of the South, by the 1850s the issues of the expansion of slavery into the western territories and the threat of the Slave Power became the central issues in the nation. Later in the decade the Alien and Sedition Acts led to the states rights position being articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. ”The key sentence, and the word nullification was used in supplementary Resolutions passed by Kentucky in 1799. He was chairman of a committee of the Virginia Legislature which issued a book-length Report on the Resolutions of 1798 and this asserted that the state did not claim legal force. The declarations in such cases are expressions of opinion, unaccompanied by other effect than what they may produce upon opinion, the opinions of the judiciary, on the other hand, are carried into immediate effect by force. But, the four presidential terms spanning the period from 1800 to 1817 did little to advance the cause of states’ rights and much to weaken it. ”Over Jefferson’s opposition, the power of the federal judiciary, led by Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall, increased. Jefferson expanded federal powers with the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory, opposition to the War of 1812 was centered in New England. Delegates to a convention in Hartford, Connecticut met in December 1814 to consider a New England response to Madison’s war policy, the debate allowed many radicals to argue the cause of states’ rights and state sovereignty. In the end, moderate voices dominated and the product was not secession or nullification. After the conclusion of the War of 1812 Sean Wilentz notes, This spirit of nationalism was linked to the tremendous growth and economic prosperity of this post war era

14.
Central bank
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A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a states currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries, Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally designed to be independent from political interference. Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies usually exists, prior to the 17th century most money was commodity money, typically gold or silver. However, promises to pay were widely circulated and accepted as value at least five hundred years earlier in both Europe and Asia. The Song dynasty was the first to issue generally circulating paper currency, in 1455, in an effort to control inflation, the succeeding Ming Dynasty ended the use of paper money and closed much of Chinese trade. The Bank of Amsterdam, established in the Dutch Republic in 1609, is considered to be the forerunner to modern central banks. The Wisselbanks innovations helped lay the foundations for the birth and development of the banking system that now plays a vital role in the worlds economy. Along with a number of local banks, it performed many functions of a central banking system. Lucien Gillard calls it the European guilder, and Adam Smith devotes many pages to explaining how the bank guilder works, the model of the Wisselbank as a state bank was adapted throughout Europe, including the Bank of Sweden and the Bank of England. Established by Dutch-Latvian Johan Palmstruch in 1668, Sveriges Riksbank is often considered by many as the worlds oldest central bank, the lenders would give the government cash and also issue notes against the government bonds, which could be lent again. A Royal Charter was granted on 27 July through the passage of the Tonnage Act 1694, the bank was given exclusive possession of the governments balances, and was the only limited-liability corporation allowed to issue banknotes. The £1. 2M was raised in 12 days, half of this was used to rebuild the Navy and these modern central banking functions evolved slowly through the 18th and 19th centuries. The currency crisis of 1797, caused by panicked depositors withdrawing from the Bank led to the government suspending convertibility of notes into specie payment. The bank was accused by the bullionists of causing the exchange rate to fall from over issuing banknotes. Nevertheless, it was clear that the Bank was being treated as an organ of the state, henry Thornton, a merchant banker and monetary theorist has been described as the father of the modern central bank. An opponent of the real bills doctrine, he was a defender of the bullionist position, thorntons process of monetary expansion anticipated the theories of Knut Wicksell regarding the cumulative process which restates the Quantity Theory in a theoretically coherent form. Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks were able to issue their own banknotes, many consider the origins of the central bank to lie with the passage of the Bank Charter Act of 1844. Under this law, authorisation to issue new banknotes was restricted to the Bank of England, at the same time, the Bank of England was restricted to issue new banknotes only if they were 100% backed by gold or up to £14 million in government debt

15.
Second Bank of the United States
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The banks formal name, according to section 9 of its charter as passed by Congress, was The President, Directors, and Company, of the Bank of the United States. A private corporation with public duties, the bank handled all fiscal transactions for the U. S. Government, and was accountable to Congress, twenty percent of its capital was owned by the federal government, the banks single largest stockholder. Four thousand private investors held 80% of the capital, including one thousand Europeans. The bulk of the stocks were held by a few hundred wealthy Americans, in its time, the institution was the largest monied corporation in the world. The federal deposits endowed the BUS with its regulatory capacity, failing to secure recharter, the Second Bank of the United States became a private corporation in 1836, and underwent liquidation in 1841. A national alliance arose to legislate a central bank to address these needs, calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky was decisive in the successful chartering effort. The charter was signed into law by Madison on April 10,1816, opposition to the banks revival emanated from two interests. if Congress could incorporate a bank, it might emancipate a slave. Hostile to the effects of the central bank, private banks—proliferating with or without state charters—had scuttled rechartering of the first BUS in 1811. These interests played significant roles in undermining the institution during the administration of U. S. President Andrew Jackson, Government land sales in the West, fueled by European demand for agricultural products, ensured that a speculative bubble would form. When the U. S. Further, it transpired that branch directors for the Baltimore office had engaged in fraud and larceny. Resigning in January 1819, Jones was replaced by Langdon Cheves who continued the contraction in credit in an effort to stop inflation and stabilize the bank, the central banks reaction to the crisis—a clumsy expansion, then a sharp contraction of credit—indicated its weakness, not its strength. The effects were catastrophic, resulting in a recession with mass unemployment. The financial crisis raised doubts among the American public as to the efficacy of paper money, upon this widespread disaffection the anti-bank Jacksonian Democrats would mobilize opposition to the BUS in the 1830s. The national bank was in disrepute among most Americans when Nicholas Biddle. Under Biddles guidance, the BUS evolved into a banking institution that produced a strong and sound system of national credit. From 1823 to 1833, Biddle expanded credit steadily, but with restraint, albert Gallatin, former Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, wrote in 1831 that the BUS was fulfilling its charter expectations. By the time of Jacksons inauguration in 1829, the bank appeared to be on solid footing. Public perceptions of the bank were generally positive

16.
Anti-Masonry
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Anti-Masonry is defined as avowed opposition to Freemasonry. However, there is no homogeneous anti-Masonic movement, Anti-Masonry consists of radically differing criticisms from sometimes incompatible groups who are hostile to Freemasonry in some form. The earliest anti-Masonic document was a leaflet printed in 1698 by a Presbyterian minister named Winter and it reads, TO ALL GODLY PEOPLE, In the Citie of London. For this devllish Sect of Men are Meeters in secret which swear against all without ther Following and they are the Anti Christ which was to come leading Men from Fear of God. For how should Men meet in secret Places and with secret Signs taking Care that none observed them to do the Work of GOD, are not these the Ways of Evil-doers. Knowing how that God observeth privilly them that sit in Darkness they shall be smitten, mingle not among this corrupt People lest you be found so at the Worlds Conflagration. In 1826, William Morgan disappeared from the town of Batavia, New York. His disappearance caused some Anti-masons to claim that he had kidnapped and murdered by Masons. Morgans disappearance sparked a series of protests against Freemasonry, which spread to the political realm. Under the leadership of anti-Masonic Thurlow Weed, an Anti-Jacksonist movement became the Anti-Masonic Party and this political Party ran presidential candidates in 1828 and 1832, but by 1835 the party had disbanded everywhere except Pennsylvania. In the United Kingdom, anti-Masonic sentiment grew following the publication of Martin Shorts 1989 book and this movement was initially led by Jack Straw, Home Secretary from 1997 until 2001. In 1999, the Welsh Assembly became the body in the United Kingdom to place a legal requirement on membership declaration for Freemasons. Currently, existing members of the police and judiciary in England are asked to admit to being Freemasons. Conversely, new members of the police are not required to declare their status, Soviet Russia outlawed all secret societies, including Masonry, in 1922. At one of the Second International meetings Grigory Zinoviev demanded to purge it of masons, Freemasonry did not exist in the Soviet Union, China, or most other Communist states. Postwar revivals of Freemasonry in Czechoslovakia and Hungary were suppressed in 1950, however, when in power, Castro was also said to have kept them on a tight leash as they were considered a subversive element in Cuban society. Fascists treated Freemasonry as a source of opposition. Masonic writers state that the used by the totalitarian regimes is similar to that used by some modern critics of Freemasonry

17.
John C. Calhoun
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John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina, and the seventh Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832. He is remembered for defending slavery and for advancing the concept of minority rights in politics. He began his career as a nationalist, modernizer, and proponent of a strong national government. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the Souths secession from the Union in 1860–1861, Calhoun began his political career in the House of Representatives. He then served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, Calhoun was a candidate for the presidency in the 1824 election. After failing to support, he let his name be put forth as a candidate for vice president. The Electoral College elected Calhoun for vice president by an overwhelming majority and he served under John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in the election of 1828. During his terms as president, he made a record of 31 tie-breaking votes in Congress. Calhoun had a relationship with Jackson primarily due to the Nullification Crisis. In 1832, with only a few remaining in his second term, he resigned as vice president. He sought the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1844, but lost to surprise nominee James K. Polk, Calhoun served as Secretary of State under John Tyler from 1844 to 1845. As Secretary of State, he supported the annexation of Texas as a means to extend the slave power and he then returned to the Senate, where he opposed the Mexican–American War, the Wilmot Proviso, and the Compromise of 1850 before his death in 1850. Calhoun often served as a virtual party-independent who variously aligned as needed with Democrats, later in life, Calhoun became known as the cast-iron man for his rigid defense of Southern beliefs and practices. His concept of republicanism emphasized approval of slavery and minority rights, as embodied by the Southern states—he owned dozens of slaves in Fort Hill. Calhoun also asserted that slavery, rather than being an evil, was a positive good. To protect minority rights against majority rule, he called for a concurrent majority whereby the minority could sometimes block proposals that it infringed on their liberties. To this end, Calhoun supported states rights and nullification, through which states could declare null, Calhoun was one of the Great Triumvirate or the Immortal Trio of Congressional leaders, along with his Congressional colleagues Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. In 1957, a Senate Committee headed by Senator John F. Kennedy selected Calhoun as one of the five greatest United States Senators of all time

18.
States' rights
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The balance of federal powers and those powers held by the states as defined in the Supremacy Clause of the U. S. Constitution was first addressed in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supremacy Clause of the U. S. The Articles gave the government very little, if any. Gutzman argued that Governor Edmund Randolph designed the protest in the name of moderation, Gutzman argues that in 1798, Madison espoused states rights to defeat national legislation that he maintained was a threat to republicanism. During 1831–33, the South Carolina Nullifiers quoted Madison in their defense of states rights, the most vociferous supporters of states rights, such as John Randolph of Roanoke, were called Old Republicans into the 1820s and 1830s. Tate undertook a literary criticism of a book by John Taylor of Caroline. Tate argues it is structured as a forensic historiography modeled on the techniques of 18th-century Whig lawyers, Taylor believed that evidence from American history gave proof of state sovereignty within the union, against the arguments of nationalists such as U. S. Another states rights dispute occurred over the War of 1812, at the Hartford Convention of 1814–15, New England Federalists voiced opposition to President Madisons war, and discussed secession from the Union. One major and continuous strain on the union, from roughly 1820 through the Civil War, was the issue of trade, heavily dependent upon international trade, the almost entirely agricultural and export-oriented South imported most of its manufactured goods from Europe or obtained them from the North. The North, by contrast, had a growing industrial economy that viewed foreign trade as competition. Trade barriers, especially protective tariffs, were viewed as harmful to the Southern economy, in 1828, the Congress passed protective tariffs to benefit trade in the northern states, but that were detrimental to the South. Southerners vocally expressed their opposition in documents such as the South Carolina Exposition and Protest in 1828. Exposition and Protest was the work of South Carolina senator and former vice president John C, calhoun, formerly an advocate of protective tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense. South Carolinas Nullification Ordinance declared that both the tariff of 1828 and the tariff of 1832 were null and void within the borders of South Carolina. This action initiated the Nullification Crisis, over the following decades, another central dispute over states rights moved to the forefront. In contrast, opponents of slavery argued that the rights were violated both by that decision and by the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Exactly which—and whose—states rights were the casus belli in the Civil War remain in controversy, a major Southern argument in the 1850s was that banning slavery in the territories discriminated against states that allowed slavery, making them second-class states. In 1857 the Supreme Court sided with the states rights supporters, Southern states sometimes argued against states rights

19.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation

20.
United States congressional apportionment
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Each state is apportioned a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states. However, every state is guaranteed at least one seat. Because the size of a states total congressional delegation determines the size of its representation in the U. S, electoral College, congressional apportionment also affects the U. S. presidential election process as well. The number of voting seats in the House of Representatives is currently set to 435, the decennial apportionment also determines the size of each states representation in the U. S. Under Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the U. S. Constitution, federal law requires the Clerk of the House of Representatives to notify each state government of its entitled number of seats no later than January 25 of the year immediately following the census. Any citizen of the State can challenge the constitutionality of the redistricting in their US district court, for example, the electoral college apportionment during 2000 presidential election was still based on the 1990 census results. Likewise, the districts and the electoral college during the 2020 general elections will still be based on the 2010 census. The subject of Congressional apportionment is addressed twice in the U. S. Constitution, the size of the U. S. House of Representatives refers to total number of congressional districts into which the land area of the United States proper has been divided. The number of voting representatives is currently set at 435, there are an additional five delegates to the House of Representatives. They represent the District of Columbia and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, which first elected a representative in 2008, puerto Rico also elects a resident commissioner every four years. Prior to the 20th century, the number of representatives increased every decade as more states joined the union, and the population increased. In 1911, Public Law 62-5 raised the membership of the U. S. House to 433 with a provision to add one permanent seat each upon the admissions of Arizona, as provided, membership increased to 435 in 1912. As of May,2016, there is one representative for every 720,000 people in the state. In 1921, Congress failed to reapportion the House membership as required by the United States Constitution, then in 1929 Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which capped the size of the House at 435. This cap has remained unchanged for more than eight decades, three states – Wyoming, Vermont, and North Dakota – have populations smaller than the average for a single district. The ideal number of members has been an issue since the countrys founding. George Washington agreed that the original representation proposed during the Constitutional Convention was inadequate and this was the only time that Washington pronounced an opinion on any of the actual issues debated during the entire convention. On a contrary supposition, I should admit the objection to have great weight indeed

21.
Samuel A. Foot
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Samuel Augustus Foot was the 28th Governor of Connecticut as well as a United States Representative and Senator. Born November 8,1780 in Cheshire, Connecticut, to John & Abigail Foot, having entered Yale College at the age of thirteen, was the youngest student in the graduating class of 1797. He attended the Litchfield Law School when he was seventeen, and he then moved to New Haven, Connecticut, became a West India Trader and made many voyages for his health. He married Eudocia Hull in 1803 and they had seven children, when the War of 1812 Embargo Act ruined his business, Foot returned to his fathers farm in Cheshire in 1813, engaged in agricultural pursuits and politics. Foot was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1817 and 1818 and he was elected by the General Assembly to the U. S. Senate as an Adams man within the splintering Democratic Republican Party. He served in the Senate from March 4,1827, to March 4,1833, in the Senate he is most noted for the Foot Resolution of December 29,1829 to limit the sale of public lands. It was during debate on this resolution that Daniel Webster gave his Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now, Foot was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1832, while in the United States Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Pensions. He was elected to the Twenty-third Congress, and served from March 4,1833, to May 9,1834, when he resigned to become Governor of Connecticut and he was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor in 1836. Foot later served as an elector on the Clay-Frelinghuysen ticket in 1844. Foot died in Cheshire on September 15,1846 and he is interred at Hillside Cemetery Cheshire, Connecticut. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Litchfield Historical Society National Governors Association The Political Graveyard Govtrack US Congress Samuel A. Foot at Find a Grave

22.
Connecticut's at-large congressional district
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During the first twenty-four Congresses Connecticut elected all its Representatives in Congress from a single multi-member Connecticut at-large congressional district. From 1789-1793 Connecticut elected 5 at-large representatives, from 1793-1823 Connecticut elected 7 at-large representatives. From 1823-1837 Connecticut elected 6 at-large representatives and this practice was banned by the Voting Rights Act of 1965. All members were elected statewide at-large on a general ticket, in 1837, Connecticut abandoned general tickets and adopted districts instead. In 1903, one seat was created, four district seats continued. In 1933, one seat was created, five district seats continued. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

23.
Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district
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Pennsylvanias first congressional district includes primarily central and South Philadelphia, the City of Chester, the Philadelphia International Airport, and other small sections of Delaware County. The district is currently strongly Democratic and is plurality black, bob Brady, the chairman of the Philadelphia Democratic Party, has represented the district since 1998. One of the characters of the Netflix original series House of Cards. The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1791, the district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1795. The district was reorganized in 1803 to have 3 At-large seats on a general ticket, the district was apportioned a fourth seat in 1813, also elected on a general ticket. The district was reorganized in 1823 to have one seat, list of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania

24.
Joel Barlow Sutherland
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Joel Barlow Sutherland was a Jacksonian member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Joel B. Sutherland was born in Gloucester County, New Jersey and he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1812. He served in the War of 1812 as assistant surgeon to the “Junior Artillerists of Philadelphia, ” transferred to the line and he was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1813 to 1816. He was a founder of Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia and he served in the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1816 and 1817. He later abandoned medicine for the practice of law, Sutherland elected as a Jacksonian to the Twentieth and to the four succeeding Congresses. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Commerce during the Twenty-third and he was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for reelection in 1836 to the Twenty-fifth Congress and for election in 1838 to the Twenty-sixth Congress. He served as judge of the court of common pleas of Philadelphia in 1833 and 1834. Joel Barlow Sutherlands was also involved in helping the veterans of the War of 1812 and he died in Philadelphia in 1861. Interment in the Old Pine Street Presbyterian Church Cemetery, speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, the Political Graveyard Joel Barlow Sutherland at Find a Grave

25.
Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district
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Before the 113th Congress, the district did not contain Lower Merion Township but instead contained Cheltenham Township. The district has an overwhelming Democratic majority, with the 113th Congress, it is the third most Democratic Congressional District out of the 435 in the nation, according to the Cook Partisan Voting Index, with a score of D +39. It is also the most Democratic district outside of New York, congressman Chaka Fattah represented the district from 1995 to 2016. On July 29,2015, Fattah and a group of associates were indicted on charges related to their alleged roles in a racketeering. On April 26,2016, Dwight Evans toppled Fattah in a competitive Democratic primary election, Evans then won a special election to fill Fattahs seat. He also won election for the term beginning January 3,2017. The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1791, District created in 1795 from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district Two additional seats were added in 1803. The third seat was eliminated in 1813, and the second seat eliminated in 1823, in 1833, the second seat was restored. In 1843, it returned to being a single-member district, list of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map, via nationalatlas. gov Census Bureau profile Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania

26.
Horace Binney
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Horace Binney was an American lawyer who served as an Anti-Jacksonian in the United States House of Representatives. His nephews were Horace Binney Wallace, a critic and well-known author and Horace Binney Sargent. His most famous cases were Lyle v. Richards, and Vidal et al v. Philadelphia et al, in the latter case, which involved the disposition of the fortune of Stephen Girard, he was unsuccessfully opposed by Daniel Webster. Binneys argument in this greatly influenced the interpretation of the law of charities. Binney made many addresses, the most noteworthy of which, entitled Life. He also published, Leaders of the Old Bar of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War he issued three pamphlets, discussing the right of habeas corpus under the American Constitution, and justifying President Lincoln in his suspension of the writ. He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and he is buried in the churchyard of Church of St. James the Less in Philadelphia. Era of Good Feelings Second Party System Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Binney. The Life of Horace Binney, With Selections from His Letters, an Eulogium upon the Hon. William Tilghman, Late Chief Justice of Pennsylvania Binney, Horace. The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus Under the Constitution, history of the Federal Judiciary, Ex parte Merryman and Debates on Civil Liberties During the Civil War Horace Binney at Find a Grave United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, works by or about Horace Binney at Internet Archive

27.
Benjamin Richards
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Benjamin Wood Richards was an American lawyer and politician from Pennsylvania. Richards practiced law in Philadelphia for many years and was active in the political scene. He was the mayor of Philadelphia in 1829, replacing George M. Dallas, who resigned, after leaving office, Richards resumed the practice of law, in which he continued until his death in 1851. Benjamin Wood Richards at Find a Grave

28.
Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district
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Pennsylvanias third district is located in the northwestern part of the state and includes the cities of Erie, Sharon, Hermitage, Butler and Meadville. The district supported President George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004 as well as John McCain in 2008, prior to redistricting in 2002, the district was located in Northeast Philadelphia and was represented by Rep. Robert Borski. Most of the territory in the current 3rd had been the 21st district before 2002, kathy Dahlkemper defeated six-term Republican incumbent Phil English in 2008. She herself was defeated only one term in 2010 by Republican Mike Kelly. The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1791 The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1795, two additional seats were added in 1803, elected on a general ticket. One of those seats was eliminated in 1813, the district was reorganized in 1823 to have one seat. List of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania

29.
Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias fourth district is located in the south-central part of the state. The district covers all of Adams and York counties, as well as parts of Cumberland, republican Scott Perry represents the district. This district changed drastically when Pennsylvanias new districts went into effect on January 3,2013, due to slower population growth than the nation as a whole, Pennsylvania lost a seat in Congress in reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census, and this seat was effectively eliminated. Most of the 4th district was merged into a redrawn 12th district, from 2003 to 2013 it included suburbs of Pittsburgh as well as Beaver County, Lawrence County, and Mercer County. The heart of the district was a string of mostly white, plum and Murrysville, two large and mainly residential boroughs, are the main towns in the suburban portion of the district that lies to the east of the city. The northern suburbs had a moderate voting populace, which trends Democratic but makes up the swing vote. Further north, the took on a different character. The suburban areas of Beaver County are somewhat less affluent and were heavily labor Democratic, the areas of Lawrence County and Mercer County had a more rural feel, but also had a union Democrat center within the city of New Castle. The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1791 District created in 1795 with two seats from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district, the second seat was eliminated in 1813. The second seat was restored in 1823 along with a third seat, in the very early 19th Century this district included all or part of Bucks County. List of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania

The Second Bank of the United States, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the second federally authorized …

The north façade of the Second Bank of the United States on Chestnut Street

An 1824 draft on the Bank written and signed by Daniel Webster, its attorney and the director of the Boston branch.

A promissory note issued by the Second Bank of the United States, December 15, 1840, for the amount of $1,000.

A Democratic cartoon from 1833 showing Jackson destroying the bank with his "Order for the Removal," to the approval of the Uncle Sam like figure to the right, and the annoyance of the bank's president, shown as the Devil himself. Numerous politicians and editors who were given favorable loans from the bank run for cover as the financial temple crashes down.