China Prezi

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Transcript of China Prezi

ChinaJulie KalliniPeriod I10,000 BCE - 600 BCEPeriod II600 BCE - 600 CEPeriod III600 CE - 1450 CEPeriod IV1450 CE - 1750 CEPeriod V1750 CE - 1900 CEPeriod VI1900 CE - PresentChinese River Valley Civilization1600 BCE - 1029 BCEShang DynastyDeveloped along Huanghe (Yellow) River in the North China plainYangshao culture began in 4000 BCELater superceded by Longshan cultureMaintained considerable isolationSome trade contact made with India and the Middle EastHuanghe civilization subject of many Chinese legendsPraised godlike kingsAncestor of Chinese: P'an KuElaborate concept of their originsRecorded part-fact, part fiction history of early kingsOrganized state with regulated irrigationWheat, millet, and rice cultivationAdvanced technology and intellectual life by 2000 BCEHorse riding, pottery, bronze and iron metalworking with coalWriting progressedKnotted ropes and scratches of lines on boneIdeographic symbolsScience, particularly astronomyArt with delicate designs and musicSimple houses made of mudModel of the Yangshao village of JiangzhaiCreated many of humankind's basic machines and engineering principles; silk manufacturingDecline brought by invasionsMore open to invasions than most River Valley CivilizationsChinese forced to build military to defend against nomadsGreater sense of identity because of contrasting culturesShang decline less devastating than other river valley civilizationsLine of Kings that ruled in Huanghe valleyFounders seen as "philosopher-kings"; revered for thousands of yearsIrrigation, dike systems, millet and wheat cultivationProvided basis for innovations and expansion of subsequent dynastiesImpressive tombs and palacesFortified towns and villagesStamped earth wallsWorship of heaven and veneration of ancestorsShang Oracle Bone ScriptShang oracles created writing system that would persist among elites of Chinese civilizationDeveloped by Shang scholar-bureaucratsEmerged as dominant force in Chinese culture and societyChinese characters provided basis for education system and bureaucracy for thousands of yearsShang artistic expression often included high level of metalworking abilityVessels were elaborately decorated and cast in bronzeRitual vessels often included mythical creatures1029 BCE - 258 BCEZhou DynastyCycleDynastic Chinese A dynastic pattern was set in motion that would last until the early 20th centuryA family of kings (dynasty) starts ruling with great vigor: strong political institutions and active economyDynasty grows weaker: tax revenues decline, social divisions increaseInternal rebellions and invasions bring further decline to ruling dynasty, which is replaced by family of successful general, invader, or peasant rebelBoundaries of Shang ChinaDynasty came into China from north, displacing Shang rulersEstablished on the Huanghe River ValleyPolitics/GovernmentZhou claimed direct links to Shang rulersAsserted the Mandate of HeavenRuled through alliance system with regional princes and noble familiesRulers gave large regional estates to family members and other supportersRelied on loyalties and obligations of landlord vassalsSupporters provided troops and tax revenues for the central governmentCentral rule complicated with empire's expansion to the Yangtze River valleyCommunication/transport limitedThe Mandate of Heaven was established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang. Emperors became known as the Sons of Heaven.EconomyRegion from Huanghe River to Yangtze River called "Middle Kingdom"Rich agricultural lands:Wheat-growing northRice-growing southEncouraged population growthHydraulic engineering used to regulate irrigationYangtze RiverCultureProvided greater cultural unity in empireDiscouraged primitive religious practices like human sacrificeUrged restrained ceremonies to worship godsBelieved in gods, but little attention given to nature of deitiesLeaders stressed the importance of a harmonious earthly lifeCarefully constructed rituals that unified society and prevented individual excessCeremonies venerated ancestors and marked special mealsUse of chopsticks and tea began at end of Zhou dynastyEncouraged politeness during mealsRulers promoted linguistic unityMandarin Chinese - standard spoken languageUsed by educated officialsOral epics and stories gradually recorded in written formAmid Zhou collapse, thinkers and religious prophets challenged traditionsDaoismConfucianismFounded by Kung Fuzi (Confucius)Devoted to teachingTraveled throughout ChinaPreached ideas of political virtue and good governmentSecular - not a religious leaderSystem of ethics for communityEmphasized personal virtue to maintain a solid political lifeSociety's leaders must behave modestly without excessModerate behavior, veneration of custom and ritual, and love of wisdom should characterize leadersRulers should have proper family virtuesHumility and sincerityRulers should not be greedyRespect for one's superiorsSelf restraint and careful socialization of childrenObedience and respectStill, education available to all talented and intelligent members of societyKindness and protection of the people's vital interestsDoctrine recorded in AnalectsAppeared during thesame time as ConfucianismFounded by LaoziNature contains a divine impulse that directs all lifeDao, "the way of nature"Appealed to upper classElaborate spiritualityCentered on nature's harmony and mysteryHumility and frugal livingPolitical activity, learning, and worldly life have little importanceProduced a durable division in China's religious and philosophical cultureDidn't spread much out of ChinaChinese intellectual heritage stresses the importance of balance of opposites, as exemplified by the yin and yang.An individual should seek a way, called Dao, to relate to the harmony of nature while avoiding excess.Era of the Warring States

Regional rulers formed independent armiesZhou emperors became figureheadsZhou system disintegratedPhilosophies of Confucianism and Daoism gain more popularityOffset the tragedy of dynastic decline402 BCE - 201 BCE221 BCE - 206 BCEQin Shi Huangdi deposed the last Zhou emperorMade himself ruler within 35 yearsBrutal but effective rulerQin DynastyGovernmentPolitics/Shi Huangdi worked vigorously to undo problem of regional aristocratsOrdered nobles to appear at his court and assumed control over their feudal estatesChina organized into large provinces ruled by bureaucrats appointed by emperorSelected officials from non-aristocratic groupsGovernors exercised military and legal powersSpecialties assigned to different ministersStrong central authoritySingle law code for entire empireExpansion followed centralizationChinese territory extended to the south (present-day Hong Kong and northern Vietnam)Great Wall built in the north (3,000 miles)Built by forced labor through peasantsLegalismForm of political thought called “Legalism” createdPragmatismAuthoritarian state ruled by forceThe army would control the people and would laborAn image of the burning of Confucian books, a common occurrence under Shi Huangdi's rule.Rose to power after Shi Huangdi’s death in 210 BCEGained power during peasant revoltsHan Dynasty206 BCE - 220 CEPolitics/GovernmentRetained centralized administration of Qin without the violenceExpansion: pushed into Korea, Indochina, and central AsiaContact with India and Middle EastTrade with the Roman EmpireStill, remained the attack on local warrior-landlordsMaintained a large, highly skilled bureaucracyOperated military and judicial systems, but not highly militaristicSystem of courts with strict code of lawDeclined after 2 centuriesWeak central controlInvasions from central Asia by nomads called HunsMost famous ruler: Wu Ti (140-87 BCE)Enforced peace throughout AsiaWorkings of the state bureaucracy improvedEstablished examinations for his bureaucratsFormal training based on the values of Confucian philosophyCovered classics of Chinese literatureOccasionally allowed lower ranking members of society to be recruited into bureaucracyCheck on complete upper-class ruleEstablished school to train men of talent and ability for examsWu TiEconomyImperial government active in the economyOrganized the production of iron and saltSponsored public works – irrigation, canal systemsRegulated agricultural supplies; stored grain and riceControlled price increases when harvests were badGreater tradeLuxury items for upper class; silks, jewelry, leather goods, furnitureCopper coins circulatedStill, moneymaking scorned (Confucian society)Important inventions contribute to economyNew collar for draft animalsIron miningTextiles and potteryFirst water-powered millsPaper inventedCompassesPorcelainDemand for Chinese goods for trade generated a network of roads in central Asia known as the Silk RoadsWon attention in upper-class and governent circles

Expanse of the Silk Roads during Han China.CultureConsiderable class gaps: upper class had large estates, and masses were barely self-sufficientLand-owning aristocrats + bureaucrats “Mandarins” – 2% populationMasses (Peasants and Urban artisans) – dues and service to lords; prop. not regulated individually“Mean” people – unskilled jobs + performing artists (had green scarves and harsher punishments)Few slaves by Zhao dynasty – considered Mean PeopleThinkers of Han Dynasty elaborated Confucian philosophyFive Classics used in examinationsEmphasis on human lifePoetry commanded attentionMark of education among ChineseArt featured careful detail and craftsmanshipPrecision and geometric qualitiesCalligraphyPainting, working bronze and pottery, carving jade and ivory, woven silkImportant practical work encouraged in scienceAccurate calendarCalculated movements of the planets Saturn and JupiterMedicine and anatomyMathematicsConfucianismArtSciencesSocietySix Dynasties Period220 CE to 589 CECao Wei (220–265)Jin Dynasty (265–420)Liu Song Dynasty (420–479)Qi Dynasty (479–502)Liang Dynasty (502–557)Chen Dynasty (557–589)Yuan Dynasty1271-1368Cultural differences established between Mongols and ChineseForbade Chinese scholars to learn Mongol scriptEthnic Chinese forbidden to marry Mongols or selected for haremMongol religion and ceremonial customs remainedChinese scholar-gentry saw Mongols as uncouth barbarians endangering Chinese traditionsAlienated because of no examination systemBolstered positions of artisans and merchantsImproved transportation and expanded supply of paper moneyBuilt navy quickly – helped in conquest of Song and put down piratesUrban life prospered in Yuan eraPoetry and essay writing weakenedMusical dramas flourishedSong loyalist revolts in southMilitary prowess tarnished after Japanese defeats in 13th century Kubilai’s successors lacked capacity for leadershipMuslim and Chinese functionaries enriched themselves (corruption)Greater pressures on peasantry because of taxes and laborWidespread banditry and piracy, famineReligious sects like White Lotus SocietyDedicated to overthrow dynastyPeriod of chaos until next Chinese dynastyMongol forces guided by Kubilai KhanOne of the grandsons of Chinggis KhanAssumed title of great khan in 1260Sieged Chinese cities from 1235 to 1279Changed dynasty name to Yuan in 1271 and set out to establish permanent Mongol controlNew hierarchy1) Mongols2) Central Asian nomadic and Muslim allies3) North Chinese4) Ethnic Chinese and minority peoplesEnacted reforms for peasantryCropland kept and granaries restoredReduced peasant tax and forced laborElementary education in the villagesGender roles of Mongol and Chinese cultureMongol women refused footbindingRetained rights to property and control within the householdChabi, Kubilai’s wife, exemplifies women’s freedomsConfidant in political and diplomatic mattersPromoted Buddhist interestsReconciled major ethnic Chinese population to Mongol ruleKubilai Khan was fascinated with Chinese cultureSurrounded himself with Buddhism, Daoist, and Confucian advisorsIntroduced Chinese rituals and classical musicHowever, discontinued civil service examsKubilai Khan had cosmopolitan tastesDrew scholars, artists, artisans to Yuan dynastyMuslims and Persians brought to court to incorporate Middle Eastern advances and technologyEfficient tax collection, astronomy, calendars, maps, and medicineEmissaries from foreign landsMarco PoloKubilai KhanCultureSocial System Under Kubilai Khan's wife, Chabi.MongolsDeclineA White Lotus symbol. Fictional forms of the White Lotus Society have appeared in our current popular culture, such as the cartoon Avatar: The Last Airbender and the video game Mortal Kombat.1368-1644Ming DynastyMing Dynasty began in Period III, but lasted through most of Period IV*Zhu Yuanzhang conquered most of ChinaPoor peasant who suffered during famines of Mongol ruleBecame a military leader of rebel bandDeclared himself Hongwu emperor in 1368New Politics/Government

Erased culture of MongolsMongol dress, names, and palaces were discardedMongols fled or were driven outSaw revival of scholar gentry as essential to Chinese civilizationConfucian classics training restoredSubsidies to imperial academies and collegesExaminations played a greater role than in any previous dynastyCounty exams given two out of three yearsThose who passed eligible to take next level of examsExtremely competitiveSuccess brought better statusReformed court politicsSet limits on scholar-gentry’s influenceGave chief minister’s power to emperorEncouraged honesty, loyalty, and discipline through public beatings for incompetent or corrupt bureaucratsLimited court factionalismEmperor’s wives should come from humble originsLimited number of eunuchs allowed in capital cityExiled potential rivals to estates in provincesCondoned thought controlImproved the lives of the common peopleEconomy

Public works projectsDike building and irrigation systemsBrought new lands under peasant-owned cultivationLowered forced labor demandsPromoted silk and cotton cloth productionOffset by the growing power of rural landlord familiesGovernment members exempted from land taxes and given special privileges Engaged in money-lending and lucrative gamblingOften bought up land held by peasants or foreclosing loansLarger and more comfortable households for gentryCommercial and population boomAided by introduction of new crops from Americas, like maize, sweet potatoes, and peanutsCould be grown on inferior soils without irrigation in the Yangtze regionImportant against famine and caused population growthRenewal of commercial growth through domestic economy and overseas tradeSilk, tea, ceramics, and lacquer ware were appealing to EuropeansChina gained most American silver than any other societyEuropeans traded at Macao and CantonSubordination of women to men and youth to eldersNeo-Confucianism more influential than Song and Yuan dynastiesSuppressed challenges to rigid social rolesStudents killed for challenging professorsStudent protest driven undergroundWomen driven underground through subordinationStill, upper-class women had strong roles behind the scenesDaughters of upper-class families taught to read and writeWomen’s success within the family depended on bearing male childrenMost common women hoped the emperor would take them as concubinesMost avenues for independence were through jobs of courtesans or entertainersOrganizationSocial Expansion/Global ContactsDuring Reign of Yunglo, admiral Zhenghe led seven major expeditions overseasDesire to explore and proclaim glory of Ming EmpireExplored as far as Persia, southern Arabia, and east coast of AfricaFirst fleet – 62 treasure ships; 28,000 sailors, merchants, and soldiers; each ship 400 feet longChinese Retreat and IsolationismChina purposely moved from position of great overseas power to an isolated empireEdicts limiting overseas commerce; fleet declined dramatically in number and qualityEuropeans probed farther; Christian missionaries infiltrated Chinese coastal areasJesuits used “top down” strategy among rulers and chief advisersJesuits realized that sciences and technology were keys to maintaining interestJesuit scholars spent time in imperial city fixing clocks, calendars, cannons, and astounding the ChineseMany officials were suspicious of the strange looking “barbarians”Ming emperors remained fascinatedArt/CultureMerchant classes benefited from long distance tradeState and scholar gentry still reaped rewardsLand owning remained surest route to social statusFine arts by court and scholar-gentryMore colorful than previous dynastiesPortraits, court, city, country life, mountains, lakes, marshesMajor innovation in literature with the development of the Chinese novelLiteracy facilitated by woodblock printingDeclineAfter Ming retreat, fell into pattern of dynastic declineIncompetent men occupied throne and isolated by eunuchsOfficials corruptedPublic works fell into disrepairFloods, drought, and famine ravaged landPeasants starved, eating tree bark, feces, or peopleLocal landlords took advantage of desperate peasantryIncreased flight, banditry, and open rebellionForeign threats and assaults by nomadic peoplesAttacks from Manchus and Japanese piratesDynasty toppled in 1644 by rebellion withinLast emperor, Chongzhen, committed suicide

Qing Dynasty1644-1911Manchu nomads’s invasion of China was unexpectedNurhaci – Architect of Manchu unityCombined cavalry of tribes in to banner armiesBrought much of Manchuria under his ruleHarassed Chinese north of Great WallDuring time, adopted Chinese ways quicklyBureaucracy, court ceremony, scholar-officialsManhcus gained opportunity to seize control due to declining Ming regime1644 – Chinese official called Manchus to help put down rebellionTook advantage – captured Beijing and exploited political and social divisions to gain control of rest of ChinaRetained much of political and cultural traditions of MingAdded Confucian rituals to calendarPardoned those who prolonged their conquestAllowed many Chinese to highest posts in bureaucracyManchus got most posts, but few limits put on Ethnic ChineseRetained examination systems and education of Confucian classicsMandate of HeavenPolitics/GovernmentEconomy and SocietyCommercial and urban expansion gained new strength during peaceful Qing eraRegional diversification in cropsNew ways to finance agricultural and artisan productionProfited from silver and exports of tea, porcelain, and silk textilesChinese merchants freed from overseas restrictionsCompradors – Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynastyQing led conservative approach to Chinese societyUpheld writings of Zhu XiAcceptance of Hierarchy in education and imperial edictsExtended family core unit (suspicious of guilds or secret societies)Lives of women confined to householdChose brides from families of lower status to ensure male controlDaughters less desirable than sonsLoss to parents’ household, dowryInfanticide went upBest a woman could do was receive strong backing from father or brotherTried to alleviate rural distress, including tax and state labor demandsFree tenure to those who resettled lands10% of imperial budget devoted to repairing dikes, canals, roads, and irrigationEncouraged peasants to grow more crops and new plantsRegime had little success to control landlord classesAdded to estates by calling in loans to peasants or buying them outIncreased the gap between rural gentry and peasantsDecline18th century – signs of decline clear; resembled previous Chinese dynastiesExam system riddled with cheating and favoritismSons of high officials ensured a placeWith enough money, could buy posts; bribery and blatant cheating overlookedDiversion of revenue to rich individual families caused devastationFunds needed to maintain armies and fleet fellReductions in spending on public works projectsDikes of Huanghe River – caused devastating leakagesFurther signs of dynastic declineFood shortages and landlord demands prompted mass migrationsVagabonds and beggars crowded streetsBanditry became major problem in districtsBritish beat China at sea; gunboats destroyed junksQing emperor forced to sue for peace and exile LinEuropean victories forced China to open trade and diplomatic changesHong Kong and five other ports openedBuilt more warehouses and living quartersMore than 300,000 American and European traders, diplomats and missionariesChina’s foreign trade and customs were overseen by British official

Issue responsible for hostility: British merchants had little raw materials to trade for porcelain/teaUsed silver bullion and later OpiumHuge amounts in demand in south China coastOpium War – Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of tradeChinese realized that Opium traffic was a threat to economy and social orderWorld trade balance was reversed; exported silverPublic works, trade, and agricultural productivity decreasedUnemployment spreadWealthy Chinese squandered China’s wealth for habits18th century, forbid opium traffic; 19th century – enforced it1820s – officials drove opium dealers to islands and hidden locationsLin Zexu – Distinguished Chinese official during the early 19th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern ChinaOrdered blockade of British ships at CantonBritish merchants enraged: violated property rights and free tradeBritish fought with military interventionOpium WarsRebellionsHong Xiuquan – Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese eliteTaiping Rebellion – Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar gentryFirst movement to threaten Confucian civilization as a wholeSocial reform, land redistribution, liberation of womenAttacked learning on which scholar gentry’s power restedScholar officials raised effective military forces in time to fend off assault in ChinaZeng Guofan – reforms to root out corruption and improve economySelf-strengthening movement – dynamic provincial leaders encouraged countering challenge from west

Taiping RebellionManchu rulers still stubbornly resisted the reformsIgnored desperate situation of country (including loss to Japan in 1894-95 war)Backlash of members of imperial householdCixi – Dowager empress; crushed serious moves toward reformRelied on divisions among provincial officials and European powers to maintain her positionBoxer Rebellion – Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officialsBoxer RebellionBattle scene of a British assault during the Second Opium War (or Arrow War; 1856–60); undated illustration.End of QingSun Yat-sen – Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died 1925Revolutionaries deeply hostile to involvement of imperialist powersCondemned Manchus for failing to control foreignersSecret societies/assassinations and acts of sabotage1911 – Revolution due to government’s reliance on Western powers for railway loansManchus had to abdicate; key provincial officials refused to put it downLast emperor of China deposed and republican government was establishedPuyi – Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 19121905 – civil service exams given for last timeSignaled end of pattern of civilized life in China that lasted 2500 yearsMay Fourth Movement and MarxismMay Fourth Movement – Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected ConfucianismMerits of science, industrial technology, and democratic governmentLiberation of womenSimplifying Chinese scriptWestern-style individualismLi Dazhao – Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at University of Beijing; saw peasants vanguard of revolutionary communism in ChinaMost influential thinker of Marxist ideologyHeavy emphasis on renewal and harnessing vitality of youthPeasantry as Vanguard of revolutionary changeSaw whole China as proletariat exploited by West; needed uprisingLi’s Chinese Marxism attracted students, including Mao ZedongGuomindangGuomindang – Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communist 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925After returning from exile in Japan, Sun Yat-sen tried to unify diverse political organizationsWanted to give something to everyoneUnify China – strong central governmentBring imperialist intruders under controlAlleviate poverty of peasants and working classStill, focused on Political and International issues over social reformWhampoa Military Academy – Founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shekFounded with Soviet and Russian helpChiang Kaishek – A military officer who succeeded Sun Yatsen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War IIFirst head of the academyRose up in military through connectionsLittle time left to reforming economy and social conditionsPeasantry – 90% of population; in miseryCentury of weak corruptionWeak Manchu ruleQing collapse in 1911Depredations of warlordsMao's ChinaNew Communist leaders’ goal – enact social revolution in rural areasLand redistributionOver 3 million landlords executedIndustrialization created problemsSupported urban workers, not peasantsDrew resources from countrysideMao disliked intellectuals and elitismMass Line – became collectives“let a hundred flowers bloom”Nationalist Chiang Kai-Shek more concerned with putting down communistsHumiliated by Japanese invasionCommunist party gained more supportGuerrilla tactics successful against JapaneseFought for support of peasantryDetermination to fight JapaneseWon support of peasants, students, intellectuals, and bureaucratsMao Zedong’s Great Leap ForwardTried to restore mass, rural baseIndustrialization pushed through small-scale projects integrated into the peasant communesCaused problemsPeasant resistance to collectivizationAbuses of commune leadersDismal output of backyard furnacesDroughtChina had to import grainPopulation issuesand Social ReformEconomic Growth Mao’s Last Campaign and the Gang of FourCultural RevolutionSet back pragmatistsSupported by student Red Guard and People’s Liberation ArmyThreatened to return China to pre-revolutionary troublesPresent-DayFormal name:People’s Republic of China (PRC)After the PRC’s founding, four Constitutions have been successively formulated (1954, 1975, 1978, and 1982)Capital: BeijingHead of State:President Hu JintaoElected March 15, 2003Political parties:The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the country’s sole political party in power, though there are 8 other political parties in existence in ChinaCPC facts:Founded in July 1921Has more than 66 million members Hu Jintao became general secretary of the CPC in November 2002Currency:Renminbi/yuanMilitary:People’s Liberation Army (PLA) includes the Army, Navy, Air Force, and the Second Artillery ForceCountry’s top military commander:Jiang ZeminPoliticalEconomicA great deal of income is generated from tourists visiting Buddhist temples, caves, and grottoesEconomy has boomed since 1978Result of sweeping economic reformsGNP grew from $128 billion in 1980 to $745 billion in 1998ReligiousEstablished by Wendi, who regained for his empire areas of southern ChinaWendi’s son, Yangdi:Further expanded boundariesCreated milder law codeBrought back civil service testsBuilt the Grand Canal to connect the North China Plain to the Yangtze River basinYangdi was assassinated in 618, and the dynasty was ended, as a result of: His obsession for luxuryA failed attempt to gain control of KoreaRevolts by overworked laborersSui Dynasty581-618Excess and CollapseYangdi – Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618Drove back nomads to northMilder legal code Confucian education – examination systemFond of luxury and constructionCanalsPalacesNew Loyang capitalUnsuccessfully tried to bring Korea under controlLed to revolts, bandit gangs, nomad regaining control, provincial governors independentRetreated to Hangzhou; assassinated by own ministersTang Dynasty618-907Begun by Li Yuan, a previous official of YangdiExpanded past China’s present day bordersCivil service tests improved and bureaucracy grew in size and importanceBased on Confucian learningRevival of Confucianism (neo-Confucianism); not welcoming of other philosophies such as Mahayana BuddhismDeclined when nomads took advantage of regional divisions

Politics/GovernmentIn late Sui and early Tang, bureaucracy became more important than aristocracyPower shared by imperial families and bureaucratsBureaucracy reached from imperial level to district levelSecretariats – 1) drafted imperial decrees; 2) monitored regional and provincial officials and local notablesCultureNew use of Confucian learning threatened Buddhist monksChinese monks gave Buddhism Chinese qualitiesPure Land – Emphasized Salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese societyZen – Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beautyAppealed to educated classesFind ultimate wisdom and freedom from reincarnationPoems – metaphors and riddlesBefore Tang unification, Buddhism strong social, economic, and political forceEarly Tang rulers still supportedMonasteries, emissaries to India, paintings/statuesEmpress Wu - Tang ruler 690-705 CE in China; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha createdPagodasFollowed by Anti-Buddhist backlashConfucians/DaoistsEmperor Wuzong

Buddhist artwork found in China.Song Dynasty960-1271Begun by Emperor TaizuConstantly threatened by smaller kingdoms such as Xi Xia and the Liao dynasty and had to pay them tribute to prevent being invadedInnovations and art:CompassMovable typeLandscape paintingsSouthern Song dynasty created in 1127 after the Jin kingdom took northern Song landsTaken over by Mongols in 1279Politics/GovernmentSong inferior to Tang politically and militarilySubordinated military to civilian administrators of scholar-gentryRegional military commanders couldn’t seize powerRotated to prevent power baseCivil service exams routinized, but many perksEvery 3 years, 3 levels: district, provincial, imperialSalaries increasedPayments of luxury goodsMale servantsMore examiners passed than Tang eraZhou Kuangyin, or Emperor Taizu.CultureZhu Xi - Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and actionNeo-Confucians - Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influencesCultivating personal morality Virtue attained through knowledge, observation, and contactHostility to outside influence stifled innovation and critical thinking among ChineseEncouraged age, class, and gender distinctionsPatriarch of house compared to male emperor of ChineseHarmony if people conformed to their age and rankIf problems arose, consulted history and pastWomen greatly subjugated in late Song; footbindingThe number of religious worshipers in China is estimated at well over 100 million, most of whom follow BuddhismThe philosophies of Confucianism and Daoism are extremely pervasive throughout China as wellBuddhism:Three different forms of this religion have evolved—a result of social and ethnic diversity across ChinaThe three forms are Han, Tibetan, and Southern BuddhismHas left an indelible impact on Chinese civilization; colloquial phrases often make reference to BuddhismExample: “to hold the foot of Buddha at the moment” (meaning: “to make a last-minute effort”)In today’s China, Buddhism caves, temples, grottoes, and Holy Mountains are hotspots for tourismDaoism:Has emerged as a popular “folk religion”In hopes to become immortal, Daoists shun earthly distractions of wealth, power, or knowledgeConfucianism:People aim to master the Five Virtues of Confucianism, in much the same way as was done in previous decadesSocialGovernment workers/businessmen prosper at the expense of rural agriculture laborersPeople covet status symbols such as luxury cars and designer clothing These demonstrate success, especially in urban areasIn rural areas, such as those populated by the minority Uighurs and Tibetans, traditional tribal social customs and garbs still reignChinese place huge emphasis on lineage/family tiesMany men remain at home to care for their parents in old ageEven married couples often live with parentsOnce a woman is married, she is expected to join her husband’s family, under the same roof as her in-lawsWith the government’s one-child policy, there has been an ugly history of female infanticide and abandonmentYet, under Communism, women have made great strides in professional and public life in recent yearsWorld’s most populous country, with 1.3 billion people at the end of 2002Population density: 134 people per sq km (4x that of US)Most of the Chinese population lives in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Pearl River valleys, and the Northeast PlainAccording to the Fifth National Population Census of 2000, China is composed of 56 ethnic groupsHan Chinese account for 91.59% of the populationMajor languages spoken:Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on Beijing dialect)Yue (Cantonese)Wu (Shanghaiese)Minbei (Fuzhou)Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese)XiangGanHakkaChinese food:Peking DuckHotpotIntellectualEducation is mandatory and prized both by the culture and by the stateThe Communists, within 50 years, raised the literacy rate from 15 percent to over 75 percent.From 1975, China has increased research funding, allowing for rapid and unparalleled breakthroughs in science and technologyAdvances have been made in:Nuclear weapons researchRegenerative medicineTissue engineering, gene therapy, and stem cell treatmentsChina is making particular headway because stem cell research is less controversial in Chinese cultureSatellite launching and recoveryFirst Chinese satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, was launched in 1970China became the 3rd country to send humans to spaceYang Liwei’s spaceflight aboard Shenzhou 5BiotechnologyBiotechnology has added 1 million jobs during the 2011-2015 periodSuperconductivityHigh-yield hybrid riceTechnology transferArtisticAs of 2007, there did not exist any museum of modern art in all of ChinaContemporary art was undervaluedIn 2007, a local government in Sichuan Province began to take notice of modern artistsOffered to give 8 contemporary artists their own personal museums to operateThe Chinese government actively supports the Chinese animation industryGovernment funds 3D computer-generated imagery technologyMay be due to a desire to increase Chinese soft powerMuch of Hollywood’s postproduction is outsources to ChinaDreamWorks Animation is to set up a studio in ShanghaiAs of 2012, the China Research Institute of Film Science and Technology and the China Film Group Corporation put into commercial use the DMAX motion picture film formatDescribed as a competitor to IMAX

PERSIA and Global InteractionsMao Zedong’s death – Gang of FourFailed, Pragmatists took overDemocratic capitalist reform, western influencePrivate peasant productionPrivate enterpriseMao ZedongDeng XiaopingInteractions1) Growing investment in US companies and companies around the worldMore than $100 million in all industries, including energy, mining, real estate, and transportationAccession to World Trade Organization in 2001Works 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HuangdiInnovations in politicsNational census to calculate tax revenues and labor serviceStandardized coinage, weights, measuresMade Chinese written script uniformFurthered agriculture, new irrigation projects, manufacturingGreat WallGrand CanalSilk Roads reopenedExported manufactured goods such as porcelain, silk, and paperIncreased overseas trade – used ships called junksPaper money – credit vouchersBanksStill focused on and expanded agricultureExecutive department of six ministriesBureau of Censors to check officialsStaff for imperial household and palacesChangan – Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that timeCapital city of ChanganEconomyEmpress WuModel Junk shipSong Landscape paintingHangzhou - Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 millionLocated between lake and river with crisscrossed canals and bridges10 great marketplacesParks and gardensBoating on Western LakeGaming, dining, listening to “singing girls”Bath housesStreet performersTea houses/restaurantsLandscape paintingsScholars tried to recover old texts – new academies and schools devoted to studyPresent-day HangzhouHongwu EmperorChinese woodblock printingFailed "Backyard Furnaces" of Mao's Great Leap ForwardWorld's tallest Buddha statue in Henan, ChinaWorkers in a Chinese factory2) Influence from Western culture on Chinese intellectual advances and cultureFilm industrySciences and medicine3) Emergence as a manufacturing powerhouseWorld's largest producer of manufactured goodsSurpassed United States in 2011Global 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