New cells move from crypt to new villi-tip in 3 days (so takes 3 days for vili to repair)

vit B12 is aka?

cobalamin

vit B9 is aka?

folate

what protects cobalamin from digestion?

r protein

she said if it's cats and diarrhea, a safe answer might always be...

cobalamin (B12)

Folate and cobalamin (vitamin B12) review--> explain the folate (B6--she calls it, wiki says it's B9 tho) and cobalamin (B12) path from being consumed to being useable for the body

B12(cobalamin) is ingested, in the mouth there is salivary R protein which protects the cobalamin from being digested in the stomach (there is also gastric intrinsic factor but this is not in cats). when it reaches the sm int there is a folate carrier which directly transports the folate (B9) out to become serum folate (useable). For cobalamin(B12), There is a IF receptor in the ileum which transports out the cobalamin bound to the gastric IF (IF-B12) (cats dont have the gastric IF, their IF comes from their pancreas)(so in cats if panc is dz, think about cobalamin deficiency. if ileum dz in dogs, think about cobalamin deficiency) So once the IF-B12 is taken up in ileum it is brought to the liver and then taken up into the blood stream to be useful (or circulation back into intestine). Uptake in ileum is very important.

***What implications are there for cobalamin/folate if there is intestinal damage?

IF THERE IS DAMAGE IN THE distal small intestine/ileum, (such as cats with intestinal lymphoma) THEY CANNOT ABSORB THE COBALAMIN..... IF YOU HAVE PROXIMAL SMALL INTESTINE DAMAGE, this is where the folate uptake receptors are (remember folate is a product of bacteria) so folate would be low

what are the things intestinal flora are affected by?

(first chance bact are whatever bact were first encountered by the animal as a neonate)

what is the classic presentation of SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth) which is now known as ARE (antibiotic responsive enteropathy) (in relation to gut-bacteria balance and function)

in classic presentation The excessive bacteria USE UP all the B12 (cobalamin) and use it to make MORE folate (she keeps calling it B6 but wiki says B9 so idk man) so you will basically see INC FOLATE AND DEC COBALAMIN

what are two antimicrobials you can use to tx bacterial overgrowth (SIBO/ARE) without killing off all the regular flora which actually are trying to help in this sitaution?

metronidazol+ Tylosin

ALWAYS CHECK THE MOUTH

dogs, sticks.

what is an epulis and who tends to get them?

benign growth in mouth-- brachycephalic breeds, esp boxers, tend to get these

what does the acute onset of a Esophagel foreign body present like (and who is the poster child for esoFBs?)

which part of the GI has the highest direct-emetic-center-pathway receptor conc of GI tract?

Duodeinum

along with receptors in organs, the direct pathway to the emetic center (vagal, sympathetic, vestibular, cerebrocortical pathways) can be affected by cytotoxicity....what are the chemicals/ their receptors?

substance P & serotonin, going to the 5HT & NK1 receptors

***which direct-to-emesis-center-receptors are less developed in cats, what are the clinical implications of this?

D2 & H1 receptors less developed in Cats!! This means that Cats are NOT sensitive to apomorphine & histamine for induction of vomiting.

which drugs are effective to make cats vomit? which arent?

α2 adrenergic receptors well developed => sensitive to medetomidine (and Xylazin) to induce vomiting ((have barely any D2 and H1 receptors--> meaning apomorphine and histamine aren't gonna be effective in maing them vomit)

how can you administer apomorphine? what does it do? Who can you use this in?

Apomorphine for induction of vomiting --> Iv or conjunctival!! (REMEMBER ONLY IN DOGS, CATS DONT HAVE WELL DEVELOPED D1 RECEPTORS IN THE CHEMORECEPTIVE TRIGGER ZONE!)

Receptor antagonists AGAINST vomiting--> Dolasetron, Ondansetron Metoclopramide high dose work on which receptor to stop vomiting?

5HT3 serotonergic

Receptor antagonists AGAINST vomiting--> Maropitant (Cerenia®)work on which receptor to stop vomiting?

NK1 neurokinergic

so like you can agonize the receptors of the CRTZ, you can antagonize to stop vomiting.. what are the 6 receptors we play with here