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Cassava root
Baked Tapioca dish

Tapioca is a starch extracted from the root of the plant species Manihot esculenta. This species, native to the Amazon (e.g., Brazil), is now cultivated worldwide and has many names, including cassava, bitter-cassava, manioc, ``mandioca``, ``aipim``, ``macaxeira``, ``manioca``, ``boba``, ``yuca`` (not to be confused with yucca), ``Sagudana`` (literally, Sagu drops)--with local variation of ``Sabudana``--and ``kappa``. In Vietnam, it is called bá»™t nÄƒng. Tapioca is a staple food in some regions and is used worldwide as a thickening agent, principally in foods. Tapioca is gluten free, and nearly protein free. The commercial form of tapioca most familiar to many people is pearl tapioca.

The name tapioca is a word derived from tipi'Ã³ka, the name for this starch in Tupi[1] This Tupi word refers to the process by which the starch is made edible. However, as the word moved out of South America it came to refer to similar preparations made with other esculents.[citation needed] 'Tapioca' in Britain often refers to a milk pudding thickened with arrowroot,[citation needed] while in Asia the sap of the sago palm is often part of its preparation.[citation needed]

Pearl tapioca is similar to pearl sago, which is used in essentially the same ways. Consequently, tapioca may be called sago, and vice versa.

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Production

The cassava plant can have either red or green with blue spindle pulls branches. The toxin found in the root of the red-branched variant is less harmful to humans than the green-branched variety.[citation needed] Therefore, while the root of the red/purple-branched variant can be consumed directly, the root of the green-branched variant requires treatment to remove the toxin. Konzo (also called mantakassa) is a paralytic disease associated with several weeks of almost exclusive consumption of insufficiently processed bitter cassava.

Colored tapioca sticks

Commercially, the starch is processed into several forms: powder, fine or coarse flakes or meal (``flour``), sticks, and ``pearls``. Flakes, rectangular sticks, and spherical pearls must be soaked well before cooking, to rehydrate them; they will easily absorb water equal to twice their volume, becoming leathery and swollen. All these products traditionally are white, but sticks and pearls may be colored. The oldest and most common color is brown, but pastel colors are now available. In all its forms tapioca starch is opaque before cooking; after cooking it becomes translucent.

Pearl tapioca

Small pearl tapioca before soaking

Pearls are made in several sizes, ranging from about 1 mm to 5 mm. In the United States, 2â€“3 mm pearls are the most common size and are labeled ``small``. In good quality pearl tapioca, the pearls are very uniform in size, smooth, and few are broken. The pearls must be further prepared before use. For use in tapioca pudding, pearls are prepared by soaking them overnight in water. For use in tapioca drinks, they are prepared by boiling for 25 minutes, until they are cooked thoroughly and are chewy, though not gummy, then allowed to cool. If not used immediately, they may be kept for hours in a syrup of sugar or honey.

Pearl tapioca is easily confused with pearl sago, an equivalent product made from a different starch.

Uses

Southeast Asia

Tapioca chips, baked in sand

In Southeast Asia, the cassava root is commonly cut into slices, wedges or strips, fried, and served as a snack, similar to potato chips, wedges or french fries. Another method is to boil large blocks until soft, and served with grated coconut as a dessert, either slightly salted or sweetened, usually with palm sugar syrup. Tapai is made by fermenting large blocks with a yeast-like bacteria culture to produce a sweet and slightly alcoholic dessert. A variation of the chips popular amongst the Malays is kerepek pedas, where the crisps are coated with a hot, sweet and tangy chili and onion paste, or sambal, usually with fried anchovies and peanuts added.

Commercially prepared tapioca has many uses. Tapioca powder is commonly used as a thickener for soups and other liquid foods, and is also used as a binder in pharmaceutical tablets and natural paints. The flour is used to make tender breads, cakes, biscuits, cookies, and other delicacies (see also Maida flour). Tapioca flakes are used to thicken the filling of pies made with fruits having a high water content.

A typical recipe for tapioca jelly can be made by washing 2 tablespoonfuls of tapioca, pouring a pint of water over it, and soaking for three hours. It is then placed over low heat and simmered until quite clear. If too thick, a little boiling water can be added. It can be sweetened with white sugar, flavored with coconut milk or a little wine, and eaten alone or with cream.

Tapioca cracker from Indonesia sold in a Los Angeles, California, market

Asia

In various Asian countries (India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia) tapioca pearls are used and can be mistaken for sago pearls also known as sagudana or sabudana (Pearl Sago) also called 'Sabba Akki' (à²•à²¨à³à²¨à²¡ : à²¶à²¾à²¬à²•à³à²•à²¿)in Kannada. Also the pearls (sagudana or sabudana) are used to make snacks.

In Indian cuisine, the granular preparation of cassava starch also keera is known as tapioca. It can also be used to thicken puddings.

United States

While frequently associated with dessert in the United States, tapioca is now being used by some cooks in other courses as well.[citation needed] Chef Thomas Keller serves oysters on tapioca. The pairing, called ``Oysters and Pearls,`` is considered Keller's ``signature dish.``

Europe

United Kingdom

The popular savory crisp snack, Skips, are made of tapioca and flavored like Prawn cocktail as well as other flavors.

India

Kerala

In southern parts of India, especially the state of Kerala, tapioca is a favorite food. Tapioca is consumed, either boiled or cooked with spices. Tapioca and fish curry is a famous combination food of Kerala. Tapioca is eaten almost everyday in many houses in central part of Kerala. Some times, tapioca is thinly sliced and made into wafers, similar to potato wafers. Cassava, often referred to as tapioca in English, is called Kappa (à´•à´ªàµà´ª) or Poola (in norther Kerala) or Maracheeni or Cheeni in Malayalam. Tapioca is used to make a granules like product (Tapioca Pearls) called chowwary in Malayalam. Chowwary is used to make a light porridge by adding milk or buttermilk, recommended for patients recovering from illness.

Andhra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra

Tapioca is also available in Andhra Pradesh and coastal regions and is called with the name ``Karrapendalam`` in Telugu. Cassava is called ``Pendalam`` in Telugu. In Kannada, the actual cassava root is called kolli.

The Tapioca Pearls are known as ``Sabudana`` in Marathi. It is commonly used as a food during fasting (popularly called khichadi) among Hindus in Western and central part of India (Gujarat & Maharashtra region).

Tamil Nadu

Tapioca Plant in early stage
Tapioca Plant in full maturity

In Tamil, the roots of tapioca are called Maravallikezangu or Kuchikezangu, and are used to prepare chips. Tapioca is also used to prepare maida flour. Tapioca chips are also prepared in parts of South India.

In Tamil Nadu, Tapioca is cultivated more in the districts of Namakkal and Salem. In Tamil Nadu, there are so many Tapioca Processing units and they are called Sago Factories. A large number of tapioca industries are found in Attur Taluk, Salem District. Salem City has a marketing center for the sago (known as ``Javvarisi``).

In these factories the Sabudana (Hindi) / Javvarisi (Tamil) is produced and distributed throughout India and exported to different countries.

The cultivation of Tapioca is manpower intensive only at the time of plantation and harvest and it provides a steady income to the farmers. The Tapioca roots are one of the cheapest food available for the poor. The Tapioca --- Maravallikilangu can be consumed raw (after removing the skins / outer cover). At the same time it can be boiled and different dishes like Uppuma (Tamil) can be made. We can make Chips and use it as snacks during tea time.

Northern India

In Northern India during the festival season, Sabudana is usually consumed during Vrat (Hindi) or fasting, either prepared as a ``Kichdi`` (savory) or Kheer (Sweet).

Tapioca is also referred to as ``Poor Man's Food``

During World War II

During World War II's Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, many refugees survived on tapioca, as the plant is easily propagated by stem-cutting, grows well in low-nutrient soils, and can be harvested every two months. (However, to grow to full maturity, it takes 10 months). The plant thus provided much needed carbohydrate and protein.[1]

Brazil

In Brazilian cuisine, tapioca is used for different types of meals. The tapioca is stirred, drained through a sieve, fried into a tortilla shape, and often sprinkled with coconut. Then it may be buttered and eaten as a toast (its most common use as a breakfast dish), or it may be filled or topped with either doces (sweet) or salgados (salty) ingredients, which define the kind of meal the tapioca is used for: breakfast, afternoon tea or dessert. Choices range from butter, cheese, chocolate, bananas with condensed milk, chocolate with bananas, to various forms of meats and served warm. A traditional dessert called sagu is also made from pearl tapioca cooked with cinnamon and cloves in red wine. A restaurant which specializes in tapioca-based dishes (mostly fillings) is called in Brazil a tapiocaria. In Colombia and Venezuela, arepas may be made with tapioca flour rather than cornmeal. Tapioca arepas probably predate cornmeal arepas; among traditional cultures of the Caribbean the name for them is casabe.

Flatbreads/casabe/cassava bread

A casabe is a thin flatbread made from bitter cassava root without leavening. It was originally produced by the Native American Arawak and Carib nations because these roots were a very common plant of the rain forests where they lived. In eastern Venezuela many Native American ethnic groups still make casabe and it remains their main bread-like food. Native American communities including the Ye-Kuana, Kari-Ã‘a, Yanomami, Guarao or Warao are from either the Caribe or Arawac Nations and still make casabe.

To make casabe, the starchy root of bitter cassava is ground to a pulp, then squeezed to expel a milky, bitter liquid called yare which carries the poisonous substances with it out of the pulp. Traditionally, this squeezing is done in a sebucan, an 8 to 12-foot (3.7 m) long tube-shaped pressure strainer woven in a characteristic helical pattern from palm leaves. The sebucan usually is hung from a tree branch or ceiling pole, and it has a closed bottom with a loop that is attached to a fixed stick or lever, which is used to stretch the sebucan. When the lever is pushed down, stretching the sebucan, the helical weaving pattern causes the strainer to squeeze the pulp inside. This is similar to the action of a Chinese finger trap. The pulp is then spread in thin, round cakes about 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter on a budare' to roast or toast.

Casabe baking in a small commercial bakery

Thin and crisp cakes of casabe are often broken apart and eaten like crackers. Like bread, casabe can be eaten alone or with other dishes. Thicker casabe usually are eaten slightly moistened. Just a subtle sprinkle of a few drops of liquid is enough to transform a very dry casabe into a very soft and smooth bread very similar to the softest slice of a wheat bread loaf, an incredible change in texture. Because of its capacity to absorb liquid immediately, casabe may cause someone to choke, but goes down quickly with a sip of liquid. In Guyana, South America the casabe is simply called cassava bread. It is prepared with an instrument called a matape by the natives of the Rupununi Savanah and other areas of the country that have a high concentration of Amerinidians.

Pearl tapioca

Pearl tapioca is a common ingredient in Southeast Asian desserts such as kolak, in tapioca pudding, and in sweet drinks such as bubble tea and taho, where they provide a chewy contrast to the sweetness of the drink. Small pearls are preferred for use in puddings; large pearls are preferred for use in drinks. These large pearls most often are brown, not white (and traditionally are used in black tea drinks), but are available in a wide variety of pastel colors.

Biodegradable bags

Tapioca root can also be used to manufacture environmentally friendly plastic bags. A polymer resin produced from the plant is a viable plastic substitute that is not only biodegradable, but is also compostable, renewable, and recyclable. The resulting product biodegrades in less than 1 year[citation needed], as opposed to thousands of years[citation needed] for traditional plastics.