Honokaa Sugar Company is located on the northeast coast of the Island
of Hawaii approximately 51 miles above Hilo. The northern side of the
plantation has an ocean frontage ten miles long bordered by a high cliff.
Kahaupu Gulch forms part of the eastern border and Waipio Valley, the
western. The lands, which extend from the sea a distance of about three
miles toward the mountains, range in elevation from 280 feet at Kukuihaele
landing to 1,955 feet inland on the slope of Mauna Kea. The region is
cut by a number of gulches and the slopes are generally steep. This presents
considerable problems in growing and harvesting cane due to temperature
and rainfall variations at different elevations and the problem of transporting
it over rough terrain. The search for better varieties of cane has been
one of the most important phases of work at Honokaa Sugar Company.

The history goes back to a predecessor company, Honokaa Sugar Plantation
started in 1876 by two men Messrs. Siemsen and Marsden, who began with
500 acres. They planted the first crop in 1876 with the help of Hawaiian
laborers and installed a 2-roll crusher mill. This small mill was the
first one in the Hamakua area. In 1878, F.A. Schaefer organized a new
concern with J. Marsden, J.F.H. Siemsen, J.C. Bailey & M. McInerny.
The Honokaa Sugar Company was chartered on May 8, 1878 and Schaefer served
as its president for a period of forty years. After the change in ownership,
great improvements were made and by 1899 a new six-roller mill was installed
making Honokaa Sugar Co. a nine-roller mill.

Schaefer organized another sugar firm adjoining the Honokaa Plantation
in August 1879 and named it Pacific Sugar Mill. In 1913, Pacific Sugar
Mill sold its mill and sent its cane to be ground at Honokaa. At this
time, the two companies came under one management, although retaining
their separate entities. In February 1928, the two plantations were finally
merged into one company under the name Honokaa Sugar Company. The plantation
eventually grew to encompass over 9,000 acres, half of it in fee simple
lands.

In the early days, cane was hauled to the railroad or to the mill by
means of mule & horse-drawn wagons. Between 1904 and 1910, two ditches
were constructed by Hawaiian Irrigation Co., Ltd. to bring water from
the Kohala Mountains and from Wapio Valley. The irrigation company was
taken over by Honokaa Sugar Company in 1915. The greatest use of the water
was for fluming of harvested cane and the plantation had an alaboate system
of flumes for transporting cane from the hillsides to railroad cars. The
Company's railroad system extended over a distance of six and a half miles
and in connection with the flumes, offered an effective means of moving
cane to the mill.

The mill was connected to the boat landing by an inclined tramway, which
transported bags of sugar to the warehouse at the wharf. By means of a
wire rope extending down the cliff to a steamer below, sugar was loaded
directly onto the ship. In 1919 Honokaa Sugar Co. was able to ship sugar
directly to the mainland using this method. Formerly sugar bags were sent
by inter-island steamer to Honolulu and reloaded only mainland-bound vessels.

At the time of Honokaa's inception, most of the working force was Hawaiian.
As the Company grew people from various parts of the world came in this
order: Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese, Puerto Ricans, Koreans and Filipinos.
A few Russians and Spaniards also worked at Honokaa for brief periods.
The plantation furnished for free use about two hundred houses for its
employees. The houses were laid out in villages containing outdoor cookhouses,
bathhouses, laundries, and running water. Free fuel was also supplied
for cooking and heating water. In case of illness, the plantation provided
free medical care at its hospital. A Government school, Oriental school
and several churches were located nearby. A store and dairy offered staple
goods for sale. Later most of the labor on the plantation was performed
by contractors, whose earnings were greater, but they did not receive
housing.

Honokaa Sugar Company also had the distinction of being the world's oldest
commercial producer of macadamia nuts. The first trees were planted in
1916 as part of a reforestation project at elevations where cane would
not grow.

The Honokaa Ranch division was also started in 1916. It consisted of
about 2,600 acres of grazing land above the cane fields and 600 head of
cattle. Approximately 120 animals were slaughtered each year and the meat
consumed locally.

In spite of several severe droughts and continuing problems with plague
in the early 1900's, Honokaa Sugar Company managed to progress in producing
low cost sugar. Much credit for this success goes to Mr. W.P. Naquin,
Plantation Manager between 1916 and 1944. In 1978, Honokaa Sugar Company
merged with Laupahoehoe Sugar Company, a T.H. Davies Company plantation,
and became known as Davies Hamakua Plantation Inc. Later on it was bought
by Francis S. Morgan and renamed Hamakua Sugar Company.

MANAGERS OF HONOKAA SUGAR COMPANY

J.G. Tucker: First manager appointed May 10, 1878.
Resigned August 23, 1878.

Probart: Appointed by the Directors August 23, 1878, but declined so
that Mr. Tucker remained until his successor could be appointed.

During October, 1987, all Hamakua Sugar Company records, approximately
445 cubic feet, were removed from storage, fumigated and brought into
the Archives. The Honokaa Sugar Company records were segregated for processing
in November 1988 and were ready for use in September 1989.

After processing, the Honokaa record group contained 46 boxes and 150
volumes. 23 additional boxes of records were received from Hamakua Sugar
Company in June 1989 and processed during July and August.

NOTES, PROCESSED RECORDS

Honokaa Sugar Company records are organized in the following series or
major categories:
- Corporate Records
- Correspondence
- Financial Records
- Personnel & Payroll
- Production Records
- Miscellaneous
- Other Company Records

Corporate Records
1885-1959. This series includes Board of Directors and Stockholders Meeting
Minutes, Annual Corporation Exhibits, Schedules of Tariff and various
Sundry Documents, which are items referred to in the General and Agency
correspondence, i.e. Copies of agreements, leases, reports, etc. These
documents also contain lists of employees for various years. (See itemized
index for a complete list of the documents.)

Correspondence
1879-1943. There are four major categories in this series: Letters to
and from F.A. Schaefer & Co., 1879-1939; General Correspondence, A-Z
1910-1919, & 1921-1938; HSPA Correspondence, 1915-1939; Miscellaneous.

Correspondence between Honokaa Sugar Co. and the agency, F.A. Schaefer
& Co., begins in 1879 and continues to 1939. Between 1879 and 1921,
there are generally separate "In" and "Out" files.
After 1921, each file contains both incoming and outgoing correspondence.
Press copybooks, which are very fragile, hold the correspondence through
1902. Correspondence to Schaefer & Co. from the plantation manager
contains weekly and monthly reports and also mentions weather, goods &
sugar shipping, orders, drafts, labor situations, railroads, land matters,
construction, planters & machinery. In 1913, reference to Pacific
Sugar Mill becomes included in the Schaefer correspondence. From the mid
1920's on, detailed steamer reports were made by Honokaa Sugar Co. to
Schaefer, documenting steamer calls at the landing. Because of the variety
in titles, the folder arrangement in the register is not always in chronological
order. The researcher is advised to examine the series completely to avoid
mission any years or subjects.

The early General Correspondence from 1910-1919 is arranged alphabetically
by writer's last name, company or government agency. The filing is inconsistent,
i.e. Kukuihaele Lighthouse-some letters are in "L" and others
in "C" & "D" for Dept. of Commerce. The remaining
correspondence from 1921-1938 is arranged chronologically. The General
Correspondence contains many laborers' names, particularly those requesting
passage back to the Philippines.

The HSPA General Correspondence 1915-1939 mentions numerous individual
Filipino laborers, including those who died on the plantation. Dr. Nils
Larsen's Ewa Health Project reports contain information on numerous health
subjects: nutrition, disease, birth control, sanitation, dentistry and
clinics. The HSPA Labor and Statistics Correspondence also mentions individual
laborers, their work records, families, and requests to return to the
Philippines.

Financial Records
1875-1944. This series has an extensive run of general journals dating
from 1878, when Honokaa was first incorporated, through 1942. The early
volumes include the names of many Hawaiian laborers and the early Chinese
immigrants. The general ledgers also date back to 1879 and contain information
regarding buildings, equipment, livestock, etc. The series includes some
early invoices, 1882-1907, which provide a glimpse of early plantation
activities, such as, receipts for runaways, hospital expenses, and lists
of patients and boarders. A good picture of the growth of Honokaa Sugar
Co. form its beginning in 1876 up through the 1940's can be gleaned from
this set of records.

Personnel & Payroll
1876-1944. This series contains an excellent run of payroll and bonus
records from the plantation's beginning in 1876 to 1941. They generally
include bango number, name, days worked, contractor, and are often listed
by nationality, including women and minors. Those laborers listed only
by bango number can often be cross-referenced with lists of unskilled
workers in the Sundry Documents or correspondence. Many of the volumes
and cards are divided into Honokaa Division & Kukuihaele Division
after Pacific Sugar Mill's records were transferred to Honokaa. As a general
rule, the 10,000 bango numbers refer to Honokaa contract laborers and
the 20,000 bango numbers refer to Kukuihaele contract laborers. The labor
agreements from 1910-1922 include a copy of the worker's HSPA labor contract,
a health certificate and work record card, which often contains the date
of arrival, name of steamer, bango number, place of birth and relatives.*
The employment slips dating from 1927-1940 are divided into aliens, citizens,
Honokaa and Kukuihaele Divisions. These include name, bango, birth date
and place, family members, schooling, previous employer & social security
number. The Filipino Affairs Records, 1915-1941, contain material similar
to Laupahoehoe Sugar Co. correspondence series Labor and Statistics. V.73A
contains lists of laborers' Chinese, Hawaiian & Portuguese, at W.H.
Rickard's Plantation from 1879 to 1884. *24/12-27/18

Production Records
1892-1941. Records and reports dealing with fields and harvesting, cane
weights, mill statistics, sugar shipments and other production data can
be found in this series.

Miscellaneous
1908-1963. A statistics book, V.69, covering the years 1911-1963 offers
an excellent overview of the Honokaa Sugar Co. It contains valuable information
in concise summaries regarding most aspects of the plantation. A freight
book and landing account record reflect shipping transactions. Insurance
policy books offer information regarding buildings and dwellings, including
the names of some residents. The macadamia nut invoices show the type
and amount of nut products sold to various markets. The miscellaneous
material also contains numerous blueprints of the mill and villages.