CBD Oil and Hemp Oil; the controversies and clarifications

For those of us working within the medicinal cannabis compliance industry, the interchangeable use of the terms ‘CBD oil’ and ‘hemp oil’ across all social and media platforms has been an endless source of frustration and concern.

Sellers claim they are working within a “grey area,” however for those that are actually in the know, there is none.

Cannabis grown for the purpose of extracting active constituents (i.e. cannabinoids) under ODC and TGA licences. Can be either fibre-type (low THC) or drug type (high THC) strains.
Plant material grown for the purpose of medicinal use is classed as a Schedule 8 Controlled Drug (regardless of strain or the expected proportion of THC or CBD).

Hemp

Low THC “fibre-type” strains of Cannabis grown exclusively for industrial purposes under State Hemp Licences.
Primary products generated can include fibre from the plant stalk, seeds, or the pressed seed oil). These can then be used as feedstocks to generate, e.g. clothing, building materials, food grade products, etc.
It is possible to extract CBD from hemp biomass (leaves, flowers) but this is not legal within the existing Australian legislative framework.
Hemp is not classed as a Scheduled material or a Controlled Drug.

Hemp oil

Oil pressed from hemp seeds. Contains omega 3 and 6 essential fatty acids.
According to the ODC, it cannot contain more than:

Therefore, the term “hemp oil” when used in Australia should only refer to oil that has been pressed from the hemp seeds, NOT cannabinoid extraction from the plant (i.e. “full-spectrum” plant extract).

Any processed material that contains CBD above the stated limits is a medicine and must be labelled as per the Poisons Standard under the Schedule 4 category. If you don’t, you will be in breach of a few TGA regulations).

As an aside, there is a debate if traditional hemp strains are actually the best for extracting CBD in the first place – you need the plant to be highly resinous for efficient extraction and often hemp is bred for fibrous phenotypes over resinous phenotypes.

Where it all stems from

Under the Single Convention of Narcotic Drugs (to which Australia and many other countries is a signatory), Cannabis sativa plant material (and any extracts or tinctures produced from it) is considered a Schedule I and IV substance (meaning it has a high potential for abuse and requires stringent controls).

In fact, a lot of the requirements for the opium poppy are also applied to cannabis:

“If a [government] permits the cultivation of the cannabis plant for the production of cannabis or cannabis resin, it shall apply thereto the system of controls as provided in article 23 respecting the control of the opium poppy.

In respect of substances in Schedule I, the Parties shall…prohibit all use except for scientific and very limited medical purposes by duly authorized persons, in medical or scientific establishments which are directly under the control of their Governments or specifically approved by them.”

Article 23 also clarifies that countries may expand on the minimum requirements as they deem necessary:

“A Party may adopt more strict or severe measures of control than those provided by this Convention if, in its opinion, such measures are desirable or necessary for the protection of the public health and welfare.”

However, there is also provision to contravene these controls:

“A [government] may…reserve the right to permit temporarily in any one of its territories: the use of cannabis, cannabis resin, extracts and tinctures of cannabis for non-medical purposes.”

It is under this provision that Canada, amongst other countries, have been able to legally permit recreational use.

As an aside: because Canada has agreed to abide by the UN convention, it is still required to declare the quantities in circulation within both the recreational and medicinal cannabis markets. Countries are also expected to issue cultivation permits and track annual planned grows (which is a part of why CannTrust got into so much trouble recently).

In the convention, however, there is a small clause that threatens to take away this recreational allowance:

“The use of cannabis for other than medical and scientific purposes must be discontinued as soon as possible but in any case within twenty-five years.”

Needless to say, given that the regulatory dam has burst in many countries, it is hard to imagine that governments will backtrack on legislation without severe backlash from established industries (especially when they can also glean a substantial amount of tax from all the new businesses).

Now to add to the complexity.

“Any extracts or tinctures produced from Cannabis plants are also considered to beSchedule I and IV substances.”

This would suggest that CBD, as an active compound of cannabis extract, is also a controlled drug. That being said, the next clause is of particular interest:

“If a preparation containing a psychotropic substance other than a substance in Schedule I is compounded in such a way that it presents no, or a negligible, risk of abuse and the substance cannot be recovered by readily applicable means in a quantity liable to abuse, so that the preparation does not give rise to a public health and social problem, the preparation may be exempted from certain…measures of control provided in this Convention in accordance with paragraph 3.”

Which, given that CBD has no hallucinogenic effects, could exclude it from the same category and treatment as THC.

This is where I believe the grey area in interpretation arises.

CBD in the USA and the UK

The USA

Since cannabis is not federally legal in the US, legislation is managed on a state-by-state basis and tends to vary. The Agricultural Act of 2014, allowed individual states to establish their own research or pilot programs to look at the cultivation, growth or marketing of hemp for limited purposes. However, many growers have bypassed the “pilot scheme” and “limited purpose” scope and jumped into full scale production.

Fortunately, the 2018 Farm Bill changed federal policy regarding industrial hemp and finally removed hemp from the Controlled Substances Act, regarding it as an agricultural product, and also allowed CBD to be extracted from hemp.

However, while CBD is allowed to be extracted, possession is not always permitted in every state (e.g. in Virginia, you will need a prescription). Also, federally, CBD for use outside of medicinal products is NOT allowed:

“No controlled substance in schedule V which is a drug may be distributed or dispensed other than for a medical purpose.”

As per 21 CFR 1308.15 (f), CBD is classed as a Schedule V material (i.e. it has a low potential for abuse and accepted medical use in treatment), e.g. Epidiolex.

As you can imagine, the lines between hemp and CBD, as well as the individual allowances by each state have been gleefully blurred – to the point where the FDA has had to release warning letters to companies who were claiming CBD benefits from hemp seed oil extracts!

The grey area overseas has also started seeping into Australia. Products that come in under “hemp oil/extract” classifications are being sold online with an advertised active CBD content (Certificates of Analyses provided and all!). This bypasses the Schedule 4 framework for all CBD extracts which require users to have a prescription under the SAS or AP scheme.

At this time it is not clear:

Whether these products genuinely contain any CBD at all (which is just fraud).

The UK

In the UK, cannabis has bounced between different levels of the “controlled drug” category – from class A (most dangerous) to class C (least dangerous) in 2004 and up to class B (2nd most dangerous) in 2008.

It was finally legalised for medicinal use in 2018, but is still a controlled drug in Class B of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

Other than Sativex, there is no other legally approved medicinal cannabis product available in the UK. (Epidiolex is currently going through the licensing process.) Though all other cannabis-based products for medicinal use are considered “unlicensed medicines,” they still have to fulfill the quality and safety expectations of products manufactured under GMP.

Cannabis cultivation is only permitted under a Home Office licence issued in accordance with the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, however this licence does NOT allow for the use of the controlled parts of the plant (i.e. leaves and flowers), but does allow for fibre and seed production.

Under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, pure CBD is not considered a controlled drug so as long as there are no medicinal claims on the label, CBD products may be sold on the UK retail market.

This may all change however, with the European Commission’s classification of CBD as a novel food.

Things to take away:

Different countries have not interpreted the ICND consistently.

In Australia, CBD is a prescription drug and cannot be purchased “off the shelf.”

You cannot import and supply products that contain CBD in Australia outside the Special Access, Authorised Prescriber, and Clinical Trial frameworks.

Given the cost of holding a SINGLE ODC licence is ~$27,380 per annum, if you, as a licenced cultivator or manufacturer see some of these illegally imported “CBD oil masquerading as hemp oil” products floating around (or vice versa), you should be a little annoyed about it.

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