Homologous structure

Same structure and ancestor but used differentlyForearms

Vestigial structure

Reduced form of ancestor structure Appendix

Comparative embryology

Embryos look similar showCommon ancestor

What is fitness

Measure of relative contribution an individual trait makes to next generation

5

Natural selection acts upon

Phenotype

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What characteristics help an organism to remain fit

Mimicry and camouflage

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What is mimicry

A species mimics another to fend off predators

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What is the definition of speciation

Formation of new species

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Gradualism

Gradual divergence

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Punctuated equilibrium

Changes most at start then little for rest of life

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What is divergent evolution

One species evolved into two species

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Convergent evolution

Different areas and different ancestors but similar environments makeOrganisms evolve similar traits

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Geographic isolation

Separated by geologic barrier

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Reproductive isolation

Members of two populations can't interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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Genetic drift

Random change in allele frequency causes and allele to become common

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Gene pool

Common group of all genes present in a population

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What size will genetic drift affect most

Small

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What is the biggest force driving evolution

Natural selection

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What was produced from the Miller Ray experiments

Early life condition, amino acids sugars and nucleotides

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What was the first genetic material on earth

RNA

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Who officially disproved the spontaneous generation

Francesco redi

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What is spontaneous generation

Theory of living things coming from non living things

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What was lamarcks theory

Organisms required traits by using bodies in different ways

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Endosymbiosis theory

Eukaryotes developed from one larger prokaryote engulfing another and workingTogether

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Genetic driftMigrationAnd non random mating can all cause

Speciation Natural selection

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Archaebacteria was

AutotrophicProkaryoticChemo synthetic

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A genetic change will be maintained in a population is the change

Improves fitness

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What must occur for speciation

Isolation

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Five points of natural selection

Population have variationsVariation favorableMore offspring are produced and surviveWho survive carry favorable traitsA population will change over time

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Stabilizing selection

Middle graphThe extremes are selected againstEx average height

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Directional selection

One extreme is selected for Graph goes to one side Ex super tall giraffe neck

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Disruptive selection

Graph goes both sides no middle The extremes are both selected for Super tall or super short No average

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Founder effect

Cause of genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population

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Gene flow

Genetic exchange due to migration of fertile individuals between populations Reduces differences between populations

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Non random mating

Interbreeding and assortive matingArtificial selection

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Natural selection examples

Beetle picture and antibacterialSoap

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What occurs when there is a changing in relative frequency of allele or gene pool

Evolution of population

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Single gene

Two phenotype a

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Polygenic

Many phenotype a

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Sexual dimorphism

Secondary sec characteristic distinct Make and female difference

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Sexual selection

Selection towards secondary sec characteristic, leads to dimorphism

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Hardy Weinberg principals

The original proportion of genotype in a population a remains constant ifPopulation size oils largeRandom matingNo mutationsNo genes lost or introducedNo selection occurs Basically all genotype a can survive and produce equally well

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As new species evolve what happens to population

Populations become reproductively isolated

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Behavioral isolation

Capable of breeding but have different breeding calls Example meadowlarks

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Temporal isolation

Two orMore species reproduce at different times

46

Speciation occurred in Galapagos finches by

Founding of a new populationGeographic isolation Reproductive isolation Changes in Gene pool due to competition