Which of the following statements about normal microbiota is NOT true?
A. The normal microbiota can prevent pathogens from causing an infection.
B. Normal microbiota have a commensalistic or mutualistic relationship with the human cells that support their growth.
C. Transient microbiota are microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear.
D. Normal microbiota may become opprotunistic pathogens under special conditions.
E. Disease is a normal relationship between normal microbiota and human host cells.

E. Disease is a normal relationship between normal microbiota and human host cells.

Which of the following statements is not true?
A. A lichen doesn't exist if the fungal and algal partners are separated.
B. Lichens are parasites.
C. In a lichen, the alga produces carbohydrates.
D. In a lichen, the fungus provides the holdfast.
E. Lichens are important soil producers.

Which of the following statements is false?
A. Fungi produce sexual spores.
B. Fungi produce asexual spores.
C. Fungal spores are used in identification of fungi.
D. Fungal spores are resting spores to protect the fungus from adverse environmental conditions.
E. Fungal spores are for reproduction.

All of the following statements about algae are true except
A. They use light as their energy source.
B. They use CO2 as their carbon source.
C. They produce oxygen from hydrolysis of water.
D. All are unicellular.
E. Some are capable of sexual reproduction.

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota because transient microbiota
A. Cause diseases.
B. Are found in a certain location on the host.
C. Are acquired by direct contact.
D. Are present for a relatively short time.
E. None of the above.

A. requires oxygen
B. harmed by molecular oxygen, grow in atmosphere without molecular oxygen
C. use oxygen when available but also able to grow without oxygen
D. requires increased carbon dioxide
E. grow without oxygen but are not harmed by its presence
F. grow in LOW oxygen concentrations (lower than room air)

Correct Answer: A:4, B:2, C:5, D:1, E:3, F:6

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
A. Psychrotroph - growth at 0eC
B. Thermophile - growth at 37eC
C. Mesophile - growth at 25eC
D. Psychrophile - growth at 15eC
E. None of the above

Which of the following are found primarily in the intestines of humans?
A. Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci
B. Facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods
C. Aerobic, helical bacteria
D. Gram-positive cocci
E. None of the above

B. Facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods

Which of the following is an example of a metabolic activity that could be used to measure microbial growth?
A. Glucose consumption
B. Direct microscopic count
C. MPN
D. Turbidity
E. Standard plate count

Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of
A. The number of bacteria present in a water sample.
B. The amount of oxygen present in a water sample.
C. The amount of organic matter present in a water sample.
D. The amount of undissolved solid matter present in a water sample.
E. All of the above.

A. The type of protection a person needs after being bitten by a poisonous snake
B. The type of protection a Peace Corps volunteer has after being vaccinated
C. The type of protection a person has after recovering from mumps
D. The type of protection an newborn receives from its mother
E. A human's protection against feline leukemia

Correct Answer: A:3, B:2, C:1, D:4, E:5

Endotoxins are
A. Associated with gram-positive bacteria.
B. Specific in their method of action.
C. Part of the gram-negative cell wall.
D. Excreted from the cell.
E. None of the above.

The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to
A. Kill microorganisms.
B. Remove microorganisms from body cavities.
C. Remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract.
D. Remove microorganisms from the upper respiratory tract.
E. All of the above

C. Remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract.

All of the following can be determined from a differential white blood cell count except
A. The number of white blood cells.
B. The numbers of each type of white blood cell.
C. The possibility of a state of disease.
D. All of the above can be determined

D. All of the above can be determined

Lysozyme is not found in
A. Tears.
B. Saliva.
C. Perspiration.
D. Nasal secretions.
E. None of the above.

E. None of the above

Chill is a sign that
A. Body temperature is falling.
B. Body temperature is rising.
C. Body temperature will remain the same.
D. Sweating will follow.
E. None of the above

B. Body temperature is rising.

Which of the following statements is true?
A. There are no more than twenty complement proteins.
B. All of the complement proteins are activated in serum.
C. Factors B and D are complement proteins.
D. Complement activity is antigen specific.
E. Complement increases after immunization

C. Factors B and D are complement proteins

The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by
A. complexes from the bacteria and C3b.
B. C5-C9.
C. Antigen-antibody reactions.
D. Factors released from phagocytes.
E. Factors released from damaged tissues.

A. A patient experiences a rapid onset of malaise: symptoms last 5 days
B. Patient experiences cough and breathing difficulties for months
C. Patient has no apparent symptoms and is not a carrier

Correct Answer: A:3, B:1, C:2

Match the definition with the term regarding the extent to which a host's body is affected by infection or disease.
1. toxemia
2. bacteremia
3. systemic infection
4. viremia
5. local infection
6. septemia

A. microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body
B. microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body
C. bacteria in the blood
D. bacteria multiplying in the blood
E. presence of toxins in the blood
F. presence of virus in the blood

Correct Answer: A:5, B:3, C:2, D:6, E:1, F:4

Which of the following is not a reservoir of infection?
A. A sick person
B. A healthy person
C. A sick animal
D. Soil
E. All of the above can be reservoirs of infection

E. All of the above can be reservoirs of infection

Which of the following is a fomite?
A. Water
B. Droplets from a sneeze
C. Pus
D. Insects
E. A hypodermic needle

E. A hypodermic needle

Which of the following is least effective in preventing nosocomial infections?
A. Aseptic technique
B. Culturing fomites in a hospital to ensure sterility
C. Keeping insects out of hospitals
D. Sterilizing bandages
E. Disinfecting respirators

All of the following can contribute to postoperative infections except
A. Using syringes more than once.
B. Normal microbiota on the operating room staff.
C. Errors in aseptic technique.
D. Antibiotic resistance.
E. None of the above

1. Study of bacteria
2. Study of the body's defense against pathogenic microbes
3. The use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant
4. The study of fungi
5. The study of viruses
6. The industrial application of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a useful product
7. The science dealing with DNA and protein synthesis of living organisms

Which of the following is true about fungi?
A. All are prokaryotic.
B. All are multicellular.
C. All require organic material for growth.
D. All grow using sunlight and carbon dioxide.
E. All are plants

A. They have rigid cell walls

Which of the following is true about viruses?
A. They are not composed of cells.
B. They cannot metabolize nutrients.
C. They cannot reproduce themselves.
D. They have DNA or RNA.
E. All of the above.

Classification of organisms in the three domains is based on
A. Cell wall.
B. Number of cells.
C. Cell type.
D. Nutritional type.
E. Nucleus.

C. Cell type

Which of the following requirements was necessary for Pasteur to disprove spontaneous generation?
A. Providing a food source that would support growth
B. Supplying air
C. Keeping microorganisms out
D. Removing microorganisms that were initially present
E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following is not an example of biotechnology?
A. Bacterial production of French bread
B. Bacterial degradation of a dead animal
C. Bacterial production of yogurt
D. Bacterial production of vinegar
E. None of the above

B. Bacterial degradation of a dead animal

You are observing a cell through a microscope and note that it has no apparent nucleus. You conclude that it most likely
A. Has a peptidoglycan cell wall.
B. Has a cellulose cell wall.
C. Moves by pseudopods.
D. Is part of a multicellular animal

A. Has a peptidoglycan cell wall.

In the name Escherichia coli, coli is the
A. Domain.
B. Kingdom.
C. Genus.
D. Specific epithet.
E. None of the above

D. Specific epithet.

Fungi differ from bacteria because fungi
A. Have cell walls.
B. Have DNA.
C. Have a nucleus.
D. Spoil food.
E. None of the above.

Which of the following best describes what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing 5% NaCl, a hypertonic solution?
A. Sucrose will move into the cell from a higher to a lower concentration.
B. The cell will undergo osmotic lysis.
C. Water will move out of the cell.
D. Water will move into the cell.
E. No change will result; the solution is isotonic.

C. Water will move out of the cell.

Which of the following cell structures is directly involved in the initiation of disease?
A. Gram-positive cell wall
B. Cilia
C. Cell membrane
D. Fimbriae
E. All of the above

D. Fimbriae

6. By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Extracellular enzymes
E. Any of the above

C. Active transport

Mad cow disease is caused by a prion which is an infectious
A. Piece of DNA.
B. Lipid
C. Piece of RNA.
D. Protein
E. Sugar

D. Protein

Which of the following is not true about a gram-positive cell wall?
A. It maintains the shape of the cell.
B. It is sensitive to lysozyme.
C. It protects the cell in a hypertonic environment.
D. It contains teichoic acids.
E. None of the above.

C. It protects the cell in a hypertonic environment.

In bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are found in
A. Chloroplasts.
B. Cytoplasm.
C. Chromatophores.
D. Mesosomes.
E. None of the above.

C. Chromatophores

Which of the following is generally not true of prokaryotic cells?
A. They have a semirigid cell wall.
B. They are motile by means of flagella.
C. They possess 80S ribosomes.
D. They reproduce by binary fission.
E. None of the above.

C. They possess 80S ribosomes.

Which of the following statements is true?
A. Endospores are for reproduction.
B. Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes.
C. Endospores are easily stained in a Gram stain.
D. A cell produces one endospore and keeps growing.
E. A cell can produce many endospores.

B. Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes.

Which of the following substances is not an enzyme?

A. Dehydrogenase
B. Cellulase
C. Coenzyme A
D. b-galactosidase

C. Coenzyme A

How many molecules of ATP can be generated from the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 34
D. 38
E. 76

D. 38

Which of the following is not true about anaerobic respiration?
A. It involves glycolysis only.
B. It involves the Krebs cycle.
C. It involves the reduction of nitrate.
D. It generates ATP.
E. It requires cytochromes

A. It involves glycolysis only.

Which of the following is not an end-product of fermentation?
A. Lactic acid
B. Ethyl alcohol
C. Glycerol
D. Pyruvic acid
E. Acetone

D. Pyruvic acid

A strictly fermentative bacterium produces energy
A. By glycolysis only.
B. By aerobic respiration only.
C. By fermentation or aerobic respiration.
D. Only in the absence of oxygen.
E. Only in the presence of oxygen.

Assume you are working for a chemical company and you are responsible for growing a yeast culture that produces ethyl alcohol. The yeasts are growing well on the maltose medium but are not producing alcohol. The most likely explanation is
A. The maltose is toxic.
B. O2 is in the medium.
C. Not enough protein is provided.
D. Yeasts don't produce ethyl alcohol.

According to the video microbes will always become resistant to antibiotics. One process that helps organisms become resistant is over prescribing antibiotics. What percentage of antibiotics are over prescribed by family physicians?
A. 30 to 40%
B. 5 to 10%
C. 85%
D. 0%

A. 30 to 40%

Which of the following statements is false?
A. DNA polymerase joins nucleotides in one direction only.
B. The leading strand of DNA is made continuously.
C. The lagging strand of DNA is started by an RNA primer.
D. DNA replication proceeds in one direction around the bacterial chromosome.
E. Multiple replication forks are possible on a bacterial chromosome.

D. DNA replication proceeds in one direction around the bacterial chromosome.

An enzyme produced in response to the presence of a substrate is called
A. An inducible enzyme.
B. A repressible enzyme.
C. A restriction enzyme.
D. An operator.
E. A promoter.

A. An inducible enzyme.

According to the operon model, for the synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur, the
A. End-product must not be in excess.
B. Substrate must bind to the enzyme.
C. Substrate must bind to the repressor.
D. Repressor must bind to the operator.
E. Repressor must not be synthesized.

C. Substrate must bind to the repressor.

Synthesis of a repressible enzyme is stopped by
A. The allosteric transition.
B. The substrate binding to the repressor.
C. The corepressor binding to the operator.
D. The corepressor-repressor binding to the operator.
E. The end-product binding to the promoter.

If you knew the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which one of the following could you determine with the most accuracy?
A. The primary structure of the protein
B. The secondary structure of the protein
C. The tertiary structure of the protein
D. The quaternary structure of the protein
E. Can't tell

If you have inserted a gene in the Ti, the next step in genetic engineering is
A. Transformation of E. coli with Ti.
B. Splicing Ti into a plasmid.
C. Transformation of an animal cell.
D. Inserting Ti into Agrobacterium.
E. None of the above

D. Inserting Ti into Agrobacterium

E. coli can be engineered to make insulin for purification and use in the treatment of diabetes because
A. It needs to regulate its cell-glucose level.
B. It's an ancient gene that now has no function.
C. The insulin gene was inserted into it.
D. It picked up the insulin gene from another cell.

C. The insulin gene was inserted into it.

Different pieces of DNA representing the pieces of the a genome of an organism and is stored in bacterial cells are called a

A. Library.
B. Clone.
C. Vector.
D. Southern blot.
E. PCR.

A. Library

Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a
A. Library.
B. Clone.
C. Vector.
D. Southern blot.
E. PCR.

An example of gene therapy is
A. Insertion of the insulin gene in E. coli.
B. Insertion of the insulin gene in a mammalian cell culture.
C. Insertion of the insulin gene in a diabetic person's pancreas cells.
D. Injection of insulin into a diabetic person.
E. None of the above.

C. Insertion of the insulin gene in a diabetic person's pancreas cells.

The purpose of using an antibiotic resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes

The best definition of biotechnology is
A. The development of genetic engineering.
B. The use of living organisms to make desired products.
C. Curing diseases.
D. The use of microorganisms in sewage treatment.
E. All of the above

B. The use of living organisms to make desired products

The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube. The DNA polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus and the template is from a human cell. The DNA synthesized would be most similar to

A. Study of classification
B. The system of having two names (genus and specific epithet) for each organism
C. Study of evolutionary relationships
D. Categories used to show degrees of similarities among organisms

Correct Answer: A:2, B:3, C:4, D:1

The endosymbiotic theory (a model for the evolution of eukaryotes) states that organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote. Select ALL the eukaryotic organelles that are shown to contain rRNA closely related to prokaryoic rRNA (select ALL that apply).

All of the following are true about archaea except
A. They are prokaryotes.
B. They lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
C. Some are thermoacidophiles; others are extreme halophiles.
D. They evolved before bacteria.
E. Some produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

The outstanding characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi is
A. All members are photosynthetic.
B. Absorption of dissolved organic matter.
C. Absorption of dissolved inorganic matter.
D. All members are microscopic.
E. All members are macroscopic.

B. Absorption of dissolved organic matter.

All of the following are true about the members of the Kingdom Plantae except
A. They are multicellular.
B. They have eukaryotic cells.
C. They can photosynthesize.
D. They use organic carbon sources to make inorganic carbon molecules.
E. They use inorganic energy sources to make organic molecules.

D. They use organic carbon sources to make inorganic carbon molecules.

A genus can best be defined as
A. A taxon composed of families.
B. A taxon comprised of one or more species and below family.
C. A taxon belonging to a species.
D. A taxon comprised of classes.
E. The most specific taxon.

The arrangement of organisms into taxa
A. Shows degrees of relatedness between organisms.
B. Shows relationships to common ancestors.
C. Was designed by Charles Darwin.
D. Is arbitrary.
E. Is based on evolution

A. Shows degrees of relatedness between organisms.

Bacteria and archaea are similar in which of the following?
A. Peptidoglycan cell walls.
B. Methionine is the start signal for protein synthesis.
C. Sensitive to antibiotics
D. Possess prokaryotic cells.
E. None of the above

D. Possess prokaryotic cells

Nucleic acid hybridization is based on the fact that
A. The strands of DNA can be separated.
B. A chromosome is composed of complementary strands.
C. Pairing between complementary bases occurs.
D. DNA is composed of genes.
E. None of the above.

C. Pairing between complementary bases occurs.

Which of the following is most useful in determining whether two organisms are related?
A. If both ferment lactose.
B. If both are gram-positive.
C. If both are motile.
D. If both are aerobic.
E. All are equally important.

B. If both are gram-positive

Into which group would you place a multicellular heterotroph with chitin cell walls?
A. Animalia
B. Archaea
C. Bacteria
D. Fungi
E. Plantae

D. Fungi

Which of the following is the best evidence that two organisms are closely related?
A. Both are cocci.
B. Both ferment lactose.
C. Their DNA can hybridize.
D. Both normally live in clams.
E. All of the above.

A. A) Have the same morphology and nucleic acid.
B. B) Have the same genetic information and ecological niche.
C. C) Infect the same cells and cause the same disease.
D. D) Can't be defined.
E. E) Have different morphology and nucleic acid.

B. B) Have the same genetic information and ecological niche.

Which of the following contributes to the difficulty in establishing the etiology of cancer?

A. A) Most viral particles can infect cells without inducing cancer.
B. B) Cancer may not develop until long after infection.
C. C) Cancers do not seem to be contagious
D. D) Viruses are difficult to observe.
E. E) All of the above

E. E) All of the above

Which of the following statements provides the most significant support for the idea that viruses are nonliving chemicals?

A. A) They are not composed of cells.
B. B) They are filterable.
C. C) They cannot reproduce themselves outside a host.
D. D) They cause diseases similar to those caused by chemicals.
E. E) They are chemically simple.

C. C) They cannot reproduce themselves outside a host.

Put the following in the correct order for bacterial virus replication:

A. A) Immunity to reinfection by the same phage.
B. B) Acquisition of new characteristics by the host cell.
C. C) Immunity to reinfection by other phage types.
D. D) Transduction of specific genes.
E. E) None of the above

C. C) Immunity to reinfection by other phage types.

Which of the following statements is false?

A. A) A prophage is a phage DNA inserted into a bacterial chromosome.
B. B) A prophage can pop out of the chromosome.
C. C) Prophage genes are repressed by a repressor protein coded for by the prophage.
D. D) A prophage may result in new properties of the host cell.
E. E) The prophage makes the host cell immune to infection by other unrelated phages.

E. E) The prophage makes the host cell immune to infection by other unrelated phages.

A. A) They are used for penetration.
B. B) They are used for adsorption.
C. C) They may cause hemagglutination.
D. D) They are found only on enveloped viruses.
E. E) They never play a role in attachment.

A. A) They are used for penetration.

According to Carl Woese, all life can be classified into three groups:

Which one of the following is an example of bioremediation
A. Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to make wine
B. Use of Bacillis thuringiensis to kill crop eating insects
C. Use of Pseudomonas to remove uranium from soil at weapons depots
D. Use of cowpox virus to vaccinate against smallpox virus

C. Use of Pseudomonas to remove uranium from soil at weapons depots

All of the following are beneficial uses of microorganisms except which one
A. Recycling elements in the environment
B. Decomposing sewage
C. Producing foods and chemicals
D. None of the above

D. None of the above

All of the following statements are true about the plasma membrane except which
A. Peripheral proteins catalyze chemical reactions
B. Integral proteins make channels in the membrane
C. Small ions can easily cross the membrane
D. Lipids easily move across the membrane

C. Small ions can easily cross the membrane

All of the following are produced naturally by microorganisms except which one:
A. Silk
B. Acetone
C. Butyl alcohol
D. Ethyl alcohol

A. Silk

You work for a chemical company and you are responsible for growing a bacterial culture that produces acetone. The bacteria are growing well in a glucose medium but are not producing acetone. The most likely reason is
A. The bacteria are dead
B. Molecular oxygen is in the medium
C. The cells cannot use the glucose
D. The cells are fermenting the glucose

Which of the following can be used as vectors in genetic engineering
A. plasmids
B. Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium
C. viruses
D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Sequencing a genome provides
A. the order of nucleotides
B. the gene sequence
C. proteins expressed by the cell
D. restriction fragments

A. the order of nucleotides

Assume you have isolated a bacterium that produces a useful antibiotic but at a low rate. One way to try and increase the rate of antibiotic production is
A. expose the bacteria to a mutagen
B. isolate the gene for antibiotic production
C. insert the gene for antibiotic production into another organism
D. culture the bacteria

A. expose the bacteria to a mutagen

Protist is a diverse group of organisms that are similar in
A. rRNA sequences.
B. Metabolic type.
C. Motility.
D. Ecology.
E. None of the above.

A. rRNA sequences

Sar 11 is
A. a bacterium found in deep sea vents
B. a virus found in the ocean
C. a bacterium found in the ocean that can photosynthesize and is easy to culture
D. a rare bacterium found in the ocean
E. a common bacterium found in the ocean that is difficult to culture

E. a common bacterium found in the ocean that is difficult to culture

In bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are found in
A. Chloroplasts
B. Chromatophores
C. Cytoplasm
D. Mesosomes
E. None of the above

Which is not a characteristic of bacteria?
A. Individual cells of bacteria may form pairs, chains, clusters or other groupings
B. Bacteria have cell walls containing chitin.
C. Bacteria have genetic material not enclosed in a membrane.
D. Bacteria are single celled.
E. Bacteria generally divide via binary fission.

B. Bacteria have cell walls containing chitin.

Which is not a characteristic of the normal microbiota?
A. Often are called the Normal Flora.
B. Regularly associated with disease symptoms.
C. Live within our bodies.
D. May benefit the human host.
E. Live on our bodies.

Development of tests to identify Hantavirus showed that this virus
A. also caused Creutzfeld -Jacob Syndrome.
B. was responsible for bloody diarrhea syndrome.
C. is associated with AIDS.
D. is similar to the invasive group A Streptococcus.
E. came to North America with the first rats from the Old World.

E. came to North America with the first rats from the Old World.

You have isolated a cell that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus. You would find all of the following structures except which one
A. A ribosome
B. Peptidoglycan
C. A chromosome
D. A lysosome

D. A lysosome

You have isolated a cell with a peptidoglycan cell wall. What other structure can you safely assume the cell has
A. A mitochondrion
B. A plasma membrane
C. A chloroplast
D. A nucleus

B. A plasma membrane

Which of the following statements about a gram-negative cell wall is not true
A. It protects the cell from osmotic lysis
B. It maintains the shape of the cell
C. It contains an endotoxin
D. It has teichoic acids

D. It has teichoic acids

In a prokaryotic cell, all of the following are functions of the glycocalyx except which one
A. Attachment to enviromental surface
B. Protection against dehydration
C. Protection from phagocytosis
D. Toxic to humans

Nitrobacter bacteria use carbon dioxide for their carbon source and nitrite ions as an energy source. This organism is a
A. chemoheterotroph
B. chemoautotroph
C. photoheterotroph
D. photoautotroph

B. chemoautotroph

Placing the DNA from an animal cell into the genome of a bacterium will allow the bacterium to produce an animal product. This new piece of DNA is referred to as
A. The genetic code.
B. The hereditary material.
C. Recombinant DNA
D. An enzyme
E. Conjugation product.